cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Ordering of AuCr: An Ultrasonic Investigation

The magnetic properties of the noble metal-3d transition metal spin glass alloys show a number of unusual characteristics, as summarized in the experimental review paper by Mydosh.1 In particular, the sharp peaks in the magnetic susceptibility which scale systematically with transition metal concentration are suggestive of the onset of some kind of magnetic ordering. Recently a careful search has been made for evidence of such ordering in the specific heat, both for AuFe2 and CuMn3 spin glass alloys. No sharp changes were observed in the vicinity of the susceptibility peak temperature, To, although the previously reported4,5 linear dependence of the low temperature magnetic contribution to the specific heat, Cm, was confirmed, and in the case of CuMn,3 rounded maxima were observed at temperatures above To. Results of measurements of the changes in magnetic entropy in the same experiments2,3 indicate that fewer than one third of the transition metal ions participate in magnetic ordering between To and O K. Specific heat measurements of AuCr have also been carried out recently.6 Broad maxima were observed for a range of Cr concentration 0.02 at.% ⪝ C ⪝ 0.1 at.%, at temperatures which scale linearly with C. This region of concentration does not quite overlap that of the existing susceptibility data1,7 (0.2 at.% ⪝ C ⪝ 10 at.%).
Sports, science, and partisanship in the United States: chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the polarisation of an apolitical issue

Political polarization in the United States has spilled over into issues that were not previously aligned on partisan sides, especially with regard to scientific expertise. People take cues from el...
Assistance to the Family and the College Achievement of Young Adults

This investigation examined the assistance that approximately 630 college—bound young adults from Asian, Latin American, and European backgrounds provided to their families and the implications of that assistance for their postsecondary educational progress. Students from Filipino and Latin American backgrounds spent more hours helping their parents and siblings on a daily basis as compared to their peers from East Asian and European backgrounds. Those from Latin American backgrounds provided financial support to their families at a higher rate than those from East Asian and European backgrounds, and males provided more financial support than females. Young adults who provided daily and financial assistance to their families were less likely to pursue or obtain bachelor’s degrees and more likely to pursue or obtain an associate’s degrees. This association did not vary across subgroups of adolescents and group differences in family assistance did not account for group differences in postsecondary degree persistence.
Special Issue on the Work-in-Progress (WIP) session at the ACM SIGMETRICS 2018 Conference

The ACM SIGMETRICS 2018 conference was held in Irvine, CA, USA. For the first time, we organized the Work-in-Progress (WIP) session. This session provided a great opportunity to present earlystage research to receive valuable feedback from the community through a dedicated poster session.Topics fell within the purview of the SIGMETRICS main conference. Within these topics, we particularly encouraged (but were not limited to) submissions that are pursuing new, perhaps controversial, directions. We also welcomed submissions of posters corresponding to results presented at the SIGMETRICS-affiliated workshops.Anewcategory of posterswe introduced, unlike poster sessions at other conferences, is about systems published at related conference venues (such as SOSP, SIGCOMM, NSDI) that could benefit froma thorough analytical modeling. Thework in conferences like SOSP, SIGCOMM and NSDI tend to focus on the systemic architecture but often do not do a thorough job of analytically grounding their solutions. For submissions in this category, we asked the authors to clearly explain why the poster is relevant to the SIGMETRICS community.Submissions were judged based on their novelty as well as the potential to generate discussions. Eleven submissionswere accepted with attendance from USA and Asia. Topics range from cloud computing, power systems, security, to vehicular caching.
Effect of listening to music during a warmup on anaerobic test performance

Many studies have investigated the effect of listening to music during exercise on performance, but the influence of music during a warmup on subsequent exercise performance is unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether or not listening to self-selected music before an intense bout of anaerobic exercise would positively affect performance. We also sought to explore the effect of music on psychological variables including rating of perceived exertion (RPE). 16 participants (8 males, 8 females; age 23.6 ± 4.8 years, BMI 18.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2) listened to pre-selected music, self-selected music or white noise during a warmup, which consisted of cycling at 50 rpm for 10 min with a resistance of 1 kg. Once the warmup was completed, they performed a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) against a flywheel resistance of 7.5% body mass. Immediately after the WAnT, they were asked to complete the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES) and RPE was assessed. One-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of music condition on both physiological and psychological variables. There were no significant differences in mean or peak power, relative power, fatigue index, or RPE (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences in any SEES variables (positive well-being, psychological distress, or fatigue) or in RPE (all p > 0.05). This study suggests that listening to music during a warmup has no positive effect on performance during the actual event, even when the music is self-selected.
Leather Jackets for flowers: the death of hippie and the birth of punk in the long, late 1960s

This article locates the roots of “punk rock” in the “hippie” counterculture of Detroit, circa 1967–1970. It opens with an intellectual biography of John Sinclair, emphasizing how he developed the ...
Patient portal messaging for care coordination: a qualitative study of perspectives of experienced users with chronic conditions

Patient portal secure messaging (asynchronous electronic communication between physicians and their established patients) allows patients to manage their care through asynchronous, direct communication with their providers. This type of engagement with health information technology could have important benefits for patients with chronic conditions, and a more thorough understanding of the use and barriers of secure messaging among this population is needed. The objective of this study was to explore how experienced portal users engage with secure messaging to manage their chronic conditions. Three focus groups were conducted with 17 total patients who self-reported a cardiopulmonary condition. Participants were asked questions about their experience with patient portal secure messaging. Focus group transcripts were coded through inductive and deductive methods to reveal common themes. Patients’ motivation for using messaging included the speed and ease of such communication and direct access to a physician. Messaging was used by patients as an extension of the office visit and supported coordination of care among providers as well as patient collaboration with family members or caretakers. Patients identified challenges to using messaging, including technological barriers, worry about uncompensated physician time spent responding to messages, and confusion about what constitutes an appropriate ‘non-urgent’ message. This study highlights the potential of patient portal messaging as a tool for care coordination to enhance chronic disease self-management. However, uncertainty about the appropriate use of portal messaging persists even among experienced users. Additional patient training in the proper use of secure messaging and its benefits for disease self-management may help to resolve these concerns.
Simultaneous two-photon activation and imaging of neural activity based on spectral–temporal modulation of supercontinuum light

Significance: Recent advances in nonlinear optics in neuroscience have focused on using two ultrafast lasers for activity imaging and optogenetic stimulation. Broadband femtosecond light sources can obviate the need for multiple lasers by spectral separation for chromatically targeted excitation. Aim: We present a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based supercontinuum source for spectrally resolved two-photon (2P) imaging and excitation of GCaMP6s and C1V1-mCherry, respectively. Approach: A PCF is pumped using a 20-MHz repetition rate femtosecond laser to generate a supercontinuum of light, which is spectrally separated, compressed, and recombined to image GCaMP6s (930 nm excitation) and stimulate the optogenetic protein, C1V1-mCherry (1060 nm excitation). Galvanometric spiral scanning is employed on a single-cell level for multiphoton excitation and high-speed resonant scanning is employed for imaging of calcium activity. Results: Continuous wave lasers were used to verify functionality of optogenetic activation followed by directed 2P excitation. Results from these experiments demonstrate the utility of a supercontinuum light source for simultaneous, single-cell excitation and calcium imaging. Conclusions: A PCF-based supercontinuum light source was employed for simultaneous imaging and excitation of calcium dynamics in brain tissue. Pumped PCFs can serve as powerful light sources for imaging and activation of neural activity, and overcome the limited spectra and space associated with multilaser approaches.
The Role of Semaphorins and Their Receptors in Innate Immune Responses and Clinical Diseases of Acute Inflammation

Semaphorins are a group of proteins that have been studied extensively for their critical function in neuronal development. They have been shown to regulate airway development, tumorigenesis, autoimmune diseases, and the adaptive immune response. Notably, emerging literature describes the role of immunoregulatory semaphorins and their receptors, plexins and neuropilins, as modulators of innate immunity and diseases defined by acute injury to the kidneys, abdomen, heart and lungs. In this review we discuss the pathogenic functions of semaphorins in clinical conditions of acute inflammation, including sepsis and acute lung injury, with a focus on regulation of the innate immune response as well as potential future therapeutic targeting.
Ameliorate Performance of Memristor-Based ANNs in Edge Computing

Energy efficiency and delay time in the Internet of Things (IoT) system are becoming increasingly significant, especially for the emerging memristor-based crossbar arrays for smart edge computing. This article aims to find a solution for increasing energy efficiency and reducing the delay time, thereby improving the performance of ANNs in edge computing systems. The Number of Pulses Compression (NPC) method is proposed to optimize pulse distribution, energy consumption, and latency by compressing the number of pulses in every weight update step. The NPC method is implemented and verified in a memristor-based hardware simulator based on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 dataset under different circumstances of variations, failure rates, aging effects, architectures, and algorithms. The experimental results show that the NPC method can not only alleviate the uneven distribution of writing pulses but also save the writing energy of the crossbar array by 7.7--26.9 percent and reduce the writing latency by 30.0--50.0 percent. Additionally, the timing regularity of the system is enhanced by the NPC method.
“I’m a Survivor”: Perceptions of Chronic Disease and Survivorship Among Individuals in Long-Term Remission from Opioid Use Disorder

While opioid use disorder (OUD) is prevalent, little is known about what patients with OUD in sustained remission think about the chronic disease model of OUD and their perspectives of the cause, course, and ongoing treatment needs of their OUD. To (1) examine patient perceptions of the chronic disease model of addiction and disease identity and (2) use an explanatory model framework to explore how these perceptions inform ongoing treatment needs and help maintain abstinence. Qualitative study of a cross-sectional cohort of patients with OUD in long-term sustained remission currently receiving methadone or buprenorphine. Participants completed a single in-depth, semi-structured individual interview. Twenty adults were recruited from two opioid treatment programs and two office-based opioid treatment programs in Baltimore, MD. Half of the participants were Black, had a median (IQR) age of 46.5 (43–52) years and the median (IQR) time since the last non-prescribed opioid was 12 (8–15) years. Hybrid deductive-inductive thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews. Some participants described a chronic OUD disease identity where they continue to live with OUD. Participants who maintain an OUD identity describe inherent traits or predetermination of developing OUD. Maintaining a disease identity helps them remain vigilant against returning to drug use. Others described a post-OUD/survivor identity where they no longer felt they had OUD, but the experience remains. Each perspective informed attitudes about continued treatment with methadone or buprenorphine and strategies to remain in remission. The identity that people with OUD in sustained remission maintain was the lens through which they viewed other aspects of their OUD including cause and ongoing treatment needs. An alternative, post-OUD/survivorship model emerged or was accepted by participants who did not identify as currently having OUD. Understanding patient perspectives of OUD identity might improve patient-centered care and improve outcomes.
Walkeway Safety: An Overview

At the 1995 American Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting in Seattle, Washington, the Engineering Science section hosted two program sessions on walkway safety. Of the dozen papers presented at that meeting, five papers were distilled into four of the six papers, technical reports, and case reports which follow in this journal. The two other papers were first submitted to the Journal of Forensic Sciences, and later abstracted and presented at the walkway-safety track in the Engineering Science section of the 1996 American Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting in Nashville, Tennessee. Together, the six papers that follow this introduction should give the reader an understanding of many of the major issues in walkway safety.
Li-Responsive Psychosis: Family Studies

Numerous investigators have reported that a good prognosis form of schizophrenia may be differentiated from the classic deteriorating schizophrenic illnesses.1,2 McCabe and Fowler have presented evidence indicating that a distinct subgroup of the schizophrenic illnesses are of an acute and remitting nature and these illnesses are characterized by schizophrenic-like psychotic episodes of less than six months duration with subsequent return to baseline functioning.3 Family studies conducted by the same investigators indicate that first degree family members of such good prognosis schizophrenics evidence a high incidence of affective disorder and a paucity of classic schizophrenic illnesses.4 Other investigators have found that classic schizophrenic symptoms may be ameliorated in some patients with the administration of lithium (Li). 5,6,7The course of these lithium responsive schizophrenic-like illnesses is similar to that of good prognosis schizophrenia in that they are characterized by acute and remitting symptomatology.8 Our laboratory has focused upon the task of determining whether such lithium responsive psychotics represent a biologically distinct schizophrenic subtype of psychosis. We have attempted to identify the proposed subtype on the basis of biologic, genetic, diagnostic and treatment response data.
Studies on the mechanisms of action of phenylalanine hydroxylase and its protein stimulator. I. Enzyme concentration dependence of the specific activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase due to a nonenzymatic step.

Abstract The specific activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase from rat liver decreases markedly with increasing enzyme concentration when assayed at pH 8.0 with the naturally occurring tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactor. The decrease in specific activity is due to a sharp increase in the apparent Km for tetrahydrobiopterin at higher enzyme concentration, whereas Vmax is unchanged. This protein concentration dependence is relieved by the presence of a protein, phenylalanine hydroxylase-stimulating protein, which has been purified from rat liver (Huang, C. Y., Max, E. E., and Kaufman, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4235). The stimulating protein greatly increases the apparent affinity of the hydroxylase for tetrahydrobiopterin, but has no effect on Vmax. Because of its ability to stimulate phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, the stimulating protein served as a valuable probe for the mechanism of action of the hydroxylase. Kinetic and physical studies reported here show that the dependence of specific activity on enzyme concentration is not due to the existence of different molecular weight forms of phenylalanine hydroxylase having different affinities for tetrahydrobiopterin. Neither is it due to the presence of an inhibitor which is present at a constant ratio to the enzyme. Our data are consistent with the concept that the protein concentration dependence of the specific activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase arises from the peculiar kinetic process of the enzymatic reaction. It is proposed that an intermediate is released from the enzyme during catalysis, which can recombine with the enzyme or break down nonenzymatically to product (or products). The slower nonenzymatic step (relative to the rate of recombination) imposes a limit on the over-all reaction rate, thereby resulting in an apparent enzyme concentration dependence. The proposed role of the stimulating protein is the catalysis of the nonenzymatic step. Our observations also suggest that the intermediate is either a precursor of the quinonoid dihydro form of biopterin or a complex involving biopterin, oxygen, and phenylalanine.
The end of immunology

Historical insight: It is not uncommon in science that a leading figure in a discipline will declare that all its problems have been solved and that there is little left to do. This has happened several times in immunology, but the field has survived each such declaration and continues its exciting course.
The generation of high-energy electrons and protons in high-density material

Summary form only given. We have conducted several experiments in order to begin to understand the how energy is converted from high intensity laser light into directed energy flow of electrons and ions in dense material. Our results to date indicate a complex interaction, in which the laser light, from petawatt class lasers, is converted into hot electrons (/spl sim/10 MeV) which stream forward, each carrying an Alfven current. These electrons exit the back of the target (usually on the order of 10's of microns in depth) and create a sheath electric field that acts as an efficient accelerator of protons from the back surface. This acceleration has given rise to very high-energy protons (>60 MeV) that appear to have a reasonably tight phase space distribution.
Assessment and Training of Student Learning Strategies

Learning-to-learn phenomena have been examined from a wide variety of perspectives (Anderson, 1985; Brown, Bransford, Ferrara & Campione, 1983; Dillon & Schmeck, 983; Kirby, 1984; Pressley & Levin, 1983a, 1983b; Weinstein & Mayer, 1985). While, in general, this development has served to enrich the field of study, it has also created enormous definitional problems. For the purposes of this chapter, attention is focused on a subarea called learning strategies. Learning strategies are considered to be any behaviors or thoughts that facilitate encoding in such a way that knowledge integration and retrieval are enhanced. More specifically, these thoughts and behaviors constitute organized plans of action designed to achieve a goal (Anderson, 1985; Paris, in press; Weinstein & Mayer, 1985). Examples of learning strategies include actively rehearsing, summarizing, paraphrasing, imaging, elaborating, and outlining.
Studies of the Community and Family: Acute Respiratory Illness and Infection

Studies of acute respiratory illnesses in families and their communities have been carried out for most of this century. The initial studies established the importance of these illnesses in terms of their frequency and severity. Age-specific illness rates and principles concerning disease transmission were documented in the period before identification of the etiologic agents. Since that time, the knowledge base has been expanded dramatically. Of all the viruses, rhinoviruses cause more illness of any severity than any other in all age groups. As a result, rates of rhinovirus-specific illnesses resemble those of all-cause respiratory illnesses. The greatest advantage of community-based studies is their ability to study transmission. Since control of infection for most of the agents has been difficult to achieve by conventional means, interruption of transmission should be examined as a possible alternative (97).
Heat shock protein 27 mediates repression of androgen receptor function by protein kinase D1 in prostate cancer cells

We have previously shown that protein kinase D1 (PKD1), charter member of PKD protein family, is downregulated in advanced prostate cancer (PC) and influences androgen receptor (AR) function in PC cells. Other independent studies showed that serine 82 residue in heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) undergoes substrate phosphorylation by PKD1 and is associated with nuclear transport of AR resulting in increased AR transcriptional activity. In this study, we show that PKD1 interacts and phosphorylates Hsp27 at Ser82 in PC cells, which is mediated by p38-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and is necessary for PKD1 repression of AR transcriptional activity and androgen-dependent proliferation of PC cells. The study provides first in vivo evidence that Hsp27 is a mediator of repression of AR function by PKD1 in PC cells, thereby linking the data in the published literature.
The Role of the Reference Technology in Measuring Productive Efficiency

After a twenty year lull, the measurement of productive efficiency is enjoying a revival. In particular, the index of efficiency developed by Debreu (I95i) and later utilised by Farrell (I957) has received considerable attention. These measures have been used fairly extensively in empirical work in both the operations research and economic literature. These types of indexes have also appeared in the growing literature on testing for regularity conditions in production (e.g. in Afriat, I972; Diewert and Parkan, I983; and Varian, 1984). Since the Farrell-type measure is the focus in this paper, a brief review is useful. In the Farrell framework, overall efficiency (OE) can be decomposed into two multiplicative components, allocative efficiency (AE) and technical efficiency (TE);
GPSS for Microcomputers: A Software Review of GPSS/PC

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTSince its introduction in the early 1960's, the GPSS (General Purpose Simulation System) Computer simulation language has become a major vehicle for the implementation of discrete event Computer simulations. The availability of quality language processors, the suitability of GPSS for discrete event modeling applications, and the presence of well-written references (e.g., Bobillier Kahan and Probst (1976) and Schriber (1974)) have all contributed to the popularity of GPSS among analysts involved with discrete event simulations. GPSS dialects have been available on almost all mainframes, such as IBM 360/370's and PDP-20's, and many minicomputers, such as VAX-11 and Prime systems, for some time. GPSS/PC (Minuteman Software (1984a)), the subject of this review, extends the scope of this powerful tool to the IBM-PC and IBM-PC compatible microcomputers under MS-DOS 1.1 or MS-DOS 2.0 operating Systems.
A general asymmetric route for the synthesis of the alexine and australine family of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The first asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diepi-alexine and 1,2,7-triepi-australine

Abstract The first asymmetric synthesis of 1,2- diepi -alexine and 1,2,7- triepi -australine (both are unknown at present) is described, which utilized the regioselective asymmetric aminohydroxylation (RAA) reaction of the achiral olefin VI , the cross metathesis (CM) reaction of the terminal olefin 8 , and the formation and subsequent intramolecular double cyclization (DC) reactions of the epoxides 10 and 11 . The C1 stereocenter was diastereoselectively introduced by the reaction of the aldehyde 7 with vinylmagnesium bromide.
Bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) herbivory on leaf, stem, and pod components of soybean

Soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merrill) in field cages were infested in a normal year (1987) and a drought year (1988) with adult bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), to ascertain the feeding behavior of this pest during late season (mid-August to mid-September). Pod-surface injury, pod clipping, defoliation, and stem-surface feeding occurred simultaneously. Regression analyses provided equations relating bean leaf beetle feeding days (area under bean leaf beetle density-time curve) to pod, leaf: and stem injury. These analyses indicated that a beetle will feed on an average of 0.494 pod per day in nonnal years and 0.184 pod per day in drought years. Significant differences in pod loss among various levels of beetle infestation were detected only in 1988, with an average of 0.125 pod lost per bean leaf beetle per day. A significant trend in defoliation with increasing bean leaf beetle feeding days occurred in 1987, with an average of 0.384 cm21eaftissue removed per adult per day. Regression analyses also indicated that an average of 0.190 to 0.495 stem lesion was caused per adult per day.
CERTAIN COHESION ELEMENTS AND THE READABILITY OF TECHNICAL PARAGRAPHS.

To determine how certain cohesion elements - the given-new contract, pronouns, synonyms, and topic sentences – affect the readability of technical paragraphs, six alternative paragraphs were compos...
TOURISM-INDUCED RURAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE ANNAPURNA REGION OF NEPAL

Abstract Analysis of energy dependency on fossil fuels in rural destinations is an important aspect of the discourse on sustainable tourism and the global climate. This paper analyzes energy consumption patterns in tourist lodges in Nepal's Annapurna region. Data on energy sources and energy-saving technologies were collected from 489 tourist lodges located along three major trekking routes. Results indicate that primary energy sources include wood and kerosene, but the use of renewable energy and locally developed energy-saving technologies is increasing. Energy consumption patterns are influenced by altitude, accommodation capacity, energy cost, diversity of energy sources, access to energy-saving technologies, and institutional rules and regulations.
Evaluation of aerosol measurements from SAGE II, HALOE, and balloonborne optical particle counters

[1] Stratospheric aerosol measurements from the University of Wyoming balloonborne optical particle counters (OPCs), the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, and the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) were compared in the period 1982–2000, when measurements were available. The OPCs measure aerosol size distributions, and HALOE multiwavelength (2.45–5.26 μm) extinction measurements can be used to retrieve aerosol size distributions. Aerosol extinctions at the SAGE II wavelengths (0.386–1.02 μm) were computed from these size distributions and compared to SAGE II measurements. In addition, surface areas derived from all three experiments were compared. While the overall impression from these results is encouraging, the agreement can change with latitude, altitude, time, and parameter. In the broadest sense, these comparisons fall into two categories: high aerosol loading (volcanic periods) and low aerosol loading (background periods and altitudes above 25 km). When the aerosol amount was low, SAGE II and HALOE extinctions were higher than the OPC estimates, while the SAGE II surface areas were lower than HALOE and the OPCs. Under high loading conditions all three instruments mutually agree to within 50%.
Modifications of sensory modality codes by stimuli of graded intensity in the cat thalamus

Abstract Recently it has been demonstrated that each sensory modality of lingual afferents elaborates its own pattern of spike activity. These patterns can be regarded as modality codes. The processing of such codes takes place only with high intensity stimulation. Therefore, the question arose as to how changes in the stimulus intensity influence the coding of afferent impulses. The method of study consisted of driving single thalamic neurons by applying square-wave pulses at 1/sec to the appropriate peripheral receptive field on the tongue and recording extracellular spike activity from neurons which relayed separately touch, pressure, thermal or gustatory modalities in the thalamus. Spikes which occured during 1000 consecutive post-stimulus periods were accumulated by superimposing the moment of stimulation in a digital computer. The accumulated counts per address were typed put by a read-out printer and were plotted on a dot-plotting autograph. Results indicated that stimulus intensity was frequency-coded within the initial burst of spike activity which followed any single stimulus. As the stimulation was intensified, the latency of the response decreased and the number of spikes which formed the first burst or cluster of activity increased. Spikes which formed the second and the third clusters did not elaborate a frequency code, although shifts in their latencies and changes in their range of scatter occured. Apparently, the first spike cluster in any of the four sensory codes process information about stimulus intensity, the late clusters pertain to modality coding. Some interaction between the frequency and modality codes does exist, however, suggesting the neural mechanism for observations regarding altered perception of stimulus quality with a change in stimulus intensity.
Tight bounds for the number of edge guards for spiral polygons

In this paper we give tight lower and upper bounds for the number of edge guards required for covering spiral polygons. We have proved that [(n + 2)/5]edge guards are necessary and sufficient to cover a spiral polygon. It has been shown by Aggarwal [2] that [(n + 2)/5]diagonal guards are necessary and sufficient to cover a spiral polygon. Edge guards are more restrictive than diagonal guards. Hence the previous theorem can be got as a corollary using our theorem. The necessary condition of the edge guard problem for spiral polygons has not been investigated although the diagonal guard problem for the same has been solved [2]. The necessary proof of the edge guard problem follows from the necessary condition of the diagonal guard problem but we have given an alternate proof of necessity.
creating a discourse of difference

Recent educational policy has attempted to alleviate glaring achievement gaps within increasingly diverse student groups in the USA. Despite these efforts districts not making yearly Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) are predominantly in disenfranchised areas or may be serving very diverse students. This article showcases recent research, which has produced some significant results in closing achievement gaps within traditionally marginalized groups. Despite many years of research within the coexisting fields of inclusion, bilingual education, diversity and overrepresentation of minorities in special education, a cyclopic system unable to address the increasing diversity within our schools perseverates. This article will also investigate underlying ideologies that seem bent on defining micro-boundaries within differences, thereby continually redefining conditions for exclusion from a mythical homogeneous mass. Inclusion is seen as the unifying thread for an increasingly fragmented public education system. Th...
DISTURBANCES IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF HEME IN LEAD INTOXICATION.

O N E of the cardinal manifestations of lead intoxication ia man is disturbance in the synthesis of heme. Indeed, this biosynthetic pathway is so sensitive to the toxic effects of lead, that two of the metaboli tes--delta aminolevulinate and coproporphyr in--can be consistently demonstrated in great excess in the urine even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Much of our knowledge about the effects of lead on the biosynthesis of heme stems from its frequent use as an inhibitor in experiments designed primarily to elucidate the normal metabolic pathway by which heme is formed. Recently, important relationships between the effects of lead and edathamil on heme synthesis have been reported. The purpose of this discussion is to summarize these recent experimental data, to correlate the findings with those in human plumbism, and to point out how this information has been applied to the early detection and therapeutic management of lead intoxication in man.
Packet forwarding with source verification

Routers in the Internet do not perform any verification of the source IP address contained in the packets, leading to the possibility of IP spoofing. The lack of such verification opens the door for a variety of vulnerabilities, including denial-of-service (DoS) and man-in-the-middle attacks. Currently proposed spoofing prevention approaches either focus on protecting only the target of such attacks and not the routing fabric used to forward spoofed packets, or fail under commonly occurring situations like path asymmetry. With incremental deployability in mind, this paper presents two complementary hop-wise packet tagging approaches that equip the routers to drop spoofed packets close to their point of origin. Our simulations show that these approaches dramatically reduce the amount of spoofing possible even under partial deployment.
Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among High School Students

Abstract Background: It has not been determined conclusively whether greater knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is associated with lower rates of STIs. Purpose: This study sought to determine STI knowledge among high school students and factors associated with such knowledge, and to determine whether poor STI knowledge is associated with chlamydia or gonorrhea infection. Methods: Students in an urban United States school district serving a predominantly African American student population participated in a urine-based chlamydia and gonorrhea screening. Participants (N=3563) were surveyed about their knowledge of selected basic facts concerning STIs. Point-scores were assigned to knowledge items. Results: The mean knowledge score was 3.65 (range: 0 to 6; median: 4.00). In a multiple regression analysis, knowledge score was significantly associated with female gender (P<0.001), upper grade level (P<0.001) and a past infection with chlamydia or gonorrhea (P=0.001). In logistic regressions, k...
APLP2 regulates the expression of MHC class I molecules on irradiated Ewing’s sarcoma cells

Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS) is a pediatric cancer that is conventionally treated by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Innovative immunotherapies to treat EWS are currently under development. Unfortunately for EWS patients, when the disease is found to be resistant to current therapeutic approaches, the prognosis is predictably grim. Radiation therapy and immunotherapy could potentially synergize in the eradication of EWS, as some studies have previously shown that irradiation increases the presence of immune receptors, including MHC class I molecules, on the surface of tumor cells. However, EWS cells have been reported to express low levels of MHC class I molecules, a phenotype that would inhibit T-cell mediated lysis. We have previously demonstrated that the transgene-driven overexpression of amyloid β (A4) precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) reduces the expression of MHC class I molecules on the surface of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. We thus examined whether endogenously expressed APLP2 down...
Correlation between BOLD-fMRI and EEG signal changes in response to visual stimulus frequency in humans

The correlation between signals acquired using electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI was investigated in humans during visual stimulation. Evoked potential EEG and BOLD fMRI data were acquired independently under similar conditions from eight subjects during stimulation by a checkerboard flashed at frequencies ranging from 2-12 Hz. The results indicate highly correlated changes in the strength of the EEG signal averaged over two occipital electrodes and the BOLD signal within the occipital lobe as a function of flash frequency for 7/8 subjects (average linear correlation coefficient of 0.76). Both signals peaked at approximately 8 Hz. For one subject the correlation coefficient was 0.20; the EEG signal peaked at 6 Hz and the BOLD signal peaked at 10 Hz. Overall, the EEG and BOLD signals, each averaged over 40-sec stimulation periods, appear to be coupled linearly during visual stimulation by a flashing checkerboard.
SOLUBLE DI‐ AND AMINOPEPTIDASES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI K‐12 Dispensible Enzymes

As part of a study of the peptidase content of Escherichia coli K-12, two peptidase-deficient amino acid auxotrophs isolated and characterized by Miller as pepD- (strain CM17) and pepD- pepN- pepA- pepB- pepQ- (strain CM89) were examined for the presence of several peptidases previously obtained from strain K-12 in this laboratory. The soluble fraction of each mutant was found to lack the broad-specificity strain K-12 dipeptidase DP and the strain CM89 fraction also lacked activity characteristic of the strain K-12 aminopeptidases AP, L, and OP; like strain CM17, strain CM89 contained the tripeptide-specific amino-peptidase TP. Strain CM89 (but not CM17) appeared to contain little if any activity attributable to the ribosome-bound aminopeptidase I of strain K-12. Whereas loss of DP, AP, OP, and aminopeptidase I activity may be attributed to the pepD-, pepB-, pepN-, and pepA- mutations, respectively, the reason for the loss of L activity remains uncertain. Grown responses of strain CM89 in liquid media containing di- or tripeptides were in accord with absence of enzymes catalyzing rapid hydrolysis of dipeptides. In synthetic liquid media supplemented with the required amino acids per se or with peptone, cultures of both CM strains grew more slowly than strain K-12 and produced smaller cell-yields than those produced by strain K-12.
Is Anybody Not an (International Relations) Liberal

While realism has recently been subjected to intense examination with regard to its theoretical coherence, liberalism—often thought to be the bookend to realism—has so far escaped such scrutiny. Liberalism is generally defined in one of two ways, each faulty. The first definition is in terms of the dependent variable as any argument that expects growing cooperation and progress in international affairs, understood as increased peace and prosperity, seizing for liberalism any independent variable found important for potentially promoting international cooperation. Second, liberalism is defined in terms of the units of analysis as any argument that disaggregates the state into smaller units. This equates liberalism with an entire level of analysis. This strategy of appropriation is inappropriate. Approaches to international relations need a core logic in order to justify the inclusion of particular independent variables or the use of a particular level of analysis. Since so many other paradigms also lay cla...
KDS-1 Scale for Symptom Discrimination

Univrrsity of Connecticut Medical SchooP Summa~y.-After being utilized in both inpatient and outpatient settings, the Kupfer-Detre Self-rating Scale (KDSTM-1 ) was used to discriminate psychiatric patients and non-patients ("normals") by the application of cluster scores derived from the symptom scale. Of the 5, 4 clusters (depression, neurosis, psychosis, and organicity) distinguished the 2 groups significantly. Cluster cut-off scores further refined this technique for discriminating the psychiatric patients. Previous studies have established that the Kupfer-Detre Self-rating Scale (KDS-1) is a useful brief screening instrument in both inpatient and outpatient settings (Kupfer & Detre, 1971a). This report describes further applications showing that the KDS-1 car, effectively discriminate psychiatric patients and nonpatients ("normals") by the use of the cluster scores derived from the symptom scale.
Bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of levofloxacin 750 mg once daily in adults undergoing treatment for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.

While previous reports have described the bronchopulmonary profile of the fluoroquinolones in healthy volunteers, limited data are available in infected patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the intrapulmonary profile of high-dose (750 mg) levofloxacin in patients during an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Twenty-four patients experiencing clinical signs and symptoms of AECB were enrolled. Once enrolled, patients received levofloxacin 750 mg once daily × 5 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage aspirates and simultaneous plasma samples were obtained at 4 h, 12 h or 24 h after the third dose. Concentrations in biologic matrixes were determined with a validated HPLC method. Epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations were calculated using the urea dilution method. Five patients did not complete the trial, 19 patients underwent bronchoscopy, 18 (52 ± 13 yrs) had sufficient samples for analysis and confirmed medication compliance. Mean plasma concentrations at 4, 12, and 24 h were 8.0 ± 2.5, 5.8 ± 1.2, and 2.2 ± 1.2 μg/mL. Mean ELF values at 4, 12, and 24 h were 7.5 ± 3.0, 8.3 ± 6.0, and 1.2 ± 0.9 μg/mL. Mean alveolar macrophage (AM) concentrations at 4, 12, and 24 h were 38.5 ± 43.7, 13.4 ± 14.4, and 9.0 ± 7.5 μg/mL. The penetration (ELF/plasma ratio) into the infection site was 113%. In these subjects with AECB, levofloxacin 750 mg once daily reached adequate exposures in the plasma, ELF, and AMs for the most commonly associated pathogens.
The biology of CCR5 and CXCR4.

Purpose of reviewWe discuss the current knowledge concerning the biology of CXCR4 and CCR5 and their roles in HIV-1 infection.Recent findingsImportant research findings reported in the last 2 years have advanced our knowledge in the field of HIV coreceptors and pathogenesis. Novel methods have been
An additional gametophyte factor in the lima bean

A second gametophyte factor (Ga2) is described in lima beans. This gene produces an interaction between the male gametophyte and style such that: (a)Ga2 pollen functions irrespective of stylar genotype; (b)ga2 pollen is functional onga/ga styles but is unable to compete withGa2 pollen onGa2/Ga2 orGa2/ga2 styles.Ga2/ga2 is linked with theP/p locus (recombination fraction =0.244±.017); it is therefore probably located in linkage group I.
The effect of zeolitic protons on NOx reduction over Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract Formation of PdO particles is observed in ion-exchanged Pd/HZSM-5 andPd/NaZSM-5 after reduction and reoxidation at 500°C. Formation of Pd2+ ions is not observed inPd/HZSM-5 in the absence of NOx, but in an atmorphere of NO2 + O2 the PdO particles are transformed into Pd2+ ions. Even inPd/NaZSM-5, roughly 20% of the PdO particles are converted to ions in NOx; the protons needed for this process are mainly formed during reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0. When a reduced and reoxidizedPd/HZSM-5 catalyst is exposed to CH4 + NO2 + O2, the rate of catalytic NO2 reduction to N2 slowly increases over 24 h from 20 to 50% while PdO is converted to Pd2+, but the rate of CH4 oxidation remains constant with time on-stream. Apparently, Pd2+ ions are needed for SCR of NOx, but for methane oxidation with O2, Pd2+ ions and PdO particles have similar activity.Pd/HZSM-5 is active even when Pd is initially present as PdO particles, butPd/NaZSM-5 remains inactive also when part of the Pd is present as Pd2+ ions. This shows that protons are not only required to convert PdO into Pd2+, but also thatPd/HZSM-5 acts as a bifunctional catalyst. Possible routes for CH4 and C3H8 activation are discussed.
Improving human resources for health planning in developing economies

There is a universal consensus that human resources represent the heart and soul of effective health systems everywhere. However, despite this consensus, human resource planning in low income countries remains a neglected, often poorly implemented and ineffective component of health-system development. The planning exercises that do take place are often inefficient, use inappropriate planning models or fail to adequately prioritize human resource investment decisions. This article briefly discusses possible reasons why this failure occurs and describes four key steps that can help health system planners more effectively prioritize and link human resource for health investment decisions to health system strategy and programmatic initiatives. Implications for human resource development practice and national human resource development are discussed.
Analysis of Tube Thoracostomy Performed by Pulmonologists at a Teaching Hospital

Study objective To evaluate all tube thoracostomies (TTs) done by pulmonary/critical care fellows and attending physicians in the Medical University of South Carolina's health-care system documenting patient demographics, indication for placement, size and characteristics of the tube, and associated problems. Design Prospective. Setting University health-care system, including a university hospital, a Veterans Affairs hospital, and a county hospital. Patients All adult patients requiring consultation by a member of the pulmonary/critical care staff for a tube thoracostomy. Results One hundred twenty-six tube thoracostomies were performed over a 24-month period in 91 patients. The most common initial indication for a TT was pneumothorax (69/103, 67%). Overall mortality in the patient population was 35% (32/91). Early problems ( 24 h after placement) occurred in 8% (10/126). Problems occurred in 36% (4/11) of small-bore tube placements vs 9% (10/115) of standard TT placements (p=0.02). Conclusions Tube thoracostomy can be safely performed by pulmonologists with relatively few associated problems.
A Study of the Impacts of Freeze–Thaw on Cliff Recession at the Calvert Cliffs in Calvert County, Maryland

The Calvert Cliffs, which form much of the western coastline of the Chesapeake Bay in Calvert County, Maryland, are actively eroding and destabilizing, yielding critical situations for many homes in close proximity to the slope’s crest. Past studies have identified that waves directly interacting with the slope toe control cliff recession; however, where waves do not regularly interact with the slope toe, freeze–thaw controls recession. This study investigated the validity of this second claim by analyzing the recession rate and freeze–thaw behavior of six study sites along the Calvert Cliffs that are not directly affected by waves. While waves do remove failed material from the toe in these regions, freeze–thaw is believed to be the dominant factor driving recession at these sites. Past recession rates were calculated using historical aerial photographs and were analyzed together with a number of other variables selected to represent the freeze–thaw behavior of the Calvert Cliffs. The investigation studied sixteen independent variables and found that over 65 % of recession at these study sites can be represented by freeze–thaw through the following variables: (1) slope aspect, (2) soil freeze–thaw susceptibility, (3) the number of freeze–thaw cycles, and (4) the weighted shear strength. Future mitigation techniques at these sites should focus on addressing these variables. Unmitigated, the Calvert Cliffs will continue to recede until a stable slope angle is reached and maintained.