cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are conceptions of motion based on a naive theory or on prototypes

Abstract Individuals untutored in physics sometimes answer questions about motion in ways that are internally consistent but highly incompatible with accepted physical theory; this might mean that they have formulated personal “naive” theories of motion from which they deduce answers to problems. However, interviews with subjects solving motion problems showed that problem solution is subjectively experienced as the result of a mental enactment of the situation, rather than as a deduction from a theory. Variations in the enactment (produced by variations in the portrayal of the problem situation) frequently led to changes in response, indicating that enactment is functionally (as well as subjectively) the source of responses. The source of the enactment itself appeared to be a number of mutually inconsistent, relatively specific prototypes which capture typical aspects of motion, rather than a theory composed of general principles. Subjects solved problems about unfamiliar situations for which personal experience was insufficient by developing analogies to more familiar situations. Although individuals appear to develop knowledge which qualifies as a “theory” of motion, the results do not support the view that these theories are composed of general principles like those of scientific theories.
Institutionalization and Structuration: Studying the Links between Action and Institution:

Institutional theory and structuration theory both contend that institutions and actions are inextricably linked and that institutionalization is best understood as a dynamic, ongoing process. Institutionalists, however, have pursued an empirical agenda that has largely ignored how institutions are created, altered, and reproduced, in part, because their models of institutionalization as a pro cess are underdeveloped. Structuration theory, on the other hand, largely remains a process theory of such abstraction that it has generated few empirical studies. This paper discusses the similarities between the two theories, develops an argument for why a fusion of the two would enable institutional theory to significantly advance, develops a model of institutionalization as a structuration process, and proposes methodological guidelines for investigating the process empirically.
Metastatic pattern of uterine leiomyosarcoma: retrospective analysis of the predictors and outcome in 113 patients.

Objective To describe metastatic pattern of uterine leiomyosarcomas (ULMS) and correlate it with clinical and histopathologic parameters.
Theory, Modeling and Features of Optical Nanoantennas

Recent advances in nanofabrication have produced increased interest in the scattering and emission properties of nanoparticles and confined optical sources. In this context, the new area of optical antennas aims at achieving the bridge between nanoscale optical sources, light-matter interaction and far-field radiation. In some senses the operation of optical antennas is analogous to that of conventional radio-frequency (RF) antennas, which transfer confined electrical signals into radiated propagating electromagnetic waves. Even if their functionality is similar, optical and RF antennas show drastic differences in physics, material properties and excitation features. In this paper, we review some of the concepts of optical antenna theory, design and applications and we highlight how the optical nanocircuit paradigm may be applied to achieve optical impedance matching, loading and tuning in the optical domain. We also provide an overview of how these concepts may have relevant applications in a variety of fields of optics, such as sensing, optical communications and nonlinear nanodevices.
Maize myosins: Diversity, localization, and function

This first analysis of monocotyledon myosin genes showed that at least five genes, one of which was probably spliced to yield two isoforms, were expressed in maize (Zea mays L.). The complete coding sequence of ZMM1 was determined, as were most of the sequences of two other myosin cDNAs (ZMM2 and ZMM3). ZMM1 and ZMM2 belonged to myosin class XI while ZMM3 was in class VIII. ZMM1 was abundantly expressed in leaves, roots, coleoptiles, and stems. ZMM3 showed a similar distribution but was expressed poorly in pollen. ZMM2 was predominantly expressed in seeds and may be part of a suite of cytoskeletal proteins in reproductive tissues. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the origin of myosin classes VIII and XI predated that of angiosperms. Immunofluorescence studies using M11L1, a myosin XI antibody specific for the exposed loop 1 head region of myosin, indicated that myosin XI occurred in the cytoplasm of all root tip cells. The highest concentration of myosin XI was in the differentiating epidermal cells. In dividing cells, myosin XI was present near the cytokinetic apparatus at approximately the same concentration seen in other portions of the cytoplasm. Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions indicated that myosin XI was concentrated in mitochondria and low-density membranes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 48:130 ‐148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Role of Acellular Dermal Matrix in the Treatment of Capsular Contracture

Capsular contracture is one of the most common complications following breast surgery with implants and is a common cause for reoperation. Many techniques have been described to treat or prevent recurrent capsular contracture with varying success. Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), in combination with periprosthetic capsulectomy, is a powerful tool to delay or prevent recurrent contracture. Excellent results have been obtained when this approach has been used in patients with capsular contracture, but at increased cost.
Comparative Analysis of Water Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Response Act of 2002 amended the Safe Drinking Water Act requiring community water systems serving over 3,300 customers to complete water vulnerability assessments (WVAs); however, no specific methodology was provided. Forty-five government and industry agencies associated with water security were identified. Existing WVA methodologies were compared to the EPA’s six-step WVA guidance and an expanded version of the hierarchical holographic modeling (HHM) framework for the hardening of water systems, a technique previously used for assessing vulnerability of infrastructure. Neither the AWWA Water System Security Field Guide, nor the Security Vulnerability Self-Assessment Guide for Small Drinking Water Systems were in complete agreement with the EPA’s WVA guidance. Inclusion of HHM risk scenarios in the assessed methodologies ranged from 64 to 95%. Fifty-nine of the 112 HHM risk scenarios were not included in at least one, and 34 risk scenarios were not included in...
Models and metrics of geometric cooperation

A basic way that entities can cooperate with one another is by sharing of tasks through synchronized movement to balance their geometric load. For example, players of a team defending a goal may be assigned equal-spaced zones to defend or units in a military force may be assigned equal-spaced sectors to control. As the dynamics of the situation unfold and as entities move, withdraw, or enter the space; the other entities cooperate by adjusting their positions to retain load balance. Various ways that this geometric cooperation can be accomplished, both from the perspectives of central and local control, are developed, analyzed, and simulated. This problem is related to other geometric cooperation problems such as movements in multi-player pursuit-evasion games and balancing loads for other generally non-geometric algorithms. The authors use the metrics to establish a framework for a theory of geometric cooperation. Simulations, metrics, and results of the algorithms' performance in various scenarios are presented.
Neurology in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Risk factors for referral, clinical presentations and incidence of disease

Six hundred and sixteen patients were referred for consultation to the author who served as the neurologist on the 252nd Neurosurgical Team in Kuwait in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom between April and October, 2003. Demographic and military data were collected. The cohort of neurologic patients showed significant differences from the total population of the United States Army contemporarily deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Versus the deployed personnel, the neurologic cohort was older in age (p<0.001), had a greater percentage of females (p<0.00001), had an excessive representation for the military rank of sergeant (p<0.00001), with a deficit of other ranks (junior enlisted and officers), and were more likely to soldiers from the Reserves (p<0.00001) and National Guard (p=0.0021) than from the Regular Army. Seven categories of chief complaints and ten categories of diagnoses constituted some 80% of patients. The incidence of neurologic disease was calculated to be 634 per 100,000 people/year. This information provides valuable information for military neurologists concerning their anticipated duties in future deployments and for non-neurologists by focusing their skills in the evaluation of common neurologic presentations, yet further research is needed to optimize the neurologist's role in a field environment.
Association of fetal and maternal carboxyhemoglobin levels in normal and Rh-alloimmune pregnancies.

Abstract Objective: To compare paired antepartum fetal/maternal COHb ratios in whole blood from control and alloimmunized pregnancies and to examine the relationships between fetal and maternal COHb. Methods: COHb levels were measured in paired fetal and maternal blood samples obtained at cordocentesis in 47 control and 16 Rh-alloimmunized pregnancies. COHb was determined by gas chromatography. Results were analyzed by t -test, regression and analysis of covariance. Results: Although fetal/maternal COHb ratios for control and alloimmunized pregnancies were not statistically significantly different, i.e. 1.11±0.04 and 1.26±0.09, respectively ( P =0.09), fetal COHb levels were higher in Rh-alloimmunized fetuses ( P =0.0002). Fetal COHb levels were also higher than paired maternal levels among the alloimmunized group ( P =0.011), but not among the control group (1.04±0.04, P =ns). In univariate regression analysis, fetal and maternal COHb levels were significantly correlated with one another in both control ( r =0.52, P =0.0002) and alloimmunized pregnancy groups ( r =0.52, P =0.05). Comparison of the slopes of the fetal versus maternal COHb plots for the two groups showed a significant difference ( P =0.02), with the alloimmunized group having the steeper slope. Conclusion: Differences in the antepartum fetal–maternal COHb relationships in control and alloimmunized groups likely reflect increased endogenous CO production among alloimmunized fetuses as a result of pathologic hemolysis.
Direct medical charges of pediatric traumatic brain injury in multiple clinical settings

Data limited to emergency department and inpatient visits undoubtedly underestimate the medical charges associated with traumatic brain injury. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct medical charges of pediatric traumatic brain injuries across all clinical settings in one large, pediatric hospital in the United States. Traumatic brain injuries sustained by children ≤20 years of age treated across all clinical settings at one large pediatric hospital from August 1, 2010-July 31, 2011 were identified using ICD-9-CM codes 310.2, 800–801.9, 803–804.9, 850–854.16, and 959.01. 3,971 individuals ≤20 years of age were seen during 5,429 traumatic brain injury-related visits. Total medical charges for pediatric traumatic brain injury-related visits were $13,131,547. Inpatient (68.7%) and emergency department (16.1%) visits accounted for the highest proportion of TBI-related charges; however, >15% of all charges were associated with visits to clinic outpatient, urgent care, and diagnostic/therapy outpatient settings. Fracture of the vault or base of the skull (37.1%) and brain injury with contusion, laceration, or hemorrhage (27.1%) accounted for the largest proportion of total charges. Although unspecified head injuries made up almost half of all TBI-related visits (47.4%), they accounted for only 12.6% of total charges. Mild traumatic brain injuries accounted for 92.0% of all traumatic brain injury-related visits but only 44.7% of all traumatic brain injury-related charges. Mild traumatic brain injuries treated in the emergency department had a higher median total charge than those treated in urgent care (p < 0.0001) or clinic outpatient setting (p < 0.001). This study, the first to evaluate the direct medical charges of pediatric traumatic brain injury across all clinical settings at one large pediatric hospital, found that pediatric traumatic brain injuries present to a wide variety of clinical settings, and differences exist in total charges by diagnosis, severity of the injury, and clinical site/setting. Investigating traumatic brain injuries across the full spectrum of clinical care is needed for a better understanding of the true medical cost and public health burden of pediatric traumatic brain injury.
Mammalian Homolog of Drosophila Tumor Suppressor Lethal (2) Giant Larvae Interacts with Basolateral Exocytic Machinery in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells

The Drosophila tumor suppressor protein lethal (2) giant larvae [l(2)gl] is involved in the establishment of epithelial cell polarity during development. Recently, a yeast homolog of the protein has been shown to interact with components of the post-Golgi exocytic machinery and to regulate a late step in protein secretion. Herein, we characterize a mammalian homolog of l(2)gl, called Mlgl, in the epithelial cell line Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). Consistent with a role in cell polarity, Mlgl redistributes from a cytoplasmic localization to the lateral membrane after contact-naive MDCK cells make cell-cell contacts and establish a polarized phenotype. Phosphorylation within a highly conserved region of Mlgl is required to restrict the protein to the lateral domain, because a recombinant phospho-mutant is distributed in a nonpolar manner. Membrane-bound Mlgl from MDCK cell lysates was coimmunoprecipitated with syntaxin 4, a component of the exocytic machinery at the basolateral membrane, but not with other plasma membrane soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins that are either absent from or not restricted to the basolateral membrane domain. These data suggest that Mlgl contributes to apico-basolateral polarity by regulating basolateral exocytosis.
Host response during Yersinia pestis infection of human bronchial epithelial cells involves negative regulation of autophagy and suggests a modulation of survival-related and cellular growth pathways

This work was supported by funding awarded by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W81XWH-11-P-0310) and George Mason University to Ramin M. Hakami. Publication of this article was funded in part by the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund.
$1+{\rm N}$ Network Protection for Mesh Networks: Network Coding-Based Protection Using p-Cycles

p-Cycles have been proposed for preprovisioned 1 + N protection in optical mesh networks. Although the protection circuits are preconfigured, the detection of failures and the rerouting of traffic can be a time consuming operation. Another survivable mode of operation is the 1 + 1 protection mode, in which a signal is transmitted to the destination on two link disjoint circuits, hence recovery from failures is expeditious. However, this requires a large number of protection circuits. In this paper, we introduce a new concept in protection: 1 + N protection, in which a p-Cycle, similar to FIPP p-cycles, can be used to protect a number of bidirectional connections, which are mutually link disjoint, and also link disjoint from all links of the p-Cycle. However, data units from different circuits are combined using network coding, which can be implemented in a number of technologies, such as Next Generation SONET (NGS), MPLS/GMPLS, or IP-over-WDM. The maximum outage time under this protection scheme can be limited to no more than the p-Cycle propagation delay. It is also shown how to implement a hybrid 1 + N and 1 + N protection scheme, in which on-cycle links are protected using 1 + N protection, while straddling links, or paths, are protected using 1 + N protection. Extensions of this technique to protect multipoint connections are also introduced. A performance study based on optimal formulations of the 1 + 1, 1 + N and the hybrid scheme is introduced. Although 1 + N speed of recovery is comparable to that of 1 + N protection, numerical results for small networks indicate that 1 + N is about 30% more efficient than 1 + 1 protection, in terms of the amount of protection resources, especially as the network graph density increases.
The effect of Fe3+ on magnetic moment of electrodeposited CoFe alloys—Experimental study and analytical model

The effect of Fe 3+ concentration on saturation magnetic flux density (Bs) of electrodeposited Co40–44Fe60–56 films was investigated. The results show that if the conditions at the electrochemical interface for nucleation/precipitation of iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) are reached, the Bs of electrodeposited Co40–44Fe60–56 films quickly decreases as a result of the Fe(OH)3 incorporation into deposit. These conditions are discussed as a function of the solution formulation (pH) and the parameters of electrodeposition process (current density, current efficiency, diffusion layer thickness) and a simple analytical model is developed qualitatively describing the hydroxide incorporation phenomenon and resulting decrease in Bs of
Viewpoints AI: Procedurally Representing and Reasoning about Gestures

Viewpoints is a contemporary theatrical composition technique for understanding the expressive powers of gesture used to formally describe a dance performance or theatrical movement (Bogart 2005). We describe a computational system that integrates a gesturebased interface (Kinect), theatrical aesthetics framework (Viewpoints), AI reasoning architecture (Soar), and visualized embodiment of the AI participant (Processing) to explore novel forms of meaningful co-creative theatrical interaction in an interactive installation piece. Providing this ability to reason about a gesture’s meaning enables game designers to explore novel ways for players to communicate with intelligent game agents. Toward this end, we describe our prototype for live interaction with a projected virtual agent in an interactive installation piece.
Cyclic Shear Yielding of Wide-Flange Beams

The results of experiments with wide-flange steel beams subjected to cyclic shear yielding are described. The tests indicate that beams that yield in shear show stable behavior at large cyclic deflections, and they dissipate large amounts of energy. The significance of cross-sectional warping is shown, and the beneficial effect of the formation of cyclic diagonal tension fields is described. An analytical model is developed for predicting the inelastic behavior of shear yielding elements which shows good correlation with the test results. An application for accurately predicting the global behavior of eccentrically braced steel frames subjected to cyclic loading characteristic of the problem in aseismic design illustrates the usefullness of the developed analytical model.
Action of ultra violet light upon bacteriophage and filterable viruses.

ConclusionsOne may say that under the conditions of these experiments, a lytic principle active for B. coli “D” is acted upon by ultra violet light in much the same way as are two strains of known filterable viruses, i. e., herpes and Levaditi's so-called encephalitis virus. Exposure to ultra violet light at a distance of one foot for forty minutes is sufficient to attenuate or destroy both the bacteriophage and the two filterable viruses employed in these experiments. In a substrate of normal rabbit serum all three are protected from the action of ultra violet light.
Chemical Treatment of Poly(lactic acid) Fibers to Enhance the Rate of Thermal Depolymerization

When heated, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers depolymerize in a controlled manner, making them potentially useful as sacrificial fibers for microchannel fabrication. Catalysts that increase PLA depolymerization rates are explored and methods to incorporate them into commercially available PLA fibers by a solvent mixture impregnating technique are tested. In the present study, the most active catalysts are identified that are capable of lowering the depolymerization temperature of modified PLA fibers by ca. 100 °C as compared to unmodified ones. Lower depolymerization temperatures allow PLA fibers to be removed from a fully cured epoxy thermoset resin without causing significant thermal damage to the epoxy. For 500 μm diameter PLA fibers, the optimized treatment involves soaking the fibers for 24 h in a solvent mixture containing 60% trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 40% H2O dispersed with 10 wt % tin(II) oxalate and subsequent air-drying of the fibers. PLA fibers treated with this procedure are completely removed ...
Genomic imprinting: sensing the environment and driving the fetal growth.

Purpose of reviewGenomic imprinting is an epigenetically-driven phenomenon that responds to environmental stimuli to determine the fetal growth trajectory. This review aims at describing the transgenerational meaning of genomic imprinting while supporting the study of genomic imprinting in placenta
Measuring Jet Noise Source Locations with Acoustic Beamforming

Numerous methods have been used by the aeroacoustics community to locate noise sources of different frequencies in subsonic jets. These include: acoustic mirrors, microphone arrays, two-microphone methods, causality correlation and coherence techniques, acoustic beamforming, and automated source breakdown. Except for the acoustic beamforming, most of these methods are quite time consuming. No one seems to have ever compared the performance of these techniques. This paper compares the performance of various existing techniques. As the beamforming technique is the least time consuming, emphasis has been given to examining the performance of this technique in measuring source location in a subsonic jet for a range of Reynolds numbers. A 48-microphone acoustic beamformer was used to locate the noise sources for several subsonic Mach numbers from a one-inch and a half-inch nozzle. The effects of tabs on source location are also examined for the one-inch nozzle. Once set up, this method allows for faster and thus more numerous tests. It is shown that jet noise source locations may be a strong function of either Reynolds number or nozzle exit boundary layer. In general, there is a shift of all the noise sources away from the nozzle exit as Reynolds number decreases.
Amylase activity of acinar cells separated from guinea pig submaxillary gland.

SummaryAmylase activity was measured in whole tissue and in separated acinar cells from submaxillary gland of guinea pig. Acinar cells showed amylase levels which were approximately 60% higher, on ...
Detecting Kinase Activities from Single Cell Lysate Using Concentration-Enhanced Mobility Shift Assay

Electrokinetic preconcentration coupled with mobility shift assays can give rise to very high detection sensitivities. We describe a microfluidic device that utilizes this principle to detect cellular kinase activities by simultaneously concentrating and separating substrate peptides with different phosphorylation states. This platform is capable of reliably measuring kinase activities of single adherent cells cultured in nanoliter volume microwells. We also describe a novel method utilizing spacer peptides that significantly increase separation resolution while maintaining high concentration factors in this device. Thus, multiplexed kinase measurements can be implemented with single cell sensitivity. Multiple kinase activity profiling from single cell lysate could potentially allow us to study heterogeneous activation of signaling pathways that can lead to multiple cell fates.
Analysis on Parents' Unsatisfaction to Services of Vaccination Clinics in Hefei

OBJECTIVE To understand parents's unsatisfaction situation of vaccination clinic services and provide evidence for its further improvement,improve the immunization service quality.METHODS About 100 children were selected from every 10 vaccination clinics,parents of selected children were investigated by questionnaires to know their unsatisfaction to 12 kinds of immunization services.RESULTS 6.3%of parents are not satisfied,17.7%of parents are not satisfied to wait for a long time,13.1% of parents are not satisfied with the hardware facilities,11.6%of parents are not satisfied with the health status of vaccination clinics. Parents'unsatisfaction was influenced by atitude of service,physical examination,environmental hygiene and vaccinate procedure. CONCLUSIONS The parents of children are not satisfied with vaccination outpatient service of hard and soft conditions,vaccination clinics need to improve the service quality and the inoculation environment.
Quantitative 3D imaging of cells at 50 nm resolution using soft x-ray tomography

Soft X-ray microscopy combines features associated with light and electron microscopy — it is an imaging technique that is both fast and relatively easy to accomplish (like light microscopy) that produces high-resolution, absorption-based images (like electron microscopy). As with light microscopy, one can examine whole, hydrated cells (between 10–15 µm thick), eliminating the need for time-consuming and potentially artifact-inducing embedding and sectioning procedures. Similar to electron microscopy, the image is formed based upon density of cellular components. With soft x-ray microscopy, however, the image is based on the inherent contrast of the organic material in the cell or tissue being examined1. Soft x-ray microscopy utilizes photons in the ‘water window,’ with energies between the K shell absorption edges of carbon (284 eV, λ=4.4 nm) and oxygen (543 eV, λ=2.3 nm). These photons readily penetrate the aqueous environment while encountering significant absorption from carbon- and nitrogen-containing organic material. In this energy range (referred to as the “water window”) organic material absorbs approximately an order of magnitude more strongly than water, producing a quantifiable natural contrast and eliminating the need for contrast enhancement procedures to visualize cellular structures2.
Reducing electrical energy consumption of AHU fans through the integration of variable frequency drives

Variable frequency drives (VFD) enable control of the speed of three phase motors which allows the motor to be operated with variable current inputs. This technology can be used in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems to lower fan operating speeds, reducing energy consumption. The client has expressed a need for a more effective means of control for the operation of their two air handling units which regulate airflow throughout their office building located on a brewing facility campus. Currently, the supply fans for both air handlers (AHUs) operate at full capacity, regardless of occupancy of the building. The implementation of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) on these supply fans was explored due to the client's need for lower operating cost for the HVAC system serving the building studied by automating the Air Handler control. Using industry simulation and estimating software, a VFD schedule was developed to determine the capacity for operational cost savings for these two rooftop units, based on occupancy of the building. During weekends and non-business hours during the week, the power to the supply fans was modeled at lower percentages of the full operational capacity. The results of this analysis show that the implementation of VFDs on these two air handling units can reduce operational HVAC costs by 18%.
A morphological review of subspecies of the Asian box turtle,Cuora amboinensis (Testudines, Geomydidae)

Abstract The turtle Cuora amboinensis has an extensive distribution covering most of southern mainland Asia, Indonesia, and extending to the Philippine Islands. Unlike many species, C. amboinensis occurs on both sides of Wallace's Line separating Asian and Australian flora and fauna. Four subspecies are currently recognized; Cuora a. kamaroma (southern continental Asia, Java and the northern Philippines [introduced]), C. a. lineata (Kachin Province, Myanmar [Burma] and adjacent Yunnan Province, China), C. a. couro (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, and adjacent smaller Indonesian islands); and C. a. amboinensis (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines). Five pattern and 33 morphological characters were examined for variation in 691 individuals from throughout the species' range. Our analyses suggest that only two presently recognized subspecies are valid: amboinensis and kamaroma. Neither couro nor lineata are supported by our analysis. We recommend that C. a. couro should be synonymized with the species C. amboinensis and...
Mathematics Content Coverage and Student Learning in Kindergarten

Analyzing data from two nationally representative kindergarten cohorts, we examine the mathematics content teachers cover in kindergarten. We expand upon prior research, finding that kindergarten teachers report emphasizing basic mathematics content. Although teachers reported increased coverage of advanced content between the 1998–1999 and 2010–2011 school years, they continued to place more emphasis on basic content. We find that time on advanced content is positively associated with student learning, whereas time on basic content has a negative association with learning. We argue that increased exposure to more advanced mathematics content could benefit the vast majority of kindergartners.
‘Russian Americans’ in Soviet film: cinematic dialogues between the US and the USSR

In this smart and engaging monograph, Marina Levitina examines the trope of ‘Americanism’ in Soviet popular film in the 1920s and 1930s. From the early days of the revolution, Soviet leaders had dr...
Progress on Beam Cooling at Fermilab

The construction of a 200-MeV storage ring was started at Fermilab in 1977 to be used to study the electron and stochastic cooling of protons. The electron cooling system is undergoing tests off-line as the system is being conditioned to operate at 110 kV. A longitudinal and transverse stochastic cooling system has been installed in the ring and the first cooling results were obtained in February, 1980. The study of these complementary types of cooling systems has resulted in the design of a high-efficiency antiproton collection ring. Antiprotons are collected at about 4.5 GeV from a target bombarded by 80-GeV protons and stochastically cooled in a stepwise deceleration scheme in this ring to achieve a momentum-spread reduction of a factor greater than 100 in 10 seconds or less. They are then transferred to a low-energy electron cooling ring for further cooling and accumulation. This system, using the virtues of both stochastic and electron cooling, will allow the accumulation of enough antiprotons in a few hours to give luminosities of 1030cm−2 sec-1 for collisions between protons and antiprotons at about 2 TeV center-of-mass energy in the Fermilab superconducting collider ring.
COMPARATIVE MULTICARRIER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN JAMMING AND FADING

The performance of MC/MT-DS-SS and FH-OFDM in the presence of jamming and fading is investigated. Performance with both swept tone and partial band jamming is compared under conditions of identical data rate, transmit power, and occupied bandwidth.
Analytical performance of three whole blood point-of-care lactate devices compared to plasma lactate comparison methods and a flow-injection mass spectrometry method.

Abstract Objectives Point of care (POC) whole blood lactate testing may facilitate rapid detection of sepsis. We evaluated three POC methods against both plasma lactate comparison methods and a flow-injection mass spectrometric (MS) method. Design and Methods Nova StatStrip, Abbott i-STAT CG4 + and Radiometer ABL90 POC lactate methods were evaluated against the mean of Cobas Integra 400 and Vitros 350 plasma lactate. POC methods were also compared to a flow-injection mass spectrometric assay measuring lactate in ZnSO4-precipitated whole blood extracts. Intra- and inter-assay precision was determined using quality control material. Method comparison included specimens from normal donors at rest, after exertion, and after spiking with lactic acid. Results Intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation was 6 mmol/L, all POC methods showed proportional negative bias compared to plasma methods; but this bias was not observed when compared to the MS method. Despite proportional negative bias, all POC methods demonstrated acceptable concordance (94–100%) with plasma lactate within the reference interval ( 4 mmol/L, commonly used clinical cut-offs for detection of sepsis. Conclusions POC lactate methods demonstrate acceptable concordance with plasma lactate across commonly used clinical cut-offs for detection of sepsis. Due to systematic negative bias at higher lactate concentrations, POC and plasma lactate should not be used interchangeably to monitor patients with elevated lactate concentrations.
A Precision SiGe Reference Circuit Utilizing Si and SiGe Bandgap Voltage Differences

Silicon–germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS technology platform provides designers with a unique opportunity to have access to both Si–Si and SiGe–Si p-n junctions. By taking advantage of the coexistence of these two p-n junctions, this paper presents a new temperature compensation technique for SiGe reference circuits. The source of the appearance of curvature in the thermal characteristics of reference circuits is due to the fact that the temperature-dependent nonlinearities in the base–emitter junction are not completely canceled across the temperature range of interest. Here, it is shown that under specific biasing conditions, the two Si–Si and SiGe–Si p-n junction voltages exhibit similar nonlinear temperature dependences. As such, a two-step temperature compensation technique is proposed: first, via a weighted subtraction of two currents, one proportional to the base–emitter junction of Si BJT and the other proportional to the base–emitter junction of SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor, major nonlinear temperature-dependent terms are canceled; second, via the addition of a proportional to the absolute temperature current, the remaining linear temperature-dependent term is canceled. As a result of this two-step temperature compensation technique, an output voltage proportional to the difference of the bandgap voltages of Si and SiGe can be obtained. The proposed compensation technique is utilized to implement a precision reference circuit in IBM’s SiGe BiCMOS 8HP technology. Measurement results verify the stability of the circuit against temperature variations. As the generated output voltage of the circuit is proportional to the difference of Si and SiGe bandgap voltages, the proposed circuit can be utilized to experimentally evaluate the Ge-induced bandgap offset in a given SiGe technology platform.
FOXP3, the Transcription Factor at the Heart of the Rebirth of Immune Tolerance.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are now among the most intensively studied of T cell subsets and among the major targets of immune drug development because of their fundamental role in immune tolerance. The three papers featured as Pillars of Immunology in this issue of The Journal of Immunology were
Plasticity in the lung: making and breaking cell identity

In contrast to a prior emphasis on the finality of cell fate decisions in developmental systems, cellular plasticity is now emerging as a general theme in the biology of multiple adult organ systems. In the lung, lineage tracing has been used to identify distinct epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations. These cells, together with their differentiated progeny, maintain a stable identity during steady state conditions, but can display remarkable lineage plasticity following injury. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the different cell lineages of the adult mammalian lung and their responses to injury. In the lung, which is constantly exposed to infection and aerosolized toxins, epithelial plasticity might be more of a rule than an exception, and it is likely that different injuries elicit different facultative responses.
Convergent adaptation to dangerous prey proceeds through the same first‐step mutation in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis

Convergent phenotypes often result from similar underlying genetics, but recent work suggests convergence may also occur in the historical order of substitutions en route to an adaptive outcome. We characterized convergence in the mutational steps to two independent outcomes of tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistance in separate geographic lineages of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) that coevolved with toxic newts. Resistance is largely conferred by amino acid changes in the skeletal muscle sodium channel (NaV1.4) that interfere with TTX-binding. We sampled variation in NaV1.4 throughout western North America and found clear evidence that TTX-resistant changes in both lineages began with the same isoleucine-valine mutation (I1561V) within the outer pore of NaV1.4. Other point mutations in the pore, shown to confer much greater resistance, accumulate later in the evolutionary progression and always occur together with the initial I1561V change. A gene tree of NaV1.4 suggests the I1561V mutations in each lineage are not identical-by-decent, but rather they arose independently. Convergence in the evolution of channel resistance is likely the result of shared biases in the two lineages of Th. sirtalis – only a few mutational routes can confer TTX resistance while maintaining the conserved function of voltage-gated sodium channels. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The effects of structure on pre-mRNA processing and stability

Pre-mRNA molecules can form a variety of structures, and both secondary and tertiary structures have important effects on processing, function and stability of these molecules. The prediction of RNA secondary structure is a challenging problem and various algorithms that use minimum free energy, maximum expected accuracy and comparative evolutionary based methods have been developed to predict secondary structures. However, these tools are not perfect, and this remains an active area of research. The secondary structure of pre-mRNA molecules can have an enhancing or inhibitory effect on pre-mRNA splicing. An example of enhancing structure can be found in a novel class of introns in zebrafish. About 10% of zebrafish genes contain a structured intron that forms a bridging hairpin that enforces correct splice site pairing. Negative examples of splicing include local structures around splice sites that decrease splicing efficiency and potentially cause mis-splicing leading to disease. Splicing mutations are a frequent cause of hereditary disease. The transcripts of disease genes are significantly more structured around the splice sites, and point mutations that increase the local structure often cause splicing disruptions. Post-splicing, RNA secondary structure can also affect the stability of the spliced intron and regulatory RNA interference pathway intermediates, such as pre-microRNAs. Additionally, RNA secondary structure has important roles in the innate immune defense against viruses. Finally, tertiary structure can also play a large role in pre-mRNA splicing. One example is the G-quadruplex structure, which, similar to secondary structure, can either enhance or inhibit splicing through mechanisms such as creating or obscuring RNA binding protein sites.
HVLearn: Automated Black-Box Analysis of Hostname Verification in SSL/TLS Implementations

SSL/TLS is the most commonly deployed family of protocols for securing network communications. The security guarantees of SSL/TLS are critically dependent on the correct validation of the X.509 server certificates presented during the handshake stage of the SSL/TLS protocol. Hostname verification is a critical component of the certificate validation process that verifies the remote server's identity by checking if the hostname of the server matches any of the names present in the X.509 certificate. Hostname verification is a highly complex process due to the presence of numerous features and corner cases such as wildcards, IP addresses, international domain names, and so forth. Therefore, testing hostname verification implementations present a challenging task. In this paper, we present HVLearn, a novel black-box testing framework for analyzing SSL/TLS hostname verification implementations, which is based on automata learning algorithms. HVLearn utilizes a number of certificate templates, i.e., certificates with a common name (CN) set to a specific pattern, in order to test different rules from the corresponding specification. For each certificate template, HVLearn uses automata learning algorithms to infer a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that describes the set of all hostnames that match the CN of a given certificate. Once a model is inferred for a certificate template, HVLearn checks the model for bugs by finding discrepancies with the inferred models from other implementations or by checking against regular-expression-based rules derived from the specification. The key insight behind our approach is that the acceptable hostnames for a given certificate template form a regular language. Therefore, we can leverage automata learning techniques to efficiently infer DFA models that accept the corresponding regular language. We use HVLearn to analyze the hostname verification implementations in a number of popular SSL/TLS libraries and applications written in a diverse set of languages like C, Python, and Java. We demonstrate that HVLearn can achieve on average 11.21% higher code coverage than existing black/gray-box fuzzing techniques. By comparing the DFA models inferred by HVLearn, we found 8 unique violations of the RFC specifications in the tested hostname verification implementations. Several of these violations are critical and can render the affected implementations vulnerable to active man-in-the-middle attacks.
Relationship between Euler buckling and unstable equilibria of buckled beams

Abstract Classic snap-through of curved beams, plates, and shells has long been an object of attention in structural engineering. Euler buckling under axial loading is perhaps an even more entrenched part of the canon of engineering education and practice. In this paper we introduce a relationship between the two phenomena, that to our knowledge has not been directly addressed before. The relationship shows that Euler buckling configurations are connected by the force–displacement curve under transverse loading. The results are used to develop a very simple metric to estimate the number of unstable static equilibria of a buckled structure based only on its geometry with no need for static or dynamic solvers. The study is focused on beams as this allows for an unambiguous discussion of the idea on the simplest possible structure.
Construction of hexahedral finite element mesh capturing realistic geometries of a petroleum reserve

Abstract The three-dimensional finite element mesh capturing realistic geometries of the Bayou Choctaw site has been constructed using the sonar and seismic survey data obtained from the field. The mesh consists of hexahedral elements because the salt constitutive model is coded using hexahedral elements. Various ideas and techniques to construct finite element mesh capturing artificially and naturally formed geometries are provided. The techniques to reduce the number of elements as much as possible to save on computer run time while maintaining the computational accuracy is also introduced. The steps and methodologies could be applied to construct the meshes of Big Hill, Bryan Mound, and West Hackberry strategic petroleum reserve sites. The methodology could be applied to the complicated shape masses for various civil and geological structures.
Hodge Theory for the Transversal Laplacian

Throughout this chapter F denotes a transversally oriented Riemannian foliation on a closed oriented manifold M. We discuss Hodge theory and a duality theorem for the cohomology of basic forms [K-To 10,12].
Edge Detection in Diffusion Weighted MRI Using a Tangent Curve Similarity Metric

We present a technique to automatically characterize the geometry of important anatomical structures in diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) data. Our approach is based on the interpretation of diffusion data as a superimposition of multiple line fields that each form a continuum of space filling curves. Using a dense tractography computation, our method quantifies the spatial variations of the geometry of these curves and use the resulting measure to characterize salient structures as edges. Anatomically, these structures have a boundary-like nature and yield a clear picture of major fiber bundles. In particular, the application of our algorithm to high angular resolution imaging (HARDI) data yields a precise geometric description of subtle anatomical configurations associated with the local presence of multiple fiber orientations. We evaluate our technique and study its robustness to noise in the context of a phantom dataset and present results obtained with two diffusion weighted brain images.
Trolls, Nuisance Suits, and the FTC

The FTC’s Patent Assertion Entity Activity Report includes a path-breaking collection of data. Because of the FTC’s ability to force businesses and individuals to provide information, a power that no ordinary researcher possesses, the FTC has amassed a data set that can potentially be of great value. For example, the Report’s description of litigation PAEs and portfolio PAEs structure and behavior is, although not entirely new, very instructive. Unfortunately, the FTC made analytical errors that precludes using its work to directly support policy prescriptions. First, the FTC claims that if a suit settles for less than $300,000 then the suit was likely Negative Expected Value. In addition, the FTC claims that Negative Expected Value suits are bad. These claims are false. Second, the FTC’s policy recommendations have no connection to any of its factual analysis. And so, in terms of providing normative guidance, the Report is a failure.
A Critical Analysis of Characteristics that Influence the Effect of Instructor Discussion Interaction on Student Outcomes

Teacher presence facilitates students’ social and cognitive presence in online courses. Instructor interaction in discussion forums, a widely adopted instructional strategy, establishes teacher presence but research on the optimal frequency and content of instructor interaction in discussion is underdeveloped. This research evaluated 1625 instructor posts in 36 graduate-level courses in education to determine their impact on students’ perceptions of the quality of the instructor and course, students’ perceptions of their learning, and students’ actual achievement. Findings suggest the frequency of instructor interaction in discussion has no effect on student outcomes, but posts that are instructional improve students’ perceptions of their learning, and posts that are conversational improve students’ perceptions of instructor and course quality and their actual academic achievement. Implications for instructors and policymakers are addressed.