cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the structure of the Hugoniot relation for a shock-induced martensitic phase transition

The Hugoniot curve relates the pressure and volume behind a shock wave, with the temperature having been eliminated. This paper studies the Hugoniot curve behind a propagating sharp interface between two material phases for a solid in which an impact-induced phase transition has taken place. For a solid capable of existing in only one phase, compressive impact produces a shock wave moving into material, say, at rest in an unstressed state at the ambient temperature. If the specimen can exist in either of two material phases, sufficiently severe impact may produce a disturbance with a two-wave structure: a shock wave in the low-pressure phase of the material, followed by a phase boundary separating the low- and high-pressure phases. We use a theory of phase transitions in thermoelastic materials to construct the Hugoniot curve behind the phase boundary in this two-wave circumstance. The kinetic relation controlling the evolution of the phase transition is an essential ingredient in this process.
Monitoring ATP hydrolysis and ATPase inhibitor screening using 1 H NMR

We present a versatile method to characterize ATPase and kinase activities and discover new inhibitors of these proteins. The proton NMR-based assay directly monitors ATP turnover and is easy to implement, requires no additional reagents and can potentially be applied to GTP. We validated the method's accuracy, applied it to the monitoring of ATP turnover by actin and to the screening of ATPase inhibitors, and showed that it is also applicable for the monitoring of GTP hydrolysis.
Effect of polyphosphate metabolism on the Escherichia coli phosphate-starvation response

A previously developed dynamic model of the Escherichia coli Pho regulon was extended to investigate the effect of polyphosphate synthesis and degradation on this control system. Differential equations for ATP and polyphosphate were formulated, and the model was applied to the growth of cells containing the ppk and ppx genes under control of separate, inducible promoters. In agreement with recent experimental observations, the degradation of polyphosphate by PPX during a period of phosphate limitation could repress the phosphate-starvation response. This is attributed to the release of phosphate from the cell into the periplasm, where it can be detected by the external phosphate sensor. A segregated model was then developed to account for differences in K(I), the dissociation constant for the repression complex, among cells of the population. Since K(I) is the key parameter in determining whether the Pho response is induced or repressed at a particular surface phosphate concentration, this permitted the induction of some cells while others remained repressed. The induction profiles resulting from the population-averaged values more closely matched experimental results than did those with the nonsegregated model.
Outline of a mathematical biology of leadership

Leadership, whether executive, political or any other type, is connected with the achievement of some goal by the social group through an appropriate organization of that group. From this point of view different leadership ranks in a group would be assigned to individuals according to their ability to organize the group for the purpose of reaching a specific goal. The situation is actually complicated by the circumstance that an individual may have the necessary ability but may not like the responsibility connected with the leadership, or vice versa. Also, he may not be interested in the goal. The suggested mathematical approach is to consider that the satisfaction of an individual is a function of his leadership rank, of the goal, and of several other parameters. If each individual tends to adjust his position in society so as to maximize his own satisfaction, this condition gives us the equations which determine the leadership rank of each individual. It is found that, in general, the rank of an individual depends not only on his ability, but on the abilities of all other individuals. The method enables us to calculate the distribution function of abilities among individuals of a given rank, and leads to results which allow, in principle, experimental verification.
Measuring particulate matter emissions during parked active diesel particulate filter regeneration of heavy-duty diesel trucks

Abstract Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs, >33,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating) are commonly equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) to meet the California model year (MY) 2007 PM emissions standard. Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured from nine parked active DPF regenerations of two HDDTs, a 2007 and 2010 MY, using a novel ambient-dilution wind tunnel. This work specifically evaluated PM mass emissions during regeneration by measurements from the following instruments: TSI DustTrak DRX 8533, TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer 3090 (EEPS) and TSI Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer 3936L88 (SMPS), filters by gravimetric analysis, and for one test a Dekati Mass Monitor 230-A (DMM). Active regeneration by fuel injection upstream of the DPF began with the Soot Combustion Regime, where PM emissions had a count median diameter (CMD) of >30 nm and some faint gray smoke was observed flowing from the tunnel. During brief moments of the Soot Combustion Regime, the DustTrak DRX reported more than half of the mass was >1 µm. As active regeneration continued, aftertreatment inlet temperature increased to >500 °C, beginning the Fuel Combustion Regime, defined conversely where the CMD of the emissions was
Pathways to teacher leadership among English-as-a-second-language teachers: professional development by and for emerging teacher leaders

While the scope of activities that constitute teacher leadership has become better defined, the professional development of emerging teacher leaders is just beginning to be discussed. In this study, the teacher leadership activities of beginning English-as-a-second-language teachers in a wide variety of settings in New York City public schools were examined in terms of the professional direction, support and development that these new teachers received that set them on the path to teacher leadership. Identified were several paths to teacher leadership, which ranged from well-defined to ill-structured. This paper sheds light on the generative processes involved, and contextualizes the role of novice teacher leaders against increased attention to teacher leadership in the United States.
Model Based Control of Laminar Wake Using Fluidic Actuation

Control of fluid-structure interaction is of practical importance from the perspective of wake modification and reduction of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). The aim of this study is to design a control to suppress vortex shedding. We perform a two-dimensional simulation of the flow past a circular cylinder using a parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver. We record the velocity and pressure fields over a shedding cycle and compute the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes of the divergence-free velocity and pressure, respectively. The Navier―Stokes equations are projected onto these POD modes to reduce the dynamical system to a set of ordinary-differential equations (ODEs). This dynamical system exhibits a limit cycle with negative linear damping and positive nonlinear damping. The reduced-order model is then modified by placing a pair of suction actuators and applying a control strategy using a control function method. We use the pressure POD mode distribution on the cylinder surface to optimally locate the actuators. We design a controller based on the linearized system and make it positively damped using pole-placement technique. The control-input settles to a constant value, suggesting constant suction through the actuators. We validate the results using CFD simulations in an open-loop setting and observe suppression of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinder.
Adolescent medicine in pediatric practice.

Abstract Adolescents report important unmet health care needs. This study directly assesses pediatricians' current practices pertinent to the primary care of adolescents. An anonymous questionnaire survey of general pediatricians was conducted in two suburban counties in New York State. Of the 101 respondents, 51% were older than age 50 and 88% were in private practice. The “average” pediatrician saw 28 patients in a 7-hour office day. Approximately 1 in 10 regularly saw patients with a sexuality-related concern, substance abuse problem, or anorexia nervosa. Fewer than half provided anticipatory guidance regarding sexuality, and only 14% questioned teens about depression. Respondents perceived factors related to fees, lack of time, lack of knowledge, and their image as obstacles to an expanded care of adolescents. Those with some training in adolescent medicine during residency were significantly more likely to provide care and anticipatory guidance related to sexuality and substance abuse. Thirty percent reported an interest in increasing their involvement with adolescents. We conclude that most of these pediatricians played a small role in meeting the health needs of adolescents.
Role of receiver performance data in efficient spectrum utilization

This paper elaborates on the importance of including receiver performance characteristics to optimize for efficient spectral usage. Futuristic heterogeneous wireless networks are expected to be diverse and dynamic. Knowledge of receiver spectral performance enables the spectrum management system not only to provide adequate protection from harmful interference, but also provides an effective way to maximize the network level spectrum efficiency for networks with diverse and dynamic environments. We formulate the problem for such an inclusive optimization with several constraints and demonstrate using numerical simulations that using receiver performance characteristics for spectrum management has the potential to considerably improve the network level spectrum efficiency.
Influence of Morphology on Polar Solvation Dynamics in Lecithin Reverse Micelles

The continuous nonpolar phase can change the morphology of lecithin reverse micelles dramatically. In alkane solvents, increasing the hydration leads to gelation as isolated water droplets transform into an entangled tube network. In contrast, increasing the hydration for lecithin in benzene maintains isolated, largely spherical traditional reverse micelles. Solvation dynamics experiments have been carried out in the two different micellar environments. These measurements show that solvation dynamics are considerably more restricted in the tubular micelles than in the spherical droplets. This is interpreted as evidence for water pool formation and disorder at the interface in the spherical micelles and supports the hypothesis of substantial water incorporation into the tubular micelles. To perform solvation dynamics experiments in the benzene/lecithin/water reverse micelles, we have synthesized a new headgroup-labeled probe molecule. This synthesis, coupling the standard solvation dynamics probe, coumarin...
On the Numerical Integration of Discontinuous Functions

The numerical integration of discontinuous functions is best carried out by integrating each continuous portion of the integrand separately. Through the use of a simple example, it is demonstrated that integrating through a discontinuity (by blindly applying a standard technique such as Simpson's rule) increases the computation time and the sensitivity to round-off error.
BN-substituted diphenylacetylene: a basic model for conjugated π-systems containing the BN bond pair

We report the synthesis, structural characterization, and optoelectronic properties of BN-Tolan 1 and Bis-BN-Tolan 2, one of the simplest conjugated systems containing the BN bond pair. BN-tolans 1 and 2 display absorption and emission properties that are distinct from their carbonaceous analogue, tolan. In addition, Bis-BN-Tolan 2 exhibits unique N–H⋯π(C≡C) hydrogen bonding in the solid state.
On decomposition of modular representations from Cohen-Macaulay geometries

Abstract Chain spaces for a Cohen-Macaulay complex split into subspaces corresponding to cycles for truncations of the complex precisely when the cycles are non-degenerate in the natural bilinear form. Application to the Tits building provides a simple geometric approach to the well known splitting of Ind G B (1) for a Lie-type group G in natural characteristic. An application to a “sporadic geometry” is also indicated.
Modeling Tees and Manifolds in Networks

Rigorous modeling of combining and dividing flow through tees improves solutions for steady and unsteady flow in pipe networks dominated by tee losses and in pipe networks, such as navigation lock filling and emptying systems, where distribution of flow through a manifold is of interest. Every tee has two flow paths with different loss, or tee, coefficients for each path. Rigorously modeling a tee means varying the tee coefficients with the split in flow through the tee and accounting for changes in velocity head in each flow path. The general purpose computer code TFSIM provides diverging_tee and converging_tee components for rigorous modeling of tees in pipe networks. A manifold with relatively few branches or portholes can be modeled as a header pipe with a series of tee components spread along its length. However, this approach becomes impractical for manifolds with many, perhaps hundreds, of branches. TFSIM provides diverging_manifold and converging_manifold components that model multiple, identical tees in one component. Several of these manifold components distributed along the length of a header pipe can be used to represent a manifold with hundreds of physical branches. Discharges predicted using manifold components agree closely with those predicted using individual tee components for every branch.© 2003 ASME
Productivity Improvement from Using MachineBuffers in Dual-Gripper Cluster Tools

Cluster tools (also referred to as robotic cells) are extensively used in semiconductor wafer fabrication. We consider the problem of scheduling operations in an m-machine cluster tool that produces identical parts (wafers). Each machine is equipped with a unit-capacity input buffer and a unit-capacity output buffer. The machines and buffers are served by a dual-gripper robot. Each wafer is processed on each of the machines, and the objective is to find a cyclic sequence of robot moves that minimizes the long-run average time to produce a part or, equivalently, maximizes the throughput. We first obtain a tight upper bound on the optimal throughput and then use this bound to obtain an asymptotically optimal sequence under conditions that are common in practice. Next, we quantify the improvement in productivity that can be realized from the use of unit-capacity input and output buffers at the machines. Finally, we illustrate our analysis on cluster tools with realistic parameters, based on our work with a Dallas-based semiconductor equipment manufacturer.
Determination of quantum efficiency of persistent spectral hole burning using dispersive kinetics

Abstract A practical approach for the determination of the quantum efficiency of persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) is suggested. The quantum efficiency is found from the experimental kinetics of hole formation. The method takes into account all primary mechanisms of dispersion for the hole burning kinetics and can be applied to the characterization and the comparison of materials with different mechanisms of hole burning. The quantum efficiency of PSHB has been found for free-base and zinc naphthalocyanines, which have photochemical and photophysical mechanisms of PSHB, respectively. These materials are useful for PSHB applications in the spectral range around 800 nm.
Effects of “Safe School” Programs and Policies on the Social Climate for Sexual-Minority Youth: A Review of the Literature

Research indicates lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth are a vulnerable population—a status that can be attributed to a hostile social climate at school. Intervention strategies, such as educational policies, programs, and a supportive environment, improve the social climate for LGBT students in secondary schools and universities. Yet, no studies have compiled and synthesized existing research to show the exclusively positive effect safe school interventions and supportive environments have on LGBT youth. This article presents a summary of the various intervention strategies, examines the strengths and limitations of the existing body of knowledge, and makes recommendations for future research.
THE HISS SPECTROMETER AT THE BEVALAC

Abstract The status of the HISS spectrometer is presented. Preliminary data from multi-particle measurements of the 12 C reactions at 1 GeV/n are discussed.
Triplet correlation functions for fluids of nonspherical molecules

Computer simulations of orientationally averaged triplet correlation functions are presented for fluids of several nonspherical molecules. These specific models considered included hard prolate and hard oblate molecules as well as a site-site plus quadrupole representation of CO2. A spherical harmonic expansion of the triplet function is written down and utilized in connection with an extended superposition approximation (ESA) which is based on the spherical harmonic expansions of the orientation-dependent pair correlation functions. The ESA is evaluated for the systems studied and the results are shown to be in good agreement with the directly simulated orientationally-averaged triplet function. In addition, a series representation of the functions of r 12, r 13, r 23 (the sides of the 1, 2, 3 triangle) which had been previously suggested in connection with simulations of the triplet correlation function of spherical particles is considered here for nonspherical particles. It is shown that this approach ...
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FINDINGS IN DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

DVT is a potentially serious disease and can serve as a marker for PE, an entity with even higher morbidity. Thus, it is critically important that emergency physicians consider this diagnosis in patients who present with suspicious symptoms. Recognition of alternative conditions, such as compartment syndrome, septic arthritis, and cellulitis, is also important for optimal care. Because physical examination is only 30% accurate for DVT, it serves to increase clinical suspicion in patients at risk but cannot be used to eliminate the possibility of thromboembolic disease. Because of this limitation, the diagnosis of DVT should be pursued using adjunctive testing in any patient with unexplained limb pain or swelling. Duplex sonography is currently the initial diagnostic study of choice for evaluation of DVT and, if test results are negative, it should be repeated serially if the clinical suspicion is high.
Introduction Welfare Reform: A Race to the Bottom?

Federalism, like so much else of politics, is a field of metaphors. Literary tropes adorn our analyses of federal issues serving to mobilize support or opposition to shifts in authority between the federal government and the states. These linguistic devices can be overused and can often dangerously oversimplify; however, they can also effectively encapsulate the implications of changes in the federal system. "Race to the bottom" has for some time served as an important metaphor for highlighting how the United States federal system, and every federal system for that matter, is vulnerable to interstate competition.1 The "race to the bottom" suggests a competition where each state tries to underbid the others to lower its taxes, spending, regulation, and the like, in a quest to make itself appear more attractive to outside financial interests or unattractive to unwanted outsiders. It can be
Study of precision and calibration for IBM RS‐1 robot system

At Robots VI IBM publicly launched its RS‐1 gantry frame robot and this device is now undergoing extensive field trials. Work at the University of Missouri has studied the precision problem of an RS‐1 robot and this is reported. The calibration technique is introduced, and the AML program is also included.
The Myth of the Perfect Chair

In this tribute to Lou Pondy, his last doctoral student considers the characteristics and qualities of the perfect academic advisor and dissertation chair.
Medical student patient experiences before and after duty hour regulation and hospitalist support.

Background/Objective With the growth of hospitalist services and the reduction in residency work hours, medical education has changed dramatically. The objective of this study was to examine changes in junior medical student-patient encounters after initiation of residency work hours and implementation of a large hospitalist practice at our academic medical center.
The Manipulation Argument, At the Very Least, Undermines Classical Compatibilism

The compatibility of determinism and the ability to do otherwise has been implicitly assumed by many to be irrelevant to the viability of compatibilist responses to the manipulation argument for incompatibilism. I argue that this assumption is mistaken. The manipulation argument may be unsound. But even so, the manipulation argument, at the very least, undermines classical compatibilism, the view that free will requires the ability to do otherwise, and having that ability is compatible with determinism. This is because classical compatibilism, in conjunction with any type of reply to the manipulation argument, has counterintuitive implications. In order to avoid such implications, we need not hold that determinism is incompatible with moral responsibility. But we must hold that determinism is incompatible with the ability to do otherwise.
A space-time detector for cosmic ray showers☆

Abstract We describe a detector to observe cosmic ray showers by the fluorescent light they produce in the atmosphere. The night sky is surveyed stereoscopically by two stations, individually consisting of 212 photomultipliers each of which views a small section of the sky. Such a station will be able to resolve both the spatial coordinates and the temporal evolution of very large showers (> 10 18 eV). We have successfully tested the apparatus using light scattered out of a pulsed beam as a simulation of an inverse shower.
Phloem Water Relations and Translocation

Satisfactory measurements of phloem water potential of trees can be obtained with the Richards and Ogata psychrometer and the vapor equilibration techniques, although corrections for loss of dry weight and for heating by respiration are required for the vapor equilibrium values. The psychrometer technique is the more satisfactory of the 2 because it requires less time for equilibration, less tissue, and less handling of tissue. Phloem water potential of a yellow-poplar tree followed a diurnal pattern quite similar to that of leaves, except that the values were higher (less negative) and changed less than in the leaves. The psychrometer technique permits a different approach to the study of translocation in trees. Measurements of water potential of phloem discs followed by freezing of samples and determination of osmotic potential allows estimation of turgor pressure in various parts of trees as the difference between osmotic potential and total water potential. This technique was used in evaluating gradients in water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor pressure in red maple trees. The expected gradients in osmotic potential were observed in the phloem, osmotic potential of the cell sap increasing (sap becoming more dilute) down the trunk. However, values of water potential were such that a gradient in turgor pressure apparently did not exist at a time when rate of translocation was expected to be high. These results do not support the mass flow theory of translocation favored by many workers.
Exciplex Dipole Moments: Cyanoanthracene Acceptors and Methyl-Substituted Benzene Donors

A transient dc photocurrent technique was used to measure the dipole moments of exciplexes formed between the electronically excited electron acceptors 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) or 2,6,9,10-tetr...
A dopant-free organic hole transport material for efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells

We demonstrate efficient planar perovskite solar cells using a dopant-free donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated small molecule as a hole transport material. The photovoltaic cell reaches a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.9%, which is comparable to or even better than that of the devices using the traditional doped 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N′-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) hole transport material under equivalent conditions. We ascribe the high performance to the excellent charge transporting properties of the D–A conjugated small molecule. Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL), transient photocurrent response, and impedance spectroscopy characterization indicate that this D–A conjugated small molecule plays a key role in hole collection and extraction in perovskite based photovoltaic devices. The dopant-free D–A small molecule hole transport material used here not only improves the efficiency, but also facilitates the fabrication process and thus potentially reduces the fabrication cost of perovskite solar cells.
Structure of thin SiO2 films grown on Mo(112)

Ultra-thin ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ films were prepared by evaporating Si onto a Mo(112) surface followed by oxidation and annealing up to 1200 K. The surface structure and film quality were investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger spectroscopy (AES), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). A well-ordered, monolayer $\mathrm{Mo}(112)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ structure was characterized by HREELS and shown to exhibit unique phonon features compared to bulk ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}.$ The phonon features are assigned to Si-O-Mo rather than Si-O-Si species, and the surface structure determined to be $\mathrm{Mo}(112)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}[{\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}]$ where each of the four oxygen atoms bonds to the substrate Mo atoms.
Mutational spectrum of 1,3-butadiene and metabolites 1,2-epoxybutene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane to assess mutagenic mechanisms.

Abstract 1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a multisite carcinogen and is mutagenic in multiple tissues of B6C3F1 mice. BD is bioactivated to at least three directly mutagenic metabolites: 1,2-epoxybutene (EB), 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). However, the contribution of these individual metabolites to the carcinogenicity and in vivo mutatidnal spectrum of BD is uncertain. To assess the role of two BD metabolites EB and DEB in the in vivo mutagenicity of the parent compound BD, we examined the in vitro mutational spectra of EB and DEB in human and rodent cells. We also examined the in vivo mutagenicity and mutational spectrum of inhaled EB in the lung. In the bone marrow and spleen of B6C3F1 laci transgenic mice, BD-induced an increased frequency of the identical class of point mutations at A:T base pairs: AT→GC transitions and AT→TA transversions. BD exposure also induced an increased frequency of GC→AT transitions in the spleen that was not observed in bone marrow, demonstrating tissue-specific differences in mutation spectrum. Exposure of Rat2 laci transgenic cells and human TK6 lymphoblasts to EB-induced an increased frequency of AT→TA transversions. DEB exposure induced an increased frequency of AT→TA transversions and partial deletions at hprt in human cells. In Rat laci transgenic cells, DEB was not mutagenic at laci but induced an increased frequency of micronuclei. In contrast to inhaled BD, inhaled DEB and EB were not mutagenic in the bone marrow or spleen. However, EB was mutagenic in the lungs. In the lung of mice, EB-induced specific increases in GC→AT transitions, AT→TA transversions, and deletion events. AT→TA transversions are the most consistent mutation observed across biological systems following in vivo exposure to BD or in vitro exposures to EB and DEB. Although, BD exposure in mice induces chromosomal alterations and single base substitutions, the specific BD metabolite that induces the genetic events leading to tumors is uncertain. At present, it appears that only DEB can effectively induce this range of mutagenic events at levels of this metabolite that occur in the blood of mice exposed to BD. Detailed investigations to identify relevant biomarkers of BD exposure and response, particularly DNA adducts or lesions, that can be biologically linked to the range of genotoxic events known to occur in mice exposed to BD are needed.
Comparison of Continuous Wave, Spin Echo, and Rapid Scan EPR of Irradiated Fused Quartz.

Abstract The E′ defect in irradiated fused quartz has spin lattice relaxation times (T 1 ) about 100–300 μs and spin–spin relaxation times (T 2 ) up to about 200 μs, depending on the concentration of defects and other species in the sample. These long relaxation times make it difficult to record an unsaturated continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal that is free of passage effects. Signals measured at X-band (∼9.5 GHz) by three EPR methods: conventional slow-scan field-modulated EPR, rapid scan EPR, and pulsed EPR, were compared. To acquire spectra with comparable signal-to-noise, both pulsed and rapid scan EPR require less time than conventional CW EPR. Rapid scan spectroscopy does not require the high power amplifiers that are needed for pulsed EPR. The pulsed spectra, and rapid scan spectra obtained by deconvolution of the experimental data, are free of passage effects.
A new role for magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of laryngeal relapsing polychondritis.

Background Relapsing polychondritis involving the upper airway is a rare cause of airflow obstruction and hoarseness. The diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis depends on clinical signs, characteristic findings on cartilage biopsy, and response to treatment. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can increase the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Methods We present a case report of primary laryngeal relapsing polychondritis. Results Serologic testing, direct laryngoscopy, and endoscopic biopsy could not establish the diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination demonstrated findings consistent with the histopathological diagnosis obtained on open biopsy. Follow-up MRI after treatment showed resolution of the initial findings. Conclusion This case demonstrates the usefulness of MRI in the diagnosis and management of relapsing polychondritis involving the upper airway. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 484–489, 1999.
An insight into the sialome of the soft tick, Ornithodorus parkeri

Abstract While hard ticks (Ixodidae) take several days to feed on their hosts, soft ticks (Argasidae) feed faster, usually taking less than 1 h per meal. Saliva assists in the feeding process by providing a cocktail of anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodullatory compounds. Saliva of hard ticks has been shown to contain several families of genes each having multiple members, while those of soft ticks are relatively unexplored. Analysis of the salivary transcriptome of the soft tick Ornithodorus parkeri, the vector of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia parkeri, indicates that gene duplication events have led to a large expansion of the lipocalin family, as well as of several genes containing Kunitz domains indicative of serine protease inhibitors, and several other gene families also found in hard ticks. Novel protein families with sequence homology to insulin growth factor-binding protein (prostacyclin-stimulating factor), adrenomedulin, serum amyloid A protein precursor and similar to HIV envelope protein were also characterized for the first time in the salivary gland of a blood-sucking arthropod. The sialotranscriptome of O. parkeri confirms that gene duplication events are an important driving force in the creation of salivary cocktails of blood-feeding arthropods, as was observed with hard ticks and mosquitoes. Most of the genes coding for expanded families are homologous to those found in hard ticks, indicating a strong common evolutionary path between the two families. As happens to all genera of blood-sucking arthropods, several new proteins were also found, indicating the process of adaptation to blood feeding still continues to recent times.
Historiographical Thinking: Towards a New Approach to Preparing History Teachers.

Abstract This article draws upon writings by social studies educators and historians to articulate a new approach to training history teachers. We argue that the divide between advocates of historical thinking and of historical content can be overcome through a better understanding of what it means to know history. By examining the nature of the historical discipline, we argue that historiographical knowledge, or learning through reading and criticizing secondary historical texts in relation to each other, may better prepare teachers to think about history. Such an approach can improve teachers' knowledge of the past and their awareness of the interpretive nature of all historical writing. Historiographical training can also give teachers the tools to stay current in the field. This essay defines historiographical knowledge, demonstrates how historiographical knowledge offers a more accurate view of how history is constructed, and suggests how historiographical knowledge can inform a range of pedagogical ...
Cadmium Flux in Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbours and at Sites along the California Continental Margin

Fluxes of dissolved cadmium were measured in situ using benthic flux chambers at stations in Los Angeles/Long Beach harbour and at sites on the California continental margin. Cadmium fluxes ranged from −0·212 to 0·118 μmol m−2 d−1indicating that Cd flux may either be into or out of sediments. Correlations between Cd flux and carbon oxidation rate and between carbon oxidation rate and sulfate reduction indicate that anaerobic microbial degradation was the major process controlling both the sign and the magnitude of cadmium fluxes at stations in Los Angeles and Long Beach harbours. A simple box model based on sediment fluxes and water column concentrations indicates cadmium has a residence time of 47 days within the Los Angeles/Long Beach harbour system, similar to the hydraulic residence time. Sedimentary flux is, therefore, sufficient to account for water column cadmium concentration in inner harbour areas, suggesting that the sediments are the dominant source and sink of cadmium in these areas of the harbour. Comparison of the cadmium: phosphate ratio for the Los Angeles/Long Beach harbour water column with those reported for the northeast Pacific suggests that distributions of Cd in the study area were elevated over expected values but appear to be dominated by natural physical and biogeochemical processes.
Some Aspects of State–NGO Relationships in India in the Post‐Independence Era

This article discusses some aspects of state–NGO relationships in India at the central and local levels from 1947 onwards. It draws its analytical framework from studies which incorporate organizational complexities and characteristics, political, social, and economic realities, associational cultures of individual countries, and human agency in analysing state–NGO relationships. It examines the applicability to India of some propositions on state–NGO relationships which are found in the literature. The author argues that there are observable differences in state–NGO relationships in various localities; these are illustrated through a set of case studies of local state–NGO interactions in the context of housing and land policies for the urban poor. Despite these differences, however, the author argues that the relationship at the local level can be generally characterized by the hostility of politicians, party workers, local elites, lower level bureaucrats, and lower level employees of the state toward NGO activity.
A noncollagenous matrix for attachment of rat hepatocytes in culture

Adult rat hepatocytes efficiently attach to intact connective tissue fibers prepared from normal rat liver; this material has been given the name of "biomatrix". The cells remain alive and differentiated for at least 4 months in culture. The liver biomatrix contains both collagen and noncollagenous glycoproteins. Heretofore, the functions of the different components of the biomatrix in facilitating cell adhesion and promoting survival and differentiation of rat hepatocytes have not been investigated. We now report on an aggregate of glycoproteins which were with dilute acetic acid from liver biomatrix and which facilitate hepatocyte adhesion to plastic dishes and collagen. One protein in the extract, with a molecular weight larger than 300,000, was selectively immunoprecipitated with an antibody prepared against the extract and immunoadsorbed to glutaraldehyde-cross-linked rat serum. The antibody did not cross-react with cold-insoluble globulin and selectively inhibited cell attachment. The protein of the molecular weight of 300,000 appears to be specific for liver, since similar extracts prepared from rat lung, kidney, and heart biomatrices did not cross-react with the antibody. Furthermore, the latter extracts did not facilitate cell attachment above values obtained with plain culture dishes. The results suggest that glycoproteins in the biomatrix, which are antigenically distinct from fibronectin, can mediate attachment of rat hepatocytes to plastic dishes and collagen.
Where should hospitalists sit within the academic medical center

One of the most significant changes in US hospitals over the past decade has been the emergence of hospitalists as key providers of inpatient care. The number of hospitalists in both community and teaching hospitals is growing rapidly, and as the field burgeons, many are questioning where hospitalists should reside within the academic medical center (AMC). Should they be a distinct division or department, or should they be incorporated into existing divisions? We describe hospital medicine’s current trajectory and provide recommendations for hospital medicine’s place in the AMC. Local social and economic factors are most likely to determine whether hospital medicine programs will become independent divisions at most AMCs. We believe that in many large AMCs, separate divisions of hospital medicine are less likely to form soon, and in our opinion should not form until they are able to fulfill the tripartite mission traditionally carried out by independent specialist divisions. At community hospitals and less research-oriented AMCs, hospital medicine programs may soon be ready to become separate divisions.
Parental functioning and preschool outcomes: a multivariate analysis of a maltreating and a control group

Abstract Abusive parenting is no longer accepted as an inevitable risk precursor for the next generation of parents. Rather, one can examine the relationship of abuse risk to developmental outcomes and how that path is drawn. An ecological theoretical framework provides the basis for the present study. Low income maltreating mothers ( N =18) and their preschool children were measured, along with a control group of dyads ( N =19). The sample was predominantly white with 17 male children and 20 female children examined. Mothers reported their own childhood histories and current parenting, and their children's competence. The children reported their cognitive, social and physical competence, as well as maternal acceptance. No differences in the mothers’ history of violence in family of origin scores were found by group. However, the mothers’ retrospective views of their fathers’ rejection of them and group status predicted the children's cognitive competence and maternal acceptance scores when regression analyses were conducted. While preschoolers’ reports are questionable, future ecological study that queries two generations of parents is supported. These findings give credence to the study of maltreatment as a continuum of risk factors and outcomes for children. Further, a negative relationship between fathers and daughters may prove to be an important risk factor for child maltreatment research, and eventually provide casework specialists another avenue of intervention.
Role of M protein aggregation in defective assembly of temperature-sensitive M protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus.

The goal of these experiments was to determine the steps in virus assembly that are defective at the nonpermissive temperature in temperature-sensitive (ts) matrix (M) protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. It has been proposed that mutations in M protein either reduce the binding affinity for nucleocapsids or lead to aggregation, reducing the amount of M protein available for virus assembly. Cytosolic or membrane-derived M proteins from wild-type VSV and two ts M protein mutant viruses, tsM301 and tsO23, as well as a revertant of tsO23 virus, O23R1, were analyzed for binding to nucleocapsid-M protein (NCM) complexes and for M protein aggregation. The experiments presented here showed that ts M proteins synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature were capable of binding to nucleocapsids and that aggregation of ts M proteins did not reduce the amount of soluble M protein below the amount required for assembly of the O23R1 virus. Instead, the most pronounced defect in ts M proteins was in the ability of membrane-derived M proteins to be solubilized in the presence of the detergent Triton X-100. It is proposed that this detergent-insoluble form of M protein interferes with a step necessary to initiate assembly of NCM complexes. A similar detergent, Triton X-114, caused aggregation of membrane-derived wild-type M protein, disproving an earlier proposal that membrane-derived M protein behaves like an integral membrane protein in the presence of Triton X-114. Aggregation of wild-type M protein in the presence of Triton X-100 could be induced by incubation at 37 degrees C with a high-molecular-weight fraction isolated from uninfected cells by sucrose gradient centrifugation. These results implicate host components in inducing M protein aggregation.
Eutrophication model for Lake Washington (USA): Part I. Model description and sensitivity analysis

Complex environmental models are often criticized as being difficult to analyze and poorly identifiable due to their nonlinearities and/or their large number of parameters relative to data availability. Others consider overparameterized models to be useful, especially for predicting system dynamics beyond the conditions for which the model was calibrated. In this paper, we present a complex eutrophication model that has been developed to simulate plankton dynamics in Lake Washington, USA. Because this model is to be used for testing alternative managerial schemes, the inclusion of multiple elemental cycles (org. C, N, P, Si, O) and multiple functional phytoplankton (diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria) and zooplankton (copepods and cladocerans) groups was deemed necessary. The model also takes into account recent advances in stoichiometric nutrient recycling theory, and the zooplankton grazing term was reformulated to include algal food quality effects on zooplankton assimilation efficiency. The physical structure of the model is simple and consists of two spatial compartments representing the lake epilimnion and hypolimnion. Global sensitivity analysis showed background light attenuation, the maximum phytoplankton growth rate, the phytoplankton basal metabolic rate, the zooplankton maximum grazing rate and the grazing half saturation constant have the greatest impact on model behavior. Phytoplankton phosphorus stoichiometry (maximum and minimum internal concentrations, maximum uptake rate) interacts with these parameters and determines the plankton dynamics (epilimnetic and hypolimnetic phytoplankton biomass, proportion of cyanobacteria and total zooplankton biomass). Sensitivity analysis of the model forcing functions indicated the importance of both external and internal loading for simulating epilimnetic and hypolimnetic plankton dynamics. These results will be used to calibrate the model, to reproduce present chemical and biological properties of Lake Washington and to test this lake’s potential response to different external nutrient loading scenarios. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Prospects for collider vertex detectors

Abstract The technologies available for vertex detection are discussed. The detection techniques now available do not limit the ultimately attainable resolution. The limitations are set first by multiple Coulomb scattering of outgoing tracks and secondly by how close-in detectors can be placed and still function in the radiation backgrounds.
The effects of central air conditioning on pollen, mold, and bacterial concentrations.

Abstract Pollen, mold, and bacterial determinations were made over a 4 month period from June to October in two houses, one of which was equipped with a central air-conditioning system. These determinations were compared to each other and to similar determinations made outdoors. A "rotoslide" pollen counter gave the most reliable and reproducible results. Central air conditioning markedly lowered the pollen counts during the ragweed pollen season in comparison with the home with no air conditioning and to outdoors. A highly allergic individual residing in the air-conditioned house had less symptoms during the season than a comparable allergic individual residing in the control house.
Comparative glucose utilization rates in separated and mated schistosomes

Abstract The rate of phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) was determined by sequential pulsing of schistosomes (Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium) with 3H- and 14C-labeled 2-deoxy- d -glucose. Subsequent column Chromatographic separation of the neutral [3H]2DG and [14C]2DG from the 3H- and 14C-labeled 2-deoxy- d -glucose 6-phosphate permitted estimation of the quanity of [3H]2DG phosphorylated in 2 min, and the proportion of [14C]2DG phosphorylated in 1 min; thus a phosphorylation rate was determined from a single tissue sample. The relative phosphorylation rate of 2-[3H]2DG to d -1-[14C]glucose (i.e., the phosphorylation coefficient) was also measured in male and female schistosomes. It was demonstrated that even though 2DG is taken up more rapidly than glucose, it is phosphorylated at a much slower rate in both S. mansoni and S. japonicum. In both of these species, mated males phosphorylate 2DG and glucose at a greater rate than do unmated males. Similarly, mated females phosphorylate and consume more glucose than do separated females. In contrast, the phosphorylation coefficient is greater in separated than in mated schistosomes. Intraspecific comparisons suggest that, at reduced substrate concentrations, glucose utilization rates are higher in S. japonicum, intermediate in S. mansoni, and lower in S. haematobium.