cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test of the Ogura-Cho Model on a-Prefrontal Squall Line Case

Abstract The interaction between a squall line and its environment is examined by using the model of Ogura and Cho (1973). This model incorporates a continuous spectrum of cumulus clouds that are distinguished by their entrainment rates. Conversion of liquid water droplets into raindrops has been included in the cloud microphysical process, but the ice phase has been neglected. By virtue of the cloud spectrum, convective transport terms in the larger scale heat and moisture equations appear as functions of vertical mass flux within the clouds. Once the larger-scale distributions are determined from observations, the vertical mass flux can be found from the budget equations. The cloud populations, i.e., fractional area covered by each cloud category, and the cumulative rainfall rate are functions of this vertical mass flux. A squall line observed in the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) network on 8 June 1966 is used to test the theory. This squall line encompassed approximately 10% of the area used...
Structural relationship between W4/W6 antigens and other surface markers on cultured human lymphoid cells as determined by the ‘lysostrip’ method

The structural relationship of histocompatibility antigens W4 and W6 with other surface markers on cultured human lymphoid cells of the B type has been investigated, utilizing the lysostrip technique. W4 and W6 antigens were found to be structurally associated with antigens coded for by theB locus of theHLA region, but independent of receptors for breakdown products of the third complement component and xenogeneic red blood cells, and of antigenic moieties reacting with antibodies present in H-2 alloantisera.
Neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus increases ethanol intake in high- and low-alcohol-drinking rats.

Background: The behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) attributed to its actions in the hypothalamus are complex and include effects on feeding, sedation, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. NPY infused into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases ethanol intake in unselected rats. High-alcohol-drinking (HAD1) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD1) rats differ in basal NPY levels in the PVN, and HAD1, but not LAD1, rats exhibit decreases in ethanol intake after infusion of NPY into the ventricles. This study examined whether NPY infused into the PVN alters ethanol intake in HAD1 and LAD1 rats. Methods: Female HAD1 (n= 14) and LAD1 (n= 18) rats were given 24-hr free-choice continuous access to 15% (v/v) ethanol and water for 6 weeks and then implanted bilaterally with cannulas aimed at the PVN. Two weeks later, rats received a series of microinfusions, each separated by 1 week, that included four doses of NPY (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μg). Ethanol, water, and food were available ad libitum after infusions. All rats received a final microinfusion of 1.0 μg of NPY, after which ethanol and water, but no food, were made available for 2 hr. Results: During the 2 hr after infusion, NPY yielded dose-dependent increases in both water and food consumption. With food concurrently available, the 0.25- and 1.0-μg doses of NPY did not alter baseline ethanol intake, whereas the 0.5-μg dose increased ethanol intake. Infusion of 1.0 μg of NPY in the absence of food yielded a decrease in water intake and an increase in ethanol intake relative to the same dose in the presence of food. Twenty-four hours after infusion, there were no effects of NPY on water and food intake, and increases in ethanol intake were no longer apparent. Conclusions: Increases in ethanol intake after infusion of NPY into the PVN may depend on NPY dose and whether food is concurrently available.
Certification, self–calibration and uncertainty in optical surface testing

Conventional approaches to achieving traceability in measurements of optical surfaces are based on a series of intercomparisons ultimately linking the measurement result to a realisation of the unit (metre) at a national measurement institution. Measurement services offered by national measurement institutes (NMIs) cover a limited size and shape range and the uncertainties associated with the transfer of a calibration must be considered when data from any testing service is used in quality assurance. Local realisation of the unit, typically using CIPM recognised wavelengths and their associated uncertainties, combined with in–situ self–calibration of geometry and the development of a rigorous uncertainty analysis meet the conditions to achieve traceability according to the requirements of ISO 17025. This paper reviews the underlying basis for achieving traceability without a direct chain of comparisons to NMIs and gives some examples using a range of optical measurements.
N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase of Clostridium perfringens: Purification, properties and mechanism of action

Abstract A procedure for purifying N -acetylneuraminic acid aldolase of Clostridium perfringens is described. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 92,000 and consists of two protein components each of which has enzymatic activity. The purified aldolase has a pH optimum of 7.2 and a K m of 1.75 m m ; heavy metal ions are potent inhibitors. No metal ion requirement could be demonstrated for the enzyme and it is completely inhibited by sodium borohydride reduction in the presence of N -acetylneuraminic acid. This indicates that the enzyme is a Class I aldolase and forms a Schiff base-enzyme complex. There is no requirement for a substrate carboxyl group for binding to occur; substitution of a polar or bulky group at the deoxy position causes decreased binding. Substrate analog binding did not result in effective cleavage of the appropriate carbon-carbon bond. Kinetic studies with the pyruvate analog bromopyruvate are consistent with the existence of nucleophilic residues within the active site.
Pulsed I-V Diagnostic Measurements for RF GaAs Devices

This paper reports the results of characterization of RF GaAs devices using pulsed I-V measurements. Pulsed I-V measurements are used to measure and quantify dispersion in GaAs devices. Normalized figures of merit are used to compare devices of different size and technologies. Pulsed I-V and on-wafer load pull measurements on a population of devices known to exhibit a wide range of dispersion show relationships between dispersive effects and RF performance.
Food labor, economic inequality, and the imperfect politics of process in the alternative food movement

There is a growing commitment by different parts of the alternative food movement (AFM) to improve labor conditions for conventional food chain workers, and to develop economically fair alternatives, albeit under a range of conditions that structure mobilization. This has direct implications for the process of intra-movement building and therefore the degree to which the movement ameliorates economic inequality at the point of food labor. This article asks what accounts for the variation in AFM labor commitments across different contexts. It then appraises a range of activist perspectives, practices, and organizational approaches. The answer emerges through a comparative analysis of three California social movement organizations enmeshed in the particularities of local contentious food politics. The cases include a labor union representing grocery store and meatpacking/food processing workers, a food justice organization working to create green jobs and independent funding models, and an organic urban farming and educational organization. Commitment to fair labor standards varies due to differences in organizational capacity, the degree of dedication to ending economic inequality in local activist culture, and the openness of local political and economic institutions to working class struggles. The article concludes with a discussion of how these findings inform our understanding of the process of cooperation and division in the AFM, particularly regarding the complexities and contradictions of using food labor to combat economic inequality. Movement building in the midst of varying institutional, organizational, and cultural contexts reinforces the value of a reflexive approach to this imperfect politics of process.
The diverse functions of Krüppel-like factors 4 and 5 in epithelial biology and pathobiology.

The Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) comprise a family of evolutionarily conserved zinc finger transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes including proliferation, differentiation, development and apoptosis. KLF4 and KLF5 are two closely related members of this family and are both highly expressed in epithelial tissues. In the intestinal epithelium, KLF4 is expressed in terminally differentiated epithelial cells at the villus borders of the mucosa and inhibits cell growth, while KLF5 is expressed in proliferating epithelial cells at the base of the intestinal crypts and promotes cell growth. KLF4 and KLF5 respond to a myriad of external stress stimuli and are likely involved in restoring cellular homeostasis following exposure to stressors. Confirming their importance in maintaining tissue integrity, KLF4 and KLF5 are both dysregulated in various types of cancer. Here we review the recent advances in defining the physiological and pathobiological roles of KLF4 and KLF5, focusing on their functions in the intestinal epithelium.
An incentive approach to physician implementation of medical practice guidelines.

SUMMARY We propose a probabilistically based incentive payment system for guideline implementation that provides rewards for physicians who follow practice guidelines and additional remuneration for physician leaders who engage in information sharing. All payments are based on observed outcomes of patient treatment. A fixed base payment forms the core of the system with probabilistic offsets calculated from the chance that a ‘good’ outcome occurs without optimal treatment or information. The system pays different physician types for different task sets. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Statistical Methods for Random Process Data from Seismology and Neurophysiology

Examples are presented of statistical techniques for the analysis of random process data and of their uses in the substantive fields of seismology and neurophysiology. The problems addressed include frequency estimation for decaying cosinusoids, signal estimation, association measurement, causal connection assessment, estimation of speed and direction and structural modeling. The techniques employed include complex demodulation, nonlinear regression, probit analysis, deconvolution, maximum likelihood, singular value decomposition, Fourier analysis and averaging.
Use of Actigraphy in Neurological Patient Populations

An actigraph is a portable device that measures movement, usually of the non-dominant wrist, to estimate rest-activity patterns and sleepwake cycles. The use of actigraphy has grown over the past decade. Actigraphy has gained favor in the sleep community for the evaluation of insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders, and the device has become an important research tool. As sleep disorders are common in neurological patient populations, the use of actigraphy has increased in the clinical evaluation of neurological patients, particularly in patients with dementia, head trauma and autistic spectrum disorders. At the same time, actigraphy has grown as a clinical research instrument in neurological patient populations.
The role of research in the policy and practice of quality teacher education: an international review

The stated goal of current education reform is the redesign of education systems in pursuit of quality. Systems that consistently ‘come out on top’ have excited much interest in uncovering the features that have contributed to their success; notably among these is the preparation of future teachers. Research on teacher education quality assurance processes has begun to provide evidence that common features shared by successful systems include the design of teacher education programmes around criteria such as that set by accreditation requirements, in part because they are intended to help shape programmes’ intentions and approach, curriculum design, and outcomes. An important question for the field of teacher education is how to boost the research on diverse approaches’ outcomes to improve programme design as indicated by successful practice, while taking into account the role of economic and socio-cultural factors in the process.
Multiple Intelligences and Underachievement Lessons From Individuals with Learning Disabilities

The field of learning disabilities, like education in the main, is undergoing calls for reform and restructuring, an upheaval brought on in great part by the forces of opposing paradigms--reductionism and constructivism. In reexamining our past, we must begin to address the failures of traditional deficit models and their abysmally low "cure" rate. Several new theories have arisen that challenge traditional practices in both general and special education classrooms. Particularly influential has been the work of Howard Gardner, whose theory of multiple intelligences calls for a restructuring of our schools to accommodate modes of learning and inquiry with something other than deficit approaches. At least some current research in the field of learning disabilities has begun to focus on creativity and nontraditional strengths and talents that have not been well understood or highly valued by the schools. In this article, we briefly summarize the findings in our search for the talents of students labeled learning disabled, evidence of their abilities, implications of these for the schools, and a beginning set of practical recommendations.
Microfabricated nickel-based electrodes for high-power battery applications

High-surface area, three-dimensional (3D) microstructures are designed and fabricated by the sequential electroplating of sacrificial and structural layers in a photoresist mold. A conformal coating of electrochemically deposited nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) films on these MEMS-enabled multilayer structures enabled the formation of functional electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices. The characterization of the electrodes is performed galvanostatically at various charge and discharge rates. Electrodes with a varying number of laminations are shown to yield areal capacities from 0.1 to 5.2 mAh cm–2. Power characteristics of the electrodes are determined by applying ultra-high charge rates of up to 120 C. At this high charge rate, the electrode is able to deliver 90% of its capacity.
Coarsening in binary solid-liquid mixtures

A theory of Ostwald ripening has been developed for a solid-liquid mixture cosisting of a low volume fraction array of spherical solid particles in a liquid wherein the coarsening process proceeds via the transport of both heat and mass. It is found that the simultaneous transport of heat and mass during ripening does not alter the exponents of the temporal power laws governing the ripening process from their classical values but does alter the amplitudes of these power laws. The growth rate of the cube of the average particle radius, the rate constant, is found to depend both on the alloy solute concentration and the ratio of the thermal to solutal diffusivities. In most metallic systems, a large decrease in the rate constant can be expected with small additions of solute to a pure metal. Possible extensions of this theory to the analogous problem of ripening in isothermal ternary alloys are also discussed.
Explaining the Effect of Morality on Intentionality of Lucky Actions: The Role of Underlying Questions

People’s moral judgments affect their judgments of intentionality for actions that succeeded by luck. This article aimed to explain that phenomenon by suggesting that people’s judgments of intentionality are driven by the underlying questions they have considered. We examined two types of questions: questions about why people act, and questions about how they succeed in acting. In a series of experiments, we found that people prefer different questions for neutral and immoral actions (Studies 1 and 2) and that asking them to think about questions they would not have preferred can change their judgments of intentionality (Study 3). These experiments suggest that neutral actions are judged to be less intentional simply because they do not motivate observers to ask questions which draw attention to the actor’s mental states. We discuss the potential application of this framework to other concepts affected by morality in surprising ways, such as causality.
1D pseudomorphism and strain relief by coherent tilt

Abstract We report the first detailed studies of the occurrence and subsequent strain relief of one-dimensional pseudomorphism in single crystal thin films. Of special interest are the coherent tilt and coherent surface structure that evolve within specific growth windows.
Group Communication During Resource Dilemmas 2. Effects of Harvest Limit and Reward Asymmetry

A resource dilemma is a circumstance in which an aggregate of people share a slowly replenishing resource pool out of which each person can harvest a significant amount. Resource dilemmas normally make salient an allocation norm of equality in harvests among aggregate members. When asymmetry among aggregate members exists in terms of either access to the resource pool or reward for harvest, the equity allocation norm becomes equally relevant. In this study, groups experienced an experimental simulation of a resource dilemma under either symmetric, asymmetric harvest limit, or asymmetric reward conditions. Groups in the asymmetric conditions were more likely to choose explicitly to follow an allocation norm, and groups that chose to follow a norm had a far more task-oriented discussion and positive perceptions of their experience than groups that did not make an explicit choice. Neither experimental condition nor explicit norm choice revealed a discernible impact on harvesting.
A 50 000-dalton anorexigenic protein from urine

Abstract A potent, homogeneous, 50 kDa protein which transiently depresses food intake of rats up to 24 h after injection was isolated from rat urine. It was prepared from an ethanolic benzoic acid precipatate of urine. The material was subjected to DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, whereupon four fractions (DEAE pools a, b, c, and d) were obtained. The latter three contained anorexigenic activity. DEAE pools b and c were subjected to further purification on colums of Sephacryl S-300 eluted with buffer containing 8 M urea. One of the subfractions of DEAE pool b contained only one protein as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. This protein had a molecular weight of 50,000 and was active in reducing 24 h food intake at a dose of 130 μg/100 g bodyweight.
TRANSVERSE MAGNETORESISTANCE OF HIGH PURITY ALUMINIUM FROM 4 TO 30 K

Magnetoresistance measurements at 4, 20, 25, and 30 deg K were made on two commercially available high-purity aluminum samples. The data are plotted on resistivity vs field graphs and on Kohler graphs. The data are in good agreement with these from the literature. (D.L.C.)
Thermal Stability of Various Epinephrine Formulations

AbstractThe effects of prolonged heat exposure on the stability of various epinephrine formulations (maleate, fumarate, HCl, and bitartrate) were studied with respect to mass loss and pressor potency. Mass loss was relative to length of incubation and was accompanied by discoloration in HCl and bitartrate. Fumarate and maleate demonstrated least loss of mass and little discoloration. Pressor potency was significantly reduced, relative to length of heat exposure, in HCl and bitartrate, but remained elevated in fumarate and maleate. Thus, the latter formulation demonstrate the highest thermostability.
Functional mouth protectors for contact sports.

for this technic of reconstruction. In two of the seven cases, the patients died with the recurrence of the disease; in two cases exposures of the prosthesis resulted, in one case intraorally, in the other extraorally. In the latter case, the opening was closed successfully; the intraoral ex­ posure still persists. In the three remain­ ing cases, the patients had uneventful recoveries after primary reconstruction. In the successful cases, eight months is the longest interval that has elapsed since the insertion of the prosthesis. The cases are being followed carefully to observe any clinical manifestations of unfavorable tissue reaction. Concurrent with this clinical study, a laboratory research project is being conducted with the use of live animals. The results of this study will be reported on its conclusion. S U M M A R Y
Attitudes and Perceptions of Commercial Restaurant Patrons Who Use Nutrition Labeling on Menus

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe patrons who use vs. do not use menu nutrition information in terms of nutrition attitudes and perceptions of labeling. A multivariate discriminant model was used in an attempt to segment patrons of two full-service restaurants from the same national chain, based on the degree of influence that labeling of selected lowfat menu items had on their entree selection. Six hundred surveys were mailed to randomly selected patrons one week following their visit to one of the restaurants. Of this, 484 (81%) were completed and returned for analysis. Two significant constructs (p
Laser cooling of atoms.

Various aspects of the laser cooling of atoms are investigated theoretically. More generally, the authors investigate a process through which the kinetic energy of a collection of resonant absorbers can be reduced by irradiating these absorbers with near-resonant electromagnetic radiation. The process is described here as anti-Stokes spontaneous Raman scattering. Cooling mechanisms, rates, and limits are discussed for both free and bound atoms.
Borate treatment of carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites for improved oxidation resistance

Abstract Carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites have been treated with borate additives and then cured at 500–600°C to produce a continuous film of boron oxide on all exposed surfaces.This treatment has been found to be highly effective in retarding oxidation of the carbonaceous substrate for extended periods in flowing air at temperatures up to 1000°C. At higher temperatures, and in the presence of water vapor, borate species were appreciably volatile and the oxidation protection provided by the coatings was less effective.
An Empirical Study Concerning Terminology Relating to Aesthetic Response to Music

This study was designed to determine if a relationship exists among the terms “aesthetic response, ” “felt emotional response, ” and “perceived tension ” when used by individuals to describe their personal response to music. Subject groups, music majors (n = 128) and nonmusic majors (n = 128), were randomly divided into three experimental groups, one for each term, and one control group for free response. Data were gathered as subjects manipulated the dial of the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate the magnitude of their response to the musk heard during four taped listening segments. Written responses were collected following each segment in a packet provided to each subject. The four pieces heard were “Nessun dorma” from Turandot by Giacomo Puccini, “Fugue” from Toccata and Fugue in D minor by J. S. Bach, “Scherzo” from Symphony No. 3 (“Eroica”) by Ludwig van Beethoven, and “The Stars and Stripes Forever” by John Philip Sousa. These selections were presented in four different orders...
Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges

Following a tolerance study, double-blind placebo controlled trials were conducted to determine the prophylactic effect of zinc gluconate lozenges on rhinovirus challenge and, in a third study, their therapeutic efficacy when given at the start of colds caused by virus inoculation was tested. In the prophylaxis study a total of 57 volunteers received lozenges of either zinc gluconate (23 mg) (29 volunteers) or matched placebo (28 volunteers) every 2 h while awake during a period of four and a half days. They were challenged with 10(2) tissue culture infecting dose (TCID50) of human rhinovirus 2 (HRV-2) on the second day of medication, and were monitored daily for symptoms and signs of colds and laboratory evidence of infection. Zinc reduced the total mean clinical score from 8.2 in the placebo group to 5.7 and the reduction of the mean clinical score was statistically significant on the second day after virus challenge. In the therapeutic study 69 volunteers were inoculated with 10(2) TCID50 of HRV-2 and those who developed cold symptoms were randomly allocated to receive either zinc gluconate lozenges (six volunteers) or matched placebo lozenges (six volunteers) every two hours they were awake for six days. Treatment of colds with zinc reduced the mean daily clinical score and this was statistically significant on the fourth and fifth day of medication. Similarly, medication also reduced the mean daily nasal secretion weight and total tissue count and these reductions were statistically significant on days two and six for nasal secretion weights and days four to six of medication for tissue counts when compared with placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The roles of O2-, HO(.), and secondarily derived radicals in oxidation reactions catalyzed by vanadium salts.

Abstract V(IV) decomposed H 2 O 2 , with evolution of O 2 , in a free radical chain process involving O 2 − and HO.. When V(IV) was limiting, the presence of V(V) augmented O 2 − evolution because it allowed production of additional V(IV) from the reduction of V(V) by O 2 − . Gradual addition of V(IV) increased the yield of O 2 evolved, per V(IV) added, to greater than 1—a clear indication of a free radical chain reaction. Reductants such as ethanol, Hepes, and NADH imposed a phase of O 2 consumption because of HO.-initiated oxidation reactions. The radical produced from the reaction of HO. with ethanol was unable to directly oxidize NADH, whereas that produced from Hepes was able to do so. Ethanol consequently inhibited the oxidation of NADH by anaerobic V(IV) + H 2 O 2 , whereas Hepes did not. These results, and others reported herein, are explained on the basis of a coherent set of reactions. Data already in the literature are also clarified on the basis of these reactions.
Research findings can change attitudes about corporal punishment

Positive attitudes toward the use of corporal punishment (CP) predict subsequent spanking behavior. Given that CP has frequently been associated with behavior problems in children and child maltreatment, this prevention work was designed to test whether adults' attitudes could be changed by informing participants about the research findings on problematic behaviors associated with CP. Two random assignment studies are reported. In Study 1, we tested whether an active reading condition would result in more attitude change than a passive condition. With a sample of 118 non-parent adults, we found that after reading very brief research summaries on the problems associated with CP, there was a significant decrease in favorable attitudes toward CP. Contrary to expectations, the magnitude of the change was comparable for active and passive processing conditions. In Study 2, we extended our approach to a sample of 520 parents and included a control group. A significant decrease in positive attitudes toward spanking was observed in the intervention group, but no change for the control group. Parents who were unaware of the research showed more change after reading the summaries. Thus, these studies demonstrate that a brief and cost-effective approach to raise awareness of research findings can reduce positive attitudes toward CP. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
A randomized controlled trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine after lung transplantation.

Background The optimal maintenance immunosuppressive regimen after lung transplantation is uncertain. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in combination with azathioprine and prednisone after lung transplantation. Ninety adults were randomized to tacrolimus (n = 44) or cyclosporine (n = 46). The primary end point was a composite of a cumulative acute rejection A score of 3 or higher, a cumulative lymphocytic bronchitis B score of 4 or higher, or the onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) stage 0-p. Results Recipients randomized to cyclosporine were significantly more likely to develop the primary end point than those randomized to tacrolimus. During the study period, the primary end point developed in 39 of 46 cyclosporine subjects compared with 24 of 44 tacrolimus subjects ( p = 0.002); acute rejection or lymphocytic bronchitis end points developed in 29 of 46 cyclosporine subjects compared with 18 of 44 tacrolimus subjects ( p = 0.036). Furthermore, BOS stage 0-p was more likely to develop in the cyclosporine group than in the tacrolimus group, but this was not statistically significant (log-rank p = 0.1). In addition, there was a trend to a higher incidence of diabetes among those in the tacrolimus group, but there was no significant difference in graft survival or the total number of infections, or in the incidence of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, or cancer between the 2 groups. Conclusions Tacrolimus is associated with a lower burden of acute rejection and lymphocytic bronchitis and a trend to a greater freedom from BOS stage 0-p than cyclosporine after lung transplantation.
The meaning of menopause in a newfoundland fishing village

A comparison of etic and emic options for climacteric research shows that the emic option is best suited to the study of the meaning of menopause in the Southwest coast Newfoundland outport fishing village of Grey Rock Harbour. Standard menopause survey instruments, as the Neugarten Attitudes Toward Menopause checklist (1963) and the Datan et al. Sociocultural Patterns and the Involutional Crisis interview schedule (1981) were administered to 38 women and found to be of limited utility because they assume the following: (1) that respondents can rank stimuli along linearly constructed continuums, (2) that the questionnaire items contain sufficient contextual information for Harbour women to make psychosocial judgements such as agree and disagree, and (3) that respondents are capable of and experience no difficulty in making public pronouncements based on insightful self-evaluations. More qualitative ethnographic description and emic analysis address, yet go beyond, the popular semantics of menopause to explore the meaning of middle-aging in the symbolic, moral and institutional spheres of Harbour life. For more suitable context for understanding the role that sociocultural factors can play in shaping women's experience of middle-aging, in depth analyses of the following are offered: (1) the continued importance of the fishery and the idealized social image of outport Newfoundlanders as a “tough race”; (2) the expectation that women should endure hardship and solve problems rather than create them; and (3) the strict enforcement of an egalitarian ethic throughout the community.
Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers: a quantile analysis

This paper estimates the within-plant and spillover productivity effects of foreigninvestment in Mexican manufacturing plants. It contributes to the existing literature by analyzing whether FDI of North American origin differs from FDI from the rest of the world. I also use quantile regression analysis to determine whether spillovers are equal for plants of different productivity levels. The results indicate positive and significant spillovers from the presence of foreign firms. However, these spillovers accrue only to plants at the upper end of the productivity distribution. Furthermore, North American based FDI appears to yield slightly larger spillovers relative to FDI from the rest of the world; however the difference is not statistically significant. A deeper look at this issue reveals that Canadian FDI yields large productivity spillovers relative to both US and rest of the world FDI. These differences are highly statistically significant.
Tomography: Its relevance and relative errors

Abstract In addition to basic physics and biology problems, and problems with the computation of high-LET radiation effects, detailed patient specification must be considered for treatment-planning purposes. This is more critical in high-LET work because of sharp dose gradients; for example, 60 Co therapy central-axis dose fall-off is roughly 5% per centimeter, whereas fall-off could be as great as a 90% dose effect with pion therapy. Recent advances in tomography offer the promise of reaching the level of patient specification necessary for treatment planning. Conventional radiation therapy patient specification has been shown to have errors on the order of 2 cm, whereas computer-assisted tomography (CAT) has a resolution of about 2 mm. However, registration of CAT information for a patient in the treatment position may be the limiting factor (on the order of 0.5 cm). This technique will not account for patient movement, changes in patient definition due to bodily function, or changes due to irradiation over the course of treatment. Electrofluorotomography may solve some of these problems. This approach may provide registration information analogous to that currently provided by therapy simulators and verification analogous to therapy port films. Both of these tomography systems measure the dose absorbed through the patient from a low-energy X-ray spectrum. This has been shown to correlate best with electron density, but there are striking anomalies. It may be difficult to provide information on physical density or atomic number. Several radiation therapy groups are using CAT information directly for treatment planning. Improvements over conventional patient specification are highly site-specific. For the majority of treatments, the local efficiency and non-uniformity factors do not change in CAT-assisted plans.
UTILIZATION OF MICRODIALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE RELEASE OF MESOTELENCEPHALIC DOPAMINE FOLLOWING CLOZAPINE AND OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

1. In vivo microdialysis was utilized to assess the effect of clozapine, haloperidol, and sulpiride on the release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and prefrontal cortex of the rat. 2. The results suggest that acute administration of various classes of antipsychotic drugs may differentially increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in mesotelencephalic systems. Haloperidol and sulpiride were more effective in releasing dopamine from the terminals of the nigrostriatal dopamine system while clozapine had a more prefrontal effect on the mesolimbic and particularly the mesocortical dopamine systems.
The Effects Of Substrate Thermal Mismatch on the Domain Structure of MOCVD-Derived Potassium Niobate Thin Films

Domain stabilization in epitaxial potassium niobate films deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was studied. Stabilization was examined for films deposited on substrates with different coefficients of thermal expansion. X-ray diffraction of KNbO3 films deposited on (100) MgAl2O4, (r) Al2O3, and (100)pseudocubic YAIO3 substrates shows a mixed domain structure consisting of (110) and (001) domains. However, KNbO3 thin films deposited under identical conditions on (100) MgO, (100) SrTiO3, and (100)pseudocubic LaAlO3 substrates exhibited only a single domain variant. A direct correlation between (001) domain volume fraction in the as-deposited KNbO3 films and calculated strain resulting from thermal mismatch is observed.
Should One Use Medications in Combination With Cognitive Training? If So, Which Ones?

In this article, we review current research regarding diagnosis of cognitive impairment in nondemented adults and discuss why medications and cognitive training together may be more beneficial than either alone. We also review potential cognitive enhancers and future research challenges. There are major reasons for such research: (a) Large numbers of older adults without dementia but with cognitive problems are not treatable with current cognitive training techniques; (b) some medications offer a rationale (i.e., cognitive enhancement) and some evidence that they might be a useful adjunct; and (c) there are unanswered questions about which population to target, which medications to use, how to administer them, and issues regarding tolerance and use of appropriate (active) placebo controls. As the number of cognitively impaired older adults grows, it is likely that there will be pressure to treat more broadly with both medications and cognitive training.
A Protein Important for Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance, YdeI/OmdA, Is in the Periplasm and Interacts with OmpD/NmpC

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill or prevent the growth of microbes. AMPs are made by virtually all single and multicellular organisms and are encountered by bacteria in diverse environments, including within a host. Bacteria use sensor-kinase systems to respond to AMPs or damage caused by AMPs. Salmonella enterica deploys at least three different sensor-kinase systems to modify gene expression in the presence of AMPs: PhoP-PhoQ, PmrA-PmrB, and RcsB-RcsC-RcsD. The ydeI gene is regulated by the RcsB-RcsC-RcsD pathway and encodes a 14-kDa predicted oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide binding-fold (OB-fold) protein important for polymyxin B resistance in broth and also for virulence in mice. We report here that ydeI is additionally regulated by the PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB sensor-kinase systems, which confer resistance to cationic AMPs by modifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ydeI, however, is not important for known LPS modifications. Two independent biochemical methods found that YdeI copurifies with OmpD/NmpC, a member of the trimeric β-barrel outer membrane general porin family. Genetic analysis indicates that ompD contributes to polymyxin B resistance, and both ydeI and ompD are important for resistance to cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a mouse AMP produced by multiple cell types and expressed in the gut. YdeI localizes to the periplasm, where it could interact with OmpD. A second predicted periplasmic OB-fold protein, YgiW, and OmpF, another general porin, also contribute to polymyxin B resistance. Collectively, the data suggest that periplasmic OB-fold proteins can interact with porins to increase bacterial resistance to AMPs.
What Counts for Identity? The Historical Origins of the Methodology of Latent Fingerprint Identification

Two parallel traditions have coexisted throughout the history of modern finger print identification. One, which gave more emphasis to the rhetoric of “science,” has always been somewhat troubled by the lack of an easily articulated scientific foundation for “dactyloscopy.” The other, more concerned with practicalities, was satisfied that the method of fingerprint identification appeared to “work” and that it won widespread legal acceptance. The latter group established conser vative rules of practice to guard against errors and preserve the credibility of latent fingerprint identification in the eyes of the law. The legacy of this history is coming home to roost today, as some latent fingerprint examiners (LFPEs) are beginning to argue that the traditional practice of latent fingerprint comparison lacks a scientific foundation appropriate to contemporary forensic science. This issue raises the question of what constitutes a “scientific” method for individual ized identification in a legal setting.
Variation in genetic structure among populations of the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis from three streams in northern California, U.S.A.

SUMMARY 1. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to describe the genetic structure of Helicopsyche borealis caddisflies collected from three sites in each of three streams in northern California, U.S.A.: the Rice Fork of the Eel River; Big Sulphur Creek; and Alameda Creek. Between 7 and 11km separated adjacent sites within these three streams. Helicopsyche borealis from three additional streams in eastern North America (Christiana Creek, Indiana; Byrd's Mill Creek, Oklahoma; Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania) were also analysed electrophoretically to address taxonomic questions that arose during the study. 2. Four genetically distinct groups of individuals were identified (i.e. Helicopsyche types A, B, C, and D). Lack of interbreeding between sympatric groups (as evidenced by fixed allelic differences) and large genetic differences (mean Nei's genetic distances = 0.396–0.693) indicate that these four groups of Helicopsyche were actually reproductively isolated species rather than genetic variants of a single species. 3. Occurrence of Helicopsyche type A at multiple sites permitted an analysis of spatial variation in genetic structure. Within a drainage basin, small differences in allele frequencies were observed among sites in the Rice Fork and Big Sulphur Creek, but not in Alameda Creek. Larger genetic differences were found among sites in separate drainage basins. Genetic distances (Nei's) between Helicopsyche type A from California and from eastern North America sites (mean = 0.236) were greater than interpopulation differences commonly observed for insects, which suggests that Helicopsyche type A from California may represent a different species than Helicopsyche type A from eastern North America. 4. Geographical and taxonomic differences observed in this study underscore the importance of understanding both population structure and genetic relationships among populations in the design and interpretation of stream faunal studies.
Investigations on frequency agile microstrip patch antenna loaded with varactor diode

A frequency agile dominant mode (TM11) microstrip circular patch antenna by implementing varactor diode (Skyworks: SMV 1234) has been investigated. Frequency agility from 1.95 GHz to 1.55 GHz has been achieved with acceptable radiation performance by varying varactor diode capacitance from 1.32 pF to 9.36 pF. Effect of packaging of the diode compared to the ideal diode is shown. Additional results will be presented during the symposium.
Dopaminergic therapy removal differentially effects learning in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease

Studies of patients with Parkinson’s disease receiving dopamimetics report conflicting evidence for early learning of probabilistic cue–outcome associations that elicits frontal–striatal activity. Previous studies of probabilistic association learning in patients with schizophrenia administered antipsychotics have displayed conflicting evidence for normal and abnormal learning. The role of dopaminergic treatment (dopamimetic versus dopamine antagonistic) effects on probabilistic association learning in these diseases that directly impact the dopamine system is not fully understood. The current study examined the effects of dopaminergic therapies on probabilistic association learning in 13 patients with schizophrenia and 8 patients with Parkinson’s disease under two conditions: after withdrawal from dopaminergic treatment and following administration of appropriate dopaminergic treatment. Medication order was counterbalanced in both groups. Patients with Parkinson’s disease failed to demonstrate any significant improvement over 150 trials, under both conditions (receiving or withdrawn from dopamimetics). Patients with schizophrenia withdrawn from antipsychotics displayed significant improvement during later trials only. These results demonstrate an effect of dopamine (DA) signaling on probabilistic association learning in that: (1) dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease is insufficient to significantly improve probabilistic association learning and (2) DA receptor blockade impairs and removal of DA receptor blockade significantly improves frontal–striatal-dependent probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia, which is a novel finding and is opposite to the effects shown following removal of DA receptor blockade on other cognitive domains reported previously.
Constrained aggressor set selection for maximum coupling noise

In this paper, we consider the problem of selecting a set of aggressor nets that maximize crosstalk induced noise or delay pushout on a coupled victim net, under given logical constraints. We formulate the problem mathematically, and propose efficient Lagrangian Relaxation and network flow based approaches that guarantee an optimal solution. We also formulate and solve this problem while considering the noise susceptibility of the victimpsilas receiving gate. Experimental results show that the proposed approaches are run-time efficient by factors of up to 800times in comparison to an exhaustive search approach, and reduce timing pessimism by up to 36%.
Expanding Dental Education Partnerships Beyond the Four Walls

The increasing complexities of health care that dental graduates must be equipped to handle require schools to develop new models of education in order to address these intricacies. To meet these challenges, it is the school’s responsibility to provide an environment that fosters discovery and scholarly activity, embraces evidence-based philosophies, encourages partnerships with other units on campus and the community, including the global community, and recognizes the richness of diversity in both our human resources and our thinking. Beyond new curriculum initiatives within our school, we recognized the need to build strong partnerships outside our four walls in order to respond to the challenges confronting us. Four such notable recent initiatives at the University of Washington School of Dentistry discussed in this article are Regional Initiatives in Dental Education, the Center for Pediatric Dentistry: Program in Early Childhood Oral Health, Northwest PRECEDENT (Practice-based REsearch Collaborative in Evidence-based DENTistry), and Alaska Native Dental Health Aide Therapist Program. These partnerships focus on new models to improve access to care and to enhance the impact of research on evidence-based practice. These are examples of the many opportunities for us to act collectively in creating new models that ensure our graduates have the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to be competent oral health care professionals.
Why is Government So Small in America

The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act, in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling, with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved in their pocket (James Madison, Federalist 10).
A Sequence Element in the GLUT4 Gene That Mediates Repression by Insulin

Prolonged treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreases expression of GLUT4, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Expression of promoter-reporter gene constructs that contained 2900 or 785 base pairs of 5'-flanking region of the murine GLUT4 gene was down-regulated by insulin (p < 0.0005), whereas expression of constructs that contained 641, 469, or 78 base pairs of 5'-flanking region was not. Nuclear extract from 3T3-L1 adipocytes protected the region from -707 to -681 in the GLUT4 5'-flanking region from DNase I digestion. Using an oligonucleotide probe that corresponded to this footprinted region, two major protein-DNA complexes were identified by a gel mobility shift assay. Southwestern analysis identified four protein bands with molecular masses from 38 to 46 kDa that bound to the insulin-responsive region probe. A reporter gene construct in which bases -706 to -676 were deleted was not repressed by insulin treatment, confirming that this sequence is necessary for the repression of the GLUT4 promoter by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This sequence does not show homology to previously described insulin response elements and thus represents a distinct mechanism of gene regulation by insulin.