cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot performance under reversed control stick conditions

The performance of 10 experienced and 10 inexperienced pilots was compared under normal and reversed control stick conditions. Using the T-11 (F-80) flight simulator, the pilots ‘flew’ a tracking mission under the normal stick condition, and then with the control stick polarity reversed. Performance was good for both groups under the normal condition, although the experienced pilots were notably more accurate for altitude control. Under the reversed control condition both groups performed poorly. However, the experienced pilots' mean tracking error was four times greater than the inexperienced group's for altitude and two times greater for heading. The results were interpreted as further supporting the design principle of not violating occupational stereotypes, and as demonstrating the problems of cross-training experienced operators to different control systems.
Improved algebraic relation for the calculation of Reynolds stresses

Abstract : In this paper an algebraic relation for the Reynolds Stresses has been obtained through a consideration of the transport equations of the Reynolds Stresses. This analysis provides a second-order approximation to the Boussinesq eddy viscosity hypothesis. The basic assumption of the analysis is that the derivatives of the ratio of the Reynolds Stresses and energy is small in comparison with the other terms. (Author)
An ion source using lithium vapor exchange and giving several microamperes of 4He− or 3He−

Abstract An optical bench type ion source has been developed which uses lithium vapor exchange. The lithium reservoir holds a charge sufficient for over 350 h of operation and can be changed rapidly without disturbing the electrode alignment. The source has interchangeable exchange canals for operating with either lithium or hydrogen exchange. A coupling has been developed which enables the cooling lines to be coupled easily and without leakage problems. The use of freon as a coolant avoids previous problems with spillage of high vapor pressure coolant oil inside the vacuum system.
Solid freeform fabrication of ceramics

In this review, the author suggests that solid freeform fabrication is an extension of conventional manufacturing technology (made possible by advances in computing and automated shaping machinery). That is, the basic unit operations and the layered-assembly strategy have long histories, what is new is the automation thereof. It is further suggested that the key process control variables that arise when SSF is applied to ceramics are of a character that is familiar to ceramic processing in general. It is speculated that thoughtful extension of green machining practices may erode the current position of assembly-based approaches to SFF. Lastly, one under-explored application area for SFF is identified as the production of test specimens with unique and highly-controlled microstructure for scientific testing.
Analysis of pumping-induced stream - aquifer interactions for gaining streams

Abstract This paper presents analytical solutions that can be used to evaluate stream infiltration and baseflow reduction induced by groundwater pumping in nearby aquifers. Critical time, infiltration reach, and travel times can also be calculated to determine the hydraulic connectivity between the well and the stream. The critical time indicates the earliest time of reversal of hydraulic gradient occurring along the stream–aquifer interface, the infiltration reach is the stream segment where stream water recharges the aquifer, and the shortest travel time for the stream water particle to get into a pumping well is along the meridian line. The transient features of the two stream depletion components, baseflow reduction and stream infiltration, are evaluated separately. The rate of baseflow reduction can be greater than the rate of stream infiltration for a stronger gaining stream. However, for a given distance between the stream and well, a higher pumping rate or a weaker gaining stream results in higher rate of stream infiltration, although the total depletion rate is the same for different pumping rates or varied hydraulic gradient of the baseflow. When a steady-state condition is assumed for a transient flow, the rate and volume of stream infiltration can be overestimated; this overestimation can be very significant in the early stage of pumping.
Electric Drives for Large Compressors

Electric motors for large centrifugal compressor drives may be the best choice due to the increasing scarcity of petroleum for refinery and chemical plant feedstock. In addition to heat balance and investment costs within the process plant, it is possible to secure part of the required energy from coal, hydro, or nuclear power with the electric motor as the link to these energy sources. Motors are available in sizes to meet the needs of the largest compressors now in use, and the technology is available to manufacture whatever size may be required in the future. These large compressor drives may require different approaches for starting than were used in the past.
High sensitivity of aged mice to deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)-Induced anorexia corresponds to elevated proinflammatory cytokine and satiety hormone responses

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal grains, is a public health concern because of its adverse effects on the gastrointestinal and immune systems. The objective of this study was to compare effects of DON on anorectic responses in aged (22 mos) and adult (3 mos) mice. Aged mice showed increased feed refusal with both acute i.p. (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) and dietary (1, 2.5, 10 ppm) DON exposure in comparison to adult mice. In addition to greater suppression of food intake from dietary DON exposure, aged mice also exhibited greater but transient body weight suppression. When aged mice were acutely exposed to 1 mg/kg bw DON i.p., aged mice displayed elevated DON and DON3GlcA tissue levels and delayed clearance in comparison with adult mice. Acute DON exposure also elicited higher proinflammatory cytokine and satiety hormone responses in the plasma of the aged group compared with the adult group. Increased susceptibility to DON-induced anorexia in aged mice relative to adult mice suggests that advanced life stage could be a critical component in accurate human risk assessments for DON and other trichothecenes.
Laurence Irving: an appreciation.

Abstract Laurence Irving (1895–1979) contributed significantly over five decades to the development of environmentally oriented physiological studies. He is best known for his investigations of the physiology of diving mammals, the respiratory properties of fish blood, and cold adaptation and acclimatization in poikilotherms and homeotherms, including man. Beyond his own research contributions, Irving benefited American comparative physiology through his key roles in the immigration of Per F. Scholander and Knut and Bodil Schmidt‐Nielsen to the United States. The Irving‐Scholander research collaboration provides a substantial legacy for comparative physiology. Laurence Irving’s administrative contributions include service as the first scientific director of the Arctic Research Laboratory at Barrow, Alaska, and as the founding director of the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. These units have assured the implementation of his philosophy of combining laboratory and field st...
Eventory -- An Event Based Media Repository

This paper focuses on the development of an event driven media sharing repository to facilitate community awareness. In this paper, an event refers to a real-world occurrences that unfolds over space and time. Our event model implementation supports creation of events using the standard facets of who, where, when and what. A key novelty in this research lies in the support of arbitrary event-event semantic relationships. We facilitate global as well as personalized event relationships. Each relationship can be unary or binary and can be at multiple granularities. The relationships can exist between events, between media, and between media and events. We have implemented a web based media archive system that allows people to create, explore and mange events. We have implemented an RSS based notification system that promotes awareness of actions. The initial user feedback has been positive and we are in the process of conducting a longitudinal study.
The Legality of Selling or Giving Syringes to Injection Drug Users

Objectives Laws limiting access to sterile syringes impede the public health goal that injection drug users (IDUs) use a new, sterile syringe for every injection to reduce blood-borne disease transmission. We sought to determine the legality of selling or giving syringes to IDUs to prevent disease. Design We used standard legal research methods to identify and analyze laws and regulations influencing the distribution of syringes in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Results A total of 51 jurisdictions had drug paraphernalia laws; 14 had syringe prescription laws or regulations; 11 required purchasers to show identification; 13 had legislation authorizing syringe exchange programs (SEPs). Since the beginning of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, 11 states have fully or partially deregulated syringe sales. Nonprescription retail syringe sales to IDUs for disease prevention purposes are clearly legal in 20 states, and have a reasonable claim to legality in 22 more. Sales to IDUs with a prescription are clearly illegal in only 3 jurisdictions. SEPs can operate legally in at least 21 states. Conclusion Syringe access laws in most states may reasonably be interpreted to allow pharmacists to sell syringes to IDUs to prevent disease. In practice, however, unclear laws and pharmacist uncertainty as to their interpretation may constitute continuing barriers to syringe access for IDUs. A comprehensive public policy of ensuring syringe access for IDUs requires eliminating legal barriers to the sale, possession, and disposal of syringes, and educating pharmacists and law enforcement officials about the legality and public health importance of sterile syringe access.
Computer supported cooperative work tools and media richness: an integration of the literature

An evaluation is given of the successes and failures of computer supported cooperative work tools in terms of a behavioral theory which suggests that information processing occurs during group work to: reduce uncertainty and resolve equivocality. Matching the situation with the appropriate tool is important to implementation success. If uncertainty is the issue, then tools which transmit relatively large amounts of neutral information, such as electronic messaging systems are predicted to be most useful. If equivocality is the issue, then those tools which are media rich should be most helpful. Results in terms of how systems are actually used are surprising. >
Bootstrap Inference for a First-Order Autoregression with Positive Innovations

Abstract In this article we consider statistical inference for the autoregressive parameter of a first-order autoregressive sequence with positive innovations via an extreme value estimator ϕ. We show that a bootstrap procedure correctly estimates the sampling distribution of an asymptotically pivotal quantity (whose distribution depends only on the exponent of regular variation of the innovation distribution) based on ϕ, provided that the ratio of the bootstrap sample size m and the original sample size n converges to zero. This result enables us to construct a totally nonparametric confidence interval for the autoregressive parameter. We also consider bootstrapping a normalized version of ϕ with an application toward bias correction. To obtain the bootstrap validity results, we develop a continuous convergence result for certain associated point processes. We also present results of simulation studies and a numerical example.
Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate downregulates HSC70 expression by facilitating mRNA degradation.

Intracellular trafficking of the ΔF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is repaired by sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) by an undetermined mechanism. 4PBA downregulates prot...
Logistic Regression Analysis: When the Odds Ratio Does Not Work An Example Using Intimate Partner Violence Data

The odds ratio is one of the most common measures used to assess the relationship between exposure to violence and adverse health outcomes, adjusting for possible confounding factors. A reason for the odds ratio's popularity is that it is relatively easy to calculate from the coefficients of a logistic regression model. For most etiologic studies of disease, the odds ratio is a suitable estimate of risk because incidence or prevalence of disease is rare (<10%). However, health outcomes studied in violence research are often more prevalent (e.g., fatigue, insomnia, stomach pain, and shortness of breath). In these cases, the odds ratio usually overestimates the strength of association, sometimes erroneously tripling the magnitude. Data from a study measuring the health effects of intimate partner violence are used to illustrate the problem of incorrectly using odds ratios. Methods to calculate relative risks and prevalence ratios from logistic regression models are presented.
Using Time-Sequential Sampling to Stabilize the Color and Tone Reproduction Functions of a Xerographic Printing Process

Tone and color reproduction functions (TRC and CRC) characterize how a printer maps a desired tone or color into the actual printed output. TRC/CRC ideally, should be identity maps to achieve tone and color consistency. Whereas the TRC/CRC is potentially high or infinite dimensional, typically, only a small number of tone/color test patches for sensing can be printed and measured at a time and only a small number of actuators are available for control. Time-sequential sampling is proposed to address the sensing limitation issue in order to enable the time varying TRC or CRC to be reconstructed based on a small number of samples. A periodic Kalman filtering approach is employed for the reconstruction. A curve-fitting TRC stabilization controller based on linear quadratic (LQ) control with integral dynamics is proposed to address the actuation limitation issue. Two classic time-sequential sampling sequences are compared based on their spectral aliasing properties, and the reconstruction operations of the periodic Kalman filter is analyzed using Floquet theory. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed TRC/CRC stabilization system can be implemented practically and the control performance with one time-sequential sampled sensor is nearly as effective as using full sampling using sixteen fixed sensors
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface

Recent technological advances in connected-speech recognition and position sensing in space have encouraged the notion that voice and gesture inputs at the graphics interface can converge to provide a concerted, natural user modality.The work described herein involves the user commanding simple shapes about a large-screen graphics display surface. Because voice can be augmented with simultaneous pointing, the free usage of pronouns becomes possible, with a corresponding gain in naturalness and economy of expression. Conversely, gesture aided by voice gains precision in its power to reference.
Development of a One-Equation Transition/Turbulence Model

This paper reports on the development of a unified one-equation model for the prediction of transitional and turbulent flows. An eddy viscosity - transport equation for non-turbulent fluctuation growth based on that proposed by Warren and Hassan (Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 35, No. 5) is combined with the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model for turbulent fluctuation growth. Blending of the two equations is accomplished through a multidimensional intermittence function based on the work of Dhawan and Narasimha (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 4). The model predicts both the onset and extent of transition. Low-speed test cases include transitional flow over a flat plate, a single element airfoil, and a multi-element airfoil in landing configuration. High-speed test cases include transitional Mach 3.5 flow over a 5{degree} cone and Mach 6 flow over a flared-cone configuration. Results are compared with experimental data, and the spatial accuracy of selected predictions is analyzed.
Maximum and sustained power of extensor digitorum longus muscles from young, adult, and old mice.

We tested the hypothesis that extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in old mice would generate lower maximum powers and sustain lower powers than EDL muscles in young or adult mice. Power was measured in situ at 35 degrees C during single and repeated isovelocity shortening contractions through 10% of fiber length at optimum velocity for power. Sustained power was measured during repeated contractions at a stimulation frequency of 150 Hz. The train rate, and consequently the duty cycle, of repeated contractions was incremented every 5 to 10 min until force could not be maintained throughout the shortening contraction. During single contractions, the maximum absolute powers of muscles in young and old mice were 30% lower than that of adult mice, and power normalized by muscle mass (watts/kg) was 20% lower for muscles in old than for those in adult mice (p less than .05). During repeated contractions, EDL muscles in old and adult mice tolerated lower train rates and duty cycles and sustained lower absolute and normalized powers than EDL muscles in young mice.
HIV intertest interval among MSM in King County, Washington.

Objectives The authors examined temporal trends and correlates of HIV testing frequency among men who have sex with men (MSM) in King County, Washington. Methods The authors evaluated data from MSM testing for HIV at the Public Health—Seattle & King County (PHSKC) STD Clinic and Gay City Health Project (GCHP) and testing history data from MSM in PHSKC HIV surveillance. The intertest interval (ITI) was defined as the number of days between the last negative HIV test and the current testing visit or first positive test. Correlates of the log 10 -transformed ITI were determined using generalised estimating equations linear regression. Results Between 2003 and 2010, the median ITI among MSM seeking HIV testing at the STD Clinic and GCHP were 215 (IQR: 124–409) and 257 (IQR: 148–503) days, respectively. In multivariate analyses, younger age, having only male partners and reporting ≥10 male sex partners in the last year were associated with shorter ITIs at both testing sites (p Conclusions Although MSM in King County appear to be testing at frequent intervals, further efforts are needed to reduce the time that HIV-infected persons are unaware of their status.
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome: a case-based review.

You are seeing a 14-year-old white male athlete with atopy who complains of a 6-month history of progressive proximal muscle weakness, which significantly impacts his ability to run short distances and swing his baseball bat. His mother states he has presented to multiple emergency departments (ED) for continued weakness and that most diagnosed him with dehydration and educated the family on how to maintain fluid balance. At his last ED visit, a creatine kinase (CK) level was drawn and found to be elevated at 1,247 U/L (normal range 9-185 U/L). A referral to a neurologist was made. The neurologist noted worsening fatigue, dizziness, and a documented 17-pound weight loss at the patient’s initial visit. A possible infectious versus progressive inflammatory myositis was suspected. The neurologist recommended an electromyography (EMG) to evaluate the patient’s proximal muscle weakness. Prior to completion of this EMG, the teen presents to your clinic now complaining of pre-syncopal events. On further review of symptoms, you note the patient has persistent polydipsia, headaches, nausea/vomiting, intermittent abdominal pain, and hyperpigmentation. Family history is negative for myopathies or dystrophies, but positive for hypothyroidism (mother), pineal gland tumor s/p resection (father), and rheumatoid arthritis (maternal grandmother). PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Initial physical examination reveals an afebrile, thin, adolescent male with orthostatic blood pressure changes of 113/59 mm Hg at rest and 89/44 mm Hg while standing; a pulse of 87 beats/ min; and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/ min. His HEENT exam reveals equally reactive pupils with moist mucous membranes and no thyromegaly. His neurologic exam including cranial nerves, mental status, speech, gait, and coordination is unremarkable; there is no tremor noted. His muscle strength is noted to be 4/5 in the quadriceps bilaterally but 5/5 throughout the rest of his muscle groups. His muscle bulk and tone are mildly decreased. His cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exams are all benign. He has physiologic pubertal gynecomastia with mild tenderness. His genitourinary examination reveals normal appearing Tanner 3 male genitalia. His skin exam is remarkable for diffuse hyperpigmentation, which extends into his intertriginous areas and most notably the palms and creases of his hands. Flexor surfaces on his arms and diffuse areas on his face show ecAutoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome: A Case-Based Review
An experimental 5 ns BiCMOS SRAM with a high-speed architecture

A RAM which uses circuit techniques and architectural innovation to achieve the performance demanded by today's systems is described. An input buffer/level translator, a current sense amplifier, and a high-speed architecture are used in this RAM to achieve the 5-ns access time along with the 0.6-mm BiCMOS technology. The chip is organized as 128 K-wordst8-b wide using a 4T2R memory cell of 28 mm2
A low-complexity hardware implementation of discrete-time frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels

A low-complexity hardware implementation method is proposed for discrete-time frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The proposed method first employs the Sum-of-Sinusoids method to generate multiple independent flat fading channel responses, then utilizes a simple weight-delay-sum filtering method to incorporate the fractionally-delayed multipath rays into inter-tap correlated tap gains. It thus achieves accurate correlation properties in both inter-tap correlation and temporal correlation (or Doppler spectrum). The proposed method is implemented by an Altera Stratix II FPGA development kit and the results show excellent performance match with those by MATLAB software simulations.
A Model-Based Testing Using Scenarios and Constraints-based Modular Petri Nets

Software testing is considered as a dominant factor for producing high quality software systems. Testing is a costly activity and constitutes more than fifty percent of software development cost. In this paper, we propose a method to generate a suite of test cases using model-based testing technique that takes as an input a model of a system specified in Constraints-based Modular Petri-nets (CMPNs) and scenarios. More specifically, scenarios are used to document system requirements and are transformed into Constraints-based Modular Petri-nets (CMPNs). Using the CMPNs as a model for model-based testing purpose, we then should be able to automatically generate system level test cases. The feasibility of this work is illustrated by a simple case study.
Dynamical Models and Explanation in Neuroscience

Kaplan and Craver claim that all explanations in neuroscience appeal to mechanisms. They extend this view to the use of mathematical models in neuroscience and propose a constraint such models must meet in order to be explanatory. I analyze a mathematical model used to provide explanations in dynamical systems neuroscience and indicate how this explanation cannot be accommodated by the mechanist framework. I argue that this explanation is well characterized by Batterman’s account of minimal model explanations and that it demonstrates how relationships between explanatory models in neuroscience and the systems they represent is more complex than has been appreciated.
The Role of Comparative Law in Statutory and Constitutional Interpretation

This article addresses the role of comparative law in the context of constitutional and statutory interpretation. More specifically, it deals with the normative question of whether courts can justify the ascription of a particular meaning to a constitutional or statutory provision by comparative reasoning, that is, by reasoning involving a reference to foreign law. For analytical purposes, it is important to note that comparative law can be used in basically two ways to justify a particular interpretation of a constitutional or statutory provision. First, it can be made part of traditional forms of legal reasoning. In the United States, as in other countries, there exists a standard set of criteria that are frequently referred to when it comes to justifying the interpretation of a statutory or constitutional provision. These criteria particularly include the plain meaning of the words of the statute, the legislative intent, the purpose of the statute, and - pragmatically - the desirability of the consequences that are likely to result from a particular interpretation. Comparative law can be made part of those arguments. For example, one can try to predict the likely consequences of a particular construction by evaluating the experiences made in other countries that have adopted similar solutions. The use of comparative law as part of such traditional arguments does not pose particular challenges. Second, however, one can also imagine a form of legal reasoning where foreign statutes or decisions by foreign courts are per se advanced as arguments in favor of or against a particular interpretation. The court's argument then takes the following form: One reason for choosing interpretation A is that courts in the country X have interpreted a similar statute in X to mean A. One can refer to such arguments as authority-based comparisons. Relying on Habermas' version of the discourse theory, this article argues that authority-based comparisons are, in fact, a legitimate form of legal reasoning.
Chapter 13 Familial Sinistrality and Cerebral Organization

Publisher Summary Familial sinistrality (FS) is an important variable for understanding cerebral organization. The dichotic language task studies fail to suggest clear differences between FS - and FS + persons, regardless of their handedness. The tachistoscopic studies suggest lesser left hemisphere dominance for language function in both right-handed with FS (RHFS +) and left-hander without FS (LHFS -) persons. Recent studies suggest that different aspects of language function may be more laterally dissociated in the FS + than in the FS -, but further study of this is needed. Tachistoscopic studies also suggest that FS + acts to reduce right hemisphere specialization for visuospatial functions in right-handed persons, and may do so in lefthanders as well. FS has been found to be poorly related to hand preference, hand skill, or eyedness, thereby suggesting that motor laterality characteristics are largely independent of FS. FS is related to handwriting posture in left-handed persons, with the inverted writers having significantly more lefthanders among their first plus second-degree relatives. This greater incidence of left-handedness occurs mainly within the maternal family line. The incidence of FS, when FS status (FS + or FS -) is defined by the presence of at least one first degree relative, is significantly, but very slightly, greater in right-handed females than males (about 37% versus 33%) and in left-handed females than males (about 52% to 47%). A tentative general inference that FS + may influence visually mediated processes more than auditory and motor processes may be advanced in view of this set of conclusions.
Genetic dissection of courtship song variation using the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource

Connecting genetic variation to trait variation is a grand challenge in biology. Natural populations contain a vast reservoir of fascinating and potentially useful variation, but it is unclear if the causal alleles will generally have large enough effects for us to detect. Without knowing the effect sizes or allele frequency of typical variants, it is also unclear what methods will be most successful. Here, we use a multi-parent advanced intercross population (the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource) to map natural variation in Drosophila courtship song traits. Most additive genetic variation in this population can be explained by a modest number of highly resolved QTL. Mapped QTL are universally multiallelic, suggesting that individual genes are "hotspots" of natural variation due to a small target size for major mutations and/or filtering of variation by positive or negative selection. Using quantitative complementation in randomized genetic backgrounds, we provide evidence that one causal allele is harbored in the gene Fhos, making this one of the few genes associated with behavioral variation in any taxon.
Dual-arm multiple-reflection Michelson interferometer for large multiple reflections and increased sensitivity

Michelson interferometer is one of the most popular optical interferometric systems used in optical metrology. Typically, Michelson interferometers are used to measure object displacement with wavefront shapes to one half of the laser wavelength. As testing components and device sizes reduce to micro and nano size, a sensitivity of half the wavelength of light cannot be used to measure several hundred picometer displacement. Multiple-reflection interferometers have been proposed and are used to increase the sensitivity in a Michelson interferometer; however, when altering the number of reflections, the system alignment becomes cumbersome. We describe some of the problems associated with the current multiple-reflection interferometer and introduce a setup for matching path lengths to increase the resolution and allow for the reduction of the stringent requirement on the coherence length of the lasers used. Theoretically, we show that more than 1000 reflections can be achieved. Experimental results of up to 100 reflections are presented in this paper.
Abdominal Pain Mimics

Emergency department providers have become skilled at triaging patients with abdominal pain requiring surgical interventions. Abdominal pain mimics, medical conditions that cause the sensation of abdominal pain without abdominal abnormality, continue to puzzle the best physicians.
Impact of climate change on U.S. building energy demand: sensitivity to spatiotemporal scales, balance point temperature, and population distribution

Past assessments of climate change impacts on building energy consumption have typically neglected spatial variations in the “balance point” temperature, population distribution effects, and the extremes at smaller spatiotemporal scales where the impacts of climate change are most pronounced. Here we test the impact of these limitations through a sensitivity analysis in the Contiguous United States. Though national/annual total source energy consumption differences between the 2080–99 time period and the present are less than 2 %, we find changes at the state/month scale that are much larger with summer electricity demand increases exceeding 50 % and spring non-electric energy declines of 48 % by the end of the century. The use of a fixed 18.3 °C (65 °F) balance point temperature, versus a more representative state-specific value, leads to an overestimate of the energy consumption changes in most states with a maximum change in the state of Oregon of almost 14 percentage points. Finally, projected population redistribution, when combined with the spatial pattern of climate change, exacerbates the building energy consumption impacts, further increasing source energy consumption in some states (max = +5.3 percentage points) and further diminishing energy consumption declines in others (max = −8.2 percentage points). When integrated over the U.S., the intersection of projected population distribution changes and climate change shifts future building energy consumption from a net decrease to a net increase.
ROK Socialist Trade as a Transnational Phenomenon

We find ourselves in a world that reminds us more of the extensive and curious chessboard in Lewis Caroll’s Through the Looking Glass than of more conventional versions of that ancient game. The players are not always what they seem, and the terrain of the chessboards may suddenly change from garden to shop to castle. Thus, in contemporary world politics not all players on the chessboards are states, and the varying terrains of the chessboards constrain state behavior. Some are more suited to the use of force, others ahnost totally unsuited to it. Different chessboards favor different states.1
A linearly polarized input coupler for slotted waveguide interaction structures

A harmonic gyro-amplifier utilizing a slotted waveguide structure requires a TE/sub n,1/ mode coupler. A 35 GHz input coupler, based on a hybrid structure, has been designed to produce a linearly polarized TE/sub 3,1/ mode in cylindrical smooth-wall waveguide. A nonlinearly tapered transition waveguide to slotted waveguide, having a return loss of -20 dB, has also been designed. X-band versions of the coupler and transition have been fabricated for cold test. Measurements on the coupler indicate a return loss of -9 dB and 3% bandwidth in good agreement with the HP HFSS code. A design study has shown that the bandwidth can be extended by more than 5% by reducing the coupling hole thickness. Preliminary results of a back-to-back coupling test at X-band shows better than 1 dB coupling at the center frequency, again in good agreement with the HFSS code. RF probe measurements have been performed on the X-band coupler. The linear polarization of the launched TE/sub 3,1/ mode has been confirmed. >
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer: A Procedure 25 Years in the Making.

Laparoscopy allows for completion of an operative procedure through multiple small incisions as opposed to 1 larger incision. Over the last 30 years, laparoscopic procedures have been developed, tested, and validated for a number of surgical interventions. Laparoscopic hysterectomy was first performed in the early 1990s.1 For women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecologic diseases, the procedure has been shown to be safe and is associated with improved perioperative outcomes compared with abdominal hysterectomy performed via laparotomy.2 Despite the apparent benefits of laparoscopic hysterectomy, adoption into practice has been relatively slow.3
Fijian penis marbles: an example of artificial penile nodules

Artificial penile nodules are inert objects inserted beneath the skin of the penis to enhance the pleasure of female sexual partners during intercourse. The practice is most common among men from southeast Asia. This report describes a Fijian man who had an artificial penile nodule made from a whittled-down plastic toothbrush handle. Although some authors believe that the use of artificial penile nodules arose after World War II, the practice was discussed in the Kama Sutra, the classic Indian treatise on love.
A Psychological Analysis of Faith

The premise that we can arrive at a deeper analysis of faith by examining it in the light of what we know of the concept of attitudes in psychology is presented. Attitudes are shown to have three c...
Larynx: Anatomy, Nonneoplastic, Benign, and Malignant

This chapter discusses laryngeal anatomy and the range of benign and malignant laryngeal tumors. The most common squamous carcinoma variants in the larynx are covered: spindle cell variant, papillary variant and verrucous carcinoma. The changes in AJCC staging are discussed, as well as the two tiered system of laryngeal precursor lesions. The most common non-squamous laryngeal carcinoma is neuroendocrine carcinoma. The most common true sarcoma is chondrosarcoma, which is usually low-grade.
Selecting endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

In estrogen target tissues and hormone-dependent tumors, the steroid enters the cells and binds to a cytoplasmic protein called the estrogen receptor (ER). The steroid-receptor complex then migrates to the nuclei, where it initiates the biochemical events characteristic of estrogen stimulation. Since ER is absent in tissues not responsive to estrogen, studies have been designed to show whether ER in human breast cancer might be used to identify those patients likely to respond to endocrine therapy.
Prediction and Statistical Overkill Revisited.

An empirical study of statistical overkill investigated the generalizability of multiple regression equations as a function of the subject/variable ratio. Data from small, medium, and large samples...
Spatial Equilibrium in Labour Markets

Farmers live on their land or in villages adjacent to their acreage. All over the world small merchants reside in or above their working premises, both for security and for convenience. In the early days of industrialization workers were settled next to the factories, particularly when steady working habits had yet to be developed. It is modern urbanized mankind that has escaped from this trap of living where one works. Cheap transportation and above all the mobility of the automobile have enabled modern man to choose where to live from a typically wide array of residential areas. Even when housing markets are tight or non-functioning, say because of rent control, one is not compelled to work right next door. Commuting between residence and workplace is thus a normal pattern of modern life.
Resistance and Surrender - Remembering to Bow to Strength, Not Power.

Resistance and Surrender Despite having conducted numerous speculum exams, the medical student had yet to submit to her own first pelvic exam. In college, she had been sexually assaulted in her dor...
Silver(I) coordination polymers from dinucleating naphthyridine ligands

Abstract Two novel crystalline silver(I) coordination polymers have been synthesized and structurally characterized, using naphthyridine-based ligands that are typically expected to produce dinuclear metal complexes. Electrical conductivity studies on polycrystalline samples show that structural differences in the polymers lead to different conductivity values. These results highlight the flexible coordination chemistry of d10 silver(I) centers, as well as the challenges of ligand design when targeting well-defined multinuclear silver complexes.
Experiences Using Heat Maps to Help Students Find Their Bugs: Problems and Solutions

Automated grading systems provide feedback to students in a variety of ways, but usually focus on identifying incorrect program behaviors. Such systems provide notices of test case failures or runtime errors, but without debugging skills, students often become frustrated when they don't know where to start. They know their code has defects, but finding the problem may be beyond their experience, especially for beginners. An additional concern is balancing the need to provide enough direction to be useful, without giving the student so much direction that you effectively give them the answer. This paper presents our experience using heat maps to visually guide student attention to parts of their code that are most likely to contain problems. These visualizations are generated using existing tools that capture execution traces from instructor-written tests to identify which portions of the code are executed during tests that pass, and which portions are executed during tests that fail. Superimposing execution footprints allows statistical identification of locations in the student's code that are most likely to contain faults. This paper describes the results of using this feedback approach to help guide student attention with heat map visualizations over two semesters of CS1 involving over 700 students. Based on this experience, we analyze the utility of the heat maps, describe student perceptions of their helpfulness, and describe the unexpected challenges arising from students attempts to understand and apply this style of feedback. We conclude with concrete solutions proposed to improve how guiding feedback is presented to students.
Analysis of the Relation between Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) and the Spin Glass Ground-State Problem

We analyze the transformation of QUBO from its conventional Boolean presentation into an equivalent spin glass problem with coupled $\pm1$ spin variables exposed to a site-dependent external field. We find that in a widely used testbed for QUBO these fields tend to be rather large compared to the typical coupling and many spins in each optimal configurations simply align with the fields irrespective of their constraints. Thereby, the testbed instances tend to exhibit large redundancies - seemingly independent variables which contribute little to the hardness of the problem, however. We demonstrate various consequences of this insight, for QUBO solvers as well as for heuristics developed for finding spin glass ground states. To this end, we implement the Extremal Optimization (EO) heuristic, in a new adaptation for the QUBO problem. We also propose a novel way to assess the quality of heuristics for increasing problem sizes based on asymptotic scaling.
A Wide Dynamic Range Neural Data Acquisition System With High-Precision Delta-Sigma ADC and On-Chip EC-PC Spike Processor

A high-performance, wide dynamic range, fully-integrated neural interface is one key component for many advanced bidirectional neuromodulation technologies. In this paper, to complement the previously proposed frequency-shaping amplifier (FSA) and high-precision electrical microstimulator, we will present a proof-of-concept design of a neural data acquisition (DAQ) system that includes a 15-bit, low-power Delta-Sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a real-time spike processor based on one exponential component-polynomial component (EC-PC) algorithm. High-precision data conversion with low power consumption and small chip area is achieved by employing several techniques, such as opamp-sharing, multi-bit successive approximation (SAR) quantizer, two-step summation, and ultra-low distortion data weighted averaging (DWA). The on-chip EC-PC engine enables low latency, automatic detection, and extraction of spiking activities, thus supporting closed-loop control, real-time data compression and $/$ or neural information decoding. The prototype chip was fabricated in a 0.13 $\mu$ m CMOS process and verified in both bench-top and In-Vivo experiments. Bench-top measurement results indicate the designed ADC achieves a peak signal-to-noise and distortion ratio ( SNDR ) of 91.8 dB and a dynamic range of 93.0 dB over a 10 kHz bandwidth, where the total power consumption of the modulator is only 20 $\mu$ W at 1.0 V supply, corresponding to a figure-of-merit ( FOM ) of 31.4fJ $/$ conversion-step. In In-Vivo experiments, the proposed DAQ system has been demonstrated to obtain high-quality neural activities from a rat’s motor cortex and also greatly reduce recovery time from system saturation due to electrical microstimulation.
Quantitative estimation of flow rate to fill the intravascular volume (FRIV) for CT myocardial perfusion imaging

Model-based analysis of CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) constrains the form of the impulse response according to physiologic assumptions and includes parameters such as flow that can be physiologically interpreted. However, if too many parameters exist in the model, it can lead to unreliable parameter estimates. A strangeness of perfusion models is that flow does not explicitly depend on the time delay of bolus arrival, yet a stenosis creates a measurable time delay along an affected vessel. To address this, we propose a new metric, flow-rate-to-fill-theintravascular- volume (FRIV), which is the intravascular blood volume divided by (time-delay + intravascular-transittime). This index is affected both by the appearance time as well as a reduced amount of contrast agent flowing in the affected vessel tree. We evaluate FRIV for a model from the literature, adiabatic approximation of tissue homogeneity (AATH) and compare to myocardial blood flow (MBF). For evaluation, we use a physiologic simulator, digital CT-MPI phantom at different x-ray dose level, and in vivo CT-MPI data from a porcine model with and without partial occlusion of the LAD coronary artery with known pressure-wire fractional flow reserve. FRIV shows much better precision than MBF. For example, at simulated MBF=100-mL/min-100g and nominal dose (200mAs) in the digital simulator, MBF and FRIV give coefficients of variation (CV) of 0.33 and 0.09, respectively, using the AATH model. At 50% nominal dose (100mAs) results are 0.45 and 0.16, respectively. In a porcine model of coronary artery stenosis, FRIV shows higher CNR than MBF and properly detects ischemia.
Best Practices from World Libraries Photo Gallery Project: Engaging Global Libraries

This article reports on the “2019 Best Practices from World Libraries” Photo Gallery Project initiated by the International Connections Committee (ICC) of the International Relations Round Table (I...
Characteristics of US Rural Hospitals by Obstetric Service Availability, 2017

Objectives. To describe characteristics of rural hospitals in the United States by whether they provide labor and delivery (obstetric) care for pregnant patients.Methods. We used the 2017 American ...
Critical Systems under Cyber Threats

Cybersecurity of digital critical systems, such as nuclear reactors, is a research area of great interest at present. As a result, novel methods of attack resiliency are being explored to support diverse and redundant Cyber Physical Systems. By exploiting the time dependent nature of common control units, the physical operability of the overall structure is enhanced, resulting in greater security and reliability. An important concern is the stability and integrity of the system through cyber support. This stability is created through the introduction of the proposed architecture, which places a premium on the continuation of known quality signal.
COVID-19 en Estados Unidos: la desigualdad social como causa y consecuencia

La pandemia de COVID-19 es una de las crisis sanitarias globales mas importantes del ultimo siglo. En este articulo resumimos la situacion en los Estados Unidos de America (EEUU) con respecto a la pandemia, con una mezcla de observaciones personales y datos epidemiologicos. Resenamos la importancia de considerar la situacion sanitaria y politica previa a la pandemia, desde donde EEUU parte como un pais con una esperanza de vida mas baja que otros paises occidentales, con un sistema sanitario fragmentado y muy desigual. Seguidamente describimos como ha evolucionado la pandemia en el pais, con un inicio en Nueva York y otras ciudades de la costa este, seguida de una segunda ola en el sur del pais. Por ultimo, destacamos dos retos fundamentales durante la pandemia: el agravamiento de las desigualdades en salud, y la situacion politica del pais, que ha partidizado las medidas de control epidemiologico.
Structural insights into the regulation of aromatic amino acid hydroxylation.

The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase are homotetramers, with each subunit containing a homologous catalytic domain and a divergent regulatory domain. The solution structure of the regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase establishes that it contains a core ACT domain similar to that in phenylalanine hydroxylase. The isolated regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase forms a stable dimer, while that of phenylalanine hydroxylase undergoes a monomer–dimer equilibrium, with phenylalanine stabilizing the dimer. These solution properties are consistent with the regulatory mechanisms of the two enzymes, in that phenylalanine hydroxylase is activated by phenylalanine binding to an allosteric site, while tyrosine hydroxylase is regulated by binding of catecholamines in the active site.