cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vocal Abuse Behaviors in Young Children.

To determine if use of specific vocal behaviors was perceived to change across age, parents of 834 children, aged 3 to 7 years, rated 16 voice usage items for frequency of occurrence. Results of th...
Molecular characterization of the dopamine transporter

Neurotransmission, which represents chemical signalling between neurons, usually takes place at highly differentiated anatomical structures called synapses. To fulfill both the time and space confinements required for optimal neurotransmission, highly specialized proteins, known as transporters or uptake sites, occur and operate at the presynaptic plasma membrane. Using the energy provided by the Na+ gradient generated by the Na+/K(+)-transporting ATPase, these transporters reuptake the neurotransmitters soon after their release, thereby regulating their effective concentrations at the synaptic cleft and the availability of neurotransmitters for a time-dependent activation of both pre- and postsynaptic receptors. The key role these proteins play in normal neurotransmission is further emphasized when the physiological and social consequences of drugs that interfere with the function of these transporters, such as the psychostimulants (e.g. amphetamine and cocaine) or the widely prescribed antidepressant drugs, are considered. In this review, Bruno Giros and Marc Caron elaborate on the potential consequences of the recent molecular cloning of the dopamine and related transporters and summarize some of the interesting properties that are emerging from this growing family of Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent transporters.
A Method for Measuring the Incremental Information Contributed from Non-Stationary Spatio-Temporal Data to be Fused

Complex hydrologic problems, such as estimating stream discharge (flow), require the utilization (fusion) of multiple sets of measurements (features). Due to the computational cost of incorporating all available features, it is desirable to use a reduced set of the most informative ones. A method is presented for determining the information gain of different feature subsets in a Bayesian network. The method is applied to the problem of estimating flow in a Spatio-Temporal Bayesian Network (STBN), under the constraint that the features retain their original physical meaning.
CT findings in pediatric gastrointestinal ascariasis

We present a case of a 9-yr-old child with gastrointestinal ascariasis. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrates the Ascaris roundworms as cylindrical filling defects within contrast filled bowel loops. In addition, the intestinal tract of the roundworm itself is seen as a thin thread of oral contrast within the tubular filling defect. To our knowledge, this is the first reported description of the CT findings of intestinal ascariasis in a pediatric patient.
An emerging cyberinfrastructure for biodefense pathogen and pathogen–host data

The NIAID-funded Biodefense Proteomics Resource Center (RC) provides storage, dissemination, visualization and analysis capabilities for the experimental data deposited by seven Proteomics Research Centers (PRCs). The data and its publication is to support researchers working to discover candidates for the next generation of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics against NIAID's Category A, B and C priority pathogens. The data includes transcriptional profiles, protein profiles, protein structural data and host-pathogen protein interactions, in the context of the pathogen life cycle in vivo and in vitro. The database has stored and supported host or pathogen data derived from Bacillus, Brucella, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, SARS, Toxoplasma, Vibrio and Yersinia, human tissue libraries, and mouse macrophages. These publicly available data cover diverse data types such as mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), gene expression profiles, X-ray and NMR determined protein structures and protein expression clones. The growing database covers over 23 000 unique genes/proteins from different experiments and organisms. All of the genes/proteins are annotated and integrated across experiments using UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) accession numbers. The web-interface for the database enables searching, querying and downloading at the level of experiment, group and individual gene(s)/protein(s) via UniProtKB accession numbers or protein function keywords. The system is accessible at http://www.proteomicsresource.org/.
Do P2X purinergic receptors regulate skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise

Although there is evidence that sympathetic nerves release ATP as a neurotransmitter to produce vasoconstriction via P2X purinergic receptors, the role of these receptors in the regulation of blood...
Two-component soliton model for proton transport in hydrogen-bonded molecular chains.

We propose a two-component soliton model for proton storage and transport in hydrogen-bonded quasi-one-dimensional chains. The model is investigated both analytically and by molecular-dynamics simulations. At 310 K we find that in certain regions of the parameter space it is possible, from realistic initial conditions, to excite a kink in the proton sublattice. For certain parameter values and initial conditions the kink is excited just to be annihilated shortly after. For other parameter values the kink continues to travel for much longer times. Therefore the presented model can explain the essential physics of proton storage as well as proton transport in hydrogen-bonded substances.
Systems genetics of complex traits in Drosophila melanogaster.

Determining the genetic architecture of complex traits is challenging because phenotypic variation arises from interactions between multiple, environmentally sensitive alleles. We quantified genome-wide transcript abundance and phenotypes for six ecologically relevant traits in D. melanogaster wild-derived inbred lines. We observed 10,096 genetically variable transcripts and high heritabilities for all organismal phenotypes. The transcriptome is highly genetically intercorrelated, forming 241 transcriptional modules. Modules are enriched for transcripts in common pathways, gene ontology categories, tissue-specific expression and transcription factor binding sites. The high degree of transcriptional connectivity allows us to infer genetic networks and the function of predicted genes from annotations of other genes in the network. Regressions of organismal phenotypes on transcript abundance implicate several hundred candidate genes that form modules of biologically meaningful correlated transcripts affecting each phenotype. Overlapping transcripts in modules associated with different traits provide insight into the molecular basis of pleiotropy between complex traits. Natural populations harbor a wide range of phenotypic variation for all aspects of morphology, physiology, behaviors and disease susceptibility. Knowledge of the genetic basis of this variation is important for understanding adaptive evolution, deriving elite domestic crop and animal strains and improving human health. However, determining the genetic architecture of natural phenotypic variation is challenging because most phenotypic variation is attributable to segregating alleles at many interacting genes with environmentally sensitive effects 1,2 .
Intermolecular force and surface roughness models for air bearing simulations for sub-5 nm flying height sliders

When the spacing between the slider and the disk is less than 5 nm, the intermolecular forces between the two solid surfaces can no longer be assumed to be zero. The model proposed by Wu and Bogy (ASME J Trib 124:562–567, 2002) can be view as a flat slider–disk intermolecular force model. The contact distance between the slider and disk needs to be considered in this model when the slider-disk spacing is in the contact regime. To get more accurate intermolecular force effects on the head disk interface, the slider and disk surface roughness need to be considered, when the flying height is comparable to the surface RMS roughness value or when contact occurs. With the intermolecular force model and asperity model implemented in the CML air bearing program, the effect of intermolecular adhesion stress on the slider at low flying height is analyzed in the static flying simulation. It is found that the intermolecular adhesion stress between the slider and the disk has slight effect on the slider-disk interface for a flying slider.
The effect of handgrip span on isometric exercise performance.

Fourteen male and eight female volunteers served as subjects in these experiments lo determine the effect of hand tool dimensions on isometric strength, endurance, the surface EMG above the active muscle, and the cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise. As reported by others, we found that for each individual, there existed one handgrip size at which he or she could exert the greatest isometric strength. Endurance was the same at any work load relative to the maximum strength for a given grip dimension. The EMG and blood pressure responses to isometric exercise were the same at any given grip span: however, the heart rate response was lowest when subjects worked with their muscles at the optimal grip span.
A method for determining JIc of mild steel by means of one single specimen

Abstract A new method for determining J Ic of steel from the load-displacement (P-Δ) record of one specimen is proposed. Four kinds of mild steel were tested to verify the method. Test results showed that J Ic values obtained using the proposed method were close to the J Ic values obtained by the standard multiple specimen method.
Nucleus accumbens facilitates nociception

We have previously demonstrated an opioid link in nucleus accumbens (NAc) that mediates antinociception produced by a novel ascending pain modulation pathway. For example, noxious stimulation induces heterosegmental antinociception that is mediated by both mu- and delta-opioid receptors in NAc. However, spinal intrathecal administration of the mu-receptor agonist [D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) also induces heterosegmental antinociception. The aim of the present study in the rat was to identify the intra-NAc opioid receptors that mediate the antinociceptive effects of spinally administered DAMGO and also to determine the effect of NAc efferent activity on nociception. Intra-NAc administration of either the mu-opioid receptor antagonist Cys(2),Tyr(3), Orn(5),Pen(7)amide (CTOP) or the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole blocked the antinociceptive effect of spinally administered DAMGO on the jaw-opening reflex (JOR). Injection of quaternary lidocaine (QX-314) attenuated the JOR, suggesting that the output of NAc is pronociceptive. In support of this, intra-NAc injection of the excitatory amino acid agonist kainate enhanced the JOR. Thus, it is possible to modulate activity in NAc to bidirectionally attenuate or enhance nociception, suggesting a potential role for NAc in setting nociceptive sensitivity.
Purification of 5'-nucleotidase from human placenta after release from plasma membranes by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase was purified >1000-fold from human placenta by treatment of plasma membranes with S. aureus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and affinity chromatography on Con A Sepharose and AMP-Sepharose. The resulting enzyme had a specific activity of >5000 μmol/hr/mg protein and a subunit molecular weight of 73,000. Goat antibodies against 5′-nucleotidase inhibited enzyme activity and detected 5′-nucleotidase after Western blotting. These antibodies also recognized a soluble form of 5′-nucleotidase and residual membrane-bound 5′-nucleotidase which could not be released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment, suggesting that the three forms of the enzyme are structurally related. The soluble 5′-nucleotidase may be derived from the membrane-bound form by the action of an endogenous phospholipase C. The structural basis for the inability of some of the membrane-bound 5′-nucleotidase to be released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is unknown.
Optimum Design of Longitudinal Rectangular Fins and Cylindrical Spines with Variable Heat Transfer Coefficient

An integral approach is extended to determine the optimum dimensions for rectangular longitudinal fins and cylindrical pin fins by incorporating transverse heat conduction. The effects of variable heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer from the fin tip are also taken into account. The mathematical expression for optimum dimension ration thus obtained is found to be as simple as that of the classical one-dimensional approach, but the accuracy of numerical results is improved significantly. The same approach is then utilized for solving for the optimum dimensions of a cylindrical pin fin. To facilitate thermal designers, numerous design charts are presented according to the nature of the flow, the boundary condition at the fin tip, and the types of heat transfer under consideration.
Tailoring nanomaterial products through electrode material and oxygen partial pressure in a mini-arc plasma reactor

Nanomaterials with controllable morphology and composition are synthesized by a simple one-step vapor condensation process using a mini-arc plasma source. Through systematic investigation of mini-arc reactor parameters, the roles of carrier gas, electrode material, and precursor on producing diverse nanomaterial products are revealed. Desired nanomaterial products, including tungsten oxide nanoparticles (NPs), tungsten oxide nanorods (NRs), tungsten oxide and tin oxide NP mixtures and pure tin dioxide NPs can thus be obtained by tailoring reaction conditions. The amount of oxygen in the reactor is critical to determining the final nanomaterial product. Without any precursor material present, a lower level of oxygen in the reactor favors the production of W18O49 NRs with tungsten as cathode, while a high level of oxygen produces more round WO3 NPs. With the presence of a precursor material, amorphous particles are favored with a high ratio of argon:oxygen. Oxygen is also found to affect tin oxide crystallization from its amorphous phase in the thermal annealing. Results from this study can be used for guiding gas phase nanomaterial synthesis in the future.
Ionic liquid-mediated bis[(3-methyldimethoxysilyl)propyl] polypropylene oxide-based polar sol–gel coatings for capillary microextraction

Two ionic liquids (IL), namely, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride (MOIC) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (TTPT) were used to prepare polar and nonpolar sol-gel coatings for capillary microextraction (CME). Bis[(3-methyldimethoxysilyl)propyl] polypropylene oxide (BMPO), containing sol-gel active terminal methoxysilyl groups and polar propylene oxide repeating units, was used to prepare polar sol-gel hybrid organic-inorganic coatings. Hydroxy-terminated poly(dimethyl-co-diphenylsiloxane) was used as the sol-gel active organic component for nonpolar sol-gel hybrid coatings. Compared to a sol-gel BMPO coating prepared without IL, the sol-gel BMPO coatings prepared with the use of both of these ILs provided more efficient extraction as is evidenced by more pronounced GC peak areas. The MOIC-mediated sol-gel BMPO coating provided larger GC peak areas compared to the TTPT-mediated sol-gel BMPO coating. Scanning electron microscopy results suggested that MOIC provided a more porous morphology of the sol-gel BMPO extraction media compared to that prepared with TTPT. Thus, individual ILs can affect the porosity of sol-gel materials to different degrees. Overall, the sol-gel BMPO coating prepared with the ILs could extract nonpolar to polar analytes directly from aqueous samples. Detection limits were on the order of nanograms per liter (1.9-330.5 ng/L) depending on the analyte class. Furthermore, the MOIC-mediated sol-gel BMPO coating demonstrated high thermal stability (330 degrees C), solvent resistance, and fast extraction equilibrium (10-15 min) for polar and moderately polar analytes.
TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF MOLECULES AND CLUSTERS

Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) has become a powerful new tool in studying the dynamics of molecules and clusters. It has been applied to processes ranging from energy flow in electronically excited states of molecules to electron solvation dynamics in clusters. This review covers experimental and theoretical aspects of TRPES, focusing on studies of neutral and negatively charged species.
Multiresolution speech analysis with an analog cochlear model

The limitations of uniform bandwidth analysis methods (such as the spectrogram) for broadband signals when both temporal and spectral resolution are important are discussed. Signal representation by an auditory periphery model based on neurophysiological data is described. The model exhibits wavelet-like properties. The temporal analysis of the response of the model yields accurate time and frequency determination for each spectral component in a dynamic broadband signal. The signal processing capability of the model is demonstrated with natural speech input. The model has been realized in silicon as a real-time, low-power hardware signal processor. >
Spatial motion constraints in medical robot using virtual fixtures generated by anatomy

In Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgery, the operating volume is very limited. This is especially true in sinus surgery, when the instrument passes through the nasal and sinus cavity to reach the pathological area. The nasal and sinus bones impose geometric constraints on the work volume. During the surgery, the surgeon needs to control the motion of the instrument tip to accomplish some delicate procedure; meanwhile he/she needs to avoid hitting anatomic constraints. In this paper, we present a method to assist the path following task in a constrained area. The system reads the user's force input and combines it with the planned tip-trajectory to create the tip motion constraints; meanwhile it generates the tool-shaft boundary constraints based on a 3-D geometric model. We map instrument tip motion and boundary information to joint displacements via robot kinematics, and then use a constrained quadratic optimization algorithm to compute the optimal set of corresponding joint displacements. In the preliminary study, we show that robot guidance using cooperative control and virtual fixtures derived from complex geometry can assist users in skilled manipulation tasks, while maintaining desirable properties such as collision avoidance and safety.
EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF Mytilis edulis (L.) IN A NORTHERN ESTUARINE GRADIENT: GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND RECRUITMENT

Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) were experimentally cultured at 12 sites (1.5 km intervals) in an estuarine gradient on the Damariscotta River, Maine. Growth, survival, and recruitment of mussels were monitored and hydrographic data were collected. Peak growth of mussels occurred in May and June. The 4 upper-estuarine sites were characterized by (1) earlier timing of peak growth, (2) suppressed growth in June and July relative to lower estuary mussels, and (3) marked mortality in September. Mussels grew rapidly in the lower 10 km of the estuary, exhibiting different temporal patterns of growth, but achieving comparable seasonal growth and survival. Seed mussels used for the growth experiments had settled on collectors during the previous summer and, accordingly, grew to 50 mm length in approximately 12 months: 15 months of growth yielded 57–71 mm mussels. Recruitment varied considerably, but was consistently high throughout the middle estuary, where settlement densities of 5–8 seed mussels per cm2 were observed. A 5-year record of spatfall at one site in the middle estuary indicated that recruitment there was relatively consistent from year to year. The high mortality of mussels in the upper estuary of the Damariscotta River was associated with temperatures of 20°C and above, but may be related to factors other than temperature stress per s***a. Reduced ration during periods of warm temperature and increased metabolism may be responsible for these mortalities. Dense populations of newly-settled mussels survived at some locations where temperatures exceeded 20°C and adult mortalities were high, indicating that high settlement densities and the existence of extensive populations of very young mussels do not, by themselves, provide enough information to adequately assess the potential of a site for mussel aquaculture. This potential may be meaningfully assessed by the use of a small experimental mussel raft and the collection of temperature and salinity data. Our results indicate that extensive areas of estuaries similar to the Damariscotta may be utilized for the culture of mussels.
Leveraging the cloud for robust and efficient lunar image processing

The Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project (LMMP) is tasked to aggregate lunar data, from the Apollo era to the latest instruments on the LRO spacecraft, into a central repository accessible by scientists and the general public. A critical function of this task is to provide users with the best solution for browsing the vast amounts of imagery available.
Further explorations in empowerment theory: An empirical analysis of psychological empowerment

Developed empowerment theory and replicated previous research on citizen participation and perceived control. Few investigators have designed studies that specifically test empowerment theory. This research further extends a theoretical model of psychological empowerment that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components, by studying a large randomly selected urban and suburban community sample and examining race differences. Results suggest that one underlying dimension that combines different measures of perceived control may be interpreted as the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment, because it distinguishes groups defined by their level of participation in community organizations and activities (behavioral component). The association found between the intrapersonal and behavioral components is consistent with empowerment theory. Interaction effects between race groups and participation suggest that participation may be more strongly associated with the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment for African Americans than for white individuals. Implications for empowerment theory and intervention design are discussed.
Issues in Building and Evaluating Networked Engineering Environments

This paper describes recent results from the National Design Repository Project (http://www.designrepository.org). The Repository is a growing digital library of publicly available Computer-Aided Design data from a wide variety of application domains (Mechanical, AEC, GIS, etc). The long-term goal of this project is to create a flexible infrastructure for managing the relationships between CAD data (designs, geometry, topology, etc) and metadata (documentation, collaborative work, simulation, etc.). Further, based on this infrastructure, we are creating new data structures and algorithms for knowledge indexing and case-based retrieval of engineering data.
Geologic versus wildfire controls on hillslope processes and debris flow initiation in the Green River canyons of Dinosaur National Monument

Abstract As in many areas of high relief, debris flows are an important process linkage between hillslopes and the Green River in the canyons of the eastern Uinta Mountains, yet the physical conditions that lead to debris flow initiation are unknown. A recent episode of enhanced debris-flow and wildfire activity provided an opportunity to examine the geomorphic impact of fire and the processes by which weathered bedrock is transported to the Green River. Field investigations and analysis of elevation and precipitation data were undertaken in 15 catchments with recent debris flows to determine how surficial geology, wildfire, topography, bedrock strength, and meteorology influence hillslope processes. The recent debris flows were triggered by intense summer rainstorms. The dominant debris flow initiation mechanism, the firehose effect, occurred when overland flow generated on bedrock hillslopes cascaded down steep cliffs onto colluvium, causing failure. Sixty percent of the debris flows occurred in unburned catchments. However, 15% of the burned catchments in the study area produced debris flows over the study period, whereas only 7% of the unburned catchments did. Thus, fire was not the primary driver of debris flows, but fire-related events did contribute to the increased debris flow activity. The geomorphic impact of wildfire in the eastern Uinta Mountains is not as great as in transport-limited settings with regolith-mantled hillslopes. The strong rocks and dry climate of the study area cause hillslopes to be very steep and weathering-limited, with high runoff ratios and a dearth of regolith. As a result, there is little vegetation, and thus we hypothesize that burning does little to change hillslope processes. The suite of hillslope processes in the eastern Uintas are like those documented in the similarly dry Grand Canyon, but differ from other locations in the western U.S. where wildfire is a primary control on debris flow processes.
Prospects for a Future Whole World

The notion of the "world as a whole" is becoming increasingly prominent in the thinking and pronouncements of international prognosticators. Yet "globalism," its functional expression, is a relatively new approach in the United Nations. In fact, it has hardly arrived. This statement is not paradoxical or even surprising. Globalism is not the same thing as internationalism as we have known it up to the present. There is more involved here than a matter of semantics. Traditional internationalism is derived from the dictates of political wisdom and a sense of human solidarity in a world of growing interdependence but of unlimited horizons opened up by technology. Globalism is associated today with the ambivalence of technology, its negative effects on the degradation of the environment, the destruction of ecological balances, the limited capacity of the biosphere, the possible depletion of natural resources, the population explosion, the finiteness of the planet, and perhaps even the finiteness of knowledge. None of this thinking was instrumental in the founding of the UN. In fact, the word "technology" does not even appear in the Charter of the United Nations, and the early years of the organization were strongly shaped by the emergence of new states and the process of their political and economic emancipation which did not postulate a global approach. This is not to say that the charter and the fundamental practices developed in the organization are in need of drastic revision. On the contrary they provide an instrument sufficiently flexible to encompass a new vision of the world and to stimulate the new institutional arrangements required. Nevertheless, as it is only recently that the "spaceship earth" has been spoken of, we have been slow and even remiss in developing some of the functions which should now impera-
Discrete nuclear domains of poly(A) RNA and their relationship to the functional organization of the nucleus

The functional organization of the nucleus was studied using a fluorescence microscopy approach which allowed integration of positional information for RNA, DNA, and proteins. In cells from sea urchin to human, nuclear poly(A) RNA was found concentrated primarily within several discrete "transcript domains" which often surrounded nucleoli. Concentrations of poly(A) RNA were coincident with snRNP antigen clusters, providing evidence for the localization of pre-mRNA splicing at these sites. The spatial relationship of transcript domains with respect to various classes of DNA was established, in that the poly(A) RNA-rich regions coincided with discrete regions of low DNA density and were non-randomly distributed with respect to specific DNA sequences. Centromeric DNA and late-replicating DNA did not overlap transcript domains, whereas a subset of early-replicating DNA may. Results indicate that transcript domains do not result directly from a simple clustering of chromatin corresponding to metaphase chromosomes bands. Finally, observations on the reassembly of these domains after mitosis suggest that the clustering of snRNP antigens may be dependent on the reappearance of pol II transcription. Implications of these findings for overall nuclear structure and function are considered, including a discussion of whether transcript domains may be sites of polymerase II transcription reflecting a clustering of active genes.
Tumor suppressor CYLD acts as a negative regulator for non-typeable Haemophilus influenza-induced inflammation in the middle ear and lung of mice.

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) is an important human pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in both adults and children. NTHi infections are characterized by inflammation, which is mainly mediated by nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-κB)-dependent production of inflammatory mediators. The deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis (CYLD), loss of which was originally reported to cause a benign human syndrome called cylindromatosis, has been identified as a key negative regulator for NF-κB in vitro. However, little is known about the role of CYLD in bacteria-induced inflammation in vivo. Here, we provided direct evidence for the negative role of CYLD in NTHi-induced inflammation of the mice in vivo. Our data demonstrated that CYLD is induced by NTHi in the middle ear and lung of mice. NTHi-induced CYLD, in turn, negatively regulates NTHi-induced NF-κB activation through deubiquitinating TRAF6 and 7 and down-regulates inflammation. Our data thus indicate that CYLD acts as a negative regulator for NF-κB-dependent inflammation in vivo, hence protecting the host against detrimental inflammatory response to NTHi infection.
Vaccination of Solid-Organ Transplantation Candidates

Verifying immunization status and updating vaccinations are important steps in the evaluation of patients who are solid-organ transplant candidates because the potential benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of adverse events. Because patients with end-organ disease, such as end-stage renal disease and cirrhosis, have reduced immune responses to many vaccines, vaccination should be performed as early as possible during the course of these diseases. Furthermore, it is particularly important for live vaccines to be updated during the pretransplant assessment because such vaccines are contraindicated once a patient is maintained on immunosuppression. Current information on vaccination for adult solid-organ transplant candidates is reviewed.
Repair and induction of chromosome aberrations and point mutations in mammalian somatic cells: a summary and perspective.

It is now somewhat over 50 years since the discovery of the first agent, x-rays, with which we were able to “transmutate” the gene. This discovery, which allowed us to obtain genetic variants, was invaluable in enabling us to gain insights about the organization of genetic material. From the first it was noted that the mutations seemed to fall into two classes, those that were changes in the gene itself, so-called point mutations, and those that were the result of gross chromosomal changes, including deletions. One particular point of controversy concerned whether or not spontaneous mutations were “gene” mutations, whereas radiation-induced mutations were mainly chromosomal. Largely because the gene was an abstraction in the sense that its chemical nature was unknown, the problem was intractable.
Terminology for Morphology and Cell Types

Hydra exist as polyps, i.e., as sedentary forms of coelenterates. A single animal has the form of a tube, about 5–20 mm long and 0.3–1.0 mm wide, bearing a whorl of hollow tentacles near one end. Animals undergoing asexual reproduction produce buds, which arise as evaginations of the body wall. The body wall consists of two concentric epithelia, the ectoderm and endoderm, separated by a common acellular basement membrane, the mesolamella or mesoglea. This trilaminar structure extends throughout the entire body column tentacles and buds. The ectoderm* (or epidermis) faces the environment, whereas the endoderm (or gastrodermis) lines the hollow cavity called the gastric cavity (coelentron, gut). In describing the morphology of hydra, the adjectives apical (or distal) and basal (or proximal) refer to the directions toward the tentacles and base, respectively.
The method of averaging using an adaptive notch filter in vibratory gyroscopes

This paper presents an adaptive notch filter to achieve more accurate demodulation variables in the method of averaging. The main advantage of this notch filter is a very sharp attenuation gain at twice of the estimated resonance frequency, which is the main frequency component of the oscillatory noise in the demodulated variables. The position of the sharp attenuation gain can be adjusted in real time to catch the resonator's resonance frequency change. As a result, it can demodulate the control variables up to very high accuracy. Performing the method of averaging on the cleaner signals will result in much higher rotation angle estimation accuracy when the method of averaging is running in the whole angle mode. Simulation results show that with the adaptive notch filter, the oscillation in the system's quadrature and precession angle can be eliminated very well. The adaptive notch filter also effectively reduces the DC drift in the precession angle.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals

To explore the relationship between local electromagnetic field enhancement and the large SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering) enhancement that enables the observation of single molecule Raman spectra, we measure both resonant Rayleigh scattering spectra and rhodamine 6G Raman spectra from single Ag particles. Our apparatus combines the techniques of dark-field optical microscopy for resonant Rayleigh measurements, and grazing incidence Raman spectroscopy. The Rayleigh spectra show that the citrate-reduced Ag colloid is extremely heterogeneous. Only the larger particles, in part created by salt induced aggregation, show a large SERS effect. In agreement with the work of Nie and Emory, we find that a few nanocrystals show huge single molecule R6G SERS intensities. While all SERS active particles have some resonant Rayleigh scattering at the 514.5 nm laser wavelength, there is no correlation between the resonant Rayleigh spectra and the SERS intensity. We discuss a model in which huge SERS intensities r...
A Model of the 4He Monolayer on Graphite

The experiments of Dash and co-workers show that the He monolayer adsorbed on graphite is a new, 2D quantum system.1,9 The simplest model is the tight binding approximation, in which the zeroth-order wave function of the adsorbed atom is localized around the center of the hexagonal unit cell of graphite.
The World Bank at 75

As the World Bank approaches its 75th anniversary, it faces a rapidly changing global environment. Economic growth among developing countries means that, according to our projections, up to 42 current International Development Association (IDA) countries and 36 current International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) countries could be eligible to graduate from their respective lending windows by 2019 under the bank's current rules. Changing dynamics in financial supply, both within and outside of the bank, and demand, e.g., for massive infrastructure investment or global public goods, indicate a need to rethink the bank's core lending model. This paper examines ways in which seeming immoveable forces underlying the World Bank's work might finally be ripe for change in the face of shifting development needs.
"It’s Not Personal, It’s Positional: Interactive Effects of Power and Status on Relationship Conflict"

It is often presumed that relationship conflict stems from incompatible personality types. In contrast to this idea, the present article provides a role-based account. Four studies, conducted both ...
Radical Nature of C-Lignin

The recently discovered lignin composed of caffeoyl alcohol monolignols or C-lignin is particularly intriguing given its homogeneous, linear polymeric structure and exclusive benzodioxane linkage between monomers. By virtue of this simplified chemistry, the potential emerges for improved valorization strategies with C-lignin relative to other natural heterogeneous lignins. To better understand caffeoyl alcohol polymers, we characterize the thermodynamics of the radical recombination dimerization reactions forming the benzodioxane linkage and the bond dissociation into radical monolignol products. These properties are also predicted for the cross-coupling of caffeoyl alcohol with the natural monolignols, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and p-coumaryl alcohol, in anticipation of polymers potentially enabled by genetic modification. The average BDEs for the C-lignin benzodioxane α- and β-bonds are 56.5 and 63.4 kcal/mol, respectively, with similar enthalpies for heterodimers. The BDE of the α-bond within...
Synthesis of Methyl Cyclopentanecarboxylate: A Laboratory Experience in Carbon Rearrangement

We present a novel guided inquiry second semester organic chemistry laboratory rearrangement experiment. Students performed the Favorskii Rearrangement to obtain methyl cyclopentanecarboxylate in good yields. The students learned about the individual steps of the Favorskii mechanism and were required to propose a complete reaction mechanism and product structure. The students then confirmed the structure of the product by NMR and IR spectroscopy. This experiment provides students with experience in running organic chemistry reactions, structure determination, spectroscopy, general problem solving, and drawing rearrangement mechanisms.
A Comparative Analysis of Cellular Morphological Differentiation Within the Cerebral Cortex Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that provides information about cellular microstructure through measurements of water diffusion. Because inferences about neuroanatomy can be made from DTI, this methodology has been used to characterize cellular morphological changes associated with development of the cerebral cortex. Currently, however, the specific anatomical changes associated with DTI measurements directed at the cerebral cortex are incompletely characterized. Here, data collected in several laboratories, investigating five species (mouse, rat, ferret, baboon, and human), are compared to determine whether similarities in the trajectory of DTI measurements with development exist in the literature. Specifically, rates of change in fractional anisotropy (FA) of water diffusion were compared to rates of neuroanatomical development (based on the occurrence of specific neural events) in each species. In all species, decreases in FA with development were accurately approximated by fitting data to the same mathematical expression of exponential decay. Additionally, a high degree of correlation was found between rates of FA decay and rates of neuroanatomical development. This suggests that a common mechanism underlies decreases in FA with development across species. These results have two major implications. The ability of DTI to detect changes in neuroanatomy in the normal developing cerebral cortex introduces the potential for the use of this methodology in detecting cortical abnormalities associated with various developmental disorders. Additionally, the comparable patterns of neurodevelopment, and hence FA, across species imply that DTI methodology applied in non-human species can provide information about the human condition.
Trading zones between psychology and Catholicism

Let us turn, now, to areas within the contested boundaries where there has been commerce between psychology and the Church. Drawing on Peter Galison's notion of a “trading zone,” we will see how hybrids of psychology and Catholic thought have developed in select areas. What has happened at boundaries between psychology and Roman Catholicism from the late nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth? That is what this entire book has been about. One of the things that occurred – as we saw above in examining the institutionalizing of psychology within the Church communities – was the establishment of new institutions within Catholic settings. Many of the psychologists who were active in setting them up were themselves clerics, so it was not as outsiders that they crossed the boundaries. In the course of forming these institutions, interesting things happened. There was the contesting of boundaries, to be sure; however, there was also commerce on the frontier as different cultures got to know each other. Fruitful exchanges across the boundaries had been desired since the beginnings of modern psychology. Charles Bruehl (1923d), who was one of the earliest Catholic commentators on Freud, as we saw in Chapter 5, made a plea for ties between “the psychopathic clinic” and “spiritual guidance.” Using the metaphor of the “boundary” that has been the mainstay of this book, Bruehl wrote that the “young science” of psychiatry “is tempted to trespass on foreign territory” (p. 245) in treating the religious difficulties of patients.
Low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and neuropsychological functioning in American Indian elders.

Abstract Background Inorganic arsenic at high and prolonged doses is highly neurotoxic. Few studies have evaluated whether long-term, low-level arsenic exposure is associated with neuropsychological functioning in adults. Objectives To investigate the association between long-term, low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and neuropsychological functioning among American Indians aged 64–95. Methods We assessed 928 participants in the Strong Heart Study by using data on arsenic species in urine samples collected at baseline (1989–1991) and results of standardized tests of global cognition, executive functioning, verbal learning and memory, fine motor functioning, and speed of mental processing administered during comprehensive follow-up evaluations in 2009–2013. We calculated the difference in neuropsychological functioning for a 10% increase in urinary arsenic with adjustment for sex, age, education, and study site. Results The sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (∑As) in urine was associated with limited fine motor functioning and processing speed. A 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .10 (95% CI −.20, −.01) decrease on the Finger Tapping Test for the dominant hand and a .13 decrease (95% CI −.21, −.04) for the non-dominant hand. Similarly, a 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .15 (95% CI −.29, .00) decrease on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition Coding Subtest. ∑As was not associated with other neuropsychological functions. Conclusions Findings indicate an adverse association between increased urinary arsenic fine motor functioning and processing speed, but not with other neuropsychological functioning, among elderly American Indians.
Rheumatoid arthritis presenting as rheumatoid meningitis: A case report

Rheumatoid meningitis typically presents as a late manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, and its pathogenesis remains uncertain. We describe a patient with neurological symptoms, subsequently found to have a brain mass of unclear etiology. The findings from imaging and histological analysis led to a diagnosis of rheumatoid meningitis. Surprisingly, this case presented in the absence of a history of arthritis or other systemic signs typically seen in RA. This case highlights the fact that rheumatoid meningitis can be the initial presenting symptom of rheumatologic disease and should be kept in the differential in patients with or without a history of RA.
Sovereign Bond Spreads and the Pricing of Sovereign Debt in the Eurozone: A Macroeconomic Fundamentals Approach

This paper investigates and models the yield spreads of sovereign debt of Eurozone countries by means of macroeconomic fundamentals. In particular, this paper shows that the change in the volatility of terms-of-trade of trade outside the Eurozone was a factor in capturing a significant part of the variation of sovereign debt spreads. This paper finds that a 1 percentage point increase in the volatility of terms-of-trade outside the union is associated with a 0.23 percentage point increase in yield spreads. The explanatory power for volatility of terms-of-trade for trade outside the union is substantial, even when controlling for both regional and global factors. This is the first paper to differentiate the volatility of terms-of-trade in this manner for the Eurozone, and presents important findings for fixed income investors.
Paclitaxel in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) 250 mg/m2 by 24-hour infusion at 21-day intervals was evaluated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center as a single agent in patients who had received one prior chemotherapy regimen either as adjuvant therapy or for metastatic disease. Of 25 patients treated, 12% had a complete remission and 44% had a partial response. The median time to progression was 9 months (range, 1 to 20 months). In the next phase of development, a phase I trial evaluated sequentially administered paclitaxel and doxorubicin as initial therapy for metastatic disease. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor also was administered in each cycle. The dose-limiting toxicity was either stomatitis or neutropenic fever. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 125 mg/m2 for paclitaxel and 48 mg/m2 for doxorubicin. Because of much lower than anticipated MTDs of both drugs in this schedule, it was hypothesized that there may be a schedule-dependent toxicity; therefore, in the second phase I study the schedule of administration was reversed (ie, doxorubicin followed by paclitaxel infusion). The MTDs of this schedule were 60 mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2 for doxorubicin and paclitaxel, respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies subsequently have confirmed that administration of paclitaxel before doxorubicin impairs the elimination of doxorubicin by some unknown mechanism. In an ongoing phase II study, paclitaxel is being evaluated in patients who have received three or more treatments with chemotherapy. Paclitaxel is administered at doses of 135 and 150 mg/m2 (for poor- and good-risk patients, respectively) without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Six patients (19%) have shown objective partial responses. Our initial phase II study showed significant antitumor activity for paclitaxel in patients who had received limited prior chemotherapy. Our phase I studies established that initial administration of paclitaxel alters the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and increases morbidity. The reverse sequence of administration was associated with better tolerance and a higher MTD. In heavily treated patients this drug also has significant antitumor activity.