cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transformational Phonology and Reading Acquisitiona

This study examined the hypothesis by Chomsky and Halle (1968) and C. Chomsky (1970) that English spelling corresponds to an underlying lexical level of representation rather than to a surface phonetic level, i.e., pronunciation. And that learning to read involves learning the spelling-lexical level correspondences. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the performance of 87 second and third grade Ss on a paired-associate and reading task composed of a morphologically related list of word pairs (REL), e.g., hide—hid and an unrelated (UNR) list of word pairs, e.g., pine—pin. Both sets of pairs exhibit vowel alternations but are stored differently in the internal lexicon. It was predicted that REL would be superior on the tasks to UNR for all Ss and that the difference would be greater for the better readers over poorer readers and the grade 3 Ss over the grade 2 Ss. A multivariate and univariate analysis of the difference scores between the REL and UNR lists on three criterion measures failed with one ex...
Cis-acting elements required for strong stop acceptor template selection during moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcription

Template switching is required during normal retroviral DNA synthesis and is involved in retroviral genetic recombination. The first strong stop template switch during Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcription was studied to examine how template switch acceptor templates are selected. Retroviral vectors with specific alterations in their template switch acceptor regions were constructed, and DNA products templated by these vectors during a single replication cycle were analyzed. The results indicated that maximizing complementarity between the primer strand 3' end and the acceptor template was not the most significant factor in determining a strong stop template switch site. Instead, preferential transfer to the U3/R junction was observed, with as little as one contiguous base-pair of complementarity between the primer terminus and the template strand sufficient to direct template switching to the U3/R junction. These findings suggest that, in contrast to prevailing dogma, a base-pairing-independent mechanism functions in the specific guidance of retroviral strong stop template switch to the U3/R junction. Certain template alterations 3' of the template switch site were at least as disruptive to acceptor template use as was primer-terminal mismatch, suggesting that template structure or primer strand-internal sequences are important determinants of acceptor template selection. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mechanisms of retroviral DNA synthesis and homologous recombination.
You Say Conchaphila, I Say Lurida: Molecular Evidence for Restricting the Olympia Oyster (Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864) to Temperate Western North America

The western North American bivalve mollusc known as the Olympia oyster, long known as Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864†, is a historically exploited native species that has been largely displaced by larger nonnative oysters. There is much renewed interest in documenting and restoring its native populations and recent successful culturing has attracted a specialty market for these oysters. Yet its name was called into question when it was synonymized with O. conchaphila Carpenter 1857, an oyster whose type locality is Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Others have considered it more plausible that the Olympia oyster is a more northern species, distinct from O. conchaphila, but morphological or molecular evidence either way has been lacking. Here we used a molecular approach to test the single versus two-species hypotheses with samples from Sinaloa, Mexico, near the type locality of O. conchaphila (Mazatlan, Mexico), and samples from Willapa Bay, WA, the type locality of O. lurida ,a s well as samples from intermediate locations. Based on our combined and separate analyses of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase III (CO3), native Ostrea from Sinaloa, Mexico are reciprocally monophyletic with a clade from multiple other localities between Baja California, Mexico and British Columbia, Canada, including Willapa Bay, WA. Corrected pairwise sequence comparisons for 16S indicate these two groups last shared a common ancestor 1.5-3.9 mya (2.06% sequence divergence). Based on these results and assuming that the Sinaloa group represents the true O. conchaphila, molecular evidence supports O. conchaphila and O. lurida as separate species. Posthoc morphological comparisons uncovered no significant support for morphological distinction between the two taxa, underscoring the difficulty associated with using morphology alone to distinguish closely related oyster species. Despite the present lack of any morphological diagnostic differences for separating these nominal species, the molecular data are not consistent with the synonymy of the species and support the reinstatement of O. lurida from all the localities north of central Baja California.
Human wound repair. II. Inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal interrelations, and fibrogenesis.

Connective tissue repair was studied in a series of skin wounds in young adult males. The tissues were examined at 3, 12, and 24 hr, and at 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The neutrophilic leukocytes contain within membrane-bounded vacuoles some fibrin and serum protein from the wound; however, most of the granulocytes lyse and release their cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space. The mononuclear cells undergo a series of morphologic alterations during which they develop a modest amount of relatively poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and an extensive system of smooth-surfaced membranes prior to active phagocytosis. They could be clearly distinguished from immature fibroblasts by the differences in the development of their organelles, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perivascular connective tissue adjacent to the wound contains cells which appear like poorly developed or immature fibroblasts. The development of these cells into mature fibroblasts can be followed during the different stages of wound repair. Intimate contact was observed between basal cells of the regenerated epidermis and monocytes in the wound below: cytoplasmic projections of the basal cells extended beneath the basement lamina to the surface of the monocytes. Such contacts were seen only on the 4th–7th day after wounding. Their possible significance is discussed.
The Primary Group: A Reappraisal

(1961). The Primary Group: A Reappraisal. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 181-191.
Changing Russian Political Culture in the 1990s: Parasites, Paradigms, and Perestroika

This essay reflects a year of field work in what was then the Soviet Union, in a study regarded as the first ethnographic research conducted by a Western anthropologist in a Russian city. The Russians are particularly important for anthropological study, not only because of recent historic events indicating changes in their political and economic structures but because they are one of several groups of northern people organized into urban industrial societies characterized by varying amounts of mass violence. This violence has been employed in subjugating minority peoples within their normal borders and outside of their borders, in absorbing those cultures, and has taken on the various forms of genocide, purges, propaganda and fear. In both the academic literature and the popular press, much attention has focused on the ability of the Soviet system and its republics, which have now reconstituted themselves as independent states, to transform themselves into more accountable, democratic systems characterized by moderation of internal conflict through processes referred to as the rule of law. This essay argues that much of the debate is clouded by the confusion of models, particularly by ideological models of processes in the Soviet Union. The most popular of the models, that of the relationship between state and society, has been the subject of recurring debates in the literature of political science, most recently over whether the state is itself a variable or whether descriptive models of polities need to pay more attention to other structural variables, such as political parties, interest groups and the media (Almond 1988) or whether social factors and social models should be employed to define the boundaries of the state (Mitchell 1991). Despite the controversy and the decline in the use of the model elsewhere, the dichotomy between the state and society continues to underlay approaches to the study of the Soviet Union and its transition.
Using multiple ontologies in information extraction

Ontology-Based Information Extraction (OBIE) has recently emerged as a subfield of Information Extraction (IE). Here, ontologies - which provide formal and explicit specifications of conceptualizations - play a crucial role in the information extraction process. Several OBIE systems have been implemented previously but all of them use a single ontology although multiple ontologies have been designed for many domains. We have studied the theoretical basis for using multiple ontologies in information extraction and have developed information extraction systems that use them. These systems investigate the two major scenarios for having multiple ontologies for the same domain: specializing in sub-domains and providing different perspectives. The domain of universities has been used for the former scenario through a corpus collected from university websites. For the latter, the domain of terrorist attacks and a corpus used by a previous Message Understanding Conference (MUC) have been used. The results from these two case studies indicate that using multiple ontologies in information extraction has led to a clear improvement in performance measures.
Cellular Imaging Predictions of Clinical Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common adverse event causing drug nonapprovals and drug withdrawals. Using drugs as test agents and measuring a panel of cellular phenotypes that are directly linked to key mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, we have developed an in vitro testing strategy that is predictive of many clinical outcomes of DILI. Mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and intracellular glutathione, all measured by high content cellular imaging in primary human hepatocyte cultures, are the three most important features contributing to the hepatotoxicity prediction. When applied to over 300 drugs and chemicals including many that caused rare and idiosyncratic liver toxicity in humans, our testing strategy has a true-positive rate of 50-60% and an exceptionally low false-positive rate of 0-5%. These in vitro predictions can augment the performance of the combined traditional preclinical animal tests by identifying idiosyncratic human hepatotoxicants such as nimesulide, telithromycin, nefazodone, troglitazone, tetracycline, sulindac, zileuton, labetalol, diclofenac, chlorzoxazone, dantrolene, and many others. Our findings provide insight to key DILI mechanisms, and suggest a new approach in hepatotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals.
Alteration of plasma HDL cholesteryl ester composition with transgenic expression of a point mutation (E149A) of human LCAT

We have previously identified a single amino acid mutation (hE149A) in human LCAT that increases its in vitro reactivity with phosphatidylcholine species containing sn-2 arachidonate (Wang et al. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 280-286). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether in vivo overexpression of hE149A compared with human wild-type LCAT (hLCAT-wt) would be sufficient to enrich the steady state composition of plasma HDL cholesteryl esters (CE) with long chain (>18 carbon) polyunsaturated fatty acyl species. Transgenic lines with 20-fold overexpression of hLCAT were created and studied between 12 and 16 weeks of age while consuming a chow diet. Transgenic overexpression of hE149A compared with hLCAT-wt significantly enriched HDL with CE species containing 20:4 (45%) and 22:6 n-3 (108%), at the expense of those containing 18:2, without a significant change in the plasma HDL concentration, particle size, or phospholipid fatty acyl composition. Removing the contribution of endogenous mouse LCAT by crossing the transgenic mice into the mouse LCAT knockout background resulted in even greater changes in HDL CE composition, with a 2.4-, 5-, and 5-fold increase in 20:4, 20:5 n-3, and 22:6 n-3 cholesteryl esters in the hE149A mice compared with hLCAT-wt Tg mice, respectively. Our results demonstrate that in vivo expression of hE149A significantly enriches HDL cholesteryl esters in 20- and 22-carbon fatty acyl species without affecting HDL concentration or size. Furthermore, the data suggest that endogenous mouse LCAT in hLCAT transgenic mice contributes to the plasma HDL CE pool out of proportion to its mass, presumably because the hLCAT transgene is poorly activated by mouse apolipoprotein A-I.
An analysis of pilot contamination on multi-user MIMO cellular systems with many antennas

This paper considers a two-cell cellular system with multiple antennas at the base station (BS) and single antenna user terminals. In such a scenario, the presence of channel state information (CSI) at the BS is essential for efficient system performance. In reciprocal TDD systems, CSI can be obtained via uplink training. Since only finite time-frequency resources are available, such uplink training generally must be performed using non-orthogonal resources (for different users), leading to pilot contamination between users who train simultaneously. In particular, we analyze the rate of convergence of SINR (in presence of pilot contamination) as the number of antennas (M) at the BS increases to an infinite limit. The effect of SNR and the fading coefficients of the user channels on this rate of convergence is also determined.
Radioimmunoassay of Inhibin: Serum Responses to Unilateral and Bilateral Orchidectomy*

An overnight double antibody RIA using a rabbit antiserum to porcine inhibin α-chain [Tyr30] (1–30) NH2 [plα(l–30)], radioiodinated pIa(l–30), and a preprecipitated second antibody complex has been developed to measure inhibin concentrations in sera and other biological fluids. The assay is accurate, precise (intraassay coefficient of variation, 4.8%), sensitive (25 pM; 2.5 fmol/tube), and specific for inhibin. The synthetic reference standard pIa(l-30) produced a displacement curve that paralleled intact male ovine and bovine sera, crude bovine follicular fluid, and a partially purified porcine follicular fluid reference preparation (WHO/NIH 86/690). Bilateral castration of prepubertal and postpubertal ram lambs resulted in a rapid decrease in serum inhibin concentrations and a subsequent increase in serum FSH. Inhibin levels were high in prepubertal lambs (-375 pM), but these levels were not sustained near the time of puberty (-180 pM). Intensive sampling by jugular venipuncture after castration indicat...
Improving the precision of cotton performance trials conducted on highly variable soils of the southeastern USA coastal plain

Reliable agronomic and fibre quality data generated in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar performance trials are highly valuable. The most common strategy used to generate reliable performance trial data uses experimental design to minimize experimental error resulting from spatial variability. However, an alternative strategy uses a posteriori statistical procedures to account for spatial variability. In this study, the efficiency of the randomized complete block (RCB) design and nearest neighbour adjustment (NNA) were compared in a series of cotton performance trials conducted in the southeastern USA to identify the efficiency of each in minimizing experimental error for yield, yield components and fibre quality. In comparison to the RCB, relative efficiency of the NNA procedure varied amongst traits and trials. Results show that experimental analyses, depending on the trait and selection intensity employed, can affect cultivar or experimental line selections. Based on this study, we recommend researchers conducting cotton performance trials on variable soils consider using NNA or other spatial methods to improve trial precision.
An investigation into support for restrictions on HIV carriers in the Chicago metropolitan area

An investigation into support for restrictions on people testing seropositive for HIV is reported on. Data were collected during telephone interviews with two-hundred adults aged eighteen to sixty-five in the Chicago metropolitan area. Using the analytic technique of LISREL, six models which attempt to explain support for restrictions were tested. It was found that the model best supported by the data indicates that two groups contribute to support for restrictions on HIV carriers - one due to intolerance of homosexuality and one to mistrust of public health officials regarding their control and management of the AIDS epidemic. The relevance of these findings for public health policy makers is discussed.
Ironies of Social Control: Authorities as Contributors to Deviance Through Escalation, Nonenforcement and Covert Facilitation

Current theoretical approaches to the study of deviance and social control tend to neglect a crucial level of analysis: the specific situation within which rule breaking occurs. I analyze the nature and sources of three types of interdependence between rule enforcers and rule breakers: escalation, nonenforcement and covert facilitation. Each involves the possibility of deviance amplification and illustrates—from the labeling perspective but at a level not previously considered—the ironic insight that authorities often contribute to the deviance they set out to control. I also consider current trends and the implications of this perspective for future theory and research, arguing that social control must be seen as a cause of primary as well as secondary deviance. “[Civil politics] requires an understanding of the complexity of virtue, that no virtue stands alone, that every virtuous act costs something in terms of other virtuous acts, that virtues are intertwined with evil.” Edward Shils
Orthogonality Conditions and Asymptotic Stability in the Stefan Problem with Surface Tension

We prove nonlinear asymptotic stability of steady spheres in the two-phase Stefan problem with surface tension. Our method relies on the introduction of appropriate orthogonality conditions in conjunction with a high-order energy method.
Terrestrial testbed for remote Coulomb spacecraft rotation control

A terrestrial testbed designed to investigate the torques between non-symmetric charged bodies is introduced. In practice, these torques may be used by spacecraft for touchless remote attitude control. The experimental system consists of a charged cylinder that rotates about its minor axis on a low friction bearing, while the electric potential on a nearby sphere is actively controlled to increase or decrease the rotation rate of the cylinder. A numerical simulation of the system that uses a previously developed reduced order electrostatic model is found to match the experimental data extremely well. Time dependent charge drain and disturbance torques on the cylinder are characterised so that they may be accurately modelled in the simulation. At low speeds, the achievable Coulomb torques are several times higher than the atmospheric drag and bearing friction. An active charge control de-spin manoeuvre arrests the cylinder motion in about 1/3 of the time it takes the cylinder to come to rest due to the friction in the system alone. Several hardware components and methods are identified for improvement in future iterations of the testbed, but the current result constitutes a successful verification of the Coulomb spacecraft de-spin concept.
Arabidopsis genes involved in acyl lipid metabolism. A 2003 census of the candidates, a study of the distribution of expressed sequence tags in organs, and a web-based database.

The genome of Arabidopsis has been searched for sequences of genes involved in acyl lipid metabolism. Over 600 encoded proteins have been identified, cataloged, and classified according to predicted function, subcellular location, and alternative splicing. At least one-third of these proteins were previously annotated as “unknown function” or with functions unrelated to acyl lipid metabolism; therefore, this study has improved the annotation of over 200 genes. In particular, annotation of the lipolytic enzyme group (at least 110 members total) has been improved by the critical examination of the biochemical literature and the sequences of the numerous proteins annotated as “lipases.” In addition, expressed sequence tag (EST) data have been surveyed, and more than 3,700 ESTs associated with the genes were cataloged. Statistical analysis of the number of ESTs associated with specific cDNA libraries has allowed calculation of probabilities of differential expression between different organs. More than 130 genes have been identified with a statistical probability > 0.95 of preferential expression in seed, leaf, root, or flower. All the data are available as a Web-based database, the Arabidopsis Lipid Gene database (http://www.plantbiology.msu.edu/lipids/genesurvey/index.htm). The combination of the data of the Lipid Gene Catalog and the EST analysis can be used to gain insights into differential expression of gene family members and sets of pathway-specific genes, which in turn will guide studies to understand specific functions of individual genes.
Burst mode packet receiver using a second order DLL

This paper describes a CDR that can be used to receive optically switched packets. Rather than using fast phase acquisition to lock onto each packet, it uses a second order delay locked loop to acquire both the frequency and phase of each source to predict future bit transitions. A 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS prototype can track frequency offsets of 100ppm to better than 0.1 ppm and can retain lock on 10Kbit 3.125Gbps packets that occur once every 2.4Mbits.
The Role of Personality in Organizational Life: Issues and Evidence

This article is a selective review of important issues, themes, and topics regarding the effects of personality on organizational behavior. Recent literature on the impact of personality on job attitudes and affective states at work is reviewed. Two traits, positive affectivity and negative affectivity, are presented as the key dispositional determinants of affective reactions at work. Criticisms of the dispositional approach are addressed and the integrative perspective of interactional psychology is discussed. The distinction between traits and states is explained and it is shown how states mediate the effects of traits on behavior with states essentially capturing the person-situation interaction. Theorizing and research on person-environment fit, a complementary perspective on person-situation interactions, is discussed, followed by a discussion of the links between personality and three organizationallyrelevant outcomes: prosocial behavior, effort and performance, and leadership. Finally, the links b...
Information theory and music

Jonathan Swift once said that good writing was a matter of getting the right words in the right order, Similarity, a sounds and arranging these sounds into some sort of pattern. The uses of information theory to analyze and describe this creative process, its limitations and possibilities, are discussed in this paper.
Quality of life appears similar between survivors of indolent and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Few studies have examined the quality of life (QOL) in survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). A total of 109 patients with NHL (58 aggressive [AGG], 51 indolent [IND]) completed two health-related QOL assessments using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Healthy Survey (MOS SF-36) and the Functional Assessment in Cancer Therapy – Fatigue (FACT-F). Scores between IND and AGG were compared using a two-sample t-test. Multiple linear regression was performed to account for any potentially explanatory variables. Overall, 70.6% had received chemotherapy and 55% had received immunotherapy. Some 17.6% of the IND group had received no therapy. The overall physical and mental component QOL scores of the SF-36 did not differ between survivors. Physical function in survivors of IND was significantly better when compared with that of AGG NHL. Our study reports a similar overall QOL between survivors of IND and AGG NHL. Physical function, however, may be more impaired in survivors of AGG NHL.
Spatial and temporal analysis of lake sedimentation under reforestation

Abstract Spatial and temporal land cover changes can reduce or accelerate lake sedimentation. This study was conducted to examine morphometry and bathymetry, and the long-term changes (over 75 years) in sedimentation in the Lake Issaqueena reservoir, South Carolina. The watershed and catchment areas were delineated using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) based data. Trends in lake surface area and riparian buffer condition (vegetated or unvegetated) were determined from historical aerial photography. From 1938 to 2009, the lake experienced a decrease in surface area of approximately 11.33 ha while catchment area increased by 6.99 ha, and lake volume decreased by 320,800.00 m 3 . Lake surface area decreased in years corresponding to equal coverage or largely unvegetated riparian buffers. Surface area and average annual precipitation were not correlated; therefore other factors such as soil type, riparian buffer condition and changes in land use likely contributed to sedimentation. Shift from agricultural land to forestland in this watershed resulted in a decrease in sedimentation rates by 88.28%.
Shape analysis of hypertrophic and hypertensive heart disease using MRI-based 3D surface models of left ventricular geometry

The focus of this study was to develop advanced mathematical tools to construct high-resolution 3D models of left-ventricular (LV) geometry to evaluate focal geometric differences between patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) using cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) cross-sectional images. A limiting factor in 3D analysis of cardiac MR cross-sections is the low out-of-plane resolution of the acquired images. To overcome this problem, we have developed a mathematical framework to construct a population-based high-resolution 3D LV triangulated surface (template) in which an iterative matching algorithm maps a surface mesh of a normal heart to a set of cross-sectional contours that were extracted from short-axis cine cardiac MR images of patients who were diagnosed with either HCM or HHD. A statistical analysis was conducted on deformations that were estimated at each surface node to identify shape differences at end-diastole (ED), end-systole (ES), and motion-related shape variation from ED to ES. Some significant shape difference in radial thickness was detected at ES. Differences of LV 3D surface geometry were identified focally on the basal anterior septum wall. Further research is needed to relate these findings to the HCM morphological substrate and to design a classifier to discriminate among different etiologies of LV hypertrophy.
Mind-Body Health: Research, Clinical, and Policy Applications:

Abstract Purpose of the Review. This critical review presents an overview of the development in the field of mind-body medicine over the last 10 years and has taken tentative steps toward suggesting the components of a new model of health based on psychoneuroimmunology. While documenting the major shortcomings of present research design, methodology, data analysis, and subsequent hypotheses, this article points out areas of sufficient promise for practical and responsible clinical applications of the research. Search Method Used. A thorough review of the clinical and experimental medical literature related to the interaction between mind and body is presented, and the new and complex research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology is analyzed. Summary of Important Findings. Despite the mixed and sometimes conflicting findings in current research, there is an increasingly compelling body of scientific evidence indicating that mind-body interactions are at the root of both health and disease. Research demons...
Tax Lessons from the Astor Trial

This article examines the changes that philanthropist Brooke Russell Astor made to her will – or, more accurately, the changes that Mrs. Astor purportedly made to her will – before her death in 2007. Anthony Marshall, the 85-year old son of Brooke Astor, and lawyer Francis X. Morrissey, who supervised the execution of a third codicil to her will, presently stand accused of more than 20 criminal counts including fraud and conspiracy. Ultimately a jury will decide whether the defendants duped and sole from Mrs. Astor. In the meantime, however, the prosecution and the press have presented as “evidence” of alleged wrongdoing nothing more than evidence that Mrs. Astor's lawyers recommended standard tax planning techniques. Those who seek an analysis of the particular criminal charges should look elsewhere. Fishers for gossipy commentary on the professional conduct of the lawyers who have testified in Astor case will be disappointed. Tax gurus, read on for a discussion of charitable remainder trusts, income in respect of a decedent, multi-generational philanthropy, fiduciary powers and estate tax deductions under IRC § 2053.
Healthy dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer by molecular subtype.

We examined associations between dietary quality indices and breast cancer risk by molecular subtype among 100,643 women in the prospective Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) cohort, followed from 1984 to 2006. Dietary quality scores for the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary patterns were calculated from semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires collected every 2–4 years. Breast cancer molecular subtypes were defined according to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and epidermal growth factor receptor status from immunostained tumor microarrays in combination with histologic grade. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age and breast cancer risk factors, were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Competing risk analyses were used to assess heterogeneity by subtype. We did not observe any significant associations between the AHEI or aMED dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer by molecular subtype. However, a significantly reduced risk of HER2-type breast cancer was observed among women in 5th versus 1st quintile of the DASH dietary pattern [n = 134 cases, Q5 vs. Q1 HR (95 % CI) = 0.44 (0.25–0.77)], and the inverse trend across quintiles was significant (p trend = 0.02). We did not observe any heterogeneity in associations between AHEI (p het = 0.25), aMED (p het = 0.71), and DASH (p het = 0.12) dietary patterns and breast cancer by subtype. Adherence to the AHEI, aMED, and DASH dietary patterns was not strongly associated with breast cancer molecular subtypes.
Wake Interaction of NREL Wind Turbines Using a Lattice Boltzmann Method

Wind turbines installed in arrays in a wind farm tend to experience reduced power production and increased fatigue load on the blades which can prematurely wear down turbine hardware. In this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of a single wind turbine was studied numerically first. Then the aerodynamic impacts of three in-line wind turbines were investigated. Turbine wake simulations were performed on NREL unsteady aerodynamics experiment phase VI two-bladed wind turbines. The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was used to model the wakes behind turbines. The ability of LBM to capture wake evolution and detailed flow characteristics were explored for a single and three in-line turbines. The model results provide an insight on the turbine wake interactions and demonstrate that the LBM can simulate the complexity of the wake interactions efficiently.
Preliminary Evidence for the Amplification of Global Warming in Shallow, Intertidal Estuarine Waters.

Over the past 50 years, mean annual water temperature in northeastern U.S. estuaries has increased by approximately 1.2°C, with most of the warming recorded in the winter and early spring. A recent survey and synthesis of data from four locations in Southern Rhode Island has led us to hypothesize that this warming may be amplified in the shallow (<1 m), nearshore portions of these estuaries. While intertidal areas are not typically selected as locations for long-term monitoring, we compiled data from published literature, theses, and reports that suggest that enhanced warming may be occurring, perhaps at rates three times higher than deeper estuarine waters. Warmer spring waters may be one of the factors influencing biota residing in intertidal regions both in general as well as at our specific sites. We observed greater abundance of fish, and size of Menidia sp., in recent (2010–2012) seine surveys compared to similar collections in 1962. While any linkages are speculative and data are preliminary, taken together they suggest that shallow intertidal portions of estuaries may be important places to look for the effects of climate change.
Phase Equilibria and Glass Forming Ability in the Zr-Cu-Ni-Al System

The constitution of the 66.67 at.% Zr isopleth of the Zr-Cu-Ni-Al quaternary system has been studied, utilizing X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis to establish phase equilibria at 800°C, and differential scanning calorimetry to study the liquidus hypersurface. As would be expected in a four-component system, phase equilibria were found to be complex. However, it was determined that the isoplethal subsection Zr2Cu-Zr2Ni is pseudobinary, and subsequently a large portion of the quaternary isopleth is pseudoternary, comprising equilibria involving the phases Zr2Cu, Zr2Ni and Zr6NiAl2. Moreover, these three phases participate in a pseudoternary eutectic reaction: L → Zr2Cu + Zr2Ni + Zr6NiAl2 at 852°C. Utilizing the thermal analysis data, the composition of the eutectic point was estimated to lie very near that of the well-known bulk metallic glass forming alloy Zr65Cu17.5Ni10Al7.5. The compositional proximity of a “deep” eutectic valley to this quaternary alloy thus provides a thermodynamic rationale for its high glass forming ability.
Release from retroactive retention interference for acoustic duration.

Listener retention of stimulus duration was studied. Measures of difference-limen-for-duration (DLD) between standard and comparison stimuli were obtained for intervals with and without intervening noise bursts, including an intervening condition with a lateralization cue. The DLD was significantly higher when intervening sounds were present, but a lateralization cue mitigated the interference, presumably by allowing attention to be more readily allocated to retention of the standard. General interference results are in keeping with those reported for pitch, loudness, and timbre retention, but not for retention of gap length. Release from interference with a lateralization cue is akin to that reported for pitch. Overall, the ramifications of retroactive interference on duration retention are more similar to those reported for pitch than for another temporal-based attribute—namely, gap length.
Development of Four-legged Vehicle for an Intelligent Robot

知能ロポットの移動機能部分用としての試作4足歩行ロボットについて述べる。脚として3自由度を有する水平多関節型のマニプレータを正方形枠の各頂点に配置した重力方向分離駆動構造とし, 軽量化のために全機構は炭素繊維強化プラスチック (CFRP) で製作した.制御系としてはマイクロプロセッサを用いた階層制御方式とし, ソフトウェアはC言語を使用した.テーブルメモリとして蓄えられた歩行シーケンス“クロール歩容”を用いて前進および後退の静的安定歩行を実現した.8cm/sの歩行速度が実現可能であった.
Nonlinear Modeling of Alcohol Consumption for Analysis of Beverage Type Effects and Beverage Preference Effects

In a previous report (Kimball and Friedman, Am J Epidemiol, 1992;135:1279-86), linear models for relating health outcomes to alcohol consumption were proposed for differentiating between beverage type effects and beverage preference effects. The models were applied to data relating serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol to alcohol consumption. In this report, those models are extended to the nonlinear case and are applied to data from the 1982 Maryland Hypertension Survey relating systolic blood pressure to alcohol consumption.
Virginia Woolf and the Professions by Evelyn Tsz Yan Chan.

Virginia Woolf, the British writer, is an international icon today for good reason. Her scintillating A Room of One’s Own (1929) and equally brilliant—but more difficult—Three Guineas (1938) are of...
Abstract IA15: Accelerating translational research using ESC-GEMM models and inducible RNAi

Cancer arises through an evolutionary process whereby normal cells acquire mutations that erode growth controls, leading to the expansion of aberrantly proliferating cells. Such mutations activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressors, each bestowing new capabilities to developing leukemic cells. Our research is based on the premise that the path of cancer evolution dictates a tumor9s subsequent response to therapy and creates unique vulnerabilities that represent therapeutic opportunities. Hence, we in use cancer genomics and functional studies in a coordinated manner to identify cancer drivers and dependencies, the then study their role of key genes in therapy response. To facilitate our research, we frequently employ mouse cancer models based on the genetic manipulation of stem and progenitor cells ex vivo followed by transplantation of the altered cells into the appropriate organ of syngeneic recipient mice. This approach allows us to rapidly study the impact of many genes and gene combinations on tumorigenesis and distinguish driver and passenger events from many candidates. Furthermore, we have developed powerful methods for using RNA interference to suppress gene function in vivo in either a stable and reversible manner, enabling us to study the gene function in established disease. Recently, we have combined these approaches to identify and validate candidate driver genes, and then used the animal models obtained from these studies as preclinical model to test novel therapeutic approaches. In addition, we have used inducible RNAi to study the role of tumor suppressor genes and cancer targets in normal and neoplastic tissues. Citation Format: Scott W. Lowe. Accelerating translational research using ESC-GEMM models and inducible RNAi. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
To Ask, Sense, or Share: Ad Hoc Information Gathering

Agents operating in complex (e.g., dynamic, uncertain, partially observable) environments must gather information from various sources to inform their incomplete knowledge. Two popular types of sources include: (1) directly sensing the environment using the agent's sensors, and (2) sharing information between networked agents occupying the same environment. In this paper, we address agent reasoning for appropriately selecting between such types of sources to update agent knowledge over time. In particular, we consider ad hoc environments where agents cannot collaborate in advance to predetermine joint solutions for when to share vs. when to sense. Instead, we propose a solution where agents individually learn the benefits of relying on each type of source to maximize knowledge improvement. We empirically evaluate our learning-based solution in different environment configurations to demonstrate its advantages over other strategies.
Rationally Repurposing Ruxolitinib (Jakafi (®)) as a Solid Tumor Therapeutic.

We determined whether the approved myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib (Jakafi®), an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could be repurposed as an anti-cancer agent for solid tumors. Ruxolitinib synergistically interacted with dual ERBB1/2/4 inhibitors to kill breast as well as lung, ovarian and brain cancer cells. Knock down of JAK1/2 or of ERBB1/2/3/4 recapitulated on-target drug effects. The combination of [ruxolitinib + ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor] rapidly inactivated AKT, mTORC1, mTORC2, STAT3 and STAT5, and activated eIF2 alpha. In parallel the drug combination reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, HSP90, HSP70 and GRP78, and increased expression of Beclin1. Activated forms of STAT3, AKT or mTOR prevented the drug-induced decline in BCL-XL, MCL-1, HSP90 and HSP70 levels. Over-expression of chaperones maintained AKT / mTOR activity in the presence of drugs and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Expression of dominant negative eIF2 alpha S51A prevented the increase in Beclin1 expression and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Loss of mTOR activity was associated with increased ATG13 S318 phosphorylation and with autophagosome formation. Autophagosomes initially co-localized with mitochondria and subsequently with lysosomes. Knock down of Beclin1 suppressed: drug–induced mitophagy; the activation of the toxic BH3 domain proteins BAX and BAK; and tumor cell killing. Knock down of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells from the drug combination whereas blockade of caspase 9 signaling did not. The drug combination released AIF into the cytosol and increased nuclear AIF : eIF3A co-localization. A 4-day transient exposure of orthotopic tumors to [ruxolitinib + afatinib] profoundly reduced mammary tumor growth over the following 35 days. Re-grown tumors exhibited high levels of BAD S112 phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 and NF kappa B. Our data demonstrate that mitophagy is an essential component of [ruxolitinib + ERBB inhibitor] lethality and that this drug combination should be explored in a phase I trial in solid tumor patients.
Empirical decryption of point source and nonpoint source loading in the context of a total phosphorus TMDL

ABSTRACTLehman JT. 2016. Empirical decryption of point source and nonpoint source loading in the context of a total phosphorus TMDL. Lake Reserv Manage. 32:259–269.A graphical and linear regression method was used to distinguish among point sources, nonpoint sources, and in-channel sinks of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients, relying on the observation that point-source loads and nonpoint-source loads are not correlated. Point-source loads from wastewater outfalls did not change proportionally with streamflow, whereas landscape erosion did. Point sources and sinks could be deduced from changes in the intercept of linear regressions of in-stream loads of nutrients at different points along the stream channel, whereas deviations of the slope from 1.0 revealed nonpoint source loading or diversions. The method demonstrates (1) how total phosphorus and total nitrogen released from a wastewater treatment facility is sequestered within macrophyte beds downstream from the outfall, and (2) how reductions in...
Aging kinetics of friction stir welded Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag and Al-Cu-Li-Mg alloys

Abstract Friction stir welding under ambient cooling conditions, using tool rotation rate of 800 rpm and welding speed of 200 mm per minute was carried out on 2195 and 2199 Al-Li alloys. Underwater welding was also performed on both the alloys using a pool on the top of workpiece. Post weld heat treatment for various durations was conducted to study the effect of alloy chemistry on aging kinetics in various metallurgical zones developed during welding. Vickers microhardness, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy results showed that low dislocation density after recrystallization in weld nugget results in delayed aging kinetics for both the alloys. Ag containing alloy 2195 showed faster aging response compared to Ag-free alloy 2199. Coarse precipitates at grain boundary and in the grain interior were found responsible for loss of non-recoverable strength in heat affected zone for both the alloys.
Effects of temperature and availability of insect prey on bat emergence from hibernation in spring

Bats at northern latitudes may hibernate for up to 8 months during winter and must subsist on stored fat over this period. Environmental influences on bat emergence from hibernation are not well understood, and the degree to which bat emergence coincides with availability of their insect prey is not known. We used electronic detectors to monitor bat activity from 2001 to 2013 at a major hibernaculum, used primarily by Myotis lucifugus , in Wisconsin. We estimated dates of entry into hibernation in fall and recorded bat activity as bats emerged in spring over this 13-year period. Temperatures outside and inside the mine and airflow at the mine entrance were measured. Night-flying insects were monitored during spring from 2008 to 2013. Bat activity in spring was most strongly associated with warmer temperatures outside of the mine and was also correlated with airflow in the mine entrance. Changes in airflow were driven by temperature differentials between the mine and outside, and could serve as a signal for outside temperatures to bats inside of the mine. Insect abundance was also positively correlated with warmer outside temperatures. However, bat activity peaked before insects started to become abundant. Over the 13 years of the study, the date at which 5% of bat activity for the season was reached ranged from 10 April to 20 April, and for 50% of bat activity for the season the range was from 28 April to 4 May. The date of 5% bat activity for the season was not correlated with the date of entry into hibernation the previous fall, mean winter temperatures inside or outside of the mine, or the degree days (base 0°C) inside or outside of the mine. Our study was conducted before white-nose syndrome was documented in Wisconsin, thus our study documents hibernation behavior of healthy bats.
Lactate and glucose metabolism in mouse (Mus musculus) and reptile (Anolis carolinensis) skeletal muscle

The reliance on anaerobic metabolism during exercise in lizards has been the subject of a growing body of literature in activity metabolism. Prior studies have demonstrated that lizards rely more on postexercise lactate to regenerate depleted glycogen stores than do many mammals. These studies prompted an in vitro comparison between the metabolic mechanisms for the handling of lactate and glucose in the muscles of a small mammal and lizard. Hindlimb muscles of Mus and Anolis were stimulated to fatigue and then incubated in the presence of 15 mM lactate and either 5.5 (mice) or 8.5 (anoles) mM glucose. Oxidation rates of lactate and glucose were seven to eight times higher in mice. Both species oxidized more lactate than glucose (8 to 9 times). However, anole muscle showed a preference for lactate as a substrate for glycogenesis, incorporating 1.5 times as much lactate (expressed in glucose equivalents) as glucose. In contradistinction, mice incorporated 2.8 times as much glucose into glycogen as lactate. The quantitative differences in metabolic scope of mammals and reptiles are accompanied by fundamental differences in the capacity and patterns of skeletal muscle metabolism of lactate and glucose.
Reuters Tracer: A Large Scale System of Detecting & Verifying Real-Time News Events from Twitter

News professionals are facing the challenge of discovering news from more diverse and unreliable information in the age of social media. More and more news events break on social media first and are picked up by news media subsequently. The recent Brussels attack is such an example. At Reuters, a global news agency, we have observed the necessity of providing a more effective tool that can help our journalists to quickly discover news on social media, verify them and then inform the public. In this paper, we describe Reuters Tracer, a system for sifting through all noise to detect news events on Twitter and assessing their veracity. We disclose the architecture of our system and discuss the various design strategies that facilitate the implementation of machine learning models for noise filtering and event detection. These techniques have been implemented at large scale and successfully discovered breaking news faster than traditional journalism