cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old Shaykhs, Young Women, and the Internet: The Rewriting of Women's Political Rights in Islam

Cet article concerne l'Egypte principalement comme le plus riche des pays arabes en ce qui concerne la presse, les librairies, les programmes de television, les universites et Internet. Il aborde tour a tour la problematique des droits politiques des femmes dans l'islam et les «fatwas» traditionalistes sur ces droits ainsi qu'un resume du document de 1952 presente par le Conseil des Fatwas de l'Universite al-Azhar ; l'emergence d'un nouveau discours legal et les «fatwas» de Shaykh al-Qaradawi sur les droits politiques des femmes en islam ; la problematique du modernisme musulman «liberal» ; le modernisme intellectuel et ses limites ; enfin la nouvelle «ulama» (ecole) et l'influence de al-Qaradawi du Qatar.
Factors leading to the successful use of voice recognition technology

In this paper, results are presented from a field study of individuals with disabilities who used voice recognition technology (VRT). The perceived benefits of the VRT and the ability to use the VRT for a trial period were determined to be the major factors resulting in successful adoption of the technology.
Formation, Structure, and EPR Detection of a High Spin FeIV—Oxo Species Derived from Either an FeIII—Oxo or FeIII—OH Complex

High spin oxoiron(IV) complexes have been proposed to be a key intermediate in numerous nonheme metalloenzymes. The successful detection of similar complexes has been reported for only two synthetic systems. A new synthetic high spin oxoiron(IV) complex is now reported that can be prepared from a well-characterized oxoiron(III) species. This new oxoiron(IV) complex can also be prepared from a hydroxoiron(III) species via a proton-coupled electron transfer process—a first in synthetic chemistry. The oxoiron(IV) complex has been characterized with a variety of spectroscopic methods: FTIR studies showed a feature associated with the Fe−O bond at ν(Fe16O) = 798 cm−1 that shifted to 765 cm−1 in the 18O complex; Mossbauer experiments show a signal with an δ = 0.02 mm/s and |ΔEQ| = 0.43 mm/s, electronic parameters consistent with an Fe(IV) center, and optical spectra had visible bands at λmax = 440 (eM = 3100), 550 (eM = 1900), and 808 (eM = 280) nm. In addition, the oxoiron(IV) complex gave the first observable...
An efficient forward model of ground penetrating radar for sensing deteriorated bridge decks

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a viable tool for fast nondestructive sensing of concrete structures. The finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method can be used to simulate subsurface wave scattering. A full 3D FDFD is preferred in general but is computationally burdensome. In this paper, we study deteriorated concrete bridge decks via a comprehensive full 3D analytic method. The Green's function analysis in combination with the method of moments (MoM) is used to effectively model a layered concrete structure with an embedded grid of rebars. The scattering effect of subsurface defects is computed efficiently via the Born approximation. The analytic method is validated well with the FDFD method.
Membrane permeabilization induced by cytolytic delta-endotoxin CytA from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.

CytA is a member of a functionally defined family of insecticidal delta-endotoxins occurring in parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. We investigated the ability of CytA to permeabilize the membrane and release fluorescence marker molecules from unilamellar lipid vesicles. Both protoxin (27 kDa) and proteolytically activated toxin (24 kDa) were very effective in permeabilization of unilamellar lipid vesicles: concentrations as low as several nanomolar produced a significant effect. The toxin was about 2-3 times more effective than the protoxin. The concentration of CytA required for the same extent of calcein release in large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) was 5-10 times lower than that in small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). Both small (calcein) and large (fluorescein-dextrans, MW 3000 and 10 000) molecules were released from the vesicles by CytA with comparable single-exponential kinetics. The release was an all-or-none event, i.e., each vesicle either released all of its contents or remained completely intact. Binding of CytA to lipid membranes did not show appreciable cooperativity, the apparent binding constant (Kapp) being on the order of 10(5) M-1. The plots of kinetics of release vs bound protein/ lipid ratio and the differential effects of CytA on LUV vs SUV indicate that at least 140 toxin molecules or 311 protoxin molecules must bind to an LUV before the latter starts losing its integrity. The necessity of adsorption of this relatively large number of toxin molecules to trigger permeabilization, together with the lack of discrimination in the size of the released marker molecules, suggests that the effect of CytA is a general, detergent-like, perturbation of the membrane rather than creation of small, well-defined, proteinaceous channels.
Psychosocial burdens negatively impact HIV antiretroviral adherence in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men aged 50 and older

We sought to characterize HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and psychosocial correlates of adherence in a sample of gay, bisexual, and other non-gay or -bisexual identified men who have sex with men aged 50 and over. As part of a cross-sectional study we recruited a community-based sample of 199 men and assessed adherence to current ART medications along four domains: (1) missing doses in the past 4 days, (2) taking doses on the specified schedule in the past 4 days, (3) following instructions about how to take the medications (e.g., to take medications with food), and (4) missing doses in the last weekend. A total adherence score was also computed. Bivariable analyses indicated negative associations between depression, sexual compulsivity, and HIV-related stigma with each of the individual adherence variables and the composite adherence score, while an older age was found to be protective. In multivariable analyses, controlling for age and educational attainment, a higher likelihood of missing d...
Nerve Regeneration: Correlation of Electrical, Histological, and Behavioral Events

Wihtin 5 days after the leg nerves of a cockroach are injured, miniature end-plate potentials have disappeared. and the muscle is unresponsive to electrical stimulation. The soma of the injured neutron has a dense perinuclear ring of RNA. By 40 days after the injury, locomotor activity has returned, and the miniature end-plate potentials and evoked electrical responses have reappeared in the muscle. The RNA ring has disappeared, and the nucleus of the regenerating neuron has shifted to an eccentric position.
Thermal dechlorination and dehydrogenation pathways for ortho-, meta-, and para-chlorotoluene on the Pt(1 1 1) surface: C–Cl bond activation by methyl

Abstract The effects of a methyl substituent on the dechlorination pathways for ortho -, meta - and para -chlorotoluene have been characterized using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) on the Pt(1 1 1) surface. All three isomer of chlorotoluene dechlorinate to form HCl, H 2 , and a small amount of benzene as the temperature is increased. The methyl group partially dehydrogenates at ∼300 K to yield a methylene group. Temperature differences are observed that are clearly dependent on the position of the methylene substituent relative to the chloro group. All the isomers are partially dechlorinated below HCl’s desorption temperature resulting in a desorption limited HCl peak near 300 K. However, above 300 K the HCl peaks are reaction limited. ortho -Chlorotoluene’s reaction limited HCl peak is at 326 K, while meta -chlorotoluene’s reaction limited peaks are at 390 K and 420 K. The reaction limited HCl peak for para -chlorotoluene appears at 420 K. Clearly, the proximity of the methylene group to the chloro group decreases the temperature for HCl formation. The intensities of the primary reaction limited HCl peaks also change with chlorotoluene coverage for all the isomers. Specifically, for low chlorotoluene coverages, HCl formation near 420 K dominates for all three isomers. Initial adsorption appears to be associated with a less reactive site with a large adsorption strength. With increasing chlorotoluene exposure the low temperature HCl peaks increase in size. Similar results were obtained for hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene on the Pt(1 1 1) surface and used to support a two site reaction model.
Co-expression of a NADPH:P450 reductase enhances CYP71A10-dependent phenylurea metabolism in tobacco

A soybean cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, designated CYP71A10, catalyzes the oxidative N-demethylation or ring methyl hydroxylation of a variety of phenylurea herbicides. The ectopic expression of CYP71A10 in tobacco was previously shown to be an effective means of enhancing whole plant tolerance to the compounds linuron and chlortoluron. Because P450 enzymes require ancillary proteins to catalyze the transfer of electrons from NADPH to the functional heme group of the P450, it is possible that the endogenous levels of these companion proteins may be insufficient to support the optimal activation of a highly expressed recombinant P450. In the present report, we have generated transgenic tobacco that simultaneously express CYP71A10 and a soybean P450 reductase. Transformed plants that express both CYP71A10 and the P450 reductase demonstrated 20–23% higher metabolic activity against phenylurea herbicides than control plants expressing CYP71A10 alone. These results suggest that herbicide tolerance strategies based on the expression of P450 genes may require concomitant expression of a cognate electron transport partner to fully exploit the herbicide metabolic capacity of the P450.
Placental production and foetal utilisation of lactate and pyruvate.

APPROXIMATELY 75% of foetal oxygen consumption of sheep can be accounted for by the uptake of glucose from the umbilical circulation1–3 and catabolism of amino acids4. The contribution to foetal energy metabolism of exogenous long-chain fatty acids5 and fructose1 seems to be negligible. We report now that the placenta normally provides lactate for the foetus, in sufficient quantities to account for 25% of foetal oxidative metabolism. This finding invalidates the assumption that under normal physiological conditions there is a net flux of lactate from foetus to mother. The assumption seemed reasonable in the past because the concentration of lactate in foetal blood is greater than in maternal blood and because of the formerly prominent hypothesis that anaerobic metabolism is very active in foetal life.
Why We Read

Several years ago, a colleague complained that she never had time to read. Between her working as a Dean of Students, raising a family and taking care of an ailing mother with Alzheimer’s, she was left with neither time, nor energy to read. Taking a few minutes to unpack her concerns and ideas, we decided to implement a readership program for our staff.
Crustal Structure Beneath Taiwan Using Frequency-band Inversion of Receiver Function Waveforms

—Receiver function analysis is used to determine local crustal structure beneath Taiwan. We have performed preliminary data processing and polarization analysis for the selection of stations and events and to increase overall data quality. Receiver function analysis is then applied to data from the Taiwan Seismic Network to obtain radial and transverse receiver functions. Due to the limited azimuthal coverage, only the radial receiver functions are analyzed in terms of horizontally layered crustal structure for each station. In order to improve convergence of the receiver function inversion, frequency-band inversion (FBI) is implemented, in which an iterative inversion procedure with sequentially higher low-pass corner frequencies is used to stabilize the waveform inversion. Frequency-band inversion is applied to receiver functions at six stations of the Taiwan Seismic Network. Initial 20-layer crustal models are inverted for using prior tomographic results for the initial models. The resulting 20-1ayer models are then simplified to 4 to 5 layer models and input into an alternating depth and velocity frequency-band inversion. For the six stations investigated, the resulting simplified models provide an average estimate of 38 km for the Moho thickness surrounding the Central Range of Taiwan. Also, the individual station estimates compare well with the recent tomographic model of and the refraction results of Rau and Wu (1995) and the refraction results of Ma and Song (1997).
Heritability of depressive symptoms: a case study using a multilevel approach.

We present a case study using a multilevel modeling approach to determine whether depressive symptoms are affected by genetic factors. Existing studies examining this question have focused on twins. The present study built on the literature by conducting a preliminary study of the heritability of depressive symptoms within extended families. At the same time, this study assessed the need for adjustment of a heritability measure in a family study using a multigenerational sample. The sample consisted of 230 community‐dwelling extended families that included 431 adult offspring, comprising full siblings, half siblings and cousins that participated in the University of Southern California Longitudinal Study of Generations. All participants filled out the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. The multilevel analysis allowed us to model the natural hierarchy of the extended family. Results indicate that the proportion of the phenotypic variance for CES‐D that occurs due to genetic differences is not significantly larger than zero among these participants [h 2 = 8.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0–57%, p = 0.71]. Our findings suggest that future studies examining depressive symptoms in this sample can focus on non‐genetic explanatory factors without the necessity to control for genetic variation. However, our study may be limited by measurement of prevalent depressive symptoms, which may not generalize to lifetime depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Shock Tube Study of Chlorobenzene Pyrolysis

Abstract The pyrolysis of a 2.1% chlorobenzene-Ne mixture was studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 1580-2000 K and total pressures of 0.30-0.50 atm. Time dependent reactant and major product profiles were obtained using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Acetylene, hydrogen chloride, and diacetylene are the major products. Minor products include C6,H2, benzene, and C8H2. The only radical detected is phenyl which appears at early reaction times. HCl is the only chlorine containing product recorded; Cl atoms, Cl2, and species with m/e > 114 were not detected and were assumed to be below the TOF detectability limit which is approximately 10−2mol/cm3. The total carbon balance depends upon temperature. The maximum imbalance occurs around 1800 K. C2H2 and C4H2 represent only 25-40% of the carbon resulting from the decomposition of chlorobenzene. C6H2, C6H6 and C8H2 add another 10%; the remaining 50-65% of carbon atoms from C6H5Cl decomposition are lost to soot formation by the end of t...
A fast vector quantization encoding method for image compression

This paper presents a general search method to speed up the encoding process for vector quantization. The method exploits the topological structure of the codebook to dynamically eliminate the code vectors for encoding a particular input vector and thus decrease the number of distance calculations which require very intensive computations. The relations between the proposed method and several existing fast algorithms are discussed. Based on the proposed method, a new fast encoding algorithm for vector quantization is developed. Simulation results demonstrate that with little preprocessing and memory cost, the encoding time of the new algorithm has been reduced significantly while encoding quality remains the same with respect to exhaustive search. >
Impacts of the Community Reinvestment Act on Neighborhood Change and Gentrification

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages bank lending in low- and moderateincome areas. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits a relative income threshold that distinguishes CRA eligible from CRA ineligible neighborhoods (census tracts) and find little evidence that CRA has contributed to neighborhood changes associated with gentrification in eligible areas. Over the 1989 to 1999 period, we find that CRA eligible tracts had greater increases in mean income relative to ineligible tracts, but we find little evidence that the CRA caused decreases in the proportion of long-term residents, or increases in the proportion of white residents or college educated residents.
Unresectable carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses: outcomes and toxicities.

Purpose To evaluate long-term outcomes and toxicity in patients with unresectable paranasal sinus carcinoma treated with radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. Methods and Materials Between January 1990 and December 2006, 39 patients with unresectable Stage IVB paranasal sinus carcinoma were treated definitively with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy ( n = 35, 90%) or with radiotherapy alone ( n = 4, 10%). Patients were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy ( n = 18, 46%), intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( n = 12, 31%), or conventional radiotherapy ( n = 9, 23%) to a median treatment dose of 70 Gy. Most patients received concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy ( n = 32, 82%) and/or concomitant boost radiotherapy ( n = 29, 74%). Results With a median follow-up of 90 months, the 5-year local progression–free survival, regional progression–free survival, distant metastasis–free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 21%, 61%, 51%, 14%, and 15%, respectively. Patients primarily experienced local relapse ( n = 25, 64%), mostly within the irradiated field ( n = 22). Nine patients developed neck relapses; however none of the 4 patients receiving elective neck irradiation had a nodal relapse. In 13 patients acute Grade 3 mucositis developed. Severe late toxicities occurred in 2 patients with radionecrosis and 1 patient with unilateral blindness 7 years after intensity-modulated radiation therapy (77 Gy to the optic nerve). The only significant factor for improved local progression–free survival and overall survival was a biologically equivalent dose of radiation ≥65 Gy. Conclusions Treatment outcomes for unresectable paranasal sinus carcinoma are poor, and combined-modality treatment is needed that is both more effective and associated with less morbidity. The addition of elective neck irradiation may improve regional control.
Prolongation in expiration evoked from ventrolateral pons of adult rats

Jodkowski, Jozef S., Sharon K. Coles, and Thomas E. Dick. Prolongation in expiration evoked from ventrolateral pons of adult rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 377–381, 1997.—Activation of neurons in t...
Kinetic analysis of arm reaching movements during voluntary and passive rotation of the torso

Reaching movements made to targets during exposure to passive constant velocity rotation show significant endpoint errors. By contrast, reaching movements made during voluntary rotation of the torso are accurate. In both cases, as a consequence of the simultaneous motion of the arm and the torso, Coriolis forces are generated on the arm tending to deflect its path. Our goal in the present paper was to determine whether during voluntary torso rotations arm movement accuracy is preserved by feed forward compensations for self-generated Coriolis forces. To test this hypothesis we analyzed and quantified the contribution of torso rotation and translation to arm dynamics and compared the kinematics and kinetics of pointing movements during voluntary and passive torso rotation. Coriolis torques at the shoulder increase nearly sixfold in voluntary turn and reach movements relative to reaches made without torso rotation, yet are equally accurate. Coriolis torques during voluntary turn and reach movements are more than double those produced by reaching movements during passive body rotation at 60°/s. Nevertheless, the endpoints of the reaches made during voluntary rotation are not deviated, but those of reaches made during passive rotation are deviated in the direction of the Coriolis forces generated during the movements. We conclude that there is anticipatory pre-programmed compensation for self-generated Coriolis forces during voluntary torso rotation contingent on intended torso motion and arm trajectory.
Phonon-induced enhancement of the energy gap and critical current of superconducting aluminum films

Enhancements of the energy gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and the critical current ${I}_{c}$ have been induced in thin superconducting aluminum films near the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ by pulses of phonons at approximately 9 GHz. In terms of the change in temperature $|\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}T}{{T}_{c}}|$ necessary to produce the same enhancement in equilibrium, the gap enhancement increased smoothly with phonon power at fixed temperature and decreasing temperature at fixed phonon power; however, very close to ${T}_{c}$ the enhancement rolled off. At relatively low phonon powers, the data were in good agreement with the theory of Eckern, Schmid, Schmutz, and Sch\"on, but at higher power levels the data fell markedly below the predictions of the theory. The critical-current enhancements in terms of $|\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}T}{{T}_{c}}|$ were always larger than the gap enhancements at the same temperature and phonon power. At fixed phonon power the critical-current enhancements were nearly independent of temperature, except very close to ${T}_{c}$ where the enhancement became small. The inclusion of the nonequilibrium quasiparticle distribution and the kinetic energy of the supercurrent in the theory relating the critical-current enhancement to the gap enhancement did not resolve the discrepancies between the two enhancements. It appears likely that there is an additional mechanism for critical-current enhancement that has not yet been identified.
Effects of Provocation on Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Preschoolers' Understanding of Moral Transgressions

This study examined maltreated and nonmaltreated preschool children’s judgments regarding hypothetical provoked and unprovoked moral transgressions. Maltreated children (17 physically abused and 19 neglected) and 19 matched nonmaltreated children rated the severity and deserved punishment and evaluated affective responses to six hypothetical moral transgressions which were depicted as both unprovoked and provoked by another child’s actions. All children rated unprovoked transgressions as more serious and deserving of punishment and as eliciting more happiness and fear and less anger than transgressions that were depicted as provoked by another’s actions. No gender or maltreatment status differences in ratings of transgression severity and deserved punishment were found; however, patterns of affective responses to hypothetical transgressions differed as a function of maltreatment subtype. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research on maltreatment and moral judgment development.
The Founding of the American Epilepsy Society: 1936–1971

In December 1946, a joint meeting devoted to epilepsy research and care was held by the Association for the Research in Nervous and Mental Disease and the American Chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy. The American Epilepsy Society (AES) has chosen this date and this meeting to mark its founding and recognizes Dr. Charles D. Aring as the organization's first president. However, the founding process of the AES actually began a decade earlier with a dinner meeting held during the American Medical Association's annual meeting. Based on this historical review, it is recommended that the AES recognize 1936 as the year of its founding and Dr. William G. Lennox as its founder and first president.
Singing is based on two markedly different kinds of signaling

Singing is a complex form of communicating, incorporating two classes of signaling specializations with distinctive properties: primary signal units, and formal rules governing sequential order in sustained performances. The properties of each class enable it to provide its own characteristic kinds of information. As a fundamental procedure used in a wide range of circumstances, singing has many functions and is a major part of the communication of an enormous spectrum of animals. Yet recognition of singing's breadth and informative potential is commonly obscured by involved and inadequate definitions and use of one term, “song”, to cover both the components of singing and the formal sequencing rules. A simple, operationally defined distinction between sustained performances and their components is proposed herein, and its implications are examined. Sustained orderly singing performances are particularly useful for communicating at a distance, often obviating closer encounters. None the less, because singing provides information continuously it can also operate in close, nearly stable interactions (rapidly changing events disrupt or preclude singing). Each component signal of a performance usually provides information about a singer's identity, location and behavior, and different components can provide different information about behavior. The pattern in which the components are sung can reveal relative probabilities of different actions and the rates and directions of changes in those probabilities. The elaboration of singing that provides such information cannot be explained simply as a result of sexual selection or other postulates that assume almost total redundancy of components. Contrary to many existing definitions, singing is not limited by complexity of component form, the gender or age of performers, or season. It functions much more widely than is generally understood, for example, in parent-offspring interactions, mobbing, and vigilance behavior. Much singing that goes unrecognized because it incorporates signal units that are not “songs” is revealed by distinguishing between the properties of sustained performances and the very different properties of their components. Even non-vocal signaling sequences can be formally similar to singing.
Immunotherapy Markedly Increases the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil bacterium that is endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia and that can cause both acutely lethal pneumonia and chronic systemic infections in humans. The effective treatment of infection with B. pseudomallei requires rapid diagnosis and prolonged treatment with high doses of antimicrobials, and even with appropriate antibiotic therapy, patient relapses are common. Thus, new approaches to the treatment of B. pseudomallei infections are needed. In the present study, we asked whether active immunotherapy with gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a key cytokine regulating the intracellular replication of B. pseudomallei, could increase the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial therapy for B. pseudomallei infection. Macrophage infection assays and in vivo pulmonary challenge models were used to assess the inhibitory effects of combined treatment with IFN-γ and ceftazidime on B. pseudomallei infection. We found that treatment with even very low doses of IFN-γ and ceftazidime elicited strong synergistic inhibition of B. pseudomallei growth within infected macrophages. In vivo, active immunotherapy markedly potentiated the effectiveness of low-dose ceftazidime therapy for the treatment of infected mice in a pulmonary challenge model of B. pseudomallei. Combined treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden and a significant lessening of bacterial dissemination. We concluded, therefore, that immunotherapy with either endogenous or exogenous IFN-γ could significantly increase the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acute B. pseudomallei infection.
Using shape distributions to compare solid models

Our recent work has described how to use feature and topology in-formation to compare 3-D solid models. In this work we describe a new method to compare solid models based on shape distributions. Shape distribution functions are common in the computer graphics and computer vision communities. The typical use of shape dis-tributions is to compare 2-D objects, such as those obtained from imaging devices (cameras and other computer vision equipment). Recent work has applied shape distribution metrics for compari-son of approximate models found in the graphics community, such as polygonal meshes, faceted representation, and Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) models. This paper examines how to adapt these techniques to comparison of 3-D solid models, such as those produced by commercial CAD systems. We provide a brief review of shape matching with distribution functions and present an approach to matching solid models. First, we show how to ex-tend basic distribution-based techniques to handle CAD data that has been exported to VRML format. These extensions address specific geometries that occur in mechanical CAD data. Second, we describe how to use shape distributions to directly interrogate solid models. Lastly, we show how these techniques can be put together to provide a "query by example" interface to a large, het-erogeneous, CAD database: The National Design Repository. One significant contribution of our work is the systematic technique for performing consistent, engineering content-based comparisons of CAD models produced by different CAD systems.
Water Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Functionalization with Glucosamine

Water solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been achieved by functionalizing the SWNT with glucosamine. The grafting of glucosamine to the nanotubes was attained by producing acyl chloride on the carboxylic groups associated with the nanotubes. Subsequently, amide bonds were formed between the glucosamine and the SWNT. This grafting results in solubility of SWNT in water, which ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/mL, depending on temperature.
Probing the heterogeneous fluorescence-lifetime behavior of single rhodamine-6G molecules on fused silica

Heterogeneity in the environments of molecules affects their photophysical parameters. Changes in the local environments or changes within the molecules themselves produces fluctuations in the photophysical parameters. We have explored the fluorescence lifetime and intensity fluctuations of Rhodamine 6G on silica using time correlated single photon counting combined with near-field and far- field scanning optical microscopies, and fluorescence photon-pair correlation measurements in far-field microscopy. In the most recent work, we find complex behavior in the fluorescence lifetime and emission intensity in the millisecond to minute time range that must be associated with changes in both the non-radiative and the radiative decay rates.
Spatial Variation in Distribution and Growth Patterns of Old Growth Strip-Bark Pines

Abstract Postindustrial rises in CO2 have the potential to confound the interpretation of climatically sensitive tree-ring chronologies. Increased growth rates observed during the 20th century in strip-bark trees have been attributed to CO2 fertilization. Absent in the debate of CO2 effects on tree growth are spatially explicit analyses that examine the proximate mechanisms that lead to changes in rates of tree growth. Twenty-seven pairs of strip-bark and companion entire-bark trees were analyzed in a spatially explicit framework for abiotic environmental correlates. The strip-bark tree locations were not random but correlated to an abiotic proxy for soil moisture. The strip-bark trees showed a characteristic increase in growth rates after about 1875. Furthermore, the difference in growth rates between the strip-bark trees and entire-bark companions increased with increasing soil moisture. A possible mechanism for these findings is that CO2 is affecting water-use efficiency, which in turn affects tree-rin...
Recurrent, fatal Hemophilus influenzae sepsis in a splenectomized child on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

This child, who was on CAPD, had two episodes of Hemophilus influenzae sepsis, the second of which proved fatal. Predisposing factors were prior splenectomy, recent immunosuppression and cytomegalo...
Restoring the Status Quo Ante: The Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule as a Compensatory Device

This article departs from traditional deterrence analysis and focuses on the question of whether the constitutional necessity of compensating victims of fourth amendment violations renders some approaches to enforcing the fourth amendment especially appropriate, because they both compensate the victim and have collateral value as deterrents.
Adjustment Problems of the Family of the Burn Patient

Patients who have been severely burned experience an intense and varied trauma involving catastrophic injury, severe pain, possible cosmetic or functional deformities, and a threat to their sense of identity and worth. Hospitalization is usually prolonged. During this time, the family of the burn patient often remains with him to comfort and console him. Because most of the attention of the medical staff is focused on the suffering patient, the family members remain in the background and few people are aware of their suffering and emotional needs. Yet, just as the patient himself must adjust to his injury, so the family must go through a complicated process of understanding, accepting, and adjusting to the illness and distress of the loved one.
Evolution: A lizard that generates heat.

Birds and mammals generate heat to regulate body temperature, but most non-avian reptiles cannot. The discovery of endothermy during the reproductive period of a tegu lizard sheds light on the evolution of this characteristic.
Network Analysis of Human Disease Comorbidity Patterns Based on Large-Scale Data Mining

Disease comorbidity is an important aspect of phenotype associations and reflects overlapping pathogenesis between diseases. Existing comorbidity studies usually focused on specific diseases and patient populations. In this study, we systematically mined and analyzed disease comorbidity patterns without restricting disease types and patient populations. We presented a data mining approach and extracted comorbidity patterns from a patient-disease database in the drug adverse event reporting system. The database contains records of 3,354,043 patients. We first demonstrated that the data are not severely biased towards specific patient populations and valuable for comorbidity mining. Then we developed an automatic pipeline to process the data, and applied an association rule mining algorithm to mine comorbidity relationships among multiple diseases. Our approach extracted 8,576 comorbidity patterns for 613 diseases. We constructed a disease comorbidity network from these patterns and demonstrated that the comorbidity clusters reflect genetic associations between diseases. Different from previous studies based on relative risk, which tends to identify comorbidities for rare diseases, our approach extracted many patterns for common diseases. We applied the approach on colorectal cancer, and found interesting relationships between colorectal cancer and metabolic disorders, which may lead to promising pathogenesis discoveries.
CaR-mediated COX-2 expression in primary cultured mTAL cells.

Primary cultures of medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells retain the capacity to express calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mRNA and protein. Increases in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA accumulati...
CI-WATER: Cyberinfrastructure to Advance High Performance Water Resource Modeling

We present a collaborative research project called CI-WATER which involves a consortium of Utah and Wyoming researchers. The objective of the project is to acquire and develop hardware and software cyberinfrastructure (CI) to support the development and use of large-scale, high-resolution computational water resources models to enable comprehensive examination of integrated system behavior through physically-based, data-driven simulation. The scientific problem that this project addresses is: How are the quality and availability of water resources sensitive to climate variability, watershed alterations, and management activities? The CI challenge that we are addressing is: How can we best structure data and computer models to address this scientific problem through the use of high-performance and data-intensive computing by discipline scientists coming to this problem without extensive computational and algorithmic knowledge and experience? The project thus aims to broaden the application of CI and HPC techniques into the domain of integrated water resources modeling.
Stereotaxic surgery using a television guidance system. I. Thalamotomy.

We have reported a unique method of stereotaxic surgery carried out five times on three patients with dyskinesia. A biplane television system, which allows electro-optic transfer of biplane radiographic angular measurements directly to the probe-guide, is described. By this technique the polar coordinate system in stereotaxis is made both rapid and accurate.
First-Order Logic. Preliminaries

For first order logic (quantification theory) we shall use the following symbols: (a) The symbols of propositional logic other than propositional variables. (b) ∀ [read “for all”], ∃ [read “there exists”], (c1) A denumerable list of symbols called individual variables. (c2) A denumerable list of symbols (not in c1) called individual parameters. (d) For each positive integer n, a denumerable list of symbols called n-ary predicates, or predicates of degree n.
Metabolic changes associated with radical cystectomy.

Abstract The present study investigates the metabolic changes associated with cystectomy and the effects of nutritional support on the cystectomy patient. Twelve patients undergoing radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer were randomly assigned to receive either a diet of 5 per cent dextrose (Group I) or total parenteral nutrition (Group II) given as glucose and amino acids. Group I demonstrated a marked negative nitrogen balance throughout the study while Group II had minimal losses for the first three days and achieved positive nitrogen balance by the fourth postoperative day. Over six postoperative days, cumulative nitrogen balance was −1.08 ± 0.35 and −0.02 ± 0.16 gm./kg. (p The energy cost of radical cystectomy was similar to that in patients undergoing total hip replacement. However, lean tissue losses and norepinephrine concentrations were much higher than for hip patients and were comparable to changes seen in severe accidental injury. The tissue losses were completely abolished by total parenteral nutrition. The observation that nutrition affects temperature regulation in acutely ill patients has implications for interpreting increases in body temperature in injured patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Fever may not necessarily indicate the development of infection.
Going Green for Vulnerable Plaque Detection

Vulnerable plaques make vulnerable patients vulnerable. However, finding the vulnerable plaque that will cause future cardiac instability has proven difficult. Despite a number of invasive intravascular diagnostic modalities, our capacity to accurately identify unstable lesions or even those
Somatic Awareness and Tender Points in a Community Sample.

Abstract Somatic awareness (SA) refers to heightened sensitivity to a variety of physical sensations and symptoms. Few attempts have been made to dissociate the relationship of SA and affective symptoms with pain outcomes. We used a validated measure of mood and anxiety symptoms that includes questions related to SA to predict the number of tender points found on physical examination in a large cross-sectional community sample (the Midlife in the United States [MIDUS] Biomarker study). General distress, positive affect, and SA, which were all significantly associated with tender point number in bivariate analyses, were used as predictors of the number of tender points in a multivariate negative binomial regression model. In this model a greater number of tender points was associated with higher levels of SA ( P = .02) but not general distress ( P = .13) or positive affect ( P = .50). Follow-up mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between general distress and tender points was partially mediated by levels of SA. Our primary finding was that SA is strongly related to the number of tender points in a community sample. Mechanisms linking SA to the spatial distribution of pain sensitivity should be investigated further. Perspective This article presents an analysis of 3 overlapping psychological constructs and their relationship to widespread pain sensitivity on palpation. The findings suggest that SA is most strongly related to the spatial distribution of pain sensitivity and that further assessing it may improve our understanding of the relationship between psychological factors and pain.
Switchable 3-0 magnetoelectric nanocomposite thin film with high coupling

A mixed precursor solution method was used to deposit 3-0 nanocomposite thin films of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) and CoFe2O4 (CFO). The piezoelectric behavior of PZT and magnetostrictive behavior of CFO allow for magnetoelectric (ME) coupling through strain transfer between the respective phases. High ME coupling is desired for many applications including memory devices, magnetic field sensors, and energy harvesters. The spontaneous phase separation in the 3-0 nanocomposite film was observed, with 25 nm CFO particle or nanophases distributed in discrete layers through the thickness of the PZT matrix. Magnetic-force microscopy images of the nanocomposite thin film under opposite magnetic poling conditions revealed in-plane pancake-like regions of higher concentration of the CFO nanoparticles. The constraints on the size and distribution of the CFO nanoparticles created a unique distribution in a PZT matrix and achieved values of ME coupling of 3.07 V cm-1 Oe-1 at a DC bias of 250 Oe and 1 kHz, increasing up to 25.0 V cm-1 Oe-1 at 90 kHz. Piezo-force microscopy was used to investigate the ferroelectric domain structure before and after opposite magnetic poling directions. It was found that in this nanocomposite, the polarization of the ferroelectric domains switched direction as a result of switching the direction of the magnetization by magnetic fields.
Dietary intake and metabolic syndrome in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

9526 Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Following a heart healthy diet may decrease this risk. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize dietary patterns and to evaluate the association between diet and MetSyn among CCS. Methods: CCS who were 10+ year survivors of childhood cancer, who were older than 18 years of age, and participating in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE). They completed a medical assessment based on Children’s Oncology Group screening guidelines, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Laboratory and physical measures were obtained to determine MetSyn status using the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Participants were classified as having MetSyn if they met the criteria for ≥3 components of MetSyn. Data from the FFQ were used to score dietary patterns according to WCRF/AICR recommendations. Those who met ≥4 of the 7 recommendations were classifie...
Assimilation via Liberal Individualism: Law and Language Policy in the USA

This essay describes and analyzes the legal regime of the United States in relation to language diversity. The article argues that the U.S. case in language law indicates that, under certain conditions, a liberal individualistic legal regime – marked by equal “freedom of choice” in respect to language use – can nevertheless serve as an agency of linguistic assimilation in a multilingual country. Cite as: Schmidt , JLL 1 (2012), 106–118, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2012.106
Effects of unilateral real-time biofeedback on propulsive forces during gait.

In individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis, reduced push-off force generation in the paretic leg negatively impacts walking function. Gait training interventions that increase paretic push-off can improve walking function in individuals with neurologic impairment. During normal locomotion, push-off forces are modulated with variations in gait speed and slope. However, it is unknown whether able-bodied individuals can selectively modulate push-off forces from one leg in response to biofeedback. Here, in a group of young, neurologically-unimpaired individuals, we determined the effects of a real-time visual and auditory biofeedback gait training paradigm aimed at unilaterally increasing anteriorly-directed ground reaction force (AGRF) in the targeted leg. Ground reaction force data during were collected from 7 able-bodied individuals as they walked at a self-selected pace on a dual-belt treadmill instrumented with force platforms. During 11-min of gait training, study participants were provided real-time AGRF biofeedback encouraging a 20–30% increase in peak AGRF generated by their right (targeted) leg compared to their baseline (pre-training) AGRF. AGRF data were collected before, during, and after the biofeedback training period, as well as during two retention tests performed without biofeedback and after standing breaks. Compared to AGRFs generated during the pre-training gait trials, participants demonstrated a significantly greater AGRF in the targeted leg during and immediately after training, indicating that biofeedback training was successful at inducing increased AGRF production in the targeted leg. Additionally, participants continued to demonstrate greater AGRF production in the targeted leg after two standing breaks, showing short-term recall of the gait pattern learned during the biofeedback training. No significant effects of training were observed on the AGRF in the non-targeted limb, showing the specificity of the effects of biofeedback toward the targeted limb. These results demonstrate the short-term effects of using unilateral AGRF biofeedback to target propulsion in a specific leg, which may have utility as a training tool for individuals with gait deficits such as post-stroke hemiparesis. Future studies are needed to investigate the effects of real-time AGRF biofeedback as a gait training tool in neurologically-impaired individuals.
Making Neighbors Quiet: An Approach to Detect Virtual Resource Contention

It is imperative for public cloud providers to guarantee performance targets for tenants’ virtual machines (VMs) while respecting strict business confidentiality, e.g., having no information on applications nor their performance. A large body of related work addresses the challenges of detecting performance interferences by leveraging client's quality of service (QoS) metrics, e.g., latency, and additional profiling servers. In this paper, we take the perspective of the cloud provider and propose a general black-box approach that detects different resource contentions by throttling neighboring VMs. Specifically, we design a three-phase detection algorithm that includes: (i) an alarm phase to identify statistical outliers using control charts; (ii) a passive clustering phase to match the current sample to historical behaviors; and (iii) an active throttling phase to discern contentions from application phase changes via throttling. The algorithm is specifically designed for scenarios where multiple co-located VMs request detection analysis simultaneously. We implement and evaluate the proposed three-phase algorithm on four latency sensitive applications, i.e., Wikimedia and three benchmarks from Cloudsuite. Our extensive experimental results show that we can reach an average detection accuracy above 90 percent while limiting the performance degradation experienced by offender workloads to short learning phases.