cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP OF DNA SEQUENCES IN FINITE POPULATIONS

With the aim of analyzing and interpreting data on DNA polymorphism obtained by DNA sequencing or restriction enzyme technique, a mathematical theory on the expected evolutionary relationship among DNA sequences (nucleons) sampled is developed under the assumption that the evolutionary change of nucleons is determined solely by mutation and random genetic drift. The statistical property of the number of nucleotide differences between randomly chosen nucleons and that of heterozygosity or nucleon diversity is investigated using this theory. These studies indicate that the estimates of the average number of nucleotide differences and nucleon diversity have a large variance, and a large part of this variance is due to stochastic factors. Therefore, increasing sample size does not help reduce the variance significantly The distribution of sample allele (nucleomorph) frequencies is also studied, and it is shown that a small number of samples are sufficient in order to know the distribution pattern.
Depth estimation, spatially variant image registration, and super-resolution using a multi-lenslet camera

With a multi-lenslet camera, we can capture multiple low resolution (LR) images of the same scene and use them to reconstruct a high resolution (HR) image. For this purpose, two major computation problems need to be solved, the image registration and the super resolution (SR) reconstruction. For the first, one major hurdle is the spatially variant shifts estimation, because objects in a scene are often at different depths, and due to parallax, shifts between imaged objects often vary on a pixel basis. This poses a great computational challenge as the problem is NP complete. The multi-lenslet camera with a single focal plane provides us a unique opportunity to take advantage of the parallax phenomenon, and to directly relate object depths with their shifts, and thus we essentially reduced the parameter space from a two dimensional (x, y) space to a one dimensional depth space, which would greatly reduce the computational cost. As results, not only we have registered LR images, the estimated depth map can also be valuable for some applications. After registration, LR images along with estimated shifts can be used to reconstruct an HR image. A previously developed algorithm will be employed to efficiently compute for a large HR image in the size of 1024x1024.
Chemistry with [18F]Fluoride Ion (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2008)

The cover picture shows the “Chemistry with [18F]Fluoride Ion?”in PET radiotracer production. The procedure includes: (i) production of aqueous [18F]fluoride ion from the cyclotron-promoted 18O(p,n)18F nuclear reaction on 18O-enriched water, (ii) conversion of the aqueous [18F]fluoride ion into a more nucleophilic species by complexation with kryptand-K+, (iii) incorporation of fluorine-18 into a radiotracer, namely [18F]SP203, for brain mGluR5 receptors, (iv) positron emission tomography (PET) of the radiotracer in a human subject, and (v) generation of the corresponding PET image of the brain mGluR5 receptor distribution. These steps are presented over a clock background to stress the necessity to work quickly and efficiently with short-lived fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.7 min) and according to a tight time schedule from radionuclide production through to PET imaging. Details are presented in the Microreview by L. S. Cai, S. Y. Lu and V. W. Pike on p. 2853 ff. The authors thank Dr. A. K. Brown and other staff of the Molecular Imaging Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) for the generation of the PET image.
Lack of Effect of Electroshock on the Susceptibility of Rainbow Trout to Enteric Redmouth Disease

Abstract In two experiments, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.5 to 3.5 months old were electroshocked and then exposed to waterborne Yersinia ruckeri, the bacterial pathogen that causes enteric redmouth disease (ERM). The electroshock consisted of a 20-s exposure to a homogeneous 4-V/cm, 30-Hz square-pulsed (3-ms pulse) DC in water with an ambient conductivity of 70–100 μS/cm. The electroshock immobilized all fish, and after 1 h 12.9% of them (both experiments combined) had not resumed opercular movements and were considered dead. However, during the 18 d following the electroshock, no additional fish in the electroshocked treatment died without bacterial challenge. In the first experiment, the challenge mortality (the mortality attributed to the bacterial challenge and not including fish that were dead 1 h after the electroshock) of fish that were electroshocked and exposed to Y. ruckeri (58.4 ± 8.9% (mean ± SE)) was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of fish that were exposed to simulat...
Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoor insulation-II

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail. >
Gender Differences in Student Financial Market Attitudes and Awareness: An Exploratory Study

Female college students are generally thought to possess lower levels of financial market knowledge than their male counterparts. However, previous studies have lacked conceptual and methodological focus on market-based dimensions of financial literacy. We hypothesize that male and female college students respond differently to perceptions of threat emanating from financial markets. Findings from an exploratory test suggested that female college students were more intimidated by, and less interested in, markets compared with their male counterparts. Women also possessed lower levels of financial market awareness. These findings persisted after controlling for numerous demographic factors, suggesting a latent factor that may uniquely account for a significant amount of affective and cognitive diversity.
The potentiating effects of restraint stress and continuous naloxone infusion on the analgesic potency of morphine are additive

Abstract The analgesic potency of morphine in the rat can be increased by either continuous administration of an opiate antagonist, which also increases the number of μ-opioid receptors in the brain, or by immobilization stress. To examine further the plasticity of brain opioid mechanisms, this study assessed the combined effects of continuous naloxone treatment and physical restraint on the analgesic potency of morphine. Osmotic pumps releasing 0.3 mg/kg/h of naloxone were implanted subcutaneous (SC) in two groups of rats for 7 days and empty (SHAM) pumps were implanted in two other groups. Twenty-four hours after the pumps were removed, all animals were injected with morphine in cumulative doses and tested in the tail-flick procedure. One group of naloxone-treated rats and one group of SHAM-treated rats were tested while restrained; the other two groups were tested while unrestrained. Naloxone infusion alone and restraint alone each increased significantly the analgesic potency of morphine by 1.4-fold whereas the combination of these two treatments increased analgesic potency by almost 2-fold, significantly more than either treatment alone. All animals were retested with morphine 6 days later; the analgesic potency of morphine in the SHAM groups was still potentiated by stress but the potentiating effect of the earlier naloxone infusion was no longer evident. It appears that the opioid receptors mediating stress-induced potentiation of morphine-induced analgesia can be upregulated transiently by 7-day infusion of naloxone.
The use of tape recordings between therapy sessions

The tape recorder provides a medium for continuing the office procedures of the behavior therapist in the patient's own home. Recordings made during office sessions can later be used at home for relaxation training, systematic desensitization, covert sensitization, and, occasionally for high intensity stimulation (flooding). Three case illustrations are given dealing respectively with systematic desensitization, covert sensitization and flooding. In each of the cases beneficial change in the patient appeared to be significantly enhanced by the use of the tape recorder.
Changing of the Guard

At the Journal of Environmental Engineering, we have a practice of having the Editor, upon completing his or her term, continue to serve the Journal as an Associate Editor for another 2 years. One might say that would be like George Bush going into Congress after having served 2 terms as President! Another practice is to have the past editor, as one of the last major tasks for the Journal, identify a successor to the present editor. This is all good practice in that the past editor can be a great help to the present editor, it provides continuity, and takes another responsibility off the shoulders of the present editor who we all know has a full plate. I want you to know that it is Mark Rood that you need to thank for putting up with me as editor of the Journal for the next 2 years. When Mark first approached me about taking on the job, I hesitated. Of course I was honored that my colleagues thought enough of me to believe that I could and would take on this responsibility. But the sinister side of me thought, “How many people turned him down before he got to me?” Those of you in academics understand what I mean. When you are offered a position as Chairperson of your department, you instantly believe it’s because no one else wanted the job. You are typically offered “Congratulations” and “Condolences” in the same breath. Of course, I am joking! In my case, at least in part, I decided to say “yes” to Mark as a way of saying we need to overcome those myths, as real as they may be. I understood that there is no direct compensation for serving as Editor, something anathema in the business world where I reside. I also realized that the workload might be crazy at times, and the appreciation might be negligible at other times. But even in the business world, we recognize the importance of certain activities, such as the Journal, and the need to contribute to its continued success without the expectation of remuneration. We are all familiar with the term “pro bono.” It exists for a reason. I do believe we all have a responsibility to contribute to the profession, and after thinking about it, I felt that this is one way to contribute my talents effectively. I hope that doesn’t sound schmaltzy or self-serving, but the concept of service to the profession is one that we should consider more often. Thank you, Mark, for giving me the opportunity to serve. This job of editor is typically reserved for someone in academia. I suppose I am something of a hybrid. I spent nearly 10 years as a faculty member at Princeton University and then at Lafayette College where I was Head of the Department of Civil Engineering. I loved it. For the last 16 years or so, I have been a full time consultant having left Lafayette to start my own business which subsequently was acquired by TRC. I also have a year in
A Social Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making in Counseling

Social constructivism is defined as an intellectual movement in the mental health field that directs a social consensual interpretation of reality. A social constructivism approach redefines the ethical decision-making process as an interactive rather than an individual or intrapsychic process. The process involves negotiating, consensualizing, and, when necessary, arbitrating. Counselors are guided by social and cultural factors in defining what is acceptable ethical practice.
Effect of Blood Group on Blood Lipids in Monozygotic Twins

THE total variance of any measurement made in a population of monozygotic twins can be divided into two parts: interpair variance and intrapair variance. Calculation of the interpair/intrapair F ratio is informative because if this statistic is significantly large it shows that genotype affects the measured variable. Monozygotic twins of the same pair share a common genotype, and so intrapair variance is caused only by environmental effects. These can be divided into two parts: short term effects and long term effects.
Reference Is My Classroom: Setting Instructional Goals for Academic Library Reference Services

The reference encounter provides a unique one-on-one teaching opportunity. While studies have examined different methods for providing instruction in reference, few have focused on identifying, defining, and implementing standardized instructional goals. This study identifies, tests, and analyzes specific instructional goals for reference services, using Association of College and Research Libraries' Information Literacy Competency Standards in an examination of chat transcripts. The findings suggest ways to strategically support the development of information competency and critical thinking skills through reference services. Finally, the study provides training tools for recognizing instructional opportunities in reference encounters and suggests specific librarian actions for taking advantage of those opportunities.
Max-Norm Stability of Low Order Taylor---Hood Elements in Three Dimensions

We prove stability in $$W^{1,\infty }(\Omega )$$W1,?(Ω) and $$L^\infty (\Omega )$$L?(Ω) for the velocity and pressure approximations, respectively, using the lowest-order Taylor---Hood finite element spaces to solve the three dimensional Stokes problem. The domain $$\Omega $$Ω is assumed to be a convex polyhedra.
Study of structural changes in micellar solutions and microemulsions by positron annihilation techniques: Their relevance to liquid scintillation counting phenomena

The mechanism of the formation of the positronium atom, which is the bound state of a positron and an electron, as well as its subsequent reactions are highly dependent on the physical and chemical micro structure of the environment in which they occur.
A method of purifying feline T lymphocytes from peripheral blood using the plant lectin from Pisum sativum.

Abstract The binding properties of several plant lectins on feline peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were examined by flow cytometry to reveal if any could serve as probes for identifying specific lymphocyte subclasses. Most of the lectins bound ≥90% of PBL in a uniform manner. The exceptions were the lectins from Glycine max, Phaseolus limensis , and Dolichos biflorus , which bound only a proportion of the PBL. The differential binding of the lectins to lymphocyte subclasses was examined by comparing the staining of control PBL to T cell-depleted PBL. The lectins from Pisum sativum, Lens culinaris , succinylated Triticum vulgaris , and Dolichos biflorus stained T-depleted PBL more brightly than control PBL. Extensive cytofluorometric analyses of the binding properties of Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) on feline PBL and mesenteric lymph node cells indicated that feline B lymphocytes express more higher affinity surface receptors for PSA than do T lymphocytes. The higher affinity binding of PSA to B lymphocytes was further demonstrated by PSA-mediated cellular affinity chromatography. With this procedure it was possible to deplete PBL of B lymphocytes and to obtain pure populations of feline T lymphocytes.
Love Studies: Or, Liberating Love

Reality television couples aren't lasting. So far, only one such couple has made it to the altar and most of the others have called it quits even before their respective programs air. One immediately obvious point is that reality television programs such as ABC's The Bachelor dine to repletion on conventional romance by way of an elaborate menu of pretend choices. Not surprisingly, The Bachelor immediately spawned variations in the form of For Love or Money, Average Joe, and Joe Millionaire, all of which point to the consumer stakes of intimacy. In other words, the current spate of reality love programming brings into relief the fact that romance continues to be a best-selling story because it promises utter saturation with no strings attached, umbilical or otherwise. More, the emancipatory urgency of post-liberation intimacy remains in an ongoing collision with our abiding investment in the most conventional of love forms, the heterosexual married couple. Contra Foucault, it's not about sex, it's about love. More, the hyperinvestment in sexual practices is in many ways a cover story (for all of us from academics to cultural analysts to screenwriters to talk show confessionals) for confusion about where to place love in all the tempest of sex. While sex may indeed "sell," love seems to trump sex every time when it comes to talking about the nature of individual autonomy and happiness. We package it all as "intimacy," but when couples console each other with assurances of "don't worry, honey, it was only cyberlove," one senses we need a bit more precision. In reconsidering what defines enduring love in the age of divorce, many of us are asking not only how to reconcile personal self-interest with long-term commitment but why. What do we continue to find so compelling about the idea of true love even as many of us smugly ridicule its more conventional manifestations? Six recent books from an array of perspectives are preoccupied with this central question of what to do about love. Will we find love-and how? What should love feel and look like? How can we Against Love: A Polemic By Laura Kipnis Pantheon Press, 2003
Tropical Storm Frequencies Related to Sea Surface Temperatures

Abstract A relationship is identified between the area of the North Atlantic with surface temperatures greater than 26.8°C and the frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes. The relationship is direct and near-exponential. When the mean monthly area with sea temperature of 26.8°C is less than about 8.5 × 106 km2, tropical storms and hurricanes do not occur. Estimates of tropical storm frequency based on the above relationship are made for several episodes of the Holocene.
Examining the merging and splitting processes in daily life in the light of exergy

Abstract When two thermodynamic systems at different states are mixed, the exergy contend of the combined “bigger” system may actually be smaller than the exergy content of either of the two systems. Therefore, from the second-law point of view, mixing of systems should be avoided unless the systems being mixed are nearly at the same state. In this paper, we examine the merging and breaking up of families, companies, and states using the entropy generation and exergy destruction associated with various mixing processes of thermodynamic systems as a guide. In analogy to thermodynamic systems, we present arguments that the more dissimilar are the items being merged, the larger the destruction of the figure of merit or exergy. Therefore, forcing very dissimilar things into a unity may create highly destructive situations. Also, things that are similar in some aspects and dissimilar in other aspects should be combined only partially, involving the similar aspects only. The individual items should maintain their individuality in regard to the dissimilar aspects to avoid destruction. It is also pointed out that breaking up of countries, companies, and even families with irreconcilable differences may sometimes be the best thing to do, and each part of the whole may be much better off after the break-up.
Tremor-induced ECG artifact mimicking ventricular tachycardia.

To the Editor: The ECG from the article by Srikureja et al1 that adorns the cover of the September 12, 2000, issue of Circulation is a striking example of a tremor-induced artifact mimicking a serious arrhythmia. On this occasion, the apparent arrhythmia was ventricular tachycardia …
Reliability and failure analysis of porcelain high-voltage surge arresters

TVA identified an increasing failure rate of 132-kV (106-kV Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage) porcelain arresters on the 161-kV system. A cross-organizational team was formed to determine the root cause of the 19 arrester failures and provide solutions. The team researched arrester failure modes and solicited input from arrester experts. A root cause diagram is discussed and multiple failure modes were ruled out. Multiple failed arrester units were dissected indicating moisture ingress as the root cause leading to the recent failures. Computer simulations contrasted faults through the Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) block stack versus faults flowing through the air cavity surrounding the MOV stack. All 19 failures were recorded by digital fault recorders (DFR). The DFR waveforms were compared to the computer simulations showing that the arresters flashed over the internal air cavity. Based on the available physical evidence, moisture ingress is the likely root cause issue for the failures from 2002 to date.
Somatic control of germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans involves three processes: a shift from the mitotic to the meiotic cell cycle; the adoption of a male or female sexual identity; and differentiation into a functional gamete. All three aspects of germline development appear to be regulated, at least in part, by the soma. We discuss cell ablation, genetic and molecular studies that have shed light on the nature of the signal transduction systems mediating intercellular communication between germline and somatic tissues of the nematode.
High frequency (139.5 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance characterization of Mn(II)-H2(17)O interactions in GDP and GTP forms of p21 ras.

As a molecular switch, the ras protein p21 undergoes structural changes that couple recognition sites on the protein surface to the guanine nucleotide-divalent metal ion binding site. X-ray crystallographic studies of p21 suggest that coordination between threonine-35 and the divalent metal ion plays an important role in these conformational changes. Recent ESEEM studies of p21 in solution, however, place threonine-35 more distant from the metal and were interpreted as weak or indirect coordination of this residue. We report high frequency (139.5 GHz) EPR spectroscopy of p21.Mn(II) complexes of two guanine nucleotides that probes the link between threonine-35 and the divalent metal ion. By analysis of high-frequency EPR spectra, we determine the number of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the manganous ion to be four in p21.Mn(II).GDP, consistent with prior low-frequency EPR and X-ray crystallographic studies. In the complex of p21 with a GTP analog, p21.Mn(II).GMPPNP, we determine the hydration number to be 2, also consistent with crystal structures. This result rules out indirect coordination of threonine-35 in the solution structure of p21.Mn(II).GMPPNP, and implicates direct, weak coordination of this residue as suggested by Halkides et al. [(1994) Biochemistry 33,4019]. The 17O hyperfine coupling constant of H2(17)O is determined as 0.25 mT in the GDP from and 0.28 mT in the GTP form. These values are similar to reported values for 17O-enriched aquo ligands and some phosphato ligands in Mn(II) complexes. The high magnetic field strength (4.9 T) employed in these 139.5 GHz EPR measurements leads to a narrowing of the Mn(II) EPR lines that facilitates the determination of 17O hyperfine interactions.
Hypoimmunoglobulinemia D: Frequency, family studies, and association with HLA

Abstract The possible role of genetic factors controlling serum IgD levels was studied. A frequency plot of serum IgD levels in 372 blood bank donors revealed a non-Gaussian, apparently bimodal distribution. We therefore defined “low-serum IgD” as
Rejoicing against Judaism in Handel's Messiah

Scholars have too little investigated questions of religious meaning in Handel9s Messiah , particularly the work9s manifest theological anti-Judaism. Previously unknown historical sources for the work9s libretto compiled and arranged by Charles Jennens (1700––73) reveal the text9s implicit designs against Jewish religion. Handel9s musical setting powerfully underscores these tendencies of Jennens9s libretto and adds to them, reaching a euphoric climax in the Hallelujah chorus. Within its arrangement of juxtaposed Old Testament prophecies and their New Testament fulfillment and with its matching musical styles, Handel9s Messiah could hardly have expressed more powerfully its rejoicing against Judaism than by having the ferocious tenor aria ““THOU [Jesus] shalt break THEM [the Jews] with a rod of iron”” answered by the chorus ““Hallelujah! for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.”” The aria is a setting of Psalm 2:9, a passage that was generally and unquestioningly believed among Christians in Handel9s day to have foretold the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in the year 70. This horrible event was construed as a divine punishment of Judaism for its failure to accept Jesus as God9s promised messiah. The Hallelujah chorus apparently sees cause for rejoicing in such vengeance. Further, this chorus quotes the melodies of several hymns whose texts concern the depiction in Matthew 25 of acceptance by a bridegroom of five wise virgins and his rejection of five foolish virgins. This parable was taken to symbolize the welcoming of Ecclesia, Christianity and Jesus as the messiah, and the rejection of Synagoga and Judaism. In 18th-century England most Christians fervently believed that a choice between Judaism and Christianity was a choice between eternal damnation and eternal salvation. This would have represented motivation indeed for Messiah to project Christian theological contempt for its sibling religion.
Perioperative prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism.

ABSTRACT Venous thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, causing 100, 000 to 200, 000 deaths per year in the United States. Patients undergoing surgery are at the highest risk of venous thromboembolism. The magnitude of this risk in a patient depends on the surgical procedure performed and the presence of other risk factors that predispose to venous thromboembolism. The clinical diagnosis of both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism is notoriously inaccurate. Furthermore, two thirds of all fatal pulmonary emboli cause death within 30 minutes of the embolic episode, leaving little time for diagnostic work-up and effective treatment. Prophylactic treatment for prevention of venous thromboembolism is therefore important in these patients, and several effective mechanical and chemical methods for this purpose are available. The pathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis in the surgical patients, the predisposing risk factors, and the available prophylactic modalities are discussed in this article. Recommendations for the use of various approaches in different risk categories are provided.
The coulometric titration of weak acids in non-aqueous media

Abstract Weak acids have been successfully titrated by coulometric generation of a base in a non-aqueous solvent. A platinum cathode and a silver anode, both placed in a solution of benzene-methanol or tertiary butyl alcohol-methanol, were employed with a supporting electrolyte of sodium perchlorate and tetrabutyl ammonium iodide. The procedure permits the titration of many weak acids with an accuracy of 2 % or better. A method of preparing CO 2 -free quaternary ammonium bases is outlined.
Location matters: somatic and dendritic SK channels answer to distinct calcium signals

Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) couple neuronal activity to diverse intracellular signals with exquisite spatiotemporal specificity. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiology, Jones an...
Oxidative degradation of glycosphingolipids revisited: a simple preparation of oligosaccharides from glycosphingolipids.

Abstract In order to cleave gangliosides and isolate the oligosaccharide portion, the allylic nature of OH-3 of the sphigenine base was utilized in its selective oxidation to a ketone group by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Triethylamine treatment of the oxidation products resulted in the β-elimination of the intact oligosaccharide. The isolation of the pure oligosaccharide from the modified ceramide residue and unreacted ganglioside was obtained by liquid chromatography. Preliminary investigations suggest that the same reaction conditions can be used for an analogous elimination of oligosaccharides linked to the serine or threonine residues of glycoproteins.
Urokinase-induced smooth muscle cell migration requires both PI3K/akt and PI3K/ERK1/2 activation

Background. Urokinase is involved in vessel remodeling and mediates smooth muscle cell migration. Migration in response to urokinase is dependent on the amino terminal fragment (ATF). The role of PI3-K/akt signaling in ATF-mediated cell migration is not understood. Methods. Rat arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Linear wound and Boyden microchemotaxis assays of migration were performed in the presence of ATF with and without the Gαi inhibitor (Pertussis toxin, PTx), the PI3-K inhibitors (Wortmannin, Wn [10 nM] and LY294002, LY [10 μM]), and akt inhibitor (aktI [10 μM]). Western blotting was performed for akt, ERK1/2, and GSK3β phosphorylation after stimulation with ATF in the presence and absence of the inhibitors. Results. PI3-K and akt inhibitors blocked the migratory response to ATF in both assays. ATF induced time-dependent increases in akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which was PTx sensitive. Activation of akt and ERK1/2 was inhibited by PI3-K inhibition with WN and LY. Manumycin A, a ras inhibitor, did not inhibit activation of akt but did inhibit ERK1/2 activation. Activation of akt and its effects on its downstream kinase GSK3β were inhibited by the akt inhibitor only. Direct inhibition of akt did not influence ERK1/2 activation and inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD98098 did not influence akt activation. Conclusion. ATF-mediated migration is Gαi dependent and PI3K dependent and involves two separate pathways: ERK1/2 and akt. ATF induces akt phosphorylation through a PI3K-mediated but ras-independent mechanism, while both ras and PI3K are required for ERK1/2 activation. Defining key signaling pathways is vital in order to regulate vessel remodeling.
Equilibrium Densities of European Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) After Exposure to Three Levels of Predaceous Mite Diversity on Apple

Prey and predator mites were sampled in 1994–1995 in apple plots that received similar horticulture but the following pesticide treatments in 1990–1995: (1) azinphosmethyl (an organophosphate) + endosulfan (OP + E), (2) azinphosmethyl alone (OP), and (3) unsprayed (1993–1995). Plots supported different levels and diversity of phytophagous mites including the OP-resistant European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and 3 predaceous mites—OP-resistant Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, OP-tolerant Zetzellia mali (Ewing), and OP-susceptible Amblyseius andersoni (Chant). We expected that more predator diversity would result in regulation of prey at lower equilibrium densities than would less predator diversity. OP + E had the most P. ulmi (but 200 times less than at the beginning of the experiment in 1990) and the most T. pyri , OP had fewer P. ulmi and T. pyri but the most Z. mali , and unsprayed had the fewest P. ulmi and T. pyri , moderate Z. mali , and the most A. andersoni. Total predator density did not differ among the treatments in either 1994 or 1995. Data supported the general hypothesis that regulation of P. ulmi occurred at the lowest equilibrium levels in plots with the most diversity of predators (unsprayed) and at the highest levels in plots with the least diversity (OP + E). OP was intermediate for both. Two other mites, OP-susceptible Eotetranychus sp. and OP-resistant Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa, had low and more similar levels across plots than P. ulmi. Bryobia rubrioculus Scheuten occurred only in plots that were unsprayed because of pesticide susceptibility. Roles of each predator and pest mite in the apple mite complex are discussed.
Ca2+ channel blockade inhibits gallbladder ion transport.

Recent studies suggest that cholesterol gallstone (GS) formation is characterized by altered gallbladder epithelial ion transport and increased gallbladder (GB) luminal Ca2+. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ has been reported to be an important modulator of intestinal ion transport. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Ca2+ channel inhibition on GB ion transport. Prairie dog GBs were mounted in a Ussing chamber and bathed in warm oxygenated Ringer's solution, and short-circuit current (Isc), transepithelial potential difference (Vms), and tissue resistance (Rt) were recorded. Following stabilization, the mucosal surfaces of the GBs were exposed to 1 or 0.1 mM verapamil (VER). Effects on Isc were apparent within 10 sec with nadir values reached in 5 +/- 1 min. Profound (76%) inhibition of Isc was seen with 1 mM verapamil exposure (26 +/- 6 microA.cm-2) as compared to baseline values (170 +/- 6 microA.cm-2) (P less than 0.001). Verapamil exposure (1 mM) also led to a marked inhibition of Vms (P less than 0.001, vs baseline) and a significant increase in Rt (P less than 0.05 vs baseline). Similar trends were seen using 0.1 mM verapamil (Isc nadir 133 +/- 13 microA.cm-2). Verapamil-induced effects on gallbladder electrophysiology were largely reversible (75-90% recovery of baseline Isc after tissue washing). These data suggest that (1) verapamil induces rapid but reversible inhibition of ion transport and (2) Ca2+ channel blockade inhibits ion transport in a dose-dependent fashion. We would propose that intracellular Ca2+ may be a regulator of GB ion transport.
QUARTZ SOLUBILITY AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Abstract New quartz solubility measurements in pure water that approached equilibrium from under-saturation at 21, 50, 74, and 96°C were combined with critically selected quartz solubility data from the literature to create a revised solubility function for the temperature range 0–300°C: log m = −1107.12(±10.77) T − 0.0254(±0.0247) where m is the molal solubility and T is in Kelvins. This function predicts 11.0±1.1 ppm as the solubility of quartz at 25°C. All uncertainties are ±1 standard deviation. Revised thermodynamic properties of H4SiO4 based on this function are: ΔGfo(H4SiO4)= −1309.231 ± 0.610 kJ/mol; ΔHfo(H4SiO4) = −1460.913 ± 0.542 kJ/mol; S°(H4SiO4) = 180.87 ± 0.49 J/mol K. The ΔGfo(H4SiO4) agrees well with the value of −1309.342 kJ/mol calculated from amorphous silica solubility of 116 ppm at 25°C. In addition, this new solubility function predicts low temperature quartz solubility values that are in good agreement with dissolved silica concentrations found in ancient groundwaters.
Batch Patterning of SubMillimeter Features in Hard Magnetic Films Using Pulsed Magnetic Fields and Soft Magnetizing Heads

In this paper, we report a method to impart spatially defined magnetic patterns into hard magnetic films using pulsed magnetic fields. Differing from prior investigations on magnetic patterning, a single magnetizing head is used rather than a sandwich structure with two magnetizing heads. Arrays of 250μm-wide and 125μm-wide magnetic stripes with alternating out-of-plane polarity (perpendicular magnetization) are patterned in a 10μm-thick Co-rich Co-Pt alloy (Co80Pt20) film using three different microstructured, 2-mm-thick, Fe-Co magnetizing heads and pulsed magnetic fields ranging from 0.1 to 1 T. A magneto-optical imaging film is used to view the magnetization patterns at the surface of the Co-Pt film. Scanning Hall probe measurements of the resulting magnetic structures indicate a ~5mT peak magnetic field 100 m above the surface which compares favorably with numerical simulations of the field patterns at the same height.
Retraining teachers to teach high school computer science

The national trends regarding the retraining of secondary school teachers in a computer science discipline are examined. Recommendations and guidelines are offered in this ACM/IEEE Task Force report.
The development and validation of an Eating Self-Efficacy Scale.

Following from Bandura's (1977a) self-efficacy theory, an Eating Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) was developed and its psychometric properties established. Factor analysis of the 25-item scale yielded two reliable factors—one concerned with eating when experiencing negative affect (NA) and the other with eating during socially acceptable circumstances (SAC). The ESES demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. A clinical study using this measure found that increases in ESES scores were significantly related to weight losses among weight loss program participants. A laboratory study using a mood induction procedure found that NA subscale scores predicted food consumption irrespective of whether negative affect was induced. This finding may indicate that people have difficulty accurately discriminating the specific circumstances under which their eating difficulties occur and/or that eating difficulties tend to be global in nature. The significant correlation of the two ESES subscales (r =.39, p <.001) supports these possibilities. The clinical and research utility of the ESES and the implications of the findings are discussed.
Zooming in on aquatic denitrification hot spots

[1] Inorganic nitrogen is an important resource for marine and aquatic ecosystems, acting as a fertilizer for phytoplankton and aquatic plants. When nitrogen concentrations soar, algae blooms can occur. Subsequently, when the algae blooms die, their decomposition can consume most of the available dissolved oxygen, negatively affecting the ecosystem as a whole. Creeks and streams act as strong controls, regulating downstream nitrogen concentrations, and researchers have been zooming in on hyporheic zones—zones where water flows through the sediment alongside the surface water—as possible hot spots of activity in the nitrogen cycle. Using a stable isotope tracer, Zarnetske et al. tracked the evolution of a nitrogen addition as it flowed through a heavily instrumented gravel bar in Drift Creek, in Oregon. The researchers found that the gravel bar could act as either a source or a sink of inorganic nitrogen, depending on how long it took for the water to make its way through the bar. When the creek water took longer to pass through the hyporheic zone, nitrogen levels were reduced significantly through denitrification, while any water that traveled quickly could have its inorganic nitrogen concentrations increased by nitrification. The authors note that a context-dependent effect of individual hyporheic zones on inorganic nitrogen concentrations could have important implications for attempts to estimate the effects of a watershed on the nitrogen cycle. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, doi:10.1029/2010JG001356, 2011)
The phosphatidylinositol cycle and the regulation of arachidonic acid production

An increase in the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol occurs in a wide variety of tissues by the action of specific ligands1–3. In platelets, the interaction of thrombin with its receptor initiates the degradation of phosphatidylinositol by the action of a specific phospholipase C (refs 4–8). In normal conditions of stimulation, the resultant 1,2-diacylglycerol is rapidly and completely phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid4–11. The formation of phosphatidic acid precedes the release of arachidonic acid from the phospholipids of stimulated platelets5. This early appearence of phosphatidate might result in the initial production of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid by the action of a phospholipase A2 specific for phosphatidate12. Phosphatidate/lysophosphatidate could induce calciumgating13–15 and subsequently stimulate phospholipases of the A2-type8, that degrade phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and a further fraction of phosphatidylinositol6. Alternatively, the lysophosphatidate produced may serve as a substrate for the transfer of arachidonate directly from other phospholipids16,17 to form new phosphatidate which in turn can release more arachidonate. Overall, such a sequence would be equivalent to phospholipase A2 activation of other phospholipids. Our present data indicate that when the release of arachidonic acid is completely inhibited by cyclic AMP or quinacrine, phosphatidic acid is redirected entirely to phosphatidylinositol and there is no production of arachidonate. In these conditions, the availability of calcium might be profoundly restricted. The correlation in platelets of a phosphatidylinositol by a specific phospholipase A2 might suggest that these phenomena are applicable to activations in other cell systems.
Generalization and computerization of the heaviside expansion for performing the inverse laplace transform of high order systems

Abstract A complete computer program is written for performing the inverse Laplace transform of a high order transfer function. The program enables us to obtain a closed form solution and a time response curve from a high order transfer function with many high power repeated roots.
Vascular injury and thrombosis: a scanning electron microscopic study.

Abstract Injury to the blood vessel wall and atherosclerosis enhance the possibility of thrombus depostion. A knowledge of the changes in vascular morphology and the extent of thrombus deposition produced by injury is essential in elucidating the mechanism of this reaction. In the present work, scanning electron microscopic technique was used to examine the canine blood vessel wall at or near a site of injury caused by vascular clamping. Proximal to the clamping, the endothelial folds in normal vessels are clearly visible. The intima is completely severed at the site of clamping. At a distance of 1mm distal to the injury, the vascular wall is completely covered with a layer of thrombi, composed mainly of platelets, fibrin and trapped erythrocytes. Thus, injury to the blood vessel wall destroys the endothelial structure and triggers thrombus deposition.
Influence of protein–protein interactions on bulk mass transport during ultrafiltration

Abstract Bulk mass transfer limitations can have a significant effect on the flux and selectivity during membrane ultrafiltration. Most previous studies of these phenomena have employed the simple stagnant film analysis, but this model is unable to account for the effects of solute–solute interactions on mass transport. We have developed a generalized framework for multicomponent mass transfer that includes both thermodynamic and hydrodynamic (frictional) interactions. Thermodynamic (virial) coefficients were evaluated from osmotic pressure data for albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulins (IgG), while hydrodynamic interaction parameters were determined from filtrate flux data obtained in a stirred cell using fully retentive membranes. The protein concentration profiles in the bulk solution were evaluated by numerical solution of the governing continuity equations incorporating the multicomponent diffusive flux. This model was used to analyze flux and protein transmission data obtained for the filtration of BSA and IgG mixtures through partially permeable membranes. The model accurately predicted the large reduction in flux and BSA transmission upon addition of IgG. These effects were due to the coupling between BSA and IgG mass transfer caused by protein–protein interactions.
Very large subaqueous sand dunes on the upper continental slope in the South China Sea generated by episodic, shoaling deep-water internal solitary waves

Abstract Very large subaqueous sand dunes were discovered on the upper continental slope of the northern South China Sea. The dunes were observed along a single 40 km long transect southeast of 21.93°N, 117.53°E on the upper continental slope in water depths of 160 m to 600 m. The sand dunes are composed of fine to medium sand, with amplitudes exceeding 16 m and crest-to-crest wavelengths exceeding 350 m. The dunes' apparent formation mechanism is the world's largest observed internal solitary waves which generate from tidal forcing on the Luzon Ridge on the east side of the South China Sea, propagate west across the deep basin with amplitudes regularly exceeding 100 m, and dissipate extremely large amounts of energy via turbulent interaction with the continental slope, suspending and redistributing the bottom sediment. While subaqueous dunes are found in many locations throughout the world's oceans and coastal zones, these particular dunes appear to be unique for two principal reasons: their location on the upper continental slope (away from the influence of shallow-water tidal forcing, deep basin bottom currents and topographically-amplified canyon flows), and their distinctive formation mechanism (approximately 60 episodic, extremely energetic, large amplitude events each lunar cycle).
Bisection and twisted SVD on GPU

Singular value decomposition (SVD) is one of the most important factorizations in matrix computation. However, computing SVD is still time-consuming, especially when the dimension of matrices exceeds tens of thousands. In this paper, we present a high performance approach called “Bisection and Twisted” (BT) for solving bidiagonal SVD. As modern general purpose GPUs have shown their extreme computational advantages in parallel computing, we implement the BT algorithm on single and multiple GPUs. With our carefully designed GPU kernels, the BT algorithm is about 10 times faster than MKL divide-and-conquer routine DBDSDC on an 8-core 2.53GHz CPU, and 36 times faster than CULA QR routine DBDSQR on the same GPUs. Additionally, the BT algorithm is able to compute SVD for matrices of size 1 million by 1 million with only two GPUs. To the best of our knowledge, no implementation has achieved such a scale.
Coupling of Extension and Twist in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

This paper presents a study of the deformation behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) subjected to extension and twist. The interatomic force description is provided by the Tersoff-Brenner potential for carbon. The rolling of a flat graphene sheet into a SWNT is first simulated by minimizing the energy per atom, the end result being the configuration of an undeformed SWNT The Cauchy-Born rule is then used to connect the atomistic and continuum descriptions of the deformation of SWNTs, and leads to a multilength scale mechanics framework for simulating deformation of SWNTs under applied loads. Coupled extension and twist of SWNTs is considered next. As an alternative to the Cauchy-Born rule for coupled extension-twist problems, a direct map is formulated. Analytic expressions are derived for the deformed bond lengths using the Cauchy-Born rule and the direct map for this class of deformations. Numerical results are presented for kinematic coupling, for imposed extension and imposed twist problems, using the Cauchy-Born rule as well as the direct map, for representative chiral, armchair and zig-zag SWNTs. Results from both these approaches are carefully compared.