cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the prostate: An intraindividual assessment of the effect of temporal resolution on qualitative detection and quantitative analysis of histopathologically proven prostate cancer.

Purpose To assess the effects of temporal resolution (RT ) in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) on qualitative tumor detection and quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters in prostate cancer. Materials and methods This retrospective Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved study included 58 men (64 ± 7 years). They underwent 3T prostate MRI showing dominant peripheral zone (PZ) tumors (24 with Gleason ≥ 4 + 3), prior to prostatectomy. Continuously acquired DCE utilizing GRASP (Golden-angle RAdial Sparse Parallel) was retrospectively reconstructed at RT of 1.4 sec, 3.7 sec, 6.0 sec, 9.7 sec, and 14.9 sec. A reader placed volumes-of-interest on dominant tumors and benign PZ, generating quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters (ktrans , ve ) at each RT . Two blinded readers assessed each RT for lesion presence, location, conspicuity, and reader confidence on a 5-point scale. Data were assessed by mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA), generalized estimating equation (GEE), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results RT did not affect sensitivity (R1all : 69.0%-72.4%, all Padj = 1.000; R1GS≥4 + 3 : 83.3-91.7%, all Padj = 1.000; R2all : 60.3-69.0%, all Padj = 1.000; R2GS≥4 + 3 : 58.3%-79.2%, all Padj = 1.000). R1 reported greater conspicuity of GS ≥ 4 + 3 tumors at RT of 1.4 sec vs. 14.9 sec (4.29 ± 1.23 vs. 3.46 ± 1.44; Padj = 0.029). No other tumor conspicuity pairwise comparison reached significance (R1all : 2.98-3.43, all Padj ≥ 0.205; R2all : 2.57-3.19, all Padj ≥ 0.059; R1GS≥4 + 3 : 3.46-4.29, all other Padj ≥ 0.156; R2GS≥4 + 3 : 2.92-3.71, all Padj ≥ 0.439). There was no effect of RT on reader confidence (R1all : 3.17-3.34, all Padj = 1.000; R2all : 2.83-3.19, all Padj ≥ 0.801; R1GS≥4 + 3 : 3.79-4.21, all Padj = 1.000; R2GS≥4 + 3 : 3.13-3.79, all Padj = 1.000). ktrans and ve of tumor and benign tissue did not differ across RT (all adjusted P values [Padj ] = 1.000). RT did not significantly affect area under the curve (AUC) of Ktrans or ve for differentiating tumor from benign (all Padj = 1.000). Conclusion Current PI-RADS recommendations for RT of 10 seconds may be sufficient, with further reduction to the stated PI-RADS preference of RT ≤ 7 seconds offering no benefit in tumor detection or quantitative analysis. Level of evidence 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1464-1475.
Abnormalities in Lipoprotein Metabolism Provide Insight into Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM).

WM is an incurable B-cell disorder characterized by the presence of lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow and an IgM monoclonal protein. The presence of hypocholesterolemia has often been observed in WM patients, though the incidence and significance has not been investigated. As part of these studies, we evaluated lipoprotein levels in 110 patients with WM. The median age for this cohort was 62, and median number of prior therapies was 1. Twenty-one (19.1%) patients were on a lipid-lowering agent (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin). We observed decreased total cholesterol (<160 mg/dL), LDL (<100 mg/dL) and VLDL (<40 mg/dL) levels in 41 (37.3%), 68 (61.8%) and 90 (81.8%) patients, respectively. Among the 41 patients with a cholesterol level of <160 mg/dL, only 7 patients were on a lipid lowering agent. Importantly, median serum IgM levels which serve as a surrogate marker for WM disease burden were higher among patients with hypocholesterolemia (3440 vs. 1587 mg/dL; p=0.0004). Moreover, significantly lower levels of serum IgM (885 vs. 1960 mg/dL; p=0.004) were observed among patients on a lipid-lowering agent. Given these results, which suggested a possible disease dependency on cholesterol metabolism, as well as possible anti-tumor effect of statins, we explored the impact of two statins (lovastatin, simvastatin) on the growth and survival of BCWM.1 WM cells. The studies demonstrated that both lovastatin and simvastatin inhibited proliferation (by MTT assay), and induced apoptosis (by Annexin-PI assay) in a dose dependent manner (0.5–50 um) at concentrations that overlapped pharmacologically achievable levels. Taken together, these studies suggest that lipoprotein metabolism may be essential for WM growth and survival, and that statin agents may represent clinically useful agents for the treatment of WM.
Equitable Subrogation: A Sensible Remedy but Don't Count on It

Commentary on a recent California decision giving a refinancing lender priority over a previously recorded lien.
Sirolimus Therapy Is Associated with Elevation in Circulating PCSK9 Levels in Cardiac Transplant Patients

Sirolimus used in transplantation is often associated with hypercholesterolemia. We measured serum lipid and PCSK9 levels in 51 heart transplant recipients who had their immunosuppressive therapy switched from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. The switch resulted in a 23% increase in LDL cholesterol, and 46% increase in triglycerides and PCSK9 levels increased from 316 ± 105 ng/mL to 343 ± 107 ng/mL (p = 0.04), however the change in PCSK9 levels did not correlate with an increase in lipid levels (p = 0.2). To investigate the mechanism for the variability in the change in PCSK9 levels, lymphoblastoid cell lines were incubated with both sirolimus and everolimus, resulting in a 2–3 fold increase in PCSK9 expression and protein levels in mTOR inhibitor sensitive but not in mTOR inhibitor resistant cell lines. This first in human study demonstrates that sirolimus therapy is associated with elevation in PCSK9 levels which is not associated with sirolimus-induced hypercholesterolemia.
Concentrating Low-Level Tritiated Water through Isotope Exchange

Trapping of tritium on polymers with specific functional groups was investigated as a means of treating waste streams containing low levels of tritium. Chemical exchange of tritium with hydrogen on...
Röwer's Insight Revisited

Psychology textbooks frequently present Wolfgang Kohler's two-stick experiment with chimpanzees as having demonstrated insight in learning. Studies that replicated Kohler's work support his finding...
Take the Bull by the Horns: Structural Approach to Minimize Workplace Bullying for Women in American Higher Education.

Few studies have examined the extent of workplace bullying in American higher education; however, a 2012 study confirmed that 62% of respondents (n=401) were affected by workplace bullying 18 months prior to the study (Hollis 2012). A closer examination of the women respondents (n=281) revealed that 71% of the women in this subset faced workplace bullying. Women respondents were also more likely to seek structural solutions, such as reporting bullying to their immediate supervisors or human resources staff. Workplace bullying is couched in power. Those with power control tenure and promotion as well as resources; they can also hinder women from obtaining leadership positions. However, without policy or legislation, incivility is governed by the personal discretion of workplace leaders. As workplace bullying typically emerges from a power differential, Bolman and Deal’s (2013) theories regarding organizational structure and politics serve as the theoretical lens for this study. This study is based on data collected from 175 colleges and universities in which participants, consisting of women from faculty and administrative positions, were asked to reflect on the extent of workplace bullying in American higher education. Women’s responses are considered through descriptive statistics. Further, Chi Square examination shows women rely more on official reporting strategies than male counterparts. Therefore, the findings of this study will be valuable for women and/or leaders and supervisors in higher education.
Research on primary frequency compensation strategy of power grid received by ultra high voltage

In this paper, considering the technical requirement of primary frequency compensation(PFC) for ultra high voltage(UHV) construction of Shandong power grid, the basic concept and research status of primary frequency compensation of thermal power unit are introduced. In order to meet the frequency compensation requirements of power grid after accessing UHV, the optimization scheme of primary frequency compensation strategy for thermal power units is put forward, which has certain reference significance for the primary frequency compensation optimization of the same type of power unit.
The Synergism of Protein Chemistry and Recombinant DNA Techniques

This paper will attempt to provide an overview as to how recombinant DNA and protein chemical techniques work hand-in-glove in order to relatively easily determine complete structural information concerning a series of molecules. Emphasis will be placed on immunoglobulin sequencing utilizing picomole amounts of murine and human hybridomas to determine the N-terminal one third of both heavy and light polypeptide chains and the use of oligonucleotide primers for mRNA sequencing of the same molecules. The overlaps in the center of the variable regions provide assurance that the two techniques allow the complete primary structure of immunoglobulin variable regions to be deduced rather rapidly. Techniques for fragmentation are unnecessary (which would be required if only protein chemistry techniques were used) and second and third “primings” are not required (as would be necessitated by relying solely on mRNA sequencing techniques). These studies have resulted in the complete structural analysis of a series of human and murine hybridomas from extremely small amounts of ascites fluid, culture fluid and cell pellets.
Status Report on the Safety of Operating US Nuclear Power Plants (why Experts Believe that Today'S Operating Nuclear Power Reactors are Much Safer than they Were 20 Years Ago)

The main emphasis of this presentation and paper is to address why experts believe that today's operating nuclear power reactors are much safer than they were 10 or 20 years ago. There is strong evidence to support this belief for the power reactors now operating in all of the advanced countries, and in many of the less developed countries too, although in a few of these latter countries there are continuing safety concerns. The paper will present recent and historical data from the U.S., a discussion of what the data mean and why, and a perspective about what events and trends have been the causes for the major safety improvements that have occurred. The extension of the conclusion to other countries will also be discussed. Finally, the reasons why safety-improvement programs must continue in some of the less-developed countries are described.
Switch to low-fat diet improves outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in obese mice

It is becoming increasingly recognized that weight and nutritional status can impact cancer survival. We have previously shown that obese mice with syngeneic acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have poorer response to chemotherapy treatment than control mice. We therefore investigated whether dietary intervention could improve outcome from the most common pediatric cancer, ALL. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice raised on a 60% calories from fat diet and control mice were implanted with syngeneic ALL cells. Some DIO mice were switched to the low-fat control diet. Survival from ALL was assessed without or with chemotherapy treatment starting at the time of the diet switch. Cells from DIO mice before and after diet switch were assessed by FACS for BrdU incorporation and phosphorylation status of AKT, S6K, and EIF2a. Similar experiments were done with human ALL xenografts. Mouse and human ALL cells were cultured in media with 10% or 5% fetal bovine serum, and sensitivity to chemotherapies assessed. DIO mice had poorer survival (17%) after vincristine monotherapy than control mice on a 10% low fat diet (42%; n = 12/group; p = 0.09, log rank). However, switching obese mice to the low-fat diet prior to initiation of vincristine led to dramatically improved survival (92%, p < 0.01 vs both other groups). In vitro, FBS restriction made murine and human ALL cells more sensitive to vincristine. Interestingly, while serum restriction enhanced ALL sensitivity to dexamethasone and l-asparaginase, dietary switch did not improve survival of DIO mice treated with either drug in monotherapy. Thus, it appears that dietary intervention has a unique effect to improve ALL cell sensitivity to vincristine in vivo. We report herein that a dietary intervention can improve ALL outcome in a preclinical model. Further work is needed to identify the mechanisms of this effect and investigate potential impact on human leukemia in patients.
Case of Donath-Landsteiner haemolytic anaemia in an adult female.

Donath-Landsteiner haemolytic anaemia (DLHA), also known as paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, is a very rare and difficult condition to diagnose as well as treat. Here, we present a case of a 55-year-old Hispanic woman who presented with severe intravascular haemolytic anaemia in the setting of a viral illness 2 weeks prior to presentation. Direct antiglobulin testing revealed mixed results: positive for either complement, IgG or both on various occasions which led to a battery of tests including the Donath-Landsteiner antibody testing which turned out positive establishing the diagnosis of DLHA. She was initially treated unsuccessfully with supportive care in the form of packed red blood cell transfusions and steroids as well as rituximab for about 4 weeks but her condition improved on cyclophosphamide, and she is on the road to recovery after 10 weeks of hospital stay.
Discovering Cross-Reactivity in Urine Drug Screening Immunoassays through Large-Scale Analysis of Electronic Health Records

BACKGROUND: Exposure to drugs of abuse is frequently assessed using urine drug screening (UDS) immunoassays. Although fast and relatively inexpensive, UDS assays often cross-react with unrelated compounds, which can lead to false-positive results and impair patient care. The current process of identifying cross-reactivity relies largely on case reports, making it sporadic and inefficient, and rendering knowledge of cross-reactivity incomplete. Here, we present a systematic approach to discover cross-reactive substances using data from electronic health records (EHRs). METHODS: Using our institution9s EHR data, we assembled a data set of 698651 UDS results across 10 assays and linked each UDS result to the corresponding individual9s previous medication exposures. We hypothesized that exposure to a cross-reactive ingredient would increase the odds of a false-positive screen. For 2201 assay–ingredient pairs, we quantified potential cross-reactivity as an odds ratio from logistic regression. We then evaluated cross-reactivity experimentally by spiking the ingredient or its metabolite into drug-free urine and testing the spiked samples on each assay. RESULTS: Our approach recovered multiple known cross-reactivities. After accounting for concurrent exposures to multiple ingredients, we selected 18 compounds (13 parent drugs and 5 metabolites) to evaluate experimentally. We validated 12 of 13 tested assay–ingredient pairs expected to show cross-reactivity by our analysis, discovering previously unknown cross-reactivities affecting assays for amphetamines, buprenorphine, cannabinoids, and methadone. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings can help laboratorians and providers interpret presumptive positive UDS results. Our data-driven approach can serve as a model for high-throughput discovery of substances that interfere with laboratory tests.
Charge carrier traps in organic semiconductors: a review on the underlying physics and impact on electronic devices

The weak intermolecular interactions inherent in organic semiconductors make them susceptible to defect formation, resulting in localized states in the band-gap that can trap charge carriers at different timescales. Charge carrier trapping is thus ubiquitous in organic semiconductors and can have a profound impact on their performance when incorporated into optoelectronic devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the phenomenon of charge carrier trapping in organic semiconductors, with emphasis on the underlying physical processes and its impact on device operation. We first define the concept of charge carrier trap, then outline and categorize different origins of traps. Next, we discuss their impact on the mechanism of charge transport and the performance of electronic devices. Progress in the filed in terms of characterization and detection of charge carrier traps is reviewed together with insights on future direction of research. Finally, a discussion on the exploitation of traps in memory and sensing applications is provided.
Streamliner: Raymond Loewy and Image-making in the Age of American Industrial Design. By John Wall. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018. Pp. 344. $39.95.)

Raymond Fernand Loewy, the most celebrated of the first generation of industrial designers to appear on the national scene during the 1930s, may well have been at the high point of his influence wh...
Long-Run Changes in Underrepresentation After Affirmative Action Bans in Public Universities:

Affirmative action was banned in California, Texas, Washington, and Florida in the 1990s. Following this early wave, additional states banned the practice, including Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Neb...
Carbonylative, Catalytic Deoxygenation of 2,3-Disubstituted Epoxides with Inversion of Stereochemistry: An Alternative Alkene Isomerization Method

Reactions facilitating inversion of alkene stereochemistry are rare, sought-after transformations in the field of modern organic synthesis. Although a number of isomerization reactions exist, most methods require specific, highly activated substrates to achieve appreciable conversion without side product formation. Motivated by stereoinvertive epoxide carbonylation reactions, we developed a two-step epoxidation/deoxygenation process that results in overall inversion of alkene stereochemistry. Unlike most deoxygenation systems, carbon monoxide was used as the terminal reductant, preventing difficult postreaction separations, given the gaseous nature of the resulting carbon dioxide byproduct. Various alkyl-substituted cis- and trans-epoxides can be reduced to trans- and cis-alkenes, respectively, in >99:1 stereospecificity and up to 95% yield, providing an alternative to traditional, direct isomerization approaches.
Neonatal Exposure to Commensal-Bacteria-Derived Antigens Directs Polysaccharide-Specific B-1 B Cell Repertoire Development

Summary B-1 B cells derive from a developmental program distinct from that of conventional B cells, through B cell receptor (BCR)-dependent positive selection of fetally derived precursors. Here, we used direct labeling of B cells reactive with the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-containing Lancefield group A carbohydrate of Streptococcus pyogenes to study the effects of bacterial antigens on the emergent B-1 B cell clonal repertoire. The number, phenotype, and BCR clonotypes of GlcNAc-reactive B-1 B cells were modulated by neonatal exposure to heat-killed S. pyogenes bacteria. GlcNAc-reactive B-1 clonotypes and serum antibodies were reduced in germ-free mice compared with conventionally raised mice. Colonization of germ-free mice with a conventional microbiota promoted GlcNAc-reactive B-1 B cell development and concomitantly elicited clonally related IgA+ plasma cells in the small intestine. Thus, exposure to microbial antigens in early life determines the clonality of the mature B-1 B cell repertoire and ensuing antibody responses, with implications for vaccination approaches and schedules.
Pin(2)-monopole Floer homology, higher compositions and connected sums

We study the behavior of Pin (2)-monopole Floer homology under connected sums. After constructing a (partially defined) A∞-module structure on the Pin (2)-monopole Floer chain complex of a three-manifold (in the spirit of Baldwin and Bloom's monopole category), we identify up to quasi-isomorphism the Floer chain complex of a connected sum with a version of the A∞-tensor product of the modules of the summands. There is a naturally associated spectral sequence converging to the Floer groups of the connected sum whose E2 page is the Tor of the Floer groups of the summands. We discuss in detail a simple example, and use this computation to show that the Pin (2)-monopole Floer homology of S3 has non-trivial Massey products.
Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income

We estimate the interrelationships among economic institutions, political institutions, openness, and income levels, using identification through heteroskedasticity (IH). We split our cross-national dataset into two sub-samples: (i) colonies versus non-colonies; and (ii) continents aligned on an East–West versus those aligned on a North–South axis. We exploit the difference in the structural variances in these two sub-samples to gain identification. We find that democracy and the rule of law are both good for economic performance, but the latter has a much stronger impact on incomes. Openness (trade/GDP) has a negative impact on income levels and democracy, but a positive effect on rule of law. Higher income produces greater openness and better institutions, but these effects are not very strong. Rule of law and democracy tend to be mutually reinforcing.
Dendritic Cells in Primary Immunodeficiency

Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that serve an essential role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. While dendritic cells have been extensively researched in murine models, a clear role for dendritic cell deficiency in human disease has been challenging to elucidate. At least two forms of dendritic cell deficiency have been described to date, although there are several other primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) that have been associated with impaired dendritic cell quantity and function. The first is a mutation of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and the second is a heterozygous mutation of GATA-binding factor 2 (GATA2). Both mutations lead to increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens, most notably mycobacteria as well as viral infections associated with pulmonary pathology and autoimmunity. The few cases of IRF8 and GATA2 deficiencies that have been reported have advanced our understanding of basic dendritic cell biology beyond previous murine models, but additional cases of dendritic cell PID need to be identified and described so investigators can better appreciate how these cells interact within the human immune system.
How the Intellectually Humble Seek and Use Information.

Addressing humanity’s grand challenges requires productive dialogue. One way to improve dialogue is by helping people build skills in dealing with information using an approach rooted in the intellectual virtues. There are a number of intellectual virtues, but a recent line of multidisciplinary research suggests beginning with intellectual humility (IH) as a cornerstone. At heart, IH is being open to the possibility that one might be mistaken. It has been defined as recognizing one’s intellectual limitations, having little concern with intellect-derived social status, and accurately valuing one’s beliefs according to the evidence. IH has obvious relevance to the information field, but to date there has been scant mention of IH in the information literature. This short paper reports on the first study connecting measures of IH to information seeking and use, a quantitative online survey with 201 participants. The results of this study suggest that individuals with higher IH are more likely to: be older; favor easily accessible information sources; search in multiple places for information; and find that discovering information ignites further interest in their search. Moreover, those with higher IH are less likely to look upon themselves negatively, or think others would, for using a given information source. These findings suggest avenues for further research on IH and information behavior, literacy and design.
Islamic/State: Daesh’s Visual Negotiation of Institutional Positioning

In response to calls for more empirical studies in organizational communication to further develop the Four Flows Model of CCO, this analysis examines how Daesh uses visual messaging strategies as ...
Intake of Fruits and Vegetables According to Pesticide Residue Status in Relation to All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies

Background: Intake of conventionally grown fruits and vegetables (FVs) is an important route of exposure to pesticide residues in the general population. However, whether health risk stemming from exposure to pesticides through diet could offset benefits of consuming FVs is unclear. Objective: We assessed the association of FV intake, classified according to their pesticide residue status, with total and cause-specific mortality. Methods: We followed 137,378 women (NHS, 1998-2019, and NHSII, 1999-2019) and 23,502 men (HPFS, 1998-2020) without cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes at baseline. FV intake was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires and categorized as having high- or low-pesticide-residues using data from the USDA Pesticide Data Program. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for total and cause-specific mortality associated with high- and low-pesticide-residue FV intake. Results: A total of 27,026 deaths, including 4,318 from CVD and 6,426 from cancer, were documented during 3,081,360 person-years of follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, participants who consumed ≥4 servings/day of low-pesticide-residue FVs had 36% (95CI: 32%-41%) lower mortality risk compared to participants who consumed <1 serving/day. The corresponding estimate for high-pesticide residue FV intake was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.81-1.07). This pattern was similar across the three most frequent causes of death. Conclusions: High-pesticide-residue FV intake was unrelated whereas low-pesticide residue FV intake was inversely related to all-cause mortality, suggesting that exposure to pesticide residues through diet may offset the beneficial effect of FV intake on mortality. Funding: Supported by grants U01 HL145386, R24 ES028521, UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969, U01 CA176726, R01 HL034594, R01 HL088521, and U01 CA 167552 from the National Institutes of Health. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and those of participating registries as required.
Physiological Correlates of Time Stress During Game Play

The objective of this study is to develop and use a virtual reality game as a tool to assess the effects of realistic stress on the behavioral and physiological responses of participants. The game is based on a popular Steam game called Keep Talking Nobody Explodes, where the players collaborate to defuse a bomb. Varying levels of difficulties in solving a puzzle and time pressures will result in different stress levels that can be measured in terms of errors, response times, and other physiological measurements. The game was developed using 3D programming tools including Blender and a virtual reality development kit (VRTK). To measure response times accurately, we added LSL (Lab Stream Layer) Markers to collect and synchronize physiological signals, behavioral data, and the timing of game events. We recorded Electrocardiogram (ECG) data during gameplay to assess heart rate and heart-rate variability (HRV) that have been shown as reliable indicators of stress. Our empirical results showed that heart rate increased significantly while HRV reduced significantly when the participants under high stress, which are consistent with the prior mainstream stress research. This VR game framework is publicly available in GitHub and allows researchers to measure and synchronize other physiological signals such as electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and pupillometry.
Perigraft cavity

A case is reported of an unusual sinographic appearance and negative microbial cultures, indicating a long-term failure of incorporation of a vascular graft by surrounding connective tissue. Possible pathogenic mechanisms include ruptured lymphatic channels or a low-grade immunologic rejection process. In such cases a conservative approach is probably warranted rather than the aggressive measures necessary in cases of perigraft infection.
Design Space Exploration of Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction Toward Crossbar Memories

We perform a simulation-based analysis on the potential of emerging ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) as a memory device for crossbar arrays. Though FTJs are promising due to their low power switching characteristics compared to other emerging technologies, the greatest challenge for FTJs is the tradeoff between integration density and read performance. Our analysis highlights the need to co-optimize the ferroelectric thickness of the FTJ and read/write voltages to achieve proper functionality at large array sizes. Our analysis shows that FTJ-based crossbar achieves 93% higher sense margin at isoread power of 116 nW (per bit), but this FTJ design comes at a cost of $9.28\times $ higher write power at isowrite time of 250 ns. In response, we study the potential tradeoffs of design points outside the feasible region to understand what device characteristics are desired to overcome such challenges.
Capacity Theory With Local Rationality: The Strong Fekete-szego Theorem on Curves

This book is devoted to the proof of a deep theorem in arithmetic geometry, the Fekete-Szego theorem with local rationality conditions. The prototype for the theorem is Raphael Robinson's theorem on totally real algebraic integers in an interval, which says that if $[a,b]$ is a real interval of length greater than 4, then it contains infinitely many Galois orbits of algebraic integers, while if its length is less than 4, it contains only finitely many. The theorem shows this phenomenon holds on algebraic curves of arbitrary genus over global fields of any characteristic, and is valid for a broad class of sets. The book is a sequel to the author's work Capacity Theory on Algebraic Curves and contains applications to algebraic integers and units, the Mandelbrot set, elliptic curves, Fermat curves, and modular curves. A long chapter is devoted to examples, including methods for computing capacities. Another chapter contains extensions of the theorem, including variants on Berkovich curves. The proof uses both algebraic and analytic methods, and draws on arithmetic and algebraic geometry, potential theory, and approximation theory. It introduces new ideas and tools which may be useful in other settings, including the local action of the Jacobian on a curve, the ouniversal function" of given degree on a curve, the theory of inner capacities and Green's functions, and the construction of near-extremal approximating functions by means of the canonical distance.
Direct structural evidence for a concerted allosteric transition in Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase

Regulation of protein function, often achieved by allosteric mechanisms, is central to normal physiology and cellular processes. Although numerous models have been proposed to account for the cooperative binding of ligands to allosteric proteins and enzymes, direct structural support has been lacking. Here, we used a combination of X-ray crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering in solution to provide direct structural evidence that the binding of ligand to just one of the six active sites of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase induces a concerted structural transition from the T to the R state.
The role of the worksite inspection under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Reflections on 17 years of OSHA experience.

The inspection process has its counterpart in other areas of safety, namely, automobile safety, airplane safety, truck safety, structural safety, and the like. That we are less than pleased with the results in measures of workplace safety performance during the last decade and a half is not a reason to forsake the inspection process. There are ways to greatly improve the inspection process. The current dialogue should focus on extensions and improvements of inspections rather than relieving regulates of the inspection experience. The inspection process has demonstrated its value as a safety management tool. Language: en
Gene-environment interactions and obesity: recent developments and future directions

Obesity, a major public health concern, is a multifactorial disease caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Although recent genome-wide association studies have identified many loci related to obesity or body mass index, the identified variants explain only a small proportion of the heritability of obesity. Better understanding of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors is the basis for developing effective personalized obesity prevention and management strategies. This article reviews recent advances in identifying gene-environment interactions related to obesity and describes epidemiological designs and newly developed statistical approaches to characterizing and discovering gene-environment interactions on obesity risk.
American lobster dynamics in a brave new ocean1

Dynamic food webs and climate are changing lobster ecology and management. American lobsters (Homarus americanus) evolved in the North Atlantic under conditions of intense predation from large finf...
Diffusion of a durable good innovation: The case of high bypass turbojet engines

Jackson and Kaserman (1991) model diffusion of an innovation an investment decision where the time of adoption is motivated by cost-minimization. This paper tests this model, using the adoption by American “major” airlines of jet aircraft embodying high bypass turbojet engine technology.
Transient and steady-state photoconductivity in a-Si1−xGex:H,F alloys☆

Abstract Measurements of the transient photoconductivity by the time of flight (TOF) method in sandwich configuration have been used to determine the electron mobility-lifetime (μτ) products of r.f. glow discharge a-Si 1−x Ge x :H alloys with 0 ≤ × ≤ 0.4. The μτ products decrease monotonically with x. The μτ versus x characteristic lies parallel to, but two orders of magnitude in μτ lower than the characteristic derived from steady-state photoconductivity data. Similar results are found for fluoride-derived a-Si 1−x Ge x :H alloys produced in the same reactor. TOF results on these alloys indicate similar μτ products to those obtained from TOF for a-Si 1−x Ge x :H alloys of the same x value. This does not corroborate the order-of-magnitude improvement in the steady-state photoresponse found for the fluoride-derived material. Explanations for this observation and also the discrepancy between μτ from TOF and steady-state photoconductivity are discussed.
Charge transfer from N2 to doubly charged ions

Abstract The reaction of N2+ with N2 occurs by single charge transfer while that of Ar2+ with N2 occurs by double charge transfer, although in each collision both single and double charge transfer are energetically allowed. The rates are: k(N2+,N2) = (2.8 = 0.6) × 10−9 cm3/s. and k(Ar2+(1D), N2) = (1.4 = 0.2) × 10−9 cm3/s.
Staphylococcal nuclease high-performance liquid chromatographic characterization of diaminooctane-modified DNA and its biotin and fluorescein derivatives.

Abstract DNA was subjected to bisulfite-catalyzed transamination at the N 4 sites of its cytosine residues with 1,8-diaminooctane (DAO). The product, DNA—DAO, was non-specifically degraded with a cloned staphylococcal nuclease (Nase). The products from the Nase digestion were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to define the extent of reaction with DAO. Mostly, nucleoside 3′-monophosphates were obtained, along with four Nase-resistant dinucleotides: TpdGp, dApdGp, TpdCp—DAO and dApdCp—DAO. The addition of spleen phosphodiesterase II gave a faster hydrolysis and left no dinucleotides. A mixture of Nase, snake venom phosphodiesterase I and alkaline phosphatase gave a fast hydrolysis as well but two dinucleotides, apparently TpdC—DAO and dApdC—DAO, persisted. Further modification of the diaminooctyl side chains with fluorescein isothiocyanate or biotin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was similarly investigated. Interestingly, derivatization of the DAO side chain with biotin eliminates the resistance of TpdCp—DAO and dApdCp—DAO to Nase digestion. This work provides some guidelines for using Nase, alone or with other nucleases, along with HPLC, for characterizing alkyldiamine DNA products, and should be similarly useful for studying other modifications of DNA.
Localization of alpha integrin subunits in the neural retina of the tiger salamander.

Background: Integrin receptors mediate cell–extracellular matrix interactions and regulate many events, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Retinal integrins are incompletely understood, although these receptors are potentially important factors in normal retinal function and pathology. Methods: Immunocytochemistry was used to localize α integrin subunits 1–6 in the neural retina. Results: Each α integrin subunit had a unique distribution in the retina, although there was considerable overlap among subunits. The α1 subunit was broadly distributed throughout the retina, with some presumptive ganglion cells showing enriched labeling. The α2 subunit was present on all retinal cell bodies, but was reduced in synaptic layers. The α3 subunit was present in synaptic layers, Muller cells, and some cone and amacrine cells. The α4 subunit was broadly distributed in the nuclear layers but was reduced in synaptic layers. The α5 subunit was broadly expressed in the nuclear and synaptic layers with enriched labeling in the outer plexiform layer. Labeling for the α6 subunit was restricted to the outer limiting membrane and some cone outer segments. Double-labeling studies indicated that photoreceptor terminals may exhibit α1 and α5 subunits, while processes from second-order neurons may exhibit α1, α3, and α5 subunits. Conclusion: Integrin receptors containing the α1, α3, and α5 subunits may have important functions at retinal synapses, in addition to roles in the nuclear layers. Integrin receptors containing α2, α4, and α6 subunits probably serve non-synaptic functions.
Yeah, I found it! Performing Web site usability testing to ensure that off-campus students can find the information they need

This paper discusses the results of the formal usability studies and focus groups that involved other libraries' web pages to to first determine what users appreciated or disliked about the current site. This article was co-published in The Eleventh Off-Campus Library Services Conference Proceedings.
The Importance of Bacteriologic Eradication in the Treatment of Group A Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis

Eradication of the group A β-hemolytic streptococci from the tonsillopharynx by use of antibiotics is the essential outcome to prevent suppurative and nonsuppurative sequelae, abate symptoms, and prevent contagion. The minimum criterion standard for eradication rate is 85% or better according to the United States Food and Drug Administration. From 1991 to present less than 20% of clinical trials have shown penicillin to meet or exceed the minimum standard compared with 100% for various cephalosporins, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and macrolides/azalides, when appropriately dosed. Efficacy alone cannot produce optimal treatment outcomes in clinical practice because nonadherence frequently results in failed therapy, persistence of infection, and morbidity. Poor taste and the need for 10 days of therapy with penicillin are adherence barriers. The evidence base supporting the selection of cephalosporins in preference to penicillin for treatment of group A β-hemolytic streptococci tonsillopharyngitis is very stron...
Thermal pressure coefficients and specific volumes of cyanobiphenyls and their transition entropies at constant volume

Abstract Specific volumes and thermal pressure coefficients (∂p/∂T)v of 5CB, 7CB, 50CB, and 80CB were measured from temperatures near their crystalline melting points to above their nematic-isotropic transitions. At TNI, volume changes ΔV of 0.52, 0.67, 0.25, and 0.48 cm3 mol−1, respectively, were found. A discontinuity of 0.02 cm3 mol−1 in the volume of 80CB was observed at its smectic A-nematic transition. The entropy change at constant volume ΔSv was determined at TAN and TNI by subtracting the entropy of dilation (∂p/∂T)v ΔV from the entropy change at constant pressure. The latter quantity was obtained from the slope of the phase boundary curve according to the Clapeyron equation. This was judged to be a more reliable procedure than using transition heats from DSC. Values of ΔSv vary from 0.03Rto 0.10R for the nematic-isotropic transition, where R is the gas constant.
A critical survey of resources for locating and selecting audio-visual materials

One of the chief deterrents to the effective utilization of audiovisual materials can be a failure to get to the user information about those materials which will best serve his purposes. Obviously a ceiling is imposed on the user's selection of materials by his knowledge of available materials. Since he can select no better or newer materials than those about which he has information, and since learning is, to a certain extent, conditioned by the materials which provide the stimuli to the learner, it seems highly desirable that descriptive and critical information concerning all types of audio-visual materials be made available. National professional organizations, publications devoted exclusively to the field of audio-visual education as well as those which are devoted to subject-matter areas, producers and distributors of audio-visual materials, educational institutions, and governmental organizations recognize this fact and are making available an increasing amount of organized information concerning audio-visual materials-their sources, their content and physical format, their purposes, and the groups in which they should make their optimum contributions. A study of these resources for locating and selecting audiovisual materials reveals that there are two principal types of publications(a) those providing information on a particular type of audio-visual material in all subject-matter areas and on all maturity levels and (b) those providing information on one or more
Careful! Don't overtreat that wound:

Home health nurses face many challenges in the course of their jobs. One such challenge is that of wound care. In today's environment it is difficult to choose the appropriate therapy as we are being bombarded with new information and treatments almost daily. It is imperative for home health nurses to base their plan of care on scientific principle.
Alexithymia in the Eating Disorders

Eating disorder patients appear to have high degrees of alexithymia, a diminished capability to verbally describe feelings, although little data exist. We administered the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) to 114 females with DSM-III-R defined eating disorders. Patients, regardless of subtype, scored significantly higher than 370 college-aged females. TAS scores were significantly correlated to self-ratings of affective symptoms, but not weight or binge-purge frequency. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interactive effect of job content and context on the reactions of layoff survivors.

A field survey and laboratory experiment examined the determinants of survivors' reactions to job layoffs. Independent variables included (a) change in the perceived intrinsic quality of the content of survivors' jobs relative to before the layoffs and (b) context favorability,as determined by (a) the perceived fairness of the layoffs and (b) survivors' perceptions of their co-workers' reactions to the layoffs. Both studies revealed similar Job Content × Context interaction effects on the primary dependent variable of commitment: Change in job content was more strongly (positively) related to survivors' organizational and task commitment when the context was more favorable
Forced-Controlled Nanomanipulation Utilizing Nano-Robotic Manipulator and Nanomechanical Cantilever

This paper presents forced-controlled nanomanipulation utilizing nano-robotic manipulator and nanomechanical cantilever. A three degree of freedom (3 DOF) nanomanipulator with revolute revolute prismatic (RRP) actuator structure, named here MM3A® , can be utilized for a variety of nanomanipulation tasks. Previous publications of the authors present the mathematical modeling and robust control of manipulator’s tip using fused visual servoing and force sensor feedbacks. Due to lack of position and velocity feedbacks in MM3A® nanomanipulator, a fused vision/force feedback robust controller has been recently designed by the authors. Previous publications of the authors present the optimal utilization of the visual servoing and force sensor feedbacks for use in the nanomanipulation tasks. More specifically, the visual servoing and force feedback structures are investigated through extensive simulations in order to reveal issues in practical implementation. In modeling the force sensing module of the designed fused feedback controller, previous publications of the authors present a closed-form distributed-parameters based modeling framework for piezoresistive Nanomechanical Cantilever (NMC)-based force sensors used in a variety of cantilever-based nanomanipulation actions. Current modeling practices call for a simple lumped-parameters framework rather than modeling the piezoresistive NMC itself. Due to the widespread applications of such NMCs in nanoscale force sensing or non-contact atomic force microscopy with nano-Newton to pico-Newton force measurement requirements, precise modeling of the piezoresistive microcantilevers is essential. Instead of the previously used lumped-parameters modeling, a distributed-parameters modeling framework is proposed and developed in previous publications of the authors to arrive at the most complete model of the piezoresistive NMC including tip-mass, tip-force and base movement considerations. Here, experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed distributed-parameters model when compared with the previously reported lumped-parameters modeling approach. It is shown that by utilizing the distributed-parameters model rather than lumped-parameters approach and by predicting the exact motion of each point on the NMC, the precision of the piezoresistive NMC’s model is significantly enhanced. Such novel modeling framework could pave the pathway towards nanomechanical cantilever-based manipulation and positioning as detailed in the second part.© 2008 ASME