cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endotracheal Cryotherapy in the Treatment of Refractory Airway Strictures

In 1977 we reported the successful use of endotracheal cryotherapy in the treatment of experimental tracheal strictures. This technique has now been employed in the treatment of 29 refractory airway lesions in 27 patients ranging in age from 3 months to 42 years. The technique utilizes a nitrous oxide cryoprobe measuring 3 mm in diameter and 43 cm in length. The tip of the probe is applied directly to the stricture through the endoscope and cooled to -80 degrees C for 45 seconds. On removal of the probe, the frozen tissue is resected with biopsy forceps. Cryotherapy has successfully relieved the airway strictures in 20 of the 24 lesions in which treatment was completed. The technique of endotracheal cryotherapy has proved helpful in the management of selected patients with refractory airway strictures.
Snap-off in constricted tubes and porous media

Abstract Many mechanistic models for foam in porous media rely on the concept of repeated snap-off in pore throats to explain foam generation in porous media. Repeated snap-off occurs in gas flow through singly constricted tubes, but mechanisms differ in gas flow through porous media with pores of finite volume. For instance, in a doubly-constricted tube snap-off ceases when the pore body between pore throats fills with bubbles and capillary pressure rises. Thus the mechanism of repeated snap-off, as currently formulated and applied, cannot explain steady-state foam generation in porous media.
Differential responses of mouse UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and beta-glucuronidase to disulfiram and related compounds.

Summary Studies on the induction of non-oxygenative detoxication enzymes in mice by anticarcinogenic thionosulfur compounds have been extended to include hepatic and pulmonary UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Dietary administration of disulfiram and of bisethylxanthogen to female CD-1 mice enhanced microsomal glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone, a characteristic GT1 substrate, and of 4-hydroxybiphenyl, a GT2 substrate. Latency of the activity toward 4-methylumbelliferone was not affected appreciably. Disulfiram also enhanced glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol. Diethyldithiocarbamate was ineffective under the conditions used. These thionosulfur compounds caused no significant change in beta-glucuronidase activity measured in homogenates of 7 organs.
Computerized Analysis of Spike Burst Activity in the Small Intestine

The myoelectric activity occurring within the intestine is exceedingly complex and existing analytic techniques are tedious and laborious. An automated system has been developed to perform computerized analysis of electrical spike burst activity recorded from multiple small intestinal electrodes. This software data analysis system was developed to 1) recognize individual spike bursts occurring in each of 7 electrodes, 2) measure the duration of the spike burst, and 3) if it propagates the length of intestine (number of electrodes) over which it propagates and the intercontractile time intervals between it and every other burst in the propagation, and 4) perform routine statistical calculations on these data and present the results in tabular and graphical form. This technique accomplishes precise quantification of both temporal and spatial relationships between spike bursts and agrees with manual analytical techniques. It should lead to improved understanding of the relationship between electromechanical events and flow within the intestinal lumen.
Induction of neurofibrillary degeneration following treatment with maytansine in vivo.

Abstract The effects of maytansine (MYT), a naturally occurring ansa macrolide and potent antimitotic drug that binds to tubulin, were studied by light and electron microscopy in the central nervous system of rabbits. Respectively, 17 and 5 animals were sacrificed at various time intervals following a single intrathecal or intraocular injection of the agent. The rabbits responded to the intrathecal injection with progressively severe weakness. By 19 h following injection the neurons of the cervical spinal cord, medulla and pons showed, by light microscopy, a marked clumping of the Nissl substance, while on the third day and later the nerve cell perikarya and dendrites displayed severe neurofibrillary changes. By electron microscopy several cytological alterations were observed as early as 19 h; among them were the clumping of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the reduction in number of microtubules, and the presence of a fine, floccular and amorphous material. The perikaryonal and dendritic neurofibrillary changes appeared as tangles and/or bundles of 10 nm neurofilaments. In the intraocularly injected rabbits the earliest changes observed in retinal ganglion cells were the severe reduction in microtubule number and the presence of an amorphous material. The neurofibrillary changes seen at later times were comparable with those observed in the cervical cord and brain stem. Although the molecular events occurring between the formation of the intracytoplasmic MYT-tubulin complexes and the accumulation of filaments are not known, the present results indicate that the proliferation of neurofilaments is chronologically preceded by the reduction in number of the microtubules and by the appearance of an amorphous floccular material in the cytoplasm. It is emphasized that despite differences in binding characteristics and physico-chemical properties, maytansine, colchicine and the Vinca alkaloids have, as a common denominator, the property of interfering with the process of utilization of tubulin and in that way they seem to differ from other chemical agents known to induce neurofibrillary degeneration.
A retainerless matrix for amalgam restorations

Summary The Automatrix is an alternative method for the restoration of mutilated posterior teeth. It provides improved access, visibility, convenience, and economy of time for amalgam procedures.
A contribution to the theory of quantum solids

Abstract A theory of quantum solids which treats short range correlations and long range correlations fully self-consistently is outlined.
Enhancement of RNA synthesis by promoter duplication in tombusviruses.

Abstract Replication of tombusviruses, small plus-strand RNA viruses of plants, is regulated by cis-acting elements present in the viral RNA. The role of cis-acting elements can be studied in vitro by using a partially purified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) preparation obtained from tombusvirus-infected plants (Nagy, P.D., and Pogany, J. 2000 , Virology 276, 279– 288). Here, we demonstrate that the minus-strand RNA of tombusviruses contains, in addition to the 3′-terminal minimal plus-strand initiation promoter, a second cis-acting element, termed the promoter proximal enhancer (PPE). The PPE element enhanced RNA synthesis by almost threefold from the adjacent minimal promoter in the in vitro assay. The sequence of the PPE element is 70% similar to the minimal promoter, suggesting that sequence duplication of the minimal promoter may have been the mechanism leading to the generation of the PPE. Consistent with this proposal, replacement of the PPE element with the minimal promoter, which resulted in a perfectly duplicated promoter region, preserved its enhancer-like function. In contrast, mutagenesis of the PPE element or its replacement with an artificial G/C-rich sequence abolished its stimulative effect on initiation of RNA synthesis in vitro. In vivo experiments are also consistent with the role of the PPE element in enhancement of tombusvirus replication. Sequence comparison of several tombusviruses and related carmoviruses further supports the finding that duplication of minimal promoter sequences may have been an important mechanism during the evolution of cis-acting elements in tombusviruses and related RNA viruses.
A note on modeling the impact of economic announcements on interest rates

Abstract The observed behavior of interest rates in response to real and monetary shocks is modeled over different policy regimes of the Federal Reserve. Tests at the empirical level, using the 3-month Treasury bill rate, provide support for the predictions of the model over the October 1977 to December 1997 sample period.
Studies of mouse salivary gland virus disease. I. RNA, DNA and PAS reactions in SGV-infected liver.

Abstract Salivary gland virus (SGV) intranuclear inclusions contained RNA and increased amount of glycoproteins. Olycogen and glycoproteins in the cytoplasm of inclusion-bearing cells may be sources of substances essential for the formation of viral nucleic acid glycoprotein complexes. The halo encircling the inclusion body is probably an artefict of aggregation, dehydration or both.
The anticodon of the maize chloroplast gene for tRNAUAALeu is split by a large intron

Abstract The maize chloroplast gene encoding tRNA Leu UAA has been sequenced. It contains a 458 base pair intron between the first and second bases of the anticodon. The tRNA is 88 nucleotides long (the 3'-terminal CCA sequence included which, however, is not encoded by the gene) and differs in only four nucleotides (modified nucleotides are not considered) from the corresponding isoacceptor from bean chloroplasts. The unusual position of the intron in this maize chloroplast tRNA gene suggests a splicing model different from that generally accepted for eukaryotic split tRNA genes.
Microscopic DNA Flexibility Analysis PROBING THE BASE COMPOSITION AND ION DEPENDENCE OF MINOR GROOVE COMPRESSION WITH AN ARTIFICIAL DNA BENDING AGENT

Abstract We have used an artificial DNA bending agent to monitor the local flexibility of the DNA helix as a function of Mg2+ cation concentration, sequence, and temperature. A DNA bending agent was constructed from a pair of triple helix-forming oligonucleotides connected by a flexible polymeric linker, which, when the linker is short enough, causes a bend in a minor groove region separating the two sites of triple helix formation. The unique aspect of this system is that, since the bent region is not in direct contact with the linker or the triple helix-forming oligonucleotides, the free energy reflecting the bendability of the minor helix groove can be estimated from a comparison of binding affinity between the bent and unbent triple helices. A binding competition experiment and association and dissociation kinetic assays executed at 37°C in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+ have revealed an extremely small difference in binding affinity between bent (50°) and straight triple helices, suggesting that DNA flexibility with respect to minor groove compression is extremely high and virtually independent of the sequence of the distorted duplex. This unexpectedly small difference in binding affinity was detected over the temperature range from 25 to 65°C, and over a Mg2+ concentration range from 0.3 to 10 mM. Thus, these findings provide evidence that DNA bendability for minor groove compression is inherently high and independent of DNA sequence, temperature, or a 30-fold variation of Mg2+ ion concentration.
Medication effect on lymphocyte morphology in schizophrenia.

Past studies on the occurrence of atypical lymphocytes in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia are contradictory; some researchers have argued that such cells are a genetic marker of the disease while others have explained the cells simply as an effect of antipsychotic drugs. The present study blindly measured atypical lymphocytes in 14 schizophrenics on medication for at least 6 weeks and off medication for at least 4 weeks, ten Huntington's disease patients on antipsychotic medication, and ten normal controls. The patients with schizophrenia (P<0.05) and those with Huntington's disease (P<0.02) both had significantly more atypical lymphocytes than the normal controls. However no difference was found in the percentage of atypical lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia on and off medication. The authors cite the need for studies of first-admission, never-tested patients to definitively settle this question.
Limited effects of fasting on hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis in HBV transgenic mice.

Nuclear receptors have a unique role in governing hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription and replication. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) plus peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) have been shown to support viral biosynthesis in nonhepatoma cells in the absence of additional liver-enriched transcription factors. However, the in vivo importance of these nuclear receptors in HBV biosynthesis has been investigated only to a limited extent. Fasting has been shown to activate gluconeogenesis, in part, by activating PPARγ coactivator 1 α, which in turn leads to activation of HNF4α- and RXRα/PPARα-mediated transcription. As HBV pregenomic RNA synthesis is primarily believed to be regulated by HNF4α under normal physiological conditions, it was of interest to determine the effect of fasting on the levels of HBV RNA and DNA synthesis. Fasting was shown to rather modestly increase the levels of viral proteins, transcripts, and replication intermediates in the HBV transgenic mouse model of chronic viral infection, suggesting that caloric restriction may modulate viremia to some extent during natural infection.
The strength of dehalogenase-substrate hydrogen bonding correlates with the rate of Meisenheimer intermediate formation

4-Chlorobenzoyl-coenzyme A (4-CBA-CoA) dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 4-CBA-CoA to 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA by using an active site aspartate as the nucleophile. Formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex (EMc) is followed by chloride ion expulsion which forms the arylated intermediate (EAr). This is then hydrolyzed to the product. In this paper, we explore the relationship between active site polarizing forces acting on the benzoyl carbonyl and the rate of formation of the Meisenheimer complex. The polarizing forces at the CO group were modulated by introducing site-selected mutations (A112V, Y65D, G113A, G113S, G113N, and F64P), near the CO binding site. Using either the substrate, 4-CBA-CoA, or the substrate analogue, 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA (4-MBA-CoA), Raman difference spectroscopy provided the position of the CO stretching frequency (νCO) for a total of 10 enzyme−ligand complexes. In turn, the values of the CO frequencies could be converted to differences in effective hydro...
Inhibitory effects of Microgard on yogurt and cottage cheese spoilage organisms

Abstract Three different concentrations of freeze-dried Microgard™ were investigated for their inhibitory action against spoilage organisms in two commercial brands of strawberry-flavored yogurt. Evaluation of the Microgard™ activity in the commercial yogurt samples focused on acid tolerant yeasts and gram-negative bacteria. Yeasts were the principal spoilage organisms contaminating commercial yogurts. Microgard™ (10% concentration) inhibited viable yeasts and preserved one commercial yogurt brand for over 82 d at 5°C. In the other yogurt brand, yeasts were not eliminated, but their early growth was restricted by 10% Microgard™. The inhibitory action of Microgard™ against yeasts was concentration dependent. The Microgard™-supplemented yogurts were also protected from spoilage by gram-negative psychrotrophs which grew out following pH increases as a result of yeast growth. In the case of commercially produced cottage cheese, a significant reduction in spoilage due to inhibition of gram-negative psychrotrophs by liquid Microgard™ was observed. In 24 d, 90% (105 out of 114 cartons) of cottage cheese that contained liquid Microgard™ had less than 800 gram-negative bacteria/g of cottage cheese. In 30 d, 68% (78 out of 114 cartons) of the cottage cheese had undetectable levels of spoilage organisms (less than 100/g) when the cottage cheese was kept at 7°C. Less than 1% of cottage cheese that contained liquid Microgard™ showed any surface growth (mold) and 33% of the cottage cheese that did not contain liquid Microgard™ underwent surface spoilage in 21 d.
Knockdown of SLBP results in nuclear retention of histone mRNA

Histone mRNAs are the only eukaryotic cellular mRNAs that are not polyadenylated. Synthesis of mature histone mRNA requires only a single processing reaction: an endonucleolytic cleavage between a conserved stem–loop and a purine-rich downstream element to form the 39 end. The stem–loop binding protein (SLBP) is required for processing, and following processing, histone mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, where SLBP participates in translation of the histone mRNA and is also involved in regulation of histone mRNA degradation. Here we present an analysis of histone mRNA metabolism in cells with highly reduced levels of SLBP using RNA interference. Knocking down SLBP in U2OS cells results in a reduction in the rate of cell growth and an accumulation of cells in S-phase. Surprisingly, there is only a modest (twofold) decrease in histone mRNA levels. Much of histone mRNA in the SLBP knockdown cells is properly processed but is retained in the nucleus. The processed histone mRNA in SLBP knockdown cells is not rapidly degraded when DNA replication is inhibited. These results suggest a previously undescribed role for SLBP in histone mRNA export.
A New Sampling Device For Collection Of Uncontaminated, Discrete Water Samples During Hydrographic Profiling Operations

Traditionally, Cylindrical sample bottles on rosette sampling devices are used for col- lection of large-volume water samples during hydrographic profiling operations on research vessels. For intensive, deep-ocean sampling programs, these conventional, wire-lowered sampling systems have a number of technical limitations which adversely affect hydrographic data quality, water sample integrity, profiling time, and operational costs. With funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Battelle, in conjunction with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, developed a proto- type water sample collection device that offers a number of improvements to conventional cylindrical water samplers. This device incor- porates innovative features such as sterile, flexible water sample containers suitable for use in dissolved gas and trace metals studies and an internal rotary valve design for selec- tion of individual sample containers. The device is fully compatible with conventional CTD profiling systems with real-time display of profile data and confirmation of water sample collection. All components are config- ured within a streamlines underwater unit for rapid vertical profiling at speeds of 2 m/s.
CPAP Machine Performance and Altitude

Study rationale and objective Sleep-disordered breathing is commonly treated with nasally applied continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Typically, pressures are titrated to pneumatically splint the airway to prevent its collapse in response to negative inspiratory pressure. This investigation was prompted by several patient complaints of sleep-related breathing difficulty associated with travel to high altitudes. CPAP devices create pressure with fan-generated airflow; therefore, CPAP performance should behave according to collective fan laws. Measurements and results In the present study, we examined the effect of simulated altitude change on four commercially available CPAP machines. Machines were tested using anatomic airway mannequins in an altitude chamber. We made three simulated ascents to 12,000 feet with machines set at 5, 10, and 12 cm H 2 O sea level pressure equivalents. We measured pressure using water manometers at 2,000-foot increments during ascent and descent. Mask pressures varied systematically with changing altitude in three machines. One machine, equipped with a pressure regulation feature, maintained pressure within 1 mm H 2 O at all pressure and altitude combinations. Conclusions Altitude significantly alters delivered pressure according to predictions made by the fan laws, unless a unit has pressure-compensating features. Clinicians should consider this factor when CPAP is prescribed for patients who live or travel to places located at significantly higher or lower elevations than the titration site.
Varieties of procedural accounts of working memory retention systems

The present commentary agrees with many of the points made by Ruchkin et al. but brings up several important differences in assumptions. These assumptions have to do with the nature of the capacity limit in working memory and the possible bases of working-memory activation.
The Impact of Learning Disabilities on Adulthood A Review of the Evidenced-Based Literature for Research and Practice in Adult Education

It is now well established that learning disabilities (LD) persist into the adult years, yet despite a developing literature base in this area, there is a paucity of evidence-based research to guide research and practice. Consistent with the demands of the adult stage of development, autonomy and self-determination are crucial to quality-of-life issues to adults in general, and specifically to adults with LD. There are many areas of functioning in which adults need to adapt successfully, such as employment, family, social and emotional, daily living routines, community, and recreation and leisure. In essence, there are a myriad of challenges and outcomes as adults navigate the trials and tribulations of LD as it manifests itself into adulthood. This review of the extant evidence-based literature seeks to discover relevant knowledge that can be shared with practitioners who serve adults with LD in a variety of professional and volunteer roles, particularly in adult education settings.
Enhancing the stability of microsomal cytochrome b5: a rational approach informed by comparative studies with the outer mitochondrial membrane isoform.

The outer mitochondrial membrane isoform of mammalian cytochrome b 5 (OM b 5 ) is much less prone to lose heme than the microsomal isoform (Mc b 5 ), with a conserved difference at position 71 (leucine versus serine) playing a major role. We replaced Ser71 in Mc b 5 with Leu, with the prediction that it would retard heme loss by diminishing polypeptide expansion accompanying rupture of the histidine to iron bonds. The strategy was partially successful in that it slowed dissociation of heme from its less stable orientation in bMc b 5 (B). Heme dissociation from orientation A was accelerated to a similar extent, however, apparently owing to increased binding pocket dynamic mobility related to steric strain. A second mutation (L32I) guided by results of previous comparative studies of Mc and OM b 5 s diminished the steric strain, but much greater relief was achieved by replacing heme with iron deuteroporphyrin IX (FeDPIX). Indeed, the stability of the Mc S 7 I L b 5 FeDPIX complex is similar to that of the FeDPIX complex of OM b 5 . The results suggest that maximizing heme binding pocket compactness in the apo state is a useful general strategy for increasing the stability of engineered or designed proteins.
Survivability: Measuring and ensuring path diversity

A novel criterion is introduced for assessing the diversity of a collection of paths or trajectories. The main idea is the notion of survivability, which measures the likelihood that numerous paths are obstructed by the same obstacle. This helps to improve robustness with respect to collision, which is an important challenge in the design of real-time planning algorithms. Efficient algorithms are presented for computing the survivability criterion and for selecting a subset of paths that optimize survivability from a larger collection. The algorithms are implemented and solutions are illustrated for two different systems. Chi-square tests are used to show uniform coverage obtained by using the computed paths in a simple breadth-first search. Random obstacle placement is used to show superior robustness of these primitives compared to uniform sampling of the control space.
Effect of Silica on Transformations of Fibrillar Colloidal Boehmite and Gamma Alumina

The addition of silicic acid to fibrillar colloidal boehmite retarded the conversion at high temperature of gamma alumina to theta and alpha and permitted the formation of an intermediate kappa. Unusually sharp X–ray diffraction patterns for gamma, theta, and kappa transition aluminas are presented.
Maternal Phenylketonuria and Tetrahydrobiopterin

Untreated maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) results in a significant occurrence of microcephaly and congenital heart disease in the offspring. Before the documentation of this fact by Lenke and Levy1 in 1980, there was confusion as to the occurrence of these abnormalities. In fact, a chapter by Knox in the 1966 book The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease 2 concluded: “Births of normal children from phenylketonuric mothers establish the fact that no intrauterine damage need be done to the fetus by the metabolic abnormalities of the mother.” This conclusion served to strengthen the opinion of physicians who were opposed to continuation of a phenylalanine-restricted diet beyond early childhood. For these reasons, in 1984 the National Institute of Child Health and Development launched an 18-year study to evaluate the value of treatment of maternal PKU pregnancies.3,4 Despite the dedicated participation of clinics serving more than 400 pregnancies … Address correspondence to Richard Koch, MD, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, 2125 Ames St, Los Angeles, CA 90027. E-mail: drpku{at}sbcglobal.net
Effectiveness of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Approaches for Employment of People with Severe Mental Illness

The authors review studies of (a) traditional psychiatric rehabilitation (including clubhouse programs and approaches offering an array of employment options) and (b) supported employment approaches for helping people with severe mental illness gain and maintain competitive employment. Based on the results of this review, the authors conclude that the effectiveness of traditional psychiatric rehabilitation in helping people gain competitive employment cannot be conclusively determined at this point. On the other hand, research on the effectiveness of supported employment was consistently positive. The authors recommend that further research be conducted on model definition, intermediate vocational options, interaction between client characteristics and program models, and long-term outcomes.
The battle against immunopathology: infectious tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells.

Infectious tolerance is a process whereby one regulatory lymphoid population confers suppressive capacity on another. Diverse immune responses are induced following infection or inflammatory insult that can protect the host, or potentially cause damage if not properly controlled. Thus, the process of infectious tolerance may be critical in vivo for exerting effective immune control and maintaining immune homeostasis by generating specialized regulatory sub-populations with distinct mechanistic capabilities. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a central mediator of infectious tolerance through their ability to convert conventional T cells into induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) directly by secretion of the suppressive cytokines TGF-β, IL-10, or IL-35, or indirectly via dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms and cell populations that mediate and contribute to infectious tolerance, with a focus on the intestinal environment, where tolerance induction to foreign material is critical.
Inactivation of Hepatitis B and Hutchinson Strain Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis Viruses by Exposure to Tween 80 and Ether

Titrated stocks of hepatitis B virus and Hutchinson strain non-A, non-B hepatitis virus were diluted in normal serum to contain, respectively, greater than or equal to 10(6) and greater than or equal to 10(4) chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) per milliliter and exposed to 1% Tween 80 and 20% ether at 4 degrees C for 18 h. After evaporation of the ether, the treated sera were each inoculated into two chimpanzees. The animals remained free of serologic and biochemical evidence of hepatitis during a 6-month follow-up period, and were then shown to be susceptible to infection by challenge with the original untreated inocula. To assess the effect of exposure to Tween 80/ether on coagulation factors, four lots of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate and 2 lots of commercial factor IX concentrate were treated as above. For the AHF concentrate there was an average of 70% recovery of factor VIII procoagulant activity, 93% recovery of factor VIII-related antigen, and 73% recovery of fibronectin opsonin activity and no detectable change in ristocetin cofactor activity or in fibronectin antigen. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed no change in migration rate of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), although the quantity of fibrinogen was reduced. Factor VIII procoagulant activity and vWF activity remained associated during chromatography on BioGel A15.
Misattribution errors in Alzheimer's disease: The illusory truth effect.

Patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-matched controls were compared on a series of tasks designed to measure errors of misattribution, the act of attributing a memory or idea to an incorrect source. Misattribution was indexed through the illusory truth effect, the tendency for participants to judge previously encountered information to be true. Cognitive theories have suggested that the illusory truth effect reflects the misattribution of experimentally produced familiarity (a nonspecific sense that an item has been previously encountered) to the veracity of previously encountered information. Consistent with earlier suggestions that AD impairs both familiarity and recollection (specific memory for contextual details of the study episode), AD patients demonstrated significantly fewer misattribution errors under conditions in which the illusory truth effect is thought to rely on relative familiarity (uncued condition), but more misattribution errors under conditions thought to rely on relative amounts of contextual recollection (cued condition). These results help further specify the precise nature of memory impairments in AD.
Evolution-equation approach to seismic image, and data, continuation ☆

In reflection seismology one places point sources and point receivers on the earth’s surface, forming an acquisition geometry. Each source generates acoustic waves in the subsurface, that are reflected where the medium properties vary discontinuously. The reflections that can be observed at the receivers are used to image these discontinuities or reflectors assuming a background medium. We analyze methods to circumvent the repeated imaging of reflectors under varying background media, or the repeated modelling of reflections under varying acquisition geometries. These methods involve the introduction of the notion of seismic continuation. Here, we develop the foundation of, and a comprehensive framework for seismic continuation while extending earlier approaches to allow for the formation of caustics. Traditionally, seismic continuation has been viewed from a geometrical (ray asymptotic) point of view; here, we introduce the notion of wave-equation continuation through the appearance of evolution equations.
Line-Width Dependence of Stress in Passivated Al Lines During Thermal Cycling

We have obtained theoretical stress-temperature curves for passivated Al lines undergoing thermal cycling. A finite element plane-strain cross-sectional analysis with a time-dependent constitutive property for Al, based on equations/or discrete-obstacle controlled plasticity, was performed. The parameters for this Al constitutive relation were obtained by fitting with experimentally obtained stress-temperature curves for Al blanket films on silicon. Theoretical results agree well with the x-ray diffraction experimental data of Besser ct al.1 Using a time-dependent property for Al helps match the data better than a time-independent property. Theoretical stress-temperature curves were also obtained for the longitudinal, transverse, and normal stress components in aluminum lines for line-widths ranging from 0.5 to 10 μm. The hysteresis of the stress-temperature curve of Al gets less as the line-width gets smaller. All stress components in the Al line change substantially with line-width for the same oxide thickness.
5-Hydroxytryptamine–Induced Potentiation of Endothelin-1– and Norepinephrine-Induced Contraction Is Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Dependent

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced arterial contraction depends on activation of the tyrosine kinase-dependent extracellular signal-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (Erk MAPK) pathway. The importance of 5-HT in the control of peripheral resistance has been questioned because circulating free levels of 5-HT are low (in the nanomolar range). We tested the hypothesis that physiologically relevant concentrations of 5-HT potentiate arterial contraction in response to agonists proved to have importance in blood pressure maintenance (norepinephrine [NE] and endothelin-1 [ET-1]) in a tyrosine kinase- and an Erk MAPK-dependent manner. Strips of endothelium-denuded rat tail artery were used for the measurement of isometric force. The general tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (5 micromol/L) and the inhibitor of MAPK/Erk kinase activation PD098059 (10 micromol/L) shifted concentration-response curves to 5-HT (1x10(-9) to 3x10(-4) mol/L) rightward but did not shift concentration-response curves to NE or ET-1. In separate experiments, 5-HT (10 nmol/L) potentiated contraction in response to NE (20 nmol/L) by approximately 200% to 300% and to ET-1 (0.3 and 1 nmol/L) by 640% and 180%, respectively. Genistein and PD098059 significantly (66% to 100%) reduced 5-HT-induced potentiation of both NE (20 nmol/L)- and ET-1 (0.3 and 1 nmol/L)-induced contraction. Thus, these data support the ability of low physiological concentrations of 5-HT to amplify arterial responses to hormones with bona fide effects on blood pressure in the novel manner of depending on a tyrosine kinase/Erk MAPK pathway. Although these findings were generated in large arteries, we speculate that they may be applicable to vascular functioning in the deoxycorticosterone acetate salt model of hypertension in which all 3 hormones, 5-HT, NE, and ET-1, have been implicated as causal factors.
Universal benchmark suites

We present theoretical concepts, design, and use of universal benchmark suites. Such suites consist of benchmark programs that represent all relevant characteristic types of workload. The execution times of individual benchmarks and appropriate weights can be used to compute global performance indicators that reflect a spectrum of specific compound workloads. All such global indicators can be obtained from the same universal benchmark suite. This approach substantially reduces the cost of benchmarking.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Thoracic Spine: MR Appearance

The MR features of a giant cell tumor that predominantly involved the posterior elements of a thoracic vertebra are presented. This extradural neoplasm compressed and displaced the spinal cord. The tumor had low to intermediate signal on short-repetition-time images and predominantly high signal on long-repetition-time images. It showed mild heterogeneous enhancement with gadopentetate dimeglumine.
Effects of atropine on pancreatic response to bethanechol, cholecystokinin, and food intake in rats.

Atropine was used to examine the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the pancreatic secretory response to food intake. Unanesthetized rats with gastric, jugular vein, bile-pancreatic, and duodenal cannulas were used; bile-pancreatic juice was recirculated. The maximal response to bethanechol (4 mg.kg-1.h-1) was similar to cholecystokinin (CCK)-8-induced maximal secretion. Atropine (25-200 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) markedly inhibited basal amylase output and caused dose-related inhibition of the incremental response to a maximal dose of bethanechol. Atropine (50 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) shifted the dose-response curve to bethanechol (1-32 mg.kg-1.h-1) to the right but did not alter maximal amylase output. L 364718 (0.5 mg/kg), a CCK receptor antagonist, had no effect on bethanechol-stimulated pancreatic secretion. Atropine (50 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) did not affect the incremental responses to low doses of CCK-8; the maximal response occurred at a higher CCK-8 dose because atropine decreased basal secretion. Atropine (50 or 200 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) did not decrease the amylase response to ingestion of a liquid meal. We conclude that 1) bethanechol is a full agonist for stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion and its effects are not mediated by CCK release; 2) atropine is a competitive antagonist of bethanechol-induced pancreatic secretion in vivo but does not directly affect responses to CCK-8; 3) cholinergic mechanisms do not mediate the pancreatic enzyme response to a liquid meal in rats.
Simulation of Tropical Convective Systems. Part I: A Cumulus Parameterization

Abstract A new cumulus parametefization is developed for ffse in mesoscale model simulations of precipitating convective systems. It is designed to estimate convective properties using a cloud model that interacts with the mesoscale model in a physically consistent manner. The cloud model is initiated by and interacts with the grid-scalecirculation without being constrained in instantaneous equilibrium with the grid-scale flow. The parameterization is designed for use in conjunction with explicit moist processes. Simulations of tropical convective lines performed using the scheme are presented in a companion paper (Part II).
A revision of Aleurodicus Douglas (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae), with two new genera proposed for palaeotropical natives and an identification guide to world genera of Aleurodicinae

The genus Aleurodicus is discussed in the context of the whole subfamily Aleurodicinae, and is fully revised with 35 species now included, 10 of them newly described here. The genus Lecanoideus Quaintance & Baker is here regarded as a junior synonym of Aleurodicus syn. nov., and Aleurodicus fucatus Bondar is proposed as a junior synonym of A. capiangae Bondar syn. nov.. Palaealeurodicus gen. nov. is described to accommodate six native Asian species hitherto included in Aleurodicus, along with one new species here described. Aleuroctarthrus gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Aleurodicus destructor Mackie. Two species are here transferred from Aleurodicus to other genera. Puparial keys are provided to the worldwide genera of Aleurodicinae, and to the described species of Aleurodicus and Palaealeurodicus. Lectotypes are here designated for 11 species of Aleurodicinae, and a neotype for one species. A check list is provided to all the species treated in this paper. The paper is illustrated with 144 figures including 7 plates of habitus photographs.
Structural Basis and IP6 Requirement for Pds5-Dependent Cohesin Dynamics

The ring-shaped cohesin complex regulates transcription, DNA repair, and chromosome segregation by dynamically entrapping chromosomes to promote chromosome compaction and sister-chromatid cohesion. The cohesin ring needs to open and close to allow its loading to and release from chromosomes. Cohesin dynamics are controlled by the releasing factors Pds5 and Wapl and the cohesin stabilizer Sororin. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Pds5B bound to a conserved peptide motif found in both Wapl and Sororin. Our structure establishes the basis for how Wapl and Sororin antagonistically influence cohesin dynamics. The structure further reveals that Pds5 can bind inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). The IP6-binding segment of Pds5B is shaped like the jaw of a plier lever and inhibits the binding of Scc1 to Smc3. We propose that Pds5 stabilizes a transient, open state of cohesin to promote its release from chromosomes.
A machine learning approach to quantifying noise in medical images

As advances in medical imaging technology are resulting in significant growth of biomedical image data, new techniques are needed to automate the process of identifying images of low quality. Automation is needed because it is very time consuming for a domain expert such as a medical practitioner or a biologist to manually separate good images from bad ones. While there are plenty of de-noising algorithms in the literature, their focus is on designing filters which are necessary but not sufficient for determining how useful an image is to a domain expert. Thus a computational tool is needed to assign a score to each image based on its perceived quality. In this paper, we introduce a machine learning-based score and call it the Quality of Image (QoI) score. The QoI score is computed by combining the confidence values of two popular classification techniques—support vector machines (SVMs) and Naive Bayes classifiers. We test our technique on clinical image data obtained from cancerous tissue samples. We used 747 tissue samples that are stained by four different markers (abbreviated as CK15, pck26, E_cad and Vimentin) leading to a total of 2,988 images. The results show that images can be classified as good (high QoI), bad (low QoI) or ugly (intermediate QoI) based on their QoI scores. Our automated labeling is in agreement with the domain experts with a bi-modal classification accuracy of 94%, on average. Furthermore, ugly images can be recovered and forwarded for further post-processing.
Thermal spraying II: Recent advances in thermal spray forming

Over the last 50 years, thermal spraying has evolved and is now capable of depositing free-standing materials onto mandrels at thicknesses exceeding 100 mm. Advances in processing (including high-velocity oxy-fuel, inert/chamber plasma spray, and improved powder compositions and morphologies) have combined to enable the successful implementation of thermal-spray forming for both monolithic and composite materials. This article, the second in a series on thermal-spray processes, describes some of the recent advances in the application of thermal-spray forming.
Climate change and respiratory health.

Objective To discuss the nature of climate change and both its immediate and long-term effects on human respiratory health. Methods This review is based on information from a presentation of the American College of Chest Physicians course on Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease held in Toronto, Canada, June 2013. It is supplemented by a PubMed search for climate change, global warming, respiratory tract diseases, and respiratory health. It is also supplemented by a search of Web sites including the Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, World Meteorological Association, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change, and the World Health Organization. Results Health effects of climate change include an increase in the prevalence of certain respiratory diseases, exacerbations of chronic lung disease, premature mortality, allergic responses, and declines in lung function. Conclusions Climate change, mediated by greenhouse gases, causes adverse health effects to the most vulnerable patient populations-the elderly, children, and those in distressed socioeconomic strata.
A Pathway for the Growth of Core–Shell Pt–Pd Nanoparticles

The aging of both Pt–Pd nanoparticles and core–shell Pt–Pd nanoparticles has been reported to result in alloying of Pt with Pd. In comparison to monometallic Pt catalysts, the growth of Pd–Pt bimetallics is slower; however, the mechanism of growth of particles and the mechanism by which Pd improves the hydrothermal durability of bimetallic Pd–Pt particles remains uncertain. In our work on hydrothermal aging of core–shell Pt–Pd nanoparticles, synthesized by solution methods, with varying Pd:Pt ratio of 1:4, 1:1, and 4:1, we compare the growth of core–shell Pt–Pd nanoparticles and find that particles grow by migrating and joining together. The unique feature of the observed growth is that Pd shells from both particles open up and join, thereby allowing the cores to merge. At high temperatures, alloying occurs in good agreement with reports by other workers.
Insulin-like growth factor I increases renal 1,25(OH)2D3 biosynthesis during low-P diet in adult rats

Dietary P restriction increases renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] biosynthesis through stimulation of proximal tubule 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (1-OHase). Because insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is required for 1-OHase stimulation by low-P diet (LPD) and because 1-OHase stimulation by low-Ca diet and parathyroid hormone is lost with aging, studies were undertaken to determine whether 1-OHase activity during LPD is impaired with age and whether IGF-1 can increase 1-OHase activity in adult rats. Five days of LPD increased in vitro 1-OHase activity in young (97.3 +/- 13.5 vs. 49.7 +/- 6.8 pg.mg protein-1.5 min-1, P < 0.005) but not adult (42.3 +/- 5.37 vs. 41.2 +/- 8.9) rats. In LPD-fed adult rats, recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I, 1.4 mg.kg body wt-1.day-1) for 72 h increased 1-OHase (65.2 +/- 5.88 vs. 95.1 +/- 7.26 pg.mg protein-1.5 min-1, P < 0.005). The results show that the rise in 1-OHase activity during LPD is lost in adult rats and that rhIGF-I can overcome the inhibiti...
Inhibition of Depurinating Estrogen-DNA Adduct Formation in the Prevention of Breast and Other Cancers

One problem in the efforts to prevent breast cancer has been the lack of recognition that estrogens can initiate cancer by acting as chemical carcinogens and reacting with DNA. Specific metabolites of endogenous estrogens, the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, react with DNA to form depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. Loss of these adducts leaves apurinic sites in the DNA, generating mutations that can lead to the initiation of cancer. If estrogen metabolism becomes unbalanced and generates excessive catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts and the risk of initiating cancer increase. Inhibiting formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts can, therefore, prevent cancer.
Conjugated Polymer Zwitterions: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Electronics

ConspectusConjugated polymer zwitterions (CPZs) are neutral, hydrophilic, polymer semiconductors. The pendent zwitterions, viewed as side chain dipoles, impart solubility in polar solvents for solution processing, and open opportunities as interfacial components of optoelectronic devices, for example, between metal electrodes and organic semiconductor active layers. Such interlayers are crucial for defining the performance of organic electronic devices, e.g., field-effect transistors (OFETs), light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and photovoltaics (OPVs), all of which consist of multilayer structures. The interlayers reduce the Schottky barrier height and thus improve charge injection in OFETs and OLEDs. In OPVs, the interlayers serve to increase the built-in electric potential difference (Vbi) across the active layer, ensuring efficient extraction of photogenerated charge carriers.In general, polar and even charged electronically active polymers have gained recognition for their ability to modify metal/semicond...