cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxalate formation in Whetzelinia sclerotiorum by oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase

Abstract The production of oxalic acid is an important attacking mechanism utilized by Whetzelinia sclerotiorum ( = Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) during pathogenesis. An understanding of oxalate biosynthesis would provide the basis for studies on regulation of its production. Extracts prepared from hyphae of W. sclerotiorum contained an enzyme which catalyzed the formation of [14C]oxalate and [14C]acetate from [U-14C]oxaloacetate. [14C]Oxaloacetate was formed in the reaction mixture by the action of a transaminase on l -[14C]aspartate in the presence of α-ketoglutarate. When l -[1-14C]aspartate was used [14C]oxalate was formed but not [14C]acetate. When l -[4-14C]aspartate was used, [14C]acetate was formed but not [14C]oxalate. These data are consistent with the involvement of oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase in oxalate biosynthesis by this pathogen. Extracts of W. sclerotiorum did not catalyze the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with the concomitant oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalate, as did extracts from Sclerotium rolfsii. The failure to detect oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase in extracts of diseased tissues was probably because it was inactivated during extraction.
Examination of the Skills and Dispositions Needed for Assistant Principals to Be Effective Disciplinarians: Having the “Right Stuff” as Assistant Principal

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify a set of skills and dispositions needed for secondary school assistant principals to function as effective disciplinarians. Two methods of data collection are utilized: the Delphi Method using experts, and two focus groups using current male and female practitioners. Based on the results of this study, the skills and dispositions most needed by assistant principals to be successful disciplinarians include fairness and consistency, as well as the ability to foster relationships and build a positive school climate. The practitioners specifically expressed frustration with unique issues related to the disciplinary process for students with special needs. They also expressed frustration concerning teachers' lack of knowledge and ability in classroom management, as well as the extraordinary amount of time they spend each day dealing with disciplinary issues.
Social economics: a perspective of diversity and community

This paper analyzes the economics of Tommaso Campanella’s The City of the Sun in two ways. First, it shows that Campanella, an early developer of economics, conceived of the discipline in a systematic way, in the process making it a foundation for statecraft and spiritual growth. Second, the paper discusses topics in the text important to us even today; such as a theory of value, income and wealth distribution, the definition of a production unit, and the role of a theocratic government guided by the philosophers. The introduction puts The City of the Sun and Campanella’s work in a historical setting, concluding that he was an innovator and, at the same time, a representative of the thinking of the time period.
Scope and Severity Index: A Metric for Quantifying Nursing Home Survey Deficiency Number, Scope, and Severity Adjusted for the State-Related Measurement Bias

Abstract Objectives To develop a metric (scope and severity index [SSI]) to measure nursing home deficiency number, scope, and severity adjusted for the state-related bias and to test its convergent and predictive validity. Design We assigned scope and severity weights to each level of scope and severity (A-L). SSI was calculated as a sum of all weights per survey which was further corrected for the state-level bias by dividing by the state average number of health deficiencies and multiplying by the national average number of health deficiencies. Data source - National Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting system. Setting All Medicare/Medicaid-certified skilled nursing facilities. Measurements We correlated SSI with nursing home staffing levels (convergent validity) and denial of payment for new admissions (predictive validity). Results The expert panel reached agreement on the scope and severity weights: Level A = 5, B = 10, C = 15, D = 20, E = 30, F = 40, G = 35, H = 50, I = 65, J = 55, K = 75, and L = 100 points. Scope and severity per deficiency was positively correlated with the number of deficiencies in that survey. SSI contained almost no state-related bias, but yet related state-level variability. It demonstrated strong face, convergent, and predictive validity. Conclusions SSI rendered a valuable metric to conduct quantitative analyses of nursing home deficiency number, scope, and severity across states. Future research should investigate the positive relationship between scope and severity of deficiencies and their number. Better understanding and correction of other factors introducing systematic bias to the survey results (e.g. regional impact) can further improve the accuracy of survey result evaluation.
Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on cerebellar guanosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP)

Abstract Apomorphine was found to cause an increase in cerebellar cGMP content. Bromocriptine, at a dose that caused stereotypies, neither elevated cGMP, nor blocked the apomorphine- induced rise in cGMP. The apomorphine-induced rise in cGMP was effectively blocked by haloperidol and some other neuroleptics, but not by sulpiride. These actions of the neuroleptics correlated with their ability to displace 3 H-spiroperidol from striatal membranes, suggesting that dopamine receptor interactions were important in the cGMP changes noted. Based on the observation that haloperidol antagonized the increase induced by restraint, it is suggested that dopaminergic systems are involved in the reaction to stress.
Philo's Exposition of the Law and His De Vita Mosis

The Exposition is one of Philo's three great series of commentaries on the Pentateuch. It comprised originally De opificio mundi, De Abrahamo, De Isaaco, De Iacobo, De Josepho, De decalogo, De specialibus legibus, De virtutibus, and De praemiis et poenis, of which all are preserved but De Isaaco and De Iacobo. In contrast with the two great series called the Allegory of the Sacred Laws and the Quaestiones, the Exposition goes much less into allegory, and tells the biblical stories in extensive narrative, quoting the laws in detail in a way not attempted by the other two. That the Allegory and the Quaestiones were designed for thoughtful Jews has never been, and never could be, doubted. About the Exposition opinion has been more diverse, but since the discussion by Massebieau (1889) there has been unanimity in regarding it too as designed for Jews.
The Role of Emotional Expression and Mentoring in Internship Learning

We examine the proactive role of interns in fostering positive internship experiences and how such experiences may bring about beneficial outcomes for both interns and sponsoring organizations. The...
A Fortran Computer Program for Q Sort Calculations

The Q Sort method is a rank order procedure. This FORTRAN program calculates a total value for any group of cases for the items in the Q Sort and rank orders the items according to this composite value.
Made Men: Mafia Culture and the Power of Symbols, Rituals, and Myth

The last twenty years or so have witnessed a considerable growth in publications in mafia studies in fields such as anthropology, history, literature, screen studies, psychoanalysis, feminist and g...
Bounding distributions for a stochastic pert network

Consider a PERT network with stochastic activity durations. This paper presents a new method for obtaining probability distributions that bound the exact probability distribution of the project duration from above and below. The expected values of these bounding distributions then furnish lower and upper bounds on the expected project duration. As illustrated by computational experience, these bounds are tighter than those obtained from methods currently in use. The paper concludes by describing similar results for stochastic shortest-route networks.
Anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody and toxin–antibody conjugates affect growth of human tumour cells

The development of the monoclonal antibody technique1 has led to renewed interest in whether the growth of tumour cells may be specifically inhibited by antibodies or antibody–toxin conjugates directed against antigenic determinants selectively expressed on tumour cells2–10. We have recently obtained monoclonal antibodies against the transferrin receptor of human cells11,12, which is thought to have an essential role in transport of Fe across the cell membrane and which is selectively expressed on proliferating cells in vivo and in vitro13–17. In some cases, transferrin receptors can be used as a marker to distinguish between tumour cells and normal tissue11,15–17. Here we show that human tumour cells are specifically killed in vitro by anti-transferrin receptor antibody covalently coupled to ricin or diphtheria toxic subunits. In experiments designed to test the effectiveness of these antibody–toxin conjugates in vivo, we found that anti-transferrin receptor antibody alone inhibits the growth of human melanoma cells in nude mice.
Kinetics of near-equilibrium calcite precipitation at 100°C: An evaluation of elementary reaction-based and affinity-based rate laws

Abstract Three affinity-based rate models based upon physical growth mechanisms were used to fit surface-controlled precipitation rate data for calcite using a continuously stirred tank reactor in NaOHCaCl2CO2H2O solutions at 100°C and 100 bars total pressure between pH 6.38 and 6.98. At higher stirring speeds, when aH2CO3∗ was smaller than 2.33 × 10−3, rate showed a parabolic dependence upon exp( Δ G RT ) for exp( Δ G RT ) Δ DG RT ) > 1.72 and followed a rate law based upon the assumption that surface nucleation is rate-limiting. When αH2CO3∗ was greater than 5.07 × 10−3, the rate showed a linear dependence upon exp( Δ G RT ), suggesting growth by a simple surface adsorption mechanism. The rate of these three mechanisms at 100°C can be expressed by the following equations: ( spiral growth ) R ppt = 10 −9.00±0.15 exp ΔG RT − 1 1.93±0.14 , ( adsorption ) R ppt = 10 −8.64±0.07 exp ΔG RT − 1 1.09±0.10 , ( surface nucleation ) R ppt = 10 −7.28±0.49 exp − 2.36±0.21 ΔG/RT . The mechanistic model of Plummer et al. (1978) given by R net = k 1 a H + + k 2 a H2 CO3 ∗ + k 3 a H2O − k 4 a Ca 2+ a HCO − 3 also describes the precipitation rate when growth followed the spiral growth equation. The rate constant for precipitation, k4, ranges between 7.08 × 10−4 to 1.01 × 10−3 moles cm−2 s−1 in the aH2CO3∗ range studied. This work shows that precipitation at 100°C in the spiral growth regime is well fit by both the mechanistic model of Plummer et al. (1978), based on multiple elementary reactions, and by a model derived for growth at screw dislocations. Outside of the regime of spiral growth, however, the model of Plummer et al. (1978) fails, suggesting that different elementary reactions control growth in the adsorption or two-dimensional nucleation regimes. However, the model of Plummer et al. (1978), based upon individual elementary reactions, accurately predicts both dissolution and precipitation of calcite under certain conditions; tests of the affinity based models reveal that none of these models accurately predict dissolution. Therefore, although affinity-based models may yield insights concerning the physical mechanism of growth, they may not be as useful in modelling dissolution and growth over the full range of ΔG.
Demethylation of H3K27 regulates polycomb recruitment and H2A ubiquitination

Methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) is a posttranslational modification that is highly correlated with genomic silencing. Here we show that human UTX, a member of the Jumonji C family of proteins, is a di- and trimethyl H3K27 demethylase. UTX occupies the promoters of HOX gene clusters and regulates their transcriptional output by modulating the recruitment of polycomb repressive complex 1 and the monoubiquitination of histone H2A. Moreover, UTX associates with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) 2/3 complexes, and during retinoic acid signaling events, the recruitment of the UTX complex to HOX genes results in H3K27 demethylation and a concomitant methylation of H3K4. Our results suggest a concerted mechanism for transcriptional activation in which cycles of H3K4 methylation by MLL2/3 are linked with the demethylation of H3K27 through UTX.
Fine structure of plasmodesmata in mature leaves of sugarcane.

The fine structure of plasmodesmata in vascular bundles and contiguous tissues of mature leaf blades of sugarcane (Saccharum interspecific hybrid L62–96) was studied with the transmission electron microscope. Tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde, with and without the addition of tannic acid, and postfixed in OsO4. The results indicate that the fine structure of plasmodesmata in sugarcane differs among various cell combinations in a cell-specific manner, but that three basic structural variations can be recognized among plasmodesmata in the mature leaf: 1) Plasmodesmata between mesophyll cells. These plasmodesmata possess amorphous, electron-opaque structures, termed sphincters, that extend from plasma membrane to desmotubule near the orifices of the plasmodesmata. The cytoplasmic sleeve is filled by the sphincters where they occur; elsewhere it is open and entirely free of particulate or spokelike components. The desmotubule is tightly constricted and has no lumen within the sphincters, but between the sphincters it is a convoluted tubule with an open lumen. 2) Plasmodesmata that traverse the walls of chlorenchymatous bundle-sheath cells and mestome-sheath cells. In addition to the presence of sphincters, these plasmodesmata are modified by the presence of suberin lamellae in the walls. Although the plasmodesmata are quite narrow and the lumens of the desmotubules are constricted where they traverse the suberin lamellae, the cytoplasmic sleeves are still discernible and appear to contain substructural components there. 3) Plasmodesmata between parenchymatous cells of the vascular bundles. These plasmodesmata strongly resemble those found in the roots of Azolla, in that their desmotubules are closed for their entire length and their cytoplasmic sleeves appear to contain substructural components for their entire length. The structural variations exhibited by the plasmodesmata of the sugarcane leaf are compared with those proposed for a widely-adopted model of plasmodesmatal structure.
Steroids of invertebrates. IV. On the optic tentacle-gonadal axis in the control of the male-phase ovotestis in the slug (Ariolimax californicus).

Abstract The giant land slug, Ariolimax californicus, is a protandrous hermaphrodite. The role of the optic tentacles in affecting the sexual status of the ovotestis in other gastropods has been investigated ( Pelluet and Lane (1961) ; Pelluet (1964) . The present study was undertaken to determine if the optic tentacles exert a hormonal influence upon the male phase of the ovotestis, and whether steroids are implicated in determining the presumptive capacity of the optic tentacle to influence the gonad. The experimental approach used was to follow histological changes occurring in the ovotestis of immature slugs under the following conditions: (1) optic tentacle removal and replacement therapy; (2) administration of steroids to animals with and without optic tentacles; (3) the effect of Metopirone in the presence and absence of optic tentacles. The results of these investigations strongly suggested that the optic tentacle exerts a profound influence upon the ovotestis of immature animals. Optic tentacle removal in immature slugs produced maturation of the testicular elements of the gonad within 21 days to a stage histologically comparable with that occurring normally in animals almost three times the age and body weight; precocious spermatogenesis was induced. Similar results were obtained by administering dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-ketotestosterone (presumptively identified by GLC techniques in male-phase gonads) to slugs with and without optic tentacles. Optic tentacle homogeneates apparently halted further precociously induced spermatogenesis, but may also have caused spermiation to occur. Metopirone, when administered to young males in increasing dose levels in the presence of the optic tentacles, caused progressive disorganization of spermatogenesis. Histologically, this appeared as an apparent hyperplasia of the gonial cells lining the tubule walls. No similar effects were seen in animals without optic tentacles treated with Metopirone. These results suggested that tentacular control of the male phase of the ovotestis might be limited to that portion of the gonad cycle up to the point of spermiation. Steroids appeared to influence the effect of this tentacular regulator or modifier of ovotesticular development. The evidence suggested that the male phase in A. californicus ovotestis is controlled partially by the optic tentacle.
Outdoor cats: Identifying differences between stakeholder beliefs, perceived impacts, risk and management

Conflict over the management of outdoor cats has contributed to debate between animal welfare and wildlife advocates and stymied efforts to control outdoor cats. We distributed a mail survey to a random sample of participants in Trap-Neuter-Return programs for outdoor cats, Audubon Society members and the public across four counties in Florida (N = 1363) to identify differences between these stakeholders’ perceptions and support for the management of outdoor cats. We used a perception of risk framework to evaluate group differences in attitudes and beliefs about outdoor cats, perceptions of positive and negative impacts, ecological risk perceptions, and support for management options. Multivariate Analysis of Variance results indicated significant differences between groups across all of our measured scales. Discriminant Function Analysis helped identify two distinct groups; explaining 79% and 21% of the variance between groups. Group membership was predicted by cat ownership, attitudes toward and beliefs about outdoor cats, perceived impacts, risk perceptions, and management attitudes. This research is the first to explore differences in cognitions and preferences related to outdoor cat management with three important stakeholder groups. To reduce response bias, our survey included both positive and negative impact items and neutral terminology. Our findings suggest that surveys, based solely on public opinions about outdoor cats, do not reflect the diversity of opinion of all relevant stakeholder groups.
Relationships between national economic culture, institutions, and accounting: Implications for IFRS

Abstract National economic culture has an indirect influence on accounting at the national level through the mediating variable of institutions. The relationships are evaluated using measures of national economic culture from Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies ( House et al., 2004 ); measures of institutions from the World Bank ( Kaufmann et al., 2007 ); and measures of national accounting from the Financial Standards Foundation (2008) . At the national level, institutions are found to mediate the relationship between economic culture variables and accounting. The empirical findings indicate that accounting in a given nation is linked to the nation's supporting institutions, which institutions in turn are influenced by the national economic culture of those who maintain them. This suggests that altering aspects of accounting within a nation can be expected to entail much more than formal adoption of standards, principles, or innovations. Institutional adjustments must be made and the impact of national economic culture must be understood and appropriately addressed.
NATURAL LAWS AND DIVINE INTERVENTION: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES BEING PENTECOSTAL OR CHARISMATIC MAKE?

. The question about divine action remains contested in the discussion between theology and science. This issue is further exacerbated with the entry of pentecostals and charismatics into the conversation, especially with their emphases on divine intervention and miracles. I explore what happens at the intersection of these discourses, identifying first how the concept of “laws of nature” has developed in theology and science and then probing what pentecostal-charismatic insights might add into the mix. Drawing from the triadic and evolutionary metaphysics of Charles Sanders Peirce, I propose a reconsideration of the “laws of nature” as habitual, dynamic, and general but nevertheless real tendencies through which the Holy Spirit invites the world to inhabit the coming kingdom of God. This proposal contributes to the articulation of an authentic Pentecostal-charismatic witness at the theology-and-science table while also enabling a more plausible and coherent account of divine action for pentecostal-charismatic piety and Christian practice in the twenty-first century.
Epigenetics in kidney development and renal disease

The study of epigenetics is intimately linked and inseparable from developmental biology. Many of the genes that imprint epigenetic information on chromatin function during the specification of cell lineages in the developing embryo. These include the histone methyltransferases and their cofactors of the Polycomb and Trithorax gene families. How histone methylation is established and what regulates the tissue and locus specificity of histone methylation is an emerging area of research. The embryonic kidney is used as a model to understand how DNA-binding proteins can specify cell lineages and how such proteins interact directly with the histone methylation machinery to generate a unique epigenome for particular tissues and cell types. In adult tissues, histone methylation marks must be maintained for normal gene expression patterns. In chronic and acute renal disease, epigenetic marks are being characterized and correlated with the establishment of metabolic memory, in part to explain the persistence of pathologies even when optimal treatment modalities are used. Thus, the state of the epigenome in adult cells must be considered when attempting to alleviate or alter gene expression patterns in disease.
Trends in police suicide

Little empirical information is available concerning trends of suicide by police officers. Anecdotes and articles in the popular press imply that the rate is increasing but do not provide a scientific base. Data from an epidemiological mortality database are used to describe trends in police suicide in a medium-sized police department over a 40-yr. period.
Long-term central venous catheters: Size and location do matter

Background: Right or left side of placement for subclavian vein catheterization for placement of long-term central catheters and size of the catheters has not been analyzed completely. Methods: The records of 502 consecutive long-term central venous catheters placed in patients while in the operating room over a 1-year period were reviewed and 230 subclavian vein tunneled catheters were analyzed. Technical difficulties in placing the catheters were defined as arterial puncture, guidewire malposition, catheter malposition, need to switch site of access, sheath difficulty, and inability to place the catheter. Results: Three complications were identified (1%) and technical difficulties occurred in 15% of the patients. More difficulty was associated with the insertion of larger triple-lumen catheters than smaller single-lumen catheters (31% vs. 11%, respectively; P <.009). Right subclavian placement was associated with a 24.4% technical difficulty rate versus a 10.4% technical difficulty rate for left subclavian placement (P <.005). Conclusions: This study supports placing the smallest catheter necessary via the left subclavian vein.
Designing and conducting grief workshops for college students

This chapter offers practical guidelines for conducting grief workshops on college campuses.
Real-time understanding of lignocellulosic bioethanol fermentation by Raman spectroscopy

A substantial barrier to commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol production is a lack of process specific sensors and associated control strategies that are essential for economic viability. Current sensors and analytical techniques require lengthy offline analysis or are easily fouled in situ. Raman spectroscopy has the potential to continuously monitor fermentation reactants and products, maximizing efficiency and allowing for improved process control. In this paper we show that glucose and ethanol in a lignocellulosic fermentation can be accurately monitored by a 785 nm Raman spectroscopy instrument and novel immersion probe, even in the presence of an elevated background thought to be caused by lignin-derived compounds. Chemometric techniques were used to reduce the background before generating calibration models for glucose and ethanol concentration. The models show very good correlation between the real-time Raman spectra and the offline HPLC validation. Our results show that the changing ethanol and glucose concentrations during lignocellulosic fermentation processes can be monitored in real-time, allowing for optimization and control of large scale bioconversion processes.
Computational studies of water adsorption in zeolites

We have performed high-level ab initio calculations using Hartree-Fock (HF) theory, Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and density-functional theory (DFT) to study the geometry and energetics of the adsorption complex involving H{sub 2}O and the Bronsted acid site in the zeolite H-ZSM-5. These calculations use aluminosilicate cluster models for the zeolite framework with as many as 28 T atoms (T=Si, Al). We included geometry optimization in the local vicinity of the acid site at the MP2 and DFT levels of theory for the smallest cluster, while in the larger clusters this was done at the HF/6-31G(d) level of theory. We have also calculated corrections for zero-point energies, extensions to higher basis sets, and higher levels of electron correlation. Results for the adsorption energy and geometry of this complex are reported and compared with previous theoretical and experimental values.
A study of mediated successive searching during information seeking

The study of successive searching, or users' searches in digital environments over time related to the same or evolving information problem, is developing as an area of research. A growing body of studies is beginning to investigate and characterize aspects of the successive searching process. This research draws together areas of information retrieval (IR) research and information-seeking research toward a focus on IR within the context of human information behaviour. Previous studies show that end-users of IR systems and the World Wide Web conduct a series of related or successive searches over time or request successive searches from search intermediaries. This paper provides results from a study that expands our understanding of successive searches conducted for information seekers by intermediaries. The study explored aspects of successive Dialog searches conducted by intermediaries for information seekers. Forty-seven intermediaries conducted as many online searches as requested by their information seekers who were working on a particular information problem. Findings show that information seekers requested a mean of two searches from intermediaries with a range of one to six searches. Successive searches were generally requested by information seekers to extend or expand, or refine the results of previous searches. Most successive searches involved some change in search terms and databases from the previous search. Interestingly, precision did not necessarily increase over successive searches and the percentage of partially relevant items decreased significantly after three searches. The findings have implications for interactive IR models, the design of IR systems and the practice of searching.
Human evolution. A start for population genomics.

The most thorough analysis yet of the divergence of sequences in human mitochondrial DNA has been carried out. The results support the view that modern humans originated in Africa.
Linear phase orthonormal filter banks

Paraunitary systems in which each individual filter in the analysis and synthesis banks has linear phase are studied. This property is often desirable for several applications, particularly in image processing. Several theoretical questions pertaining to linear phase paraunitary systems are answered. Next, a factorization for such systems is developed which is proved to be minimal as well as complete. The number of parameters in the optimization process is reduced by structurally imposing the additional condition that the filters satisfy pairwise mirror-image symmetry in the frequency domain. Examples of M-band linear phase orthonormal wavelets are presented. >
Brownian dynamics simulations of molecular recognition in an antibody‐antigen system

The crystal structure for an antibody-antigen system, that of the anti-hen egg lysozyme monoclonal antibody HyHEL-5 complexed to lysozyme, is used as the starting point for computer simulations of diffusional encounters between the two proteins. The investigation consists of two parts: first, the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved to determine the long-range electrostatic forces between antibody and antigen, and then, the relative motion as influenced by these forces is modeled within Brownian motion theory. The effects of various point mutations on the calculated reaction rate are considered. It is found that charged residues close to the binding site exert the greatest influence in steering the proteins into a configuration favorable for their binding, while more distant mutations are qualitatively described by the Smoluchowski model for the mutual diffusion of two uniformly charged spheres. The antibody residues involved in forming salt links with the lysozyme, Glu-H35 and Glu-H50, appear to be particularly important in electrostatic steering, as neutralization of both of them yields reaction rates that are two to three orders of magnitude below those of wild-type rates. The relative rates obtained from the simulations can be tested through kinetic measurements on mutant protein complexes. Kinetically efficient partners can also be designed and constructed through directed mutagenesis.
Mining for the most certain predictions from dyadic data

In several applications involving regression or classification, along with making predictions it is important to assess how accurate or reliable individual predictions are. This is particularly important in cases where due to finite resources or domain requirements, one wants to make decisions based only on the most reliable rather than on the entire set of predictions. This paper introduces novel and effective ways of ranking predictions by their accuracy for problems involving large-scale, heterogeneous data with a dyadic structure, i.e., where the independent variables can be naturally decomposed into three groups associated with two sets of elements and their combination. These approaches are based on modeling the data by a collection of localized models learnt while simultaneously partitioning (co-clustering) the data. For regression this leads to the concept of "certainty lift". We also develop a robust predictive modeling technique that identifies and models only the most coherent regions of the data to give high predictive accuracy on the selected subset of response values. Extensive experimentation on real life datasets highlights the utility of our proposed approaches.
Is plant performance limited by abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? A meta-analysis of studies published between 1988 and 2003

Summary • We conducted meta-analyses of 290 published field and glasshouse trials to determine the effects of various agricultural practices on mycorrhizal colonization in nonsterile soils, and the consequence of those effects on yield, biomass, and phosphorus (P) concentration. • Mycorrhizal colonization was increased most by inoculation (29% increase), followed by shortened fallow (20%) and reduced soil disturbance (7%). The effect of crop rotation depended on whether the crop was mycorrhizal. Increased colonization resulted in a yield increase in the field of 23% across all management practices. • Biomass at harvest and shoot P concentration in early season were increased by inoculation (57 and 33%, respectively) and shortened fallow (55 and 24%). Reduced disturbance increased shoot P concentration by 27%, but biomass was not significantly affected. Biomass was significantly reduced in 2% of all trials in which there was a significant increase in colonization. • Irrespective of management practice, an increased mycorrhizal colonization was less likely to increase biomass if either soil P or indigenous inoculum potential was high.
A Structure-Based Model of Energy Transfer Reveals the Principles of Light Harvesting in Photosystem II Supercomplexes

Photosystem II (PSII) initiates photosynthesis in plants through the absorption of light and subsequent conversion of excitation energy to chemical energy via charge separation. The pigment binding proteins associated with PSII assemble in the grana membrane into PSII supercomplexes and surrounding light harvesting complex II trimers. To understand the high efficiency of light harvesting in PSII requires quantitative insight into energy transfer and charge separation in PSII supercomplexes. We have constructed the first structure-based model of energy transfer in PSII supercomplexes. This model shows that the kinetics of light harvesting cannot be simplified to a single rate limiting step. Instead, substantial contributions arise from both excitation diffusion through the antenna pigments and transfer from the antenna to the reaction center (RC), where charge separation occurs. Because of the lack of a rate-limiting step, fitting kinetic models to fluorescence lifetime data cannot be used to derive mechanistic insight on light harvesting in PSII. This model will clarify the interpretation of chlorophyll fluorescence data from PSII supercomplexes, grana membranes, and leaves.
Tort Law and Responsibility

It borders on banality to observe that tort law enables injury victims to hold tortfeasors responsible for having wrongfully injured them. Yet modern torts scholarship has largely obscured the centrality of responsibility to tort law. This is true not only of avowedly instrumental and prescriptive theories, but also of many corrective justice theories.In this chapter, we aim to provide an account of the centrality of responsibility to tort law, thereby restoring its proper place in tort theory. We first review the impressive effort of Stephen Perry to harness Tony Honore’s notion of “outcome-responsibility” to supply a satisfactory understanding of tort law, and negligence law in particular. We then demonstrate how notions of responsibility of the sort invoked by Perry help explain some of the most important developments in modern tort doctrine, including the emergence of strict products liability, comparative fault, and robust-yet-limited affirmative duties. Finally, we argue that our own interpretive account — the civil recourse theory of tort — is superior to Perry’s in that it places notions of responsibility at the center of tort law while also making better sense of prevailing doctrine.
Due Process for Ex-Dictators; A Study of Judicial Control of Legislation in Guatemala *

Early in 1931, General Jorge Ubico Castaneda established in Guatemala one of the tightest dictatorships in all Latin America. For many years, his regime was not only popular, but benevolent. General Ubico loved his country, and under his leadership there was a remarkable increase alike in administrative efficiency and public honesty. Under the Ley de Probidad , one of his first statutes, every important government official from the president down was required to file a sworn statement upon assuming office of all property owned by him and by his immediate family, to serve as the possible basis of an accounting on termination of his services. Government employees receiving funds were required to give a receipt, made out in duplicate upon official blanks that must be accounted for, upon pain of a fine amounting to twice the amount involved, one-half of which was to be paid to the informer. No one could tell when General Ubico would “drop in” on him to audit his books and examine his papers, as he could reach even the most out-of-the-way government offices on his motorcycle. Indeed, “government by motorcycle” became a popular phrase of the day in reference to this rugged and domineering personality. Although the constitution provided in Article 66 that the presidential term of office should be six years, and that no president should be reelected until he had been out of office for at least twelve years, a subservient Congress that had virtually abandoned its legislative powers to the executive called for a national plebiscite on extending General Ubico's term, and following a favorable vote the constitution was amended to provide that he should continue as president until March 15, 1943, Article 66 remaining in suspense until that date. Late in 1941; the constitution was again amended to extend his term another six years.
Cytology and immunocytochemistry.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes techniques that worked out primarily for use with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus . The chapter discusses whole mounts of fixed and embedded material, sectioned and stained material for bright-field light microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and other fluorochrome probes. Whole mounts are useful for establishing a developmental timetable, where paired samples are taken for other studies. They do not provide good resolution, however are adequate to establish the timing of such developmental markers as pronuclear fusion, streak stage, nuclear membrane breakdown, furrowing, and in later stages, cell number, cilia formation, and gastrulation. A more time-consuming method for monitoring stages of development, but one which provides considerably more accuracy, utilizes stained sections of epoxy-embedded material. The success of immunofluorescence microscopy will depend largely on the quality of the antibodies that are used—that is, the specificity and affinity of the antibody for the antigen, the titer of the elicited antibody, and nonspecific staining. The fluorochrome probes including bisbenzimide (hoechst 33258) stain for DNA, NBD-phallacidin and rhodamine-phalloidin stains for actin are discussed.
Assessing Fracture Risk

Publisher Summary Assessment of the risk for osteoporotic fractures is a complex issue. The prevention of fractures through selective application of therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving bone mass is intuitively appealing, but difficult to apply. However, several issues are clear. First, if therapy to prevent bone loss is being considered, then bone mass measurements are probably necessary for several reasons: it is inappropriate to treat someone for low bone mass if bone mass is high; it is impossible to monitor the effectiveness of therapy without a baseline bone mass measurement; and there is currently no method of identifying those at either high or low risk of suffering fractures due to osteopenia without direct measurement of bone mass. Second, numerous factors appear to predict fracture risk independently of bone mass. Most of these factors have been studied in relation to hip fractures, but several seem to be associated with fractures at multiple sites. For example, a fracture after age 40 (or 50) is associated with a higher risk of other fractures later in life. In the absence of bone mass measurements, these additional risk factors could provide some basis for risk assessment, but their ideal use is in the context of a complete clinical assessment with bone mass measurements as a cornerstone. In this same vein, some women will have bone mass that is so low that interventions aimed at the preservation of bone mass may be of little value without additional protection (for example, pads for the hips), and bone mass measurements are the only way of identifying such women. There is a general agreement that fracture risk can be altered substantially with pharmacological intervention, especially with the newest generation of drugs coming onto the market.
Marcel Mauss e a historiografia cultural: um resgate contemporâneo

This article discusses Marcel Mauss as historical subject. This discussion is based on realizing his ideas in the ideas of other thinkers of the period such as Levi-Strauss (2004), Stockingjr (2004); Montandon (2011); Castro (2005) and Martin (2005). In this point of view , it analyze the production context of his "Essay on the Gift" and how his ideas are articulated in the formation and interpretation of human societies. We use in the historiographical for interpreting diferente times this interpretation the historiographical for interpreting different times and historical productions analyzed in addition to the inter-relationship between theory and practice applied to the understanding of the historical moments. Therefore it seeks to rescue and understand the "dimensions" of hospitality, in its initial conception, and in today's world, beyond the idea of “continuum”, discussed and propagated by contemporary historiography.
Wind Farm Lab Test-Bench for Research/Education on Optimum Design and Cooperative Control of Wind Turbines

This chapter presents a low-cost, flexible lab test-bench wind farm for advanced research and education on wind turbine and wind farm design and control. The mechanical, electrical, electronic and control system design of the wind turbines, along with the dynamic models, parameters and classical pitch and torque controllers are introduced in detail. Furthermore, the study presents a variety of experiments that (a) quantifies the effect of the number of blades in the aerodynamic efficiency, (b) estimates the generator efficiency, (c) validates the rotor-speed pitch control system, (d) proves the concept of maximum power point tracking for individual wind turbines, (e) estimates the aerodynamic C p /λ characteristics, (f) calculates the power curve, and (g) studies the effect of wind farm topology configurations on the individual and global power efficiency. The experimental results prove that the dynamics of the test-bench corresponds well with full-scale wind turbines. This fact makes the test-bench wind farm appropriate for advanced research and education in wind energy systems.
Epstein–Barr Virus: Diseases Linked to Infection and Transformation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in 1964, and was the first known human tumor virus now shown to be associated with a vast number of human diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand infection, propagation and transformation in various cell types linked to human diseases. However, a comprehensive lens through which virus infection, reactivation and transformation of infected host cells can be visualized is yet to be formally established and will need much further investigation. Several human cell types infected by EBV have been linked to associated diseases. However, whether these are a direct result of EBV infection or indirectly due to contributions by additional infectious agents will need to be fully investigated. Therefore, a thorough examination of infection, reactivation and cell transformation induced by EBV will provide a more detailed view of its contributions that drive pathogenesis. This undoubtedly expand our knowledge of the biology of EBV infection and the signaling activities of targeted cellular factors dysregulated on infection. Furthermore, these insights may lead to identification of therapeutic targets and agents for clinical interventions. Here we review the spectrum of EBV-associated diseases, the role of the encoded latent antigens, and the switch to latency or lytic replication which occurs in EBV infected cells. Furthermore, we describe the cellular processes and critical factors which contribute to cell transformation. We also describe the fate of B-cells and epithelial cells after EBV infection and the expected consequences which contribute to establishment of viral-associated pathologies.
Engaging the CSI effect: The influences of experience-taking, type of evidence, and viewing frequency on juror decision-making

Abstract Crime dramas have become a popular part of media culture, but research examining their influence on juror decision-making is in its infancy. This research examined the influences of crime drama viewing frequency, individuals' degree of engagement (engaged or non-engaged) with a crime drama, and type of evidence (forensic, eyewitness, or both) on mock jurors' verdicts. Results indicated that, among engaged participants who were presented with forensic or eyewitness only evidence, frequent crime drama viewers offered more confident not guilty verdicts compared to infrequent viewers. However, this evidentiary skepticism between frequent and infrequent viewers vanished when participants engaged with the show and were presented with both types of evidence. Among participants not induced to engage with the crime drama, these patterns were very different—non-engaged participants who were presented with eyewitness only or both types of evidence offered more confident not guilty verdicts the more frequently they watched crime dramas. Yet, non-engaged viewers presented with forensic only evidence rendered similar levels of guilt verdicts regardless of their crime drama viewing frequency. Implications for juror decision-making research and applied implications for the legal system are discussed.
The Immune System

Chapter 1: Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense. Defenses facing invading pathogens. Principles of adaptive immunity. Chapter 2: Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity. The structural basis of antibody diversity. Generation of immunoglobulin diversity in B cells before encounter with antigen. Diversification of antibodies after B cells encounter antigen. Chapter 3: Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes. T-cell receptor diversity. Antigen processing and presentation. The major histocompatibility complex. Chapter 4: The Development of B Lymphocytes. The development of B cells in the bone marrow. Selection and further development of the B-cell repertoire. Chapter 5: The Development of T Lymphocytes. The development of T cells in the thymus. Positive and negative selection of the T-cell repertoir. Chapter 6: T-Cell Mediated Immunity. Activation of naive T cells on encounter with antigen. The properties and functions of effector T cells. Chapter 7: Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies. Antibody production by B lymphocytes. Antibody effector functions. The antigen-antibody mediated pathway of complement activation. Chapter 8: The Body's Defenses Against Infection. Innate immunity. Adaptive immune responses to infection. Immunological memory and the secondary immune response. Chapter 9: Failures of the Body's Defenses. Evasion and subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Inherited immunodeficiency diseases. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Chapter 10: Over-reactions of the Immune System. Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Types II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions. Chapter 11: Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Immune Response. Autoimmune diseases. Genetic and environmental factors which predispose to autoimmune disease. Chapter 12: Manipulation of the Immune Response. Prevention of infectious disease by vaccination. Transplantation of tissues and organs. Cancer and its interactions with the immune system.