cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and Genetic Factors in Motives for Smoking

Underlying phenotypic and genetic factors involving motives for smoking were assessed using data from 1756 twins, including 390 complete pairs. Respondents were aged 50 or older and included both current and former smokers. The Motives for Smoking Questionnaire (MSQ) hypothesizes eight correlated but distinct motives for smoking, which correspond to pharmacological and nonpharmacological second-order factors. This paper concentrates on the pharmacological motives. Principal-factor analysis recovered five categories. Items constituting Sedative, Stimulative, and Addictive reasons for smoking merged into one factor, whereas Automatic smoking, also considered to have pharmacological origins, formed a separate factor. Twin analysis was used to test for genetic effects and to determine whether these factors, although combined phenotypically, were affected by distinct genetic or environmental influences. Genetic effects accounted for a significant amount of the variance in the four hypothesized pharmacological motives for smoking, as did shared environment. The separate factor for Automatic smoking in the phenotypic analysis was due to environmental effects, and shared environment was a greater influence on Automatic smoking for women than men. One common effect explained the genetic variance; no genetic influence uniquely affected any specific motive. Therefore, individual differences in the hypothesized pharmacological motives for smoking appear to originate from a common genetic pathway.
IN-SITU STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT CLAYS

The change in effective stress condition resulting from sampling of saturated clays is examined. A link, in terms of Hvorslev strength parameters, c e and ∖a/ e , is established between the perfectly undisturbed sample strength and the in-situ strength. The theoretical analysis and the supporting experimental data indicate that for normally consolidated saturated sensitive clays, the in-situ strength and pore-pressure coefficient, A f , are significantly different from those measured on even perfectly undisturbed samples in unconsolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests. An expression is proposed for the evaluation of the in-situ strength of normally consolidated saturated clays in terms of the soil strength parameters, c e and ∖a/e, and the pore-water pressure coefficient, A f , in-situ.
Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry

Abstract Molecular markers are organic substances that carry information about sources of organic matter or contamination. The source/marker relation can be used to indicate the presence of a given source material (qualitative), or, under appropriate conditions, to estimate the amount of a source material (quantitative source apportionment) in the environment. Assemblages of markers can also be used as process probes. In this instance, systematic differences and/or similarities in the physical-chemical properties of markers are coupled with compositional changes in marker composition to infer the operation of natural processes. This paper provides an overview of what molecular markers are, what types of markers are present in the environment, the requirements for the use of markers, and some common applications. To illustrate how molecular markers can answer specific environmental questions, three case studies are presented. The first case study examines the impact of municipal waste on a large urban harbor (Boston Harbor). Linear alkylbenzenes (unreacted residues of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants) and coprostanol (a fecal indicator) provide information on the sources and likely transport pathways of municipal wastes in a complex hydrologic system. The marker data are also used to estimate the proportion of sewage-derived poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in polluted harbor sediments. The second case study concerns a portion of the continental shelf off southern California (Palos Verdes) where discharge of municipal wastewaters has led to extensive contamination of sediments and biota. Long-chain alkylbenzenes (surfactant residues), PCBs and the pesticide, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), are used to develop sedimentation rate estimates for several time periods by molecular stratigraphy. These results, when combined with other information, allow conclusions to be drawn about the most likely transport pathway of sediments at the study site and to predict the fate of historically deposited contaminants. Finally, an investigation of a crude-oil spill in Bemidji, MN illustrates how monoaromatic hydrocarbons can be exploited as process probes, providing insights into the relative importance of different attenuation processes in a contaminated aquifer. The results show that natural attenuation of the monoaromatic hydrocarbons is occurring at this site and is dominated, not by physical and/or chemical processes, but by biodegradation.
A RURAL NURSING CENTER WITHOUT WALLS

Background. Conducting nursing research with rural populations is complicated by multidimensional characteristics of rural dwellers; rural environment; paucity of nurse scientists prepared and supported to conduct rural research; and institutional constraints of academic entities serving rural communities. Unique research strategies are required to meet these challenges. Purposes. To review the history of the Center for Research on Chronic Health Conditions in Rural Dwellers (CRCHC), report the degree to which its objectives were met, summarize its accomplishments over five years, and explicate the strategies used to overcome the challenges of conducting rural nursing research in the western United States. Findings. The CRCHC was successful in building human research capacity, supporting the development of rural nursing science, and increasing research productivity. Conclusions. A Center model is one mechanism that has been demonstrated to effectively meet the challenges of conducting rural nursing research in the rural mountain west.
Teaching Community Organizing? A Postmodernist Comparison Between Alinsky's Conflict and Eichler's Consensus Models

Social work students are expected to develop competency in and be able to use macro practice concepts in communities. One common area of macro practice involves organizing communities to improve socioeconomic environments. This article compares 2 prevailing models of community organization— Alinsky's conflict and Eichler's consensus models— from a postmodernist perspective. The goal is to guide educators and students in determining the appropriate use of each model based on the conditions influencing the need to organize. A case study is included to provide an opportunity to engage in a critical thinking exercise aimed at further honing practitioners’ skills.
Common problems in pediatric and adolescent gynecology

Pediatric and adolescent gynecology focuses on a unique subset of gynecologic disorders among younger females. In the pediatric patient, gynecologic issues often present as vulvar and vaginal problems, while in the adolescent patient, complaints of abdominopelvic pain and abnormal menstrual bleeding commonly result in a gynecologic evaluation. This article focuses on two common vulvovaginal problems in the pediatric patient: vulvovaginitis and accidental genital trauma. Common infectious pathogens and treatments are reviewed along with other dermatologic and chemical causes of vulvovaginitis. The review of genital trauma focuses on various types of injury: straddle, penetrating and lacerations, and includes indications for surgical intervention. Pain and bleeding are the most common reasons for adolescents to frequent the gynecologist office, and this review focuses on these two topics, specifically menorrhagia and endometriosis. Etiologies of menorrhagia are reviewed with specific attention to anovulatio...
The Botanical Society of America

In Science xxv., p. 293, second column, the fourth word of line 12 should be spikelets, the fifth word ligule. In line 18, the first word should be Commutata.
Production of highly-enriched 134Ba for a reference material for isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) is an analytical technique capable of providing accurate and precise quantitation of trace isotope abundance and assay providing measurement uncertainties below 1 %. To achieve these low uncertainties, the IDMS method ideally utilizes chemically pure “spike” solutions that consist of a single highly enriched isotope that is well-characterized relating to the abundance of companion isotopes and concentration in solution. To address a current demand for accurate 137Cs/137Ba ratio measurements for “age” determination of radioactive 137Cs sources, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is producing enriched 134Ba isotopes that are tobe used for IDMS spikes to accurately determine 137Ba accumulation from the decay of 137Cs. The final objective of this work it to provide a homogenous set of reference materials that the National Institute of Standards and Technology can certify as standard reference materials used for IDMS. The process that was developed at INL for the separation and isolation of Ba isotopes, chemical purification of the isotopes in solution, and the encapsulation of the materials will be described.
Gamma ray-neutron branching ratio in the triton-deutron reaction

Abstract The cross section for the 3 H ( 2 H ,γ) 5 He process has been measured. At E d = 1025 keV, 90 degrees (lab.) its value is 0.44 ± 0.12 μ b/sr and the γ ray - neutron branching ratio is 2.3 × 10 −5 .
Note---A Note on “The Influence of Setup Time on Job Shop Performance” by Wilbrecht and Prescott

Comments and clarifications about paper [Wilbrecht, J. K., W. B. Prescott. 1969. The influence of setup time on job shop performance. Management Sci.16 4, December.].
The Elusiveness of Evaluative Conditioning

Abstract Evaluative conditioning (EC) is an important variant of Pavlovian conditioning in which the outcome is a change in affective response to the conditioned stimulus (CS). It is the best extant account, with evidence, for affective change in humans. Good laboratory models are available. This paper reviews a set of findings which suggest that the actual occurrence of EC, and its magnitude, varies widely in both real world and laboratory situations. Attention to known parameters of Pavlovian conditioning may account for some, but not all, of the failures and successes. Six empirical studies on humans are described; two document frequent failures of EC to occur in real world situations where the Pavlovian conditions for development of animal phobias or taste aversions are present, two are real-world experiments in which no evidence for EC is obtained, and two are laboratory failures to produce EC, by pairing neutral odor CSs with a variety of unconditioned stimuli (USs). We suggest that there are important, not understood factors, that modulate the appearance of EC, and that for both theoretical and applied reasons, these factors should be identified.
Essential oil and terpenoids of Mikania micrantha

Abstract Twenty-seven mainly terpenoid constituents were identified in the essential oil of Mikania micrantha whole plant. Higher terpenoids present in the same plant included two kaurene derivatives and taraxasterol.
Pseudostratigraphy and origin of the Early Proterozoic Payson ophiolite, central Arizona

The Payson ophiolite (ca. 1.73 Ga), exposed within the Early Proterozoic orogenic belt of central Arizona, is a shallow-dipping, pseudostratigraphic sequence of gabbro, sheeted dikes, and submarine volcanic rocks, partly disjointed by later intrusion and deformation. An older basement complex occurs as roof pendants in the gabbro and screens in the sheeted dike complex and was tilted and eroded prior to development of the ophiolite. Gabbro-dike mingling and mutual intrusion in the transition from gabbro to sheeted dikes indicates that the dikes are rooted in the gabbro. Analysis of detailed measured sections of well-exposed sheeted dikes (600 m) reveals 90%–100% dikes with lateral variations in the proportions of tonalitic or dacitic dikes and basement screens. The transition from sheeted dikes to submarine basalts is abrupt and marked by a stratigraphically continuous zone of intensely altered rocks. The sheeted dike complex, pseudostratigraphic structure, and synmagmatic hydrothermal alteration of the Payson ophiolite are diagnostic of a crustal section formed by sea-floor spreading. The Payson ophiolite intrudes, and is intruded by, arc granitoids and is overlain by arc-derived volcanic and sedimentary rocks. A model of an intra-arc basin formed along an arc parallel strike-slip fault is proposed to account for (1) screens of older arc crust, (2) inferred arc-parallel extension, and (3) juxtaposition of the ophiolite with a distinct arc terrane prior to regional convergent deformation and accretion of the arc to North America during the Yavapai orogeny (ca. 1.70 Ga).
Dietary carbon sources for deep-sea organisms as inferred from their organic radiocarbon activities

A small but significant depletion of radiocarbon activity (Δ14C000) is present in surface, meso-, bathy- and abyssopelagic fishes and crustaceans collected from depth in the North Central Pacific (NCP) and in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) in the 1960s and 1970s compared to average values for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and zooplankton found in the euphotic zone during this period. These low 14C activities are postulated to result from (1) the 14C gradient in DIC in the euphotic zone, and (2) the incorporation of low activity, pre-bomb peakcarbon (pre-1969) from the surface ocean into chronologically old organisms. Based on the relative increase of 14C activity in surface and deep organisms, maximum estimates of the turnover times range from 1< to 9 years for the organic carbon in surface and mesopelagic animals and 4–18 years for bathy- ad abyssopelagic animals from the NCP and NEP. These data suggest that the main source of dietary carbon for deep-sea organisms is from rapidly sinking organic detritus from the surface and from active (animal mediated) transport of living carbon. There may be a minor contribution (15%) to bathypelagic organisms from low 14C activity chemolithotrophically der ived organic carbon, from heterotrophic uptake of mid-depth DIC or from recycled carbon.
Concentrations of fumonisin B1 in feeds associated with animal health problems

Ninety-eight samples of feeds associated with 44 cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and 83 samples of feed associated with 42 cases of a porcine pulmonary edema syndrome (PPE) were analyzed for fumonisin B1 (FB1). For comparison purposes, 51 feed samples not associated with PPE or ELEM were also analyzed. Feed associated with ELEM contained FB1 ranging from less than 1 microgram/g to 126 micrograms/g with 75% of the cases having at least 1 sample above 10 micrograms/g. Feeds associated with PPE ranged from less than 1 microgram/g to 330 micrograms/g with 71% of the cases having at least 1 sample greater than 10 micrograms/g. Quantitation was by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/fluorescence using the fluorescamine derivative with confirmation by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and/or gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS).
Characterization of an ambident electrophile: the gas phase reactivity of the methoxymethyl cation

Abstract The gas phase reactivity of the methoxymethyl cation, an ambident electrophile, towards 21 neutral nucleophiles has been probed using the flowing afterglow technique. The classes of compounds studied includes alcohol, ethers, thiols, thioethers, aliphatic ketones, acids, esters and amides as well as the following aromatics: benzene, pyridine and aniline. Three general types of reaction channels were observed: addition followed by elimination of methanol with concomitant [M + CH]+ ion formation SN2 methylation resulting in [M + CH3]+ ion formation and adduct ([M + CH3OCH2]+) formation. Formamide and N,N-dimethylformamide both yield additional products arising from cleavage of the amide bond by CH3OCH2+. In addition, ab initio techniques (at the MP2(fc)/6–31G∗ level) have been used to investigate the [M + CH]+ and [M + CH3]+ ion formation channels for the reactions of CH3OCH2+ with NH3, H2O and H2S. These ab initio results suggest that the reactivity order should be: NH3 > H2S > H2O, in line with the experimental observations.
ILLUSORY CORRELATION IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

The results of this investigation suggests that one memory-based measure of communication style (and perhaps other similar measures) tap conceptually related memory items that are not synonymous with actual communication behavior. In this study, a small number of respondents were able to replicate to a considerable extent, without regard to anyone's communication behavior in particular, the pattern of associations from a previously published investigation. Implications of this and related findings are also discussed.
An Improved Method of Content Based Image Watermarking

We consider texture, luminance, corner and the edge information in the image to generate a mask that makes the addition of the watermark less perceptible to the human eye. The operation of embedding and extraction of the watermark is done in the frequency domain thereby providing robustness against common frequency-based attacks including image compression and filtering. We use decimal sequences for watermarking instead of pseudo random sequences, providing us with a greater flexibility in the choice of sequence. Weighted Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is used to evaluate the perceptual change between the original and the watermarked image
Effect of misoprostol on postprandial intestinal motility and orocecal transit time in humans

We measured the effect of misoprostol (M), a PGE1 analog, on duodenojejunal postprandial motor activity and orocecal transit in eight healthy volunteers. Intestinal motility was studied by an intraluminal catheter with three strain gauge transducers connected to a solid-state datalogger, and transit time was measured by a hydrogen breath test. Subjects were studied for two consecutive days and fed twice a day with a similar, 600-kcal meal. Misoprostol (M) at 800, 400, or 200 μg or placebo were taken orally before every one of the four meals. Transit time was measured after the morning meal on both days, after ingestion of either 800 μg of M or placebo. On four occasions, following M, the normal fed pattern was not established and the migrating motor complex (MMC) was not interrupted by the meal. In all other occasions, when the higher doses of M were given, the first 1–2 hr after the meal revealed a hypoactive bowel. This effect was inconsistently seen following 200 μg of M. Orocecals transit time was consistently and significantly shorter after M than placebo: 48.3±9.5 min vs 104.4±4.8 min,P<0.0001. Four subjects had diarrhea during the study. We conclude that misoprostol, particularly at higher doses, has a profound effect on intestinal postprandial motility and results in accelerated transit time. The motility changes induced by M may be responsible, in part, for its effect on transit.
State Debt Policies and the Credit Ratings of Public Universities

As public institutions have come to rely more heavily on borrowing, they have adopted many policies to govern debt issuance in an effort to bolster their credit rating and thus reduce the costs of borrowing. In many states, the implemented debt polices are applied not only to direct state agencies but also to the public entities such as universities that operate with some autonomy. The question of how these state policies affect various actors remains unanswered. Given that some states' debt policies with respect to public universities are more restrictive than others, how are these differences perceived in credit markets? This article looks at the impact of certain state policies and procedures on public university credit ratings.
Congenital eye defects in the mouse. I. Corneal opacity in C57black mice.

Corneal opactities are observed in a small percentage of C57Black mice. Discrete central opacities are found in eyes of normal size; more generalized opacities are found in eyes which are reduced in size, although large enough to protrude through the eyelids. Corneas with discrete opacities are characterized by a gap in the stroma, and disorganization of the overlying epithelium. Similar stromal defects are found in corneas with more generalized opacties, and, in addition, cornea and iris are continuous along their stromal components. Either anterior polar cataract or anterior lenticonus, defects involving the anterior surface of the lens, are almost invariably found in association with the corneal opacities. Study of early lens and corneal development in C57Black embryos implicates prolonged attachment of the lens vesicle to the superficial ectoderm in the genesis of the corneal opacities. The persistence of the lens stalk serves as a barrier to migration of the mesenchyme involved in formation of the corneal stroma. Migration of the mesenchyme destined for a role in development of the stroma of the iris may also be hindered. Separation of the lens vesicle from the superficial ectoderm takes place eventually, but stromal development remains defective. Disorganization of the corneal epithelium appears to be a secondary consequence of the defective stroma. Anomalies of the anterior surface of the lens appear to result from problems associated with the abnormal separation of the lens vesicle from the superficial ectoderm.
Tablet-to-Tablet Variation of Drug Content of Sugar-Coated Tablets Containing Drug in the Sugar Coat

Abstract In dosage forms where active drug is added to a sugar coat, it may be shown that the distribution of assays should be normal and the standard deviation should be proportional to the square root of the number of coats.Although, in a series of batches, the standard deviation was found linearly related to the square root of the number of coats, the plot failed to intersect at the origin and did not have the required slope, presumably due to secondary contributions to the variation such as pan build-up.
Cysteine-reactive chemical probes based on a modular 4-aminopiperidine scaffold

We utilized tri-functionalized 4-aminopiperidine as a modular scaffold to generate a cysteine-reactive probe library. Using in-gel fluorescence screening against lysates overexpressing glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) and the protein kinase AKT1, we identified SMC-1 and SMC-8 as activity-dependent covalent modifiers of these enzymes. These compounds are ideal chemical probes to monitor enzyme activity in proteomes.
An Automated Ultrasound Transducer Beam Profiling System

An automatic, three-dimensional, ultrasound beam profiling system was developed and incorporated into a radiotherapy planning minicomputer system with few modifications and at minimal cost. This profiler was invaluable in assessing the characteristics of beams emitted by ultrasound transducers.
Remote-Field Eddy Current Inspection Tool for Small-Diameter Unpiggable Pipelines

Inspection of natural gas pipelines is necessary to ensure their integrity. Considerable pipeline mileage exists where the lines, particularly those in the smaller-diameter range, have internal restrictions and/or low pressure/flow rates. Conventional magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection pigs cannot be used because the product flow and pressure is not sufficient to propel the pig, and the large MFL magnets cannot readily move through restricted areas. To overcome these problems, an untethered, self-powered tool was developed that can adjust to inspect different pipe sizes and can retract to pass through obstructions such as elbows and tees. Southwest Research Institute developed a remote-field eddy current (RFEC) inspection system for detecting and characterizing pipe wall loss, and this system was integrated with Explorer II, a robotic transport device developed by Carnegie Mellon. The resulting tool has the capability to inspect 6- to 8-inch-diameter pipelines containing tight bends and tees, and can be launched, operated, and retrieved with the pipeline in service. This paper describes the RFEC inspection technology, the RFEC system modules developed for Explorer II, and preliminary test results.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Person–Environment Interactions Among Residents of Oxford Houses

The continued struggle of addiction recovery support systems suggest that the paradigm of this field needs to continue its evolution, which has increasingly emphasized environments. Field Theory suggests that the products of individual and environmental characteristics be considered rather than a summation of the two. This study examined such interactions in Oxford Houses, a network of democratic, and self-governed addiction recovery homes. This study examined sobriety in experienced houses (average length of residency > six months) compared to less experienced houses (average length of residency ≤ six months) in relation to individual resident characteristics (age, length of residence in an Oxford House, and referral from the criminal justice system). Using multilevel modeling, findings indicated that older residents living in an experienced Oxford Houses were more likely to remain abstinent over time than those in inexperienced homes. Additionally, for inexperienced houses, residents who had been in the Oxford House for a longer period had a higher the probability of abstinence than those that had been in the house for a shorter period of time. Finally, legal referral was related to a lower probability of one-year abstinence but only for those in experienced homes. These types of person-environment interactions point to the need for more research to better understand how person variables interact with environmental variables in the processes of recovery and adaptation to settings, as well as for treatment professionals' consideration of both person and environment when making recovery home referrals.
The status of 2-year-old children who had received sulfisoxazole in the neonatal period after premature birth*

Summary Though a high over-all incidence of brain damage was observed in a sample of 2-year-old children who had survived premature birth, the incidence of brain damage among those who had received penicillin/sulfisoxazole during the first 5 days of life was not significantly higher than that observed among others who had received oxytetracycline. It is implied from these observations that few, if any, infants survived the brain damage associated with penicillin/sulfisoxazole administration in the neonatal period.
Evaluation of Microbial Counts, Nucleotide Degradation, and Sensory Attributes of Cultured and Wild Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) During Refrigerated Storage

Abstract Skinless fillets of commercially-grown cultured and wild yellow perch were held at 4aC up to 10 d in oxygen permeable bags. Samples were removed at selected intervals and evaluated for microbiai, chemical, and sensory properties. Both cultured and wild yellow perch fillets had aerobic plate counts < 2 × 105APC/g, hydraperoxide contents < 0.07 μmoles/g, and flavor character that were typical of fresh fish upon initiation of the study. Upon storage, refrigerated wild yellow perch were generally more oxidized/green and fishy than cultured perch at each sampling interval. Aging prior to stability testing was the likely cause of these observations. Low lipid content (< 1%) and the sparing effect of tocopherol resulted in neither cultured or wild yellow perch exhibiting strong oxidized, painty aromas after 10 d of storage. Putrid aromas and flavors from microbiai degradation were more evident than fishy flavors from oxidizing lipids. K-values and hypoxanthine contents did not parallel negative changes ...
Operating system profiling via latency analysis

Operating systems are complex and their behavior depends on many factors. Source code, if available, does not directly help one to understand the OS's behavior, as the behavior depends on actual workloads and external inputs. Runtime profiling is a key technique to prove new concepts, debug problems, and optimize performance. Unfortunately, existing profiling methods are lacking in important areas---they do not provide enough information about the OS's behavior, they require OS modification and therefore are not portable, or they incur high overheads thus perturbing the profiled OS.We developed OSprof: a versatile, portable, and efficient OS profiling method based on latency distributions analysis. OSprof automatically selects important profiles for subsequent visual analysis. We have demonstrated that a suitable workload can be used to profile virtually any OS component. OSprof is portable because it can intercept operations and measure OS behavior from user-level or from inside the kernel without requiring source code. OSprof has typical CPU time overheads below 4%. In this paper we describe our techniques and demonstrate their usefulness through a series of profiles conducted on Linux, FreeBSD, and Windows, including client/server scenarios. We discovered and investigated a number of interesting interactions, including scheduler behavior, multi-modal I/O distributions, and a previously unknown lock contention, which we fixed.
Socio-economic elements in Public Choice research

Abstract The sub-discipline of economics called Public Choice, although mainly concerned with selfish or egotistical motives, has been open to socio-economic ideas. This is seen by examining the importance it accords to ideology in explaining the voting behavior of legislators as well as articles and book reviews found in its journal, Public Choice. Most definitions of ideology include its relationship to groups and values. Public Choice's openness to alternative views may be growing. Therefore, it is an area of economics that socio-economists should use as a vehicle to reach traditional economists and make them aware of new models of individual behavior.
Detection of Antineutrinos for Nonproliferation

The feasibility of using the detection of electron antineutrinos produced in fission to monitor the time dependence of the plutonium content of nuclear power reactors is discussed. If practical, such a scheme would allow worldwide, automated monitoring of reactors and, thereby, the detection of certain proliferation scenarios. For GW(electric) power reactors, the count rates and the sensitivity of the antineutrino spectrum (to the core burnup) suggest that monitoring of the gross operational status of the reactor from outside the containment vessel is feasible. As the plutonium content builds up in a given burn cycle, the total number of antineutrinos steadily drops; and this variation is quite detectable, assuming fixed reactor power. The average antineutrino energy also steadily drops, and a measurement of this variation would be very useful to help offset uncertainties in the total reactor power. However, the expected change in the antineutrino signal from the diversion of a significant quantity of plutonium, which would typically require the diversion of as little as a single fuel assembly in a GW(electric) reactor, would be very difficult to detect.
The Aggregate Impact of Firms' FDI Strategies on the Trade Balances of Host Countries

In this paper, we suggest that the dominant motives for firms investing in Advanced Industrial Nations or Developing Countries (AINs or DCs) tend to be different. These dissimilar principal motives manifest themselves in aggregate impacts on national trade balances. Using market imperfections theory and borrowing from Root [1977], we suggest that firms generally tend to use FDI in AINs for market access and penetration, increasing host-country import levels. Firms tend to use FDI in DCs in order to gain resource advantages that can be exploited in export markets leading to increased exports and hence, trade surpluses. A contingency framework which outlines the conditions under which FDI inflows will be related to national trade surpluses and/or deficits, based on the dominant strategic motives of the investing firms, is presented and tested. Our findings suggest that the relationship between FDI inflow and trade balance is moderated by whether a country is an Advanced Industrial Nation or a Developing Country. In the Limitations and Future Research sections of the paper, readers are cautioned to view the findings as research opening rather than as definitive. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Mass spectral characterization of peptide transmitters/hormones in the nervous system and neuroendocrine organs of the American lobster Homarus americanus

The American lobster Homarus americanus is a decapod crustacean with both high economic and scientific importance. To facilitate physiological investigations of peptide transmitter/hormone function in this species, we have used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS) to elucidate the peptidome present in its nervous system and neuroendocrine organs. In total, 84 peptides were identified, including 27 previously known H. americanus peptides (e.g., VYRKPPFNGSIFamide [Val(1)-SIFamide]), 23 peptides characterized previously from other decapods, but new to the American lobster (e.g., pQTFQYSRGWTNamide [Arg(7)-corazonin]), and 34 new peptides de novo sequenced/detected for the first time in this study. Of particular note are a novel B-type allatostatin (TNWNKFQGSWamide) and several novel FMRFamide-related peptides, including an unsulfated analog of sulfakinin (GGGEYDDYGHLRFamide), two myosuppressins (QDLDHVFLRFamide and pQDLDHVFLRFamide), and a collection of short neuropeptide F isoforms (e.g., DTSTPALRLRFamide and FEPSLRLRFamide). Our data also include the first detection of multiple tachykinin-related peptides in a non-brachyuran decapod, as well as the identification of potential individual-specific variants of orcokinin and orcomyotropin-related peptide. Taken collectively, our results not only expand greatly the number of known H. americanus neuropeptides, but also provide a framework for future studies on the physiological roles played by these molecules in this commercially and scientifically important species.
A Discrete-Time Nonlinear Estimator for an Orthosis-Aided Gait

To achieve automatic operation of a powered orthosis-aided gait or functional electrical stimulation-based walking restoration, accurate estimation of the leg angles is of utmost importance. Various phases of walking last for a short duration of time; thus, an accurate estimator is required with a fast convergence rate. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a discrete-time nonlinear estimation algorithm to estimate lower-limb angles during an orthosis-aided walking. To this end, we use measurements from 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) inertial measurement units (IMUs) to estimate the lower limb angles. The estimator is based on a state-dependent coefficient (SDC) linearization or extended linearization of the nonlinear functions. A combination of multiple discrete SDCs is used to compute an optimal gain of the nonlinear estimator based on uncertainty minimization criteria. The nonlinear estimator is robust to uncertainties in system modeling and sensor noise/bias from the IMUs. Monte Carlo simulation studies reveal that the estimator outperforms widely used discrete-time extended Kalman (EKF) filter with respect to average root-mean squared estimation error (RMSE) criteria.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Generation of orthogonal grids with control of spacing

Abstract A methodology for generating orthogonal curvilinear grids is applied to two-dimensional domains. An important feature of the methodology is its ability to control effectively the grid spacing, especially near the boundaries. This paper summarizes the governing equations used for grid generation. Then the numerical procedure is described, with special emphasis on the scheme used to enhance stability and accuracy of the solution. The significance of the distortion function and the way it is used to control grid spacing are illustrated in geometries commonly found in engine combustion chambers. The influence of various parameters, including number of grid points, relaxation factor, and range of values of the distorion function, on the performance of the method are also investigated. It is concluded that the methodology can successfully produce smooth orthogonal grids with control of spacing in symmetric and nonsymmetric domains.
Characteristics analysis of RELACS process from an OPC point of view

There are strong demands for techniques which are able to extend application of ArF immersion lithography. Especially, the leading edge techniques are required to make very small hole patterns below 50nm. Several techniques such as double patterning technique, free-form illumination and resist shrinkage technology are considered as viable candidates. Most of all, NTD (Negative Tone Development) is being regarded as the most promising technology for the realization of small hole patterns When NTD process is applied, hole patterns are defined by island type features on the reticle and consequently its optical performance shows better result compared with PTD (Positive Tone Development) process. However it is still difficult to define extremely small hole patterns below 40nm, new combination process of NTD with RELACS is being introduced to overcome resolution limitation. NTD combined with RELACS, which is the most advanced lithography technology, definitely enable us to generate smaller size hole patterns on the wafer. A chemical shrinkage technology, RELACS (Resolution Enhancement Lithography Assisted by Chemical Shrink), utilizes the cross linking reaction catalyzed by the acid component existing in a predefined resist pattern. In case of PTD combined with RELACS process, we already know that CD change after the shrinkage process is not influenced by duty ratio. So we could easily reflect the RELACS bias to meet the CD target during OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) procedure. But NTD combined with RELACS process was not understood clearly, nor verified. It requires more investigation of physical behavior during combined process in order to define exact hole patterns. The newly introduced process might require additive OPC modeling procedure to satisfy target CD when NTD RELACS bias has different values according to pitch and shape. This study is going to include the investigation on two types of resist shrinkage process, PTD and NTD. The optimized OPC methodology will be discussed through the evaluation on simple array hole patterns and random hole patterns.
Influence of Air−Water Interfacial Adsorption and Gas-Phase Partitioning on the Transport of Organic Chemicals in Unsaturated Porous Media

We investigated in laboratory column experiments, the aqueous-phase transport of four n-alcohols (n-hexanol−n-nonanol), three chlorinated aromatic compounds (chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and o-chlorophenol), and two alkylbenzenes (ethylbenzene and p-xylene) in a water-unsaturated porous medium (sand). The influence of gas-phase partitioning and interfacial adsorption on solute retardation during steady unsaturated water flow was evalu ated over a range of water contents. Air−water interfacial adsorption was a significant factor for the retardation of n-alcohols. For example, nearly 90% of the measured retardation of n-nonanol could be attributed to interfacial adsorption at a water saturation of 34%. Aromatic compounds used in this study were not significantly affected by adsorption at the air−water interface because of both low air−water interfacial area (0−50 cm2/cm3) generated in the unsaturated porous medium and the small interfacial−adsorption coefficients. Instead, gas-phase partitioning was th...
Epistemic and intuitionistic formal systems

Developpement d'une methode uniforme visant a l'integration des mathematiques classiques et intuitionnistes. Application d'un theoreme de plongement de toute algebre de Heyting complete dans une algebre de Boole complete a intersections finies et a reunions arbitraires
Towards developing a methodology for doing qualitative research: The dynamic-comparative case study method

Abstract This discussion integrates key concepts from case research methodology, theory development, the configurational approach to organizations, and actual research experience, in order to suggest a “systematic process” for doing qualitative research, described as the Dynamic-Comparative Case Study Method (D-CCSM). It is believed that D-CCSM is especially appropriate for researchers who: (1) are interested in studying new topical areas in organizations; (2) want to develop testable, midrange, theory from the processual analysis of case studies; (3) would like to replicate their studies in multiple research settings; and (4) have limited research resources. Insights and suggestions for using the D-CCSM approach are also included.
Low doses of neutrons induce changes in gene expression.

Studies were designed to identify genes induced following low-dose neutron but not following [gamma]-ray exposure in fibroblasts. Our past work had shown differences in the expression of [beta]-protein kinase C and c-fos genes, both being induced following [gamma]-ray but not neutron exposure. We have identified two genes that are induced following neutron, but not [gamma]-ray, exposure: Rp-8 (a gene induced by apoptosis) and the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency (HIV). Rp-8 mRNA induction was demonstrated in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts and was found to be induced in cells exposed to neutrons administered at low (0.5 cGy/min) and at high dose rate (12 cGy/min). The induction of transcription from the LTR of HIV was demonstrated in HeLa cells bearing a transfected construct of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene driven by the HIV-LTR promoter. Measures of CAT activity and CAT transcripts following irradiation demonstrated an unresponsiveness to [gamma] rays over a broad range of doses. Twofold induction of the HIV-LTR was detected following neutron exposure (48 cGy) administered at low (0.5 cGy/min) but not high (12 cGy/min) dose rates. Ultraviolet-mediated HIV-LTR induction was inhibited by low-dose-rate neutron exposure.
Curvature Dynamics of α-Synuclein Familial Parkinson's Disease Mutants: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Micelle- and Membrane-Bound Forms

α-synuclein remains a protein of interest due to its propensity to form fibrillar aggregates in neurodegenerative disease and its putative function in synaptic vesicle regulation. We have performed a series of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type α-synuclein and the three Parkinson's disease familial mutants, A30P, A53T, and E46K, bound to an SDS detergent micelle. Our analysis explains how α-synuclein adapts to, and alters, highly curved membrane surfaces through helical bending. We find that α-synuclein binding induces significant deformation in the micelle, flattening the structure and decreasing its surface area. Similar effects on biological membranes would relieve curvature stress, ameliorating the propensity to fuse, and would perhaps explain α-synuclein's role in stabilizing synaptic vesicles. Consistent with the experimentally determined behavior of A30P, the proline dramatically destabilizes the secondary structure, inducing reversible unfolding up- and down-stream of the substitution. The E46K mutation provides an additional electrostatic interaction between the protein and micelle, offering an explanation for the mutants increased affinity. In the case of the A53T mutant, recent NMR data suggested that an enthalpic interaction might be responsible for a slight rigidification of the helical structure. We show that the equilibrium structure of A53T contains a very tight hydrogen-bond between the threonine's hydroxyl and the backbone carbonyl of Val49. We speculate as to the potential effects of these dynamic and structural changes, on α-synuclein's role in neural signaling. In order to assess the applicability of these results to biological membranes, we have performed simulations of the wild-type and mutants on a DOPS bilayer. These simulations reproduce the major conclusions of the micelle-bound simulations, suggesting that the detergent micelle is an adequate model system.
Iododeoxyuridine incorporation and radiosensitization in three human tumor cell lines.

Abstract Iododeoxyuridine is a halogenated pyrimidine and non-hypoxic cell radiosensitizer currently being used in clinical trials. The amount of radiosensitization by IdUrd is related to the amount of incorporation of the drug into a cell's DNA. These experiments were carried out in three human tumor cell lines (lung, glioma, and melanoma) in monolayer culture exposed to concentrations of IdUrd from 0.1–10 μM for one and three cell cycles before irradiation to determine incorporation and sensitization as a function of drug exposure. Except for the lung cell line, which required greater than 1 μM IdUrd, these cells demonstrate radiosensitization when exposed to 0.1 μM or greater of IdUrd. Maximum sensitization occurred at 10 μM IdUrd for all the cell lines at three cell cycles. The percent thymidine replacement by IdUrd increased with increasing concentrations, but was cell line dependent. Maximum percent replacement occurred at 10 μM at three cell cycles for all the cell lines: lung = 22.4%, glioma = 32.0%, and melanoma = 39.1%. The relationships between percent thymidine replacement and sensitization are not identical across these human tumor cell lines. If IdUrd is going to be a successful radiosensitizer in clinical trials, sustained plasma levels of 10 μM or greater for at least three cell cycles should be achieved during irradiation. This may be best accomplished with repeated short exposures to IdUrd (three cell cycles or approximately 4 days in these cell lines) every 1–2 weeks during radiation. Measurements of thymidine replacement in a tumor biopsy should be attempted prior to radiation to develop a predictive assay for radiosensitization.
Interrelationship Among Export Markets, Resource Conservation, and Agricultural Productivity: Discussion

The main body of the paper by Heady and Short consists of a brief description of the models and their application to deriving trade-offs between agricultural output (export levels) and soil losses. These models are based on the ones developed at Iowa State University over many years. It is impossible for the authors to describe these models in detail for us during this discussion. The basic model used in this application consists of 105 producing regions and contains at least 5 land classes in each region. Soil loss coefficients are specified for each crop or crop rotation, each conservation practice and tillage method, for each land class in each region, apparently taking