cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary record of Andean mountain building

Abstract Integration of regional stratigraphic relationships with data on sediment accumulation, provenance, paleodrainage, and deformation timing enables a reconstruction of Mesozoic-Cenozoic subduction-related mountain building along the western margin of South America. Sedimentary basins evolved in a wide range of structural settings on both flanks of the Andean magmatic arc, with strong signatures of retroarc crustal shortening, flexure, and rapid accumulation in long-lived foreland and hinterland basins. Extensional basins also formed during pre-Andean backarc extension and locally in selected forearc, arc, and retroarc zones during Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Andean orogenesis. Major transitions in topography and sediment routing are recovered through provenance studies, particularly detrital zircon U-Pb geochronological applications, which distinguish three principal sediment source regions—the South American craton, Andean magmatic arc, and retroarc fold-thrust belt. Following the cessation of Late Triassic–Early Cretaceous extensional and/or postextensional neutral-stress conditions, a Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene inception of Andean shortening was chronicled in retroarc regions along the western margin by rapid flexural subsidence, a wholesale reversal in drainage patterns, and provenance switch from eastern cratonic sources to Andean sources. An enigmatic Paleogene hiatus in the Andean foreland succession recorded diminished accumulation and/or regional unconformity development, contemporaneous with a phase of limited shortening or neutral to locally extensional conditions. Seemingly contradictory temporal fluctuations in tectonic regimes, defined by contrasting (possibly cyclical) phases of shortening, neutral, and extensional conditions, can be linked to the degree of mechanical coupling along the subduction plate boundary. Along-strike variations in Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic deformation and crustal thickening demonstrate contrasting high-shortening versus low-shortening modes of Andean orogenesis, in which the central Andes are distinguished by large-magnitude east-west shortening (> 150–300 km) and corresponding cratonward advance of the fold-thrust belt and foreland basin system, several times that of the northern and southern Andes. These temporal and spatial changes in shortening and overall tectonic regime can be related to variable plate coupling during first-order shifts in plate convergence, second-order cycles of slab shallowing and steepening, and second-order cycles of shortening, lithospheric removal and local partial extensional collapse in highly shortened and thickened segments of the orogen.
Three-dimensional in vitro models answer the right questions in ADPKD cystogenesis

Novel technologies, new understanding of the basement membrane composition, and better comprehension of the embryonic development of the mammalian kidney have led to explosive growth in the use of three-dimensional in vitro models to study a range of human disease pathologies (Clevers H. Cell 165: 1586-1597, 2016; Shamir ER, Ewald AJ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15: 647-664, 2014). The development of these effective model systems represents a new tool to study the progressive cystogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is a prevalent and complex monogenetic disease, characterized by the pathological formation of fluid fill cysts in renal tissue (Grantham JJ, Mulamalla S, Swenson-Fields KI. Nat Rev Nephrol 7: 556-566, 2011; Takiar V, Caplan MJ. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1337-1343, 2011). ADPKD cystogenesis is attributed to loss of function mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2, which encode for two transmembrane proteins, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and progresses with loss of both copies of either gene through a proposed two-hit mechanism with secondary somatic mutations (Delmas P, Padilla F, Osorio N, Coste B, Raoux M, Crest M. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322: 1374-1383, 2004; Pei Y, Watnick T, He N, Wang K, Liang Y, Parfrey P, Germino G, St George-Hyslop P. Am Soc Nephrol 10: 1524-1529, 1999; Wu G, D'Agati V, Cai Y, Markowitz G, Park JH, Reynolds DM, Maeda Y, Le TC, Hou H Jr, Kucherlapati R, Edelmann W, Somlo S. Cell 93: 177-188, 1998). The exaggerated consequences of large fluid filled cysts result in fibrosis and nephron injury, leading initially to functional compensation but ultimately to dysfunction (Grantham JJ. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 788-803, 1996; Norman J. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1327-1336, 2011; Song CJ, Zimmerman KA, Henke SJ, Yoder BK. Results Probl Cell Differ 60: 323-344, 2017). The complicated disease progression has scattered focus and resources across the spectrum of ADPKD research.
Prevalence and correlates of intentional outdoor and indoor tanning among adolescents in the United States: Findings from the FLASHE survey.

Abstract A body of research has focused on adolescents' indoor tanning behaviors but relatively little is known about the prevalence of adolescents' intentional outdoor tanning (time spent outdoors to get a tan). The present study used data from the National Cancer Institute's 2014 Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) cross-sectional survey to examine the prevalence and correlates of intentional outdoor and indoor tanning among adolescents in the United States. Both unadjusted (bivariate) and adjusted (multi-variate) logistic regressions were performed to test the associations between demographic variables, time spent on media (e.g., using computers), emotional status and outdoor or indoor tanning. The overall prevalence of frequent outdoor tanning among adolescents in the U.S. was 15.6% (95% CI 13.8–17.4%) and the rate of indoor tanning in the past 12 months was 3% (95% CI 2.2–3.9). The adjusted odds of intentional outdoor tanning were significantly higher among girls (AOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.75–3.27), Non-Hispanic Whites (AOR 2.85, 95% CI 1.99–4.07), and those who spent more time on cell phones (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.25–1.57). The adjusted odds of indoor tanning were significantly higher among those who spent more time on computers (AOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.09–1.74) and cell phones (AOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.19–1.87). This study provides evidence for the relationship between media use and tanning behaviors among adolescents.
Modulation of Robotic Motor Synergies Using Reinforcement Learning Optimization

It is thought that the brain produces coordinated action by recruiting suppressing and/or modulating appropriate sets of coordinative structures in the spinal cord. The work presented in this paper examines the ability of robotic systems to produce similar behavior through the modulation of motor synergy strengths using central pattern generator neural networks and reinforcement learning optimization. The motor synergies employed are forward kinematic approximations based on the Berkinblitt model of the spinal frog wiping reflex. The object of the reinforcement learning optimization is to modulate the synergy coefficient strengths in order to produce skilled motions that can be generalized across space and time. Simulation results demonstrate the acquisition of robotic skills associated with minimum energy cost functions.
33: Chain specific polyubiquitination by βTrcp utlizing diverse E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes regulates the endocytosis of the INFAR1 chain of type 1 interferon receptor

The ubiquitination of IFNAR1 governs the endocytosis of type I interferon (IFN1) receptor and regulates the extent of IFN1 signaling. This ubiquitination is mediated by the βTrcp E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is capable of building both Lys48- and Lys63-linked chains on IFNAR1. Although ubiquitination can occur on many Lys residues within the intracellular domain, a cluster of three lysines (Lys-501, Lys-525 and Lys-526) is required for efficient IFNAR1 endocytosis. Ubiquitination of this cluster acts to unmask an adjacent Tyr-466-based linear endocytic motif and enable its interaction with the AP2 adaptin complex and subsequent IFNAR1 internalization via the clathrin-dependent pathway. However, it remained unclear how both Lys-48- and Lys-63-linked chains are assembled to stimulate IFNAR1 endocytosis. Here we propose a model where the two types of ubiquitin chains stabilize the conformation of the intracellular tail of IFNAR1 to expose Tyr-466 motif that is otherwise masked by TYK2. Whereas the βTrcp facilitates both Lys-48- and Lys-63-polyubiquitination, the specificity of these processes is determined by two alternate E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, Ubc13 and Cdc34. Ubc13 aids βTrcp to build the Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of Lys-501, whereas the Lys-48-chain-specific Cdc34 is required for modification of that occurs on Lys-525, 526. These data indicate that βTrcp alternates between two diverse E2s to stimulate IFNAR1 complex topology ubiquitination. We propose that this complex ubiquitination relieves the masking of Tyr-466 by relieving a bend in the polypeptide chain conferred by proline residue Pro470 located upstream of ubiquitin acceptor sites. Consistent with this hypothesis, IFNAR1P470G mutant (in which this turn is removed) undergoes β Trcp-independent constitutive endocytosis despite retaining TYK2 interaction.
APPLICATIONS OF THE BIVARIATE GAMMA DISTRIBUTION IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MEDICAL PHYSICS

APPLICATIONS OF THE BIVARIATE GAMMA DISTRIBUTION IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MEDICAL PHYSICS By Jolene Kristen Barker, M.S. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Major Director: Viswanathan Ramakrishnan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics In this thesis the utility of a bivariate gamma distribution is explored. In the field of nutritional epidemiology a nutrition density transformation is used to reduce collinearity. This phenomenon will be shown to result due to the independent variables following a bivariate gamma model. In the field of radiation oncology paired comparison of variances is often performed. The bivariate gamma model is also appropriate for fitting correlated variances.
Development of an Aft Boundary Condition for a Horizontally Towed Flexible Cylinder

The method of characteristics is used to develop an aft boundary condition for the linear transverse dynamics of a towed neutrally buoyant flexible cylinder, extending a previous approach to more general numerical methods (e.g., finite differences, finite elements, etc.). The boundary condition is located at the critical point on the cylinder (i.e., where the tension and hydrodynamic forces balance) instead of at the free end. This avoids the region where bending terms become important, and it removes the problem of modeling the instabilities in the region near the free end. The approach can also be extended to the nonlinear case.
On Securing Healthcare with Software-Defined Networks

The Internet of Things can offer great advantages to healthcare. For instance, rapid data collection and action not only make it possible to respond rapidly to crisis, but also improve patient quality of life (for example, a diabetes patient with a smart insulin pump need not worry about being home for doses). Yet, IoT also introduces system and network security issues. In this paper, we explore the question of IoT security in healthcare. We begin by surveying the IoT attack surface and its implications for Healthcare, and discussing existing solutions and their shortcomings. Finally, we propose that a centralized solution, based on software defined networks, could alleviate some of these concerns.
Leveraging Cyber-Physical System Honeypots to Enhance Threat Intelligence

Honeypots and related deception technologies have long been used to capture and study malicious activity in networks. However, clear requirements for developing effective honeypots for active defense of cyber-physical systems have not been discussed in the literature. This chapter proposes a next generation industrial control system honeynet. Enumerated requirements and a reference framework are presented that bring together the best available honeypot technologies and new adaptations of existing tools to produce a honeynet suitable for detecting targeted attacks against cyber-physical systems. The framework supports high-fidelity simulations and high interactions with attackers while delaying the discovery of the deception. Data control, capture, collection and analysis are supported by a novel and effective honeywall system. A hybrid honeynet, using virtualized and real programmable logic controllers that interact with a physical process model, is presented. The benefits provided by the framework along with the challenges to consider during honeynet deployment and operation are also discussed.
A hybrid approach for transmission grid resilience assessment using reliability metrics and power system local network topology

Due to increasing threats on power systems from various extreme events such as adverse weather and cyber/physical attacks, research on power grid resilience is recently gaining a substantial tracti...
Extractive gas-phase sampling of the reaction zone of a pressurized entrained-flow coal gasifier

Abstract A novel extractive gas-phase sampling system was developed for use in a pressurized entrained-flow coal gasifier. The system comprised three parts: a water-cooled probe through which the sampled gases travel, a pneumatic cylinder that directs the radial sampling location, and the control system. The system was designed for safe sampling of the harsh environment in gasifiers and can help understand spatial distribution of concentrations in such a system. To confirm operation of the sampling system, gas-phase samples were extracted from the reaction zone of a 1 ton/day pilot entrained-flow coal gasifier operating at a pressure of 11 bar and at temperatures ranging from 1370 to 1540 °C. Concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrogen decreased with increasing temperature while carbon dioxide increased with temperature, a result of the higher oxygen/fuel ratio needed to achieve the higher temperature. Synthesis gas (syngas) heating values decreased correspondingly with increasing temperature and the heating value of the syngas exiting the gasifier was higher than for syngas extracted from the reaction zone. Under conditions tested, no statistically significant variation in gas composition with radial position was observed.
Dynamics of travelers’ modality style in the presence of mobility-on-demand services

Abstract Modality style –defined as a set of frequent travel modes characterizing the travelers’ habits, routines, and predispositions– is a key player in forming dynamics of travelers’ mode choice behavior. This study aims to uncover the dynamics of modal preferences while the Mobility-on-Demand (MoD) services operate in the market. Using the 2017 National Household Travel Survey data, a Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value model is developed to analyze the dynamics of individuals’ modality style. This model enables us to take into consideration marginal rates of substitutions between different transportation modes. Variables of interest in this analysis include the frequency of use of mobility-on-demand (MoD) services as well as the frequency of walking, biking, transit, and auto trips over the course of a month. The results of this study offer city planners and policymakers an opportunity to better understand the factors underlying modality styles, and which priorities to focus on when designing a sustainable development plan for resident-centric Smart Cities. According to the results, age, work status, education, auto availability, and the built environments are among the significant contributors to the modality styles. The results also indicate that the extent of the substitution relationship between transit and MoD services is highly context dependent.
Correction to: Novel hybrid finds a peri-urban niche: Allen’s Hummingbirds in southern California

In the original publication of the article, the Acknowledgements section was published incorrectly. The correct Acknowledgements section is given in this Correction.
Mobility of Older Adults: Gait Quality Measures Are Associated With Life-Space Assessment Scores.

BACKGROUND The relation of gait quality to real-life mobility among older adults is poorly understood. This study examined the association between gait quality, consisting of step variability, smoothness, regularity, symmetry, and gait speed, and the Life-Space Assessment (LSA). METHOD In community-dwelling older adults (N = 232, age 77.5 ± 6.6, 65% females), gait quality was derived from (i) an instrumented walkway: gait speed, variability, and walk ratio and (ii) accelerometer: signal variability, smoothness, regularity, symmetry, and time-frequency spatiotemporal variables during 6-minute walk. In addition to collecting LSA scores, cognitive functioning, walking confidence, and falls were recorded. Spearman correlations (speed as covariate) and random forest regression were used to assess associations between gait quality and LSA, and Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) was used to cluster participants. RESULTS Spearman correlations of ρ p = .11 (signal amplitude variability mediolateral [ML] axis), ρ p = .15 and ρ p = -.13 (symmetry anterior-posterior-vertical [AP-V] and ML-AP axes, respectively), ρ p = .16 (power V), and ρ = .26 (speed), all p <.05 and marginally related, ρ p = -.12 (regularity V), ρ p = .11 (smoothness AP), and ρ p = -.11 (step-time variability), all p <.1, were obtained. The cross-validated random forest model indicated good-fit LSA prediction error of 17.77; gait and cognition were greater contributors than age and gender. GMM indicated 2 clusters. Group 1 (n = 189) had better gait quality than group 2 (n = 43): greater smoothness AP (2.94 ± 0.75 vs 2.30 ± 0.71); greater similarity AP-V (.58 ± .13 vs .40 ± .19); lower regularity V (0.83 ± 0.08 vs 0.87 ± 0.10); greater power V (1.86 ± 0.18 vs 0.97 ± 1.84); greater speed (1.09 ± 0.16 vs 1.00 ± 0.16 m/s); lower step-time coefficient of variation (3.70 ± 1.09 vs 5.09 ± 2.37), and better LSA (76 ± 18 vs 67 ± 18), padjusted < .004. CONCLUSIONS Gait quality measures taken in the clinic are associated with real-life mobility in the community.
Desalination in Chile's mining regions: Global drivers and local impacts of a technological fix to hydrosocial conflict

Abstract This article examines the nature and impacts of an expansion of the use of desalinated seawater by the mining industry, within the context of climate change. Specifically, it investigates how and why large-scale desalination operations have been employed to respond to community-based conflict over scarce freshwater resources in mining regions, and with what effect. This question was examined through interviews, focus groups, and participant observation among community members, mining company representatives, and government officials in three case study sites in Chile that have experienced recent conflict over water: regions surrounding the Escondida and Los Pelambres mines, which are both employing desalination to resolve concerns over water, and the Andina mine, which is not. Methods also included interviews and a focus group with national-level stakeholders in the capital, Santiago, and analysis of data on water use in Chile's copper mining industry overall. Findings indicate that a broad range of stakeholders are optimistic about the potential for desalination to reduce conflict over water in mining regions. In practice, the intervention has eased tensions with and brought benefits to highland communities near mining operations, but is likely to displace socioenvironmental harms of mining to coastal regions. Moreover, the addition of seawater supplies to mining operations will not reduce freshwater use overall, but rather, permit an expansion of mining production and its associated local and global impacts. The article concludes that desalination cannot resolve socioenvironmental conflict in mining regions if the underlying political and economic structures that cause the need for them in the first place are not addressed.
Recent Numerical and Algorithmic Advances within the Volume Tracking Framework for Modeling Interfacial Flows

Abstract A review of recent advances made in numerical methods and algorithmswithin the volume tracking framework is presented. The volume tracking method, also known as the volume-of-fluid method has become an established numerical approach to model and simulate interfacial flows. Its advantage is its strict mass conservation. However, because the interface is not explicitly tracked but captured via the material volume fraction on a fixed mesh, accurate estimation of the interface position, its geometric properties andmodeling of interfacial physics in the volume tracking framework remaindifficult. Several improvements have been made over the last decade to address these challenges. In this paper, the multimaterial interface reconstruction method via power diagram, curvature estimation via heights and mean values and the balanced-force algorithm for surface tension are highlighted.
Automated dental identification system (ADIS) in testing mode

Automating the process of postmortem (PM) identification of individuals using dental records is receiving increased attention. In developing a research prototype of an Automated Dental Identification System (ADIS), research teams from multiple institutions collaborated with forensic experts from the US Federal Bureau of Investigation Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) division to identify the functional requirements of ADIS. A multitude of digital image processing and pattern recognition techniques were developed to meet the requirements of the constituent components of ADIS. ADIS as a research project on its completion needs to undergo heavy testing. In this demo, we present a web-based environment for testing ADIS. In testing mode, we upload batches of reference records, and test the performance, accuracy and efficiency of ADIS different configuration.
Cytomegalovirus Infection of Breast Milk and Transmission in Infancy

Of unselected postpartum women, 39% reactivated cytomegalovirus in breast milk, vaginal secretions, urine, and/or saliva. Consumption of infected breast milk led to infection of 69% of the infants. Although there was some milk secretory immune response to this virus, it prevented neither viral shedding nor viral transmission. All infected infants chronically shed cytomegalovirus. However, no infants have yet demonstrated chronic sequelae. Two preterm infants did develop a significantly acute problem, pneumonitis, which did resolve. The possibility that an unnecessary and perhaps more severe illness might occur in low-birth-weight seronegative infants fed banked human milk from sources other than the mother is disturbing and needs resolution.
Positive Test Bias in Software Testing Among Professionals: A Review

Fundamental but virtually unexplored issues in human-computer interaction involve the roles of biases in software engineering tasks. In studies of naturalistic testing tasks, as well as ones which follow common laboratory models in this area, we have found ample evidence that testers have positive test bias. This bias is manifest as a tendency to execute about four times as many positive tests, designed to show that “the program works,” as tests which challenge the program. In our prior work, we have found that the expertise of the subjects, the completeness of the software specifications, and the presence/absence of program errors may reduce positive test bias. Skilled computer scientists invent specifications to test in the absence of actual specifications, but still exhibit positive test bias.
Detection of Microbial Water Quality Indicators and Fecal Waterborne Pathogens in Environmental Waters: A Review of Methods, Applications, and Limitations

Environmental waters are important reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, many of which are of fecal origin. In most cases, the presence of pathogens is determined using surrogate bacterial indicators. In other cases, direct detection of the pathogen in question is required. Microbiological methods to determine the presence of indicator organisms or pathogens in environmental samples vary depending on the target organism, sample type, need for quantification, speed of detection, sensitivity, and detection limits. Classical methods depend on cultivation steps while emerging techniques rely on detecting genetic signals from nucleic acid extracted from water samples. Regardless of the method, accurate detection is important to public health officials and monitoring agencies. In this article, we review some of the methods used to detect and quantify indicators of microbial water quality and human fecal pathogens as well as other issues relevant to water fecal pollution. Keywords: pathogens; fecal contamination; fecal bacteria; microbial water quality; microbial source tracking; PCR-based methods
The discretionary use of present value based measurements of property-casualty insurers.

This study provides evidence that property-casualty insurers use accounting discretion to report a loss reserve accrual that captures relevant economic characteristics of the reserve's underlying cash flows. Specifically, tests of the relation between reported loss reserves and an actuarial estimate of expected future claim payments indicate that insurers discount loss reserves to present value even though industry accounting standards require recognition at nominal value. Additional findings indicate that the nondiscretionary (nominal value) and discretionary (time value discount) components of the loss reserve accrual are significantly associated with an external benchmark, insurance premiums, that reflects the present value of anticipated policy cash flows.
Two Paradigms for Natural-Language Processing

In the history of artificial intelligence, many controversies have divided the field. The 1970s saw the clash of “logical” AI vs. “procedural” AI, which then became generalized into “neat” AI vs. “scruffy” AI. In the 1980s and 1990s, “connectionist” and “reactive” approaches to AI arose to challenge the predominant paradigm based on reasoning with explicit representations. Perhaps due to the increasing maturity of the field (or its practitioners), such basic disagreements rarely seem to generate as much heated argument as in prior years. Nevertheless, divisions exist today in AI that are at least as fundamental as any of those mentioned above.
Dynamic Encoding of Speech Sequence Probability in Human Temporal Cortex

Sensory processing involves identification of stimulus features, but also integration with the surrounding sensory and cognitive context. Previous work in animals and humans has shown fine-scale sensitivity to context in the form of learned knowledge about the statistics of the sensory environment, including relative probabilities of discrete units in a stream of sequential auditory input. These statistics are a defining characteristic of one of the most important sequential signals humans encounter: speech. For speech, extensive exposure to a language tunes listeners to the statistics of sound sequences. To address how speech sequence statistics are neurally encoded, we used high-resolution direct cortical recordings from human lateral superior temporal cortex as subjects listened to words and nonwords with varying transition probabilities between sound segments. In addition to their sensitivity to acoustic features (including contextual features, such as coarticulation), we found that neural responses dynamically encoded the language-level probability of both preceding and upcoming speech sounds. Transition probability first negatively modulated neural responses, followed by positive modulation of neural responses, consistent with coordinated predictive and retrospective recognition processes, respectively. Furthermore, transition probability encoding was different for real English words compared with nonwords, providing evidence for online interactions with high-order linguistic knowledge. These results demonstrate that sensory processing of deeply learned stimuli involves integrating physical stimulus features with their contextual sequential structure. Despite not being consciously aware of phoneme sequence statistics, listeners use this information to process spoken input and to link low-level acoustic representations with linguistic information about word identity and meaning.
The Appearance and Disappearance of Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity during Differentiation of the Cellular Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) from the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, has been characterized. The specific enzyme activity increases 10-fold during the course of morphogenesis. This increase is sensitive to coincident inhibition of protein synthesis by actidione and prior inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis by actinomycin D. A new method of assay was developed which can be applied generally to nucleoside diphosphate-sugar pyrophosphorylase reactions.
Microcalcifications in 1657 Patients with Pure Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast: Correlation with Clinical, Histopathologic, Biologic Features, and Local Recurrence

This study was designed to determine the relationship of microcalcification morphology and distribution with clinical, histopathologic, biologic features, and local recurrence (LR) in patients with pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. All patients with pure DCIS who underwent preoperative mammography at our institution from 1996 through 2009 were identified. Mammographic findings were classified according to the ACR BI-RADS lexicon. Associations between mammographic findings and clinical, histopathologic, biologic characteristics, and LR were analyzed. Statistical inference used multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and confounding due to bias from nonrandomized selection of radiation therapy. We identified 1657 patients with microcalcifications visualized on mammography. The mean age at diagnosis was 55 years (SD, 11). The mean follow-up was 7 years (range 1–16). Ipsilateral LR was 4 % in segmentectomy (987) and 1.5 % in mastectomy (670) patients. Increased LR risk was seen in patients with dense breast tissue (p < 0.05) and larger DCIS size (p < 0.01). Radiation therapy was associated with a 2.8-fold decrease in the LR risk. Fine linear (branching) microcalcifications were associated with 5.2-fold increase in LR. Extremely dense breast tissue was associated with positive/close margins (p = 0.04) and multicentricity (p < 0.01). Younger women were more likely to have extremely dense breast tissue (p < 0.0001), multicentric disease (p < 0.0004), and undergo mastectomy (p < 0.0001). Dense breast tissue, large DCIS size, and fine linear (branching) microcalcifications were associated with increased LR, yet overall LR rates remained low. Extremely dense breast tissue was a risk factor for multicentricity and positive margins in DCIS.
Capture of DNA Sequences at Double-Strand Breaks in Mammalian Chromosomes

To study double-strand break (DSB)-induced mutations in mammalian chromosomes, we transfected thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient mouse fibroblasts with a DNA substrate containing a recognition site for yeast endonuclease I-SceI embedded within a functional tk gene. To introduce a genomic DSB, cells were electroporated with a plasmid expressing endonuclease I-SceI, and clones that had lost tk function were selected. Among 253 clones analyzed, 78% displayed small deletions or insertions of several nucleotides at the DSB site. Surprisingly, approximately 8% of recovered mutations involved the capture of one or more DNA fragments. Among 21 clones that had captured DNA, 10 harbored a specific segment of the I-SceI expression plasmid mapping between two replication origins on the plasmid. Four clones had captured a long terminal repeat sequence from an intracisternal A particle (an endogenous retrovirus-like sequence) and one had captured what appears to be a cDNA copy of a moderately repetitive B2 sequence. Additional clones displayed segments of the tk gene and/or microsatellite sequences copied into the DSB. This first systematic study of DNA capture at DSBs in a mammalian genome suggests that DSB repair may play a considerable role in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes.
Surgical and Functional Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement With Patient-Specific Implants Compared With “Off-the-Shelf” Implants

BackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) instrumentation and implant designs have been evolving, with one of the current innovations being patient-specific implants (PSIs).PurposeTo evaluate whether there is a significant difference in surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative range of motion, and length of stay between PSI and conventional TKA.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 3.MethodsA consecutive series of 621 TKA patients, 307 with PSIs and 314 with conventional implants, was reviewed. Differences in estimated blood loss, length of stay, range of motion, and surgical time/tourniquet time between the 2 cohorts were analyzed.ResultsLinear regression analysis demonstrated that PSI decreased estimated blood loss by 44.72 mL (P < .01), decreased length of stay by 0.39 days (P < .01), decreased postoperative range of motion by 3.90° (P < .01), and had a negligible difference on surgical and tourniquet time.ConclusionThe use of PSI is associated with decreased estimated blood loss, d...
Estimation of the mechanical properties of individual brittle particles from their bulk compressibility

Two puffed cereal particles were compressed both individually and in cells of different diameters and heights. The degree of jaggedness of their force-displacement curves were expressed in terms of their apparent fractal dimension determined from the Richardson plot and by the box counting method (Kolmogorov's dimension). Plots of the degree of jaggedness versus cell diameter and height produced approximately planar relationships in a three dimensional space. Their extrapolation to the individual particle characteristic dimensions gave jaggedness values in agreement with those determined experimentally on the individual particles. This demonstrates that it is possible, at least in certain products, to assess the “brittleness” of individual particles from their bulk compressibility pattern. The same procedure could also be used to estimate the particle “stiffness” expressed in terms of the force at a preselected displacement level (e.g., 15 or 25%).
Toward Desacralizing Secularization Theory

The theory of secularization is a product of the social and cultural milieu from which it emerged. The expectation of receding religious influence fits well the evolutionary model of modernization. Critical reexamination reveals secularization to be an orienting concept grounded in an ideological preference rather than a systematic theory. This paper examines the historical context which permitted the idea of secularization to go unchallenged for so long, and then develops four discrete types of evidence to account for the present challenge to the theory. Few forecasts have been uttered with more unshakable confidence than sociology's belief that religion is in the midst of its final death throes. Writes Gerhard Lenski in the introduction to The Religious Factor in 1961: . . . from its inception [sociology] was committed to the positivist view that religion in the modern world is merely a survival from man's primitive past, and doomed to disappear in an era of science and general enlightenment. From the positivist standpoint, religion is, basically, institutionalized ignorance and superstition (p. 3).
Effects of temporal uncertainty on watchkeeping performance

Two experiments were conducted to assess the relative effects of signal density and regularity on watchkeeping performance. In Experiment I, three levels of density (6, 24, and 96 signals/hr.) were combined factorially with three levels of variability (coefficients of variation of 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00), and 10 Ss were assigned at random to each of the nine conditions. In Experiment II, five levels of density (6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 signals/hr.) were combined with the same three levels of variability, and 13 Ss were assigned to each condition. Each 5 monitored a visual “blinking-lights” display for an hour under instructions to detect and report the occurrence of certain “critical signals,” i.e., arrests of alternation of the lights. Response times (RT’s) to correctly detected signals in both experiments decreased as a linear function of logarithmic increases in signal density. An uncertainty metric, the signal surprisal due to density, was derived, and the watchkeeper’sRT was expressed as an increasing linear function of this measure of temporal uncertainty. Interpretation of these and other data support a functional, psychophysical approach to the study of watchkeeping behavior.
The teacher as observer and experimenter in the modification of disputing and talking-out behaviors

Disputing and talking-out behaviors of individual pupils and entire classroom groups in special education classes and regular classes from white middle-class areas and from all black poverty areas ranging from the first grade to junior high school were studied. The classroom teacher in each case acted as the experimenter and as an observer. Various means of recording behaviors were used and reliability of observation was checked by an outside observer, another teacher, a teacher-aide, a student, or by using a tape recorder. Observation sessions varied from 15 min to an entire school day. After baseline rates were obtained, extinction of inappropriate disputing or talking-out behaviors and reinforcement of appropriate behavior with teacher attention, praise and in some cases a desired classroom activity or a surprise at the end of the week brought a decrease in undesired verbalizations. A reversal of contingencies brought a return to high levels of inappropriate talking with a return to low levels when reinforcement for appropriate talking was reinstated. The experiments demonstrated that teachers in a variety of classroom settings could obtain reliable observational records and carry out experimental manipulations successfully using resources available in most schools.
Serotonergic and Catecholaminergic Interactions with Co‐Localised Dopamine‐Melatonin Neurones in the Hypothalamus of the Female Turkey

Serotonin and catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) have important roles as neurotransmitters in avian reproduction, but their anatomical relationship to the neuroendocrine circuitry that regulates reproduction is poorly understood. Our previous studies have shown that co-localised dopamine-melatonin (DA-MEL) neurones in the avian premammillary nucleus (PMM) are active during periods of photoresponsiveness and, therefore, are potentially photosensitive neurones. Because serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters are important regulators of reproductive function in the female turkey, we hypothesised that the serotonergic/catecholaminergic neurones within the brainstem might interact with PMM DA-MEL neurones and constitute an important circuit for reproductive function. To examine this possible interaction, the retrograde fluorescent tract tracer, 1,1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethyleindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was injected into the PMM, and combined with serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenyl N-methyltransferse (PNMT) immunocytochemistry to reveal neuroanatomical connections. Changes in the activities of serotonergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic and noradrenergic neuronal systems projecting to the PMM were measured at different reproductive states with in situ hybridisation (ISH) techniques, using tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and TH mRNA expression, respectively. Cells labelled with DiI were found in anatomically discrete areas in or near the hypothalamus and the brainstem. Double immunocytochemistry confirmed that there were serotonin, DBH and PNMT fibres in close apposition to DA-MEL neurones. TPH2 mRNA expression in serotonin neurones was found in several nuclei, and its most abundant mRNA expression was seen in the nucleus Locus ceruleus of laying and incubating hens. TH mRNA expression levels in the six catecholaminegic areas labelled with DiI was measured across the different reproductive states. In the nucleus tractus solitarius (adrenergic), the highest level of TH mRNA expression was found in photorefractory hens and the lowest level in incubating hens. These observed patterns of serotonin/catecholamine neuronal distribution and their variable interactions with PMM DA-MEL neurones during different reproductive states may offer a significant neuroanatomical basis for understanding the control of avian reproductive seasonality.
Azimuthal Correlations as a Test for Centrality in Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract Azimuthal correlations of particles emitted in collisions between 197Au target nuclei and projectiles 36Ar (at E A = 35, 50, 80 and 110 MeV ) and 129Xe (at E A = 50 MeV ) have been measured with the MSU Miniball, a 4π phoswich array with a low detection threshold. Various impact parameter filters, based on the charge-particle multiplicity, transverse energy and midrapidity charge are tested by their ability to suppress collective motion as measured by the azimuthal correlations. The usefulness of a directivity cut in selecting central collisions for these systems is evaluated.
Classical formalisms and quantization

The essential structural features held in common by various classical formalisms are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects which survive in the transition to a corresponding quantum theory. In particular we develop in some detail the less familiar constraint formalism.
Organic-on-inorganic guided wave modulator

A high speed, integrated optical intensity modulator based on the application of an organic electrooptic active cladding to an otherwise inactive waveguide is proposed. Computer generated data supporting the proposed device configuration and material selections are presented. The future potential of such devices is discussed.
Arrest of glomerulopathy in diabetic dogs by improved glycaemic control.

In order to assess the extent to which the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy can be arrested or reversed by improved glycaemic control, glomerular structure has been assessed in dogs randomly divided between a non-diabetic group and three alloxan diabetic groups: dogs assigned to poor glycaemic control for five years (PC), dogs assigned to good glycaemic control for five years (GC), and dogs assigned to poor glycaemic control for 2.5 years followed by good glycaemic control for 2.5 years (P→GC). Glomerular volume, the fractional volume of mesangium as estimated by light microscopy and the thickess of glomerular basement membrane as estimated by electron microscopy were significantly greater than normal at 2.5 years of poor glycaemic control, and were even greater at five years. Kidney weight and the frequency of glomerular obliteration were significantly greater than normal at five years of poor control. The development of these renal abnormalities was significantly inhibited if good glycaemic control was begun within the first weeks of diabetes. Good control following 2.5 years of poor control (group P→GC) arrested the progression of the renal abnormalities, but no reversal of the lesions toward normal was apparent.
Body dissatisfaction and sexuality among women with bulimia nervosa

Objective Past research and clinical observations have implicated sexuality as a factor involved in eating disorders. Yet little research has been conducted on possible links between body image and sexuality. We investigated such relationships within a large sample of women with bulimia nervosa. Method: A sample of adult women (N= 221) diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, purging type, completed a widely used measure of body dissatisfaction and answered questions about basic sexual experiences (coital and masturbation experience, age of onset of these activities, and self-rated satisfaction with current sexual activity). Results: After controlling for age, age of onset of menses, and current body size, body dissatisfaction was unrelated to coital experience. However, even after controlling for these relevant co-variates, current body dissatisfaction was predictive of lower incidence, and later onset, of masturbation. Current body dissatisfaction was marginally related (p< .10) to self-rated satisfaction with one's current sex life. Discussion: Results are discussed with regard to past research, directions for future research, and clinical implications. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 361–365, 1997.
Neonatal Hydrotherapy:: An Adjunct to Developmental Intervention in an Intensive Care Nursery Setting

The use of hydrotherapy for high risk neonates in an intensive care nursery is described. Results of a pilot study to measure the changes in behavioral state and in the physiologic parameters of blood pressure and heart rate with aquatic intervention are presented. The risk-benefit relationship of the effects of hydrotherapy is discussed in terms of potential physiologic complications to high risk infants versus therapeutic neuromusculoskeletal and behavioral benefits.
Emergency Communications Using the Web: Matching Media Richness to the Situation

The Internet has become a method of mass communication during disasters and emergencies. Using Media Richness Theory, the design parameters of emergency communication techniques are examined and new methods of using the web are proposed. The objective is to better serve those in need at the time of need with targeted communications that provide value. The new methods proposed are starkly different than those in common use today, but after testing during hurricane Ike in 2008, they appear to offer functionality not currently available through existing methods of communication.
NIC 2030: A Brief Assessment

This study describes the probable and synergistic societal future drivers and states which will result from a combination of human pressures upon the ecosystem and the ongoing IT, Bio, Nano, Quantu...
Dual luminescences in [W(Cp)(CO) 3 ] 2 and [Mo(Cp)(CO) 3 ] 2

Abstract Cyclohexane solutions of [W(Cp)(CO) 3 ] 2 and [Mo(Cp)(CO) 3 ] 2 exhibit weak bimodal emission spectra when excited With 354 nm picosecond pulses, but do not luminesce when pumped at 530 nm. Picosecond lifetimes characterize the short-wavelength, emission bands, which may originate from metal-cyclopentadienyl CT excited states.
Sufficient conditions for asymptotic optimal control

For a selected family of Lagrange-type control problems involving a nonnegative integral costJ T (y,u) over the interval [0,T], 0<T<∞, with system conditions consisting of differential inequalities and/or equalities, the following material is treated: (i) a resume of relevant necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for a pair (y T ,u T ) to minimizeJ T (y,u); (ii) conditions sufficient for the convergence asT→∞ of minimizing pairs (y T ,u T ) over [0,T] to a limit pair (y∞,u∞) over the infinite-time interval [0, ∞); (iii) conditions sufficient for (y∞,u∞) to minimize the costJ∞(y,u) over [0, ∞); and (iv) conditions sufficient for the optimal cost per unit timeJ T (y T ,u T )/T to have a limit asT→∞.
Clams As recorders of ocean ridge volcanism and hydrothermal vent field activity

The clam Calyptogena magnifica lives at abyssal depths in association with hydrothermal venting on midocean ridges. Analysis of strontium/calcium ratios in C. magnifica shells provides a temperature proxy with submonthly time resolution. A 21-year strontium/calcium record of two clams from 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise captures the known 1991 and 1992 eruptive events, documents several additional events between 1992 and 1996, and demonstrates the absence of major hydrothermal episodes during the period 1974 to 1991. These clam archives can increase our understanding of the thermal and chemical history of midocean ridge hydrothermal and volcanic activity on decadal time scales.