cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FINITE DEFORMATION ELASTOPLASTICITY FOR RATE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS

An elastoplasticity model is formulated and demonstrated in one-dimension (1D) for modeling finite deformations in po lycrystalline metals. Quasi-static to high strain rate effec ts as well as temperature sensitivity are included. A multiplicativedecomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic, plastic , and thermal parts, that includes a volumetric/isochoric splitof the elastic stretching tensor is assumed. The kinematics and th ermodynamic formulation lead to constitutive equations, str esses, and constraints on the evolution of the internal state varia bles. The model accounts for (i) dislocation drag effects on flow st ress, and (ii) generation (hardening) and annihilation (recover y) of statistically-stored dislocations (SSDs). The resultingmodel is normalized to dimensionless form to allow dimensionless ma terial parameters fit for one metal to approximate the behaviorof another metal of similar lattice structure, if data are limi ted. One dimensional material parameter fitting is demonstrated fortwo refractory metals, body centered cubic (bcc) Tantalum and T ungsten.
The idea of nature in America

Daedalus Spring 2008 The idea of nature is–or, rather, was– one of the fundamental American ideas. In its time it served–as the ideas of freedom, democracy, or progress did in theirs–to de1⁄2ne the meaning of America. For some three centuries, in fact, from the founding of Jamestown in 1607 to the closing of the Western frontier in 1890, the encounter of white settlers with what they perceived as wilderness –unaltered nature–was the de1⁄2ning American experience. By the end of that era, however, the wilderness had come to seem a thing of the past, and the land of farms and villages was rapidly becoming a land of factories and cities. By 1920, half the population lived in cities, and as the natural world became a less immediate presence, images of the pristine landscape–chief icon of American nature– lost their power to express the nation’s vision of itself. Then, in the 1970s, with the onset of the ecological ‘crisis,’ the refurbished, matter-of-fact word environment took over a large part of the niche in public discourse hitherto occupied by the word nature. Before the end of the century, the marked loss of status and currency suffered by the idea of nature had become a hot subject in academic and intellectual circles. Reputable scholars and journalists published essays and books about the ‘death’–or the ‘end’–of nature; the University of California recruited a dozen humanities professors to participate in a semester-long research seminar designed to “reinvent nature”;1 and the association of European specialists in American studies chose, as the aim of its turn-of-the-century conference, to reassess the changing role played by the idea of nature in America.2 Leo Marx
Optimizing Learning of Scientific Category Knowledge in the Classroom: The Case of Plant Identification

Learning to identify organisms is extraordinarily difficult, yet trained field biologists can quickly and easily identify organisms at a glance. They do this without recourse to the use of traditional characters or identification devices. Achieving this type of recognition accuracy is a goal of many courses in plant systematics. Teaching plant identification is difficult because of variability in the plants’ appearance, the difficulty of bringing them into the classroom, and the difficulty of taking students into the field. To solve these problems, we developed and tested a cognitive psychology–based computer program to teach plant identification. The program incorporates presentation of plant images in a homework-based, active-learning format that was developed to stimulate expert-level visual recognition. A controlled experimental test using a within-subject design was performed against traditional study methods in the context of a college course in plant systematics. Use of the program resulted in an 8–25% statistically significant improvement in final exam scores, depending on the type of identification question used (living plants, photographs, written descriptions). The software demonstrates how the use of routines to train perceptual expertise, interleaved examples, spaced repetition, and retrieval practice can be used to train identification of complex and highly variable objects.
Fluorescent dyes specific for quadruplex DNA

Fluorescent dyes which are specific for duplex DNA have found a wide range of applications from staining gels to visualization of chromosomes. Porphyrin dyes have been found which are highly fluorescent in the presence of quadruplex but not duplex DNA. These dyes may offer a route to the specific detection of quadruplex DNA under biologically important conditions. There are three types of DNA quadruplex structures, and these may play important roles in telomere, centromere, triplet repeat, integration sites and other DNAs, and this first set of porphyrin dyes show some selectivity between the quadruplex types.
The Location of Literature: The Transnational Book and the Migrant Writer

recisely where is English literature produced?" This is Gauri Viswanathan's question, from an essay about the transformation of English studies in the wake of postcolonial theory (22). Her answer-not only "in England, of course"-focuses on the genealogy of the discipline, its development within the British Empire and other dominions outside England through the education of colonial subjects and the efforts of strangers such as "Jews, Dissenters, and Catholics" (23). But her answer also focuses on the dynamic relationship between "sites of cultural production and institutionalization," the way that "English literature" names a mode of analysis and a collection of works as well as the way that modes of analysis establish collections. In fact, she suggests, there is no "English literature" before institutionalization: only with disciplinary protocols do cultural products become a field (20). "Where is English literature produced?" thus asks us to consider that the location of literature depends not only on the places where books are written but also on the places where they are classified and given social purpose. In its emphasis on critical geographies, Viswanathan's question remains important to continuing debates about the "national attributes" of literature (21). Yet today we would be likely to ask several other questions as well: In what language does English literature circulate? Where is English literature read? Who counts as a producer (writers, but also editors, printers, designers, publishers, translators, reviewers)? And how has the global circulation of English literature shaped its strategies and forms of appearance? These questions turn
Directional illumination analysis using beamlet decomposition and propagation

We evaluate directional illuminationDIand acquisitionaperture efficacy through wave theory-based beamlet decomposition of the wavefield. Beamlet decomposition wavelet transform along spatial axis provides localizations in both space and direction of a wavefield. We introduce the image conditions in beamlet domain and local angle domain and then define the local image matrix LIM. We calculate the DI in the image space for a given source or a group of sources by decomposing Green’s functions into local angle domainatimagepoints.Acquisition-apertureefficacyAAE matrixandacquisitiondip-responseADRvectorcanbedefined to quantify the efficacy of an acquisition configuration foragivensubsurfacepoint.Asnumericalexamples,wecalculatetheDImapsandADRmapsforhigh-andlow-velocity lens models and for the SEG-EAGE 2D salt model. We further investigate the influences of acquisition geometry and overlaying structures on the quality of prestack depth migration image for the subsalt area of the SEG-EAGE model.We find that the ADR maps for different dip angles have good correlation with the image qualities of the corresponding reflectors.DIanalysiscanbeusedintheaperturecorrectionfor image amplitude in local angle domain for wave theorybasedmigrationmethods.
Dye-sensitized bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells

At present, there is a real limitation one can achieve with state-of-the-art fullerene-polymer solar cell materials in a fully optimized device based upon the poor mismatch to the solar spectrum. Empirical modeling has been performed using device parameters from current-voltage and spectral response measurements. The limiting J sc has been simulated from the spectral response profile of PCBM[70]-MEH-PPV and PCBM[60]-P3HT devices. The maximum efficiency for these systems is calculated to be between 6 and 9%, under 1 sun illumination. Empirical simulations show that molecular dyes absorbing between 800-900 nm in a properly structured device can theoretically increase the device photocurrent sufficient to reach a power conversion efficiency of 16% in a bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell under 1 sun AM1.5 illumination. We have investigated the use of soluble organic dyes with measured bandgaps in the nearinfrared (NIR) to extend the spectral conversion in polymeric solar cells. An appropriate energy level structure (to promote exciton dissociation and charge transport to the fullerene derivatives and polymer) has been measured using cyclic voltammetry for certain indolylidene dyes. The incorporation of these dyes into a PCBM-P3HT device structure has shown an enhancement in the spectral response at 1.5 eV.
Horizontal Transfer of blaCMY-Bearing Plasmids among Clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates and Emergence of Cefepime-Hydrolyzing CMY-19

Nine Escherichia coli and 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates resistant to various cephalosporins and cephamycins were identified in a Japanese general hospital between 1995 and 1997. All nine E. coli isolates and one K. pneumoniae isolate carried bla(CMY-9), while the other four K. pneumoniae isolates harbored a variant of bla(CMY-9), namely, bla(CMY-19). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the nine CMY-9-producing E. coli isolates were almost identical, suggesting their clonal relatedness, while those of the five K. pneumoniae isolates were divergent. Plasmid profiles, Southern hybridization, and conjugation assays revealed that the genes for the CMY-9 and the CMY-19 beta-lactamases were located on very similar conjugative plasmids in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The genetic environment of bla(CMY-19) was identical to that of bla(CMY-9). A single amino acid substitution, I292S, adjacent to the H-10 helix region was observed between CMY-9 and CMY-19. This substitution was suggested to be responsible for the expansion of the hydrolyzing activity against several broad-spectrum cephalosporins, and this finding was consistent with the kinetic parameters determined with purified enzymes. These findings suggest that the bla(CMY-19) genes found in the four K. pneumoniae isolates might have originated from bla(CMY-9) gene following a point mutation and dispersed among genetically different K. pneumoniae isolates via a large transferable plasmid.
Modeling magma flow and cooling in dikes: Implications for emplacement of Columbia River flood basalts

[1] The Columbia River flood basalts include some of the world's largest individual lava flows, most of which were fed by the Chief Joseph dike swarm. The majority of dikes are chilled against their wall rock; however, rare dikes caused their wall rock to undergo partial melting. These partial melt zones record the thermal history of magma flow and cooling in the dike and, consequently, the emplacement history of the flow it fed. Here, we examine two-dimensional thermal models of basalt injection, flow, and cooling in a 10-m-thick dike constrained by the field example of the Maxwell Lake dike, a likely feeder to the large-volume Wapshilla Ridge unit of the Grande Ronde Basalt. Two types of models were developed: static conduction simulations and advective transport simulations. Static conduction simulation results confirm that instantaneous injection and stagnation of a single dike did not produce wall rock melt. Repeated injection generated wall rock melt zones comparable to those observed, yet the regular texture across the dike and its wall rock is inconsistent with repeated brittle injection. Instead, advective flow in the dike for 3–4 years best reproduced the field example. Using this result, we estimate that maximum eruption rates for Wapshilla Ridge flows ranged from 3 to 5 km3 d−1. Local eruption rates were likely lower (minimum 0.1–0.8 km3 d−1), as advective modeling results suggest that other fissure segments as yet unidentified fed the same flow. Consequently, the Maxwell Lake dike probably represents an upper crustal (∼2 km) exposure of a long-lived point source within the Columbia River flood basalts.
Drugs for Allosteric Sites on Receptors

The presence of druggable, topographically distinct allosteric sites on a wide range of receptor families has offered new paradigms for small molecules to modulate receptor function. Moreover, ligands that target allosteric sites offer significant advantages over the corresponding orthosteric ligands in terms of selectivity, including subtype selectivity within receptor families, and can also impart improved physicochemical properties. However, allosteric ligands are not a panacea. Many chemical issues (e.g., flat structure-activity relationships) and pharmacological issues (e.g., ligand-biased signaling) that are allosteric centric have emerged. Notably, the fact that allosteric sites are less evolutionarily conserved leads to improved selectivity; however, this can also lead to species differences that can hinder safety assessment. Many allosteric ligands possess molecular switches, wherein a small structural change (chemical or metabolic) can modulate the mode of pharmacology or receptor subtype selectivity. As the field has matured, as described here, key principles and strategies have emerged for the design of ligands/drugs for allosteric sites.
Landscape analysis and pattern of hurricane impact and circulation on mangrove forests of the Everglades

The Everglades ecosystem contains the largest contiguous tract of mangrove forest outside the tropics that were also coincidentally intersected by a major Category 5 hurricane. Airborne videography was flown to capture the landscape pattern and process of forest damage in relation to storm trajectory and circulation. Two aerial video transects, representing different topographic positions, were used to quantify forest damage from video frame analysis in relation to prevailing wind force, treefall direction, and forest height. A hurricane simulation model was applied to reconstruct wind fields corresponding to the ground location of each video frame and to correlate observed treefall and destruction patterns with wind speed and direction. Mangrove forests within the storm’s eyepath and in the right-side (forewind) quadrants suffered whole or partial blowdowns, while left-side (backwind) sites south of the eyewall zone incurred moderate canopy reduction and defoliation. Sites along the coastal transect sustained substantially more storm damage than sites along the inland transect which may be attributed to differences in stand exposure and/or stature. Observed treefall directions were shown to be non-random and associated with hurricane trajectory and simulated forewind azimuths. Wide-area sampling using airborne videography provided an efficient adjunct to limited ground observations and improved our spatial understanding of how hurricanes imprint landscape-scale patterns of disturbance.
What Have We Got to Lose? The Effect of Controlled Vocabulary on Keyword Searching Results

Using controlled vocabulary in the creation and searching of library catalogs has evoked a great deal of debate because it is expensive to provide. Leading to this study were suggestions that because most users seem to search by keyword, subject headings could be removed from catalog records to save space and cost. This study asked, what proportion of records retrieved by a keyword search has a keyword only in a subject heading field and thus would not be retrieved if there were no subject headings? It was found that more than one-third of records retrieved by successful keyword searches would be lost if subject headings were not present, and many individual cases exist in which 80, 90, and even 100 percent of the retrieved records would not be retrieved in the absence of subject headings.
A Toll-Quality 8 Kbps Speech Coder for PCS Applications

This paper describes a toll-quality 8 Kbps speech coding algorithm that can fuffill the major service requirements of wireless PCs. The proposed CELP coder uses a large ternary innovation, codebook, which is formed as the sum of two overlapping binary codebooks. The coder also incorporates a novel method of vector quantization for the LSP paremeters, as well as method of adaptive pitch post-filter. The low complexity level of the coder allows a single chip fixed point DSP implementation.
A new impedance imaging system and dipole basis reconstruction method

A number of studies have pointed to a link between the presence of breast cancer and a larger than normal tissue electrical admittance in the affected area. This phenomenon could make electrical impedance-based imaging a practical asset to breast cancer screening. In this paper image reconstruction algorithms are developed and evaluated for use with an impedance-based imaging system constructed at The George Washington University. The system, which is targeted for use in breast cancer screening, is profiled. Computer simulation-based results for the two reconstruction approaches are shown and evaluated.
Acoustic plasmons in InAs nanowires

The THz radiation spectra of an ensemble of free-standing InAs nanowires exhibits features consistent with the presence of low energy acoustic plasmons. The deduced electron concentration agrees with separate transconductance measurements.
Heavy tetraquarks in the diquark-antidiquark picture

a b s t r a c t The homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation is solved in momentum space to calculate the masses of heavy tetraquarks with hidden charm and bottom. The tetraquark bound states are studied in the diquark-antidiquark picture as a two-body problem. A regularized form of the diquark-antidiquark potential is used to overcome the singularity of the confining potential at large distances or small momenta. Our numerical results indicate that the relativistic effect leads to a small reduction in the mass of heavy tetraquarks, which is less than 2% for charm and less than 0.2% for bottom tetraquarks. The calculated masses of heavy tetraquarks for 1s, 1p, 2s, 1d and 2p states are in good agreement with other theoretical calculations and experimental data. Our numerical analysis predict the masses of heavy tetraquarks for 3s, 2d and 3p states for the first time, and we are not aware of any other theoretical results or experimental data for these states. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP 3 .
Indication-based prescribing prevents wrong-patient medication errors in computerized provider order entry (CPOE)

Objective To determine whether indication-based computer order entry alerts intercept wrong-patient medication errors. Materials and methods At an academic medical center serving inpatients and outpatients, we developed and implemented a clinical decision support system to prompt clinicians for indications when certain medications were ordered without an appropriately coded indication on the problem list. Among all the alerts that fired, we identified every instance when a medication order was started but not completed and, within a fixed time interval, the same prescriber placed an order for the same medication for a different patient. We closely reviewed each of these instances to determine whether they were likely to have been intercepted errors. Results Over a 6-year period 127 320 alerts fired, which resulted in 32 intercepted wrong-patient errors, an interception rate of 0.25 per 1000 alerts. Neither the location of the prescriber nor the type of prescriber affected the interception rate. No intercepted errors were for patients with the same last name, but in 59% of the intercepted errors the prescriber had both patients' charts open when the first order was initiated. Discussion Indication alerts linked to the problem list have previously been shown to improve problem list completion. This analysis demonstrates another benefit, the interception of wrong-patient medication errors. Conclusions Indication-based alerts yielded a wrong-patient medication error interception rate of 0.25 per 1000 alerts. These alerts could be implemented independently or in combination with other strategies to decrease wrong-patient medication errors.
Addressing Empathic Failures

Empathy is critical for social functioning, but it often wanes when it is needed most. Resulting empathic failures precipitate and worsen social conflict. Accordingly, conflict-reduction interventions prioritize developing empathy in order to achieve harmony. Recent research has indicated that such interventions can benefit from a more nuanced understanding of empathy. First, empathy is a multidimensional construct, including understanding, sharing, and feeling concern for others’ emotions. The expression of these empathic processes is further influenced by psychological factors that “tune” people toward or away from empathy. Interventions must therefore diagnose the specific nature and precursors of empathic failures and tailor interventions appropriately. Second, empathy alone may be insufficient to produce prosocial behavior, especially when parties differ in status or power. In these cases, interventions should promote equitable goals and norms in addition to empathy. By understanding its component pr...
Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low level laser therapy, has recently risen to the attention of the ophthalmology community as a promising new approach to treat a variety of retinal conditions including age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, amblyopia, methanol-induced retinal damage, and possibly others. This review evaluates the existing research pertaining to PBM applications in the retina, with a focus on the mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes. All available literature until April 2015 was reviewed using PubMed and the following keywords: "photobiomodulation AND retina", "low level light therapy AND retina", "low level laser therapy AND retina", and "FR/NIR therapy AND retina". In addition, the relevant references listed within the papers identified through PubMed were incorporated. The literature supports the conclusion that the low-cost and non-invasive nature of PBM, coupled with the first promising clinical reports and the numerous preclinical-studies in animal models, make PBM well-poised to become an important player in the treatment of a wide range of retinal disorders. Nevertheless, large-scale clinical trials will be necessary to establish the PBM therapeutic ranges for the various retinal diseases, as well as to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanisms of action.
Zinc transport in mammalian cells

The importance of zinc in cell physiology is related mainly to its intracellular involvement in enzyme catalysis, protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and protein-oligonucleotide interactions. The mechanisms by which Zn2+ enters mammalian cells have been studied in a variety of cell systems. A review of this literature indicates that, in all cells, Zn2+ interacts with extracellular binding sites, which are likely to include binding sites involved in the subsequent translocation of this ion to the cell interior. Inside the cell, Zn2+ binds to cytosolic and organelle binding sites or is taken up by intracellular organelles. Despite these general conclusions, the mechanisms of the different transport and binding steps are, for most cell types, only partially solved. This review critically discusses the literature on mammalian Zn2+ transport and outlines some critical points for future research of the mechanisms of transport of this ion.
A lightweight distributed order and duplication insensitive algorithm for approximate top-k queries using order statistics

Let {e1, e2,..., el} be a set of distinct records in a database, with unique IDs {id1, id2,..., idl}. Let A1, A2,..., Ap be a set of distinct attributes for each record. For every record ei, the attribute Aj is zero or some positive value. We denote the value of the attribute Aj of record ei by Aj(ei). The sum of the attributes of ei is denoted by Ni = ΣjAj(ei). We would like to obtain the list of top k records, ordered by Ni. We present a highly configurable, lightweight, distributed algorithm to solve the above problem approximately, based on order statistics.
Analysis of Liquid-Propellant Mode Stability of a Multitank Ballistic Booster Vehicle

Summary It is well known that a rocket-propell ed booster vehicle may exhibit instability due to the sloshing of the liquid fuel in any of its tanks. In the usual methods of control analysis, the liquid mass is replaced by a rigid mass and a harmonic oscillator so that the equivalent rigid mass and oscillator provide a mechanical analog of the dynamic properties of the sloshing liquid. The oscillator may take the form of a pendulum or a spring-mass sys­ tem, the choice being purely one of convenience. In what fol­ lows the term "pendulum" will be understood to mean in general a "harmonic oscillator." The stability analysis of a vehicle of this type, controlled by a conventional autopilot, is complicated by the excessive cross coupling that exists between the sloshing (pendulum) modes and the rigid-body modes. In fact, even for two-tank configurations, computer studies (both analog and digital) are made where theoretical insight into the basic proper­ ties of the system is obscured. This paper develops a method whereby the sloshing stability of a booster vehicle, with an arbitrary number of tanks, may be determined virtually by inspection. In addition, a means of eliminating slosh instability by em­ ploying accelerometer feedback is investigated. This scheme has the advantage of materially reducing the weight penalty in­ curred by the use of baffles to damp the sloshing motion. The analysis given in this paper permits a rational, straightforward determination of the pertinent parameters which previously were obtained by empirical means via computer simulation.
Genetic variants associated with neurodegenerative Alzheimer disease in natural models

The use of transgenic models for the study of neurodegenerative diseases has made valuable contributions to the field. However, some important limitations, including protein overexpression and general systemic compensation for the missing genes, has caused researchers to seek natural models that show the main biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here we review some of these models—most of them rodents, focusing especially on the genetic variations in biomarkers for Alzheimer diseases, in order to explain their relationships with variants associated with the occurrence of the disease in humans.
Parents’ Perceptions of the Severity of Their Child’s Autistic Behaviors and Differences in Parental Stress, Family Functioning, and Social Support

The current study was designed to examine differences in parental stress, family functioning, and social supports among parents’ perceptions of the severity of their child’s autistic behaviors and ...
Reforming Health Care Reform in the 112th Congress

The results of the midterm elections have created a tougher political climate for implementing health care reform. Yet even though the Republican gain of 63 seats in the House marks a sea change in policy perspective, it may not produce major substantive changes in law.
Guest Exchange through Single Crystal–Single Crystal Transformations in a Flexible Hydrogen-Bonded Framework

A molecular framework based on guanidinium cations and 1,2,4,5-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)benzene (TSPB), an aromatic tetrasulfonate with nominal 2-fold and mirror symmetry, exhibits three crystallographically unique one-dimensional channels as a consequence of molecular symmetry and complementary hydrogen bonding between the guanidinium (G) ions and the sulfonate (S) groups of TSPB. Unlike previous GS frameworks, this new topology is sufficiently flexible to permit reversible release and adsorption of guest molecules in large single crystals through a cyclic shrinkage and expansion of the channels with retention of single crystallinity, as verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the G4TSPB framework permits guest exchange between various guest molecules through SCSCTs as well as exchange discrimination based on the size and character of the three different channels. The exchange of guest molecules during single crystal–single crystal transformations (SCSCT), a rare occurrence for hydrogen-bo...
Effect of Saline Infusion and Norepinephrine on Response of the Kidney to Bacterial Endotoxin.

SummaryThe generalized Shwartzman reaction has been produced in the non-pregnant rat by the injection of bacterial endotoxin and infusion of dextrose/saline over a 4 hour period. Intravenous infusion of dextrose/saline acts to “prepare” the rat for the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Alpha-adrenergic blockade by dibenzyline prevents the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced in this way and suggests that the combined effect of endotoxin plus dextrose/saline infusion acts to localize thrombi in glomerular capillaries by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor sites in the kidney. Exogenous norepinephrine infusion has little or no effect on the incidence of glomerular capillary thrombosis under the condition of these experiments.
Genetic Architecture of Domestication-Related Traits in Maize

Strong directional selection occurred during the domestication of maize from its wild ancestor teosinte, reducing its genetic diversity, particularly at genes controlling domestication-related traits. Nevertheless, variability for some domestication-related traits is maintained in maize. The genetic basis of this could be sequence variation at the same key genes controlling maize-teosinte differentiation (due to lack of fixation or arising as new mutations after domestication), distinct loci with large effects, or polygenic background variation. Previous studies permit annotation of maize genome regions associated with the major differences between maize and teosinte or that exhibit population genetic signals of selection during either domestication or postdomestication improvement. Genome-wide association studies and genetic variance partitioning analyses were performed in two diverse maize inbred line panels to compare the phenotypic effects and variances of sequence polymorphisms in regions involved in domestication and improvement to the rest of the genome. Additive polygenic models explained most of the genotypic variation for domestication-related traits; no large-effect loci were detected for any trait. Most trait variance was associated with background genomic regions lacking previous evidence for involvement in domestication. Improvement sweep regions were associated with more trait variation than expected based on the proportion of the genome they represent. Selection during domestication eliminated large-effect genetic variants that would revert maize toward a teosinte type. Small-effect polygenic variants (enriched in the improvement sweep regions of the genome) are responsible for most of the standing variation for domestication-related traits in maize.
Angiogenesis and wound repair: when enough is enough

All animals heal, and the ability to heal is requisite for human health. One aspect of repair that has always been considered to be essential for adequate healing is the creation of a new vasculature via angiogenesis. As adult skin wounds heal, a period of rapid and robust capillary growth creates a vascular bed that has many fold more capillaries than does normal tissue. Over time, most of the newly formed capillaries regress, resulting in a final vascular density similar to that of normal skin. Certainly, new capillaries are necessary to bring nutrients, immune cells, and oxygen to healing wounds. Yet, the presumed functional importance of an overabundance of capillaries has recently been challenged, creating questions about whether excess capillary growth is truly necessary for healing. In particular, studies of wounds that heal exceptionally quickly and with less scar formation, such as those in fetal skin and oral mucosa, show that these tissues heal with a reduced angiogenic burst composed of more mature vessels that provide better oxygenation. The level of angiogenesis in wounds often correlates with the inflammatory response, largely because inflammatory cells produce an abundance of proangiogenic mediators. Both the selective reduction of inflammation and the selective reduction of angiogenesis have now been suggested as ways to improve scarring. These concepts link excessive inflammation and the production of a dense but poorly perfused capillary bed to inferior healing outcomes.
The Clinical Response to Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) in Patients With Suspected Lung Transplant Rejection Associated With De Novo Class II HLA Donor-Specific Antibodies (DSA)

The recognition and utility of diagnostic criteria for humoral antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in solid organ transplantation besides renal transplants are not well characterized. The role of TPE in treatment of suspected humoral AMR of lung transplants is similarly indeterminate with little efficacy described for using apheresis in this setting. We present 2 cases of suspected AMR in lung transplant recipients …
Patronage and industrial football: explaining the de-politicization of Turkish soccer fandom

Turkey has arguably one of the most passionate fan bases in the world. Yet, the political silence that permeates through the ranks of the fan bases of Istanbul’s ‘big’ clubs is puzzling as the coun...
The cluster problem in constrained global optimization

Deterministic branch-and-bound algorithms for continuous global optimization often visit a large number of boxes in the neighborhood of a global minimizer, resulting in the so-called cluster problem (Du and Kearfott in J Glob Optim 5(3):253---265, 1994). This article extends previous analyses of the cluster problem in unconstrained global optimization (Du and Kearfott 1994; Wechsung et al. in J Glob Optim 58(3):429---438, 2014) to the constrained setting based on a recently-developed notion of convergence order for convex relaxation-based lower bounding schemes. It is shown that clustering can occur both on nearly-optimal and nearly-feasible regions in the vicinity of a global minimizer. In contrast to the case of unconstrained optimization, where at least second-order convergent schemes of relaxations are required to mitigate the cluster problem when the minimizer sits at a point of differentiability of the objective function, it is shown that first-order convergent lower bounding schemes for constrained problems may mitigate the cluster problem under certain conditions. Additionally, conditions under which second-order convergent lower bounding schemes are sufficient to mitigate the cluster problem around a global minimizer are developed. Conditions on the convergence order prefactor that are sufficient to altogether eliminate the cluster problem are also provided. This analysis reduces to previous analyses of the cluster problem for unconstrained optimization under suitable assumptions.
Correction of source-rock permeability measurements owing to slip flow and Knudsen diffusion: a method and its evaluation

Source-rock permeability is a key parameter that controls the gas production rate from unconventional reservoirs. Measured source-rock permeability in the laboratory, however, is not an intrinsic property of a rock sample, but depends on pore pressure and temperature as a result of the relative importance of slip flow and diffusion in gas flow in low-permeability media. To estimate the intrinsic permeability which is required to determine effective permeability values for the reservoir conditions, this study presents a simple approach to correct the laboratory permeability measurements based on the theory of gas flow in a micro/nano-tube that includes effects of viscous flow, slip flow and Knudsen diffusion under different pore pressure and temperature conditions. The approach has been verified using published shale laboratory data. The “corrected” (or intrinsic) permeability is considerably smaller than the measured permeability. A larger measured permeability generally corresponds to a smaller relative difference between measured and corrected permeability values. A plot based on our approach is presented to describe the relationships between measured and corrected permeability for typical Gas Research Institute permeability test conditions. The developed approach also allows estimating the effective permeability in reservoir conditions from a laboratory permeability measurement.
Metal organic framework Cu9Cl2(cpa)6 as tunable molecular magnet

Chemical modifications of the magnetic metal organic framework (MOF) Cu9X2(cpa)6·42H2O (X = F, Cl, Br; cpa = anion of 2-carboxypentonicacid) have been investigated as a means of modifying, in a tunable manner, the magnetism of this 2-D material best described as a triangles-in-triangles (TIT) or triangulated-Kagome-latttice (TKL). Since numerous theoretical studies have already attempted to describe the enigmatic ground state of this Heisenberg lattice, tunable chemical modifications should provide an excellent opportunity to expand this class of materials for studies concerning fundamental physics of frustrated spins, and applications such as adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) that depend on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). The chemical modification investigated is the intercalation of d- and f-orbital ions into the voids of the framework (channels of nearly 20 A diameter). Magnetic measurements in the temperature range 1.8 – 300 K confirm signature features of TKL magnetism in intercalated samples persist, specifically: i) large negative Weiss constant (θCW); ii) absence of a phase transition down to 1.8 K; iii) minimum in χMT; iv) low temperature χMT values increasingly divergent at low fields indicating net ferromagnetic correlations; and, v) increasing field dependence of magnetization at low temperatures suggestive of intermediate plateaus, or ferrimagnetism, not saturation.
The Role of Radiation Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Although renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is traditionally considered to be a radioresistant neoplasm, there is in vitro and clinical evidence that it does respond to radiation therapy (RT). There are both retrospective and randomized data in the literature describing outcomes and toxicity of RT in the adjuvant setting and for distant metastases. In general, the available randomized trials have found that RT in the adjuvant setting does not provide any survival benefit and is associated with unacceptable toxicity. Retrospective data suggest that radiation in the form of whole-brain radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery can provide symptomatic relief and local control of brain metastases. In addition, RT has been found to be effective in palliation for symptomatic bone metastases. In this chapter, we review the methods of RT delivery and the relevant evidence regarding its role in the treatment of RCC and conclude that RT does not have a major role in the management of localized RCC in the adjuvant setting, but is effective for palliation and local control of distant sites of metastasis to bone and brain in particular.
Systematic Status of Bonefishes (Albula spp.) From the Eastern Pacific Ocean Inferred from Analyses of Allozymes and Mitochondrial DNA

Recent molecular evidence suggests that at least eight species of bonefishes (Albuliformes: Albulidae: Albula) are found worldwide (Colborn et al. 2001). Adults of most of these species, including two that are restricted to the eastern Pacific Ocean (Albula sp. A from the Gulf of California and Albula sp. C from the Gulf of Panama), have not been formally described. Because cryptic species of bonefishes are known to occur sympatrically, population genetics data provide an important tool for taxonomic studies on this group. Isozyme analyses conducted on larval, juvenile and adult bonefish from the Guaymas region of the central Gulf of California confirmed that only a single species (Albula sp. A) was present there. In addition, analysis of a segment of the cytochrome b gene from three adult Albula collected from coastal waters of southern California revealed high sequence homology with Albula sp. A, suggesting that the southern California specimens were conspecific with those from Guaymas. However, the southern distributional limit of Albula sp. A, and whether there are regions where Albula sp. A and C occur sympatrically, are unknown. The historical background of the available name Atopichthys esunculus Garman, 1899 [= Albula esuncula (Garman, 1899)], and problems associated with the nomenclature of the two species of eastern Pacific bonefishes, are summarized. The systematic status of the related shafted bonefish, Dixonina (= Albula) nemoptera Fowler, 1911, is also reviewed.
Introducing Students to Elementary Legislative Process and Statutory Analysis through Experiential Learning in a Familiar Context

Legal academics are fond of saying that they teach doctrinal courses only partly to introduce students to fundamental principles of law. Particularly in the first year curriculum, they purport to use the legal subject matter largely as a vehicle for teaching various skills of analysis and for helping students gain familiarity with important legal institutions and their methods of legislation or adjudication. When an instructor introduces students to new legal rules as a means to teach analytic skills or other facets of legal method, however, the rules have a tendency to get in the way and capture an inordinate share of the students' attention and concern. Consequently, to keep students' attention squarely riveted on lessons of legal method, Professor Calleros advocates an occasional resort to exercises set in familiar nonlegal contexts that help students develop the same kinds of analytical skills they might apply to a legal problem. In a series of exercises named Rules for Monica, Professor Calleros uses the familiar, nonlegal context of parental rule-making to provide novice students with an overview of skills they should master in the first semester. The incremental parental decision-making in the exercises mimics common law development, and students perform the same kinds of analyses they might when working with common law developed by courts. Rules for Monica also includes a statutory analysis component introducing students to the processes of making and interpreting a statute. This article discusses the pedagogic objectives and techniques of both the common law and legislative components.
Acceptance and commitment therapy for breast cancer survivors with fear of cancer recurrence: A 3‐arm pilot randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) has a profound negative impact on quality of life (QOL) for many cancer survivors. Breast cancer survivors (BCS) are particularly vulnerable, with up to 70% reporting clinically significant FCR. To the authors' knowledge, evidence-based interventions for managing FCR are limited. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) promotes psychological flexibility in managing life's stressors. The current study examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of group-based ACT for FCR in BCS. METHODS Post-treatment BCS (91 patients with stage I-III disease) with clinical FCR randomly were assigned to ACT (6 weekly 2-hour group sessions), survivorship education (SE; 6 weekly 2-hour group sessions), or enhanced usual care (EUC; one 30-minute group coaching session with survivorship readings). FCR severity (primary outcome) and avoidant coping, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, depression, QOL, and other FCR-related variables (secondary outcomes) were assessed at baseline (T1), after the intervention (T2), 1 month after the intervention (T3), and 6 months after the intervention (T4) using intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS Satisfactory recruitment (43.8%) and retention (94.5%) rates demonstrated feasibility. Although each arm demonstrated within-group reductions in FCR severity over time, only ACT produced significant reductions at each time point compared with baseline, with between-group differences at T4 substantially favoring ACT over SE (Cohen d for effect sizes, 0.80; P < .001) and EUC (Cohen d, 0.61; P < .01). For 10 of 12 secondary outcomes, only ACT produced significant within-group reductions across all time points. By T4, significant moderate to large between-group comparisons favored ACT over SE and EUC with regard to avoidant coping, anxiety, depression, QOL, and FCR-related psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Group-based ACT is a feasible and promising treatment for FCR and associated outcomes in BCS that warrants testing in larger, fully powered trials.
Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography—War, Capitalism, and the Making and Unmaking of Economic Geographies.

War is both incredibly destructive and strangely productive. Its impacts depend on how wars are fought (e.g., sieges, mechanized ground wars, drones) and how warriors are equipped. Cities are built...
Order of Live and Inactivated Vaccines and Risk of Non-vaccine-targeted Infections in US Children 11-23 Months of Age.

Background Some findings from observational studies have suggested that recent receipt of live vaccines may be associated with decreased non-vaccine-targeted infection risk and mortality. Our objective was to estimate risk of non-vaccine-targeted infections based on most recent vaccine type (live vaccines only, inactivated vaccines only or both concurrently) received in US children 11-23 months of age. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study within the Vaccine Safety Datalink. We examined electronic health record and immunization data from children born in 2003-2013 who received 3 diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines before their first birthday. We modeled vaccine type as a time-varying exposure and estimated risk of non-vaccine-targeted infections identified in emergency department and inpatient settings, adjusting for multiple confounders. Results Among 428,608 children, 48.9% were female, 4.9% had ≥1 immunization visit with live vaccines only and 10.3% had a non-vaccine-targeted infection. In males, lower risk of non-vaccine-targeted infections was observed following last receipt of live vaccines only or live and inactivated vaccines concurrently as compared with last receipt of inactivated vaccines only [live vaccines-only adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72-0.94; live and inactivated vaccines concurrently aHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88-0.94]. Among females, last receipt of live and inactivated vaccines concurrently was significantly associated with non-vaccine-targeted infection risk (aHR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91-0.97 vs. last receipt of inactivated vaccines only). Conclusions We observed modest associations between live vaccine receipt and non-vaccine-targeted infections. In this observational study, multiple factors, including healthcare-seeking behavior, may have influenced results.