cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STIMULUS ASPECTS OF AVERSIVE CONTROLS: THE RETENTION OF CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION.

Three years ago a tone ending in unavoidable electrical shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. When pecking was disrupted by tone, shock was disconnected and the training tone as well as tones of different frequencies were presented. At first, all tones caused a reduction in the rate of pecking, but as testing proceeded, suppression began to extinguish and the gradient narrowed. In the present work, testing was resumed after a 2½-yr interruption. Analysis of the gradients obtained just before and just after the interruption yielded no evidence of changes with the passage of time. As testing proceeded, however, extinction of suppression continued and the gradient all but disappeared. In subsequent experiments with these subjects (Ss) it was found that the presentation of free shocks caused a reappearance of the gradient and that this effect persisted in reduced amount for several sessions after the shock condition was terminated.
The Relationship between the Electronic and Redox Properties of Dispersed Metal Oxides and Their Turnover Rates in Oxidative Dehydrogenation Reactions

The mechanistic connections among propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) rates, H2 reduction rates, and the electronic transitions responsible for the absorption edge in the electronic spectra of dispersed metal oxides were explored for VOx, MoOx ,W O x, and NbOx samples consisting predominately of two-dimensional oxide domains supported on Al2O3, ZrO2, and MgO. For a given active oxide, propane turnover rates increased in parallel with the reduction rate of the oxide catalyst using H2, but propane ODH rates differed significantly among different metal oxide samples with similar H2 reduction rates. For all catalysts, ODH turnover rates increased monotonically as the energy of the absorption edge in the UV‐visible spectrum decreased. These results, taken together with the respective mechanisms for electron transfer during C‐H bond activation and during the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer processes responsible for the UV‐visible edge, suggest that the stability of activated complexes in C‐H bond dissociation steps depends sensitively on the ability of the active oxide domains to transfer electrons from lattice oxygen atoms to metal centers. The electronic transitions responsible for the UV‐visible absorption edge are mechanistically related to the redox cycles involving lattice oxygens responsible for oxidative dehydrogenation turnovers of alkanes. As a result, the details of near-edge electronic spectra provide useful guidance about intrinsic reaction rates on active oxides typically used for these reactions. c � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
LAND USE IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ATMOSPHERE EXTERNALITY, WITH AND WITHOUT CORRECTIVE TAXES*

. Total cleared area in a von Thunen land-use model drives an atmosphere externality which depresses agricultural productivity uniformly throughout the region. Exogenous events that encourage clearance and use of a larger cultivated area (output price or population increase) exacerbate the externality. Imposition of a simple, corrective tax on land rents does not reverse these patterns but does mitigate the increase in the externality and leaves cultivators with higher incomes than they would obtain without the tax. We examine an optimal tax on land rents, designed to maximize the social value of land rents in the region, and an output tax.
An Affinity Reagent for the Recognition of Pyrophosphorylated Peptides

A resin-bound dinuclear zinc(II) complex for the selective capture of pyrophosphopeptides is reported. The metal complex binds diphosphate esters over other anionic groups, such as monophosphate esters, sulfate esters, and carboxylic acids, with high specificity. Immobilization of the compound provided a reagent capable of binding and retaining nanomolar quantities of pyrophosphopeptide in the presence of cell lysate. The high affinity and specificity of the reagent makes it an attractive tool for the study of in vivo pyrophosphorylation.
Immunotoxicology studies on lead: Effects of exposure on tumor growth and cell-mediated tumor immunity after syngeneic or allogeneic stimulation

Chronic exposure of C57BL/6 mice to lead acetate in the drinking water enhanced the growth of primary Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumors. Regression of MSV-induced tumors was not prevented by lead exposure and lead-treated animals were more resistant to late sarcoma development following primary tumor regression. The primary cell-mediated cytotoxic response in the spleen or lymph nodes of MSV-tumor bearing mice was significantly augmented by lead exposure. This augmentation appeared to reflect the increased antigenic stimulation resulting from the enhanced primary tumor growth in lead-exposed animals. Using an allogeneic tumor model, under conditions of similar antigenic stimulation, little effect of lead on T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed. On the other hand, macrophage phagocytic activity was significantly depressed in lead-exposed mice. Coupled with a decrease in the total number of macrophages recovered from lead-exposed mice, the results suggested significant impairment of macrophages function by lead. The influence of lead-induced macrophage dysfunction on tumor growth is discussed.
Use of print-simulations in accelerated yield learning for 22nm BEOL technology

Back-end-of-line (BEOL) patterning defects on logic circuits are challenging to find and often involve lengthy wafer processing times and costly failure analysis resources to detect. A print-simulation tool was developed to predict patterning fails of such circuits. Validity of the simulator was verified independently through hardware data. Layout constructs of a functional logic circuit were simulated and potential weak spots that were susceptible to patterning fail were identified. Patterning solutions were put in place to address these fails. Independent test-structures were designed to electrically test for pattern fidelity of some of these constructs early in the process flow to provide faster feedback. Test results from these test-structures indicated that any potential gross patterning issues have been resolved for the identified design constructs before mask order. Yield learning methodologies like this significantly shortened the cycle of learning of the 22nm BEOL process.
Beginnings of the dental composite revolution

T he true age of dental composites was launched with this initial science into coupling agents. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the word “composite” was still new to dentistry. Its predecessor, the adjective “reinforced,” dominated the dental materials nomenclature instead. In this landmark article by Bowen, the term “composite” does not even appear. Dental materials science was just beginning to deal with the extreme challenges of chemically connecting internal interfaces of things to make ceramic-polymer composites. In materials science, the term “composite” means a physical mixture of any phases (metal-metal, metal-ceramic, ceramicceramic, ceramic-polymer, polymer-metal, polymer-polymer). Bulk properties of any composite depend on volume fraction and properties of each phase and the characteristics of the interfaces connecting those phases. Without strong internal interfaces, composites behave poorly. That was the scientific backdrop for this early
Rapid Assessment of Lignin Content and Structure in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Grown Under Different Environmental Conditions

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a candidate feedstock in bioenergy, and plant breeding and molecular genetic strategies are being used to improve germplasm. In order to assess these subsequent modifications, baseline biomass compositional data are needed in a relevant variety of environments. In this study, switchgrass cv. Alamo was grown in the field, greenhouse, and growth chamber and harvested into individual leaf and stem tissue components. These components were analyzed with pyrolysis vapor analysis using molecular beam mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and standard wet chemistry methods to characterize and compare the composition among the different growth environments. The details of lignin content, S/G ratios, and degree of cross-linked lignin are discussed. Multivariate approaches such as projection to latent structures regression found a very strong correlation between the lignin content obtained by standard wet chemistry methods and the two high throughput techniques employed to rapidly assess lignin in potential switchgrass candidates. The models were tested on unknown samples and verified by wet chemistry. The similar lignin content found by the two methods shows that both approaches are capable of determining lignin content in biomass in a matter of minutes.
Chronic Hypertension Leads to Neurodegeneration in the TgSwDI Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Numerous epidemiological studies link vascular disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hypertension, specifically, is an important modifiable risk factor for late-onset AD. To examine the link between midlife hypertension and the onset of AD later in life, we chemically induced chronic hypertension in the TgSwDI mouse model of AD in early adulthood. Hypertension accelerated cognitive deficits in the Barnes maze test ( P P P P P P P P P P
Secular Trends in Blood Pressure among Adult Blacks and Whites Aged 18–34 Years in Two Body Mass Index Strata, United States, 1960–1980

Secular trends in blood pressure among young adults reflect the proportion of the population at risk of developing hypertension and may be markers of progress in primary prevention. National health examination data from three successive surveys were analyzed to assess blood pressure trends for adult blacks and whites aged 18-34 years in two body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) strata ( or = 25). Blood pressure was categorized into a four-point ordinal scale using the weighted, within-sex 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles for 18- to 24-year-old adults in the 1960-1962 survey. The effects were analyzed with cumulative logit models with alpha = 0.01. The systolic blood pressure decreased moderately for 25- to 34-year-old males and for females except those aged 25-34 years with a BMI of > or = 25. Diastolic blood pressure increased among males with a BMI of > or = 25 and among white males with a BMI of or = 25 was associated with substantially higher blood pressure in each survey, except for one age-sex-race subgroup. Racial differences within BMI were less consistent than the differences across BMI strata. In summary, the situation with respect to hypertension among females may have improved during this time period but for males may have worsened with respect to diastolic blood pressure. Data for both sexes support a need for population-wide obesity prevention to reduce the incidence of hypertension.
Modern conceptions of the mechanics of fluid turbulence

Throughout the past century, numerous efforts have been made to understand the problem of resistance in turbulent flow, but only in recent years has a satisfactory analytical basis been laid for su...
A Physiological and Morphological Study of Saprolegnia Parasitica

1. Isolations of Saprolegnia parasitica were made from five localities in Michigan and were taken from five species of fish.2. Detailed physiological experiments were made on the mycelium derived f...
Colonial Legacies and Peripheral Strategies: Socio-Spatial Logic of China's Communications Development Since 1840

This article explains why and how China's communications was undeveloped from the late Qing Dynasty through the Civil War. The purpose is to bring into sharp focus the imprint of global capitalism and imperialism on the domestic social-spatial relations of communications. It argues that communications, shaped by a succession of historical conjunctions, domesticated in spatial terms China's peripheral position in the world capitalist system. This spatiality was never effectively addressed and even remained true for socialist modernity after the establishment of the PRC. In particular, underdevelopment in rural China, as the most lasting legacy of colonial modernity, has informed and deformed communications development into the market-reform era.
Aberrant DNA Methylation: Implications in Racial Health Disparity.

Background Incidence and mortality rates of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are higher in African Americans (AAs) than in Caucasian Americans (CAs). Deficient micronutrient intake due to dietary restrictions in racial/ethnic populations can alter genetic and molecular profiles leading to dysregulated methylation patterns and the inheritance of somatic to germline mutations.
Structural Requirement of Ligands for Affinity Chromatography Absorbents: Purification of Aldehyde and Xanthine Oxidases

Liver aldehyde oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of N-methyl nicotinamide to a mixture of N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide and N-methyl-2-pyridone -5-carboxamide (1). In the past this enzyme has been purified from the livers of a number of different mammals using classical salt, organic solvent, gel and ion-exchange procedures (2). These methods suffered from being inefficient in terms of both enzyme yield and the time required to conduct purification (3). Perhaps more importantly, there is reason to believe that the homogenous enzymes so isolated were contaminated with inactive enzyme (3). In this paper, a procedure for the isolation of aldehyde oxidase by affinity chromatography will be presented. Using this method, the enzyme is recovered in high yield and with a maximum specific activity equal to or greater than that obtainable by previous methods. The procedure requires six hours to carry out and produces, as a fringe benefit, a highly purified xanthine oxidase as well.
An In Vitro Study of Antileukemic Serum

DEMONSTRATIONS of the cytocidal potency of the in vivo immunologic reaction of antibodies to bone marrow cells, or leukocytes, have suggested that an antileukemic antibody might have therapeutic application. 1 , 2 , 3 Following the experiments of MacDowell, Potter, and others, 4 , 5 , 6 in which an apparent immunity to leukemic cells could be established, investigators have studied heterologous antibody. In particular, suspensions of live mouse leukemic cells or cell fractions have been injected as an antigen into another species, e.g., the rabbit, to produce antileukemic serum. Antisera to transplantable leukemia have been administered to animals before, 7 , 8 after, 9 or with 10 the injection of the leukemic cells, and the effect upon the course of the disease has been reported. Other investigations have been devoted to the serologic effects of antileukemic sera in vitro. Using rabbit-antimouse sera, prepared from tissues of several organs from leukemic and nonleukemic animals, Steinberg and Martin 11 were able, by the agglutination technic, to differentiate between various cell types. However, this method did not help distinguish between leukemic and nonleukemic cells. Maculla, 12 using a complement fixation reaction, also compared a variety of normal and tumor tissues and concluded that tumor tissue had antigenic properties that were different from normal tissue. In none of these investigations was an antileukemic serum isolated that reacted solely with leukemic cells and not with other normal cells as well. It was the purpose of this investigation to identify and, if possible, to isolate a specific antileukemic cell antibody.
Analysis of malaria epidemic situation in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012

OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemic characteristics, regular pattern and trend of malaria in Shantou City, Guangdong Province. METHODS The historical data of malaria were collected and analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological methods in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012. RESULTS A total of 556 malaria cases were reported in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012, with the annually incidence of 0.056 cases per 10 thousand. After 2003, no secondary cases and local outbreak of malaria occurred. The ratio of male to female was 3.34: 1, and 82.73% of the patients were aged from 15 to 45 years. The peasants (including workers from the village) and factory workers most easily suffered from malaria with a proportion of 39.21% and 18.35%, respectively. Nevertheless there was an exception in some year. CONCLUSION There is still some reported cases of malaria each year in Shantou City, therefore, we should continue to strengthen the preventive and monitoring measures.
Implications of Institutionalism for Democracy

The various works of Elinor Ostrom have many complexities, but the fundamentals of the framework and theory are not difficult to comprehend. A key part? Knowing the rules of the game makes a big difference. Scholars Larry Kiser and Ostrom write (2000): Individuals cannot play a game without coming to a common understanding of the rules. Players must share a similar view of the range of allowable actions or the distribution of rights and duties among players, of likely consequences, and of preferences among players for alternative outcomes. Common understanding, however, does not imply equal distribution of information among community members. Some common knowledge of the institutional constraints is necessary for interdependent decision making, but participants may vary in their level of knowledge. Incentives therefore, may differ among individuals (even individuals with similar preferences) choosing within similar decision situations. (page 73)
Abstract 153: High Ambient Temperature During Pregnancy Predicts Vascular Disease in the Offspring as Adult

Introduction and Purpose It well known that being small at birth is a risk factor for hypertension and obesity and diabetes related disorders of adulthood. Animal studies have demonstrated retarded placental and fetal growth when exposed to higher temperature during pregnancy. Purpose of this study Is high ambient temperature during pregnancy associated with low birthweight, LBW. Methods The data from vital statistics of birth certificates in USA 1995 through 2002. Analyzed only full term babies. Weather data from (NOAA) website; Logistical regression was performed with LBW as the dependent variable with all the other dichotomized variables gender, race, plurality, maternal education, maternal age as confounding and where independent variables latitude and/or temperature with respect to race using STATA 9.0 SE. Results About 25 million records from over 32 million births were used for analysis. It was noted that average annual temperature>55 F and lower latitude in the USA had a higher probability of LBW; Odds ratio (OR) 1.228029, P Conclusions 1. LBW at birth is directly associated to higher environmental temperature during pregnancy. 2. Increased incidence of chronic diseases later in life, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular are associated with LBW.
The Induction of Naming in Children with No Prior Tact Responses as a Function of Multiple Exemplar Histories of Instruction

The phenomenon identified as naming is a key stage of language function that is missing in many children with autism and other language delay diagnoses. We identified four children with autism, who, prior to the implementation of this experiment, did not have the naming repertoire (either speaker to listener or listener to speaker) and who had no tact responses for two- or three-dimensional stimuli. Tact training alone did not result in a naming repertoire or echoic-to-tact responses for these students. We then provided multiple exemplar instruction (MEI) across speaker and listener repertoires for a subset of stimuli (the teaching set) that resulted in untaught response components of naming and the capability to acquire naming after learning tacts for subsequent sets of stimuli. We used a delayed multiple-baseline probe design with stimuli counterbalanced across participants. The results showed that for all four students, mastery of tacts alone (the baseline or initial training condition) was not sufficient for the naming or echoic-to-tact repertoires to emerge. Following MEI the naming repertoire emerged for all four students for the initial set of stimuli. In addition, we tested for naming with novel stimuli that were probed prior to the MEI and naming also emerged following tact instruction alone for these sets. The results are discussed in terms of the role of naming in the incidental acquisition of verbal functions as part of the speaker-as-own-listener repertoire.
Wrangling Settler Colonialism in the Urban U.S. West: Indigenous and Mexican American Struggles for Social Justice

This article contributes to geographical scholarship on settler colonialism by exploring its urban valences in the U.S. West. Urban development in the U.S. West has long been guided by ideologies o...
An Examination of Reciprocal Associations Between Social Preference, Popularity, and Friendship during Early Adolescence.

Getting along with peers becomes increasingly important to health and well-being during early adolescence (10–14 years). Young adolescents may succeed with peers when they are well-liked by and popular among the larger peer group (or at the group-level of social complexity). They might also fare well with peers when they are able to form numerous mutual and high quality friendships (at the dyadic-level of social complexity). Theory emphasizes the interrelatedness of different types of peer experiences, but few longitudinal studies have examined the interplay among and between group- and dyadic-level peer experiences in the same study. As a result, it is not known whether group-level peer experiences are predictors of dyadic-level peer experiences, and/or vice versa. To address this limitation, this study examined the prospective and reciprocal relations between four indices of peer experiences, preference (or being highly liked and not disliked by peers), popularity (or having a reputation as popular), friendship quantity (or having many mutual friends), and friendship or relationship quality, during early adolescence. Participants were 271 adolescents (49% girls; Mage = 11.52 years) who completed peer nominations of preference and popularity, a self-report measure of friendship quality, and nominated friends at two waves (Wave 1: November, Grade 6; Wave 2: October, Grade 7). Structural equation modeling indicated that friendship quantity predicted increases in preference and popularity and that friendship quality predicted increases in friendship quantity. Initial popularity was associated with decreases in preference. The importance of these findings for future research is discussed along with study limitations.
Designing and implementation of triboluminescent materials for real-time load monitoring

Abstract Dynamic and real-time load monitoring in large civil structures such as wind turbine blades is important for extended operational life. In this study, a novel load monitoring sensor called C-shaped ITOFPress is proposed, which consists of an ITOF sensor with micro-exciters integrated into a polymer matrix. Two triboluminescent (TL) materials: ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu are utilized to fabricate samples. Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction are used to characterize the TL materials. Sensors were subjected to repeated loading and generated distinct TL emission corresponding to each loading cycle. TL intensity increases with the increase of loading rate and increases exponentially with an applied load. The plot of logarithmic TL intensity with applied load follows linear relationship, which is desirable. At the loading rate of 50 mm s−1 and 100 N load, sensor containing ZnS:Mn displays TL intensity of 2.52 arbitrary units, which is twice than ZnS:Cu. Therefore, ZnS:Mn sensor demonstrates comparatively higher TL intensity than ZnS:Cu. Neither obvious decrease in TL intensity nor any physical damage of the sensor is found after 100 repeated cycles, which demonstrates its potential as a reliable sensor in practical applications. The new C-shaped ITOFPress sensor has the ability to monitor dynamic applied loads consistently over cycles.
Improving the Prediction of Mortality in the High Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score Liver Transplant Recipient: A Role for the Left Atrial Volume Index

Abstract Left atrial volume index (LAVI) is an echocardiographic measurement used in assessing diastolic dysfunction, and is associated with mortality in many populations. In this retrospective cohort study including 254 patients, we investigated whether LAVI is an independent predictor of post–liver transplantation mortality using multivariable Cox regression. We found that elevated LAVI was associated with increased mortality among patients with high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, but not among those with lower MELD scores, indicating that recipients with high LAVI values and high MELD scores may represent patients at an increased risk of post-transplantation mortality. Specifically, there was a statistically significant interaction between LAVI and MELD score (P = .006) such that for patients with MELD scores ≥33, LAVI >27 mL/m2 was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–5.20; P = .04.) We further show that the inclusion of LAVI in a multivariable model led to a statistically significant improvement in the ability to predict post–liver transplantation mortality, with an increase in the model's C-statistic from 0.68 to 0.71. The incorporation of LAVI in multivariable risk models may be useful in the selection of transplant recipients with high MELD scores, and may be helpful in decreasing the probability of futile transplantation.
Image, Text, and Story: Comics and Graphic Novels in the Classroom

(2008). Image, Text, and Story: Comics and Graphic Novels in the Classroom. Art Education: Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 13-19.
Unplanned Hospital Readmissions After HeartMate II Implantation : Frequency, Risk Factors, and Impact on Resource Use and Survival

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify potential areas for quality improvement and cost containment. We investigated readmissions after HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation by characterizing their type, temporal frequency, causative factors, and resource use and survival after readmission. Background The HeartMate II LVAD provides enhanced survival and quality of life to end-stage heart failure patients. Whether these improved outcomes are accompanied by a similar reduction in unplanned hospital readmissions is largely unknown. Methods From October 2004 to January 2010, 118 patients received a HeartMate II, of whom 92 were discharged on device support. Subsequent readmissions were analyzed using prospectively maintained clinical and financial databases. Results Forty-eight patients (52%) had 177 unplanned hospital readmissions, 87 non–LVAD- and 90 LVAD-associated. Reasons for non–LVAD-associated readmissions included medical management of comorbidities and progression of cardiac pathology (n = 48), neuropsychiatric/psychosocial issues (n = 22), and infections (n = 17). Those for LVAD-associated readmissions included device component infection (n = 51), management of nontherapeutic anticoagulation or device malfunction (n = 22), and bleeding (n = 15). Cumulative incidence of unplanned readmissions was higher (p l 0.0001) for destination therapy than bridge-to-transplant patients (9/patient vs. 4/patient at 24 months). Cumulative hospital days overall were 25 and 42 at 12 and 18 months, respectively, and the costs were 18% and 29% of initial implantation costs. Increased number of unplanned readmissions was predictive of mortality. Conclusions Unplanned readmissions are common during HeartMate II support and negatively affect resource use and survival. Refining patient selection, especially in destination therapy patients, reducing infectious and bleeding complications, and increasing awareness about these devices might reduce unnecessary readmissions.
Modeling of oil retention in microchannel type evaporators and its effects on refrigerant heat transfer

Abstract This paper presents a new model for lubricant retention in microchannel type evaporators and shows a comparison between experimental and simulation results using refrigerants R134a and R410A and synthetic polyolester (POE) mixtures. Two different microchannel geometries were considered: a single and a double slab heat exchanger. The model predictions of the heat transfer capacities were within ± 10% with respect to the experimental data. The pressure drops were estimated with an error that ranged from ± 20% to ± 50%. Oil retention was predicted both locally and for the entire heat exchanger. The negative effect of oil on the performance of heat exchangers differs with oil concentrations and most of the lubricant was retained in the superheated region of the evaporator and in the outlet header. The predicted oil retention volume was within ± 60% and the simulation results suggested that the geometry details inside the headers have significant effects on the amount of oil retained.
MCRM: Mother Compact Recurrent Memory

LSTMs and GRUs are the most common recurrent neural network architectures used to solve temporal sequence problems. The two architectures have differing data flows dealing with a common component called the cell state (also referred to as the memory). We attempt to enhance the memory by presenting a modification that we call the Mother Compact Recurrent Memory (MCRM). MCRMs are a type of a nested LSTM-GRU architecture where the cell state is the GRU hidden state. The concatenation of the forget gate and input gate interactions from the LSTM are considered an input to the GRU cell. Because MCRMs has this type of nesting, MCRMs have a compact memory pattern consisting of neurons that acts explicitly in both long-term and short-term fashions. For some specific tasks, empirical results show that MCRMs outperform previously used architectures.
Effect of an equal-access military health system on racial disparities in colorectal cancer screening.

Background Racial disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening are frequently attributed to variations in insurance status. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether universal insurance would lead to more equitable utilization of CRC screening for black patients in comparison with white patients. Methods Claims data from TRICARE (insurance coverage for active, reserve, and retired members of the US Armed Services and their dependents) for 2007-2010 were queried for adults aged 50 years in 2007, and they were followed forward in time for 4 years (ages, 50-53 years) to identify their first lower endoscopy and/or fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Variations in CRC screening were compared with descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. Results Among the 24,944 patients studied, 69.2% were white, 20.3% were black, 4.9% were Asian, and 5.6% were other. Overall, 54.0% received any screening: 83.7% received endoscopy, and 16.3% received FOBT alone. Compared with whites, black patients had higher screening rates (56.5%) and had 20% higher risk-adjusted odds of being screened (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.29). Asian patients had a likelihood of screening similar to that of white patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.92-1.23). Females (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.33), active-duty personnel (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25), and officers (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.18-1.37) were also more likely to be screened. Conclusion Within an equal-access, universal health care system, black patients had higher rates of CRC screening in comparison with prior reports and even in comparison with white patients within the population. These findings highlight the need to understand and develop meaningful approaches for promoting more equitable access to preventative care. Moreover, equal-access, universal health insurance for both the military and civilian populations can be presumed to improve access for underserved minorities.
Statistical analysis of historic hydrocarbon production data from Gulf of Mexico oil and gas fields and application to dynamic capacity assessment in CO2 storage

Abstract Numerical modeling of CO2 injection and reservoir flow is typically performed to forecast the number of wells, sustainable injection rates, and total storage volume (or mass). A critical determination for CO2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is characterization of reservoir compartmentalization which informs boundary conditions in simulating injection scenarios. Constraining boundary conditions during CO2 injection into geological formations is a key factor for feasible deployment project. Production history data from 616 wells in 100 oil and gas fields from Gulf of Mexico (GOM) offshore basin can be used to evaluate boundary conditions and total production (oil and gas) and therefor constrain the capacity for potential carbon storage. In general, the combination of decline curve analysis and statistical analysis (to specify constraining boundary conditions) allows the determination of the range of reservoir performance if existing inactive production wells in GOM area of study are used reversibly for CO2 injection. To constrain the mass of CO2 which can be injected, it is useful to consider estimates of cumulative bulk (hydrocarbon + brine) production (CBP), which can be converted to equivalent CO2 mass considering reservoir conditions. Summary CBP statistics are presented as a probability of non-exceedance (PNE), providing a forecast of likely injection rates and masses for other located CO2 storage projects with similar geology and boundary conditions in the future. The 50% PNE for Equivalent CO2 is a novel quantitative approach to investigate the possible injection capacity in CO2 storage projects. The PNE sensitivity analysis shows that reservoir age, drive mechanism, reservoir trap, and reservoir porosity are the key controlling parameters for productivity and consequently optimum CO2 storage capacity. Another key finding is the negligible correlation between CBP with reservoir transmissivity and porosity, which implies that other factors than just petrophysical parameters should be studied as constraining factors for CO2 storage statistical analysis.
Analysis of Postapproval Clinical Trials of Therapeutics Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Without Clinical Postmarketing Requirements or Commitments

Importance The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can use postmarketing requirements to mandate pharmaceutical companies to conduct clinical trials after the approval of novel therapeutics. Pharmaceutical companies can also agree to conduct nonmandated clinical trials as postmarketing commitments. However, when therapeutics are approved by the FDA without postmarketing requirements or postmarketing commitments, it is not well known how often pharmaceutical companies voluntarily conduct trials and report results monitoring safety or efficacy after approval. Objective To characterize postapproval clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies of therapeutics initially approved by the FDA without clinical postmarketing requirements or commitments. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional analysis included postapproval clinical trials conducted with at least 1 site in the United States sponsored by pharmaceutical companies of therapeutics first approved by the FDA from 2009 through 2012. Analyses were conducted June 11, 2018, to November 30, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Postapproval clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov generating safety or efficacy data, characteristics including whether trials focused on approved or unapproved indications, study design elements, and rates of study completion and results reporting. Results From 2009 through 2012, the FDA approved 110 novel therapeutics for 120 indications, of which 37 novel therapeutics for 39 indications did not have postmarketing requirements or commitments for new clinical studies at the time of first approval. For 31 therapeutics (83.8%), there were 600 postapproval clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. Most trials investigated therapeutics for new indications (363 [60.5%]) or expanded populations of the originally indicated disease (122 [20.3%]). Trials were often small (median [interquartile range] enrollment, 44 [21-131] participants), nonrandomized (359 [59.8%]), unblinded (455 [75.8%]), and lacked comparators (381 [63.5%]). Approximately half of the trials (311 [51.8%]) assessed at least 1 clinical outcome. Of 300 terminated or completed trials, 204 trials (68.0%) had reported results on ClinicalTrials.gov a median (interquartile range) 16 (13-25) months after their primary completion date. For the 96 trials (32.0%) without reported results, a median (interquartile range) 35 (13-62) months had passed since their primary completion date. Conclusions and Relevance Pharmaceutical companies frequently conducted clinical trials after approval, even when there were no clinical postmarketing requirements or commitments at approval. However, most of these trials evaluated new indications or expanded patient populations rather than monitored approved uses, and nearly half of the trials remained incomplete more than 5 years after original therapeutic approval.
The Lumps and Bumps of Aesthetic Labor: Rethinking Fat Talk in Plus-Size Retail

Fat scholar’s studying the lives of fat individuals are often perceived as biased further excluding fat people’s experiences from the production of knowledge. However, it is our social standpoint a...
Comparison of Injured Older Adults Included in vs Excluded From Trauma Registries With 1-Year Follow-up.

Importance Trauma registries are the primary data mechanism in trauma systems to evaluate and improve the care of injured patients. Research has suggested that trauma registries may miss high-risk older adults, who commonly experience morbidity and mortality after injury. Objective To compare injured older adults who were included in with those excluded from trauma registries, with a focus on patients with serious injuries, requiring major surgery, or dying after injury. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included all injured adults 65 years and older transported by 44 emergency medical services agencies to 51 trauma and nontrauma centers in 7 counties in Oregon and Washington from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011, with follow-up through December 31, 2012. Record linkage was used to match emergency medical services records with state trauma registries, state discharge databases, state death registries, and Medicare claims. Data were analyzed from August to November 2018. Exposures Inclusion in vs exclusion from a trauma registry. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality up to 12 months, including time to death and causes of death. Results Of 8161 included patients, 5579 (68.4%) were women, and the mean (SE) age was 82.2 (0.10) years. A total of 1720 older adults (21.1%) were matched to a trauma registry record. Seriously injured patients not captured by trauma registries ranged from 18% (7 of 38 patients with abdominal-pelvic Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 or greater) to 80.0% (1792 of 2241 patients with extremity Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 or greater), while 68 of 186 patients requiring major nonorthopedic surgery (36.6%) and 1809 of 2325 patients requiring orthopedic surgery (77.8%) were not included in trauma registries. Of patients with serious injuries or undergoing major surgery missed by trauma registries (range by injury and procedure type, 36.0% to 57.1%), 36.4% (39.3% when excluding serious extremity injuries and orthopedic procedures) were treated at trauma centers, particularly level III through V hospitals. When registry and nonregistry groups were tracked over 12 months, 93 of 188 in-hospital deaths (49.5%) and 1531 of 1887 total deaths (81.1%) occurred in the nonregistry cohort. Conclusions and Relevance In their current form, trauma registries are ineffective in capturing, tracking, and evaluating injured older adults, although mortality following injury is frequently due to noninjury causes. High-risk injured older adults are not included in registries because of care in nontrauma hospitals, restrictive registry inclusion criteria, and being missed by registries in trauma centers.
ReCoN: A Reconfigurable CNN Acceleration Framework for Hybrid Semantic Segmentation on Hybrid SoCs for Space Applications

Recent advancements in deep learning present new opportunities for enhanced scientific methods, autonomous operations, and intelligent applications for space missions. Semantic segmentation is a powerful computer-vision process using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify objects within an image. Semantic segmentation has numerous space-science and defense applications, from semantic labeling of Earth observations for insights about our changing planet, to monitoring natural disasters for damage control, to gathering intelligence for national defense and security. Despite these advantages, CNNs can be computationally expensive and prohibited on traditional radiation-hardened space processors, which are often generations behind their commercial-off-the-shelf counterparts in terms of performance and energy-efficiency. FPGA-based hybrid System-on-Chips (SoCs), which combine fixed-logic CPUs with reconfigurable-logic FPGAs, present numerous architectural advantages well-suited to address the computational capabilities required for high-performance, intelligent spacecraft. To enable semantic segmentation for on-board space processing, we propose a hybrid (hardware/software partitioned) approach using our reconfigurable CNN accelerator (ReCoN) for accelerating CNN inference on hybrid SoCs. When evaluated on the Xilinx Zynq SoC and Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC platforms, our hybrid approach demonstrates an improvement in performance and energy-efficiency up to two orders of magnitude compared to a software-only baseline on the hybrid SoC. Furthermore, fault injection and wide-spectrum neutron beam-testing was performed to characterize the ReCoN architectural response to injected errors and susceptibility to neutron irradiation.
The exercise pressor reflex is attenuated by intrathecal oxytocin

We tested the hypothesis that oxytocin (Oxt) acts in the lumbar spinal cord to attenuate reflex pressor (mean arterial pressure, MAP) and heart rate (HR) responses to static hindlimb contraction (i.e., the exercise pressor reflex). Thus we compared MAP and HR responses to electrically stimulated hindlimb static contraction in the anesthetized cat before and after intrathecal injection of Oxt (30 pmol, n = 3; 300 pmol, n = 6; or 3 nmol, n = 6). The 300-pmol dose was most effective; it attenuated the pressor response to static contraction by 39 +/- 10% but had no effect on HR. In three other cats, contraction-induced increases in MAP and HR were monitored before and after intrathecal injection of 300 pmol of Oxt + 300 nmol of the selective Oxt receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5(1),O-Me-Tyr2,Thr4,Tyr9,Orn8]vasotocin. Pretreatment with the antagonist eliminated the effect of Oxt on MAP. In an additional 10 cats, increases in these same variables in response to static contraction were compared before and after intrathecal injection of the Oxt antagonist (30 nmol, n = 3 or 300 nmol, n = 7) into the lumbar spinal cord (L1-L7). Whereas 30 nmol of the Oxt antagonist had no effect, the 300-nmol dose augmented the contraction-induced pressor and HR responses by 28 +/- 7 and 32 +/- 17%, respectively. These data imply that endogenous Oxt modulates the exercise pressor reflex by its action on Oxt receptors in the lumbar spinal cord that can attenuate sensory nerve transmission from skeletal muscle.
Introduction to the special issue on noncognitive testing

This article summarizes new developments in military noncognitive enlistment testing that are described in more detail in the remainder of this special issue. It notes that for most of its history,...
Optimal Adaptive Matrix Completion.

We study the problem of exact completion for $m \times n$ sized matrix of rank r with the adaptive sampling method. We introduce a relation of the exact completion problem with the sparsest vector of column and row spaces (which we call sparsity-number here). Using this relation, we propose matrix completion algorithms that exactly recovers the target matrix. These algorithms are superior to previous works in two important ways. First, our algorithms exactly recover $\mu_0$-coherent column space matrices by probability at least $1-\epsilon$ using much smaller observations complexity than - $\mathcal{O}(\mu_0 rn \mathrm{log}\frac{r}{\epsilon})$ - the state of art. Specifically, many of the previous adaptive sampling methods require to observe the entire matrix when the column space is highly coherent. However, we show that our method is still able to recover this type of matrices by observing a small fraction of entries under many scenarios. Second, we propose an exact completion algorithm, which requires minimal pre-information as either row or column space is not being highly coherent. We provide an extension of these algorithms that is robust to sparse random noise. Besides, we propose an additional low-rank estimation algorithm that is robust to any small noise by adaptively studying the shape of column space. At the end of the paper, we provide experimental results that illustrate the strength of the algorithms proposed here.
Analysis of brain MRI and clinical features of Japanese encephalitis in children

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features and the magnetic resonance imaging of brain of children with Japanese encephalitis (JE) and whether this relationship can be used in early diagnosis.Methods MRI was performed in 145 children with JE.T1-weighted,T2-weighted and FLAIR of brain were obtained in 98 patients with 0.35 T MRI system and conventional MRI and DWI were performed in 47 patients with 1.5 T MRI system.The position,range and MRI features were analyzed.Results MR imaging studies of 106 patients showed hyperintensity in the thalamic with 87 patients involved the caudex cerebri,as seen on T2-weighted images.The lesions were also seen in basal ganglia (32 cases),cerebral cortex (43 cases),cerebellum (2 cases),and white matter (15 cases).Lesions showed high intensity signal on T2WI and T2-FLAIR,and iso- or low intensity on T1WI.The number of the lesions in FLAIR were more than T2WI.The positive rate on 1.5 T MRI (87.2%) was higher than that on 0.35 T MRI(66.3%,χ2＝7.06,P＜0.01).Conclusions Multiple brain tissues can be involved and the thalamic and the caudex cerebri involvement are the conspicuous characteristics in children with JE.T2-FLAIR and DWI are helpful in the early diagnosis of JE. Key words: Encephalitis/DI/RA; Magnetic resonance imaging
Sphingolipidoses: Detection of Heterozygotes and Homozygotes

Recent progress has made it possible to detect homozygotes and heterozygotes for many of the sphingolipidoses by assays of specific enzymes in tissues and body fluids. These assays are of importance in the differentiation of disorders which are phenotypically similar. They are also of importance in detecting heterozygous family members for accurate genetic counselling. Finally, these assays provide a means for the prenatal diagnosis of affected fetuses in utero in many instances. In this presentation we discuss enzyme assay for the diagnosis of homozygotes and detection of heterozygotes in Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff’s disease, juvenile GM2 gangliosidosis, juvenile GMl gangliosidosis, chronic Gaucher’s disease, Fabry’s disease, and fucosidosis.