cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education abroad : Bridging scholarship and practice

Recent decades have seen unprecedented growth in the number of students travelling abroad for the purpose of short-term academic study. As such, attention is turning to the role that education abroad can have in enhancing student learning and producing global-ready graduates. This volume provides a succinct and accessible analysis of the existing research and scholarship around the world on a range of important areas related to contemporary education abroad, providing practitioners with important implications for programming and practice. Focusing on fourteen key topics relating to education abroad, this accessible desktop compendium not only synthesizes what is already known, but also indicates which topics need further research and how the existing literature can be applied to daily programming and practice. Extending beyond student learning outcomes to look at essential topics such as institutional outcomes, program models, and host community outcomes, this volume covers major trends in contemporary research as well as an assessment of the methodological and design challenges that are common to education abroad research. The fourteen distinct topics address the broad themes of participation, programming, student outcomes, institutional outcomes and societal outcomes, and include chapters from a broad range of widely acknowledged and respected international experts. Bridging the gap between scholarship and practice, this accessible guide is essential reading for anyone working in higher education today and involved in shaping and managing education abroad programs. It is useful for all who want to understand and leverage existing research to inform education abroad programming and practice.
Optimizing the energy envelope in the Internet of Things using predictive cubic splines

The paradigm of Internet of Things (IoT) is the result of rapid advances in the development of small low powered computing devices with wireless connectivity. This has given rise to a plethora of new applications, including, but not limited to monitoring, sensing, intrusion detection and others. Due to the nature of these applications, IoT devices are often burdened with receiving and transmitting a large volume of data that is time and delay sensitive. Furthermore, since most of these devices are battery powered, a data deluge often renders parts of the network depleted of energy, causing that part to go dark. In this work, we propose an energy optimization framework based on predictive cubic splines that anticipate a sudden increase in the bandwidth and minimize energy consumed by these devices while still maintaining an optimum degree of availability and reducing bottlenecks in the data flow.
Psychedelics and virtual reality: parallels and applications.

Psychedelic drugs and virtual reality (VR) each have the capacity to disrupt the rigidity and limitations of typical conscious experience. This article delineates the parallels among psychedelic and VR states as well as their potential synergistic applications in clinical and recreational settings. Findings indicate that, individually, psychedelics and VR are used in analogous ways to alter sensory experience and evoke awe. They are also both used in tandem with traditional therapies to treat a variety of mood disorders; their shared capacity to transiently alter perspective and disrupt rigid patterns of mental experience may underly their analogous and transdiagnostic therapeutic uses. In terms of their combined applications, a number of recreational users currently utilize psychedelics and VR together to enhance their experience. We propose that VR may be a useful tool for preparing hallucinogen-naive participants in clinical trials for the sensory distortions experienced in psychedelic states. Given the critical role of "setting" in psychedelic treatment outcomes, we also detail how VR could be used to optimize the environment in psychedelic sessions. Finally, we provide considerations for future studies and detail how advancements in psychedelic and VR research can inform one another. Collectively, this article outlines a number of connections between psychedelics and VR, and, more broadly, is representative of growing scientific interest into the interactions among technology, psychopharmacology, and mental health.
Male migration and women’s decision-making in Nepal

This study examines the changes in women’s decision-making roles due to the foreign labor migration of men from Nepal. Using a mixed-method strategy, based on qualitative analysis from fieldwork in four districts of Nepal and quantitative analysis from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011, the study finds that women who take on the role of household heads make more decisions, while those living under the headship of other members experience a decline in their decision-making power. However, even for household heads, most gains in decision-making come from making smaller, non-strategic decisions. Strategic decisions, especially those related to children’s well-being and allocation of financial resources, are mostly made by men. Women’s ability to be empowered through increased decision-making is limited by their position in the family, their financial dependence on men, and norms restricting women’s access to resources.
Under the Right Conditions, Center-Based Child Care is an Unlikely COVID-19 Threat to Staff.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 Research on coronavirus transmission from young children to adults in child care settings is largely based on case reports with limited generalizability,1,2 impeding evidence-based assessment of infection risk to child care providers. Gilliam et al3 address these limitations in their multistate study of 57 335 child care providers reporting on exposures, risk mitigation strategies in the workplace, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection from March through May 2020. The team solicited child care providers through contact lists provided by national child care organizations and state child care workforce registries, conducted 3 rounds of surveys, and collected data on key variables including exposure to child care (provided child care during the pandemic compared to program closure) and COVID-19 infection based on a positive test result or hospitalization for COVID-19. Respondents who had exposure to child care services from March through May also reported numerous infection prevention strategies, such as class size reduction, masking, and disinfection practices. This exposure was not associated with odds of COVID-19 infection in both unmatched and propensity score matched analyses that accounted for community … Address correspondence to Heather L. Tubbs-Cooley, PhD, RN, FAAN, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210. E-mail: tubbscooley.1{at}osu.edu
A Hockey Player with Persistent Low Back Pain and Hamstring Inflexibility: Enthesitis-Related JIA

This case of a hockey player with a back injury that is not improving illustrates the need to consider medical causes of musculoskeletal pain in athletes. The young athlete in this case presents for evaluation of low back pain 4 months after a fall in hockey; he is not improving in physical therapy as expected. In addition, he is complaining of symptoms such as morning stiffness, widening area of pain, and weight loss that are inconsistent with a lingering musculoskeletal injury.
An Age-Friendly Health System.

Background/objectives To describe a screening and intervention program for geriatric syndromes instituted at a rural healthcare system that utilizes the 4Ms of an age-friendly health system, and to provide exercise and cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) as part of an age-friendly health program. Design Retrospective evaluation of clinical data. Setting Rural primary healthcare system. Participants Older adults aged 65 years and older in Perry County, Missouri. Measurements Screening for geriatric syndromes was done using the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA), which includes the FRAIL, SARC-F, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ), and Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS). Outcomes for exercise and CST included the Five Times Sit to Stand (FTSS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS), and Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) measures. Results The RGA was administered to 1,326 individuals of which 36.5% were frail, 42.1% were sarcopenic, 26.1% were at risk for anorexia, and 20.8% had dementia. Of these receiving exercise therapy, both the FTSS and the TUG were improved at 3 months and 12 to 24 months. In the CST group, SLUMS, QoL-AD, and CSDD were improved at 7 weeks and 6 to 12 months. Conclusion It is feasible to introduce a screening program for geriatric syndromes and respond to the results with successful exercise and cognitive stimulation therapy programs.
Non-destructive elastic properties measurement using 3×3 fiber-optic coupler based interferometric quadrature detection

A non-destructive elastic properties detection method based on 3×3 fiber-optic coupler based interferometer is proposed. The relationship of speed versus frequency components of surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagating through the surface of an object gives clues of its physical properties such as elasticity, density, and thickness, etc. In order to reliably observe the SAW signals of objects where physical contact is not allowed, we constructed an interferometer based on the fiber-optic coupler and measured the SAW signal. The performance of the system was verified with well-defined layer phantoms which were made in various structures and analyzed the elasticity and structure of the samples.
Macroscopic traffic flow modeling with physics regularized Gaussian process: A new insight into machine learning applications in transportation

Abstract Despite the wide implementation of machine learning (ML) technique in traffic flow modeling recently, those data-driven approaches often fall short of accuracy in the cases with a small or noisy training dataset. To address this issue, this study presents a new modeling framework, named physics regularized machine learning (PRML), to encode classical traffic flow models (referred as physics models) into the ML architecture and to regularize the ML training process. More specifically, leveraging the Gaussian process (GP) as the base model, a stochastic physics regularized Gaussian process (PRGP) model is developed and a Bayesian inference algorithm is used to estimate the mean and kernel of the PRGP. A physics regularizer, based on macroscopic traffic flow models, is also developed to augment the estimation via a shadow GP and an enhanced latent force model is used to encode physical knowledge into the stochastic process. Based on the posterior regularization inference framework, an efficient stochastic optimization algorithm is then developed to maximize the evidence lowerbound of the system likelihood. For model evaluations, this paper conducts empirical studies on a real-world dataset which is collected from a stretch of I-15 freeway, Utah. Results show the new PRGP model can outperform the previous compatible methods, such as calibrated traffic flow models and pure machine learning methods, in estimation precision and is more robust to the noisy training dataset.
A multi-degree of freedom bending actuator based on a novel cylindrical polyvinyl chloride gel

In this work, we investigate PVC gels, a material which responds to electric stimuli, for use I as multi-directional bending actuators. PVC gel bending actuators have been studied, however none of these allow for multidirectional control. PVC gels offer many favorable properties in comparison to other electroactive materials, such as the ability to move in air, high displacement, low power requirements, and lower voltage requirements than other electroactive polymers. A bending actuator which can be controlled to bend in multiple directions is fabricated and tested for its mechanical properties. A mathematical model which can predict actuator motion is also presented.
CLOUD COMPUTING AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Cloud computing is an application-based software program and infrastructure that retail outlets facts on service, which can access through the internet. Nowadays, the cloud is a big storage of information, data, file, and so on. Google Drive, iCloud, which the iPhone cloud is the most famous. Users can save the files in the cloud and retrieve them via the internet from any location. It provides safety and security. In this paper, I would like to introduce cloud computing and its infrastructure, various types of clouds, and its real-life examples, including the benefits of the cloud
Muscle on demand.

Light-activated protein actuators composed of bioengineered motors and molecular scaffolds achieve millimetre-scale mechanical work, which holds promise for microrobotics applications.
Chimpanzee Autarky

Background Economists believe that barter is the ultimate cause of social wealth—and even much of our human culture—yet little is known about the evolution and development of such behavior. It is useful to examine the circumstances under which other species will or will not barter to more fully understand the phenomenon. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are an interesting test case as they are an intelligent species, closely related to humans, and known to participate in reciprocal interactions and token economies with humans, yet they have not spontaneously developed costly barter. Methodology/Principle Findings Although chimpanzees do engage in noncostly barter, in which otherwise value-less tokens are exchanged for food, this lack of risk is not typical of human barter. Thus, we systematically examined barter in chimpanzees to ascertain under what circumstances chimpanzees will engage in costly barter of commodities, that is, trading food items for other food items with a human experimenter. We found that chimpanzees do barter, relinquishing lower value items to obtain higher value items (and not the reverse). However, they do not trade in all beneficial situations, maintaining possession of less preferred items when the relative gains they stand to make are small. Conclusions/Significance Two potential explanations for this puzzling behavior are that chimpanzees lack ownership norms, and thus have limited opportunity to benefit from the gains of trade, and that chimpanzees' risk of defection is sufficiently high that large gains must be imminent to justify the risk. Understanding the conditions that support barter in chimpanzees may increase understanding of situations in which humans, too, do not maximize their gains.
Lignan Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.

Abstract Background Evidence regarding lignan consumption in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk remains limited and mixed. Objectives The aim of this study was to prospectively examine a...
Enhancing Equity Index Mutual Fund Returns Using Cost and Morningstar Ratings Information

Although equity index mutual funds (EIMFs) are often viewed as a commodity, we analyze the impact that differences in expenses and other fund characteristics have on both past returns and forward-looking ratings. Morningstar evaluates past performance with their “star” rating and evaluates future fund prospects using analyst ratings (ARs) and quantitative ratings (QRs). Funds with low expense ratios and no loads earn higher returns without adding proportionally higher risk. Morningstar analysts carefully consider fund fees in their evaluations and assign much higher ARs to lower-cost funds. Interestingly, although loads initially appear to negatively impact these ratings, once expense ratios are controlled for, analysts seem to be favorably disposed to funds with loads. Regression analysis further suggests that ARs are also positively influenced by Morningstar ratings and fund size. QRs are positively influenced by past performance, but negatively correlated with loads and expense ratios. EIMF age has little influence on AR and QR levels, though the likelihood of an AR rating increases with time since inception. Similar results occur in both the US and foreign equity markets. Expense ratios, loads, past performance, and size can all be used as fund selection tools that aid in maximizing investor wealth. Key Findings ▪ When investing in US or foreign equity index mutual funds (EIMFs), investors can enhance returns by reducing fund-related expenditures. These include loads, which occur prior to investment. ▪ The individual benefits of lowering loads and expenses exist whether looking backward with Morningstar “Star” ratings or looking forward using either analyst ratings (ARs) or algorithms based on investment “pillars,” which Morningstar defines as quantitative ratings (QRs). However, analysts seem willing to incur loads when considering loads and expense ratios in tandem. ▪ Forecast returns are higher for EIMFs with higher historical returns and EIMFs that have a larger amount of assets under management.
Deep Learning Based Identification and Segmentation of Lung Tumors on Computed Tomography Images.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Rapid and accurate estimation of tumor burden in biomedical images is essential for precisely monitoring cancer progression and assessing therapeutic response. The ability to detect and segment tumors using an automated approach is a key part of this task. Despite recent advances from deep learning, lung tumor delineation remains challenging, particularly when the tumor bounding box is not provided to the model. We hypothesized that clinical radiation oncology contours could supply a large enough dataset of 3D tumor segmentations to enable more accurate models. We developed and validated a deep learning-based model to identify and segment primary and metastatic lung tumors on computed tomography (CT) images. MATERIALS/METHODS We curated a dataset consisting of CT images and clinical segmentations of 1,916 lung tumors in 1,504 patients who received radiation treatment for one or more primary or metastatic lung tumors. Segmentation quality was independently verified by a radiation oncologist using a custom web application. This dataset was used to train two 3D U-Net convolutional neural networks with varying model properties: one using high-resolution and small input volumes, and one using low-resolution and large input volumes. Models were ensembled together during validation. Performance was evaluated using an external held-out test set of CT images and segmentations from 59 patients with a single primary or metastatic lung tumor, treated at a separate clinical site. This test set consisted of 50 primary lung cancers and 9 metastases. To benchmark model performance against physicians, the test set was also contoured by two additional radiation oncologists. RESULTS Median tumor volume in the external test set was 80.48 cubic centimeters (interquartile range [IQR]: 14.40 to 177.65). The segmentations generated by the ensembled model produced a mean Dice coefficient of 0.62 (IQR: 0.47 to 0.85) on the test set. The sensitivity for detecting a tumor, as defined by correctly predicting at least one voxel within a ground truth tumor, was 93.2%, and the Dice coefficient for the scans with correctly identified lesions was 0.67 (IQR: 0.53 to 0.85). In comparison, the mean interobserver Dice coefficient for the three physicians on the test set was 0.76 (IQR: 0.70 to 0.84). We observed strong correlation between physician-determined tumor size and model-predicted tumor size (Pearson correlation, r = 0.69, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION An end-to-end deep learning-based model was able to identify and segment lung tumors in a completely automated fashion, with near-expert level performance. Such models could soon be useful for clinical contouring and automatic quantification of tumor burden.
Data-driven thermoelectric modeling: Current challenges and prospects

Recent advancements in computing technologies coupled with the need to make sense of large amounts of raw data have renewed much interest in data-driven materials design and discovery. Traditional materials science research relies heavily on experimental data to gauge the properties of materials. However, this paradigm is purely based on trial and error and ongoing research can take decades to discover new materials. Data-driven modeling tools such as machine learning and its proven libraries can help speed up the materials’ discovery process through the implementation of powerful algorithms on readily available material datasets mined from the ever-increasing private- and government-funded material databases. In this Perspective, we applied various machine learning models on tens of hundreds of thermoelectric compounds obtained from density functional theory calculation results. In our preliminary analysis, we made use of pymatgen and the powerful materials science library matminer to add and explore key material features that have the propensity to accurately predict our achievable target output. We evaluated the accuracy and performance of our models with the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error, and K-fold cross-validation metrics and identified the most important descriptors for our materials. Finally, we reviewed the current state-of-the-art in data-driven thermoelectric materials’ design and discovery, its current challenges, and prospects.
Volatile organic compounds of a Swiss cheese slurry system with and without added reduced glutathione, compared with commercial Swiss cheese

Abstract The volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of a Swiss cheese curd slurry system, with and without addition of reduced glutathione (GSH), was investigated on a daily basis for six days of incubation at 30 °C. The VOC profiles of commercial Swiss cheese samples from different stages during manufacture (after press, end of pre-cool, end of warm room and at cut) were also measured. Using the volatiles produced, the time scale of the slurry was matched to that of conventional ripening to determine which day of accelerated ripening corresponded to each stage of commercial ripening. The profiles of most of the VOCs in the slurry system with GSH more closely matched the profiles at the different stages of Swiss cheese ripening than the slurry system without GSH. Moreover, the headspace concentrations of volatiles that are considered to produce off-flavors were significantly decreased in the Swiss cheese slurry system with GSH.
Chapter 13 – Concluding Remarks

Publisher Summary This chapter set out to synthesize the results of available research and, based on the results of this research, offer guidance to mental health clinicians about the use of many naturopathic supplements. Clinicians need to be armed with accurate, research-based information to guide parents about which naturopathic compounds may be safe and effective, and which are not likely to offer much benefit. This chapter focuses on those compounds that are most widely available and recommended by naturopaths and supplement vendors. The compounds that are discussed in this chapter, and the amount of available evidence to support their use when treating symptoms of mental health disorders that commonly occur in children and adolescents.
Efficiency Considerations for Scalable Information Retrieval Servers

We review a variety of techniques to improve efficiency in information retrieval. Given the increasing volumes of data that are available electronically, understanding and using such techniques is critical. We address several efficiency concerns, but our primary focus is on index processing since it dominates the computational demands of information retrieval. Given the importance of index processing, in addition to a general overview we include some recent index maintenance results. These results demonstrate that by delaying the updating of the index when additional documents are introduced to the collection, efficiency is improved without noticeably degrading the effectiveness of information retrieval. We conclude with an overview of parallel processing in information retrieval. Since users cannot tolerate lengthy response times, searching large text databases requires vast computational resources. Parallel processing is currently the only means to support these demands. We focus on only those approaches that are currently commercially viable.
Combining Image Processing with Signal Processing to Improve Radio Position Estimation

This paper uses aerial, orthorectified imagery to model the radio multipath environment. This model is used to improve time difference of arrival (TDOA) based radio positioning. The imagery is processed using a building extraction algorithm compiled from current techniques. The building model is used to develop a shortest-path routing protocol from each candidate transmitter position to each receiver, creating more accurate models of the TDOA information than are available when assuming all paths are line of sight (LOS). The final positioning algorithm is a maximum likelihood algorithm that compares the observed and theoretical TDOA values at each grid point. When compared to the Chan a Ho method which assumes line of sight (LOS), the method in this paper improves transmitter geolocation error by an average of 44 m (53%) in non-LOS environments. However, in cases where all receivers actually have a LOS, the current method is faster and slightly more accurate. Therefore, the method in this paper is most applicable to scenarios requiring position estimation of vehicles in an urban environment using stationary receivers and significant computing power.
Domesticacions, domesticitats i altres qüestions de gènere

This article uses Lyotard’s theory linking the origins of thinking with desire and with the existence of a sexually- differentiated body to examine Maria-Merce Marcal’s poem, “El meu amor sense casa,” as a “lyrical practice of feminism and difference, a writing of the body.” From this perspective, it pays attention to Marcal’s poetry as an inscription of sexual difference in language and literary practices, transforming them, destabilizing them and turning them into thinking tools for all. The central figure of the home or domus in the poem embodies the binary ambiguities that are largely undone by the appropriation of a hegemonic discourse by a body that is generically and sexually “different.” Marcal’s poem thus provides an architectural genealogy of a poetic subject that thinks in a body that is both female and lesbian.
A framework for analyzing cross-boundary e-government projects: the CapWin example

E-government has been a major beneficiary of Internet-enabled interorganizational systems (hereafter, IOS). IOS permit participating partners to share information and coordinate processes to achieve efficiencies in existing operations as well as to support new and more effective processes. These benefits do not come easily, given the challenges of coordinating IOS design and implementation. Moreover, the size and complexity of the federalist U.S. government tends to exacerbate the challenges of collaboration. The success of an IOS depends upon more than the ability of participating organizations and agencies to implement a good technology solution, although this is clearly a key factor in such a project. IOS designers, sponsors and participants also must take into consideration a number of environmental and organizational factors. In this paper, we propose a framework to describe the environmental, organizational and project specific factors that contribute to the success of an IOS. We illustrate this framework by describing a specific e-government IOS project, CapWIN.
The effect of non-cognitive outcomes on perceptions of school as a feminine domain among Latino men in community college

This study provides insight into the relationship between Latino males’ perceptions of school as a feminine domain and the following non-cognitive outcomes: degree utility (the level to which Latino men perceive their degree to be worthwhile), locus of control (the degree to which Latino men believe they have personal control over their education), intrinsic interest (the degree to which Latino men are intrinsically motivated to pursue their collegiate goals), and self-efficacy (the degree to which Latino men believe that they can succeed). Findings from the hierarchical multiple regression revealed that degree utility, locus of control, and intrinsic interest were significant predictors of Latino males’ perception of school as a feminine domain.
A shortcut for computing the modified Allan variance

The computation of modified Allan variance directly from its definition is much more expensive than the computation of conventional Allan variance. A simple observation shows that a program for computing the conventional Allan variance from second differences of phase residuals can easily be embellished to compute the modified Allan variance with only a small increase in code, memory, and time. >
A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4. As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs. In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors. Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).
Face recognition in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were trained on a variety of simultaneous two-choice visual discrimination tasks to assess their ability to utilize pictures of other rhesus monkey faces as discriminative stimuli. The results revealed that this non-human primate is particularly adept at making such discriminations and is not confused by manipulations in orientation; posture; size; color; or illumination.
On the quantity and quality of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are useful markers for locating genes since they occur throughout the human genome and thousands can be scored at once using DNA microarrays. Here, we use branching processes and coalescent theory to show that if one uses Kruglyak's (Nature Gen. 12 (1999) 139–144) model of the growth of the human population and one assumes an average mutation rate of 1×10−8 per nucleotide per generation then there are about 5.7 million SNP's in the human genome, or one every 526 base pairs. We also obtain results for the number of SNPs that will be found in samples of sizes n⩾2 to gain insight into the number that will be found by various experimental procedures.
The Ethics of Psychology's Role in Politics and the Development and Institution of Social Policy

The relationship between psychological research and the development of social policy is controversial, as is any discussion of the role of values and morals within science. Three particular instances of this controversy are evident in psychological research conducted on affirmative action, child abuse, and abortion. The American Psychological Association (APA) in fact takes a particular organizational stance on these issues. APA's Ethics Code provides some guidelines for dealing with issues of personal values as they impact psychological research and the development of social policy. An important distinction can be made between the issues psychological research can reasonably address using empirical data and the issues about which psychologists should take a stand. Ethical guidelines can help psychologists make this distinction as well as inform their subsequent actions. One pertinent recommendation is that psychologists, when serving in their professional role, should be clear regarding whether empiricis...
When Russians learn English: How the semantics of causation may change

We examined how the semantics of causal expressions in Russian and English might differ and how these differences might lead to changes in the way second language learners understand causal expressions in their first language. According to the dynamics model of causation (Wolff, 2007), expressions of causation based on CAUSE verbs (make, force) differ from expressions based on ENABLE verbs (let, help, allow) primarily in terms of the causee's inherent tendency toward an endstate, that is, the causee's physical or intentional inclination for a particular state of affairs. In Russian, the tendency appears to be based on internally derived forces, whereas in English, the tendency may be based on either internally or externally derived forces. In two experiments, English and Russian monolinguals and bilinguals described animations in which the causee's tendency was systematically varied. When the causee's tendency was ambiguous, English and Russian monolinguals’ descriptions differed, suggesting that the causal expressions differ in meaning across languages. Of primary interest, Russian–English and English–Russian bilinguals’ causal descriptions differed from those of monolingual speakers of their first language, and in the direction of the second language, even though they performed the task in the first language. This L2 → L1 transfer is explained in terms of the memory phenomenon of retrieval-induced reconsolidation.
Head Direction Cell Representations Maintain Internal Coherence during Conflicting Proximal and Distal Cue Rotations: Comparison with Hippocampal Place Cells

Place cells of the hippocampal formation encode a spatial representation of the environment, and the orientation of this representation is apparently governed by the head direction cell system. The representation of a well explored environment by CA1 place cells can be split when there is conflicting information from salient proximal and distal cues, because some place fields rotate to follow the distal cues, whereas others rotate to follow the proximal cues (Knierim, 2002a). In contrast, the CA3 representation is more coherent than CA1, because the place fields in CA3 tend to rotate in the same direction (Lee et al., 2004). The present study tests whether the head direction cell network produces a split representation or remains coherent under these conditions by simultaneously recording both CA1 place cells and head direction cells from the thalamus. In agreement with previous studies, split representations of the environment were observed in ensembles of CA1 place cells in ∼75% of the mismatch sessions, in which some fields followed the counterclockwise rotation of proximal cues and other fields followed the clockwise rotation of distal cues. However, of 225 recording sessions, there was not a single instance of the head direction cell ensembles revealing a split representation of head direction. Instead, in most of the mismatch sessions, the head direction cell tuning curves rotated as an ensemble clockwise (94%) and in a few sessions rotated counterclockwise (6%). The findings support the notion that the head direction cells may be part of an attractor network bound more strongly to distal landmarks than proximal landmarks, even under conditions in which the CA1 place representation loses its coherence.
Influence of compression ratio of foam on printing quality of ink cartridge

The paper had studied the influence of compression ratio of foam on printing quality of ink cartridge. Fundamental properties of foam were first introduced as a review. Thus, some basic models for compression of foam could have been built up to deal with the physical effect of compression on the back pressure of ink cartridge. It might actually make difference on many aspects for an ink-jet printer. By means of experiments, several individual cases had been done which composed of different combinations for the compressed foams and color inks. It turned out that the printing quality might be much influenced in the cases. The results implied that the compression ratio of foam should be correctly chosen in order to yield best quality on the print. Finally, detailed analysis explained to make a suggestion for the choice. It's expected to be very helpful in the future design of ink cartridge with the foam.
Making Mathematical Connections across the Curriculum: Activities to Help Teachers Begin.

Ample evidence is available to support the contention that, for learning to be meaningful, concepts must be connected and integrated within the experiences of the learner. In mathematics, at least three kinds of connections are particularly beneficial: connections within mathematics, across the curriculum, and with real world contexts. The authors' work with preservice and inservice teachers has convinced them that teachers possess both the willingness and the capability to help students make meaningful connections, given encouragement and support. This article focuses on making mathematical connections across the curriculum; activities which help teachers learn how to design their own are shared.
I Don't Know Monica Lewinsky, and I'm Not in the CIA. Now How about that Interview?

On January 18, 1998, I walked off a plane in Sao Paulo, Brazil. As I cleared customs and weaved through the hot, steamy airport, the cafes and newsstands, I noticed one young woman's face on the front pages of all the newspapers and journals I passed. She was wearing a beret and hugging Bill Clinton in the photo, and her name was Monica Lewinsky. Never having heard of her before, I assumed the interest in her was specific to Brazil. Surely I would know her name if she actually mattered to anyone, I thought, and went on.
Genetic Background Influences the Effects of Withdrawal from Chronic Nicotine on Learning and High-Affinity Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Binding in the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus

Rationale The effects of nicotine on cognitive processes may play an important role in nicotine addiction. Nicotine withdrawal impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and genetic factors influence this effect. However, the neural changes that contribute to these impairments are unknown. Chronic nicotine upregulates hippocampal nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs), which may contribute to cognitive deficits when nicotine administration ceases. If nAChR upregulation underlies withdrawal deficits in learning, then strains of mice exhibiting withdrawal deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning should also show upregulation of hippocampal nAChRs.
Do child care subsidies influence single mothers’ decision to invest in human capital?

Abstract A child care subsidy is one of the most effective policy instruments to facilitate low-income individuals’ transition from welfare to work. Although previous studies consistently find that subsidy receipt is associated with increased employment among single mothers, there is currently no evidence on the influence of these benefits on the decision to invest in human capital. Using data from the Kindergarten cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, this paper examines the impact of child care subsidy receipt on the likelihood of engaging in education and job training activities. We identify the impact of subsidy receipt by exploiting plausibly exogenous geographic variation in the distance that parents must travel from home in order to reach the nearest social service agency that administers the subsidy application process. Results suggest that child care subsidies encourage single mothers to engage in human capital investment. In particular, our instrumental variables estimates imply that subsidy receipt increases the likelihood that a single mother enrolls in courses at a school or university by 13 percentage points and participates in a job training program by 8 percentage points.
Teaching cholangiography in a surgical residency program.

Objective To evaluate the time associated with routine cholangiography in a residency teaching program. Design We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography by a single surgeon from April 2010 to September 2011. Cholangiogram time, demographic, and operative information was recorded, and factors associated with increased cholangiogram times were compared using Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and linear regression; a p value Setting Academic-affiliated community-based surgical residency program. Participants 10 surgical residents, PGY 1–5. Results Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 54 patients. The average patient age was 43 years; 69% were Caucasian and 74% were female. Cholangiography was successful in 96% of patients. The average time for cholangiograms performed by residents was 11 minutes (range, 6-22 minutes) and average operating room time was 68 minutes (range, 32-103 minutes). The average percentage of case time for cholangiography was 17% (range, 9%-63%). Minor technical complications related to cholangiograms occurred in 33% of cases, with the most common being difficulty with clipping the catheter (20%). There was no significant difference in completion rate or cholangiogram time based on resident level of experience (p > 0.05). Conclusions Intraoperative cholangiogram can be safely performed by residents at every level during laparoscopic cholecystectomy without adding significant time to the operation.
Polymyxin B inhibits phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not chemotactic factor, induced effects in rabbit neutrophils.

Abstract The addition of the amphipathic polycationic antibiotic polymyxin B to a suspension of rabbit neutrophils results in inhibition of the agonist (secretion of secondary granules) and antagonist (inhibition of chemotactic factor induced degranulation) properties of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On the other hand, polymyxin B does not inhibit the degranulation of the neutrophils that is induced by chemotactic factors. These results imply that the role of protein kinase C in the initiation of neutrophil functions in response to the addition of chemotactic factors is less critical than previously thought. In addition, the reversal of the inhibitory properties of phorbol esters by polymyxin B indicates that the former are mediated by the ability of the tumor promoters to activate protein kinase C. These results thus strengthen the hypothesis that protein kinase C plays important roles in the regulation (as contrasted to initiation) of neutrophil functions.
Stringent Response Regulation of Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae

Biofilm formation is a key factor in Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and host colonization. Production of biofilm enables V. cholerae to survive and persist in aquatic environments and aids in the passage through the gastric acid barrier to allow access to the small intestine. The genes involved in biofilm formation are regulated by the transcriptional activators vpsR and vpsT, which are in turn transcriptionally regulated by a number of environmental signals. In this study, the role of the stringent response in biofilm formation was examined. V. cholerae mutants deficient in stringent response had a reduced ability to form biofilms, although they were not completely deficient in biofilm formation. There are three (p)ppGpp synthases in V. cholerae: RelA, SpoT, and RelV. All three synthases were necessary for vpsR transcription, with RelV showing the strongest effect. RelA was the only synthase that was necessary for vpsT expression. Stringent response regulation of vpsR and vpsT was shown to partially occur through rpoS. Biofilm formation in V. cholerae is controlled by a complex regulatory apparatus, with negative regulators of biofilm gene expression, such as quorum sensing, and positive regulators of biofilm genes, including stringent response, interacting to ensure that biofilm formation is coordinated with the environment.
Coping with Radiation Treatment for Gynecologic Cancer: Mood and Disruption in Usual Function

Research on coping with cancer treatment can benefit from the use of outcome measures (emotion and disruption of usual activities) derived from theories of coping. These outcomes were examined in a sample of women (N = 30) receiving external radiation treatment (RT) for gynecologic cancer. The subjects were interviewed during the first, third and last weeks of treatment and monthly for 3 months following the completion of treatment. Level of negative mood (Profile of Mood States) peaked during the last week of RT and decreased over the 3 months following treatment, with the overall level of negative mood being relatively low at all points of measurement. Disruption in usual function (Sickness Impact Profile) remained at about 10% during treatment and gradually decreased to 3% at 3 months after treatment. The number and severity of the side effects of radiation treatment increased from the beginning to the third week of treatment and gradually declined over the post-treatment measures. Severity of side eff...
NMR in high concentration vanadium hydride: VHx, x < 2

Abstract We have observed the proton and 51V NMR in vanadium hydrides with bulk concentrations of up two hydrogens per vanadium, with emphasis on the region above 0.9 H/V, where a nonmetallic dihydride phase appears and coexists with the metallic monohydride.
Predicting attenuant and resonant 2-cycles in periodically forced discrete-time two-species population models

Periodic environments may either enhance or suppress a population via resonant or attenuant cycles. We derive signature functions for predicting the responses of two competing populations to 2-periodic oscillations in six model parameters. Two of these parameters provide a non-trivial equilibrium and two provide the carrying capacities of each species in the absence of the other, but the remaining two are arbitrary and could be intrinsic growth rates. Each signature function is the sign of a weighted sum of the relative strengths of the oscillations of the perturbed parameters. Periodic environments are favourable for populations when the signature function is positive and are deleterious if the signature function is negative. We compute the signature functions of four classical, discrete-time two-species populations and determine regions in parameter space which are either favourable or detrimental to the populations. The six-parameter models include the Logistic, Ricker, Beverton–Holt, and Hassell models.