cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glass Transition Behavior in a Peat Humic Acid and an Aquatic Fulvic Acid

This paper presents the results of a thermal investigation of the physical and chemical properties constituting the macromolecular structure of natural organic matter (NOM). It presents new evidence of glass transition phenomena in a peat humic acid and a stream-derived fulvic acid as identified through use of temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). Identification of glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in both soil- and stream-derived humic materials suggests a general macromolecular structure for humic and fulvic materials in NOM. Quantified Tgs are found to be related to their elemental and chemical functional group composition, where a more aromatic peat humic acid possesses higher glass transition temperatures than Suwannee River fulvic acid. Theory of glass transition behavior is used as a backdrop to explore the potential use of thermal analysis techniques for quantifying other thermodynamic parameters of NOM, including specific heat cap...
Economics and Ground-Water Developmenta

The economics of ground-water resource development and use are discussed. After a consideration of the welfare criteria, problems of defining and managing property rights are presented. The interrelated nature of ground-water use and external effects resulting from uncoordinated individual action lead to inefficiencies in ground-water development and use unless appropriate institutional arrangements have been made.
Interfacial polycondensation reactions of the new monomer 1,1′‐bis(β ‐aminoethyl)ferrocene

Condensation polymerizations of several ferrocenecontaining monomers have been investigated, using low temperature interfacial and solution techniques. 1, 1′-bis(β-aminoethyl)ferrocene was synthesized via a 6-step process starting with ferrocene. This monomer was then copolymerized with various aromatic and aliphatic diacid chlorides as well as with diisocyanates, leading to ferrocene-containing polyamides and polyureas having moderately high to low viscosities. Using the interfacial method, film formation occurred for the polyamides. The related monomer 1,1′-bis(β-hydroxyethyl)ferrocene reacted with diacid chlorides and diisocyanates to form ferrocenecontaining polyesters and polyurethanes, respectively, using the solution method. The ferrocenecontaining condensation polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and examined for possible liquid crystalline behavior.
Cyclic Withdrawal From Endogenous and Exogenous Progesterone Increases Kainic Acid and Perforant Pathway Induced Seizures

Abstract Antiseizure effects of progesterone (P) and its metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α, 5α-THP) were investigated following continuous vs. discontinuous P exposure. In Experiments 1, 32 cycling Long–Evans rats were administered kainic acid (32 mg/kg SC), ictal behavior was examined, and plasma 3α,5α-THP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Proestrus/estrus rats showed less ictal activity and had elevated 3α,5α-THP levels prior to kainic acid compared to diestrus/metestrus subjects. In Experiment 2, 49 ovariectomized (ovx) rats were SC injected with estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 μg) and P (500 μg), to mimic estrus, or sesame oil vehicle (0.2 cc); all subjects were administered kainic acid. Rats tested with EB+P showed a reduced mean duration of full seizures and increased 3α,5α-THP, whereas those tested 24 h following EB+P had more tonic clonic seizures and lower 3α,5α-THP concentrations, comparable to ovx control animals. In Experiment 3, 49 ovx rats were stereotaxically implanted with bipolar electrodes into the perforant pathway. Prior to perforant pathway stimulation, rats received cholesterol or EB+P capsules for 1 month, continuously or intermittently. Irrespective of continuous or intermittent EB+P, the presence of progestins at the time of perforant pathway stimulation reduced partial seizure activity. Continuous EB+P capsules resulted in increased 3α,5α-THP levels compared to all other conditions, and less damage in the hilus of the hippocampus, compared to intermittent EB+P. These data confirm that P and 3α,5α-THP have antiseizure effects, and further suggest that repeated cycles of endogenous or exogenous P and/or 3α,5α-THP withdrawal influences seizure threshold and/or hippocampal integrity.
Physicochemical/Thermodynamic Framework for the Interpretation of Peptide Tandem Mass Spectra†

The interpretation of tandem mass spectra of peptides from collision-induced dissociation is discussed from the perspective of a multinomial data analysis problem and from the perspective of statis...
Long-term potentiation recruits a trisynaptic excitatory associative network within the mouse dentate gyrus

Granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus receive two powerful excitatory inputs: the perforant path, originating from the entorhinal cortex, and the associational pathway, originating from mossy cells, the principal neurons of the dentate gyrus hilus. We examined the electrophysiological properties of the less well-studied associational pathway and its interaction with the perforant path in the intact mouse hippocampus and then tested homosynaptic, trans-synaptic and associative long-term potentiation of these pathways. The associational pathway was either monosynaptically activated by stimulation within the inner molecular layer or trisynaptically activated after stimulation of the perforant path. Laminar profiles of extracellularly recorded associational pathway field potentials demonstrated a bell-shaped curve with a peak in the inner molecular layer. Tetanization of the perforant path induced not only homosynaptic potentiation of the perforant path (162.4 +/- 6.7% at 0.5-1.5 h after tetanus) but also heterosynaptic potentiation of the associational pathway (115.7 +/- 4.9%). Direct tetanization of the associational pathway within the inner molecular layer was ineffective in either the septo-temporal (97.2 +/- 4.5%) or temporal-septal (104.4 +/- 4.6%) direction. In contrast, conjoint tetanization of the associational pathway with the perforant path potentiated the associational pathway responses in both the septo-temporal (123.4 +/- 5.8%) and the temporal-septal (124.8 +/- 7.3%) directions. Paired-pulse facilitation was attenuated by long-term potentiation in the perforant path and the associational pathway, suggesting pre-synaptic involvement. These results demonstrate that long-term potentiation of the associational pathway and the perforant path is a product of the network properties of the dentate gyrus rather than of each monosynaptic input alone. The architecture of this neural network may be designed for flexible dynamic associations of the afferent perforant path inputs to configure encoded information within hippocampal neuronal ensembles.
Computational Prediction and Experimental Verification of HVA1-like Abscisic Acid Responsive Promoters in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the central plant hormones, responsible for controlling both maturation and germination in seeds, as well as mediating adaptive responses to desiccation, injury, and pathogen infection in vegetative tissues. Thorough analyses of two barley genes, HVA1 and HVA22, indicate that their response to ABA relies on the interaction of two cis-acting elements in their promoters, an ABA response element (ABRE) and a coupling element (CE). Together, they form an ABA response promoter complex (ABRC). Comparison of promoters of barley HVA1 and it rice orthologue indicates that the structures and sequences of their ABRCs are highly similar. Prediction of ABA responsive genes in the rice genome is then tractable to a bioinformatics approach based on the structures of the well-defined barley ABRCs. Here we describe a model developed based on the consensus, inter-element spacing and orientations of experimentally determined ABREs and CEs. Our search of the rice promoter database for promoters that fit the model has generated a partial list of genes in rice that have a high likelihood of being involved in the ABA signaling network. The ABA inducibility of some of the rice genes identified was validated with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (QPCR). By limiting our input data to known enhancer modules and experimentally derived rules, we have generated a high confidence subset of ABA-regulated genes. The results suggest that the pathways by which cereals respond to biotic and abiotic stresses overlap significantly, and that regulation is not confined to the level transcription. The large fraction of putative regulatory genes carrying HVA1-like enhancer modules in their promoters suggests the ABA signal enters at multiple points into a complex regulatory network that remains largely unmapped.
Efficiency gains from organizational innovation: Comparing ordinal and cardinal tournament games in broiler contracts

Abstract We analyze the contract settlement data of a poultry company who contracts the production of broiler chickens with a group of independent growers. The company originally used rank-order (ordinal) tournaments to compensate their contract growers and later switched to cardinal tournaments. Based on the observed payment mechanism we construct an empirical model of a rank-order tournament game and estimate structural parameters of the symmetric Nash equilibrium and then simulate growers' performance under the observed cardinal tournament contract. We found that the model with risk-averse agents fits the data better than the model with risk-neutral agents and that switching from a rank-order tournament to a cardinal tournament, while keeping the growers' ex-ante expected utility constant, improved efficiency. The principal (company) gains from the switch, whereas some of the agents (growers) gain and others lose depending on their realized productivity shocks.
Vasopressin in chronic kidney disease: an elephant in the room?

Perico et al. report that a dual arginine vasopressin (AVP) V2 and V1a receptor antagonist lowers blood pressure, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, pointing to its potential value in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). AVP likely contributes to CKD progression by its effects on renal hemodynamics, blood pressure, and mesangial and/or epithelial cells, but the relative contributions of V2 and V1a receptors and potential usefulness of V2 and V1a receptor antagonists remain ill defined.
Demand on Mental Workload: Relation to Cue Reactivity and Craving in Women with Disordered Eating and Problematic Drinking

The present study introduces a novel paradigm that combines the clinical aspects of disordered eating and problematic drinking utilizing mental demand to measure the information-processing load imposed by a task. A total of 175 female undergraduates (median age = 19) rated the mental demand of receiving alcohol- and food-related olfactory cues and performing a disorder-salient Stroop task. Results show that women who were high on disordered eating symptomatology were more likely to engage in hazardous drinking. Both disordered eating and problematic drinking contributed to women rating the olfactory and Stroop tasks as being difficult on measures of mental workload. Problematic drinking accounted for more variance in measures of mental demand than disordered eating. Measures of food and alcohol craving were not significant moderators for the relationship between disordered eating, problematic drinking, and mental workload. Findings suggest that targeting cognitions pertinent to disordered eating or hazard...
Toward objective and quantitative evaluation of imaging systems using images of phantoms

The use of imaging phantoms is a common method of evaluating image quality in the clinical setting. These evaluations rely on a subjective decision by a human observer with respect to the faintest detectable signal(s) in the image. Because of the variable and subjective nature of the human-observer scores, the evaluations manifest a lack of precision and a potential for bias. The advent of digital imaging systems with their inherent digital data provides the opportunity to use techniques that do not rely on human-observer decisions and thresholds. Using the digital data, signal-detection theory (SDT) provides the basis for more objective and quantitative evaluations which are independent of a human-observer decision threshold. In a SDT framework, the evaluation of imaging phantoms represents a “signal-known-exactly/background-known-exactly” (“SKE/BKE”) detection task. In this study, we compute the performance of prewhitening and nonprewhitening model observers in terms of the observer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for these “SKE/BKE” tasks. We apply the evaluation methods to a number of imaging systems. For example, we use data from a laboratory implementation of digital radiography and from a full-field digital mammography system in a clinical setting. In addition, we make a comparison of our methods to human-observer scoring of a set of digital images of the CDMAM phantom available from the internet (EUREF—European Reference Organization). In the latter case, we show a significant increase in the precision of the quantitative methods versus the variability in the scores from human observers on the same set of images. As regards bias, the performance of a model observer estimated from a finite data set is known to be biased. In this study, we minimize the bias and estimate the variance of the observer SNR using statistical resampling techniques, namely, “bootstrapping” and “shuffling” of the data sets. Our methods provide objective and quantitative evaluation of imaging systems with increased precision and reduced bias.
Excellent Rings with Local Generic Formal Fibers

Abstract Let (T, M) be a complete regular local ring of dimension at least 2, containing the rationals, such that the cardinality of the residue fieldT/Mis at least the cardinality of the real numbers. Supposep ≠ Mis a prime ideal ofT. We construct an excellent regular local ringAsuch that the completion ofAisTand the generic formal fiber ofAis local (this means that the ringT ⊗ AKis a local ring whereKis the quotient field ofA) withp ⊗ A Kits maximal ideal. In addition, ifqis a prime ideal ofTwithq ∩ A = P ≠ (0), thenq = PT.
The influence of texture on the elastic properties of ultrafine-grain copper

The connection between texture and elastic behavior of ultrafine-grain (250 nm) copper produced by severe plastic deformation is investigated. A previous study indicated that as-processed ultrafine-grain copper has a low elastic modulus (E=115 GPa) which recovers the accepted value (128 GPa) after annealing above 150–200°C. It was proposed that the low modulus was the result of non-equilibrium grain boundaries. In the current study we have found that the anomalous elastic behavior is likely to be the result of a deformation texture formed during processing. The texture was characterized by x-ray pole figure analysis, revealing preferred orientations of 10× random. The orientation distribution function was calculated and incorporated into a Hill approximation of the elastic behavior. Experimental ultrasonic velocities were measured revealing anisotropy consistent with the predictions of the Hill approximation. After annealing above the recrystallization temperature (185°C), texture analysis and acoustic velocity measurements showed isotropy was recovered.
Myotome and early neurogenesis in chick embryos

The present study was undertaken in order to verify the identification of profiles of presumptive growth cones in vivo. The developing spinal nerves of chick embryos were studied by light and electron microscopy. We traced the onset of efferent and afferent innervation of the myotome in 2- to 4-day-old chick embryos in order to be sure that we were examining the growing tips of axons. In the process of studying these growing axons, we were able to observe some unique relationships of neural tube, myotome, and differentiating spinal nerves. The neural tube tightly abuts the myotome in Hamburger and Hamilton's (HH) stage 14 chick embryos and cytoplasmic projections from the myotome directly abut the neural tube. The first ventral roots could be identified in HH stage 15 embryos and dorsal roots in HH stage 16 embryos, both under 2 1/2 days of age. The advancing spinal nerve courses toward the anterior or cranial half of the myotome, and growth cones directly contact the medial wall of the myotome. The spinal nerves continue to abut tightly the myotome during the succeeding day of embryonic life, and growth cones enter the substance of the myotome by 3 days, or HH stage 19 embryos. These dorsolaterally directed axons will form the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerves and the ventral ramus continues to be contiguous with the myotome. Invasion of the myotome by axons (putative innervation), and thus innervation of myotomal cells in the 3-day chick embryos, was a totally unexpected finding. The myotome and its potential derivatives thus have extensive neural contact by 3 days of embryonic life in the chick. These findings document a parallel differentiation of afferent and efferent elements of the nervous system and confirm previous accounts identifying growth cones in an intact organism. These findings suggest that afferent as well as efferent nerves may have critical roles in the differentiation of the mesodermal as well as ectodermal derivatives.
Pulp Polyp Associated with a Natal Tooth: Case Report

Natal teeth are an infrequent occurrence at birth. Often these teeth are extracted because they are very mobile and pose a risk of aspiration. This is a rare case in which a natal tooth was extracted by the pediatrician with his fingers. A root fragment remained and out of this developed a large pulp polyp. This relationship has not been previously reported.
Inequalities for formal power series and entire functions

We present several integral and exponential inequalities for formal power series and for both arbitrary entire functions of exponential type and generalized Borel transforms. They are obtained through certain limit procedures which involve the multiparameter binomial inequalities, integral inequalities for continuous functions, and weighted norm inequalities for analytic functions. Some applications to the confluent hypergeometric functions, Bessel functions, Laguerre polynomials, and trigonometric functions are discussed. Also some generalizations are given.
Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Cells Can Reconstitute a Stratified Epidermis

Eccrine sweat glands are generally considered to be a possible epidermal stem cell source. Here we compared the multilayered epithelia formed by epidermal keratinocytes and those formed by eccrine sweat gland cells. We demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo the capability of human eccrine sweat gland cells to form a stratified interfollicular epidermis substitute on collagen hydrogels. This is substantiated by the following findings: (1) a stratified epidermis consisting of 10-12 cell layers is formed by sweat gland cells; (2) a distinct stratum corneum develops and is maintained after transplantation onto immuno-incompetent rats; (3) proteins such as filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin, envoplakin, periplakin, and transglutaminases I and III match with the pattern of the normal human skin; (4) junctional complexes and hemidesmosomes are readily and regularly established; (5) cell proliferation in the basal layer reaches homeostatic levels; (6) the sweat gland-derived epidermis is anchored by hemidesmosomes within a well-developed basal lamina; and (7) palmo-plantar or mucosal markers are not expressed in the sweat gland-derived epidermis. These data suggest that human eccrine sweat glands are an additional source of keratinocytes that can generate a stratified epidermis. Our findings raise the question of the extent to which the human skin is repaired and/or permanently renewed by eccrine sweat gland cells.
Chronic Stress, Immune Dysregulation, and Health:

In the past 40 years, a growing body of literature has shown that chronic psychological stress can lead to immune dysregulation. Notably, these stress-induced immune changes are large enough to be clinically relevant. Chronic stress has been associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, delayed wound healing, poor responses to vaccine, and increased susceptibility to infectious illnesses. Activation of neuroendocrine and sympathetic systems provides physiological pathways linking stress and these immune outcomes. Behavioral changes under conditions of chronic stress also contribute to immune dysregulation. Behavioral and pharmacological interventions may attenuate stress-induced immune dysregulation.
Hormonal responses of lactating dairy cattle to TRH and ACTH in a shade management system within a subtropical environment

Lactating cows (64) were balanced by breed (54 Holstein and 10 Jersey) and assigned randomly to shade (S) or no shade (NS) management treatments for a continuous 20 wk trial beginning 5-5-76. A sub-sample of Holstein cows, five S and five NS, were fitted with jugular catheters 84 days after initiation of experiment. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH; 100 mug) was administered intravenously at 1200 h to evaluate prolactin responses. Two days later each cow received intravenously 200 IU of ACTH at 1100 h to compare acute corticoid responses to ACTH. Mean prolactin response to TRH was greater for NS cows (291 vs 169 ng/ml; P < .01) as was peak plasma concentrations at 20 min (467 vs 267 ng/ml; P < .01). Mean corticoid response to ACTH injection was less for NS cows (52 vs 70 ng/ml; P < .10). Corticoid concentrations of plasma in both treatments had declined 65% by 7 h postinjection. These endocrine differences may be associated with thermoregulation and/or metabolic adjustments of cows exposed to different environmental systems of management during a seasonal period of thermal stress.
Spatially resolved measurement of singlet delta oxygen by radar resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization.

Coherent microwave Rayleigh scattering (Radar) from resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) was demonstrated to directly and nonintrusively measure singlet delta oxygen, O2(a1Δg), with high spatial resolution. Two different approaches, photodissociation of ozone and microwave discharge plasma in an argon and oxygen flow, were utilized for O2(a1Δg) generation. The d1Πg←a1Δg (3-0) and d1Πg←a1Δg (1-0) bands of O2(a1Δg) were detected by Radar REMPI for two different flow conditions. Quantitative absorption measurements using sensitive off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) was used simultaneously to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of the Radar REMPI technique. The detection limit of Radar REMPI was found to be comparable to the ICOS technique with a detection threshold of approximately 1014 molecules/cm3 but with a spatial resolution that was 8 orders of magnitude smaller than the ICOS technique.
Extension of the Rydberg-Klein-Reese Potential for the Nitrogen Molecule

The potential for the X 1 Σ g + state of N 2 has been deduced from the JANAF series approximation for the vibration-rotation energies using the RKR method of determining the potential points at these energy eigenvalues.
Long-term haloperidol treatment elevates β-endorphin levels in the intermediate pituitary but not in rat brain

Abstract Long-term treatment of rats with haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, produced a dose-dependent increase in immunoreactive β-endorphin (iβ-END) concentrations in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL). In contrast, chronic haloperidol treatment had no significant effect on iβ-END levels in the hypothalamus, the midbrain or in discrete, microdissected brain nuclei even when administered at a dose (5 mg/kg) ten-fold higher than that which elevated iβ-END levels in the NIL. Chronic treatment with bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist, had the opposite effect on the NIL, lowering iβ-END levels to approximately one-third of control values, but it did not affect hypothalamic iβ-END concentrations. These data are consistent with prior evidence that the synthesis of β-END by IL melanotrophs is reciprocally modulated by dopaminergic ligands. The results indicate, however, that β-END-releasing neurons are not similarly regulated.
Stochastic eigenvectors for qualitative stochastic matrices

Let P be an n x n (0,1)-matrix with at least one 1 in each row. Let S(P) be the set of all stochastic eigenvectors belonging to n x n stochastic matrices A so that A =< P. It is shown that S(P) is a convex polytope. Further, some work on computing this polytope is given.
The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1980–1986

Author(s): Misiunas, RJ; Taagepera, R | Abstract: In 1983 we published a book entitled The Baltic States: Years of Dependence 1940-1980.1 The present article represents an update chapter which reviews the years 1980–1986. Compared to the late 1970s and the early 1980s, a period of stagnation, 1987 was a singularly difficult time for writing recent Soviet and Baltic history. CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev was trying to overcome the general stagnation in which the Soviet Union found itself, and the outcome of his increasingly dramatic effort remains uncertain. Hence, the historical perspective for our interpretation of recent events is missing. Will economic and technological growth in the USSR be achieved without appreciable political changes, or will liberalization be the price for technological progress? If liberalization is needed, will Gorbachev be able to pay the price, or will he maintain the past mix of authoritarian and totalitarian features even at the cost of continued economic stagnation? If Gorbachev chooses liberalization, will more conservative bureaucratic forces eventually topple him? If the Soviet leadership opts for continued economic stagnation, will the Soviet population continue to be submissive indefinitely? As before, Baltic history in the 1980s continues to depend on the interplay of local aspirations with decisions made in Moscow. © 1989, Taylor a Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Band-selective spin echoes for in vivo localized 1H NMR spectroscopy.

This study describes a new single spin-echo spatial localization sequence, BASSALE or BAnd-Selective Spin echo Acquisition for Localized Editing, that overcomes a number of the limitations of the STEAM and PRESS volume selection pulse sequences. It achieves conformal volume localization in a single shot by spatially tailored suppression of all magnetization outside a 2D region of interest followed by selection of a single orthogonal slice. This separation of spatial localization from the echo formation process has permitted use of a spectrally selective cosine-modulated sinc refocusing pulse to acquire localized 1H spectra with the water suppression efficiency of STEAM and the sensitivity of PRESS. Echoes formed by such spectrally selective pulses have been termed band-selective spin echoes. The BASSALE sequence attains shorter echo times than PRESS, inhibits scalar spin-spin interactions to permit localized editing and T2 relaxometry of metabolites with J-coupled spins (e.g., lactate), is insensitive to homonuclear multiple-quantum and polarization transfer effects, and can be made sensitive or insensitive to spin displacement effects. Applications are shown both with phantoms and in situ in the rat brain.
Standardization of the Filovirus Plaque Assay for Use in Preclinical Studies

The filovirus plaque assay serves as the assay of choice to measure infectious virus in a cell culture, blood, or homogenized tissue sample. It has been in use for more than 30 years and is the generally accepted assay used to titrate virus in samples from animals treated with a potential antiviral therapeutic or vaccine. As these animal studies are required for the development of vaccines and therapeutics under the FDA Animal Rule, it is essential to have a standardized assay to compare their efficacies against the various filoviruses. Here, we present an evaluation of the conditions under which the filovirus plaque assay performs best for the Ebola virus Kikwit variant and the Angola variant of Marburg virus. The indicator cell type and source, inoculum volumes, length of incubation and general features of filovirus biology as visualized in the assay are addressed in terms of the impact on the sample viral titer calculations. These optimization studies have resulted in a plaque assay protocol which can be used for preclinical studies, and as a standardized protocol for use across institutions, to aid in data comparison. This protocol will be validated for use in GLP studies supporting advanced development of filovirus therapeutics and vaccines.
Inhibition of cardiac creatine phosphokinase by fluorodinitrobenzene.

Abstract With electrophoretic evidence for a mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), we feel that functional studies are necessary to help further elucidate the properties of this isoenzyme. As one approach, fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) was used to examine its effect on mitochondrial CPK. In both polarographic studies and direct enzymatic studies, 10 −5 M FDNB was shown to almost completely inhibit the enzyme activity, as has been shown in skeletal muscle. In addition it was observed that the mitochondrial CPK was just as susceptible to the inhibitory effect of FDNB as the cytoplasmic isoenzyme.
Relapse in delusional depression: A retrospective study of the course of treatment

Abstract This study naturalistically followed the clinical course of 52 patients with delusional depression for an average of 32 months. Over 80% of the patients relapsed an average of two times during this period. The majority of relapses occurred while patients were either medication free or on tapering doses of neuroleptics during combination treatment with antidepressants or lithium carbonate. Bipolar and unipolar delusional depressives followed different clinical courses. The results suggest that clinicians should be more conservative about tapering patients off medications during the first year post-hospital, and point to a need for controlled prospective studies.
Prevention of development of autoimmune disease in BXSB mice by mixed bone marrow transplantation

Transplantations of fully allogeneic, autoimmune-resistant T-cell-depleted marrow (TCDM) plus syngeneic, autoimmune-prone TCDM into lethally irradiated BXSB mice were carried out to investigate the ability of the mixed bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to prevent development of autoimmune disease and, at the same time, to reconstitute fully the immunity functions of heavily irradiated BXSB recipients. Male BXSB mice were engrafted with mixed TCDM from both allogeneic, autoimmune-resistant BALB/c mice and syngeneic, autoimmune-prone BXSB mice. BMT with mixed TCDM from both resistant and susceptible strains of mice (mixed BMT) prolonged the median life span and inhibited development of glomerulonephritis in BXSB mice. BMT with mixed TCDM also prevented the formation of anti-DNA antibodies that is typically observed in male mice of this strain. Moreover, mixed BMT reconstituted primary antibody production in BXSB recipients, so that no annoying immunodeficiencies that are regularly observed in fully allogeneic chimeras were present in the recipient of the mixed TCDM. These findings indicate that transplanting allogeneic, autoimmune-resistant TCDM plus syngeneic, autoimmune-prone TCDM into lethally irradiated BXSB mice prevents development of autoimmune disease in this strain of mice. In addition, this dual BMT reconstitutes the immunity functions and avoids the immunodeficiencies that occur regularly in fully allogeneic chimeras after total-body irradiation.
Interactions between acetylcholinesterase and tetra-N-alkylammonium ions

A study of the mechanism of interaction of acetylcholinesterase with some simple tetra-N-alkyammonium ions has been made. Kinetic schemes have been proposed which are consistent with the experimental results observed in the enzyme-tetra-N-alkylammonium system in the presence of substrate and in the presence of an organophosphorus inhibitor.
Notes: Genetic Confirmation of Sympatric Bull Trout and Dolly Varden in Western Washington

Abstract The recognition of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and Dolly Varden S. malma as separate species is a contentious issue in the state of Washington. Our analysis of 47 protein-coding loci indicated that at 5 loci fixed genetic differences exist between these species in the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound area of Washington. Samples from two Olympic Peninsula and two Puget Sound rivers contained only bull trout. A sample from a third Puget Sound river contained only Dolly Varden. A sample from a third Olympic Peninsula river contained both bull trout and Dolly Varden, but no evidence of hybridization or introgression existed. These results indicate these species are distinct and Sympatric in western Washington, and hybridization between them is not common. Thus, these fishes should be managed as separate species.
Axon Guidance: Comm Hither, Robo

In the developing CNS, commissural axons are initially attracted to the midline, but after crossing they acquire sensitivity to midline repellent cues which prevent re-crossing. Recent studies have shed new light on the mechanism by which commissural axons change their sensitivity to guidance cues after crossing the midline.
A study of the pathogenesis of experimental Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle

Abstract The pathology and bacteriology of experimental Salmonella dublin abortion in heifers was studied. Animals were inoculated to establish the infective dose required to produce abortion and to determine the time interval between infection and abortion. A group of animals was slaughtered after abortion and further groups were slaughtered at intervals after infection and before abortion. Immediately after inoculation most S. dublin was found in the spleen, liver, lungs and associated lymph nodes. The infection had spread to other tissues by 6 to 8 days after infec ion and the highest numbers of bacteria were in the placentomes. Rapid multiplication of S. dublin in the connective tissue of the cotyledon occurred just before abortion. The suggested pathogenic process is: bacterial growth in the placentomes, followed by placental destruction resulting in hormone changes which initiate abortion.
The Communist Horizon

Jodi Dean London: Verso, 2012, 250 pp It might seem strange to say, but, even today, a specter is haunting us, and that specter is “communism.” Of course, it is no longer embodied in a clear (thoug...
Ontogeny of hippocampal afterdischarges in the urethane-anesthetized rat.

Abstract Experimental studies have shown that seizure manifestations vary as the brain develops. This study investigated the characteristics of afterdischarges in the hippocampal circuits at various ages in the developing rat. Rats from the following post-natal periods were tested: PN 10–11, PN 14–15, PN 17–19, PN 21–23 and PN 25–27. Animals were anesthetized with urethane and recording electrodes placed in the hippocampus bilaterally. Stimulating electrodes were placed in the left CA3 region and in the angular bundle. Afterdischarges were produced in all animals using stimulus trains of 20 or 50 Hz. Rats in the PN 10–11 and 14–15 age groups had afterdischarges that consisted of population spikes in CA1 and broad positive potentials in the dentate gyrus. Between PN 17 and 19, maximal dentate activation, which consists of bursts of large amplitude population spikes in the dentate gyrus, first appeared in response to 20 Hz stimulation to CA3 or either 20 or 50 Hz stimulation to the angular bundle. Rats older than 21 days had afterdischarge patterns like those recorded in the adult. These data indicate that, in the rat, the seizure capabilities of the limbic circuits go through a major transition period around PN 17–19. The appearance of maximal dentate activation marks the ability of the developing rat brain to produce and sustain reverberatory seizure discharges.
Energetics and structure in I 2 − (CO2) n clusters

We have implemented a model of I 2 − (CO2) n (2 ≤n ≤ 17) clusters and present an analysis of the minimum energy structures obtained from a quenching procedure. A discussion of the importance of various potential contributions to the energetics of the clusters is also presented. Given the current state of understanding of structural control of caging and the time scales of recombination and evaporation, this model has important implications for understanding the picosecond dynamics observed by the Lineberger group and for rigorous studies of evaporation rates.
Degradation of algal lipids in microcosm sediments with different mixing regimes

Abstract A series of microcosm experiments was conducted to examine the influence of different mixing processes on algal lipid degradation in surficial sediments. The experiments simulated 3 different mixing regimes: bioturbated, episodically physically mixed, and no mixing. Uniformly 13 C- and 15 N-labeled algal cells were deposited on the sediment-water interface to simulate natural deposition of bloom-produced organic matter. Degradation rate constants of individual algal lipids, effects of macrofuana species and physical mixing frequency on these rates, and the response of the microbial community were examined during one-month incubations. Our results showed that different mixing processes established different biogeochemical degradation regimes, characterized by variable redox conditions. Algal lipids degraded differently in different mixing regimes. Slower degradation was observed under episodic physical mixing because substrates were mixed deep into the sediment where anaerobic conditions prevailed. The degradation rates of algal lipids subjected to oscillating redox conditions during bioturbation were similar to those in unmixed cores where aerobic conditions dominate at the surface. Our laboratory results support the OET (oxygen exposure time) model based on field observations: longer residence of organic matter in the oxic zone leads to low preservation. Biological and physical mixing processes in surface sediments affect degradation and preservation of organic matter through different controls on redox conditions.
Absolute measurement of the p+p analyzing power at 183 MeV

The analyzing power ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$ for p+p elastic scattering at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=8.64\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{cms}}$=18.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) and at a bombarding energy of 183.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 MeV has been determined to be ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$=0.2122\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0017. The error includes statistics, systematic uncertainties, and the uncertainty in bombarding energy and angle. This measurement represents a calibration standard for polarized beams in this energy range. The absolute scale for the measurement has been obtained by comparison with p+C elastic scattering at the same energy at an angle where ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$ is very nearly unity.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests Awareness in HINTS 2007: Sociodemographic and Numeracy Correlates

To examine the association of 1) race/ethnicity and 2) numeracy with awareness of DTC genetic tests. Secondary analysis of 6,754 Hispanic, black, and white adult respondents to the National Cancer Institute’s 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Logistic regression was used to examine sociodemographic predictors of DTC genetic tests awareness including race/ethnicity, income, education, and gender. Next, two numeracy variables were added to the model. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, black respondents were significantly less likely to have heard of DTC genetic tests compared to white respondents (OR = 0.79; CI: 0.65–0.97). When numeracy variables were added to the model, the effect of black race was no longer significant (OR = 0.84; CI: 0.69–1.04). Hispanic respondents did not significantly differ from white respondents in awareness of DTC genetic tests. Other significant correlates of DTC genetic tests awareness in the full model included education, income, age, and numeracy variables including degree to which people use medical statistics and numbers to make health decisions, and preference for words or numbers when discussing “the chance of something happening.” Although black respondents were generally less aware of DTC genetic tests than white respondents, this relationship appears to be partially mediated by numeracy.
Cyclic Crack Growth Rate of Irradiated Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds in Simulated BWR Environment

Reactor core internal components in light water reactors are subjected to neutron irradiation. It has been shown that the austenitic stainless steels used in reactor core internals are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking after extended neutron exposure. This form of material degradation is a complex phenomenon that involves concomitant conditions of irradiation, stress, and corrosion. Interacting with fatigue damage, irradiation-enhanced environmental effects could also contribute to cyclic crack growth. In this paper, the effects of neutron irradiation on cyclic cracking behavior were investigated for austenitic stainless steel welds. Post-irradiation cracking growth tests were performed on weld heat-affected zone specimens in a simulated boiling water reactor environment, and cyclic crack growth rates were obtained at two doses. Environmentally enhanced cracking was readily established in irradiated specimens. Crack growth rates of irradiated specimens were significantly higher than those of nonirradiated specimens. The impact of neutron irradiation on environmentally enhanced cyclic cracking behavior is discussed for different load ratios.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Recollective experience in the revelation effect: Separating the contributions of recollection and familiarity

The revelation effect is a phenomenon of recognition memory in which words presented for a recognition decision are more likely to be identified as previously studied if they are initially disguised and are then somehow revealed to the subject. The goal of the present experiments was to determine whether the revelation effect has similar or different influences on the conscious recollection of a previous encounter with a test item and on the feeling of familiarity evoked by a test item. The process-dissociation procedure (Experiment 1) and the remember/know procedure (Experiment 2) were used to achieve this goal. The main findings of these experiments were that revealing an item at test (1) increased the feeling of familiarity associated with that item, especially if it was not previously studied, and (2) decreased conscious recollection of previously studied items. These data narrow the range of potential explanations of the revelation effect.
Esther or Isaiah?: The abolitionist‐feminist rhetoric of Angelina Grimké

Angelina Grimke, one of America's first women orators, adopted different biblical personae in two of her antislavery speeches of 7838. In the first, she assumed the Esther persona, a supplicatory posture, to request equal rights for slaves and for women. In the second, she took the prophetic stance of Isaiah and insisted that these rights be granted. By taking these strategies, she foreshadowed two prototypical forms of feminist appeal, forms still evident in contemporary rhetoric.
Adapting to Europe: Is it Harder for Britain?

Britain has had difficulties adapting to European integration. The problems result not so much from the EU-related changes in national policies, which have actually been rather moderate, or from the EU-related changes in governance practices, although these have been significant, affecting national institutional structures, policy-making processes and representative politics. They do not even follow from the serious challenges that the EU-related changes in governance practices pose for traditional ideas about democracy. Rather, they come from the lack of a discourse capable of legitimating such changes. To demonstrate this, the article considers Britain's problems in comparative perspective with those of France, which has had greater changes in policies and practices, greater challenges to national ideas, but a more legitimating discourse, and Germany and Italy, where changes in the practices and challenges to ideas have not been as significant.
Exogenous expression of synaptotagmin XIII suppresses the neoplastic phenotype of a rat liver tumor cell line through molecular pathways related to mesenchymal to epithelial transition

The molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is well-studied but not completely understood. We utilized a microcell-hybrid model of tumor suppression in rat liver tumor cells to facilitate the identification of liver tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 11. These investigations confirmed a liver tumor suppressor locus at human 11p11.2, identified Wt1 as a potential effector of 11p11.2-mediated tumor suppression, and subsequently identified human SYT13 as a strong candidate for the 11p11.2 liver tumor suppressor gene. In the studies presented here, we introduced SYT13 into the GN6TF rat liver tumor cell line to characterize a functional role for SYT13 in this model system. Transfected clones expressing an SDS-resistant dimer form of the SYT13 protein displayed induction of Wt1 gene expression and a significant attenuation of the neoplastic phenotype exhibited by the parental tumor cell line. Saturation densities and anchorage-independent growth of SYT13 dimer-positive cell lines were reduced in vitro, and tumorigenicity was significantly decreased or ablated in syngeneic host rats in vivo. In addition, restoration of the contact-inhibited, epithelioid morphology observed in normal liver epithelial cells accompanied ectopic expression of the SYT13 protein dimer, suggesting that SYT13 may be mediating an epithelial differentiation coordinate with tumor suppression in these cells. Accordingly, the expression of E-cadherin (Cdh1) mRNA was increased >100-fold in SYT13-dimer-positive cell lines and the Cdh1 transcriptional repressor Snail was decreased >3-fold in these cells compared to the parental tumor cells. These studies combine to suggest that SYT13 is a liver tumor suppressor gene and that its function may be mediated through pathways implicated in mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
IL2 fused to lectin-deficient ricin is toxic to human leukemia cells expressing the IL2 receptor

IL2 fused to lectin-deficient ricin is toxic to human leukemia cells expressing the IL2 receptor
"I'm not trying to be cured, so there's not much he can do for me": hospice patients' constructions of hospice's holistic care approach in a biomedical culture.

The hospice philosophy was founded on a mission to provide comprehensive and holistic services to individuals at the end of life. Hospice interdisciplinary teams work together to offer therapies such as spiritual services, comfort care, and massage therapy to meet patients’ physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs. Although the hospice philosophy is guided toward patient-centered care, limited research has examined how patients understand holistic care services. Through a social constructionist lens and qualitative interviews, we examined hospice patients’ understandings of holistic care and argue that these perceptions of care are constructed through the biomedical model of medicine.