cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The right to health in the post-2015 development paradigm.

A/HRC/66/254. 3 August 2013. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/ doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/443/58/PDF/N1144358.pdf?OpenElement The role of human rights norms and principles in achieving developmental goals is now recognized in many influential international declarations and resolutions. With respect to women’s health, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action were instrumental in shifting the traditional focus from a population-centric approach to one that envisioned an expansive developmental agenda that enshrined gender equality and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as critical aspects. Many of the strides made in this direction were, however, undone when the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) failed to adopt a broad reference to SRHR but limited the goal to reduction of maternal mortality (MDG 5). Although the MDGs may be credited for mobilizing global resources and partnerships for health, available funding was mainly for diseasespecific MDGs like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. Moreover, many have questioned the failure of the MDGs to consider the larger social context of development in the goal-setting approach. For example, even where countries were reported to be on track to achieving MDG 5, wide and persistent inequities between SHRH services for women in rural and urban areas have been found. In considering a post-2015 development agenda, therefore, it is important to imbibe the lessons learnt from past experiences into achieving more holistic health outcomes. Anchoring developmental priorities in human rights can go a long way in addressing the lapses of the current framework, particularly in identifying progress indicators, whatever the framework to be adopted. 17 UN Special Rapporteurs have identified three priority areas predicated on a human rights approach to development to inform the agenda, each of which is particularly relevant for the fulfillment of the right to health.
Design of a new electromechanical systems instructional laboratory

The instructional laboratory for electromechanical systems described is a combination of machinery, control systems, and computer data acquisition and control. The laboratory is design-oriented and uses computer-based data acquisition and control to augment and improve the traditional machinery laboratory. Although the scope of the experiments is much broader than that of the existing machinery laboratory, the addition of new equipment is limited (primarily by cost considerations) to the PCs, their associated signal conditioning hardware, and the software to allow high-level programming of virtual instruments. No new rotating machines will be purchased. The hardware, software, and laboratory experiments are discussed. >
Maximizing an Organization's Information Security Posture by Distributedly Assessing and Remedying System Vulnerabilities

Updating systems for security vulnerabilities has become a cumbersome yet necessary evil in today's environment of zero-day exploits and ever-changing threat matrix. The current state of affairs for the vulnerability and threat management functions are in dire need of a solution that can rapidly assess systems for vulnerabilities and fix them expeditiously. This will guarantee the effective reconnaissance of critical vulnerabilities in a more concise and cohesive fashion throughout all industries affected by the inherent risk in systems and applications, This will also help defend against super-fast worms and other malicious mobile code that can blaze through an organization's network leaving a path of compromised systems and reduced availability. The top-down centralized model for vulnerability assessment and remediation has proven inefficient and riddled with multiple vulnerabilities itself; the irony is befuddling. In this paper, we propose a framework to enhance an organization's information security posture by distributedly assessing and remedying system vulnerabilities. By creating and utilizing the proposed framework, we can ensure more vigilance, a progressive and reactive implementation of a patch-management and worm defense strategy, and increased efficiency in the distribution of updates. Malicious mobile code, specifically worms, are very efficient in their distribution, this is because they are able to infect other systems in a peer-to-peer distributed fashion. By utilizing a similar approach to vulnerability assessment and patch management we can ensure a higher coverage and redundancy for all systems within and organization. The framework proposed in this paper is timely since most peer-to- peer distribution models focus more on content delivery and resource re-allocation.
Getting a joke: the time course of meaning activation in verbal humor

Two lexical decision semantic priming experiments examined when, in the course of reading a joke, the initial and the intended meanings are primed; whether the meanings overlap in time; and what happens to the initial reading when the punchline is encountered. In Experiment 1, probes related to the first activated sense (S1) vs. the second sense (S2), or true meaning, were presented at each of three temporal sites for visually displayed joke tests: shortly after joke onset, at an intermediary position, and at punchline offset, whereas in Experiment 2, probes were presented at joke offset following prolonged viewing. The results from Experiment 1 showed S1 priming effects at the initial and intermediary time point. Priming for S2 also emerged at the intermediary time point and persisted at the final time point. In Experiment 2, the priming effect at joke offset was reliable only for S2. The results are taken to support a concurrent meaning activation view [in line with Attardo, Humor 10 (1997) 395] at incongruity detection, and a selective activation view [in line with Giora, Journal of Pragmatics 16 (1991) 465] at incongruity resolution.
Social Security and the Myth of the Entitlement “Crisis”

Although public support for Social Security remains high, confidence in the viability of the program has declined. The decline in confidence reflects confusion generated by public dialogue about various crises, the most recent being the "entitlement crisis." This article discusses two central ideological themes of the entitlement crisis, that entitlement spending is crowding out funds for other social needs and that current trends are unsustainable. It questions the substantive basis of these themes and then critically evaluates two proposals for the restructuring of Social Security, means-testing and privatization.
Common variations in muscles and tendons of the human hand

Common variations in muscles and tendons of the hand were determined by dissecting 40 pairs of hands (20 male, 20 female). Contrary to some anatomy textbooks which describe only three palmar interossei, with the thumb lacking one, this study found four palmar interossei present in 85% of hands and 90% of bodies. This first palmar interosseous typically arose from the base of the first metacarpal and inserted along with the tendon of the oblique head of adductor pollicis into the base of the proximal phalanx. Forty hands (50%) did not have the usual arrangement of lumbricals. Twenty-seven (34%) third lumbricals and four (5%) fourth lumbricals split at their insertions; four third lumbricals and four fourth lumbricals inserted on the ulnar side of the middle and ring fingers, respectively. The abductor pollicis longus inserted by 2 or 3 tendons in 91% of hands. The tendon of extensor digiti minimi split into 2 or 3 slips in practically all of the hands studied (96%). The tendon of extensor indicis split into 2 slips in more than a third (38%) of hands. In almost a third (30%) of hands there were accessory extensor muscles present deep to the tendons of extensor digitorum. Lastly, extra slips of origin of the abductor digiti minimi were present in 10% of hands. This study confirms the presence of a palmar interosseous muscle for the thumb and demonstrates that some variations occur more frequently than was expected. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A pulsing system for prepolarized MRI

A pulsing system has been developed for prepolarized magnetic resonance imaging (PMRI). The pulsing system consists of an electromagnet driven by a pulsing circuit with an interface to the authors' existing NMR console.
An Iteration Method for a Nonlinear Differential Equation Describing the Convergence to Equilibrium in a System of Reacting Polymers

A constructive method is presented to give the global solution to a non-linear initial value problem describing the convergence to equilibrium in a system of reacting polymers. The solution is proved to be unique and continuous with respect to small variations in the initial data.
Ascariasis mimicking an acute abdomen

Infection with the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides is common in children and may mimic an acute abdomen. The cases of two pediatric patients who presented to the emergency department with signs and symptoms of a surgical abdomen are presented to highlight the presentation of this infection. Both cases were diagnosed by physical examination and radiographs and were treated successfully without surgical intervention. These cases illustrate the need for heightened awareness by the emergency physician of ascariasis in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen.
The Management and Treatment of Recurrent Postoperative Laryngospasm

L aryngospasm is a common complication of airway management in anesthetic practice (1). It consists of a prolonged glottic closure reflex mediated by the superior laryngeal nerve. It often occurs with insufficient depth of anesthesia on endotracheal intubation, light anesthesia on tracheal extubation, or a combination of either of the preceding with an airway irritant such as blood, mucus, laryngoscope blade, suction catheter, surgical debris, or other foreign body. The management of laryngospasm described by many authors (2-4) consists of positive pressure ventilation, occasional small intravenous doses of succinylcholine or lidocaine, decreasing or increasing the depth of anesthesia, or tracheal reintubation with extubation after the patient is fully awake and thoroughly suctioned. Partial laryngospasm has some degree of air movement and may be difficult to distinguish from other causes of upper airway obstruction. Complete laryngospasm presents with no air movement and is a cause of postoperative negative pressure pulmonary edema (5,6). If there is a history of choking during sleep, a sleep evaluation and polysomnography may be indicated (7). We present a case of awake recurrent complete postextubation laryngospasm and its management in an adult male after general endotracheal anesthesia for a mandibular advancement procedure.
Low-Income Residents In Three States View Medicaid As Equal To Or Better Than Private Coverage, Support Expansion

Expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act to millions of low-income adults has been controversial, yet little is known about what these Americans themselves think about Medicaid. We conducted a telephone survey in late 2013 of nearly 3,000 low-income adults in three Southern states—Arkansas, Kentucky, and Texas—that have adopted different approaches to the options for expansion. Nearly 80 percent of our sample in all three states favored Medicaid expansion, and approximately two-thirds of uninsured respondents said that they planned to apply for either Medicaid or subsidized private coverage in 2014. Yet awareness of their state’s actual expansion plans was low. Most viewed having Medicaid as better than being uninsured and at least as good as private insurance in overall quality and affordability. While the debate over Medicaid expansion continues, support for expansion is strong among low-income adults, and the perceived quality of Medicaid coverage is high.
Covalent chemical modification of self‐ assembled fluorocarbon monolayers by low‐ energy CH2Br2+· ions: a combined ion/surface scattering and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation

Specific covalent chemical modification at the outermost atomic layers of fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (F-SAMs) on gold is achieved by bombardment with low-energy polyatomic ions ( 2 Br 2 +· (m/z 172), mass and energy selected using a hybrid ion/surface scattering mass spectrometer and scattered from the F-SAM surface, CF 3 (CF 2 ) 7 (CH 2 ) 2 -S-Au, undergoes ion/surface reactions evident from the nature of the scattered ions, CH 2 F + (m/z 33), CHBrF + (m/z 111), and CF 2 Br + (m/z 129). The chemical transformation of the reactive F-SAM surface was independently monitored by in situ chemical sputtering with the projectile Xe +· . Representative species sputtered from the modified surface include CF 2 Br + , an indicator of terminal CF 3 to CF 2 Br conversion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the presence of organic bromine at the surface; Br ( 3 P 3/2 ) and Br ( 3 P ½ ) peaks were present at binding energies of 182 and 190 eV, respectively. XPS analysis also revealed increased surface modification at higher collision energies in these reactive ion bombardment experiments, as exemplified by the increased hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon peak ratio in the C(1s) region and incorporation of oxygen in the surface seen in the observation of an O(1s) peak.
A Concurrent Evaluation Of Trends In Commodity Exports, Economic Growth And Environmental Quality In The US

Economic growth is a logical motivation and empirically determinable outcome of increasing exports. There are, however, corresponding losses in environmental resources. This paper examines both consequences of recent US exports
Challenges for Studying Care After AFDC

Mandatory work and low wages after the end of AFDC may propel changes in the caregiving of children and dependent elders in single-mother families. This article suggests some challenges facing researchers who will examine care in single-mother families. Drawing on a qualitative study of care in the last years of welfare, and on social network analysis, it suggests how changes in resources, networks, and norms may affect practices of care and also make it difficult to discover the changes.
The Role of Social Marketing in Leisure and Recreation Management

(2000). The Role of Social Marketing in Leisure and Recreation Management. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 12-17.
Multimodal Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ion (VaPI) Source with Transmission Mode and Laser Ablation Sampling Capabilities

We have developed a multimodal ion source design that can be configured on the fly for various analysis modes, designed for more efficient and reproducible sampling at the mass spectrometer atmospheric pressure (AP) interface in a number of different applications. This vacuum-assisted plasma ionization (VaPI) source features interchangeable transmission mode and laser ablation sampling geometries. Operating in both AC and DC power regimes with similar results, the ion source was optimized for parameters including helium flow rate and gas temperature using transmission mode to analyze volatile standards and drug tablets. Using laser ablation, matrix effects were studied, and the source was used to monitor the products of model prebiotic synthetic reactions.
Eulogy for Mrs. Lily Chin (1920-2002)

If Lily Chin were to sit up right now and look at us, her eyes would get wide, and they would flash that special, almost mischievous spark that she had. She'd give us a smile as wide as this room and she'd say, "Waaahhh, look at so many people here today. Why you all come and see me?" She would say, "You make my heart very happy"-and then she would try to feed us, every one of us. Mrs. Chin was like that-friendly and warm, generous and funny. She was a person who loved people, especially children. She was always happy to have visitors and to hear the latest news in their lives. She was very close to her large extended family-and she also loved to connect to the families of the people she met. She would never fail to ask, "How's your mama?" Or, "How's the baby?"
Preparation of Both C5′ Epimers of 5′-C-Methyladenosine: Reagent Control Trumps Substrate Control

Adenosine-derived ketone 5 was subjected to Noyori asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) using aqueous sodium formate as a stoichiometric reductant. Despite the well-known sensitivity of ATH to stereoelectronic effects from a contiguous stereogenic center, the 5′ stereochemistry was overwhelmingly controlled by the chirality of the catalyst. Both the (5′S,4′R) and the (5′R,4′R) diastereomers could be prepared selectively in good yields. An efficient three-step route that provides ketone 5 in 75% overall yield was developed.
Marketing and Machiavellianism.

Critics often attack marketing as being manipulative and unethical, or “Machiavellian” in nature. Are these critics correct? Is marketing Machiavellian? This article presents the results of a resea...
Cytogenetics of Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea). 1. Karyotypes of the Two Ornithodoros Species (Argasidae) Restricted to Australia

The chromosome complements of 2 argasid ticks, Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) macmillani Hoogstraal and Kohls and O . ( P .) gurneyi Warburton, are described and compared with 5 other chromosomally known species of the subgenus. Four of these 7 species have a 2n number of 16, but O. gurneyi has a diploid number of 12 chromosomes, the lowest number yet reported for any species of tick. The 2 species used in this study are the only ones in the genus Ornithodoros known to be restricted to Australia.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced ovarian hyperstimulation : low-dose side effects in women and monkeys

Objective To determine whether low (subtherapeutic) doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) can cause ovarian hyperstimulation. Design The study is in two parts: a preliminary clinical trial of women and a follow-up study in laboratory primates. Setting Normal human volunteers were studied in an academic research environment; primates were in a conventional laboratory setting. Patients, Participants Human volunteers were selected on the basis of apparent normal health. The monkeys were believed to be of normal reproductive status. Interventions Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists were administered at subtherapeutic doses. Main Outcome Measures After observing ovarian hyperstimulation in two of five women receiving low doses of GnRH-a, a study was specifically designed to test the hypothesis that at low (subtherapeutic) doses of GnRH-a the “flare-effect” can be sustained without achieving down regulation. Results The data in women and monkeys suggest that a highly individualized response to low GnRH-a doses can be manifested as ovarian hyperstimulation. Conclusion Four points of interpretations are offered: (1) that subtherapeutic doses of GnRH-a can cause ovarian hyperstimulation and related sequelae; (2) this may be a unique observation in that, typically, lower doses of medications have a lower incidence of negative side effects; (3) the findings suggest that GnRH-a prescribed in self-administration regimens may be more prone to such problems in noncompliant patients; and (4) the hyperstimulation response of the ovaries to low GnRH-a doses may indicate a new approach to controlled ovulation induction, although wide individualism was found.
Study on rapid detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin

Objective To establish a method of rapid detection of SEA,SEB,SEC,SED,and SEE under the same PCR reaction, which can be applied to the rapid diagnosis of foodborne diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Methods According to the gene sequences of SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE, common PCR primers for SEA, SEB, SEC and SEE,and SED specific PCR primers were designedwith the help of the software Vector NTI suite 8.SEA, SEB, SEC,SED and SEE were emplified in the same PCR reaction conditions. By optimizing the reaction conditions, we established PCR for detection of SEA-E.Meanwhile, on the specificity and sensitivity of the assay was analyzed and the amplified products was confirmed by sequencing identification. Results Target DNA fragments appear in the SEABCE,SED multiple PCR amplification products, respectively 157 and 340 bp. Target DNA fragments appear in the typing amplification of SEA,SEB,SEC and SEE, respectively 579,602,601,125 bp; Target DNA fragments appear in the specificity of the assay,but not in the control bacteria.The sequencing results show that the homology of target gene is100%. This method had a good specificity and can identify food poisoning caused by Staphylococcal enterotoxin. The sensitivity reached 0.8 ×1012~1.0 ×102CFU / m L which was similar to other reports of PCR method. Conclusion This novel method can be applied to the rapid diagnosis of food poisoning caused by Staphylococcal enterotoxin and the subtype enterotoxin.
Recurrent (residual?) left ventricular aneurysm: A report of 11 cases

Of 244 patients who underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy between 1971 and 1980, 11 (4.5%) had recurrent (residual?) left ventricular aneurysm. The probable cause of the recurrent aneurysm was occlusion of the saphenous vein grafts (54.5 %) or the progression of atherosclerosis in the native coronary arteries (18.2%) supplying the involved area directly or through the intercoronary collaterals. Nine patients were treated medically, with two deaths. Two patients underwent successful resection of the left ventricular aneurysm and regrafting of the coronary arteries having significant lesions; both are alive and well more than 3 years later.
A technique to detect reduced mechanical stability of red cell membranes: relevance to elliptocytic disorders

A method has been developed for determining the relative tendency of red cell membranes to fragment under shear stress. For these measurements, resealed ghosts were subjected to constant, high fluid shear stress in an ektacy-tometer. The deformability signal, which this instrument provides, progressively declined as the deformable cells were transformed into less deformable, more spherical cell fragments. The deformability signal for normal ghost preparations decayed over a narrowly defined time period; this decay was accompanied by the production of cell fragments, as shown by microscopic examination and analysis of particle volume distribution. The method was used to study cells from patients with various hemolytic disorders. Membrane preparations from patients with various types of nonhemolytic congenital elliptocytoses showed a reduction in the time required for fragmentation to about half the normal value. Membrane preparations from patients with hemolytic elliptocytosis associated with a severe deficiency of the membrane skeletal protein band 4.1 showed an even greater reduction in fragmentation time, distinct from the values for nonhemolytic samples. In elliptocytoses secondary to myelofibrosis, the fragmentation times were within the normal range. In hereditary spherocytosis (HS), heterogeneity in fragmentation times was observed; marginally decreased or normal fragmentation times were seen for cells from 8 patients, but a pronounced shortening in fragmentation time was found for one other HS patient. A defect was previously found in spectrin-band 4.1 binding for this same patient. These observations suggest that this membrane fragmentation technique may be useful for the identification of certain specific disorders or their clinical variants in which the integrity of membrane skeletal interactions has been perturbed in such a way that the mechanical stability of the membrane is reduced.
Using Advances in Cognitive Science to Improve Students Study Skills and Reading Comprehension.

National and international assessments of reading, science and math indicate that students and adults in the United States lag behind citizens of other developed nations. While there are multifaceted reasons for this lag, recent advances in cognitive science and technology have uncovered promising ways to intervene and help struggling students. This chapter will review recent developments from the cognitive literature that can potentially shed light on solutions for improving students study skills, as well as their general reading comprehension. We draw upon the available literature from reading strategy research and recent advances in assessment. Collectively, while this research indicates that the construct of reading has shifted; modern reading interventions are positioned to help prepare students for twenty-first century literacy activities.
3 – Friction behavior of fibrous materials used in textiles

Publisher Summary The chapter highlights that the fundamental laws of friction were developed from the observations made about the behavior of metals. Those laws, proposed prior to the 19th century, were validated through studies conducted on different metals that were the materials of great engineering importance of the times. The chapter discusses the frictional behavior of fibrous materials. It describes the way in which behavior departs from that supported by the classical laws. The deformation of a textile fiber is neither plastic, as in metals, nor elastic, as in rubbers. When a fiber is extruded from a polymer that contains chains of intermediate lengths and functional groups it has a semi-crystalline structure and a visco-elastic mechanical behavior. The tangential force needed to slide a fiber against another material increases non-linearly with the normal force. Much of the experimental work on friction of textiles published in the literature has been restricted to normal forces and stresses that lie in a more generally applicable range of values, i.e., the range within which the material can be considered to behave in a visco-elastic manner. With the textile materials finding increasing applications in high-stress-bearing technical products and with friction playing an important role in governing their performance, a need exists for measuring and understanding the frictional properties of textiles subjected to stresses that make up the upper part of the load-deformation curve.
Underserved Students and Creativity

In this section we discuss the educational issues of immigrant students who frequently make up a sub-cultural often characterized by different language, race and a higher rate of poverty than the predominant culture. In addition to language these students frequently struggle with mathematics both cognitively and in the affect domain, alongside identity issues of what college means to the individual often being the first generation in their family to go to college.
Balancing Privacy and Professionalism: A Survey of General Surgery Program Directors on Social Media and Surgical Education

Purpose Unprofessional behavior is common among surgical residents and faculty surgeons on Facebook. Usage of social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter is growing at exponential rates, so it is imperative that surgery program directors (PDs) focus on professionalism within social media, and develop guidelines for their trainees and surgical colleagues. Our study focuses on the surgery PDs current approach to online professionalism within surgical education. Methods An online survey of general surgery PDs was conducted in October 2015 through the Association for Program Directors in Surgery listserv. Baseline PD demographics, usage and approach to popular social media outlets, existing institutional policies, and formal curricula were assessed. Results A total of 110 PDs responded to the survey (110/259, 42.5% response rate). Social media usage was high among PDs (Facebook 68% and Twitter 40%). PDs frequently viewed the social media profiles of students, residents, and faculty. Overall, 11% of PDs reported lowering the rank or completely removing a residency applicant from the rank order list because of online behavior, and 10% reported formal disciplinary action against a surgical resident because of online behavior. Overall, 68% of respondents agreed that online professionalism is important, and that residents should receive instruction on the safe use of social media. However, most programs did not have formal didactics or known institutional policies in place. Conclusions Use of social media is high among PDs, and they often view the online behavior of residency applicants, surgical residents, and faculty surgeons. Within surgical education, there needs to be an increased focus on institutional policies and standardized curricula to help educate physicians on social media and online professionalism.
The role of proximity in problem identification: risk of water scarcity in Texas

This project seeks to determine whether proximity to major water sources (e.g. rivers or lakes) is associated with the public's perception of water scarcity. From a theoretical perspective, this project will aid our collective understanding of problem identification. From a practical perspective, this relationship could help inform decision makers about where support or resistance to a water policy may be concentrated and allow more targeted efforts to help inform citizens about short and long-term water policy needs. Knowing the influence of local conditions on public support for policy action is particularly important as water policies are primarily the domain of local and state governments. We utilize Geographical Information Systems to quantify the distances between survey respondents and various water sources to attempt to determine the effect individuals' proximity to water sources has on their opinions about water scarcity. The analyses reveal that proximity is a predictor of water scarcity perceptions, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?

The Paris Climate Agreement of December 2015 marks a decisive break from the unsuccessful Kyoto regime. Instead of targets and timetables, it established a Pledge and Review system, under which states will offer Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reducing emissions that cause climate change. But this successful negotiation outcome was achieved at the price of vagueness of obligations and substantial discretion for governments. Many governments will be tempted to use the vagueness of the Paris Agreement, and the discretion that it permits, to limit the scope or intensity of their proposed actions. Whether Pledge and Review under the Paris Agreement will lead to effective action against climate change will therefore depend on the inclination both of OECD countries and newly industrializing countries to take costly actions, which for the OECD countries will include financial transfers to their poorer partners. Domestic politics will be crucial in determining the attitudes of both sets of countries to pay such costs. The actual impact of the Paris Agreement will depend on whether it can be used by domestic groups favoring climate action as a point of leverage in domestic politics—that is, in a “two-level game” simultaneously involving both international and domestic politics.
Liquid Structure Factor Measurements on the Quantum Liquids

We have completed an analysis of data obtained from recent experiments in which Cu Kα (1.54 A) X rays were scattered from liquid 3He. The liquid structure factor S was determinedt† as a function of momentum transfer k in two completely independent scattering experiments: (1) T= 0.36°K, 0.133 < k < 1.125 A−1 and (2) T = 0.41°K, 0.15 < k < 2.1 A−1. As usual (see, e.g., Hallock2), the structure factor was determined from the basic expression $$=\frac{I{{\rho }_{G}}{{T}_{G}}}{{{I}_{G\rho }}T}\left( \frac{{{\xi }_{e}}+{{\xi }_{i}}}{{{\sigma }_{e}}} \right)-\frac{{{\sigma }_{i}}}{{{\sigma }_{e}}}$$ (1) where I is the observed intensity, ρ is the number density, T is the transmission factor, and σ and ξ are scattering factors for the liquid helium and neon (normalization gas G), respectively.
Recent advances in glycomics, glycoproteomics and allied topics.

Published in the topical collection Glycomics, Glycoproteomics and Allied Topics with guest editors Yehia Mechref and David Muddiman.
Type 1-skewed neuroinflammation and vascular damage associated with Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice.

Background Scrub typhus is a life-threatening disease, due to infection with O. tsutsugamushi, a Gram-negative bacterium that preferentially replicates in endothelial cells and professional phagocytes. Meningoencephalitis has been reported in scrub typhus patients and experimentally-infected animals; however, the neurological manifestation and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we focused on Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp strain (OtK), and examined host responses in the brain during lethal versus self-healing scrub typhus disease in our newly established murine models. Principle findings Following inoculation with a lethal dose of OtK, mice had a significant increase in brain transcripts related to pathogen-pattern recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9), type-1 responses (IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, CXCR3), and endothelial stress/damage such as angiopoietins, but a rapid down-regulation of Tie2. Sublethal infection displayed similar trends, implying the development of type 1-skewed proinflammatory responses in infected brains, independent of time and disease outcomes. Focal hemorrhagic lesions and meningitis were evident in both infection groups, but pathological changes were more diffuse and frequent in lethal infection. At 6–10 days of lethal infection, the cortex and cerebellum sections had increased ICAM-1-positive staining in vascular cells, as well as increased detection of CD45+ leukocytes, CD3+ T cells, IBA1+ phagocytes, and GFAP+ astrocytes, but a marked loss of occludin-positive tight junction staining, implying progressive endothelial activation/damage and cellular recruitment in inflamed brains. Orientia were sparse in the brains, but readily detectable within lectin+ vascular and IBA-1+ phagocytic cells. These CNS alterations were consistent with type 1-skewed, IL-13-suppressed responses in lethally-infected mouse lungs. Significance This is the first report of type 1-skewed neuroinflammation and cellular activation, accompanied with vascular activation/damage, during OtK infection in C57BL/6 mice. This study not only enhances our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of scrub typhus, but also correlates the impact of immune and vascular dysfunction on disease pathogenesis.
Revisit sequential logic obfuscation: Attacks and defenses

The urgent requests to protection integrated circuits (IC) and hardware intellectual properties (IP) have led to the development of various logic obfuscation methods. While most existing solutions focus on the combinational logic or sequential logic with full scan-chains, in this paper, we will revisit the security of sequential logic obfuscation within circuits where full scan-chains are not available or accessible. We will first introduce attack methods to compromise obfuscated sequential circuits leveraging newly developed netlist analysis tools. We will then propose systematic solutions and provide guidelines in developing resilient sequential logic obfuscation schemes.
Multicolor perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for multiplexed ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging

For many diseases, such as cancer, simultaneous imaging of different targets can lead to improved diagnosis, better patient prognosis, and therapy guidance/monitoring. PET-CT multiplexing can be cumbersome, costly, and involve radiation exposure. Other modalities such as fluorescent imaging lack clinical and pre-clinical relevance. Therefore, clinically relevant multiplexed imaging is of interest. Previously, we have shown that laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) can be used as dual PA/US contrast agents. In this work, we present development of a cost-effective, safe and promising platform for multiplexing studies based on PA/US imaging of multicolored PFCnDs.
High School Context, Heterosexual Scripts, and Young Women’s Sexual Development

Adolescence is a critical period for sexual development, and previous research demonstrates that school cultures play an important role in shaping adolescent sexual behavior. However, little is known about the role of school context for developing sexual attitudes and sexual sense of self. This study explores how sexual cultures that emerge within high schools shape the sexual development of young women during the transition to adulthood. Using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a sample of 9th to 12th graders in U.S. schools in 1994–1995 who were surveyed in 1996 and in 2001 when they were 20 to 26 years old (N = 1,017), this study measures school sexual cultures using the aggregated sexual beliefs and behaviors of students within the school. Multilevel analyses are used to explore the association between these school sexual cultures and young women’s sexual attitudes (perceived obstacles to using birth control, guilt and shame about sex, and expectations of sexual pleasure) in adolescence and their sexual experiences (equal initiation of sex with partner and frequent orgasm with partner) in adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that schools play an important role in young women’s developing attitudes toward sex and contraception. High school sexual cultures are also associated with young women’s sexual behavior in adult heterosexual relationships, as young women who attended schools with students who had higher levels of religious attendance or guilt and shame about sex were less likely to report being an equal initiator in their adult relationships. However, the relatively small impact of high school sexual cultures on young women’s sexual experiences in adulthood, particularly in terms of sexual pleasure, suggests that more proximal contexts and relationships may play a more significant role in shaping their current sexual behaviors.
Using Digital Waveforms to Mitigate Solvent Clustering During Mass Filter Analysis of Proteins

With advances in the precision of digital electronics, waveform generation technology has progressed to a state that enables the creation of m/z filters that are purely digitally driven. These advances present new methods of performing mass analyses that provide information from a chemical system that are inherently difficult to achieve by other means. One notable characteristic of digitally driven mass filters is the capacity to transmit ions at m/z ratios that vastly exceed the capabilities of traditional resonant systems. However, the capacity to probe ion m/z ratios that span multiple orders of magnitudes across multiple orders of magnitude presents a new set of issues requiring a solution. In the present work, when probing multiply charged protein species beyond m/z 2000 using a gentle atmospheric pressure interface, the presence of solvent adducts and poorly resolved multimers can severely degrade spectral fidelity. Increasing energy imparted into a target ion population is one approach minimizing these clusters; however, the use of digital waveform technology provides an alternative that maximizes ion transport efficiency and simultaneously minimizes solvent clustering. In addition to the frequency of the applied waveform, digital manipulation also provides control over the duty cycle of the target waveform. This work examines the conditions and approach leading to optimal digital waveform operation to minimize solvent clustering. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Hard Zero Shot Learning for Gesture Recognition

Gesture based systems allow humans to interact with devices and robots in a natural way. Yet, current gesture recognition systems can not recognize the gestures outside a limited lexicon. This opposes the idea of lifelong learning which require systems to adapt to unseen object classes. These issues can be best addressed using Zero Shot Learning (ZSL), a paradigm in machine learning that leverages the semantic information to recognize new classes. ZSL systems developed in the past used hundreds of training examples to detect new classes and assumed that test examples come from unseen classes. This work introduces two complex and more realistic learning problems referred as Hard Zero Shot Learning (HZSL) and Generalized HZSL (G-HZSL) necessary to achieve Life Long Learning. The main objective of these problems is to recognize unseen classes with limited training information and relax the assumption that test instances come from unseen classes. We propose to leverage one shot learning (OSL) techniques coupled with ZSL approaches to address and solve the problem of HZSL for gesture recognition. Further, supervised clustering techniques are used to discriminate seen classes from unseen classes. We assessed and compared the performance of various existing algorithms on HZSL for gestures using two standard datasets: MSRC-12 and CGD2011. For four unseen classes, results show that the marginal accuracy of HZSL-15.2% and G-HZSL-14.39% are comparable to the performance of conventional ZSL. Given that we used only one instance and do not assume that test classes are unseen, the performance of HZSL and G-HZSL models were remarkable.
Trends on Health in Social Media: Analysis using Twitter Topic Modeling

There is a growing interest on social networks for topics related to Healthcare. In particular, on Twitter, millions of tweets related to healthcare can be found. These posts contain public opinions on health, and allow to understand how is the popular perception on topics such as medical diagnosis, medicines, facilities, and claims. In this paper we present an adaptive system designed using 5 layers. The system contains a combination of unsupervised and supervised algorithms to track the trends of health social media. As it is based on a word2vec model, it also captures the correlation of words based on the context, improving over time, enhancing the accuracy of predictions and tweet tracking. In this work we focused on United States data and use it to detect the trending topics of each state. These topics are followed including new social network contributions. The supervised algorithm implemented is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in conjunction with the Word2Vect model to classify and label new tweets, assigning a feedback to the topic models. The results of this algorithm present an accuracy of 83.34%, precision of 83%, recall 84% and F-Score of 83.8% when evaluated. Our results are compared with two state of the art techniques demonstrating an advantage that can be leveraged for further improvements.
Analyzing Students’ Design Solutions in an NGSS-Aligned Earth Sciences Curriculum

This paper analyzes students’ design solutions for an NGSS-aligned earth sciences curriculum, the Playground Design Challenge (PDC), for upper-elementary school (grade 5 and 6) students. We present the underlying computational model and the user interface for generating design solutions for a school playground that has to meet cost, water runoff, and accessibility constraints. We use data from the pretest and posttest assessments and activity logs collected from a pilot study run in an elementary school to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum and investigate the relations between students’ behaviors and their learning performances. The results show that (1) the students’ scores significantly increased from pretest to posttest on engineering design assessments, and (2) students’ solution-generation and testing behaviors were indicative of the quality of their design solutions as well as their pre-post learning gains. In the future, tracking such behaviors online will allow us to provide adaptive scaffolds that help students improve on their engineering design solutions.
A novel pore-size-dependent equation of state for modeling fluid phase behavior in nanopores

Abstract The thermodynamic behavior of fluids confined in nanopores differs from that of bulk fluid by the fluid-pore wall interaction. Inspired by the heterogeneous distribution and layering transitions from fluid-wall interactions, we have developed a pore-size-dependent equation of state (EOS) extended from the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) by describing the confined fluid as distinct populations of surface-adsorbed and core fluid. The surface-adsorbed fluid physically corresponds to two surface-adsorbed layers and is therefore considered to interact with the pore wall through a dual-square-well (DSW) potential function. The presented EOS requires only one additional parameter of confinement energy (esf) beyond PR EOS, and it needs to be determined from experimental data. Using adsorption and differential scanning calorimetry experiments, we determine the confinement parameter esf for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, n-alkanes of methane to n-tetradecane, with respect to surfaces of native silica and silylated silica. The resulting database of confinement parameters is presented. This EOS models adsorption isotherms, phase transition temperature, and phase transition-pore size relations, in agreement with experimental data. The EOS is shown to be a unified tool for modeling the fluid phase behavior in nanopores.
The Experience of Infertility: An Unexpected Barrier in the Transition to Parenthood

Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy or deliver a live birth after one year of regular sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives. Infertility commonly represents an interruption in a couple’s normative life course, and as such, the stress individuals and couples endure is substantial as they attempt to resolve this unexpected barrier to parenthood. The specific stressors faced by men and women include significant emotional, physical, and psychological burdens. Coping strategies can include avoidance, seeking social support, emotional self-controlling, cognitive distancing, and finding new meaning. The effectiveness of these strategies varies by gender. Although strategies which are shown to be beneficial for individuals can positively impact one’s partner, they can also have a negative impact. Counseling strategies can provide couples with tools to help navigate the infertility experience, strengthen their relationships, assist in decision-making, and facilitate feelings of grief and loss. At a societal level, infertility can also be addressed by enhancing provider education and increasing fertility awareness. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are critical to address the expansive needs of individuals who are affected, or may be affected, by infertility. Finally, societies can promote preventative efforts that serve individuals and communities in the effort to reduce the prevalence and distress resulting from infertility.