cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey of the Essential Biochemical Elements

The simplest definition of an essential element is that it is an element required for the maintenance of life; its absence results in death or a severe malfunction of the organism. Experimentally, this rigorous criterion cannot always be satisfied and this has led to a broader definition of essentiality. An element is considered essential when a deficient intake produces an impairment of function and when restoration of physiological levels of that element prevents or relieves the deficiency. The organism can neither grow nor complete its life cycle without the element in question. The element should have a direct influence on the organism and be involved in its metabolism. The effect of the essential element cannot be wholly replaced by any other element. The importance of modifying any of these specific criteria in identifying the essentiality of a particular element has been emphasized by Luckey and Venugopal (1977).
Ethnographic toolkit: Strategic positionality and researchers’ visible and invisible tools in field research:

For many, reflexivity is a core tenet in qualitative research. Often, scholars focus on how one or two of their socio-demographic traits compare to their participants and how it may influence field...
Eine Geschichte der Social Media in Österreich

Social Media Geschichte zu schreiben ist ein prinzipiell transnationales und transmediales Unterfangen. Ausgehend von dieser Pramisse entwickelt der Beitrag seine Argumentation, warum es doch sinnvoll sein kann nationale Geschichten zu verfassen. Hierzu werden fruhe Vorlaufer von Social Media in Osterreich, Soziale Medien und digitale Protestkultur sowie die Bedeutung von Sozialen Medien fur politische Kommunikation thematisiert. Erste Versuche zur Etablierung von osterreichischen Sozialen Medien zeigten, wie ein Zusammenspiel von medialen, kulturellen aber auch infrastrukturellen Faktoren und der technologische Fortschritt uber den Erfolg von Plattformen entschieden haben und bestimmte Angebote rasch obsolet werden liesen. Mit dem Fall Unibrennt gab es in Osterreich ein fruhes Pilotbeispiel, in dem Social Media zur Mobilisierung, Organisation und offentlichen Vermittlung von Protesten benutzt wurden. Social Media zur politischen Kommunikation wurden in Osterreich hingegen nur zogerlich angenommen. Ausnahme war hierbei die FPO, die das Potential von Social Media zur ungefilterten Kommunikation mit AnhangerInnen fruh erkannt hat.
Abstract P024: Hidden Risks: Relationship Among Visceral Adipose Tissue, Interleukin-18, and Adiponectin in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Filipino Americans

Background and Aims: Filipino Americans (FAs) are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes however little research exists as to why this occurs. There is evidence that pro-inflammatory Interleuk...
An mHealth voice messaging intervention to improve infant and young child feeding practices in Senegal

Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have the potential to improve infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices; however, gaps in the literature remain regarding their design, implementation, and effectiveness. The aims of this study were to design an mHealth voice messaging intervention delivered to mothers and fathers targeting IYCF practices and examine its implementation and impact in households with children 6-23 months in three rural villages in Senegal. We conducted focus groups (n = 6) to inform the intervention development. We then conducted a pilot study (n = 47 households) to examine the impact of the intervention on IYCF practices of children 6-23 months. Voice messages were sent to the children's mothers and fathers over a period of 4 weeks (two messages per week; eight messages in total), and 24-hr dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were conducted before and immediately after the implementation of the mHealth intervention to examine its impact on IYCF practices. Overall, three of the eight behaviours increased and one decreased. There was a significant increase in the number of children that consumed fish (60% vs. 94%; p = .008) as measured by the 24-hr recall after the completion of the intervention. We also found significantly higher frequency of egg (p = .026), fish (p = .004), and thick porridge (p = .002) consumption in the previous 7 days measured by the FFQ. Our findings suggest that voice messaging IYCF interventions in Senegal have the potential to improve IYCF behaviours among young children in the short term. Future research should entail scaling-up the intervention and examining its sustainability over the long-term.
Total synthesis of herbimycin A.

Herbimycin A (HA) belongs to a class of antibiotics known as the benzoquinoid ansamycins. Members of this class have shown promising biological activity as Hsp90 inhibitors. An enantioselective synthesis of HA is described, employing asymmetric syn-crotylation methodology to introduce the C10, C11, C14, and C15 stereocenters. The C6−C7 stereocenters were introduced using Brown's α-pinene-derived γ-methoxy allylborane reagent. The C12 stereocenter was established by diastereoselective hydroboration.
chapter 14 – OSCILLATORY MOTION

Publisher Summary Vibrational, or oscillatory, motion is important because it is common and is a basic constituent of wave motion. This chapter forms a bridge between the mechanics of particles and rigid bodies and the physics of wave motion. It focuses on one-dimensional systems—the systems whose motion can be described by a single linear or angular variable. In each system, the displacement— whether linear or angular—varies sinusoidally with time. The sine and cosine functions are called harmonic functions, and this type of motion is referred to as simple harmonic motion (SHM). The chapter demonstrates that a system executes SHM if its acceleration and displacement are directly proportional but in opposite directions. It has been shown that SHM describes the motion projected on a diameter of an object engaged in uniform circular motion. The chapter further describes the transient behavior of a harmonic oscillator that is subjected to a dampening mechanism. A damping mechanism converts the mechanical energy of an oscillator into thermal or other non-mechanical forms of energy. The chapter also discusses the steady-state response of a damped oscillator to a sinusoidal driving force.
A Corpus for Visual Question Answering Annotated with Frame Semantic Information

Visual Question Answering (VQA) has been widely explored as a computer vision problem, however enhancing VQA systems with linguistic information is necessary for tackling the complexity of the task. The language understanding part can play a major role especially for questions asking about events or actions expressed via verbs. We hypothesize that if the question focuses on events described by verbs, then the model should be aware of or trained with verb semantics, as expressed via semantic role labels, argument types, and/or frame elements. Unfortunately, no VQA dataset exists that includes verb semantic information. We created a new VQA dataset annotated with verb semantic information called imSituVQA. imSituVQA is built by taking advantage of the imSitu dataset annotations. The imSitu dataset consists of images manually labeled with semantic frame elements, mostly taken from FrameNet.
Numbers of long-term hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow of fanca and fancc knockout mice can be greatly enhanced by their collection and processing in physioxia conditions

Fanconi anemia (FA) is associated with bone marrow failure. Bone marrow (BM) from patients with FA and fanca-/- and fancc-/- mice are deficient in hematopoietic stem (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs). Decreased HSCs/HPCs compromise their use in human and mouse hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and gene therapy to correct genetic defects causing FA. We reported increased collection of HSCs from mouse bone marrow and mobilized peripheral blood, and human cord blood of normal donors after collection/processing in low (3%) oxygen (physioxia). We assessed comparative contents of long-term (LT)-HSCs from BM of fanca-/- and fancc-/- when collected/processed at 3% O2, in order to negate effects of extra physiological shock stress (EPHOSS) induced by collection/processing in ambient air. Collection/processing of BM from fanca-/- and fancc-/- mice in physioxia demonstrated a ≥3-fold increase in LT-HSCs compared to that in ambient air. This was associated with decreased phenotypic multipotential progenitor cells and functional granulocyte macrophage, erythroid, and multi-potential progenitors, results similar to that for BM from normal donor mice. Increased collection of HSCs could have clinical applicability for gene therapy and HCT.
Regularization methods for the Poisson-Boltzmann equation: Comparison and accuracy recovery

Abstract A significant challenge in numerical solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is due to singular charge sources in terms of Dirac delta functions. To overcome this difficulty, several regularization methods have been developed, in which the potential function is decomposed into two or three parts so that the singular component can be analytically solved using the Green's function, while other components become bounded. However, it was observed in the literature that some regularization methods are significantly less accurate than the others for unclear reasons, even though they are analytically equivalent. To understand this discrepancy, the numerical performance of four popular regularization methods is investigated in this work by implementing them with the Matched Interface and Boundary (MIB) approach, which is a sophisticated finite difference method for treating elliptic interface problems with discontinuous coefficients. With all four methods showing second order convergence, accuracy reduction is numerically observed in two schemes. This paper provides numerical analysis and experiment to trace the source of such reduction, and links the error to the fact that the Laplacian of Green's function is dropped outside the protein domain. While this term is analytically vanishing, its numerical negligence introduces a discretization error. Formulating via a proper elliptic interface problem, an effective accuracy recovery technique is proposed so that all four methods yield the same high precision. With this study, all involved regularization schemes are better understood and well connected into a unified framework.
The Waiting Room as an Extension of the Treatment: Transference and Countertransference across the Consulting and Waiting Rooms

The author explores how the patient uses the waiting room and the relationship that he establishes with it vis-a-vis the analysis – an under-represented topic in the literature with the exception o...
Persistent IBR Infections in the Bovine Lymphoid System

Respiratory tract infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) results in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a significant clinical syndrome of cattle that plays a major role in bovine respiratory disease.
Allodiplogaster josephi n. sp. and A. seani n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), associates of soil-dwelling bees in the eastern USA

Two commensal associates of bees, Allodiplogaster josephin. sp. from the Dufour’s gland of a cellophane bee ( Colletes thoracicus) from Maryland, USA, and A. seanin. sp. from the abdominal glands of an andrenid bee ( Andrena alleghaniensis) from New York, USA, are described and illustrated. Both species were collected as dauers from their respective hosts and cultured on bacteria on tryptic soy broth (TSB) or NGM agar. Allodiplogaster josephin. sp. and A. seanin. sp. are morphologically closer to each other than to other species of Allodiplogaster, which was recently revised to include 37 valid species. However, the two new species are distinguished by reproductive isolation, shape of the spicule manubrium, host associations and molecular characters, the latter in sequences of the near-full length small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and partial mitochondrial COI. Morphological characterisation was supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed furcation of both v5 and v6 male genital papillae, consistent with previous reports for species of the henrichaegroup of Allodiplogaster.
Statistical learning of language: Theory, validity, and predictions of a statistical learning account of language acquisition.

Abstract Considerable research indicates that learners are sensitive to probabilistic structure in laboratory studies of artificial language learning. However, the artificial and simplified nature of the stimuli used in the pioneering work on the acquisition of statistical regularities has raised doubts about the scalability of such learning to the complexity of natural language input. In this review, we explore a central prediction of statistical learning accounts of language acquisition – that sensitivity to statistical structure should be linked to real language processes – via an examination of: (1) recent studies that have increased the ecological validity of the stimuli; (2) studies that suggest statistical segmentation produces representations that share properties with real words; (3) correlations between individual variability in statistical learning ability and individual variability in language outcomes; and (4) atypicalities in statistical learning in clinical populations characterized by language delays or deficits.
Hydrogen Walls: Mass Loss of Dwarf Stars and the Young Sun

Charge-exchange reactions between a fully ionized stellar wind and the partially ionized warm gas in the interstellar medium create a compressed region of hot neutral hydrogen atoms that are decelerated relative to the inflowing interstellar gas. This “hydrogen wall” produces a blue-shifted absorption component in the stellar Lyman-a emission line at many viewing angles that has now been detected in Hubble Space Telescope spectra of eight dwarf stars. Comparisons of the observed Lyman-α line profiles with theoretical models led to the first sensitive measurements of mass-loss rates as small as 4 × 10-15 MΘ yr-1 for solarlike dwarfs. Our study of astrospheres provides the first observational data (other than for the Sun) with which to test theories for dwarf star winds. We find an empirical correlation of stellar mass-loss rate with X-ray surface flux that allows us to predict the mass-loss rates of other stars and to infer the solar wind mass flux at earlier times, when the solar wind may have been as much as 1000 times stronger than at present. We mention some important ramifications for the history of planetary atmospheres in our solar system, that of Mars in particular, and for exoplanets.
Gap Junctions, Cardiac Excitability and Clinical Arrhythmias

The explosive growth in our understanding of cellular electrophysiology and the relationship to clinical arrhythmias continues. Much of the basic science that concerns the role of gap junctions in arrhythmias has been reviewed in other chapters in this book. The purpose of this chapter is to create an intellectual framework for the clinician that is based on biophysical theory and to allow the researcher who is not a physician insight into clinical thought processes. The emphasis will be on the known and probable role of gap junctions in normal and abnormal cardiac excitability with an emphasis on arrhythmogenesis due to anisotropic conduction.
Appendicitis: An analysis of 3344 cases with remarks on the delayed operation in delayed appendicitis

Abstract In order to reduce the unwarranted and unnecessary mortality in appendicitis, we must: 1. 1. Operate in the early hours of the disease even though it might be regarded as a mild attack. 2. 2. Teach families to avoid purgatives in every case of abdominal pain. 3. 3. Consider each case individually, do complete laboratory work and give adequate preparatory treatment rather than follow an iron-clad rule to operate on delayed cases of appendicitis irrespective of the patient's condition as a hurried midnight emergency operation. 4. 4. Remember the emergency is in the first few hours. 5. 5. In many instances, delay in delayed cases of appendicitis is the part of surgical wisdom.
The New ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards: Revising Reception

The publication of educational standards inspires a variety of responses---from wholesale acceptance and deployment to criticism and blame. The author of this paper contends that the revision of the ACRL’s Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education must be accompanied by a critical, conscious, and conscientious reception by librarians and information literacy advocates.
Introduction to Cancer Prevention

The goals of cancer prevention are to reduce the incidence, morbidity, and mortality due to cancer through the identification and elimination of precancerous lesions (termed intraepithelial neoplasias or IENs) and/or the early detection of minimally invasive cancers. Between 2001 and 2009, the USA saw an average 1.6 % annual reduction in the total number of cancer deaths (Howlader et al., 2012). While declining death rates have been seen for all racial and ethnic groups in the USA, there have been smaller reductions among women than men and smaller reductions in deaths among African Americans as compared to populations with a European heritage (Jemal et al., 2010). These reductions were primarily due to advances in and improved access to cancer detection and prevention efforts, resulting in less exposure to risk factors such as tobacco (Jemal et al., 2010). As a result, an estimated 767,100 cancer deaths have been averted over the past two decades in the USA (Jemal et al., 2010). These averted deaths are largely driven by reductions in lung cancer (reduction in tobacco use), stomach cancer (reduced H. pylori infections and improved food storage and preservation methods), breast cancer and colorectal cancer (due to improved screening and treatment modalities), cervical cancer (Pap testing and the HPV vaccine), as well as lymphoma, leukemia, and testicular cancer (due to new treatments). Unfortunately, other cancers have increased, such as liver cancer (increasing hepatitis C infections), esophageal cancer (associated with increasing obesity and gastric reflux disease), pancreatic cancer, and melanoma (due to sun exposure). Despite the recent reduction in incidence and mortality rates, cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in the USA (responsible for over 580,000 deaths per year) (Siegel et al., 2013). For Americans from the age of 40–79, cancer is the leading cause of death (Siegel et al., 2013). Only at age 80 and older does heart disease surpass cancer. Therefore, it is extremely important that we continue to prioritize efforts in cancer prevention and control to reduce the impact of these diseases.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the black rat snake ( Elaphe obsoleta )

We obtained molecular markers useful for population level studies of the black rat snake ( Elaphe obsoleta ) by screening genomic DNA libraries enriched for dinucleotide, tetranucleotide, and pentanucleotide microsatellite repeats. Following sequencing of the positive clones, 11 pairs of primers were designed for polymorphic loci and their variability assessed in > 350 individuals from four populations in North America. The loci had between 9 and 40 alleles and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.071 to 0.87. Some of these pairs of primers also successfully amplified DNA from two other snake species.
Reimagining the Burqa

Throughout the recent war in Afghanistan, the burqa has represented the oppression of the Taliban. It has acted as a site of intersection and contestation among discourses of beauty, freedom, women's rights, human rights and religion. This article explores the 2010 Afghan Parliamentary campaign of Farkhunda Zahra Naderi, who uses the symbol of the burqa rather than her own face on her campaign posters. Naderi's campaign represents a disruption of the purported essence of the burqa because it denaturalizes the garment, purporting to turn the little window into a ‘window of power’. Naderi removes herself from her position of power as an educated Afghan woman with access to many opportunities and instead places the spotlight on the faceless Afghan woman in the burqa, symbolizing that it could be any woman on that campaign poster; it could be any Afghan woman running for office. This is her goal: to enable any woman to be successful, in the burqa or not, able to make the choice not to wear the burqa, but also...
Algebraic Techniques for Analysis of Large Discrete-Valued Datasets

With the availability of large scale computing platforms and instrumentation for data gathering, increased emphasis is being placed on efficient techniques for analyzing large and extremely high-dimensional datasets. In this paper, we present a novel algebraic technique based on a variant of semi-discrete matrix decomposition (SDD), which is capable of compressing large discrete-valued datasets in an error bounded fashion. We show that this process of compression can be thought of as identifying dominant patterns in underlying data. We derive efficient algorithms for computing dominant patterns, quantify their performance analytically as well as experimentally, and identify applications of these algorithms in problems ranging from clustering to vector quantization. We demonstrate the superior characteristics of our algorithm in terms of (i) scalability to extremely high dimensions; (ii) bounded error; and (iii) hierarchical nature, which enables multiresolution analysis. Detailed experimental results are provided to support these claims.
Adrenocortical mediation of the effects of early life experiences.

Publisher Summary This chapter reevaluates the data regarding the effects of early life experiences—specifically the hypothesis that the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of environmental stimulation experienced during infancy are mediated by early changes in the pituitary-adrenal system. Conviction, in the absence of data, is an unending and immensely valuable source of ideas, hypotheses, and theories. Handling infant rats can influence adult behaviors and adrenocortical reactivity. Based on the proposition that emotional reactivity is reduced as a function of the amount of stimulus input experienced during infancy and the further assumption of a relationship between “emotionality” and adrenocortical activity, it is hypothesized that the neonatal rat responds to the stimulation of being handled by releasing corticosterone from the adrenal cortex. It is hypothesized that the stimulation of infant rats results in a release of corticosterone that acts to modify brain organization in such a way as to reduce subsequent emotional and adrenocortical reactivity.
Teaching the Six Essential Elements of Geography With Quality Children's Literature

Whether I am teaching third grade or sixth grade, I relish the opportunity to teach students about the six essential elements of geography at the beginning of each school year. The six elements org...
The NUREG-1150 probabilistic risk assessment for the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station

Abstract This paper summarizes the findings of the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for Unit 2 of the Peach Bottom Power Station performed in support of NUREG-1150. The emphasis is on the “back-end” analyses, that is, the accident progression, source term, and consequence analyses, and the risk results obtained when the results of these analyses are combined with the accident frequency analysis. The results show that the annual risk from internal initiators is much lower than estimated by the Reactor Safety Study (RSS) over a decade ago. The risk from fire initiators is about an order of magnitude higher than the risk from internal initiators, but is still less than the risk from internal initiators estimated by the RSS. The risk from seismic initiators at Peach Bottom is much greater than the risk from internal initiators. The uncertainty band for all types of initiators is considerably greater than that estimated in the RSS.
Preferred high-performance liquid chromatographic anion-exchange chromatographic contact region for recombinant rat cytochrome b5

The HPLC anion-exchange isocratic retention behaviors of site-directed charge mutants of the recombinant soluble core of rat cytochrome b5 on Mono Q HR 55 were investigated as a function of sodium chloride concentration, at a fixed temperature and eluent flow-rate. The retention behavior of the charge mutants was observed to depend on both the net charge of the protein and on the distribution of charged residues on the protein surface. Site-directed mutants of the same net charge differed significantly in retention behavior; differences in retention were observed to increase with decreasing ionic strength. The retention results were interpreted in terms of the stoichiometric displacement model (SDM) to obtain the apparent number of binding sites in the contact region, Z. Elimination of a single negatively charged residue, in an apparent preferred chromatographic contact region, resulted in disproportionately large changes in the retention behavior as compared with elimination of a single negatively charged residue on other areas of the protein surface. The experimentally determined preferred chromatographic contact region compares favorably with the results of batch equilibrium adsorption studies on the same system and with previously reported results of computational molecular electrostatic modeling. The results of this study indicate that the observed protein ion-exchange retention represents the summation of many fractional electrostatic interactions of varying interaction energies. Therefore, protein ion-exchange retention is a function of both the number of contacts and the individual electrostatic interaction energies of the contacts between the protein and the ion-exchange surface.
Random walk covering of some special trees

Abstract For simple random walk on a finite tree, the cover time is the time taken to visit every vertex. For the balanced b-ary tree of height m, the cover time is shown to be asymptotic to 2m 2 b m + 1 ( log b) (b − 1) as m → ∞ . On the uniform random labeled tree on n vertices, we give a convincing heuristic argument that the mean time to cover and return to the root is asymptotic to 6(2π) 1 2 n 3 2 , and prove a weak O(n 3 2 ) upper bound. The argument rests upon a recursive formula for cover time of trees generated by a simple branching process.
Polysemy through metonymy: The case of Meithei pí ‘grandmother’

In Meithei, a Tibeto-Burman language of Northeast India, the noun pi ‘grandmother’ has undergone divergent paths of semantic change, developing on the one hand into a productive nominalizer and on the other into suffixes whose meanings are derived through metonymical extensions (SMALLER VERSION, BEST EXEMPLAR, SALIENT CHARACTERISTIC, PROJECTION, INSTRUMENT and AGENT). The Meithei data illustrate the role of culture in metonymic change and the role of metonymic change in creation of productive and lexicalized morphology.
A mechanism for pricing and resource allocation in peer-to-peer networks

In this study, we design a pricing and allocation mechanism for a peer-to-peer (P2P) network that allows users in a firm to effectively share computing resources. This mechanism allows tasks (incoming jobs) to be allocated to resources (participating peers) in an organization in a decentralized manner. The base case of our P2P mechanism derives the optimal transfer price that maximizes the net value, which is characterized as the difference between the expected gross value of the jobs and the expected delay cost, for the peers in the network. The optimal price for executing any job at a peer location is essentially equal to the marginal delay cost it imposes on all current jobs at that node. With this pricing scheme, no individual user has an incentive to over-utilize shared resources, thereby avoiding the ''tragedy of the commons'' for the P2P network. Our model builds on the classical Mendelson (1985) study that was one of the first to look at the control and management issues related to a single-server computer system. In this study, we model transfer pricing for a multiple server environment of a P2P network. The original Mendelson (1985) model thus becomes a special single-server case of our general model. Our basic model is extended to incorporate situations where the peers have queue length constraints, which may be used for providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees to users. We then perform numerical computations that illustrate the effects of job arrivals on prices and job allocations at the individual servers. There is an enormous potential for P2P based technologies to help organizations manage their computer resources effectively.
The Shannon information content of hyperspectral shortwave cloud albedo measurements: Quantification and practical applications

[1] The Shannon information content provides an objective measure of the information in a data set. In this paper, we quantify the information content of hyperspectral liquid water cloud measurements over a spectral range (300–2500 nm) representing approximately 95% of the total energy in the solar spectrum. We also use the Shannon information content to analyze the cloud retrieval wavelengths and weightings used by the Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) and to determine the cumulative information in the SSFR retrieval. These applications illustrate the utility of the Shannon information content in guiding the effective processing of hyperspectral data. Such efficiency is of growing importance considering the push toward spectrally resolved satellite measurements of reflected solar irradiance used to study climate.
Electron temperatures of intense electron-beam-produced plasmas

A method of estimating the electron temperatures in intense, relativistic, electron-beam-produced plasmas is presented. This method compares spectral line intensities obtained from visible emission spectroscopy to those expected from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) plasmas. The line intensities, particularly those originating from highly excited states, are corrected for the effects of the fast-beam electrons. >
A persistent fifth aortic arch in man: A double-lumen aortic arch (presentation of a new case and review of the literature)

Persistent fifth aortic arch manifested as a double-lumen aortic arch (DLAA) is a rare anomaly. We present such a case with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and pulmonary atresia. Review of the eight previously published cases indicates relatively frequent association of DLAA with preductal coarctation of the aorta. We attempt to explain the coexistence of this lesion with DLAA. We also discuss evidence supporting derivation of the inferior channel of the DLAA from the embryologic fifth aortic arch.
Functional Impairment, Stress, and Psychosocial Intervention in Bipolar Disorder

The longitudinal course of bipolar disorder (BD) is highly impairing. This article reviews recent research on functional impairment in the course of BD, the roles of social and intrafamilial stress in relapse and recovery, and the role of adjunctive psychosocial interventions in reducing risk and enhancing functioning. Comparative findings in adult and childhood BD are highlighted. Life events and family-expressed emotion have emerged as significant predictors of the course of BD. Studies of social information processing suggest that impairments in the recognition of facial emotions may characterize both adult- and early-onset bipolar patients. Newly developed psychosocial interventions, particularly those that focus on family and social relationships, are associated with more rapid recovery from episodes and better psychosocial functioning. Family-based psychoeducational approaches are promising as early interventions for children with BD or children at risk of developing the disorder. For adults, interpersonal therapy, mindfulness-based strategies, and cognitive remediation may offer promise in enhancing functioning.
Systematic surveillance for UAVs: A feedforward iterative learning control approach

UAVs (unmanned air vehicles) have contributed greatly to situational awareness through surveillance missions. However, complete autonomy of a UAV has yet to be realized due to the lack of reliable onboard sensing capabilities. Current research at the Air Force pairs UAVs with Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) to create a system that autonomously patrols, detects, and isolates intruders on a road network. During the patrol phase a UAV must visit each UGS, transitioning to the isolation phase if an intruder is detected. Optimizing the UAV flight plan during the patrol phase will lead to a faster response time and higher probability of capturing the intruder. The goal of this work is to investigate a learning-based approach that will enable more efficient and effective surveillance operations. In the proposed framework, techniques from adaptive feedforward iterative learning control and a region of attraction-based tracking approach have been used to optimize the UAV flight plan between surveillance flights. The proposed approach has resulted in the development of a novel learning control framework that leverages a region-based tracking requirement to minimize overall distance traveled, while guaranteeing convergence within the required tracking zone. Simulation results for a 1D example system demonstrate the validity of the control framework through an 8% reduction of overall distance traveled as compared to traditional surveillance strategies requiring tracking convergence to a single point. The proposed framework has the potential to significantly decrease the resources required for surveillance-based applications.
Analytical modeling and active vibration suppression of an adaptive circular composite plate with asymmetric constraints

In this paper, the dynamic analysis of an Adaptive Circular Composite Plate (ACCP) with asymmetric constraints with respect to the angular coordinate system is investigated. Due to the asymmetric constrains, the shape functions of the circular plate could not be simply obtained from the partial differential equation by ignoring the angular dependency. Using the method of separation of variables, the mode shapes are expanded in Bessel series. The comparison of the developed analytical mode shapes with the Finite Element Method (FEM) mode shapes confirmed the validation of the analytical model. A modeling strategy using Rayleigh-Ritz method is presented to build the system model. Taking the effects of piezoelectric actuators on the dynamics of the ACCP into account, the optimal placement of the actuators is investigated. Also, employing the developed model, the simulation of the vibration control is implemented on the ACCP with one central simply support and three edge simply supports using LQR controller. The simulation results verify the best performance of the LQR controller with the optimal configuration for vibration suppression of the ACCP.
Characterization of squamous cell carcinoma in an organotypic culture via subsurface non-linear optical molecular imaging

Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein which downregulates multiple cytokines that mediate progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We previously showed that HNSCC cells with shRNA-mediated knockdown of TTP are more invasive than controls. In this study, we use control and TTP-deficient cells to present a novel subsurface non-linear optical molecular imaging method using a three-dimensional (3D) organotypic construct, and compare the live cell imaging data to histology of fixed tissue specimens. This manuscript describes how to prepare and image the novel organotypic system that closely mimics HNSCC in a clinical setting. The oral cancer equivalent (OCE) system allows HNSCC cells to stratify and invade beyond the basement membrane into underlying connective tissue prepared from decellularized human dermal tissue. The OCE model was inspired by tissue engineering strategies to prepare autologous transplants from human keratinocytes. Advantages of this method over previously use...
Optical Neural Network Models Applied To Logic Program Execution

Logic programming is being used extensively by Artificial Intelligence researchers to solve problems including natural language processing and expert systems. These languages, of which Prolog is the most widely used, promise to revolutionize software engineering, but much greater performance is needed. Researchers have demonstrated the applicability of neural network models to the solution of certain NP-complete problems, but these methods are not obviously applicable to the execution of logic programs. This paper outlines the use of neural networks in four aspects of the logic program execution cycle, and discusses results of a simulation of three of these. Four neural network functional units are described, called the substitution agent, the clause filter, the structure processor, and the heuristics generator, respectively. Simulation results suggest that the system described may provide several orders of magnitude improvement in execution speed for large logic programs. However, practical implementation of the proposed architecture will require the application of optical computing techniques due to the large number of neurons required, and the need for massive, adaptive connectivity.
State Participation in Interstate Compacts

When problems straddle state boundaries, interstate cooperation is often needed in order to resolve those problems. Participation in interstate compacts, a form of cooperative activity, varies considerably from state to state. Compact participation generally tends to be higher among states likely to experience interdependence, as indicated by the geographical proximity of their state capitals to each other. Patterns of adoption vary, however, depending on the subject matter of the compact.
A novel online Variance Based Instance Selection (VBIS) method for efficient atypicality detection in chest radiographs

Chest radiographs are complex, heterogeneous medical images that depict many different types of tissues, and many different types of abnormalities. A radiologist develops a sense of what visual textures are typical for each anatomic region within chest radiographs by viewing a large set of "normal" radiographs over a period of years. As a result, an expert radiologist is able to readily detect atypical features. In our previous research, we modeled this type of learning by (1) collecting a large set of "normal" chest radiographs, (2) extracting local textural and contour features from anatomical regions within these radiographs, in the form of high-dimensional feature vectors, (3) using a distance-based transductive machine learning method to learn what it typical for each anatomical region, and (4) computing atypicality scores for the anatomical regions in test radiographs. That research demonstrated that the transductive One-Nearest-Neighbor (1NN) method was effective for identifying atypical regions in chest radiographs. However, the large set of training instances (and the need to compute a distance to each of these instances in a high dimensional space) made the transductive method computationally expensive. This paper discusses a novel online Variance Based Instance Selection (VBIS) method for use with the Nearest Neighbor classifier, that (1) substantially reduced the computational cost of the transductive 1NN method, while maintaining a high level of effectiveness in identifying regions of chest radiographs with atypical content, and (2) allowed the incremental incorporation of training data from new informative chest radiographs as they are encountered in day-to-day clinical work.
Volatile generation in bell peppers during frozen storage and thawing using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS).

UNLABELLED To determine volatile formation during storage and thawing, whole, pureed, blanched, and raw green and red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were frozen quickly or slowly then stored at -18 °C for up to 7 mo, with and without SnCl(2) addition during thawing. Headspace analysis was performed by a Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometer (SIFT-MS). After blanching, (Z)-3-hexenal had a large significant decrease in concentration since it is a heat labile compound while most other volatiles did not change in concentration. The freezing process increased volatile levels in the puree only. Slow freeze peppers had higher levels of some LOX generated volatiles during storage than quick freeze. During frozen storage of blanched samples (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-pentenal increased likely because of nonenzymatic autoxidation of fatty acids while other volatiles remained constant. In Raw Whole peppers, (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, and 2-pentylfuran were generated during storage likely because the LOX enzyme is still active during frozen storage. However, blanched samples had higher concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, 1-penten-3-one, and (E)-2-heptenal because of enzymatic destruction of these volatiles in the raw samples. The levels of many of the volatiles in the raw samples, including (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-pentenal, and 2-pentylfuran, appeared to peak around 34 d after freezing. Pureed samples had significantly higher levels of volatiles than the whole samples, and volatiles peaked earlier. Green bell pepper volatile levels were always higher than red bell pepper. Significantly higher volatile formation occurred during thawing than it did during frozen storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Studying and monitoring the headspace volatiles with a SIFT-MS can give information that will help manufacturers better understand how the volatiles in bell peppers change during frozen storage. This will give valuable information to processors on how to minimize volatile changes during storage of frozen peppers.
Luteinizing releasing hormone, synthesis and ARG8-analogs, and conformation-sequence-activity relationships

Abstract The luteinizing releasing hormone (LRH or pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH 2 ) has been usefully synthesized by coupling the unprotected hexapeptide and tetrapeptide, pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-OH and Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH 2 . This new versatile synthesis also conveniently provides analogs with changes in the 7-10-positions. Possible conformations of parallel planarity of Trp- and Tyr-, and significance of the guanidino group for activity and potency of LRH led to synthesis of His 8 -LRH, Nva 8 -LRH and Des-Arg 8 -LRH. Activities indicate a participating ionic mechanism for release and potency due to a basic moiety in the 8-position. Data on Nva 8 -LRH and Des-Arg 8 -LRH seem to support concepts of conformation and basicity.
The diffusion of carbon dioxide through blood flowing in a tube

In this paper, we present an analysis of carbon-dioxide diffusion in blood flowing through a semipermeable membrane. It is assumed that the fluid (blood) obeys Casson's constitutive equation, and that the flow is laminar and steady. The equation of conservation of mass has been solved numerically in dimensionless form by employing a forward-marching technique to obtain the desired concentration profiles and diffusion rates. The solutions are shown to be sensitive to changes in yield number, wall-resistance number, and entrance pressure. The accuracy of our program was verified by comparing the special case of a Newtonian fluid (yield number equal to zero and a linear fractional-saturation function) with the known heat-transfer results.
Colonic Metastases from Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Lung Presenting as an Ileocecal Intussusception

Pleomorphic carcinoma is a rare aggressive type of lung cancer that uncommonly metastasizes to the bowel, leading to bleeding, perforation, obstruction, and rarely intussusception. Serving as a lead point, metastatic lesions in the bowel may precipitate intussusception and require immediate surgical intervention. We present a rare case of colonic metastases from a primary lung malignancy, causing ileocecal intussusception in a 57-year old male.
Thermal equilibration and thermally induced spin currents in a thin-film ferromagnet on a substrate

Recent spin-Seebeck experiments on thin ferromagnetic films apply a temperature difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{x}$ along the length $x$ and measure a (transverse) voltage difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{y}$ along the width $y$. The connection between these involves: (1) thermal equilibration between sample and substrate, (2) spin currents along the height (or thickness) $z$, and (3) the measured voltage difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{y}$. The present work models in detail the first of these steps, and outlines how to obtain the other two. In 1D, thermal equilibration between the magnons and phonons in the sample as well as additional equilibration between the sample and the substrate leads to two surface modes with lengths $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ to provide thermal equilibration. Increasing the coupling between the two modes increases the longer mode length and decreases the shorter mode length. In 2D, the applied thermal gradient along $x$ leads to a thermal gradient along $z$ that varies as $\mathrm{sinh}(x/\ensuremath{\lambda})$, which produces fluxes along $z$ of the up- and down-spin carriers, and gradients of their associated magnetoelectrochemical potentials ${\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow},\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$, which vary as $\mathrm{sinh}(x/\ensuremath{\lambda})$. There is also an infinite spectrum of shorter lengths $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ that are geometrically determined. By the inverse spin Hall effect, the spin current along $z$ can produce a transverse voltage difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{y}$ that also varies as $\mathrm{sinh}(x/\ensuremath{\lambda})$. This is consistent with experiments if the longest $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is comparable to or larger than the sample length $L$, and the shorter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$'s are smaller than the separation between the input or output lead and the nearest voltage probe. In this model, even seemingly linear voltage profiles are due to a surface mode.
Minority Voices: A Case Study of Children and Parents in a Manchester Primary School

Presently, there are a growing number of ethnic minority students in the primary schools in northwest England. Through sociocultural theory, this paper examines student and parent perspectives of their experiences in the schools. Using a qualitative methodology, including observation, in-depth interviews, and field notes this case study focused on children of ethnic minority parents from a primary school in the northwest of England. Specifically, this study investigates the perspectives of ethnic minority students and their parents while identifying the pedagogical knowledge and strategies already being used by teachers and schools who work with ethnic minority students. Foundational to this research is the belief that ethnic minority families and teachers need to make concerted, intentional efforts to engage in and acquire appropriate knowledge for building effective, communicative relationships in order to benefit student achievement.
Electronic Structure Studies of 1,2-Didehydrogenation of Arenes and Rearrangement of Arynes to Annelated Cyclopentadienylidenecarbenes

CCSD(T)/6-311G** electronic structure calculations confirm the experimentally postulated existence of cyclopentadienylidenecarbene (CPDC) and verify the reliability of the BLYP/6-311G** predictions for thermochemistry and kinetics of the 1,2-didehydrogenation of arenes and the ring contraction of the resulting arynes. The former process is found to possess low site specificity, its energetics being influenced mostly by steric overcrowding of hydrogens. On the other hand, the energetics and barriers of rearrangements of higher arynes to annelated CPDCs are determined by the nature of bonding in the reaction products. Three distinct types of isomerizations, of which only one is observed experimentally, are readily recognizable.