cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation at the limit of viability: trapped between a rock and a hard place.

Background Current professional guidelines, such as the Neonatal Resuscitation Program, specify significant roles for parents in decision-making at periviability. However, current federal regulations and some legal precedents indicate that resuscitation decisions should be made by the physician at the time of delivery, based on physical assessment of the infant. The enforcement of such approach would potentially increase the resuscitation of infants with poor prognoses. Objective To characterize the resuscitation practices of neonatologists attending deliveries of premature infants at the borderline of viability, in the context of current federal legislation. Study design A questionnaire was administered to directors of all level III neonatal intensive care units in the state of New Jersey, eliciting resuscitation decisions for hypothetical birth scenarios as well as knowledge of legal statutes. Results Resuscitation decisions for infants born at 24 weeks of gestational age were not associated with parental wishes. In contrast, parental requests were significantly associated with decisions whether to treat infants born at 22 and 23 weeks gestation. Most neonatologists believed they were knowledgeable about federal legislation, but that knowledge did not change the way they practiced. Conclusions Our findings suggest that resuscitation of premature infants at 24 weeks gestation is the standard of care in New Jersey, a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse state that may represent broader national trends. The high compliance with parental wishes at 22 or 23 weeks is probably related to physicians' expectation of poor outcomes at these gestational ages. This approach is consistent with current recommendations of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program but may not be compatible with existing federal statutes and legal precedent.
Characterization, formulation, and stability of Neupogen (Filgrastim), a recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.

G-CSF is an extremely well-known and well-characterized molecule. Both the natural glycosylated form and the E. coli-produced nonglycosylated form are biologically active. A thorough understanding of the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures has enabled a rational approach to purification, folding, and formulation. Although the product can be considered mature, and testing and development of the second-generation formulation are complete, chemical and physical analysis of the product continue. It is this continued effort to understand the chemistry and stability of the product that ensure a safe and efficacious molecule.
Choosing the Wrong Calling Plan? Ignorance, Learning, and Risk Aversion

It is commonly believed that consumers behave irrationally when subscribing optional telephone tariffs. The fact that they show a strong preference for flat rate options has commonly been interpreted as evidence of irrational behavior since such a choice is believed not to be cost-minimizing ex post in most cases. My results, obtained using the data from the 1986 Kentucky tariff experiment, contradict these views and provide strong evidence in favour of the rationality of consumers' choices. I found that expectations on future consumption play a major role in the choice of tariffs but also that consumption forecast errors are more related to the volume of local telephone usage than to any particular demographic profile. More importantly, the evidence shows that there exist important learning effects that induce tariff switching in order to minimize the magnitude of monthly bills even in the short term and responding to very small cost differences. Finally, risk aversion is ruled out as a possible source of consumers' biased taste for flat tariffs.
Gel wheelchair cushions: A potential cold weather hazard

Paraplegia and quadriplegia with concomitant impairment of cutaneous sensation predisposes to secondary skin damage, most commonly due to pressure or heat. Cold exposure, however, can also damage the skin. This report describes a 19-year-old man with myelodysplasia and L3 incomplete paraplegia who sustained extensive freeze burns of the buttocks from sitting on a gel wheelchair cushion that had been left outside in freezing weather. When he initially presented for medical care, the lesions were described by his physician as ischial pressure sores. On careful further questioning, prompted because of the unusual margins of the lesions, the true etiology was determined. The medical and surgical management of this patient's cold thermal injury, the thermomechanical properties of gel wheelchair cushions, and the literature pertaining to cold injury in the population with impaired spinal cord function are discussed.
Chapter 7 Positional rules of collective decision-making

Abstract In this chapter, we seek to review some of the central concepts and results in the literature on positionalist voting rules, which goes back to Borda (1781) . After the introduction of the basic notation and definitions in earlier parts of the chapter, we explore in Section 3 the distinction between positionalist and non-positionalist social ranking rules and social decision rules. We define alternative notions of positionality and give several examples. Section 4 discusses the positionalist decision procedures in the context of the conditions figuring in Arrow's celebrated impossibility theorem and also in the context of the simple majority rule. In Section 5, we review the literature on the structure of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule. Some well-known axiomatic characterizations of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule are discussed here. In Section 6, we discuss some results on the structure of score-based ranking rules and score-based decision rules, which include, as special cases, the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule, respectively. This section also contains a discussion of dominance-based scoring rules and social decision rules known as runoff systems. Section 7 concludes the chapter.
Is Total Advertising Going Up or Down

The normal way of analysing total advertising by measuring it as a proportion of the gross national product is inadequate because it can conceal movements, notably a very long-term tendency for advertising budgets to be depressed as a result of the operation of market forces which lie below the surface. This downward pressure is mainly (although not exclusively) important to the large category of packaged consumer goods.The two causes of this downward pressure are, first, a gradual change in the balance of power between the manufacturing sector and the retail trade, because of the growth in the strength of the latter. The second cause is connected with the behaviour of large advertisers. They are increasingly learning how to benefit from the scale economies accruing to their brands by reducing advertising expenditures on them. They are also the types of advertisers accustomed to carrying out econometric investigations, which always demonstrate the eventual onset of diminishing returns to incremental adver...
PI3K Charges Ahead

Structural information about an enzyme implicated in numerous cancers provides insights into to how certain mutations promote cancer cell growth and survival.
Radiation Curing of Printing Inks

The use of radiant energy to dry or assist in the drying of printing inks has been in practice since ancient times when oxidizing ink systems were placed in the sun to speed drying. This original use of radiation curing, ultraviolet (UV) light and radiant heat, to enhance drying has truly only come of age since the late 1960s. In the fall of 1969 the first commercial run of UV curing inks on a folding carton took place on a multicolor sheetfed offset press. Although earlier patents exist, the use of UV light for curing inks was not suitable for commercial exploitation until the chemistry and a suitable power source were developed around this time.
The Slums of Aspen: Immigrants vs. the Environment in America's Eden. Lisa Sun-Hee Park and David Naguib Pellow

In 1999, the City Council of Aspen, Colorado, an exclusive resort community with a large Latino immigrant service worker population, passed a resolution encouraging federal legislators to restrict ...
Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous encainide in patients with heart disease.

Abstract Encainide, a new antiarrhythmic drug, was given intravenously (0.9 mg/kg) to 18 patients over 15 minutes to evaluate its hemodynamic effects. Hemodynamics and drug plasma concentrations were measured during and 30 minutes postdrug infusions. Encainide infusion was associated with a decrease in cardiac index from 2.6 ± 0.7 to 2.4 ± 0.7 L/min/m 2 ( p
Host stress and immune responses during aerosol challenge of Brown Norway rats with Yersinia pestis

Inhalation exposure models are becoming the preferred method for the comparative study of respiratory infectious diseases due to their resemblance to the natural route of infection. To enable precise delivery of pathogen to the lower respiratory tract in a manner that imposes minimal biosafety risk, nose-only exposure systems have been developed. Early inhalation exposure technology for infectious disease research grew out of technology used in asthma research where predominantly the Collison nebulizer is used to generate an aerosol by beating a liquid sample against glass. Although infectious aerosol droplets of 1-5µm in size can be generated, the Collison often causes loss of viability. In this work, we evaluate a gentler method for aerosolization of living cells and describe the use of the Sparging Liquid Aerosol Generator (SLAG) in a rat pneumonic plague model. The SLAG creates aerosols by continuous dripping of liquid sample on a porous metal disc. We show the generation of 0.5 to 1µm Y. pestis aerosol particles using the SLAG with spray factors typically ranging from 10-7 to 10-8 with no detectable loss of bacterial viability. Delivery of these infectious particles via nose-only exposure led to the rapid development of lethal pneumonic plague. Further, we evaluated the effect of restraint-stress imposed by the nose-only exposure chamber on early inflammatory responses and bacterial deposition. Elevated serum corticosterone which peaked at 2 hrs post-procedure indicated the animals experienced stress as a result of restraint in the nose-only chamber. However, we observed no correlation between elevated corticosterone and the amount of bacterial deposition or inflammation in the lungs. Together these data demonstrate the utility of the SLAG and the nose-only chamber for aerosol challenge of rodents by Y. pestis.
Skin sensitivity in the aged—Fatality following intradermal tests

Abstract 1.1. In the aged, atrophic as the skin may appear to be, the reactivity to skin tests may be very acute. The reaction is an individual one and depends upon the sensitivity of the skin, organs, and tissues. 2.2. Although the allergic condition had existed for seventy-four years, it did not render the skin nonreactive or diminish its sensitivity. 3.3. The aged require the same meticulous care in testing and treatment as patients of any age group.
Untersuchungen zur Totalsynthese der Saponaceolide: Synthese voncis-2,4-disubstituierten 3,3-Dimethylmethylencyclohexanen

Diastereoselektivitatskontrolle durch Metallkoordination: Bei 3,3-Dimethylmethylencyclohexanen 2 – ein in vielen interessanten Naturstoffen vorkommendes Strukturmotiv – lassen sich die thermodynamisch weniger stabilen cis-2,4-disubstituierten Verbindungen durch eine Cyclisierung herstellen, bei der die Konfiguration im Carbopalladierungsschritt festgelegt wird. Sowohl die Cycloisomerisierung von 1,7-Eninen 1 als auch die intramolekulare Heck-Reaktion von Verbindungen des Typs 3 machen das cis-Produkt als Hauptprodukt zuganglich.
Miscibility of Sm1−xScxS solid solutions

Alloys of Sm1−xScxS show limited miscibility in the composition range x < 0.40. Lattice parameter measurements of those alloys that are formed suggest that the divalent configuration for the samarium cation is maintained in this range.
Design and Implementation of a Sun Tracker with a Dual-Axis Single Motor for an Optical Sensor-Based Photovoltaic System

The dual threats of energy depletion and global warming place the development of methods for harnessing renewable energy resources at the center of public interest. Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy resources. Sun trackers can substantially improve the electricity production of a photovoltaic (PV) system. This paper proposes a novel design of a dual-axis solar tracking PV system which utilizes the feedback control theory along with a four-quadrant light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and simple electronic circuits to provide robust system performance. The proposed system uses a unique dual-axis AC motor and a stand-alone PV inverter to accomplish solar tracking. The control implementation is a technical innovation that is a simple and effective design. In addition, a scaled-down laboratory prototype is constructed to verify the feasibility of the scheme. The effectiveness of the Sun tracker is confirmed experimentally. To conclude, the results of this study may serve as valuable references for future solar energy applications.
Role of point defect diffusion and recombination in low-temperature growth of semiconductor heterostructures using low-energy ion beams

We are investigating dircctdeposition oflow energy (10 - 500 eV) ions to grow elemental and compound thin films at low temperature (R.T. - 700 K). We have developed a model to describe layer growth by Ion Beam Deposition (IBD) that takes into account not only atomic collision processes but also thermally-activated diffusion and recombination ofpoint defects during ion bombardment. Numerical simulations of our experimental conditions using this model have given us new insight into growth mechanisms during IBD. More specifically, we show in this work that the IBD growth rate is not limited by the sputtering yield only, but also by the recombination rate ofpoint defects at the surface; this rate depends on the depth distribution of the defects, which is deternined by the ion energy.
Markov—Bernstein-Type Inequality for Trigonometric Polynomials with Respect to Doubling Weights on [-ω,ω]

Abstract. Various important, weighted polynomial inequalities, such as Bernstein, Marcinkiewicz, Nikolskii, Schur, Remez, etc., have been proved recently by Giuseppe Mastroianni and Vilmos Totik under minimal assumptions on the weights. In most cases this minimal assumption is the doubling condition. Here, based on a recently proved Bernstein-type inequality by D. S. Lubinsky, we establish Markov—Bernstein-type inequalities for trigonometric polynomials with respect to doubling weights on [-ω,ω] . Namely, we show the theorem below.
SuperPUF: integrating heterogeneous physically unclonable functions

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) combat counterfeit ICs by identifying each chip using inherent process variation. PUFs must produce sufficiently many bits, but replicating the same PUF design requires care since process variation and its spatial correlation may change in the next 10 years. Additional challenges arise in system-on-chip and heterogeneous 3D integration of diverse PUFs. Responding to these challenges, we introduce methods for combining PUFs, with provisions for sampling process variation throughout the IC. When multiple sources of entropy are available, our optimization algorithms select sources to maximize joint entropy and minimize physical overhead. Empirical validation uses SPICE simulations for a 45nm technology node.
A little history of Darwinian history

D arwmlan hlstoryy Obviously In the last half century, biology has moved toward hlstory, and history has moved toward biology Sooner or later, they had to come together Darwm seemed to think so He said, at the end of his book on the Orlgrn of Species, “much light will be thrown on mankind and his hlstory” (1859 573) But it took more than a hundred years It isn’t clear why the wait was so long (but see, e g , Freeman 1983 chapters 1-4, Haraway 1989. chapter 6, and especially Degler 1991). For whatever reason, around the middle of this century, it took a handful of men to bring Darwinian theory back to the study of behavior They asked two basic questions First. What IS the most important level of selection? Do mdlvlduals, or genes, or groups struggle to exist-and to reproduce? Their answer was that selection IS most effective at the mdlvldual level (Wllhams 1966; but see Wilson 1980, Dawkms 1982) Second Then what accounted for altru1s.m~ Why did one mdlvldual ever go out of its way to help another? One answer was that mdlvlduals could reproduce both directly and through their famlhes-through km who shared their genes (Hamilton 1964) Another was, they might help m order to get helped back (Tnvers 1971, Axelrod and Hamilton 1981). Answers to those questions started a revolution m the study of animal behavior (reviews m Daly and Wilson 1983, Trlvers 1985, Krebs and Davies 1987, 1991, Alcock 1989, Cockburn 1991) They started a revolutlon m the study of human behavior, too That new theory was the first step biology took toward history The second was an empirical one Inspired by the work of Richard Alexander, a blologlst, Napoleon Chagnon and W&am Irons, two anthropologists, published the first tests of Darwinian hypotheses on human behavior m 1979 (Alexander 1974, 1979, Chagnon and Irons 1979) The papers m that book show, or try to show, that alliances m a tribal ax fight, the acqulsltlon of capital m Persia, and female mfantlclde m high Indian castes, among other
Allostatic load and age of menarche

Purpose Although stress and cumulative wear on the body are hypothesized to be associated with reproductive function, little research has been conducted. This cross-sectional analysis examines whether early age of menarche is associated with allostatic load, a measure of cumulative wear, in young women. Methods This analysis was conducted using data from 2471 women between the ages of 17 and 30 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The definition of allostatic load was based on that previously created by Crimmins et al. (2003). The allostatic load score is the sum of seven cardiovascular or metabolic markers (diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, body mass index, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, total cholesterol) and four inflammation markers (albumin, C-reactive protein, urinary creatinine clearance, peak flow). Cutoffs were determined from clinical standards when available. Early menarche was defined as onset of menstruation before the age of 11 years. Thirty-one women who reported their age of menarche as between the ages of 10 and 12 years were not defined as early menarche. Confounders included education (less than high school; high school or GED; more than high school), poverty income ratio (0.0–0.49; 0.50–0.99; 1.00–1.49; 1.50–1.99; ≥2.00), race or ethnicity (white, non-Hispanic; black, non-Hispanic; Mexican American; other Hispanic; other), and age. Odds ratios were estimated using PROC RLOGIST. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS and SUDAAN. Results Overall 7% of women reported an age of menarche before the age of 11. Among those with high allostatic load scores, 13% reported early menarche. After adjusting for age, race or ethnicity, poverty income ratio, level of education, smoking history and depression, increased allostatic load score was associated with an increase in the odds of early menarche (odds ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.33–3.78). Conclusion Although cross-sectional, this analysis shows that in early life there is an association between cumulative physiologic dysregulation and reproductive function.
Global atmospheric chemistry: Integrating over fractional cloud cover

[1] A new approach defined here allows for the averaging of photochemistry over complex cloud fields within a grid square and can be readily implemented in current global models. As diagnosed from observations or meteorological models, fractional cloud cover with many overlying cloud layers can generate hundreds to thousands of different cloud profiles per grid square. We define a quadrature-based method, applied here to the problem of averaging photolysis rates over this range of cloud patterns, which opens new opportunities for modeling in-cloud chemistry in global models. We select up to four representative cloud profiles, optimizing the selection and weighting of each to minimize the difference in photolysis rates when compared with the integration over the entire set of cloud distributions. To implement our algorithm, we adapt the UCI fast-JX photolysis code to the cloud statistics from the ECMWF forecast model at T42L40 resolution. For the tropics and midlatitudes, grid-square-averaged photolysis rates for O3, NO2, and NO3 using four representative atmospheres differ by at most 3.2% RMS from rates averaged over the hundreds or more cloudy atmospheres derived from a maximum-random overlap scheme. Further, bias errors in both the free troposphere and the boundary layer are less than 1%. Similar errors are shown to be 10–20% for current approximation methods. Errors in the quadrature method are less than the uncertainty in the choice of maximum-random overlap schemes. We apply the method to the averaging of photochemistry over different cloud profiles and outline extensions to heterogeneous cloud chemistry.
Public Perceptions of Health Care Professionals' Participation in Pharmaceutical Marketing

Trust in the nurse-patient relationship is maintained not by how professionals perceive their actions but rather by how the public perceives them. However, little is known about the public's view of nurses and other health care professionals who participate in pharmaceutical marketing. Our study describes public perceptions of health care providers' role in pharmaceutical marketing and compares their responses with those of a random sample of licensed family nurse practitioners. The family nurse practitioners perceived their participation in marketing activities as significantly more ethically appropriate than did the public responders. Further research is warranted before conclusions can be drawn, but these early findings suggest that nurse practitioners should consider a conservative approach to participating in pharmaceutical marketing.
Vegetation and fire history since the Late Pleistocene from the Trinity Mountains, northwestern California, USA

A 267-cm sediment core spanning the past c. 15 200 cal. yr was recovered from Mumbo Lake, in the Trinity Mountains of northwestern California's Klamath Region. Plant macrofossils and pollen detail local and extra-local vegetation history, while high-resolution charcoal analysis provides details on local fire history. For the first c. 3000 years, climate was colder and drier than present, and supported an open, subalpine parkland vegetation, with low fire frequencies and fuel biomass. From c. 12 100 to 9800 cal. yr BP increasing moisture and soil development led to a woodland community with three new pine species invading the basin. Fire frequencies remained low, but individual fires may have been more intense because of increased fuel loads. Between c. 9800 and 7200 cal. yr BP, climate warmed and dried considerably, allowing for the expansion of oak and other chaparral species. Fire frequencies increased in the early Holocene, but low charcoal accumulation rates suggest a frequent, relatively low-intensit...
Living With/Through Loss and Grief in Lisa Loomer's Bocón!

In Lisa Loomer's Bocon (Big Mouth), Miguel—a 12-year-old boy—has to travel north to the United States after witnessing soldiers arrest his parents. My reading of Bocon relies on asking how the process of holding on to intense loss may actually serve to counter the process of assimilation as a particular form of national integration. I then turn to Bocon as a dramatized rendition of one boy's journey in which the salient feature is the persistent deploying of an idyllic recollection of his parents—which constructs for him a reassuring point of ethical comparison by which to judge an impoverished present.
Rett syndrome: controlled study of an oral opiate antagonist, naltrexone.

Hypothesis The opiate antagonist, naltrexone, will be beneficial in Rett syndrome. Subjects Twenty-five individuals fulfilling the criteria for Rett syndrome. Method Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with two treatment periods, 4 months each, and an intervening 1-month washout period. Clinical stage, motor and cognitive development, motor-behavioral analysis, neurophysiological parameters (computerized electroencephalographic analysis, breathing characteristics, quantification of stereotyped hand movements, and sleep characteristics), and cerebrospinal fluid beta-endorphin measurements were evaluated at baseline and at the end of each treatment period. Results Only data from the first period of this study were analyzed due to significant sequence effects in the crossover design. This analysis indicated positive effects on certain respiratory characteristics including decreased disorganized breathing during wakefulness. Four (40%) of the individuals receiving naltrexone progressed one or more clinical stages versus none of the individuals receiving placebo. The adjusted (for baseline value and Rett stage) end of treatment psychomotor test age (Bayley Scales) was significantly higher for the placebo group. There was no significant change for the other parameters. Conclusion Naltrexone may modify some of the respiratory disturbance in Rett syndrome. Declines in motor function and more rapid progression of the disorder suggest a deleterious effect.
On Pareto-improving voluntary export restraints

Abstract This paper develops the argument that binding voluntary export restraints (VERs) may raise the profits of all firms and the welfare of all trading partners. This possibility is shown to arise in a model of Cournot oligopoly and is consistent with the theory of the second best. VERs benefit unconstrained firms. If the favorable effect due to the increase in domestic import price outweighs the adverse effect due to a loss in market share, then VERs will also benefit constrained firms. VERs will improve the importing country's welfare if they raise the profits of domestic firms more than they reduce domestic consumer surplus. The paper synthesizes these findings and derives conditions for VERs to be Pareto-improving.
Local reactions to radioiodine in the treatment of thyroid cancer

Purpose To compare the rate of local complications resulting from radioiodine ablation of thyroid cancer in patients with a residual intact thyroid lobe to that in patients who had more extensive surgical treatment prior to radioiodine administration. Patients and methods We retrospectively studied 59 patients who had received 131 I between 1979 and 1989. The patients were divided into two groups, depending on the extent of their previous surgical thyroid excision. Group 1 comprised 10 patients with a lobectomy or hemithyroidectomy before the ablative radioiodine dose, and Group 2 comprised 49 patients with more extensive thyroid excision (near-total or subtotal thyroidectomy) before the radioiodine treatment. Results Sixty percent of the 10 patients in Group 1 experienced some degree of neck pain or tenderness following radioiodine ablation of their residual thyroid. In one case, the local reaction was very severe and accompanied by the development of transient hyperthyroidism. There was only a 6% local complication rate in the patients who had undergone more extensive thyroid excision before ablative therapy (p Conclusions Patients with only unilateral surgical excision before radioiodine therapy have a higher rate of local complications than do patients treated with more extensive surgery prior to radioiodine ablation. If radioiodine is to be employed in such patients, they should be informed of this possible complication. Since evidence supports a dose effect in the pathogenesis of the complications, we recommend using a dose of less than 30 mCi for the initial ablation in these patients even though it may be necessary to repeat this dose to complete thyroid ablation.
Estimates of eddy turbulence consistent with seasonal variations of atomic oxygen and its possible role in the seasonal cycle of mesopause temperature

Abstract. According to current understanding, adiabatic cooling and heating induced by the meridional circulation driven by gravity waves is the major process for the cold summer and warm winter polar upper mesosphere. However, our calculations show that the upward/downward motion needed for adiabatic cooling/heating of the summer/winter polar mesopause simultaneously induces a seasonal variation in both the O maximum density and the altitude of the [O] peak that is opposite to the observed variables generalized by the MSISE-90 model. It is usually accepted that eddy turbulence can produce the [O] seasonal variations. Using this approach, we can infer the eddy diffusion coefficient for the different seasons. Taking these results and experimental data on the eddy diffusion coefficient, we consider in detail and estimate the heating and cooling caused by eddy turbulence in the summer and winter polar upper mesosphere. The seasonal variations of these processes are similar to the seasonal variations of the temperature and mesopause. These results lead to the conclusion that heating/cooling by eddy turbulence is an important component in the energy budget and that adiabatic cooling/heating induced by upward/downward motion cannot dominate in the mesopause region. Our study shows that the impact of the dynamic process, induced by gravity waves, on [O] distributions must be included in models of thermal balance in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) for a consistent description because (a) the [O] distribution is very sensitive to dynamic processes, and (b) atomic oxygen plays a very important role in chemical heating and infrared cooling in the MLT. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to consider this aspect of the problem.
Myo-inositol transport in the small intestine of the domestic fowl

1. 1. Myo-inositol is transported in chicken small intestine by a mediated route with an apparent Km of 0.1 mM and by a diffusion mechanism. 2. 2. The mediated route is susceptible to inhibition by sugars, though sugars are not transported by this process, nor is myo-inositol transported by the sugar transport system. 3. 3. Myo-inositol influx is inhibitable by phlorizin, sulfhydryl reagents, removal of Na+ from the incubation medium, and preloaded sugar; it can be stimulated by theophylline. 4. 4. The ability to absorb this nutrient varies greatly between individual animals.
Plasmon Neutrinos Emission in a Strong Magnetic Field. I: Transverse Plasmons

Plasmon decay by neutrinos emission in strong magnetic field, examining parallel and perpendicular propagation
End-point distribution and structure function of polymers

Abstract The coefficients in the expansion of the structure function S(k) as small momentum transfer k can be related to universal ratios 〈r2m〉/〈r2〉m, and 〈r2n〉 = (l/N2)σNMn 〈(Rm−Rn)2n 〉. where Rm denotes the position of monomer m. N is the monomer number and the average is taken over the configurations of the polymer. We show that the moments 〈r3m〉 calculated using the end-point distribution PN(r) = AN(r/Nnr0)n exp[−(r/r0Nn)n]. where r is the correlation length exponent. σ = (1−v)−1, and AN a normalization constant give universal ratios in disagreement with Monte Carlo results in two and three dimensions.
Crystal structure of fibroblast growth factor 9 reveals regions implicated in dimerization and autoinhibition.

Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of heparin-binding growth factors with diverse biological activities. FGF9 was originally described as glia-activating factor and is expressed in the nervous system as a potent mitogen for glia cells. Unlike most FGFs, FGF9 forms dimers in solution with a K d of 680 nm. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of FGF9 dimerization, the crystal structure of FGF9 was determined at 2.2 A resolution. FGF9 adopts a β-trefoil fold similar to other FGFs. However, unlike other FGFs, the N- and C-terminal regions outside the β-trefoil core in FGF9 are ordered and involved in the formation of a 2-fold crystallographic dimer. A significant surface area (>2000 A2) is buried in the dimer interface that occludes a major receptor binding site of FGF9. Thus, we propose an autoinhibitory mechanism for FGF9 that is dependent on sequences outside of the β-trefoil core. Moreover, a model is presented providing a molecular basis for the preferential affinity of FGF9 toward FGFR3.
Interaction of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate with Dextrates in Solution

The interaction between dextroamphetamine sulfate and dextrates (a partially hydrolyzed starch composed of 92% dextrose combined with 8% higher saccharides) was studied in buffered solutions at three different temperatures and dextroamphetamine sulfate concentrations. On heating, solutions containing dextroamphetamine sulfate and dextrates became progressively darker than solutions containing dextroamphetamine sulfate or dextrates alone. Also, a new absorption maximum appeared at 298 nm. in the solutions containing dextroamphetamine sulfate and dextrates. The rate of browning in these solutions increased with increasing temperature and pH and decreased with increasing dextroamphetamine sulfate concentration. From the relationship shown in the plots of absorbance against time, the browning reaction was assumed to follow an apparent zero-order rate law and the rate constants, k, were calculated for all solutions containing dextroamphetamine sulfate and dextrates at pH 6 and 8 at 50, 60, and 70°. Arrhenius-type plots were also obtained and were used to approximate the browning rate at 25°. By using TLC, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, the brown material isolated from the discolored solutions was identified as amphetamine-hydroxymethylfurfural. A Schiff base-type reaction was postulated involving the primary amine and the carbonyl groups of the sugar.
Regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 system by interleukin-1β through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways: A comparative study of human neuroglioma and neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Glial activation and inflammation following brain injury may initiate and maintain the process of neurodegeneration. Both glia and neurons synthesize proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandins. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-1β regulates inflammatory genes such as cPLA2 and COX-2 in glial and neuronal cells are poorly understood. We have studied IL-1β-mediated gene regulation in an established glial and neuronal human cell lines. We report that IL-1β induced cPLA2 and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression and subsequent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in a time-dependent manner in H4 neuroglioma cells. Both SB203580 and PD98059 [p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) inhibitors, respectively] reduced IL-1β-induced PGE2 production, while only SB203580 reduced both cPLA2 and COX-2 expression. Similarly, in SKNSH neuroblastoma cells, both SB203580 and PD98059 reduced IL-1β-induced PGE2 release, with no detectable COX-2 and cPLA2 protein expression in these cells. Our results indicate that the signaling mechanisms of p38 and p42/44 MAPKs play a role in IL-1β-mediated PGE2 release in both of these cell lines, with differences upstream at the level of cPLA2/COX-2 expression. IL-1β-induced cPLA2 and COX-2 gene expression is modulated through the p38 MAPK pathway in both neuroglioma and neuroblastoma cells. Understanding the signaling mechanisms involved in IL-1β-mediated inflammatory processes in both glia and neuronal cells may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention for neurological disorders.
Power of some two-sample non-parametric tests

The problem of two samples has been considered by several authors from various points of view. Most of this work is devoted to testing hypotheses concerning differences in location of two populations. A large number of non-parametric tests have been suggested. Particular mention may be made of the Wilcoxon test which has been considered by several authors especially Mann & Whitney (1947), Lehmann (1951), Sundrum (1953) and Mood (1954). Hodges & Lehmann (1956) have shown that the Wilcoxon test is a good competitor to the Student's t-test. However, very little has been done in the direction of testing differences in the dispersion of two populations. Recently, attempts have been made by several authors, especialy Mood (1954), Lehmann (1951), Sukhatme (1957, 1958a), Rosenbaum (1953) and Kamat (1956) to suggest suitable non-parametric tests for testing differences in dispersion. The tests proposed by the first three authors are based on what are known as generalized U statistics and the present author has recently examined the relative efficiency of these tests. However, nothing is known concerning the power of the tests suggested by the last two authors. This paper is a contribution in that direction and discusses the power of these two tests. 2. WILKS-ROSENBAUM TEST The test is based on the number of observations of one sample, say the X's, which lie outside the extreme values of the other sample. We reject the hypothesis if this number is
Synthesis of some 5,10,15,20-tetraalkylchlorin and tetraalkylporphyrin complexes of transition metals

Metal-assisted template syntheses of 5,10,15,20-tetraalkylchlorin and tetraalkylporphyrin complexes of transition metals are described. With Co only the porphyrins are obtained; with Cu only the chlorins; with Ni a mixture of chlorin and porphyrin is obtained depending on alkyl and added anhydride. As opposed to the higher alkyls, (5,10,15,20-tetramethylporphyrinato)nickel(II) dimerizes in solution, a dimerization constant of 3.9 ± 1.3 M−1 being derived from 1H nmr data.
Technique to measure CO2 mixing ratio in small flasks with a bellows/IRGA system

Abstract We developed a laboratory method to obtain high precision CO2 mixing ratios in air samples contained in 100 ml glass flasks, which involves extracting air from the flask into a pre-evacuated manifold containing a variable-volume metal bellows. Compressed air from the bellows is then routed to a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Tests indicate that this configuration has an overall accuracy of ±0.3 and a precision of ±0.2 μmol mol−1 and will work with flask volumes as low as 64 ml air (STP). When combined with continuous-flow mass spectrometry approaches, both atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios and isotope ratio analyses can now be routinely analyzed with small flasks, enabling more extensive sampling of CO2 exchange processes between the biosphere and the atmosphere.
Breakdown of replica analyticity in the one-dimensional axis model.

We consider a random-bond one-dimensional m-component axis model, which has a transition for ml1. We solve the model exactly with and without using the replica trick. Below the transition, the exact zeros of the partition function 〈${Z}_{N}^{n}$〉 move towards the positive real n axis in the thermodynamic limit indicating the breakdown of analytic continuation: We cannot approach the n=0 point once the thermodynamic limit is taken. We also show that we cannot interchange the thermodynamic and the replica limits below the transition.
Technique for applying porcelain to pontics of fixed partial dentures

A technique has been presented to be used to make pontics for metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Use of the porcelain/wax system is advantageous, especially when multiple pontics are involved.
Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in Fused Silica

Infrared studies of hydrogen-deuterium exchange in bulk fused silica indicate that the rate of exchange steadily increases with temperature from 600 to 1000°C. The exchange takes place on isolated OH groups and occurs in either direction.
A rapid method to correct objective lens astigmatism in a TEM

This work describes a rapid method to correct the two-fold astigmatism of transmission electron microscope (TEM) objective lens employing caustic curve when no objective aperture is inserted. The method makes use of rounding the caustic curve via the objective lens stigmators after the condenser lens astigmatism has been corrected. It has many advantages over other methods, it is fast, straightforward, and does not need holes or an amorphous material.
A simple and specific high performance liquid chromatography method for the assay of a series of novel dermal penetration enhancers

Synopsis A series of clofibric acid amides has been synthesized and previously reported by the authors as possessing enhancer activity in vitro in athymic nude mouse skin against model drugs, hydrocortisone-21-acetate and beta-methasone-17-valerate. An assay was required for each of these enhancers however, which would be specific for each compound and would also separate model drugs and their metabolite peaks. This study reports reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography assays for clofibric acid amide and seven derivatives (Ia-Ig). All enhancers showed maximum absorption at 232 nm, betamethasone (BM) and its valerate (BMV) at 238 nm, and hydrocortisone (HC) and its acetate (HCA) at 242 nm. Practical units of detection for the amides were 0.46-2.8 mug ml(-1) and peaks were sharp and well-separated from steroid peaks in three vehicles - methanol alone. Franz diffusion cell receptor phase samples (isotonic phosphate buffer), and full-thickness athymic nude mouse skin extracts in methanol. Mobile phases consisted of various proportions of acetonitrile and water, some with 2-propanol. The octyl amide for example, with mobile phase CH(3)CN: H(2)O (85:15) at 1 ml min(-1) had a retention time (t(R)) of 7.9 mins. Under the same conditions, retention times for the steroids were HC, t(R)= 3.3 mins; HCA, t(R)= 4.3 mins; BM, t(R)= 3.4 mins; BMV, t(R)= 4.6 mins. Resume Les auteurs avaient demontre dans un article precedent le pouvoir accelerateur de penetration dermique in vitro d'une gamme d'amides d'acide clofibrique sur la peau de souris sans poils, et sans thymus avec des medicaments types tels que l'acetate 21 d'hydrocortisone et le valerate 17 de beta-metasone. Il a cependant ete requis, pour chacun de ces accelerateurs, un test specifique pour chaque composition, permettant de separer chaque medicament et les pics des metabolites. Cette etude decrit des tests par chromatographie liquide a haute performance en phase inverse pour l'acide chlofibrique et 7 derives (Ia-Ig). Tous les accelerateurs ont montre une absorption maximale a 232 nm, la beta-metasone (BM) et son valerate (BMV) a 238 nm, l'hydrocortisone (HC) et son acetate (HCA) a 242 nm. Les unites de detection s'elevaient a 0.46-2.8 mug ml(-1) pour les amides et les pics etaient aigus et distincts des pics steroides et se composaient de 3 vehicules - le methanol seul, des echantillons du recepteur de cellule de diffusion Franz (tampon du phosphate isotonique) et des extraits de peau de souris sans thymus dans du methanol. Les phases mobiles etaient constituees de differentes proportions d'acetonitrile et d'eau, certaines avec du propanol-2. L'amide octyl par exemple, avec une phase mobile CH(3)CN: H(2)O (85:15) a 1 ml min(-1) avait un temps de retention (t(R)) de 7.9 min. Dans des conditions identiques, les temps de retention pour les steroides etaient les suivants: pour HC, t(R)= 3.3 mins; pour HCA, t(R)= 4.3 mins; pour BM: t(R)= 3.4 mins; pour BMV: t(R)= 4.6 mins.
Direct evidence for DNA bending at the lambda replication origin

Replication initiation in bacteriophage lambda appears to require wrapping of origin DNA on an approximately 50 angstrom radius in or around the complex with the initiator protein O. Since short lengths of DNA are not that flexible, it may be that runs of coherently spaced deoxyadenylate residues constitute bend sites in the ori sequence that facilitate the process. Earlier data showed that ori DNA has electrophoretic anomalies characteristic of bend sites and that these are augmented by initiator protein binding. Here origin bending is examined by direct measurement of the ability of polymerized ori sequences to form small circles. The smallest circles observed (84 residues) are compatible with the required radius of curvature. Bend sites within the O protein binding sites, bend sites in the spacers between them, plus the inherent flexibility of non-bent DNA in the origin may all contribute to origin bending. The data also show that a bend site is required for O protein binding to DNA.
The fabrication and electrical properties of carbon nanofibre–polystyrene composites

Carbon nanofibre?polystyrene (PS) composites were fabricated by ultrasonic dispersion in a solution followed by spraying to cast films. These films were then hot-pressed to form thicker structures. Direct current conductivity measurement results show that the conductivity of the composite reaches 2.6 ? 10?5?S?m?1 at 3?wt% carbon nanofibre loading, which is an increase of ten orders of magnitude over the pure PS matrix, indicating that the composite is electrically conductive at a very low nanofibre loading. The dielectric properties of carbon nanofibre?PS composites were investigated at room temperature within the Ku-band (frequency range: 12.4?18?GHz). The results reveal that the dielectric constants of the composites are slightly dependent on the frequency but increase rapidly with increasing carbon nanofibre loading in the composite. The experimental data show that the dielectric constant of carbon nanofibre?PS composite can reach more than 80 at a frequency of 15?GHz.
Fallow Management Practices for Wheat Production in the Central Great Plains

(...) (I) conventional stubble mulch tillage; three practices where weed control was achieved with herbicides except for (II) one tillage operation performed as needed for weed control in early spring, (III) immediately after harvest, and (IV) late fall (october); (V) chemical weed control except for one tillage after harvest and one tillage the following summer; (VI) chemical weed control with three tillage operations just prior to wheat seeding; (VII) and no-till, all weed control achieved with herbicides. (...)
Disaffection and Participation in Western Democracies: The Role of Political Oppositions

R esearch on American political behavior consistently shows that people who hold a disaffected and pessimistic view of politics are less likely to participate in politics than people with the opposite view. Thus, political inactivity is common among people who are cynical and suspicious about politics, who put little trust in politicians, who show feelings of anomie and alienation from the political system, who think of politics as distant and inconsequential for their lives, and who have little confidence in themselves and in their ability to influence political events. There is probably no other area of mass political behavior that has been so thoroughly researched and where the findings approach more closely the empirical standing of the law.' But how can we explain these findings? And are they true of democratic systems other than the United States? This paper argues that the same findings should occur in other Western democracies, in part because, as in the United States, their party systems do not appeal to or organize the disaffected. The data come from sample surveys conducted in the United States, Germany, England, and Italy in 1959 by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba.2 In each