cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centralized and Decentralized Warehouse Logistics Collaboration

Problem definition: We bound the value of collaboration in a decentralized multisupplier multiretailer setting, where several suppliers ship to several retailers through a shared warehouse, and out...
Methanogenic Archaea dominate mature heartwood habitats of Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)

While recent reports demonstrate that the direct emission of methane from living tree trunks may be a significant terrestrial emission source, there has been debate whether tree emissions are due to transport from soils or produced in the wood environment itself. Reports of methanogens from wood of trees were prominent in the literature 40 years ago but have not been revisited with molecular ecology approaches. We examined communities associated with Populus deltoides using rRNA gene sequence analyses and how these vary with tree and wood properties. Our data indicate that wood environments are dominated by anaerobic microbiomes. Methanogens are prominent in heartwood (mean 34% relative abundance) compared to sapwood environments (13%), and dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were classified as the Methanobacterium sp. Members of the Firmicutes phylum comprised 39% of total sequences and were in 42% greater abundance in sapwood over heartwood niches. Tree diameter was the strongest predictor of methanogen abundance, but wood moisture content and pH were also significant predictors of taxon abundance and overall community composition. Unlike microbiomes of the soil, rhizosphere and phyllosphere, wood associated communities are shaped by unique environmental conditions and may be prominent and overlooked sources of methane emissions in temperate forest systems.
Correction to: The cultural neuroscience of emotion regulation

In the original publication, there were several content and grammatical errors in Table 1. The corrected table is given below.
Reduced Order Modeling for Transonic Aeroservoelastic Control Law Development

As aircraft become more flexible, aeroelastic considerations become increasingly important and complex, particularly for transonic flight where nonlinearities in the flow render linear analysis tools less effective. In order to analyze these aeroelastic interactions between the fluid and the structure efficiently, reduced order models (ROMs) are sometimes generated from and used in place of computational fluid dynamics solutions. In this paper, several aerodynamic ROMs are generated and coupled with structural models to form aeroelastic ROMs. The aerodynamic ROMs generated here include the effects of control surface motion. Hence, the aeroelastic ROMs presented here are appropriate for use in aeroservoelastic applications and are intended to be used for aeroservoelastic control law development. These ROMs are used to simulate a number of test cases with and without control surface involvement. Results show that several of the ROMs generated in the paper are able to predict results similar to solutions of higher-order computational methods.
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and IGF binding proteins

Abstract Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors are essential for longitudinal growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton. These recombinant proteins are used to treat short stature and other growth defects in children. Additionally, rhGH is now an established part of the treatment algorithm for pituitary insufficiency. But neither growth hormone nor IGF-I is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis. In part this is because the skeletal effects of growth hormone and IGF-I are complex, temporal, and cell specific. Their actions include stimulation of bone formation, recruitment of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and targeted changes in the osteocyte. In addition, IGF-I is essential for the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone on bone, and its signaling nodes interact with other major anabolic factors such as the Wnts and BMPs. IGF-I may also be important in regulating substrate metabolism, and in particular, glycolysis in osteoblasts. This review focuses on the systemic and local actions of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and their binding proteins and proteases.
Complex Dark Sectors and Large Bound States of Dark Matter

We discuss models of hidden sector dark matter, and a recent generic proposal for large bound states of asymmetric dark matter.
The Blair Martyr Project: The Passion of Perpetua and Found Footage Horror

Scholarly conversations about the Passion of Perpetua have often centred not only on the historicity of the events described, but also on the authenticity of its claim that certain sections were wr...
Relative Odds of Neck Pain to Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists: a Case-Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a widespread problem among motorcyclists, which is often neglected. There is limited research on the motorcycle's ergonomics, particularly in the context of the interaction between the riders and motorcycle. Motorcycle helmets have proven to increase the weight on the neck, thus causing more burdens which can lead to neck pain. Methodology: Case-Control study design was opted to measure the relative odds of neck pain in relation to the helmet use as an exposure. A total of 260 (mean age of 22.58 ± S.D. 1.95 years) undergraduate students were selected using purposive sampling. The case to control ratio was 1:4 (54 Cases and 206 Controls) where cases were defined as the motorcyclists having neck pain with a riding experience of more than one year. The neck pain and disability scale were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to calculate the significant relationship and odds of neck pain amongst motorcyclists with and without helmet use. Results: The study results showed that out of 260 motorcyclists, 190 (73.1%) were helmet users, and 54 (20.8%) had neck pain, 70 (27.9%) helmet users had a neck pain prevalence of 11 (4.2%). The relative odd to have neck pain was 2.13 times more amongst the motorcyclists using the helmet as compared to that of non-helmet users. The logistic regression results showed significant results (P l 0.05) with regards to the BMI, helmet weight and duration of helmet use but did not show a significant relation with average motorcycle use per day unless it exceeded 70 kilometres. Conclusion: Use of helmet can be a potential cause of neck pain amongst motorcyclist users but the odds to have neck pain enhance with the increase in motorcycle use per day. The protective benefits are multi-fold for helmet use which outreaches the negative impact, including neck pain amongst motorcyclists.
The Impact of Playing a Musical Instrument on Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review.

Study Objectives:To conduct a systematic review of the medical literature evaluating the effects of playing a musical instrument on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Data Sources:Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed...
Nationalizing Sex: Fertility, Fear, and Power: . 2019. By RICHARD TOGMAN. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 296. £32.99. ISBN: 9780190871840

Richard Togman’s Nationalizing Sex reviews ‘natalist’ policies (governmental attempts to raise or lower birth rates) around the world from roughly the seventeenth century to the present day. Togman...
Computational approaches identify novel transcription factor combinations that promote corticospinal axon growth after injury

Abstract Transcription factors (TFs) act as powerful levers to regulate neural physiology and can be targeted to improve cellular responses to injury or disease. Because TFs often depend on cooperative activity, a major challenge is to identify and deploy optimal sets. Here we developed a novel bioinformatics pipeline, centered on TF co-occupancy of regulatory DNA, and used it to predict factors that improve axon growth in corticospinal tract (CST) axons when combined with a known pro-regenerative TF, Klf6. Assays of neurite outgrowth confirmed cooperative activity by 12 candidates, and in vivo testing showed strong promotion of CST growth upon combined expression of Klf6 and Nr5a2. Transcriptional profiling of CST neurons identified Klf6/Nr5a2-responsive gene networks involved in macromolecule biosynthesis and DNA repair. These data identify novel TF combinations that promote enhanced CST growth, clarify the transcriptional correlates, and provide a bioinformatics roadmap to detect TF synergy.
WKB Estimate of Bilayer Graphene's Magic Twist Angles

Graphene bilayers exhibit zero-energy flatbands at a discrete series of magic twist angles. In the absence of intrasublattice interlayer hopping, zero-energy states satisfy a Dirac equation with a non-Abelian SU(2) gauge potential that cannot be diagonalized globally. We develop a semiclassical WKB approximation scheme for this Dirac equation by introducing a dimensionless Planck's constant proportional to the twist angle, solving the linearized Dirac equation around AB and BA turning points, and connecting Airy function solutions via bulk WKB wave functions. We find zero-energy solutions at a discrete set of values of the dimensionless Planck's constant, which we obtain analytically. Our analytic flatband twist angles correspond closely to those determined numerically in previous work.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Suppresses Forkhead Box O3 and Downstream Autophagy in the Diabetic Human Heart.

Background Autophagy is an integral component of cellular homeostasis and metabolism. The exact mechanism of impaired autophagy in diabetes mellitus is unknown. Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3α) is a key regulator of oxidative stress-related responses. We hypothesize FOXO3α is a direct upstream regulator of the autophagy pathway, and its upregulation is compromised in diabetic patients during stress of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods The study enrolled 32 diabetic and 33 nondiabetic patients undergoing a cardiac surgical procedure on CPB. Right atrial tissue and serum samples were collected before and after CPB per protocol. A set of key components were quantitatively assessed and compared by microarray, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry studies. Data were analyzed using paired or unpaired student test. A P of Results Serum microarray showed FOXO3α was upregulated in the diabetic vs nondiabetic group after CPB (P = .033), autophagy-related 4B gene and Beclin 1 gene were greatly upregulated in the nondiabetic group (P = .028 and P = .002, respectively). On immunoblotting, there was upregulation of FOXO3α in the nondiabetic patients after CPB (P = .003). There were increased levels of Beclin-1, Bcl-2, and light chain 3B after CPB in the nondiabetic group only (P = .016, P = .005, P = .002, respectively). Sirtuin 1, Unc-51–like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were not significantly changed in the nondiabetic group after CPB. Conclusions Compared with nondiabetic patients, there was no significant upregulation of FOXO3α in diabetic patients, which could possibly explain the lack of upregulation of the autophagy process after CPB. FOXO3α could potentially serve as a therapeutic target to improve cellular homeostasis.
The effects of HIV type-1 viral suppression and non-viral factors on quantitative proteinuria in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.

Background: Proteinuria is associated with progressive renal disease and overall mortality in HIV-infected patients; however, the prevalence and correlates of quantitative proteinuria in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era are unknown. Methods: Spot urine protein to creatinine (P/Cr) ratios, an accepted measure of quantitative daily proteinuria, were measured annually since 2002 in participants of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials cohort. We used linear regression models with general estimating equations to identify factors associated with the abnormal P/Cr thresholds of >0.2 and ≥1.0. Results: Of the 2,857 participants (most of whom were receiving antiretroviral therapy) analysed, 16% and 3% had P/Cr levels >0.2 and >1.0, respectively, at first measurement. P/Cr levels did not change during a median follow-up of 3 years (interquartile range 2-4). Factors associated with P/Cr≥0.2 at any measurement included greater age, lower glomerular filtration rate, female sex, antiretroviral therapy prior to entry into parent randomized trial, HIV type-1 RNA level ≥400 copies/ ml, lower CD4 + T-cell count and history of hypertension, diabetes or hepatitis C coinfection (all P<0.04). Black race and higher non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with P/Cr levels ≥1.0, but not with P/Cr levels ≥0.2. Hepatitis B coinfection and current use of adefovir, indinavir and tenofovir were not associated with either of the P/Cr thresholds. Conclusions: Both HIV-1 and non-HIV-1-related factors are associated with abnormal levels of proteinuria and identify those who are at a greater risk of worse clinical outcomes. Several of these factors are differentially associated with lower and higher proteinuria thresholds.
From Gargamelle to MINERvA: exploring the structure of the nucleon with neutrinos

Neutrino scattering experiments have been exploring the structure of the nucleon with Deep-Inelastic Scattering for over 50 years. Although hints of nucleon structure were available using CERN’s first neutrino beam in the 1960s, the study actually started quantitatively in the early 1970s with the Gargamelle heavy liquid bubble chamber that produced first neutrino confirmation of scaling. This study of nucleon structure continued with both bubble chambers and more massive electronic detectors that, with higher energy neutrino beams and $$Q^2$$ reach, examined the breaking of this scaling while testing Quantum Chromodynamics. A significant factor when including neutrino explorations of nucleon structure in the overall picture is that to gather significant statistics, neutrino experiments have had to use heavier nuclear targets. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the structure of the nucleon in the nuclear environment is indeed different than the free nucleon structure. Understanding this modified structure has played an important part in the experimental and theoretical exploration of nucleon structure by neutrinos and is one of the important goals of the on-going MINERvA experiment at Fermilab.
The 1985 Distinguished lecture: The Bureaucratizing of Impulse: Self‐Conception in the 1980s

This article selectively reviews and interprets the literature on self-concept and social change. It summarizes the view that in the 1970s the self-conception of Americans, modally considered, manifested a shift from institution to impulse, from social to reflective. The argument is made that in the 1980s the expression of impulse is becoming bureaucratized, newly formated in rationalization and modernization, effectively being institutionalized by assorted societal agents, including sociologists. Speculations are offered about the implications of that change. Several suggestions are made regarding future research on self-concept and the broader notion of “self”, particularly by symbolic interactionists and for the purpose of application.
Plasmid R6K DNA replication. II. Direct nucleotide sequence repeats are required for an active gamma-origin.

Abstract Insertions of the transposable element Tn5 were obtained at a number of sites within the γ origin region of plasmid R6K. A contiguous region of DNA, 240 base-pairs in length, was identified as the functional γ origin of replication on the basis that Tn5 insertions within this region inactivated the origin. This region contains seven, tandemly arranged, 22 base-pair direct repeats. Spontaneous deletion of a Tn5 sequence that is inserted in one of the repeats was accompanied generally by the loss of nucleotide sequences equivalent to one or more of the repeat sequences. Deletion mutants of the γ origin that lack one or two repeats are still functional but a plasmid containing such a mutant origin is not maintained stably. Deletions of nucleotide sequences equivalent to four or more of the direct repeats result in the inactivation of the R6K γ origin.
Accessibility cyberscapes and the digital divide

In this paper, we discuss early findings on a study of user generated accessibility information. We utilize data from OpenStreetMap that include tags related to wheelchair accessibility and compare the distribution of these data to other explanatory data collected in the American Community Survey. We perform a linear regression and find that the population of people with disabilities in an area had a stronger relationship with the frequency of data points than household income or the urban status. Future work includes analyzing the accessibility data within the context of other data found in OpenStreetMap, and the use of additional measures associated with the digital divide such as level of education or the number of available access points.
In situ XPS study of the adsorption and reactions of NO and O2 on gold nanoparticles deposited on TiO2 and SiO2

Abstract Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) has been used to study the adsorption of nitric oxide (NO) and molecular oxygen (O2) over gold-based model catalysts consisting of mono-dispersed gold nanoparticles with different diameters (2–5 nm) and oxide supports (including polycrystalline silica and titania thin films). APPES is an in situ technique that makes possible to monitor via XPS chemical changes occurring on the catalyst surface and to identify adsorbed species under reaction conditions. In our experiments, no changes were observed on the Au/SiO2 samples during exposure to 0.5 Torr of NO, while adsorbed NO and several N-containing species were detected on Au/TiO2 model catalysts under the same conditions. In addition, shifts in the Ti 3p and O 1s peaks in TiO2 were observed relative to the Au 4f peak. Similar behavior, although to a lesser extent, was observed on Au/TiO2 samples when O2 was used. In both cases, the shifts of the Ti 3p and O 1s peaks could be attributed to band bending effects on the TiO2 substrate caused by chemisorption of the gases.
Universal inspection standard for evaluation of inspection system and algorithm sensitivity and runability

The Verimask inspection standard is widely used to qualify inspection systems due to its simplicity, ease of use in a production environment, and readily understandable defect sensitivity table. The Verimask's major drawback is that it does not characterize the runability of an inspection system. Runability refers to the system's ability to inspect various pattern types, a critical characteristic of inspection systems used for mask manufacturing. Comprehensive inspection system capability evaluation should include both sensitivity and runability tests. Other inspection test masks suffer the same shortcoming of Verimask, providing simple sensitivity analysis without runability evaluation. The Universal Inspection Standard was developed to expand the Verimask's sensitivity test and to provide a runability test. The UIS runability module contains several typical industrial feature types at multiple technology nodes. We have used UIS to evaluate and benchmark inspection system and algorithms. Future UIS versions will be available with different feature and defect types to keep pace with inspection system development. In short, UIS provides a means to quantify an inspection system's runability in addition to the traditional sensitivity evaluation.
Electromagnetic field focusing instrument augments resection of meningiomas

The electromagnetic field focusing (EFF) surgical instrument creates an oscillating electromagnetic field that induces eddy currents in the tissue, which converge at the point of contact. This energy creates a focal spark capable of vaporizing tissue. The EFF instrument was used to resect 17 meningiomas in 14 patients. The effectiveness of the EFF probe in resecting tumor tissue was compared with that of the Cavetron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (Model 100) in 11 patients. The EFF system was superior to the Cavetron ultrasonic surgical aspirator in tumor excision in all but two cases, in which the EFF grounding tip was poorly tuned. Surgical time and blood loss were reduced by subjective analysis in all but these two cases, especially in the rubbery or calcified meningiomas resistant to aspiration. No complications were directly attributable to use of the EFF. Drawbacks encountered with the EFF system include buildup of "char" on the tip, requiring scraping, and intense heat at the tip, which occasionally melted the insulating sheath, requiring replacement.
Occurrence of Lymphedema Following Sentinel Node Biopsy (SNB) for Lower Extremity Melanoma

Background : The benefits of sentinel node biopsy for melanoma are well established, while the risks have received less attention. This study was undertaken to establish the incidence of lower extremity lymphedema following inguinal SNB and to identify risk factors predictive for the development of lymphedema. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing SNB at our institution between January 2000 and December 2007. Sixty-five patients were identified who had a lower extremity melanoma and underwent inguinal SNB in the absence of a completion lymph node dissection. After a minimum one year of follow-up, all patients were surveyed regarding their qualitative assessment of lymphedema. Results: Forty patients returned surveys and are the subject of this study. Fourteen of 40 patients (35%) reported experiencing post-operative lymphedema, with 9 patients (23%) having lymphedema that persisted for more than 1 year. The onset occurred within 1 month of surgery in 8 patients (25%). Lymphedema was described as minimal or mild by 13 patients and severe by 1 patient. Lymphedema requiring support stocking use was reported by 10 patients (25%). An increased incidence of post-operative lymphedema was found to be associated with primary tumors located on the lower leg or foot. Conclusions: Fourteen patients (35%) undergoing inguinal SNB experienced post-operative lymphedema, with 9 patients (23%) having persistent lymphedema for more than 1 year. These numbers are higher than in previously reported series. Location of the melanoma on the lower leg or foot appeared to be a significant risk factor. doi:10.4021/jcs33w
Neither Veiled Nor Exposed: Lessons in Particularity from Reading Lolita in Tehran

This article suggests that particular narratives of Muslim women can contribute to understanding perceptions of the “other.” Our readings of and reactions to Azar Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books can create productive dialogue that reduces the tendency to essentialize Muslim women as oppressed. Through associative thinking and free inquiry, readers can enter into the narratives to expose the dangers that women face.
Efficacy of transesophageal and transgastric cardiac pacing in the dog

Abstract Objectives Determine if temporary artificial cardiac pacing can be accomplished from transesophageal or transgastric pacing sites. Animals, materials and methods Nine purpose bred Beagle dogs had a multipolar electrophysiology pacing catheter inserted transnasally and advanced into the distal esophagus or stomach under general anesthesia. Artificial atrial pacing was attempted using a bipolar configuration from the distal esophagus with the dogs in left lateral recumbency. Artificial ventricular pacing was attempted from the distal esophagus and stomach using unipolar and bipolar configurations with the dogs in multiple positions. Results Transesophageal atrial pacing was accomplished in all dogs with a mean threshold of 10.5 mA (±3.9) and a 15 mm polar separation with no skeletal muscle stimulation. All attempts at transgastric and transesophageal ventricular pacing were unsuccessful. Conclusions Transesophageal atrial pacing using standard cardiac pacing equipment is simple to perform and is a viable alternative to temporary transvenous or transthoracic pacing for supraventricular bradyarrhythmias without atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Transesophageal and transgastric ventricular pacing does not appear possible using the pacing configurations in this study.
An antigen reacting with das-1 monoclonal antibody is ontogenically regulated in diverse organs including liver and indicates sharing of developmental mechanisms among cell lineages.

The monoclonal antibody designated mAb Das-1, which was generated against a colon epithelial protein, reacts with the normal biliary epithelium and keratinocytes, which are among targets of tissue inj
Modeling the Radiative Properties of Microscale Random Roughness Surfaces

The radiative properties of engineering surfaces with microscale surface texture or topography (patterned or random roughness and coating or multi-layer) are of fundamental and practical importance. In the rapid thermal processing or arc/flash-assisted heating of silicon wafers, the control of thermal energy deposition through radiation and the surface temperature measurement using optical pyrometry require in-depth knowledge of the surface radiative properties. These properties are temperature, wavelength, doping level, and surface topography dependent. It is important that these properties can be modeled and predicted with high accuracy to meet very stringent temperature control and monitor requirements. This study solves the Maxwell equations that describe the electromagnetic wave reflection from the one-dimensional random roughness surfaces. The surface height conforms to the normal distribution, i.e., a Gaussian probability density function distribution. The numerical algorithm of Maxwell equations'solution is based on the well-developed finite difference time domain (FDTD) scheme and near-to-far-field transformation. Various computational modeling issues that affect the accuracy of the predicted properties are quantified and discussed. The model produces the bi-directional reflectivity and is in good agreement with the ray tracing and integral equation solutions. The predicted properties of a perfectly electric conductor and silicon surfaces are compared and discussed.
A coupled channel study of HN2 unimolecular decay based on a global ab initio potential surface

The unimolecular decay lifetimes of several vibrational states of HN2 are determined on the basis of an accurate coupled channel dynamics study using a global analytical potential surface. The surface reproduces the ab initio points with an rms error of 0.08 kcal/mol for energies below 20 kcal/mol. Modifications to the potential that describe the effect of improving the basis set in the ab initio calculations are provided. Converged coupled channel calculations are performed for the ground rotational state of HN2 to determine the lifetimes of the lowest ten vibrational states. Only the ground vibrational state (000) and first excited bend (001) are found to have lifetimes longer than 1 ps. The lifetimes of these states are estimated at 3 x 10 to the -9th and 2 x 10 to the -10th s, respectively. Variation of these results with quality of the ab initio calculations is not more than a factor of 5.
Beneficial Effects of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid on Recovery from Internal Radiation by P32.

SummaryThe addition of generous amounts of folic acid, or folic acid and vit B12, to experimental diets had no significant effect on the survival of mice injected with a dose of P32 in the higher range of the LD50 (21st day). On the other hand, when sulfasuxidine was added to the diet and the mice were injected with a dose of P32 slightly below the LD50 (21st day), the administration of vit B12 and folic acid increased significantly the time of 50% deaths, the average time of survival and the % of survivors (at both the 21st and the 56th day).
Pantothenic Acid Absorption in Pernicious Anemia

ConclusionsIn patients with pernicious anemia, the daily excretion of pantothenic acid both before and after administration of 100 mg of its calcium salt was slightly but probably not significantly less than that of healthy individuals studied in the same manner. This indicates there is no impairment of absorption of this compound in patients with pernicious anemia with which is always associated achlorhydria. The possibility must be considered, however, that the lack of hydrochloric acid may make the pantothenic acid in food less available for absorption. This is undergoing further study.
Effect of Porosity of Carbogenic Molecular Sieve Catalysts on Ethylbenzene Oxidative Dehydrogenation

The conversion of ethylbenzene to styrene by oxidative dehydrogenation is compared over several carbogenic molecular sieves. At 300 °C, Carbosieve G deactivated rapidly due to its nanoporous struct...
Tsetse Fly in Western Narok, Kenya

This article studies the expansion of tsetse fly in one part of Kenya Maasailand between 1900 and 1950. It follows the lines of investigation first suggested by Ford's work and examines in detail the interaction between changes in four elements in the Mara ecosystem: climate, vegetation, land use and tsetse. Tsetse was able to expand because its habitat expanded and the spread of bush and fly into the grasslands both caused, and was facilitated by, shifts in patterns of Maasai grazing and occupation in the area. Up to the 1890s, the Mara Plains were regularly grazed by Maasai herds; but the general depopulation of Maasailand in the aftermath of the rinderpest pandemic and civil war left the region vacant until after 1900 and allowed the spread of bush cover which was then colonised by tsetse. When Maasai returned, they altered their grazing patterns to avoid such areas. However, the progressive encroachment of tsetse-infested bush continued and was not halted until bush-clearing schemes and closer grazing forced the fly to retreat by destroying its habitat. The study is set within the wider context of ecological change and capitalist development in East Africa and suggests that the common assumption that colonial capitalism was responsible for the disruption of the ecosystem and, therefore, for the spread of disease and environmmental degradation needs careful re-examination in the light of a more sophisticated understanding of the processes of ecological change.
Periphery Scaling Challenges for NVM

In each generation of non-volatile memory (NVM) technology, higher periphery transistor density is desired, but the operating voltage requirement tends to stay constant or rise. Technology constraints to deliver fixed voltage scaling are considered, including Lg scaling, contact size reduction and BVD (Drain breakdown voltage) improvement. Junction optimization is extending the planar technology to the 45 nm node. Asymmetric, FinFet, and recessed channel (RC) devices are considered for use in the future NVM periphery, and RC offers the best opportunity to scale device area while delivering high BVD.
Tunneled hemodialysis catheters: What do nephrologists need to know?

Even though many positive changes were ushered in by the KDOQI guidelines and the Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative, tunneled hemodialysis catheters remain an essential piece of the dialysis access puzzle. Their use is, however, attended by a multitude of complications and morbidity of which the general nephrologist must be aware. The purpose of this article is to review for the general nephrologist the infectious and non-infectious problems that often complicate the use of hemodialysis catheters.
Effect of Steroids on the Synthesis of Complement C3 in a Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line

The third component of complement, C3, is produced in the lung by several cell types, including alveolar epithelial cells. Steroid hormones are important in gene regulation in alveolar epithelial cells. The effects of steroids on C3 production were examined using A549 human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Treatment of A549 cells with the glucocorticoids dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxyCortisol increased C3 production, as measured by ELISA. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 inhibited C3 synthesis by dexamethasone- and hydrocortisone-stimulated cells. Because the glucocorticoid receptor is a member of a superfamily of receptors, the effects of steroid members of the superfamily on C3 production were examined. The mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, increased C3 production. RU486 completely inhibited aldosterone's stimulatory effects on C3 production, whereas the miner alocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone partially inhibited aldosterone's effects. In contrast...
Magnetic resonance imaging of constrictive pericardial disease

Abstract Gated magnetic resonance imaging of 5 patients with suspected constrictive pericardial disease was performed using a superconducting magnet operating at 0.35 Tesla. Results were compared with those of echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements in all patients, with chest films in 5, computerized tomography in 2 and with histologic findings in 3. Pericardial thickness exceeded 5 mm in 4 patients and was 5 mm in 1 patient. Absence of magnetic resonance signal from the thickened pericardium was observed with extensive calcific deposits, and increased intensity of the thickened pericardium was associated with inflammatory disease. Dilatation of the right atrium, venae cavae and hepatic veins, and right ventricular narrowing was observed in all patients. The ventricular septum was straight in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging allows both measurement of pericardial thickness and depicts internal cardiac anatomy without exposure to radiation or use of contrast medium. Satisfactory imaging with a large field of view can be performed in the presence of lung disease, thoracic deformity or surgical “hardware ”—conditions that limit echocardiography and computerized tomography. The inherently 3-dimensional data permit imaging in any plane without loss of resolution. Thus, magnetic resonance appears to be the noninvasive method of choice for the diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease.
Industry Research on the Use and Effects of Levulinic Acid: A Case Study in Cigarette Additives

Public health officials and tobacco researchers have raised concerns about the possible contributions of additives to the toxicity of cigarettes. However, little attention has been given to the process whereby additives promote initiation and addiction. Levulinic acid is a known cigarette additive. Review of internal tobacco industry documents indicates that levulinic acid was used to increase nicotine yields while enhancing perceptions of smoothness and mildness. Levulinic acid reduces the pH of cigarette smoke and desensitizes the upper respiratory tract, increasing the potential for cigarette smoke to be inhaled deeper into the lungs. Levulinic acid also may enhance the binding of nicotine to neurons that ordinarily would be unresponsive to nicotine. These findings held particular interest in the internal development of ultralight and so-called reduced-exposure cigarette prototypes. Industry studies found significantly increased peak plasma nicotine levels in smokers of ultralight cigarettes following addition of levulinic acid. Further, internal studies observed changes in mainstream and sidestream smoke composition that may present increased health risks. The use of levulinic acid illustrates the need for regulatory authority over tobacco products as well as better understanding of the role of additives in cigarettes and other tobacco products.
Radical reactions of didehydroarenes with a 1,4-relationship.

A gas-phase study of the radical reactivities of didehydroarenes with a 1,4-relationship reveals that electronic effects (due to singlet−triplet state splittings) can be offset by polar effects.
Relationship Between Physician and Hospital Coronary Angioplasty Volume and Outcome in Elderly Patients

Background With the expectation that physicians who perform larger numbers of coronary angioplasty procedures will have better outcomes, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend minimum physician volumes of 75 procedures per year. However, there is little empirical data to support this recommendation. Methods and Results We examined in-hospital bypass surgery and death after angioplasty according to 1992 physician and hospital Medicare procedure volume. In 1992, 6115 physicians performed angioplasty on 97 478 Medicare patients at 984 hospitals. The median numbers of procedures performed per physician and per hospital were 13 (interquartile range, 5 to 25) and 98 (interquartile range, 40 to 181), respectively. With the assumption that Medicare patients composed one half to one third of all patients undergoing angioplasty, these median values are consistent with an overall physician volume of 26 to 39 cases per year and an overall hospital volume of 196 to 294 cases...
Hardness and defect structures in EC316LN austenitic alloy irradiated under a simulated spallation neutron source environment using triple ion-beams

Abstract For an assessment of the future US spallation neutron source (SNS) target performance, radiation induced hardening and microstructural evolution were investigated as a function of ion dose for EC316LN stainless steel. Irradiation was carried out using 3.5 MeV Fe+, 360 keV He+, and 180 keV H+ simultaneous ion-beams at 200°C to simulate the damage, He and H production in the SNS target vessel wall. At low dose ( 20% elongation) was maintained up to a dose level of ≃10 dpa .
Surface-state origin for the blueshifted emission in anodically etched porous silicon carbide

Anodic etching of SiC yields a highly monodisperse distribution of nanometer dimension porous structures which extend to a significant depth. Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies of the porous layers yield luminescence peaks in the UV region, above the band gap energy of bulk SiC. Higher etching current densities produce porous silicon carbide (PSiC) with peak CL emission wavelengths deeper in the ultraviolet. Photoluminescence (PL) is also blueshifted in anodically etched PSiC, although not to the extent of the CL emission, suggesting that different emissive states are accessed in CL and PL. Raman investigations of the polar A1 LO mode, which couples strongly to the macroscopic electric field accompanying the LO phonon, were conducted in an attempt to discern whether quantum confinement effects could effectively explain the blueshifted emission. The principal feature of the Raman spectra was a significant low-frequency shoulder on the A1 LO mode, the magnitude of which correlates with the magnitude of the bl...
SU‐GG‐T‐15: Inverse Planning Optimization for Hybrid Brachytherapy Plans Using Multiple Seed Types

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop a brachytherapy inverse planning algorithm that can generate: 1) Hybrid plans with seeds of one isotope but of different activity levels; 2) Hybrid plans with seeds of two or more different isotopes.Method and Materials: A stand‐alone research version of the inverse planning algorithm, IPSA, was modified to sample different isotopes at each source position at specific moments during the iteration process. The user specifies the isotope sources desired using the TG43 formalism. The algorithm probes this space and evaluates the resulting dose distribution, compares it to the best distribution yet attained, keeps or rejects it, and finally continues to the next iteration. To test the program, plans for prostate volumes (19, 28, 35, 44, and 48 cc) were generated with a single activity and with different combinations of two activities (e.g. 0.25 and 0.4 mCi). Dosimetric indices were compared. Results: We have developed an inverse planning tool that allows the user to incorporate multiple isotopes into any brachytherapy plan. The optimization time is approximately 20% longer than for the standard optimization due to a larger parameter space, but still well under one minute. For all three prostate implants considered, the target volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose was within 2% for every plan and always above the clinically acceptable 90%. Also the urethra volume receiving 120% of the prescribed dose was always below the clinically acceptable value of 1 cc. Conclusion: An inverse planning algorithm was developed as an extension to IPSA with the ability to incorporate multiple activities or isotopes into the permanent implant optimization process. Studies of the hybrid plans using two activities are shown here; studies involving two separate isotopes are under progress to determine the clinical potential. Conflict of Interest: Work supported by Nucletron.
Radiotherapy quality assurance program in a cooperative group

The radiotherapy quality assurance program at the Rhode Island Hospital Section of Brown University is detailed. The program attempts to assess the uniformity of compliance with the study program so that the results from one institution are comparable to the results of all the other institutions in the cooperative group. In the best situation, results from one study group could be expected to be compared to any other group and any other study of the same disease because the basis of the selection of the patient population, the treatment of the patient, and the end points have all been uniformly defined throughout. The quantitative assessment of the appropriateness of these parameters would be available in the evaluation of the end result. (JMT)
Reproducible Research in Computational Harmonic Analysis

Scientific computation is emerging as absolutely central to the scientific method. Unfortunately, it's error-prone and currently immature-traditional scientific publication is incapable of finding and rooting out errors in scientific computation-which must be recognized as a crisis. An important recent development and a necessary response to the crisis is reproducible computational research in which researchers publish the article along with the full computational environment that produces the results. In this article, the authors review their approach and how it has evolved over time, discussing the arguments for and against working reproducibly.
Vertical field-effect transistor based on wave-function extension

We demonstrate a mechanism for a dual layer, vertical field-effect transistor, in which nearly depleting one layer will extend its wave function to overlap the other layer and increase tunnel current. We characterize this effect in a specially designed GaAs/AlGaAs device, observing a tunnel current increase of two orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperatures, and we suggest extrapolations of the design to other material systems such as graphene.
AGE AND GROWTH OF BLUEHEAD SUCKERS AND FLANNELMOUTH SUCKERS IN HEADWATER TRIBUTARIES, WYOMING

ABSTRACT. Bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus) and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) populations are declining throughout these species' native ranges in the Upper Colorado River Basin. In order to conserve these populations, an understanding of population dynamics is needed. Using age estimates from pectoral fin rays, we describe age and growth of these 2 species in 3 Wyoming stream systems: Muddy Creek, the Little Sandy River, and the Big Sandy River. Within all 3 stream systems, flannelmouth suckers were longer-lived than bluehead suckers, with maximum estimated ages of 16 years in Muddy Creek, 18 years in Little Sandy Creek, and 26 years in the Big Sandy River. Bluehead suckers had maximum estimated ages of 8 years in Muddy Creek, 10 years in Little Sandy Creek, and 18 years in the Big Sandy River. These maximum estimated ages were substantially greater than in other systems where scales have been used to estimate ages. Mean lengths at estimated ages were greater for flannelmouth suckers ...
Effects of acculturation and psychopathology on sexual behavior and substance use of suicidal Hispanic adolescents.

Two theoretical constructs of acculturation (high vs. low and biculturalism) were compared across adolescent risk behaviors among a seldom-studied group of Hispanic adolescents, 70% of whom were fr...
An integrated system of aquaculture, vegetable production and solar heating in an urban environment

Abstract This study investigates the feasibility of an integrated system of fish culture with vegetable production and solar home heating in an urban environment. Tilapia aurea and lctalurus punctatus are polycultured in a semi-closed pond system located near downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Fish culture is integrated with vegetable production and composting in order to recycle fixed nitrogen and avoid the use of commercial fertilizers. Water quality in the greenhouse pond is maintained by settling processes and by the use of simple biological and solar methods. Cost analysis of the total project is presented and recommendations for system improvements are given.
Experimental Investigation and Modelling of Sulzer I-Ring Hydraulics

With an increasing number of vendor supplied design tools for the calculation of packing hydraulics, the basis of these design methods needs to be reliable—reflecting industrial operating conditions as closely as possible. Currently however, different vendor supplied design tools predict different results for some very similar packing types. This paper sets out to determine a reliable model for the hydraulic calculation of I-Rings TM (IMTP TM equivalent). I-Ring sizes from #15 to #70 were tested in the air-water system at medium to high liquid loads in the Sulzer Chemtech facilities. In addition, distillation tests with standard test mixtures under total reflux conditions were conducted. Based on these experimental data points, the model originally developed for structured packing was adapted for random packing. The capacity and pressure drop calculated by the model compared with the experimental data points were within ± 4% and ± 20% respectively.
Crystallization of nanometre-size coprecipitated PbTiO3 powders

Crystallization of coprecipitated PbTiO3 powder was studied by calcining as-precipitated powders at 400–800 °C for up to 262 h. The coprecipitated powders were prepared from a solution containing a 1∶1 molar ratio of Pb(NO3)2∶TiCl4 and a 1.1∶1 molar ratio of H2O2∶TiCl4. The solution containing the lead and titanium complexes was slowly added to NH4OH solution under constant pH (10.00±0.05) conditions that induced precipitation. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the calcined powders consisted of an intimate mixture of amorphous, cubic (or distorted tetragonal with c 0/a 0<1.01), and tetragonal (c 0/a 0=1.065) PbTiO3 particles between 10 and 400 nm, with both particle size and phase content depending on heat treatment. Powders exhibiting the cubic or distorted tetragonal phase consisted of particles between 20 and 200 nm in diameter. Fully crystalline tetragonal PbTiO3 powders consisting of 100–400 nm particles were prepared.
In Vivo Triple Quantum Filtered Twisted Projection Sodium MRI of Human Articular Cartilage

Abstract In this work, we present the first triple quantum filtered (TQF) sodium MR images of the human knee joint in vivo. A 3D TQF data set of 16 slices was obtained in 20 min using a TQF pulse sequence preencoded to a twisted projection imaging readout. Images clearly demarcate patellar cartilage and also demonstrate fluid signal suppressed by the triple quantum filter. Biexponential transverse relaxation times were calculated by fitting the TQF free induction decay to a theoretical signal expression. The average values from three healthy volunteers were T 2fall * = 9.59 ± 0.35 ms and T 2rise * = 0.84 ± 0.06 ms. Application of TQF imaging in biological tissues is discussed.