cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inference for spatially inhomogeneous pairwise interacting point processes

Abstract Spatial point patterns are frequently modeled with pairwise interacting point processes. Unfortunately, inference in these models is complicated by the presence of an intractable function of the parameters in the likelihood. Because of the relative computational simplicity, frequentist inference in pairwise interacting point processes has dominated the literature. However, a Bayesian approach has not been computationally feasible until recently. Since the Metropolis–Hastings acceptance probability contains a ratio of two likelihoods evaluated at differing parameter values, the resulting intractable ratio complicates the required application of MCMC. In this article, we describe how to obtain Bayesian inferences without conditioning on the number of points in the pattern, allowing the modeling of spatial inhomogeneity in the density of points. After describing our importance sampling within MCMC algorithm, we analyze the well-known Irish drumlin data set using a hard-core Straussian model.
The effect of throttling on forward radiated fan noise

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of operating line throttling on inlet-arc noise from high speed fans. Experimental measurements on a 1/4-scale fan stage tested in an anechoic chamber, with and without inlet turbulence control devices, were utilized to assess the effect of constant speed throttling on the forward arc radiated noise characteristics. Different effects were observed in different speed ranges with different types of inflow turbulence control. These effects were correlated with some of the current theories on fan noise generation mechanisms, and partial success was achieved in attempting to relate the various theoretical models to the observed trends. The results of this study have an important bearing on estimating the noise characteristics of new fan designs from scaling the measured characteristics of previously tested fans.
Bombay Talkies, the Word and the World: Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses

Salman Rushdie is in hiding, but in the Muslim world he is everywhere. In the old section of Dhaka, in Bangladesh, he may be seen on posters stuck to moldering walls, with a noose around his neck. A recent march there, provoked and politicized by Islamic fundamentalists, was led, I was told, with the chant, "Salman Rushdie must leave Dhaka!" The sloganeers were informed that Rushdie was not in Dhaka, that he is somewhere in England. They were unfazed. "Salman Rushdie must leave England!" they cried, and marched on. -Mahnaz Ispahani, New Republic, 3 July 1989
A Visualization Tool for Atlas Collection Assessment

A collection assessment tool is described that allows the visualization of an atlas collection in order to determine the depth, scope, and needs for the collection. Using an online tool, Many Eyes, the degree of complexity and the relationships within a collection can be explored and assessed according to the specifics of the collecting institution's own criteria. The tool provides images of the data, and it is sufficiently flexible to permit multiple analyses as needed by the user.
Run-time energy management of manycore systems through reconfigurable interconnects

The active on-chip network channel width has a direct impact on the cache and memory access latency in manycore processors. A good choice of channel width improves the application performance and energy efficiency. In manycore systems, where workload patterns change significantly over time, setting the network channel width statically for the average or worst-case traffic gives sub-optimal energy efficiency. This paper proposes a novel, low-cost method to reconfigure the network channel width at run time to maximize energy efficiency of applications. We analyze the effect of channel width choices for two commonly used cache hierarchies, private and distributed L2 caches, on manycore systems with a bus or crossbar architecture running parallel workloads. The proposed reconfiguration policy predicts the energy-delay product (EDP) for the currently running application at various channel widths and chooses the best fitting width to minimize EDP. The experimental results show that in systems with private and distributed L2 caches our policy reduces EDP by 49.3% and 23.9%, and 65.5% and 20.6% on average with bus and crossbar, respectively, in comparison to statically setting the channel width.
Surgical treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese patients

Obesity is a multi-organ system disease with underlying metabolic abnormalities and chronic systemic inflammation. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of obesity metabolic dysfunction and its associated cardiovascular- and liver-related morbidities and mortality. Our current understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis, disease characteristics, the role of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, gut-liver and gut-brain crosstalk and the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy is still evolving. Bariatric surgery significantly improves metabolic and NAFLD histology in severely obese patients, although its positive effects on fibrosis are not universal. Bariatric surgery benefits NAFLD through its metabolic effect on insulin resistance, inflammation, and insulinotropic and anorexinogenic gastrointestinal hormones. Further studies are needed to understand the natural course of NAFLD in severely obese patients and the role of weight loss surgery as a primary treatment for NAFLD.
The External Carotid Artery in Revascularization of the Upper Extremity

The ipsilateral external carotid artery can be used for revascularization of the axillary and brachial arteries when the contralateral axillary artery is not available. A successful case is presented and the technique described.
Beam-oscillation suppressor for multimode gradient-index fibers.

The oscillations about the fiber axis that generally accompany a beam injected eccentrically into a gradient-index fiber can be substantially suppressed. It is shown how the constraint of Liouville’s theorem, which was thought to preclude this effect, is satisfied in a system of two coupled fibers. The length of the coupled-fiber section required for operation is found.
Hibernoma: MRI appearance of a rare tumor

We report the features of a hibernoma on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The MR characteristics of this lesion were consistent with a complex lipid-containing mass. The mass did not suppress on short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging and was clearly not a simple lipoma. Hibernoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of complex fatty masses.
The formation of sp3 bonding in compressed BN.

Attributed to their specific atomic bonding, the soft, graphite-like, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and its superhard, diamond-like, cubic polymorph (c-BN) are important technological materials with a wide range of applications1. At high pressure and temperature, h-BN can directly transform to a hexagonal close-packed polymorph (w-BN)2 that can be partially quenched after releasing pressure. Previous theoretical calculations3,4,5 and experimental measurements (primarily on quenched samples)6,7,8,9 provided substantial information on the transition, but left unsettled questions due to the lack of in situ characterization at high pressures. Using inelastic X-ray scattering to probe the boron and nitrogen near K-edge spectroscopy, here we report the first observation of the conversion process of boron and nitrogen sp2- and p-bonding to sp3 and the directional nature of the sp3 bonding. In combination with in situ X-ray diffraction probe, we have further clarified the structure transformation mechanism. The present archetypal example opens two enormous, element-specific, research areas on high-pressure bonding evolutions of boron and nitrogen; each of the two elements and their respective compounds have displayed a wealth of intriguing pressure-induced phenomena10 that result from bonding changes, including metallization11,12, superconductivity13,14, semiconductivity15, polymerization16 and superhardness2,17,18.
Proposed Theory for the Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of Martensitic Precipitation Age-Hardening Stainless Steels such as Custom 455

Over the years, the author has had experience on various programs and vehicle platforms in which martensitic precipitation age-hardening, corrosion-resistant stainless steels such as Custom 455 have demonstrated hydrogen embrittlement resistance. Custom 455 is a double vacuum-melted, martensitic precipitation age-hardening stainless steel, which is reported to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This paper proposes a plausible rationale for the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of this type of stainless steel.
Assessing the shear-sheltering theory applied to low-level jets in the nocturnal stable boundary layer

This paper investigates the existence of shear sheltering on turbulence data over a quasi-ideal experimental site in Oklahoma, USA. Originally developed for engineering flows, the shear-sheltering theory is predicated upon the idea of low-level jets blocking large eddies aloft, preventing them from propagating to the surface. In this scenario, suppression of low-frequency turbulence energy and reduction of surface fluxes would be expected. Results from the Oklahoma experiment show instead an enhancement of surface turbulence intensity and of the relative contribution of large scales to total (co)variances for low-level jet cases with strong shear, thus suggesting the absence of shear sheltering at the site. The results underline the complexity of surface-atmosphere interactions in nocturnal stable conditions. Atmospheric modeling of exchange using various scenarios of surface characteristics, flow regimes, and low-level jet properties is suggested to further assess the potential applicability of the shear-sheltering theory to atmospheric flows.
Analysis of quasielastic light scattering in LiNbO3 near TC.

We have performed Raman studies of lithium niobate from 293 to 1224 K with special emphasis upon quantitative analysis of the quasielastic scattering from 0--50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We find that the complete spectrum, including both the quasielastic ``wing'' and the two lowest-frequency ${A}_{1}$-symmetry optical phonons, can be fitted to the spectral distribution function predicted for a system with a relaxing self-energy; when this is done all the parameters fitted vary slowly and monotonically with temperature. The coupling parameter ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}$(T) varies approximately as (${T}_{C}$-T${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1.4}$ in accord with the predictions of Halperin and Varma [Phys. Rev. B 14, 4030 (1976)]. This is only the second central-mode study to satisfy that defect-theory prediction. Both congruent and stoichiometric specimens were examined. The congruent sample exhibits an inverse relaxation time of 540\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 GHz that is independent of temperature; it is apparently limited by defects arising from the lack of stoichiometry. The stoichiometric sample exhibits a temperature-dependent relaxation time of the form ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$(T)=${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$[(${T}_{C}$-T) /${T}_{C}$] with ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$=1740\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}430 GHz (i.e., ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$=58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$); this is the expected mean-field dependence for a second-order phase transition. The data show why inelastic neutron scattering studies [e.g., M. R. Chowdhury, G. E. Peckham, and D. H. Saunderson, J. Phys. C 11, 1671 (1978)] may have been unable to detect the softening of the lowest ${A}_{1}$-symmetry optical phonon and thereby help resolve a long-standing controversy concerning the qualitative disagreement of Raman and neutron scattering data.
A Case-control Study of Patient, Medication, and Care-related Risk Factors for Inpatient Falls

OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively analyze potential risk factors for falling in the hospital and describe the circumstances surrounding falls.
Feeding Interaction Between Adult Bass and Their Offspring

Abstract Examination of young-of-the-year and adult yellow bass stomachs from Clear Lake, Iowa revealed that competition for food, if present during the 1967 growing season, was centered on utilization of Daphnia pulex. Heavy predation by parent bass on their offspring during late summer and autumn was attributed to smaller-than average young bass in 1967, but predation by adults during this period might be a frequent factor affecting year-class strength.
The enigma of ethics: A multidimensional approach

The question of what is ethical or unethical has been debated over the centuries with little headway. The purpose of this article is to clarify this problem by presenting three perceptual domains: self, organization, and society, which, when viewed together, explain the problem of determining ethical behavior. Implications of such a perspective are discussed relative to managers facing ethical problems.
Cubic Laves ferromagnet Tb Ni 2 Mn investigated through ambient-pressure magnetization and specific heat and high pressure ac magnetic susceptibility

$\mathrm{Tb}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}\mathrm{Mn}$ is a cubic Laves material, isostructural to $\mathrm{Tb}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$, with the Mn sitting on both the Tb and the Ni lattice positions. It is ferromagnetic at ambient pressure at ${T}_{C}=151\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and has been investigated in detail at ambient pressure through magnetization and specific heat with various applied magnetic fields. It displays Curie-Weiss behavior above ${T}_{C}$, with an effective moment of $8.43{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}∕\mathrm{f.u.}$, and isothermal magnetization at various temperatures is consistent with narrow domain walls. The low-temperature specific heat results in a linear contribution of $65\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}∕\mathrm{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{2}$ and a Debye temperature of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}=188\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The ac magnetic susceptibility has been investigated using designer diamond anvils up to $28.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. A magnetic anomaly at ${T}^{*}$ is investigated as a function of both magnetic field and pressure, both of which have very little effect for fields less than the coercive force. The Curie temperature decreases at a rate of $d{T}_{C}∕dP=\ensuremath{-}1.96\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}∕\mathrm{GPa}$, and differences between hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic conditions are discussed.
The Interaction of Ochratoxin A with Some Environmental Extremes

Abstract Presently, ochratoxin is the most potent mycotoxin studied in chickens. The possibility that ochratoxin can interact with environmental extremes was investigated by incorporating pure ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μg./g. feed) into the diet of 4 replicates of 10 birds from hatching until 3 weeks of age. There was a significant (P
Administrative Petition to Relieve the Health Hazards of Promotion of Infant Formulas in the U.S.

: This is a summary of a 180-page Administrative Petition to the FDA and the DHHS to alleviate domestic formula misuse and to provide informed infant feeding choices, especially among low-income, minority women. This summary documents the low and declining rates of breastfeeding among poor women, and the illnesses and costs of medical treatment in formula-fed infants in the U.S. The practices of the infant formula industry and their effects on the attitudes of medical caregivers towards breastfeeding are described. The Petition, with over 500 references, was filed on June 17, 1981. It is available from Room 2323, Raybum House Office Bldg., Washington D.C. 20500.
CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS TO SEMANTIC STIMULI

The influence of affective meaning on the photically evoked response was studied in male college students. Three sets of stimuli were used: taboo words, neutral words, and blank flashes. Two blocks of trials were run for each stimulus, one in which the S responded by calling the stimulus presented, and a second in which the S was not required to respond. The late components of the evoked potential were significantly related to both the stimulus and response conditions. Amplitude 2 was larger for the taboo words than for either the neutral words or the blank flash. The taboo words had a significantly greater amplitude 3 than neutral words, and both sets of words had higher amplitude 3 than the blank flash. The stimulus effect was discussed in terms of the possible influence of anatomical structures involved in emotional behavior on the visual evoked response. The response effect was felt to be the result of the increased attention required under the response condition.
Effects of alternative inspection strategies on piping reliability

Abstract This paper applies probabilistic fracture mechanics calculations to determine the effects of inspection on leak probabilities for piping. The approach has been to perform calculations in a structured parametric format, with the parameters selected to cover the range of pipe sizes, degradation mechanisms, operating stresses, and materials relevant to the piping systems of interest. In this paper, the calculations were intended to be generally applicable to mechanical and thermal fatigue of stainless steel piping. Specific areas of uncertainty addressed by the probabilistic calculations of this paper are the numbers of initial flaws, the distributions of flaw sizes, the crack growth rates for these initial flaws, and the probability of detection curves and inspection schedules that describe inservice inspections which are performed to detect these growing flaws. The effectiveness of an inspection strategy is quantified by the parameter ‘Factor of Improvement’, which is the relative increase in piping reliability due to a given inspection strategy as compared with the strategy of performing no inspection. The results of a systematic set of calculations are presented in this paper that address inspection effectiveness for operating stresses giving crack growth rates ranging from very low to very high. Inspection strategies are described that address three reference levels of ultrasonic inspection reliability, intervals between inspections ranging from 1 to 10 years, and both preservice and inservice inspections.
Abstract 953: Benzyl isothiocyanate suppresses pancreatic cancer angiogenesis and invasion by inhibiting Akt and MMP-2

We have shown in our previous studies that benzyl isothiocyante (BITC) suppress the growth of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of NF-kB and STAT-3 without affecting the viability of normal HPDE cells. Further, we demonstrated that oral administration of BITC significantly blocked the growth of pancreatic tumor xenografts in vivo. In the present study, we examined the effect of BITC on pancreatic cancer angiogenisis and invasion. Our results demonstrate that 5-10µM BITC almost completely blocked neovasculture formation in an ex vivo chick chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) model. In agreement with these results, in vivo matrigel plug assay in athymic nude mice also reveal that the hemoglobin content in the implanted matrigel plug was reduced by 70% in the mice which were orally fed 12µmol BITC for 7 days as compared to controls, suggesting reduced blood vessel formation. In a matrigel tube formation assay using mouse brain endothelial cells, BITC treatment significantly inhibited VEGF-induced tube formation. As compared to controls, 5µM BITC treatment for 36h caused a drastic reduction in the number of cells that migrated into the wounding area in a wound healing assay. Our results also showed that the tumor cell invasion was effectively (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 953.
Chemically Induced Epileptiform Seizures in the Cat

Long-term epileptiform seizures were induced in the cat by a single stimulation of the basolateral components of the amygdala with cholinergic agents. These electro-physiological changes were accompanied by persisting alterations of the animal's "emotional responsiveness." It is evident dent that electroencephalographic seizure activity and overt behavior can be dissociated in this species.
Transpiring artificial leaves

Abstract We have designed an artificial leaf more similar to plant leaves than designs cited in the literature. Our artificial leaf is constructed of nonmetallic materials and includes an internal water distribution system and porous surface membranes. This design allows the leaf to approximate the desirable properties of being nonisothermal with a uniform heat flux and also to transpire for latent heat cooling in a similar way to plant leaves. The artificial leaf is of constant geometry, orientation, color, and porosity.
Results or Participation?: Reconsidering Olympism's Approach to Competition

In spite of the privileged position that Olympism arguably occupies within the Olympic Movement, its understanding and implementation have been a challenging task. This is due to a lack of specificity, conceptual lacunas, and inconsistencies in the interpretation and elucidation of Olympism. One inconsistency pertains to the meaning and emphasis of results in Olympic contests. In this regard, the Olympic creed and the Olympic motto seem to send contradictory messages. This paper investigates the role that results should have in Olympic contests and, more broadly, in an enlightened sporting life. It argues that the most developed approach to the sporting and Olympic life is one in which the process of contesting and its ensuing results come together to form a meaningful unity.
Climatic patterns and the distribution of C4 grasses in North America.

A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used in an attempt to correlate statistically the geographic patterns in the abundance of C4 grasses with patterns in climatic variables. The percent of grasses having the C4 pathway was computed for the total grass flora in twenty-seven widely spaced regions of North America. From long-term climatic records seasonal and annual values for solar irradiance, water supply, heat availability, and combinations of these variables were assigned to each of the twentyseven regions. The results of the analysis suggest that high minimum temperatures during the growing season have the strongest correlation with the relative abundance of C4 grass species in a regional flora. It appears that the deleterious effects of low temperatures during growth negate the advantages of possessing the C4 pathway in cooler habitats.
The HRAF as Radical Text

What if I were to tell you of a bold experiment in anthropological writing in which ethnographies are chopped up and then jumbled together so that from page to page even the typefaces change (like thirtysomething). Page 93 from a French physical anthropologist's 1899 study of cranial dimensions of natives of the Toba tribal group follows page 51 from a 1968 study of Toban religious beliefs by a Mennonite missionary/anthropologist, which follows page 12 of an American culture and personality theorist's 1974 paper on children's doll play among the Toba. A series of numbers and dots running down the margins gives you the option of sequencing your reading in a variety of ways, including the usual beginning to end. Would it matter if I told you that the idea for this radical text was developed not in 1987 by a Nobel-prize winning Argentinian novelist, but instead in 1937 by an American behavioral scientist searching for a unified theory of human behavior?
SU‐E‐I‐90: A Simple Method to Estimate Magnetic Field Homogeneity at Distant Point Locations

Purpose: Although the measurement of magnetic field homogeneity is a key task for physicists, the methods, including those suggested by ACR guideline that are based on the spectral analysis and gradient echo phase images, are sometimes not available, or often require a specially designed phantom. Here, a new method of measuring field homogeneity is introduced as simpler yet generally applicable to any phantom scans. Methods: A general purpose phantom composed of commonly available materials (grapes and fish oil capsules fixed in agaros solution) and a fiducial frame (used for GammKnife treatment and readily available around us) were scanned using a series of conventional spin echo sequence at Philips 1.5 T Intera system (TR=500 ms, TE=20 ms, Nex=1, FOV =250 cm, matrix 256 × 256, thickness=3 mm). The phantom was scanned 6 times while changing the pixel bandwidth gradually in the range between 81.4 and 415.6 Hz, which respectively corresponds to the fat chemical shift (3.4 ppm) of 2.670 to 0.523 pixels. The field inhomogeneity between two spatially distant points (12 cm apart) referenced by the fiducial frames (Fig. 1) was estimated by the linear fitting of the equations (see supporting material). Results: The frequency offset value at a point can be attributed to both spatially dependent and spatially independent offsets (e.g. chemical shift of the material). However, the subtraction of two offset values, obtained from the same material but at different locations, would cancel the spatially independent offsets. Therefore, when the offset values for points 1 and 2 (2.5054 vs. 2.0503 ppm, Fig. 2) are subtracted, the difference (0.46 ppm) would be the spatial magnetic field inhomogeneity over the two 12 cm apart points. Conclusions: The introduced method could be a useful alternative way of measuringmagnetic field homogeneity and can be incorporated into any phantom setting.
Hyperthermic liver toxicity: A role for oxidative stress

Rat livers were perfused at 37 degrees C, 41 degrees C, 42 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C, and 43 degrees C for 2 hr. Among perfusate constituents analyzed were urea, total amino acids, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), allantoin, potassium, phosphate, and glucose. After perfusion, livers were homogenized and analyzed for xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, GSH content, and lysosomal lability. Perfusate AST, LDH, NAG, potassium, glucose, and phosphate increased significantly with time, and there were significant differences in the final values between 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C and 43 degrees C (P less than .05). GSH levels increased significantly at all temperatures after 90 and 120 min, whereas GSSG levels differed significantly at 60, 90, and 120 min for 37 degrees C vs. 42 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C, and 43 degrees C (P less than .05). Mean MDA levels at 37 degrees C differed from those at 41 degrees C and 43 degrees C (P less than .05) at each temperature. Allantoin levels increased significantly with time of perfusion; mean levels at 37 degrees C were significantly different from mean levels at each temperature at 60, 90, and 120 min. GSH liver tissue levels decreased with perfusion at hyperthermic temperatures; mean values at 41 degrees C, 42 degrees C, and 42.5 degrees C, and 43 degrees C differed from 37 degrees C mean values (P less than .01). Type O XO increased after 120 min perfusion from 6.4% +/- 2.0% at 37 degrees C to 55% +/- 30%, 43% +/- 27%, and 63% +/- 29% at 42 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C, and 43 degrees C, respectively. Lysosomal lability increased after perfusion at 42.5 degrees C. There was a significant increase in nonsedimentable NAG activity at 42.5 degrees C (P less than .05). These data support the premise that hyperthermic toxicity to the liver may be a consequence of oxidative stress brought about by enhanced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption and conversion of XO to type O. Such conversion results in superoxide formation and subsequent depletion of cellular GSH, labilization of the lysosomes, and plasma membrane damage.
Substrate deformation in a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase ternary complex: the structural basis for catalysis.

Abstract Background: Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (HGPRTs) are well-recognized antiparasitic drug targets. HGPRT is also a paradigmatic representative of the phosphoribosyltransferase family of enzymes, which includes other important biosynthetic and salvage enzymes and drug targets. To better understand the reaction mechanism of this enzyme, we have crystallized HGPRT from the apicomplexan protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as a ternary complex with a substrate and a substrate analog. Results: The crystal structure of T. gondii HGPRT with the substrate Mg 2+ -PRPP and a nonreactive substrate analog, 9-deazaguanine, bound in the active site has been determined at 1.05 A resolution and refined to a free R factor of 15.4%. This structure constitutes the first atomic-resolution structure of both a phosphoribosyltransferase and the central metabolic substrate PRPP. This pre–transition state complex provides a clearer understanding of the structural basis for catalysis by HGPRT. Conclusions: Three types of substrate deformation, chief among them an unexpected C2′- endo pucker adopted by the PRPP ribose ring, raise the energy of the ground state. A cation-π interaction between Tyr-118 and the developing oxocarbenium ion in the ribose ring helps to stabilize the transition state. Enforced substrate propinquity coupled with optimal reactive geometry for both the substrates and the active site residues with which they interact contributes to catalysis as well.
Earthly environmentalism and the space exploration movement, 1960–1990: A study in irresolution

Abstract Little analysis exists of the interaction between the two most influential modern science-based social movements: space exploration and environmentalism. Since 1970 the term “Spaceship Earth” has been in common usage and the notion that the world requires careful stewardship has been acknowledged. Yet NASA had comparatively little to do with this important process of conceptual change for decades. It was meteorologists and oceanographers, among others, who established new government agencies including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to pioneer areas like climatology. This paper examines how NASA’s view of itself as a “space” agency long underplayed Earth as a part of the Solar System. Conceptual conflicts continue, to the detriment of political and public support for space.
Zimbabwe's wildlife conservation regime: Rural farmers and the state

This article examines the rhino and elephant conservation policies of Zimbabwe, focusing on the historical experiences of rural farmers with colonial and post-colonial wildlife policies. It begins by defining the social and political ramifications of the current environmental conservation debate in Africa, and how these are crucially affected by rural people's perceptions of environmental goods. Next, the paper explores the exploitative colonial legacy of wildlife conservation in Zimbabwe, and how that legacy has or has not been transformed since independence. The paper pays close attention to the development of linkages between rural farmers, local conservation NGOs, and local and national governmental bodies. Finally, the paper finds that, while many positive linkages have been made between conservation authorities and rural farmers and ranchers in elephant conservation programs, few such linkages have been made in the various rhino conservation schemes. Since Zimbabwe has been relatively successful in conserving its elephant population, but relatively unsuccessful in stopping rhino poaching, the paper concludes that the development of positive linkages between rural farmers and the state, which include heavy doses of popular participation at the grassroots level, is crucial for any successful natural resource policy.
Future direction and needs in agricultural meteorology/climatology and modeling☆

Abstract Weather and climate are the major, uncontrolled driving forces of agricultural production. They affect every production management practice from seedbed preparation to harvest. Many modern-day practices pose risks to the environment. Therefore, it is important that appropriate management practices be accomplished when weather conditions are favorable. Agricultural meteorologists are important research, education and service professionals who can develop and recommend practices that reduce risk of environmental damage. However, agricultural meteorology as a discipline is witnessing a decline in research and education professionals owing to retirements and tight university budgets that are causing the vacant positions to be left open. As a result, there is concern whether there will be enough agricultural meteorologists to meet the research, education and service demands of the future. Whenever any discipline is experiencing growth difficulties, it is important to look at what is being done and decide what should be done in the future. This paper summarizes a series of papers presented at the 1992 American Society of Agronomy meetings. Their purpose was to look into the future and evaluate areas on which the field of agricultural meteorology should focus. The papers discussed the history of agricultural meteorology, future needs in research, academic and extension education, and service to the agricultural community. Several scientific papers gave examples of some of the problems and opportunities in agricultural meteorology. In addition to traditional research in agricultural meteorology, basic research opportunities exist in the areas of weather and climate variability on a regional scale, and applied research opportunities exist in how climate and weather data can be used to improve agricultural management practices. A greater effort needs to be put into educating the public and the agricultural community on how to use climate and weather data to improve the efficiency of agricultural production.
Poly[[aqua­[μ-1,4-bis­(3-pyridylmeth­yl)piperazine-κ2N:N′](μ-isophthalato-κ2O1:O3)copper(II)]

In the title compound, [Cu(C8H4O4)(C16H20N4)(H2O)]n, square-pyramidally coordinated CuII ions are linked into [Cu(H2O)(isophthalate)]n coordination polymer chains by isophthalate dianions. These chains are connected into undulating [Cu(H2O)(isophthalate)(3-bpmp)]n [3-bmp is bis­(3-pyridylmeth­yl)piperazine] layers by 3-bpmp tethering ligands. The pseudo three-dimensional structure of the title compound is fostered by inter­layer O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the aqua ligands and unligated isophthalate O atoms. The selected crystal was non-merohedrally twinned. Only reflections from the major twin component were used in the solution and refinement.
Evidence for the nonhydrophobic interaction of aromatic, nitrogen-containing compounds with the coenzyme binding site of a NAD-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase

Quantitative structure activity relationships suggest that the binding of quinoline and phenanthroline analogs to D-lactate dehydrogenase from the barnacle,Balanus nubilus Darwin, does not involve primarily hydrophobic effects. This phenomenon appears to exist also for other lactate dehydrogenases.
Lessons from the East — China's Rapidly Evolving Health Care System

At first glance, China might seem unlikely to offer useful health care lessons to other countries. But China has undertaken a series of remarkable health system experiments that are instructive at many levels; a key lesson concerns the value of medical professionalism.
Nuclear transport mechanisms

The term nuclear transport, refers to the movement of a large variety of macromolecules both into and out of the nucleus. Transport must be extremely selective, yet also very efficient. A single type of channel, the nuclear pore complex, mediates all movement across the nuclear envelope. Selectivity is achieved through the use of families of soluble factors that target substrates for import and export and deliver them to their appropriate intracellular destinations. We now have a fairly detailed understanding of the basic mechanisms of protein import into the nucleus. Many of these same principles can be applied to protein export and perhaps RNA export. This review will summarize the current status of what is known about various transport pathways and highlight the questions that remain to be answered.
Fine Grain Photographic Development

The effect of different fine grain photographic developers upon the effective emulsion speed and graininess of photographic materials was studied quantitatively. Fine grain developers were found to be more effective in reducing the graininess of fast, coarse grain emulsions than of slow, fine grain emulsions. The effective emulsion speed of slow, fine grain emulsions when developed in an MQ borax developer was found to be at least equal to that of a fast, coarse grain emulsion when developed in an ultra‐fine grain developer which gave negatives of as low graininess on the fast emulsion as the MQ borax gave on the slow emulsion. Slight improvement in graininess can be obtained by using ultra‐fine grain developers on fine grain emulsions, but only at some sacrifice of effective emulsion speed.
The Wal-Mart affair – where implausible deniability is the coin of the realm

Purpose – In the past more than three years, Wal-Mart has been embroiled in incidents of public scandals. In part, they pertain to Wal-Mart’s global strategy of growth and expansion, where the company’s senior managers have been implicated in using illegal bribery and corruption to secure business and to conceal this information from regulatory authorities. Another issue, albeit longer running, has been the incidents of fire and resulting deaths and injuries of hundreds of people, most notably in Bangladesh, but also in other countries where low-skill, low-wage manufacturing predominates, and where foreign multinationals have been accused of condoning and profiting from sweatshop-like exploitation of workers. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use Wal-Mart as a microcosm of corporate conduct which provides a prism through which to examine the exploitation of negative externalities, i.e. engaging in illegal and unethical behavior by using their bargaining power and market control these companies, pr...
Future directions in computing and CFD

In recent years CFD on massively parallel machines has become a reality. This paper summarizes some recent trends both in high performance computing, and in CFD using parallel machines. The long term computational requirements for accomplishing some of the large scale problems in computational aerosciences, and current hardware and architecture trends are discussed. Performance results obtained from the implementation of some CFD applications on the Connection Machine CM-2 and the Intel iPSC/860 at NASA Ames Research Center are presented. It is argued that only massively parallel machines will be able to meet these grand challenge requirements.
Current non-AIDS antiviral chemotherapy

The evolution of antiviral therapy began with developments in the management of influenza and herpes simplex keratitis in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, the field exploded with the successful treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes zoster and genital herpes simplex virus infections, all occurring in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These advances have contributed to the development of therapies for HIV that have transformed the lives of infected patients in recent years. The clinical fruit of all of these research advances has been an armamentarium of drugs that can be used to successfully treat a variety of viral illnesses. In addition to HIV/AIDS, current antiviral therapy focuses primarily on herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses and influenza. Notably, considerable progress remains to be made in these areas. Moreover, a variety of additional viral diseases currently require the development of specific therapies.
Focusing of He+ ions on semichannel planes in the Pt{111} surface

Abstract Focusing of scattered ions on semichannel planes has been observed for 4 keV He + scattering from a Pt{111}-(1 × 1) surface. Atoms scattered on such semichannel planes are highly focused by the detailed structural features of the surface and subsurface layers, giving rise to intricate three-dimensional spatial patterns. These scattering patterns can be readily observed through the use of a time- and spatially-resolving microchannel plate detector using the technique of scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS). Such three-dimensional scattering features are not normally observed in conventional ion scattering experiments using small-area detectors. Classical ion trajectory simulations using the scattering and recoiling imaging code (SARIC) are used to simulate the scattering patterns and to provide an analysis of the surface and subsurface layers involved in the scattering, the focusing of incoming and outgoing atom trajectories, and the role of thermal vibrations on the scattering patterns. The high sensitivity of the SARIS images to the details of the surface and subsurface atomic arrangements advocate its potential as a surface structural analysis technique.
Immunofluorescent localization of factor VIII-related antigen and fibrinogen in hyperacute xenograft rejection and in the Shwartzman reaction in the rat

Abstract Factor VIII-related antigen was localized by immunofluorescent microscopy to endothelial cells of all normal rat tissues in a pattern identical to that observed in human tissues and studied in experimental renal diseases. Glomerular capillaries in rabbit kidneys hyperacutely rejected by presensitized rats showed marked granular deposition of rat fibrinogen and factor VIII-related antigens derived from the host circulation. Renal glomerular capillary thrombi in the Shwartzman reaction induced by endotoxin in pregnant rats and in rats given nephrotoxic serum showed marked deposition of fibrinogen-related and factor VIII-related antigens. Unilateral renal perfusion studies showed that nephrotoxic serum prepares for the Shwartzman reaction by direct renal effects. The parallel deposition of fibrinogen and factor VIII-related antigens in these rat models is similar to observations in human renal disease and suggests participation of platelets and/or plasma coagulation in the evolution of such lesions.
Ozone and particulate matter enhancements from regional wildfires observed at Mount Bachelor during 2004–2011

Abstract We report observations of normalized enhancement ratios (NER) for 32 wildfires measured at Mount Bachelor Observatory in central Oregon during June–September 2004–2011. All 32 plumes resulted from wildfires originating in the western United States and Canada. The observed NER of PM1 (particulate matter
Toward Low‐Frequency Mechanical Energy Harvesting Using Energy‐Dense Piezoelectrochemical Materials

The piezoelectrochemical coupling between mechanical stress and electrochemical potential is explored in the context of mechanical energy harvesting and shown to have promise in developing high-energy-density harvesters for low-frequency applications (e.g., human locomotion). This novel concept is demonstrated experimentally by cyclically compressing an off-the-shelf lithium-ion battery and measuring the generated electric power output.
Impact Erosion of Planetary Atmospheres: Some Surprising Results

We have investigated by analytical and computational means the effect of Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) size impacts (5×10^(30)erg, 9-km-radius bolide of 10^(19)g) on terrestrial atmospheres. We have extended analytically the approximate solution due to A. S. Kompaneets (1960,Sov. Phys. Dokl. Engl. Transl.5, 46–48) for the blast wave obtained for atmospheric nuclear explosions (idealized to isothermal atmospheres) to ideal adiabatic atmospheres and to data-based models of the Earth's atmosphere. For the first time, we have been able to obtain analytically the particle trajectories in an isothermal atmosphere. The outcome of this nonlinear analysis is that a massive impact (without the subsequent ejection of substantial mass) would only influence a column of ≈30-km radius in the Earth's atmosphere and that the shocked gas would be propelled up and against the column “wall,” but would not escape from the planet. We examined the validity of “hemispheric blowoff,” the hypothesis that all material in a hemisphere lying above a plane tangent to the point of impact radially accelerated outward and, if sufficiently energetic, would also be ejected. We adapted and used a state-of-the-art code (CAVEAT), a hybrid Los Alamos–Sandia Lagrangian–Eulerian finite difference scheme for multimaterial flow problems with large distortion and internal slip. In our CAVEAT calculations, the vapor cloud produced by the impact produces a shock that is orders of magnitude stronger than any previous use of such codes. We developed new methods to test the accuracy and convergence of CAVEAT for K/T size impact events, and it proved to be a robust tool. We explored a K/T size impact where the 9-km-radius bolide was vaporized and injected into the atmosphere and found no radial outflow in agreement with the analytic model but, instead, a 50-km-radius vertical column formed with only a small fraction of material reaching escape velocity—no more than about 7% of the vaporized bolide plus atmospheric mass will escape the gravitation of the Earth.
Coordinative variability and overuse injury.

Overuse injuries are generally defined as a repetitive micro-trauma to tissue. Many researchers have associated particular biomechanical parameters as an indicator of such injuries. However, while these parameters have been reported in single studies, in many instances, it has been difficult to verify these parameters as causative to the injury. We have investigated overuse injuries, such as patella-femoral pain syndrome, using a dynamical systems approach. Using such methods, the importance of the structure of coordinative variability (i.e. the variability of the interaction between segments or joints) becomes apparent. We view coordinative variability as functionally important to the movement and different from end-point or goal variability. Using concepts derived from the work of Bernstein, we conducted studies using a continuous relative phase and/or modified vector coding approaches to investigate the coordinative variability of overuse injuries. Consistently, we have found that the higher variability state of a coordinative structure is the healthy state while the lower variability state is the unhealthy or pathological state. It is clear that very high coordinative variability could also result in injury and that there must be a window of ‘higher variability’ in which non-injured athletes function. While this finding that coordinative variability is functional has been shown in several studies, it is still not clear if reduced variability contributes to or results from the injury. Studies are currently underway to determine the potential reasons for the reduced variability in injured athletes. Nevertheless, our laboratory believes that this understanding of how joints interact can be important in understanding overuse injuries.
Changes in creatine kinase expression induced by exercise in borderline hypertensive rat hearts.

Hypertrophy in hypertensive hearts is associated with increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality that is not characteristic of exercised hearts. This study was done to determine whether exercise training of normotensive and borderline hypertensive rats induces the increased myocardial expression of BB and MB isoforms of creatine kinase (CK) that characterizes hypertensive hypertrophy. Spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), borderline hypertensive (BHR), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to either an 8% sodium chloride diet or swim training to produce myocardial hypertrophy. Both exercise and a high salt diet induced an increase in the combined expression of CK-MB and CK-BB in SHR after 2 months. However, since swimming also exacerbated hypertension in SHR, exercise induced effects on CK were not distinguishable from those of hypertension. In WKY, neither exercise nor a high salt diet induced significant changes in CK isozyme expression. In BHR fed a high sodium chloride diet, signi...