cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More on the energy/nonenergy price link

This note re-examines the energy/nonenergy price link. Using annual data from the period 1960 to 2008, it finds that the pass-through of energy price changes to the overall nonenergy commodity index is 0.28. At a more disaggregated level, the fertilizer index exhibited the largest pass-through (0.55), followed by agriculture (0.26) and metals (0.25).
Definability by programs in first-order structures

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ti 1. Preliminarv detinitilms and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Algebraic characterizations of the unwind property A structure with the unwind property for every iterative (but not every recursive 1 program . The truth-table property Structures with the truth-table property [but not the unwind property) for every iterative program ,4ppendix 1: The pebble game on infinite dags ippendix 2: Remaining proofs References
Boiling Points and Melting Points of Chlorofluorocarbons

The boiling points of the 15 chlorofluorocarbons based on methane are shown to be determined by the structural parameters of the number of chlorines, the number of fluorines, and the dipole moment. The melting points of these 15 compounds also depend on molecular symmetry and specifically by inclusion of the rotational entropy. The success of this structure−property relation would suggest that these molecules have close to free rotation in the liquid, despite their high dipole moments.
ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITY IN ALBANIA AND YUGOSLAVIA

SUMMARY Average and standard deviations of hypocentral distances to selected isoseisms are presented for Albania and Yugoslavia. The results apply for the Medvedev-Karnik-Sponheuer (MKS) intensity, provided that all data are corrected to a unified MKS equivalent intensity as defined by Shebalin et al.19 The results should be useful in general macroseismic studies in these two countries, but are essential for the development of microzonation maps when the seismicity is described in terms of the locally available intensity catalogues. The observed attenuation of the intensities versus the hypocentral distance is similar to the attenuation of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) in the western United States of America. This finding should facilitate the use of other empirical scaling relations, developed in California, for various predictions of the characteristics of strong earthquake shaking in Albania and Yugoslavia.
Fault-diagnosis for a class of distributed control multistage interconnection networks

A class of (2 log/sub 2/ N-1)-stage interconnection networks is suitable for fault-tolerance with effective use of the redundant paths which provide multiple disjoint paths between each pair of input/output terminals. This paper focuses on a new fault-diagnosis method for a class of distributed control (2 log/sub 2/ N-1)-stage interconnection networks. To perform this fault-diagnosis method, the self-routing tags based on a given multistage interconnection network are generated for each phase. Six tests with self-routing tags can detect a faulty switching element and a link stuck fault in a (2 log/sub 2/ N-1)-stage interconnection network. Regarding the fault location problem, the fault-location procedure to use O(log/sub 2/ log 2N) tests for a distributed control network is proposed.
Double dynamic holographic interferometry in infrared-optical and electrical functions

Double-functional dynamic holographic interferometer was realized on CdTe: V crystals using 100 mW IR CW laser (1064 nm). Both electrical (holographic electro-motive force, V=2.4 mV) and optical signals (beam coupling) are detected directly by oscilloscope without amplifiers.
Application of MELTS to kinetic evaporation models of FeO‐bearing silicate melts

Incorporation of the MELTS silicate melt solution model into models of evaporation successfully reproduces the evaporation behavior of alkali-free, FeO-bearing (≥2 mol%) chondritic melts at temperatures between 1700 and 2000 °C. In conjunction with the Berman CMAS melt solution model for FeO-poor melts, evaporation of alkali-free melts can now be modeled over a very wide range of conditions. MELTS-based evaporation models can also quite successfully reproduce the evaporation behavior of K when Al/(Na + K) > 1. However, reproduction of Na evaporation experiments is much poorer
Regulatory conservation of protein coding and microRNA genes in vertebrates: lessons from the opossum genome

Being the first noneutherian mammal sequenced, Monodelphis domestica (opossum) offers great potential for enhancing our understanding of the evolutionary processes that take place in mammals. This study focuses on the evolutionary relationships between conservation of noncoding sequences, cis-regulatory elements, and biologic functions of regulated genes in opossum and eight vertebrate species. Analysis of 145 intergenic microRNA and all protein coding genes revealed that the upstream sequences of the former are up to twice as conserved as the latter among mammals, except in the first 500 base pairs, where the conservation is similar. Comparison of promoter conservation in 513 protein coding genes and related transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) showed that 41% of the known human TFBSs are located in the 6.7% of promoter regions that are conserved between human and opossum. Some core biologic processes exhibited significantly fewer conserved TFBSs in human-opossum comparisons, suggesting greater functional divergence. A new measure of efficiency in multigenome phylogenetic footprinting (base regulatory potential rate [BRPR]) shows that including human-opossum conservation increases specificity in finding human TFBSs. Opossum facilitates better estimation of promoter conservation and TFBS turnover among mammals. The fact that substantial TFBS numbers are located in a small proportion of the human-opossum conserved sequences emphasizes the importance of marsupial genomes for phylogenetic footprinting-based motif discovery strategies. The BRPR measure is expected to help select genome combinations for optimal performance of these algorithms. Finally, although the etiology of the microRNA upstream increased conservation remains unknown, it is expected to have strong implications for our understanding of regulation of their expression.
Does an Incremental Filling Technique Reduce Polymerization Shrinkage Stresses

It is widely accepted that volumetric contraction and solidification during the polymerization process of restorative composites in combination with bonding to the hard tissue result in stress transfer and inward deformation of the cavity walls of the restored tooth. Deformation of the walls decreases the size of the cavity during the filling process. This fact has a profound influence on the assumption--raised and discussed in this paper--that an incremental filling technique reduces the stress effect of composite shrinkage on the tooth. Developing stress fields for different incremental filling techniques are simulated in a numerical analysis. The analysis shows that, in a restoration with a well-established bond to the tooth--as is generally desired--incremental filling techniques increase the deformation of the restored tooth. The increase is caused by the incremental deformation of the preparation, which effectively decreases the total amount of composite needed to fill the cavity. This leads to a higher-stressed tooth-composite structure. The study also shows that the assessment of intercuspal distance measurements as well as simplifications based on generalization of the shrinkage stress state cannot be sufficient to characterize the effect of polymerization shrinkage in a tooth-restoration complex. Incremental filling methods may need to be retained for reasons such as densification, adaptation, thoroughness of cure, and bond formation. However, it is very difficult to prove that incrementalization needs to be retained because of the abatement of shrinkage effects.
Energy loss and straggling of 7.3 MeV/nucleon 84Kr ions in Ni, Al and Ti

Abstract Energy losses have been measured, both by time of flight and by solid state detector techniques, for 7.3 MeV/amu 84Kr ions passing through foils of Ni, Ti and Al. The experimental ΔE values are comparable to calculated energy losses derived from the works of several authors; however, the calculations of Northcliffe and Schilling underestimate ΔE for 84Kr by ∼20%. Stopping powers were derived from the energy losses in absorbers that were several mg/cm2 thick. These values exhibited substantial scatter, yet their approximate magnitudes and energy variation were reasonably well reproduced by the calculations of Hubert et al. The straggling of 84Kr in Ni and Ti was determined with the solid state detector for energy losses up to 159 MeV. Even for such large ΔE values, the straggling was ≲8 MeV. The net straggling, corrected for the inherent beam spread and detector resolution, was found to vary in accord with the semi-empirical formula of Schmidt-Bocking and Hornung. These results on energy losses, stopping powers, and straggling are especially pertinent to the use of absorbers in nuclear physics experiments.
An Ex Vivo Model for Imprinting: Mutually Exclusive Binding of Cdx2 and Oct4 as a Switch for Imprinted and Random X-inactivation

In the early mammalian embryo, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) achieves dosage parity between males and females for X-linked genes. During mouse development, imprinted paternal XCI is observed first and switches to random XCI in the epiblast but not placental lineages. The mechanism by which this epigenetic switch occurs is currently unknown. Here, we establish an ex vivo model for imprinting and identify a novel trans-acting regulatory factor for imprinted XCI. Using an induced trophoblast stem cell (iTS) model, we show that embryonic stem (ES) cells transdifferentiated into trophoblasts retain partial memory of the XCI imprint. Cdx2, a stem cell factor that determines commitment to the extraembryonic lineage, directly binds Xist and activates expression of Xist RNA in extrembryonic cells. Cdx2 competes with Oct4, a stem cell factor that determines commitment to the embryonic lineage, for overlapping binding sites within Xist. We propose that mutually exclusive binding between Cdx2 and Oct4 in Xist underlies the switch between imprinted and random XCI in the early mouse embryo.
Molecular deficiency (ies) in MT1 melatonin signaling pathway underlies the melatonin-unresponsive phenotype in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells

Melatonin has been shown repeatedly to inhibit the growth of human breast tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Its antiproliferative effects have been well studied in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and several other estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive human breast cancer cell lines. However, the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, an ERα-negative cell line widely used in breast cancer research, has been shown to be unresponsive to melatonin's growth-suppressive effect in vitro. Here, we examined the effect of melatonin on the cell proliferation of several ERα-negative breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, BT-20, and SK-BR-3 cells. Although the MT1 G-protein-coupled receptor is expressed in all three cell lines, melatonin significantly suppressed the proliferation of SK-BR-3 cells without having any significant effect on the growth of MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cells. We confirmed that the MT1-associated Gα proteins are expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further studies demonstrated that the melatonin unresponsiveness in MDA-MB-231 cells may be caused by aberrant signaling downstream of the Gαi proteins, resulting in differential regulation of ERK1/2 activity.
Masking of grating detection in the isoluminant plane of DKL color space.

A novel noise-masking technique was used to test D'Zmura and Knoblauch's (1998) idea that subjects employ off-channel looking in detecting chromatic test stimuli embedded in spatiotemporal chromatic noise. Detection thresholds were obtained for stationary, isoluminant, Gaussian-windowed (σ x = σ y = 2.25 deg; σ t = 0.25 s), 135 deg (yellow/blue) or 160 deg (orange/blue-green), sinusoidal test gratings (1I deg X 11 deg; 0.75 cycle/deg) superimposed on each of a series of dynamic, random-check chromatic noise masks varying in azimuth in DKL space. Thresholds for detecting the test in the presence of these variable masks were again measured in the presence of an additional (auxiliary) noise mask created from colors falling on azimuths of 0 deg or 90 deg (135-deg test) or 0 deg or 135 deg (160-deg test). The effectiveness, k v a r , of the variable noise masks in elevating grating detection thresholds was determined by fitting the detection data to the Pelli-Legge equation relating test detection energy to variable noise-mask energy: E t = K + k v a r N v a r . Differences in the calculated values of k v a r for detection data obtained with and without the auxiliary masks were consistent with off-channel looking and were well accounted for by a simple model based on the idea that subjects possess a multichannel array of linear chromatic detectors spanning the isoluminant plane of DKL space, and they can choose the channel that has the highest signal-to-noise ratio.
Modeling infectious diseases using global stochastic field simulation

Susceptibles-infectives-removals (SIR) and its derivatives are the classic mathematical models for the study of infectious diseases in epidemiology. In order to model and simulate epidemics of an infectious disease, a global stochastic field simulation paradigm (GSFS) is proposed, which incorporates geographic and demographic based interactions. The interaction measure between regions is a function of population density and geographical distance, and has been extended to include demographic and migratory constraints. The progression of diseases using GSFS is analyzed, and similar behavior to the SIR model is exhibited by GSFS, using the geographic information systems (GIS) gravity model for interactions. The limitations of the SIR and similar models of homogeneous population with uniform mixing are addressed by the GSFS model. The GSFS model is oriented to heterogeneous population, and can incorporate interactions based on geography, demography, environment and migration patterns. The progression of diseases can be modeled at higher levels of fidelity using the GSFS model, and facilitates optimal deployment of public health resources for prevention, control and surveillance of infectious diseases.
Islam and democracy: A response to Amitai Etzioni

1. Algeria, Elections, 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front Party was on the way to winning these elections when the government called them off, banned the party, and arrested supporters. A violent civil war followed. 2. Egypt, Elections, 2005. Running on the banner, "Islam is the Solution," the Muslim Brotherhood, banned from political participation and facing thugs and violence from the ruling National Democratic Party (10 people were reportedly killed and many injured), elects 88 members to the Egyp tian parliament. 3. Palestinian Territories, Elections, 2006. Hamas wins the election. "Administration officials were pushing Mr. Abbas to dissolve the power sharing agreement between Fatah and Hamas that set up the Palestinians' national unity government, dismiss the entire government and use the power of the Constitution to call for new elections" (Cooper, 2007). The article goes on. "Danny Rubinstein said the 'primary reason for the break-up is the fact that Fatah has refused to fully share the Palestinian Authority's mechanism of power with its rival Hamas, despite Hamas's decisive victory in the January 2006 general elections.' Fatah 'was forced to overrule Palestinian voters because the entire world demanded it do so,' Mr. Rubinstein added. 'Matters have come to the point where Hamas attempted to take by force what they believe they rightfully deserve.'" 4. Turkey, Elections, 2007. President Ahmet Necdet Sezer vetoes a bill that would allow a Turkish president to be elected on a national ballot. However, later that year Abdulla Gul, an observant Muslim with a background in
Optical mode properties of laterally offset gain and index guiding structures

We describe the mode properties of offset gain and index guided structures in which gain and index guiding effects are simultaneously present and oriented in parallel but laterally offset. Such structures can occur in semiconductor lasers, integrated optics, and optical waveguides. Within the parabolic approximation the resulting waveguide modes are found to be Hermite-Gaussian functions with complex-valued Gaussian mode parameters and centerlines. The lateral positions and far-field angles of these modes can be controlled by modifying the gain and index guiding parameters, permitting both transverse mode displacement and output beam steering.
Combined Aortic Debranching and Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (TEVAR) Effective but at a Cost

Objectives To compare hybrid repair (HR) (aortic debranching and TEVAR) with conventional open thoracoabdominal and aortic arch repairs (OR), including a cost analysis. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting University hospital. Patients Thirty patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysms were evaluated between November 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006. Interventions There were 18 HRs and 12 ORs. Aortic abnormalities included the arch, visceral aorta, and arch/visceral aorta combined. Aortic debranching with TEVAR (HR) was performed at a single setting. Dacron grafts were used for OR, and branch vessels were bypassed. Hospital costs and reimbursements were obtained from the finance department. Main Outcome Measures Perioperative morbidity, mortality, and cost. Results Patients were significantly older in the HR group (mean [SD], 72 [8.9] vs 58 [17.4] years, P = .2). The HR group had significantly less blood loss (mean [SD], 1.7 [2.3] vs 4.8 [3.1] L, P = .004), transfusions (5.1 [5.9] vs 14.7 [7.8] units, P = .001), renal failure (0% vs 42.0%, P = .002), and pulmonary morbidity (17% vs 67%, P P = .005); and shorter hospital length of stay (mean [SD], 11.6 [6.2] vs 20.8 [10.8] days, P = .01). There were no differences in mortality or spinal cord ischemia. There was no difference in mean direct hospital costs (HR: $59 435.70 vs OR: $49 341; P = .35). However, the mean cost margin per case was −34% for HR and +6.2% for OR ( P = .04). Conclusions Improved clinical outcomes are seen after HR despite treatment of an older, sicker patient population. However, HR ultimately comes at a significant cost to the hospital, with a 34% loss in revenue per case.
Modeling communications effects and simulation of the electronic battlefield environment (EBE) a tribute to Prof. Nathan Marcuvitz

Summary form only given, as follows. Dr. Nathan Marcuvitz stands out clearly as the leading figure in the field of electromagnetic waves for the period of at least two decades following World War II. He was widely viewed by his colleagues as the premier electromagnetics scholar of his generation. This presentation about state of the art of simulation of battlefields is a tribute to his contribution and a symbol of how he early modeling efforts to very sophisticated system modeling schemes.
Gene by environment interactions in respiratory tract diseases.

The genetic background of an individual clearly influences multiple phenotypic characteristics including sex, height, eye color, disease susceptibility, and response to various therapeutic interventions. The rising incidence and prevalence of allergic diseases and asthma during the past few decades has drawn attention to environmental factors that may be influencing these outcomes, since the period of time in which these changes have occurred have been too short for genetic shifts to be playing a major role. As such, with the characterization of the human genome and major technologic advances in genetics and functional genomics, many researchers have begun to explore the complexities of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in an attempt to identify relationships and/or pathways that may be contributing to these epidemiologic trends. A simple example of gene-environment interactions can be demonstrated in the field of botany. A single plant strain, whose genome is identical at all loci, can achieve various changes in growth depending on the altitude in which it is planted. For example, if Strain A is planted at low or high altitudes, it grows into a very tall plant. In contrast, if it is planted on a mountain at a mid-range altitude, its eventual height is significantly shorter. Thus, depending on what environment the plant lives in, one of its phenotypic characteristics,i.e.height,canbeconsiderablydiverseinitsexpression.
Environmental Protection in Coastal Recreation Sites in Antalya, Turkey

This study was designed to evaluate different approaches to the protection of the environments of coastal recreation sites in and around Antalya, Turkey. Data was collected by means of a survey of coastal recreation sites and six categories were evaluated: environmental protection, infrastructure facilities, water conservation, energy conservation, waste management, and protection of the natural environment. The results indicated that there was a clear motivation among site managers or authorities for environmental protection (p < .05), infrastructure facilities (p < .001), water conservation (p < .05), energy conservation (p < .05) and the protection of the natural environment (p < .001) but waste management was not accorded a priority. The quality of coastal recreation largely relies on the attractiveness and naturalness of the environment. Although good quality site management largely depends on the awareness and willingness of individual site managers, more proactive approaches toward better environme...
Algebraic Techniques for Multiple Error Correction

Classes of algebraically defined multiple-error-correcting block codes have been known to exist for many years (e.g., the BCH codes). Extensive research has produced a number of practical decoding techniques for these codes, and the theory is quite well developed. It is the algebraic structure imposed on these codes that has allowed computationally efficient decoding algorithms to be developed. We shall present several of these techniques, but the treatment will not be mathematically rigorous. The reader will be referred to the literature for some detailed proofs.
Discriminating Between Copers and People With Chronic Ankle Instability

Context: Differences in various outcome measures have been identified between people who have sprained their ankles but have no residual symptoms (copers) and people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, the diagnostic utility of the reported outcome measures has rarely been determined. Identifying outcome measures capable of predicting who is less likely to develop CAI could improve rehabilitation protocols and increase the efficiency of these measures. Objective: To determine the diagnostic utility and cutoff scores of perceptual, mechanical, and sensorimotor outcome measures between copers and people with CAI by using receiver operating characteristic curves. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-four copers (12 men, 12 women; age = 20.8 ± 1.5 years, height = 173 ± 11 cm, mass = 78 ± 27 kg) and 24 people with CAI (12 men, 12 women; age = 21.7 ± 2.8 years, height = 175 ± 13 cm, mass = 71 ± 13 kg) participated. Interventi...
Identification and Characterization of Two Distinct Bursal B-Cell Subpopulations Following Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection of White Leghorn Chickens

SUMMARY. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive virus which primarily infects IgM B-cells in the bursa of Fabricius. Flow cytometric analysis was used to phenotype B-cell populations in the bursa and spleen following IBDV infection. In the bursa, two IgM B-cell subpopulations, designated as A and B, were identified based on cell size and granularity. While both subpopulations differentially expressed IgM and Bu-1b surface markers, both groups displayed major histocompatibility complex class II surface antigens at equal levels. Following IBDV challenge of nonvaccinated birds, the B subpopulation was significantly reduced between 7 and 21 days postchallenge compared to either nonchallenged birds or vaccinated–challenged birds. However, the reduction of subpopulation B in the bursa, following IBDV exposure, did not reduce the levels of total serum IgA, IgG, and IgM, nor did it affect IgG and IgA B-cells in the spleen. Phenotypic analysis of the
Relevant Learning is Fun

This brief article describes how best to reach adult learners. Adult learners have different experiences, habits, and preferences which distinguish them from child learners. Adult learners learn best when they are confronted with problems that must be solved. It is best if these problems are relevant to their lives. Law professors can make use of this trait by assigning problems to adult learners and explaining why and how those problems are relevant. Adult learners also need to establish relationships with their instructors where the learners feel that the instructor respects their already-existing knowledge and experience. Law professors can capitalize on this by approaching problem-solving as a group experience where teacher and student are equal.
Characterization of organic cation transport by avian renal brush-border membrane vesicles

Organic cations are actively secreted by the renal proximal tubule. Studies on perfused tubules and isolated membranes from mammals and reptiles have demonstrated that organic cations (OC) are transported across the luminal (brush-border) membrane by OC/H+ exchange. Our objective was to determine whether a similar mechanism was present in the avian kidney. Uptake of [14C]tetraethylammonium (TEA) was assayed under various ionic conditions by rapid filtration in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from chicken kidney (Gallus domesticus). An outwardly directed proton gradient (pHin = 6.0: pHout = 7.5) stimulated concentrative TEA uptake. TEA/H+ exchange was saturable, having a maximal rate of uptake of approximately 25 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1 and a Michaelis constant for TEA of approximately 500 microM. TEA transport could be indirectly coupled to sodium transport. Unlabeled TEA, N'-methylnicotinamide (NMN), choline, cimetidine, mepiperphenidol, quinidine, quinine, and ranitidine markedly cis-inhibited uptake of [14C]TEA. However, the organic anions probenecid and p-aminohippurate poorly inhibited uptake. Unlabeled TEA and NMN also trans-stimulated [14C]TEA uptake. Thus, in avian renal BBMV, organic cations are transported by an OC/H+ exchange mechanism qualitatively similar to that present in mammals.
HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY IN NORTH AMERICAN ARID REGIONS: AN APPROACH USING MITOCHONDRIAL‐DNA PHYLOGENY IN GRASSHOPPER MICE (GENUS ONYCHOMYS)

Restriction-endonuclease-site variation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to investigate patterns of geographic and phylogenetic divergence within the rodent genus Onychomys. Onychomys has occupied arid habitats in the western North American deserts, shrub-steppes, and grasslands since the late Tertiary. A phylogenetic analysis of the total mtDNA restriction-site variation throughout the range of Onychomys suggests that the distribution of this genus has been affected by the same Quaternary pluvial-interpluvial climatic fluctuations that have resulted in the periodic fragmentation of arid habitats in western North America. Onychomys mtDNA haplotypes define at least five discrete geographical subsets, suggesting that there are five areas of endemism for biota restricted to arid and semiarid habitats in North America. The mtDNA-haplotype phylogeny can be used to infer an hypothesis of historical relationships among the five areas of endemism as follows: ([{(Wyoming Basin + Interior Plains + Colorado Plateaus) + (Columbia Basin + Great Basin)} + Gulf Coastal Plain] + Chihuahuan) + Western Deserts. The results of this study point to the potential use of mtDNA-haplotype phylogenies to reconstruct historical biogeographic events in Quaternary time. The utility of mtDNA variation depends in part on the ecology and distribution of the species being examined. Therefore, our hypothesized area cladogram can be tested by investigating regional relationships in other western North American taxa with distributions similar to Onychomys.
RANS CFD Simulation of a Circulation-Control Foil: Validation of Performance, Flow Feild, and Wall Jet

*† RANS CFD was used to simulate the Lockheed-Georgia circulation control wing. Two incompressible flow codes (CFDSHIP and AcuSolve), two isotropic turbulence models (Menter’s blended k-ω/k-e and Spalart-Almaras), and two grid systems (structured overset and hybrid structured/unstructured) were utilized to study the influence of numerics and modeling. In addition, a grid-refinement study was performed to assess grid sensitivity. Simulations were performed for eight blowing coefficients (0.031 ≤ Cμ ≤ 0.226) and the results for performance, flow-field streamlines, wall-jet profiles, and wall-jet spreading rate were compared to benchmark experimental data. The results were shown to be excellent and of sufficient quality such that it can be concluded, especially when coupled with our previous work, that RANS CFD is sufficiently accurate to be used as a design tool for circulation-control foils.
Students' investigations with physical activity data devices

Through a design experiment, we explored the potential for a suite of commercial physical activity monitoring devices to be used as data collection tools. Two pairs of high-school students were asked to engage in a week-long set of data investigations of physical activity that culminated in the design and implementation of their own mini-studies. This poster reports on those mini-studies, the challenges associated with the technologies used, and the supports that needed to be introduced.
Plasma chromogranin A as a marker of sympathochromaffin activity in humans.

The extent to which the sympathochromaffin system compared with other endocrine/neuroendocrine tissues contributes to the plasma chromogranin A pool has not been defined. To test the hypothesis tha...
A UNIQUE ALIGNMENT GUIDE FOR FEMORALSHORT STEM PROSTHESES: A MEANS TO OBVIATE THE NEED FOR INTRA-OPERATIVE X-RAYS

The stem of a femoral component can be helpful in assuring proper implant orientation. However, recent interest in short femoral components with which to better accommodate smaller incisions has resulted in technical challenges to proper implant positioning. In order to avoid component malposition and potential compromise of implant longevity, surgeons may rely upon intra-operative x-rays. However this has major drawbacks: radiation exposure of the OR staff; and accommodation of x-ray equipment without compromise of operating field sterility. There has been created a simple, precise instrument which will ensure proper implant positioning in varus/valgus and flexion/extension planes without the need of intra-operative x-ray. Its reliability has been confirmed by both cadaveric and clinical studies. It has been demonstrated to be 100% accurate in providing proper short femoral component positioning.
Conclusion: Success, Inertia, Death, Democracy and a Fallacy

The evolution and arc of the Franco regime’s US reputational outreach from its modest beginnings months after World War II’s end to the multi-faceted, interlocking program of the 1960s amounted to a remarkable success story for the Spanish dictatorship. By the metrics of efficacy employed at the time—for example, the dramatically rising number of US tourists, the quantity and in some cases specific topics of Hollywood films produced in Spain, the torrent of paid and earned media coverage generated by carefully orchestrated public relations efforts, the millions of visitors at the Spanish pavilions at US world’s fairs—the regime had managed an extraordinary feat for a country starting out with a severe reputational deficit in the US. Spain became one of the prime overseas destinations from the 1950s on for American tourists, who unlike low-spending European “sun-and-fun” tourists visited Spain’s cities and towns, absorbed Spanish history, culture and contemporary life, and were thus prime targets for an authoritarian government looking to disabuse them of pre-existing negative attitudes. Hollywood and its attendant publicity machine offered a slew of positive images of Spain past and present, both via motion pictures and the glamor that surrounded the production process. The Franco regime’s increasingly accomplished employment of public relations approaches generated reams of equally positive coverage and developed high-prestige relationships in the US, while the dictatorship’s eventual embrace of religious minority rights neutralized a long and highly effective series of attacks emanating from the American secular and religious press.
Cultured Heart Cells as a Model for Studying Myocardial Ischemia

We discuss physiological, morphological and biochemical findings associated with hypoxia, active transport inhibition and metabolic inhibition to justify the use of cultured embryonic chick heart cells as a model system for studying myocardial ischemia. Measurements of ion content (Na, K, Ca), cytosolic free calcium, ATP content, LDH release and transmembrane potentials are combined with ultrastructural and electron-probe microanalyses to identify mechanisms responsible for myocardial cell injury.
Effects of natural organic matter and sulfidation on the flocculation and filtration of silver nanoparticles

Surface properties of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are strongly affected by environmental transformation. The fate and transport of these transformed AgNPs is largely unknown and cannot be fully explained by the traditional Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the composition and surface properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped AgNPs after environmental transformation and their subsequent effects on the flocculation and filtration of these transformed AgNPs during water treatment processes. To study the aggregation and deposition behavior of the transformed particles, PVP-AgNPs exposed to humic acid (HA) and/or sulfidation were characterized, followed by separate flocculation, granular media filtration, and quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) experiments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that HA exposure modified the original PVP capping via adsorption and/or ligand exchange and that sulfidation stripped the PVP from the particle surface as a result of the formation of silver sulfide. Sulfidation thereby reduced the stability of PVP-AgNPs in self-aggregation but enhanced the mobility of AgNPs in granular media filtration and quartz collector deposition. Without unbound macromolecules in the background solution, polymers on the particle surface largely prevent self-aggregation but allow favorable clean bed deposition. This difference between the effects on self-aggregation and granular media filtration is in contrast to traditional DLVO theory. QCM yielded two types of results, the initial rate of deposition and the ultimate deposition, and both gave insights into expected filtration behavior.
Evaluating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) in men receiving ketoconazole for castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

64 Background: Serum adrenal androgen (AA) levels may be prognostic for survival in men with CRPC treated with androgen synthesis inhibitors (ASIs) including ketoconazole (keto) and abiraterone. We hypothesize that up-regulation of the HPAA and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may contribute to therapeutic resistance on ASIs. The current study explores the relationship between ACTH, AA, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) among CRPC patients (pts) treated with ASI + corticosteroids. Methods: Phase 2 study of keto (400 mg TID) + hydrocortisone (HC) (30 mg/day) in pts with CRPC. Pts who achieved ≥ 30% PSA decline from baseline at week 12 continued keto/HC until progression, at which point HC was replaced by dexamethasone (dex). Serum hormone (H) levels were measured (in AM) at baseline and every 4 weeks using standard assays. Statistical tests include Spearman’s rank test for correlation between baseline H levels; Wilcoxon matched pairs for baseline vs. week 4 distribution; and Fisher’s exact test for asso...
Fluid‐Induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofibers in Polymer Fibers

Carbon nanofiber/polycaprolactone (CNF/PCL) composite fibers are fabricated using a microfluidic approach. The fibers are made with different content levels of CNFs and flow rate ratios between the core and sheath fluids. The electrical conductivity and tensile properties of these fibers are then investigated. It is found that at a CNF concentration of 3 wt%, the electrical conductivity of the composite fiber significantly increases to 1.11 S m−1. The yield strength, Young's modulus, and ultimate strength of the 3 wt% CNF increase relative to the pure PCL by factors of 1.72, 2.88, and 1.23, respectively. Additionally, the results show that a microfluidic approach can be considered as an effective method to align CNFs along the fibers in the longitudinal direction.
Rights and Retrenchment: The Counterrevolution against Federal Litigation

This groundbreaking book contributes to an emerging literature that examines responses to the rights revolution that unfolded in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Using original archival evidence and data, Stephen B. Burbank and Sean Farhang identify the origins of the counterrevolution against private enforcement of federal law in the first Reagan Administration. They then measure the counterrevolution's trajectory in the elected branches, court rulemaking, and the Supreme Court, evaluate its success in those different lawmaking sites, and test key elements of their argument. Finally, the authors leverage an institutional perspective to explain a striking variation in their results: although the counterrevolution largely failed in more democratic lawmaking sites, in a long series of cases little noticed by the public, an increasingly conservative and ideologically polarized Supreme Court has transformed federal law, making it less friendly, if not hostile, to the enforcement of rights through lawsuits.
Preparation of Uniform Drug Particles

A number of commercially available drugs, used in different medical and pharmaceutical applications, have been prepared as colloid dispersions consisting of particles uniform in shape and size. In all cases the same compounds could be obtained in different morphologies, with each particle consisting of smaller subunits. Furthermore, it is shown that the drugs molecules can be attached in uniform layers onto inert cores of desired shape and size. Finally, the drug particles could be coated with inorganic layers (e.g. alumina or silica) of different thickness, while keeping the solids fully dispersed.
A robust decentralized control framework for enhancing smart grid transient stability

In this paper, we present a decentralized nonlinear robust controller to enhance the transient stability margin of synchronous generators. Although, the trend in power system control is shifting towards centralized or distributed controller approaches, the remote data dependency of these schemes fuels cyber-physical security issues. Since the excessive delay or losing remote data affect severely the operation of those controllers, the designed controller emerges as an alternative for stabilization of Smart Grids in case of unavailability of remote data and in the presence of plant parametric uncertainties. The proposed controller actuates distributed storage systems such as flywheels in order to reduce stabilization time and it implements a novel input time delay compensation technique. Lyapunov stability analysis proves that all the tracking error signals are globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Furthermore, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller outperforms traditional local power systems controllers such as Power System Stabilizers.
Changing Face: A Key Residue for the Addition of Water by Sclareol Synthase

Sclareol synthase from Salvia sclarea (SsSS) naturally acts on 8α-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate (1), stereoselectively adding water to produce (13R)-sclareol (2a), and similarly yields hydroxylated products with many-fold other such bicyclic diterpene precursors. Here, a key residue for this addition of water was identified. Strikingly, substitution with glutamine switches stereochemical outcome with 1, leading to the selective production of (13S)-sclareol (2b). Moreover, changes to the stereospecificity of water addition with the structurally closely related substrate copalyl diphosphate (4) could be accomplished with alternative substitutions. Thus, this approach is expected to provide biosynthetic access to both epimers of 13-hydroxylated derivatives of many-fold labdane-related diterpenes.
What Medical Students Retain from a Psychiatry Clerkship: Two Year Follow-Up Study

In this unique study, the authors examined the durability of psychiatry clerkship learning outcomes two years after the clerkship. Initial clerkship-related improvements in psychiatric skills were maintained over two years, except for a decline in skills to treat serious psychiatric disorders and an improvement in skills to make psychiatric referrals. Initial favorable attitude changes were maintained in some areas but reversed in others. Students rated psychiatric skills as less relevant to future practice needs at follow-up than immediately after the clerkship. But follow-up relevance ratings were still high and students saw themselves as having less psychiatric expertise than they would need in clinical practice.
A Low Phase Noise Ring Oscillator with Miller Capacitance Cancellation

A low-power four-stage Current-Mode Logic (CML) ring oscillator with miller capacitance cancellation topology is presented. The proposed inductor-less ring oscillator is implemented in 130nm RF SOI CMOS technology and occupies 0.14×0. 072mm2 of area. The measured phase noise is −113.76 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from the oscillation frequency of 632MHz with 5mW of power consumption; achieving a FoM of 163 dBc/Hz.
Abstract 4347: Comparison of Dyssynchrony in Heart Failure Patients with Narrow QRS to Those with Wide QRS: Implications for Resynchronization Therapy

Background Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been clearly shown to benefit patients with wide QRS, its use for patients with narrow QRS is currently unclear. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that there are significant differences in the prevalence and severity of dyssynchrony in heart failure patients with narrow QRS compared to wide QRS. Methods We studied 310 class III-IV heart failure (HF) patients with ejection fraction ≤35% referred for CRT and/or implantable cardioverter defibrillator; 168 had QRS ≥120 ms and 142 had QRS <120 ms. Overall, 59% had ischemic disease. Dyssynchrony was assessed by tissue Doppler longitudinal velocity opposing wall delay (OWD), speckle tracking radial strain, pulsed Doppler interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD) and pre-ejection delay (PED). Results Overall, the prevalence of interventricular dyssynchrony (IVMD> 40 ms) was significantly less (5%) in narrow QRS patients compared with 38% in wide QRS patients (p<0.001). Global dyssynchrony by IVMD and PED significantly correlated with QRS width (r=0.54 and r=0.58, p<0.001). The degree of radial dyssynchrony was also significantly less in the narrow QRS patients:118±93 versus 204±118 ms in the wide QRS patients (p<0.001). Interestingly, TDI opposing wall delay was not significantly different in narrow vs wide QRS groups. Conclusions Narrow QRS HF patients have significantly less prevalent and less severe interventricular and intraventricular radial dyssynchrony, compared with those with wide QRS. However, TDI measures were similar in both groups. These findings may impact future CRT considerations. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
An Urban Biodiversity Assessment Framework That Combines an Urban Habitat Classification Scheme and Citizen Science Data

A lack of information about urban habitats, and a lack of professionally-collected species occurrence data are often cited as major impediments to completing bioassessments in urban landscapes. We developed an urban biodiversity assessment framework that addresses these challenges. The proposed framework combines a customized hierarchical urban habitat classification scheme with citizen science-generated species occurrence data, such as iNaturalist, and eBird. It integrates publicly available data on the physical and anthropogenic environment with species occurrence information and serves as a novel method for conducting urban biodiversity assessments. This framework provides insights into how species occurrences within an urban landscape are associated with spatial variation in the physical and anthropogenic environment. It can also yield information useful for urban planning and conservation management aimed at maintaining and enhancing the abundance and diversity of native and other desirable species in urban areas. This framework requires minimal taxonomic expertise on the part of those who employ it, and it can be implemented in urban areas worldwide, wherever adequate data exist. We demonstrate the application of this framework in the highly urbanized portion of Los Angeles County, California, USA. Our demonstration used 18 physical and anthropogenic variables to classify our study area into nine urban habitat types. We then assessed relationships between these urban habitat types with species occurrences using research-grade data from iNaturalist This analysis detected significant differences in distributions of some species between these nine urban habitat types and demonstrated that the proposed framework can be used to conduct urban biodiversity assessments. With increasing availability of remote sensing data and publicly-generated biodiversity data, this framework may be used for analysis of urban areas around the globe.
Reconceptualizing cognitive media effects theory and research under the judged usability model

This review synthesizes the existing literature on cognitive media effects, including agenda setting, framing, and priming, in order to identify their similarities, differences, and inherent commonalities. Based on this review, we argue that the theory and research on each of these cognitive effects share a common view that media affect audience members by influencing the relative importance of considerations used to make subsequent judgments (including their answers to post-exposure survey questions). In reviewing this literature, we note that one important factor is often ignored, the extent to which a consideration featured in the message is deemed usable for a given subsequent judgment, a factor called judged usability, which may be an important mediator of cognitive media effects like agenda setting, framing and priming. Emphasizing judged usability leads to the revelation that media coverage may not just elevate a particular consideration, but may also actively suppress a consideration, rendering it less usable for subsequent judgments, opening a new avenue for cognitive effects research. In the interest of integrating these strands of cognitive effects research, we propose the Judged Usability Model as a revision of past cognitive models.