cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational diffusion of macromolecule-sized solutes in cytoplasm and nucleus.

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to quantify the translational diffusion of microinjected FITC-dextrans and Ficolls in the cytoplasm and nucleus of MDCK epithelial cells and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Absolute diffusion coefficients (D) were measured using a microsecond-resolution FRAP apparatus and solution standards. In aqueous media (viscosity 1 cP), D for the FITC-dextrans decreased from 75 to 8.4 × 10−7 cm2/s with increasing dextran size (4–2,000 kD). D in cytoplasm relative to that in water (D/Do) was 0.26 ± 0.01 (MDCK) and 0.27 ± 0.01 (fibroblasts), and independent of FITC-dextran and Ficoll size (gyration radii [RG] 40–300 Å). The fraction of mobile FITC-dextran molecules (fmob), determined by the extent of fluorescence recovery after spot photobleaching, was >0.75 for RG 300 Å. The independence of D/Do on FITC-dextran and Ficoll size does not support the concept of solute “sieving” (size-dependent diffusion) in cytoplasm. Photobleaching measurements using different spot diameters (1.5–4 μm) gave similar D/Do, indicating that microcompartments, if present, are of submicron size. Measurements of D/Do and fmob in concentrated dextran solutions, as well as in swollen and shrunken cells, suggested that the low fmob for very large macromolecules might be related to restrictions imposed by immobile obstacles (such as microcompartments) or to anomalous diffusion (such as percolation). In nucleus, D/Do was 0.25 ± 0.02 (MDCK) and 0.27 ± 0.03 (fibroblasts), and independent of solute size (RG 40–300 Å). Our results indicate relatively free and rapid diffusion of macromolecule-sized solutes up to approximately 500 kD in cytoplasm and nucleus.
Microcallus growth from maize protoplasts

Maize (Zea mays L.) protoplasts obtained from Type I and Type II calli from several genotypes were shown to be capable of synthesizing cell walls and forming small clusters of cells. The medium used also supported cluster formation from protoplasts obtained from root tips. The effects of various additions to the medium (such as casein hydrolysate, coconut water, amino acids, sugars, phytohormones, nitrate, calcium, and dimethylsulfoxide as well as pH variations on cellcluster formation were determined. The method of culture (protoplasts plated in agarose or supported in alginate beads in liquid medium) as well as several components of the medium were found to be critical for microcallus formation. Protoplasts obtained from embryogenic Type I callus and cultured in the medium of C. Nitsch and J.P. Nitsch (1967, Planta 72, 355-370) modified by various additions (NN 67-mod medium) were affected most by various sugars, casein hydrolysate, coconut water, and a combination of the auxins napthalene-1-acetic acid (2 mg/l) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.1 mg/l), and the cytokinin N(6)-benzylaminopurine (0.5 mg/l). Cluster size in the agarose culture system was from 0.1 to 0.5 mm diameter and in the alginate culture system, up to 2.0 mm diameter.
On the coupling of anisotropic damage and plasticity models for ductile materials

In this contribution various aspects of an anisotropic damage model coupled to plasticity are considered. The model is formulated within the thermodynamic framework and implements a strong coupling between plasticity and damage. The constitutive equations for the damaged material are written according to the principle of strain energy equivalence between the virgin material and the damaged material. The damaged material is modeled using the constitutive laws of the effective undamaged material in which the nominal stresses are replaced by the effective stresses. The model considers different interaction mechanisms between damage and plasticity defects in such a way that two-isotropic and two-kinematic hardening evolution equations are derived, one of each for the plasticity and the other for the damage. An additive decomposition of the total strain into elastic and inelastic parts is adopted in this work. The elastic part is further decomposed into two portions, one is due to the elastic distortion of the material grains and the other is due to the crack closure and void contraction. The inelastic part is also decomposed into two portions, one is due to nucleation and propagation of dislocations and the other is due to the lack of crack closure and void contraction. Uniaxial tension tests with unloadings have been used to investigate the damage growth in high strength steel. A good agreement between the experimental results and the model is obtained.
Sense of Community and Being a Volunteer Among the Young-Old

This study tests the hypothesis derived from Omoto and Snyder’s context-and-process model that sense of community is an independent predictor of volunteering among young-old adults. A secondary analysis was carried out on data from the U.S. Survey of Midlife Development using respondents 60-74 years old (N = 653). Controlling for demographic factors and human, social, and cultural capital variables, a logistic regression model indicated that as sense of community increased, the likelihood of volunteering increased. Among the control variables, working 40 or more hr per week (relative to not working) and being divorced, separated, or widowed (relative to being married) were associated with lower rates of volunteering. The likelihood of volunteering increased as education, organizational ties, church attendance, and generative concern increased. Efforts to retain young-old adult volunteers should emphasize how the organization’s activities reflect humanitarian values, provide opportunities to show a concern...
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Barium Cerate Using Hexamethylenetetramine

Barium cerate is a candidate material for use in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and other solid-state ionic devices, due to its high proton conductivity in reduced-temperature operating conditions. The present paper investigates the crystal structure, surface and grain morphologies, particle size and distribution, and microstructural defects of both as-synthesized and heat-treated nanoparticles of barium cerate. Crystalline barium cerate was successfully synthesized in nanoparticle form using a relatively low-temperature wet chemistry route using hexamethylenetetramine. X-ray diffraction was carried out to understand the formation of various phases at different stages of processing. The evolution of the morphology and both the size and the shape of nanoparticles, were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy after different heat-treatment temperatures. Nanoparticles are found to exhibit a cubic morphology after synthesis at 80°C, and change to a mixed multi-faceted and equiaxed morphology as annealing temperature is increased to 800°C. Crystallographically oriented surface steps can be observed at the surrounding edges of nanoparticles. Microstructural features, including edge dislocation and low-angle grain boundaries, are observed in some nanoparticles. Possible mechanisms for nanoparticle formation and the effect of annealing temperature on morphological changes are discussed.
Changes in Payment Regulation and Acute Care Use for Total Hip Replacement: Trends in Length of Stay, Costs, and Discharge, 1997-2012.

Purpose To describe trends in the length of stay (LOS), costs, mortality, and discharge destination among a national sample of total hip replacement (THR) patients between 1997 and 2012. Design Longitudinal retrospective design Methods Descriptive analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample data. Findings A total of 3,516,636 procedures were performed over the study period. Most THR patients were women, and the proportion aged 44–65 years increased. LOS decreased from 5 to 3 days. Charges more than doubled, from $22,184 to $53,901. Deaths decreased from 43 to 12 deaths per 10,000 patients. THR patients discharged to an institutional setting declined, while those discharged to the community increased. Conclusion We found an increase in THR patients, who were younger, women, had private insurance, and among those discharged to community-based settings. Clinical Relevance Findings have implications for patient profiles, workplace environments, quality improvement, and educational preparation of nurses in acute and postacute settings.
Rotavirus vaccine and intussusception.

On February 13, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a public health notification on RotaTeq (Live, Oral, Pentavalent Vaccine—Merck and Co.) and intussusception.1 The report stated that there were 28 cases of intussusception in the ongoing post-marketing surveillance. Also, this notification stated that the purpose of this notification was to encourage the reporting of additional cases and to remind providers that “intussusception is a
Studies in the Control of Avian Coccidiosis

Abstract In 1917, the senior author 1 reported success in controlling coccidiosis of chicks by dietary regulations, consisting of feeding liberally with buttermilk or sour skim-milk and sparingly with mash, combined with sanitation. Although many outbreaks of the disease in California have been satisfactorily controlled by the sour milk treatment since then, for several reasons further investigation of this and other methods of control was carried out in 1922 and 1923. The most important of the “ reasons ” for further investigation are as follows : First: The conclusions regarding the value of the sour milk treatment were based on success in controlling natural outbreaks of coccidiosis, not on the results of carefully conducted and controlled experiments. Second: Not all poultrymen secured good results from the sour milk treatment. In this connection it may be stated that many of these failures were undoubtedly due to faulty management of the flocks or failure . . .
Precision measurement of the hyperfine structure and g J factor of atomic nitrogen 14

The dipolar and quadrupolar hyperfine coupling constants, $A$ and $B$, respectively, and the atomic ${g}_{J}$ factor have been measured for the $^{4}S_{\frac{3}{2}}$ ground state of atomic nitrogen 14. An atomic hydrogen maser oscillating at the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{M}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1$ transition in a magnetic field ranging from 0.008 to 8 G was used as a detector of transitions in both hydrogen and nitrogen. The magnetic field was calibrated by the hydrogen Zeeman transition frequency. Values of the constants were found to be $A=10450929.12(10)$ Hz, $B=1.27(10)$ Hz, and ${g}_{J}=2.002134652(64)$. These results are compared to current theoretical results and other experimental measurements.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nacre

Many biological organisms exhibit unique chemical and physical properties (Lowenstam and Werner, On Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989). They often use components that contain both inorganic and organic compounds with complex structures, and are often hierarchically organized, ranging from nano- to meso-levels. The hierarchical structure provides a high tolerance against defects at all length scales.
Theory of scattered P- and S-wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium

A new theory is presented to study the scattered elastic wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium. It is based on a scattered elastic wave energy equation that extends the work of Zeng et al. (1991) on multiple scattering by considering S to P and P to S wave scattering conversions. We obtain a complete solution of the scattered elastic wave energy equation by solving the equation in the frequency/wave-number domain. Using a discrete wave-number sum technique combined with a modified repeated averaging and the FFT method, we compute numerically the complete solution. By considering that the scattering conversion from P - to S -wave energy is about (α/β)4 times greater than that from S to P waves (Aki, 1992), we found that the P -wave scattering field was converted quickly to the S -wave scattering field, leading to the conclusion that coda waves generated from both P - and S -wave sources are actually dominated by scattered S waves. We also compared our result with that obtained under the acoustic wave assumption. The acoustic wave assumption for seismic coda works quite well for the scattered S -wave field but fails for the scattered P -wave field. Our scattered elastic wave energy equation provides a theoretical foundation for studying the scattered wave field generated by a P -wave source such as an explosion. The scattered elastic wave energy equation can be easily generalized to an inhomogeneous random scattering medium by considering variable scattering and absorption coefficients and elastic wave velocities in the earth.
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and CEA level as prognostic and predictive factors in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: There is a growing body of evidence showing the functional relationship between inflammation index like netrophil.lymphocyte ratio. (NLR) and colorectal cancer. (CRC) in both experimental and clinical situations. The serum carcinoembryonic antigen. (CEA) level is the most widely used marker and associate with poor prognosis in most studies. For these factors to be clinically useful, they should be routinely available, well standardized, and validated in different patient cohorts. Aims: There is a growing body of evidence showing the functional relationship between inflammation index like netrophil-lymphocyte ratio. (NLR) and colorectal cancer. (CRC) in both experimental and clinical situations. The serum carcinoembryonic antigen. (CEA) level is the most widely used marker and associate with poor prognosis in most studies. For these factors to be clinically useful, they should be routinely available, well standardized, and validated in different patient cohorts. Materials and Methods: We systemically searched PubMed, Embase, and SciVerse Scopus databases, and performed a meta.analysis by Review Manager 5.2 software. (The Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford). Two reviewers selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data independently. Newcastle.Ottawa Scale was applied to assess the quality of included studies. Results: Fifteen studies involving 7741 patients with CRC were analyzed. Patients with an NLR 5 were expected to have a larger tumor, poorer tumor differentiation, and higher CEA level. Conclusion: NLR and CEA are valuable tools for the prediction of prognosis in CRC and adjusting the treatment strategy.
Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis in Dairy Technology: A Review.

Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis processes can be useful in the dairy foods industry. When milk is processed, milk fat and casein are rejected fully (e.g., are in retentate) and thus are concentrated by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Lactic cultures are slow to reduce the pH of retentate because of its increased buffering capacity since concentrated calcium phosphate and proteins are present. Conditions for growth of pathogenic microorganisms and inhibition of such bacteria in ultrafiltered milk differ from those of unfiltered milk. The principal advantage of using ultrafiltered milk for conversion into such cheeses as Cheddar, cottage, Havarti, Feta, brick, Colby, and Domiati is an increase in yield of product. Additional benefits claimed for use of ultrafiltered milk in cheese making include reduction in costs of energy, equipment, and labor; improved consistency of cheese flavor; and possible production of new byproducts.
The mechanism of electronic transport in organic crystals

It is my experience that most scientists look at organic and inorganic crystals from two entirely different points of view, and they therefore have an intuitive feeling that the motion of electrons through an organic crystal must differ in some fundamental way from that in inorganic crystals. The argument of this paper is that this expectation is incorrect and that, on the contrary, electronic transport in organic crystals proceeds by the same sorts of processes and can be described with the same sorts of theories as in inorganic crystals.
The Effect of Curing Temperature on the Properties of Cement Pastes Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles

This paper investigates the effect of curing temperature on the hydration, microstructure, compressive strength, and transport of cement pastes modified with TiO2 nanoparticles. These characteristics of cement pastes were studied using non-evaporable water content measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), compressive strength test, electrical resistivity and porosity measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that temperature enhanced the early hydration. The cement pastes cured at elevated temperatures generally showed an increase in compressive strength at an early age compared to the cement paste cured at room temperature, but the strength gain decreased at later ages. The electrical resistivity of the cement pastes cured at elevated temperatures was found to decrease more noticeably at late ages compared to that of the room temperature cured cement paste. SEM examination indicated that hydration product was more uniformly distributed in the microstructure of the cement paste cured at room temperature compared to the cement pastes cured at elevated temperatures. It was observed that high temperature curing decreased the compressive strength and electrical resistivity of the cement pastes at late ages in a more pronounced manner when higher levels of TiO2 nanoparticles were added.
Devices and technology for monitoring transmission lines

In this chapter, the classification and basic composition of on-line detection devices for transmission lines is introduced, and also monitoring parameters, sensors, power supply mode, and communication modes. Then, the following are introduced in turn: insulator pollution flashover characteristics and pollution monitoring principles and applications; conductor monsoon discharge mechanism and influencing factors, and principles and application of monsoon monitoring; the mechanism of formation and influencing factors of wire vibration, and principles and application of vibration monitoring; the mechanism of formation and influencing factors of conductor galloping, galloping monitoring principles and application; the principles and application of conductor temperature and sag monitoring; the mechanism of line lightning, lightning location monitoring, and lightning fault monitoring principles and application. Meteorological and image/video monitoring technology and applications and a comprehensive on-line detection system are also introduced.
A closer examination of aggressive subtypes in early childhood: contributions of executive function and single-parent status

Several theories of aggression agree that aggression may be a part of a decision-making process, influenced by current internal states and environmental influences. With more than one-quarter of pr...
Stopping the Panzers: The Untold Story of D-Day

Marc Milner has done a superb job of illuminating the role and outcome of the 3rd Canadian Division at Normandy during the period of July 6–10, 1944. With a passion derived from his personal and fa...
Blind Radio Tomography

From the attenuation measurements collected by a network of spatially distributed sensors, radio tomography constructs spatial loss fields (SLFs) that quantify absorption of radiofrequency waves at each location. These SLFs can be used for interference prediction in (possibly cognitive) wireless communication networks, for environmental monitoring or intrusion detection in surveillance applications, for through-the-wall imaging, for survivor localization after earthquakes or fires, etc. The cornerstone of radio tomography is to model attenuation as the bidimensional integral of the SLF of interest scaled by a weight function. Unfortunately, existing approaches (i) rely on heuristic assumptions to select the weight function and (ii) are limited to imaging changes in the propagation medium or they require a separate calibration step with measurements in free space. The first major contribution in this paper addresses (i) by means of a blind radio tomographic approach that learns the SLF together with the aforementioned weight function from the attenuation measurements. This challenging problem is tackled by capitalizing on contemporary kernel-based learning tools together with various forms of regularization that leverage prior knowledge. The second contribution addresses (ii) by means of a novel calibration technique capable of imaging static structures without separate calibration steps. Numerical tests with real and synthetic measurements validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms.
Exploring visual impairment awareness campaigns on Twitter

Losing the gift of vision has been affecting people’s lives on many fronts. People with visual impairments are susceptible to social isolation due to the lack of public awareness about their needs and abilities. Such lack of awareness also impacts the opportunities available to the visually impaired to be productive members of their society. Global, national, and civil organizations have conducted several annual campaigns to educate the public about the abilities and potential of the visually impaired, raise awareness about the preventable causes of visual impairments, and engage the public in the contemporary efforts to fight preventable blindness. In particular, Twitter is one of the most effective information dissemination platforms in our age, and it has been actively used in such awareness campaigns. In this paper, we aim to analyze the use of Twitter in the impairment awareness campaigns. We organize our analysis in terms of five key concerns: (1) the characteristics of active users during the event, (2) the major players in information dissemination, (3) the tweets’ common topics (4) the reachability of the information, and (5) the temporal tweeting behavior. We report the results of our analysis along with the design of an effective communication strategy of a campaign.
Neural Effects of Microwave/Radiofrequency Energies

There has been a concerted effort to assess the sensitivity of the central nervous system (CNS) to “low levels’ of microwave energy. To date there is no convincing evidence of the existence of “low-intensity” microwave effects on the human CNS. Animal studies suggest that the mechanisms that are the basis for reported effects, involve microwave-induced nonuniform temperature distributions and/or thermal gradients (Cleary, 1977).
Commas, Vibrios, Spirilla, and Helicobacters; Tapered and Branched Bacteria

A beginning of an understanding of coccal and rod growth and of their shape maintenance has arisen with the development of the surface stress theory. The generation of other shaped bacteria is almost completely obscure, two classes, the curved and irregular shaped, will be considered in this chapter. Molecular biology is making important contributions to the study of cellular shapes. Important advances have come and are enhanced by our ability to label the murein of the walls as a function of its age.
APLGOL - A Structured Programming Language for APL

APLGOL is a language providing interstatement control structure for APL. It permits programs to be written using the power and conciseness of standard APL expressions in conjunction with structured programming concepts to emphasize more of the overall program control flow, rather than the details of individual statements.
Dual Acoustical Sensitivity in Frogs

While deriving new auditory structures that may be unique among terrestrial vertebrates, frogs and toads (anurans) apparently retained the auditory apparatus of fish, adapting it to seismic sensitivity (sensitivity to substrate-borne vibration). The present paper will compare and contrast the seismic and auditory senses in one species, the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), presenting new observations from single-axon recording along with recent observations from intra-cellular dye-injection studies and morphological studies. The principal new conclusions are the following: a) Bullfrog seismic axons apparently reflect vibratory acceleration sensitivity, some exhibiting small-signal linear transfer ratios between acceleration amplitude and spike rate that are within ±2 dB of being constant over more than three octaves of stimulus frequency, b) Bullfrog seismic axons with substantial resting spike rates (approximately half of those observed) exhibit remarkably linear small-signal transfer ratios, some reflecting truly extraordinary sensitivity (as high as 2000 spikes/sec per cm/sec2), c) Bullfrog seismic axons with very low resting spike rates (approximately half of those observed) typically exhibit quadratic relationships between acceleration amplitude and spike rate, d) While the tuning properties vary from axon to axon, at high frequencies (e.g., 100 to 200 Hz) all bullfrog seismic axons exhibit sensitivity declines that are much too steep (e.g., 40 dB or more per octave) to reflect the simple second-order dynamics of a conventional inertial accelerometer.
The Role of the Endoscopist in Sphincter of Oddi Manometry

The endoscopist assumes an important role in manometric evaluation of the sphincter of Oddi. Besides being adept in the technique of manometry, the endoscopist should have a firm background on the clinical features, diagnostic tests, and various therapeutic options available for patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Although the technique still remains somewhat cumbersome, it seems that sphincter of Oddi manometry will remain one of the standard techniques to study the physiology and pathophysiology of sphincter of Oddi.
Drug Gene Budger (DGB): an application for ranking drugs to modulate a specific gene based on transcriptomic signatures.

Summary Mechanistic molecular studies in biomedical research often discover important genes that are aberrantly over- or under-expressed in disease. However, manipulating these genes in an attempt to improve the disease state is challenging. Herein, we reveal Drug Gene Budger (DGB), a web-based and mobile application developed to assist investigators in order to prioritize small molecules that are predicted to maximally influence the expression of their target gene of interest. With DGB, users can enter a gene symbol along with the wish to up-regulate or down-regulate its expression. The output of the application is a ranked list of small molecules that have been experimentally determined to produce the desired expression effect. The table includes log-transformed fold change, P-value and q-value for each small molecule, reporting the significance of differential expression as determined by the limma method. Relevant links are provided to further explore knowledge about the target gene, the small molecule and the source of evidence from which the relationship between the small molecule and the target gene was derived. The experimental data contained within DGB is compiled from signatures extracted from the LINCS L1000 dataset, the original Connectivity Map (CMap) dataset and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). DGB also presents a specificity measure for a drug-gene connection based on the number of genes a drug modulates. DGB provides a useful preliminary technique for identifying small molecules that can target the expression of a single gene in human cells and tissues. Availability and implementation The application is freely available on the web at http://DGB.cloud and as a mobile phone application on iTunes https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/drug-gene-budger/id1243580241? mt=8 and Google Play https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? id=com.drgenebudger. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Human-Nature Relationship Model

Modern theorists draw parallels between interhuman and human-nature relationships. This is evident in their use of relational terms like bonds, love, care, kinship and others. But, as mentioned in Chap. 2, even with this reliance upon such relational terms, modern human-nature relationship scholars build theories of closeness that are at odds with the reciprocity perceived in the closeness experience itself. Such modern theories relocate these powerful relational elements inside the human, where they are supposedly developed in isolation and only afterward projected outward onto a relationally limited, more-than-human partner. This collapsing of reciprocal closeness is attributable to human/nature dualisms that negate the capacity of the more-than-human to make relational contributions. As a means of better understanding how such human/nature dualisms operate, interdependence theory—a common theory of interhuman relationships focused on the exchange of thoughts and feelings—is adapted for use in the book’s exploration of human-nature relationships.
A computational model for molten corium spreading and solidification

Abstract When the core is breached during a severe nuclear accident, a molten mixture of nuclear fuel, cladding, and structural supports is discharged from the reactor vessel. This molten mixture of ceramic and metal is often referred to as “corium”. Predicting the flow and solidification of corium poses challenges for numerical models due to the presence of large Peclet numbers when convective transport dominates the physics. Here, we utilize a control volume finite-element method (CVEM) discretization to stabilize the advection dominated flow and heat transport. This CVFEM approach is coupled with the conformal decomposition finite-element method (CDFEM), which tracks the corium/air interface on an existing background mesh. CDFEM is a sharp-interface method, allowing the direct discretization of the corium front. This CVFEM-CDFEM approach is used to model the spreading of molten corium in both two- and three-dimensions. The CVFEM approach is briefly motivated in a comparison with a streamwise upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) stabilized finite-element method, which was not able to suppress spurious temperature oscillations in the simulations. Our model is compared directly with the FARO L26 corium spreading experiments and with previous numerical simulations, showing both quantitative and qualitative agreement with those studies.
New strategies to develop new medications for lung cancer and metastasis

With the advances in cancer and molecular biology and the rapid progress in genomics, significant progress has been made in the treatment of lung cancer in the past decade. Targeted therapies have been developed for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and significant improvement in survival has been achieved. There is still, however, no cure for advanced NSCLC. Resistance to initial therapy is universal, and the lethal outcome of metastatic disease still remains. Approaches to preventing metastases and overcoming resistance to therapy are necessary to ensure long-term survival of patients with advanced lung cancer.
Systemic Therapy for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Sorting Through the Options

Approximately one-quarter of patients with colorectal cancer have liver metastases (CLMs) at diagnosis. There is much debate regarding the optimal treatment of CLMs. Although many patients are diagnosed with CLMs initially (synchronous), many individuals develop hepatic metastases even after successful management of their primary tumor (metachronous). For this reason, much of our guidance for systemic and local therapies is centered on both preventing the development of liver metastases and eradicating existing CLMs. Surgical resection remains a mainstay of therapy; however, with the development of targeted biological agents and improvement of locoregional techniques for disease control including chemoembolization, thermal ablation, and arterial infusion chemotherapy, the management of CLMs is becoming more complex. This chapter focuses on the use of systemic chemotherapy and biologics in the management of CLMs.
Shared Traumatic Stress and the Impact of COVID-19 on Public Child Welfare Workers

Lockdown and stay-at-home orders related to COVID-19 have exacerbated pressure on families in a time of public health threat and economic insecurity. Public child welfare (PCW) workers, inundated with job demands even in normal times, face cases complicated by the added stressor of a pandemic. The lockdown and economic crisis heighten the risk of abuse and neglect for children in precarious situations and shared trauma for PCW workers dealing with increased work and personal stressors. Symptoms of shared trauma can impede PCW workers from fulfilling job demands and responsibilities, which leads to inadequate resources for children in need of permanency and can potentially harm service delivery outcomes. The risk of significant shared traumatic stress among PCW workers thus needs to be mitigated with protective factors. Staff-focused policies and practices need to be created, utilized, and upheld through multilevel leadership, for the good of individual workers, their clients, and the larger society.
Distinct Preflowering Drought Tolerance Strategies of Sorghum bicolor Genotype RTx430 Revealed by Subcellular Protein Profiling.

Drought is the largest stress affecting agricultural crops, resulting in substantial reductions in yield. Plant adaptation to water stress is a complex trait involving changes in hormone signaling, physiology, and morphology. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a C4 cereal grass; it is an agricultural staple, and it is particularly drought-tolerant. To better understand drought adaptation strategies, we compared the cytosolic- and organelle-enriched protein profiles of leaves from two Sorghum bicolor genotypes, RTx430 and BTx642, with differing preflowering drought tolerances after 8 weeks of growth under water limitation in the field. In agreement with previous findings, we observed significant drought-induced changes in the abundance of multiple heat shock proteins and dehydrins in both genotypes. Interestingly, our data suggest a larger genotype-specific drought response in protein profiles of organelles, while cytosolic responses are largely similar between genotypes. Organelle-enriched proteins whose abundance significantly changed exclusively in the preflowering drought-tolerant genotype RTx430 upon drought stress suggest multiple mechanisms of drought tolerance. These include an RTx430-specific change in proteins associated with ABA metabolism and signal transduction, Rubisco activation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, flowering time regulation, and epicuticular wax production. We discuss the current understanding of these processes in relation to drought tolerance and their potential implications.
Evaluation of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise Risk Stratification Classification Tool Without Exercise Testing.

PURPOSE The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) recommends that patients starting cardiac rehabilitation (CR) undergo stratification to identify risk for exercise-related adverse events (AE), but this tool has not been recently evaluated. METHODS Among patients who enrolled in CR in 2016, we used the AACVPR risk stratification tool to evaluate the risk for AE and clinical events (CE). We defined AE as signs or symptoms that precluded or interrupted exercise during CR, and CE as events requiring an urgent evaluation outside of CR exercise sessions. RESULTS During the study period, 657 patients with cardiovascular diagnoses were included and classified as high (58%), medium (31%), or low risk (11%). Over the course of CR (76 d, 17 sessions), there were 63 AE and 33 CE. Adverse events were mostly minor (no cardiac arrests or deaths) and managed by CR staff members. When compared with the low- or medium-risk groups, the high-risk group was more likely to have AE (HR 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7-5.9], P = .002) and CE (HR 3.7 [95% CI, 1.5-10.8], P = .002) with fair model discrimination (area under the curve: 0.637, P < .001). CONCLUSION The AACVPR risk stratification tool was predictive of both AE and CE with fair discrimination, although event rates were low and mostly minor. Thus, the AACVPR model may require reevaluation to better identify truly at-risk patients for major AE.
Markets on the Margins by Kate Philip

Philip, Kate. Markets on the Margins: Mineworkers, Job Creation, & Enterprise Development. Woodbridge, United Kingdom: James Curry, 2018.
Islet-Resident Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of Bigfoot's Print.

The classical view of type 1 diabetes assumes that the autoimmune mediated targeting of insulin producing s-cells is caused by an error of the immune system. Malfunction and stress of beta cells added the target tissue at the center of action. The innate immune system, and in particular islet-resident cells of the myeloid lineage, could function as a link between stressed s-cells and activation and recognition by the adaptive immune system. We survey the role of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells in healthy islet homeostasis and pathophysiology of T1D. Knowledge of islet-resident antigen presenting cells in rodents is substantial, but quite scarce in humans, in particular regarding dendritic cells. Differences in blood between healthy and diseased individuals were reported, but it remains elusive to what extend these contribute to T1D onset. Increasing our understanding of the interaction between s-cells and innate immune cells may provide new insights into disease initiation and development that could ultimately point to future treatment options. Here we review current knowledge of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells, place these in context of current clinical trials, and guide future research.
A Deep Mixture Density Network for On-Demand Inverse Design of Thin Film Reflectors

We report a mixture density neural network trained for on-demand inverse design of thin film reflectors, able to retrieve accurate designs and independently reproduce conventional design methods based on physical principles.
Rainbow-link: Beam-Alignment-Free and Grant-Free mmW Multiple Access using True-Time-Delay Array.

In this paper we propose a novel millimeter wave (mmW) multiple access method that exploits unique frequency dependent beamforming capabilities of True Time Delay (TTD) array architecture. The proposed protocol combines a contentionbased grant-free access and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme for uplink machine type communications. By exploiting abundant time-frequency resource blocks in mmW spectrum, we design a simple protocol that can achieve low collision rate and high network reliability for short packets and sporadic transmissions. We analyze the impact of various system parameters on system performance during synchronization and contention period. We exploit unique advantages of frequency dependent beamforming, referred as rainbow beam, to eliminate beam training overhead and analyze its impact on rates, latency, and coverage. The proposed system and protocol can flexibly accommodate different low latency applications with moderate rate requirements for a very large number of narrowband single antenna devices. By harnessing abundant resources in mmW spectrum and beamforming gain of TTD arrays rainbow link based system can simultaneously satisfy ultra-reliability and massive multiple access requirements.
Adept: A Unified Environment for end-to-end System Design

This paper presents an unified end-to-end design environment that supports the design of digital systems from initial concept down to the final implementation. A tool called ADEPT (Advanced Design Environment Prototyping Tool) has been developed to implement this environment. ADEPT supports both system level performance and reliability analysis in a common design environment using a collection of predefined library elements, called ADEPT modules. These modules have a VHDL description as well as an underlying colored Petri Net representation associated with them. As a result, both simulation-based and mathematical approaches for analysis can be employed. A novel aspect of ADEPT is the ability to simulate both uninterpreted (performance) and interpreted (behavioral) models in a common simulation environment using a technique called hybrid modeling. Hybrid modeling allows the stepwise refinement of system level models into implementation level models. Work is also being conducted in the areas of operational specification modeling and hardware/software codesign.
Soundness and Completeness Theorems for Tense Logic

The central task of this chapter is to show the Soundness and Completeness of our axiomatizations of the various tense logic systems. This amounts to showing that a statement A is provable (in a given system) from a set S of statements if and only if S entails A (in that system). The upshot of this result is the exact correspondence of the syntactical-deductive and the semantic accounts given for the system.
Development of the Corpus Callosum

During the course of development, the areal distribution of neurons which project across the corpus callosum undergoes significant changes. In the mature animal, the neurons which contribute axons to the corpus callosum are not uniformly distributed throughout the neocortex. Rather, within any given cortical area they are distributed in a differential fashion which varies from cortical area to cortical area. Generally speaking, the distribution of callosal projection neurons is more restricted within primary sensory areas than it is in other cortical areas. This discrete adult distribution of callosal projection neurons emerges out of a more widespread distribution in the developing animal This phenomenon was initially reported by G. Innocenti and co-workers who described the initial widespread distribution of callosal projection neurons in the visual cortex of the neonatal cat. The term they used to refer to this initial widespread distribution was “exuberance.” This phenomenon has since been reported to occur in the neocortex of a wide variety of mammalian species and in a second major class of neocortical projection neurons (cortico-subcortical) suggesting that it is a general feature of neocortical ontogeny. Two major questions concerning this phenomenon are: 1) what is the mechanism by which it occurs? and 2) what is its adaptive significance? Before turning to these questions, however, it is necessary to describe the phenomenon.
From Streaming B-Trees to Tokutek: How a Theoretician Learned to be VP of Engineering

I present the cache-oblivious streaming B-tree, a high performance alternative to the traditional B-tree. Modern databases and file systems are based on B-trees. As a result, they can exhibit performance cliffs and unpredictable run times. Replacing B-trees with cache-oblivious streaming B-trees can remove some of these performance deficiencies. I explain some of the technical issues that we needed to address to turn the streaming B-tree prototype into an industrial-strength product. Then I explain how legacy and established practice influenced our engineering decisions.
Cell Wall Polysaccharide Biosynthesis by Membrane Fragments from Streptococcus pyogenes and Stabilized L-Form

Abstract The formation and composition of a cell wall rhamnose-containing polysaccharide by membrane fragments from Streptococcus pyogenes and its stabilized L-form were compared. Also, the effect of prior treatment on the ability of coccal whole-cell and membrane fragments to incorporate radioactivity from thymidine diphosphate-14C-rhamnose, and the results of subsequent attempts to remove labeled polysaccharide from such membranes are given. L-form membrane fragments were capable of only 10% uptake of 14C-rhamnose from this nucleotide as compared with streptococcal membranes. However, once bound, both membrane fragments polymerized rhamnose to the same extent. These findings tend to negate the almost complete lack of polymeric rhamnose within the intact L-form as being due to the absence of membrane enzymes necessary for the transfer of rhamnose from a suitable precursor to membrane acceptor sites or enzymes responsible for rhamnose polymerization. Degradation of labeled rhamnose polysaccharide after isolation from coccal membranes by mild acid hydrolysis showed muramic acid and glucosamine to be attached. This same polysaccharide from L-form membrane fragments was devoid of amino sugars. These data suggest the possible involvement of amino sugars in the attachment of cell wall polymeric rhamnose to the streptococcal cytoplasmic membrane. The absence of attached amino sugars to rhamnose polysaccharide from L-form membrane fragments is discussed in terms of this organism's continued inability for new cell wall formation. The isolation, from streptococcal membrane fragments, of a polysaccharide containing rhamnose and amino sugars common to at least two different streptococcal cell wall-type polymers was demonstrated.
DDT and inflammatory responses: 1. Influenza infection in mice fed DDT

Mice fed casein diets containing 100 and 200 ppm DDT for 20 days failed to exhibit any signs of DDT intoxication or an impairment of growth. When the mice were infected with influenza A2 virus, the resulting disease was more severe in the DDT-fed groups as evidenced by increased inflammatory lung oedema and mortality rates. While DDT failed to affect viral replication in the lungs, the increased lung inflammatory oedema was evaluated in relationship to lung histamine content. Following the infection the lung histamine levels decreased; control group 30%; 100 ppm DDT 57%; and 200 ppm DDT 69%. The results indicate that DDT increases release of histamine that accelerates the inflammatory reaction and thus contributes to the mortality caused by influenza. The results suggest that DDT residues stored in tissues can affect inflammatory responses induced by infectious agents.
Dyn‐o‐Mite Fiends

In wars of revolution, monuments become one of the most likely targets. Weatherman Underground’s repeated bombing of Chicago’s Haymarket police statue in 1969 and 1970, despite its evocation of the Haymarket incident—a landmark event in the history of Chicago and national labor politics—has largely been a footnote to the more consequential violence of the late 1960s. Instead, we argue that the spatial politics surrounding Weatherman’s Haymarket police statue bombings highlight a critical historical juncture in an ongoing tension between the enforcement of social stability and the promises of democracy in the United States.
Effect of achievement motivation and social environment on risk taking.

Abstract The effects of achievement motivation and competitive environment on the risk taking choices of Ss performing a motor task were investigated. Fifty achieve success Ss and 50 avoid failure Ss (selected by the French Test of Insight and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire) practiced a modified shuffleboard task from which empirical probabilities of success were found for each S. Ss were randomly placed into 1 of 5 competitive treatment levels—alone, presence of others, interpersonal competition, intergroup competition, and interpersonal and intergroup competition. Each S was given 20 free choice trials. Achieve-success Ss perferred intermediate risk choices to a significantly greater extent than avoid failure Ss and supported risk taking theory. Avoid failure Ss also preferred extreme risk choices to a significantly greater extent than low or intermediate risk. No competitive treatment effects were noted.