cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum to “Kinetic modeling of phase transformations occurring in the HAZ of C-Mn steel welds based on direct observations” [Acta Materiala 51 (2003) page 3333–3349

The publishers regret that the following corrections were omitted in the final printed version. These corrections are printed below. On page 3341. The sentence in the second paragraph should read: welded sample moves from left to right On page 3343. The following paragraphs should read: Eq. (3) is further modified in Appendix B to derive the JMA-based expression applicable to non-isothermal phase transformations occurring in the a-Fe + g-Fe two phase region of the HAZ. This modeling approach was combined with the calculated thermal profiles and the SRXRD experimental data to determine the JMA parameters n and k0 for the given value of Q using a numerical fitting routine applied to the SRXRD data in Table 2 and the computed thermal cycles. To enhance the accuracy of the calculations, special care was taken to exclude some data points in the steep thermal gradient region of the weld that appeared to be inconsistent with the computed temperature fields. Fig. 9 shows the results of the fitting calculations
Visuospatial referents facilitate the learning and transfer of mathematical operations: extending the role of the angular gyrus.

Different external representations for learning and solving mathematical operations may affect learning and transfer. To explore the effects of learning representations, learners were each introduced to two new operations (b↑n and b↓n) via either formulas or graphical representations. Both groups became adept at solving regular (trained) problems. During transfer, no external formulas or graphs were present; however, graph learners’ knowledge could allow them to mentally associate problem expressions with visuospatial referents. The angular gyrus (AG) has recently been hypothesized to map problems to mental referents (e.g., symbolic answers; Grabner, Ansari, Koschutnig, Reishofer, & Ebner Human Brain Mapping, 34, 1013–1024, 2013), and we sought to test this hypothesis for visuospatial referents. To determine whether the AG and other math (horizontal intraparietal sulcus) and visuospatial (fusiform and posterior superior parietal lobule [PSPL]) regions were implicated in processing visuospatial mental referents, we included two types of transfer problems, computational and relational, which differed in referential load (one graph vs. two). During solving, the activations in AG, PSPL, and fusiform reflected the referential load manipulation among graph but not formula learners. Furthermore, the AG was more active among graph learners overall, which is consistent with its hypothesized referential role. Behavioral performance was comparable across the groups on computational transfer problems, which could be solved in a way that incorporated learners’ respective procedures for regular problems. However, graph learners were more successful on relational transfer problems, which assessed their understanding of the relations between pairs of similar problems within and across operations. On such problems, their behavioral performance correlated with activation in the AG, fusiform, and a relational processing region (BA 10).
The Contexts of Simultaneous Discovery: Slater, Pauling, and the Origins of Hybridisation

20892, U.S.A. (e-mail: ParkB@od.nih.gov). 1Kuhn (1969). I use the following abbreviations: *JSP'"John C. Slater Papers, American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia; * PP'"Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Stud. Hist. Phil. Mod. Phys., Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 451}474, 2000 ( 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain 1355-2198/00 $ see front matter
Inter-Temporal Portfolio Analysis Based on Simulation of Joint Returns

An inter-temporal quadratic programming model for selecting portfolios of risky assets is formulated. The model's application to capital budgeting is discussed in considerable detail. This is followed by briefer discussions of its application in other areas. The paper develops a new and more efficient way of using simulation to calculate the variance-covariance elements required as input to Markowitz-type models; this new procedure makes no further demands on the decision maker than do other simulation models that have been suggested. The paper also shows how such models can be made inter-temporal. Finally, the paper analyzes the potentials for extending such models to include other theoretical considerations that have been proposed in the literature.
Aspects of stable and unstable machining by Hopf bifurcation

Abstract We present the underlying mathematics of the centre manifold theorem and Hopf bifurcations aiming at characterizing stable and unstable machining with single and multiple regenerative chatter. Analytic expressions for the exchange of stable and unstable machining have been established. The expressions are derived by the determination of the classical Hopf’s conditions for the study of periodic solutions of dynamical systems. Super- and sub-critical stability bifurcations are determined by the signs of the Poincare–Lyapunov coefficients of the centre manifold scalar bifurcation equations.
Digital and Computer-Aided Mammography.

Abstract : Digital mammography uses an electronic system to record an image of the breast that can be stored on a computer instead of on hardcopy films. There are a number of digital mammography technologies under evaluation. The potential advantages of digital mammography include improvements in image contrast, manipulation of the image after it is performed (avoiding repeats for technical problems), elimination of lost films, reduction in film library maintenance costs, and the ability to transmit the images over long distances (telemammography). Challenges and potential problems for digital mammography include a need to prove equivalence in detection and diagnosis with conventional mammography, the high cost of digital mammography equipment, and lagging workstation technology. Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) uses analysis by a computer program to assist the interpreting physician in identifying abnormal findings on mammograms and in making a benign versus malignant diagnosis of calcifications and masses. Several studies suggest that this technology can reduce the incidence of missed cancers and improve the positive predictive value for biopsies. CAD can be performed after digitization of hardcopy films but is best suited to digitally acquired soft copy images.
The relationship between the microwave radar cross section and both wind speed and stress: Model function studies using Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment data

The Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) provided a unique data set with coincident airborne scatterometer measurements of the ocean surface radar cross section (RCS)(at Ku band) and near-surface wind and wind stress. These data have been analyzed to study new model functions which relate wind speed and surface friction velocity (square root of the kinematic wind stress) to the radar cross section and to better understand the processes in the boundary layer that have a strong influence on the radar backscatter. Studies of data from FASINEX indicate that the RCS has a different relation to the friction velocity than to the wind speed. The difference between the RCS models using these two variables depends on the polarization and the incidence angle. The radar data have been acquired from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory airborne scatterometer. These data span 10 different flight days. Stress measurements were inferred from shipboard instruments and from aircraft flying at low altitudes, closely following the scatterometer. Wide ranges of radar incidence angles and environmental conditions needed to fully develop algorithms are available from this experiment.
Old Questions, New Paradigms: Ethical, Legal, and Social Complications of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing.

Recent rapid changes in prenatal care have resulted from the discovery that cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) circulates in the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy (Lo et al. 1997). The discovery of cffDNA in maternal serum, combined with sequencing and bioinformatic techniques, has allowed the detection of an anomalous number of chromosomes in a developing fetus (Chiu et al. 2008; Fan et al. 2008). For the first time, clinicians can offer genetic testing in the prenatal period without using invasive procedures, such as amniocentesis, that carry a slight risk of miscarriage. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is recognized by professional societies as a highly sensitive, non-diagnostic screening test (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG] 2012; Benn et al. 2013). For some chromosomal aneuploidies, especially trisomies 13, 18, and 21, NIPT has a sensitivity and specificity in excess of 95% (Bianchi et al. 2014). Microdeletions and single-gene disorders may also be detected with NIPT through microarray, whole genome sequencing, or targeted single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis (Fan et al. 2012; Juneau et al. 2014; Kitzman et al. 2012; Rabinowitz et al. 2014). While these techniques allow for a more detailed examination of the fetal genome, they also bring into the prenatal period many of the debates and ethical concerns previously associated with pediatric and adult sequencing (Donley, Hull, and Berkman 2012; Tabor et al. 2012). Intimately bound up with technological questions regarding NIPT are many ethical questions, and this special issue of AJOB Empirical Bioethics addresses a wide range of these issues. The articles that follow represent emerging empirical work on the ethical issues that are raised by NIPT, heightened by its rapid clinical implementation, and contextualized within the larger landscape of prenatal testing. Here, we summarize a few of these concerns and provide an overview of the articles in this issue.
Studies on the Photosynthetic Reaction. III. The Effects of Various Inhibitors upon Growth and Carbonate-Fixation in Chlorella Pyrenoidosa.

The chromatographic-radioautographic technique for the analysis of soluble, intracellular metabolites has been eminently successful in its original application?that of determining the mechanism of carbon dioxide fixation in green plants (1). To the extent that the absence of light can be considered an inhibitor, the technique is thus shown to be valid for the study of inhibition mechanisms. The first application of the technique to inhibition by a chemical agent (2) appears in the negative, though apparently valid, result of adding malonate to photosynthesizing Scenedesmus. Various extensions of this technique have appeared (3, 6, 10, 14). The work of Havinga et al (6) on the effects of antibiotics upon Scenedesmus was the first systematic attempt to apply the technique to chemical inhibitions. Except for some small but essential modifications of procedure, this work is the model for the present paper. The present study is negative with regard to its ultimate purpose of finding specific inhibitors of photosynthesis, but there remains a body of data on the effects of various inhibitors upon growth and carbon dioxide fixation in Chlorella.
Semantic definitions of spacecraft command and control languages using hierarchical graphs

In this paper a method is described by which the semantic definitions of spacecraft command and control languages can be specified. The semantic modeling facility used is an extension of the hierarchical graph technique, which has a major benefit of supporting a variety of data structures and a variety of control structures. It is particularly suited for the semantic descriptions of such types of languages where the detailed separation between the underlying operating system and the command language system is system dependent. These definitions are used in modeling the systems test and operation language which is a command language that provides means for the user to communicate with pay loads, application programs, and other ground system elements.
Experimental determination of the compressive strength of pultruded structural shapes

Abstract An existing coupon compression fixture was modified for testing cylindrical coupon samples of a pultruded material in compression. Then a new fixture was developed for testing full-sized structural shapes, which presents all the advantages of the coupon fixture. Particularly, splitting of the end of the sample is prevented while reducing the stress concentration factor at the ends, yielding compression failures at the center of the specimen. All the fiber reinforcements of structural shapes (CSM, ±45, and roving) were tested individually and combined to support the development of a simple model for compressive strength of structural shapes. A simple formula is developed for the prediction of the compressive strength of pultruded structural shapes. Comparisons between experimental data and predicted values are presented.
Social Workers' Management of Error: Ethical and Risk Management Issues:

Social workers, like all professionals, sometimes make mistakes. For example, they may disclose clients' confidential information inappropriately, fail to respond to clients' reasonable requests in...
Curbing Student Disruption In the Classroom—Teachers Need Intervention Skills:

A systematic plan to short-circuit classroom disruption can do much to help teachers improve their classroom management. The writer's model outlined here for such a plan was found to be highly succ...
Effect of Propranolol on Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Its Hemodynamic Correlates during Upright Exercise

Measurements were made of heart rate, aortic blood pressure, systolic ejection period/beat, myocardial blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption in nine normal young men during three bouts of upright bicycle exercise: 1) at the workload which produced a heart rate of 120 beats/minute, 2) at the higher workload necessary to produce a heart rate of 120 beats/minute after administration of intravenous propranolol 0.25 mg/kg, and 3) with infusion of propranolol, at the same workload as the first exercise bout. Comparing exercises 1 and 2, we found a much higher workload was required to produce the same heart rate after propranolol. The blood pressure, heart rate-blood pressure product, and myocardial oxygen consumption were the same despite the much greater level of exertion. Comparing exercises 1 and 3, the heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate-blood pressure product, and myocardial oxygen consumption were all significantly lower during exercise 3 after propranolol despite the fact that the same degree of exercise was being done. As in previous studies, the heart rate-blood pressure product was an excellent correlate of myocardial oxygen consumption despite the change in contractility induced by propranolol. The systolic ejection period was prolonged significantly altering the tension-time index (TTI), which became an inadequate index of myocardial oxygen consumption. It is concluded that the heart rate-blood pressure product is a good index of myocardial metabolic needs during exercise and the relationship is undistorted by marked changes in contractility, but the tension-time index is a poor correlate. This data emphasizes the fact that the relative metabolic loads for the whole body and for the heart are determined separately and may not change in parallel with a given intervention.
Random heat transfer in flat channels with timewise variation of ambient temperature

Abstract This paper discusses an analytical investigation for the random entrance region heat transfer of a fluid in a parallel plate channel. The environment surrounding the channel experiences randomly varying temperature oscillations. The mathematical analysis utilized is centered on a lumped formulation in the transversal direction of the channel. Computed results provide the statistical parameters such as the mean temperature distribution and the variance distribution for a group of heat-transfer situations. Estimates for the random behavior of the fluid temperature can be deducted from a set of figures involving several examples.
VORPAL: a versatile plasma simulation code

VORPAL is a new plasma simulation code designed for maximum flexibility through use of advance C++ techniques. Through use of inheritance. VORPAL incorporates multiple models for the plasma and electromagnetic fields. The plasma models include both particle-in-cell and fluid models. Through C++ meta-template programming a single code can be used to simulate one-, two-, or three-dimensional systems with no less of performance. VORPAL can also be run in either serial or parallel, with the latter using a general domain decomposition. A new fluid algorithm that allows for regions of zero density was developed and incorporated into the code. VORPAL simulation results for the generation of laser wake fields through laser-plasma interaction are presented.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of an active carbon: The influence of preparation procedure on the oxygen response of the linewidth

Abstract Active carbons have been prepared from sucrose, using chemical activating agents (KOH and ZnCl2) to yield carbons with BET surface areas of 430–1170 m2 g−1, which are dependent on the amount of activating agent present during carbonization. Adsorption studies with nitrogen at 77 K have demonstrated type I adsorption/desorption isotherms with well-defined plateaus and no hysteresis. The adsorbent pore volume determined by the BJH technique is mostly microporous, with pore radii smaller than 20 A, the degree of microporosity being dependent on preparation conditions. Additional characterization has been performed by monitoring the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) linewidth ΔBpp of the active carbons in the presence of various pressures of oxygen. The carbons give a single resonance line at g≈2.00, the free electron value. Subsequent analysis of the EPR characterization has shown a reversible dependence of the linewidth on the pressure of oxygen, Po2, and a dependence of the response d(ΔBpp)/dPo2 on the BET surface area. Thus active carbon oxygen sensors with differing responses to oxygen can be produced for oximetry applications.
On the relationship between ratio of number of variables to number of factors and factorial determinacy

It is shown that an important distinction can be made between determinacy of common-factors and determinacy of unique-factors and that determinacy can be used as a criterion to establish a lower bound for the ratio of number of variables to number of factors necessary if specified levels of common- and unique-factor determinacy are to be attained.
Racial and economic demographics of couples seeking infertility treatment.

Abstract Objective: We characterized new infertility patients on the basis of race and economic factors. Study Design: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients seeking infertility evaluation from 1998 to 1999 at two infertility centers in Cincinnati, Ohio. Patients were categorized by race (white, black, or other). Statistics were analyzed by χ 2 and logistic regression. Results: Of 756 patients, 85.2% were white, 10.2% were black, and 4.4% were other. Infertility diagnoses were placed into the following 7 categories: ovarian, salpingitis, surgical sterilization, male factor, endometriosis, unexplained, and other. Black women had significantly more salpingitis than did nonblack women ( P P Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with previous studies showing that black women have more risk factors for salpingitis. Surgical sterilization risk factors were concordant with those of the National Center for Health Statistics. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1080-2.)
Leadership Succession: How New Deans Take Charge and Learn the Job:

Executive Summary Deans usually come to their positions without leadership training, without prior executive experience, without a clear understanding of the ambiguity of their new roles, without r...
Relativistic effective potential Cl calculations including spin—orbit coupling for the ground state of Bi2

Abstract The dissociation curve and spectroscopic properties for the O g + ground state of Bi 2 have been computed from configuration interaction calculations including relativistic effects. The D e and ω e values are in good agreement with experiment. The spin—orbit coupling mixes in substantial 3 ?? g character (about 25%) which results in a lower bond order, a slightly higher vibrational frequency and a slightly shorter bond length than one would get from separate 1 Σ g + or 3 π g calculations.
Cation Effects on the Electron-Acceptor Side of Photosystem II.

The normal pathway of electron transfer on the electron-acceptor side of photosystem II (PSII) involves electron transfer from quinone A, QA, to quinone B, QB. It is possible to redirect electrons from QA– to water-soluble CoIII complexes, which opens a new avenue for harvesting electrons from water oxidation by immobilization of PSII on electrode surfaces. Herein, the kinetics of electron transfer from QA– to [Co(III)(terpy)2]3+ (terpy = 2,2′;6′,2″-terpyridine) are investigated with a spectrophotometric assay revealing that the reaction follows Michaelis–Menten saturation kinetics, is inhibited by cations, and is not affected by variation of the QA reduction potential. A negatively charged site on the stromal surface of the PSII protein complex, composed of glutamic acid residues near QA, is hypothesized to bind cations, especially divalent cations. The cations are proposed to tune the redox properties of QA through electrostatic interactions. These observations may thus explain the molecular basis of th...
The influence of gravity on structure and function of animals.

Abstract Gravity is the only environmental parameter that has remained constant during the period of evolution of living matter on Earth. Thus, it must have been a major force in shaping livimg things. The influence of gravitational loading on evolution of the vertebrate skeleton is well recognized, and scale effects have been studied. This paper, however, considers in addition four pivotal events in early evolution that would seem to have been significant for the later success and diversification of animal life. These are evolution of the cytoskeleton, cell motility (flagellae and cilia), gravity detecting devices (accelerometers), and biomineralization. All are functionally calcium dependent in eukaryotes and all occurred or were foreshadowed in prokaryotes. A major question is why calcium was selected as an ion of great importance to the structure and function of living matter; another is whether gravity played a role in its selection.
Utrophin deficiency worsens cardiac contractile dysfunction present in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice

The loss of dystrophin in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) causes devastating skeletal muscle degeneration and cardiomyopathy. Dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice have a much milder phen...
Query language constructs for provenance

Provenance that records the derivation history of data is useful for a wide variety of applications, including those where an audit trail needs to be provided, where the sources and the trust-level attributed to the sources contribute to determining the trust-level in results etc. There have been different efforts in the past for representing provenance information, the most notable being the Open Provenance Model (OPM). OPM defines structures for representing the provenance information as a graph with nodes and edges, and also specifies inference queries. Our work builds on these by proposing query language constructs, that the users will find useful for manipulating the provenance information. Rather than specifying a query language, we define two classes of algebraic constructs: content-based operators that operate on the content of nodes and edges, and structure-based operators that operate on the graph structure of the provenance graph. These content-based and the structure-based constructs can be combined to express a wide variety of interesting queries on the provenance data that go much beyond simple inference queries as expressible using Datalog/SQL.
Heat capacity measurements for cryolite (Na3AlF6) and reactions in the system NaFeAlSiOF

Abstract The heat capacity of cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 ) has been measured from 7 to 1000 K by low-temperature adiabatic and high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Low-temperature data were obtained on material from the same hand specimen in the calorimetric laboratories of the University of Michigan and U.S. Geological Survey. The results obtained are in good agreement, and yield average values for the entropy of cryolite of: S 0 298 = 238.5 J / mol K S 0 T − S 0 298 = 145.114 ln T+ 193.009∗10 −3 T− 10.366∗ 10 5 T 2 − 872.89 J / mol K (273−836.5 K ) Δ S Trans = 9.9 J / mol K S 0 T − S 0 298 =198.414 ln T+73.203∗ 10 −3 T−63.814∗ 10 5 T 2 −1113.11 J / mol K (836.5−1153 K ) with the transition temperature between α- and β-cryolite taken at 836.5 K. These data have been combined with data in the literature to calculate phase equilibria for the system NaFeAlSiOF. The resultant phase diagrams allow constraints to be placed on the f O 2 , f F 2 , a SiO 2 and T conditions of formation for assemblages in alkalic rocks. A sample application suggests that log f O 2 is approximately −19.2, log f F 2 is −31.9 to −33.2, and a SiO 2 is −1.06 at assumed P T conditions of 1000 K, 1 bar for the villiaumite-bearing Ilimaussaq intrusion in southwestern Greenland.
E1A-F is overexpressed early in human colorectal neoplasia and associated with cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-7

Studies suggest the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrilysin (MMP-7) increase in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, however their interaction with other molecular markers is poorly understood. Results from cell line studies and mouse models suggest polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) may play a role in the activation of COX-2 and MMP-7 promoters. However, the role of E1A-F, the human homolog of murine PEA3, in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has not been elucidated. In this study, we used real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure the levels of E1A-F, COX-2, and MMP-7 in matched normal mucosa, adenomas, and/or carcinomas from 128 patients. Our results demonstrate significant overexpression of E1A-F and MMP-7 in adenomas and E1A-F, COX-2, and MMP-7 in carcinomas. In carcinomas, E1A-F expression was significantly associated with both COX-2 and MMP-7 overexpression. These results suggest E1A-F is overexpressed in early stages of human CRC development and may be an important factor in the overexpression of COX-2 and MMP-7.
Impulsive aggressive behavior: open-label treatment with citalopram.

BACKGROUND: Results from open-label and placebo-controlled trials suggest that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce impulsive aggressive behavior. The objective of this open-label study was to investigate whether citalopram treatment has anti-aggressive effect on impulsive aggressive subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for a cluster B personality disorder or intermittent explosive disorder. METHOD: In this 8-week trial, subjects were initiated on 20 mg/day of citalopram and titrated up to 60 mg/day by the fourth week, if tolerated. The primary outcome measure was the Overt Aggression Scale-Modified (OAS-M), a scale used to quantify verbal and physical aggression, subjective irritability, and overt irritability. Secondary outcome measures included the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. RESULTS: Of 25 subjects enrolled, 20 completed the study. The mean daily dose was 45.5 mg, and citalopram was generally well tolerated. Statistically significant decreases were found in the OAS-M aggression scores (32.82 +/- 19.76 to 4.73 +/- 7.57, p =.000), subjective irritability scores (3.50 +/- 0.60 to 1.45 +/- 1.18, p =.000), and overt irritability scores (3.23 +/- 0.81 to 0.91 +/- 1.02, p =.000). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that citalopram is an effective treatment for reducing impulsive aggressive behavior. Language: en
Lewis rats have greater response impulsivity than Fischer rats.

Abstract Impulsivity, a tendency toward immediate action without consideration of future consequences, is associated with a wide array of problematic behaviors. Response impulsivity, a type of behaviorally-assessed impulsivity characterized by behavioral disinhibition, is also associated with health risk behaviors. Response impulsivity is distinct from choice impulsivity, which is characterized by intolerance for delay. Lewis rats have higher levels of choice impulsivity than Fischer rats (Anderson & Woolverton, 2005; Madden et al., 2008; Stein et al., 2012). However, no studies have examined whether Lewis and Fischer rats have different levels of response impulsivity. The present research examined response impulsivity in the two rat strains. Subjects were 16 male Lewis and Fischer rats. Rats' response impulsivity was measured using the Five Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT). In addition, their locomotor activity was measured in locomotor activity chambers. Lewis rats had more premature responses than Fischer rats during the 5-CSRTT assessment [F(1, 14) = 5.34, p
Five Drosophila Genomes Reveal Nonneutral Evolution and the Signature of Host Specialization in the Chemoreceptor Superfamily

The insect chemoreceptor superfamily comprises the olfactory receptor (Or) and gustatory receptor (Gr) multigene families. These families give insects the ability to smell and taste chemicals in the environment and are thus rich resources for linking molecular evolutionary and ecological processes. Although dramatic differences in family size among distant species and high divergence among paralogs have led to the belief that the two families evolve rapidly, a lack of evolutionary data over short time scales has frustrated efforts to identify the major forces shaping this evolution. Here, we investigate patterns of gene loss/gain, divergence, and polymorphism in the entire repertoire of ∼130 chemoreceptor genes from five closely related species of Drosophila that share a common ancestor within the past 12 million years. We demonstrate that the overall evolution of the Or and Gr families is nonneutral. We also show that selection regimes differ both between the two families as wholes and within each family among groups of genes with varying functions, patterns of expression, and phylogenetic histories. Finally, we find that the independent evolution of host specialization in Drosophila sechellia and D. erecta is associated with a fivefold acceleration of gene loss and increased rates of amino acid evolution at receptors that remain intact. Gene loss appears to primarily affect Grs that respond to bitter compounds while elevated Ka/Ks is most pronounced in the subset of Ors that are expressed in larvae. Our results provide strong evidence that the observed phenomena result from the invasion of a novel ecological niche and present a unique synthesis of molecular evolutionary analyses with ecological data.
Modulation by Norepinephrine of Neural Responses to Estradiol

Pharmacological studies have suggested that neurotransmitter activity impinging on steroid-concentrating cells can affect the steroid receptor system within those cells, modifying behavioral responses
Phylogenetic distribution of the global regulatory gene csrA among eubacteria.

Abstract The gene csrA encodes a unique kind of global regulator, CsrA, which modulates glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen biosynthesis and glycogen catabolism in Escherichia coli. Southern hybridization and nucleotide sequencing data have revealed apparent csrA homologs within several families of the α and γ subdivisions of the proteobacteria (purple bacteria) and in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Thus, the CsrA regulatory system appears widely distributed among eubacteria.
Simulations of weak gravitational lensing

Abstract We describe the simulation data produced by a pilot programme to compute mock weak gravitational lensing maps for a range of currently popular cosmological models by ray tracing through high-resolution N -body simulations. The programme required only a modest investment in computer time to produce maps accurate to arcminute scales covering hundreds of square degrees of sky for four cosmological models.
HOW LONG TO REST: THE ECOLOGY OF OPTIMAL DORMANCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT

Dormancy is a common mechanism employed by short-lived organisms for persistence in a variable environment. Theory suggests that the fraction of propagules that terminate dormancy each year should be <100% when recruitment success varies temporally. Moreover, the fraction of propagules that resumes development should vary across habitats that differ in the probability of successful recruitment or the probability of survival during dormancy. We tested these predictions by using dormant eggs from five populations of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria that differ in their ability to recruit to and persist in the water column. In two separate experiments, newly produced dormant eggs were incubated in situ for one year at various sites on the bottom of the lakes. A series of reciprocal transplants among four of these populations separated the effects of lake-specific environmental cues from the genetic and maternal effects of the different populations. Additional eggs were incubated in the laboratory under photoperiod–temperature combinations representative of those in the field. We found that the annual hatching fraction ranged from 6% to 50% among lakes, and that hatching fraction was primarily driven by environmental cues rather than being a result of the source of the eggs. However, laboratory incubations demonstrated significant differences among populations in the trajectories of the hatching curves, and a much higher rate of hatching than the field incubations. Our results suggest that variation in dormancy strategies within these systems is likely influenced both by the seasonal risk experienced by the active individuals and by risks associated with entering the dormant egg bank.
Results of Ocean Margin Drilling Program Synthesis of Gulf of Mexico Basin: ABSTRACT

A series of 23 maps plus three cross sections synthesize and integrate for the first time geologic and geophysical data from both the deep central Gulf of Mexico basin and the periphery of the basin. These maps and sections are part of the Ocean Margin Drilling Program synthesis of the Gulf of Mexico basin, a joint project sponsored by the National Science Foundation/Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., and a consortium of petroleum companies. The study area is bounded by 30°/31° on the north, 98° on the west, 82° on the east, and 18° on the south (excluding Cuba and the Yucatan basin). Maps include a regional tectonic map; a map of all seismic refraction data; six structure maps (basement, top Jurassic, top Early Cretaceous, top Late Cretaceou , top Paleogene, and top Neogene); six lithofacies maps (Oxfordian [Late Jurassic], Aptian-Cenomanian [Early Cretaceous], Coniacian-Santonian [Lake Cretaceous], Early Eocene, Miocene, and Pleistocene); and nine isopach maps (total sediment, pre-top Early Cretaceous, post-top Early Cretaceous, Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, Lake Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, and Pleistocene). Also included are two N-S cross sections and one E-W cross section. This project is an attempt to synthesize all data available in the public domain. Data for the deep central Gulf are based mainly on regional multifold seismic lines, while data from the periphery are based mainly on the published literature. These maps and sections present for the first time an integrated and comprehensive look at the structure nd stratigraphy of the entire central Gulf basin as well as document many details of the early history and later filling of the basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 433------------
Mechanical single nanopillars and arrays as field emission devices

We present measurements on single and arrays of mechanically flexible nanopillars placed on thin membranes. These systems find applications as modulated sources for field emission devices. For single nanopillars we find that field emission can be modulated in the range of 10-500 MHz. Single nanopillar devices show Fowler-Nordheim type field emission increased by two orders of magnitude due to their mechanical motion. The wide scale emission from arrays of nanopillars is investigated with the help of a microchannel-plate (MCP) electron multiplier with fluorescence phosphor screen. A stable overall field emission current and microscopic variations of emission pattern with time are observed, where the later is most likely related to the mechanical instability of the nanopillar-on-membrane structure.
Constructing legitimacy in a non-selective, American college: unpacking symbolic capital through ethnographic moments

Selecting, gaining access to and attending college (or university) in the United States involve markers of legitimacy and prestige as understood through symbolic capital. An entire complex of fine differentiations operate to distinguish such capital in both students and the institutions they attend. Drawing on works of Bourdieu, this article describes the ways that these distinctions were made about symbolic capital and how legitimacy was constructed as observed during nearly one year of ethnographic research in the Office of Admission of a small, private, urban, four-year college. This article offers three separate moments from the larger ethnographic project to highlight (1) embodied markers of symbolic capital for individuals in this field, (2) similar such markers for institutions, and (3) the contested nature and fluidity of legitimacy in practice.
R&D Entities: Is Control Possible without Owning a Single Share of Stock?

This case addresses the accounting for the relationship between a pharmaceutical company and a research and development entity that it created and for which it raised operating funds via a limited private offering. After the offering, the pharmaceutical company does not own any of the R&D entity's stock. However, the stock is callable for a fixed period by the pharmaceutical company and the operating agreements between the two entities leave little room for the R&D company to make any substantive decisions on its own, or to direct its current and future operations. Most of the questions in the case deal with the issue of whether control exists, the impact of that answer on the consolidated financial statements, and the details and costs of calling the stock.
Dynamic responses of series force receptors innervating the opener muscle apodeme in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Receptors monitoring muscle force innervate the opener muscle apodeme in the walking legs of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Biocytin backfills reveal 9–15 bipolar neurons with somata as large as 60 μm positioned at the distal end of the apodeme. Sensory endings insert into the apodeme and are in series with the opener muscle. The axons of these neurons form the opener apodeme sensory nerve that merges with the most distal branch of the opener motor nerve. Recordings reveal that the receptors are not spontaneously active nor do they respond to passive muscle stretch. Isometric muscle contraction evoked by stimulating the opener excitor motor neuron is the adequate stimulus for receptor firing. Most significant is the finding that during contraction, over a wide range of forces, the firing rate of individual receptors closely parallels the rate of change of isometric force. The peak instantaneous frequency typically occurs at the force derivative maximum, but not at maximum force development. Thus, receptors of the opener apodeme sensory nerve more closely monitor changes in isometric force rather than the total force achieved.
Manuscript and Typescript Material Relating to Howells's "The Son of Royal Langbrith"

While no complete manuscripts of W. D. Howells' major novels are known to be in existence, the Rutgers University Library is fortunate in having purchased in 1946 two fragments of manuscript and typescript of a large portion of one of Howells's late important novels, "The Son of Royal Langbrith." Burrows describes how he uses this material and letters related to this novel in his project to edit a new edition of this work.
Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nuclei: 1‐Decalol

Hydrogenation of aromatic nuclei: 1-Decalol product: cis,cis-1-decalol product: 2-Decalol product: cis-2-Methylhexahydrobenzofuran product: cis-2,2-Dimethylhexahydrobenzofuran product: 3-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid product: 4-Methoxycyclohexanol product: 1,4-Cyclohexanediol product: 1,3-Cyclohexanediol Keywords: reduction, miscellaneous; rhodium-on-alumina, pyrophoric; hydrogenation apparatus, parr
Suppression of lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor by adenosine: Evidence for A2 receptors on rat kupffer cells

In liver grafts that will fail as a result of storage injury, reperfusion activates Kupffer cells. Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor by activated Kupffer cells may cause primary graft nonfunction, multiple organ failure and, eventually, death of graft recipients. Carolina rinse solution, adenosine, nisoldipine, pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 reduce graft failure from storage/reperfusion injury. To test the hypothesis that these agents act by suppressing cytokine release by activated Kupffer cells, we assessed the effect of each drug on tumor necrosis factor released from cultured rat Kupffer cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Adenosine, nisoldipine and prostaglandin E1 each suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor release. The adenosine A2 receptor agonists. 5-n-ethylcarboxamidadenosine, 2-chloro-adenosine and R-phenylisopropyl adenosine also blocked tumor necrosis factor release in a potency suggestive of A2 receptor activity. Xanthine amine congener, a specific A1 receptor antagonist, failed to reverse the suppression by adenosine of tumor necrosis factor release, whereas CGS15943A, an A2 receptor antagonist, did reverse suppression by adenosine and 5-n-ethylcarboxamidadenosine. CGS15943A had no effect on suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor release by nisoldipine or prostaglandin E1. Dibutyryl-cyclicAMP also suppressed tumor necrosis factor release. Adenosine, 5-n-ethylcarboxamidadenosine, prostaglandin E1 and pentoxifylline increased cyclicAMP levels in cultured Kupffer cells, but nisoldipine did not. We conclude that (a) adenosine A2 receptors exist on Kupffer cells, (b) the suppression of tumor necrosis factor release by adenosine occurs by way of a cyclicAMP-dependent adenosine A2 receptor mechanism, (c) prostaglandin E1 and nisoldipine also suppress tumor necrosis factor release but do not act through adenosine receptors and (d) because agents that suppress tumor necrosis factor release by Kupffer cells also reduce graft failure after liver transplantation, activation of Kupffer cells and release of tumor necrosis factor may be involved in storage/reperfusion injury to liver grafts. (HEPATOLOGY 1994;19:1445–1452.)
URETERAL DUPLICATION IN A DOG

A male neutered dog of unknown age had recurrent urinary tract infection and caudal abdominal pain. Using sonography, large dilated tubular structure filled with echogenic fluid was seen extending from the left kidney to the level of the bladder neck. In an excretory urogram there was left hydronephrosis with a normal ureter. Computed tomographic evaluation of the abdomen confirmed a large tubular structure extending from the kidney with a blind ending caudally. The left kidney, ureter, and associated tubular structure were surgically removed. No connection was found between the tubular structure and the ureter. Gross evaluation and histopathologic evaluation confirmed the tubular structure to be a ureter, consistent with a diagnosis of ureteral duplication.
Bounded ∈-reachability of linear hybrid automata with a deterministic and transversal discrete transition condition

An ∈-reach set of a hybrid automaton is a set of states such that every state in it is within a distance ∈ of some reachable state.We propose an algorithm to compute a bounded ∈-reach set from a given initial state of a class of deterministic linear hybrid automata that satisfy a certain transversality condition. The proposed algorithm is based on time-sampling. It over-approximates the reachable states at each sampled time instant using polyhedra, and subsequently computes an ∈-reach set for a bounded time interval using these over-approximations, while reducing the sampling period on-the-fly.
Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal simulating neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a child with cerebral palsy

Intrathecal baclofen infusion (IBI) is being used with increasing frequency in children to treat spasticity and dystonia. In this report, we summarize the clinical course of a 9-year-old boy with quadriplegic cerebral palsy with mixed tonal abnormalities (spasticity and dystonia) experiencing withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen. His clinical course is compared to that of adults experiencing withdrawal from IBI and to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. If unrecognized, this disorder may have significant potential for morbidity and mortality. Clues to diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, and potential treatments are discussed. When a child treated with IBI presents with unexplained multiorgan system dysfunction, particularly if accompanied by evidence of rhabdomyolysis, the integrity of the IBI system must be evaluated. In some cases, evaluation might necessitate surgical exploration. Caregivers most commonly seek urgent evaluation and treatment from their primary care provider when their child experiences fever or acute illness. Primary care providers of children treated with IBI should be made aware of this clinical scenario to prevent delays in diagnosis.
Which Leber congenital amaurosis patients are eligible for gene therapy trials

Background In 2007, clinical trials began for gene-replacement therapy for RPE65- associated Leber congenital amaurosis. To enroll, subjects must have both disease-causing RPE65 alleles identified. Determining which patients have true disease-causing mutations requires a multistep approach. Methods This study is a retrospective case series using the estimate of pathogenic probability (EPP) algorithm and genotyping of family members to establish phase. Results Five probands and their families were studied. Patient 1 had genetic testing elsewhere and was reported to have 2 disease-causing AIPL1 mutations. The family received incorrect prenatal counseling based on this result. We found both variations to be benign ethnic polymorphisms (EPP = 0). Case 2 had possible disease-causing mutations in RPE65 , RPGRIP1 , and CRB1 ; however, screening of family members revealed that only CRB1 variations were disease causing and the RPE65 change was a polymorphism found in 11% of African Americans. Case 3 had a diagnosis of CRB1- associated Leber congenital amaurosis, but this mutation had an EPP=0; a true homozygous disease-causing mutation was later found in RDH12 . Patient 4 had 3 mutations found in RPE65 , but only 2 were disease causing. Patient 5 had a homozygous mutation in RPE65. Only Patients 4 and 5 would be eligible for clinical trials of RPE65 gene replacement. Conclusions To be eligible for participation in current RPE65 gene therapy trials, patients' DNA must contain 2 correctly segregating alleles with an EPP=2 or 3. Interpretation of DNA variants is complex; genetic misdiagnosis may lead to ineffective treatment in some patients and lack of treatment in others.
Activatable Molecular Probes for Cancer Imaging

The development of highly sensitive and specific molecular probes for cancer imaging still remains a daunting challenge. Recently, interdisciplinary research at the interface of imaging sciences and bionanoconjugation chemistry has generated novel activatable imaging probes that can provide high-resolution imaging with ultra-low background signals. Activatable imaging probes are designed to amplify output imaging signals in response to specific biomolecular recognition or environmental changes in real time. This review introduces and highlights the unique design strategies and applications of various activatable imaging probes in cancer imaging.