cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of exercise-induced ST changes in leads AVR, V5, and V1. Discrimination of patients with single- or multivessel coronary artery disease

Background: It is known that exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in lead V1 (V1-E) detects left anterior descending (LAD) stenosis. It was also postulated that ST elevation in aVR and simultaneous ST depression in V5 (aVR-E + V5-D) is a marker of ischemia due to significant stenosis of the LAD in patients with single-vessel disease. Hypothesis: This study was undertaken to investigate the significance of the concomitant appearance of both electrocar-diographic (ECG) ischemic markers, and of each of them alone during exercise, to detect either LAD stenosis as single-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD), or multivessel CAD involving LAD stenosis. Methods: A total of 196 consecutive patients (152 men and 44 women, mean age 54 ± 7 years) with at least one of these ECG markers, who underwent treadmill exercise testing with the Bruce protocol and coronary arteriography, were studied. Results: Patients were divided into three groups. In Group A (83 patients with V1-E + aVR-E & V5-D), 93% of patients with single-vessel disease had significant LAD stenosis (p < 0.001), whereas 75% of patients with double-vessel disease had significant stenoses of the LAD and the left circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries (p < 0.01). In Group B (97 patients with aVR-E & V5-D but without V1-E), 43% of patients with single-vessel disease had significant LAD stenosis (p < 0.08), whereas 85% of patients with double-vessel disease had significant stenoses of the LAD and the right coronary artery (RCA) (p < 0.01). In Group C (16 patients with only V1-E), 60% of patients with single-vessel disease had significant LAD stenosis (p < 0.05), whereas 75% of patients with double-vessel disease had significant LAD and LCx stenoses (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The concomitant appearance of exercise-induced ST elevation in lead V1, ST elevation in lead aVR, and ST depression in lead V5, as well as the isolated appearance of ST elevation in lead V1 detect significant LAD stenosis as single-vessel disease, or significant stenoses of LAD and LCx arteries in patients with double-vessel disease, whereas the appearance of ST elevation in aVR & ST depression in V5 but without ST elevation in V1 correlates strongly with significant LAD and RCA stenoses and usually indicates double-vessel disease.
Combating Cybercrimes and Nigeria

Jurists such as Orin S. Kerr and Susan Brenner have extensively demystified the true nature of cybercrimes, both as new wines and old wines in new wine skins. However, prosecuting cybercrimes depends much on national criminal legislation. Even the European Cybercrime Convention of 2001 depends on member states that ratify it to enact local statutes that would give a biting force to its barking provisions. Punishing a citizen for certain conducts in a state that has not criminalized such conducts is contrary to the citizen's right to fair hearing. This paper examines the legal regime of cybercrimes in Nigeria. It starts with an examination of the nature of the Internet, especially its architecture, and does a historical and comparative analysis of cybercrime statutes all over the world. It concludes with an exposition of the criminal procedure and evidence law and practice in Nigeria as the reason the rate of online criminal activities emanating from Nigeria is on the rise and what could be done to curb it.
Structural Health and Strain Monitoring Sensing through Fourier-Based Transducers

The article reports on the design of a novel class of transducers for structural health monitoring and strain sensing designed using a Fourier-based approach. The design procedure formulates the problem considering an arbitrarily shaped distribution of the sensing surface. Interrogation of the sensors is based on the generation of guided and surface acoustic waves generated in the region surrounding the transducers. The representation of the distribution of the sensing material is analyzed and designed in the spatial Fourier domain, where the emission characteristics of the transducer in relation to the interrogating wave can be tailored to a specific application. For structural health monitoring, the sensing material distribution can be defined to provide the transducers with frequency-dependent directional properties, which can be employed as part of an interrogation scheme based on generation and processing of guided waves in the structure. For strain sensing, one-dimensional and two-dimensional gratin...
Measuring economic conditions: an extension of the Stock/Watson methodology

This study develops an economic indicator tailored to measure economic conditions at the state level by recognizing that a state's economy is an integrated part of the region and responds to both regional and national economic outlooks. This article applies our methodology to the state of Rhode Island. In the case of Rhode Island, the addition of a regional economic indicator appears to make a significant improvement over the Federal Reserve Bank (FED) of Philadelphia coincident index. Therefore, this preliminary study indicates that it is worthwhile to expand this project to include all 50 states.
A molecular dynamics study of transformation toughening in the gamma TiAl/beta TiV system

Abstract The materials evolution in a region surrounding the crack tip was carried out using molecular dynamics simulations for the case of a crack in the gamma TiAl phase impinging at the right angle onto the interface between a gamma TiAl phase and a metastable Ti 15V (at.%) phase. The corresponding linear anisotropic continuum solutions for the singular stress and displacement fields were developed using an enriched finite element method. These solutions were used to both generate the initial crack and to prescribe the boundary conditions applied to the computational atomistic crystal during the molecular dynamics simulation runs. The atomic interactions were described in terms of the appropriated embedded atom method (EAM) type interatomic potentials. The crack-tip behavior for the two-phase gamma/beta material was ultimately compared with the one in the corresponding single phase gamma and single phase beta materials. The simulation results showed that under the same applied level of external stress, the crack tip becomes blunted and the crack stops propagating in the gamma TiAl/beta Ti 15V bicrystal and in the single beta-phase crystal while the crack extends by brittle cleavage in the single-phase gamma crystal. The blunting process was found to be controlled by the martensitic transformation which takes place in the beta phase ahead of the crack tip. Depending on the local stress conditions, which are significantly affected by the presence of interracial dislocations, the crystal structure of martensite was found to be either close packed hexagonal, body centered orthorhombic and/or face centered orthorhombic. Finally, the implications of crack tip martensitic transformation on materials toughness are analyzed in quantitative terms using the concept of the Eshelby's conservation integral, i.e. the energy release rate.
A 3.4- $\mu$ W Object-Adaptive CMOS Image Sensor With Embedded Feature Extraction Algorithm for Motion-Triggered Object-of-Interest Imaging

We report a low-power object-adaptive CMOS imager, which suppresses spatial temporal bandwidth. The object-adaptive imager has embedded a feature extraction algorithm for identifying objects of interest. The sensor wakes up triggered by motion sensing and extracts features from the captured image for the detection of object-of-interest (OOI). Full-image capturing operation and image signal transmission are performed only when the interested objects are found, which significantly reduces power consumption at the sensor node. This motion-triggered OOI imaging significantly saves a spatial bandwidth more than 96.5% from the feature output and saves a temporal bandwidth from the motion-triggered wakeup and object adaptive imaging. The sensor consumes low power by employing a reconfigurable differential-pixel architecture with reduced power supply voltage and by implementing the feature extraction algorithm with mixed-signal circuitry in a small area. The chip operates at 0.22 μW/frame in motion-sensing mode and at 3.4 μW/frame for feature extraction, respectively. The object detection from on-chip feature extraction circuits has demonstrated a 94.5% detection rate for human from a set of 200 sample images.
Play revisited: A critical element of the kindergarten curriculum

Play has long been viewed as an important component of kindergarten activities. Recent pressures to strengthen the academic curriculum, however, are forcing many teachers and administrators to reduce the amount of class time spent in play activities. This article re‐examines the traditionally held values of play in the kindergarten curriculum and affirms their continued importance. In addition, play is defined as having a significant role in reducing stress in young children. As higher levels of stress are encountered by children, play becomes an even more critical element of the kindergarten curriculum.
Economies of scale and economies of scope in the U.S. postal service

Abstract This paper reports the empirical investigations conducted to determine whether the operations of the U.S. Postal Service exhibit economies of scale and/or economies of scope. From the published postal data for the period 1961–1980, a trans-log cost function for the postal operations is estimated and used to conclude that the postal operations exhibit diseconomies of scale and economies of scope. The policy implications of these findings are: (1) the need to develop and operate theoretically acceptable time-series data relative to postal operations, costs, outputs, and input factors; and (2) the need to examine the Postal Reorganization Act to provide a clear and attainable mandate for the U.S. Postal Service.
Evaluation of germicidal efficiencies of a group of antibiotics tested by tissue culture technic.

SummaryA new method was proposed recently for the evaluation of germicides intended for clinical application. Iodine, with a toxicity index of 0.10 exhibited the greatest degree of germicidal efficiency. The same procedure was followed for the evaluation of a group of antibiotics. Penicillin G sodium gave an index of 0.0024 which indicated that it was more than 400 times more toxic to the test organism, Micrococcus pyogenes var. al-bus, than to the tissue cells, and approximately 42 times more efficient than iodine. Results on other antibiotics in order of decreasing efficiency are: Streptomycin sulfate, 0.02—; Polymyxin B sulfate, 0.63—, Terra-mycin, 0.67. Bacitracin and Chlorampheni-col were bacteriostatic and could not be evaluated. Likewise, Aureomycin HC1, Achro-mycin HC1, and Erythromycin could not be evaluated; the former two precipitated from solution shortly after being prepared, and the latter failed to dissolve in saline.
Why must some schizophrenic patients be involuntarily committed? The role of insight.

Abstract Twenty-four of 52 (46%) schizophrenic patients hospitalized because of acute psychotic episodes associated with preadmission medication noncompliance required involuntary commitment. Committed patients were rated as significantly more severely ill than voluntary patients and were significantly more likely to be transferred to extended treatment facilities after acute care. However, committed patients were significantly less likely than were voluntarily admitted patients to acknowledge that they were psychiatrically ill and in need of treatment, i.e., to demonstrate insight. Although psychopathology diminished significantly in both committed and voluntary patients over the course of hospitalization, only in voluntary patients did insight increase significantly. Over a 21 2 to 31 2 year follow-up, those patients who had been involuntarily committed at the index hospitalization were significantly more likely to require involuntary radmissions than were the initially voluntary patients. Inability to see the self as ill seems to be a persistent trait in some schizophrenic patients.
POINT: Prosthesis–patient mismatch does not affect survival for patients greater than 70 years of age undergoing bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of prosthesis–patient mismatch after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement on long-term survival in patients greater than 70 years of age compared with those less than or equal to 70 years of age. Methods Between 1992 and 2007, 1399 patients underwent bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, including 881 (63%) patients older than 70 years of age. Prosthesis–patient mismatch was defined as severe (prosthetic effective orifice area/body surface area 2 /m 2 ), moderate (0.65–0.85 cm 2 /m 2 ), or absent (>0.85 cm 2 /m 2 ). For patients less than or equal to 70 years of age, mismatch was severe in 62 (12%), moderate in 251 (48%), and absent in 205 (40%). For patients greater than 70 years of age, mismatch was severe in 109 (12%), moderate in 451 (51%), and absent in 321 (37%). There was no difference in the distribution of prosthesis–patient mismatch between age groups ( P = .50). Results For patients less than or equal to 70 years, prosthesis–patient mismatch was associated with impaired long-term survival ( P = .02). Survival at 5 and 10 years was 61% ± 7% and 28% ± 12% for severe mismatch, 65% ± 3% and 40% ± 5% for moderate mismatch, and 73% ± 5% and 46% ± 9% for no mismatch. For patients greater than 70 years, prosthesis–patient mismatch did not affect long-term survival ( P = .25). Survival at 5 and 10 years was 62% ± 5% and 42% ± 6% for severe mismatch, 62% ± 2% and 30% ± 5% for moderate mismatch, and 53% ± 4% and 29% ± 5% for absent mismatch. Conclusions After bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, prosthesis–patient mismatch had a negative impact on late survival for patients less than or equal to 70 years of age, but for patients greater than 70 years of age, prosthesis–patient mismatch did not influence late survival.
SU-FF-T-405: The Effect of Magnetic Field On Relative Biological Effectiveness in Yeast Cells

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in yeast cells irradiated with γ‐rays. Method and Materials: A 60 Co γ source was used to irradiate Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) with and without a modest magnetic field (0.78 T). A set of NdFeB permanent cylindrical magnets and another set of non‐magnetized pseudo‐magnets were used to obtain data with and without the magnetic field. The cells were located at the center between the pole faces and sandwiched between two layers of non‐nutrient agar to maintain lateral electron equilibrium. The variation of the magnetic field in the cell region was less than 1%. The Monte Carlo code PENELOPE was used to simulate the dose distribution in the presence and absence of the magnetic field to ensure the doses delivered were equal in both cases. Another group of cells without irradiation was used as a control for the two groups being irradiated. The cells were sampled and cultivated after irradiation, and colonies representing surviving cells were counted. Results: In five out of seven experiments the null hypothesis (no effect) could not be rejected with t‐test at p = 0.05. Nonetheless, the results still suggest that the survival rate may drop slightly in the presence of the magnetic field. The survival rate decreased by 3.9% ± 2.7% at about 50% survival rate. At two standard deviation level the effect was less than 10% at B = 0.78 T. Conclusion: The effect of a 0.78 T magnetic field on the RBE of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is smaller than 10%. Although the indication that a strong magnetic field may increase the RBE of the radiation is not conclusive at 0.78 T, further experiments at higher magnetic field (B >2 T) and larger sample size would reduce the uncertainties in the experiments.
Developmental assembly of learning in Aplysia

Development can provide a powerful analytic approach for distinguishing and analysing specific behavioral, cellular and molecular processes as they emerge during ontogeny. Recently, such a developmental strategy has been used to investigate the functional assembly of different forms of non-associative learning (habituation, dishabituation and sensitization) in the marine mollusc Aplysia. This analysis has shown that different forms of learning, as well as their cellular analogs at central synapses, emerge according to very different developmental timetables. Subsequent behavioral studies in adult Aplysia showed that these same forms of learning were also clearly dissociable in the mature animal. These results, taken with earlier studies, suggest that a commonly held 'dual-process' view of non-associative learning, which attempts to account for all forms of non-associative learning as the interaction of only two processes (one decremental and one incremental) requires revision, and that a multi-process view, which includes the possibility of inhibitory as well as facilitatory interactions, is required to account adequately for all of the behavioral features of nonassociative learning.
Computing marine-ice thickness at an ice-shelf base

The freezing of sea water to the base of an ice shelf can give rise to large patches of accumulated ice, a phenomenon known as marine ice. In this study a numerical method is presented for calculating the thickness of the marine-ice layer using an ice- shelf-ocean model. The present-day modeling paradigm of ice-shelf–ocean interaction usually involves the fixed specification of the ice-shelf geometry while the ocean circulation in the cavity beneath the ice shelf evolves freely. This approach relies on several assumptions, such as steady-state ice-shelf thickness and ice-shelf flow fields, in order to make reasonable quantitative estimates of the thermodynamic exchange processes occurring at the ice-shelf base. This paper discusses the impact of these and other assumptions on the estimation of the thickness of the marine-ice layer. Model simulation results are presented for an idealized ice-shelf–ocean configuration as a demonstration of the feasibility of the numerical method. A sensitivity analysis is given so as to quantify the relative uncertainty in the marine-ice thickness that arises from uncertainties in the model input parameters, these being principally the ice-shelf flow field, the basal accumulation rate and the ice-shelf thickness field.
“Life Is Not for Sale!”: Confronting Free Trade and Intellectual Property in Costa Rica

ABSTRACT Expansion of intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes has been achieved in part through bilateral free-trade agreements. This process, however, has not gone uncontested. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Costa Rica, in this article I examine a conflict over IPR in the context of a social movement against the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). I focus specifically on reforms that have set the stage for the private appropriation of biodiversity, plant varieties, and other biological materials. Environmentalists have struggled against these reforms since the mid-1990s, and during the confrontation over CAFTA they positioned “defense of life itself” as a key issue for the social movement. Activists challenged the legal constitution of seeds, biodiversity, and other biological materials as objects of IPR by ideologically situating life outside of commodity exchange and as part of the collective property of the nation.
Development of a novel autoantibody assay for autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetic individuals.

Background Autoimmune gastritis (ABG) and pernicious anemia (PA) are prototypical, organ-specific autoimmune diseases whose prevalence in the general population are 2 and 0.15-1%, respectively. The incidence of disease increases with age and with is frequently associated with other autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Early diagnosis of ABG/PA is essential for the prevention and/or treatment before manifestations of chronic disease are irreversible. Parietal cell autoantibody (PCA) detection via ELISA is currently the most widely used biomarker of disease with diagnosis confirmed by subsequent immunohistochemistry via biopsy.
Statistical multimodal integration for intelligent HCI

This paper presents a statistical approach to developing multimodal recognition systems and, in particular, to integrating the posterior probabilities of parallel input signals involved in the multimodal system. We first derive the performance bounds of multimodal recognition probabilities, and identify the primary factors that influence multimodal recognition performance. We then develop a technique, a members-teams-committee (MTC) recognition approach, designed to optimize accurate recognition during the multimodal integration process. We evaluate these methods using Quickset, a speech/gesture multimodal system, and report evaluation results based on an empirical corpus collected with Quickset. From an architectural perspective, the integration technique presented offers enhanced robustness. It also is premised on more realistic assumptions than previous multimodal systems using semantic fusion. From a methodological standpoint, the evaluation techniques that we describe provide a valuable tool for evaluating multimodal systems.
The radiographic appearance of split Blake drains: what you see is not necessarily what you get

Two types of Blake chest drains are used by our cardiac surgeons for management of their patients after thoracic surgery. The drain can be longitudinally split by the surgeon resulting in a limb of the drain in each thoracic cavity. A split flat Blake drain has two radiopaque limbs and a split round Blake drain has a radiopaque limb and a less radiopaque limb. To describe the radiographic appearance of these drains and promote their accurate radiologic identification and description. We conducted a retrospective review of the ability of our radiologists to correctly identify the radiographic appearance of the two devices. We identified 48 cases; 30 contained two radiopaque limbs and 18 had a radiopaque and a less radiopaque limb. In 25 of the 30 (83%) cases the configuration of two radiopaque limbs was correctly identified; however, in 0 of 18 (0%) cases was the configuration of a radiopaque and a less radiopaque limb correctly identified. By improving awareness of different Blake drain configurations and appearances this study aims to promote proper identification, accurate reporting, and reduced cognitive errors arising from Blake drain misidentification.
Which transposable elements are active in the human genome

Although a large proportion (44%) of the human genome is occupied by transposons and transposon-like repetitive elements, only a small proportion ( Alu , L1 and SVA elements (and possibly HERV-K elements) remain actively mobile in the human genome. These active transposons are of great interest because they continue to produce genetic diversity in human populations and also cause human diseases by integrating into genes. In this review, we examine these active human transposons and explore mechanistic factors that influence their mobilization.
Gendered Relationships on Television: Portrayals of Same-Sex and Heterosexual Couples

Although intimate heterosexual couples often exhibit power imbalances in gender role behaviors, with one partner more dominant and the other more submissive, it is unclear whether the same is true for homosexual relationships. Anecdotal evidence, however, suggests that television portrays both heterosexual and homosexual couples as gendered. This content analysis of intimate relationships on television examined whether heterosexual and homosexual couples are portrayed as gendered, finding evidence of gendering for both homosexual couples and heterosexual couples. Possible implications of these gendered portrayals for viewers' perceptions and behaviors include cultivation of negative stereotypes and modeling of gender-typed behaviors.
Shift in red fox, Vulpes vulpes, mating system associated with El Niño in the Bering Sea

Fifteen reproductive groups of red foxes were observed on Round Island, Alaska during five field seasons. Polygyny occurred among these foxes, correlated with abundant food resources. The predictions of the polygyny threshold model were supported, i.e. polygynous females had equal or better reproductive success than monogamous females. However, beginning in 1982, widespread nesting failure of seabirds occurred (the primary prey item of the foxes), corresponding with the occurrence of El Nino in the Bering Sea. This change in food resources apparently caused red foxes to switch their diet from the most abundant to rarer prey species, and caused a shift from facultative polygyny to monogamy within this population.
Radiation Proctitis: Current Strategies in Management

Radiation proctitis is a known complication following radiation therapy for pelvic malignancy. The majority of cases are treated nonsurgically, and an understanding of the available modalities is crucial in the management of these patients. In this paper, we focus on the current treatments of radiation proctitis.
Efficient simplicial reconstructions of manifolds from their samples

An algorithm for manifold learning is presented. Given only samples of a finite-dimensional differentiable manifold and no a priori knowledge of the manifold's geometry or topology except for its dimension, the goal is to find a description of the manifold. The learned manifold must approximate the true manifold well, both geometrically and topologically, when the sampling density is sufficiently high. The proposed algorithm constructs a simplicial complex based on approximations to the tangent bundle of the manifold. An important property of the algorithm is that its complexity depends on the dimension of the manifold, rather than that of the embedding space. Successful examples are presented in the cases of learning curves in the plane, curves in space, and surfaces in space; in addition, a case when the algorithm fails is analyzed.
Engineered Expression of the TLR5 Ligand Flagellin Enhances Paramyxovirus Activation of Human Dendritic Cell Function

The paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) is a poor activator of human dendritic cell (DC) maturation pathways in vitro, and infected DC do not upregulate cell surface costimulatory proteins or secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines. We evaluated the hypothesis that activation of SV5-infected DC would be enhanced by engineering SV5 to express a Toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligand. To test this hypothesis, a novel virus was engineered such that the gene encoding an intracellular form of the TLR5 ligand flagellin was expressed from the genome of wild-type (WT) SV5 (SV5-flagellin). Cells infected in vitro with the flagellin-expressing virus released low levels of biologically active flagellin, which was capable of stimulating TLR5 signaling. Infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived immature DC with SV5-flagellin resulted in enhanced levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 compared to infection with DC with the parental virus, WT SV5. In contrast to cytokine induction, the flagellin-expressing virus did not appreciably increase DC surface expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 or CD86 above the level seen with WT SV5 alone. In mixed-culture assays, DC infected with the flagellin-expressing virus were more effective at activating gamma interferon secretion from both CD8 + and CD4 + allogeneic T cells than DC infected with WT SV5. Our results with SV5-directed intracellular expression of flagellin may be applicable to other vectors or pathogenic viruses where overcoming impairment of DC activation could contribute to the development of safer and more effective vaccines.
Retrograde determination of motoneuron properties and their synaptic input.

Both motoneurons and the muscle fibers that they innervate can vary widely in their properties. The finding that these properties are highly correlated indicates that these cells are not specified independently, but rather interact in some manner to achieve the observed coherence. The direction of the interaction, i.e., whether orthograde or retrograde, requires analysis beyond the simple observation of these correlated properties. Evidence, largely from experiments involving reinnervation of muscle by the original or a foreign motor nerve, suggests the action of retrogradely transported factors from the muscle as well as orthograde ones. Various possible factors, specifically neurotrophins, are advanced as possible candidates for retrograde specification. In addition, synaptic input to motoneurons also varies in a coordinated fashion in a manner that suggests a retrograde determination from the muscle. However, motoneuron properties and their synaptic input change after peripheral nerve manipulations such that they are no longer in register. This indicates some independence in retrograde specification of motoneurons and their synaptic input.
The rise of the expert amateur: DIY culture and citizen science

We are at an important technological inflection point. Most of our computing systems have been designed and built by professionally trained experts (i.e. us--computer scientists, engineers, and designers) for use in specific domains and to solve explicit problems. Artifacts often called "user manuals" traditionally prescribed the appropriate usage of these tools and implied an acceptable etiquette for interaction and experience. A fringe group of individuals usually labeled "hackers" or "nerds" have challenged this producer-consumer model of technology by hacking novel hardware and software features to "improve" our research and products while a similar creative group of technicians called "artists" have re-directed the techniques, tools, and tenets of accepted technological usage away from their typical manifestations in practicality and product. Over time the technological artifacts of these fringe groups and the support for their rhetoric have gained them a foothold into computing culture and eroded the established power discontinuities within the practice of computing research. We now expect our computing tools to be driven by an architecture of open participation and democracy that encourages users to add value to their tools and applications as they use them. Similarly, the bar for enabling the design of novel, personal computing systems and "hardware remixes" has fallen to the point where many non-experts and novices are readily embracing and creating fascinating and ingenious computing artifacts outside of our official and traditionally sanctioned academic research communities.But how have we as "expert" practitioners been influencing this discussion? By constructing a practice around the design and development of technology for task based and problem solving applications, we have unintentionally established such work as the status quo for the human computing experience. We have failed in our duty to open up alternate forums for technology to express itself and touch our lives beyond productivity and efficiency. Blinded by our quest for "smart technologies" we have forgotten to contemplate the design of technologies to inspire us to be smarter, more curious, and more inquisitive. We owe it to ourselves to rethink the impact we desire to have on this historic moment in computing culture. We must choose to participate in and perhaps lead a dialogue that heralds an expansive new acceptable practice of designing to enable participation by experts and non-experts alike. We are in the milieu of the rise of the "expert amateur".We must change our mantra: "not just usability but usefulness and relevancy to our world, its citizens, and our environment".We must design for the world and what matters.This means discussing our computing research alongside new keywords such as the economy, the environment, activism, poverty, healthcare, famine, homelessness, literacy, religion, and politics.This talk will explore the design territory and potential opportunities for all of us to collaborate and benefit as a society from this cultural movement.
Even in Modern Media, the Picture is Still the Same: A Content Analysis of Clipart Images

Both psychological theory and empirical research have consistently indicated that human beings use media images to form cognitive schemas, and that these schemas can then have an effect on perceptions of ability and performance. Gender and ethnic biases are well documented in common media, such as television and picture books. This study examined images of human beings in two popular computer clipart packages, Microsoft Office 97 and Print Shop Ensemble III, to investigate whether this new medium would embody modern, egalitarian goals for gender and racial equality or would depict more traditional and differentiated views. As hypothesized, computer clipart was similar to other media, depicting Caucasian males more frequently and in more active/nonnurturant and desirable roles than any other group. Findings suggest that individuals using these programs to make business and educational materials more interesting and engaging may inadvertently activate maladaptive cognitive schemas.
SNPlice: variants that modulate Intron retention from RNA-sequencing data.

Rationale: The growing recognition of the importance of splicing, together with rapidly accumulating RNA-sequencing data, demand robust high-throughput approaches, which efficiently analyze experimentally derived whole-transcriptome splice profiles. Results: We have developed a computational approach, called SNPlice, for identifying cis-acting, splice-modulating variants from RNA-seq datasets. SNPlice mines RNA-seq datasets to find reads that span single-nucleotide variant (SNV) loci and nearby splice junctions, assessing the co-occurrence of variants and molecules that remain unspliced at nearby exon–intron boundaries. Hence, SNPlice highlights variants preferentially occurring on intron-containing molecules, possibly resulting from altered splicing. To illustrate co-occurrence of variant nucleotide and exon–intron boundary, allele-specific sequencing was used. SNPlice results are generally consistent with splice-prediction tools, but also indicate splice-modulating elements missed by other algorithms. SNPlice can be applied to identify variants that correlate with unexpected splicing events, and to measure the splice-modulating potential of canonical splice-site SNVs. Availability and implementation: SNPlice is freely available for download from https://code.google.com/p/snplice/ as a self-contained binary package for 64-bit Linux computers and as python source-code. Contact: ude.uwg@iravdump or ude.uwg@ahtavroh Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
High resolution spectral analysis of oxygen. IV. Energy levels, partition sums, band constants, RKR potentials, Franck-Condon factors involving the X3Σg−, a1Δg and b1Σg+ states

We have updated the isotopically invariant Dunham fit of O2 with newly reported literature transitions to derive (1) the energy levels, partition sums, band-by-band molecular constants, and RKR potentials for the X3Σg−, a1Δg, and b1Σg+ states of the six O2 isotopologues: 16O16O, 16O17O, 16O18O, 17O17O, 17O18O, and 18O18O; (2) Franck-Condon factors for their a1Δg−X3Σg−, b1Σg+−X3Σg−, and a1Δg−b1Σg+ band systems. This new spectroscopic parameterization characterizes all known transitions within and between the X3Σg−, a1Δg, and b1Σg+ states within experimental uncertainty and can be used for accurate predictions of as yet unmeasured transitions. All of these results are necessary to provide a consistent linelist of all transitions which will be reported in a followup paper.
Changing Our Questions: Reflections on the Corporate Scandals

In the aftermath of recent corporate scandals, several narrowly defined “problems” were quickly identified and readily classified into handy categories including independence, compensation, accounting, and disclosure. Various solutions were equally quickly developed. In this paper I attempt to slow down this search for quick and easy “solutions.” I begin by outlining the stories told in the press and various hearings that offered explanations of and solutions for the scandals. Drawing upon the work of Bauman, Fromm, and others, I then offer an alternative story line that provides a different perspective and examines the commonalities among the various scandals. This different perspective allows us to ask different questions about the significance of these scandals in the hope that these different questions may in turn suggest different solutions as possible responses. I close the paper by offering some alternative questions that could be asked in response to the scandals.
The Gender Gap and the Politics of Parenthood Throughout the Lifecycle

In our recent book, The Politics of Parenthood (2012) as well as other published research, we document that parenthood shapes the political attitudes of men and women on a range of important policy issues. This paper builds on that research by exploring the impact of parenthood on four social welfare policy attitudes, giving more attention to variations in the parenthood experience. Specifically, we employ General Social Survey data from across the first decade of the 21st century to assess how the impact of parenthood varies depending on the age of children — e.g. very young children versus school age children — as well as the degree to which parenthood effects persist throughout the life cycle. We also explore whether parenthood effects are heightened with additional children. We find that parenthood predicts more liberal attitudes for both men and women on the issues most directly related to raising children — education, day-care, and health care — and works as a cross-pressure to the influence of marriage. We also find that, for the most part, it is simply becoming a parent that matters in terms of shaping political views, not the number of children. Finally, we find evidence that on some issues having and raising a child remains an influence on the political views of adults even when their children have turned 18 and/or left the home. Our findings support the idea that parenthood shapes attitudes both out of self-interest and as agent of political socialization throughout the life cycle. Our research contributes to a richer understanding of parenthood as an important, but understudied, influence on public opinion, as well as the role being a parent plays in shaping the contours of the contemporary gender gap.
Review: The Portable Document Format (PDF)

The Portable Document Format (PDF) The shift to digital text is beginning to separate content from format. The text no longer relies on the materiality of the book, instead turning into a file accessible through multiple digital devices. Material information that used to frame our reading experience is slowly fading to the background: creases and marginalia, the traces left by use, disappear in the digital world. In the age of digital reproduction, there is no more aura: only content. Or is there? In a world of embedded metadata, weightless information, and searchable text, can we talk about unlimited reproduction? And what are the consequences? The shift from a physical to a digital archive is gradually affecting the way we read, conduct research, and write. For a sense of the pace of this transformation, take the card catalog. Ubiquitous a mere twenty years ago, it is increasingly unfamiliar to students at both undergraduate and graduate levels. The increasing availability of digital text changes the nature of libraries: shelves give way to servers, study carrels to computer stations—the latter now also dated by the proliferation of tablets and personal notebooks. Although the commercialization of digital books may have a lesser impact in academia—as scholars can rely on university libraries and access to electronic databases—the way files turn into commodities is affecting how and by whom these databases are created.1 Several organizations have mined the growing world of expired copyright publications, often in association with large university libraries, and have offered up the results to scholars.2 The best-known examples are Google Books (http://books.google.com/),3 Project Gutenberg (www.gutenberg.org), and Open Library (http://openlibrary.org/), itself linked to the Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org/details/texts), which in turn aggregates additional book engines. Although each of these engines has its own strengths, Google's powerful searching capabilities, expanding database, and automated collaboration with bibliographic …
Femoral neck fractures

Fractures of the femoral neck are intracapsular, located in an area bounded by the femoral head and the greater and lesser trochanters (Figure 5.1). This fracture location has important implications for fracture healing and the development of osteonecrosis.
Beyond Nonmarket Strategy: Market Actions as Corporate Political Activity

Many firms attempt to manage their legal and regulatory environments by influencing policy makers. Typically, researchers have focused on how firms use nonmarket actions, including lobbying, campaign contributions, and related activities, to gain policy influence. We argue that firms may also attempt to change the effects of policies through market actions. Market actions may lead to both formal policy change (i.e., transformations of codified rules) and interpretive policy change (i.e., transformations of the effects of rules without changes in their codified form). We identify two pathways by which firms’ market actions may produce interpretive policy change: implementation and innovation. Implementation-driven change occurs when firms’ interpretations of incomplete laws alter and clarify the meaning of those laws. Innovation-driven change occurs when firms engage in novel activities that are difficult to interpret within existing regulatory frameworks and, thus, alter the effects of those regulations. ...
Crystallization Kinetics of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon During Pulsed Excimer Laser Annealing

Explosive crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) during pulsed laser annealing occurs at an intermediate laser energy fluence above the threshold for surface melting. Mediated by a molten silicon layer which is undercooled with respect to crystalline silicon and above the melting point of a-Si, the crystallization interface drives down into the sample, sustaining itself due to the difference in the latent heats of the crystalline and amorphous silicon. Explosive crystallization has been the subject of numerous studies which have for the most part been restricted to ion implanted amorphized layers in silicon bulk samples. In this study we examine the crystallization kinetics of vapor deposited thin films of hydrogenated a-Si for films of differing hydrogen content and substrate temperature. We reevaluate current models of interface and nucleation kinetics qualitatively in light of these results. The fundamental physical mechanisms in these non-equilibrium phase transitions during pulsed laser annealing are discussed.
Human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cytology in young minority women.

BACKGROUND: Continued surveillance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is necessary to identify clinical benefits, particularly given the low rate of vaccine uptake and completion and vaccination of many young women after sexual debut. We studied the effect of catch-up HPV vaccination on cervical cytology and HPV infection in sexually active, low-income and minority young women. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 235 women aged 21 to 30 years undergoing routine cervical cytology testing. Demographic and behavioral characteristics were self-reported. HPV vaccination status was determined by self-report and verified with electronic medical records. Liquid-based cytology samples were tested for HPV genotypes. Adjusted prevalence ratios between HPV vaccination and (1) abnormal cervical cytology result and (2) HPV genotype were estimated. FINDINGS: At the time of the study, 96 women (41%) had received at least 1 HPV vaccination, 54 of whom had completed the series; 97% of women were vaccinated after sexual debut. Twenty-four (10%) women had an abnormal cervical cytology result. The prevalence of abnormal cytology was 65% lower in women who received at least 1 HPV vaccination versus unvaccinated women (adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.89). Among 232 women with genotype results, 46 (20%; 95% confidence interval, 15%-26%) had HPV infection detected. HPV types 16, 18, 45, 53, and 66 were most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of abnormal cytology was lower in vaccinated versus unvaccinated women, despite receipt of vaccination after sexual debut. Continued assessment of HPV vaccine effectiveness before and after sexual debut on HPV infection and cervical dysplasia is needed.
Dynamic and Static Fatigue Strength and Crack Propagation of Engineering Ceramics

High temperature static (constant stress loading) and dynamic (constant stress rate loading) fatigue tests were conducted on hot-pressed silicon nitride and sintered silicon carbide in vacuum, and the results were treated by two types of crack growth expressions, power-law and exponential relations. The log-log representation based on the power-law relation for data on the silicon nitride produced the change in slope, suggesting effects of accelerated crack extension by rapid cavity spreading, and the semi-log representation based on the exponential relation resulted in an excellent fit with one straight line. On the other hand, data for the silicon carbide were shown to be better described by both relations. Hence, the superiority of exponential crack growth expression was suggested for life prediction as a consequence.
Critical Anthropology Twenty Years Later Modernism and postmodernism in anthropology

This essay reviews the current claims of political-economy and postmodernism to define the terrain of critical anthropology While it is argued that the marxist concept of labor is inadequate as a theory of social action, it is also argued that postmodernism fails to take into consideration the concrete social conditions of capitalist society that profoundly condition the representational process It is suggested that a metatheory grounded in history and responsive to the problematics of advanced capitalist society is the best means by which to bridge the impasse between political-economy and postmodern anthropology