cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase unwrapping through least-squares approximation

The problem of phase unwrapping in elevation estimation using interferometric synthetic aperture radar images is approached through the detection of fringe line positions. The position of each fringe line is estimated by fitting the corresponding enhanced phase transition region with a series of basis functions, the coefficients of which are obtained through weighted least squares estimation. The algorithm is applied to a pair of SEASAT SAR images over mountainous terrain. Cosine functions and linear splines are used as the basis functions, and results show the proposed phase unwrapping algorithm can successfully eliminate global errors and reduce local errors.
Perfect fluids in the Einstein-Cartan theory

It is pointed out that whereas most of the discussion of the Einstein-Cartan (EC) theory involves the relationship between gravitation and elementary particles, it is possible that the theory, if correct, may be important in certain extreme astrophysical and cosmological problems. The latter would include something like the collapse of a spinning star or an early universe with spin. A set of equations that describe a macroscopic perfect fluid in the EC theory is derived and examined. The equations are derived starting from the fundamental variational principle for a perfect fluid in general relativity. A brief review of the study by Ray (1972) is included, and the results for the EC theory are presented.
Multiplet moments of NMR band spectra

Abstract The method of multiplet moments developed by Anderson and McConnell is ideally suited to the analysis of experiments which alter a limited number of parameters in a complex spectrum. While the direct measurement of band moments does not appear to be very practicable, many of the problems are canceled in the moments of difference spectra. A simple method of determining changes in the second moment is by triple integration of the difference spectrum. The application of this method to a spin-decoupling experiment is illustrated.
The Recruitment Paradox: Network Recruitment, Structural Position, and East German Market Transition

Economic institutions structure links between labor-market informality and social stratification. The present study explores how periods of institutional change and post-socialist market transition alter network-based job finding, in particular informal recruitment. We highlight how market transitions affect both the prevalence and distribution of network-based recruitment channels: open-market environments reduce informal recruitment’s prevalence but increase its association with high wages. We test these propositions using the case of the former East Germany’s market transition and a comparison with West Germany’s more stable institutional environment. Following transition, workers in lower tiers increasingly turned toward formal intermediaries, active employee search, and socially “disembedded” matches. Meanwhile, employers actively recruited workers into higher-wage positions. Implications for market transition theory and post-socialist stratification are discussed.
Controversies in the Management of Adults With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Despite progress in the management of adults with severe traumatic brain injury, several controversies persist. Among the unresolved issues of greatest concern to neurocritical care clinicians and scientists are the following: (1) the best use of technological advances and the data obtained from multimodality monitoring; (2) the use of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the management of increased intracranial pressure; (3) the use of decompressive craniectomy and barbiturate coma in refractory increased intracranial pressure; (4) therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotectant; (5) anemia and the role of blood transfusion; and (6) venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Each of these strategies for managing severe traumatic brain injury, including the postulated mechanism(s) of action and beneficial effects of each intervention, adverse effects, the state of the science, and critical care nursing implications, is discussed. Language: en
Erratum: "Effect of adjunctive benzodiazepines on clinical outcomes in lithium- or quetiapine-treated outpatients with bipolar i or II disorder: Results from the bipolar CHOICE trial" [Journal of Affective Disorders (2014) 161 (30-35)]

William V. Bobo , Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington , Terence A. Ketter , Benjamin D. Brody , Gustavo Kinrys , David E. Kemp , Richard C. Shelton , Susan L. McElroy , Louisa G. Sylvia , James H. Kocsis , Melvin G. McInnis , Edward S. Friedman , Vivek Singh , Mauricio Tohen , Charles L. Bowden , Thilo Deckersbach , Joseph R. Calabrese , Michael E. Thase , Andrew A. Nierenberg , Dustin J. Rabideau , David A. Schoenfeld , Stephen V. Faraone, Masoud Kamali h
Progesterone, pregnancy and the augmented plasma insulin response.

ABSTRACT Intramuscular progesterone, 300–400 mg, was given daily to 5 normal men and to 2 hysterectomized women for 6 days to assess the role of this steroid in the development of hyperinsulinemia observed during pregnancy. Twentyfour hr urinary pregnanediol excretion increased to levels that were within the range of late gestation. On days 5 and 6 plasma glucose concentrations during oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide tolerance tests were unchanged, but plasma insulin responses including fasting levels were significantly increased above control values. Patterns of insulin response were similar to those measured during studies of 10 normal women in late pregnancy. Progesterone effects were independent of any changes in fasting plasma glucose, free fatty acids, serum cortisol or immunoreactive growth hormone. These results suggest that progesterone, like pregnancy, evokes an enhanced plasma insulin response to insulinogenic stimuli as pancreatic islet adjustment to peripheral insulin antagonism evolv...
MAGNETIC EQUATION OF STATE AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF EuS NEAR THE CURIE POINT.

The specific heat of EuS near the critical point is a homogeneous function of field and temperature. In zero field $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.25$, and along the critical isotherm the field variation is logarithmic.
Teleseismic surface wave study for S-wave velocity structure under an array: Southern California

SUMMARY Teleseismic surface wave data from the dense seismographic network in Southern California (CISN, California Integrated Seismic Network) are used to construct S-wave velocity maps for the region. Surface wave phase velocity measurements are achieved by way of a waveform-matching spectral-domain technique that was developed for use within the CISN array. A two-station phase velocity measurement technique was developed, which takes advantage of the fact that, for surface wave arrivals from any azimuth, there are multiple pairs of CISN stations, which are almost exactly on the same great-circle paths. To ensure the validity of this assumption, particle motions were analysed for measured pairs within the network, showing that the deviation between expected backazimuth from ray theory and observed backazimuths are small enough to be analysed by a simple distance correction. This method was applied to 114 large earthquakes for time periods between 1999 and 2002 and led to the retrieval of phase velocity maps for Rayleigh waves between 20 and 55 mHz and for Love waves between 25 and 45 mHz. Finite frequency effect for propagating surface waves was approximately taken into consideration using a geometrical technique. An ellipse, determined by wavelength and great-circle distance between the source and receiver can describe an influence zone for the finite frequency effect. Phase velocity map reconstructions, using a method which incorporates this effect, show minimal changes in phase velocity maps for our region, but do extend solvable velocity regions. Inversion for S-wave velocity distribution with depth shows that deep structural contrast across the San Andreas extends into the upper mantle. A slow velocity anomaly is evident under the Southern Sierras and the Salton Sea, the latter region indicating the northward extension of tectonic activity in the Gulf of California. Fast velocity roots that reach 60 km are found under the western part of Transverse Ranges and the Northern Peninsular Ranges. Reconstruction of past location of the Western Transverse Range microplate implies that these two ranges may have been adjacent to one another historically. Both the Western Transverse range fast velocity root and the Peninsular range fast velocity root may be a remnant of old oceanic plate.
Pushing mom away: Embodied cognition and avoidant attachment

Abstract The objective of this research was to examine embodied psychological defense—the way in which defensive processes are manifest in basic motor responses. Forty-one participants were instructed to physically push or pull a lever in response to lexical stimuli presented on a computer display. Participants who were relatively avoidant with respect to attachment were faster to push the lever away from themselves when presented with the word “mom.” These results suggest that basic avoidant motives are automatically primed when attachment-related stimuli are processed, and that these tendencies manifest themselves in basic, motor-specific ways.
Optimal Foraging Patterns in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California

AbstractWestern Mono acorn caches in the south-central Sierra Nevada are distributed in five km radii around central place winter settlements corresponding to predicted distributions, taking into account labor and travel costs associated with caching. Caches more than five km from winter settlements are distributed in a manner facilitating spring residential moves. These data indicate an efficient foraging and caching pattern geared towards maximizing storage capacity around winter settlements while at the same time fostering substantial seasonal group mobility. Because acorn caching was traditionally women's labor in Mono society, this situation clearly demonstrates that women's economic pursuits not only sustained Mono populations through the winter, but also facilitated seasonal residential moves essential to exploiting a patchy Sierran resource base. Because women's labor underwrote so much of the Mono economy, it also evinces a case where efficient women's foraging paid for ostensibly inefficient, st...
Gender differences in injuries among rural youth.

GOAL: This paper presents injury data from the first year of a three year longitudinal study of risk taking behaviors among adolescents. SAMPLE: Study subjects were a cohort of 758 rural students from Maryland's Eastern Shore who were in the eighth grade in 1987. METHODS: Students completed a 45 minute, self administered survey in which they reported numbers of injuries experienced in the past year, risk taking behaviors, anger expression, delinquency, alcohol and drug use, physical exercise, work experience, and level of parental supervision. In addition, students had their height and weight measurements taken by trained research staff and completed a self rating of pubertal development using Tanner drawings. RESULTS: Slightly more than half (53.2%) of the boys and over one third (37.7%) of the girls reported experiencing one or more medically attended injuries during the last year. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate the extent to which gender differences in injuries could be accounted for by adolescent behaviors. Gender effects became non-significant when adjustments were made for risk taking, school discipline problems, and exercise frequency. Gender differences in injuries were reduced but remained significant when substance use, employment, and anger were controlled. Poisson regression analyses were conducted separately for males and females to assess whether factors associated with injuries were similar across genders. For boys, risk taking, anger, and school discipline problems were significantly related to number of injuries. Boys with a low body mass index and late pubertal development (mean ratio 3.09), as well as those with high body mass index and early pubertal development (mean ratio 2.16), reported greater numbers of injuries than average boys. For girls, substance use, cruising, risk taking, anger, and exercise frequency were significantly associated with injuries. Girls with an early onset of menses reported, on average, twice the number of injuries than those who were on time. Girls with high body mass index who were late in their pubertal development reported, on average, five times more injuries than other girls. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender is a significant risk factor for injuries, certain behaviors like risk taking, school related delinquency, and physical exercise partially explain the higher number of injuries among adolescent males in this study. For both males and females, indicators of pubertal and physical development are important factors to consider in studies of injuries during early adolescence.
Direct electrical cardiac stimulators.

Summary o 1. Direct cardiac pacemaking can be accomplished by a variety of means at the present time and can be lifesaving to a large group of patients. 2. The available clinical and experimental approaches to direct stimulation have been described. 3. The ultimate in pacemakers is not yet available but experimental work is underway to produce a more physiological transistorized until capable of reproducing all aspects of the normal electrocardiogram.
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Microgels and Microgel Networks for Vocal Fold Regeneration

Vocal fold scarring disrupts the viscoelastic properties of the lamina propria that are critical for normal phonation. There is a clinical need for the development of advanced biomaterials that approximate the mechanical properties of the lamina propria for in vivo vocal fold regeneration. We have developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-based microgels and cross-linked microgel networks with tunable degradation and mechanical properties. HA microgels were prepared by cross-linking HA derivatives carrying hydrazide (HAADH) and aldehyde (HAALD) functionalities within the inverse emulsion droplets. Alternatively, poly(ethylene glycol) dialdehyde (PEGDiALD) was employed in place of HAALD. Microgels based on HAADH/HAALD are more resistant to enzymatic degradation than those generated from HAADH/PEGDiALD. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using vocal fold fibroblasts indicate that microgels synthesized from HAADH/HAALD are essentially nontoxic, whereas microgels derived from HAADH/PEGDiALD exhibit certain adverse effects on...
Automatically generating visual syntax-directed editors

Since inexpensive computers possessing sophisticated graphics were introduced in the late 1970s, program development research has focused on syntax-directed editors that are based on the grammars of their underlying languages. The system presented here automatically generates object-oriented, syntax-directed editors for visual languages, which are described by a family of editing operations.
Subsensitivity of lead-exposed rats to the accuracy-impairing and rate-altering effects of MK-801 on a multiple schedule of repeated learning and performance.

Abstract Exposure to lead (Pb) has been reported to inhibit MK-801 binding and to alter other NMDA receptor complex-associated functions. These reported changes are provocative since both NMDA receptor antagonism and Pb exposure are known to impair learning processes. Whether the Pb-induced changes in NMDA function relate to the learning impairments associated with Pb exposure, however, has not been explored. The contention of this study was that if changes in NMDA function produced by Pb serve as the basis of Pb-associated learning impairments, then such changes should be of sufficient biological magnitude and clinical relevance to induce alterations in sensitivity at the level of the whole animal, i.e., changes in behavioral sensitivity to glutamatergic compounds. Thus, in this study, dose-effect curves of control and Pb-treated rats working on a multiple schedule of repeated learning (repeated acquisition, RA) and performance (P) were compared following acute administration of MK-801, the non-competitive NMDA antagonist. Based on the nature of the reported effects of Pb on NMDA systems, it was expected that the curves of Pb-exposed rats would be right-shifted relative to controls, if differential behavioral sensitivity was evident. Rats were chronically exposed to 0, 50 or 250 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water from weaning and trained on the multiple RA and P schedule beginning at 55 days old. The RA component required the rat to learn a new 3-member sequence of responses during each experimental session (center right left, RLC, CLR, RCL, or LRC), while the correct sequence of responses for the P component was constant across sessions (LCR), requiring performance of an already learned response. Acute administration of MK-801 (0.05–0.3 mg/k, i.p.) resulted in decrements in accuracy in both the RA and P components of the schedule, indicative of non-specific effects on behavior rather than selective effects on learning. The declines in accuracy during the RA component of the schedule were primarily the result of increased perseverative responding, i.e., repetitive responding on a single lever. Both the decline in RA accuracy and the increases in perseverative responding produced by MK-801 were attenuated by Pb exposure. Moreover, dose-effect curves relating MK-801 dose to changes in rates of responding were significantly shifted to the right in Pb-exposed rats relative to controls. Taken together, these data demonstrate a subsensitivity of Pb-exposed rats to both the accuracy-impairing and response rate-altering properties of MK-801. Furthermore, they suggest that Pb-induced changes in NMDA receptor complex function could be involved in the learning impairments that result from exposures to Pb.
When countably paracompact, locally compact, screenable spaces are paracompact

Abstract Z. Balogh has shown that all normal, locally compact, screenable spaces are paracompact; it is known that the countably paracompact analogue of this theorem holds assuming V = L ; in this paper we show that it also holds assuming Axiom R + MA ω 1 , both of which follow from Martin's Maximum or PFA + (1), strengthenings of the Proper Forcing Axiom.
Urinary endothelin-1: Not a useful marker for preeclampsia

Urinary endothelin-1 levels were assayed from 50 gravidas with preeclampsia and 11 with normotension in the third trimester of pregnancy. Urinary endothelin-1 levels (mean ± SEM) were similar between gravidas with normotension and preeclampsia (62.7 ± 7.5 vs 79.8 ± 9.3 fmol/mg urinary creatinine, respectively). Urinary endothelin-1 excretion is not significantly increased in patients with preeclampsia and therefore not a good marker for preeclampsia.
Nucleic acid and collagen content of mammary glands between 30 and 80 days of age in normal and ovariectomized rats and during pregnancy.

Abstract Nucleic acid and collagen content of parenchymal and extraparenchymal fat pad portions of mammary glands were determined at 10-day intervals from 30 to 80 days of age in ovariectomized, shamovariectomized, and intact rats; and at 6-day intervals throughout pregnancy. Pubertal development of the mammary gland was characterized not only by an increase of cell numbers (desoxyribonucleic acid) but also by a substantial increase in connective tissue elements (collagen) which was shared both by parenchymal and fat pad segments of the mammary gland. Ovariectomy reduced (P On the other hand, during pregnancy, mammary growth was reflected only in the parenchymal portion and occurred at the cost of fat pad although, contrary to the earlier view, collagen continued to increase throughout pregnancy. The major part of the collagenous framework of the mammary parenchyma, however, was formed prior to major epithelial cell growth, suggesting that the collagenous framework of the gland may be necessary for epithelial cell growth.
Comment on 'Time-optimal orbit transfer trajectory for solar sail spacecraft'

An analytic proof is presented to show that the orbital transfer times of an earth-to-Mars solar-sail propelled spacecraft trajectory as calculated by Jayaraman (1980) are incorrect. In particular, different boundary conditions are defined, which indicate that a minimization of the Hamiltonian, which Jayaraman used, can yield the wrong stationary solution. Transfer times are calculated using a neighboring extremal algorithm based on numerical differentiation in conjunction with Krogh's variable order, variable step size integrator, resulting in a transfer time of 322 days at 2 mm/sec-sq, with endpoint restraints satisfied to within 1/1 billion. Finally, it is concluded that minimization of flight time is secondary in importance to maximization of delivered payload and minimization of overall mission cost and risk.
The novel anti-MEK small molecule AZD6244 induces BIM-dependent and AKT-independent apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has been largely unexplored as a potential therapeutic target in lymphoma. The novel 2nd generation anti-MEK small molecule, AZD6244, down-regulated its direct downstream target, phospho-ERK (pERK) in germinal center and nongerminal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines and primary cells. Similar decreased pERK levels were noted despite constitutive activation (CA) of MEK. Consequently, several lymphoma-related ERK substrates were down-regulated by AZD6244 including MCT-1, c-Myc, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and CDK1/2. AZD6244 induced time- and dose-dependent antiproliferation and apoptosis in all DLBCL cell lines and fresh/primary cells (IC50 100nM-300nM). Furthermore, AZD6244 resulted in significantly less tumor compared with control in an in vivo DLBCL SCID xenograft model. Cell death was associated with cleaved PARP, caspases-8, -9, and -3, and apoptosis was caspase-dependent. In addition, there was stabilization of FoxO3a, activation of BIM and PUMA, and a significant decrease in c-Myc transcripts. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of BIM abrogated AZD6244-related apoptosis, while shRNA knockdown of ERK minimally sensitized cells. Finally, manipulation of AKT with transfection of OCI-LY3 cells with CA-AKT or through chemical inhibition (LY294002) had minimal effect on AZD6244-induced cell death. Altogether, these findings show that the novel anti-MEK agent, AZD6244, induced apoptosis in DLBCL and that cell death was BIM-dependent.
Saul D. Alinsky: An Applied Urban Symbolic Interactionist

Urban sociology and symbolic interaction theory share Robert E. Park as a leading figure, yet there has not been a tradition of applying symbolic interaction theory to issues of urban research. A convergence is suggested as urbanists are becoming aware of the importance of sentiments and symbols in organizing and motivating urban behavior, and symbolic interactionists increasingly are becoming interested in social structure. Saul D. Alinsky demonstrated an applied symbolic interactionist perspective in his efforts to develop organizations capable of strengthening community cohesiveness and increasing citizen participation and involvement in local affairs.
Tolstoj as analytic thinker: his philosophical defense of nonviolence

By way of countering Tolstoj’s reputation as an alogical and inept philosophical thinker, this paper explores the tension between maximalism and reasonableness in his defense of the ethics of nonviolence. Tolstoj’s writings of the last decade of his life show that he was perfectly capable of making appropriate conceptual distinctions, recognizing legitimate objections to his position, and responding rationally to them; in so doing, he made valuable points about the unpredictability of human actions, the futility of using violence to combat violence, the equal worth of all humans lives, and the immorality of revenge. Yet his conception of the moral ideal, together with his missionary zeal, led him to exaggerate the absoluteness of his moral message, causing him to predict the unpredictable and demand the impossible of human beings.
China's Approach to Social Market Economics: The Chinese variant of Market Socialism Seeks to Escape from the Difficulties of Central Command Planning

. The paradigm of a social market economy provides a rational basis for resolving structural socioeconomic changes, as presently evidenced in the People's Republic of China. China's approach to socioeconomic change, labeled as “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,” resembles a modified version of Eucken's paradigm of a social market economy.1 The Chinese paradigm, leaning on that of Walter Eucken, provides for a “limited”free market, which not only accommodates economic growth and change, but which also makes allowance for some degree of human, especially economic freedom, and dignity. Eucken's model is based on a sound institutional and legal framework which he considered to be essential for a viable modern market economy. China's new socioeconomic program is moving the country in this direction. It takes into account people's desire for a useful and Just socioeconomic order (however defined), characterized by stable socioeconomic and political policies and by a flexible price mechanism, to enable them to live a life in dignity, free of economic deprivation.
Some marine geodetic needs in ocean current measurements

Abstract Modern needs for marine positioning in ocean current measurements include precise location and speed of surface ships and aircraft, location of free floating and anchored acoustic devices, satellite altimetry, and mapping of high altitude or orbital scanning radiometer imagery. Absolute location requirements range from 1 km to 10 km, depending on the application, but relative positioning not to exceed ± 3 m in 3 km, or 1:103, is necessary for several applications in the deep sea. Surface vessel drift velocities with a tl cm sec−1 error maximum are required, and satellite altimetry slope measurements of 2.5 × 10−8 is the minimum to achieve the same geostrophic velocity accuracy at latitudes of 10° or less. Location of picture elements from satellite measurements must be within one picture element diameter; picture elements range from 10 km for imagery from geostationary operational spacecraft to 25 m from an experimental synthetic aperature radar.
A social proxy for distributed tasks: design and evaluation of a working prototype

This paper describes an approach to managing tasks and processes that are distributed across a large number of people. The basic idea is to use a social visualization called a task proxy to create a shared awareness amongst the participants in a task or process. The process awareness provided by the task proxy enables its users to monitor the task state, the states of participants, and to communicate with those in particular states. We describe the concept, a first prototype, its evaluation, and discuss future directions.
The impact of instrument engineering parameters on spectral reproducibility across filter instruments

This paper explores the role of instrument engineering parameters in master–slave optical differences. Engineering parameters with significant (p = 0.05) impact were classified into three groups according to the magnitude of their influence (analysis of variance mean squares) on optical differences. The only parameter with high influence was preamplifier gain. Filter area, filter bandwidth, detector temperature, idle filter wheel temperature, sample temperature and optics unit differences exerted medium impact. There were seven properties with low but still significant impact. Software was developed to aid users and manufacturers in selecting optical standardisation and in diagnosing instrument differences.
Improving robustness of deep neural network acoustic models via speech separation and joint adaptive training

Although deep neural network (DNN) acoustic models are known to be inherently noise robust, especially with matched training and testing data, the use of speech separation as a frontend and for deriving alternative feature representations has been shown to improve performance in challenging environments. We first present a supervised speech separation system that significantly improves automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance in realistic noise conditions. The system performs separation via ratio time-frequency masking; the ideal ratio mask (IRM) is estimated using DNNs. We then propose a framework that unifies separation and acoustic modeling via joint adaptive training. Since the modules for acoustic modeling and speech separation are implemented using DNNs, unification is done by introducing additional hidden layers with fixed weights and appropriate network architecture. On the CHiME-2 medium-large vocabulary ASR task, and with log mel spectral features as input to the acoustic model, an independently trained ratio masking frontend improves word error rates by 10.9% (relative) compared to the noisy baseline. In comparison, the jointly trained system improves performance by 14.4%. We also experiment with alternative feature representations to augment the standard log mel features, like the noise and speech estimates obtained from the separation module, and the standard feature set used for IRM estimation. Our best system obtains a word error rate of 15.4% (absolute), an improvement of 4.6 percentage points over the next best result on this corpus.
Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Ferritin in the Kidney in Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia

Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia usually is associated with extravascular hemolysis. We report a case of a 42-year-old man with sustained and moderately severe warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, hemosiderinuria, and acute kidney injury. We show marked induction of heme oxygenase-1 and increased ferritin expression in renal tubules, along with increased iron deposition in renal proximal tubules. These findings in this clinical case thus recapitulate those observed in experimental models of heme protein–induced kidney injury in which a coupled induction of heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin occurs in the kidney. We discuss the pathobiological significance of these findings and suggest that this linked response confers cytoprotection to the kidney exposed to hemoglobin and mitigates the severity of acute kidney injury that may otherwise occur. Finally, this case report documents that nephrotic-range proteinuria can occur in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicated by hemoglobinuria.
Alteration patterns and structural controls of the El Espino IOCG mining district, Chile

The El Espino IOCG mining district is characterized by several mineralized bodies the largest of which is the El Espino deposit, which has an estimated geologic resource of 123 Mt at 0.66 % Cu and 0.24 g/t Au. Mineralized bodies are distributed in a 7 × 10 km2 area throughout a 1,000-m vertical section. They range from single veins to stockworks and breccias to manto-type deposits. The ore bodies are hosted primarily by volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks of the Early Cretaceous Arqueros and Quebrada Marquesa formations, with a few mineralized zones within Late Cretaceous dioritic intrusions. The fault and vein architecture shows that El Espino IOCG system was localized within a dilatational jog along a major transtensional dextral fault system. Sodic alteration (albite) is the most extensive style of alteration in the district, and it is bounded by major NS–NNE trending faults. Sodic–calcic (epidote–albite) alteration occurs at deep to medium elevations (1,000–500 m) and grades inward into calcic alteration. Calcic alteration surrounds dioritic intrusions of the Llahuin plutonic suite. Significant iron oxides are associated with later calcic alteration associations (actinolite–epidote–hematite). The upper portions of the alteration system (0–500 m) display hydrolytic alteration associations with abundant hematite. Hydrolytic veins are feeders to zones of manto-type alteration and mineralization within favorable volcano-sedimentary lithologies that formed El Espino deposit. Sulfides are largely confined to calcic and hydrolytic alteration associations. Hydrothermal fluids responsible for hematite and sulfide mineralization had salinities between 32 and 34 wt% NaCleq and temperature of approximately 425 °C at an estimated depth of 3–4 km. Geochronological U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar data indicate that hydrothermal alteration was coeval with magmatic intrusive activity. One particular dioritic intrusion (88.5 Ma) preceded the calcic stage (88.4 Ma), which was accompanied by iron oxide copper and gold mineralization. Hydrolytic alteration, related to economic iron oxide copper and gold mineralization, came immediately after at 87.9 Ma.
The functional relationship between visual backward masking and prepulse inhibition

This experiment demonstrated a relationship between prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle eyeblink and visual backward masking in college students. It was hypothesized that recovery from backward masking effects is due in part to sensory gating, as assessed by auditory and visual PPI. Visual presentations of letters served as targets or visual prepulses in an intermixed session of backward masking and PPI. Backward masking and PPI (both auditory and visual) were assessed at stimulus onset asynchronies of 30, 45, 60, 120, and 150 ms. A repeated-measures regression revealed that there was a relationship between backward masking and PPI for both visual and auditory PPI, with higher levels of PPI being associated with greater recovery from backward masking. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that recovery from backward masking effects is affected by sensory gating acting in part to gate out the interruptive effects of the mask.
A mutation affecting both rate and pattern of morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract At high population densities, mutant Fr-17 of D. discoideum forms only irregular flattened aggregates rather than the mature fruiting structures of the wild type. Yet many of the end products of the normal morphogenesis are present in the mutant. These include: spores, ensheathed clusters of stalk cells, a variety of polysaccharides, antigens known to be associated with the spores and stalks of the wild type, and pigment. In addition the temporal succession of these morphogenetic events is greatly accelerated.
Effect of Si/Al ratio on secondary reactions during CO hydrogenation on zeolite-supported metal catalysts

Abstract The effect of zeolite acidity on the product distribution in CO hydrogenation over ion-exchanged zeolite-supported Ru catalysts was investigated using zeolites with different Si Al ratios. CO hydrogenation over RuNaX, RuNaY, RuKL, and RuNa-mordenite and the transformation of 1-butene on the zeolites without the metal, under conditions similar to those used for CO hydrogenation, were investigated in order to understand the effect of zeolite acidity on possible secondary reactions of the primary olefinic products of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The results of this study establish the importance of the bifunctional nature of the zeolite-supported FT catalysts in modifying catalyst selectivity. This modification is achieved as a result of secondary reactions of the primary olefinic FT products on the acid sites of the zeolite, generated during catalyst preparation. Depending on the strength of the acid sites, a function of the Si Al ratio, various competitive reaction paths can be observed for the transformation of the olefinic compounds.
Ion Coupling Stoichiometry for the Norepinephrine Transporter in Membrane Vesicles from Stably Transfected Cells

We prepared membrane vesicles from stable LLC-PK1 cells expressing serotonin (5-HT) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and norepinephrine (NE) transporters (SERT, GAT-1, and NET). These vesicles accumulate transport substrates when the appropriate transmembrane ion gradients are imposed. For NET, accumulation of [3H]dopamine (DA) was stimulated by imposition of Na+ and Cl- gradients (out > in) and of a K+ gradient (in > out). The presence of Na+ or Cl-, even in the absence of a gradient, stimulated DA accumulation by NET, but K+ had little or no effect in the absence of a K+ gradient. Stimulation by a K+ gradient was markedly enhanced by increasing the K+ permeability with valinomycin, suggesting that net positive charge is transported together with DA. Cationic DA is likely to be the major substrate for NET, since varying pH did not affect Km. We estimated the Na+:DA stoichiometry by measuring the effect of the transmembrane Na+ gradient on peak DA accumulation. The results suggest a 1:1 cotransport of Na+ with DA. Taken together, the results suggest that NET catalyzes cotransport of one cationic substrate molecule with one Na+ ion, and one Cl- ion, and that K+ does not participate directly in the transport process.
Endovascular repair of 2 iliac pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistula following spine surgery.

Purpose: To describe endovascular repair of traumatic iliac pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula (AVF) following spinal surgery. Case Report: A 48-year-old male underwent minimally invasive L5-S1 hemilaminectomy, foraminotomy, and microdiscectomy spinal surgery for trauma related to a motor-vehicle accident. Postoperative angiogram demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of the right internal iliac artery and AVF at the common iliac bifurcation with the right iliac vein with prompt filling of the iliac vein and vena cava. The second patient, a 25-year-old female, underwent minimally invasive L4-S1 hemilaminectomy, foraminotomy, and microdiscectomy spinal surgery for intractable pain and was complicated with postoperative symptoms of congestive heart failure. Postoperative angiogram demonstrated AVF between the right common iliac artery and vein with associated pseudoaneurysm formation. Endovascular repair was performed in both cases. Follow-up imaging revealed no endoleak and complete pseudoaneurysm and AVF exclu...
Determining the efficacy of a nanotechnology media product in enhancing children's engagement with nanotechnology

Public engagement in nanotechnology media products can lead to a greater interest in understanding of nanotechnology. A study was undertaken to determine middle school student engagement in Nanooze, a magazine featuring nanotechnology research that has been developed for a young adult audience. Teachers at 116 Detroit middle schools distributed two issues of the magazine to their students, and surveys were collected from 870 students after reading the magazines. Results suggest that the majority of students liked reading the magazine and learned something about nanotechnology. Engagement in nanotechnology led to understanding of nanotechnology. The Nanooze magazine was an effective medium for engaging middle school students in learning about nanotechnology.
Resonance Raman and absorption spectroscopic characterization of the chemically engineered enzyme thiolsubtilisin; comparison with a natural thiolenzyme

Abstract The serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg has been converted to the cysteine protease thiolsubtilisin by chemically converting the active site Ser-221 to cysteine. The present experiments have been designed to explore the differences in the active site properties of thiolsubtilisin and papain - a natural cysteine protease. Resonance Raman and electronic absorption studies for the enzyme—substrate intermediates involving the acyl groups 5-methylthienylacryloyl and furylacryloyl have been used to probe the electrical effects of thiolsubtilisin's active site on the groups' delocalised π-electron systems. Unlike papain, thiolsubtilisin does not give rise to highly polarized π-electron systems in the bound substrates, characterized by low frequency νCC modes and red shifted λmax's. However, for the 5-methylthienylacryloyl intermediate there is evidence for a minor photoinduced population which does have a polarized π-electron system. The results can be explained by differential binding of the substrate with respect to the α-helix dipole found in the active sites of thiolsubtilisin and papain.
Introduction—Processes of Continental Rifting

It is thought likely that thermal thinning and/or diapirism can cause the extensional stress required for rifting. The rifting, however, will not occur unless the regional tectonic regime permits the sides of the rift to diverge. Whereas passive plate extension could cause rifting in isolation, the extension and rifting are likely to be localized where the lithosphere is weakest over an existing thermal anomaly. In those cases where asthenospheric diapirism occurs, which is essentially a response to thinning of the lithosphere by thermal thinning or plate extension, the effects of diapirism may completely mask the initiating mechanism. It is believed that anomalous heat transfer into the lithosphere, diapirism, and magmatism must all figure in rifting, along with a deviatoric stress field that will permit extension in a developing rift. Even though the models are useful in permitting idealized processes to be quantified and tested, better knowledge of lithosphere properties is considered necessary, in particular knowledge of mantle viscosity and its temperature dependence.
Resilience Across the Life Span: A Tribute to Emmy E. Werner

This issue on resilience across the life span honors the enormous contributions that Emmy E. Werner has made to developmental psychology. Her longitudinal work has challenged long-held assumptions concerning the inevitability of adverse adult outcomes for high-risk children. She focused instead on their resilience and interactions between the individual characteristics and the sociocultural context that enabled most to successfully overcome adversity. These articles address individual and contextual influences on resilience in high risk African-American adolescents, and how the long-term effects of combat experience on well-being in later life. The final article presents an overview of resilience at the individual and community levels.
Integrated Circuit Visual Inspection Using Spatial Filtering

Internal visual inspection of integrated circuits (ICs) as now implemented is highly subjective, and the quality of the inspected product is not always satisfactory. As an approach to reducing the subjectivity of visual inspection, optical spatial filtering has been used to produce an IC defect image. The inspector is presented with an IC image in which most of the complex IC pattern detail is suppressed while the image of a defect is enhanced. Results range from excellent for metalization defects on optically smooth circuits to poor for certain low contrast defects on circuits with a high degree of surface roughness.
Pancreatic polypeptide response in patients with chronic pancreatitis.

We studied the plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a meal in patients with pancreatitis and attempted to correlate the PP increment with the degree of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Control subjects and patients with recurrent pancreatitis showed significant mean increase (P<0.05) in plasma PP concentration in response to food. By contrast chronic pancreatitis patients had no significant increase in plasma PP. However, some subjects with normal pancreatic secretion had no response and some patients with chronic pancreatitis did show a response. In addition, no correlation was observed between the PP response and pancreatic exocrine secretion. We conclude that the PP response to a meal has only limited value in the detection of pancreatic destruction.
Internet Use in Latin America

This paper explores the development of Internet use in Latin America. The analysis explores the macro- and microsocial expectations and actualities of Internet use in Latin America. While much is assumed about Internet penetration in the region, this paper lays out actual penetration rates, and attempts to understand what has fostered Internet growth in the region. Various levels of economic, technological, and governmental development encourage the expansion of Internet penetration in the region. By looking at micro-level Internet consumption, this research employs Latin American Public Opinion Project survey data taken from multiple years and offers an initial analysis of the determinants of Internet use. Compared to other forms of news media consumption, Internet users are younger and more skeptical of domestic news media.
Hodgkin's disease.

Background. Over three time periods, 1973-1977, 1978-1982, and 1983-1987, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute collected all cases of Hodgkin's disease in designated geographic regions representative of the United States as a whole. Methods. The authors reviewed the data pertaining to 9418 microscopically confirmed cases of Hodgkin's disease and focused on trends that emerged over the time intervals of this study. Results. Hodgkin's disease had a bimodal distribution of age-specific incidence rates with two peaks in the age groups of 15-34 years and older than 55 years. Since 1973, the incidence of Hodgkin's disease in the younger age group increased progressively as a result of a marked increase in the incidence of the nodular sclerosis subtype. From the period 1973-1977 to 1983-1987, the age-adjusted incidence rate of nodular sclerosis rose from 1.1 to 1.6 per 100,000. In 1983-1987, nodular sclerosis represented 57.7% of Hodgkin's disease and occurred most often in whites, with an equal sex ratio. In females, this increase in incidence over time was most dramatic in young adult women. The overall incidence of the mixed cellularity subtype, 23.4% of Hodgkin's disease, remained stable although the age-specific incidence rate increased progressively in black males older than age 40 years. The incidence of the lymphocytic predominance subtype, 6.0% of Hodgkin's disease, remained stable over time, with a slight increase in adults older than age 50 years. The lymphocytic depletion subtype, 3.8% of Hodgkin's disease, occurred predominantly in the elderly; its incidence decreased, most likely the result of changes in diagnostic criteria, with many cases being reclassified as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Similarly, unclassifiable cases of Hodgkin's disease designated as miscellaneous, 9.1% of Hodgkin's disease, decreased over time, probably the result of improved classification. Nevertheless, a subset of cases of Hodgkin's disease remained difficult to subclassify. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic appears to be associated with an increased incidence of Hodgkin's disease in San Francisco County in adult males age 30-49 years, a population known to have a high prevalence of HIV infection. Conclusion. The SEER data suggest that Hodgkin's disease is a heterogeneous entity composed of at least two different diseases—nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity. Over the time course of this study, the incidence of nodular sclerosis increased dramatically, particularly in adolescents and young adults, whereas mixed cellularity remained stable. The incidence of Hodgkin's disease in the elderly decreased, most likely the result of our improved ability to diagnose both Hodgkin's disease and NHL and the realization that many cases of NHL had been misclassified as Hodgkin's disease. This decrease in Hodgkin's disease occurred predominantly in the lymphocytic depletion and miscellaneous groups.