cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Under Pressure: Maternal Effects Promote Drought Tolerance in Progeny Seed of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

The environmental conditions under which parental plants are reared can affect the seed characteristics of the progeny. The variation originating from such maternal effects has rarely been incorporated into models of seed germination. Here, using Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), we examined the effects of water stress during the growth of parental plants on the progeny seed characteristics, including weight, size, final germination, and parameters of a hydrotime germination model. We grew two populations (from California and Kansas) under continuous water-deficit or well-watered conditions. In both A. palmeri populations, progeny seeds originating from water-stressed plants were heavier and larger than those from well-watered plants. Plants exposed to water stress also produced seeds that were ~30% less dormant than seeds from control plants. To test whether the maternal environment affects the parameters of a hydrotime model, progeny seeds were subject to five water potentials (0, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa) and incubated at 20 and 30 C; germination was monitored daily. The estimated median base water potential (Ψb(50)), that is, the water potential at which 50% of seeds cannot germinate, was consistently lower for seeds from water-stressed plants than for seeds from well-watered plants. Our results showed that A. palmeri plants experiencing drought during their growth produce seeds that are less dormant and can germinate from drier conditions—a maternal response that seems to be adaptive. These findings also call for development of germination models that incorporate the environmental conditions of both the current and past seasons to better describe the variability in germination of weed seeds.
Shifting Ideologies: The Seal of Biliteracy in the United States

Language policy in the United States is complex, with monolingual ideologies continuing to dominate in the twenty-first century. Despite the historical monolingual focus in US schools, a new policy called the Seal of Biliteracy is sweeping the country and challenging these ideologies. This chapter highlights the complexity of language education in the United States by demonstrating how the Seal of Biliteracy took shape within three states, California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, each of which had explicit bans on bilingual education in place as the policy gained momentum. This chapter illuminates how policies and awards that recognize and encourage students’ multilingualism, such as the Seal of Biliteracy, might serve to shift monolingual ideologies.
The Use of Magnetic Source Imaging to Examine Neurosensory Function after Dental Trauma

Summary This technology may help clinicians predict clinical nerve status; however, the authors still have problems with conducting longitudinal neurosensory studies in patients. The accurate placement of sensors seems to affect the quantitative data they record. Ultimately with some refinements this type of technology could become an important adjunct to the excellent progress made by others in more traditional NST methods. Of concern to all clinicians are the patients who undergo surgery only to discover that the presumed severed nerve is intact. This has been demonstrated previously.13 As objective tests such as MSI improve in reliability, surgical candidates could receive an objective second opinion. The NST always will be the most important first-line examination. It is inexpensive, easy to perform, and usually gives accurate data. Currently MSI and other objective technologies for measuring nerve function are expensive, limited to certain centers, and still suffer from reproducibility problems. This technology is rapidly developing and may become a useful adjunct to confirm or monitor neurosensory changes. The ultimate goal is to achieve reproducibility in quantification of recovery from injury to predict and advise patients of their options.
Simultaneous Buckling, Contact, and Load-Carrying Capacity

AbstractThis paper considers the case of a relatively large number of parallel columns that buckle simultaneously. The close proximity between columns results in the possibility of contact between ...
Nanoscale chromium carbides induced abnormal hardness in dissimilar metal welds

This study showed that high-density nano-precipitates, which have not been observed before, formed in the carbon-enriched zone located 20 µm away from the fusion boundary of the dissimilar metal we...
Transient arterial insufficiency and neurologic deficit following external iliac vein stent reconstruction for malignant compression.

Abstract Acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis may present with pain and swelling or phlegmasia cerulea dolens. When thrombosis occurs in the setting of an underlying venous obstruction, stent reconstruction should be performed after thrombus clearance to prevent rethrombosis. Stent reconstruction after thrombus clearance is associated with high technical success rates and durable patency. This report describes transient lower extremity arterial insufficiency and neurologic deficit after external iliac vein stent expansion and reconstruction within a confined space resulting from a malignant obstruction. It serves as a cautionary tale that, in rare cases, aggressive venous stenting within a confined space can transfer clinically significant forces to adjacent arteries and nerves.
Distributed Generation Integration Based on Optimization Techniques for Cost Minimization and Improve Networks Characteristics

Distributed generators (DGs) are nowadays most commonly used in distribution networks to meet the rising demand. The distribution network power flow is altered as more distributed generations are integrated with the distribution network. Analyzing and researching the network's power flow with distributed generation is an essential element of analyzing the distributed generation's influence on the networks. This study proposed new sites in the test network for the purpose of connecting DGs. Good results were obtained in improving the necessary network elements. Firstly, applying a Newton-Raphson method to measure the distribution network's power flow without distributed generations. Then the optimal power flow approach with DGs is set up based on many goals such as minimizing fuel cost, minimizing losses, voltage deviation, increasing efficiency, and the incremental fuel cost in the network appeared. Eventually, applying Particle Swarm to overcome the optimization problems. In MATLAB software environment and programing MATPOWER version 6.0, the simulation is evaluated and validated using the IEEE30 node method. The test results indicate that optimal power flow analysis with distributed generation will accomplish many networks aims and boost system economy.
A Static Analysis Framework for Data Science Notebooks

Notebooks provide an interactive environment for programmers to develop code, analyse data and inject interleaved visualizations in a single environment. Despite their flexibility, a major pitfall that data scientists encounter is unexpected behaviour caused by the unique out-of-order execution model of notebooks. As a result, data scientists face various challenges ranging from notebook correctness, reproducibility and cleaning. In this paper, we propose a framework that performs static analysis on notebooks, incorporating their unique execution semantics. Our framework is general in the sense that it accommodate for a wide range of analyses, useful for various notebook use cases. We have instantiated our framework on a diverse set of analyses and have evaluated them on 2211 real world notebooks. Our evaluation demonstrates that the vast majority (98.7%) of notebooks can be analysed in less than a second, well within the time frame required by interactive notebook clients
Optical nonlinearities in VO2 nanoparticles and thin films

Z-scan and pump-probe measurements with ultrafast, 800nm laser pulses were used to compare the ultrafast optical nonlinearities of VO2 nanoparticles and thin films in both semiconducting and metallic states. In the metallic state, both the nanocrystals and thin films exhibit a positive, intensity-dependent nonlinear index of refraction. However, the nonlinear effects are relatively larger in the VO2 nanocrystals, which also reveal a saturable nonlinear absorption. When the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition is induced by the laser pulse, VO2 thin films exhibit a negative equivalent nonlinear index of refraction while the nanocrystals exhibit a smaller but still positive index. Both the VO2 nanocrystals and thin films undergo the phase transition within 120fs.
Frequency Domain Identification of Lightly Damped Systems: The JPL Example

This paper describe application of the recent work on "identification in H ? " to the data for a JPL flexible space structure.
An Interview with APPLE Lecture Speaker Professor James Paul Gee

On February 6, 2015, the TESOL/AL Web Journal (represented by Nadja Tadic, Di Yu, and Yuna Seong) had the opportunity to sit down with Professor James Paul Gee, guest speaker for the 2015 Applied Linguistics & Language Education (APPLE) Lecture Series, hosted annually by the TESOL/Applied Linguistics Programs at Teachers College, Columbia University. Professor Gee spoke about his thoughts on his work and advice for current and future researchers in the TESOL and Applied Linguistics fields.
STATUS OF THE SEARCH FOR v̄e SIGNALS OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGINfn1

Two underground detectors placed at widely separated stations are used to simultaneously search for anti ..nu../sub e/ burst signals. Possible signal candidates are correlated by their relative arrival times at the two stations. Detection is indicatd by the interaction anti ..nu../sub e/ + p ..-->.. n + e/sup +/ and the subsequent Cherenkov radiation emitted by the positron in a large detector filled with water. 12 references. (BJG)
The Structure of the Glycopeptides of a Human γM-Immunoglobulin

Abstract Seven glycopeptide fractions, representing five different glycopeptides, were isolated from a γM-immunoglobulin obtained from a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Two of the glycopeptides contained only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in the molar ratio of 7:2, while the other three glycopeptides contained sialic acid, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and fucose in the molar ratio of 1:2:3 to 4:4 to 4.5:0.5. The structure of the oligosaccharide portion of four of the glycopeptides was investigated as follows. Sequential enzymatic degradation of the oligosaccharide chains with purified glycosidases helped to determine the sequences of the sugars. The linkages between the sugars were established by serial periodate oxidation and by methylation of the glycopeptides, followed by identification of the alditol acetate derivatives of the methylated sugars by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The methylation data demonstrated the existence of microheterogeneity in one of the oligosaccharide units which contains only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Microheterogeneity was also shown to occur in the outer branches of the more complex oligosaccharide units which lacked a full complement of fucose and sialic acid residue. Partial structures are proposed for four of the glycopeptides.
Cell cycle kinetics in corneal endothelium from old and young donors

Purpose To compare cell cycle kinetics in corneal endothelial cells from young and old donors. Methods Human corneas were obtained from the eye bank and separated into two groups: young (19 corneas, 50 years of age). Corneas were cut in quarters, and the endothelium was released from contact inhibition by producing a 2-mm scrape wound. Unwounded endothelium acted as a negative control. Corneal pieces were exposed for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 hours to medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 20 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor, and 50 mg/ml gentamicin or the same medium supplemented with 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF). Tissue was fixed, immunostained for Ki67 (a marker for the late G1-through M-phase) or for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; a marker for the S-phase), and mounted in medium containing propidium iodide (PI) to visualize all nuclei. Confocal images were evaluated using an image analysis program to count Ki67-positive and PI-stained cells and to evaluate cell cycle position. Cells were counted in 15x100 microm2 areas randomly selected from each wound, and the mean was used for subsequent calculations. Results Human corneal endothelial cells could be reliably scored for their position within the cell cycle using Ki67 staining patterns. In both age groups, cells repopulating the wound area stained positively for Ki67, whereas no Ki67 staining was observed in unwounded areas under any condition tested. Cells from old donors treated with fetal bovine serum and FGF stained positively for Ki67, indicating that these cells were actively cycling. Compared with cells from young donors, old cells entered the cell cycle more slowly (48 versus 36 hours), the peak of Ki67 staining occurred later (72 versus 60 hours), and fewer cells proliferated (23% versus 47%) or exhibited mitotic figures (4% versus 7%). Addition of EGF to the culture medium increased Ki67 staining in both groups, but the effect on old cells was more dramatic. More cells from old donors entered the cell cycle by 36 hours after wounding, the number of proliferating cells increased 1.6-fold, and the relative number of mitotic figures increased 2.5-fold over cells treated in the absence of EGF. Conclusions Regardless of donor age, corneal endothelial cells can enter and complete the cell cycle. In the presence of fetal bovine serum and FGF, cells from old donors can proliferate but respond more slowly and to a lesser extent than cells from young donors. EGF added to the medium stimulates cells from old donors to enter the cell cycle faster, increases the relative number of actively cycling cells, and increases the number of cells exhibiting mitotic figures. The resultant hypothesis is that it is possible to stimulate a significant proliferative response in corneal endothelial cells from old individuals. Administration of an optimal combination of stimulatory growth factors is required under conditions in which cells have been transiently released from contact inhibition.
Opioid Receptor Antagonists for Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on opioid receptor antagonists for gastrointestinal dysfunction. The G protein-coupled opioid receptors—μ (MOR), δ(DOR), and κ (KOR)—are expressed in both the central nervous system (CNS) and a variety of peripheral tissues. Opioid analgesics, such as morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone, induce analgesia, miosis, and respiratory depression via the activation of MOR in the CNS. However, these drugs also have significant inhibitory effects on GI function, including motility, secretion, absorption, and blood flow via MOR expressed in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the gut. Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is an almost universal (and often debilitating) side effect reported by patients receiving opioid therapy. The inhibitory impact of MOR agonists on GI function is so predictable that loperamide— a MOR-selective full agonist with poor oral pharmacokinetics—is used as an antidiarrheal agent via the activation of MOR in the ENS. The hypothesis addressed in the chapter has been challenged by human clinical data showing that the opioid-conditioned GI tract is exquisitely sensitive to the effects of MOR antagonists and that GI relief occurs well before the detection of attenuated central analgesia.
First in Reform: The Adoption of Common Core State Standards in Kentucky

Kentucky first drew national attention when its Supreme Court declared the entire system of schools to be unconstitutional in Rose v Council for Better Education, 790 S. W. 2d 186 (1989). The Rose case, argued by former Kentucky Governor Bert Combs, launched a third wave of school reform litigation based on both equity and adequacy as expressed in state constitutions (Day 2011, 2-4). On February 11, 2010, in an unprecedented joint meeting, the chairs of the Kentucky Board of Education, the Council on Postsecondary Education, and the Education Professional Standards Board signed a resolution directing their respective agencies to implement the Common Core State Standards in English/language arts and mathematics. This act formalized Kentucky’s commitment to integrate the nascent standards into the state’s public education system – the first state to do so. This article will trace the antecedents to Kentucky’s adoption of the standards as one expression of the late 20th century/early 21st century “corporate school reform movement” as manifested in the Commonwealth. The state that led America to reconsider how its schools should be funded, now celebrates a newfound spirit of interagency cooperation as it leaps at the opportunity to join with other states in an effort to define what students need to know and be able to do.
Where Will the Jobs Come from

Compared to all prior recessions since the end of World War II, the 2007-2009 recession ranks worst in terms of the number of jobs lost (over eight million), and second worst in the percentage decline (6 percent). The key to economic recovery will come in the form of newly created jobs. But where will these jobs come from?Using United States Census Bureau data from 2006-2007, this paper examines net new job creation in terms of firm age rather than firm size. Until 2005, we knew that from 1980-2005, nearly all net job creation in the United States occurred in firms less than five years old. This data set also shows that without start-ups, net job creation for the American economy would be negative in all but a handful of years. If one excludes start-ups, an analysis of the 2007 Census data shows that young firms (defined as one to five years old) still account for roughly two-thirds of job creation, averaging nearly four new jobs per firm per year. Of the overall 12 million new jobs added in 2007, young firms were responsible for the creation of nearly 8 million of those jobs.Given this information, it is clear that new and young companies and the entrepreneurs that create them are the engines of job creation and eventual economic recovery. The distinction of firm age, not necessarily size, as the driver of job creation has many implications, particularly for policymakers who are focusing on small business as the answer to a dire employment situation.
Biomedical Engineering: Bridging Medicine and Technology

The second edition of this popular introductory undergraduate textbook uses examples, applications, and profiles of biomedical engineers to show students the relevance of the theory and how it can be used to solve real problems in human medicine. The essential molecular biology, cellular biology, and human physiology background is included for students to understand the context in which biomedical engineers work. Updates throughout highlight important advances made over recent years, including iPS cells, microRNA, nanomedicine, imaging technology, biosensors, and drug delivery systems, giving students a modern description of the various subfields of biomedical engineering. Over two hundred quantitative and qualitative exercises, many new to this edition, help consolidate learning, whilst a solutions manual, password-protected for instructors, is available online. Finally, students can enjoy an expanded set of leader profiles in biomedical engineering within the book, showcasing the broad range of career paths open to students who make biomedical engineering their calling.
Diagnosis and management of inhalation injury: an updated review

In this article we review recent advances made in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inhalation injury. Historically, the diagnosis of inhalation injury has relied on nonspecific clinical exam findings and bronchoscopic evidence. The development of a grading system and the use of modalities such as chest computed tomography may allow for a more nuanced evaluation of inhalation injury and enhanced ability to prognosticate. Supportive respiratory care remains essential in managing inhalation injury. Adjuncts still lacking definitive evidence of efficacy include bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, inhaled anticoagulants, nonconventional ventilator modes, prone positioning, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Recent research focusing on molecular mechanisms involved in inhalation injury has increased the number of potential therapies.
A DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FOR FUZZY RULE-BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL

We present a development environment for fuzzy rule-based traffic control systems. This Macintosh® environment allows a user to simulate traffic on a network of streets and create fuzzy decision rules for adjusting traffic signal timing parameters at the intersections. During simulation, various graphical displays help the user interactively debug and fine-tune the decision rules. When the results are satisfactory, C or Ada code can be automatically generated to implement the fuzzy knowledge base. We also describe a specific knowledge base developed using this environment and present some results.
Studies on the Biology of the Periodontium of Marmosets: IV. Innervation of the Periodontal Ligament

The innervation of the developing and functional periodontal ligament was studied in unerupted and functional teeth of marmosets. Somatic afferent nerve fibers enter the periodontal ligament after the tooth has erupted into the oral cavity and become prominent when the tooth is in clinical occlusion.
Hadamard multiplexed fluorescence molecular tomography: Theory and numerical studies

Inspired by Hadamard multiplexing technique, a method is proposed to improve noise robustness and minimize estimation error in fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT). Theoretical results are validated by numerical studies of 2D simulated FMT data.
Vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of trans-1,4-polychloroprene and trans-1,4-poly-2,3-dichlorobutadiene

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of a highly crystalline sample of trans-1, 4-poly-2, 3-dichlorobutadiene are presented. The line group of an isolated chain of this polymer in the preferred conformation is isomorphous to the point group Ci. This predicts mutual exclusion between the infrared and Raman active modes and an outstanding example of this phenomenon is observed in the experimental vibrational spectra. Normal coordinate calculations have been preformed on both trans-1, 4-poly-2, 3-dichlorobutadiene and trans-1, 4-polychloroprene by using a common valence force field. A good fit between the observed and calculated frequencies throughout the whole spectral region has been obtained for both polymers. The assignment of the normal modes of both polymers is discussed.
THE RACE FOR CHEAP ALUMINUM: HALL VERSUS HEROULT

The factors that determine priority in inventions are illustrated in the development of a commercially acceptable process for preparation of aluminum in 1886 when it was achieved by two young (age 22) men (Hall and Heroult). At least three factors were involved in the parallel achievement. The specific success of Charles Martin Hall in obtaining the US patent was a consequence of a couple of factors. One was likely the assistance of his elder sister; the other was the rule of the United States Patent and Trademark Office concerning priority, viz., first to "reduce to practice" versus the standard in France and other nations, first to submit an acceptable patent application. The Patent and Trademark Office will change rules soon to conform to the practice of other nations.
Runtime system design of decoupled execution paradigm for data-intensive high-end computing

High performance computing are widely used for scientific discoveries by running scientific computation programs. Many of these applications are getting more and more data intensive [1]. They generate or access huge amount of data during some execution phases. However, traditional supercomputers are designed for computing-intensive tasks. They usually have highdensity clusters of processing cores and their storage systems are placed remotely and connected to the computing clusters with networks. This separation of the computing system and the storage system causes the data Input/Output performance bottleneck, especially for the data-intensive phases of HPC applications. This bottleneck degrades the HPC system's efficiency.
A randomized trial of automated electronic alerts demonstrating improved reimbursable anesthesia time documentation

Abstract Study Objective: To investigate whether alerting providers to errors results in improved documentation of reimbursable anesthesia care. Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Setting: Operating room (OR) of a university hospital. Interventions: Anesthesia cases were evaluated to determine whether they met the definition for appropriate anesthesia start time over 4 separate, 45-day calendar cycles: the pre-study period, study period, immediate post-study period, and 3-year follow-up period. During the study period, providers were randomly assigned to either a control or an alert group. Providers in the alert cohort received an automated alphanumeric page if the anesthesia start time occurred concurrently with the patient entering the OR, or more than 30 minutes before entering the OR. Measurements: Three years after the intervention period, overall compliance was analyzed to assess learned behavior. Main Results: Baseline compliance was 33% ± 5%. During the intervention period, providers in the alert group showed 87% ± 6% compliance compared with 41% ± 7% compliance in the control group ( P Conclusions: Automated electronic reminders for time-based billing charges are effective and result in improved ongoing reimbursement.
Physiological and anatomical properties of intramedullary projection neurons in rat rostral nucleus of the solitary tract.

The rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS), the first-order relay of gustatory information, not only transmits sensory information to more rostral brain areas but also connects to various bra...
Development of olfactory marker protein and N-CAM expression in chemosensory systems of the opossum, Monodelphis domestica

Using olfactory marker protein (OMP) and neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) immunohistochemistry, the present study describes development of olfactory and vomeronasal systems in pre- and postnatal opossums, Monodelphis domestica. As revealed by OMP expression, development of the main olfactory system precedes that of the vomeronasal system by 1–2 weeks. OMP is expressed throughout (homogeneously) the nerve and glomerular layers of the main (MOB) but is expressed more strongly (heterogeneously) in the anterior as compared to the posterior accessory (AOB) olfactory bulb. N-CAM expression is homogeneous in both MOB and AOB. The heterogeneity in the AOB is developmentally regulated, since in the 30-day-old AOB the expression of OMP is homogeneous, becoming heterogeneous during the second month of life. Maximal expression of N-CAM precedes maximal expression of OMP in the VNS by about 2 weeks. From 7 to 21 days of age only, there is a small population of OMP-positive, N-CAM-negative olfactory and vomeronasal axon terminals that penetrate deep into the brain parenchyma, overgrowing their normal targets in the MOB and AOB, respectively. J. Morphol. 234:109–129, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A probe for neutron activation analysis in a drill hole using 252Cf, and a Ge(Li) detector cooled by a melting cryogen

Abstract A sonde has been built for high-resolution measurement of natural or neutron-induced gamma rays in boreholes. The sonde is 7.3 cm in diameter and about 2.2 m in length and weighs about 16 kg. The lithium-compensated germanium semiconductor detector is stabilized at −185 to −188°C for as much as ten hours by a cryostatic reservoir containing melting propane. During periods when the sonde is not in use the propane is kept frozen by a gravity-fed trickle of liquid nitrogen from a reservoir temporarily attached to the cryostat section. A 252 Cf source, shielded from the detector, may be placed in the bottom section of the sonde for anlysis by measurement of neutron-activation or neutron-capture gamma rays. Stability of the cryostat with changing hydrostatic pressure, absence of vibration, lack of need for power to the cryostat during operation, and freedom of orientation make the method desirable for borehole, undersea, space, and some laboratory applications.
Potent and Selective Inhibition of a Single α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Subunit by an RNA Aptamer

Inhibitors of AMPA-type glutamate ion channels are useful as biochemical probes for structure-function studies and as drug candidates for a number of neurological disorders and diseases. Here, we describe the identification of an RNA inhibitor or aptamer by an in vitro evolution approach and a characterization of its mechanism of inhibition on the sites of interaction by equilibrium binding and on the receptor channel opening rate by a laser-pulse photolysis technique. Our results show that the aptamer is a noncompetitive inhibitor that selectively inhibits the GluA2Qflip AMPA receptor subunit without any effect on other AMPA receptor subunits or kainate or NMDA receptors. On the GluA2 subunit, this aptamer preferentially inhibits the flip variant. Furthermore, the aptamer preferentially inhibits the closed-channel state of GluA2Qflip with a KI = 1.5 μm or by ∼15-fold over the open-channel state. The potency and selectivity of this aptamer rival those of small molecule inhibitors. Together, these properties make this aptamer a promising candidate for the development of water-soluble, highly potent, and GluA2 subunit-selective drugs.
CFD Studies on Burner Secondary Air Flow

In many fossil power plants operating today, there is insufficient means to assure the proper balancing of the secondary airflows between the individual burners of wall-fired units in addition there is a problem of dust deposition on the floor. This mismatch leads to decreased boiler efficiency and increased emissions. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of a fossil power plant wind box scale model is performed using the commercial software CFX5.6. The model solves the three dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the K-epsilon turbulence model. The CFD results are validated by the experimental data taken from a 1/8th scale model of a wall fired fossil unit. Simulations under various flow conditions are obtained to identify the optimum design in terms of the equalization of the secondary airflow through the burners.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The development of speech production abilities in children with Down syndrome

Since impairments in articulation are common in the population with Down syndrome, it was hypothesized that deficits in speech timing would also occur. Acoustic analysis was used to investigate speech timing in two groups of children with Down syndrome (DS), with mean ages of 7;0 and 12;0 years, and two control groups of age-matched normal (N) children. Acoustic measurements were made of 12 CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) syllables to determine initial consonant closure duration, voice onset time, and vowel and word duration. Maximum syllable repetition rates were also determined via acoustic analysis. Temporal variability for each of the segments and maximum syllable repetition rates were calculated. Substitution analyses of single-word articulation testing provided general information about articulatory accuracy. Statistically significant differences between DS and N groups were evident for temporal variability, articulatory accuracy and syllable repetition rate, but not for segment duration. Selected s...
176Lu and s-Process Nucleosynthesis

THE elements heavier than those in the iron abundance peak have been divided into three groups1: s-process isotopes (formed by slow radiative capture of neutrons), r-process isotopes (formed by rapid radiative capture of neutrons) and p-process isotopes, which are rarer proton-rich isotopes formed by a still poorly understood mechanism which probably involves (p,γ) and (γ,n) reactions1.
The life and times of files and information: a study of desktop provenance

In the field of Human-Computer Interaction, provenance refers to the history and genealogy of a document or file. Provenance helps us to understand the evolution and relationships of files; how and when different versions of a document were created, or how different documents in a collection build on each other through copy-paste events. Though methods for tracking provenance and the subsequent use of this meta-data have been proposed and developed into tools, there have been no studies documenting the types and frequency of provenance events in typical computer use. This is knowledge essential for the design of efficient query methods and information displays. We conducted a longitudinal study of knowledge workers at Intel Corporation tracking provenance events in their computer use. We also interviewed knowledge workers to determine the effectiveness of provenance cues for document recall. Our data shows that provenance relationships are common, and provenance cues aid recall.
N-Acetylaspartate synthase is bimodally expressed in microsomes and mitochondria of brain

N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) is an abundant amino acid derivative of the central nervous system that is localized primarily in neurons and has found widespread use in clinical NMR spectroscopy (MRS) as a non-invasive indicator of neuronal survival and/or viability. Its function, although still obscure, is thought to reflect its unusual metabolic compartmentalization wherein NAA synthase occurs in the neuron and aspartoacylase, the hydrolytic enzyme that removes the acetyl moiety, occurs in myelin and glia. The NAA synthase enzyme, acetyl-CoA/l-aspartate N-acetyltransferase (ANAT), was previously shown to function in mitochondria (MIT), although other subcellular fractions were apparently not examined. In this study we confirmed its presence in MIT but also found significant activity in rat brain microsomes (MIC). The reaction mixture, consisting of [(14)C]aspartate plus acetyl-CoA in Na-phosphate buffer (pH 7), gave rise to [(14)C]NAA that was separated and quantified by TLC. Reaction rates were 29.0+/-0.46 and 6.27+/-0.27 nmol/h/mg for MIC and MIT, respectively. K(m) values and pH optima were similar, and both fractions showed modest enhancement of ANAT activity with the detergents Triton CF-54 and CHAPS. Our tentative conclusion is that ANAT is bimodally targeted to MIT and a component of MIC-likely endoplasmic reticulum. ANAT activity increased in both MIC and MIT between 29 and 60 days of age but differed thereafter in that only MIT ANAT showed a decrease after 1 year.
Connective Tissues from Normal and Pale, Soft and Exudative (PSE) Porcine Muscles. 2. Physical Characterization

SUMMARY The epimysial connective tissues from normal and PSE longissimus dorsi muscles were subjected to physical characterization. No differences in conventionally determined shrinkage temperatures were observed. However, differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies revealed that epimysium from PSE tissues had lower onset and recovery temperatures and contained a higher percentage of components melting at low temperatures than that from normal tissues. The epimysium from PSE muscles also had a higher initial moisture and lower dry matter content. Epimysial connective tissues underwent osmotic swelling in neutral solutions, with those from PSE muscles imbibing significantly more water than that from normal muscles. Dry matter content decreased during neutral swelling, probably due to a loss of ground substance. Collagen from PSE muscles had a molecular weight between cross-links (Mc) of 6.37 ± 104 and a resultant cross-link density of 5.23/ molecule, while normal tissues had corresponding values of 4.67 ± 104 and 7.73. These differences were only significant at the 10% level.
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Detector Utilization And Development At Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO)

We review some of the recent CCD detector development projects now in progress at KPNO. An overview is given of our CCD controller systems, which are designed to accept a wide variety of CCD detectors with a minimum amount of modification. The performance characteristics of two currently operational CCD detector systems are summarized -- the cryogenic camera system and the prime-focus CCD system. Finally we give a progress report of the development work now under way in evaluating the performance of two Fairchild CCD-221 detectors.
Perioperative renal protection: Whom are we treating?

Writh an estimated incidence of up to 50% in high-risk vascular procedures, postoperative acute renal failure (ARF) is a complication with potentially disastrous consequences. TM When severe enough to require dialysis, mortality ranges between 64--100%. 1"2"4 ICU studies show that patients rarely die of isolated renal failure. Nonetheless, ARF in this setting carries a poor prognosis which has remained largely unaltered over the past 25 years. 5'6 Furthermore, the advent of ARF is associated with an increased length of hospitalization and costs. One recent study of all abdominal aortic surgery patients in Maryland hospitals over a period of 2 years calculated the average cost generated by the complication of post-operative ARF to be $18,414, a 43% increase in hospital costs over those for the patient with an uncomplicated course. 7 When one considers that 67 patients in the study population had this complication, this reflects a total cost of 1.2 million dollars. A further observation was made by Korkeila et al. in a study examining costs generated by renal replacement therapy in ICU patients. Here it was noted that although the average cost per patient was $36,000, the average cost per 6-month survivor was $80,000. 8 In another recent report of a series of 540 thoracic-aortic aneurysm surgeries, postoperative renal failure was a major determinant of prolonged hospitalization .9 ARF is defined as a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) sufficient to cause (usually) oliguria and the accumulation of normally excreted toxins. Failing the ability to easily measure GFR, clinical proxies are used to diagnose ARF. These include a urine output of <400 mL/
Selection for mutational robustness in finite populations

We investigate the evolutionary dynamics of a finite population of RNA sequences replicating on a neutral network. Despite the lack of differential fitness between viable sequences, we observe typical properties of adaptive evolution, such as increase of mean fitness over time and punctuated-equilibrium transitions, after initial mutation-selection balance has been reached. We find that a product of population size and mutation rate of approximately 30 or larger is sufficient to generate selection pressure for mutational robustness, even if the population size is orders of magnitude smaller than the neutral network on which the population resides. Our results show that quasispecies effects and neutral drift can occur concurrently, and that the relative importance of each is determined by the product of population size and mutation rate.
2008 CLAH Luncheon Address: Dos Palabras on Mexican Shrines and Contagiousness of the Sacred

I am touched and surprised by this recognition, from colleagues who don’t know me personally, as well as from friends in the profession who must have written on my behalf. I like Bill Russell’s idea that a good way of leading is to serve. I have looked for ways to serve, but they have mostly been out of public view. In that spirit I want to acknowledge especially John TePaske who died a few weeks ago—a colleague I’ve looked up to from the beginning as a wonderful example of integrity, generosity, and wisdom.
Volume Guarantee Ventilation

Recognition that volume, not pressure, is the key factor in ventilator-induced lung injury and the association of hypocarbia with neonatal brain injury demonstrate the importance of better control delivered tidal volume. New microprocessor-based ventilator modalities combine advantages of pressure-limited ventilation with the ability to deliver a more consistent tidal volume. This article discusses automatic weaning of peak inspiratory pressure in response to changing lung compliance and respiratory effort. More consistent tidal volume, fewer excessively large breaths, lower peak pressure, less hypocapnia, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines have been documented in short-term clinical trials. It remains to be seen if these short-term benefits ultimately lead to a reduced incidence of chronic lung disease.
The critical corner of cam femoroacetabular impingement: clinical support of an emerging concept.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concept of cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) occurring medial to the classic anterolateral (AL) quadrant. Methods Forty-four patients met the inclusion criteria of cam FAI and underwent arthroscopic AL femoroplasty. Goniometric measurements of intraoperative hip internal rotation (HIR) in 90° of hip flexion and 0° of adduction were obtained. Thirty patients (14 male and 16 female), comprising the substance of this study, exhibited HIR of less than 40° after AL femoroplasty and underwent further anteromedial (AM) femoroplasty with subsequent repeat measurement of HIR. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed. Results Preoperative HIR averaged 20.8° (range, 10° to 29°); intraoperative HIR averaged 29.5° (range, 18° to 39°) after AL femoroplasty and 42.7° (range, 32° to 61°) after additional AM femoroplasty. The gain in HIR after AL femoroplasty was 8.7° (range, 2° to 23°) ( P P P Conclusions Femoroplasty of the AM "critical corner" may improve cam decompression and supports the concept of cam impingement extending beyond the classic AL quadrant of the proximal femur. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Escape from noise

Rats were trained to press a key for 1-min. periods of escape from noise. The louder the noise the longer Ss kept it off. The performance was lower than that which has been obtained when Ss can kee...
Use of diet and probiotic therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome: analysis of the literature.

Goal The goal of this report is to review the use of dietary intake and probiotics in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in published reports. Background Dietary factors can be important in inducing symptoms that occur in patients with the IBS. Dietary intolerances, dietary allergies, specific food metabolites, and regular diet contents all may act as triggers and aggravate the symptoms of IBS; but when any of these mechanisms can be proven to cause the symptoms, then their elimination results in the resolution of that patient's IBS. Methods Our previous review was updated. In addition, a careful Medline search was made for the years from 1975 to 2004 to evaluate human research reports on diet and probiotics in the IBS. Forty-six manuscripts were reviewed on diet and six were available on probiotic use in IBS. The most common dietary factor evaluated in the literature was bran, and the most common probiotic used was Lactobacillus plantarum. Conclusions Although investigations have shown that bran may be helpful in some patients, a complete review of the literature does not reveal conclusive evidence that diet therapy is effective in IBS. From the limited reports on probiotics, there appears to be a trend to decreasing symptoms. It is clear that much more prospective research is needed to study both dietary factors and probiotics in these areas.
Towards Understanding the (In)security of Networked Systems under Towards Understanding the (In)security of Networked Systems under Topology-Directed Stealthy Attacks

Consider a networked system of interest, where "networked" may be in a physical sense, meaning that the nodes are physically connected by point-to-point communication channels, or in a logical sense, meaning that the nodes are connected via edges that reflect certain relationships between the nodes (e.g., trust relationships). In such a system, once some nodes have been compromised, the attack would be directed by the network topology because compromise of a node may cause the compromise of its neighbors. Furthermore, the attack could be crafty or stealthy, meaning that it would always try not to trigger the intrusion detection alarm of the networked system. In such a setting, a question of particular interest to the system administrator is: What is the quantitative security assurance of the networked system? This problem is notoriously known to be difficult, and the state-of-the-art is that we know very little about it. This paper aims to move a step towards resolving this problem.
Insights into the structure of cutin and cutan from Agave americana leaf cuticle using HRMAS NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The structure of cutan, and a cutin/cutan mixture from the Agave americana leaf cuticle is herein described by use of the technique of one and two-dimensional high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy, with added information from solid-state 13 C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) and Bloch decay NMR spectroscopy. Cutin in the cutin/cutan mixture is found to contain ester functionalities, in line with previous degradative approaches. Furthermore, epoxy groups, free primary alcohols and carboxylic acid groups are also observed in cutin. A significant new finding is the evidence for α-branched fatty acids/esters in cutin. Cutan has mainly free primary hydroxyls, as well as long-chain carboxylic acids, which have been previously predicted to form ester linkages with trihydroxylated benzene units. Another significant finding in cutan is the evidence for benzenecarboxylic acids that are ester linked with fatty alcohols. The long-chain polymethylenic groups in cutan are shown to express a high degree of crystallinity similar to that observed in soil organic matter.
As sementes e o conhecimento que elas incorporam

Frequentemente recorre-se a ciencia para legitimar a prioridade atribuida ao desenvolvimento de sementes transgenicas na pesquisa agronomica, e a protecao privilegiada concedida aos direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre tais sementes. Alega-se que as sementes transgenicas incorporam conhecimento cientifico, mas nao as sementes selecionadas na agricultura tradicional; e que o conhecimento cientifico sustenta nao haver, alem da agricultura que faz uso substancial de sementes transgenicas, maneira alternativa nenhuma de alimentar a humanidade. Ambas as alegacoes sao questionadas por meio de um argumento que reconhece na agroecologia uma seria alternativa (pelo menos parcialmente) a predominância da biotecnologia na agricultura, uma alternativa que nao apenas encontra forte apoio na evidencia empirica, mas tambem responde aos valores da sustentabilidade ecologica e da justica social.