cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation-based programming in java

Writing deterministic programs is often difficult for problems whose optimal solutions depend on unpredictable properties of the programs' inputs. Difficulty is also encountered for problems where the programmer is uncertain about how to best implement certain aspects of a solution. For such problems a mixed strategy of deterministic programming and machine learning can often be very helpful: Initially, define those parts of the program that are well understood and leave the other parts loosely defined through default actions, but also define how those actions can be improved depending on results from actual program runs. Then run the program repeatedly and let the loosely defined parts adapt.In this paper we present a library for Java that facilitates this style of programming, called adaptation-based programming. We motivate the design of the library, define the semantics of adaptation-based programming, and demonstrate through two evaluations that the approach works well in practice. Adaptation-based programming is a form of program generation in which the creation of programs is controlled by previous runs. It facilitates a whole new spectrum of programs between the two extremes of totally deterministic programs and machine learning.
POSTER: Positioning Attack on Proximity-Based People Discovery

Over the past few years, Proximity-based People Discovery (PBPD) services, typically known as Nearby Friends,have been increasingly popular among geosocial apps. Unlike many unsuccessful predecessors which directly pinpoint users' exact locations on the map, PBPD services provide coarse-grained (discretized) proximity information, such as "Jennifer is within 2 miles," striking a useful balance between privacy and functionality. Considering PBPD's business potential, many companies including Facebook have been trying to promote this feature and instill the perception in mobile users that coarse-grained proximity information is innocuous to share. Here, we propose a novel positioning attack which can locate end-users of PBPD services with high precision using only coarse-grained (discretized) proximity information. This attack requires neither specialized hardware nor server-side collusion and can be easily automated. Based on this attack, we design and implement Geosocial Positioning System (GsPS) and show that GsPS can effectively locate users with high precision (10m) in a matter of a few minutes under real-world settings, and is capable of performing effective city-scale scanning and long-term profiling at low costs. The public and the social network industry should therefore be aware of the potential risk introduced by this attack and consider use of PBPD services with caution.
Looking at teeth in a new light

Teeth are the most common elements in the mammalian fossil record. Thus it is not surprising that they have yielded many insights into the lives of extinct creatures. When researchers in the 1970s noted that subtle differences in molar tooth shape could be correlated with significant dietary differences (1–7), it opened the door for a vast array of “functional analyses” of teeth in which various measurements of tooth shape were statistically compared between modern and prehistoric species (8–11). Yet there was one underlying limitation to all of that work: it was ultimately based on landmark-based, point-to-point measurements of unworn teeth. Because teeth begin to wear down as soon as they are used, most fossil teeth were unavailable for functional analyses. In essence, as wear progressed, the reference points for the measurements in question changed dramatically, making accurate measurements difficult, if not impossible (Fig. 1). This issue of PNAS contains a report by Ungar and M'Kirera (12) that changes that in dramatic fashion, bringing tooth measurements into the 21st century.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Anesthetic Depth

The standard-of-care guidelines published by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) recommend monitoring of pulse oximetry, blood pressure, heart rate, and end tidal CO2 during the use of anesthesia and sedation. This information can help to identify adverse events that may occur during procedures. However, these parameters are not specific to the effects of anesthetics or sedatives, and therefore they offer little, to no, real time information regarding the effects of those agents and do not give the clinician the lead-time necessary to prevent patient “awareness.” Since no “gold-standard” method is available to continuously, reliably, and effectively monitor the effects of sedatives and anesthetics, such a method is greatly needed. Investigation of the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a method for anesthesia or sedation monitoring and for the assessment of the effects of various anesthetic drugs on cerebral oxygenation has started to be conducted. The objective of this paper is to provide a thorough review of the currently available published scientific studies regarding the use of fNIRS in the fields of anesthesia and sedation monitoring, comment on their findings, and discuss the future work required for the translation of this technology to the clinical setting.
Zoonotic Brugian lymphadenitis. An unusual case with florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation.

Human infection with a zoonotic Brugia species in the United States is uncommon. Positive identification of the filarial nematode is required for histopathologic diagnosis. Many cases may go unrecognized because of the nonspecific clinical manifestations and the nondiagnostic histologic changes occurring in involved lymph nodes. A case of zoonotic Brugia lymphadenitis is described in a patient from Rhode Island, in which a small nongravid female worm was identified in a lymph node biopsy specimen. The lymph node also showed a spectrum of reactive changes including the presence of florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation, which has not been described in association with zoonotic Brugian filariasis.
Depression as a predictor of adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to analyze the available evidence concerning the effects of depression on non-adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in women with breast cancer. MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases from inception through May 1, 2015 were searched using terms related to AET adherence. Articles were reviewed and selected based on predetermined selection criteria, and effect sizes from included studies were extracted. Pooled effect estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analyses. Of the 312 articles identified, 9 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, depression was significantly associated with non-adherence to AET (Cohen’s d = 0.35, 95 % CI 0.19–0.52). This effect was not significantly moderated by patient age (<65 vs ≥65 years), length of study follow-up (<18 months vs ≥18 months), or method of assessing adherence (objective vs self-report). However, within these subgroups, significant effects of depression were found only for younger patients (d = 0.46; 95 % CI 0.19–0.72) and in studies of shorter duration (<18 months) (d = 0.49; 95 % CI 0.22–0.76). These results suggest that AET adherence may be lower among women with greater depressive symptoms, and this effect may be exacerbated in younger women during the early phases (<18 months) of AET. Management of depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer may help in enhancing adherence to AET and improve cancer treatment outcomes.
Interactive Home Shopping: Consumer, Retailer, and Manufacturer Incentives to Participate in Electronic Marketplaces:

The authors examine the implications of electronic shopping for consumers, retailers, and manufacturers. They assume that near-term technological developments will offer consumers unparalleled oppo...
Effects of Ride Motion on the Speed and Accuracy of In-Vehicle Pointing Tasks

Terrain-induced vibration of a moving vehicle adversely affects the ability to quickly and accurately perform in-vehicle pointing tasks by altering the planned fingertip trajectory. The relationship between movement speed and accuracy is a result of the combined use of visual and somatosensory feedbacks which are used to discern movement deviations and make necessary compensatory movements. Participants (N=20) performed three-dimensional rapid pointing tasks under stationary and ride motion conditions to three touchpanel displays. Ride motion contributed to increased reaction and movement times and increased endpoint variability. Trajectory deviations were correlated to the principal direction of vehicle acceleration. Reaches orthogonal to the dominant vehicle acceleration exhibited larger endpoint variability, and reaches to the elevated touchpanel resulted in the largest variability across all motion conditions. Principal axes of endpoint ellipses were along the on-axis and off-axis directions of finger...
"Why Not Equal Protection?": Explaining the Politics of Public Social Spending in Britain, 1900-1911 and the United States, 1880s-1920

Britain was a pioneer in launching a modern welfare state. Before World War I, it instituted workers’ compensation, old age pensions, health insurance, and the world’s first compulsory system of unemployment insurance. By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had expanded Civil War pensions into de facto old age and disability pensions for many working- and middle-class Americans. However, during the Progressive Era, as the Civil War generation died off, the United States failed to institute modern pensions and social insurance. Conventional theories of welfare-state development–theories emphasizing industrialization, liberal values, and demands by the organized industrial working class–cannot sufficiently account for these contrasting British and U.S. patterns. Instead, a macropolitical explanation is developed. By the early twentieth century, Britain had a strong civil service and competing, programmatically oriented political parties. Patronage politics had been overcome, and political leaders and social elites were willing to use social spending as a way to appeal to working-class voters. However, the contemporary United States lacked an established civil bureaucracy and was embroiled in the efforts of Progressive reformers to create regulatory agencies and policies free of the “political corruption” of nineteenth-century patronage democracy. Modern social-spending programs were neither governmentally feasible nor politically acceptable at this juncture in U.S. political history.
Grey correlative analysis of the consumption structure's difference between urban households and rural households in Heilongjiang Province

In view of the consumption structure's change and difference between urban households and rural households in Heilongjiang Province,The article introduces the method of grey correlative analysis, analyses per capita consumption expenditure's compositions and the total consumption expenditures' grey correlative degree between urban households and rural households in different periods.The research indicates that the consumption structure of urban households is obviously different from that of rural households.Residence and household facilities,articles and services are all at the most primary position in the consumption expenditure of rural households and health care and medical services' influence on consumption expenditure of urban households is more and more obvious.The conclusion is important for making some logical demand policies.
Latino Immigrants: Latino Recruitment and Retention Strategies: Community-Based HIV Prevention

Latinos are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. The need for community-based AIDS prevention programs that are culture specific is well recognized. Lay Health Advisor (LHA) interventions are a culturally appropriate way to provide information about HIV/AIDS to community members. LHA programs use natural helpers in the community to disseminate information through their social networks. Natural helpers are community members who informally provide support to their neighbors and to whom others naturally turn for advice. This paper reports the recruitment and retention experiences of a Lay Health Advisor Program: Protegiendo Nuestra Familia (Protecting Our Family) for prevention of HIV/AIDS among Latinos in North Carolina.
Identification Of Genes/Signaling Pathways That Predispose To Therapy Related MDS (t-MDS)

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) constitutes a complex set of hematopoietic stem cell diseases that involves defective differentiation into either one, some or all of the hematopoietic lineages. MDS is caused due to the accumulation of mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Therapy related MDS (t-MDS) is a secondary complication associated with prior chemo-radiation therapy for either cancer or non-cancer related diseases and accounts about 20% of the total MDS cases. Genes predisposing t-MDS in response to chemo-radiation therapy remain enigmatic. We combined a retroviral insertional mutagenesis approach with a radiation treatment regimen in the mouse in an attempt to identify novel t-MDS predisposing genes and signaling pathways. To this end, C57BL/6 low-density bone marrow (LDBM) cells were transduced with the SFβ91 EGFP+ retrovirus, which results in a very high level of insertional mutagenesis (dysregulation of genes in the vicinity of the integration site). Transduced LDBM cells were transplanted into BoyJ recipient mice. After confirming successful transplantation of donor cells into recipients, animals were treated 3-4 weeks post transplant with either 0, 0.5 or 2Gy radiation once a day for 3 days. Mice were monitored for aberrations in any of the hematopoietic lineages in both peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM, intra-femural aspirates) at frequent intervals thereafter. Mice irradiated with 2 Gy exhibited cytotoxic effects on different hematopoietic lineages 1-week post radiation. Currently at 35 weeks post-radiation, 4 mice treated with 0.5 Gy and 1 mouse treated with 2 Gy developed a tMDS/AML-like disease. In these animals, BM was saturated with transduced donor cells (measured by GFP pos cells, ranging from 82-97% in BM of different mice) and mice exhibited anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly and myeloid blasts in BM at different time points. Additionally, 1 mouse treated with 2 Gy developed T-cell leukemia with 95.5% GFP pos T cells in PB and lymphoid blasts in BM and 1 mouse with 98.7% GFP neg cells in BM, with 75% of contribution from Mac1/Gr1. Mice developing t-MDS/AML like disease were sacrificed and bone marrow (BM) cells were collected for analysis of retroviral integration sites. We performed ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) using retroviral long terminal repeats (LTR) sequence based primers and amplifying into the mouse genomic region to identify the unique insertion sites. We observed unique band patterns for each of the four t-MDS/AML mice indicating that the clones driving the disease are probably unique, which were confirmed by sequencing of LM-PCR products to identify the genome integration sites. Further gene expression analysis will be performed on the genes located around the integration site to identify individual genes and/or signaling pathways that are altered in these mice. Validation of such genes or pathways in mice might facilitate the identification of novel genes that predispose to t-MDS/AML. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Instructional Design: Considering the Cognitive Learning Needs of Older Adults

Because of the growing number of older adults per total population, discussion has grown regarding the cognitive learning needs of older adults. In this article, I will look at what research has discovered and what actions have been taken in regard to meeting those needs. I also wanted to know whether instructional designers needed to consider those learning needs in their instructional design practices. But why should instructional designers even consider the cognitive learning needs of older adults. Aren’t these older adults past the point of learning or having the need to learn? Aren’t they just going to retire, relax, travel, do hobbies, visit the grandchildren, and live off of their retirement income? Maybe currently, or in the past, older adults would have gone about ageing this way, but we as a society are approaching a new phenomenon that we have not experienced before. Our society is ageing and ageing rather rapidly. Why? Because the baby boomer generation is beginning to reach retirement age. Baby boomers are those adults born in large numbers after World War II, from about 1946 to 1964. Because of the approaching retirement of such a large number of these workers, there will begin to be a huge economic and social impact on our society. In the 1950s there were seven workers to support each retiree, but by 2030, there will be less than three workers to support each retiree. This will create a huge burden on our society that will require that older workers be kept in the workforce as long as possible to help meet not only their own needs, but the needs of others (Committee for Economic Development, 1999). Because economically and socially it will be impossible for less than three workers to support one retiree, we have to make sure that older adults remain in the workforce as productive contributors. Also, there will be so many baby boomers retiring that there will not be enough younger generation workers to take their place (Committee for Economic Development, 1999). These facts create an immediate need for instructional designers to begin considering older adults in educational and training instruction. Instructional designers must become more aware of ageing and the cognitive learning needs of older adults. Designers must understand these needs because they will become responsible for creating instruction for older adults to train and educate them to remain in the workforce. Instructional designers also need to concern themselves with the learning needs of older adults because more and more older adults are remaining in the workforce and continuing to learn. Older adults therefore will need continued training and education on new technologies as they are developed and other issues as they arise in the workforce. Research is also beginning to suggest the importance of lifelong learning for one’s own well-being (Cusack, Thompson, & Rogers, 2003, pp. 401-402).
Assessment of liver function and diagnostic studies

The detection of abnormal liver biochemical test levels is often the first indication of the presence of liver disease. The pattern of abnormalities can provide clues to the etiology of hepatic dysfunction; for example, elevated serum aminotransferase levels are typical of viral hepatitis, whereas a predominant elevation of the alkaline phosphatase level is more typical of cholestatic disorders such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Precise diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction requires additional workup, including serologic tests and imaging studies. For some causes of liver disease, such as drug-induced liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, specific testing is not available, and diagnosis is by exclusion of other etiologies. Liver biopsy is increasingly reserved for hepatic dysfunction of unknown cause. The severity of liver disease is best assessed with tests of hepatic function, specifically the serum total bilirubin level, albumin level, and international normalized ratio.
Photomask cleaning process improvement to minimize ArF haze

Growth of "haze" defects on photomasks exposed in ArF lithography is recognized as a serious problem. Haze defects that have grown to detectable sizes can be analysed in situ by techniques such as EDX or Raman, but to analyze at the photomask manufacturing stage requires extraction of residues by solution in DI water. The effect of extraction conditions, including surface area and material, water volume, time, and temperature, has been studied. A standard method to compare residual ion levels is proposed. Various methods for reducing residual ion levels from the photomask cleaning process have been published. These include SPM reduction, oxygen plasma, SC1 dilution, Megasonic agitation, hot rinse, UV exposure, thermal bake, ozone water, ozone gas, and hydrogenated water. Critical parameters for the cleaning process, besides residual ion levels and contamination removal efficiency, include CD shift, AR/chrome damage, scatter bar damage, and on phase shift masks, the change in phase and transmission. An optimized process combining conventional and novel techniques is described. Data is presented to show the importance of controlling all resist strip and clean processes, not just the final clean. It has achieved sulphate levels of 0.2ng/cm2 (well below the critical level for haze growth), as well as improved results for the other critical parameters. This process has been demonstrated to allow ArF exposure of large numbers of wafers without the appearance of haze defects.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Herpes Zoster (HZ) Infection in the Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Pediatric Population May Be Preceded by Transaminitis.

Abstract HZ infection is a common complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reviewed the incidence, complications, and associated risk factors in a post-HSCT pediatric population at a single center and examined whether antecedent blood counts or transaminase levels (AST, ALT) might predict the onset of infection prior to the development of skin manifestations. Seventy-eight children between the ages of 2 months and 21 years developed HZ among the 309 patients, on whom data was available, who underwent HSCT from January 1995 to December 2002. Underlying diagnoses included: acute leukemia (n=108), chronic myelogenous leukemia (n=22), myelodysplastic syndrome (n=24) and other conditions (n=155). Two hundred patients underwent an allogeneic HSCT (98 sibling donor, 102 unrelated donor) and 109 underwent an autologous HSCT. The incidence of HZ was 25% by 10 months and 40% by 70 months post-HSCT. Post-herpetic neuralgia occurred in 21/73 (29%; 95% CI=19%, 41%) evaluable patients, disseminated skin involvement in 15/74 (20%; 95% CI= 12%, 31%) patients and visceral organ involvement in 6/75 (8%; 95% CI= 3%, 17%) patients. Acyclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen positivity was given for 21 days post-BMT in 49/75 (65%) patients and had no impact on the incidence or onset of HZ, nor did immune compromise (defined as history of chemotherapy or underlying primary immune deficiency) prior to HSCT. Risk factors for development of HZ included: patient age-greater than 10 years (p 10 years of age after allogeneic HSCT with TBI conditioning may allow for earlier initiation of therapy with less morbidity and decreased need for hospital admission.
Coupled Slow and Fast Charge Dynamics in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite

Lead halide perovskites show slow (from seconds to minutes) and fast (milliseconds to submicroseconds) charge dynamics. We use scanning Kelvin probe microscopy and dissipation microscopy to probe these charge dynamics in a thin film of CsPbBr3. We demonstrate the existence of a light-intensity-dependent τfast in CsPbBr3 that exhibits a slow, activated, intensity-independent recovery in the dark. The observed τfast, while highly light-dependent, remained essentially unchanged when the light was turned off, taking 10 ± 2 s to relax at room temperature. The data presented here show direct evidence that the slow and fast charge dynamics ubiquitously seen in lead-halide perovskites have a common origin related to a highly activated charge redistribution.
Anatomy of prepatterns in plants: a survey.

Prepatterns were initially described independently by Bunning in 1953 for plants and by Stern in 1954 for Drosophila with most of the features essentially the same. The one important difference is that in plants the elements of a prepattern are morphologically recognizable whereas in animals they are detected only indirectly. Two kinds of prepatterns in plants are (a) replacement where elements of a prepattern are substituted by more differentiated elements in the pattern and (b) copy where a pattern forms near the prepattern and both are adaptive but in different ways. A case of replacement is where meristemoid cells in the prepattern are exchanged for stomata in the pattern and an example of copy is the vein pattern in watermelon mesophyll gives rise to nearby stripes in the epidermis. Both replacement and copy prepattern-pattern dualities occur at different levels of plant organization from cell components (thickened vertices in collenchyma) to individual plants (plantlets along the margin of the Bryophyllum leaf). Comparative morphoanatomy of vascular plants finds similar patterns to both lower plants and animals suggesting these features are conserved in the former and had independent origins in the latter.
Defining the incidence and risk factors of colistin-induced acute kidney injury by KDIGO criteria.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a treatment-limiting toxicity of colistin. Recently developed clinical practice guidelines from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) group have harmonized definitions of AKI, but have not been widely applied to patients receiving colistin. Methods We retrospectively defined AKI by KDIGO definitions among adult patients receiving intravenous colistin for ≥ 3 days. Risk factors for AKI within 48 hours and 7 days of initiating colistin were determined by multivariable logistic regression. Results Among 249 patients treated with colistin, rates of AKI were 12% and 29% at 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. At 48 hours, patients in the intensive care unit were at increased risk for AKI. Within 7 days, colistin daily doses >5mg/kg, chronic liver disease, and concomitant vancomycin were independent predictors. Seven percent of patients required renal replacement therapy at a median of 5 days (range: 3-7) following colistin initiation. Conclusion Safe use of colistin is promoted by early detection of AKI with KDIGO criteria, avoiding nephrotoxins, and limiting duration of therapy.
A pH-sensitive hydrogel-based smart switch for GI-tract payload release

In this paper, we demonstrate a low-cost and tunable pH-triggered smart switch which is based on the deflection of a conductive elastic membrane induced by the swelling of a pH-responsive hydrogel. The described switch comprises of a porous plate, a gel chamber, a deflectable conductive membrane, and an electrical isolation cell. The switching action is initiated through a sudden pH change (e.g., transition from acidic stomach to basic small intestine) which in turn results in diffusion/time controlled hydrogel swelling, making it suitable for ingestible capsules targeted for pH-controlled localized drug release in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A typical prototype (9 mm in diameter and 3.2 mm in thickness) responds to pH changes from 2 to 7 (transition from stomach to small intestine) with a response time of one hour.
Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic

We recorded 33 species in 19 genera of spider wasps from the Dominican Republic, of which four species are newlydescribed here: Auplopus charlesi Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov., Dipogon (Deuteragenia) marlowei Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov., Notocyphus anacaona Rodriguez & Pitts, sp. nov., and Priocnessus vancei Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov. Eight generaare reported from the Dominican Republic for the first time: Aporinellus Banks, 1912, Caliadurgus Pate, 1946, Dipogon Fox, 1897, Drepanaporus Bradley, 1944, Epipompilus Kohl, 1884, Notocyphus Smith, 1855, Priocnemis Schiodte, 1837,and Priocnessus Banks, 1925. Nine species are new records for the country: Ageniella (Ageniella) bruesi (Banks, 1928), Ageniella (Ageniella) violaceipes (Cresson, 1865), Aporinellus medianus Banks, 1917, Auplopus bellus (Cresson, 1865), Caliadurgus maestris Alayo, 1969, Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944), Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865), Epipompilus pulcherrimus (Evans, 1955), and Priocnemis cornica (Say, 1836). Pompilus flavopictus Smith, 1862 is ajunior synonym of Poecilopompilus mixtus (Fabricius, 1794), syn. nov. and Odontaporus simulatrix (Bradley, 1944) isjunior synonym of Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865), syn. nov. New combination is proposed for Aporus (Aporus) antillarum (Bradley, 1944) which is transferred to Drepanaporus. Hitherto unknown males of Ageniella (Ageniella) domingensis (Banks, 1944) and Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944) are described and illustrated. Ilustrated keys for subfamilies and species of the Dominican Republic pompilids are provided. Keywords:Pepsinae, Pompilinae, Ctenocerinae, Ceropalinae, key, new record, new species, Caribbean
Ping-Pong Diplomacy

Chapter 5 demonstrates the process by which Zhou and a Japanese civic leader, Gotō Kōji, made possible the Chinese participation in the Table Tennis World Championships in Japan, amidst the controversy over the “two Chinas” issue, and thereby set the stage for the Ping-Pong Diplomacy and paved the way for the Sino-US rapprochement and the Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization.
Effective Assessment and Intervention for Children with ADHD in Rural Elementary School Settings

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, with current estimates indicating that almost one in ten children have been diagnosed at some point in their life. Symptoms associated with the disorder, including difficulty with sustained attention, impulse control, and activity modulation, are associated with a host of impairments in the school setting including social difficulties with peers and adults, academic underperformance, and classroom disruption. Due to these difficulties, children with ADHD present a significant need for school-based services and are at increased risk for negative outcomes such as grade retention, dropout, suspensions, and expulsions. This chapter discusses evidence-based assessment and intervention for children with ADHD in the school setting with a specific emphasis on considerations for common aspects of the rural context including poverty, mental health stigma, limited access to services, and limited providers.
The Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Children after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Report

Children commonly develop diffuse cerebral swelling after traumatic brain injury (TBI) which is believed due to a secondary response to the injury. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a continous, direct, and noninvasive monitor of cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood volume (CBV), could be helpful in understanding these secondary responses. The aims of our study were to determine whether NIRS used in children with severe TBI will provide insight into the pathophysiology of injury.
Effect of N source during soybean pod filling on nitrogen and sulfur assimilation and remobilization

During pod filling, a grain legume remobilizes vegetative nitrogen and sulfur to its developing fruit. This study was conducted to determine whether different nitrogen sources affected N and S assimilation and remobilization during pod filling. Well-nodulated plants fed 1.0 mM KNO3, 0.5 mM urea, or 2.5 mM urea assimilated 0%, 37%, or 114% more N, respectively, and 25%, 46%, or 56% more S, respectively, than did the average non-nodulated control plant fed 5.0 mM KNO3. Thus, N source during pod filling greatly affected both N and S assimilation. Depending upon N source, plant N concentration during pod filling decreased from 2.96% to between 1.36% and 1.82%. Non-nodulated control plants fed 5.0 mM KNO3 had the highest residual N at harvest. During the same treatments, plant S concentration decreased from 0.246% to a relatively uniform 0.215%. Thus, during pod filling, vegetative N was seemingly remobilized more efficiently (38–54%) than was S (13%). N source also affected seed yield and seed quality. Non-nodulated control plants fed 5.0 mM KNO3 produced the lowest yield (21.1 g seeds plant-1), whereas well nodulated plants fed 1.0 mM KNO3, 0.5 mM urea, or 2.5 mM urea produced yields of 26.2 g, 31.8 g, and 36.7 g seeds plant-1, respectively. Non-nodulated plants fed 2.5 mM urea yielded 28.6 g of seeds plant-1. Seed N concentrations of non-nodulated plants and nodulated plants fed 2.5 mM urea were high, 6.30% and 6.11% N, respectively, whereas their seed S concentrations were low, 0.348% and 0.330% S, respectively. N sources that produced both a relatively high seed yield and seed N concentration (i.e., a relatively high total seed N plant-1) produced a proportionately smaller increase in total seed sulfur. Consequently, seed quality, as judged solely by seed S concentration, was lowered.
Long-Term in Situ Reduction in Soil Lead Bioavailability Measured in a Mouse Model.

Effects of different treatments on the bioavailability of lead (Pb) in soil from a smelter emission contaminated site in Joplin, Missouri, were evaluated in a mouse model. Similar estimates of relative bioavailability for Pb in untreated or treated soil were obtained in mice and in the well-established juvenile swine model. In the mouse model, treatments that used phosphate (phosphoric acid or triple superphosphate) combined with iron oxide or biosolids compost significantly reduced soil Pb bioavailability. Notably, effects of these remediation procedures were persistent, given that up to 16 years had elapsed between soil treatment and sample collection. Remediation of soils was associated with changes in Pb species present in soil. Differences in Pb species in ingested soil and in feces from treated mice indicated that changes in Pb speciation occurred during transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Use of the mouse model facilitates evaluation of remediation procedures and allows monitoring of the pe...
A Stroh Formalism for Small-on-Large Problems in Spherical Polar Coordinates

The governing equations for small-on-large analysis of an incompressible hyperelastic solid are reduced to a coupled system of six first-order ordinary differential equations with respect to the radial coordinate in spherical polar coordinates. This reduction to Stroh form does not assume a particular form for the strain-energy function.
Analytic Expressions for Radial Diffusion

I briefly review, compare and contrast two theoretical works that have significantly influenced radial diffusion research thus far, namely, the works of Falthammar (1965, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i011p02503) and the works of Fei et al. (2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011211). Leveraging Falthammar's model for magnetic field disturbances, I demonstrate that Fei et al's formulas are incorrect: they underestimate radial diffusion by a factor two in the presence of magnetic field disturbances. This underestimation comes from the erroneous assumption that radial displacements driven by magnetic field disturbances are statistically independent from radial displacements driven by induced electric fields while in fact both displacements are proportional to each other. Fei et al.'s approach is similar to Falthammar's approach in that they both analyze radial diffusion by pieces, depending on the nature of the driver. Yet, the Fokker-Planck equation requires only one radial diffusion coefficient to characterize statistically a trapped radiation belt population cross drift shell motion. Thus, it is worth questioning the practice that consists of defining the coefficient as a sum of independent contributions. In addition, both theoretical models rely on the assumption that the background magnetic field is primarily dipolar, leading to flawed estimates. To overcome these limitations and to improve radial diffusion quantification, I use a general formulation for the variation of the third adiabatic invariant (1) to describe how to compute a radial diffusion coefficient in the most general way and (2) to highlight the assumptions that need to be questioned.
VeloC: Towards High Performance Adaptive Asynchronous Checkpointing at Large Scale

Global checkpointing to external storage (e.g., a parallel file system) is a common I/O pattern of many HPC applications. However, given the limited I/O throughput of external storage, global checkpointing can often lead to I/O bottlenecks. To address this issue, a shift from synchronous checkpointing (i.e., blocking until writes have finished) to asynchronous checkpointing (i.e., writing to faster local storage and flushing to external storage in the background) is increasingly being adopted. However, with rising core count per node and heterogeneity of both local and external storage, it is non trivial to design efficient asynchronous checkpointing mechanisms due to the complex interplay between high concurrency and I/O performance variability at both the node-local and global levels. This problem is not well understood but highly important for modern supercomputing infrastructures. This paper proposes a versatile asynchronous checkpointing solution that addresses this problem. To this end, we introduce a concurrency-optimized technique that combines performance modeling with lightweight monitoring to make informed decisions about what local storage devices to use in order to dynamically adapt to background flushes and reduce the checkpointing overhead. We illustrate this technique using the VeloC prototype. Extensive experiments on a pre-Exascale supercomputing system show significant benefits.
Selection of Cyanobacterial ( Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 6301) RubisCO Variants with Improved Functional Properties That Confer Enhanced CO 2 -Dependent Growth of Rhodobacter capsulatus, a Photosynthetic Bacterium.

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into organic carbon in primary producers. All naturally occurring RubisCOs have low catalytic turnover rates and are inhibited by oxygen. Evolutionary adaptations of the enzyme and its host organisms to changing atmospheric oxygen concentrations provide an impetus to artificially evolve RubisCO variants under unnatural selective conditions. A RubisCO deletion strain of the nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus was previously used as a heterologous host for directed evolution and suppressor selection studies that led to the identification of a conserved hydrophobic region near the active site where amino acid substitutions selectively impacted the enzyme's sensitivity to O2 In this study, structural alignments, mutagenesis, suppressor selection, and growth complementation with R. capsulatus under anoxic or oxygenic conditions were used to analyze the importance of semiconserved residues in this region of Synechococcus RubisCO. RubisCO mutant substitutions were identified that provided superior CO2-dependent growth capabilities relative to the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic analyses of the mutant enzymes indicated that enhanced growth performance was traceable to differential interactions of the enzymes with CO2 and O2 Effective residue substitutions also appeared to be localized to two other conserved hydrophobic regions of the holoenzyme. Structural comparisons and similarities indicated that regions identified in this study may be targeted for improvement in RubisCOs from other sources, including crop plants.IMPORTANCE RubisCO catalysis has a significant impact on mitigating greenhouse gas accumulation and CO2 conversion to food, fuel, and other organic compounds required to sustain life. Because RubisCO-dependent CO2 fixation is severely compromised by oxygen inhibition and other physiological constraints, improving RubisCO's kinetic properties to enhance growth in the presence of atmospheric O2 levels has been a longstanding goal. In this study, RubisCO variants with superior structure-functional properties were selected which resulted in enhanced growth of an autotrophic host organism (R. capsulatus), indicating that RubisCO function was indeed growth limiting. It is evident from these results that genetically engineered RubisCO with kinetically enhanced properties can positively impact growth rates in primary producers.
Ideal operating conditions for a variable stiffness transverse plane adapter for individuals with lower-limb amputation.

Abstract Transverse plane shear stress between the prosthetic socket and residual limb often results in soft tissue breakdown and discomfort for individuals with lower-limb amputation. To better understand the effects of reduced transverse plane stiffness in the shank of a prosthesis, a second-generation variable stiffness torsion adapter (VSTA II) was tested with individuals with a transtibial amputation (n = 10). Peak transverse plane moments, VSTA II deflection, range of whole body angular momentum (WBAM), ground reaction impulse, joint work, and personal stiffness preference were evaluated at three fixed stiffness levels (compliant: 0.25 Nm/°, intermediate: 0.75 Nm/°, stiff: 1.25 Nm/°) at three walking speeds (self-selected, fast and slow: +/− 20% of self-selected, respectively) while straight-line walking and performing left and right turns. Residual limb loading decreased and VSTA II displacement increased for reductions in stiffness and both metrics increased with increasing walking speed, while ground reaction impulse and joint work were unaffected. The range of WBAM increased with decreased stiffness, which suggests an increased risk of falling when using the VSTA II at lower stiffness settings. Preference testing showed no significant result, but trends for lower stiffness settings when turning and walking at self-selected speeds were noted, as were stiffer settings when walking straight and at faster speeds. These results show that a device with rotational compliance like the VSTA II could reduce loading on the residual limb during straight walking and turning activities and that factors such as walking speed, activity type and user preference can affect the conditions for optimal use.
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound During Critical Illness in Children: Survey of Practices in Pediatric Neurocritical Care Centers.

Objectives The scope of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the practice of pediatric neurocritical care is unknown. We have surveyed pediatric neurocritical care centers on their use of transcranial Doppler and analyzed clinical management practices. Design Electronic-mail recruitment with survey of expert centers using web-based questionnaire. Setting Survey of 43 hospitals (31 United States, 12 international) belonging to the Pediatric Neurocritical Care Research Group. Patients None. Interventions None. Measurements and main results A 67% (29/43) hospital-response rate. Of these centers, 27 reported using transcranial Doppler in the PICU; two hospitals opted out due to lack of transcranial Doppler availability/use. The most common diagnoses for using transcranial Doppler in clinical care were intracranial/subarachnoid hemorrhage (20 hospitals), arterial ischemic stroke (14 hospitals), and traumatic brain injury (10 hospitals). Clinical studies were carried out and interpreted by credentialed individuals in 93% (25/27) and 78% (21/27) of the centers, respectively. A written protocol for performance of transcranial Doppler in the PICU was available in 30% (8/27 hospitals); of these, two of eight hospitals routinely performed correlation studies to validate results. In 74% of the centers (20/27), transcranial Doppler results were used to guide clinical care: that is, when to obtain a neuroimaging study (18 hospitals); how to manipulate cerebral perfusion pressure with fluids/vasopressors (13 hospitals); and whether to perform a surgical intervention (six hospitals). Research studies were also commonly performed for a range of diagnoses. Conclusions At least 27 pediatric neurocritical care centers use transcranial Doppler during clinical care. In the majority of centers, studies are performed and interpreted by credentialed personnel, and findings are used to guide clinical management. Further studies are needed to standardize these practices.
The Introduction of a New Domain into an Existing Area of Research: Novel Discoveries Through Integration of Sleep into Cancer and Obesity Research

Inadequate sleep and sleep disturbances have recently emerged as important contributors to obesity and cancer risk. This chapter describes the emergence of cross-disciplinary research on sleep, energetics, and cancer risk. It describes the challenges that were encountered, how these were addressed, and the added value this integration has brought, in terms of research questions and approaches and scientific findings.
Anaerobic digestion of biorefinery lignin: Effect of different wet explosion pretreatment conditions.

Abstract This study examine ways to make biorefinery lignin accessible for anaerobic digestion. The raw material was the residue after removing carbohydrates by Wet Explosion pretreatment at 190 °C and 7.5% O2 followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The residual solid was mainly composed of lignin and was the raw material for a second WEx pretreatment operated at 220 °C with 4% oxygen and variable concentrations of NaOH (0–2%). Lignin B was the residue after pretreated without NaOH, Lignin C was pretreated at 1% NaOH, and Lignin E at 2% NaOH. Anaerobic digestion was carried out on all lignin fractions (Lignin A, B, C and E) at thermophilic conditions (52 °C) by mixing 70% of each lignin fractions with 30% clarified manure. The results showed that the lignin samples were demethoxylated as part of the biodegradation and that the highest severity pretreatment (with oxygen and 2% NaOH) resulted in the highest methane yield.
Jacob T. Levy: Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom

Among political theorists there is a dispute over the status of ideal theory [see, for instance, Pennington (2011), Tomasi (2012)]. Ideal theory is characterized by its reliance on abstract arguments and thought experiments concerning questions such as: What is justice? or What rights do we owe each other? As such, ideal theory will always have a place in philosophy departments. However, recent critics argue that debates in political philosophy and political theory should be consistent with the insights of the social sciences, particularly economics and sociology. Levy belongs to the critics’ camp. He begins his excellent Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom with a deconstruction of purely theoretical accounts of how liberals should view the existence of distinct associations and communities within society. Such accounts are close to the hearts of many libertarians and classical liberals. The ‘‘utopia’’ sketched by Robert Nozick (1974) in Anarchy, State, and Utopia and the framework outlined by Chandran Kukathas (2003) in his Liberal Archipelago are based on the idea that individuals can sort themselves in such communities in order to provide governance and local public goods without reliance on coercion by the state. Under such theories, an individual’s freedom to enter into various voluntary groups confers legitimacy on the decisions and actions of these groups. As such, so long as these groups respect a formal right to exit, their actions are legitimate and cannot be overridden or violated by the state, even if their practices appear deplorable to a majority of the population. Levy is sympathetic to this pluralistic liberal vision. However, he is also sensitive to the problems that might arise in practice. He notes that not only might such groups impose illiberal rules on their members, but as a matter of sociological practice long-lived and successful institutions can constrain the freedom of their members. Exit rights might exist in theory, but may be extremely curtailed in reality if, for example, individuals are brought up as children in communities that severely restrict their educational choices. This tension
Targeted laser irradiation induces immunologic markers of breast cancer cell death

Targeted laser irradiation (1064nm, 20ns) employing gold nanorods targeted to breast cancer cells induces immediate necrosis and release of damage associated molecular patterns that are associated with immunogenic cell death.