cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and gamma valerolactone (GVL): Similarities and differences in their effects on the acoustic startle reflex and the conditioned enhancement of startle in the rat

Gamma butyrolactone (GBL) is metabolized to gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in the body. GHB is a DEA Schedule 1 compound; GBL is a DEA List 1 chemical. Gamma valerolactone (GVL) is the 4-methyl analog of GBL; GVL is metabolized to 4-methyl-GHB; GVL is NOT metabolized to GBL or GHB. The effects of GBL (18.75-150 mg/kg), GVL (200-1600 mg/kg) or vehicle on the acoustic startle reflex (ASR), and the classically-conditioned enhancement of startle, the Startle Anticipated Potentiation of Startle (SAPS) response were studied in male rats. Both compounds produced a dose-dependent reduction of ASR, with GBL 5-7 times more potent than GVL. In contrast, GBL treatment significantly reduced SAPS at doses that exerted only moderate effects on ASR, whereas GVL exerted little or no effect on the SAPS, except at doses that produced pronounced reductions in Noise Alone ASR. In a second experiment, rats were tested for Noise Alone ASR behavior following treatment with a single mid-range dose of GBL (75 mg/kg), GVL (400mg/kg) or vehicle; immediately following startle testing the animals were sacrificed and their brains and blood were collected for determination of GHB, 4-methyl-GHB, GBL and GVL. GHB was found in measurable concentrations in all of the blood specimens and 6 (of 8) of the brain specimens from the GBL-treated subjects. 4-Methyl-GHB was found in measurable concentrations in all of the blood and brain specimens of the GVL-treated subjects; the change in startle amplitude was inversely correlated to the brain concentrations of these compounds. These findings confirm the differences in the metabolic fate of GBL and GVL as pro-drugs for the formation of GHB and 4-methyl-GHB, respectively. Moreover, the dissimilarity in effect profile for GBL and GVL on ASR versus SAPS behaviors suggests that different receptor(s) may be involved in mediating these behavioral effects.
Mobility-assisted resolution of queries in large-scale mobile sensor networks (MARQ)

One of the most crucial aspects of the design of sensor networks is provisioning of efficient query resolution and resource discovery. In many cases sensor networks are expected to be large-scale, and in some cases these sensors may be installed on moving objects, rendering the query resolution problem even more challenging. Flooding techniques, including global flooding or expanding ring search techniques, may be very inefficient in large-scale networks, especially in wireless (spatial) networks where the diameter of the network tends to be quite high. More so is the case when queries are one-shot and frequent.In this study, a novel architecture is presented for query resolution in large-scale mobile sensor networks. A salient feature of our architecture is that it takes advantage of mobility to increase the efficiency of query resolution. The architecture borrows from the concept of small worlds and introduces the concept of contacts that act as short cuts to reduce the degrees of separation between the sources of the query and the targeted objects. Contacts are initially chosen from nearby neighbors, as they move away they discover new neighbors and hence become more effective in query resolution. Unlike conventional approaches for routing protocols, our primary design goal is not to optimize routes or response delays, but to reduce communication overhead. This is particularly important in energy-constraint environments, as are many sensor networks, particularly for one-shot queries, where the communication is short lived. We design our protocols to be scalable, self-configuring, and highly adaptive to mobility. In fact, it utilizes mobility.We evaluate our protocols through extensive simulations and present a detailed analysis of its performance. We further compare our approach to other query resolution protocols. Our results clearly indicate the drastic improvement obtained by using contacts, especially in high mobility scenarios. For non-replicated objects, we obtain 60-70% improvement over zone routing approaches, 80-90% improvement in communication overhead over flooding, and even greater improvements over expanding ring search approaches. Our protocols respond extremely well to replication, as the number of transmitted packets per query drops significantly.
Constructing consensus: Homeland security as a symbol of government politics and administration

Abstract Homeland security is a recent symbol in the American political lexicon. As an outgrowth of the idea of national security, it evokes certain meanings for politicians, administrators, and the public. However, these meanings do not provide much guidance about how domestic safety can be assured, nor how American political and administrative institutions should be organized to meet threats to citizens. Using a general model of governmental information use, this study traces the political and administrative construction of meaning for ‘homeland security.’ First, through a qualitative analysis of contemporary documents, it traces the development and institutionalization of the term in the Federal Executive and Congress. Secondly, employing software-based content analysis, it analyzes how four groups described administrative needs for homeland security. It identifies areas where tensions regarding implementation of administrative measures for homeland security are likely to occur.
Beyond Learning Styles: Brain-Based Research and English Language Learners

In this article, the author discusses ways in which teachers can implement brain-based research in teaching English language learners (ELLs). Teachers of ELLs can draw on recently developed brain-based research applied to other learners, in addition to their considerations of multicultural strategies, learning styles, and diverse needs. Equipped with an array of diverse teaching approaches, ELL teachers can tap into the best of brain-compatible learning and neurodevelopmental applications, providing innovative ways to reach students.
Dual Quadtree Representation for VLSI Designs

The Quad-CIF tree has been proposed as a data structure for hierarchical design of VLSI. Frequently encountered operations in VLSI design require a lot of search effort on a Quad-CIF tree. Additionally, since the empty spaces are not explicitly stored in the tree, layout compaction is difficult to achieve. To support such operations efficiently, we propose a dual quadtree structure for VLSI design. At the first level we represent a cell in the layout as a “painted quadtree”. The painted quadtree stores the entire region spanned by all the rectangles in the cell. Once the cell is designed it is stored in the form of boundary codes. At the second level of the dual structure, these boundary codes are stored in a Quad-CIF tree. Therefore, the dual structure affords us the convenience of using the painted quadtree for interactive design and the excellent features of the Quad-CIF tree for hierarchical design and compact storage representation.
‘To Give an Example is a Complex Act’: Agamben’s pedagogy of the paradigm

AbstractAgamben’s notion of the ‘paradigm’ has far-reaching implications for educational thinking, curriculum design and pedagogical conduct. In his approach, examples—or paradigms—deeply engage our powers of analogy, enabling us to discern previously unseen affinities among singular objects by stepping outside established systems of classification. In this way we come to envision novel groupings, new patterns of connection—that nonetheless do not simply reassemble those singular objects into yet another rigidly fixed set or class. Agamben sees this sort of ‘paradigmatic understanding’ as our richest source of intelligibility. For Agamben the paradigm is ultimately about learning to see again, starting not with already perfectly known and categorized objects (or ideas), but rather with a fresh experience of one individual object and the analogical relations it may have to others, and to novel groupings that may arise. The paradigm is a method, a way in which educators might respond to a wide range of educ...
Predictors and outcomes of early versus later English language proficiency among English language learners

Abstract The development of English language learners (ELLs) was explored from kindergarten through eighth grade within a nationally representative sample of first-time kindergartners (N = 19,890). Growth curve analyses indicated that, compared to native English speakers, ELLs were rated by teachers more favorably on approaches to learning, self-control, and externalizing behaviors in kindergarten and generally continued to grow in a positive direction on these social/behavioral outcomes at a steeper rate compared to their native English-speaking peers, holding other factors constant. Differences in reading and math achievement between ELLs and native English speakers varied based on the grade at which English proficiency is attained. Specifically, ELLs who were proficient in English by kindergarten entry kept pace with native English speakers in both reading and math initially and over time; ELLs who were proficient by first grade had modest gaps in reading and math achievement compared to native English speakers that closed narrowly or persisted over time; and ELLs who were not proficient by first grade had the largest initial gaps in reading and math achievement compared to native speakers but the gap narrowed over time in reading and grew over time in math. Among those whose home language is not English, acquiring English proficiency by kindergarten entry was associated with better cognitive and behavioral outcomes through eighth grade compared to taking longer to achieve proficiency. Multinomial regression analyses indicated that child, family, and school characteristics predict achieving English proficiency by kindergarten entry compared to achieving proficiency later. Results are discussed in terms of policies and practices that can support ELL children's growth and development.
An investigation recording all salamanders which can and cannot regenerate a lens from the dorsal iris.

A brief description of lens regeneration is given of all the 21 salamanders which can regenerate a lens from the dorsal iris after lentectomy. Illustrations of all but one are shown, 18 of which are from eyes of species which were lentectomized by the author. Eleven species of salamanders are American, eight are European and two are Japanese. Table 1 lists all of the 21 species of salamanders representing different genera which regenerate a lens and all of the eight species, also of different genera, which fail to regenerate a lens. All members of the genus Triturus so far examined regenerate a lens and all of the Amblystomidae which have been tested do not. One species of the genus Eurycea regenerates a lens while another in the same genus does not. It is suggested that hybridization might be attempted between two similar closely related species for an examination of the ability of lens regeneration in the offspring. Since there are more species of salamanders distributed over the American continent than in any other part of the world there is an unique opportunity to discover how widespread this phenomenon is for lens regeneration from the dorsal iris. Methods (table 1) and techniques are described for making serial sections of eyes.
Reply to comment on ``Oxygen budget of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake''

Top (Top et al. 1983, 1985) has found that in laboratory-grown ice and in Arctic ice floes 50% of the gas is retained in the ice upon freezing. As Top points out in his comment, Bari and Hallett (1974), whom we cite in Wharton et al. (1986), actually discussed how and when the ice-rejected dissolved gas gets back into the ice. We did not misquote this reference. Careful examination of the Bari and Hallett paper will reveal that in their experiments “bubbles cease abruptly” at freezing rates below about 3 pm sl. The freezing rate of the ice in the Antarctic lakes is estimated to be 30 cm yrl which corresponds to 0.009 pm s-l, well below the limit of bubble formation. The rate of freezing is an important variable in the exclusion of gas when water freezes. Hence, we do not expect a significant amount of gas to be retained in the Antarctic lake ice. This is consistent with observations of the ice cover. The results from laboratory experiments and Arctic floes reported by Top are not relevant since much higher freezing rates occur in these relatively thin ice environments. Indeed, the thick, stable, perennial ice cover of an Antarctic lake is unique in nature. Therefore, it is not too surprising that Arctic experience led Top to an incorrect conclusion. In conclusion, we feel that our original assumption of 100% exclusion is indeed representative of the conditions in the Antarctic lake. Top’s other comments are based on his incorrect estimate of the gas retention and hence do not apply.
The calpain family and human disease

The number of mammalian calpain protease family members has grown to 14 on last count. Overactivation of calpain 1 and calpain 2 (and their small subunit) has long been tied to acute neurological disorders (e.g. stroke and traumatic brain injury) and recently to Alzheimer's disease. Loss-of-function mutations of the calpain 3 gene have now been identified as the cause of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2A. Calpain 10 was recently identified as a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes, whereas calpain 9 appears to be a gastric cancer suppressor. This review describes our current understanding of the calpain family members and their mechanistic linkages to the aforementioned diseases as well as other emerging pathological conditions.
The two mammalian mitochondrial stress proteins, grp 75 and hsp 58, transiently interact with newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins.

Abstract In mammalian cells, two of the so-called heat shock (hsp) or stress proteins are components of the mitochondria. One of these, hsp 58, is a member of the bacterial GroEL family, whereas the other, glucose-regulated protein (grp) 75, represents a member of the hsp 70 family of stress proteins. Owing to previous studies implicating a role for both the hsp 70 and GroEL families in facilitating protein maturation events, we used the method of native immunoprecipitation to examine whether hsp 58 and grp 75 might interact with other proteins of the mitochondria. In cells pulse-labeled with [35S]-methionine, a significant number of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins co-precipitated with either hsp 58 or grp 75. Such interactions appeared transient. For example, providing the pulse-labeled cells a subsequent chase period in the absence of radiolabel resulted in a reduction of co-precipitating proteins. If the pulse-chase labeling experiments were performed in the presence of an amino acid analogue, somewhat different results were obtained. Specifically, although many of the newly synthesized and analogue-containing proteins again were observed to co-precipitate with grp 75, the interactions did not appear transient, but instead were stable. Under steady-state labeling conditions, we also observed a portion of hsp 58 and grp 75 in an apparent complex with one another. On addition of ATP, the complex was dissociated. Accompanying this dissociation was the concomitant autophosphorylation of grp 75. On the basis of these observations, as well as previous studies examining the structure/function of the hsp 70 and GroEL proteins, we suspect that both hsp 58 and grp 75 interact with and facilitate the folding and assembly of proteins as they enter into the mitochondria.
Open boundary conditions for hyperbolic equations

A previously developed general procedure for deriving accurate difference equations to describe conditions at open boundaries for hyperbolic equations is extended and further illustrated by means of several examples of practical importance. Problems include those with both incoming and outgoing waves at the boundary, the use of locally cylindrical and spherical wave approximations at each point of the boundary, and nonlinear wave propagation. Reflected waves in all cases are minimal and less than 10−2 of the incident wave.
ProteomeScout: a repository and analysis resource for post-translational modifications and proteins

ProteomeScout (https://proteomescout.wustl.edu) is a resource for the study of proteins and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) consisting of a database of PTMs, a repository for experimental data, an analysis suite for PTM experiments, and a tool for visualizing the relationships between complex protein annotations. The PTM database is a compendium of public PTM data, coupled with user-uploaded experimental data. ProteomeScout provides analysis tools for experimental datasets, including summary views and subset selection, which can identify relationships within subsets of data by testing for statistically significant enrichment of protein annotations. Protein annotations are incorporated in the ProteomeScout database from external resources and include terms such as Gene Ontology annotations, domains, secondary structure and non-synonymous polymorphisms. These annotations are available in the database download, in the analysis tools and in the protein viewer. The protein viewer allows for the simultaneous visualization of annotations in an interactive web graphic, which can be exported in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format. Finally, quantitative data measurements associated with public experiments are also easily viewable within protein records, allowing researchers to see how PTMs change across different contexts. ProteomeScout should prove useful for protein researchers and should benefit the proteomics community by providing a stable repository for PTM experiments.
Quasi-three-dimensional perturbation technique, including dielectrics for TWT's

A perturbation technique is described for finding phase velocities and coupling impedances in a traveling wave tube for an arbitrary distribution of dielectric material. A model of the sheath helix is presented. Tape helix results will be presented in a separate paper. In all cases presented, without adjusting the dielectric constant, the calculated perturbed phase velocity provided a better answer than the homogeneous dielectric solution, or Naval Research Laboratories' Small Signal Gain Program. Deviation from theory versus experiment is reported by stating the average sum of the squares difference between theoretical calculations and a second order least squares fit of the measured data. Phase velocities can be calculated for uniform dielectric support rods where the average sum of the squares /spl les/1.19/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/5/. For cases with notched dielectric support rods phase velocities can be calculated where the average sum of the squares /spl les/1.94/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/5/. For NRL's SSG program the average sum of the squares was /spl les/1.01/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/4/ by comparison. For uniform dielectric support rods the perturbation does not significantly alter the basic shape of the predicted dispersion curve. For notched dielectric support rods applying the perturbation does alter and flatten the shape of the predicted dispersion curve in agreement with experiment. >
Can a Plantation be Fair? Paradoxes and Possibilities in Fair Trade Darjeeling Tea Certification

This paper explores interactions between the Indian government's colonially inspired Plantations Labour Act and TransFair USA's fair trade standards. Although fair trade makes claims to universalistic notions of social justice and workers' empowerment, what “fairness” means and how it is experienced varies by locale. In this paper, I discuss how state laws and fair trade certification agencies complement and contradict each other on Darjeeling tea plantations. I argue that by reinforcing neoliberal logic, fair trade undermines the state, which has maintained the responsibility of regulating the treatment of workers on plantations. Certification often leads to the dissolution of unions, which are regarded as a barrier to trade.
Ethics in family vs nonfamily owned businesses

This study investigated the ethical judgments in family vs nonfamily owned businesses. Respondents rated their ethical evaluations of 5 scenarios which involved ethical issues, e.g., promotion of a family member ahead of an equally qualified nonfamily employee. Analysis of responses from 120 participants yielded no statistically significant differences between the ethical judgment ratings of owner/managers of family and nonfamily owned firms.
Experimental determination of effects of water depth on Nymphaea odorata growth, morphology and biomass allocation

Growth, morphology and biomass allocation in response to water depth was studied in white water lily, Nymphaea odorata Aiton. Plants were grown for 13 months in 30, 60 and 90 cm water in outdoor mesocosms in southern Florida. Water lily plant growth was distinctly seasonal with plants at all water levels producing more and larger leaves and more flowers in the warmer months. Plants in 30 cm water produced more but smaller and shorter-lived leaves than plants at 60 cm and 90 cm water levels. Although plants did not differ significantly in total biomass at harvest, plants in deeper water had significantly greater biomass allocated to leaves and roots, while plants in 30 cm water had significantly greater biomass allocated to rhizomes. Although lamina area and petiole length increased significantly with water level, lamina specific weight did not differ among water levels. Petiole specific weight increased significantly with increasing water level, implying a greater cost to tethering the larger laminae in deeper water. Lamina length and width scaled similarly at different water levels and modeled lamina area (LA)
A Hike through a Post-EJB J2EE Web Application Architecture, Part III

By incorporating automated component, integration, and acceptance testing into the various tiers of a lightweight lava 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Web application architecture, developers can shorten the development cycle and increase the quality of their work
Predicting and explaining patronage behavior toward web and traditional stores using neural networks: a comparative analysis with logistic regression

Web stores, where buyers place orders over the Internet, have emerged to become a prevalent sales channel. In this research, we developed neural network models, which are known for their capability of modeling noncompensatory decision processes, to predict and explain consumer choice between web and traditional stores. We conducted an empirical survey for the study. Specifically, in the survey, the purchases of six distinct products from web stores were contrasted with the corresponding purchases from traditional stores. The respondents' perceived attribute performance was then used to predict the customers' channel choice between web and traditional stores. We have provided statistical evidence that neural networks significantly outperform logistic regression models for most of the surveyed products in terms of the predicting power. To gain more insights from the models, we have identified the factors that have significant impact on customers' channel attitude through sensitivity analyses on the neural networks. The results indicate that the influential factors are different across product categories. The findings of the study offer a number of implications for channel management.
A generalized continuous distribution approach for generating capacity reliability evaluation and its applications

A generalized approach to the use of continuous distribution approximation for generating capacity reliability evaluation is presented. The well-known Gram-Charlier's expression is a special case of this general formulation. Using this formulation, any continuous distribution function can be examined for its suitability for modeling generation systems. The results obtained by using two- and three-parameter gamma distribution functions with this approach are compared with those from the normal model or the Gram-Charlier expansion. >
Environmental assessment of three egg production systems — Part II. Ammonia, greenhouse gas, and particulate matter emissions

Abstract As an integral part of the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES) Project, this study simultaneously monitored air emissions of 3 commercially operated egg production systems at the house level and associated manure storage over 2 single-cycle flocks (18 to 78 wk of age). The 3 housing systems were 1) a conventional cage house (CC) with a 200,000-hen capacity (6 hens in a cage at a stocking density of 516 cm2/hen), 2) an enriched colony house (EC) with a 50,000-hen capacity (60 hens per colony at a stocking density of 752 cm2/hen), and 3) an aviary house (AV) with a 50,000-hen capacity (at a stocking density of 1253 to 1257 cm2/hen). The 3 hen houses were located on the same farm and were populated with Lohmann white hens of the same age. Indoor environment and house-level gaseous (ammonia [NH3] and greenhouse gasses [GHG], including carbon dioxide [CO2], methane [CH4], and nitrous oxide [N2 O]) and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) emissions were monitored continually. Gaseous emissions from the respective manure storage of each housing system were also monitored. Emission rates (ERs) are expressed as emission quantities per hen, per animal unit (AU, 500 kg live BW), and per kilogram of egg output. House-level NH3 ER (g/hen/d) of EC (0.054) was significantly lower than that of CC (0.082) or AV (0.112) (P
Intracellular Distribution of Iodine-Containing Compounds in Rat Liver, Kidney and Heart

The intracellular distribution and quantitation of endogenously labeled iodine-containing compounds in normal rat liver, kidney and heart was determined under steady state conditions. An isotope equilibrium method based on chronic feeding of 125Ilabeled diet of known specific activity was employed. Virtually all of the label appeared as T4, T3 and iodide. T4 was more abundant than T3 in all fractions of liver, and in all fractions except nuclei of kidney and heart. T4 tended to concentrate in mitochondria, microsomes and soluble fraction and to be lowest in nuclei in all 3 tissues. This may be due to the available T4 binding sites in these fractions. T3 was more uniformly distributed among the 4 fractions. Quantities found per mg nitrogen were in the range of 0.1–0.7 mμg of T4 and 0.02–0.35 mμg of T3. Comparison of the subcellular distribution of endogenous hormone and exogenous hormone added in vitro to tissue homogenates indicated that the 2 methods of labeling gave different results. It would seem desi...
Ethical Considerations of Family Secret Disclosure and Post-Session Safety Management.

The ethical issues involved in the disclosure of family secrets in therapy have been addressed in the literature, but the focus has typically been on secrets disclosed in individual sessions. The literature largely ignores the ethical issues surrounding in-session disclosure and the concomitant liability of the family therapist for the post-session well-being of the system’s members. This article explores types of family secrets, provides a case example of in-session disclosure, and presents ethical considerations and practice recommendations.
Characterization of the transvection mediating region of the abdominal-B locus in Drosophila

Genetic studies have identified an unusual transvection process in the Abdominal-B (Abd-B) locus of Drosophila. In some cases distal infraabdominal (iab) regulatory domains continue to activate the Abd-B promoter even when translocated onto different chromosomes. Transvection depends on an approx. 10 kb genomic DNA sequence, termed the transvection mediating region (tmr), located immediately downstream of the Abd-B transcription unit. Here we report a detailed analysis of this region. Different DNA fragments from the tmr were inserted into a variety of P-transformation vectors. Analyses of reporter gene expression in transgenic embryos and adults identify at least three cis-regulatory elements, including two enhancers (IAB7 and IAB8) and a new insulator DNA (Frontabdominal-8, Fab-8). Evidence is also presented for a Polycomb Response Element (PRE) linked to the IAB8 enhancer, and an internal promoter in the iab-8 domain, which transcribes the iab-7 and iab-8 cis-regulatory DNA, including the Fab-8 insulator. We discuss the significance of these findings with regard to Abd-B transvection and long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in mammalian globin loci.
Taut Distance-Regular Graphs of Odd Diameter

Let Γ denote a bipartite distance-regular graph with diameter D ≥ 4, valency k ≥ 3, and distinct eigenvalues t0 > t1 > ··· > tD. Let M denote the Bose-Mesner algebra of Γ. For 0 ≤ i ≤ D, let Ei denote the primitive idempotent of M associated with ti. We refer to E0 and ED as the trivial idempotents of M. Let E, F denote primitive idempotents of M. We say the pair E, F is taut whenever (i) E, F are nontrivial, and (ii) the entry-wise product E c F is a linear combination of two distinct primitive idempotents of M. We show the pair E, F is taut if and only if there exist real scalars α, β such that σi + 1ρi + 1 − σi − 1ρi − 1 e ασi(ρi + 1 − ρi − 1) + βρi(σi + 1 − σi − 1) (1 ≤ i ≤ D − 1), where σ0, σ1, …, σD and ρ0, ρ1, …, ρD denote the cosine sequences of E, F, respectively. We define Γ to be taut whenever Γ has at least one taut pair of primitive idempotents but Γ is not 2-homogeneous in the sense of Nomura and Curtin. Assume Γ is taut and D is odd, and assume the pair E, F is taut. We show \frac{\sigma_{i+1}-\alpha \sigma_i}{\sigma \sigma_i - \sigma_{i-1}} &=& \frac {\beta \rho_i - \rho_{i-1}}{\rho \rho_i - \rho_{i-1}},\\ \frac{\rho_{i+1} - \beta \rho_i}{\rho \rho_i - \rho_{i-1}} &=& \frac{\alpha \sigma_i - \sigma_{i-1}}{\sigma \sigma_i - \sigma_{i-1}} for 1 ≤ i ≤ D − 1, where σ e σ1, ρ e ρ1. Using these equations, we recursively obtain σ0, σ1, …, σD and ρ0, ρ1, …, ρD in terms of the four real scalars σ, ρ, α, β. From this we obtain all intersection numbers of Γ in terms of σ, ρ, α, β. We showed in an earlier paper that the pair E1, Ed is taut, where d e (D − 1)/2. Applying our results to this pair, we obtain the intersection numbers of Γ in terms of k, μ, t1, td, where μ denotes the intersection number c2. We show that if Γ is taut and D is odd, then Γ is an antipodal 2-cover.
The photosynthetic eukaryote Nannochloris eukaryotum as an intracellular machine to control and expand functionality of human cells.

To construct an intracellular machine, we sought a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic green alga and human cells. Human cells selectively take up the minimal eukaryote Nannochloris eukaryotum and the resulting symbionts are able to survive and proliferate. Host cells can utilize N. eukaryotum’s photosynthetic apparatus for survival, and expression of cellular vascular endothelial growth factor can be controlled with input of photonic energy. This seemingly rare spontaneous association provides an opportunity to fabricate light-controlled, intracellular machines.
A3.33 Increased rho-kinase activity in temporal artery biopsies from patients with giant cell arteritis

Background/Purpose ROCKs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. ROCK activation is associated with Th17 differentiation and production of Th17-associated cytokines, IL-17 and IL-21. Th17 cells and related cytokines are present in increased levels in active Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA). ROCK activity in GCA is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess ROCK activity in temporal artery biopsy (TAB) specimens in GCA versus controls. Methods All TAB performed at a tertiary care center over a 5 year period were identified. Charts were reviewed for clinical information. Subjects were categorised according to 1990 ACR criteria and TAB status into 3 groups: GCA with positive TAB, GCA with negative TAB and age-sex-matched controls. Paraffin-embedded temporal artery specimens were stained for Phospho-Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (pERM), a surrogate of ROCK activity, using immunohistochemical stain. pERM stained slides were reviewed by a pathologist blinded to clinical status. Three separate areas (endothelium, adventitia and vaso vasorum) were scored for intensity of staining on a scale of 0-2 for total possible composite score of 6. Primary outcome was biopsy pERM intensity score in subjects with GCA compared to controls. Results Nineteen subjects with GCA had positive TAB, 17 subjects had GCA with negative TAB and18 age-sex-matched controls were analysed. Mean age was 77.9 ± 9.1years and 81.4% were female with no differences in baseline demographics between the 3 groups. Compared to controls, GCA subjects with either positive or negative TAB had significantly higher pERM intensity scores (p = 0.0159). Adjusting for diabetes, hypertension, prednisone, and statin use, GCA subjects still had higher pERM intensity scores (OR 7.3; 95% CI 1.9–25.9, p = 0.0046). Comparing GCA with negative TAB to controls, high pERM score had sensitivity of 90.4% and negative predictive value of 90.9%. Conclusion Subjects with GCA had more intense pERM staining in TAB specimens compared to age- sex-matched controls regardless of whether TAB was positive or negative, suggesting increased ROCK activity in GCA. High pERM staining score had a sensitivity higher than the sensitivity of routine TAB histopathology itself, suggesting it may be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool in patients with negative TAB. The ROCK pathway warrants further investigation in GCA as it may be of both diagnostic and therapeutic significance.
Binding properties of androgen receptors in genital skin fibroblasts of a patient with 5α-reductase deficiency

Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were found to bind to a specific protein in foreskin fibroblasts of a male pseudohermaphrodite with 5α-reductase deficiency. While maximum number of binding sites (B max) were similar for both androgens, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of the androgen receptor for T was greater than for DHT. In competition studies of 3H-T bound to the receptor with unlabeled T or DHT, the inhibitor constant (Ki) for T was two to three fold greater than the Kj for DHT. Also, the dissociation rate constant (kd) for 3H-T bound to the receptor was greater than for 3H-DHT (t 1/2 for T = 10 h and t 1/2 for DHT = 74.5 h). These results suggest that T may play a role in the sexual differentiation of patients with 5α-reductase deficiency. Their incomplete masculinization would be explained by the lower affinity and faster turnover rate of the T-receptor complex relative to the DHT-receptor complex.
Dodecahedron- and Bowl-Shaped Structures C20

Purely carbonaceous aggregates C20 have been studied by the AM1 quantumchemical method. In addition to one dodecahedron-shaped structure possessing C1 symmetry another three-dimensional species is revealed, viz. a bowl-shaped structure of C5v symmetry (and also one two-dimensional and two one-dimensional species). Temperature dependence of the relative stabilities of both three-dimensional structures is evaluated, showing that in the relevant temperature region the fullerenic species is prevailing. However, in a very high temperature region a relative-stability interchange has been predicted.
Oxidative hemoglobin reactions: Applications to drug metabolism

Hb is a protein with multiple functions, acting as an O2 transport protein, and having peroxidase and oxidase activities with xenobiotics that lead to substrate radicals. However, there is a lack of evidence for intermediates involved in these reactions of Hb with redox-active compounds, including those with xenobiotics such as drugs, chemical carcinogens, and sulfides. In particular, questions exist as to what intermediates participate in reactions of either metHb or oxyHb with sulfides. The studies presented here elaborate kinetics and intermediates involved in the reactions of Hb with oxidants (H2O2 and mCPBA), and they demonstrate the formation of high valent intermediates, providing insights into mechanistic issues of sulfur and drug oxidations. Overall, we propose generalized mechanisms that include peroxidatic reactions using H2O2 generated from the autooxidation of oxyHb, with involvement of substrate radicals in reactions of Hb with oxidizable drugs such as metyrapone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and with sulfides. We identify ferryl intermediates (with a Soret band at 407 nm) in oxidative reactions with all of the above-mentioned reactions. These spectral properties are consistent with a protonated ferryl heme, such as Cpd II or Cpd ES-like species (Spolitak et al., JIB, 2006, 100, 2034-2044). Mechanism(s) of Hb oxidative reactions are discussed.
Negative Effects of Regulation Withdrawal and Their Removal

Regulation withdrawal refers to conduct adopted deliberately by people involved to alter or overpass the boundary of regulations.However,negative effects of regulation withdrawal can by no means be negligible for it not only affects achievements and alienates variation of regulations but also wrecks social order and harms social justice.With its internal cause,regulation withdrawal is affected by the subject's mind and demand and closely associated with the limitations and operative mechanism of regulations.To remove the negative effects of regulation withdrawal,we should start with their internal causes and stop and remove conditions for their occurrence to effectively guarantee the proper operation of regulations.
Where Are We Headed? Resource Description and Access, Bibliographic Framework, and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Library Reference Model

Column Editor's NotesThe “Advances in Library Data and Access” column examines technological advances internal and external to libraries. The focus is on how library data is created and used. The strength of the column is its broad, international focus and contributors are encouraged to explore issues and recent advances in information technology relevant to their geographical region, as well as the larger, global audience. Interested authors are invited to submit proposals and articles to the column editor at moulaisonhe@missouri.edu. Please include “IILR Submission” in the subject line of the email.
Populus hybrid hosts drive divergence in the herbivorous mite, Aceria parapopuli : implications for conservation of plant hybrid zones as essential habitat

Plant hybrid zones receive little conservation attention, yet they may be centers of diversity and evolutionary opportunity for dependent species. In previous studies, cottonwood hybrid zones have been shown to be important drivers of biological diversity and herbivore evolution. Despite these findings, no studies have examined whether hybrid host use drives herbivore genetic divergence across a broad geographic range. Here, we examined the role of Populus hybridization on the evolution of the eriophyid mite, Aceria parapopuli, using ITS1 sequence differentiation. We found support for the hypothesis that Populus hybridization has driven genetic divergence in mites in multiple hybrid zones. Furthermore, our data suggest that hybrid host use has followed at least two instances of mite genetic divergence. Our findings have several important conservation implications. First, they suggest that cottonwood hybrid zones can be important drivers of evolutionary divergence in a dependent herbivore. Second, different hybrid zones represent different ecological environments, and provide independent opportunities for local adaptation and divergence. Although hybrid plants are not considered a high priority for conservation management, and in some cases viewed as “evolutionary dead ends”, our results suggest that new consideration ought to be given to plant hybrid zones. As shown here, natural hybrid zones provide unique ecological and evolutionary opportunities, and essential habitat for dependent species, all of which deserve conservation attention and increased protection.
The Japanese Experience with CAPD/CCPD in Children

Chronic peritoneal dialysis is well established as a form of renal replacement therapy for children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) awaiting kidney transplantation. Dramatic world-wide growth of chronic peritoneal dialysis has been attained during the past decade.1 To date, annual registry data for all ESRD children have been reported in the USA,2,3 Canada,3,4 Europe,5,6 including Italy,7 and Australia and New Zealand.8 In Japan, similar registry data on children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis have been compiled from the work of the Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Conference (Japan) since 1986.9
Target signaling with material adverse change clauses in merger agreements

Abstract Material Adverse Change (MAC) clauses play key roles in essentially all merger negotiations. Fewer exclusions in MAC clauses imply broader abandonment options for acquirers. We study the motivation for different scopes of acquirers’ abandonment options. In our comprehensive hand-collected sample, broader firm-specific abandonment options are associated with higher target announcement returns and higher combined acquirer and target announcement gains, lower probabilities of MAC occurrences, and lower conditional completion rates when MACs occur. They are also more prevalent in higher-quality firms with larger information asymmetries. Overall, the results indicate that targets’ credibly signaling their higher values or greater synergies is one motivation for broader abandonment options for acquirers.
REAVALIANDO CULTURA E POBREZA

Abstract: Our objective is to take stock of the budding literature on the relationship culture-poverty; identify issues that re-main unanswered; and make the case that the judicious, theoretically informed, and empirically grounded study of culture can and should be a permanent component of the poverty research agenda. We begin by identifying the schol-arly and policy reasons why poverty researchers should be deeply concerned with culture. We then tackle a difficult question – what is “culture”? – and make the case that so-ciologists and anthropologists of culture have developed at least seven different, though sometimes overlapping, analytical tools for capturing meaning-making that could help answer questions about marriage, education, neighbor -hoods, community participation, and other topics central to the study of poverty. Palavras-chave: Cultura; Pobreza; Relacao cultura e pobreza;Desigualdade social; Sociologia cultural. Keywords: Culture; Poverty; Culture and poverty relationship;Social inequality; Cultural sociology.reavaliando cultura e pobreza
Thermally Degraded Diglycolamine®/Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol for CO2 Capture

Abstract Thermally degraded diglycolamine® (DGA®)/dimethylaminoethoxyethanol (DMAEE) was found to have a better performance for CO2 capture than the fresh, undegraded solvent. At high temperature, DGA®/DMAEE reaches equilibrium with its major degradation product, methylaminoethoxyethanol (MAEE). The production of MAEE enhances the CO2 absorption rate, while maintaining the CO2 capacity of the original solvent. The normalized CO2 cyclic capacity of DGA®/MAEE/DMAEE is substantially greater than that of 7 m monoethanolamine (MEA) and 10 m DGA®, and comparable to 5 m piperazine (PZ). The average CO2 absorption rate of DGA®/MAEE/DMAEE is 30–70% higher than 7 m MEA, although it is still much lower than 5 m PZ. The heat of CO2 absorption (ΔHabs) for 1.75 m DGA®/1.75 m MAEE/3.5 m DMAEE at CO2 loading corresponding to PCO2* of 1.5 kPa at 40 °C is 72 kJ/mol, which is comparable to 7 m MEA, and greater than 5 m PZ.
Natural history of cranial fibrous dysplasia revealed during long-term follow-up: Case report and literature review.

Background Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare developmental disease characterized by the replacement of bone marrow with proliferating fibro-osseous tissue. There exist three forms of FD-monostotic, polyostotic, and that associated with McCune-Albright syndrome. The disease can present in different locations and with a variety of symptoms. One of the more common locations of FD occurrence is the craniofacial region. Treatment of asymptomatic FD often involves conservative management with serial imaging. Medical management with bisphosphonates is an option, though long-term efficacy data are lacking. Surgical resection is usually reserved for very large or symptomatic lesions. Case description We discuss the most unusual case of a 52-year-old male found to have a left pterional mass while being worked up for sinus headaches. The patient elected to follow this lesion conservatively, and imaging several years later showed obvious growth which accelerated in the last 4 years during an 18-year observational period. He ultimately underwent successful resection of an extradural and intradural FD. Conclusions The significant growth potential of these lesions was revealed in this patient, in whom conservative management had been adopted. Despite optimal surgical resection and outcome in this case, the importance of surveillance imaging and perhaps earlier intervention cannot be underestimated when managing cranial FD.
Miscellaneous Strabismus Syndromes

The original term for this condition was double-elevator palsy , because it was felt to be due to a paralysis of both the ipsilateral superior rectus muscle (SR) and inferior oblique muscle (IO). We now recognize that it can be caused by inferior rectus muscle (IR) restriction in isolation [1, 2], supranuclear causes [3, 4], or paralysis of the SR without ipsilateral IO weakness [2, 3, 4]. There also can be IR restriction secondary to ipsilateral SR paresis. It is characterized by an inability to elevate above the midline in all horizontal gaze fields.
A high-efficiency single-stage power amplifier for WLAN 802.11ac in 22nm FDSOI

A high efficient and high gain single-stage power amplifier for WLAN 802.11ac is presented. The design uses a pseudo-differential common source amplifier with high gm/I core devices and with two cascode stages before connecting to an on-chip transformer which performs impedance transformation and also converts the differential signal into single-ended before driving the 50Q load. The gate of the last cascode device is biased by the output signal feedback through an RC filter. The design has been fabricated using 22nm FDSOI process and operates from a power supply of 2.7V. It achieves PAE of 31% and a maximum gain of 22dB. The 1dB output compression point is 25dBm and gain variation is less than 1.4dB over the frequency range of 5170–5835MHz.
Salivary Duct Scar

Salivary duct scarring is the second most common cause of obstructive sialadenitis after salivary stones. The condition presents with symptoms typical of salivary stone including pain and swelling during meals; however imaging fails to demonstrate stone. The causes of salivary scar are multiple, but the surgical treatment is largely the same regardless of etiology. Although surgical intervention results in reduce severity and frequency of symptoms in most patients, long-term cure rates are lower than that achieved with stone extraction.