cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rain rate estimation from attenuation measurements using a 35 GHz dual polarization microwave link

A 35 GHz dual polarization microwave link has been built at Penn State University. The operating principle of this instrument is essentially that of a pulsed bi-static radar. Rain attenuation measurements are made by placing a corner reflector in the beam of the antennas. Calibration and stability requirements are simplified compared to standard uni-directional propagation links. Taking the ratio of horizontal to vertical attenuation factors also reduces the sensitivity to instrument fluctuations, since receiver drifts which are slower than the polarization switching speed (2200 Hz) will be canceled out. This is a primary motivation for using the differential polarization technique. The results of differential sensitivity measurements by this instrument are presented. >
Tuning of the Platinum Silicide Schottky Barrier Height on n-Type Silicon by Sulfur Segregation

The Schottky barrier height PhiB of platinum silicide (PtSi) contacts on n-type silicon was tuned by sulfur segregation at the PtSi/Si interface. Sulfur was implanted prior to Pt deposition and segregated at the interface during PtSi formation. It was observed that the barrier height could be tuned by changing the sulfur dose. A minimum barrier height of 0.12 eV was obtained on n-type (100) Si substrates. Since PtSi naturally provides a small PhiB of 0.2 eV on p-type Si, it carries the potential to serve as the single metal source/drain contact metal in a CMOS integrated circuit with PhiB tuning on n-channel transistors.
Evolution of the Mammalian Brain

It was apparent from the earliest sightings ofapes that a remarkable degree of resemblance exists between human and anthropoid forms (Fig. 2.1, right). Natives sharing the apes’ natural habitat in Java and Africa had named them “orang-utang” and “chimpanzee,” respectively, both meaning “man of the woods.” In an early seventeenth century account, an English privateer, Andrew Battell, after being held captive in Africa by the Portuguese, reported that apes walked erect, built shelters, and buried their dead (Ravenstein, 1901). In a more focused, scientific contribution, an English physician and anatomist, Edward Tyson (1650–1708), published in 1699 his complete dissection of a young chimpanzee (Fig. 2.1, left), which he erroneously thought to be an orang-utang: I have made a Comparative Survey of this Animal, with a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man. By viewing the same Parts of all these together, we may the better observe Nature ‘s Gradation in the formation ofAnimal Bodies; and the Transitions made from one to another; than which nothing can more conduce to the Attainment of the true Knowledge, both of the Fabrick, and the Uses of the Parts. By following Nature ‘s Clew in this wonderful Labyrinth of the Creation, we may be more easily admitted into her Secret Recesses, which Thread if we miss, we must needs err and be bewilder’d (Tyson, 1699, Preface).
Sterol metabolism in monkeys. Dietary cholesterol and protein in maintenance of sterol compensation.

The sensitivity of three primate species to a decompensation of sterol metabolism reflected by hypereholestereniia is demonstrated. The role of the dietary protein in this phenomenon is shown and explained as reflecting the supply of the precursors of cysteine, which in turn is essential to sterol metabolism.
Simulation of a Round Jet and a Plume in a Regional Atmospheric Model

The mean flow characteristics of a turbulent round jet and a plume are simulated in a high-resolution regional atmospheric model. The model used for the study is the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). It is observed that the predicted flow characteristics are very sensitive to the turbulence closure scheme used. Among the three closure options in ARPS, namely, the constant eddy viscosity scheme, the Smagorinsky diagnostic closure, and the 1.5-order total kinetic energy scheme, the constant eddy viscosity scheme predicts the jet characteristics in better agreement with experiments. For the plume, all three schemes are unsatisfactory. It is shown that a modification of the constant eddy viscosity scheme incorporating a length-scale variation as suggested by theory predicts plume characteristics in good agreement with experiments. The simulations are carried out at one fixed grid-box size and flow inlet conditions; extending the present simulation results to other cases is discussed.
International Joint Venture under Asymmetric Information: Technology vis-`a-vis Information Advantage

We study the relationship between a multinational corporation (MNC) and a domestic firm under demand uncertainty. The MNC possesses a superior production technology, but the domestic firm is better at predicting market demand. We examine how the MNC’s preference for, and the ownership structure of, a joint venture depend on the credit market, demand uncertainty, the domestic firm’s ability to gather demand information, the MNC’s technology advantage, and the eciency of technology transfer. We also consider a dynamic setting with technology spillover and show that whether technology spillover hinders or facilitates joint venture depends on the nature of the credit market.
Speech Accommodation and Japanese Emperor Hirohito

The present study examines the speech style of the late Japanese Emperor Hirohito during chihoo jyunkoo—`visits to countryside'—which were conducted to encourage war-defeated Japanese during 1946-54. Speech accommodation theory claims that speakers will attempt to converge linguistically toward the speech patterns of the addressee when they desire social approval from the addressee, given that the perceived costs of so acting are proportionally lower than the rewards anticipated. Documented speeches of the Emperor show that he converged his speech style (often to excess) to that of listeners who were lower in social status. The Japanese people reacted enthusiastically to the way the Emperor spoke and treasured it, although it is unusual for Japanese to treasure lower class speech from upper class people. The analysis of the Emperor's speech style supports the claim of the speech accommodation theory and further suggests that the attribution of the meaning of the message is determined by the listener's eva...
Category-based Functional Information Modeling for eChronicles

In this paper, a category-based information model is introduced for eChronicles. It features the use of an e-node to represent the identity of information and uses categorized relationships to represent the relations of grouped information sets while preserving their internal data set structures. Our approach separates a data set and its symbolic objects by introducing an e-node between them and merging those pairs through categorical transformation. Our model also supports a functional system representation using functors and natural transformation in category theory to handle complex information processing and to handle complex information processing and the relationships between functions in a canonical way. We demonstrate our theory by converting scattered heterogeneous information into structured data usable by eChronicles. In this paper our focus is on presenting the theoretical framework that we are developing to represent heterogeneous data in way that allows preservation of essential characteristics of data and the processes used to extract symbols from the data.
The Effect of Race on Invasive Staging and Surgery in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Black patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have worse overall survival than white patients. Decreased likelihood of resection has been implicated. To isolate the effect of decision making from access to care, we used receipt of surgical staging as a proxy for access and willingness to undergo invasive procedures, and examined treatments and outcomes by race. Patients and Methods We examined registry and claims data of Medicare-eligible patients with nonmetastatic NSCLC in areas monitored by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program from 1991 to 2001. Patients who obtained invasive staging, defined as bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, or thoracoscopy, were included. Logistic regression and Cox modeling calculated the odds of having staging and surgery, and survival outcomes. Results A total of 14,224 patients underwent staging, and 6,972 had surgery for lung cancer. Black patients were less likely to undergo staging (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.83), ...
Parent Suicide: Pathways of Effects into the Third Generation

There is a slim, slowly emerging literature addressing the impact of parent suicide upon children. By contrast with some other potentially pathogenic contexts for children (e.g., physical abuse), there has been virtually no exploration of the effect of a parent's suicide upon his or her children's parenting, that is, the transmission into a third generation of the sequelae of the original parent suicide. Based primarily on clinical and preventive work with adult "children of suicide" and their families, this paper begins to map some of the paths, direct and transparent or subterranean and disguised, that such experiences take into further generations. Patterns described include massive indulgence, communication of dire expectations, vicissitudes of family secrets, life-blanching living down the shame, defensive barriers against depressive affects, as well as dread-filled avoidance of producing a third generation.
Inhibitory activity of cyclosporine is dependent on the activating signal(s) provided to T cells

The effects of cyclosporine on T cell activation induced by monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-myristate acetate (TPA), or human recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) were investigated. Cyclosporine inhibited anti-CD3-mediated expression of IL-2 receptors and IL-2 factor production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Cyclosporine did not inhibit when TPA rather than anti-CD3 was used to activate the PBM. Effects of cyclosporine on the activation of memory T cells were also dependent on the stimulus used to activate memory T cells. Cyclosporine inhibited alloantigen associated memory T cell activation, but not when IL-2 provided the necessary triggering signal to memory T cells. IL-2-mediated memory T cell activation was inhibitable with monoclonal antibodies directed at the IL-2 receptor or at the IL-2 factor. Collectively, these findings indicate that the inhibitory activity of cyclosporine is dependent on the activating signals provided to T cells. Moreover, antibodies directed at the IL-2 system together with cyclosporine might prove to be more potent immunosuppressants than either agent alone.
Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Climate Change Knowledge and Perceptions: The Climate Stewardship Survey (CSS)

The Climate Stewardship Survey (CSS) was developed to measure knowledge and perceptions of global climate change, while also considering information sources that respondents ‘trust.’ The CSS was drafted using a three-stage approach: development of salient scales, writing individual items, and field testing and analyses. Construct validity and alpha-level reliability was conducted on the 122-item test instrument to produce a refined 84-item CSS. The field tested CSS includes five scales (1) Impacts of Climate Change , (2) Causes of Climate Change (3) Misunderstandings about Climate Change (4) Issues and (5) Policy . Four knowledge dimension sub-scales and seven perception dimension sub-scales scales are included in the accepted instrument. The CSS is particularly applicable to studies interested in measuring potential respondent’s ideas on the impacts, causes, and misunderstandings that are important to global climate change knowledge and perceptions as they relate specifically toward climate change issues and policy.
An Investigation Of Country-Of-Origin Effect On The International Marketing Of Star Lager Brand In The Great Lakes States Market Area Of The United States

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate consumer preference for the place of origin, and its potential effect on the internationalization of the Star lager brand. It is pertinent to fully explore and understand the role of consumer stereotyping associated with the Star brand in order to craft a more appropriate international marketing strategy for the selected market area. While the study provided in-depth insights into consumer perception of imported Star lager brand using the country-of-origin (COO) theme, results were mixed but mainly favorable. When compared with other leading international brands, however, the Star lager brand attained less consumer favorable perception and preference.
Relativistic Lagrangian Field Theory for Composite Systems

It is shown that infinite-component field theories provide a useful alternative to the Bethe-Salpeter equation as a fully relativistic treatment of composite systems. Scattering amplitudes obtained by models of this type satisfy both Mandelstam analyticity and conspiracy requirements. Current algebras are saturated with a combination of discrete and continuous spectra. Most of the paper is devoted to a special example, for which it is found that the mass spectrum has a discrete part (bound states) and a continuous part (scattering states); that the metric in physical Hilbert space is positive definite; and that vertex functions and scattering amplitudes are analytic functions of $s$ and $t$, with singularities at the same locations as in local field theory. The role of "spacelike solutions" is studied in detail, with some surprising results.
Microsatellite instability is uncommon in uterine serous carcinoma

Thirty-four uterine serous carcinomas, a type of endometrial carcinoma with aggressive behavior and a high frequency (90%) of p53 gene mutations, were analyzed for microsatellite instability (MI). Genomic DNA isolated from paired normal and tumor tissue was analyzed at eight microsatellite loci (D2S119, D2S123, D2S147, D10S197, D13S175, D18S58, D18S69, and ATn) located on four different chromosomes. All 34 tumors failed to meet the criteria for MI, defined as an alteration in the size of at least two of the microsatellite loci in tumor DNA when compared with normal DNA. Only three tumors demonstrated a shift in the size of a single microsatellite locus. Previously we reported MI in 20% of uterine endometrioid carcinomas, the most common type of endometrial carcinoma. The observed difference in the MI frequency between endometrioid and serous carcinoma is statistically significant (P = 0.003). Our data demonstrate that MI is uncommon in uterine serous carcinoma and support that different pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in the development of the two most common types of endometrial carcinoma.
The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757. By Gang Zhao. (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2013. Pp. viii, 267. $56.00.)

The Chinese government closed the empire to the outside world in the mid‐fifteenth century after the abrupt end of the Ming dynasty's oceanic voyages led by Admiral Zheng He, and by the eighteenth ...
Subregional Migration as an Area of Research

SUBREGIONS are small groupings of counties, within a state, which are considered fairly homogeneous in their demographic and economic characteristics. The counties constituting a subregion generally form a solid bloc. In studying migration, subregions of this character have many advantages over states, which are often too large and heterogeneous, and over single counties, which are often too small, and besides are too numerous to handle easily. Before tabulating its first enumeration of migrants, taken as a part of the Sixteenth Census, the Bureau of the Census subdivided the United States into somewhat more than 300 subregions and coded the cards of individual migrants in such a way that movements within and between subregions could be studied, in addi-tion to movements between states and regions. Two classes of subregions were recognized:
Abstract 2373: The LCBRN: a biospecimen resource for lung cancer biomarker and discovery science.

The Lung Cancer Biospecimen Resource Network (LCBRN) is an open access biorepository that obtains specimens from lung cancer patients (tissue, blood, urine, bronchial lavage fluid and saliva) and makes them available to biomedical researchers. Specimen collection is supported at 3 collection sites (Medical University of South Carolina, The University of Virginia, and Washington University at St. Louis) in compliance with uniform standard operating procedures. The specimens are annotated with clinical, radiologic and pathologic data. Histologic and molecular quality control procedures are in place for tissue samples. Lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung tissue aliquots are processed into DNA, RNA and protein fractions, which are also available. Fluid biosamples are available from subjects prior to, and after surgery to remove the cancer. A cohort of subjects are followed for recurrence with serial biofluid sampling. Specimens are currently available from over 300 research subjects. The application form for biospecimens and additional information is available at http://LCBRN.org. Citation Format: Christopher A. Moskaluk. The LCBRN: a biospecimen resource for lung cancer biomarker and discovery science. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2373. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2373
DNA Methylation and Mutation of Small Colonic Neoplasms in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Colitis: Implications for Surveillance.

BACKGROUND Stool DNA testing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may detect colorectal cancer and advanced precancers with high sensitivity; less is known about the presence of DNA markers in small IBD lesions, their association with metachronous neoplasia, or contribution to stool test positivity. METHODS At a single center in 2 blinded phases, we assayed methylated bone morphogenic protein 3, methylated N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4, and mutant KRAS in DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded benign lesions, and matched control tissues of patients with IBD, who were followed for subsequent colorectal dysplasia. Stool samples from independent cases and controls with lesions <1 cm or advanced neoplasms were assayed for the same markers. RESULTS Among IBD lesions (29 low-grade dysplasia, 19 serrated epithelial change, and 10 sessile serrated adenoma/polyps), the prevalence of methylation was significantly higher than in mucosae from 44 matched IBD controls (P < 0.0001 for methylated bone morphogenic protein 3 or methylated N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4). KRAS mutations were more abundant in serrated epithelial change than all other groups (P < 0.001). Subsequent dysplasia was not associated with DNA marker levels. In stools, the sensitivity of methylated bone morphogenic protein 3 as a single marker was 60% for all lesions <1 cm, 63% for low-grade dysplasia ≥1 cm and 81% for high-grade dysplasia/colorectal cancer, all at 91% specificity (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Selected DNA markers known to be present in advanced IBD neoplasia can also be detected in both tissues and stools from IBD patients with small adenomas and serrated lesions. Mutant KRAS exfoliated from serrated epithelial change lesions might raise false-positive rates. These findings have relevance to potential future applications of stool DNA testing for IBD surveillance.
Influence of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation on Voltage in Distribution Network and Solution of Voltage Beyond Limits

From the viewpoint of voltage drop in power network,the voltage variation mechanism of distribution network before and after the connection of photovoltaic (PV) generation to distribution network is researched. The influences of connecting single PV generation and multi PV generation to distribution network on voltage of distribution network are analyzed respectively,and the obtained conclusions are as following:connecting PV generation to distribution network makes line voltage of distribution network arisen,and the voltage variation at a certain position directly relates to the sum of all loads subsequent to this position and the output of PV generation. The factor influencing voltage variation,such as output power of PV generation,the position where PV generation is connected with,parameters of distribution network,load power and so on. The correctness of above-mentioned analysis is verified by two calculation examples,meanwhile,the measures and schemes to cope with the voltage beyond limits due to connecting single or multi PV generation with distribution network,such as adopting compensation reactor,combining central control of transmission lines with reactor power control of inverters,installing energy storage devices and so on,are put forward.
Specific immunofluorescence of Corynebacterium renale.

SUMMARY The fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) for the identification of Corynebacterium renale was investigated. Twenty two fresh isolates and one stock culture of C. renale and 13 C. renale -like diphtheroids isolated from bovine urinary tract were tested with the conjugate and specific immunofluorescence was demonstrated. No specific immunofluorescence was observed with the other species of Corynebacterium or bacteria and yeast cell. The technique may be of considerable value in the identification of C. renale in urine from cases of bovine pyelonephritis.
Ion Transport within High Electric Fields in Nanogap Electrochemical Cells

Ion transport near an electrically charged electrolyte/electrode interface is a fundamental electrochemical phenomenon that is important in many electrochemical energy systems. We investigated this phenomenon using lithographically fabricated thin-layer electrochemical cells comprising two Pt planar electrodes separated by an electrolyte of nanometer thickness (50–200 nm). By exploiting redox cycling amplification, we observed the influence of the electric double layer on transport of a charged redox couple within the confined electrolyte. Nonclassical steady-state peak shaped voltammograms for redox cycling of the ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium redox couple (FcTMA+/2+) at low concentrations of supporting electrolyte (≤10 mM) results from electrostatic interactions between the redox ions and the charged Pt electrodes. This behavior contrasts to sigmoidal voltammograms with a diffusion-limited plateau observed in the same electrochemical cells in the presence of sufficient electrolyte to screen the elec...
The Use of Urodynamics Assessment Before the Surgical Treatment of BPH

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a common problem in men especially with aging. The International Continence Society (ICS) revealed an overall prevalence of LUTS of about two-thirds of men age 40 years and above. The treatment approach depends on accurate determination of the underlying etiology. LUTS is not unique to benign prostate enlargement (BPE) and can be secondary to other causes. In the era where quality of care is important, accurate diagnosis and counseling to meet patients’ expectations is of extreme paramount. Thus, proper assessment of patients who present with BPE and LUTS should be an important part of the work up process. Accurate diagnosis and identification of the cause will help to improve quality of treatment, optimize counseling, and improve treatment outcomes. Pressure flow urodynamic studies (PFUDs) are not only important tools that help to identify the underlying causes of LUTS; it is considered the “gold standard” for diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in patients with enlarged prostate [1, 2]. However, there is a continuous debate on the value of using PFUDs and its association with improved outcomes.
Developments in accounting regulation: A synthesis and annotated bibliography of evidence and commentary in the 2015 academic literature

Abstract In this paper, we synthesize in annotated bibliography form, recent regulation-related findings and commentaries in the academic literature. This annotated bibliography is one in a series of bibliographies that summarizes regulation-related academic research. We reviewed articles published in The Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Contemporary Accounting Research, Accounting Horizons, The Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Journal of Business, Finance & Accounting, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, and Research in Accounting Regulation. We annotate results of regulation-related research studies and key points from regulation-related commentaries. The literature featured some strong regulation-related threads in 2015 including the foundations of financial accounting and reporting, international financial reporting standards, Sarbanes–Oxley and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
Spending On Care After Surgery Driven By Choice Of Care Settings Instead Of Intensity Of Services

The rising popularity of episode-based payment models for surgery underscores the need to better understand the drivers of variability in spending on postacute care. Examining postacute care spendi...
Characterization of the dTDP-Fuc3N and dTDP-Qui3N biosynthetic pathways in Campylobacter jejuni 81116

The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni 81116 (Penner serotype HS:6) has a class E lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus containing 19 genes, which encode for 11 putative glycosyltransferases, 1 lipid A acyltransferase and 7 enzymes thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of dideoxyhexosamine (ddHexN) moieties. Although the LOS outer core structure of C. jejuni 81116 is still unknown, recent mass spectrometry analyses suggest that it contains acetylated forms of two ddHexN residues. For this investigation, five of the genes encoding enzymes reportedly involved in the biosyntheses of these sugar residues were examined, rmlA, rmlB, wlaRA, wlaRB and wlaRG. Specifically, these genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding enzymes were purified and tested for biochemical activity. Here we present data demonstrating that RmlA functions as a glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase and that RmlB is a thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-glucose 4,6-dehydratase. We also show, through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses, that WlaRG, when utilized in coupled assays with either WlaRA or WlaRB and dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, results in the production of either dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (dTDP-Fuc3N) or dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (dTDP-Qui3N), respectively. In addition, the X-ray crystallographic structures of the 3,4-ketoisomerases, WlaRA and WlaRB, were determined to 2.14 and 2.0 A resolutions, respectively. Taken together, the data reported herein demonstrate that C. jejuni 81116 utilizes five enzymes to synthesize dTDP-Fuc3N or dTDP-Qui3N and that WlaRG, an aminotransferase, can function on sugars with differing stereochemistry about their C-4' carbons. Importantly, the data reveal that C. jejuni 81116 has the ability to synthesize two isomeric ddHexN forms.
Choosing Between and Interpreting the Heckit and Two-Part Models for Corner Solutions

This article addresses certain poor practices commonly seen in the applied health economics literature regarding the use of the Heckit and the two-part model. First, many articles invoke the Heckit to solve a supposed selection problem associated with masses of zero values in continuous variables, despite the fact that it has been shown elsewhere that no such selection problem exists when modeling observed actual, as opposed to latent potential, outcomes. Second, many applications incorrectly formulate the marginal effect tests in the Heckit and two-part model, thus undermining central conclusions. Finally, many researchers use a t-test of the inverse Mills coefficient to choose between the Heckit and two-part models despite its poor performace; we propose instead an adapted empirical mean square error test.
Descartes on the limited usefulness of mathematics

Descartes held that practicing mathematics was important for developing the mental faculties necessary for science and a virtuous life. Otherwise, he maintained that the proper uses of mathematics were extremely limited. This article discusses his reasons which include a theory of education, the metaphysics of matter, and a psychologistic theory of deductive reasoning. It is argued that these reasons cohere with his system of philosophy.
The Theory of Event Coding (TEC)'s framework may leave perception out of the picture

Hommel et al. propose that action planning and perception utilize common resources. This implies perception should have intention-relative content. Data supporting this implication are presented. These findings challenge the notion of perception as “seeing.” An alternative is suggested (i.e., perception as distal control) that may provide a means of integrating representational and ecological approaches to the study of organism-environment coordination.
‘That's my livelihood, it's your fun’: The conflicting moral economies of commercial and recreational fishing

Abstract This paper uses a moral economy lens, further informed by political ecology, to explore social and political relationships between fishing groups. Understanding resource user groups’ moral economy discourses is critical given their potential influence on policy choices, and the real political and economic consequences of differential access to resources. This is particularly true for fishery resource access given current pushes for ocean planning and fears about the health of global fish stocks. Using a North Carolina case study of conflict over ‘game fish’ (fish reserved exclusively for recreational use), the paper explains how arguments over the material use of fishery resources, claims over ocean space, and ideas about the role of fish as a commodity fit into fishers’ larger moral economies. In doing so, it discusses fishers’ differing definitions of key concepts—like value, waste, and public resources—and how these divergent understandings contribute to miscommunication and conflict. This analysis finds that particular interpretations of ‘wise’ resource use have real consequences not only for specific people and communities but also for how political institutions demarcate the realm of possibilities for resource-use policies. The paper advances theoretical conversations about the role of moral economies in ‘first world’ locales and extends political ecology discussions of exurban landscape changes to ocean settings.
GATT, Barclays, and Double Taxation

In Barclays, the Supreme Court held that California’s formulary apportionment corporate tax system does not violate the Foreign Commerce Clause because double taxation is not a certain result of such a system. While the Court came to the correct conclusion, its reasoning is erroneous, making future litigation likely. This article argues that the Court should have clearly explained the meaning of objectionable double taxation in regards to corporations subject to both state and foreign taxation. The article further explains ways of defining what may constitute objectionable double taxtation in this context, and the remedies available to alleviate the problem. The article concludes by urging national governments to relieve subnational double taxation through bilateral agreements.
The Effect of Dynamic Pitch on Speech Recognition in Temporally Modulated Noise.

Purpose This study investigated the effect of dynamic pitch in target speech on older and younger listeners' speech recognition in temporally modulated noise. First, we examined whether the benefit...
In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis of Mg2Si formation kinetics via reaction of Mg films with Si single crystal substrates

Abstract Conformal compact Mg2Si films can be formed on Si substrates (for battery, photovoltaic, thermoelectric, or other applications) via the direct reaction of Mg films with such substrates at modest temperatures (≥280 °C). In this work, in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) analyses have been used to track the reactive conversion of Mg films on Si single crystal (wafer) substrates into Mg2Si at 280–400 °C in a flowing He atmosphere. Prior reported complications associated with the evaporation or oxidation of magnesium films during heating were avoided by applying a thin (15 nm) titanium capping layer on the 1 μm thick magnesium films. The reaction of Mg films with oriented and oriented Si single crystals proceeded at parabolic rates with time. Similar values were obtained for the parabolic rate constants and activation energies for Mg reaction with both Si substrate orientations. These observations were consistent with solid-state diffusion through the thickening Mg2Si product as the rate-limiting step. The activation energy values obtained for Mg2Si formation were consistent with a previously reported correlation between the activation energies and melting points of other M2Si-type silicides formed by solid-state-diffusion-limited reaction with Si substrates.
Smart Interaction Device for Advanced Human Robotic Interface (SID)

Robotic assets used by dismount Soldiers have usually been controlled through continuous and effortful tele-operation; however, more autonomous capabilities have been developed that reduce the need for continuous control of movements. While greater autonomy can make robotic systems more useful, users still need to interact with them, and operator control units (OCUs) for deployed robots still primarily rely on manual controllers such as joysticks. This report describes an evaluation of a multi-modal interface that leverages speech and gesture through a wrist worn device to enable an operator to direct a robotic vehicle using ground guide-inspired or infantry-inspired commands through voice or gesture. A smart watch is the primary interaction device, allowing for spoken input (through the microphone) and gesture input using single-arm gestures.
Feynman-Kac Formula for a Degenerate Planar Diffusion and an Application in Stochastic Control

Abstract A formula of the Feynman-Kac type is established for the degenerate, two-dimensional diffusion process introduced by Benes, Karatzas & Rishel [2]. With its aid, a stochastic control problem with partial observations is solved explicitly. Our derivation combines probabilistic techniques with use of the so-called principle of smooth fit.
Signaling Analysis and Optimal Channel Data Rates for High-Performance FPGA Interfaces

The study of the optimal data rates of high-speed channels supported by typical high-performance FPGA chips is presented. First, the representative channels are grouped into distinct categories that have drastically dissimilar characteristics. Consequently, the range of the channel operating data rates are expected to be significantly different. Special circuitries of various complexity are often implemented in the transmitters and receivers to mitigate the channel attenuation and enable the link to operate at the desired data rates. This paper attempts to shed a light on the optimal intrinsic channel data rates. Based on the signaling power, receiver sensitivity and the channel frequency responses, the range or optimal signaling rates of the channels are derived for each category. Finally, the paper summarizes the main differences of the channels in terms of characteristics, transceiver complexity, and optimal data rates when the high-speed links are implemented in suitable semiconductor technology.
Theoretical Underpinnings of the Four Hypothesized Roles

This chapter investigates what accomplishments and lessons from pertinent literature can tell us about the implications of interview and survey results with respect to design reviewers’ hypothesized roles. Although developing a coherent formal theory of these roles is not a central goal of this book, the chapter explores the theoretical underpinnings that support the roles’ underlying ideas.
Computational Synergetics and Innovation in Wave and Vortex Dynamics

It is demonstrated how the computer, used in a heuristic mode, has greatly augmented our understanding of the mathematics of nonlinear dynamical processes. Examples are given of recent work in soli ton mathematics (waves) and contour dynamics - a boundary integral evolutionary method that is applicable to a wide class of 2D flows. The role of good graphics in enhancing the discovery, retention and communication of new mathematical properties of equations is illustrated.
Cosmology: Filling in the background.

Data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe reveal the cosmic microwave background in more detail than ever before. But will cosmology become a victim of its own success?
Amerykańska strategia równoważenia. Implikacje dla stosunków amerykańsko-chińskich

In 2011, the Obama Administration announced a more robust US foreign policy in the Asia Pacific due to the perception that an increasingly assertive China threatens the peace and security of the region. Beijing views the rebalance (previously known as “the pivot”) as an attempt to prevent China from gaining the preponderance of power in the Asia Pacific. US rebalancing and China’s reaction appear to have increased tensions in the region. This article analyzes the implications of US rebalancing for US-China relations. Specifically, it seeks to answer the question of whether US economic and military focus on Asia adversely affects US-China relations. It seeks to answer the following questions. What are US motives, means, and intent for economic and military rebalancing in Asia? How does Beijing view US rebalancing? What are consequences and unintended consequences of US rebalancing for US-China relations?
Dynamic Mode Decomposition for Subcritical Metal Systems

In this paper we explore the use of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) for modeling the kinetics of subcritical metal systems pulsed with fast neutrons. Our ultimate purpose is to obtain a fast and a...
Chemical Processes for Demineralization and Desulfurization of Fuels

It is desirable to have processes for removal of mineral and sulfur impurities that are as simple, and hence as inexpensive, as possible, to avoid a large incremental increase in cost of fuel. Physical processes (e.g., gravity separation) are ideal from a standpoint of simplicity and low cost. Some fuel impurities, such as organically bound sulfur or ion-exchangeable cations, are not amenable to removal by physical techniques. As environmental regulations governing emissions from fuel use become more stringent, it will be necessary to consider greater and greater degrees of removal of impurities. Both issues require consideration of chemical processes for demineralization and desulfurization. The chemical basis for desulfurization, and, to some extent, demineralization, in reducing, neutral, and oxidizing environments are considered. The emphasis is on fundamentals of chemistry rather than specific processing schemes.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: an Update on Targeted Strategies

Overutilization of antimicrobials is a known contributor to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a threat to global health. The goal of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) is to implement targeted interventions to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing and prevent development of antimicrobial resistance. We aim to review recently published literature focused on five categories of ASP interventions that have demonstrated success in optimizing appropriate antimicrobial use, improving patient outcomes, and fighting antimicrobial resistance. In the past year, ASP interventions in the published literature have focused on minimizing duration of antimicrobial therapy for infectious syndromes, implementing novel methods for performing prospective audit and feedback, utilizing microbiology laboratory or rapid diagnostic tests to expedite diagnosis, leveraging clinical decision support and electronic medical record tools, and performing penicillin allergy assessment. While the majority of studies assessing ASP interventions do not assess changes in antimicrobial resistance, outcomes demonstrating improved appropriate antibiotic use have been used as a surrogate. Successful ASPs should seek to implement and evaluate novel interventions targeting improvement in antimicrobial prescribing. Such interventions are of critical importance to prevent further growth of antimicrobial resistance.
Shock compression/release of magnesium single crystals along a low-symmetry orientation: Role of basal slip

To gain insights into the relative contributions of different plastic deformation mechanisms, particularly basal slip, for shocked hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals, magnesium (Mg) single crystals were subjected to shock compression and release along a low-symmetry (LS) orientation to 1.9 and 4.8 GPa elastic impact stresses. LS-axis is a “nonspecific” direction resulting in propagation of quasilongitudinal and quasishear waves. Wave profiles, measured using laser interferometry, show a small elastic wave followed by two plastic waves in compression; release wave profiles exhibited a structured response for the higher stress and a smooth response for the lower stress. The LS-axis wave profiles are significantly different than profiles published previously for c- and a-axes, demonstrating that Mg single crystals exhibit strong anisotropy under shock compression/release. Numerical simulations, using a time-dependent anisotropic modeling framework, show that shock wave loading along the LS-axis involves the simultaneous operation of multiple deformation mechanisms. Shock compression along LS-axis is dominated by basal slip while prismatic slip and pyramidal I { 10 1 ¯ 1 } ⟨ 11 2 ¯ 3 ⟩ slip play a smaller role; coupling between longitudinal and shear deformations was observed. The unloading response is dominated by basal slip with some contribution from prismatic slip; pyramidal I slip is not activated. The present results, unlike results obtained for c- and a-axes, show that the deformation mechanism observed under quasistatic loading conditions along LS-axis is not sufficient to determine the shock response along this orientation. Although requiring numerical simulations for wave analysis, shock propagation along a LS-orientation provides new insights into the plastic deformation response of hcp metal single crystals.
Individual differences in glucocorticoid regulation: Does it relate to disease risk and resilience?

Abstract Glucocorticoid (GC) signaling varies among individuals, and this variation may relate to individual differences in health outcomes. To determine if and which aspects of signaling (basal, circadian, integrative, or reactivity) are associated with specific health outcomes, we reviewed recent studies that relate GCs to health outcomes. We identified papers through PubMed and reviewed 100 original research articles related to mental health, cardiovascular health, cancer, diabetes, obesity, pulmonary health, sleep, and fitness. Many studies reported elevated GC secretion associated with worse health, but this was only particularly true for integrative GC measures. On the other hand, accentuated cortisol awakening response and a steeper circadian rhythm were both associated with positive health outcomes. Overall, relationships between GC secretion and health outcomes were relatively weak. This systematic review of relationships between GC metrics and health outcomes highlights the importance of careful consideration when selecting methods to measure GC regulation in health research.
Robust communication network formation: a decentralized approach

The formation of robust communication networks between independently acting agents is of practical interest in multiple domains, for example, in sensor placement and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle communication. These are the cases where it is only feasible to have the communicating actors modify the network locally, i.e., without relying on the knowledge of the entire network structure and the other actors’ decisions. This calls for approaches to optimizing network structure in a decentralized way. We present an actor-oriented modeling approach to design and parameterize models that enable the creation of networks that exhibit the properties desirable for efficient information sharing. Computational experiments show that the achieved network formation rules, specified in a calculated way, allow agents to maintain robust network structure by activating only a limited number of direct communication channels. The obtained results are promising, as evidenced by the reported comparisons to optimal network configuration solutions obtained in a centralized way.
Associations of physical activity and sleep with cardiometabolic risk in older women.

Abstract In this study, we investigate the associations of objectively measured waking (sedentary, light physical activity [LPA] and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) and sleep duration and quality characteristics with cardiometabolic risk among older women. Participants from the Healthy Women Study 2010–11 follow-up visit (n = 136, age = 73 ± 2 years, white = 91.9%) concurrently wore an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer and Actiwatch-2 for seven days. A composite cardiometabolic risk score was calculated by transforming metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and summing z-scores. Multivariable regression models were fitted to relate waking and sleep estimates with the MetS z-score after adjustment for covariates. Compositional data analysis was used to predict the MetS z-score when fixed durations of time were reallocated from one characteristic to another. MVPA (per 10 min/day increase; β = −7.80, P
The Effect of Animal Age on Cooked Lamb Flavor and Off Flavor Intensity in the Longissimus Dorsi, Gluteus Medius, and Ground Shoulder Patties from Wether Lambs

ObjectivesConsumer acceptance of meat is dependent on 3 main factors: tenderness, flavor and juiciness. In 2017, lamb flavor continues to be seen by many American consumers to be unpleasant due to the species specific flavor profile of cooked lamb meat. As animals age and fat levels increase, flavors intensify. Would comparing younger lambs to older lambs, within the same lamb group ( 0.05) were observed between treatments. Twelve mo old lambs had greater total lipid concentrations (P 0.05) between 5 and 12 mo old lamb flavor and off flavor intensities in Gluteus medius and shoulder patty samples.ConclusionUpon reviewing the data, it is speculated that lambs harvested at 12 mo of age possessed greater lamb and off flavor intensities when compared with 5 mo old lambs. Therefore, consumers who desire a milder flavor lamb product should attempt to purchase younger lambs, while consumers who prefer more intense lamb flavor would choose older lamb. However, further investigations are required to prove this.