cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Perceived Social Intelligence of Robots

Robotic social intelligence is increasingly important. However, measures of human social intelligence omit basic skills, and robot-specific scales do not focus on social intelligence. We combined human robot interaction concepts of beliefs, desires, and intentions with psychology concepts of behaviors, cognitions, and emotions to create 20 Perceived Social Intelligence (PSI) Scales to comprehensively measure perceptions of robots with a wide range of embodiments and behaviors. Participants rated humanoid and non-humanoid robots interacting with people in five videos. Each scale had one factor and high internal consistency, indicating each measures a coherent construct. Scales capturing perceived social information processing skills (appearing to recognize, adapt to, and predict behaviors, cognitions, and emotions) and scales capturing perceived skills for identifying people (appearing to identify humans, individuals, and groups) correlated strongly with social competence and constituted the Mind and Behavior factors. Social presentation scales (appearing friendly, caring, helpful, trustworthy, and not rude, conceited, or hostile) relate more to Social Response to Robots Scales and Godspeed Indices, form a separate factor, and predict positive feelings about robots and wanting social interaction with them. For a comprehensive measure, researchers can use all PSI 20 scales for free. Alternatively, they can select the most relevant scales for their projects.
Evolutionary ecology of Lyme Borrelia

The bacterial genus, Borrelia, is comprised of vector-borne spirochete species that infect and are transmitted from multiple host species. Some Borrelia species cause highly-prevalent diseases in humans and domestic animals. Evolutionary, ecological, and molecular research on many Borrelia species have resulted in tremendous progress toward understanding the biology and natural history of these species. Yet, many outstanding questions, such as how Borrelia populations will be impacted by climate and land-use change, will require an interdisciplinary approach. The evolutionary ecology research framework incorporates theory and data from evolutionary, ecological, and molecular studies while overcoming common assumptions within each field that can hinder integration across these disciplines. Evolutionary ecology offers a framework to evaluate the ecological consequences of evolved traits and to predict how present-day ecological processes may result in further evolutionary change. Studies of microbes with complex transmission cycles, like Borrelia, which interact with multiple vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, are poised to leverage the power of the evolutionary ecology framework to identify the molecular interactions involved in ecological processes that result in evolutionary change. Using existing data, we outline how evolutionary ecology theory can delineate how interactions with other species and the physical environment create selective forces or impact migration of Borrelia populations and result in micro-evolutionary changes. We further discuss the ecological and molecular consequences of those micro-evolutionary changes. While many of the currently outstanding questions will necessitate new experimental designs and additional empirical data, many others can be addressed immediately by integrating existing molecular and ecological data within an evolutionary ecology framework.
Special Aspects of ICU Care: Is There an Art to It?

Intensive care unit (ICU) admission is common following hematopoietic cell transplant, and patients who develop critical illness following transplant experience high mortality. Given the significant potential for morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplant, high-quality supportive care for these patients and their family members is essential. In addition to the key components of supportive care—high-quality communication, symptom control, and emotional and spiritual support—special aspects of supportive care for critically ill patients undergoing transplant warrant consideration. First, high-quality communication between providers of different disciplines must be considered as essential as communication with the patient and family. Second, early involvement of specialty supportive care providers should occur, particularly when symptom management or psychosocial concerns are prominent or the risk of death is very high. Finally, for patients facing death in the ICU, providers should consider several end-of-life care issues unique to this population, including the support of patients and family members as they cope with a major shift in the focus of care, challenges related to maintaining social support networks, and the need to foster closure of the therapeutic relationship with outpatient providers. This chapter will focus on these specific aspects of ICU care for patients who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplant.
Plasminogenuria is associated with podocyte injury, edema, and kidney dysfunction in incident glomerular disease

Urinary plasminogen/plasmin, or plasmin (ogen) uria, has been demonstrated in proteinuric patients and exposure of cultured podocytes to plasminogen results in injury via oxidative stress pathways. A causative role for plasmin (ogen) as a "second hit" in kidney disease progression has yet to have been demonstrated in vivo. Additionally, association between plasmin (ogen) uria and kidney function in glomerular diseases remains unclear. We performed comparative studies in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy rat model treated with amiloride, an inhibitor of plasminogen activation, and measured changes in plasmin (ogen) uria. In a glomerular disease biorepository cohort (n = 128), we measured time-of-biopsy albuminuria, proteinuria, and plasmin (ogen) uria for correlations with kidney outcomes. In cultured human podocytes, plasminogen treatment was associated with decreased focal adhesion marker expression with rescue by amiloride. Increased glomerular plasmin (ogen) was found in PAN rats and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patients. PAN nephropathy was associated with increases in plasmin (ogen) uria and proteinuria. Amiloride was protective against PAN-induced glomerular injury, reducing CD36 scavenger receptor expression and oxidative stress. In patients, we found associations between plasmin (ogen) uria and edema status as well as eGFR. Our study demonstrates a role for plasmin (ogen)-induced podocyte injury in the PAN nephropathy model, with amiloride having podocyte-protective properties. In one of the largest glomerular disease cohorts to study plasminogen, we validated previous findings while suggesting a potentially novel relationship between plasmin (ogen) uria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Together, these findings suggest a role for plasmin (ogen) in mediating glomerular injury and as a viable targetable biomarker for podocyte-sparing treatments.
Widespread bacterial protein flavinylation in functionally distinct extracytosolic redox biochemistries

Abstract Disparate redox biochemistries that take place beyond the bounds of the prokaryotic cell cytosol must connect to membrane or cytosolic electron pools. Proteins post-translationally flavinylated by the enzyme ApbE mediate electron transfer in several characterized extracytosolic redox biochemistries but the breadth of functions of this modification remains unknown. Here we present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 31,910 prokaryotic genomes that provides evidence of extracytosolic ApbEs within ~50% of bacteria and the involvement of flavinylation in numerous uncharacterized biochemistries. By mining flavinylation-associated gene clusters, we identify five protein classes responsible for transmembrane electron transfer and two domains of unknown function (DUF2271 and DUF3570) that are flavinylated by ApbE. We observe flavinylation/iron transporter gene colocalization patterns that suggest functions in iron reduction and assimilation. We find associations with characterized and uncharacterized respiratory oxidoreductases that highlight roles of flavinylation in respiratory electron transport chains. Finally, we identify interspecies gene cluster variability consistent with flavinylation/cytochrome functional redundancies and discover a class of “multi-flavinylated proteins” that may resemble multiheme cytochromes in facilitating longer distance electron transfer. These findings provide mechanistic insight into an important facet of bacterial physiology and establish flavinylation as a functionally diverse mediator of extracytosolic electron transfer.
Low Rotational Barriers for the Most Dynamically Active Methyl Groups in the Proposed Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2, Apilimod and Tetrandrine.

A recent screening study highlighted a molecular compound, apilimod, for its efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while another compound, tetrandrine, demonstrated a remarkable synergy with the benchmark antiviral drug, remdesivir. Here, we find that because of significantly reduced potential energy barriers, which also give rise to pronounced quantum effects, the rotational dynamics of the most dynamically active methyl groups in apilimod and tetrandrine are much faster than those in remdesivir. Because dynamics of methyl groups are essential for biochemical activity, screening studies based on the computed potential energy profiles may help identify promising candidates within a given class of drugs.
Beyond Broadway: the Pleasure and Promise of Musical Theatre Across America: by Stacy Wolf Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2020, 392 pp, ISBN 9780190639532 (paperback)

In Beyond Broadway, Stacy Wolf explores musical theatre as a social practice in contemporary America, arguing that the ‘lifeblood of the musical is local’ (4). Identifying herself as an ‘indigenous...
The utility of digital pathology in improving the diagnostic skills of pathology trainees in commonly encountered pigmented cutaneous lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A single academic institution experience.

Digital pathology has become an integral part of pathology education in recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, for its potential utility as a teaching tool that augments the traditional 1-to-1 sign-out experience. Herein, we evaluate the utility of whole slide imaging (WSI) in reducing diagnostic errors in pigmented cutaneous lesions by pathology fellows without subspecialty training in dermatopathology. Ten cases of 4 pigmented cutaneous lesions commonly encountered by general pathologists were selected. Corresponding whole slide images were distributed to our fellows, along with two sets of online surveys, each composed of 10 multiple-choice questions with 4 answers. Identical cases were used for both surveys to minimize variability in trainees' scores depending on the perceived level of difficulty, with the second set being distributed after random shuffling. Brief image-based teaching slides as self-assessment tool were provided to trainees between each survey. Pre- and post-self-assessment scores were analyzed. 61% (17/28) and 39% (11/28) of fellows completed the first and second surveys, respectively. The mean score in the first survey was 5.2/10. The mean score in the second survey following self-assessment increased to 7.2/10. 64% (7/11) of trainees showed an improvement in their scores, with 1 trainee improving his/her score by 8 points. No fellow scored less post-self-assessment than on the initial assessment. The difference in individual scores between two surveys was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Our study demonstrates the utility of WSI-based self-assessment learning as a source of improving diagnostic skills of pathology trainees in a short period of time.
The System Perspective on Human Factors in Aviation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the system perspective in terms of its origins and fundamental quantitative ideas. An appreciation of these basic concepts adds rigor to analysis and synthesis of human-machine systems, and in particular to such systems in aviation. The chapter represents an effort to remind the reader of the meaning of “system,” where it comes from, and what it implies for research, design, construction, operation, and evaluation in aviation, especially with regard to the human role in aviation. Human factors professionals, pilots, and operational personnel in air traffic management and related practitioners who know about “systems” only as a general and often vague term for something complex can benefit from knowing a bit of the history, the people, and the quantitative substance that underlies the terminology. The chapter begins by defining what is meant by a system, then discusses the history of the idea, the major contributors and what they contributed, and what made the systems idea different from previous ideas in technology. It goes on to give examples of systems thinking applied to design, development, and manufacturing of aviation systems in consideration of the people involved. Salient system models such as control, decision, information, and reliability are then explicated.
Sex Roles, Criminality, and Psychopathology

A 65-year-old white woman applied to the state police for a gun permit. On her application she said she was an ordained minister, that she was being followed, and that she needed protection. Two weeks later, she shot and killed two elderly gentlemen, claiming that she “didn’t know what came over her.”
Humeanizing Kant's Aesthetics

never confident that I understand Kant. As a kind of interpretive tool, when I read Kant I always ask myself a) what Hume would have thought about the subject matter under discussion, and b) how Hume would have tried to explain Kant's views had they been his own. In these few brief comments I want to try to understand a certain part of Kant's aesthetics by asking myself in what ways it differs from the corresponding part of Hume.
An implementation of a microfluidic mixer and switch using micromachined acoustic transducers

This paper presents the results of fluidic switching and mixing, performed in microfluidic channels, integrated with micromachined acoustic transducers. The transducers operate at 400 MHz while the microfluidic channels are made by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on silicon moulds. Rapid switching is incorporated by applying pressure waves in one of the two outlet channels to get preferential flow. Radiation pressure is also utilized to obtain active mixing of fluids within the channel. This method of switching and mixing has the advantages of simple design and ease of integration into larger systems.
Intergenerational Dialogue Exchange and Action: Introducing a Community-Based Participatory Approach to Connect Youth, Adults and Elders in an Alaskan Native Community

The broad goals of the community-based participatory research (CBPR) include community engagement, capacity building, developing practical solutions for community concerns and knowledge building. This article describes the data generation and sharing process as it relates to the goals of CBPR and health promotion in American Indian/Alaska Native communities. The project described herein, “Investigating Inupiaq Cultural Resilience: A Pilot Study,” achieved these goals in a tribal context by fostering intergenerational dialogue. The intergenerational exchange served to collect data for a community-based participatory study and provide an opportunity for communication between Elders, adults and youth. By providing an arena for intergenerational sharing, the format encouraged cross-age connections and in doing so, supported, in a broad sense, the transmission of cultural knowledge. The article describes the process and articulates the ways it supports the CBPR goals of engagement, practical relevance, knowledge generation and health promotion.
Supernovae and the Origin of Cosmic Rays (II), a Model of Cosmic Ray Production in Supernovae

In the first of these companion papers of this conference, I have emphasized the mechanisms of supernovae without particular emphasis upon either Type I or II supernovae, but at least outlined the difference between these; namely that the Type I’s occur in old population stars, have a rapid rise time, and show no hydrogen in their spectra, and Type II supernovae appear in young Type I population stars, have much slower rise in light curves and slower decay, hydrogen in the spectra, and apparently are considerably more massive both because of the time to evolution and the localization of their occurrence in the leading edge of spiral arms as well as in the population of stars in which they occur.
Infant chimpanzees spontaneously perceive both concrete and abstract same/different relations.

We used a familiarization-novelty procedure to determine whether 4 infant chimpanzees spontaneously perceive the sameness of and the difference between both concrete objects and relations between objects. In Experiment 1, a single object was presented on the Familiarization Trial 1 and the animal's looking time recorded. On the Test Trial 2, an object was presented that was either identical to or different from that shown on Trial 1. Looking times on Test Trial 2 were less when the same item had been presented on the preceding familiarization trial. Novel items on Trial 2 were attended to longer, indicating that the infant chimpanzees perceived concrete objects were either the same or different. In Experiment 2, a single pair of objects was presented on the Familiarization Trial 1, and handling time was measured. The objects in a pair were either the same or different (e.g., AA vs. CD). On the Test Trial 2, a new object pair (e.g., BB vs. EF) was presented that instantiated either the relation shown on Trial 1 or the alternative relation. Handling time on Trial 2 was influenced by the relation instantiated on Trial 1. Handling times on Test Trial 2 were less when the identical relation had been presented on the preceding familiarization trial. Novel relations on Trial 2 were attended to relatively longer. This result indicates that infant chimpanzees perceive similarities and differences between abstract relations as well as between concrete objects. That is to say, they perceived relations between relations in Experiment 2. Despite this ability to perceive both concrete and abstract "same/different" relations, the same chimpanzees subsequently failed to use the latter knowledge in a matching-to-sample task in Experiment 3. Although they successfully matched single objects, they were unable to match object pairs instantiating the same relation (e.g., if AA then match BB; if CD then match EF). These results contradict claims that failure to learn an instrumental discrimination involving abstract relations reflects an inability to detect such relations. In every species there may be a disparity between the ability to perceive spontaneously a property of the world and the ability to use the concept instrumentally.
Elektrolysen von Cyaniden. III. Elektrolysen von Cyaniden in wasserfreiem Pyridin

Bei Elektrolysen von AgCN-Losungen in Pyridin an unangreifbaren Platin- oder Tantal-Anoden erfolgt primar die Entladung der Cyanidionen. Ein Teil der CN-Radikale stabilisiert sich zu Dicyan, der grosere Teil der Radikale polymerisiert zu Paracyan. Eine elektrochemische Cyanierung konnte durch Abfangen der CN-Radikale mittels ungesattigter oder leicht substituierbarer organischer Verbindungen nicht erzielt werden. Ursache hierfur ist die ungewohnlich hohe Resonanzenergie der Dicyanmolekel. Bei der Elektrolyse von AgCN an einer angreifbaren Antimon-Anode erfolgt eine anodische Auflosung von 100,5–101,0%. Aus der Pyridin-Losung konnte Sb(CN)3 erstmalig in Form weiser, auserst feuchtigkeitsempfindlicher und thermisch leicht zersetzlicher Kristalle gewonnen werden. Ahnliche Verhaltnisse wahrend der Elektrolyse werden auch bei Verwendung einer Wismut-Anode beobachtet. Eine Arsen-Anode wird nur teilweise von den entladenen Cyanid-Ionen angegriffen, wahrend sich ein Teil der Radikale zu Paracyan vereinigt. On electrolysis of AgCN solved in pyridine, the CN-radicals being formed at unattackable platinum or tantalum anodes are stabilized to paracyanogen or (CN)2. Electrochemical cyanogenation of organic compounds has not been achieved. On application of an anode made of antimony, dissolution of the metal occurs to about 100%. By evaporation of the pyridine solution Sb(CN)3 has been firstly prepared as colourless, hygroscopic crystals which easily decompose at elevated temperatures. Similar observations have been made with a bismuth anode. At an anode made of arsenic, the CN-radicals are partially stabilized to paracyanogen.
Reversal of Order of Information in a Multiple-Cue Probability Learning Task

Summary The present study investigated a modified version of the conventional paradigm employed in research on multiple-cue probability learning. The modified training paradigm, in which the criterion is presented before the cues, was compared with the conventional paradigm, in which the cues are followed by the criterion. A total of 252 male and female introductory psychology students were tested in three experiments. In Experiment I, 72 male and female Ss were required to learn the cue-criterion function form for each of three probabilistic cues. In Experiment II, 108 male and female Ss were required to learn validities of the three probabilistic cues. In Experiment III, 72 male and female Ss were required to learn cue-criterion function forms and cue validities for either three or five cues. Learning occurred with the presentation of criterion information in each experiment; however, there was no significant difference between training paradigms.
Separation of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol and glucose using a ZSM-5 zeolite membrane

Abstract A Na-ZSM-5 zeolite membrane was effective for separating 1,3-propanediol from glycerol and glucose in water by pervaporation. Binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures were studied as a function of temperature. At 308 K, the total flux for the quaternary feed was 0.21 kg/m 2 h. The 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity decreased from 54 to 21 over the temperature range 308–328 K, whereas for the same range 1,3-propanediol/glucose selectivity increased from 330 to 2100. The 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity was controlled by both preferential adsorption and differences in diffusion rates. The 1,3-propanediol/glucose selectivity was mainly controlled by differences in diffusion rates, with the larger glucose diffusing through non-zeolite pores. Glycerol inhibited glucose permeation and thus increased the 1,3-propanediol/glucose selectivity. The presence of glucose decreased the total flux but increased the 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity.
La Zandunga: Of Fieldwork and Friendship in Southern Mexico

La Zandunga: Of Fieldwork and Friendship in Southern Mexico. Beverly Newbold Chinas. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1993.178 pp., color plates, illustrations, glossary. $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0–88133–680–7.
Enhanced electrochemical performances of Li-rich layered oxides by surface modification with reduced graphene oxide/AlPO4 hybrid coating

The electrochemical performance of lithium-rich layered oxide cathode materials coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/AlPO4 hybrid coatings has been investigated. The amount of graphene was varied from 0.5 to 4.0 wt%, while AlPO4 was maintained at 2.0 wt%. The structure and morphology of the samples have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared to the pristine cathode, the rGO/AlPO4-coated cathodes exhibit higher discharge capacity with lower irreversible capacity loss, better cyclability, and higher rate capability. Specifically, the rGO (0.5 wt%)/AlPO4 (2.0 wt%)- and rGO (1.0 wt%)/AlPO4 (2.0 wt%)-coated samples exhibit high discharge capacities of 235 mA h g−1 and 240 mA h g−1, respectively, at C/10 rate with capacity retentions of 94% and 95%, respectively, at 100 cycles. Moreover, the rGO/AlPO4-coated cathodes show better cyclability than the pristine cathode at an elevated temperature (55 °C). The superior electrochemical performances of the rGO/AlPO4-coated electrodes could be attributed to the decrease in the Li content in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and facilitation of faster charge transfer as suggested by XPS and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Expecting Continued Play in Prisoner's Dilemma Games: A Test of Several Models

Several models of prisoner's dilemma interactions were tested in a series of twelve games whose termination point was determined probabilistically. A new model was introduced to discriminate among equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations on the basis of a player's expected benefits or losses for cooperating. The experiment included twelve payoff matrices, three probabilities for continuing, two opponent strategies, and the player's sex as independent variables. Results showed that both the game payoffs and the probability that the game would continue interacted to affect the rates of cooperation observed, and that the equilibrium model predicted this outcome most accurately. While the predictions of each of the models were supported, the equilibrium models appeared to be superior to the others. The discussion highlights the importance of considering the likelihood of a game terminating as a major determinant of the cooperation that can be expected in mixed—motive interactions.
Assessing responses of humpback whales to North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) transmissions: results of 2001--2003 aerial surveys north of Kauai.

Eight aerial surveys were flown north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai during 2001 when the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) source was not transmitting, and during 2002 and 2003 when it was. All surveys were performed during the period of peak residency of humpback whales (Feb–Mar). During 2002 and 2003, surveys commenced immediately upon cessation of a 24-h cycle of transmissions. Numbers and distribution of whales observed within 40 km of the NPAL source during 2001 (source off) were compared with those observed during 2002 and 2003 (source on). A total of 75 sightings was noted during 2001, as compared with 81 and 55 during 2002 and 2003, respectively. Differences in sighting rates (sightings/km) across years were not statistically significant. Assessment of distributional changes relied upon comparisons of three measures: (a) location depths; (b) distance from the NPAL source; and (c) distance offshore. None of the distributional comparisons revealed statistically significant differences across years. Several possible interpretations are examined: (a) whales have habituated to the NPAL signal; (b) insufficient statistical power exists in the present design to detect any effects; and (c) the effects are short-lived and become undetectable shortly after the cessation of transmissions.
Undergraduate research experiences in power system fault analysis using Matlab Simulation tools

This paper presents research experiences of an undergraduate student in areas of power system fault analysis and fault location. The student obtains valuable skills by using Matlab and SimPowerSystems software, and an in-depth understanding of short-circuit analysis theories and procedures. It is shown that research involving formula derivation, system modeling, algorithm coding, and result visualization can greatly enhance the student's interests in power system subject.
CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF THE CMT I GENE BY CBG-BANDING

The gene for the familial peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type I (HMSN I) is assigned to the proximal long arm of chromosome #1 within 10 centimorgans of the Duffy locus (FY) (Povey et al.Hum. Gene Map 8, 1985). We report on the location of the CMT I gene in 6 families by examination of the heteromorphic, CBG-positive Iqh region which intervenes between FY and the #1 centromere. At least 10 pairs of straight, flat, well-differentiated CBG-banded #1 leukocyte chromosomes were evaluated. The 1qh regions were interpreted as approximately equal or unequal in length. Lengths of 1qh were estimated by comparison to the short arm of chromosome #6. In Family A the 1qh regions could be distinguished in cells from an affected proband. Two affected daughters carried the proband's #1 chromosome with the larger qh. Two fetuses from one of them also carried the identifiable 1qh at amniocentesis. Each affected member of Family B in 3 generations was recognized blindly through an identifiable 1qh. Linkage of CMT I to FY was confirmatory in Family A, but not informative for Family B. Blind cytogenetic analysis of Families C and D are in progress. Since 1qh heteromorphism was not present in 2 other CMT I family probands, these families were not further studied. These data support assignment of CMT I gene to proximal 1g. Further, cytogenetic assessment of 1qh may provide information for counseling pre-symptomatic carriers and for prenatal diagnosis in affected CMT I families.
A High Efficiency Frequency Tripler for 230 GHz

A high efficiency tripler is described covering the 195-235 GHz range With a peak efficiency of 10.5%. Maximum efficiency occurs for an input power of 15-30 mW. Maximum output power over most of this range is 3-4 mW. Construction is fairly simple and uses a coaxial choke for ease of assembly. Work with a 100 GHz scale model indicates a much greater bandwidth is possible.
Enhanced irreversibility field and current stabilization by Pb substitution in aligned Tl-1223 high-Tc superconductor

Abstract Using magnetic methods, we have studied the effects of Pb substitution on the irreversibility line and other features of c -axis aligned Tl based cuprate superconductors with the “1223” structure. Specifically, the properties of (Tl 0.5 Pb 0.5 )Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 are compared with those of grain-aligned TlBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 and Tl(BaSr) 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 materials. The irreversibility line H irr ( T ) is notably higher for the Pb substituted material ( 1.7 T at 77 K with Hc ) and markedly anisotropic for all of the samples. Also, results for the persistent current density are reported. Flux-creep studies of the current-decay rate show that the current is the most stable in the aligned (Tl 0.5 Pb 0.5 )Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 , and that the decay rate of all three materials increases monotonically as the temperature increases.
Dynamics of actinyl ions in water: a molecular dynamics simulation study

The dynamics of actinyl ions (AnO2n+) in aqueous solutions is important not only for the design of advanced separation processes but also for understanding the fate of actinides in the environment. The hazardous nature of actinides makes it difficult to measure transport and thermodynamic properties experimentally, so predictive simulations are an attractive method for studying these systems. Here, we report the results of atomistic-level molecular dynamics simulations of actinyl ions (of U, Np, Pu, and Am) in their mono- and dication states in aqueous solution. Quantum mechanically derived force field parameters are used to compute self-diffusion coefficients of the actinyl ions, water exchange mechanisms, and residence times of water molecules in the first solvation shell of the actinyl ions. We find that monocation actinyl ions diffuse slightly faster than their dication counterparts. Our simulations suggest that there are two distinct water exchange mechanisms for mono and dications. An associative interchange pathway is observed for water exchange involving dication actinyls, while in monocation actinyls the exchange occurs via a dissociative mechanism. The residence time of water molecules in the first solvation shell depends on the water exchange mechanism. In the case of dications, a stiffer actinyl bond angle results in a longer residence time, while for monocations, a shorter water coordination distance leads to a longer residence time. The simulations predict much faster water exchange for UO22+ than what is observed experimentally with NMR, but other properties are consistent with experiments.
Perceived and Actual Discrimination in the Salaries of Male and Female Managers1

This study uses a sample of over 1000 MBA graduates from a Middle Atlantic University to test for sex differences in perceived discrimination and for the actual effects of various physical characteristics and background factors on the starting salaries and later (1983) salaries of these men and women managers. Women more often reported experiencing discrimination, and they typically identified this as general discrimination against women. Fewer men perceived any discrimination. Those men who did claimed to be the victims of affirmative action programs favoring women and blacks over them. Salary data indicated that women did earn less than men, even when controlling for work experience. Evidence for other forms of discrimination was also found. Controlling for prior work experience and year of first professional employment, age and height had a positive effect on men's starting salaries and being overweight, a negative effect. For women, starting salaries were significantly and positively affected by social class. For 1983 income, taller, non-overweight, and older men earned more, as did those who grew up in a higher social class. For women, a positive salary correlate was again being from a higher social class. Areas for future research are discussed.
Detection of complications after liver transplantation by technetium-99m mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy.

Fifty-five hepatobiliary scintigraphic studies using99mTc-Mebrofenin were performed in 52 orthotopic liver transplant patients to evaluate suspected biliary complications, namely biliary extravasation and extrahepatic obstruction. Final diagnosis was made by analysis of the clinical course and other procedures. Three out of three studies of biliary leak and four out of five studies of biliary obstruction were detected. There were no false positives in either complication. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100, 100, 100% for ectravasation and 80, 100, 98% for obstruction, respectively. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy appears to be an accurate means of detecting biliary leak and obstruction associated with the transplanted liver.
Rank revealing QR factorizations

Abstract : An algorithm is presented for computing a column permutation Pi and a QR-factorization (A)(Pi) = QR of an m by n (m or = n) matrix A such that a possible rank deficiency of A will be revealed in the triangular factor R having a small lower right block. For low rank deficient matrices, the algorithm is guaranteed to reveal the rank of A and the cost is only slightly more than the cost of one regular QR-factorization. A posteriori upper and lower bounds on the singular values of A are derived and can be used to infer the numerical rank of A. Keywords: QR-Factorization; Rank deficient matrices; Least squares computation; Subset selection; Rank; Singular values.
The importance of London dispersion forces in crystalline magnesium nitrate hexahydrate

Abstract The role of London dispersion forces in crystalline magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O] has been investigated using terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory modeling. The solid-state simulations were augmented with semi-empirical London dispersion corrections and revealed that such corrections are of negligible importance in this ionic solid. The comparison of the simulated and experimental crystal structures indicated a London force correction magnitude of less than 10% of that required in organic molecular solids of similar size and complexity. While London forces are certainly present in magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, electrostatic forces clearly dominate the intermolecular interactions governing its crystalline structure and dynamics.
Bilateral odontogenic keratocysts of the maxillary sinus.

(Editorial Comment: This manuscript calls attention to the unique situation of bilateral keratocysts of the maxillary sinus. Excision is curative.) The odontogenic keratocyst is unique among the odontogenic cysts because of its aggressive nature and high potential for recurrence. Although the primordial cyst of the jaws comprises the greatest percentage of keratocysts, the characteristic histological appearance can be assumed by any of the odontogenic cysts.l Keratocysts account for between 3% and 11% of all jaw cysts.2 Although the exact etiology of the odontogenic keratocyst is uncertain, it is thought to arise from the primordial dental lamina or its epithelial remnants. Clinically, it does not present any characteristic features and frequently is asymptomatic. Keratocysts, while occurring most commonly in the second and third decades of life,* may occur during childhood and have been reported as early as one year of age.3 Many of these cases occur in association with the basal cell nevus syndrome, which has well-described accompanying features.4 Occasionally, odontogenic keratocysts arising from the maxilla invade into the antrum. A less common occurrence is a keratocyst that arises in the maxillary sinus in association with an ectopic tooth .5-7 We report the first case of bilateral keratocysts of the maxillary sinus associated with ectopic teeth.
Inhibition of IAA-induced Ethylene Production and Proline Accumulation in Wheat Coleoptiles by Fusicoccin

Summary The influence of FC on ethylene production and proline accumulation in comparison to its influence on elongation growth was studied in wheat coleoptiles. FC promoted elongation growth in isolated coleoptile segments, but proline accumulation induced by acetic acid and IAA as well as IAA-induced ethylene production were inhibited by 10 −6 M FC. FC did not influence the proline content or ethylene production in control plants (not treated with acetic acid or IAA). The in vivo conversion of ACC to ethylene was also not affected by FC. FC was effective only in reversing the effect of acetic acid- and IAA-induced proline accumulation and of IAA-induced ethylene production. These results are discussed in relation to changes of the p Hc under the influence of these treatments. The obtained results are considered as a further support of the idea that p Hc is involved in stress-induced metabolic reactions, e.g. proline accumulation and ethylene production, as well as the mechanism of IAA action ({scGoring} and {scZoglauer} 1979; {scBrummer} and {scParish} 1983; {scGoring} 1984; {scGoring} and {scPlescher} 1986).
CTRP1 Protein Enhances Fatty Acid Oxidation via AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Activation and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Inhibition *

We previously described the adipokine CTRP1, which has up-regulated expression following exposure to the anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone and increased circulating levels in adiponectin-null mice (Wong, G. W., Krawczyk, S. A., Kitidis-Mitrokostas, C., Revett, T., Gimeno, R., and Lodish, H. F. (2008) Biochem. J. 416, 161–177). Although recombinant CTRP1 lowers blood glucose in mice, its physiological function, mechanisms of action, and roles in metabolic stress remain unknown. Here, we show that circulating levels of CTRP1 are strikingly reduced in diet-induced obese mice. Overexpressing CTRP1 in transgenic mice improved insulin sensitivity and decreased high-fat diet-induced weight gain. Reduced adiposity resulted from enhanced fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure, effects mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In skeletal muscle of transgenic mice, AMPKα and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), were hyperphosphorylated, indicative of AMPK activation and ACC inhibition. Inactivation of ACC promotes mitochondrial fat oxidation. Consistent with the direct effect of CTRP1 on AMPK signaling, recombinant CTRP1 administration acutely stimulated muscle AMPKα and ACC phosphorylation in vivo. In isolated soleus muscle, recombinant CTRP1 activated AMPK signaling to increase fatty acid oxidation ex vivo, an effect abrogated by an AMPK inhibitor. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that CTRP1 is a novel regulator of fatty acid metabolism.
The effect of insulin and glucose on fructose-2,6-P2 in hepatocytes☆

Abstract The effect of insulin and glucose on fructose-2,6-P2 turnover has been examined using isolated rat hepatocytes. Insulin (>10−10M) increases the fructose-2,6-P2 level in hepatocytes from fasted rats, or those pretreated with glucagon ( 10mM) also increases the fructose-2,6-P2 and hexose-P levels in hepatocytes from starved rats, and its effect appears to be greater than that of insulin. Furthermore, insulin increases fructose-6-P,2-kinase activity and decreases cAMP levels in hepatocytes pretreated with glucagon, and it increases hexose-P concentration in hepatocytes from fasted rats. These results suggest that insulin antagonizes glucagon action by increasing fructose-6-P,2-kinase, decreasing cyclic AMP levels, and increasing hexose-P levels, resulting in increased concentrations of fructose-2,6-P2.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy Patterns of clinical progression and effects of supportive therapy

Two-hundred eighty-three boys with Duchenne dystrophy and 10 with Becker dystrophy have been followed for up to 10 years in a protocol that accurately measured their function, strength, contractures, and back curvature. Clinical heterogeneity is noted. Patients whose muscles were stronger were more likely to die from a cardiomyopathy. Weaker patients died from respiratory failure. A series of milestones is defined, which is of use in following the illness in an individual patient. This approach permits a scoring system that allows the severity of the disease to be defined in an individual boy. Evaluation of physical therapy and surgical intervention shows that night splints and scoliosis surgery are effective forms of treatment.
Atom Interferometry with Bose-Einstein Condensates in a Double-Well Potential

A trapped-atom interferometer was demonstrated using gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates coherently split by deforming an optical single-well potential into a double-well potential. The relative phase between the two condensates was determined from the spatial phase of the matter wave interference pattern formed upon releasing the condensates from the separated potential wells. Coherent phase evolution was observed for condensates held separated by 13 microm for up to 5 ms and was controlled by applying ac Stark shift potentials to either of the two separated condensates.
Branch management: mechanisms of axon branching in the developing vertebrate CNS

The remarkable ability of a single axon to extend multiple branches and form terminal arbors enables vertebrate neurons to integrate information from divergent regions of the nervous system. Axons select appropriate pathways during development, but it is the branches that extend interstitially from the axon shaft and arborize at specific targets that are responsible for virtually all of the synaptic connectivity in the vertebrate CNS. How do axons form branches at specific target regions? Recent studies have identified molecular cues that activate intracellular signalling pathways in axons and mediate dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton to promote the formation of axon branches.
Selection, Training, and Performance Evaluation of Sales Managers: An Empirical Investigation

ABSTRACT Despite the important role sales managers play in an organization, little empirical work has explored various facets of their jobs. The state of knowledge regarding this issue is woefully inadequate. To partially address this gap in the sales management literature, this paper reports the results of a study that investigated recruitment/selection, training, and performance evaluation practices vis-a-vis sales managers. Findings suggest that sales managers (irrespective of their company's size or primary market offering) generally rely on subjective recruitment and selection tools and techniques when recruiting sales management candidates, do not feel that any particular job activity is uniquely important or difficult to perform, and consider few evaluation criteria when assaying sales manager performance. Conclusions concerning the study's results are provided.
A Comparison of the Light Dependent Metabolism of Carbon Monoxide by Barley Leaves with that of Formaldehyde, Formate and Carbon Dioxide

A comparison has been made of uptake of four different 1-carbon compounds by barley leaves as to rate and products of fixation using C/sup 14/-labeled substrates. Carbon monoxide uptake, although very slow, is light dependent. It is incorporated mainly into serine and secondarily into products of the photosynthetic carbon cycle. 2,4-Dinitrophenol inhibition shifted the carbon monoxide pattern to one resembling carbon dioxide uptake. It is suggested that reduction of carbon monoxide takes place on cytochrome oxidase at the time of photodissociation of its complex with the enzyme. Formaldehyde-C/sup 14/ fixation in the dark is slow but in the light it is metabolized more rapidly. Formaldehyde and formate are fixed into serine, choline and phosphoryl choline in both light and dark. In light formate and formaldehyde are also fixed rapidly into products similar to those found from carbon dioxide while carbon monoxide is converted to these much more slowly. Formate uptake is more rapid than that of either formaldehyde or carbon monoxide.
An in vitro evolved precursor tRNA with aminoacylation activity.

A set of catalysts for aminoacyl‐tRNA synthesis is an essential component for translation. The RNA world hypothesis postulates that RNA catalysts could have played this role. Here we show an in vitro evolved precursor tRNA consisting of two domains, a catalytic 5′‐leader sequence and an aminoacyl‐acceptor tRNA. The 5′‐leader sequence domain selectively self‐charges phenylalanine on the 3′‐terminus of the tRNA domain. This cis ‐acting ribozyme is susceptible to RNase P RNA, generating the corresponding 5′‐leader segment and the mature tRNA. Moreover, the 5′‐leader segment is able to aminoacylate the mature tRNA in trans . Mutational studies have revealed that C 74 and C 75 at the tRNA aminoacyl‐acceptor end form base pairs with G71 and G70 of the trans ‐acting ribozyme. Such Watson–Crick base pairing with tRNA has been observed in RNase P RNA and 23S rRNA, suggesting that all three ribozymes use a similar mechanism for the recognition of the aminoacyl‐acceptor end. Our demonstrations indicate that catalytic precursor tRNAs could have provided the foundations for the genetic coding system in the proto‐translation system.