cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical network underlying speech production during delayed auditory feedback

Accurate and fluent production of speech strongly depends on hearing oneself which allows for the detection and correction of vocalization errors in real-time. When auditory feedback is disrupted with a time delay (e.g. echo on a conference call), it causes slowed and stutter-like speech in humans. Impaired speech motor control during delayed auditory feedback is implicated in various neurological disorders ranging from stuttering to aphasia, however the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated auditory feedback control in human speech by obtaining electrocorticographic recordings from neurosurgical subjects performing a delayed auditory feedback (DAF) task. We observed a significant increase in neural activity in auditory sites that scaled with the duration of feedback delay and correlated with response suppression during normal speech, providing direct evidence for a shared mechanism between sensitivity to altered feedback and speech-induced auditory suppression in humans. Furthermore, we find that when subjects robustly slowed down their speech rate to compensate for the delay, the dorsal division of the precentral gyrus was preferentially recruited to support articulation during an early time frame. This recruitment was accompanied by response enhancement across a large speech network commencing in temporal cortex and then engaging frontal and parietal sites. Our results highlight the critical components of the human speech network that support auditory feedback control of speech production and the temporal evolution of their recruitment.
Breast Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering has the potential to redefine rehabilitation for the breast cancer patient by providing a translatable strategy that restores the postmastectomy breast mound while concomitantly obviating limitations realized with contemporary reconstructive surgery procedures. The engineering design goal is to provide a sufficient volume of viable fat tissue based on a patient's own cells such that deficits in breast volume can be abrogated. To be sure, adipose tissue engineering is in its infancy, but tremendous strides have been made. Numerous studies attest to the feasibility of adipose tissue engineering. The field is now poised to challenge barriers to clinical translation that are germane to most tissue engineering applications, namely scale-up, large animal model development, and vascularization. The innovative and rapid progress of adipose engineering to date, as well as opportunities for its future growth, is presented.
Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed 1,2-Spin-Center Shift Enables Selective C-2 Reduction, Deuteration, and Iodination of Carbohydrates

Excited-state catalysis, a process that involves one or more excited catalytic species, has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis because it allows access to the excited-state reaction la...
Precision head and neck surgery: robotics and surgical vision technology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the molecular basis of head and neck cancer becomes more clearly defined, precision medicine has gradually refined the multidisciplinary treatment paradigm for patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Although precision medicine is often thought to refer to new molecular diagnostics or unique medical therapy, the recent adoption of robotic surgery has ushered in the era of 'precision' head and neck surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Surgeons now routinely utilize a virtual reality environment to reduce the morbidity of head and neck surgical care and improve oncologic and functional outcomes. The development and subsequent FDA approval of the da Vinci SP system, a single-arm system with a flexible camera, has allowed for improved visualization and access to the deep oropharynx and larynx. Groups investigating anti-EGFR antibodies tagged with fluorescent dye as well as inherent autofluorescence differences between normal and cancerous mucosal tissues show promise for improving positive surgical margin rates. SUMMARY The evolution of robotics and visualization for oropharyngeal cancer represents a novel and innovative utilization of new technology to improve care. Further advancements in techniques, from refinement of the robotic platform itself, to novel real-time tumour imaging options will be critical to further advance precision care for these patients.
From the Editors (Foreword)

The co-editors' foreword to the Journal of Legal Education Summer 2018 issue, devoted to international legal education.
Screening of blood donors for sickle cell trait using a DNA‐based approach: Frequency in a multiethnic donor population

Background Minority RBC donors are important to support the transfusion needs of patients with sickle cell disease. Testing of donors for sickle cell trait (SCT) is performed to avoid transfusion of hemoglobin S+ (HbS+) RBCs to specific patient groups and to investigate leukoreduction failures. A screening assay based on hemoglobin solubility is commonly used. The purpose of this study was to validate a DNA approach for HbS screening. Methods Hemoglobin solubility screening (Pacific Hemostasis or SICKLEDEX) and PreciseType human erythrocyte antigen (HEA)-HbS (Immucor) targeting c.20A>T in the β-globin gene were performed according to manufacturer's directions. Resolution of differences in results included gene sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Initial validation of HEA-HbS performed by testing 60 known samples, 20 HbS/A, A/A, and S/S, gave expected results. However, in the subsequent parallel testing phase, 4/58 samples HbS+ by solubility assay tested negative by HEA-HbS; the negative results were confirmed by β-globin gene sequencing. Samples from donors self-identifying as White testing HbS+ by solubility assay (n = 60) were retested by HEA-HbS and HPLC. The HEA-HbS assay was concordant with HPLC which is recognized as the gold standard for hemoglobin variation. Conclusion A DNA-based approach is an alternative to screen donors for SCT, found in approximately 7% of Black and 1.7% of our random donors. HEA-HbS correlated with HPLC results in all samples tested, supporting the use of HEA-HbS as the test of record. The method allows higher throughput screening and testing at the donor center allows association of the screening result with the donor record to avoid repeat testing.
TrajNet: A Trajectory-Based Deep Learning Model for Traffic Prediction

Ridesharing companies such as Ube and DiDi provide ride-hailing services where passengers and drivers are matched via mobile apps. As a result, large amounts of vehicle trajectories and vehicle speed data are collected that can be used for traffic prediction. The recent popularity of graph convolutional networks (GCNs) has opened up new possibilities for real-time traffic prediction and many GCN-based models have been proposed to capture the spatial correlation on the urban road network. However, the graph-based approaches fail to capture the intricate dependencies of consecutive road segments that are well captured by trajectories. Instead of proposing yet another GCN-based model for traffic prediction, we propose a novel deep learning model that treats vehicle trajectories as first-class citizens. Our model, called TrajNet, captures the spatial dependency of traffic flow by propagating information along real trajectories. To improve training efficiency, we organize the multiple trajectories in a batch used for training with a trie structure, to reuse shared computation. TrajNet uses a spatial attention mechanism to adaptively capture the dynamic correlations between different road segments, and dilated causal convolution to capture long-range temporal dependency. We also resolve the inconsistency between the fine-grained road segment coverage by trajectories, and the ground-truth traffic data that are coarse-grained, following a trajectory-based refinement framework. Extensive experiments on real traffic datasets validate the performance superiority of TrajNet over the state-of-the-art GCN-based models.
Intra-cellular Calcium Release Dynamics Due to Nanosecond Electric Pulsing

Permeabilization of cell membranous structures by nanosecond electric field pulses triggers a transient rise of cytosolic calcium with multifarious downstream effects. Electroporation of intracellular membranes (such as those of the Endoplasmic Reticulum) are likely responsible for the calcium release. This is an important application of pulsed electric fields, since calcium is known as a ubiquitous second messenger molecule that regulates several responses in cell signaling, including enzyme activation, gene transcription, neurotransmitter release, secretion, muscle contraction etc. In this chapter, a model based analysis of the dynamical calcium release in response to an external electric pulse is discussed. The results obtained are shown to match experimental data fairly well.
Origin of an evolutionary novelty: the worker phenotype of eusocial wasps

Complex problems in evolutionary biology can be approached in two ways, top down using theoretical constructs and bottom up using empirical studies . Theoretical concepts predominate evolutionary interpretations of eusociality in a literature that is small relative to an enormous literature of natural history and basic research that is not synthesized into a conceptual whole. Here, I draw insights from this literature to show how paper wasps’ allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype originates in every colony cycle via confluence of multiple factors of paper wasp biology. These include behavior, development, nutrient dynamics, indirect genetic effects, sex ratio, and demography. A novel perspective on the colony cycle, based on individuals’ reproductive physiology, serves as context to examine of each of these. It will be shown that the allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype does not require relatedness among colony members to originate. Allomaternal care of non-relatives is frequent and can occur in at least twelve contexts. Life histories of living species as they will be presented here show that relatedness among colony members is not the target of selection in simple eusociality. However, the novel allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype had to be present at the ancestral origins of complex eusociality in which relatedness among colony members is essential.
Rectilinear Paths among Rectilinear Obstacles

Given a set of obstacles and two distinguished points in the plane the problem of finding a collision-free path subject to a certain optimization function is a fundamental problem that arises in many fields, such as motion planning in robotics, wire routing in VLSI and logistics in operations research. In this survey we emphasize its applications to VLSI design and limit ourselves to the rectilinear domain in which the goal path to be computed and the underlying obstacles are all rectilinearly oriented, i.e., the segments are either horizontal or vertical. We consider different routing environments, and various optimization criteria pertaining to VLSI design, and provide a survey of results that have been developed in the past, present current results and give open problems for future research.
Steroid-protein interactions. XVI. Isolation and characterization of the corticosteroid-binding globulin of the rabbit.

Abstract Comparative determination of high affinity binding activity for cortisol and corticosterone in the sera of various species by equilibrium dialysis indicated considerable differences, which were independent of the ratio of cortisol to corticosterone present in the blood plasma. Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) was isolated from pooled rabbit serum by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex, gel filtration over Sephadex G-200, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Ammonium sulfate fractionation was found useful as a preliminary purification step. A quantity of 13.5 mg of pure CBG was obtained from 2 liters of serum, with an over-all 6200-fold purification and 50 to 60% yield. The protein was homogeneous by free boundary and paper electrophoresis, sedimentation velocity at different concentrations, and diffusion. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis with antiserum to rabbit serum indicated a pure α-globulin; no precipitation was obtained with antisera to human serum, to rat serum, or to guinea pig serum. Amino acid and carbohydrate composition showed a general similarity to human CBG, in spite of distinct differences in certain residues. The extrapolated sedimentation coefficient was found to be s020,w = 3.55 S; diffusion coefficient, D20,w = 7.02 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1; electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6, Γ/2 = 5.1 x 10-5 cm2 volt-1 sec-1; extinction coefficient at 279 mµ, E1%1 cm = 8.4; partial specific volume, v = 0.695 ml per g; and frictional ratio, f/f0 = 1.37. A molecular weight of 40,700 was calculated from sedimentation velocity and diffusion data. The pure CBG, isolated under conditions of saturation with endogenous corticosterone and added cortisol-4-14C, contained 1 mole of corticosteroid per 40,700 g of CBG; the number of high affinity binding sites was determined to be n = 1. The association constants at 4° and 37° were k = 9.0 x 108 m-1 and 4.7 x 107 m-1, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations gave negative enthalpy change and negative entropy change for the interaction. Removal of corticosteroid from the isolated pure CBG by gel filtration at 45° resulted in loss of binding activity.
Filamentous Cells of Escherichia coli Formed in the Presence of Mitomycin

Abstract The effects of mitomycin C on cell elongation of Escherichia coli B were studied. Filament formation was most marked in cultures treated with a moderate level (1 μg/ml) of the antibiotic, becoming less obvious at higher levels (10 μg/ml). Cells treated with a bacteriostatic concentration (0.1 μg/ml or less) of mitomycin C were also significantly elongated. The filamentous or elongated cells appeared to lack septa, since their spheroplasts were considerably larger than those formed from normal cells. The appearance of empty spheres also indicated some defects in the surfaces of the filamentous cells. Electron micrographs of the filaments revealed a characteristic difference in the arrangement of the nuclei in the filaments formed in the presence of low (0.1 μg/ml) and high (5 μg/ml) concentrations of mitomycin C. The filaments formed by the low level of mitomycin C had normal well-defined nuclear bodies distributed along the long axis, whereas those formed by the elevated level of the antibiotic contained smaller nuclei. The latter were characteristically confined to the center of the cells and did not extend out to the tips of the filaments.
The ribosomes of Aspergillus giganteus are sensitive to the cytotoxic action of α-sarcin

Ribosomes in lysates prepared from the mycelia of Aspergillus giganteus MDH 18894, which are actively secreting alpha-sarcin, do not contain the alpha-sarcin lesion. However, the addition of exogenous alpha-sarcin to these same lysates results in cleavage of the 26 S rRNA of the 60 S ribosomal subunit, characteristic of the cytotoxic action of alpha-sarcin. We conclude that A. giganteus ribosomes are not inherently resistant to the action of alpha-sarcin but are protected in vivo by producing alpha-sarcin in an inactive form and/or by the efficient cotranslational secretion of the toxin.
Validation of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with a Sample of Preschool Children.

The validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983) was investigated with a sample of preschool-age children. The sample consisted of 50 subjects aged 21/2 through 4 who were distributed roughly equally by age, sex, and race according to the 1980 census. The validity of the K-ABC was examined using the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) (Slosson, 1982) and the Classroom Behavior Inventory-Preschool Form (CBI) (Schaefer & Edgerton, 1978) as criterion measures. The SIT and CBI-Preschool Form Verbal Intelligence Scale were found to correlate significantly (p<.01) with the global scales of the K-ABC. The K-ABC did not differentiate between age or sex groups, but blacks scored lower than whites. The findings are supportive of previous validity studies (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983) and two-factor theories of intelligence (e.g., Das, Kirby, & Jarman, 1975).
A helical microwave antenna for welding plaque during balloon angioplasty

A catheter-based microwave antenna has been developed to improve the long-term success of balloon angio-plasty treatment of arteriosclerosis. When the balloon is inflated to widen vessels obstructed with plaque, microwave power is deposited in the plaque, heating it, and thereby fixing it in place. By carefully controlling the wave propagation and polarization using an axial-mode helical antenna, it is possible to take advantage of the differences in the dielectric constant and conductivity between healthy artery wall tissue and the obstructing plaque to avoid overheating the healthy artery.
The lymphatic system of the snake

The anatomy of the lymphatic system of the snake is described, together with some preliminary observations of the blood vascular system. Lymphatic vessels are numerous and thin-walled, chiefly periangious, but some are in close relation to the vertebral, column. The aortic lymphatic enlarges to form a sac in the abdominal region which encloses several of the viscera and in many cases communicates with their connective tissue sheaths. Lymph vessels in the skin and body musculature form a regularly arranged segmental network. The system communicates with the blood vascular system in two places: by means of a pair of posterior lymph hearts in the region of the cloaca, and at the jugular lymph sac just craniad to the heart. The arrangement and distribution of lymphatic structures is of interest in relation to phylogenetic development and because of the specialization of structure due to the elongate form of the snake.
On the Effect of Absorbing Materials on Electromagnetic Waves with Large Relative Bandwidth

Coats of absorbing material over metallic surfaces can substantially reduce the energy of a returned radar signal. This paper analyzes the effect of such coatings on radar signals with large relative bandwidths close to 1, rather than the conventional relative band- widths in the order of 0.01 or less. Normal incidence of the wave, and absorption due to ohmic losses are assumed. The purpose of the paper is strictly to draw attention to the significance of a change from small to large relative bandwidths, since the decades of work on the reflection of sinusoidal waves with various angles of incidence by targets with various shapes, constructed with a variety of materials, cannot be duplicated for nonsinusoidal waves with less than corresponding decades of effort.
Localized hypertrichosis after infectious rash in adults

Localized excess hair growth or hypertrichosis has been associated with several factors, including repeated skin trauma, periphery of burns, and insect bites.1 Review of English-language literature from the last 50 years found only one report of localized hypertrichosis after infectious rash (HAIR) in an infant with recent chicken pox.2 Here I report the cases of 2 adults with a diagnosis of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) who subsequently had localized HAIR in the previously affected area.
Ordering preferences for congruent and incongruent English adjectives in attributive and predicative contexts

Ordering preferences for English adjectives in attributive (prenominal) and predicative (postnominal) positions were found to be in general agreement: No evidence for a systematic mirror image reversal was found. As compared to semantically incongruent adjectives, semantically congruent adjectives (1) had more stable ordering preferences across syntactic contexts, (2) had subjectively stronger prenominal ordering preferences, and (3) were judged more acceptable in both types of sentence context. A “borrowing” theory, in which ordering preferences for adjectives are generalized from attributive to predicative usage, is proposed. Ordering preferences for semantically incongruent adjectives are discussed in terms of a “First the good news, then the bad news” principle.
Synthesis and solid state structure of Co(II) complexes of OPTA

Abstract The addition of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) to CoCl 2 · 6H 2 O results in oxidation of phosphorus to the phosphine oxide (O PTA). Isolated from this reaction are the first metal complexes of O PTA, [PTAH](OPTACoCl 3 ) ( 1 ) and [Co(OH 2 ) 3 (OPTA)(OPTACoCl 3 ) 2 ] ( 2 ). Both 1 and 2 have been crystallographically characterized and involve nitrogen coordination to a CoCl 3 - fragment. Complex 2 contains both an octahedral Co(II) center, with three facial aquo and three facial O PTA ligands bound via oxygen. In addition, tetrahedral Co(II) centers are coordinated to two of the O PTA ligands via nitrogen.
Obstacle Shadowing Influences in VANET Safety

Wireless communications between vehicles enables both safety applications, such as accident avoidance, and nonsafety applications, such as traffic congestion alerts [1] with the intent of improving safety in driving conditions. Because cost limited test-bed environments constrain prototype testing, VANET researchers often turn instead to simulation toolsets from which a rich set of environmental scenarios are modeled. However, despite the availability of such tools, results are inconsistent. While VANET investigators often model propagation loss deterministically dependent upon transmitter receiver distance, fading and shadowing effects are often modeled stochastically, leading to probabilistic results which are independent of the actual environment and thus fail to consider realistic road topologies and the presence of obstacles [2]. In this work, we implement for ns-3 [3] the empirically-validated obstacle shadowing model from [4] by leveraging building data from Open Street Map (OSM) [5] to deterministically evaluate line of sight propagation effects using techniques from computational geometry, and we further extend results to evaluate safety performance assessments. The impact to safety performance measurement of obstacles in VANET simulations motivates the following research objective: The goal of this research is to show quantitatively how accurate, deterministic obstacle fading models impact the performance assessment of VANET safety applications. Deterministic shadowing compares differently than stochastic fading and failing to account for the effects of obstacles in safety assessment can inaccurately or even greatly overstate the performance of VANET safety applications. Including realistic obstacle shadowing in VANET simulation modeling improves VANET assessment and strengthens safety, thus supporting one of the primary goals of connected vehicle systems.
Use of vegetative furrows to mitigate copper loads and soil loss in runoff from polyethylene (plastic) mulch vegetable production systems

The transport of runoff with high copper concentrations and sediment loads into adjacent surface waters can have adverse effects on nontarget organisms as a result of increased turbidity and degraded water quality. Runoff from vegetable production utilizing polyethylene mulch can contain up to 35% of applied copper, a widely used fungicide/bactericide that has adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Copper is primarily transported in runoff with suspended particulates; therefore, implementation of management practices that minimize soil erosion will reduce copper loads. Replacing bare-soil furrows with furrows planted in rye (Secale cereale) significantly improved the sustainability of vegetable production with polyethylene mulch and reduced the potential environmental impact of this management practice. Vegetative furrows decreased runoff volume by >40% and soil erosion by >80%. Copper loads with runoff were reduced by 72% in 2001, primarily as a result of reduced soil erosion since more than 88% of the total copper loads were transported in runoff with suspended soil particulates. Tomato yields in both years were similar between the polyethylene mulch plots containing either bare-soil or vegetative furrows. Replacing bare-soil furrows with vegetative furrows greatly reduces the effects of sediments and agrochemicals on sensitive ecosystems while maintaining crop yields.
The BCI endeavor and the mission of this new journal

This first issue of the new journal Brain-Computer Interfaces is a milestone in the progress of a research and development endeavor that barely existed 20 years ago, that subsequently underwent exp...
Implementing Changes in Institutions to Improve Young Children's Development.

Nearly every country has housed children without permanent parents in orphanages and other residential institutions at one time in its history, and it is estimated (Human Rights Watch, 1999) that approximately 8 million children currently reside in institutions worldwide, mostly in low-resource countries. Although family alternatives to institutions are preferred, this paper assumes that institutions are likely to continue to exist in many countries for many years. Institutions worldwide tend to have certain common characteristics that contrast sharply with those of families; resident children's development is substantially delayed; and research shows that changes in the structure, operation, and behavioral nature of institutions can produce marked improvement in children's development. But changing decades-long traditions in an entire institution is a challenging endeavor with little research available to guide the process, so this paper reports the experience of the authors, who have been involved in implementing family-like interventions in orphanages in several countries, on methods of implementing change in institutions.
Scanning the visual field without eye movements—A sex difference

Abstract Subjects identified the location of a briefly exposed target pattern in the presence of five other patterns. Right-handed females, but not males, exhibited a significantly higher error rate in correctly localizing the target pattern when it was in the left visual field, particularly for the left parafoveal region. This unexpected distribution of errors as a function of target location can be accounted for by a sequential (serial) mechanism which scans the visual field. Since the exposure time was too brief for eye movements to have occured, the results must reflect an internal scan of the neural representation of the information retained in the visual system following the brief stimulus presentation.
Abstract: A Multi-Level Model of Individual Differences in Speed/Accuracy Tradeoff (SATin).

Individuals performing an experimental cognitive task have a choice whether to favor accuracy, speed, or weight them both equally. Models of speed/ accuracy tradeoff have been proposed in the assessment literature ( van der Linden, 2007 ) and experimental literature ( Ratcliff & Rouder, 1998 ). However, these models do not estimate individual differences in choice of speed/ accuracy tradeoff at between- and within-subjects levels. The top of Figure 1 presents the equations and path diagram for the SATin model. Individual differences in speed/ accuracy tradeoff will be modeled at two levels with, 1) variability in Tradeoff (between-subject level, Level 2) and 2) variability in c (within-subject level, Level 1). An individual's Tradeoff factor score represents the individual's distributional position relative to others regarding whether they favor speed (values 0), or neither (value = 0). A negative c indicates that the individual is trading off speed and accuracy for these particular trials, whereas a positive and zero c indicate the individual is not trading off. [Figure: see text] Panels 1 and 2 illustrate Simpson's paradox, where speed/ accuracy tradeoff occurs in opposing directions at between- and within-subject levels. This highlights the need for a multi-level model as the researcher would draw opposing conclusions by observing only one of these levels. Simulations studies compared the SATin model to a popular model in cognitive psychology that uses speed alone to estimate ability. SATin outperformed this model by accounting for substantially more variance in actual ability.
Soft X-ray laser source development and applications experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Recent progress in experimental laboratory soft X-ray laser research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is reviewed. Research at LLNL in this area has concentrated on further characterising and understanding neon-like X-ray laser plasmas, investigating soft X-ray amplification at shorter wavelengths, and demonstrating examples of X-ray laser applications. For the standard 200 AA neon-like selenium collisional excitation laser, the output source size as well as the beam time history, divergence, energy and spatial profile have been measured. Gain has been demonstrated at wavelengths as short as 50.3 AA in nickel-like ytterbium. Several recombination X-ray laser schemes have also been investigated. X-ray laser holography, cavity operation of an X-ray laser, and the capability to point and focus the output laser beam have been demonstrated.
Infrared absorption in ThO2-doped Y2O3

The optical absorption has been measured over the 2–4‐μm region in dense polycrystalline Y2O3 containing 10 mole% ThO2 in solid solution. Measurements of the absorption coefficient (β) in ThO2‐doped Y2O3 indicated an intrinsic (multiphonon) level of 2.6×10−5 cm−1 at DF(3.8 μm) wavelengths although calorimetrically obtained β’s were in the low 10−3‐cm−1 region for the best materials. This difference is attributed to extrinsic absorption mechanisms and, in particular, to an impurity band of as yet undetermined origin lying directly between the DF and HF frequencies. Various ceramic processing techniques were applied to sintered ThO2‐doped Y2O3 ceramic to reduce this absorption with the most successful being a high‐temperature anneal in a higher partial pressure of oxygen.
Emotion Recognition across Cultures: The Influence of Ethnicity on Empathic Accuracy and Physiological Linkage

The present study tested whether empathic accuracy and physiological linkage during an emotion recognition task are facilitated by a cultural match between rater and target (cultural advantage model) or unaffected (cultural equivalence model). Participants were 161 college students of African American, Chinese American, European American or Mexican American ethnicity. To assess empathic accuracy—knowing what another person is feeling—participants (“raters”) used a rating dial to provide continuous, real-time ratings of the valence and intensity of emotions being experienced by four strangers (“targets”). Targets were African American, Chinese American, European American or Mexican American women who had been videotaped having a conversation about their relationship with their dating partner in a previous study. Empathic accuracy was defined as the similarity between ratings of the videotaped interactions obtained from: (a) raters in the present study, who rated how the targets were feeling during the interaction; and (b) targets in the previous study, who had rated their own feelings during the interaction. To assess emotional empathy—feeling what another person is feeling—we drew on literatures that underscore the role that mimicry and contagion play in empathy and examined physiological linkage (similarity between raters’ physiology when viewing the videotapes and targets’ physiology when in the actual interaction). Our findings for empathic accuracy supported the cultural equivalence model, with no evidence of greater accuracy when raters viewed targets of their own ethnicity. Our findings for physiological linkage provided some support for the cultural advantage model, with greater physiological linkage when Chinese Americans viewed and rated Chinese American targets.
Symbiotic coupling of wind power and nuclear power generation

The coupling of wind power production as an intermittent supply to nuclear power generation as a base load supply is discussed. Wind turbines on a standby operational mode are net importers of power for their control and yaw mechanisms. They need a supply of about 5 kW of power from an existing grid. They also require the vicinity of a power grid with excess capacity to export their generated power. A choice is the construction of wind farms in the immediate vicinity low population density population zones around nuclear power plants. An example is the Grand Ridge wind farm adjacent to the LaSalle nuclear power plant near Versailles, Illinois. Since the best wind resources in the USA are located far from the industrial and population centers there is a need for connection to the grid trough High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC). Due to ramping considerations, the planned introduction of 20 percent of electrical wind production in the USA by 2020 would pose challenging grid stability issues. Energy storage alternatives such as hydrogen production, compressed air, flywheels, superconducting magnets and pumped storage, need serious consideration.
Opportunities and challenges for optical CD metrology in double patterning process control

We review early challenges and opportunities for optical CD metrology (OCD) arising from the potential insertion of double patterning technology (DPT) processes for critical layer semiconductor production. Due to the immaturity of these new processes, simulations are crucial for mapping performance trends and identifying potential metrology gaps. With an analysis methodology similar in spirit to the recent NIST OCD extendability study1, but with aperture and noise models pertinent to current or projected production metrology systems, we use advanced simulation tools to forecast OCD precision performance of key structural parameters (eg., CD, sidewall angle) at litho (ADI) and etch (ACI) steps for a variety of mainstream optical measurement schemes, such as spectroscopic or angle-resolved, to identify strengths and weaknesses of OCD metrology for patterning process control at 32 and 22nm technology nodes. Test case geometries and materials for the simulated periodic metrology targets are derived from published DPT process flows, with ITRS-style scaling rules, as well as rather standard scanner qualification use cases. Consistent with the NIST study, we find encouraging evidence of OCD extendability through 22nm node dense geometries, a surprising and perhaps unexpected result, given the near-absence of published results for the inverse optical scattering problem for periodic structures in the deep sub-wavelength regime.
Beyond Intimaphobia: Object Lessons from Foucault and Sade.

AbstractIn this study I suggest ways of thinking through issues of intimacy that have emerged in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries in the USA. I propose a state of intimaphobia in education. However, I move beyond exposing this state of intimaphobia to offer particular readings of two philosophers of intimacy: Michel Foucault and the Marquis de Sade. I argue that these two philosophers provide alternative models of thinking through the problems and potentials of and for intimacy. While Foucault has been taken up within education in any number of ways, his concept of the ‘homosexual’ is utilized to offer insights into intimacy. Sade, while the stranger philosopher to engage, offers challenges to contemporary educational practices through the lessons of the libertine. Foucault and Sade offer, to put it simply, promises for pedagogical pleasures that challenge the current fears around intimacy in education.
Thermal radiation effects on a shocked particle-laden gas

A mathematical model is presented that describes the particle-gas interactions that occur when a shock wave propagates through a particle-laden gas. In most of the previous work in this field, thermal radiation was neglected when solving the energy conservation equation throughout the shock relaxation zone. The present study represents an extension of the previous analyses to include thermal radiation in the governing conservation equations. The present analysis focuses on the dynamic and thermodynamic events taking place within the domain of the relaxation zone, as well as the coupling of the relaxation zone and the preheat zone. Viewed in a shock-fixed coordinate system, the preheating and relaxation zones each have a constant length (steady-state assumption) for specified conditions and, for convenience, all properties within each zone can be referenced to the distance from the shock front. The results presented show the influence of thermal radiation on shock wave structure, and predict the distance ahead of the shock front that thermal radiation penetrates the particle-laden gas, thereby providing preshock heating to both the particles and the gas.
Profiling the bandgap-adjusted mobility in a bipolar transistor base using the inverse early effect

Abstract Conventional drift transistor analysis is used to show that C - V and inverse-mode Early data on a large-area bipolar transistor can be combined to yield a profile of μ n × ( N A / N A A − )e ΔE g / kT with respect to depth (hereafter referred to as an “inverse Early profile”) in the neutral base. This result is then confirmed using a 2-D device simulator to simulate the profile extraction process. The extracted inverse Early profile, obtained from the terminal characteristics of the simulated transistor, agrees with the actual simulator models to better than 10%. An experimental inverse Early profile for an actual transistor is also presented and discussed. Significant advantages of this technique over previous mobility-bandgap model verification and profiling techniques are that specialized structures need not be fabricated, the measurement is simple and nondestructive, and the effects of strain are automatically included in the resulting profile.
Spectral-function sum rules for W boson in the weak- and strong-coupling versions of the standard model

The QCD-like sum-rule method is applied to the W boson in the strong-coupling version of the standard model. For comparison the same methods are applied to the perturbative [Glashow-Salam-Weinberg (GSW)] version of the model. It is shown that the method works in the GSW model with good accuracy independent of the continuum threshold if the definition of the so-called sum-rule window is changed. In the strong-coupling model, one cannot ``predict'' the W-boson mass because the vacuum expectation values (VEV's) are unknown. Instead, a restriction on VEV's coming from the experimental data can be found when some additional assumptions about the W' contribution are made. These restrictions can be useful in the application of the sum-rule method to other channels (Higgs, isoscalar vector, excited fermions, leptoquarks, etc.). The vacuum structure in the strong-coupling model may differ considerably from the GSW model.
Mechanistic insights into the action of Bisphenol A on the germline using C. elegans

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest production volume chemicals in the world and is mainly used in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Due to its remarkable physical properties such as durability, transparency and weightlessness, BPA-containing plastics are found in a variety of common household items such as bottles and food containers. Exposure to BPA has been known to result in biological effects for more than 70 years, but concerns about its safety have only recently emerged. This is due in part to its widespread prevalence in the environment and detectable urinary BPA in >90% of the population in the United States. The biological effects attributed to BPA exposure are numerous, usually linked to its weak estrogenic activity and a matter of much debate. Two previous studies have demonstrated the disruptive effect of BPA exposure on the germline of female mice. First, BPA leaching from cages and bottles was shown to adversely affect meiotic chromosome segregation in mice as evidenced by the high rate of aneuploidy resulting from defects in chromosome alignment at metaphase I. In a follow up study, Hunt and colleagues demonstrated that BPA also impaired earlier meiotic events. Specifically, in utero exposure of pregnant mice to BPA caused defects in chromosome synapsis at prophase I, including the impaired formation and/or maintenance of the proteinaceous scaffold (synaptonemal complex) that links homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Furthermore, an increase in crossover frequencies was observed, suggesting a deregulation of the process of recombination. However, while these effects indicated an action of BPA on the female germline, how BPA interfered Mechanistic insights into the action of Bisphenol A on the germline using C. elegans
Preaching to the choir: TV advisory usage among parents of gifted children

This investigation examines the use of the MPAA television advisory ratings in the decision‐making of parents of intellectually gifted children and explores the manner by which ratings information is incorporated into rules and regulations about television in the home. It comes on the heels of published reports suggesting the general inadequacy and counter productivity of the age‐based ratings. In comparison to parents of non‐gifted children, parents of gifted children were more likely to utilize TV ratings information in the mediation of their children's televiewing. They tended to employ a highly inductive (communication‐oriented) style of child rearing and a highly evaluative (discussion‐based) method of TV mediation, tended to believe that television can have significant positive and/or negative effects on children, and were more concerned with cognitive‐ and affective‐level effects. The possible ramifications of these findings with regard to the new content‐driven ratings campaign and forthcoming V‐c...
Practical point-to-point free-space quantum key distribution over .5 km

We have demonstrated point-to-point single-photon quantum key distribution (QKD) over a free-space optical path of {approximately}475 m under daylight conditions. This represents an increase of >1,000 times farther than any reported point-to-point demonstration, and >6 times farther than the previous folded path daylight demonstration. We expect to extend the daylight range to 2 km or more within the next few months. A brief description of the system is given here. The QKD transmitter, a.k.a. ''Alice'' (Fig. 1), consists of three thermoelectrically cooled diode lasers, a single interference filter (IF), two optical attenuators, two linear polarizers, two non-polarization beam-splitters (BSs), and a 27x beam expander. The two data-lasers' (dim-lasers') wavelengths are temperature controlled and constrained by the IF to {approximately}773 {+-} 0.5 nm, while the transmitted wavelength of the bright-laser (timing-laser) is {approximately}768 nm; the data-lasers are configured to emit a weak pulse of approximately 1 ns duration. The transmitter incorporates no active polarization switching--a first in QKD.
Effect of Aspirin Dosage and Enteric Coating on Platelet Reactivity

Although aspirin is effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the optimal dose remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to compare the platelet inhibitory and prostacyclin-sparing effects of 2 doses (81 and 325 mg) and forms (enteric-coated and regular) of aspirin. Since platelet reactivity has been reported to increase after strenuous exercise, a known trigger of myocardial infarction, subjects were studied following maximal treadmill exercise as well as at rest. Forty male healthy subjects were evaluated using a randomized, double-blind, parallel study design. Blood samples were obtained before and after maximal treadmill exercise at baseline and after 7 days on aspirin therapy. Both enteric and regular aspirin in 81- and 325-mg dosages markedly inhibited adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine-induced aggregation at rest and after exercise. Aspirin also inhibited the platelet response to collagen as assessed by a longer lag time to aggregation. The prolongation of lag time was greater for 325 mg than for 81 mg (100 +/- 7 vs 91 +/- 7; p = 0.04, after exercise). There were no significant dose-related differences in plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha level; however, enteric-coated aspirin inhibited the exercise-induced increase in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha to a lesser extent than regular aspirin. Although both doses (81 and 325 mg) and types (regular and enteric-coated) of aspirin inhibited adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine-induced aggregation equally, the 325-mg dose inhibited collagen-induced aggregation to a greater extent than 81 mg. The greater platelet inhibition observed with 325 mg may be clinically relevant in acute coronary syndromes characterized by plaque rupture with extensive collagen exposure and platelet activation.
Prognostic value of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives This study sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in assessing cardiovascular prognosis in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Background Although stress CMR is excellent for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD, the prognostic value of stress CMR has been less well described. Methods PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and metaRegister of Controlled Trials were searched for stress CMR studies with >6 months of prognostic data. Primary endpoints were cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and a composite outcome of cardiovascular death or MI during follow-up. Summary effect estimates were generated with random-effects modeling, and annualized event rates were assessed. Results Nineteen studies (14 vasodilator, 4 dobutamine, and 1 that used both) involved a total of 11,636 patients with a mean follow-up of 32 months. Patients had a mean age of 63 ± 12 years, 63% were male, and 26% had previous MI; mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 61 ± 12%; and late gadolinium enhancement was present in 29% and ischemia in 32%. Patients with ischemia had a higher incidence of MI (odds ratio [OR]: 7.7; p Conclusions A negative stress CMR study is associated with very low risk of cardiovascular death and MI. Stress CMR has excellent prognostic characteristics and may help guide risk stratification of patients with known or suspected CAD.
Myosin IXb is a single-headed minus-end-directed processive motor.

Myosin is an actin-based molecular motor that constitutes a diverse superfamily1,2. In contrast to conventional myosin, which binds to actin for only a short time during cross-bridge cycling, recent studies have demonstrated that class V myosin moves along actin filaments for a long distance without dissociating3,4. This would make it suitable for supporting cargo movement in cells. Because myosin V has a two-headed structure with an expanded neck domain, it has been postulated to 'walk' along the 36-nm helical repeat of the actin filament, with one head attached to the actin and leading the other head to the neighbouring helical pitch5. Here, we report that myosin IXb, a single-headed myosin, moves processively on actin filaments. Furthermore, we found that myosin IXb is a minus-end-directed motor. In addition to class VI myosin, this is the first myosin superfamily member identified that moves in the reverse direction6. The processive movement of the single-headed myosin IXb cannot be explained by a 'hand-over-hand' mechanism. This suggests that an alternative mechanism must be operating for the processive movement of single-headed myosin IXb.