cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Cardiac Na+,Ca2+ Exchange and KATP Potassium Channels by PIP2

Cardiac Na+,Ca2+ exchange is activated by a mechanism that requires hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but is not mediated by protein kinases. In giant cardiac membrane patches, ATP acted to generate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) from phosphatidylinositol (PI). The action of ATP was abolished by a PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC) and recovered after addition of exogenous PI; it was reversed by a PIP2-specific PLC; and it was mimicked by exogenous PIP2. High concentrations of free Ca2+ (5 to 20 microM) accelerated reversal of the ATP effect, and PLC activity in myocyte membranes was activated with a similar Ca2+ dependence. Aluminum reversed the ATP effect by binding with high affinity to PIP2. ATP-inhibited potassium channels (KATP) were also sensitive to PIP2, whereas Na+,K+ pumps and Na+ channels were not. Thus, PIP2 may be an important regulator of both ion transporters and channels.
Interception losses in grassy vegetation

Studies of the interception process in grassy species are reported for a series of laboratory tests. Procedures, equipment, and techniques were developed to determine the magnitudes of rainfall interception on grasses and to measure the resultant losses. It was found in vigorously growing grass plots that the evaporation of a given amount of intercepted moisture was accompanied by a like reduction in the amount of evapotranspiration from the plants. Total moisture use was approximately the same in plots with wet and dry leaf surfaces. The interception storage component and precipitation passing through the vegetative canopy as combined stemflow, throughfall and drip (STD) were measured to determine the relationships and magnitudes. Storage capacities were observed to agree essentially with those reported by other investigators although some variations can occur with different storm types and intensities. Values of STD were found to be quite significant even at the beginning of small storms.
Isolated anterolateral proximal fibular head dislocation

A 28-year-old woman fell and sustained an isolated anterolateral dislocation of the proximal fibula. This injury generally presents with a characteristic history and associated physical examination and radiographic findings, but the subtle nature of the salient findings contributes to a high degree of misdiagnosis. Emergency physicians should be familiar with this injury because early reduction reduces long-term morbidity.
Communication: Configuration interaction singles has a large systematic bias against charge-transfer states

We show that standard configuration interaction singles (CIS) has a systematic bias against charge-transfer (CT) states, wherein the computed vertical excitation energies for CT states are disproportionately too high (by >1 eV) as compared with non-CT states. We demonstrate this bias empirically for a set of chemical problems with both inter- and intra-molecular electron transfer, and then, for a small analytical model, we prove that this large difference in accuracy stems from the massive changes in electronic structure that must accompany long-range charge transfer. Thus far, the conclusion from this research is that, even in the context of wave function theory, CIS alone is insufficient for offering a balanced description of excited state surfaces (both CT and non-CT) and explicit electron-electron correlation must be included additionally (e.g., via CIS(D)) for charge-transfer applications.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Added Bicycle Phase at Existing Signalized Intersection

A benefit-cost analysis framework is developed for an added bicycle phase at an existing signalized intersection. The intersection operates with both high volume levels of both vehicles and bicycles. As part of this study, traffic volume counts were collected and average vehicle delays computed and extrapolated to represent a full year. The costs and disbenefits included in the analysis were construction costs and changes in operating costs, safety, and vehicle capacity. We find that the overwhelming benefits associated with increased bicycle safety, which can be seen as a decrease in the number of bicycle-vehicle conflicts, outweigh all costs and the disbenefits associated with increased vehicle delay. Externalities such as the change in vehicle emissions are also examined but are not included in the benefit-cost ratio. We find that the change in emissions associated with increased vehicle delay is relatively minor.
Specialized tissues and preferential conduction in the atria of the heart

Abstract Many of the widely prevalent concepts in clinical electrocardiography are based on the premise that the spread of electrical activity in the atria is radial, not following special pathways. This review questions that premise on the grounds of recent electrophysiologic, biochemical and anatomic studies that are more logically interpreted as evidence for specialized or preferential conduction in the atria. Certain familiar and widely used diagnoses based on P wave configuration (P mitrale, P pulmonale, coronary sinus rhythm and left atrial rhythm) are discussed with clinical electrocardiographic examples. We conclude that the most tenable current interpretation is that atrial conduction is normally specialized and preferential for particular anatomic pathways, and that a variety of focal blocks of this conduction (either functionally or structurally produced) may thus distort the atrial electrical vector. If further observations in the future support this interpretation, some of the classic concepts in clinical electrocardiography will require drastic revision.
Placental site trophoblastic tumor: Immunohistochemistry algorithm key to diagnosis and review of literature.

Placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTTs) are the rarest subtype of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN), characterized by intermediate cytotrophoblasts on histology (Hyman et al., 2013). They typically occur in reproductive-aged females, arising months to years after a term gestation, but can be seen after any pregnancy (Hassadia et al., 2005). While most GTNs are exquisitely susceptible to chemotherapy, PSTTs are relatively chemoresistance (Schmid et al., 2009). Because hysterectomy is necessary for appropriate treatment, it is imperative that PSTTs be diagnosed correctly. We present a case of a patient who was presumed post-menopausal with no reported pregnancies and non-classical histological presentation of PSTTs.
Thermodynamic constitutive model for cyclic loading of shape memory alloy materials with application to two-way training

The thermomechanical response of shape memory alloy (SMA) materials under cyclic loading is modeled in this paper. A set of evolution laws for plastic strains is first developed, based on Bodner's viscoplasticity model, by replacing real time in Bodner's model with an internal time variable proportional to the martensitic volume fraction. The influence of plastic residual stresses on the martensitic phase transformation is analyzed, and evolution equations for the plastic back stresses and isotropic hardening parameter during phase transformation are developed. The relationship between accumulation of plastic strains and creation of the two way shape memory effect is quantitatively explained by the present model. The changing of the stress-strain hysteresis loop and transformation start and finish stresses and temperatures are also correctly accounted by the present formulation.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spin Chain in Magnetic Field: Limitations of the Large-N Mean-Field Theory

Motivated by the recent success in describing the spin and orbital spectrum of a spin-orbital chain using a large-N mean-field approximation [Phys. Rev. B 91, 165102 (2015)], we apply the same formalism to the case of a spin chain in the external magnetic field. It occurs that in this case, which corresponds to N=2 in the approximation, the large-N mean-field theory cannot qualitatively reproduce the spin excitation spectra at high magnetic fields, which polarize more than 50% of the spins in the magnetic ground state. This, rather counterintuitively, shows that the physics of a spin chain can under some circumstances be regarded as more complex than the physics of a spin-orbital chain.
Main vowel domain tone modeling with lexical and prosodic analysis for Mandarin ASR

The tone is a distinctive discriminative feature in Mandarin Chinese. Often functional, yet seldom thorough are most large-scale Mandarin speech recognition systems in treating tone modeling. In particular, many lack the necessary sophistication to deal with the myriad variations arising from the combination of acoustic and lexical contexts. This paper reports an attempt to account for these variabilities and to bring richer tone modeling into the IBM Mandarin broadcast transcription system. In particular, we describe a system that combines the embedded approach and a novel explicit tone modeling technique characterized by a. robust tone tracking in the main-vowel domain, and b. context-dependent models with lexical and prosodic contexts. The proposed method is validated on a connected-digits set and subsequently evaluated on a large-vocabulary broadcast transcription task. It is shown that 14.8% and 5.4% relative reductions in character error rate are achieved respectively.
The White Dwarf: a high-performance application-specific processor

This paper presents the design and implementation of a high-performance special-purpose processor, called The White Dwarf, for accelerating finite element analysis algorithms. The White Dwarf CPU contains two Am29325 32-bit floating-point processors and one Am29332 32-bit ALU, and employs a wide-instruction word architecture in which the application algorithm is directly implemented in microcode. The entire system is VME-bus compatible and interfaces with a SUN 31160 host. The system's potential peak performance is 20 MFLOPS; a sustained computation rate in excess of 15 MFLOPS is expected. A potential speedup of between one and two orders of magnitude is possible. With a fully populated memory subsystem, the White Dwarf can accommodate finite element problems involving up to half a million nodes. The system is designed using an approach called Application-Specific Processor Design. A retargetable compiler has been developed which is capable of generating highly parallel and efficient code for the White Dwarf and other processors with similar architecture. System debuglintegration is in progress; a highly useful system is expected.
Relational Turbulence and the Post-deployment Transition Self, Partner, and Relationship Focused Turbulence

This study applied the relational turbulence model to the communication of U.S. service members and at-home partners following the return from a tour of duty by evaluating three turbulence markers: (a) relational maintenance, (b) partner responsiveness, and(c) turmoil appraisals. Participants were 235 individuals (128 service members, 107at-home partners) who completed an online questionnaire within 6 months following reunion. Relational uncertainty and interference from partners predicted turbulence markers, and they partially mediated the association between relationship satisfaction and turbulence markers. Results suggest that the relational turbulence model is useful for illuminating the experiences of military couples during the post-deployment transition. Findings also point to turbulence markers that may be salient during a variety of relationship transitions.
Histidine phosphotransfer proteins in fungal two-component signal transduction pathways.

ABSTRACT The histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) protein Ypd1 is an important participant in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae multistep two-component signal transduction pathway and, unlike the expanded histidine kinase gene family, is encoded by a single gene in nearly all model and pathogenic fungi. Ypd1 is essential for viability in both S. cerevisiae and in Cryptococcus neoformans. These and other aspects of Ypd1 biology, combined with the availability of structural and mutational data in S. cerevisiae, suggest that the essential interactions between Ypd1 and response regulator domains would be a good target for antifungal drug development. The goal of this minireview is to summarize the wealth of data on S. cerevisiae Ypd1 and to consider the potential benefits of conducting related studies in pathogenic fungi.
Evolution of relational factors over time: a study of distributed and nondistributed meetings

The emerging collaborative organizational model provides a context for the use of new methods for facilitating interaction. At the same time, technology is evolving to support meetings among distributed participants. Few studies have examined the effect of these new electronic meeting systems (EMS) on distributed workteams over time. Adaptive structuration theory (AST) suggests that, when groups encounter environmental difficulties, they may creatively adapt some structures to mitigate the limitations. This study investigated the development of cohesiveness, conflict management, and process satisfaction over four sessions among face-to-face, distributed-synchronous and distributed-asynchronous groups supported by an EMS. Results indicate that, despite structural impediments inherent in distributed interaction, groups can develop along these relational dimensions. These findings are consistent with AST. However, research needs to examine further the nature of structuration in technologically supported groups. >
Crowding increases salivary cortisol but not self-directed behavior in captive baboons.

Reduced space can lead to crowding in social animals. Crowding increases the risk of agonistic interactions that, in turn, may require additional physiological defensive coping mechanisms affecting health. To determine the stress induced from increased social density in a group of nineteen baboons living in an indoor/outdoor enclosure, saliva cortisol levels and rates of anxiety-related behavior were analyzed across two unique crowding episodes. Initially, mean salivary cortisol levels when animals were restricted to their indoor quarters were compared to those when they also had access to their larger outdoor enclosure. Then, mean cortisol levels were compared before, during, and after two distinct crowding periods of long and short duration. Crowding resulted in significantly elevated cortisol during crowding periods compared to non-crowded periods. Cortisol levels returned to baseline following two crowding episodes contrasting in their length and ambient climate conditions. These cortisol elevations indicate greater metabolic costs of maintaining homeostasis under social stress resulting from reduced space. Self-directed behavior, conversely, was not reliably elevated during crowding. Results suggest that the potential for negative social interactions, and/or the uncertainty associated with social threat can cause physiological stress responses detected by salivary cortisol. Self-directed behavioral measures of stress may constitute inadequate indicators of social stress in colony-housed monkeys or represent subjective emotional arousal unrelated to hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis activation. Am. J. Primatol. 77:462–467, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heart‐Focused Anxiety and Chest Pain: A Conceptual and Clinical Review

This article reviews the concept of heart-focused anxiety that may occur in response to cardiac-related stimuli and sensations. Our aim was to examine the relation between chest pain, panic, and heart-focused anxiety in persons with and without heart disease. We identify a preoccupation with the heart and its functioning based on the belief that it will lead to negative consequences (e.g., death, pain) as an important psychological variable in the production of anxious and fearful responding. We then discuss heart-focused anxiety in relation to other clinically relevant variables in anxiety-related problems such as hypochondriacal concerns, including physical symptoms, disease fear, disease conviction, and safety-seeking behavior. Finally, we briefly discuss the clinical importance of heart-focused anxiety in the assessment and treatment of certain anxiety and cardiac-related problems.
The prevalence of mental and physical health disorders among older methadone patients.

Objectives The aging opioid-addicted cohort from the 1970s has begun to alter the demographic characteristics of individuals in need of services for heroin addiction. Yet, despite clear trends that indicate the population of older methadone patients is increasing, little is known about their well-being and service needs. The goal of this study was to assess the physical and mental health status of older methadone patients. Design Face-to-face interviews were conducted with study participants. Setting This study was conducted at a free-standing methadone clinic in a Midwestern industrial city. Participants A clinic sample of 140 adult methadone patients over the age of 50 was recruited for face-to-face interviews. Measures Mental health status was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The SF-12v2 was administered to measure a range of physical health issues. Participants were also asked about a variety of chronic conditions. In addition, respondents provided access to their drug screen results from monthly urine tests for illegal drug use for 1 year before and 1 year after the interview. Results Findings revealed that over half (57.1%) of respondents had at least one mental health disorder in the past year. In the year before the interview, the most prevalent mental health disorder experienced by older adult patients was major depressive episode (32.9%). The most prevalent anxiety disorders were posttraumatic stress disorder (27.8%) and generalized anxiety disorder (29.7%). Additionally, women experienced significantly higher levels of depression than males (43.8% versus 27.2%), and nearly twice the prevalence rate of agoraphobia and panic disorders. Regarding physical health, respondents reported high rates of health problems in the past year, including arthritis (54.3%) and hypertension (44.9%). The majority of respondents reported having fair to poor physical health (57.7%). When examining the entire 24-month period during which urine data were collected, three quarters (76.4%) of the respondents had at least 1 month where the urine screen detected illegal drug use. Conclusions In the next decade, the growing and aging substance abusing population will require clinicians trained in both geriatrics and substance abuse. Health and mental health professionals have the opportunity to address the specialized needs of this population and prepare for the shifting service needs these older patients will require.
Transmutative voice conversion

There are two types of voice conversion (VC) systems: generative and transmutative. A generative VC system typically uses a compact parametrization of speech and maps input to output parameters directly; however, the relative low dimensionality of the underlying speech model reduces quality. On the other hand, a transmutative VC system modifies high-dimensional features of a high-fidelity speech model, leaving critical details unmodified. Two versions of transmutative VC approach are implemented and compared to a generative VC approach. The results show that the implemented transmutative VC is significantly better compared to generative VC in terms of quality. The difference between the two VC methods regarding recognition scores are insignificant.
Multithreaded value prediction

This paper introduces a technique which leverages value prediction and multithreading on a simultaneous multithreading processor to achieve higher performance in a single threaded application. By allowing the value-speculative execution to proceed in a separate thread, this technique overcomes barriers that make traditional value prediction relatively ineffective for tolerating long latency loads. It shows that this technique can be as much as 2-5 times more effective than traditional value prediction, achieving more than 40% average performance gain on the SPEC benchmarks with realistic hardware parameters. These gains come from two effects: allowing greater separation between the stalled load and the speculative execution, and the ability to speculate on multiple values for a single load.
Who Leads Whom? Presidents, Policy, and the Public

Who Leads Whom? Presidents, Policy, and the Public. By Brandice Canes-Wrone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 192p. 18.00 paper.The good news: The public actually does influence policy decisions at least some of the time, and presidential demagoguery is not pervasive. The unremarkable: We can only judge these facts for issues within the scope of polling, and presidents act strategically when they attempt to influence policy.
Circadian Clocks: Unexpected Biochemical Cogs

A circadian oscillation can be reconstituted in vitro from three proteins that cycles with a period of ∼ 24 h. Two recent studies provide surprising biochemical answers to why this remarkable oscillator has such a long time constant and how it can switch effortlessly between alternating enzymatic modes.
Pediatric intestinal transplantation: Literature review 2006–2007

: The field of intestinal transplantation has rapidly progressed over the last few years, with greatly improved patient and graft survival rates. Pediatric patients actually comprise the majority of individuals referred for intestinal transplantation; therefore, most of the current literature on this subject is centered on such group of patients. Issues pertinent to patient selection, indications for transplantation and management of post-transplant complications run parallel to those issues of appropriate immunosuppressive protocols and avoidance/treatment of rejection, which is still one of the biggest causes of morbidity and mortality. This manuscript reviews what the authors view as the most innovative contributions in the field of intestinal transplantation over the last two yr (2006–2007). This review is by no means exhaustive but might serve as a starting point for those clinicians interested in the field.
Description of a database server architecture for synthetic vision system applications

An aeronautical database server subsystem for synthetic vision systems refers to an onboard unit in the aircraft that stores and manages a layered database to support SVIS (Synthetic Vision Information Systems) applications. A general database server architecture is composed of four integrated components: the server processing computer, storage medium, geo-referenced database, and the system interconnects. This paper presents a proposed server architecture, and discusses system design choices confronted in the assembly of a prototype at Rockwell Collins.
The Political Economy of Responsibility in Health and Illness

This article addresses the question: to what extent do health care strategies in a given political economy increase people's perceptions of responsibility to take charge of their health, but do not structurally empower them to satisfy their health needs. In shaping health care policies, societies typically adopt one of three broad strategies, linking their larger political economy and modes of exercising power: a marketplace strategy, a state-managerial strategy or a national participatory strategy. Because of their different arrangements of structural power, these strategies result in three very different approaches to responsibility for health and illness. Changes in the political economy of health in Nicaragua during the Somoza, Sandinista and Chamorro periods illustrate the changing fields of choice within which care-seekers must make their health care decisions.
Adaptations of the Shoulder to Overhead Throwing in Youth Athletes

Context: The high number of repetitions and high forces associated with overhead throwing lead to anatomical adaptations, such as humeral retrotorsion and posterior-capsule thickness, in elite and professional baseball athletes. However, little is known about the origin and progression of these changes that may account for the increasing trend of chronic shoulder injuries in youth baseball and precipitate subsequent pathologic conditions throughout a young athlete's lifetime. Objective: To investigate the relationship of age and upper extremity dominance on humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, and glenohumeral range of motion. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Research laboratory, local baseball fields, and training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-six boys (mean age = 10.94 ± 1.34 years, height = 151.31 ± 12.17 cm, mass = 42.51 ± 10.32 kg) ranging in age from 8 to 12 years and involved in organized youth baseball. Main Outcome Measure(s): Diagnostic ultrasound was us...
Resolute Bay incoherent scatter radar observations of plasma structures in the vicinity of polar holes

The Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar North (RISR-N) data collected between January 2012 and June 2013 are employed to identify and analyze 14 events with significant plasma density depressions (Ne 150 km), with no apparent differences between structure shapes outside and inside low-density regions. The structure propagation velocity is perpendicular to its elongation direction and consistent with that of the large-scale plasma convection. The observations indicate that large-scale density depressions can form under a variety of convection conditions and that plasma structuring processes outside the depressions may be responsible for their partial filling.
System clock estimation based on clock slack minimization

When estimating a hardware implementation from behavioral descriptions, an important decision is the selection of a clock cycle to schedule the datapath operations into control steps. Traditional high-level synthesis systems require the designer to specify the clock cycle explicitly or express operator delays in terms of multiples of a clock cycle. The authors present an algorithm for clock estimation from dataflow graphs, based on clock slack minimization. This will provide both designers and synthesis tools with a realistic estimate of the clock cycle that can be used to implement a design. By using real life components and examples, it is shown that the clock estimates produced by this method yield faster execution times for the designs, as compared to the maximum operator delay methods. It is observed that the designs scheduled with the clock cycle estimates have faster execution times regardless of the components finally allocated for implementing the design during synthesis. >
Fragmentation and Coherence in International Law

With the increasing scope and density of international law, we will observe increasing instances of fragmentation. Fragmentation is not necessarily a problem, insofar as there may be no need for coordination among different legal regimes. But where it does raise issues of conflict, or presents opportunities for synergy, it is useful to inquire whether fragmentation might be managed in a way that would reduce inefficient conflict, or harvest synergies. The existing formal system for management, provided in the VCLT, is quite limited in its response, and the outcomes that it produces would not necessarily be substantively satisfactory. This article reviews a number of types of responses that states might determine to use, in order to increase coherence. States can establish informal coordination mechanisms, and perhaps provide a mandate to international organizations to coordinate with one another. They can establish enforcement institutions for one regime that effectively structurally subordinates the law included in another regime. They can establish specific rules or general standards for the relationship between different rules. These rules or standards can constitute varying degrees of delegation to courts that may be established to address these issues.Importantly, the growing congestion of international law, and the relation of different international legal rules to one another, provides some opportunities for synergy. Different rules of international law may be linked with one another in order to facilitate the making of law, and in order to improve the enforcement of law. There may be economies of scale and scope that can be harvested by appropriate linkages between rules and organizations. It is possible to construct beneficial competition among international legal rules or organizations. Finally, different regimes may be linked in order to use one regime to compensate those harmed by another.
Learning as perspective taking: conceptual alignment in the classroom

This poster presents an extension of the psycholinguistic theory of perspective taking to the analysis of reasoning and problem solving in discursive interaction. This extension amends and generalizes schema theory. We present illustrations of perspectival alignments achieved when constructing causal explanations or solving problems, including ways that perspectives shifted during the interactions. We hypothesize that successful learning arises in classrooms when students realign their perspectives with new models.
Use of LC–MS–MS for the rapid, specific and sensitive quality control measurement of carrier in a PET radioligand: [18F]FECNT

Summary In the production of radioligands for imaging low concentrations of target proteins (e.g. receptors or transporters) in human subjects with positron emission tomography, control of specific radioactivity is necessary for efficacy and safety. Such quality control requires a fast method to be available for measuring carrier (non-radioactive ligand) in each batch of radioligand, preceding its release for administration. Measurement is usually achieved with HPLC equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detector. However, this method is not easily applicable to radioligands that have low UV extinction coefficients and are produced at high specific radioactivity, such as [ 18 F] (2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)nortropane; [ 18 F]FECNT). Here we describe a fast, specific and sensitive LC–MS–MS method for measuring carrier in [ 18 F]FECNT preparations. Small samples of formulated [ 18 F]FECNT plus an added internal standard (2b-carbomethoxy-3b(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(n-propyl)nortropane; INTSTD) are rapidly eluted from a short reverse phase HPLC column into an MS probe. Following electrospray ionization, the molecular ions ([MH] + ) of FECNT ðm=z ¼ 326Þ and INTSTD ðm=z ¼ 322Þ are isolated and energized for collision-induced dissociation. The product ions from FECNT ðm=z ¼ 294Þ and INTSTD ðm=z ¼ 290Þ are monitored selectively. The calibration curve for MS response is linear for FECNT concentrations in the range 2–20 pg/ml and suitable for reproducibly (RSD 5%) and rapidly (53 min) measuring low concentrations of carrier in [ 18 F]FECNT preparations. Copyright # 2005 John
Dynamic Behavior of Microbubbles during Long Ultrasound Tone-Burst Excitation: Mechanistic Insights into Ultrasound-Microbubble Mediated Therapeutics Using High-Speed Imaging and Cavitation Detection.

Ultrasound (US)-microbubble (MB)-mediated therapies have been found to restore perfusion and enhance drug/gene delivery. On the presumption that MBs do not persist during long US exposure under high acoustic pressures, most schemes use short US pulses when a high US pressure is employed. However, we recently observed an enhanced thrombolytic effect using long US pulses at high acoustic pressures. Therefore, we explored the fate of MBs during long tone-burst exposures (5 ms) at various acoustic pressures and MB concentrations via direct high-speed optical observation and passive cavitation detection. MBs first underwent stable or inertial cavitation depending on the acoustic pressure and then formed gas-filled clusters that continued to oscillate, break up and form new clusters. Cavitation detection confirmed continued, albeit diminishing, acoustic activity throughout the 5-ms US excitation. These data suggest that persisting cavitation activity during long tone bursts may confer additional therapeutic effects.
Electroencephalogram activity in the anoxic turtle brain

The anoxia-tolerant turtle brain slowly undergoes a complex sequence of changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity as the brain systematically downregulates its energy demands. Following N2 respiration, the root mean square voltage rapidly fell, reaching approximately 20% of normoxic levels after approximately 100 min of anoxia. During the first 20- to 40-min transition period, the power of the EEG decreased substantially, particularly in the 12- to 24-Hz band, with low-amplitude slow wave activity predominating (3-12 Hz). Bursts of high voltage rhythmic slow (approximately 3-8 Hz) waves were seen during the 20- to 100-min period of anoxia, accompanied by large sharp waves. During the next 400 min of N2 respiration, two distinct patterns of electrical activity characterized the anoxic turtle brain: 1) a sustained but depressed activity level, with an EEG amplitude approximately 20% of the normoxic control and with total EEG power reduced by one order of magnitude at all frequencies, and 2) short (3-15 s) periodic (0.5-2/min) bursts of mixed-frequency activity that interrupted the depressed activity state. We speculate that the EEG patterns seen during sustained anoxia represent the minimal or basic electrical activities that are compatible with the survival of the anoxic turtle brain as an integrated unit, which allow the brain to return to normal functioning when air respiration resumed.
Authentic learning in anatomy: A primer on pragmatism

Keywords: gross anatomy education; undergraduate education; allied health education; authentic learning; anatomy curriculum; early clinical exposure
Contact engineering for nanocarbon interconnects

Electron-beam-induced deposited-tungsten (EBID-W) technique is used to fabricate contacts for carbon nanofiber (CNF) horizontal interconnect and carbon nanotube (CNT) vertical vias to improve the contact resistances at the nanocarbon-metal electrodes.
Functionalization of C60 by Cycloaddition Reactions

Functionalization of C 60 has been achieved by [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of enones and [2+4] cycloaddition reactions of dienes, the course of these reactions can be followed using electrospray mass spectrometry using a special tagging reagent. Using tagged C60 it was shown that cis and trans cycloadducts are formed from ketones such as 3-methylcyclohexenone. We have also employed the new technique of 3 He NMR spectrometry. 3 He is an NMR-active nucleus. Fullerenes containing an endohedral 3 He atom can be examined by NMR to obtain structural information and potentially determine isomer distributions. Examples, of helium spectra of fullerene hydrides are presented.
Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopy, and Reactivity of Azapentadienyl–Cobalt–Phosphine Complexes(1)

We report the synthesis, structure, spectroscopy, and reactivity of the first examples of azapentadienyl–cobalt complexes. Treatment of (Cl)Co(PMe3)3 with potassium tert-butylazapentadienide produces ((1,2,3-η3)-5-tert-butylazapentadienyl)Co(PMe3)3 (1), a dark red solid. Compound 1 undergoes ligand substitution reactions with trimethyl phosphite and carbon monoxide, producing ((1,2,3-η3)-5-tert-butylazapentadienyl)Co(PMe3)2[P(OMe)3] (2) and ((1,2,3-η3)-5-tert-butylazapentadienyl)Co(PMe3)2(CO) (3), respectively. Compounds 1–3 react with 1 equiv of triflic acid (HO3SCF3) at the azapentadienyl nitrogen, yielding the corresponding η4-(tert-butylamino)butadiene–cobalt complexes (4–6). These cations have unusually long Co–C4 bond distances, indicating that η3 resonance structures are contributing to the overall bonding picture. Treatment of compound 4 with P(OMe)3 or CO leads to displacement of (tert-butylamino)butadiene (rather than PMe3 ligand exchange) and formation of Co(PMe3)2[P(OMe)3]3+O3SCF3– (7) or Co(P...
Competition on Price and Quality in Cloud Computing

The public cloud "infrastructure as a service" market possesses unique features that make it difficult to predict long-run economic behavior. On the one hand, major providers buy their hardware from the same manufacturers, operate in similar locations and offer a similar menu of products. On the other hand, the competitors use different proprietary "fabric" to manage virtualization, resource allocation and data transfer. The menus offered by each provider involve a discrete number of choices (virtual machine sizes) and allow providers to locate in different parts of the price-quality space. We document this differentiation empirically by running benchmarking tests. This allows us to calibrate a model of firm technology. Firm technology is an input into our theoretical model of price-quality competition. The monopoly case highlights the importance of competition in blocking "bad equilibrium" where performance is intentionally slowed down or options are unduly limited. In duopoly, price competition is fierce, but prices do not converge to the same level because of price-quality differentiation. The model helps explain market trends, such the healthy operating profit margin recently reported by Amazon Web Services. Our empirically calibrated model helps not only explain price cutting behavior but also how providers can manage a profit despite predictions that the market "should be" totally commoditized.
T1a Versus T1b Differentiated Thyroid Cancers: Do We Need to Make the Distinction?

Background: The 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system trialed a subdivision of T1 tumors into T1a ( 1 cm, and lobectomy for those ≤1 cm. These AJCC staging parameters remain a focus of debate, and ATA guidelines are in transition. The aim of this study was to determine if the T1 staging subdivision is associated with different treatment strategies and patterns of patient survival. Methods: All adult patients with AJCC pT1 differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB; 1998–2012) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (2004–2012) were divided into two groups based on tumor size: T1a versus T1b. Demographic, clinical, and pathologic features were evaluated. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with undergoing total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine. Cox ...
Animal Models of Gram-negative Bacillary Experimental Pneumonia

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on animal models of gram-negative bacillary experimental pneumonia. In these models, mice are placed in the housing facility at least a week prior to use. This gives the animals time to acclimate to new surroundings and to recover from the stress associated with shipping. Key parameters of the experimental model include the size and density of the bacterial inoculum, the time period between inoculation and the start of antimicrobial therapy, the antimicrobial dosage regimen and duration, and the time after antibiotic therapy until sacrifice or the assessment of an alternative endpoint such as survival. Pentobarbital 50 mg/kg is administered intraperitoneally to induce adequate anesthesia for intratracheal inoculation. A suspension of viable bacteria is introduced into the alveoli via the trachea, infecting the lower respiratory tract. For assessing the rate of bacterial clearance as the primary endpoint, the animals are sacrificed and the number of viable bacteria surviving in situ is determined. The results of treatment are expressed as colony forming units per gram of lung and compared statistically using rank sum analysis. Alternative endpoints, for infections with appreciable mortality, are survival rates, either at the end of therapy or at some later point in time, or the proportion of animals microbiologically clear of the pathogen.
Measuring Vulnerable Population’s Healthy and Unhealthy Food Access in Austin, Texas

Food deserts-areas with a significant low-income population experiencing low accessibility to healthy food sources-have been well studied in terms of their connection to obesity and its related health outcomes. Measuring food accessibility is the key component in food desert research. However, previous studies often measured food accessibility based on large geographic units (e.g. census tract, zip code) with few transportation modes (e.g. driving or taking public transit) and limited vulnerable population measures. This paper aims to demonstrate a new method to measure food access for different vulnerable population groups at a smaller geographic scale with different transportation modes. In detail, this paper improves on previous studies from the following three perspectives: (1) Measuring food accessibility with a smaller geographic scale: block group vs. census track which on average includes 1000 people vs. 4000 people; (2) Measuring food accessibility with different transportation modes: walking, biking, transit, and driving vs. driving only; and (3) Measuring food accessibility for different vulnerable population groups. The proposed method was tested in the city of Austin, which is the capital of Texas and the 11th largest city in the US, and measured people's accessibility to both healthy and unhealthy food sources within the city. The methods can be applied to address food accessibility issues in other cities or regions.
Chapter 7 Influenza A M2: Channel or Transporter?

Abstract Influenza M2 is one of the membrane proteins in the viral envelope that is necessary for cell infection by the virus. In epithelial cells, M2 responds to endosome acidification by transporting protons into the virus to release M1 in preparation for extrusion of the viral RNA into the cytoplasm, while hemagglutinin undergoes a change in conformation that initiates fusion of the viral membrane with the endosome membrane. In some cases, M2 also prevents normal acidification of the Golgi apparatus in infected cells to prevent premature conformational change in developing hemagglutinin. It is expressed in the apical membrane of infected cells and a few copies each are found in the virions budding from such cells. Its function in the virus has been inferred primarily from its function in infected or transfected cells expressing the protein in the plasmalemma, which are accessible for electrophysiology. Then, to evaluate the structural quality and relevance of the purified protein reconstituted into lipid bilayers for structural determination (e.g., solid state NMR), the same functions are assayed for the purified protein reconstituted as nearly identically as possible into planar bilayers and liposomes. The assumption in this strategy is that if function has not been perturbed by the purification and reconstitution, neither has structure. In the past 17 years, M2 has been referred to as a proton channel, and has been shown to be activated by acidification, blocked by amantadine and related compounds, to have a linear current–voltage relationship when gated open, and to have nearly perfect selectivity for proton transport over Na + or Cl − transport. In the past year, however, structural progress has begun to inspire a reinterpretation of the functional data in terms of a transporter model. Although there is a fine line between channels and transporters, the designation of transporter very much facilitates understanding and description of the available functional data. Here the functional characteristics of M2, as deduced from transfected cell expression systems, are reviewed and compared to functional characteristics of reconstituted protein in suspended planar bilayers and liposomes, where the liposome assay has been found to have the definite advantage. Classic figures from the literature are reproduced, which illustrate the main functional features.
Burke on Democracy as the Death of Western Civilization

This essay concerns Edmund Burke's view of the civilizing process. It begins by developing Burke's revision of Scottish Enlightenment historiography from the perspective of his own earlier treatise...
Abstract 475: Cationic Peptides in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

BackgroundApoprotein (Apo A1) and apoprotein E mimetic peptides are known to reduce atherosclerosis. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties have been suggested to contribute t...
Role of ruxolitinib in patients (pts) with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) treated off clinical trial.

e18076 Background: Ruxolitinib is the only approved therapy for pts with myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera. However, its use in pts not participating in clinical studies has been poorly described. Methods: We reviewed medical records of 45 pts with MPNs (35 post-ET or -PV MF/PMF; 10 CMML/ET/PV/MDS-MPN) that have been treated at our center with ruxolitinib off clinical study. Results: Median duration of therapy was 12.2 months (0.9-28.5) and median follow-up 17.1 months (5.4-36.5). 73% had JAK2V617F mutation; 25 pts had diploid karyotype. Median spleen size by palpation was 11.5 cm (0-28). Fatigue was the most common symptom. 11% started therapy at 20mg twice daily, others started at reduced doses mainly due to anemia or thrombocytopenia. Eighteen of 35 pts with palpable splenomegaly (53%) had a reduction in spleen size by ≥ 50% (complete resolution in 11pts (32%)). Median time to best spleen response was 3 months (0.4-23.6). Improvement in quality of life, including fatigue, weight gain, resolution of f...
Viable Twin Cosmology from Neutrino Mixing

Twin Higgs models solve the little hierarchy problem without introducing new colored particles; however, they are often in tension with measurements of the radiation density at late times. Here we explore viable cosmological histories for twin Higgs models. In particular, we show that mixing between the Standard Model (SM) and twin neutrinos can thermalize the two sectors below the twin QCD phase transition, significantly reducing the twin sector's contribution to the radiation density. The requisite twin neutrino masses of $\mathcal{O}(1--20)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and mixing angle with SM neutrinos of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ can be probed in a variety of current and planned experiments. We further find that these parameters can be naturally accessed in a warped UV completion, where the neutrino sector can also generate the ${Z}_{2}$-breaking Higgs mass term needed to produce the hierarchy between the symmetry breaking scales $f$ and $v$.
Learner-controlled scaffolding linked to open-ended problems in a digital learning environment

This exploratory study reports on how students activated learner-controlled scaffolding and navigated through sequences of connected problems in a digital learning environment. A design experiment was completed to (re)design, iteratively develop, test, and evaluate a digital version of an instructional unit focusing on binomial distributions and their applications for statistical inference. The developed materials are organized around open-ended problems linked to learner-controlled scaffolding. This study reports on a retrospective analysis of classroom observations, digital artifacts of student work, and interviews and surveys that document: (a) the ways students activated learner-controlled scaffolding linked to open-ended problems in the digital environment and (b) the observed student problem-solving pathways of activated scaffolding across connected sequences of problems related to binomial distributions and their applications for statistical inference. The results suggest that when students have the opportunity to control the level of access and challenge during problem solving using a digital medium, new opportunities are possible for the sequence of problems through which students can progress.
Building Inclusive Engineering Identities: Implications for Changing Engineering Culture.

Ongoing efforts to broaden the participation of women and people of colour in engineering degree programmes and careers have had limited success. This paper describes a different approach to broade...