cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA : XIII. A COMPARISON OF THE ISOELECTRIC POINTS OF DISSOLVED AND CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS.

1. Although the isoelectric points of dissolved cystine, tyrosine, and aspartic acid molecules lie at widely differing pH values, the isoelectric points of the surfaces of these substances in the crystalline state are all near pH 2.3. This was found to be true in solutions of hydrochloric acid and in acetate buffers of approximately constant ionic strength. 2. When suspended in gelatin, tyrosine and cystine crystals adsorb the protein and attain a surface identical in behavior with gelatin-coated quartz or collodion particles. 3. Aluminum ions at low concentrations reduce the electric mobilities of tyrosine crystals to zero in a manner analogous to their effect on other surfaces. 4. Alkyl benzene droplets also have their electric mobility reduced to zero at low pH values but, unlike the amino acids, a change in sign was never noticed. 5. The mobility of tyrosine crystals is independent of crystal length between 2–100µ. Below this size the mobilities are decreased. 6. These results are discussed in connection with the concept of the general definition of the isoelectric point and the behavior of certain insoluble proteins such as wool and silk fibroin.
Superposed epoch analysis of dense plasma access to geosynchronous orbit

Abstract. We report on the occurrence of dense plasma access to geosynchronous orbit. We performed a superposed epoch analysis of 1464 events of dense (>2 cm–3 at onset) plasma observed by the MPA instruments on board the Los Alamos satellites, for the period 1990–2002. The results allow us to study the temporal evolution of various plasma parameters as a function of local time. We show that dense plasma access to geosynchronous orbit mostly occurs near local midnight. This dense plasma population is shown to be freshly injected from the mid-tail region, colder than the typical plasma sheet and composed of a relatively small O+ component. This population is thus probably the result of a cold, dense plasma sheet (CDPS) injection from the mid-tail region. Cold and dense ion populations are also observed on the dawnside of geosynchronous orbit at a similar epoch time. However, we demonstrate that this latter population is not the result of the dawnward transport of the population detected near midnight. The properties of this ion population may arise from the contribution of both ionospheric upflows and precipitating plasma sheet material. The correlation of an enhanced Kp index with the arrival of the CDPS at geosynchronous orbit shows that the inward transport of this population is allowed by an enhanced magnetospheric convection. Surprisingly, this dense plasma does not, in general, lead to a stronger Dst (ring current strength) within the 12 h following the CDPS injection. It is noted, however, that the superposed Kp index returns to relatively low values soon after the arrival of the CDPS. This may suggest that the dense plasma is, given the average of the 1464 events of this study, only transiting through geosynchronous orbit without accessing the inner regions and, therefore, does not contribute to the ring current. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (Plasma convection; Plasma sheet) – Space plasma physics (Transport processes)
Relational learning in a context of transposition: a review.

In a typical transposition task, an animal is presented with a single pair of stimuli (for example, S3+ S4−, where plus and minus denote reward and nonreward and digits denote stimulus location on a sensory dimension such as size). Subsequently, an animal is presented with a testing pair that contains a previously reinforced or nonreinforced stimulus and a novel stimulus (for example, S2–S3 and S4–S5). Does the choice of a novel S2 instead of previously reinforced S3 in a testing pair S2–S3 indicate that the animal has learned a relation (i.e., “select smaller”)? This review of empirical evidence and theoretical accounts shows that an organism's behavior in a transposition task is undoubtedly influenced by prior reinforcement history of the training stimuli (Spence, 1937). However, it is also affected by two other factors that are relational in nature—a similarity of two testing stimuli to each other and an overall similarity of the testing pair as a whole to the training pair as a whole. The influence of the two latter factors is especially evident in studies that use multiple pairs of training stimuli and a wide range of testing pairs comprising nonadjacent stimuli (Lazareva, Miner, Young, & Wasserman, 2008; Lazareva, Wasserman, & Young, 2005). In sum, the evidence suggests that both prior reinforcement history and relational information affect an animal's behavior in a typical transposition task.
The Structure and Assembly Dynamics of Plasmid Actin AlfA Imply a Novel Mechanism of DNA Segregation

Bacterial cytoskeletal proteins participate in a variety of processes, including cell division and DNA segregation. Polymerization of one plasmid-encoded, actin-like protein, ParM, segregates DNA by pushing two plasmids in opposite directions and forms the current paradigm for understanding active plasmid segregation. An essential feature of ParM assembly is its dynamically instability, the stochastic switching between growth and disassembly. It is unclear whether dynamic instability is an essential feature of all actin-like protein-based segregation mechanisms or whether bacterial filaments can segregate plasmids by different mechanisms. We expressed and purified AlfA, a plasmid-segregating actin-like protein from Bacillus subtilis, and found that it forms filaments with a unique structure and biochemistry; AlfA nucleates rapidly, polymerizes in the presence of ATP or GTP, and forms highly twisted, ribbon-like, helical filaments with a left-handed pitch and protomer nucleotide binding pockets rotated away from the filament axis. Intriguingly, AlfA filaments spontaneously associate to form uniformly sized, mixed-polarity bundles. Most surprisingly, our biochemical characterization revealed that AlfA does not display dynamic instability and is relatively stable in the presence of diphosphate nucleotides. These results (i) show that there is remarkable structural diversity among bacterial actin filaments and (ii) indicate that AlfA filaments partition DNA by a novel mechanism.
Microscale Liquid-Metal Switches—A Review

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have constituted an active R&D area over the last two to three decades, with one of the earliest application topics being microswitches. Typical designs involve actuation of microscale flexural elements (e.g., beams and membranes) to make a short or an opening in the transmission (signal) line. However, the problem of reliability of these switches persisted due to the presence of a solid-solid contact. Inspired by the regular mercury switches that use liquid-solid contact to solve the problems, several researchers have been exploring the use of liquid metal (LM) in developing microscale switches. Over time, the following two different approaches have evolved: LM-wetted microswitches and LM-actuated microswitches. In this paper, we summarize the progress of both approaches over the last decade by reporting a series of LM microswitches, each with the mechanism, fabrication, and performance. In addition, the properties of various LMs and LM alloys and the issues of fabrication and packaging involving LM are presented to help understand the reported developments as well as to assist in designing future LM microswitches.
A Pricing Mechanism for Resource Allocation in Wireless Multimedia Applications

We consider the problem of multiuser resource allocation for wireless multimedia applications deployed by autonomous and noncollaborative wireless stations (WSTAs). Existing resource allocation solutions for WLANs are not network-aware and do not take into account the selfish behavior of individual WSTAs. Specifically, the selfish WSTAs can manipulate the network by untruthfully representing their private information (i.e., video characteristics, experienced channel conditions, and deployed streaming strategies). This often results in inefficient resource allocations. To overcome this obstacle, we present a pricing mechanism for message exchanges between the WSTAs and the Central Spectrum Moderator (CSM). The messages represent network-aware resource demands and corresponding prices. We prove that the message exchanges reach the Nash equilibrium and that the resulting equilibrium messages generate allocations which are efficient, budget balanced, and satisfy voluntary participation. The simulation results verify that these properties hold when the WSTAs behave strategically. Additionally, we evaluate the impact of initial prices and network congestion level on the convergence rate of message exchanges.
Production capabilities using takt times, requirements analysis and simulation

This paper is motivated by a firm that manufactures two main types of products. In an effort to increase their throughput, the company created a production scheme using takt times. To achieve a smooth flow of production, they desired low work-in-process inventory in order to make all components move simultaneously. However, the process includes parallel assembly lines that converge to or diverge from common resources. A simple takt time calculation cannot provide enough information to achieve the desired throughput. The authors identify solutions that improve throughput. One solution, based on takt times or each station’s processing times (PTs) for a zero waste schedule, can be used in many other scheduling problems. With the aid of Little’s Law and simulation, the authors also show how the system flow can be influenced via managerial settings. Across all production configurations, a 10–15% increase in throughput over the original design can be achieved.
Planar growth faults in double-layered or triple-layered (Ca, Sr)-ruthenate single crystals by the self-flux technique

Abstract We have studied the microstructures of single crystals of the bi- and triple-layered transition metal oxides grown from high-temperature solution, the Ca- or the Sr-ruthenates that belong to the Ruddelsden–Popper series by transmission electron microscopy. The single crystals usually have rectangular shape with the facets on basal plane and the {1 1 0} planes. The bi-layered Ca-ruthenate Ca 3 Ru 2 O 7 occasionally contains twins with the boundary on {1 1 0} and a 1.8° tilt between the twinned region. The triple-layered Sr ruthenate Sr 4 Ru 3 O 10 single crystal has a few atomic layers of SrRuO 3 intergrowth. The mixed cation bi-layered compounds, (Ca 1− x Sr x ) 3 Ru 2 O 7 exhibit increased density of intergrowths with increased Sr content. The fault planes are on the basal plane at the rocksalt layers. It is suggested that the Sr 2+ anions that have larger ionic size than the Ca 2+ cations, promote the disordering during the crystallization nucleation.
Bayesian Multilevel Analysis and MCMC

Multilevel models have gained wide acceptance over the past 20 years in many fields, including education and medicine [e.g., 26, 43, 45], as an important methodology for dealing appropriately with nested or clustered data. The idea of conducting an experiment in such a way that the levels of one factor are nested inside those of another goes back all the way to the initial development, in the 1920s, of the analysis of variance (ANOVA; [34]), so there’s nothing new in working with nested data; the novelty in recent decades is in the methods for fitting multilevel models, the ability to work with data possessing many levels of nesting and multiple predictor variables at any or all levels, and an increased flexibility in distributional assumptions. The earliest designs featured one-way ANOVA models such as yij = μ+ α j + a S ij , j = 1, . . . , J, i = 1, . . . , nj ,
The Effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation on the Induction of Micronuclei in C3H 10T½ Cells

Abstract Bisht, K. S., Moros, E. G., Straube, W. L., Baty, J. D. and Roti Roti, J. L. The Effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation on the Induction of Micronuclei in C3H 10T½ Cells. Radiat. Res. 157, 506–515 (2002). To determine if radiofrequency (RF) radiation induces the formation of micronuclei, C3H 10T½ cells were exposed to 835.62 MHz frequency division multiple access (FDMA) or 847.74 MHz code division multiple access (CDMA) modulated RF radiation. After the exposure to RF radiation, the micronucleus assay was performed by the cytokinesis block method using cytochalasin B treatment. The micronuclei appearing after mitosis were scored in binucleated cells using acridine orange staining. The frequency of micronuclei was scored both as the percentage of binucleated cells with micronuclei and as the number of micronuclei per 100 binucleated cells. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin B at a concentration of 2 μg/ml for 22 h was found to yield the maximum number of ...
Phylogenetic Inference Using Evolutionary Algorithms

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Background in Phylogenetics Challenges and Opportunities for Evolutionary Computation One Contribution of Evolutionary Computation: Graphyl Some Other Contributions of Evolutionary computation Open Questions and Opportunities References
Mouse Ornithine Decarboxylase: Structural Comparisons to Other PLP-Dependent Enzymes

Ornithine decarboxylases (ODCs) are PLP-dependent enzymes that initiate the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of polyamines. Sequence comparisons suggest four Groups of PLP-dependent decarboxylases, but there appear to be only two structural motifs. Decarboxylases of Groups I, II, and III possess a PLP-binding domain as seen in the structure of the bacterial ODC fromLactobacillus30a. The eukaryotic ODCs belong to the Group IV decarboxylases, which includes biosynthetic ArgDC and diaminopimelate DC. mODC is active as a dimer formed through a head-to-tail interaction between monomers. Each monomer contains two domains: an α/ β-barrel domain which binds the cofactor, and a second domain consisting mostly of β-structure. Analysis of the mODC active site provides insight into the stereochemical characteristics of PLP-dependent decarboxylation.
Volumetric Microscope Imaging Using Passive Adaptive Optical Phase Element

An approach for the design of a passive adaptive optical microscope for rapid volumetric imaging is presented. General polynomial phase function is used and the merit function is defined. Aberrations can be considered for optimization.
Alternate but do not swim: a test for executive motor dysfunction in Parkinson disease.

The objective of this study is to learn if participants with Parkinson disease (PD), when compared to normal controls, are impaired in making simultaneous but independent right and left hand movements. Participants were tested with Luria's Alternating Hand Postures (AHP) test and modified AHP tests. Twelve PD participants without dementia and twelve matched controls were assessed for their ability to perform the parallel AHP test (both hands remaining in the same coronal plane) and with modifications of this test into swimming (alternative arm extension with finger extension and arm flexion with finger flexion) and reverse swimming (alternative arm extension—finger flexion and arm flexion—finger extension) movements. The participants with PD were significantly impaired when performing the parallel and the reverse swimming movements AHP tests, but not impaired on the swimming movements AHP test. Swimming movements may be phylogenetically and ontogenetically more primitive and not as heavily dependent on frontal-basal ganglia networks; thus performance of swimming movements during the parallel AHP test may decrease this test's sensitivity. (JINS, 2011, 17, 702–708)
Application of Fault Range Finding System with Mixed Travelling Wave of Current and Voltage Based on Wavelet Transformation Technology in 750 kV Power Transmission Project

A kind of new fault range finding system applied in 750 kV transmission line was introduced. This system, taken mixed travelling wave of current and voltage as electrical quantity and wavelet transformation technology as analysis tool, realized the precision of range finding to be smaller than the fault range finding of 500 m, and remedied the deficit of range finding adopted current travelling wave for terminal line. This system has passed through the inspection of the instant grounding short circuit test on site, and already put into service.
Scoring System for Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Adult Horses with Acute Surgical Gastrointestinal Disease

Background The prevalence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in horses with acute surgical gastrointestinal (GI) disease is unknown. Currently, there are no validated criteria to confirm MODS in adult horses. Objectives To develop criteria for a MODS score for horses with acute surgical colic (MODS SGI) and evaluate the association with 6-month survival. To compare the MODS SGI score with a MODS score extrapolated from criteria used in people (MODS EQ). Animals Adult horses that required exploratory laparotomy (n = 62) for colic. Healthy adult horses undergoing elective surgical procedures (n = 12) established the reference range of some variables. Methods Prospectively, a MODS SGI score was developed based on organ-specific criteria established from a literature review, data collection, and clinical judgment. Data for scoring each horse were collected on Days 1 and 2 postoperatively. Horses were scored retrospectively using both scoring criteria. The prognostic performance of the MODS SGI score and its overall performance compared with the MODS EQ score were assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The MODS SGI score had excellent performance for predicting 6-month survival with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.87–0.99). The AUC for the MODS SGI score was significantly higher than the MODS EQ (AUC: 0.76; 0.63–0.86). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The MODS SGI score predicts 6-month survival from discharge in horses with acute surgical colic. The MODS SGI score performed better than a score extrapolated from human scoring systems.
Tumor Anatomy Scoring and Renal Function for Nephron-Sparing Treatment Selection in Patients With Small Renal Masses: A Microsimulation-Based Decision Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to compare the effectiveness of a treatment algorithm for small renal tumors incorporating the nephrometry score, a renal tumor anatomy scoring system developed by urologists, with the current standard of uniformly recommended partial nephrectomy in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS. We developed a state-transition microsimulation model to project life expectancy (LE) in hypothetic patients with baseline mild or moderate CKD undergoing treatment of small renal masses. Our model incorporated the nephrometry score, which is predictive of postsurgical renal function loss. The two tested strategies were uniform treatment with partial nephrectomy and selective treatment based on nephrometry score and CKD stage, including percutaneous ablation for CKD stages 2 or 3a and intermediate-to-high nephrometry score or stage 3b CKD and any nephrometry score; otherwise, partial nephrectomy was assumed for other CKD stages and neph...
Overview of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a key component of patient management for a select group of drugs that demonstrate significant interindividual variability in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Using pharmacokinetically guided dose adjustment is also a critical piece of personalized medicine in many cases. This chapter covers the emergence and key historical points of TDM, as well as important general concepts for TDM in clinical care.
The Politics of Self-Presentation: Wordsworth as Revolutionary Actor in a Literary Drama

In the winter of 1798–9, shut up in the frigid German town of Goslar, William Wordsworth began producing a series of lyrical fragments that appeared first in letters written to Coleridge and eventually emerged as source texts for The Prelude. What is revolutionary in these lyrics is their evolution of a new version of the autobiographical ‘I’. The Wordsworthian first person, which becomes the prototype of so much subsequent writing about the self, emerges out of an interplay between complementary and conflicting discourses: the rhetoric of the French Revolution, eighteenth-century ideas about the profession of authorship, and Wordsworth’s pronounced need to create an identity whose center is at once poetical (in Wordsworth’s sense) and philosophical (in Coleridge’s sense). Wordsworth’s ‘I’ in The Prelude is revolutionary because it presents a dramatized cultural self rather than an authentic self-biographer. Wordsworth’s ‘I’ also reminds us that autobiographical writing is always a discursive cultural practice, not merely a mimetic revelation of identity.
Spatial patterns of air pollutants and social groups: a distributive environmental justice study in the phoenix metropolitan region of USA

Quantifying spatial distribution patterns of air pollutants is imperative to understand environmental justice issues. Here we present a landscape-based hierarchical approach in which air pollution variables are regressed against population demographics on multiple spatiotemporal scales. Using this approach, we investigated the potential problem of distributive environmental justice in the Phoenix metropolitan region, focusing on ambient ozone and particulate matter. Pollution surfaces (maps) are evaluated against the demographics of class, age, race (African American, Native American), and ethnicity (Hispanic). A hierarchical multiple regression method is used to detect distributive environmental justice relationships. Our results show that significant relationships exist between the dependent and independent variables, signifying possible environmental inequity. Although changing spatiotemporal scales only altered the overall direction of these relationships in a few instances, it did cause the relationship to become nonsignificant in many cases. Several consistent patterns emerged: people aged 17 and under were significant predictors for ambient ozone and particulate matter, but people 65 and older were only predictors for ambient particulate matter. African Americans were strong predictors for ambient particulate matter, while Native Americans were strong predictors for ambient ozone. Hispanics had a strong negative correlation with ambient ozone, but a less consistent positive relationship with ambient particulate matter. Given the legacy conditions endured by minority racial and ethnic groups, and the relative lack of mobility of all the groups, our findings suggest the existence of environmental inequities in the Phoenix metropolitan region. The methodology developed in this study is generalizable with other pollutants to provide a multi-scaled perspective of environmental justice issues.
InstitutionaI issues which act as barriers to multi-state applications of intelligent transportation systems for commercial vehicle operation

This paper summarizes some of the results of the first phase of a research project which is identifying multi-state institutional issues to the application of intelligent transportation systems to commercial vehicle operations. The analysis is conducted through the use of a case study of issues involving the State of Iowa, USA, and the six states adjacent to Iowa. Later phases of this same research project will seek to identify solutions to the institutional issues identified. Unfortunately, these multi-state institutional issues appear highly problematic.
Fast-acting neurons that suppress appetite.

Recent studies reveal several groups of neurons that become activated upon anticipation or consumption of meals. These neurons constitute key components of the complex feedback system that prevents continuous feeding by mice.
Understanding Tattoos in Medicolegal Assessments

Tattoos have held different meanings throughout history, with particular significance in cultural, social, and clinical contexts. Psychiatrists have long been interested in understanding the relevance of the tattooed body in a clinical or forensic evaluation and in settling on interpretive models that hold reliable value. Some studies have indicated that tattoos may be associated with markers of high-risk behaviors, mental illness diagnosis, and personality disorders. We attempt to provide an updated and comprehensive guide for forensic evaluators, so they can incorporate the observation of tattoos into their assessments with a review of the scientific literature that supports the interpretations and places them in context. The association between tattoos and risk, mental health, or behavioral implications is not as clear or linear as one might initially imagine, and mental health professionals should have a sophisticated understanding of the practice.
Abstract 12713: Epidemiology and Mortality of Very and Extremely Preterm Infants With Congenital Heart Defects

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is estimated to occur in 6-10 per 1000 births. Although epidemiology and outcomes for term and near term infants with CHD are well described, data are l...
High Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulence and a proposal for a new eddy-based model

We propose a model for turbulent wall-bounded flows based on new understanding of the turbulent structure. Specifically, we identify three basic eddy motions: (1) the Large-Scale Motions (LSMs) which are related to the vortex packets defined by Head and Bandyopadhyay (1981) and Adrian et al. (2000); (2) the Very Large-Scale Motions (VLSMs) interpreted by Liu et al. (2001) and Balakumar and Adrian (2007) in terms of a concatenation of the outer layer bulges and by Monty et al. (2007) in terms of the meandering “superstructures” observed in pipe, channel and boundary layers; and (3) the streaks associated with longitudinal vortex-like structures in the near-wall region, as identified by Kline et al. (1967). The new model maps the attributes of each eddy type in physical space to wavenumber space. Experimental data are then used to determine the scaling behavior of the three basic eddy motions in wavenumber space, and the scaling behavior of the Reynolds stress behavior is recovered b! y integrating over all wavenumbers.
Potential Applications for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Separations in Soybean Processing

SUMMARY Two potential applications of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) were studied: deacidification of vegetable oil and removal of off-flavor compounds from soybean flour. To evaluate the feasibility of deacidifying vegetable oils by using SC-CO 2 , the solubilities of myristic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid were measured at three different pressures and temperatures, and compared with the literature data on solubility of vegetable oil. The effect of intermolecular interaction in the liquid phase on fatty acid solubility was investigated by measuring solubilities of synthetic mixtures of olive oil and oleic acid. The efficiency of SC-CO 2 in desorbing the off-flavors from defatted soybean flour at 27.6 MPa and 40°C was investigated. The extraction of soy flour with water saturated SC-CO 2 reduced the usual grassy-beany flavor of hexane-defatted flour. Butanal, pentanal, and hexanal were identified as the off-flavor compounds extracted by the moist SC-CO 2 . The extraction with supercritical CO 2 did not affect the solubility of soy proteins determined from the nitrogen solubility index.
William H. Riker (1920–1993)

William Harrison Riker, one of the founders of the Public Choice Society, arguably transformed the discipline of Political Science more than any single individual in the last half-century, creating the possibility of a genuine science of politics. It is difficult to measure the relative importance of his own scholarship, the vision of the scientific enterprise he imposed on the discipline, the training he gave a new generation of scholars, and the integration of this new understanding of political science into the social sciences. Each on their own was a legacy few achieve. Collectively, his contributions are, like the man himself, peerless.
Pet and owner acceptance of dry dog foods manufactured with sorghum and sorghum fractions

Abstract Globally sorghum is an important cereal crop with limited use in the pet food industry. Pet food acceptance and palatability assessments relate to both pet owners as the product purchasers and the pets as the actual consumers. Pet foods containing sorghum or sorghum fractions have not been studied for both animal and pet owner acceptance. The objectives of this study were to 1) understand animal acceptance between sorghum dog food diets and compared to a control, 2) assess consumer acceptance of the dog food products. Thirty dogs of different size and breed were fed three dry dog food diets containing different sorghum fractions and one control diet containing wheat, rice, and maize using the one-bowl in home use test. Results indicated that no difference was observed among diets, and sorghum samples were accepted at the same level as the control diet during the test. A total of 105 pet owners evaluated the samples for appearance, color, aroma, and overall liking. The consumer panel found the whole sorghum and the control samples to be accepted at the same level. These results suggested that sorghum may be suitable for dry dog food formulations.
Evaluation of anterior capsular contraction syndrome after cataract surgery with commonly used intraocular lenses.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of anterior capsular contraction syndrome (ACCS) in cataract patients after implantation with one of two most commonly used hydrophobic acrylic lenses. Setting This study included patients from Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA. Design This study is a retrospective chart review. Methods In this study, 1,047 eyes of 811 patients with and without known ACCS risk factors who underwent successful phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were included. Eyes that sustained intraoperative capsular tears and patients with a postoperative follow-up of <1 month were excluded. Each patient underwent surgery by the same surgeon receiving either the SN60WF IOL or the ZCB00 IOL. The duration of postoperative follow-up along with the presence of ACCS and the dimensions of the anterior capsule opening in these cases were recorded. The incidence of ACCS between the two lenses was compared. Results ACCS was significantly (P=0.045) less frequent in those patients who received the ZCB00 lens compared to those who received the SN60WF lens, despite a significantly greater (P<0.0001) number of patients with ACCS risk factors in the ZCB00 cohort. Conclusion In a direct comparison of the ZCB00 and SN60WF IOLs, a lower incidence of ACCS was found with ZCB00 IOL.
A 6-Week Transition to Maximal Running Shoes Does Not Change Running Biomechanics.

Background:A recent study suggested that maximal running shoes may increase the impact force and loading rate of the vertical ground-reaction force during running. It is currently unknown whether r...
A Dynamical Systems-Based Hierarchy for Shannon, Metric and Topological Entropy

A rigorous dynamical systems-based hierarchy is established for the definitions of entropy of Shannon (information), Kolmogorov–Sinai (metric) and Adler, Konheim & McAndrew (topological). In particular, metric entropy, with the imposition of some additional properties, is proven to be a special case of topological entropy and Shannon entropy is shown to be a particular form of metric entropy. This is the first of two papers aimed at establishing a dynamically grounded hierarchy comprising Clausius, Boltzmann, Gibbs, Shannon, metric and topological entropy in which each element is ideally a special case of its successor or some kind of limit thereof.
Systemic and regional hemodynamic response to activation of the exercise pressor reflex in patients with peripheral artery disease.

In this study, peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and healthy control subjects performed graded, dynamic plantar flexion exercise. Data from this study suggest that previously reported exagge...
Topology Identification of Directed Graphs via Joint Diagonalization of Correlation Matrices

Discovering connectivity patterns of directed networks is a crucial step to understand complex systems such as brain-, social-, and financial networks. Several existing network topology inference approaches rely on structural equation models (SEMs). These presume that exogenous inputs are available, which may be unrealistic in certain applications. Recently, an alternative line of work reformulated SEM-based topology identification as a three-way tensor decomposition task. This way, knowing the exogenous input correlation statistics (rather than the exogenous inputs themselves) suffices for network topology identification. The downside is that this approach is computationally expensive. In addition, it is hard to incorporate prior information of the network structure (e.g., sparsity and local smoothness) into this framework, while such prior information may help enhance performance when handling real-world noisy data. The present work puts forth a joint diagonalizaition (JD)-based approach to directed network topology inference. JD can be viewed as a variant of tensor decomposition, but features more efficient algorithms, and can readily account for the network structure. Different from existing alternatives, novel identifiability guarantees are derived regardless of the exogenous inputs or their statistics. Three JD algorithms tailored for network topology inference are developed, and their performance is showcased using simulated and real data tests.
After the Race to the Top: State and District Capacity to Sustain Professional Development Innovation in Florida:

The Race to the Top (RTTT) program incentivized states to use innovation for systemwide improvement of student outcomes, but little is known about how RTTT-funded innovation was sustained after the...
To be or not to be all-equity for firms that eliminate long-term debt

Abstract Despite the advantages of debt, a significant number of firms that have an established leverage policy deliberately become all-equity. These firms eliminate a substantial amount of long-term debt as the average firm’s leverage ratio is approximately 30 percent at the year-end prior to debt elimination. Firm-level “shocks” such as CEO turnover and changes in credit ratings cannot explain the dramatic recapitalization decision. Consistent with the tradeoff theory, firms that eliminate debt have lower benefits (less tax shield benefits, agency costs) and higher costs (probability of financial distress, access to capital markets, etc.) of leverage in the three prior years compared to a matched sample. We also find that the factors influencing the decision to eliminate all debt is different from those to significantly reduce leverage or to have very low debt levels. Firms primarily finance the approximately $70 million of average long-term debt eliminated using proceeds from sales of relatively unproductive assets and from equity issues. Interestingly, over half of these firms issue significant amount of new debt within three years of becoming all-equity. Firms with lower liquidity and non-debt tax shields, higher potential overinvestment agency costs, and those that issue equity at the debt elimination year are more likely to relever quickly.
Participatory photography and undocumented migration through Mexico at the intersection of social work and anthropology

This article reflects on participatory photography in the context of ethnographic fieldwork at a humanitarian migrant shelter in Central Mexico to consider broader intersections between social work...
Role of Humanitarian Cardiac Surgery Missions in Developing the Next Generation of Global Surgeons

With a lack of comprehensive health care systems in resource constrained countries, Global Cardiac Surgery plays a vital role in bridging the gap in access to surgical care. Global Cardiac Surgery relies primarily on voluntary humanitarian multidisciplinary teams whose make up vary but often include medical students. The inclusion of medical students on humanitarian missions has been called into question because of the perceived limited sociocultural competence, risks to patient safety, ethical concerns, diverting focus to medical education over patient care, and financial burden. However, there is growing evidence that for appropriately selected medical students, surgical mission trips can serve as a professional investment by providing them knowledge in global health and surgery and help foster a future career in Global Cardiac Surgery. In order to help develop the next generation of global surgeons, medical students should be adequately trained and encouraged to participate in Global Cardiac Surgery while ensuring their education does not come at a cost to the local population or patient safety.
Chapter 14 – Tardigrada

Publisher Summary Tardigrades are hydrophilous micrometazoans with a bilaterally symmetrical body and four pairs of lobopodous legs usually terminating in claws (and/or digits in some marine species). Tardigrades have commonly been called “water bears” due to their bear-like appearance, legs with claws, and slow lumbering gait. The name “il Tardigrado” (slow-stepper) was introduced to describe the slow, tortoise-like movement of the animal. Thus far, more than 1000 species of tardigrades have been described in two classes (Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada) from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats (including caves), but the total number of existing species has not been predicted with species richness estimators developed in recent years for biodiversity studies. Generally convex on the dorsal side and flattened on the ventral side, the body is indistinctly divided into a head (cephalic) segment, three trunk segments each bearing a pair of legs, and a caudal segment with the fourth pair of legs directed towards posterior. Although tardigrades range in body length from 50 μm in juveniles to 1200 μm in adults (both excluding the last pair of legs), mature adults average 250–500 μm with very few species exceeding 800 μm. Although some species exhibit color in the gut, storage cells, epidermis, and/or cuticle, most are translucent or whitish (opaque). This chapter describes the anatomy, morphology, physiology, reproduction, life history, phylogeny, evolution, ecology, and taxonomy of tardigrades, with focus on those found in freshwaters of North America.
Light and Optical Imaging Systems

In this chapter, we shall discuss some elementary concepts in optics that are necessary to deal with the most common optical portions of imaging systems. Significant limitations are placed on the performance of such systems due to the amount of light from the object collected in the image, and the quantum and wave natures of electromagnetic energy. Practical electronic and optical phenomena that produce additional limitations are also introduced. The Fourier treatment of optical images and systems, which has proven so useful in both analysis and design, is also developed. The introduction of the scanning principle permits the calculation of the spectrum of video signals, whose shape is shown to be limited by the size of the objects depicted.
Deconvolution-free Subcellular Imaging with Axially Swept Light Sheet Microscopy

The use of propagation invariant Bessel beams has enabled high-resolution subcellular light sheet fluorescence microscopy. However, the energy within the concentric side lobe structure of Bessel beams increases significantly with propagation length, generating unwanted out-of-focus fluorescence that enforces practical limits on the imaging field of view size. Here, we present a light sheet fluorescence microscope that achieves 390 nm isotropic resolution and high optical sectioning strength (i.e., out-of-focus blur is strongly suppressed) over large field of views, without the need for structured illumination or deconvolution-based postprocessing. We demonstrate simultaneous dual-color, high-contrast, and high-dynamic-range time-lapse imaging of migrating cells in complex three-dimensional microenvironments, three-dimensional tracking of clathrin-coated pits, and long-term imaging spanning >10 h and encompassing >2600 time points.
Creating Vocabulary Item Types That Measure Students' Depth of Semantic Knowledge

We expect that word knowledge accumulates gradually. This article draws on earlier approaches to assessing depth, but focuses on one dimension: richness of semantic knowledge. We present results from a study in which three distinct item types were developed at three levels of depth: knowledge of common usage patterns, knowledge of broad topical associations, and knowledge of specific conceptual relationships. We attempted to avoid common sources of variance across items (such as attractive distracters) and hypothesized that the item types that required greater depth of semantic knowledge would tend to show greater difficulty and discrimination after other sources of variance were accounted for. Our results, while still exploratory, support the conclusion that the item types measure different aspects of lexical knowledge, consistent with the hypothesis of increasing semantic depth.
Accelerating Startups: The Seed Accelerator Phenomenon

We examine and discuss the seed accelerator phenomenon which has recently received much attention both in the US and across the globe. While accelerators appear to be proliferating quickly, little is known regarding the value of these programs; how to define accelerator programs; the differences between accelerators, incubators, angel investors and co-working environments; and the importance of the various aspects of these programs to the ultimate success of their graduates, the local entrepreneurship ecosystems and the broader U.S. economy.
A Note on a Rapid Grid Search Method for Solving Dynamic Programming Problems in Economics

We introduce a rapid grid search method in solving the dynamic programming problems in economics. Compared to mainstream grid search methods, by using local information of the Bellman equation, this method can significantly increase the efficiency in solving dynamic programming problems by reducing the grid points searched in the control space.
The challenges and satisfactions of contemporary private practice

This paper reports on the findings of a survey of social workers in private practice from two regions of the country. Given recent changes in the mental health care marketplace, the study sought to ascertain the respondents' original motivations for entering private practice, the current nature of their work, and the satisfactions and challenges they now find in this practice setting. Special attention is given to the degree to which third party reimbursement affects respondents' practice, and the strategies they use to address reimbursement restrictions. These findings, and the respondents' advice for those considering private practice all illuminate the current state of this form of social work and offer a foundation for addressing emerging problems.
Glycine receptors in the retinas of normal and spastic mutant mice.

Purpose. Spastic mutant mice have abnormal gait and righting behavior, and the responses of their retinal ganglion cells have recendy been shown to be abnormal. The former defects have been linked to a reduction of glycine-receptor density in the spinal cord of spastic mutants, but the cause of the retinal defects has not yet been determined. The authors thus tested for reduced glycine-receptor density in the mutant retina by comparing the levels of glycine receptors in the retinas of spastic mutant mice widi those found in normal mice. Methods. Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry was employed, using monoclonal antibodies directed against the a- and /3-subunits of the receptor and against the 93-kd cytoplasmic receptor-associated protein, gephyrin. Results. In normal mice, all glycine-receptor antibodies labeled two laminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL): a broad band in the distal third of the IPL and a narrow band in the middle of the IPL. Lighter labeling was also seen in the outer plexiform layer with these antibodies. In spastic mutant mice, the glycine-receptor labeling of the IPL was reduced markedly. However, the overall structure of the spastic mutant retina was not disrupted because the distribution and intensity of both a presynaptic marker (synaptophysin) and a marker for the rod bipolar cell (protein kinase C) in the mutant retina were indistinguishable from those in normal retinas. Conclusions. The glycine-receptor distribution in normal mice was consistent with that previously reported for the rat and with the distribution of glycine responsiveness of dissociated rodent bipolar cells. The reduced levels of glycine receptors in spastic mice help explain the abnormal ganglion cell responses in the spastic mutant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:3633-3639.
Involvement of integrins with adhesion-promoting, heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen in cultured human corneal epithelial cells.

PURPOSE The aim of this work was to identify the integrin subunits present on the cell surface of human corneal epithelial cells. The authors determined to show whether type IV collagen, heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen (Hep-I, Hep-II, and Hep-III), fibronectin, and GRGDSP promote cell adhesion of human corneal epithelial cells. Type IV collagen and heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen may be important in corneal epithelial cell adhesion in normal and pathologic conditions and reepithelialization. The authors assess the role of cell surface integrins in mediating cell adhesion to these proteins and peptides. METHODS Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to determine the integrin subunits expressed at the cell surface of the cultured human corneal epithelial cells. Cell adhesion was assessed with type IV collagen, heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen, fibronectin, and GRGDSP: Antibodies to the integrin subunits were used to determine the potential role of integrins in cell adhesion to the above proteins and peptides. RESULTS FACS analysis identified the beta 1, beta 4, alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha 6, and alpha v integrin subunits on human corneal epithelial cells grown as primary cultures. The anti-beta 1 antibody inhibited cell adhesion to heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and GRGDSP: Antibodies to the alpha 2 integrin subunit inhibited cell adhesion to the heparin-binding peptides of type IV collagen and slightly inhibited cell adhesion to intact type IV. Antibodies to the alpha 3 integrin subunit exhibited a somewhat lesser effect compared to the anti-alpha 2 integrin antibody. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin of human corneal epithelial cells recognize heparin-binding peptide sequences derived from human type IV collagen. It seems likely that these sequences play an important role in integrin-mediated corneal epithelial cell adhesion. In addition, the alpha 3 beta 1 integrin may mediate similar events.
Performance enhancement of optical CDMA systems using ultrafast all-optical sampling

We demonstrate error-free operation of four simultaneous users in a fast frequency-hopping time-spreading OCDMA system at 2.5 Gbps. Significant improvement in performance, including increased number of simultaneous user, was achieved by using ultrafast all-optical sampling gate.