cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for involvement of neuropeptide Y and melanocortin systems in the hyperphagia of lactation in rats.

Abstract Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) systems are upregulated during lactation in rats. Because NPY is central to the hypothalamic control of energy balance, the present studies tested the hypothesis that NPY contributes to the marked hyperphagia during lactation. A 4-day infusion of [ d -tyr (27,36), d -thr (32)] NPY (27–36) ( d -NPY 27–36 ), a peptide analogue of NPY that antagonizes NPY-induced feeding, into the third ventricle at 1 μg/h transiently inhibited nocturnal feeding in nonlactating female rats. However, this antagonist had no effect on nocturnal feeding, but did transiently reduce food intake during the light hours, when infused into the third ventricle at the same dose in lactating females. An essentially similar pattern of results was obtained with chronic infusion into the third ventricle of the anorexigenic peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH, 1 μg/h), in nonlactating and lactating rats. Both d -NPY 27–36 and α-MSH transiently reduced nocturnal food intake in lactating rats by approximately 10% when infused at the higher dose of 5 μg/h, and a marked inhibition of approximately 40% of both nocturnal and diurnal feeding was produced by a combined infusion of both at 5 μg/h. These results provide the first pharmacological evidence implicating specific neuromessengers in mediating the hyperphagia of lactation, and suggest that, while an action of NPY may contribute to the increased food intake seen in lactating animals, other systems are also involved. In particular, a reduction in melanocortin signaling during lactation may allow for an increased orexigenic influence of the agouti-related protein (AgRP), which is co-expressed with NPY.
The heat of complex formation of copper(II) with phytic acid

Abstract The heats of complex formation of Cu(II) with phytic acid to form soluble complexes in the absence of precipitation at acid pH have been measured. The reaction was examined over a wide range of mol ratios of Cu(II):phytate. In all cases the heats of reaction were endothermic. Measurements of the uncombined copper by use of a copper electrode allowed calculation of the combined copper and hence the enthalpies. These latter values varied to some extent, depending upon the Cu(II):phytate ratio and the pH region where the reaction was examined. Factors which could contribute to the variation in the enthalpy terms include changes in the heats of ionization and possible structural changes with Cu(II) bound.
Tipping the Cylinder Block of an Axial-Piston Swash-Plate Type Hydrostatic Machine

Tipping the cylinder block within an axial-piston swash-plate type hydrostatic machine is a phenomenon that results in a momentary and sometimes permanent failure of the machine since the fluid communication between the cylinder block and the valve plate is instantaneously lost. The efforts of this research are to identify the physical contributors of this phenomenon and to specify certain design guidelines that may be used to prevent the failure of cylinder block tipping. This research begins with the mechanical analysis of the machine and presents a tipping criterion based upon the centroidal location of the force reaction between the cylinder block and the valve plate. This analysis is followed by the derivation of the effective pressurized area within a single piston bore and the cylinder block balance is defined based upon this result. Using standard control volume analysis, the pressure within a single piston bore is examined and it is shown that an approximate pressure profile may be used in place of the more complex representation for this same quantity. Based upon the approximate pressure profile a design criterion is presented which ensures that the pressures within the system never cause the cylinder block to tip. Furthermore, if this criterion is satisfied, it is shown that the worst tipping conditions exist when the system pressures are zero and therefore a criterion governing the design of the cylinder block spring is presented based upon the inertial forces that contribute to the tipping failure.
Adrenal insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis, severe sepsis and septic shock†

Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial infection, which can result in circulatory dysfunction, renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy, and a decreased survival rate. Severe sepsis is frequently associated with adrenal insufficiency, which may lead to hemodynamic instability and a poor prognosis. We evaluated adrenal function using short corticotropin stimulation test (SST) in 101 critically ill patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis. Adrenal insufficiency occurred in 51.48% of patients. The patients with adrenal insufficiency had a higher hospital mortality rate when compared with those with normal adrenal function (80.76% vs. 36.7%, P < .001). The cumulative rates of survival at 90 days were 15.3% and 63.2% for the adrenal insufficiency and normal adrenal function groups, respectively (P < .0001). The hospital survivors had a higher cortisol response to corticotropin (16.2 +/- 8.0 vs. 8.5 +/- 5.9 microg/dL, P < .001). The cortisol response to corticotropin was inversely correlated with various disease severity, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, and Child-Pugh scores. Acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation III score, and cortisol increment were independent factors to predict hospital mortality. Mean arterial pressure on the day of SST was lower in patients with adrenal insufficiency (60 +/- 14 vs. 74.5 +/- 13 mm Hg, P < .001), and a higher proportion of these patients required vasopressors (73% vs. 24.48%, P < .001). Mean arterial pressure, serum bilirubin, vasopressor dependency, and bacteremia were independent factors that predicted adrenal insufficiency. In conclusion, adrenal insufficiency is common in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis. It is related to functional liver reserve and disease severity and is associated with hemodynamic instability, renal dysfunction, and increased mortality.
Update to single-variable parametric cost models for space telescopes

Parametric cost models are an important tool routinely used to plan missions, compare concepts, and justify technology investments. In 2010, the article, “Single-variable parametric cost models for space telescopes,” was published [H. P. Stahl et al., Opt. Eng. 49(7), 073006 (2010)]. That paper presented new single-variable cost models for space telescope optical telescope assembly. These models were created by applying standard statistical methods to data collected from 30 different space telescope missions. The results were compared with previously published models. A postpublication independent review of that paper’s database identified several inconsistencies. To correct these inconsistencies, a two-year effort was undertaken to reconcile our database with source documents. This paper updates and revises the findings of our 2010 paper. As a result of the review, some telescopes’ data were removed, some were revised, and data for a few new telescopes were added to the database. As a consequence, there have been changes to the 2010 published results. But our two most important findings remain unchanged: aperture diameter is the primary cost driver for large space telescopes, and it costs more per kilogram to build a low-areal-density low-stiffness telescope than a more massive high-stiffness telescope. One significant difference is that we now report telescope cost to vary linearly from 5% to 30% of total mission cost, instead of the previously reported average of 20%. To fully understand the content of this update, the authors recommend that one also read the 2010 paper.
Environmental Quality and Inflation: A Regional Perspective on the Cost—Push Impact of the 1972 Pure Water Legislation

The United States 1972 ‘Pure Water’ legislation (PL-92-500) requires a national effluent standard such that major industries must apply the “Best Available Treatment” to central waste discharges by 1978, and must reduce their waste discharges to zero by 1983. To meet these standards, industries will require increased capital investments and increased operations and maintenance costs for central equipment for pollution. Since these costs are not distributed evenly among all industries, they will have a differential impact on a regional economy. Furthermore, since technological coefficients in the short-run remain fixed, increased costs attributable to improved environmental quality legislation will affect the consumer in the form of inflated prices. A new approach to the tracing through of these inflationary trends in a regional input-output economy is specified, and applied to the regional economy of Corpus Christi, Texas. Results suggest that if environmental policies, even strict ones, are applied on a ...
The value of geophysical methods in ground-water studies

Two meanings are unfortunately given to the term geophysics. In the broad sense, based on the etymology of the term, geophysics means the physics of the Earth. This is its significance in the names “Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,” “International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,” and “American Geophysical Union.” In this sense the sciences of geology and hydrology are largely geophysics, although in part they are geochemistry or biology. Geologists and hydraulic engineers who are elected to membership in the American Geophysical Union are, however, often surprised to find that they are regarded as “geophysicists.” I hope that when the Union establisnes a journal, its name will include the expression “Earth physics” or “Physics of the Earth,” in order that there will be no misunderstanding as to its scope.
Gas phase infrared spectra of 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners using gas chromatography with Fourier transform infrared detection: internal standardization with a 13C-labelled congener.

The gas phase infrared spectra of biphenyl and 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are observed; 30 are presented in graphical form so that their uniqueness can be appreciated. The spectra were observed with a gas chromatograph linked via a light pipe with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Unequivocal library matches (with match factors >990 in 1000) can be performed with 50 ng of a congener injected into the chromatograph. Quantitation with the technique was briefly investigated with 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (BZ no. 52). Selective wavelength chromatograms of the most intense absorption (1457cm−1) were integrated. Septuplicate injections showed that 20 ng of the compound could be determined with ±4% precision. The resolution of the spectrometer was sufficient to distinguish between the 13C-labelled trichlorobiphenyl and the unlabelled material, indicating the possibility of internal or surrogate standardization of PCB analysis.
Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and alkaline phosphatase

Markedly increased circulating concentrations of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) were found in each of 14 patients representing all clinical forms of hypophosphatasia, an inborn error characterized by deficient activity of the tissue-nonspecific (bone/liver/kidney) isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP). The mean PLP concentration in plasma was 1,174 nM (range, 214 to 3,839 nM) in the patients and 57 ± 26 nM (mean ± S.D.) in 38 control subjects. In four affected children, urinary excretion of the PLP degradation product, 4-pyridoxic acid, was unremarkable during consumption of normal quantities of dietary vitamin B6. Our findings identify increased circulating PLP concentration as a marker for hypophosphatasia and provide further evidence that tissue-nonspecific AP acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. Tissue-nonspecific AP appears to function as an ectoenzyme to regulate extracellular but not intracellular levels of PLP substrate. Performing assays of circulating PLP concentrations alone to assess vitamin B6 nutrition may be misleading in disorders associated with altered AP activity.
Evaluation of the performance of an information‐retrieval system by modified mooers plan

Information retrieval for law research has been carried out by the Health Law Center of the University of Pittsburgh. In this case, the document collection consists of all Pennsylvania Statutes. There is no indexing; the full text of the laws is scanned. Utilizing proposals by Mooers, randomly selected statute sections are the bases of retrieval requests. In response to such requests, statute sections are retrieved, but only the “hidden” statutes are counted in the evaluation of the system efficiency. Two systems are compared: retrieval by electronic computer vs. retrieval by manual search, i.e., by lawyers using the index parts of statute collections. Mooers' ratios are computed and interpreted as point estimates of corresponding retrieval probabilities. Interval estimates and tests of significance for the differences in computed ratios are also carried out, with some consideration for the power function of the test. Cost limitations prescribed very small sample sizes.
New Indium Phosphide Sources

The Indium Phosphide (InP) Gunn device is fast becoming a key component in the millimeter wave region. The device has superior performance as wideband low noise amplifier, low noise local oscillator, self-oscillating mixer, and low to medium power source. Its development and advances are primarily fueled by military systems requirements and developments covering missile and projectile guidance, high resolution radar systems, intercept secure communications and Eli and ECM functions. In this paper an overview of the current status of indium phosphide Gunn device development and future trends is presented. Covered will be in particular key parameters leading to indium phosphide's advantage at millimeter-wave frequencies, recent material and device developments, oscillators, amplifiers and systems applications with emphasis on current capabilities. Other devices such as InP FET and InP IMPATT devices are not considered in this paper because of their current limitations to microwave frequencies.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dispersion of Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The dispersion of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in various solvents is characterized. The nanotubes were functionalized using a Birch alkylation method that afforded a 50−100% increase in o-dichlorobenzene solubility while rendering measurable solubility in otherwise insoluble chloroform and decreasing solubility in N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Dispersibility was contingent on fostering polar interactions between the functionalized nanotubes and solvent despite the purely dispersive nature of the aliphatic chains. Interpretation of these results was performed using the Hansen solubility parameters and the three component surface energy analysis pioneered by van Oss and co-workers. It was found that the simplest interpretation of the Hansen solubility parameter scheme was unable to explain the data. In contrast, the surface energy analysis provides a robust interpretation of the solubility and yields values of 45.6 ± 1.2, 0.78 ± 0.04, and 2.4 ± 0.9 mJ/m2 for the...
Retrieval processes in recognition

Retrieval processes in the long-term recognition of well organized material showed the expected organizational effects on "slow" recognition responses. Ss sorted 100 words into two to seven categories until a stable organization was achieved. The data showed the usual correlations between organization (number of categories used) and recall and recognition. Recognition tests a week after the sorting task revealed no differences between Ss using many or few categories for the "fast" recognition responses, defined as the faster 50% of each S's latency distribution. The organizational effect was clearly evident for the "slow" 50% of the responses. The data support the retrieval check hypothesis in recognition under the assumption that retrieval operations take additional time during the recognition process.
Moving Practice: From Classrooms to MOO Rooms

We discuss design considerations in moving practice through the boundary from physical to virtual places. Although the examples are grounded in a school environment, we believe that the design tradeoffs apply to any networked collaborative space. The context for discussion is Pueblo, a MOO-based, cross-generation network learning community centered around a K-6 elementary school. The development of practice in Pueblo draws upon teachers‘ and students‘ experience with semi-structured classroom participation frameworks – informal structures of social interaction which foster certain ways of thinking, doing, and learning through guided activities and conversations. We have translated several familiar frameworks into the Pueblo setting, using the classroom versions as models to be adapted and transformed as they are aligned with the affordances of the MOO. We identify four design dimensions that have emerged as particularly interesting and important in this process: audience, asynchrony and synchrony, attention and awareness, and prompts for reflection. We illustrate design choices in each dimension using several of the participation frameworks that have been translated into Pueblo. We discuss the relation between MOO affordances and design choices and provide examples of successful and unsuccessful alignment between them.
Adult heights attained by children with hypothalamic/chiasmatic glioma treated with growth hormone.

Hypothalamic/chiasmatic gliomas (H/CG) in children are commonly accompanied by endocrine dysfunction due to mass effects of the tumor itself or as a consequence of tumor therapy, with GH deficiency (GHD) being the most common disorder. We report the height outcomes of GH-treated H/CG patients with GHD. We reviewed the records of 14 GHD patients with H/CG who were treated with human GH. A comparison group of non-GH-treated H/CG patients was also identified. Heights were expressed as sd scores (SDS). For GH-treated patients, the mean initial height was −0.7 ± 0.3 (±se). Their mean final height was −0.3 ± 0.3. The mean change in height SDS for the GH-treated group was +0.4. The mean initial and final height SDS for the non-GHD patients were 0.6 (se = 0.4) and 0.0 (se = 0.4), respectively. The mean change in height SDS was −0.6. The GHD patients had significantly lower initial height SDS compared with the non-GHD patients (P = 0.01) and had a significantly greater change in their height SDS (P = 0.04). GH tre...
Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation in Rice Inoculated with a Nitrogenase-Derepressed Mutant of Anabaena variabilis

Cyanobacteria contribute to the N economy of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields by reducing N 2 to NH 3 , The purpose was to determine the extent to which a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis (strain SA-1), capable of excreting newly fixed N as NH 3 , could provide N for rice plants grown outdoors in pots. Growth of plants inoculated with the mutant strain was compared with growth of plants inoculated with the parent strain (A. variabilis, strain SA-0) or fertilized with inorganic N fertilizer [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] at rates of 0 (control), 25, 50, and 100 kg N ha -1 . Rice plants inoculated with the mutant cyanobacterium produced more panicles than plants inoculated with the parent strain. Dry matter and total N contents of the root, shoot, and grain were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the plants inoculated with the NH 3 -excreting mutant strain than plants that were inoculated with the parent strain of the cyanobacterium. Under these conditions, the contribution of the mutant cyanobacterium to growth and yield of rice plants was equivalent to the application of 71 to 73 kg N ha -1 as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Estimates of the rate of N 2 -fixation (acetylene reduction) in pots inoculated with the NH 3 -excreting mutant cyanobacterium were about twice the amount observed in pots inoculated with the wild-type strain, even in the presence of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Pots inoculated with the mutant strain also had more NH3 in the flood water than pots that were inoculated with the parent strain. The NH 3 -excreting strain of A. variabilis shows potential for development for use as a biofertilizer in paddy rice production in areas where inorganic fertilizer N is unavailable or expensive and in rice production systems that aim to minimize environmental pollution from inorganic N fertilizers.
Surface currents in the tropical Atlantic across high density XBT line AX08

[1] Three temperature sections that cross the tropical Atlantic obtained from high density XBT transects are used to identify the major surface currents and to compute their water mass transports. The dynamic heights are computed using XBT temperature profiles with salinity derived from historical T-S relationships. The values of dynamic height estimated from altimeter data used in conjunction with climatological dynamic height fields are within 3 cm of the XBT-derived values. The error in XBT-derived dynamic height introduced by using historical T-S relationships instead of actual salinity values are estimated to be of the order of 1.5 cm. Dynamic height estimates using the actual salinity values underestimate those obtained using historical T-S relationships. The structure exhibited in the dynamic height and altimeter-derived sea height fields do not reveal all the upper ocean currents, making these temperature sections presented here critical for computing transports and identifying currents in this region.
A LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FACULTY COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

This paper proposes a model for the verbal theory of collective bargaining. Four variables are used: trust, salary, inclination for collective bargaining, and general professional market. Postulates from the model and strategies for estimating its parameters are also discussed.
Prospects for effective marine governance in the NW Pacific region

Abstract What are the prospects for effective regional action to protect the NW Pacific from environmental harm? The article reviews governance lessons from existing regional marine protection regimes, in order to derive lessons for effective regional environmental protection. Prominent factors influencing effective regional environmental protection include the influence of public concern, NGOs, national leadership, international institutions and transnational scientific networks in establishing regional environmental governance. Yet, prospects are not promising for effective regional environmental governance in the NW Pacific. International institutions are weak; knowledge is only weakly organized, and appears difficult to mobilize, and no country appears willing to commit economic or diplomatic resources towards regional environmental leadership. The absence of transnational channels and institutional functions is a consequence of deeper regional realities. Few governments are interested in establishing strong regional institutions. Moreover, domestic circumstances that were necessary for effective institutional influence elsewhere in the world are absent the region. The most effective international institutions worked with civil society by amplifying pressures on governments, and by creating and reinforcing public concern. In this region these conditions are generally absent, calling for a deeper long-run strategy for effective governance.
Understanding nanoscale conductors

Summary form only given. It is common to differentiate between two ways of building a nanodevice: a top-down approach where we start from something big and chisel out what we want and a bottom-up approach where we start from something small like atoms or molecules and assemble what we want. When it comes to describing electrical resistance, the standard approach could be called a "top-down" one where we start from large complex resistors and work our way down to molecules primarily because our understanding has evolved in this top-down fashion. However, it is instructive to take a bottom-up view of the subject starting from the conductance of something really small, like a molecule, and then discussing the issues that arise as we move to bigger conductors. This is the subject of this tutorial lecture (S. Datta, Nanotechnology, vol. 15, p. S433, 2004). Remarkably enough, no serious quantum mechanics is needed to understand electrical conduction through something really small, except for unusual things like the Kondo effect that are seen only for a special range of parameters. The presentation begins with (1) energy level diagrams, (2) shows that the broadening that accompanies coupling limits the conductance to a maximum of (q?2/h) per level, (3) describes how a change in the shape of the self-consistent potential profile can turn a symmetric current-voltage characteristic into a rectifying one, (4) shows that many interesting effects in "nanoelectronics" can be understood in terms of a simple model, and (5) introduces the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism as a sophisticated version of this simple model with ordinary numbers replaced by appropriate matrices. Finally the distinction between the self-consistent field regime and the Coulomb blockade regime and the issues involved in modeling each of these regimes are described.
The Likelihood of Remission of Food Allergy in Children: When Is the Optimal Time for Challenge?

Although diagnostic testing methods for food hypersensitivity have improved over time, both in vivo and in vitro methods are significantly flawed, especially as evidenced by the frequent occurrence of false-positive test results. Because of these limitations, oral food challenge testing remains an essential element in the diagnosis and management of food allergy. In fact, the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergy. In this review, we focus on the optimal timing of oral food challenges, especially for patients with a known food allergy, to determine if the food allergy may have been outgrown.
Getting stents to go with the flow

Implantation of expandable stents into stenotic arteries after percutaneous coronary intervention to relieve arterial narrowing has become a standard therapeutic tool. The improvement in vascular interventional technology, and especially stent technology, has, arguably, outstripped understanding of the biologic consequences of opening an obstructed artery. In the case of bifurcation stenoses, new evidence suggests that opening a stenotic subsidiary branch may create unfavorable hemodynamics in the stented main branch that can lead to in-stent restenosis.
The Second Spectrum of Germanium

The spectrum of Ge II has been remeasured from 600 to 10 000 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ The analysis has led to the calculation of many very accurate Ritz standards in the vacuum region. The doublet series are less perturbed than in Si II but auto-ionization is more severe. Structures up to 4s4p4f have been identified, but they are incomplete. Intersystem lines are frequent.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of flexible graphite made from exfoliated graphite

Abstract The low-frequency dynamic mechanical properties of low density flexible graphite (0.027–0.089 g/cm3, obtained by compressing exfoliated graphite at 0.3–1.7 MPa without a binder) are different in flexure and compression. The storage and loss moduli and the loss tangent are higher under flexure than compression. Under flexure, the storage modulus is essentially unaffected by increasing the static strain while the loss tangent and loss modulus decrease. Under compression, both storage and loss moduli increase with increasing static strain, while the loss tangent slightly decreases. The storage and loss moduli are higher and the loss tangent is lower for out-of-plane compression than for in-plane compression. The storage and loss moduli increase with increasing fabrication pressure, while the loss tangent decreases. Energy dissipation is much more effective under flexure than compression. Flexure appears to provide more sliding of the graphite layers than compression. For the highest energy dissipation under flexure, a low static strain is recommended; for high energy dissipation under compression, a high static strain is recommended.
Activism and awareness: Resistance, cognitive activation, and ‘seeing’ untouchability among 98,316 Dalits

There are a great number of outcomes for activism that are examined in the literature, but we know relatively little about how this behavior influences perceptions of the phenomena being challenged...
Neural correlates of confidence during item recognition and source memory retrieval: Evidence for both dual-process and strength memory theories

Although the medial-temporal lobes (MTL), PFC, and parietal cortex are considered primary nodes in the episodic memory network, there is much debate regarding the contributions of MTL, PFC, and parietal subregions to recollection versus familiarity (dual-process theory) and the feasibility of accounts on the basis of a single memory strength process (strength theory). To investigate these issues, the current fMRI study measured activity during retrieval of memories that differed quantitatively in terms of strength (high vs. low-confidence trials) and qualitatively in terms of recollection versus familiarity (source vs. item memory tasks). Support for each theory varied depending on which node of the episodic memory network was considered. Results from MTL best fit a dual-process account, as a dissociation was found between a right hippocampal region showing high-confidence activity during the source memory task and bilateral rhinal regions showing high-confidence activity during the item memory task. Within PFC, several left-lateralized regions showed greater activity for source than item memory, consistent with recollective orienting, whereas a right-lateralized ventrolateral area showed low-confidence activity in both tasks, consistent with monitoring processes. Parietal findings were generally consistent with strength theory, with dorsal areas showing low-confidence activity and ventral areas showing high-confidence activity in both tasks. This dissociation fits with an attentional account of parietal functions during episodic retrieval. The results suggest that both dual-process and strength theories are partly correct, highlighting the need for an integrated model that links to more general cognitive theories to account for observed neural activity during episodic memory retrieval.
The role of empathy in work with women offenders

Research has validated the crucial aspect of empathy in effective clinical practice. Empathy requires the identification of the helping professional with the emotional experience of the client. However, in their work with women offenders, clinicians can encounter a number of obstacles to appropriate empathic interventions: the workers may over‐empathize with their clients; the offenders may be resistant to being helped; and there may be institutional and social dynamics that may discourage empathic helping by staff. This paper discusses the concept of empathy and the difficulties encountered by social workers and other clinicians in their efforts to provide appropriate empathic approaches to this population. Effective strategies that will allow for appropriate use of empathy by clinicians working with female offenders are offered.
Inducing information extraction systems for new languages via cross-language projection

Information extraction (IE) systems are costly to build because they require development texts, parsing tools, and specialized dictionaries for each application domain and each natural language that needs to be processed. We present a novel method for rapidly creating IE systems for new languages by exploiting existing IE systems via cross-language projection. Given an IE system for a source language (e.g., English), we can transfer its annotations to corresponding texts in a target language (e.g., French) and learn information extraction rules for the new language automatically. In this paper, we explore several ways of realizing both the transfer and learning processes using off-the-shelf machine translation systems, induced word alignment, attribute projection, and transformation-based learning. We present a variety of experiments that show how an English IE system for a plane crash domain can be leveraged to automatically create a French IE system for the same domain.
XeF2 Etching of Silicon for the Release of Micro-Cantilever Based Sensors

The release of microstructures from a Si substrate depends directly on the underetching (isotropic) characteristics of the etchant used. For the purpose of this study, XeF2 gas was selected as the etchant medium. Etching by XeF2 is primarily a function of pressure, which determines the rate of interaction between the Si surface and the etchant gas. However, other factors play a large role in XeF2 etching characteristics. Testing was conducted to determine the etch rate and profile of XeF2 etching when various parameters of the structure design are changed (Si exposure area, size and dimension of structures, spacing of structures). The gas was introduced at a pressure cycle of approximately 4.0 Torr for 180 s. Uniformity of the etched surface is improved by increasing the number of etch cycles, or by increasing the gas pressure of the surrounding XeF2 .Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mind the civic empowerment gap: Economically elite students and critical civic education

Calls to close the civic empowerment gap have traditionally focused on improving and expanding civic education for students in high-poverty urban schools. While important, this recommendation implies that closing the gap is in and of itself a sufficient end and that the civic education of affluent youth is unproblematic. This paper calls for (1) an explicit aim for the gap to close in a way that moves US society towards radical democratic egalitarianism, and (2) a response to the gap that includes consideration of the civic education of affluent students. It suggests that an “activist ally” approach rooted in emancipatory social science, political compassion, affective motivations, and empathic listening may be a useful framework for a critical civic education curriculum with economically elite youth. It concludes with an example from an affluent private school to highlight the affordances and limitations of this framework.
Biocontinuum of the Pathophysiology Paradigm

Under the various conditions of radiation therapy, the period of time from irradiation to the end of life may be characterized by continuous complications of clinical significance arising from irradiation of normal organs, alternating with clinical complication with clinically “silent” periods of the absence of such clinically significant complications. However, there is at no time a “silent” histopathologic period, i.e., absence of radiation-induced changes in the irradiated organs, although their degree of rate of progression may vary considerably. Furthermore, the addition of further stress of insult, e.g., from trauma or infection, to the organs that have sustained residual radiation damage (e.g. deterioration of the vasculature) may precipitate clinically significant complications during otherwise clinically “silent” periods. The histopathologic sequence of events after a brief radiation exposure is divided into four general phases (see Fig. 5): Casarett Hypothesis. The Biocontinuum diagram illustrates generally, with respect to clinical periods, the waxing and waning (vertically), or organ damage with time and persistence or progression of residual damage. The upper lines depict radiation damage of different degrees. The bottom line indicates the accumulation of organ damage with time of “aging”, may be additive to radiation damage in effect. The rising arrows indicate the precipitation of damage from subclinical or clinical levels to clinically significant or even lethal levels, as a result of complications such as trauma or infection or as a result of deterioration of vasculature and failure of the blood circulation. No precise values of relationships are intended for the slopes or shapes of the graph lines: Rubin Paradigm.
Die methodische Erfassung human wahrgenommener Qualitätsaspekte

Das Ford-Forschungszentrum Aachen hat eine Methode entwickelt, um die kundenrelevante Qualitatsanmutung von Fahrzeuginnenraumen reproduzierbar zu untersuchen. Wichtigste Neuerung ist die Anwendung eines Messroboters, der sowohl als Kraft-Wegaufnehmer dient als auch als Trager von anderen Sensoren. Die erzielten Resultate werden korreliert mit der menschlichen Wahrnehmung, um so eine Bewertung der Messdaten hinsichtlich der Kundenakzeptanz vornehmen zu konnen.
Bermudagrass Resistance to the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Nine bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., clones were evaluated for fall armyworm, Spodoptera fruġiperda (J. E. Smith). survival, developmental rate, pupal weight, leaf consumption, and preference. By using a host-suitability index, ‘Tifton 44’ was rated intermediately resistant and ‘Tifton 292’ was rated highly resistant to larval feeding. Preference tests showed that ‘Coastcross I’ was preferred over all other clones. The resistance in ‘Tifton 292’ is primarily antibiosis.
Nanocrystalline Ge Synthesis by Reduction of Si1−xGexO2 Formed by High Pressure Oxidation

Nanocrystalline Ge suitable for photoluminescence studies was synthesized from hydrothermally oxidized alloys of Si60Ge40 using steam at 25 MPa and 475°C. Annealing in either an inert atmosphere (UHP N2) or in flowing forming gas (80:20 N2:H2) results in Ge precipitation. In the first case the Ge precipitates are large and concentrated in the bottom portion of the oxide and result from Si reduction of GeO2. In the case of flowing forming gas the Ge precipitates are distributed throughout the oxide and are formed by reaction between H2 and GeO2. The precipitated samples were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and cross sectional TEM. Preliminary photoluminescence data reveal that oxide samples excited by the 325 nm line of a HeCd laser after annealing in H2 at both 750 and 800°C for 30 min show strong visible luminescence while unannealed samples do not.
New and Unusual Agarics from the Western United States

While studying the species of Mycena (14) occurring in Washington, Oregon and California during the fall of 1935 many agarics in other genera were also collected. Fifteen of the more outstanding species are critically discussed or described in this paper. Four new species are described, and three, Clitocybe albiformis Murrill, Psilocybe ochraeceps Kauffman, and Naucoria elatior (Peck) Sacc. are reduced to synonymy. Particular attention was given to species of Naucoria in the section segregated as the genus Phaeocollybia by Heim (5). Five species in this group, including two that are new, are critically compared. The collection numbers and photographs are the writer's unless otherwise stated. All the collections are deposited in the her? barium of the University of Michigan.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CHEMOENDOCRINE COMBINATION THERAPY WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE, AND DOXIFLURIDINE (DMpC THERAPY) ON ADVANCED AND RECURRENT BREST CANCER

The clinical efficacy of oral chemoendocrine combination therapy with cyclophosphamide, medroxyprogesterone acetate and doxifluridine (DMpC therapy), was evaluated on advanced and recurrent breast cancer. The response rate was 66.7% in 12 cases, including two complete responses and six partial responses. Restricted to recurrent breast cancer, the response rate was 66.7% that was the same rate of all cases. In terms of the efficacy classified by metastatic lesions, the effective rates were 75% in the skin, 62.5% in the bone, and 75% in the lung. The preoperative reduction therapy was also effective. Adverse side effect was leukopenia in 25% of them that was easily controlled. The response rate was almost the same as that of CAF therapy. On these findings, DMpC therapy is not only the effective therapy, but also the easy and safe oral therapy. In conclusion, DMpC therapy is considered to be one of the most useful treatment for advanced and recurrent breast cancer.
Evaluation and Management of the Asymptomatic Child with Wolff–Parkinson–White

Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) describes an accessory pathway (AP) that connects the atria and ventricles and allows preexcitation of the ventricle, manifested on the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a short PR interval and a delta wave. WPW syndrome describes the abnormal ECG pattern in patients with associated clinical cardiovascular symptoms, whereas “isolated ventricular preexcitation,” “asymptomatic WPW,” or “asymptomatic WPW syndrome” all refer to the abnormal ECG pattern without associated clinical cardiovascular symptoms. The clinical presentation of symptomatic WPW in young patients with structurally normal hearts can vary based on age and accessory pathway properties. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac death (SCD) can be the first manifestation in patients with WPW. Non-invasive modalities (ECG, ambulatory monitoring, and exercise testing) are used to risk stratify patients. A more invasive test (electrophysiology study) can then be used to identify high-risk pathways. Finally, radiofrequency and/or cryoablation are used to eliminate the accessory pathway and eliminate the risk of arrhythmia and SCD.
Nurses' role in the community management of childhood asthma

Objective: To investigate the community management of childhood asthma.Methods: Set up community management of 980 cases with childhood asthma,including establishing and determining the treatment goal,implementing asthma education,introducing administration of drugs and other ways,standardizing management and employing personal therapy.Results: More than 80.6% of 980 cases didn't recur,and were treated in degradation.Conclusion: Nurses play an important role in community management of childhood asthma.
Discussion about evaluation on post-marketing drug

To identify the key points of post-marketing drug evaluation and provide technical support for related guidance.Case studies were analyzed to demonstrate how the key points of post-marketing evaluation are influenced by the drug′s major characteristics: safety,efficacy and quality control.Several key points of post-marketing drug evaluation in drug safety,efficacy and quality control were confirmed.Post-marketing drug evaluation is an important component in the overall drug evaluation process and plays an essential role in drug life cycle management.
Work Progress of Measles Control in Mianyang Earthquake Disaster Area in 2008

Objective To understand work progress of measles control in Mianyang earthquake disaster area in 2008.Method The data of immunization program monitoring information systems,measles immunization,and damaged conditions in disaster area were descriptively analyzed and evaluated.Result The measles incidence rate of whole city in 2008 was 0.98 per one hundred thousand,which reduced 69.09% as compared with 3.17 per one hundred thousand in 2007.Conclusion Although Wenchuan earthquake affected the measles routine immunization and measles monitoring in Mianyang disaster area,many effective measures were carried out before and after earthquake.Measles epidemic outbreak did not take place in disaster area and measles control work had made advancement.
Elastic behavior analysis of prestressed composite beam

Prestressed steel-reinforced concrete beams have been used in the fields of structural engineering and strengthening of existing buildings. In this paper, elastic behavior of composite beams is investigated by simplified analysis method, which is used to transform the reinforced concrete area into an equivalent steel area. Then the stresses, strains and yield load of beams which behave elastically are obtained. The results of this investigation show that the yield load of prestressed composite beams is higher than that of reinforced concrete composite ones, which widen the elastic area they behaved. After having been prestressed, the composite beams can reduce the maximum flexibility within the range of elasticity, and increase their stiffness. Under the concentrated load located on the middle of the span, there is larger contraflexure when the shape of the wires is linear, with higher yield load and less maximum flexibility compared with that of triangular shape.
Experience of skin graft and skin flap transplantation to treatment hand scar contracture

Objective To analyze the efficacy of skin and skin flap transplantation in the treatment of scar contracture deformity of the hand,confirmed the clinical effect of the method is exact. Methods The Department of plastic surgery in Xuzhou Charity Hospital in 56 patients with scar contracture deformity of the hand in our hospital from 2010 March to 2012 March were as the research object,which are divided into two groups by random digital table method, 28 patients in each group. A group of subjects were repaired using skin scar and skin flap grafting, as the observation group;a group of objects using only the scar resection and soft tissue release repair, as control group.After the repair of scar of 1 years of follow-up recovery and joint function evaluation, comparison and statistical analysis. Results In the observation group, 24 cases of good research object repair scar,scar disappeared in 3 cases, no significant improvement in 1 cases, repair, good rate of 85.7%,higher than that of the control group 67.9% repair rate, and has a significant the difference(P 0.05);compared with the recovery rate in the joint function in the observation group than in the control group, with significant difference(P0.05). Conclusion Skin flap and skin flap grafting used in the treatment of hand scar contracture deformity can significantly improve the scar repair rate and joint function recovery, has significant curative effect and important clinical value.
Organic brain syndrome in the elderly. A reevaluation of concepts.

Among the most common clinical disorders associated with aging is the organic brain syndrome, often caused by cerebral arteriosclerosis and primary degenerative disease of the brain. When this syndrome manifests itself in behavioral or social difficulties, institutionalization is too often the only response. Recent findings suggest that psychologic, environmental and physical factors can be manipulated in order to insure a better and longer life for these patients.
The Power of Combination: Three Unpopular Truths about Civic Entrepreneurship

In the 1980s — yes, that recently! — a University of Texas economics professor told students there are only three routes to wealth: sit on natural resources, buy undervalued stock, or exploit peasants. He never dreamt of mentioning “to create highly valued stock by innovation and entrepreneurship.”1 To think of such a thing still requires a rare mindset, one that is found with relative infrequency outside the United States and only regionally within this country.