cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein and atherosclerosis.

Interest in the effect of protein on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis dates back to the first decade of this century. In the 1940s Meeker and Kesten showed that soy protein was more atherogenic for rabbits than casein. Carroll and his colleagues demonstrated that, in general, proteins of animal origin were more cholesterolemic for rabbits than were plant proteins, although there was a wide range of individual effects within both classifications. Carroll also showed that partial hydrolyzates of casein or soy protein were less cholesterolemic than the intact proteins. We have hypothesized that the lysine/arginine ratio (L/A) of the protein influences its effects on lipid metabolism. The L/A of casein is about 2 and that of soy about 1. Addition of enough arginine to casein to lower its L/A to 1 reduces its atherogenicity; adding enough lysine to soy isolate to raise its L/A to 2 enhances atherogenicity. The atherogenicities of fish protein (L/A, 1.44), casein (L/A, 1.94) and whole milk protein (L/A, 2.44) are correlated directly with their L/A (p<0.05). Other amino acids (methionine, glycine, arginine) have been shown to affect cholesterolemia. Casein lowers the excretion of steroids in rabbits and lengthens the turnover time of cholesterol. This may be the mechanism underlying the animal/vegetable protein effects.
The velocity field induced by a helical vortex filament

An exact analytical solution for the velocity field, both interior and exterior, induced by an infinite right‐handed helical vortex filament is derived. Due to the way the variables combine in this solution, the paper also shows that it is possible to derive a stream function for this nonaxisymmetric flow. Sample calculations of these expressions are included.
Relationship Between Soil Lead, Dust Lead, and Blood Lead Concentrations in Pets and Their Owners: Evaluation of Soil Lead Threshold Values

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study conducted in Granite City, Illinois during the months of August through October 1991. The study involved a subpopulation of 77 households having 106 dogs and cats which was a corollary to a major study conducted in humans by the Illinois Department of Public Health to evaluate lead exposure. A secondary lead smelter had been in operation in this town for almost 80 years and was shut down in 1982. Important soil contamination with lead was reported and this paper presents data regarding levels of soil and dust lead and associated blood lead concentrations in animals and their owners in a total of 77 households. Overall, blood lead concentrations (BLC) were low (0-13 μg/dl in the animal owners; 0-28 μg/dl in pets). There was no significant relationship between soil or dust lead and BLC in humans; however, the relationship was significant in animals. Odds ratios were computed to determine whether 500 or 1000 ppm lead in environmental samples was associated with increased risk of having a high BLC. We could not find any increased risk in humans, while the risk did increase in animals. It is concluded that animals are more at risk than their owners of having a high BLC when exposed to the same contaminated environment and can be used to monitor the bioavailability of lead.
P-Band Radar Retrieval of Subsurface Soil Moisture Profile as a Second-Order Polynomial: First AirMOSS Results

We propose a new model for estimating subsurface soil moisture using P-band radar data over barren, shrubland, and vegetated terrains. The unknown soil moisture profile is assumed to have a second-order polynomial form as a function of subsurface depth with three unknown coefficients that we estimate using the simulated annealing algorithm. These retrieved coefficients produce the value of soil moisture at any given depth up to a prescribed depth of validity. We use a discrete scattering model to calculate the radar backscattering coefficients of the terrain. The retrieval method is tested and developed with synthetic radar data and is validated with measured radar data and in situ soil moisture measurements. Both forward and inverse models are briefly explained. The radar data used in this paper have been collected during the Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) mission flights in September and October of 2012 over a 100 km by 25 km area in Arizona, including the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. The study area and the ancillary data layers used to characterize each radar pixel are explained. The inversion results are presented, and it is shown that the RMSE between the retrieved and measured soil moisture profiles ranges from 0.060 to 0.099 m 3 /m 3 , with a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.075 m 3 /m 3 over all sites and all acquisition dates. We show that the accuracy of retrievals decreases as depth increases. The profiles used in validation are from a fairy dry season in Walnut Gulch and so are the accuracy conclusions.
Motavizumab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important respiratory viral pathogen of infancy. The only unequivocally effective pharmacological compound for the management of RSV infect...
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on microwave cooked poultry

The survival of Listeria monocytogenes on poultry processed in a microwave oven was assessed. Chicken breasts were inoculated with approximately 105–107 L. monocytogenes Scott A/g, cooked to one of five different internal temperatures, vacuum-packaged or wrapped in an oxygen permeable film and stored for up to 4 weeks at 4 °C or 10 days at 10 °C. Although each heat treatment used decreased the Listeria population, survivors were encountered at each cooking temperature. At higher temperatures (73.9, 76.7 and 82.2 °C), the population was initially reduced 2.5–3.8 logs, whereas the lower cooking temperatures (65.6 and 71.7 °C) resulted in a less than 2-log cycle reduction. The L. monocytogenes population in samples stored at 4 °C was approximately the same or slightly greater than the post-processing level after 4 weeks. In samples stored at 10 °C, the microbial population was re-established within 10 days to levels at least as great as that initially inoculated onto the chicken breasts. Differences due to packaging were observed at both storage temperatures.
Particles and fields in interplanetary space

In the Friday morning session of invited papers on ‘Particles and Fields in Interplanetary Space,’ the results of the interplanetary experiments were summarized by six representatives of a considerably larger number of experimenters on three recent NASA spacecraft. Three general topics were covered: the interplanetary medium, solar and galactic cosmic rays, and the shape and boundary of the magnetosphere. On the nature of the interplanetary medium, the most definitive information to date has come from the 104 days' continuous data produced by the plasma probe and the magnetometer on Mariner 2. If the last four months of 1962 were not atypical (and it seems unlikely that they were), then it is clear that a hydrogen plasma of solar origin exists continuously in space, expanding with high velocity approximately radially from the Sun. The plasma flow is ‘supersonic’ in the sense that its bulk velocity exceeds the Alfven velocity, in agreement with the hydrodynamic expansion or ‘solar wind’ theory, and the density of its kinetic energy so far exceeds any other energy density (except that of sunlight) in the solar system as to make the plasma the dominant entity in the interplanetary medium. The magnetic fields that are observed outside the inner corona are trapped in the plasma and carried along by its motion.
Kinetics of uptake and distribution of arachidonic acid by rat alveolar macrophages

Abstract The time course of uptake and distribution of 3H-arachidoni acid (3H-AA) into rat alveolar macrophage phospholipid pools was examined. Macrophages incubated with exogenous 3H-AA in RPMI-1640 containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), incorporated this radiolabel into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (PI) with plateau reached within 2 to 4 hours, which remained relatively constant for up to 18 hours. Incorporation of 3H-AA into phospholipid pools revealed that treatment with exogenous 5 nM arachidonic acid had no effect upon pool sizes, but there was a selective incorporation if 3H-AA into PI. Cells were incubated with 3H-AA in RPMI alone or medium containing either 0.2% lactalbumin, fetal calf serum at variable concentrations, 10% Nu, Serum, or 0.1% BSA. Incubation of macrophages with 3H-AA in RPMI alone or containing 0.2% lactalbumin, resulted in approximately 70% of the radiolabel taken up by the cells being incorporated into triglyceride. The addition of BSA to RPMI-1640 medium was found to facilitate selective uptake of 3H-AA into phospholipids. Approximately 70% of incorporated 3H-AA was releseable through the action of exogenous phospholipase A2.
Formation of nanocrystalline B2 NiAl through cryomilling of Ni-50 at.%Al at 87 K

Abstract A wear-like mechanism occurs between balls and the entrapped nanocrystalline mixture of elemental Ni and Al powders resulting in the formation of B2 NiAl at the process temperature at 87 K during cryomilling. Nanocrystalline structure of B2 NiAl with average size of 6 nm was synthesized after 45 hours of milling. This B2 NiAl was found to be at nonstoichiometric compositions. The kinetic study of the transformation exhibited approximately 90 wt.% of completion after 50 hours of milling. The transformation curve is sigmoidal in form which suggests that the process can be represented by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami relation.
Postoperative thrombotic complications in patients with the lupus anticoagulant: Increased risk after vascular procedures

Abstract This study retrospectively analyzes the nature of postoperative thrombotic complications in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Tests in 84 patients were positive for the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies by an abnormal rabbit brain neutralization procedure, positive for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies, or both. Twenty-three of these 84 patients had 51 separate surgical procedures, 18 vascular and 33 nonvascular. Four patients had 11 postoperative thrombotic complications (during same hospitalization), involving peripheral arteries in nine cases, vein in one, and coronary artery in one. Nine of the 18 vascular procedures were complicated by thrombosis, whereas only two of the 33 nonvascular procedures were complicated by thrombosis (p
High level of gene silencing in the tetraploid goldfish

Abstract The goldfish, Carassius auratus, is a karyotypically tetraploid form that expresses only 19% of its enzyme-encoding loci in duplicate. This level of gene duplication is among the lowest reported among tetraploid cypriniform fishes and may be related to the intense selective and drift processes associated with its domestication.
The safety of ureteroscopy during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: We performed a literature review and analysis to compare the safety of ureteroscopic stone removal during pregnancy with findings from a set of contemporary studies of that procedure in nonpregnant patients.Materials and Methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE® and EMBASE® was done to identify all reports of ureteroscopic stone removal in pregnant women. Complications were stratified according to modified Clavien criteria. We then reviewed a contemporary, multi-national meta-analysis of ureteroscopic stone removal (American Urological Association/European Association of Urology 2007 Guideline for the Management of Ureteral Calculi) to define the complication rate in a series of nonpregnant patients. Complication rates in the 2 reviews were compared using Fisher's exact test.Results: A total of 14 reports of ureteroscopic stone removal in pregnant women were identified, representing 108 patients. Nine complications were noted. By Clavien criteria 2 complications were level 1, 6 were level 2 and 1 ...
Pathologies of brain attentional networks

In the last decade, it has been possible to trace the areas of the human brain involved in a variety of cognitive and emotional processes by use of imaging technology. Brain networks that subserve attention have been described. It is now possible to use these networks as model systems for the exploration of symptoms arising from various forms of pathology. For example, we can use the orienting network to understand the effects of lesions that produce neglect of sensory information either by brain damage or by restricting transmitter input. Frontal attention networks may provide similar understanding of pathologies at higher levels of cognition. Evidence relating these networks to attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered.
4H-SiC Oxide Characterization with SIMS using a 13C Tracer

The SiO2/SiC interface is characterized for carbon accumulation using the carbon isotope 13C as a marker layer combined with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). SiC was epitaxially grown using an isotopically enriched propane source and subsequently oxidized to a thickness required to consume the entire 13C layer. Mass specific depth profiles through the oxide film yield residual carbon concentrations at or below 3x1011 cm-2. The depth resolution of SIMS and natural abundance of 13C in the bulk SiC film limit sensitivity but allow us to set a limit of 2.5x1014 cm-2 carbon build up at or near the interface.
Calculation of traffic flow breakdown probability to optimize link throughput

Traffic breakdown phenomenon is prevalent in empirical traffic system observations. Traffic flow breakdown is usually defined as an amount of sudden drop in traffic flow speed when traffic demand exceeds capacity. Modeling and calculating traffic flow breakdown probability remains an important issue when analyzing the stability and reliability of transportation system. The breakdown mechanism is still mysterious to practitioners and researchers in varying manner. Treating breakdown as a random event, this paper use discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) to model traffic state transition path, as a result, a transition probability matrix can be generated from empirical observations. From empirical analysis of breakdown, we found this formulation of breakdown probability follows the Zipf distribution. Therefore, a connection from traffic flow breakdown probability to how many vehicles are occupying a certain freeway segment (e.g. a link) will be established. Following from the results, a quantitative measure of breakdown probability can be obtained to optimize ramp metering rates to achieve optimum system performance measures.
Thrombin generation and fibrin formation under flow on biomimetic tissue factor-rich surfaces

Summary Background Blood flow regulates coagulation and fibrin assembly by controlling the rate of transport of zymogens, enzymes and plasma proteins to and from the site of an injury. Objective The objective of this work was to define the hemodynamic conditions under which fibrin can form under flow on tissue factor (TF)-rich substrates. Methods TF-coated silica beads (~ 800 nm) were patterned into 18–85-μm spots. Normal pooled plasma and factors VIII, IX and XI deficient plasmas were perfused over the beads coated with 0.08, 0.8 and 8 molecules-TF μm−2 at shear rates of 50–1000 s−1. Fibrin deposition and thrombin generation were measured by fluorescence microscopy in a hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device. Results and Conclusions Fibrin deposition was supported on patterned bead spots, but not planar TF substrates at the same surface TF concentration. There was a threshold spot size and a shear rate dependent TF concentration that was necessary to support fibrin polymerization. FVIII and FIX had minor effects on fibrin dynamics at 8 molecules-TF μm−2, but were essential at 0.8 molecules-TF μm−2. The absence of FXI influenced thrombin generation and fibrin deposition at both 0.8 and 8 molecules-TF μm−2. These results show that fibrin deposition requires perturbations in the flow field that protect reactions from dilution by flow under venous and arterial conditions. FVIII and FIX have a modest effect on fibrin deposition at high TF concentrations, but are necessary for fibrin deposition at low TF concentrations. FXI amplifies thrombin generation under flow at both low and high TF concentrations.
Electronic structure of di-tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene-X [(TMTSF) 2 X]: An extended Hückel calculation

Using the extended H\"uckel method, the band structure and Fermi surface for a ditetramethyltetraselenafulvalene-$X [{(\mathrm{TMTSF})}_{2}X]$ sheet have been studied. The band topology near the Fermi level is found to be far from that of a simple single-band picture. Both heavy-and light-mass electrons coexist. The electronic structure shows strong two-dimensional characteristics. The Fermi surface possesses both closed and open orbits for the structural model considered. A density wave along the [11] direction is suggested.
Comments on "An Exact Kinematic Model of the PUMA 600 Manipulator"

Bazerghi et al. present an "exact kinematic model of the PUMA." It appears to be a model of the PUMA's internal software model rather than a model of the PUMA itself. Other sources of information about nominal parameter values in the PUMA's internal software model are compared with actual parameter values obtained from calibrations of two PUMA 560 manipulators. It has been shown that the actual PUMA and its internal model disagree about tool tip position, typically by several millimeters.
The Age of the Gunflint Iron Formation of the Animikie Series in Ontario, Canada

A Rb-Sr isochron age of 1635 ± 24 m.y. was obtained for whole-rock samples from the Gunflint Iron Formation and the Rove Formation in Ontario, using a value of 1.39 × 10 −11 yrs −1 for the decay constant of Rb 87 . This date may be interpreted as being approximately the time of deposition and diagenesis of the Animikie Series in the Thunder Bay district or as the time of low-grade metamorphism. A number of arguments are presented in support of the former alternative interpretation.
Trigeminal Nerve-Blood Vessel Relationship as Revealed by High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Effect on Pain Relief after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia.

OBJECTIVE: Blood vessel (BV) compression of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve [CN] V) is a common cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained during gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in patients with TN may be used to analyze the BV-CN V relationship. Follow-up data from a large series of patients treated with GKRS for TN were used to provide information regarding the BV-CN V relationship and pain relief. METHODS: T1-weighted, axial 1-mm-thick volume acquisition magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained through the area of CN V at its exit from the brainstem after injection of 15 ml of gadolinium. The BV-CN V relationship on the symptomatic side that was treated with GKRS was categorized into the following groups: Group 1 (no close relationship), Group 2 (BV close to CN V but not touching it), and Groups 3 and higher (BV-CN V contact). RESULTS: A total of 181 symptomatic nerves were studied in 179 patients with TN who were treated with GKRS. In BV-CN V Groups 1, 2, and 3 and higher, respectively, were 43 sides (24%), 31 sides (17%), and 107 sides (59%). In 100 sides where there was no surgical procedure before GKRS, 50% or greater pain relief was more likely in those with BV-CN V contact (51 [88%] of 58 sides) than in those without BV-CN V (29 [69%] of 42 sides) (P = 0.024). BV-CN V contact was observed more often in men (55 [69%] of 80 sides) than in women (52 [52%] of 101 sides) (P = 0.023) and more often in patients who had unilateral TN (104 [62%] of 169 patients) rather than bilateral TN (2 [20%] of 10 patients) (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: In patients who have not undergone previous surgery for TN, BV-CN V contact revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging may indicate a particularly favorable response to GKRS.
Effects of Burnishing Pattern on Surface Integrity in Microforming of Biodegradable Bone Implants

When a medical device is implanted into the human body, either hard or soft tissue, the body will respond to the device surface. While the bulk material of the device is often important for structural integrity, the device surface is at the interface with biology function. Major effort has been spent modifying an implant surface in order to control a biological response. Metallic biodegradable Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa) alloys have attracted an increased attention for orthopedic fixation applications. This research focuses on plastic burnishing as a novel micro forming technique that is tune surface integrity to control biodegradation as a biological response. The effects of burnishing pattern as an important process parameter on surface integrity characteristics such as surface roughness, surface topography, microstracture, microhardness, and residual stresses are investigated.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Resonant Waveguide Grating Biosensor for Microarrays

A microarray consists of an indexed series of micron-sized spots of biological specimens for biomolecular interaction analysis. Microarray technologies present miniaturized and multiplexed approaches for sensitive and selective profiling of genes, proteins, and/or small molecules. Concurrent with the increasing applications of microarrays is the continuous efforts in developing novel detection systems for improving sensitivity and reliability in signal detection. This chapter describes the concept and applications of microarray technologies, and the principle of detection with an emphasis of resonant waveguide grating biosensor for microarray-based assays.
Amiloride derivatives enhance insulin release in pancreatic islets from diabetic mice

Amiloride derivatives, commonly used for their diuretic and antihypertensive properties, can also cause a sustained but reversible decrease of intracellular pH (pHi). Using dimethyl amiloride (DMA) on normal rodent pancreatic islets, we previously demonstrated the critical influence of islet pHi on insulin secretion. Nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion (NSIS) requires a specific pHi-range, and is dramatically enhanced by forced intracellular acidification with DMA. Furthermore, DMA can enable certain non-secretagogues to stimulate insulin secretion, and induce time-dependent potentiation (TDP) of insulin release in mouse islets where this function is normally absent. The present study was performed to determine whether pHi-manipulation could correct the secretory defect in islets isolated from mice with type 2 diabetes. Using two mouse models of type 2 diabetes, we compared a) pHi-regulation, and b) NSIS with and without treatment with amiloride derivatives, in islets isolated from diabetic mice and wild type mice. A majority of the islets from the diabetic mice showed a slightly elevated basal pHi and/or poor recovery from acid/base load. DMA treatment produced a significant increase of NSIS in islets from the diabetic models. DMA also enabled glucose to induce TDP in the islets from diabetic mice, albeit to a lesser degree than in normal islets. Islets from diabetic mice show some mis-regulation of intracellular pH, and their secretory capacity is consistently enhanced by DMA/amiloride. Thus, amiloride derivatives show promise as potential therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes.
Usefulness of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets for Treating Type 2 Diabetes

Significant benefits for diabetes prevention and management have been observed with vegetarian and especially vegan diets. This article reviews observational studies and intervention trials on such diets, and discusses their efficacy, nutritional adequacy, acceptability, and sustainability. Research to date has demonstrated that a low-fat, plant-based nutritional approach improves control of weight, glycemia, and cardiovascular risk. These studies have also shown that carefully planned vegan diets can be more nutritious than diets based on more conventional diet guidelines, with an acceptability that is comparable with that of other therapeutic regimens. Current intervention guidelines from professional organizations offer support for this approach. Vegetarian and vegan diets present potential advantages in managing type 2 diabetes that merit the attention of individuals with diabetes and their caregivers.
A review of the literature on multiple symptoms, their predictors, and associated outcomes in patients with advanced cancer

Objective:The findings from several studies suggest that palliative care patients with advanced cancer experience multiple symptoms, and that these symptoms may be related to demographic and clinical factors as well as to patient outcomes. However, no systematic review has summarized the findings from studies that assessed multiple symptoms, predictors, and outcomes in these patients. The purposes of this review, focused on palliative care patients with advanced cancer, are to: 1) describe the relationships among multiple symptoms; 2) describe the predictors of multiple symptoms; and 3) describe the relationships between multiple symptoms and patient outcomes.Method:Comprehensive literature searches were completed using the following databases: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsychInfo. The key words: cancer or advanced cancer or neoplasm, AND palliative care or terminal care or hospice or end-of-life, AND symptoms or multiple symptoms or symptom clusters were combined.Results:Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and examined at least one of our purposes. The majority of these studies were descriptive and used one of four common symptom assessment scales. Fifty-six different signs and symptoms were evaluated across various dimensions (i.e., prevalence, severity, distress, frequency, control). Pain, dyspnea, and nausea were the only symptoms measured in all 22 studies. Relationships among concurrent symptoms were examined in nine studies. Relationships among symptoms and predictors (i.e., demographics, cancer type, healthcare delivery environment) were examined in seven studies. Relationships among symptoms and outcomes (i.e., functional status, psychological status, quality-of-life, survival time) were examined in 14 studies. Significant methodological variation was found among these studies.Significance of results:It is difficult to draw conclusions about the relationships among multiple symptoms, predictors, and outcomes due to the heterogeneity of these studies. Future research is needed to determine which symptoms and symptom dimensions to assess in order to better understand how multiple symptoms relate to each other as well to as predictors and outcomes in palliative care patients with advanced cancer.
Trends in single-wafer processing

It is pointed out that one of the most significant trends in semiconductor manufacturing over the past three decades has been the gradual replacement of batch processing with single-wafer processing. Two other trends, the use of larger silicon wafers (to reduce manufacturing cost) and the necessity for more demanding process-performance specifications (to allow continued device circuit scaling), have driven this move to single-wafer equipment for many processes. It is now technically feasible to produce silicon integrated circuits with 100% single-wafer processing. In the next decade, it may also become economically feasible to do so. >
Tuberculosis Symposium: Emerging Problems and Promise

Between 1985 and 1991, 39,000 cases of tuberculosis occurred in excess of those expected based on previous trends. Immigration from high-prevalence countries, coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and outbreaks in congregative facilities are most responsible for the increase. Coincident with the increase in tuberculosis, outbreaks of multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis have occurred. Clinical and epidemiologic data support nosocomial transmission. MDR tuberculosis occurred late in the course of HIV infection and was refractory to treatment. Compounding the problems of rising incidence and increasing resistance was the sudden recognition of shortages of antituberculous drugs. The problems currently posed by tuberculosis require new approaches to diagnosis and rapid sensitivity testing as well as assuring an adequate supply of licensed drugs and development of new drugs. A number of steps have been taken by governmental agencies to assure that the challenge is met.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients: Causes and treatment modalities

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcers or other nonvariceal causes generally stops spontaneously; if it fails to do so, aggressive management is required. Such measures also are necessary for patients at high risk for rebleeding. Endoscopic therapy achieves hemostasis in >90% of bleeding patients and reduces mortality. After successful hemostasis of the initial bleeding episode, the primary concern becomes the prevention of rebleeding, which occurs in up to 20% of patients. Acid suppression with histamine-2-receptor antagonists has been widely used for many years to prevent recurrent bleeding. However, in acutely bleeding patients, these agents have not been shown to reduce the number of episodes of further bleeding or rebleeding or to reduce the need for transfusions or surgery. Omeprazole, an intravenous proton pump inhibitor, significantly reduced the rate of rebleeding in a recent placebo-controlled trial in which only patients with endoscopic confirmation of successful hemostasis were enrolled. Although this drug does not seem to reduce the need for surgical intervention or to decrease mortality, the trial does indicate the promise of intravenous proton pump inhibitors in reducing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Evidence from additional well-controlled trials is needed to confirm this finding. The use of proton pump inhibitors in this setting also may have a positive economic impact, and a decrease in the percentage of patients who experience rebleeding will eliminate the cost of further management strategies in those cases.
Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature

• Pediatricians are frequently taught that a rapid rise in temperature is responsible for causing a febrile seizure; yet there are no clinical data to support this hypothesis. The few experimental data are based on hyperthermia-induced seizures in animals and are of no clear relevance to naturally occurring fevers and accompanying seizures. Further, the experimental findings are not consistent across studies. By contrast, there is substantial evidence indicating that the height of temperature plays a role in eliciting a febrile seizure. Although febrile seizures are now recognized as benign and, in general, a disorder that should not be treated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy, an understanding of how fevers lead to febrile seizures may be useful for evaluating the appropriateness and efficacy of treatments that involve intermittent therapy given at the time of fever. ( AJDC . 1993;147:1101-1103)
Poly(propylene glycol)‐based ammonium ionenes as segmented ion‐containing block copolymers

The synthesis and characterization of series of segmented poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)-based ammonium ionenes is described. Bromine end-capped oligomers were successfully synthesized using the reaction of 6-bromohexanoyl chloride with 1000, 2000, and 4000 g/mol PPGs. 1 H NMR spectroscopy, titration studies, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry revealed the difunctionality of the oligomers. First, a series of PPG-based ammonium ionenes was synthesized from bromine end-capped PPG oligomers and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine. For this series, a single glass transition temperature (T 9 ) of approximately ―66 °C was observed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed the onset of flow ranged from 20 to 80 °C. In addition, a series of PPG-based ammonium ionenes containing 1,12-dibromododecane was synthesized to increase the aliphatic hard segment (HS) content and enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. For these, two Tg's were observed using DMA; DMA also showed the onset of flow of ionenes containing higher HS content (33 wt %) occurred in the range of 100―140 °C. Tensile analysis for these ionenes demonstrated an average tensile strength at break ranging from 0.2 to 2.4 MPa. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles for these ionenes showed that Bragg distances increase linearly with the molecular weight of PPG soft segment.
Role and significance of source hardening in radiation embrittlement of iron and ferritic steels

Radiation effects on ferritic steels used for pressure vessels and pure iron are investigated to examine the role of the source hardening term responsible for the yield point phenomena and dynamic strain-aging (DSA). The majority of the radiation hardening stems from friction hardening, and the source hardening term decreased with exposure to neutron radiation apparently due to the interaction of the interstitial impurities with radiation produced defects. This decrease in the source hardening suppressed DSA which in turn led to increased ductility with a simultaneous increase in the strength in the temperature range of DSA in the unirradiated condition. While the source hardening term was evaluated from an extrapolation of the work-hardening region to the elastic line for the ferritic steels, the grain-size variation of the yield strength in pure iron allowed a direct evaluation and demonstrated their equivalence. The influence of low-energy (Cd-cutoff) neutrons was studied by comparing radiation effects in specimens with and without Cd-wrapping. Inclusion of thermal neutrons along with fast resulted in a small decrease in the source hardening with a slight increase in the friction hardening which revealed a critical grain size below which exposure to total (fast and thermal) neutron spectrum resulted in a slight reduction in the yield stress compared to the exposure to only fast neutrons. This grain-size effect is shown to be in line with known radiation effects on friction and source hardening terms along with the observation that low-energy neutrons have a non-negligible effect on the mechanical properties of steels. In ferritic steels, however, despite their small grain size, exposure to total neutron spectrum yielded higher strengths than exposure to only fast neutrons. This behavior is consistent with the fact that the source hardening is small in these alloys and the radiation effect is due only to friction stress.
How to design class hierarchies

Colleges and universities must expose their students of computer science to object-oriented programming (OOP) even if the majority of the faculty believes that OOP is not the proper programming paradigm for novices. OOP is an important paradigm of thought, and OOP languages are widely used in commercial settings. Ignoring these facts means to ignore the students' needs.In the past, institutions that introduce functional programming first have explained object-oriented programming via closures and method-oriented dispatch. Put differently, in such courses, students learn to implement objects, message passing, and delegation. They do not learn to design object-oriented programs. Although I firmly believe that our students benefit from such knowledge, I will argue that it is inappropriate as an introduction of object-oriented programming.My talk will instead present a novel approach to the first-year programming curriculum. Specifically, I will explain how a functional semester ideally prepares students for the true essence of object-oriented programming according to Alan Kay: the systematic construction of small modules of code and the construction of programs without assignment statements. Experience shows that these courses prepare students better for upper-level courses than a year of plain object-oriented programming. Initial reports from our students' co-op employers appear to confirm the experiences of our upper-level instructors.
An advanced ultrasonic system for BWR vessel weld inspection

Abstract General Electric have developed a new ultrasonic imaging system for nuclear applications during the past four years. This system, the GERIS 2000, includes a novel ID manipulator and an acquisition system featuring full radio-frequency (RF) waveform recording of all data. The GERIS 2000 examines nozzles from their outside surfaces, and can examine seam welds from either the ID or the OD. During 1992, two European reactor pressure vessels were inspected from the ID surface. Currently, in the United States, examinations are in process on a vessel from the ID at one nuclear plant, and two nozzles from the OD at another plant.
Collaborative Innovation Tools

Importance of Collaboration: Practical and Scientific We live in an increasingly interconnected world. In reflection of this trend, the field of human-computer interaction has shifted focus from individuals to teams and large organizations [35]. From a scientific perspective, we learn most about the object of study during transitions. Thus, a learning test is generally more diagnostic of brain function than a test of stored knowledge; a glucose tolerance test tells us more than a resting blood sugar level; a stress test reveals more about the heart than does resting heart rate. Similarly, this century’s rapid transitions should allow us to learn a great deal about collective human behavior. At the same time, we face enormous planetary problems including global fouling of the ecosphere, inequity in economic opportunity, increased chances for catastrophic disease, and international terrorism. These problems arose with current approaches and limitations to collaboration and will only be solved via breakthroughs in collaboration.
Metallomics of two microorganisms relevant to heavy metal bioremediation reveal fundamental differences in metal assimilation and utilization

Although as many as half of all proteins are thought to require a metal cofactor, the metalloproteomes of microorganisms remain relatively unexplored. Microorganisms from different environments are likely to vary greatly in the metals that they assimilate, not just among the metals with well-characterized roles but also those lacking any known function. Herein we investigated the metal utilization of two microorganisms that were isolated from very similar environments and are of interest because of potential roles in the immobilization of heavy metals, such as uranium and chromium. The metals assimilated and their concentrations in the cytoplasm of Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough (DvH) and Enterobacter cloacae strain Hanford (EcH) varied dramatically, with a larger number of metals present in Enterobacter. For example, a total of 9 and 19 metals were assimilated into their cytoplasmic fractions, respectively, and DvH did not assimilate significant amounts of zinc or copper whereas EcH assimilated both. However, bioinformatic analysis of their genome sequences revealed a comparable number of predicted metalloproteins, 813 in DvH and 953 in EcH. These allowed some rationalization of the types of metal assimilated in some cases (Fe, Cu, Mo, W, V) but not in others (Zn, Nd, Ce, Pr, Dy, Hf and Th). It was also shown that U binds an unknown soluble protein in EcH but this incorporation was the result of extracellular U binding to cytoplasmic components after cell lysis.
The Fundamental Attribution Error in Detecting Deception: The Boy-Who-Cried-Wolf Effect:

Most people are unable to detect accurately when others are lying. Many explanations for this inability have been suggested but the cognitive heuristics involved in lie detection have received little attention. The present study offers evidence from two experiments, based on two different groups of observers, judging two different kinds of lies, presented in two different testing situations, that the fundamental attribution error significantly undermines the ability to detect honesty and deception accurately. Trait judgments of trustworthiness were highly correlated with state judgments of truthfulness, leading, as predicted, to positive correlations with honest detection accuracy and negative correlations with deception detection accuracy. More accurate lie detectors were significantly more likely than less accurate lie detectors to separate state and trait judgments of honesty. The effect of other biases, such as the halo effect and the truthfulness bias, also are examined. Implications for future resea...
Evolution and Value

Author(s): Ayala, FJ | Abstract: Values are a universal attribute of humankind. All humans have moral values; that is, they accept standards according to which their conduct is judged right or wrong, good or evil. People have also other sorts of values: economic, aesthetic, gastronomic, and so on. Where do moral values come from? Some moral values are widespread and perhaps universal, like not to kill, not to steal, and to honor one’s parents. But the moral values by which people judge their behavior vary at present from culture to culture and have changed in important ways through historical times. Different ethnic groups, different nationalities, different tribes, and even different individuals exhibit different moral values and different norms by which they evaluate their actions. Think of the difference between a modern American and an Islamic fundamentalist with respect to the rights of women, or between most modern Americans and the official doctrine of the current Russian government concerning homosexuality.2 Darwin expressed horror at the burning of widows by Hindus and thought absurd the proscription of Muslim women to expose their faces.
Synthesis and evaluation of N-aryl pyrrolidinones as novel anti-HIV-1 agents. Part 1

The synthesis and preliminary structure-activity relationship of a series of pyrrolidinones are described. These pyrrolidinones have been characterized as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) which are highly potent against wild-type and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1).
Downward water flow through sloping layers in the vadose zone: analytical solutions for diversions

Abstract Steady downward water flow through a vadose zone of sloping strata of different materials is studied. The resulting streamlines are mostly vertical but are deflected at the strata interfaces depending on the related unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions and the flow rate. Updip or downdip deflection can occur for either fine over coarse or coarse over fine material. This phenomenon is of particular interest as related to flow regimes and the diversion capacity around buried wastes, and in the engineering design of capillary barriers. Assuming that the pressure head distribution is only a function of the normal distance from the sloping interface, which allows a one-dimensional analysis, we calculated pressure profiles, streamlines and deflection distances. The calculations confirm that a considerable downdip deflection can occur for low flow rates and a finer-textured soil overlying a coarser material. Updip deflections are most likely to be significant for high flow velocities, which occur for artificial recharge or humid climates.
Knowledge representation for product design using Techspecs Concept Ontology

Sharing and reusing product design information can help reduce cost and time when developing new products and facilitate good product family design. An appropriate representation scheme for components and products is important to share and reuse this information effectively. The objective in this research is to develop a method for representing components and products using an ontology based on the Techspecs Concept Ontology (TCO), which consists of functionality, assembly, and product technical specifications. We use a device ontology for representing the behavior, functionality, and relationships of products and their components. This concept enables better understanding of the representation of the products and components and improves the process of searching for components satisfying customer needs and functional requirements. We demonstrate TCO development using a case study involving a family of power tools. Future work involving the use of TCO to capture semantics associated with components and products to represent knowledge for use with agents is also discussed.
Mid-span dispersion compensation via optical phase conjugation in silicon waveguides

Using a silicon waveguide based optical phase conjungator, mid-span dispersion compensation has been demonstrated by transmitting wavelength multiplexed 4×10 Gb/s data over 320 km standard fiber with <; 0.3 dB power penalty at bit error rate of 10-9.
A CMOS continuous-time biquadratic filter module generator

A CMOS continuous-time biquadratic filter module generator is described. For a selective active RC filter circuit, this computer-aided design tool takes as input the biquadratic filter function coefficients and some control variables, and select component values by equating transfer function coefficients. The authors summarize the procedure used in this CMOS continuous-time filter module generator, and discuss some of the design issues and tradeoffs. Continuous-time filters of any order may be created by cascading first-order and biquadratic filter sections. An example illustrates the generator's capabilities. >
HOMING IN ON THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF BORON ESSENTIALITY USING DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY, GENE ARRAYS, AND NORTHERN BLOTS

The first unambiguous demonstration of boron essentiality in animals was the discovery that it stimulated embryonic growth in trout (Ooncorhynchus mykiss) (Eckhert, 1998). In subsequent studies using zebrafish (Danio rerio) we found that boron was essential for both completing the cleavage stage of embryonic development (Rowe and Eckhert, 1998, 1999) and preventing dystrophy of mature photoreceptors (Eckhert, 1999). Based on these encouraging observations we initiated a search for boron responsive eukaryote genes. For this we prepared boron deficient yeast (Saccharromyces cerevisae) for genetic screening.
Structuring Health in Colorectal Cancer Screening Conversations: An Analysis of Intersecting Activity Systems

This study used structurating activity theory to analyze 21 conversations between genetic counselors and individuals at increased risk for familial colorectal cancer. The qualitative analysis revealed ways elements of family, primary health care, cancer prevention and treatment, and other systems emerged in intervention conversations as shaping colorectal cancer screening attitudes and behaviors. Results indicate that family stories, norms, and roles are resources for enacting health practices in families and that the authority of health care providers is a resource for making screening decisions. Conclusions include practical implications for using findings in clinical applications as well as future research directions to build on this exploratory study.
Review Essay- Property Outlaws: How Squatters, Pirates, and Protesters Improve the Law of Ownership

This review essay of property Outlaws: How squatters, Pirates, and Protesters Improve the law og Ownership by Eduardo Moises Penalver and Sonia K. Katyal, 2 The IP Law Book Review103 (2012) discusses and critiques the major themes of the book.