cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of redox hopping in metal–organic framework electrocatalysis

The dominant charge transfer mechanism in a vast number of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is that of redox hopping, a process best explained through the motion of electrons via self-exchange reactions between redox centers coupled to the motion of counter-balancing ions. Mechanistic studies of redox hopping transport in MOFs reveal characteristics that recall pioneering studies in linear redox polymers. When MOFs are employed as electrocatalysts, consideration must be given to both the catalytic properties – turn-over frequency (TOF) and energetic requirements (overpotential, TON) – and the charge transport properties – rate of charge hopping, measured via an apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp). Herein, we provide a mathematical framework to provide constraints to MOF catalyst development by relating Dapp, TOF, and film thickness in the context of providing 10 mA cm−2 of catalytic current. Lastly with the mechanistic studies discussed as a foundation, design rules for future MOF electrocatalysts are provided and the challenges to the community to optimize MOF charge transport are laid out.
Social Network Analysis (SNA) Applications in Evaluating MPA Classes

This paper examines how social network analysis (SNA) methods and tools can be used to evaluate instruction and teaching methods in an MPA program. With a unique way of collecting and analyzing dat...
Mechanisms of allograft and xenograft rejection: possibilities for the future

Allografts are rejected primarily by T lymphocytes. The overall evidence suggests that both CD4+ helper T cells (Th) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc) participate in the rejection response. When donor and recipient differ for the major histocompatibility complex in humans, termed HLA, the CD4+ cells respond to HLA class II antigens whereas the CD8+ cells respond to HLA class I antigens. These two cell populations can collaborate in the response. In addition, there can be a response without the CD4+ Th in that CD8+ Tc can, in some cases, make their own helper factors, a cell that is referred to as a helper cell independent cytotoxic T cell. In order to activate the T cell response, the recipient’s T cells must recognize not only the foreign antigen on the antigen presenting cells (APC) of the donor, but also other ligands on those APC. One of the most important of these is the interaction of B7 with CD28. These provide second, or co-stimulatory signals to the responding T cell. Without these, recognition of antigen alone results in anergy of the T cell, which may, in fact, create a state of non- responsiveness that is the basis of one form of tolerance. The ultimate hope for allotransplantation is to get specific tolerance, which can be of one or both of two types.
A Retrospective Look at Emotions

This chapter is a summary and reconsideration of three of my study areas that focus on or at least involve emotions. The first concerns labeling theory. I didn’t realize then that the emotion of shame was an important component. The second area is my version of the theory of catharsis, an approach that has been mistakenly cast aside. The last aspect considers the pride-shame axis as a key part of a major social system, my current work. Theories by C. H. Cooley and Erving Goffman imply that shame, particularly, is all but ubiquitous in modern societies, yet usually invisible. My current ideas suggest that this conjecture may be somewhat overstated, if only slightly. However, empirical studies by Norbert Elias and by Helen Lewis imply support for both ubiquity and invisibility. Both the Elias/Lewis conjecture on hiding shame and Billig’s theory of repression are supported by my Ngram study of historical changes in frequency of shame terms in five languages. Like other emotions, such as fear, shame can be recursive, acting back on itself (shame about shame). Limitless recursion of shame may explain extreme cases of silence, and of shame/anger, violence. These propositions need further testing. For one thing, they may have implications not only for social science, but for society as a whole.
Partnering with Business: SALT Opportunities in Digital Sales

In this viewpoint, I evaluate the potential for state and local governments to raise revenue in a post-Quill world. I then examine dynamic sales and how they work, assess the state of current technology affecting online sales, and propose dynamically taxing electronic transactions (including retail sales) as the economy shifts toward a cashless society. This viewpoint has heightened relevance for state and local taxing authorities now that the Supreme Court has overruled Quill in Wayfair (June 21, 2018).
The mediating role of the therapeutic alliance in understanding early discontinuance.

Objective: The objective of this study was to test whether the therapeutic alliance mediated the relationship between previously identified predictors of premature termination and dropout during th...
Positive and Negative Helium Cluster Ions Formed From Supercritical Expansions

When helium gas expands through a 5 μm nozzle into a vacuum under conditions for which the stagnation entropy is lower than the critical point entropy, cluster formation proceeds by liquid fragmentation rather than vapor condensation. When these clusters are bombarded by 35 eV electrons, predominantly large positive cluster ions are produced. Their size, determined by combining energy analysis with velocity measurements, ranges from less than 103 atoms to more than 106. The fall-off at large masses is approximately exponential. When the electron energy is reduced to 2 ± 2 eV, it is no longer possible to produce positive cluster ions, but when the stagnation entropy drops below a threshold of S0 ≈ 5.5 kJ/kg·K a strong negative cluster ion signal appears. In contrast to positive clusters, no small negative clusters are found: we set a lower bound on their size of about 5×105 atoms. We also find that their lifetime in a field of 103 V/cm exceeds 10−4 sec. While their minimum size is consistent with a model in which an electron is trapped on the surface by the polarization potential, the observed stability in a field argues against it. We suggest instead that the structure may be an electron metastably trapped in a bubble state inside the droplet.
Radiation forces constrain the FRB mechanism

We provide constraints on fast radio burst (FRB) models by careful considerations of radiation forces associated with these powerful transients. We find that the induced Compton scatterings of the coherent radiation by electrons/positrons accelerate particles to very large Lorentz factors (LFs) in and around the source of this radiation. This severely restricts those models for FRBs that invoke relativistic shocks and maser-type instabilities at distances less than about 10¹³ cm of the neutron star. Radiation travelling upstream, in these models, forces particles to move away from the shock with an LF larger than the LF of the shock front. This suspends the photon generation process after it has been operating for less than ∼0.1 ms (observer frame duration). We show that masers operating in shocks at distances larger than 10¹³ cm cannot simultaneously account for the burst duration of 1 ms or more and the observed ∼GHz frequencies of FRBs without requiring an excessive energy budget (>10⁴⁶ erg); the energy is not calculated by imposing any efficiency consideration, or other details, for the maser mechanism, but is entirely the result of ensuring that particle acceleration by induced Compton forces upstream of the shock front does not choke off the maser process. For the source to operate more or less continuously for a few ms, it should be embedded in a strong magnetic field – cyclotron frequency ≫ wave frequency – so that radiation forces do not disperse the plasma and shut off the engine.
ECMarker: interpretable machine learning model identifies gene expression biomarkers predicting clinical outcomes and reveals molecular mechanisms of human disease in early stages.

MOTIVATION Gene expression and regulation, a key molecular mechanism driving human disease development, remains elusive, especially at early stages. Integrating the increasing amount of population-level genomic data and understanding gene regulatory mechanisms in disease development are still challenging. Machine learning has emerged to solve this, but many machine learning methods were typically limited to building an accurate prediction model as a 'black box', barely providing biological and clinical interpretability from the box. RESULTS To address these challenges, we developed an interpretable and scalable machine learning model, ECMarker, to predict gene expression biomarkers for disease phenotypes and simultaneously reveal underlying regulatory mechanisms. Particularly, ECMarker is built on the integration of semi- and discriminative-restricted Boltzmann machines, a neural network model for classification allowing lateral connections at the input gene layer. This interpretable model is scalable without needing any prior feature selection and enables directly modeling and prioritizing genes and revealing potential gene networks (from lateral connections) for the phenotypes. With application to the gene expression data of non-small-cell lung cancer patients, we found that ECMarker not only achieved a relatively high accuracy for predicting cancer stages but also identified the biomarker genes and gene networks implying the regulatory mechanisms in the lung cancer development. In addition, ECMarker demonstrates clinical interpretability as its prioritized biomarker genes can predict survival rates of early lung cancer patients (P-value < 0.005). Finally, we identified a number of drugs currently in clinical use for late stages or other cancers with effects on these early lung cancer biomarkers, suggesting potential novel candidates on early cancer medicine. AVAILABILITYAND IMPLEMENTATION ECMarker is open source as a general-purpose tool at https://github.com/daifengwanglab/ECMarker. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Bikeshare and safety: Risk assessment and management

Abstract There has been growth in bikeshare programs in cities across the world. While the benefits of shared bicycle use in terms of increased mobility, accessibility, and urban environmental quality are understood, the impacts of increased bicycling on traffic safety need further assessment and management. Based on observational studies in one of the nation’s most extensive and successful bikeshare programs (Honolulu, Hawaii), helmet use and behaviors of bikeshare users and other bicylists are compared. A total of 5431 bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles, and other two-wheeled equipment were observed in 25 locations across the city. The locations were selected with a stratified sampling approach. Two logistic regression models are constructed to understand the relationships between helmet use, traffic infractions, bicyclist characteristics, location, roadway, and environmental factors. Bikeshare users (OR = 0.155), visitors (OR = 0.551), females (OR = 0.764), and those wearing earphones (OR = 0.369) are less likely to use helmets than other groups. Peak hour (OR = 1.655) and weekday bicyclists (OR = 1.604) and those cycling on regular road lanes (OR = 2.576) are more likely to use helmets. Bikeshare riders (OR = 1.785) are also more likely than other bicyclists to commit traffic violations. In addition to raising awareness as to traffic safety risks associated with the growth of biking and bikeshare, recommendations for enforcement, education, engineering, and management of safety risks are provided. There is a need to increase helmet use and increase the safety of all cyclists.
Impact of Pre-visit Contextual Data Collection on Patient-Physician Communication and Patient Activation: a Randomized Trial

Patient contextual data (PCD) are often missing from electronic health records, limiting the opportunity to incorporate preferences and life circumstances into care. Engaging patients through tools that collect and summarize such data may improve communication and patient activation. However, differential tool adoption by race might widen health care disparities. Determine if a digital tool designed to collect and present PCD improves communication and patient activation; secondarily, evaluate if use impacts outcomes by race. A pragmatic, two-armed, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted during 2019 in a primary care setting. The PCD tool (PatientWisdom) invited patients to identify preferences, values, goals, and barriers to care. Patients were randomized to a standard pre-visit email or facilitated enrollment with dedicated outreach to encourage use of the tool. Outcomes of interest were post-visit patient communication and patient activation measured by the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) and Patient Activation Measure (PAM), respectively. Outcomes were evaluated using treatment-on-the-treated (TOT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) principles. A total of 301 patients were enrolled. Facilitated enrollment resulted in a five-fold increase in uptake of the PCD tool. TOT analysis indicated that the PCD tool was associated with notable increases in specific CAT items rated as excellent: “treated me with respect” (+ 13 percentage points; p = 0.04), “showed interest in my ideas” (+ 14 percentage points; p = 0.03), “showed care and concern” (+ 16 percentage points; p = 0.02), and “spent about the right amount of time with me” (+ 11 percentage points; p = 0.05). There were no significant pre/post-visit differences in PAM scores between arms (− 4.41 percentage points; p = 0.58). ITT results were similar. We saw no evidence of the treatment effect varying by race in ITT or TOT analyses. The inclusion of PCD enhanced essential aspects of patient-provider communication but did not affect patient activation. Outcomes did not differ by race. Clincaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03766841
On habit and habitat

Scientific theories based on mathematical models are frequently used in sciences to reveal natural behaviour of systems and eventually to be able in predicting such behaviour once the system's para...
Determination of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products in treated-wastewater irrigated soil and corn.

In many parts of the world, clean water has become increasingly scarce. Irrigation of agricultural land with treated wastewater is commonly used in response to water shortages but there is concern about the environmental fate and transport of contaminants present in the irrigation wastewater. This study aimed to examine the presence of wastewater sourced contaminants in soil and field grown corn (Zea mays) crops spray irrigated with treated wastewater. Soil, corn grain, leaves, and roots were sampled and tested from a long-term wastewater irrigation site as well as a non-irrigated control site in close geographic proximity. Samples were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) and both targeted and non-targeted analyses were conducted to determine chemical differences between the wastewater irrigated and control samples. Target compounds detected and quantified in the samples include herbicides, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Non-targeted analysis showed chemical differences between each the wastewater irrigated and control samples. Furthermore, new chloro-dimethyl-benzotriazole compounds, which are suspected to be transformation products created by the chlorine disinfection process of the wastewater treatment plant, were tentatively identified in the wastewater effluent. Twenty of these new benzotriazoles were detected and semi-quantified in the wastewater irrigated soil samples at a maximum concentration of 472 ng/g. Eight of the most abundant benzotriazoles were also detected in the corn roots at concentrations up to 56 ng/g.
Initial Exploration of STEReO (Scalable Traffic management for Emergency Response Operations) System User Requirements for Safe Integration of Small UAS

Environment-based disasters, such as wildfire, can cause substantial loss of life and loss of property and are costing billions of dollars annually. Existing disaster response operations are complex, with many challenges. The aim of the Scalable Traffic management for Emergency Response Operations (STEReO) system is to demonstrate the application of technologies that will enable small, low-altitude Unmanned Aerial System operations to safely take place in the airspace above a disaster event, increasing the effectiveness of the response. As a first step, the project aims to build a small prototype system with a display to demonstrate and test the core functions of this system, which are based on user needs and requirements that were gathered from experts in the field during discussions and walkthroughs.
Conformational Studies on Modified Proteins and Peptides III. CONFORMATION OF PEPTIDES OBTAINED BY CLEAVAGE OF MYOGLOBIN AT ARGININE PEPTIDE BONDS

Abstract Cleavage of sperm whale myoglobin at arginine peptide bonds has been accomplished by tryptic hydrolysis of the protein after blocking the amino groups reversibly with citraconic anhydride. Peptides comprising the sequences 1 to 31, 46 to 118, and 119 to 139 were isolated and studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. In the free state, each peptide was much less helical than expected from its conformation in the intact protein. Thus Peptide 1–31 which, in the native protein, has 30 out of 31 residues in a helical configuration (i.e. 97% helical) was only 33% helical (from b0 values) in the free state. Helicity increased appreciably (to 54%) in 62% methanol. The longer Peptide 46–118, which is 62% helical in the intact protein, was 38% helical in the free state and helicity of this peptide was increased to about 50% in 62% methanol. This is a long peptide with an elaborate mode of folding which makes the contribution of long range interactions quite feasible. Peptide 119–139 occupies a region in the native protein which is 71% helical. However, its helical content in the free state (15%) was quite low, mainly due to minimal contribution of long range interactions and to some loss of contribution of short range interactions since it carries only a portion of a helix (helix H). Although helicity of this peptide increased (to 31%) in 62% methanol, it was still much lower than the corresponding value for the other two peptides in the same solvent. These studies show that the conformation of each of these peptides is less helical in the free form than expected from its location and configuration within the intact protein. Helicity increases as the probability of stabilization of folding by long range interactions improves. Also, the results indicate that two separated fragments of a helix will not be able to achieve a high degree of helicity. Furthermore, proteins may not start to assume native conformation during biosynthesis until virtually or entirely completed, depending on the extent of contribution to long range interactions (in the complete protein) of the yet unsynthesized portion.
Impact of Adoption of Long-Term Performance Plans on Financial Analysts' Long-Term Forecasts

Prior research demonstrates that firms adopting long-term performance plans experience increased capital investment, earnings, and risk in the post-adoption period. However, these results are subject to distortions that may result from exogenous factors over the long time period examined. To avoid these potential distortions we examine financial analysts' forecasts in the periods immediately preceding and following the adoption of the performance plan. We find that projected long-term capital expenditures per share, earnings per share and cash flow per share are revised upward in the post-adoption period. These results are consistent with the premise that the adoption of long-term performance plans is expected to favorably affect managers' decisions. In addition, we find that the revisions are primarily attributable to firms that were performing poorly in the period prior to plan adoption and in greatest need of change. This finding has not been documented in previous studies.
A wireless chemical sensing scheme using ultrasonic imaging of microbubble embeded hydrogel

In this paper, we demonstrate a wireless chemical sensing scheme using ultrasonic imaging of a microbubble-functionalized hydrogel, which we call “bubblegel.” By incorporating oxygen microbubbles into a hydrogel, its volume transition, which is responsive to its chemical microenvironment, can be wirelessly monitored by ultrasonic imaging; measuring volume directly or measuring the reflected acoustic intensity from the surface of the bubblegel. Here a bubblegel fabricated with pH-sensitive poly (methacrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogel is investigated in vitro. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 19.49 gray-scale intensity/pH and a resolution of 0.25 pH unit in the linear response region (between pH 4 and 6). It is expected that the concept can be adapted to hydrogels sensitive to other stimuli (e.g., glucose, biomarkers, etc.).
Toward a Model of Social Course in Chronic Illness: The Example of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Retrospective, narrative accounts of illness experience in chronic fatigue syndrome provide the empirical basis for a preliminary conceptual model of social course in chronic illness. Qualities of distress interact with culturally specific expectations for social life and personal conduct to trigger microsocial processes of marginalization: role constriction, delegitimation, impoverishment, and social isolation. Marginalizing processes are opposed by acts of resistance initiated by ill individuals and directed toward integration in social worlds. Social distance from the perceived centers of CFS sufferers' interpersonal worlds expands and contracts with the changing predominance of marginalizing and resisting influences over time. Social course thus consists of successive, bi-directional movements along a ‘continuum of marginality’ by persons living lives with chronic illness.
Learning From Bad Leadership: MBA Students Reflect on Bad Leadership and Lessons Learned

An analysis of MBA students’ beliefs regarding learning from bad leadership was conducted. MBA students were surveyed to discover how they recognize bad leadership, what they have learned from the bad leadership they have observed, and how they would lead as a result. Findings revealed that bad leadership has significant impact on the students’ attitudes and behaviors. Students had a great deal to say about how bad leadership has negatively affected them, their coworkers, and their organization as a whole. Students appeared to be more motivated towards achieving positive outcomes when leaders led by example rather than by command and control techniques. Bad leadership had a high negative impact on individual decision-making and performance as well as on feelings of well-being. Finally, analysis of the data revealed that bad leadership causes an erosion of trust, resulting in decreased contributions to the collective work effort. Following the analysis are implications of the findings and recommendations for further study.
Highly efficient pentacene/C60 organic solar cells

We report on highly efficient organic solar cells based on polycrystalline thin films of pentacene, a material that has been widely investigated for p-type transport layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFET). The spectral measurement of external quantum efficiencies (EQE) shows that these high efficiencies are due to the efficient light-harvesting occurring throughout the visible spectrum. In particular, the peak EQE of 69% has been measured at a wavelength of 668 nm where most of the excitons are generated inside the pentacene layer. This suggests that the polycrystalline nature of pentacene films leading to high field-effect mobilities in OFET also results in relatively large exciton diffusion lengths which are desired in multilayer organic solar cells. In an effort to understand these devices, we model the external quantum efficiencies as a function of wavelength based on the exciton diffusion model using the complex indices ( n, k ) of participating materials. This study provides information on the correlation of optical properties of photoactive materials to the spectral responses and allows one to estimate exciton diffusion lengths. Based on this information, we discuss the optimization of layer structures that can lead to maximization of the photocurrent under standard illumination condition.
Identification of the Cloned Gene for the Murine Transplantation Antigen H-2Kb by Hybridization with Synthetic Oligonucleotides

Abstract The H-2Kb gene is a member of the large major histocompatibility complex class I gene family. Since many members of this family cross-hybridize with class I cDNA probes, the cloned H-2Kb gene was identified by hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. This clone was definitively shown to encode the H-2Kb polypeptide by partial DNA sequencing and by serological and tryptic peptide analyses of the expressed product.
Software product line engineering of space flight software

This paper presents a practical solution to a real-life industrial problem in the unmanned space flight software (FSW) domain using software product lines and software architectural design patterns. In the FSW domain, there exists a significant amount of variability in the required capabilities. For example, some FSW have a significant amount of hardware to control and operate in a nearly autonomous fashion. In contrast, other FSW have a small amount of hardware to control and rely heavily of commanding from the ground station to operate the spacecraft. The underlying architecture and component interactions needed for the different FSWs are quite different. This amount of architectural variability makes it difficult to develop a SPL architecture that covers the all possible variability in the FSW domain. Therefore, this paper presents a practical solution to this real world problem that leverages software product line concepts and software architectural design patterns.
Possibility for breaking the unity efficiency barrier: Semiconductor laser optically pumped by an integrated light emitting diode

Experimental results and calculations are presented demonstrating a semiconductor laser integrated with a spontaneous light emitting diode optical pump that can also act as a heat pump. Simulation shows this device could break unity efficiency.
Impact of dehydration on a full body resistance exercise protocol

This study examined effects of dehydration on a full body resistance exercise workout. Ten males completed two trials: heat exposed (with 100% fluid replacement) (HE) and dehydration (approximately 3% body mass loss with no fluid replacement) (DEHY) achieved via hot water bath (approximately 39 degrees C). Following HE and DEHY, participants performed three sets to failure (using predetermined 12 repetition maximum) of bench press, lat pull down, overhead press, barbell curl, triceps press, and leg press with a 2-min recovery between each set and 2 min between exercises. A paired t test showed total repetitions (all sets combined) were significantly lower for DEHY: (144.1 +/- 26.6 repetitions) versus HE: (169.4 +/- 29.1 repetitions). ANOVAs showed significantly lower repetitions (approximately 1-2 repetitions on average) per exercise for DEHY versus HE (all exercises). Pre-set rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and pre-set heart rate (HR) were significantly higher [approximately 0.6-1.1 units on average in triceps press, leg press, and approached significance in lat pull down (P = 0.14) and approximately 6-13 b min(-1) on average in bench press, lat pull down, triceps press, and approached significance for overhead press (P = 0.10)] in DEHY versus HE. Session RPE difference approached significance (DEHY: 8.6 +/- 1.9, HE: 7.4 +/- 2.3) (P = 0.12). Recovery HR was significantly higher for DEHY (116 +/- 15 b min(-1)) versus HE (105 +/- 13 b min(-1)). Dehydration (approximately 3%) impaired resistance exercise performance, decreased repetitions, increased perceived exertion, and hindered HR recovery. Results highlight the importance of adequate hydration during full body resistance exercise sessions.
Troubling Our Heads about Ichabod: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Classic American Literature, and the Sexual Politics of Homosocial Brotherhood

Troubling Our Heads About Ichabod: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Classic American Literature, and the Sexual Politics of Homosocial Brotherhood offers a close reading of Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" that considers its treatment of the figure of the solitary Ichabod in light of recent treatments of the story as representative of powerful bonds between men. This essay considers Irving's construction of Woman as an uncannily mysterious force that traps Ichabod Crane into compulsory heterosexuality; it also considers the ways in which the story pits isolate, inviolate manhood against fraternity. In addition, the recent film version of Irving's story and two other film adaptations of classic American literature are treated in order to broaden and support the central claim that a highly diversified and ongoing fetishization of fraternity dominates American thought. Given the commonplace nature of the critical position that reproductive heterosexualityNwhen considered as, in Michael Warner's view, " repronarrative"Nis a compulsory demand of capitalist citizenship, one might also imagine that, with their widely documented sheer social pervasiveness, same-sex intimacies would now be taken as a given in studies of the nineteenth century. Surprisingly, however, a diverse array of critics, commentators, and theorists continue to treat nineteenth century (and current forms of) homosociality as transgressive. Despite the multiple critiques from feminist and queer scholars, fraternalist fantasies continue to proliferate not only in treatments of nineteenth century American literature but also in certain men's studies and queer theory texts, which would otherwise certainly seem like unlikely allies. Hollywood film adaptations of classic American literature also reinforce fraternalist biases. This essay primarily critiques the willingness in literary criticism, men's studies, queer theory, and mainstream film to celebrate homoaffectional bonds at the expense of ignoring the evidence of the compulsory nature of homosocial ties, the recurring literary interest in treating the homosocial as a field of competitive cruelty, and the abject status of the isolate outsider who has not been assimilated into male collectives.
Magnetic and structural characteristics of PrCo13−xSix alloys and their nitrides

Abstract PrCo 13− x Si x alloys with 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.5 have been synthesized and studied at temperatures from 1 0 to 1273 K and in fields up to 17 kOe. The structure and magnetic properties of the alloys vary significantly with changes in Si content x . In the alloys with x = 0, TMA and XRD studies show the phases present to be Pr 2 Co 17 and Co. For x = 1.5 or 2.0, the alloys are essentially single-phase fcc materials (NaZn 13 structure type). At larger values of x the ternary alloy formed in a bct structure (Ce 2 Ni 17 Si 9 structure type). Replacement of Co by Si in PrCo 13 results in a drop in T C from 1318 K (for LaCo 13 ) to ∼ 900 K for fcc Pr(Co,Si) 13 alloy and to ∼ 20 K for bct Pr(Co,Si) 13 alloys. There is also a large drop in magnetization from 104.6 emu/g for the alloy with x = 1.5 to 19.2 emu/g for the alloys with x = 4.0. A bct alloy ( x = 3.5) showed negligible magnetic anisotropy. Si doping sharply reduces the Co moment. Si doping also reduces the Pr moment to 1.5μ B (fcc alloys) and to 1.8μ B (bct alloys). Nitrogenation fails to improve Pr(Co,Si) 13 alloys as permanent magnet materials.
Hollow fiber reverse osmosis: experiments and analysis of radial flow systems

The performance of a hollow fiber reverse osmosis system was determined experimentally by measuring the fraction of feed recovered as product, φ, and the concentration reduction ratio, θp. A predictive model for these two quantities was developed which yields results that agree with the experimental data very well for applied pressures of 300–450 psig., feed rates from 75 to 525 cc/sec and feed concentrations up to 15000 ppm of sodium chloride. The concept of distributed sinks in a continuum is used for the shell side, and a diffusion model is used to describe solute transport across the fiber wall. The principal assumptions made are negligible concentration polarization, small radial pressure drop in the shell and small solute transport, compared with solvent transport, through the fiber. Simple closed form expressions for φ and θp, given by eqns (43a) and (51), were obtained which are accurate over the range of experimental conditions employed.
Energy-efficient encoding techniques for off-chip data buses

Reducing the power consumption of computing devices has gained a lot of attention recently. Many research works have focused on reducing power consumption in the off-chip buses as they consume a significant amount of total power. Since the bus power consumption is proportional to the switching activity, reducing the bus switching is an effective way to reduce bus power. While numerous techniques exist for reducing bus power in address buses, only a handful of techniques have been proposed for data-bus power reduction, where frequent value encoding (FVE) is the best existing scheme to reduce the transition activity on the data buses.In this article, we propose improved frequent value data bus-encoding techniques aimed at reducing more switching activity and, hence, power consumption. We propose three new schemes and five new variations to exploit bit-wise temporal and spatial locality in the data-bus values. Our techniques just use one external control signal and capture bit-wise locality to efficiently encode data values. For all the embedded and SPEC applications we tested, the overall average switching reduction is 53p over unencoded data and 10p more than the conventional FVE scheme.
The design of the RF cavity for the heavy ion storage ring for atomic physics

Abstract An rf cavity and drive system have been designed for the proposed heavy ion storage ring for atomic physics (HISTRAP) at Oak Ridge. A peak accelerating voltage of 2.5 kV per turn is required with a continuous tuning range from 200 kHz through 2.7 MHz. A single-gap, half-wave resonant configuration is used with biased ferrite tuning. The cavity structure is completely outside of the beam line/vacuum enclosure except for a single rf window that serves as an accelerating gap. Physical separation of the cavity and beam line permits in situ vacuum baking of the beam line components at 300°C. A prototype cavity was designed, built, and tested [S.W. Mosko et al., Proc. 1989 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conf., p. 193]. Development of frequency synthesizer and tuner control circuitry is under way.
Worldwide Historical Estimates of Leaf Area Index, 1932-2000

Approximately 1000 published estimates of leaf area index (LAI) from nearly 400 unique field sites, covering the period 1932-2000, have been compiled into a single data set. LA1 is a key parameter for global and regional models of biosphere/atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other materials. It also plays an integral role in determining the energy balance of the land surface. This data set provides a benchmark of typical values and ranges of LA1 for a variety of biomes and land cover types, in support of model development and validation of satellite-derived remote sensing estimates of LA1 and other vegetation parameters. The LA1 data are linked to a bibliography of over 300 originalsource references.This report documents the development of this data set, its contents, and its availability on the Internet from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics. Caution is advised in using these data, which were collected using a wide range of methodologies and assumptions that may not allow comparisons among sites.
Mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract and oral tolerance

Abstract To guard against disease, mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts are protected by a carefully regulated system of defenses known as the mucosal immune system. The hallmark of mucosal immunity is secretory IgA which can prevent infection and remove antigen crossing the mucosal barrier. IgE responses are also associated with mucosal immunity. In addition, a lymphocyte population resides within the mucosal epithelium, possibly forming a `first line of defense' against infections. Oral administration of antigen can also induce antigen-specific peripheral immune tolerance, known as oral tolerance. Oral tolerance may prevent allergies, inflammation and other problems due to responses against food antigens or gut flora. It also has a tremendous potential in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this article is to present an overview of mucosal immunity. Specifically, the focus is on immunity along the gastrointestinal tract; however, similar principles are active in other mucosal tissues.
A hybrid semiempirical quantum mechanical and lattice-sum method for electrostatic interactions in fluid simulations

A method is described to incorporate the Ewald lattice-sum method into quantum mechanical calculations in hybrid quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) fluid simulations. The procedure is illustrated through standard free energy perturbation calculations in the context of Monte Carlo simulations. The free energy of hydration of chloride ion was computed using the hybrid QM/MM-Ewald method, and comparison was made to results obtained with standard spherical cutoff. The results indicate that the hybrid QM/MM-Ewald method can be effectively used to include long-range electrostatic interactions in quantum mechanical calculations of condensed media.
High‐pressure phase behavior in polyethylene/n‐butane binary and polyethylene/n‐butane/CO2 ternary systems

Solubility of polyethylene molecular weight standards (Mw = 2150, 16,400, 108,000, and 420,000 and Mw/Mn = 1.14, 1.16, 1.32, and 2.66, respectively) has been studied in near- and supercritical n-butane and n-butane/CO2 mixtures at pressures up to 70 MPa. For each polyethylene/solvent system at selected compositions, demixing pressures have been determined using a high-pressure variable-volume view-cell at temperatures up to 200°C. Solutions in pure n-butane are found to display LCST (lower critical solution temperature)-type behavior. The behavior of the solutions in n-butane/CO2 mixtures are observed to change from the LCST to the UCST (upper critical solution temperature) with increasing CO2 content in the binary solvent. Sanchez–Lacombe theory has been used to model these systems. The predictions correctly describe the nature of the phase diagrams for both binary and ternary systems and the calculations are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thromboxane and pulmonary hypertension following E. coli endotoxin infusion in sheep: Effect of an imidazole derivative

Abstract We assessed the effect of a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (an imidazole derivative) on pulmonary hemodynamics and the concentrations of TxB 2 (TxA 2 ), 6-keto-PGF 1α (PGI 2 ), and PGF 2α in pulmonary lymph and transpulmonary blood samples following intravenous administration of E. coli endotoxin (1 μg/kg) in sheep. In control animals the rise in pulmonary artery pressure correlated with increases in plasma and lymph TxB 2 concentrations and large transpulmonary concentration gradients of this metabolite were measured. In imidazle treated animals both pulmonary hypertension as well as increases in plasma and lymph TxB 2 concentrations were substantially reduced. In contrast, peak concentrations of 6-keto-PGF 1α (PGI 2 ) and PGF 2α were severalfold higher than those measured in control animals. This suggests a shunting of endoperoxide metabolism towards prostacyclin and primary prostaglandins and documents the specificity of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. Out study provides evidence that endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension is mediated by pulmonary synthesis of TxA 2 .
The Deceptive Simplicity of Nāgārjuna's Arguments Against Motion: Another Look at Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Chapter 2

This article—which includes a complete translation of Mūlamadhyamakakārikā chapter 2 together with Candrakīrti's commentary thereon—argues that notwithstanding the many different and often arcane interpretations that have been offered of Nāgārjuna's arguments against motion, there is really just one straightforward kind of argument on offer in this vexed chapter. It is further argued that this basic argument can be understood as a philosophically interesting one if it is kept in mind that the argument essentially has to do with whether a personal level of description will admit of an exhaustively impersonal explanation.
THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF HYMENOMONAS CORONATA (PRYMNESIOPHYTA)1

The ultrastructure of Hymenomonas coronata Mills was reinvestigated to determine the microarchitecture of the flagellar apparatus. Cell morphology and flagellar apparatus structure are very similar to those of Pleurochrysis. Some important variations occur. First, a crystalline root (= compound root) is absent on microtubular root 1. Second, a two-stranded microtubular root emanates at a right angle from microtubular root 2. Third, a fibrous root emanates from the dorsal region between the basal bodies and extends to the cell's right, paralleling microtubular root 3. These similarities and variations in flagellar apparatus characters are discussed in reference to known variations in the Prymnesiophyta.
Centromedian-Parafascicular Deep Brain Stimulation Induces Differential Functional Inhibition of the Motor, Associative, and Limbic Circuits in Large Animals

Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the centromedian-parafascicular (CM-Pf) thalamic nuclei has been considered an option for treating Tourette syndrome. Using a large animal DBS model, this study was designed to explore the network effects of CM-Pf DBS. Methods The combination of DBS and functional magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful means of tracing brain circuitry and testing the modulatory effects of electrical stimulation on a neuronal network in vivo. With a within-subjects design, we tested the proportional effects of CM and Pf DBS by manipulating current spread and varying stimulation contacts in healthy pigs ( n = 5). Results Our results suggests that CM-Pf DBS has an inhibitory modulating effect in areas that have been suggested as contributing to impaired sensory-motor and emotional processing. The results also help to define the differential neural circuitry effects of the CM and Pf with evidence of prominent sensorimotor/associative effects for CM DBS and prominent limbic/associative effects for Pf DBS. Conclusions Our results support the notion that stimulation of deep brain structures, such as the CM-Pf, modulates multiple networks with cortical effects. The networks affected by CM-Pf stimulation in this study reinforce the conceptualization of Tourette syndrome as a condition with psychiatric and motor symptoms and of CM-Pf DBS as a potentially effective tool for treating both types of symptoms.
Hypovitaminosis D Presenting as Diffuse Myalgia in a 22-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report

Abstract Background Caused predominantly by insufficient conversion of vitamin D precursors by sunlight, hypovitaminosis D is an issue of increasing importance worldwide. Although it has been associated with a range of diseases, musculoskeletal effects dominate the clinical picture and can lead to significant physical debility, whether acute or chronic. Although diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency typically occurs in the outpatient setting, it is an easily treatable condition, and timely intervention can dramatically improve one's quality of life. As highlighted by this case report, hypovitaminosis D may be an important but underappreciated etiology of undifferentiated myalgia that, when present, warrants initiation of vitamin D repletion therapy even from the emergency department (ED). Case Report A 22-year-old African-American female presented to our ED with diffuse myalgia for 4 months. She reported significant debility from these symptoms with difficulty ambulating and performing activities of daily living. There had been no upper respiratory infection symptoms. The patient had discussed all of this with her primary care physician who, despite an extensive laboratory work-up, had not identified a definitive etiology. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Chronic pain has stricken the ED patient population across the board. Studies demonstrate that the myalgia caused by hypovitaminosis D can have a profound and negative impact on an individual's lifestyle. Our patient was found to have hypovitaminosis D and had substantial improvement with her myalgia and quality of life after treatment. The purpose of this report is to help the emergency physician appreciate this disease and consider it when clinically appropriate.
Regulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinease of a G-protein-mediated phospholipase C

The heterotrimeric G proteins mediate a variety of cellular processes by coupling transmembrane receptors to different effector molecules, including adenylyl cyclases and inositol-phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Activation of adenylyl cyclases results in the production of cyclic AMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Phospholipase C catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP_2) to generate diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP^3), leading to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the mobilization of intracellular calcium. The various PLC isoforms appear to be activated by different receptors, and in some cases by different G-protein components. There are four well-characterized forms of PLC-β and all of them are activated to various extents by the Gα_q family of G proteins. Specific activation of PLC isoforms β2 and β3 by; G-protein βγ subunits has also been reported. Although it has been suggested that PLC activity might be modulated by the adenylyl cyclase pathway, no clear link has been established between the two pathways. Here we report that cAMP-dependent protein kinase specifically inhibits Gβγ-activated PLC-β2 activity but not that of the Gα-activated PLC isoforms, and that the effect of PKA is not mimicked by PKC isozymes. Furthermore, we show that PKA directly phosphorylates serine residues of the PLC-β2 protein both in vivo and in vitro. Our results provide an insight into the specificity and nature of the crosstalk between the two G-protein-coupled signal transduction pathways.