cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaching out to all America: coordinated nutrition education across USDA programs.

This presentation briefly discusses how the (JSDA agencies work together to meet the nutrition education needs of our diverse population. Atwater's work in nutrition was characterized by an extensive cooperative program and this legacy has continued in USDA nutrition education efforts. Our challenge is not only to provide the consumer with accurate, appropri ate, and effective nutrition education, but to also ensure that our efforts are in harmony with those of other agencies within and outside of the Department. The complexity of the needs of society, the present aware ness of social problems, and the scrutiny being applied to the use of public and private funds for these purposes dictates that viable interagency relationships must be come the rule rather than the exception. Since the late 1970's USDA agencies have worked to expand coop erative efforts and establish mechanisms that facilitate coordination. This presentation will highlight the di versity of consumer needs for nutrition education, give examples of how the unique contributions of each USDA agency combine to meet consumer needs and discuss the major organizational structures which sup port interagency coordination. J. Nutr. 124: 1823S- 1827S,1994.
Some State Vaccination Laws Contribute To Greater Exemption Rates And Disease Outbreaks In The United States

Health officials attest that immunizations are among the most successful interventions in public health. However, there remains a substantial unvaccinated population in the United States. We analyzed how state-level vaccination exemption laws affect immunization rates and the incidence of preventable disease. We measured the association between each component of state kindergarten vaccination exemption laws and state vaccination exemption rates from 2002 to 2012, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s annual school assessment reports. We found that policies such as requiring health department approval of nonmedical exemptions, requiring a physician to sign an exemption application, and having criminal or civil punishments for noncompliance with immunization requirements had a significant effect in reducing vaccine exemptions. Our exemption law effectiveness index identified eighteen states with the most effective laws and nine states with the least effective ones. The most effective states...
Woodruffite: A new Mn oxide structure with 3 × 4 tunnels

The mineral woodruffite, Zn2+ (Mn4+1− x Mn3+ x )O2 · y H2O, x ~ 0.4 and y ~ 0.7, is the first known example of a new type of Mn oxide characterized by large tunnels that measure 3 and 4 octahedra (6.9 × 9.2 A) on a side. These tunnels are rectangular in cross-section and are the largest of any yet reported in natural or synthetic Mn oxides. The thermal stability of woodruffite is comparable to that of todorokite and other large-tunnel Mn oxide phases, breaking down at ~300 °C and eventually transforming to a spinel-type structure. The woodruffite structure may serve as a model for a new class of octahedral molecular sieves with enhanced capabilities as catalysts and selective cation-exchange agents.
Current medical management of endocrine-related male infertility

Male factor contributes to 50%-60% of overall infertility but is solely responsible in only 20% of couples. Although most male factor infertility is ascertained from an abnormal semen analysis, other male factors can be contributory especially if the sample returns normal. Male infertility can be due to identifiable hormonal or anatomical etiologies that may be reversible or irreversible. This manuscript will highlight existing guidelines and our recommendations for hormone evaluation for male infertility and empiric therapies including multivitamins, estrogen receptor modulators (clomiphene), estrogen conversion blockers (anastrozole), and hormone replacement.
Learning the Indiaa Experiences:The Conception and Form of Ancient Indian Architecture

The paper gives a general introduction to the ancient Indian architecture,including Buddhist stupas, Hindu temples, rock-cut constructions, tanks, step-wells and Islamic Indian architecture. It also illustrates the ideas and concepts in these building types and forms, which not only are the original resources of contemporary Indian architecture, but also can serve as the inspirational resources for architecturalpractices in China. Since there are so many similarities between India and China, as well as the great achievements of both ancient and contemporary Indian architecture, it is necessary and urgent for us to learn from india today.
Basics of virology

Viruses are important pathogens of the nervous system. Here we describe the basic properties of viruses and the principles of virus classification, evolution, structure, and replication, with a focus on neurotropic viruses that are important neuropathogens of humans. These properties then provide the background for introductions to pathogenesis of viral diseases of the nervous system, host immune responses to virus infection, and the diagnosis and treatment of virus infections of the nervous system.
Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone as a biological marker of ovarian toxicity *

Reproductive senescence has not been adequately explored as a possible end point for assessing toxicity to the reproductive system. We propose that urinary FSH be used as a biologic marker of ovarian function in women. A urinary marker would facilitate the incorporation of this measure into epidemiologic studies of reproductive toxicity. Although there is some evidence that FSH in serum is a good biologic marker of ovarian reserve, the relationship between serum FSH and urinary FSH has not been adequately explored. We found that urinary FSH and serum FSH were closely correlated in 50 consecutive women seen in clinical practice.
Customer Needs and Attitudes Regarding Electrical Cars

The public discussion about the market introduction of electrical cars is strongly characterized by focussing on the supply-side especially on technical aspects like the maximum distance range of the battery or the models which will be available in the next years.
Endovascular Treatment of Previously Clipped Aneurysms: Continued Evolution of Hybrid Neurosurgery

Background/objective The optimal management of residual or recurrent clipped aneurysms is infrequently addressed in the literature. Methods We reviewed our endovascular database from January 1998 to May 2016 to identify patients with clipped aneurysms undergoing subsequent endovascular treatment, evaluating treatment approach, and clinical and angiographic outcomes. Results 60 patients underwent endovascular treatment of residual/recurrent clipped aneurysms; 7 rebled prior to endovascular therapy. Treatment was via coiling alone (n=25, 42%), stent assisted coiling (n=15, 25%), balloon assisted coiling (n=8, 13%), flow diversion (n=8, 13%), stenting alone (n=3, 5%), or flow diversion with coiling (n=1, 2%). The procedural permanent neurological morbidity and mortality rates were 3% and 2%, respectively. Over a clinical follow-up of 253.4 patient years (median 3.9 years), there was one rebleed in a patient who had declined further treatment. For 43 patients with at least 1 month of digital subtraction angiographic follow-up (median 3.4 years), complete aneurysm occlusion was seen in 79% of cases. Neck remnants were observed in 14%, and stable small dome remnants were observed in 7% of cases. In a subgroup of 18 patients with ‘clip induced’ narrow neck aneurysms, all domes were initially coil occluded (Raymond 1 or 2); there was no permanent procedural morbidity and no aneurysms required retreatment or recanalized over a median follow-up of 3.9 years. Conclusions Endovascular treatment of residual or recurrent clipped aneurysms is an excellent treatment approach in well selected patients; ‘clip induced’ narrow neck aneurysms fare particularly well after treatment both angiographically and clinically.
Polestriding Intervention Improves Gait and Axial Symptoms in Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of 12-week polestriding intervention on gait and disease severity in people with mild to moderate Parkinson disease (PD). Design A-B-A withdrawal study design. Setting Outpatient movement disorder center and community facility. Participants Individuals (N=17; 9 women [53%] and 8 men [47%]; mean age, 63.7±4.9y; range, 53–72y) with mild to moderate PD according to United Kingdom brain bank criteria with Hoehn & Yahr score ranging from 2.5 to 3.0 with a stable medication regimen and ability to tolerate "off" medication state. Interventions Twelve-week polestriding intervention with 12-week follow-up. Main Outcome Measures Gait was evaluated using several quantitative temporal, spatial, and variability measures. In addition, disease severity was assessed using clinical scales such as Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn & Yahr scale, and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39. Results Step and stride lengths, gait speed, and step-time variability were improved significantly ( P Conclusions Because increased step-time variability and decreased step and stride lengths are associated with PD severity and an increased risk of falls in PD, the observed improvements suggest that regular practice of polestriding may reduce the risk of falls and improve mobility in people with PD.
Professional Noticing of Children's Mathematical Thinking.

The construct professional noticing of children’s mathematical thinking is introduced as a way to begin to unpack the in-the-moment decision making that is foundational to the complex view of teaching endorsed in national reform documents. We define this expertise as a set of interrelated skills including (a) attending to children’s strategies, (b) interpreting children’s understandings, and (c) deciding how to respond on the basis of children’s understandings. This construct was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 131 prospective and practicing teachers, differing in the amount of experience they had with children’s mathematical thinking. The findings help to characterize what this expertise entails; provide snapshots of those with varied levels of expertise; and document that, given time, this expertise can be learned.
Lipids and lipid changes with synthetic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for cardiovascular risk.

Purpose of review To highlight recently published studies addressing lipid changes with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use and outline implications on cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent findings Growing evidence suggests lower lipid levels are present in patients with active RA vs. general population, and significant modifications of lipid profile with inflammation suppression. Increase in lipid levels in patients with RA on synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs may be accompanied by antiatherogenic changes in lipid composition and function. The impact of lipid changes on cardiovascular outcomes in RA is a subject of active research. The role of lipids in cardiovascular risk in RA may be overpowered by the benefits of inflammation suppression with antirheumatic medication use. Recommendations on lipid management in RA are evolving but uncertainty exists regarding frequency of lipid testing and goals of treatment. Summary Knowledge about quantitative and qualitative lipid changes in RA is expanding. The relative role of lipids in cardiovascular risk in the context of systemic inflammation and antirheumatic therapy remains uncertain, delaying development of effective strategies for cardiovascular risk management in RA. Studies are underway to address these knowledge gaps and may be expected to inform cardiovascular risk management in RA and the general population.
Policing the borders of church and societal membership: immigration and faith-based communities in the US South

ABSTRACTPolicing the borders of church and societal membership: immigration and faith-based communities in the US South. Territory, Politics, Governance. This paper examines processes of border crossing and border policing within churches engaged in immigrant-outreach in the US South. Based on interviews with pastors and on focus groups with immigrant and non-immigrant congregants in 35 churches in the US South, we explore how border politics and anti-immigrant racialization intersect with the practice of faith. We argue that the complex border work undertaken by clergy members and congregants can be understood in terms of differential inclusion, that is, the extension of partial membership that may lead to a widening, rather than a diminution, of social inequalities. Immigrants themselves are cognisant of this border work and tread carefully in making claims of belonging in the church and in the state. Paying attention to the affective, emotional and performative dimensions of borders, we argue that bord...
Delivery room interventions to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic respiratory complication of preterm birth. Preterm infants are at risk for acute lung injury immediately after birth, which predisposes to BPD. In this article, we review the current evidence for interventions applied during neonatal transition (delivery room and first postnatal hours of life) to prevent BPD in extremely preterm infants: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), sustained lung inflation, supplemental oxygen use during neonatal resuscitation, and surfactant therapy including less-invasive surfactant administration. Preterm infants should be stabilized with CPAP in the delivery room, reserving invasive mechanical ventilation for infants who fail non-invasive respiratory support. For infants who require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation soon after birth, surfactant should be given early (<2 h of life). We recommend prudent titration of supplemental oxygen in the delivery room to achieve targeted oxygen saturations. Promising interventions that may further reduce BPD, such as sustained inflation and non-invasive surfactant administration, are currently under investigation.
Building relationships between mentors and youth: Development of the TRICS model

Abstract Although previous research identifies high quality relationships between mentors and youth as fundamental to mentorship program success, less is known about how these relationships develop, particularly within group-mentoring models. Therefore, using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, this study explores the process of relationship building between mentors and adolescents. We conducted nine focus groups over two rounds of data collection with youth and staff in a youth development program that predominantly serves African American, low-income youth with a group-mentoring model ( n = 71). Using open-coding we identified five key features of the process of relationship building: T he Right Who, R espect, I nformation gathering, C onsistency, and S upport (TRICS). We used axial-coding to construct a model of the associations among these features. Participants reported that these features promote trust and positive youth development. Model development and sub-categories are described.
Historical Development of Toilet Training

The completion of toilet training is considered to be an early childhood developmental milestone involving the development of voluntary control over the sphincters, maturation, and learning. The ultimate goal of completing toilet training in early childhood has remained relatively constant. However, the specific age at which this occurs, and the age at which initiation of training occurs, has not. History has seen differences in recommended ages of beginning toilet training from a few months to a few years old. This chapter emphasizes the history of toilet training practices in the United States. It is noted that within the United States, many cultural variations exist. Authors have documented some of the many differences in toilet training practices among people of the United States from a variety of ethnic, socioeconomic, and religious backgrounds. Over several centuries, the teachings and methods used to toilet train children in the United States have drastically changed. This chapter provides a review of these changes, focusing primarily on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries till today. The authors present factors that have influenced toilet training practices. Several major practices are discussed, including Brazelton’s ( Pediatrics 29:121–128, 1962) child-oriented toilet training method and Azrin and Foxx’s ( Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 4:89–99, 1971) rapid toilet training. Additionally, future directions of toilet training are discussed.
Police research, officer surveys, and response rates

In recent years, policing scholars have increasingly used survey methods to gain insight into officers’ attitudes and behaviours. Yet, surprisingly, methodological research analysing surveys of pol...
Bailing out the food banks? Hunger relief, food waste, and crisis in Central Appalachia:

In 2015, West Virginia’s flagship food bank confronted a financial crisis that threatened to cut off the supply of emergency food to some 600 agencies serving 300,000 people a month. Focusing on th...
Using Crowdsourcing as a Platform to Evaluate Lay Perception of Prophylactic Mesh Placement.

Abstract Background Prophylactic mesh placement (PMP) at the time of open abdominal surgery has gained momentum over the last decade. However, there remains an identifiable gap in the literature regarding patient-reported outcomes and qualitative metrics. In effort to gauge the population's understanding or familiarity with PMP, this study provides an educational framework and uses crowdsourcing as a novel means to assess perception among the general population. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among the general public to elicit perspectives on PMP. An online crowdsourcing platform was used to capture responses to a questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficients, paired t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact tests were performed. Results Of 433 respondents, 338 (78.1%) were included. Individuals who had previously undergone surgery and those who had prior hernia repair were more likely to choose PMP than surgically naive patients (P = 0.06). Conclusions The majority of respondents support the use of PMP. This study contributes to the existing body of literature on PMP and serves as the first qualitative description to gauge the population's perception and understanding of this surgical technique. Within the evolving health care landscape, understanding quality-of-life measures have become increasingly important in defining successful surgical outcomes. Although the data-driven level-I evidence supports the clinical use of PMP, this study intends to establish a framework for future patient-reported outcome studies.
The Surprising Resolution of the Poincaré Conjecture

In 2003, Grigory Perelman proved the celebrated Poincare conjecture, establishing that the simplest topological property (simple-connectivity) characterizes the simplest closed three-manifold (the three-sphere). The paper discusses the unexpected irony whereby techniques from analysis and mathematical physics to which topology had contributed so much, would one century later repay the favor by being used to solve the most famous purely topological problem of all time. Few would have imagined that the object central to Perelman’s proof, a hierarchy of Riemannian manifolds connected by the Ricci flow, might provide a mathematical object useful for modeling space and space-time at different scales.
Simone de Beauvoir: An Existential-Phenomenological Ethics

Thanks to the recent efforts of feminist scholars, Simone de Beauvoir’s fame as the lifelong companion of existential philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre is slowly giving way to a recognition of the originality of her own work as a philosopher, autobiographer, novelist, essayist, editor, and political activist. Her ethics, in particular, has received a great deal of attention, not only because she offers the first formal articulation of an existential ethics in her 1947 book, Pour une morale de l’ambiguite (published in English in 1948 as The Ethics of Ambiguity and hereafter abbreviated as EA), but also because the moral challenges she discusses there and elsewhere in her works seem as appropriate today as they were half a century ago.
Proposals for Reform of Securities Regulation: An Overview

In the past few years academic authors such as Roberta Romano, Stephen Choi, Andrew T. Guzman, Merritt B. Fox, Paul Mahoney and Alan R. Palmiter have proposed significant reform of securities regulation in the United States. This article reviews these proposals, which have in common the objective of increasing the range of issuer choice as to the applicable legal regime. This article concludes that although these proposals are not formulated with sufficient specificity to make them ready for implementation, they reflect a spreading disbelief on the part of academic critics that U.S. securities regulation does, or even can, successfully protect investors. Although proposals to give the issuer control over the applicable fraud regime are likely to be controversial, a narrower range of choice focused on the required procedures for offering and trading stocks could provide beneficial competition among regulators. The proposals evidence the fact that there are a significant number of academic writers who hold the view that increasing the opportunities for competition among regulatory regimes in the area of securities regulation would lead to improvements in social welfare over time.
Rashomon on the Mediterranean: conflicting memories for creating France’s future identity

This study begins by evoking Akira Kurosawa’s meditation in Rashomon (1951) on the disparities of the stories told by self-interested participants in a highly-charged emotional incident. The article looks at similar contradictions, evasions, ambiguities, and even intersections of several narratives of how France’s cultural and political relationship to other nearby lands, especially those around the Mediterranean, propose what each speaker would have understood as the “true” story of the nation’s identity both in its colonial past and for the future. A cultural anthropologist wishes to see a museum built at the entrance of the Old Port of Marseilles dedicated to telling of the insufficiently honored vernacular cultures of France, Europe, and the lands around the Mediterranean. But pieds-noirs organizations would rather have what they value as their role of building the influence of “la civilisation francaise” overseas celebrated in a grand monument in the same city. And newly elected President of the Repu...
Development of Dual and Selective Degraders of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4 and 6

Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are key regulators of the cell cycle, and there are FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors for treating patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, due to conservation of their ATP-binding sites, development of selective agents has remained elusive. Here, we report imide-based degrader molecules capable of degrading both CDK4/6, or selectively degrading either CDK4 or CDK6. We were also able to tune the activity of these molecules against Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3), which are well-established targets of imide-based degraders. We found that in mantle cell lymphoma cell lines, combined IKZF1/3 degradation with dual CDK4/6 degradation produced enhanced anti-proliferative effects compared to CDK4/6 inhibition, CDK4/6 degradation, or IKZF1/3 degradation. In summary, we report here the first compounds capable of inducing selective degradation of CDK4 and CDK6 as tools to pharmacologically dissect their distinct biological functions.
Transdiagnostic Mechanisms of Psychopathology in Youth: Executive Functions, Dependent Stress, and Rumination

Executive function (EF) deficits have been proposed as transdiagnostic risk factors for psychopathology, and recent research suggests EF impairments are associated with what is shared across forms of psychopathology (p factor). However, most research has not employed methods that differentiate between EF components, and little is known about the mediating mechanisms linking EF and psychopathology dimensions. The current study tested associations between the latent unity/diversity model of EF and latent dimensions of psychopathology and investigated mediating mechanisms in a community sample of 292 youth age 13-22. The results confirmed the finding that poor EF is associated with internalizing psychopathology in older youth via higher dependent stress and rumination, and showed that this pathway was transdiagnostic, predicting the p factor rather than internalizing specifically. Links with psychopathology were specific to the common EF factor, rather than updating- or shifting-specific EF.
Maternal Uniparental Disomy 14 (UPD14) Identified by Clinical Exome Sequencing in an Adolescent with Diverticulosis

Pediatric diverticular disease is extremely rare, with most cases associated with connective tissue disorders. We report an adolescent boy with syndromic features who presented with acute complicated sigmoid diverticulitis. Clinical exome sequencing analysis detected a 6.5-Mb region of homozygosity on chromosome 14, consistent with partial maternal uniparental disomy. Analysis of this region did not identify rare homozygous variants but included several imprinted genes that were candidates for the observed phenotypes. The pediatric clinical presentation of diverticulosis in this patient has not been previously described in maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 and adds to the phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome.
Aerial application methods control spider mites on corn in Kansas, USA.

The Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, are important chelicerae herbivores on irrigated corn in Kansas, USA. They cause loss of foliage, stalk breakage, kernel shrinkage and yield loss. Aerial application methods were evaluated to control spider mites in a commercial corn field in August, 2017, near Hoxie, Kansas. Dimethoate (0.56 kg active ingredient/ha) and Lorsban Advanced (1.05 kg active ingredient/ha) mixed with a nonionic surfactant, Traverse (0.25% v/v), were aerially applied using conventional flat-fan hydraulic nozzles at 28.1 L/ha and aerial electrostatic nozzles at 9.3 L/ha. To assess spray droplet spectra of the aerial application methods, water sensitive paper samplers were deployed at the whorl of husk leaves at the tip of the ear before aerial spray treatments were applied. Spray droplet spectra were quantified using commercial image analysis software. Treatment efficacy was assessed both objectively and subjectively. Objective efficacy evaluation incorporated the use of an active multispectral optical sensor via spectral analysis of the midrib regions of corn leaves on the abaxial surface where spider mites reside. Subjective damage ratings based upon in-field spider mite movement observations were scored by professional crop scouting consultants. Results of objective spectral analysis and subjective damage ratings indicated that both the conventional and electrostatic nozzles with 283 and 210-µm spray droplet ‘volume median diameter’ (VMD) at 28.1 and 9.3 L/ha, respectively, controlled spider mites compared to an untreated check.
Econometrics of Auctions and Nonlinear Pricing

This review surveys the growing literature on the econometrics of first-price sealed-bid auctions and nonlinear pricing. The complexity of the economic models has initiated fruitful collaborations ...
Visualization of mineral‐targeted alkaline phosphatase binding to sites of calcification in vivo

A mineral-targeted form of recombinant tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), asfotase alfa, was approved multinationally as an enzyme replacement therapy for hypophosphatasia in 2015. Two reports to date have shown evidence of binding of this drug to mineralizing tissues using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Here, we sought to expand on those earlier studies by directly visualizing the in vivo binding of asfotase alfa conjugated with AnaTag HiLyte Fluor 750 or Alexa Fluor 647 fluorescent dye to sites of skeletal/dental mineralization and ectopic calcification. We utilized 40-day-old Tagln-Cre; Hprt ALPL/Y mice, a model of severe medial vascular calcification; Tie2-Cre; Hprt ALPL/Y mice, a model of severe intimal calcification; and sibling WT Hprt ALPL/Y mice, devoid of soft-tissue calcification. A single dose of 8 mg/kg labeled asfotase alfa was injected via the retro-orbital route. Skeletal tissues and soft organs were imaged ex vivo 2 days after the injection. Strong fluorescence signal was observed in all skeletal tissues (calvaria, vertebra, long bones, jaw, and mandibles) from mutant and WT mice. Fluorescence analysis of histological sections from bones revealed strong binding of asfotase alfa. Asfotase alfa binding to sites of ectopic calcification in the heart, aorta, and renal artery were found in both the Tagln-Cre; Hprt ALPL/Y and Tie2-Cre; Hprt ALPL/Y mice but not in WT mice. In addition, asfotase alfa binding was also found in the kidney stroma and brain of the Tie2-Cre; Hprt ALPL/Y mice. Our results show that fluorescence-labeled asfotase alfa administered in vivo binds not only to sites of skeletal and dental mineralization but also to sites of ectopic calcification in these animal models. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Catalytic β-Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds Enabled by α,β-Desaturation

Capitalizing on versatile catalytic α,β-desaturation methods, strategies that directly functionalize carbonyl compounds at their less-reactive β-positions have emerged over the past decade. Dependi...
Establishment of normative biometric data for body composition based on computed tomography in a North American cohort.

Summary Background & aims Accurate and reproducible biomarkers are required to allow a more personalized approach to patient care. Body composition is one such biomarker affecting outcomes in a range of surgical and oncological conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the age and sex specific distribution of body composition data, based on information gathered from computed tomography (CT). Methods This prospective study used healthy subjects from the medical records linkage of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, based in Minnesota, USA. Each patient had a CT scan without intravenous contrast performed between 1999 and 2001. Quantification was performed using previously validated semi-automated in-house developed software for body composition analysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue area, visceral adipose tissue area, intermuscular adipose tissue area and skeletal muscle area were measured and indexed to subject height. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape were used to assess the location, scale, and shape of each variable across age, stratified by sex. Z-scores specific to sex were assessed for each of the parameters analyzed. Age-specific z-scores were calculated using the formula: Z = (Index Variable - μ)/σ or Z = (√ (Index Variable) - μ)/σ. Results There were 692 subjects enrolled in the study. The fitted model equation was offered for each variable with values presented for μ and σ. Modelling with penalized splines was performed for VAT index, IMAT index and total adipose tissue index. Scatterplots of each variable were produced with lines of Z-scores as a visual representation. Conclusion This study offers comparative data to allow comparison amongst multiple populations. This will form an important reference for future research and clinical practice.
On how much X-ray and UV radiation processes are coupled in accretion disks: AGN case

Within the standard accretion disk theory for active galactic nuclei (AGN), the observed X-rays are often modeled by Compton up-scattering of ultraviolet (UV) disk photons inside a hot disk corona. Here, we point out that for many AGN, radiation pressure due to the very same UV disk photons can drive a flow from the disk into the corona and couple the processes producing X-rays and UV photons. This coupling could lead to quenching of the disk corona because the regions above the UV disk will be too dense, too opaque, and consequently too cold. We discuss various consequences of this new type of the X-ray/UV coupling on the dynamical and radiative properties of AGN.
Reporting Biochemistry to the General Public through a Science Communication Writing Assignment

Students enroll in biochemistry courses for many reasons, whether it be to build a strong foundation in biochemistry content for health science-related careers or to better understand the world around them. Learning is enriched when students can identify the relevance of the content, such as through connecting course content to authentic applications. One way that students can make these connections is by practicing science communication, an increasingly important skill for students to master. Drawing upon the advantages of writing, we designed an assignment that tasked students with writing a summary of a biochemistry-related seminar in which they explained the research and related biochemistry content in the form of a scientific news article targeted for a general audience. In this article, we discuss the design of the assignment and its implementation into an introductory biochemistry course. Results from a feedback survey and our evaluation of student writing assignments suggest that students saw value in communicating science to the general public and reported being able to connect the course content to authentic applications. This assignment is applicable in other chemistry or biology courses as a means to help students develop their skills in science communication and cultivate their appreciation of science content.
A MMT/Hectospec Redshift Survey of 24 Micron Sources in the Spitzer First Look Survey

We present a spectroscopic survey using the MMT/Hectospec fiber spectrograph of 24 micron sources selected with the Spitzer Space Telescope in the Spitzer First Look Survey. We report 1296 new redshifts for 24 micron sources, including 599 with f(24micron) > 1 mJy. Combined with 291 additional redshifts for sources from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), our observing program was highly efficient and is ~90% complete for i' 1 mJy, and is 35% complete for i' = 0.27 and =1.1. As part of this publication, we include the redshift catalogs and the reduced spectra; these are also available online (this http URL) and through the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (this http URL).
COVID-19 and technology use by teenagers: A case study

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on regular life across the world has changed teenagers' use of technology. Through this case study, the author analyzed, reported, and reflected on personal experience of a shift in technology use during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are two parts of this case study. The first part highlights the new technology used in five inside-of-school activities, including classroom learning, group projects, dance tutorials, environmental club, and affinity group. The second part describes six outside-of-school actions that utilized technology, such as homework assignments, online test preparation, virtual workouts, listening to music, picking up hobbies, and interacting with peers. Based on the reflections on the author's first-hand experiences, adjustments at the personal, school, and society level are discussed.
Nurse Perspectives Regarding Implementation of an Asthma Monitoring Mobile Health Application in the School Setting.

Background: School-based telehealth (SBTH) plays a valuable role in child asthma management, although nurses have concerns with caregiver engagement. Mobile technology (m-health) has potential to i...
Theory of Mind for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Hanabi.

The partially observable card game Hanabi has recently been proposed as a new AI challenge problem due to its dependence on implicit communication conventions and apparent necessity of theory of mind reasoning for efficient play. In this work, we propose a mechanism for imbuing Reinforcement Learning agents with a theory of mind to discover efficient cooperative strategies in Hanabi. The primary contributions of this work are threefold: First, a formal definition of a computationally tractable mechanism for computing hand probabilities in Hanabi. Second, an extension to conventional Deep Reinforcement Learning that introduces reasoning over finitely nested theory of mind belief hierarchies. Finally, an intrinsic reward mechanism enabled by theory of mind that incentivizes agents to share strategically relevant private knowledge with their teammates. We demonstrate the utility of our algorithm against Rainbow, a state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning agent.
Meet My English 93 Class

Although university scholars and legislators often speak with great authority about community colleges, basic skills classes, and developmental education programs, many have never had the opportunity to meet an actual class of developmental students. Some scholars and legislators may have met a basic writing student here or there—perhaps at a legislative hearing where community college students are invited to submit verbal testimony or at a public event in their neighborhood. For the most part, though, statistics and retention rates have had to speak for these students to scholars, politicians, and the general public. Readers of this chapter will get the opportunity to “meet” a basic writing class. Students in this English 93 classes prepared material especially for readers of this book about their lives and goals. (Please note: This is a different class than the one we met in Chapter 4.)
Proleptic Autobiography: Envisioning a Future--and a Path to Get There

This assignment challenges students in an English Language Arts teacher education program to compose a proleptic autobiography—a genre of writing that transforms the customary retrospective autobiographical essay assignment as a way to encourage students to envision and create their future professional selves. The goal of the assignment is to support students’ development of realistic expectations of their imminent careers as educators and to foster a deeper appreciation of diverse learners. Composing such an imaginative narrative can help students develop stronger professional dispositions as they consider aspects of their future careers such as work/life balance, economic concerns, developing confidence, and providing support and encouragement to their students.
Behavior of metallic fast reactor fuels during an overpower transient

Abstract A slow-ramp (0.1%/s), extended overpower (∼32%) transient was conducted in the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) on 19 metallic alloy fuel elements, including both binary (U-Zr) and ternary (U-Pu-Zr) fuel designs. The elements were clad in either Type 316 SS or HT9. Before the transient, the elements were pre-irradiated under steady-state or steady-state plus duty-cycle (periodic 15% overpower transient) conditions in various EBR-II sub-assemblies and reached burnups ranging from ∼5 to ∼12 at%. The fuel pins were then consolidated into the X512 sub-assembly for the overpower transient. Cladding integrity was maintained for all fuel pins throughout the entirety of normal operation and the overpower transient test. Post-irradiation examination (PIE) demonstrated that mild restructuring was evident within the fuel phase. However, these changes were not significant enough to expect changes in irradiation performance under normal operating conditions if the fuel elements were returned to service. These results empirically validate that limits on sodium fast reactor operational transients (e.g. power ramps) could be applied with adequate safety margins to fuel failure or non-reversible damage.
We Must Take the Next Steps Towards Safe, Routine Space Travel

This paper presents, in viewgraph form, six in a half generations of airplanes in a century. Some of the topics include: 1) Enterprise goals; 2) Generations of Reusable Launch Vehicles; 3) Space Transportation Across NASA; 4) Three Tiered Implementation Approach for Future Space Transportation Technology; 5) Develop a Comprehensive, Agency Level Space Transportation Plan That Will Enable NASA's Strategic Plan; 6) Timeline for Addressing NASA's Needs; 7) Significant 2nd Generation Technology Drivers; 8) Example Large Scale Ground Demonstrations; and 9) Example Pathfinder Demonstrations. The paper also includes various aircraft designs and propulsion system technology.
Additionality and design of forest conservation programs: Insights from Ecuador's Socio Bosque Program ☆

Abstract Ecuador has experienced one of the highest rates of deforestation in South America over the turn of the century with consequent threats to the provision of essential life-supporting environmental services. The Ecuadorian government instituted the ‘Socio Bosque Program’ (PSB) in 2008 in an effort to incentivize the conservation of privately-owned native forests. This study is the first to examine the PSB additionality in prevented deforestation through use of a geographic information system. Moreover, face-to-face surveys were conducted and analyzed to create a typology of forest owners based on their estimated likelihood to engage in forest land changes and elicit corresponding preferences for PSB-like forest conservation program participation. The survey data were collected from individual Ecuadorian forest owners in the Western region of the province of Pichincha. We estimate that less than 1% of forestland enrolled in the PSB would have been deforested were it not enrolled in the program. Landowners more likely to engage in deforestation practices denoted greater interest in participating in a conservation program when contracts allowed for the sustainable harvesting of timber. Landowners likely to conserve, showed greater interest in participating in a conservation program contingent on the amount of financial incentive provided. A design strategy, counter to the traditional focus, points to the allowance of sustainable forest harvesting, as a means of more effectively preventing deforestation in the Tropics.
Multichannel optical filters in nanoscale silicon waveguides

We design and characterize asymmetric Bragg gratings in waveguides which possess multiple reflected wavelengths. We experimentally demonstrate devices with two independent stopbands, then use finite-difference time domain software to characterize more complex grating designs.
Una interpretación de los regímenes autoritarios

Once anos despues de la elaboracion de sus conocidas tesis sobre el «regimen autoritario» (elaboracion impresa en un multirreproducido articulo: «An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain», 1964), el autor del presente ensayo intenta de nuevo, desde la perspectiva de 1975, comentar coherentemente aquellas tesis abundando en algunas de las criticas escritas que se le han formulado y madurandolas con sus experiencias de investigador de las diversas fuerzas que rigen lo que el llama «regimenes autoritarios», principalmente el caso del franquismo. El nivel de abstraccion que presentan estas lineas en nada desmerece, sino al contrario, la expresividad de su construccion ligada a una forma muy definida de ver la sociedad y practicar la ciencia social.
Intrauterine pneumonia in relation to birth weight and race

Abstract Intrauterine pneumonia remains a common and often fatal infectious process despite the advent of antibiotics. Acute chorioamnionitis is generally accepted as its frequent precursor. In a histologic evaluation of the pulmonary sections of 512 neonatal deaths within the first 48 hours of life out of 36,212 single live births, 100 or 19.5 per cent were found to have pneumonia. The proportion of neonatal deaths showing pneumonia was higher in the Negro (27.7 per cent) than in the white (11.3 per cent) and consistently higher in the Negro at each birth weight interval. The association of pneumonia and chorioamnionitis was more pronounced in the Negro (50.7 per cent) than the white (28.0 per cent). In the white the incidence of pneumonia was higher in mature (birth weight over 2,500 grams) than in premature infants; in the Negro it was not higher in prematures compared to mature infants. This is in contrast to chorioamnionitis, which is more common in premature births.
Consumer assessment of crispness of pressure fried chicken nuggets using nitrogen gas

Forty untrained human subjects were used to determine if sensory differences exist between breaded chicken nuggets fried using three treatment combinations: (i) nuggets coated with 3% methylcellulose incorporated into the predust and fried using nitrogen gas; (ii) uncoated nuggets fried using steam, and (iii) uncoated nuggets fried using nitrogen gas. Chicken nuggets were fried in a modified restaurant-type pressure fryer at 175°C and 163 kPa for 240 s. Samples were held under a heat lamp (60°C) for 15 min prior to evaluation. A nine-point simple intensity scale was used to evaluate product attributes (crispness, juiciness, oiliness and flavor). A nine-point hedonic scale was used to determine overall liking. No significant differences were found among samples as related to crispness, juiciness, oiliness and flavor. No one sample was preferred over the other. Although no statistical differences were found between treatments, there were advantages of frying using a nitrogen gas flow system.
Toxicity of Spherical and Anisotropic Nanosilica

The sections in this article are Introduction Synthesis of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles Invasion Pathways of Silica Nanomaterials into Living Systems Exposure via the Respiratory Tract Exposure via the Gastrointestinal Tract Skin Contact A Brief Summary Mechanism of Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity Photoactive Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles In Vitro Studies of Silica Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity In Vivo Studies of Silica Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity Mechanism of Silica Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity Effects of Silica Nanomaterial Properties on Toxicity Effect of Silica Nanomaterial Size Effect of Silica Nanomaterial Shape Effects of Silica Nanomaterial Surface Properties Effect of Dopants Effects of Dose and Interaction Time Toxicity of Silica Nanomaterials: A Summary Perspectives on Silica Nanomaterials Acknowledgments Keywords: silica nanomaterials; toxicity; exposure route; morphology of silica nanomaterials; protein denaturation; reactive oxygen species
Tidal evolution of the Uranian satellites: II. An explanation of the anomalously high orbital inclination of Miranda

It is proposed that the current, anomalously high orbital inclination of the Uranian satellite, Miranda, can be accounted for by temporary capture into the 3:1 resonance with Umbriel. This would imply that the orbits of the satellites have tidally evolved sufficiently to have permitted passage through this resonance. Escape from resonance is suggested to have occurred by way of a novel dynamical mechanism, in which the trajectory encounters low-order commensurabilities between the libration frequency of the resonant argument and other fundamental system frequencies.
The Effect of Information Asymmetries on Bidder Behavior: An Empirical Analysis of Online Bidding in Heavy Equipment Auctions

This study examines an information asymmetry between two groups of buyers participating in heavy equipment auctions - one group bidding online with only limited access to information about the goods for sale, and the other bidding on site, with the ability to inspect the equipment and observe other bidders' behavior. Results suggest that online bidders do not win a disproportionate share of 'lemons' in the auction sales. Online bidders appear to be leveraging the limited amount of information available to them to reduce their risk of suffering from the Winner's Curse.