cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol formation in an isothermal stagnation flow

An experiment has been performed in a laminar stagnation point flow in which two non-premixed reactants produced an aerosol of sub-micron particles. The reactants were NH3 and HCl. The rate of mixing of the reactants was determined by the velocity gradient or strain rate of the flow; the response of the aerosol dynamics to the flow field was measured with a laser light scattering technique. Laser Doppler Spectroscopy was used to measure the particle size. It was found that the particle size was independent of the strain rate of the flow. On the other hand, the particle number density decreased as the strain rate increased. It is argued that the intensity of light scattered from the aerosol is, therefore, a measure of the amount of product of the relatively slow NH3-HCl reaction.
Thermal radiation effects in laminar boundary- layer flow.

T note considers the effect that viscous dissipation has upon the heat-transfer rates for the flow of a diffuse absorbing and emitting gray gas across a flat plate. Cess' concept of a radiation layer is utilized; and two thermal boundary conditions, corresponding to the heated and cooled plate problems, are considered. The influence of increasing the magnitude of the Eckert number on the convectiveradiative coupling terms is shown. The basic equations describing the flow are
Effect of the RC gene product on constitutive enzyme synthesis.

Abstract An RC− strain of Escherichia coli which is constitutive for alkaline phosphatase synthesis synthesizes fivefold less alkaline phosphatase during amino-acid starvation than does an isogenic RC+ strain. This difference in alkaline phosphatase synthesis is independent of repression.
Contributions of systematic tile drainage to watershed-scale phosphorus transport.

Phosphorus (P) transport from agricultural fields continues to be a focal point for addressing harmful algal blooms and nuisance algae in freshwater systems throughout the world. In humid, poorly drained regions, attention has turned to P delivery through subsurface tile drainage. However, research on the contributions of tile drainage to watershed-scale P losses is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term P movement through tile drainage and its manifestation at the watershed outlet. Discharge data and associated P concentrations were collected for 8 yr (2005-2012) from six tile drains and from the watershed outlet of a headwater watershed within the Upper Big Walnut Creek watershed in central Ohio. Results showed that tile drainage accounted for 47% of the discharge, 48% of the dissolved P, and 40% of the total P exported from the watershed. Average annual total P loss from the watershed was 0.98 kg ha, and annual total P loss from the six tile drains was 0.48 kg ha. Phosphorus loads in tile and watershed discharge tended to be greater in the winter, spring, and fall, whereas P concentrations were greatest in the summer. Over the 8-yr study, P transported in tile drains represented 90% of all measured concentrations exceeded recommended levels (0.03 mg L) for minimizing harmful algal blooms and nuisance algae. Thus, the results of this study show that in systematically tile-drained headwater watersheds, the amount of P delivered to surface waters via tile drains cannot be dismissed. Given the amount of P loss relative to typical application rates, development and implementation of best management practices (BMPs) must jointly consider economic and environmental benefits. Specifically, implementation of BMPs should focus on late fall, winter, and early spring seasons when most P loading occurs.
The management of acute dissections of the thoracic aorta

Abstract The follow-up study reveals that the selected application of induced hypotensive therapy has improved the overall long-term prognosis of acute dissecting aneurysm compared to a larger operative series and to the natural history of the disease (Fig. 2). 5
Should pay in radiology be tied to productivity? The case against.

Should the compensation of radiologists be tied to their productivity and performance? Should individual radiologists who get more work done each day earn more money than their less productive counterparts? Should the members of more productive sections within a radiology department receive higher salaries? These questions are pertinent to both academic and private radiology groups. Proponents of performance-based compensation argue that such systems have been widely used in other industries for decades and should be imitated in the health services sector. In fact, many radiology departments already use some degree of performance-based compensation (eg, annual bonus systems), and proponents argue that compensation plans should move even further in that direction. Otherwise, members will not be as productive as possible. In an ideal world, some would argue, all compensation would be directly tied to performance, with
Histiocytic Sarcoma and Tumor Lysis Syndrome: An Unexpected Sequela of Neck mass

1. Vos, et al. “Histiocytic sarcoma: a study of five cases including the histiocyte marker CD163” Modern pathology. Jan 2005 (18)p693-704 2. De Vos, FYFL, Gerding M, Ardens J, Wegmen J. Histiocytic sarcoma localised in the thyroid—a case report. Ann Hematol 2008;87(8): 681682. 3. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours (2001) Pathology and genetics of tumours of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, pp 274–289 . 4. Cairo M, Bishop M. Tumor lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. British J Haematology 2004;127:3-11. 5. Gokmen Akoz A, Yildirim N, Engin H, et al. An unusual case of spontaneous acute tumor lysis syndrome associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and review of the literature. Acto Oncol 2007; 46(8):1190-2. The patient continued to rapidly deteriorate, developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multi-system organ failure, and decreased neurologic function. The patient was pronounced dead early the following morning, just two days after admission. Her final pathology was consistent with histiocytic sarcoma. Histology revealed sheets of large atypical cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, large irregular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (Figure 4). Staining was positive for CD4, CD45 and CD68, and negative for B and T cell markers as well as keratin and HMB-45 (Figures 5,6). Her cause of death was felt to be spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome caused by massive tumor burden. Approximately 1/3 of cases present in lymph nodes, 1/3 in skin and 1/3 in extranodal sites, with the GI tract being most common.3 Treatment of histiocytic sarcoma consists of wide local excision when possible with adjuvant radiotherapy. Chemotherapeutic regimens have been proposed without evidence-based data.2 Patients have a very poor prognosis with poor response to therapy except in the case of very limited disease where complete excision is possible.1,2 Our case is unique in that histiocytic sarcoma does not often present as a neck mass and therefore does not typically enter into the differential diagnosis of otolaryngologists.
High power fiber delivery for laser ignition applications

The present contribution provides a concise review of high power fiber delivery research for laser ignition applications. The fiber delivery requirements are discussed in terms of exit energy, intensity, and beam quality. Past research using hollow core fibers, solid step-index fibers, and photonic crystal and bandgap fibers is summarized. Recent demonstrations of spark delivery using large clad step-index fibers and Kagome photonic bandgap fibers are highlighted.
Right atrial flow velocity in patients with atrial septal defect

Abstract Right atrial flow velocity was measured with the Doppler catheter connected to the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter telemetry system in 6 patients with a secundum type of atrial septal defect. Fourteen normal subjects formed the control group. Right atrial flow velocity in normal subjects was phasic but continuous throughout the cardiac cycle. Although variations in the flow velocity wave form were frequently seen, three distinct waves were recorded. These waves have been designated as follows: S, during ventricular systole; D, during ventricular diastole; and A, during atrial contraction. In all patients with an atrial septal defect there was an increase in the amplitude of the A and D waves, but the S wave remained normal in size. These changes indicate that a large fraction of left to right shunt flow velocity through the septal defect occurred during early ventricular diastole and atrial contraction.
Use of asymmetric fan‐beam transmission computed tomography for attenuation correction of cardiac SPECT imaging

Photon attenuation is often the largest source of infidelity in cardiacsingle photon emission computed tomography(SPECT). This investigation evaluates the feasibility of using an asymmetric fan-beam transmission CT (AsF–TCT), acquired immediately before or after the emission computed tomogram (ECT), to correct for photon attenuation in cardiacSPECT. AsF–TCTs are reconstructed to generate patient-specific attenuation maps. The maps are used with an iterative maximum-likelihood algorithm to reconstruct attenuation-corrected (AC) SPECTimages. AsF attenuation correction significantly improves the accuracy of images of a cardiac-thorax phantom modeling a large patient with a normal myocardial perfusion study. Similar improvements in image uniformity are obtained for patient studies. Using a high-activity line source and rapid camera rotation, a suitable attenuation map is obtained with a four minute transmission acquisition; shorter acquisitions could be used for SPECT systems with higher count-rate performance. Misregistration between the ECT and TCT can create artifacts in the reconstructed AC images, with lateral patient shifts as small as 2–3 cm causing severe artifacts. Axial, anterior-posterior, and rotational misregistrations require larger shifts before artifacts become significant. Finally, applying AC improves assessments of both defect size and severity. Without AC, cardiacSPECT can significantly over-estimate the size of perfusion defects, particularly in the septum and inferior wall of the left ventricle. AC improves estimates of lesion severity and results in better contrast between adjacent normal and defect regions. This investigation demonstrates that AsF–TCT is a viable technique for attenuation correction for cardiacSPECT, and may improve the diagnostic accuracy of this modality.
School Drug Education Programming: In Search of a New Direction.

School drug abuse prevention programs represent an enormous educational resource. Recent perceptions of an epidemic of drug abuse among the nation's youth have fueled the escalation in expenditures for drug prevention programming. An important question that needs to be addressed concerns whether broad ranging drug education efforts directed at all public and private school students are efficient and effective uses of available resources? After a brief survey of the evolution of drug education programming in the U.S., this article examines recent longitudinal research regarding the antecedents of drug abuse among young people. Based on this research, suggestions are made for a new approach to drug education programs which would direct intensive interventions at the minority of youth who are identifiable in early childhood as particularly susceptible to problems with drug abuse.
Subsolidus phase relations in the systems CeO2RE2O3 (RE2O3 = C-type rare earth sesquioxide)

Abstract The systems CeO 2  RE 2 O 3 ( RE 2 O 3 = C-type rare earth sesquioxide) were studied to: (1) investigate the claims of several workers for the existence of a complete solid solution series between CeO 2 and RE 2 O 3 and (2) to characterize the weak C-type X-ray diffraction peaks reported by others from samples in the single-phase fluorite solid solution region. It is shown that a complete solid solution series does not exist, and an explanation for the observations of others reporting such is tendered. It is also shown that the observation of C-type reflections in the supposed single-phase fluorite field can be attributed to the partial reduction of Ce 4+ to Ce 3+ at the firing temperature, resulting in the movement of the bulk composition into a two-phase field of the CeO 2  RE 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 phase diagram, rather than the formation of a domain structure due to ordering.
Galanin binding sites in rat gastric and jejunal smooth muscle membrane preparations.

Abstract Receptors for galanin in membranes from the rat gastric and jejunal smooth muscle were studied using [ 125 I] radioiodinated synthetic porcine galanin. Specific binding was time and temperature dependent. At 32°C radioligand was degraded in the presence of smooth muscle membranes in a time-dependent manner. At optimal experimental conditions, the equilibrium binding analyses showed the presence of a single population of high affinity binding sites in both the rat stomach and jejunum (K d value of 2.77±0.78 nM and 4.93±1.74 nM for stomach and jejunal smooth muscle membranes, respectively). The concentration of the high affinity binding sites was 58.19±11.04 and 32.36±5.68 fmol/mg protein, for gastric and jejunal preparations, respectively. Specific binding was completely inhibited by 10 −6 M of nonradioactive galanin; was 75% blocked by 1 μM of galanin(9–29); it was 10% blocked by 1 μM of galanin(15–29). Galanin(1–15) at a concentration of 1 μM was ineffective for inhibiting [ 125 I]galanin binding. Deletion of four C-terminal amino acid residues from galanin(9–29) to give galanin(9–25) also resulted in almost complete loss of affinity. Radioiodinated galanin and N-terminally deleted fragments had receptor binding potency in the following order: galanin(1–29) > galanin(9–29) > galanin(15–29). We conclude that the C-terminal part of the galanin chain is important for the rat gastric and jejunal smooth muscle membrane receptor recognition and binding and that N-terminal amino acid sequences are probably not so important, since galanin(1–15) was not active but galanin(9–29) retained most of the receptor binding activity.
On the impact of jamming attacks on cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) Networks have been identified in recent literature as having great potential in realizing distributed shared communications, especially the ability to ensure broadband access of limited resources by opportunistically sharing spectrum with the incumbent users. Since the CR uses wireless communication and inherits all of its associated security threats, it is of paramount importance to fully investigate the impact of malicious faults like jamming attacks on CR networks under different fault scenarios. This research investigates CR Networks in the presence of Jamming attacks based on fault-model classification. A hybrid Jamming mitigating approach is proposed to better handle the affect of malicious jamming nodes under consideration of hybrid fault models.
Modelling of Thermal Radiation From External Hydrocarbon Pool Fires

A review of literature and published full-scale measurements has been undertaken in order to assess the current status of the modelling of thermal radiation from hydrocarbon pool fires. Based on the review, a semi-empirical model was developed, in which the pool fire is assumed to radiate in two layers; a high emissive power, clean burning zone, at the base, with a smoky, obscured layer above. The choice and development of model correlations was made through comparison against a wide range of field-trial data, which was drawn together to form a validation database. The review also enabled a property database to be produced, containing burning rate and surface emissive power data for a broad range of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The uncertainty in the application of semi-empirical pool fire modelling is discussed with regard to its use in assessing thermal radiation effects and estimating flame dimensions.
C-pentyltetra(3-pyridyl)cavitand: a versatile building block for the directed assembly of hydrogen-bonded heterodimeric capsules.

Hydrogen-bond-directed assembly of heterodimeric cavitand-based capsules is of considerable interest. Herein, we report the synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structure determination of a pyridyl-functionalized cavitand that contains suitable hydrogen-bond acceptor moieties for the construction of asymmetric cavitand-based capsules.
A beamline for high-pressure studies at the advanced light source with a superconducting bending magnet as the source

A new facility for high-pressure diffraction and spectroscopy using diamond anvil high-pressure cells has been built at the Advanced Light Source on Beamline 12.2.2. This beamline benefits from the hard X-radiation generated by a 6 Tesla superconducting bending magnet (superbend). Useful x-ray flux is available between 5 keV and 35 keV. The radiation is transferred from the superbend to the experimental enclosure by the brightness preserving optics of the beamline. These optics are comprised of: a plane parabola collimating mirror (M1), followed by a Kohzu monochromator vessel with a Si(111) crystals (E/{Delta}E {approx} 7000) and a W/B{sub 4}C multilayer (E/{Delta}E {approx} 100), and then a toroidal focusing mirror (M2) with variable focusing distance. The experimental enclosure contains an automated beam positioning system, a set of slits, ion chambers, the sample positioning goniometry and area detectors (CCD or image-plate detector). Future developments aim at the installation of a second end station dedicated for in situ laser-heating on one hand and a dedicated high-pressure single-crystal station, applying both monochromatic as well as polychromatic techniques.
Possible treatment concepts for the levodopa-related hyperhomocysteinemia.

The saga of harmful levodopa (LD) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) resulted from outcomes of animal—and cell culture studies and the clinical observation of motor complication related to the short half life of LD. Further aspects of LD long term application, the LD associated homocysteine increase and its emerging consequences on progression, and onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms and of vascular disease are only partially considered. Therapeutic approaches for this LD-mediated neurotoxic homocysteine increase are vitamin supplementation or LD application with an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). However, forcing central dopamine metabolism further down the methylation path by central blocking of COMT and MAO-B may reduce oxidative stress and homocysteine levels. But it may also increase N-methylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines to neurotoxic N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinolines. These compounds were observed in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of long term LD-treated PD patients. Therefore LD application with peripheral COMT inhibition may be safer.
Thermal challenges in MEMS applications: phase change phenomena and thermal bonding processes

Two thermal challenges for current and next generation microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications are discussed. The first topic is the fundamental investigations of phase change phenomena in the microscale. It has been demonstrated that microresistive heaters can generate single, spherical and controllable thermal bubbles with diameters between 2 and 500 μm. Both simplified steady state and transient analyses that provide the scientific foundation of bubble nucleation in the microscale have been established but require further investigations. Several device demonstrations are briefed including microbubble-powered actuators, microbubble-powered nozzle-diffuser pumps and microbubble-powered micromixers for applications in microfluidic systems. The second topic addresses key heat transfer issues during the thermal bonding processes for MEMS fabrication and packaging applications. Basic thermal analyses on the microscale bonding processes have been developed while in-depth study is required to advance the understandings of the thermal bonding processes in the microscale. Successful new thermal bonding processes are introduced, including localized eutectic bonding, localized fusion bonding, localized chemical vapor deposition (CVD) bonding, localized solder bonding and nanosecond laser bonding for encapsulation of MEMS devices.
Mediation by a CREB Family Transcription Factor of NGF-Dependent Survival of Sympathetic Neurons

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins support survival of neurons through processes that are incompletely understood. The transcription factor CREB is a critical mediator of NGF-dependent gene expression, but whether CREB family transcription factors regulate expression of genes that contribute to NGF-dependent survival of sympathetic neurons is unknown. CREB-mediated gene expression was both necessary for NGF-dependent survival and sufficient on its own to promote survival of sympathetic neurons. Moreover, expression of Bcl-2 was activated by NGF and other neurotrophins by a CREB-dependent transcriptional mechanism. Overexpression of Bcl-2 reduced the death-promoting effects of CREB inhibition. Together, these data support a model in which neurotrophins promote survival of neurons, in part through a mechanism involving CREB family transcription factor-dependent expression of genes encoding prosurvival factors.
FOLK HOUSING: KEY TO DIFFUSION1

ABSTRACT It is still possible in the eastern United States to distinguish the initial occupance patterns established by migrants from the seaboard source areas. Among the occupance ingredients, housing of all kinds is the most reliably diagnostic of the whole; however, the course of development from each of the source areas followed quite different lines. From New England's evolutionary series of house types was carried by migrating groups the house contemporaneously fashionable, whereas the barn remained unchanged. For the Upland South the English “I” house was the one idealized type marking economic attainment; the German log barn evolved into quite different forms. For the Tidewater South there was an evolutionary series beginning with the frame, single-room, end-chimney English cottage and culminating in the raised house with front porch and rear appendage. Westward migration found natural conditions much like those of the seaboard; southward movement carried from continental to subtropical conditions, reflected especially in changing form and function of barns.
Discovering Maximum Parallelization Using Advanced Data Dependence Analysis

Accurate data dependence testing allows a compiler to perform safe automatic code optimization and parallelization. It has been shown that factors, such as loop variants and nonlinear expressions, limit opportunity for data dependence testing and parallelization. Recently, the NLVI-Test has been introduced as new technology to enable exact data dependence testing on nonlinear expressions. Apart from this work, analyses that utilize the Chains of Recurrences formalism have been shown to boost a dependence test's ability to analyze expressions. In this paper we present techniques for applying the NLVI-Test ideas in conjunction with Chains of Recurrences analysis, to couple the benefits of both. In addition, we develop a "Parallelization Index" which describes the upper bound of the total parallelization obtainable for our compiler infrastructure. We perform an experimental evaluation of our efforts on scientific benchmarks. Results show our techniques result in higher numbers of total parallel loops discovered, and moreover, that we consistently expose a majority of the parallelism obtainable.
Foundations for Security Aware Software Development Education

Most instances of software exploitation are really software failure. Even though we cannot eliminate vulnerability from modern information systems, we can reduce exploitable code long term with sound, robust development practices. We argue that the current hot topic of so-called "secure coding" represents commonly taught coding techniques that ensure robustness, rather than ensuring any commonly understood concept of security. Weaving the practice of rigorous coding techniques into curriculum is essential — coding for security is useless apart from fault-tolerant foundations. However, security-specific coding techniques need to be integrated pedagogically alongside robustness so that students can differentiate the two. We propose in this paper a shift in instructional methods based on this distinction to help future programmers, developers, and software engineers produce "security-aware" software.
Recent Advances in the Assessment of Intelligence and Cognition

In this paper, we review current issues in cognitive assessment. After addressing important definitional and theoretical issues, we discuss some recently developed cognitive assessment instruments as well as some recently revised instruments. Tests that are scheduled for revision will also be mentioned. As most readers are generally familiar with the widely used and nationally standardized IQ tests, we will summarize these tests according to their general usage. The testing of intelligence has been a major focus and contribution since the early days of Psychology, when the birthplace of the intelligence testing movement began in France with the work of Alfred Binet toward the end of the 19th century. Many of the most widely known and used IQ tests have been developed in the U.S.A. and are used internationally. In addition, other IQ tests have been developed in many other countries outside the U.S.A. The use of IQ tests and selected assessment considerations will be reviewed. Finally, we make some predictions about the future role of cognitive assessment in the coming century.
Extreme Stretch Growth of Integrated Axons

Large animals can undergo enormous growth during development, suggesting that axons in nerves and white matter tracts rapidly expand as well. Because integrated axons have no growth cones to extend from, it has been postulated that mechanical forces may stimulate axon elongation matching the growth of the animal. However, this distinct form of rapid and sustained growth of integrated axons has never been demonstrated. Here, we used a microstepper motor system to evaluate the effects of escalating rates of stretch on integrated axon tracts over days to weeks in culture. We found that axon tracts could be stretch grown at rates of 8 mm/d and reach lengths of 10 cm without disconnection. Despite dynamic and long-term elongation, stretched axons increased in caliber by 35%, while the morphology and density of cytoskeletal constituents and organelles were maintained. These data provide the first evidence that mechanical stimuli can induce extreme "stretch growth" of integrated axon tracts, far exceeding any previously observed limits of axon growth.
J. Sterling Morton: Author of arbor day

J. Sterling Morton, an outstanding frontier orator in the latter half of the nineteenth century, enjoyed little political success, but through continual promotion of tree culture became the founder of Arbor Day.
Just International Monetary Arrangements

International monetary arrangements - the practices and rules governing the creation, distribution, and management of money and credit in the world economy - have received little attention from philosophers concerned with international distributive justice. A convincing account of the requirements of greater international distributive justice demands a description of such arrangements. Current international monetary arrangements at times have consequences that are difficult to justify morally. Empirical reasoning, normative reasoning and institutional imagination must be employed together in order to identify alternatives that are desirable and realizable.
TB or Not TB: a Structural Genomics Mission?

This chapter describes the experimental path from gene to protein structure, the public tuberculosis (TB) structural henomics consortium database, and the structures that have been determined thus far and their biological relevance. Structural genomics is the determination and analysis of protein structures on a genome-wide scale, proceeding from knowledge of the genome sequence to knowledge of the three-dimensional structure. One of the goals of structural genomics is to determine example structures for new protein families, so that three-dimensional structural models may be constructed with no structural information. Another goal is functional annotation of proteins with no known function by analysis of their atomic structures. A third goal is to construct protein-protein interaction networks of an entire genome. Lastly, for structural genomics projects to fulfill their goals, the process must be automated for high throughput. Proteins are secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in response to environmental changes, for example, to protect against oxidative damage or to colonize a host successfully. The antigen 85 complex comprises three closely related enzymes, antigen 85A (Ag85A) (31 kDa), Ag85B (30 kDa), and Ag85C (31.5 kDa). These secreted proteins are both antigenic and involved in cell wall maintenance. The secreted antigen MPT70 and its homolog MPT83 (63% sequence identical) are highly immunogenic during the infection of mice. Phosphatidylinositol is a key precursor of many M. tuberculosis glycolipid cell wall components.
Black Consciousness and the Vietnam War

(1973). Black Consciousness and the Vietnam War. The Black Scholar: Vol. 5, Black Soldier II, pp. 2-8.
Cryosurgery causes profound and persistent ischemia

Cryotherapy has been used in the treatment of soft tissue trauma and other ailments since the time of Hippocrates. Currently it is commonly applied in conjunction with surgical procedures and by athletic trainers and physical therapists to control pain, swelling, bleeding, and inflammation. Localized cooling also results in slowing of the nerve conduction velocity and reduced muscle spasm and secondary hypoxic injury1,2. Cooling is commonly used for soft tissue injuries in combination with rest, compression and elevation to minimize inflammation.© 2012 ASME
Solomon Weinstock and the Miracle Phenomenon

An experimental study is discussed from two points of view: (a) as a miracle of individual endeavor and (b) as a source of insight into the nature (is that the right word?) of miracles.
Quantification of the surface diffusion of tripodal binding motifs on graphene using scanning electrochemical microscopy.

The surface diffusion of a cobalt bis-terpyridine, Co(tpy)2-containing tripodal compound (1·2PF6), designed to noncovalently adsorb to graphene through three pyrene moieties, has been studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) on single-layer graphene (SLG). An initial boundary approach was designed in which picoliter droplets (radii ∼15–50 μm) of the tripodal compound were deposited on an SLG electrode, yielding microspots in which a monolayer of the tripodal molecules is initially confined. The time evolution of the electrochemical activity of these spots was detected at the aqueous phosphate buffer/SLG interface by SECM, in both generation/collection (G/C) and feedback modes. The tripodal compound microspots exhibit differential reactivity with respect to the underlying graphene substrate in two different electrochemical processes. For example, during the oxygen reduction reaction, adsorbed 1·2PF6 tripodal molecules generate more H2O2 than the bare graphene surface. This product was detected...
Emergency drinking water treatment during source water pollution accidents in China: origin analysis, framework and technologies.

China has suffered frequent source water contamination accidents in the past decade, which has resulted in severe consequences to the water supply of millions of residents. The origins of typical c...
DUSP8 Regulates Cardiac Ventricular Remodeling by Altering ERK1/2 Signaling

Rationale: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling regulates the growth response of the adult myocardium in response to increased cardiac workload or pathologic insults. The dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are critical effectors that dephosphorylate the MAPKs to control the basal tone, amplitude and duration of MAPK signaling. Objective: : To examine the dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) as a regulator of MAPK signaling in the heart and its impact on ventricular and cardiomyocyte growth dynamics. Methods and Results: Dusp8 gene-deleted mice as well as transgenic mice with inducible expression of Dusp8 in the heart were used here to investigate how this MAPK-phosphatase might regulate intracellular signaling and cardiac growth dynamics in vivo. Dusp8 gene-deleted mice were mildly hypercontractile at baseline with a cardiac phenotype of concentric ventricular remodeling, which protected them from progressing towards heart failure in two surgery-induced disease models. Cardiac-specific overexpression of DUSP8 produced spontaneous eccentric remodeling and ventricular dilation with heart failure. At the cellular level, adult cardiomyocytes from Dusp8 gene-deleted mice were thicker and shorter, while DUSP8 overexpression promoted cardiomyocyte lengthening with a loss of thickness. Mechanistically, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were selectively increased in Dusp8 gene-deleted hearts at baseline as well as following acute pathologic stress stimulation, while p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases were unaffected. Conclusions: These results indicate that DUSP8 controls basal and acute stress-induced ERK1/2 signaling in adult cardiomyocytes that then alters the length-width growth dynamics of individual cardiomyocytes, which further alters contractility, ventricular remodeling and disease susceptibility.
Early prediction of severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: A composite scoring tool

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) predominantly affects preterm infants and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. There is no composite scoring tool that predicts the severity of NEC in preterm infants early in the disease process before it is established. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on NEC cases (n = 41) defined as infants who developed NEC stage 2 with pneumatosis intestinalis, and controls (n = 41) defined as infants with NEC stage 1, to develop a scoring tool that utilized the preterm infant’s clinical status, feeding practices, radiographic and laboratory findings at set time-points (7 days, 2 days and 24 and 12 hours) before the suspicion of NEC to predict the severity of NEC. Repeated measures analysis along with sensitivity, specificity and area under curve were measured to compare the composite risk score between cases and controls. Results: The composite risk score was higher among the cases at 24 hours (2.73 ± 0.20 vs. 2.20 ± 0.20, p < .05) and 12 hours (4.20 ± 0.22 vs. 2.50 ± 0.22, p < .001) but not on 2 day (2.37 ± 0.17 vs. 2.18 ± 0.17, p = .42) prior to the suspicion of NEC to predict the severity of the disease. Feeding practices, gastric residuals, and laboratory signs of inflammation were main determinants of the final score. The most discriminatory score to differentiate between NEC stage 1 and NEC stage 2 and 3 was 2. Conclusions: This scoring system is easy to use as it utilizes normally collected data and can predict the severity of the disease enabling the physician to make decisions regarding appropriate timing of correct treatment. Further larger prospective studies are required to validate this pilot study describing NEC severity prediction tool.
Migration and the Labor Force

Migration to other countries to work brings about changes to the labor force in both the host and home country. Economists, in particular, examine the consequence of in-migration on the native labor force in the host country and of emigration on the labor force of the home country. The impact on the wages and employment of the native labor force depends on many factors but is often small or nonexistent. Keywords: economics; globalization; immigration; labor supply; migration
Teaching Engineering Statistics with Simulation: A Classroom Experience

Motivating engineering students in statistics courses is often difficult. The present paper discusses our classroom experience teaching Regression and Data Analysis for Engineers-a senior level course. The organisation and support materials of this course are reviewed. The simulation experiments used and their engineering interpretations are described. Practical problems encountered and the adaptive solutions given to them are discussed. Finally the method of evaluating the students and some objective performance measures of the course results are presented.
Velocity Field Measurement Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

Abstract Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical measurement technique where the velocity field of an entire region within the flow is measured simultaneously. This is a fundamental difference from point measurement methods that employ probes to measure the flow velocity at a single point. A main advantage of PIV is that it is a quantitative flow field mapping technique that can provide physical insight into the overall flow behavior in question. PIV facilitates both the extraction of measurement data and the visualization of flow structures. An application-oriented introduction of planar PIV is provided with two case studies included to familiarize users with the PIV system.
Developmental Education: The Cost Literature and What We Can Learn From It

ABSTRACTDevelopmental education is often criticized for its expense. Some believe that it represents a failure of secondary education and is, therefore, a redundant expense. Others believe that developmental education serves a vital role in preparing students for college and is, therefore, a necessary expense. This article provides a review of the literature on the cost of developmental education. Noted in the narrative are descriptions, findings, challenges, and implications of the cost studies. Conclusions about the literature are offered and areas for further research are suggested.
Advertising, Control of

Like most other human activities, advertising needs to be ‘controlled’ – that is, its failures must be constrained and its potential to inform people must be optimized. There are two major alternative ways of achieving such control: (1) have the government issue laws and regulations and (2) have the industry develop an enforceable code of conduct. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and the tendency is to blend the two approaches through ‘co-regulation.’ The co-regulatory systems of advertising control in France and the United Kingdom are analyzed together with technological and social trends.
Nebraska 4-H Household Technology and Interest Survey

Nationally, 4-H has placed renewed emphasis in the areas of Science and Technology as a way to prepare youth for the 21st century workplace. Home access may become necessary to youth as they develop science and technology literacy via 4-H programs. A survey was sent to a random sample of 1,414 Nebraska families from a total population of 13,516. The survey examined the percentage of families that have access to computers and the Internet at home, computer components, use characteristics and specific areas of interest in science and technology. Results indicate that 96 percent of Nebraska 4-H families have access to computers at home. Nearly 92 percent of families had a connection to the Internet with a majority using dial-up connections. Families are interested in technology programs focused on basic computer knowledge and office application. In science, 4-H families indicated environment sciences and botany were areas of interest.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity and Functional Impairment in a Trauma-Exposed Sample: A Preliminary Examination into the Moderating Role of Valued Living

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with functional impairment in social, occupational, and physical domains. Similar to other forms of psychopathology, research suggests the correlation between symptom severity and functional impairment is moderate and this relationship varies across studies. These findings suggest a continued need to identify variables that explain unique variance in functional outcomes over and above PTS symptomology, as well as those that moderate this association. One such variable may be valued living, a primary treatment target in contextual behavioral approaches such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The present study sought to investigate the association between valued living, PTS symptomology, and functional impairment in a trauma-exposed sample, as well as the moderating effect of valued living in the relationship between symptom severity and functioning. Results confirmed valued living is associated with functional impairment after controlling for PTS symptom severity and other covariates, and valued living does moderate the link between symptoms and impairment in functioning. Findings highlight the importance of the interplay between valued living and symptomology in understanding impairment among trauma-exposed individuals.
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal development in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant life span

Summary Six hundred and forty six taxa of Brassicaeae were inoculated under glasshouse conditions with Glomus intraradices SCHENCK & SMITH root inoculum and assessed after 5 weeks for vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (V AM) development. Of the 649 taxa, 123 (18.9%) showed some level of VAM development. Chi-square analysis showed no significant differences in VAM development between annuals and perennials. Analysis of published reports of mycorrhizal development in crucifers also failed to demonstrate any relationship between VAM development and life span in crucifers. VAM development in these plants included only internal hyphae and vesicles; no arbuscules were observed in any of the 3230 root segments examined. These data suggest that VAM development in crucifers is probably non-functional and that life span characteristics do not affect the apparent VAM development in glasshouse inoculated specimens.
Some Recent Directions in Algebraic Methods for Optimization and Lyapunov Analysis

Exciting recent developments at the interface of optimization and control have shown that several fundamental problems in dynamics and control, such as stability, collision avoidance, robust performance, and controller synthesis can be addressed by a synergy of classical tools from Lyapunov theory and modern computational techniques from algebraic optimization. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of our recent research efforts (with various coauthors) to (i) enhance the scalability of the algorithms in this field, and (ii) understand their worst case performance guarantees as well as fundamental limitations. The topics covered include the concepts of “dsos and sdsos optimization”, path-complete and non-monotonic Lyapunov functions, and some lower bounds and complexity results for Lyapunov analysis of polynomial vector fields and hybrid systems. In each case, our relevant papers are tersely surveyed and the challenges/opportunities that lie ahead are stated.
Infrequently expressed miRNAs influence survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer

// Martha L. Slattery 1 , Andrew J. Pellatt 2 , Frances Y. Lee 2 , Jennifer S. Herrick 3 , Wade S. Samowitz 4 , John R. Stevens 5 , Roger K. Wolff 6 and Lila E. Mullany 7 1 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 2 Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 3 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 4 Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 5 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA 6 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 7 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Correspondence to: Martha L. Slattery, email: marty.slattery@hsc.utah.edu Keywords: colorectal cancer, miRNAs, survival, stage, prognosis Received: May 16, 2017 Accepted: July 25, 2017 Published: August 03, 2017 ABSTRACT Half of miRNAs expressed in colorectal tissue are expressed < 50% of the population. Many infrequently expressed miRNAs have low levels of expression. We hypothesize that less frequently expressed miRNAs, when expressed at higher levels, influence both disease stage and survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer (CRC); low levels of expression may be background noise. We examine 304 infrequently expressed miRNAs in 1893 population-based cases of CRC with paired carcinoma and normal mucosa miRNA profiles. We evaluate miRNAs with disease stage and survival after adjusting for age, study center, sex, MSI status, and AJCC stage. These miRNAs were further evaluated with RNA-Seq data to identify miRNA::mRNA associations that may provide insight into the functionality of miRNAs. Eleven miRNAs were associated with advanced disease stage among colon cancer patients ( Q value = 0.10). Eight infrequently expressed miRNAs influenced survival if highly expressed in overall CRC. Of these, five increased likelihood of dying if they were highly expressed, i.e. miR-124-3p, miR-143-5p, miR-145-3p, miR31-5p, and miR-99b-5p, while three were associated with better survival if highly expressed, i.e. miR-362-5p, miR-374a-5p, and miR-590-5p. Thirteen miRNAs infrequently expressed in colon-specific carcinoma tissue were associated with CRC survival if highly expressed. Evaluation of miRNAs::mRNA associations showed that mRNA expression influenced by infrequently expressed miRNA contributed to networks and pathways shown to influence disease progression and prognosis. Our large study enabled us to examine the implications of infrequently expressed miRNAs after removal of background noise. These results require replication in other studies. Confirmation of our findings in other studies could lead to important markers for prognosis.
Decline of prefrontal cortical-mediated executive functions but attenuated delay discounting in aged Fischer 344 × brown Norway hybrid rats.

Despite the fact that prefrontal cortex (PFC) function declines with age, aged individuals generally show an enhanced ability to delay gratification, as evident by less discounting of delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. The present study was designed to evaluate relationships between 2 aspects of PFC-dependent cognition (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and intertemporal choice in young (6 months) and aged (24 months) Fischer 344 × brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Rats were also evaluated for motivation to earn rewards using a progressive ratio task. As previously reported, aged rats showed attenuated discounting of delayed rewards, impaired working memory, and impaired cognitive flexibility compared with young. Among aged rats, greater choice of delayed reward was associated with preserved working memory, impaired cognitive flexibility, and less motivation to work for food. These relationships suggest that age-related changes in PFC and incentive motivation contribute to variance in intertemporal choice within the aged population. Cognitive impairments mediated by PFC are unlikely, however, to fully account for the enhanced ability to delay gratification that accompanies aging.