cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to Survival in Low–Glomerular Filtration Rate Cohorts Undergoing Lung Transplant

Abstract Background Historically, a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 has been considered a contraindication to lung transplantation. Combined or sequential lung–kidney transplantation is an option for those with a GFR less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Patients with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 are provided with no options for transplantation. This study explores factors associated with improved survival in patients who undergo isolated lung transplantation with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for adult patients undergoing primary isolated lung transplantation between January 2007 and March 2018. Regression models were used to identify factors associated with improved survival in lung recipients with a preoperative GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The propensity score method was used to match highly performing patients (outpatient recipients aged less than 60 years) with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 with patients who had a GFR greater than 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and logistic regression analyses compared outcomes in matched populations. Results A total of 21,282 lung transplantations were performed during the study period. Compared with patients with a GFR greater than 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2, survival was significantly worse for patients with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Multivariate analysis of patients with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 demonstrated outpatient status and age less than 60 years to be predictive of superior survival. After propensity matching, survival of this highly performing subset with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 was no different from that of patients with a normal GFR. Conclusions Outpatient recipients aged less than 60 years represent an optimal subset of patients with a GFR of 30 to 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Lung transplant listing should not be declined based only on a GFR less than 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
Biomarkers of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Response in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment landscape across multiple solid tumor types. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), clinical benefit for the addition of ICB to chemotherapy has been shown in both the metastatic and early stage disease settings. A minority of patients with TNBC will truly benefit from ICB, with many tumors unlikely to respond, and ICB can cause additional toxicities for patients to incur. In clinical practice, ICB-based regimens are emerging as standard-of-care treatment options in TNBC subpopulations. Atezolizumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel is recommended as first-line treatment for patients with PD-L1-positive metastatic TNBC. Clinical trials are needed to confirm this benefit and evaluate if additional biomarkers may allow for improved patient selection. Trials investigating ICB in early-stage breast cancer show promise for the benefit of combination ICB with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, longer follow-up is required before ICB can be considered as standard-of-care treatment in the early stage setting. In both metastatic and early stage TNBC, novel biomarkers to improve patient selection are now under investigation. These include multiplex IHC to profile immune cell subtypes (such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) or RNA gene expression profiling to detect signatures suggestive of a T-cell-inflamed microenvironment. Detecting somatic mutations through tumor next-generation DNA sequencing may predict resistance mechanisms or suggest sensitivity to ICB monotherapy or in combination with other forms of systemic therapy. These biomarker platforms may allow for a more granular analysis of immune activity and should be further investigated in prospective studies with the aim of personalizing ICB-focused therapies in TNBC.
Computational analysis of non-competitive antagonist arylguanidine-α7 nAChR complexes.

Abstract meta-Chlorophenylguanidine (1) is a non-competitive α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist. Here we examined the hydrogen bond donor role of the anilinic N1–H on the inhibitory effect of 1 by preparing its N1–CH3 counterpart 2. Analog 2 was found to be at least as potent as 1 as a non-competitive α7 nAChR antagonist in a patch-clamp assay. To establish a structural basis for the mode of interaction of guanidines 1 and 2, we generated 100 homology models of the hα7 nAChR. This was followed by Connolly surface (SYBYL-X2.1) and blind docking (AutoDock 4.1) studies to identify eight possible binding pockets, two of which were supported by empirical data and employed in our docking studies. The optimized model-ligand complexes were analyzed using a Hydropathic INTeractions (HINT) analysis in order to compare and contrast different binding pockets and modes. We identified a potential allosteric binding site and distinct rotameric binding modes for 1 and 2 at α7 nAChRs. These differences in the binding orientations minimized the importance of an anilinic NH function for the antagonist activity at nACh receptors.
Neuroanatomical Profile of Young Females with Fragile X Syndrome: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Analysis.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition associated with alterations in brain and subsequent cognitive development. However, due to a milder phenotype relative to males, females with fragile X syndrome are underrepresented in research studies. In the current study, we investigate neuroanatomical differences in young females (age range: 6.03-16.32 years) with fragile X syndrome (N = 46) as compared to age-, sex-, and verbal abilities-matched participants (comparison group; N = 35). Between-group analyses of whole-brain and regional brain volumes were assessed using voxel-based morphometry. Results demonstrate significantly larger total gray and white matter volumes in girls with fragile X syndrome compared to a matched comparison group (Ps < 0.001). In addition, the fragile X group showed significantly larger gray matter volume in a bilateral parieto-occipital cluster and a right parieto-occipital cluster (Ps < 0.001). Conversely, the fragile X group showed significantly smaller gray matter volume in the bilateral gyrus rectus (P < 0.03). Associations between these regional brain volumes and key socio-emotional variables provide insight into gene-brain-behavior relationships underlying the fragile X syndrome phenotype in females. These findings represent the first characterization of a neuroanatomical phenotype in a large sample of girls with fragile X syndrome and expand our knowledge about potential neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying cognitive-behavioral outcomes in this condition.
When the evidence is not enough: Organizational factors that influence effective and successful library assessment

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to report on the findings of the two‐year Association of Research Libraries (ARL) sponsored project, “Making Library Assessment Work: Practical Approaches to Effective and Sustainable Assessment,”; it aims to examine the organizational factors that facilitate and impede effective data use and the implications for assessment in research libraries.Design/methodology/approach – Information was gathered from a variety of sources, including: a self‐evaluation of assessment activities and needs done by each of the 24 participating libraries; extensive discussion with a designated contact at each library; a review of library and institutional sources such as annual reports, strategic plans, accreditation self‐studies, ARL and IPEDS statistics; and the observations and discussion that occurred during 1.5 day site visits.Findings – The paper finds that libraries surveyed have made some progress incorporating data in decision making and services improvement, but there is much ...
Party Movement in the Policy Space Under Different Electoral Systems

I am using data on 23 OECD countries from the Comparative Manifesto Project dataset to establish that there is a positive relation between the proportionality of the electoral system and the degree to which parties change their positions on the left-right scale over time. This relation is robust to different model specifications and is not entirely mediated through the number, size or age of the parties in the system. I also show that variation in the median voter's position is not driving the results. The electoral reform episodes captured in the dataset support the idea that what we observe is an effect of the electoral system and not a simple correlation between the two variables. The proposed explanation for this relation is based on the marginal gain in legislative seats caused by a change in a party's position and the dynamic character of the interactions that take place in the system. A change in position that would increase the number of votes for a party is more likely to bring a corresponding gain in legislative seats in a proportional representation system than in a majority or a plurality system. Parties interested in maximizing the number of legislative seats have the incentives to change their positions more in a system that transforms votes into seats more accurately. This type of dynamic explanation is hard to capture in a traditional equilibrium-based theoretical framework and I instead propose an agent-based model of party competition to illustrate this mechanism.
Conformational analysis. XL. The configuration of 3-bromo-3-methylcholestane and the conformational equilibrium in 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane.

Abstract The compound previously assigned the 3β-bromo-3α-methylcholestane structure is shown to be a 3α-bromo-3β-methylcholestane, and the thermodynamically favored conformation of 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane is inferred to be that with the bromine axial and the methyl equatorial, contrary to earlier conclusions.
Structural and dielectric properties of amorphous ZrO 2 and HfO 2

Zirconia $({\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2})$ and hafnia $({\mathrm{HfO}}_{2})$ are leading candidates for replacing ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ as the gate insulator in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. Amorphous versions of these materials ($a\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$ and $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$) can be grown as metastable phases on top of a silicon buffer; while they tend to recrystallize during subsequent annealing steps, they would otherwise be of considerable interest because of the promise they hold for improved uniformity and electrical passivity. In this work, we report our theoretical studies of $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$ and $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$ by first-principles density-functional methods. We construct realistic amorphous models using the ``activation-relaxation'' technique of Barkema and Mousseau. The structural, vibrational, and dielectric properties of the resulting models are analyzed in detail. The overall average dielectric constant is computed and found to be comparable to that of the monoclinic phase.
Mass media framing of biotechnology news

In fast-changing scientific fields like biotechnology, new information and discoveries should influence the balance of risks and rewards and their associated media coverage. This study investigates how reporters interpret and report such information and, in turn, whether they frame the public debate about biotechnology. Mass media coverage of medical and agricultural biotechnology is compared over a 12-year period and in two different countries: the United States and the United Kingdom. We examine whether media have consistently chosen to emphasize the potential risks over the benefits of these applications, or vice versa, and what information might drive any relevant changes in such frames. We find that the two sets of technologies have been framed differently—more positive for medical applications, more negative for agricultural biotechnology. This result holds over time and across different geographic locations. We also find that international events influence media coverage but have been locally framed. This local newsworthiness extends to both medical and agricultural applications. We conclude that such coverage could have led to differences in public perception of the two sets of technology: more negative (or ambivalent) for agricultural, positive for medical applications. Our findings suggest that understanding news frames, and the events that drive them, provides some insight into the long-term formation of public opinion as influenced by news coverage.
7 Deconstructing and Recomposing the Narrative of Spiritual Life in the Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant (4500–3600 B.C.E.)

The serendipity of discovery can determine the process and progress of the archaeological interpretation of religious belief and ritual practice. The Chalcolithic period (4500–3600 B.C.E.) of the southern Levant is used as a case study. Had the material expressions of Chalcolithic religion been discovered in a different sequence, our understanding of that religion might have been distinctly altered. We first present a chronological narrative of discovery, with summary headlines, and then proceed to dismantle previous syntheses. Finally, we construct our own framework for understanding Chalcolithic religion, which is essentially a life-cycle religion with extensive, almost ever-present, ritual reference to death and the regeneration of life.
When the state is (n)ever present: On cynicism and political mobilization in Lebanon

This article looks at the way cynical reasoning consumes political action in Lebanon. Through ethnographic observations with political activists and former militia fighters, specifically during the final days of the 2009 Lebanese parliamentary elections, I show how cynicism is present in political mobilization. I argue that political mobilization moves between modes of cynicism and resistance, calling on us to see these two postures as discursively related. This work has broader implications for understanding political reactions and mobilizations in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab revolts. Quand l’Etat (n’)est (jamais) la : cynisme et mobilisation politique au Liban Resume Le present article examine la maniere dont le cynisme des prises de position sape l'action politique au Liban. Par des observations ethnographiques aupres d'activistes politiques et d'anciens miliciens, menees en particulier pendant les derniers jours precedant les elections parlementaires libanaises de 2009, l'auteur montre a quel point le cynisme est present dans la mobilisation politique. Il avance que cette mobilisation louvoie entre cynisme et resistance et invite a considerer ces deux postures comme liees sur le plan discursif. Ce travail a, plus largement, des implications pour la comprehension des reactions et mobilisations politiques a la suite du « Printemps arabe » de 2011.
Probabilité conditionnelle et certitude

Personal probability is now a familiar subject in epistemology, together with such more venerable notions as knowledge and belief. But there are severe strains between probability and belief; if either is taken as the more basic, the other may suffer. After explaining the difficulties of attempts to accommodate both, I shall propose a unified account which takes conditional personal probability as basic. Full belief is therefore a defined, derivative notion. Yet we will still be able to picture opinion as follows: my subjective probability is only a grading of the possibilities left open by my beliefs. My conditional probabilities generally derive — in a sense to be explicated — from the strongest belief I can maintain when admitting the relevant condition.
Astroglia in CNS injury

The astroglial response to CNS injury is considered in the context of neuron-glial relationships. Although previous models suggested that astroglial cells present in "scars" impede axon regrowth owing to irreversible changes in the glial cell following injury, recent in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that astroglial cells exhibit considerable plasticity, elevating expression of the glial filament protein and altering expression of properties which support axons, including extracellular matrix components and cell surface adhesion systems. Both in vivo and in vitro studies on neuron-glia interactions in different brain regions suggest that glia express region-specific properties, including ion channels, neurotransmitter uptake and receptor systems, and cell surface adhesion systems. Together these findings suggest that a more detailed analysis of glial response to injury in different brain regions will lead to an appreciation of the diversity of the astroglial response to injury, and its regulation by neuron-glia relationships.
Second law and radiation

Abstract The available energy of thermal radiation and solar radiation is examined in this paper. The extension of the available energy concept to the evaluation of the potential energy conversion in solar converters is outlined. The fundamental question discussed is: How much of a given solar radiation flux is convertible to thermodynamic work? The basic relations for evaluating the available energy in radiation processes are developed. The effects of both the spectral and spacial distribution of the radiation on the available energy are discussed. Atmospheric effects are examined, using NASA standard atmosphere solar spectral distributions. The available energy of the spectral characteristics is compared with the available energy of thermal equilibrium radiation at the same solar flux. This is used to illustrate the available energy losses in thermal energy converters. The technical evaluation of solar energy converters are discussed, based on the available energy of the input energy. A method for evaluating spectral sharing solar conversion devices and solar energy simulators is outlined.
Imaging at higher magnetic fields: 3 T versus 1.5 T.

Clinical hepatobiliary magnetic resonance (MR) imaging continues to evolve at a fast rate. However, three basic requirements must still be satisfied if novel high-field MR imaging techniques are to be included in the hepatobiliary imaging routine: improvement of parenchymal contrast, suppression of respiratory motion artifact, and anatomic coverage of the entire hepatobiliary system. This article outlines the various arenas involved in MR imaging of the hepatobiliary system at 3 Tesla (T) compared with 1.5 T by (1) highlighting magnetic field-dependent MR contrast phenomena that contribute to the overall appearance of high-field hepatobiliary imaging; (2) summarizing the biodistributions of different gadolinium chelates used as MR contrast agents and their effectiveness regarding the static magnetic field; (3) showing the implementation of advanced imaging techniques such as three-dimensional acquisition schemes and parallel acceleration techniques used in T1-, T2-, and diffusion-weighted hepatobiliary imaging; and (4) addressing artifact mechanisms exacerbated by, or originating from, increase of the static magnetic field.
Ultrastructural studies on the pathological changes in the neonatal kidney following in utero exposure to halothane

Abstract Pregnant rats were exposed to 10 ppm halothane all through pregnancy in specially designed chambers. The ultrastructure of the kidneys from neonatal rats was studied. Most of the lesions were found in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Flattening or loss of the basal infoldings of the epithelial cells was a prominent finding. Disorientation of the mitochondria, basal accumulation of lipid droplets, increase in lysosomes, enlargement of apical vacuoles, and formation of clusters of SER were also observed in many PCT epithelial cells. Extrusion of cytoplasmic materials and large packages of cytoplasmic masses into the tubular lumen were also evident. Coagulative necrosis of the PCT was a frequent finding. Since the present experimental condition simulated the actual environmental condition in an average operating room, halothane may be considered to be an occupational hazard especially to the pregnant OR personnel.
A Case Study of Monitoring Emission from CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery by Remote Sensing Data

Enhanced oil recovery with carbon dioxide (CO 2 -EOR) is considered to be a cost effective way for carbon capture and storage. However, due to the complexity of geological structure in underground reservoirs, long-term leakage is possible. A case study of CO 2 -EOR has been conducted at Citronelle, Alabama in the United State of America. A total of 8,036-ton of CO 2 were injected from November 2009 to September 2010 and some leakages via production were identified by isotopic analysis in May 2010. In this study, remote sensing data of CO 2 and methane (CH 4 ) concentrations, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at a large scale were used to monitor emissions to atmosphere at the study site. Based on the observed monthly CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in the atmosphere at the study site and surrounding areas, some abnormal values related to possible emission were identified at different time scales by correlation, variance and entropy analysis. The annual average of ratios between CO 2 concentration and CH 4 concentration, which might be due to CO 2 emission, reached the highest value in 2009. In comparison with surrounding areas, the monthly values of AOD at the study site were relatively higher, especially during the time periods of 2008, 2009 and part of 2010. Our results might confirm the isotopic analysis at the ground and may provide more detailed information. Therefore, through this approach remote sensing data could be used to monitor and evaluate emissions from areas involved in CO 2 -EOR at a large scale and provide helpful information for ecological assessment of CO 2 -EOR.
Phenotypes and mechanisms in the transformation of hematopoietic cells

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a growth factor that supports the proliferation of early hematopoietic stem cells, as well as cells that are committed to a variety of the myeloid lineages. The mechanisms by which IL-3 functions have been studied through the use of a series of IL-3-dependent cell lines isolated from myeloid leukemias or long-term bone marrow cultures. A variety of studies have implicated tyrosine phosphorylation in IL-3 signal transduction. One of the substrates of phosphorylation is a 140 kDa, IL-3-binding protein that is speculated to be the biologically relevant IL-3 receptor. IL-3, through tyrosine phosphorylation, supports viability and growth through the regulation of transcription of a series of genes including c-myc and c-pim-1. The c-myc gene contributes to viability, in part, by regulating the transcription of the ornithine decarboxylase gene. The role of growth factors in differentiation is less clear. By studying IL-3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell lines, two genes have been identified whose altered expression is associated with blocking the ability of the cells to differentiate. The c-myb gene is a nuclear DNA binding protein that has been implicated in myeloid transformation in a number of systems. The Evi-1 gene is a novel gene of the zinc finger family of transcriptional activators. Possible mechanisms by which these genes interfere with normal differentiation are discussed.
Reservoir simulation of CO2 sequestration pilot in Frio brine formation, USA Gulf Coast

Reservoir simulation studies were performed to investigate compositional effects between aquifer fluid (brine) and injected supercritical CO2 during the sequestration process in the Frio brine formation. Accurate data calibrations of CO2 solubility and density, as well as brine density and viscosity, were performed. Hysteresis relative permeability was taken into consideration to account for the effect of trapped gas in the aquifer. In addition, real aquifer data obtained from the test site were used in order to characterize the Frio aquifer. The Frio Brine Storage Project is a study in USA that was conducted by the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at the University of Texas at Austin as a pilot to investigate the CO2 sequestration process in an aquifer as the first closely monitored case study. The objective of monitoring this pilot study, which was conducted by a collaboration of several research organizations including BEG, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL), Sandia Technologies LLC, US Geological Survey (USGS), and Schlumberger, and funded by the DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), was to observe the behavior of supercritical CO2 in the subsurface, investigate the physics of the process, and obtain data for further validation of simulation results. This simulation study was carried out before the pilot began, and the results were verified against the early results of the field experiment. Different scenarios were simulated to investigate the lateral and vertical spread of the CO2 plume in the aquifer. Local grid refinement around both injection and monitoring wells helped to obtain accurate results. According to our studies, at the end of the simulation period (10 years from the injection date), a significant part of the injected CO2 will be in the form of trapped gas or will be dissolved in the aqueous phase. Considering the proposed injection plan, and since only a small portion of the injected CO2 will be in the form of free gas, the possibility of CO2 escape through the shale cap rock will be very low.
Phasic Variations and Magnitude of Pressure Recovery Distal to Human Coronary Artery Stenoses During Angioplasty

Distal pressure recovery coefficients (cpr = kcpr∞ ) were determined from pulsatile hemodynamic computations for the 32 patient group of Wilson et al. 1988 during coronary angioplasty in conjunction with quantitative angiography and measurements of coronary flow reserve (CFR). Before angioplasty, values of the factor k(t) ranged 2–4 times high than a reference value, cpr∞ = 0.18, and varied during the flow acceleration and deceleration phases of the cardiac cycle. After angioplasty, values of k(t) ranged from 0.8–1.4, roughly the same magnitude as cpr∞ = 0.46, and also varied phasically.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Chaotic dynamics and vibrational mode coupling in small argon clusters: the influence of potential energy saddles

We have computed the local Kolmogorov entropy of molecular dynamics trajectory segments near the potential energy saddles of model Ar3 and Ar5 clusters. In the case of Ar3 clusters bound with a Lennard-Jones potential, the local Kolmogorov entropy of the cluster is significantly smaller in the saddle region than in other areas of the potential surface. This behavior indicates an increase in the degree of nearly quasiperiodic motion near the Ar3 saddle due to the partial decoupling of the cluster's vibrational modes there. Lennard-Jones Ar5 clusters do not exhibit similar behavior, but Ar5 clusters bound with a short-range Morse potential do. This suggests that the “regularizing” effect of saddle regions is strongly dependent on the shape of the energy surface near the saddle. From these observations, we can determine which features of the saddle are most important in this respect; the flatness of the saddle region seems to be one such feature.
Dynamics of the optical frequency locked loop using tunable Nd:YVO4 microchip lasers

This paper concerns the dynamics of a rapidly tunable optical frequency locked loop (OFLL). The optical domain generation of high fidelity microwave signals has been subject of numerous articles in recent years [1–2]. Of particular interest is the use of single or double optical frequency locked loops, which reduce the phase noise [3]. In many applications it is desirable to rapidly tune or even hop the frequency while still maintaining low phase noise. In this report we examine the dynamics of the OFLL and show that tuning speeds in the order of few µsec are attainable.
Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the microstructure of disordered carbon nanowires

Abstract Without any catalyst or pressure, bulk non-graphitizing carbon does not exhibit any change in its atomic order (or graphitize) even at 3000 °C. We propose a route for significant graphitization in polymer-derived disordered carbon materials at moderate temperatures by pre-aligning the precursor polymer chains. Accordingly, we employ a template-based fabrication process, where the capillary forces align the polyfurfuryl alcohol chains in the form of nanowires with diameter from 100–200 nm. The nanowires are pyrolyzed at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 2000 °C and characterized with transmission electron and Raman microscopy as well as electrical conductivity measurements. The observed significant change in atomic rearrangement is explained by the alignment of precursor chains during the templated synthesis.
Distribution and transport of selected anthropogenic organic compounds on Mississippi River suspended sediment (U.S.A.), May/June 1988

Abstract The distribution and transport of selected hydrophobic halogenated organic compounds on suspended sediment from the lower Mississippi River were determined using discharge-weighted sampling with concurrent discharge measurements. Trends in compound concentration from upstream to downstream and the effects of selected tributaries were determined. The compounds identified on the suspended sediment include pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, dacthal, chlordane (trans-), nonachlor (trans-), chlorthalonil, and penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorobiphenyls.Loads of most of the compounds increased from upstream to downstream on the main stem of the Mississippi River. Of the tributaries studied, the Ohio River had the most significant effect on the loads.
Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching pattern of granular cells from human dentate gyrus

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of Golgi-impregnated neurons was studied using modern data-collecting techniques. Branch length and branch angle distributions were examined and found to have a wide range of observed values. These types of distributions imply a stochastic design for the bifurcating structure. No apparent pattern was found in the branching configuration. Branch lengths were studied using both centrifugal and centripetal ordering. Results of this analysis indicate that branching probability is not uniform over the entire dendritic tree and may be dependent on the dendritic surface area.
Confirmation by structure factor calculations of the filling by rare earths of two crystallographic sites of the garnet structure

Calculations of structure factors for garnets with previously deduced distributions of ions have confirmed the structural formulae {Nd 2.7 Yb 0.3 } [Yb 2 ](Ga 3 )O 12 and {Pr 3 }[Lu 2 ](Ga 3 )O 12 ; that is, rare earths fill all dodecahedral and octahedral sites.
Studies on the replication of reticuloendotheliosis virus: detection of viral-specific DNA sequences in infected chick cells.

Infection of stationary chick embryo fibroblasts by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is sensitive to cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, the majority of the nucleic acid sequences contained in the REV genome can be detected in infected cells in the form of DNA by RNA-DNA hybridization techniques. A small portion (ca. 5%) of the REV-specific sequences can be detected in uninfected chick embryo fibroblasts suggesting that these cells contain at least part of the REV genome as endogenous DNA sequences. These observations are consistent with an involvement of REV-specific proviral DNA as an intermediate in the replication of REV in chick embryo fibroblasts.
Einstein's osmotic equilibrium of colloidal suspensions in conservative force fields

Predicted by Einstein in his 1905 paper on Brownian motion, colloidal particles in suspension reach osmotic equilibrium under gravity. The idea was demonstrated by J.B. Perrin to win Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926. We show Einstein’s equation for osmotic equilibrium can be applied to colloids in a conservative force field generated by optical gradient forces. We measure the osmotic equation of state of 100nm Polystyrene latex particles in the presence of KCl salt and PEG polymer. We also obtain the osmotic compressibility, which is important for determining colloidal stability and the internal chemical potential, which is useful for predicting the phase transition of colloidal systems. This generalization allows for the use of any conservative force fields for systems ranging from colloidal systems to macromolecular solutions.
Observations from Skylab of mesoscale turbulence in ocean currents

PHOTOGRAPHS and visual observations made by astronauts aboard Skylab have revealed remarkable eddies embedded in warm-water currents flowing poleward from equatorial oceans. These visual displays of mesoscale turbulence provide us with (1) a concept of the size and shape of such features, (2) an opportunity to examine the places of origin, (3) a feel for the rate at which they coalesce, and grow downstream, and (4) the opportunity to ascertain their significance in the thermal energy regime of the oceans.
Which linear compartmental systems can be analyzed by spectral analysis of PET output data summed over all compartments

General linear time-invariant compartmental systems were examined to determine which systems meet the conditions necessary for application of the spectral analysis technique to the sum of the concentrations in all compartments. Spectral analysis can be used to characterize the reversible and irreversible components of the system and to estimate the minimum number of compartments, but it applies only to systems in which the measured data can be expressed as a positively weighted sum of convolution integrals of the input function with an exponential function that has real-valued nonpositive decay constants. The conditions are met by compartmental systems that are strongly connected, have exchange of material with the environment confined to a single compartment, and do not contain cycles, i.e., there is no possibility for material to pass from one compartment through two or more compartments back to the initial compartment. Certain noncyclic systems with traps, systems with cycles that obey a specified loop condition, and noninterconnected collections of such systems also meet the conditions. Dynamic positron emission tomographic data obtained after injection of a radiotracer, the kinetics of which can be described by any model in the class of models identified here, can be appropriately analyzed with the spectral analysis technique.
A stochastic treatment of unimolecular reactions in an unsteady state continuous flow system

Abstract A stochastic approach, namely a continuous time Markov chain (Markov process), is employed to analyze and model, in a unified fashion, both the kinetics of unimolecular reactions and mixing accompanied by flow in a continuous flow reactor under an unsteady state operation; the results reduce to those under the corresponding steady state operation in the limit as t →∞. This approach can be applied to both the time homogeneous and heterogeneous processes. The transitional distributions of the number of molecules of each type inside the reactor as well as at the exit are formulated. The treatment leads to the general expressions for the transient internal and exit age distributions of molecules in the flow reactor. The life time distribution of molecules under steady state is also derived. The statistical basis of the residence time distribution theory for flow reactors is clarified. The approach is illustrated with two examples.
Reaction time, intelligence, and attention

Abstract The roles of attention in reaction time and in the relationships among reaction time, intelligence, and achievement were analyzed. The subjects were 105 seventh-grade children. The results were generally consistent with most studies involving the Hick paradigm: both mean reaction time and the standard deviation of reaction time correlated with the intelligence and achievement measures used. Reaction time measures were correlated with attention and perceptual speed as well as with general intelligence, or g. Implications of these results for current theories linking reaction time and intelligence are discussed.
Knowledge discovery from structural data

Discovering repetitive substructure in a structural database improves the ability to interpret and compress the data. This paper describes the Subdue system that uses domain-independent and domain-dependent heuristics to find interesting and repetitive structures in structural data. This substructure discovery technique can be used to discover fuzzy concepts, compress the data description, and formulate hierarchical substructure definitions. Examples from the domains of scene analysis, chemical compound analysis, computer-aided design, and program analysis demonstrate the benefits of the discovery technique.
Organizational Values and Police Officer Evaluation: A Content Comparison Between Traditional and Community Policing Agencies

Although criminal justice literature has suggested that the values and objectives of the community policing philosophy differ from traditional law enforcement, little is known about the specifics of how this approach may have changed formal performance expectations for individual officers. This study incorporates a content analysis of 1,474 individual rating items on 150 officer evaluation instruments from agencies across the United States to determine whether organizational values and performance criteria differ between traditional and community policing agencies. Evaluation content was compared according to five key officer appraisal elements: (a) stakeholder focus, (b) police officer role emphasis, (c) level of service expectation, (d) employee traits encouraged, and (e) type of reinforcement (motivation) utilized. Results indicate that most evaluation content remains focused on the organization, emphasizes internal process aspects of performance, and has little to do with investigation, enforcement, p...
Stress inoculation for reduction of burnout: A conservation of resources approach

Abstract We evaluated the efficacy of two programs designed to reduce stress among nurses by increasing their coping resources. The interventions were based on principles of Stress Inoculation Training and Conservation of Reources stress theory. A dual resource intervention targeted the enhancement of both social support and mastery resources. A single resource intervention targeted the enhancement of only mastery resources. Both interventions were contrasted to a no intervention control condition. Participants in the dual resource intervention experienced significant enhancements in social support and mastery compared to the no intervention control. The social support enhancement persisted through a five-week follow-up. Participants in the dual resource intervention with low initial levels of social support or mastery experienced significant reductions in psychological distress. Participants in the single resource intervention experienced a slight enhancement in mastery compared to the no intervention co...
New States of Hydrogen in a Circularly Polarized Electromagnetic Field.

We predict the existence in hydrogen of stable nonspreading Rydberg wave packet states that have no classical counterparts. We show their time-dependent creation from circular Rydberg states in numerical simulations. These states are both angularly and radially localized exactly in antiphase from the corresponding nonspreading (so-called Trojan) packet position and are stabilized by quantum interference.
Southern Ocean mixed-layer depth from Argo float profiles

[1] Argo float profiles of temperature, salinity, and pressure are used to derive the mixed-layer depth (MLD) in the Southern Ocean. MLD is determined from individual profiles using both potential density and potential temperature criteria, and a monthly climatology is derived from individual MLDs using an objective mapping method. Quantitative data are available in the auxiliary material. The spatial structures of MLDs are similar in each month, with deep mixed layers within and just north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Pacific and Indian oceans. The deepest mixed layers are found from June to October and are located just north of the ACC where Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) are formed. Examination of individual MLDs indicates that deep mixed layers (MLD ≥ 400 m) from both the density and temperature criteria are concentrated in a narrow surface density band which is within the density range of SAMW. The surface salinity for these deep mixed layers associated with the SAMW formation are slightly fresher compared to historical estimates. Differences in air-sea heat exchanges, wind stress, and wind stress curl in the Pacific and Indian oceans suggest that the mode water formation in each ocean basin may be preconditioned by different processes. Wind mixing and Ekman transport of cold water from the south may assist the SAMW formation in the Indian Ocean. In the eastern Pacific, the formation of mode water is potentially preconditioned by the relative strong cooling and weak stratification from upwelling.
A feasibility study on a single-unit wireless EEG sensor

The electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely used diagnostic tool for a number of clinical applications, such as diagnosis of epilepsy and study of sleep. Traditionally, to acquire a single channel of EEG signal, at least three electrodes must be installed on the skin separated at certain distances. They must also be connected to an amplifier by electrode leads. These basic requirements are acceptable in most clinical laboratories, but are unacceptable in certain point-of-care applications, such as during patient transportation. In order to remove these requirements, we are designing a single-unit EEG sensor in the size of a U.S. penny. It contains multiple closely spaced dry electrodes that can hook onto the skin, an electronic circuitry for signal amplification, digitization and wireless transmission, and a battery providing power. In this paper, we answer two key questions regarding the feasibility of the single-unit design: 1) can the closely-spaced electrodes obtain EEG signal reliably? and 2) will the electrodes orientated in certain ways improve signal quality? We conducted experiments utilizing closely spaced electrodes to record the alpha wave in the EEG. Our results have shown positive answers to the two feasibility questions.
Historical “Truth,” Constructed Memory: Restaging Germany’s Reunification in Thomas Berger’s Television Melodrama Wir sind das Volk. Liebe kennt keine Grenzen (We are the people. Love without limits) (2008)

Film and television are popular media for the (re)presentation of history and the depiction of momentous past events. Germany’s reunification is no exception. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany has witnessed a proliferation of media production that endeavors to historicize and aestheticize the past. This coincides with the need to forge a post-Wall identity of the new Germany. My discussion of Thomas Berger’s award winning television drama Wir sind das Volk. Liebe kennt keine Grenzen (2008) examines how reunification is presented in a mixture of fictitious elements and authentic historical reconstruction based on shared memories of this past. Following a melodramatic trajectory, the film aims at the reconciliation of German society as a people twenty years after reunification.
Response Problems in Probability Sampling

4 O NE of the curious features of statistics is that the more closely data represent the actual facts and the wider the appreciation of their accuracy, the more subject they become to criticism." This was an observation made in 1904 by Mr. John Hyde, chief of the Statistics Division, USDA. He attributed this phenomenon to the fact that as their general accuracy is more widely recognized, data necessarily exercise a greater influence upon the markets, thus inevitably favoring or antagonizing those engaged in the game of agricultural production. Adverse comments of the losers are generally by far the most vociferous. The present day economic structure feeds on a wide array of statistical facts. However, the statistical appetite of the economic society continues to demand broader coverage, greater detail, and increased accuracy. The use of objective methods of sampling will assist in bringing about improvement in accuracy. Probability sampling is such an objective method. Probability sampling is an apparently simple term. Yet this appearance is deceiving and often leads to simplistic treatments that generalize too broadly, start from a doctrinaire position predetermining answers to problems, or concentrate on a single aspect of a survey to the exclusion of others. Probability sampling is a term of rich conceptual and empirical meaning; conceptually, it can designate statistical truth. It is not easy to conduct successfully in our pluralistic society.
Entopeltacites remberi sp. nov. from the Miocene of Clarkia, Idaho, USA

Abstract The Vizellaceae is one of the few families of fungi that can be identified solely on the basis of vegetative features, which makes the fossil members of the family readily identifiable. The family, with records to the Eocene of the northern and southern hemispheres, is a small group containing approximately twenty extant and seven fossil species. A new representative of the genus Entopeltacites within the Vizellaceae is described from the Miocene Clarkia locality of Idaho, USA. These fungi are present only on leaves of Persea. Hyphae extend across the entire leaf surfaces in straight lines, branching at 30 to 60° angles, rarely close to 90, with overlap between adjacent colonies. The hyphae are 4 to 5 μm in diameter, and regularly alternate between dark segments that are 8 to 11 μm long and hyaline segments that are 20 to 26 μm long. Single-celled hyphopodia are present but infrequent. Reproductive structures are 30 to 80 μm in diameter and are ostiolate, but internal structures are not preserved. No spores are present. This fungus differs from the other known species of Entopeltacites in its combination of hyphal and reproductive features, particularly in the regularity of cell type alternation.
Thermal diffuse x-ray-scattering studies of the water-vapor interface

Agreement between the theoretical and measured resolution dependence of x-ray specular reflection from the H{sub 2}O-vapor interface shows that the macroscopic capillary model for surface roughness can be extended to length scales as small as 400 A. Agreement between measured thermal diffuse scattering data and the theoretical form, with {ital no} {ital significant} {ital adjustable} {ital parameters}, independently leads to similar conclusions.
A note on james type robust estimators

M-estimation of a single parameter of the life time distribution is considered based on independent and identically distributed survival data which may be randomly censored. The most robust and the optimal robust M-estimators of the location parameters of the survival time distribution are derived within a class considered in James (1986) as well as for the general unrestricted class. The properties of the estimators corresponding to the above two classes are discussed. A data set is used to illustrate the usefulness of the optimal robust estimators for the parameter of extreme value distribution.