cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating stream health sensitivity to landscape changes due to bioenergy crops expansion

Abstract In order to study the impacts of bioenergy crop expansions on stream health the adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to simulate three macroinvertebrate and one fish stream health measure. Macroinvertebrate measures considered were the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), Family Index of Biological Integrity (Family IBI), and Number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT taxa) and the fish measure used was the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI). Water quality and quantity variables obtained from a high-resolution biophysical model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) were considered as inputs to the stream health predictive models. In order to examine the potential impacts of bioenergy crop expansions on stream health measures, 20 different rotations were examined in the Saginaw Bay basin. Overall, for the second-generation of biofuel crops, improvement in water quality was associated with less intensive agricultural activities, while traditional intensive row crops generated more pollution than current landuse conditions. Regarding the impacts of landuse changes on stream health measures, all three macroinvertebrate measures were negatively impacted under intensive row crops scenario while these measures were improved under perennial crops. However, for the fish measures, the expansion of native grass, switchgrass, and miscanthus resulted in negative impacts on IBI compared to first-generation row crops.
A method to locate electrode placement

A new method uses redundancy in the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) to determine the angles to all of the electrodes used to record the ECG. No other transducers or signals are needed. The method, a matrix manipulation of the standard 12-lead, would be applicable to all existing ECGs already stored on hospital systems. The invention of this method was originally motivated by the slight differences seen between ECGs acquired by the standard resting electrode placement versus those acquired in a monitoring or exercise placement. An ECG signal is acquired in multiple channels. A covariance matrix is formed. From the eigenvector solution of the matrix, the angles between the eigenvectors and the original signal vectors are determined. The angles calculated for any ECG test are compared to reference angles to determine whether the electrodes are placed in the standard ECG electrode placement, an alternative electrode placement, or an incorrect electrode placement.
Primary hyperparathyroidism: is there anything new?

Primary hyperparathyroidism remains the most common cause of hypercalcemia encountered in outpatient practice. Management of the asymptomatic patient with mild disease remains conroversial. Surgery is the only curative therapy, and minimally invasive procedures are now possible.
Caffeine increases the temporal variability of resting-state BOLD connectivity in the motor cortex

Correlations between spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal measured with functional MRI are finding increasing use as measures of functional connectivity in the brain, where differences can potentially predict cognitive performance and diagnose disease. Caffeine, which is a widely consumed neural stimulant and vasoactive agent, has been found to decrease the amplitude and correlation of resting-state BOLD fluctuations, and hence is an important factor to consider in functional connectivity studies. However, because the BOLD signal is sensitive to neural and vascular factors, the physiological mechanisms by which caffeine alters spontaneous BOLD fluctuations remain unclear. Resting-state functional connectivity has traditionally been assessed using stationary measures, such as the correlation coefficient between BOLD signals measured across the length of a scan. However, recent work has shown that the correlation of resting-state networks can vary considerably over time, with periods as short as 10 s. In this study, we used a sliding window correlation analysis to assess temporal variations in resting-state functional connectivity of the motor cortex before and after caffeine ingestion. We found that the temporal variability of BOLD correlation was significantly higher following a caffeine dose, with transient periods of strong correlation alternating with periods of low or negative correlation. This phenomenon was primarily due to increased variability in the phase difference between BOLD time courses in the left and right motor cortices. These results indicate that caffeine may cause underlying spontaneous neural fluctuations to go in and out of coherence more frequently, and emphasizes the need to consider non-stationary measures when studying changes in functional connectivity.
Search for O20

An attempt to detect O20 prepared by an (α,2p) reaction on O18 showed that the half-life of O20 is not in the range 10 min to 150 years.
Political Personality and Electoral Choice

The most widely-held and well-supported theories of electoral choice today relate such choice to group membership, socializing, so to speak, the vote decision. In this process the personality of the individual voter has tended to be overlooked or its influence minimized. In focussing in this discussion upon the relationship of authoritarianism to electoral choice, therefore, we hope not only to contribute to our knowledge of a particular personality pattern in a political context but also, more generally, to restore the individual, as contrasted to the group, to an important place in a theory of the electoral process.In an electoral situation, as in any other situation, personality factors play a double role: (1) they affect the perceptions of the individual, screening out some stimuli, distorting others, and admitting others intact; and (2) they shape the responses of a person, selecting among the various possible responses those which are most serviceable to basic personality needs. Every personality develops certain attitudes to assist in this process of selecting among the possible responses. For example, interest in the election, sense of duty, sense of political efficacy, or sense of social integration with the community might form the nucleus of the attitudes bearing on the decision whether or not to vote. Identification with a political party, position on current political issues, candidate preference, anticipation of economic or political advantage, prestige considerations, or identification with a partisan social group might affect the vote itself.
Predation by green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae), inhabiting cotton and woolly croton plants in East Texas

Predation by green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Hentz), was studied on cotton and woolly croton plants in East Texas. This species feeds both diurnally and nocturnally. P. viridans was observed feeding on insects of orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Odonata, as well as on several spider species. Predaceous arthropods (e.g., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Coccinellidae; Chrysoperla rufilabris [Burmeister], Chrysopidae) constituted more than half of the spiders' diet. In cotton, P. viridans was found to be a predator of the pests Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (together 8% of the spiders' prey). Size of killed prey in cotton ranged between 0.14- and 1.3-fold the spiders' size (average prey length, 5.90 ± 0.99 mm). On woolly croton plants, P. viridans was often seen feeding on cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) (numerically almost 30% of the spiders' prey), which is a key pest in cotton. It was estimated that on cotton and croton plants in East Texas, one P. viridans captured an average of less than one prey daily. Our results are compared with data in the literature on the diet of P. viridans
A Reference Laboratory Experience of Clinically Achievable Voriconazole, Posaconazole, and Itraconazole Concentrations within the Bloodstream and Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Interest in antifungal therapeutic-drug monitoring has increased due to studies demonstrating associations between concentrations and outcomes. We reviewed the antifungal drug concentration database at our institution to gain a better understanding of achievable triazole drug levels. Antifungal concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraperformance liquid chromatography and single-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), or a bioassay. For this study, only confirmed human bloodstream (serum or plasma) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole were analyzed. The largest numbers of bloodstream and CSF samples were found for voriconazole (14,370 and 173, respectively). Voriconazole bloodstream concentrations within the range of 1 to 5.5 μg/ml represented 50.6% of samples. Levels below the lower limit of quantification (0.2 μg/ml) were observed in 14.6% of samples, and 10.4% of samples had levels of ≥5.5 μg/ml. CSF voriconazole levels ranged from undetectable to 15.3 μg/ml and were <0.2 μg/ml in 11% of samples. Posaconazole bloodstream concentrations were ≥0.7 and ≥1.25 μg/ml in 41.6% and 18.9% of samples, respectively. Posaconazole was detected in only 4 of 22 CSF samples (undetectable to 0.56 μg/ml). Itraconazole levels, as measured by UPLC/MS, were ≥0.5 μg/ml in 43.3% and were undetectable in 33.9% of bloodstream samples. In contrast, when measured by a bioassay, itraconazole/hydroxyitraconazole bloodstream concentrations were ≥1.0 μg/ml in 72.9% of samples and were undetectable in 18% of samples. These results indicate that there is marked variability in bloodstream concentrations achieved with these three azoles. In addition, many levels within the bloodstream for each azole and for voriconazole and posaconazole in the CSF were undetectable or below thresholds associated with efficacy.
A waveguide absorber based on analytic Green's functions

A broadband absorber for general waveguide structures based on the analytic Green's functions of the TE and TM modes is presented. The absorber exhibits advantages over the 1st-order Mur's absorbing boundary conditon coupled with the superabsorption condition with respect to both performance and computer resources.
Radiosurgery in the treatment of malignant gliomas: the University of Florida experience.

OBJECTIVE: To review a single-institution's 12-year experience of treating malignant gliomas with linear accelerator-based radiosurgery. METHODS: One hundred patients were treated for malignant gliomas at the University of Florida between May 1, 1989, and June 12, 2002. Patient variables were entered into a radiosurgery database in a prospective manner. The endpoint of the study was length of survival from the time of diagnosis. The minimum length of follow-up was 18 months or until death. In an attempt to control for selection bias, we used the Radiation Oncology Therapy Group's (RTOG) recursive partitioning categories to compare survival in our group of radiosurgically boosted patients with the RTOG historical database. RESULTS: Recursive partitioning analysis classification was significantly associated with survival. Compared with historical controls, this cohort of patients demonstrated a decreased survival for recursive partitioning analysis Class I and II patients, similar survival for Class III and IV patients, and increased median survival for Class V patients. Other variables demonstrating a statistically significant impact on survival were eloquent location and recurrent disease. CONCLUSION: The results of this study and those of RTOG 93-05 suggest that the reported benefit of upfront radiosurgical boost for malignant gliomas is the result of selection bias. The possibility remains that radiosurgical boost is of benefit in recurrent tumors, especially those in RTOG Class V.
Quantum spin transport through magnetic superatom dimer (Cs8V-Cs8V).

Theoretical studies of the spin transport through a magnetic superatom dimer (Cs8V)-(Cs8V) have been carried out within a density functional theory combined with nonequilibrium Green's-function formalism. It is shown that the electronic transport is sensitive to the binding site as well as the contact distance between the dimer and the electrode, and that the conductance at zero bias exhibits an oscillatory behavior as a function of the contact distance. The conductance in ferromagnetic state shows an unusually high spin polarization that exceeds 80% at large separations. The I–V curve shows negative differential resistance for specific contact distances, whose origin lies in the shift of frontier energy levels as well as the charged state of the superatom, under external bias.
BEND YIELD STRESSES IN TUNGSTEN SHEET.

Recrystallized tungsten sheet tested in bending at temperatures just above the ductile-brittle transition temperature displays marked discontinuities on the load-deflection curve. These discontinuities bear a striking resemblance to yield point inflections. Their temperature dependencies are the same as those reported for tensile yield stresses in tungsten. They also show a strong dependence on grain size on a Hall-Petch type plot. However, better relationships are obtained by using an exponent other than −12 or by breaking the d−12 curve into segments corresponding to different parts of the grain size-annealing temperature curve. This suggests that the annealing treatment contributes to the grain size dependence of the bend yield stresses.
Perceptual matching and sorites: experimental study of an ancient Greek paradox.

Loosely derived from the sorites “paradox” attributed to the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher Eubulides, comparative soritical sequence of stimuli is defined as an enumeration of several stimuli, x 1, x 2, …, x n , such that, when these stimuli are presented pairwise, any two of them with consecutive numbers appear “identical, ” whereas the first and the last ones do not. There is a widespread belief that stimuli of virtually any kind can be arranged in soritical sequences. This belief, often presented as a “well-known” empirical fact, is in fact based on the following piece of persuasive reasoning: an observer “obviously” should not be able to distinguish physically very similar stimuli, whereas sufficient number of very small differences eventually add up to an arbitrarily large and clearly discernible one. However, this view overlooks the well-known empirical fact that discrimination judgments are fundamentally probabilistic. One and the same pair of stimuli, including two physically identical ones, will sometimes be judged the same and sometimes different. Therefore, in order for the truth or falsity of the relation “stimulus x is perceptually matched by stimulus y” to be uniquely determined by x and y, this relation should be computed from probability distributions rather than directly observed. We show that if one uses conventional psychophysical computations of matching stimuli, soritical sequences need not exist, and that in fact there is no empirical evidence they do. In particular, we develop a mathematical theory for a procedure in which stimuli are repeatedly adjusted to match each other, and we present negative results of an experimental investigation aimed at detecting soritical sequences.
Excited state dynamics in Ho:KPb2Cl5

Abstract Optical absorption spectra, emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes were measured for a number of visible and infrared transitions in Ho 3+ doped KPb 2 Cl 5 . Judd–Ofelt parameters were obtained by using the conventional approach, as well as by a modified approach that minimizes the fractional difference, rather than the absolute difference, between calculated and measured oscillator strengths. Both procedures gave good overall agreement between measured and calculated lifetimes, with an average difference of ≈15%. This confirms the expectation from the multiphonon energy gap law that most observed transitions in Ho 3+ :KPb 2 Cl 5 are highly radiative. Emission cross section spectra for the transitions 5 F 3 → 5 I 8 , 5 G 5 → 5 I 7 , 5 F 3 → 5 I 7 , 5 F 4 / 5 S 2 → 5 I 7 , and 5 I 7 → 5 I 8 were obtained from measured emission spectra, with the peak cross section values scaled by the Judd–Ofelt calculated oscillator strengths.
Applying static analysis to software architectures

In this paper we demonstrate how static concurrency analysis techniques can be used to verify application-specific properties of an architecture description. Specifically, we use two concurrency analysis tools, INCA, a flow equation based tool, and FLAVERS, a data flow analysis based tool, to detect errors or prove properties of a WRIGHT architecture description of the gas station problem. Although both these tools are research prototypes, they illustrate the potential of static analysis for verifying that architecture descriptions adhere to important properties, for detecting problems early in the lifecycle, and for helping developers understand the changes that need to be made to satisfy the properties being analyzed.
A Mathematical Model of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A mathematical model of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell is presented. The complete electrochemical and thermal factors are accounted for in a rigorous manner. All required parameters are determined from independent sources; none are fit from performance data. To verify the accuracy of the model predictions, comparison is made with single cell test data from Westinghouse. Agreement with electrochemical and thermal results are within 5%, and for most points, much better. Predictions are shown for power-voltage, irreversibilities, and temperature and current distributions under various conditions.
On stationary modes in inviscid rotating fluids

Abstract This paper studies the spectrum of the generator of the group of motions of an inviscid fluid in a slowly rotating container. It is shown that for all containers the spectrum is {ix ¦ x ϵ [− 2, 2]} . Analogous results are obtained for axisymmetric motions of a large rotating ring of fluid (the “Poincare problem”), and a family of examples exhibiting various mixtures of continuous and point spectrum is given for this case.
Synthesis and characterization of sulfide, sulfide-sulfonium, and bissulfide derivatives of [B12H12]2-. Additivity of Me2S and MeS- substituent effects in 11B NMR spectra of disubstituted icosahedral boron clusters.

The 1,2-, 1,7-, and 1,12-isomers of (Me2S)2B12H10 (O, M, and P) react with potassium phthalimide in DMF or EtSNa in CH3CN/EtOH upon reflux producing the corresponding isomers of [(MeS)(Me2S)B12H10]- (O1-, M1-, P1-). If excess of either nucleophile is used, [Me2SB12H11]- (1) and O , M , P can be converted into dianions [MeSB12H11]2- (2) and [(MeS)2B12H10]2- (O2-, M2-, P2-). The use of EtSNa is recommended since it facilitates the isolation of products compared to the potassium phthalimide method. When 1 or O, M, P are treated with an excess of an alkali metal (Na, K) in liquid ammonia at −40 °C, sulfide 2 or bissulfide dianions O2-, M2-, P2- are obtained cleanly and almost instantly. While both the nucleophilic substitution and alkali metal reduction methods are useful for the synthesis of dianions 2, O2-, M2-, and P2-, only the former method is suitable for the synthesis of the sulfide−sulfonium anions O1-, M1-, P1-. The analysis of the 11B NMR spectra of 1, O, M, P and anions derived from them demonstrat...
Exciting Discoveries on the Health Effects of Family Violence Where We Are, Where We Need to Go

In the 20 years since the founding of the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, there have been exciting new discoveries on the long-term physical health effects of family violence. As exciting as these discoveries have been, we still know little about why the experience of family violence makes people sick. Some of the most promising areas of study on this topic will be in neuroscience, sleep studies, and cognitive variables such as hostility. Once we understand mechanisms, we can design interventions that can ameliorate these effects.
Studies of a synthetic substrate in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy

Gal et al. ((1977) Clin. Chim. Acta 77, 53-59) reported the use of a new synthetic substrate, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside for the diagnosis of human globoid cell leukodystrophy. Assay of beta-galactosidase in brain homogenates from normal, carrier, and globoid cell leukodystrophy-affected dogs utilizing this new substrate demonstrated overlapping activities. Instead of reflecting specific D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine galactohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.46), the 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside beta-galactosidase activity in canine brain is highly correlated with nonspecific 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactosidase. Optimization of the 2-hexadecanoyl-amino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside assay system for canine brain and the use of varying concentrations of taurocholate or taurodeoxycholate in the assay mixture did not alter the lack of specificity. These results indicate a significant difference in the nature of the underlying defect in galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy compared to human globoid cell leukodystrophy.
Integral membrane glycoprotein properties of the prohormone pro-transforming growth factor-α

Transforming growth factor- α (TGF- α) is a mitogenically active polypeptide hormone produced by acutely proliferating neoplastic and embryonic tissues1–4. Molecular cloning of TGF-α cDNA from human and rat has indicated that this factor is synthesized as part of a larger precursor, proTGF-α5,6. An intriguing feature of proTGF-α is that it contains a sequence of 24 hydrophobic amino acids following the bioactive TGF-α sequence. Similar hydrophobic sequences present in transmembrane proteins are cotranslationally anchored into the phospholipid bilayer of the rough endoplasmic reticulum7,8, suggesting the possibility that proTGF-α might be an integral membrane protein. Other secretory proteins including all known prohormones lack membrane anchoring sequences and are completely translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane7,8. To address the question of whether proTGF-α is as an integral membrane protein we have translated rat proTGF-α mRNA transcripts in the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles. The results indicate that proTGF-α is synthesized as an integral membrane glycoprotein. The 50-amino-acid TGF-α sequence in proTGF-α is exposed to the fluid extracellular phase where it can be released after cleavage by the appropriate enzyme.
Failures, Fathers, and Fetal Fortunes: Reply to Commentaries by Avgi Saketopoulou and Jeanne Wolff Bernstein

This reply focuses on three themes highlighted in discussions by Avgi Saketopoulou and Jeanne Wolff Bernstein: “failure” in working with severely disturbed individuals, the structural fragility born of the ablation of the paternal, and Nina Farhi's notion of “annealed identifications.”
Earth's early atmosphere

Ideas about atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth have evolved considerably over the last 30 years, but many uncertainties still remain. It is generally agreed that the atmosphere contained little or no free oxygen initially and that oxygen concentrations increased markedly near 2.0 billion years ago, but the precise timing of and reasons for its rise remain unexplained. Likewise, it is usually conceded that the atmospheric greenhouse effect must have been higher in the past to offset reduced solar luminosity, but the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases required remain speculative. A better understanding of past atmospheric evolution is important to understanding the evolution of life and to predicting whether Earth-like planets might exist elsewhere in the galaxy.
Long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A's activate both the ligand-binding and protein kinase activities of phorboid and ingenoid receptor

Modulation of the ligand-binding activity and protein kinase activity of homogeneous phorboid and ingenoid receptor from the brain by various fatty acyl-CoAs, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, and detergents was studied. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (C10C2), like certain acidic phospholipids, activated the ligand-receptor interaction. The extent of activation increased with the increasing chain length of fatty acyl-CoA. Shortchain fatty acyl-CoAs (C0C6), fatty acids, and fatty acid esters were essentially inactive. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) also activated the ligand binding, but other detergents (Triton X-100, deoxycholic acid, Nonidet-40, and Tween-80) were ineffective. The combination of phosphatidylserine and stearoyl-CoA was as effective as each agent alone in the activation of ligand-receptor interaction, suggesting similar mechanisms of action. The basal protein kinase activity of phorboid receptor was stimulated by long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (C10-C20) and SDS in a dose-dependent manner. Km values for ATP and protein substrate were the same in the absence and presence of stearoyl-CoA; however, Vmax was increased in the presence of the active agents. The degree of stimulation of protein kinase activity by stearoyl-CoA was independent of receptor protein concentration. Stearoyl-CoA did not significantly influence the activity of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The combined hydrophobic and acidic nature of the active agents appears to be important in activating both the ligand-binding and protein kinase activities of phorboid receptor.
Does information technology improve coordination? An empirical analysis

With the use of information technology (IT), organizations radically redesign their business processes and improve their business profitability and productivity. Previous information systems (IS) research has investigated whether or not IT improves business profitability and productivity. However, most of the previous studies failed to consider any contextual or moderating factors that might affect firm performance and productivity. Because it is intangible and intermediate benefits, e.g. better coordination, quality improvement, increased variety, and innovation, complicate the justification process for IT investments, this paper empirically examines the direct relationship between IT and coordination. The results of this study clearly show that IT spending is strongly associated with a decline in coordination costs. From the results, it can be inferred that IT enhances coordination of economic activities by reducing coordination costs, and thereby can improve firm performance and productivity.
A safe and cost-effective protocol for the management of esophageal coins in children

Foreign bodies of the esophagus are a common problem in children, with the majority of these foreign bodies being coins. Because there are various methods for managing esophageal coins, we retrospectively reviewed our experience of the past 4 years to establish a safe and cost-effective protocol for their management. From January 1987 to December 1990, 57 children were managed for esophageal coins in our institution. Nineteen children were managed endoscopically under general anesthesia, with a mean patient cost of $1,982 (excluding the surgeon and anesthesiologist charge). Thirty-eight children were managed with Foley balloon extraction or esophageal bougienage in the emergency department with a mean patient cost of $149 (excluding surgeon charge). Both methods were 100% effective, and there were no complications in either group. Rigid criteria were used in selecting patients for balloon extraction and bougienage. These were: (1) duration less than 24 hours; (2) no respiratory distress; and (3) no history of esophageal disease or surgery. Using these criteria, 16 of the 19 patients managed endoscopically could have safely and effectively been managed in the emergency department with a net savings of $1,833 per patient. We conclude that Foley balloon extraction and bougienage of esophageal coins in selected children is both safe and cost-effective. A protocol for managing children with esophageal coins is presented, and the techniques of Foley balloon extraction and esophageal bougienage are reviewed.
The KANT system: fast, accurate, high-quality translation in practical domains

Knowledge-based interlingual machine translation systems produce semantically accurate translations, but typically require massive knowledge acquisition. Ongoing research and development at the Center for Machine Translation has focussed on reducing this requirement to produce large-scale practical applications of knowledge-based MT. This paper describes KANT, the first system to combine principled source language design, semi-automated knowledge acquisition, and knowledge compilation techniques to produce fast, high-quality translation to multiple languages.
Atomic-resolution STEM in the aberration-corrected JEOL JEM2200FS

We report on the performance of our aberration-corrected JEOL-JEM2200FS electron microscope. This high-resolution field-mission TEM/STEM is equipped with a Schottky field-emission gun operated at 200 kV, a CEOS probe corrector, and an in-column energy filter. We focus on the performance of the probe corrector and show that the Si [110] dumbbell structure can be routinely resolved in STEM mode with the power spectrum indicating a probe size of approximately 1 A. Ronchigram analysis suggests that the constant phase area is extended from 15 mrad to 35 mrad after corrector tuning. We also report the performance of our newly installed JEOL-JEM2200MCO, an upgraded version of the JEM2200FS, equipped with two CEOS aberration correctors (and a monochromator), one for the probe-forming lens and the other for the postspecimen objective lens. Based on Young's fringe analysis of Au particles on amorphous Ge, initial results show that the information limit in TEM mode with the aberration correction (Cs = -3.8 microm) is approximately 0.12 nm. Materials research applications using these two instruments are described including atomic-column-resolved Z-contrast imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy of oxide hetero-interfaces and strain mapping of a SrTiO3 tilt-grain boundary. The requirements for a high-precision TEM laboratory to house an aberration-corrected microscope are also discussed.
Marangoni convection around voids in Bridgman growth

An experiment to investigate the influence of bubbles or voids in a simulated Bridgman growth configuration was performed during the first United States microgravity laboratory mission (USML-1) in July 1992. Bubble motion toward the hot end of the sample tube due to surface tension-driven convection (Marangoni flow) was observed as expected. When the bubble became pinned against the hot end, flow around the bubble persisted, driving a global flow that was at least 3 orders of magnitude larger than the buoyancy-driven convective flows from residual gravity. The bubble motion is analyzed and compared with the motion predicted by the Young, Goldstein, and Block theory. The global flows are modeled numerically and compared with observed marker particle tracks which map out the streamlines in the experiment. The magnitude of the global flows from Marangoni convection at free surfaces in a contained melt may well be inconsequential in comparison to buoyancy-driven flows in normal gravity, but these flows could certainly provide unexpected mass and heat transport in microgravity experiments.
Diffusivities of Dichloromethane in Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

Diffusion of dichloromethane in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), the rate-limiting step in the later stages of drying of microparticles formed in common encapsulation processes, was studied by the step-change sorption technique in a dynamic vapor sorption apparatus. Methods were developed to create films of polymer with the appropriate thicknesses for accurate diffusion determination over a wide range of solvent composition. Mutual diffusivities were measured at 5, 25, and 35°C from 10 to 70 wt % solvent. Values range from 2 × 10−10 m2/s at high solvent compositions to as low as 1 × 10−13 m2/s at solvent compositions just above the glass transition of the mixture. Equilibrium sorption isotherms were measured in the same apparatus and agreed favorably with Flory-Huggins theory using a value of χ = 0.31. The glass transition temperatures of the system were measured over the range of 0–11 wt % solvent content by modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The composition dependence was fit to the Fox equation, which estimated values of the pure polymer and the solvent Tg to be 39.3 and −131°C, respectively. These values, along with the diffusivity data, were used to deduce the free-volume parameters specific to PLGA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Resonant Raman scattering from FeS2 (pyrite)

Abstract We have observed resonant Raman scattering from the A g mode of FeS 2 (pyrite) for incident laser energies between 2.41 and 2.73 eV, these energies being well above the fundamental gap at 0.9 eV. In contrast to the behavior of the A g mode intensity, the E g and T g modes do not show resonant behavior. A simple two band model which predicts the Raman cross section proportional to |∂χ/∂ω| 2 is found to be inadequate to describe the observed intensity variation with the incident laser energy.
Automated high throughput RT-PCR

AMGEN's genome project is designed to discover and assess genes that may be of therapeutic value. As an early screen, novel genes of potential importance are investigated by analysis of their in vivo expression pattern using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We describe the automation pathway taken to provide high throughput screening of mRNA from human, mouse, and rat species. High throughput was achieved using the Beckman Biomek™ 2000 robot, large-capacity gel electrophoresis trays, an imaging station and custom image analysis software written in Visual Basics™ (VB). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of chlorine dioxide gas on physical, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of polymeric packaging materials

The effects of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on properties and performance of 10 selected polymeric packaging materials, including polyethylene (PE), biaxially oriented poly(propylene), polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(lactic acid), nylon, and a multilayer structure of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), were evaluated. Physical, mechanical, barrier, and color properties as well as infrared (IR) spectra were assessed before and after polymer samples were exposed to 3600 ppmV ClO2 gas at 23°C for 24, 168, and 336 h. The IR spectra of the ClO2-treated samples revealed many changes in their chemical characteristics, such as the formation of polar groups in the polyolefin, changes in functional groups, main chain scission degradation, and possible chlorination of several materials. The ClO2-treated PE samples showed a decrease in tensile properties compared with the untreated (control) films. Decreases in moisture, oxygen, and/or carbon dioxide barrier properties were observed in the treated PE, PET, and multilayer EVA/EVOH/EVA samples. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the barrier to O2 was observed in the ClO2-treated nylon, possibly the result of molecular reordering, which was found through an increase in the crystallinity of the material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Characteristics of sea turtles incidentally captured in the U.S. Atlantic sea scallop dredge fishery

Abstract Interactions between sea turtles and sea scallop dredges are an important conservation issue. In this paper, we present information which can be used to inform bycatch mitigation strategies. We collected samples and data from turtles observed in the U.S. commercial scallop dredge fishery and examined interactions and injuries, genetic samples, and turtle size. Observers documented injuries in about two-thirds (52 of 74) of the live and fresh dead turtles. When the location of the turtle in the gear was described, it was most frequently reported in the dredge ( n = 19), in the bag ( n = 9), or on top of the catch ( n = 7). Although several different injury and interaction scenarios were described by observers, the most common was an injured turtle, caught in the dredge, and brought aboard the fishing vessel. The timing of injuries was often unknown, but when observer comments provided information about timing, most injuries likely occurred before the turtle was brought aboard the vessel. The majority of turtles observed in the scallop dredge fishery were juvenile loggerheads. Mixed stock analysis using genetic data, suggested that most loggerheads captured in the scallop fisheries are from the south Florida nesting population, however there was a high level of uncertainty in these estimates.
Suppression of Cell Growth by Heavy Chain Ferritin

While producing recombinant rat liver H and L chain ferritin homopolymers using the baculovirus expression system, we noticed that rat liver H chain ferritin, but not L chain ferritin, had a suppressive effect on the growth of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-21) cells. Suppression was observed immediately after infection with recombinant H chain ferritin baculovirus prepared from lysed infected cells. Immediate suppression was observed when purified with either recombinant H chain apoferritin or various holoferritins (loaded with 1,970 +/- 50 or 2,520 +/- 90 atoms of iron/ferritin) indicating that suppression was not due to sequestration of iron required for cell growth. Suppression by H chain ferritin was also observed upon attempting to express the protein in Escherichia coli. Strategies for expression of recombinant rat liver H and L ferritin homopolymers in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems were developed.
A possible role for protein kinase C in CO2/H+-induced c-fos mRNA expression in PC12 cells

Abstract Recently we have found that hypercapnia induces nuclear protein (FOS) expression in the brainstem chemosensitive neurons, including catecholamine-containing cells. In the present studies we examined the role of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in CO 2 -induced c-fos expression. Because of the complexity of the CNS system, experiments were performed in pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells). These cells originate from neuronal crest and express catecholaminergic traits. We depleted PKC from PC12 cells by prolonged (48 h) exposure to high concentration of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA, 100 nM), and then determined the expression of: (1) c-fos mRNA by Northern blot (2) PKC isoforms, tyrosine phosphorylated and unphosphorylated MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinases by Western blot. Depletion of PKC abolished the effect of CO 2 on c-fos mRNA expression, inhibited MAP kinases tyrosine phosphorylation and suppressed the expression of PKC α and PKC ζ . These results suggest that MAP kinases, PKC α and/or PKC β might be involved in CO 2 -induced c-fos mRNA expression.
Optimum thickness of the nonconvective zone in salt gradient solar ponds

Abstract The nonconvective gradient zone of a salt gradient solar pond tends to more effectively transmit incident solar energy to the storage brine below as its thickness is reduced. However, that same gradient zone tends to more effectively reduce heat loss from the warm brines as its thickness is increased. Therefore, there exists an optimum gradient zone thickness for which the net rate of energy collected and retained is a maximum. This report describes a technique for using a numerical simulation model to determine the optimum thickness of the gradient zone in ponds; provided other basic design, operating and climatic factors are specified. Significant improvements in pond efficiency may be obtained if the thickness of the gradient zone is adjusted monthly, seasonally or even if maintained at the annual average optimum thickness as compared with operating the pond with other than an optimum gradient zone thickness.
Decarboxylation to tyramine is not a major route of tyrosine metabolism in mammals.

Abstract We have examined the question of the contribution of decarboxylation of tyrosine to tyramine to the overall metabolic fate of tyrosine in mammalian organisms. Since this enzymatic step is independent of oxygen while the loss of the carboxyl group via the transaminase-hydroxylase major pathway is oxygen dependent, we studied the rate of 14 CO 2 release from tyrosine in the presence and absence of oxygen. These studies indicate that a trivial amount of tyrosine is processed by direct decarboxylation to tyramine, even at high substrate levels. Tyrosine metabolism precedes via the well-established pathway which is launched by transamination.
Relaxation of quadrupolar and zeeman order in a strongly coupled, partially ordered D2 spin system

Etude de cette technique appliquee aux systemes ordonnes ou partiellement ordonnes (cristaux liquides, solides...)
Combined administration of opioids with selected drugs to manage pain and other cancer symptoms initial safety screening for compatibility

Cancer patients suffer multiple symptoms and require numerous drug therapies. Parenteral administration of multiple medications from a single container can simplify drug regimens for patient self-administration. This simplification reduces drug preparation costs and risk of infection. Therapeutic options are limited by the lack of published information on the compatibility of opioids and adjuvant drugs. We report the results of a study evaluating the physical compatibility of injectable opioids with selected drugs for pain and symptom management. Fentanyl citrate, hydromorphone hydrochloride, methadone hydrochloride, and morphine sulfate solutions were physically compatible with 14 of 15 supportive care drugs tested through visual examination using a high intensity light beam and through measured examination using a turbidimeter over a range of times up to 48 hr. Phenytoin sodium was the only drug found to be incompatible with all opioid solutions tested. This compatibility information will assist clinicians in selecting the most efficient, safe, and cost-effective supportive care drug regimen.
Coordination of Lanthanide Acetates

A study of the structures of hydrated and anhydrous lanthanide acetates by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, and absorption spectra demonstrates that there are three separate structures for hydrated lanthanide acetates and four structures for anhydrous acetates. This paper discusses the results of that study.
Production perspectives in the sociology of music

Abstract The emergence of the Production of Culture and Art Worlds perspectives in the 1970s was a pivotal moment in the study of musical production. In subsequent years, the musical production literature experienced a notable growth – both in the number of works and theoretical perspectives. This paper surveys these recent works and, by attending to specific examples, provides some indication of the various perspectives now employed in the literature. It proceeds by attending to six constraints that shape the creation, performance, and dissemination of music.
Role of oxygen surface groups in catalysis of hydrogasification of carbon black by potassium carbonate

The reaction rates of a nonporous graphitic carbon lampblack with hydrogen gas at 865°C and 500 psi were measured following treatments such as degassing and/or oxidation with and without impregnation of K2CO3. The results lead to the conclusion that oxygen surface groups enhance the reactivity of the carbon by generating “nascent” active sites on decomposition into CO and CO2. In the catalyzed case the basic and CO carbonyl groups form active and stable surface complexes. The acidic groups, on the other hand, could not be well characterized and may form stable and inactive or unstable and active complexes depending on their nature.
Symplastic Growth and Symplasmic Transport

In current usage, the adjective symplastic has two different meanings: in the term, symplastic growth, as defined by Priestley; and in discussions of transport through the symplast, as defined by Munch. To avoid confusion, it is recommended that symplastic be reserved to characterize growth deformation, that symplasmic be used to refer to transport through the symplasm, and apoplasmic, to refer to the apoplasm.
Child Care Teaching as Women's Work: Reflections on Experiences.

Child care teachers' experiences and their gendered understandings of their work were explored in this study. Two female child care teachers were interviewed individually and asked to describe their work as women's work. Analysis showed that teachers essentialized child care teaching, recognized the paradoxes of being a child care teacher, constructed images of a good teacher, and held contradictory beliefs about their work. The findings are discussed in terms of the ways teachers construct their gendered images as good teachers and the factors related to teachers' paradoxical thoughts about their work. Implications for further research and teacher education practices are discussed.
Optical Degradation Due To Contamination On The SAGE/SAGE Ll Spaceflight Instruments

An optical model for contamination effects has been developed for the SAGE II/ERBS instrument. This model describes instrument throughput efficiency and response characteristics as a function of molecular contamination thickness for indexes of refraction representative of Shuttle/ERBS/SAGE II contaminants at seven spectral wavelengths between 0.385 and 1.02 micrometers. Contamination effects are treated as thin film coatings on selected optical elements which cause changes in those elements' reflection/transmission/absorption characteristics. SAGE/AEM in-orbit performance data were used to estimate the optical constants for the contaminants. SAGE and SAGE II are radiometers that spatially scan the sun through the earth's atmosphere with a narrow field-of-view in spectral intervals from visible to the near infrared.
Self-punitive behavior and periodic punishment

Periodic punishment (33%) was compared with continuous punishment (100%) for producing self-punitive behavior in a straight-runway shock-escape situation. Both punishment schedules resulted in self-punitive or vicious circle behavior. Periodic punishment was as effective as continuous punishment. The differences in performance on punished and non-punished trials of the periodically punished group emphasized the role of punishment as a source of temporal drive.
Editorial: Possible Adverse Effects of Antibiotic Therapy in Plants

Previously unstudied aspects of the fate of oxytetracycline in plants were examined in a bean plant model. Oxytetracycline solutions were injected around the stems of the plants. A substantial proportion of active antibiotic was exuded from roots and leaves, and changes in the microflora in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere were demonstrated. Some possible harmful consequences of the use of tetracycline for the treatment of mycoplasma-infected plants were considered.
Bilateral giant abdominoscrotal hydroceles complicated by appendicitis

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele is a rare entity, with fewer than 100 cases reported in children. Bilateral abdominoscrotal hydroceles are even less common, with 14 cases reported in children. Various complications of abdominoscrotal hydrocele have been reported in the literature. We present a 4-month-old boy with bilateral giant abdominoscrotal hydroceles who developed appendicitis apparently because of obstruction from the right hydrocele. We discuss the various imaging modalities used to establish the diagnosis and plan the operative approach.