cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatically constructing Wordnet Synsets

Manually constructing a Wordnet is a difficult task, needing years of experts’ time. As a first step to automatically construct full Wordnets, we propose approaches to generate Wordnet synsets for languages both resource-rich and resource-poor, using publicly available Wordnets, a machine translator and/or a single bilingual dictionary. Our algorithms translate synsets of existing Wordnets to a target language T, then apply a ranking method on the translation candidates to find best translations in T. Our approaches are applicable to any language which has at least one existing bilingual dictionary translating from English to it.
IκB Kinase Is an Essential Component of the Tpl2 Signaling Pathway

IκB kinase (IKK), a key regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, is known as an effector kinase mediating activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Whether IKK also participates in other signaling events is not known. Here we show that IKK serves as an essential component of a signaling pathway that involves activation of the Tpl2 kinase and its downstream targets, MEK1 and ERK. Inhibition of IKKβ in macrophages eliminates Tpl2 activation and ERK phosphorylation induced by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Using IKK-deficient murine fibroblasts, we further demonstrate that IKKβ, but not IKKα, is required for Tpl2 activation. Moreover, this novel function of IKKβ appears to involve phosphorylation and degradation of the Tpl2 inhibitor NF-κB1/p105. These findings suggest that IKKβ exerts its immune-regulatory functions by targeting different downstream signaling pathways.
Transportation Expenditures and Ability to Pay: Evidence from Consumer Expenditure Survey

Data at several levels of aggregation and spatial resolution show that mobility (measured by different outcomes such as vehicle miles traveled and automobile ownership) increases with income. It is equally likely that, in turn, investments in mobility (purchase and operation of private automobiles, consumption of public transportation services) allow greater quality of life in general and the ability to increase one's income. This possibly circular relationship is explored by using the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data set. Single-equation Tobit models of annual household transportation expenditures are posited with, in the first case, annual before-tax income and, in the second case, annual total household-level expenditures as a proxy for permanent income. With a variety of demographic, community and spatial, economic, family, and life-cycle conditions of the household controlled, it is found that permanent incomes explain mobility investments better than annual incomes. However, mobility investmen...
A modular high-throughput architecture for logarithmic search block-matching motion estimation

A high-throughput modular architecture for a logarithmic search block-matching algorithm is presented. The design efforts are focused on exploiting the search area data dependencies using special data input ordering constraints. The input bandwidth problem has been solved by a random access on-chip memory, and a simple address generation procedure has been described. Furthermore, this architecture can handle a large search range with unequal horizontal and vertical spans using a technique called pipeline interleaving. Compared to the existing architectures for the three-step search BMA, this architecture delivers a high throughput rate with fewer input lines, and is linearly scalable.
Poor Ebenezer: Avarice as corruption of the erotic and search for a transformative object

Charles Dickens’ (1938) story, A Christmas Carol, is a cautionary tale about the consequences of a single-minded, greedy pursuit of money. It is, as well, a parable of a transformation from the self-imposed isolation of avarice, and its concomitant sense of deadness, to vital companionship. In the story, Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed is accompanied by a vicious and sadistic hostility that leaves nearly everyone, even dogs, running for cover. A reader is not initially moved to pity Scrooge, but can readily recognize the poverty of his existence. Although a wealthy man, he is indeed poor and only after being confronted by the Spirits does Scrooge acknowledge how his avarice has made him poor. Although a greedy character does not evoke pity, Dickens, like any good writer, was able to make Scrooge into a sympathetic, though pitiful, figure. The late-night visits by the Spirits help us see how loss, loneliness, and the fear of further loss motivated Scrooge’s greed. In this article, I briefly review Western views on the problem and consequences of greed before delving into psychoanalytic perspectives on greed. Philosophical and Western Christian depictions of greed provide insights into the dynamics and consequences of greed in human life. Many of these insights are con-
Chemistry Teachers’ Emerging Expertise in Inquiry Teaching: The Effect of a Professional Development Model on Beliefs and Practice

This study investigates the beliefs and practices of seven high school chemistry teachers as a result of their participation in a year-long inquiry professional development (PD) project. An analysis of oral interviews, written reflections, and in-class observations were used to determine the extent to which the PD affected the teachers’ beliefs and practice. The data indicated that the teachers developed more complete conceptions of classroom inquiry, valued a “phenomena first” approach to scientific investigations, and viewed inquiry approaches as helpful for facilitating improved student thinking. Analysis of classroom observations with the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol indicated that features of the PD were observed in the teachers’ practice during the academic year follow-up. Implications for effective science teacher professional development models are discussed.
Dimensional Analysis of Jet Noise Data

*A formula for scaling laboratory model jet noise data to that of a full size jet engine is established. This is done by dimensional analysis and the Buckingham P theorem. It is well known that the noise intensity radiated by a jet varies as a high power of its velocity. This power law dependence is supported by theory and experiment. The most famous power law is the Lighthill U 8 law. In this work, a dimensionless form of the power law is sought and developed. Through the use of this nondimensional form power law, a “hot jet” limit is found at high jet temperature. In the hot jet limit, the velocity exponent and the proportionality constant of the power law are insensitive to further increase in jet temperature. This is a somewhat surprising result. Experimentally, it has been observed that seasonal temperature variation can lead to a 1.5 to 2.0 dB change in jet noise intensity. Here, environmental effects on jet noise such as seasonal and altitude variations are studied through results established by dimensional analysis. Finally, a way to scale jet mixing noise from perfectly expanded jets to shock containing jets is proposed.
Kairomonal range of generalist predators in specialized habitats: responses to multiple phloeophagous species emitting pheromones vs. host odors

We evaluated responses of the predominant predators of pheromone-producing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to chemical cues associated with other phloeophagous species that colonize the same trees. This study considered the range of chemical signals exploited by a category of predators that may be viewed either as specialists, because they feed almost exclusively within trees killed by bark beetles, or as generalists, because they feed on a diverse fauna of primary and secondary insects within this habitat. It also evaluated one aspect of a broader model of predator-prey coevolution, that proposes altered semiochemistry as a source of partial escape from predators that exploit kairomones. The predators, Thanasimus dubius(F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Platysoma cylindrica (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Histeridae), were attracted to cues associated with feeding on bark-phloem disks by two scolytids that produce adult pheromones, Ips pini (Say) and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff). These predators were not attracted to beetles that feed on lower stems or roots and are not known to produce adult pheromones, Dendroctonus valensLeConte, Hylastes porculusErickson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and Hylobius pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The predator Tenebroides collaris (Sturm) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) was attracted to I. pini and I. grandicollis ,a nd also toD. valens, H. porculus ,a ndH. pales. Ips pini was attracted to conspecifics only, but I. grandicollis was attracted both to its conspecifics and to volatiles associated with feeding lower stem and root insects. Lower stem and root insects were not or only weakly attracted to cues associated with their conspecifics. These results are consistent with a dynamic coevolved interaction between T. dubiusand P. cylindrica and Ips spp.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction Profiling of Prototype LiMn2O4-Based Coin Cells

This study demonstrates the feasibility of using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) to characterize the internal structure and chemical composition of coin cell type Li-ion batteries. CR2032 coin cell batteries containing Li1–xMn1.42Ni0.42Co0.16O4 cathode were studied and profiled by collecting 70 EDXRD patterns collected at equal spatial intervals between top and bottom of charged and discharged coin cells of about 3.2 mm thickness. Diffraction profiling of the discharged cell manifests the spinel structure with essentially constant Li content across the entire cathode. In contrast, the Bragg lines of the charged cathode cell shift to higher energy, consistent with a lattice contraction with decreased Li content. The charged-cell spectrum Bragg lines are also broadened due to two phase behavior and exhibit a distinct Li-content gradient across the cathode. The detailed electrochemical phases of the cathode materials and other layers of materials in these prototype LiMn2O4-based coin cells have been profiled, using EDXRD, as a function of z-position in the interior of the cells. Our results demonstrate that EDXRD characterization of the crystal structures and phase distribution of coin cell batteries in space and under different charge/discharge conditions should be routinely feasible.
A shift in pathway of iron-mediated perchloroethylene reduction in the presence of sorbed surfactant--a column study.

Surface modification of zero-valent iron (ZVI) to enhance its reduction rates for chlorinated ethanes and ethenes has recently attracted great attention. In this research, the enhancement of perchloroethylene (PCE) reduction by ZVI in the presence of sorbed micelles of the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) was examined in a series of laboratory column tests with varying flow rates and input PCE concentrations. Model simulations using HYDRUS-1D showed that the overall pseudo first-order rate constants for PCE reduction by ZVI increased by a factor of four in the presence of sorbed HDTMA admicelles. The increase in reduction rate was attributed to a higher distribution coefficient (Kd) for contaminant sorption on surfactant-modified ZVI (SM-ZVI) compared to untreated ZVI. Modeling results also showed that in the presence of HDTMA admicelles 58–100% of PCE reduction occurred via hydrogenolysis. In contrast, only 12–25% PCE underwent hydrogenolysis when HDTMA was absent. The significant increase in TCE production during PCE reduction by SM-ZVI verified a shift in reaction pathway previously observed in batch studies, most likely from β-elimination to hydrogenolysis. Although this shift in reaction pathway resulted in a higher accumulation of TCE, the combined concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the effluent were 1.5–5 times lower when SM-ZVI rather than unmodified ZVI was used.
Computer-Supported Peer Review in a Law School Context

Legal instructors have been urged to incorporate peer reviewing into law school courses as a way to provide students much needed feedback. Peer review can benefit legal education, but only if law school instructors adopt peer review on a large scale, and for that, computer-supported peer review systems are crucial. These web-based systems orchestrate the mechanics of students submitting written assignments on-line and distributing them to other students for anonymous review, making it considerably easier for instructors to manage. Beyond the problem of orchestrating mechanics, however, a deeper obstacle to widespread acceptance of peer review in legal education is the question of how well student peer feedback focuses on the legal analytical aspects of the student-authored texts. Can students receive useful feedback on substantive legal issues from peers who, after all, are law students taking the same course and learning the material for the first time, too? This article reports an experiment assessing the pedagogical utility of computer-supported peer review in a legal educational context. We compared two kinds of review rubrics, suites of instructor-provided prompts focusing student reviewers on a set of pedagogically relevant reviewing criteria: legal domain-related versus problem-specific rubrics. In particular, we compared peer ratings elicited with each of these rubrics to independently assigned instructor scores. Our results show that peer-generated review scores using either type of rubric are correlated with an instructor’s independently assigned grades and support the belief that peer review can serve as an additional source of useful feedback, including on substantive legal issues. In addition, analysis of the data can inform instructors about how well the writing exercise met their instructional goals and can assist instructors in adopting more pedagogically effective review criteria. The article concludes by explaining how legal instructors can administer a computer-supported peer-review writing exercise in their own courses using a web-based program.
A Distinctive Vision for the Liberal Arts: General Education and the Flourishing of Christian Higher Education.

AbstractThis article argues that a coherent and inspired general education program, infused with a deliberate vision of the liberal arts, is crucial to the flourishing of Christian higher education. This article begins by describing the context and status of general education, emphasizing how this element of the educational program falls short in embodying a distinctive mission of Christian higher education. This article then contends that a vibrant vision of general education will be grounded in particular aspects of a liberal arts education that fulfill crucial outcomes of the Christian university, specifically cultivating the formal virtues and fostering meaning and purpose. The article concludes with recommendations for advancing the aims of general education within Christian higher education, highlighting the benefits of a common curriculum and intentional faculty development.
Controller placement algorithm to alleviate burdens on communication nodes

This paper proposes an algorithm to determine a controller location on a given network considering burdens of all communication nodes. The burden is defined by extending stress centrality, which indicates a load of each node based on the number of edge disjoint paths. In order to analyze characteristics of the proposed placement algorithm, our simulations compare it with other placement algorithms and the theoretically optimum values in terms of node burdens, latency, survivability and path stability.
Effects of ACTH, cortisone and adrenal cortical extract on carbohydrate metabolism of hypophysectomized dogs.

Summary and ConclusionsProlonged administration of ACTH and cortisone diminished and eventually abolished the insulin hypersensitivity of the hypophysectomized dog. Concomitant with these effects, ...
Clinically Apparent and Inapparent Infection with Japanese B Encephalitis Virus in Shanghai and Tientsin

SummaryComplement fixation tests on acute and convalescent sera established the virus of Japanese B encephalitis as the cause of acute encephalitis in a Chinese physician in Shanghai during July, 1946. Evidence of extensive, inapparent dissemination of this virus among the populations of Shanghai and Tientsin, where no epidemics of encephalitis have been observed, was obtained when neutralizing antibodies for the Japanese B encephalitis virus were found in 85% of 13 Chinese residents of Shanghai, aged 16 to 51, and in 89% of 19 life-long, Chinese residents of Tientsin, aged 17 to 57, all without history of encephalitis. Since the great majority of human beings escape with inapparent infection even in Japan, where severe epidemics have occurred, the question is raised whether the unknown factors, which predispose to clinically apparent infection, may be found less frequently among the Chinese than among the Japanese.
From schizophrenia risk locus to schizophrenia genes.

A new study in humans links genetic variants associated with schizophrenia to changes in the expression of two genes, arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) and BLOC-1 related complex subunit 7 (BORCS7). Subsequent investigations provide compelling evidence that AS3MT is involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
‘A lively reader’s fancy does the rest’: Don Juan and the Certainty of Doubt

I do not want a hero, for I have one. Don Juan plants doubt in everything, even doubt itself (IX.17), and in doing so it openly demonstrates in both form and narrative the instability, assumption, and uncertainty that Byron’s philosophical explorations concluded lie at the root of knowledge. Simultaneously, it enlists the reader into demonstrations of precisely how integral those attributes are to that paradigm of knowing, and of how they may be subverted. Whereas Manfred is the culminating step in his explorations, Juan is the demonstration of Byron’s fully developed concept of knowledge and his beliefs about the ramifications of that concept. In Juan, Byron’s philosophy of knowledge is fully and richly vivified, and the glittering, exuberant result is a fitting end to his epistemological pilgrimage.
Bayesian inference and online learning in poisson neuronal networks

Motivated by the growing evidence for Bayesian computation in the brain, we show how a two-layer recurrent network of Poisson neurons can perform both approximate Bayesian inference and learning for any hidden Markov model. The lower-layer sensory neurons receive noisy measurements of hidden world states. The higher-layer neurons infer a posterior distribution over world states via Bayesian inference from inputs generated by sensory neurons. We demonstrate how such a neuronal network with synaptic plasticity can implement a form of Bayesian inference similar to Monte Carlo methods such as particle filtering. Each spike in a higher-layer neuron represents a sample of a particular hidden world state. The spiking activity across the neural population approximates the posterior distribution over hidden states. In this model, variability in spiking is regarded not as a nuisance but as an integral feature that provides the variability necessary for sampling during inference. We demonstrate how the network can learn the likelihood model, as well as the transition probabilities underlying the dynamics, using a Hebbian learning rule. We present results illustrating the ability of the network to perform inference and learning for arbitrary hidden Markov models.
Esophagectomy Outcomes in the Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Era

Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and esophagectomy are treatment options for cT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Our aim was to study outcomes for patients undergoing EMR then esophagectomy. Methods We identified patients undergoing EMR and esophagectomy for cT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma over 10 years. EMR histology was used to predict nodal involvement with a risk-scoring tool. Patient demographics, surgical techniques, pathology, postoperative outcomes, and survival were recorded. Results Of 1,092 that esophagectomies were performed, 51 patients underwent EMR and esophagectomy for cT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma. The mean time between EMR and esophagectomy was 4 (SD,8.0) months. According to the risk-scoring tool based on EMR histology, 1 patient was low risk, 13 (25%) were at moderate risk, and 37 (73%) were at high risk for lymph node metastasis. The time between EMR and the surgical intervention was longer and more patients had multiple EMRs in the moderate-risk group (9 vs 1.4 months, p = 0.03) compared with the high-risk group (38% vs 11% patients, p = 0.04). Operative mortality was 4% and morbidity was 43%. Pneumonia occurred in 3 of 51 patients (6%), atrial fibrillation in 4 (8%), and clinical anastomotic leak in 6 (12%). Of the 51 patients, 14 (27%) were upstaged after esophagectomy. Nodal involvement was present in 3 of 13 moderate-risk patients (23%) and in 7 of 37 high-risk patients (19%). The 5-year survival was reduced in moderate-risk compared with high-risk patients (54% vs 84%, p = 0.04). Conclusions Studying outcomes for cT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma is important. These patients can be divided into those undergoing EMR for staging before esophagectomy and those in whom esophagectomy is a salvage procedure after therapeutic EMRs. Care should be taken to avoid upstaging of patients in the latter group, and we recommend frequent restaging and surveillance to prevent undetected progression of disease. A low threshold for esophagectomy when EMR fails to control disease should be considered.
Abstract 3010: Meiotic cohesin REC8 associates with chromosome instability in melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Chromosome instability (CIN) is an important component of multiple malignancies. CIN is linked to drug resistance, tumor grade and aggressiveness. Melanoma is a highly chromosome instable tumor and CIN is a differentiating feature between melanoma and benign nevi. Meiotic proteins are present in melanoma and previous work in our lab suggests a role for these proteins in CIN and that melanoma cell replication has attributes as chromosome pairing and DNA bridging that can be explained by the presence of meiosis proteins. REC8 is a meiotic cohesin which holds sister chromatids together during the first meiotic division, therefore we sought to study the potential role for REC8 in CIN in Melanoma. A model of chromosome instability developed in melanocytic cell lines showed association of REC8 as CIN progressed strengthening the hypothesis that REC8 may be involved in CIN. We overexpressed REC8 in melanoma lines and in E6E7 melanocytes with a TET-inducible system and examined the change in the polyploid population by flow cytometry, cell count and FISH. Results suggest that overexpression of REC8 alone is not sufficient to drive polyploidy in these cell lines. Nevertheless, the association of REC8 with CIN is intriguing and further research in the role of meiosis proteins in melanoma is warranted. Future work will aim at dissecting coexisting meiotic proteins; specially the proteins of the cohesin ring and its regulatory proteins that are also present at high levels in melanoma and could be responsible of chromosome number abnormalities. Citation Format: Julia Escandon, Scott Lindsey, Mark S Eller, James M Grichnik. Meiotic cohesin REC8 associates with chromosome instability in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3010. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3010
The Virginia mathematics specialist initiative: Collaborative effort among all components of the VA mathematics community

Abstract The Virginia Mathematics Specialist Initiative (VMSI) is an ongoing collaborative effort among all components of the mathematics and mathematics education community of Virginia spanning more than two and a half decades. This paper describes the use of extensive collaborations to reach shared beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics with the goal of improving student learning; accomplished by preparing and supporting school-based mathematics specialists to coach K-8 teachers. A foundation built on shared beliefs enabled community members to reach consensus on this goal and continues to fuel the accomplishments of the VMSI. Several accomplishments are discussed including identification of the role of K-8 mathematics specialists, the attainment of a Virginia licensure add-on endorsement; and development of a model for a Virginia Mathematics Specialist Preparation Program (VMSPP). Also discussed are the annotated syllabi for core mathematics content and leadership courses in the VMSPP and tools to sustain and extend the VMSI.
Incentives for Effort or Outputs? A Field Experiment to Improve Student Performance

One key choice in designing an incentive is whether to reward outcomes directly (outputs) or to reward the actions and behaviors that lead to those outcomes (effort/inputs). I conduct a novel direct test of an input incentive designed to increase student effort against both an output incentive and a control that does not receive an incentive. The interventions were implemented in a classroom-level randomized experiment with school children in India. A math software curriculum is implemented in all classrooms regardless of which activity is incentivized. It includes learning modules (the incentivized input) that are completed throughout a unit as well as a test at the end of the unit (the incentivized output). The two incentives are both piecerate and announced at the beginning of each unit. Students who receive an input incentive perform .57 standard deviations better than the control group on a non-incentivized outcome test. This performance is statistically significantly larger than the impact of the output incentive (which .24 standard deviations and not significant relative to the control). The input incentive is also almost twice as cost-effective as the output incentive. These results provide evidence that there can be large returns to directly inducing student effort in the classroom. The input incentive works better for present-biased students along an incentive-compatible measure of time preferences collected at baseline, which provides evidence to support the hypothesis that more frequent payments can address time inconsistency. This study also provides direct evidence that piecerate input incentives can be more effective than piecerate output incentives.
Child Development after Fetal Exposure to AED

Researchers at the University of Liverpool and the Department of Neurology, Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, UK, investigated the early cognitive development of 155 children born to women with epilepsy (WWE) and exposed in utero to the antiepileptic drug, levetiracetam (LEV) or sodium valproate (VPA).
Substrate independent approach for synthesis of graphene platelet networks.

Graphene platelet networks (GPNs) comprised of randomly oriented graphene flakes two to three atomic layers thick are synthesized using a novel plasma-based approach. The approach uses a substrate capable of withstanding synthesis temperatures around 800 °C, but is fully independent of the substrate material. The synthesis occurs directly on the substrate surface without the necessity of any additional steps. GPNs were synthesized on various substrate materials including silicon (Si), thermally oxidized Si (SiO2), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy and alumina ceramics (Al2O3). The mismatch between the atomic structures of sp2 honeycomb carbon networks and the substrate material is fully eliminated shortly after the synthesis initiation, namely when about 100 nm thick deposits are formed on the substrate. GPN structures synthesized on a substrate at a temperature of about 800 °C are significantly more porous in comparison to the much denser packed amorphous carbon deposits synthesized at lower temperatures. The method proposed here can potentially revolutionize the area of electrochemical energy storage by offering a single-step direct approach for the manufacture of graphene-based electrodes for non-Faradaic supercapacitors. Mass production can be achieved using this method if a roll-to-roll system is utilized.
Developing Ontologies and Web-based Data Management System for Additive Manufacturing Processes

This article introduces a project in which researchers from across different disciplines including semantic web, materials science, manufacturing engineering, and software engineering collaborate to develop ontologies and a data management system for additive manufacturing processes.
An updated Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics (ULPH) for Newtonian fluids

Abstract In this work, we have developed an updated Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics (ULPH) for Newtonian fluid. Unlike the smoothed particle hydrodynamics, the non-local particle hydrodynamics formulation proposed here is consistent and convergence. Unlike the state-based peridynamics, the discrete particle dynamics proposed here has no internal material bond between particles, and it is not formulated with respect to initial or a fixed referential configuration. In specific, we have shown that (1) the non-local update Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics formulation converges to the conventional local fluid mechanics formulation; (2) the non-local updated Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics can capture arbitrary flow discontinuities without any changes in the formulation, and (3) the proposed non-local particle hydrodynamics is computationally efficient and robust.
Methods for Approximating Random Assignment

Random assignment to treatment conditions is an important technique for warranting inferences regarding causal relationships among variables. When random assignment is not feasible, desirable, or possible to maintain, other methods can be used to provide robust evidence of the probability that some effect was produced by some cause: (1) regression discontinuity designs, (2) propensity score matching techniques, (3) instrumental variables, and (4) fixed effects models. Reviewed here are the logic underlying each of these methods, and the circumstances in which it may be desirable to employ these alternatives to investigate relationships among variables hypothesized to affect educational outcomes.
Solution of the Steady State Problem for SEC Systems

At this time let us consider the model $$ {\dot x(t) = Ax(t) + b,\;x(0) = x_0 ,} $$ for the tracer kinetics in an n-compartment system in the case of a constant infusion of tracer over a long time period. It is assumed that the system is open, that b is a nonnegative constant tracer input vector over time, and let us suppose that the system contains no traps so that A is invertible.
Plate Bending Problems

One of the earliest and most productive applications of linear elasticity theory has been the analysis of small bending deformations of thin plates by transverse load. The problem is traditionally posed as a boundary value problem over the plane region occupied by the plate’s middle surface:--to find the deflection function whose bilaplacian is proportional * to the transverse load intensity, and for which, along the boundary of the plate, the function and certain particular combinations of derivatives satisfy conditions imposed by the plate’s supports. This problem can also be reformulated in terms of Boundary Integral Equations in a number of different ways- each with its own set of advantages and liabilities. We will single out one such method, the so called direct method, and explore in detail some considerations which arise here because of the essential fourth order nature of the underlying boundary value problem. The treatment follows Stern, 1979 and 1983. Similar treatments via the direct method are given by Bezine, 1978 and Hartmann, 1982. A brief review of other methods can be found in Tottenham, 1979.
Rural-urban variation in informal work activities in the United States

Abstract Using a unique national-level household survey of informal labor in the United States, this paper examines the extent that rural versus urban residence influences the types and forms of participation in informal work activities. The informal economy consists of work activities that generate income or reduce expenditures outside the scope of state regulation in contexts where these activities otherwise would be regulated. Often associated with developing and transition economies, past research using both qualitative and quantitative methods demonstrate its prevalence in industrial and postindustrial economies. In the U.S., most of this research is geographically constrained or limited to specific subpopulations and sectors. Our analysis employs descriptive and multivariate techniques to analyze a national-level household survey on informal economic activity to explore rural-urban variation in the prevalence, forms, importance and correlates of participation in the informal economy.
Productivity catches up game on: can public research universities catch private non-profit counterparts?

Public universities have increasingly lost their publicness and have been driven to manage more like their private non-profit university counterparts. The narrowing distinction is due to decades of...
How Good is the Evidence Linking Acetabular Dysplasia to Osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND A common claim in the orthopaedic literature is that acetabular dysplasia (AD) exists when the center-edge angle of Wiberg (CE angle) is <20 degrees and that AD leads to osteoarthritis (OA). Our purpose is to evaluate the validity of the linkage between AD and OA. METHODS We assess and discuss the theories and the empirical evidence relating AD to OA. Moreover, we test the rule that hips with a CE angle <20 degrees will develop OA by 65 years of age, by looking for exceptions to this rule. RESULTS Wiberg and Cooperman and colleagues present 30 ideal patients for assessing the relationship between AD and OA. Each was arthritis free, with stable AD, CE angle <20 degrees, without signs of subluxation. They were all followed and all developed OA. In the studies by Stulberg and colleagues, and Jacobsen and colleagues, every patient presented with OA, making it difficult to be certain about the appearance of the hip before the onset of OA. In the study by Murphy and colleagues, we have the same problem, as an unknown number of patients already had OA at first assessment. All of these studies used different schemes for diagnosing OA, making the studies difficult to compare. Most of the patients in the studies were of Northern European ancestry, making the results difficult to generalize to other populations. Four patients had CE angles <20 degrees and did not develop severe arthritis by 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Our conclusions apply directly to patients of Northern European ancestry. A few patients with stable, mild AD (CE angle 15 to 19 degrees) will be arthritis free at 65 years of age. Almost all patients with stable AD develop OA by 65 years of age. Unstable AD (CE angle <20 degrees, with subluxation) always leads to OA by 65 years of age. It is probably reasonable to extend these conclusions to other populations, but the reader must be prepared to re-evaluate them, as more data accumulates.
Sources, fate, and flux of geothermal solutes in the Yellowstone and Gardner Rivers, Yellowstone National Park, WY

Abstract The total discharge and thermal output from the numerous hydrothermal features in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) can be estimated from the chloride (Cl) flux in the Madison, Yellowstone, Falls, and Snake Rivers. Monitoring the Cl flux in these four major rivers provides a holistic view of the hydrothermal output from YNP and changes in the Cl flux may indicate changes in geothermal or magmatic activity. In this study, the source, fate, and flux of geothermal solutes in the Yellowstone River and Gardner Rivers were determined. Beginning in 2012, the fluxes of geothermal solutes, including Cl, were determined at monitoring sites in the Yellowstone and Gardner Rivers downstream of geothermal inputs within YNP. A method was developed using specific conductance as a surrogate measure for solute concentrations at these monitoring sites. Combining continuous (15-min) specific conductance and discharge data, Cl and other geothermal solute fluxes were determined and approximately 32% of the Cl flux exiting YNP is from the Yellowstone River watershed. Synoptic sampling of river water and discharge measurements were performed during low-flow conditions of September 2014 allowed for the determinations of geothermal solute sources and their downstream fate. Thus, the contribution of geothermal solutes from the various geothermal areas at the downstream monitoring sites was quantified. The thermal features draining into Yellowstone Lake account for 34% of the Cl flux at the Yellowstone River monitoring site which is located approximately 5 km north of YNP. The Gardner River, which captures geothermal water from Mammoth Hot Springs, is responsible for 22% of the Cl at the Yellowstone River monitoring site. Because the Yellowstone River watershed is large and contains numerous thermal areas, knowing the source and fate of geothermal solutes is import baseline information that can be used to identify future changes in thermal activity.
Minerals from colloidal assembly.

Magnetite crystals form by the aggregation and subsequent merger of crystalline precursors, which can be interpreted in terms of colloidal assembly.
DICT-MLM: Improved Multilingual Pre-Training using Bilingual Dictionaries

Pre-trained multilingual language models such as mBERT have shown immense gains for several natural language processing (NLP) tasks, especially in the zero-shot cross-lingual setting. Most, if not all, of these pre-trained models rely on the masked-language modeling (MLM) objective as the key language learning objective. The principle behind these approaches is that predicting the masked words with the help of the surrounding text helps learn potent contextualized representations. Despite the strong representation learning capability enabled by MLM, we demonstrate an inherent limitation of MLM for multilingual representation learning. In particular, by requiring the model to predict the language-specific token, the MLM objective disincentivizes learning a language-agnostic representation -- which is a key goal of multilingual pre-training. Therefore to encourage better cross-lingual representation learning we propose the DICT-MLM method. DICT-MLM works by incentivizing the model to be able to predict not just the original masked word, but potentially any of its cross-lingual synonyms as well. Our empirical analysis on multiple downstream tasks spanning 30+ languages, demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach and its ability to learn better multilingual representations.
The COVID-19 pandemic: a challenge for US nonprofits' financial stability

Nonprofit organizations rely on earned income, government funding, charitable donations and investment income to support numerous programs and services for the public good. During times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, some nonprofits become even more critical to provide for those in need, but the funding streams to support activities may be even more stressed. The purpose of this article is to understand how COVID-19 might affect the financial stability of nonprofits in the US.,The article reviews historical financing patterns for US nonprofits and then uses reports and secondary data to understand how COVID-19 might change nonprofit financing in the US.,Earned revenues, the largest source of revenues for nonprofits historically, are down significantly as venues remain closed or at reduced capacity. Federal government grants and contracts have not been aimed specifically at the nonprofit sector and state and local budgets are stressed, suggesting government funding may be at risk. Charitable contributions from large foundations, corporations, and individual givers have increased, with some added flexibility, but this may not be a viable source for many smaller or community-based organizations. Nonprofit leaders may need to find new ways to collaborate to overcome the pandemic and researchers should seek to understand the impacts on different types of nonprofits and their revenues.,The value of this article lies in understanding COVID-19's early financial impacts on nonprofits to suggest research and operating paths for academics and practitioners.
Neuromodulators in Periorbital Rejuvenation

Injections of botulinum toxin (BoNT) recently have become the most popular of all the minimally invasive facial rejuvenation procedures. Approved for wrinkle reduction of the upper face, it is the periorbital region where facial rejuvenation with BoNT becomes integral and proves to be indispensable. The key to a successful treatment of a patient’s periorbital rhytides with BoNT is a proper pre-treatment evaluation of the causes of the rhytides. Dynamic wrinkles of the periorbital area are treated with BoNT injections to reduce wrinkling, elevate, arch and reposition asymmetrical eyebrows, and widen the orbital fissure in a youthful, attractive fashion. Understanding the functional anatomy of the periorbital area and how this region of the face is affected by the particular BoNT product being injected is the only way to produce natural and balanced effects. This chapter discusses the pertinent functional anatomy of the periorbital area, the available BoNT products currently approved for use in the USA and worldwide, their preparation and dosing. Proper injection technique is emphasized and potential complications and how to avoid them are also discussed in detail.
A novel technique using long segment patch angioplasty maturation to increase the maturation rate of arteriovenous fistulas.

Abstract Objective Given the superior patency of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and the decreased risk of infection compared with arteriovenous grafts, the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines have recommended the fistula-first approach. However, ∼20% to 60% of all fistulas will fail to mature. We have described our experience with a novel technique using bovine pericardial patch angioplasty to increase the rate of AVF maturation. Methods We used 2-cm × 9-cm-long or 2.5-cm × 15-cm-long segment pericardial patch angioplasty to assist in the maturation of AVFs. A single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who had undergone patch angioplasty maturation (PAM) for AVFs that had failed to mature. The outcomes of interest were maturation status and patency, censored by the death and last known follow-up dates. Results From March 2007 to October 2019, 139 patients had undergone PAM. Follow-up data were available for 137 of the 139 patients (98.6%), with 126 AVFs (92.0%) progressing to maturation. Of the 126 patients with AVFs that had progressed to maturity, the previous hemodialysis (HD) method was known for 88 patients (69.8%). Of these 88 patients, 70 (79.5%) had previously been receiving HD via an HD catheter. Using a Kaplan-Meier estimator censored for death and loss to follow-up, the assisted primary patency rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 87.3%, 78.1%, and 68.0%, respectively. Of the 137 patients, 69 (54.8%) had required no additional interventions after patch angioplasty. The complications requiring intervention were stenosis (n = 45; 32.8%), thrombosis (n = 10; 7.3%), infection (n = 3; 2.2%), steal syndrome (n = 3; 2.2%), noninfected wound complications (n = 1; 0.8%), and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1; 0.8%). The average interval to intervention after patch angioplasty was 4.56 months. Conclusions Long-segment bovine pericardial PAM can be performed safely to treat nonmaturing AVFs, with a 92.0% successful maturation rate and patency rates comparable to those for AVFs. PAM should be a consideration for patients with nonmaturing AVFs.
Fabrication of Core–Shell Structured Metal Nanoparticles@Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Thermal Catalysis

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) encapsulating metal nanoparticles (NPs) with core-shell structures have been recognized as emerging materials for heterogeneous catalysis, because they possess great potential for not only avoiding migration and aggregation of metal NPs but also generating the uniform and well-defined interfaces between metal cores and porous shells for achieving the excellent catalytic performances. In this chapter, we summarize the state-of-the art progress in synthesis of core–shell metal NPs@MOFs with various methods including ship-in-a-bottle approach and bottle-around-ship approach. After that, we discuss various catalytic applications of metal NPs@MOFs as well as the relationships among metal NPs, unsaturated metal nodes, functional groups, pore structures, function synergy, and catalytic performances. Finally, we propose the emergent challenges and future developments of metal NPs@MOFs nanocatalysts in heterogeneous thermal catalysis. We hope that this chapter will bring the better insights to construct the enabled metal NPs@MOFs for realization of excellent activity for energetically challenging reactions, high selectivity to valuable products, and long-term stability.
Multi-Objective TLBO and GWO-based Optimization for Placement of Renewable Energy Resources in Distribution System

The use of renewable solar and wind resources as distributed generation sources in distribution networks has been welcomed by network operators. In order to exploit the maximum benefits of using these distributed products, the location of installation and their capacity should be determined optimally in the distribution network. In this paper, in order to optimize the placement of solar panels and wind turbines in the distribution network with the aim of reducing losses and improving reliability based on Energy Not Supplied subscribers (ENS), a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on fuzzy decision method, called the Multi-Objective Hybrid Training Learning Based Optimization-Grey Wolf Optimizer (MOHTLBOGWO) proposed that has a High optimization speed and not trapped at all in the optimal local. At first, the candidate buses are set for the installation of renewable resources using the Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF). Then the proposed method is used to determine the location and optimal capacity of renewable resources through the candidate bases. Proposed issues have been implemented in a single-objective and multiobjective manner on a 33 bus IEEE radial distribution network. Also, in this paper, the effect of distributing renewable resources on the characteristics of the distribution network is evaluated. The results obtained from the proposed algorithm are compared with the results of other algorithms to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in reducing losses, improving reliability, and increasing the financial profit of the network. Simulation results show the better performance of the proposed method in comparison with Teaching-Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) and Grey Wolf Optimiser (GWO) methods and past studies to achieve optimal results. Also, the results show that distributing of the capacity and location of distributed renewable generation leads to a further reduction in losses and a better improvement of the reliability criterion.