cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-perturbative improvement of the anisotropic Wilson QCD action☆

We describe the first steps in the extension of the Symanzik O(a) improvement program for Wilson-type quark actions to anisotropic lattices, with a temporal lattice spacing smaller than the spatial one. This provides a fully relativistic and computationally efficient framework for the study of heavy quarks. We illustrate our method with accurate results for the quenched charmonium spectrum.
Novel spin and statistical properties of nonabelian vortices

Abstract We study the statistics of vortices which appear in (2 + 1)-dimensional spontaneously broken gauge theories, where a compact group G breaks to a finite nonabelian subgroup H. Two simple models are presented. In the first, a quantum state which is symmetric under the intercharge of a pair of indistinguishable vortices can be transformed into an antisymmetric state after the passage through the system of the third vortex with an appropriate H-flux element. Further, there exist states containing two indistinguishable spinless vortices which obey Fermi statistics . In the second model, fractional analogues of the above behaviors occur. Also, composites of vortices in this theory may posses fractional “Cheshire spin” which can be changed by passing an additional vortex through the system.
Unconventional properties of superconducting cuprates

Abstract We present an explanation of the unusual peak/dip/hump features observed in photoemission experiments on Bi2212 at T⪡Tc. We argue that the strong spin-fermion interaction combined with the feedback effect on the spin damping due to superconductivity yields a Fermi liquid form of the fermionic spectral function for ω 2Δ. In the Fermi liquid regime, the spectral function A(k F , ω) displays a quasiparticle peak at ω=Δ; in the nonFermi liquid regime it possesses a broad maximum at ω⪢Δ. In between the two regimes, the spectral function has a dip at ω∼2Δ.
Compact modeling of multiple-gate MOSFETs

This paper reviews recent development on compact modeling of multiple-gate MOSFETs. First, a core model based on the analytic potential solutions for the highly symmetric double-gate (DG) and surrounding-gate (SG) MOSFETs has been presented. With the addition of quantum, short-channel effects, and capacitance formulations, the core model for DG MOSFETs has been expanded into a full-blown compact model which has subsequently been calibrated and validated by FinFET hardware. For application to other types of experimental multiple-gate MOSFETs developed, the DG and SG MOSFET models have been generalized to other less symmetric structures, including quadruple-gate, triple-gate, ?-gate, and ?-gate devices.
Gamma-ray bursts and terrestrial planetary atmospheres

We describe results of modelling the effects on Earth-like planets of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) within a few kiloparsecs. A primary effect is generation of nitrogen oxide compounds which deplete ozone. Ozone depletion leads to an increase in solar UVB radiation at the surface, enhancing DNA damage, particularly in marine microorganisms such as phytoplankton. In addition, we expect increased atmospheric opacity due to build-up of nitrogen dioxide produced by the burst and enhanced precipitation of nitric acid. We review here previous work on this subject and discuss recent developments, including further discussion of our estimates of the rates of impacting GRBs and the possible role of short-duration bursts.
Thermo-Electric Modeling of Nanotube-Based Environmental Sensors

Free-standing electrically conductive nanotube and nanobridge structures offer a simple, small-scale, low-power option for pressure and temperature sensing. To sense pressure, a constant voltage is applied across the bridge. At small scales, the heat transfer coefficient is pressure-dependent. The change in the heat transfer coefficients results in the circuit operating at higher temperatures, with different resistances, at low pressures. This in turn will lead to a change in the electrical resistivity of the system. If the system is held at constant voltage, this can be measured as a change in the current in such systems, representing a simple alternative to existing Pirani gauges. The current work simulates the Joule heating, conduction and convection heat transfer of a 5 μm long suspended single-wall carbon-nanotube, incorporating temperature-sensitive material properties. The simulation allows prediction of the thermo-electrical response of the systems. The results agree with the trends observed in existing devices. Additional results look at the effects of system length, temperature, and contact resistances between the substrate and the device.
The High-Velocity Gas toward Messier 5: Tracing Feedback Flows in the Inner Galaxy

We present FUSE and STIS E140M observations of the post-AGB star ZNG 1 in the globular cluster Messier 5 ( -->l = 3.9°, -->b = + 47.7°; -->d = 7.5 kpc , -->z = + 5.3 kpc ). High-velocity absorption is seen in C IV, Si IV, O VI, and lower ionization species at LSR velocities of roughly –140 and –110 km s−1. We conclude that this gas is not circumstellar on the basis of photoionization models and path length arguments. Thus, the high-velocity gas along the ZNG 1 sight line is the first evidence that highly ionized HVCs can be found near the Galactic disk. We measure the metallicity of these HVCs to be -->[O/H] = + 0.22 ± 0.10, the highest of any known HVC. Given the clouds' metallicity and distance constraints, we conclude that these HVCs have a Galactic origin. This sight line probes gas toward the inner Galaxy, and we discuss the possibility that these HVCs may be related to a Galactic nuclear wind or Galactic fountain circulation in the inner regions of the Milky Way.
Light-cone quark model predictions for radiative meson decays

Abstract We investigate the radiative decay of pseudoscalar (π, K, η, η′), vector (ϱ, K ∗ , ω, ƒ) and axial-vector (A1) mesons using a simple relativistic constituent quark model. For both simplicity and relativity, we take advantage of the distinguished features in the light-cone quantization method: (1) the Fock state expansion of meson wave functions are not contaminated by the vacuum fluctuation, (2) the problem of assigning quantum numbers JPC to mesons is circumvented by the Melosh transformation. Except the well-known constituent quark masses of (u, d, s) quarks and the spin-averaged meson masses, the only parameter in the model is the Gaussian parameter β which determines the broadness (or sharpness) of the radial wave function. Our overall predictions of pseudoscalar, vector and axial-vector meson radiative decay processes are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental data.
Identification of large flexible structures mass/stiffness and damping from on-orbit experiments

Two methods for identifying the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of a linear vibrating system are presented. Both methods require the measurement of acceleration, velocity and displacement at various locations of the system. In the first method, the response of the system subjected to known forces is used while the second method employs the free vibration data. The unknown parameters are recovered through the standard least squares procedure. Numerical results are presented for several examples.
Origin of solar torsional oscillations

Helioseismology has revealed many details of solar differential rotation and its time variation, known as torsional oscillations. So far there is no generally accepted theoretical explanation for torsional oscillations, even though a close relation to the solar activity cycle is evident. On the theoretical side, nonkinematic dynamo models (including the Lorentz force feedback on differential rotation) have been used to explain torsional oscillations. In this paper we use a slightly different approach by forcing torsional oscillations in a mean field differential rotation model. Our aim is not a fully self-consistent model, but rather to point out a few general properties of torsional oscillations, and their possible origins, that are independent from a particular dynamo model. We find that the poleward-propagating high-latitude branch of the torsional oscillations can be explained as a response of the coupled differential rotation/meridional flow system to periodic forcing in midlatitudes of either mechanical (Lorentz force) or thermal nature. The speed of the poleward propagation sets constraints on the value of the turbulent viscosity in the solar convection zone to be less than 3 × 108 m2 s-1. We also show that the equatorward-propagating low-latitude branch is most likely not a consequence of mechanical forcing (Lorentz force) alone, but rather of thermal origin due to the Taylor-Proudman theorem.
Optimizing the quality of scalable video streams on P2P networks

The volume of multimedia data, including video, served through Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks is growing rapidly. Unfortunately, high bandwidth transfer rates are rarely available to P2P clients on a consistent basis. In addition, the rates are more variable and less predictable than in traditional client-server environments, making it difficult to use P2P networks to stream video for on-line viewing rather than for delayed playback.In this paper, we develop and evaluate on-line algorithms that coordinate the pre-fetching of scalably-coded variable bit-rate video. These algorithms are ideal for P2P environments in that they require no knowledge of the future variability or availability of bandwidth, yet produce a playback whose average rate and variability are comparable to the best off-line pre-fetching algorithms that have total future knowledge. To show this, we develop an off-line algorithm that provably optimizes quality and variability metrics. Using simulations based on actual P2P traces, we compare our on-line algorithms to the optimal off-line algorithm and find that our novel on-line algorithms exhibit near-optimal performance and significantly outperform more traditional pre-fetching methods.
Strategy-proof Location on a Network

Abstract We consider rules that choose a location on a graph (e.g. a road network) based on agents' single-peaked preferences. First, we characterize the class of strategy-proof, onto rules when the graph is a tree. Such a rule is based on a collection of generalized median voter rules (Moulin, 1980) satisfying a consistency condition. Second, we characterize such rules for graphs containing cycles. We show that while such a rule is not necessarily dictatorial, the existence of a cycle grants some agent an amount of decisive power, unlike the case of trees. Rules for this case can be described in terms of a subclass of such rules for trees. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D78.
Information systems personnel as expatriates: a review of the literature and identification of issues☆

Abstract The growing importance of information technology (IT) in facilitating international commerce creates opportunities for multinational firms. Realizing advantages from IT in the global area requires intelligent utilization of skilled personnel. However, prior research on general managers working outside their home country indicates potentially expensive problems for both individual employees and firms. This paper applies a research model previously developed in the expatriate literature to anticipate problems facing expatriate information systems (IS) personnel. From a research perspective, studying the reactions of IS personnel as expatriates can test the robustness of the proposed model. Insights from observing the adjustment of IS professionals in multinational settings may aid in better understanding domestic IS personnel issues in a time of growing employee ethnic, cultural and gender diversity.
EVIDENCE FOR AN OXYGEN INTERMEDIATE IN THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO BY CO ON RHODIUM SURFACES

Abstract Evidence for an oxygen intermediate in the reaction of NO and CO to form N2 and CO2 over rhodium surfaces is presented. High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) measurements indicate that both NO and CO molecules associatively adsorb on the Rh(331) single-crystal surface at 300 K. Chemisorbed NO readily dissociates on this surface upon heating to 450 K. At 700 K high-resolution ELS and Auger electron spectroscopy both indicate that only oxygen is present on the catalyst surface. N2 desorption below this temperature is easily detected by mass spectroscopy. The addition of CO to this surface oxygen at 700 K results in the formation of gaseous CO2 and the removal of the surface oxygen species. Similar results were obtained when O2 was substituted for NO as a control, indicating that oxygen is indeed a surface intermediate under our experimental conditions. The reaction mechanism to reduce NO to N2 by CO over rhodium surfaces may then be expressed as 2NO(g) → N2(g) + 2O(ad) and 2O(ad) + 2CO → 2CO2(g).
Search for correlations in the arrival times of extensive air showers and Weber gravitational waves

In an experimental search for correlations in the arrival times of extensive air showers and Weber gravitational waves the only evidence for correlations was found in the occurrence of double pairs of coincidences. The probability of observing such pairs in this experiment for random uncorrelated arrival times was calculated to be less than 1%. (LBS)
Laplacian smoothing and Delaunay triangulations

SUMMARY In contrast to most triangulation algorithms which implicitly assume that triangulation point locations are fixed, 'Laplacian' smoothing focuses on moving point locations to improve triangulation. Laplacian smoothing is attractive for its simplicity but it does require an existing triangulation. In this paper the effect of Laplacian smoothing on Delaunay triangulations is explored. It will become clear that constraining Laplacian smoothing to maintain a Delaunay triangulation measurably improves Laplacian smoothing. An early reference to the use of Laplacian smoothing is to be found in a papel by Buell and Bush.' They surveyed the use of Laplace's equation to generate two-dimensional meshes, and described an equipotential method2 which extends finite differences of Laplace's equation on rectangular grids to differences on triangular grids. On triangular grids, the weighted difference equations
Enantioselective synthesis of γ-hydroxysilanes, 1,3-diols and cyclopropanes by reaction of a chiral epoxide with a racemic α-silyl organolithium reagent

Abstract The racemic α-silyl organolithium reagents 2a and 2b react with (R)-styrene oxide enantioselectively to produce the chiral γ-hydroxysilanes 3a and 3b , respectively. The chiral 1,3-diol 4 and cyclopropane 7 are readily obtained in enantiomerically pure form from these γ-hydroxysilanes.
Control-flow checking using watchdog assists and extended-precision checksums

A control-flow checking method using extended-precision checksums and watchdog assists is proposed. Control-flow checking based on extended-precision checksums is shown to have low error detection latency compared to previously proposed methods. Analytical measures are derived to demonstrate the effectiveness of using extended-precision checksums for control flow checking. It is shown that the error detection latency in the extended-precision-checksum-based control-flow checking remains relatively constant for both single and multiple sequence errors. In the case of signature-based methods, error detection latency increases linearly with the number of sequence errors. A watchdog assist architecture for control-flow checking in programs which addresses several architecture issues is proposed. This watchdog assist architecture can support control-flow checking for multiprocessor, multiprogramming, and cache-based environments. The Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture is used as an example architecture to demonstrate the feasibility of watchdog assists. >
Catalytic Asymmetric [3+2] Annulation of Allylsilanes with Isatins: Synthesis of Spirooxindoles

In the presence of chiral ScCl2(SbF6)·BIOP, prepared in situ, and TmsCl as an essential promoter, the desired spirooxindoles are obtained with excellent enantioselectivities at room temperature.
Integrated real-time estimation of clutter density for tracking

The spatial density of false measurements is known as clutter density in signal and data processing of targets. It is unknown in reality and its knowledge has a significant impact on the effective processing of targets. This paper presents a number of theoretically sound estimators for clutter density based on conditional mean, maximum likelihood, least squares and method of moments estimation. They are computationally highly efficient and require no knowledge of the probability distribution of the clutter density. They can be readily incorporated into a variety of tracking filters for performance improvement.
Extending Ring Derivations to Right and Symmetric Rings and Modules of Quotients

We define and study the symmetric version of differential torsion theories. We prove that the symmetric versions of some of the existing results on derivations on right modules of quotients hold for derivations on symmetric modules of quotients. In particular, we prove that the symmetric Lambek, Goldie, and perfect torsion theories are differential. We also study conditions under which a derivation on a right or symmetric module of quotients extends to a right or symmetric module of quotients with respect to a larger torsion theory. Using these results, we study extensions of ring derivations to maximal, total, and perfect right and symmetric rings of quotients.
Through-wall imaging: Historical perspective and future directions

Through-wall imaging approaches are highly desirable for a range of applications including police, fire and rescue, first responder, and military applications. The ultimate desire of such systems is to provide detailed information in areas that cannot be seen through conventional measures. Borrowing from successes in geological and medical imaging environments, researchers have attempted to apply radio frequency (RF) and other sensing modes to penetrate wall materials and optimally estimate the content and structure of rooms and buildings. There are many propagation differences that provide unique challenges that must be addressed to make through-wall penetration sensors operationally viable. This paper outlines the historical context of early research and provides new directions for future research in the exciting interplay between electromagnetic propagation, signal processing, and knowledge-based reasoning algorithms.
Electromagnetic coupling to an infinite wire through a slot in a conducting plane

The problem of electromagnetic coupling to a long wire behind a slot-perforated conducting plane is considered by the method of moments. An equivalent circuit is obtained for the transmission line mode of the wire-slot system. An interesting result of the analysis is that, when the wire is terminated in loads for maximum power transfer, orders of magnitude more power may be transferred through the slot when the wire is present than when the wire is absent.
AN EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVE POLICIES FOR ORGAN DONATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper examines the association between financial incentives and organ donations. Although the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prohibits financial compensation for organs for transplant, we focus on the impact of laws that influence the relative cost of deceased and live organ donations on the supply of organs for transplant. First, we hypothesize that states that have relatively stringent funeral regulations, which have been associated with higher whole-body donations, will have fewer organ donations. Second, we examine the impact of two common state laws that offer financial compensation to live donors: one that allows a tax deduction for costs incurred and the other which entitles government employees up to 30 days of paid leave. We find no evidence to support that these laws affect organ donations. (JEL I11, I18)
Financial Characteristics of North Dakota Farms 2000-2009

The performance of over 500 North Dakota farms, 2000-2009, is summarized using 16 financial measures. Farms are categorized by geographic region, farm type, farm size, gross cash sales, farm tenure, net farm income, debt-to-asset, and age of farmer to analyze relationships between financial performance and farm characteristics. Five-year averages, 2004-2008, are also presented. In 2009, median and average acreage per farm was 1,995 and 2,516, respectively. Median and average cash farm revenue was $430,321 and $558,305, respectively. Over 70% of farms were crop farms and 42 percent of farms had gross sales exceeding $500,000. Median age of farm operators was 47. Median net farm income in 2009, $47,547, was down sharply from $114,520 in 2008 and $127,791 in 2007. Financial measures for 2007-2008 were much superior to those in other years for the 2000-2009 period. The Red River Valley and crop farms typically had stronger profitability, solvency, and repayment capacity from 2000 to 2009 than other regions and farm types, respectively. Exceptions were 2007 and 2009 when the north central region had the best regional performance and 2005 when the south central region and livestock farms had better performance. The 2009 median net farm income was $70,912 for crop farms and $11,392 for livestock farms. Farms with sales less than $250,000 were over twice as likely to have debt-to-asset higher than 70 percent than were farms with sales greater than $250,000. Farms that own some crop land, but less than 40 percent were more likely to be crop farms, farm more acreage, have larger sales, and be more profitable. As expected, solvency and percent of crop land owned increased with farmer age. Rate of return on equity greater than rate of return on assets, which indicates that debt capital was employed profitably, was achieved nine years in the past decade by farms with greater than $500,000 gross cash income but never by the farm group with less than $100,000 gross cash income. Median net farm income as a percent of gross revenue was the lowest of the decade in 2009, 13.4 percent, after peaking at 30.6 percent in 2007. It ranged from 14.0 to 19.6 percent from 2001 to 2006.
Sourcing with Deferred Payment and Inspection under Supplier Product Adulteration Risk

We study the deferred payment and inspection mechanisms for mitigating supplier product adulteration, with endogenous procurement decision and general defect discovery process. We first derive the optimal deferred payment contract, which reveals that either entire or partial deferral can arise, depending on the moral hazard severity and the information accumulation rate. Because of the supplier's incentive to adulterate, the optimal procurement quantity under deferred payment generally is smaller than the first-best quantity. We then investigate the inspection mechanism and characterize the equilibrium. We find that under the inspection mechanism, the optimal procurement quantity is no less than the first best. A comparison between these two mechanisms shows that the deferred payment mechanism generally can outperform the inspection mechanism when either the market size is small or the profit margin is low. However, we find that these two mechanisms can also be complementary, for which we characterize a necessary condition
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Bases Related to Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol

The important antimicrobial agents Chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are N-acylated amines whose chemical structures include two chiral centers. Each drug is the single enantiomer of R,Rconfiguration. The N-deacylated bases of the drugs are important intermediates in their synthesis and optical resolution. In this report, reversed-phase HPLC methods are described for the separation of enantiomeric and diastereomeric bases of the two drugs and of two closely related bases used in some syntheses of the drugs. The stereoisomeric bases were derivatized with a homochiral isothiocyanate and the resulting diastereomeric thioureas were separated on C18 columns with methanol:water mixtures as mobile phases and detection at 254 nm. The four stereoisomeric bases of Chloramphenicol and those of its unnitrated analogue were thus separable after derivatization with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate. This reagent also allowed the separation of the D-threoisomer of the p-mercaptomethyl analogue of thiamphenicol base from its stereoisomers. The stereoisomers of thiamphenicol base were similarly separated with (R)-α-methylbenzyl isothiocyanate as the derivatizing agent. The diastereomers of chloramphenicol base and of thiamphenicol base were chromatographically separable after derivatization with the nonchiral reagent benzyl isothiocyanate. The procedures developed may be useful in the determination of the stereoisomeric composition of the drugs in research and in quality control, and may be applicable to other similar agents whose chemistry and pharmacology are receiving considerable attention.
Magnetically Driven Accretion Flows in the Kerr Metric. II. Structure of the Magnetic Field

We present a detailed analysis of the magnetic field structure found in a set of four general relativistic three-dimensional MHD simulations of accreting tori in the Kerr metric with different black hole spins. Among the properties analyzed are the field strength as a function of position and black hole spin, the shapes of field lines, the degree to which they connect different regions, and their degree of tangling. Strong magnetic field is found toward small radii, and field strength increases with black hole spin. In the main disk body, inner torus, and corona the field is primarily toroidal. Most field lines passing through a given radius in these regions wander through a narrow radial range, suggesting an overall tightly wound spiral structure. In the main disk body and inner torus sharp field-line bends on small spatial scales are superposed on the spirals, but the field lines are much smoother in the corona. The magnetic field in the plunging region is also comparatively smooth, being stretched out radially by the infalling gas. The magnetic field in the axial funnel resembles a split monopole, but with evidence of frame dragging of the field lines near the poles of the black hole. We investigate prior speculations about the structure of the magnetic fields and discuss how frequently certain configurations are seen in the simulations. For example, coronal loops are very rare, and field lines connecting high latitudes on the event horizon to the disk are not found at all. Almost the entire system is matter-dominated; the only force-free regions are in the axial funnel. We also analyze the distribution of current density, with a view toward identifying possible locations of magnetic energy dissipation. Regions of high current density are concentrated toward the inner torus and plunging region. Dissipation inside the marginally stable orbit may provide a new source of energy for radiation, supplementing the dissipation associated with torques in the stably orbiting disk body.
Gravitational physics with antimatter

The production of low-energy antimatter provides unique opportunities to search for new physics in an unexplored regime. Testing gravitational interactions with antimatter is one such opportunity. Here a scenario based on Lorentz and CPT violation in the Standard-Model Extension is considered in which anomalous gravitational effects in antimatter could arise.
Performance of the CDF miniplug calorimeters

Two Miniplug calorimeters, designed to measure the energy and lateral position of particles in the forward pseudorapidity region of 3.6 < |{eta}| < 5.1, have been installed as part of the CDF upgraded detector for Run II at the Tevatron. Proton-antiproton beams are colliding at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV. One year after installation, Miniplug detector performance and first results are presented.
Laser damage results on planar high-temperature chemical vapor deposition coatings

ABSTRACT Experiments in three different RF-based (13.56 MHz) plasma reactors located in the U.S. and twodifferent microwave-based (2.45 GHz) deposition systems located in Europe were conducted andthe laser damage threshold results at 1064 nm as well as some uniformity and reflectivity data aregiven. The RF-based plasma reactors fail to produce multilayers with visible optical interferenceeffects. Microwave-based plasma systems were successful in preparing rugate-type dielectricreflectors with index modulation (An) up to 0.034 and reflectivities up to 95%. The laser damage threshold was strongly dependent on reactor geometry. A vertical tube furnace arrangement gave the highest damage thresholds (> 40 J cm2) when cylindrical or rectangular cross-sectiontubes were used. Planar substrate geometries were a factor of 3 to 10 lower. RF-based coatingsystems were also low (5 to 12 J cnr2) regardless of the deposition chemistry used or the reactor geometry tried. 1. INTRODUCTIONThe Laser Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has been involved in thedevelopment of high temperature Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) technology ever
Toward Homochiral Protocells in Noncatalytic Peptide Systems

The activation-polymerization-epimerization-depolymerization (APED) model of Plasson et al. has recently been proposed as a mechanism for the evolution of homochirality on prebiotic Earth. The dynamics of the APED model in two-dimensional spatially-extended systems is investigated for various realistic reaction parameters. It is found that the APED system allows for the formation of isolated homochiral proto-domains surrounded by a racemate. A diffusive slowdown of the APED network induced, for example, through tidal motion or evaporating pools and lagoons leads to the stabilization of homochiral bounded structures as expected in the first self-assembled protocells.
Dual Active/Passive Infrared Imaging Systems

The potential for developing infrared imaging systems with both and passive capabilities is examined. Active and passive systems are red and several approaches to dual active/passive systems are outlined. le systems are postulated and their performance is analyzed. Technol-d utilization considerations are discussed.
Parsec-Scale Jet Polarization Properties of a Complete Sample of Active Galactic Nuclei at 43 GHz

We present results from the highest resolution polarization imaging survey of a complete sample of extragalactic radio sources carried out to date. Our sample consists of a statistically complete flat-spectrum subset of 32 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Pearson-Readhead survey, which has been studied at a variety of wavelengths and resolutions, including space-VLBI. Our observations were made with the VLBA at 43 GHz, at which the relatively higher resolution and weaker opacity effects have allowed us to probe magnetic field structures in the jets of these AGNs much closer to the central engine than in previous studies. At 43 GHz, the bulk of the total intensity and polarized emission in most flat-spectrum AGNs originates from an unresolved core component located at the extreme end of a faint jet. The luminosity of the core is positively correlated with the total source luminosity in soft X-rays, in the optical, and at 5 GHz. The most strongly polarized cores display electric vectors that are preferentially aligned with the jet axis, which is consistent with a strong transverse shock that enhances the perpendicular component of the jet magnetic field. Sources with highly polarized cores also tend to have high optical polarizations and flatter overall radio spectra. Approximately half of the AGNs in our sample display apparently bent jet morphologies that are suggestive of streaming motions along a helical path. The straightest jets in the sample tend to display slower superluminal speeds than those that are significantly bent. Our observations also show that intrinsic differences in the jet magnetic field properties of BL Lac objects and quasars previously seen on scales of tens of milliarcseconds are also present in regions much closer to the base of the jet.
Application of combinatorial chemistry science on modern drug discovery.

The science that established combinatorial chemistry as important new discipline in the 1980s and 1990s has re-emerged and infiltrated every sub-discipline within modern drug discovery and has profound impact. The application of combinatorial chemistry science has revolutioned high-throughput screening paradigms, chemical lead optimization, library purification, and post-purification sample handling, as well as in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic assays. Although no longer in the spotlight and heralded as the savior of the drug industry, “combinatorial chemistry” is alive and well; in fact, combinatorial chemistry science is more prevalent and wide-spread than ever before.
Towards low-cost high-efficiency GaAs photovoltaics and photoelectrodes grown via vapor transport from a solid source

GaAs is an attractive material for thin-film photovoltaic applications, but is not widely used for terrestrial power generation due to the high cost of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) techniques typically used for growth. Close space vapor transport is an alternative that allows for rapid growth rates of III-V materials, and does not rely on the toxic and pyrophoric precursors used in MOCVD. We characterize CSVT films of GaAs using photoelectrochemical current-voltage and quantum efficiency measurements. Hole diffusion lengths which exceed 1.5 μm are extracted from internal quantum efficiency measurements using the Gartner model. Device physics simulations suggest that solar cells based on these films could reach efficiencies exceeding 24%. To reach this goal, a more complete understanding of the electrical properties and characterization of defects will be necessary, including measurements on complete solid-state devices. Doping of films is achieved by using source material containing the desired impurity (e.g., Te or Zn). We discuss strategies for growing III-V materials on inexpensive substrates that are not lattice-matched to GaAs.
An efficient synthesis of lithium-selective extractants: Tertiary-alkyl-14-crown-4 ethers

Abstract Highly-substituted crown ethers can he synthesized efficiently from tertiary and neopentyl diols. Nonamethyl-14-crown-4 and methyl-didecalino-14-crown-4 ethers are lipophilic and highly soluble in organic solvents and function as efficient, lithium-selective extractants.
Non-local field theories and the non-commutative torus

Abstract We argue that by taking a limit of SYM on a non-commutative torus one can obtain a theory on non-compact space with a finite non-locality scale. We also suggest that one can also obtain a similar generalization of the (2,0) field theory in 5+1 dimensions, and that the DLCQ of this theory is known.
Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products

Unlike other variants of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, those based on organosilicon donors have not been used extensively in natural product synthesis. However, recent advances such as: 1) the development of mild reaction conditions, 2) the expansion of substrate scope, 3) the development of methods to stereoselectively and efficiently introduce the silicon-containing moiety, 4) the development of a large number of sequential processes, and 5) the advent of bifunctional bis(silyl) linchpin reagents, signify the coming of age of silicon-based cross-coupling reactions. The following case studies illustrate how silicon-based cross-coupling reactions play a strategic role in constructing carbon-carbon bonds in selected target molecules.
Why Does Fixation Persist? Experimental Evidence on the Judgment Performance Effects of Expensing Intangibles

This study shows experimentally that when individuals use information on intangibles expenditures to predict future profits, expensing (vs. capitalizing) the expenditures significantly reduces the accuracy, consistency, consensus, and self‐insight of individuals' subjective profit predictions. The experimental design allows us to eliminate several competing explanations for this apparent fixation on accounting. Subjects do not base their judgments on a nai¨ve prior belief that expensing precludes effects on future profits; a preexperiment question shows that subjects expect intangibles expenditures will affect future profits even when expensed. Moreover, subjects do not lack, or fail to use, data that would allow them to learn the exact expenditure‐profit relation. They receive data on intangibles expenditures and profits as a basis for learning, and in some respects the learning is quite successful even when intangibles are expensed; subjects' profit predictions accurately reflect the mean and standard d...
A model of CPT violation for neutrinos

Abstract Any local relativistic quantum field theory of Dirac–Weyl fermions conserves CPT. Here we examine whether a simple nonlocal field theory can violate CPT. We construct a new relativistic field theory of fermions, which we call “homeotic”, which is nonlocal but causal and Lorentz invariant. The free homeotic theory is in fact equivalent to free Dirac theory. We show that a homeotic theory with a suitable nonlocal four-fermion interaction is causal and as a result has a well-defined perturbative S -matrix. By coupling a right-handed homeotic fermion to a left-handed Dirac–Weyl fermion, we obtain a causal theory of CPT-violating neutrino oscillations.
Statistics, stationarity and random number generation

This paper remarks upon some issues involved in evaluating the “randomness” of numerical sequences. The question of how much to test is addressed, particularly with respect to pseudorandom generators. Historical failures of seemingly random sequences are noted. The dependence of evaluation programme upon proposed use of the sequence is stressed. The meaning and importance of stationarity are considered, and results from statistical distribution theory useful in checking for it, and in further evaluation of a sequence, are described. An example illustrates differences in power of three tests directed against a particular class of stationary alternatives to Normal white noise.
Does Disgust Influence Moral Judgment

Recent empirical research seems to show that emotions play a substantial role in moral judgment. Perhaps the most important line of support for this claim focuses on disgust. A number of philosophers and scientists argue that there is adequate evidence showing that disgust significantly influences various moral judgments. And this has been used to support or undermine a range of philosophical theories, such as sentimentalism and deontology. I argue that the existing evidence does not support such arguments. At best it suggests something rather different: that moral judgment can have a minor emotive function, in addition to a substantially descriptive one.
Interpretation of lunar mass concentrations

Abstract The lunar “mascons” appear to be too big to be caused primarily by the infalling bodies which created the ringed maria. Because these maria are topographic depressions, any other possible causes require that the moon have differentiated a crust prior to creation of the ringed maria. The mechanism of mass transfer which appears most consistent with the low level of geologic activity is the generation of excess pressures consequent upon the more rapid cooling of the outer parts of the moon. These pressures created the mass concentrations primarily by pushing the dense root past isostatic equilibrium in the weak area caused by the impacting body. The morphological evidences of superficial loading indicate, however, that there may also have been lava flows or sedimentation. In addition to mass transfer, there also could have operated mechanisms of densification, the most significant of which appears to be the outgassing of water after the impact, which resulted in the ringed maria not being serpentinized to the same extent as other parts of the moon. Higher thermal conductivity of the mare material may also lead to a lower temperature gradient and hence some increase in density due to thermal contraction. This dehydration of the ringed maria is most strongly indicated by the distribution of sinous rilles. At present, the moon is essentially rigid to at least 160 km depth, and even more if magnetometry in the moon's wake is correctly interpreted as indicating temperatures below 700 °C. Hence the mechanism of support of the mass concentrations since their creation can be pure elastic strength, in contrast to the earth.
A regularity criterion for the dissipative quasi-geostrophic equations

Abstract We establish a regularity criterion for weak solutions of the dissipative quasi-geostrophic equations (with dissipation ( − Δ ) γ / 2 , 0 γ ⩽ 1 ). More precisely, we show that if θ ∈ L t r 0 ( ( 0 , T ) ; B p , ∞ α ( R 2 ) ) with α = 2 p + 1 − γ + γ r 0 is a weak solution of the 2D quasi-geostrophic equation, then θ is a classical solution in ( 0 , T ] × R 2 . This result extends the regularity result of Constantin and Wu [P. Constantin, J. Wu, Regularity of Holder continuous solutions of the supercritical quasi-geostrophic equation, Ann. I. H. Poincare – AN (2007), doi:10.1016/j.anihpc.2007.10.001 ] to scaling invariant spaces.
Chemoselective, iron(II)-catalyzed oxidation of a variety of secondary alcohols over primary alcohols utilizing H2O2 as the oxidant

A mild, iron-based catalyst system is presented that selectively oxidizes secondary alcohols to the corresponding hydroxy ketones in the presence of primary alcohols within 15 minutes at room temperature, utilizing H2O2 as the oxidant.
Direct evidence for solar wind control of Jupiter’s hectometer-wavelength radio emission

Observations of the solar wind close to Jupiter by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1978 and 1979 are compared with the hectometer-wavelength radio emission from the planet. A significant positive correlation is found between variations in the solar wind plasma density at Jupiter and the level of Jovian radio emission output. During the 173-day interval studied for the Voyager 2 data the radio emission displayed a long-term periodicity of about 13 days, identical to that shown by the solar wind density at Jupiter and consistent with the magnetic sector structure association already proposed for ground-based observations of the decameter-wavelength emission.
Neutrinos from Gravitational Collapse

A review is made of neutrino fluxes produced by gravitational collapse events (type-II supernovae?). Recent work of Mayle, Wilson and Schramm is used to examine those aspects of neutrino signal which are relatively independent of the collapse model and those aspects which are sensitive to model details. A discussion of the antineutrino background from the integral of all collapse events is also presented.
Combustion of propanol–glycerol mixture droplets in reduced gravity

Abstract Reduced-gravity experiments on combustion of propanol–glycerol mixture droplets were performed. Droplets were initially about 1 mm in diameter with initial glycerol mass fractions of 0, 0.05 and 0.2. All experiments were in air at standard temperature and pressure. Experiments showed flame contractions, and data on burning rates and onset times for flame contraction allowed effective species diffusivities to be estimated. Comparison of the experiments with computational modeling suggests that convective mixing was likely present in the droplets. Propanol–glycerol droplets sometimes exhibited extinction after flame contraction. This behavior has been previously observed only for much larger droplets burned in space-based experiments.
A Review of Predictive Efforts for Transport Phenomena in Axial Flow Compressors

Transport phenomena as they apply to throughflow calculations in axial-flow compressors are reviewed. An historical background is presented. Then the debate raised by the Adkins and Smith versus the Gallimore and Cumpsty approaches to radial transport is discussed. This debate was resolved in that it was finally concluded that both turbulent transport and convective secondary flows play a role in spanwise transport. Other major related efforts mentioned are those of Hirsch and his colleagues and Papailiou and his colleagues. Readers are encouraged to reconsider exploitation of the work of Kerrebrock and Mikolajczak concerning circumferential transport. Comments on future trends are offered.
When the former ceo stays on as board chair: effects on successor discretion, strategic change, and performance

Prior research on CEO succession has omitted consideration of a critical institutional reality: some exiting CEOs do not fully depart the scene but instead remain as board chairs. We posit that predecessor retention restricts a successor's discretion, thus dampening his or her ability to make strategic changes or deliver performance that deviates from pre-succession levels. In short, a predecessor's continuing presence suppresses a new CEO's influence. Based on analysis of 181 successions in high technology firms, and with extensive controls (for circumstances associated with succession, the firm's need and capacity for change, and for endogeneity), we find substantial support for our hypotheses. In supplementary analyses, we find that retention has a more pronounced effect in preventing a new CEO from making big performance gains than in preventing big drops. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 2-nitroindoles via the Sundberg indole synthesis

Abstract A three-step sequence has been developed for converting o -nitrobenzaldehydes into 2-nitroindoles. The key step involves the thermolysis of 2-( o -azidophenyl)nitroethylene ( 10 ) in xylenes which gives 2-nitroindole ( 4 ) in 54% yield, akin to the classic Sundberg indole synthesis. This procedure has also been utilized to synthesize 5,6-dimethoxy-2-nitroindole ( 14 ).
MATERNAL DRUG USE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR NEONATAL ABSTINENCE

Infants undergoing neonatal abstinence due to maternal drug use are commonly treated with paregoric, phenobarbital or diazepam. This study was designed to test the effectiveness of each of these agents as the first treatment drug in the control of abstinence symptomatology. The relationship of the type of maternal drug use to the effectiveness of treatment was also examined. Subjects were 134 infants treated for abstinence at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital between 1979 and 1983. Infants with serious medical complications were eliminated from the study. A series of least squares linear regression analyses was performed using the treatment drug, type of maternal drug use (opiates, non-opiates, or both), and the interaction of treatment and maternal drugs as predictors of whether or not a second pharmacotherapeutic agent was needed to bring the infant under control. Results revealed that if maternal drug use was limited to non-opiates, phenobarbital therapy was a significant predictor of successful treatment with one drug. Treating an infant with diazepam, however, significantly predicted the need for a second agent, regardless of maternal drug use. Paregoric was a significant predictor of successful treatment if maternal drug use included opiates or a combination of opiates and other drugs, and was a significant predictor of unsuccessful treatment if the mother abused only non-opiates. These results emphasize the ineffectiveness of diazepam for the treatment of neonatal abstinence as well as the relationship of maternal drug use to effective pharmacotherapy.