cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Darcy permeability of porous media including sintered metal plugs

Porous media have become of increasing importance in low temperature applications. In contrast to the usual Newtonian fluid flow near room temperature, the mass throughput characterization appears to be less certain at liquid He4 temperatures, in particular, in the superfluid He II range. In the present work, the Darcy permeability has been evaluated for laminar flow at very small velocities in Newtonian fluids. However, in the non-Newtonian He II superfluid, the Darcy permeability is not so readily obtainable from simple fluid flow experiments. In our experiments, sintered metal porous plugs with a nominal (filtration rating) size of the order 1 µm to 10 µm have been used. The characteristic length diagram for the equivalent Ergun particle diameter, the filtration rating, and the characteristic throughput length has been evaluated as a function of the Darcy permeability. This set of functions is seen to give a comprehensive picture of porous media throughput properties. In non-Newtonian super- fluid He II, the present work relies on the two-fluid model as the frame of reference. It is found that there exists an analog of Darcy’s law for the flow of the normal fluid component of He II. In this analog, the pressure gradient, mass flux, and the shear viscosity are replaced by the thermomechanical pressure gradient, normal fluid mass flux, and the normal fluid shear viscosity.
Electrostatic quadrupoles for heavy-ion fusion

Voltage-holding data for three quadrupole electrode sizes and inter-electrode spacings are reported. The dependence of the breakdown voltage on system size and its influence on the optimum quadrupole size for beam transport in a multiple beam array are discussed. >
Differential effects of female and male candidates on system justification: Can cracks in the glass ceiling foster complacency?

Despite women's increasing representation in elected offices across a range of countries, women remain a minority of elected officials. Although greater gender equality in political leadership may be assumed to promote gender equality in other domains, the presence of female candidates might ironically facilitate attitudes associated with legitimizing gender inequality. Using experimental methods, we demonstrate that the presence of a female political candidate, relative to a male political candidate, leads to greater beliefs that the sociopolitical system is just (Experiment 1), greater legitimacy of the gender status hierarchy (Experiment 2), and greater implicit preference for stability (Experiment 3). Ironically, within a context in which women are generally underrepresented as political leaders, the increasing presence of women as political candidates might lead to stronger legitimization of the current sociopolitical system, potentially inhibiting social change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Problem of Institutional Constraint

Political institutions are both human products and constraints on those participating within them. Focusing on rational choice theory and Marxist political theory, this paper shows that the problem of reconciling these two characteristics pervades modern political research. The upshot is a fundamental ambiguity in political science's specification of what institutions are. The paper proposes a reconciliation of the two characteristics based on a conception of political institutions as particular aggregates of human individuals. The paper explores the political implications of this conception for the possibility of a society changing or eliminating institutional constraints.
Giant left atrium as cause of left pulmonary artery obstruction

A case of a giant left atrium with compression of the left pulmonary artery and left main bronchus is described. The surgical approach was through a left thoracotomy, and the correction included mitral valve replacement, reduction atrioplasty, and dissection and release of the left pulmonary artery.
Regulation of hormonally mediated maternal nest structure in the mouse (Mus musculus) as a function of neonatal hormone manipulation.

Abstract Nest building in mice was evaluated by amount of hay used daily and type of nest constructed. Increased amounts of hay were utilized and maternal style nests constructed following treatment with appropriate ratios of oestrogen plus progesterone. This response occurred only in the female. Following neonatal injection of testosterone propionate the female no longer showed the maternal nest building response. When males were castrated on day 1, they showed a response to oestrogen and progesterone which was similar to the female response. Thus, the hormonally elicited maternal nest style is sex limited due to early exposure to androgens and therefore resembles sexual responsiveness and the ovulatory mechanism which can similarly be suppressed as a result of the presence of androgen.
Revisiting Aunt Fanny: Evaluating Professional Writing

The purpose of this study was to examine how practitioners evaluate professional writing. Social workers and psychiatrists were randomly presented with one of three case summaries and an assessment, purportedly written by a student. In fact, subjects were presented with the same general assessment. The average rating was between 3 and 5 on a 7-point scale. Statistically significant differences were attributable to theoretical orientation. Content analyses indicated concern with the use of jargon and failure to identify strengths. General assessments being rated as positive are discussed in terms of social work training and professional culture.
The cell cycle and its relation to growth during pattern regulation in wing discs of Drosophila

In this paper we have examined the timing of growth-rate changes, of alterations in the cell cycle, and of the reestablishment of epithelial continuity during the early stages of regulative growth of imaginal wing discs cultured in vivo. Tissue organization was disrupted prior to culture, by dissociation, and centrifugally reaggregated pellets of cells were cultured in adult female flies. Significant increases in cell numbers were detectable during the first day of culture. Flow cytometric analysis of the DNA content of cells in reaggregates during culture indicated that during the first half-day of culture, a significant transient increase in the proportions of S-phase and post-S-phase cells occurred. Scanning electron microscopic examination of dissociated cells during culture confirmed that tissue reorganization began during the first day and was nearly complete by the end of the second day. During the second day of culture, when the growth rate was maximal, the proportions of pre-(G1) and post-S-phase and mitotic (G2M) cells resembled those of intact premetamorphic wing discs. In contrast to disrupted tissue, intact or minimally wounded wing discs showed practically no change in cell number during culture. However, with both disrupted and intact tissue, the proportion of G1 cells increased significantly during the culture period so that by the fourth day of culture G1 cells predominated. Under our conditions all implants grew extensively, but regeneration by cultured reaggregates formed from pure presumptive notum and pure presumptive distal wing fragments was observed in those implants which grew the most. Our results suggest that both DNA synthesis and transient increased proportions of 4C cells may occur as an early response to injury and that these may precede the onset of cell divisions even under conditions where growth is initiated early. Our observations also suggest that the onset of cell divisions, though it occurs well before the end of the first day of culture, may nonetheless be preceded by cellular contacts and intercellular communication.
iPSC Disease Modeling

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided previously unanticipated possibilities to model human disease in the culture dish. Reprogramming somatic cells from patients into an embryonic stem cell–like state ( 1 ) followed by differentiation into disease-relevant cell types can generate an unlimited source of human tissue carrying the genetic variations that caused or facilitated disease development ( 2 ). Yet, despite the excitement over this “disease-in-a-dish” approach, studying genetic disorders in patient-derived cells faces more challenges than studies using genetically well-defined model systems. Here we describe some of these limitations, and also present some solutions for ensuring that iPSC technology lives up to at least some of its promise.
Hydrolyzed Feather Meal as a Protein Supplement for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract When a 15-day prepartum adaptation period was allowed, addition of hydrolyzed feather meal to the concentrate portion of the ration at 3.5, 6.7, and 9.7% levels did not significantly alter the feed intake, milk production, or body weight of dairy cows during the first 12 wk postpartum. The abrupt addition of the same amounts to the concentrate fed dairy cows in various stages of lactation caused substantial reductions in concentrate consumption.
Pentagate Approach to Reduce the Line Edge Roughness Effects in Bulk Si Tri-gate Transistors

Accumulated body [1] approach to mitigate the effects of line edge roughness on bulk silicon finFETs and tri-gate FETs is analyzed through 3D TCAD simulations. A side-gate surrounding the body portion of the FET is used to accumulate the body with majority carriers. This approach is predicted to reduce device-to-device variability due to line edge roughness by stronger accumulation of the body in the wider sections of the channel and confinement of the channel away from the edges.
Suppression of Wnt Signaling by Dkk1 Attenuates PTH-Mediated Stromal Cell Response and New Bone Formation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppresses Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1) expression in osteoblasts. To determine whether this suppression is essential for PTH-mediated Wnt signaling and bone formation, we examined mice that overexpress Dkk1 in osteoblasts (Dkk1 mice). Dkk1 mice were osteopenic due to abnormal osteoblast and osteoclast activity. When fed a low-calcium diet, and in two other models of hyperparathyroidism, these mice failed to develop the peritrabecular stromal cell response ("osteitis fibrosis") and new bone formation seen in wild-type mice. Despite these effects of Dkk1 overexpression, PTH still activated Wnt signaling in Dkk1 mice and in osteoblastic cells cultured from these mice. In cultured MC3T3E1 preosteoblastic cells, PTH dramatically suppressed Dkk1 expression, induced PKA-mediated phosphorylation of beta-catenin, and significantly enhanced Lef1 expression. Our findings indicate that the full actions of PTH require intact Wnt signaling but that PTH can activate the Wnt pathway despite overexpression of Dkk1.
Patterns and functions of STAT activation during Drosophila embryogenesis

The JAK/STAT pathway mediates cytokine signaling in mammals and is involved in the function and development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. To investigate the biological functions of the JAK/STAT pathway during Drosophila development, we examined the tissue-specific localization of the tyrosine-phosphorylated, or activated form of Drosophila STAT, STAT92E. Here we show that during Drosophila embryonic development STAT92E activation is prominently detected in multiple tissues and in different developmental stages. These tissues include the tracheal pits, elongating intestinal tracks, and growing axons. We demonstrate that stat92E mutants are defective in tracheal formation, hindgut elongation, and nervous system development. Conversely, STAT92E overactivation caused premature development of the tracheal and nervous systems, and over-elongation of the hindgut. These results suggest that STAT activation is involved in proper differentiation and morphogenesis of multiple tissues during Drosophila embryogenesis.
Regional anesthesia and analgesia: prevention of chronic pain

Chronic pain after surgery is an area that has been neglected. Though limited in clinical trials, there is reasonable evidence that there are specific risk factors for developing chronic pain after surgery. These patients should be identified preoperatively and followed up very closely by the anesthesiologist during the postoperative period so as to prevent the development of chronic pain. Regional anesthesia and analgesia should be utilized when possible in these surgical cases, and a multimodal approach to controlling the perioperative pain with the goal to prevent spinal cord sensitization should prevent chronic pain and improve outcomes for postsurgical patients. Severe acute postoperative pain has been demonstrated in several studies to be one of the leading predictors for the development of chronic pain after surgery. A collaborative team approach between the surgeons and the anesthesiologist should focus during the postoperative period to utilizing regional analgesia with the goal of decreasing the incidence of chronic pain from surgery.
Targeting PECAM-1 for anti-cancer therapy.

Commentary to:The Cell-Adhesion and Signaling Molecule PECAM-1 is a Molecular Mediator of Resistance to Genotoxic ChemotherapyCarmen Bergom, Reema Goel, Cathy Paddock, Cunji Gao, Debra K Newman, Shigemi Matsuyama and Peter J NewmanVolume: 5 | Issue: 12
When do value chains go global? A theory of the spatialization of global value chains

In this article, I synthesize and extend the theoretical literature on global commodity chain (GCC) and global value chain (GVC) governance to generate a theory of the ‘globalness’ of value chains and the spatialization of value chain linkages. Drawing from the original GCC dichotomy of buyer/producer-driven commodity chains, I emphasize the height of entry barriers to manufacturing and supplier capability differentials across the North–South divide as determinants of the amount and geographic extent of global offshoring behaviour. Using a novel empirical approach to the measurement of global offshoring behaviour at the global industry level, the article shows that the original GCC governance scheme successfully predicts the levels, rates and timing of global production fragmentation across three networked industries. Combining the original GCC governance scheme with the more recent GVC governance types, the theory leads to predictions about the specific types of GVC linkages that might occur given the drivenness of a chain and the geographical location of lead firms and their suppliers. I conclude by drawing out the theory's implications for our understanding of the link between value chain formation and economic development in the global South and suggesting areas for future research.
FROM HOMICIDE TO HAPPINESS : A Commentary on Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Society

The field of omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies as reversible risk factors in major psychiatric disorders has flourished in the last decade. Treatment recommendations of the American Psychiatric Association may be considered for application to more normative states of psychiatric health. Considered here is the proposition that an increased risk of personality disorders, and an increased sense of despair in normative populations, might be considered as symptoms of deficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids. The major changes in the essential fatty acid composition of the food supply, including increased availability of the omega-6 linoleic acid, may be correlated not only with increased risks of homicide, but also increased risks of suicide and suboptimal social cohesion.
MALDITOS: STREET GANG SUBVERSIONS OF NATIONAL BODY POLITICS IN CENTRAL AMERICA

Since the mid-1980s, street gangs known as maras have emerged as a new social entity in Central America. In Honduras, these informal organizations are repeatedly represented in various forms of media as an aberration that is clearly separate from populace and state. Such representations render mareros as entities that possess a radically alien ontology, which is the sole locality of intervention of anti-mara programs. This article analyzes popular media and ethnographic observations to demonstrate that a) rather than being an alien ontology, marero subjectivities are co-constituted through nation and class-forming practices and b) despite such representations, Hondurans of various walks of life routinely subvert attempts to create a tripartite body politic of state-populace-marero. Continued emphasis on the marero as the sole site of intervention and rehabilitation deals with the mara issue at a symptomatic level and fails to address the quotidian processes that give form to this phenomenon.
Bacteroides fragilis Meningitis

Bacteroides fragilis is a rare cause of bacterial meningitis. In the antibiotic era nine cases have been reported. Seven of these nine cases occurred in premature infants and neonates. Of the nine patients with B. fragilis meningitis, two died, four survived with neurologic sequelae, and three survived without sequelae. Predisposing conditions included abdominal sepsis, chronic otitis media, and ventriculoatrial shunt infection. Metronidazole, which is bactericidal, has been the most effective therapy for B. fragilis meningitis.
Flexible Pavement Performance in relation to In Situ Mechanistic and Volumetric Properties Using LTPP Data

This research study focuses on the actual performance of the flexible pavements and its relationship with the in-situ mechanistic and volumetric properties. The data required for the study were obtained using the Long Term Pavement Performance database. Approximately, 116 flexible pavement sections throughout United States were analyzed and discussed. The results indicated that the temperature has a significant affect on the backcalculated modulus of the hot mix asphalt layer. However, no strong relationship was observed between the hot mix asphalt backcalculated modulus and in situ air voids. It was found that fatigue life was a function of tensile strain at the bottom of hot mix asphalt layer, peak surface deflection, hot mix asphalt air voids and maximum specific gravity, and ambient air temperature. Similar relationships between the rut life, mechanistic and volumetric properties were established for wet-freeze and wet-no-freeze climatic zones. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the rut performance in wet-no-freeze sections is mainly affected by higher base and roadbed compressive stresses and strains. On the other hand, the performances in wet-freeze sections are highly depended on roadbed compressive strain and modulus ratio of subbase to roadbed.
Transformations for optimizing interprocess communication and synchronization mechanisms

This paper presents source-level transformations that improve the performance of programs using synchronous and asynchronous message passing primitives, including remote call to an active process (rendezvous). It also discusses the applicability of these transformations to shared memory and distributed environments. The transformations presented reduce the need for context switching, simplify the specific form of communication, and/or reduce the complexity of the given form of communication. One additional transformation actually increases the number of processes as well as the number of context switches to improve program performance. These transformations are shown to be generalizable. Results of hand-applying the transformations to SR programs indicate reductions in execution time exceeding 90% in many cases. The transformations also apply to many commonly occurring synchronization patterns and to other concurrent programming languages such as Ada and Concurrent C. The long term goal of this effort is to include such transformations as an otpimization step, performed automatically by a compiler.
The hydrothermal and structural chemistry of oxovanadium-arylphosphonate networks and frameworks.

The hydrothermal reactions of NH4VO3 with the aromatic phosphonate ligands 1,4-, 1,3-, and 1,2-phenylenediphosphonic acids (H4L1, H4L3, H4L4, respectively); biphenyl-4,4′-diyldiphosphonic acid (H4L...
INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN SITE EXCHANGE IN AN HRU(SIHPH2) MOIETY

RuH(Ph)(CO)L(2) (L = P(t)Bu(2)Me) reacts with SiH(2)Ph(2) to give first benzene and RuH(SiHPh(2))(CO)L(2), and then RuH(3)(SiHPh(2))(CO)L(2) and Ru(H)(2)(CO)L(2), the trihydride being formed by a dehydrogenative silane coupling reaction when excess SiH(2)Ph(2) is present. Variable-temperature spin saturation transfer experiments reveal exchange between H(a) and H(b) in RuH(a)(SiH(b)Ph(2))(CO)L(2); this occurs both by an intramolecular mechanism and (when SiH(2)Ph(2) is present) by a mechanism dependent on SiH(2)Ph(2) concentration. Spin saturation transfer also reveals exchange between all three of the above complexes via addition/loss of SiH(2)Ph(2) or H(2).
Men of mystery.

Michelle Francl wonders why people almost inevitably draw scientists as men with weird hair and glasses, and why there is no such thing as a 'draw a lawyer' test.
Throughput regions for fading interference channels under statistical QoS constraints

Communication over fading interference channels in the presence of statistical quality of service (QoS) constraints is considered. Effective capacity, which provides the maximum constant arrival rate that a given service process can support while satisfying statistical queueing constraints, is employed as the performance metric. In a two-user and buffer constrained setting, arrival rate regions that can be supported in the fading interference channel are studied. More specifically, for three different strategies, namely treating interference as noise, time division with power control and simultaneous decoding, achievable throughput regions are determined. It is demonstrated that as in Gaussian interference channels, simultaneous decoding expectedly performs better (i.e., supports higher arrival rates) when interfering links are strong, and treating interference as noise leads to improved performance when the interfering cross links are weak while time-division strategy should be preferred in between. When the QoS constraints become more stringent, it is observed that the sum-rates achieved by different schemes all diminish and approach each other, and time division with power control interestingly starts outperforming others over a wider range of cross-link strengths.
Neuronal Apoptosis Is Mediated by CXCL10 Overexpression in Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis

Inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases including acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex. In the present study we identified a link between CXCL10 overexpression in the brain and human immunodeficiency virus dementia and demonstrated the presence of the chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor, CXCR3, in the neurons in the brains of macaques with simian human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Using human fetal brain cultures, we showed that treatment of these cells with either SHIV89.6P or viral gp120 resulted in induction of CXCL10 in neurons. Cultured neurons treated with the chemokine developed increased membrane permeability followed by apoptosis via activation of caspase-3. We confirmed the relevance of these findings in sections of human and macaque brains with encephalopathy demonstrating that neurons expressing CXCL10 also expressed caspase-3.
The terminal residues of wheat germ ribonucleates

Abstract 1. 1. Ribonucleates have been extracted from wheat germ and separated into high and low molecular weight fractions by selective precipitation from aqueous sodium chloride solution. 2. 2. The high molecular weight ribonucleates yielded one nucleoside residue for about twelve hundred nucleotide residues after hydrolysis by alkali while the low molecular weight ribonucleates yielded one nucleoside residue for about ninety nucleotide residues. 3. 3. The high molecular weight ribonucleates yielded roughly equal amounts of the four major ribonucleosides when hydrolyzed by alkali whereas the amount of adenosine derived from the low molecular weight ribonucleates was greater than the combined amount of the other nucleosides. 4. 4. Both high and low molecular weight ribonucleates yielded nucleoside diphosphates when hydrolyzed in alkali. The amount of guanosine diphosphate exceeded the combined amount of all other nucleoside diphosphates. The quantity of nucleoside diphosphates derived from the low molecular weight ribonucleates was much larger than the quantity from the high molecular weight ribonucleates as would be expected if they were derived from terminal positions.
A review of torrefaction for bioenergy feedstock production

The torrefaction of biomass is a thermochemical decomposition process in which hemicellulose degradation is the dominant reaction, with the cellulose and lignin fractions largely unaffected. The primary product is a solid material that retains 75–95% of the original energy content. Properties of the torrefied solid include improved grindability, hydrophobicity, and energy density. Torrefied biomass has been processed successfully in batch-mode and continuous process devices; net thermal efficiencies of the process as high as 90% have been reported. Torrefied biomass has been proposed as a feedstock for coal co-combustion, as well as for gasification-combustion and Fischer-Tropsch fuel production. Analyses of supply chain impacts indicate that, in some scenarios, torrefaction can be the lowest cost and most energy efficient option for supplying fuel, especially when combined with pelletization of the material. Significant gaps still exist in our understanding of torrefaction; there is need to further study this important process for its potential benefits to bioenergy production. Some of the more pressing needs include characterization of chemical pathways of the torrefaction reaction, investigation of equipment performance and equipment-related influences on the process, and elucidation of supply chain impacts. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of the Biometrical Relationship among Total Milk Yield, Milk Constituent Yield, and Per Cent of Milk Constituent on Response to Selection

Abstract The biometrical interrelationships among total milk yield, milk constituent yield, and per cent of milk constituent are considered. Formulas are developed which express the parameters of per cent constituent in terms of the parameters of total milk yield and milk constituent yield. Genetic and phenotypic statistics calculated directly from dairy cattle data agree with those obtained by application of the formulas. Formulas are presented for genetic gain in milk constituent yield by indirect selection on either total milk yield or per cent of milk constituent. These formulas show that genetic gains in milk constituent yield by indirect selection are determined by the means and genetic standard deviations of total milk yield and per cent constituent, the genetic correlation between these two traits and the heritability of either milk yield or per cent milk constituent. Relative efficiencies of three methods of selecting for either SNF yield or fat yield are compared in the population studied. Selecting for SNF yield using total milk yield was slightly less efficient than direct selection. However, the relative efficiency of indirect selection using per cent SNF was considerably lower. Loss in efficiency of indirect selection for fat yield, using total milk yield, is not greatly different from that using per cent fat.
Tips for successful surfing.

87 FROM MY RECENT INTERACTIONS at workshops and demonstrations of Internet resources around the country and abroad, I found that there is still a minority of healthcare professionals who are unfamiliar with the web. Most are sophisticated surfers who have their own favorite search sites, whether search engines or directory style. A recent WebWatch discussed the New Generation Search Engines and explained the fundamental differences (J Women’s Health Gender-Based Med 2000;1:79.). This WebWatch provides an overview of the main principles behind accessing relevant resources so that individuals can create their own Bookmarks (Netscape) or Favorites (Internet Explorer) tailored to their specific needs. It is no longer possible to keep up with all developments on the web, with such a vast number of sites and new ones appearing daily.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Promotes Pathophysiological Consequences of Experimental Bladder Outlet Obstruction

ABSTRACTPurpose: Bladder outlet obstruction leads to histological and functional changes in the bladder over time. We investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the progression of pathological changes of the bladder secondary to outlet obstruction in a rat and a mouse model.Materials and Methods: To assess expression of iNOS in the bladder, polymerase chain reaction amplification of mRNA was done. Rats were subjected to sham operation or partial bladder outlet obstruction. They were given the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine in drinking water or unmodified water. After 2 weeks, awake cystometric evaluation was performed, the bladders were harvested and the degree of fibrosis was assessed. In another series of experiments mice deficient in the iNOS gene (iNOS −/−) were compared to WT mice for cystometric as well as histological changes in the bladder following partial bladder outlet obstruction or sham operation.Results: Partial bladder outlet obstruction induced the expression of iNOS...
Fine grain word length optimization for dynamic precision scaling in DSP systems

Dynamic precision scaling is a promising technique to reduce power consumption in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) systems. Power savings are achieved by dynamically adapting word lengths to a time-varying environment. Typical applications are wireless communication systems that operate under different wireless channel conditions. One of the obstacles of such techniques is that they require an optimization of word lengths for all intermediate values at all possible operation points. This makes traditional simulation-based fixed-point optimization infeasible. In this paper, we study efficient heuristics to find optimal sets of word lengths for all variables in a system under a range of operating conditions. We exploit statistical analysis of quantization noise coupled with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) models of the channel environment. Applied to an example of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, a more than 5,000x improvement in optimization time compared to an efficient simulation-based word length optimization method can be achieved.
Some high-dimensional tests for a one-way MANOVA

A statistic is proposed for testing the equality of the mean vectors in a one-way multivariate analysis of variance. The asymptotic null distribution of this statistic, as both the sample size and the number of variables go to infinity, is shown to be normal. Thus, this test can be used when the number of variables is not small relative to the sample size. In particular, it can be used when the number of variables exceeds the degrees of freedom for error, a situation in which standard MANOVA tests are invalid. A related statistic, also having an asymptotic normal distribution, is developed for tests concerning the dimensionality of the hyperplane formed by the population mean vectors. The finite sample size performances of the normal approximations are evaluated in a simulation study.
Mathematical Habits of the Mind for Preservice Teachers

This article provides an overview of mathematical habits of the mind and discusses how the concept relates to Polya's problem solving principles as well as exemplification. Specific problems are discussed as a means to assist preservice elementary school teachers' in their development of mathematical habits of the mind. Without a technique to begin solving these rich problems, preservice teachers may have difficulty getting started. The process of preservice teachers outlining their thinking as they progress through Polya's process is discussed. Students' reflections from this technique are discussed to explore the outcomes that may be expected from establishing an environment where students are encouraged to develop mathematical habits of the mind.
Winners, Losers, and Efficiency: Achieving Multiple Goals in Japan's Financial System Reforms

When giving policy advice, economists often proceed as if efficiency is the only valid social goal. Although efficiency is important, we argue that single-minded pursuit of it is counterproductive. It unnecessarily erects political hurdles to the enactment of efficiency-enhancing reforms because policy proposals that ignore valid, nonefficiency concerns are more likely to meet political and bureaucratic resistance. Moreover, such resistance may be avoided. A number of design principals can be employed to craft proposals that address political goals without abandoning efficiency. We describe three classes of principles: creative design of market mechanisms, maintenance of marginal incentives, and compensation for losers. We then illustrate their practical application in the context of Japanese financial-sector deregulation. This policy area usefully illustrates the importance of considering multiple goals in policy design. While efficiency is a frequently expressed goal, Japan's continued policy paralysis indicates that the bureaucratic and political goals of major stakeholders make the straightforward deregulation of financial markets difficult to achieve. We do not purport to resolve the entrenched barriers to economic reform in Japan, but to the extent that we identify and address valid nonefficiency goals, the conclusions of the analysis are relevant.
The Effect of using two variables when there are two unknowns in solving algebraic word problems

This article reports an experiment in which Algebra I students learned to translate word problems with two unknowns from the prose representation to symbolic representation using two variables (one to represent each unknown) when they first started solving word problems with two unknowns. Their performance on a test of word problems with two unknowns was compared with the results on the same test taken by students who had learned to solve word problems with two unknowns the traditional way, using only one variable to translate from prose to an algebraic equation. Four algebra teachers and 181 of their students participated in the study. A block-randomised factorial design was used. An analysis of covariance showed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group on this word problem test with the experimental group scoring substantially higher.
A screen for Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants defective in rereplication identifies new alleles of rad4+, cut9+ and psf2+.

Fission yeast mutants defective in DNA replication have widely varying morphological phenotypes. We designed a screen for temperature-sensitive mutants defective in the process of replication regardless of morphology by isolating strains unable to rereplicate their DNA in the absence of cyclin B (Cdc13). Of the 42 rereplication-defective mutants analyzed, we were able to clone complementing plasmids for 10. This screen identified new alleles of the APC subunit cut9+, the initiation/checkpoint factor rad4+/cut5+, and the first mutant allele of psf2+, a subunit of the novel GINS replication complex. Other genes identified are likely to play general roles in gene expression and protein localization.
Differentiation by morphine of two types of aggressive behavior in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum)

Morphine sulfate (5 mg/l and 10 mg/l) significantly decreased the amount of territorial aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). The same doses had no effect on predatory aggression (ingestion of brine shrimp). The data suggest that previously demonstrated morphine receptor in the fish has functional properties.
G.P.300

Gullain-Barre sydrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute childhood paralysis worldwide, affecting approximately 0.3–2 per 100,000 children per year. This illness is clinically characterized by acute onset of generalized, symmetrical and ascending muscle weakness and areflexia. Beyond motor weakness, autonomic nervous system dysfunction may be prominent during the course of GBS. Pandysautonomia is a very rare form of GBS and charactirezed by pure autonomic involvement without motor weakness. We report the case of a 7 year-old boy who developed this form of GBS, the pandysautonomia variant. He was admitted to our hospital with vomitting, swallowing difficulty, colic and midriasis with a gradual onset of two months. He was operated twice, first for a possible appendicitis and then days later for ileus. His examination showed a cachectic appearance, fixed dilated pupils, bilaterally negative pupilllary light reflexes, and abdominal distention. There was urinary retention, too. Motor power was preserved. Deep tendon reflexes were normoactive. Blood biochemistry, cerebrospinal fluid, NCV studies and cranial MRI were normal. Acetylcholine receptor antibody was negative. He was diagnosed with pandysautonomia, a variant of GBS. Initially, after a treatment lag of 4 months he was treated with IVIg twice. There was no improvement gained. At the 5th month, oral prednisolone and azathiopurine treatment was launched. Starting from the 15th day, this boy started to show a beneficial response. Swallowing difficulty disappeared, normal feeding resumed, nasogastric catheter was removed, light reflexes of the pupils came back. He was discharged thereafter.
A realist perspective of Sport Management Program and the H.J. Lutcher Stark governmental perceptions of Olympic boycott movements, 1936–2008

Using historical and discourse analytical methods, this study demonstrates the reciprocal relationship between sport and international relations among states and the need to incorporate sport into foreign policy deliberations. Specifically, this article traces the evolution of the US's governmental perceptions of Olympic boycotts under a realist international relations framework. In order to examine several different geopolitical contexts, the 1936 Berlin Olympics, the 1980 Moscow Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics were selected for analysis. Both international and domestic politics were considered so that the derived policies regarding a US boycott during each Olympics could be better explained. While a US boycott is unlikely in the near future, it cannot be completely ruled out as an instrument of diplomacy. At a practical level, this article suggests sport is not free from government interests, and sport organizations would be well served to plan for various government-influenced contingencies.
Practical approach to nutrition and dietary intervention in pediatric food allergy

Although the need for nutritional and dietary intervention is a common thread in food allergy management, the type of food allergic disorder and the identified food allergen will influence the approach to dietary intervention. A comprehensive nutrition assessment with appropriate intervention is warranted in all children with food allergies to meet nutrient needs and optimize growth. However, dietary elimination in food allergy may also have undesirable consequences. Frequently, an elimination diet is absolutely necessary to prevent potentially life-threatening food allergic reactions. Allergen elimination can also ease chronic symptoms, such as atopic dermatitis, when a food is proven to trigger symptoms. However, removing a food with proven sensitivity to treat chronic symptoms may increase the risk of an acute reaction upon reintroduction or accidental ingestion after long-term avoidance, so it is not without risk. Additionally, it is not recommended to avoid foods in an attempt to control chronic symptoms such as AD and EoE when allergy to the specific food has not been demonstrated. Ultimately, allergen elimination goals are to prevent acute and chronic food allergic reactions in the least restrictive, but also the safest environment to supply a balanced diet that promotes health and growth and development in children.
Enhancements of a three-dimensional hyperbolic grid generation scheme

A hyperbolic grid generation scheme formulated from grid orthogonality and cell volume specification has been significantly enhanced so that high quality three-dimensional grids can be obtained for a wide variety of geometries. While the speed of the scheme remains one to two orders of magnitude faster than typical elliptic grid generation methods, the robustness of the scheme has been greatly improved over previous applications of the three-dimensional hyperbolic grid generation procedure. Enhancements included the use of spatially-variable smoothing coefficient, metric correction procedures, local treatment of severe convex corners, and new extrapolation treatments of floating and axis boundaries. The versatility of the new hyperbolic grid generation scheme is demonstrated by three-dimensional grids generated for external components of the integrated Space Shuttle vehicle and the SOFIA telescope.
Using Matlab's Simscape modeling environment as a simulation tool in power electronics and electrical machines courses

In this paper the use of MATLAB, and in particular Simscape, will be discussed as a simulation tool to model multi-domain physical systems in power electronics and electrical machines courses. The overall system response (both static and dynamic) of power electronics and electrical machine circuits are demonstrated and emphasized using Simscape language. Including Simscape in the curriculum reinforces conceptual ideas presented in lectures, as it increases students' focus on conceptual material, and their familiarity to modeling systems using MATLAB/Simulink.
Nonlinearity-assisted frequency stabilization for nanowire array membrane oscillator

The sensitivity of a micro/nano-scale mechanical mass sensor is limited by its frequency stabilities, which are affected by various frequency noises. Typically, device nonlinearity is intentionally avoided, because higher amplitude fluctuations in the nonlinear region could be translated into frequency variability. Here, we successfully used damping nonlinearity bifurcation to stabilize a mechanical membrane oscillator frequency to 0.04 ppm, a reduction by two orders of magnitude over that from linear motion. This method presents a general mechanism for oscillation frequency stabilization. We recently presented a DNA mass sensor with femto-molar sensitivity - coupled with the result in this paper, the sensitivity of the mass sensor could be improved by a factor of two orders of magnitude.
Advancing Manufacturing Research Through Competitions

Competitions provide a technique for building interest and collaboration in targeted research areas. This paper will present a new competition that aims to increase collaboration amongst Universities, automation end-users, and automation manufacturers through a virtual competition. The virtual nature of the competition allows for reduced infrastructure requirements while maintaining realism in both the robotic equipment deployed and the scenarios. Details of the virtual environment as well as the competitions objectives, rules, and scoring metrics will be presented.
Designing an Outpatient Research Diet to Enhance Dietary Compliance

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe design methods which will increase compliance in an outpatient research diet. Twenty-one healthy women (mean age 26 ± 6y) participated in an out-patient research study designed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein on calcium metabolism. During the 4-day experimental periods, subjects consumed 3 levels of dietary protein in random order (low 0.7, medium 1.0 and high 2.1 g protein/kg) while other nutrients known to affect calcium metabolism were tightly controlled (800 mg calcium, 800-1200 mg phosphorus, and 100 mEq sodium). Prior to enrollment, each subject met with the research dietitian for a 30-minute interview to discuss food preferences and details of the study protocol. The dietitian then constructed individual experimental diets for each subject for each of the 3 levels of protein. To provide variety, a 2-day menu rotation was employed; to improve compliance, experimental diets were reviewed with the subject prior to the start of the study. During the experimental periods, subjects reported to the metabolic kitchen daily to receive their diets and to be weighed. If needed, caloric intake was adjusted in 300-500 kcal increments to maintain body weight within 1 % baseline. Subjects documented their comments and food requests, menstrual periods, unusual physical activity and/or medication use on a daily log sheet. Excellent dietary compliance was achieved as confirmed by twenty-four hour urinary sodium determinations during the experimental diets (91 ±22 mEq Na). Further, all individuals showed the expected increases in urinary nitrogen as dietary protein increased: mean 24-h urinary nitrogen excretions on the 3 diets were 6.75 ± 0.51 g (low), 8.79 ± .58 g (medium), 15.28 ± 1.36 (high)(ANOVA, p
Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and borderline hypertension in young adult blacks.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is a relation between impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, or insulin resistance, and blood pressure (BP) in a young adult black population. Clinically well, young black men and women, including normotensive (BP or = 135/85 mm Hg, n = 27) individuals, were studied. Each subject had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and underwent a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp procedure. A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significantly greater fasting insulin plasma concentration (P < .02) and sum of insulin levels during the OGTT (P = .04) in the borderline hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects. In both BP groups, women had significantly higher fasting plasma insulin levels than men (P < .02 and P = .009). Body mass index was a significantly covariate of the plasma insulin concentration. Data obtained from the clamp demonstrated significant insulin resistance in borderline hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects (4.69 +/- 0.50 versus 6.57 +/- 0.63 mg/kg per minute, P = .002). A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that there are significant multiple correlations of insulin resistance with body mass index, clamped insulin level, BP group, and systolic BP (multiple R = .7862, P < .001). Application of this analysis to the nonobese sample (n = 33) found significant correlations of insulin resistance with sex, BP group, and systolic BP (multiple R = .6817, P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Status of Environmental Management in Business Education.

Abstract Environmental concerns have been incorporated into policies and regulations that have a profound impact on business and on the need for environmentally oriented business managers. Leading U.S. business schools were surveyed regarding implementation of environmental topics and programs in the curriculum. Results show that business education curriculum has incorporated programs to prepare future managers in environmental awareness.
The Short But Prominent Life of Quarkonia at CLEO

This talk reports two analyses using data from the CLEO1 detector located at the CESR e+e- storage ring, Cornell University. Running mainly at CMS energies around the ϒ(4S) resonance, CLEO supplies us with a large date set of B mesons. But this talk will focus on data taken on the ϒ(1S) resonance to measure the direct photon spectrum from its decay, and a nearly complete analysis searching for direct charmonium production in e+e- reactions and its properties.