cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College as Context: Influences on Interpersonal Sexual Scripts

Scripting theory (Gagnon and Simon in Sexual conduct: the social sources of human sexuality, Aldine, Chicago, 1973; Simon and Gagnon in Arch Sex Behav 13:97–120, 1986; Qual Sociol 26:491–497, 2003) is used to examine the impact of religion, gender, social class, and race as well as the college social environment on sexual interaction. Research has investigated how social networks and contexts shape sexual scripts. College campuses are important contexts for sexuality, locating students within peer networks and, given the emergence of a hookup culture, presenting them with multiple options for sexual behavior. Survey data collected from 614 students on two campuses revealed that many types of hooking up and sexual relationships are common. These intimate interactions are conceptualized as interpersonal scripts and classified as relational, recreational, or a combination of those scripts. Findings suggest that hooking up varies by gender, race, alcohol consumption, and perceptions of the hooking up behavior of close friends, but not by social class, Greek affiliation, religiosity, religious attendance, or perceptions of campus norms. Relationships vary only by perceptions of close friends’ participation in relationships. The implications of college as a social context for sexual scripts are discussed.
Estimation of treatment benefits when psa screening for prostate cancer is discontinued at different ages

Abstract Objectives To estimate the declining benefits of screening for prostate cancer as patient age at screening increases. The benefits of prostate cancer screening decline with age because of the long natural history of prostate cancer and competing causes of death among older men. Methods We used a previously described Monte Carlo simulation based on a Markov model of prostate cancer detection in men aged 40 to 90 years and simulated prostate cancer screening in 1000 populations of 1,000,000 men each. The age at the final prostate-specific antigen test in the model was varied to simulate the discontinuation of screening from age 50 to 80 years. The model outputs were the number of men treated, the number of prostate cancer deaths prevented by treatment, and person-years of life saved. Results The relationship between treatments required to prevent a death was not constant but widened with age. Compared with screening to age 65 years, screening to age 75 and 80 years required twice and three times, respectively, the number of treatments per person-year of life saved. Conclusions Our results have helped to quantify the declining treatment benefit as the patient age at screening and treatment for prostate cancer increases. We believe that men older than 70 years should be carefully counseled about the declining benefits of prostate cancer detection with screening.
Yarn pull-out as a mechanism for dissipating ballistic impact energy in Kevlar® KM-2 fabric. Part II: Predicting ballistic performance

The energy absorbed in ballistic fabrics is modeled by assuming yarn pull-out, including yarn uncrimping and translation, as the primary energy absorption mechanism. Using a semi-empirical model of yarn pull-out based on laboratory tests, predictions of fabric ballistic performance are compared to ballistic test results. The study demonstrates that quasi-static pull-out results can be correlated quantitatively with yarn pull-out during ballistic impact.
Sequencing for minimal tooling replacements via a variety of objective functions

This research presents a technique dedicated to obtaining production sequences resulting in minimal tooling replacements. Having sequences that result in fewer tooling replacements can result in savings owing to a smaller requirement for tooling media, and the reduced labour required to change the tooling. A variety of objective functions were used to assess the 'evenness' of tool wear, as it is assumed here that more evenness in tool wear would extend the life of the tooling. Because of the combinatorial complexity of sequencing problems, simulated annealing was used as a search engine to find sequences having desirable levels of the aforementioned objective function values. These obtained sequences were then simulated in a manufacturing environment to determine how many tooling replacements were required for the objective function of interest. Experimentation has demonstrated that the research presented here provides results generally superior to those of an earlier published effort in terms of the requ...
Peculiarities of convective motions in the upper solar atmosphere. I

A convective field of intensities and velocities between the levels of continuum origination and the temperature minimum is investigated based on spectral observations of iron lines performed near the center of the solar disc using the 70-cm German vacuum tower telescope (VTT) located at del Teide observatory of the Institute of Astrophysics on the Canaries (Tenerife island). Convective elements in the process of their upward and downward motion change with height not only the sign of the relative contrast but also the direction of motion. The height at which this reversal occurs strongly depends on the velocity and contrast of the convective elements which they had at the level of continuous spectrum formation. On average, the reversal of the velocity takes place at the height of 240 ± 130 km, and that of the contrast occur at the height of 200 ± 65 km.
Cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks after low-dose γ-irradiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a serious threat to genome stability and cell viability. Although biological effects of low levels of radiation are not clear, the risks of low-dose radiation are of societal importance. Here, we directly monitored induction and repair of single DSBs and quantitatively analyzed the dynamics of interaction of DNA repair proteins at individual DSB sites in living cells using 53BP1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-53BP1) as a surrogate marker. The number of DSBs formed was linear with dose from 5 mGy to 1 Gy. The DSBs induced by very low radiation doses (5 mGy) were repaired with efficiency similar to repair of DSBs induced at higher doses. The YFP-53BP1 foci are dynamic structures: 53BP1 rapidly and reversibly interacted at these DSB sites. The time frame of recruitment and affinity of 53BP1 for DSB sites were indistinguishable between low and high doses, providing mechanistic evidence for the similar DSB repair after low- and high-dose radiation. These findings have important implications for estimating the risk associated with low-dose radiation exposure on human health.
Establishing Validity of the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V)

Purpose The Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) was developed to provide a protocol and form for clinicians to use when assessing the voice quality of adults with voice disorders (Kempster, Gerratt, Verdolini Abbott, Barkmeier-Kramer, & Hillman, 2009). This study examined the reliability and the empirical validity of the CAPE-V when used by experienced voice clinicians judging normal and disordered voices. Method The validity of the CAPE-V was examined in 2 ways. First, we compared judgments made by 21 raters of 22 normal and 37 disordered voices using the CAPE-V and the GRBAS (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain; see Hirano, 1981) scales. Second, we compared our raters' judgments of overall severity to a priori consensus judgments of severity for the 59 voices. Results Intrarater reliability coefficients for the CAPE-V ranged from .82 for breathiness to .35 for strain; interrater reliability ranged from .76 for overall severity to .28 for pitch. Conclusions Although bot...
Destructive impact of imperfect beam collimation in extraordinary optical transmission

We investigate the difference between analytic predictions, numerical simulations, and experiments measuring the transmission of energy through subwavelength, periodically arranged holes in a metal film. At normal incidence, theory predicts a sharp transmission minimum when the wavelength is equal to the periodicity, and sharp transmission maxima at one or more nearby wavelengths. In experiments, the sharpest maximum from the theory is not observed, while the others appear less sharp. In numerical simulations using commercial electromagnetic field solvers, we find that the sharpest maximum appears and approaches our predictions as the computational resources are increased. To determine possible origins of the destruction of the sharp maximum, we incorporate additional features in our model. Incorporating imperfect conductivity and imperfect periodicity in our model leaves the sharp maximum intact. Imperfect collimation, on the other hand, incorporated into the model causes the destruction of the sharp maximum as happens in experiments. We provide analytic support through an asymptotic calculation for both the existence of the sharp maximum and the destructive impact of imperfect collimation.
400-Cycle transient frequency meter

A method of measuring frequency transients is presented in which the original frequency is first multiplied, then fed through a tuned discriminator and filtered without removing or smoothing the transients. A device is described using this means to test an airborne hydraulic constant speed drive for a 400-cps alternator.
Impact of modelling approximations in supply chain analysis – an experimental study

This paper presents a study of the comparison of the quality of results obtained at different levels of detail using a supply chain simulation. Analysis of supply chain is typically carried out using aggregated information to maintain the level of complexity of the simulation model at a manageable level. Advances in simulation have provided the ability to build comprehensive (detailed), modular models. The quantitative effect of detailed modelling on the corresponding analysis is investigated in this paper. A three-echelon supply chain is analysed using simulation models of varying levels of detail. Using each of these models, four sets of intensive experiments are performed. The first experiment intends to test whether the supply chain dynamics themselves depend on the modelling accuracy that represents the supply chain. The second and third experiments are conducted to test whether the effectiveness of the strategies employed to reduce the supply chain dynamics vary depending on the type (different deta...
Self- versus Investigator-Administered Presumed Fluency Reinforcing Stimuli

The effects of self-administered and investigator-administered presumed fluency reinforcing monetary rewards for perceived fluency increases on the disfluency frequency rate of 17 adult stutterers were studied. Subjects read aloud during 11 one-minute segments under three conditions: one in which no reinforcer was administered at the end of each one-minute segment, a self-administered reinforcement condition, and an investigator-administered reinforcement condition. Although less stuttering was found in the two experimental conditions (with significantly less stuttering occurring in the self-administered fluency reinforcing condition than in the control condition), an increase in stuttering was observed in those reading segments which followed the administration of presumed fluency reinforcing stimuli. These results were interpreted to suggest that although the concept of self-reinforcement may be clinically useful, the operant learning paradigm may be insufficient in providing an adequate description of ...
HRT and SERMs: the good, the bad…and the lovely?

Recent studies have provided strong evidence that the biological activity of selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) depends on the conformation of the SERM-receptor complex, the estrogen-receptor-signaling mechanism, and the tissue co-regulator composition. In addition to these new observations, other studies convincingly demonstrate that estrogen has cardioprotective properties, favorably regulating genes that are crucial to vascular physiology. These novel findings could thus be key to generating SERMs that solve the risks currently associated with hormone replacement therapy. In addition, further development could result in SERMs that possess not only anti-estrogenic actions in the breast and uterus, but also estrogenic protective actions in bone and the cardiovascular system.
Determination of Rhodamine 123 in cell lysate by HPLC with visible wavelength detection.

Abstract Rhodamine 123 (R123) is widely used to quantify P-glycoprotein (P-GP) functional efflux activity in vitro. We developed a rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to quantify Rhodamine 123 for use in experimental cell culture studies. The R123 standards (2.5–250 ng/mL) and quality controls (QCs) (5, 75, 200 ng/mL) were prepared in cell lysis buffer consisting of 0.75% Triton 100X and 0.2% sodium chloride. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, 1.5 mM tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) (50:20:30) delivered at a rate of 1.0 mL/min. Samples (50 μL) were injected onto a C18 reversed-phase HPLC column with detection at 500 nm. Analyte retention times were 1.4 and 4.3 min for R123 and internal standard (R6G), respectively. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were ≤4.2%. Samples were stable for at least three freeze-thaw cycles at room temperature for 24 and 48 h. This method was used to evaluate the functional activity of P-glycoprotein in renal tubule cell models including human kidney (HK-2), Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and multi-drug resistance gene-transfected MDCK cells (MDR1-MDCK).
Making Mutual Sense: My Daughters and I in a Village in Iran

(By Special Editor Renate Fernandez) Erika Friedl, in keeping with her preferred low-profile stance, tells of raising two daughters in an Iranian mud village from infancy through early adulthood, their time in the field distributed over a total of more than six field years. Rarely personally frustrated by having to adapt her Austrian/U.S. academic middle-class ways to a strongly marked patriarchy in a physically and socially uncomfortable situation, Friedl is perplexed at her own most "unanthropological" refusal to accept village ways for her daughters. She comes to terms with her reaction by distinguishing her own relatively uncostly adjustment, being an adult, from the heavy price in human development that she feels would have been paid by her daughters had she not insistently prepared them for a full cultural engagement with life in the Western world.
Effect of osmotic gradient on ADH-induced intramembranous particle aggregates in toad bladder.

Paired toad urinary bladders were prepared without or with an osmotic gradient (175 mosm) across them, stimulated for 2.5 (n=6), 5 (n=6), 30 (n=6) or 60 (n=6) min with ADH (20 mU/ml), and studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Water permeability at these times was assessed in additional bladders (n=6 for each case) after tissue fixation according to the technique of Eggena. After both 60 and 30 min of ADH stimulation, the presence of a gradient compared with the absence of one was associated with fewer aggregates (242±35vs. 382±14 ×235 μm−2 at 60 min,P<0.01; 279±36vs. 470±51 ×235 μm−2 at 30 min,P<0.01) and lower water permeability (8.4±1.1vs. 18.8±1.8μg×min−1×cm−1 ×mosm−1 at60min,P<0.005; 9.2±1.0vs. 22.0±2.1 μg ×min−1×cm−2×mosm−1 at 30 min,P<0.001). In addition, with a gradient both maximum water permeability and maximum aggregate frequency were reached nearly together; a similar correspondence occurred without a gradient. We conclude that in the presence of an osmotic gradient both the ADH-associated aggregates and the water permeability response to ADH are prevented from reaching the higher levels observed in bladders not exposed to a gradient.
A WIMP Dark Matter Detector Using MKIDs

We are pursuing the development of a phonon- and ionization-mediated WIMP dark matter detector employing microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) in the phonon-sensing channel. Prospective advantages over existing detectors include: improved reconstruction of the phonon signal and event position; simplified readout wiring and cold electronics; and simplified and more reliable fabrication. We have modeled a simple design using available MKID sensitivity data and anticipate energy resolution as good as existing phonon-mediated detectors and improved position reconstruction. We are doing preparatory experimental work by fabricating strip absorber architectures. Measurements of diffusion length, trapping efficiency, and MKID sensitivity with these devices will enable us to design a 1 cm^2×2 mm prototype device to demonstrate phonon energy resolution and position reconstruction.
Synthesis and reactivity of P-acetylenic (silylamino)phosphines

Abstract The title compounds, (Me3Si)2NP(CCR)2 (1: R=SiMe3; 2: R=n-Bu; 3: R=CH2OCH3), (Me3Si)2NP(Ph)CCSiMe3 (4), and (Me3Si)2NP(R)CCCH2OCH3 (5: R=i-Pr; 6: R=CH2SiMe3; 7: R=n-Bu) were obtained from the reactions of C-lithiated acetylenes LiCCR with either mono- or dichloro substituted (silylamino)phosphines. Similar reactions involving HCCMgCl gave the parent P-ethynyl derivatives, (Me3Si)2NP(R)CCH (12: R=CH2SiMe3; 13: R=Ph). Deprotonation–substitution at the terminal CH group of 12 readily afforded the Me3Si derivative, (Me3Si)2NP(CH2SiMe3)CCSiMe3 (14). Oxidative bromination of 7 gave the P-bromophosphoranimine, Me3SiNP(n-Bu)(CCCH2OCH3)Br (8). The P-trifluoroethoxy analogs, Me3SiNP(CH2SiMe3)(CCCH2OCH3)OCH2CF3 (10) and Me3SiNP(CCSiMe3)2OCH2CF3 (11), were prepared from phosphines 6 and 1, respectively, via bromination followed by substitution with CF3CH2OH–Et3N. The diphosphinoacetylenes, (Me3Si)2N(R)PCCP(R)N(SiMe3)2 (15: R=n-Pr; 16: R=CH2SiMe3), were obtained by treating appropriate P-chloro(silylamino)phosphines with the carbide reagent LiCCMgCl. All of these P-acetylenic derivatives were thermally stable, distillable liquids that were characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
Behavioral studies of aphasia: Methods of investigation and analysis

Abstract Methods for testing and analyzing behavioral deficits in aphasia were derived from a functional analysis of stimulus-response relations (the stimulus control of behavior). Deficits were classified as breakdowns of controlling stimulus-response relations, and profiles of deficient and intact performances in a severely aphasic patient illustrated the fruitfulness of the methods. A distinction between identity and nonidentity tasks emerged from the data, cutting across the different responses, stimulus modalities, and stimulus materials. Separate examination of these two types of tasks made possible a finer classification of the patient's deficits into input, output, or relational categories, and each of these into specific types. The data also demonstrated that repeated testing over a prolonged time may reveal changes in deficit classification that would have been unsuspected on the basis of early tests only.
THE LOW-LEVEL SEA BREEZE OF NORTHWEST WASHINGTON

Abstract Resultant winds, mean pressures, and mean pressure gradients are presented for each hour of the day for July and August at stations of northwest Washington. The end point of the resultant wind vector in some cases turns clockwise, in some cases counterclockwise. Circular, elliptical, and more complicated hodographs are found. The results are discussed in connection with recent sea-breeze theory. In some locations the pressure-gradient force changes in direction during the day, apparently as a result of topographical constraint, and in a manner which is consistent with the sense of rotation of the end point of the resultant wind vector and the shape of the hodograph. Spatial differences of resultant wind components suggest that the diurnal variation of stratus amount is related in part to vertical motion associated with the sea-breeze circulation. Hodographs for days selected for cloudiness show that the sea-breeze circulation in northwest Washington takes place on a huge scale. Applications of th...
Inflectional regularity: Probing the nature of lexical representation in a cross-modal priming task

Abstract Two cross-modal priming experiments address issues concerning the representation and processing of regular and irregular morphology in English as well as methodological issues concerning the use of the cross-modal technique in lexical processing studies. Cross-modal inflectional priming facilitates regular verbs (e.g., walked priming walk ) but not irregular verbs (e.g., gave priming give ). We found that similar but morphologically unrelated words (e.g., slam priming slim ) inhibit each other when presented cross-modally. Based on this effect for form-based inhibition, we interpret the regular/irregular verb priming asymmetry as a reflection of competition between orthographically similar verb forms (e.g., gave-give ) which results in target inhibition. In support of this proposal, we found that orthographically dissimilar irregular verbs (e.g., taught-teach ) show strong priming facilitation. We account for this result in terms of a two-level lexicon in which irregular verb alternates have distinct form-level entries, but engage a common entry at an abstract morphological level of representation. In addition to serving as evidence concerning the representation of English verbal inflection, the findings from these experiments also set important limits on the claim that the cross-modal priming paradigm automatically circumvents form-related processing effects that are not morphological in character.
Managing open access labs: "MacGyver principle"

For a variety of reasons, in recent years doing more with less has become standard operating practice within IT departments of higher education. Colleges and Universities, following the industry trend to decentralize aspects of enterprise management to smaller functional areas within the organization, are moving less centralized enterprise management functions to individual departments. The use of Microsoft's Active Directory structure with Organizational Units (OU) and the other object concepts taken from Object-Oriented Programming philosophies has solidified this push.
Mechanisms for the biodehalogenation of iodocompounds

Abstract The in vitro deiodination of [ 125 I]-4-iodobiphenyl, [ 125 I]-4-iodonitrobenzene and [ 125 I]-4-iodoaniline was investigated. No deiodination was detected in rat thyroid homogenates. However, at least three biodeiodination mechanisms were indicated for substrates in rat liver subcellar fractions. Microsomal dehalogenation occurred to a minor extent with increased dehalogenation taking place in the cytosol fraction. The cytosol deiodination was extensive for 4-iodonitrobenzene and was mediated by glutathione. A second cytosol deiodination mechanism, not mediated by glutathione, was evident when 4-iodobiphenyl was the substrate. This soluble enzyme system could be enhanced by Arochlor 1254 or 4-iodobiphenyl pretreatment.
Association Between Health Care Providers' Influence on Parents Who Have Concerns About Vaccine Safety and Vaccination Coverage

OBJECTIVES. Parents who have concerns about vaccine safety may be reluctant to have their children vaccinated. The purpose of this study was to explore how vaccination coverage among children 19 to 35 months of age is associated with health care providers9 influence on parents9 decision to vaccinate their children, and with parents9 beliefs about vaccine safety. METHODS. Parents of 7695 children 19 to 35 months of age sampled by the National Immunization Survey were administered the National Immunization Survey Parental Knowledge Module between the third quarter of 2001 and the fourth quarter of 2002. Health care providers were defined as a physician, nurse, or any other type of health care professional. Parents provided responses that summarized the degree to which they believed vaccines were safe, and the influence providers had on their decisions to vaccinate their children. Children were determined to be up-to-date if their vaccination providers reported administering ≥4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, ≥3 doses of polio vaccine, ≥1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, ≥3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, and ≥3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. RESULTS. Of all of the parents, 5.7% thought that vaccines were not safe, and 21.5% said that their decision to vaccinate their children was not influenced by a health care provider. Compared with parents who responded that providers were not influential in their decision to vaccinate their children, parents who responded that providers were influential were twice as likely to respond that vaccines were safe for children. Among children whose parents believed that vaccines were not safe, those whose parents9 decision to vaccinate was influenced by a health care provider had an estimated vaccination coverage rate that was significantly higher than the estimated coverage rate among children whose parents9 decision was not influenced by a health care provider (74.4% vs 50.3%; estimated difference: 24.1%). CONCLUSIONS. Health care providers have a positive influence on parents to vaccinate their children, including parents who believe that vaccinations are unsafe. Physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals should increase their efforts to build honest and respectful relationships with parents, especially when parents express concerns about vaccine safety or have misconceptions about the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
Visual circuits of the avian telencephalon: evolutionary implications.

Birds and primates are vertebrates that possess the most advanced, efficient visual systems. Although lineages leading to these two classes were separated about 300 million years ago, there are striking similarities in their underlying neural mechanisms for visual processing. This paper discusses such similarities with special emphasis on the visual circuits in the avian telencephalon. These similarities include: (1) the existence of two parallel visual pathways and their distinct telencephalic targets, (2) anatomical and functional segregation within the visual pathways, (3) laminar organization of the telencephalic targets of the pathways (e.g. striate cortex in primates), and (4) possible interactions between multiple visual areas. Additional extensive analyses are necessary to determine whether these similarities are due to inheritance from a common ancestral stock or the consequences of convergent evolution based on adaptive response to similar selective pressures. Nevertheless, such a comparison is important to identify the general and specific principles of visual processing in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Furthermore, these principles in turn will provide a critical foundation for understanding the evolution of the brain in amniotes.
Implications of scale-independent habitat specialization on persistence of a rare small mammal

Abstract We assessed the habitat use patterns of the Amargosa vole Microtus californicus scirpensis , an endangered rodent endemic to wetland vegetation along a 3.5 km stretch of the Amargosa River in the Mojave Desert, USA. Our goals were to: (1) quantify the vole’s abundance, occupancy rates and habitat selection patterns along gradients of vegetation cover and spatial scale; (2) identify the processes that likely had the greatest influence on its habitat selection patterns. We trapped voles monthly in six 1 ha grids from January to May 2012 and measured habitat structure at subgrid ( 225 m 2 ) and trap ( 1 m 2 ) scales in winter and spring seasons. Regardless of scale, analyses of density, occupancy and vegetation structure consistently indicated that voles occurred in patches of bulrush ( Schoenoplectus americanus ; Cyperaceae) where cover > 50 % . The majority of evidence indicates the vole’s habitat selectivity is likely driven by bulrush providing protection from intense predation. However, a combination of selective habitat use and limited movement resulted in a high proportion of apparently suitable bulrush patches being unoccupied. This suggests the Amargosa vole’s habitat selection behavior confers individual benefits but may not allow the overall population to persist in a changing environment.
Histologic evaluation of the sympathectomy induced by guanethidine sulfate in neonatal rats.

Guanethidine sulfate was administered to rats from birth to 14 days of age. Cell counts were carried out in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion at 30, 45, and 90 days of age. Massive, permanent destruction of sympathetic ganglionic cells was demonstrated during the experimental period. Evidence for a natural loss of neurons during the morphogenesis of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is presented.
BOTRYOPTERIS PINNULES WITH ABAXIAL SPORANGIA

Small sporangia borne abaxially on pinnules attached to Botr-yopteris foliar members are described from coal ball petrifactions of Early Pennsylvanian age. This is the first report of laminar sporangia in this genus. Sporangia are stalked and borne singly near lateral veins on Sphenopteris-like pinnules. Individual sporangia are of the leptosporangiate type, with a lateral annulus and a dehiscence zone of thin-walled cells immediately adjacent to the annulus. Spores are small, trilete, triangular in outline, typically have blunt spines covering the exine, and correspond to the dispersed spore genera Acanthotriletes, Leiotriletes, or Lophotriletes. These sporangia and their spores are unlike previously described globose Botryopteris fructifications from the Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian, but are similar to sporangia produced by modern members of the Osmundaceae. VEGETATIVE remains of the coenopterid fern genus Botryopteris are a common element in Carboniferous petrifaction floras reported from Europe (Koopmans, 1928), Russia (Snigirevskaya, 1972), and North America. Usually these re
Automatic methods in radio component manufacture

Part 1 describes a method of controlling a high-speed coil winder by an electronic counter. A specialized machine which winds single-layer coils is described.Part 2. deals with the development of a tool protection device for use with automatically loaded presses. The device detects the piece-part magnetically as it is ejected and so clears the interlocks to allow the press to continue operating.
Characteristics of Staff Victims of Psychiatric Patient Assaults: 20-Year Analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program

Psychiatric patient assaults on healthcare staff are a worldwide occupational hazard. This present 20-year, retrospective study examined the characteristics of these staff victims in one public-sector, health care system and assessed the psychological support provided to these victims by the post-incident Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP). An additional analysis compared the victim characteristics in this same health care system at 10-, 15-, and 20-year intervals. The findings were consistent with earlier, worldwide studies. Staff victims tend to be younger, less formally educated, less experienced, and less trained mental health workers, residential house counselors, and trainees of differing disciplines. ASAP provided needed support to staff victims. Risk management strategies for safety, methodological issues, and the problem of denial in fielding a post-incident crisis intervention program for staff victims were discussed.
Integral prism-tipped optical fibers

Laser angioplasty has been proposed as a less invasive alternative to bypass surgery for the treatment of occlusive vascular disease in the coronary and peripheral circulation. A major limitation of most laser angioplasty systems has been the inability to create a new lumen, which is larger than the diameter of the laser catheter. The principal reason for this shortcoming has been the fact that most laser angioplasty catheters, yet developed, have projected the laser energy from the distal tip of the catheter, parallel to the central axis of the catheter. This approach works well for the removal of plaque directly in front of the distal tip of the catheter, but it not very effective for debulking eccentric stenoses or lesions larger than the catheter diameter. To address this limitation, we decided to develop a laser angioplasty catheter from which the laser energy exits from the side of the catheter, instead of the tip. The critical element in a lateral-aiming laser catheter is an optical fiber which will project laser energy perpendicularly to its central axis. The fiber design would have to be mechanically stable, heat resistant, and capable of operating with high power cw and pulsed lasers. Thus, a small-diameter catheter including such an optical fiber may be able to effectively debulk large or eccentric stenoses.
Cautions and Concerns in Experimental Research on the Consumer Interest

Most published consumer research presents data from surveys or other data analyses that, at best, report that certain things tend to happen at the same time. However, correlation does not mean causation; cause and effect relationships can only be concluded from controlled experiments. A key problem is that the use of experimental designs calls for various conceptual and pragmatic trade-offs that cannot be ignored.
Catapulting clopidogrel pharmacogenomics forward.

The antiplatelet drug clopidogrel helps prevent stent-associated thrombosis, but the antiplatelet effects are quite variable and the clinical consequences can be serious. New findings show that the variability in clopidogrel efficacy is affected by the enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1), which is required for clopidogrel bioactivation (pages 110–116 ).
Identification of a novel metal binding protein, segon, in plasma of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica

The second most abundant protein of eastern oyster plasma was purified, characterized and named segon. The 39 kDa protein as determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions made up about 17% of plasma proteins and was found in extrapallial fluid. RACE reactions with primers designed from an EST sequence identified by BLAST search in GenBank using the N-terminal amino acid sequence obtained by Edman degradation of the purified protein, predicted a 997 bp complete cDNA that encoded 277 amino acids including a 16-residue signal peptide at the N-terminus. The deduced mature protein, composed of 261 amino acids, had a calculated molecular mass of 30,483.9 Da which was lower than the molecular mass of the purified protein measured by MALDI. The difference was likely due to post-translational modifications as the protein was predicted to have multiple sites for glycosylation and phosphorylation. The protein mRNA was detected in hemocytes by in situ hybridization and quantified in oyster tissues by RT-qPCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the protein was most abundant in tissues rich in blood sinuses like the gills and dorsally along the base of the mantle. ICP metal analysis of purified protein indicated highest association with zinc, calcium and iron and much greater metal content than in purified dominin, the most abundant protein of eastern oysters. Results of N-terminal and internal peptide sequencing of SDS-PAGE separated plasma proteins from Pacific, Suminoe and European flat oysters indicated that the second most abundant plasma protein is conserved. Several possible functions of segon in metal transport and detoxification, host defense, antioxidation and shell mineralization are proposed as they relate to its capacity to bind metals.
Policy Options for Truck User Charging

This paper provides a review of truck road user charging mechanisms employed worldwide. The purpose of this study is to identify the variables currently considered in determining user charge rates for heavy trucks within different tolling structures and to examine the relationship of these variables to policy goals.
A measure of the information gain attributable to cueing

The high false alarm rate of automatic target recognition systems used in conjunction with imaging systems has precluded their use as completely autonomous devices for the targeting and launching of weapons in military systems and has prompted their use primarily as an aid to final target recognition by a trained observer. Automatic target recognition systems used in this manner are termed cuers and are assumed by many to improve the probability of detection and recognition of a target by an observer searching an image. The efficacy of these cuers and methods of evaluating their performance are under investigation since no quantifiable measure exists. The author addresses the automated part of the problem and presents a proposed objective measure of cuer effectiveness based on an information measure. The usefulness of this measure is in discriminating among competing cuer designs. Cuers are classified according to the type of information that they extract from the image and a measure of information for each type of cuer is proposed. >
Replication of aberrated pump beams in stimulated Raman scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering in the stationary limit is considered in a crossing-pump-beam geometry. The effect of spatial phase aberrations that broaden the spread of the transverse wave numbers is studied. It is found that beam replication is due predominantly to excess gain induced by the pump scintillations rather than to nonlocal four-wave mixing.
An x-band system-in-package active antenna module

System-in-package (SiP) is based on the concept of combining all the electronic requirements of a system into a single package. Along with providing cost and size benefits, SiP with an integrated antenna can help mitigate the feed network losses and phase errors in an antenna array based application. This paper presents the development of a low cost, compact RF front end SiP solution for X-band. A printed antenna is integrated with a multilayer BGA package using low cost laminate substrates. This active antenna module can be further integrated into arrays and used for wireless as well as sensing applications.
THE CONCEPT OF A KINEMATICAL STABILITY GROUP IN IMPLEMENTING RELATIVISTIC SYMMETRY

Abstract We propose a method to introduce relativistic particles with internal structure. A composite object with discrete (mass)2 vs spin trajectory is discussed; Poincare generators are given explicitly: in Newton-Wigner, and in Minkowski coordinates, the latter adaptable to interactions.
A Pen or a Bushknife? School, Work, and "Personal Investment" in Papua New Guinea

This article discusses a perennial problem in education in developing nations: how to balance the public investment of the national education administration with the private investments of parents who send their children to school. The development of the national education system of Papua New Guinea is analyzed in terms of three broad phases of education policy, each with its respective aims, goals, and results. Three villages' experiences with the educational system are reviewed, compared and contrasted with respect to changing government educational policies and implications for future development.
The Role of Relationship Loss and Self-Loss in Women’s and Men’s Dysphoria

This study investigated the relationship between dysphoria and two distinct kinds of relationship-related loss: relationship loss and loss of self in a relationship. Three models were evaluated. The first model predicts that only intimate relationship loss will be associated with increased dysphoria. The second model predicts that only loss of self will be associated with increased dysphoria. The third model predicts that an interaction between relationship loss and self-loss will be associated with greater dysphoria. Undergraduates (N= 257) completed measures of relationship loss, self-loss, and two dysphoria measures. For both men and women, the study and an independent replication (N= 172) clearly supported the self-loss model and not the alternatives.
Post-translational modifications of myofilament proteins involved in length-dependent prolongation of relaxation in rabbit right ventricular myocardium.

The phosphorylation state of several cardiac myofilament proteins changes with the level of stretch in intact, twitch-contracting cardiac muscles. It remains unclear which kinases are involved in the length-dependent phosphorylation of these proteins. We set out to investigate which kinases are involved after a step-wise change in cardiac muscle length. We hypothesize that myofilament protein phosphorylation by PKCβII and PKA alters contractile kinetics during length-dependent activation. Right ventricular intact trabeculae were isolated from New Zealand White rabbit hearts and stimulated to contract at 1 Hz. Twitch force recordings where taken at taut and optimal muscle lengths before and after administration of kinase inhibitors at 37 °C. PKCβII inhibition significantly decreased time from stimulation to peak force (TTP), time from peak force to 50% relaxation (RT50), and 90% relaxation (RT90) at optimal muscle length. This led to a loss in the length-dependent increase of RT50 and RT90 in the presence of the PKCβII inhibitor, whereas the length-dependent increase in RT50 and RT90 was seen in the controls. PKA inhibition using H-89 significantly decreased TTP at both taut and optimal muscle lengths. Detection of Ser/Thr phosphorylation with ProQ-diamond staining indicates a role for PKCβII in the phosphorylation of tropomyosin and myosin light chain-2 (MLC2) and PKA for tropomyosin, troponin-I, MLC2, myosin binding protein-C, troponin-T (TnT) 3 and TnT4. Our data provide evidence for two signaling kinases acting upon myofilament proteins during length-dependent activation, and provide further insight for length-dependent myofilament function.
Electrophysiologic analysis of a chronic seizure model after unilateral hippocampal KA injection.

Summary: Purpose: Unilateral intrahippocampal injections of kainic acid (KA) in rats produce spontaneous recurrent limbic seizures and morphologic changes in hippocampus that resemble hippocampal sclerosis in patients with medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), that form of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Interictal in vivo electrophysiologic studies have revealed high-frequency (250-500 Hz) oscillations, termed fast ripples (FRs). These oscillations may uniquely occur in or adjacent to the site of hippocampal KA injection, in areas that generate spontaneous seizures. Similar field potentials also have been demonstrated in the epileptogenic region of patients with TLE. We have now characterized ictal electrographic patterns in this rat model for comparison with those in human TLE and begun to evaluate the role of FRs in the transition to ictus in the KA-treated rat. Methods: Rats received unilateral intrahippocampal injections of KA and, after the development of spontaneous seizures, were implanted with multiple fixed and moveable microelectrodes for single unit, field potential, and EEG recording. They were then monitored by using video-EEG telemetry for several weeks to capture and evaluate electrographic and behavioral seizure types. Results were correlated with Timm's stain demonstration of mossy fiber sprouting. Results: Low-voltage fast (LVF) and hypersynchronous electrographic ictal-onset patterns were seen in the KA-treated rat that resembled similar ictal-onset patterns in patients with TLE. Hypersynchronous, but not LVF, ictal discharges were associated with recurrent FRs. As in the human, hypersynchronous ictal onsets originated predominantly in hippocampus, whereas LVF ictal onsets more often involved extrahippocampal structures. LVF ictal onsets occurred during wakefulness or paradoxical sleep and were usually associated with motor behavior, whereas hypersynchronous ictal onsets occurred during slow-wave sleep or periods of immobility and were not associated with motor behavior unless there was transition to another ictal electrographic pattern. Mossy fiber sprouting did not correlate with the frequency of ictal EEG discharges exhibited by each rat but was greater in those rats that demonstrated frequent behavioral seizures. Conclusions: The electrographic features of spontaneous seizures in the KA-treated rat resemble those of patients with medically refractory TLE with respect to EEG pattern and localization. Our data suggest that hypersynchronous ictal onsets represent epileptogenic disturbances in hippocampal circuits, whereas LVF ictal onsets may involve extrahippocampal areas having more direct connections to the motor system. Hypersynchronous seizures may involve the same neuronal mechanisms that generate interictal FRs.
A Prototype Three-Dimensional Position Sensitive CdZnTe Detector Array

A new CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer system that employs two layers of modular detector arrays Is being developed under the collaboration between the University of Michigan and the Pacific Northwest National Labaratory (PNNL). Each layer can accommodate up to three by three 3-dimensional position sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometers. This array system is based on the newly developed VAS_UM/TAT4 ASIC readout electronics. Each of the nine detector modules consists of a pixellated CdZnTe detector and a VAS_UM/TAT4 ASIC front-end board. Each 1.5times1.5times1.0 cm3 CdZnTe detector employs an array of 11 by 11 pixellated anodes and a planar cathode. The energy depositions and 3-dimensional positions of individual interactions of each incident gamma ray can be obtained from pulse amplitude, location of each pixel anode and the drift time of electrons. Ten detectors were tested individually and half of them achieved resolution of <1.0% FWHM at 662 keV for single-pixel events (~30% of all 662 keV full energy deposition events). Two of them were tested in a simple array to verify that the upgrade to an array system does not sacrifice the performance of individual detectors. Experimental results of individual detectors and a two-detector array system are presented, and possible causes for several worse performing detectors are discussed.
Revisiting the video stethoscope: An application of digital signal processing software (Goldwave ®) to monitoring ventilation in intubated patients

Problems with tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are potentially important causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We have developed a method of monitoring the ventilation of both lungs during general anesthesia that is an advanced digital version of a more primitive analog technique developed over two decades ago. We used two miniature electret microphones connected to regular chest pieces, placing the assemblies on the anterior chest wall about 4 inches below the clavicle in the midclavicular line. After amplification and 16-bit analog-to-digital conversion, the digital signal processing software package Goldwave (Version 5.12, www.goldwave. com) was used to produce real-time X-Y plots of the signals, with sounds from the right side plotted on the horizontal axis and sounds from the left side plotted on the vertical axis. Recognizing that when two signals are identical, their X-Y plot should form a 45 degree line, we hypothesized that X-Y plots obtained under endobronchial conditions would be recognizably different to plots reflecting normal bilateral lung ventilation. We also hypothesized that as a result of noise and anatomical variations that under conditions of bilateral mechanical ventilation the obtained plot would be very different from a simple 45 degree line. The data obtained supports these hypotheses. This preliminary study suggests that our technique may help provide a practical real-time warning system for detecting endotracheal tube malpositions, and may help build on the work of other investigators.