cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Revival and Refinement of Hippocratic Ideas

Eighteenth-century physicians admired their seventeenth-century colleague Thomas Sydenham, ‘the English Hippocrates’, because Sydenham’s work and reputation seemed so rich in inspiration. Sydenham had recommended the compilation of case histories, which contributed significantly to the eighteenth-century effort to classify diseases. Sydenham had urged the importance of clinical observation at a time when most physicians relied on a Galenic and humoural theory of disease and considered it more important to attain a proper theoretical understanding of illness and health than to draw inferences from clinical experience. Sydenham thus seemed to have anticipated another eighteenth-century interest, one often identified with the Dutch physician Boerhaave, in clinical observation. To Sydenham aetiology was less interesting than therapy. He turned away from the microscope, from dissection, and from counting and measuring, and focused instead on finding ways to identify effective remedies. To the eighteenth-century physician, under attack for the failure of therapy, Sydenham seemed to have foreseen the need for an efficacious medicine. And Sydenham seemed to his successors to have revived the Hippocratic idea that the seeds of disease lie both within and outside the body — that disease, especially when large numbers of people are affected, finds its origins in man’s habitat.
Staggered double vane traveling wave tube amplifier (SDVTWTAs) with multi-staged phase velocity matching

The electron beam co-propagating with slow waves in a staggered double vane array (SDVA) efficiently amplifies millimeter and sub-millimeter waves over a wide spectrum. Our theoretical and numerical analyses show that the power amplification in the fundamental passband is enhanced by the extended beam-wave phase-matching. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations on the SDVA slow wave structure, designed with 10.4 keV and 50 – 100 mA sheet beam, indicate that maintaining beam-wave synchronization along the entire length of the circuit improves the gain by 7.3 % leading to a total gain of 28 dB, corresponding to 62 Watts saturated power at middle of operating band, and a 3-dB bandwidth of 7 GHz with 10.5 % at V-band (73.5 GHz center frequency) with saturated peak power reaching 80 watts and 28 dB at 71GHz. These results also show a reasonably good agreement with analytic calculations based on linear gain theory.
Instrumentation For Study Of Bioelectricity By Lorentz Force Magnetometry

It can be shown that low level ionic current flows in biowl media when exposed to strong magnetic jields genemte detectable Lore& forces. This principle is the basis fir a novel type of Lorentz magnetometer designed to measure small ionic and bioelectric currents. Current dipole moments of about 180 mnoamperes flowing over a distance of one millimeter (180 pA-M) can be detected. Absolute sensitivity of the instrument to magnetic fields is in the 10 pT mnge. This type of magnetometer has the advantage of being able to sensitively opemte in magnetically unshielded environments and at nonecryogenic tempemtures.
Naturalism and Moral History

My constructivist theory of judgments of reasonableness and fairness is built on the foundation of a realist view of the normativity of proper functioning. Further, I take proper functioning to be a nonnatural normative property. I have said that I do not believe that naturalistic views, in their current form, can adequately account for the fact that we are normative animals who live in a world of “oughts.” In saying that we live in a world of “oughts,” I am indicating my acceptance of the reality of normative guidance, in the sense explained in Chapter 4. The normative experiences we have are not simply epiphenomena. They point us in certain directions – or better, through them we point ourselves in certain directions – and we are capable of following this guidance. There is an element of mystery about this, but I do not regard it as a supernatural phenomenon. Rather I take it that normative guidance, guidance by thought that has a conscious normative dimension, is something that becomes possible at a certain level of biological complexity. I have no story to tell about how we emerged as normative animals. Rather I start from where we are now. Modern life has a complex, highly structured normative dimension. The “oughts” are innumerable, extraordinarily subtle, and intricately interrelated. I take this complex normative structure to be a historical product created over time by the exercise of human cognitive, motivational, and linguistic capacities in ways that manifested proper functioning in a changing natural and social environment. I arrive at the idea that the normative dimension of human life emerged at some point in the natural history of the species by working backward through this historical process to a hypothetical point of transition at which natural phenomena first took on a nonnatural aspect. A natural process of some kind brought into existence the supervenience basis of normatively charged mental life. Life on earth thus crossed a threshold at which mental processes became capable of possessing the nonnatural normative attribute that I have labeled “proper functioning,” and the lives of human beings became susceptible to normative guidance. As I also mentioned in Chapter 4, I am prepared to accept that at some point in the future, philosophical naturalism may be able to provide an account of the normative that fully accommodates the reality of normative guidance and the complex normative structures associated with it.
Nutrition, Dysphagia, and General Medical Considerations

Individuals with paralytic or restrictive pulmonary syndromes usually require particular attention to more than one bodily system. Patients with myopathies often have complicating cardiomyopathies and smooth muscle involvement. Bulbar muscle dysfunction can result in pulmonary complications, impaired communication, and malnutrition, which can exacerbate respiratory dysfunction by itself. Because the survival of patients with functional bulbar musculature can be prolonged greatly without resorting to tracheostomy by using physical medicine respiratory muscle aids, complications not associated directly with the primary pathology increasingly need to be addressed.
The limits of intensive feeding: maternal foodwork at the intersections of race, class, and gender

Despite experiencing numerous barriers, mothers today confront increasing social pressure to embody perfection through their foodwork. A growing body of social science research identifies how gender and class inequality shape women's perceptions of food and their feeding strategies, but this research is thus far limited in its understanding of the roles that race and ethnic identity play in a mother's food landscape. Drawing on 60 in-depth interviews with a racially and economically diverse group of mothers, this paper examines how feeding young children is intertwined with contemporary ideas about child health as well as women's efforts to negotiate race, class, and gender hierarchies. Extending Hays' concept of intensive mothering, rich descriptions of feeding children reveal how mothers in this study are discursively engaged with what I call an 'intensive feeding ideology' - the widespread belief that good mothering is synonymous with intensive food labour. Drawing on intersectional theory, this article discusses the limits of an intensive feeding ideology, particularly for poor and middle-class mothers of colour. The findings contribute to an understanding of how power relations are embedded within food ideologies and how mothers of young children attempt to negotiate them.
A Glucose-Sensing Toggle Switch for Autonomous, High Productivity Genetic Control

Many biosynthetic strategies are coupled to growth, which is inherently limiting, as (1) excess feedstock (e.g., sugar) may be converted to biomass, instead of product, (2) essential genes must be maintained, and (3) growth toxicity must be managed. A decoupled growth and production phase strategy could avoid these issues. We have developed a toggle switch that uses glucose sensing to enable this two-phase strategy. Temporary glucose starvation precisely and autonomously activates product pathway expression in rich or minimal media, obviating the requirement for expensive inducers. The switch remains stably in the new state even after reintroduction of glucose. In the context of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis, our system enables shorter growth phases and comparable titers to a constitutively expressing PHB strain. This two-phase production strategy, and specifically the glucose toggle switch, should be broadly useful to initiate many types of genetic program for metabolic engineering applications.
Restricted Complexity Approximation of Nonlinear Processes Using a Control-Relevant Approach

Abstract A two-step nonlinear system identification method using restricted complexity models (RCM) is proposed. In the first step, a parsimonious yet full order Volterra model is identified using the orthogonal least squares method. In the second step, using a control relevant approach, the full order model is further reduced to a restricted complexity model which is more amenable to control design and analysis. The minimization problem in the model reduction step is posed such that it can be solved using general optimization routines. A corresponding two-step model validation procedure is implemented to ensure the closed-loop performance of the resulting model. Effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by a polymerization reactor example.
Abstract 5615: Genomic differential expression analysis of fusion proteins incorporating the pro-apoptotic molecule Granzyme B reveals new potential targets for treatment of breast cancer

Granzyme B (GrB) is a member of the serine protease family of enzymes that play a critical role in the body’s defense against viral infection and tumor development. Cytotoxic T lymphocyctes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells directly deliver granzymes to target cells, which induces apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent multiple-cascade mechanisms. Anti-tumor efficacy studies have suggested that the targeted delivery of human Granzyme B to tumor cells has a significant potential for cancer treatment. We had previously developed a novel fusion construct composed of the VEGF 121 growth factor and human GrB. The GrB/VEGF 121 construct was found to be highly cytotoxic to vascular endothelial cells expressing the R2 (KDR) receptor for VEGF. In this study, we examined the mechanism of GrB/VEGF 121 -induced cytotoxicity against cells in culture at the genomic level. The TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 was treated with an IC 50 dose of GrB/VEGF 121 for 24 hours; the cells were then harvested and the effect of GrB/VEGF 121 on intracellular events was examined by extraction of mRNA followed by microarray analysis. Gene-level differential expression analysis revealed that a total of twenty genes were upregulated by over 3-fold, while 25 were downregulated 3-fold or more. These included genes involved in signal transduction, stress response, cell cycle control, hypoxia and metastasis. Particularly impacted were the Nuclear Receptors Meta pathway, NRF2 pathway, nuclear receptors in lipid metabolism and toxicity, matrix metalloproteinases, and the notch signaling pathway. Validated data will be reported following complete analysis of gene level differential expression and alternative splicing. Our data suggests that GrB/VEGF 121 induces expression of genes known to be induced by VEGF alone, as well as molecules previously not associated with either Granzyme B or VEGF.This data suggests a previously unsuspected impact of the serine protease GrB on various molecular pathways within the cell and may lead to a new understanding of how these agents operate at the molecular level. Research conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research. Citation Format: Khalid A. Mohamedali, Lawrence H. Cheung, Ana Alvarez-Cienfuegos, Michael G. Rosenblum. Genomic differential expression analysis of fusion proteins incorporating the pro-apoptotic molecule Granzyme B reveals new potential targets for treatment of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5615. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5615
Management Theory and Agency Management: A New Compatibility:

Social workers typically have not looked to business management theory for perspectives on managing their agencies. However, recent humanistic trends in management theory may make it a valuable res...
Robotic Operations for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Hiatus hernia repair and fundoplication are currently the most prevalent surgical procedures for management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [1, 2]. At present, the operative management for GERD has evolved into a minimally invasive approach. Such minimally invasive laparoscopic approaches have resulted in overall superior outcomes, including fewer postoperative complications and reduced hospital length of stay [3, 4]. Robotic procedures with an abdominal approach for Nissen fundoplication, hiatus hernia repair, Heller myotomy, and trans-hiatal esophagectomy without thoracoscopy or thoracotomy have been performed with encouraging outcomes [5, 6]. The da Vinci® robotic instrument (Intuitive Surgical, Palo Alto, CA) was used for all robotic surgical procedures described in this chapter for management of paraesophageal hiatus hernias, giant hernias, and recurrent hiatus hernias, as well as the more standard anatomy seen in most patients with GERD.
Evaluating microstructure evolution in an SOFC electrode using digital volume correlation

Degradation mechanisms within solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) during thermal cycling limit operational start-up times and cell lifetime, and must therefore be better understood and mitigated. This work explores such mechanisms using digital volume correlation (DVC) techniques applied to lab-based X-ray tomograms where the microstructural evolution is evaluated during the operational cycling of a Ni–YSZ/YSZ cell. To emulate reduced start-up times, five tomograms were collected over four operational thermal cycles to 750 °C at various ramp-rates: 3, 10, 20 and 30 °C min−1. Two key features are observed in the 3D strain profiles. Firstly, during low ramp-rates the material produces microscopic channels towards cluster-points. This is thought to be caused by the ceramic skeleton inhibiting the effects of sintering. Secondly, previously unseen macroscopic ‘waves’ developed after high-rate cycling, consisting of linear regions of compression and tension throughout the sample. These wave features decay away from a heterogeneous defect which is thought to be responsible for the non-uniform strain profile. This work demonstrates the first use of sub-micron DVC computations applied to an SOFC exposed to operationally relevant temperatures. These findings will assist in the development of new electrode materials from their fabrication to operation, ultimately supporting commercial viability of SOFCs.
The Role of Childhood Victimization on the Severity of Adult Offending among Female Sex Offenders

Although males comprise the majority of sex offenders, research has found that females sexually offend similarly to male sex offenders. While male and female sex offenders share commonalities, fema...
Labor Market Risk and the Private Value of Social Security

This paper computes the certainty equivalent of the United States Social Security in a calibrated life-cycle model when the stock and labor markets are cointegrated. In the baseline calibration, the certainty equivalent of current workers and retirees is found to be 37% lower at the national scale than the sum of expected cash flows discounted at the risk-free rate. The results suggest that the present value of pension entitlements and the transition cost to a funded system may be largely overestimated if not properly risk-adjusted.
Macroscale evaluation and testing of chemically hydrogenated graphene for hydrogen storage applications

Abstract The effective storage of H2 gas represents one of the major challenges in the wide spread adoption of hydrogen powered fuel cells for light vehicle transportation. Here, we investigate the merits of chemically hydrogenated graphene (graphane) as a means to store high-density hydrogen fuel for on demand delivery. In order to evaluate hydrogen storage at the macroscale, 75 g of hydrogenated graphene was synthesized using a scaled up Birch reduction, representing the largest reported synthesis of this material to date. Covalent hydrogenation of the material was characterized via Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We go on to demonstrate the controlled release of H2 gas from the bulk material using a sealed pressure reactor heated to 600 °C, identifying a bulk hydrogen storage capacity of 3.2 wt%. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time, the successful operation of a hydrogen fuel cell using chemically hydrogenated graphene as a power source. This work demonstrates the utility of chemically hydrogenated graphene as a high-density hydrogen storage medium, and will be useful in the design of prototype hydrogen storage systems moving forward.
Alternative formulation of the macroscopic field equations in a linear magneto-dielectric medium: field equations

We derive an alternative formulation of the field equations for macroscopic electromagnetic fields in a linear magneto-dielectric medium as an identity of the Maxwell–Minkowski equations, complementing a variety of other representations including the Ampere, Chu, Lorentz, and Minkowski formulations of continuum electrodynamics. In the new formulation of the macroscopic field equations, the material properties are carried as a renormalization of the temporal and spatial coordinates instead of as independent material constants. The new representation of the field equations raises some interesting physical issues with relativity and boundary conditions.
Resource Utilization Patterns Using Non-invasive Ventilation in Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Purpose: The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has increased in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, information on NIV and resource utilization is limited. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to: (1) To describe the frequency of NIV and endotracheal intubation in neonates with RDS nationwide; and (2) To identify predictors of endotracheal intubation, length of stay (LOS) and group average costs. Methods: Data …
2.3 kV 4H-SiC Accumulation-Channel Split-Gate Planar Power MOSFETs With Reduced Gate Charge

2.3 kV 4H-SiC split-gate (SG) planar accumulation-channel power MOSFETs have been successfully manufactured in a 6 inch commercial foundry with good parametric distributions. The measured electrical characteristics of these devices are compared with conventional ACCUFETs manufactured with the same cell-pitch and process to quantify the improved performance. The gate charge and high-frequency figures-of-merit (HF-FOM) of the 2.3 kV SG-MOSFETs were experimentally verified to be a factor of 1.8x better than that of the conventional MOSFETs with no difference in specific on-resistance.
The Art and Science of Selecting a CD123-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor for Clinical Testing

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD123, an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) antigen, hold the promise of improving outcomes for patients with refractory/recurrent disease. We generated five lentiviral vectors encoding CD20, which may serve as a target for CAR T cell depletion, and 2nd or 3rd generation CD123-CARs since the benefit of two costimulatory domains is model dependent. Four CARs were based on the CD123-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) 26292 (292) and one CAR on the CD123-specific scFv 26716 (716), respectively. We designed CARs with different hinge/transmembrane (H/TM) domains and costimulatory domains, in combination with the zeta (z) signaling domain: 292.CD8aH/TM.41BBz (8.41BBz), 292.CD8aH/TM.CD28z (8.28z), 716.CD8aH/TM.CD28z (716.8.28z), 292.CD28H/TM. CD28z (28.28z), and 292.CD28H/TM.CD28.41BBz (28.28.41BBz). Transduction efficiency, expansion, phenotype, and target cell recognition of the generated CD123-CAR T cells did not significantly differ. CAR constructs were eliminated for the following reasons: (1) 8.41BBz CARs induced significant baseline signaling, (2) 716.8.28z CAR T cells had decreased anti-AML activity, and (3) CD28.41BBz CAR T cells had no improved effector function in comparison to CD28z CAR T cells. We selected the 28.28z CAR since CAR expression on the cell surface of transduced T cells was higher in comparison to 8.28z CARs. The clinical study (NCT04318678) evaluating 28.28z CAR T cells is now open for patient accrual.
Data use processes in rural schools: management structures undermining leadership opportunities and instructional change

Data use has become a priority in educational systems throughout the world under the belief that rational instructional decisions can be tailored to individual learner needs. Despite increasing exp...
Quaternion algebras over global fields

To motivate the classification of quaternion algebras over \(\mathbb Q \), we consider by analogy a classification of quadratic fields. We restrict to the following class of quadratic fields for the best analogy.
Chronology and Stratigraphy of the Imlay channel in Lapeer County, Michigan, USA

The Imlay channel in Lapeer County, Michigan was one of two outlets for the glacial Lake Maumee phase of ancestral Lake Erie. Fifteen new radiocarbon and optical ages from within and adjacent to th...
Unadjusted Langevin algorithm for non-convex weakly smooth potentials

Discretization of continuous-time diffusion processes is a widely recognized method for sampling. However, the canonical Euler Maruyama discretization of the Langevin diffusion process, referred as Unadjusted Langevin Algorithm (ULA), studied mostly in the context of smooth (gradient Lipschitz) and strongly log-concave densities, is a considerable hindrance for its deployment in many sciences, including statistics and machine learning. In this paper, we establish several theoretical contributions to the literature on such sampling methods for non-convex distributions. Particularly, we introduce a new mixture weakly smooth condition, under which we prove that ULA will converge with additional log-Sobolev inequality. We also show that ULA for smoothing potential will converge in $L_{2}$-Wasserstein distance. Moreover, using convexification of nonconvex domain \citep{ma2019sampling} in combination with regularization, we establish the convergence in Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence with the number of iterations to reach $\epsilon$-neighborhood of a target distribution in only polynomial dependence on the dimension. We relax the conditions of \citep{vempala2019rapid} and prove convergence guarantees under isoperimetry, and non-strongly convex at infinity.
Lightweight verification via specialized typecheckers

Testing and other unsound analyses are developer-friendly but cannot give guarantees that programs are free of bugs. Verification and other extant sound approaches can give guarantees but often require too much effort for everyday developers. In this work, we describe our efforts to make verification more accessible for developers by using specialized pluggable typecheckers---a relatively accessible verification technology---to solve complex problems that previously required more complex and harder-to-use verification approaches.
Stress relaxation properties of bananas during drying.

Bananas' mechanical properties are affected by the ripening and the drying processes since they induce profound microstructural changes. In this study, first, the interacting effect of the ripening and the drying processes on the mode of viscoelastic behavior of bananas was investigated. Second, the stress relaxation properties of fully ripe bananas were measured as a function of the hot air drying conditions. Finally, the two-element generalized Maxwell model was fitted to the experimental data. Thus, this study clarified the dependence of the mode of rheological behavior on both the ripening stage and the moisture content. It showed that bananas start softening at the onset of the drying when the fruit moisture content is high. The softening is reversed at a critical value, at which the bananas start regaining stiffness with further moisture reduction. The critical moisture content value decreases with ripening from 1.4 g/g solids for green bananas (5-11% Brix percentage) to 1.23 g/g solids for half-ripe bananas (15-20% Brix percentage) and eventually vanishes when the bananas are fully ripe (25-31% Brix percentage). The stress relaxation properties measured with fully ripe bananas substantiated the initial findings on the influence of the ripening stage on the mode of rheological behavior. The relaxation moduli displayed a decreasing trend with decrease in the moisture content for 40, 60, and 80°C drying temperatures and decayed with time as expected for viscoelastic bodies. Lastly, the two-element generalized Maxwell model fitted well to the experimental data with the root mean square error varying between 0.06 × 10-5 and 90.6 × 10-5 MPa.
Rachel Feldhay Brenner: In Memoriam

On February 4, 2021 Rachel Feldhay Brenner died after a short and private battle with cancer. The pandemic had masked her seclusion, and thus few knew of her physical decline. Until only a few days...
Tryptophan as Intermediate in Dehydrogenase Action III. EVIDENCE FOR COMPLETE CYCLE OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER BETWEEN SUBSTRATE AND TRYPTOPHANYL RESIDUES IN RABBIT MUSCLE LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

Rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, following equilibration at pH 10 with lactate-2-3H, was precipitated by perchloric acid or reversibly denatured by 8 m urea. The enzyme protein after either method of inactivation was found to contain about 0.5 g atom of tritium label per 132,000 g of protein. The urea-denatured, labeled enzyme, after isolation by Sephadex chromatography and partial reactivation by dilution, was shown by “all-or-none” assay to transfer 63% of its tritium back to lactate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. After acid or alkaline phosphate hydrolysis of the perchloric acid- or urea-denatured enzyme, 12 to 32% of the label was found in tryptophan isolated from the hydrolysate. Tritium assay of N-acetyl- dl -tryptophan and indole prepared from a sample of the labeled tryptophan indicated that the tritium was in the methylene group of the tryptophan molecule. These experiments suggest the participation of a tryptophanyl residue of muscle lactate dehydrogenase during reversible hydrogen transfer between lactate and NAD, via oxidation to an indolenine. This result is similar to that previously found for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (2,3).
Collective Flow of Charged Fragments and Neutrons from Bevalac Experiment 848H

Bevalac Experiment 848H was designed to probe the nuclear equation-of-state by measuring triple-differential cross sections dσ/d cosθ d(ϕ - ϕ R) dY for neutrons from high-multiplicity collisions of equal mass nuclei as a function of mass number and bombarding energy.
Success Factors and Impacts of Mobile Business Applications: Results from a Mobile e-Procurement Study

Based on the concept of task/technology fit, a research framework and exploratory case study are presented that assess success factors and impacts of mobile business applications. Preliminary empirical evidence for the applicabilit y of the framework was obtained for a mobile electronic procurement system implemented at a Fortune 100 company. For different user groups, the relationships between the characteristics of technology and tasks, usage, and organizational impacts were analyzed. The results indicate a need for simple but highly functional mobile applications that complement existing information systems. The study provides a basis for further research to improve the design and management of business applications based on emerging technologies.
Emotion recognition using synthetic speech as neutral reference

A common approach to recognize emotion from speech is to estimate multiple acoustic features at sentence or turn level. These features are derived independent of the underlying lexical content. Studies have demonstrated that lexical dependent models improve emotion recognition accuracy. However, current practical approaches can only model small lexical units like phonemes, syllables or few key words, which limits these systems. We believe that building longer lexical models (i.e., sentence level model) is feasible by leveraging the advances in speech synthesis. Assuming that the transcript of the target speech is available, we synthesize speech conveying the same lexical information. The synthetic speech is used as a neutral reference model to contrast different acoustic features, unveiling local emotional changes. This paper introduces this novel framework and provides insights on how to compare the target and synthetic speech signals. Our evaluations demonstrate the benefits of synthetic speech as neutral reference to incorporate lexical dependencies in emotion recognition. The experimental results show that adding features derived from contrasting expressive speech with the proposed synthetic speech reference increases the accuracy in 2.1% and 2.8% (absolute) in classifying low versus high levels of arousal and valence, respectively.
The transtheoretical model: Welfare to work as a change process

ABSTRACT This article examined the application of the Transtheoretical model of behavioral change to the welfare to work transition with public housing residents. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered and analyzed to demonstrate that the welfare to work process may indeed be considered a change process. These findings have implications for social policy development and public worker training in both the public housing and publicwelfare systems.
A (composite) week in the life of a design and technology coordinator

I have been a non-class based deputy with the opportunity to support and work throughout the school in a variety of ways , i ncluding the development of technology. These are a few remembered moments.
Realities of Gay and Lesbian Aging.

Social workers have little ac curate information about older gays and lesbians. This arti cle presents the findings of an interview study of 18 homo sexual men and women aged 40 to 72. The author makes recommendations about the provision of social services to this group by professionals and peers.
Synthesis of methyl 3-O- and 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-galactopyranoside

Abstract Condensation of methyl 2- O -benzoyl-4,6- O -benzylidene-α- d -galactopyranoside with 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl bromide ( 1 ) in dichloromethane, in the presence of silver trifluoromethansulfonate, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, and molecular sieves, afforded methyl 2- O -benzoyl-4,6- O -benzylidene-3- O -(3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 4 ). Deacetalation of 4 in hot, 80% aqueous acetic acid gave methyl 2- O -benzoyl-3- O -(3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 5 ), which, on deacylation, followed by peracetylation, furnished the peracetylated disaccharide derivative ( 6 ). The structures of 5 and 6 were established by 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. O -Deacetylation of 6 afforded the title β-(1→3)-linked disaccharide 7 . For the synthesis of the β-(1→2)-linked isomer, methyl 3- O -benzoyl-4,6- O -benzylidene-α- d -galactopyranoside was similarly condensed with bromide 1 to give the fully protected disaccharide derivative ( 8 ). Cleavage of the benzylidene group of 8 gave methyl 3- O -benzoyl-2- O -(3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 9 ). Deacetylation of 9 , followed by peracetylation, afforded the peracetate ( 10 ). O -Deacetylation of 10 gave the β-(1→2)-linked disaccharide ( 11 ). The structures of the disaccharides 7 and 11 were confirmed by 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Chronic Thyroiditis in the Rabbit Induced with Homologous Thyroid Microsomes

Rabbits immunized with freshly isolated homologous thyroid microsomes in complete Freund's adjuvant developed a severe chronic thyroiditis with the concomitant production of antimicrosomal antibodies. The antibody response was measured by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation, employing isolated microsomes as the antigen. Microsomes but not thyroglobulin absorbed out the immunologic activity of the rabbit serum.
EFFECT OF TMB‐8 ON THE PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTOR ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α AND THE THROMBOXANE MIMIC, U46619

1 TMB-8 (8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5 trimethoxybenzoate HCl), an intracellular calcium antagonist, had no direct action on the pulmonary vasculature of the perfused canine lung lobe preparation. 2 The pulmonary pressor response to the thromboxane mimic, U46619, was not affected by TMB-8. 3 The vasopressor response to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha) was significantly attenuated but not completely blocked by TMB-8. 4 We conclude that the pulmonary pressor response to PGF 2 alpha is dependent on both intracellular and extracellular calcium pools for contraction and that U46619 facilitates either solely extracellular calcium influx or mobilizes an intracellular calcium pool not inhibited by TMB-8.
Library orientation and instruction — 1992

The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the nineteenth to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items in English published in 1992. A few are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.
A method to relate initial elastic stress to fault population strains

[1] A relationship between the cumulative elastic driving stress (or far-field elastic differential stress) and the inelastic strain of a fault population can be defined from the displacement-length scaling relations of the population. Two solutions are presented: one in which the elastic parameters remain constant, and the other that assumes a progressive reduction in modulus with increasing fracture spatial density. The method is illustrated by using fault populations from Mars. Cumulative differential stresses of 37 MPa and 87 MPa (computed here for 1 km depth) are implied to have produced the strains observed at Amenthes Rupes (widely spaced thrust faults) and Tempe Terra (closely spaced normal faults), respectively.
A comparison of the regeneration potential of dorsal root fibers into gray or white matter of the adult rat spinal cord

To assess the role of white matter inhibition as a barrier to neurite outgrowth in vivo, we unilaterally transected three consecutive lumbar dorsal roots (L4–L6), incised the spinal cord, and transplanted the peripheral stump of L4 either medially onto the white matter of the dorsal columns or laterally, just superficial to the gray matter of the dorsal horn at the level of L5. Three weeks to seven months later, the translocated root was retransected, and its central stump was anterogradely labeled with HRP. The staining pattern demonstrated that regenerating sensory axons had entered the spinal cord from both medially and laterally placed roots. Axonal staining from medially placed dorsal roots (onto the white matter of the dorsal columns) was sparse and limited to the white matter. Staining of laterally placed roots revealed a small subpopulation of regenerating axons which had entered the gray matter and formed terminal arbors. Successful axonal regeneration into the gray matter, albeit minimal, was associated with a localized and limited inflammatory response near the sites of axonal ingrowth.
NOCARDIA BRAIN ABSCESS MIMICKING HIGH-GRADE NECROTIC TUMOR ON PERFUSION MRI

Differentiating a pyogenic cerebral abscess from a cystic brain tumor can be a challenge when using morphological and functional imaging techniques. Several studies on MRI perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) have demonstrated that enhancing abscess capsules have lower cerebral blood volume ratios (rCBV) than the enhancing rims of necrotic tumors. We report a 67-year-old male with a Nocardia cerebral abscess showing restricted diffusion in the necrotic center, but high values for rCBV in the enhancing capsule on PWI, therefore mimicking a high-grade necrotic tumor. Differential diagnosis between cerebral abscesses and necrotic tumors is greatly improved by the adjunct of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and PWI to the morphological magnetic resonance findings; yet there is still overlap. That an abscess may show increased rCBV along the capsule, therefore mimicking a hypervascular brain tumor on PWI, should be considered when attempting a radiological diagnosis of a ring-enhancing brain lesion.
Bounds assuring subsets in convex position

For n≥the Ramsey number N(q, q;d+1), every general n-ad in d-space has a comonotone q-sub-ad; for d=2 “comonotone” becomes convex. Likewise, every 2N(q, q;3)-set of half-planes without parallelism or concurrence of bounding lines has a q-subset that consists either of the defining half-planes of an unbounded convex polyhedral set or of the complementary half-planes.
Implementation of digital controllers

Abstract The variance of error at the output of a digital control system due to input data quantization and product rounding in a digital controller is derived. Two forms of controller implementations are considered. Then an expression for the word length that yields a specified variance of error is determined. Scaling is then discussed and an example consisting of a discrete integral plus proportional controller is presented.
Effects of neuropeptide Y on norepinephrine and serotonin metabolism in rat hypothalamus in vivo

A double-barrelled cannula and microdialysis system were used to inject 100 pmoles of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and to collect from the local microenvironment samples of norepinephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) a metabolite of dopamine. Following the administration of 100 pmoles of NPY into the ventromedial hypothalamus of conscious rats, there was a significant reduction in the local concentration of norepinephrine and an even greater reduction in the concentration of its metabolite, MHPG, as compared to saline-injected controls. The concentration of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA as well as DOPAC were also reduced in the ventromedial hypothalamus following local injection of NPY. When NPY was injected into the lateral hypothalamus and monoamines measured from areas adjacent to the injection of NPY there was a significant increase in norepinephrine release and a significant increase in the concentration of DOPAC. Serotonin was significantly decreased and there was an increase in the ratio of 5-HIAA to serotonin. NPY is known to stimulate food intake when injected into either area. The present data are consistent with the concept that a reduction in concentration of serotonin is involved in the regulation of food intake following injection of NPY.
2. The prevention of induced peptic ulcer in dogs by feeding a hog stomach preparation

1. A series of dogs in one group were fed “yellow” cinchophen; each dog developed peptic ulceration, which was indistinguishable from peptic ulcer in humans. 2. A series of control dogs in another group was also fed yellow cinchophen in exactly the same way, but in addition, the dogs were fed a mucosal and submucosal preparation from the hog’s stomach and duodenum. 3. The dogs in the group which were fed the hog stomach and duodenal preparation with cinchophen did not develop peptic ulcers as did the dogs in the group who were fed the cinchophen alone. 4. It is suggested from these preliminary experiments that some support is present for the previously reported belief of the author that a “protective principle” is elaborated by the human gastric mucosa and that this “protects” the stomach from self-digestion, and ulcer formation. 5. A “protective principle” may also be contained in the mucosa of the hog’s stomach and duodenum which was effective in preventing peptic ulcers in dogs whose controls had induced peptic ulcers indistinguishable from human peptic ulcers.
Implications of the Labor Market for Graduate Education in Economics

The Siegfried-Stock findings represent the first solid data available since COGEE collected its data in the late 1980s. This paper reviews the COGEE findings in light of the new evidence. On the whole, the news is good: new Ph.D.s awarded are up, economics remains one of the most highly-paid Ph.D. careers, and delays in finding employment are very short. A number of questions remain, however, that cannot be answered with the data at hand. These include the degree to which the demand for new Ph.D.s will be sustained, and the ways in which economics departments are serving those students not intending a research career.
Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship

During the last two decades or so, there has been a struggle over the patient's role in medical decision-making that is often characterized as a conflict between autonomy and health, between the values of the patient and the values of the physician. Seeking to curtail physician dominance, many have advocated an ideal of greater patient control.',' Others question this ideal because it fails to acknowledge the potentially imbalanced nature of this interaction when one party is sick and searching for security, and when judgments entail the interpretation of technical information.14 Still others are trying to delineate a more mutual relationship.5,6 This struggle shapes the expectations of physicians and patients as well as the ethical and legal standards for the physician's duties, informed consent, and medical malpractice. This struggle forces us to ask, What should be the ideal physician-patient relationship? We shall outline four models of the physicianpatient interaction, emphasizing the different understandings of (1) the goals of the physicianpatient interaction, (2) the physician's obligations, (3) the role of patient values, and (4) the conception of patient autonomy. To elaborate the abstract description of these four models, we shall indicate the types of response the models might suggest in a clinical situation. Third, we shall also indicate how these models inform the current debate about the ideal physician-patient relationship. Finally, we shall evaluate these models and recommend one as the preferred model. As outlined, the models are Weberian ideal types. They may not describe any particular physician-patient interactions but highlight, free from complicating details, different visions of the essential characteristics of the physician-patient interaction. 7 Consequently, they do not embody minimum ethical or legal standards, but rather constitute regulative ideals that are "higher than the law" but not "above the law."' THE PATERNALISTIC MODEL First is the paternalistic model, sometimes called the parental 9 or priestly model. In this model, the physician-patient interaction ensures that patients receive the interventions that best promote their health and well-being. To this end, physicians use their skills to determine the patient's medical condition and his or her stage in the disease process and to identify the medical tests and treatments most likely to restore the patient's health or ameliorate pain. Then the physician presents the patient with selected information that will encourage the patient to consent to the intervention the physician considers best. At the extreme, the physician authoritatively informs the patient when the intervention will be initiated. The paternalistic model assumes that there are shared objective criteria for determining what is best. Hence the physician can discern what is in the patient's best interest with limited patient participation. Ultimately, it is assumed that the patient will be thankful for decisions made by the physician even if he or she would not agree to them at the time." In the tension
Consistent anisotropic repulsions for simple molecules

We extract atom-atom potentials from the effective spherical potentials that successfully model Hugoniot experiments on molecular fluids, e.g., ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}.$ In the case of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ the resulting potentials compare very well with the atom-atom potentials used in studies of solid-state properties, while for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ they are considerably softer at short distances. Ground-state $(T=0 \mathrm{K})$ and room-temperature calculations performed with the N-N potential resolve the previous discrepancy between experimental and theoretical results.
Educational investment and economic productivity: Evidence from Malawi☆

Abstract Tracer study data on the destination and earnings of a sample of nearly 1000 secondary school graduates are used to estimate the returns 10 investment in the Malawi Certificate of Education. Even when adjustment is made for the possibility of unemployment among graduates, the social rate of return is estimated 10 be in the order of 20% and the private rate 50%. These results are used to explain the strong private demand for entry into secondary education and to support the case for further expansion of such schools in Malawi.
Who's responsible? Correlates of partner involvement in contraceptive decision making.

Objectives: Researchers have begun looking at joint responsibility for contraceptive decision making as a mechanism to increase effective contraceptive use. This analysis identifies correlates of partner involvement in contraceptive decision making. Methods: Participants were first-time users of either oral contraceptives or Depo-Provera recruited from 10 family planning clinics in Texas (n ¼ 481). Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that was available in both English and Spanish. Chi-square statistics were used to compare demographics, relationship characteristics, and condom use before and after initiation of the new hormonal method by who is responsible for birth control use. Characteristics that were significant in bivariate testing were then included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Forty-five percent of women reported sole responsibility for contraceptive use and 55% reported joint responsibility with their partners. In multivariate models, consistent condom use before and after the initiation of hormonal contraception and duration of sexual activity with main partner for less than 2 years were associated with increased likelihood of joint responsibility for contraceptive decision making. Women whose partners were classified as high risk had reduced the odds of joint responsibility for contraceptive decision making. Conclusion: Women at increased risk for sexually transmitted diseases (high-risk partners) and their partners may represent a target population for interventions aimed at increasing joint responsibility for contraception use. Continuous engagement in contraceptive decision making among long-term couples should also be encouraged. Copyright 2010 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.