cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Hyperglycemia Following Intraperitoneal Irrigation with 10% Dextrose in a Patient with Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a condition characterized by the production of large amounts of mucopolysaccharide by a neoplastic epithelium. Although surgical debulking and removal of the mucinous ascites may be attempted, complete removal of the material is often impossible. Intraperitoneal lavage with 10% dextrose in water (D10W) has been advocated to prevent reaccumulation of the mucus and complications such as bowel obstruction requiring repeat laparotomy. We describe a patient undergoing operation for a large abdominopelvic mass. At laparotomy, a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary was found with a great deal of tenacious, mucinous ascites and peritoneal implants. In an effort to more efficiently remove the mucus and prevent subsequent reaccumulation, intraperitoneal irrigation with 10% dextrose in water (D10W) was performed. The patient, who gave no history of prior glucose intolerance, was soon thereafter found to be profoundly hyperglycemic (serum glucose >500 mg/dl). She was treated with insulin and recovered without evident sequelae. Practitioners should be aware of this potentially dangerous complication associated with intraperitoneal dextrose instillation.
Applying Neural Networks to Predicting Battle Outcomes

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the problem of accurately predicting expected outcomes from battle prediction models. More generally stated, an attempt was made to produce an accurate forecast from chaotic data. Neural networks were used for investigating time and trends; current models do not use time as a variable in the prediction process. This work involved classical hypothesis testing of a neural network and a neural network with categorization of outcomes.
Metabolism in T cell activation and differentiation

When naive or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extensive clonal expansion. In mammals, this type of proliferation is fairly unique to cells of the adaptive immune system and requires a considerable expenditure of energy and cellular resources. While research has often focused on the roles of cytokines, antigenic signals, and co-stimulation in guiding T cell responses, data indicate that, at a fundamental level, it is cellular metabolism that regulates T cell function and differentiation and therefore influences the final outcome of the adaptive immune response. This review will focus on some earlier fundamental observations regarding T cell bioenergetics and its role in regulating cellular function, as well as recent work that suggests that manipulating the immune response by targeting lymphocyte metabolism could prove useful in treatments against infection and cancer.
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 promotes p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity and cell proliferation

The p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) plays a key role in cell growth and proliferation by regulating insulin sensitivity, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell cycle. Thus, deregulation of S6K contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes, obesity, aging, and cancer. Considering the biological and clinical importance of S6K1, a complete understanding of its regulation is critical. One of the key motifs in the activation of S6K1 is a turn motif, but its regulation is not well understood. Here we provide evidence for two mechanisms of modulating turn motif phosphorylation and S6K1 activity. First, mammalian target of rapamycin regulates turn motif phosphorylation by inhibiting its dephosphorylation. Second, we unexpectedly found that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 promotes turn motif phosphorylation. Our studies show that mammalian target of rapamycin and GSK-3 cooperate to control the activity of S6K1, an important regulator of cell proliferation and growth. Our unexpected results provide a clear rationale for the development and use of drugs targeting GSK-3 to treat diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and age-related diseases that are linked to improper regulation of S6K1.
Emerging Technologies in Nanotechnology-Based Pathogen Detection

Abstract Nanotechnology-based pathogen detection is an emerging technology that is poised to have a major impact on health care and medicine, food and agriculture, the environment, and biodefense. The technology bridges a variety of sciences, including biology, chemistry, physics, and statistics to create a new cadre of tools and capabilities that can be applied to basic and translational research, diagnostics, and commercialization. This burgeoning field has created an unprecedented array of technologies that have advanced detection, diagnosis, and imaging of chemical and biological agents and that offers the potential to facilitate detection of biomarkers of disease pathogenesis. This review provides a summary of the more prominent areas of nanotechnology-based pathogen detection.
THE CHURCH AS A PROTECTOR: ANTI- CHRISTIAN CASES AND RESOURCE CONFLICTS IN POST-BOXER CHAOZHOU

AbstractThis article examines the role of Western missionaries and Chinese Christians as new powerbrokers in the competitive arena of rural politics in South China during the post-Boxer decade (1900–10). Focusing on four well-documented lawsuits involving Christians in the Chaozhou-speaking region of Guangdong province, this study shows that the power relationship between Christians and non-Christians had undergone a qualitative change since 1901. The crushing of the Boxers increased the prestige of Western missions and Chinese churches on the land, and it was this prestige that made it possible for native Church leaders to use the judicial process to effect changes in their favor and to enforce settlement agreements at the county courts. Litigation became an important tool of unifying and empowering rural Christian communities. These case studies not only provide insight into the local management of treaty rights and foreign affairs but also highlight the instrumental role of the churches in China during...
Effects on the x-ray spectra of metals due to final-state interactions with effective barriers and shape resonances

Abstract Model calculations of X-ray absorption, emission, and photoemission spectral lineshapes are reported for intrinsic and extrinsic core excitations in metals with final-state interactions that can be represented by a central attractive potential surrounded by an effective barrier on its periphery. Some of the calculated spectra exhibit novel features: XPS lineshapes with multi-electron shake-off sidebands and features characteristic of resonances and anti-resonances, and X-ray absorption and emission spectra with (i) edges that are apparently peaked (on a moderate energy scale) when the X-ray edge singularity causes them to be, in fact, suppressed on a fine scale, (ii) edges that are markedly rounded, and (iii) gross spectral features that are influenced greatly by the electronic structure of the iniial state of the Fermi sea, and only weakly by the final-state.
Application of Cr3+ photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy to plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings for residual stress measurement

Abstract Cr 3+ photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy (CPLPS) is being developed as a non-destructive inspection technique for the measurement of residual stresses within the thermally grown oxide (TGO; consisting of α-Al 2 O 3 with Cr 3+ solute) layer buried under Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, CPLPS experiments were performed to measure residual stresses in TGOs buried under four different types of plasma-sprayed TBCs, as a function of TBC thickness (from 0 to full-thickness of 250 μm) using ‘taper-polishing’. In one type of TBC, the CPLPS technique could be used to measure TGO residual stresses, but was limited to a TBC thickness of less than 170 μm due to severe attenuation of the Cr 3+ photoluminescence signal through the YSZ. In the other three types of TBCs, that thickness was limited to about 50 μm. However, non-TGO Cr 3+ photoluminescence signals were obtained through thicker TBCs of these latter types. To identify the source of this non-TGO signal, chemical analyses and CPLPS of as-received and heat-treated plasma-spray feedstock powders were performed. It was found that these powders contained both Al and Cr, which upon heat-treatment created conditions for Cr 3+ photoluminescence. To identify the sources of attenuation of the Cr 3+ photoluminescence signal intensity in all types of TBCs, CPLPS was performed on a set of ‘model coatings’. These ‘model coatings’ consisted of monolithic ceramics, where a polycrystalline α-Al 2 O 3 slab was placed underneath a variety of thin YSZ plates containing varying amounts of porosities, pore sizes, Y 2 O 3 contents, and grain boundaries. It was found that porosity, grain boundaries, and most importantly splat boundaries, were the key factors that obstructed the observation of CPLPS from α-Al 2 O 3 through YSZ. In order to alleviate this signal attenuation by pores and microcracks, plasma-sprayed TBCs were vacuum-impregnated with high-refractive-index materials (mineral oil or Stycast™ epoxy), allowing us to measure, for the first time, TGO residual stresses through full-thickness plasma-sprayed TBCs using CPLPS.
Nonlinear photoacoustic signal amplification from single targets in absorption background

Photoacoustic (PA) detection of single absorbing targets such as nanoparticles or cells can be limited by absorption background. We show here that this problem can be overcome by using the nonlinear photoacoustics based on the differences in PA signal dependences on the laser energy from targets and background. Among different nonlinear phenomena, we focused on laser generation of nanobubbles as more efficient PA signal amplifiers from strongly absorbing, highly localized targets in the presence of spatially homogenous absorption background generating linear signals only. This approach was demonstrated by using nonlinear PA flow cytometry platform for label-free detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood background in vitro and in vivo. Nonlinearly amplified PA signals from overheated melanin nanoclusters in melanoma cells became detectable above still linear blood background. Nonlinear nanobubble-based photoacoustics provide new opportunities to significantly (5–20-fold) increase PA contrast of single nanoparticles, cells, viruses and bacteria in complex biological environments.
Uptake and metabolism of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in rat tissues

Abstract The uptake and metabolism of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in different rat tissues were studied after the administration of a single parenteral dose of l -dopa. The glandular portion of the rat stomach concentrated dopa in excess of plasma (6-fold), while cardiac dopa levels remained at or below the corresponding plasma level. The accumulation of dopa during the first 30 min after i.v. l -dopa was significantly greater in the glandular stomach than in the heart, duodenum, ileum or non-glandular stomach. The duodenum and ileum synthesized significantly more dopamine (DA) from dopa than did the other tissues. Studies with 3H- l -dopa revealed that the duodenum and ileum formed the most 3H-O-methylated metabolites. The total accumulation of tritium after 3H- l -dopa was greatest in the duodenum. Dopa and DA were localized to the cytosol in both glandular stomach and duodenum. Dopa and DA stores in the stomach were resistant to reserpine; 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) partially inhibited dopa and DA accumulation in glandular stomach but not in heart. It is concluded that the uptake and metabolism of dopa in different organs are heterogenous. The tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular, are capable of taking up, metabolizing and storing dopa and dopa metabolites in high concentration. The uptake and metabolism of dopa are largely outside the adrenergic nerves.
Syntheses with α-heterosubstituted phosphonate carbanions. VIII. An unexpected entry into quinolines†

The carbanions derived of certain diphenyl-1-(4-nitroanilino)-1-(substituted-aryl)methanephosphonates reacted with phenylpropargyl aldehyde, giving not the expected yne-enamines, but rather 2-phenyl-4-benzyIquinolines.
Surgical management of global sagittal deformity in ankylosing spondylitis

✓ Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease whose primary effect is on the axial skeleton, causing sagittal-plane deformity at both the thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic junctions. In the present review article the authors discuss current concepts in the preoperative planning of patients with AS. The authors also review current techniques used to treat sagittal-plane deformity, focusing on pedicle subtraction osteotomy at the thoracolumbar junction, as well as cervical extension osteotomy at the cervicothoracic junction.
Learning finite machines with self-clustering recurrent networks

Recent work has shown that recurrent neural networks have the ability to learn finite state automata from examples. In particular, networks using second-order units have been successful at this task. In studying the performance and learning behavior of such networks we have found that the second-order network model attempts to form clusters in activation space as its internal representation of states. However, these learned states become unstable as longer and longer test input strings are presented to the network. In essence, the network forgets where the individual states are in activation space. In this paper we propose a new method to force such a network to learn stable states by introducing discretization into the network and using a pseudo-gradient learning rule to perform training. The essence of the learning rule is that in doing gradient descent, it makes use of the gradient of a sigmoid function as a heuristic hint in place of that of the hard-limiting function, while still using the discretized value in the feedback update path. The new structure uses isolated points in activation space instead of vague clusters as its internal representation of states. It is shown to have similar capabilities in learning finite state automata as the original network, but without the instability problem. The proposed pseudo-gradient learning rule may also be used as a basis for training other types of networks that have hard-limiting threshold activation functions.
Optical and structural properties of black molybdenum photothermal converter layers deposited by the pyrolysis of Mo(CO)6

Black molybdenum thin films, combining high infrared reflectance with significant solar absorptance, have been prepared by pyrolyzing Mo(CO)6 under oxidizing conditions and subsequent annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. X‐ray and electron diffraction, electron microprobe, and Auger analysis show that the films, as deposited, are fine grained (300 A), stress‐free, monoclinic MoO2 with [010] preferred orientation. As the annealing progresses the reflectance in the infrared rises faster than in the visible. Consequently, the spectral selectivity can be optimized in a partially annealed state characterized by a complex mixture of Mo and MoO2. Like black chrome, black molybdenum is a composite material, consisting of metal particles suspended in an oxide matrix. However, black molybdenum is capable of prolonged operation at temperatures in excess of the decomposition temperature of black chrome. After passivation with Si3N4, very simple photothermal solar converter coatings with a respectable spectral selec...
Complicating technology: Interdisciplinary method, the burden of comprehension, and the ethical space of the technical communicator

There is much for technical communicators to learn from the burgeoning field of technology studies. Technical communicators, however, have an obligation to exercise patience as they enter this arena of study. Using interdisciplinary theory, this article argues that technical communication must assume the “burden of comprehension”;: the responsibility of understanding the ideologies, contexts, values, and histories of those disciplines from which we borrow before we begin using their methods and research findings. Three disciplines of technology study—history, sociology, and philosophy—are examined to investigate how these disciplines approach technology. The article concludes with speculation on how technical communicators, by virtue of their entrance into this interdisciplinary arena, might refashion both their practical roles and the scope of their ethical responsibilities.
The development of auditory function in the cochlea of the mongolian gerbil

Cochlear microphonic (CM) potentials were recorded throughout the development of auditory function in the Mongolian gerbil. CM responses were first recorded at 12 days after birth (DAB), with thresholds exceeding 103 dB SPL. CM thresholds subsequently improved rapidly in a parallel fashion across the responsive frequency range, achieving adult levels by 18 DAB. There was no evidence from CM thresholds of a preferential rate of maturation for either the high or low frequency ranges. CM responses to suptrathreshold stimulation were also studied throughout development. At all responsive ages, CM input-output functions increased logarithmically to a saturating maximum value and then declined. Maximum CM responses increased continuously throughout development in a parallel fashion across all frequencies. The dynamic range of the CM input-output functions (the intensity interval from CM threshold to maximum CM value) also developed in a parallel manner across frequencies, but reached mature assymptotic values by 16 DAB. The results suggest that throughout the adult CM frequency range cochlear hair cell function develops simultaneously.
Imaging wound healing using optical coherence tomography and multiphoton microscopy in an in vitro skin-equivalent tissue model

Laser thermal injury and subsequent wound healing in or- ganotypic, skin-equivalent tissue models were monitored using opti- cal coherence tomography (OCT), multiphoton microscopy (MPM), and histopathology. The in vitro skin-equivalent raft tissue model was composed of dermis with type I collagen and fibroblast cells and epi- dermis of differentiated keratinocytes. Noninvasive optical imaging techniques were used for time-dependent, serial measurements of ma- trix destruction and reconstruction and compared with histopathol- ogy. The region of laser thermal injury was clearly delineated in OCT images by low signal intensity. High resolution MPM imaging using second-harmonic generation revealed alterations in collagen micro- structure organization with subsequent matrix reconstruction. Fibro- blast cell migration in response to injury was monitored by MPM using two-photon excited fluorescence. This study illustrates the complementary features of linear and nonlinear light-tissue interac- tion in intrinsic signal optical imaging and their use for noninvasive, serial monitoring of wound healing processes in biological tissues.
Race, socioeconomic status, and air pollution exposure in North Carolina

Abstract Background Although studies suggest that exposure to pollutants is associated with race/ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES), many studies are limited to the geographic regions where monitoring stations are located. Objectives This study uses modeled predictive surfaces to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure, race/ethnicity, and measures of SES across the entire State of North Carolina. Methods The daily predictions of particulate matter Results SES and race/ethnicity were related to predicted concentrations of both PM2.5 and O3 for census tracts in North Carolina. Lower SES and higher proportion minority population were associated with higher levels of PM2.5. An interquartile range (IQR) increase of median household income reduced the predicted average PM2.5 level by 0.10 µg/m3. The opposite relationship was true for O3. An IQR increase of median household income increased the predicted average O3 measure by 0.11 ppb. Conclusions The analyses demonstrate that SES and race/ethnicity are related to predicted estimates of PM2.5 and O3 for census tracts in North Carolina. These findings offer a baseline for future exposure modeling work involving SES and air pollution for the entire state and not just among the populations residing near monitoring networks.
Reciprocal transfer of carbon and nitrogen by decomposer fungi at the soil–litter interface

Abstract We have investigated whether decomposer fungi translocate litter-derived C into the underlying soil while simultaneously translocating soil-derived inorganic N up into the litter layer. We also located and quantified where the translocated C is deposited within the soil aggregate structure. When 13 C-labeled wheat straw was decomposed on the surface of soil amended with 15 N-labeled inorganic N, we found that C and N were reciprocally transferred by fungi, with a significant quantity (121–151 μg C g −1 whole soil) of litter-derived C being deposited into newly formed macroaggregates (>250 μm sized aggregates). Fungal inhibition reduced fungal biomass and the bidirectional C and N flux by approximately 50%. The amount of litter-derived C found in macroaggregates was positively correlated with litter-associated fungal biomass. This fungal-mediated litter-to-soil C transfer, which to our knowledge has not been demonstrated before for saprophytic fungi, may represent an important mechanism by which litter C enters the soil and becomes stabilized as soil organic matter within the macroaggregate structure.
Genetic and environmental effects of growth and production of secondary compounds in Cladonia cristatella

Abstract This is the first study under controlled conditions to evaluate genetic and environmental variables acting on the whole lichen. Four cloned lines of Cladonia cristatella , derived from single spores and re-associated with teh normal algal partner ( Trebouxia erici ), were grown in a phytotron and chemically analysed. Growth, as measured by cover, was significantly affected by clone and consistently decreased at lower temperatures and at higher light intensities. The two biogenetically distinct pathways leading to the characteristic secondary products were affected differently by factors related to the genetic component (clone), the developmental stage (age) and the environment (temperature and light). Products fo the barbatic acid pathway, leading to depsides, were detected in the youngest lichenized hyphae, and the concentrations did not change significantly with age. products of the didymic acid pathway, leading to dibenzofurans, were incrasingly abundant in progressively older squamules. The four clones showed significantly different capacities for the production of compounds by the two pathways and significantly different responses to the environmental factors studied. The concentrations of compounds from the barbatic acid pathway increased at lower temperatures; those of compounds from the didymic acid pathway either changed little or decreased appreciably according to clone. Of the factors studied, light had the least effect on chemistry. Between-pathway variation in production of secondary products was greater than within-pathway variation.
Reverse osmosis membrane characteristics for partitioning triglyceride-solvent mixtures

Residual free gossypol in hexane-extracted cottonseed meal is a frequent concern of the feed industry. It is known that ethanol can efficiently extract the gossypol from cottonseed. However, regeneration of ethanol from ethanol-rich miscellas by conventional evaporation is costly, due to the high latent heat of ethanol. As an alternative to the evaporative regeneration, reverse osmosis (RO) has been investigated. It was found that commercially available RO membranes which have pore diameter around 20 A‡ (evaluated with deionized water flux) or less perform the necessary partitioning. Among the commercially available RO membranes, cellulose acetate (CA) type membranes with a nominal MWCO (molecular weight cutoff) value between 500 and 1000 were found to be efficient in partitioning the cottonseed triglycerides from the base solvent, but were not chemically compatible with the base solvent. RO membranes made from aromatic polyamide (PA) with MWCO value 1000 were found to have both the chemical stability and the necessary pore characteristics. Experimental results indicated the potential use of RO membranes for the regeneration of ethanol from ethanol miscellas. The required membrane pore characteristics and applicable permeate flux equations are discussed.
Smart Grid and electrostatic discharge: Cause for new concerns?

In many ways, the Smart Grid represents the next big thing. It encompasses not only the public electricity network but potentially all things that connect to the network. Changes in the network and changes in equipment connected to it are intertwined, and along the way unintended consequences may happen. One of those consequences could be the way industry thinks about the effect of electrostatic discharges (ESD) on electrical equipment. Industry should determine whether effects of (and on) ESD due to the Smart Grid represent a major shift that will required new models and test methods or are only another stage in the evolution of the relationship between ESD and electronic equipment. A brief historical look at the development of ESD test methods is followed by discussion of one method being implemented for handling ESD in the face of Smart Grid changes.
The origins of stress in thin nickel films

Abstract The intrinsic stress in thin, polycrystalline nickel films vapor-deposited onto polished silicon substrates was measured by viewing the substrate deflection using an optical interference method. Samples were stripped from their substrates, and since they were all approximately 2000 A thick, a 650 kV electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure directly. As a function of thickness, the instantaneous stress in the films was found to be constant except for the development of compressive stresses in the first 500–1000 A of growth at the higher substrate temperatures. The magnitude of the observed tension decreased from 1.5 x 1010 dyn/cm2 at 0°C to 0.4 x 1010 dyn/ cm2 at 200°C. The stress resulting from a constrained grain boundary relaxation was calculated from an average grain boundary potential and the experimental grain sizes. The fall-off of stress with increasing substrate temperature was well matched by the calculated values, and the calculated stress values agreed to within roughly 30% of the measured values. It was concluded that the intrinsic stress was produced by this constrained grain boundary relaxation. The compressive stresses were suspected to be diffusion-induced stresses resulting from grain boundary diffusion of silicon into the nickel film.
An investigation of gender differences in on-line privacy concerns and resultant behaviors

Abstract This study examines whether gender differences are apparent in attitudes and behaviors toward advertising and marketing practices involving information gathering and privacy on-line. As part of a larger study, 889 internet users nationwide were surveyed using electronic mail. Results indicated that women and men differed significantly in their attitudes toward several practices, with women generally appearing more concerned about the effect the practice would have on their personal privacy. Additionally, the study found that men were likely to adopt behaviors to protect their privacy when they became concerned; women, however, rarely adopted protective behaviors. Implications for web advertisers are provided.
Nutrient trapping efficiency of a small sediment detention reservoir

Abstract Weekly measurements of water quality parameters were taken over a 5 year period from four sites in Morris Pond, a 1.09 ha reservoir in the loess hills of Mississippi's Goodwin Creek drainage basin. Catchment of the 30 year old reservoir, constructed for flood and sediment control, consisted of 17.8 ha of permanent pasture and 14.6 ha of cultivated and mixed-cover land. Inflow in winter and spring increased reservoir concentrations of phosphorus (from nondetectable to 1 mg/l), nitrate-nitrogen (from nondetectable to 1 mg/l), and suspended sediments (from 30 to > 300 mg/l). Storm-related inflow was the driving force behind short-term limnological and water quality cycles in Morris Pond. Multiple chlorophyll peaks indicated rapid phytoplankton response to runoff-related nutrient loading in this shallow (2.5 m normal max. depth) reservoir. Chlorophyll a ranged from
Interfacial diffusion in layered polyesters

Microscopic observations of cross sections of laminates of unsaturated polyesters revealed a birefringent zone (interphase) at the interface. Several observations associated with this interphase were made that predicted either beneficial or detrimental effects of the presence of the interphase in the laminate. A study was conducted to identify the origin and to characterize the properties of the interphase. It was proven that the interfacial diffusion of uncured liquid resin into the previously cured resin formed the interphase. The significant effect of the curing of the second layer on the thickness of the interphase was evident. The diffusion kinetics was dependent on the laminate preparation conditions. A correlation was developed that predicts the properties of the interphase based on crosslinking density of layer I and gel time of the resin of layer II.
Allyl isothiocyanate: comparative disposition in rats and mice

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), the major component of volatile oil of mustard, was recently reported to induce transitional-cell papillomas in the urinary bladder of male Fischer 344 rats, but not in the bladders of female rats or B6C3F1 mice. The present investigation of comparative disposition in both sexes of each species was designed to detect sex or species differences in disposition which might explain susceptibility to AITC toxicity. AITC was readily cleared from all rat and mouse tissues so that within 24 hr after administration less than 5% of the total dose was retained in tissues. The highest concentration of AITC-derived radioactivity was observed in male rat bladder. Clearance of AITC-derived radioactivity by each species was primarily in urine (70 to 80%) and in exhaled air (13 to 15%) with lesser amounts in feces (3 to 5%). Rats excreted one major and four minor metabolites in urine. The major metabolite from rat urine was identified by NMR spectroscopy to be the mercapturic acid N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)-l-cysteine. Mice excreted in urine the same major metabolite identified in rat urine as well as three other major and two minor metabolites. Sex-related variations were observed in the relative amounts of these metabolites. Both species excreted a single metabolite in feces. Metabolism of AITC by male and female rats was similar, but female rats excreted over twice the urine volume of male rats. Results of the present study indicate that excretion of a more concentrated solution of AITC metabolite(s) in urine may account for the toxic effects of AITC on the bladders of male rats.
Case Report: Nonoperative Treatment of an Unstable Jefferson Fracture Using a Cervical Collar

The treatment of unstable burst fractures of the atlas (Jefferson fractures) is controversial. Unstable Jefferson fractures have been managed successfully with either immobilization, typically halo traction or halo vest, or surgery. We report a patient with an unstable Jefferson fracture treated nonoperatively with a cervical collar, frequent clinical examinations, and flexion-extension radiographs. Twelve months after treatment, the patient achieved painless union of his fracture. The successful treatment confirms prior studies reporting unstable Jefferson fractures have been treated nonoperatively. The outcome challenges the clinical relevance of treatment algorithms that rely on the "rules of Spence" to guide treatment of unstable Jefferson fractures and illustrates instability may not necessarily be present in patients with considerable lateral mass widening. Additionally, it emphasizes a more reliable way of assessing C1-C2 stability in unstable Jefferson fractures is by measuring the presence and extent of anterior subluxation on lateral flexion and extension views.
The influence of gender-specific loading patterns of the stop-jump task on anterior cruciate ligament strain

Summary Background Studies have shown that women are at higher risk of sustaining noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in specific sports. Recent gait studies of athletic tasks have documented that gender differences in knee movement, muscle activation, and external loading patterns exist. The objective of this study was to determine in a knee cadaver model if application of female-specific loading and movement patterns characterised in vivo for a stop-jump task cause higher ACL strains than male patterns. Methods Gender-specific loading patterns of the landing phase of the vertical stop-jump task were applied to seven cadaver knees using published kinetic/kinematic results for recreational athletes. Loads applied consecutively included: tibial compression, quadriceps, hamstrings, external posterior tibial shear, and tibial torque. Knee flexion was fixed based on the kinematic data. Strain of the ACL was monitored by means of a differential variable reluctance transducer installed on the anterior-medial bundle of the ACL. Findings The ACL strain was significantly increased ( P P = 0.1) to be increased after the final tibial torque was applied. Interpretation This study suggests that female motor control strategies used during the stop-jump task may place higher strains on the ACL than male strategies, thus putting females at greater risk of ACL injury. We believe these results suggest the potential effectiveness of using training programs to modify motor control strategies and thus modify the risk of injury.
Myogenic defect in acetylcholinesterase regulation in muscular dystrophy of the chicken

To determine whether inherited muscular dystrophy of the chicken is neurogenic or myogenic in origin, limb buds from homozygous normal and dystrophic chick embryos were exchanged prior to muscle differentiation and innervation. Biceps muscles of hatched chicks, in which muscle of the donor was innervated by nerves of the host, were analyzed for embryonic properties of muscle acetylcholinesterase and for fiber diameter, two distinctive markers for expression of the dystrophic gene. The results indicate that muscular dystrophy of the chicken is caused by an initial biochemical lesion in the limb and its muscle rather than in its innervating nerve.
Soviet female labor participation: A regional cross-section analysis☆

Abstract Regional variation in Soviet female labor force participation is analyzed in the terms of the neoclassical theory of the household. The principal independent variables are fertility, education, and wages. Simultaneous estimation was employed to investigate the jointness of the participation and fertility decisions. Among the main findings are (a) participation has a strong negative effect on fertility but fertility has no significant effect on participation, and (b) Muslims and non-Muslims differ significantly in fertility behavior, but their participation rates are the same when fertility and other variables are controlled for.
Growing up in an affluent society—Delinquency and recidivism in suburban America

Abstract This study examines recidivism rates for juveniles in an affluent suburban area. It was designed to test the hypothesis that there is no correlation between type of disposition imposed on juveniles who come to the attention of the Court on delinquency charges and recidivism rates for these individuals. The study focuses on the recidivism of those youths who had been referred to the Court for the alleged commission of acts which would be classified as “criminal” in nature if committed by an adult. The findings of this study challenge traditional assumptions about disposition of cases and treatment of offenders.
Development of the Group Leader Self-Efficacy Instrument

Abstract This articlepresents the Group Leader Self-Eficacy Instrument (GLSI., which measures counselor trainees' self-eficacy for performinggroup leader skills in training groups, Foundation of the GLSI based on group theory, counselor training practice, and research is described. Development of the GLSI through replicated factor analysis is detailed, and evidence for the reliability and validity of the instrument is presented. Based on the single factor structure of the GLSI, an integrated approach to teaching group leadership is recommended.
Interfacing for Universal Multi-Machine System Modeling In an Electromagnetic Transients Program

This paper presents a new predictive approach to the intertacing of rotating electric machinery for the transient analysis of universal multi-machine systems, i.e., the machines contained in the system may be of different types-such as induction, synchronous, doubly-fed and direct-current machines, Basic considerations and theory underlying the approach are covered. The corresponding interfacing scheme is shown to be crucial to certain machine types. The approach has been successfully implemented to the Universal Machine module of the well-known Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Application to test cases involving rather severe transient conditions demonstrates the lack of any interfacing-error amplification. Gain in computational efficiency by application of the proposed interfacing, rather than interfacing as based on phase compensation, is significant.
ATP release mediates fluid flow-induced proliferation of human bone marrow stromal cells.

Oscillatory fluid flow induced the vesicular release of ATP from human BMSCs that directly contributes to the induction of BMSC proliferation. Degrading extracellular nucleotides prevents fluid flow–induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration, the activation of calcineurin, and the nuclear translocation of NFAT. Introduction: Regulation of bone cell activity by autocrine/paracrine factors is a well-established mechanism by which skeletal homeostasis is regulated by mechanical signals. The release of extracellular nucleotides in particular has been shown to induce many of the responses thought to be necessary for load-induced bone formation. In these studies, we examined the effect of oscillatory fluid flow on the release of ATP from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and the effect of ATP release on BMSC proliferation and intracellular calcium signaling pathways. Materials and Methods: BMSCs were exposed to oscillatory fluid flow, and the concentration of ATP in conditioned media samples was determined using a luciferin:luciferase-based reaction. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of purinergic receptors. Using pharmacological antagonists of gap junction hemichannels and vesicular trafficking, we studied the mechanism of ATP release from BMSCs. Apyrase was used to study the effect of extracellular nucleotides on intracellular calcium concentration, calcineurin activity, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation. Results and Conclusions: Fluid flow exposure induced the flow rate–dependent release of ATP from BMSCs that was attenuated by treatment with monensin and N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting a vesicular mechanism. Treating BMSCs with ATP, but not other nucleotides, increased cellular proliferation. Moreover, extracellular ATP was a prerequisite for fluid flow–induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration, activation of calcineurin, the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, and proliferation. These data indicate that ATP regulates not only osteoblastic and osteocytic cell behavior but also that of mesenchymal precursors and support our hypothesis that similar mechanotransduction mechanisms are activated by fluid flow in these cell types.
Role of phospholipids in the inhibitory action of DDT and permethrin on the nerve ATPases of lobster, homarus americanus

Efforts were made to understand the nature of the site of 1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) inhibition of nerve ATPase. THe phospholipid content of nerve preparations from the walking leg of the lobster was reduced by treating them with phospholipase A, or with a chloroform-methanol mixture at -75 degrees. By these treatments the enzymes lost approximately 70 or 95% of their phospholipids and 50-80% of their Na,K- and Ca-ATPase activities. The lost ATPase activities could be partially restored by the addition of phospholipids, either the ones extracted from the lobster nerves or those from commercial sources. ATPase inhibition by DDT and permethrin was found to be highest in preparations where the phospholipids were removed by the above treatments, next highest with the untreated original enzyme, and least with the reconstituted ATPase regardless of the source of phospholipids used for reconstitution. This tendency was more pronounced in the case of Ca-ATPase. The effects of DDT and permethrin on inhibition of reconstituted Ca-ATPase were higher when the insecticide was first added to the protein portion and the enzyme was then reconstituted with the phospholipids, than when the same amount of insecticide was first added to the phospholipids which were then used for reconstitution.
New Substrates for the Oscillating Briggs−Rauscher Reaction

Several new organic substrates have been found to promote oscillations in batch conditions in the Briggs−Rauscher oscillating system. The new substrates, crotonic acid, acrylic acid, anisole, and p-nitrophenol, react with iodine (I) by either addition or substitution reactions. Rate constants for reactions of these four compounds with HOI have been determined. Previously known substrates have active methylene hydrogens and react with I2 via an enol mechanism. Some type of active reduction of HIO2 to HOI (other than by iodide) must be included in the mechanism to allow the simulation of oscillations with the new substrates.
Computing: The security of knowing nothing

'Zero-knowledge' proofs are all about knowing more, while knowing nothing. When married to cryptographic techniques, they are one avenue being explored towards improving the security of online transactions.
(Extra)thermodynamics of the drug-receptor interaction

A core concept in pharmacology is drug-receptor affinity, i.e., the tendency of a drug molecule to bind to one or more receptors due to the collective influence of multiple molecular forces. The estimation of affinity as a dissociation constant (reciprocal of the equilibrium constant) is extraordinarily valuable. However, elucidation of the nature of the underlying concept--i.e., what accounts for affinity--is not achievable using such a static measure. Observing how the system responds to a perturbation (e.g., to a change in temperature) reveals more fundamental information. The present review summarizes the general concepts of thermodynamic analysis applied to drug-receptor interactions and discusses 'extrathermodynamic' phenomena, such as enthalpy-entropy 'compensation'. Together, these concepts may provide insight into the nature of drug-receptor interactions, begin to elucidate the forces that underlie such interactions--and begin to define and refine more nebulous terms such as affinity.
Epimerization of an intermediary metabolite of norethynodrel by a 3β-hydroxy-Δ5(10)-steroid epimerase☆

Using decapitated male Charles River CD strain rats the livers were incubated with 3beta 7beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-ethynyl-delta-estrene an intermediary metabolite formed during the biotransformation in vitro of norethynodrel and also incubated with 1 mM of either NAD NADH or NADPH. When the 105000g supernatant was incubated with 1mM of either NAD NADH or NADPH there was no significant increase in the reaction rate over that of the control incubation to which no coenzyme was added. When NADP was added to the incubation a 30 percent increase in reaction time was obtained. In the reaction 3beta 17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-ethynyl-delta-estrene was converted to 3alpha 17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-ethynyl-delta-estrene by a rat liver 3beta-hydroxy-delta-steroid epimerase. The reaction mechanism for the irreversible epimerization appears to involve the formation and subsequent reduction of an enzyme-bound 3-keto intermediate.
The Order of Things: Ethical Foundations for Community College Leaders.

This article calls attention to the need for community college leaders to develop a deeper understanding of ethics in preparation for addressing ethical issues that arise in the administration of their institutions. It discusses briefly the nature of ethics and the ethical theories of some modern and postmodern authors. The article is concerned with how students in a doctoral program of study in community college leadership can incorporate ethics into their study of leadership, and it describes briefly the manner in which this is done at Mississippi State University.
Circadian periodicity of the cell kinetics of rat molar periodontal ligament.

Abstract Circadian periodicity of DNA synthesis (S) phase and mitosis over a complete 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle was studied in rat molar periodontal ligament (PDL) with 3H-thymidin autoradiography. Maximum percent labeled cells was at 10 a.m. in all regions, and mean labeling (24-hour average) was 1.44, 0.93, and 1.46 percent for the crest, midroot, and apical areas of the PDL, respectively. Maximum percent mitotic figures were also at 10 a.m. in all areas studied, and the mean number of mitoses averaged over 24 hours was 0.19, 0.12, and 0.14, respectively for crest, midroot, and apical areas. Ratios of mean labeling and mitotic indices were 7.58, 7.75, and 10.43 from crest to apex. Duration of mitosis and S phase were estimated at 1.2 and 9 hours, respectively. Analysis of data suggested that stress/strain within the PDL, associated with masticatory function, has a regional influence on duration of S phase, mitotic rate, and percentage of cells in the S phase. These results help define an in vivo experimental model for assessing the PDL cellular response to biomechanically defined force systems. Clinical implications are discussed.
Slanted conducting boundaries and field emission of particles in an electromagnetic particle simulation code

Abstract A method to handle slanted perfectly conducting boundaries in electromagnetic particle simulation codes is described. Modifications to standard algorithms for the electromagnetic field advance, charge and current densities, particle destruction, and field averaging are discussed. In addition, a new model for field emission from conducting boundary surfaces is described. Particles can be emitted from conformal or slanted surfaces, and also from certain types of corners. Results of the new models on several problems involving slanted surfaces are presented.
Changes in cyclic nucleotide levels during erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells

Abstract Changes in cyclic nucleotide levels were observed in Friend leukemia cells exposed to the inducers of erythroid differentiation dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), sodium butyrate and hypoxanthine. The most extensive changes in cAMP levels occurred during the initial 24 h growth period. In uninduced cultures, cAMP concentration increased 35-fold compared with a 7-fold increase in the presence of inducer. During the same period. cGMP levels rose about 3-fold in uninduced cells compared with a 20-fold increase in induced cells.