cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crack growth rate of thermally induced underfill fatigue

Failure of organic packages is often accelerated by mechanical failure of an underfill designed to protect the solder joints. The crack growth rate of an underfill under thermal cycling is crucial for package reliability and lifetime prediction. Mechanically-induced fatigue crack growth results have been used in package reliability studies, but thermally-induced fatigue crack growth data for underfills does not exist. Thermal fatigue experiments are complex to perform, since it is thermal loading that grows underfill cracks in actual packages. We describe the fatigue crack growth behaviors of an underfill measured by applying thermal fatigue stresses to obtain low-cycle fatigue da/dN vs. thermal stress intensity factor plots. The number of cycles to failure or fast fracture was found to depend strongly on thermal loading. We compared thermal fatigue data with thermal fracture toughness results, and found that the final crack length after thermal fatigue crack growth compared well with the critical crack length of thermal fracture data.
How to build an antimatter rocket for interstellar missions - systems level considerations in designing advanced propulsion technology vehicles

One of the few ways to do fast (ca. 0.5c cruise velocity) interstellar rendezvous missions is with a matter-antimatter annihilation propulsion system. This paper discusses the general mission requirements and system technologies that would be required to implement an antimatter propulsion system where a magnetic nozzle (superconducting magnet) is used to direct charged particles (from the annihilation of protons and antiprotons) to produce thrust. Scaling equations for the various system technologies are developed where, for example, system mass is a function of propulsion system power, and so on. With this data, it is possible to estimate total system masses. Finally, the scaling equations are treated parametrically to evaluate the sensitivity of changes in the performance of the various systems. For example, improvements in some system technologies can reduce the vehicle total (wet) mass by a significant amount; by contrast, changes in assumed performance in some systems can have negligible impact on overall mass, thereby providing a means for prioritizing technology development.
The Effect of Queen Number on Nestmate Discrimination in the Facultatively Polygynous Ant Pseudomyrmex pallidus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

We present evidence indicating that the level of nestmate discrimination in the facultatively polygynous ant Pseudomyrmex pallidus varies predictably with the number of queens in the colony. P. pallidus workers were introduced into observation arenas in either nestmate or non-nestmate pairs. During the 5-min period immediately following the first contact between test ants, all interactions and relative distances were recorded. Aggression between non-nestmates was negatively correlated with the number of queens in the colony and distance between nestmates was positively correlated. These results are consistent with predictions of Reeve's (1989) optimal acceptance threshold model.
Rollin'On the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox

Lempert, Chambers, and Adams's superb new study of the careers of minority and white graduates of the University of Michigan Law School will come as welcome news to those who value diversity on this nation's college and professional school campuses. Alongside the Bowen-Box study (1998), to which the authors link their work, the Michigan data provide powerful evidence of the many benefits of affirmative action for both minority and majority students, as well as for a constituency that is often overlooked in the debate over affirmative action—namely, the people these aspiring professionals are intended to serve. More important, the authors' careful analysis reveals what many have long suspected. LSAT scores and undergraduate GPAs “seem to have no relationship to success after law school, whether success is measured by earned income, career satisfaction, or service contributions” (Lempert, Chambers, and Adams 2000, 401).
Quantifying the reactive uptake of OH by organic aerosols in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor

Here we report a new method for measuring the heterogeneous chemistry of sub-micron organic aerosol particles using a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. This approach is designed to quantify the real time heterogeneous kinetics, using a relative rate method, under conditions of low oxidant concentration and long reaction times that more closely mimic the real atmosphere than the conditions used in a typical flow tube reactor. A general analytical expression, which couples the aerosol chemistry with the flow dynamics in the chamber is developed and applied to the heterogeneous oxidation of squalane particles by hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the presence of O2. The particle phase reaction is monitored via photoionization aerosol mass spectrometry and yields a reactive uptake coefficient of 0.51 ± 0.10, using OH concentrations of 1–7 × 108 molecule cm−3 and reaction times of 1.5–3 h. In general, this approach provides a new way to connect the chemical aging of organic particles measured at short reaction times and high oxidant concentrations in flow tubes with the long reaction times and low oxidant conditions in smog chambers and the real atmosphere.
Assessing Goodness of Fit: Simple Rules of Thumb Simply Do Not Work:

Confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) models are frequently used in many areas of organizational research. Due to their popularity, CFA models and issues about their fit have received a vast amount of attention during the past several decades. The purpose of this study was to examine several measures of fit and the appropriateness of previously developed ‘‘rules of thumb’’ for their interpretation. First, an empirical example is used to illustrate the effects of nonnormality on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and to demonstrate the importance of diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimation for organizational research. Then, the results of a simulation study are presented to show that appropriate cutoff values for DWLS estimation vary considerably across conditions. Finally, regression equations are described to aid researchers in selecting cutoff values for assessing the fit of DWLS solutions, given a desired level of Type I error. The results summarized here have important implications for the int...
HIGH-SPEED MANAGEMENT OF THE NATIONAL COMPOUND REGISTRY

New high-speed techniques for representing, normalizing, and manipulating graphs or topological maps such as chemical formulas are described and demonstrated. This paper focuses on the use of the new techniques for representing chemical formulas and finding occluded groups of atoms within molecules.
The psychological impact of genital herpes stigma

This article reviews the psychological consequences of genital herpes infection through the lens of a recently proposed framework for conceptualizing concealable stigmas. We incorporate research on identity, stigma, and the connection between psychological and physical health to outline how negative stigma-related psychological consequences perpetuate distress associated with genital herpes. Our review of the research suggests a model linking negative affect and poor coping to frequent recurrences of genital herpes outbreaks. Frequent outbreaks, in turn, increase the salience of the stigma, reinforcing a stigmatized self-schema, thereby creating negative psychological consequences, continuing the cycle. We conclude by discussing the implications of this model for future research and mental health treatment.
Clinical applications of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Granuloeyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hema-topoietic growth factor that stimulates myeloid cell proliferation and maturation and enhances the function of terminally differentiated effector cells. Phase I and II clinical trials have demonstrated mild to moderate toxicities at doses of less than 30 μg/kg/day. These studies suggest a potential role for this growth factor to stimulate myelopoiesis in patients with aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, AIDS, chemotherapy-induced myelosup-pression, chronic neutropenia, and following bone marrow transplantation. The potential clinical uses of GM-CSF will depend on results of studies designed to optimize its therapeutic efficacy.
COSMOGENEIC RADIONUCLIDES IN THE HAVERÖ METEORITE

An 87-gram sample of the Havero ureilite has been analyzed by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry. The results of the measurements, in dpm/kg at time of fall, are: Na-22, 71 plus or minus 3; Al-26, 43 plus or minus 3; Sc-46, 3.4 plus or minus 2.1; Mn-54, 35 plus or minus 6; Co-60, less than or equal to 0.7, 2 sigma limit. Havero has 77 plus or minus 14% of the Al-26 activity calculated for its chemical composition. When averaged with previously reported analyses of Goalpara and Novo Urei, ureilites as a class have 74 plus or minus 7% of their expected Al-26 activity. The depletion in Al-26 could be the coincidental result of identical 'shielding' effects in three meteorites of apparently very different preatmospheric sizes. Alternatively, ureilites may have been exposed to a lower cosmic-ray flux than that experienced by most chondrites, probably the result of characteristically different orbits.
Limitations on Transformations from Composite-Order to Prime-Order Groups: The Case of Round-Optimal Blind Signatures

Beginning with the work of Groth and Sahai, there has been much interest in transforming pairing-based schemes in composite-order groups to equivalent ones in prime-order groups. A method for achieving such transformations has recently been proposed by Freeman, who identified two properties of pairings using composite-order groups—“cancelling” and “projecting”—on which many schemes rely, and showed how either of these properties can be obtained using prime-order groups.
Post-Doctoral Social Work Practice Experience

ABSTRACT The authors of this article conducted a survey among all faculty members who had been hired within the past five years in colleges, schools or departments of social work among the Big Ten Universities. The aim was to determine the value and relevance of post-doctoral non-academic experience in academic settings as measured by faculty salary and rank. Results from this study revealed that professional post-doctoral social work practice experience is not a primary factor in determining qualifications of faculty candidates or in establishing rank and salary. Moreover, it appears that criteria for advancement in academic settings actually excludes professional practice. Respondents identified research, funded research and publications as being highly valued at the time of hiring when negotiating rank and salary in academic settings. Of lesser importance were non-academic experience, prior teaching experience and community service. While social work educators must acknowledge and pursue those activiti...
Efficacy of a Self-Expandable Porous Stent as the Sole Curative Treatment for Extracranial Carotid Pseudoaneurysms

Objective Extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms are uncommon vascular lesions. Even with conservative management complications can happen, such as delayed cerebral embolization or symptoms due to flow limitation. Although endovascular therapy can be curative, literature demonstrating a preferred technique is scant. Our goal was to evaluate the use of 1 technique only—the deployment of overlapping self-expandable porous stents—to treat a series of extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms. Methods From 2008 to 2014, 14 consecutive cases of symptomatic extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms were managed with single or multilayer porous stents at our institution. Each patient underwent a standardized angiographic follow-up at 6 months. Twelve patients also received a follow-up computed tomography angiogram at 12 months, and yearly thereafter (median radiographic follow-up, 38 months). The total clinical follow-up period ranged between 6 and 69 months (median, 46 months). Results In our series, each of the extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms appeared to be the result of carotid artery dissection with associated carotid stenosis at the origin of every pseudoaneurysm. Endovascular treatment consisted of 1–3 layers of self-expandable porous stents placed without balloon angioplasty. Immediately after stenting angiographic images were notable for stagnant opacification of the pseudoaneurysm through the stent(s). All pseudoaneurysms were completely obliterated by the 6-month follow-up angiogram and remained so throughout the radiographic follow-up period. Complications were minimal, consisting of 1 patient developing a mild Horner's syndrome after treatment that resolved during clinical follow-up. Conclusions Extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms can be successfully obliterated with the use of porous, self-expandable stents.
Investor Reactions to Concurrent Positive and Negative Stakeholder News

This paper examines the impact on firm value created by investor reaction to same day news of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR) activities. First, using trading volume, the authors establish that the perceived value of moral capital generated by news involving institutional (e.g., environmental and community) stakeholders is less clear to investors than that of the news involving technical (e.g., customers and employees) stakeholders. Subsequently, the authors analyze abnormal returns from 565 unique firm events—each comprising at least one positive and one negative stakeholder news item. Using signaling theory, the authors demonstrate that news of the number of CSR activities involving institutional groups counteracts the effects of same day CSiR news in an inverted U-shaped fashion. In contrast, they find that news of the number of CSR activities involving technical groups mitigates the effects of same day CSiR news in a U-shaped fashion.
Studying the Cantor Dust at the Edge of Feigenbaum Diagrams

(1998). Studying the Cantor Dust at the Edge of Feigenbaum Diagrams. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 189-198.
Technical Methods of Data Extraction on Data Center Construction of State Administration for Industry & Commerce(SAIC)

The basic data sources of SAIC is complex,mainly concluding the data from the state bureau of AIC and the local governmental bureau of AIC.There are differences construct and development among the local bureaus,such as the database,data structure,data standard etc.so,when constructing the data center,SAIC must choose suitable technical methods according to the actual circumstance of local AIC bureaus first,then upload the local data to the data center of SAIC after extracting,transferring and integrating them.So,this paper introduces the actual technical methods of data extraction.
WE-FG-202-09: Voxel-Level Analysis of Adverse Treatment Response in Pediatric Patients Treated for Ependymoma with Passive Scattering Proton Therapy

Purpose: We identified patients treated for ependymoma with passive scattering proton therapy who subsequently developed treatment-related imaging changes on MRI. We sought to determine if there is any spatial correlation between imaged response, dose, and LET. Methods: A group of 14 patients treated for ependymoma were identified as having post-treatment MR imaging changes observable as T2-FLAIR hyperintensity with or without enhancement on T1 post-contrast sequences. MR images were registered with treatment planning CT images and regions of treatment-related change contoured by a practicing radiation oncologist. The contoured regions were identified as response with voxels represented as 1 while voxels within the brain outside of the response region were represented as 0. An in-house Monte Carlo system was used to recalculate treatment plans to obtain dose and LET information. Voxels were binned according to LET values in 0.3 keV µm−1 bins. Dose and corresponding response value (0 or 1) for each voxel for a given LET bin were then plotted and fit with the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman dose response model to determine TD50 and m parameters for each LET value. Response parameters from all patients were then collated, and linear fits of the data were performed. Results: The response parameters TD50 and m both show trends with LET. Outliers were observed due to low numbers of response voxels in some cases. TD50 values decreased with LET while m increased with LET. The former result would indicate that for higher LET values, the dose is more effective, which is consistent with relative biological effectiveness (RBE) models for proton therapy. Conclusion: A novel method of voxel-level analysis of image biomarker-based adverse patient treatment response in proton therapy according to dose and LET has been presented. Fitted TD50 values show a decreasing trend with LET supporting the typical models of proton RBE. Funding provided by NIH Program Project Grant 2U19CA021239-35.
The Role of Nurses and Community Health Workers in Confronting Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.

Introduction Neglected tropical diseases produce an enormous burden on many of the poorest and most disenfranchised populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Similar to other developing areas throughout the world, this region’s dearth of skilled health providers renders Western-style primary care efforts to address such diseases unrealistic. Consequently, many countries rely on their corps of nurses and community health workers to engage with underserved and hard-to-reach populations in order provide interventions against these maladies. This article attempts to cull together recent literature on the impact that nurses and community health workers have had on neglected tropical diseases.
Dysregulated Glycoprotein B-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Disrupts Varicella-Zoster Virus and Host Gene Transcription during Infection.

The highly conserved herpesvirus glycoprotein complex gB/gH-gL mediates membrane fusion during virion entry and cell-cell fusion. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) characteristically forms multinucleated cells, or syncytia, during the infection of human tissues, but little is known about this process. The cytoplasmic domain of VZV gB (gBcyt) has been implicated in cell-cell fusion regulation because a gB[Y881F] substitution causes hyperfusion. gBcyt regulation is necessary for VZV pathogenesis, as the hyperfusogenic mutant gB[Y881F] is severely attenuated in human skin xenografts. In this study, gBcyt-regulated fusion was investigated by comparing melanoma cells infected with wild-type-like VZV or hyperfusogenic mutants. The gB[Y881F] mutant exhibited dramatically accelerated syncytium formation in melanoma cells caused by fusion of infected cells with many uninfected cells, increased cytoskeleton reorganization, and rapid displacement of nuclei to dense central structures compared to pOka using live-cell confocal microscopy. VZV and human transcriptomes were concurrently investigated using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify viral and cellular responses induced when gBcyt regulation was disrupted by the gB[Y881F] substitution. The expression of four vital VZV genes, ORF61 and the genes for glycoproteins gC, gE, and gI, was significantly reduced at 36 h postinfection for the hyperfusogenic mutants. Importantly, hierarchical clustering demonstrated an association of differential gene expression with dysregulated gBcyt-mediated fusion. A subset of Ras GTPase genes linked to membrane remodeling were upregulated in cells infected with the hyperfusogenic mutants. These data implicate gBcyt in the regulation of gB fusion function that, if unmodulated, triggers cellular processes leading to hyperfusion that attenuates VZV infection. Importance The highly infectious, human-restricted pathogen varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of shingles that manifests as prolonged excruciating pain, which has proven difficult to treat. The formation of fused multinucleated cells in ganglia might be associated with this condition. An effective vaccine against VZV is available but not recommended for immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the need for new therapies. This study investigated the viral and cellular responses to hyperfusion, a condition where the usual constraints of cell membranes are overcome and cells form multinucleated cells. This process hinders VZV and is regulated by a viral glycoprotein, gB. A combination of live-cell imaging and next-generation genomics revealed an alteration in viral and cellular responses during hyperfusion that was caused by the loss of gB regulation. These studies reveal mechanisms central to VZV pathogenesis, potentially leading to improved therapies.
Maternal obesity alters brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in the placenta in a sexually dimorphic manner

Abstract Introduction Obesity is a major clinical problem in obstetrics being associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and fetal programming. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a validated miR-210 target, is necessary for placental development, fetal growth, glucose metabolism, and energy homeostasis. Plasma BDNF levels are reduced in obese individuals; however, placental BDNF has yet to be studied in the context of maternal obesity. In this study, we investigated the effect of maternal obesity and sexual dimorphism on placental BDNF signaling. Methods BDNF signaling was measured in placentas from lean (pre-pregnancy BMI 30) women at term without medical complications that delivered via cesarean section without labor. MiRNA-210, BDNF mRNA, proBDNF, and mature BDNF were measured by RT – PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Downstream signaling via TRKB (BDNF receptor) was measured using Western blot. Results Maternal obesity was associated with increased miRNA-210 and decreased BDNF mRNA in placentas from female fetuses, and decreased proBDNF in placentas from male fetuses. We also identified decreased mature BDNF in placentas from male fetuses when compared to female fetuses. Mir-210 expression was negatively correlated with mature BDNF protein. TRKB phosphorylated at tyrosine 817, not tyrosine 515, was increased in placentas from obese women. Maternal obesity was associated with increased phosphorylation of MAPK p38 in placentas from male fetuses, but not phosphorylation of ERK p42/44. Discussion BDNF regulation is complex and highly regulated. Pre-pregnancy/early maternal obesity adversely affects BDNF/TRKB signaling in the placenta in a sexually dimorphic manner. These data collectively suggest that induction of placental TRKB signaling could ameliorate the placental OB phenotype, thus improving perinatal outcome.
Does consumption of tobacco and alcohol affect household food security? Evidence from rural India

Using a nationally representative household-level dataset on consumption expenditure, this paper examines the crowding-out effects of tobacco and alcohol spending on food and non-food consumption in rural India. We found a positive relationship between spending on these temptation goods and household income, but in proportionate terms the poor and socially-disadvantaged households spent more on such goods compared to others. In general, their consumption crowded out food expenditure but not as much as non-food expenditure. Tobacco expenditure crowded out more of consumer durables followed by foodgrains, healthcare and education. However, among the poor, foodgrains were traded-off more. Likewise, spending on alcohol also crowded out foodgrains, but the effects were larger for consumer durables and starker among the poor. Across social groups too, consumption of tobacco as well as alcohol led to a reallocation of budgets with consumer durables being most displaced followed by foodgrains. On the whole, the crowding out effects were larger for tobacco than alcohol and were greater for households belonging to the lower rungs of both income and social order. We identified that such crowding-out effects operated through peer effects or social interactions; hence the key inference is that government interventions aimed towards controlling tobacco or alcohol consumption would be more effective if these targeted peer groups and their group leaders.
External Opening and Economic Growth in the West African Economic and Monetary Union: Analysis in Panel Data

In continuation of reflections on the factors of growth in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), with all the resources it contains, we must consider the implications of the external opening in achieving the growth objectives of the union. Speaking of the external opening in the context of this study is to put forward the exports and imports carried out between the country and the world. Another dimension of the openness used in this study is the foreign direct investment received by these countries. The aim of this paper is to try to provide some answers to the following question: What is the impact of openness on economic growth of the WAEMU’s countries? To answer this question the dynamic panel methodology in the period 1994-2008 is used. The results show that the WAEMU’s countries are primarily countries extroverts. This is demonstrated in terms of openness, the rate of penetration and the export effort. Through the co-integration test, we notice the long-run relationship between GDP and the different dimensions of the opening used in the study. In addition, opening has a positive effect on economic growth in WAEMU. Moreover, foreign direct investment has an impact significant on growth in these countries.
Chapter 10 Transmigratory Cups and Invadosome-Like Protrusions: New Aspects of Diapedesis

Publisher Summary Immune cell (i.e., blood leukocyte) functions are strongly coupled to their ability to traffic throughout the body as they conduct immune surveillance and respond to pathogens. Central aspects of this trafficking are the continuous transitions from the tissue into the blood circulation and vice versa. The vascular endothelium represents the interface between these two tissue compartments, serving as both a barrier to leukocyte trafficking and a sentinel to instruct leukocyte adhesion, transmigration, and activation behaviors. The activation state and barrier properties of endothelium are also, in turn, strongly influenced by leukocytes. Thus, leukocyte–endothelial interactions represent a critical nexus for information exchange with strong implications for vascular and immune cell activities, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Basic mechanisms by which these interactions facilitate leukocyte trafficking and intercellular communication are, therefore, of central biomedical significance. Building on the classic three-step adhesion/activation cascade, recent studies have begun to reveal new and complex behaviors associated with leukocyte–endothelial interactions suggesting existence of highly dynamic and bidirectional proactive responses in both of these cell types. The chapter illustrates these ideas by two very recently emerging activities/structures, namely, transmigratory cups formed by endothelium and invadosome-like protrusions (ILP) formed by leukocytes. The chapter discusses the basic in vivo and in vitro observation of these structures, their molecular composition/regulation, and functional roles.
Riemannian Geometry. By Wilhelm Klingenberg

(1985). Riemannian Geometry. By Wilhelm Klingenberg. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 7, pp. 519-522.
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma Mimicking Temporal Arteritis.

Intravascular lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma, characterized by growth of lymphoma cells within the microvasculature. The majority of the cases are of B-cell lineage, although rare examples of T or NK lineage have also been reported. The lymphoma is usually widely disseminated in the vascular spaces of any organ at the time of diagnosis including the skin and bone marrow. Lymph nodes are typically spared. The clinical picture depends on the specific organ involvement making the correct diagnosis very difficult. Here, we report a case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed postmortem on a 69-year-old African-American male who presented with unilateral proptosis and visual loss. An initial diagnosis of temporal arteritis was made and the patient received corticosteroids. However, the patient developed multiorgan failure and expired. On autopsy, there was disseminated intravascular lymphoma involving predominantly vessels within the heart, kidneys, liver, stomach, lungs, adrenal glands, small intestine, bladder, thyroid, and brain. Interestingly, there was also partial involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes which is an unusual presentation in this disorder. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the lymphoma cells were positive for CD20, indicating B-cell phenotype. This case supports the “mimicking nature” of this rare entity with an unusual presentation with proptosis and visual loss, simulating temporal arteritis and a rare involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The presentation of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma can vary, and the key to diagnosis is dependent on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Increased awareness, early tissue diagnosis, and prompt chemotherapy are crucial for this otherwise lethal disease.
Reframing neutral counseling.

Neutral, nondirective counseling of women who are about to give birth to extremely premature infants can undermine their autonomous decision making rather than promoting it. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
SENSITIVE SITES IN THE BRAIN FOR THE BLOOD PRESSURE AND DRINKING RESPONSES TO ANGIOTENSIN II

Publisher Summary The integration of water balance, which is essential for terrestrial beings, is a function of the brain. Angiotensin offers the opportunity to unravel the complex circuitry involved by leading to the receptors from which neural circuits emanate into the brain that control thirst, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, and sympathetic activation of blood pressure. The chapter discusses that angiotensin II receptors are not scattered all over the brain but are in circumscribed versions close to the ventricles. They are available to either blood-borne angiotensin, as in the subfornical organ and area postrema, or they are available to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-borne angiotensin in the ventral anterior third ventricle. In view of the proximity of the paraventricular neurons to the ventricles, angiotensin in the CSF is able to act on ADH secreting cells directly. There is some neurophysiological evidence to support this view for supraoptic nuclei. Angiotensin II produces its effects by simultaneously acting on closely proximated receptors that are the internal points of origin for different neural pathways.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease Pathophysiology

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a potentially destructive disease with profound impact on patients' function and quality of life. Newer therapeutic agents have revolutionized outcomes but have not resulted in best outcomes for all patients. However, RA is a heterogeneous disease comprising several subsets of patients with variations in pathogenesis. Elucidation of these differences and its molecular mechanisms may lead to better therapeutic approaches. To treat patients with RA more effectively, it is essential to intervene in the earliest events of the pathophysiologic processes of this disease. In this chapter, we will present the latest advances in the understanding of the disease process of RA and its clinical relevance.
Avoiding the Wrecking Ball of a Disastrous Cross Examination: Nine Principles for Effective Cross Examinations with Supporting Empirical Evidence

Effective cross-examinations share the following three hallmarks: they recognize and strive only for realistic goals, they maintain witness control, and they cultivate and maintain rapport with the jurors. This article posits nine principles central to achieving these three overarching goals. Each goal is supported by empirical research and each principle is examined and illustrated.
Wide-field coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy based on picosecond supercontinuum source

We present a wide-field coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy setup based on picosecond-laser-pumped supercontinuum and use it to demonstrate video-rate imaging with chemical specificity. The broadband excitation allows simultaneous imaging of a wide range of Raman modes, and chemically selective imaging is achieved by applying filters corresponding to the anti-Stokes Raman bands.
An improved phosphoramidite approach for the chemical synthesis of 3′,5′-cyclic diguanylic acid

Abstract 3′,5′-Cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) plays important roles as a signaling and effector molecule in prokaryotes as well as inducing innate and adaptive immune responses in mammalian cells through activation of cell death pathways. An improved phosphoramidite method for the synthesis of c-di-GMP is reported herein. The method is based on the use of an unprecedented 5′-O-formyl ester, which can efficiently and chemoselectively be cleaved from a dinucleotide phosphoramidite intermediate to permit a 1H-tetrazole-mediated cyclocondensation reaction leading to a fully protected c-di-GMP product in a yield of 78%. The native c-di-GMP is isolated in an overall yield of 36% based on the commercial ribonucleoside used as starting material.
Unaccompanied Minors at the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Shifting Sands of Special Immigrant Juvenile Status

The surge of unaccompanied minors crossing the border into the United States bespeaks the conditions that continue to tear at the fabric of families in Central America. Special immigrant juvenile status (SIJS), a classification enacted by Congress in 1990 to provide a pathway to lawful permanent residence for undocumented minors abandoned or neglected by their parents, is a source of hope for many of these young migrants. In a political climate in which anti-immigration sentiment is increasing, advocates for unaccompanied minors are detecting new sources of judicial and administrative resistance to SIJS. This article maps this shifting legal terrain and argues that it is at odds with Congress’s intent that SIJS be used to remove children from harm’s way, no matter their citizenship status.
Sparse Probability Assessment Heuristic Based on Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

Probability assessment via expert elicitation or statistical analysis is a critical step in the decision-analysis process. In many actual applications, the number of uncertainties and the correspon...
Novel property of Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine as a histone deacetylase inhibitor in human prostate cancer cells.

3048 Studies show that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors disrupt the cell cycle and/or induce apoptosis and that cancer cells appear to be more sensitive than non-transformed cells. With the knowledge that epidemiological studies support a protective role of organoselenium against development of prostate cancer, we hypothesize that Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine (MSC), a component of selenium-enriched yeast, is metabolized to an HDAC inhibitor and regulates proliferative and/or apoptotic responses in human prostate cancer cells. An aminotransferase (glutamine transaminase K) and L-amino acid oxidase convert MSC to the corresponding α-keto acid (β-methylselenopyruvate, BMS) in a cell-free system. Both enzymes also catalyze a β-elimination side reaction yielding pyruvate, ammonium and methylselenol. BMS structurally resembles the HDAC inhibitor, butyrate, but with the potential redox action of selenium targeting a zinc-thiolate ligand in the active site. To test our hypothesis, both androgen responsive (LNCaP) and androgen independent (C4-2, PC-3 and DU145) prostate cancer cells were cultured for various time intervals in medium supplemented with MSC. Acetylated histones (as evidence of HDAC inhibition) and HDAC activity were measured in nuclear and cytosolic fractions. Results show that nuclear expression of acetylated histone 3 was significantly increased by 24-h in all MSC-treated cell lines, demonstrating the attenuation of HDAC activity. By contrast, MSC itself had no direct HDAC inhibitory activity in nuclear extracts (LNCaP, C4-2, PC-3 and DU145), suggesting that a metabolite(s) of MSC, rather than MSC itself, inhibits HDAC activity in prostate cancer cells. HPLC analysis of cytosolic extracts incubated with MSC in a transamination reaction mixture with α-keto-γ-methiolbutyrate showed metabolism of MSC with concomitant formation of a transaminase product, tentatively identified as BMS. In addition to a transamination product, a β-elimination product (methylselenol) may also contribute to control of prostate cancer progression. MSC and/or its metabolite(s) down-regulate the levels of Redox Factor-1 and NF-κB, redox sensitive proteins that affect cellular proliferative and apoptotic responses. This study demonstrates a previously unrecognized effect of MSC as an HDAC inhibitor in addition to targeting redox-sensitive signaling proteins and transcription factors and adds a new understanding to mechanisms by which naturally-occurring organoselenium prevents progression of human prostate cancer. Supported by NCI RO1 CA11184 and NIH R01 ES08421.
Phonesthetics and the etymologies of blood and bone

The etymologies of English blood and bone are obscure. Although their cognates are well represented in the Germanic family, both lack clear cognates in other Indo-European languages. Various explanations for their origins have been proposed, including that they may be non-Indo-European (e.g. Hawkins 1987). Blood and bone, and their cognates, share an initial /b/ with numerous body-related words (e.g. beard, breast, bosom) throughout Germanic. This initial /b/ constitutes a phonestheme. Phonesthemes – ‘recurring sound-meaning pairings that are not clearly contrastive morphemes’ (Bergen 2004: 290) – are present in many Germanic languages, but their role in lexicogenesis is little understood. I suggest that blood and bone were formed by blending the initial /b/ phonestheme with two pre-existing lexemes: Proto-Germanic *flōda- ‘something that flows’ and *staina- ‘stone’. Phonesthetic blending may be a fruitful avenue for future etymological research.
Strengths Model for Youth Case Management: Impact on the Provider and Agency

The strengths model for case management, initially designed for adults, has been modified for work with youth. The adapted model was piloted in a community mental health center in a Midwestern state with youth aged 12–18. Interviews were conducted with case managers and supervisors to gain insight about the implementation process and how the model impacted them and their work with youth. Qualitative analysis revealed themes and subthemes organized into three overarching topics: Impact on organizational process and culture, impact on the provision of direct services, and adaptations of Strengths Model for Youth. Findings indicate overall satisfaction with the model.
Realtime Degradation-Aware Adaptive Control of Solid State Transformer

Solid-state transformer (SST) is an integral part of the compact electric vehicle charging, smart home, smart grid, and other emerging technologies. State-of-the-art SST controls the maximum power and efficiency. However, the study on reliability has been limited. Specifically, the Sudden failure of power semiconductor switches could compromise reliability. Unless precisely addressed, ensuring its reliability over the operating lifetime will not be viable in the industry. In this paper, a degradation-aware, adaptive control of SST has been proposed. The objective of the proposed controller are-1) to ensure the safety and performance of the SST over its operating life. 2) to operate at maximum power point (MPP) based on switch health status, and 3) smoothly shutdown the SST when switch failure is eminent. The proposed controller integrates system health status into the triple phase-shifted modulation to operate at MPP. Moreover, the remaining useful life of the switch is extended by operating at optimum mean junction temperature and designed safe junction temperature variation. This controller will also utilize system operating frequency as an emergency periodparameter to ensure the continuous operation of the SST. MATLAB based simulation results validate the operational functionality of the proposed controller. A 5 kW GaN FET based SST platform is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed degradation-aware adaptive controller.
An anode-free Li metal cell with replenishable Li designed for long cycle life

Abstract Pit corrosion of Li during stripping is an important factor responsible for poor Li cycling efficiency, a metric that determines its cycling life. When excess Li is present, it has been observed that Li tends to strip in a non-uniform fashion, forming pits that extend well past the theoretical Li depth that inevitably lead to the formation of electronically isolated “dead” Li particles. In this work, a novel cell with replenishable Li is shown to inherently mitigate the formation of this “dead” Li, as a direct result of a design in which the intrinsically more homogenous stripping behavior of anode-free cells are combined with a replenishable limited Li reservoir. These novel cells (Li|Cu||LiFePO4) exhibit 25% and 34% higher cumulative capacities than the conventional cells (Cu|Li||LiFePO4) in carbonate and ether electrolytes, respectively, enabling a significant increase in cycle life without impacting energy density. This improvement strategy represents a new direction in Li metal battery improvement, in which improved cycling can be achieved regardless of electrolyte chemistry.
Successful implementation of a longitudinal skill-based teaching curriculum for residents

Despite significant teaching responsibilities and national accreditation standards, most residents do not receive adequate instruction in teaching methods. Published reports of residents-as-teachers programs vary from brief one-time exposures to curricula delivered over several months. A majority of interventions described are one or two-day workshops with no clear follow-up or reinforcement of skills. A three-year longitudinal teaching skills curriculum was implemented with these goals: 1) deliver an experiential skill-based teaching curriculum allowing all residents to acquire, practice and implement specific skills; 2) provide spaced skills instruction promoting deliberate practice/reflection; and 3) help residents gain confidence in their teaching skills. One hundred percent of internal medicine residents (82/82) participated in the curriculum. Every 10 weeks residents attended a topic-specific experiential skills-based workshop. Each workshop followed the same pedagogy starting with debriefing/reflection on residents’ deliberate practice of the previously taught skill and introduction of a new skill followed by skill practice with feedback. Every year, participants completed: 1) assessment of overall confidence in each skill and 2) retrospective pre-post self-assessment. A post-curriculum survey was completed at the end of 3 years. Residents reported improved confidence and self-assessed competence in their teaching skills after the first year of the curriculum which was sustained through the three-year curriculum. The curriculum was well received and valued by residents. A formal longitudinal, experiential skills-based teaching skills curriculum is feasible and can be delivered to all residents. For meaningful skill acquisition to occur, recurrent continuous skill-based practice with feedback and reflection is important.
QUiC Clinics in the Central Texas Market: Value-Based Primary Care in Military Medicine.

INTRODUCTION For the past 16 years, Military Health System primary care providers have been incentivized to pursue work in a fee-for-service (FFS) model. The system values documentation of productivity to earn as many relative value units as possible. The result is densely packed clinic schedules that often lack the space or flexibility to accommodate patients when sick. Leakage ensues. Furthermore, prevention and patient experience are not directly incentivized. METHODS The Central Texas Market's Accountable Care Organization reformed incentives in its #5 FFS-designed community-based medical homes to value outcomes over productivity. The resulting quality, urgent, internet, and phone care (QUiC) clinics are value-based and, therefore, better structured to achieve the Quad aim (better care, better health/readiness, and low cost). Forsaking deeply ingrained FFS practices, QUiC clinics funnel all routine (information-sharing) appointments into efficient internet or phone appointments. With the time freed by managing common needs in short bursts, QUiC clinics see sick patients with no notice (urgent care). They also focus on prevention and patient experience. We measured the effectiveness of the QUiC clinics in the value-based metrics of (1) patient experience, (2) Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set measures of quality and prevention. (3) access-to-care, (4) leakage, and (5) enrollment. RESULTS Over a 19 month period, the five community-based medical homes improved significantly in all areas. Specifically, measures of patient satisfaction improved from the mid-80s percent satisfied to the mid-90s percent satisfied. Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set measures increased from average compared to national benchmarks (<50th percentile to 75th percentile) to the 90th percentile in four of five measures of quality and the 75th percentile in the remaining measure. Access to care for routine appointments decreased from 15.4 days to the third next available appointment to 2.8 days. Leakage decreased from 12.2% to 9.6%. These successes were attained without cost or significant reductions in patient enrollments. In changing workflows, the market became the #1 user of virtual video visits in the DOD. CONCLUSIONS This performance improvement project proved the concept that a military market can vastly improve value-based primary care outcomes at no cost and within multiple community-based clinics.
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Severity Associates with FGF21 Level and Kidney Glucose Uptake

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of fatty liver disease that has been shown to be associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mechanism for the association of NASH...
“It's Different Here”: Complicating Concepts of College Knowledge and First Generation through an Immigrant Lens:

Background/ContextChildren of immigrants are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. child population, and these children are increasingly entering the U.S. educational pipeline and seeking access ...
Family Impact During the Time Between Autism Screening and Definitive Diagnosis.

Over the past 10 years, identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk has dramatically increased due to the wide-spread implementation of screening programs; yet, there is limited understanding about parent perceptions and experiences during the time period when risk is identified, but prior to receiving a formal diagnosis—a period that can last months to years given the long wait-lists for formal ASD evaluations. The current study aimed to examine parent perceptions of family impact (i.e., the impact their child’s behaviors have on the family) between the time of risk-identification and formal diagnosis among 277 children identified as at-risk for ASD through screening positive in primary care. We aimed to compare family impact among those whose child met diagnostic criteria for ASD and those who did not. Parents of children who received a non-ASD diagnosis reported a higher baseline level of family impact (F[1, 274] = 5.82, p = .017); however, perceived difficult child behavior was a stronger predictor of family impact (t[6] = 13.11, p < .001) than later diagnostic group (t[6] = − 2.10, p = .037), and child functioning did not predict family impact (t[6] = -0.31, p = .76). These results suggest that in this population, perceived difficult child behavior is a stronger predictor of family impact than later diagnostic category and should be considered an important factor in family support.