cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking species traits and demography to explain complex temperature responses across levels of organization.

Microbial communities regulate ecosystem responses to climate change. However, predicting these responses is challenging because of complex interactions among processes at multiple levels of organization. Organismal traits that determine individual performance and ecological interactions are essential for scaling up environmental responses from individuals to ecosystems. We combine protist microcosm experiments and mathematical models to show that key traits—cell size, shape, and contents—each explain different aspects of species’ demographic responses to changes in temperature. These differences in species’ temperature responses have complex cascading effects across levels of organization—causing nonlinear shifts in total community respiration rates across temperatures via coordinated changes in community composition, equilibrium densities, and community–mean species mass in experimental protist communities that tightly match theoretical predictions. Our results suggest that traits explain variation in population growth, and together, these two factors scale up to influence community- and ecosystem-level processes across temperatures. Connecting the multilevel microbial processes that ultimately influence climate in this way will help refine predictions about complex ecosystem–climate feedbacks and the pace of climate change itself.
SARS-CoV-2 in Childhood Cancer in 2020: A Disease of Disparities.

PURPOSEThe Pediatric Oncology COVID-19 Case Report registry supplies pediatric oncologists with data surrounding the clinical course and outcomes in children with cancer and SARS-CoV-2.METHODSThis ...
Polar Coding for Information Regular Processes

Polar codes use an explicit channel model, so the precise nature of the communication channel determines if and when polarization occurs. In practice, communication channels typically have memory which affects the probability of error in nearby symbols. In this paper, we extend existing results to show polarization for the more general family of information regular processes and define a growth rate for promptness. We then show that information regular processes with linear promptness polarize and provide an example with practical applications for which the rate of polarization is very slow.
Examples of Normal Performance

The first step in interpreting neuropsychological test outcomes is to determine whether performance is within normal limits for age and background. This chapter provides guidelines for making this determination and uses case examples to illustrate test selection and interpretation.
The Behavior of Multiplier Ideal Sheaves under Morphisms

In [N1, N2] the author obtained the following theorem on the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics of positive scalar curvature: Theorem Let M be a Fano manifold 1 and let G ⊂ Aut(M) be a compact group of biholomorphisms and conjugate-bilolomorphisms of M. Assume that M does not admit a G-invariant multiplier ideal sheaf (in the sense of the definition below). Then M admits a Kahler-Einstein metric.
Coronary Vasomotor Tone in Myocardial Ischemia

This review is focused on the pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion during regional ischemia. The importance of the extravascular component of coronary resistance, in particular for the distribution of blood flow in ischemic myocardium, should not be underestimated [6, 55, 91]. However, this contribution discusses primarily the active coronary vasomotor mechanisms during myocardial ischemia.
Evaluation of Utility Wastes for Hazardous Waste Potential

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 places stringent controls on the disposal of coal ashes and scrubber sludges, from which hazardous materials such as heavy metals could be leached. Two toxicant extraction procedures and agitation with unbuffered deionized water were compared on the basis of heavy metal concentrations of the leachate when these treatments were applied to a fixed (crushed and uncrushed) and unfixed dry additive scrubber waste. Comparison of the methods indicates that the buffering capacity of a waste, as well as its physical structure, determines the magnitude of heavy metals release. It was found that while fixation may reduce the permeability and surface area-to-volume ratio of a waste, the pH-solubility phenomenon is a controlling factor in some cases for the concentration of metals in simulated leachates. 6 refs.
Multiple Imputation for Disclosure Limitation: Future Research Challenges

Statistical agencies that disseminate data to the public are ethically and often legally required to protect the confidentiality of respondents’ identities and sensitive attributes. To satisfy these requirements, Rubin (1993), Little (1993), and Fienberg (1994) proposed that agencies utilize multiple imputation. For example, agencies can release the units originally surveyed with some values, such as sensitive values at high risk of disclosure or values of key identifiers, replaced with multiple imputations. Multiple imputation for protecting confidentiality is often called the synthetic data approach.
Upper mantle P velocity structure beneath the Midwestern United States derived from triplicated waveforms

Upper mantle seismic velocity structures in both vertical and horizontal directions are key to understanding the structure and mechanics of tectonic plates. Recent deployment of the USArray Transportable Array (TA) in the Midwestern United States provides an extraordinary regional earthquake data set to investigate such velocity structure beneath the stable North American craton. In this paper, we choose an M_w5.1 Canadian earthquake in the Quebec area, which is recorded by about 400 TA stations, to examine the P wave structures between the depths of 150 km to 800 km. Three smaller Midwestern earthquakes at closer distance to the TA are used to investigate vertical and horizontal variations in P velocity between depths of 40 km to 150 km. We use a grid-search approach to find the best 1-D model, starting with the previously developed S25 regional model. The results support the existence of an 8° discontinuity in P arrivals caused by a negative velocity gradient in the lithosphere between depths of 40 km to 120 km followed by a small (∼1%) jump and then a positive gradient down to 165 km. The P velocity then decreases by 2% from 165 km to 200 km, and we define this zone as the regional lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). Beneath northern profiles, waves reflected from the 410 discontinuity (410) are delayed by up to 1 s relative to those turning just below the 410, which we explain by an anomaly just above the discontinuity with P velocity reduced by ∼3%. The 660 discontinuity (660) appears to be composed of two smaller velocity steps with a separation of 16 km. The inferred low-velocity anomaly above 410 may indicate high water concentrations in the transition zone, and the complexity of the 660 may be related to Farallon slab segments that have yet to sink into the deep mantle.
Searching for Truth in the Fast Day Sermons of 1812

It is a vast generalization to say that all Federalists were anti-war, and that Federalist, anti-war feeling was centered in the Puritan northeast. It is equally an oversimplification to assume that all westerners and southerners were pro-war Republicans. But these assumptions were just as common at the time as they are today. The war of 1812, although not one of the most significant wars in the nation’s history, is one of the most complex. Over the years, dozen of causes have been suggested for the conflict: American merchants’ profits from the war in Europe, westerners’ attempt to further expand the country’s borders, or even a Napoleonic conspiracy against Britain. The simplified explanation is this: Despite avowed neutrality in the war between Britain and France, the United States was steadily being drawn into the conflict. American merchant ships traded with both countries and thus became the target of both the British and French navies. The British navy, suffering from a high desertion rate and desperate for sailors, began seizing American merchant ships and impressing American seamen to fill their ranks. A series of skirmishes with the British-backed Shawnee along the Canadian border solidified President James Madison’s conviction that open conflict was necessary, and Congress declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol8/iss1/6
Volume Elements of Monotone Metrics on the n x n Density Matrices as Densities-of-States for Thermodynamic Purposes. II

We derive explicit expressions for the volume elements of both the minimal and maximal monotone metrics over the (n^{2} - 1)-dimensional convex set of n x n density matrices for the cases n = 3 and 4. We make further progress for the specific n = 3 maximal-monotone case, by taking the limit of a certain ratio of integration results, obtained using an orthogonal set of eight coordinates. By doing so, we find remarkably simple marginal probability distributions based on the corresponding volume element, which we then use for thermodynamic purposes. We, thus, find a spin-1 analogue of the Langevin function. In the fully general n = 4 situation, however, we are impeded in making similar progress by the inability to diagonalize a 3 x 3 Hermitian matrix and thereby obtain an orthogonal set of coordinates to use in the requisite integrations.
Politics, health and health care: selected essays

Editor: LOUISE K. COMFORT University of Pittsburgh, USA Theodore Marmor and Rudolf Klein take us on a journey across their collected works that allows readers to reflect on the intellectual develop...
Rotational energy dispersions for Van Der Waals molecular clusters

We have obtained analytic expressions, parametric in centrifugal displacement coordinates, which provide exact classical descriptions of the rotational energy dispersions, that is, the dependence of the combined rotational and vibrational energies on the rotational angular momenta, for small molecular clusters bound by van der Waals interactions modeled by pairwise additive (6–12) Lennard-Jones potentials. The clusters considered consist of three (equilateral triangle), four (tetrahedron), and six (octahedron) units and serve as models for small clusters of rare-gas atoms such as argon. This work represents an extension of our recently published study of analytic rotational energy dispersions for diatomic molecules bound by harmonic oscillator, Morse, or Lennard-Jones potentials [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 155, 205 (1992)].
A novel high-throughput method for table look-up based analog design automation

Analog circuit synthesis ofen requires repeated evaluations of circuit under design to reach the final design goals. Circuit simulations using SPICE can provide accurate assessment of circuit performance. Spice simulations are costly and incur significant overhead. A faster transistor-level evaluation is needed to provide higher throughput for synthesis applications. Further, miniaturization of FET's has added physical effects into SPICE models, which complicated their equations with every generation. That complication has forced analog synthesis tool developers and circuit designers alike to perform circuit evaluations using SPICE.Analog circuit design tools largely failed in their declared goal, to take over circuit optimization tasks from human designers mainly due to over simplications using custom-developed equations for evaluating circuit performance. Since it is more and more difficult to accurately capture transistor behavior with each new generation of silicon technology, a more practical approach to analog design automation is to keep human engineers at the center of the design flow by providing them with as much needed decision-supporting data as quickly as possible. Mapping the trade-off landscape of a topology with respect to design specifications, for example, can save designers trial and error time. This approach to analog design automation requires less accuracy from the simulation sign-off tools, such as SPICE. However, it demands much faster response for circuit performance evaluations with sufficient accuracy.In this paper, a new solution to both calculation overheads and model complexity is proposed. The proposed fast evaluation method uses a novel look-up table (LUT) algorithm to extract circuit information from complex physics-based transistor models used by SPICE. The model makes use of contemporary memory space, by replacing equations with look-up tables in addition to advanced interpolation methods. The achieved improvement is over 100× throughput and complete decoupling from physical phenomena compared to SPICE run-time, in exchange for few gigabytes of data per device. Examples are shown for the effectiveness of replacing SPICE with our model in a transistor sizing flow, while keeping 99% of the samples inside the 5% error range on 180nm and 40nm CMOS processes. The proposed solution is not intended to replace sign-off quality tools, such as SPICE. Rather, it is intended to be used as a fast performance evaluator in analog design automation flows.
Development, relevance, and applications of “atom-at-a-time” techniques

A brief history of the development and some of the first uses of “atom-at-a-time” techniques to investigate the chemical and nuclear properties of the actinide and transactinide elements are presented. The currently known transactinides (all elements with Z > 103) were discovered using physical (nuclear) techniques rather than chemical separation techniques because of their short half-lives and low production rates and the difficulty in accurately predicting chemical properties of the heaviest elements because of relativistic effects. Some of the constraints on systems suitable for such studies and whether these tracer-scale results can be extended to the macro-scale are discussed. The relevance and importance of the methods and their potential for application to some current problems such as nuclear forensics and proliferation and environmental concerns are considered. The value of graduate research utilizing such techniques in helping to attract and educate the next generation of nuclear scientists is highlighted.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 transcriptionally activates the beta 3-integrin subunit gene in avian osteoclast precursors.

Osteoclasts are polykaryons and the principal, if not exclusive, resorptive cell of bone. They are members of the monocyte/macrophage family whose precursors differentiate under the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Bone resorption is dependent on osteoclast-bone attachment, and we have shown that the integrin alpha v beta 3 is critical to the resorptive process. Thus, we asked whether 1,25-(OH)2D3 enhances the expression of alpha v beta 3 on the surface of osteoclast precursors and if the steroid modulates expression of the beta 3-integrin subunit. We found that 1,25-(OH)2D3 promotes the plasma membrane appearance of alpha v beta 3 on avian bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors and does so at physiological concentrations (10(-11) M) of the steroid. The effect is time dependent, appearing within 1 day of treatment. A full-length avian cDNA was cloned to explore the molecular mechanisms of beta 3 expression. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA is 81% identical and 89% simila...
New mission and spacecraft design for the space infrared telescope facility

This paper describes a new mission concept for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). In this new concept, SIRTF is launched with just enough energy to escape Earth's gravity. This trajectory is equivalent to a 1 astronomical unit (AU) solar orbit with a small drift rate of about 0.1 AU per year away from the Earth. The new concept uses an Atlas IIAS class launch vehicle to place an 85 cm diameter telescope with a 3 year minimum cryogenic lifetime into a solar orbit. There are many advantages of the solar orbit over an Earth orbit. The spacecraft design can be simplified. Communications and operations can be geared to a 24 hour day, although a directional antenna is needed because of the increasing distance from Earth. Additional advantages include the elimination os the need for Earth/Moon avoidance requirements and the ability to view large portions of the sky continuously for weeks or even months.
Energetics of flagellar rotation in bacteria

We have measured the rotation rates of tethered cells of Streptococcus strain V4051 as a function of dynamic load and protonmotive force. The cells do not spin in the absence of an exogenous energy source, but they start spinning 20 to 30 seconds after exposure to glucose. The angular velocity of metabolizing cells is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the medium. Starved cells spin within ten seconds after valinomycin is added to induce a potassium diffusion potential (cell interior negative) or after the medium is acidified to generate a transmembrane pH gradient (cell interior alkaline). In either case, the angular velocity of the cells is a linear function of the protonmotive force. These results imply that the passage of a fixed number of protons carries the flagellar motor through one revolution. The threshold protonmotive force for rotation, although not determined directly, appears to lie close to 0 mV. Starved cells also spin when protons move out of the cells in response to a diffusion potential or upon alkalinization of the medium. Thus, flagellar rotation can be driven by a protonmotive force of either sign.
Osteoblastic cells have refractory periods for fluid-flow-induced intracellular calcium oscillations for short bouts of flow and display multiple low-magnitude oscillations during long-term flow.

Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts enhances bone formation in rat tibiae (J. Bone Mineral Res. 15(8) (2000) 1596). We hypothesized that a refractory period exists in primary rat osteoblastic cells, during which fluid-flow-induced [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations are insensitive to additional short bouts (2 min) of fluid flow. Because the frequency of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations is believed to be important for regulating cellular activity and long-term fluid flow alters gene expression in bone cells, we also hypothesized that long-term (15 min) oscillating fluid flow produces multiple [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in osteoblastic cells. Primary osteoblastic cells from rat long bones were exposed to 2 min of oscillating fluid flow that produced shear stresses of 2 Pa at 2 Hz. After a rest period of 5, 30, 60, 300, 600, 900, 1800, or 2700 s, the cells were exposed to a second 2-min bout of flow. A 600 s rest period was required to recover the percentage of cells responding to fluid flow and a 900 s rest period was required to recover the [Ca(2+)](i) oscillation magnitude. The magnitude and shape of the two [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations were strikingly similar for individual cells after a 900 s rest period. During 15 min of continuous oscillating flow, some individual cells displayed between 1 and 9 oscillations subsequent to the initial [Ca(2+)](i) oscillation. However, only 54% of the cells that responded initially displayed subsequent [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations during long-term flow and the magnitude of the subsequent oscillations was only 28% of the initial response.
Reducing Parental Risk Factors for Children's Substance Misuse: Preliminary Outcomes with Opiate-Addicted Parents

Parents in methadone treatment were offered an experimental intervention, Focus on Families, designed to reduce their risk of relapse and their children's risk of substance use. Experimentally assigned volunteers participated in systematic group training in relapse prevention and parenting skills, and received home-based case management services. Immediate posttreatment outcome results reported here include analyses of covariance controlling for baseline measures. Analyses show experimental parents held more family meetings to discuss family fun, displayed stronger refusal/relapse coping skills, demonstrated stronger sense of self-efficacy in role-play situations, and had lower levels of opiate use than control subjects. No significant differences in family bonding, family conflict, or other measures of drug use were found. The utility of intervening with drug-addicted parents in methadone treatment is discussed in light of these findings.
The Effects of Change in Spousal Power on Intimate Partner Violence Among Chinese Immigrants

This study explored how changes in power relations within couples after immigrating from more patriarchal societies contribute to intimate partner violence (IPV). Both subjective decision-making power and objective power bases were examined in Chinese immigrant couples. Batterers and nonviolent men both experienced loss of decision-making power in favor of their spouses postimmigration. For the batterers, this loss appeared materialized by lower gains in education and lack of significant gains in income compared to their spouses. However, it was subjective power loss that was related to the batterers' attitudes toward IPV. The study highlights the significance of understanding changes in power dynamics postimmigration among immigrants and the importance of distinguishing between subjective and material power to better capture power imbalance within couples.
Examining the Theory of Planned Behavior Applied to Condom Use: The Effect-Indicator vs. Causal-Indicator Models

The authors investigated whether a causal-indicator model or an effect-indicator model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is more suitable for predicting behavioral intention and for which behaviors. No previous studies have evaluated this question using the same sample and same behavior. In this study, African American adolescents ages 12–17 participating in risk reduction classes were assessed on their initial attitudes, norms, perceived control, and intention regarding condom use. Second-order structural equation modeling indicated that the effect-indicator model exhibited superior fit above the causal-indicator model. Furthermore, modeling the behavioral antecedents in a causal way may not be as accurate due to the underlying uni-dimensional nature of attitudes, subjective norms, and control. The TPB was not disconfirmed as a suitable model for African American adolescents’ regarding condom use. Prevention programs may benefit by focusing on adolescent behavior change with regard to the global components in order to influence more specific concepts of these social cognitions. Editors’ Strategic Implications: Despite limitations including correlational data, this study yields implications for prevention programming and, more broadly, an important theoretical elaboration on effect-indicator and causal-indicator models of the TPB.
Directional Coupler Modulators Designed For Analog Modulation Of Large Signals At 810 nm

Directional coupler modulators (DCMs) have gained interest as a method of obtaining high-speed analog modulation of large signals and have the potential to overcome difficulties encountered with schemes that modulate the light source directly. Recording precise, high-bandwidth analog information above approximately 3 to 4 GHz requires a streak camera. Photocathode sensitivities are extremely low at 1300 nm, where the bulk of the DCM work has been done to date. We are, therefore, developing a DCM to operate at 810 nm and to approach bandwidths of approximately 15 GHz. We present measurements of a systematic parameter study of the optical coupling properties, the electro-optical transfer function, and the single-shot, pulsed, electro-optical response of these devices. We discuss applications to some high-speed diagnostic systems.
High-Frequency AC Electrospray Ionization Source for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules

A novel high-frequency alternating current (AC) electrospray ionization (ESI) source has been developed for applications in mass spectrometry. The AC ESI source operates in a conical meniscus mode, analogous to the cone-jet mode of direct current (DC) electrosprays but with significant physical and mechanistic differences. In this stable conical-meniscus mode at frequencies greater than 50 kHz, the low mobility ions, which can either be cations or anions, are entrained within the liquid cone and ejected as droplets that eventually form molecular ions, thus making AC ESI a viable tool for both negative and positive mode mass spectrometry. The performance of the AC ESI source is qualitatively shown to be frequency-dependent and, for larger bio-molecules, the AC ESI source produced an ion signal intensity that is an order of magnitude higher than its DC counterpart.
Energy dosage for human trans-chest electrical ventricular defibrillation.

NO published data have defined the electrical dose for countershock in human subjects, pediatric or adult. Animal studies completed in our laboratories have demonstrated an electrical energy-to-bod...
Snap-through buckling of two simple structures

Abstract The snap-through buckling of two simple structures subjected to quasistatic loading is analyzed by use of the elastica theory of prismatic bars. In the first problem, the deformation of perfect and imperfect three-hinged deep trusses is considered and the results of the previous experimental observations are explained analytically. In the second problem, the snap-through behavior of a column restrained by an elastic wire is studied and a comparison of critical loads are made with the approximate solutions obtained recently by Nachbar [1].
Incorporating environmental attributes into musk design

The design of the molecule itself is the earliest phase in the process of developing useful products. Two of the 12 green chemistry principles, which state that chemicals should be designed to have minimal toxicity and degrade environmentally to innocuous products, are central to chemical design. Previously we used a series of case studies to show that generalizations about the effects of molecular structure can be used to design small molecules for biodegradability. Here, we extend one of the case studies (synthetic musk fragrances) to a wider range of structures, and address all three PBT properties (persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity). To this end, we first summarize ready biodegradation and aquatic toxicity data for musks including unpublished data from US Premanufacture Notice (PMN) chemicals. Bioaccumulation potential is then estimated for this set of musks using EPA's BCFBAF© (a component of EPI Suite©), KOAWIN© and ECOSAR© programs, and the results are used to compare musks across the various structural classes and make inferences about their environmental attributes. Last, the analysis is extended to target molecules. In this way we show how predictive methods and knowledge can be included as additional facets in rational design of small molecules.
Household Income and the New Generalist Physician

This study examines the relationship between income variables and physician specialty choice. On average, physicians in family practice earn less than physicians in other specialties. However, earlier studies fail to agree on the effect that income variables have on the physician's status as one of these “generalists.” This study finds that the two have a strong relationship. Nevertheless, the important factor is household income rather than the physician's own-earnings differential. This result is due to an extensive data set that includes the parents' income level and the current earnings of the spouse. Additionally, the data allow a preliminary examination of family practitioners that say that they would repeat their career. Finally, the data provide a control for the physician's attachment to the current practice arrangement.
Predicting Well‐Being Among Ethnic Minorities: Psychological Empowerment and Group Identity

Two studies examine the impact of individual differences in group identity on psychological empowerment and well-being among members of the ethnic minority and majority. Study 1 revealed an interaction between ethnicity and group identity in predicting empowerment and well-being. Moreover, the results revealed that psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between group identity and well-being among ethnic minorities. Using a mini-longitudinal design, the results of Study 2 revealed interactions between ethnicity and group identity at Time 1 predicting psychological empowerment, well-being, and positive affect at Time 2. In addition, the results confirmed psychological empowerment at Time 2 as a mediator of the relationship between group identity at Time 1 and well-being at Time 2.
Signal Transduction Pathways as Targets for Therapeutics

Meeting information: AAAS 2001 Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, San Francisco, California, February 15 through 20, 2001. Science's STKE sponsored a symposium at the AAAS Annual Meeting in February 2001. Five speakers addressed the signaling pathways that are modified in wide-ranging pathologies including inflammation, impotence, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. The molecular targets of signaling pathways included cell surface molecules, such as the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases, and intracellular signaling components, such as phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and components of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ras signaling pathway. Analysis of the therapeutic strategies to impinge on these various pathways provides insight into both the potential of signaling pathways as relevant drug targets and the possible pitfalls that make complex signaling networks unpredictably difficult targets for such manipulation.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Scarce Leptin Receptor mRNA using the Enzyme-Labeled Fluorescent Substrate Method and Tyramide Signal Amplification:

To increase the sensitivity of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detection of low-abundance mRNAs, we performed FISH on cryostat sections of rat hypothalamus with biotin-labeled riboprobes to leptin receptor (ObRb) and amplified the signal by combining tyramide signal amplification (TSA) and Enzyme-Labeled Fluorescent alkaline phosphatase substrate (ELF) methods. First, TSA amplification was done with biotinylated tyramide. Second, streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase was followed by the ELF substrate, producing a bright green fluorescent reaction product. FISH signal for ObRb was undetectable when TSA or ELF methods were used alone, but intense ELF FISH signal was visible in hypothalamic neurons when the ELF protocol was preceded by TSA. The TSA-ELF was combined with FISH for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNAs by hybridizing brain sections in a cocktail containing digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes to NPY or POMC mRNA and biotin-labeled riboprobes to ObRb mRNA. Dioxigenin-labeled NPY or POMC mRNA hybrids were subsequently detected first with IgG-Cy3. Then biotin-labeled leptin receptor hybrids were detected with the TSA-ELF method. Combining the ELF and TSA amplification techniques enabled FISH detection of scarce leptin receptor mRNAs and permitted the identification of leptin receptor mRNA in cells that also express NPY and POMC gene products.
Assessment of hydrous affinity of selected material

Abstract The deposition of films and coatings is well-known to be affected by the presence of physi-sorbed water, which can adversely influence the nucleation and growth processes. The importance of understanding the affinity of the substrate to water cannot be over-emphasized, especially in the case of semiconductors. Our technique centers on the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the adhesion forces, which determine the degree of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. Previous results reported in recent literature give contradictory information. Our study shows that the choice of the AFM tip is critical in these measurements. This research conducted a systematic study of the influence of humidity on the adhesion forces between two different AFM tips (silicon and silicon nitride) and a cross-section of materials representing silicates, phylo-silicates, calcites, and carbon. Four sets of about ten each force–distance curves measured with the AFM (Park Scientific M5) have been gathered at a series of different humidity levels and different locations on the samples. From these curves the adhesion forces for hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials vs. humidity were obtained. Many of the previously reported measurements of adhesion force were obtained with silicon tips. This paper shows that silicon tips are not sensitive enough to measure the capillary and adhesion forces. On the other hand silicon nitride tips provide reliable results supported by theoretical calculation. The results also show that the adhesion force on graphite, which has hydrophobic character, is independent of humidity variation. Fused quartz, calcite, and mica were found to be hydrophilic and their adhesion forces and capillary forces showed drastic change with increasing humidity. Calcite shows a somewhat different behavior in that it is less hydrophilic than mica and fused quartz. In general the data are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.
Review of dental research, 1962

The series of annual reviews, sponsored by the Council on Dental Research, enters its eighth year with this presentation. The Council’s objective is to provide the practitioner with an authoritative condensation of recent research developments in major fields of dental interest. It is impossible to cover all areas of dentistry with any degree of adequacy in a few short reviews. Instead, the Council selects a few disciplines for major emphasis each year, and attempts to cover the main categories of dental interest in the course of three or four years. Accordingly, the reviews which follow contain some informa­ tion that was published before 1962. The Council is grateful to Samuel Dreizen, Robert E. Gillis, Irving Glickman, Gustav O. Kruger, David B. Mahler, and Louis S. Hansen for preparing reviews in their respective specialties. The Council welcomes constructive comment with a view toward improving the usefulness of future reviews to the profession.
Mechanistic and computational studies of exocyclic stereocontrol in the synthesis of bryostatin-like cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans by Prins cyclization.

The Prins cyclization of syn-β-hydroxy allylsilanes and aldehydes gives cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans as sole products in excellent yields regardless of the aldehyde (R″) or syn-β-hydroxy allylsilane substituent (R′) used. By reversing the R″ and R′ groups, complementary exocyclic stereocontrol can be achieved. When the anti-β-hydroxy allylsilanes are used, the Prins cyclization gives predominantly cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans, now with the opposite olefin geometry in excellent yield. The proposed reaction mechanism and the observed stereoselectivity for these processes are supported by DFT calculations.
Human resource development, domains of information technology use, and levels of economic prosperity

We report on a research model that was developed and tested to empirically investigate the associations of education quality, on-the-job training, the maturity of information and communications technology (ICT) use by individuals, businesses and governments, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita across 122 countries. Overall, the findings indicate that education quality is positively associated with GDP per capita, while on-the-job training is not. Education quality is positively associated with ICT use by individuals and governments, but weakly with ICT use by business. On-the-job training, however, is positively associated with all three domains of ICT use. We then separately analyze countries with higher and lower levels of GDP per capita and find both similarities and differences. Healthy composite reliabilities and R2s are obtained in all analyses. The research model, its analysis, and discussion of the results are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Club Talk: Gossip, Masculinity and Oral Communities in Late Nineteenth-Century London

Gossip is not only a guilty pleasure; it is also an important tool of social control. Nowhere is this more evident than in the nineteenth-century gentlemen's clubs of London. This article looks at the private lives of elite men whose gossip helped shape class and gender ideals. Archival documents, private memoirs and periodical literature provide both an insider and outsider vision of a very private world. Looking at how men gossiped points to codes of gentlemanly behaviour, the importance of homosocial life, and the place of oral culture in a modern, literate age.
Free, Open Source Software Advocacy as a Social Justice Movement: The Expansion of F/OSS Movement Discourse in the 21st Century

ABSTRACT This article argues that the rhetorical discourse found among free, open source software (F/OSS) movements is being expanded beyond the traditional constituency of software hackers to encompass a larger group of non-expert users and other advocacy organizations. In so doing, the initial goals of free software advocates are being dramatically expanded to include broader aims of digital freedom and social justice. Utilizing the concept of social movements from political sociology, this article first outlines the key aims and discourses surrounding the free software movement by discussing the emergence and development of F/OSS efforts such as the GNU/Linux operating system and the GNU Public License (GPL). Second, I provide examples of how the free software discourses have been adopted, altered, and expanded by a number of organized groups over the past decade. These groups, such as the Creative Commons, digital privacy advocates, and global development agencies, have adopted some of the core concep...
An exploratory first step in teletraffic data modeling: evaluation of long-run performance of parameter estimators

Examination of the tail behavior of a distribution F that generates teletraffic measurements is an important first step toward building a network model that explains the link between heavy tails and long-range dependence exhibited in such data. When knowledge of the tail behavior of F is vague, the family of the generalized Pareto distributions (GPDs) can be used to approximate the tail probability of F, and the value of its shape parameter characterizes the tail behavior. To detect tail behavior of F between two host computers on a network, the estimation procedure must be carried out over all possible combinations of host computers, and thus, the performance of the estimator under repeated use becomes the primary concern. In this article, we evaluate the long-run performance of several existing estimation procedures and propose a Bayes estimator to overcome some of the shortcomings. The conditions in which the procedures perform well in the long run are reported, and a simple rule of thumb for choosing an appropriate estimator for the task of repeated estimation is recommended.
Vapor Detection Of Polyaromatic Compounds Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence

12 In this work, we present the fluorescence spectra of anthracene and pyrene vapors at different elevated temperatures (from 150 to 650 degree(s)C) excited with the 337 nm line of a nitrogen laser. We describe the high temperature effects on the resulting spectral properties including spectral intensity, spectral bandwidth and spectral shift. We found that the PAH fluorescence spectral bandwidths become very broad as the temperature increases. The broadening is mainly due to thermal vibrational sequence congestion. We also have found that the fluorescence intensity of pyrene vapor increases with increasing temperature, which results from the increase of the pyrene vapor absorption cross section at 337 nm.
Intrinsic Islet Heterogeneity and Gap Junction Coupling Determine Spatiotemporal Ca2+ Wave Dynamics

Insulin is released from the islets of Langerhans in discrete pulses that are linked to synchronized oscillations of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i). Associated with each synchronized oscillation is a propagating calcium wave mediated by Connexin36 (Cx36) gap junctions. A computational islet model predicted that waves emerge due to heterogeneity in β-cell function throughout the islet. To test this, we applied defined patterns of glucose stimulation across the islet using a microfluidic device and measured how these perturbations affect calcium wave propagation. We further investigated how gap junction coupling regulates spatiotemporal [Ca2+]i dynamics in the face of heterogeneous glucose stimulation. Calcium waves were found to originate in regions of the islet having elevated excitability, and this heterogeneity is an intrinsic property of islet β-cells. The extent of [Ca2+]i elevation across the islet in the presence of heterogeneity is gap-junction dependent, which reveals a glucose dependence of gap junction coupling. To better describe these observations, we had to modify the computational islet model to consider the electrochemical gradient between neighboring β-cells. These results reveal how the spatiotemporal [Ca2+]i dynamics of the islet depend on β-cell heterogeneity and cell-cell coupling, and are important for understanding the regulation of coordinated insulin release across the islet.
Chemiionization and secondary ion reactions in H2O and D2O

Abstract Ions formed in primary and secondary processes on impact of 3.1 S helium and 3 P 2.0 neon metastable atoms with H 2 O and D 2 O have been studied by measuring the composition of the ionic products as a function of H 2 O and D 2 O pressure uzing a single-source mass spectrometer. No associative ionization and very little rearrangement ionization is observed. Cross-sections for several secondary ion—molecule reactions were measured. Comparisons of these results with ion—molecule reaction cross-section measurements using electron impact ionization are made, and possible reasons for the differences are discussed. Within the experimental error, isotope effects are not observed for the secondary-ion reactions.
Image Restoration from a Sequence of Random Masks

We experimentally explored the reconstruction of the image of two point sources using a sequence of random aperture phase masks. The speckled intensity profiles were combined using an improved shift-and-add and multi-frame blind deconvolution to achieve a near diffraction limited image for broadband light (600-670 nm). Using a numerical model we also explored various algorithms in the presence of noise and phase aberration.
Purification and properties of soluble cytoplasmic toxin from the mosquito pathogen Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593

Abstract Soluble cytoplasmic toxin from broken Bacillus sphaericus 1593 sporulating cells was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Purification was monitored by electrophoresis. The toxin remained active after incubation in the presence of several enzymes and in buffers from p H 6 to 10, but was destroyed by Pronase and subtilisin, and by heating to 80°C for 30 min. Results indicate that the B. sphaericus 1593 cytoplasm contains a single proteinaceous toxin with a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons.
Effects of metals on analytical procedures for amino acids and carbohydrates.

Abstract Low levels of some metals, particularly Cu(II) and Fe(III), prevent the accurate determination of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. The degree of interference depends upon the procedure used and on the nature of the sample. No completely satisfactory method has been found to relieve this interference except to remove the metal ions prior to analysis.
Using acoustic resonators to study superfluid-filled silica aerogel, high T c superconductors, and quasicrystals

Investigations of many quantum and solid-state systems of interest require measurements on samples that are either very fragile, as in the aerogel- 4 He system, very small, such as samples of high-Tc materials, or both small and fragile, such as a single grain quasicrystal. Many relevant properties of these systems can be deduced from sound-velocity measurements; we present here some techniques for making such measurements, using acoustic resonators and novel transduction mechanisms. The use of acoustic resonance, as opposed to pulses, for measuring sound velocity permits relatively low frequencies to be used; in addition, frequency becomes the primary quantity of interest, which can be measured with ease and precision.
Cross-reactivity of thirteen monoclonal antibodies with ten vaccinia cDNA expressed rat, mouse and human cytochrome P450s

Abstract Twelve monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to rat cytochrome P450s and one MAb to a scup (fish) P450 have been Isolated, characterized, and are currently In common use. Expression of cDNAs for different P450s from a vaccinia vector offers a rapid and simple way toward the production of Individual P450s. The thirteen MAbs were examined for their cross-reactivity with ten cDNA expressed human, rat, and mouse P450s. Three MAbs to rat 1A1 and fish 1A1 crossreacted with cDNA expressed mouse 1A1. One of the latter MAbs, 1-7-1 but none of the others cross-reacted with mouse 1A2. Surprisingly, the fish MAb to 1A1 also cross-reacted with human 2E1. Two MAbs to rat 2B1/2B2 cross-reacted with rat 2A1. An MAb to rat 2C11 cross-reacted with human 2C9. Two MAbs to rat 2E1 cross-reacted with human 2E1. Finally, two MAbs to rat 3A1 cross-reacted strongly with human 3A4. These studies open the door to constructing a library of MAbs with defined binding activity to the P450s of human and other species.
Abstract LB-411: RNA sequencing reveals CUX1 to be a conserved tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia associated with loss or deletion of chromosome 7

Loss of chromosome 7 and del(7q) [-7/del(7q)] are recurring cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), occurring in 9% of de novo AML and 50% of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN). Abnormalities of chromosome 7 carry an adverse prognosis. Despite intensive analysis by many laboratories, and the identification of multiple minimally deleted regions on 7q, the putative tumor suppressor(s) on chromosome 7 is currently unknown. We performed transcriptome sequencing on 22 samples and SNP array analysis on 35 samples from patients with myeloid neoplasms, half of which contain -7/del(7q). Copy number analysis identified a 2.17 Mb commonly deleted segment on chromosome band 7q22.1 containing CUX1, a gene encoding a homeodomain-containing transcription factor normally expressed highly in hematopoietic stem cells. CUX1 was found to be disrupted in a translocation resulting in a chimeric RNA fusion transcript in one patient. We found the CUX1 transcript and protein to be expressed at haploinsufficent levels in -7/del(7q) leukemias. To test the tumor suppressor activity of CUX1, the drosophila homologue, CUT, was knocked-down in Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes, which led to significantly increased numbers of hemocytes and melanotic tumor formation. Restoration of CUX1 expression in a human AML cell line with -7 decreased proliferation. These data indicate that CUX1 is a conserved, haploinsufficient, tumor suppressor that promotes leukemogenesis in -7/del(7q) AML. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-411. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-411
Noninvasive repositioning of a posterior chamber intraocular lens following pupillary capture

A case of pupillary capture of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) is presented. A nonsurgical approach that may help reposition an IOL optic entrapped in a pupillary capture when chemical mydriasis fails is described. Suggestions for a logical progression of nonsurgical procedures to help release optic capture are presented. Possible causes and preventative measures to decrease the incidence of pupillary capture of a posterior chamber IOL are discussed.