cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma-Generated OH Radical Production for Analyzing Three-Dimensional Structure in Protein Therapeutics

Protein three-dimensional structure dynamically changes in solution depending on the presence of ligands and interacting proteins. Methods for detecting these changes in protein conformation include ‘protein footprinting,’ using mass spectrometry. We describe herein a new technique, PLIMB (Plasma Induced Modification of Biomolecules), that generates µs bursts of hydroxyl radicals from water, to measure changes in protein structure via altered solvent accessibility of amino acid side chains. PLIMB was first benchmarked with model compounds, and then applied to a biological problem, i.e., ligand (EGF) induced changes in the conformation of the external (ecto) domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Regions in which oxidation decreased upon adding EGF fall along the dimerization interface, consistent with models derived from crystal structures. These results demonstrate that plasma-generated hydroxyl radicals from water can be used to map protein conformational changes, and provide a readily accessible means of studying protein structure in solution.
Grooming behaviors and gill fouling in the commercially important blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and stone crab (Menippe mercenaria)

Abstract Grooming behaviors reduce fouling of body regions. In decapods, grooming time budgets, body regions groomed, and grooming appendages are known in several species; however, little data exists on brachyuran crabs. In this study, grooming behaviors of two commercially important crabs were documented (blue crabs: Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896; stone crabs: Menippe mercenaria Say, 1818). These crabs are harvested by fishermen and knowing their grooming behaviors is valuable, as clean crabs are preferred by consumers and the stone crab fishery consequence of removing one cheliped to grooming behaviors is unknown. Crabs were observed individually and agonistically to determine how grooming behaviors vary in the presence of another conspecific. Both species frequently use their maxillipeds and groom, with the gills being cleaned by epipods. Respiratory and sensory structures were groomed frequently in both species. Removal of a grooming appendage resulted in higher fouling levels in the gills, indicating that grooming behaviors do remove fouling. Overall, stone crabs had a larger individual time budget for grooming, but agonistic grooming time budgets were similar. Stone crab chelipeds are used in grooming, especially cleaning the other cheliped. The chelipeds are not the main grooming appendage; however, implications of losing one cheliped may have large impacts.
Racial-Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Discontinuous Medication Treatment Among Medicaid-Insured Youths With ADHD.

Objective:This study examined the association between race-ethnicity and patterns of medication gaps and discontinuities among Medicaid-insured children initiating pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Medicaid claims data from nine states were used to identify racial-ethnic differences in patterns of ADHD medication treatment among 102,669 children initiating ADHD medication. Multinomial logistic regression with state indicators was used to estimate these differences, with adjustment for individual and contextual confounders.Results:Approximately three-fifths of the sample did not receive continuous medication treatment as defined by HEDIS guidelines; among them, one-fifth discontinued treatment with no subsequent reinitiation (early termination), less than one-tenth reinitiated pharmacotherapy following a single medication gap, more than three-tenths experienced discontinuous pharmacotherapy with two gaps, and more than four-tenths experienced discontinuous pharmaco...
Institutions of conscience: Politics and principle in a world of religious pluralism

This article considers the difficult question of whether there are any reasons for theocratic religious devotees to affirm liberalism and liberal institutions. Swaine argues not only that there are reasons for theocrats to affirm liberalism, but that theocrats are committed rationally to three normative principles of liberty of conscience, as well. Swaine subsequently discusses three institutional and strategic implications of his arguments. First, he outlines an option of semisovereignty for theocratic communities in liberal democracies, and explains why an appropriate valuation of liberty of conscience may justify a standard of that kind. Second, he addresses the question of permissible government aid for religion and symbolic endorsement of religious groups. Third, Swaine considers innovations and new approaches that could be employed internationally to better display liberal government's affirmation of religiosity, to promote liberty of conscience, and to help improve relations between liberal and theocratic parties around the globe.
Elucidating the associations between sleep disturbance and depression, fatigue, and pain in older adults with cancer

Abstract Objectives Sleep disturbance is prevalent and often coexists with depression, fatigue, and pain in the cancer population. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of sleep disturbance with co-existing depression, fatigue, and pain in older patients with cancer. We also examined the associations of several socio-demographic and clinical variables with sleep disturbance. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 389 older patients with solid and hematologic malignancies who were referred to the Specialized Oncology Care & Research in the Elderly (SOCARE) clinics at the Universities of Rochester and Chicago between May 2011 and October 2015 and completed a sleep and geriatric assessment (that inquires about fatigue, pain, and depression). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with sleep disturbance. Results The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 40%. Of those with sleep disturbance (n = 154), 84% also had at least one of the other three symptoms (25% had one symptom, 38% had two symptoms, and 21% had three symptoms). Sleep disturbance was more likely to be reported in those with comorbidities (45% vs. 28%, P = 0.002), depression (49% vs. 36%, P = 0.015), fatigue (49% vs. 23%, P Conclusions Sleep disturbance is prevalent and often co-occurs with depression, fatigue, or pain in older patients with cancer. Fatigue was significantly associated with sleep disturbance and future studies should explore interventions that target sleep disturbance and fatigue.
Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations

The notion of averaging has been used in the study of turbulent flows since Reynolds (1895) proposed the use of averages in time. Strictly speaking, this procedure is limited to steady flows.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Remote Sensing Applications

This chapter is devoted to atmospheric and oceanic satellite remote sensing (RS) NN applications. Two major RS problems, forward problem and inverse problem (or satellite retrievals), are introduced and discussed. Applications of forward models (FM) for solving the forward problem in the process of direct assimilation of satellite measurements and for variational retrievals, as well as applications of retrieval algorithms, solutions of the inverse problem, for assimilation of geophysical parameters in data assimilation systems, are discussed. Correspondingly, two neural network (NN) applications, NN FMs and NN retrieval algorithms, are introduced. An intelligent NN retrieval system, which incorporates an automatic quality control of satellite retrievals, is introduced. Previously developed RS NN applications are reviewed. Theoretical considerations are illustrated with real-life applications of the NN approach to the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). SSM/I NN FM and SSM/I NN retrieval algorithms are introduced, discussed, and compared with FMs and retrieval algorithms developed using other techniques elsewhere. Advantages and limitations of NN FMs and retrieval algorithms are discussed. An example of QuikSCAT wind vector retrievals is used to demonstrate great potential of using the NN technique to go beyond the standard point-wise retrieval paradigm. This chapter contains an extensive list of references giving extended background and further detail to the interested reader on each examined topic. It can serve as a textbook and an introductory reading for students and beginning and advanced investigators interested in learning how to apply the NN emulation technique in different RS applications.
Treatment implications of comorbid psychopathology in American Indians and Alaska Natives

This paper discusses treatment implications of comorbid psychopathology in the context of American Indian and Alaska Native culture and in the context of the Indian Health Service's Mental Health and Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program Branches. Treatment of comorbidity in this population is a particularly difficult problem due to numerous barriers to treatment and a poorly defined treatment system. As in other clinical populations, these patients are high utilizers of the limited treatment services available, but may not receive the type of treatment they need. After describing the extent of comorbidity in this population, we present an historical perspective of mental illness that provides an Indian's view of why we are where we are today in treating these problems. Next, we discuss Western and traditional treatment implications for comorbidity among adults and adolescents. Finally, we suggest directions for future research in this area.
Craniectomy and Craniotomy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of Long-Term Functional and Quality of Life Outcomes

Objective To report the comprehensive long-term functional and quality of life outcomes after craniectomy (CE) and craniotomy (CO) in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Information on all individuals with TBI who had undergone CE or CO were extracted from the TBI Model Systems database from 2002 to 2012. A 1:1 propensity matching with replacement technique was used to balance the baseline characteristics across groups. The matched sample was analyzed for outcomes during hospitalization, acute rehabilitation, and ≤2 years of follow-up. Results We identified 1470 individuals who had undergone CE or CO. Individuals undergoing CE compared with CO demonstrated a longer length of stay in the hospital (median, 22 vs. 18 days; P Conclusion In a matched cohort, individuals undergoing CE compared with CO after TBI had a longer length of stay, decreased functional status, and more rehospitalizations. The survival at 2 years and the satisfaction with life scale scores were similar.
Advocacy 101: Engaging Rheumatology Fellows in Health Policy and Advocacy.

OBJECTIVE Rheumatology fellowship programs lack formal curricular content to educate trainees about legislative and regulatory health care policies that have a profound impact on academic and community practices. Advocacy 101 was created as a program to address this gap and engage fellows-in-training (FIT) in health advocacy efforts. METHODS A web-based survey was sent via the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) FIT listserve in July 2015 and April 2016. The survey queried respondents about their knowledge of and participation in health policy and advocacy. Survey results guided the design of an educational program called Advocacy 101 for FIT and program directors in conjunction with the ACR Advocates for Arthritis fly-in meeting. RESULTS The survey response rate increased from 19% in 2015 (95 of 500 FIT) to 39% in 2016 (231 of 595 FIT). In 2015, the top reason for nonparticipation in health policy and advocacy efforts (64% of respondents) was lack of knowledge on how to get involved. This reason decreased to 39% of respondents in 2016. Other barriers to participation included lack of time and familiarity with the issues. Over the 2 years, FIT identified patient access to medication and insurance, and physician reimbursement as important advocacy issues. All participants of Advocacy 101 reported an increase in knowledge of health policy and the intent to stay involved. CONCLUSION FIT regard health policy issues as important, but many are uncertain of how to participate in advocacy. Advocacy 101 is the first program designed to educate and engage rheumatology FIT in health policy and advocacy endeavors.
Mixed phosphine/carbonyl derivatives of heterobimetallic copper–iron and copper–tungsten catalysts

Abstract Evolution of dihydrogen was observed from reactions of protic metal–hydride complexes FeCp(CO)(PR3)H and WCp∗(CO)2(PR3)H with hydridic (NHC)CuH complexes, providing access to several heterobimetallic (NHC)Cu–FeCp(CO)(PR3) and (NHC)Cu–WCp∗(CO)2(PR3) complexes that are the mixed phosphine/carbonyl derivatives of previously studied catalysts for C H borylation (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene). The new complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and in some cases X-ray crystallography. In one case, a (NHC)Cu(µ2-H)2FeCp(PPh3) complex was structurally characterized as the decomposition product of an unstable (NHC)Cu–FeCp(CO)(PPh3) derivative. Preliminary trials in C H borylation catalysis are reported, including measurable activity under photochemical conditions.
Ionic Conduction in Biological Nanopores Created by Ultrashort9 High-Intensity Pulses

Ultrashort, high-intensity electric pulses open nanopores in biological cell membranes. Ion transport in nanopore is analyzed using a numerical method that couples the Nernst-Planck equations for ionic concentrations, the Poisson equation for the electric potential, and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid flow. Roles of the applied bias, pore size, as well as the surface charge lining the membrane are comprehensively examined through I-V characteristics, conductance variations of the pore. Our results show that the surface charge distribution has an impact on the ionic conduction due to mutual electrostatic force interference. In addition, a larger pore would conduct a larger ionic current thus being more conductive on the condition of the same bias applied, which would suggest a bias-dependent expansion of pores.
Constraint-Based Learning for Sensor Failure Detection and Adaptation

In this paper, we address the problem of automatically detecting and adapting to sensor failures, which is an important step towards building long-lasting survivable software. We present a novel constraint-based learning framework that performs joint sensor failure detection and adaptation. Our framework learns sensor relationships from historical data and expresses them as a set of constraints. These constraints then provide a joint view for detection and adaptation: detection checks which constraints are violated, and adaptation reconstructs failed sensor values. Additionally, we show that our framework can not only identify the mode of sensor failure but can also estimate the quality of the proposed adaptation. Our empirical studies on sensor data from the weather and appliance energy domains demonstrate the advantages of our approach over other methods.
Storied with land: ‘transitional justice’ on Indigenous lands

ABSTRACTTransitional justice is positioned as an emergent discourse to grapple with the aim, and subsequent practices, of moving societies mired in violent political relations to more stable, democratic political relations. Increasingly, precepts of transitional justice are being applied to political reconciliatory processes in so-called liberal democratic states. This article examines limitations to transitional justice paradigms especially when applied to Indigenous-state reconciliatory processes by centering Indigenous scholarly discourse critical of both transitional justice and reconciliation processes that position Indigenous peoples, Indigenous lands, and the landed violence of colonialism as fixed in the past. The article offers an analysis of the limitations of neoliberal transitional justice and reconciliation processes that do not realize justice for Indigenous peoples and Indigenous lands by highlighting Indigenous-centered accounts of justice that promote collective capacities of Indigenous n...
Maximizing Power in Wind Turbine Arrays with Variable Wind Dynamics

This paper proposes an algorithm to maximize the power extraction in wind turbine arrays under varying wind. Wind turbine arrays can be viewed as large coupled networks, for which the application of traditional optimization techniques are impractical. In this paper we present an extension to a dynamic programming solution previously developed under uniform wind and extend it to higher-fidelity wind models. We then update our solution for dynamically evolving wind conditions. Using a Markov model derived from real-world data, the underlying optimization problem is reformulated in a Model Predictive Control framework. Simulation results are discussed, which demonstrate our algorithm provides improved performance compared to prior results.
IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AND ENSURING FOOD SECURITY OF RUSSIA

The article discusses the issues of import substitution in the market of agricultural products and resources for their production in Russian Federation, ensuring the country's food security. Research results show that since 2014, when the active import substitution policy began, there have been significant changes in the agri-food trade, characterized by a decline in imports and an increase in exports. However, in different product segments of the market the speed of these changes varies. Despite ensuring the country's food independence for most types of agricultural products, the dependence on the import of resources for its production remains significant. At the same time, the demand for agricultural products remains under pressure from declining household income, as well as a significant income differentiation. In this regard, suggestions were made for making adjustments to the doctrine of food security, primarily in terms of assessing the economic affordability of food. Also, an assessment was made of the changes made to the state program for the development of agriculture in conjunction with the strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation defined for the period up to 2024. The need to ensure consistency between the tasks assigned to the agro-industrial complex to achieve the country's food security, increasing the export potential of the domestic agri-food products and resources allocated for development, was noted.
A Quantitative Investigation of Geoscience Departmental Factors Associated with the Recruitment and Retention of Female Students.

Women are underrepresented in many undergraduate geoscience programs. Some departments are more successful at recruiting and retaining female students than others. To understand why, we investigate...
Medialization Laryngoplasty: Revision Surgery

Medialization laryngoplasty has the potential for highly satisfactory results; however on occasion outcomes are subpar. Comprehensive evaluation of a patient with a less-than-satisfactory laryngoplasty outcome includes history, perceptual voice analysis, and examination emphasizing stroboscopy. Immediate failures may be due to undercorrection, overcorrection, failure to treat the contralateral vocal fold, or, most often, persistent posterior glottic insufficiency. Delayed failures may be caused by progressive atrophy of the vocal folds, progression of underlying disease, or implant displacement. Perceptual analysis and stroboscopy typically provide clues about the cause of a poor result – breathy voice, low volume, incongruously high pitch, persistent glottal gap, arytenoid instability, or ventricular hyperfunction suggest insufficiency, whereas a pressed voice quality, inspiratory stridor, contour abnormalities, or vocal fold stiffness indicate overcorrection. These clues become indispensable in the planning of additional therapeutic intervention. In patients with persistent insufficiency, injection augmentation can serve as a trial for revision laryngoplasty. Persistent posterior glottal gap or arytenoid instability with symptoms of insufficiency may be treated successfully with an arytenoid procedure. Patients who are overcorrected typically improve with implant downsizing. Other options for management include behavioral therapy alone, salvage framework surgery procedures such as cricothyroid subluxation, or laryngeal reinnervation. Although limited data exist, several studies report improvement in both subjective and objective measures following revision medialization laryngoplasty.
Characterization of frequency-dependent responses of sensory nerve function to repetitive vibration

The frequency-dependent effects of repeated vibration exposures on peripheral nerve function and biology were characterized. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and were maintained in an AALAC-accredited vivarium under a 12:12 LD cycle with food and water available ad libitum. Fiber functions were assessed using transcutaneous electrical stimulation at 3 different frequencies. Changes in gene expression were measured in the ventral tail nerve and DRG using total rat genome arrays to identify candidate genes and changes were verified using quantitative PCR. The results show no significant changes in the CPTs at 250 or Hz. Between days 1 and 9, there is a significant decrease in the 2000 Hz CPT in rats exposed to vibration at all frequencies. nerves from rats exposed to vibration at 250 Hz displayed a significant reduction in myelin thickness and an increase in the area stained for albumin.
Scattered Point Cloud Data Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Local Convexity

Point cloud data reconstruction is the basis of point cloud data processing. The reconstruction effect has a great impact on application. For the problems of low precision, large error, and high time consumption of the current scattered point cloud data reconstruction algorithm, a new algorithm of scattered point cloud data reconstruction based on local convexity is proposed in this paper. Firstly, according to surface variation based on local outlier factor (SVLOF), the noise points of point cloud data are divided into near outlier and far outlier, and filtered for point cloud data preprocessing. Based on this, the algorithm based on local convexity is improved. The method of constructing local connection point set is used to replace triangulation to analyze the relationship of neighbor points. The connection part identification method is used for data reconstruction. Experimental results show that, the proposed method can reconstruct the scattered point cloud data accurately, with high precision, small error and low time consumption.
Mechanistic Insight into Selective Deoxygenation of l-Lysine to Produce Biobased Amines

The shift in consumer preference toward eco-friendly plastic products is driving the overall bioplastics and biopolymers market. As such, there is a strong demand for innovative processes that prod...
Racial Group Differences in the Predictive Validity of Undergraduate GPA, GRE, and MAT Scores on Counselor Knowledge Acquisition.

Researchers explored group differences in the predictive validity of undergraduate GPA, GRE, and MAT scores on CPCE results between 14a sample of White and Black counseling students (n = 378). Results indicated that both the GRE and MAT demonstrate predictive validity on CPCE scores. Differences across the sampling groups and implications for counselor education will be discussed.
Kinking of palpebral spring mimicking extrusion.

Implantation of a palpebral spring in the upper eyelid can reduce corneal exposure in patients with paralytic lagophthalmos while also providing moderate blink dynamics. However, the spring may dis...
Efficacy of Topical Epinephrine in Tympanoplasty.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To compare the hemostatic effects of commonly used concentrations of topical epinephrine in tympanoplasty. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. METHODS Patients undergoing tympanoplasty were randomized to receive topical epinephrine at 1:1,000 or 1:10,000. With the investigators blinded, hemostasis was assessed with a modified Boezaart scale. Vasoconstriction was measured by laser Doppler. Blood pressure and pulse were tracked. RESULTS Thirty patients, 4 to 84 years old, were studied, with 15 patients per group. Boezaart scores dropped a mean of 67% and 62% with 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, respectively (P = .44). Capillary blood flow decreased a mean of 50.4% and 50.9% with 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, respectively (P = .95). The mean change in heart rate and mean arterial pressure after topical epinephrine exposure were -4.9 and -0.73 beats per minute (P = .15), and -0.60 and -0.73 mmHg (P = .96) for 1:1,000 and 1:10,000 respectively. No adverse events occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS Topical epinephrine at 1:10,000 has hemostatic efficacy comparable to 1:1,000 in tympanoplasty. Although both concentrations appear safe, use of topical epinephrine 1:10,000 should be considered over 1:1,000 to minimize the potential for adverse events. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 131:2319-2322, 2021.
Glass formation from viscous metallic liquids

Abstract Viscous flow, relaxation and thermodynamics of Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be bulk metallic glass (BMG) forming alloys are presented. The data are compared with the thermodynamics and kinetics of other metallic and non-metallic liquids. BMG formers are relatively viscous liquids with melt viscosities that are about three orders of magnitude larger than in pure metals and other alloys. The strong liquid behavior of these alloys is also reflected by a small entropy of fusion and a weak temperature dependence of the thermodynamic functions upon undercooling. The high viscosity and small driving force for crystallization are major contributing factors to the high glass forming ability and low critical cooling rate.
Catabolite Inactivation in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

Abstract Inactivation of the alcohol oxidase enzyme system of Pichia pastoris, during the whole-cell bioconversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde, was due to catabolite inactivation. Electron microscopy showed that methanol-grown cells contained peroxisomes but were devoid of these microbodies after the bioconversion. Acetaldehyde in the presence of O2 was the effector of catabolite inactivation. The process was initiated by the appearance of free acetaldehyde, and was characterized by an increase in the level of cyclic AMP, that coincided with a rapid 55% drop in alcohol oxidase activity. Further enzyme inactivation, believed to be due to proteolytic degradation, then proceeded at a constant but slower rate and was complete 21 h after acetaldehyde appearance. The rate of catabolite inactivation was dependent on acetaldehyde concentration up to 0.14 mM. It was temperature dependent and occurred within 24 h at 37°C and by 6 days at 15°C but not at 3°C. Alcohol oxidase activity was psychrotolerant, with only a 17% decrease in initial specific activity over a temperature drop from 37 to 3°C. In contrast, protease activity was inhibited at temperatures below 15°C. When the bioconversion was run at 3°C, catabolite inactivation was prevented. In the presence of 3 M Tris hydrochloride buffer, 123 g of acetaldehyde per liter was produced at 3°C, compared with 58 g/liter at 30°C. By using 0.5 M Tris in a cyclic-batch procedure, 140.6 g of acetaldehyde was produced.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 9 gene (TLR9): Frequencies, pairwise linkage disequilibrium, and haplotypes in three U.S. ethnic groups and exploratory case-control disease association studies

TLR9 is a mammalian Toll-like receptor homologue that appears to function as an innate immune pattern recognition protein for motifs that are far more common in bacterial than in mammalian DNA. The gene was sequenced in 71 subjects from three self-identified U.S. ethnic groups to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 20 SNPs were found of which only 20% were in the public dbSNP database. Four SNPs were relatively common in all three ethnic samples. Using these four SNPs, seven distinct haplotypes were statistically inferred, of which four accounted for 75% or more chromosomes. These four haplotypes could be distinguished from each other by the alleles of two SNPs (-1237 and 2848). Five exploratory nested case-control disease-association studies (asthma, DVT, MI, and COPD in European Americans and asthma in African Americans) were performed by genotyping DNA collected from four ongoing cohort studies. There was evidence suggesting increased risk for asthma with a C allele at -1237 (odds ratio 1.85, 95%CI 1.05 to 3.25) among European Americans (genotypes available from 67 cases and 152 controls). No other significant disease associations were detected. Replication of this finding in other, larger samples is needed. This study suggests that there is substantial diversity in human TLR9, possibly associated with asthma in Europeans but not African Americans. No association was detected with three other diseases potentially related to innate immunity.
Coupling of baroclinic waves, cumulus convection, and surface processes

This dissertation study, consisting of two papers, investigates the coupling of baroclinic waves, cumulus convection, and surface processes. In the first paper, the role of convection in die dynamics of eddy life cycles is examined through numerical experiments using Initial states that are baroclinically and conditionally unstable in midlatitudes. The location of wave-induced convection and its influence on the growing wave depends on how strongly the wave is coupled to the lower boundary through surface fluxes. For all three convective schemes used here, convective destabilization is favored in the wave's warm sector when there are no surface fluxes included in the simulation and in the cold sector when there are. Convection is also shallower when it occurs in the cold sector, though still precipitating. For simulations using Emanuel convection, the relatively shallow convection plays a central role in a water cycle wherein (I) evaporation gives moismre to the cold sector's boundary layer, (2) convection pumps some of the moisture into the lower troposphere above the boundary layer, (3) the large-scale circulation transports die moisture eastward and upward into the wave's warm sector, and (4) stable precipitation condenses the moisoire into precipitation. The additional condensation catalyzes a more energetic life cycle by inducing stronger vertical motion and, hence, a greater conversion of available potential energy to kinetic energy. This enhancement, however, is parameterization-dependent, with the key factor being how much lower-tropospheric moistening a convection scheme produces. The second paper of this dissertation is a dieoretical, linear analysis of the moist instabiUty of a baroclinic zonal flow with conditionally unstable stratification in the presence of surface temperature damping. In the two-dimensional continuous model on an f-plane, the effect of surface temperature damping is assumed to exponentially decrease with height, and the cumulus convective heating is parameterized in terms of either (I) eddy meridional velocity
Neutron absorption cross section of americium-241

The /sup 241/Am neutron absorption cross section, which is predominantly capture, has been measured from 0.01-eV to 370-keV neutron energy. The Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator was used as the source of pulsed neutrons. Resonance parameters have been derived for the data up to 50 eV. The capture gamma-ray detector used was the ''total energy detector,'' which is a modification of the Moxon-Rae detector. This detector required that the events be weighted by their pulse height in the detector and that the net efficiency of the detector be low. The cross section was normalized at thermal-neutron energies (0.02 to 0.03 eV), and the shape of the neutron flux was measured relative to the /sup 10/B(n,..cap alpha..) cross section up to 2 keV and relative to the /sup 6/Li(n,..cap alpha..) cross section at higher neutron energies. The results of the measurement indicate a lower cross section (approximately 25 percent) between 0.3 and 100 eV than has been previously indicated and an appreciably higher cross section (by 100 percent at 100 keV) from 20 to 370 keV.
The impact of state administrative practices on community mental health

State mental health authorities have progressively upgraded their planning capabilities during the 1980s. The extent these authorities use rational planning methods was found to be positively associated with the rated quality of their community mental health system, particularly in states with greater deinstitutionalization and privatization of community mental health services.
Role of Exercise Training in the Prevention and Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Recent epidemiological studies indicate that individuals who maintain a physically active lifestyle are much less likely to develop impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Moreover, it was found that the protective effect of physical activity was strongest for individuals at highest risk of developing NIDDM. Reducing the risk of insulin resistance and NIDDM by regularly performed exercise is also supported by several aging studies. It has been found that older individuals who vigorously train on a regular basis exhibit a greater glucose tolerance and a lower insulin response to a glucose challenge than sedentary individuals of similar age and weight.
Combined Vision/Ultrasonics For Multi-Dimensional Robotic Tracking

An intelligent robotic system for multi-sensor based tracking and interception of moving objects which travel at unknown velocities is presented. The capability for multi-sensor assisted object tracking has been achieved through the development of techniques to track in multiple dimensions for both the static and dynamic cases. These methods are realized via the fusion of the best attributes of visual and acoustic sensing into an effective configuration that is ideal for real time tracking purposes. The kinematic information for a moving object is extracted via end effector mounted vision and ultrasonic sensors. A hybrid position/force servo-controlled gripper developed at NCSU has been used for the system implementation. One parallel actuation gripper finger houses a fiber optics based Eye-in-Hand vision sensor, while the other accommodates an ultrasonic range sensor. The primary intent of this work is to develop approaches for performing the tasks of: generalized visual/ultrasonic tracking of known rectangular entities; 3-D tracking of arbitrary pseudo-planar objects that can change orientation about the optical axis; and a real time paradigm for the tracking of motion in 3-D with variable orientation about the optical axis. This discussion includes both a description of the underlying principles and the initial experimental results.
Comparison of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension.

UNLABELLED RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND HYPERTENSION: The renin-angiotensin system is integral to the mechanisms that sustain hypertension. Hypertensive patients with inappropriately high renin levels have an increased risk of cardiovascular events, and thus there is continuing interest in treating hypertension with drugs that not only reduce blood pressure but also have an inhibitory effect on the renin-angiotensin system. INHIBITORS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors decrease blood pressure and ameliorate the symptoms of congestive heart failure. Drugs that selectively block the AT1 angiotensin II receptor are now entering clinical practice for the treatment of hypertension and, very likely, congestive heart failure. PHARMACOLOGIC DIFFERENCES: There are some important theoretical differences between ACE inhibitors and AT1 blockers in their actions on the renin-angiotensin system. ACE inhibitors ostensibly prevent the formation of angiotensin II. However, this action is far from complete, as measurable plasma concentrations of ACE remain during chronic therapy with these agents. AT1 receptor blockers work selectively at the AT1 receptor, leaving the AT2 receptor unaffected. The importance of this selectivity has not yet been established, but AT2 receptors are thought to mediate inhibitory effects on growth. It has been postulated that the selective blockade by this new class of drugs will directly decrease the growth-promoting actions of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor, while leaving the growth-inhibitory effects of the AT2 receptor unaffected. The clinical relevance of these differing pharmacologic properties of ACE inhibitors and AT1 blockers have not yet been established. BLOOD PRESSURE, METABOLIC AND RENAL EFFECTS: AT1 receptor blockers appear to have relatively high trough:peak efficacy ratios compared with ACE inhibitors. However, in patients with essential hypertension compared with normal volunteers, the M value, a measure of glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity, is reduced. Both the ACE inhibitor delapril and the AT1 blocker candesartan have shown a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity, and candesartan appears to restore the M value to normal. While ACE inhibitors have been shown to have strongly beneficial actions in the kidneys, comparable data are not yet available for AT1 blockers. SIDE EFFECTS The relatively common problem of cough observed with ACE inhibitors does not occur with AT1 blockers. FUTURE WORK Future studies must address metabolic and cardiovascular questions that have not yet been answered. It will also be of interest to determine whether the combination of AT1 blockers and ACE inhibitors, especially in more resistant forms of congestive heart failure or hypertension, might confer additive benefits.
Origins of 1,2- and 1,3-Stereoselectivity in Dicobaltoctacarbonyl Alkene-alkyne Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Substituted Bicyclo[3.3.0]octenones.

Abstract A working mechanistic hypothesis is proposed which rationalizes the stereochemical outcome of the synthesis of substituted bicyclo[3.3.O]octenones, using dicobaltoctacarbonyl mediated alkene-alkyne cyclizations.
Terephthlate bridged coordination polymers based upon group two metals

Abstract The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of [Ca(terephthalate)(H2O)3] 1a and [M(terephthalate)(H2O)4] 1b and 1c (where M = Sr(II) 1b and Ba(II) 1c) have been investigated. In 1, there are coordinated water molecules as well as a terephthalate dianion found bridging between the given Group II metal centers. As a result, a one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer is formed, in which the metals follow a zigzag pattern running throughout the polymeric backbone. These novel coordination polymers have numerous hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites along the strand. Noncovalent interactions between polymeric chains are observed in the form of π–π stacking of the aromatic rings as well as O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds between coordinated water molecules and carboxylates. Both X-ray crystallography and elemental analyses confirm the formation of 1.
On the admissibility of c[Xbar] + d with respect to the linex loss function

Let X1, …,Xn be a random sample from a normal distribution with mean θ and variance σ2 The problem is to estimate θ with loss function L(θ,e) = v(e-θ) where v(x) = b(exp(ax)-ax-l) and where a, b are constants with b>0, a¦0. Zellner (1986), showed that [Xbar] − σ2a/2n dominates [Xbar] and hence [Xbar] is inadmissible. The question of what values of c and d render c[Xbar]+ d admissible is studied here.
Additive effects of weight-bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density in older women.

The separate and combined effects of weight-bearing exercise and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) were studied in 32 women, 60 to 72 years of age. HRT consisted of continuous conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day and trimonthly medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg/day for 13 days. Exercise consisted of 2 months of low-intensity exercise followed by 9 months of more vigorous weight-bearing exercise approximately 45 minutes/day, > or = 3 days/week, at 65-85% of maximal heart rate. Lumbar spine and proximal femur BMD were significantly increased in response to exercise and to HRT, and total body BMD was significantly increased in response to HRT; neither exercise nor HRT had an effect on wrist BMD. The combination of exercise + HRT resulted in increased BMD at all sites except the wrist, with effects being additive for the lumbar spine and Ward's triangle and synergistic for the total body. Based on reductions in serum osteocalcin levels, it appears that increases in BMD in response to HRT and exercise + HRT were due to decreased bone turnover. The lack of change in serum osteocalcin and IGF-I in response to exercise alone suggests that increases in BMD were due to decreased bone resorption and not increased formation. Results indicate that weight-bearing exercise + HRT may be effective in preventing and/or treating osteoporosis. It is likely that the additive effects of weight-bearing exercise and HRT on bone mineral accretion, coupled with other adaptations to the exercise (i.e., increased strength and functional capacity), could effectively reduce the incidence of falls and osteoporotic fractures.
The half-life of antimony-125

Abstract The half-life of antimony-125 separated from uranium fission products has been determined to be 2·6 ± 0·1 years by measurements on a Lauritsen electroscope over a 5 year period.
Quenched master fields

Abstract We derive an exact algebraic (master) equation for the euclidean master field of any large- N matrix theory, including quantum chromodynamics. The master equation is the quenched Langevin equation. The master field, a translationally covariant function of (uniform) random momenta and (gaussian) random noise, is easily constructed in perturbation theory.
Regional Labor Market Adjustments in the United States and Europe

We examine patterns of regional adjustments to shocks in the US during the past 40 years. Using state-level data, we estimate the dynamic response of regional employment, unemployment, participation rates and net migration to state-relative labor demand shocks. We find that (i) the long-run effect of a state-specific shock on the state employment level has decreased over time, suggesting less overall net migration in response to a regional shock, (ii) the role of the participation rate as absorber of regional shocks has increased, (iii) the response of net migration to regional shocks is stronger, while that of relative unemployment is weaker during aggregate downturns, and (iv) the change in the response intensity of migration is related to the declining trend in regional dispersion of labor market conditions. Finally, using regional data for a set of 21 European countries, we show that while the short-term response of participation rates to labor demand shocks is typically larger in Europe than in the US, the immediate response of net migration in Europe has increased over time.
The Miniscat: Its Development and Some Evidence of Its Validity

The Miniscat designed as an elementary grade creativity test, includes word doublets (e.g., peanut and fly) to be responded to by a third word (e.g., butter). Items represent six different associative rule structures. Children in grades 1 and 3 were judged as high or low in creativity from their responses to a story completion test. High creativity examinees did have appreciably higher Miniscat scores than did low creativity examinees—an outcome supporting the validity of the test. Scores for grade 3 were higher than for grade 1 on one form of the test (form B) but not on another (form A). Girls scored higher than boys on form A but not on form B. Split-half reliability coefficients were high and consistent. Judges of creativity were themselves tested for creativity; their creativity scores were unrelated to their judgments of children's creativity—a finding that failed to support the notion that it takes a creative person to recognize one.
Efficacy of a growth hormone-releasing peptide mimetic in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The cardioprotective efficacy of the pyrazolinone–piperidine dipeptide growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) CP-424,391 was studied in an in vivo rabbit model of ischemia and reperfusion. CP-424,391 was administered at 25 mg/kg p.o.×7 days. Ischemia was induced by left coronary artery occlusion for 30 min, after which the heart was reperfused for 2 h. At the end of reperfusion, animals were euthanized and the infarct size was determined. The area at risk of infarct was not different between the control (45.8±3.7%, n=6) and CP-424,391-treated groups (36.9±4.3%, n=11). The infarct size of the control animals was 49.5±7.1% and was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the CP-424,391-treated group (infarct size=17.3±3.0). There was a trend, albeit not significant, for the left ventricular function to recover to a greater extent in CP-424,391-treated rabbits. Thus, the treatment of rabbits for 7 days with CP-424,391 was cardioprotective against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Numerical Methods for Optimal Controls for Nonlinear Stochastic Systems With Delays, and Applications to Internet Regulation

Abstract The Markov chain approximation method, a primary approach for computing optimal values and controls for stochastic systems, was extended to nonlinear diffusions with delays in a recent book. The convergence of many forms of algorithms was proved. The path, control and/or reflection terms can all be delayed. Reflection terms occur in communications models, where they correspond to buffer overflows. If the control and/or reflection terms are delayed, the memory requirements can make the problem intractable. Recasting the problem in terms of a “wave equation” yields practical algorithms with much reduced computational needs. We outline the approach, concentrating on forms motivated by applications to communications, and give data illustrating the potential.
Quantification of Tactile Cueing for Enhanced Target Search Capacity

Soldiers on today's battlefield find themselves monitoring a host of displays in both vehicles and command centers, with personal-mounted displays looming in the near future. Such display prolifera...
Helga Havalot: A Case in Corporate Tax Planning

In this case, you are asked to take on the role of a tax professional in a modern professional services (i.e., accounting) firm. Your boss has asked you to develop a plan of incorporation for one of your clients, who has decided to switch from a sole proprietorship to a C corporation. The client has four assets that would be transferred to the corporation: cash, equipment, building, and land. You must determine how to transfer the assets to the corporation, as well as other matters (how much salary the corporation should pay the client, etc.), keeping in mind that the goal is to maximize the client's after‐tax return by minimizing the client's tax liability.
A study of water and sanitation access trends in Peru: where do inequities persist?

Peru has made significant progress in increasing access to water supply and sanitation (WS&S). It is unclear, however, if improvements have been equitable and whether certain sub-populations are making equivalent progress. This study explored trends in access to WS&S throughout Peru using data from Demographic and Health Surveys. The study focused on the worst forms of household-level WS&S access, including use of untreated surface water and the practice of open defecation (OD). The prevalence of access and the average annual percentage point change in access were analyzed by quintiles of wealth, urban and rural residence, political regions of Peru, and language for the years 2000, 2004, and 2008. The findings indicate that significant progress in access to WS&S has been made in Peru, but that several sub-populations remain underserved. Regions experiencing high levels of OD made dramatic improvements between 2000 and 2008. The poorest urban populations showed an increasing prevalence of OD, and in some cases surpassed poor, rural populations. The use of untreated surface water was reduced between 2000 and 2008, and remained below 5% for the country. An increased focus on targeting high risk populations to improve equity in access is recommended.