cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Extracts of Different Organs and Tissues Upon the Viability of Transplantable Tumors

It is a well established clinical fact that organs vary greatly in their susceptibilities to neoplastic growth. Laboratory studies have also indicated that different organs are not equally susceptible to tumor implantation and to the development of spontaneous tumors. Such differences in tumor development may well be accounted for by the presence in the normal tissues of tumorgrowth-inhibiting substances. The occurrence of such substances is indicated by observations recorded by Woglom (1), Sugiura and Benedict (2), de Gaetani and Blothner (3), Furth et al (4). The investigation here recorded has to do with the action of aqueous extracts of organs and tissues on the viability of tumor transplants. Materials and Methods The organs and tissues to be studied were removed from freshly killed, healthy, young adult albino rats in the morning before feeding. After the removal of all extraneous tissue and fat, the organ or tissue was washed with Locke-Ringer solution and dried on filter paper. The tissue was then weighed, ground thoroughly with sea-sand in a mortar, and taken up with ten times its own weight of Locke-Ringer solution at pH 7.4. After standing twenty-four hours at 7° C., the mixture was centrifuged at high speed (2,300 r.p.m.) for fifteen minutes. Two cubic centimeter portions of the supernatant fluid were put into small Jena glass weighing bottles having ground glass stoppers, and allowed to come to the temperature of the refrigerator, 4–5° C. Immediately small pieces of fresh tumor tissue (generally eleven pieces to each bottle), each weighing about 6 mg., were placed in these solutions and left for definite periods of time at 4–5° C., the bottle being shaken gently twice in twenty-four hours. The tumor fragments were then inoculated into animals by the usual trocar method, each animal usually receiving a single graft in the right or left axilla. Each set of experiments included as a control animals inoculated with untreated tumor tissue shortly after removal from the tumor-bearing animal. Aseptic precautions were taken throughout.
Absence of cyclin D1/PRAD1 point mutations in human breast cancers and parathyroid adenomas and identification of a new cyclin D1 gene polymorphism

Abstract PRAD1 (cyclin D1) has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of a variety of tumors, including parathyroid adenomas, t(11;14)-bearing B-lymphoid tumors, and breast cancer. The sequence of the overexpressed PRAD1 genes has been directly analyzed in only two tumor specimens, a benign parathyroid adenoma and a malignant centrocytic lymphoma. Thus, little is known about PRAD1 sequence in the vast majority of human primary tumors, including breast cancers. Using single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, we have examined the coding region of the PRAD1 gene in 30 primary breast cancers and 25 parathyroid adenomas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-SSCP analysis of the coding region of exons 1–5 of the PRAD1 gene did not reveal any tumor-specific mutations. During the course of screening for mutations, we found and established the sequence variants of a new DNA polymorphism at codon 241 within exon 4 of the PRAD1 gene. Since this polymorphism is located within the coding region of the PRAD1 gene, it will allow determination of allele-specific expression of the gene and the detection of allele imbalance. At least in breast and parathyroid neoplasms, overexpression of the wild-type PRAD1 sequence, rather than point mutational activation, appears to be the predominant mechanism by which PRAD1 exerts its oncogenic action.
Experimental study of stages in aluminum particle combustion in air

Abstract An experimental study of Al particle combustion in air is presented. Uniform Al particles were formed and ignited in air using a pulsed micro-arc discharge. Burning particle color temperatures were measured using a three-wavelength pyrometer, partially burned particles were quenched and cross-sectioned. Particle internal compositions were studied using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy detector and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy scan. Temporal variations of the particle diameter and the shape and size of the smoke cloud surrounding a burning particle were determined. The effect of an external electric field on Al particle combustion was also tested. Three distinct stages were identified in Al particle combustion, which correspond to different temperatures, internal particle compositions, and flame shapes. The transitions between the stages were shown to correlate with the internal phase transformations occurring in the burning Al droplets. Growing on spinning Al particles “oxide caps” were shown to cause rapid changes of trajectories of the burning particles. The temperature histories of burning Al particles were affected by the electric field, and a reduction in the total combustion time due to external electric fields was observed.
Cultural variation in the motivational standards of self‐enhancement and self‐criticism among bicultural Asian American and Anglo American students

Recent work on biculturalism has made theoretical and methodological inroads into our understanding of the relation of cultural processes with psychological functioning. Through the use of cultural priming methodologies, investigators have demonstrated that biculturals, or individuals who have experienced and identify with more than one culture, can switch between various "cultural frames of reference" in response to corresponding social cues (Hong, Morris, Chiu, & Benet-Martinez, 2000). Drawing on this work on the cognitive implications of biculturalism, the purpose of the present study was to examine the assumption that independent and interdependent self-construals are associated with the motivational standards of self-enhancement and self-criticism, respectively. More specifically, the effects of differential primes of self on ratings of self-enhancement were investigated in a sample of bicultural Asian American (N = 42) and Anglo American (N = 60) college students; overall, more similarities than differences were noted between the two groups. It was hypothesized that Anglo American students would display marked tendencies toward self-enhancement. However, this hypothesis was not supported. Nevertheless, consistent prime effects were observed for a selected number of ratings related to academic virtues, with those who received an independent-self prime often exhibiting greater self-enhancing tendencies than those who received an interdependent-self prime. For example, participants in the independent-self condition reported on average significantly higher ratings for self-discipline and initiative, as well as the degree to which they perceived themselves to be hard working. Implications for the work on self-representations, motivation, and acculturation are discussed.
Flash weakening of serpentinite at near-seismic slip rates

[1] To investigate the processes responsible for dynamic frictional weakening in antigorite serpentinite, we conducted single-velocity and velocity-stepping friction experiments at slip rates (V) from 0.01 to 0.4 m s−1, sliding displacements up to 40 mm, and a normal stress of 5 MPa. Single-velocity experiments demonstrate an approximately 1/V dependence of friction on velocity above a characteristic weakening velocity Vw ≈ 0.1 m s−1, consistent with theoretical predictions for flash heating and subsequent weakening of asperities. Velocity-stepping experiments impose stepwise increases in slip rate show stepwise weakening at slip rates above Vw. Scanning electron microscopy of experimental fault surfaces reveals nanoparticle gouge textures at raised sites (∼10 μm in diameter) in tests that exhibit dramatic weakening. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analyses of fault gouge from the sliding surface document the formation of significant talc in these tests, indicating that weakening temperatures reached 500°C–700°C. In contrast, no talc is observed in samples for which V remained significantly below Vw. The observed value for Vw is consistent with published microphysical models for flash weakening when independent constraints on the thermal stability and contact strength of antigorite are considered. Finally, while serpentinite displays velocity-strengthening behavior at plate tectonic slip rates, our results indicate that seismic ruptures propagating into serpentinized regions in the shallow lithosphere may trigger seismicity or slow earthquakes, after limited amounts of displacement.
Subsistence in coastal fisheries policy: What's in a word?

Abstract Consideration of subsistence fishing activities seems particularly relevant to coastal fisheries policy, yet formal recognition of subsistence fishing is often absent from associated policy frameworks. A critical problem is the very meaning of the term “subsistence.” A review of the literature on subsistence, dominated until recently by North American research, reveals a schism between interpretations emphasizing material aspects of subsistence and interpretations highlighting cultural aspects. The North American literature on the subject is heavily influenced by a focus on Arctic indigenous populations emphasizing cultural survival. Ultimately, subsistence can be a matter of survival in the belly, the soul, or both. International case studies suggest that different interpretations of subsistence are appropriate in different circumstances, and that appropriate policy can be fashioned only after the local context of subsistence is understood.
Creep of rocksalt

Abstract A review is presented of the fundamental flow properties and processes in experimentally deformed natural and synthetic halite single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates. Included in the summary are discussions of: (a) microstructures induced during steady-state creep; (b) creep-rupture of rocksalt; (c) experiments associated with “Project Salt Vault” and more recent field studies; and (d) brine migration. A representative steady-state flow law determined for natural aggregates and maximum natural deviatoric stresses deduced from subgrain sizes are applied briefly to considerations of creep in waste repositories and of salt dome dynamics. While the mechanical behavior of rocksalt is probably better understood than for all other rock types, further investigations, especially on load path, stress history and creep-rupture are clearly mandated. Furthermore, additional investigations of brine migration and of bench and field-scale deformations are needed, the latter incorporating realistic rocksalt flow properties into numerical simulations of natural rock-mass response.
Urea transporter UT3 functions as an efficient water channel. Direct evidence for a common water/urea pathway.

A family of molecular urea transporters (UTs) has been identified whose members appear to have an exceptionally high transport turnover rate. To test the hypothesis that urea transport involves passage through an aqueous channel, osmotic water permeability was measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing UTs. The UT3 class of urea transporters functioned as efficient water channels. Quantitative measurement of single channel water permeability (pf) using epitope-tagged rat UTs gavepf (in cm3/s × 10−14) of 0.14 ± 0.11 (UT2) and 1.4 ± 0.2 (UT3), compared with 6.0 and 2.3 for water channels AQP1 and AQP3, respectively. Relative single channel urea permeabilities (purea) were 1.0 (UT2), 0.44 (UT3), and 0.0 (AQP1). UT3-mediated water and urea transport were weakly temperature-dependent (activation energy 75% by the urea transport inhibitor 1,3-dimethylthiourea, but not inhibited by the water transport inhibitor HgCl2. To test for a common water/urea pore, the urea reflection coefficient (ςurea) was measured by independent induced osmosis and solvent dragmethods. In UT3-expressing oocytes, the time course of oocyte volume in response to different urea gradients (induced osmosis) gave ςurea ∼0.3 for the UT3 pathway, in agreement with ςurea determined by the increase in uptake of [14C]urea during osmotic gradient-induced oocyte swelling (solvent drag). In oocytes of comparable water and urea permeability coexpressing AQP1 (permeable to water, not urea) and UT2 (permeable to urea, not water), ςurea = 1. These results indicate that UT3 functions as a urea/water channel utilizing a common aqueous pathway. The water transporting function and low urea reflection coefficient of UT3 in vasa recta may be important for the formation of a concentrated urine by countercurrent exchange in the kidney.
EEG findings in fetal alcohol syndrome and Down syndrome children

Abstract Results from previous studies evaluating the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of infants bom to alcoholic mothers suggest that the neonatal EEG may be a sensitive measure of prenatal ethanol exposure. Few studies, however, have examined EEG records of adolescent children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The present study investigated the resting EEG recordings of 18 matched triads of FAS, Down syndrome, and normal control subjects. Significant reductions in mean power of the alpha frequencies (7.5–12 Hz) were seen for both clinical groups, however, each syndrome appeared to have distinct EEG spectral distributions. Down syndrome children overall had diffuse EEG slowing while the EEG records of the FAS children showed reduced power, particularly in the alpha frequencies in the absence of significant slow activity. In the Down syndrome children, significant decreases in alpha power was seen in posterior cortical regions, whereas FAS children were more affected in the left hemisphere. This study suggests that certain EEG variables may be helpful in characterizing the neurophysiology of FAS.
Vibrational spectroscopy of the oxygen-evolving complex and of manganese model compounds.

A number of molecularly specific models for the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (PSII) and of manganese^ substrate water intermediates that may occur in this process have been proposed recently. We summarize this work briefly. Fourier transform infrared techniques have emerged as fruitful tools to study the molecular structures of YZ and the manganese complex. We discuss recent work in which mid-IR (1000^2000 cm 31 ) methods have been used in this effort. The low-frequency IR region (6 1000 cm 31 ) has been more difficult to access for technical reasons, but good progress has been made in overcoming these obstacles. We update recent low-frequency work on PSII and then present a detailed summary of relevant manganese model compounds that will be of importance in understanding the emerging biological data. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cardiac effect of diuretic drugs.

Abstract Triamterene, amiloride, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide were studied to determine whether they modified the digitalis-induced egress of myocardial potassium which is thought to facilitate the development of digitalis arrhythmias. In a control group of 15 dogs, potassium was measured in samples obtained simultaneously from the femoral artery (FA) and the coronary sinus (CS) in a control period and at intervals after the administration of 1 mg. of acetylstrophanthidin. Acetylstrophanthidin caused a significant increase in cardiac A-V difference in the potassium concentration (CS-FA) averaging 0.47 mEq. per liter. In a group of 10 dogs, when 175 mg. of triamterene was infused prior to the acetylstrophanthidin, the rise in A-V difference was abolished and the arrhythmias often aborted. In contrast, the infusion of potent diuretics (40 mg. of furosemide in five dogs and 100 mg. of ethacrynic acid in another five dogs) prior to acetylstrophanthidin, caused a doubling of the maximal A-V potassium difference. This study suggests that the clinical administration of antikaliuretic drugs may prevent the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity not only by reducing kaliuresis and subsequent hypokalemia, but by a myocardial effect which antagonizes the digitalis-induced loss of myocardial potassium. Contrariwise, potent diuretics may facilitate digitalis arrhythmias through a myocardial action causing a greater egress of myocardial potassium, thus explaining the development of arrhythmias despite normal serum potassium levels. These potent diuretics should be used cautiously, especially when given intravenously to patients receiving digitalis.
Non-coalescence of jets

The phenomenon of non-coalescence between fluid jets was first reported by Lord Rayleigh, more than a century ago. Rayleigh described the observation in words without any experimental data or pictures. To the best of our knowledge, this curious phenomenon received no attention from the scientific community since then. We present the first experimental demonstration of the non-coalescence of two and three jets of the same fluid, and of non-coalescence between a jet and droplets of the same fluid. Figure 1 shows two jets of silicone oil (viscosity 10 cSt at 25 !C) with diameter 500 lm, impinging obliquely onto a vertical jet of the same fluid and diameter. Instead of coalescing, the jets from the sides rebound off the middle jet due to lubrication by a thin film of air separating the jets. The layer of air is continuously replenished by the motion of the jets, resulting in indefinitely sustained noncoalescence between the jets. As the jet velocity (v) increases, the air film is drained and the two jets coalesce. Figure 2 shows the transition from coalescence to non-coalescence between two jets when the experiment is carried out below a critical jet velocity. We also observed non-coalescence between a jet and drops of the same fluid, an example of which is shown in Figure 3. The drops plunged into the jet from two sides without coalescing into it, bending it at two locations.
Data Collection and Organization by Smartphone for Infrastructure Assessment

AbstractThe collection and organization of data for infrastructure assessment have traditionally been laborious and lengthy tasks. Smartphones now provide the needed hardware and software to ease the burden of these chores. The authors have developed the Mobile Information Collection Application, which organizes these capabilities for infrastructure assessment. The use of this application in the 2011 Mississippi River flood of record and in the reconnaissance of routes for movement indicates that it can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of information collection and organization.
Attribute mapping-concept and implementation

Abstract The concept of attribute mapping, which gives much more realistic images than ordinary texture mapping, is introduced. While the latter maps attribute values directly, attribute mapping maps indices that correspond to a bundle of various rendering attributes including colors, bumps, optics, and shading models. An index called an attribute table index is defined for a region called an attribute domain in which rendering attributes are assumed to be coherent. The general architecture of a mapping pipeline that incorporates the process of attribute mapping, and a variety of examples in which attribute mapping is applied, are then described. The core concept underlying attribute mapping is the Attribute Domain Definition Function (ADDF), which defines attribute domains and returns the associated attribute indices. The ADDF provides flexibility and ease in modifying rendering attributes.
Looking backward on a century of mutation research.

Our understanding of the mutation process and how it impacts target populations has deepened steadily during the hundred years since 1919. Recent advances in engineering genetically determined social traits points towards the logical culmination of this knowledge. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Group 3 Dialkyl Complexes with Tetradentate (L, L, N, O; L = N, O, S) Monoanionic Ligands: Synthesis and Reactivity

Tripodal, tetradentate phenols, (LCH_2)_2NCH_2-C_6H_2-3,5-(CMe_3)_2-2-OH (L = CH_2OCH_3 (1), CH_2NEt_2 (2), 2-C_5H_4N (3), CH_2SCMe_3 (5), CH_2NMe_2 (6)), were synthesized, and metalations were performed via alkane elimination from yttrium and scandium trialkyl complexes to generate the corresponding dialkyl complexes [(LCH_2CH_2)_2NCH_2-C_6H_2-3,5-(CMe_3)_2-2-O]MR_2 (M = Y, L = OCH_3, R = CH_2SiMe_2Ph (7a); M = Y, L = NEt_2, R = CH_2SiMe_2Ph (7b); M = Sc, L = OCH_3, R = CH_2SiMe_2Ph (8a); M = Sc, L = SCMe_3, R = CH_2SiMe_2Ph (8b); M = Y, L = OCH_3, R = CH_2SiMe_3 (9); M = Sc, L = OCH_3, R = CH_2SiMe_3 (10)). X-ray crystallographic studies show that 7a,b and 8a adopt, in the solid state, mononuclear structures of C_1 symmetry. The ^1H NMR spectra of these dialkyl complexes in benzene-d_6 at high temperatures reveal exchange processes involving the ether groups and the alkyl groups. The dynamic behavior of species 7a, 8a, and 10 in toluene-d8 was investigated by variable-temperature ^1H NMR spectroscopy. The activation parameters of the fluxional processes for 7a, 8a, and 10 were determined by line-shape and Eyring analyses (for 7a, ΔH^⧧ = 7.3 ± 0.3 kcal/mol and ΔS^⧧ = −16 ± 1.4 cal/(mol K); for 8a, ΔH^⧧ = 9.9 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and ΔS^⧧ = −15.3 ± 1.8 cal/ (mol K); for 10, ΔH^⧧ = 10.8 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and ΔS^⧧ = −11.4 ± 1.9 cal/(mol K)). These data establish that the dialkyl complexes 7a, 8a, and 10 undergo a nondissociative exchange process. The scandium dialkyl complex [(C_5H_4N-2-CH_2)_2NCH_2-C_6H_2-3,5-(CMe_3)_2-2-O]Sc(CH_2SiMe_2Ph)_2 (11) was found to undergo clean activation of a C−H bond of a methylene linking a pyridine to the central nitrogen donor. This process follows first-order kinetics (k = [2.8(3)] × 10^(-4) s^(-1) at 0 °C). The yttrium dialkyl complexes 7a and 9 react with 1 equiv of [PhNHMe_2]+[B(C_6F_5)_4]- in chlorobenzene-d_5, to generate a solution that slowly polymerizes ethylene. Compounds 7−10 also polymerize ethylene with low activity upon activation with MAO.
Effect of trna from 5-azacytidine-treated hamster fibrosarcoma cells on protein synthesis in vitro in a cell-free system

Abstract The effect of transfer RNA (tRNA) isolated from 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C)-treated A(T 1 )Cl-3 hamster fibrosarcoma cells on protein synthesis was investigated in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The cell-free system, which contained polyribosomes, partially purified enzymes and cofactors, was dependent on the addition of tRNA for maximal protein synthesis. tRNA from 5-aza-C-treated fibrosarcoma cells was 2.5 times less active in supporting protein synthesis than normal fibrosarcoma tRNA and 4 times less active than reticulocyte tRNA. The addition of an equal amount of tRNA from 5-aza-C-treated cells to reaction mixture containing tRNA from either reticulocytes or untreated fibrosarcoma cells produced a 50 per cent inhibition of protein synthesis. The extent of inhibition was dependent on the amount of 5-aza-C tRNA added. These data suggest that part of the inhibition of protein synthesis produced by 5-aza-C in mammalian cells may be a result of functional modification of the tRNA molecule by this nucleoside analog.
Kubernetes and the path to cloud native

We are in the midst of an important shift to higher levels of abstraction than virtual machines. Kubernetes aims to simplify the deployment and management of services, including the construction of applications as sets of interacting but independent services. We explain some of the key concepts in Kubernetes and show how they work together to simplify evolution and scaling.
Carboxylic acid anions in formation waters, San Joaquin Basin and Louisiana Gulf Coast, U.S.A.—Implications for clastic diagenesis

Abstract Carboxylic acid anions (CAA) in formation waters are of interest to studies of clastic diagenesis because of their ability to buffer formation water Eh and pH (and thus substantially contribute to controls on carbonate mineral stability), and their ability to complex and transport Al and Si from the site of aluminosilicate mineral dissolution during diagenesis. Carboxylic acid anions are also extremely important to the aqueous geochemistry of Ca, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. Some formation waters from sedimentary basins contain high concentrations of CAAs. The analyses of 20 formation waters from the San Joaquin Basin, California and 20 formation waters from the Louisiana Gulf Coast Basin presented in this study, show concentrations as high as 8100 ppm monofunctional and 370 ppm difunctional CCA; by comparison, previously reported analyses indicate monofunctional CAA occir in concentrations up to 10,000 ppm and difunctional CAA may occur in concentrations up to 2610 ppm. Analyses of drilling muds and scale soaps presented in this study show that few if any difunctional CAA in the study area can be attributed to contamination from these sources. Additionally, aqueous extracts of crude oils contain both mono- and difunctional acid anions, as do the aqueous and petroleum phases of hydrous pyrolysates. Previously unreported dissolution experiments, equilibrium computer simulations, and hydrous pyrolysis experiments support those already published and suggest that CAA are generated during thermal maturation of kerogen and expelled from the shale along oil-wet microfractures. Upon entering the water-wet sandstone pore, the hydrophilic CAA partition into the aqueous phase. Organic-inorganic reactions may occur which from CAA-metal complexes. Because the complexes are hydrophobic, they partition in the petroleum phase, where present. Carboxylic acid anions are of great importance to clastic diagenesis over the temperature range in which they dominate fluid alkalinity; certainly, no other viable mechanism has been advanced which adequately explains the observed aluminosilicate mineral dissolution with subsequent mass transfer of A1, as well as the carbonate mineral diagenetic successions observed in sand-shale systems world-wide. The utility of modeling these observations of organic-inorganic diagenesis is limited only by the ability to model the concentration and distribution of CAA through space and time.
Elevation of left auricular pressure in relation to ammonium pulmonary edema in the cat.

Summary(1) Ammonium chloride was administered intraperitoneally to 12 cats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia with measurement of left auricular, femoral arterial, and vena caval pressures. (2) Left auricular and vena caval pressures rose significantly in all experiments. Arterial pressures were generally, but not always, lower during the period of the sustained elevation of left auricular pressure than during the control period. (3) Two of the 12 cats developed generalized pulmonary edema. These 2 had sustained left auricle pressures of 24 and 40 cm of water. (4) Although the above experiments do not preclude the possibility that other mechanisms may also be operating, they do suggest that left ventricular failure plays a role in the development of ammonium pulmonary edema in the cat.
Cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation augments murine intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and tumorigenesis

Previously, we showed that M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R; gene name Chrm3) deficiency attenuates murine intestinal neoplasia, supporting the hypothesis that muscarinic receptors play an important role in intestinal tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis, in the present study we treated mice with bethanechol, a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist without nicotinic receptor activity, and examined its effects on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon neoplasia. Mice were provided with drinking water containing 400 μg/mL bethanechol chloride or water without additions (control) for a total of 20 weeks, a period that included the initial 6 weeks when mice received intraperitoneal injections of AOM. When euthanized at week 20, control mice had 8.0 ± 1.3 tumors per animal, whereas bethanechol-treated mice had 10.4 ± 1.5 tumors per mouse (mean ± SE; P = 0.023), a 30% increase. Strikingly, tumor volume per animal was increased 52% in bethanechol-treated compared with control mice (179.7 ± 21.0 vs. 111. 8 ± 22.4 mm3; P = 0.047). On histological examination, bethenechol-treated mice also had more adenocarcinomas per animal (8.0 ± 1.0 vs. 4.1 ± 0.6 for control mice, P = 0.0042). Cell proliferation in both normal mucosa and adenocarcinomas was increased in bethanechol-treated compared to control mice. Also, in tumors, bethanechol treatment increased expression of Chrm3, Egfr and post-Egfr signaling molecules Myc and cyclin D1. Bethanechol treatment increased the thickness of normal colonic mucosa and the expression of selected matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) genes, including Mmp7, Mmp10 and Mmp13. These findings support a prominent role for muscarinic receptors in colon neoplasia, and identify post-receptor signaling molecules as potential therapeutic targets.
CV-1 cells release proteins that facilitate infection by simian virus 40 and echovirus 6.

Uninfected simian cells (CV-1) produce two different proteins, one of which enhances the infectivity of echovirus 6 and the other enhances the infectivity of SV 40 in less susceptible cells. The enhancers are released by metabolizing cells into the culture medium. The SV 40 enhancer protein is larger and less acidic than the echovirus enhancer. The SV 40 enhancer protein can be dissociated into 2 subunits with apparent molecular weights of 42,000 and 24,000. The echovirus enhancer protein consists of 2 subunits with apparent molecular weights of 28,000 and 31,000. Electrophoretically purified enhancer proteins interact with virions and retain their biological activities and viral specificities. The SV 40 enhancer stimulates expression of SV 40-T antigen under conditions in which untreated virus does not initiate expression of T antigen. This result and the observation that the enhancers do not increase the infectivity of the nucleic acids of their respective viruses suggest that the enhancers act either at the stage of penetration or uncoating.
A Quantitative Description of The Colonization of Susceptible and Resistant Radish Plants by Plasmodiophora brassicae

The degree and rate of primary and secondary cycle development by Plasmodiophora brassicae in the root hairs and root medullary rays, respectively, of a completely resistant, a partially resistant and a susceptible radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivar were compared. Seeds were germinated in an infested soil mixture and seedlings were harvested 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after sowing seed for observations of the primary cycle and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 days after sowing seed for observations of the secondary cycle. No differences in the degree or rate of primary phase colonization were detected among the three cultivars. Initially, uni and/or bi-nucleate secondary plasmodial stages were found in the cortex of all three cultivars. The number of these plasmodia was greatest in resistant and least in susceptible cultivars. No further colonization or symptom expression occurred in the completely resistant cultivar. In the partially resistant cultivar the appearance of advanced stage-s of the fungus secondary cycle development were delayed until day 30 as compared with colonization of the susceptible cultivar in which advanced stages appeared by day 18. It is concluded that resistance is expressed during the initial stages of secondary cycle colonization.
Priming and property dominance effects in semantic memory.

Retrieval from semantic memory was examined by means of reaction times to property statements (e.g., sparrow has beak). The variables of interest were normatively defined property dominance (frequency), type of priming between related sentences (sparrow-sparrow vs. sparrow-robin), and separation or lag between related sentences. Statements asserting a high-dominant property (1) were verified more quickly than those containing low-dominant properties, (2) were primed by a preceding related sentence of either high or low dominance, and (3) revealed decay of priming from Lag 1 to 4. The differences between priming with and without stimulus repetition were nonsignificant when stimuli were treated as a random effect. In support of the Collins and Quillian (1972) model of semantic memory, the priming and property dominance factors interacted.
The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New Hampshire

The relationship between perceived racial discrimination and both blood pressure and perceived physical health has been documented among African Americans. However, this association has not been well-studied for Black or Latino immigrants. We used multiple regression analysis with a cross-sectional sample of 666 African Americans, Black immigrants, and Latino immigrants from the New Hampshire Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health 2010 Initiative to assess the relationship between discrimination and measures of physical health and blood pressure. The study found evidence of a significant U-shaped relationship between discrimination and systolic blood pressure for all three cohorts. Evidence was also found supporting a negative linear relationship between discrimination and physical health. In addition, the association between discrimination and physical health was attenuated for Latinos compared with the other groups. Future research should evaluate how factors associated with acculturation or cumulative exposure to discriminatory stressors may affect the protective resources of immigrants.
Field-Based Preservice Teacher Research: Facilitating Reflective Professional Practice.

Abstract Preservice teachers enrolled in a middle level endorsement block provided evidence of their professional, affective, and collaborative dispositions as they reflected upon their conception of early adolescents, appropriate instruction practice, and the empowerment of teachers and students. Research indicates that empowering future teachers as reflective professionals requires teacher education programmes to structure learning experiences that model reflective practice and facilitate the development of engaged learning communities. Through case study research this group of preservice teachers was able to gain a contextual understanding of early adolescents that not only impacted their perception and understanding of the target age group but also allowed them to negotiate their preconceptions, the theoretical understanding presented in their course work, and the authentic observations in the middle school classroom.
Evaluating effects of thermal management in wireless NoC-enabled multicore architectures

Massive multicore processors are enablers for many information and communication technology (ICT) innovations spanning various domains, including healthcare, defense, and entertainment. In the design of high-performance massive multicore chips, power and heat are dominant constraints. The increasing power consumption is of growing concern due to several reasons, e.g., cost, performance, reliability, scalability, and environmental impact. As we demand more from our computing systems, they will be limited by power, energy, and thermal constraints. Without new paradigms of energy-efficient designs, producing ICT systems capable of meeting the computing, storage, and communication demands of emerging applications will be unlikely. Architectural innovation in conjunction with suitable power and thermal management strategies is the key for designing high performance yet energy-efficient massive multicore chips. Our main contribution here is to demonstrate that incorporating Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) on a multicore chip designed with long-range wireless shortcuts improves the thermal profile while simultaneously providing lower latency and reduced network energy compared to a conventional mesh-based counterpart.
Multiple sclerosis: can retinal imaging accurately detect optic neuritis?

A new study has compared the utility of optical coherence tomography and visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of optic neuritis—an inflammatory condition that is frequently the presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. The results indicate that the two techniques can provide complementary information for the diagnosis of this condition.
Mechanics of Pb40/Sn60 near-eutectic solder alloys subjected to vibrations

Pb40/Sn60 is the most commonly used solder alloy for microelectronics packaging. It is well understood that, heat generated by the circuits when a semiconductor device is on and the coeAcient of thermal expansion mismatch between the soldered layers lead to the thermal fatigue of the solder joints. On the other hand, there is very little research done to understand failure mechanics of solder joints when microelectronics devices are subjected to vibrations. In this study, it is shown that dynamic stresses contribute to the failure mechanism and in certain circumstances they can become the dominant failure cause when semiconductor devices are used in a vibrating environment. The purpose of this study is to understand the mechanics of the vibration induced damage in solder interconnects. A material nonlinear time domain dynamic analysis of a solder joint was performed using a damage mechanics based constitutive model. The analysis was done for isothermal condition and no thermal loads were considered. The study included a wide range of frequency and acceleration combinations. ” 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
CARMIL leading edge localization depends on a non-canonical PH domain and dimerization

CARMIL is an approximately 1,370-amino-acid cytoskeletal scaffold that has crucial roles in cell motility and tissue development through interactions with cytoskeletal effectors and regulation of capping protein at the leading edge. However, the mechanism of CARMIL leading edge localization is unknown. Here we show that CARMIL interacts directly with the plasma membrane through its amino-terminal region. The crystal structure of CARMIL1-668 reveals that this region harbours a non-canonical pleckstrin homology (PH) domain connected to a 16-leucine-rich repeat domain. Lipid binding is mediated by the PH domain, but is further enhanced by a central helical domain. Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals that the helical domain mediates antiparallel dimerization, properly positioning the PH domains for simultaneous membrane interaction. In cells, deletion of the PH domain impairs leading edge localization. The results support a direct membrane-binding mechanism for CARMIL localization at the leading edge, where it regulates cytoskeletal effectors and motility.
Sq and L Current Systems in the Ionosphere

Summary Electric current systems in the ionosphere caused by the Sun and the Moon on geomagnetically quiet days have been deduced from geomagnetic data by various workers, particularly by Chapman. These current systems are briefly reviewed in this article and remaining questions and ways to solve them are discussed.
The use of drugs which deplete intracellular glutathione in hypoxic cell radiosensitization

Diethylmaleate (DEM) is a thiol-binding reagent with specificity toward glutathione. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro with 2 x 10(-4) M DEM for one hour results in a decrease in glutathione content to less than 5% of control, without cytotoxicity. This treatment results in dose-modifying sensitization to radiation under hypoxic conditions, with no effect on the shoulder of the radiation survival curve. No effect on the radiation sensitivity of oxygenated cells was seen. DEM pretreatment enhances the radiosensitization of hypoxic cells by misonidazole, as well. Similar results were obtained in vivo with EMT6 tumors in BALB/c mice. Analysis of DNA damage by the alkaline elution assay indicates that DEM enhances radiation-induced single-strand breaks, but does not significantly affect repair, while diamide and N-ethylmaleimide inhibit repair, in addition to enhancing radiation-induced single-strand breaks.
InfoIQ: Targeting Information and Technology Lifelong Needs

SUMMARY The evolution of information literacy instruction for graduate students at the UCLA Anderson School of Management is described. The emphasis is on the need for instruction that develops student competencies with an eye toward the long view-a lifetime of learning. Key success factors are leveraging partnerships with key stakeholders, and developing just-in-time interventions at significant events in the student life cycle. An Information Literacy Campaign helped define the needs and competencies, and the subsequent pilot program, InfoIQ, has been successful in integrating information literacy instruction into the core MBA experience.
SubVirt: implementing malware with virtual machines

Attackers and defenders of computer systems both strive to gain complete control over the system. To maximize their control, both attackers and defenders have migrated to low-level, operating system code. In this paper, we assume the perspective of the attacker, who is trying to run malicious software and avoid detection. By assuming this perspective, we hope to help defenders understand and defend against the threat posed by a new class of rootkits. We evaluate a new type of malicious software that gains qualitatively more control over a system. This new type of malware, which we call a virtual-machine based rootkit (VMBR), installs a virtual-machine monitor underneath an existing operating system and hoists the original operating system into a virtual machine. Virtual-machine based rootkits are hard to detect and remove because their state cannot be accessed by software running in the target system. Further, VMBRs support general-purpose malicious services by allowing such services to run in a separate operating system that is protected from the target system. We evaluate this new threat by implementing two proof-of-concept VMBRs. We use our proof-of-concept VMBRs to subvert Windows XP and Linux target systems, and we implement four example malicious services using the VMBR platform. Last, we use what we learn from our proof-of-concept VMBRs to explore ways to defend against this new threat. We discuss possible ways to detect and prevent VMBRs, and we implement a defense strategy suitable for protecting systems against this threat.
Characterization of the cAMP response element of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene promoter

A dominant negative inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been shown to inhibit the basal expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in the human colon carcinoma cell line, T84. A functional cAMP response element (CRE) was localized at −48 in the CFTR promoter, and we have analyzed the interactions of this regulatory region with transcription factors. An adjacent inverted CCAAT element (Y box) at position −60 was also investigated. Mutation of the CRE or the Y box decreases the activity of the promoter in transient transfections of T84 or JEG-3 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that CRE-binding protein (CREB) binds to the CFTR CRE with high affinity and independently of the adjacent Y box and that the CFTR CRE binds CREB and activating transcription factor-1 in nuclear extracts of T84 and CaLu-3 cells. In transient transfections of JEG-3 cells, activation of the CFTR promoter is blocked by a dominant negative CREB mutant. The CFTR CRE will also drive cAMP-mediated expression when placed upstream of a heterologous basal promoter. These results demonstrate that CFTR is a bona fide CRE-dependent gene, and we suggest that CFTR expression levels in vivo may be responsive to hormones or drugs that activate the cAMP-dependent protein kinase system.
Slowing the Aging Process

Research into the aging process is very new. For many years aging was thought to be the natural and inevitable consequence of a life of wear and tear. The idea that aging could be influenced by the genetic code and had a modifiable biologic component is less than 20 years old. During this time, aging has come to be understood as a complex biologic process controlled by signaling pathways and transcription factors. Similar attitudes pervade the field of nephrology. Whether a decline in renal function with age represents normal aging or kidney disease is the subject of much debate.
Rat α3/β4 Subtype of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Stably Expressed in a Transfected Cell Line: Pharmacology of Ligand Binding and Function

We stably transfected human kidney embryonic 293 cells with the rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α3 and β4 subunit genes. This new cell line, KXα3β4R2, expresses a high level of the α3/β4 receptor subtype, which binds (±)- [ 3 H]epibatidine with a K d value of 304±16 pm and a B max value of 8942 ± 115 fmol/mg protein. Comparison of nicotinic drugs in competing for α3/β4 receptor binding sites in this cell line and the binding sites in rat forebrain (predominantly α4/β2 receptors) revealed marked differences in their K i values, but similar rank orders of potency for agonists were observed, with the exception of anatoxin-A. The affinity of the competitive antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine is >7000 times higher at α4/β2 receptors in rat forebrain than at the α3/β4 receptors in these cells. The α3/β4 nAChRs expressed in this cell line are functional, and in response to nicotinic agonists, 86 Rb + efflux was increased to levels 8–10 times the basal levels. Acetylcholine, (−)-nicotine, cytisine, carbachol, and (±)-epibatidine all stimulated 86 Rb + efflux, which was blocked by mecamylamine. The EC 50 values for acetylcholine and (−)-nicotine to stimulate 86 Rb + effluxes were 114 ± 24 and 28 ± 4 μm, respectively. The rank order of potency of nicotinic antagonists in blocking the function of this α3/β4 receptor was mecamylamine > d -tubocurarine > dihydro-β-erythroidine > hexamethonium. Mecamylamine, d -tubocurarine, and hexamethonium blocked the function by a noncompetitive mechanism, whereas dihydro-β-erythroidine blocked the function competitively. The KXα3β4R2 cell line should prove to be a very useful model for studying this subtype of nAChRs.
Valuing Interest Payment Guarantees On Developing Country Debt

This paper develops a technique to value guarantees on interest payments on developing-country debt, and provides some preliminary estimates of the cost of such guarantees. The cost of interest payment guarantees is not directly observable because a guarantee is a contingent obligation that becomes effective only if the debtor fails to make a certain payment. The strategy adopted in this paper is to estimate the market price that an interest payment guarantee would have if such a contract existed and were traded in financial markets. Using results from option pricing theory it is possible to calculate the price that an "interest guarantee contract" would carry in financial markets on the basis of the price of developing-country debt in secondary markets.
Customization of Load‐Bearing Hydroxyapatite Lattice Scaffolds

Robocasting, a solid freeform fabrication technique, was used to develop lattices of hydroxyapatite (HA) that show promise as load-bearing scaffolds for bone repair. Additionally, the lattice scaffolds can be shaped into customized implants. A computed tomography (CT) scan of a damaged mandible was utilized to noninvasively design a lattice implant that could fill the damaged region. In a case study, the fit of the custom lattice scaffold was tested in a damaged mandible and “fit like a glove.” Such implants may be able to replace numerous autograft procedures, thereby reducing surgical cost and complications associated with bone harvesting surgery.
Activating Sound and Meaning: The Role of Language Proficiency in Bilingual Consumer Environments

How do bilingual consumers process bilingual information? Prior research indicates that stimulus-related concepts (type of name translation and language emphasis) play a critical role. We extend this research by including language proficiency as a key person-related concept. When asking Chinese-English bilinguals to evaluate dual brand names, we find that proficient consumers prefer sound translation when the English name is emphasized but meaning translation when the Chinese name is emphasized. In contrast, less proficient bilinguals engage in semantic processing of the dual names. These results suggest that proficiency must be added as a key concept to a framework that addresses bilingual consumer environments.