cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tourism entrepreneurial process: A conceptualization and implications for research and development

Touristic enterprises can significantly contribute to the economic and social well‐being of a community. One practical way to increase the birth of touristic enterprises in a community is to increase the supply of indigenous tourism entrepreneurs. To achieve this quest, it is necessary to determine the touristic enterprise creation process. Once this is accomplished, a community may then develop appropriate policies to stimulate tourism entrepreneurship. This paper presents a conceptualization of the tourism entrepreneurial process including research and management implications.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of acidic glycoconjugates facilitated by the use of spermine as a co-matrix

Negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of sialylated glycoconjugates were acquired employing 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) in conjunction with spermine as a co-matrix. The addition of spermine to DHB permitted an improved crystal formation as well as a higher analyte solubility. Moreover, DHB/spermine appears to minimize alkali adduct formation, thus allowing the sample analysis without desalting. The combined matrix permitted the analysis of complex sialylated and sialylated/fucosylated structures down to the femtomole range. The ability to use such a matrix also facilitates determination of the sialic acid linkages (in combination with a specific enzyme cleavage). The matrix also appears suitable for studies on gangliosides.
Potts model in an asymmetric random field.

An exact analysis of a three-state Potts model with infinite-range interactions in the presence of an asymmetric random field is carried out. Complete phase diagrams at zero temperature are obtained. By finding lines of critical points and lines of tricritical points, the asymmetrical random field is shown to have strong effects on phase transitions. Under certain circumstances, a sufficient asymmetry in the distribution of the random field can either terminate a first-order phase transition at a critical point or bring it to a second-order phase transition through a tricritical point.
'Thy word is truth': the role of faith in reading scripture theologically with Karl Barth

Following the thinking of Karl Barth, this article demonstrates how and why reading the Bible in faith is necessary in order to understand the truth which is and remains identical with God himself speaking to us in his Word and Spirit. After developing how faith, grace, revelation and truth are connected in Barth's theology by being determined by who God is in Jesus Christ, this article explains why Barth was essentially correct in claiming that we cannot know God truly through a study of religious experience but only through Christ himself and thus through the Spirit. I illustrate that for Barth the truth of religion simply cannot be found in the study of religion itself but only through revelation. That is why he applied the doctrine of justification by faith both to knowledge of God and to reading scripture. In light of what is then established, I conclude by briefly exploring exactly why the thinking of Paul Tillich, and three theologians who follow the general trend of Tillich's thinking (John Haught, John A. T. Robinson and S. Mark Heim), exemplify the correctness of Barth's analysis of the relation between religion and revelation, since each theologian is led to an understanding of who God is, how we reach God and how the doctrine of the Trinity should be understood that actually undermines Barth's emphasis on the fact that all knowledge of God and all doctrine should be dictated solely by who God is in Jesus Christ.
Radiographic assessment of inverted papilloma.

Conclusion. Both CT and MRI defined the extent of histologically proven recurrent disease, although it was impossible to radiographically distinguish recurrent disease from postoperative scar tissue or mucoperiosteal thickening. Objective. A retrospective analysis of radiographic findings of patients with known inverted papilloma (IP) was performed to identify those characteristics that should prompt preoperative biopsy in patients with polypoid nasal masses. Materials and methods. The radiologic studies from a group of 77 patients with biopsy-proven IP of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses were reviewed. Fifty-three computed tomography (CT) scans, 17 cases of plain sinus radiography and 7 cases of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed. Results. Although no preoperative MRI examinations were available for comparison, CT was the most helpful study for evaluation of primary, nonrecurrent inverted papilloma. CT demonstrated disease-related abnormalities in 90% of studies. The finding of frequent ...
Mismatch-, MutS-, MutL-, and Helicase II-dependent Unwinding from the Single-strand Break of an Incised Heteroduplex

Escherichia coli MutS, MutL, and DNA helicase II are sufficient to initiate mismatch-dependent unwinding of an incised heteroduplex (Yamaguchi, M., Dao, V., and Modrich, P. (1998) J. Biol. Chem., 273, 9197-9201). We have studied unwinding of 6.4-kilobase circular G-T heteroduplexes that contain a single-strand incision, 808 base pairs 5' to the mismatch or 1023 base pairs 3' to the mispair as viewed along the shorter path between the two DNA sites. Unwinding of both substrates in the presence of MutS, MutL, DNA helicase II, and single-stranded DNA binding protein was mismatch-dependent and initiated at the single-strand break. Although unwinding occurred in both directions from the strand break, it was biased toward the shorter path linking the strand break and the mispair. MutS and MutL are thus sufficient to coordinate mismatch recognition to the orientation-dependent activation of helicase II unwinding at a single-strand break located a kilobase from the mispair.
Energy elasticities under Divisia and Btu aggregation

Abstract This paper considers two methods of energy aggregation: Divisia and Btu. A dynamic demand model is used to study the response of energy use to price and income changes under these two aggregation schemes. While the short-run responses of energy use are found to be similar, the long-run response is greater under Divisia than under Btu aggregation, especially in periods of marked changes in energy prices.
ECM-aware cell-graph mining for bone tissue modeling and classification

Pathological examination of a biopsy is the most reliable and widely used technique to diagnose bone cancer. However, it suffers from both inter- and intra- observer subjectivity. Techniques for automated tissue modeling and classification can reduce this subjectivity and increases the accuracy of bone cancer diagnosis. This paper presents a graph theoretical method, called extracellular matrix (ECM)-aware cell-graph mining, that combines the ECM formation with the distribution of cells in hematoxylin and eosin stained histopathological images of bone tissues samples. This method can identify different types of cells that coexist in the same tissue as a result of its functional state. Thus, it models the structure-function relationships more precisely and classifies bone tissue samples accurately for cancer diagnosis. The tissue images are segmented, using the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, to compute spatial coordinates of cell nuclei as the nodes of corresponding cell-graph. Upon segmentation a color code is assigned to each node based on the composition of its surrounding ECM. An edge is hypothesized (and established) between a pair of nodes if the corresponding cell membranes are in physical contact and if they share the same color. Hence, multiple colored-cell-graphs coexist in a tissue each modeling a different cell-type organization. Both topological and spectral features of ECM-aware cell-graphs are computed to quantify the structural properties of tissue samples and classify their different functional states as healthy, fractured, or cancerous using support vector machines. Classification accuracy comparison to related work shows that the ECM-aware cell-graph approach yields 90.0% whereas Delaunay triangulation and the simple cell-graph approach achieves 75.0 and 81.1% accuracy, respectively.
Ionization in Gases by Ions and Atoms.

It has been assumed for a long time that the ionization of atoms by ions must in one form or another play an important role in the phenomena of gas discharges. This assumption found its mathematical expression in the well-known theory of Townsend. Only recently, however, have the elementary effects of the ionization by ions been experimentally investigated. The ionization of noble gas atoms by alkali ions was studied in particular and a number of important results have been arrived at by R. M. Sutton [1], R. M. Sutton and J. C. Mouzon [2] and O. Beeck [3].
Benefits of a Proactive Office Ergonomics Program

Ergonomics surveys were conducted in a software company with a proactive ergonomics program before and after moving to a new headquarters building in which workstations were equipped with ergonomic...
Extending Scalability of the Community Atmosphere Model

The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is the atmosphere component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), and is the largest consumer of computing resources in typical CCSM simulations. The parallel implementation of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) employs a number of different domain decompositions. Currently, each decomposition must utilize the same number of MPI processes, limiting the scalability of CAM to that of the least scalable decomposition. This limitation becomes unacceptably restrictive when including additional physical processes such as atmospheric chemistry or cloud-resolving physics. This paper reports on current efforts to improve CAM scalability by allowing the number of active MPI processes to vary between domain decompositions.
Characterization of Solvent and Deuterium Isotope Effects on Nonadiabatic Proton Transfer in the Benzophenone/N,N-Dimethylaniline Contact Radical Ion Pair

The dynamics of proton transfer within a variety of substituted benzophenones/N,N-dimethylaniline contact radical ion pairs are examined in a wide range of solvent polarities. The correlation of the rate constants with the thermodynamic driving force reveals both a normal and inverted region for proton transfer in solvents with an E T 30 value of less than 43.1; in solvents with E T 30 greater than 43.8, only the normal region is observed. Also, the kinetic deuterium isotope effect is examined. The solvent and isotope dependence for the transfer process is examined within the context of the Lee-Hynes model for nonadiabatic proton transfer. The theoretical analysis of the experimental data suggests that the reaction path for proton transfer involves tunneling. Conventional transition state theory with the inclusion of tunneling in the region of the transition state cannot account for the observed kinetic behavior.
Decision making on the factory floor: An integrated approach to process planning and scheduling

Abstract Computers make accesible large amounts of information to the different levels of manufacturing organizations. However, this information can be of limited use if adequate decision making methodology is not applied. Very often, decisions made on the factory floor have a substantial impact on the performance of the entire manufacturing system. Process planning and scheduling are two activities that influence significantly these decisions. The common aspect of these activities is the assignment of various factory resources to the production tasks. The method presented in this paper seeks to use this commonality to integrate process planning and scheduling.
The Acquisition, Maintenance and Treatment of Polydrug Dependence: A Public Health Model

(1975). The Acquisition, Maintenance and Treatment of Polydrug Dependence: A Public Health Model. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 209-213.
On the Role of Arg-210 and Glu-219 of Subunit a in Proton Translocation by the Escherichia coliF0F1-ATP Synthase

A strain of Escherichia coli was constructed which had a complete deletion of the chromosomal uncB gene encoding subunit a of the F0F1-ATP synthase. Gene replacement was facilitated by a selection protocol that utilized the sacBgene of Bacillus subtilis cloned in a kanamycin resistance cartridge (Ried, J. L., and Collmer, A. (1987)Gene (Amst.) 57, 239–246). F0subunits b and c inserted normally into the membrane in the ΔuncB strain. This observation confirms a previous report (Hermolin, J., and Fillingame, R. H. (1995)J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2815–2817) that subunit a is not required for the insertion of subunits b and c. The ΔuncB strain has been used to characterize mutations in Arg-210 and Glu-219 of subunit a, residues previously postulated to be essential in proton translocation. The aE219G and aE219K mutants grew on a succinate carbon source via oxidative phosphorylation and membranes from these mutants exhibited ATPase-coupled proton translocation (i.e. ATP driven 9-amino-6-chloromethoxyacridine quenching responses that were 60–80% of wild type membranes). We conclude that the aGlu-219 residue cannot play a critical role in proton translocation. The aR210A mutant did not grow on succinate and membranes exhibited no ATPase-coupled proton translocation. However, on removal of F1 from membrane, the aR210A mutant F0 was active in passive proton translocation,i.e. in dissipating the ΔpH normally established by NADH oxidation with these membrane vesicles. aR210A membranes with F1 bound were also proton permeable. Arg-210 of subunit a may play a critical role in active H+ transport that is coupled to ATP synthesis or hydrolysis, but is not essential for the translocation of protons across the membranes.
Thresholds for sweet, salt, and sour taste stimuli in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

Little is known about avian taste perception and how taste affects food choice. We designed a study to determine the concentrations of aqueous solutions of common chemical taste stimuli that result in altered consumption patterns. Using two-choice taste-preference tests, we studied the taste thresholds of caged cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, a phosphate buffer (to test pH), fructose, and glucose. First, the preferred and nonpreferred bottle locations were determined for each bird. Then, depending on the compound, the test solutions were placed in bottles in either the preferred or the nonpreferred locations and water was placed in the opposite bottle. Four parameters were measured at the end of 3-day test periods (total consumption, consumption from water side, consumption from test solution side, and proportion of nonpreferred side consumption to total consumption). Experiments were repeated with increasing concentrations of test flavors until intake variables were significantly affected (P < 0.05). Cockatiels distinguished (P < 0.05) between purified water and 0.16 mol L(-1) potassium chloride, 0.40 mol L(-1) fructose, or 0.16 mol L(-1) glucose. The test birds did not distinguish between water and 0.05 mol L(-1) mono- and dibasic sodium phosphate buffer solution at any tested pH within the range of 4.9-7.7. When these findings are compared to previous experiments with the same birds, it becomes clear that the gustatory reactions of cockatiels for two different stimuli (e.g., NaCl and KCl) from the same general taste category (salt, sweet, sour) can vary widely. This variation in the responses to related stimuli could be the result of a number of factors including anion effects (for salts and acids) as well as nongustatory physiological processes (e.g., as renal control of blood osmolarity). Zoo Biol 20:1-13, 2001. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IN THE BEHOLDER'S EYE: A POSSIBLE REINTERPRETATION OF VELHO'S RESULTS ON BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Using the data recently presented byLea Velho on the citation rates in and on Brazilian agricultural journal articles, it is suggested that a given such paper is cited by the non-Brazilian scientific literature at the same rate as a paper written anywhere else in the world would be, and that is cited by other Brazilian papers very much more than a paper elsewhere would be. These conclusions are surprizing in view of the prevailing conventional wisdom, and are also exactly opposite to the conclusionsVelho herself derived from the same data.
Experimental studies of the 209Bi(p, n)209Po(IAS) reaction

Abstract Relative neutron angular distributions have been measured for the 209 Bi(p, n) 209 Po(IAS) charge-exchange reaction at 28, 35 and 45 MeV bombarding energies using a p-n timing technique. In the distorted-wave Born approximation the complex form factor extracted from the isospin-dependent part of the Becchetti-Greenlees optical-model potential gave excellent fits to the shapes of the (p, n) IAS angular distributions. The proton decay (p) of the IAS correlated to neutron angle was measured to be isotropic at 28 and 35 MeV, supporting the assumption that the (p, n) IAS reaction is pure charge-exchange in nature. The (p, np) non-coincidence excitation function was measured from threshold to 44 MeV. A broad structure a few MeV above threshold and a decreasing cross section at higher energies were observed. The DWBA calculations did not fit this excitation function.
Divalproex in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.

The present study represents an open-label clinical trial comparing treatment with a benzodiazepine (lorazepam) to divalproex in 11 inpatients with uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The tr...
Nuclear binding energies and liquid drop parameters in the extended Thomas-Fermi approximation☆

Abstract Using the extended Thomas-Fermi model, we calculate average nuclear binding energies with Skyrme type effective interactions. The total energy is minimized with respect to variations of the nucleon densities without the use of wave functions or adjustable parameters. We obtain binding energies only ∼2–7 MeV higher than self consistenly averaged Hartree-Fock energies. By least-square fits we determine the liquid drop parameters of different effective interactions very accurately. Shell effects are added perturbatively and lead to total energies within 5–10 MeV of the exact Hartree-Fock results.
Acid phosphatase localization in individual neurons by a quantitative histochemical method.

—By an adaptation of the fluorometric method of Campbell and Moss (1961), the activity of α-naphthyl acid phosphatase was measured in individual neurons of monkey and human spinal cord and found to be many times higher in nerve cell bodies than in the surrounding neuropil. It was also measured in cerebellar cortex and found most concentrated in the granular (neuronal) layer. As this distribution is distinctive and paralleled by two other acid hydrolases, β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase, it is considered to offer additional support for the lysosomal concept in nervous tissue and to indicate that nerve cell perikarya are much richer in lysosomes than are axons, dendrites or glial cells.
The displacement of bilirubin from albumin byfurosemide

Since furosemide, a sulfonamide diuretic, has been recommended for use in the newborn infant, a studywas made of its effect on the bilirubin-binding capacity of albumin. Furosemide was compared to sulfisoxazole, a knwon potent displacer of bilirubin, by means of three methods. First, aliquots of whole blood from 20 icteric infants were diluted in phosphate buffer along with expected clinical concentrations of furosemide and sulfisoxazole. The red cells and globullins were then isolated and blirubin concentrations were measured in these two fractions. The addition of furosemide resulted in the displacement of bilirubin from albumin to red cells and globulins. Mole for mole, furosemide displaced bilirubin about as well as sulfisoxazole. Second, the hydroxybenzeneazobenzoic aci dye binding test of Porter and Waters was performed using the sera of eight jaundiced newborn infants. The mean dye binding capacity of the sera was significantly reduce with the addition of furosemide to a final concentration of 2 μg/m. Third, the administration o furosemide (5 mg/kg) or sulfisoxazole (50 mg/kg) to adult Gunn rats resulted in a significant fall in mean serum bilirubin concentration compared to saline controls. Furosemide, like sulfisoxazole, is a potent displacer of bilirubin and should be used with caution in jaundiced infants.
Coupled-channel interaction for intermediate-energy nucleon-nucleon reactions

General effects of coupling a system to higher-mass channels are reviewed. The dominant effect is the addition of an attraction which increases with energy up to and, when the coupled channel is not in an S state, beyond inelastic threshold. This can produce resonances whose widths and inelasticities are largely determined by the resonance position. A model is presented for nucleon-nucleon channels coupled to N..delta.., NN*, or ..delta delta.. channels. It uses the Feshbach-Lomon nucleon-nucleon interaction and one-pion-exchange potentials plus phenomenological cores for the transition interactions. The width of the isobars is included. Good fits are obtained to NN channels for E/sub L/< or approx. =1 GeV, including the ''resonant'' /sup 1/D/sub 2/ and /sup 3/F/sub 3/ partial waves. A structure may be present in the /sup 3/P/sub 0/ partial wave. In those partial waves where one-pion exchange predicts the largest transition potentials, the fit is improved by the long-range potential tails.
Neural cell sequestration on immunoaffinity columns

Abstract An important approach to the separation of neural cells into homotypic and still viable subpopulations is to sequester selected cell classes on immobilized ligands specifically recognized by surface constituents of those cells. A category of ligands of general applicability to this problem is provided by antibodies directed to neural cell surface antigens. This report describes an immunoaffinity chromatography system in which chick embryonal spinal cord cells are retained on columns containing immune globulin against the cord cells, while they are allowed to pass through when the globulin used is not immunocompetent. Among the procedures described are: selection of the cell-chromatography matrix, small-scale fractionation of immune sera, titration on monolayer cultures of the complement-dependent cytotoxicity of immune globulin, and covalent coupling of normal or immune globulin to the chromatography matrix.
An Experimental Study on the Mode I Fracture Behavior of Hexagonal Honeycombs

Cellular materials have a high strength-to-weight ratio, which is good for lightweight structural applications. In order to accelerate the commercial use of cellular materials in the structural applications, a well understanding of fracture behavior of cellular materials is required in terms of structural integrity. The objective of the study is to develop a predictive model on fracture behavior of orthotropic cellular polymers, prepared from an additive manufacturing method, under the mode-I macroscopic loading. The constituent material’s fracture properties are obtained from the three-point bending test of samples with a notched crack. Using the base material’s properties, a model on fracture toughness of hexagonal honeycombs with a varying cell angle is developed using a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model of a cell wall material. Numerical and experimental tests will follow to validate the model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Leverage and evaluation effectiveness

Abstract Weaknesses in evaluations often can be traced to structural limitations in the positions of evaluation researchers. Conventional human relations techniques often are an insufficient basis for securing strong support for evaluation research. Strategies for increasing evaluation research leverage are reviewed. Alignment of evaluation research with regulatory bodies with authority to suspend public program expenditures is advocated. Several likely obstacles in the development of the regulatory evaluation model are anticipated and addressed.
The role of Mg2+ and specific amino acid residues in the catalytic reaction of the major human abasic endonuclease: new insights from EDTA-resistant incision of acyclic abasic site analogs and site-directed mutagenesis.

Ape1, the major protein responsible for excising apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites from DNA, cleaves 5' to natural AP sites via a hydrolytic reaction involving Mg2+. We report here that while Ape1 incision of the AP site analog tetrahydrofuran (F-DNA) was approximately 7300-fold reduced in 4 mM EDTA relative to Mg2+, cleavage of ethane (E-DNA) and propane (P-DNA) acyclic abasic site analogs was only 20 and 30-fold lower, respectively, in EDTA compared to Mg2+. This finding suggests that the primary role of the metal ion is to promote a conformational change in the ring-containing abasic DNA, priming it for enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. Mutating the proposed metal-coordinating residue E96 to A or Q resulted in a approximately 600-fold reduced incision activity for both P and F-DNA in Mg2+compared to wild-type. These mutants, while retaining full binding activity for acyclic P-DNA, were unable to incise this substrate in EDTA, pointing to an alternative or an additional function for E96 besides Mg2+-coordination. Other residues proposed to be involved in metal coordination were mutated (D70A, D70R, D308A and D308S), but displayed a relatively minor loss of incision activity for F and P-DNA in Mg2+, indicating a non-essential function for these amino acid residues. Mutations at Y171 resulted in a 5000-fold reduced incision activity. A Y171H mutant was fourfold less active than a Y171F mutant, providing evidence that Y171 does not operate as the proton donor in catalysis and that the additional role of E96 may be in establishing the appropriate active site environment via a hydrogen-bonding network involving Y171. D210A and D210N mutant proteins exhibited a approximately 25,000-fold reduced incision activity, indicating a critical role for this residue in the catalytic reaction. A D210H mutant was 15 to 20-fold more active than the mutants D210A or D210N, establishing that D210 likely operates as the leaving group proton donor.
Behavioral Treatment of Obesity

Behavioral treatment for obesity seeks to identify and modify eating, activity, and thinking habits that contribute to patients' weight problems. This approach recognizes that body weight is affected by factors other than behavior, which include genetic, metabolic, and hormonal influences. Behavioral treatment helps obese individuals develop a set of skills (eg, a low-fat diet, a high-activity lifestyle, realistic expectations) to regulate weight, even though patients may remain overweight after treatment. This article describes the behavioral treatment of obesity, its short- and long-term results, and methods to improve long-term weight loss.
Misfit dislocation generation mechanisms in heterostructures

Abstract Experimental data on the critical thickness show agreement with equilibrium models when epitaxial bicrystals are investigated, but large discrepancies when semiconductors are investigated. This discrepancy is largely due to two factors. The data are typically not from samples at equilibrium and the equilibrium models do not account for the frictional forces on dislocations. This paper presents a model of misfit dislocation generation which incorporates the frictional forces and is thereby a constrained-equilibrium model. The kinetics of the approach to the constrained equilibrium are also presented. Application of the resulting equations to experimental data show reasonable agreement for heterostructures of semiconductors as well as of metals. Most of the data available in the literature are not in a condition of constrained equilibrium and are ever further from the equilibrium state. It is therefore important to adopt a kinetic model to account for the experimental measurements of critical thickness and strain relaxation with deposit thickness.
Use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions: applications and pitfalls

The accurate diagnosis of melanocytic lesions is essential for the adequate clinical management of the patients. Besides the histopathologic examination, immunohistochemical studies are often used as an adjunct in distinguishing melanocytic lesions from tumors with different origin or between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. In the first part of this article, we analyze data on currently used immunohistochemical markers, with special emphasis on their applicability to clinical practice, and underline their potential pitfalls. The pathogenesis of malignant transformation of melanocytes is not completely understood. Recent studies report that various melanoma progression markers are preferentially expressed in benign or malignant melanocytic lesions or show different expression in subsequent stages of tumor development. Furthermore, in recent years, emerging genetic studies suggest that there are distinctive patterns of chromosomal aberrations in different subtypes of melanoma that can be altered by newly developed targeted therapies. In the second part of our article, we will discuss the most significant progression markers in melanoma that can be detected by immunohistochemistry and their potential usefulness for diagnosis, prognosis, staging or as therapeutic targets.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Abstract Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.
Atomistic Configurations and Energetics of Crack Extension in Silicon

We report the first atomistic determination of the minimum energy path for a series of bond ruptures to advance a crack front. Saddle-point configurations on (111) cleavage planes in Si reveal a steplike distribution of atomic displacements, implying a kink mechanism which is known to control dislocation mobility. Manifestations of lattice trapping and directional cleavage anisotropy are further elucidated.
Labor Struggles in the American South

For students of southern labor, almost any collection of essays chronic ling workers' experiences below the Mason-Dixon would be welcome. With the exceptions of F. Ray Marshall's Labor in the South and several issues of Southern Exposure published by the Institute for Southern Studies, there are few readily-available resources that reveal the richness and variety of southern labor history. 1 Essays in Southern Labor History, Selected Papers, Southern Labor History Conference, 1976 is a valuable compilation document ing workers' errorts to effect changes in their working and living conditions during the last century.^ Editors Gary M. Fink and Merl E. Reed have included twelve essays from the First Southern Labor History Conferece, basing their selections upon "quality" and the "spirit and character" of the 1976 event. In addition to an introduction outlining the origins of the Southern Labor Studies Association, the editors provide short introductory statements summarizing the contents of the articles and brief biographical sketches of their authors. Conference commentators' remarks follow each essay, with two exceptions to be noted elsewhere. Grouped sequentially into six major sections? "The Southern Knights: Discord and Accommodation"; "Textiles: The Past and Present"; "Coal: Industrial Warfare in West Virginia"; "Oil: Labor Organizing During the Two World Wars"; "Urban Transportation: Transit Strikes in New Or leans and Atlanta"; "Labor and Politics: The Southern Experience"?the papers illustrate the significance of location and region in the study of the South. Several themes emerge from the essays which suggest broad outlines for explaining the persistent failure of southern workers to form stable and effec tive unions. These themes include racial divisiveness, internecine strife and inept leadership within the house of labor, poverty, and xenophobia. The impact of race is an oft-occuring motif in the essays. Melton A. McLaurin notes in his paper "Knights of Labor: Internal Dissensions of the Southern Order," that the "ever present racial issue" was a contributor to the failure of the organization to achieve internal stability. Employers' efforts to undermine workers' organizing activities by appealing to racial prejudice are
Perceptions of Skills, Experience, and Attitudes on the Conduct of Research: a View Across the Continuum of Medical Learners in Kentucky’s Three Medical Schools

The purpose of this study was to establish baseline measures of student and trainee needs and attitudes, perception of institutional climate, and self-reported skills relating to research among Kentucky’s two allopathic and one osteopathic schools of medicine. This mixed methods study used an instrument developed and published by Brannan et al. (Med SCi Ed 22:151–161, 2012). All medical students, residents, and fellows in Kentucky (N = 2,646) were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Scaled replies were compared using two-way ANOVA, and open-ended data was summarized using a variation of Glaser and Straus constant comparison (Pandit 1996). There were similarities regarding medical students’ research needs and attitudes and self-reported skill levels across all three schools, but with differences in perceptions of research climate as osteopathic students rated themselves lower than allopathic students (p < 0.001). Fellows’ means differed from students’ and residents’ in the “Needs and Attitudes” domain (p = 0.040) and in “Skills” (p < 0.001). Qualitative data showed a clear trend toward valuing academic productivity such as “exploring issues and solving problems” and “publishing and presenting” as more pervasive “bricks and mortar” issues such as lab space—an issue that was never mentioned. The most important application of the findings may be as baseline learner data as allopathic and osteopathic medical communities commit to a single graduate medical education accreditation system (Brennan et al. 2014), where understanding research is an essential skill.
The incremental method of writing engineering papers

A method is proposed for writing journal papers in increments during the progress of the engineering project in a way that will actually aid the development work. Papers written in this manner are not merely a report of work done in the laboratory; instead, they combine the discipline of formal writing with the discipline of engineering effort. The proposed method applies to any kind of engineering manuscript: theoretical, analytical, experimental, or developmental. Specific guidelines are offered for preparing a manuscript in this way and some unique advantages of the method are shown.
Approximate regression models and splines

The literature pertaining to splines in regression analysis is reviewed. Spline regression is motivated as a simple extension of the basic polynomial regression model. Using this framework, the concepts of fixed and variable knot spline regression are developed and corresponding inferential procedures are considered. Smoothing splines are also seen to be an extension of polynomial regression and various optimality properties, as well as inferential and diagnostic methods, for these types of splines are discussed.
Analysis of the Iron-Sulfur Cluster of Aconitase by Natural and Magnetic Circular Dichroism

We have examined the iron-sulfur cluster of aconitase, a high-potential iron-sulfur protein, by absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. The MCD spectrum of unactivated aconitase, which is presumably oxidized, is similar to those of reduced two iron-two sulfide ferredoxins but distinct from the MCD of known four iron-four sulfide proteins. The magnitude of the natural CD of unactivated aconitase also suggests the absence of four iron-four sulfur clusters. Reduction of the enzyme with dithionite and activation with the cysteine-ascorbate-ferrous ion activation mixture generate spectra which are significantly different from those of any iron-sulfur protein seen to date. We interpret these results as indicating that aconitase does not contain a four iron-four sulfur cluster generally thought to be characteristic of high-potential iron-sulfur proteins. It could contain a two iron-two sulfur center or some other center such as a cyclic three iron-three sulfur center.
Discharge Chamber Performance of the NEXIS Ion Thruster

The Nuclear-Electric Xenon Ion System (NEXIS) thruster was designed to produce greater than or equal to 70% efficiency at ISPs in excess of 6500 sec and total power levels in excess of 15 kW. In order to achieve this performance, the thruster requires a large area plasma generator capable of high propellant utilimtion efficiency and low discharge loss while producing a very flat, uniform beam profile. Fortunately, larger thrusters can be made more uniform and efficient due to the higher volume to surface ratio, provided that the magnetic cusp confinement is designed properly and the thruster length to diameter ratio is adequate. This paper describes the discharge chamber performance of the NEXIS Laboratory Model (LM) thruster. The LM discharge chamber is 65 cm in diameter at the grid plane and uses 6 ring-cusps to provide magnetic confinement of the plasma. The thruster was tested with flat carbon-carbon composite grids with the hole pattern masked to 57 cm in diameter and a conventional Type-B "1/2" diameter hollow cathode. During the preliminary "discharge only" tests, the LM thruster demonstrated profile factors of 0.84 and a discharge loss of about 160 eV/ion at 25 V discharge voltage and over 90% propellant utilization efficiency in simulated beam extraction experiments at 3.9 A of beam current. Analysis of the data from these tests used the discharge-only model developed by Brophy. Subsequent beam extraction experiments validated the key variables used in the model to predict the performance from the discharge-only data, and demonstrated 3.9 A of beam current at over 90% propellant utilization efficiency with a flatness parameter of better than 0.8 and a discharge loss of about 185 eV/ion. The slightly higher discharge loss measured during beam extractions was found to be due to a lower screen transparency in the as-manufactured LM grid set. Plasma measurements with a scanning probe internal to the thruster near the screen grid showed plasma densities over l x 10(exp 11) per cubic centimeter and electron temperatures of 3.5 to 5.5 eV depending on the operation parameters. The performance of the NEXIS discharge chamber contributed to the over 78% thruster efficiency measured during beam extraction at 7500 sec ISP and 25 kW of power, and over 81% thruster efficiency measured at 8500 sec ISP.
Quarkonia Production and Polarization Studies with CDF

In this paper the authors present results on production and polarization of the J/{psi}, {psi}(2S), {chi}e, {Upsilon} and {chi}b states at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. These results were obtained from data taken with the CDF detector at Fermilab. They cover recently completed analyses of the 1992--96 collider run.
Galbraith's theory of the mature corporation

The present paper deals with the Galbraithian theory of the managerial firm. Galbraith has stressed corporate size and has questioned the effectiveness of the market demand, technology and capital market constraints, which in conventional theory restrict the size of the firm. Galbraith represents the objectives of the corporation in terms of a conventional lexicographic objective function with some minimal level of profits (in terms of cash flow) being ranked the dominant objective. Also in his treatment of the corporate constraints, Galbraith does not move much beyond the current state of knowledge. The assumption of consumer sovereignty has long been relegated to the ‘text-book literature’, and the firm's control over the quality of its product (its price elasticity) has been generally recognized. Similarly, it has been known that the capital market is not perfect so that it is unlikely to constrain the expansion of the firm with some given investor determined earning constraint. In his attempt to show the technostructure's ability to ‘plan’ the rate and the direction of the technological development Galbraith did not, however, meet with wide support from empirical research and analysis. It is extremely difficult to test the firm's control over its production technology, and while the few industry studies available can hardly be used to reject the Galbraithian position, there is not sufficient evidence to support a generalization of Galbraith's conjecture. While individually these constraints have been analyzed and discussed in the literature, Galbraith has combined these results and has been able to show that in the industrial state the ‘qualitative laws’ of economic common sense do not hold. The importance of this conclusion is not only academic. Efforts to control corporate allocations through rate controls, antitrust litigation, and in other ways emanate from the conventional theory of firms and markets and do not ‘fit’ the industrial state. In this state corporate size does matter and cannot be treated as random: The larger the corporation the more perfect the control it assumes over its environment and the higher the efficiency with which it plans its over-all operations.
A self-compensating all-reflective interferometric echelle space telescope

We present the design for a high resolution broad band Self Compensating All Reflective Interferometric Echelle Space Telescope spectrometer (SCARIEST). Because of its all reflective design, the system works throughout the UV. We discuss the system's design, capabilities, and limitations as well as possible applications.
Neural Stem Cell Regulation, Fibroblast Growth Factors, and the Developmental Origins of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

There is increasing appreciation for the neurodevelopmental underpinnings of many psychiatric disorders. Disorders that begin in childhood such as autism, language disorders or mental retardation as well as adult-onset mental disorders may have origins early in neurodevelopment. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be defined as self-renewing, multipotent cells that are present in both the embryonic and adult brain. Several recent research findings demonstrate that psychiatric illness may begin with abnormal specification, growth, expansion and differentiation of embryonic NSCs. For example, candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, autism and major depression include the signaling molecule Disrupted In Schizophrenia-1 (DISC-1), the homeodomain gene engrailed-2 (EN-2), and several receptor tyrosine kinases, including brain-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factors, all of which have been shown to play important roles in NSCs or neuronal precursors. We will discuss here stem cell biology, signaling factors that affect these cells, and the potential contribution of these processes to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Hypotheses about how some of these factors relate to psychiatric disorders will be reviewed.
Inhibition of Mouse Skin Protein Kinase C by Benzoyl Peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide (BP), used widely in dermatologic therapy and by the food industry, is considered a tumor promoter in chemically induced skin. Tumor promoters of both the phorbol and non-phorbol type interact with protein kinase C (PKC). This enzyme, therefore, is regarded as the intracellular receptor for a number of tumor promoters. BP bears some structural resemblance to diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus may exert its action through the PKC system. Based on these observations, we have investigated the effect of BP on PKC from mouse skin. Our data show that unlike phorbol esters, which stimulate PKC (in vivo and in vitro), BP inhibits PKC. concentration-dependent inhibition by BP is observed when PKC is stimulated by phorbol esters, diacylglycerol, phos-phatidyl serine (PS), or a combination of the latter two. BP also inhibits PKC stimulated by (-) Indolactam V, a nonphorbol compound resembling the teleocidins. 3H-phorbol ester binding experiments reveal that inhibition by BP may be due to its interference with the phorbol ester binding site and consequently diacylglycerol binding. The binding data and the inability of BP to inhibit either cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I or II imply that BP interacts with PKC, and not with the histone substrate. Results presented here clearly indicate that unlike phorbol and certain non-phorbol type of tumor promoters BP does not stimulate PKC in vitro.
Cerebrovascular neurosurgery 2014

Continued advances in our understanding of the management of cerebrovascular disease were made in 2014. A randomized trial for management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (ARUBA) (Mohr et al. Lancet 2014;383:614-21.) and the Scottish intracranial vascular malformation study (Al-Shahi Salman et al. JAMA 2014;311:1661-9) were published and contrasted with reports based on extensive surgical experience. We highlight the results from the simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage study (STASH) (Kirkpatrick et al. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:666-75) which unfortunately did not demonstrate a benefit of simvastatin on outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The 10 year follow-up of the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) (Molyneux et al. Lancet 2014 [E-pub]) and the 3 year follow-up results from the stenting and aggressive medical management for preventing recurrent stroke in intracranial stenosis (SAMMPRIS) (Derdeyn et al. Lancet 2014;383:333-41) were also reported. Results from the Japan adult Moyamoya trial (JAM) (Miyamoto et al. Stroke 2014;45:1415-21) are also briefly reviewed. Furthermore, benefits of familial screening for relatives of intracranial aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation patients, a promising angioscopic experience for endovascular procedures, as well as a modified bypass technique for management of complex aneurysms are outlined. The largest literature series to date for coiling large and giant aneurysms together with the midterm results of the Solitaire stent (ev3, Irvine, CA, USA) aneurysm remodeling study in coiling wide-necked aneurysms (SOLARE) are also presented (Gory et al. Neurosurgery 2014;75:215-9).