cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of three commercial Y-TZP ceramics produced for their high-translucency, high-strength and high-surface area

Developing yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) with high strength and translucency could significantly widen the clinical indications of monolithic zirconia restorations. This study investigates the mechanical and optical properties of three Y-TZP ceramics: High-Translucency, High-Strength and High-Surface Area. The four-point bending strengths (mean ± standard error) for the three Y-TZP ceramics (n = 10) were 990 ± 39, 1416 ± 33 and 1076 ± 32 MPa for High-Translucency, High-Strength and High-Surface Area, respectively. The fracture toughness values (mean ± standard error) for the three zirconias (n = 10) were 3.24 ± 0.10, 3.63 ± 0.12 and 3.21 ± 0.14 MPa m1/2 for High-Translucency, High-Strength and High-Surface Area, respectively. Both strength and toughness values of High-Strength zirconia were significantly higher than High-Surface Area and High-Translucency zirconias. Translucency parameter values of High-Translucency zirconia were considerably higher than High-Strength and High-Surface Area zirconias. However, all three zirconias became essentially opaque when their thickness reached 1 mm or greater. Our findings suggest that there exists a delicate balance between mechanical and optical properties of the current commercial Y-TZP ceramics.
Capacity Bounds for the 3-Dimensional (0, 1) Runlength Limited Channel

The capacity C0,1(3) of a 3-dimensional (0, 1) runlength constrained channel is shown to satisfy 0.522501741838 ≤ C0,1(3) ≤ 0.526880847825.
Internal Rotation in Liquid 1‐Fluoro‐1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane

Fluorine and proton high‐resolution NMR lineshapes have been observed at 56.4 and 60 MHz, respectively, for a 50 mole % solution of 1‐fluoro‐1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane in carbon disulfide, between −120° and −14°C. Fluorine spin echoes were obtained at 25.27 MHz and proton spin echoes were obtained at 26.8 and 17.7 MHz. An iterative complete‐lineshape‐fitting computer program was used with the experimental lineshapes to obtain best‐fit exchange rates for interconversion of gauche and trans rotamers. A value of 18.9 ppm was found for the fluorine chemical shift from the low‐temperature high‐resolution spectrum and was used to fit the lineshapes at higher temperatures, as well as to fit the observed dependence of the fluorine relaxation rate on rf pulse spacing in the Carr—Purcell experiments.Other parameters required in the analysis, i.e., the energy difference between trans and gauche rotamers and the proton‐fluorine coupling constants in each rotamer, were obtained from the temperature dependence of the pr...
Impact of natural soiling on the transmission of PV cover plates

Deposition of dust on PV panels has been shown to decrease the energy production of the panel. In this study dust was allowed to accumulate on glass plates, similar to those used for PV cover plates, in Commerce City Colorado. The plates were exposed to the environment for varying lengths of time and at several tilt angles in order to accumulate varying amounts of dust. The amount of dust and the transmission through the glass plate were measured. Results showed that the light transmission was significantly effected by dust accumulation. For dust accumulations of less than 1.5 g/m2, light transmission was reduced by 6% per g/m2 of dust accumulation. Additionally the data indicate that incidence angle does not impact the transmission reduction caused by dust deposition.
Diffusion in random two-phase media.

Continuum diffusion of a third species in a two-phase system comprised of stationary globules, randomly distributed in a uniform background medium, is considered. The diffusing species can dissolve in either phase, with different solubilities and diffusion constants. A density expansion of the average diffusion coefficient is presented. In the strong- (but not-perfect-) trap limit, both the first- and second-order globule-density contributions to the space Fourier transforms of the average Green's and velocity autocorrelation functions decay as (t${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5/2}$ for long times t. In addition, various intermediate time scales are examined. Finally, repeated-ring approximations are formulated and solved. In general, the repeated-ring approximations break down for sufficiently strong traps.
Correlated mutations in the four influenza proteins essential for viral RNA synthesis, host adaptation, and virulence: NP, PA, PB1, and PB2

The NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 proteins of influenza viruses together are responsible for the transcription and replication of viral RNA, and the latter three proteins comprise the viral polymerase. Two recent reports indicated that the mutation at site 627 of PB2 plays a key role in host range and increased virulence of influenza viruses, and could be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2, suggesting the association of this mutation with those at other sites. The objective of this study was to analyze the co-mutated sites within and between these important proteins of influenza. With mutual information, a set of statistically significant co- mutated position pairs (P value = 0) in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 of avian, human, pandemic 2009 H1N1, and swine influenza were identified, based on which several highly connected networks of correlated sites in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 were discovered. These correlation networks further illustrated the inner functional dependence of the four proteins that are critical for host adaptation and pathogenicity. Mutual information was also applied to quantify the correlation of sites within each individual protein and between proteins. In general, the inter protein correlation of the four proteins was stronger than the intra protein correlation. Finally, the correlation patterns of the four proteins of pandemic 2009 H1N1 were found to be closer to those of avian and human than to swine influenza, thus rendering a novel insight into the interaction of the four proteins of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus when compared to avian, human, and swine influenza and how the origin of these four proteins might affect the correlation patterns uncovered in this analysis.
Influence of thin liquid films on polar ice chemistry: Implications for Earth and planetary science

Abstract The polar snowpack (and sea-ice) plays a major role in affecting overlying boundary layer chemistry and has only recently come to light. Furthermore, the understanding of this system and its importance is steadily growing. Investigations done thus far, nonetheless, examined the subsets of the polar environment as an uncoupled system. Analogous to some materials, the surface of snow/ice exhibits thin liquid layers (e.g., the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) and brine layer (BL)). This paper gives an overview of thin liquid films and illustrations of their function in Earth science. The impact of such films in polar science (i.e., polar snowpack photochemistry) is discussed within the context of how field data has been elucidated through laboratory data and modeling techniques. Specifically, what laboratory and modeling investigations have revealed about the effect of thin liquid layers on constraining field observations and, more importantly, the physicochemical mechanisms that govern the behavior of trace gases within the snowpack (and sea-ice) and how they are released from the polar snowpack. Current and future impacts of these findings are discussed, along with putative implications of the effect of thin liquid films in planetary science.
Trojan horses: drug culprits associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis

Purpose of reviewAntineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis is a systemic autoimmune disease resulting in small-vessel inflammation caused by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against proteinase 3 or myeloperoxidase. Legal drug culprits have been implicated as causative agents in sec
Determining the System Hamiltonian with Optical 3-D Spectroscopy

Quantitative knowledge of a system’s Hamiltonian enables researchers to predict and control quantum systems.
Acts of Association: Allison Smith's Craft as Civic Practice

AbstractThis article examines a recent project by artist Allison Smith, which was commissioned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art, created during a residency at the Herron School of Art and Design, and presented as part of a public parade and gallery exhibition. The Donkey, The Jackass, and The Mule staged associations between public sculpture, socially engaged practice, and performance. Within the project, craft functioned as a means of intersection between disparate disciplines and forms of cultural participation.
Color-coded multilayer photopatterned microstructures using lanthanide (III) ion co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion luminescence for possible applications in security

We report a method for fabricating predefined photopatterns of upconversion nanophosphors using a chemical amplification reaction for direct writing of films with multilayer color-coded patterning for security applications. To photopattern the nanocrystal film we have synthesized rare-earth ion (Er3+/Yb3+ or Tm3+/Yb3+) co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride (α-NaYF4) nanophosphors and functionalized the nanocrystal surfaces by incorporation of a photopatternable ligand such as t-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC). The surface modification allows photopatterning of the nanophosphor solid state film. Furthermore, upconversion nanophosphors show a nearly quadratic dependence of the upconversion photoluminescence (PL) intensity on the excitation light power, and tailoring of the PL wavelength is possible by changing the lanthanide ions. We have demonstrated the capability of anchoring nanophosphors at desirable locations by a photolithography technique. The photopatterned films exhibit fixed nanophosphor structures clearly identifiable by strong upconversion photoluminescence under IR illumination which is useful for a number of applications in security.
Testosterone stimulates ultrasound production by male hamsters.

Abstract Rates of ultrasound production by male hamsters were observed before, during, and after presentations of stimulus females and synthetic ultrasounds. Following castration, oil-treated control males showed decreased rates of ultrasound production, especially in tests with females. In contrast, castrates treated with 200 μg/day of testosterone propionate called at rates which equaled or exceeded their own preoperative levels and which consistently exceeded the postoperative call rates of the oil controls. These results show that ultrasound production by male hamsters is stimulated by gonadal androgens, and they support the interpretation of these signals as courtship displays.
Sequencing of vocational development stages: Further studies☆

Abstract This paper reports two studies which support the prediction derived from Hershenson's ( Journal of Counseling Psychology , 1968 , 15, 23–30) life-stage vocational development model that average scores on Self-differentiation (worker self-concept and motivation) would exceed those on Competence (work habits, skills, and interpersonal relations), which in turn would exceed those on Independence (appropriateness and crystallization of vocational goals). The first study involved ratings by project staff on an inner city, socially disadvantaged population, and the second study involved self-ratings by individuals who had changed occupations in midcareer. Findings are consistent with those reported by Hershenson and Langbauer ( Journal of Counseling Psychology , 1973 , 20, 519–521) on a population of deaf clients.
Quantitation of HERV-K env gene expression and splicing in human breast cancer

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise up to 8% of the human genome. In previous studies, we demonstrated that type 1 HERV-K envelope (env) transcripts are expressed in most human breast cancers, but not in normal breast tissues. In the current study, we report that type 2 HERV-K env transcripts are also present in human breast cancers. By real-time RT-PCR, the expression of HERV-K env transcripts was 5-10-fold higher in breast cancer cell lines treated with estradiol and progesterone than in cells without treatment, and expression was significantly higher in most breast cancer tissues than in normal breast tissues. Furthermore, both types of HERV-K env transcripts were capable of being spliced into subgenomic env transcripts and various splice donor and acceptor sites were detected in breast cancers. The selective expression and distribution of multiple HERV-K endogenous retroviral element splice variants in breast cancer, but not in normal controls, suggests that they are novel breast tumor markers.
Identification and characterization of variants of Crithidia luciliae with altered morphological and surface properties.

ABSTRACT. Variants of a cloned laboratory stock of the trypanosomatid parasite Crithidia luciliae have been distinguished from “parental type” organisms. These variants accumulated spontaneously over time as the protozoan was maintained by continuous passage in a chemically defined medium. Cloned lines of these variants have been isolated by plating on nutrient agar and partially characterized on the basis of their growth characteristics in culture, their colony and cellular morphology as well as their surface protein expression. One cloned line consisted of motile, flagellated forms which, unlike “parental type” organisms, did not adhere to the surface of culture flasks. Another cloned line was composed of non-adherent, nonmotile, amastigote-like forms which were further distinguished from “parental type” cells by virtue of their constitutive expression, in nutrient-replete medium, of high levels of a surface membrane associated 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease (3′-N'ase) activity. Both the motile, flagellated and amastigote-like variants, like the “parental type” organisms, exhibited elevated levels of the 3′-N'ase activity upon exposure to purine starvation conditions. The variants described are of potential importance in elucidating the mechanism of induction of the highly regulated 3′-N'ase activity as well as for understanding the cytoskeletal systems and the surface properties of these protozoa.
Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution

During the past several years, groundwater has become a subject of great concern to the public. Unfortunately, this attention is the result of many serious subsurface pollution problems. The need to manage or clean up these pollution aquifers has created a great demand for methods or tools to accurately predict groundwater flow and pollutant transport, and how they will change in response to imposed stresses. Bear and Verruijt (p. xi) state, “The necessary information about the response of the system is provided by a model that describes the behavior of the considered system in response to excitation.”
FORMA: a program in C to trace object peripheries for two-dimensional shape analysis

FORMA is a computer algorithm and C language program for definition of the external outline of an object. The algorithm is applicable to a multitude of shape analysis studies, especially those concerned with Fourier shape analysis of sedimentary grains and biological specimens. The output of the program is a data file consisting of header information and a series of objects each described by packed edge points and object identification information. FORMA has been developed to be a general image analysis program designed to be interfaced with relatively inexpensive imaging systems.
Improving consolidation of virtual machines with risk-aware bandwidth oversubscription in compute clouds

Current trends in virtualization, green computing, and cloud computing require ever increasing efficiency in consolidating virtual machines without degrading quality of service. In this work, we consider consolidating virtual machines on the minimum number of physical containers (e.g., hosts or racks) in a cloud where the physical network (e.g., network interface or top of the rack switch link) may become a bottleneck. Since virtual machines do not simultaneously use maximum of their nominal bandwidth, the capacity of the physical container can be multiplexed. We assume that each virtual machine has a probabilistic guarantee on realizing its bandwidth Requirements-as derived from its Service Level Agreement with the cloud provider. Therefore, the problem of consolidating virtual machines on the minimum number of physical containers, while preserving these bandwidth allocation guarantees, can be modeled as a Stochastic Bin Packing (SBP) problem, where each virtual machine's bandwidth demand is treated as a random variable. We consider both offline and online versions of SBP. Under the assumption that the virtual machines' bandwidth consumption obeys normal distribution, we show a 2-approximation algorithm for the offline version and improve the previously reported results by presenting a (2 +∈)-competitive algorithm for the online version. We also observe that a dual polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for SBP can be obtained via reduction to the two-dimensional vector bin packing problem. Finally, we perform a thorough performance evaluation study using both synthetic and real data to evaluate the behavior of our proposed algorithms, showing their practical applicability.
Transport of electrons in intrinsic InSb

Abstract The mobility, thermoelectric power, Hall coefficient, and far infrared reflectivity of InSb are calculated, taking account of the non-parabolic conduction band as well as the correct wave functions of the electrons. Lattice scattering by polar modes and electron-hole scattering, previously shown to be the dominant mechanisms between 200 and 700°K, are properly combined in a variational transport calculation. Screening effects of the intrinsic carriers on the electron-phonon interaction are considered explicitly. A modified form of Kohler 's variational principle is introduced, and the sensitivity of the calculated transport properties to several choices of trial functions is investigated. The Hall coefficient for weak magnetic fields is obtained from a new variational principle, the results being used to correct the experimental Hall mobility. The calculated mobility and thermoelectric power for the effective ionic charge determined from optical experiments agree well with experiment. The theory in its present form contains no adjustable parameters. Finally, the Boltzmann equation for high-frequency conduction is solved by means of a perturbation technique. The reflectivity minimum of InSb in the far infrared is calculated and found to agree well with experiment.
Design, Preproduction, and Performance of the Cdf Run Iib Silicon Detector

A new silicon detector was designed by the CDF collaboration for Run IIb of the Tevatron at Fermilab. The main building block of the new detector is a "supermodule" or "stave", an innovative, compact and lightweight structure of several readout hybrids and sensors with a bus cable running directly underneath the sensors to carry power, data, and control signals to and from the hybrids. The hybrids use a new, radiation-hard readout chip, the SVX4 chip. A number of SVX4 chips, readout hybrids, sensors, and supermodules were produced and tested in preproduction. The performance (including radiation-hardness) and yield of these components met or exceeded all design goals. The detector design goals, solutions, and performance results are presented.
EPA as a public health agency

Much of EPA's actions are driven by concerns for public health. The public's perception of the potential adverse consequences to their health of chemical and physical agents in the general environment is a common motivating force in setting EPA's agenda and in making regulatory decisions. Despite its responsibilities in public health, and the major role that public health plays in its decision making, EPA is not part of the Department of Health and Human Services, the federal cabinent-level department with primary responsibility for human health. Rather, EPA is an independent agency with its own Administrator who is the decision maker for over a dozen legislative acts, many of which are based on public health concerns. For very few of these laws is there more than a minimal tie to the activities of classic public health agencies in the Department of Health and Human Services. Unfortunately, this organizational approach has led to a relative lack of individuals trained in the discipline of public health which hinders EPA's ability to approach public health problems. While there are many good reasons to keep EPA a separate entity from the Department of Health and Human Services, it is imperative there be close cooperation between EPA and the appropriate units of the U.S. Public Health Service. Most importantly, the number of people within EPA who are trained in public health disciplines must be increased. As a corollary there must be a concerted effort to educate students in a manner responsive to the need for public health manpower at EPA and at State and local agencies active directly or indirectly in environmental health issues.
Do Infarcts Really Expand or Compact? Relationship Between Changing Material Properties and Apparent Infarct Remodeling

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity with over 600,000 new Americans suffering an MI each year [1]. Following infarction, damaged muscle is gradually replaced by collagenous scar tissue, while undamaged (remote) myocytes remodel due to altered load. Remodeling of both the infarcted and remote myocardium are important determinants of cardiac function and the risk of progression to heart failure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Surgical management of pancreaticocutaneous fistula

Although enteric drainage of the fistula tract is a widely accepted treatment for pancreaticocutaneous fistula, few data have been published on the outcome of this procedure. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 30 patients with pancreaticocutaneous fistula who underwent surgical management at a single institution over a 13-year period. The operative morbidity rate was 30%. Overall the incidence of recurrent ductal leaks requiring further intervention was 23%. Six of seven patients who had a recurrence had an ongoing inflammatory pathology, and three of seven had pancreas divisum. Recurrence was most likely when cystenterostomy was used. Enteric drainage of pancreaticocutaneous fistulas is not always curative. Fistulojejunostomy gives a better outcome than cystenterostomy. Recurrence may be expected in patients with continuing inflammatory ductal pathology.
New genetic methods to improve secondary metabolite production in Streptomyces

The most potent chemical mutagens commonly used for yield enhancement in streptomycetes induce a limited spectrum of base-pair substitutions, heavily dominated by GC to AT transitions. The AT to CG transversion pathway complements the GC to AT pathway, but no strong mutagens with this specificity are available. However, mutT mutations in Escherichia coli enhance spontaneous AT to CG transversions about 1000-fold, so such mutations in streptomycetes could be very beneficial for random mutagenesis. Rate-limiting steps in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, on the other hand, can be best addressed by cloning and insertion of extra copies of the appropriate gene(s) into a neutral genomic site. This approach has been used successfully to improve the production of tylosin and pristinomycin. Transposon mutagenesis can be used to identify and clone neutral genomic sites, as demonstrated in Streptomyces fradiae to improve tylosin yields. Transposon mutagenesis can also be used to activate or enhance the transcription of genes important for secondary metabolite production, and to identify and clone both positive and negative regulatory elements. In some cases it may be advantageous to amplify the complete biosynthetic pathway for secondary metabolite production. In Streptomyces rimosus, a highly productive oxytetracycline producer was shown to contain the complete biosynthetic pathway near the end of the linear chromosome, and on a hybrid linear plasmid that had undergone recombination with the chromosome. This concept of linear replicon fusion might be applicable to other secondary metabolite pathway genes that are located near one end of the linear chromosome.
Analysis of Recurrence and Survival after Hypopharyngeal Ablative Surgery with Radial Forearm Free Flap Reconstruction

Objectives/Hypothesis: To address the controversial acceptable distal resection margin for the surgical management of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. Study Design: Retrospective review of the records of 28 consecutive patients who underwent pharyngoesophagectomy and reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps between 1996 to 2001. Methods: The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival and recurrence-free time. Results: The minimum follow-up time was 2 years, and there were 14 (50%) patients who had recurrences. Analysis revealed that only one (3%) patient experienced a recurrence at the inferior resection margin, the junction of the free flap reconstruction, and the cervical esophagus. Estimated 4 year survival was 48.5%. Conclusions: Total laryngopharyngectomy and partial esophagectomy with radial forearm free flap reconstructions in appropriately selected patients with hypopharyngeal cancer does not compromise local recurrence rates at the distal esophageal margin.
MR imaging appearance of 180–360° labral tears of the shoulder

Glenoid labral tears exceeding 180° are an uncommon entity in which characteristic clinical and MR imaging features can lead to a more accurate preoperative diagnosis. We provide a description of glenoid labral tears that exceed 180°, and their characteristic magnetic resonance imaging features. In the young, heavily muscled male athlete, the identification of multiple sites of labral pathology and isolated, extensive posterior labral injuries are features that should raise suspicion for labral tears that exceed 180°.
Sex-appropriate roles: Comparing the attitudes of civilian and military youth

This paper compares attitudes toward sex-appropriate roles of military and civilian youth in America using multivariate analysis. Results revealed that military status itself did not directly affect perceptions of sex-appropriate roles. However, being in the military interacted with other control variables to reinforce and intensify present attitudes. Thus, women in the military held less traditional sex role attitudes than civilian women, while military men had more traditional sex role attitudes than civilian men. Those variables relating to sex role attitudes thus seem to have different consequences for military personnel and civilians.
The Effects of Satisfaction with a Client’s Management During a Prior Audit Engagement, Trust, and Moral Reasoning on Auditors’ Perceived Risk of Management Fraud

The recent accounting scandals have raised concerns regarding the closeness of auditor–client relationships. Critics argue that as the relationship lengthens a bond develops and auditors’ professional skepticism may be replaced with trust. However, Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99 states that auditors “should conduct the engagement with a mindset that recognizes the possibility that a material misstatement due to fraud could be present, regardless of any past experience with the entity and regardless of the auditor’s belief about management’s honesty and integrity” (AICPA 2002, Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99, paragraph 13, p. 10). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether auditors develop trust in a client’s management and whether this trust affects auditors’ decisions. Specifically, this study examines whether auditors’ satisfaction with a client’s management during a prior audit engagement affects auditors’ self-reported trust in that client’s management and whether that trust affects their fraud risk assessment. The decision to trust a client’s management should be an ethical decision because excessive trust may impair auditors’ skepticism, which auditors are required to maintain by their professional responsibilities. We therefore also investigate whether auditors’ trust is affected by their moral reasoning. An experimental case was completed by 89 professional auditors, all with experience assessing the risk of fraud. The results suggest auditors’ satisfaction with the client affects their trust in the client (higher satisfaction associated with higher trust and lower satisfaction associated with lower trust). Further, after an overall unsatisfying experience, auditors’ trust affects their fraud risk assessments. However, after an overall satisfying experience, their trust does not affect their fraud risk assessments. The results indicate auditors are able to maintain their professional skepticism after satisfying past experiences with the client regardless of their beliefs about the honesty and trustworthiness of the client’s management. Lastly, auditors’ moral reasoning was not related to their trust in the client’s management.
Isolation and Characterization of a Rat Luteal cDNA Encoding 20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a full length cDNA encoding rat 20αhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase derived from rat corpus luteum RNA. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the 20αHSD clone is composed of 323 amino acids possessing an approximate molecular weight of 37 kDa. The sequence of peptides derived from the purified protein was found in the translated sequence of the open reading frame. cDNA and amino acid sequence indicate that the rat ovarian 20αHSD belongs to the aldo-keto reductase family of enzymes. Northern analysis revealed a 1.2 Kb 20αHSD mRNA in corpora lutea undergoing luteolysis. Prolactin reduced markedly 20αHSD mRNA expression. No signal was detected in other tissues examined, demonstrating the specific expression of this enzyme in the corpus luteum.
Prevention and early recognition of necrotizing enterocolitis: a tale of 2 tools--eNEC and GutCheckNEC.

Risk for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is complex, reflecting its multi-factorial pathogenesis. To improve risk awareness and facilitate communication among neonatal caregivers especially nurses, two tools were developed. GutCheckNEC was derived and validated as part of a formal research study over three phases including evidence synthesis, expert consensus building and statistical modeling. The Wetzel/Krisman tool, eNEC™ was developed and tested as part of a quality improvement (QI) initiative in a single clinical setting using evidence synthesis, review by internal expert clinicians and implementation and evaluation of its use by direct line neonatal staff. Refinement of both tools is underway to evaluate their effect on clinical decision making, early identification of NEC and surgical NEC. Clinicians can take an active role to reduce NEC in their units by focusing on modifiable risk factors such as adoption of standardized feeding protocols, preferential feeding of human milk, antibiotic and histamine blocker stewardship. Feeding during transfusion remains controversial but judicious use of transfusions, adoption of transfusion guidelines and withholding feeding during transfusion are feasible measures with potential benefit to prevent NEC and little risk.
Climate Change and Emissions Impacts on Atmospheric PAH Transport to the Arctic

We investigate effects of 2000-2050 emissions and climate changes on the atmospheric transport of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). We use the GEOS-Chem model coupled to meteorology from a general circulation model and focus on impacts to northern hemisphere midlatitudes and the Arctic. We project declines in anthropogenic emissions (up to 20%) and concentrations (up to 37%), with particle-bound PAHs declining more, and greater declines in midlatitudes versus the Arctic. Climate change causes relatively minor increases in midlatitude concentrations for the more volatile PHE and PYR (up to 4%) and decreases (3%) for particle-bound BaP. In the Arctic, all PAHs decline slightly under future climate (up to 2%). Overall, we observe a small 2050 "climate penalty" for volatile PAHs and "climate benefit" for particle-bound PAHs. The degree of penalty or benefit depends on competition between deposition and surface-to-air fluxes of previously deposited PAHs. Particles and temperature have greater impacts on future transport than oxidants, with particle changes alone accounting for 15% of BaP decline under 2050 emissions. Higher temperatures drive increasing surface-to-air fluxes that cause PHE and PYR climate penalties. Simulations suggest ratios of more-to-less volatile species can be used to diagnose signals of climate versus emissions and that these signals are best observed in the Arctic.
French Archival Notes Police Spies and Labor Militants after the Commune

Within recent years French historians have turned increasingly to police archives as a vast untapped source for the study of labor and socialist movements. However diligent the labor press was in reporting movement activities, it could never outdo the French political police in its saturation coverage of meetings, congresses and demonstrations. During the second half of the nineteenth century the hub of the political police was the Paris Prefecture of Police, which had literally hundreds of paid informants reporting on political and social circles, high and low, not only in Paris, but in the provinces and other countries as well. Fire destroyed nearly all of the valuable archives of the Prefecture prior to 1871. Beginning then with the post-Commune period, which is particularly rich in documentation, the archives are presently open to the public with some restrictions through 1940. A visit to the Archives of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, located in the Section Police Judiciaire , 36 quai des Orfevres, has become de rigueur for students of French and international labor movements.
The binding of luxol fast blue ARN by various biological lipids.

A determination of the selectivity and approximate stoichiometry of Luxol Fast Blue ARN by known chemical compounds showed that phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl inositol bound the dye with an apparently stoichiometric ratio of 1 dye molecule to 2 molecules of lipid. Phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin, and palmitic acid showed a much weaker reaction. Of these, phosphatidyl choline bound the least amount of dye; about 1 dye molecule per 13-20 lipid molecules. Glycerides, methyl and cholesteryl esters of fatty acids, cholesterol, cerebrosides, and oleic acid gave negative results, as did a variety of low molecular weight substances, including ethanolamine, choline, inositol, and serine. Such negative results indicate that no isopropanol-insoluble complexes were formed with the dye. The behavior of the dye toward several phospholipids suggests that the phosphate groups are essential to the binding reaction and that the quaternary amine of phosphatidyl choline may interfere wit...
High Lateral Resolution Imaging with Sharpened Tip of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Scanning Probe

We report a tip sharpening process for multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) scanning probes and demonstrate its application in high lateral resolution imaging. The sharpening of the tip is an in-situ process employing the atomic force microscope. The method involves current-induced oxidation in ambient atmosphere by locally stripping away the outer layers at the very tip of the MWCNT. This process requires an applied voltage in the 2−3 V range, which is lower than that required for shortening the nanotube. Direct scanning microscopic data reveal sharpened tips with a radius of curvature normally less than 5 nm. Multiple scan experiments show that the sharpened tips undergo no degradation in image quality, suggesting that the sharpened tips are very robust. Our unique fabrication process for producing a robust multiwalled CNT scanning probe coupled with the tip sharpening method has demonstrated the development of a universal probe for high aspect ratio as well as high lateral resolution imaging applications.
Application of human factors data to estimating air traffic control conflicts

This paper seeks to define and estimate the frequency of aircraft interactions (called conflicts) which entail controller intervention. The task of conflict detection is viewed as a stimulus-response process in which the strength of stimulation is a particular closest-approach separation between aircraft, and the corresponding probability of response is the fraction of times controllers judge that separation to be a potential violation of the 5 nautical mile minimum separation standard. Data from human factors studies of air traffic control are used to estimate response probabilities for a wide range of closest-approach separations. Two types of response probability are defined. The first type (normative) predicts when controllers should intervene based on an analysis of human and equipment errors in the air traffic control process. The second type (descriptive) predicts when controllers actually intervene based on data from real-time simulations of conflict detection. These response probabilities are incorporated into an empirical model for estimating the expected number of conflicts in a specified time using data from ATC flight-progress strips.
Preparation and characterization of PbS nanoclusters made by using a powder method on ionomers

Abstract By using a powder method, a new method for producing semiconductor/polymer nanocomposites, lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles were prepared and dispersed in either poly(methylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) or poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid). The size of the nanoclusters was less than 2 nm, and the size distribution was rather sharp, determined by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The absorption spectra of the PbS-containing sheets showed a blue shift and the absorption edges were steep, reflecting the formation of nano-sized PbS clusters. The spectra also exhibited an absorption maximum, which is an indication of a narrow particle size distribution. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PbS-containing nanocomposites was higher than that of the corresponding ionomer. The effect of heat treatment on the aggregation of PbS is also discussed. The dissolution of powder samples, followed by neutralization of acidic groups, led to reduction of particle sizes, suggesting the usefulness of ionic groups for stabilizing PbS nanoclusters.
Manufacturing Wages and Imports: Evidence from the NLSY

This paper analyses the effect of imports on US manufacturing wages using the NLSY79 data-set, estimating differential impacts on blue- and white-collar wages. I find that rising imports put downward pressure on wages between 1979 and 1988. This correlation holds for both white- and blue-collar workers, with a somewhat stronger impact on the latter group. Evidence suggests that imports from low-wage countries are responsible for the negative relationship between imports and wages, but only for blue-collar wages. A one-percentage-point increase in the low-wage import share is associated with a 2.8% decline in blue-collar wages.
Complications in patient with triple penile prostheses

Abstract A case report of a man with three poorly functional prosthetic implants in his penis is presented. Complications resulting from the insertion of penile implants are reviewed, and suggestions are made on evaluating a patient who has had previous prosthetic surgery.
Transfer and maintenance of IncP and IncW group plasmids into and between extra-slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains

IncP group plasmid pRL180 was conjugally transferred from Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA928 into extra-slow-growing (ESG) Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains and between ESG strains, RJ17W and RJ12S. pRL180 was integrated into the chromosome of RJ12S, RJ17W and RJ19FY. ESG strains efficiently transferred pRL180 into Escherichia coli at about a 3 × 10−5 frequency. IncW group plasmid pTY97 was transferred in intergeneric matings from E. coli into ESG strains at a high frequency of 2.5 × 10−3; between RJ17W and RJ12S transfer was about 5.6 × 10−4. pTY97 was maintained as an R′ plasmid in RJ12S. The R′ plasmid was resolved upon transfer into E. coli C where only pTY97 was autonomously replicated.
Lysophosphatidylcholine alters enterocyte monolayer permeability via a protein kinase C/Ca2+ mechanism

The activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is elevated in the intestinal epithelia of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We recently reported that PLA2 mediates the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to lysophosphatidylcholine (L-PC) when both are applied to the apical surface of cultures enterocyte monolayers, resulting in increased bacterial translocation (BT) and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). However, the mechanism by which the converted L-PC affects tight-junction permeability (TJP) as reflected by decreased TEER is unknown. There are some reports that protein kinase C (PKC) or Ca2+ mediate TJP in enterocyte monolayer models. To investigate whether the observed change in TJP was mediated via PKC or Ca2+ in our Caco-2 monolayer model, human Caco-2 enterocytes were grown to confluence on porous filters in the apical chamber of a two-chamber cell culture system. The filters were then transferred to an Ussing chamber for precise, real-time restistance measurements. After 30 min equilibration, PC (0.1 or 1 mM) and L-PC (0.01, 0.1 or 1 mM), PMA 200 or 300 nM (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PCK activator), or staurosporine 12 nM (PKC inhibitor) were added to the apical chamber and TEER was measured every 20 s for 2 h. The concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ in the monolayers before and after treatment with L-PC (1 mM) was measured by fluorometry of whole monolayers using the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2. Neither PC at any dose nor the 0.01-mM L-PC dose had an effect on TEER. The 0.1-mM dose of L-PC had its greatest effect (47% ± 3.5% reduction in TEER vs control) within 6 min following its addition, with TEER recovery to control levels (100%) at 2 h (P < 0.05). The 1-mM dose of L-PC had its greatest effect (6% ± 0.5% reduction in TEER vs control) within 3 min after its addition, but the TEER did not recover to control levels after 2 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The addition of 200 or 300 nM PMA inhibited the observed recovery of TEER by L-PC. Conversely, the addition of 12 nM staurosporine enhanced TEER recovery to control levels. The 1-mM dose of L-PC increased the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ immediately after the addition of L-PC. These results suggest that L-PC alters TJP via a PKC/Ca2+ interaction in our Caco-2 monolayer model.
Mössbauer investigation of supported Fe catalysts: III. In situ kinetics and spectroscopy during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract In situ constant velocity Mossbauer data have been used to measure the rate of carbiding of 10 Fe SiO 2 and 10 Fe MgO during the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction at 523 °K and 3.3 H 2 CO . Simultaneous spectroscopic and kinetic measurements reveal the remarkable result that the reaction rate follows the extent of bulk carbide formation and, thus, that incorporation of carbon into the iron particles controls the number of active surface sites until carbiding is complete. Conversion, paraffin to olefin ratio, and C 2 C 1 ratio increase with extent of carbiding. Hydrogenation of a fully carbided catalyst at 523 °K is slow and produces only methane.
Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration

Chronic stress produces deficits in cognition accompanied by alterations in neural chemistry and morphology. For example, both stress and chronic administration of corticosterone produce dendritic atrophy in hippocampal neurons (Woolley C, Gould E, McEwen BS. 1990. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 531:225-231; Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS, 1992b. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588:341-345). Prefrontal cortex is also a target for glucocorticoids involved in the stress response (Meaney MJ, Aitken DH. 1985. [(3)H]Dexamethasone binding in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 328:176-180); it shows neurochemical changes in response to stress (e.g., Luine VN, Spencer RL, McEwen BS. 1993. Effect of chronic corticosterone ingestion on spatial memory performance and hippocampal serotonergic function. Brain Res 616:55-70; Crayton JW, Joshi I, Gulati A, Arora RC, Wolf WA. 1996. Effect of corticosterone on serotonin and catecholamine receptors and uptake sites in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 728:260-262; Takao K, Nagatani T, Kitamura Y, Yamawaki S. 1997. Effects of corticosterone on 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2) receptor binding and on the receptor-mediated behavioral responses of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 333:123-128; Sandi C, Loscertales M. 1999. Opposite effects on NCAM expression in the rat frontal cortex induced by acute vs. chronic corticosterone treatments. Brain Res 828:127-134), and mediates many of the behaviors that are altered by chronic corticosterone administration (e.g., Lyons DM, Lopez JM, Yang C, Schatzberg AF. 2000. Stress-level cortisol treatment impairs inhibitory control of behavior in monkeys. J Neurosci 20:7816-7821). To determine if glucocorticoid-induced morphological changes also occur in medial prefrontal cortex, the effects of chronic corticosterone administration on dendritic morphology in this corticolimbic structure were assessed. Adult male rats received s.c. injections of either corticosterone (10 mg in 250 microL sesame oil; n = 8) or vehicle (250 microL; n = 8) daily for 3 weeks. A third group of rats served as intact controls (n = 4). Brains were stained using a Golgi-Cox procedure and pyramidal neurons in layer II-III of medial prefrontal cortex were drawn; dendritic morphology was quantified in three dimensions. Sholl analyses demonstrated a significant redistribution of apical dendrites in corticosterone-treated animals: the amount of dendritic material proximal to the soma was increased relative to intact rats, while distal dendritic material was decreased relative to intact animals. Thus, chronic glucocorticoid administration dramatically reorganized apical arbors in medial prefrontal cortex. This reorganization likely reflects functional changes and may contribute to stress-induced changes in cognition.
Bias in Multiple Discriminant Analysis

Sample estimates of predictive power in N-way discriminant analysis are likely to be subject to a strong upward bias. This bias occurs because the discriminant technique tends to fit the sample dat...