cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Multiparametric MRI Using PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System)

Multiparametric prostate MRI integrates both anatomical sequences and functional imaging, and it has undergone rapid growth in the last decade. At least in part, the increased adoption of MRI is due to the development of the PI-RADS scoring system, which improved the standardization of acquisition and interpretation of prostate MRI. Further, accumulated experience with PI-RADS has shown good accuracy in prostate cancer detection. The latest revision of PI-RADS addressed a few shortcomings of earlier versions. Herein we present a practical approach to the use of PI-RADS to detect prostate cancer, as well as to avoid pitfalls that mimic malignancy.
Have a Heart: Addressing the Gradient of Social Determinants of Health during the COVID-19 Era.

“We have Mr. Jordan, a 35-year-old African-American man with a past medical history significant for recurrent syncope admitted for further management of critical aortic stenosis with a mean gradient of 100 mm Hg. He has no medical insurance, is unemployed, and has a history of recreational drug
Hits, Quits, and Retries - Player Response to Failure in a Challenging Video Game

While play theorists agree that failure is an integral part of a play experience, there is little research on what players consider failure in video games, or how they respond when failure is encountered. This study uses behaviorally-coded gameplay videos and data-driven retrospective interviews to investigate how players think about and respond to failure in Cuphead, a notoriously challenging “run ’n gun” platformer video game. Emergent patterns show a link between how psychologists measure reactions to failure, known as "mastery orientation" and in-game behaviors, predicting both higher or lower mastery orientation scores. Player interview responses also show a range of ways that players experience failure beyond hard-coded failure (losing health or dying), including poor performance in a section already completed, lack of progress, or giving up. This research deepens our understanding of the role failure plays in one of our most pervasive media, developing our understanding of how players experience failure and the behaviors they take in response.
Guilty, Innocent, or Just Not Proven? Bayesian Verdicts in the Case of Inhibitory Deficits.

Background: This study addresses two issues: Whether age-related differences in working memory (WM) can be studied in online samples, and whether such differences reflect an inhibitory deficit. Cur...
The Talmudic Principle of Going Beyond the Requirements of the Law: The Cornerstone of Ethics

The Talmud blamed the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple by the Romans on the fact that people insisted on following the strict letter of Torah law and not doing more than the law required. This paper will demonstrate the importance of stressing going beyond the requirements of the law — lifnim mishurat hadin — if an individual or organization is genuinely concerned about ethical values.
Rediscovering Chemistry with the Bacon System

BACON.4 is a production system that discovers empirical laws. The program represents information at varying levels of description, with higher levels summarizing the levels below them. BACON.4 employs a small set of data-driven heuristics to detect regularities in numeric and nominal data. These heuristics note constancies and trends, causing BACON.4 to formulate hypotheses, to define theoretical terms, and to postulate intrinsic properties. The introduction of intrinsic properties plays an important role in BACON.4’s rediscovery of Ohm’s law for electric circuits and Archimedes’ law of displacement. When augmented with a heuristic for noting common divisors, the system is able to replicate a number of early chemical discoveries, arriving at Proust’s law of definite proportions, Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes, Cannizzaro’s determination of the relative atomic weights, and Prout’s hypothesis. The BACON.4 heuristics, including the new technique for finding common divisors, appear to be general mechanisms applicable to discovery in diverse domains.
Purification and Properties of Bovine Synovial Fluid Alkaline Phosphatase

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase from bovine synovial fluid was purified 2300-fold. A molecular weight of 72,300 was determined from sucrose density gradient studies. The following monoesters were hydrolyzed by the enzyme: β-glycerophosphate, galactosamine 6-phosphate, glucosamine 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, o-phospho-l-serine, o-carboxyphenyl phosphate, phenyl phosphate, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Kinetic studies of the enzyme were made with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Adenosine triphosphate and pyrophosphate were not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme was observed with Sr2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions. Cyanide and fluoride, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetate, inhibited the enzyme activated by Mg2+ while the chelating agent, 1,2-bis(-2-dicarboxymethylaminoethoxy)ethane (EGTA), inhibited the enzyme activated by Ca2+. Diisopropylfluorophosphate and p-chloromercuribenzoate were virtually without effect on the activity. The pH optimum increased with increasing substrate concentration. The pH profiles were obtained for pKm, log Vmax, and log Vmax/Km. These data show the existence of two groups at the active site having pK values of 8.6 and 9.6.
Einzelprobleme der Lagerbuchhaltung

In der Anlagenbuchhaltung sind alle vorhandenen Wirtschaftsguter zu erfassen, soweit sie aktivierungspflichtig und rechtliches oder wirtschaftliches Eigentum des Krankenhauses sind. Zeitweilig zur unentgeltlichen Nutzung uberlassene Gegenstande sind nicht zu aktivieren, sollten jedoch gesondert festgehalten werden. Gegenstande, die aus einem Miet-Kaufvertrag genutzt werden, sind zu aktivieren, wenn ein spaterer Kauf im Vertrag vorgesehen ist. Gemietete Gegenstande sind nicht zu aktivieren, sollten jedoch auch gesondert festgehalten werden.
DUST-MAGNETOSPHERIC INTERACTIONS

The important processes controlling the electrical potentials of dust grains in planetary magnetospheres are considered, and the quasi-equilibrium electric potentials acquired by them in the different plasma and radiative environments encountered are evaluated. The orbital dynamics of such charged grains is discussed, and their interaction with satellites within the planetary magnetospheres is considered. The possibility of magneto-gravitational capture of these gains by magnetospheres, to form dust rings around the planets, is also discussed. Finally, the possible break-up of grains charged to large electrical potentials and its consequences are briefly addressed.
An approach to modeling wall fire spread in a room

An attempt is made to develop a framework for modeling wall fire spread in a room. The zone methodology for treating developing room fires is used, and its characteristic layer equations are discussed. A review is made of studies on the rate of burning and spread on vertical surfaces. Both of these phenomena are shown to depend on the incident radiative heat flux and the local oxygen concentration. Functional expressions are suggested, and a strategy is presented for incorporating these component analyses into a wall flame spread model. The goal of this model would be to assess the risk of rapid fire growth (flashover) relative to wall property data found through fundamental principles and through emperical fire test methods.
Superplasticity in a high strength powder aluminum

The superplastic properties of a rapidly solidified, high strength P/M Al alloy and the same alloy reinforced with SiC particulates (SiCp) have been studied. To prepare superplastic test materials, a matrix alloy powder of composition 7.2Zn-2.4Mg-2Cu-0.2Zr-0.12Cr-0.2Co (Kaiser PM-64) and the powder mixed with 10 to 20 vol pct SiCp (~5 μm diameter) were thermomechanically processed to very fine equiaxed grain structures of ~6 μm and ~8 μm, respectively. Superplasticity in these materials was evaluated by characterizing (1) high temperature stability, (2) dynamic grain growth, (3) strain rate sensitivity, (4) flow stress behavior, (5) cavitation and cavitation control, and (6) total superplastic strain. It was observed that the PM-64 alloy could achieve a total elongation of over 800 pct, while the SiCp reinforced alloy could attain an elongation greater than 500 pct before failure. Also, it was shown that with the use of hydrostatic pressure during superplastic flow, cavitation could be controlled. Observations were made of the effect SiCp reinforcement particles had on the superplastic flow stress behavior. Interpretations are proposed to explain the role of particulates during superplastic straining.
The Association of Tree Pollen Concentration Peaks and Allergy Medication Sales in New York City: 2003–2008

The impact of pollen exposure on population allergic illness is poorly characterized. We explore the association of tree pollen and over-the-counter daily allergy medication sales in the New York City metropolitan area. Dates of peak tree pollen (maple, oak, and birch) concentrations were identified from 2003 to 2008. Daily allergy medication sales reported to the city health department were analyzed as a function of the same-day and lagged tree pollen peak indicators, adjusting for season, year, temperature, and day of week. Significant associations were found between tree pollen peaks and allergy medication sales, with the strongest association at 2-day lag (excess sales of 28.7% (95% CI: 17.4–41.2) over the average sales during the study period). The cumulative effect over the 7-day period on and after the tree pollen peak dates was estimated to be 141.1% (95% CI: 79.4–224.1). In conclusion, tree pollen concentration peaks were followed by large increases in over-the-counter allergy medication sales.
A Generalized Parallelogram Law

1. D. M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 5th ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 2002. 2. E. Z. Chein, An Odd Perfect Number Has At Least Eight Prime Factors, Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1979. 3. G. F. Cramer, Extension of a theorem of Servais on perfect numbers, this MONTHLY 48 (1941) 133. 4. P. Hagis, Jr., Outline of a proof that every odd perfect number has at least eight prime factors, Math. Comp. 35 (1980) 1027-1032. 5. B. Peirce, On perfect numbers, New York Math. Diary 2 (13)(1832) 267-277. 6. C1. Servais, Sur les nombres parfaits, Mathesis 8 (1888) 92-93. 7. , Sur les nombres parfaits, Mathesis 8 (1888) 135. 8. J. J. Sylvester, Sur les nombres parfaits, Comptes Rendus CVI (1888) 403-405. 9. , Sur l'impossibilite de l'existence d'un nombre parfait impair qui ne contient pas au moins 5 diviseurs premiers distincts, Comptes Rendus CVI (1888) 522-526.
GFRα-Mediated Localization of RET to Lipid Rafts Is Required for Effective Downstream Signaling, Differentiation, and Neuronal Survival

The GDNF family ligands (GFLs: GDNF, neurturin, persephin, and artemin) signal through RET and a gly-cosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored coreceptor (GFRalpha1-alpha4) that binds ligand with high affinity and provides specificity. The importance of the GPI anchor is not fully understood; however, GPI-linked proteins cluster into lipid rafts, structures that may represent highly specialized signaling organelles. Here, we report that GPI-anchored GFRalpha1 recruits RET to lipid rafts after GDNF stimulation and results in RET/Src association. Disruption of RET localization using either transmembrane-anchored or soluble GFRalpha1 results in RET phosphorylation, but GDNF-induced intracellular signaling events are markedly attenuated as are neuronal differentiation and survival responses. Therefore, proper membrane localization of RET via interaction with a raft-localized, GPI-linked coreceptor is of fundamental importance in GFL signaling.
She Decides: Sex Partner Selection Decision Making and African American Women

The number of HIV-AIDS cases among African American women (AAW) continues to rise. AAW currently account for about 65% of AIDS diagnoses among women in the United States. Furthermore, among AAW liv...
Are self-injurers impulsive?: Results from two behavioral laboratory studies.

Abstract Common clinical wisdom suggests that people who engage in self-injury are impulsive. However, virtually all prior work in this area has relied on individuals' self-report of impulsiveness, despite evidence that people are limited in their ability to accurately report on cognitive processes that occur outside awareness. To address this knowledge gap, we used performance-based measures of several dimensions of impulsiveness to assess whether people engaging in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) demonstrate greater impulsiveness than non-injurers. In Study 1, we compared adolescent self-injurers ( n =64) to age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-matched, non-injurious controls ( n =30) on self-reported impulsiveness (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Present and LifetimeVersion) and on performance-based measures of two dimensions ofi mpulsiveness: behavioral disinhibition (Conners' Continuous Performance Test) and risky decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task). In Study 2, we compared adult female self-injurers ( n =20) with age- and race/ethnicity-matched, non-injurious controls ( n =20) on self-reported impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11), and performance-based measures of behavioral disinhibition, risky decision-making, and two measures of delay discounting. In both studies, self-injurers reported greater impulsiveness; however, performance-based measures of impulsiveness failed to detect any between-group differences. We propose several potential explanations for the discrepancies observed between self-report and performance-based measures of impulsiveness and discuss directions for future research on impulsiveness and self-injury.
Binding of annexin V to a human ovarian carcinoma cell line (OC-2008). Contrasting effects on cell surface factor VIIa/tissue factor activity and prothrombinase activity

Proteins of the annexin/lipocortin family bind tightly to anionic phospholipids and platelets and act as in vitro anticoagulants. Annexins may be useful as tools to study the availability of anionic phospholipids on cell surfaces and their role in the regulation of blood coagulation. In the present study, we investigated the binding of annexin V (placental anticoagulant protein I) to a human ovarian carcinoma cell line, OC-2008, that constitutively expresses surface membrane tissue factor activity. Binding of annexin V to cell monolayers was calcium-dependent, specific, saturable and reversible; Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding sites with an apparent Kd of 9.4 +/- 3.1 nM and 5.2 +/- 1 x 10(6) sites per cell. Binding was completely inhibited by phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine, but was not inhibited by vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine. Annexin V inhibited the cell surface-dependent activity of prothrombinase complex, but did not inhibit the activity of the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex. In conclusion, these results suggest that anionic phospholipid is present on the extracellular face of OC-2008 cells; this anionic phospholipid is functionally important for the activity of the prothrombinase complex, but the importance of anionic phospholipid for the cell surface factor VIIa/tissue factor functional activity is unclear.
Matching collective and competitive strategies

This paper discusses possibilities for combining collective and competitive strategies. Combinations can be problematic if competitive intentions are disclosed through the information links resulting from collective strategies. After describing how different collective strategies may lead to an uncontrolled disclosure of strategic information, a typology evaluating the feasibility of strategy combinations is developed. The typology's implications for research and managerial practice are discussed.
Tight-binding theory of manganese and iron oxides

The electronic structure is found to be understandable in terms of free-atom term values and universal interorbital coupling parameters, since self-consistent tight-binding calculations indicate that Coulomb shifts of the d-state energies are small. Special-point averages over the bands are seen to be equivalent to treatment of local octahedral clusters. The cohesive energy per manganese for MnO, Mn2O3, and MnO2, in which manganese exists in valence states Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+, is very nearly the same and dominated by the transfer of manganese s electrons to oxygen p states. There are small corrections, one eV per Mn in all cases, from couplings of minority-spin states. Transferring one majority-spin electron from an upper cluster state to a nonbonding oxygen state adds 1.67 eV to the cohesion for Mn2O3, and two transfers adds twice that for MnO2 . The electronic and magnetic properties are consistent with this description and appear to be understandable in terms of the same parameters.
Creole Performance in Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands

Mary Seacole's autobiography has been read as a feminist performance as well as a paradigmatic Victorian travel narrative. While these assessments address important aspects of the memoir, neither affords the author's Jamaicanness significant space in its analysis. This essay addresses the silences left when Wonderful Adventures is removed from its Jamaican context, then offers a reading of it from this perspective. Grounded in histories that document nineteenth-century Jamaican social categories, the article analyses Seacole's book using Caribbean literary perspectives that explore raced, ‘coloured’ and geographically-located identities. The result is an interpretation of the memoir that offers insight into Jamaica's Creole population, its status and colour politics, and identity concerns. All have been expertly shaped by Seacole's rhetorical manoeuvres.
The long term impact of economic development in developed countries on developing countries since 1820

The linkages between the economic development of developed and developing countries are analyzed historically. The analysis is divided into epochs, distinguished by global trade regimes and by common characteristics of long term economic growth. The breakthroughs in long distance transport technology which occured during the industrial revolution created a global economy in which the rythm of economic activity in developing economies became linked to that of developed economies. The major transmission mechanisms were international trade, international migration and international capital flows. Exports were the main engine of growth in developing countries. But the effects of export expansion varied across countries. The speed of transmission of the industrial revolution to developing countries depended on their institutional readiness; countries with most developed capitalist institutions in factor markets were the first to develop. The extent of diffusion of the benefits of growth from export expansion within developing countries also depended on the nature of their institutions, both economic and political. Finally, policies with respect to international trade, investment and agriculture were also critical to the speed and diffusion of economic development.
A Note on Long-Wave Theory of Airflow over a Mountain

Abstract Under the assumptions of small perturbation, long wavelength and two dimensionality, it is shown that the effects of the atmospheric structure and the mountain profile on a lee wave problem can be calculated separately. The flow field is then given entirely by a composite formula.
Linguistic services and parental involvement among Latinos: A help or hindrance to involvement?

Abstract Despite being one of the most consistent predictors of achievement among youth, parental involvement among Latinos continues to be low. In an attempt to increase involvement among Latinos, schools have implemented programs that provide linguistic services for parents who face language and cultural barriers. In order to understand the effectiveness of these programs, a subset of data are used from the National Survey of Latinos: Education to examine the relationship between four linguistic services and parental involvement. Results demonstrate linguistic services play only a marginal role in parental involvement among Latinos, and in some instances, even decrease involvement. Consequently, there is minimal support for programs that provide linguistic services to Latino parents in schools, suggesting policymakers should revisit the impact these services have on the Latino parent community.
Polyethylene Glycol Functionalized Polyoctahedral Silsesquioxanes as Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

The conductivity of polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes [POSS-PEO (n = 2, 3, 4, 6, (8), ) 8 ]-based electrolytes has been investigated as a function of O/Li ratio for LiCIO 4 , LiN(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , and LiBF 4 . T g increased with increasing salt concentration and poly(ethylene oxide) chain length (n). At high temperatures, T > T g , corresponding to low-viscosity conditions, conductivity increased with increasing salt concentration and the conductivities of the less-associative salts [LiClO 4 , LiN(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiPF 6 , and LiAsF 6 ] were greater than those of the more associative salts [LiBF 4 and LiCF 3 SO 3 ] due to increased numbers of charge carriers. At low temperatures, T → T g , corresponding to high-viscosity conditions, the salts [LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and LiN(SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] with lower T g (204-206K) had higher conductivities than the higher T g (211-215K) salts [LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , and LiPF 6 ] due to increased mobility of the ethylene oxide units. Decreased T g resulted from: (i) plasticization effects of the large, flexible (CF 2 CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - and )CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - anions and (ii) decreased Li + /PEO complexation for the associative LiBF 4 and LiCF 3 SO 3 salts. The flexible, bulky anion (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N - decreased the crystallinity of semicrystalline POSS PEO(n = ) 8 more than the smaller ClO - 4 . SiO 1 5 acted like an inert filler. The highest conductivity, 1.1 X l0 - 4 S/cm, was obtained for POSS-PEO(n = 4) 8 /LiN(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 (O/Li = 16:1).
Models of environmentally induced neurological disease: epidemiology and etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia in the Western Pacific.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on Guam previously attained incidence rates 50 to 100 times that of the continental United States and Europe and accounted for one in five deaths among Chamorros over age 25. A second neurological disorder in high incidence, parkinsonism-dementia (PD), and the early appearance in those populations of neurofibrillary tangles such as are seen in Alzheimer's disease and normal ageing have also been noted. Incidence and mortality rates of both diseases have declined dramatically during the past 30 years, and today, the risk of developing either disease among Guamanian Chamorros is only several times higher than in non-Guamanian populations. The decline is most likely a consequence of increased acculturation over the past three decades, with a concomitant decrease in isolation, changes in dietary habits and local water supplies, and much less dependence on locally grown foodstuffs. Similar declines are evident in the remaining two Pacific foci of high- incidence ALS, namely the Kii Peninsula focus in Japan and southern West New Guinea where western contact and introduction of new foodstuffs have occurred.The accumulating epidemiological, genetic and environmental evidence, as well as the development of new and promising experimental animal models, support the hypothesis that a basic metabolic defect, provoked by chronic nutritional deficiencies of calcium, lead to increased intestinal absorption of toxic metals and the co-deposition of calcium, aluminium and silicon in neurons of patients with ALS and PD. This elemental deposition is thought to result in aberrant microtubule assembly and/or abnormal post-translational modification of the amyloid precursor protein leading to widespread formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the hallmark pathological features in these disorders. The naturalistic paradigms of these foci in the Western Pacific have provided insights to understanding not only ALS and PD but other neurological disorders, such as classical ALS, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and early neuronal ageing.
Clearance of Glutathione Disulfide from Rat Mesenteric Vasculature

Organs of the digestive tract, including pancreas, small intestine, and colon, have mechanisms to modulate plasma thiol-disulfide balance. Because plasma glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentration may be elevated from < 1 microM in control rats to over 25 microM during oxidative stress, we examined whether GSSG was cleared from rat mesenteric vasculature. When 100 microM GSSG was perfused through the gut via the superior mesenteric artery, an average of 45% was lost in a single pass. Results showed that gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT)-dependent and -independent mechanisms were involved in GSSG loss. Acivicin (AT125) treatment inhibited gamma-GT activity in the mesenteric vasculature by 94% and attenuated the loss of GSSG equivalents by 44%. These results supported a role for gamma-GT in GSSG loss from the mesenteric vasculature but indicated that still other mechanisms were involved in GSSG clearance. Elevations of portal levels of glutathione (GSH) and the mixed disulfide of cysteine and GSH (CySSG) also occurred with vascular GSSG perfusion and could account for about 40% of GSSG equivalents lost. Because portal elevations of GSH and CySSG were not inhibited by AT125, they were formed by a gamma-GT-independent mechanism(s). Given that cysteine was present in the mesenteric vasculature, the most likely mechanism to explain GSH and CySSG formation was via nonenzymatic thiol-disulfide exchange between GSSG and cysteine. Uptake of vascular GSSG by pancreas, small intestine (jejunum and ileum), or colon apparently did not occur as tissue contents of GSSG or GSH were not elevated, except for a small elevation of GSH in pancreas when mesenteric gamma-GT was inhibited with AT125. Additionally, GSSG was not transported from mesenteric vasculature into the small intestinal lumen because luminal levels of GSSG or GSH were not elevated. Further, total cysteine equivalents in lumen were unchanged indicating that GSSG was not transported to lumen and degraded to cystine by gamma-GT and dipeptidases localized to the intestinal brush-border. These results indicate that GSSG present in mesenteric vasculature is metabolized in the vascular compartment by gamma-GT-dependent and -independent reactions; together, these account for over 80% of lost GSSG equivalents. They also suggest that organs of the mesentery may play a quantitatively important role in plasma GSSG clearance and modulation of vascular thiol-disulfide balance.
A simplified technique for pulmonary artery aneurysm repair in a lung transplant recipient with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery (PA) poses a technical dilemma at the time of lung transplant. Isolated reconstruction of the PA and heart–lung transplantation have been used. However, such options are often not appropriate in the face of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, recoverable recipient right ventricular function, or unsuitable heart donors. For the first time, we describe an en bloc RVOT–isolated lung transplant for a lung transplant recipient with congenital pulmonary valve disease and aneurysm of the PA. The rationale of this technique is to simplify repair of complex anatomy and to increase donor organ use.
Orientifolds, renormalization-group flows and closed string tachyons

We discuss the fate of certain tachyonic closed string theories from two perspectives. In both cases our approach involves directly studying configurations with a finite negative tree-level cosmological constant. Closed string analogues of orientifolds, which carry negative tension, are argued to represent the minima of the tachyon potential in some cases. In other cases, we make use of the fact, noted in the early string theory literature, that strings can propagate on spaces of subcritical dimension at the expense of introducing a tree-level cosmological constant. The form of the tachyon vertex operator in these cases makes it clear that a subcritical-dimension theory results from tachyon condensation. Using results of Kutasov, we argue that in some Scherk-Schwarz models, for finely tuned tachyon condensates, a minimal model CFT times a subcritical dimension theory results. In some instances, these two sets of ideas may be related by duality.
Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.
Neutron-induced reactions in medium mass nuclei

Abstract In the neutron energy range below 20 MeV about 20 neutron reactions are energetically possible. These reactions are analyzed using a statistical model. Since direct reaction effects can be important the calculations are normalized to experiment so as to partly compensate for deficiencies in the model. The empirical model is similar to previous work used to describe (n, 2n) reactions but is extended to included charged particle emission. Relatively good agreement is obtained with measured excitation curves and 14 MeV cross-sections using a single set of fitting constants. The method of analysis has been incorporated into a computer code THRESH. For crude calculations the code requires only Z and A as input but improved fits in individual cases can be attained through simple parameter variation. Cross-sections and fission spectrum averages are calculated for nuclides in the range Z = 21−41.
Foliage penetrating radar imaging system

A far-field radar range has been constructed at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory to investigate electromagnetic scattering and imagery of threat military targets located in forested terrain. The radar system, operating at X-band, uses 1/35 th scale targets and scenes to acquire VHF/UHF signature data. The trees and ground planes included in the measurement scenes have been dielectrically scaled in order to properly model the target/clutter interaction. The signature libraries acquired by the system could be used to help develop automatic target recognition algorithms. The difficulty in target recognition in forested areas is due to the fact that trees can have a signature larger than that of the target. The rather long wavelengths required to penetrate the foliage canopy also complicate target recognition by limiting image resolution. The measurement system and imaging algorithm will be presented as well as a validation of the measurements obtained by comparing measured signatures with analytical predictions. Preliminary linear co-polarization (HH,VV) and cross-polarization (HV,VH) data will be presented on an M1 tank in both forested and open-field scenarios.
Layered composites with an interface flaw

Stress intensity factors and strain energy rate for bonded layered composites with interface flaw /crack/
Molecular Genetics of Familial Alzheimer Disease

ABSTRACT Alzheimer disease (AD) is a genetically heterogeneous and progressive degenerative disorder ofthe brain. It affects approximately 4 million Americans and causes more than 100,000 deaths each year, and there is no cure. It is estimated that by the year 2020, 14 million Americans will be affected by the disease. Although the major pathology is confined to regions of the brain, some patients show an impaired sense of smell and selective loss of retinal ganglion cells. The biochemical processes that lead to AD are largely unknown. Genetic studies on inherited AD have identified three genes that when mutated can cause an early-onset form of the disease. Mutation of these genes has been shown to increase the production of a unique protein called f)-amyloid, which is the predominant component of neuritic plaques found in the brain of AD patients. Also, one susceptibility gene has been shown to be associated with the risk oflate-onset AD in both familial and sporadic forms. The available data support to a large extent the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a mechanism of the disease pathology. The newly identified "AMY plaques" and the future identification ofother susceptibility genes may give further clues to the neurodegenerative mechanisms of AD.
Distribution of Photosynthetic Pigments in Nearshore Sediments of Lake Michigan

Abstract To characterize nearshore detrital deposits and to identify potential input sources, photosynthetic pigments were examined in sediment cores taken from three stations in nearshore Lake Michigan between May and October 1979. Two stations were located at 11 m and one was at 23-m depth. At the 11-m stations, total pigment concentrations in the upper 0–1 cm layer were greatest in May and then declined, while seasonal changes at the 23-m station were not apparent. A high proportion of the spring influx of pigment at the 11-m depth was undegraded, indicating freshly settled material from the water column as a likely source. Sediment chlorophyll concentrations in the spring were as high as 212 μg/g, but typical summer values were 1–7 μ/g. Although these pelagic inputs are temporary, strong links exist between this material and benthic invertebrate distributions.
Elution-Extrusion Countercurrent Chromatography: Theory and Concepts in Metabolic Analysis

Elution−extrusion countercurrent chromatography (EECCC) takes full advantage of the liquid nature of the stationary phase in CCC by combining regular chromatographic elution with stationary-phase extrusion. EECCC is shown to be a three-stage process consisting of classical elution (I), sweeping elution (II), and extrusion (III). After only two column volumes of solvent, it rapidly yields a high-resolution chromatogram that covers an extended polarity range of solutes. As hydrophilicity/lipophilicity balance is a crucial discriminatory property of analytes in highly complex mixtures such as metabolomic samples, the precise determination of CCC distribution constants (KD) is vital to the analysis of metabolomes and other complex biological matrixes. This work builds the EECCC concept by performing a full theoretical treatment and providing equations for retention volumes, peak widths, resolution factors, and distribution constants. Experimental validation utilizes natural products standards that resemble th...
Very high levels of SGOT and LDH in patients with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction

Very high levels of SGOT (1710, 2450 and >1250) and LDH (1275, 1740 and 1300) are reported in 3 cases of extrahepatic obstruction due to gallstones. The diagnoses were established at operation, and viral hepatitis was ruled out by liver biopsy. Marked SGOT elevations in extrahepatic biliary obstruction are rare, but isolated case reports and experimental biliary obstruction in animals support the observation that SGOT values in excess of 1000 units can occur as a result of the obstructive process.
Training teachers to assess children's play1

The author outlines the ways in which social and cognitive aspects of children's play can be categorized on an observational instrument. The individual components of the instrument and its psychometric qualities are outlined. In addition, correlates between these social cognitive aspects of play and other measures of educational attainment are mentioned. Finally, a method for training teachers to use the instrument is given. 1. The author would like to thank Carl Glickman for his critical reading of the manuscript.
Antibiotic-killing kinetics of group B streptococci†

Group B streptococci are uniformly susceptible to penicillin or ampicillin. Nevertheless, morbidity and mortality in newborn infants infected with group B streptococci is a major clinical problem. Bacteriologic determinants in the outcome of this infection were studied. Streptococcal killing kinetics were studied for ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin. In all cases killing was accelerated by the combination. The practice of discontinuing administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic when group B streptococcal infection is confirmed should be re-evaluated.
Language policies and independence politics in Québec

SOMMAIREL'Independance et la politique linguistique au QuebecLe Quebec s'est octroye, en 1977, une legislation linguistique que l'on considere "la plus forte du monde democratique." Cette loi essaie de "franciser" les entreprises quebecoises, en meme temps qu'elle oblige beaucoup de Quebecois envoyer leurs enfants a une ecole de langue francaise. Une autre loi obligeait, des 1988, les commercants a avoir des affiches exterieures seulement en francais. Le ton s'eleve encore alors que le Parti Quebecois convoque deux referendums sur la "souverainete" (1980 et 1995). Ce texte dresse le bilan des vingt ans de legislation linguistique "musclee," et de la "referendomanie" qui domine, parfois, le discours sur l'amenagement linguistique. Quel que soit le resultat du prochain referendum, le gouvernement quebecois devra attaquer les problemes economiques, demographiques, urbanistiques, et ceux de l'immigration. Ce texte defend l'hypothese que, paradoxalement, le Quebec a besoin des Anglophones quebecois pour que le francais survive dans la province (et dans le Canada).RESUMOSendependeco kaj lingva politiko en KebekioEkde la jaro 1961, la parlamento de Kebekio komencis akcepti daŭre pli fortajn lingvajn leĝojn favore al la franca. Ĝis 1977 ĝi aprobis lingvajn leĝojn senegalajn en la libera mondo. Akto 101 konsiderinde limigas la nombron de studentoj, kiuj povas frekventi anglalingvajn lernejojn, dum ĝi klopodas starigi la francan kiel la lingvon de la laborejoj de Kebekio. Akto 178 (1988) malpermesis utiligon de lingvoj aliaj ol la franca sur eksteraj komercaj sildoj. Ĝis 1995 la Parti Quebecois, kiu favoras sendependecon, dufoje postulis (kaj perdis) referendumojn pri "suvereneca asociiĝo" kun Kanado. Tiu ĉi teksto donas superrigardon al dudek jaroj da fortika lingvoplanado en Kebekio kaj ekzamenas la efikon de la institucia nestabileco de la provinco je la ekonomio, je lingvoplanado, kaj je rilatoj inter etnolingvaj grupoj. Ĝi ankaŭ klarigas kial Kebekio tiel forte elpasis por ŝirmi siajn lingvon kaj kulturon. La nuna studo konkludas, paradokse, ke Kebekio bezonas sian anglalingvan logantaron por garantii, ke la franca pluvivu.
Ca2+ transport in mitochondria from yeast expressing recombinant aequorin

We have expressed aequorin in mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterized the resulting strain with respect to mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport in vivo and in vitro. When intact cells are suspended in water containing 1.4 mM ethanol and 14 mM CaCl(2), the matrix free Ca(2+) concentration is 200 nM, similar to the values expected in cytoplasm. Addition of ionophore ETH 129 allows an active accumulation of Ca(2+) and promptly increases the value to 1.2 microM. Elevated Ca(2+) concentrations are maintained for periods of 6 min or longer under these conditions. Isolated yeast mitochondria oxidizing ethanol also accumulate Ca(2+) when ETH 129 is present, but the cation is not retained depending on the medium conditions. This finding confirms the presence of a Ca(2+) release mechanism that requires free fatty acids as previously described [P.C. Bradshaw et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 40502-40509]. When a respiratory substrate is not present, Ca(2+) enters and leaves yeast mitochondria slowly, at a specific activity near 0.2 nmol/min/mg protein. Transport under these conditions equilibrates the internal and external concentrations of Ca(2+) and is not affected by ruthenium red, uncouplers, or ionophores that perturb transmembrane gradients of charge and pH. This activity displays sigmoid kinetics and a K(1/2) value for Ca(2+) that is near to 900 nM, in the absence of ethanol or when it is present. It is furthermore shown that the activity coefficient of Ca(2+) in yeast mitochondria is a function of the matrix Ca(2+) content and is substantially larger than that in mammalian mitochondria. Characteristics of the aequorin-expressing strain appear suitable for its use in expression-based methods directed at cloning Ca(2+) transporters from mammalian mitochondria and for further examining the interrelationships between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic Ca(2+) in yeast.
Activity coefficients at infinite dilution for ternary system

A simple thermodynamic expression determining the infinite dilution activity coefficients from the dew point isobar is presented. A flow method measuring the dew point temperature for ternary and binary isobaric systems is proposed. An analysis determining the infinite diluvion ternary activity coefficients for ethanol-isopropyl alcohol-water system at 1 atm. is illustrated.
Evidence for an ER to Golgi to chloroplast protein transport pathway

Chloroplast protein import is generally believed to occur posttranslationally through the interaction of a precursor protein with the Toc and Tic transport apparatus in the plastid envelope membranes. The cleavable N-terminal transit peptide present on translocated proteins has been considered to be essential and sufficient for targeting. This idea was recently challenged when an analysis of the chloroplast proteome revealed many proteins without a predicted transit peptide. A recent study demonstrates the existence of a novel chloroplast targeting pathway, starting with protein entry into the endoplasmic reticulum and involving the Golgi apparatus.
Studies of salt excretion in sweat

A device is described with which it is possible to measure the rate of sweating and the conductivity of sweat simultaneously. Interestingly, it was found that the sweat glands in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas behave like those in normal individuals in that the concentration of electrolytes (as measured by the conductivity) is greater at rapid rates of sweating than at slow rates. However, the range of values in fibrocystic patients is so much higher than in controls as to not affect the diagnostic value of the sweat test. As interpreted, the data indicate that the precursor solution in patients with cystic fibrosis has a higher concentration of electrolytes than that in normal individuals. The rate of tubular salt absorption is approximately the same in patients with cystic fibrosis and in normal individuals.
Sharp asymptotic growth laws of turbulent flame speeds in cellular flows by inviscid Hamilton–Jacobi models

Abstract We study the large time asymptotic speeds (turbulent flame speeds s T ) of the simplified Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) models arising in turbulent combustion. One HJ model is G-equation describing the front motion law in the form of local normal velocity equal to a constant (laminar speed) plus the normal projection of fluid velocity. In level set formulation, G-equations are HJ equations with convex ( L 1 type) but non-coercive Hamiltonians. The other is the quadratically nonlinear ( L 2 type) inviscid HJ model of Majda–Souganidis derived from the Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov reactive fronts. Motivated by a question posed by Embid, Majda and Souganidis (1995) [10] , we compare the turbulent flame speeds s T ʼs from these inviscid HJ models in two-dimensional cellular flows or a periodic array of steady vortices via sharp asymptotic estimates in the regime of large amplitude. The estimates are obtained by analyzing the action minimizing trajectories in the Lagrangian representation of solutions (Lax formula and its extension) in combination with delicate gradient bound of viscosity solutions to the associated cell problem of homogenization. Though the inviscid turbulent flame speeds share the same leading order asymptotics, their difference due to nonlinearities is identified as a subtle double logarithm in the large flow amplitude from the sharp growth laws. The turbulent flame speeds differ much more significantly in the corresponding viscous HJ models.
Maintenance of respiratory control by beef heart mitochondria incubated at 25 degrees C: response to protective agents and to protective agents and to prior stress.

Abstract Isolated beef heart mitochondria have been maintained metabolically active and with respiratory control for up to 3 days at 25 °C. Respiratory control is frequently observed to improve during the initial several hours of incubation. Such functional survival is dependent upon metabolically derived energy and the presence of EDTA and bovine serum albumin. The added stress of prolonged incubation exacerbates different responses to protective agents. EDTA serves essential protective functions for mitochondria incubated at either 0 or 25 °C. In the presence of EDTA, bovine serum albumin was not essential during incubation at 0 °C, but was required for protection at 25 °C. Nupercaine could not substitute for either EDTA or bovine serum albumin. A rapid loss of the capacity to maintain respiratory control is observed when mitochondria are isolated from anoxic heart tissue stored for increasing lengths of time at 0 °C. The capacity to maintain respiratory control at 25 °C promises to be a more discerning index to the functional integrity of mitochondria than respiratory control per se.
The roles of parent and chick in determining feeding rates in Leach's storm-petrel

Abstract Leach's storm-petrels rear only one chick per brood, and therefore sibling competition cannot be a factor in the evolutionary maintenance of food-solicitation behaviour. Several experiments were conducted to determine whether solicitation may none the less convery information about level of nutrition and thus influence feeding rate. Chicks were switched among nests at random at 40±1 days of age, approximately 3 weeks prior to the termination of parental feeding. Serial correlations were then calculated between each chick's weight before the switch and its weight during subsequent, age intervals, and between each chick's weight before the switch and that of the foster chick during subsequent age intervals. The results contradicted both chick-solicitation and parental-determination models of feeding. Experimental food deprivation suggested that parents do not respond to undernourishment of their chicks by increasing feeding rate. Furthermore, diet supplementation indicated that the rate at which chicks can process meals, especially their lipid component, may be limited by the assimilatory capacity of the digestive tract. The absence of a direct connection between solicitation and food provisioning in storm-petrels may reflect the low correlation between the recent feeding history of a chick and its subsequent requirements. Although solicitation behaviour may facilitate the transfer of food from the adult to the chick, it either does not convey information about nutritional status, or parents do or parents do not or cannot act upon that information.