cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Japanese aid and the construction of global development: Inescapable solutions

Inescapable Solutions: Japanese Aid and the Construction of Global Development David Leheny and Kay B. Warren Part I: Japanese ODA and Modes of Representation 1. Japan's ODA: Naiatsu and Gaiatsu Carol Lancaster 2. Old Visions and New Actors in Foreign Aid Politics Saori N. Katada Part II: The Changing Contexts for Practicing Japanese Aid 3. Japan's ODA to Vietnam and New Growth Support to Africa Izumi Ohno 4. Japan's ODA to Bolivia Toru Yanagihara 5. Education Aid for Afghanistan Seiji Utsumi Part III: Human Security and the Proliferation of Transnationalisms 6. Japanese Foreign Aid and the Spread of HIV/AIDS to Women in Asia Katya Burns 7. Japanese Lessons and Transnational Forces: ODA and the Environment Derek Hall 8. Promoting Gender Equality in Japanese ODA Yumiko Tanaka Part IV: Inescapable Crises 9. Trafficking in Persons Kay B. Warren 10. Crossing Borders Petrice R. Flowers 11. Remaking Counterterrorism David Leheny Remaking Transnationalisms: Japan and the Solutions to Crises David Leheny
Task-Oriented Computer Animation of Human Figures

The effective computer animation of human figures is an endeavor with a relatively short history. The earliest attempts involved simple geometries and simple animation techniques which failed to yield convincing motions. Within the last decade, both modeling and animation tools have evolved more realistic figures and motions. A large software project has been under development in the University of Pennsylvania Computer Graphics Research Facility since 1982 to create an interactive system which assists an animator or human factors engineer to graphically simulate the task-oriented activities of several human agents. An interactive system called TEMPUS and its high performance successor is outlined which is intended to graphically simulate the task-oriented activities of several human agents. Besides an anthropometric database, TEMPUS offers multiple constraint-based joint positioning, dynamic simulation, real-time motion playback, a flexible three-dimensional user interface, and hooks for artificial intelligence motion control methods including hierarchical simulation, and natural language specification of movements. The overall organization of this project and some specific components will be discussed.
Hysteresis in an Electrochemical System: Br Electrodeposition on Ag(100)

We examine hysteresis in cyclic voltammetry of Br electrosorption onto single-crystal Ag(100) by dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. At room temperature, this system displays a second-order phase transition from a low-coverage disordered phase to a doubly degenerate c(2x2) phase. The electrochemical potential is ramped back and forth across the phase transition, linearly in time, and the phase lag between the response of the adlayer and the potential is observed to depend on the sweep rate. The hysteresis in this system is caused by slow ordering/disordering kinetics and critical slowing-down.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THYMINELESS DEATH AND ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract Gallant, J. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.), and S. R. Suskind. Relationship between thymineless death and ultraviolet inactivation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 82:187–194. 1961.—At 37 C, cultures of Escherichia coli strain B3 growing in the absence of thymine undergo unbalanced growth and thymineless death. Thymineless death also occurs at 37 C in 2 μg of chloramphenicol per ml despite virtually complete inhibition of cell growth and net protein synthesis. Thymineless cultures growing at 25 C exhibit unbalanced synthesis of ribonucleic acid and of protein without lethality. Examination of the kinetics of ultraviolet inactivation of cells grown under these three conditions indicates that the mean lethal dose of ultraviolet irradiation decreases with unbalanced protein synthesis whether or not thymineless death occurs, whereas the latter is specifically correlated with a transition from multihit to single hit inactivation kinetics. The time course of this transition correlates well with that of thymineless death, and preirradiated cells show a shorter lag period before the onset of thymineless death. These results, therefore, suggest that thymineless death is due to an inactivation of those cellular units which are sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation, presumably nuclei or some nuclear function.
The surgery clerkship: an opportunity for preclinical credentialing in urinary catheterization.

Abstract Background At our hospital, medical students lost privileges to perform urinary catheterization because of concern regarding catheter-associated urinary tract infections. We hypothesized that trained medical students could perform urinary catheterization with the same proficiency as licensed practitioners. Methods Medical students completed a credentialing program in urinary catheterization. Prospectively, the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infections after urinary catheterization performed by medical students was compared with the health system–wide rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infections after urinary catheterization performed by non–medical students using an incidence rate ratio (IRR). Results Over 9 months, a total of 432 and 55,401 catheter days accrued in patients who underwent urinary catheterization by medial students and non–medical students, resulting in 1 and 129 catheter-associated urinary tract infections, respectively. The incidence rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infections per 1,000 catheter days was 2.31 in the medical student–placed catheters and 2.33 in the non–MS-placed catheters (IRR = .99, P = .55). Conclusions Preclinical credentialing in urinary catheterization resulted in the reinstatement of urinary catheterization privileges to qualified medical students. Student proficiency in urinary catheterization can match that of licensed practitioners.
The Prediction of Pressure Drop and CCFL Breakdown in Countercurrent Two-Phase Flow

A steady-state analytical has been developed to predict channel pressure drop as a function of inlet vapor flow rate and applied heat flux during conditions of countercurrent two-phase flow. The interfacial constitutive relations utilized are flow surface dependent and allow for the existence of either smooth or way liquid films. A computer code was developed to solve the analytical model. Predictions of ..delta..p versus vapor flow rate were found to agree favorably with experimental data from adiabatic, air/water systems. In addition, the model was used to predict countercurrent flow conditions in heated channels characteristic of a BWR/4 nuclear reactor fuel assembly.
An innovative investment method for the fabrication of a closed hollow obturator prosthesis

An investment method is described for fabrication of a closed hollow obturator based on the use of three sections of a denture processing flask. The thickness of the obturator portion is minimized and all surfaces exposed to the oral cavity are processed with heat-polymerized acrylic resin. The technique eliminates additional steps noted in the literature, allowing for the prosthesis to be processed to completion from the wax trial denture. This technique provides a lightweight and seamless obturator and can be used for complete or partially edentulous cases. Clinical and laboratory time are minimized while fabricating a durable, virtually water-tight prosthesis that can be used alone or in conjunction with an extraoral prosthesis. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:129-32.)
Baseline Sensitivities of Venturia inaequalis Populations to the Strobilurin Fungicide Kresoxim-methyl

ABSTRACT The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America. The mean ED50 value determined for 25 populations was 0.35 μg ml-1, with values ranging from 0.11 μg ml-1 to 0.75 μg ml-1. The mean level of scab control achieved at the kresoxim-methyl dose of 4 μg ml-1 was 93%. For one of the five orchards sampled in each region, kresoxim-methyl sensitivities of germinating conidia were determined. Sensitivities of 250 isolates were broadly distributed, with ED50 values ranging from 0.003 μg ml-1 to 0.14 μg ml-1 and a mean of 0.02 μg ml-1. This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflected for the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl in the protection of apple leaves from scab infections. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro sensitivities implies that in vivo tests are more useful for the monitoring of kresoxim-methy...
Performance evaluation of different model mixers by numerical simulation

Mixing performance of four types of mixers was investigated for Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids using numerical simulation. The four mixers considered were with the following blade designs: rectangular blade, one Z-blade, two Z-blades, and three rotating pins. Finite element method was used to compute velocity profiles, pressure and stress distributions in the mixing chamber. Mixing effectiveness was evaluated by the flow number and volumetric strain rate. It was demonstrated that shear flow was dominant in rectangular, one Z-blade, and two Z-blade mixers; in the mixer with three rotating pins elongational flow was significant making it the most effective for dispersive mixing. The largest volumetric strain rate was predicted in the mixer with two Z-blades. The rectangular blade mixer was deemed due to a large stagnant region observed. The stagnant regions were larger near the wall for all mixers when shear-thinning fluid was used compared to the Newtonian fluid. Thus, for shear-thinning fluids, to achieve the same mixing effect as with Newtonian fluid, either a smaller gap between the blade and the wall or a higher blade speed is required. Overall, the two Z-blade mixer was considered the best in terms of mixing effectiveness.
Evidence of weak plasma series resonance heating in the H-mode of neon and neon/argon inductively coupled plasmas

Phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy measurements in argon and neon inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) have revealed a surplus of high-energy electrons in neon-containing plasmas. Differences between results of emission model analyses using neon and argon lines (as well as probe measurements) also indicate a high-energy enhancement in neon-containing plasmas. The abundance of these extra high-energy electrons is correlated with the sheath thickness near the rf antenna and can be reduced by either adding a Faraday shield (external shielding) or increasing the plasma density. A comparison of modelled and experimental values of the 13.56 MHz time modulation of select neon emission lines strongly suggests plasma series resonance heating adjacent to the ICP antenna as the source of the extra heating.
Solution and solid state studies on the interactions of protonated cytosine salts. II. Interpyrimidine hydrogen bonding versus cation-anion stacking in the crystal structures of protonated 1-methylcytosine perchlorate and protonated 1-benzylcytosine nitrate

Abstract The structural properties of the salts protonated 1-methylcytosine perchlorate and protonated 1benzylcytosine nitrate are reported. In each of the salts, it has been definitively established that N(3) of the cytosine ring is the site of protonation. Cation-anion hydrogen-bonding interactions of the type seen in the hydrohalide salts of protonated, N(1)-substituted cytosine derivatives are also observed to some extent in these systems. In addition, the stability of both these salts depends on other factors. In particular, the interpyrimidine hydrogen bonding in the perchlorate salt is very strong and observed here for the first time. Cation-anion stacking forces in the nitrate salt are vital to the observed crystal packing.
Preclinical and clinical development of DNA vaccines for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. It is also the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men, making it one of the largest public health concerns today. Prostate cancer is an ideal disease for immunotherapies because of the generally slow progression, the dispensability of the target organ in the patient population, and the availability of several tissue-specific antigens. As such, several therapeutic vaccines have entered clinical trials, with one autologous cellular vaccine (sipuleucel-T) recently gaining Food and Drug Administration approval after demonstrating overall survival benefit in randomized phase III clinical trials. DNA-based vaccines are safe, economical, alternative "off-the-shelf" approaches that have undergone extensive evaluation in preclinical models. In fact, the first vaccine approved in the United States for the treatment of cancer was a DNA vaccine for canine melanoma. Several prostate cancer-specific DNA vaccines have been developed in the last decade and have shown promising results in early phase clinical trials. This review summarizes anticancer human DNA vaccine trials, with a focus on those conducted for prostate cancer. We conclude with an outline of special considerations important for the development and successful translation of DNA vaccines from the laboratory to the clinic.
Ceramide Generation in Situ Alters Leukocyte Cytoskeletal Organization and β2-Integrin Function and Causes Complete Degranulation

Ceramide levels increase in activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and here we show that endogenous ceramide induced degranulation and superoxide generation and increased surface β2-integrin expression. Ceramide accumulation reveals a bifurcation in integrin function, as it abolished agonist-induced adhesion to planar surfaces, yet had little effect on homotypic aggregation. We increased cellular ceramide content by treating polymorphonuclear neutrophils with sphingomyelinase C and controlled for loss of sphingomyelin by pretreatment with sphingomyelinase D to generate ceramide phosphate, which is not a substrate for sphingomyelinase C. Pretreatment with the latter enzyme blocked all the effects of sphingomyelinase C. Ceramide generation caused a Ca2+ flux and complete degranulation of both primary and secondary granules and increased surface β2-integrin expression. These integrins were in a nonfunctional state, and subsequent activation with platelet-activating factor or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine induced β2-integrin-dependent homotypic aggregation. However, these cells were completely unable to adhere to surfaces via β2-integrins. This was not due to a defect in the integrins themselves because the active conformation could be achieved by cation switching. Rather, ceramide affected cytoskeletal organization and inside-out signaling, leading to affinity maturation. Cytochalasin D induced the same disparity between aggregation and surface adhesion. We conclude that ceramide affects F-actin rearrangement, leading to massive degranulation, and reveals differences in β2-integrin-mediated adhesive events.
Bj⊘rnar Olsen: Bosetning og samfunn i Finnmarks forhistorie (Settlement and Society in Finnmark's Prehistory). Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1994. 158 pp.

(1995). Bj⊘rnar Olsen: Bosetning og samfunn i Finnmarks forhistorie (Settlement and Society in Finnmark's Prehistory). Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1994. 158 pp. Norwegian Archaeological Review: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 137-142.
Dissent in Organizations

Dissent in organizations is not always tolerated and is rarely encouraged. Lack of dissent can lead to managerial miscalculations and major strategic and tactical errors. In this article, I examine the use of countervailing views in religious, government, and business organizations, and across cultural lines, as a means of improving management decision making.
Late association of hyperparathyroidism in septic patients with multiple organ failure.

Background Hypocalcemia after severe shock or sepsis stimulates release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which abates with recovery. Sustained sepsis with multiple organ failure (MOF), however, may cause a resurgent release of PTH and life-threatening hypercalcemia. Methods Thirty critically ill patients with prolonged sepsis developed combined hypercalcemia with elevated serum PTH levels. The primary insult was trauma in 12 patients, peritonitis in 14, and pancreatitis in 4. MOF involved the lungs in 30 patients, kidney in 16, gut in 30, brain in 13, and a coagulopathy in 10. There were 12 deaths; hospital stay averaged 81 days. Results Hypercalcemia with increased serum levels of PTH occurred usually 3–4 weeks after the septic insult. Bradycardia, thought to be caused by the hypercalcemia, occurred in 19 patients, was attributed to a vasovagal reaction, and was treated with atropine. When asystole resulted, epinephrine and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were administered. Five patients required placement of an intravenous pacemaker. Bradycardia was acutely lethal in 4 patients; in a 5th patient, the decision was made for comfort care alone, and he died 9 days later. Bisphosphonate was given to 7 patients with this hypercalcemic-induced bradycardia and, prophylactically, to prevent bradycardia in 9 others. Hypercalcemia corrected in all patients; bradycardia abated in 7 patients. Conclusion Hyperparathyroidism may occur with MOF secondary to sepsis. The mechanism is unclear, but the resultant bradycardia can be life threatening. Treatment with bisphosphonate corrects the hypercalcemia and bradycardia. Both the hypercalcemia and the bradycardia normalize when the MOF resolves.
The Midland Complex: Is It Valid?

The Midland point has the same general shape, size, and typological manufacture as the unfluted Folsom point and may represent a minor style variation within a single cultural complex. The Paleo-Indians who made both Midland (unfluted Folsom) and classical Folsom points occupy nearly identical time spans and have nearly identical associated tools. While individual sites have been found with all Midland and all Classic Folsom projectiles, many Folsom sites have both fluted and unfluted points found in the same chronological time horizon. The question is: with the available evidence, can we place them into separate complexes?
Morbidity following isolated fractures of the sacrum

There is little information in the orthopaedic literature on the long-term results following isolated fractures of the sacrum. The present study traced patients with these fractures, and attempted to identify the incidence of long-term symptoms. The study revealed that isolated fractures of the sacrum are not always benign, and may result in chronic discomfort (sacrodynia) or persistent neurological symptoms.
Sectioning of the bacterial cell for the electron microscope.

THE introduction of a technique for cutting ultra-thin sections of biological tissue with the conventional microtome1 has also made feasible the sectioning of isolated cells for the electron microscope. Bacterial cells were chosen as a first example because of convenient size, ease of handling in large numbers, and because of the intrinsic importance of any new approach to the problems of bacterial morphology.
INFLUENCE OF SUBUNIT TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN LEVELS ON FORMATION OF A MITOCHONDRIAL MULTIENZYME COMPLEX

Constitutive expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins raises the question of whether these proteins are present in similar amounts in mitochondria of different tissues. We report that amounts of a single multienzyme complex can vary on a per mitochondrion basis depending on the number of mitochondria per cell. Human branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) expression is used as a paradigm in these studies. Expression is compared and contrasted in HepG2 and DG75 cells in which mitochondrial content is twofold higher in the hepatocarcinoma line than in the lymphoblastoid line. Per cell, BCKD activity is equal in the two cells types, but BCKD protein concentration per mitochondrion is twofold higher in DG75 cells. Steady-state mRNA levels do not appear to be directly related to amounts of protein in the two cell lines. To test whether one subunit is limiting in formation of complex, overexpression of each BCKD subunit was elicited by plasmid transfection of the DG75 cells. Only overexpression of the beta-subunit of the decarboxylase component induced more BCKD activity without apparent increase in mRNA for the other endogenously expressed subunits. This implies that free BCKD subunits exist in a cell and can be recruited into an active complex when the limiting subunit becomes available.
An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphincter complex

ABSTRACTPurpose: We performed a detailed study of the lower urinary tract of the male and female human fetus to elucidate the anatomy of the urethral sphincter complex in both sexes and its relationship to the surrounding organs and tissues.Materials and Methods: A total of 12 male and 14 female normal human pelvic specimens ranging from 17.5 to 38 weeks of gestation were studied by serial sections and immunohistochemical analysis. Three-dimensional reconstructions were created from serial sections to demonstrate the anatomy of the lower urogenital tract and urethral sphincter in both sexes. Specific attention was directed to the sphincteric muscle of the urethra.Results: The urinary continence mechanism is formed by a combination of detrusor, trigone and urethral sphincter muscles with distinctive histological characteristics in both sexes. In males the external urethral sphincter covers the ventral surface of the prostate as a crescent shape above the verumontanum, horseshoe shape below the verumontanum...
Association of the Autoimmune Disease Scleroderma with an Immunologic Response to Cancer

Autoimmune diseases are thought to be initiated by exposures to foreign antigens that cross-react with endogenous molecules. Scleroderma is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which patients make antibodies to a limited group of autoantigens, including RPC1, encoded by the POLR3A gene. As patients with scleroderma and antibodies against RPC1 are at increased risk for cancer, we hypothesized that the “foreign” antigens in this autoimmune disease are encoded by somatically mutated genes in the patients’ incipient cancers. Studying cancers from scleroderma patients, we found genetic alterations of the POLR3A locus in six of eight patients with antibodies to RPC1 but not in eight patients without antibodies to RPC1. Analyses of peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum suggested that POLR3A mutations triggered cellular immunity and cross-reactive humoral immune responses. These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scleroderma and provide support for the idea that acquired immunity helps to control naturally occurring cancers.
Predicting program execution times by analyzing static and dynamic program paths

This paper describes a method to predict guaranteed and tight deterministic execution time bounds of a sequential program. The basic prediction technique is a static analysis based on simple timing schema for source-level language constructs, which gives accurate predictions in many cases. Using powerful user-provided information, dynamic path analysis refines looser predictions by eliminating infeasible paths and decomposing the possible execution behaviors in a pathwise manner. Overall prediction cost is scalable with respect to desired precision, controlling the amount of information provided. We introduce a formal path model for dynamic path analysis, where user execution information is represented by a set of program paths. With a well-defined practical high-level interface language, user information can be used in an easy and efficient way. We also introduce a method to verify given user information with known program verification techniques. Initial experiments with a timing tool show that safe and tight predictions are possible fbr a wide range of programs. The tool can also provide predictions for interesting subsets of program executions.
Nucleotide analogues to investigate RNA structure and function

RNA plays an essential cellular role in nearly every aspect of the transmission and expression of genetic information, including regulatory roles that have significance for cellular development. Access to RNA bearing synthetic modifications has allowed biological chemists to probe deep into the inner workings of cellular processes. Here, we describe recent advances in harnessing the power of nucleotide analogues to obtain mechanistic and biological insights into RNA structure, function and dynamics.
Thermal evidence for a transition above Tm in n-alkanes and crystalline polymers

A series of n-alkanes, CH3-(CH2)nCH3, including polyethylene, crystalline polymers, and crystalline copolymers have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry at very high sensitivity through and above the melting temperature, Tm. A transition designated Tu after KRUGER et al. is observed at about 1.2 Tm (K) (range 1.10 to 1.42). In low n-alkanes it appears as an endothermic slope change, shifting to an endothermic step change as n exceeds 100. This step change is also characteristic of polymers. Tu is rate sensitive, increasing as the rate of heating increases. Tu by DSC is higher than values reported by KRUGER et al. from Brillouin scattering and kinematic viscosity. Tu may correspond to the temperature at which persistent structures (smectic, mesomorphic, hetical, etc.) are destroyed thermally.
A new scoring system for the spraings multiple choice bender gestalt test

A new scoring procedure to be used with Spraings' technique for administering the Bender-Gestalt test in a multiple choice format is presented. Scoring weights are used instead of simply scoring each item right or wrong. The evidence presented suggests that this method of scoring would increase the value of Spraings' test in the diagnosis of perceptual deficits.
Modulation of Fluorescence through Coassembly of Molecules in Organic Nanostructures

This paper describes the fluorescence of bimolecular coassemblies that form one-dimensional nanostructures. One molecule is a fluorescent peptide amphiphile containing its branched stilbene chromophore covalently linked to the hydrophilic end of the amphiphile, and the second molecule is a shorter, nonfluorescent peptide amphiphile of complementary charge. Using circular dichroism we observe that mixing both molecules results in coassemblies that exhibit a β-sheet signature in the peptide region indicative of these types of nanostructures. The nature of the coassembly is dependent on the molar ratio of each component, and the changing CD spectra suggest the formation of domains along the length of the nanofibers with decreasing concentrations of the fluorescent component. In coassemblies with dilute concentrations of the fluorophore, we observe an increase in fluorescence intensity and quantum yield, as well as chiral transfer to the achiral segment of the fluorescent peptide amphiphile. The coassemblies ...
Demythologizing the Satan Tradition of Historical-Criticism: A Reevaluation of the Old Testament Portrait of שָׂטָן in Light of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

The traditional scholarly narrative is that Satan as a hostile independent agent did not appear within the Jewish ideological framework until after the composition of the OT. There are many theories played out by scholars to explain how this phenomenon occurred and when. In most cases, what is suggested is that שטן moves from being a role played within the divine council to antagonist as the tradition moves from Numbers to the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Using the discipline of narrative criticism, I attempt to overturn this consensus by demonstrating that no reification of שטן occurs but that Satan has been envisioned by the Jewish authors of the OT from his first appearance. He has always appeared as an individual antagonist and not a role played by a being in the heavenly court.
A fluorescence probe of acetylcholine receptor conformation and local anesthetic binding.

Abstract The fluorescent dye ethidium bromide binds to the acetylcholine receptor with an apparent Kd of 3 μ M and a stoichiometry of 1 molecule of ethidium per α-bungarotoxin site. Time dependent fluorescent increases were observed upon addition of carbamylcholine, the amplitude and half-time of which were dependent on the Carb 1 concentration. It appeared that these fluorescence increases resulted from a lowering of the Kd for ethidium as the AcChR-Carb complex underwent an isomerization from low to high affinity form(s) for carb, and more ethidium was bound. Titration with the local anesthetic procaine led to ethidium fluorescence increases at low procaine concentrations, followed by a fluorescence decrease at higher procaine concentrations to that level induced by saturating α-bungarotoxin. Thus it appeared that the ethidium binding site either interacted with or was identical with local anesthetic binding site(s).
Skeletal muscle is a biological example of a linear electroactive actuator

Skeletal muscle represents a classic biological example of a structure-function relationship. This paper reviews basic muscle anatomy and demonstrates how molecular motion on the order of nm distances is converted into the macroscopic movements that are possible with skeletal muscle. Muscle anatomy provides a structural basis for understanding the basic mechanical properties of skeletal muscle -- namely, the length-tension relationship and the force-velocity relationships. The length-tension relationship illustrates that muscle force generation is extremely length dependent due to the interdigitation of the contractile filaments. The force-velocity relationship is characterized by a rapid force drop in muscle with increasing shortening velocity and a rapid rise in force when muscles are forced to lengthen. Finally, muscle architecture -- the number and arrangement of muscle fibers -- has a profound effect on the magnitude of muscle force generated and the magnitude of muscle excursion. These concepts demonstrate the elegant manner in which muscle acts as a biologically regenerating linear motor. These concepts can be used in developing artificial muscles as well as in performing surgical reconstructive procedures with various donor muscles.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Do the Math: Course Redesign's Impact on Learning and Scheduling

The math department at Cleveland State Community College embarked upon course redesign in 2008. As a result of this project, student engagement, learning, and success rates have increased dramatically. By including both developmental and college level math courses in the redesign, the department has been able to implement innovative scheduling and enrollment strategies.
Comparison of nitrification inhibition by metals in batch and continuous flow reactors.

Abstract Stringent effluent discharge limits for nitrogen require development of assays to accurately and rapidly determine whether a wastewater stream will inhibit nitrification. The suitability of a short-term extant batch respirometric assay to predict nitrification inhibition by metals (Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd) in continuous flow reactors was evaluated. Linear metal partition coefficients were determined to be 78.42±2.46, 0.54±0.04, 0.05±0.01 and 0.60±0.01 L/g biomass COD in batch experiments (pH=7.5) for Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd, respectively. A mass-balance model, incorporating metal partitioning, adequately fit the metal concentration profiles in the continuous flow reactor during and after a 24-hour shock load. However, the short-term batch assays significantly underestimated observed inhibition in the continuous flow reactor. The underestimation was, most likely, due to slow kinetics of Zn, Ni and Cd internalization and an exacerbation effect due to continued metal exposure in the continuous flow reactor. The discrepancy in inhibition between batch and continuous systems was the largest for Cu, presumably due to its unique mode of action, which involves loss of cell membrane integrity. Hence, using results from short-term batch respirometric assays to infer responses in continuous flow reactors with longer exposure should be done with caution and must accommodate partitioning behavior and internalization kinetics.
A begomovirus associated with yellow vein symptoms of Oxalis debilis

‘Gold Veined Oxalis’ (Oxalis debilis) is an ornamental plant cultivar with attractive yellow vein foliage. After grafting scions of this plant to O. debilis plants that lacked the yellow vein foliage, grafted plants developed yellow vein suggesting that an infectious agent was the cause of the yellow vein. DNA extracts from O. debilis plants showing yellow vein were used in rolling circle amplification and PCR experiments. Sequence analyses of amplified DNA products suggested that a begomovirus was the cause of the yellow vein symptoms. The same begomovirus was found in the original sample and in graft inoculated plants that developed the yellow vein symptoms. The DNA A of the putative begomovirus, designated Oxalis yellow vein virus (OxYVV), shared 87 % overall nucleotide identities with the corresponding genome segments of Sida mottle virus, 85 % with Okra mottle virus, and 83 % with Tomato yellow spot virus. OxYVV virus was transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1. This is another example of a virus that enhances the aesthetics of an ornamental plant.
Social Interest: Relating Adlerian Psychology To Christian Theology

Adlerian psychology begins with several assumptions congenial to the Judeo-Christian view of man-in-community. It views people holistically as responsibly pursuing goals in a social context. The social challenges of work, friendship and love hold the key to human well-being and are not incidental to it. Adlerians present some particularly helpful observations on the uses of guilt to avoid life's tasks.
Representing finite convex geometries by relatively convex sets

A closure system with the anti-exchange axiom is called a convex geometry. One geometry is called a sub-geometry of the other if its closed sets form a sublattice in the lattice of closed sets of the other. We prove that convex geometries of relatively convex sets in n-dimensional vector space and their finite sub-geometries satisfy the n-Carousel Rule, which is the strengthening of the n-Caratheodory property. We also find another property, that is similar to the simplex partition property and independent of 2-Carousel Rule, which holds in sub-geometries of 2-dimensional geometries of relatively convex sets.
An obesity prevention pilot program for African-American mothers and daughters

Abstract This study examined the effects of an obesity prevention program on eating-related knowledge and behavior. Subjects included 24 African-American women and their preadolescent daughters living in a low-income urban housing complex. The dyads were randomly assigned to the treatment or control group. The 6-week treatment addressed the identification of high- and low-fat foods, how to read food labels and calculate percentage of fat in calories in food, risks of high-fat eating, low-fat food planning and preparation, and the problems associated with obesity in general and within the African-American community in particular. Pre- and post-treatment measures included assessment of nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and food intake. Results showed that the treatment group, compared to controls, decreased their intake of fat in grams and in percentage of total calories. Additionally, differences within dyads showed that the mothers significantly improved their eating patterns (fat gram and fat percentage intake), more so than the daughters. A significant increase over time in nutrition knowledge was noted for the treatment group. Furthermore, although not significant, a trend for a greater increase in knowledge for the treatment group, as compared to the control group, was observed. These preliminary findings support the importance and effectiveness of parent-child prevention programs in high-risk communities.
Effects of a highway and mitigation projects on bobcats in Southern Texas

Roads are a common landscape feature that may negatively impact wildlife. These impacts may be reduced by altering roads and their right-of-ways. We studied impacts of a 4-lane divided highway on bobcats (Lynx rufus) in southern Texas. From June 1997 to May 1999, 25 bobcats were found dead on the 32.2 km section of highway we studied. Mortalities were more likely adjacent to habitat preferred by bobcats and in sections of the highway in which thornshrub had been left in the median. Bobcats used culverts to cross under the highway and for other activities, such as resting. Culvert use was positively related to the openness ratio (width×height/length) of the culvert and to the amount of thornshrub cover adjacent to the culvert. Sections of fence 100 m long erected to funnel wildlife toward culverts did not increase bobcat use of culverts in an analysis of all culverts, but may have increased use of high-use culverts. Our results highlight the competing nature of techniques to minimize population fragmentation and mortality. Projects to reduce the impact of roads on wildlife should consider which impacts are likely to be most detrimental and ensure that efforts to mitigate one impact will not increase another.
Identification with transboundary places and support for ecological transboundary governance: A case study of British Columbia environmental activists

This paper is a case study of BC environmentalists to assess activists' identification with transboundary places and support for transboundary governance. The focus is on environmental cases and issues involving British Columbia and its American neighbors. The study draws on semi-structured interviews with twenty seven environmentalists to characterize their identification with regional, provincial and national entities and to explore the relation between their identification and political practices. Assessing support for transboundary governance is important as regional and multinational governance systems continue to evolve to manage ecological assets shared across borders. This study concludes that although transboundary political practices is common to the environmental movement, there is little support for expanded or new institutions for transboundary governance.
Observational versus feedback training in rule-based and information-integration category learning.

The effects of two different kinds of categorization training were investigated. In observational training, observers are presented with a category label and then shown an exemplar from that category. In feedback training, they are shown an exemplar, asked to assign it to a category, and then given feedback about the accuracy of their response. These two types of training were compared as observers learned two types of category structures—those in which optimal accuracy could be achieved via some explicit rule-based strategy, and those in which optimal accuracy required integrating information from separate perceptual dimensions at some predecisional stage. There was an overall advantage for feedback training over observational training, but most importantly, type of training interacted strongly with type of category structure. With rule-based structures, the effects of training type were small, but with information-integration structures, accuracy was substantially higher with feedback training, and people were less likely to use suboptimal rule-based strategies. The implications of these results for current theories of category learning are discussed.
Kinetics of hydrolysis of type I, II, and III collagens by the class I and II Clostridium histolyticum collagenases.

The kinetics of hydrolysis of rat tendon type I, bovine nasal septum type II, and human placental type III collagens by class I and class IIClostridium histolyticum collagenases (CHC) have been investigated. To facilitate this study, radioassays developed previously for the hydrolysis of these [3H]acetylated collagens by tissue collagenases have been adapted for use with the CHC. While the CHC are known to make multiple scissions in these collagens, the assays are shown to monitor the initial proteolytic events. The individual kinetic parametersk cat andK M have been determined for the hydrolysis of all three collagens by both class I and class II CHC. The specific activities of these CHC toward fibrillar type I and III collagens have also been measured. In contrast to human tissue collagenases, neither class of CHC exhibits a marked specificity toward any collagen type either in solution or in fibrillar form. The values of the kinetic parametersk cat andK M for the CHC are similar in magnitude to those of the human enzymes acting on their preferred substrates. Thus, the widely held view that the CHC are more potent collagenases is not strictly correct. As with the tissue collagenases, the local collagen structure at the cleavage sites is believed to play an important role in determining the rates of the reactions studied.
Individual canine airway response variability to a deep inspiration.

In healthy individuals, a DI can reverse (bronchodilation) or prevent (bronchoprotection) induced airway constriction. For individuals with asthma or COPD, these effects may be attenuated or absent. Previous work showed that the size and duration of a DI affected the subsequent response of the airways. Also, increased airway tone lead to increased airway size variability. The present study examined how a DI affected the temporal variability in individual airway baseline size and after methacholine challenge in dogs using High-Resolution Computed Tomography. Dogs were anesthetized and ventilated, and on 4 separate days, HRCT scans were acquired before and after a DI at baseline and during a continuous intravenous infusion of methacholine (Mch) at 3 dose rates (17, 67, and 200 µg/min). The Coefficient of Variation was used as an index of temporal variability in airway size. We found that at baseline and the lowest dose of Mch, variability decreased immediately and 5 minutes after the DI (P < 0.0001). In contrast, with higher doses of Mch, the DI caused a variable response. At a rate of 67 µg/min of Mch, the temporal variability increased after 5 minutes, while at a rate of 200 µg/min of Mch, the temporal variability increased immediately after the DI. Increased airway temporal variability has been shown to be associated with asthma. Although the mechanisms underlying this temporal variability are poorly understood, the beneficial effects of a DI to decrease airway temporal variability was eliminated when airway tone was increased. If this effect is absent in asthmatics, this may suggest a possible mechanism for the loss of bronchoprotective and bronchodilatory effects after a DI in asthma.
Surface-film microbial populations: diel amino acid metabolism, carbon utilization, and growth rates

Microheterotrophic dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) utilization, and microbial community and bacterial community carbon production and growth were studied using 3H-labeled organics as tracers in marine surface-film and subsurface (10 cm) waters off Baja California in November 1983. DFAA utilization was generally more rapid during the day (0.14 to 0.38 nM h-1) than at night (0.04 to 0.14 nM h-1) in surface-film and subsurface waters, but the percent of utilized amino acid which was respired was always greater during the night (22 to 57%) compared to the day (14 to 18%). Utilization of DFAA-carbon was estimated to range from 0.3 to 5.3 μg C l-1 d-1 for all stations studied. In six of the 8 samples examined, the percentage of microbial carbon accounted for by the bacterial component of the population (1.4 to 5.9%) was strikingly similar to the percentage of microbial carbon production accounted for by bacterial carbon production (1.9 to 5.1%). In all of these six samples, total microbial specific-growth rates and bacterial specific-growth rates were approximately equivalent (0.9 to 2.2 d-1 for the microbial community; 0.7 to 1.9 d-1 for bacteria). The two exceptions were samples apparently influenced by transient flagellate populations migrating into the surface or subsurface waters at night. These observations support the conclusion that surface films contain unique and highly active microbial populations.
Measurement of iron transport in the TFTR tokamak by charge exchange recombination spectroscopy

Transport of iron in TFTR discharges heated by 6.7 MW of co-injected neutral beam power has been studied by spatially resolved charge exchange recombination spectroscopy in the visible region of the spectrum. The time evolutions of the densities of Fe24+ and Fe23+ ions following injection of iron are modelled by the neoclassical flux plus a moderately hollow diffusivity, increasing linearly from 1.3 m2/s on axis to 2.4 m2/s at the plasma edge. For r/a > 0.5, the iron diffusivity is significantly smaller than the helium diffusivity measured in identical discharges, while it is larger in the region immediately surrounding the plasma axis.
The Economics of Industrial Slavery In the Old South

The economics of slavery in the United States has long been a subject of great interest to historians, but the use of bondsmen in southern industries has been little studied. Professor Starobin not only provides new information on industrial slavery, but also offers important conclusions concerning the profitability, efficiency, and viability of this “peculiar institution.”
Electromagnetic Interference from Pocket Calculators

Presented are the results of an investigation of the near-field Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) associated with the operation of pocket calculators. A review of the regulations governing the permissible levels of interference from portable electronic equipment is undertaken, and subsequently, the results of EMI measurements on three pocket calculators are presented. The results indicate that near-field EMI levels are of sufficient magnitude to make questionable the unrestricted operation of a pocket calculator in an electromagnetically sensitive environment, such as found on an aircraft flight deck. Finally, a simple and inexpensive means of eliminating this interference is investigated.
An integrated approach for signal validation in dynamic systems

Abstract Process variables measured by a multitude of sensors (neutron power, temperatures, pressures, flow rates, fluid levels), are used as inputs to control systems, protection systems and monitoring systems in nuclear power plants. Integration of diverse signal processing schemes will provide more complete information for signal verification and also for process diagnostics. The combination of generalized consistency check (GCC) and sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) improves the reliability of the decision/estimation procedure. This paper integrates the dynamic signal component analysis method with the GCC, and provides an improved technique for detecting and isolating sensor maloperation and process anomaly (mechanical components, controllers, etc.). This technique is also applicable to process control systems.