cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epilogue (34b6–35d8)

Socrates' Rhetorical Strategy In the epilogue, Socrates emphasizes his concern for reputation, which he separates from his concern for justice and piety (cf. 34d8–35b8 with 35b9–c1, 35c6–7, and 35c8–d1). Earlier, when he discussed his divine mission, he seemed to dismiss reputation as a matter of little or no importance (22a3–6, 29d7–30a2). But whatever weight he had given to his own and the city's reputations before this day, they are in the forefront of his mind at the trial. He lectures the jurors, saying in effect: “You would like to see me beg and weep. Perhaps when you were on trial for some minor offense, you yourself begged and wept. In fact, the most admired men in the city do shameful things when tried for their lives (35a4–7). But not I! I am too noble to gratify you by crawling” (cf. 34d8–e3 with 37a2–4). He explains that when those like him, who are reputed to be distinguished in wisdom, courage, or some other virtue – moderation is never mentioned in the Apology – beg, they shame not only themselves but the city, inviting foreigners to conclude that Athenians distinguished in virtue are in fact no different from women (35a7–b3). But if “Socrates the wise” were to beg, would it really reflect badly on Athens in this way (27a2)? More likely it would be said that philosophers are no different from women, and this would reduce the attractiveness of the philosophic life and make it harder to defend (cf. 28b3–5).
Is Nominal Use an Answer to the Free Speech A Right of Publicity Quandary?: Lessons from America's National Pastime

This essay explores three approaches developed by courts to all eviate the tension between free speech and the right of publicity. It focuses upon the last set of interests- non-misleading, for-profit uses of a celebrity's name or likeness. Perhaps by coincidence ~)f, perhaps because it is this nation's pastime- professional baseball is fertile ground for these controversies. Not only does the modern right of publicity begin with a dispute over baseball cards, its future should be defined by fantasy baseball. In CB.C Distribution and Marketing, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media , L. P., the Eighth Circuit held that the use of players' names and statistics for online fantasy baseball did not violate the right of publicity. lI The court used an approach that not only reconciled the speech interests at stake in that case, but also adopted an essential First Amendment safeguard present in trademark law- nominal use- that has yet to be explicitly recognized in the right of publicity context.
The Power of Practicum Support: A Quasi-experimental Investigation of Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Science Instruction in A Highly Supported Field Experience

This study sought to determine the impact of a highly supported field experience (HSFE) by comparing two groups of preservice elementary teachers (PSETs) all taking the same methods course, from th...
NBQX treatment improves mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative events after spinal cord injury.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of inhibiting ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes on measures of oxidative stress events at acute times following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats received a moderate contusion injury and 15 min later were treated with one of two doses of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzol[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium (NBQX), MK-801, or the appropriate vehicle. At 4 h following injury, spinal cords were removed and a crude synaptosomal preparation obtained to examine mitochondrial function using the MTT assay, as well as measures of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and glutamate and glucose uptake. We report here that intraspinal treatment with either 15 or 30 nmol of NBQX improves mitochondrial function and reduces the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation products. In contrast, MK-801, given intravenously at doses of 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg, was without effect on these same measures. Neither drug treatment had an effect on glutama...
Examining Adolescent Cocaine Use With Social Learning and Self-Control Theories

An estimated 1.6 million adolescents use cocaine on a regular basis. Social learning theory and self-control theory are regularly used to explain adolescent substance use, but few studies have examined Hirschi’s (2004) revised self-control theory. This study examines the efficacy of these three theories in explaining adolescent cocaine use using data from the 2011 Monitoring the Future survey. The study finds that Hirschi’s (2004) revised theory and peer hard drug use predicted the probability of adolescent cocaine use in the previous 30 days. When examining cocaine use in the prior year, all three theoretical perspectives were significant predictor of cocaine use. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Embedded Real-Time Control via MATLAB, Simulink, and xPC Target

1 The MathWorks, Inc., Simulink Development, 3 Apple Hill Dr., Natick, MA 01760-2098, U.S.A. 2 The MathWorks, Inc., Application Engineering, 39555 Orchard Hill Place, Novi, MI 48375-5374, U.S.A. 3 The MathWorks, Inc., xPC Target Development, 3 Apple Hill Dr., Natick, MA 01760-2098, U.S.A. 4 The MathWorks, Inc., Technical Marketing, 39555 Orchard Hill Place, Novi, MI 48375-5374, U.S.A. 5 The MathWorks, Inc., Application Engineering, 3 Apple Hill Dr., Natick, MA 01760-2098, U.S.A. 6 The MathWorks, Inc., Technical Marketing, 3 Apple Hill Dr., Natick, MA 01760-2098, U.S.A.
The Biochemical Characterization of Two Mutant Arginyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetases from Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract The arginyl transfer RNA synthetase from Escherichia coli K-12, wild-type, and two arginyl-tRNA synthetase mutant strains, MA 5003 and MA 5005, was purified approximately 200, 140, and 180 times, respectively. Various parameters of these synthetases were measured with the use of the esterification of arginine to transfer RNA as the assay. The mutant enzymes were found to have certain altered properties in common. Both mutant synthetases displayed an increased thermal sensitivity when compared to the wild-type enzyme. The pH optimum for all three enzymes was 8.0, but the activity of the mutant synthetases decreased more rapidly than the activity of the wild-type enzyme as the pH was lowered from 8.0 to 5.5. The Vmax of the mutant synthetases was lower than that of the wild-type enzyme when parameters as the Km values for arginine, ATP, tRNA, and dATP were measured. What differentiated the two mutant synthetases was the observation that the enzyme from strain MA 5003 displayed a 10- to 15-fold increase in Km for arginine, but less than a 2-fold increase in Km for ATP, whereas the arginyl-tRNA synthetase from strain MA 5005 had a 10-fold increase in Km for ATP, but less than a 2-fold increase in Km for arginine compared to the wild-type enzyme. It appears that the mutation in each mutant enzyme independently affects the Km for one substrate, arginine or ATP. When dATP was substituted for ATP, no difference in Km was observed between the wild-type enzyme and the mutant enzyme from strain MA 5005. Lastly the Km for tRNA was the same for all three enzymes.
Does the New International Trade Regime Leave Room for Industrialization Policies in the Middle-income Countries?

Since the existence of the World Trade Center (WTO), member governments are limited in choices when conducting domestic industrial policy, which particularly affects mid-technology countries on the verge of industrialization such as the examples of Brazil and the Republic of Korea. The Washington Consensus advocates development through poverty alleviation, free markets, and foreign investment, which compose some of the stringent constraints of the WTO. The paper argues for policies that embrace technological development and industrial diversification, while the WTO insists that these become a natural reality as a result of trade. However, the authors contend that the development of latecomer industrialization countries was not due to the current WTO rules. Therefore potential industrializers should build up their technical capacity in the search of industrialization by circumventing the new barriers imposed by the WTO. This paper was written as an insight into the work of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 2004 that aims to provide a fairer globalization for all.
Towards a Female Topography of the Ancient Greek City: Case Studies from Late Archaic and Early Classical Athens ( c .520–400 BCE)

In this article, I seek to move beyond the traditional, polarised model of ancient Greek cities which views the civic sphere as gendered male in contrast with the domestic sphere which was gendered female. I argue that this model oversimplifies a much more complex set of relationships, leading scholars to underplay the possibilities for female agency within the built environment of the Classical city (polis) and to underestimate the scope of women's activities within Greek society more generally. Taking Athens as an example, I suggest that space was not rigidly divided between ‘public’ and ‘private’ zones. Instead, a number of factors led to flexibility which enabled a woman to enter civic space in order to carry out a variety of activities on her own behalf, on behalf of her household and also as a representative of her household in the context of the wider community. The civic context was thus an inverse parallel for the domestic sphere which, although constructed as female, was clearly also an important arena for male activity.
The Patient-Centered Electronic Health Record and Patient Portals

Personal health records (PHR), particularly the patient portal, are touted as instrumental to the future of medical care and health management. The patient portal could be a powerful means to engage patients and empower them to manage their own health. Studies show that patients are interested in patient portals, specifically in the self-management and administrative aspects. However, some studies also show little evidence to support claims of improvement in health outcomes, cost measures, or health care utilization. This chapter presents an overview of personal health records and patient portals, beginning with the evolution of these technologies. We next cover the data and functionality components of personal health records and patient portals. Then, we discuss the context in which personal health records and patient portals are situated, including political forces, Meaningful Use, user access and usability, and data issues. Finally, throughout the chapter we consider future directions for personal health records and patient portals.
Sliding block entropy coding of images

The authors compare various options for combining linear prediction with vector quantization for purposes of image coding. A previously developed algorithm called sliding block predictive vector quantization (SBPVQ) is extended with multiple-level quantizers (i.e. n>2), and is compared to vector-predictive quantization (VPQ). The particular version considered here is termed sliding block vector predictive quantization (SBVPQ) and uses a (M,L) tree search on the encoded blocks. Arithmetic coding is used to transmit the SBPVQ and SBVPQ encoded data at rates closer to their output entropy than rates obtained with fixed-rate coding. >
Redesigning the patterns of radiologic practice for the 2lst century: digital imaging, digital networks, digital medical records

Radiology, and indeed all of medicine, is under attack for providing high cost, redundant, patient unfriendly health care. Although we live with and may be discouraged by the health care crisis, in crisis there is opportunity. The authors discuss the redesign of radiology practices, including topics such as: digital imaging, real time radiology, PACS, Internet and digital medical records.
Assessing the relative burden of hospital-acquired infections in a network of community hospitals.

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) occur commonly, cause significant harm to patients, and result in excess healthcare expenditures. The urinary tract is frequently cited as the most common site of HAI, but these estimates were extrapolated from National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) data from the 1990s. Updated information regarding the relative burden of specific types of HAIs would help governmental agencies and other stakeholders within the field of infection prevention to prioritize areas for research and innovation. The objective of our study was to assess the relative proportion of HAIs attributed to each of the following 5 types of infection in a network of community hospitals: catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), surgical site infection (SSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).We performed a retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected HAI surveillance data from hospitals participating in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network (DICON). DICON hospital epidemiologists and liaison infection preventionists work directly with local hospital infection preventionists to provide surveillance data validation, benchmarking, and infection prevention consultation services to participating hospitals.
Internalism About Justification and the Skeptic’s Dilemma

I first argue that the skeptic needs an internalist conception of justification for her argument for skepticism. I then argue that the skeptic also needs to show that we do not have perceptual access to the world if her skepticism is to be a real threat to human knowledge of the world. This, I conclude, puts the skeptic in a dilemma, for internalist conceptions of justification presuppose that we have perceptual access to the world.
Modeling Rail Operating Costs for Multimodal Corridor Planning

Cost and delivery times are key variables used by shippers to determine freight mode choice. Unfortunately, transportation planners wishing to examine truck versus rail trade-offs on major state and regional corridors use models that rarely capture the effects of cargo weight, running speeds, network capacity, or route characteristics, even though they are key inputs to any logistical analysis. Moreover, current models are incapable of fully internalizing external or social costs into their calculations, a failure that becomes more important as sustainable strategies are sought by society. Therefore, in three critical areas of transportation planning—network capacity, route features, and operating characteristics—most existing models are deficient. This study gives planners a mechanistic method to determine variable rail costs on a single corridor. When this model is combined with the latest truck operating cost mechanistic models, the cost differentials that underlie the choice of truck versus rail will ...
Core physics analysis of 100% MOX Core in IRIS

Abstract International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) is an advanced small-to-medium-size (1000 MWt) Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), targeting deployment around 2015. Its reference core design is based on the current Westinghouse UO 2 fuel with less than 5% 235 U, and the analysis has been previously completed confirming good performance for that case. The full MOX fuel core is currently under evaluation as one of the alternatives for the second wave of IRIS reactors. A full 3-D neutronic analysis has been performed to examine main core performance and safety parameters, such as critical boron concentration, peaking factors, discharge burnup, reactivity coefficients, shut-down margin, etc. In addition, the basis to perform load follow maneuvers via the Westinghouse innovative strategy MSHIM has been established. The enhanced moderation of the IRIS fuel lattice facilitates MOX core design, and all the obtained results are within the operational and safety limits considered thus confirming viability of this option from the reactor physics standpoint.
Bound solitons in the ac-driven, damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

We demonstrate analytically that the effective potential of interaction between widely separated solitons in a damped, ac-driven nonlinear Schroedinger equation is oscillatory at large distances. We show numerically that two solitons in the system attract each other if the initial distance between them is smaller than a certain critical value; consequently, they will either form an oscillatory bound state with a finite lifetime, collapse to a stable single soliton state, or decay to the rotating background. If the initial separation is greater than the critical value, they separate to form a stable bound state at a second critical distance. The critical distances are in good agreement with the analytical prediction.
Modeling and Designing for Accuracy and Energy Efficiency in Wireless Electroencephalography Systems

Remote wireless monitoring of physiological signals has emerged as a key enabler for biotelemetry and can significantly improve the delivery of healthcare. Improving the energy efficiency and battery lifetime of the monitoring units without sacrificing the acquired signal quality is a key challenge in large-scale deployment of bioelectronic systems for remote wireless monitoring. In this article, we present a design methodology for accuracy aware, energy efficient wireless monitoring of electroencephalography (EEG) data. The proposed design performs a real-time accuracy energy trade-off by controlling the volume of transmitted data based on the information content in the EEG signal. We consider the effect of different system parameters in order to design an optimal system. We analyze the impact of noise of the wireless channel. Our analysis shows that the proposed system design approach can provide up to 10X energy savings in a 32 channel wireless EEG system with minimal impact on the monitored EEG signal accuracy.
Label-free single-molecule all-optical sensor

Recently, quality factors greater than 100 million were demonstrated using planar arrays of silica microtoroid resonators. These high Q factors allow the toroidal resonators to perform very sensitive detection experiments. By functionalizing the silica surface of the toroid with biotin, the toroidal resonators become both specific and sensitive detectors for Streptavidin. One application of this sensor is performing detection in lysates. To mimic this type of environment, additional solutions of Streptavidin were prepared which also contained high concentrations (nM and μM) of tryptophan.
Reactivity of adsorbed CO toward C2H4, H2, and NO on the surface of supported rhodium catalysts

Abstract The reactivity of adsorbed CO on supported rhodium catalysts for the insertion of CO during ethylene hydroformylation and for CO 2 formation during interactions of CO and NO has been studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy. Adsorption of CO on 0.5 wt.% Rh/SiO 2 produced Rh carbonyl species which are highly selective for CO insertion (i.e. ethylene hydroformylation) at 323 K. Adsorption of CO on highly dispersed Rh sites of 0.2 wt.% Rh/Al 2 O 3 produced linear CO and gem-dicarbonyl which are inactive for the CO insertion in contrast to linear CO on large Rh crystallites and gem-dicarbonyl on thermally decomposed Rh 6 (CO) 16 /SiO 2 catalysts. The reactivity and the mode of adsorbed CO on 4 wt.% Rh/SiO 2 strongly depends on the partial pressure of gaseous CO and NO. Linear and bridged CO on reduced Rh sites and gem-dicarbonyl on Rh + sites do not show any reactivity toward gaseous NO/CO for the formation of CO 2 at 373 K. Prolonged exposure of rhodium catalysts to NO/CO flow results in modification of catalyst surface, creating the active site for catalyzing CO 2 formation at 373 K. Strong dependence of the reactivity and mode of adsorbates on the partial pressure of reactants and temperature suggests that the nature of adsorbates should be studied under reaction conditions where both reactants and products are present.
Games, learning and literacy

Historically, media literacy efforts have been couched in terms of helping a younger generation of students learn to "see through" media messages emanating from corporate-produced media that are designed to produce hegemonic discourse. Today's emerging media environment - particularly video games - are built on a logic of participation that operates quite differently than in the past. To be literate in today's media environment means to produce knowledge as represented through multiple media forms, and, critically, to understand the modes for producing and distributing that media via various private and public media channels. Videogames are a primary venue where such issues are being worked out; often through online outlets. In short, if yesterday's media landscape was one of broadcast, today's is one of interaction, and those people who learn to leverage technologies, social structures, and design grammars to produce and communicate messages will be those who profit.This session focuses on recent research in media literacy funded by the Spencer and MacArthur Foundations showing how participating in gaming is fundamentally engaging in the practice of Design writ large.Participants engage not just in the design of software, but too in the design of social networks and institutions. The panel begins with Robison's analysis of her in-depth interviews with a range of practicing game designers who demonstrate how games are often purposely constructed as spaces for players to become /designers /of their own experiences. Hunicke's draws on her research in the context of designing titles for Maxis, discussing issues in creating supports that enable player creativity, adding to the discussion notions of a productive gaming literacy coming from industry. Steinkuehler's naturalistic studies of gamers, showing how "entertainment" today means to design collective experiences via sociotechnical networks. Steinkuehler draws on cognitive science research techniques to demonstrate how MMO players are engaging in literacy and technology practices that match, if not exceed today's "standards". Squire demonstrates how educators can create similar game-based learning programs that use learners' interest in games like Civilization III to develop expertise and gaming, and skills in media production.This approach argues that new approaches to media literacy need to develop a design inclination toward the production of media materials. By design, we mean more than just simply the production of materials; rather, we mean critical reflection on the parts of players, students, and media participants in identifying and understanding needs in their social worlds, the production of materials that meet those needs, and critical feedback from interested parties and constituents. We believe that this last component---students receiving feedback on the projects that they create by and from constituencies that they value and are in a position to judge the quality of their works is a key way that new media literacy initiatives can avoid the trappings of liberal pedagogies.
Sources of Knowledge for Practice

This article examines the concept of practice knowledge and its relationship to the use of various sources of knowledge to perform specific job tasks The authors sent questionnaires to social workers who had received master's degrees two and seven years previously from two Northwestern U.S. universities, and received responses from 90 for a response rate of 41%. The questionnaires solicited information on the use and ratings of various knowledge sources in the respondents' work The respondents indicated they used various sources in various ways, but the findings show only a weak correspondence between the importance assigned to the sources and how frequently they were used The authors suggest a need exists to explore how different knowledge sources are synthesized into information applicable to the work setting, and propose that practice knowledge be examined in terms of such a synthesis. They further argue that knowledge synthesis may play a major role in knowledge use and in various problem-solving and ...
Evidence-based medicine in rhinology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nose and sinus disease are prevalent medical findings, requiring significant expense and patient and physician time. In addition, the field of evidence-based medicine is growing in significance as many providers endeavor to provide evidence-based patient care. This contemporary review will address recent findings in evidence-based medicine and rhinology. RECENT FINDINGS We review treatment guidelines for allergic rhinitis, recent findings on nasal polyposis, pediatric sinus surgery, the use of image-guidance in sinus surgery, and treatment of epistaxis. SUMMARY There is high-quality evidence to guide medical and surgical treatment decisions in many rhinologic conditions.
Effect of extrusion on hypocholesterolemic properties of rice, oat, corn, and wheat bran diets in hamsters

ABSTRACT Brans from rice, oats, corn, and wheat were cooked in a twin-screw extruder at either high or low energy input, and their cholesterol-lowering effects were compared with those of unprocessed brans when fed to four-week-old male golden Syrian hamsters (n = 10 per treatment) for three weeks. Peanut oil was added to oat, corn, and wheat bran during the extrusion process to match the oil content of rice bran. Diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 10.3% fat, 3% nitrogen, and 0.3% cholesterol. Plasma and liver cholesterol and total liver lipids were significantly lower with low-energy extruded wheat bran compared with unprocessed wheat bran. Extrusion did not alter the hypocholesterolemic effects of rice, oat, or corn brans. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels with corn bran were similar to those with oat bran. Relative cholesterol-lowering effects of the brans, determined with pooled (extruded and unextruded) bran data, were rice bran > oat bran > corn bran > wheat bran. Rice bran diets resulted in...
The role of rules in ethical decision making

Using chess decision making as a model for ethical decision making, I show that ethical decisions rarely involve the conscious application of moral rules. I discuss the metaethical and normative implications of this aspect of ethical decision making in terms of the moral philosophies of Sartre, Hare, and Aristotle. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the chess model in research and teaching in applied ethics.
The role of aspirin and dipyridamole on vascular DNA synthesis and intimal hyperplasia following deendothelialization.

Abstract Platelets are implicated both in acute thrombotic events and, through platelet-derived growth factor, in the development of intimal hyperplasia. We have investigated, in vivo , the influence of aspirin and dipyridamole on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and DNA synthesis following balloon catheter injury. Fifty-eight male, New Zealand white rabbits were divided equally into two groups; the test group was fed aspirin (14 mg/kg/day) and dipyridamole (9 mg/kg/day) from 2 days prior to surgery until sacrifice at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, or 28 days after injury. All animals were sacrificed 1 h after injection of [ 3 H]thymidine and the smooth muscle cell DNA specific activity and total kinetic activity were determined. Intimal hyperplasia was measured by light microscopy and intimal nuclear proliferation was determined by counting nuclei per millimeter of internal elastic lamina. Nuclear proliferation was maximal at 14 days (25 ± 1.2) but intimal hyperplasia was still increasing at 28 days. DNA specific activity after 24 hr (test: 4 ± 2 dpm/μg DNA; control: 3.3 ± 3 dpm/μg DNA) was similar to basal levels in uninjured rabbits. DNA synthesis peaked in both groups between the second and third day (test: 177 ± 27 dpm/μg DNA; control: 185 ± 39 dpm/μg DNA) and then declined slowly toward baseline values. There was no significant difference between treated and normal rabbits in either [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, nuclear proliferation, or development of intimal hyperplasia despite 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation and a significant reduction (78%) in [ 14 C]serotonin release following collagen challenge (6 μg/ml). These results suggest the presence of another significant growth factor(s) for vascular smooth muscle in the rabbit as global interference with platelets does not inhibit smooth muscle proliferation.
Isolation and Developmental Characterization of Cerebral Cortical Multipotent Progenitors

Multipotent neural progenitor species present within developing and adult periventricular generative zones can give rise to all of the major cellular elements of the brain. Although lineage specification during development has been thought to be restricted to these generative zones, we have utilized quantitative immunoselection techniques to isolate an enriched population of multipotent neural progenitor cells that express polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) from postnatal day 2 cerebral cortex independent of generative zones. This population of cerebral cortical progenitor cells exhibited robust proliferation in response to epidermal growth factor and subsequently gave rise to clonally derived neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Quantitative regional analysis further demonstrated that while the multipotent cells derived from the cerebral cortex uniformly expressed PSA-NCAM, multipotent cells derived from generative zones contained equal proportions of PSA-NCAM-positive and -negative multipotent progenitor cells. The generation of individual cellular lineages from cortical multipotent progenitors could be enhanced by specific cytokines that are expressed within the cerebral cortex. Further, while oligodendroglial progenitor cells derived from cortical multipotent progenitors exhibited responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), primary cultures of cortical oligodendroglial progenitors were responsive to PDGF but not to NT-3. These observations suggest that in addition to glial progenitors that commit to a specific lineage prior to migration from generative zones, there is within the cerebral cortex a separate pool of multipotent cells that are capable of generating mature glial progeny in response to specific environmental cues. Therapeutic interventions aimed at differentiation of endogenous cerebral pools of multipotent progenitors may provide a novel strategy for amelioration of the sequelae of environmental and genetic insults to the postnatal cerebrum.
Report on the Teaching of Beginning Italian in the ASTP at The Ohio State University 1943–1944—Part II

Author's Summary— The author takes up the following means of supplementing basic classroom procedure: (1) dramatic skits; fiesta; (2) exchange of instructors; (3) native lecturers; (4) motion pictures; (5) phonograph records and magnetic tape recorder. The final section deals with testing devices. Samples of Aural Comprehension Test and Dictation are given. A paragraph on student-teacher relations concludes the report.
How to calculate low-energy partial-wave parameters of dual resonance amplitudes

It is shown that the low-energy parameters for all classes of dual, elastic scattering amplitudes can be readily derived by simple use of Rodrigues's formula for the Legendre polynomials.
Model of Affective Learning for Nonformal Science Education Facilities.

Objective setting and evaluation for learning in the affective domain are often neglected in educational programs, largely because affective learning is a poorly understood phenomenon. This is particularly problematic in nonformal science education facilities, which are uniquely suited to facilitate affective learning. To address this problem, a heuristic model of affective learning in nonformal educational facilities was developed. The model, referred to as the Meredith Model, displays a sequence of events occurring in the affective responses of learners in nonformal educational experiences and identifies factors which may influence individual events within this sequence. The model is proposed as a conceptual framework for gaining an increased understanding of affective learning and for making recommendations for practice of nonformal science education and for further research. J Res Sci Teach 34: 805–818, 1997.
A new n-type low bandgap conjugated polymer P-co-CDT: synthesis and excellent reversible electrochemical and electrochromic properties

A n-type low bandgap conjugated polymer based on perylene diimide and cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, which exhibits excellent reversible electrochemical properties in both n-doping/dedoping and p-doping/dedoping processes, was designed, synthesized and characterized.
Exactly alternating silarylene–siloxane polymers. I. The synthesis and stability of bis(1,1-tetramethylene-3-phenylureido)dimethylsilane

Ureidosilanes have been found to be active monomers for the preparation of siloxane polymers by step-growth polymerization reactions at low temperatures. For this purpose, very high monomer purities are required, and the present investigation was concerned with the purity and stability of bis(1,1-tetramethylene-3-phenylureido)dimethylsilane prepared from the diaminosilane and phenyl isocyanate. Preparation of the monomer by this reaction at −20°C gave directly a product of very high purity suitable for the preparation of very high molecular weight polymers. Pseudo-first-order rate constants were obtained on the hydrolysis of the monomer during synthesis and storage.
How to diagnose and manage patients with cardiac implantable electronic device infections

Over the last two decades, there has been a surge in the number of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) implantation. These devices improve the quality of life and survival among certain cardiac patients. However, this benefit might be affected by device complications and one of the most important ones is CIED infection as it carries significant morbidity and mortality. CIED infection can present as a device pocket infection or endovascular infection and its diagnosis could be challenging. In general, management of CIED infection involves device removal and antibiotic therapy and requires collaboration between different clinical teams. Future efforts and research should focus on measures to prevent the occurrence of this outcome.
Exploring the relations among executive functions, fluid intelligence, and personality.

Executive functions (EFs) are important for goal-directed behavior and have been linked with a number of important constructs like intelligence. The current study examined the link between EFs and ...
Looking time, stimulus complexity, and the perceptual deprivation effect

Each of 29 college students viewed stimuli of low, middle, and high complexity under instructions to view each stimulus until they “finished looking at it.” Perceptual deprivation periods of 2, 16, or 30 sec preceded each stimulus. The results indicated that looking time was a direct function of deprivation level and stimulus complexity and that the two variables did not interact. An explanation in terms of the concept of an optimal level of arousal was suggested.
Copy neutral loss of heterozygosity: a novel chromosomal lesion in myeloid malignancies

Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP-A) have recently been widely applied as a powerful karyotyping tool in numerous translational cancer studies. SNP-A complements traditional metaphase cytogenetics with the unique ability to delineate a previously hidden chromosomal defect, copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH). Emerging data demonstrate that selected hematologic malignancies exhibit abundant CN-LOH, often in the setting of a normal metaphase karyotype and no previously identified clonal marker. In this review, we explore emerging biologic and clinical features of CN-LOH relevant to hematologic malignancies. In myeloid malignancies, CN-LOH has been associated with the duplication of oncogenic mutations with concomitant loss of the normal allele. Examples include JAK2, MPL, c-KIT, and FLT3. More recent investigations have focused on evaluation of candidate genes contained in common CN-LOH and deletion regions and have led to the discovery of tumor suppressor genes, including c-CBL and family members, as well as TET2. Investigations into the underlying mechanisms generating CN-LOH have great promise for elucidating general cancer mechanisms. We anticipate that further detailed characterization of CN-LOH lesions will probably facilitate our discovery of a more complete set of pathogenic molecular lesions, disease and prognosis markers, and better understanding of the initiation and progression of hematologic malignancies.
1-Benzenesulfonyl-2-trimethylsilylethane and 1-benzenesulfonyl-1-chloro-2-trimethylsilylethane; efficient reagents for sulfonyl-α-vinylation

Abstract 1-Benzenesulfonyl-2-trimethylsilylethane and 1-benzenesulfonyl-1-chloro-2-trimethylsilylethane are convertable to 1-benzenesulfonyl-1-chloro-1-substituted-2-trimethylsilylethanes which undergo elimination by fluoride ion to give phenyl α -substituted-vinyl sulfones.
Characterization of mouse UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase, a Nudix hydrolase encoded by the Nudt14 gene

Recombinant mouse UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase (UGPPase), encoded by the Nudt14 gene, was produced in Escherichia coli and purified close to homogeneity. The enzyme catalyzed the conversion of [beta-(32)P]UDP-glucose to [(32)P]glucose-1-P and UMP, confirming that it hydrolyzed the pyrophosphate of the nucleoside diphosphate sugar to generate glucose-1-P and UMP. The enzyme was also active toward ADP-ribose. Activity is dependent on the presence of Mg(2+) and was greatest at alkaline pH above 8. Kinetic analysis indicated a K(m) of approximately 4mM for UDP-glucose and approximately 0.3mM for ADP-ribose. Based on V(max)/K(m) values, the enzyme was approximately 20-fold more active toward ADP-ribose. UGPPase behaves as a dimer in solution and can be cross-linked to generate a species of M(r) 54,000 from a monomer of 30,000 as judged by SDS-PAGE. The dimerization was not affected by the presence of glucose-1-P or UDP-glucose. Using antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, Western analysis indicated that UGPPase was widely expressed in mouse tissues, including skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat, heart and pancreas with a lower level in brain. It was generally present as a doublet when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, suggesting the occurrence of some form of post-translational modification. Efforts to interconvert the species by adding or inhibiting phosphatase activity were unsuccessful, leaving the nature of the modification unknown. Sequence alignments and database searches revealed related proteins in species as distant as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans.
DNA-binding and regulatory properties of the transcription factor and putative tumor suppressor p150(Sal2).

Abstract The product of the SALL2 protein p150 Sal2 is a multi-zinc finger transcription factor with growth arrest and proapoptotic functions that overlap those of p53. Its DNA-binding properties are unknown. We have used a modified SELEX procedure with purified p150 Sal2 and a pool of oligonucleotides of random sequence to identify those that are bound preferentially by p150 Sal2 . The consensus sequence for optimal binding in vitro is GGG(T/C)GGG, placing p150 Sal2 among a large group of GC box-binding proteins including the Sp1 family of transcription factors. A triple zinc finger motif in p150 Sal2 similar to that in Sp1 is required for DNA binding. p150 Sal2 and Sp1 show evidence of co-operative binding in vitro and of interaction in vivo . p150 Sal2 , a known activator of the CDK inhibitor p21 Cip1/Waf1 (p21), binds to regions of the human p21 promoter that contain variations of the consensus sequence in multiple copies. p150 Sal2 is also shown to bind to the BAX promoter with similar elements and to activate its expression following an apoptotic stimulus. These results demonstrate binding of p150 Sal2 to two natural promoters with GC elements related to the optimal binding sequence defined in vitro and whose regulation is important for suppression of tumor growth.
Matrix Equation for Radiative Transport in Sea-Atmospheric System

The proposed approach is based on the theory developed for the marine environment. This approach is tuned to be valid in the whole range of optical properties including an unrealistic case of a totally scattering sea. Because the atmosphere below the ozone layer is totally scattering in the visible range of spectrum, the proposed approach may be applied to the atmosphere by setting the absorption coefficient to zero. The solutions to the light scattering problem for oceanic and atmospheric parts are obtained. The one-parameter optical models of seawater and atmosphere are presented. The proposed model allows to calculate spectral albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system as a function of three input parameters: the chlorophyll concentration, the aerosol atmospheric optical thickness at near infrared, and the solar zenith angle.
An Attributional Analysis of Social Accounts: Implications of Playing the Blame Game

These studies proposed that effective social accounts should contain external, unstable, specific, and uncontrollable attributions. In Study I, managers provided accounts for a negative event. The accounts contained highly unstable and specific attributions but, contrary to original predictions, they also contained highly internal and controllable attributions. In Study 2, managers rated the effectiveness of the account. Account effectiveness was positively related to unstable attributions, but was negatively related to external and uncontrollable attributions. These relationships were stronger (more negative) for accounts communicated downward than upward. These results indicate that blaming others or deflecting personal responsibility for negative events may be ineffective, especially when one is in a high-status role.
Determining the start, duration, and strength of flood and drought with daily precipitation: Rationale

[1] Determinations of the start, duration, and strength of flood and drought are important in the operational monitoring and to decision-makers, but cannot be made through the commonly-used Standardized Precipitation Index. Physical considerations are provided in this note for measuring the daily flood and drought extent with precipitation. The rationale is that, because of the memory of the soil-land surface system, the flood and drought extent of a day is contributed by the precipitation of both the day and the earlier days, while the contribution of the earlier day precipitation is decayed due to the demands of the water balance, including the runoff, evapotranspiration, and percolation. The proposed index has the same unit and magnitude as precipitation, and is easy to calculate. It can be used to evaluate the interannual variabilities and long-term changes of the start, duration, and strength of flood and drought.
Fluctuating Hydrodynamics and Principal Oscillation Pattern Analysis

Principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis was recently introduced into climatology to analyze multivariate time series xi(t) produced by systems whose dynamics are described by a linear Markov process x=Bx + ξ. The matrixB gives the deterministic feedback and ξ is a white noise vector with covariances 〈ξ(t)ξ j (t′〉*Q ij δ(t−t′. The POP method is applied to data from a direct simulation Monte Carlo program. The system is a dilute gas with 50,000 particles in a Rayleigh-Benard configuration. The POP analysis correctly reproduces the linearized Navier-Stokes equations (in the matrixB) and the stochastic fluxes (in the matrixQ) as given by Landau-Lifschitz fluctuating hydrodynamics. Using this method, we find the Landau-Lifschitz theory to be valid both in equilibrium and near the critical point of Rayleigh-Benard convection.
A study of the distribution and abundance of the adult malaria vector in western Kenya highlands

Background A sharp rise in the malaria mortality rate has been observed recently in western Kenya. Malaria is transmitted by mosquito vectors. Malaria control strategies can be more successful if the distribution and abundance of mosquito vectors is predicted. However, how mosquito vectors are distributed in space remain poor understood, and this question is rarely studied using spatial methods. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the distribution and abundance of mosquito vectors. To achieve this objective, spatial and non-spatial methods were employed. The data on the distribution of adult mosquitoes, and mosquito breeding habitats in a study area in western Kenya, and environmental variables were analyzed.
“What Then Is the American, This New Man?”

THIS question, posed in the last years of the Revolution by a Frenchman long resident in America, has never ceased to be of challenging interest. It lies at the heart of every inquiry into the national past and of every attempt to understand the present or peer into the future. It concerns specialists in economics, political science, and sociology no less than historians; students of religion, literature, and the arts no less than social scientists; statesmen no less than scholars. If we can once learn why the American has come to be as he is, what his instinctive reactions are to life, how he differs from the people of other lands, we shall have gained a deep insight into the springs of national thought and action. Crevecceur's own answer to his question can still be read with profit.2 He was, of course, one of a long procession of Europeans who have tried to
Quantifying the Effects of Small‐Scale Heterogeneities on Flow and Transport in Undisturbed Cores from the Hanford Formation

Analysis of vadose-zone transport properties of cores of Hanford formation from the Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility.
Social Skill Self-Assessments by Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in Residential and Public Schools

SEVENTY-FOUR ADOLESCENTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT, ENROLLED IN PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS, COMPLETED SELF-EVALUATIONS OF THEIR SOCIAL SKILLS. THE SELF-RATINGS WERE COMPARED ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL SETTING AND MODE OF COMMUNICATION. PUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENTS RATED THEIR SOCIAL SKILLS HIGHER THAN DID RESIDENTIAL STUDENTS. THE FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED RELATIVE TO PREVIOUS STUDIES, INFLUENTIAL VARIABLES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INTERVENTION AMONG YOUTH WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT.
Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from β-amyloid-induced injury.

The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are senile plaques, cerebrovascular β-amyloidosis, neurofibrillary tangles, and selective neuronal loss. β-Amyloid (Aβ) has been shown to cause vascular damage mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species and this damage is considered an early event in the development of AD. In this study, we determined the effect of pycnogenol, a potent antioxidant phytochemical, on Aβ-induced cellular injury. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were exposed to Aβ for 24 h. Cell injury was assessed by measuring cell viability with methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and by determining the release of intracellular lactase dehydrogenase (LDH). Lipid peroxidation products of PAEC were determined by measuring thiobarbitric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Exposure of PAEC to Aβ resulted in a decrease in cell viability, an increase of LDH release indicating membrane damage, and an elevated level of TBARS. Preincubation of PAEC with pycnogenol significantly minimized these changes. This study demonstrated that pycnogenol can protect vascular endothelial cells from Aβ-induced injury. The data suggest that pycnogenol may be useful for the prevension and/or treatment of vascular or neurodegenerative diseases associated with Aβ toxicity.