cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Curtain Walls

Design of glass curtain wall (CW) systems has long been under the influence of structural, thermal and daylighting performance requirements as well as cost and aesthetic concerns. However, environmental life-cycle impacts of the systems are usually ignored when selecting the suitable materials for mullions and glazing units. This paper intends to examine the effect of mullion material change on the environmental impacts of a typical CW system over its life-cycle. The mullion materials studied in this paper include extruded aluminum, carbon steel and glulam timber. The environmental impact categories of interest include global warming, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity. In addition, the paper applies a process-based Attritional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique to achieve its objectives. According to the results of this study, an extruded aluminum CW system contributes most to the environmental impact categories of interest in this research while a glulam timber CW makes the least contribution. Contribution of steel CW systems falls in-between.
Authentic Inuit Art: Creation and Exclusion in the Canadian North

Modern Inuit commercial arts grew out of the desires of multiple non-Inuit agencies and persons active during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Competing visions, of art production as substitute for welf...
Thyroid isthmusectomy for well-differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background The American Thyroid Association guidelines do not mention isthmusectomy as an appropriate procedure for thyroid cancer. Despite this, a small number of patients present with lesions isolated to the thyroid isthmus, which can be excised without exploring the trachyesophageal grooves or total thyroidectomy. This study was designed to analyze outcomes in patients treated with isthmusectomy for small well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) at our institution. Methods Nineteen patients with WDTC managed by isthmusectomy were identified from a database of 1,810 patients (1%) with WDTC managed by surgery in Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 1986-2005. Demographic, surgical, pathological, and outcomes data were analyzed. Results Six patients were men and 13 were women. The median age was 46 (range, 28-83) years. All patients had a solitary nodule confined to the thyroid isthmus. The median size of lesion was 1 (range, 0.4-3) cm. Eighteen patients had a pathologically T1 lesion (pT1), and one patient had a pT2 lesion. Two patients had papillary carcinoma detected in perithyroid lymph nodes (pN1a). There were no complications of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or hypocalcaemia. With a median follow-up of 124 (range, 53-276) months, the 10-year disease-specific survival was 100% and 100% local and regional 10-year recurrence-free survival. Conclusions Our results suggest that isthmusectomy alone may be sufficient treatment for selected patients with small WDTC limited to the isthmus. This procedure has the benefit of avoiding dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands, thus limiting postoperative complications.
Use of Genetically Altered Stem Cells for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease.

Transplantation of stem cells for the treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD) garnered much attention prior to the turn of the century. Several studies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have indicated that these cells have enormous therapeutic potential in HD and other disorders. Advantages of using MSCs for cell therapies include their ease of isolation, rapid propagation in culture, and favorable immunomodulatory profiles. However, the lack of consistent neuronal differentiation of transplanted MSCs has limited their therapeutic efficacy to slowing the progression of HD-like symptoms in animal models of HD. The use of MSCs which have been genetically altered to overexpress brain derived neurotrophic factor to enhance support of surviving cells in a rodent model of HD provides proof-of-principle that these cells may provide such prophylactic benefits. New techniques that may prove useful for cell replacement therapies in HD include the use of genetically altering fate-restricted cells to produce induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These iPSCs appear to have certain advantages over the use of embryonic stem cells, including being readily available, easy to obtain, less evidence of tumor formation, and a reduced immune response following their transplantation. Recently, transplants of iPSCs have shown to differentiate into region-specific neurons in an animal model of HD. The overall successes of using genetically altered stem cells for reducing neuropathological and behavioral deficits in rodent models of HD suggest that these approaches have considerable potential for clinical use. However, the choice of what type of genetically altered stem cell to use for transplantation is dependent on the stage of HD and whether the end-goal is preserving endogenous neurons in early-stage HD, or replacing the lost neurons in late-stage HD. This review will discuss the current state of stem cell technology for treating the different stages of HD and possible future directions for stem-cell therapy in HD.
The Neonatal Resuscitation Program comes of age.

T he Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), established by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association, is the accepted standard for teaching neonatal resuscitation. The initial vision of the NRP was to provide effective intervention for newborns requiring resuscitation by a trained healthcare professional and develop a standardized educational program would promote optimal care in the resuscitation of sick newborns. In its short life-span, theNRP hasmatured with the implementationof best educational practices. From inception in1985until 2000, the curriculum was based on anecdotal evidence and scholarly speculations initially developed by champions Catherine Cropley, RN,MN, andRonald Bloom,MD. In the fourth edition of the NRP in 2000, the first organized review of existing scientific literature took place, aligning the curriculum with evidence-based guidelines. Now approaching its sixth edition, the NRP continues to be a leader in establishing the best evidenced-basedpractice for the care of newborns requiring resuscitation in the delivery room by inclusion of simulation-based training into the curriculum. A traditional NRP course consists of a day filled with textbook readings, lectures with accompanying slide presentations and videos, and skills stations at which trainees practice individual technical skills on partial-task trainers (low-tech mannequins andbody-part trainers such as intubationheads).With studies showing that cognitive and technical skills achieved in such standardized courses are retained for only 6 to 12 months, the goal of a simulation-based training curriculum is to improve sustained learning and skill in the care of newborns requiring resuscitation at the time of delivery.
Bilateral internal mammary artery grafts, mortality and morbidity: an analysis of 1 526 360 coronary bypass operations

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) on early outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Design Retrospective database analysis. Setting US hospitals. Patients 1 526 360 patients (mean age 65 years, 73% male) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002–2008 who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with at least one internal mammary artery. Interventions Single versus BIMA bypass grafting. Main outcome measures Inhospital mortality, deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). Results The rate of BIMA use was 3.9%. Use of BIMA was independently associated with slightly lower inhospital mortality (unadjusted rate 1.1% vs 1.7%, adjusted OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.93). The DSWI rate was 1.4%. The independent predictors of DSWI were female gender (OR 1.06), congestive heart failure (OR 6.22), chronic pulmonary disease (OR 1.57), obesity (OR 1.17), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.04; OR 1.51 with chronic complication) and chronic renal failure (OR 2.13; OR 2.63 with dialysis). The use of BIMA was not an independent predictor of DSWI (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.10). BIMA was associated with higher incidence of DSWI in patients with chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.41). Conclusions BIMA grafting is associated with increased risk of DSWI only in patients with severe, chronic diabetes. The incremental morbidity and mortality of DSWI does not justify denial of BIMA in the majority of patients.
Single crystal synthesis and electrical properties of CdSnO3, Cd2SnO4, In2TeO6 and Cdln2O4

Abstract Single crystals of CdSnO3, Cd2SnO4, ln2TeO6 and CdIn2O4 were grown by either flux or high pressure methods. High electrical conductivity resulted from chemical substitution or oxygen deficiency. Crystallographic and conductivity data are given.
Toward an integrated curriculum of systems, controls, and machinery

Development and the continuing trend in the global economy, increasing competition, and the information industry have changed the skill requirements of a competitive work force. Consequently, engineering students must be aware of contemporary practice in a much broader sense. Specifically, students who desire to pursue their career in the control related areas such as manufacturing and automation must have a strong multidisciplinary background in theory, design, devices, and instrumentation. The paper presents issues and concerns regarding the changes needed in order to face the challenge. This paper also describes efforts in curriculum and laboratory development in the areas of systems, controls, and machinery at the University of Central Florida.
Transient voltage dip analysis using the transient energy function method

It is shown that the transient energy function (TEF) method provides a fast approximate approach to voltage dip computations. The TEF method is used to predict the stability of a power system after a disturbance has occurred. The results of application of the technique to test power systems confirmed that the voltage dips predicted by the TEF method compare well with the values from time domain simulation techniques. An interesting observation is the discrepancy between the two time simulation programs. One of the programs used smaller values of network solution tolerance and solution time step as compared to the other time simulation program. The TEF results showed a consistent pattern of voltage behavior (i.e., the predicted values were lower than the time simulation values). Where there was a discrepancy between the two results, the error was on the conservative or safe side. >
What Would I Do Differently? Using First Person Voice to Develop Leadership Identity for Health Care Professionals

Can leadership be taught? Those of us who offer courses on leadership, as part of an academic program, face this question quite often. It is my belief that acquiring more knowledge on leadership does not readily translate into becoming a better leader – especially so at a time in history where leaders have to deal with more complexity and change than ever before (Snowden & Boone, 2007; Malloch & Porter-O’Grady, 2009). Leadership is a process of becoming rather than a process of acquiring. In this paper, I argue the need to ground our teaching practices in complex responsive processes (Stacey, 2003), share one such practice we employ in a graduate program for health care professionals, and discuss the implications.
Children's Health and the Environment: An Overview

Environmental pediatrics, the branch of pediatric medicine that studies the influence of the environment on children's health, has in the past decade grown exponentially. Rising rates of pediatric chronic disease and growing recognition of children's extensive exposures and great vulnerabilities to toxic hazards in the environment have catalyzed this expansion. New scientific initiatives have resulted. They include 14 Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research supported by the US National Institutes of Health and the US Environmental Protection Agency; a global network of Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; new postdoctoral training programs in pediatric environmental medicine; and the National Children's Study, the largest prospective epidemiological study of children's health ever undertaken in the United States, which launched in 2009 and will follow 100,000 children from conception to age 21 to assess environmental influences on health and development. These research initiatives have delineated the exquisite vulnerability of fetuses, infants, and children to toxic hazards in the environment. They have led to discovery of new environmental causes of disease and disability in children. This issue of The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine focuses on children's health and the environment. We have brought together thought leaders in children's environmental health to critically examine new research findings, to explore new opportunities for translating research to treatment and prevention, and to offer a vision for the future of this rapidly expanding field.
Identification of Treponema pallidum penicillin-binding proteins.

Abstract Penicillin-binding proteins of 180, 89, 80, 68, 61, 41, and 38 kilodaltons were identified in Treponema pallidum (Nichols) by their covalent binding of [35S]benzylpenicillin. Penicillin-binding proteins are localized in the plasma membranes of many bacterial species and may serve as useful markers for determining plasma membrane intactness in T. pallidum fractionation studies.
Existential Transactions at Harvard Timothy Leary's Humanistic Psychotherapy

Before gaining notoriety as a promoter of the psychedelic drug experience, Timothy Leary established impressive credentials in the field of interpersonal psychology and was developing a humanistic form of psychotherapy he called "existential-transactional." This article plots the evolution of his work in these areas, from publication of his classic Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality (1957), based on research conducted at Kaiser Foundation Hospital from 1950 to 1956, through his experiments with humanistic psychotherapy techniques and psychedelics at Harvard University, where he taught graduate student seminars from 1960 to 1963. Emphasis is placed on existential-transactional psychology, which he formulated, prior to accepting the Harvard position, in The Existential Transaction, a treatise that enjoyed extremely limited circulation among Harvard colleagues and that never was formally published. It urged psychologists to work in "real life situations... observing behavior in the trenches" without impo...
Modeling radiative heating of liquids in microchip reaction chambers

Abstract Deterministic design of a microfluidic system that utilizes radiative heating requires accurate thermal modeling. Current modeling methods are limited to describing a subset of the spatial and spectral parameter space and thus cannot be extended to the full range of microchip platforms. This paper presents a broadly applicable approach to modeling the thermal response of liquid undergoing radiative heating in microchip reaction chambers by using optical and material properties for analytical and finite element methods. The fidelity of the model is demonstrated with experimental validation for two types of microchips, glass and plastic, and two types of radiative sources, blackbody and monochromatic, revealing root mean square deviations between 1.37 °C and 3.14 °C. By providing an understanding of how a radiative source interacts with a particular device and the resulting transient and steady state behavior, this modeling process can enable designs that maximize the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a microfluidic heating system. These generalized models are expected to apply to any source, materials, and geometry for which the optical and material properties are known.
Study design and rationale for investigating phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension due to chronic obstructive lung disease: the TADA-PHiLD (TADAlafil for Pulmonary Hypertension assocIated with chronic obstructive Lung Disease) trial

AbstractIn patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension (COPD-PH) is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite this, approaches to treatment and the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition (PDE-5i) in COPD-PH are unresolved. We present the clinical rationale and study design to assess the effect of oral tadalafil on exercise capacity, cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, and clinical outcome measures in COPD-PH patients. Male and female patients 40–85 years old with GOLD stage 2 COPD or higher and pulmonary hypertension diagnosed on the basis of invasive cardiac hemodynamic assessment (mean pulmonary artery pressure [mPAP] >30 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] >2.5 Wood units, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤18 mmHg at rest) will be randomized at a 1∶1 ratio to receive placebo or oral PDE-5i with tadalafil (40 mg daily for 12 months). The primary end point is change from baseline in 6-minute walk distance a...
Enhanced fluorescence on a photonic crystal surface incorporating nanorod structures.

Fluorescence has long been recognized as an important toolfor probing biological structure and function. Development ofoptically active structures that can enhance ﬂuorescenceintensity has gained much attention as a means for detectingﬂuorescent-tagged analytes at low concentrations for applica-tions in DNA expression analysis and protein diagnosticassays. The majority of structures developed to date for thispurpose utilize plasmon resonances of metals to increase theexcitationofﬂuorophoresthroughenhancednearﬁelds,
Iterative estimation of non-rigid motion based on relative elasticity

The vast majority of published research in motion has assumed that the imaged world moves in a rigid manner, even though this is an ill-posed assumption for recovering the motion parameters of many naturally occurring objects, such as clouds, plants, and animals. Unfortunately, if the rigidity of motion assumption is relaxed to allow deformation of motion, the problem of estimating the motion becomes severely underconstrained. In this paper, we define a model of deformable motion based on the concept of an object's relative elasticity. We then use this novel concept to develop an iterative, linear technique to recover a description of the whole-body, as well as the sectional, motion of objects undergoing deformable transformations. The algorithm's ability to perform the stated task is then verified by experiment. >
An asymptotically optimal parallel bin-packing algorithm

The authors introduce a bin-packing heuristic that is well-suited for implementation on massively parallel SIMD (single-instruction multiple-data) or MIMD (multiple-instruction multiple-data) computing systems. The average-case behavior (and the variance) of the packing technique can be predicted when the input data have a symmetric distribution. The method is asymptotically optimal, yields perfect packings, and achieves the best possible average case behavior with high probability. The analytical result improves upon any online algorithms previously reported in the literature and is identical to the best results reported so far for offline algorithms. >
Bioactivation in Chemical Teratogenesis

Within the past decade, interest has increased markedly in the elucidation of mechanisms whereby drugs and other chemicals can alter the normal developmental pattern of the developing conceptus. This has, in large measure, been attributable to the recent availability of methods for the successful long-term culture of whole embryos as well as various embryonic tissues (e.g. limb buds). These preparations have enabled a more straightforward investigation of the direct effects of chemicals on the conceptus per se, without the complicating and frequently confounding participation of maternal factors. The demonstration that exogenous metabolic preparations could be incorporated into such culture systems has enabled investigators to pursue questions about the nature of proximate and ultimate chemical species responsible for producing abnormal morphogenesis. Demonstrations of the capacity of the early conceptus to effect profound dysmorphogenic bioactivation provide additional relevance to such questions. Elucidation of the identity of the chemical species represents a first and necessary step in unravelling the pathogenic mechanism. Control of their rates of generation and inactivation or elimination are probable major determinants of incidence/severity of chemically induced embryotoxicity. Future investigations of these phenomena promise to yield key contributions to the discovery of mechanisms in chemical teratogenesis.
Extendability of Contractible Configurations for Nowhere-Zero Flows and Modulo Orientations

Let H be a connected graph and G be a supergraph of H. It is trivial that for any k-flow (D, f) of G, the restriction of (D, f) on the edge subset E(G / H) is a k-flow of the contracted graph G / H. However, the other direction of the question is neither trivial nor straightforward at all: for any k-flow $$(D',f')$$(D?,f?) of the contracted graph G / H, whether or not the supergraph G admits a k-flow (D, f) that is consistent with $$(D',f')$$(D?,f?) in the edge subset E(G / H). In this paper, we will investigate contractible configurations and their extendability for integer flows, group flows, and modulo orientations. We show that no integer flow contractible graphs are extension consistent while some group flow contractible graphs are also extension consistent. We also show that every modulo $$(2k+1)$$(2k+1)-orientation contractible configuration is also extension consistent and there are no modulo (2k)-orientation contractible graphs.
Systemic Insecticidal Action of O-Methyl O-para-Methythiophenyl Methylphosphonothionate and Related Compounds

Thirty-two O, O -dialkylphosphates and phosphorothioates and the comparable O -alkyl alkylphosphonates and alkylphosphonothionates, all incorporating the p -methyl-thiophenyl ester or its sulfoxide or sulfone oxidation products, were investigated in the laboratory and 4 of the best of these in the field for systemic action in cotton plants. The relation of structure to systemic activity was analyzed and O -methyl O-p -methylthiophenyl methylphosphonothionate (XI) was somewhat the best of the series studied. Metabolism within the cotton-plant environment, studied by p32 labeling, followed the typical pattern of oxidation to sulfoxide and then to sulfone together with oxidation of P=S to P=O. This fact reemphasizes the importance of the methylthio-group in providing a delayed period of toxicity during and following absorption and translocation. Typically, the systemic readily translocated to the leaves with the highest amounts entering the rapidly growing upper leaves. Much smaller amounts entered the bracts but not the fruiting portion of the developing squares. Field results showed promise with the best compound within the series for seed treatment or in-furrow granulated treatments applied at time of planting. Granulated soil treatments to large plants, however, were inferior to other types of systemic compounds with a much higher water solubility.
The Evaluation of an Exercise Program for Older Rural Adults

Rural older adults have unique characteristics related to physical activity behavior (Solomon, Rees, Ukoumunne, Metcalf, & Hillsdon, 2014) and face obstacles to participating in organized fitness activities, and thus often find healthy active living a challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a walking and chair exercise program for older adults in a rural community that focused on reducing sedentary behaviors and the problems caused by such behaviors. Seventeen older adults (aged 55–89) completed a 9-week, 18-session exercise program at a municipal recreation center. All the intended outcomes of the program were met. This article presents the findings of the evaluation and provides directions for developing, implementing, and evaluating an exercise program for rural older adults.
Microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex variation in an endangered rattlesnake, the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus)

NIU Library Open Access Grant Department of Biological Sciences at Northern Illinois University We thank M. Redmer for providing tissue samples from Cook County, A. Stedman and R. Hoffman for their valuable assistance in the lab, and three anonymous reviewers' comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work was funded by grants to R.B.K. from the Department of Biological Sciences at Northern Illinois University. Protocols were approved by the University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign IACUC (protocol 99283, 02010, 04311, 08019, 10238, 13007, 14000) and Northern Illinois University IACUC (protocol LA10‐0011).
Mycoplasmal pneumonias in the community hospital. The "unusual" manifestations become common

SUMMARY The mycoplasmal pneumonias seen in patients in a community hospital may simulate bacterial pneumonias in their clinical and roentgenographic presentations and course. Physical findings of consolidation may occur and may be demonstrated on the roentgenogram. Multilobar and bilateral involvement may be seen. Upper lobe involvement is less often observed but can occur. Pleural effusions are common, and diffuse interstitial reticular patterns may also occur. Hypoxemia is common. Mycoplasmal pneumonia can occur not only in healthy young adults but also in patients with chronic lung disease and in the immunocompromised host. One should not dismiss the possibility of a mycoplasmal pneumonia in these clinical and roentgenographic settings. Routine sputa studies and cold hemagglutination titers may be helpful in orienting initial diagnostic and therapeutic approaches while awaiting definitive studies. Antibiotic therapy is recommended for two to three weeks in patients with more severe pneumonia who require hospitalization. For some patients, a month of antibiotic therapy may not be unrealistic. Additional therapeutic modalities may be required for patients with clinical complications. Administration of oral preparations of theophylline, and less often short courses of steroids, may also be helpful in patients with chronic bronchitis or asthma who have persistent cough and bronchospasm following roentgenographic resolution of Mycoplasmal pneumonia. Shedding of Mycoplasma pneumoniae may occur for weeks following antibiotic therapy and relapses can occur. An infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not provide lifetime immunity. Circulating immune complexes, including autoantibodies to lung, smooth muscle, and lymphocytes, have been shown to be stimulated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. In some patients clinical disease may represent an immune reponse to infection. Short courses of steroids may also have a role in life-threatening situations in which clinical disease suggests an immune response to infection. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of infection in patients with chronic lung disease and may precipitate acute exacerbations of asthma. The role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children and young adults, and subsequent asthma and bronchitis needs to be considered.
Learning dictionaries for local sparse coding in image classification

Low dimensional embedding of data samples lying on a manifold can be performed using locally linear modeling. By incorporating suitable locality constraints, sparse coding can be adapted to modeling local regions of a manifold. This has been coupled with the spatial pyramid matching algorithm to achieve state-of-the-art performance in object recognition. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to learn dictionaries for computing local sparse codes of descriptors extracted from image patches. The algorithm iterates between a local sparse coding step and an update step that searches for a better dictionary. Evaluation of the local sparse code for a data sample is simplified by first estimating its neighbors using the proposed distance metric and then computing the minimum l 1 solution using only the neighbors. The proposed dictionary update ensures that the neighborhood of a training sample is not changed from one iteration to the next. Simulation results demonstrate that the sparse codes computed using the proposed dictionary achieve improved classification accuracies when compared to using a K-means dictionary with standard image datasets.
Causality, Correlation, and Cardiac Disease: Does Smoking Cause Cardiac Hypertrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction?

The dangers of cigarette smoking are not disputed and yet it remains a multibillion dollar industry.1 Despite their first-hand experience with complications of cigarette smoking, even the occasional physician continues to smoke.2 Furthermore, alternatives to traditional cigarette smoking, such as e-cigarette use, are on the rise.3 This illustrates the ongoing public appetite for smoking and reinforces the strong public interest in continuing to better understand relationships between smoking and disease. See Article by Nadruz et al Cigarette smoking can cause disease directly, but smoking is also associated with a suite of health behaviors and socioeconomic determinants of health.4 If we knew definitively that cigarettes caused heart failure, a public health campaign to reduce heart failure could have a precise and targeted mandate. On the contrary, if we knew definitively that cigarette smoking was merely a marker of a man or woman’s exposure to outdoor air pollution, access to healthcare, a healthy diet, or medication adherence then the public health approach might be much different. This is not meant to diminish the importance of smoking cessation. Smoking is known to cause many diseases, and cessation remains a vitally important pillar of public health, but it is important to try and understand where it fits into a complex, multifaceted, and nuanced understanding of disease causation.1 The importance of trying to understand causality is a core principle in epidemiology and can be complex. At a time when the world was convinced that improved life expectancy was a direct result of germ theory, antibiotics, and medical science, the microbiologist Rene Dubos demonstrated that mortality had been falling for several decades before these medical advances. …
Interviewing Against the Odds

Kumar demonstrates that the increasing abundance of digital data to fuel empirical research is equipped to tell us much more about the West than about the rest of the world, particularly the global South, which still lacks representation in our increasingly digital media landscape. The chapter discusses some of the challenges that arise when researchers set out to collect data from communities that are under-served, under-resourced, and under-represented. Based on her own ethnographic experiences Kumar shows how the hurdles encountered by researchers in these contexts are not merely logistical or physical. The greater challenge becomes discerning the questions to ask that are relevant and understanding how the hidden or less obvious socially constructed lenses such as gender, class, caste, among others influence the data that is to be collected.
School environment and policies, child eating behavior and overweight/obesity in urban China: the childhood obesity study in China megacities.

School environment and policies, child eating behavior and overweight/obesity in urban China: the childhood obesity study in China megacities
Difficult Populations: Dysphagia/Partial SBOs/ICDs/Pediatrics

Complications associated with administration of capsule endoscopy, though relatively infrequent, have been described. Physicians performing capsule endoscopy should be familiar with these potential complications and should review them with the patient prior to capsule administration. This chapter aims to describe and review the data regarding the potential adverse events, both theoretical and those that have been described in the literature, as well as how to mitigate complications in at-risk populations. This chapter will also review the utility of capsule endoscopy in the pediatric population, focusing on the most common indications and how they differ from adults. In addition, this chapter will review techniques of capsule endoscope administration in populations who may have difficulty tolerating standard protocol.
Use of Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Among Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to reduce numbers of concurrently ordered sedative-hypnotic drugs for older adults in long-term (N = 220) and home-care (N = 357) settings. All active records were reviewed and numbers of sedative-hypnotics per patient were documented. Upon record review completion, educational sessions focused on dangers posed by use of multiple sedative-hypnotics were presented to nurses. One month posteducation, researchers reviewed the same records to evaluate changes. Matched pair t-tests suggested significant decreases in sedative-hypnotic use in long term, but not in the home care setting. Education in this area is critical within and across community settings.
Positive Airway Pressure in the Treatment of Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea

The application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults was first described in 1981. Since then, it has become the medical therapy of choice for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Fundamentally, conventional positive airway pressure (PAP) systems that are employed to treat OSA patients consist of a generator that directs airflow downstream to the patient via tubing and an interface (e.g., nasal mask, oral-nasal mask, nasal cannula or prongs, or oral interface). Air, under the clinician-prescribed degree of positive pressure, is then introduced into the upper airway. The air pressure pneumatically splints the upper airway, thereby maintaining patency of this conduit and minimizing resistance to airflow. The splinting effect constitutes the primary mechanism of therapeutic action. An additional mechanism of action is the direct relationship between lung volume and upper airway patency mediated through traction on mediastinal and upper airway structures created during lung inflation; it has been postulated that at least part of the effect of CPAP in maintaining upper airway patency is mediated through augmentation of lung volume, although the magnitude of the effect is relatively small.
Natural Materials on Stage: Custom Controllers for Aesthetic Effect

This article describes the implications of design and materials of computer controllers used in the context of interactive dance performance. Size, shape, and layout all influence audience perception of the performer, and materials imply context for further interpretation of the interactive performance work. It describes the construction of the “Control/Recorder” and the “VideoLyre,” two custom computer control surfaces made for Leonardo’s Chimes, a work by Toenjes, Marchant and Smith, and how these controllers contribute to theatrical aesthetic intent.
Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Depressed and Suicidal Adolescents: Development, Research and Clinical Practice

Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) is an evidence-based model designed to treat depressed and suicidal adolescents. ABFT works with adolescent psychopathology in the context of family relationships by addressing ruptures in the parent–child relationship and restoring parents’ caregiving capacities and adolescents trust in attachment security. This paper provides a rational for family-based treatments for this disorder, an overview of clinical model and a review of some of the empirically work supporting the treatment efficacy and effectiveness.
Equation of state and electron localisation in fcc lithium

We present an improved equation of state for the high-pressure fcc phase of lithium with ambient temperature experimental data, extending the pressure range of previous studies to 36 GPa. The accompanying density functional theory calculations, which reproduce the experimental equation of state, show that with increasing density, the phase diverges from a nearly free electron metal. At the high pressure limit of its stability, fcc lithium exhibits enhanced electron density at the octahedral interstices with a high degree of localisation.
Consolidating ZIP Codes for Small Area Fair Market Rents: A Method for Implementing the New Rule

AbstractFair Market Rents (FMRs), calculated for an entire metropolitan region, are used to establish payment standards for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. In response to recent criticism that FMRs do not represent rent disparity and restrict households from moving to high-opportunity areas, a new rule introducing Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) has been issued. SAFMRs are based on ZIP codes to reflect local market rents and increase the number of payment standards used to administer the HCV program. The purpose of this research is to determine whether the number of payment standards can be reduced by consolidating ZIP codes, while adhering to the primary objectives of the SAFMR rule. The ZIP code grouping process conducted offers one method for reducing the number of payment standards needed to implement the new rule; however, the rent analysis reveals the over- and underestimation of SAFMRs for some ZIP codes.
Drug Interactions in HIV: Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Entry Inhibitors

Recommended antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of HIV infection are composed of a combination of at least three antiretroviral medications. Most commonly, two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are combined with a medication from another antiretroviral drug class. This chapter reviews the pharmacology and drug interactions related to NRTIs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and entry inhibitors, including fusion inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists. NRTIs and enfuvirtide, a fusion inhibitor, have the fewest drug-drug interactions, as most are not hepatically eliminated. NNRTIs are frequent perpetrators of drug-drug interactions due to cytochrome P450 enzyme modulation. Both NNRTIs and the CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, may also be victims of drug-drug interactions related to cytochrome P450 metabolism. This chapter emphasizes the clinical significance and management of common drug interactions associated with these antiretroviral drug classes.
Prioritizing Facts and Values in Immunotherapy Trial Selection: Some Further Guidance.

It is a general premise in clinical ethics that good recommendations are largely dependent on having an accurate account of the clinical facts, including the relevant medical or scientific facts. A...
Action of Gonadal Hormones

Only recently has significant progress been made in elucidating the mechanisms of action of gonadal steroids on their peripheral target organs. It is not surprising, therefore, that the mechanisms of action of these hormones on the brain are poorly understood. In this chapter we will consider the nature of the functional interrelationships between brain and gonads, and then attempt to relate existing data on the chemical effects of these hormones on peripheral tissue or on the brain, to these functional interactions. Broad understanding can arise from a discussion of specific examples only if an overview of the entire system is available to place any example in its proper perspective. Therefore, a brief summary of the fundamental concepts of reproductive neuroendocrinology will be presented first.
On-Line Process Analysis by X-ray Emission Techniques

Instrumentation designed to utilize the principles of X-ray emission optics will produce an output signal proportional to the amount of an element present in a material, whether the material is stationary or moving. Such instrumentation, therefore, is very well suited for continuous analysis of elements in a material flowing in a process line.
Learning Graphs with a Few Hubs

We consider the problem of recovering the graph structure of a "hub-networked" Ising model given i.i.d. samples, under high-dimensional settings, where number of nodes p could be potentially larger than the number of samples n. By a "hub-networked" graph, we mean a graph with a few "hub nodes" with very large degrees. State of the art estimators for Ising models have a sample complexity that scales polynomially with the maximum node-degree, and are thus ill-suited to recovering such graphs with a few hub nodes. Some recent proposals for specifically recovering hub graphical models do not come with theoretical guarantees, and even empirically provide limited improvements over vanilla Ising model estimators. Here, we show that under such low sample settings, instead of estimating "difficult" components such as hub-neighborhoods, we can use quantitative indicators of our inability to do so, and thereby identify hub-nodes. This simple procedure allows us to recover hub-networked graphs with very strong statistical guarantees even under very low sample settings.
Some inherently unreliable practices in present day fracture mechanics

A number of current practices in fracture mechanics which use quantities near a crack tip to make conclusions about response at the crack tip itself are examined. Specifically these include: stress and displacement matching to estimate stress intensity factors, monitoring local stress and strain values to predict fracture, and both crack opening angle and crack opening displacement as fracture criteria. By means of a pair of counter applications, all of these procedures are demonstrated to have the potential of leading to completely incorrect conclusions. An understanding of what causes this inadequate performance then indicates that such procedures may be unreliable in general and prompts suggestions as to alternatives.
Mobile Sensing Platforms for Implementing Mobile Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have received significant attention from the wireless networking research community within the last decade due to their potential to be deployed in many real-life applications where human accessibility is limited. While early deployments of WSNs utilized stationary tiny sensors, later, due to wide range of application possibilities, deployment of mobile sensors within WSNs were considered. These sensors have been used for both sensing and mobility purposes which led to a new type of WSNs called Mobile Sensor Networks (MSNs). In this chapter, we examine various mobile sensors from the perspective of their design, implementation and how they form a network. In particular, we investigate the characteristics of existing MSN testbeds and categorize them based on these characteristics. We also provide future research issues in regards to MSN testbeds and their realization in real-life applications.
1 H, 13 C, and 15 N backbone resonance assignments for KPC-2, a class A serine-β-lactamase

The ever-increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance presents a major threat to public health. Specifically, resistance conferred by β-lactamases places the efficacy of currently available antibiotics at risk. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) is a β-lactamase that enables carbapenem resistance and represents a clear and present danger to global public health. In order to combat bacterial infections harboring KPC-2 expression, inhibitors with improved potency need to be developed. Although the structure of KPC-2 has been solved by X-ray crystallography, NMR provides the unique opportunity to study the structure and dynamics of flexible loop regions in solution. Here we report the 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone chemical shift assignments for KPC-2 in the apo state as the first step towards the study of KPC-2 dynamics in the presence and absence of ligands to enable the rational design of optimized inhibitors.
Spectroscopic evidence of low-energy gaps persisting up to 120 K in surface-doped p -terphenyl crystals

Using high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy on in situ potassium surface-doped para-terphenyl crystals, we uncover a low-energy spectral gap of 12 meV. This spectral gap displays a strong temperature-dependent gap-filling behavior and persists up to 120 K, which is consistent with the onset temperature of a weak steplike diamagnetic transition found in this material. Among a few potential candidates for the origin of the observed gaps, we argue that electron pairing is a plausible origin---a possibility consistent with fluctuating Cooper pairs forming near 120 K.
Simplifying Models with Unlabeled Output Data

We focus on prediction problems with high-dimensional outputs that are subject to output validity constraints, e.g. a pseudocode-to-code translation task where the code must compile. For these problems, labeled input-output pairs are expensive to obtain, but "unlabeled" outputs, i.e. outputs without corresponding inputs, are freely available and provide information about output validity (e.g. code on GitHub). In this paper, we present predict-and-denoise, a framework that can leverage unlabeled outputs. Specifically, we first train a denoiser to map possibly invalid outputs to valid outputs using synthetic perturbations of the unlabeled outputs. Second, we train a predictor composed with this fixed denoiser. We show theoretically that for a family of functions with a high-dimensional discrete valid output space, composing with a denoiser reduces the complexity of a 2-layer ReLU network needed to represent the function and that this complexity gap can be arbitrarily large. We evaluate the framework empirically on several datasets, including image generation from attributes and pseudocode-to-code translation. On the SPoC pseudocode-to-code dataset, our framework improves the proportion of code outputs that pass all test cases by 3-5% over a baseline Transformer.
Adolescents’ Response to a Text Message-Delivered Tobacco Use Intervention by Depressive Symptoms and Sex

Adolescent female tobacco users are more likely to have a depression disorder relative to tobacco using adolescent males. Less is known about how sex interacts with depression within the context of...
Synthesis of Recombinant Human Hemoglobin With NH2-Terminal Acetylation in Escherichia coli

The development of new technologies for the efficient expression of recombinant hemoglobin (rHb) is of interest for experimental studies of protein biochemistry and the development of cell-free blood substitutes in transfusion medicine. Expression of rHb in Escherichia coli host cells has numerous advantages, but one disadvantage of using prokaryotic systems to express eukaryotic proteins is that they are incapable of performing post-translational modifications such as NH2 -terminal acetylation. One possible solution is to coexpress additional enzymes that can perform the necessary modifications in the host cells. Here, we report a new method for synthesizing human rHb with proper NH2 -terminal acetylation. Mass spectrometry experiments involving native and recombinant human Hb confirmed the efficacy of the new technique in producing correctly acetylated globin chains. Finally, functional experiments provided insights into the effects of NH2 -terminal acetylation on O2 binding properties. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Gene synthesis and cloning the cassette to the expression plasmid Basic Protocol 2: Selection of E. coli expression strains for coexpression Basic Protocol 3: Large-scale recombinant hemoglobin expression and purification Support Protocol 1: Measuring O2 equilibration curves Support Protocol 2: Mass spectrometry to confirm NH2 -terminal acetylation.