cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantitative immunohistochemical study of the cellular response to crush injury in optic nerve.

Computer-enhanced immunohistochemical techniques were applied to quantify the cellular response of rat optic nerve to crush injury to attain the spatial and temporal detail necessary for resolving trends in the process that may be affected by experimental therapy. Changes in the major cell populations of the optic nerve during 6 weeks following crush injury were analyzed using antibodies against β-tubulin (TuJ1), neurofilament (8-152), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), galactocerebrosides (GalC), ED-1, and von Willebrand factor to detect the presence of axons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The markers for axons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells decreased their activity and remained depressed in the area of direct mechanical injury throughout 6 weeks following crush injury. A spatial peak in the axonal makers TuJ1 and 8-152 at the proximal boundary of the injury at both 2 and 3 weeks is consistent with the idea that the injury zone is a barrier obstructing distal elongation of sprouted neurites. Reactive astrocytes were GFAP-positive in the nerve segments proximal and distal to the injury with marker density above 1.5 times normal at 2 and 3 weeks. GFAP appeared to be absent in the site of injury even at 6 weeks postinjury, as shown by both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. ED-1-positive macrophages were the most numerous population in the injury site from 1 through 6 weeks with a peak value measured at 2 weeks. The optical density of ED-1 activity in the distal and proximal nerve segments was less than 20% the density in the injury at all measured time points.
A network wide simulation strategy of alternative fuel vehicles

Abstract This paper presents an integrated simulator “CUIntegration” to evaluate routing strategies based on energy and/or traffic measures of effectiveness for any Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs). The CUIntegration can integrate vehicle models of conventional vehicles as well as AFVs developed with MATLAB-Simulink, and a roadway network model developed with traffic microscopic simulation software VISSIM. The architecture of this simulator is discussed in this paper along with a case study in which the simulator was utilized for evaluating a routing strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs). The authors developed a route optimization algorithm to guide an AFV based on that AFV driver’s choice, which included; finding a route with minimum (1) travel time, (2) energy consumption or (3) a combination of both. The Application Programming Interface (API) was developed using Visual Basic to simulate the vehicle models/algorithms developed in MATLAB and direct vehicles in a roadway network model developed in VISSIM accordingly. The case study included a section of Interstate 83 in Baltimore, Maryland, which was modeled, calibrated and validated. The authors considered a worst-case scenario with an incident on the main route blocking all lanes for 30 min. The PHEVs and EVs were represented by integrating the MATLAB-Simulink vehicle models with the traffic simulator. The CUIntegration successfully combined vehicle models with a roadway traffic network model to support a routing strategy for PHEVs and EVs. Simulation experiments with CUIntegration revealed that routing of PHEVs resulted in cost savings of about 29% when optimized for the energy consumption, and for the same optimization objective, routing of EVs resulted in about 64% savings.
Fundamental Questions about Literary-Critical Methodology A Review Article

It is seldom that a book on methodology succeeds in challenging more than a small segment of the establishment methodologies. Erhardt Giittgemanns, however, has managed to confront the entire spectrum of contemporary literary analysis of the primitive Christian writings in a work which essentially demonstrates how insufficient exegetical listening to non-theological linguistic disciplines has been. The importance of the book lies almost entirely in the Fragen of the title (which would have to be translated something like: Candid questions about the form criticism of the gospels a methodological sketch of the fundamental problematic of form and redaction criticism); the book raises questions about some of the sacred assumptions, and more often directly challenges established interpretations, of form criticism since Gunkel and Overbeck. Solutions are seldom forthcoming, but inter-disciplinary paths to more adequate methodological rationale are charted, and no one in the field will be able to ignore the work. Because of the significance of the questions placed, as well as because of the intensely involuted German and t e multiplicity of issues, the book can be opened up through a selection of topics rather than the usual book review. Out of an almost encyclopedic treatment, I have highlighted the following issues as most relevant to the methodological predicaments of contemporary New Testament literary criticism as I understand them. It should be emphasized that the list is my own, and while I try to represent fairly the author's intentions, the sequence of presentation or the emphasis is not necessarily his. He presents a sequential "summary of results and tasks for the future" on pp. 251261.1
Waveguide dye laser with Gaussian mode output

Abstract The successful operation of a high gain, laser pumped, dye laser in the TEM 00 mode is described. This was achieved by confining the active medium in a waveguide and designing the mirror configuration for optimum coupling of the EH 11 mode of the waveguide to the free space TEM 00 mode. An improvement was noted in the stability of the output beam axis and in the ease of alignment compared to that of a conventional, apertured, dye laser.
Hemodynamic Responses to Graded Treadmill Exercise in Young Untreated Labile Hypertensive Patients

Twenty labile hypertensive patients and their age-matched controls were studied at rest and during five levels of treadmill exercise. Intra-arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and various aspects of the pressure pulse wave were analyzed under these conditions. Exercise provoked diastolic hypertension in 30% of the patient group. Mean group pressure responses demonstrated an almost constant differential through all phases of the study. The validity of a previously suggested classification of labile hypertensive subjects based on resting cardiac output estimations is questioned. A differentiation of modes of adjustment to an increased pressure load was suggested from exercise measurements of arterial ejection time. Despite numerous factors affecting the measurement, first derivative of the peripheral arterial pulse correlated well with indices of ejection time and mean rate of left ventricular ejection.
Topology-aware data movement and staging for I/O acceleration on Blue Gene/P supercomputing systems

There is growing concern that I/O systems will be hard pressed to satisfy the requirements of future leadership-class machines. Even current machines are found to be I/O bound for some applications. In this paper, we identify existing performance bottlenecks in data movement for I/O on the IBM Blue Gene/P (BG/P) supercomputer currently deployed at several leadership computing facilities. We improve the I/O performance by exploiting the network topology of BG/P for collective I/O, leveraging data semantics of applications and incorporating asynchronous data staging. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approaches for synthetic benchmark experiments and for application-level benchmarks at scale on leadership computing systems.
Partial computation as a practical aid in the compiler construction course

A brief account of the concept of partial computation is given in the context of the Pascal language. The manual conversion of programs into generating extensions is explained using examples of gradually increasing complexity. This culminates in a readily applicable but too-little known technique of converting interpreters into compilers without dealing directly with machine language. Students taking courses in language processing should be taught this technique and perhaps also the general principles underlying it. A simple example of the application of the technique is presented.
Design techniques for surface-micromachining MEMS processes

This paper describes design techniques and structural components for building surface- micromachined polycrystalline silicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The devices presented in this paper were fabricated thorugh the ARPA-sponsored multi-user MEMS process (MUMPS), but the ideas are applicable to other surface-micromachining polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) processes. Specific devices are not discussed; instead, generic design and assembly techniques are presented to give novice or experienced MEMS designers new tools and ideas to improve their own designs. The topological effects which result from the fabrication of surface-micromachined polysilicon structures can be detrimental to many designs. However, these same effects can be turned into an advantage for the MEMS designer. Design techniques are presented for using conformal layer topologies to shape structures for guide rails, bossing, or to obtain closer tolerances than the design rules would seen to imply. Methods are also described for wiring hinged devices and large systems. These techniques were developed from the experience gained by the faculty and students at the Air Force Institute of Technology from the design of over 200 different devices and test structures on over 25 MUMPS die in the past two years.
Companding in signal processing

The use of companding in signal processing is considered. The applications discussed include noise reduction as well as increasing selectivity in single sinusoid detection.
A Conceptual Analysis of Rape Victimization: Long-Term Effects and Implications for Treatment:

Recent prevalence studies have suggested that 15–22% of women have been raped at some point in their lives, many by close acquaintances, although few victims seek assistance services or professional psychotherapy immediately post-assault. Surveys have revealed that 31–48% of rape victims eventually sought professional psychotherapy, often years after the actual assault. These observations suggest that the primary role of clinicians in the treatment of rape victims is the identification and handling of chronic, post-traumatic responses to a nonrecent experience. However, it is concluded that most of the existing literature on rape treatment addresses only the target symptoms that represent the immediate response to rape. In this article, contemporary theoretical and empirical discussions of stress, cognitive appraisal, cognitive adaptation, and coping are used to conceptualize the long-term impact of rape and the process of resolution. Directions for future research on the clinical treatment of rape are su...
Designing a nerve tissue scaffold of tunable stiffness from natural biomaterials

Traumatic damage to the nervous system severs axons and causes disabling injury. Regenerative therapies are being designed to encourage regain of function. However, limitations in regeneration present challenges to tissue engineering therapies for neural trauma. Neuronal growth is affected by many properties of the local environment, including chemical and mechanical interactions between neurites and the substrate. Most experiments in this field have controlled biomaterial properties using reactive aldehydes unsuitable for use in vivo. Instead, we evaluate the use of a biocompatible crosslinking agent, genipin, of natural origin. Chitosan, an established biopolymer, formed the backbone of our tissue scaffolds. By varying the chitosan:genipin ratio, we were able to create hydrogels of tunable stiffness to examine the effect on neuronal regeneration. Using cell culture and rheological techniques, we have characterized these chitosan-genipin biomaterials and observed preferential adherence to substrates of similar properties to native nerve. These findings suggest that genipin loaded chitosan gels can be used as a viable substrate for nerve growth and repair.
Practiced card sorting for multiple targets.

Ss were given extended practice in card sorting. Each card was inscribed with nine letters; on half the cards one letter was a “target.” With practice, the Ss could sort as fast for eight targets at once as for a single difficult target, while maintaining the same overall error rates. However, they did miss the difficult target itself more often when it occurred in the multiple-target condition than when they were searching for it alone.
Diversity of Sequences Folding to Highly and Poorly Designable Structures

Protein structures are evolutionarily more conserved than sequences, and sequences with very low sequence identity often share the same fold. This leads to the concept of protein designability. Elucidating the relationship between protein sequence and the three-dimensional structure that the sequence folds into is an important problem in computational structural biology.45 protein chains (40-mer) from the PDB were analyzed. Hydrophobic-polar sequences were generated and contact energies calculated by threading each sequence onto Cα coarse-grained protein structures. The minimum energy structure for each sequence was identified and the number of sequences folding to each fold (designability) was obtained. Highly designable structures obtained were found to be popular structural motifs.H/P mutational analysis of sequences folding to each conformation was performed. As designability increases, the total number of mutations was also found to increase. The sequences folding to the most designable structure (helix-turn-helix motif) were also analyzed. The degree of connectivity at each residue position correlates inversely with the degree of solvent exposure. The surface residues had fewer interactions compared to buried residues. Highly connected residues were also found to be more conserved than the other residue positions. i.e. the diversity of the sequences increases with designability; however, there are conserved positions.Using tripeptide percentages of the most and least designable sequences, ten-fold cross-validation was performed and designable sequences were found to be distinguishable (accuracies > 85%, AUC > 0.87). The same set of sequences was then used as a training set with a test set of real binary protein sequences. Designable sequences obtained mimic real protein sequences with accuracies of nearly 60%. Highly and poorly designable classes can be used to train machine learning algorithms to identify which real protein sequences are designable.
Evidence for two populations of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons excited by urinary bladder distension.

Abstract Spinal L6-S2 dorsal horn neurons of cervical spinal cord-transected, decerebrate female rats were characterized using urinary bladder distension (UBD) as a visceral stimulus. Constant pressure, phasic, graded (20–80 mm Hg, 20 s) air UBD was delivered via a transurethral catether and extracellular single-unit recordings obtained from all neurons excited by UBD. Responses to graded UBD and noxious/non-noxious cutaneous stimuli were determined in 258 neurons which could be stratified into two groups based on their effect of a counterirritation stimulus: Type I neurons (n=112) were inhibited by noxious pinch presented in a non-segmental field; Type II neurons (n=146) were not similarly inhibited. Both Types of neurons were identified in both superficial and deep recording sites and demonstrated graded responses to graded UBD. All UBD-excited neurons had convergent cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) excited by non-noxious and/or noxious stimuli. As a group, Type I neurons had a period of decreased activity following termination of the distending stimulus whereas Type II neurons typically had a sustained afterdischarge. UBD-evoked activity in Type II neurons was inhibited more than similar activity in Type I neurons by both intravenous morphine and lidocaine. These results support the assertion that at least two different populations of spinal dorsal horn neurons exist which encode for a stimulus of urinary bladder distension. These populations are an analogue to previously characterized, similar neuronal populations excited by colorectal distension and suggest that they are representative of the overall phenomenon of visceral sensory processing, a component of which is nociception.
Dual band antenna using the substrate integrated waveguide as an Epsilon Negative transmission line

The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is analyzed as an Epsilon Negative transmission line for the design of dual band dual mode antennas. The dual band design is feasible by exciting an open ended SIW to produce the zeroth order resonance (ZOR) or infinite wavelength mode at the cutoff frequency where a zero permittivity point is presented, and the first order resonance occurring at a frequency where the length of the waveguide is a half of the guided wavelength. A new design procedure is demonstrated using the theoretical analysis of the SIW. A miniaturized dual band antenna working at 10/17 GHz frequency bands is implemented and characterized. The proposed design procedure has been confirmed. The antenna features a compact size of 0.35λ0 × 0.2λ0 at 10 GHz.
Charging of mesospheric particles - Implications for electron density and particle coagulation

The relationship between N(e) and mesospheric aerosols near the mesopause is studied. The full distribution of charges on mesospheric aerosols is calculated, including dust and ice particles with radii ranging from 1 to 400 nm. The N(e) and ion density N(i) are obtained and ionization height profiles are calculated. The effects of dust and ice particles on N(e) and N(i) are studied for a wide range of assumed conditions. The results indicate that aerosol concentrations associated with visible polar mesospheric clouds are unlikely to cause a severe N(e) depletion. The pronounced 'bite-out' of N(e) at about 87 km in the summertime may be caused by a large concentration of small ice particles in a narrow cold layer near the mesosphere. Net negative charge on mesospheric aerosols may severely inihibit coagulation, so that mesospheric dust would not grow significantly. A higher supersaturation with respect to water vapor would be needed for heterogeneous nucleation of ice crystals.
Radiation Defect-Induced Lattice Contraction of InP

We studied the lattice strain induced in the MeV ion bombarded InP crystals and the annealing behaviors of lattice strain, Raman line shift, and linewidth. The lattice spacing for the planes parallel to the surface decreases as a result of irradiation, and amounts to a strain of −0.061% for (100) face, −0.056% for (110) face, and −0.050% for (111) face for 15 MeV Cl bombarded samples to a dose of 1.25E15 ions/cm^2. The negative lattice strain, Raman line shift, and line width completely recover at 450°C, and show a major recovery stage at 250°C – 350°C.
Factors affecting leak around tracheal tubes in children.

This study determined which variables affected endotracheal tube“leak”pressures in 80 surgical patients, two weeks to 11 years of age, intubated with uncuffed tracheal tubes. We defined “leak” pressure as the inspiratory pressure needed to cause an audible escape of gas around the endotracheal tube.“Leak”pressure was measured after varying either head position, tracheal tube depth within the trachea, fresh gas flow rate, or degree of neuromuscular block.“Leak”pressure increased progressively from 16.9 ± 1.3 cm H20 with complete patient paralysis to 30.6 ± 1.4 cm H20 following 100 per cent recovery of neuromuscular function. Turning the head from a neutral position to one side increased “leak”pressure from 14.7 ±1.7cm H20 to24.4 ±2.5cm H20. Varying tracheal tube depth or fresh gas flow rate produced no significant change in“leak”pressure. Thus, there may be marked variability in“leak”pressure, depending on head position and degree of neuromuscular blockade. Keeping the patient fully paralyzed with the head in a neutral position provides a reliable and consistent method for measuring“leak”pressures.
Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Reinfection Accelerates the Development of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes in Obese C57BL/6 Mice

Background Epidemiological and pathological evidence links highly prevalent pathogens to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Animal models contribute critically to the mechanistic understanding of infectious enhancement of inflammatory diseases, which share insulin resistance as the central pathophysiological defect. Methods With use of a mouse model, we examined insulin resistance progression and the influence of infection (Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected vs. uninfected control mice), genetic background (C57BL/6 vs. A/J mice), dietary fat concentration (27% vs. 5%), and time (2, 5, 9, or 15 weeks after inoculation). Results In obese C57BL/6 mice, C. pneumoniae infection induced significantly increased insulin resistance that persisted long after bacterial clearance. Circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha produced in response to acute C. pneumoniae lung colonization exacerbated insulin resistance but not TNF-alpha released in situ during secondary chlamydial infection. Azithromycin or anti-TNF-alpha antibody prevented infection-exacerbated insulin resistance but significantly enhanced chlamydial dissemination to the heart. Azithromycin-treated mice did not eliminate C. pneumoniae from lungs by 3 weeks after inoculation but had significantly lower loads (42 genomes per 100 mg) than did control mice (219 genomes per 100 mg) or anti-TNF-alpha antibody-treated mice (3090 genomes per 100 mg). Conclusions Murine C. pneumoniae infection enhanced insulin resistance development in a genetically and nutritionally restricted manner via circulating mediators. The relevance for the current human diabetes epidemic remains to be determined, but this finding is potentially important because of the high prevalence of human C. pneumoniae infection worldwide.
The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neuronal networks of the guinea pig brain. I. Intra- and extra-hypothalamic projections.

Summary In the guinea pig brain, LH-RH-containing cell bodies are located not only within the classical hypophysiotrophic area but also in the medial preoptic area, septum and olfactory tubercle. LH-RH fiber tracts project not only to the primary portal plexus in the median eminence but also throughout the limbic forebrain and limbic midbrain regions. Using radiofrequency lesions in different brain regions, the projections of LH-RH cell bodies were determined. Cells in the medial preoptic area project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the mammaliary body complex and the ventral tegmental area. LH-RH neurons in both the medial septal nucleus and medial preoptic area project via the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and form there via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. Other LH-RH neurons in the medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and olfactory tubercle are congregated in small clusters around large blood vessels which penetrate into this area, and they do not appear to send axons outside their immediate vicinity. The types of LH-RH axonal terminations and the roles of these peptide-containing neurons are discussed.
The predominance of binucleation in isolated rat heart myocytes

Myocytes of the heart of the newborn rat are mononucleated, whereas myocytes of the heart of growing, maturing rats become predominantly binucleated. This appears to be explained by mitotic division shortly after birth without cell division, i.e., karyokinesis without cytokinesis. Myocytes isolated from hearts of adult guinea pig and pigeon are also predominantly binucleated. Although only about an eighth of the cells of adult rat hearts are myocytes, most of the increase in size of the heart from birth to six months can be accounted for by change in size of these cells.
Conditioned demand and professional response

This article draws attention to two basic features of British higher education which may influence the workability of certain Leverhulme proposals. These are vertical integration and professionalism. It is suggested that a consideration of these is crucial given the nature of the Leverhulme strategy. Many of the Leverhulme proposals are grounded in assumptions about the behaviour of institutions and actors in British higher education. An examination of vertical integration and professionalism in the system indicates that such assumptions may be unfounded. The discussion focuses both on how the proposals themselves are shaped by the professionalism of British higher education, and on how the feasibility of the proposals may be affected by the system's vertical integration and professionalism. Both the basic proposals of Leverhulme as a whole as well as of the monographs on access, teachers and learning, and institutional change are examined. In concluding it is noted that the treatment of vertical integration and professionalism provide policy makers and reformers with important levers of control to grasp in the future.
Bad Apples, Bad Barrels, and Broken Followers? An Empirical Examination of Contextual Influences on Follower Perceptions and Reactions to Aversive Leadership

Research on destructive leadership has largely focused on leader characteristics thought to be responsible for harmful organizational outcomes. Recent findings, however, demonstrate the need to examine important contextual factors underlying such processes. Thus, the present study sought to determine the effects of an organization’s climate and financial performance, as well as the leader’s gender, on subordinate perceptions of and reactions (i.e., whistle-blowing intentions) to aversive leadership, a form of destructive leadership based on coercive power. 302 undergraduate participants read through a series of vignettes describing a fictional organization, its employees, and an aversive leader in charge of the company’s sales department. They were then asked to envision themselves as subordinates of the leader and respond to several quantitative measures and open-ended questions. Consistent with Padilla and colleagues' (2007) toxic triangle theory, results suggest that both perceptions and reactions to aversive leadership depend on the three aforementioned factors. Specifically, aversive leaders were perceived more aversively and elicited greater whistle-blowing intentions in financially unstable organizations possessing climates intolerant of negative leader behavior. Moreover, female aversive leaders were perceived more aversively than their male counterparts under such conditions. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are also discussed.
A Simplified Technique for Predicting Traction in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts

A simplified calculation of the coefficient of traction for an elastohydrodynamic line contact, based upon a complete numerical solution to the coupled thermal and non-Newtonian hydrodynamic equations, is presented. The simplified calculation is a direct, noniterative procedure requiring only a fraction of the computation time required by the complete analysis. Comparisons are made between the calculated values of traction using the simplified procedure and recent traction data. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference in Boston, Massachusetts, October 5–7, 1976
The finite element method after twenty-five years: A personal view

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of development of the finite element method with regard to engineering applications. First is presented a personal view of the origins of the method, describing the sequence of events at Berkeley. Next is a discussion of the state-of-the-art of structural dynamic analysis, with mention of important recent advances. Finally, two examples drawn from earthquake engineering experience are discussed which demonstrate some limitations of present capabilities. Specific areas requiring new program development are mentioned; the need for a combined analytical-experimental approach is emphasized.
Genetic mapping of two pairs of linked ribosomal protein genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have used the 2 μ mapping method described by Falco and Botstein (1983) and tetrad analysis to map four ribosomal protein genes (two linked pairs) in S. cerevisiae. One pair (rp28–rp55 copy 1) is on chromosome XV, 14 cM proximal to ARG8. The other pair (rp55–rp28 copy 2) is 19 cM from the centromere on the left arm of chromosome XIV. To map copy 1 we used the E. coli β-galactosidase gene rather than a yeast gene to mark the ribosomal protein chromosomal locus. This provided a more sensitive color screening assay for chromosome loss in the 2 μ method. It also removed the restriction that the mapping tester strains must be mutant for the plasmid marker.
Why cats pace on the treadmill

There have been many studies suggesting that locomotion on a treadmill tends to be different than locomotion at similar velocities overground, but no satisfactory mechanical or neural mechanisms to account for the differences have been identified. The most prominent difference is the tendency to adopt a pacing gait for both walking and trotting speeds, in which the legs on one side of the body move in phase as lateral couplets rather than the typical diagonal couplet pattern seen overground. Using conventional video analysis, we quantified the gait patterns of intact, adult cats walking at various speeds overground and in a motorized treadmill. We noted that cats paced most frequently when they were at the front end of the treadmill enclosure, and that this gait was associated with an extended stride length that permitted the animals to maintain a higher duty factor of support (mean number of feet on the ground). We propose that the animal extends its stride specifically to improve the duty factor in anticipation of sudden stops of the treadmill belt and that it converts abruptly from diagonal to lateral gait because the extended stride results in collisions between ipsilateral hind and front feet.
Increasingly accurate dynamic molecular models of G-protein coupled receptor oligomers: Panacea or Pandora's box for novel drug discovery?

Abstract For years, conventional drug design at G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has mainly focused on the inhibition of a single receptor at a usually well-defined ligand-binding site. The recent discovery of more and more physiologically relevant GPCR dimers/oligomers suggests that selectively targeting these complexes or designing small molecules that inhibit receptor–receptor interactions might provide new opportunities for novel drug discovery. To uncover the fundamental mechanisms and dynamics governing GPCR dimerization/oligomerization, it is crucial to understand the dynamic process of receptor–receptor association, and to identify regions that are suitable for selective drug binding. This minireview highlights current progress in the development of increasingly accurate dynamic molecular models of GPCR oligomers based on structural, biochemical, and biophysical information that has recently appeared in the literature. In view of this new information, there has never been a more exciting time for computational research into GPCRs than at present. Information-driven modern molecular models of GPCR complexes are expected to efficiently guide the rational design of GPCR oligomer-specific drugs, possibly allowing researchers to reach for the high-hanging fruits in GPCR drug discovery, i.e. more potent and selective drugs for efficient therapeutic interventions.
Correlations and renormalization in lattice gases

An exact kinetic theory is formulated for lattice gases. This kinetic theory makes possible the calculation of corrections to the usual combined Boltzmann and Chapman-Enskog analysis of lattice gases due to the buildup of correlations. Cluster expansion methods are used to show that renormalized transport coefficients for lattice gases satisfying semidetailed balance can be calculated perturbatively by summing terms in an infinite series. A diagrammatic notation for the terms in this series is given, in analogy with the diagrammatic expansions of continuum kinetic theory and quantum field theory. A closed-form expression for the coefficients associated with the vertices of these diagrams is given. This method is applied to several standard lattice gases, and the results are shown to correctly predict observed deviations from the Boltzmann analysis.
Novel Locus for Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, on Chromosome 8q

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by insidiously progressive spastic weakness in the legs. Genetic loci for autosomal dominant HSP exist on chromosomes 2p, 14q, and 15q. These loci are excluded in 45% of autosomal dominant HSP kindreds, indicating the presence of additional loci for autosomal dominant HSP. We analyzed a Caucasian kindred with autosomal dominant HSP and identified tight linkage between the disorder and microsatellite markers on chromosome 8q (maximum two-point LOD score 5.51 at recombination fraction 0). Our results clearly establish the existence of a locus for autosomal dominant HSP on chromosome 8q23-24. Currently this locus spans 6.2 cM between D8S1804 and D8S1774 and includes several potential candidate genes. Identifying this novel HSP locus on chromosome 8q23-24 will facilitate discovery of this HSP gene, improve genetic counseling for families with linkage to this locus, and extend our ability to correlate clinical features with different HSP loci.
Distributed Control Schemes for wind-farm power regulation

A challenging issue with the integration of renewable energy sources into the national power grid is the unpredictable and intermittent nature of these energy sources. With sources like solar and wind, the power extracted is related directly to the forces of nature, and is to some degree incompatible with the relatively steady demand of the US population. We propose a control scheme to manage multiple wind farms on the basis of constant power output instead of maximum power output in order to more gracefully introduce renewable power into the grid.
Gender, waitlists, and outcomes for public-sector drug treatment

Abstract This study evaluated gender differences in baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes among 654 treatment seekers referred to state-funded drug treatment. Women were significantly less likely than men to enter treatment following referral, but not significantly less likely to complete treatment, once they entered. After adjustment for treatment dose, gender differences in substance use at followup (3–6 months after leaving the treatment waitlist) were nonsignificant. The genders did not differ significantly in rates of psychosocial improvement between referral and followup. Women waited significantly longer than men before leaving the treatment waitlist (with or without treatment entry), but wait time was associated with entry rates only among men. The authors discuss system-level and personal characteristics that potentially affect wait times and call for additional study of whether abbreviating waits can increase women's treatment entry rates.
Critical exponents of the semimetal-insulator transition in graphene: A Monte Carlo study

The low-energy theory of graphene exhibits spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking due to pairing of quasiparticles and holes, corresponding to a semimetal-insulator transition at strong Coulomb coupling. We report a lattice Monte Carlo study of the critical exponents of this transition as a function of the number of Dirac flavors ${N}_{f}$, finding $\ensuremath{\delta}=1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ for ${N}_{f}=0$, $\ensuremath{\delta}=2.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ for ${N}_{f}=2$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}=2.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$ for ${N}_{f}=4$, with $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ throughout. We compare our results with recent analytical work for graphene and closely related systems and discuss scenarios for the fate of the chiral transition at finite temperature and carrier density, an issue of relevance for upcoming experiments with suspended graphene samples.
Age-dependent deterioration of nuclear pore complexes causes a loss of nuclear integrity in postmitotic cells

In dividing cells, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) disassemble during mitosis and reassemble into the newly forming nuclei. However, the fate of nuclear pores in postmitotic cells is unknown. Here, we show that NPCs, unlike other nuclear structures, do not turn over in differentiated cells. While a subset of NPC components, like Nup153 and Nup50, are continuously exchanged, scaffold nucleoporins, like the Nup107/160 complex, are extremely long-lived and remain incorporated in the nuclear membrane during the entire cellular life span. Besides the lack of nucleoporin expression and NPC turnover, we discovered an age-related deterioration of NPCs, leading to an increase in nuclear permeability and the leaking of cytoplasmic proteins into the nucleus. Our finding that nuclear "leakiness" is dramatically accelerated during aging and that a subset of nucleoporins is oxidatively damaged in old cells suggests that the accumulation of damage at the NPC might be a crucial aging event.
Synthesis of stereospecifically deuterated 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) diastereomers and metabolism by A/J mouse lung microsomes and cytochrome P450 2A5

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a lung carcinogen in mice and rats and is a putative human lung carcinogen. NNK undergoes cytochrome p450-mediated metabolic activation to DNA-binding intermediates but is also extensively reduced to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in vivo. Because NNAL is also tumorigenic, the carcinogenicity of NNK may actually be governed by the metabolic activation of NNAL, rather than direct activation of NNK. Metabolism of NNK and NNAL at the 4-position generates the same critical DNA lesion, O(6)-methylguanine, the levels of which are correlated to tumorigenicity in the A/J mouse model. In an effort to better understand the bioactivation of NNAL and the effect of carbinol-carbon stereochemistry on prochiral selectivity at the 4-position, (R)- and (S)-NNAL, along with the stereospecifically 4-deuterated diastereomers (1R,4R)-[4-(2)H(1)]NNAL, (1R,4S)-[4-(2)H(1)]NNAL, (1S,4R)-[4-(2)H(1)]NNAL, and (1S,4S)-[4-(2)H(1)]NNAL, were synthesized. The in vitro metabolism of these compounds was investigated using A/J mouse lung microsomes and Spodoptera frugiperda-expressed mouse cytochrome p450 2A5. Carbinol-carbon stereochemistry did not appreciably influence stereoselectivity at the 4-position in the metabolism of these compounds by mouse lung microsomes or p450 2A5 but did influence the regiochemistry of metabolism. The ratio of 4- to N-methyl hydroxylation was approximately 1:1 for the A/J mouse lung microsome-mediated metabolism of all substrates, but this ratio was higher for (1S) substrates than for their (1R) counterparts when p450 2A5 was used. Interestingly, p450 2A5 converted substrates with (1S) stereochemistry to the respective N-oxides, but this metabolite was not formed from substrates with (1R) stereochemistry. Furthermore, p450 2A5 catalyzed the formation of NNK from (1S) substrates at significantly greater maximal rates than from (1R) substrates. The implications of these differences in metabolism for the tumorigenic mechanism of NNAL are discussed.
Frameworks for Diagnosing Student Performance Problems in Striking/Fielding and Target Games

(2010). Frameworks for Diagnosing Student Performance Problems in Striking/Fielding and Target Games. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 43-56.
A DSB-SC signal model for nonlinear regression-based quadrature receiver calibration

Advances have been made regarding quadrature receiver I/Q mismatch calibration. In particular, Green, Anderson-Sprecher and Pierre (see IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 1998) present a nonlinear regression (NLR)-based algorithm that utilizes a pure sinusoidal test signal for sensor calibration. This paper develops a double side-band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) signal model for use with NLR-based calibration methods. The DSB-SC model not only provides a useful signal for calibration, it also demonstrates the model flexibility inherent to nonlinear regression techniques. Simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the DSB-SC signal model for the calibration of I/Q sensors.
Discussion of Joint Ventures between Nonprofit and For‐Profit Organizations

Sansing (2000) (hereafter, the paper) examines an interesting setting in which similar services are offered by both taxable and tax-exempt entities. While tax exemption provides an obvious benefit in terms of after-tax return on investment in the activity, differences in production costs and entity objectives create conditions under which both entities might efficiently provide services in response to market demand. The paper explores conditions under which formation of a joint venture between these entities may be mutually beneficial, and examines the impact of alternative regulatory regimes on joint-venture formation and control, as well as social welfare. This type of setting is idea for research, because the separate entities exist and operate as a result of diverse preferences and market forces, yet that diversity creates potential opportunities for mutually beneficial collaboration. The paper is rigorous in its modeling and analysis, and its results are clearly presented. This discussion focuses on three primary issues affecting the form of the model, its external validity, motivations, and implications. With respect to the model itself, the objective function specified for the nonprofit organization is examined. In terms of external validity, the definition of ‘‘control’’ put forth by Revenue Ruling 98-15 is explored, and that definition is related to the structure of the model. Finally, the potential for broadening the appeal of the paper beyond the healthcare setting is considered.
Inhibition of DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis and breast epithelium by dehydroepiandrosterone and related steroids.

Long-term treatment of C3H mice with the adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has previously been shown to suppress spontaneous breast cancer development. A single i.p. injection of DHEA into C3H or ICR mice inhibits the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation in breast epithelium and in 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated epidermis. DHEA is a potent non-competitive inhibitor of mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). 16 alpha-Br-epiandrosterone (Br-Epi), which is 60 times more active than DHEA is an inhibitor of G6PDH, is also much more active in reducing the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into mouse breast epithelium and epidermis. Synthetically prepared DHEA-sulfatide also inhibits G6PDH activity and [3H]thymidine incorporation in TPA-stimulated mouse epidermis. On the contrary, DHEA-sulfate, which is virtually inactive as an inhibitor of G6PDH, is also inactive as an inhibitor of [3H]thymidine incorporation in mouse epidermis.
The New Family's Vulnerable Vanguard: Child Maintenance Reform in Norway

The Norwegian Parliament passed new rules for child maintenance determination in 2001. This article discusses the 2001 reform, and the debate preceding it, in the light of literature on changing ‘breadwinner assumptions’ in social policy. It is argued that the reform was a clear example of the politicisation of fatherhood in Norway, in that a key concern was to encourage continued care from non-resident fathers. Much less attention was paid to the situation of custodial parents, and to children's material needs. In assuming that parents living apart will conform to the (yet unusual) dual earner/dual carer model, policy makers may be putting undue stress on vulnerable families.
Preparation and transport properties of epitaxial HgTe films

Abstract Highly perfect, epitaxial HgTe films have been successfully deposited on semi-insulating CdTe substrates using vapor phase epitaxial techniques. This report describes the preparation of these films and also a number of electrical measurements which were performed over the temperature range 4.2–300°K in order to characterize these thin semimetal layers. It was found that the electrical properties were considerably complicated by the presence of cadmium which diffused from the substrate during film growth. Nevertheless, apparent electron mobilities greater than 10 5 cm 2 V sec and apparent electron densities about 2 × 10 15 cm −3 were encountered. Strong quantum oscillations were observed in the magnetoresistance at 4.2°K which represents the first observation of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect in a thin film of any material. Also at 4.2°K, nonohmic conduction was observed at electric field strengths greater than about 5 V cm . Evidence was obtained to suggest that this behavior was due to a warm electron distribution and therefore a field dependent electron mobility.
Building Biophysics Through Launching Sounding Rockets

This chapter explores how leading Chinese biophysicists chose to advance their discipline through launching biological sounding rockets. The participation of biophysicists in Chinese space and rocketry program, liangdan yixing, signified the ways in which leading biophysicists found ways to incorporate the appropriate technologies into specific institutional contexts. What this chapter discusses is how the technology that was available shaped what the individuals with knowledge of biophysics could do to meet the needs of their institutional benefactors. Ultimately meeting this need for their expertise is what granted the biophysicists the resources to build and develop the discipline. The specifics of the construction of biophysics in China are examined in this chapter through the history of the launching of the biological rockets between 1958 and 1966. The guiding questions of this chapter concern how biophysicists negotiated their roles in the space program as well as what the space mission meant to biophysics as a discipline.
Mapping Mixed Methods Research: Methods, Measures, and Meaning:

This article explores how concept maps and mind maps can be used as data collection tools in mixed methods research to combine the clarity of quantitative counts with the nuance of qualitative refl...
Dynamic load balancing strategies for conservative parallel simulations

This paper studies the problem of load balancing for conservative parallel simulations for execution on a multicomputer. The synchronization protocol makes use of Chandy-Misra null-messages. We propose a dynamic load balancing algorithm which assumes no compile time knowledge about the workload parameters. It is based upon a process migration mechanism, and the notion of CPU-queue length, which indicates the workload at each processor.We examine two variations for the algorithm which we refer to as centralized and multi-level hierarchical methods, in the context of queueing network simulation of a torus. The torus was chosen because it of its many cycles aid in the formation of deadlock making it a stress test for any conservative synchronization protocols. Our experiments indicate that our dynamic load balancing schemes significantly reduce the run time of an optimized version of Chandy-Misra null message approach, and decreases by 30-40\% the synchronization overhead when compared to the use of a static partitioning algorithm. Significantly, the results obtained also indicate that the multi-level scheme always outperforms both the centralized load balancing approach and the static partitioning algorithm.