cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung injury after acute inhalation of perfluoroisobutylene: exposure concentration-response relationships.

AbstractPerfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) is a toxic, potentially lethal pneumoedematogenic gas. An investigation was undertaken to examine the kinetic course of the pulmonary injurious response to PFIB when inhaled by adult Fischer 344 rats for 10-min durations at mass concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/m3. No lung gravimetric increases or histopathological changes were observed after exposure to 50 or 83 mg/m3 concentrations of PFIB. At ≥ 90 mg/m3, overt lung injury that was detectable by lung gravimetric and histopathological changes was observed within hours after the exposures, with the postexposure times or “latency periods” prior to onset of these responses being inversely related to exposure mass concentration. Latency periods occurring after exposure to 100, and 110 mg/m3 were ∼8 and 4 hr, respectively. No latency period was observed following the exposure of rats to 200 mg/m3. The ultimate severity of the pulmonary injurious response to PFIB increased with increasing exposure mass concentration....
Acetylcholine release from cat carotid bodies.

Abstract Hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis stimulate the carotid body (CB) sending increased neural activity via a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve to nucleus tractus solitarius; this precipitates an impressive array of cardiopulmonary, endocrine and renal reflex responses. However, the cellular mechanisms by which these stimuli generate the increased CB neural output are only poorly understood. Central to the understanding of these mechanisms is the determination of which agents are released within the CB in response to hypoxia, and serve as the stimulating transmitter(s) for chemosensory nerve endings. Acetylcholine (ACh) has been proposed as such an agent from the outset, but this proposal has been, and remains, controversial. The present study tests two hypotheses: (1) The CB releases ACh under normoxic/normocapnic conditions; and (2) The amount released increases during hypoxia and other conditions known to increase neural output from the CB. These hypotheses were tested in 12 experiments in which both CBs were removed from the anesthetized cat and incubated at 37°C in a physiological salt solution while the solution was bubbled with four different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The incubation medium was exchanged at 10 min intervals for 30 min (three periods of incubation). The medium was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection for ACh content. Normoxic/normocapnic conditions (21% O 2 /6% CO 2 ) produced a total of 0.639±0.106 pmol/150 μl (mean±S.E.M.; n =12). All stimulating conditions produced larger total outputs: 4% O 2 /2% CO 2 produced 1.773±0.46 pmol/150 μl; 0% O 2 /5% CO 2 , 0.868±0.13 pmol/150 μl; 4% O 2 /10% CO 2 , 1.077±0.21 pmol/150 μl. These three amounts were significantly greater than the normoxic/normocapnic condition, but indistinguishable among themselves. Further, the amount of ACh released did not diminish over the 30 min of stimulation.These data support the concept that during hypoxia ACh functions as a stimulating transmitter in the CB, and are consistent with the earlier reports of cholinergic enzymes and receptors found in the CB.
Advanced turboprop wing installation effects measured by unsteady blade pressure and noise

A single rotation model propeller (SR-7A) was tested at simulated takeoff/approach conditions (Mach 0.2), in the NASA Lewis 9- by 15-Ft Anechoic Wind Tunnel. Both unsteady blade surface pressures and noise measurements were made for a tractor configuration with propeller/straight wing and propeller alone configurations. The angle between the wing chord and propeller axis (droop angle) was varied along with the wing angle of attack to determine the effects on noise and unsteady loading. A method was developed that uses unsteady blade pressure measurements to provide a quantitative indication of propeller inflow conditions, at least for a uniform (across the propeller disk) inflow angle. The wing installation caused a nearly uniform upwash at the propeller inlet as evidenced by the domination of the pressure spectra by the first shaft order. This inflow angle increased at a rate of almost 150 percent of that of the wing angle-of-attack for a propeller-wing spacing of 0.54 wing chords at a constant droop angle. The flyover noise, as measured by the maximum blade passing frequency level, correlates closely with the propeller inflow angle (approx. 0.6 dB per degree of inflow angle) for all droop angles and wing angles of attack tested, including the propeller alone data. Large changes in the unsteady pressure responses on the suction surface of the blade were observed as the advance ratio was varied. The presence of a leading edge vortex may explain this behavior since changes in the location of this vortex would change with loading (advance ratio).
Spontaneous head positions in infants during the first 9 postnatal months

The developmental organization of spontaneous head positioning over the first 9 postnatal months of life was investigated in a study of 35 infants. Head positions assumed by infants while at rest were recorded at 11 observation period: at 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks of age, and every 4 weeks thereafter until the infant was 36 weeks old. Results indicated an overall tendency toward a head-right position, which was strongest during the neonatal period, but declined with age. The head-right position bias was qualified by familial handedness.
Automatic Scoring of Children's Read-Aloud Text Passages and Word Lists

Assessment of reading proficiency is typically done by asking subjects to read a text passage silently and then answer questions related to the text. An alternate approach, measuring reading-aloud proficiency, has been shown to correlate well with the aforementioned common method and is used as a paradigm in this paper. We describe a system that is able to automatically score two types of children's read speech samples (text passages and word lists), using automatic speech recognition and the target criterion "correctly read words per minute". Its performance is dependent on the data type (passages vs. word lists) as well as on the relative difficulty of passages or words for individual readers. Pearson correlations with human assigned scores are around 0.86 for passages and around 0.80 for word lists.
Experiments with the Emulated NDN Testbed in ONL

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a recently proposed information-centric network architecture. The NDN Testbed is a global infrastructure that enables real-world NDN demonstrations. However, deploying new applications directly on the NDN Testbed requires considerable operational support and may introduce instability to shared testbed infrastructure. What's more, network performance parameters cannot be easily modified on the NDN Testbed to study application behaviors. As a result, an emulated NDN testbed, and one over which developers have full control, can benefit testing, debugging, and evaluating new NDN applications and services as a complement and precursor to testbed deployment. In this demonstration, we present the emulated NDN testbed that runs in the Open Network Laboratory (ONL). The emulated testbed runs on real servers (there is no simulation) and uses the same NDN forwarding daemon, NFD, and the same routing software, NLSR, that are used in the NDN Testbed; this minimizes the efforts required of developers to evaluate their applications. We show how the flexibility of ONL enables the study of application behaviors in varying network environments and conditions. We also use a data collection application to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the emulated testbed to support application development.
Chemistry of sulfur oxides on transition metals. II. Thermodynamics of sulfur oxides on platinum(111)

The thermodynamics of S, O, SO, SO 2 , SO 3 , and SO 4 chemisorption on the Pt( 111) surface are studied using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) computations. The adiabatic potential energy surfaces of SO x (x = 1, 2, 3, and 4) on Pt(111) are probed systematically to yield comprehensive sets of local minima. The most energetically stable surface species are found to include always a tetrahedral S center bound to x O atoms and 4 - x surface Pt atoms. Novel surface reconstructions are observed at the highest coverages and sulfur oxidation states. Calculated vibrational spectra are used to assign observed surface spectra. The SO x adsorbates experience strong lateral repulsion due to dipole-dipole interactions, and a procedure is developed to extrapolate these effects to low coverage. At low coverage, all SO x adsorbates are found to be energetically unstable with respect to dissociation to atoms. Molecular SO x moieties on the Pt( 111) surface thus owe their existence to a combination of kinetic barriers to dissociation and lateral interaction effects. At high coverage or in an oxygen-saturated background, SO 4 becomes the preferred SO x species on Pt(111), consistent with observation.
Infrared radial velocimetry with TEDI: performance development

The TripleSpec - Exoplanet Discovery Instrument (TEDI) is a device to use interferometric spectroscopy for the radialvelocity detection of extrasolar planets at infrared wavelengths (0.9 - 2.4 μm). The instrument is a hybrid of an interferometer and a moderate resolution echelle spectrograph (TripleSpec, R=2,700,) at the Cassegrain focus of the Palomar 200" telescope. We describe our experimental diagnostic program using laboratory sources and standard stars in different optical configurations, along with performance analysis and results. We explain our instrumental upgrade development to achieve a long-term performance that can utilize our demonstrated, < 10 m/s, short-term velocity precision.
Effects of disorder on x-ray absorption spectra

The effects of disorder and of final-state interactions on x-ray absorption spectra are evaluated, in a change of mean-field approximation, for a degenerate gas of electrons in a disordered solid described by a one-dimensional Anderson model.
Oxytocin: crystal data of a seleno analog.

The sulfur atom in position 6 of deamino-oxytocin (1-β-mercapto-propionic acid-oxytocin) was replaced by selenium. The crystals of the resulting deamino-6-seleno-oxytocin are similar to those of the "wet" form of deamino-oxytocin, but they are stable upon prolonged exposure to air.
Clinical phenotypes and Wilms tumor

Wilms tumor can occur in association with a number of recognizable patterns of malformation, as first described by Miller et al. in 1964. This paper represents a synthesis of the current state of knowledge regarding recognizable phenotypes associated with Wilms tumor. Specific disorders discussed include the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, which has been localized to 11p15.5; isolated hemihypertrophy; sporadic aniridia, which is almost always associated with del(11p13); genital anomalies, particularly male pseudohermaphroditism and the Denys-Drash syndrome; and more weakly associated or uncommon conditions, such as neurofibromatosis and Perlman syndrome, respectively. Wilms tumor (WT) surveillance for specific high risk phenotypes should include a rational schedule of abdominal ultrasound examinations, taking into account the epidemiology of WT associated with specific disorders. Physical examination, with emphasis on abdominal palpation, and urinalysis should also be performed on a rational schedule. The schedule of examinations needs to be arrived at with input from clinical geneticists, oncologists, epidemiologists and pathologists with WT expertise. Lastly, care-takers of high risk individuals should be taught abdominal palpation, to be performed daily at home.
Regulation of CSF1 Promoter by the SWI/SNF-like BAF Complex

The mammalian BAF complex regulates gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. In this report, we identify 80 genes activated and 2 genes repressed by the BAF complex in SW-13 cells. We find that prior binding of NFI/CTF to the NFI/CTF binding site in CSF1 promoter is required for the recruitment of the BAF complex and the BAF-dependent activation of the promoter. Furthermore, the activation of the CSF1 promoter requires Z-DNA-forming sequences that are converted to Z-DNA structure upon activation by the BAF complex. The BAF complex facilitates Z-DNA formation in a nucleosomal template in vitro. We propose a model in which the BAF complex promotes Z-DNA formation which, in turn, stabilizes the open chromatin structure at the CSF1 promoter.
Twenty-four hour records of body temperature and activity in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus)

Abstract 1. 1. Dorsal muscle temperature and activity were continuously monitored from bluegill sunfish and brown bullheads placed in a thermal gradient exposed to the natural photoperiod. 2. 2. The bluegill showed increased activity during the day, while the bullheads were more active at night. 3. 3. Both species of fish maintained a relatively constant body temperature during different levels of activity and phases of the photoperiod.
Appearance of defective simian virus 40 following infection of cultured human glioblastoma cells.

Abstract Infection of human glioblastoma cells (A172) with SV40 is followed by virus propagation and cell death. Abbreviated viral genomes, however, appear rapidly in the virus pool. These are shown to be defective (i.e., they require helper activity from standard virus) and to exhibit interference with the lytic growth of standard virus. Experiments with triply plaque-purified SV40 have demonstrated (1) that substantial levels of defectives appear within one very low multiplicity infection of A172 cells or within two to three moderately low multiplicity passages; (2) that defectives are in fact generated at a high rate in A172 cells; and (3) that the generation and amplification processes do not select strongly for particular genome sizes. Carrier cultures have been established in the A172 cells. The unusual features of the accumulation of defective SV40 in A172 cells are the high rate of accumulation and the lack of a requirement for high multiplicity passage to amplify and to maintain high levels of defectives.
Design of spherical 4R mechanisms : Function generation for the entire motion cycle

Spherical 4R mechanisms are studied for which the crank is relatively smaller than the remaining links. The theory of small-crank mechanisms is applied to obtain approximate descriptions for the follower angular displacement in terms of the input crank angle. The follower angle is presumed to comprise a mean and a perturbational motion. This results in an approximate expression in which the follower displacement is given as a linear combination of simple harmonic functions of the first and second harmonics of the crank angle. The approximate equations are utilized for synthesis of spherical 4R mechanisms for function generation. In contrast to the conventional design procedures, the use of the approximate equations allows the synthesis of spherical mechanisms in which a prescribed function is satisfied for the entire motion of the mechanism. In addition to design examples, sample error charts are provided to assist the designer in ascertaining feasible ranges for design and corresponding orders of error.
Lunar-Lunacy Research When Enough Is Enough

Research on the relationship between phase of the moon and human behavior indicative of "lunacy" should not be encouraged. The hypothesized lunar-lunacy relationship appears to lack validity. Theor...
Characterization of glutaraldehyde coupled alkaline phosphatase--antibody and lactoperoxidase--antibody conjugates.

Abstract (1) Lactoperoxidase-goat antihuman IgG and alkaline phosphatase-goat antihuman IgG mixtures were coupled with glutaraldehyde, and the mixtures fractionated by gel chromatography and sucrose density gradients. Less glutaraldehyde was required to polymerize goat IgG and lactoperoxidase than was required to polymerize alkaline phosphatase. Goat IgG and lactoperoxidase polymerized as globular aggregates, while alkaline phosphatase polymerized as extended chains. (2) Increasing the glutaraldehyde concentration used to conjugate alkaline phosphatase to goat IgG increased the loss of both antibody activity and enzyme activity. However, the enzyme activity bound to the active antibody did not change with increasing glutaraldehyde concentration. (3) A low glutaraldehyde concentration coupled 49% of the lactoperoxidase to functional antibody. This conjugate was useful for localizing human IgG deposits in tissue for light microscopy. Because a low concentration of glutaraldehyde efficiently coupled lactoperoxidase to antibody, lactoperoxidase may prove to be a useful substitute for horseradish peroxidase.
Factors in the Production of Coronary Artery Disease

The recent tendency to accept the syndromes of coronary artery disease as an indication of the presence or relative absence of coronary atherosclerosis in the living patient is open to serious objection. The production of these syndromes would appear to depend, not so much on the degree of coronary atherosclerosis, as on the presence of extraneous factors which precipitate occlusion. Of these factors, hemorrhage into atherosclerotic plaques is of major importance. The etiology of this lesion, and the manner in which it precipitates occlusion, are reviewed.
The development of a multi-processor personal computer in a senior computer design laboratory

This paper describes the development of a senior computer design laboratory, the purpose of which is to provide an environment where the computer design experience is as realistic and complete as possible for each student. In this laboratory, which is required for the whole senior year, students undertake the design of a CPU-based system that may be stand-alone or a part of another system. The design effort is as complete as possible, starting with a development proposal, including the hardware design and construction, and development of all necessary software in the C language, and concluding with extensive documentation. Thus, the students are encouraged to put to use a considerable amount of knowledge acquired in previous courses including computer architecture and interfacing, algorithm, languages and operating systems. They become members in groups that design components, with complexity approaching levels found in commercial products and are well prepared to become computer engineers.
Hypoxia-induced neurotransmitter deficits in neonatal rats are partially corrected by exogenous GM1 ganglioside.

: Exposure of 7-day-old rats to 7% oxygen/balance nitrogen for 2 h results in selective changes of cholinergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neuronal markers in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum when evaluated 3 weeks after the insult. There is also about a 15% deficiency in brain weight. Treatment with GM1 ganglioside, 50 mg/ kg i.p., for 2 days before and for 3 weeks after the hypoxic insult partially corrects the neurodevelopmental abnormalities including the deficiency in brain weight. We conclude that GMI ganglioside might have therapeutic potential for treating suspected neonatal hypoxia.
Leadership skills and the group performance: Situational demands, behavioral requirements, and planning

Abstract In recent years, the role of cognitive skills in shaping leader performance has received more attention. In the present study, the role of one key set of skills, planning skills, was examined with respect to leader emergence and group performance in a sample of 55 groups, containing 195 undergraduates, working on a business planning task. Leader planning skills were assessed along with structuring and considerate behavior under conditions where task complexity, group diversity, and turbulence were examined as potential influences on the need for planning and the need for leaders possessing planning skills. It was found that complexity, diversity, and turbulence influenced the quality and originality of group plans, as well as structuring behavior on the part of leaders. Leader structuring behavior interacted with leader planning skills in determining the quality and originality of group plans. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of planning skills in shaping leader emergence and group performance are discussed.
Purification and Characterization of a Soybean Root Nodule Phosphatase Expressed in Pichia pastoris

Abstract Soybean root nodules possess a developmentally regulated acid phosphatase (ACP) that exhibits the highest specificity for purine 5′-nucleoside monophosphates. The enzyme is a glycosylated dimer of 28- and 31-kDa subunits, which appear to be products of the same gene but differ in posttranslational modifications. In order to perform directed mutagenesis and more extensive biochemical characterization, a means of producing recombinant ACP was needed. Several attempts were made to express ACP in Escherichia coli , but all conditions employed resulted in protein that was found entirely in inclusion bodies, and resolubilization experiments were unsuccessful. Therefore, the methyltrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was chosen as a eukaryotic expression host. The coding sequence of ACP was cloned into the pPIC9 vector to create a fusion with the yeast α mating factor secretion signal. The ACP:pPIC9 construct was integrated into P. pastoris strain GS115. Expression of ACP was under the control of an alcohol oxidase methanol-inducible promoter. Methanol induction resulted in secretion of ACP to a level of 10 mg/L. The recombinant ACP was purified 550-fold to homogeneity by phenyl-Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, and MonoS chromatography. The purified enzyme had K m values of 0.08 and 0.12 for 5′-AMP and 5′-GMP. These values were similar to those obtained for the native ACP heterodimer purified from soybean (0.08 and 0.15 mM for 5′-AMP and 5′-GMP). The specific activity of the recombinant enzyme for all substrates tested was 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher than the values for the purified soybean heterodimer.
Vacuum squeezing in atomic media via self-rotation

When linearly polarized light propagates through a medium in which elliptically polarized light would undergo self-rotation, squeezed vacuum can appear in the orthogonal polarization. A simple relationship between self-rotation and the degree of vacuum squeezing is developed. Taking into account absorption, we find the optimum conditions for squeezing in any medium that can produce self-rotation. We then find analytic expressions for the amount of vacuum squeezing produced by an atomic vapor when light is near-resonant with a transition between various low-angular-momentum states. Finally, we consider a gas of multilevel Rb atoms, and analyze squeezing for light tuned near the D lines under realistic conditions.
99mTc-IMMU-4 monoclonal antibody scan in colorectal cancer. A prospective study.

• A blinded prospective study of 34 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma using the Fab I fragment of the anticarcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody type IMMU-4 labeled with technetium 99m was conducted to compare, on a lesion-by-lesion basis, the findings of radioimmunoscintigraphy, preoperative computed tomography, and exploratory celiotomy. Of 115 lesions detected at surgery, 113 were adenocarcinoma. Radioimmunoscintigraphy detected 59 lesions and computed tomography detected 62; both studies combined detected 72. Twenty-nine (54%) lesions missed by radioimmunoscintigraphy and 24 (45%) missed by computed tomography were 1 cm or smaller. When both studies were combined, the sensitivities were 90%, 24%, and 42%, and the specificities were 52%, 86%, and 61% for hepatic, extrahepatic intra-abdominal, and pelvic lesions, respectively. In 10 patients, additional information obtained with the radioimmunoscintigram could have altered the treatment of these patients. In this study, radioimmunodetection scan was complementary to computed tomographic scan in the examination of patients with colorectal carcinoma. ( Arch Surg. 1992;127:1321-1324)
Characterization of GaAs1−ySby grown by molecular beam epitaxy

GaSb has a lattice constant which is 7.8% greater than that of GaAs and for bulk growth of the ternary alloy GaAs1−ySby a miscibility gap has been reported for the range 0.28<y<0.64. However, in this work, GaAs1−ySby layers (0.5–1.5 μm) have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy as GaAs over the whole range of y. Photoluminescence and photoresponse peak widths increase as the antimony content is increased in the range uo to 0.28, indicating poorer crystal quality. This is confirmed also by Raman shift measurements. The growth runs were all made in the presence of a silicon flux. For y less than about 0.26 the layers show n-type doping in the low 1016 cm−3 range. When y exceeds about 0.20–0.28 (depending on the precise growth conditions), the layers show p-type conductivity probably involving acceptor complexes of GaSb. In the n-type layers, electron traps are observed at about 0.18, 0.40, 0.48 and 0.69–0.85 eV below the conduction band edge. The traps ECMI (0.18 eV) and ECM2 (0.40 eV) track the conduction band edge, being independent of the antimony content. In the p-type layers, hole traps are seen at about 0.38, 0.45 and 0.64 eV above the valence band edge. These levels are nearly independent of y in the range 0.43–0.76.
Factors associated with women's risk of rape in the military environment†

Background Health hazards specific to women workers have not been adequately documented. This study assessed military environmental factors associated with rape occurring during military service, while controlling for pre-military trauma experiences. Methods A national cross-sectional survey of 558 womenveterans serving in Vietnam or in subsequent eras was obtained through structured telephone interviews. Results Rape was reported by 28% (n ¼151) of participants, with consistent rates found across eras. Military environmental factors were associated with increased likelihood of rape, including: sexual harassment allowed by officers (P <0.0001), unwanted sexual advances on-duty (P <0.0001) and in sleeping quarters (P <0.0001). Conclusion Violence towards military women has identifiable risk factors. Work and living environments where unwanted sexual behaviors occurred were associated with increased odds of rape. Officer leadership played an important role in the military environmentandsafetyofwomen.Assailantalcoholand/ordrugabuseattimeofrapewas notable. Interventions and policies based on modifiable environmental risk factors are needed to increase protection for women in the workplace. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:262–273, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. {
Identification and characterization of a multifunctional dye peroxidase from a lignin-reactive bacterium.

Plant biomass represents a renewable feedstock that has not yet been fully tapped because of the difficulty in accessing the carbon in its structural biopolymers. Lignin is an especially challenging substrate, but select microbes have evolved complex systems of enzymes for its breakdown through a radical-mediated oxidation process. Fungal systems are well-characterized for their ability to depolymerize lignin, but the ability of bacteria to react with this substrate remains elusive. We have therefore focused on elucidating strategies used by lignin-reactive soil bacteria and describing their oxidative enzyme systems. We now report the identification and characterization of an unusual C-type dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (DyP2), which belongs to a family of heme peroxidases reported to be involved in bacterial lignin degradation. Biochemical studies indicate that DyP2 has novel function for this family, with versatile and high activity both as a peroxidase and Mn peroxidase (kcat...
Requirements on Worm Mitigation Technologies in MANETS

This study presents an analysis of the impact of mitigation on computer worm propagation in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETS). According to the recent DARPA BAA - defense against cyber attacks on MANETS (A.K. Ghosh 2004), "one of the most severe cyber threats is expected to be worms with arbitrary payload that can infect and saturate MANET-based networks on the order of seconds". Critical to the design of effective worm counter measures in MANET environments is an understanding of the propagation mechanisms and the performance of the mitigation technologies. This work aims to advance the security of these critical systems through increased knowledge of propagation mechanisms, performance and the effect of mitigation technologies. We present both analytic and simulation analysis of mitigation effectiveness. The ultimate goal of these studies is to develop an accurate set of performance requirements on mitigation techniques to minimize worm propagation in tactical, battlefield MANETS.
A Sense-Making Approach to Understanding Adolescents' Selection of Health Information Sources

The authors propose that information sources are best understood as constructed by individuals in an attempt to find answers to questions of immediate relevance. Contact profiles, or patterns of source use for particular information, determine what constitutes a source for an individual. The study explores how adolescents acquire and use health information. Data analyses based on a probability sample of 200 adolescents identified nine contact profiles and supported four study hypotheses. Contact profiles differ according to health topics and are related to message sending and seeking regarding human sexuality and birth control. Adolescents with peer-media, home-oriented or multi-source contact profiles about human sexuality and birth control were more likely than others to be the peer advisors on this topic, and those with peer-media and multi-source profiles the ones more likely to be the information seekers about it. Contact profiles are also related to adolescents' health decision making capacity. Adol...
Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution TOF Analysis: Investigation of MSE for Broad-Spectrum Drug Screening

BACKGROUND: High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has the potential to supplement other drug screening platforms used in toxicology laboratories. HRMS offers high analytical specificity, which can be further enhanced by incorporating a fragment ion for each analyte. The ability to obtain precursor ions and fragment ions using elevated collision energies (MSE) can help improve the specificity of HRMS methods. METHODS: We developed a broad-spectrum screening method on an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MSE mode. A diverse set of patient samples were subjected to a simple dilute, hydrolyze, and shoot protocol and analyzed in a blind manner. Data were processed with 3 sets of criteria with increasing stringency, and the results were compared with the reference laboratory results. RESULTS: A combination of retention time match (±0.2 min), a protonated analyte, and fragment ion mass accuracy of ±5 ppm produced zero false-positive results. Using these criteria, we confirmed 92% (253/275) of true positives. The positive confirmation rate increased to 98% (270/275) when the requirement for a fragment ion was dropped, but also produced 53 false positives. A total of 136 additional positive drug findings not identified by the reference methods were identified with the UPLC-TOF-MS. CONCLUSIONS: MSE provides a unique way to incorporate fragment ion information without the need of precursor ion selection. A primary limitation of requiring a fragment ion for positive identification was that certain drug classes required high-energy collisions, which formed many fragment ions of low abundance that were not readily detected.
Structural genomics of enzymes involved in sterol/isoprenoid biosynthesis.

X-ray structures of two enzymes in the sterol/isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway have been determined in a structural genomics pilot study. Mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD) is a single-domain α/β protein that catalyzes the last of three sequential ATP-dependent reactions which convert mevalonate to isopentenyl diphosphate. Isopentenyl disphosphate isomerase (IDI) is an α/β metalloenzyme that catalyzes interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which condense in the next step toward synthesis of sterols and a host of natural products. Homology modeling of related proteins and comparisons of the MDD and IDI structures with two other experimentally determined structures have shown that MDD is a member of the GHMP superfamily of small-molecule kinases and IDI is similar to the nudix hydrolases, which act on nucleotide diphosphatecontaining substrates. Structural models were produced for 379 proteins, encompassing a substantial fraction of both protein superfamilies. All three enzymes responsible for synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate from mevalonate (mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, and MDD) share the same fold, catalyze phosphorylation of chemically similar substrates (MDD decarboxylation involves phosphorylation of mevalonate diphosphate), and seem to have evolved from a common ancestor. These structures and the structural models derived from them provide a framework for interpreting biochemical function and evolutionary relationships.
SELF-CONTROL, SOCIAL BONDS, AND DESISTANCE: A TEST OF LIFE-COURSE INTERDEPENDENCE

Theoretical debates and empirical tests on the explanation of stability and change in offending over time have been ongoing for over a decade pitting Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) criminal propensity model against Sampson and Laub's (1993) life-course model of informal social control. In 2001, Wright and his colleagues found evidence of a moderating relationship between criminal propensity, operationalized as self-control, and prosocial ties on crime, a relationship they term life-course interdependence. The current study extends their research by focusing on this moderating relationship and the developmental process of desistance from crime among serious juvenile delinquents. Contrary to the life-course interdependence hypothesis, the results indicate that whereas self-control and social bonds are strongly related to desistance from crime, there is no evidence of a moderating relationship between these two factors on desistance among this sample. The implications of this research for life-course theories of crime, future research, and policies regarding desistance are discussed.
Weekend Formats in Counsellor Education: A Case Example in the United States

Various course and program formats have been developed to better meet the needs of graduate students. One of them is the development of weekend-only courses and programs. This article examines one weekend counsellor education format in the United States, the St. Bonaventure University program offered in the Buffalo (New York) area, in detail. This program is offered approximately 60 miles from its main campus, and 10 cohorts have graduated since its inception in 1995. Advantages of the program include closer learner–instructor relationships as well as the community spirit that is created through lengthier class times. Covering and learning course material in shorter time spans are important challenges. Suggestions for implementation of a weekend program are included.
English in contemporary Poland

Because of its association with the West, English became a symbol of modernization and freedom during Poland's communist chapter. Since 1989, English has achieved an even higher status, as the language of international business, research, and media. Today, Polish advertisements are filled with English loan words, English-language movies reign in theaters, and most young people study English in school. As relatively little research has examined the impact of English on contemporary Poland, this paper is an effort to begin filling this gap. I start by offering a concise history of Poland and Polish, as well as a history of English in Poland. I then provide examples of changes in Polish that are likely motivated by Poles’ use of English. In the following sections, I outline the rise to fame of English in Polish classrooms, advertisements, and media. From this review emerges a somewhat incongruous image of English, as both an economic asset and a corrupting agent on the Polish language and culture. To illustrate these dichotomous attitudes, the subsequent section reports on the findings of my preliminary, Internet-based study of contemporary Polish discourses about English. I end the paper by identifying some unanswered questions and suggesting directions for further research.
HDAC inhibition by LBH589 affects the phenotype and function of human myeloid dendritic cells

LBH589 is a novel pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has potent antitumor activity in multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. However, its impact on the immune system has not been defined. We here evaluated the effects of LBH589 on human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) at clinically relevant concentrations. Exposure to LBH589 affected the surface molecule expression on immature and mature DCs, which was associated with DC maturation (CD83↓), antigen presentation (human leukocyte antigen-ABC↓) and T-cell co-stimulation (CD40↓ and CD86↑). LBH589 decreased both protein and polysaccharide antigen uptake capacities by DCs. Importantly, LBH589 impaired DC function to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses, resulting in the significant reduction of invariant natural killer T-cell (CD1d-restricted) and T-cell (major histocompatibility complex-restricted) activation in innate and adaptive immunity. LBH589 also significantly repressed the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor-α by Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and TLR4-induced DC activation, indicating an important role of HDAC activity in immune regulation and inflammation. RelB, a component of the nuclear factor-κ B signaling pathway, was the key component regulated by HDAC inhibition in DCs. Together, our preclinical study demonstrates that LBH589 significantly impairs the phenotype and function of DCs, indicating a need for monitoring the immune status in patients receiving HDAC inhibitor therapy. It also provides a rationale to evaluate LBH589 activity for the treatment of inflammation.
Urologists’ Self-Referral For Pathology Of Biopsy Specimens Linked To Increased Use And Lower Prostate Cancer Detection

Federal law allows physicians in some circumstances to refer patients for additional services to a facility in which the physician has a financial interest. The practice of physician self-referral for imaging and pathology services has been criticized because it can lead to increased use and escalating health care expenditures, with little or no benefit to patients. This study examined Medicare claims for men in a set of geographically dispersed counties to determine how the “in-office ancillary services” exception affected the use of surgical pathology services and cancer detection rates associated with prostate biopsies. I found that self-referring urologists billed Medicare for 4.3 more specimens per prostate biopsy than the adjusted mean of 6 specimens per biopsy that non-self-referring urologists sent to independent pathology providers, a difference of almost 72 percent. Additionally, the regression-adjusted cancer detection rate in 2007 was twelve percentage points higher for men treated by urologis...
Tubular Handling of Proteins

The glomerular apparatus provides an effective, albeit not absolute, barrier against the filtration of larger plasma proteins such as albumin and globulins. The small amounts of these proteins that gain access to the glomerular filtrate are almost completely absorbed by the tubular epithelium. Tubular handling assumes a greater significance when glomerular permselectivity is altered and significant amounts of larger proteins, particularly albumin, are filtered. Under these conditions, the kidneys may play an important role in the overall disposal of circulating albumin. Unfortunately, in view of the technical difficulties in the quantitation of basic parameters such as the concentration of albumin in the glomerular filtrate, very little is known about the kinetics of the tubular uptake of albumin and the further fate of the absorbed protein.
Ab initio and DFT investigations of lithium/hydrogen bonded complexes of trimethylamine, dimethyl ether and dimethyl sulfide

Ab initio and DFT computations have been carried out on LiF and HF complexes of a set of n-donors viz. trimethylamine, dimethyl ether and dimethyl sulfide with a 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The effect of correlation has been included with MP2, MP4 and DFT calculations. NBO analyses of the wavefunctions have been performed to examine the intermolecular interaction at the orbital level. Calculations reveal that these donors form strong n→σ* complexes and computed binding energies of the (CH3)2O···HF complex agree very well with the experimental binding energies from IR spectroscopy. LiF forms stronger complexes than HF, and the effect of correlation on the hydrogen bond energy is considerable compared to the lithium bond energy. Though charge transfer interaction contributes to the stability of both LiF and HF complexes, it plays a less dominant role in lithium bonded complexes. While amine and ether donate their nσ lone pair, sulfide donates an nπ lone pair and this results in perpendicular intermolecular bonds in sulfide complexes.
Variation in Methods of Predicting Adult Height for Children With Idiopathic Short Stature

OBJECTIVE: Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) is approved for treatment of children with idiopathic short stature, and endocrinologists often depend on algorithms to predict adult height. Because algorithm performance often is included in treatment decisions, we sought to evaluate agreement among height prediction formulas. METHODS: We identified 3 commonly used algorithms for height prediction, the Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Khamis-Roche methods. We constructed simulated samples of children with typical distributions of ages, heights, weights, bone ages, and parental heights seen in patients with idiopathic short stature, and we applied the algorithms to the simulated sample to determine whether predicted adult height was RESULTS: We found substantial disagreement among algorithms in the proportions of simulated cases with predicted adult heights of CONCLUSIONS: Wide variation exists among formulas used to predict adult heights. Because these algorithms may be used in decisions regarding whether to initiate GH treatment and assessment of the efficacy of GH in research trials, it is important for parents, pediatricians, and investigators to recognize the considerable variation involved in height predictions.
The ZeroAccess Auto-Clicking and Search-Hijacking Click Fraud Modules

Abstract : ZeroAccess is a large sophisticated botnet whose modular design allows new modules to be downloaded on demand. Typically each module corresponds to a particular scam used to monetize the platform. However, while the structure and behavior of the ZeroAccess platform is increasingly wellunderstood, the same cannot be said about the operation of these modules. In this report, we fill in some of these gaps by analyzing the auto-clicking and search-hijacking modules that drive most of ZeroAccess s revenue creation. Using a combination of code analysis and empirical measurement, we document the distinct command and control protocols used by each module, the infrastructure they use, and how they operate to defraud online advertisers.
Introduction of the carrot HSP17.7 into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) enhances cellular membrane stability and tuberization in vitro.

We have examined the ability of a carrot (Daucus carota L.) heat shock protein gene encoding HSP17.7 (DcHSP17.7) to confer enhanced heat tolerance to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a cool-season crop. The DcHSP17.7 gene was fused to a 6XHistidine (His) tag to distinguish the engineered protein from endogenous potato proteins and was introduced into the potato cultivar 'Desiree' under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Western analysis showed that engineered DcHSP17.7 was constitutively, but not abundantly, expressed in transgenic potato lines before heat stress. Leaves from multiple regenerated potato lines that contain the transgene exhibited significantly improved cellular membrane stability at high temperatures, compared with wild-type and vector control plants. Transgenic potato lines also exhibited enhanced tuberization in vitro: under a condition of constant heat stress, at 29 degrees C, nodal sections of the transgenic lines produced larger and heavier microtubers at higher rates, compared to the wild type and vector controls. The dry weight and percentages of microtubers that were longer than 5 mm were up to three times higher in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest that constitutive expression of carrot HSP17.7 can enhance thermotolerance in transgenic potato plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows that the thermotolerance of potato can be enhanced through gene transfer.
Stereocontrolled oxidation of 5-hydroxyalkenes with rhenium oxide. III

Abstract 5-Hydroxyalkenes react with rhenium (VII) oxide (Re2O7) to provide 2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofurans. Oxidation occurs with overall syn addition to the alkene. Stereoselectivity is easily understood by invoking [2+2] cycloaddition followed by reductive elimination.
26 Gbit/s Direct Modulation of AlGaInAs/InP Lasers with Ridge-Waveguide Structure Buried by Benzocyclobutene Polymer

26 Gbit/s direct modulation of 1.3 °m wavelength AlGaInAs/InP distributed feedback lasers with the ridge-waveguide structure (ridge width of 1.0 °m) buried by the benzocyclobutene polymer was achieved. The high electrical bandwidth of more than 20 GHz was acquired with this ridge-waveguide structure. Consequently, a clear eye-opening with extinction ratio of 6 dB was confirmed in the measurement temperature of 25 °C.
Pediatric sports medicine: an evolution of applications of motion analysis

The field of pediatric sports medicine has grown dramatically with the widespread participation of children in physical fitness and club sports activities in the United States. The use of three-dimensional (3-D) automated motion analysis in pediatric sports has become a focus of increased interest and research potential. This work addresses an overview of the activities and frequent injury patterns seen in the pediatric sports population. The objective of the article is to identify common pediatric sports activities that have the potential for study with motion analysis techniques.
Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of BL-P1654 and Carbenicillin Against Pseudomonas

Prior investigators have reported a broad gram-negative spectrum and a marked anti-Pseudomonas activity in vitro with BL-P1654, 6-[R-alpha-(guanylureido)phenylacetamido]-penicillanic acid. An in vitro comparison of BL-P1654 to carbenicillin was performed against 84 strains of Pseudomonas and 39 strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Mean minimal inhibitory concentrations in Mueller-Hinton broth of BL-P1654 and carbenicillin were 12.5 and 100 mug/ml, respectively. Bactericidal studies with representative strains of Pseudomonas showed a consistent lack of bactericidal activity with BL-P1654. Mean bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 and carbenicillin were >/=200 and 100 mug/ml, respectively. The lack of bactericidal activity of BL-P1654 was further substantiated with the "killing curve" technique. Based on these data, BL-P1654 can not be considered a substitute for carbenicillin as the penicillin analogue of choice for Pseudomonas infections.