cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending model-based systems engineering to address human-systems integration considerations in the system life cycle

Even though current architectural frameworks have adequate semantics to represent hardware and software system elements, they lack the requisite semantics for representing and integrating humans with the rest of the system. Systems continue to grow in scale and complexity, and human machine interactions and human machine interfaces become a crucial consideration in overall system design. In complex systems, humans are often part of the complex system as opposed to being just users of the system. Compounding the problem is the fact that current system engineering practices tend to address human considerations only as an afterthought. One primary reason for this shortcoming is that the human factors engineering community has been unable to communicate its value proposition to traditional engineering disciplines and program management. Another reason is differences in terminology between the two communities. This paper employs an Aerial Unmanned Vehicle case study to explore the benefits of using a Human System Integration Profile that extends current architecture modeling semantics to include semantics needed for human-system integration. The profile identifies core building blocks for human system interaction, human-system interfaces, and human-system integration. It also enables the integration of human-centered descriptive models with analytical models, offering new ways to conceptualize and analyze human-machine requirements and use the findings to specify design.
25 – AMAN: What It Teaches Us about Mechanisms Underlying Axonal Injury

There are two acute nerve disorders, namely, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and Fisher syndrome (FS), both variants of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), which are well characterized in terms of immune effectors and target antigens. This chapter focuses on the theme of postinfectious molecular mimicry as a pathogenetic mechanism in AMAN. Further, the clinical and experimental evidence of anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated axonal and/or synaptic injury is reviewed to highlight issues relevant to targeting of axonal antigens on myelinated nerve fibers by circulating antibodies. Substantial amount of experimental work indicates that the anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with AMAN and FS have direct pathophysiological effects on nerve fibers. Although the pathophysiological or structural basis of clinical manifestations in FS are still not completely resolved, experimental studies on anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with FS have focused on dysfunction at the motor nerve terminal or neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Discussion on AMAN also includes observations derived from experimental modeling with anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with FS.
Role of cysteine residues in human plasma phospholipid transfer protein.

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) belongs to a family of human plasma lipid transfer proteins that bind to small amphophilic molecules. PLTP contains cysteines at residues 5, 129, 168, and 318. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, which is a member of the same gene family, contains an essential disulfide bond between Cys135 and Cys175; these residues, which correspond to Cys129 and Cys168 in PLTP, are conserved among all known members of the gene family. To identify the importance of these and the remaining cysteine residues to PLTP secretion and activity, each was replaced by a glycine by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant as well as wild-type PLTP cDNAs were cloned into the mammalian expression vector pSV·SPORT1, and the PLTP cDNAs were transfected to COS-6 cells for expression. PLTP Cys129 → Gly and PLTP Cys168 → Gly were secretion incompetent. Neither PLTP mass nor activity was detectable in cell lysates and culture medium. Relative to wild-type PLTP, PLTP Cys5 → Gly and PLTP Cys318 → Gly exhibited similar specific activities but partially impaired PLTP synthesis and secretion. Intracellular PLTP appeared as two bands of 75 and 51 kDa corresponding to reported molecular masses for the glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms. The specific activities of PLTP Cys5 → Gly and PLTP Cys318 → Gly were similar in the cell lysates and medium, suggesting that glycosylation does not affect transfer activity.
The student mentoring column

In this edition of the student mentoring column, we will cover three topics: the importance of journal and workshop papers, questions pertaining to giving/listening to talks, and two specific questions about jobs in networking.
Multichannel Works for Nonstationary Audiences

There is interest in our era in the topic of sound spatialization, as evidenced by the writings, compositions, and facilities dedicated to the practice. One frequently expressed goal is to elevate ...
Predicting Aircraft Trajectories: A Deep Generative Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks Approach.

Reliable 4D aircraft trajectory prediction, whether in a real-time setting or for analysis of counterfactuals, is important to the efficiency of the aviation system. Toward this end, we first propose a highly generalizable efficient tree-based matching algorithm to construct image-like feature maps from high-fidelity meteorological datasets - wind, temperature and convective weather. We then model the track points on trajectories as conditional Gaussian mixtures with parameters to be learned from our proposed deep generative model, which is an end-to-end convolutional recurrent neural network that consists of a long short-term memory (LSTM) encoder network and a mixture density LSTM decoder network. The encoder network embeds last-filed flight plan information into fixed-size hidden state variables and feeds the decoder network, which further learns the spatiotemporal correlations from the historical flight tracks and outputs the parameters of Gaussian mixtures. Convolutional layers are integrated into the pipeline to learn representations from the high-dimension weather features. During the inference process, beam search, adaptive Kalman filter, and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother algorithms are used to prune the variance of generated trajectories.
Equivalent conditions for the solvabilty of nonstandard and singular LQ-problems with application to parabolic equations

We consider an optimal control problem with indefinite cost for an abstract model, which covers, in particular, parabolic systems in a general bounded domain. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the synthesis of the optimal control, which is given in terms of the Riccati operator arising from a nonstandard Riccati equation. The theory extends also a finite-dimensional frequency theorem to the infinite-dimensional setting. Applications include the heat equation with Dirichlet and Neumann controls, as well as the strongly damped Euler–Bernoulli and Kirchhoff equations with the control in various boundary conditions.
What keeps diaspora from contributing to peace processes? Exploring diaspora online narratives of homeland conflict

ABSTRACTPolitically active diaspora are increasingly recognized as key stakeholders in homeland peace processes, driven in large part by the globalization of communication technologies. Previous re...
Networked political brands: consumption, community and political expression in contemporary brand culture:

This article synthesises theory from the fields of marketing and communication to understand how the practices and outcomes of branding have evolved into systems of symbolic expression and communit...
Impact of Parent Well Depletion on Stress Changes and Infill Well Completion in Multiple Layers in Permian Basin

Growth in a number of newly drilled wells in unconventional reservoir development results in tightly spaced horizontal wells, which consequently creates well interference (fracture hits) between parent and infill wells as a result of stress redistribution from localized pressure sink zone in parent wells. This directly affects the production performance of both parent and infill wells. In order to minimize this effect, it is sometimes more preferable to place an infill well in a different pay zone. However; due to poroelastic effect, pressure depletion from the parent well also affects stress distribution in different pay zones and yet only a few literatures focus on this effect. The main objective of this paper is to predict temporal and spatial evolution of stress field for Permian basin using an in-house 3D reservoir-geomechanics model and propose guidelines for determining lateral and vertical drilling sequence of infill wells to mitigate well interference. Embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is coupled with a sequentially coupled reservoir-geomechanics model to gain capability in simulating complex fracture geometries and high-density fracture system. Different scenarios with and without natural fractures were studied including a case where two parent wells are located in different layers (Wolfcamp A2 and B2) and a case where two parents are located in the same layer (Wolfcamp A2 and B2). Stress redistribution is then observed to determine the completion sequence of infill wells in different layers. Producing two parent wells in the same pay zone results in large stress redistribution mostly in the area close to fracture tips at an early time. As time progresses, stress redistribution area becomes larger and covers almost entire infill well zone in Wolfcamp B2. Stress changes can also be observed in Wolfcamp A2 and A3 despite producing wells are only located in Wolfcamp B2. However, when producing two parent wells in different pay zones, stress redistribution can only be observed near fracture tips in both Wolfcamp A2 and B2 with minimum stress change in the infill zone even at a later time in all Wolfcamps A2, A3, and B2. This allows the possibility of producing infill well in the un-depleted layers (i.e. A3) enhancing efficiency of infill well completion. Fracture penetration and larger fracture length also play a significant effect in stress reorientation and evolution. Presence of natural fractures causes stress reorientation to occur at an earlier time due to higher depletion rate. This paper presents the possibility of changing the sequence of stacked pay from lateral well layout to vertical well layout in order to mitigate well inference and improve production performance of both parent and infill wells. Less stress change in the infill zone for vertical well layout makes it become superior to lateral well layout in which large stress redistribution can be observed.
Comprehensive Clinical Hepatology

Foreword v Preface vi Acknowledgements vi Contributors ix Section 1: Normal Structure and Function Anatomy of the Normal Liver Bernard C Portmann Cellular Biology of the Normal Liver Guangsheng Fan and Clifford J Steer Function of the Normal Liver Richard H Moseley Section 2: Clinical Manifestations of Liver Disease Clinical Evaluation of the Patient with Liver Disease Peter D Howdle Jaundice Steven D Lidofsky Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage and Portal Hypertension John R Lake and Peter D Howdle Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Vincente Arroyo, Ramon Bataller and Pere Gines Hepatorenal Syndrome and Other Renal Diseases Kevin Moore Hepatic Encephalopathy Kevin D Mullen Associated Systemic Conditions of Liver Disease Robert S Brown Jr and Steven L Zacks Section 3: Specific Diseases of the Liver Viral Hepatitis A and E John G OGrady Viral Hepatitis B and D Anna Suk-Fong Lok and Henry Lik-Yuen Chan Hepatitis C and G George Webster, Simon Whalley, Eleanor Barnes and Geoffrey Dusheiko HIV and the Liver Johannes Koch and Lawrence S Kim Miscellaneous Infections of the Liver Fredric Regenstein and Shaukat Iftikhar Autoimmune Hepatitis Michael P Manns and Christian P Strassburg Primary Biliary Cirrhosis James Neuberger Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Russell H Wiesner Alcoholic Liver Disease Nick Sheron Hemochromatosis Martin Lombard Wilsons Disease M Stuart Tanner Metabolic Diseases of the Liver Richard G Quist, Alistair J Baker, Anil Dhanwan and Nathan M Bass Pediatric Liver Disease Deirdre A Kelly Benign Tumors and Cystic Diseases of the Liver John Karani Malignant Tumors of the Liver Philip J Johnson Biliary and Cholestatic Diseases Gregory T Everson Vascular Diseases of the Liver Peter Clive Hayes and Syed Hasnain Ali Shah Pregnancy and the Liver Michael A Heneghan Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Disease Suzanne Norris Acute Liver Failure John G OGrady Hepatobiliary Dysfunction in the Critically Ill Julia A Wendon and Andrew Rhodes The Liver in Systemic Disease Rolland C Dickson Non-transplant Surgery and the Liver J Michael Henderson and David Vogt Section 4: Liver Transplantation Indications and Patient Selection Didier Samuel, Jose Figueiro and Henri Bismuth The Transplant Operation Milan Kinkhabwala and Jean Crawford Emond Immunology and Immunosuppression Geoffrey W McCaughan Infective Complications Carlos V Paya and Irene G Sia Technical Complications Peter Neuhaus, Andrea R Mueller and Klaus-Peter Platz Graft Dysfunction Federico G Villamil and Fernanda G Zingale Retransplantation Peter J Friend Index
Elastohydrodynamical instabilities of active filaments, arrays and carpets analyzed using slender body theory

The rhythmic motions and wave-like planar oscillations in filamentous soft structures are ubiquitous in biology. Inspired by these, recent work has focused on the creation of synthetic colloid-based active mimics that can be used to move, transport cargo, and generate fluid flows. Underlying the functionality of these mimics is the coupling between elasticity, geometry, dissipation due to the fluid, and active force or moment generated by the system. Here, we use slender body theory to analyze the linear stability of a subset of these - active elastic filaments, filament arrays and filament carpets - animated by follower forces. Follower forces can be external or internal forces that always act along the filament contour. The application of slender body theory enables the accurate inclusion of hydrodynamic effects, screening due to boundaries, and interactions between filaments. We first study the stability of fixed and freely suspended sphere-filament assemblies, calculate neutral stability curves separating stable oscillatory states from stable straight states, and quantify the frequency of emergent oscillations. When shadowing effects due to the physical presence of the spherical boundary are taken into account, the results from the slender body theory differ from that obtained using local resistivity theory. Next, we examine the onset of instabilities in a small cluster of filaments attached to a wall and examine how the critical force for onset of instability and the frequency of sustained oscillations depend on the number of filaments and the spacing between the filaments. Our results emphasize the role of hydrodynamic interactions in driving the system towards perfectly in-phase or perfectly out of phase responses depending on the nature of the instability. Specifically, the first bifurcation corresponds to filaments oscillating in- phase with each other. We then extend our analysis to filamentous (line) array and (square) carpets of filaments and investigate the variation of the critical parameters for the onset of oscillations and the frequency of oscillations on the inter-filament spacing. The square carpet also produces a uniform flow at infinity and we determine the ratio of the mean-squared flow at infinity to the energy input by active forces. We conclude by analyzing the bending and buckling instabilities of a straight passive filament attached to a wall and placed in a viscous stagnant flow - a problem related to the growth of biofilms, and also to mechanosensing in passive cilia and microvilli. Taken together, our results provide the foundation for more detailed non-linear analyses of spatiotemporal patterns in active filament systems.
How to Regulate Used Clothing Trade: Lessons from the U.S.-East Africa Trade Dispute on Used Clothing Import Ban

This study investigated a recent high-profile trade dispute between the United States and the East African Community (EAC) on used clothing import ban. The findings of the study reveal the complexity of regulating used clothing trade, which involves economic, social, legal and political considerations that go far beyond used clothing itself. How to modernize and improve the effectiveness of trade preference programs, such as AGOA, as an economic development tool for EAC and other developing countries struggling with used clothing imports will be something meaningful to study in the future.
A Continuous Observation Workflow Time Study to Assess Intravenous Push Waste.

Background: There are significant costs associated with proper controlled substance disposal, management, and regulatory compliance. Given the high abuse potential of fentanyl, hydromorphone, and m...
The Clinical Use of Ultrasound for Atherosclerosis Imaging

Ultrasound is an ideal imaging modality for the detection of atherosclerosis. B-mode ultrasound provides basic information about plaque location and morphology. Plaque area and volume as detected by ultrasound have been shown to correlate with future cardiovascular events. Additionally, high-risk features such as plaque ulceration, echogenicity, and neovascularization can be readily identified by ultrasound with unique prognostic value. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can improve lumen visualization and identify features such as intraplaque neovascularization which are associated with adverse outcomes.
Central Sleep Apnea and Opioid Use

Chronic opioid use has become a major public health issue. Individuals who use opioids may develop a distinct form of sleep apnea which is characterized by central apneas, irregular breathing, and at times hypoventilation. Those using higher opioid doses appear to be at increased risk, while other predisposing factors are yet to be established. Opioid-induced central sleep apnea (O-CSA) is accompanied by neurocognitive effects and may account for sleep disruption, daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms. The long-term impact of CSA in this group is not well-established. Dose reduction is the mainstay of treatment, although not always feasible. Positive airway pressure therapy has been utilized, with some patients responding to CPAP but potentially higher response rates to bilevel and adaptive servo-ventilation. Among patients with obstructive sleep apnea, opioids appear to be a risk factor for the emergence of CSA upon treatment with CPAP.
Why are There so Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict

Contrary to popular belief, Africa's civil wars are not due to its ethnic and religious diversity. Using recently developed models of the overall incidence of civil wars in 161 countries between 1960 and 1999, we draw lessons with special reference to Africa, showing that the relatively higher incidence of war in Africa is not due to the ethno-linguistic fragmentation of its countries, but rather to high levels of poverty, failed political institutions and economic dependence on natural resources. We argue that the best and fastest strategy to reduce the incidence of civil war in Africa and prevent future civil wars is to institute democratic reforms that effectively manage the challenges facing Africa's diverse societies. To promote inter-group cooperation in Africa, specially tailored political governance and economic management institutions are needed, and we advance some hypotheses on the nature of such institutions. We suggest that Africa's ethnic diversity in fact helps-rather than impedes-the emergence of stable development as it necessitates inter-group bargaining processes. These processes can be peaceful if ethnic groups feel adequately represented by their national political institutions and if the economy provides opportunity for productive activity.
Low Muscular Strength, Weight Status, and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014

PURPOSE To investigate the association between muscular strength and metabolic syndrome (MetS), with a specific focus on the role of weight status, using a nationally representative sample of US youth. METHODS The analysis included 409 boys and 415 girls from the 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 12 and 18 years of age. The prevalence of MetS was defined using age- and sex-specific criteria for abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Strength was assessed via handgrip dynamometer and expressed as age- and sex-specific z scores of relative strength. Low strength was defined as a relative strength below the 25th percentile. Analyses controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity, and weight status. RESULTS The sample prevalence of MetS was approximately 5.3%. However, MetS prevalence was 18.5% in overweight/obese youth with low strength. The adjusted odds of MetS were 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-6.3, P < .001) times higher for overweight/obese youth with low strength versus sufficient strength. CONCLUSION Muscular strength is predictive of adolescent MetS, specifically in those with unhealthy weight status. Approximately one in 5 overweight/obese youth with low strength had MetS. These findings highlight the relevance of muscular strength in youth cardiometabolic morbidities.
La palabra de Alfredo Bryce Echenique

En este articulo realizaremos una lectura panoramica del universo narrativo del escritor Alfredo Bryce Echenique. Podria decirse que toda la obra de Bryce se fundamenta en dos grandes ejes tematicos. Por un lado, Bryce es uno de los grandes cronistas de la burguesia peruana en novelas como Un mundo para Julius, No me esperen en abril y El huerto de mi amada. Por otro, una parte importante de su quehacer novelistico desde Tantas veces Pedro (1977) en adelante ha explorado la idiosincrasia de la identidad peruana ubicando a sus personajes en un mundo cultural ajeno al propio y viviendo un singular exilio. Todas las novelas de Bryce examinan la psicologia del sujeto desclasado, antiheroico y solitario, que a menudo vive intensas experiencia sentimentales que subrayan su desarraigo en el mundo. La obra de Bryce exhibe siempre una voz propia para narrar, caracterizada por una oralidad siempre expansiva y envolvente y el despliegue de un humor ironico, corrosivo y revelador.
Appraisal Risk and Corporate Disclosure During Mergers and Acquisitions

I exploit a 2007 court ruling that significantly strengthens appraisal rights for shareholders of Delaware-incorporated target firms to examine how managers respond to appraisal risk during takeovers. Appraisal rights give target shareholders the right to receive a judge’s determined value for their shares in lieu of the acquirer’s offer. Target-firm disclosures play a critical role in the valuation decisions of judges; and valuation decisions pose a substantial risk to acquirers. I find that heightened appraisal risk induces target managers to withhold positive news arriving between the announcement and effective completion of the takeover. This observation is driven by target managers who are aligned with acquirers. I further document that acquirers benefit from this behavior in the form of a lower likelihood of appraisal and a higher likelihood of positive post-acquisition returns. Overall, my findings suggest that acquirer-target manager ties play an important role in facilitating the dilution of target shareholder property rights.
Assessing Burnout in Subgroups of Athletes Based on Gratitude and Perceived Coach-Athlete Relationship.

The purpose of this study was to examine distinct groups of athletes based on their gratitude and coach-athlete relationships (CAR) and to compare the groups on three dimensions of athlete burnout:...
Medical management of endometriosis.

Introduction Endometriosis is a benign gynecologic disorder that is defined as functional endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It is an estrogen-dependent, inflammatory disease that leads to symptoms of pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility, occurring in 6-10% of reproductive aged women. The severity of the disease ranges from asymptomatic to debilitating symptoms that have a major impact on women's lives. It is a chronic, recurrent disease, frequently requiring long term management until menopause and beyond. It is considered a chronic disorder that is managed with surgery, medical treatment, and oftentimes, both. Current medical therapy for endometriosis is considered suppressive of the disease, rather than curative. Fortunately, many patients do experience improvement and control of their symptoms with medical therapy. However, long-term efficacy of the medical treatments is often limited by side effects and the cost of therapy, and symptoms do tend to recur after discontinuation of these medications. Areas covered This review summarizes our understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis and provides more in-depth discussion of specific medical management options used to treat endometriosis, including mechanism of action and side effects. It also provides recommendations on strategy with a forward look to novel endometriosis treatments in the future. Expert opinion The authors emphasize that endometriosis is a chronic disorder requiring long term medical therapy. Early diagnosis of endometriosis is key in preventing severe, debilitating symptoms and progression of disease. By utilizing our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of endometriosis and by correctly implementing currently available medical and surgical therapies we can significantly reduce the physical, psychosocial and financial burden of this chronic, recurrent and indolent disease. Current available medications are suppressive therapies, but the authors are looking forward to future therapies that can effectively cure or at least control endometriosis with minimal side effects. Future research should continue to look for the genetic trigger for endometriosis which can lead us to its underlying pathogenesis and eventually a cure or prevention.
Inferior vena cava filter tilting between placement and retrieval is associated with caval diameter and need for complex retrieval techniques.

Abstract Purpose Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter tilt may lead to apex embedment and need for advanced retrieval techniques. This study assesses factors associated with filter tilt change over time and need for complex retrieval procedures. Materials and methods 252 consecutive patients underwent retrievable IVC filter placement and removal at a single academic institution over 58 months. 182 (72.2%) patients met inclusion criteria. IVC filters included 168 (92.3%) Gunther Tulip and 14 (7.7%) Option filters. The primary outcome was medial-to-lateral IVC filter tilt change between placement and retrieval. Secondary outcomes included advanced retrieval technique use and multiple retrieval attempts. Independent variables included demographics, IVC diameter, filter hook position relative to the renal veins, and dwell time. Associations were determined using student's t-tests, ANOVA, and linear and logistic regressions. Results Mean IVC diameter at placement was 19.2 ± 3.3 mm. Mean filter tilts at placement and retrieval were 6.1 ± 4.9° and 5.2 ± 5.0°, respectively. Mean tilt change was 5.0 ± 5.0°. Larger IVC diameter was associated with greater filter tilt change (p = 0.0004). While IVC diameter did not independently predict retrieval difficulty, greater tilt change and prolonged dwell time were associated with increased advanced retrieval technique use (p = 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). Results were unchanged in a subgroup analysis of patients treated with Gunther Tulip filters. Conclusion Larger IVC diameter predicts increased filter tilt change, which in turn is associated with challenging retrievals. Attention to IVC diameter during filter placement may anticipate tilt-related complications.
Working with Simulation Experts

This chapter addresses key questions that can guide potential collaborations with individual simulation experts or groups of experts who work in simulation centers. The science of simulation provides invaluable tools that can be used to support education, safety and quality improvement efforts, and research, making partnerships ideal in many ways. Simulationists possess a broad range of expertise. Expertise in curriculum design, knowledge transfer through immersive education, adult behavioral modification, and feedback and debriefing can be used to enhance educational program development. Expertise in process improvement strategies, change management, and teamwork and teambuilding can be invaluable for quality and safety program implementation. Expertise in creating psychological safety, cognitive engineering and decision-making can assist in efforts to positively alter organizational culture. Some simulationists are also expert researchers who design and carry out research on a wide range of subjects. Typically, simulation research includes studies on team cognition, team situation awareness, human-technology interaction, expert-novice differences, educational effectiveness, and process improvement. In keeping with the focus of this book, this chapter will focus primarily on these skills as they pertain to quality and safety efforts, and much of the material will address how to leverage this expertise within existing quality and safety frameworks. We also discuss the types of simulation relationships and services that are available along with potential strategies for initial engagement. The chapter concludes with a presentation of potential funding sources that could be used to sustain the relationship long term.
On a ‘Sort of Celebrity or Peculiarity’ of an ‘Atheistical Monastery’, 1866–1877

The period of 1867 to 1877 was one of great celebrity for Richard Congreve. He formally met the qualification of the Positivist priesthood. And with an aim to develop a proletarian brotherhood, he delved into issues surrounding suffrage reform, the Irish question, anonymous journalism, the scientific and philosophical merits of Positivism, popular education, the Paris Commune, and the Ashanti War. Such efforts gained the support more so of ‘the educated’ rather than ‘the working class’. This chapter argues that although middle-class allies buoyed his Positivist Society of London and school at Chapel Street Hall, few would commit to what was by 1870, an essentially defunct Church of Humanity. Yet by 1877 it appeared that his congregation was more faithful than ever.
Early Osteoarthritis: Frequency, Epidemiology, and Cost of ACL Injuries

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a common knee pathology with a high associated cost. The incidence of ACL injury is sex-, age-, and sport-dependent. For this common injury, it is necessary to understand associated costs for different treatments. ACL reconstruction is the definitive, surgical treatment option for an ACL injury; however, given the ubiquity of ACL reconstructions, it is important to understand the most cost-effective technique for each patient. This chapter will explore the frequency and incidence of primary and recurrent ACL injury in specific patient populations. In addition, it will review the current literature on the costs associated with treating ACL injuries from both a nonoperative and surgical standpoint, and how to minimize costs through injury prevention.
Modernizing the Indian Air Force: Imported Fighters and the HF-24 Marut, 1947–1968

This chapter explains the international context of the Cold War in relation to Nehruvian development. Like other recently decolonized countries, India pursued a foreign policy of nonalignment, which meant attempting to cultivate good relations with all countries but without joining one of the Cold War power blocs. Yet as the five-year plans were underway, nonaligned India found itself drawn into the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, as the rival superpowers raced to develop India through foreign aid. India tried to play the competing sides off each other to get better aid, but without much success. The chapter examines in turn India’s relations with other nonaligned countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union. For much of the period of nonalignment, India’s relations with the United States were particularly strained. Why did these countries fail to get along with each other? Economic ideology was clearly a factor (the United States practiced free-market capitalism, while India had a socialistic command economy), but this chapter emphasizes the importance of cultural relations as an explanation for India’s rocky relations with the United States. In cultural exchanges, the Soviet Union took India seriously in a way that the United States did not.
Dancing with broken bones : portraits of death and dying among inner-city poor

1. Crossing the tracks: An introduction 2. Dying poor: An invisible world 3. Dying in the public hospital system: Institutional arrangements and provider perspectives 4. Courage through suffering: Snapshots of the dying poor 5. Triumph and faith through harsh reality and personal tragedy: Lucille Angel 6. Life on the brink: Mr and Mrs Wheeler 7. A conclusion: Conscious listening, mindful presence - a lesson learned
Creating and Perpetuating Social Memory Across the Ancient Costa Rican Landscape

For most of the time that Native Americans lived in ancient Costa Rica, we think their travel across the landscape was task-oriented and thus sufficiently randomized to leave no detectable trace. That changed about 500 B.C. in the Arenal area when people separated their cemeteries from their villages, and travel between them was ritually mediated into travel precisely along the same path, in single file, in as straight a line as possible. The inadvertent erosion over centuries of use resulted in paths entrenching to 2 m or more deep. We believe the cultural standard developed over the centuries was that the preferred way of entering a special place was by an entrenched path. Thus, people approaching a special place would have a highly restricted view of their surroundings, but upon entering the special place, it would dramatically open up to view. People created and perpetuated social memory across their landscapes with generation after generation of use. The construction of meaning developed as the paths entrenched, ultimately embedding that meaning deep in people’s belief systems as their pathways were embedding themselves into the landscape. Although chiefdoms never developed in the Arenal area, a series of chiefdoms did develop east of the area at about A.D. 1,000. To satisfy the emergent chief’s needs for monumentality, we suggest here that chiefs chose the “proper entrenched entryway” as exemplified in the Arenal area, for elaboration. On the rocky slopes of the volcanoes monumental entryways were built of stone, and on the fine-grained alluvial plains they were of earthen construction. For instance, the radiating entrenched roads entering Cutris are many meters long, as wide as 50 kilometers, and many meters deep.
Inference Under the Coalescent

This chapter introduces some modern statistical methods for extracting information from molecular population genetic data. The methods are based on use of the coalescent to model the genealogy relating a random sample of chromosomes from a population, and help us to say something about the demographic and genetic factors that shaped the evolution of populations from which the samples were taken. Unlike methods which rely on summaries of the observed data, such as pairwise differences, or sample heterozygosity, these coalescent-based methods of inference make full use of the high resolution of modern genetic data. However, their complexity can be rather off-putting. The aim of this chapter is to provide practical guidelines for those who wish to apply the methods using existing software, and sufficient theoretical background to understand how the methods work, at least in outline. The chapter also provides an introduction to importance sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo—statistical methods which are likely to play a major role in analyses of future genetic data.
Using R for Computer Simulation and Data Analysis in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics

Modern biology has become a much more quantitative science, so there is a need to teach a quantitative approach to students. I have developed a course that teaches students some approaches to constructing computational models of biological mechanisms, both deterministic and with some elements of randomness; learning how concepts of probability can help to understand important features of DNA sequences; and applying a useful set of statistical methods to analysis of experimental data. The free, open-source, cross-platform program R serves well as the computer tool for the course, because of its high-level capabilities, excellent graphics, superb statistical capabilities, extensive contributed packages, and active development in bioinformatics.
The molecules we eat: Food as a medium to communicate science

Creative, inquiry-driven approaches in science education help to address the growing need to effectively engage students and promote the public understanding of science. Here we describe an interactive format using food that can be applied both in a course for undergraduate students, as well as in a lecture for the general public. Communicating science through food may also dispel fear of naturally occurring chemicals as well as scientific misconceptions that are propagated by the media.
Implementing Virtual Buffer for Electric Power Grids

The electric power grid is a vital network for every aspect of our life. The lack of buffer between generation and consumption makes the power grid unstable and fragile. While large scale power storage is not technically and economically feasible at present stage, we argue that a virtual buffer could be effectively implemented through a demand side management strategy built upon the concept of dynamic data driven paradigm. An intelligent scheduling module implemented inside a smart meter enables customers to access electricity safely and economically. The managed use of electricity acts effectively as a buffer to provide the much needed stability for the power grid. Pioneering efforts intending to implement these concepts have been conducted by groups such as the Consortium for the Intelligent Management of Electric Grid. Progresses have been made and reported in this paper.
Production of Malformin by Aspergillus awamori.

The malformins constitute a small family of biologically active cyclic pentapeptides produced by the fungus, Aspergillus niger. These plant growth regulators induce malformations in stems and petioles of Phaseolus vulgaris and curvatures in roots of Zea mays (R. W. Curtis, Science 128:661, 1958). Four malformins have been isolated from culture filtrates of A. niger, malformin A1 and A2 from strain 58-883, and B1 and B2 from strain 56-30 (S. Takeuchi, M. Senn, R. W. Curtis, and F. W. McLafferty, Phytochemistry 6:287, 1967). They are most readily isolated as their respective mixtures, malformin A and B. We report here the isolation of malformin A from culture filtrates of A. awamori, and evidence for the presence of compounds with malforminlike activity in the culture filtrates of other fungi including members of the A. niger group of aspergilli. The fungi were grown in shake-flask culture for 7 days on corn steep-glucose medium as described earlier (R. W. Curtis, Plant Physiol. 33:17, 1958), and were then filtered. The filtrates were adjusted to pH 8.3 with NaHCO3, were extracted three times with equal volumes of ethyl ether, and the ether was evaporated on a steam bath. The residues, containing ether-soluble neutral and basic compounds, were treated with water containing Tween 80 (2 drops/100 ml). They were mixed, and the water-soluble compounds were tested for malformin activity by treating the apical buds of seedlings of P. vulgaris var. Black Valentine and the roots of Z. mays, the single-cross WF9 x 38-11, as described in earlier reports. The concentrations of the test solutions ranged from 20 to 1/1,024 times that of the original culture filtrate. Similar extracts from uninoculated culture medium that served as controls were inactive. The fungi tested and the biological activity of their ether extracts are summarized in Table 1. If both induction of corn root curvatures and malformations in bean seedlings are used as criteria for malformin activity, extracts from 7 of 31 fungi contained compounds with malformin-like
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Mammalian Cells

The sections in this article are: 1 Physical and Chemical Events 1.1 Development of Radiation Injury 1.2 The Target Theory 1.3 Direct and Indirect Effects, Radiation Chemistry 2 Effects on Cell Division 2.1 Division Delay 2.2 Mitotic Inhibition (Reproductive Failure) 2.3 Radiation Sensitivity in Different Phases of the Life Cycle 2.4 Chromosomal Damage 2.5 Interphase Death 2.6 Nonlethal Heritable Changes 2.7 Biological Variation in Radiation Sensitivity 2.8 Mechanisms 3 Modification of Radiation Effects 3.1 Physical Factors 3.2 Chemical Radiation Protection and Sensitization 3.3 Oxygen Effect 3.4 Intracellular Recovery Processes 3.5 Repair of Potentially Lethal Damage 3.6 Repair of Sublethal Damage (Split-Dose Recovery) 4 Molecular Repair Processes 4.1 Damage Observed in DNA 4.2 Cellular Repair Systems for DNA Damage 4.3 Repair Activities in Mammalian Cells 4.4 Correlation of DNA Repair with Biological Effects 5 Concluding Remarks 6 Addendum
Determinants of the Choice of Migration Destination*: Determinants of the choice of migration destination

Internal migration plays an important role in moderating regional differences in well-being. This paper analyzes migrants' choice of destination, using Census and Living Standard Surveys data from Nepal. The paper examines how the choice of a migration destination is influenced by income differentials, distance, population density, social proximity, and amenities. The study finds population density and social proximity to have a strong significant effect: migrants move primarily to high population density areas where many people share their language and ethnic background. Better access to amenities is significant as well. Differentials in expected income and consumption expenditures across districts are found to be relatively less important in determining migration destination choice as their effects are smaller in magnitude than those of other determinants. The results of the study suggest that an improvement in amenities (such as the availability of paved roads) at the origin could slow down out-migration substantially.
Dental Anxiety and Oral Health Outcomes among Rural Older Adults

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the degree to which rural older adults are able to complete a measure of dental anxiety and to assess the prevalence, as well as the demographic and oral health characteristics, of individuals reporting high dental anxiety. Methods: A population-based sample of 635 African American, American Indian and White older adults (age ≥60 years) completed an in-home survey, and 362 dentate participants completed an oral examination. Dental anxiety was measured using the four-item Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS). Gender, ethnicity, age, education, and oral health outcomes were compared between those who completed all four DAS questions (completers) and those who did not (noncompleters) as well as, among completers, those with high versus low DAS scores. Results: There were 94 (14.8%) noncompleters. Noncompletion was associated with older age, lower education, being edentulous, and having gingival recession. 12.4% of DAS completers had high DAS scores, which was more common among those aged 60-70 years, women, and those with oral pain and sore or bleeding gums. In logistic regression analysis, only sore and bleeding gums had a significant association with a high DAS score (odds ratio = 2.40, 95% confidence interval 1.09-5.26). Conclusions: About one in eight rural older adults have high dental anxiety, which is associated with poor oral health outcomes. Identifying new approaches to measure dental anxiety among a population with limited interaction with dental care providers is needed.
Uncertainties in NDE Reliability and Assessing the Impact on RI-ISI

A major thrust in the past 20 years has been to upgrade nondestructive examinations (NDE) for use in inservice inspection (ISI) programs to more effectively manage degradation at operating nuclear power plants. Risk-informed ISI (RI-ISI) is one of the outcomes of this work, and this approach relies heavily on the reliability of NDE, when properly applied, to detect sources of expected degradation. There have been a number of improvements in the reliability of NDE, specifically in ultrasonic testing (UT), through training of examiners, and improved equipment and procedure development. However, the most significant improvements in UT were derived by moving from prescriptive requirements to performance based requirements. Even with these substantial improvements, NDE contains significant uncertainties and RI-ISI programs need to address and accommodate this factor. As part of the work that PNNL is conducting for the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, we are examining the impact of these uncertainties on the effectiveness of RI-ISI programs. One of the primary objectives of in-service inspection, including a RI-ISI program, is to manage potential degradation that may occur, but that had not been foreseen through previous operating experience. However, RI-ISI programs in the U.S are primarily based on history, looking back at past failures in the operating fleet. Therefore, RI-ISI may not adequately manage degradation events that are yet to occur, such as those that may have a long incubation (initiation) time, but a potentially fast growth rate. For this reason, RI-ISI will always be reactive to such failure events. Successful ISI needs to determine what NDE is required, when and how frequently it needs to be applied, how effective the NDE must be and where the NDE needs to be applied. Both flaw detection and accurate characterization need to be addressed. This paper will examine the reliability and uncertainties of NDE, and how these may impact RI-ISI.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effect of In-Plane Density on the Structural and Elastic Properties of Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Dramatic differences in structure, elastic properties, and order-disorder temperatures are observed for stage-2 Li-graphite of different in-plane density, indicating the importance of long-range interactions in cohesive properties. LiC/sub 12/ is three-dimensionally ordered up to approx.500 K with ..sqrt..3 x ..sqrt..3 Li superlattice and AA graphite stacking, whereas LiC/sub 18/ is disordered at 300 K and has AB staking. LO and LA (00l) phonon energies are 30% greater in the former, which can be understood in terms of electrostatic effects.
Executive control and the comprehension of medical information by elderly retirees.

Abstract This study examined the independent contributions of executive control function, general cognition, age, education, and medication usage to the comprehension of medical information. Randomly selected elderly retirees (N = 705) more than 70 years of age completed the Executive Interview (EXIT25), the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and the Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT). Cognitive measures were stronger predictors of HCAT scores than age, education, or number of prescribed medications. A discriminant model based on EXIT25 and MMSE scores correctly classified 91% of subjects relative to their HCAT scores. It was concluded that executive impairment is strongly associated with impaired comprehension of medical information. As many as 88% of probable Alzheimer's disease patients, 69% of institutionalized elderly retirees, and 49% of noninstitutionalized retirees may be impaired in their ability to comprehend medical information, even when it has been presented well below their educational level.