cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal discovery of repetitions in 2D

Repetitive substructures in two-dimensional arrays emerge in speeding up searches and have been recently studied also independently in an attempt to parallel some of the classical derivations concerning repetitions in strings. The present paper focuses on repetitions in two dimensions that manifest themselves in form of two ''tandem'' occurrences of a same primitive rectangular pattern W where the two replicas touch each other with either one side or corner. Being primitive here means that W cannot be expressed in turn by repeated tiling of another array. The main result of the paper is an O(n^3logn) algorithm for detecting all ''side-sharing'' repetitions in an nxn array. This is optimal, based on bounds on the number of such repetitions established in previous work. With easy adaptations, these constructions lead to an equally optimal, O(n^4) algorithm for repetitions of the second type.
Vibration Suppression in a Simple Tension-Aligned Array Structure

Tension-aligned structures have been proposed for space-based antenna applications that require a high degree of accuracy. The structure uses a compression member to impart tension on the antenna, thus helping to maintain shape and facilitate disturbance rejection. These structures can be very large and therefore sensitive to low-frequency excitation. A simple control strategy for tension-aligned structures is proposed, based on the concept of stiffness variation by sequential application and removal of constraints. The process funnels vibration energy from low-frequency to high-frequency modes of the structure, where it is dissipated naturally due to internal damping. A simple model for the arrangement is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy. It consists of a curved beam modeled as a nonlinear elastica arch (the support structure), connected to an array of hinged panels (the antenna). Two methods for stiffness switching are investigated: variable stiffness hinges in the panels an...
Nonspecular scattering from multilayer mirrors at normal incidence

The first measurements are reported of non-specular scattering of EUV radiation normally incident on a multilayer mirror. The scattering from a Mo/Si multilayer mirror has been measured as a function of angle and wavelength. A peak in the angular distribution of scattered light is observed which is due to the correlation of the roughness of different interfaces. The scattering from correlated roughness can be described by a simple kinematic theory of scattering. In the region of the Bragg reflectivity peak dynamical effects lead to a reduction in the scattering from the simple kinematic theory. The total integrated scatter (TIS) has been measured and is found to peak on the short wavelength side of the Bragg peak. The TIS is less than 1% of the incident intensity.
Body dissatisfaction and dieting in young children.

Objective To develop a broader understanding of young children's knowledge and beliefs about dieting and body dissatisfaction. Method Sixty-two third through sixth-grade boys and girls completed audiotaped interviews and questionnaires regarding eating behavior, attitudes toward dieting, and body dissatisfaction. Results Fifty percent of all children wanted to weigh less and 16% reported attempting weight loss. Children were well informed about dieting and were most likely to believe that dieting meant changing food choices and exercising as opposed to restricting intake. Their primary source of information was the family. Seventy-seven percent of children mentioned hearing about dieting from a family member, usually a parent. Discussion Young children are knowledgeable about dieting and the concept of dieting does not necessarily mean caloric restriction to them. These data suggest that the family can play a powerful role in countering the development of eating concerns and body dissatisfaction in children. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 27: 74–82, 2000.
Gender-specific Differences in Expression mRNAs for Functional and Structural Proteins in Rat Ventricular Myocardium

Abstract Sex-related differences in predisposition to heart diseases have long been recognized. The molecular and cellular bases for this differences are unknown. In this study we have compared expression of genes for various structural and functional proteins of muscle and interstitial compartments of the myocardium in the adult and neonatal, male and female rat heart. We have also compared cultured cardiac fibroblasts from male and female hearts with regards to gene expression and proliferative capacity. We showed that in the adult rats, the abundance of mRNAs for contractile proteins α- and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) is higher in the heart of female rats than in that of age-matched male rats. However, the difference in mRNA level for α-MHC was more drastic (736%, P
Characterization of the Cardiac Renin Angiotensin System in Oophorectomized and Estrogen-Replete mRen2.Lewis Rats

The cardioprotective effects of estrogen are well recognized, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the development and progression of cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and heart failure. Estrogen attenuates the effects of an activated circulating RAS; however, its role in regulating the cardiac RAS is unclear. Bilateral oophorectomy (OVX; n = 17) or sham-operation (Sham; n = 13) was performed in 4-week-old, female mRen2.Lewis rats. At 11 weeks of age, the rats were randomized and received either 17 β-estradiol (E2, 36 µg/pellet, 60-day release, n = 8) or vehicle (OVX-V, n = 9) for 4 weeks. The rats were sacrificed, and blood and hearts were used to determine protein and/or gene expression of circulating and tissue RAS components. E2 treatment minimized the rise in circulating angiotensin (Ang) II and aldosterone produced by loss of ovarian estrogens. Chronic E2 also attenuated OVX-associated increases in cardiac Ang II, Ang-(1-7) content, chymase gene expression, and mast cell number. Neither OVX nor OVX+E2 altered cardiac expression or activity of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). E2 treatment in OVX rats significantly decreased gene expression of MMP-9, ACE2, and Ang-(1-7) mas receptor, in comparison to sham-operated and OVX littermates. E2 treatment appears to inhibit upsurges in cardiac Ang II expression in the OVX-mRen2 rat, possibly by reducing chymase-dependent Ang II formation. Further studies are warranted to determine whether an E2-mediated reduction in cardiac chymase directly contributes to this response in OVX rats.
The trail of tears national historic trail

Abstract The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail is undergoing a journey of its own these days —; one involving legislative, study, and planning twists and turns that accompany its evolution from conception and planning to commemoration and public use. More than a singular event in history, the trail has come to symbolize the culmination of American Indian removal policy in the early 19th century. To honor the significance of the trail and its associated (and tragic) history for the Cherokee culture, the National Historic Trail program has integrated input from representatives of the Cherokee Nation and Eastern Band of Cherokee with public input and with other available interpretations of the trail's story, to fashion an awareness that is appropriate and sensitive to the cultural issues surrounding it. In cooperation with members of other southeastern tribes affected by the removal policy, other related histories are made a part of these interpretations as well. Implementing these various realities into a usable resource has required coordination of the National Park Service; local landowners, citizens, citizen groups, and businesses; local and state governments; and tribal groups, that has been challenging, but ultimately worthwhile. Partnerships among these entities strengthen the likelihood that the associated resources will be protected, the appropriate themes will be available to the public, and the related areas will be usable for visitor recreation and appreciation —; all for many generations to come.
The Impact of Gait Disability on the Calibration of Accelerometer Output in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis

Accelerometer activity counts have been correlated with energy expenditure during treadmill walking among ambulatory adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study examined the effects of gait disability on 1) the association between rates of energy expenditure and accelerometer output in overground walking and 2) the calibration of accelerometer output for quantifying time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in people with MS. The sample consisted of 24 individuals with MS, of whom 10 reported gait disability based on Patient-Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) scores. The participants undertook three 6-minute periods of overground walking while wearing an accelerometer and a portable metabolic unit (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). In the first period of walking, the participants walked at a self-selected, comfortable speed. In the two subsequent walking periods, participants walked at speeds above and below (±0.5 mph) the comfortable walking speed, respectively. Strong linear relationships were observed between rates of accelerometer activity counts and energy expenditure during walking in the overall sample (R2 = 0.90) and subsamples with (R2 = 0.88) and without gait disability (R2 = 0.91). The slope of the relationship was significantly steeper in the subsample with gait disability (β= 0.0049) than in the subsample without gait disability (β= 0.0026). The difference in slopes resulted in a significantly lower cut-point for MVPA (1886 vs. 2717 counts/min) in those with gait disability. These findings provide a metabolic cut-point for quantifying time spent in MVPA in people with MS, both with and without gait disability.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Protection Orders for Victims of Domestic Violence

Abstract The purpose of this study is to gauge the efficacy of protection orders for victims of domestic violence. The theoretical basis for this analysis is Johnson's (1995) theory that there exist two distinct forms of domestic violence: “common couple violence,” which consists of low-grade, mild abuse that is equally perpetrated by both men and women, and “patriarchal terrorism,” which involves severe mental and physical abuse that is used primarily by men to control their female partners. Based on Johnson's theory, it is hypothesized that protection orders will be less effective for women who experience patriarchal terrorism than for women who experience common couple violence. The results of this analysis indicate that the primary independent variable, that is, whether a woman experiences common couple violence or patriarchal terrorism, is not a good predictor of protection order violation. However, several secondary independent variables were found to be significant, including victim's race and empl...
Lymph node metastases in patients with urothelial carcinoma variants: influence of the specific variant on nodal histology.

Abstract Objectives The effect that the presence of urothelial variant (UV) histologies has on the behavior of urothelial carcinoma remains poorly defined. The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between different histologic variants and the presence and histology of lymph node metastases. Materials and methods Our institutional bladder cancer database was examined for all patients demonstrating UV at cystectomy performed between 2001 and 2012. Patients with primary bladder sarcoma, primary bladder adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma were excluded. The cystectomy and nodal pathology reports were reviewed in node-positive cases with the goal of determining the relative percentages of UVs in the bladder and lymph nodes. Results Overall, 292 patients demonstrated UV at cystectomy. After excluding patients with primary adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and squamous variants, 141 patients remained, of which 65 demonstrated node-positive disease. Of these node-positive patients, 57 had slides available for review. Node positivity was most common in the micropapillary (MP), clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CC), and plasmacytoid (PC) variants. Remaining variants demonstrated node-positive rates ranging from 11.1% to 37.5%. When nodes were positive, the variants found in the nodal metastases most commonly were MP, CC, glandular, nested, and lymphoepitheliomalike. Median lymph node density was highest in PC (33%) and CC (35%) variants, although these differences were not statistically significant. Variant histology predominated the nodal metastases regardless of predominance in bladder for the MP (84%) and CC (100%) variants. The PC variant exhibited the high incidence of positive surgical margins. Conclusion Lymph node metastases were most common in the MP, CC, and PC variants. Variant histology was present and predominated nodal histology in most MP and CC cases. These results suggest that the variant histology itself may be driving lymphatic spread in MP and CC cases. Conversely, the PC variant may be a marker for locally advanced and aggressive disease rather than specifically influencing lymphatic spread.
Association of pre mortem diagnosis and autopsy findings in pediatric intensive care unit versus emergency department versus ward patients.

Objective As part of the overall quality assurance program for the Department of Pediatrics, we determined whether there were differences in the rates of unexpected autopsy findings between pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), emergency department, and ward patients.Design Prospective, descriptive s
Approximate eigensolutions for arbitrarily damped nearly proportional systems

Two efficient methods for determining the approximate eigenvalues and eigenvectors for arbitrarily damped nearly proportional systems are developed. Both approaches are formulated by means of a first-order perturbation technique, whereby the real modes of vibration of the undamped system are used to derive approximate expressions for the complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a nearly proportionally damped system. Using either approach, the unperturbed configuration corresponds to a damped one whose damping matrix can be diagonalized by the same transformation that uncouples the undamped system, and the perturbation consists of the deviation of this diagonalizable damping matrix from the actual damping matrix. The proposed approaches are easy to code, implement and solve, and do not require forming state equations. Numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness of the current methods.
Lift-curve slope for finite-aspect-ratio wings

References vis, D. R., Bartholomew. R. J., and Jones, J. C. ., "Response of Air Cushion Vehicles to Random Seaways and the Inherent Distortion in Scale Models," Journal of Hydronautics, Vol. 8, July 1974, pp. 83-94. Richardson, J. R., "A Scaling Technique for Hovercraft Models," Hovercraft Unit, National Physical Laboratory, G. B. Rept. 13, July 1970. Sullivan, P. A., Hinchey, M. J., Graham, T. A., Byrne, J. E., and Walsh, C., "Investigations of the Dynamics of Large Air Cushions," Transportation Development Center, Transport Canada, Montreal, Quebec, TP-7560E, Aug. 1986. Mantle, P., "Air Cushion Craft Development," U.S. Navy, David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Bethesda, MD, Rept. DTNSRDC-80/012, Jan. 1980, pp. 61-65. Collar, A. R., "The Expanding Domain of Aeroelasticity," Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 50, Aug. 1946, pp. 616-636. Penaranda, F. E. and Freda, M. S., "Aeronautical Facilities Catalogue, Vol. 1, Wind Tunnels," NASA RP-1132, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1985.
Comparison of boundary collocation methods for singular and non-singular axisymmetric heat transfer problems

Abstract This paper presents a computational study of some boundary collocation solution methods for the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates with axisymmetry. The methods compared are (i) the direct boundary element method (BEM), (ii) the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) with fixed sources and (iii) the Trefftz method. Relative accuracy of these methods are compared for two test problems. The first problem is a simple problem of heat transfer through a cylindrical rod which is a standard benchmark problem in this field. The second problem deals with heat transfer in silicon melt for Czochralski (CZ) process which involves a singularity in the boundary conditions at the corner of the crystal–melt interface. All the three methods indicated above are highly successful for the simple (first) problem with MFS and Trefftz being simpler to implement than the BEM. However, the Trefftz method was not effective for the second problem due to the boundary singularity and the MFS showed oscillations near the singularity point. Hence the use of higher order non-conforming elements with accurate Gauss–Kronrod integration schemes in the direct BEM method was investigated. It was found that the boundary singularity does not deteriorate the accuracy of the results if this improved numerical integration procedure is used in the direct BEM. Hence higher order elements with Gauss–Kronrod integration schemes can be used for the solution of many free interface problems encountered in crystal growth.
A non-stereotaxic method for olfactory bulb kindling reveals distinct kindling rates among inbred mouse strains.

Abstract A simple method for olfactory bulb kindling in the unrestrained mouse is described. Twisted wire electrodes attached to a dip-socket head assembly were implanted in the olfactory bulb. A ground lead was secured to a single skull screw and implantation was visually guided into the olfactory bulb. In all properly implanted preparations, stimulation produced an afterdischarge with behavioral responses which progressed to fully kindled convulsions. Location within the olfactory bulb did not affect the kindling rate. With this technique, mice from the C57BL/6J, C3H/He and DBA/2 inbred strains were kindled. Within each strain, kindling parameters were closely distributed about the group mean. Kindling rates in C3H and DBA inbred strains were significantly different from each other, but not significantly different from those reported in amygdala kindling.
Ammonium carboxylate production from sugarcane trash using long-term air-lime pretreatment followed by mixed-culture fermentation

Abstract Sugarcane trash (ST) was converted to ammonium carboxylates using a novel bioprocessing strategy known as long-term air-lime pretreatment/mixed-culture fermentation. At mild conditions (50 °C, 5 weeks, 1-atm air, and excess lime loading of 0.4 g Ca(OH)2/(g dry biomass)), air-lime pretreatment of ST had moderate delignification (64.4%) with little loss in polysaccharides. Without employing detoxification, sterility, expensive nutrients, or costly enzymes, the feedstock (80% treated ST/20% chicken manure) was fermented to primarily ammonium acetate (>75%) and butyrate by a mixed culture of marine microorganisms at 55 °C. In the best four-stage countercurrent fermentation, the product yield was 0.36 g total acids/(g VS fed) and the substrate conversion was 64%. Model predictions indicate both high acid concentrations (>47.5 g/L) and high substrate conversions (>70%) are possible at industrial scale.
The northern annular mode in summer and its relation to solar activity variations in the GISS ModelE

Abstract The northern annular mode (NAM) has been successfully used in several studies to understand the variability of the winter atmosphere and its modulation by solar activity. The variability of summer circulation can also be described by the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of geopotential heights. We compare the annular modes of the summer geopotential heights in the northern hemisphere stratosphere and troposphere in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE with those in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. In the stratosphere, the summer NAM obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis as well as from the ModelE simulations has the same sign throughout the northern hemisphere, but shows greater variability at low latitudes. The patterns in both analyses are consistent with the interpretation that low NAM conditions represent an enhancement of the seasonal difference between the summer and the annual averages of geopotential height, temperature and velocity distributions, while the reverse holds for high NAM conditions. Composite analysis of high and low NAM cases in both model and observation suggests that the summer stratosphere is more “summer-like” when the solar activity is near a maximum. This means that the zonal easterly wind flow is stronger and the temperature is higher than normal. Thus increased irradiance favors a low summer NAM. A quantitative comparison of the anti-correlation between the NAM and the solar forcing is presented in the model and in the observation, both of which show lower/higher NAM index in solar maximum/minimum conditions. The temperature fluctuations in simulated solar minimum conditions are greater than in solar maximum throughout the summer stratosphere. The summer NAM in the troposphere obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis has a dipolar zonal structure with maximum variability over the Asian monsoon region. The corresponding EOF in ModelE has a qualitatively similar structure but with less variability in the Asian monsoon region which is displaced eastward of its observed position. In both the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the GCM the negative anomalies associated with the NAM in the Euro-Atlantic and Aleutian island regions are enhanced in the solar minimum conditions, though the results are not statistically significant.
Effects of multiple internal sample reflections on nonlinear refractive Z-scan measurements.

The effects that multiple internal sample reflections can have on Z-scan and eclipsed Z-scan measurements are investigated. The sample is treated as a combination of a nonlinear lens and an etalon. Under steady-state conditions with thin-lens and mean-field approximations, anABCD analysis is used to model the self-focusing and self-tuning effects of the beam and to determine the far-field transmittance of a beam in such experiments through an aperture or around an obscurant. The effects that result from such a treatment include a simulation of nonlinear absorption, amplification of transmittance signatures, and strong distortions of signatures in regimes of optical switching and bistability.
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate, activates mitogen-activated protein kinase through G-protein beta gamma subunits in rat cortical neurons.

Abstract α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels play important roles in plasticity, neurotransmission, and neurotoxicity in the central nervous system. AMPA, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), receptor signaling in rat cortical neurons was found to involve a G-protein coupled to a protein kinase cascade. While both NMDA and AMPA activated p mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in neurons, only AMPA-induced MAPK was inhibited by pertussis toxin. AMPA, but not NMDA, caused an association of a G-protein β subunit with a Ras, Raf kinase, and MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-1 complex. The evidence indicates that AMPA triggers MAPK activation via a novel mechanism in which G-protein β dimers released from Gα bind to a Ras protein complex causing the activation of Ras, Raf kinase, MEK-1, and finally MAPK.
Relativistic Symmetries and Lower Bounds for the Magneto-Electric Susceptibility and the Ratio of Polarization to Magnetization in a Ferromagneto-Electric Crystal

A definition of the relativistic symmetry of a polarized crystalline medium is proposed. The requirement of invariance of the susceptibility under this group gives rise to relations between the components of the tensor which then are used in the case of orthorhombic boracite to obtain lower bounds for the magneto-electric susceptibility and for the ratio of the spontaneous polarization to magnetization. Es wird eine Definition der relativistischen Symmetrie eines polarisierten Kristalles vorgeschlagen. Die Forderung nach Invarianz des Suszeptibilitatstensors unter dieser Gruppe gibt Beziehungen zwischen den Komponenten des Tensors. Am Beispiel der orthorhombischen Borazite wird gezeigt, wie man daraus untere Schranken fur die magnetoelektrische Suszeptibilitat und das Verhaltnis der spontanen elektrischen Polarisation zur spontanen Magnetisierung ableiten kann.
The Efficacy of Personal Learning Plans in Early Childhood Teacher Preparation.

The purpose of this paper is to present data demonstrating the potential efficacy of Personal Learning Plans (PLPs) as an instructional tool in early childhood teacher preparation. One hundred and thirty-nine undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course offered within a unified early childhood education program over a period of four years completed preliminary and final surveys including items on student background, efficacy of course methods, and student learning style and outcomes. Data related to the PLP and other, more didactic, methods used in the target course are presented. A general conclusion that can be drawn from these data is that students believed the PLP method to be no less effective than other methods relative to some indicators and significantly more effective than other methods relative to other indicators. Results are discussed in terms of self-efficacy theory.
Gide's Letters to Gosse

Richards mines some of the thirty-eight letters in French which AndrA© Gide (1869â€“1951) wrote to Edmund Gosse (1849â€“1928) between July 14, 1909 and January 16, 1927 held in the Symington Collection.
Randomized clinical trial of the 2 mg hydromorphone bolus protocol versus the "1+1" hydromorphone titration protocol in treatment of acute, severe pain in the first hour of emergency department presentation

Study objective We compare a high initial dose of 2 mg intravenous hydromorphone against titration of 1 mg intravenous hydromorphone followed by an optional second dose. Methods Patients aged 21 to 64 years with severe pain were randomly allocated to 2 mg intravenous hydromorphone in a single bolus or the "1+1" hydromorphone titration protocol. 1+1 Patients received 1 mg intravenous hydromorphone followed by a second 1 mg dose 15 minutes later if they answered yes when asked, Do you want more pain medication? The primary outcome was the between-group difference in proportion of patients who declined additional analgesia at 60 minutes. Results Of the 350 enrolled patients, 334 had sufficient data for analysis. The proportion who declined additional analgesics was 67.5% in the 2 mg bolus arm and 67.3% in the 1+1 titration arm (difference 0.2%; 95% confidence interval −9.7% to 10.2%). The between-group difference in numeric rating scale pain scores was 0.4 numeric rating scale units (95% confidence interval −0.3 to 1.1). The incidence of adverse effects was similar; 42.3% of 1+1 patients achieved satisfactory analgesia at 1 hour with only 1 mg hydromorphone. Conclusion A hydromorphone 1+1 titration protocol provides similar pain relief to an initial 2 mg bolus dose, with no apparent clinical advantage to the latter. The 1+1 titration protocol had an opioid-sparing effect because 50% less opioid was needed to achieve satisfactory analgesia for 42.3% of patients allocated to this protocol.
Tuning of MEMS devices using Evolutionary Computation and Open-Loop Frequency Response

We propose a tuning method for MEMS gyroscopes based on evolutionary computation that has the capacity to efficiently increase the sensitivity of MEMS gyroscopes through tuning and, furthermore, to find the optimally tuned configuration for this state of increased sensitivity. The tuning method was tested for the second generation JPL/Boeing Post-resonator MEMS gyroscope using the measurement of the frequency response of the MEMS device in open-loop operation
Breaking up Romantic Relationships: Costs Experienced and Coping Strategies Deployed

This study examined differences between men and women, and between individuals experiencing rejection (Rejectees) and individuals doing the rejecting (Rejectors) in romantic relationship break-ups. We tested fourteen evolution-based predictions about romantic breakups using data from 193 participants; ten received support. Women more than men, for example, experienced costly sequelae such as the loss of a mate's physical protection and harmful post-breakup stalking by the ex-partner. Both men and women who were rejected, compared with those who did the rejecting, experienced more depression, loss of self-esteem, and rumination. Rejectors, on the other hand, experienced the reputational cost of being perceived by others as cruel. Exploratory data analyses revealed that women more than men reported experiencing negative emotions after a breakup, particularly feeling sad, confused, and scared. Both sexes used an array of strategies to cope with the breakup, ranging from high base-rate strategies such as disc...
Taking decisions seriously: young children's understanding of conventional truth.

Research suggests that young children may see a direct and one-way connection between facts about the world and epistemic mental states (e.g., belief). Conventions represent instances of active constructions of the mind that change facts about the world. As such, a mature understanding of convention would seem to present a strong challenge to children's simplified notions of epistemic relations. Three experiments assessed young children's abilities to track behavioral, representational, and truth aspects of conventions. In Experiment 1, 3- and 4-year-old children (N = 30) recognized that conventional stipulations would change people's behaviors. However, participants generally failed to understand how stipulations might affect representations. In Experiment 2, 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old children (N = 53) were asked to reason about the truth values of statements about pretenses and conventions. The two younger groups of children often confused the two types of states, whereas older children consistently judged that conventions, but not pretenses, changed reality. In Experiment 3, the same 3- and 5-year-olds (N = 42) participated in tasks assessing their understanding of representational diversity (e.g., false belief). In general, children's performance on false-belief and "false-convention" tasks did not differ, which suggests that conventions were understood as involving truth claims (as akin to beliefs about physical reality). Children's difficulties with the idea of conventional truth seems consistent with current accounts of developing theories of mind.
Structural and collaborative properties of team science networks

Team science is a collaborative approach to research, typically with researchers drawn from different disciplines. Team science networks have certain unique characteristics in their conception and intent that set them apart from other commonly studied social and collaboration networks. We study the structural properties, and present metrics for collaborative performance assessment in two real-world team science networks initiated by the Army Research Lab. We model a team using a higher-order generalization of an edge called a simplex. A simplex captures group relationships distinct from the union of pairwise relationships. Our evaluation using a rigorous methodology reveals that the distributions of vertex and facet degrees (the number of maximal groups that a vertex belongs to) follow a power law, but with exponential cut-off at the tail in most cases. We propose metrics for quantitatively assessing the extent of intra-team and extra-team collaborations, and compare their effectiveness vis-a-vis our intuitive notions. Our work can be used as the basis for generative models, and for evaluating the collaborative performance of team science networks.
Analysis and Design of a Reconfigurable Multimode Low-Noise Amplifier Utilizing a Multitap Transformer

This paper presents a reconfigurable multimode low-noise amplifier (LNA) capable of single-band, concurrent dual-band, and ultra-wideband operation. The multimode operation is realized by incorporating a switched multitap transformer into the input matching network of an inductively degenerated common source amplifier. The proposed LNA achieves single band matching at 2.8, 3.3, and 4.6 GHz; concurrent dual-band matching at 2.05 and 5.65 GHz; and ultra-wideband matching from 4.3 to 10.8 GHz. The power gain is 14.7-16.4 dB, noise figure is 1.9-4.7 dB, and third-order intermodulation intercept point is -2- + 0.4 dBm across all bands. The chip was fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS, and occupies an area of 1.04 × 0.7 mm2, and has a power dissipation of 6.4 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
The Storz C-MAC video laryngoscope: description of a new device, case report, and brief case series ☆

A new video laryngoscope and its early clinical application are presented. The device is a portable, battery operated video laryngoscope that resembles a standard Macintosh blade. The intubation technique is identical to conventional Macintosh laryngoscopy with the additional aid of a magnified video view.
Bad Data Identification When Using Phasor Measurements

Synchronized phasor measurements obtained by phasor measurement units (PMU) are rapidly populating power systems. Among the expected benefits of having these measurements are the potential improvements in the accuracy and reliability of state estimation. On the other hand, state estimation formulation will have to be modified when phasor measurements are incorporated due to two issues. One is related to the reference bus selection which is no longer needed when phasor measurements are present. The other is the numerical problems encountered during initialization if current phasor measurements exist. This paper presents a reference-free rectangular state estimation method to address both of these problems. Furthermore, it is also shown that bad data in any of the phasor measurements can be detected and identified provided certain redundancy re quirements are met. These requirements are illustrated using example systems and measurement configurations.
Children’s (in)ability to recover from garden paths in a verb-final language: Evidence for developing control in sentence processing

An eye-tracking study explored Korean-speaking adults' and 4- and 5-year-olds' ability to recover from misinterpretations of temporarily ambiguous phrases during spoken language comprehension. Eye movement and action data indicated that children, but not adults, had difficulty in recovering from these misinterpretations despite strong disambiguating evidence at the end of the sentence. These findings are notable for their striking similarities with findings from children parsing English; however, in those and other studies of English, children were found to be reluctant to use late-arriving syntactic evidence to override earlier verb-based cues to structure, whereas here Korean children were reluctant to use late-arriving verb-based cues to override earlier syntactic evidence. The findings implicate a general cross-linguistic pattern for parsing development in which late-developing cognitive control abilities mediate the recovery from so-called "garden path" sentences. Children's limited cognitive control prevents them from inhibiting misinterpretations even when the disambiguating evidence comes from highly informative verb information.
High Reynolds number flow past a flat plate with strong blowing

For the uniform flow past a semi-infinite flat plate subject to a blowing velocity profile equal to C(Uv/x),½ the conventional boundary-layer approximations break down as C approaches 0middot;6192. Here, we consider the structure of the flow for large Reynolds numbers R when C exceeds this critical value. It is shown that, for C > 0·6192, a region containing injected fluid O(R-1/3)) in thickness forms directly above the plate. To a first approximation the flow in this region is inviscid and the pressure a function of x only. This blowing region is separated from the free stream by a free shear boundary layer of thickness O(R-½). Thus the flow domain consists of three distinct regions which interact to yield a similarity solution valid for large values of Rx. This solution is then extended to higher order by expanding the stream function in each region in powers of (Rx)-1/3 and evaluating the first four terms in the resulting series using standard matching techniques. Finally, more general blowing profiles which also lead to boundary-layer ‘blow off’ are considered and an expression, valid far downstream of boundary-layer detachment, is derived for the position of the streamline separating the injected fluid from that of the free stream. For the case of uniform blowing the blowing region takes on the shape of a wedge, indicating that no solution can exist for the corresponding external flow if the plate is truly semi-infinite.
A VLSI architecture for hierarchical scene matching

Scene matching is the problem of matching regions of two images of the same scene taken by different sensors at different times or under different viewing conditions. Hierarchical scene matching generates a multiresolution pyramid of the images to be matched. The authors describe hierarchical scene matching technique, related work and their proposed VLSI architecture. They present a description of the three subsystems-pyramid generation block, exhaustive search block and template match block. Then they briefly describe the performance attainable with the proposed architecture which uses a large amount of parallelism and pipelining. >
Carbonate Platform Evolution in a Silurian Oceanic Island: A Case Study from Alaska's Alexander Terrane

ABSTRACT Silurian limestones exposed in the Alexander terrane of Alaska are the oldest carbonates of wide distribution in the region and represent the evolution of a shallow-marine platform in an island-arc setting during waning volcanism and the onset of orogenesis. Four main stages in carbonate platform development are recognized, beginning with calcareous turbidites that accumulated on a volcaniclastic ramp in a slope environment. Overlying deposits record the formation of a metazoan-dominated fringing reef and of backreef sites that were affected by cyclic changes in water depth and sedimentation patterns. Following the earliest effects of orogenesis and widespread progradation of conglomerates, small bioherms and biostromes grew in shallow subtidal settings on the rejuvenated platform. Co temporaneously, a consortium of microbial organisms associated with accessory metazoans, principally sphinctozoans, created a rimmed carbonate shelf with the construction of stromatolite reefs at the seaward edge of the platform. During platform drowning, downslope transport from the platform margin resulted in significant accumulations of reefal material as debris flows and slumps along a deep-marine slope. Carbonate sedimentation was terminated within the arc as a result of uplift, shoaling, and progradation of a clastic wedge during culminating phases of the Klakas progeny in the Late Silurian-Early Devonian. This island-arc suite is characterized by extraordinarily thick platform and periplatform carbonates, sequential evolution of fringing and barrier reefs, and patterns of faunal t rnover that differentiate these deposits from coeval carbonates that formed under different tectonic conditions. A model for carbonate deposition in island arcs, involving high rates of sediment accumulation, steep submarine slopes, crustal instability, and biogeographic isolation, contributes new data about carbonate platform development in tectonically active oceanic settings.
A study of dermatoglyphics in club foot

Background: Development of dermatoglyphics pattern is under genetic control and it is established that aetiology of club foot is partly environmental and partly genetic. So study of dermatoglyphics pattern in club foot patient may become a diagnostic tool to know the development & inheritance of this clinical disorder. Methods: A total of 42 male child aged b/w 1-8 year were included, for obtaining the palmar and finger tip print standard ink method suggested by Kilgariff was used, and each palmar and finger print were examined for important parameters like loops, whorls, arches, a-t-d angle, a-b ridge count and TFRC count. Then results were tabulated and analysed statistically. Results: Frequency of whorls increase in both hands significantly, frequency of arches and ulnar loops decrease significantly, frequency of radial loops increase in right hand and decrease in left hand but difference was not significant. TFRC count was reduced significantly and no significant difference was found in a-t-d angle and a-b ridge count. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics is a genetically determined reliable marker for detecting the incidence of club foot. Merely by identifying the dermatoglyphics pattern of couples with family history of club foot may be at risk of having their offspring affected, and they can be diagnosed early and preventive measures can be taken.
Solid-State NMR Fermi Contact and Dipolar Shifts in Organometallic Complexes and Metalloporphyrins

We have used density functional theory methods to investigate the solid-state “magic-angle” spinning (MAS) NMR and single-crystal NMR/ENDOR spectra of paramagnetic organometallic complexes and metalloporphyrins. The solid-state MAS NMR chemical shifts (including both diamagnetic and hyperfine contributions) are predicted with a slope of 1.007 and an R2 = 0.967, corresponding to a 28 ppm (or 6.3%) error over the entire 442 ppm range. Single-crystal ENDOR hyperfine values, including both isotropic Fermi contact and dipolar couplings, are predicted with a slope of 1.009 and an R2 = 0.998, corresponding to a 0.93 MHz (or 1.2%) error over the entire 78.37 MHz range. In addition, single-crystal NMR shifts (including both hyperfine terms) are predicted with an R2 = 0.961. The ability to compute solid-state MAS NMR and single-crystal NMR/ENDOR data should facilitate the use of these techniques in investigating paramagnetic metal complexes and should be of particular use in studying paramagnetic metalloproteins, w...
Delivering Teraflops: An Account of how Blue Gene was Brought to Life

The Blue Gene/L system at the Department of Energy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California is the world?s most powerful supercomputer. It has achieved groundbreaking performance in both standard benchmarks as well as real scientific applications. In that process, it has enabled new science that simply could not be done before. Blue Gene/L was developed by a relatively small team of dedicated scientists and engineers. This article is a personal account of how this was accomplished. It reports on the technical characteristics of the system that made it possible to build such a powerful supercomputer. It also reports on how teams across the world worked around the clock to accomplish this milestone of high-performance computing.
Sensitivity to Low-Dose/Low-LET Ionizing Radiation in Mammalian Cells Harboring Mutations in Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit C is Governed by Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract It has been hypothesized that ionizing radiation-induced disruptions in mitochondrial O2 metabolism lead to persistent heritable increases in steady-state levels of intracellular superoxide (O2•U+2212) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that contribute to the biological effects of radiation. Hamster fibroblasts (B9 cells) expressing a mutation in the gene coding for the mitochondrial electron transport chain protein succinate dehydrogenase subunit C (SDHC) demonstrate increases in steady-state levels of O2•− and H2O2. When B9 cells were exposed to low-dose/low-LET radiation (5–50 cGy), they displayed significantly increased clonogenic cell killing compared with parental cells. Clones derived from B9 cells overexpressing a wild-type human SDHC (T4, T8) demonstrated significantly increased surviving fractions after exposure to 5–50 cGy relative to B9 vector controls. In addition, pretreatment with polyethylene glycol-conjugated CuZn superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as adenoviral-mediated overexp...
Unawareness and indifference to economic reform among the public: evidence from India’s power sector reform

Although economic reform generates winners and losers, many people have no opinion whatsoever about it. Because most empirical research ignores these non-responses, the conventional wisdom on the determinants of support for economic reform ignores large groups of silent citizens. To correct this problem, we present a stylized model that accounts for support, opposition, indifference, and unawareness about reform. We argue that informed people and those who perceive the status quo as dysfunctional will form an opinion more readily than others. For evidence, we examine public opinion about electricity privatization from a large field survey in rural India. We find that information and perceived inefficiency have much larger effects on the likelihood of forming an opinion than on the direction of that opinion (yes or no), emphasizing the importance of accounting for opinion formation process. In this case, information and perceived inefficiency make reform a salient issue to a passive public, most of whom become vocal opponents of reform.
Selection of Appropriate Therapy: Valproate and Reproductive Function

The presentations and clinical courses of patients with bipolar disorder differ greatly by gender. In addition, medical therapy must be tailored differently for men and women because of emerging safety concerns unique to the female reproductive system. In November 2005, these topics were explored by a panel of experts in psychiatry, neurology, and reproductive health at a closed roundtable meeting in Dallas, Texas. This clinical information monograph summarizes the highlights of that meeting. Compared to men with bipolar disorder, women have more pervasive depressive symptoms and experience more major depressive episodes. They are also at higher risk for obesity and certain other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Mood changes across the menstrual cycle are common, although the severity, timing, and type of changes are variable. Bipolar disorder is frequently associated with menstrual abnormalities and ovarian dysfunction, including polycystic ovarian syndrome. Although some cases of menstrual disturbance precede the treatment of bipolar disorder, it is possible that valproate and/or antipsychotic treatment may play a contributory role in young women. Pregnancy does not protect against mood episodes in untreated women. Maintenance of euthymia during pregnancy is critical because relapse during this period strongly predicts a difficult postpartum course. Suspending therapy in the first months of pregnancy may be an option for some women with mild-to-moderate illness, or those with a long history of euthymia during pre-pregnancy treatment. However, a mood stabilizer should be reintroduced either in the later stages of pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. Preliminary data suggest that fetal exposure to some mood stabilizers may raise the risk of major congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental delays. For women planning to become pregnant, clinicians may consider switching to other drugs before conception. The value and drawbacks of breastfeeding during treatment must be considered in partnership with the patient, with close monitoring of nursing infants thereafter. The risks and benefits of medical treatment for women with bipolar disorder should be carefully reconsidered at each stage of their reproductive lives, with a flexible approach that is responsive to the changing needs of patients and their families.