cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of machine coils under fast front excitation using a non-uniform multiconductor transmission line approach

AC rotating machines are exposed to fast-front pulses when fed from frequency converters. This type of excitation produces dielectric stress in the machine's insulation system that can result in premature deterioration or even failure. A nonuniform transmission line model is described and applied in this paper to predict the transient voltage distribution in a machine coil under steep-fronted surge conditions. The non-uniform transmission line model is a function not only of frequency, but also of space to represent the variation of electrical parameters in the overhang and slot regions of the coil. These parameters are computed using the finite element method. The model allows the computation of transient overvoltages in a turn-by-turn basis. A test case is included to analyze the effect of different rise times of the excitation on the voltage distribution along the coil.
Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina: Implications for Targeting Diabetic Retinopathy

Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one of the key players in diabetes-mediating adverse effects to the neuronal and vascular components of the retina. Sustained inflammation induces biochemical and molecular changes, ultimately contributing to retinal complications and vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we describe changes involving metabolic abnormalities secondary to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and activation of transcription factors, together with neuroglial alterations in the diabetic retina. Changes in biochemical pathways and how they promote pathophysiologic developments involving proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules are discussed. Inflammation-mediated leukostasis, retinal ischemia, and neovascularization and their contribution to pathological and clinical stages leading to vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) are highlighted. In addition, potential treatment strategies involving fibrates, connexins, neuroprotectants, photobiomodulation, and anti-inflammatory agents against the development and progression of DR lesions are reviewed. The importance of appropriate animal models for testing novel strategies against DR lesions is discussed; in particular, a novel nonhuman primate model of DR and the suitability of rodent models are weighed. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the pathogenesis of DR and to summarize recent advances using novel approaches or targets to investigate and inhibit the retinopathy.
End-of-Life Experience of Children Undergoing Stem Cell Transplantation: Parent and Provider Perspectives and Patterns of Care.

Abstract Abstract 805 Background: As an intense therapy delivered with curative intent, with substantial risk for life-threatening toxicity, stem cell transplant (SCT) may uniquely impact the end-of-life (EOL) experience of children who undergo SCT but do not survive. Despite this, very little is known about the EOL experience of such children. Objective: To evaluate patterns of and parent and physician perspectives on EOL care for children after SCT. Methods: We evaluated parent and physician perspectives and patterns of EOL care via a retrospective, cross-sectional survey of 141 parents of children who died of cancer, and primarily received care at one of two tertiary care pediatric institutions (response rate 64%). Chart review provided additional information. Children for whom SCT was the last cancer therapy (n=31) were compared with those for whom it was not (non-SCT, n=110). Results: The SCT group included 22/31 (71%) allogeneic and 9/31 (29%) autologous SCT. The median (IQR) interval between last cancer treatment and death was 65 (30-127) days (SCT group) and 25 (8-59) days (non-SCT group) (p Table 1 ) and were more likely to have a primary goal of cure/life extension ( Table 2 ). SCT children were more likely to die from toxicity (RR 14.2, CI 6.4-31.6, p Table 1 . Parent and Physician Understanding of Prognosis: Duration of Recognition of No Realistic Chance for Cure * SCT Non-SCT P † Parents 4 (1-822) 83.5 (29-237) Physicians 15.5 (2-30) 84 (29-166) * Reported as median (inter-quartile range) number of days before death. † P values correspond to logistic regression models adjusting for time since death. Table 2 . Proportions of Parents and Physicians Reporting a Primary Goal of Cure/Life Extension A. Parents B. Physicians SCT Non-SCT P * Last cancer therapy 20/26 (77) 39/87 (45) 0.004 During end of life period 12/31 (39) 18/109 (17) 0.012 At time of death 9/29 (31) 5/103 (5) SCT Non-SCT P * In last month of life 23/29 (79) 31/103 (30) At time of death 5/28 (18) 5/106 (5) 0.02 * P values correspond to logistic regression models adjusting for time since death. Conclusions: SCT is associated with significant suffering and less opportunity to recognize and prepare for EOL. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with SCT and the shorter timeframes, children and families undergoing SCT may benefit from ongoing discussions regarding prognosis, goals and opportunities to maximize quality of life. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Susceptibility to MELAS Exacerbations in a POLG1 Mutation Carrier (P5.264)

BACKGROUND Respiratory chain disorders (RCDS) may result as a consequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects or nuclear DNA mutations affecting mtDNA. Nuclear-encoded DNA polymerase gamma is responsible for replicating mtDNA. Mutations in the catalytic subunit, encoded by the POLG1 gene, have been implicated in a wide spectrum of phenotypic RCDs. Case reports of POLG1 mutations manifesting with MELAS-like exacerbations exist in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe a case of a 46-year-old woman who presented with expressive aphasia, disorientation, and inappropriate laughter. She notably had a history of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and two stroke-like episodes in her 30s characterized by left hemiparesis. Over the preceding six months, she experienced rapidly progressive vision loss, headaches, and an episode of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Incidentally, she had undergone renal transplantation nine months earlier for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and was on immunosuppressive therapy with two calcineurin inhibitors—cyclosporine and tacrolimus—in succession. These were held on admission given suspicion for PRES. Serial MRIs revealed cortical temporo-parieto-occipital T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions with corresponding diffusion restriction that remitted and reappeared in new non-vascular distributions. Serum and CSF lactate and pyruvate were elevated, and a muscle biopsy indicated ragged red fibers, all of which supported a clinical diagnosis of MELAS. Exome sequencing ultimately revealed a novel heterozygous mutation in POLG1. Treatment with antipsychotics, initiated before establishing the diagnosis, resulted in no clinical improvement. Over the course of one month, off of calcineurin inhibitors and with the initiation of levocarnitine, the patient’s mental status and MRI lesions improved. DISCUSSION Calcineurin inhibitors have been demonstrated to impair mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes both in-vitro and in-vivo. In patients with genetic susceptibilities to RCDs, calcineurin inhibitors may trigger clinical exacerbations. This case illustrates the potential for MELAS exacerbations with calcineurin inhibitor use in a patient carrying a POLG1 mutation. Disclosure: Dr. Nadkarni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Restrepo has nothing to disclose.
Neurodegenerative disease: RNA repeats put a freeze on cells.

Droplet-like assemblies of RNA in cell nuclei are associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Experiments reveal that these assemblies become 'frozen' gels in cells, potentially explaining their toxicity. See Article p.243 Expansion in the length of certain trinucleotide sequences underlies several neurological diseases. The lengthened repeats are thought to make the RNA transcripts 'toxic', and at disease-associated lengths these RNAs form foci. Ankur Jain and Ron Vale find that the reason foci formation requires a particular length repeat is because at the disease length, the RNA undergoes a phase separation. This suggests that, similar to neurological diseases caused by protein aggregation, the gelation of RNAs may contribute to the pathology of trinucleotide-repeat diseases.
Device‐Measured Physical Activity As a Predictor of Disability in Mobility‐Limited Older Adults

Objectives To examine associations between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and incidence of major mobility disability (MMD) and persistent MMD (PMMD) in older adults in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study. Design Prospective cohort of individuals aged 65 and older undergoing structured PA intervention or health education. Setting The LIFE Study was a multicenter (eight sites) randomized controlled trial designed to compare the efficacy of a long-term structured PA intervention with that of a health education (HE) program in reducing the incidence of MMD in mobility-limited older adults. Participants LIFE Study participants (n = 1,590) had a mean age±standard deviation of 78.9 ± 5.2, low levels of PA, and measured mobility-relevant functional impairment at baseline. Measurements Activity data were collected using hip-worn 7-day accelerometers at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization to test for associations with incident MMD and PMMD (≥2 consecutive instances of MMD). Results At baseline, every 30 minutes spent being sedentary (<100 accelerometry counts per minute) was associated with higher rate of subsequent MMD (10%) and PMMD (11%) events. Every 500 steps taken was associated with lower rate of MMD (15%) and PMMD (18%). Similar associations were observed when fitting accelerometry-based PA as a time-dependent variable. Conclusion Accelerometry-based PA levels were strongly associated with MMD and PMMD events in older adults with limited mobility. These results support the importance of daily PA and lower amounts of sedentary time levels in this population and suggest that accelerometry may be a useful tool for assessing risk of mobility disability.
Some robustness assessments of Moran eigenvector spatial filtering

Abstract Moran eigenvector spatial filtering (MESF) is a novel methodology in the spatially varying coefficients tradition promoted in spatial statistics, quantitative geography, and statistical ecology that deals with spatial autocorrelation in georeferenced data. Its Moran Coefficient based estimators exhibit statistical properties of unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency. Evidence is accumulating that it also exhibits robustness, or good performance with georeferenced data drawn from not only normal, but also at least Poisson and binomial, probability distributions. This paper further explores this performance. In doing so, it addresses the sensitivity of MESF results to changing: (1) the employed spatial weights matrix specification for constructing MESF synthetic variates, in space, space–time, and spatial flows network structures; (2) the design of Monte Carlo simulation experiments; (3) cross-validation type imputation estimators; (4) the nature of embedded geographical dependence to include negative spatial autocorrelation (SA) components; and, (5) the SA index (e.g., the Geary Ratio) basis of eigenvector spatial filter (ESF) estimators. Empirical illustrations involve 2010 county resolution population density across the state of Texas.
Trion Model of Higher Brain Function: Prediction that Music Enhances Spatial-Temporal Reasoning

This chapter illustrates a general schematic diagram of the trion model of higher brain function. It considers a system of interacting cortical areas, each composed of interacting cortical column trion networks. The interactions between columns consist of connections between minicolumns with similar modalities, represented by shaded minicolumns. These intercolumnar connections between minicolumns are in general taken to be roughly an order of magnitude less than those in the same column. Furthermore, timescales are implemented in the model of higher brain function through periodicities of “neuromodulators” that control the firing threshold and the fluctuation parameter T of the cortical column networks in the trion model. The resulting spatial-temporal patterns represent the higher brain function of the internal language of the brain, that is, how it communicates with itself when performing higher cognitive processes. It is understood that one crucial role of these neuromodulators is to signal the importance or emotional content of an external situation that a person is experiencing
Moral Effects of Teaching Economics

Over the past two decades, dozens of studies have explored the relationship between exposure to economics and antisocial behavior. With a few exceptions, these studies find that economists and economics students are more likely to exhibit a range of “debased” moral behavior and attitudes, both in the controlled environment of the laboratory and in the outside world. This chapter presents a review of this research. It draws on the various studies to address the question of whether the found differences are due to a selection effect—that is, those with antisocial tendencies tend to study economics—or an indoctrination effect whereby exposure to economic theory causes antisocial behavior. The chapter suggests there is evidence that both effects play a role in explaining the debased behavior of economists and students of economics, and finally recommends that MBA programs institute course requirements in business ethics.
Reliability of the Barthel Index Outcome Measure Selected for the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trial

In October of 1990, the National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) launched a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, multicenter trial of tissue recombinant plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for acute stroke. Patients must present to a participating hospital quickly enough to receive intravenous rt-PA within 90 or 180 min after stroke onset. The two treatment tiers are balanced through randomization procedures so that equal numbers of patients are treated before 90 min and before 180 min after onset. The two time limits are necessary to extend the promising results of pilot rt-PA stroke studies, which used a 90 min time limit, to a longer enrollment window [1,2]. Patients with ischemic stroke in the carotid or vertebrobasilar territories are eligible, and the study is active in seven cities in the United States (see Appendix for list of investigators and sites).
Multimodality imaging characterization of FDG avid breast nodules with histopathological correlation

1011 Learning Objectives To demonstrate several FDG avid breast nodules found incidentally on PET/CT or in search of an unknown primary tumor of origin. To illustrate the clinical significance of these nodules using histopathological correlation. To offer possible management strategies for these incidentalomas. Nonspecific abnormal FDG uptake is often seen in the breast. Its detection sometimes presents a dilemma for the nuclear medicine physician in that the etiology for uptake is unclear and, therefore, so is the management. We present several cases of incidental 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the breast with mammographic, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlation. In particular, pathologically proven cases of melanoma within the breast, lymphoma in a male breast, occult breast primary in patients presenting with metastatic disease, and second breast primary in patient with prior history of radiation are shown. The clinical significance of these incidentalomas is illustrated using histopathology, biochemical tumor markers and immunohistchemical stains. Finally, we discuss possible management strategies based on clinical background and standard uptake values (SUV)
Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by Avian and Murine Retroviruses

Oncogenic retroviruses have made major contributions to cancer research since their discovery 100 years ago in chickens. Their close genetic interaction with hosts, due to the obligatory proviral integration into host genomes, has led to better understanding of mechanisms of nonviral oncogenesis as well. Some retroviruses, such as Rous sarcoma virus, have captured host genes and incorporated them into their genomes – a finding that led to the discovery of oncogenes and showed that cancer is a genetic disease. Comparisons of viral oncogenes and cellular protooncogenes revealed mutations and expression differences important for oncogenesis. Retroviruses lacking oncogenes, including avian leukosis virus and murine leukemia virus, can alter expression of host genes by insertional mutagenesis, supplying new transcriptional regulatory sequences. This discovery uncovered many new oncogenes and led to the first oncogenic microRNA, miR-155. Studies elucidating cooperativity between oncogenes have contributed to our understanding of cancer as a multistep process. A few types of retroviruses use viral structural or noncoding genes for oncogenesis. Others interact with endogenous retroviral sequences present in the host. Finally, since retroviruses are frequently used as gene therapy vectors, the potential role of the vectors in oncogenesis must be considered and weighed against the benefits of the intervention.
Metabolic abnormalities of erythrocytes in severe iron deficiency.

Severe iron deficiency was induced in rabbits by repeated phlebotomy and maintenance on an iron-deficient diet. Erythrocytes from these animals were studied at periods of 2-10 wk following the cessation of bloodletting and were found to have a shortened survival in vivo by the 51Cr technique. These cells were found to be more susceptible than normal cells to lysis during sterile 24-hr incubation in glucose-free balanced salt solution. The severely iron deficient erythrocyte also demonstrated an increased susceptibility to sulfhydryl inhibitors in vitro. Iron-deficient erythrocytes, despite their smaller volume, were found to have an impaired ability to filter through 5-µ Millipore filters. These studies suggest the following pathogenesis for the hemolysis seen in severe iron deficiency. The abnormal plasticity may lead to excessive trapping of these cells by the spleen and reticuloendothelial cells. Within this environment these metabolically abnormal cells are exposed to hostile conditions of stasis and glucose deprivation, which may then enhance their lysis.
ASP-PROLOG: Composition and Interoperation of Rules.

One of the main goals of the Semantic Web initiative [3] is to extend the current Web technology to allow for the development of intelligent agents, which can automatically and unambiguously process the information available on millions of web pages. It has been recognized very early in the development of the Semantic Web that rules are essential for the Web3 and for Semantic Web applications—e.g., description of semantic web services, rules interchange for e-business applications. The RuleML initiative is a response to the need of a shared rule markup language using XML markup, which has a precisely defined semantics and efficient implementations. In recent years, a significant amount of work has been devoted to develop knowledge representation languages suitable for the task and a variety of languages for rule markup has been proposed. The initial design [4] included a distinction (in terms of distinct DTDs) between reaction rules and derivation rules. The first type of rules is used for the encoding of event-condition-action (ECA) rules while the second is meant for the encoding of implicational/inference rules. Despite the fact that many different proposals for ECA rules encoding have appeared the work on ECA rules is still very vague. The most recent modularized description of RuleML [6] reports this area (indicated as PR RuleML in that document) as work in progress. The derivation rules component of the RuleML initiative has originated a family of languages.4, Datalog plays the role of a core language, with simplified versions (unary and binary Datalog) developed for combining RuleML with OWL (as in SWRL). Various sublanguages have been created to include features like explicit equality (e.g., fologeq), negation as failure (e.g., naffolog), and Hilog layers (e.g., hohornlog). Various authors [7] have argued that any realistic architecture for the Semantic Web must be based on various independent but interoperable languages, including logic programming languages with and without negation-as-failure. The need for these languages and their interaction have been discussed (e.g., [8, 7]). It is also of
Babur: Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, 1483–1530

This book is a concise biography of Babur, who founded the Timurid-Mughal Empire of South Asia. Based primarily on his autobiography and existential verse, it chronicles the life and career of a Central Asian, Turco-Mongol Muslim who, driven from his homeland by Uzbeks in 1504, ruled Kabul for two decades before invading 'Hindustan' in 1526. It offers a revealing portrait of Babur's Perso-Islamic culture, Timurid imperial ambition and turbulent emotional life. It is, above all, a humanistic portrait of an individual, who even as he triumphed in South Asia, suffered the regretful anguish of an exile who felt himself to be a stranger in a strange land.
Cortical dynamics during psychedelic and anesthetized states induced by ketamine.

Abstract Ketamine is a unique drug that has psychedelic and anesthetic properties in a dose-dependent manner. Recent studies have shown that ketamine anesthesia appears to maintain the spatiotemporal complexity of cortical activation evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation, while a psychedelic dose of ketamine is associated with increased spontaneous magnetoencephalographic signal diversity. However, a systematic investigation of the dose-dependent effects of ketamine on cortical complexity using the same modality is required. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the complexity level stabilizes or fluctuates over time for the duration of ketamine exposure. Here we investigated the spatiotemporal complexity of spontaneous high-density scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals in healthy volunteers during alterations of consciousness induced by both subanesthetic and anesthetic doses of ketamine. Given the fast transient spectral dynamics, especially during the gamma-burst pattern after loss of consciousness, we employed a method based on Hidden Markov modeling to classify the EEG signals into a discrete set of brain states that correlated with different behavioral states. We characterized the spatiotemporal complexity specific for each brain state as measured through the Lempel-Ziv complexity algorithm. After controlling for signal diversity due to spectral changes, we found that the subanesthetic dose of ketamine is associated with an elevated complexity level relative to baseline, while the brain activity following an anesthetic dose of ketamine is characterized by alternating low and high complexity levels until stabilizing at a high level comparable to that during baseline. Thus, spatiotemporal complexity associated with ketamine-induced state transitions has features of general anesthesia, normal consciousness, and altered states of consciousness. These results improve our understanding of the complex pharmacological, neurophysiological, and phenomenological properties of ketamine.
A simple restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to discriminate common Porphyra (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta) taxa from the Northwest Atlantic

The identification of Porphyra species hashistorically been difficult because of the lack of distinguishing morphologicaland ecological characters. We developed a restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism (RFLP) assay, based on inter-specific sequence variation inthe ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase largesubunit (rbcL) gene andrbcL-rbcS intergenic spacer, toprovide a simple and effective tool for screening and sorting large collectionsof Porphyra from the Northwest Atlantic. A singlerestriction digest (Hae III) discriminates betweenmultiplePorphyra species including one cryptic taxon; anadditionalenzyme (Hind III) was necessary to distinguish between theclosely related P. leucosticta and an introducedspecies P. yezoensis.
An inquiry into how parents of children with autism spectrum disorder interact with their children in a motor skill-based play setting

Abstract Background Most studies examining parental behaviors of parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children have taken place in free play settings and have primarily focused on examining social behaviors. Motor skill-based play settings, which are distinctly different from free play settings, have not been explicitly studied as it relates to parental behaviors in these environments. Aims The purpose of this study was to examine parental behaviors of parents of children with and without ASD in two distinctly different play settings. Methods Parental behaviors of eighteen parents of children with (n = 9) and without ASD (n = 9) were examined by observation in different play settings (free play [a social-play/traditional play based setting] and a motor skill-based play setting). The examined parental behaviors included parental encouragement, negativity, sensitivity, detachment, and intrusiveness. A 2 × 2 (group × play setting) repeated measures of ANOVA was conducted to examine the main effect of group (TD vs ASD) and play setting (a social-play based setting and a motor skill-based setting) and the interaction effect between group and play setting on parental behaviors. Post-hoc independent t-tests between groups in each setting were conducted to follow-up on significant interactions indicated in the repeated measures of ANOVA Results The repeated measures ANOVA revealed that parental encouragement showed a significant interaction effect, suggesting that the effect of group on parental encouragement depended on play setting. A post-hoc analysis revealed that parents of children with ASD showed statistically significant lower parental encouragement in a motor skill-based play setting but not in a social-play based setting compared to parents of TD children. Moreover, there was a main effect of group (parents of children with ASD vs. parents of TD children) on parental intrusiveness indicating that the mean parental intrusiveness on children with ASD was significantly higher than parents of TD children across both play settings. There were no statistically significant main or interaction effects on the other parental behaviors (parental negativity, sensitivity, and detachment) between groups. Conclusions and implications The current study indicated parental encouragement differences between parents of children with ASD and parents of TD children varied based on the play setting. These results identify a need to examine parental behaviors, especially parental encouragement and parental intrusiveness across various types of play settings. Furthermore, as parents of children with ASD displayed lower parental encouragement in a motor skill-based play setting compared to parents of TD children, future studies are warranted to improve parental encouragement of parents of children with ASD in a motor skill-based play setting.
Treatment Fidelity in School-Based Intervention

Treatment fidelity is generally defined as the degree to which an intervention is implemented as planned (Sanetti & Collier-Meek, 2015). It is also referred to as treatment integrity, intervention integrity, or procedural fidelity. As an umbrella term, treatment fidelity includes multiple dimensions (Sanetti & Kratochwill, 2009). Among these dimensions, three are widely agreed upon and have differentially predicted intervention outcomes: (a) adherence, what intervention components or steps were implemented; (b) quality, how well the intervention was delivered; and (c) exposure, how frequently or for how long the intervention was delivered (Sanetti & Kratochwill, 2009). All three dimensions are important, but adherence is often considered foundational, as quality and exposure are irrelevant if the intervention components or steps are not being implemented. Consider a classroom in which the teacher implements the Good Behavior Game (see Chap. 9). If the teacher implemented all components of the Good Behavior Game well, but only did so 2 days per week and interacted with students in a sarcastic manner, she may demonstrate adequate adherence, but inadequate quality and exposure. If the teacher implemented all of the components of the Good Behavior Game well, but only implemented them two times per week, she may demonstrate adequate adherence and quality, but inadequate exposure. If the teacher implemented all of the components of the Good Behavior Game daily, for the prescribed duration, but interacted with students in a sarcastic manner, she may demonstrate adequate adherence and exposure, but inadequate quality. If the teacher implemented most components of the Good Behavior Game well daily, but rarely delivered daily rewards, she may demonstrate inadequate adherence, but adequate exposure and quality.
Effects of High-Flow Transesophageal Dry Air on Core Temperature: A Novel Method of Therapeutic Hypothermia

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is one of the few proven neuroprotective modalities in clinical practice. However, current methods to achieve TH are suboptimal. We investigated a novel esophageal devi...
Impact of genome duplication on secondary metabolite composition in non-cultivated species: a systematic meta-analysis.

Background and aims Whole-genome duplication is known to influence ecological interactions and plant physiology; however, despite abundant case studies, much is still unknown about the typical impact of genome duplication on plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this study, we assessed the impact of polyploidy events on PSM characteristics in non-cultivated plants. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare composition and concentration of PSMs among closely related plant species or species complexes differing in ploidy level. Key results We assessed 53 studies that focus on PSMs among multiple cytotypes, of which only 14 studies compared concentration quantitatively among cytotypes. We found that whole-genome duplication can have a significant effect on PSM concentration; however, these effects are highly inconsistent. Conclusion Overall, there was no consistent effect of whole-genome duplication on PSM concentrations or profiles.
On Interim Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing in Learning Context

Interim assessment occurs throughout instruction to provide feedback about what students know and have achieved. Different from the current available cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive test...
Prolonged rock exhumation at the rims of kilometer-scale lunar craters

Fresh impact ejecta deposits on the lunar surface can be characterized as heterogeneous mixtures of boulders, cobbles, and fine-grained regolith that are deposited on the lunar surface during the i...
Introduction to Multi-Level Modeling

With the overview of classical linear regression and its model diagnostics in Chap. 1, we now have a good understanding of linear regression modeling and the associated assumptions that make a classical regression model valid. If data are clustered (i.e., in multi-level data), the independent assumption in classical linear regression is violated. In this situation, we need to have new regression modeling techniques. Therefore, this chapter is to introduce multi-level modeling with implementation in R to analyze multi-level data structures.
A crowdsourced consensus on supratotal resection versus gross total resection for anatomically distinct primary glioblastoma

BACKGROUND Gross total resection (GTR) of contrast-enhancing tumor is associated with increased survival in primary glioblastoma. Recently, there has been increasing interest in performing supratotal resections (SpTRs) for glioblastoma. OBJECTIVE To address the published results, which have varied in part due to lack of consensus on the definition and appropriate use of SpTR. METHODS A crowdsourcing approach was used to survey 21 neurosurgical oncologists representing 14 health systems nationwide. Participants were presented with 11 definitions of SpTR and asked to rate the appropriateness of each definition. Participants reviewed T1-weighed postcontrast and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery magnetic resonance imaging for 22 anatomically distinct glioblastomas. Participants were asked to assess the tumor location's eloquence, the perceived equipoise of enrolling patients in a randomized trial comparing gross total to SpTR, and their personal treatment plans. RESULTS Most neurosurgeons surveyed (n = 18, 85.7%) agree that GTR plus resection of some noncontrast enhancement is an appropriate definition for SpTR. Overall, moderate inter-rater agreement existed regarding eloquence, equipoise, and personal treatment plans. The 4 neurosurgeons who had performed >10 SpTRs for glioblastomas in the past year were more likely to recommend it as their treatment plan (P < .005). Cases were divided into 3 anatomically distinct groups based upon perceived eloquence. Anterior temporal and right frontal glioblastomas were considered the best randomization candidates. CONCLUSION We established a consensus definition for SpTR of glioblastoma and identified anatomically distinct locations deemed most amenable to SpTR. These results may be used to plan prospective trials investigating the potential clinical utility of SpTR for glioblastoma.
Forced Rayleigh Scattering in a Critical Binary Liquid Mixture

Extremely large and slow signals are found in a forced Rayleigh-scattering (FRS) experiment on a critical mixture of cyclohexane and methanol. They are interpreted in terms of a concentration grating which builds up under the influence of the FRS thermal grating because of the Soret effect. Coupling and decay time tend to diverge at the critical temperature.
Risk Factors for Potentially Harmful Informal Caregiver Behavior

Objectives: Caring for a sick or disabled relative has been linked to compromised caregiver health, and risk factors for negative caregiver outcomes have been studied extensively, but little attention has been given to care recipient and caregiver health as risk factors for potentially harmful behavior by informal caregivers. This article explores such risk factors. Design: Structured interviews from baseline assessment of the Family Relationships in Late Life Study. Setting: Three U.S. communities. Participants: Referred, volunteer sample of 265 caregiver/care recipient dyads. Caregivers were primarily responsible for care of an impaired, community-residing family member aged 60 and older and providing help with at least one activity of daily living (ADL) or two instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Measurements: Self-reported care recipient demographics, cognitive status, need for care, and self-rated health; self-reported caregiver demographics, cognitive status, amount of care provided, self-rated health, physical symptoms, and depression. Care recipient reports of potentially harmful caregiver behavior, including screaming and yelling, insulting or swearing, threatening to send to a nursing home, and withholding food, were the main outcome variable. Results: The following were significant risk factors for potentially harmful caregiver behavior: greater care recipient ADL/IADL needs (odds ratio (OR)=1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.03–1.22), spouse caregivers (vs others; OR=8.00, 95% CI=1.71–37.47), greater caregiver cognitive impairment (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.04–1.38), more caregiver physical symptoms (OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.01–1.13), and caregivers at risk for clinical depression (OR=3.47, 95% CI=1.58–7.62). Conclusion: Potentially harmful caregiver behavior is more likely in spouse caregiving situations and when care recipients have greater needs for care and caregivers are more cognitively impaired, have more physical symptoms, and are at risk for clinical depression. This risk profile is similar to that for negative caregiver outcomes.
L 1 adaptive control for bipedal robots with control Lyapunov function based quadratic programs

This paper presents an approach to apply L 1 adaptive control for output regulation in the presence of nonlinear uncertainty in underactuated hybrid systems with application to bipedal walking. The reference model is generated by control Lyapunov function based quadratic program (CLFQP) controller and is nonlinear. We evaluate our proposed control design on a model of RABBIT, a five-link planar bipedal robot. The result is the exponential stability of the robot with an unchanged rate of convergence under different levels of model uncertainty.
Choline kinase from brewers' yeast. Partial purification, properties, and kinetic mechanism.

Abstract Choline kinase was purified approximately 300-fold, in 5% yield, from an autolysate of dried brewers' yeast. A molecular weight of 67,000 was estimated using a Stokes radius of 33 A, as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. An s20,w of 4.8 S was obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Enzyme activity was diminished by sulfhydryl inhibitors and stabilized by the presence of magnesium ion. The Michaelis constant for ATP was 1.4 x 10-4 m. The Michaelis constant with respect to choline was 1.5 x 10-5 m at low choline concentrations; reciprocal plots at high choline concentrations were non-linear. Initial velocity and product and dead-end inhibitor studies were performed on the forward reaction and were consistent with a Random Bi-Bi mechanism for catalysis.
The Federal Home Loan Bank system

Abstract The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system issues bonds in order to obtain funds for savings and loan associations during periods of disintermediation. A question has arisen as to whether the FHLB actually causes additional disintermediation by its bond issues. Although this concern has been examined before statistically, with a connection found between FHLB borrowing and disintermediation, no explicit attention has been devoted to the possibility that such a statistical relationship may reflect a causality relationship in which disintermediation is the cause and FHLB borrowing the effect rather than the reverse. This study utilizes a simultaneous equation model and estimator to examine such two-way causality and finds it exists but that substantial disintermediation is caused by FHLB borrowing even after correcting for simultaneous equation bias.
CpG DNA Rescue from Anti-IgM-Induced WEHI-231 B Lymphoma Apoptosis via Modulation of IκBα and IκBβ and Sustained Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB/c-Rel

Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contexts in oligonucleotides (CpG DNA) rescue WEHI-231 cells from anti-IgM-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-IgM rapidly elevated the levels of NFκB p50/c-Rel heterodimers followed by a decline of p50/c-Rel heterodimers by 3 h and a concomitant increase of p50/p50 homodimers. In contrast, CpG DNA induced and maintained the levels of p50/c-Rel heterodimers in the presence or absence of anti-IgM, while control non-CpG DNA failed to induce NFκB activation. Anti-IgM induced IκBα degradation followed by increased IκBα protein levels. The levels of IκBβ were increased after anti-IgM treatment. In contrast, CpG DNA, but not non-CpG DNA, induced sustained IκBα and IκBβ degradation in the presence or absence of anti-IgM. Inhibition of IκB degradation blocked CpG DNA-induced NFκB activation and expression of c- myc . Prevention of NFκB activation by inhibiting IκB degradation also suppressed the ability of CpG DNA to rescue WEHI-231 cells from anti-IgM-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that CpG DNA-mediated sustained activation of NFκB depends on the degradation of IκBα and IκBβ and is required for the CpG DNA-mediated anti-apoptosis gene expression and the protection against anti-IgM-induced apoptosis of WEHI-231 cells.
Risk of dementia and death in the long-term follow-up of the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study–Cognition Study

Abstract Introduction Increasing life expectancy has resulted in a larger population of older individuals at risk of dementia. Methods The Cardiovascular Health Study–Cognition Study followed 532 participants from 1998–99 (mean age 79) to 2013 (mean age 93) for death and dementia. Results Risk of death was determined by extent of coronary artery calcium, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, brain natriuretic peptide, and white matter grade. Significant predictors of dementia were age, apolipoprotein-E4, vocabulary raw score, hippocampal volume, ventricular size, cognitive performance, and number of blocks walked. By 2013, 160 of 532 were alive, including 19 cognitively normal. Those with normal cognition had higher grade education, better cognition test scores, greater hippocampal volume, faster gait speed, and number of blocks walked as compared with survivors who were demented. Discussion Few survived free of dementia and disability. Prevention and delay of cognitive decline for this older population is an imperative.
Protecting Child Witnesses on the Witness Stand: The Law and the Role of the Forensic Social Worker in Criminal Proceedings

Forensic social workers are frequently called upon to testify regarding the use of protective measures for children who must testify about child abuse. The basic legal requirements for the use of witness protections were established 20 years ago, but recent years have seen important developments in this body of law. This article reviews the legal requirements for the use of child witness protections, including those recent developments, and provides guidance to forensic social workers in engaging in this work.
Discussion of ''Laboratory Study of Anchor Ice Growth'' by J. C. Doering, L. E. Bekeris, M. P. Morris, K. E. Dow, and W. C. Girling

As a student of anchor ice phenomena, I read the paper with great interest. Although anchor ice has long been recognized ~Barnes 1928!, the formation of anchor ice is still something of an enigma. Identification of relationships between easily measured flow characteristics and anchor ice phenomena would be a great boon to everyone who deals with anchor ice. The authors conducted a series of 12 laboratory flume experiments to search for such relationships. They conclude that their data suggests two such relationships: ~1! a relationship between the Froude number of the flow and anchor ice ‘‘growth,’’ and ~2! a relationship between the flow Reynolds number and anchor ice release. Based on the authors’ observations and data, I argue that both of these conclusions are flawed. The authors define the anchor ice growth rate as the increase of anchor ice thickness over time, expressed as millimeters per hour. They found that the most rapid anchor ice growth occurred at a Froude number of 0.27. Increasing anchor ice thickness over time would be a valid measure of growth if the anchor ice had the same density in every experiment. However, the authors note that ‘‘qualitative observations indicate that the density of anchor ice increases for increasing Froude number’’ ~p. 65!. Based on this observation, it would seem obvious that anchor ice growth cannot be defined by thickness alone. Instead, growth should be defined by the change in anchor ice mass, because the denser anchor ice seen in higher Froude number experiments must contain more ice ~i.e., greater masses of ice! than the ‘‘fluffy patches of anchor ice observed for a low Froude number run’’ ~p. 63!. The technique the authors used to determine anchor ice growth rates has a built-in inconsistency ~varying ice density! so any observed relationship is meaningless. The authors’ other major conclusion is that for Reynolds numbers less than approximately 42,000 anchor ice was released from the bed. However, it appears the authors made an error in calculating the Reynolds numbers. The authors’ data ~from their Table 1! on experiment number ~run!, water depth ~h!, current velocity (Ve), Reynolds number ~R! and anchor ice release are shown in Table 1. Also shown are my calculations for the Reynolds numbers (Rnew). I use h and Ve , from the authors, a density of 1,000 kg/m 3 , and a viscosity of 1.787 310 23 kg/~m/s! to calculate the Reynolds number. Based on a comparison of the authors’ and my calculated Reynolds numbers, it appears that the column containing the Reynolds number in the authors’ original paper somehow got
Effects of plane of nutrition and feed deprivation on insulin responses in dairy cattle during late gestation.

Abstract Nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 12) in late pregnancy were used to determine effects of plane of nutrition followed by feed deprivation on metabolic responses to insulin. Beginning 48 d before expected parturition, cows were fed to either a high plane (HP) or a low plane (LP) of nutrition (162 and 90% of calculated energy requirements, respectively). Cows were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test [GTT; 0.25 g of dextrose/kg of body weight (BW)] on d 14 of treatment and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC; 1 μg/kg of BW/h) on d 15. Following 24 h of feed removal, cows were subjected to a second GTT on d 17 and a second HEC on d 18 after 48 h of feed removal. During the feeding period, plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were higher for cows fed the LP diet compared with those fed the HP diet (163.6 vs. 73.1 μEq/L), whereas plasma insulin was higher for cows fed the HP diet during the feeding period (11.1 vs. 5.2 μIU/mL). Glucose areas under the curve during both GTT were higher for cows fed the LP diet than for those fed the HP diet (4,213 vs. 3,750 mg/dL × 60 min) and was higher during the GTT in the feed-deprived state (4,878 vs. 3,085 mg/dL × 60 min) than in the GTT during the fed state, suggesting slower clearance of glucose during negative energy balance either pre-or post-feed deprivation. This corresponded with a higher dextrose infusion rate during the fed-state HEC than during the feed-deprived-state HEC (203.3 vs. 90.1 mL/h). Plasma NEFA decreased at a faster rate following GTT during feed deprivation compared with that during the fed state (8.7 vs. 2.9%/min). Suppression of NEFA was highest for cows fed the HP diet during the GTT conducted during feed deprivation, and lowest for cows fed the HP diet during the fed-state GTT (68.6 vs. 50.3% decrease from basal). Plasma insulin responses to GTT were affected by feed deprivation such that cows had a much lower insulin response to GTT by 24 h after feed removal (995 vs. 3,957 μIU/mL × 60 min). During the fed-state HEC, circulating concentrations of NEFA were 21% below basal for cows fed the HP diet and 62% below basal for cows fed the LP diet; during feed deprivation, NEFA were 79 and 59% below basal for the HP and LP diets, respectively (diet × HEC). Cows that are fed below energy requirements or are feed deprived have slower clearance of glucose and greater NEFA responses to glucose challenge. Additionally, feed deprivation had a large effect on insulin secretion. Overall, effects of feed deprivation were larger than effects of plane of nutrition.