cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vertical distribution of Mars water vapor

Analysis of observations made from the Viking 1 Orbiter indicates that the water vapor over the Viking 1 landing site is uniformly mixed with the atmosphere and not concentrated near the surface. The analysis incorporates the effects of atmospheric scattering and explains why previous earth-based observations showed a strong diurnal variation in water content. It also explains the lack of an early morning fog and removes the necessity of daily exchange of large amounts of water between the surface and the atmosphere. A water vapor volume mixing ratio of 1.5 x 10 to the -4th is inferred for the Viking 1 site in late summer.
A case study in parallel scientific computing: the boundary element method on a distributed-memory multicomputer☆

The boundary element method is a widely-used discretization technique for solving boundary-value problems in engineering analysis. The solution of large problems by this method is limited by the storage and computational requirements for the generation and solution of large matrix systems resulting from the discretization. We discuss the implementation of these computations on the IBM SP-2 distributed-memory parallel computer, for applications involving the 3-D Laplace and Helmholtz equations.
High-frequency power MOSFETs fabricated using selectively deposited LPCVD tungsten

A novel high-density, high-frequency power MOSFET structure fabricated using selectively deposited LPCVD tungsten on gate polysilicon and source contact regions is reported. The gate-to-source isolation was provided by anisotropically etched phosphosilicate glass (PSG) spacers. Using this technology we have successfully fabricated 30 V power DMOSFETs with excellent high-frequency switching performance in terms of low specific on-state resistance Rsp = 0.5 mΩcm2, low specific input capacitance Csf = 43nF/cm2, and high switching speed: ton and toff < 2 ns. These results represent the first successful demonstration of complex device structures fabricated using LPCVD tungsten derived process technology.
Electron-phonon relaxation in pure metals and superconductors at very low temperatures.

The electron-phonon relaxation processes in pure metals and superconductors are considered at low temperatures when electrons interact with both longitudinal and transverse phonons. The screening of the electron-ion interaction is treated in a gauge-invariant form, so that both longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic fields are taken into consideration. The results obtained are applied to the analysis of the heating effect of the electron system. The interaction of electrons with transverse phonons increases the electron-phonon relaxation rate by a factor of {congruent}15 in comparison with the case when only longitudinal phonons are taken into consideration. The peculiarity of the screening effects in a superconductor leads to the conclusion that at low temperatures {ital T}{much lt}{Delta} transverse phonons do not participate in the electron-phonon relaxation processes.
Family Medicine Residency Program Directors Attitudes and Knowledge of Family Medicine CAM Competencies

Context Little is known about the incorporation of integrative medicine (IM) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into family medicine residency programs. Objective The Society for Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) approved a set of CAM/IM competencies for family medicine residencies. We hope to evaluate whether residency programs are implementing such competencies into their curriculum using an online survey tool. We also hope to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Residency Directors (RDs) on the CAM/IM competencies. Design A survey was distributed by the Council of Academic Family Medicine (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance to RDs via e-mail. The survey was distributed to 431 RDs. Of those who received it, 212 responded, giving a response rate of 49.1%. Questions assessed the knowledge and attitudes of CAM/IM competencies and incorporation of CAM/IM into the residency curriculum. Results Forty-five percent of RDs were aware of the competencies. In terms of RD attitudes, 58% reported that CAM/IM is an important component of residents' curriculum; yet, 60% report not having specific learning objectives for CAM/IM in their residency curriculum. Among all programs, barriers to CAM/IM implementation included time in residents' schedules (77%); faculty training (75%); access to CAM experts (43%); lack of reimbursement (43%); and financial resources (29%). Conclusions While many RDs are aware of the STFM CAM/IM competencies and acknowledge their role in residence education, there are many barriers that prevent residencies from implementing the STFM CAM/IM competencies.
Year in review: asthma.

The Yellow Zone Practice Parameter reviewed the evidence for home interventions for patients when they lose asthma control and enter the yellow zone in the “traffic light” model of asthma action plans.1 As pointed out in the parameter, patients often adjust their medications (with or without the advice of their physician) when faced with loss of control but, unfortunately, often do so inappropriately. The hope of the parameter is to offer evidence-based recommendations for patient-directed treatment changes. It is meant to create a partnership between the provider and the patient, empower patients to manage their asthma symptoms, and prevent patients from entering the red zone. Strong recommendations in the parameter include instructing patients to activate the yellow zone intervention plan early on when there is acute loss of asthma control and/or at the onset of an upper respiratory infection if this is a known trigger. Beyond the recommendationsmade in the Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma of a short-acting b-agonist use in the yellow zone, the practice parameter poses other treatments as options, including symptom-driven use of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with a concomitant b-agonist. The approach relies on “dynamic dosing,” which is the use of ICS with a reliever or “adjustable
Site and timing of first relapse in stage III melanoma patients: implications for follow-up guidelines.

Purpose Stage III melanoma is associated with a high risk of relapse and mortality. Nevertheless, follow-up guidelines have largely been empirical rather than evidence-based. Patients and Methods Clinical records of stage III patients with no evidence of disease seen at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between 1992 and 2004, who ultimately relapsed, were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate date of first relapse, time to first relapse, method of first relapse detection, and survival. We also determined overall 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) of all stage III patients seen at MSKCC during this period. Results The overall 5-year RFS for stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIIC patients was 63%, 32%, and 11%, respectively. Among relapsing patients, 340 had adequate follow-up to be evaluable for all parameters. Site of first relapse was local/in-transit (28%), regional nodal (21%), or systemic (51%). First relapses were detected by the patient or family, physician, or by screening radiologic tests in 47%,...
A rapid method for the detection of 90Sr contamination in 90Y

Abstract Yttrium-90, milked from its parent 90 Sr, may be tested rapidly and simply for the presence of 90 Sr contamination. After adding Y and Sr carriers, an aliquot is passed through a column of Dowex 1 × 10 in the hydroxyl form, and a portion of the effluent is evaporated to dryness and counted with and without absorber. Requiring less than 1 hr to perform, the method detects as little as 0·02 μc 90 Sr in 100 mc 90 Y. Larger aliquots can be used for even greater sensitivity. The mechanism of bonding the Y to the resin is shown to be via an yttrium-citrate complex. The performance of resins of other cross-linkages and in forms other than hydroxyl is discussed.
Multiple target tracking using products of position measurements

The continued development of the symmetric measurement equation (SME) filter for track maintenance in multiple target tracking (MTT) is considered, focusing on the case in which the SMEs are generated by forming sums of products of the original position measurements. The SME filter is developed for the case of N targets whose motions consist of random perturbations about constant-velocity trajectories. It is assumed that measurements of x-coordinate positions are available, and that the number of measurements is equal to the number of targets. Various analytical properties of the SME filter are studied. It is shown that under a very weak condition, the estimation error equation is locally exponentially stable. The performance of the SME filter is investigated by comparing it with an optimal (minimum-variance) estimator and by generating a computer simulation in the six-target case. >
Absence of a Causal Relationship between Auxin-Induced Growth and Changes in the Content of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids in Excised Plant Tissues

The data reported indicate that the oxidation-reduction balance of the ascorbic acid system is not causally related to the auxin-regulation of cell elongation. There was no shift in the ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) ratio with growth-promoting concentration of auxin in several plant tissues. The AA to DHA ratio was experimentally increased without altering the growth rate. Inhibition of growth by supra-optimal auxin was associated with a decrease in the AA to DHA ratio. Since the AA to DHA ratio was lowered by EDTA treatment without altering growth, it seems unlikely that the decrease in the AA to DHA ratio related to the inhibition of growth by high levels of auxin.
SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC COMPONENTS IN THE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF ESTRADIOL BY THE MALE RAT BRAIN IN VITRO

Summary The oxidative transformation of estradiol at the C-2 and C-4 positions in the male rat brain was studied by the transfer of 3 H into water from [2- 3 H]- and [4- 3 H]-estradiol. The nonenzymatic transformation at either site was linear with substrate concentration. The addition of pyridine nucleotide cofactors had no effect on the transformation at the C-4 site. The C-2 reaction was greatly enhanced by NADPH or NADH and exhibited the greatest velocity in the microsomal formation in the presence of NADH. The C-2 reaction exhibited saturation with respect to substrate and NADH with apparent K M of 1.82 μ M and 0.34 mM respectively and V max of 81.3–76.3 pmol/mg protein/60 min. The reaction at C-4 failed to exhibit substrate saturation up to 30 μ M. These data indicate that male rat brain estrogen hydroxylase is specific for the C-2 position, is NADH dependent and thus different from the corresponding liver enzyme. The reaction at C-4 in the brain tissues fails to exhibit enzymatic characteristics and the formation of 4-hydroxyestrogens in that tissue may be artifactual.
Gaseous actinometry measurements in a flashlamp-pumped pulsed chemical laser.

A method is described for applying the well-known technique of gaseous actinometry to determine the initial degree of fluorine dissociation in a flashlamp-pumped chemical laser system. The method is based on a model which takes into account multiple reflections and different path lengths for the incident light in a flashlamp-pumped chemical laser. The use of the method is illustrated with measurements made on a ∼2-liter pulsed chemical laser, and the results are compared with previously reported measurements using other techniques.
The differential effects of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide inhalation therapies upon anxiety symptoms under permissive and nonpermissive conditions.

This paper reports the results of an exploratory investigation of the differential effects of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide gas inhalation treatment upon patients with anxiety symptoms under permissive and nonpermissive conditions. Forty-eight psychoneurotic patients with anxiety were divided into four groups: (1) 26 patients received N2O followed by CO2 and (2) 22 patients received N2O alone. These groups were subdivided into (3) a permissive group of 27 patients who were permitted to talk with the therapist before and after the gas inhalation, and (4) a nonpermissive group of 21 patients who were not allowed a similar opportunity. All patients were rated for improvement in anxiety symptoms utilizing two raters and two different techniques of evaluation. More CO2 patients than N2O patients were rated improved by the two techniques of evaluation although this difference was not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference (reliable at the 1 per cent and 2 per cent levels of confidence) was found between the permissive and nonpermissive groups, with the permissive group showing the greater improvement. It is concluded that more intensive research with a greater number of subjects and better controls is indicated in order to provide more adequate understanding of the determinants of therapeutic improvement in the gas inhalation therapy of the psychoneuroses.
Seeing it through: Translational validation of new medical imaging modalities

Medical imaging is an invaluable tool for diagnosis, surgical guidance, and assessment of treatment efficacy. The Network for Translational Research (NTR) for Optical Imaging consists of four research groups working to “bridge the gap” between lab discovery and clinical use of fluorescence- and photoacoustic-based imaging devices used with imaging biomarkers. While the groups are using different modalities, all the groups face similar challenges when attempting to validate these systems for FDA approval and, ultimately, clinical use. Validation steps taken, as well as future needs, are described here. The group hopes to provide translational validation guidance for itself, as well as other researchers.
The Influence of Post‐mortem Glycolysis on Poultry Tenderness a

SUMMARY The minimization of post-mortem glycolysis by 1) subcutaneous injections of adrenaline, which eliminates muscle glycogen ante-mortem, 2) intravenous injections of sodium iodoacetate, which inhibits phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, or 3) rapid cooking, has resulted in poultry meat that is tender without aging. Since these treatments accelerate rigor mortis, the elimination of post-mortem glycolysis eliminates the toughening associated with an acceleration of rigor mortis in normal birds.
THE PREPARATIVE ISOLATION OF IMAGINAL DISCS FROM LARVAE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Imaginal discs of insccts have long been known to be embryonic Anlagen (1). Indeed, in Drosophila, the external structures in the head and thoracic regions, as well as some in the abdominal region, develop from imaginal discs (2). Discs develop normally when transplanted into larvae, and Schneider (3) has recently shown that eye discs develop normally and become pigmented in a defined medium. Thus, for the study of morphogenesis, imaginal discs offer a convenient tool. However, such studies have previously been hampered by the requirement for tedious manual dissection of discs. The present paper outlines a procedure for isolating large numbers of discs without dissection.
Ovarian characteristics, serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol, and fertility in lactating dairy cows in response to equine chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract We hypothesized that administration of eCG during the proestrous maturation phase of the preovulatory ovarian follicle would increase follicle size and serum estradiol concentrations. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of eCG administration on preovulatory ovarian follicle size and growth rate, serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone, estrual activity, posttreatment luteal activity, and pregnancy per AI. Lactating Holstein cows milked thrice daily were enrolled in a Presynch-Ovsynch timed AI program before the first AI. Cows (N = 128) in a single herd were given two doses of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) 14 days apart (Presynch), with the second dose 11 days before the onset of an Ovsynch protocol (treatment with GnRH 7 days before and 56 hours after PGF 2α , with AI 16 to 18 hours after the second GnRH treatment). Cows were assigned randomly to receive either saline or 400 IU eCG concurrent with PGF 2α treatment of the Ovsynch protocol (Day 0). Serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were assessed to determine if eCG would increase estrual activity, improve ovulatory response to GnRH, and enhance postovulatory luteal function. Compared with controls, treatment with eCG did not increase diameter or growth rate of the largest follicle during 48 hours after eCG, but tended (P = 0.09) to increase growth rate of the second largest follicle. Serum estradiol concentrations and estrual activity were not altered by eCG. Serum progesterone concentrations did not differ between treatments on Days 0, 2, 4, 9, or 16 after eCG treatment. Number of CL per cow on Days 9 and 16 after administration of eCG did not differ between treatments, but total luteal tissue volume tended (P = 0.06) to be greater on Day 16 for eCG-treated cows compared with controls. Pregnancy per AI at first service was similar between eCG (35.3%) and control cows (39.0%). We concluded that eCG treatment administered 3 days before insemination at the dose of 400 IU failed to increase follicle growth size and growth rate 48 hours after treatment, and did not enhance pregnancy outcomes in dairy cattle programmed for AI at first service.
Social transparency in networked information exchange: a theoretical framework

An emerging Internet trend is greater social transparency, such as the use of real names in social networking sites, feeds of friends' activities, traces of others' re-use of content, and visualizations of team interactions. Researchers lack a systematic way to conceptualize and evaluate social transparency. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for thinking about social transparency. This framework builds upon multiple streams of research, including prior work in CSCW on social translucence, awareness, and visual analytics, to describe three dimensions of online behavior that can be made transparent. Based on the framework, we consider the social inferences transparency supports and introduce a set of research questions about social transparency's implications for computer-supported collaborative work and information exchange.
Representations of U(3) in U(N)

Abstract An interactive FORTRAN code for determining the representations of U(3) that occur in a representation of U(N) is introduced. The U(N)→U(3) chain is the basic group structure of the isotropic oscillator in three dimensions. In particular, N = (n+1)(n+2)/2 is the degeneracy of the shell with n quanta per level. Since the oscillator potential is a good starting approximation for the self-consistent field that binds nucleons in the nucleus, motivation for the work comes from nuclear physics, and in particular, from studies of quadrupole collective phenomena in deformed nuclear systems. A PASCAL version of the program, which is simpler because the basic algorithm is a recursive one, is also available.
Evidence for an increase in X-ray-induced translocation frequency in oocytes of caffeine-treated Drosophila females.

Abstract 0–8 h old Drosophila females carrying a reversed metacentric X chromosome and a suitably marked Y chromosome were treated or not with 0.2% caffeine and irradiated with 2000 R X-rays. In contrast with the reduction found in translocation frequency following 2000 R irradiation of the male mated with 0.2% caffeine-treated females, the frequency of interchanges in oocytes was significantly higher with caffeine as compared with controls.
A Model Ensemble Assessment of the Enhancement of Arctic Warming by Sea Ice Retreat

Five global climate models are used to estimate the local enhancement of Arctic warming attributable to sea ice retreat in B2-scenario greenhouse simulations. The models show a wide range of ice retreat, resulting in a corresponding range in the enhancement of warming. The enhancement is highly seasonal, varying locally from essentially zero in the summer to several degrees (°C) in the late autumn and early winter. Its magnitude increases with the threshold decline in ice concentration used to define retreat because higher thresholds better isolate the warming enhancement signal over ice retreat areas. A threshold of 20% ensures that all models in this study have enough ice retreat area to sample the enhancement because all start with ice concentrations at least that high over substantial northern hemisphere areas. All estimates are lower bounds because they do not account for advective effects.
TU‐C‐304A‐04: Monte Carlo Based Multidetector CT Modeling and Dose Calculations for Pregnant Patients

Purpose: To model and validate the multidector CT (MDCT) scanner and to assess radiation dose to the fetus and pregnant patient in three different gestational periods. Method and Materials:Monte Carlo code, MCNPX, was used to simulate the x‐ray source including the energy spectrum, filter, and scan trajectory. Detailed CTscanner components were specified using an iterative trial‐and‐error procedure for a GE LightSpeed CTscanner. The scannermodel was validated by comparing simulated results against measured CTDI values and dose profiles reported in the literature. The source movement along the helical trajectory was simulated using the pitch of 0.9375 and 1.375, respectively. The validated scannermodel was then integrated with phantoms of a pregnant patient in three different gestational periods to calculate organ doses and fetal doses. Results: Comparison between simulated results and reported results in literature shows good agreement in terms of CTDI values as well as dose profiles. It was found that the dose to the fetus of the 3‐month pregnant patient phantom was 0.13 mGy/100mAs and 0.57 mGy/100mAs from the chest and kidney scan, respectively. For the chest scan of the 6‐month patient phantom and the 9‐month patient phantom, the fetal doses were 0.21 mGy/100mAs and 0.26 mGy/100mAs, respectively. All these scans were performed with protocols that did not contain the fetus directly in the x‐ray beam. The paper also discusses how these fetal dose values can be used to evaluate imaging procedures and to assess risk using recommendations of the report from AAPM Task Group 36. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the ability of modeling and validating MDCT scanner by Monte Carlo method, as well as rapidly and accurately assessing fetal dose and organ doses by combining the MDCT scannermodel and pregnant patient phantom.
Ultrasonic characterization of the effect of cold work and grain size in copper and 68:32 brass sheets

The effectiveness of ultrasonic velocity measurements was evaluated as a means for nondestructive characterization of cold-rolled copper and 68:32 brass sheets. An apparatus was designed to generate and receive the zeroth symmetrical mode of ultrasonic Lamb waves in thin copper and brass sheets. The effect of angular variations in propagation direction with respect to the rolling direction on the measured Lamb wave velocities is shown. Interpretation of the variations of ultrasonic Lamb wave velocity were related to deformation mechanisms and texture development in copper and 68:32 brass sheets. Results show that the grain size and cold work influence the velocity as well as the texture of copper and 68:32 brass sheets. Results indicate the possibility of using ultrasonic Lamb wave velocity as a tool to monitor elastic anisotropy.
Many-Body Approach to the Atomic Hyperfine Problem. I. Lithium-Atom Ground State

The Brueckner-Goldstone many-body perturbation method, previously utilized for calculations of atomic correlation energies and polarizabilities, has been extended to the study of the hyperfine structure. The correlation energy as well as the hyperfine coupling constant of the lithium atom are calculated and compared with the results of some earlier methods. The present method makes use of Feynman-like diagrams which facilitate the evaluation of the importance of various physical effects. Analysis of the hyperfine diagrams shows that the difference between the experimental and the Hartree-Fock values is mainly accounted for by spin polarization, although correlation effects are by no means negligible. Our result of 2.887 a. u. agrees very well with the experimental value of 2.9096 a. u. The excellent result for the total energy of -7.478 a. u., comparing with the corresponding experimental value of -7.47807 a. u., shows that the wave function is good over-all, as well as in the region near the nucleus.
Controlling mineralized tissue formation and distribution by osteoblasts photoencapsulated in PEG hydrogels

Encapsulation of osteoblasts in PEG hydrogels is attractive as a cell delivery vehicle to treat damaged or diseased bone due to the biocompatibility of the polymer carrier and its tailorable chemistry and degradation. Adhesive peptides (i.e., RGD) were tethered to the network and promoted both the attachment of osteoblasts and the production of mineralized tissue by osteoblasts photoencapsulated in the modified hydrogels. Degradable units (i.e., lactic or caproic acid) were added to the networks and used to control the spatial distribution of extracellular matrix in the hydrogels. Specifically, by using hydrogels with degradable units of varying hydrophobicity, and consequently, hydrolysis rates, a range of degradation properties was attained. After 12 weeks of in vivo implantation, collagen was distributed evenly through a copolymer network composed of both lactic and caproic acid (50:50), whereas collagen was limited to the pericellular region when only caproic acid was used as the degradable linker.
The Disappearance and Reappearance and Disappearance of the Player in Videogame Advertising

Throughout the short history of videogames the ways in which they have been advertised has changed dramatically. Although videogame advertising has yet to be adequately studied it played a key role in the constitution of and education of potential videogame players. While most modern videogame ads feature the games themselves, early videogame ads prominently featured the players as a tool not only for selling the new gadgets but also as a way of showing consumers how to use them. This paper will explore the ways in which videogame advertisements functioned to change the ways in which consumers thought about the home and the ways in which they could actively control the electronic media that made its way into the home.
The Value of Individual Processing Quota in the Alaska Red King Crab Fishery: A Preliminary Analysis

Abstract Preliminary estimates of the value of individual processing quota in the Bristol Bay red king crab fishery are presented. Implications for processor participation in the benefits of crab rationalization are examined. JEL Classification Codes: Q22, Q28, D61
Genetic Requirements for Homologous Recombination in Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus

It is known that baculovirus infection promotes high-frequency recombination between its genomes and plasmid DNA during the construction of recombinant viruses for foreign gene expression. However, little is known about the viral genes necessary to promote homologous recombination (HR). We developed an assay to identify viral genes that are necessary to stimulate HR. In this assay, we used two plasmids containing extensive sequence homology that yielded a visible and quantifiable phenotype if HR occurred. The plasmids contained the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) that was mutated at either the N or the C terminus and a viral origin of DNA replication. When the plasmids containing these mutant gfp genes were transfected into insect cells alone or together, few green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were observed, confirming that the host cell machinery alone was not able to promote high levels of HR. However, if viral DNA or viral genes involved in DNA replication were cotransfected into cells along with the mutant gfp-containing plasmids, a dramatic increase in GFP-positive cells was observed. The viral genes ie-1, ie-2, lef-7, and p35 were found to be important for efficient HR in the presence of all other DNA replication genes. However, ie-1 and ie-2 were sufficient to promote HR in the absence of other viral genes. Recombination substrates lacking a viral origin of replication had similar genetic requirements for recombination but were less dependent on ie-1. Interestingly, even though HR was stimulated by the presence of a viral origin of DNA replication, virally stimulated HR could proceed in the presence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor aphidicolin.
A NEW SPECIES OF RHAGOVELIA AND FIRST MEMBER OF THE ROBUSTA GROUP KNOWN FROM MEXICO (HETEROPTERA: VELIIDAE)

Abstract Rhagovelia nigranota n. sp., is described from southern Mexico, and represents the first species in the robusta group to be recorded from that country. Figures of the male and female dorsal habitus and male genitalic structures are provided, accompanied by a distribution map.
Ascending Sensory Pathways in the Cord White Matter

Clues about the function of the sensory pathways come both from clinical and from animal studies. The clinical evidence is of particular importance, since the human patients can provide a subjective report of alterations in their sensory experience, and objective tests of changes in reaction to particular sensory stimuli can be used to confirm the subjective information. The difficulty with clinical studies is that most disease processes do not produce sufficiently localized damage to allow the assignment of a particular deficit to the interruption of a particular neural pathway in an unambiguous fashion, even when postmortem examination is possible. Lesion studies in animals have the advantage of precision in the surgical interruption of specific neural structures and in the postmortem verification of the area damaged, but the role of an ascending pathway in sensory experience can be evaluated only indirectly. Two ways in which the effects of lesions in animals can be investigated are studies of behavioral changes that are produced by lesions and recordings of alterations in neuronal activity. The discussion to follow will consider the evidence concerning the sensory pathways that ascend in the dorsal columns, the dorsolateral fasciculus, and the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord.
Defect chemistry of singly and doubly doped ceria: correlation between ion transport and energetics.

Earlier studies have shown a strong correlation between the enthalpy of formation, ΔHf,ox, and the ionic conductivity, σi, near room temperature in doped ceria systems, which are promising solid electrolytes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The present work demonstrates that this correlation holds at the operating temperature of IT-SOFCs, 600–700 °C. Solid solutions of Ce1−xNdxO2−0.5x, Ce1−xSmxO2−0.5x, and Ce1−xSm0.5xNd0.5xO2−0.5x are studied. The ΔHf,ox at 702 °C is determined by considering the excess heat content between 25 and 702 °C combined with the value of ΔHf,ox at 25 °C. Both σi and ΔHf,ox show maxima at x=0.15 and 0.20 for the singly and doubly doped ceria, respectively, suggesting that the number of mobile oxygen vacancies in these solid solutions reaches a maximum near those compositions. An increase in temperature results in a shift of the maximum in both ΔHf,ox and σi towards higher concentrations. This shift results from a gradual increase in dissociation of the defect associates.
Ontogeny of functional design in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): Are motor patterns conserved during major morphological transformations?

The process of metamorphosis in tiger salamanders, Ambys- toma tigrinum, is used to investigate motor pattern conservatism in verte- brates. Specifically, we examined cranial muscle activity to determine if changes in the motor pattern are correlated with the morphological or environmental changes that occur at metamorphosis. Twenty-three variables were measured from electromyographic recordings from six cranial muscles in 13 tiger salamanders. These variables described the configuration of the motor pattern: the peak amplitude of activity, du- ration, relative onset, and time to peak amplitude were measured for each of the six muscles. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed that there was no change in the mean motor pattern associated with the morphological transformation at metamorphosis: larval and metamorphosed individuals feeding in the water have very similar motor patterns. This was true despite significant morphological changes in the design of the feeding mechanism at metamorphosis and despite a significant decrease in aquatic feeding performance following metamorphosis. There was a change in the mean motor pattern to jaw muscles when me- tamorphosed individuals fed in water and on land: metamorphosed terrestrial feedings tend to have longer bursts of muscle activity then do aquatic feedings. The environmental changes in the motor pattern cannot be attributed to effects of differing fluid density or viscosity between water and air and are instead related to the shift to feeding by tongue projection on land. The decrease in aquatic feeding performance that occurs after metamor- phosis is not correlated with changes in the motor pattern. Instead, the results suggest that changes in behavioral performance during ontogeny are asso- ciated with the transformation of hydrodynamic design of the feeding mech- anism from uni- to bidirectional, and that motor patterns driving complex rapid behaviors may be conserved when behavior is altered by changes in peripheral morphology.
A parameterization of respiration in frozen soils based on substrate availability

Abstract. Respiration in frozen soils is limited to thawed substrate within the thin water films surrounding soil particles. As temperatures decrease and the films become thinner, the available substrate also decreases, with respiration effectively ceasing at −8 °C. Traditional exponential scaling factors to model this effect do not account for substrate availability and do not work at the century to millennial timescales required to model the fate of the nearly 1100 Gt of carbon in permafrost regions. The exponential scaling factor produces a false, continuous loss of simulated permafrost carbon in the 20th century and biases in estimates of potential emissions as permafrost thaws in the future. Here we describe a new frozen biogeochemistry parameterization that separates the simulated carbon into frozen and thawed pools to represent the effects of substrate availability. We parameterized the liquid water fraction as a function of temperature based on observations and use this to transfer carbon between frozen pools and thawed carbon in the thin water films. The simulated volumetric water content (VWC) as a function of temperature is consistent with observed values and the simulated respiration fluxes as a function of temperature are consistent with results from incubation experiments. The amount of organic matter was the single largest influence on simulated VWC and respiration fluxes. Future versions of the parameterization should account for additional, non-linear effects of substrate diffusion in thin water films on simulated respiration. Controlling respiration in frozen soils based on substrate availability allows us to maintain a realistic permafrost carbon pool by eliminating the continuous loss caused by the original exponential scaling factors. The frozen biogeochemistry parameterization is a useful way to represent the effects of substrate availability on soil respiration in model applications that focus on century to millennial timescales in permafrost regions.
Exencephaly-anencephaly sequence: proof by ultrasound imaging and amniotic fluid cytology

We present and discuss major current theories about the developmental natural history of the anencephalic human fetus. We confirm previous observations made using transvaginal ultrasonography of exencephalic fetuses which were later imaged and/or delivered as anencephalic fetuses. We explore the possibility of proving the theory of the slowly rubbed-off exposed brain tissue by cytologic examination and special staining of aspirated cells in amniotic fluid. Three fetuses with a typical sonographic picture of exencephaly at 13-15 postmenstrual weeks underwent amniocentesis. The aspirated fluid contained pathognomonic neural cells. The same fetuses later showed the characteristic sonographic and postabortion picture of anencephaly. Our results support the theory that exencephaly is the forerunner of anencephaly.
Comparative susceptibility of European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, and sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Cry1Ab protein in a commercial Bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrid.

One field strain each of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner); southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar; and sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.); were collected from cornfields in northeastern Louisiana. Susceptibilities of the field strain and a corresponding laboratory strain of the three borer species to Cry1Ab protein in DK69-70 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn hybrid were determined by exposing neonates to intact leaf tissues from whorl stage plants or by feeding neonates or third instars on a meridic diet treated with different concentrations of Cry1Ab protein extracted from Bt corn leaves. Mortality and growth of larvae were evaluated after 2 and 4 d posttreatment in the bioassays by using intact leaf tissues or after 7 d in the bioassays by using diet incorporating Cry1Ab protein. D. saccharalis was the least susceptible species to Cry1Ab protein among the three species, followed by D. grandiosella, whereas O. nubilalis was most susceptible. The 2-d mortality of D. saccharalis neonates on intact Bt leaf tissues was lower than that of O. nubilalis and D. grandiosella. All neonates of O. nubilalis were killed on the diet treated with Cry1Ab protein at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. The mortality of D. grandiosella was >75% at 1 mg/kg, but it was <6% for D. saccharalis at 1 mg/kg. The LC50 values of D. saccharalis were 3- and 11-fold higher than those of D. grandiosella and O. nubilalis, respectively. The LC90 values of D. saccharalis were 8- and 32-fold higher than those of D. grandiosella and O. nubilalis, respectively. Larval growth of the three species on Cry1Ab-treated diet was inhibited, but the inhibition was greater for O. nubilalis and D. grandiosella than for D. saccharalis. The lower susceptibility of D. saccharalis to Cry1Ab protein suggests that it is necessary to verify if a high-dose Bt corn for O. nubilalis and D. grandiosella is also a high dose for D. saccharalis.
A Finite Mixtures Algorithm For Finding Classes In Images

The authors describe an algorithm for estimating the proportions of classes in a SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image without any user interaction. The method assumes that the image is a mixture of a known number of different pixel types. A maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters of the resulting mixture distribution is then used to find the proportions for the various classes. The technique was successfully applied to aircraft SAR images of sea ice. Computer simulations were used to determine the relative errors of the technique. The technique performs well even with extremely noisy images.
Model predictive control with linear models

This article discusses the existing linear model predictive control concepts in a unified theoretical framework based on a stabilizing, infinite horizon, linear quadratic regulator. In order to represent unstable as well as stable multivariable systems, the standard state-space formulation is used for the plant model. The incorporation of a nominally stabilizing constrained regulator eliminates the current requirement of tuning for nominal stability. Output feedback is addressed in the well-established framework of the linear quadratic state-estimation problem. This framework allows the flexibility to handle nonsquare systems, noisy inputs and outputs, and nonzero input, output, and state disturbances. This formulation subsumes the integral control schemes designed to remove steady-state offset currently in industrial use. The online implementation of the controller requires the solution of a standard quadratic program that is no more computationally intensive than existing algorithms.
Observations on the Mechanism of Emetine Poisoning of Myocardial Tissue

The effect of emetine hydrochloride on protein synthesis in rat myocardium was studied. Emetine inhibited incorporation of tritiated leucine into soluble proteins and actomyosin in an in vitro system using minced rat myocardium in a supporting medium. Fifty percent inhibition of incorporation of the isotope into soluble proteins and actomyosin occurred at an emetine concentration of 5 x 10-7 M. Incorporation was also significantly inhibited when animals were treated with emetine for three days. The data suggest that emetine toxicity in the myocardium may be mediated through its effects on protein biosynthesis.
Evaluating explicit and implicit routing for watershed hydro-ecological models of forest hydrology at the small catchment scale

This paper explores the behaviour and sensitivity of a watershed model used for simulating lateral soil water redistribution and runoff production. In applications such as modelling the effects of land-use change in small headwater catchments, interactions between soil moisture, runoff and ecological processes are important. Because climate, soil and canopy characteristics are spatially variable, both the pattern of soil moisture and the associated outflow must be represented in modelling these processes. This study compares implicit and explicit routing approaches to modelling the evolution of soil moisture pattern and spatially variable runoff production. It also addresses the implications of using different landscape partitioning strategies. This study presents the results of calibration and application of these different routing and landscape partitioning approaches on a 60 ha forested watershed in Western Oregon. For comparison, the different approaches are incorporated into a physically based hydro-ecological model, RHESSys, and the resulting simulated soil moisture, runoff production and sensitivity to unbiased error are examined. Results illustrate that both routing approaches can be calibrated to achieve a reasonable fit between observed and modelled outflow. Calibrated values for effective watershed hydraulic conductivity are higher for the explicit routing approach, which illustrates differences between the two routing approaches in their representation of internal watershed dynamics. The explicit approach illustrates a seasonal shift in drainage organization from watershed to more local control as climate goes from a winter wet to a summer dry period. Assumptions used in the implicit approach maintain the same pattern of drainage organization throughout the season. The implicit approach is also more sensitive to random error in soil and topographic input information, particularly during wetter periods. Comparison between the two routing approaches illustrates the advantage of the explicit routing approach, although the loss of computational efficiency associated with the explicit routing approach is noted. To compare different strategies for partitioning the landscape, the use of a non-grid-based method of partitioning is introduced and shown to be comparable to grid-based partitioning in terms of simulated soil moisture and runoff production. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal thickness for Si interlayer as diffusion barrier at the Si3N4/GaAs interface: A transmission electron microscopy study

Using transmission electron microscopy, we investigate Si3N4 grown in situ on GaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) device structures with a Si interlayer, which has been previously shown to improve the electrical properties of field-effect transistors with Si3N4 gates on GaAs. We find that the primary role of the Si interlayer is to prevent the reaction between the nitride or nitrogen used for growth and GaAs. The interlayer thickness dependence of this microstructure, and its relationship to electrical properties, are discussed. The optimal thickness of the thin pseudomorphic Si interlayer appears to be around 0.4 nm. The growth temperature dependence of the critical thickness for morphological instability is demonstrated.
The red envelope and the age of the universe

The photometric evolution of old stellar populations is slow in the optical/IR. Consequently, observational error is a strongly limiting factor in the accuracy possible for determining galaxy ages or estimating q 0 at high redshifts from indices such as the 4000 A Break. Existing observations of the red envelope at z ≳ 0.3 are consistent with a wide range of evolutionary histories. The middle-UV spectral region, λrest = 2000–3300 A, appears to promise less ambiguous results.
A formal type-centric framework for verification and resource allocation in pervasive Sense-and-Respond systems

A shared Sense-and-Respond infrastructure that is embedded into a physical environment requires considerable run-time support to facilitate the dynamic dispatch and execution of new service instances. Such an infrastructure must also be able to statically analyze new services in order to verify their safety and derive their specific resource requirements (i.e., prior to dispatch). Toward this goal we have developed a multi-dimensional type system for our pervasive sensory service composition language; this formalism extracts implicit constraints from service instances to verify an expanded notion of type safety. While our formal system is rigorous, it is light-weight and essentially transparent to a service programmer. The type-system automatically infers data types that are annotated with a vector of type specific attributes and uses these annotations to establish and verify a range of resource constraints (bounds for computation and memory usage, camera resolution requirements, etc.). In this paper we present an overview of our formal methodology, provide concrete examples of how these formalisms are used in practice (through service logic examples and derived constraint sets) and discuss the details of our implementation.
Branneria bonoculus, n. sp., a second species in the North American milliped family Branneriidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea)

Branneria bonoculus, n. sp., is described from southwestern Arkansas (USA) as the second species in its genus and family. Some misinterpretations of branneriid gonopods are corrected, and the composition of the superfamily Brannerioidea is briefly discussed. New figures of the gonopods of Branneria carinata (Bollman) are presented.