cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Electric Company: Selected Applications of Ceramics and Composite Materials

The General Electric Company (GE) is a global technology company involved in a broad range of businesses relying heavily on advanced materials and manufacturing technologies. This chapter focuses on three advanced technologies: (i) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), a revolutionary materials technology for aircraft engines and industrial gas turbines, (ii) polymer matrix composite (PMC) fan blades for aircraft engines, primarily for weight reduction, and (iii) NaMx batteries that rely very heavily on ceramics for their efficient operation.
The Effect of Vigorous- Versus Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Insulin Action

Due to the beneficial effects on a wide range of modern medical conditions, most professional societies recommend regular aerobic exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle. Many of the exercise-related health benefits exhibit a dose-response relationship: Up to a point, more exercise is more beneficial. However, recent studies have suggested that different exercise intensities may provide distinct health benefits, independent of energy expenditure (i.e., exercise dose). One of these benefits, primarily mediated by the skeletal muscle, is exercise-related changes in insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Glucose uptake in the exercising muscle occurs through insulin-independent mechanisms whose downstream signaling events ultimately converge with insulin-signaling pathways, a fact that may explain why exercise and insulin have additive effect on skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Although the existing evidence is somewhat conflicting, well-controlled randomized studies suggest that, when controlled for total energy expenditure, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity more than vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise. The mechanisms underlying this difference are largely unknown. One possible explanation involves enhanced metabolism of fatty acid stores in the skeletal muscle by moderate-intensity exercise, which may directly improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, new technologic and physiologic investigative tools are beginning to shed light on the biology. Further understanding of these mechanisms will lead to better understanding of the clinical implications of a healthy lifestyle and may ultimately offer new therapeutic targets for common medical conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.
‘A Most Gruesome Sight’: Colonial Warfare, Racial Thought, and the Question of ‘Radicalization’ during the First World War in German South-West Africa (Namibia): ‘A MOST GRUESOME SIGHT’

This article examines an episode of German military violence against civilians during the First World War in Namibia (formerly German South-West Africa). Placing the violence against the Rehoboth Baster community in April–May 1915 within a longer history of German and other European colonial violence on the African continent, I argue that the tactics employed by the German military in Rehoboth – namely, collective punishment, destruction of property, and the refusal to distinguish ‘civilians’ from fighters – were normal and practised forms of warfare for European armies facing African communities that challenged colonial powers. With this in mind, I question the geographical scope of the ‘radicalization’ concept – the debated idea of the First World War as a turning point in a world history of violence against civilians, when new tactics and ideologies of warfare ushered in an unprecedented breakdown of distinctions drawn by armies between enemy ‘civilians’ and ‘combatants’. The Rehoboth case provides an opportunity to explore the relationship of racial thought to the management and execution of violence during the First World War, at the level of complex local colonial entanglements.
Exploring sensitivity & throughput of a parallel flow SPRi biosensor for characterization of antibody-antigen interaction

Rapid growth in the field of biotherapeutics has led to an increased demand for high-throughput, label-free biosensors exhibiting high sensitivity. To support the current needs, Sierra Sensors introduced a surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) based biosensor, Molecular Affinity Screening System (MASS-1). We assessed the potential utility of MASS-1 to support Regeneron's therapeutic antibody discovery. A large panel of antibody-antigen interactions was characterized using MASS-1 and the kinetic data were compared with the Biacore 4000 biosensor. Less than 10% deviation in the binding rate constants measured across eight flow channels of MASS-1 was observed. The single injection cycle kinetic assay allowed rapid measurement of binding rate constants for antibody-antigen interactions. MASS-1 sensitivity was independent of protein immobilization level and kinetic analysis performed using ultra-low density mAb surfaces allowed characterization of picomolar affinity interactions without mass transport limitation. High-throughput characterization of a panel of 189 monoclonal antibodies to 13 different antigens with molecular weights ranging from 14kD to 105kD revealed that binding kinetic parameters measured on MASS-1 were comparable to those measured on Biacore 4000. Our data demonstrate that MASS-1 measures reliable binding kinetic parameters and has an appropriate combination of throughput and sensitivity to support discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies.
Energy Storage Considerations for High Renewable Power Penetration: A Case Study

A simple model for high penetration wind and solar for the MISO region of North America is used to study the effects of geographical diversity, source diversity, and over-generation on storage capacity requirements. Combining wind and solar generation over a wide geographical region significantly reduces the storage requirements. Further substantial reduction occurs using over-generation of wind and solar and allowing a modest energy deficit to be made up by dispatchable sources. Based on a simple model we found that for 95% of the load energy supplied by wind and solar (with the other 5% supplied by other dispatchable sources) with approximately 10% over-generation approximately 1 day of storage of the average load energy per year of storage is required for energy balance. A simple model to estimate total capital costs is minimized for approximately 15–20% over-generation.
The role of preoperative high resolution manometry in predicting dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication

Laparoscopic fundoplication is an accepted surgical management of refractory gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The use of high resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) in preoperative evaluation is often applied to determine the degree of fundoplication to optimize reflux control while minimizing adverse sequela of postoperative dysphagia. Assess the role of preoperative HRM in predicting surgical outcomes, specifically risk assessment of postoperative dysphagia and quality of life, among patients receiving laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for GERD with immediate postoperative (< 4 weeks clinic), short-term (3-month clinic), and long-term (34 ± 10.4 months of telephone) follow-up. Retrospective analysis of 146 patients over the age of 18 who received laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication at University of Vermont Medical Center from July 1, 2011 through December 31, 2014 was completed, of which 52 patients with preoperative HRM met inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included history of: (a) named esophageal motility disorder or aperistalsis; (b) esophageal cancer; (c) paraesophageal hernia noted intraoperatively. Elevated basal integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), which is the mean of 4 s of maximal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation within 10 s of swallowing, was significantly correlated with worsened severity of post-fundoplication dysphagia (r = 0.572, p < 0.0001 with sensitivity and NPV of 100%) and poorer quality of life (r = 0.348, p = 0.018) at up to 3-years follow-up. The presence of preoperative dysphagia was independently related to post-fundoplication dysphagia at short-term (r = 0.403, p = 0.018) and long-term follow-up (r = 0.415, p = 0.005). Also, both elevated mean wave amplitude (r=-0.397, p = 0.006) and distal contractile integral (DCI) (r = − 0.294, p = 0.047) were significantly, inversely correlated to post-Nissen dysphagia. No significant association was demonstrated between other preoperative HRM parameters and surgical outcomes. Inadequacy of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation with swallowing as delineated by elevated IRP is significantly predictive of worse long-term postoperative outcomes including dysphagia and quality of life scores. Further assessment of tailoring anti-reflux surgical approach with partial vs. total fundoplication to functionally resistant LES is required.
A new model for open-pit production and waste-dump scheduling

An open-pit mine schedule defines the optimal sequence of mining valuable (ore) and waste material with the objective of maximizing the value of the project. Given this production schedule, a waste...
Re-producing Economic Inequality Across the US-Mexican Border

This chapter finds that neighborhood poverty reduces people’s buying power and thus undercuts the performance of the small shops owned by Mexican immigrants. As this result proves important across all chapters, it illuminates one of the mechanisms by which neighborhoods are powerful stratifying forces. A second finding of the chapter is that some families informally endow their offspring with an entrepreneurial disposition and later, as adult emigrants, those so endowed capitalize on and capture returns from their entrepreneurial cultural capital. This suggests that small socio-economic differences structured by the pre-migration class experiences of migrants, even those with low levels of education, can yield returns in the right US neighborhood context.
The median age technique for assessing currency of consumer health information monographic collections in public libraries.

To provide the highest-quality information to library users with health-related queries, consumer health information (CHI) collections in public libraries should be current. As one author notes, “medical information is constantly changing. What was an accepted therapy last month may not be the best therapy this month” [1]. However, efficiencies in CHI collection currency may not be readily apparent to library users; for example, some users may not look at the copyright date and to decide if a title is useable [2]. Studies show that consumer health information (CHI) ranks high in topics of interests to the public [3]. People seek consumer health information from various sources and public libraries are an important place for them to get this information [4]. Public libraries have monographic CHI collections available for use by library patrons and also employ rich health-related online resources such as MedlinePlus [5] to provide up-to-date information to such users. The literature shows many library collection evaluation methods, such as checking lists of standard bibliographies and use studies [6]; however, measuring currency is key in the evaluation of CHI collections. Baker and Manbeck asserted that the first purpose for the evaluation of CHI books is to “ensure the library has most up-to-date books on a topic” and that “for medical, nursing, or lay-oriented books dealing with diagnosis, therapies and drugs, the copyright date must not be older than two years” [1]. Beyond this type of broad commentary, the literature seems to be lacking other benchmarks or recommendations for the currency of the CHI collections in public libraries. The age of library collections is influenced by a number of factors including funding, acquisitions policies, and weeding practices. The acquisition of new materials and weeding of older titles can improve the collection currency. Weeding practices in public libraries vary [7], but for each library, the well-planned replacement of library materials can help to improve the currency of collections; the Public Library of Des Moines, for example, reported a median age target of five years and found that this goal required replacing approximately ten per cent of the collection annually [8]. The literature shows examining median age of library collections by using the library system's electronic records as one strategy for evaluating collection currency and identifying items for potential weeding or replacement [9]. Truck noted that measuring by median age instead of average age could reduce the influence of older important titles in the collection on the overall age measurement of the collection [8]. This study explored the utility of the median age measurement methodology for evaluating the currency of the CHI monographic collections in a county public library system.
Interpretation and Quantification of Penile Blood Flow Studies Using Duplex Ultrasonography

AbstractDuplex ultrasound scanning of the penis combined with intracorporeal pharmacological stimulation of an erection provides an accurate, relatively noninvasive functional assessment of cavernous artery blood flow. Various criteria described for normal have been based on either blood flow velocity alone or the combination of blood flow velocity and arterial dilatation of each cavernous artery. Unfortunately, less than 20% of impotent men have classical arterial anatomy and the aforementioned normal criteria do not take into account the various possible anatomical and acquired anomalies that can exist. In addition, the multiplicity of parameters used to describe normal are cumbersome to use for patient comparison and statistical analysis.In this study, 4 indexes were developed to express the results of a duplex ultrasound penile blood flow study and they were tested in an impotent population comprised of 75 men with arterial disease and 33 men with impotence due to neurogenic or psychogenic causes. A s...
Enhanced Sensitivity of Patient-Derived Pediatric High-Grade Brain Tumor Xenografts to Oncolytic HSV-1 Virotherapy Correlates with Nectin-1 Expression

Pediatric high-grade brain tumors and adult glioblastoma are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) is a promising approach to target brain tumors; oHSV G207 and M032 (encodes human interleukin-12) are currently in phase I clinical trials in children with malignant supratentorial brain tumors and adults with glioblastoma, respectively. We sought to compare the sensitivity of patient-derived pediatric malignant brain tumor and adult glioblastoma xenografts to these clinically-relevant oHSV. In so doing we found that pediatric brain tumors were more sensitive to the viruses and expressed significantly more nectin-1 (CD111) than adult glioblastoma. Pediatric embryonal and glial tumors were 74-fold and 14-fold more sensitive to M002 and 16-fold and 6-fold more sensitive to G207 than adult glioblastoma, respectively. Of note, pediatric embryonal tumors were more sensitive than glial tumors. Differences in sensitivity may be due in part to nectin-1 expression, which predicted responses to the viruses. Treatment with oHSV resulted in prolonged survival in both pediatric and adult intracranial patient-dervied tumor xenograft models. Our results suggest that pediatric brain tumors are ideal targets for oHSV and that brain tumor expression of nectin-1 may be a useful biomarker to predict patient response to oHSV.
Solving More ‘Calculus-Based’ Physics Problems with Trigonometry

In a recent submission to The Physics Teacher, we related how trigonometric identities can be used to find the extremes of several functions in order to solve some standard physics problems that would usually be considered to require calculus. In this work, the functions to be examined are polynomials, which suggests the utilization of the multiple angle identities. Please note that an arrow indicates a step in which quantities irrelevant to the extremization process are simply dropped; as examples, adding a constant term to a function doesn’t change the domain positions of its extremes, nor does rescaling it by a positive factor. Rescaling by a negative factor of course exchanges its maximums and minimums.
Confusion and nutritional backlash from news media exposure to contradictory information about carbohydrates and dietary fats.

Objective To test the effect of news media exposure to contradictory information about carbohydrates and dietary fats on levels of confusion, nutritional backlash and dietary intentions. Design We conducted an online survey experiment between 11 and 28 February 2018, randomizing participants to one of six experimental conditions. Two 'contradictory information' conditions asked participants to read one news article on the risks of a low-carbohydrate diet and one article on the risks of a low-fat diet. Two 'convergent information' conditions asked participants to read two articles with similar information on the risks of one of these two diets. A fifth 'established health recommendations' control condition asked participants to read two articles on the harms of smoking and sun exposure. A sixth 'no information' condition served as a second control group. We used general linear models to test hypotheses on the effects of exposure on confusion, nutritional backlash and dietary intentions. Setting USA. Participants Adults (n 901) registered with Amazon's Mechanical Turk (M-Turk). Results Exposure to contradictory information about carbohydrates and dietary fats increased confusion and nutritional backlash compared with exposure to established health recommendations for non-dietary behaviours and a no-exposure control. Exposure to contradictory information also increased confusion compared with exposure to consistent nutrition information regarding carbohydrates and dietary fats. Conclusions Contradictory nutrition information in the news media can negatively affect consumers' attitudes, beliefs and behavioural intentions. Dietary debates that play out in the media may adversely influence both short-term dietary decisions and future efforts to communicate about unrelated nutrition issues.
Effect of Sport-Specific Constraints on Aerobic Capacity in High School Field Hockey Players.

Roberts, AH, Walden, AJ, Carter, KA, and Symons, TB. Effect of sport-specific constraints on aerobic capacity in high school field hockey players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Many sports require the use of a mouth guard (MG) and carrying an object during play. Research has shown that individually these conditions can cause performance decrements; however, no research has been conducted into the effect of combining both mouth guard and stick with adolescent female field hockey players. This study aimed to determine the effects of MG and stick (STK) use on estimated aerobic capacity over the course of a season long training and competition period. Thirty-eight female high school field hockey players were separated into 2 groups: experimental (EXP-all training with MG-STK) or control (CTL-all training without MG-STK). Aerobic capacity was estimated using a multi-stage fitness test. Field hockey specific training prescribed by coaching staff was performed throughout the study, with testing at pre-, mid- and post-season. Subjects performed 2 sets of testing at each time point, first without MG-STK (WOMG-STK) and then with MG-STK. No main effect was observed in aerobic capacity estimations between groups; however, MG-STK testing reduced estimated aerobic capacity at each time point, regardless of the group (WOMG-STK: 37.4 ± 6. mL·kg·min vs. MG-STK: 33.2 ± 4. mL·kg·min; p < 0.01). Chronic use of MG-STK does not seem to negatively impact estimates of aerobic capacity over the course of a season in high school field hockey players. Therefore, players should be encouraged to use MGs during all training sessions as it increases safety and familiarity with no decrement in long-term physiological performance.
PROGRESSION OF ATRIAL ARRYTHMIAS AND CONDUCTION DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an infiltrative disease of the myocardium with manifestations including heart failure and arrhythmias. The progression of conduction disease and arrhythmia burden in CA has not been well studied. Patients with CA who had a cardiovascular implanted electronic device (CIED
Satisfaction with medication abortion and marijuana use: A prospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives This exploratory study compared self-reported satisfaction rates and pain scores between patients who used marijuana during their medication abortion versus non-users. Study design We recruited medication abortion patients at a University-affiliated abortion clinic in Denver, Colorado. Participants completed a pre-abortion questionnaire, pain diary, and follow-up survey that assessed satisfaction with pain control, symptoms, and abortion experience. Using medians test, we compared the sums of median satisfaction scores between patients who used marijuana versus non-users. Based on diary entries, we also compared reported pain over 24 h after misoprostol (area under the curve [AUC]) between cohorts. Results We enrolled 51 participants; 16 marijuana users and 35 non-marijuana users. Marijuana users and non-users had similar sums of median satisfaction scores (22 vs. 20 out of 30, p = 0.90) and median question-specific satisfaction scores (range 7–8 vs. 6.5–8, p = 0.6–1.0). Sixteen marijuana users (100%) and 20 (57%) non-users completed their pain diary; median AUCs for pain were similar (65.0 vs. 59.5, p = 0.73). Thirteen (81%) patients subjectively correlated marijuana use with pain reduction, seven (44%) with anxiety reduction, and six (38%) with nausea/vomiting improvement. Conclusions We found no significant difference in measures of medication abortion satisfaction and pain when comparing marijuana users to non-users. However, marijuana users often attributed symptom improvement during their medication abortion to marijuana use. Implications Until randomized studies are available, clinicians can counsel patients that marijuana use may not necessarily affect satisfaction or pain with medication abortion. It remains unknown whether marijuana has potential benefits in a marijuana-naive population undergoing medication abortion. Future studies should explore the role that marijuana and its derivatives may play for pain and side effect management during medication abortion among marijuana-naive patients.
Economic and stochastic efficiency analysis of alternative cover crop systems in Louisiana

Landowners can engage in voluntary conservation with the help of incentive programs. Recommended conservation practices are selected based on management intentions as well as the contribution of those practices to the overall net returns. However, conservation motives are heterogeneous and based on individual risk behavior. Existing cost-share programs might either under-fund or over-fund conservation, which could lead to inefficient management of natural resources. The current analysis evaluates the economic feasibility of variable cover crop strategies, multiple seeding rates, within a soybean production system in silt loam and clay soils. The study utilizes stochastic efficiency with respect to a function, referred to as SERF, for determining the preferred strategies under various risk preferences. The SERF method accounts for the heterogeneity of individual decision-making with regards to conservation adoption. Results indicate that most risk-averse farmers chose tillage radish with medium seeding rate as their preferred strategy. However, as the risk-bearing capacity of an individual increases, the current level of incentives does not motivate to implement conservation. The most preferred plan for risk-neutral farmers is the fallow system in both silt loam and clay soils. The economic and risk assessment framework can improve understanding of the temporal dynamics of different practices and inform policy on conservation structure that promotes agricultural systems that are economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable.
Case Report: Acute Stroke in Young Adult Patient with Moyamoya Syndrome Secondary to Sickle Cell Disease

Moyamoya disease, well described in literature, is a chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder. It is characterized by progressive stenosis/occlusion of the terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the proximal portions of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Less frequently described is Moyamoya syndrome, the name given to radiographic findings consistent with Moyamoya disease, but with an identifiable cause. The diseases associated with Moyamoya Syndrome include Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), Thalassemias, and Down's Syndrome to name a few. Common complications of Moyamoya include both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Upon literature review, Moyamoya syndrome caused by SCD is not well described. When it is, the discussion is centered around the pediatric patient population and surgical management. Our case report describes a 22-year-old African American female with SCD who initially presented with Acute Chest Syndrome. Her hospital course was complicated by development of overt debilitating neurologic deficits. Subsequently, she was found to have Moyamoya Syndrome on neuroimaging. She was successfully treated with medical management without any surgical intervention. This case highlights the necessity of thorough examination, differential diagnosis, imaging findings, and consideration of predisposing syndromes in the work-up for Moyamoya syndrome; especially individuals with Sickle Cell Disease. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Geometrical Point of View of Dynamical Systems: Background Material, Poincaré Maps, and Examples

Our main goal in the study of dynamical systems is simple. Given a specific dynamical system, give a complete characterization of the geometry of the orbit structure. If the dynamical system depends on parameters, then characterize the change in the orbit structure as the parameters are varied.
Correcting excess mortality for pandemic-associated population decreases.

Objectives We identify a correction for excess mortality that takes the sudden unexpected changes in the size of the United States population into account. Design This is a weekly cross-sectional analysis of all-cause mortality since week 5, 2020. We describe and apply a simple correction that takes population changes into account in order to provide corrected weekly estimates of expected deaths for 2020 and 2021. Setting The United States. Participants All United States residents. Interventions The covid-19 pandemic. Main outcome measures Expected and excess mortality for the United States during the covid-19 period. Results As of week 53, 2020 (ending January 2, 2021), approximately >10,200 more excess deaths have occurred in the United States than could be detected if expected deaths projections were not amended to reflect population decreases during 2020. The figure is projected to rise to >12,600 (>600 weekly) by week 5, 2021. Assuming recent excess mortality and pandemic-associated visa reductions continue until the earliest time herd immunity could be approached resulting from a combination of infections and vaccinations (week 17, 2021), if point estimates of expected deaths are not corrected, expected deaths will be overestimated (and therefore potential excess mortality underestimated) by ~43,000 during 2021, or >53,300 since the outbreak of the pandemic measurement period (beginning week 5, 2020). By late December 2021, weekly expected death differences are projected to approach 1,000 per week. Conclusions Current models measuring excess mortality should be revised immediately so that public health officials do not lose the ability to detect ongoing excess mortality as the population changes continue to compound, lowering the number of weekly expected deaths. A similar approach should be used in the middle and late phases of all future pandemics.
Michigan Men's diabetes project (MenD): protocol for a peer leader diabetes self-management education and support intervention.

Black men are more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to non-Hispanic White men, and this disparity increases among men over the age of 55. A growing body of literature demonstrates the critical role of gender in the management of health behaviors such as T2D and shows that male gender norms can conflict with healthy behaviors. These studies suggest that tailoring diabetes self-management interventions to address the needs of Black men may be critical to helping them to achieve optimal health outcomes. Further, our own research on Blacks with T2D found gender disparities in participation in diabetes interventions, with males participating at significantly lower rates than females. Peer leaders are trained lay individuals who are used to provide ongoing diabetes self-management support to people with diabetes, particularly in minority communities. However, despite studies showing that diabetes management interventions using peer leaders have been successful, the majority of peer leaders as well as the participants in those studies are women. The limited studies to date suggest that Black men with T2D prefer peer-led, male-to-male T2D programs, however, this research consists primarily of nonrandomized, small sample feasibility studies calling for additional studies to establish the efficacy of these approaches. The proposed study will develop and preliminarily validate the effectiveness of an adapted peer leader diabetes self-management support (PLDSMS) intervention designed to improve diabetes-related lifestyle and self-management behaviors in Black men (over 55) with T2D. We propose to tailor an existing intervention by 1) our using male peers and 2) modifying the peer leader training content to focus on material appropriate for men. The proposed study includes a developmental phase (development of the intervention with expert feedback, followed by feasibility testing with Black men) and a validation phase [randomized clinical trial (RCT)]. If successful, this study will lead to the development and dissemination of an intervention that will address the unique needs of Black men with T2D, helping them to achieve optimal diabetes self-management and health outcomes. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with an ID NCT04760444 on February 17, 2021
Abstract P276: The Perception/ Misperception of Treatability of 7AM vs 7PM Stroke Codes

Background: Prior studies have assessed the effect of time of day and day of week on stroke code frequency. Observations that early evening times might result in more treatable stroke cases have be...
Is Learning Worth the Trouble? - Improving Health Care System Participation in Embedded Research.

Is Learning Worth the Trouble? To help address important health issues, embedded pragmatic clinical trials could generate real-world evidence without the limitations associated with observational s...
Mapping drivers’ mental models of adaptive cruise control to performance

Abstract Driver support features (DSF) have the potential to improve safety, but they also change the driver-vehicle relationship —as well as their respective roles and responsibilities. To maximize safety, it is important to understand how drivers’ knowledge and understanding of these technologies—referred to as drivers’ mental models—impact performance and safety. This simulator study examined how drivers with different mental models of adaptive cruise control performed in edge cases. The study compared the responses of groups of drivers, with strong and weak mental models of ACC, established through a combination of screening, training, and exposure, in edge case situations in a high-fidelity driving simulator. In general, participants with strong mental models were faster than those with weak mental models to respond in edge-case situations—defined as cases where the ACC did not detect an approaching object, such as a slow-moving motorcycle. The performance deficits observed for drivers with weak mental models appear to reflect uncertainty surrounding how ACC will behave in edge cases.
Piracy, State Capacity and Root Causes: Lessons from the Somali Experience and Policy Choices in the Gulf of Guinea

By comparing the Somali experience with piracy to the emerging situation in the Gulf of Guinea, I show that increases in the enforcement aspects of state capacity in Gulf of Guinea states are necessary but not sufficient tools to combat the emergence, growth, and institutionalisation of piracy. Such tools would require state-building measures that would minimise the incentives of individuals to join piracy organizations and they would have to effectively deal with youth unemployment, income inequality, and environmental degradation.
Teaching the Tough Topics: Fostering Ideological Awareness through the Inclusion of Societally Impactful Topics in Introductory Biology.

Development and integration of ideological awareness curriculum enhances students’ ability to apply traditional biology learning objectives to societally relevant topics by understanding the biases...
Control of Active Sites in Selective Flocculation: I. Mathematical Model

Abstract Heteroflocculation has been determined to be another major reason for loss in selectivity for flocculation process. In a mathematical model developed earlier, conditions for controlling heteroflocculation were discussed (Moudgil and Behl, J. Colloid Interface Sci . 146, 1 (1991)). Blocking active sites to control selective adsorption of a flocculant on a desirable solid surface is discussed. It has been demonstrated that the lower molecular weight fraction of a flocculant which is incapable of flocculating the particles is an efficient site blocking agent.
Radiation pattern of a ULF space-based antenna for controlled removal of energetic trapped protons

Highly energetic protons trapped in the inner Van Allen belt can disturb spacecraft operations, contaminate scientific measurements, and even cause early termination of missions. Earlier papers proposed that space-based coil antennas in the Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) wave regime could potentially remove these particles by precipitating them into the atmosphere. Specifically, the designs involve a coil antenna driven in DC but rotating at the desired EMIC frequency (that is, below the proton gyro-frequency), which is capable of generating these waves and could serve as a payload on a scientific mission with the purpose of testing the ideas behind the concept of controlled removal of energetic trapped protons. This paper focuses on the radiation characteristics of this potential payload. We calculate the radiation pattern and radiation resistance of this transmitter operating in the EMIC band, taking into account the response of the plasma. We present a full-wave linear model capable of calculating the radiation pattern and radiation resistance in the far-field region of the rotating coil configuration immersed in a cold magnetized plasma consisting of protons and electrons. The stationary phase method is used to find a solution to the inverse Fourier transform of the radiated fields. The model shows that the power flux is fairly confined within a very small cone around the geomagnetic field lines, which corresponds to the waves' resonance cone; the corresponding wave number vectors, however, are close to perpendicular to the Poynting flux direction. The radiation resistance is at a maximum for coil axis perpendicular to the geomagnetic field lines, which defines a preferred axis of rotation for the coil constituting the transmitter. Additionally, we show that the radiated power increases with increasing rotation frequency. We present at the end of the paper a brief discussion on thermal effects and other assumptions which should be carefully reconsidered in future efforts.
Physical Activity, Knowledge Types, and Degree Programs

The traditional knowledge categories, declarative and procedural, are discussed as they relate to the central phenomenon of the field of study, physical activity. The independence of these knowledge categories appears to be dissipating in the light of contemporary analysis of knowledge in a variety of contexts. Furthermore, there is not an isomorphic relation between knowledge types and focuses of physical activity degree programs, whether the degree is labeled disciplinary, professional, or performance. Each programmatic thrust in physical activity uses each knowledge category to some greater or lesser extent. There needs to be a stronger emphasis on the balance of knowledge types in developing undergraduate-degree core programs and on the promotion of broad-based study of physical activity in higher education.
Ground-state structures of ice at high pressures from ab initio random structure searching

Ab initio random structure searching based on density functional theory is used to determine the ground-state structures of ice at high pressures. Including estimates of lattice zero-point energies, ice is predicted to adopt at least three crystal phases beyond $Pbcm$. The underlying sublattice of O atoms remains similar among them, and the transitions can be characterized by reorganizations of the hydrogen bonds. The symmetric hydrogen bonds of ice X and $Pbcm$ are initially lost as ice transforms to structures with symmetries $Pmc{2}_{1}$ (800--950 GPa) and $P{2}_{1}$ ($1.17$ TPa), but they are eventually regained at $5.62$ TPa in a layered structure $C2/m$. The $P{2}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C2/m$ transformation also marks the insulator-to-metal transition in ice, which occurs at a significantly higher pressure than recently predicted.
Experience-dependent plasticity in the inferior colliculus: a site for visual calibration of the neural representation of auditory space in the barn owl

The optic tectum (homolog of the superior colliculus) contains mutually aligned neural maps of auditory and visual space. During development, the organization of the auditory map is guided by spatial information provided by vision: barn owls raised wearing prismatic spectacles, which optically shift the visual field and the visual map in the optic tectum, develop an auditory map that is shifted by an approximately equivalent amount, such that alignment between the two maps is preserved (Knudsen and Brainard, 1991). In this study we investigated whether this shift in the auditory map is intrinsic to the optic tectum or whether it reflects plasticity at an earlier stage in the auditory pathway. Owls were raised wearing prismatic spectacles that displaced the visual field by 23 degrees to the left or right. This manipulation alters the normal correspondence between locations in the visual field and interaural time difference (ITD), the primary cue for the azimuth of a sound source. In normal owls and in owls with at least 150 d of prism experience, extracellular unit recordings were used to assess the representations of ITD at anatomically and physiologically defined sites in the optic tectum and in the two prior stages of the auditory pathway, the external and central nuclei of the inferior colliculus (ICx and ICc). In the optic tectum of normal owls, the values of ITD to which units responded most strongly (best ITDs) varied systematically with the azimuths of unit visual receptive fields (VRFs). In the prism-reared owls, best ITDs were shifted from normal toward the values of ITD produced by sounds at the locations of the units' optically displaced VRFs. In the ICx of prism-reared owls, the representation of ITD also was shifted from normal, by an amount and in a direction that could completely account for the shift in ITD measured in the optic tectum. At some sites in the ICx, the shift in ITD tuning was apparent within the first 7-8 msec of the response; shifted tuning at such short latencies argues that the altered representation of ITD in the ICx reflects plasticity in the ascending auditory pathway, and is not the result of descending activity from higher auditory centers. In the ICc, which immediately precedes the ICx in the ascending pathway, the representation of ITD was normal. The results indicate that the visual instruction of auditory spatial tuning of neurons in the optic tectum reflects plasticity at the level of the ICx, the site where the auditory map of space is first synthesized.
RNA-Seq analysis of resistant and susceptible potato varieties during the early stages of potato virus Y infection

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most important plant viruses affecting potato production. The interactions between potato and PVY are complex and the outcome of the interactions depends on the potato genotype, the PVY strain, and the environmental conditions. A potato cultivar can induce resistance to a specific PVY strain, yet be susceptible to another. How a single potato cultivar responds to PVY in both compatible and incompatible interactions is not clear. In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to investigate and compare the transcriptional changes in leaves of potato upon inoculation with PVY. We used two potato varieties: Premier Russet, which is resistant to the PVY strain O (PVYO) but susceptible to the strain NTN (PVYNTN), and Russet Burbank, which is susceptible to all PVY strains that have been tested. Leaves were inoculated with PVYO or PVYNTN, and samples were collected 4 and 10 h post inoculation (hpi). A larger number of differentially expressed (DE) genes were found in the compatible reactions compared to the incompatible reaction. For all treatments, the majority of DE genes were down-regulated at 4 hpi and up-regulated at 10 hpi. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed enrichment of the biological process GO term “Photosynthesis, light harvesting” specifically in PVYO-inoculated Premier Russet leaves, while the GO term “nucleosome assembly” was largely overrepresented in PVYNTN-inoculated Premier Russet leaves and PVYO-inoculated Russet Burbank leaves but not in PVYO-inoculated Premier Russet leaves. Fewer genes were DE over 4-fold in the incompatible reaction compared to the compatible reactions. Amongst these, five genes were DE only in PVYO-inoculated Premier Russet leaves, and all five were down-regulated. These genes are predicted to encode for a putative ABC transporter, a MYC2 transcription factor, a VQ-motif containing protein, a non-specific lipid-transfer protein, and a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydroxylase. Our results show that the incompatible and compatible reactions in Premier Russet shared more similarities, in particular during the initial response, than the compatible reactions in the two different hosts. Our results identify potential key processes and genes that determine the fate of the reaction, compatible or incompatible, between PVY and its host.
A New Way of Looking at Nuclear Resonant Scattering

A new model for nuclear-resonant scattering of gamma radiation from resonant matter has been developed and is summarized here. This “coherent-path” model has lead to closed-form, finite-sum solutions for radiation scattered in the forward direction. The solution provides a unified microscopic picture of nuclear-resonant scattering processes. The resonant absorber or scatterer is modeled as a one-dimensional chain of “effective” nuclei or “effective” planes. The solution is interpreted as showing that the resonant radiation undergoes sequential scattering from one absorber “nucleus” or “plane” to another before reaching the detector. For recoil-free processes the various “paths” to the detector contribute coherently. The solution for this case gives calculated results that are indistinguishable from those using the classical optical model approach, although the forms of the solutions are completely different. The coherent-path model shows that the “speed-up” and “dynamical beating” effects are primarily a consequence of the fact that the single “effective” nuclear scattering processes are 180° out of phase with the incident radiation while the double nuclear scattering processes are in phase with the incident radiation. All multiple scattering paths are, and must be, included. The model can also treat the incoherent processes, i.e., processes involving gamma emission with recoil or conversion-electron emission. The source of the resonant gamma radiation can be from a radioactive source or from synchrotron radiation: both cases are treated. The model is used to explain and understand the results when each of the following experimental procedures is applied: time-differential Mossbauer spectroscopy, time-differential synchrotron radiation spectroscopy, enhanced-resolution resonant-detector Mossbauer spectroscopy, and the “gamma echo”.
Goldilocks and Her Sister: An Anecdotal Guide to the Doll Corner.

In 1986, the Harvard Educational Review published Vivian Gussin Paley's article "On Listening to What the Children Say," which detailed the beginnings of her career as a teacher and author. The article described Paley's methods of tape-recording and analyzing her students' daily engagement in the "the three Fs: fantasy, fairness, and friendship." Her careful analysis provided insight into how children understand the world through storytelling and imaginative play. Now, more than twenty years later, Paley's new essay, "Goldilocks and Her Sister: An Anecdotal Guide to the Doll Corner," revisits similar themes while reaching beyond the classroom into more public and private spaces (the post office or a living room) to show how children's imaginative play strengthens relationships and creates opportunities for social and cognitive development. We have included both essays in this issue in order to highlight the ways in which children, regardless of context, can be engaged in the world of imagination as a form...
Moving Beyond Two-Persons-Per-Bedroom: Revitalizing Application of the Federal Fair Housing Act to Private Residential Occupancy Standards

New empirical evidence demonstrates that the common residential occupancy standard of two-persons-per-bedroom substantially limits the housing choices of many thousands of families, especially Latinos, Asians and extended families. The federal Fair Housing Act makes overly restrictive policies illegal, but the enforcement practices of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) have enabled the two-persons-per-bedroom standard to become de facto law. This article urges HUD to use its regulatory authority to remedy the situation and offers several solutions. And, if HUD fails to act, it encourages private plaintiffs to challenge the two-persons-per-bedroom standard and provides guidance to courts in deciding these cases.
Personality in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A study of the Eysenck inventory.

Abstract Personality variables were assessed in 30 patients with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). World War II/Korean War (WWII/K) veterans with PTSD were significantly more introverted and neurotic than age-matched non-psychiatric controls, whether or not the controls had been in combat. WWII/ K patients scored significantly higher than Vietnam War patients on both intro-version and denial (lie) scales. Eysenck measures did not change during treatment in PTSD patients; PTSD patients were significantly more neurotic than were major depressives.
Decommissioning a Tritium Glove-Box Facility

A large glove-box facility for handling reactive metal tritides was decommissioned. Major sections of the glove box were decontaminated and disassembled for reuse at another tritium facility. To achieve the desired results, decontamination required repeated washing, first with organic liquids, then with water and detergents. Worker protection was provided by simple ventilation, which was combined with careful monitoring of the work areas and employees. Several innovative techniques are described.
Electromagnetic pulse scattering in time-varying inhomogeneous media

A finite difference solution technique is used to solve Maxwell's equations directly in the treatment of electromagnetic pulse scattering in a time-varying inhomogeneous medium. In particular the scattering from a cylindrical rod inside a cylindrical waveguide is considered where axial symmetry is obtained.