cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low spin ferric hemoglobin complexes

A caloulation has been made of the energy eigenfunotions and eigenvalues of low spin ferric ion in complexes with a strong cubic crystal field including the effects of tetragonal and rhombic distortions and of spin-orbit coupling among the ground state components and with excited states. Using the resultant, spin-orbit coupled eigenfunotions as a basis set, the magnetic susceptibility, the components of magnetic field energy, and the lattice and valence contributions to an electric field gradient at the iron nucleus were all calculated as a function of rhombic, tetragonal, and spin-orbit coupling strength used as parameters: R, u and δ. All of the calculated results agree reasonable well with experiment for the values of parameters R=1000 cm−1, u=2000 cm−1 and the free ion value (δ=420 cm−1. These values of parameters were selected for the excellent fit they gave of the calculated values of g x, gy and g z compared with the experimental ones obtained from single crystal electron spin resonance of ferrihemoglobin azide. With them, a value of 2.29 Bohr magnetons was calculated for the effective magnetic moment compared to the experimental value of 2.35. The total field gradient calculated under the same conditions, predicts a nuclear quadrupole moment Q in the range of. 107 –127. Barns, which is smaller than the range predicted from the high spin ferric ion results. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Variation in water uptake dynamics among contrasting agricultural and native plant communities in the Midwestern U.S.

Abstract Landscape-scale conversion of deeply rooted perennial native vegetation to annual crops has altered the ecohydrological balance in the Midwestern U.S. One of the major ways this may occur is through plant species’ abilities to access and take up water from different depths in the soil profile. In this study, we use stable isotope techniques to assess plant water uptake patterns for plants growing in four contrasting annual and perennial ecosystems in central Iowa: row-cropped cornfield, prairie, oak savanna, and woodland. To address limitations of conventional approaches to analyzing isotopic data, especially when isotopic profiles in the soil are complex, we employ an alternative ‘multiple source mass-balance isotopic’ approach suitable for determining probable contributions of multiple potential sources to total plant water uptake. Observed differences in isotopic profiles among the plant communities were attributed to differences in infiltration rates, plant water uptake rates, the degree of evaporative isotopic fractionation under the different vegetative covers, and processes of hydraulic redistribution. Savanna ( Quercus macrocarpa Mixch) and woodland ( Q. macrocarpa , Umus americana L.) trees had the lowest stem water δ 18 O values (−6.12‰, −7.77‰, and −7.61‰, respectively), whereas corn ( Zea mays L.) and prairie ( Andropogon gerardii ) exhibited higher stem water δ 18 O values (−5.49‰ and −5.85‰, respectively), suggesting more shallow sources of water uptake for the latter. Frequency histographs produced from the multiple source mass-balance analysis confirmed that the corn and prairie species obtained up to 45% and 36% of their water from the upper 0–20 cm soil horizon, respectively. In contrast, oak trees growing in the savanna and woodland obtained up to 40% and 20% of their water from the upper 20 cm, and up to 60% and 80% of their water from depths >60 cm, respectively. Lack of strong isotopic gradients in the soil profiles combined with irregularities in the slope of the isotopic gradient by depth complicated interpretation of the data. However, an important advantage of the alternative multiple source mass-balance isotopic approach over conventional approaches was its capability of producing more quantitative and objective estimates for the probable contributions of multiple sources to total plant water uptake. This study highlights how changes in land use and vegetative cover in the Midwest affects plant water uptake patterns, and suggests how these changes may influence larger landscape scale alterations in the hydrologic balance.
Renal oxidant injury and oxidant response induced by mercury

Renal oxidant injury and oxidant response induced by mercury. The role of oxidative stress in mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 )-induced nephrotoxicity is uncertain and controversial. We demonstrate that LLC-PK 1 cells, exposed to HgCl 2 , generate massive amounts of hydrogen peroxide, the latter completely quenched by the hydrogen peroxide scavenger, pyruvate. HgCl 2 exerts a dose-dependent cytotoxicity which is attenuated by pyruvate and catalase. Cellular generation of hydrogen peroxide arises, at least in part, from mitochondria since mitochondrial rates of generation of hydrogen peroxide increase in response to HgCl 2 ; HgCl 2 also provokes a shift in absorbance spectra in rhodamine 123 loaded-mitochondria and stimulates mitochondrial state 4 respiration. HgCl 2 , applied for one hour, impairs cellular vitality as demonstrated by the MTT assay, an assay dependent in part on mitochondrial function. HgCl 2 impairs function in other organelles such as lysosomes that maintain a transmembrane proton gradient; these latter effects are partially attenuated by pyruvate. We complement these in vitro findings with in vivo evidence demonstrating that HgCl 2 stimulates renal generation of hydrogen peroxide. The functional significance of such generation of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated in rats deficient in selenium and vitamin E, a nutrient deficiency that impairs the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and promotes the toxicity of this oxidant. In these rats serum creatinine values were significantly higher on sequential days following the administration of HgCl 2 . To probe the renal response to oxidative stress induced by HgCl 2 , we examined hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes and redox-sensitive genes. Catalase activity was unaltered whereas glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased, effects that may contribute to the net renal generation of hydrogen peroxide. The redox sensitive enzyme, heme oxygenase, was markedly up-regulated in the kidney in response to HgCl 2 . HgCl 2 also induced members of the bcl family, bcl2 and bclx , genes that protect against apoptosis and oxidant injury. In another model of oxidant-induced renal injury, the glycerol model, bcl2 mRNA was not induced at 6 and 24 hours after the administration of glycerol. In summary, we demonstrate that HgCl 2 potently stimulates renal generation of hydrogen peroxide in vitro and in vivo and such generation of peroxide contributes to renal dysfunction in vitro and in vivo . We also demonstrate that in response to HgCl 2 , redox sensitive genes are expressed including heme oxygenase and members of the bcl family.
Selective pulses on degenerate spin systems in anisotropic media

Abstract The density matrix formalism describing the action of radiofrequency pulses on an equilibrium spin system is developed. It is applied to the case of soft and hard pulses on the central line of the A3 spin system in liquid crystal solution. It is shown that the soft pulse can lead to three different nonequilibrium systems possessing no transverse magnetization. This result is experimentally confirmed.
Synthesis and molecular structure of an unusual –Ga–Ga–Ga– linked organometallic

Reaction of [(2,4,6-Pri3C6H2)2C 6H3]GaCl2 with P(SiMe3)3 affords the unusual organometallic compound [(2,4,6-Pri3C6H2)2C 6H3]Ga{H2PGa(H)PH2}G a[C6H3(C6H2- Pri3-2,4,6)2] 1 characterized by multinuclear NMR, complete (C, H, Ga and P) elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction; 1 is significant as it contains a rare Ga–Ga–Ga [2.5145(13) and 2.7778(14) A] linkage even as its formation is facilitated by the unusual stripping of the sterically demanding m-terphenyl ligand from the central gallium atom.
Spike trains in posterior parietal and premotor cortex encode trained and natural grasping behaviors

To investigate the role of somatosensory and motor information during grasping behaviors, we used digital video and burst analysis of simultaneously recorded spike trains to define burst epochs when neuronal firing rates exceeded 1 SD above the mean. We reconstructed the trajectory of hand movements during each burst from successive digital video images as three macaques grasped and manipulated objects in a trained prehension task, and when engaged in natural grasping behaviors to acquire pieces of fruit. In the task, neurons in posterior parietal areas 5 and 7b/AIP and in ventral premotor cortex responded more vigorously during object acquisition than to manipulation. Firing rates rose 250-500 ms before touch, and peaked as the hand was preshaped during reach, or at initial contact with the object. Firing rates declined as grasp was secured, and returned to baseline or were inhibited during subsequent actions. Some neurons responded to grasping actions of the right and left hands (bilateral neurons), suggesting that their firing patterns reflect grasp intentions, or the internal motor commands for execution of these behaviors. Acquisition-sensitive firing patterns were also observed when the animal grasped food morsels at various workspace locations. Firing began as the animal projected the hand towards the food, and continued as the hand tracked it. Figure ​Figure11. Figure 1 Firing peaked as the fingertips contacted the food, and ended when it was secured in the hand. High firing was elicited when food morsels were plucked from a tray, with the fingers preshaped for precision grip, or during tracking actions when the fingers were spread apart to maximize surface area. As in the task, bilateral neurons responded to prehensile actions performed unilaterally by either hand. A second, weaker burst often occurred when food was placed in the mouth. Other neurons responded vigorously to acquisition by the contralateral hand, but fired at highest rates when bilateral actions were coordinated between the left and right hands, as when food morsels were transferred between them. These intrapersonal-coordinated neurons did not just encode equivalent tactile information from either side, but preferentially signaled coincident somatosensory data shared between hemispheres during synergistic hand actions. The two classes of bilateral neurons thus provide somesthetic feedback from both limbs, and encode whether they are acting independently or in concert. Our findings support hypotheses that firing patterns in posterior parietal and premotor cortex reflect the animal’s intentions to accomplish task goals in motor coordinates. They suggest that actions preceding contact reinforce subsequent neural responses, allowing subjects to acquire and manipulate objects in a continuous, smooth sequence.
High-resolution absorption coefficient and refractive index spectra of carbon monoxide gas at millimeter and submillimeter wavelength region

The absorption coefficient and refractive index spectra of carbon monoxide gas are presented together for the first time in the range 300-900 GHz. An extra high resolution dispersive Fourier transform spectrometer was constructed for studies of gas molecules particularly pollutants. Line positioned can now be studied much precisely via dispersion data since the dispersion through a sharp rotational absorption line is a straight line rather than an envelope. It is therefore not necessary to interpolate around the turning point to determine the line position accurately. A demonstration of the much better resolved splitting for the J" equals 4 rotational transition line (at wavenumber equals 19.222 cm-1) is shown. The line position we obtained agrees well with theoretical calculations. Results presented in this paper were obtained at a gas pressure of 250 torr.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Placement-aware partial reconfiguration for a class of FIR-like structures

Multi-mode systems make it possible to achieve multiple services on one platform, typically an FPGA. However, reconfiguration time and power, limit the extent to which reconfiguration can be applied. Traditionally, either complete modules have to be swapped out or they can co-exist on chip. In this work, we propose a methodology for exploring a larger reconfiguration space for a class of systems that have FIR-like structure. Furthermore, by jointly optimizing the filters we exploit parameter similarities to minimize a linear cost function of area and reconfiguration overhead. We consider the physical limitations of implementing these designs on FPGAs and propose a placement-aware approach to account for those limitations. The proposed technique minimizes the size of the reconfigurable filter and reduces the reconfiguration overhead by up to 25% in a WiMax system which is used as a case study.
Cortical morphogenesis in Paramecium aurelia: mutants affecting cell shape.

In order to investigate the importance of the nuclear genotype during morphogenesis of the cortex in Paramecium aurelia, a search was made for conditional and unconditional mutants affecting cell shape. Ten different mutants were readily recovered following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on stock 51s of syngen 4. The detailed pattern of surface units remained unchanged in these mutants but each one can be described as resembling a normal cell twisted about its long axis. Nine of the mutants complement each other and show no linkage. The remaining mutant, a ‘chain former’, has conditional expression, and is only recognizable at 35 °C. The penetrance of this mutant is affected by the food organism used. The conditional mutant also interacts with seven of the other mutants in pairwise homozygous combinations so that in these genotypes it can be classified after growth at 25 °C. The mutants are discussed in relation to the search for genie effects on the cortical pattern.
Two‐Way Immersion Education: Students Learning Through Two Languages

In a growing number of schools in the U.S., students are learning through two languages in programs that aim to develop dual language proficiency along with academic achievement. These two-way immersion programs integrate language minority and language majority students and provide content area instruction and language development in two languages. This article provides a picture of the current state of two-way immersion education in the U.S. based on a study (undertaken between 1991 and 1994) of over 160 schools. Two-way programs typically share the goals of bilingual proficiency, academic achievement, and positive crosscultural attitudes and behaviors, but they vary a good deal in the approaches and strategies they use to work toward those goals. A host of local factors affect such issues as student enrollment, program design, and instructional features. Emerging results of studies of two-way immersion programs point to their effectiveness in educating nonnative-English-speaking students, their promise of expanding our nation's language resources by conserving the native language (L1) skills of minority students and developing second language (L2) skills in English-speaking students, and their hope of improving relationships between majority and minority groups by enhancing crosscultural understanding and appreciation.
Gaussian to super-Gaussian laser beam intensity profile conversion using glass micro-optic fabricated with reflowed photoresist

Summary form only given. Some optical systems require both high laser power and high beam quality. The wavefront distortion induced by illuminating an absorbing transmissive optical material with a Gaussian beam is not parabolic in shape, which causes the laser beam quality to degrade. The thermal lens induced by a high-order super-Gaussian or top-hat intensity profile laser beam, however, is parabolic and does not degrade laser beam quality. To avoid laser beam duality degradation when passing through transmissive optics, we create a pair of optics, which convert a Gaussian intensity profile into a super-Gaussian profile for transmission through the absorbing optics, and then convert the super-Gaussian profile back into a Gaussian for subsequent use. We performed ray-optics modeling to determine the spatial phase profile necessary to convert a Gaussian intensity profile into a super-Gaussian intensity profile.
Neonatal adiposity following maternal treatment of gestational diabetes with glyburide compared with insulin

Objective We hypothesized that body composition would be similar among neonates of women with gestational diabetes (GDM) treated with glyburide or insulin. Study Design Women with GDM requiring medical therapy were randomized to insulin or glyburide. The primary outcome was percent neonatal fat mass measured by total body electrical conductivity. Secondary outcomes included anthropometrics, glycemic control, and biomarkers. Statistical analysis included Student t test, χ 2 , and regression modeling. Results Eighty-two neonates underwent postnatal measurements. Baseline factors were not different by group. Neonatal percent fat mass did not differ between treatment groups (11.2 ± 4.2 vs 12.8 ± 5.7). Fat mass, body mass index, ponderal index, skinfold sum, and arm fat area were not different when analyzed by intent to treat or actual treatment group. Cord concentrations of biomarkers were also similar. Conclusion There was no difference in neonatal adiposity in infants of women treated for GDM with glyburide or insulin.
Certain Chemical Plant Growth Regulators and Alkaloid Formation in Datura Stramonium L.

Datura stramonium L. plants were grown in nutrient solutions to which pyridine, piperidine, atropine sulfate, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid were added. Plants were grown to maturity and total alkaloid formation was measured. It is concluded that these growth-regulating substances in tolerated doses do not significantly alter the biosynthesis of Datura alkaloids.
Self-schemas, stress, and depressed mood in college students

Beck's (1987) cognitive model of depression provided a vulnerability-stress framework for assessing the relationship between self-schemas, recent negative life events, and depressed mood. Decision times required to makeme/not me judgments of trait adjectives were used to measure the self-schemas of college students. When stress levels were high, the positivity of the schema was inversely related to the level of depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). When students' stress was low, self-schemas were not related to BDI scores. The interaction of self-schemas and stress occurred when the schemas were in domains relevant to symptoms of depression, but not when the schemas were irrelevant.
Pharmacotherapeutic targeting of the endocannabinoid signaling system: drugs for obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

Endogenous signaling lipids (“endocannabinoids”) functionally related to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana (Cannabis), are important biomediators and metabolic regulators critical to mammalian (patho)physiology. The growing family of endocannabinoids, along with endocannabinoid biosynthetic and inactivating enzymes, transporters, and at least two membrane-bound, G-protein coupled receptors, comprise collectively the mammalian endocannabinoid signaling system. The ubiquitous and diverse regulatory actions of the endocannabinoid system in health and disease have supported the regulatory approval of natural products and synthetic agents as drugs that alter endocannabinoid-system activity. More recent data support the concept that the endocananbinoid system may be modulated for therapeutic gain at discrete pharmacological targets with safety and efficacy. Potential medications based on the endocannabinoid system have thus become a central focus of contemporary translational research for varied indications with important unmet medical needs. One such indication, obesity, is a global pandemic whose etiology has a pathogenic component of endocannabinoid-system hyperactivity and for which current pharmacological treatment is severely limited. Application of high-affinity, selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligands to attenuate endocannabinoid signaling represents a state-of-the-art approach for improving obesity pharmacotherapy. To this intent, several selective CB1 receptor antagonists with varied chemical structures are currently in advanced preclinical or clinical trials, and one (rimonabant) has been approved as a weight-management drug in some markets. Emerging preclinical data suggest that CB1 receptor neutral antagonists may represent breakthrough medications superior to antagonists/inverse agonists such as rimonabant for therapeutic attenuation of CB1 receptor transmission. Since obesity is a predisposing condition for the cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic derangements collectively known as the metabolic syndrome, effective endocannabinoid-modulatory anti-obesity therapeutics would also help redress other major health problems including type-2 diabetes, atherothrombosis, inflammation, and immune disorders. Pressing worldwide healthcare needs and increasing appreciation of endocannabinoid biology make the rational design and refinement of targeted CB1 receptor modulators a promising route to future medications with significant therapeutic impact against overweight, obesity, obesity-related cardiometabolic dysregulation, and, more generally, maladies having a reward-supported appetitive component.
Isobutane dehydrogenation on chromia/zirconia catalysts

Abstract Isobutane dehydrogenation was studied on CrOxZrO2 (ZC) catalysts (0.04 to 1.9% chromium by weight) in a flow apparatus at 673–873 K. Up to 823 K, molar selectivity to isobutene was ⩾ 95%, while the only gaseous by-products were propene, methane and traces of propane. No skeletal isomerization occurred up to 873 K. A deactivation was observed due to the formation of coke. The activity decay was considerably delayed by adding a few percent hydrogen to the reactant mixture. In all cases, catalytic activity was completely recovered by treating the catalyst with flowing oxygen at 773 K over 22 reaction regeneration cycles. The catalyst surface was conditioned mainly by the reaction atmosphere, so that sample reduction with carbon monoxide at 623 K before catalysis did not influence the activity above 773 K. The turnover frequency per total surface chromium atom was found to be independent of surface chromium concentration at all given temperatures, which indicated a mononuclear active site. A comparison with chromia/silica and chromia//gg-alumina samples of similar chromium content revealed a higher activity for the zirconia-based catalysts. The overall picture shows close similarities with that of propane dehydrogenation previously studied in our laboratory on the same catalytic system. It is concluded that the site previously proposed for propane dehydrogenation is also responsible for the activity in the dehydrogenation of isobutane; this site involves a mononuclear CrIII species with two coordinative vacancies and, most probably, an adjacent O2− ion of the support.
A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS : APPLICATIONS IN SELECTING BREEDING STOCK.

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus. 2. 20 positive reactors were found in 330 supposedly normal guinea pigs. 3. 195 negatively reacting animals were used as a breeding stock which yielded 1,296 progeny over a period of 15 months. None of the breeding stock or their progeny showed evidence of spontaneous lymphadenitis. Skin tests of 100 of the progeny were all negative. 4. The use of this skin test as a means of obtaining guinea pig breeding stock free of the streptococcus causing spontaneous lymphadenitis is suggested.
Clinical value of magnetoencephalographic spike propagation represented by spatiotemporal source analysis: correlation with surgical outcome.

Summary Objective To investigate the correlation between spike propagation represented by spatiotemporal source analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) spikes and surgical outcome in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods Thirty-seven patients were divided into mesial ( n =27) and non-mesial ( n =10) groups based on the presurgical evaluation. In each patient, ten ipsilateral spikes were averaged, and spatiotemporal source maps of the averaged spike were obtained by using minimum norm estimate. Regions of interest (ROIs) were created including temporoparietal, inferior frontal, mesial temporal, anterior and posterior part of the lateral temporal cortex. We extracted activation values from the source maps and the threshold was set at half of the maximum activation at the peak latency. The leading and propagated areas of the spike were defined as those ROIs with activation reaching the threshold at the earliest and at the peak latencies, respectively. Surgical outcome was assessed based on Engel's classification. Binary variables were created from leading areas (restricted to the anterior and mesial temporal ROIs or not) and from propagation areas (involving the temporoparietal ROI or not), and for surgical outcome (Class I or not). Fisher's exact test was used for significance testing. Results In total and mesial group, restricted anterior/mesial temporal leading areas were correlated with Class I ( p p Conclusions Spike propagation patterns represented by spatiotemporal source analysis of MEG spikes may provide useful information for prognostic implication in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy.
Morbidity Control of Schistosomiasis by Mass Drug Administration: How Can We Do It Best and What Will It Take to Move on to Elimination?

The World Health Organization (WHO) has, for some time, encouraged countries endemic for schistosomiasis to control morbidity from this disease through mass drug administration (MDA) of the well-tolerated drug, praziquantel (PZQ). With the London Declaration in January 2012 and the promise by Merck Serono to eventually donate 250 million PZQ tablets per year, most endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa have now developed national plans to do MDA for schistosomiasis morbidity control. More recently, based on two World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions (WHA 54.19 & WHA 65.21) on schistosomiasis, countries are further encouraged to eliminate schistosomiasis, where feasible. The fight against schistosomiasis is therefore in a critical period of tremendous opportunities and equal challenges. How do we do the most effective job of MDA? What tools do we need to do this job better? How will we know when to move from morbidity control to elimination? What combinations of interventions, beyond MDA, are needed to eliminate transmission? The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) has its Secretariat at the University of Georgia and with programs in more than 26 institutions in 19 countries it is trying to answer these very practical questions through multiple large field-based studies and the evaluation or development of better diagnostics for schistosomiasis. This presentation will summarize the current status of morbidity control and elimination programs and the operational research by SCORE that we hope will provide much-needed answers for national program managers so they can most effectively pursue these critical public health programs.
Assessing the Social Determinants of Negotiator Preferences: The Case of a Collective Bargaining Simulation

Abstract This study was an examination of how the preferences of a negotiator are formed in bargaining situations in which an individual represents a group of individuals. The experiment used a policy-capturing approach within the context of a collective bargaining simulation. The literature on industrial relations, principal-agent relations, managerial intravention, and frustration-regression mechanisms was used to construct the simulation. These procedures also enabled a test of the voice mechanism that is hypothesized for unions. The importance of a bargaining issue to a union negotiator was determined by the following four cues (in decreasing order of importance): member preferences, management's capacity to concede the demands, the national union's support, and management's resistance to the issue. Results indicated support for the voice mechanism. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Chemical defenses against diatom fouling in Antarctic marine sponges

Antarctic sponges are commonly fouled by diatoms, sometimes so heavily as to occlude pores employed in filter feeding and respiration. This fouling becomes heavier during the annual summer microalgal bloom. Polar and non‐polar extracts of eight species of marine sponges from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were assayed for cytotoxicity against sympatric fouling diatoms. To identify compounds potentially released by sponges as defenses against diatom biofouling, only fractions of crude extracts that were soluble in seawater or 2% methanol in seawater were assayed. Significant bioactivity was present in seven of the eight species. Both Mycale acerata and Homaxinella balfourensis displayed moderate levels of defense against diatoms even though they are not or are only weakly chemically defended against bacteria and predators. Calyx acuarius extracts, which do have antipredator and antibacterial effects, had no effect on diatoms except at levels many fold higher than present in the intact animal. These results stro...
More Than Just Low-Hanging Fruit: A Collaborative Approach to Weeding in Academic Libraries

This article focuses on using collaboration to develop and implement a comprehensive and systematic approach to weeding in a small academic library. Collection assessment, analysis of options, and determination of feasibility form the basis for the development of the weeding agenda. Collaborative strategies that include the creation of a collection management committee, the formation of weeding teams, and the inclusion of teaching faculty shape the implementation of the weeding project. Finally, the authors address unforeseen problems and the collaborative solutions developed to address them.
SHM1: A multicopy suppressor of a temperature‐sensitive null mutation in the HMG1‐like abf2 gene

HM, an HMG1-like mitochondrial DNA-binding protein, is required for maintenance of the yeast mitochondrial genome when cells are grown in glucose. To better understand the role of HM in mitochondria, we have isolated several multicopy suppressors of the temperature-sensitive defect associated with an abf2 null mutation (lacking HM protein). One of these suppressors, SHM1, has been characterized at the molecular level and is described herein. SHM1 encodes a protein (SHM1p) that shares sequence similarity to a family of mitochondrial carrier proteins. On glycerol medium, where mitochondrial function is required for growth, shm1 deletion mutants are able to grow whereas shm1 abf2 double mutants are severely inhibited. These results suggest the SHM1p plays an accessory role to HM in the mitochondrion.
Comparison of ornithopter wind tunnel force measurements with free flight

Developing models of flapping-winged fliers in free flight is vital for accurate control. The aerodynamics associated with flapping-winged flight are complex. Hence, a look-up table flight force model from wind tunnel data is a practical approach. In this work, we compare the flight of an ornithopter micro aerial vehicle (MAV), using free flight data collected from a Vicon motion capture system, to measured wind tunnel force and moment values. We compare the two data sets at equilibrium as a metric to determine the quality of the wind tunnel flight force estimation. To compare the two data sets, we find the predicted equilibrium angle of attack and velocity for the ornithopter in free flight. For a given flapping frequency and pitch control elevator deflection angle at free flight equilibrium, we compute the level sets at zero for pitch moment, net horizontal force, and net vertical force from the wind tunnel data. We then use the point on the zero moment level set that minimizes the vertical and horizontal force. The angle of attack and velocity at this minimal point are the wind tunnel predicted equilibrium point and are compared to the analogous free flight equilibrium point. We determined that the wind tunnel underestimates the angle of attack of the equilibrium point observed in free flight by 15 degrees, while the equilibrium velocity has an error of 0.1 m/s between the two sets at an average flight speed of 2 m/s.
Growth and Material Properties of ZnTe/GaSb Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Device Applications

This paper reports the growth of ZnTe/GaSbheterostructures on GaSb (001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) are used to characterize the structural properties. Ellipsometryand photoluminescence (PL) are used to characterize the optical properties.
Emulsion polymerization at high temperature

The emulsion polymerizations of butadiene and styrene and of butadiene alone have been studied at temperature of 90–160°. The effects of changes in catalysts, modifiers, times of polymerization, and other variables have been investigated. The rate of polymerization at 110° is markedly increased over that at 50° and the final product is a less modified and less processable polymer. However, the standard evaluation and road tests indicate this polymer may be a useful one.
Cayley's Theorem and Hopf Galois structures for semidirect products of cyclic groups

Abstract For G any finite group, the left and right regular representations λ, respectively ρ of G into Perm ( G ) map G into InHol ( G ) = ρ ( G ) ⋅ Inn ( G ) . We determine regular embeddings of G into InHol ( G ) modulo equivalence by conjugation in Hol ( G ) by automorphisms of G, for groups G that are semidirect products G = Z h ⋊ Z k of cyclic groups and have trivial centers. If h is the power of an odd prime p, then the number of equivalence classes of regular embeddings of G into InHol ( G ) is equal to twice the number of fixed-point free endomorphisms of G, and we determine that number. Each equivalence class of regular embeddings determines a Hopf Galois structure on a Galois extension of fields L / K with Galois group G. We show that if H 1 is the Hopf algebra that gives the standard non-classical Hopf Galois structure on L / K , then H 1 gives a different Hopf Galois structure on L / K for each fixed-point free endomorphism of G.
Discussion of Accounting Information, Disclosure, and the Cost of Capital

LLV motivate their study in two ways. First, they suggest that it would be helpful to better understand the link between accounting information and the cost of equity capital because institutions such as the SEC and FASB that regulate financial reporting take into account, or at least are concerned about, the capital market consequences of new or existing accounting standards. Second, they suggest that it would be helpful to clarify the role of accounting information in large economies where only certain types of risks are priced because investors likely demand the types of accounting information that help them better assess those risks. Since the CAPM provides a time-honored theory for the pricing of risk, LLV begin their analysis by recasting the CAPM into a form that explicitly highlights the role of public information; that is, they express means, variances, and covariances that define the CAPM in their conditional form, conditional on public information. They then show that, under some simplifying assumptions, a firm's expected return or cost of equity capital can be expressed as
Effects of within-plant distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs and larvae on larva development and survival on cotton

Effects of oviposition sites and larva feeding sites of Heliothis zea (Boddie) on larva survivorship and development were investigated in both the laboratory and field. In field tests, oviposition site had little effect on the percentage of larvae that became established. This was probably due to larva movement before establishment. However, laboratory tests showed that larva development was affected by feeding site, with larva on flowers and bolls developing faster and growing larger than those on squares, leaves, or terminals.
Introduction to multifractals in dynamical systems theory and fully developed fluid turbulence

Abstract We review the theory of multifractals within the context of iterated maps of the interval and illustrate both the f(α) and s(λ) formulations within the context of simple maps. Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of strange sets are discussed in the s(λ) formalism and the ideas of inverse temperature and disorder are interpreted in terms of lattice configurations that are generated by the symbolic dynamics of the map. The transfer matrix is introduced, and phase transitions are discussed within a mean-field approximation. It is emphasized that nonuniform fractals (multifractals) are generated by variations in the Liapunov exponent over different classes of symbol sequences, and the inverse temperature is the control parameter for classifying these sequences. We review also the Kolmogorov 1941 theory of turbulence, the uniform β-model, and “random” β-model and discuss all three within the context of the multifractal formalism.
Spatial Variation of Rainfall over a Large Watershed in Central Iowa

Rainfall amounts and the distribution across the landscape are critical to decision-making and evaluation of hydrological models. Spatial variation in rainfall has been observed through anecdotal evidence and limited studies; however, there is little quantitative evidence that can be used to assess rainfall variation within a watershed on a daily, monthly, or yearly temporal scale. This study was conducted to quantify the spatial variation within a watershed in central Iowa and to determine if there were consistent differences among rain gages for the period from 1991 through 1998. The study was conducted within Walnut Creek watershed located south of Ames, Iowa on the Des Moines Lobe Landform region. The topography of this 5130 ha watershed is characterized by gently rolling fields with a narrow area of steeper land along the stream in the lower part of the watershed. Twenty-two tipping bucket rain gages were placed throughout the watershed and rainfall was recorded as 5 minute totals and then aggregated into daily totals. Accumulation of errors of the 5 minute values into the daily totals were considered to be random. There was a large coefficient of variation in the average daily totals; however, there was no consistent pattern of variation among rain gages, and coefficient of variation decreased with amount of rain. Each rain gage had an equal chance of receiving the lowest or highest rainfall total for any given storm event. When the daily average was computed over the year, there were no differences among rain gages. Monthly and yearly totals showed a decreased coefficient of variation compared to daily totals. There was no consistent pattern of spottiness within the watershed and if daily rainfall amounts are required for a decision, then direct measurements may be required.
Ultrasonic characterization of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

The influence of frequency (1–6 MHz), temperature (5–25°C) and composition on the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was investigated. The ultrasonic velocity was insensitive to frequency, whereas the attenuation coefficient increased with frequency. The fat, water and solids-non-fat content of mackerel tissue was determined by analyzing the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocity in the tissue using a semi-empirical equation. There was good agreement between the fat, water and solids-non-fat content determined by ultrasonic velocity and proximate analysis methods. In particular, there was a high correlation between the two methods for the determination of fat content (r2=0.949). There was no correlation between the composition of mackerel tissue determined by ultrasonic attenuation and proximate analysis methods. The increase in ultrasonic attenuation of mackerel with temperature, especially above about 20°C, was attributed to protein denaturation and tissue disruption.
Traffic Impacts and Dispersal Patterns on Secondary Roadways during Regional Evacuations

The evacuation of southeast Louisiana in the days prior to Hurricane Katrina represented the largest concentrated movement of traffic in the history of the state. Traffic data showed that nearly a half million vehicles, carrying an estimated one million people, flowed out of the New Orleans area before the storm. Since it was well recognized that evacuation traffic would overwhelm the available network capacity, Louisiana transportation and state police officials developed a plan to achieve a maximum utilization of the state's highest capacity evacuation routes. This paper differs from prior analyses by shifting the focus of attention from the impact of evacuation traffic on freeway and primary arterials to secondary and low volume roadways that have historically been underutilized during such emergencies. Analyses were conducted to determine how traffic was dispersed on the secondary roadway network, how long the impacts lasted, and where they were the most pronounced. The results suggest that many Katrina evacuees used roads in the secondary system as their primary routes of egress to far greater degrees than previously thought. They also indicate that secondary and low volume routes were also well used as alternatives to saturated interstate freeways and by evacuees seeking destinations not directly served by the primary highway network.
Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. XI. The effect of Sty/n-BA copolymer composition on the orientation of SDOSS surfactant molecules

These studies examine how various latex copolymer compositions, ranging from 100% n-BA to 50%/50% Sty/n-BA, may influence sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) mobility, diffusion, and orientation near the film–air (F–A) and film–substrate (F–S) interfaces. Polarized attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is utilized to examine the surfactant behavior in Sty/n–BA latexes at the F–A and F–S interfaces. Based on the analysis developed for the purpose of these studies, the highest concentration of SDOSS is detected near the F–A interface for 50%/50% Sty/n-BA compositions. However, when the content of styrene in Sty/n-BA compositions. However, when the content of styrene in Sty/n-BA copolymer is diminished, the highest content of SDOSS is detected near the F–S interface. This behavior is particularly evident for 100% poly(n-BA) latexes. When SDOSS molecules are near the F–A and F–S interfaces, the SO3−Na+ hydrophilic ends are preferentially parallel to the surface, whereas hydrophobic tails are perpendicular. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Insect muscles innervated by single motoneurons: structural and biochemical features

SYNOPSIS. Three locomotory muscles of adult male cockroaches have been biochemically and structurally compared. All fibers of two muscles are innervated by the same motoneuron; both muscles are monofunctional—used only in running. Fibers of the third muscle are also innervated by a single, but different motoneuron. This muscle is bifunctional— used in both walking and flying. Histochemical observations of enzymes associated with energy production indicate that the three muscles are each comprised of a homogeneous population of fibers. However, qualitative differences do correlate with muscle use. The bifunctional muscle shows high oxidative and glycolytic enzyme localization; the monofunctional muscles show a low profile for these enzymes. Quantitative determinations of specific activity for similar enzymes corroborate the histochemical observations. Light and electron microscope observations also indicate that fibers from each of the two muscle groups are structurally homogeneous and distinct. The two monofunctional muscles parallel one another for all structures examined and are different from the bifunctional muscle. The bifunctional muscle fibers have cross-sectional areas twice that of the monofunctional muscles, have a greater myofibrillar diffusion distance, and have about half as many actin per myosin filaments. Stereometric analyses show volume densities for mitochondria and tracheoles to be five times greater; membrane systems associated with excitation- contraction coupling, however, are half as extensive; and myofibrillar volume about 1.3 times less. These data form the basis for studies of denervation and cross-reinnervation, and the role of individual motoneurons in specifying muscle fiber properties.
Novel-object place conditioning: Behavioral and dopaminergic processes in expression of novelty reward

In a choice situation, rats given repeated access to novel objects in one of two distinct environments display an increase in preference for the novelty-paired environment. The experiments in this present report extend the generality of this effect to new procedures. Further, this shift in preference depends on object novelty; no systematic shift in preference was observed if the environment was paired with a familiar object. Experiments in the present report also provided evidence against non-associative accounts that rely on mechanisms that leave the paired environment more novel than the unpaired environment (e.g. object interaction interfering with environmental familiarization). Consistent with a conditioning account is the loss of place conditioning when access time with the novel objects was shortened from 10 min to 5 or 2.5 min. Interestingly, although a decrease in time with objects prevented place conditioning, these groups showed a novelty-conditioned increase in activity. Finally, treatment with the dopamine D(1) antagonist SCH-23390 (0.03 mg/kg) or the dopamine D(2)/D(3) antagonist eticlopride (0.1 mg/kg) before the post-conditioning preference test blocked expression of the novel-object place conditioning. Taken together, these experiments establish that the increased preference produced by object-environment pairings reflects a conditioned association between environmental cues and the appetitive effects of receiving access to novel stimuli.
A Division Algorithm for a Digital Differential Analyzer

This report describes a new digital differential analyzer (DDA) technique for computing equations of the form f(x) = c/x (c = constant), which was developed to solve a problem posed by the Systems Laboratory. The major advantages of this new method over conventional DDA methods are: a much smaller truncation error because only one integration is performed, and reduced size of the equipment, since it requires only one Y register and one time-shared adder. A digital differential analyzer (DDA) is commonly used to solve for particular solutions of a differential equation. When a DDA is used to compute algebraic equations, the same techniques are involved in the instrumentation, that is, the dependent variable f(x) is developed from some initial conditions. This procedure consists of two operations: 1) integrating the derivative of f(x), and 2) generating the derivative to be integrated.