cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Approval and Surveillance

This article argues that current regulations governing the licensing of drugs particularly in the U.S. need to be changed and replaced by a system of provisional or conditional licensing and increased postmarketing surveillance of drug use. In terms of research and development of new forms of contraception this proposal would have great impact. It is believed that the U.S./Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements--animal experiments and Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials--not only put an unacceptable financial burden on any institution attempting to develop new contraceptives but do not demonstrably contribute to the reduction of risks. The author questions whether even if oral contraceptives introduced prior to new U.S./FDA regulations had been subject to these current regulations that convincing evidence would have been found to alert anyone to the now-known rare adverse effects such as risk of thromboembolism. It is pointed out that these sorts of rare risks were uncovered by continuous screening processes which are not now a part of the FDA drug regulation requirements. The author also questions the politics of "conpulsory safety" such as might be legislated for regulated car safety belt use. Citing a partnership already established between government and private industry in high-risk/low cost ventures in the aerospace industry the author sees no reason why such a relationship could not evolve in the pharmaceutical industry. In Britain proposals have been made to establish a fund to compensate patients adversely affected by drugs which pharmaceutical companies would reimburse if proved negligent; such a fund may work in the U.S. under new regulations which stress postmarketing surveillance.
Three-dimensional quantification of composition and electrostatic potential at individual grain boundaries in doped ceria

Despite typically comprising a small volume fraction, grain boundaries often limit many properties of ceramics for energy technologies. The localized charges present at grain boundaries affect local structure and composition which thus impact the ionic conductivities along with thermal, electrical, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. While theory regarding grain boundary effects has progressed, direct knowledge of the local chemistry and corresponding potential around individual boundaries remains elusive. Some model bicrystal systems have been well-characterized experimentally; however, the complexities of random grain boundary structures in bulk-prepared polycrystalline ceramics have prevented quantified analysis of the most commonly occurring types. Here, the three-dimensional quantification of oxygen and cation compositions around arbitrarily selected high-angle grain boundaries in a polycrystalline material as measured by atom probe tomography are used to extract nm-scale, quantitative values of the three-dimensional space-charge potentials around grain boundaries and are related to the observed macro-scale conductivities. We focus specifically on Nd-doped ceria, a well-known ion conducting oxide with significant energy applications. However, the techniques employed here are directly applicable to other technologically-relevant polycrystalline ceramics and create opportunities for correlating nano-scale composition with macro-scale properties for optimizing materials design, expanding progress in ionic chemistry theory, and refining simulations for “real-world” polycrystalline materials.
Index of Suspicion in the NurseryCase 1: Hypoglycemia in a Term AGA InfantCase 2: Stridor in a Term Infant

A term male infant is transferred to the NICU for persistent hypoglycemia at age 3.5 hours. The infant had a blood sugar level of 21 mg/dL at age 3 hours and despite refeeding 20 mL of 20 calories per ounce of formula, his blood glucose level remained at 20 mg/dL at 3.5 hours. The infant was born via cesarean delivery for a nonreassuring heart rate tracing to a 19-year-old G1P 0 African-American mother. All prenatal laboratory results were negative, including an oral glucose tolerance test. Prenatal ultrasonography was performed during the second trimester and showed no gross fetal anomalies other than the presence of a two-vessel cord. The infant cried spontaneously at birth and had some transient respiratory distress. The infant weighs 2,960 g (50th percentile) with a length of 48 cm (50th percentile) and a head circumference of 32.5 cm (25th–50th percentile). Results of the physical examination are normal except for a small penis (stretched penile length of 1.5 cm, width of 0.6 cm) and an undescended left testicle. Blood glucose levels below 40 mg/dL persist despite two boluses of 10% dextrose and administration of continuous dextrose infusion with a glucose infusion rate of ∼5 mg/kg per minute. Glucose levels above 40 mg/dL are eventually achieved with a glucose infusion rate of 8 mg/kg per minute. The pediatric endocrinology service was consulted on the second day for persistent hypoglycemia. A 3,490-g term male infant is born to a 20-year-old primigravida mother. She received good prenatal care, and her pregnancy was uncomplicated. Antenatal screening for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and syphilis were negative, and she had immunity against rubella. Results of the patient’s cervical culture were positive for group B streptococcus, but she received adequate intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis before delivery. There was no abnormality noted on the fetal cardiotocography. …
Higher-Order Methods for Compressible Turbulent Flows Using Entropy Variables

Turbulent flows have a large range of spatial and temporal scales which need to be resolved in order to obtain accurate predictions. Higher-order methods can provide greater efficiency for simulations requiring high spatial and temporal resolution, allowing for solutions with fewer degrees of freedom and lower computational cost than traditional second-order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods.1 Higher-order methods have been widely used for turbulent flows. However, the reduced numerical stabilization present in higher-order schemes implies that special care needs to be taken in the development of numerical methods to suppress nonlinear instabilities.2–6 In this work we present the development of a higher-order space-time discontinuous Galerkin method with a focus on the aspects of our numerical scheme required for ensuring nonlinear stability for turbulent simulations at high Reynolds numbers.
Low Temperature Epitaxial Growth of Al on Si( 111) and CaF2(111) Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), we have grown high quality, low stress, single crystal Al on Si( 111) and CaF2(111). Xs-ray diffraction was used to characterize the crystalline quality, stress, and epitaxial relations of the films. AI(lll) was grown at a substrate temperature as low as 25°C on ass-deposited CaF2(111) and Si(111) cleaned by either wet etching or high temperature annealing. Aluminum Film stresses, derived from deformation of the Al atomic planes, are compressive when the films are grown at low temperatures. The stress becomes tensile and increases as the growth temperature increases. Consequently, films of low stress can be achieved by choosing the appropriate growth temperature. Epitaxial relations are dependent on the growth temperature and Si substrate preparation methods. Aluminum films with crystalline orientations identical to the substrates (A type), rotated 180° about the surface normal of the substrates (B type), and mixed A and B types have been observed.
Voluntary control of an ileal pouch by coordinated electrical stimulation. A pilot study in the dog.

Heal reservoirs were constructed in four dogs under general anesthesia and stimulated by means of a constant current generator that produced pulse trains at frequencies between 6 Hz and 1.67 kHz. Stimulation at 6 Hz with 50 ms pulses between amplitudes of 15 and 25 mA uniformly produced pouch contraction and reservoir emptying. Stimulation at other frequencies did not cause pouch emptying although pressure increases were sometimes observed. Such electrical stimulation may be useful for voluntary control of intestinal reservoirs when used as replacement for urinary bladder or colon. The mechanism by which the intestinal contraction is preduced appears to be different than that produced by slow wave pacing
FORMALIZATION, PRIMITIVE CONCEPTS, AND PURITY

We emphasize the role of the choice of vocabulary in formalization of a mathematical area and remark that this is a particular preoccupation of logicians. We use this framework to discuss Kennedy’s notion of ‘formalism freeness’ in the context of various schools in model theory. Then we clarify some of the mathematical issues in recent discussions of purity in the proof of the Desargues proposition. We note that the conclusion of ‘spatial content’ from the Desargues proposition involves arguments which are algebraic and even metamathematical. Hilbert showed that the Desargues proposition implies the coordinatizing ring is associative, which in turn implies the existence of a three-dimensional geometry in which the given plane can be embedded. With W. Howard we give a new proof, removing Hilbert’s ‘detour’ through algebra, of the ‘geometric’ embedding theorem. Finally, our investigation of purity leads to the conclusion that even the introduction of explicit definitions in a proof can violate purity. We argue that although both involve explicit definition, our proof of the embedding theorem is pure while Hilbert’s is not. Thus the determination of whether an argument is pure turns on the content of the particular proof. Moreover, formalizing the situation does not provide a tool for characterizing purity.
Sets of equally inclined spheres

In n-dimensional Euclidean space En , where we shall throughout assume that n ≥ 2, the maximum number of (n — 1)-dimensional spheres which can be mutually orthogonal is n + 2, and it is well known that the sum of the squares of the reciprocals of their radii is zero, so that the spheres cannot be all real. The maximum number of such spheres which can be mutually tangent is also n + 2, and in 1936 Soddy (7) indicated the beautiful relation connecting their radii. These two formulae are the particular cases γ = 0, γ - 1 of Theorem 1 below, which gives the relation connecting the radii of a set of n + 2 such spheres when every pair is inclined at a given non-zero angle 0, where γ is written for cos θ.
Towards a Clinical Measure of Pain: Hemodynamic Brain Responses to Pain measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

An objective, repeatable measure of pain is highly needed for individuals who are not able to communicate. Here we show that functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy has a potential utility as an objective measure of pain.
Detrimental graft survival of size-mismatched graft for high model for end-stage liver disease recipients in liver transplantation.

Background In orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) size-mismatch may cause adverse outcomes. We previously reported on a method to predict donor-recipient size-mismatch using the body surface area index (BSAi). In this study, we hypothesized that graft survival of size-mismatch transplantation deteriorates with higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score at transplantation. Methods We evaluated non-parametrically the association of BSAi and MELD with 1-year graft survival with a generalized additive model. For derivation, transplantations performed between 2005 and 2010 were used. The associations were then validated by comparing Kaplan–Meier estimates between patient groups stratified according to estimated risk, using transplantations from 2011–2013. Results A total of 30,870 OLT were included in the study with 16,466 in the validation group. The derivation model revealed that graft survival significantly decreased with higher or lower BSAi, and with higher MELD (P < 0.0001). Validation confirmed the correlation of observed graft survival with estimated risk categories. Conclusions We found that there is an interactive effect between MELD score and size-mismatch. Also high MELD recipient has a narrower safety margin for size-mismatched graft. The risk calculated from our nonparametric model with MELD and BSAi well predicts outcome in liver transplantation.
An Investigation Report on Design of Hefei Dashushan Forest Park

As an important carrier of sprit and culture of life of urban residents,Forest Park plays a critical role in terms of recreation and education.An excellent landscape design and sound tourism service facilities are the aims pursued by the modern urban landscape design.Based on the surveys of the sights designs of Dashushan Forest Park located in Hefei,this essay focuses on the research of comprehensive layout of the garden,landscape design and landscape plants analysis as well as the use of space around.A proposal on building a perfect,harmonious,ecological and recreational forest park was given with the expectation to construct a landscape with sustainable development,improve the green lung of urban area,and present a holy land of leisure in Hefei.
Efficacy observation of new fly catcher in Shanghai center urban area

Objective To observe the effect of Shenpu fly catcher(bait).Methods Comparing the results of Shenpu fly catcher(bait) and Sky Dome fly catcher(sweetsour baits,dead fish) by using them in green belt.Results The baits of Shenpu fly catcher could attract more flies than sweetsour baits in Sky Dome fly catcher but less than which attracted by dead fish(H=15.82,χ20.01,P0.01).The effect of Shenpu fly catcher was comparable to the Sky Dome fly catcher.Conclusion The Shenpu fly catcher is environmental protection and stylish.It can get good efficacy against flies.
DAMPs: Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules in Hemostasis

This chapter explores the role of some of the key DAMPs in modulating the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, how they activate platelets, and modulate platelet functions. Potential mechanisms differentiating disseminated intravascular coagulation from thrombosis are discussed with an emphasis on the generation of procoagulant membrane remnants that do or do not have adhesion molecules associated with them as a likely candidate for differential responses.
Educational Intervention Reduces Utilization of Low-Value Testing in Cerebrovascular Inpatients: An Example of Rapidly Implementable Quality Improvement (P2.309)

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention in reducing utilization of low-value investigations in patients admitted with acute cerebrovascular disease. Background: In the era of electronic ordering, thresholds for performing potentially low-value tests may be reduced. For high incidence disorders such as stroke, even low-cost tests can create considerable systemic costs if performed routinely. Methods: In the pre-intervention phase, laboratory testing patterns were analyzed for patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic inpatient cerebrovascular service. A review of the literature was performed, and two commonly performed laboratory studies (TSH and ESR) were targeted for intervention. In the intervention phase of the study, standardized weekly educational programs were presented to cerebrovascular service providers. Outcomes included ordering rates and standardized cost measures for TSH, ESR, and phlebotomies in consecutive patients following the intervention. Results: A total of 177 and 174 patients were included in the pre-intervention and intervention phases, respectively. The groups were similar in demographic and diagnostic composition. Mean length of stay (LOS) was shorter in the intervention group for ischemic stroke (p = 0.004) and hemorrhagic stroke (p = 0.02). Following intervention, the rate of TSH ordering was reduced by 41[percnt] (144/177 to 71/174, p<0.01) and ESR ordering was reduced by 50[percnt] (142/177 to 53/174, p<0.01). Corresponding costs were similarly reduced. Total phlebotomies per patient/day decreased from 1.14 to 0.97 (p=0.014) with a NNT of 6 to avoid one phlebotomy. Conclusions: In this prospective quality improvement study, an educational intervention resulted in significant reduction in utilization of low-value tests in patients admitted to an inpatient cerebrovascular service. While the per-patient costs of these diagnostic tests were small, a similar approach at the system level could result in considerable avoidance of low value testing and associated costs, particularly if applied to higher-cost/lower-value investigations and procedures. Disclosure: Dr. Scharf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martinez-Thompson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pichler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clark has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nozile-Firth has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose.
Learning semantic place labels from occupancy grids using CNNs

The goal of this paper is to develop a robot with a grounded spatial vocabulary. Such a vocabulary would allow it to give and follow directions, and would give it valuable additional information in aiding localization and navigation. We approach the problem by defining an ontology of space (including corridor, doorway, and room) and by creating a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that allows the robot to classify LIDAR sensor data accordingly. In particular, we propose a CNN architecture that performs comparably or better than existing methods based on engineered features. Training CNNs can be fickle; we describe several specific aspects of our approach that are important for good performance in this task.
Io plasma torus ion composition: Voyager, Galileo, and Cassini

The Io torus produces ultraviolet emissions diagnostic of plasma conditions. We revisit datasets obtained by the Voyager 1, Galileo and Cassini missions at Jupiter. With the latest version (8.0) of the CHIANTI atomic database we analyze UV spectra to determine ion composition. We compare ion composition obtained from observations from these three missions with a theoretical model of the physical chemistry of the torus by Delamere et al. (2005). We find ion abundances from the Voyager data similar to the Cassini epoch, consistent with the dissociation and ionization of SO2, but with a slightly higher average ionization state for sulfur, consistent with the higher electron temperature measured by Voyager. This re-analysis of the Voyager data produces a much lower oxygen:sulfur ratio than earlier analysis by Shemansky (1988), that was also reported by Bagenal (1994). We derive fractional ion compositions in the center of the torus to be: S+/Ne ~ 5%, S++/Ne ~ 20%, S+++/Ne ~ 5%, O+/Ne ~ 20%, O++/Ne ~ 3%, Σ(On+)/Σ(Sn+) ~ 0.8, leaving about 10-15% of the charge as protons. The radial profile of ion composition indicates a slightly higher average ionization state, a modest loss of sulfur relative to oxygen, and Σ(On+)/Σ(Sn+) ~ 1.2 at about 8 RJ, beyond which the composition is basically frozen-in. The Galileo observations of UV emissions from the torus suggest that the composition in June 1996 may have comprised a lower abundance of oxygen than usual, consistent with observations made at the same time by the EUVE satellite (Herbert et al. 2001).
Numbers of neurons as biological correlates of cognitive capability

What impact does variation in brain size have on the behavioral or cognitive capabilities of different species? Answering this seemingly simple question has been hampered by difficulties in defining and measuring the relevant variables in the brain, on the one hand, and in quantifying behavior in a way that can be compared across species, on the other. A new method of counting cells has made it easy to obtain direct estimates of the numbers of neurons that compose different brain structures. Crossing these numbers with the first large-scale quantitative studies of cognitive capabilities across species suggests that absolute numbers of neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex, or in the bird pallium, are good correlates of cognitive diversity: the more the neurons, regardless of brain or body size, the better a species performs at a same task.
Abstract 1653: Modeling tumor immuno-dynamics to predict patient survival and immunotherapy efficacy

State of the art models of cancer survival are increasingly utilizing molecular data that feature the number of non-synonymous mutations, or a network based stratification of mutations, as significant predictors. It is widely hypothesized that this association between mutations and survival is a result of neo-epitopes that induce a robust anti-tumor immune response. Naively this implies that patient neo-epitope burden should better predict survival than that of mutations alone, however this has generally been difficult to prove. Indeed, mutations and predicted neo-epitopes explain roughly the same survival variance, likely due to the intertwined difficulties of neo-epitope prioritization and the often immuno-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Reasoning that integrating leading order immune response with novel neo-epitope prioritization will lead to superior performance, we built a statistical model to quantify the influence of tumor immune-dynamics on patient survival. Neoepitopes (MHC-I/II) were predicted from mutations and filtered on a self-ligandome. The clonal structure of these mutations and the distribution of resulting epitopes were assessed as predictive features. Additionally, the existing response to epitopes was assayed by incorporating TCR and BCR sequence counts and entropy as a proxy for clonal tumor infiltrating lymphocyte expansion. Leveraging the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) for 9 major cancer types including bladder (BLCA), breast (BRCA), colorectal (COAD/READ), glioblastoma (GBM), liver (LIHC), lung (NSCLC), melanoma (SKCM), pancreatic (PAAD), and uterine (UCEC) cancer, we obtained omics data for a total of 2,866 patients. Random forest based recursive feature elimination was used to determine which features were most likely to be predictive while overfitting was controlled with k-fold cross validation. A cox proportional hazard model of survival as a function of mutation burden and functions of neoepitope and immune response predictors was constructed using the selected features. Our results confirm that neoepitope and immune response based predictors for survival often significantly outperform mutation burden alone and simultaneously suggest a quantitative classification of immunotherapy efficacy across cancer subtypes. Citation Format: Nicholas K. Akers, Eric E. Schadt, Bojan Losic. Modeling tumor immuno-dynamics to predict patient survival and immunotherapy efficacy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1653. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1653
Writings in the Korean Han’gŭl Script by and for the Women of Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910)

The Korean Han’gŭl script was invented in the fifteenth century and became an effective writing system, interacting with Classical Chinese throughout the Chosŏn period. This chapter argues that women of the court played an important role as mediators between the two writing systems and in the consolidation of Han’gŭl. Women hand-copied novels, translated Buddhist sutras and distributed didactic books, in print and in manuscript, even beyond court circles, especially from the seventeenth century onwards.
The Effects of Social Integration within Adolescent Friendship Networks on Adult Political Behavior

Political socialization research has typically focused on the role of parents, teachers, and the school curriculum during adolescence on shaping early adult political behavior (Beck and Jennings 1982; Torney-Purta, Richardson, and Barber 2004; Flanagan et. al. 2007). However, no study to date has explicitly looked at how properties of adolescents’ social networks affect the development of their later political behavior. Social networks matter later in life for conceptually related attitudes such as social capital and political participation (La Due Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Huckfeldt, Plutzer, and Sprague 1993; McClurg 2003). We hypothesize that the influence of social networks is also at work in the political socialization of adolescents. In this paper, we find that not only does an ego’s social integration in high school affect his later political behavior as a young adult, but his friends’ perceptions of their own social integration has significant effects as well. The findings indicate that peer effects are at work in political socialization, and that certain social environments in adolescence may foster positive political outcomes in adulthood. This has important implications for our understanding of the development of social capital, political trust and political participation, as well as our general understanding about how one’s social network influences one’s own attitudes and behavior.
Health research participants are not receiving research results: a collaborative solution is needed.

Health research participants want the results of the studies in which they participate but do not typically receive them. Researchers generally express support for sharing results with participants but, in practice, may be unprepared or unwilling to do so. Many funders call for increased dissemination of research results beyond academic and clinical audiences, but few funders sponsor research to improve result sharing with participants. Although the solution appears straightforward (e.g., funders could incentivize researchers to share results with participants), there are critical gaps in knowledge that suggest the need for a more deliberate approach. For example, what ethical or practical concerns discourage researchers from returning results to participants? What exactly do participants plan to do with the results that they would like to receive? What are the best channels of communication for sharing results with particular participant populations? To address these knowledge gaps, we argue for a collaborative process to develop a research agenda related to result sharing with participants. With support and encouragement by funders, such research should evaluate the effects of different types of results (and results from different types of studies) on participants’ behaviors, attitudes, and emotions; it should also examine the researchers’ ethical, financial, logistical, methodological, and skill-related concerns and constraints related to sharing results with participants. Over time, collaborative research between researchers and participants can yield an evolving set of evidence-based guidelines for ethical, effective result sharing with participants.
A Practical Beginner’s Guide to Cyclic Voltammetry

Despite the growing popularity of cyclic voltammetry, many students do not receive formalized training in this technique as part of their coursework. Confronted with self-instruction, students can be left wondering where to start. Here, a short introduction to cyclic voltammetry is provided to help the reader with data acquisition and interpretation. Tips and common pitfalls are provided, and the reader is encouraged to apply what is learned in short, simple training modules provided in the Supporting Information. Armed with the basics, the motivated aspiring electrochemist will find existing resources more accessible and will progress much faster in the understanding of cyclic voltammetry.
A Randomized Comparative Study Evaluating Various Cough Stress Tests and 24-Hour Pad Test with Urodynamics in the Diagnosis of Stress Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: The cough stress test is a common and accepted tool to evaluate stress urinary incontinence but there is no agreement on how the test should be performed. We assessed the diagnostic ability of different cough stress tests performed when varying patient position and bladder volume using urodynamic stress urinary incontinence as the gold standard. The 24-hour pad test was also evaluated.Materials and Methods: We recruited women who presented to specialty outpatient clinics with the complaint of urinary incontinence and who were recommended to undergo urodynamic testing. A total of 140 patients were randomized to 4 cough stress test groups, including group 1—a comfortably full bladder, group 2—an empty bladder, group 3— a bladder infused with 200 cc saline and group 4—a bladder filled to half functional capacity. The sequence of standing and sitting was randomly assigned. The groups were compared by 1-way ANOVA or the generalized Fisher exact test. The κ statistic was used to evaluate agreement betw...
Hat der hohe Sommerhelm zyklomorpher Daphnien einen Anpassungswert?: Mit 5 Abbildungen im Text

(1964). Hat der hohe Sommerhelm zyklomorpher Daphnien einen Anpassungswert? SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 676-683.
Frequency Dependence of Helioseismic Measurements of the Center-to-Limb Effect and Flow-induced Travel-time Shifts

Time–distance helioseismology measures acoustic travel times to infer the structure and flow field of the solar interior; however, both the mean travel times and the travel-time shifts suffer systematic center-to-limb variations, which complicate the interpretation and inversions of the time–distance measurements. In particular, the center-to-limb variation in travel-time shifts (CtoL effect) has a significant impact on the inference of the Sun's meridional circulation, and needs to be removed from the helioseismic measurements, although the observational properties and the physical cause of the CtoL effect have yet to be investigated. In this study, we measure the CtoL effect in the frequency domain using Doppler-velocity data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, and study its properties as a function of disk-centric distance, travel distance, and frequency of acoustic waves. It is found that the CtoL effect has a significant frequency dependence—it reverses sign at a frequency around 5.4 mHz and reaches maximum at around 4.0 mHz before the sign reversal. The tendency of frequency dependence varies with disk-centric distance in a way that both the sign-reversal frequency and the maximum-value frequency decrease closer to the limb. The variation tendency does not change with travel distance, but the variation magnitude is approximately proportional to travel distance. For comparison, the flow-induced travel-time shifts show little frequency dependence. These observational properties provide more clues on the nature of the CtoL effect, and also possibly lead to new ways of effect-removal for a more robust determination of the deep meridional flow.
Diffusion of Boron, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Lithium in Single Crystalline and Polycrystalline Diamond. A Novel Method for the Determination of the State of an Impurity: Forced Diffusion of Boron in IA Type Natural Diamond

Diffusion of boron, hydrogen, oxygen and lithium in single crystalline and polycrystalline diamond is reported. Diffusion under DC electric field was used to enhance the diffusion rate. SIMS analyses were used to determine the impurity concentration. A novel method is proposed for the determination of the state of an impurity (donor, acceptor or deep level) in a semiconductor lattice. To demonstrate the method boron was diffused into Ia type natural diamond under a DC electric field. The concentration and diffusion profiles of boron were affected by the applied field. Boron diffuses as a negative ion since it is an acceptor shallow enough to be partially ionized at the temperature of diffusion. The drift velocity of boron ions at the temperature of diffusion was also estimated. Diffusion under DC electric field of lithium, oxygen and fluorine in high quality diamond films was also studied.
Self-regulated strategies development for persuasive writing in tandem with schoolwide positive behavioral support: Effects for second-grade students with behavioral and writing difficulties

The present study replicates and extends previous research regarding the effects of self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) within a schoolwide positive behavior support model among students wit...
Harmonic analysis and degenerate diffusions on Euclidean groups

We take up an idea, introduced by Chirikjian andKyatkin, of analyzing a family of left-invariant diffusion equations on Euclidean groups via the group Fourier transform. These diffusion equations model the probability distribution of the orientation in space of certain polymers in solution, including DNA. We study the evolution equations satisfied by the Fourier coefficients of such a solution. Our main task here is to estimate these Fourier coefficients sufficiently well that one canestimate the error in truncating the group inverse Fourier transform to afinite region.
Crowdfunding Human Capital Contracts: Can it Be Done?

The CROWDFUND Act has the potential to alter the way students finance their higher education. Yet, the statutory requirements imposed on issuers create uncertainty as to the Act’s effectiveness in this regard. Students assessing their financial aid options for college will need to carefully weigh the costs of borrowing money through traditional federal loans versus the costs of crowdfunding human capital contracts. In all likelihood, without the ability to spread any of the costs associated with crowdfunding human capital contracts, students will continue to primarily utilize federally funded student loans. That is, unless, as this Note proposes, funding portals assume the cost of facilitating student pools, in order to lower the costs for students. These portals can engineer “off the shelf” LLCs that can be specifically tailored to the crowdfunded human capital contract industry. If funding portals can successfully maintain such an operation, traditional student loans may begin to fall by the wayside.
Video Coding Standards: Error Resilience and Concealment

The emergence of digital video compression as a means to enable visual communications has been driven largely by the efforts of voluntary international standards organizations. The standards developed by these organizations have substantially increased the use of video in many different applications. However, transmitting standardized video bitstreams in error prone environments still presents a particular challenge for multimedia system designers. This is mainly due to the high sensitivity of these bitstreams to channel errors. This chapter examines the existing standards for video compression and communication, and details the tools for providing error resilience and concealment within the scope and syntax of these standards.
Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends Comprehensive Heartcare for Patients and Caregivers (ENABLE CHF-PC): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Palliative care is specialized medical care for people with serious illness that is focused on providing relief from symptoms and stress and improving the quality of life (QOL) for patients and their families. To help the 6.5 million U.S. adults and families affected by heart failure manage the high symptom burden, complex decision-making, and risk of exacerbation and death, the early integration of palliative care is critical and has been recommended by numerous professional organizations. However, few trials have tested early outpatient community-based models of palliative care for patients diagnosed with advanced heart failure and their caregivers. To address this gap, through a series of formative evaluation trials, we translated an oncology early palliative care telehealth intervention for heart failure to create ENABLE CHF-PC (Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends, Comprehensive Heartcare for Patients and Caregivers). The primary objective of this multisite pragmatic randomized controlled trial is to test the efficacy of ENABLE CHF-PC plus usual heart failure care compared to usual care alone. Community-dwelling persons who are ≥50 years of age with New York Heart Association class III/IV or American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology stage C/D heart failure and their primary caregiver (if present) are being randomized to one of two study arms. The ENABLE CHF-PC intervention group receives usual heart failure care plus an in-person palliative care assessment by a board-certified palliative care provider (caregivers are invited to attend), a series of nurse coach-led, weekly psychoeducational 20 to 60 min phone sessions using a guidebook called Charting Your Course (patients: 6 sessions and caregivers: 4 sessions), and monthly check-in calls. Charting Your Course topical content includes problem-solving, coping, self-care and symptom management, communication, decision-making, advance care planning, and life review (patients only). Primary outcomes include patient QOL and mood (depressive symptoms/anxiety) and caregiver QOL, mood, and burden at 8 and 16 weeks after baseline. Outcomes will be examined using an intention-to-treat approach and mixed effects modeling for repeated measures. This trial will determine whether the ENABLE CHF-PC model of concurrent heart failure palliative care is superior to usual heart failure care alone in achieving higher patient and caregiver QOL, improving mood, and lowering burden. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02505425 . Registered on 22 July 2015.
Delayed versus dysmyelination in Jacobsen Syndrome (P4.181)

Objective: To describe the first case of 11q terminal deletion disorder with progressive white matter loss. Background: Jacobsen syndrome, first described in 1973, is caused by a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 11. The estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000 newborns. Most of the cases are due to de novo mutation, but 5–10% of cases are due to an unbalanced translocation. Design/Methods: We present a 10 year-old boy with unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 10 and 11 resulting in monosomy of the distal end of 11q24.2-qter and trisomy the distal end of 10p15.2-pter, with hemizygosity of the gene encoding the epithelial v-like antigen. Our patient has several well-described features of Jacobsen syndrome including macrocephaly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, congenital cardiac abnormalities, behavior problems and white matter lesions. Results: Initial brain MRI in 2008 showed global myelination abnormality with involvement in the frontal lobes and anterior temporal lobes in addition to deep white matter areas with sparing of the U fibers. Follow up imaging in 2009 showed progressive white matter loss. Subsequent neuroimaging in 2012, 2014, 2015 showed stable changes without any further loss of white matter. Conclusions: Previous case reports of Jacobsen syndrome have shown delayed central myelination with improvement on follow up imaging. In 1998, the gene product of the epithelial v-like antigen was discovered to be highly homologous to the myelin protein zero, the predominant myelin in the peripheral nervous system; however, its function in the central nervous system is unknown. In this case report we describe the first patient with Jacobsen syndrome showing dysmyelination, suggesting the white matter changes seen in Jacobsen syndrome may be secondary to dysmyelination rather than delayed myelination. Disclosure: Dr. Osso-Rivera has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koenig has nothing to disclose.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Biopharmaceutical Drug Products

Biopharmaceuticals are playing an increasing role in therapy; as a subset of therapeutics, their proportional use relative to traditional small drugs is increasing in terms of sales and volume. Often termed biotherapeutics, this drug class is primarily represented by protein pharmaceuticals, which includes a wide range of drug sizes covering 1000–150,000 dalton (Da) molecular weight. Given their relatively large size and their hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation in tissues throughout the body (as opposed to primarily renal and hepatic elimination of small drugs), their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties are different in many aspects. This chapter will describe these properties in detail for protein biopharmaceuticals. This presentation will include strategies to mitigate their susceptibility to hydrolysis in order to increase their bioavailability and prolong their residence time in the body. As well, the important role of modification of the physicochemical properties of proteins in influencing rate of their absorption and exposure-time profile will be discussed in the context of insulin and insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The chapter will conclude with a relatively brief discussion of the ADME properties of heparin, a carbohydrate-based biopharmaceutical, and those associated with the combined cell- and gene-based therapy of two recently marketed products for the treatment of refractory blood-borne cancers.
It's about Time: Ossification Center Formation in C57BL/6 Mice from E12⁻E16.

The establishment of precise, high-resolution temporal sequences for morphogenetic events in laboratory mice remains a vexing issue in developmental biology. Mouse embryos collected at the same period of gestation, even those from the same litter, show wide variation in individual levels of progress along their developmental trajectory. Therefore, age at harvest does not provide sufficient information about developmental progress to serve as the basis for forming samples for the study of rapidly or near-simultaneously occurring events such as the sequence of ossification center formation. Here, we generate two measures of individual developmental progress (developmental age) for a large sample of mouse embryos using crown–rump lengths that measures size, and limbstaging ages produced by the embryonic Mouse Ontogenetic Staging System (eMOSS) that measure shape. Using these measures, we establish fine-grained sequences of ossification center appearance for mouse embryos. The two measures of developmental progress generate slightly different sequences of ossification center formation demonstrating that despite their tight correlation throughout the developmental period, size and shape are aspects of form that are at least partially dissociated in development.
Rebel Use of Law and Courts

Militant organizations and rebel groups are an enduring feature of political life in much of the world. As scholars pay greater attention to rebel governance strategies, the role of law and courts ...
The Effect of Low Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Diets on Hepatic Fat Mass, Insulin Resistance, and Blood Lipid Panels in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease that is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. There is evidence to suggest that a low glycemic index (GI) diet can reduce glucose absorption, hepatic influx of glucose, and de novo lipogenesis. This review investigates the effect of low GI and glycemic load (GL) diets on hepatic fat mass, hepatic enzymes, insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose levels, and blood lipid panels in individuals with NAFLD. PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science were used in literature search. Search keywords included "glycemic index," "glycaemic index," "glycemic load," "glycaemic load," "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," "NAFLD," "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis," and "NASH." Outcome measurements included hepatic fat mass, hepatic enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT), insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], fasting blood glucose levels, and/or blood lipid panels. Four eligible studies enrolling 281 individuals with NAFLD were included. Both hepatic fat mass and ALT showed significant reductions from baseline in both low GI and GL diets. One study showed no change, and another study showed significant reductions in HOMA-IR. No significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was observed from baseline in both low GI and GL diets. Findings from the review suggest that low GI and GL diets may reduce hepatic fat mass and ALT in individuals with NAFLD. Future research of large-scale, randomized controlled studies using isoenergetic, low GI and GL diets for long term is needed to draw conclusionary results.
Research on Practical Rationality: Studying the justification of actions in mathematics teaching

Building on our earlier work conceptualizing teaching as the management of instructional exchanges, we lay out a theory of the practical rationality of mathematics teaching—that is, a theory of the grounds upon which instructional actions specific to mathematics can be justified or rebuffed. We do that from a perspective informed by what experienced practitioners consider viable but also in ways that suggest operational avenues for the study of instructional improvement, in particular for improvements that enable students to do more authentic mathematical work. We show how different kinds of experiments can be used to engage in theory building and provide examples of initial work in building this theory.
Investigating tissue-relevant causal molecular mechanisms of complex traits using probabilistic TWAS analysis

Abstract Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), an integrative framework using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) to construct proxies for gene expression, have emerged as a promising method to investigate the biological mechanisms underlying associations between genotypes and complex traits. However, challenges remain in interpreting TWAS results, especially regarding their causality implications. In this paper, we describe a new computational framework, probabilistic TWAS (PTWAS), to detect associations and investigate causal relationships between gene expression and complex traits. We use established concepts and principles from instrumental variables (IV) analysis to delineate and address the unique challenges that arise in TWAS. PTWAS utilizes probabilistic eQTL annotations derived from multi-variant Bayesian fine-mapping analysis conferring higher power to detect TWAS associations than existing methods. Additionally, PTWAS provides novel functionalities to evaluate the causal assumptions and estimate tissue- or cell-type specific causal effects of gene expression on complex traits. These features make PTWAS uniquely suited for in-depth investigations of the biological mechanisms that contribute to complex trait variation. Using eQTL data across 49 tissues from GTEx v8, we apply PTWAS to analyze 114 complex traits using GWAS summary statistics from several large-scale projects, including the UK Biobank. Our analysis reveals an abundance of genes with strong evidence of eQTL-mediated causal effects on complex traits and highlights the heterogeneity and tissue-relevance of these effects across complex traits. We distribute software and eQTL annotations to enable users performing rigorous TWAS analysis by leveraging the full potentials of the latest GTEx multi-tissue eQTL data.