cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binaries and Biology: Conversations With Elementary Education Professionals After Professional Development on Supporting Transgender Students

AbstractSchools are gendered cultural sites that leave little room for gender transgressions, let alone affirmation of a transgender child. This article examines how U.S. educators made meaning of teaching transgender students after attending professional development about transgender identity. Participants resisted gender-affirming pedagogy and fixated on the logistics of accommodating transgender students and keeping them safe. The authors argue that educators' failure to make structural changes is indicative of narrow interpretations of gender-inclusive schooling.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. Charles R. Menzies, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 273 pp.
Evaluating Effects of Hypomorphic Thoc1 Alleles on Embryonic Development in Rb1 Null Mice

The Rb1 tumor suppressor protein is a molecular adaptor that physically links transcription factors like E2f with various proteins acting on DNA or RNA to repress gene expression. Loss of Rb1 liberates E2f to activate the expression of genes mediating resulting phenotypes. Most Rb1 binding proteins, including E2f, interact through carboxyl-terminal protein interaction domains, but genetic evidence suggests that an amino-terminal protein interaction domain is also important. One protein that binds Rb1 through the amino-terminal domain is encoded by Thoc1, a required component of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex important for RNA processing and transport. The physiological relevance of this interaction is unknown. Here we tested whether Thoc1 mediates effects of Rb1 loss on mouse embryonic development. We found that Thoc1 deficiency delays embryo death, and this delay correlates with reduced apoptosis in the brain. E2f protein levels are reduced in Rb1:Thoc1-deficient brain tissue. Expression of apoptotic regulatory genes regulated by E2f, like Apaf1 and Bak1, is also reduced. These observations suggest that Thoc1 is required to support increased expression of E2f and apoptotic regulatory genes that trigger apoptosis upon Rb1 loss. These findings implicate Rb1 in the regulation of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex.
Fiber Keying for Optical Network Intrusion Monitoring

We describe a technique by which the Rayleigh scatter signature of optical fiber can be used as a key to monitor the security of a fiber network.
Groping for the greats: the strange musical claims of Nathan Ausubel

Nathan Ausubel (1898–1986) achieved unprecedented popularity as a compiler and translator of Jewish folklore during the 1940s and 1950s. Beneath the inspiring stories and charming sayings was a lef...
Partially Observable Markov Decision Process for closed-loop anesthesia control

Recently, researchers have favored computer-automated drug delivery system to reduce the risks of intraoperative awareness and postoperative morbidity, and their use is associated with a number of favorable patient outcomes. For example, Proportional-Integral-Derivative, maximum a posteriori (MAP) Bayesian approaches, fuzzy logic, and reinforcement learning, have been developed and applied successfully in simulated patients or volunteers. Despite the successes, variations of errors in the observed data are known to affect the performances of the controllers, especially when a patient state estimation is required. To have a better controller, we apply Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) to achieve better drug delivery policy, even when there is incomplete information about patients' current states during operations. In this paper, a POMDP model for closed-loop anesthesia control is introduced. Then, a state-of-the-art POMDP solver is used to compute a good control policy, in other words, propofol rates to administer to a patient, in efforts to reduce the risk of intraoperative awareness and postoperative side effects in patients.
A New Intersectional Model to Illuminate the Workplace Discrimination of Arab-American and Muslim Women in the U.S.

Prejudices about Middle Eastern women have created a trend of male-centric approaches to studying Middle Eastern people and societies. Following terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001; increases in stereotyping and prejudices have made these studies more discriminatory in addition to excluding the women that these prejudices impact. In this paper, I examine how changes in the conceptualization of Arab-American identity following the attacks of September 11, 2001 impacted the experience of all Arab Americans and how discrimination models have failed to account for this. I use intersectionality theory, specifically, the works of Kimberle Crenshaw and Rachel E. Luft to argue that discrimination models are faulty because of their focus on men in a sexist system, as well as, their focus on Islam in an Islamophobic era in American history. I review the data and research that has been collected on sexual and ethnic harassment in the workplace, highlighting the absence of Arab-American women in these works as evidence of male-centered study. I argue that an improved discrimination model must use tools of intersectionality such as narratives and decentralize religion in order to demonstrate that cases of discrimination are a racialized gendered problem rather than a cultural problem.
The structure of turbulence

Turbulence is directly related to the existence of a shear or boundary layer. In such a layer there exists under equilibrium conditions a balance between the creative and destructive processes. The author has shown that to account for the creative process there existes a definite structure, characterized as a universal element of turbulence. This element, because of an obvious resemblance in form, has been termed the “horseshoe”. The predicted structure constitutes a nonstationary solution of the equation of motion. The main horseshoe is the shear transmitting element. It is shown that its surface is covered by a multiple arrangement of ever smaller order horseshoes. Reports on experimental work will be available in the near future, as will also a kinematographic record showing the development of the basic horseshoe structure in a boundary layer.
Half a Century of Studying Genotype × Environment Interactions in Plant Breeding Experiments

Variation in crop performance is directly affected by the environment in which the plant grows. Analyses and estimation of genotype × environment interactions (G×E) have the potential to provide information about the characteristics of genotypes, identify elite genotypes and suitable environmental conditions, establish breeding objectives, and make recommendations for crop management practices. For the past half century, a variety of statistical models have been used for estimating G×E in plant breeding field experiments to facilitate the allocation of superior genotypes to the target population of environments. The most commonly used models are described in this review starting with linear regression and ANOVA models. We then describe modifications in the form of multiplicative models, models that can accommodate external variables, and mixed effect models. Quantification of differential effects of segments of a genome across environments is shown by exploiting marker × environment (M×E) interactions. We close with a brief overview of some nonparametric concepts that aim to understand genotypic stability.
The role of the arts in school reform

AbstractIn a national climate of high-stakes testing, there is an ever-increasing need for policy that ensures high-quality arts education for all children. At the same time that arts education in K-12 schools is being diminished or eliminated, there is an ever-increasing body of research linking participation in the arts to various aspects of cognitive and social development. The Madison Violin Project, a partnership between a low-performing, low-socioeconomic status elementary school and a school of music, provides a model for effecting change through the arts. Implications are drawn from this model for elementary students, pre-service teachers, and arts education policy.
Latissimus dorsi flap with vascularized lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment: Technique, outcomes, indications and review of literature.

Background and Objectives One of the surgical treatment options for lymphedema is vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT). We present our experience with latissimus dorsi (LD) flap based VLNT for lymphedema treatment. Methods We reviewed 14 consecutive patients treated with pedicled or free LD VLNT between 2014 and 2016 for recalcitrant upper or lower extremity lymphedema. Seven patients underwent lymphovenous bypass in addition to LD VLNT. Limb volume and quality of life scores using the Lymphedema Life Impact Scale (LLIS) were analyzed for quantitative and qualitative assessment. Results Mean duration of lymphedema was 69 months (range 24–124 months). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 12 months (mean 6.7 month). Major complications included one free flap loss and one reoperation for thrombosis. Mean preoperative volume differential between normal and affected limb was 35% (range 3–87%). Volume differential reduction was 48%, 28%, and 46% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The LLIS score improved from mean of 46.8 before surgery to a mean of 38.6 at 12 month, demonstrating improvement in quality of life. Conclusions The LD VLNT provides a viable option for treatment of UE and LE lymphedema in selected patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:72–77. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafine Pitch Stencil Printing of Liquid Metal Alloys

With high conductivity and stretchable for large cross-sections, liquid metals such as galinstan are promising for creating stretchable devices and interconnects. Creating high resolution features in parallel is challenging, with most techniques limited to a hundred micrometers or more. In this work, multilevel electroplated stencils are investigated for printing liquid metals, with galinstan features as small as ten micrometers printed on soft elastomers, a factor of 10 reduction over past liquid metal stencil printing. Capacitors and resistive strain sensors are also demonstrated, showing the potential for creating stretchable conductors and devices.
Reliable electrical systems for micro aerial vehicles and insect-scale robots: Challenges and progress

Recent technology advancement drives the miniaturization of autonomous aerial vehicles to the microscale. In this chapter, we present the progress our research team has made on building an insect-scale aerial vehicle and zoom into the critical reliability issues associated with this system. We give a brief background on micro aerial vehicles (MAV) and an introductory overview on the insect-scale MAV prototype called RobeBee. Detailed implementation of RoboBee's electronic control system is presented and the reliability concerns and considerations associated with its design are discussed. This chapter focuses on the design context and motivation of customized system-on-chip for microrobotic application and provides an in-depth investigation of supply resilience in battery-powered microrobotic system using a prototype chip. Improved performance and reliability has been confirmed in both simulation and experiment after applying codesign strategy between supply regulation and clock generation. We conclude with our vision on the future of MAV from a reliability perspective.
Can third molar surgery improve Quality of life? A 6-month cohort study. Discussion

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated patients' perceptions of changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHQOL) over a 6-month period after third molar surgery. Patients and Methods: One hundred patients participated in this prospective study. Two specific OHQOL measures, the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (CHIP-14) anti the 16-item UK Oral Health-Related Quality of Life measure (QHQoL-UK), were administered to the study group before surgery. Standardized surgical and analgesic protocols were used. Patients kept a diary of changes in life quality each postoperative day (POD) for 7 days and were contacted at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Results: Both measures identified a significant deterioration in quality of life in the immediate postoperative period (P <.01). However, there was an improvement in OHQOL compared with preoperative status at 1 (P <.05), 3 (P <.05), and 6 (P <.01) months after surgery. Patients perceived physical, social, and psychologic changes in life quality after surgery. Previous pericoronitis was associated with changes in quality of life (P <.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that third molar surgery is associated with changes in OHQOL. This has implications for understanding the value of third molar surgery from patients' perspectives and in assessing health gain.
The Nature of the Arguments for Creationism, Intelligent Design, and Evolution

Seventy-two Internet documents promoting creationism, intelligent design (I.D.), or evolution were selected for analysis. The primary goal of each of the 72 documents was to present arguments for creationism, I.D., or evolution. We first identified all arguments in these documents. Each argument was then coded in terms of both argument type (appeal to authority, appeal to empirical evidence, appeal to reason, etc.) and argument topic (age of earth, mechanism of descent with modification, etc.). We then provided a quantitative summary of each argument type and topic for each of the three positions. Three clear patterns were revealed by the data. First, websites promoting evolution were characterized by a narrow focus on appeals to empirical evidence, whereas websites promoting creationism and I.D. were quite heterogeneous in regards to argument type. Second, websites promoting evolution relied primarily on a small number of empirical examples (e.g., fossils, biogeography, homology, etc.), while websites promoting creationism and I.D. used a far greater range of arguments. Finally, websites promoting evolution were narrowly focused on the topic of descent with modification. In contrast, websites promoting creationism tackled a broad range of topics, while websites promoting I.D. were narrowly focused on the issue of the existence of God. The current study provides a quantitative summary of a systematic content analysis of argument type and topic across a large number of frequently accessed websites dealing with origins. The analysis we have used may prove fruitful in identifying and understanding argumentation trends in scientific writing and pseudo-scientific writing.
The Artificial Memory of Mr. Polly: Memory Simulation in Databases and the Emergence of Knowledge

Human memory may be characterized by five dimensions: (1) large capacity; (2) associativity; (3) diversity of memory systems; (4) change over time; and (5) a unified memory experience. The organization and multidimensionality underlying memory can be represented with set theory. This offers a new mathematical perspective, which is the foundation for the cognitive memory architecture Ardemia. The authors present a relational database implementation of Ardemia that supports the creation of the artificial memory of Mr. Polly, the main character in H.G. Well’s novel The History of Mr. Polly. In addition to the implementation of Mr. Polly’s artificial memory using TimeGlue, his memory is probed with a collection of everyday memory queries that are related to temporal and schema knowledge. The investigation of Mr. Polly’s knowledge suggests an alternative representation of schemas; rather than fixed structures or explicit associations, it is possible to model schemas as the results of the interaction between ex...
A coarse-grained computational model of the nuclear pore complex predicts Phe-Gly nucleoporin dynamics.

The phenylalanine-glycine–repeat nucleoporins (FG-Nups), which occupy the lumen of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), are critical for transport between the nucleus and cytosol. Although NPCs differ in composition across species, they are largely conserved in organization and function. Transport through the pore is on the millisecond timescale. Here, to explore the dynamics of nucleoporins on this timescale, we use coarse-grained computational simulations. These simulations generate predictions that can be experimentally tested to distinguish between proposed mechanisms of transport. Our model reflects the conserved structure of the NPC, in which FG-Nup filaments extend into the lumen and anchor along the interior of the channel. The lengths of the filaments in our model are based on the known characteristics of yeast FG-Nups. The FG-repeat sites also bind to each other, and we vary this association over several orders of magnitude and run 100-ms simulations for each value. The autocorrelation functions of the orientation of the simulated FG-Nups are compared with in vivo anisotropy data. We observe that FG-Nups reptate back and forth through the NPC at timescales commensurate with experimental measurements of the speed of cargo transport through the NPC. Our results are consistent with models of transport where FG-Nup filaments are free to move across the central channel of the NPC, possibly informing how cargo might transverse the NPC.
Self-reported assessment of visual function in a population-based study: the SEE project. Salisbury Eye Evaluation.

To report on the usefulness of the Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS) questionnaire for assessing visual functioning, a population-based sample of elderly Americans.
Spontaneous Regression of Testicular Seminoma: Case Report

A 33-year-old man had a 1-year history of a painless testicular mass and a 2-month history of an enlarging left supraclavicular mass. Biopsy of the supraclavicular mass showed classical seminoma. Massive abdominal lymphadenopathy was demonstrated by computerized tomography. Radical orchiectomy was performed and examination of the specimen showed only fibrous scar tissue consistent with regression of a primary tumor in the testis. While complete regression of a primary testicular tumor with progressive growth of metastases is well recognized in cases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, this phenomenon is reported rarely with seminoma.
Bioluminescence: Biochemistry for Fun and Profit

Bioluminescence is often called Living Light because it is encountered as the emission of light by certain animals (Harvey, 1940). A more scientific definition is that bioluminescence is light emission of high efficiency that occurs from certain organisms and that serves a biologically significant purpose for that organism. This definition is made to include the fact that bioluminescence also occurs in plants and fungi, and in bacteria. The definition excludes the very weak light emission that is observed in many actively metabolizing cells. We call that biological chemiluminescence and the reader is referred elsewhere for a discussion of that subject (Slawinska and Slawinski, 1985).
Pain Management in NTOS – Advanced Techniques

When thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) causes chronic neuropathic pain, or in rare cases causes complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a wide variety of advanced therapies can be used to treat the chronic, debilitating pain of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS). Chronic pain treatment algorithms typically begin with less invasive, reversible therapies and those that have few side effects. Thus, physical therapy and non-narcotic medications are used first, often in conjunction with behavioral therapy. These may be followed by more potent analgesics, nerve blocks, neurostimulation, or medication infusions into the spinal fluid by implantable pumps, and finally by neuroablation. Unlike neuroablation, neurostimulation (spinal cord stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and motor cortex stimulation), intrathecal drug delivery, and ketamine infusions spare nerve tissue and can be reversed or discontinued if necessary. Consistent definitions of pain types by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) have allowed indications for these therapies to be refined. Continuing elucidation of the anatomy, physiology, and psychology of pain, as well as recommendations for best practices, have been the focus of study by The North American Neuromodulation Society and the International Neuromodulation Society. A host of technical advances in equipment also support pain practitioners in managing the pain of NTOS more effectively.
Current Noise in Thick Film Resistors

The current noise generated in thick films has been an important subject of study in microcircuits because of the growing applications of thick film circuits in sensitive electronic equipment. It has been well recognized that thick film integrated circuits (ICs), as compared with monolithic ICs, are best suited for low volume precision circuits and complex arrays because their production cost is much lower and a very close tolerance of component values can be obtained by trimming. The trimming process of a resistor is often performed by using an air abrasive or laser trimmer to remove resistor material from the substrate for adjusting the resistance value. The process is often automatically controlled by a computer and is widely used in the integrated circuit fabrication.
The Response Repertoire of Neurons

Neurotransmitters produce their effects in postsynaptic neurons by coupling selectively and transiently with specific receptor proteins present in the postsynaptic membrane. The response of the postsynaptic cell depends on the nature of these receptors. In the preceding chapter, you learned that some receptors are ion channels that mediate fast and transient electrical responses of the neuronal membrane. Many neurotransmitter receptors, however, are not ion channels themselves, but regulate separate ion channel proteins via one or another of a variety of signal transduction mechanism. In this chapter, we will briefly consider the signal transduction mechanisms that link these metabotropic receptors to the ion channel responses. We will see also that the signal transduction mechanisms allow the postsynaptic cells to respond in ways that go far beyond fleeting changes in ion flux across the cell membrane.
Exact Rule Learning via Boolean Compressed Sensing

We propose an interpretable rule-based classification system based on ideas from Boolean compressed sensing. We represent the problem of learning individual conjunctive clauses or individual disjunctive clauses as a Boolean group testing problem, and apply a novel linear programming relaxation to find solutions. We derive results for exact rule recovery which parallel the conditions for exact recovery of sparse signals in the compressed sensing literature: although the general rule recovery problem is NP-hard, under some conditions on the Boolean 'sensing' matrix, the rule can be recovered exactly. This is an exciting development in rule learning where most prior work focused on heuristic solutions. Furthermore we construct rule sets from these learned clauses using set covering and boosting. We show competitive classification accuracy using the proposed approach.
Targeting lifestyle change in patients with depression.

Depression is widely recognized as being important for both mental and physical health. More than one in five of adults suffer from major depression (MDD) at some point in their lifetimes, and estimates are even higher for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Approximately 20% of patients suffer from MDD following a myocardial infarction and an additional 20% may experience elevated depressive symptoms without meeting diagnostic criteria for MDD. Depression is associated with poorer quality of life and increased medical expenditures and healthcare utilization. In addition, depression is one of the leading sources of disability in the United States and is associated with greater absenteeism and missed time at work. According to the World Health Organization, depression is the second leading cause of disability adjusted life years, following only CHD.
Learning to Cross Boundaries in Online Knowledge Communities

Many organizations have launched online knowledge forums to promote knowledge flow across boundaries. This paper theorizes and empirically tests whether employees transfer knowledge within or acros...
Teaching Qualitative Inquiry: Experiential Andragogy in Military Faculty Development Programs

The purpose of this instrumental case study was to understand how experienced adult educators practice and identify with experiential andragogy for qualitative research methodology in nonformal fac...
Why Has Antitrust Law Failed Workers

In the last several years, economists have learned about an antitrust problem of vast scope. Far from approximating the conditions of perfect competition as long assumed, most labor markets are characterized by monopsony — meaning that employers pay workers less than their productivity because workers lack a credible threat to quit and find a higher-paying job in the same market. Yet while antitrust law regulates labor monopsony in the same way as it regulates monopoly on the product market side, antitrust litigation against employers is rare. We document both the magnitude of labor monopsony and the paucity of cases, and argue that this “litigation gap” exists because antitrust case law, which has developed through product-side litigation, is poorly tailored to labor-side problems. We conclude with four proposals for reform of antitrust law so it can better deter labor monopsony.
Total Synthesis of Thyrsiferyl 23-Acetate, a Specific Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A and an Anti-Leukemic Inducer of Apoptosis

A convergent synthetic entry to the squalenoid polyether system has been developed and applied to the biologically active marine natural products thyrsiferyl 23-acetate (1a), thyrsiferol (1b), thyr...
Transitioning scientific applications to using non-volatile memory for resilience

Scientific applications often run for long periods of time, and as a result, frequently save their internal states to storage media in cases of unexpected interruptions (e.g., hardware failures). Emerging non-volatile memory (NVRAM) can write up to 40× faster than traditional mechanical storage devices, providing an attractive medium for this purpose. This paper investigates the implications of transitioning a scientific application, Fluidanimate, to use NVRAM for fault tolerance. In particular, we evaluate the performance implications and ease-of-use of four fault-tolerance approaches: 1) logging through transactions, 2) multi-versioning through copy-on-write operations, and 3) checkpointing through IO operations (e.g., fwrite) on a direct access (DAX) filesystem and 4) checkpointing with a DRAM cache. Our study results in three key findings. First, additional changes to the application are required to take advantage of the increase in IO speed provided by NVRAM. Second, the performance scalability of the approaches lack when considering a single process. Third, NVRAM can increase reliability in a distributed computing environment by allowing individual nodes to error and automatically recover before the rest of the system notices.
Understanding the Development of Pancreatic Cancer Will Emerge from Basic Research

Prof. Hans Beger is a worldwide-recognized pancreatologist in the treatment of pancreatic diseases. He led the way in pancreatic surgery with the development of a classic intervention: the Beger procedure for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. In this interview for Pancreatology Prof. Beger shares his life experiences as a scientist in pancreatic research.
Characterization of Allele-Specific Regulation of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Promoter Mutant Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines.

Background: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations play a role in carcinogenesis and are found in both tumors and cancer cell lines. TERT promoter methylation, transcription fac...
7 – Field testing

In this chapter, the use of field testing to evaluate the performance of an installed fiber-reinforced polymer strengthening system is discussed. First, pull-off testing as a bond-assessment method is presented, and some concerns for using this method in the field are noted. Next, two well-known types of bridge performance testing are reviewed: strain and/or displacement monitoring under service loads, and proof load testing. Strain monitoring is presented in the context of girder load distribution testing. Here, types of instrumentation, concentrating on strain gauges, placement on the structure, and gauge selection are reviewed. The development of installation and test plans are discussed, where topics mentioned include load selection, placement of load vehicles, computation of experimental girder distribution factors, and interpretation of results.
Investigating potential disparities in clinical trial eligibility, offers and enrollment at an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center.

e19076Background: Although many prior studies have demonstrated the existence of disparities in cancer clinical trial enrollment, few studies have explored clinical trial eligibility criteria and o...
Inducible de novo expression of neoantigens in tumor cells and mice

Inducible expression of neoantigens in mice would enable the study of endogenous antigen-specific naive T cell responses in disease and infection, but has been difficult to generate because leaky antigen expression in the thymus results in central T cell tolerance. Here we develop inversion-induced joined neoantigen (NINJA), using RNA splicing, DNA recombination and three levels of regulation to prevent leakiness and allow tight control over neoantigen expression. We apply NINJA to create tumor cell lines with inducible neoantigen expression, which could be used to study antitumor immunity. We also show that the genetic regulation in NINJA mice bypasses central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and allows for robust endogenous CD8 and CD4 T cell responses on neoantigen induction in peripheral tissues. NINJA will enable studies of how T cells respond to defined neoantigens in the context of peripheral tolerance, transplantation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. A system to express neoantigens in tumor cells and mice circumvents central T cell tolerance.
Measuring Student Learning Outcomes Using the SALG Instrument.

U.S. higher education institutions are being called to question their central nature, priorities, and functions, with prominent and unprecedented attention being given to accountability and the mea...
Scenarios for transitioning cars from ICEV to BEVs and PHEVs using household level GPS travel data

Abstract There has been a continuous effort to quantify the expected greenhouse gas reductions from plug- in electric vehicles (PEVs). Most existing studies are based on standardized driving cycles to compare the performance of PEVs and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. This study is based on assigning the most efficient plug-in hybrid or full electric vehicle to a household based on the household travel behavior as collected by GPS tracking data of thousands of vehicles’ real trips in California, and it found that PEV adoption can reduce greenhouse gas emission by up to 65%. We further explore the market share difference in assigning optimal vehicle models by considering vehicle-based and household-based travel demand, and we found that, given currently available technology, in many cases adoption of Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles (PHEVs) will not necessarily result in significantly higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (2.8% higher) compared to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), while PHEVs have advantages to satisfy household’s long-distance travel demand. However, if PHEV drivers never charge their vehicles, the achievable GHG emission reduction will be decreased by nearly 2/3.
Wideband Time Frequency Coding

We present a wideband time frequency coding scheme which combines the impulsive frequency shift keying scheme, shown to achieve the additive white Gaussian noise channel capacity in the wideband regime, with pulse position modulation. This coding scheme allows for information to be encoded in the position of the signal, which impulsive frequency shift keying does not take advantage of. We show that this scheme achieves rates which are comparable with the additive white Gaussian noise channel capacity upper bound, and performs well under a wide range of fading statistics and bandwidths. We show that our proposed scheme outperforms the impulsive frequency shift keying in lower bandwidths, even without optimization of the duty cycle. The scheme is also shown to perform similarly to impulsive frequency shift keying with smaller duty cycles in the wideband regime, indicating that continually decreasing duty cycles are not necessary to achieve rates on the order of additive white Gaussian noise channel capacity. We also discuss comparisons with other spread-spectrum signaling methods under noncoherent fading.
Electric thruster mode-pruning strategies for trajectory-propulsion co-optimization

Abstract Application of idealized constant-specific-impulse, constant-thrust electric thruster performance models or curve-fitted polynomials is quite common for spacecraft trajectory design. However, incorporation of realistic performance models of multi-mode electric thrusters leads to notable challenges, and at the same time, offers unprecedented system-level optimization opportunities. In this paper, a framework is developed for co-optimization of 1) spacecraft trajectory, 2) operation modes of multi-mode propulsion systems, and 3) solar array size. The selection of the most optimal operation modes is in accordance to Pontryagin's minimum principle for solving a payload-mass-maximization problem. The novelty of the work lies in solving a mixed-integer trajectory optimization problem featuring user-defined constraints on the maximum number of operating modes used along the trajectory. Utility of the framework is demonstrated through optimization of a multi-year trajectory from Earth to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko using an SPT-140 Hall thruster with 21 operating modes; the results are interesting and of significant practical utility.
Linkages among asset markets in the United States : tests in a bivariate GARCH framework

This paper develops a bivariate GARCH model that allows for time-varying conditional correlations and simultaneous testing of two Granger-causal linkages: the impact of return volatility in a market on intermarket correlation and the impact of return volatility in one market on the volatility of another. Using daily data from stock, bond, currency, and commodity markets in the United States, the paper finds evidence of each form of linkage. Furthermore, the conditional correlations change over time and exhibit considerable persistence. The estimated time-varying conditional correlations provide insight into the nature of the stock market crash of 1987.
A Viral Connection

A heartfelt commentary on the rise of virtual medicine and medical education as told from the perspective of a 3rd year medical student during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Some teaching resources using R with illustrative examples exploring COVID‐19 data

This article is presented in two parts: in the first part we discuss the use of R and R‐related tools when implementing a data science curriculum in the classroom and direct readers to helpful R resources in education, and in the second part, we demonstrate the use of R in exploring COVID‐19 data. In particular, we explore ethnic/racial distributions and COVID‐19 death rates. Supplementary R markdown files are also included allowing all graphics to be easily reproduced. It is advised that this article be discussed with sensitivity and mindfulness to potentially vulnerable students, especially as there may be students who have lost relatives due to the COVID‐19 virus.
Estimating Family Income From Administrative Banking Data

At the JPMorgan Chase Institute, we aim to publish generalizable insights that are representative of the overall US population. To do this, we require a method to reweight research based on key characteristics, with income foremost among them. Given that we do not have full coverage of income information across our portfolio of customers, we set out to develop a reliable method for estimating income. Using machine learning techniques, we trained an estimate of gross family income based on a truth set drawn from credit card and mortgage application data. JPMC Institute Income Estimate (JPMC IIE) version 1.0 uses gradient boosting machines (GBM) and relies heavily on administrative banking data such as checking account inflows. It predicts income with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 41 percent, outperforming comparative benchmarks, and demonstrates consistent accuracy across predicted income pentiles (average 55 percent). JPMC IIE version 1.0 is currently in use for research purposes, with results similar to truth set income when used for reweighting purposes. Future versions will seek to improve predictive power and expand the use of the estimate.
Observations of Infrared Cirrus

A striking feature of the infrared sky seen by the IRAS survey is the presence of thin, wispy clouds of infrared emission over nearly all the sky at high Galactic latitudes. The strong resemblance of the appearance of this interstellar material to that of cirrus clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere suggests the name “infrared cirrus”. Emission from this cirrus is apparently the infrared manifestation of the dust which can be seen as regions of reflection nebulosity or additional interstellar absorption in good quality photographs and which is expected to be associated with diffuse atomic hydrogen clouds detected at high latitudes. Infrared data on the material, when combined with measurements at other wavelengths, can provide an important key to understanding the composition and distribution of interstellar material. This paper reviews the observations and our current understanding of infrared cirrus, describing the morphology and observed spatial distribution of the cirrus and compares the IRAS data with observations at other wavelengths. The measured properties of the cirrus material are related to models of interstellar dust. Finally some of the unique observational opportunities presented by the cirrus are mentioned along with a review of some recent observational results.
Comparative Metabolic Activation in Mouse Skin of the Weak Carcinogen 6-Methylchrysene and the Strong Carcinogen 5-Methylchrysene

We compared the metabolic activation in mouse skin of the weak carcinogen 6-methylchrysene, which lacks a bay region methyl group, and the strong carcinogen 5-methylchrysene, which has a bay region methyl group. Metabolites of 6-methylchrysene were prepared using liver homogenates and were identified by their spectral properties and by comparison to synthetic standards as dihydrodiols, hydroxymethyl derivatives, and phenols; their relative levels of formation in liver homogenates from rats and mice were dependent on inducer pretreatment. In mouse skin in vivo , the major metabolite of 6-methylchrysene was trans -1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylchrysene (6-MeC-1,2-diol), the precursor to a bay region dihydrodiol epoxide. Its concentration was greater than that of trans -1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene (5-MeC-1,2-diol) formed in mouse skin from 5-methylchrysene. Since 5-MeC-1,2-diol has been identified as a major proximate carcinogen of 5-methylchrysene, the further metabolism and tumorigenicity of 5-MeC-1,2-diol and 6-MeC-1,2-diol were compared. Both dihydrodiols were converted to 1,2,3,4-tetraols and to 1,2-dihydroxy metabolites to similar extents in mouse skin. However, 5-MeC-1,2-diol was significantly more active than was 6-MeC-1,2-diol as a tumor initiator on mouse skin. The formation of DNA adducts in mouse skin from 5-methylchrysene and 6-methylchrysene was compared. Both hydrocarbons gave qualitatively similar adduct patterns, but the formation of dihydrodiol epoxide type adducts was 1/20 as great from 6-methylchrysene as from 5-methylchrysene. The results of this study indicate that the weak tumorigenicity of 6-methylchrysene compared to that of 5-methylchrysene is not due to differing rates of formation or further metabolism of their 1,2-dihydrodiols but is a likely consequence of the lower activity of 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylchrysene compared to 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene; the unique structural feature of the latter is the presence of a methyl group and an epoxide ring in the same bay region.
Occurrence and larval movement of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in seed mixes of non-Bt and Bt pyramid corn.

BACKGROUND Larval movement of target pest populations among Bt and non-Bt plants is a major concern in the use of a seed mixture refuge strategy for Bt resistance management. In this study, occurrence and larval movement of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), were evaluated in four planting patterns of non-Bt and Bt plants containing Genuity® SmartStaxTM traits in 2009–2011. The four planting patterns were: (1) a pure stand of 27 Bt plants; (2) one non-Bt plant in the center, surrounded by 26 Bt plants; (3) a pure stand of 27 non-Bt plants; (4) one Bt plant in the center, surrounded by 26 non-Bt plants. Studies were conducted under four conditions: (1) open field with natural infestation; (2) greenhouse with artificial infestations; open field with artificial infestations (3) on the center plants only and (4) on every plant. The major objective of this study was to determine whether refuge plants in a seed mixture strategy could provide a comparable refuge population of D. saccharalis to a ‘structured refuge’ planting. RESULTS Larvae of D. saccharalis showed the ability to move from infested plants to at least four plants away, as well as to adjacent rows, but the majority remained within the infested row. However, the number of larvae found on the non-Bt plants in the mixture plantings was not significantly reduced compared with the pure stand of non-Bt corn. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that refuge plants in a seed mixture may be able to provide a comparable refuge population of D. saccharalis to a structured refuge planting. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromosome 7 polysomy and biomarker combinations as potential predictors of gefitinib efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

B65 Studies of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein expression, EGFR gene copy number on 7p12, and mutational status have yielded conflicting results with regard to efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The discrepant results may be due to methodology differences between laboratories and variation in patient populations affording different sensitivities to TKIs. To address these inconsistencies, several biomarkers were analyzed in assessable tumor tissue from 82 NSCLC patients treated with gefitinib using the endpoints of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Chromosome 7 (C7) and EGFR copy numbers were tested by FISH (C7 represented by centromeric probe). EGFR activating gene mutations were detected by single strand conformation polymorphism, sequence specific primer-PCR, and sequencing. EGFR, pAKT, and PTEN protein expression were measured by immunohistochemistry. EGFR activating gene mutations [p = 0.047, 23.8 vs. 7.6 months (mo)] and polysomy 7, >3.6 C7/cell (p = 0.015; 16.2 vs. 6.0 mo) were significantly associated with longer OS. In contrast, relative EGFR copy gain ( EGFR /C7 >1) was associated with longer PFS (p =0.022; 4.1 vs. 2.0 mo), but not OS (p = 0.15). EGFR protein expression was marginally associated with PFS (p = 0.0765), but not OS (p=0.75). Although protein expression of the downstream markers, pAKT and PTEN alone, were not significantly associated with PFS (p = 0.758 and p = 0.127, respectively), or OS (p=0.094 and 0.091, respectively), the combination of polysomy 7 with pAKT or PTEN expression were associated with longer OS [24.5 mo for either biomarker vs. 5.9 mo (p = 0.002) or 7.1 months (p = 0.040), respectively]. Other combinations significantly associated with longer OS included EGFR and pAKT protein expression (p = 0.030), EGFR mutation status and pAKT protein expression (p = 0.040), EGFR mutation status and PTEN protein expression (p = 0.023), and relative EGFR copy gain (specimens with ≥34 % cells with EGFR >C7) and PTEN protein expression (p = 0.004). Polysomy 7 was the single significant biomarker with the lowest p-value for longer OS in this patient group. Furthermore, the state of downstream factors may contribute to associations between OS and EGFR protein expression, mutation status or copy number.
Applications of NMR to Drying

Publisher Summary NMR and NMR imaging have a promising future with respect to the study of the fundamentals of drying and the development of on-line sensors for moisture. In this chapter, the role that NMR can play in understanding the fundamental processes of drying is addressed. With NMR imaging, changes in these quantities with respect to space and time are available and they provide a potentially valuable resource for the study of transport phenomena during drying and for the study of moisture transport in multi-phase materials in general. The field of drying is a diverse one, unified under the general topic of moisture transport in and interaction with solids. As such, the field ranges from the study of two-phase flow in rocks, to equilibrium measurement of water in foods, to measurements of ink-drying rates for jet printers. As this chapter emphasizes NMR and foods, the examples cited predominantly involve food materials; however there are many instances where results from other fields are helpful in understanding how NMR is useful in food research.
The F + 0 protocol for diuretic renography results in fewer interrupted studies due to voiding than the F - 15 protocol.

Timing of diuretic administration is not universally standardized in renography. Over the past year, our practice has changed from F-15 administration of furosemide to an F+0 protocol. Therefore, we have retrospectively compared these 2 cohorts to assess if the shorter interval between diuretic administration and study completion in the F+0 study results in a greater frequency of patients able to complete the subsequent 30-min dynamic acquisition without disruption due to voiding. Methods: We identified 108 diuretic 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine renograms performed in the previous 18-mo period. Three patients were given furosemide at 30 min after the radiopharmaceutical and were excluded. Twenty studies in children under 3 y of age were excluded from consideration because voiding is neither restricted in this age group nor does voiding into a diaper cause disruption. Forty milligrams of furosemide were administered to adults, whereas 0.5 mg/kg was given to children. In the first cohort of 56 studies, radiopharmaceutical was administered 15 min after furosemide (F-15), whereas, in the second cohort of 29 patients, it was administered immediately thereafter (F+0). In all cases, patients were asked to void proximal to radiopharmaceutical injection. Dynamic images and renogram curves were inspected for evidence of interruption or voiding midstudy. Statistical significance was determined by a 1-tailed Fisher exact test for proportions, with P