cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
But is helping you worth the risk? Defining Prosocial Risk Taking in adolescence.

Recent work has shown that the same neural circuitry that typically underlies risky behaviors also contributes to prosocial behaviors. Despite the striking overlap between two seemingly distinct behavioral patterns, little is known about how risk taking and prosociality interact and inform adolescent decision making. We review literature on adolescent brain development as it pertains to risk taking and prosociality and propose a new area of study, Prosocial Risk Taking, which suggests that adolescents can make risky decisions with the intention of helping other individuals. Given key socialization processes and ongoing neurodevelopmental changes during this time, adolescence may represent a sensitive period for the emergence of Prosocial Risk Taking, especially within a wide variety of social contexts when youth’s increased sensitivity to social evaluation and belonging impacts their behaviors. Prosocial Risk Taking in adolescence is an area of study that has been overlooked in the literature, but could help explain how ontogenetic changes in the adolescent brain may create not only vulnerabilities, but also opportunities for healthy prosocial development.
Shame by Any Name: The Map Is Not the Territory

ABSTRACTThis report describes the journey from the well-established constructs of sexual addiction and compulsivity toward new directions in sexual health and optimal sexuality. Conflicting diagnoses are discussed. The ultimate destination for the field is professional consensus seeking, advocacy for effective treatment, and advancement of sexual health.
Lysosomal regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in tuberous sclerosis complex is mediated via NPC1 and LDL-R.

// Harilaos Filippakis 1 , Nicola Alesi 1 , Barbara Ogorek 1 , Julie Nijmeh 1 , Damir Khabibullin 1 , Catherine Gutierrez 1 , Alexander J. Valvezan 2 , James Cunningham 3 , Carmen Priolo 1 and Elizabeth P. Henske 1 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 2 Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Correspondence to: Elizabeth P. Henske, email: // Keywords : TSC, mTORC1, chloroquine, cholesterol, lysosome Received : February 25, 2017 Accepted : April 15, 2017 Published : April 27, 2017 Abstract Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem disease associated with hyperactive mTORC1. The impact of TSC1/2 deficiency on lysosome-mediated processes is not fully understood. We report here that inhibition of lysosomal function using chloroquine (CQ) upregulates cholesterol homeostasis genes in TSC2-deficient cells. This TSC2-dependent transcriptional signature is associated with increased accumulation and intracellular levels of both total cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Unexpectedly, engaging this CQ-induced cholesterol uptake pathway together with inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis allows survival of TSC2-deficient, but not TSC2-expressing cells. The underlying mechanism of TSC2-deficient cell survival is dependent on exogenous cholesterol uptake via LDL-R, and endosomal trafficking mediated by Vps34. Simultaneous inhibition of lysosomal and endosomal trafficking inhibits uptake of esterified cholesterol and cell growth in TSC2-deficient, but not TSC2-expressing cells, highlighting the TSC-dependent lysosome-mediated regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and pointing toward the translational potential of these pathways for the therapy of TSC.
Hybrid Analog–Digital Precoding Design for Secrecy mmWave MISO-OFDM Systems

Millimeter-wave large-scale antenna systems typically apply hybrid analog–digital precoders to reduce hardware complexity and power consumption. In this paper, we design hybrid precoders for physical-layer security under two types of channel knowledge. With full channel knowledge at transmitter, we provide sufficient conditions on the minimum number of RF chains needed to realize the performance of the fully digital precoding. Then, we design the hybrid precoder to maximize the secrecy rate. By maximizing the average projection between the fully digital precoder and the hybrid precoder, we propose a low-complexity closed-form hybrid precoder. We extend the conventional projected maximum ratio transmission scheme to realize the hybrid precoder. Moreover, we propose an iterative hybrid precoder design to maximize the secrecy rate. With partial channel knowledge at transmitter, we derive a secrecy outage probability upper-bound. The secrecy throughput maximization is converted into a sequence of secrecy outage probability minimization problems. Then, the hybrid precoder is designed to minimize the secrecy outage probability by an iterative hybrid precoder design. Performance results show the proposed hybrid precoders achieve performance close to that of the fully digital precoding at low and moderate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and sometimes at high SNRs depending on the system parameters.
‘The Mortar Between the Bricks’: Willis Conover and Global Jazz

ABSTRACTWillis Conover was arguably the most famous American in the pre-internet age. This Voice of America radio program, Music U.S.A. beamed popular music and jazz into people's lives all over th...
High-throughput extraction method for phenolic compounds in olive fruit (Olea europaea)

Abstract Phenolic compounds in olive fruit significantly influence the health benefits and sensory properties of processed olive oil and table olives. A simple and rapid extraction method using homogenization with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup was developed and optimized for ten phenolics in olive fruit. Quantification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Chromatographic separation of the relevant compounds was achieved using a C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm). The method was validated for accuracy and precision using replicate fortifications (n = 5) in 3 olive matrices (fresh, brined and California-style olives). All compounds were recovered between 80 and 120% and had relative standard deviations below 12.5%. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.06 to 7.4 mg/kg and 0.20 to 23.3 mg/kg, respectively. The method was used to quantify phenolic concentrations in fresh olives at different maturities, brined olives and California-style olives, including the analysis of green ripe olives and black ripe olives processed without ferrous gluconate for the first time.
Effect of microstructure on the detonation initiation in energetic materials

In this work we examine the role of the microstructure on detonation initiation of energetic materials. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The deposition term is based on simulations of void collapse at the microscale, modeled at the mesoscale as hot-spots, while the reaction rate at the mesoscale is modeled using density-based kinetics. We carry out two-dimensional simulations of random packs of HMX crystals in a binder. We show that mean particle size, size distribution, and particle shape have a major effect on the transition between detonation and no-detonation, thus highlighting the importance of the microstructure for shock-induced initiation.
The Archaic Southwest: Foragers in an Arid Land

Once again, Brad Vierra has assembled a volume of great value to Southwestern archaeologists. It is comprehensive in geographic scope, and even strays beyond the Southwest in chapters on the Mojave...
Retributivism and Recidivism

After providing a taxonomy of criminal recidivism, I pose in this chapter certain problems for the general idea of increased punishments for criminal recidivism, and argue for what appears to be the most reasonable position on the problem from a retributivist perspective, one which takes seriously the concepts of desert, responsibility, and proportionate punishment.
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN DERIVATIVES OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES

Abstract A number of new derivatives of toxic methylcarbamate insecticides with improved toxicological properties have been discovered during the past decade by substitution of the hydrogen on the carbamyl nitrogen atom with different functional groups, including alkyl- and arylthio, thiocarbamate, dialkylaminothio, and a large number of different N-sulfinyl derivatives. Results to date reveal that the toxicological properties of the original methylcarbamate insecticide may be profoundly affected by derivatization. In virtually all cases the derivatives were less effective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase than the parent methylcarbamates, although in some cases the difference was not large. Derivatization generally resulted in substantial improvement in mammalian toxicity with little, if any, reduction in insecticidal activity. In many cases insecticidal activity was improved. Depending on the nature of the functional group, derivatization often had a strong effect on the physical properties of the molecule, resulting in compounds with exceptional activity and selectivity. The development of the chemistry of the chlorothio- and chlorosulfinylmethylcarbamates as useful intermediates in the synthesis of new derivatives provides unusual opportunities for the design of compounds for specific purposes. Because of the replaceable hydrogen on the nitrogen atom of insecticidal phosphoramidates and phosphoramidothioates, these esters also may be modified in a manner similar to that demonstrated with the methylcarbamates.
Regulation of Ceruloplasmin Synthesis by Retinoic Acid and Interleukin-1

Research conducted over a period of fifty years, both in a clinical setting with human subjects, as well as in experiments with animals, has shown that plasma ceruloplasmin levels increase during periods of stress, inflammatory disease and chronic infection. However, there is little known about the factors which influence ceruloplasmin synthesis. The physiological role for the increase in circulating levels of this acute phase protein is equally obscure. The plethora of hormonal changes that precede and/or accompany these conditions suggest a variety of signals contribute to the phenomenon.
Hematologic abnormalities in patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders.

A wide variety of endocrine disorders can be associated with hematologic dysfunction. Usually the hematologic manifestations of endocrine disease are mild to moderate, self limited, and can be corrected by a reversal of the endocrinopathy. It is nevertheless prudent both to recognize the impact of endocrinology on the red blood cell, leukocyte, platelet, and coagulation physiology and to be cognizant of the clinical impact of resulting disturbances.
Immunogold localization of prolactin in acinar cells of lacrimal gland

Prolactin (PRL) is known to be involved in osmoregulation and control of cellular differentiation in lower vertebrates (Horobbin, 1980). In mammals, PRL influences sodium and water transport in kidney (Loretz and Bern, 1982) and sweat glands (Robertson et al., 1989), and stimulates the secretion of both fluid and protein in the mammary gland (Olivier-Bousquet, 1978; Houdebine and Dijane, 1989). Although PRL is primarily a product of mammotrophes in the anterior pituitary, it is known to be elaborated by other cell types in the body, including lymphocytes (Buskila, et al., 1991; Lavelle, 1992). PRL receptors also have been found on a number of cells besides mammary secretory cells, again including lymphocytes, and these facts implicate the hormone in immunomodulation, as well as in its better known function in lactogenesis. In fact, Buskila and co-workers (1991) have proposed that PRL may serve as a master hormone controlling immune system function.
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS. DISTRIBUTIONS

There are different ways in which a sequence of real- or complex-valued functions on an interval can converge to a limit function. Pointwise convergence, that is, convergence of the sequence of numbers to the number at every point, is one of the least important ways. In the case of most of the more important kinds of convergence, such as uniform convergence and convergence in the mean of orders 1 and 2, there is a way of measuring how rapidly a sequence of functions converges to a limit function. This is done with the aid of a distance concept on a set in which the functions are considered as points or vectors. Such a distance concept makes it possible to discuss approximation problems in a quantitative manner. In a space with a distance function—a metric space—one has a certain geometry. This geometry is sometimes so strange that it is of little help in solving problems. In normed vector spaces of finite dimension, the geometry is fairly reasonable; strange phenomena occur in the case of infinite dimensional spaces. The geometry is still better in scalar product spaces. In these spaces length and distance are defined in terms of the scalar product. Approximation in the mean of order 2 is convenient because it can be interpreted as approximation in a scalar product space.
Predicting and planning airport acceptance rates in metroplex systems for improved traffic flow management decision support

Abstract Efficient planning of Airport Acceptance Rates (AARs) is key for the overall efficiency of Traffic Management Initiatives such as Ground Delay Programs (GDPs). Yet, precisely estimating future flow rates is a challenge for traffic managers during daily operations as capacity depends on a number of factors/decisions with very dynamic and uncertain profiles. This paper presents a data-driven framework for AAR prediction and planning towards improved traffic flow management decision support. A unique feature of this framework is to account for operational interdependency aspects that exist in metroplex systems and affect throughput performance. Gaussian Process regression is used to create an airport capacity prediction model capable of translating weather and metroplex configuration forecasts into probabilistic arrival capacity forecasts for strategic time horizons. To process the capacity forecasts and assist the design of traffic flow management strategies, an optimization model for capacity allocation is developed. The proposed models are found to outperform currently used methods in predicting throughput performance at the New York airports. Moreover, when used to prescribe optimal AARs in GDPs, an overall delay reduction of up to 9.7% is achieved. The results also reveal that incorporating robustness in the design of the traffic flow management plan can contribute to decrease delay costs while increasing predictability.
Strong Pockels materials.

Electro-optic modulators based on epitaxial barium titanate integrated on silicon can reach speeds up to 50 Gbit s–1.
A Community Approach to Prevention: The Development and Assessment of a Bystander Intervention Program

In response to a growing concern about assaults on college campuses, universities are beginning to focus on the capacity of bystanders to intervene. Some schools have started bystander intervention programs for college students, which address bystander effect and barriers to bystander intervention. Schools teach participants how to become active bystanders. These programs rely on research regarding obstacles to intervention that have been tested on general population samples. But because the research focuses on scenarios less likely to occur to college students, there is a gap in understanding what barriers are salient to college student bystanders. Through a qualitative case study, a bystander intervention program was developed and piloted with a group of college students. This intervention program was designed to gain a more in-depth understanding of barriers to intervention that are salient to college students. Results from this study found three emergent themes that inhibit intervention: ambiguity, violation of social norms, and bystander efficacy. This research study contributes to a greater understanding of obstacles that are significant to college students and the college culture. As such, this study has implications for the development of intervention programming for universities. Keywords: bystander intervention, American college students
Prevalence and Factors Associated with School and Cyberbullying Among Rhode Island Youth

The objective of this study is to investigate prevalence and risk factors associated with school and cyberbullying among a sample of middle and high school students in Rhode Island (RI) (N = 22,294), using a social ecological framework. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between school bullying victimization and gender, age, sexual orientation, parental engagement, school connectedness, school climate, and neighborhood climate indicators. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between cyberbullying behaviors and the individual and social indicators described above. Overall, results suggest that 29% of RI middle and high school students acknowledged school bullying victimization in the past 12 months, and 11.7% reported being the victim of cyberbullying in the past 3 months. Relevance for an international audience is discussed.
Language-Guided Sampling-based Planning using Temporal Relaxation

In this paper, we focus on robot motion planning from timed temporal logic specifications. We propose a sampling-based algorithm and an associated language-guided biasing scheme. We leverage the notion of temporal relaxation of time-window temporal logic formulae (TWTL) to reformulate the temporal logic synthesis problem into an optimization problem. Our algorithm exhibits an exploration-exploitation structure, but retains probabilistic completeness. Moreover, if the problem does not have a solution due to time constraints, the algorithm returns a candidate path that satisfies a minimally relaxed version of the specification. The path may inform operators about timing problems with the specification or the system. We provide simulations to highlight the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Metabolic changes in mouse sperm during capacitation

Mammalian sperm are stored in the epididymis in a dormant state. Upon ejaculation, they must immediately start producing sufficient energy to maintain motility and support capacitation. While this increased energy demand during capacitation is well established, it remains unclear how mouse sperm modify their metabolism to meet this need. We now show that capacitating mouse sperm enhance glucose uptake, identifying glucose uptake as a functional marker of capacitation. Using an extracellular flux analyzer, we show that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation increase during capacitation. Furthermore, this increase in oxidative phosphorylation is dependent on glycolysis, providing experimental evidence for a link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in mouse sperm.
Are Test-Expectancy Effects Better Explained by Changes in Encoding Strategies or Differential Test Experience?

Prior research has investigated whether learners spontaneously adapt their encoding strategies in anticipation of particular test formats (i.e., the encoding-strategy adaptation hypothesis; Finley & Benjamin, 2012). However, the strongest evidence supporting this hypothesis is confounded with test experience (as argued by Cho & Neely, 2017). When learners gain equal experience with each test format, do they adapt their encoding strategy use? Across 3 experiments, participants studied lists of cue-target word pairs and after each list completed either a cued-recall test (recall targets given cues) or a free-recall test (recall targets only). Participants received equal experience with each test format. On a final critical test, participants either received a test in a format they expected or one that violated their expectations. On this critical test, participants who received a test they expected outperformed those who did not, and this was true for both cued and free recall. Also, a manipulation of cue-target associative strength had a greater effect on cued-recall tests than free-recall tests (Experiment 1), whereas a manipulation of target-target associative strength had a greater influence on free-recall tests than cued-recall tests (Experiments 2 and 3). These findings, along with divergent patterns of self-reported strategy use for the 2 anticipated test formats, support the encoding-strategy adaptation hypothesis. In particular, learners tend to use more cue-target associative strategies when expecting a cued-recall test, and more target-focused strategies when expecting a free-recall test. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Light extraction analysis of AlGaN nanowires with inverse taper for DUV LEDs

Planar deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) suffer from extremely low external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) due to poor light extraction efficiencies (LEE) which are often less than 1%, hindering their widespread use. In AlGaN DUV LEDs with high Al-content, the positioning of the valence subbands leads to dominant transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized emission which is difficult to extract from planar devices. To improve the LEE of DUV LEDs, techniques such as surface roughening and nanowire formation have been used. Nanowires are especially promising for DUV LEDs because they allow for very efficient extraction of TM-polarized light through their sidewalls. In this work, we demonstrate a novel “inverse taper” profile in AlGaN nanowires, in which the base of the nanowire can be narrowed to have a smaller diameter than the top through a KOH-based wet etch process. Hydroxyl-based chemistries are known to have a lower etch rate against the c-plane of wurtzite AlGaN alloys. Here, we report on observations of 0.8% KOH at 80℃ exhibiting a unique selectivity to a different wurtzite crystal plane, believed to be the (202 1) plane, allowing for formation of an inverse taper structure. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations at 280 nm reveal that AlGaN nanowire LEDs with high sidewall inverse taper angles can have greater than 75% and 90% LEE for TE and TM-polarized light respectively, ~2.5x higher than the LEE of vertical sidewall nanowires. This novel phenomenon may allow for significant improvements in the LEE of DUV nanowire LEDs.
Using a SLX Model to Examine the Impact of the Great Recession on Poverty in South Carolina

In this paper, we employ a model using spatially lagged explanatory variables (SLX) to model poverty in the rural South – a region with large pockets of counties with persistent and high poverty. T...
Tidal Phenomena in Interacting Galaxies

We present evidence for the action of tidal stripping and tidal friction in interacting binary galaxies. This evidence comes from the morphological distortions seen in pairs of elliptical galaxies, and from the kinematic peculiarities seen both in elliptical galaxy rotation curves and in spiral galaxy HI 21cm profiles. For several pairs of interacting ellipticals the observed strengths of such tidal disturbances have been matched with appropriate interaction simulations, thereby allowing the binary mass and orbital parameters to be derived.
A Sphingolipid Having a Novel Type of Ceramide and Lacto-N-Fucopentaose III

Abstract A new sphingoglycolipid was isolated from human adenocarcinomas. The glycolipid had a novel ceramide which contained predominantly 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine) and a high content of α-hydroxy fatty acids. The structure of the carbohydrate moiety was identified as O-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-[O-α-l-fucosyl-(1 → 3)]-O-β-(N-acetyl)glucosaminosyl-(1 → 3)-O-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-glucose, which was identical with that of lacto-N-fucopentaose III (Kobata, A., and Ginsburg, V., J. Biol. Chem., 244, 5496 (1969)). The precipitating antibody against this glycolipid was produced in rabbit, the antiserum was allowed to react specifically with this glycolipid but not with Lewis a or Lewis b glycolipid, and the precipitin reaction was inhibited by lacto-N-fucopentaose III.
Feedback particle filter-based multiple target tracking using bearing-only measurements

This paper describes the joint probabilistic data association-feedback particle filter (JPDA-FPF) introduced in our earlier paper [1]. The JPDA-FPF is based on the feedback particle filter concept (see [2],[3]). A remarkable feature of the JPDA-FPF algorithm is its innovation error-based feedback structure, even with data association uncertainty in the general nonlinear case. The classical Kalman filter-based joint probabilistic data association filter (JPDAF) is shown to be a special case of the JPDA-FPF. A multiple target tracking application is presented: In the application, bearing only measurements with multiple sensors are used to track targets in the presence of data association uncertainty. It is shown that the algorithm is successfully able to track targets with significant uncertainty in initial estimate, and even in the presence of certain “track coalescence” scenarios.
RTOK elimination with TSMM

One of the major problems in current technology in the military environment is the identification of failures that occur in airborne electronics while on a mission that cannot be reproduced on the ground-in other words, return tested OK (RTOK). A module that monitors environmental conditions, real time, called the Time Stress Measurement Module (TSMM) is described. TSMM monitors environmental conditions affecting electronics modules and within electronic systems for test, maintenance, and AVIP purposes. The current TSMM provides for monitoring of temperatures, vibration, shock, voltage variations, and transients. The sensor data can be accessed across the PI-bus at any time before, during, or after a mission while the module is installed, allowing an expert system to take extreme environmental conditions and predict failures or correlate that data against failures that have already occurred. The sensor data can be retained after loss of power. >
Is There a Religious Left?: Evidence from the 2006 and 2008 ANES

With the aid of new religiosity items on the ANES we are able to uncover considerable evidence of a “Religious Left” made up of Christians who hold a communitarian view of their faith. Going beyond the conventional “God Gap” perspective that relies on measures of individual piety, our findings demonstrate that communitarian religiosity influences partisanship, policy views, and presidential vote choice.
Biologically active components from mycobacterial cell walls. V. Granuloma formation in mouse lungs and guinea pig skin.

Abstract The ability of certain mycobacterial cell wall components, when attached to minute droplets of oil, to induce granulomatous inflammation in mouse lung and guinea pig skin has been studied for clues to the mechanisms by which these components protect mice against aerosol challenge with virulent tubercle bacilli and are useful in immunotherapy of dermal tumors of guinea pigs. Fractions examined were the following: the cell wall skeleton (CWS-I), which consisted of a polymeric peptidoglycolipid; wax D, which contained mono- or oligomeric peptidoglycolipid; and trehalose mycolates (P3). A combination of CWS-I and P3 induced more granuloma in mouse lungs than either of these two entities alone. Similarly, when wax D was separated into a chloroform-methanol-insoluble portion (CMI), which contained the mono- or oligomeric peptidoglycolipid, and the soluble portion (CMS), which contained P3, it was found that both moieties were required to produce maximal granulomatous inflammation. The degree of granuloma induced by these nonliving vaccines, as measured by an increase in lung weight following intravenous inoculation, could be correlated with the degree of protection produced in mice against airborne infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and with the degree of regression of skin tumors in guinea pigs upon intralesional inoculation. Even though quantitation of the granulomatous response in the skin of guinea pigs is difficult, it would appear that intradermal inoculation of cell walls, CWS-I, or CMI produced comparable granuloma, whereas CMS or P3 alone was essentially inactive.
A case study in low-power system-level design

A case study in low-power system-level design is presented. We detail the design of a typical low-power embedded system, a touchscreen interface device for a personal computer. This device is designed to operate only on excess power provided by unused RS232 communication lines. We focus on the design and measurement procedures used to reduce the power requirements of this system to less than 50 mW. Furthermore, we highlight opportunities to use system-level design and analysis tools for low-power design. Finally, we identify, key issues in low-power system design that are not currently being explored by the design automation community.
Weakening of the weekend ozone effect over California's South Coast Air Basin

We have observed lower nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) during a hot weekend (summer 2010) from aircraft over the entire South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Surface concentrations of NO2, O3, and temperature from 1996 to 2014 corroborate that this lower O3 on weekends is increasingly likely in recent years. While higher surface O3 on the weekends (weekend ozone effect, WO3E) remains widespread, the spatial extent and the trend in the probability of WO3E occurrences (PWO3E) have decreased significantly compared to a decade ago. This decrease is mostly the result of lower O3 on hot weekends in recent years. PWO3E is lowest in the eastern SoCAB. The major decrease happened during the 2008 economic recession, after which PWO3E has stabilized at a 15–25% lower level throughout most of the basin. Future NOx reductions are likely to be increasingly effective at reducing O3 pollution initially under hot conditions in the coming decade.
Labeling, rehearsal, and short-term memory in retarded children.

Abstract A short-term memory task was used to explore the effects of verbal labeling and rehearsal on serial-position recall in mildly retarded 9- to 11-year-old children. A stimulus array consisting of seven cards depicting familiar animals was presented for seven trials. In Expt I, recall when subjects labeled the pictures as they were shown was compared to recall when no labeling occurred. Total recall was not affected, but for the older CA group primacy recall was hindered and recency recall was facilitated by labeling. In Expt II, three variations of rehearsal of the names to be recalled were compared. When prompting accompanied rehearsal, recall improved at both recency and primacy positions. When prompting occurred for the primacy positions only, recall was higher for these positions but not for other positions. These results support the view that verbal skills affect recall in mildly retarded children similarly to normal children.
The nature of mind wandering during reading varies with the cognitive control demands of the reading strategy

Prior studies of mind wandering find the default network active during mind wandering, but these studies have yielded mixed results concerning the role of cognitive control brain regions during mind wandering. Mind wandering often interferes with reading comprehension, and prior neuroimaging studies of discourse comprehension and strategic reading comprehension have shown that there are at least two networks of brain regions that support strategic discourse comprehension: a domain-general control network and a network of regions supporting coherence-building comprehension processes. The present study was designed to further examine the neural correlates of mind wandering by examining mind wandering during strategic reading comprehension. Participants provided ratings of mind wandering frequency that were used to investigate interactions between the strategy being performed and brain regions whose activation was modulated by wind wandering. The results support prior findings showing that cognitive control regions are at times more active during mind wandering than during a task with low control demands, such as rereading. This result provides an initial examination of the neural correlates of mind wandering during discourse comprehension and shows that the processes being engaged by the primary task need to be considered when studying mind wandering. The results also replicate, in a different learning domain, prior findings of key brain areas associated with different reading strategies.
Factors associated with actual long-term survival following soft tissue sarcoma pulmonary metastasectomy.

Abstract Aims To identify clinicopathologic and treatment variables associated with long-term overall survival (OS) in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) patients with lung metastases undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy (PM). Methods Retrospective review of 94 STS PM patients with an actual follow-up ≥5 years. Data were collected on demographics, tumor features, treatment, and outcome. Results Most primary tumors were intermediate/high grade and the common histopathologies were evenly distributed. Half of the primary tumors were located on the extremities. The mean disease-free interval (DFI) from time of original diagnosis until metastases was 25 months (median 15 months). Eighteen patients had synchronous metastatic disease. Bilateral pulmonary metastases and >1 metastasis were common. The median number of metastases resected was 2.5. Thirty-four patients had extrapulmonary tumor at the time of PM; all extrapulmonary disease was resected. Negative margin resection (R0) PM was performed in 74 patients. Actual 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and OS for all patients were 5% and 15%, respectively. For the R0 group, actual 5-year DFS and OS were 7% and 18%, respectively. R0 resection and a prolonged DFI were associated with improved OS. Patient characteristics, tumor features, local recurrence, and adjuvant therapy did not affect OS. Conclusions Less than 20% of STS PM patients will survive 5 years. Complete resection and DFI are the most predictive factors for prolonged survival.
Health Professionals’ Perspectives on the Infant Feeding Practices of Low Income Mothers

The purpose of this study was to determine the perspectives of health professionals on assisting low income mothers with infant feeding. Low income mothers interact with a variety of health professionals through medical care and public health programs. Mothers indicate that health professionals are an important source of infant feeding information; however, they also report this information to be conflicting or difficult to follow. Five focus groups were conducted with 36 health professionals (pediatricians, nurses, WIC professionals, and Cooperative Extension nutrition educators). Individual interviews were also conducted with WIC professionals who were unavailable to meet as a group. Focus groups and interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and analyzed for common content categories. Six major content categories emerged from focus groups and individual interviews with health professionals: (1) Mothers’ sources of infant feeding information, (2) Helping mothers deal with multiple sources of infant feeding advice, (3) Use of infant feeding recommendations by health professionals and their clients (4) Reasons mothers introduce cereal early to their infants (5) Mothers feeding infants in poor mealtime environments, and (6) Ways of providing education to mothers on infant feeding. Conclusions: A better understanding of health professionals’ perspectives on working with low income mothers on infant feeding will inform nutrition education for these mothers, and may also inform strategies to improve communication between mothers and health professionals, subsequently improving infant health.
Local blood flow in Walker 256 metastatic brain tumors

Local blood flow (F) in metastatic Walker 256 (WL-256) brain tumors produced by the intracarotid artery injection of WL-256 tumor cells in rats was measured using 14C-odoantipyrine and quantitative autoradiography. Blood flow was variable in the tumors; the overall range was 2 to 222 ml hg−1 min−1 and the maximum range in an individual tumor extended over 150 ml hg−1 min−1. Small tumors had mean blood flows similar to surrounding brain. Medium to large tumors had significantly lower flows; the lowest values were usually measured in necrotic or cystic regions, although low values (less than 20 ml hg−1) were also measured in some viable-appearing tumor regions. Blood flow was significantly reduced in brain adjacent to medium and large but not small tumors. A global depression of brain and tumor blood flow was measured in two animals with hydrocephalus and the largest tumor burden. The blood flow patterns of the WL-256 metastatic tumor model are not uniquely different from other brain tumor models although some individual differences exist.
Gas phase photolysis of CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and CCl4 in the presence of bromine at 213.9, 163.3, 147.0 and 123.6 nm

Abstract CF 2 Cl 2 Br 2 , CFCl 3 Br 2 and CCl 4 Br 2 mixtures were photolyzed at 213.9, 163.3 and 147.0 nm. The first two mixtures were also photolyzed at 123.6 nm. In the CF 2 Cl 2 Br 2 system the quantum yields for the formation of CF 2 Cl radicals (as determined by the formation of CF 2 ClBr) were 1.0 ± 0.1, 0.67 ± 0.07, 0.05 ± 0.02 and not more than 0.02 respectively. For the CFCl 3 Br 2 system the quantum yields of formation of CFCl 2 radicals (as CFCl 2 Br) were 1.0 ± 0.1, 0.53 ± 0.05, 0.02 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.02 respectively. In the CCl 4 Br 2 experiments the quantum yields of formation of CCl 3 radicals (as CCl 3 Br) were 1.0 ± 0.1, 0.41 ± 0.04 and 0.02 ± 0.01 at the wavelengths 213.9, 163.3 and 147.0 nm respectively. These results are in excellent agreement with some earlier determinations which utilized a different technique. In all such cases the quantum yields, determined by the bromine addition technique for such fragments as CF 2 , CFCl, CCl 2 , CF and CCl, can only be used to set lower limits for the quantum yields of formation of these radicals. There are complications in this method for these fragments which cannot at present be taken entirely into account.
HOXB6 protein is bound to CREB-binding protein and represses globin expression in a DNA binding-dependent, PBX interaction-independent process.

Although HOXB6 and other HOX genes have previously been associated with hematopoiesis and leukemias, the precise mechanism of action of their protein products remains unclear. Here we use a biological model in which HOXB6 represses α- and γ-globin mRNA levels to perform a structure/function analysis for this homeodomain protein. HOXB6 protein represses globin transcript levels in stably transfected K562 cells in a DNA-binding dependent fashion. However, the capacity to form cooperative DNA-binding complexes with the PBX co-factor protein is not required for HOXB6 biological activity. Neither the conserved extreme N-terminal region, a polyglutamic acid region at the protein C terminus, nor the Ser214 CKII phosphorylation site was required for DNA binding or activity in this model. We have previously reported that HOX proteins can inhibit CREB-binding protein (CBP)-histone acetyltransferase-mediated potentiation of reporter gene transcription. We now show that endogenous CBP is co-precipitated with exogenous HOXB6 from nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of transfected K562 cells. Furthermore, endogenous CBP co-precipitates with endogenous HOXB6 in day 14.5 murine fetal liver cells during active globin gene expression in this tissue. The CBP interaction motif was localized to the homeodomain but does not require the highly conserved helix 3. Our data suggest that the homeodomain contains most or all of the important structures required for HOXB6 activity in blood cells.
Kinetically controlled synthesis of ampicillin with immobilized penicillin acylase in the presence of organic cosolvents

Abstract Penicillin acylase (PA) is used in the industrial production of 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA). However, by proper control of reaction medium, the enzyme can be used in the reverse synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics from the corresponding β-lactam nuclei and suitable acyl donors. Under thermodynamically controlled strategy, the use of organic cosolvents can favor synthesis over hydrolysis by lowering water activity and favoring the non-ionic reactive species. Under kinetically controlled strategy using activated acyl donors, organic solvents can favor synthesis by depressing hydrolytic reactions. Results are presented on the synthesis of ampicillin from phenylglycine methyl ester and 6-APA with immobilized Escherichia coli PA in the presence of organic cosolvents. Several solvents were tested in terms of enzyme stability and solubility of substrates. Ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1–2 propanediol and 1–3 butanediol were selected accordingly and ampicillin synthesis was performed in all of them. Best results in terms of yield and productivity were obtained with ethylene glycol, with which further studies were conducted. Variables studied were enzyme to limiting substrate ratio, acyl acceptor to acyl donor ratio, organic solvent concentration, pH and temperature. Experimental design based on a two-level fractional factorial design was conducted. pH was determined as the most sensitive variable and was further optimized. The best conditions for ampicillin synthesis in terms of productivity, within the range of values studied for those variables, were pH 7.4, 28°C, 36 US PA/mmol 6-APA, 3 mol PGME/mol 6-APA and 45 % (v/v) ethylene glycol concentration. Productivity was 7.66 mM ampicillin/h, which corresponds to a specific productivity of 7.02 μmol ampicillin/h US at 55 % yield. Productivity was lower than in buffer but product yield was higher because of the much lower relative hydrolysis rates.
PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERCULTURAL TOLERANCE SCALE

This article addresses intercultural tolerance, the need to measure that construct, and the development of a new diagnostic inventory, the Intercultural Tolerance Scale. Issues discussed include background, development, and preliminary test reliabilities and validities.
Hospital-acquired hyponatremia: why are there still deaths?

Intravenous fluids are probably the most frequently prescribed medication for hospitalized children. The current practice of administering hypotonic fluids to children is based largely on recommendations of Holliday and Segar,1 made almost 50 years ago and on their assumption that the electrolyte composition of intravenous fluids should approximate the composition of human and cow milk. The safety of these recommendations has never been established. There have been >50 cases of death or permanent neurologic injury in children over the past decade from hospital-acquired hyponatremia resulting from the administration of hypotonic fluid.2–5 In a recent contribution to Pediatrics , we introduced … Address correspondence to Michael L. Moritz, MD, Division of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2538. E-mail: michael.moritz{at}chp.edu
Measuring effectiveness and user satisfaction in Yahoo! Answers

Social question-answering services such as Yahoo! Answers (YA) are becoming highly prominent venues for online information seeking. While their immense popularity indicates their success, there is a need to measure how effective these services are and how satisfactory information they provide to the information seekers. To study these questions of effectiveness and user satisfaction, we collected a large amount of data from YA. For operationalizing these two constructs, we considered the amount of time lapsed between a question being asked and answered, and the asker choosing an answer to be satisfying, respectively. Using data mining, we show that the majority of the questions on YA get at least one answer within a few minutes, however, it takes longer to receive an answer that satisfies the asker. We also demonstrate that the sooner an answer appears for a question, the higher chances it has being selected as the best answer by the asker.
Herpes simplex virus infection of the fetus and newborn

Although infrequent, untreated neonatal herpes results in death in half the cases and neurologic sequelae in three quarters of the survivors. Neonatal infection is usually acquired from maternal genital herpes, which is asymptomatic or unrecognized in 60% to 80% of women. The greatest risk of neonatal infection occurs when the mother has primary genital herpes involving the cervix at delivery, and the infant is premature and delivered with instrumentation (eg, scalp electrodes). More than 80% of neonates with herpes will have typical herpetic lesions of the skin, eye, or mouth, and most of the remainder will have either encephalitis or a sepsis syndrome with pneumonitis and hepatitis and negative bacterial cultures. Because herpes can mimic other neonatal infections, laboratory diagnosis is important, using cultures of the virus from lesions, peripheral blood white cells, or CSF. Treatment with intravenous acyclovir does reduce mortality and neurologic sequelae, but outcome is still guarded in babies with disseminated disease or encephalitis. Prevention focuses on caesarean section in women with active lesions at the time of impending delivery and avoidance of postnatal exposure. Further studies are needed to determine whether maternal screening (eg, HSV-2 type specific antibodies and vaginal cultures in selected women at delivery) will be cost effective in preventing neonatal herpes.
A note on partial differential-difference equation

In this paper, we studied a certain partial differential-difference equation which arose from crystal precipitation modeling. The uniqu existence and asymptotic behaviors of the solution were shown
Long Term Evaluation of a Compressed, Rapidly Rotating Work Schedule

A current trend in alternative work schedules is to increase the length of the workday while decreasing the number of days in the work week. These “compressed” work schedules are popular amongst shiftworkers, in part because of longer periods of non-work days. The current research is an attempt to add to the short list of long-term evaluations of compressed work schedules. A change in work schedules from an 8 hour rotating shift schedule to a rotating 10 hour day/14 hour night operating schedule in a fire department was studied. Multiple measures were used to address a variety of outcomes associated with the new schedule. From the significant increase in satisfaction with their work schedule, it is clear that the new shift schedule is well liked by the fire fighters. Reasons for the satisfaction include significant changes in usual sleep length, a decrease in being tired or sleepy at work and an increase in free time benefits. Other results are discussed in the paper. In conclusion, the use of a compresse...
A forward looking decision rule for imprecise credences

Adam Elga (Philosophers’ Imprint, 10(5), 1–11, 2010) presents a diachronic puzzle to supporters of imprecise credences and argues that no acceptable decision rule for imprecise credences can deliver the intuitively correct result. Elga concludes that agents should not hold imprecise credences. In this paper, I argue for a two-part thesis. First, I show that Elga’s argument is incomplete: there is an acceptable decision rule that delivers the intuitive result. Next, I repair the argument by offering a more elaborate diachronic puzzle that is more difficult for imprecise Bayesians to avoid.