cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toluene nitration in irradiated nitric acid and nitrite solutions

The kinetics, mechanisms, and stable products produced for the aryl alkyl mild ortho-para director - toluene, in irradiated nitric acid and neutral nitrite solutions were investigated using ?, and pulse radiolysis. Electron pulse radiolysis was used to determine the bimolecular rate constants for the reaction of toluene with different transient species produced by irradiation. HPLC with UV detection was primarily used to assess the stable reaction products. GC-MS and LC-MS were used to confirm the results from HPLC. Free-radical nitration reaction products were found in irradiated acidic and neutral media. In acidic medium, the ring substitution and side chain substitution and oxidation produced different nitro products. In ring substitution, nitrogen oxide radicals were added mainly to hydroxyl radical-produced cyclohexadienyl radical, and in side chain substitution they were added to the carbon-centered benzyl radical produced by H-atom abstraction. In neutral nitrite toluene solution, radiolytic ring nitration products approached a statistically random distribution, suggesting a free-radical reaction involving addition of the •NO2 radical.
Imaging [18F]FAU [1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) uracil] in dogs.

We have studied the biodistribution of [(18)F]FAU [(1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil], which previous work has shown is incorporated into DNA and functions as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. It is being tested as a potential antineoplastic agent and imaging agent for PET. We have produced [(18)F]FAU and injected the tracer into 3 normal dogs and imaged them for up to 4 hours and removed tissues along with blood and urine samples for HPLC and activity analysis. The results showed that [(18)F]FAU evenly distributed to most of organs. In sharp contrast to our prior experience with thymidine and its analogs, marrow had less retention of [(18)F]FAU than the non-proliferating tissues.
The Relationship of Semen Production to Sexual Excitement of Dairy Bulls

Summary In two experiments with 11 bulls each, restraining the bulls to induce sexual excitement was accompanied by highly significant (P
Animal models of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury

With advances in genetic and imaging techniques, investigating axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in vivo is becoming more common in the literature. However, there are many issues to consider when using animal models of axon regeneration, including species, strains and injury models. No single particular model suits all types of experiments and each hypothesis being tested requires careful selection of the appropriate animal model. in this review, we describe several commonly-used animal models of axon regeneration in the spinal cord and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
Scenario-based design of a digital reminiscing system for the elderly

There has recently been interest within the HCI community concerning both current practices and digital tools for reminiscing. Several systems have been developed to trigger and/or capture reminiscence content, however very little is known about the overall process of reminiscing or been developed for an older healthy population. For my dissertation I have investigated when and how elderly individuals reminisce and am developing a prototype system that can enhance and maintain records of their reminiscing.
Developmental androgen excess disrupts reproduction and energy homeostasis in adult male mice

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in females of reproductive age and is believed to have a developmental origin in which gestational androgenization programs reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in offspring. During gestation, both male and female fetuses are exposed to potential androgen excess. In this study, we determined the consequences of developmental androgenization in male mice exposed to neonatal testosterone (NTM). Adult NTM displayed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with decreased serum testosterone and gonadotropin concentrations. Hypothalamic KiSS1 neurons are believed to be critical to the onset of puberty and are the target of leptin. Adult NTM exhibited lower hypothalamic Kiss1 expression and a failure of leptin to upregulate Kiss1 expression. NTM displayed an early reduction in lean mass, decreased locomotor activity, and decreased energy expenditure. They displayed a delayed increase in subcutaneous white adipose tissue amounts. Thus, excessive neonatal androgenization disrupts reproduction and energy homeostasis and predisposes to hypogonadism and obesity in adult male mice.
A Microfluidic Device With Concave Surfaced Micropost Array for Rare Cell Capture

Microfluidic devices are becoming a standard method of lab analysis of many different types of samples. This letter presents a uniquely shaped micropost structure set in an arrayed fashion for sensing and cell capture purposes. After simulating the design to confirm its improved functionality, a model cell line was used to determine the capture yield and capture rate of the device. Specific capture was achieved by coating the array of microposts with antibodies that target the epithelial cell adhesion molecule, a common biomarker for many types of metastatic cancer.
Measurement of turbulent flow phenomena for the lower plenum of a prismatic gas-cooled reactor

Abstract Mean velocity field and turbulence data are presented that measure turbulent flow phenomena in an approximately 1:7 scale model of a region of the lower plenum of a typical prismatic gas-cooled reactor (GCR) similar to a General Atomics design (Gas-Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor). The data were obtained in the Matched-Index-of-Refraction (MIR) facility at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and are offered as a benchmark for assessing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. This experiment has been selected as the first Standard Problem endorsed by the Generation IV International Forum. The primary objective of this paper is to document the experiment and present a sample of the data set that has been established for this standard problem. Present results concentrate on the region of the lower plenum near its far reflector wall (away from the outlet duct). The flow in the lower plenum consists of multiple jets injected into a confined crossflow—with obstructions. The model consists of a row of full circular posts along its centerline with half-posts on the two parallel walls to approximate flow scaled to that expected from the staggered parallel rows of posts in the reactor design. Posts, side walls and end walls are fabricated from clear, fused quartz to match the refractive index of the mineral oil working fluid so that optical techniques may be employed for the measurements. The benefit of the MIR technique is that it permits optical measurements to determine flow characteristics in complex passages and around objects to be obtained without locating intrusive transducers that will disturb the flow field and without distortion of the optical paths. An advantage of the INL system is its large size, leading to improved spatial and temporal resolution compared to similar facilities at smaller scales. A three-dimensional (3D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to collect the data. Inlet-jet Reynolds numbers (based on the hydraulic diameter of the jet and the time-mean average flow rate) are approximately 4300 and 12,400. Uncertainty analysis and a discussion of the standard problem are included. The measurements reveal complicated flow patterns that include several large recirculation zones, reverse flow near the simulated reflector wall, recirculation zones in the upper portion of the plenum and complex flow patterns around the support posts. Data include three-dimensional PIV images of flow planes, data displays along the coordinate planes (slices) and presentations that describe the component flows at specific regions in the model.
Simultaneous Stress Relaxation in Tension and Creep in Torsion of 2618 Aluminum at Elevated Temperature.

Abstract : Experiments are reported for stress relaxation and simultaneous stress relaxation and creep with proportional and non proportional loading and unloading. Results were compared with predictions of a viscous-viscoelastic theory, and modifications, and strain hardening. Predictions were calculated from results of combined constant-stress tension and torsion creep and recovery tests only, which were reported previously. Results showed that a modified viscous-viscoelastic theory predicted all the observed features and predicted the creep and relaxation rates reasonably well. (Author)
Qualitative analysis of contaminated environmental extracts by multidimensional gas chromatography with infrared and mass spectral detection (MDGC-IR-MS)

Abstract The use of capillary gas chromatography in conjunction with spectral detection has been utilized for several years for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of environmental extracts. Unfortunately, in some extreme cases, Chromatographic peak overlap precludes the accurate identification of many of the components, and alternative separation strategies employing multidimensional techniques must be utilized to improve the qualitative information. This study presents the application of a valvebased, multiple parallel trap, multi-stage multidimensional gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry system to qualitative analysis of extracts from water, clay and soil samples contaminated by decades of old agricultural product dumping. The water and clay extracts were found to be fairly simple and required only a single Chromatographic stage for analysis. Water and clay contaminants identified by both infrared (IR) and mass spectra included 1-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl-benzene, disulfoton, dieldrin, and several organophosphorus pesticides. In contrast, the soil extract required 25 heartcuts and second-stage separations to obtain higher accuracy qualitative identifications or classifications. Components identified by IR and mass spectra included 1-chlorooctane, dimethyl phthalate, phorate, 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone, 3,4′-DDD, chlorobenzilate, 4,4′-DDD, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. This study demonstrates the system's ability to perform equally well in both 1-D and 2-D configurations with these types of samples, and it also illustrates some of the temperature-dependent limitations of the system.
Catalytic activities of synthetic octadeoxyribonucleotides as coenzymes of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the identification of a new enzyme inhibitory site.

Abstract The catalytic activity of highly purified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was determined at constant NAD+ concentration and varying concentrations of sDNA or synthetic octadeoxyribonucleotides of differing composition. The coenzymic activities of deoxyribonucleotides were compared in two ways: (i) graphic presentation of the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the presence of a large concentration range of deoxyribonucleotides and (ii) by calculating kD values for the deoxyribonucleotides. As determined by method i, auto-mono-ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme protein at 25 nM NAD+ was maximally activated at 1:1 octamer/enzyme molar ratios by the octadeoxyribonucleotide derived from the regulatory region of SV40 DNA (duplex C). At a 0.4:1 sDNA/enzyme ratio, sDNA was the most active coenzyme for monoADP-ribosylation. At 200 μM NAD+, resulting in polymer synthesis and with histones as secondary polymer acceptors, duplex C was the most active coenzyme, and the octamer containing the steroid hormone receptor binding consensus sequence of DNA was a close second, whereas sDNA exhibited an anomalous biphasic kinetics. sDNA was effective on mono- ADP-ribosylation at a concentration 150–200-times lower than on polymer formation. When comparison of deoxyribonucleotides was based on method ii (kD values), by far the most efficiently binding coenzyme for both mono and polymer synthesis was sDNA, followed by duplex C, with (dA-dT)8 exhibiting the weakest binding. The synthetic molecule 6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (6-aminocoumarin) competitively inhibited the coenzymic function of synthetic octadeoxyribonucleotides at constant concentration of NAD+, identifying a new inhibitory site of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
Relationship between follicular cysts and milk production in dairy cattle.

Abstract Study of the 90- and 305-day 2×, mature equivalent, days open adjusted, milk production records of 74 animals with follicular cysts during their cystic lactation showed that they produced significantly more milk than their herd-mates (p
Calculated carbon-hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies for predicting oxidative susceptibility of drug substance molecules.

Abstract The carbon–hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) concept is evaluated as a potential computed indicator of stability of pharmaceutical drug substance candidates – specifically for oxidative stability of these molecules. Computational methods are discussed. Accuracy and validity of the methods are evaluated. BDEs are computed for several well-known molecules, for which stability and degradant identification information is known. Anecdotal correlations are noted between the lowest BDE energies of familiar molecules (sertraline, ezlopitant and related structures, ziprasidone, trovafloxacin, and varenicline), the sites of oxidative lability on these molecules and the identities of oxidative degradants. A low BDE may correlate in general with a reactive site on a molecule, not just an oxidatively susceptible one.
Wormholes, matrix models, and Liouville gravity

We review the exact solution of matrix models with trace-squared terms which enhance the weight of microscopic wormholes on the world sheet. The new values of string susceptibility and of operator dimensions that are found in the modified matrix models are interpreted in terms of changing brnch of gravitational dressing in the Liouville theory.
Pets and Personality Development

Man has had animal companions since prehistoric times, as reflected in folklore, legends, and literature. In an urban, technological society such as ours, closeness to animals can reduce alienation. Development over the life cycle can be favorably influenced by close association with an animal companion, particularly during middle childhood and old age. The development of empathy, self-esteem, self-control, and autonomy can be promoted in children through raising pets, while the loneliness of old age can be eased and deterioration warded off by nurturing an animal. Psychologists have not studied animal-human relationships to date, and such research is long overdue.
Visual signal detection and the locus of foreperiod effects.

The effect of alertness on S’s sensitivity to external signals was determined by varying the foreperiod in a visual signal detection task. Discriminability increased with increasing foreperiods up to an optimal foreperiod, beyond which it decreased slightly. This pattern of results parallels closely that of many foreperiod studies in which reaction time was the dependent variable. Because no speeded response was required in this signal detection task, it was concluded that alertness must be affecting an information processing stage prior to those associated with responding. Other evidence indicates that alertness does not affect sensory stages either. Alertness, by elimination, must be affecting the operation of a central stage, Posner’s view of alertness which implicates the central stages is discussed.
Differences in peptide binding of DR11 and DR13 microvariants demonstrate the power of minor variation in generating DR functional diversity

The influence of subtle HLA diversification on antigen binding was explored using murine L-cell transfectants expressing alleles in the DR11/DR13 family and a panel of peptides. The levels of binding among this family of DR microvariants were as diverse as the levels of binding among distantly related DR molecules. Even a single amino acid difference between allelic products had a profound effect on peptide binding. Specific amino acid substitutions, generated using site-directed mutagenesis to alter polymorphic residues at DR beta 32, 37, 57, 58, 67, 71, 86, demonstrated that a specific change within the context of a single DR molecule differed in its effect on the binding of specific peptides. In addition, a specific amino acid substitution had a differential effect on the binding level of a peptide to different DR molecules. Each polymorphic amino acid appeared to play a role in the binding of some peptide. Studies using the amino-terminal portion of the invariant chain CLIP peptide suggested that this peptide may offer varying degrees of competition in the binding of the cellular peptide pool in cells expressing different DR molecules. Finally, the results obtained with two strain-specific peptides from an immunodominant region of a malarial parasite show differential binding to two DR13 molecules, suggesting that immune pressure may promote parasite diversity. A dynamic interaction may exist between pathogens and the immune system shaping the HLA profile in a population. Thus even subtle diversification of the HLA molecules, possibly pathogen driven, can have a substantial effect on peptide binding and immune recognition.
Touch, Justification, and Sex: Influences on the Aversiveness of Spatial Violations.

Summary Hall's pioneering studies designated discrete zones of interpersonal space appropriate to levels of intimacy within a culture. This project investigated variables expected to affect reactions of Ss to entry into their intimate zone by strangers. Violations of Hall's intimate zone were predicted to be more aversive to males when accompanied by physical contact and when lacking prior psychological justification. In Experiment 1 a female confederate (C) sat six inches from individual Ss (21 males and 23 females) and touched half the Ss. Half the Ss were given a rationalization for the C's intrusion. Experiment 2 was a replication with a male C and 40 male and 40 female Ss. Aversive reactions were measured by decrements in performance and liking. As predicted, touch and no justification resulted in significantly lower task performance by males only, regardless of sex of intruder. Intrusions decreased liking by males and increased liking by females. It is concluded that proxemic theory should be elabor...
An experimental investigation of the flow in a diffusing S-duct

Compressible, subsonic flow through a diffusing S-duct has been experimentally investigated. Benchmark aerodynamic data are presented for flow through a representative S-duct configuration. The collected data would be beneficial to aircraft inlet designers and is suitable for the validation of computational codes. Measurements of the 3D velocity field and total and static pressures were obtained at five cross-sectional planes. Surface static pressures and flow visualization also helped to reveal flow field characteristics. All reported tests were conducted with an inlet centerline Mach number of 0.6 and a Reynolds number, based on the inlet centerline velocity and duct inlet diameter, of 2.6 x 10(exp 6). The results show that a larger region of streamwise flow separation occurred within the duct. Details about the separated flow region, including mechanisms which drive this complicated flow phenomenon, are discussed. Transverse velocity components indicate that the duct curvature induces strong pressure driven secondary flows, which evolve into a large pair of counter-rotating vortices. These vortices convect the low momentum fluid of the boundary layer towards the center of the duct, degrading both the uniformity and magnitude of the total pressure profile.
A study of the 7667-Å band system of Cs2; the magnetic rotation spectra of the 7667 and 6250-Å systems☆

Abstract A vibrational analysis of the 7667-A system is reported. A detailed rotational analysis cannot be made but it is possible to find (B″ - B′) = 0.104 × 10−2 cm−1 for v″ = 0, v′ = 1, from partially resolved rotational structure. By use of both magnetic rotation and absorption data, the vibrational analysis is extended to v″ = 100, v′ = 83. For high vibrational quantum number (B″ - B′) changes sign and large displacements of the band heads from the band origins occur. With a small extrapolation it is found that De″ = 3197 ± 80 cm−1 (0.396 ± 0.010 eV) and De′ = 2139 ± 80 cm−1 (0.265 ± 0.010 eV), where De′ is the energy interval between the minimum of the potential curve and the upper bound of the region of stability of the upper state. It is found that the potential curve of the excited state has an activation lip with a height of 254 ± 45 cm−1 above the 6 2 P 3 2 + 6 2 S 1 2 atomic state into which the molecule dissociates. Predissociation occurs to repulsive levels that dissociate into each of the 2 P 1 2 + 2 S 1 2 and 2 P 3 2 + 2 S 1 2 atomic configurations. Previously unobserved magnetic rotation for the 6250-A system has been observed which supports the previous analysis and is consistent with Serber's analysis of the magnetic rotation spectra of Π-Σ transitions.
Active intrahepatic gadolinium extravasation following TIPS

A 31-year-old male patient had a transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS) placed for acute Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Post-procedure, he was anticoagulated for his underlying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. After 11 days, he complained of upper abdominal pain and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On immediate post-gadolinium spoiled-gradient-echo (SGE) images, active extravasation of gadolinium was depicted in one of two intrahepatic hematomas. Progression of layering of high signal gadolinium was shown from early to later phase post-gadolinium images. The active arterial bleeding was confirmed by conventional angiography performed immediately following the magnetic resonance imaging.
Zero-flee regions for a rational function with applications

In this paper, we study a rational function which plays an important role in several problems of interest (eigenvalue problems, linear control theory, ... ). Our main interest is to determine zero-free regions. We also derive upper and lower bounds for this function.
Regioselectivity in the claisen rearrangement of bis-allylic alcohols: Electronic and steric effects of C-4 substituents

Abstract Enol ethers of 1,4-dien-3-ols in which one allylic double bond is substituted with a methoxyl or alkyl group at C-4 undergo Claisen rearrangement in which the unsubstituted olefin participates preferentially. Rearrangement to the substituted olefin has been shown to be retarded by both electronic and steric effects.
The Relationship Between Beliefs About Sleep and Adherence to Behavioral Treatment Combined With Meditation for Insomnia

This study examined beliefs about sleep, as measured by the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) scale, as predictors of adherence to 3 specific insomnia treatment recommendations: restriction of time spent in bed, maintenance of a consistent rise time, and completion of daily meditation practice. Higher DBAS scores predicted poorer adherence to restriction of time spent in bed and to maintenance of a prescribed rise time. DBAS scores were not associated with completion of daily meditation. These preliminary findings suggest that pre-treatment beliefs about sleep may impact patient engagement with behavioral recommendations regarding time in bed and consistent rise time during treatment for insomnia.
Solution and Solid-State NMR Analysis of Phosphorylated and Pseudo-Phosphorylated Phospholamban

Phospholamban (PLN) is a 52 residue transmembrane protein that regulates the Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) of muscle cells. At low μM Ca2+ concentration, PLN binds to SERCA and decreases the rate of uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) thereby promoting muscle relaxation. This inhibitory activity is reversed by phosphorylation of PLN at Serine-16 or Threonine-17 in response to s-adrenergic stimulation. Phosphorylation of PLN is associated with increased cardiac contractility of muscle cells due to the larger Ca2+ load into the SR.PLN has become important as a therapeutic target in fighting heart failure, a complex disease associated with impaired cardiac contractility. It has been shown that delivering of phospho-mimiking PLN (Ser-16 → Glu substitution) to failing mice cardiomyocytes significantly improves contractility.Although functional effects of PLN phosphorylation have been extensively studied, the mechanistic details of how phosphorylated and pseudo-phosphorylated (S16E) PLN interacts with SERCA to reverse inhibition are still unclear.In here we present data on the structural characterization of Ser-16 phosphorylated and S16E monomeric and pentameric phospholamban (AFA-PLN and WT-PLN) in the presence and absence of SERCA as probed by solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy in detergent micelles and oriented lipid bilayers.For solid-state NMR, SERCA and PLN were reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers and uniaxially aligned on glass plates. Residue-specific information as well as topology of PLN monomer and pentamer was determined by PISEMA experiments.
Monoclonal antibody-defined antigens of human prostate cancer cell line PC3.

Over 600 hybridomas were derived from the immunization of mice with live cells and aqueous extracts of the human prostatic carcinoma cell line PC3. A total of 26 hybridomas with restricted reactivities were selected, subcloned and antibodies tested on a variety of tumor and normal cells. Seven monoclonal antibodies showed reactivity for prostate cancer and other tumor cell lines, including breast carcinomas. Three of the antibodies obtained after immunization with live cells reacted with live cells only and three of the four antibodies obtained after immunization with cell extract reacted with cell extracts and spent culture media. The fourth antibody in the latter group was reactive only in the immunoperoxidase staining assay. Antibody PrS5 recognized a 90,000 molecular weight molecule from 125I-surface-labeled cells in immunoprecipitation analysis. Antibodies PrE3 and PrD8 detected a nonacid glycolipid pentasaccharide from PC3 cells and meconium, and a glycoprotein of 115,000 molecular weight from 125I-surface-labeled red blood cells. The similar patterns of reactivity in RIAs and antigen analysis suggest that antibodies PrE3 and PrD8 recognize the same molecule. The results emphasize the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in the testing of monoclonal antibodies and the impact of the form in which the antigen is presented on the resultant antibody specificity
Structure of free fumarase C from Escherichia coli.

Previous crystal structures of fumarase C from Escherichia coli have noted two occupied dicarboxylate-binding sites termed the active site and the B site. Here, the first known fumarase C structure is reported in which both sites are unoccupied by bound ligand. This so-called `free' crystal form shows conservation of the active-site water in a similar orientation to that reported in other fumarase C crystal structures. More importantly, a shift of His129 has been observed at the B site. This new crystallographic information suggests the use of water as a permanent member of the active site and the use of an imidazole–imidazolium conversion to control access at the allosteric B site.
Coordinatively unsaturated excited states and DNA-binding interactions

Abstract We describe luminescence studies of a series of four-coordinate d10, d9 and d8 systems. The phenanthroline complexes, Cu(dmpp)2+and Cu(bcp)2+, emit in aqueous methanol solutions containing excess DNA or RNA because the interaction with the polynucleotides inhibits solvent-induced quenching. Hydrophobic forces strongly shape the binding which probably does not conform to a type of intercalation. In contrast, the copper porphyrin Cu(TMpyP4) intercalates into DNA that contains GC base pairs. It emits when intercalated but not when groove bound. Finally, we describe preliminary studies of emissive platinum(II) terpyridine complexes.
Energetics of Sucrose Transport into Protoplasts from Developing Soybean Cotyledons

The accumulation of tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+), 5,5′-dimethyl-oxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO), and a micro pH electrode were used to measure membrane potential, intracellular and extracellular pH, respectively, upon the addition of exogenous sucrose to soybean cotyledon protoplasts. Addition of sucrose caused a specific and transient (a) depolarization of the membrane potential (measured by TPP+ accumulation), (b) acidification of the intracellular pH (measured by DMO accumulation), and (c) alkalization of the external medium (measured by a micro pH electrode). The time course for all these changes was similar (i.e. 5 to 10 minutes). Based on the rate of sucrose uptake and alkalization of the external medium, a stoichiometry of 1.02 to 1.10 for proton to sucrose was estimated. These data strongly support a proton/sucrose cotransporting mechanism in soybean cotyledon cells.
Polarized X-Ray Absorption Studies of Oxide Superconductors

Polarized X-ray absorption studies have been carried out at the Cu K-edge to study the effect of Sr doping in La2CuO4 and oxygen doping in YBa2Cu3O6+x. These measurements help to elucidate the transitions giving rise to the absorption edges. We offer an explanation of the polarization shifts of features in terms of the results of our embedded cluster calculations of electronic structure.
Coupled-channel cavity QED model and exact solutions

We present an alternative cavity QED model with three nondegenerate quantized field modes. The atom-field interaction is a cavity analog of Raman scattering, and the three field modes can be associated with pump, Stokes, and anti-Stokes frequencies. Unlike systems based on the Jaynes-Cummings model, this one has two independent channels connecting the two active atomic levels, leading to the possibility of quantum interferences. Despite its complexity, the model has eigenstates and eigenvalues that can be found exactly and fully analytically in finite terms. The most interesting eigenstates have a ``chain'' character unknown in previous cavity QED models. Both Fock-state and coherent-state solutions are presented for a number of quantities, including complex three-mode variables. Heisenberg operator solutions are demonstrated in a few cases, and an example of fourth-order quantum interferences due to the coupled channels is worked out in full.
Predictive control of vehicle roll dynamics with rear wheel steering

A pair of model predictive controllers (MPCs) capable of modifying the nominal roll dynamics of a vehicle through control of the planar vehicle dynamics are presented. Each of these controllers is based on a linear model of the vehicle. One controller utilizes differential drive of the rear axle to modify the planar motion, while the other uses rear-wheel-steering (RWS). Results from simulations of a nonlinear vehicle model executing maneuvers with each of the controllers demonstrate that the differential-drive technique results in significant lateral-longitudinal tire force coupling and saturation that degrades the validity of the internal model used for MPC. The RWS controller commands very small steering angles, retaining the validity of the model and showing better performance for the desired roll control task.
Remote sensing-derived national land cover land use maps: a comparison for Malawi

Reliable land cover land use (LCLU) information, and change over time, is important for Green House Gas (GHG) reporting for climate change documentation. Four different organizations have independently created LCLU maps from 2010 satellite imagery for Malawi for GHG reporting. This analysis compares the procedures and results for those four activities. Four different classification methods were employed; traditional visual interpretation, segmentation and visual labelling, digital clustering with visual identification and supervised signature extraction with application of a decision rule followed by analyst editing. One effort did not report classification accuracy and the other three had very similar and excellent overall thematic accuracies ranging from 85 to 89%. However, despite these high thematic accuracies there were very significant differences in results. National percentages for forest ranged from 18.2 to 28.7% and cropland from 40.5 to 53.7%. These significant differences are concerns for both...
Selecting islands and shoals for conservation based on biological and aesthetic criteria

Consideration of biological quality has long been an important component of rating areas for conservation. Often these same areas are highly valued by people for aesthetic reasons, creating demands for housing and recreation that may conflict with protection plans for these habitats. Most methods of selecting land for conservation purposes use biological factors alone. For some land areas, analysis of aesthetic qualities is also important in describing the scenic value of undisturbed land. A method for prioritizing small islands and shoals based on both biological and visual quality factors is presented here. The study included 169 undeveloped islands and shoals ⩽0.8 ha in the Thousand Islands Region of the St. Lawrence River, New York. Criteria such as critical habitat for uncommon plant and animal species were considered together with visual quality and incorporated into a rating system that ranked the islands and shoals according to their priority for conservation management and protection from development. Biological factors were determined based on previous research and a field survey. Visual quality was determined by visual diagnostic criteria developed from public responses to photographs of a sample of islands. Variables such as elevation, soil depth, and type of plant community can be used to classify islands into different categories of visual quality but are unsuccessful in classifying islands into categories of overall biological quality.
Infrared thermography-based visualization of droplet transport in liquid sprays

An infrared thermography-based technique for the characterization and visualization of liquid sprays was developed. The technique was tested on two atomizers: a high-speed rotary bell atomizer and a high volume low pressure air-assisted atomizer. The technique uses an infrared thermography-based measurement in which a uniformly heated background acts as a thermal radiation source, and an infrared camera as the receiver. The infrared energy emitted by the radiation source in traveling through the spray is attenuated by the presence of the droplets inside the spray. The infrared intensity is captured by the receiver showing the attenuation in the image as a result of the presence of the spray. The captured thermal image is used to study detailed macroscopic features of the spray flow field and the evolution of the paint droplets as they are transferred from the applicator to the target surface.
Structural proteins in perinatal rat epidermis: characterization of a high molecular weight prekeratin.

Structural Proteins in Perinatal Rat Epidermis: Characterization of a High Molecular Weight Prekeratin
Fixed exchange rates and the quantity theory in colonial America

The fact in the middle colonies is really this. On the emission of the first paper money, a difference soon arose between that and silver; the latter-.-being fit for a remittance. This property having soon found its value by the merchants bidding on one another for it, and a dollar thereby coming to be rated at eight shillings in paper money of New York, and 7s. 6d. in paper of Pennsylvania, it has continued uniformly at those rates in both provinces now near forty years, without any variation upon new emissions. . . . . .It has indeed been usual, with the adversaries of a paper currency, to call every rise of exchange with London a depreciation of the paper; but this notion appears to be by no means just. . .as a proof of this, it is a certain fact, that, whenever in those colonies bills of exchange have been dearer, the purchaser has been constantly obliged to give more in silver, as well as in paper, for them; the silver having gone hand in hand with the paper, at the rate above mentioned; and therefore it might as well have been said, that the silver was depreciated. Benjamin Franklin "Remarks and Facts Relative to the American Paper Money" (1764, p. 351)
Augmenting relevancy signatures with slot filler data

Human readers can reliably identify many relevant texts merely by skimming the texts for domain-specific cues. These quick relevancy judgements require two steps: (1) recognizing an expression that is highly relevant to the given domain, e.g. "were killed" in the domain of terrorism, and (2) verifying that the context surrounding the expression is consistent with the relevancy guidelines for the domain, e.g. "5 soldiers were killed by guerrillas" is not consistent with the terrorism domain since victims of terrorist acts must be civilians. The Relevancy Signatures Algorithm attempts to simulate the first step in this process by deriving reliable relevancy cues from a corpus of training texts and using these cues to quickly identify new texts that are highly likely to be relevant. But since this algorithm makes no attempt to look beyond the relevancy cues, it will occasionally misclassify texts when the surrounding context contains additional information that makes the text irrelevant.
Sub-groups of G-myeloma globulins of type K and type L

Abstract Rabbit antisera were prepared against G-myeloma globulins of either type K or L. After proper absorption with certain myeloma globulins two kinds of antisera were obtained: (1) those that reacted only with a given percentage of G-myeloma globulins of the same light chain type (type specific) as the immunizing globulin; and (2) antisera which reacted with a given percentage of myeloma globulins of both types (non-type specific). Several of the types specific and type non-specific antisera reacted with the heavy chains of the positive myeloma globulins; the other antisera required the intact molecule. None of the antisera resembled the previously described antisera for the typing of heavy chains.
Generality and Generalization of Social Reinforcer Efficacy Subsequent to Satiation

Abstract One hundred preschoolers were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 × 5 design to determine the effect of (a) a source of satiation—either subject or experimenter, (b) a reinforcer—either the repeated word or a semantically related word, and (c) the level of satiation—0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 repetitions. After a baseline phase in a two-choice marble-drop task, the children repeated or heard the experimenter repeat the word good; then, during a conditioning phase, they were reinforced with good or yes for responses made to their baseline low preference side. An extinction phase followed. The results tended to support prior findings of a curvilinear relationship across the level of satiation. In addition, satiation on the word good altered the reinforcer effectiveness of the word yes.
Development and optimization of an adenovirus production process

Adenoviral vectors have a number of advantages such as their ability to infect post-mitotic tissues. They are produced at high titers and are currently used in 28% of clinical protocols targeting mainly cancer diseases through different strategies. The major disadvantages of the first generation of recombinant adenoviruses are addressed by developing new recombinant adenovirus vectors with improved capacity and safety and reduced inflammatory response. To meet increasing needs of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy programs, parallel development of efficient, scalable and reproducible production processes is required. HEK-293 complementing cell line physiology, metabolism and viral infection kinetics were studied at small scale to identify optimal culture conditions. Batch, fed-batch and perfusion culture modes were evaluated. Development of new monitoring tools (in situ GFP probe) and quantification techniques (HPLC determination of total viral particles) contributed to acceleration of process development. On-line monitoring of physiological parameters such as respiration and biovolume of the culture allowed real-time supervision and control of critical phases of the process. Use of column chromatographic steps instead of CsCl gradient purification greatly eased process scale-up. The implementation of the findings at large scale led to the development of an optimized and robust integrated process for adenovirus production using HEK-293 cells cultured in suspension and serum-free medium. The two-step column-chromatography purification was optimized targeting compliance with clinical material specifications. The complete process is routinely operated at a 20-L scale and has been scaled-up to 100 L. Scale-up of adenoviral vector production in suspension and serum-free medium, and purification according to regulatory requirements, are achievable. To overcome metabolic limitations at high cell densities, use of perfusion mode with low-shear cell retention devices is now a common trend in adenovirus manufacturing. Further process improvements will rely on better understanding of the mechanisms of virus replication and maturation in complementing host cells.
Efficacy and safety of insulin lispro in geriatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of seven randomized controlled clinical trials.

Glycemic control in geriatric patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains clinically challenging. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of insulin lispro in patients ≥65 years (geriatric) to those <65 years (non-geriatric), using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT). This is a retrospective analysis of predefined endpoints from an integrated database of seven RCTs of T2DM patients treated with insulin lispro. The primary efficacy measure tested the non-inferiority of insulin lispro (geriatric vs. non-geriatric; non-inferiority margin 0.4 %) in terms of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change from baseline to Month 3 (N = 1,525), with change from baseline to Month 6 as a supportive analysis (N = 885). Changes in HbA1c from baseline were evaluated with an analysis of covariance model. Secondary measures included incidence and rate of hypoglycemia, and incidence of cardiovascular events. Mean change in HbA1c from baseline to Month 3 was similar for geriatric (−0.97 %) and non-geriatric patients (−1.05 %); least-square (LS) mean difference (95 % CI) was 0.02 % (−0.11, 0.15 %; p = 0.756). Similar results were observed in patients treated up to Month 6; LS mean difference (95 % CI) was 0.07 % (−0.12, 0.26 %; p = 0.490). Decrease in HbA1c from baseline to Months 3 and 6 was non-inferior in geriatric compared with non-geriatric patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence and the rate of hypoglycemia, incidence of cardiovascular events, or other serious adverse events including malignancy, post-baseline between the two cohorts. Key measures of efficacy and safety in geriatric patients with T2DM were not significantly different from non-geriatric patients when utilizing insulin lispro. Insulin lispro may be considered a safe and efficacious therapeutic option for the management of T2DM in geriatric patients.
Transparent control independence (TCI)

Superscalar architectures have been proposed that exploit control independence, reducing the performance penalty of branch mispredictions by preserving the work of future misprediction-independent instructions. The essential goal of exploiting control independence is to completely decouple future misprediction-independent instructions from deferred misprediction-dependent instructions. Current implementations fall short of this goal because they explicitly maintain program order among misprediction-independent and misprediction-dependent instructions. Explicit approaches sacrifice design efficiency and ultimately performance.We observe it is sufficient to emulate program order. Potential misprediction-dependent instructions are singled out a priori and their unchanging source values are checkpointed. These instructions and values are set aside as a "recovery program". Checkpointed source values break the data dependencies with co-mingled misprediction-independent instructions - now long since gone from the pipeline - achieving the essential decoupling objective. When the mispredicted branch resolves, recovery is achieved by fetching the self-sufficient, condensed recovery program. Recovery is effectively transparent to the pipeline, in that speculative state is not rolled back and recovery appears as a jump to code. A coarse-grain retirement substrate permits the relaxed order between the decoupled programs. Transparent control independence (TCI) yields a highly streamlined pipeline that quickly recycles resources based on conventional speculation, enabling a large window with small cycle-critical resources, and prevents many mispredictions from disrupting this large window.TCI achieves speedups as high as 64% (16% average) and 88% (22% average) for 4-issue and 8-issue pipelines, respectively, among 15 SPEC integer benchmarks. Factors that limit the performance of explicitly ordered approaches are quantified.
Medical case-based retrieval by leveraging medical ontology and physician feedback: UIUC-IBM at ImageCLEF 2010

This paper reports the experiment results of the UIUC-IBM team in participating in the medical case retrieval task of ImageCLEF 2010. We experimented with multiple methods to leverage medical ontology and user (physician) feedback; both have worked very well, achieving the best retrieval performance among all the submissions.
Invasion of Mammalian and Protozoan Cells by Legionella pneumophila

The first recognized outbreak of pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila occurred in Philadelphia in July of 1976 among 180 persons attending the 56th annual American Legion Convention. Twenty nine patients died, and the disease became known as Legionnaires’ disease (Fraser et al., 1977). Guinea pigs were infected with postmortem lung tissue from the patients with fatal Legionnaires’ disease, and embryonated yolk sacs were inoculated with spleen homogenates from the infected guinea pigs. In January of 1977, a gram-negative bacterium was isolated and designated L. pneumophila (McDade et al., 1977). Antisera were subsequently generated which facilitated identification of many previous outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness of unknown etiology that occurred since 1965. The source of the infection during the Legionnaires’ convention was later found to be the air conditioning system in the hotel. It has been documented that the hallmark of Legionnaires’ disease is the intracellular replication of L. pneumophila in the alveolar spaces. At least another 39 species of legionellae have been identified, some of which are associated with disease while others are environmental isolates and whether they can cause disease is not known. L. pneumophila is responsible for more than 80% of cases of Legionnaires’ disease, and among the 13 serogroups of L. pneumophila, serogroup 1 is responsible for more than 95% of Legionnaires’ disease cases. It is estimated that L. pneumophila is responsible for at least 25,000 cases of pneumonia/year in the US. In 1980, Rowbotham described the ability of L. pneumophila to multiply intracellularly within protozoa (Rowbotham, 1980). Since then, L. pneumophila has been described to multiply in many species of protozoa, and this host-parasite interaction is central to the pathogenesis and ecology of L. pneumophila. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila within mammalian and protozoan cells has been shown to occur in a ribosome-studded phagosome that does not fuse to lysosomes. Fields had hypothesized that the L. pneumophila phagosome fuses to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (Fields, 1993). Immunocytochemistry has proven this prediction by demonstrating the presence of an RER-specific chaperon, the Bip protein, in the ribosome-studded phagosome within macrophages (Swanson and Isberg, 1995), and protozoa (Abu Kwaik, 1996). Based on these characteristics the L. pneumophila phagosome may be accurately described as endosomal maturation-blocked (EMB) phagosome.