cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral determination of analytic bi-axisymmetric plane domains

Let {\cal D} L denote the class of bounded, simply connected real analytic plane domains with re ection symmetries across two orthogonal axes, of which one has length L. Under generic conditions, we prove that if $ \Omega_1\Omega_2\,\in\,{\cal D}_L $ and if the Dirichlet spectra coincide, Spec $ (\Omega_1) $ = Spec $ (\Omega_2) $ , then $ \Omega_1 = \Omega_2 $ up to rigid motion.
EXPERIMENTAL GRAVITY IN SPACE — HISTORY, TECHNIQUES AND PROSPECTS

This is more an after-dinner talk than it is a presentation of research — nothing new, no references, incomplete. It is, rather, a somewhat personal view of: (1) the history of experimental gravity in space, (2) a discussion on the theoretical basis for the two major thrusts in the field — tests of post-Newtonian gravity and gravitational astronomy, and (3) a couple of brief comments on two of the future space opportunities that are discussed at this meeting, LATOR and LISA. My judgment is that we have done a lot to provide an experimental basis for the theory of gravity, and that we can do even more.
Cash Flow Volatility, Prices and Price Volatility: An Experimental Study

The value of an asset is equal to the present value of its expected future cash flows. It is affected by the magnitude, timing and riskiness, or volatility, of the cash flows. We hypothesize that if the expected values of two assets’ cash flows are equal, the value of the asset with more volatile cash flows will be lower. Furthermore, we examine the impact of the volatility of cash flows on the volatility of prices. We consider a simple experimental environment where subjects trade in an asset which provides dividends from a known probability distribution. The expected value of the dividends is identical in all experimental treatments. The treatments vary with respect to the volatility of dividends. We find that when dividends are more volatile, transaction prices are lower. We also find that the volatility of prices is lower in the treatment with highly volatile dividends. In addition, as expected, trading volume is lower when cash flows are less volatile.
Electrochemical gating and molecular adsorption on carbon nanotubes

Highly sensitive response of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to molecular adsorption may lead to a unique direction in exploiting their exceptional electrical properties. For example, simultaneous doping and nearly ideal gate efficiencies are achieved with polymer electrolytes as gating medium for nanotube transistors. However, highly sensitive responses can also lead to difficulties in interpretation of many observations as exemplified by the controversy surrounding whether oxygen adsorption causes doping or changes in the nature of SWNT-metal contacts. Effects of molecular adsorption, both covalent and non-covalent, on the electronic properties of SWNTs are discussed. How electronically selective covalent chemistry changes Raman scattering and electrical conductivity of individual metallic and semiconducting as well as random networks of SWNTs are first discussed. Non-covalent adsorption of polymers is then explored where electrochemical gating can be applied to allow both chemical and electrostatic control of charge carriers.
Buoyancy Driven Flow in Saturated Porous Media

Measurements are reported of heat transfer coefficients in steady natural convection on a vertical constant flux plate embedded in a saturated porous medium. Results show that heat transfer coefficients can be adequately determined via a Darcy-based model, and our results confirm a correlation proposed by Bejan [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer.26(9), 1339–1346 (1983)]. It is speculated that the reason that the Darcy model works well in the present case is that the porous medium has a lower effective Prandtl number near the wall than in the bulk medium. The factors that contribute to this effect include the thinning of the boundary layer near the wall and an increase of effective thermal conductivity.
Iterative Universal Rigidity

A bar framework determined by a finite graph $$G$$G and a configuration $$\mathbf{p =(p_1,\ldots , p_n) }$$p=(p1,?,pn) in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rd is universally rigid if it is rigid in any $$\mathbb {R}^D \supset \mathbb {R}^d$$RD?Rd. We provide a characterization of universal rigidity for any graph $$G$$G and any configuration $$\mathbf{p}$$p in terms of a sequence of affine subsets of the space of configurations. This corresponds to a facial reduction process for closed finite-dimensional convex cones.
Dual-route models of print to sound: Still a good horse race

Dual-route models assume that pronunciations are generated along both a lexical route and a nonlexical route. The lexical route has been characterized as more automatic. Accordingly, if the naming task is paired with a concurrent task, then the nonlexical route should be more susceptible to interference than the lexical pathway. A relative slowing of the nonlexical route should eliminate the regularity effect obtained with low-frequency words while significantly enhancing the small frequency effect obtained with regular words. These predictions were confirmed. Exception words were actually named 39 ms faster under high load. The results are inconsistent with any straightforward application of single-route models.
Web server QoS management by adaptive content delivery

The Internet is undergoing substantial changes from a communication and browsing infrastructure to a medium for conducting business and selling a myriad of emerging services. The World-Wide Web provides a uniform and widely-accepted application interface used by these services to reach multitudes of clients. These changes place the Web server at the center of a gradually emerging E-service infrastructure with increasing requirements for service quality, reliability, and security guarantees in an unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. Towards that end, we introduce a Web server QoS provisioning architecture for performance differentiation among classes of clients, performance isolation among independent services, and capacity planning to provide QoS guarantees on request rate and delivered bandwidth. We present a new approach to Web server resource management based on Web content adaptation. This approach subsumes traditional admission control-based techniques and enhances server performance by selectively adapting content in accordance with both load conditions and QoS requirements. Our QoS management solutions can be implemented either in middleware transparent to the server or by direct modification of the server software. We present experimental data to illustrate the practicality of our approach.
Two-loop correction to the instanton density for the double well potential

Abstract Feynman diagrams in the instanton background are used for the calculation of the tunneling amplitude, up to the two-loops order. Some mistakes made in the previous works are corrected. The same method is applied to the next-order corrections to the ground state wave function.
Demand shocks and market manipulation

In this paper, we analyze the conflicts of interest of an informed agent who is responsible for divulging his private information about a company and has a reward function positively dependent on its stock price. We assume that the demand for the stock is subject to shocks that may increase it. We show that the presence of this “captive demand” leads to increased incentives to misrepresent the truth and manipulate the market. As an application, we investigate the case where the shocks represent the degree of social interactions among employees of a company whose CFO is the informed agent.
Molecular force and compliance constants for some metal-halogen bonds in complexes

Abstract The force and compliance constants of some metal-halogen coordinated bonds of MX 2 , MX 3 − and MX 4 2− (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = Cl, Br, I) for their free state and for solutions in anhydrous tri- n -butyl phosphate (TBP) are evaluated and the effect of complexing with TBP on the compliance of the bonds is studied.
Exploiting the cannibalistic traits of Reed-Solomon codes

In Reed-Solomon codes and all other maximum distance separable codes there is an intrinsic relationship between the size of the symbols in a codeword and the length of the codeword. Increasing the number of symbols in a codeword to improve the efficiency of the coding system thus requires using larger symbols. However, long Reed-Solomon codes are difficult to implement and many communications or storage systems cannot easily accommodate an increased symbol size, e.g., M-ary FSK and photon counting pulse position modulation demand a fixed symbol size. This paper describes a technique for sharing redundancy among many different Reed-Solomon codewords to achieve the efficiency attainable in long Reed-Solomon codes without increasing the symbol size. The paper presents techniques both for calculating the performance of these new codes and for determining their encoder and decoder complexities. These complexities are usually substantially lower than conventional Reed-Solomon codes of similar performance.
Methane formation and cellulose digestion - biochemical ecology and microbiology of the rumen ecosystem

In postulates1 on the Earth’s origin, gaseous chemical elements combined with each other during cooling; compounds with the highest boiling points condensed first, followed by those containing lighter elements. Living material, formed gradually by chemical reactions of the lighter elements and traces of the heavy ones, was peculiar in its tendency to revert to nonliving material unless chemical work maintained its living state. Abundant non-living compounds of C, H, and O also formed in various proportions. The relatively large energy changes involved in the oxido-reduction of these elements equipped them to be agents for the chemical work.
Interstellar Depletion onto Very Small Dust Grains

We consider the depletion of elements from the interstellar gas onto a population of very small dust grains. Adopting a grain model in which ~4% of the cosmic C abundance is in grains with radii ≤10 A, we find that the rate of accretion onto these grains is fast enough to account for the observed large depletions of elements like Ti, without invoking unreasonably high rates of mass transfer between interstellar phases or low grain destruction rates. If these grains are composed of arene rings, then only a limited number of metal atoms can be locked up in them. The depletion would be quenched when this limit is reached, unless there is a mechanism for transferring the metals to larger grains and refreshing the very small grain population—for example, by grain coagulation and shattering in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM). If Fe depletes onto the very small grains, then for reasonable coagulation rates there is at least one metal atom per five C atoms in the very small grain population. Furthermore, ≈60% of the cosmic Fe is associated with the carbonaceous grain population. It is unclear whether this scenario is compatible with observations. However, if there is another population of very small grains, with a large capacity for holding Fe atoms, it might be the sink for the most heavily depleted elements.
A serial reader-punch with novel concepts

A card punch traditionally has been looked upon as a machine which is composed of many complex and ingenious mechanisms because of the complex task that it must perform. Complex mechanisms, however, have an ingenious way of making noise, being unreliable and difficult to service.
Leadership statistics in random structures

The largest component ("the leader") in evolving random structures often exhibits universal statistical properties. This phenomenon is demonstrated analytically for two ubiquitous structures: random trees and random graphs. In both cases, lead changes are rare as the average number of lead changes increases quadratically with logarithm of the system size. As a function of time, the number of lead changes is self-similar. Additionally, the probability that no lead change ever occurs decays exponentially with the average number of lead changes.
Photostimulated reactions of phenylacetic acid dianions with aryl halides. Influence of the metallic cation on the regiochemistry of arylation.

Phenylacetic acid dianions react via what appears to be an SRN1 process with aryl halides under photostimulation to afford aryl substitution products 5 and 6. When the counterion is K+, only 4-biphenylacetic acids 5 are obtained. Both α- and para-coupling occurs with Na+ to give a mixture of 5 and 6, while exclusive formation of diphenylacetic acids 6 is observed with the dilithio salt of 1.
Blow-up of solutions of nonlinear wave equations in three space dimensions

Abstract Solutions u(x, t) of the inequality □u ≥ A|u|p for x e R3, t ≥ 0 are considered, where □ is the d'Alembertian, and A,p are constants with A > 0, 1 0, p > 1 + √2, global solutions of □u = A|u|p exist, if the initial data are of compact support and “sufficiently” small.
Asymmetric aldol reactions using boron enolates of chiral oxazinones, synthesis of L-allo-threonine

Abstract The boron enolate of oxazinone 1 was allowed to react with acetaldehyde, butanal, and 2-methylpropanal. The reaction proceeded stereoselectively, and in the reaction with acetaldehyde, the reaction afforded a precursor to L-allo-threonine.
Superconducting switches using radiation induced quenching

The use of penetrating radiation such as X-rays or high energy electrons to cause quenching of a superconducting short across an inductive energy store, thereby switching the persistent current into an external load, is examined. The basic equations describing this process within the two-fluid model are presented, and estimates of the size of megampere switches are made. The ratio of switching energy to switched energy is derived, and X-ray vs. electron impact quenching is discussed. Several geometries for practical switches are presented.
Low-voltage hot-electron currents and degradation in deep-submicrometer MOSFETs

Hot-electron currents and degradation in deep submicrometer MOSFETs at 3.3 V and below are studied. Using a device with L/sub eff/=0.15 mu m and T/sub ox/=7.5 nm, substrate current is measured at a drain bias as low as 0.7 V; gate current is measured at a drain bias as low as 1.75 V. Using the charge-pumping technique, hot-electron degradation is also observed at drain biases as low as 1.8 V. These voltages are believed to be the lowest reported values for which hot-electron currents and degradation have been directly observed. These low-voltage hot-electron phenomena exhibit similar behavior to hot-electron effects present at higher biases and longer channel lengths. No critical voltage for hot-electron effects (such as the Si-SiO/sub 2/ barrier height) is apparent. Established hot-electron degradation concepts and models are shown to be applicable in the low-voltage deep submicrometer regime. Using these established models, the maximum allowable power supply voltage to insure a 10-year device lifetime is determined as a function of channel length (down to 0.15 mu m) and oxide thicknesses. >
Flat-Lens Design Using Field Transformation and Its Comparison With Those Based on Transformation Optics and Ray Optics

This letter proposes a technique for designing flat lenses using field transformation (FT), as opposed to ray optics (RO) or transformation optics (TO). The lens design consists of 10 layers of graded index dielectric in the radial direction and 5 layers in the longitudinal direction. The central layer in the longitudinal direction primarily contributes to a bulk of the phase transformation, while the other four layers, above and below this middle layer on either side, act as matching layers that help reduce the reflections introduced by the impedance mismatch at the interfaces of the middle layer. The letter compares the performance of the lens, so designed, to those based on the RO and TO techniques. We show that the proposed lens design using FT is broadband, has a better than 1 dB higher gain compared to the RO- and TO-based designs over a wider frequency band, and that its scan capability is superior as well.
Motion and stability of a rotating space station-cable-counterweightconfiguration

An analysis of the dynamics of a rotating, connected two-body satellite system is presented. The motion is restricted to the orbital plane in which the system mass center follows a circular orbit. The cable is assumed to be extensible, but of negligible mass. The Lagrangian equations of motion are developed and linearized about the equilibrium motion, where the cable tensile force is balanced by the centrifugal force. Necessary and sufficient Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria are obtained for various special cases. Damping system parameters are optimized by repeated examination of the roots of the system characteristic equation. Minimum time constants are found to be insensitive to small changes in the amount of cable damping, but are dependent on the amount of rotational damping of the end body motions. Spin axis drift attributed to gravity-gradient torques is examined quantitatively and found to be small.
The BeppoSAX view of bright Compton-thin Seyfert 2 galaxies

We present the analysis of 31 observations (17 of which are published here for the rst time) of 20 bright Compton thin Seyfert 2 s, in the 0.1{200 keV band, performed with the BeppoSAX satellite. The sample consists of all Seyfert 2 s in the BeppoSAX public archive, with a 2{10 keV flux higher than 5 10 12 erg cm 2 s 1 .T he good statistics available and the broad energy band permit a detailed study of the main continuum components of these sources, i.e. the primary power-law, the reflected component, the soft emission and the high-energy cut-o. The main results of our analysis are: (1) the 3{200 keV intrinsic power-law has a mean photon index =1 :79 0:01, with a dispersion of =0 :23. (2) The high-energy exponential cut-o at E 100 300 keV is not an ubiquitous property of Seyfert galaxies: in30% of the objects the continuum power-law does not drop up to energies of 300 keV or more. (3) A reflected component is present in almost all the sources (17 out of 21). The small variations of this component with respect to the intrinsic continuum, in objects with multiple observations, suggests that the reflector is not the accretion disk, but must be located much farther from the nucleus. (4) The range of ratios between the reflected and intrinsic components suggests that the circumnuclear medium is not homogeneous, and a signicant fraction of the solid angle is covered by a gas thicker than that along the line of sight. (5) The iron K line is present is all but one the sources. The equivalent width is in the typical range of Seyfert 1 s (EW = 100 300 eV) in sources with low absorption (NH < 3 10 23 cm 2 ), and increases in more absorbed objects, as expected according to unied models. (6) The energy resolution of BeppoSAX is in general too low to measure the iron line width. However, in 6 cases we measured a signicant line broadening.
The superpolynomial for knot homologies

We propose a framework for unifying the sl(N) Khovanov– Rozansky homology (for all N) with the knot Floer homology. We argue that this unification should be accomplished by a triply graded homology theory that categorifies the HOMFLY polynomial. Moreover, this theory should have an additional formal structure of a family of differentials. Roughly speaking, the triply graded theory by itself captures the large-N behavior of the sl(N) homology, and differentials capture nonstable behavior for small N, including knot Floer homology. The differentials themselves should come from another variant of sl(N) homology, namely the deformations of it studied by Gornik, building on work of Lee. While we do not give a mathematical definition of the triply graded theory, the rich formal structure we propose is powerful enough to make many nontrivial predictions about the existing knot homologies that can then be checked directly. We include many examples in which we can exhibit a likely candidate for the triply graded theory, and these demonstrate the internal consistency of our axioms. We conclude with a detailed study of torus knots, developing a picture that gives new predictions even for the original sl(2) Khovanov homology.
A 294 GHz 0.47mW caterpillar amplifier based transmitter in 65nm CMOS For THz data-links

A fully integrated CMOS THz transmitter for short range data-links is presented which provides 0.47mW of output power at 294 GHz. The output frequency is derived from a 147 GHz on-chip LO and fully differential caterpillar power amplifier combined with a transformer coupled frequency doubler. The transmitter is integrated with an on-chip dipole antenna for use in THz communication systems and consumes a total of 258 mW.
Ambipolar-Diffusion Timescale, Star Formation Timescale, and the Ages of Molecular Clouds: Is There a Discrepancy?

We reexamine critically the estimates of the duration of different phases of star formation and the lifetimes of molecular clouds based on the ages of T Tauri stars, age spreads of stars in clusters, and statistics of prestellar cores. We show that all available observational data are consistent with lifetimes of molecular clouds comparable to ≈107 yr, as well as with the predictions of the theory of self-initiated, ambipolar-diffusion-controlled star formation. We conclude that there exists no observational support for either "young" molecular clouds or "rapid" star formation.
The benefit of interleaved mathematics practice is not limited to superficially similar kinds of problems

Most mathematics assignments consist of a group of problems requiring the same strategy. For example, a lesson on the quadratic formula is typically followed by a block of problems requiring students to use that formula, which means that students know the appropriate strategy before they read each problem. In an alternative approach, different kinds of problems appear in an interleaved order, which requires students to choose the strategy on the basis of the problem itself. In the classroom-based experiment reported here, grade 7 students (n = 140) received blocked or interleaved practice over a nine-week period, followed two weeks later by an unannounced test. The mean test scores were greater for material learned by interleaved practice rather than by blocked practice (72 % vs. 38 %, d = 1.05). This interleaving effect was observed even though the different kinds of problems were superficially dissimilar from each other, whereas previous interleaved mathematics studies had required students to learn nearly identical kinds of problems. We conclude that interleaving improves mathematics learning not only by improving discrimination between different kinds of problems, but also by strengthening the association between each kind of problem and its corresponding strategy.
On the Conditions for Neutron-rich Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows

We calculate the structure and neutron content of neutrino-heated magnetohydrodynamic winds driven from the surface of newly formed magnetars (protomagnetars) and from the midplane of hyperaccreting disks, two of the possible central engines for GRBs and hyperenergetic SNe. Both the surface of protomagnetars and the midplane of neutrino-cooled accretion flows (NDAFs) are electron degenerate and neutron-rich (neutron-to-proton ratio -->n/p 1). If this substantial free neutron excess is preserved to large radii in ultrarelativistic outflows, several important observational consequences may result. Weak interaction processes, however, can drive -->n/p to ~1 in the nondegenerate regions that obtain just above the surfaces of NDAFs and protomagnetars. Our calculations show that mildly relativistic (Lorentz factor -->? 10) neutron-rich outflows from NDAFs are possible in the presence of a strong poloidal magnetic field. However, neutron-rich winds possess a minimum mass-loss rate that likely precludes simultaneously neutron-rich and ultrarelativistic ( -->? 100) NDAF winds accompanying a substantial accretion power. In contrast, protomagnetars are capable of producing neutron-rich long-duration GRB outflows ~10-30 s following core bounce for submillisecond rotation periods; such outflows would, however, accompany only extremely energetic events, in which the GRB+SN energy budget exceeds ~ -->4 ? 1052 ergs. Neutron-rich highly relativistic outflows may also be produced during some short-duration GRBs by geometrically thick accretion disks formed from compact object mergers. The implications for r-process nucleosynthesis, optical transients due to nonrelativistic neutron-rich winds, and nickel production in protomagnetar and NDAF winds are also briefly discussed.
Linked Alternating Forms and Linked Symplectic Grassmannians

Author(s): Osserman, Brian; Bigas, Montserrat Teixidor i | Abstract: Motivated by applications to higher-rank Brill-Noether theory and the Bertram-Feinberg-Mukai conjecture, we introduce the concepts of linked alternating and linked symplectic forms on a chain of vector bundles, and show that the linked symplectic Grassmannians parametrizing chains of subbundles isotropic for a given linked symplectic form has good dimensional behavior analogous to that of the classical symplectic Grassmannian.
Stability and evolution of primeval lunar satellite orbits

Abstract There are several independent sources of evidence which suggest that the multiring basins of the lunar surface were created by the impact of natural satellites of the Moon, early in solar system history. If this hypothesis is correct the orbits of these primeval satellites would need to be stable for significant periods, to account for the known age differences of these basins. The stability of these primeval satellite orbits is considered. We find constraints on the satellite masses and initial orbits for long-term and short-term orbit stability. Dissipation due to lunar tidal friction may contribute significantly to the stability of close orbits.
Hole–electron competition in photorefractive gratings

A band-conduction model for the photorefractive effect is derived in which simultaneous hole and electron conduction is taken into account. The anomalous behavior of nearly compensated BaTiO3 crystals in beam-coupling experiments is explained.
Atomic structure of dislocations and dipoles in silicon

Abstract Dislocations of the a/2〈110〉 Burgers vector lying in {001} and {111} planes in the form of cross-grids are often observed in ion-implanted and thermally annealed specimens of diamond cubic materials. In order to assess the mechanism of formation of these dislocations, we have calculated the energies and determined the atomic core structures of a/2〈110〉{001} edge dislocations and their dipoles, and of a/2〈110〉{111} dislocations in silicon by minimizing the total configurational energy. The calculations were made using Keating (1966) potentials and these results are compared with those obtained using more recent ideas (Baraff, Kane and Schluter 1980). The initial displacements of individual atoms were calculated using isotropic elasticity theory, and then the structure was relaxed to minimize its strain energy by incorporating bond-bending and stretching effects. A computational cell containing about sixteen-hundred atoms was chosen for the present calculations. In order to eliminate dangling bonds...
Selected List of Environmental Science Journals for a Science Collection: An Annotated Bibliography

With the proliferation of environmental science literature during the past two decades, librarians find it increasingly difficult to determine which sources of information are relevant to their clientele. This difficulty is compounded for the non‐science librarian by a lack of familiarity with journals currently available and the decidedly technical language of most environmental science publications. There are, however, a wide range of periodicals which are appropriate for informed readers at academic university libraries and public libraries that offer a wealth of information on the environmental sciences. It is this type of publication that will be identified in this annotated bibliography. As with all selected bibliographies, it does not attempt to identify all environmental science journal titles that may be used in an academic university library or public library. Titles selected will be those thought to be appropriate for the informed reader.
Pseudoscalar conversion and X-rays from the sun

Abstract We investigate the detection of a pseudoscalar φ that couples electromagnetically via an interaction 1 4 gφF F . In particular, we focus on the conversion of pseudoscalars produced in the sun's interior in the presence of the sun's external magnetic dipole field and sunspot-related magnetic fields. We find that the sunspot approach is superior. Measurements by the SXT on the Yohkoh satellite can measure the coupling constant down to g = 0.5-1 × 10−10 GeV−1, provided the pseudoscalar mass m
Asteroseismic diagnostics of stellar convective cores

We present a detailed study of the small frequency separations as diagnostics of the mass of the convective core and evolutionary stage of solar-type stars. We demonstrate how the small separations can be combined to provide sensitive tests for the presence of convective overshoot at the edge of the core. These studies are focused on low-degree oscillation modes, the only modes expected to be detected in distant stars. Using simulated data with realistic errors, we find that the mass of the convective core can be estimated to within 5 per cent if the total stellar mass is known. Systematic errors arising due to uncertainty in the mass could be up to 20 per cent. The evolutionary stage of the star, determined in terms of the central hydrogen abundance using our proposed technique, however, is much less sensitive to the mass estimate.
Harvey: the impact of a cardiovascular teaching simulator on student skill acquisition.

Harvey, a life-sized cardiovascular patient simulator which depicts the auscultatory, tactile and visual findings for a broad range of cardiac problems was used as an adjunct to a standard sophomore physical skills course. Significant gains, as measured by a pre-posttest, were found in overall scores as well as in assessment and interpretation of carotid pulses and precordial auscultation. There were no significant changes in jugular venous pulse or precordial motion assessment. There were no significant correlations between student perceptions of skills gained and objective test measurements.This study underscores the need for cardiovascular examination skills training and confirms the utility of a simulator such as Harvey in developing these abilities. The lack of correlation between perceived improvements and actual changes highlights the need for objective evaluations of educational endeavours. Use of a simulator such as Harvey presents the student with the opportunity to compare and contrast cardiova...
How wide is the border across U.S. states

This paper focuses on the implications of the deviations from the Law-of-One-Price on the implied widths of borders across the U.S. states through using good-level price data from the U.S. cities. There is evidence for a positive and significant border effect across the states of the U.S. in terms of good-level price dispersion. Distance equivalent of the state border effect is, on average, about 3,344 miles, independent of the price dispersion measure used.
2-Server PIR with Sub-Polynomial Communication

A 2-server Private Information Retrieval (PIR) scheme allows a user to retrieve the ith bit of an n-bit database replicated among two non-communicating servers, while not revealing any information about i to either server. In this work we construct a 2-server PIR scheme with total communication cost nO√(log log n)/(log n). This improves over current 2-server protocols which all require Ω(n1/3) communication. Our construction circumvents the n1/3 barrier of Razborov and Yekhanin which holds for the restricted model of bilinear group-based schemes (covering all previous 2-server schemes). The improvement comes from reducing the number of servers in existing protocols, based on Matching Vector Codes, from 3 or 4 servers to 2. This is achieved by viewing these protocols in an algebraic way (using polynomial interpolation) and extending them using partial derivatives.
Prediction of Drug Solubility by the General Solubility Equation (GSE)

The revised general solubility equation (GSE) proposed by Jain and Yalkowsky is used to estimate the aqueous solubility of a set of organic nonelectrolytes studied by Jorgensen and Duffy. The only inputs used in the GSE are the Celsius melting point (MP) and the octanol water partition coefficient (Kow). These are generally known, easily measured, or easily calculated. The GSE does not utilize any fitted parameters. The average absolute error for the 150 compounds is 0.43 compared to 0.56 with Jorgensen and Duffy's computational method, which utilitizes five fitted parameters. Thus, the revised GSE is simpler and provides a more accurate estimation of aqueous solubility of the same set of organic compounds. It is also more accurate than the original version of the GSE.
Precipitation and segregation in α2+γ titanium aluminides

Abstract Precipitation and segregation of the alloying elements in α 2 + γ Ti–47at.% Al–2% Cr–1.8% Nb doped with 0.15 at.% B and 0.20 at.% W in both a stress-relieved and an aged condition were investigated by atom probe field ion microscopy. The boron concentrations were found to be significantly depleted below the nominal alloy content in both the α 2 and γ phases in both the stress-relieved and aged alloys. The majority of the boron was in a variety of borides including TiB, TiB 2 and (Ti,Cr) 2 B. An initial rejection of tungsten and chromium from the γ phase in the stress-relieved alloy was observed to reverse upon aging. Tungsten and chromium were also observed to segregate to both α 2 – γ and γ – γ interfaces. The average tungsten coverage at the lamellar interfaces in the stress-relieved alloy was determined to be 2.3% W. In the aged alloy, a chromium enhancement in the γ phase near α 2 – γ interfaces was observed.
A general class of resource tradeoffs

Abstract In this paper, we study a class of resource tradeoffs that arise in such problems as parallel sorting algorithms, linear recursion schemata, VLSI layouts, and searching algorithms. The tradeoffs can all be traced to the common structure of a multiway tree, and the special class of binomial trees (which are structurally related to the binomial coefficients) correspond to particularly efficient algorithms. Although most of the tradeoff's that we exhibit are upper bounds, we present several examples to show that the approach can also lead to lower bounds.
On Reform Intensity under Uncertainty

We model policy reform as a way to affect the stochastic process of relative returns that firms face when switching from old to new activities. This stochastic process has an Ito process component that is noncontrollable and policy reforms result in jumps in relative returns that arrive according to a Poisson process. The intensity of policy reform depends on the arrival rate and magnitude of jumps. We use a single firm model to understand the reaction of the firm to such a stochastic process and the usual hysteresis results in switching between old and new activities. Aggregation to the level of all firms leads to an appropriate definition of the government payoff function, and we use this to obtain the optimal level of reform. The results are as follows: there exists an optimal level of radical reform that overcomes the hysteresis behavior of firms; if such a level is not desirable, then the intensity of policy reform is not at an extreme point; and this gradual level of optimal reform is lower if uncertainty is higher.J. Comp. Econom.,December 1997,25(3), pp. 297–321. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; Olin School of Business, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; and IBM, Armonk, New York 10504.
The oxidation of hexahelicenes. Synthesis of hexahelicene‐5,6‐quinone

The remarkable ease with which 1,3,14,16-tetramethylhexahelicene can be oxidised has to be ascribed to the electronic effect of multiple methyl substitution and not to disturbance of the helical conformation, as might be concluded from the polarographic oxidation potentials of hexahelicene and some of its methyl derivatives. Oxidation of hexahelicene with chromic acid in acetic acid gives hexahelicene-5,6-quinone in 70% yield. Its structure was proven by spectroscopic methods.
Leadership and management development: developing tomorrow's managers

Leadership and management development: developing tomorrow's managers, by K. Dalton, Harlow, Great Britain, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited, 2010, 520 pp., $59.14/36.06 (pa...
Work in progress — Undergraduates and intellectual property: Trends, policies, and practices

Undergraduate students are increasingly engaged in developing products, technologies, and services that are commercially viable through their involvement in courses and experiential programs focused on entrepreneurship and product design. Little is known about the degree to which these activities are creating protectable intellectual property (IP) or the degree to which student involvement in these activities is aligned with university policies and practices. This work in progress describes the rationale behind a survey that will be administered to university technology transfer offices to understand trends in the level of undergraduate involvement in IP protection, common institutional policies and practices, suggestions on how policies can be improved, and to what extent this differs based on institutional characteristics. Ultimately, the purpose is to understand the degree to which IP policy, and an institution's implementation and communication of it, hinders or fosters entrepreneurial activity among undergraduate students.
Networking Low-Power Energy Harvesting Devices: Measurements and Algorithms

Recent advances in energy harvesting materials and ultra-low-power communications will soon enable the realization of networks composed of energy harvesting devices. These devices will operate using very low ambient energy, such as energy harvested from indoor lights. We focus on characterizing the light energy availability in indoor environments and on developing energy allocation algorithms for energy harvesting devices. First, we present results of our long-term indoor radiant energy measurements, which provide important inputs required for algorithm and system design (e.g., determining the required battery sizes). Then, we focus on algorithm development, which requires nontraditional approaches, since energy harvesting shifts the nature of energy-aware protocols from minimizing energy expenditure to optimizing it. Moreover, in many cases, different energy storage types (rechargeable battery and a capacitor) require different algorithms. We develop algorithms for calculating time fair energy allocation in systems with deterministic energy inputs, as well as in systems where energy inputs are stochastic.
The Limit of Splitn-Language Equivalence

Splitting is a simple form of action refinement that may be used to express the duration of actions. In particular,splitnsubdivides each action intonphases. Petri netsNandN? aresplitn-language equivalent ifsplitn(N) andsplitn(N?) are language equivalent. It is known that these equivalences get finer and finer with increasingn. This paper characterizes the limit of this sequence by a newly defined partial order semantics. This semantics is obtained from the interval-semiword semantics, which is fully abstract for action refinement and language equivalence, by closing it under a special swap operation. The new swap equivalence lies strictly between interval-semiword and step-sequence equivalence.
Convergent WKB series

Abstract A set of simple exactly solvable potentials are shown to have convergent WKB series. The resulting all-orders quantisation conditions povide a unified description of all known cases where an exact WKB quantisation condition has been obtained by modifying the potential (a la Langer), together with several new examples.
Rh-Catalyzed Intermolecular Reactions of Cyclic α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds with Selectivity over Tertiary C–H Bond Migration

Intermolecular Rh-catalyzed reactions of cyclic α-diazocarbonyl compounds with chemoselectivity over β-hydride elimination are described. These methods represent the first general intermolecular reactions of Rh-carbenoids that are selective over tertiary β-C–H bond migration. Successful transformations include cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, and various X–H insertion reactions with a broad scope of substrates. We propose that the intermolecular approach of substrates to carbenes from acyclic diazo precursors may be relatively slow due to a steric interaction with the ester function, which is perpendicular to the π-system of the carbene. For carbenes derived from five- and six-membered cyclic α-diazocarbonyls, it is proposed that the carbene is constrained to be more conjugated with the carbonyl, thereby relieving the steric interaction for intermolecular reactions, and accelerating the rate of intermolecular reactivity relative to intramolecular β-hydride migration. However, attempts to use α-diazo-β-...
Ambiguity’s aftermath: How age differences in resolving lexical ambiguity affect subsequent comprehension

When ambiguity resolution is difficult, younger adults recruit selection-related neural resources that older adults do not. To elucidate the nature of those resources and the consequences of their recruitment for subsequent comprehension, we embedded noun/verb homographs and matched unambiguous words in syntactically well-specified but semantically neutral sentences. Target words were followed by a prepositional phrase whose head noun was plausible for only one meaning of the homograph. Replicating past findings, younger but not older adults elicited sustained frontal negativity to homographs compared to unambiguous words. On the subsequent head nouns, younger adults showed plausibility effects in all conditions, attesting to successful meaning selection through suppression. In contrast, older adults showed smaller plausibility effects following ambiguous words and failed to show plausibility effects when the context picked out the homograph's non-dominant meaning (i.e., they did not suppress the contextually-irrelevant dominant meaning). Meaning suppression processes, reflected in the frontal negativity, thus become less available with age, with consequences for subsequent comprehension.
Synthesis and properties of linear, branched, and cyclic metallacarborane oligomers

A rapidly developing area of organometallic chemistry centers on polynuclear metal coordination compounds having specified, highly symmetric geometries such as squares, triangles, rectangles, or rigid rods. Interest in such molecules arises in part from their unusual, aesthetically appealing structures, and on the possibilities for assembling them into extended systems having useful electronic, optical, magnetic, catalytic, or other properties. Given their characteristic thermal and oxidative stability, chemical versatility, and relatively low-bulk, metallocene-like steric requirements, small metallacarboranes are attractive candi- dates as building blocks for such structures. Recent work in our laboratory on the controlled substitution and linkage of these clusters has opened the way to some new metallacarborane "designer" chemistry that is described in this article.
Mehler–Heine type formulas for Charlier and Meixner polynomials

We derive Mehler–Heine type asymptotic formulas for Charlier and Meixner polynomials, and also for their associated families. These formulas provide good approximations for the polynomials in the neighborhood of $$x=0$$ and determine the asymptotic limit of their zeros as the degree $$n$$ goes to infinity.
Mn(III)-based radical addition reactions of 2-nitroindole with activated CH compounds

Abstract 2-Nitroindole undergoes addition reactions with the radicals generated from active CH compounds upon treatment with Mn(OAc) 3 ·2H 2 O to afford the corresponding 3-substituted-2-nitroindoles in 27–66% yields. Products of the methylene addition reactions undergo a subsequent in situ Nef reaction to afford 2-oxoindolin-3-ylidenes.
Digital redemption of coupons: satisfying and dissatisfying effects of promotion codes

Coupons, in the form of “promotion codes”, are now a mainstay of the online shopping experience, but online coupon redemption differs substantively from that in traditional retailing. Offline redemption of coupons is customer‐initiated while Internet shoppers are usually prompted to enter a code towards the conclusion of the checkout process. This prompting may influence shopper perceptions and behaviors such as shopping cart abandonment. Results showed strong negative effects on price fairness, satisfaction, and purchase completion in the code‐absent group and positive effects on fairness and satisfaction in the code‐present group. Presents implications for effective market segmentation through the use of online coupon codes.
On the representation theory of negative spin

We construct a class of negative spin irreducible representations of the su(2) Lie algebra. These representations are infinite-dimensional and have an indefinite inner product. We analyze the decomposition of arbitrary products of positive and negative representations with the help of generalized characters and write down explicit reduction formulae for the products. From the characters, we define effective dimensions for the negative spin representations, find that they are fractional, and point out that the dimensions behave consistently under multiplication and decomposition of representations.
NVEOD FLIR92 thermal imaging systems performance model

The Night Vision and Electro-Optics Directorate's FLIR92 model predicts minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) and minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) for scanning and staring infrared sensors. FLIR92 retains unchanged for two- dimensional MRTD, and incorporates sampling effects and three-dimensional noise more thoroughly than the simple approximations used in the FLIR90 model. The FLIR92 MRTD predictions are shown to be valid for representative scanning and staring systems.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Loss-cone Dynamics

Supermassive black holes can capture or disrupt stars that come sufficiently close. This paper reviews the dynamical processes by which stars or stellar remnants are placed onto loss-cone orbits and the implications for feeding rates. The capture rate is well defined for spherical galaxies with nuclear relaxation times that are shorter than the galaxy's age. However, even the dense nucleus of the Milky Way may be less than one relaxation time old, and this is certainly the case for more massive galaxies; the capture rate in such galaxies is an initial-value problem with poorly-known initial conditions and the rate can be much higher, or much lower, than the rate in a collisionally-relaxed nucleus. In nonspherical (axisymmetric, triaxial) galaxies, torquing of orbits by the mean field can dominate perturbations due to random encounters, leading to much higher capture rates than in the spherical geometry, particularly in (massive) galaxies with long central relaxation times. Relativistic precession plays a crucial role in mediating the capture of compact remnants from regions very near to the black hole, by destroying the orbital correlations that would otherwise dominate the torques. The complex dynamics of relativistic loss cones are not yet well enough understood for accurate estimates of compact-object (‘EMRI’) capture rates to be made.