cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescence: a prospective study

This study reports a one-year prospective investigation of the relations between overt and relational victimization and social anxiety and phobia in a sample of adolescents. The Social Experience Questionnaire-Self Report Form (SEQ-S), Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) were administered to 144 ninth grade adolescents. A follow-up assessment with the SEQ-S, SAS-A, and SPAI-C was conducted one year later. Results indicated that relational victimization predicted symptoms of social phobia but not general social anxiety and avoidance one year later. Overt victimization was not a significant predictor of social anxiety and phobia one year later. Social anxiety and phobia did not predict peer victimization one year later. However, increases in social anxiety and social phobia symptoms (for boys) over time were positively associated with increases in relational victimization over time. Implications of these findings for peer victimization and social anxiety in the development of social phobia and negative peer experiences are discussed.
Bioluminescence tomography based on the phase approximation model

A reconstruction method of bioluminescence sources is proposed based on a phase approximation model. Compared with the diffuse approximation, this phase approximation model more correctly predicts bioluminescence photon propagation in biological tissues, so that bioluminescence tomography can accurately locate and quantify the distribution of bioluminescence sources. The compressive sensing (CS) technique is applied to regularize the inverse source reconstruction to enhance numerical stability and efficiency. The numerical simulation and phantom experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Ice nucleation through immersion freezing in mixed-phase stratiform clouds: Theory and numerical simulations

Abstract Mixed-phase stratiform cloud layers have commonly been observed at several Arctic locations. However, mechanisms governing production of ice in these cloud layers remain poorly understood. Because of this, models have difficulties correctly representing a steady-state mixed-phase stratus layer. Based on recent lidar and radar measurements of these clouds, along with measurements of Arctic aerosols, the idea of an active immersion freezing regime is presented. This nucleation mechanism provides a pathway for limited production of ice within a super cooled liquid layer, and avoids rapid glaciation through the Bergeron–Findeissen process. The nucleation theory and supporting observations and simulations are presented, along with a discussion of implications of results on future simulation and understanding of mixed-phase stratus.
Dynamic behavior of copper under extreme loading rates

Metals subjected to extreme loading rates exhibit behavior that is characteristics of a thermodynamically open system characterized by exchanging energy due to dislocations traveling long distances with a nearly sonic velocity. The thermodynamic openness is rarely observed in solids; therefore the mean-field theories of nonlinear continuum dynamics often provide sufficient representation of the solid behavior. These theories describe the deformation and damage processes with the use of constitutive models. In addition, an equation of state (EOS) that couples high hydrostatic pressure and changes in mass density and temperature is formulated. Difficulties arise when a metal is subjected to extreme loading. Then, the material experiences a mesoscale excitation coupled with velocity fluctuations and a non-negligible entrapment of kinetic energy.
Board Activities, Involvement, and Public Transit Performance:

The objective of this article is to determine the relationships between board members' involvement in prescribed activities of boards of directors and the performance of public transit systems. It analyzes the degree to which board members are involved in prescribed activities of boards of directors as an indication of their effectiveness using self-rated survey responses. Then, it identifies public transit organizational performance measures from Section 15 sources and determines their relationships with board performance. One significant finding is that involvement in board educational activities may enable the board to pressure the transit systems they oversee to operate their existing fleets more efficiently to reduce cost per vehicle hour. Similarly, involvement in strategic activities could make boards put pressure on transit systems to be cost effective.
Simultaneous Determination of Total Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium in Plant Tissues Using Acid Digestion and Ion Chromatography

Sodium, K, Mg, and Ca in plant tissue were measured by single column ion chromatography (SCIC) as an alternative to traditional methods such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICPAES). Interference of the NH 4 peak on the Na peak in SCIC was eliminated by removal of NH 4 ions by drying the nitric-perchloric acid plant digest at 350 °C. Cations were separated using an IC-Pack CM/D column with 0.1 mM EDTA + 3 mM HNO 3 as eluent. Inclusion of 10% (v/v, ≃ 1.89 M) acetonitrile in the eluent shortened the retention time of divalent cations by 22% compared with the time without acetonitrile [...]
Factors Determining Extreme Brain Natriuretic Peptide Elevation

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is elevated in heart failure and reflects its severity. It is unknown why some patients have extremely high BNP levels. The authors retrospectively reviewed data on 179 consecutive patients whose BNP levels fell within one of several predetermined ranges: mild elevation, 500 to 1000 pg/mL (n=82); moderate elevation, 2000 to 3000 pg/mL (n=48); and high elevation, 4000 to 20,000 pg/mL (n=49). The statistical analysis was conducted with the unpaired t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Adjustments were made for age, sex, and serum creatinine level. Patients with moderate BNP elevation were more symptomatic and had more advanced structural and hemodynamic changes than did patients with lower BNP elevation. Characteristics of the high BNP level group did not differ from those of the moderate BNP level group. Serum creatinine level correlated with BNP level, but neither age nor sex did. High BNP level (4000-20,000 pg/mL) is determined more by renal dysfunction than by the severity of heart failure.
Long-Term Oncologic Outcome after Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Objective To assess the long-term oncologic efficacy of laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Methods Between August 1993 and May 2001, 39 patients underwent laparoscopic RNU for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) at our institution. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results Clinical outcomes were available in all 39 patients with an actual follow-up ranging from 60 to 148 mo (median: 74). During this time 27 patients (69%) developed at least one TCC recurrence. Eighteen patients had urothelial recurrences, and 9 patients had nonurothelial recurrences. Of these latter patients, 2 patients (5%) had local recurrences. No patient developed a port site metastasis. Eleven patients ultimately had disease progression and died from TCC 7–59 mo (median: 31) after the operation. On statistical analysis, tumor stage was the only factor significantly associated with death from the disease, and tumor location (ureter) was the only factor significantly associated with disease recurrence. Conclusions The long-term overall and disease-specific survival rates after laparoscopic RNU for upper tract TCC are well within the range of results reported after open surgery. Thus, the results of the present study support the continued development of laparoscopic techniques in the management of this aggressive disease.
EARTH'S FREE MODES AND A NEW GRAVIMETER

Gravitational observations of free vibrations of the earth due to the Alaskan earthquake of March, 1964 were compared with corresponding results for the Chilean earthquake. In the graver spheroidal modes of periods greater than 7 minutes which were compared, the periods generally agreed within a few parts per thousand. The freemode spectrum has been used by Anderson, Landisman, and others to improve models of the earth. To fit both the free mode periods and the seismic data, Anderson’s modification of classical earth models introduces a more rapid increase of density in the upper mantle, and less rapid increase near the core. In addition to the precise set of numbers characterizing the free periods, the free mode observations supply another independent set of criteria in the form of the “Q” values for the different modes. The large Q value of more than 25,000 for the purely radial mode excited by the Alaskan quake is noteworthy. In gravity observations of the earth’s oscillations, of period one hour or mo...
Bodies and Names: The Emergence of Commemoration in Interwar France

The tribute to the unknown soldier in Paris, offered in the name of all France, is a tribute to all, but if history cannot preserve the names of those hundreds of thousands of brave men who fell in defense of the sacred soil of the fatherland, those who knew them, at least, must retain an imperishable memory of them. Their names must be synonymous with glory and abnegation, with patriotism and duty fulfilled, in the countryside [pays] where they were born and lived. Finally, future generations must be able in case of need to reinvigorate themselves through the reading of these valiant names.1
Light-induced de-epoxidation of violaxanthin in lettuce chloroplasts. III. Reaction kinetics and effect of light intensity on de-epoxidase activity and substrate availability

Abstract The 505 nm change in isolated chloroplasts of Lactuca sativa var. Manoa showed a linear correlation with violaxanthin decrease. The corresponding difference extinction coefficient was established as 27.3 mM −1 · cm −1 . The 505 nm change followed first-order kinetics. The first-order rate constant, a measure of de-epoxidase activity, and the final extent of the 505 nm change, a measure of the extent of de-epoxidation, varied with light intensity. In 670 nm light the activity remained about half-maximal at intensities from 1 to 4 kerg · cm −2 · s −1 before reaching saturation at 9 kergs · cm −2 · s −1 . In contrast, the extent showed a simpler response and reached saturation already at 4 kergs · cm −2 · s −1 . These results suggest that different photosynthetic factors determine de-epoxidase activity and de-epoxidation extent. De-epoxidase activity is known to reflect steady-state thylakoid pH whereas the de-epoxidation extent was found to reflect light-dependent variable substrate availability. The available fraction varied in size from 40% of the total violaxanthin at 1 kerg · cm −2 · s −1 to 67% at saturation. The possibility that variable availability reflects conformational changes of the membrane near Photosystem II which result in variable exposure of the substrate to enzyme is discussed.
CLINICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGIC, AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF CUTANEOUS HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS

Human papillomaviruses comprise a large family of double stranded DNA viruses that are the etiologic agents of benign warts and anogenital cancers. At least 82 different human papillomavirus types have been identified and many remain yet uncharacterized. The development of new molecular techniques in recent years has led to an increased understanding of human papillomaviruses and their roles in carcinogenesis. Several clinicopathologic entities arising from human papillomavirus infection encountered by the dermatologist are the subject of the article. The epidemiology, molecular biology, clinical presentation, histologic findings, and treatment of each disorder, where applicable, is discussed.
Verification and validation of operational software: a process and methodology critique

Verification and Validation (V&V) play a crucial role in producing a quality product on time, within budget and within scope. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of the Software Engineering Evaluation System (SEES), a V&V methodology developed by the U.S. Army Software Engineering Directorate. The critique draws on experiences and insights stemming from an application of that methodology to a controlled software development effort. In addition to citing the beneficial activities mandated by the V&V methodology, we also provide a discussion of prescribed (or lacking) activities having an adverse impact on the V&V effort. Recommendations to improve V&V effectiveness are also presented. Although our discussion focuses on V&V activities defined by the Army's methodology, the insights, lessons learned, and suggested improvements are widely applicable to the more generalized approaches to V&V. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the NEDD8 conjugation system by a splicing variant, NUB1L

NEDD8 is a ubiquitin-like protein that controls vital biological events through its conjugation to target proteins. We previously identified a negative regulator of the NEDD8 conjugation system, NUB1, which works by recruiting NEDD8 and its conjugates to the proteasome for degradation. Recently, we found its splicing variant, NUB1L. It possesses an insertion of 14 amino acids that codes for a UBA domain. Structural study revealed that NUB1 has a NEDD8-binding site at the C terminus, whereas NUB1L has an additional site at the newly generated UBA domain. Interestingly, the sequence A(X 4)L(X 10)L(X 3)L was conserved in these NEDD8-binding sites among human and other mammals. Mutational studies revealed that at least three Leu residues in the conserved sequence are required for binding with NEDD8. Functional study suggested that the NEDD8-binding ability at the C terminus of NUB1 and NUB1L is mainly involved in the down-regulation of NEDD8, but the NEDD8-binding ability at the UBA2 domain of NUB1L is minimally or not involved at all. The NEDD8-binding ability at the UBA2 domain might be required for an unknown function of NUB1L.
On the description of classical trajectory methods in a quantum mechanical language

Abstract Formally, quantum collision theory can be exactly formulated in terms of real phase-space distributions. This type of approach provides an intuitive picture of complex scattering problems which has proved very useful in different disciplines such as nuclear physics, chemical physics and quantum field theory. In this work, the classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method, which is a well known technique in ion-atom collisions, is put into context with these more general phase-space approaches. The most important aspects of this approximation and its validity are briefly discussed.
Alpha-recoil damage in titanite (CaTiSiO5): Direct observation and annealing study using high resolution transmission electron microscopy

Tracks'' of alpha-recoil nuclei have been observed directly in titanite (CaTiSiO{sub 5}). Recoil tracks in titanite are 4 to 6 nm in diameter and consist of a central aperiodic zone surrounded by a narrow (0--2 nm) outer zone that is essentially crystalline, but which exhibits modulated image contrast due to interstitial defects. Previous work has suggested that titanite is 2 to 3 times more sensitive to alpha-decay damage than other ceramic phases (e.g., zircon, ZrSiO{sub 4}). We find, however, that track diameters in titanite are essentially the same as reported for other phases, including zircon (ZrSiO{sub 4}), pyrochlore (NaCaTa{sub 2}O{sub 6}F), and zirconolite (CaZrTi{sub 2}O{sub 7}). An annealing study of titanite (300 to 700 {degree}C, N{sub 2}) shows a two-stage recovery process. Track diameter decreases at 400 {degree}C. An intermediate phase develops at 500 {degree}C, and nearly all tracks are epitaxially recrystallized. At 700 {degree}C, all tracks and the intermediate phase are gone.
Poster: Toward a Theoretical Privacy Framework for Electronic Locks in Context of Home Security Monitoring System for Clouds of Things

Current popular schemes e.g. homomorphic cryptography are extensively deployed to preserve privacy in a limited level but without a formal privacy model, we can neither offer privacy guarantee nor quantify the privacy loss. In this paper, we raise a few privacy-related questions, one after another, with the e-Lock state changes in a smart home as an example. In a novel privacy framework we proposed, the questions are partially addressed with the utilization of a set of theoretical models e.g. hidden markov model, differential privacy and information flow with belief. Since our paper is still at its start phase, we plan to accomplish the framework and wish can inspire colleagues' interests in this area.
Ellen Swallow Richards: “Humanistic Oekologist,” “Applied Sociologist,” and the founding of sociology

Best known as the first woman graduate from MIT, and the founder of Home Economics, Ellen Swallow Richards was a Progressive Era reformer who applied social science research techniques to problems of concern to early sociologists. As a mentor to many women who joined the “Cultural” and “Pragmatic” feminists of Hull House, her secular theories of “Oekology” and “Euthenics” challenged many of the models of social change prevalent in the Cambridge and Chicago academic communities. Her most radical contribution as a feminist was her assertion that women’s unpaid labor in the home played a vital economic role in maintaining capitalism and was the ultimate source of their second-class citizenship. She shared a belief in democracy and education as a feminist “Pragmatist,” and laid the groundwork for the contemporary “Ecofeminist” movement. Although she was a biochemist by training, she engaged several genera-tions of women in the application of scientific methods to the solution of contemporary social problems. As a political organizer, much of her legacy is reflected in the accomplishments of the reform organizations she was instrumental in founding.
The potential for delivery of particulate matter through positive airway pressure devices (CPAP/BPAP).

Airborne particulate matter may induce health risk with inhalation. Special concerns exist for deployed military personnel with inhaled particulate matter in desert environments. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) used in obstructive sleep apnea may facilitate inhalation of particulate matter. We evaluated the ability of commercial CPAP filter systems to eliminate inhalation of particulate matter. An ultrasonic medical nebulizer (DeVilbliss Ultraneb, DeVilbliss, Somerset, PA) atomized liquid producing “respirable” aerosol. Technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid dissolved in water was also aerosolized to quantify aerosol inhalation. A high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter placed at the patient–hose connection port in the bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) device captured the aerosol inbound to the patient. The HEPA filter provided a means to quantify aerosol dose delivered to a simulated patient. Commercial foam and ultrafine filters were assessed with aerosol to determine the simulated patient exposure. Foam and ultrafine filters used together allowed 1.5% or less of aerosol volume to pass through the BPAP system. Foam filters alone allowed an average of 18.9% of aerosol delivered to pass through the BPAP system. Foam and ultrafine filters used together in BPAP systems provide excellent aerosol filtration in this laboratory simulation of BPAP use.
Estimate of de novo mutation frequency in probands with PTEN Hamartoma Tumor syndrome

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with increased risks of neoplasias, macrocephaly, and developmental disabilities. While both familial and sporadic cases exist, actual de novo mutation frequency remains unknown. We sought to estimate this within our PTEN-mutation positive patient series. Patients were prospectively accrued if they had known pathogenic germline PTEN mutations or phenotypic features suspicious for PHTS. Only families with pathogenic PTEN mutations were included. Likelihood for de novo mutation was graded from 1 (confirmed inherited) to 5 (confirmed de novo) based on family history and mutation status. Fisher’s two-tailed exact and unpaired t-tests were used to compare between groups. 187 pathogenic PTEN-mutation positive families were eligible for this study. De novo (grade 5) status was confirmed in 20 (10.7%) probands, and in 36 (19.3%) was suspected based on family history. Demographics, mutations, and phenotypes were similar for probands graded 1 vs. 5 (all P > 0.06). In grade 1 probands, mutations were inherited equally from maternal and paternal lineages (P = 0.55). The frequency of de novo PTEN mutation is at minimum 10.7% and at best 47.6%. Absence of PHTS features within a family history should not preclude consideration of this diagnosis for patients with relevant personal history. Genet Med 2012:14(9):819–822
The importance of operational definitions in design of a combat casualty information system

Attention to the quality of information in design of a medical information system is fundamental to the success of that system. This point is made using WWI and WWII combat casualty statistics. While the analyses presented are legitimate, serious problems of interpretation arise from the operational definitions used in gathering and analyzing these data. The impact of this is illustrated in a hypothetical battle, a model emphasizing the introduction of biases resulting from an apparent inattention to operational definitions on the part of combat care managers in WWII. The paper concludes with some broad recommendations.
A particulate contrast agent with potential for ultrasound imaging of liver

Ultrasonic backscatter and attenuation coefficients of a medium can be increased by the addition of solid, micron sized inhomogeneities. A potentially useful agent for ultrasonic contrast of liver images has been identified. Iodipamide ethyl ester (IDE) particles can be produced in the form of dense, relatively incompressible solids with high impedance mismatch to water. The chemical, biomechanical, and pharmacological properties of the small, uniform diameter IDE particles permit safe intravenous injection followed by rapid accumulation by reticuloendothelial (RE) cells of the liver and spleen, and later elimination from these organs. Since the particles are phagocytized by RE cells, present in normal liver but not in tumors and many lesions, the selective enhancement of ultrasonic backscatter should improve detectability of lesions which are hypo- or iso-echoic compared to surrounding tissue. The mechanisms of particle-ultrasound interaction may be described by relative motion attenuation, and scattering from a cloud of dense, incompressible spheres for the case of IDE particles in agar. Thus, values of attenuation and backscatter can be controlled by choice of ultrasound frequency and particle concentration and size. When the particles are accumulated in rat livers, additional mechanisms induce attenuation and backscatter in excess of that predicted by IDE in agar. This preliminary work demonstrates that solid, biocompatible particles may be useful as an ultrasonic contrast agent.
Visual communication in environmental health: methodological questions and compromises

Disciplinary differences cause multiple problems with trying to create a research study that gauges readers' comprehension of complex scientific information. This paper provides a case study of the some of the issues associated with research methods and methodologies on an on an interdisciplinary team.
Abstract A41: Combined inhibition of mTOR and MAPK signaling attenuates the growth and progression of colorectal cancer

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathways are constitutively activated and serve critical functions in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). mTOR signaling is involved in cell growth and metabolism; rapamycin inhibits the kinase activity of mTORC1 but leads to feedback activation of upstream PI3K/Akt signaling, resulting in cell survival and chemoresistance. MAPK signaling is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation; sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits Raf kinase. Recent studies suggest that inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin leads to feedback induction of MAPK signaling through a S6K-PI3K-Ras feedback loop. Therefore, we investigated whether dual targeting of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, using rapamycin and sorafenib, respectively, has therapeutic benefits in CRC. Methods: HCT116 human CRC cells (mutant K-Ras; wild-type B-Raf) were treated with either rapamycin (50 nM) or sorafenib (5 µM) alone or in combination. Effects on cell proliferation (measured by cell counting), apoptosis (measured by detecting the level of histone- associated DNA fragments in mono- and oligonucleosomes), cell cycle progression (measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting), migration (measured by wound healing assay) and invasion through matrigel (measured by modified Boyden chamber assay) were analyzed. Results: (i) pAktSer473 and pERKThr202/Tyr204 are overexpressed together in stage IV CRC tissues and matched liver metastasis tissues from the same patient (Spearman9s correlation=0.77; p Conclusions: K-Ras mutant CRCs, which display clinical resistance to anti-EGFR therapy, are sensitive to the anti-tumorigenic effect of sorafenib. Furthermore, combinatorial inhibition of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, using rapamycin and sorafenib, respectively, significantly potentiates attenuation of growth and progression compared to monotherapy in K-Ras mutant CRCs. This effect may be due to reduced feedback activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling. CRC is a heterogeneous disease with multiple aberrant signaling pathways driving the oncogenic behavior of tumors; simultaneous inhibition of parallel signaling pathways may be more effective than single pathway inhibition in CRC therapies. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):A41.
Addition-Rearrangement of Aryl- and Alkoxysulfonyl Isocyanates with 5-Methyl-Substituted 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyrans. Selective Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Piperidones(1).

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2H-pyran and 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-5,6-dimethyl-2H-pyran undergo addition−rearrangement reactions with arylsulfonyl isocyanates to generate the corresponding 3-formyl...
The influence of seasonal variation on survival and yield of lettuce irradiated with constant rate, fallout decay or buildup and fallout decay simulation treatments☆

Abstract Bottino P. J. and Sparrow A. H. The influence of seasonal variation on survival and yield of lettuce irradiated with constant rate, fallout decay or buildup and fallout decay similation treatments . Radiation Botany 13, 27–36, 1973.—Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of seasonal variation on lettuce seedling responses to 137 Cs gamma radiation given a series of exposures at a constant rate (CR) for 8 or 16 hr, or as a buildup and fallout decay simulation (Bu + FDS) or fallout decay simulation (FDS) treatment for 36 hr. After irradiation the seedlings were transplanted to the field. The experiment was performed three different times during the growing season (June–September) to encompass the natural variation in climatic conditions. Comparisons among the three experiments and the four types of exposures were made for survival and yield. The Bu + FDS and FDS treatment showed no difference in survival for the three experiments but there was a slight increase in survival at later times in the season for the 16-hr CR treatment. The yield for similar total exposures continually decreased through the season regardless of the type of exposure. This decreasing yield paralleled a steady decrease in day length as the growing season progressed. The overall ratios of effectiveness at the LD 50 for the 16-hr CR/FDS and Bu + FDS/FDS were 1·42 and 1·01 respectively, showing the greater effectiveness of the FDS treatment over the 16-hr CR treatment and the lack of difference between the FDS and the Bu + FDS treatments. However, no difference in the mean survival time occurred among the experiments or treatments. The 8-hr CR treatment was found to be almost equal to the 36-hr FDS treatment for reducing survival and yield. A statistically significant amount of growth stimulation occurred at low exposures for all treatments in the first experiment. This diminished to a minimal amount of stimulation in the third experiment. The results show the variability which can occur in radiobiological field experiments due to variation in environmental conditions.
Intervention analysis using control series and exogenous variables in a transfer function model: A case study

Abstract This paper presents a case study to show how a control group can be used to obtain more accurate estimates of the impact of interventions. Intervention analysis using the ARIMA time series method is applied in an experimental design context using multiple input transfer function analysis. The study combines the analytic rigor of time series analysis with the careful controls provided by an experiment involving a test and control series. The data are from a field experiment with test and control panels connected to a split-cable TV system.
SLEEP DISORDERS PRESENTING AS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

This article reviews several of the most common types of sleep disorders that can present as a psychiatric complaint. Not infrequently, a patient will present to the psychiatrist with what appears to be a behavioral disorder or psychiatric syndrome that ultimately proves to be based on an underlying sleep disorder. It is important that the psychiatrist maintain a high index of suspicion for possible underlying sleep disorders that might be influencing behavior because the psychiatric syndrome cannot be successfully managed if the sleep component is not adequately addressed and treated. The relationship between sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders is a complex one. In some cases, such as the sleep-related breathing disorders, the symptoms of the sleep disorder per se include those that commonly accompany psychiatric syndromes, such as depression, cognitive impairment, and performance decrements. Certain sleep disorders also have as core symptoms disturbances of behavior that can be initially thought to represent a psychiatric condition, for example, the behavioral disturbances accompanying parasomnia disorders, such as somnambulism or rapid eye movement (REM)–sleep behavior disorders (RSB), or the various REM-sleep–related symptoms of narcolepsy. In some cases, the sleep disorder leads to performance decrements that in turn result in psychiatric disorders, such as depression. An example is circadian rhythm disorders (e.g., delayed sleep phase syndrome, or DSPS) leading to significant performance decrements that in turn result in a subsequent depression. And in some cases, the disturbed sleep is central to the disturbed pathophysiology of the psychiatric syndrome per se, such as the close association between disturbances in sleep and circadian rhythms with affective regulation. This article reviews several of the most common types of sleep disorders that can present as a psychiatric complaint. The author does not attempt to be exhaustive in this effort but rather to highlight some of the most commonly experienced relationships between sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders, to make the clinician aware that such a relationship can be both common and not always immediately clear. Each example begins with an illustrative capsule case history, including the psychiatric presentation and the description of the underlying sleep disorder that led to the behavioral symptoms. The case reports are adapted from the author's clinical experiences and the published literature, and one case is hypothetical based on known associations.
From Central American Warriors to San Francisco Latino Day Laborers: Suffering and Exhaustion in a Transnational Context

Many Central American day laborers seeking work in San Francisco, California are here mainly as a result of past and present political, economic, and military US policies practiced throughout the Central American region. However, this social fact, largely unacknowledged throughout the body politic in the United States, neither explains their current status nor detracts from coercive social and state efforts to demonize and exclude them. Instead, there has been cultivated a popular perception upon which an active political campaign has been built that views Central American day laborers as part of a larger mass of so-called illegal aliens who fundamentally threaten the integrity of US society. In this essay, Central American discourses of social suffering are juxtaposed to an official Californian measure that employs a counter-discursive nativist construction of social suffering. Taken as whole, we are witnesses to a particular contest of suffering which obfuscates the common concerns and structural forces that bind Central Americans to the United States.
MHD computations for stellarators

Considerable progress has been made in the development of computational techniques for studying the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and stability properties of three-dimensional configurations. Several different approaches have evolved to the point where comparison of results determined with different techniques shows good agreement. 55 refs., 7 figs.
Are we doing multimedia

Have you wondered why airlines usually rent headphones for $5.00? They charge you nothing for watching the image sequence. Does that mean that video is useless without the audio? Here's another thought to ponder. When television first appeared, the radio industry believed that it was doomed to fail because they thought nobody would be glued to a silly screen. It was audio, according to them, that conveyed all the information that people really cared for.
Factors Associated With High Levels Of Spending For Younger Dually Eligible Beneficiaries With Mental Disorders

The Affordable Care Act focused attention on how conflicting rules and payment arrangements in Medicare and Medicaid can produce high costs and fragmented care for people who are dually eligible for the two programs. Nearly half of such dual eligibles have severe and persistent mental disorders. Using Medicare data for the period 2006–09, we examined factors that were associated with high levels of spending for dual eligibles younger than sixty-five with a mental disorder. We found that these beneficiaries were nearly twice (1.86 times) as expensive as young dual eligibles who did not have a mental disorder. We identified functional limitations, multiple chronic conditions, and substance use disorders as being associated with high levels of spending in this subpopulation. We conclude that case management that coordinated medical, mental health, and substance use treatment along with psychosocial rehabilitation services could yield savings, primarily to the Medicare program. Because only Medicaid pays for ...
Factors Affecting Women’s Response Choices to Dating and Social Situations

This study evaluated the effects of a sexual victimization history, trait disinhibition, alcohol use history, number of lifetime sexual partners, and the contextual features of dating and social events (i.e., sexual activity and alcohol use) on women's response choices to a set of vignettes describing diverse social situations. A total of 170 undergraduate women chose one of six responses to each situation that varied in their degree of response refusal. Averaged across the situations, more severely victimized women and women reporting higher disinhibition chose responses lower in refusal than nonvictimized women and women reporting lower disinhibition. Past victimization, disinhibition, and number of sexual partners also moderated the influence of the situations' contextual features on women's response refusal. Specifically, as the presence of sexual activity increased in the situations, the response refusal of more severely victimized women increased less than nonvictimized women. In addition, as the presence of alcohol increased in the situations, the response refusal of women reporting higher disinhibition and a greater number of sexual partners decreased more than women reporting lower disinhibition and a fewer number of sexual partners.
Educating Students to be Creative Problem Solvers as 21st Century Engineers

This is a continuing series of quarterly articles on lessons learned and best practices in civil engineering education. The intent of the series is to reinforce good practices, describe new or developing practices, and provide a forum for what works well and what does not. It is hoped that this series will be an important quarterly read for all civil engineering educators and all those interested in what’s going on in civil engineering education today. Authors and topics will vary from issue to issue. Contact the associate editor, Mark Evans, at mark.evans@usma.edu if you wish to contribute to an upcoming issue.
A node‐based agglomeration AMG solver for linear elasticity in thin bodies

This paper describes the development of an efficient and accurate algebraic multigrid finite element solver for analysis of linear elasticity problems in two-dimensional thin body elasticity. Such problems are commonly encountered during the analysis of thin film devices in micro-electro-mechanical systems. An algebraic multigrid based on element interpolation is adopted and streamlined for the development of the proposed solver. A new node-based agglomeration scheme is proposed for computationally efficient, aggressive and yet effective generation of coarse grids. It is demonstrated that the use of appropriate finite element discretization along with the proposed algebraic multigrid process preserves the rigid body modes that are essential for good convergence of the multigrid solution. Several case studies are taken up to validate the approach. The proposed node-based agglomeration scheme is shown to lead to development of sparse and efficient intergrid transfer operators making the overall multigrid solution process very efficient. The proposed solver is found to work very well even for Poisson's ratio >0.4. Finally, an application of the proposed solver is demonstrated through a simulation of a micro-electro-mechanical switch. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity tolerance of Kosteletzkya virginica. I. Shoot growth, ion and water relations

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl:, a dicotyledonous halophyte native to brackish tidal marshes, was grown on nutrient solution containing 0, 85, 170 or 255 mol m −3 NaCl, and the effects of external salinity on shoot growth and ion content of individual leaves were studied in successive harvests. (...)
Vascular ultrasonography prior to dialysis access surgery

Abstract Background Native arterial venous fistulas (NAVF) are generally considered preferable to synthetic grafts for chronic dialysis access. As increasing numbers of diabetic and elderly patients are treated, adequate NAVFs become more difficult to establish. Vascular ultrasonography (US) prior to NAVF surgery has received little attention. Methods: Patients with questionable venous or arterial status underwent 47 US evaluations by the operating surgeon prior to AV fistula surgery. Veins were evaluated for compressibility, size and distensibility. Arterial and venous occlusive lesions were identified. Results In all, 74.5% of patients were diabetic. More than half the patients had at least one previous access operation. Ultrasonography examination detected venous occlusions, stenoses, or fibrotic segments in addition to atheromatous disease in the radial artery. The use of the origin of the radial artery for anastomotic inflow was frequently helpful. Only once in 47 procedures was placement of a prosthetic graft required. One patient had early thrombosis. There were no infections or ischemic complications. Conclusions The use of preoperative US by the operating surgeon aids in selection of site and feasibility for NAVFs. Almost all patients can have a NAVF created and avoid the problems associated with synthetic graft material.
Walking Out of One Culture Into Another: Health Concerns of Early Adolescent Latinos

Adolescence is considered a critical life transition that can lead to heightened vulnerability. Acculturation takes on increased importance during this period. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between acculturation and perceived health concerns of early adolescent Latinos in rural North Carolina. A qualitative descriptive design using gender-specific focus groups was conducted in the summer of 2001. Twenty-six Latino adolescents, predominantly from Mexico, participated in one of four focus groups. Acculturation was assessed using the Short Acculturation Scale (Marin & Marin, 1991). The most prevalent health concern of the girls was unsolicited physical contact and aggressive male behavior. Boys expressed concerns about stress related to financial worries and drinking alcohol. A better understanding of where Latino adolescents are located in the acculturation process can assist school nurses in developing targeted school-based prevention programs that focus on building specific ski...
Seasonal bias in the formation and stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate in modern soils from central New Mexico, USA

In order to better calibrate pedogenic carbonate as a proxy for past environments, we compared the stable isotopic composition of soil CO 2 , soil water, and pedogenic carbonate in young soils from central New Mexico, USA. Seasonal changes in the δ 13 C value of soil CO 2 , the δ 18 O value of soil water, and the soil temperature were monitored to establish the timing of isotopic equilibrium with the carbonate. Calcite solubility was calculated from measured temperatures and CO 2 concentrations in the soil. This approach allowed us to determine the conditions associated with pedogenic carbonate formation. Carbon isotope equilibrium, oxygen isotope equilibrium, and minimum calcite solubility all occurred simultaneously during warm, dry conditions in May 2008 when soil CO 2 concentrations were low. It is therefore concluded that pedogenic carbonate forms during warm, dry periods and does not record mean growing season conditions as typically assumed. The seasonal bias in pedogenic carbonate formation may explain the occurrence of pedogenic carbonate in monsoon climates and its absence in regions where annual precipitation is more uniformly distributed. The implications of the seasonal bias for stable isotope–based paleoenvironmental reconstructions are that paleoelevations may have been previously over- or underestimated, paleoatmospheric CO 2 concentrations likely have been signifi cantly overestimated, and pedogenic carbonate provides a C 4 -biased record of paleovegetation, especially in dry soils.
Probabilities and Epistemic Pluralism

A pluralistic scientific method is one that incorporates a variety of points of view in scientific inquiry. This paper investigates one example of pluralistic method: the use of weighted averaging in probability estimation. I consider two methods of weight determination, one based on disjoint evidence possession and the other on track record. I argue that weighted averaging provides a rational procedure for probability estimation under certain conditions. I consider a strategy for calculating 'mixed weights' which incorporate mixed information about agent credibility. I address various objections to the weighted averaging technique and conclude that the technique is a promising one in various respects.
Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 3. State and parameter estimation

Abstract Battery management systems in hybrid-electric-vehicle battery packs must estimate values descriptive of the pack’s present operating condition. These include: battery state-of-charge, power fade, capacity fade, and instantaneous available power. The estimation mechanism must adapt to changing cell characteristics as cells age and therefore provide accurate estimates over the lifetime of the pack. In a series of three papers, we propose methods, based on extended Kalman filtering (EKF), that are able to accomplish these goals for a lithium ion polymer battery pack. We expect that they will also work well on other battery chemistries. These papers cover the required mathematical background, cell modeling and system identification requirements, and the final solution, together with results. This third paper concludes the series by presenting five additional applications where either an EKF or results from EKF may be used in typical BMS algorithms: initializing state estimates after the vehicle has been idle for some time; estimating state-of-charge with dynamic error bounds on the estimate; estimating pack available dis/charge power; tracking changing pack parameters (including power fade and capacity fade) as the pack ages, and therefore providing a quantitative estimate of state-of-health; and determining which cells must be equalized. Results from pack tests are presented.
Flavor Comparison of Natural Cheeses Manufactured in Different Countries

The objective of this study was to determine the main flavor components of different natural aged cheese types from various countries and determine whether a unique sensory characteristic exists within specific countries for European cheeses. The flavor of 152 cheeses from Estonia, France, Italy, Germany, Holland, Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, and Denmark were described during 4 independent studies. The sensory data from these studies were combined. The cheeses were sorted according to milk type and texture, and flavor characteristics of these groups were described. The main flavor characteristics of the cheeses tested were salty, sweet, sour, astringent, biting, pungent, sharp, nutty, musty/earthy, dairy fat, buttery, and dairy sweet. The cluster analysis divided the cheeses into 4 clusters: clusters 1 and 2 were sour, dairy sour, salty, astringent, biting, and varied in buttery (cluster 1) and sharp notes (cluster 2). Cluster 1 and 2 were mainly composed of French cheeses, while clusters 3 and 4 represented cheeses from various countries. Cluster 3 and 4 were sweet, with cooked milk and nutty characteristics and varied from buttery (cluster 3) to sharp notes (cluster 4). Cheeses from some countries, for example, France and Estonia, generally exhibited common sensory characteristics within the specific country, but cheeses from some other countries, such as Italy, varied widely, and seemed to have no common sensory theme. Most regional cheese standards are not specific about flavor profiles and these results suggest it may be possible to start a further characterization of cheeses in some countries.
Image segmentation on a 2D array by a directed split and merge procedure

A 2D array implementation of image segmentation by a directed split and merge procedure is proposed. Parallelism is realized on two levels: one within the split and merge operations, where more than one merge (or split) may proceed concurrently, and the second between the split and merge operations, where several splits may be performed in parallel with merges. Both the split and merge operations are based on nearest neighbor communications between the processing elements (PEs), and facilitating low communication costs. The basic arithmetic operations required to perform split and merge are comparison and addition, allowing a simple structure of the PE as well as a hardwired control. A local of 512 bytes is sufficient to hold the interim data associated with each PE. A prototype PE has been constructed using 3 mu m double-metal CMOS technology. Scaling up to 0.8 mu m, it is possible to incorporate 32 PEs on a 5 cm/sup 2/ chip. With sufficiently large PE window sizes, image segmentation can be achieved in linear time. >