cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The causes of spatiotemporal variations in erupted fluxes and compositions along a volcanic arc.

Decades of study on volcanic arcs have provided insight into the overarching processes that control magmatism, and how these processes manifest at individual volcanoes. However, the causes of ubiquitous and dramatic intra-arc variations in volcanic flux and composition remain largely unresolved. Investigating such arc-scale issues requires greater quantitative comparison of geophysical and geochemical data, linked through sets of common intensive variables. To work towards these goals, we use observed lava compositions to estimate the heat budget associated with Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades Arc and compare this to the heat required to produce the observed geophysical properties of the crust. Here we show that along-strike volcanic variability in the Quaternary Cascades Arc is primarily related to variations in the flux of basalt into the crust, rather than variations in their crustal storage history. This approach shows promise for studying other large-scale frontier geologic problems in volcanic arcs. The primary causes of dramatic variations in volcanic flux and composition along strike in subduction zones remain largely unknown. Here we use a promising new approach to show that along-strike volcanic variability in the Quaternary Cascades Arc is primarily due to variations in the flux of basalt into the base of the crust, rather than crustal magma storage.
Long range force 1Rd+σ problems with d = σ

Abstract We suggest a similar critical behavior for all fluctuation problems with long range forces in 1/ R d +σ and fluctuation propagator ( r + q σ ) −1 when d = σ . The analogy between these problems may allow to better understand the d = 2 paramagnon problem in strongly interacting fermion systems.
Titania nanotube interface to increase adhesion strength of hydroxyapatite sol-gel coatings on Ti-6Al-4V for orthopedic applications

Abstract Sol-gel coating hydroxyapatite (HA) allows for non-line-of-sight coatings on metallic implants that enhance biocompatibility and osseointegration, but coatings are on the order of a few microns thick and have poor adhesion, especially at low sintering temperatures; Both issues can limit implant longevity. In order to improve coating adhesion strength, a titania nanotube interface was used to reduce thermal mismatch and provide a nano-scale surface morphology for mechanical interlocking, while multiple dip-coatings achieved coating thicknesses >70 μm. In this study, Ti-6Al-4V disks were anodized to produce self-assembled titania (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) on the surface of the substrates, while HA sol-gel was used to dip-coat the samples. The titania layers measured 800–900 nm thick, with nanotube pore widths of 90 ± 12 nm. Pure HA coating thicknesses were measured at 73.3 ± 10.5 μm and 84.97 ± 18.1 μm for polished Ti-6Al-4 V and anodized Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. The adhesion strengths of pure HA coatings on anodized (NT) surfaces were significantly higher (P
Is Poverty Incompatible with Asset Accumulation

Is poverty incompatible with asset accumulation? We examine whether the poor can and do save and whether they are able to build up assets over time. Data are presented from household surveys, as well as from programs targeted at helping families accumulate assets. Presenting and evaluating the state of knowledge provides a new lens on whether the current income-based safety net could better serve poor families by having an asset building component. Conventional thinking is that families that are income poor cannot save. This chapter shows that this thinking is inaccurate; poverty does not have to be incompatible with asset accumulation. The text below is an excerpt from the complete document. The full chapter is available in The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty, edited by Philip N. Jefferson, and a summary factsheet is available here in PDF format.
An Investigation of the Ocean’s Role in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability

AbstractA mechanistic understanding of the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) is highly desirable since it will considerably aid regional and global climate predictions. Although ocean dynamic...
From Warlord to Emperor: The Careers of Shamshi-Adad and Hammurabi

With Shamshi-Adad of Assur and Hammurabi of Babylon, the author draws the attention to two ambitious and military-skilled rulers of 19th c. BCE Mesopotamia. Both of them established control over northern and southern Mesopotamia after periods of sustained campaigning. However, their accomplishments were short-lived since they were too much dependent on personal abilities and had insufficient time for altering political and economic structures.
Evaluating the West Virginia Interpretive Guide Heritage Steward Program

West Virginia University's Extension Service partnered with the Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Resources Program to offer an entry level certification opportunity to interpretive guides in West Vir...
CYP2C19 genotype-directed P2Y12 inhibitor antiplatelet therapy normalizes risk for major adverse cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Abstract Objective To study the use of CYP2C19 genotyping to guide P2Y12 inhibitor selection to maximize efficacy, and attenuate risk in appropriate patients who underwent PCI for CAD. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 868 patients with CAD who received CYP2C19 genotyping after PCI and changed P2Y12 inhibitor based on the results. Patients were divided into two groups based on clopidogrel metabolizer status. Group I: Intermediate (IM) and poor metabolizers (PM). Group II: Ultra-rapid (UM), rapid (RM) and normal metabolizers (NM). Each group was then categorized to one of two treatment arms guided by CYP2C19 genotype. Category 1: IM/PM started on clopidogrel, switched to ticagrelor or prasugrel; 2:IM/PM started on ticagrelor/prasugrel, continued these medications; 3: UM/RM/NM started on ticagrelor/prasugrel, switched to clopidogrel; 4: UM/RM/NM started on clopidogrel, continued clopidogrel. Death due to cardiac causes, bleeding events, non-fatal MI, target vessel revascularization (TVR), and MACE in all four categories were considered at 1, 6 and 12 months. Results We did not observe significant difference between phenotypes for MACE at 1 (p = 0.274), 6 (p = 0.387), and 12 months (p = 0.083). Death due to cardiac causes, MI, and bleeding events were not significant at 1, 6, and 12 months. There was no significant difference in TVR at 6 (p = 0.491), and 12 months (p = 0.423) except at 1 month (p = 0.012). Conclusion CYP2C19 genotype-based intervention can be implemented effectively and reliably to guide selection of P2Y12 inhibitor to optimize patient quality and safety when appropriate in post PCI patients.
An in vitro study of canine cryopoor plasma to correct vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) with cryopoor plasma (CPP) to treat vitamin K-dependent factor deficiency in a canine in vitro setting. DESIGN In vitro laboratory study. SETTING University veterinary medical teaching hospital. ANIMALS Seven units of FFP and 6 units of CPP from unique canine donors from the university veterinary blood bank. INTERVENTIONS Canine FFP was adsorbed by oral barium sulfate suspension to mimic vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy. A sequential mixing study was completed by adding FPP or CPP to the adsorbed plasma. Measurements of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, and factor activities of factors II, VII, and IX (FII, FVII, and FIX) were compared between the 2 treatment groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS When comparing the sequential addition of CPP or FPP to adsorbed plasma, the following had no statistical significance: PT (P = 0.94), aPTT (P = 0.66), FII (P = 0.05), and FIX (P = 0.90). There was a dose-dependent decrease with PT and aPTT and a dose-dependent increase with FII and FIX. In contrast, after the addition of either CPP or FFP, there was a significant difference between the treatment groups for the concentration of fibrinogen (P = 0.005) and activity of FVII (P = 0.044), with FFP resulting in a greater concentration of fibrinogen and CPP resulting in a greater concentration of FVII. Measurements of factor X (FX) were initially included in the study but were later excluded because FX appeared to be continually adsorbed even after the addition of CPP or FFP. CONCLUSIONS CPP partially corrected the coagulation times and concentration of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors to the same degree as FFP. CPP, generally less expensive than FFP, may provide an alternative treatment option for vitamin K-dependent coagulopathies, although in vivo testing is needed.
Stumbling into Alpha

This chapter introduces the Alpha male, offering an example of this ideological figure and discussing its popularization in Anglophone North American contexts, using the example of its interpolation in a popular US television series. It continues by sketching out the book as a whole, including the foci and objectives of different chapters, while also situating this work within a broader field of critical linguistics. Further addressed are author positionality and the influence of author stance on description, interpretation, and analysis.
Patient monitoring in the nonoperating room anesthesia (NORA) setting: current advances in technology.

Purpose of review Nonoperating room anesthesia (NORA) procedures continue to increase in type and complexity as procedural medicine makes technical advances. Patients presenting for NORA procedures are also older and sicker than ever. Commensurate with the requirements of procedural medicine, anesthetic monitoring must meet the American Society of Anesthesiologists standards for basic monitoring. Recent findings There have been improvements in the required monitors that are used for intraoperative patient care. Some of these changes have been with new technologies and others have occurred with software refinements. In addition, specialized monitoring devises have also been introduced into NORA locations (depth of hypnosis, respiratory monitoring, point-of care ultrasound). These additions to the monitoring tools available to the anesthesiologist working in the NORA-environment push the boundaries of procedures which may be accomplished in this setting. Summary NORA procedures constitute a growing percentage of total administered anesthetics. There is no difference in the monitoring standard between that of an anesthetic administered in an operating room and a NORA location. Anesthesiologists in the NORA setting must have the same compendium of monitors available as do their colleagues working in the operating suite.
Assessment of Dietary Intake Among South Asian Adults in the United States

Objectives To examine the dietary intake patterns of South Asian adults by using three different assessment methods.
High-Frequency Trading, Endogenous Capital Commitment and Market Quality

I study market quality implications of the competition between traditional market making and high-frequency trading. A long-run traditional market maker responds to the competition from high-frequency traders by reducing both the spread and the amount of capital committed in market making. While a lower spread level is beneficial, less capital commitment deteriorates market quality. Specifically, the market's capacity to satisfy large demand is impaired. My model provides a more comprehensive illustration of high-frequency trading's implications on market quality by integrating both price and quantity effects. I further use this framework to analyze implications of different high-frequency trading regulatory measures.
Image-guided percutaneous biopsy of the liver

Percutaneous biopsy of the liver (PBL) is a cornerstone in the diagnosis of parenchymal liver disease and focal hepatic lesions. The indications for PBL can broadly be divided into those used to garner information regarding diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment. While the diagnosis of many common liver diseases can usually be made with imaging and serologic testing alone, PBL may be indicated in situations where the diagnosis is in question. Furthermore, liver biopsies are a foundational element for personalized treatment approaches for cancer patients; increasing emphasis is being placed on acquiring sufficient tissue for molecular profiling. While a variety of image guidance and procedural techniques have been applied to PBL, following conventional principles can ensure technical success and minimize complication risks. In this technique article, we review the practical periprocedural considerations of PBL with emphasis on recent advancements and societal recommendations.
Chapter 7 – Markets

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the importance of determining the location and size of market for a firm. No firm should build a plant to manufacture a product before it determines the location and size of its market. This is a basic principle of plant location, often overlooked by communities but seldom forgotten by industry. Markets begin with the production and sale of raw materials and then move through multiple levels of fabrication to the end producer, who is concerned with satisfying the needs of firms or individuals. Whether a product will go directly to the consumer for use or to another manufacturer as material for further assembly or processing, every plant location study must develop data on the cost of serving its market from the plant site under review. Close proximity to a market reduces transportation costs and is usually desirable. During the preplanning stage, the product's market must be identified and plotted. The location of competitors should be pinpointed, together with known distribution facilities. From data given in the chapter, a least-transportation-cost center can be calculated, utilizing a computerized transportation matrix. Market determination is a highly specialized field that a community must enter if it is going to give free taxes and free land to industry.
Reconstitution of a Functional Human Type II IL-4/IL-13 Receptor in Mouse B Cells: Demonstration of Species Specificity

IL-13 is a Th2-derived pleiotropic cytokine that recently was shown to be a key mediator of allergic asthma. IL-13 mediates its effects via a complex receptor system, which includes the IL-4R α-chain, IL-4Rα, and at least two other cell surface proteins, IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2, which specifically bind IL-13. IL-13 has been reported to have very limited effects on mouse B cells. It was unclear whether this was due to a lack of receptor expression, a disproportionate relative expression of the receptor components, or an additional subunit requirement in B cells. To determine the requirements for IL-13 signaling in murine B cells, we examined IL-13-dependent Stat6 activation and CD23 induction in the murine B cell line, A201.1. A201.1 cells responded to murine IL-4 via the type I IL-4R, but were unresponsive to IL-13, and did not express IL-13 receptor. B220+ splenocytes also failed to signal in response to IL-13 and did not express IL-13 receptor. We transfected A201.1 cells with human IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1, or both. Transfectants expressing either human IL-4Rα or human IL-13Rα1 alone were unable to respond or signal to IL-13. Thus, human IL-13Rα1 could not combine with the endogenous murine IL-4Rα to generate a functional IL-13R. However, cells transfected with both human IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 responded to IL-13. Thus, the relative lack of IL-13 responsiveness in murine B cells is due to a lack of receptor expression. Furthermore, the heterodimeric interaction between IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 is species specific.
Shaped control for damped flexible structures with friction and slew rate limits

This paper analytically derives shaped phase-plane feedback controllers for damped flexible structures with friction considering slew rate limit constraints which lead to three categories of maneuver ranges. The approach uses input shaping accounting for a damped flexible mode to alter the time-optimal velocity profile that moves the frictional rigid body from rest to rest. Simulations show that the resulting shaped closed-loop control laws yield near time-optimal performance without unwanted residual vibrations and faster time response than the previously developed extended proximate time-optimal servomechanism control, especially when the flexible dynamics are dominant.
Research on anticipatory route guidance

This paper describes the industry-relevant basic research focus of the Michigan IVHS Program in the last two years, with an emphasis on the linkage among the various projects related to anticipatory route guidance. Future direction of this research focus will also be discussed. The critical test for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) is whether an individual driver with an appropriately equipped vehicle will get intelligent and safe advice on traffic diversion from his originally chosen route after a congestion-causing incident is detected and verified. Such advice should take into account not only current traffic conditions but also anticipated delay that may occur before the driver reaches his destination. Therefore, the Michigan IVHS research on traffic modeling and route optimization has focused on anticipatory route guidance. The anticipatory guidance system routes the vehicles by minimizing time-dependent link costs incurred by the driver. A novel dynamic programming approach has been used to take advantage of the time-dependent characteristics of the minimal travel-time solution to reduce computation load. The computation of routes is accomplished in the vehicle so that the driver will have complete and private control of not only the objective function, but also the constraints, in the computation for his optimum route. The information to be provided from the infrastructure is a set of anticipated link costs, updated periodically, to reflect current system demand and unexpected traffic incidents. Preliminary analysis has suggested that, to minimize communication load, under certain conditions, all link costs (not just exceptional ones) should be transmitted and appropriate data compression techniques should be used. Since diversion recommendations are generated within the vehicle, no matter where the vehicle happens to be, these recommendations may arise after the driver has passed the location for safe maneuver to divert. Human factors research has been conducted to assess the safe distance before the junction for recommended diversion that should be allowed for safe diversion. This safe distance would depend on the driver characteristics, as well as on the vehicle and road characteristics (including the lane location). The guidance system should be designed so that only safe diversion advice will be given to the driver. Extension of research on anticipatory route guidance includes 1) the projection of link costs through traffic modeling and simulation, 2) inclusion of multiple transportation modes, and 3) coordination with traffic light controls. The research strategy is to generate practical guidelines for ATIS product development, which can be upgraded incrementally as additional research results become available, and as component costs change.
Transcription repressor Hes1 is a selective regulator of TLR-induced CXCL1 expression and neutrophil responses (IRM5P.708)

Chemokine-mediated neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation is a critical initial step in host defense and inflammatory responses. However, neutrophil recruitment must be tightly regulated to avoid inappropriate immune activation which may lead to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we show that transcription repressor hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) suppresses TLR-induced expression of CXCL1, a chemokine crucial for recruiting neutrophils. Interestingly, Hes1 deficiency does not affect expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tnf and Il1b. Hes1 negatively regulates Cxcl1 expression and neutrophil recruitment in vivo in LPS-induced peritonitis. In addition, deficiency of Hes1 exacerbated severity of K/BxN serum-induced arthritis in which neutrophils play a key pathogenic role. Mechanistically, regulation of Cxcl1 expression by Hes1 is at the transcriptional level but not via modification of TLR-induced canonical signaling events. Instead, Hes1 represses Cxcl1 productive transcription by attenuating occupancy of a positive-transcription elongation complex P-TEFb at the Cxcl1 gene locus and thus preventing subsequent recruitment of serine 2-phosphorylated RNA polymerase II. In summary, our results identify Hes1 as a novel homeostatic regulator of CXCL1 expression and neutrophil responses and suggest that targeting Hes1-mediated repressive pathway may represent a new therapeutic approach to selectively curbing neutrophil-mediated inflammation.
Nephrotic syndrome in early infancy as a manifestation of congenital syphilis.

The case of a 10-week-old infant with a nephrotic syndrome due to congenital syphilis is presented. Negative prenatal history for venereal disease may be misleading. Therefore, a renewed emphasis of congenital syphilis as an etiologic factor of the nephrotic syndrome in early infancy is proposed. Protein in serum fractionation by paper electrophoresis may be of assistance in the differentiation of a primary or secondary renal disease. Early diagnosis of congenital syphilis as a cause of the nephrotic syndrome and specific antisyphilitic therapy will result in prompt remission of the clinical manifestations of this disease.
Magnetic ordering in M(ox)(bpy) system (M=Fe, Co, Ni; ox=C2O42−; bpy=4,4′-bipyridine)

The temperature and field dependence of the magnetization have been measured to investigate the magnetic properties of the first oxalate–bpy mixed-ligand framework with a general formula M(ox)(bpy) (M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II); ox = C2O42−; bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine). All compounds in the M(ox)(bpy) system crystallize in an orthorhombic structure with space group Immm (No. 71), in which the magnetic M ions form one-dimensional chains along the a axis. Spontaneous magnetic orderings with transition temperatures of 12, 13, and 26 K have been found for Fe(ox)(bpy), Co(ox)(bpy), and Ni(ox)(bpy), respectively. The nature of the ordering in Ni(ox)(bpy) is antiferromagnetic, however it may exhibit a metamagnetic transition at high magnetic fields. The type of ordering in Fe(ox)(bpy) and Co(ox)(bpy) is also antiferromagnetic but with canting, or so-called weak ferromagnetism. The residual moment resulting from the canting is larger in Fe(ox)(bpy) than in Co(ox)(bpy). The values of μeff obtained by fitting χ(T) indicat...
Evaluating an existing subsurface flow constructed wetland in Akumal, Mexico

Abstract Constructed wetlands may offer a low-cost alternative for wastewater treatment in developing nations, however, special attention to appropriate design, monitoring and maintenance needs to be given. The coastal region of the Yucatan peninsula is facing increased development pressures. This region is particularly susceptible to wastewater pollution because of its karst geology and the lack of effective treatment systems. The research objectives were to evaluate the functioning of a subsurface flow constructed wetland operated by the Centro Ecologico Akumal (CEA), develop recommendations for its future management, and consider alternatives to the existing design that may make these wetlands more effective in tropical climates. Water quality parameters were determined and compared to results when the wetland was first installed. The organic matter removal efficiency for the wetland was found to be about 68%, lower than expected. The effluent COD concentration was approximately 100 mg/l. Ammonia and nitrate measurements showed that little or no nitrification was occurring in the wetland. Oxygen transfer limitations and preferential flow pathways are the likely explanation for the low organic matter removal efficiencies and lack of nitrification. Recommendations for the management and design of subsurface flow wetlands for these types of applications are provided.
Cloning and characterization of two yeast genes encoding members of the CCCH class of zinc finger proteins: zinc finger-mediated impairment of cell growth

Members of the CCCH zinc finger (Zf) protein family have in common two or more repeats of a novel Zf motif consisting of Cys and His residues in the form Cx8Cx5Cx3H [where x is a variable amino acid (aa)]. We used a degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy to clone members of this gene family from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The deduced aa sequences encoded by these genes, designated CTH1 and CTH2, share 46% overall identity and 59% similarity, largely due to the two highly conserved Zf domains. We found readily detectable expression of a 1.4-kb mRNA encoding Cth1p. The 1.1-kb mRNA encoding Cth2p was barely detectable under normal growth conditions; however, disruption of CTH1 resulted in at least a threefold increase in CTH2 mRNA accumulation. No change in phenotype was detected following disruption of CTH1 and CTH2, either singly or together. In contrast, overexpression of the CTH genes or one of the related mammalian genes, tris-tetraprolin (TTP), caused delayed entry of cell cultures into exponential growth, and a decrease in final cell density. Removal of the Zf domain of Cth1p by truncation or deletion completely reversed this slow growth phenotype, indicating that it was mediated through this highly conserved structural motif.
Ventricular Assist Device–Associated Thrombus

A 51-year-old man presented to an outside hospital after a witnessed cardiac arrest. The patient was in ventricular fibrillation and was defibrillated multiple times. ECG revealed anterolateral ST elevations. An intra-aortic balloon pump was placed, and catheterization revealed 100% proximal left anterior descending artery and 99% first obtuse marginal artery occlusion. Bare metal stents were placed in the left anterior descending artery, but the patient remained in cardiogenic shock and was transferred to our institution for a ventricular assist device. He had a short-term CentriMag biventricular assist device (Levitronix, Waltham, MA) …
Inhibitory effects of anti-tumor platinum compounds on DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in mammalian cells in virtro.

The inhibitory effects of anti-tumor, bacterial filament forming platinum compounds, Cis-Pt(II) (NH3)2Cl2 (A), Cis-Pt(IV) (NH3)2Cl4 (B), and Pt(II) (NH2)2(CH2)2Cl2(C) on DNA, RNA and protein syntheses was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, and 3H-L-leucine, respectively, into an acid-insoluble polymer in human amnion AV3 cells. Compound A, the most effective tumor-inhibiting platinum compound, was shown to selectively inhibit DNA synthesis below 5μM and to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation more rapidly than 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine incorporation at 25μM. Like A, compounds B and C were also shown to inhibit all three processes after a 24-hour period of treatment at 25μM. A correlation was established between the relative anti-tumor effectiveness of compounds A, B, and C and the extent of their inhibitory effects. On the other hand, two non-tumor-inhibiting platinum compounds, [Pt(II) (NH3)4]Cl2 (D) and Trans-Pt(IV) (NH3)2Cl4 (E) had no inhibitory effects, except compound E, which exhibited a rapid initial inhibition of 3H-L-leucine incorporation at 100μM. The inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into cells pretreated 4 h with 5μM of compounds A, B, and C was shown to be irreversible. Finally the inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA by A was shown not to be caused by the inhibition of the uptake of the tracer into the acid-soluble pool. A number of possible explanations for the greater sensitivity of DNA synthesis and the sequential inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis at higher concentrations are suggested.
Multiparty videoconferencing using IP multicast

This paper examines the data distribution issue of multiparty videoconferencing over the IP Internet. IP multicast, which supports efficient one-to-many communications, is envisaged to provide data transports for this type of applications. While different videoconferencing scenarios require different delay requirements ranging from several hundred milliseconds to a few seconds, existing multicast routing protocols provide only one route, which may either fall short of the requirement or provide more than what is needed thereby wasting network resources. We present a new protocol named Core Group Based Tree, which has the dynamic feature of splitting and merging multicast trees in response to the distribution of participants' locations and the delay requirements of the multicast application. A modified version of the Core Based Tree protocol, this new protocol inherits CBT's scalability and simple system design but has an improved delay performance. Our simulation results show significant improvements over CBT on both the maximum delay and the average delay performances.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficient Algorithms to Find All Small Error-Prone Substructures in LDPC Codes

Exhaustively enumerating all small error-prone substructures in arbitrary, finite-length low- density parity-check (LDPC) codes has been proven to be NP-complete. In this paper, we present two exhaustive search algorithms to find such small error-prone substructures of an arbitrary LDPC code given its parity-check matrix. One algorithm is guaranteed to find all error-prone substructures including stopping sets, trapping sets, and absorbing sets, which have no more than $a_{max}$ variable nodes and up to $b_{max}$ induced odd- degree neighboring check nodes. The other algorithm is specially designed to find fully absorbing sets (FAS). Numerical results show that both of our proposed algorithms are more efficient in terms of execution time than another recently proposed exhaustive search algorithm. Moreover, by properly initialization of the algorithm, the efficiency can be further improved for quasi-cyclic (QC) codes.
Role of Individual Differences in Measures of Ego-Involvement

When 2 measures of ego-involvement were examined, ego-involvement in a task reflected both long-term as well as momentary response to experimentally induced conditions, which may mask the effects of ego-involving instructions. It was also found that transitivity of goal choices is related to verbal aptitude as measured by college entrance tests.
Corrigendum to “Voltage-dependent potassium currents of urethral afferent neurons in diabetes mellitus” [Brain Res. 1217 (2008) 132–138]

Zhongguang Yang, Rashid Nassar, Paul C. Dolber, Matthew O. Fraser⁎ Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA Urogenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
Bayle et la controverse sur l'éternité du monde

Dans la remarque H de « Zabarella (Jaques) », Bayle aborde la question traditionnelle de la possibilite de l'eternite du monde. Apres avoir propose une reformulation de cette question, Bayle souleve deux objections a la position orthodoxe de la creation du monde dans le temps. Puis il offre sa propre theorie du rapport de Dieu avec le temps. En analysant ses arguments, je soutiens, contre Jean Delvolve, que Bayle considere son hypothese comme susceptible d'ecarter toutes les objections qu'il avait soulevees contre le systeme orthodoxe de la creation ex nihilo.
Charge Strippers of Heavy Ions for High Intensity Accelerators

Charge strippers play a critical role in many high intensity heavy ion accelerators. Here we present some history of recent stripper technology development and indicate the capabilities and limitations of the various approaches. The properties of solid, gaseous, and liquid strippers are covered. In particular, the limitations of solid strippers for high intensity, high atomic number heavy ions and the unique features of helium gas and liquid lithium for high intensity applications are covered. The need for high quality simulation of stripper performance as important input for system optimization is explained and examples of the current simulation codes are given.
An Inventory Model with an Inventory-Level- Dependent Demand Rate and Relaxed Terminal Conditions

This paper investigates an inventory system with an inventory-level-dependent demand rate followed by a constant demand rate. The analysis previously conducted on this model imposed a terminal condition of zero inventory at the end of the order cycle. This condition is not warranted for systems with inventory-level-dependent demand rates, even for deterministic models. This paper relaxes this restriction, and an appropriate model is developed.
Suppression of Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses at the ocular surface by the membrane-associated mucins MUC1 and MUC16

Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) expressed on the ocular surface epithelium form a dense glycocalyx that is hypothesized to protect the cornea and conjunctiva from external insult. In this study, the hypothesis that the MAMs MUC1 and MUC16, expressed on the apical surface of the corneal epithelium, suppress Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune responses was tested. Using an in vitro model of corneal epithelial cells that are cultured to express MAMs, we show that reduced expression of either MUC1 or MUC16 correlates with increased message and secreted protein levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following exposure of cells to the TLR2 and TLR5 agonists, heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes and flagellin, respectively. As mice express Muc1 (but not Muc16) in the corneal epithelium, a Muc1−/− mouse model was used to extend in vitro findings. Indeed, IL-6 and TNF-α message levels were increased in the corneal epithelium of Muc1−/− mice, in comparison with wild-type mice, following exposure of enucleated eyes to the TLR2 and TLR5 agonists. Our results suggest that the MAMs MUC1 and MUC16 contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis at the ocular surface by limiting TLR-mediated innate immune responses.
Simulation of alternative assumptions of fish otolith–somatic growth with a bioenergetics model

Abstract Three different assumptions of the otolith–somatic growth relation were simulated using an individual-based bioenergetics model. The LINEAR model assumed that otolith growth was directly related to somatic growth; the TEMP–WT assumed that otolith growth was a function of ambient temperature and the weight of the fish; and the O2CON model assumed that otolith growth was a function of oxygen consumption. Although the LINEAR model resulted in an otolith radius–total length relation most often observed in nature (linear), otolith growth in the model ceased at temperatures and food rations that curtailed somatic growth, which contradicts some other studies. Model otolith growth continued at temperatures and ration levels that curtailed somatic growth in the TEMP–WT and O2CON model, however the resulting otolith radius–total length relation from the O2CON model was not as similar to naturally occurring ones. In all three models slower growing fish had larger otoliths than did faster growing fish of the same size when somatic growth was food limited. However, in the TEMP–WT and O2CON models, faster growing fish had larger otoliths when growth was limited by temperature. Different geometries between the fish body and otolith resulted in different growth rates between the two structures in terms of length, despite the fact that their growth rates in terms of weight were identical. This implies that a comparison between somatic and otolith growth needs to consider and specify the dimensions involved.
Inflation-Targeting, Price-Path Targeting and Indeterminacy

In this paper, we examine the areas of indeterminacy in a flexible price RBC model with shopping time role for money and a central bank that uses an interest rate rule to target inflation and/or the price level. We present analytical results showing that, although inflation targeting often results in real indeterminacy, a price level target generally delivers a unique equilibrium for a relevant range of policy parameters.
Granulomatous hypersensitivity and antibody production in response to antigens of Capillaria hepatica eggs.

Abstract Soluble egg antigens of Capillaria hepatica were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography into two major protein peaks of 300,000 and 14,000 mol.wt. The unfractionated antigen and both peaks were capable of sensitizing mice to produce quantitatively larger liver granulomas upon experimental innoculation of eggs; the increase in granuloma size was related to the amount of antigen used to sensitize. The antibody response in C. hepatica infected mice was primarily directed toward the high molecular weight components. Comparison of these findings with those reported for the Schistosoma mansoni egg granuloma suggests a diversity in the mechanisms of granuloma formation among helminth parasites.
Tissue lead concentrations in Japanese quail ingesting lead Pellets or shot with lead pellets

Data obtained from birds shot by hunters warrant the consideration that shooting with lead pellets may contrbute to the quantity of lead detected in tissues. Information on the effects of shooting avian species with lead shot on tissue concentrations of lead is, therefore, of considerable importance in assessing the value of birds shot by hunters as a source of samples for studying lead contamination. Kendall found that liver and bone lead concentrations of mourning doves were substantially increased after ingestion of a lead shot. Waterfowl shot by hunters and with direct evidence of ingested lead shot had significantly higher liver lead concentrations than did waterfowl without ingested lead shot. As little information on the effects of shooting with lead projectiles on tissue lead concentrations exists, the present study was designed to measure the effects of shooting Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with lead pellets on lead concentrations in livers and in bones).
Dust injection into the Martian atmosphere

The sequence of events culminating in a global Martian dust storm is reviewed in the light of current theories on dust storm generation. Based upon experimental results, a mechanism for the initiation of global dust storms on Mars is proposed. According to this mechanism, the diurnal variation of surface temperature results in desorption of adsorbed CO2, which under certain conditions can inject large amounts of fine (1-10 microns) dust into the atmosphere.
Increased Cardiomyocyte Intracellular Calcium during Endotoxin-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Guinea Pigs

Septic shock is a complex pathophysiologic state characterized by circulatory insufficiency, multiple system organ dysfunction, and frequent mortality. Although profound cardiac dysfunction occurs during sepsis, the pathogenesis of this dysfunction remains poorly understood. To determine whether abnormalities in intramyocyte calcium accumulation might contribute to the development of cardiac dysfunction, we measured myocyte intracellular calcium during peak cardiac dysfunction after an endotoxin challenge. Intraperitoneal administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 4 mg/kg to adult guinea pigs resulted in significantly impaired cardiac performance (Langendorff preparation) 18 h after challenge compared with control. This included diminished left ventricular pressure development (56 ± 7 versus 95 ± 4 mm Hg, p < 0.05), maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (998 ± 171 versus 1784 ± 94 mm Hg/s, p < 0.05) and left ventricular pressure fall (1014 ± 189 versus 1621 ± 138 mm Hg/s, p < 0.05). Assay of intracellular calcium in fura-2AM-loaded cardiac myocytes demonstrated increased intracellular calcium concentration in myocytes obtained from lipopolysaccharide-challenged animals compared with controls (234 ± 18 versus 151 ± 6 nM, p < 0.05). Inhibition of calcium-release channel (ryanodine receptor) opening by administration of dantrolene prevented the increase in intracytoplasmic calcium (159 ± 8 versus 234 ± 18 nM, p < 0.05) and partially ameliorated systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. These data indicate that abnormalities of intracellular calcium contribute to the development of endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction.
Material Indicators of Family Busyness

Drawing on a 40-year compendium of time-diary data, recent publications document an increase in the free time enjoyed by Americans since the mid1960s (Robinson and Martin, this volume; Aguilar and Hurst, this volume; Robinson and Godbey 1999). Other recent observational studies reveal that members of dual-income families spend more time in leisure activities at home than in any other activity, including child care and household chores (Broege et al. 2007). Despite these findings, however, there is much evidence to suggest that modern-day dual-income families perceive heightened levels of busyness, increasingly hectic daily schedules and an overall time deficit (Brannen 2005; Hochschild 1997; Kremer-Sadlik et al. 2008; Kremer-Sadlik and Paugh 2007; Southerton 2003; Robinson and Godbey 1999). The disconnect between actual time use and perceptions of time shortage has yet to be fully explained, although disparities likely emerge from different measures of time and different categorizations of activities by families and the social scientists who study them (cf. Gillis 2001). A family's sense of how they use time may be impacted by a variety of factors, including the quantity of activities for which they feel obligated, the sequence in which activities are pursued, and the extent to which attention to a particular activity is uninterrupted. Likewise, the types of activities families recognize as significant to the interests of researchers may not include many everyday tasks, such as the purchase of leisure goods and services, the maintenance of social networks, and other activities typi cally not classified under the familiar cultural domains of 'work' and 'family' (Darrah 2006). American parents are also increasingly more involved in structuring the lives of their children, and new levels of involvement have amplified subjective experiences of busyness (Gergen 1991; Guti?rrez et al. 2005; Zeitlin et al. 1995). The voluntary but increasingly expected middle-class practice of enrolling children in multiple scholastic and extra-curricular
EFFECTS OF FENTANYL-DIAZEPAM-NITRIOUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA ON ARTERIAL BAROREFLEX CONTROL OF HEART RATE IN MAN

The effects of fentanyl 7.5 μg kg −l (group I), 10.0 μg kg −1 (group Il) and 12.5 μg kg −1 (group lll) with diazepam 0.25 mg kg −l and 70% nitrous oxide on baroreflex control of heart rate in humans were investigated. Phenylephrine (the pressor test), sodium nitroprusside (the depressor test) and graded neck suction provoked baroreflex responses. In group I the pressor, depressor and neck suction baroreflex slopes decreased during anaesthesia. In groups II and III the depressor test slopes were also decreased during anaesthesia. However, the slopes derived from the pressor and neck suction tests did not decrease. These data suggest that baroreflex control of heart rate is attenuated during low doses of fentanyl (7.5 μg kg −1 ). Baroreflex mediated tachycardia is decreased by higher doses of fentanyl (10.0 and 12.5 μg kg −1 ). However, baroreflex-mediated bradycardia is maintained during the higher doses of fentanyl. We suggest this effect is the result of enhanced vagal efferent activity mediated by fentanyl.
Effectiveness evaluation of several cattle anthelmintics via the fecal egg count reduction test

Utilizing groups of cograzed, naturally infected beef-type heifers, three fecal egg count reduction tests were conducted in the later months of 2007 at the University of Arkansas. Each test was 28 days in length consisting of individual animal fecal nematode egg counts and coprocultures. Both original and generic ivermectin injectable formulations were used in two of the tests at 0.2 mg/kg BW, with FECR percentages never exceeding 90% in either test. Oral fenbendazole was evaluated at 5 and 10 mg/kg BW, with FECR%'s exceeding 90% on all occasions, but with a precipitous drop when recently treated animals were treated at the lower dose. Evaluated in one test, injectable moxidectin given at 0.2 mg/kg BW resulted in egg count reductions of 96-92% (days 7 to 28). Also evaluated in one test, albendazole delivered orally at 10 mg/kg BW was 98% and 97% effective at 17 and 28 days post-treatment. For all tests, coprocultures conducted post-treatment contained only Cooperia spp. larvae (benzimidazole use), relatively unmodified percentages of Cooperia spp. and Haemonchus spp. larvae (ivermectin use), and primarily Cooperia spp. larvae with a small percentage of Haemonchus spp. larvae (moxidectin use).
Structural Analysis of the MMPI and the 16 PF

The goal was to establish the higher-level factors common to the MMPI and to the 16 PF inventories. The results could provide evidence of the equivalence of description terms and facilitate score-profile interpretation. A sample of detoxified alcohol dependent inpatients were administered the MMPI and the 16 PF (Form A). The scale intercorrelations were analyzed by the method of principal components and rotated both orthogonally and obliquely. The seven factors isolated were interpreted as Ego Strength, Exvia, Superego, Conservative-Cautious, Tough-minded, Self-sufficiency, and MMPI Pathology. These findings agree closely on four dimensions reported by LaForge and O'Dell-Karson, so the forms are best utilized to complement each other.
The proliferative potential of human ependymomas measured by in situ bromodeoxyuridine labeling.

Twelve patients with ependymomas received a 30- to 60-minute intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), 150 to 200 mg/m2 at surgery, to label tumor cells in the DNA synthesis phase. Labeled cells were detected in excised tumor specimens by indirect immunoperoxidase staining using anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody as the first antibody. The BrdU labeling index (LI, defined as the percentage of labeled cells in relation to the total number of cells scored) was calculated for each specimen. All four spinal cord ependymomas had a BrdU LI of less than 1%, which is consistent with our clinical experience that most such tumors grow slowly and have an excellent prognosis. Five of the eight intracranial ependymomas also had a low BrdU LI of approximately 1% or less, and three had a BrdU LI of 3.2%, 3.470, and 4.8%. The latter three tumors, only one of which was diagnosed as a malignant ependymoma at the time of study, were either recurrent or recurred within 2 years after gross or subtotal removal. Cytologic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed in five cases; CSF seeding of tumor cells was found in only one patient, who had a malignant ependymoma. A high BrdU LI did not always correlate with CSF seeding. Measurement of the LI using BrdU and anti-BrdU monoclonal antibodies can provide more accurate information on the proliferative potential of individual tumors and may lead to a more rational grading system of ependymomas. The results of such studies do not always predict the potential for CSF seeding. Cancer 61:2433-2438. 1988.