cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of noribogaine on the development of tolerance to antinociceptive action of morphine in mice

The effects of noribogaine, a metabolite of ibogaine, on the development of tolerance to the antinociception action of morphine was determined in male Swiss-Webster mice. Ibogaine is an alkaloid isolated from the bark of the African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. Morphine tolerance in mice was developed by two different methods. Mice were rendered tolerant to morphine either by subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 25 mg morphine free base for 4 days or by injecting morphine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) twice a day for 4 days. Placebo pellet implanted mice or vehicle injected mice served as controls. To determine the effect of intraperitoneally administered noribogaine on tolerance development, the drug was injected in the appropriate dose twice a day. In pellet implanted mice, a dose of 20 mg/kg of noribogaine attenuated the tolerance to morphine whereas lower doses had no effect. Similarly, in mice given multiple injections of morphine, noribogaine attenuated tolerance development at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses. Previous studies from this laboratory had shown that ibogaine at 40 and 80 mg/kg doses inhibited tolerance to morphine. Because noribogaine could attenuate morphine tolerance at lower doses than ibogaine, it is concluded that the attenuating effect of ibogaine on morphine tolerance may be mediated by its conversion to noribogaine, a more active metabolite.
On the dynamics and instability of bubbles formed during underwater explosions

Abstract Dynamics of explosion bubbles formed during underwater detonations are studied experimentally by exploding fuel (hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide)–oxygen mixture in a laboratory water tank. Sub-scale explosions are instrumented to provide detailed histories of bubble shape and pressure. Using geometric and dynamic scaling analyses it has been shown that these sub-scale bubbles are reasonable approximations of bubbles formed during deep sea underwater explosions. The explosion bubble undergoes pulsation and loses energy in each oscillation cycle. The observed energy loss, which cannot be fully explained by acoustic losses, is shown here to be partly due to the excitation of instability at the interface between the gaseous bubble and the surrounding water. Various possible mechanisms for the dissipation of bubble energy are addressed. The analysis of the experimental data gives quantitative evidence (confirmed by recent numerical studies) that the Rayleigh–Taylor instability is excited near the bubble minimum. The dynamics of the bubble oscillation observed in these experiments are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from deep sea explosions
RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: BECOMING A DISCERNING CONSUMER, Fred L. Perry, Jr.

RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: BECOMING A DISCERNING CONSUMER. Fred L. Perry, Jr. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xx + 268. $29.95 paper.As one might expect based on its title, this volume offers a basic introduction to research within the field of applied linguistics, including data collection methods, statistical analyses, and research write-ups. In contrast to other recent research methods volumes (e.g., Mackey & Gass, 2006), Perry frames this volume not as teaching readers how to do applied linguistics research but rather as how to read and critically evaluate this research, along similar lines as Porte (2002).
Antitumorigenic Effect of Brain Proline Rich Polypeptide-1 in Human Chondrosarcoma

Proline rich polypeptide (PRP-1) produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus is one of the fragments of neurophysin-vasopressin-associated glycoprotein. The primary structure of the neuropeptide PRP-1 isolated from neurosecretory granules of bovine neurohypophysis. We investigated PRP-1 action on chondrosarcoma, the second most common malignancy in bone, which primarily affects the cartilage cells. This deadly disease does not have any effective treatment. Earlier we demonstrated MYC oncogene inactivating effect by 1 lg/ml concentration brain PRP-1 In the present study we observed reduced viable sarcoma JJ012 cell numbers in comparison with control (89% growth inhibition) when treated with low concentrations of PRP-1 (0.5–1 lg/ml). Higher concentrations did not exhibit inhibitory effect. We assume that PRP-1 in low concentration impedes cell cycle progression. The fact that low concentrations of PRP-1 abolished Myc activity prompts to think that the antitumorigenic effect of PRP-1 in low concentrations is mediated through oncogene inactivation.
Flatband Electroreflectance of Gallium Arsenide. II. Comparison of Theory and Experiment

An analysis of previously reported electroreflectance (ER) data is presented. One-electron Franz-Keldysh-Aspnes (FKA) line shapes were compared to each ER structure observed in the 1.2-5.3-eV photon energy range. In addition, an excitonic theory of ER was compared to the direct edge data. We found it most useful to analyze the GaAs ER data by fitting FKA line shapes, considering the matrix elements thus obtained as exciton enhanced. The FKA fits determined the ${E}_{0}$ gap energy to be 1.427 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.003 eV at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; the spin-orbit splitting at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}=0.336\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$ eV. The interference between light- and heavy-hole transitions at ${E}_{0}$ was seen and the following quantities determined: light-hole reduced mass ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{lh}}=(0.030\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005){m}_{e}$, heavy-hole reduced mass ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{hh}}=(0.062\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015){m}_{e}$, and dipole matrix elements ${C}_{0\mathrm{lh}}=(1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{a}_{0}}$, ${C}_{0\mathrm{hh}}=(0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{a}_{0}}$, and ${C}_{0\mathrm{soh}}=(0.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{a}_{0}}$. At the next-higher-energy structures, ${E}_{1}$, ${E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$, it was found that the two-dimensional FKA theory best represented the line shapes. The ${E}_{1}$ energy was found to be 2.884 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.012 eV. at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and the spin-orbit splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}=0.227\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ eV. The reduced mass transverse to the [111] direction in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ space was determined to be ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{t}^{2\mathrm{D}}=0.053{m}_{e}$. Two structures in the 4.0-5.3-eV photon energy range were analyzed but remain poorly understood. A one-dimensional critical-point model is shown to be consistent with the highest-energy structure $E_{}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}_{0}{}^{}$, but the structure is so broad that it can also be fit by other one-electron models.
Experience with opposite breast biopsy in patients with operable breast cancer

One hundred and nine patients with unilateral breast carcinoma and no palpable abnormality of the contralateral breast were evaluated by opposite breast biopsy. Our patient population yielded four noninfiltrating carcinomas, and one infiltrating carcinoma for an incidence of 4.5%. The one infiltrating cancer was suspected on a preoperative mammogram. We have discontinued the routine use of the opposite breast biopsy as a diagnostic tool in patients with unilateral breast cancer, in patients with no palpable abnormality and a normal mammogram.
The Current State of Marketing Activity Among Higher Education Institutions

ABSTRACT This article presents the results of an empirical investigation of the current state of marketing, marketing research and planning practices at four-year higher education institutions in the United States. The current study builds upon previous studies by Blackburn (1979) and Goldgehn (1982 and 1989) that surveyed college and university admissions and enrollment management administrators concerning their use of several marketing techniques. The purposes of this article are to investigate whether the use and apparent understanding of marketing and its attendant activities by admissions and enrollment management administrators has changed over the last decade, and whether differences in practice exist among the various segments of higher education institutions.
Evolution of Oscillation in a Quadrature Oscillator

The growth of oscillation in a quadrature oscillator that employs phase shifters in the coupling-path between a pair of LC-loaded negative resistance cores, is analyzed. Such an oscillator is known to have two stable modes of oscillation. Under a noise-initiated startup from an unstable initial condition, quasiharmonic assumption and the Method of First Approximation are used to demonstrate that compression mechanisms lead to preferential enhancement of one mode, while attenuating the other. The magnitude of phase shift in the coupling-path is shown to directly affect the ratio between temporal rates of mode buildup and decay.
An approach to model arbitrarily shaped objects and its application to find-path problem

A systematic approach is presented for an arbitrary shaped object moving among obstacles. The approach consists of two algorithms, one for modeling the moving object as a union of circles and the other for the search of a collision-free path from the starting position to the goal position. Simulation results are included to show the validity and the applicability of the proposed approach. The main advantages of the proposed method are: no restriction on shapes of object and obstacles: no modeling is required for obstacles; and the forbidden area of a moving object remains unchanged regardless of the motion of the object. >
A theoretical consideration of directional effects in heat flow at the interface of dissimilar metals

Abstract Several investigators have found that the resistance to heat transfer at certain metal-metal interfaces is dependent upon the direction of heat flow across these interfaces. This paper shows that such a phenomenon can be explained by application of the theory of heat conduction in the solid state.
Observation of multiple pulse-splitting of ultrashort pulses in air

Summary form only given. It has been shown in 3 + 1 dimensional Kerr-nonlinearity self-focusing models, that group velocity dispersion is responsible for the temporal pulse-splitting of ultrashort pulses during propagation. Previous experiments have demonstrated pulse splitting due to the Kerr nonlinearity for short pulse propagation in bulks or gaseous media. However, studies in gaseous media are often in a focused geometry, or use pressurized gaseous media. This experiment elucidates the relationship between pulse splitting and spot-size change and does not use any optic to initiate self-focusing. We find pulse splitting occurs at a distance merely 0.7/spl times/ the diffraction length and occurs before spatial collapse to a filament. In addition, multiple pulse splitting is also observed. Peak fluence information from the beam-profile is monitored, indicating nonlinear loss mechanisms. We believe this is the first data on multiple pulse-splitting events in air.
Anticancer therapy targeting the apoptotic pathway

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has an essential role in controlling cell number in many developmental and physiological settings and in chemotherapy-induced tumour-cell killing. It is a genetically regulated biological process, guided by the ratio of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Recently, inducers of apoptosis have been used in cancer therapy. Several studies have attempted to induce apoptosis by triggering the tumour-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor and the BCL2 family of proteins, and others have targeted the caspases, and proteins that inhibit apoptosis. Most of these therapies are still in preclinical development because of their low efficacy and susceptibility to drug resistance, but some of them have shown promising results. In this article, we review the development and clinical efficacy of proapoptotic drugs that have shown promise.
High concentration of deuterium in palladium

In this paper, based on theoretical calculations, new schemes to increase the deuterium density in palladium over its initial value are presented. A high deuterium concentration in palladium is needed for application to solid-state fusion. The first deuterium enrichment scheme makes use of plasma ion implantation, which consists of a cylindrical palladium rod (target) preloaded with deuterium atoms, coated with diffusion barrier material, and immersed in a deuterium plasma. The palladium rod is connected to a high-power modulator, which provides a series of negative voltage pulses. During these negative pulses, deuterium ions fall on the target, penetrate the diffusion barrier, and are implanted inside the palladium. For reasonable system parameters allowed by current technology, theoretical calculations indicate that the saturation deuterium density after prolonged ion implantation can be several times the palladium atomic number density. The second deuterium enrichment scheme makes use of temperature gradient effects on the deuterium solubility in palladium. A heat source at temperature T{sub 2} and a heat sink at temperature T{sub 1} (where T{sub 2} {gt} T{sub 1}) are in contact with two different parts of a palladium sample, which has been presoaked with deuterium atoms and has been coated with diffusion barrier material ormore » has been securely locked in a metal case. The temperature gradient created in the sample from such an arrangement forces the deuterium atoms in the hot region to migrate into the cold region, resulting in higher deuterium density in the cold region.« less
Preference-Aware Query and Update Scheduling in Web-databases

Typical Web-database systems receive read-only queries, that generate dynamic Web pages as a response, and write-only updates, that keep information up-to-date. Users expect short response times and low staleness. However, it may be extremely hard to apply all updates on time, i.e., keep zero staleness, and also get fast response times, especially in periods of bursty traffic. In this paper, we present the concept of quality contracts (QCs) which combines the two incomparable performance metrics: response time or quality of service (QoS), and staleness or quality of data (QoD). QCs allows individual users to express their preferences for the expected QoS and QoD of their queries by assigning "profit" values. To maximize the total profit from submitted QCs, we propose an adaptive algorithm, called QUTS. QUTS addresses the problem of prioritizing the scheduling of updates over queries using a two-level scheduling scheme that dynamically allocates CPU resources to updates and queries according to user preferences. We present the results of an extensive experimental study using real data (taken from a stock information Web site), where we show that QUTS performs better than baseline algorithms under the entire spectrum of QCs; QUTS also adapts fast to changing workloads.
Spectral filtering for high-energy mode-locking in normal dispersion fiber lasers

We present a theoretical description of the generation of ultrashort, high-energy pulses in an all-normal dispersion laser cavity with spectral filtering. A reduced variational model based upon the Haus master mode-locking equations with quintic saturation is shown to characterize the experimentally observed dynamics. Critical in driving the intracavity dynamics is the nontrivial phase profiles generated and their periodic modification from the spectral filter. The theory gives a simple geometrical description of the intracavity dynamics and possible operation modes of the laser cavity. Further, it provides a simple and efficient method for optimizing the laser cavity performance.
Obtaining high precision operation from nonideal neural networks

Several potential neural architectures for an A/D converter are examined, and the level of nonidealities that can be tolerated by the network components without inhibiting high-precision operation through training is discussed. Behavioral-level simulations on sample converter networks with modeled nonidealities revealed a strong interrelationship between the network architectures and their tolerance to nonidealities. >
Full wavefield inversion to estimate impact-source orientation from multicomponent land seismic data

Orientation of an impact source is estimated from multicomponent land data. The seismic wavefield produced by an arbitrarily oriented impact source is represented by the linear combination of the nine independent wavefield components (Green's functions) for a full vector source. Coefficients of this linear combination are expressed in terms of the parameters that define source orientation. The parameters are an azimuthal angle, a vertical angle, and source strength, which are the unknowns of the inverse problem. Once the Green's functions are computed, source parameters are estimated by full wavefield inversion using a grid search over the source parameters. This inverse procedure also provides information about the uniqueness and resolution of the solution. Information on the source orientation is dominated by the relative amplitudes between components, so the inversion can be performed even when the source-time wavelet is not well known. The approach is tested using a synthetic common-source gather. Res...
Threshold energy for the reaction 15N(p, n)15O and the mass of 15O

The threshold energy for the reaction ^(15)N(p, n)^(15)O has been remeasured and found to be 3772.7±1.1 keV which is 8.1 keV lower than the currently accepted value. The ^(15)O mass excess inferred from this value is 2854.2±1.1 keV.
Log-Analysis Problems Associated with Bimodal Pore System, Interlake Formation, North Dakota: ABSTRACT

The Interlake Formation is a Silurian-age sequence of dolostones, which produces hydrocarbons in the Williston basin. Log analysis of numerous Interlake wells from the Nesson anticline reveals that both water-productive and hydrocarbon-productive zones commonly have calculated water saturations in excess of 60%. These high calculated water saturations, in zones that produce water-free hydrocarbons, appear to be the result of a bimodal pore system. Non-fabric selective vugular pores are the major type of porosity seen in visual examination of Interlake cores. These vugs have been interconnected by fracturing and are responsible for most of the hydrocarbon production. The matrix that separates the vugs is composed of small equant dolomite crystals and also contains large am unts of intercrystalline microporosity, which is interconnected by pore throats less than 0.5 µm across. These small pore throats result in low permeability and high capillary pressures; thus the microporosity is capable of holding 100% irreducible water, whereas the vugular pores produce water-free hydrocarbons. Because it composes up to 50% of the total porosity, this microporosity drastically reduces the resistivity of the formation. Recognition that a formation contains a significant amount of microporosity is important not only in preventing bypassed production, but also in determining reserves and exploration economics. Determination of the percentage of effective porosity cannot be made using electric log or conventional core analysis. A combination of special core analysis and petrographic techniques is needed to better define the amount of effective porosity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 296------------
Adult Prey Choice Affects Chick Growth and Reproductive Success in Pigeon Guillemots

Abstract Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) are diving seabirds that forage near shore and feed their chicks demersal and schooling fishes. During nine years between 1979 and 1997, we studied chick diet, chick growth rate, and reproductive success of Pigeon Guillemots at Prince William Sound, Alaska, to determine factors limiting breeding populations. We found evidence for prey specialization among breeding pairs and detected differences in reproductive success between specialists and generalists. Pairs that specialized on particular prey types when foraging for their chicks fledged more chicks than those that generalized, apparently because they delivered larger individual prey items. Reproductive performance also varied among guillemot pairs as a function of the proportion of high-lipid schooling fishes fed to the chicks. Pairs that delivered primarily high-lipid fishes (Pacific sand lance [Ammodytes hexapterus] and Pacific herring [Clupea pallasii]) had higher overall reproductive success than pairs t...
PKC-ε regulates basolateral endocytosis in human T84 intestinal epithelia: role of F-actin and MARCKS

Protein kinase C (PKC) and the actin cytoskeleton are critical effectors of membrane trafficking in mammalian cells. In polarized epithelia, the role of these factors in endocytic events at either ...
Spectroelectrochemical Photoluminescence of Trap States in H-Treated Rutile TiO2 Nanowires: Implications for Photooxidation of Water

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of intrabandgap trap states is used to investigate the mechanism of photocatalytic water oxidation in pristine and hydrogen-treated rutile TiO2 nanowires. H-treated nanowires annealed at 350 °C were previously shown to be superior to pristine nanowires for the photoelectrochemical evolution of oxygen from water, owing to more efficient charge separation and carrier transport. The present work examines the near-IR PL of rutile nanowires under applied electrochemical potential in order to address the possible influence of hydrogen treatment on electron or hole traps and their role in water oxidation. It is concluded that the near-IR PL of rutile nanowires, identical to that of bulk and conventional nanocrystalline rutile, arises from the radiative recombination of trapped electrons with valence band holes and that valence band holes, rather than trapped holes, are more likely responsible for water oxidation. The shape and intensity of the near-IR PL is found to be invaria...
Comorbidity Factors and Brain Mechanisms Linking Chronic Stress and Systemic Illness

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and mental illness are commonly present in patients with chronic systemic diseases. Mood disorders, such as depression, are present in up to 50% of these patients, resulting in impaired physical recovery and more intricate treatment regimen. Stress associated with both physical and emotional aspects of systemic illness is thought to elicit detrimental effects to initiate comorbid mental disorders. However, clinical reports also indicate that the relationship between systemic and psychiatric illnesses is bidirectional, further increasing the complexity of the underlying pathophysiological processes. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence linking chronic stress and systemic illness, such as activation of the immune response system and release of common proinflammatory mediators. Altogether, discovery of new targets is needed for development of better treatments for stress-related psychiatric illnesses as well as improvement of mental health aspects of different systemic diseases.
Book & Resource Review

Reviews the book "JAI Press Research in Global Strategic Management Series: Leadership in International Business Education and Research," Vol. 8, edited by Alan M. Rugman.
Distributed self localization of sensors with poisson deployment using extended Kalman filter

Wireless network sensors today are deployed geographically in a random manner and are subjected to disturbances caused by natural forces, thereby necessitating real time and accurate estimation of the sensors' locations. In this paper, we consider wireless sensor self-localization problem where sensors are deployed according to a Poisson point process. We model such sensor networks under realistic assumptions about the wireless channel and measurement updates. We propose a novel distributed and sequential algorithm based on inter-node exchange of information for estimating sensor locations and analyze their performance through numerical simulations.
Control of Cotton Pests by Aerial Application of Ultra-low-Volume (Undiluted) Technical Insecticides

In field tests conducted in 1965 with ultra-low-volume (undiluted) technical insecticides, malathion at 4-16 fluid oz per acre and Methyl Trithion® ( s -[[ ( p -ehlorophenyl)-thio]methyl] O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate) at 6 or 12 fluid oz per acre applied in 50- or 75-foot swaths from fixed-wing aircraft controlled the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Malathion at 12-16 fluid oz per acre applied in a 50-foot swath controlled a light infestation of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and suppressed populations of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.). However, it was less effective against these pests when it was applied in a 100-foot swath. Methyl Trithion applied at 6 or 12 fluid oz per acre in 50- or 75-foot swaths suppressed populations of cotton aphids and the carmine spider mite but gave poor control of the bollworm. In small-cage field tests, although malathion and Methyl Trithion were initially effective against the boll weevil, they were not effective longer than 48 hours.
On the Concept of Value and its Importance to Space Systems Design and Acquisition

Following the heydays of the Apollo program, the space industry saw a change in the design and acquisition of space systems that emphasized financial responsibility and costconsiderations; the latter were neither left as after-thoughts of design nor were they subordinate to system performance any longer. This shift from a performance-centric to a cost-centric mindset—more prominent for civilian and commercial systems than for certain national security assets—was brought about by budgetary constraints and increasingly competitive markets, and was facilitated by ever-more financially aware engineers and program managers. Unfortunately, too much emphasis on cost brought in its wake a host of systemic problems in government acquisition of space assets, including cost overruns and poor oversight. The Young panel report recommended as a remedy to these problems, a renewed focus on mission success—not performance. Mission success, like a balanced scorecard, is a holistic qualifier which encompasses the positive elements of both the costcentric and performance-centric approaches. We believe that the critical idea underlying mission success is the concept of value. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the nature and measures of value as discussed in the finance and economics literature. We then adapt our discussion to the case of complex engineering systems in general, and space systems in particular. A number of methodologies are examined and a top-level process flow presented for integrating these methodologies into a value-centric framework. We suggest that the next evolutionary paradigm in the design and acquisition of space systems is or should be valuecentric.
The glycation of fibronectin by glycolaldehyde and methylglyoxal as a model for aging in Bruch's membrane.

The purpose of the study is to identify the sites of modification when fibronectin reacts with glycolaldehyde or methylglyoxal as a model system for aging of Bruch's membrane. A synthetic peptide consisting of the α5β1 integrin binding region of fibronectin was incubated with glycolaldehyde for 12 h or with methylglyoxal for 1 h at 37 °C. After tryptic digestion, the samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Tandem MS was used to determine the sites of modification. The adducts, aldoamine and N (e)-carboxymethyl-lysine, attached preferably at lysine residues when the fibronectin peptide reacted with glycolaldehyde. When the fibronectin peptide reacted with methylglyoxal, modifications occurred at lysine and arginine residues. At lysine residues, N (e)-carboxyethyl-lysine adducts were present. At arginine residues, hydroimidazolone and tetrapyrimidine adducts were present. Several advanced glycation endproducts were generated when fibronectin was glycated via glycolaldehyde and methylglyoxal. These results can help explain the structural changes Bruch's membrane undergoes during aging.
Access: A Mobile Application to Improve Accessibility

This video introduces Access, a mobile application to provide information about accessibility information of local establishment and public spaces. We partnered with a local nonprofit in Jackson, MI which allowed us to access existing data they had collected in the three county areas of Jackson, Hillsdale and Lenawee in Michigan. The application is focused on providing information on accessibility of local establishments and public spaces, and how the mechanism works will be clearly explained in the video. Additionally, the video demonstrates details of user interfaces of Access and information flow, and also provides user scenarios depicting how the solution fits in the life of wheelchair users and solves problems.
Transition Metal–MoS2 Reactions: Review and Thermodynamic Predictions

Molybdenum disulfide is a layered transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductor that is attracting renewed attention for its potential use in future nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, tribology, and other fields. In all of these cases, the interaction between MoS2 and various transition metals is very important. In this work we survey the thermodynamics of the metal–Mo–S systems and the anticipated reaction products from transition metals and MoS2. We examined over 200 references on the reactions between transitions metals (M) and MoS2, compiled thermodynamic data, and used the thermodynamic data to predict M–Mo–S ternary phase diagrams for systems without experimentally determined diagrams. Where possible, experimental literature on the interactions between metals and MoS2 was used to corroborate our predicted diagrams and stable reaction products. Both the previously reported and newly predicted M–Mo–S phase diagrams fall into three categories. In the first category, the metal is in thermodynamic equilibrium with MoS2. In another, there is a driving force for the metal to reduce MoS2, with tie lines to sulfides of the contact metal dominating the phase diagram. In a final category, there is a very stable solid solution or ternary phase that dominates the phase diagram. Better understanding of the phase equilibria in the M–Mo–S systems will aid research on the use of MoS2 in a variety of fields.
The rabbit progesterone receptor and uteroglobin gene expression.

Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy in all mammalian species. Our studies have concentrated on the preimplaatation stages of pregnancy, as this period experiences the greatest embryonic mortality and is crucial for the establishment of pregnancy (1). Failure of implantation is an important cause of infertility and limits the success of treatments based on fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer. Knowledge of the mechanism of action of progesterone is thus necessary for advances in infertility therapy and in the design of new antiprogestins.
Tectonic collision and uplift of Wallacea triggered the global songbird radiation.

Songbirds originated in Australia and have now diversified into approximately 5,000 species found across the world. Here, Moyle et al. combine phylogenomic and biogeographic analyses to show that songbird diversification was associated with the formation of islands providing a route out of Australia.
Technical Note: Magnetic field effects on Gafchromic-film response in MR-IGRT.

Purpose: Magnetokinetic changes may affect crystal orientation and polymerization within the active layer of radiochromic film (RCF). This effect is investigated in a magnetic resonance image-guided radiotherapy unit within the context of film dosimetry. Methods: Gafchromic EBT2 RCF was irradiated in a 30 × 30 × 30 cm3 solid water phantom using a Co-60 MRI guided radiotherapy system (B = 0.35 T) under normal operating conditions, and under the exact conditions and setup without a magnetic field. Fifteen 20.3 × 25.4 cm2 EBT2 film sheets were placed at three different depths (d = 0.5, 5, and 10 cm) using five different treatment plans. The plans were computed using the MRIdian (ViewRay, Inc.) treatment planning system to deliver doses between 0 and 17.6 Gy. Films were analyzed before and after irradiation to obtain the net optical density (netOD) for each color channel separately. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained to compare the active layer of selected samples. Results: The results indicated that the red channel netOD decreased between 0.013 and 0.123 (average of 0.060 ± 0.033) for doses above 2.8 Gy, with a linear increase in this effect for higher doses. Green channel netOD showed similar results with a decrease between 0.012 and 0.105 (average of 0.041 ± 0.027) for doses above 3.5 Gy. The blue channel showed the weakest effect with a netOD decrease between 0.013 and 0.029 (average of 0.020 ± 0.006) for doses above 8.0 Gy. SEM images show changes in crystal orientation within active layer in RCF exposed in a magnetic field. Conclusions: The presence of a magnetic field affects crystal orientation and polymerization during irradiation, where netOD decreased by an average of 8.7%, 8.0%, and 4.3% in the red, green, and blue channels, respectively. The under response was dependent on dose and differed by up to 15% at 17.6 Gy.
Venting Weight: Analyzing the Discourse of an Online Weight Loss Forum

Online social communities are becoming increasingly popular platforms for people to share information, seek emotional support, and maintain accountability for losing weight. Studying the discourse in these communities can offer insights on how users benefit from using these applications. This paper presents an analysis of language and discourse patterns in forum posts by users who lose weight and keep it off versus users with fluctuating weight dynamics. In contrast to prior studies, we have access to the weekly self-reported check-in weights of users along with their forum posts. This paper also presents a study on how goal-oriented forums are different from general online forums in terms of language markers. Our results reveal dierences about how the types of posts made by users vary along with their weight-loss patterns. These insights are closely related to the power dynamics of social interactions and can enable better design ofweight-loss applications thereby contributing to a healthy society.
Leukocyte Anti-Trafficking Strategies: Current Status and Future Directions.

Background: In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), a pivotal step in the initiation and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation entails the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the gut. Understanding the carefully coordinated series of molecular events that culminate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the gut has resulted in novel interventions with new capabilities in treating both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Key Messages: Natalizumab, an anti-α4 integrin antibody, was the first agent to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach for the induction and maintenance of response and remission in Crohn's disease. Widespread adoption was mitigated by the previously unknown risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with this approach. Current approaches employ a more selective inhibition of adhesion molecules targeting the gut to avoid broad suppression of surveillance for JC virus, the causal pathogen of PML. Subsequently, vedolizumab, a humanized anti-α4β7 integrin antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with IBD and has an excellent safety profile. To date, there have been no cases of PML in patients treated with vedolizumab, suggesting that this more selective agent does not have the same risk for PML as natalizumab. Other agents target β7 integrin (etrolizumab) and mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1, the endothelial ligand of α4β7 integrin. Efforts to inhibit the chemokine receptor CCR9 using the agent CCX282-B in Crohn's disease were not successful. An orally administered anti-α4 integrin compound showed some promise in a phase 2 trial but raises concern for PML. Finally, the S1P1 receptor agonist ozanimod showed promise in early trials in ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: In summary, anti-trafficking agents have the potential to provide safe and effective therapy for IBD, and are a burgeoning class of novel agents.
Mapping bald eagle activity shadows around communal roosts

We assessed diurnal activity patterns associated with communal roosts (n = 26) by tracking nonbreeding bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus; n = 58) within the upper Chesapeake Bay, USA, 2008–2013. We used daytime locations (n = 54,165) to map activity shadows (using home range analytics, 90% kernel) around communal roosts, to evaluate the spatial structure and to delineate diurnal activity centers. We overlaid a range (100–3,200 m) of buffers around the perimeter of each roost to estimate the benefits of management scenarios in extending protection to daytime activities. Activity shadows around roosts varied from 1.5 km2 to 116 km2 (x¯ = 30.3 ± 5.48 [SE]), reflecting landscape context. Roosts with small ( 50 km2) activity shadows tended to have complex shapes with roosts not centrally located and set back from primary shorelines. Daytime locations were highly concentrated in areas near communal roosts (76% of locations within 2 km of roost perimeters). Diurnal activity centers (n = 38) included areas surrounding roosts and secondary activity centers that were primarily located along prominent shorelines. Communal roosts play a more significant and multi-faceted role in the eagle life cycle than we previously understood. Many of the roosts positioned along the shoreline provided resting places during the night and day, served as social gathering places during the day, and functioned as feeding locations. Evaluation of management buffers supports current management guidelines that recommend the establishment of 800-m buffers. Establishment of 800-m buffers within the study area would enclose 54% of all daytime locations, 66.7% of the area enclosed within activity centers associated with roosts, and 12.1% of the area enclosed in secondary activity centers. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
An MILP Model for Cost Optimal Instrumentation Network Design and Upgrade for Fault Detection

Abstract This paper merges the design of sensor networks for process monitoring with the design of instrumentation for process fault detection. The design is made using an MILP formulation. The cases of fault detection or observation as well as single and multiple fault resolution are treated. A CSTR example is provided and extensions are discussed.
Activity of oral β-lactam antimicrobial agents versus respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the era of antibiotic resistance

Abstract The management of outpatient respiratory tract infections with oral β-lactam antimicrobial agents has been complicated by the emergence of β-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae that express varying levels of β-lactam resistance because of altered penicillin-binding proteins. There is no question that all 3 of these important respiratory tract pathogens have changed conspicuously in the context of decreased activity of β-lactam antimicrobial agents. The question arises, what does this change mean from a clinical perspective? In this review, the in vitro activity of various oral β-lactam antimicrobial agents versus contemporary isolates of H influenzae , M catarrhalis , and S pneumoniae will be compared. The approach that is used in defining organisms as being susceptible or resistant to β-lactam antimicrobial agents will be elucidated. Finally, an effort will be made to assess the ramifications of β-lactam resistance for therapeutic efficacy in patients with respiratory tract infections caused by these 3 bacteria. We conclude that, notwithstanding diminished β-lactam activity for many clinical isolates of H influenzae , M catarrhalis , and S pneumoniae , certain agents remain effective in treating outpatient respiratory tract infections. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:S17-S23.)
Case Report: Primary De Novo Sarcoma In Transplant Pancreas Allograft.

Abstract Background The majority of malignancies after transplantation appear to be virally mediated and of recipient origin. Donor-derived neoplasms occur early, whereas recipient-origin tumors typically occur many years after transplantation. Sarcomas are a relatively rare form of cancer. The etiology of sarcomas remains largely unknown, although some are linked to viruses, familial cancer syndromes, or therapeutic radiation exposure. Primary sarcomas are extremely rare, accounting for Case Report A 53-year-old white woman (body mass index, 20.1 kg/m2) with a history of type 1 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, and pancreas-alone transplantation in 2007 was admitted with small bowel obstruction secondary to a mass in the head of the pancreas allograft, for which a laparotomy with allograft pancreatectomy was required. Histopathologic exam revealed a stage III high-grade unclassified spindle cell sarcoma positive for polyomavirus. After surgery, the patient was managed with close monitoring for disease recurrence. Her most recent scan was negative for recurrence at postoperative day 489. Conclusions We report a previously unreported phenomenon of a soft tissue sarcoma arising in a pancreas allograft, likely of recipient origin and polyomavirus related. Standard treatment for sarcoma is wide excision of the tumor and close monitoring for recurrence. Systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy is usually limited to advanced cases. Sarcomas may occur in a pancreas allograft. Allograft pancreatectomy and monitoring for recurrence is vital for a good outcome.
Preservice Elementary Mathematics Teachers’ Emerging Ability to Write Problems to Build on Children’s Mathematics

It has become increasingly important for mathematics teacher educators to assist elementary preservice teachers (PSTs) in leveraging the knowledge of children’s learning of mathematics during instruction. Professional noticing (Jacobs et al. J Res Math Educ 41(2):169–202, 2010) involves the interrelated skills of attending, interpreting, and responding to children’s mathematics. Responding with problems that build on children’s mathematical thinking is a skill that is both difficult to learn and a critical practice in teaching elementary mathematics. We present our analyses of PSTs’ responses to a sequence of three increasingly complex methods course activities designed to scaffold PSTs’ engagement in professional noticing, and to develop their abilities to write problems that build on children’s mathematics. Supported by our series of activities, PSTs demonstrated a strong foundation in attending to and interpreting children’s mathematics. In comparison, however, these experiences did not result in comparable gains in responding to the children’s mathematical thinking, a result with implications for mathematics education.
Roofing materials for thermal performance and environmental integration of buildings

Abstract: Roofs can represent 50–70% of the total enclosure loads for a building. The roof typically receives significant amounts of solar radiation and consequently represents both a concern for energy consumption as well as an opportunity for environmental expression. The roof is where the building meets the sky and therefore the design of the roofing system should consider not only the materials and construction characteristics but also the possibilities for environmental integration. This chapter presents issues and design strategies for the roof being an active participant in environmentally responsive architecture. The issues presented include: the construction and selection of materials for thermal performance and reuse or recycling, active solar collection, natural ventilation, and rainwater harvesting. An introduction is given to emerging roofing systems such as bio-composite materials and green roofs as well as fundamental performance issues such as sol-air temperature. Tables are included as references for thermal properties of common roof materials as well as solar absorptance properties of various roof weather protection layers.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-process (Smoked) Salmon by Sodium Nitrite and Packaging Method.

The behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in relation to sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in combination with sodium chloride (NaCl) was evaluated in cold-process (smoked) salmon during storage at 5 or 10°C in either oxygen-permeable film or vacuum-sealed impermeable film. Salmon slices containing either 3 or 5% water-phase NaCl, with or without 190–200 ppm of NaNO2, were inoculated with 10 or 327 CFU/g (150 or 4.9 × 103 CFU/15-g sample) of strain Scott A. The inhibitory contribution of NaNO2 was relative to inoculum size, storage time and temperature, packaging method, and concentration of NaCl. There was less growth of L. monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged samples as compared to those packaged in oxygen-permeable film. The most inhibition was achieved in vacuum-packaged products stored at 5°C, where NaNO2 in combination with 5% water-phase NaCl prevented any increase in a 10 CFU/g-inoculum during 34 d storage. At 10°C, inhibition was initially enhanced by NaNO2, but by 32 d L. monocytogenes populations had increased f...
Performing sit down medicine in a stand-up place: is it time for palliative care in the emergency department?

Despite progress, the heart failure (HF) epidemic continues unabated worldwide.1 HF remains among the most common reasons for hospitalisations with the majority of these admissions occurring through the ED. Patients with advanced disease make up a disproportionately large share of hospitalised patients with HF and are particularly symptomatic with arguably the worst quality of life among chronically ill patients; hence, it is not a surprise that they end up in the ED frequently.1 It seems evident that palliative care, a specialty whose focus is symptom management, would provide significant benefit to those with advanced HF. Evidence suggests that palliative care specialists can improve quality of life and resource use among patients with HF. More recently, the Palliative Care in Heart Failure (PAL-HF) trial demonstrated improvements in physical, psychosocial and quality-of-life domains through a systemic approach to outpatient palliative care, involving a single nurse practitioner and palliative care specialist, in a high-risk HF population.2 Hence, it is no surprise that guidelines recommend palliative care for patients with advanced HF. Most studies suggest that it is vastly underused in this patient population.3 The intriguing manuscript by Lipinski et al further supports these previous studies. In this retrospective study of 500 patients with HF who presented to two different Canadian EDs, only 40% of patients who died within a year of ED presentation had palliative care …
Experimental Demonstration of Hyperbolic Metamaterial Assisted Illumination Nanoscopy

An optical metamaterial is capable of manipulating light in nanometer scale that goes beyond what is possible with conventional materials. Taking advantage of this special property, metamaterial-assisted illumination nanoscopy (MAIN) possesses tremendous potential to extend the resolution far beyond conventional structured illumination microscopy. Among the available MAIN designs, hyperstructured illumination that utilizes strong dispersion of a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) is one of the most promising and practical approaches, but it is only theoretically studied. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the concept of hyperstructured illumination. A ∼80 nm resolution has been achieved in a well-known Ag/SiO2 multilayer HMM system by using a low numerical aperture objective (NA = 0.5), representing a 6-fold resolution enhancement of the diffraction limit. The resolution can be significantly improved by further material optimization.