cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Vaccines: How Do We Choose?

BaCkgrounD: as preventive medicine is a cornerstone of managed care, most health plans have traditionally featured automatic vaccine coverage routed through the medical benefit. However, with the advent of emerging vaccines, managed care stakeholders must revise decision-making processes and choose among multiple products targeting the same disease. oBjeCtiVe: t o review the motivating forces behind traditional vaccine coverage in managed care and discuss the need for managed care organizations (MCos) to subject their vaccine policies to greater examination in the changing landscape of emerging vaccines. SuMMary: While variable vaccine coverage or choices in vaccine coverage is a relatively novel concept in managed care, the evaluation of vaccines in this setting is usually most effectively performed via a traditional route for MCos: the Pharmacy & therapeutics (P&t) committee. in some cases, a technology assessment committee is a more appropriate avenue for evaluation, depending on the disease state, administration, and plan infrastructure. through these routes of evaluation, criteria similar to those used for other pharmaceutical agents under review should be employed in the review of vaccine options. the primary criteria evaluated include safety, efficacy, cost, and value. in addition, a set of miscellaneous factors must also be considered, including both tangible and intangible components. For example, the relevance of an agent to the specific covered population, compliance costs offsets, quality-of-life considerations, and both patient and provider demand should all be taken into account. Human papillomavirus vaccination provides a pragmatic example for applying the aforementioned strategy for vaccine evaluation in managed care. ConCluSion: the changing landscape of vaccine coverage in managed care, particularly in the availability of novel agents, demonstrates a need for MCos to subject their vaccine policies to much greater examination. through traditional avenues such as P&t and technology assessment committees, stakeholders should seek to evaluate standard criteria such as safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness, with additional considerations made for factors unique to the preventive nature of vaccines.
Imaging brown fat in humans with 11C-MRB, a selective norepinephrine transporter PET ligand

235 Objectives Understanding the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human adaptive thermogenesis has been limited by the current standard detection methodology, 18F-FDG-PET, which requires cold stimulation. Capitalizing on the sympathetic regulation of BAT, we showed that BAT can be detected in rodents under room temperature (RT) and cold conditions with 11C-MRB ((S,S)-11C-O-methylreboxetine), a highly selective norepinephrine transporter ligand. 11C-MRB uptake at RT was correlated with BAT mass (R2=0.945). Here we evaluate this novel approach for BAT detection in adult humans. Methods Ten lean, healthy, Caucasian subjects (5 M; age 25.0±2.2 years; BMI 21.9±2.0 kg/m2) were recruited. Subjects underwent 11C-MRB PET/CT imaging under RT and mild cold-stimulated conditions (RPCM Cool vest; enthalpy 15°C) compared to 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Mean standardized uptake value (SUV) for FDG and distribution volume ratio (DVR) for 11C-MRB via MRTM2 using occipital reference region were estimated. DVR(BAT/muscle) was also compared. Results As expected with FDG, BAT was well-defined in the mild cold condition, but difficult to identify in the RT. 9 out of 10 subjects had labeled BAT with cold FDG and both RT and cold MRB scans (BAT DVR: RT 0.99±0.3 vs cold 1.1±0.26, P=0.31; DVR(BAT/muscle): RT 2.28±0.8 vs cold 2.41±0.56, P=0.26). Furthermore, [11C]MRB distribution (RT and cold) occurred in the same neck/supraclavicular locations as the cold 18F-FDG scans. There were no gender differences in BAT labeling. Conclusions By utilizing a novel, mechanistic approach, we show that 11C-MRB labeling of BAT is largely independent of temperature. Thus, 11C-MRB imaging offers a unique opportunity to investigate the role of BAT in humans under non-stimulated basal conditions. Research Support NIDDK 1R21DK09076-01 (Drs. Sherwin and Ding contributed equally to this work as co-principal investigators)
Hepatic vagotomy effects on metabolic challenges during parenteral nutrition in rats

During parenteral nutrition (PN) glucoprivic-induced feeding appeared to be neutralized by the oxidation of infused fatty acids. With the use of a latin-square design, the feeding response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and/or 2-mercaptoacetate (MA) was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats with hepatic branch vagotomy (HV) or sham operations (SO). Rats received continuous infusions of 0.9% saline or PN providing 100% of daily caloric needs (PN-100) for four consecutive days. During PN-100, food intake was stimulated by 2-DG in HV rats and when fatty acid oxidation was simultaneously inhibited by MA. 2-DG-induced hyperglycemia was apparent under all conditions. Lipoprivic-induced feeding and increased plasma free fatty acid concentrations were absent in HV rats, whether MA was administered alone or with 2-DG. The feeding response to glucoprivic challenges is influenced by the relative availability of alternate energy sources. The lack of feeding response to 2-DG during PN-100 is mediated by vagal input of hepatic fatty acid oxidation status.
But for Sex: Equal Protection and the Individual Opportunity to Marry One's Chosen Partner Without Regard to Sex

A longstanding theory has been that state restrictions on same-sex marriage constitute sex-based classifications and trigger the heightened equal protection scrutiny generally applicable to such classifications. This theory has been contestable in part because these restrictions do not look exactly like the kinds of laws that the Court has previously characterized as sex-based classifications. Several principles of equal protection doctrine demonstrate that these restrictions nevertheless qualify as sex-based classifications. Specifically, equal protection is an individual right, not a collective right; the basis of a classification is identified by the but-for test; and access to even idiosyncratic opportunities is protected. These principles establish that a person has an individual right to marry the unique partner of his or her choice without regard to sex. As a result, restrictions on same-sex marriage trigger the same heightened scrutiny as other sex-based classifications.
Changing Ideas of Alcohol Use among Navaho Indians

Under the influence of the dominant society, Navaho ideas about drinking are changing. It is suggested that the redefinition of excessive drinking by Navahos as deviant and symptomatic of disease i...
Simultaneous Measurement of Aerial and Aquatic Respiration and Study of Mode of Action of Petroleum Oils

Early investigators such as MacFie (1917), Ramsey and Carpenter (1932), Wang (1938), and Richards (1941) studied the oxygen requirements of mosquito larvae by submerging or sealing them in oxygenated or deoxygenated water. Wang (1938) produced different partial pressures of oxygen with a vacuum pump and determined the mean survival time for 3 species of mosquito larvae. Respiratory rates of 0.5–4.0 µliter 02/mg wet wt per hr at 27–32°C were determined for several species of mosquito larvae by Sen (1914) and Fraenkel and Herford (1938). Fraenkel and Herford (1938) found that fully submerged larvae consumed only half as much oxygen as larvae swimming in the normal manner. Krogh (1941) discovered that the gaseous pressure in the tracheae of Culex larvae was reduced during submersion, caused by the withdrawal of oxygen for respiration and the loss of CO2 through the external cuticle. He measured the volume of the gas taken into the tracheae as the larvae surfaced, calculated the volume of the tracheae as 1.5 µliter, and suggested that this was enough for 5–10 min respiration. Olifan (1947, 1949) compared the respiration of different instars of mosquito larvae and found that the respiration increased in successive instars. Thomas (1950) came to the same conclusion when he found that later instars spent a greater percentage of the time at the surface.
Organizational Identification of Scientists

The article presents a discussion of occupational sociology and reports on the growth and development in the field of study. Beginning in the 1930's, social psychologists began evaluating the way e...
On Influencing Factors of Sustainable Development of High-level Track and Field Events in Colleges and Universities and Countermeasures

High-level sports teams held by colleges and universities in China is a strategy for cultivating sports talents echelons with multi-level and multi-channel.It has opened up a new path for training more high-level athletes.Track and field is the first and most representative athletic sports event to be carried out in colleges and universities in China.Since the 20-year development of high-level track and field sports teams,various colleges and universities have cultivated a number of high-quality,high-level athletes and promoted the popularization and development of sports activities.By means of literature review,surveys,interviews and statistical analysis,the authors have made a deep analysis of the current influencing factors for the sustainable development of track and field sports teams in China's colleges and universities from various aspects.Through research and analysis it is concluded that the quality of students,the cultivating cycle of track and field athletes,diet and nutrition,restoration after training,guiding ideology,target orientation and training concepts are the main factors to restrain the sustainable development of track and field sports teams in China's colleges and universities.Based on a thorough analysis of the above factors,the authors put forward some countermeasures for the purpose of providing valuable references for the sustainable development of track and field sports teams in China's colleges and universities.
Computer applications in neurootology.

Computers are a fact of life. Bill Gates believes that their impact on society is only just beginning. Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, thinks that their potential impact is overrated, though he attributes the low rate of inflation to the effect of the computer in lowering costs. Just as was the case with the typewriter, the new technology of computers was 20 years or more in making a major impact on the economy. Only now are word processors significantly reducing the need for secretarial help. In particular, the computer has had a major beneficial effect in the financial world for two reasons. First, the financial arena is a numerate environment and, second, it is a very large and wealthy environment with plenty of capital to invest in new technology.
Variation among twin beef cattle in maintenance energy requirements.

The genetic variation in energy expenditures of cattle at fasting @TIP) and maintenance (ME&) was determined by using 12 pairs of monozygous twins at 20 mo of age. The pairs were of two breed types, eight Angus x Hereford (three steers, five heifers) and four Barzona x Hereford (three steers, one heifer). The heifers were 132 f 13 d pregnant at the time of measurement. The pairs were fed at 1.15 x maintenance energy requirements for a minimum of 30 d prior to heat production (Hp) measurements in dual indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. The diet fed was cracked c0m:alfalfa hay (4555) with a determined ME of 2.47 f .02 McaVkg DM. This diet was fed individually for 7 d prior to and during two consecutive 22-h HP measurements. The animals then were fasted for 2 d and fasting heat production measurements (FHP) were made on d 3 and 4 of the fast. Metabolizable energy required for ME, was calculated iteratively by assuming a semi-log relationship between HP and metabolizable energy intake. There were no differences (P > .lo) in measured energy expenditures due to different breed type. The FHP and efficiency of ME use for ME, (Kd were similar between sexes, although heifers had lower (P c .025) ME, than steers. Twin pair effects were detected for FHP (P < .005) and ME, (P c .05) but not for K,. Broad sense heritability estimates were calculated as the intraclass correlation between members of monozygous twin pairs. Heritability estimates for %, FHP, and Km were .52 f .22, .75 f .13, and .34 f .27, respectively. These results demonstrate the presence of a genetic component to maintenance energy metabolism measured as FHP and m, selection to change these traits should prove effective.
Circumferential block resection to reduce myopia.

BACKGROUND The surgical treatment of excessive myopia following penetrating keratoplasty has been largely ignored. Oversized corneal grafts can induce myopia and the Troutman wedge (block) resection has been used to correct astigmatism by removing tissue in a single corneal semimeridian. This study explores the use of block resections in opposing semimeridians to reduce myopia caused by a steep cornea. METHODS Six eyes received three different operations. One eye received 60-degree block resections in semimeridians located 90 degrees (procedure 1), two eyes received 0.5-millimeter semicircumferential (180 degrees) block resections (procedure 2), and three eyes underwent 0.5-millimeter 360-degree circumferential block resections (procedure 3). All patients were followed for at least 1 year. RESULTS Procedure 1 (two 60-degree block resections) developed approximately 2.75 D of myopic correction at 1 year. The average reduction of spherical equivalent was 4.50 D for procedure 2 (one 180-degree block resection) and 10.50 D for procedure 3 (one 360-degree block resection) at 1 year. Although all eyes regained best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, the postoperative course was prolonged by irregular astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS Circumferential and semicircumferential block resections can reduce myopia after penetrating keratoplasty and in naturally-occurring myopia, but the postoperative course can be prolonged, especially because of irregular astigmatism. Early removal of sutures results in regression of myopic correction.
Generalizing Effective Spatial Bandwidth for Pole Location in MAS: The Elliptic Cylinder

The location of poles in the method of auxiliary sources for 2-D scatterers can be assisted using the effective spatial bandwidth (EBW) of the incident and scattered fields. Previously, only circular boundaries were considered. Here, EBW is extended to noncircular boundaries. Calculations presented for a cylinder with elliptical cross section verify EBW as an additional tool for pole placement for more general geometries.
Reoperative Surgery in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Associated Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Persistent/recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) occurs frequently in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). We assessed the usefulness of intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) and preoperative localizing studies based on the outcome of patients with MEN1-associated pHPT undergoing reoperative surgery. A retrospective analysis identified MEN1 patients with persistent/recurrent pHPT. Patient outcome was defined as postoperative serum calcium and PTH levels (cured, persistent or recurrent) at last follow-up. Positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated for imaging studies and IOPTH. Thirty patients with MEN1-associated recurrent/persistent pHPT underwent 69 reoperative parathyroidectomies. Median follow-up time was 33 months. Persistent pHPT occurred in four (13 %) patients. IOPTH had a 92 % PPV for postoperative eucalcemia. Ultrasound and Tc99m-sestamibi had sensitivities of 100 and 85 % for localizing an enlarged parathyroid gland. However, five (17 %) patients had additional enlarged glands, not visualized preoperatively that were removed after IOPTH did not drop appropriately. Bone mineral density scores did not improve after reoperation (p = 0.60), but the rate of postoperative nephrocalcinosis did (p = 0.046). Patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors had significantly higher rates of persistent/recurrent pHPT compared with those without (40 vs. 0 %, p = 0.021). Intraoperative and delayed parathyroid autotransplantation was performed in nine (30 %) and four (14 %) patients, respectively. Although preoperative localizing studies are helpful for guiding reoperative strategy in MEN1 with persistent/recurrent pHPT, additional enlarged glands may be missed by conventional imaging. IOPTH should therefore be employed routinely in this setting. Routine cryopreservation should be considered in all patients. Pancreatic manifestation may be associated with earlier recurrence or persistent disease.
Screening for Depression in Adults.

A.B., a 29-year-old man, presents to your office for a routine visit. He has a history of being overweight and has hypertension that is controlled by diet and exercise.
From Discourse Representation Structure to event semantics: A simple conversion?

Many applications in Natural Language Processing require a semantic analysis of sentences in terms of truth-conditional representations, often with specific desiderata in terms of which information needs to be included in the semantic analysis. However, there are only very few tools that allow such an analysis. We investigate the representations of an automatic analysis pipeline of the C&C parser and Boxer to determine whether Boxer's analyses in form of Discourse Representation Structure can be successfully converted into a more surface oriented event semantic representation, which will serve as input for a fusion algorithm for fusing hard and soft information. We use a data set of synthetic counter intelligence messages for our investigation. We provide a basic pipeline for conversion and subsequently discuss areas in which ambiguities and differences between the semantic representations present challenges in the conversion process.
Genomics and the Family: Integrative Frameworks

Recent advances in genetics and genomics are having a profound impact on our understanding of the biological underpinnings of health and human development (Cutfield, Hofman, Michell, & Morison, 2007; Grigorenko, 2009; Obradovic & Boyce, 2009). In addition, recognition that many of the health conditions seen in childhood, both rare (e.g., sickle cell disease) and common (e.g., asthma), are influenced by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors has contributed to noteworthy changes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of many childhood conditions (Buchanan et al., 2009; McBride & Guttmacher, 2009; Moeschler, 2008; Moore, Khoury, & Bradley, 2005; Rutter, Moffitt, & Caspi, 2006). Moreover, there has been growing interest in how families influence and are influenced by the way in which individuals adapt to being tested for and living with a genetic condition (McDaniel & Campbell, 1999; Feetham & Thomson, 2006; Rolland, 1999; Sorenson & Botkin, 2003; Tercyak, 2009; Van Riper, 2005; Van Riper & Gallo, 2005).
Relationship between COPD characteristics and airway bacterial load measured using 16S qPCR

Introduction: Quantitative PCR of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene provides accurate quantification of the airway microbiome. The relationship between this and disease characteristics have not been fully described in COPD. Aim: To examine the associations of total airway bacterial load with disease characteristics and inflammation in patients with stable COPD. Method: Patients with stable COPD and FEV1 Results: 71 patients were included for analysis; overall mean(SD) bacterial load was 9.22(0.77) log 10 copies/g sputum. There was no relationship to clinical characteristics including smoking status, FEV 1 disease severity and exacerbation frequency. There was a significant correlation between bacterial load and airway inflammation (IL-1β; r=0.311, p=0.009 [Figure 1]). When stepwise multivariate regression was used to fit a model for airway bacterial load, only increasing IL-1β emerged as an independent predictor. Conclusion: Total airway bacterial load is significantly related to airway inflammation but not to clinical measures of disease severity. The relationship with the detailed composition of the airway microbiome requires further investigation.
Minimum system entropy production as the FOM of high temperature heat transfer fluids for CSP systems

Abstract High temperature heat transfer fluids are used in concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) plants to receive heat from a solar concentrator and then transfer it to a working fluid (such as water, air, or super critical CO 2 ) in a thermal power system. For various high temperature heat transfer fluids, such as, synthetic oils, various molten salts, and liquid metals, a general criterion is proposed in this work to evaluate the merit of fluids regarding their transport properties. For the goal of transferring a desired amount of heat, a fluid that causes less entropy production is believed to have better figure of merit (FOM). This is due to the fact that entropy production is associated with the destruction of exergy or useful energy. The entropy production in a heat transfer system in a solar thermal power plant includes the part due to the processes of heat addition and removal and the other part due to pressure losses in the flow in heat exchangers and pipes. Theoretical analysis and relevant equations for total entropy production are derived. As an example, the FOM for several heat transfer fluids used in CSP industry are compared for the goal of heat transport in the range of 50 MW th to 600 MW th . The modeling provides a fundamental approach for the comparison of various heat transport systems which may have different designs and using different heat transfer fluids/media (gas, liquid, or solid particles) in CSP systems.
Controlled Intelligent Agents' Security Model for Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing Infrastructures

Data security in the cloud continues to be a huge concern. The adoption of cloud services continues to increase with more businesses transitioning from on premise technology infrastructures to outs...
The effect of psychological reactance on acceptance of campaign message: A case of "stop texting while driving" campaign in college students

This study is to investigate how the psychological reactance generates impact on acceptance of the campaign message of “stop texting while driving” among college students. A total of 180 undergraduate students completed the online survey asking for their cognitive and affective responses to the highor low-threat campaign messages. Three hypotheses were tested among strength of reactance, degree of threat to freedom, amount of negative attitudes, and behavioral intention. This study found that: (1) In both high-threat and low-threat conditions, degree of threat to freedom one perceived is positively related to strength of reactance this individual experiences; (2) People who experienced stronger reactance had more negative attitudes toward the campaign message in high-threat condition, while in low-threat condition the result was not significant; (3) No significant result supports the assumption that strength of reactance is negatively related to the behavioral intention to follow the advocacy in the campaign message.
The SERCA2: A Gatekeeper of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in the Brain

Calcium (Ca2+) ions are prominent cell signaling regulators that carry information for a variety of cellular processes and are critical for neuronal survival and function. Furthermore, Ca2+ acts as a prominent second messenger that modulates divergent intracellular cascades in the nerve cells. Therefore, nerve cells have developed intricate Ca2+ signaling pathways to couple the Ca2+ signal to their biochemical machinery. Notably, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis greatly relies on the rapid redistribution of Ca2+ ions into the diverse subcellular organelles which serve as Ca2+ stores, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is well established that Ca2+ released into the neuronal cytoplasm is pumped back into the ER by the sarco-/ER Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2), a P-type ion-motive ATPase that resides on the ER membrane. Even though the SERCA2 is constitutively expressed in nerve cells, its precise role in brain physiology and pathophysiology is not well-characterized. Intriguingly, SERCA2-dependent Ca2+ dysregulation has been implicated in several disorders that affect cognitive function, including Darier's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and cerebral ischemia. The current review summarizes knowledge on the expression pattern of the different SERCA2 isoforms in the nervous system, and further discusses evidence of SERCA2 dysregulation in various neuropsychiatric disorders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature review that specifically highlights the critical role of the SERCA2 in the brain. Advancing knowledge on the role of SERCA2 in maintaining neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis may ultimately lead to the development of safer and more effective pharmacotherapies to combat debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders.
A ROLE FOR CHLOROPHYLL PRECURSORS IN PLASTID-TO-NUCLEUS SIGNALING

Initiative, 2001). As expected, the nucleus plays a dominant role in chloroplast development, but the expression of nuclear genes that encode chloroplast proteins is also dependent on the functional and developmental state of the plastid. Plastids send signals to the nucleus that are essential for proper expression of nuclear genes that encode proteins with functions related to photosynthesis, coordinating expression of chloroplast and nuclear genomes, and proper leaf morphogenesis (Rodermel, 2001; Surpin et al., 2002; Rodermel and Park, 2003; Gray et al., 2003). Because plastids perform essential metabolic and biosynthetic functions, it is not surprising that the functional state of the plastid has a dramatic influence on gene expression and developmental decisions, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that plastids use to communicate with other cellular compartments. Mayfield and Taylor (1984) used maize seedlings in which chloroplast development was arrested at an early developmental stage to provide the first evidence that the developmental state of the plastid has a powerful effect on the expression of nuclear genes that encode particular chloroplast proteins. Subsequently, a number of studies have indicated that proper expression of nuclear genes that encode proteins with functions related to photosynthesis is dependent on normal chloroplast development in diverse monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous genome was lost or transferred to the nucleus of the eukaryotic host (Herrmann
A retradução do patrimônio religioso num pequeno ponto do mundo: o caso do Diário dos Açores

Os Acores representam uma das comunidades portuguesas de tradicao catolica. Estando geograficamente mais distante do centro da fe do que, por exemplo, o territorio continental portugues, pode-se entende-la como uma pequena parcela de um polissistema cultural. Esta dicotomia faz colocar a questao: de que modo o patrimonio religioso global se faz perpetuar nesta regiao em particular? Em concreto, procurar-se-a identificar que postulados e acoes do Papa Francisco foram mencionados em artigos de opiniao da imprensa regional. Tal permitira inferir que mensagens desta voz de importância mundial surtiram impacto neste contexto especifico, ao ponto de serem reescritas por leigos nas respetivas analises da realidade contemporânea, assim contribuindo para a preservacao do patrimonio religioso. Procurar-se-a aferir se um evento de relevância internacional como a visita de Francisco a ONU, a 25 de setembro de 2015, podera ter tido influencia na retraducao dos cronistas. O Diario dos Acores servira de corpus de analise.
Firefly Flashing Activity during the Totality Phase of a Solar Eclipse

During the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse across the United States, males of the dusk active firefly species Photinus pyralis (L.) were observed flashing at sites experiencing the totality portion of the eclipse which formed a band 113 km wide. Observers at 10 sites from Missouri to North Carolina reported observing this flash activity across a path stretching 912 km across the states where remnant late season populations of P. pyralis were active. Possible mechanisms for triggering firefly flashing behavior are discussed in the context of a total solar eclipse.
CO2-Induced displacement and diffusive transport of shale geofluids in silica nanopores of varying sizes

Abstract The need to recover our energy resources in a sustainable manner necessitates the development of technological approaches to reduce water use and enhance the use and storage of alternative processing fluids such as CO2. These societal and technological needs require a fundamental understanding of the pore-scale organization and transport behaviors of confined fluids. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a molecular-scale basis for evaluating CO2-induced selective adsorption and diffusive transport behavior of hydrocarbon fluids such as propane and toluene in silica nanopores with sizes in the range of 2–10 nm. The studied fluids are composed of CO2-propane, CO2-propane-toluene, and CO2-toluene. CO2 was found to adsorb preferentially to the silica surfaces by forming hydrogen bonds with the surface hydroxyl (−OH) groups. The selective adsorption of CO2 over propane was significantly higher compared to toluene at the pore sizes in the range of 2–10 nm. Increasing pore size reduces the extent of CO2, propane and toluene adsorbed on the silica surfaces while the corresponding diffusivities increased. Anisotropic diffusivities of the confined molecules were noted. More polar and higher molecular weight constituents of the oil such as toluene diffuse more slowly in confinement. These studies provide detailed scientific insights into the role of CO2 in enhancing hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional and complex porous environments. These molecular-scale investigations suggest that CO2 has a higher tendency to displace lighter aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules such as propane away from the surface as opposed to heavier hydrocarbon molecules such as toluene.
Antimicrobial Peptides of Multicellular Organisms: My Perspective

Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms were first characterized in the 1980s by investigators who felt that known systems of immunity could not explain what they observed: the resistance to bacterial infection of a Cecropia moth pupa lacking antibodies or lymphocytes (cecropins (Steiner 1981)), the potent microbicidal activity of neutrophils from a rabbit (defensins (Selsted et al. 1985)), and the healing of a wound on the skin of the African clawed frog without infection in a non-sterile aquarium (magainins (Zasloff 1987)). Since then AMPs have been discovered in diverse species of fungi, plants, and animals (Seshadri Sundararajan et al. 2012; Fan et al. 2016; Waghu et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016). It is likely that we will discover that every multicellular organism expresses antimicrobial peptides as a key element of their immune system. Why are antimicrobial peptides so popular in Nature?
Somatic-Based Choreographic Collaborations Between Dancers from the United States and India

ABSTRACTThis article reflects on methods and findings from a choreographic collaboration of four undergraduate dance majors and their professor from the United States with five dance artists from I...
Subspecialty Rotation Exposure Across Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-Accredited Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs.

Introduction The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates certain procedural minimums for graduating residents of orthopaedic surgery programs and provides residency programs with comparative data on surgical case volume. It provides much less guidance and feedback to programs regarding the amount of time residents should spend on different rotations during residency. Comparative data regarding how much time residents are spending on general and subspecialty rotations may be of use to educational leadership as they consider curriculum changes and alternative training structures. The purpose of this study is to summarize the subspecialty rotation exposure across ACGME-accredited orthopaedic residency programs and to correlate the subspecialty rotation exposure with available program-specific factors. Methods This study contacted 162 ACGME-accredited orthopaedic residency programs and received rotation schedules from 115 programs (70.1%). Rotation schedules for postgraduate year 2 to 5 residents were categorized into the number of months spent on the following rotations: general orthopaedics, trauma, pediatrics, hand, sport, foot and ankle, arthroplasty, oncology, spine, research, and elective. The percentage of residency spent in each category was then calculated as the number of months divided by 48 months. Differences in the percent of residency spent on subspecialty rotations were compared for the following variables: program size and presence of subspecialty fellowships at the institution. Results On average, the greatest percentage of residency spent was in the following categories: trauma (16.6%; 8.0 months), general orthopaedics (13.7%; 6.6 months), and pediatrics (12.5%; 6.0 months). Rotations with the highest variation between programs included the following: general orthopaedics (SD 5.8 months; range 0 to 30 months), sport (SD 2.5 months; range 0 to 15 months), and arthroplasty (SD 2.3 months; range 0 to 11.8 months). Sixty-seven programs (63.2%) had dedicated blocks for research, and 25 programs (23.6%) had dedicated blocks for electives. No notable correlations were found between subspecialty exposure and program size or availability of subspecialty fellowship training at the program. Conclusion Variability exists between ACGME-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency programs in subspecialty rotation exposure. Summarizing the subspecialty rotation exposure across accredited orthopaedic residency programs is useful to graduate medical education leadership for comparative purposes because they design and modify resident curricula.
Timing of Intensive Immunosuppression Impacts Risk of Transgene Antibodies after AAV Gene Therapy in Nonhuman Primates.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector gene therapy is a promising treatment for a variety of genetic diseases, including hemophilia. Systemic administration of AAV vectors is associated with a cytotoxic immune response triggered against AAV capsid proteins, which if untreated can result in loss of transgene expression. Immunosuppression (IS) with corticosteroids has limited transgene loss in some AAV gene therapy clinical trials, but was insufficient to prevent loss in other studies. We used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate intensive T cell-directed IS combined with AAV-mediated transfer of the human factor IX (FIX) gene. Early administration of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) concomitant with AAV administration resulted in the development of anti-FIX antibodies, whereas delayed ATG by 5 weeks administration did not. The anti-FIX immune response was associated with increases in inflammatory cytokines, as well as a skewed Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) ratio. We conclude that the timing of T cell-directed IS is critical in determining transgene-product immunogenicity or tolerance. These data have implications for systemically administered AAV gene therapy being evaluated for hemophilia A and B, as well as other genetic diseases.
A Review of the Evolution of Abdominal Aortic Endografts and Future Directions.

Introduction Over the years, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become the gold-standard of therapy for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairs. This study aims to analyze the evolution of stent graft devices and discuss the future direction of technological development. Materials and methods In this paper, we will review prior eras of graft development (1992 to 2019) that included physician-made devices (era one), industry-made devices (era two), branch devices (era three), and fenestrated devices (era four). Additionally, future advancements that aim to overcome issues with short aneurysm necks, involvement of proximal visceral branches, and formation of endoleaks will be discussed. Results Future devices of note include a more conformable version of the EXCLUDER® device (W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, Delaware) to better steer the top of the graft and modify for angulated necks, a version of the Endurant® device to include EndoAnchors (Medtronic plc, Minneapolis, Minnesota) to prevent formation of endoleaks, a novel Nellix® EVAS II device (Endologix Inc., Irvine, California) with aneurysm sac filling to prevent endoleaks and exclude the aneurysm sac, and an expanded Zenith® fenestrated device (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, Indiana) to include more visceral branches. This is in the setting of more recent advancements like pivoting fenestrated branch devices for "off-shelf" use and aneurysm repair that now extends to the thoracic aorta. Conclusion With each iteration of devices, EVAR has evolved to overcome technical challenges and offer expanded applicability to different types of AAAs.
Green Apple e-Cigarette Flavorant Farnesene Triggers Reward-Related Behavior by Promoting High-Sensitivity nAChRs in the Ventral Tegmental Area.

Abstract While combustible cigarette smoking has declined, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased. ENDS are popular among adolescents, and chemical flavorants are an increasing concern because of the growing use of zero-nicotine flavored e-liquids. Despite this, little is known regarding the effects of ENDS flavorants on vaping-related behavior. Following previous studies demonstrating the green apple flavorant, farnesol, enhances nicotine reward and exhibits rewarding properties without nicotine, this work focuses on the green apple flavorant, farnesene, for its impact on vaping-related behaviors. Using adult C57BL/6J mice, genetically modified to contain fluorescent nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and farnesene doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg, we observed farnesene-alone produces reward-related behavior in both male and female mice. We then performed whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and observed farnesene-induced inward currents in ventral tegmental area (VTA) putative dopamine (pDA) neurons that were blocked by the nAChR antagonist, DhβE. While the amplitudes of farnesene-induced currents are ∼30% of nicotine’s efficacy, this indicates the potential for some ENDS flavorants to stimulate nAChR function. Additionally, farnesene enhances nicotine’s potency for activating nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons. This may be because of changes in nAChR stoichiometry as our data suggest a shift toward high-sensitivity α4β2 nAChRs. Consequently, these data show that the green apple flavorant, farnesene, causes reward-related behavior without nicotine through changes in nAChR stoichiometry that results in an enhanced effect of nicotine on VTA dopamine neurons. These results demonstrate the importance of future investigations into ENDS flavorants and their effects on vaping-related behaviors.
Consumer proximity and brand loyalty in craft soda marketing: A case study of Ale‐8‐One

Craft soda has become increasingly popular among consumers. Local manufacturers have opportunities to use a variety of strategies to differentiate their products from nationally recognized brands, including the use of real or natural ingredients, premium ingredients, and locally sourced ingredients, handmade and small batches, and creative taste. Loyal consumers of craft sodas often live within the proximity of the production location, and the manufacturers are normally small with a limited distribution area. From the local manufacturer's standpoint, it is important to segment the market based on the closeness to their distribution territory when studying the market demand, or at least to recognize if such locational preferences exist with a view toward identifying market expansion strategies. In this paper, we focus on the case for a Kentucky local craft soda producer, Ale‐8‐One. We examine the demand for craft and noncraft soft drinks using Nielsen scanner data to test whether consumer behavior is different in the core markets. The results show that, in this case, craft soda consumers are less price responsive and more brand loyal in the core market, compared with the outside market. [EconLit Citations: C55, D12, Q13].
Currarino Syndrome: A Rare Condition With Potential Connection to Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Objectives Currarino syndrome (CS) is a congenital disorder that consists of a triad of anomalies: presacral mass, sacral dysgenesis, and anorectal malformations. Few cases of CS with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have been reported. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of NET in patients with CS. Methods Mayo Clinic electronic medical records were searched for patients with CS. Data on demographics, CS diagnosis, family history, genetic testing, and NET diagnosis were extracted. Results A total of 26 patients with CS were identified with 3 (11.5%) of them having an additional diagnosis of NET. Three patients had a family history of NET (11.53%), and 7 patients had a family history of CS (26.9%). Of the 3 NET/CS patients, 2 had a confirmed primary NET from the presacral mass, with the third patient demonstrating focal uptake on the somatostatin receptor imaging within the presacral. Two patients received octreotide, followed by peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. The other patient was not treated because of complete resection of presacral mass and is currently undergoing surveillance scans. Conclusions In our patients with CS, the prevalence of NET is 11.53%. The coexistence of 2 rare conditions, CS and presacral NET, suggests that there may be an etiological connection.
Using Resource-Rational Analysis to Understand Cognitive Biases inInteractive Data Visualizations.

Cognitive biases are systematic errors in judgment. Researchers in data visualizations have explored whether cognitive biases transfer to decision-making tasks with interactive data visualizations. At the same time, cognitive scientists have reinterpreted cognitive biases as the product of resource-rational strategies under finite time and computational costs. In this paper, we argue for the integration of resource-rational analysis through constrained Bayesian cognitive modeling to understand cognitive biases in data visualizations. The benefit would be a more realistic "bounded rationality" representation of data visualization users and provides a research roadmap for studying cognitive biases in data visualizations through a feedback loop between future experiments and theory
10–60-GHz Electromechanical Resonators Using Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

This work presents a new class of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonator toward 60 GHz for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications. The wide range of the operating frequencies is achieved by resorting to different orders of the antisymmetric Lamb wave modes in a 400-nm-thick Z-cut lithium niobate thin film. The resonance of 55 GHz demonstrated in this work marks the highest operating frequency for piezoelectric electromechanical devices. The fabricated device shows an extracted mechanical $Q$ of 340 and an $f\times Q$ product of $1.87\times 10^{13}$ in a footprint of $2 \times 10^{-3}$ mm2. The performance has shown the strong potential of LiNbO3 antisymmetric mode devices for front-end applications in 5G high-band.
Investigation of magnetic noise from conductive shields in the 10–300 kHz frequency range

We present experimental and theoretical investigations of magnetic noise originating from radio-frequency (RF) conductive shields of flat geometry in the inductance-dominated impedance regime below 300 kHz. The measurement is based on a Q-factor determination of a coil that provides a sufficient sensitivity, placed at the position where the shield magnetic noise is measured. The theory is based on calculations of magnetic field and inductance of one or a few flat rings that emulate a conductive shield. The theoretical model is found to be in close agreement with experimental data. It can be used to predict the magnetic noise of a conductive shield with different thicknesses, conductivities, and temperatures at different distances for a wide range of frequencies. Although the model can be generalized for a more arbitrary shield geometry, in its presented form, it can be applied to the magnetic noise predictions when the shield surface curvature is not large. One important conclusion is that the RF conductive shield can generate the magnetic noise much lower than femtotesla, and, thus, it can be used in many precision experiments targeting minute high-frequency magnetic signals, such as detection of magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear quadrupole resonance signals and search for axion dark matter.
Behavior Disorders and Social Skills in Adolescents with Intellectual Disability: Does Co-Morbid Autism Matter?

Background: Teenage youth with co-morbid intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could be at higher risk for behavioral and social difficulties than youth with ID only. Meth...
Interrupting the Pathway From Discrimination to Black Adolescents’ Psychosocial Outcomes: The Contribution of Parental Racial Worries and Racial Socialization Competency

Racial discrimination can lead to psychosocial problems for Black adolescents, including internalization (e.g., depression) and externalization (e.g., conduct problems). Black parents (N = 186; Mage = 42.9) of adolescents (ages 10-18) were assessed to investigate how parental worries and racial socialization competency (i.e., confidence, skills, and stress) contribute to the association between parental discrimination experiences and their adolescents' psychosocial problems. Mediation analyses indicated that the total direct models with discrimination, worries, and problems had good fit, and that the addition of worry mediated the discrimination-problems association. Furthermore, racial socialization competency moderated the association between worry and problems, wherein greater competency was associated with less impact of worry on problems. Findings illuminate potential intervention targets for buffering discrimination's influence on adolescents' psychosocial functioning.
Screening for HPV-related oropharyngeal, anal, and penile cancers in middle-aged men: Initial report from the HOUSTON clinical trial.

Abstract Background The Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related Oropharyngeal and Uncommon Cancers Screening Trial of Men (HOUSTON) was designed to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies to HPV type 16 E proteins (HPV16EAbs), to screen for persistence of HPV and/or detect HPV-related premalignancies and cancers, and to assess acceptance of screening among middle-aged men. Methods HOUSTON consists of a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal cohort study of men aged 50–64 years. Serologic HPV16EAb status and oral rinse HPV16 status were determined. All HPV16EAb-positive (HPV16EAb+) men and a matched cohort of HPV16EAb-negative (HPV16EAb−) men as well as all oral rinse HPV16-positive (HPV16+) men were included in the longitudinal study (blinded to their results) and underwent oropharyngeal screening every 6 months as well as one-time anal and penile screening. Results Of 553 men enrolled in the cross-sectional study, six (1.1%) were HPV16EAb+ (two were also oral rinse HPV16+), and 41 (7.4%) were HPV16EAb− but oral rinse HPV16+. These 47 men, along with five matched controls, were invited to participate in the longitudinal study, and 42 (81%) agreed and completed baseline in-person screening, with 93% and 90% completeing 6-month and 12-month follow-up visits. One HPV16EAb+ (also oral rinse HPV16+) man, who declined participation in the longitudinal study, presented 4 months after enrollment with an early-stage HPV16-related pharyngeal cancer. Additionally, one HPV16EAb+ (oral rinse HPV16−) man and two oral rinse HPV16+ (HPV16EAb−) men were diagnosed with oncogenic HPV-associated anal dysplasia. Conclusions This biomarker panel deserves further prospective study to explore potential utility for HPV-related cancer screening among men.