cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gating current kinetics in Myxicola giant axons. Order of the back transition rate constants.

Gating current, Ig, was recorded in Myxicola axons with series resistance compensation and higher time resolution than in previous studies. Ig at ON decays as two exponentials with time constants, tau ON-F and tau ON-S, very similar to squid values. No indication of an additional very fast relaxation was detected, but could be still unresolved. Ig at OFF also displays two exponentials, neither reflecting recovery from charge immobilization. Deactivation of the two I(ON) components may proceed with well-separated exponentials at -100 mV. INa tail currents at OFF also display two exponentials plus a third very slow relaxation of 5–9% of the total tail current. The very slow component is probably deactivation of a very small subpopulation of TTX sensitive channels. A -100 mV, means for INa tail component time constants (four axons) are 76 microseconds (range: 53–89 microseconds) and 344 microseconds (range: 312–387 microseconds), and for IOFF (six axons) 62 microseconds (range: 34–87 microseconds) and 291 microseconds (range: 204–456 microseconds) in reasonable agreement. INa ON activation time constant, tau A, is clearly slower than tau ON-F at all potentials. Except for the interval -30 to -15 mV, tau A is clearly faster than tau ON-S, and has a different dependency on potential. tau ON-S is several fold smaller than tau h. Computations with a closed2----closed1----open activation model indicated Na tail currents are consistent with a closed1----open rate constant greater than the closed2----closed1.
Eleanor McElwee and the Formation of IEEE PCS.

This article examines the historical professional project that created the Institute of Radio Engineers’ Professional Group on Engineering Writing an Speech (IRE PGEWS)—now called the Institute of ...
Hutchins, Adler, and the University of Chicago: A Critical Juncture

As dean of Yale University's Law School, Robert Hutchins stressed social science theory and research as central to the university's work. Within a few years, as president of the University of Chicago, he abandoned the social sciences for philosophy and the great books. Hutchins's conversion seems ironic because it took place at an institution renowned for the work of its faculty in social science theory and research. This article is an attempt to make sense of Hutchins's shift in thinking at a critical juncture in his life and in the university's history.
Coradical splittings and a generalization of Kostant's theorem

Abstract Several questions are addressed concerning the way the coradical of a Hopf algebra sits inside the Hopf algebra. It is proved that for a Hopf algebra H with cocommutative coradical H 0 , H 0 is a sub Hopf algebra if and only if H 0 is coseparable as a coalgebra. Using this result, a generalization of Kostant's theorem on the structure of cocommutative Hopf algebras is proved: a cocommutative Hopf algebra H over any field k is Hopf algebra isomorphic to the smash product H 1 # H 0 if and only if H 0 is a sub Hopf algebra. We also prove that for an exact sequence (∗) k → K → H → L → k of Hopf algebras over the field k , H is cosemisimple if and only if K and L are cosemisimple. Under suitable conditions on the sequence (∗), H 0 is a sub Hopf algebra if and only if K 0 and L 0 are sub Hopf algebras.
Unitarity and Interacting Tachyons

It is shown, by an explicit calculation, that the Dhar-Sudarshan theory of tachyons is not unitary.
Confining Pogge’s Analysis of Global Poverty to Genuinely Negative Duties

Thomas Pogge has argued that typical citizens of affluent nations participate in an unjust global order that harms the global poor. This supports his conclusion that there are widespread negative institutional duties to reform the global order. I defend Pogge’s negative duty approach, but argue that his formulation of these duties is ambiguous between two possible readings, only one of which is properly confined to genuinely negative duties. I argue that this ambiguity leads him to shift illicitly between negative and positive duties, and ultimately to overstate the extent of the negative ones. I also argue that recognition of this ambiguity makes it possible to draw a meaningful distinction between the relevant positive and negative duties, and that Pogge’s analysis can therefore be revised in a way that reveals substantial negative institutional duties to the global poor, albeit less extensive ones than Pogge asserts. In order to demonstrate this, I discuss two aspects of the global order that Pogge has criticized: the system of intellectual property rights in pharmaceuticals and the rights of de facto rulers to dispose of a nation’s natural resources. In each case, although I do not specify the relevant negative institutional duties precisely, I try to identify intelligible questions whose answers would reveal genuinely negative duties and show that their likely answers are distinct from the conclusions asserted by Pogge and suggested by his analysis.
A common Gain of function of p53 cancer mutants in inducing genetic instability

The critical tumor suppressor p53 is mutated in over half of all human cancers. The majority of p53 cancer mutations are missense mutations, which can be classified into contact mutations that directly disrupt the DNA-binding of p53 but have modest impact on p53 conformation and structural mutations that greatly disrupt p53 conformation. Many p53 cancer mutants, including the hot spot mutations (R175H, R248W and R273H), not only lose p53-dependent tumor-suppressor activities, but also acquire new oncogenic activities to promote cancer. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the gain of oncogenic function of p53 cancer mutants. Using humanized p53-mutant knock-in mouse models, we have identified a gain of oncogenic function shared by the most common p53 contact mutants (R273H and R248W) and structural mutant (R175H). This gain of function inactivates Mre11/ATM-dependent DNA damage responses, leading to chromosomal translocation and defective G2/M checkpoint. Considering the critical roles of ATM in maintaining genetic stability and therapeutic responses to many cancer treatments, the identification of this common gain of function of p53 cancer mutants will have important implication on the drug resistance of a significant portion of human cancers that express either the contact or structural p53 cancer mutants.
Models for quasicrystal-crystal epitaxy

Not long after the discovery of quasicrystals, a specific orientation relationship between crystalline and quasicrystalline structures was observed. The specific orientational relationships were discovered in many systems, for instance surface alterations of bulk quasicrystals, the growth of atomic overlayers on quasicrystalline substrates and quasicrystalline thin films on crystalline substrates. In this paper, we review various models described in the literature in explaining such quasicrystal–crystal epitaxy.
A monodisperse sulfuric acid aerosol generator

Abstract A simple sulfuric acid aerosol generator which provides a reproducible aerosol of narrow size distribution has been developed. The method is based on the injection of heated SO3 vapor in N2 into a stream of humidified air. Particle diameter is adjustable from approximately 0.3 to 1.5μm with a relative standard deviation of between 0.12 and 0.20. The generator is also capable of producing particles of 1.5 μm under special conditions. The sulfuric acid aerosol size distribution was obtained from optical particle counter data and verified using electron microscopy. The sulfuric acid concentration range of the generator is 0.3–3 mg m−3 depending upon the particle size produced.
Implications of coverage-dependent O adsorption for catalytic NO oxidation on the late transition metals

Adsorbate interactions affect both the energies and arrangements of adsorbates on surfaces and consequently influence rates of surface chemical reactions. Here we examine these effects for a rate-limiting O2 dissociation model of catalytic NO oxidation on the late transition metals. We report periodic density functional theory calculations of atomic oxygen adsorption on the (0001) facets of Ru, Os, and Co, and the (111) facets of Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au and correlate these results using cluster expansion (CE) representations. We use grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations implementing these CE Hamiltonians to determine both the number and energetics of first-nearest-neighbor binding site vacancies available for the dissociative adsorption of O2 at conditions representative of catalytic NO oxidation. We estimate steady-state turnover frequencies and compare results to predictions using non-interacting adsorbates. We show that coverage dependence manifests itself in both the energetics and statistical availability of reaction sites and causes rates to deviate substantially from the coverage-independent limit.
Effect of Stream Velocity on Bacterial Deposition and Growth

Interrelations between channel and stream were analysed by using bacteria as indicator cells. At sites of laminar flow, bacteria were not deposited on the wall. At sites of turbulence, many bacteria were deposited and growth was facilitated. However, high stream velocities inhibited growth.
Making tympanpanocentesis easier

Tympanocentesis can be of great value in identifying the etiologic agent of acute otitis media. Unfortunately the trepidation with which clinicians approach this procedure may limit its application. This report of a method of tympanocentesis suggests a short-cut using instruments readily available in emergency departments and in many doctors' offices. The manuscript describes a means of stabilizing the needle in the middle ear during aspiration and details a simple method of handling middle ear aspirates which should ensure the viability of middle ear bacteria until they reach the laboratory.
On the Structuration of Multiactivity Task-Environments

A framework is built to explore the role of knowledge of spatial structure and spatiotemporal constraints on activity scheduling, spatial choice, and mobility. The task-environment is described by means of a simple mental map, and constraints expressed as linguistic variables. A human information-processing framework is employed as a model superstructure. The model integrates (additively) one bottom-up and three top-down impulses. The framework is applied and tested by introducing variations in individual percepts, task-commitment, constraint sets, and sojourn-times. The framework operationalizes the concepts of latent demand and spatial opportunity cost, and some aspects of Giddens's structuration theory.
The role of glioma stem cells in chemotherapy resistance and glioblastoma multiforme recurrence

Glioma stem cells (GSCs) constitute a slow-dividing, small population within a heterogeneous glioblastoma. They are able to self-renew, recapitulate a whole tumor, and differentiate into other specific glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) subpopulations. Therefore, they have been held responsible for malignant relapse after primary standard therapy and the poor prognosis of recurrent GBM. The failure of current therapies to eliminate specific GSC subpopulations has been considered a major factor contributing to the inevitable recurrence in GBM patients after treatment. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance of GSCs and the reasons why complete eradication of GSCs is so difficult to achieve. We will also describe the targeted therapies currently available for GSCs and possible mechanisms to overcome such chemoresistance and avoid therapeutic relapse.
Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal

Homeostasis is a biological principle for regulation of essential physiological parameters within a set range. Behavioural responses due to deviation from homeostasis are critical for survival, but motivational processes engaged by physiological need states are incompletely understood. We examined motivational characteristics of two separate neuron populations that regulate energy and fluid homeostasis by using cell-type-specific activity manipulations in mice. We found that starvation-sensitive AGRP neurons exhibit properties consistent with a negative-valence teaching signal. Mice avoided activation of AGRP neurons, indicating that AGRP neuron activity has negative valence. AGRP neuron inhibition conditioned preference for flavours and places. Correspondingly, deep-brain calcium imaging revealed that AGRP neuron activity rapidly reduced in response to food-related cues. Complementary experiments activating thirst-promoting neurons also conditioned avoidance. Therefore, these need-sensing neurons condition preference for environmental cues associated with nutrient or water ingestion, which is learned through reduction of negative-valence signals during restoration of homeostasis.
Separation of Chromosome Termini during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis Depends on SpoIIIE

Bacillus subtilis undergoes a highly distinctive division during spore formation. It yields two unequal cells, the mother cell and the prespore, and septum formation is completed before the origin-distal 70% of the chromosome has entered the smaller prespore. The mother cell subsequently engulfs the prespore. Two different probes were used to study the behavior of the terminus (ter) region of the chromosome during spore formation. Only one ter region was observed at the time of sporulation division. A second ter region, indicative of chromosome separation, was not distinguishable until engulfment was nearing completion, when one was in the mother cell and the other in the prespore. Separation of the two ter regions depended on the DNA translocase SpoIIIE. It is concluded that SpoIIIE is required during spore formation for chromosome separation as well as for translocation; SpoIIIE is not required for separation during vegetative growth.
Extended Grassmann Kernels for Subspace-Based Learning

Subspace-based learning problems involve data whose elements are linear sub-spaces of a vector space. To handle such data structures, Grassmann kernels have been proposed and used previously. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between Grassmann kernels and probabilistic similarity measures. Firstly, we show that the KL distance in the limit yields the Projection kernel on the Grassmann manifold, whereas the Bhattacharyya kernel becomes trivial in the limit and is suboptimal for subspace-based problems. Secondly, based on our analysis of the KL distance, we propose extensions of the Projection kernel which can be extended to the set of affine as well as scaled subspaces. We demonstrate the advantages of these extended kernels for classification and recognition tasks with Support Vector Machines and Kernel Discriminant Analysis using synthetic and real image databases.
Modeling multiple time series for anomaly detection

Our goal is to generate comprehensible and accurate models from multiple time series for anomaly detection. The models need to produce anomaly scores in an online manner for real-life monitoring tasks. We introduce three algorithms that work in a constructed feature space and evaluate them with a real data set from the NASA shuttle program. Our offline and online evaluations indicate that our algorithms can be more accurate than two existing algorithms.
Salicylate-induced abnormal activity in the inferior colliculus of rats.

Abstract The evaluation of the spontaneous activity of 471 units from the external nucleus of the IC revealed that salicylate induces an increase of the spontaneous activity and the emergence of a bursting type of activity longer than 4 spikes. For sharply tuned units, the affected cells were from the frequency range of 10–16 kHz, which corresponds to the behaviorally measured pitch of salicylate-induced tinnitus in rats. An exogenous calcium supplement, provided under the conditions shown to attenuate the behavioral manifestation of salicylate-induced tinnitus, abolished the modification of the spontaneous activity induced by salicylate. Finally, profound changes of activity were observed for cells not responding to contralateral sound. We propose that the observed long bursts of discharges represent tinnitus-related neuronal activity. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABA-mediated disinhibition is involved in the processing of tinnitus-related neuronal activity.
Purification and Properties of the Flavine-Stimulated Anaerobic l-α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli

The anaerobic l-α-glycerophosphate (l-α-GP) dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli was purified approximately 40-fold. The activity of the dehydrogenase, although not affected by the addition of pyridine nucleotides, was stimulated three- to fourfold by flavine adenine dinucleotide (Km about 10−7m) and up to 10-fold by flavine mononucleotide (Km about 10−4m). Maximal activity of the enzyme was found only in the combined presence of saturating concentrations of both flavines (stimulation by a factor of 10 to 15). The dependence of the rate of the reaction on the concentration of l-α-GP was complex in the presence of both flavines, but in the presence of flavine adenine dinucleotide alone the kinetics were of the Michaelis-Menten type with the Km for l-α-GP being about 10−4m. The product of the reaction was identified as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and the molecular weight of the dehydrogenase was estimated to be 80,000 ± 10,000. Phenazine methosulfate, menadione and ferricyanide served as artificial acceptors for the dehydrogenase. The enzyme was sensitive to iodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and N-ethymaleimide.
Protein acetylation and histone deacetylase expression associated with malignant breast cancer progression.

Purpose: Excess histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity can induce hypoacetylation of histone and nonhistone protein substrates, altering gene expression patterns and cell behavior potentially associated with malignant transformation. However, HDAC expression and protein acetylation have not been studied in the context of breast cancer progression. Experimental Design: We assessed expression levels of acetylated histone H4 (ac-H4), ac-H4K12, ac-tubulin, HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC6 in 22 reduction mammoplasties and in 58 specimens with synchronous normal epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) components. Differences among groups were tested for significance using nonparametric tests. Results: From normal epithelium to DCIS, there was a marked reduction in histone acetylation ( P Conclusion: Overall, there was a global pattern of hypoacetylation associated with progression from normal to DCIS to IDC. These findings suggest that the reversal of this hypoacetylation in DCIS and IDC could be an early measure of HDAC inhibitor activity.
The structural basis of recognition and removal of cellular mRNA 7-methyl G 'caps' by a viral capsid protein: a unique viral response to host defense.

The single segment, double-stranded RNA genome of the L-A virus (L-A) of yeast encodes two proteins: the major coat protein Gag (76 kDa) and the Gag–Pol fusion protein (180 kDa). The icosahedral L-A capsid is formed by 120 copies of Gag and has architecture similar to that seen in the reovirus, blue tongue virus and rice dwarf virus inner protein shells. Gag chemically removes the m7GMP caps from host cellular mRNAs. Previously we identified a trench on the outer surface of Gag that included His154, to which caps are covalently attached. Here we report the refined L-A coordinates at 3.4 A resolution with additional structural features and the structure of L-A with bound m7GDP at 6.5 A resolution, which shows the conformational change of the virus upon ligand binding. Based on site-directed mutations, residues in or adjacent to the trench that are essential (or dispensable) for the decapping reaction are described here. Along with His154, the reaction requires a cluster of positive charge adjoining the trench and residues Tyr 452, Tyr150 and either Tyr or Phe at position 538. A tentative mechanism for decapping is proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PDAFAI vs. PDAFAIwTS: TNO blind dataset and SEABAR '07

Underwater targets in multistatic active sensor fields using the Probabilistic Data Association Filter with Amplitude Information (PDAFAI). Target strength distributions as a function of aspect of expected targets are used to develop a new characterization of the signal-plus-noise probability density function that can account for knowledge of a target's aspect as a track develops or for the lack of such knowledge for newly created tracks. These density functions are then used in the amplitude likelihood ratio to provide more accurate data association.
Understanding Peer-level Performance in BitTorrent: A Measurement Study

The observed performance by individual peers in BitTorrent can be simply measured by their average download rate. While it is often stated that the observed peer-level performance by BitTorrent clients is high, it is difficult to accurately verify this claim due to the large scale, distributed and dynamic nature of this P2P system. To provide a "representative" characterization of peer-level performance in BitTorrent, the following two important questions should be addressed: (i) What is the distribution of observed performance among participating peers in a torrent? (ii) What are the primary peer-or group-level properties that determine observed performance by individual peers? In this paper, we conduct a measurement study to tackle these two questions. Toward this end, we derive observed performance for nearly all participating peers along with their main peer-and (peer-view of) group-level properties in three different torrents. Our results show that the probability of experiencing certain level of performance has a roughly uniform distribution across the entire range of observed values. Furthermore, while the performance of each peer has the highest correlation with its outgoing bandwidth, there is no dominant peer-and group-level property that primarily determines the observed performance by the majority of peers.
Indefinite Metric Fields and the Renormalization Group

We derive the renormalization-group equations for the Green's functions of an indefinite-metric field theory. In these equations we retain the mass dependence of the coefficient functions, since in the indefinite-metric theories the masses cannot be neglected. The behavior of the effective coupling constant in the asymptotic and infrared limits is analyzed. We illustrate the analysis by means of a simple model incorporating indefinitemetric fields. The model scales at first order, and at this order also the effective coupling constant has both ultraviolet and infrared fixed points, the former being the bare coupling constant.
DYNAMICS OF REPRODUCTIVE ALLOCATION FROM JUVENILE AND ADULT FEEDING: RADIOTRACER STUDIES

Nutrients used in reproduction may come from adult feeding or reserves stored from the juvenile stage. The dynamics of allocation from these sources are predicted to differ among nutrient types, depending on the relative availability of each nutrient type from adult and juvenile feeding. Using radiotracer techniques, I examined reproductive allocation of glucose and amino acids from adult and juvenile sources in two nymphalid butterflies, Euphydryas editha and Speyeria mormonia. The species used were intermediate in expected importance of adult nutrients to egg production, with abundant carbohydrates but few nitrogenous compounds available from the adult diet. As predicted, for compounds abundantly available in the adult diet, incoming nutrients were used in preference to stored nutrients. For compounds present in low amounts in the adult diet, juvenile reserves were used throughout adult life, although adult sources were used if available. Nutrients received by the female from the male at mating, although expected to be treated as stored reserves, were immediately used in egg production. Thus, restriction of adult or juvenile feeding may cause different nutrient types (e.g., carbohydrates, nitrogenous compounds) to become limiting to reproduction. These results are consistent with earlier allocation studies examining age-specific changes in body mass and reproductive effort, and the effects on fecundity of quantitative adult food reduction. The work has implications for understanding the evolution of nutrient types donated by males to females, the effects of a holometabolous lifestyle on age-specific fecundity, and the effects of using stored reserves vs. income in reproduction. The present results allow further predictions concerning effects of food supply perturbation on fecundity and, hence, population dynamics, and suggest ways in which species and individuals will differ in sensitivity to those perturbations.
The Competent Student

The question asked in this paper, “What do students need to know in order to participate effectively in the classroom?” is answered in terms of the synchronization of students' behavior with interactional contexts and the interactional work in the display of academic knowledge, where “social contexts” consist of mutually ratified and constructed environments, and “competence for interaction” is assembled in concert with others. Teachers and students are shown to contribute cooperatively to the social organization of classroom events. This conception of mutual engagement is used to recommend substitution of mutually constitutive, reflexive conceptions for autonomous, undirectional conceptions, in theories of socialization.
Growth of cell-wall-deficient variants of Enterobacter cloacae facilitates β-lactamase derepressed mutants

Abstract The degree to which cell-wall-deficient bacteria (CWDB) are involved in the generation of β-lactamase derepressed mutants (DM) was measured using Enterobacter cloacae 3624. The frequency of DM in non-permissive isotonic ticarcillin medium was compared with their frequency in hypertonic ticarcillin medium that supports CWDB growth. DM were resistant to extended spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins and had a basal β-lactamase activity of >300 units/mg protein. Anaerobic growth of CWDB increased the relative risk of DM 2×10 6 -fold. Aerobic incubation produced fewer CWDB colonies but the risk of DM was still increased 400-fold over non-permissive controls. These results define a new role for CWDB as intermediaries in the emergence of resistance.
Use of Barley in Laying Hen Diets

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of Leghorn hens fed two barley cultivars, Morex and Glenn (Experiment 1), and a high protein (Experiment 2) feed grade barley (HPB). In Experiment 1 isonitrogenous and isocaloric barley diets were formulated to replace 17, 33, 50, 67, 83, and 100% of corn and fed to hens from 20 through 36 wk of age. Egg production and egg weights from hens fed barley diets were similar and equivalent to those of hens on the corn diet. Values for feed utilization (FU) in grams of feed per gram egg mass for Morex barley, Glenn barley, and corn diets were 2.68, 2.64, and 2.36 and for feed consumption in grams of feed per day were 116.48, 115.26, and 106.23, respectively. In Experiment 2 the HPB diets were formulated to replace all corn with equivalent protein content (15% CP) and differences in ME content, lysine, and methionine levels. The HPB-soybean control diet (HPB-SBM) contained 6% tallow and 2,605 kcal ME/kg diet. These diets were fed to layers from 36 through 64 wk of age. Egg weights were significantly (P
Flexible software protection using hardware/software codesign techniques

A strong level of trust in the software running on an embedded processor is a prerequisite for its widespread deployment in any high-risk system. The expanding field of software protection attempts to address the key steps used by hackers in attacking a software system. In this paper we present an efficient and tunable approach to some problems in embedded software protection that utilizes a hardware/software codesign methodology. By coupling our protective compiler techniques with reconfigurable hardware support, we allow for a greater flexibility of placement on the security-performance spectrum than previously proposed mainly-hardware or software approaches. Results show that for most of our benchmarks, the average performance penalty of our approach is less than 20%, and that this number can be greatly improved upon with the proper utilization of compiler and architectural optimizations.
Aortic regurgitation in Takayasu’s arteritis

A 27-year-old woman was found to have a small pulsatile swelling in the left side of her neck on routine physical examination. Her exam was otherwise notable for asymmetric arm pulses and blood pressures (left = 155/70, right = 85/40). Auscultation revealed bilateral systolic neck bruits and an early diastolic decrescendo-murmur heard loudest over the lower left sternal edge. Her echocardiogram showed moderate-to-severe aortic regurgitation with preserved ventricular size and function (Figure …
Architecture Support for Improving Bulk Memory Copying and Initialization Performance

Bulk memory copying and initialization is one of the most ubiquitous operations performed in current computer systems by both user applications and Operating Systems. While many current systems rely on a loop of loads and stores, there are proposals to introduce a single instruction to perform bulk memory copying. While such an instruction can improve performance due to generating fewer TLB and cache accesses, and requiring fewer pipeline resources, in this paper we show that the key to significantly improving the performance is removing pipeline and cache bottlenecks of the code that follows the instructions. We show that the bottlenecks arise due to (1) the pipeline clogged by the copying instruction, (2) lengthened critical path due to dependent instructions stalling while waiting for the copying to complete, and (3) the inability to specify (separately) the cacheability of the source and destination regions. We propose FastBCI, an architecture support that achieves the granularity efficiency of a bulk copying/ initialization instruction, but without its pipeline and cache bottlenecks. When applied to OS kernel buffer management, we show that on average FastBCI achieves anywhere between 23% to 32% speedup ratios, which is roughly 3x-4x of an alternative scheme, and 1.5x-2x of a highly optimistic DMA with zero setup and interrupt overheads.
GPR92 as a new G12/13- and Gq-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptor that increases cAMP, LPA5.

The signaling effects of lysophospholipids such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). There are currently four LPA receptors known as LPA1–4. Genetic deletion studies have identified essential biological functions for LPA receptors in mice. However, these studies have also revealed phenotypes consistent with the existence of as yet unidentified receptors. Toward identifying new LPA receptors, we have screened collections of GPCR cDNAs using reverse transfection and cell-based assays. Here we report an interim result of one screen to identify receptors that produced LPA-dependent changes in cell shape: the orphan receptor GPR92 has properties of a new LPA receptor. Sequence analyses of human GPR92 and its mouse homolog have ∼35% amino acid identity with LPA4/GPR23. The same cell-based approaches that were used to identify and/or characterize LPA1–4, particularly heterologous expression in B103 cells or RH7777 cells, were utilized and compared with known LPA receptors. Retroviral-mediated expression of epitope-tagged receptors was further combined with G protein minigenes and pharmacological intervention, along with calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. LPA-dependent receptor internalization following exposure to LPA but not related lysophospholipids was observed. Furthermore, LPA induced concentration-dependent activation of G12/13 and Gq and increased cAMP levels. Specific [3H]LPA binding was detected in cell membranes heterologously expressing GPR92 but not control membranes. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR studies indicated a broad low level of expression in many tissues including embryonic brain and enrichment in small intestine and sensory dorsal root ganglia, as well as embryonic stem cells. These results support GPR92 as a fifth LPA receptor, LPA5, which likely has distinct physiological functions in view of its expression pattern.
Online social networks in a post-Soviet state: how Hungarians protect and share on Facebook

As Facebook has become global, users from different cultural and socio-political contexts have joined the site. We present a case study investigating how both current and historical political events, as well as the migration from a local social networking site to Facebook, impact Hungarians' privacy attitudes on Facebook. We report the results of 19 semi-structured interviews of Hungarian Facebook users, focused on behaviors, motivations, and attitudes.Our results uncover a stark generation gap in Facebook privacy attitudes, with the youngest generation expressing little concern about personal information or intimate photos, whereas users older than 30 explain that they and their peers rarely share information on Facebook. Members of all age groups agree that political opinions should be kept off Facebook, but the motivating factors differ between generations. We also highlight how users' dissatisfaction with iWiW, the local social network, can be contrasted with the high degree of trust they have in Facebook.
Chief Nursing Officer Turnover: An Analysis of the Literature

The complexity of care, increased cost pressures, nursing shortage, competition for experienced nurses, and focus on "never events" are some of the challenges faced by chief nursing officers (CNOs). The CNO is the executive leader for the largest and most influential group of professionals in most health care organizations. He or she can provide transformational changes that are needed to address issues such as those cited in the opening sentence. For this reason an in-depth literature review was performed to summarize key findings and factors that contribute to the high CNO turnover. The results of this review can be used as the basis for planning strategies to assist new and current CNOs in their development to reverse this turnover trend.
Experiences with the MacTester in computer science and engineering education

Teaching students the complete process of circuit design, simulation, implementation, test and debug is a daunting task. Even though design description tools and circuit compilers have kept up with the increasing levels of integration found in current implementation media such as FPGAs and microcontrollers, it has become increasingly difficult for students to test and debug the complex hardware projects enabled by these modern tools and devices. In this paper we describe an inexpensive digital circuit testing environment that greatly simplifies the test and debug experience. This environment, consisting of the tester hardware and its corresponding software, enables students to experience the challenges of testing and debugging without the expense of costly commercial hardware testers or the drudgery of setting up ad hoc hardware test jigs. The MacTester has been in use in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington for three years in both undergraduate and graduate hardware design courses as sell as independent study and research projects.
LXXIX.—An extinct Cane-Rat (Thryonomys logani, sp. n.) from the Central Sahara

(1930). LXXIX.—An extinct Cane-Rat (Thryonomys logani, sp. n.) from the Central Sahara. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 6, No. 36, pp. 687-690.
Gradient descent with sparsification: an iterative algorithm for sparse recovery with restricted isometry property

We present an algorithm for finding an s-sparse vector x that minimizes the square-error ∥y -- Φx∥2 where Φ satisfies the restricted isometry property (RIP), with isometric constant δ2s 1 and Hs sets all but s largest magnitude coordinates to zero. GraDeS converges to the correct solution in constant number of iterations. The condition δ2s
Space-time: Arena or illusion?

This paper develops a framework which allows us to treat the topology and dimension of the space-time continuum as dynamically generated. We present examples of quantum systems which are defined without a notion of space, but which nevertheless undergo a transition to a space-time phase. The dimension of the space is an integer-valued order parameter which characterizes distinct phases of a single system. We also show the interactions between the low-energy particles of the system are gaugelike. Finally, we discuss the computability of Newton's constant in this class of theories.
Perceptual and acoustic analysis of speech intelligibility in Mandarin-speaking young adults with cerebral palsy

This research investigated the relationship between specific acoustic features and perceptual judgements of speech intelligibility for utterances produced by 20 Mandarin-speaking young adults with cerebral palsy. Minimal phonetic contrasts were used to assess the relationship between acoustic features and intelligibility. Selected phonetic contrasts included two vowel contrasts (vowels differed in height and frontness) and four consonant contrasts (consonants differed on aspiration-unaspiration, affricate-fricative, stop-nasal, and place of stop articulation dimensions). Perceptual judgements from both item identification and scaling tasks reflected the diversity of speech intelligibility among these young adults with cerebral palsy. Individual phonetic contrasts correlated well with overall intelligibility; however, a multiple regression analysis revealed that aspirationunaspiration, affricate-fricative and vowel frontness contrasts accounted for 99% of the variance in judgements of intelligibility. Seve...
On Transductive Regression

In many modern large-scale learning applications, the amount of unlabeled data far exceeds that of labeled data. A common instance of this problem is the transductive setting where the unlabeled test points are known to the learning algorithm. This paper presents a study of regression problems in that setting. It presents explicit VC-dimension error bounds for transductive regression that hold for all bounded loss functions and coincide with the tight classification bounds of Vapnik when applied to classification. It also presents a new transductive regression algorithm inspired by our bound that admits a primal and kernelized closed-form solution and deals efficiently with large amounts of unlabeled data. The algorithm exploits the position of unlabeled points to locally estimate their labels and then uses a global optimization to ensure robust predictions. Our study also includes the results of experiments with several publicly available regression data sets with up to 20,000 unlabeled examples. The comparison with other transductive regression algorithms shows that it performs well and that it can scale to large data sets.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Automobile Brand Preferences

We document a strong correlation in the brand of automobile chosen by parents and their adult children, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. This correlation could represent transmission of brand preferences across generations, or it could result from correlation in family characteristics that determine brand choice. We present a variety of empirical specifications that lend support to the former interpretation and to a mechanism that relies at least in part on state dependence. We then discuss implications of intergenerational brand preference transmission for automakers’ product-line strategies and for the strategic pricing of vehicles to different age groups.
Gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen der Hyperinflation in Argentinien

Rund 40 Jahre lang war Argentiniens wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftlich-politische Entwicklung durch eine anhaltende, sich steigernde Geldentwertung gepragt. Zwischen 1950 und 1970 betrug die durchschnittliche jahrliche Inflationsrate 25%. In den darauf folgenden 15 Jahren, also von 1975–1990, erhohte sie sich auf einen Jahresdurchschnitt von 300%; obwohl sich hinter diesem Durchschnittswert erhebliche Schwankungen verbargen, lag die Inflationsrate in keinem Jahr unter 100%. Besonders dramatisch wurde die Situation Mitte des Jahres 1989 und erneut zum Jahreswechsel. In diesen Monaten der Hyperinflation erreichte die Inflation monatliche Durchschnittswerte von 75–200%. Anschliesend flachte die Inflationskurve dank dem Stabilisierungsprogramm der neu gewahlten Regierung Menem rasch ab. Im Jahr 1995 lag sie bei unter 5%.
Readability of Invasive Procedure Consent Forms.

Background Informed consent is a pillar of ethical medicine which requires patients to fully comprehend relevant issues including the risks, benefits, and alternatives of an intervention. Given the average reading skill of US adults is at the 8th grade level, the American Medical Association (AMA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend patient information materials should not exceed a 6th grade reading level. We hypothesized that text provided in invasive procedure consent forms would exceed recommended readability guidelines for medical information. Materials and methods To test this hypothesis, we gathered procedure consent forms from all surgical inpatient hospitals in the state of Rhode Island. For each consent form, readability analysis was measured with the following measures: Flesch Reading Ease Formula, Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Fog Scale, SMOG Index, Coleman–Liau Index, Automated Readability Index, and Linsear Write Formula. These readability scores were used to calculate a composite Text Readability Consensus Grade Level. Results Invasive procedure consent forms were found to be written at an average of 15th grade level (i.e., third year of college), which is significantly higher than the average US adult reading level of 8th grade (p < 0.0001) and the AMA/NIH recommended readability guidelines for patient materials of 6th grade (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Invasive procedure consent forms have readability levels which makes comprehension difficult or impossible for many patients. Efforts to improve the readability of procedural consent forms should improve patient understanding regarding their healthcare decisions.
Cardiac Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency Occurs During Late Postnatal Development in Progeny of Copper-Deficient Rats

Although cytochrome-c oxidase (CCO) is a copper-dependent enzyme, the effect of maternal copper deficiency on the expression of CCO activity during postnatal development of the neonatal rat heart has not been investigated extensively. Here, we show that CCO activity in heart mitochondria isolated from neonates of copper-deficient dams did not exhibit significant reductions until postnatal days (PND) 15 and 21. In addition, immunoblot analysis indicated that the CCO subunit (Cox-1) was reduced on postnatal Days 10 and 21, and that Cox-4 was reduced on PND 21 in heart mitochondria of the neonates from copper-deficient dams. These findings indicate that the impairment of CCO activity in neonatal heart by maternal copper deficiency occurs late in the postnatal heart development. Furthermore, the concurrent reductions in Cox-1 and Cox-4 suggest that the impaired CCO activity reflects a CCO deficiency in heart mitochondria. CCO activity and Cox-1 in heart mitochondria were not fully restored by 6 weeks of postweaning copper repletion in the pups of copper-deficient dams. This indicates that prolonged maternal intake of moderately low dietary copper produces CCO deficiency in cardiac mitochondria of neonates during late postnatal heart development, after terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes occurs. The resistance of CCO deficiency to repair by dietary copper supplementation may be related to the relatively slow turnover of the affected mitochondria in the terminally differentiated heart.
Intelligent decision support system for home energy retrofit adoption

Abstract Despite the well-established benefits of home energy retrofits (HER), its adoption has faced huge challenges. Though homeowners typically depend on energy practitioners for HER advice, previous work by the researchers has identified the inadequateness of such information as a barrier. Using an earlier developed information model, an energy retrofit intelligent decision support system (ERIDSS), that integrates expert knowledge with quantitative information to provide homeowners with accurate information for decision-making, was developed. This paper identifies the key components of the proposed ERIDSS, develops rules for relevant energy retrofit expert knowledge to be employed in the knowledge-based system of the proposed ERIDSS, develops the ERIDSS for decision-making for home energy retrofits, and demonstrates the application of the ERIDSS using a pilot system on two test homes. The quantitative information was obtained from published sources and the U.S. Department of Energy’s cost database, and the expert knowledge was obtained through the application of the modified Delphi technique and job shadowing of energy auditors and retrofit contractors. The research contributes to improving the adoption of energy retrofits by homeowners, assisting industry practitioners with the corroboration of knowledge/information they provide to homeowners in order to reduce homeowner bias, providing a good understanding of available implicit domain knowledge through the development of six knowledge-based modules, and the development of a system and approach that may be replicated in other domains.
Hemoglobin Andrew-Minneapolis αA2β144 Lys → Asn2: A New High-Oxygen-Affinity Mutant Human Hemoglobin

The functional properties and primary structure of a new β-chain mutant of human hemoglobin are described. The mutant was transmitted as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Affected members of the kindred exhibited marked erythrocytosis due to the high oxygen affinity of the resultant hemoglobin. The abnormality is associated with a substitution of an asparaginyl residue for lysine in the 144 position of the β-chain, αA2β144Lys→Asn2, presumably due to an AAA/G to AAA/U transversion. The mutant hemoglobin displayed a profound increase in oxygen affinity, with a P50 of the fresh whole blood of 14 mm Hg. The isolated mutant hemoglobin exhibited near normal heme—heme interaction, a half-normal Bohr effect, and normal reactivity with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.