cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enchantment and Understanding in Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials: Advancing Cognition Through Literature

This article explores the relationship between enchantment and understanding in children’s literature, where literary enchantment is not only an experience in which words entrance and mesmerize, eradicating the boundaries of ordinary perception, but also one that advances the reader’s cognition. Focusing on Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, I demonstrate how Pullman facilitates Lyra’s, as well as the reader’s, enchantment, and how enchantment serves as the catalyst for intellectual engagement, in and beyond the trilogy. Ultimately, as classrooms continue to emphasize informational texts, I argue that highlighting how literature advances students’ cognition—often in ways that transcend what state assessments currently measure—is a necessary addition to schools’ information-based reading efforts. The genre of children’s literature is replete with texts that facilitate both reading for pleasure and reading for understanding, and when combined with illuminative instruction, these works are irreplaceable tools for pushing students’ thinking, in and beyond the classroom.
Reduction of OsMPK6 activity by a R89K mutation induces cell death and bacterial blight resistance in rice

The R89 is essential for the kinase activity of OsMPK6 which negatively regulates cell death and defense response in rice. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade plays critical roles in various vital activities, including the plant immune response, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identified and characterized a rice lesion mimic mutant osmpk6 which displayed hypersensitive response-like lesions in company with cell death and hydrogen peroxide hyperaccumulation. Map-based cloning and complementation demonstrated that a G702A single-base substitution in the second exon of OsMPK6 led to the lesion mimic phenotype of the osmpk6 mutant. OsMPK6 encodes a cytoplasm and nucleus-targeted mitogen-activated protein kinase and is expressed in the various organs. Compared with wild type, the osmpk6 mutant exhibited high resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), likely due to the increased ROS production induced by flg22 and chitin and up-regulated expression of genes involved in pathogenesis, as well as activation of SA and JA signaling pathways after inoculation. By contrast, the OsMPK6-overexpression line (OE-1) was found to be susceptible to the bacterial pathogens, indicating that OsMPK6 negatively regulated Xoo resistance. Furthermore, the G702A single-base substitution caused a R89K mutation at both polypeptide substrate-binding site and active site of OsMPK6, and kinase activity assay revealed that the R89K mutation led to reduction of OsMPK6 activity, suggesting that the R89 is essential for the function of OsMPK6. Our findings provide insight into a vital role of the R89 of OsMPK6 in regulating cell death and defense response in rice.
The COVID-19 Pandemic One Year On: Finding Balance Between Privacy and Public Health (preprint)

During the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders and social distancing requirements limited the possibility of safe and lawful in-person interactions for over a year. Many people in the United States responded to these circumstances by resisting challenges to their sense of decisional privacy – “non-interference in one's decisions and actions.” Instead, they chose to relinquish some data privacy by sharing both new and existing types of data about themselves in efforts to enjoy the simulacrum of human contact. Use of digital services that helped approximate in-person interactions increased dramatically. Video conferencing features in Zoom and dating apps, for example, collected new types of data about people and offered novel means by which information once exchanged primarily in person could be collected, processed, and stored. Privacy and data protection jurisprudence has helped address the circumstances where an individual’s privacy interests may have been compromised. An overview of the privacy litigation involving Zoom (Part II) provides an illustrative example of some of the privacy consequences of the pandemic. Many people have been very reluctant to share data in more collective efforts at fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Attempts at adding a digital layer to activities traditionally perceived to be data-light met strong resistance (Parts III and IV). Decisional privacy and data privacy are compromised when some combination of infection, vaccination, location, and demographic data are aggregated, processed, and shared. Discussions of the limited successes of tracking apps and policies related to the administration of COVID-19 vaccine show that privacy interests during the pandemic may have trumped public health concerns.
Management of Oroantral Fistula and other Sinus-Related Complications

Summary Perforation of the maxillary sinus during dentoalveolar surgery is a relatively common occurrence. Most of these communications close spontaneously if the sinus is healthy However, the presence of preexisting sinus infection or the introduction of a foreign body through the opening can lead to formation of an oroantral fistula. The successful management of such cases depends on elimination of infection, removal of the foreign body, when present, and closure of the fistula with a well-vascularized flap that is not under tension and that places the suture line on solid bone. Many procedures that fulfill these criteria have been described, and the surgeon should select the simplest method that suits the clinical situation.
Engineering fluid dynamics : an interdisciplinary systems approach

This text provides a thorough treatment of the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and convection heat transfer and shows how to apply the principles to a wide variety of fluid flow problems. The book is intended for use by final year undergraduate and beginning graduate students in engineering. The focus is on incompressible viscous flows with special applications to non-Newtonian fluid flows, turbulent flows, and free-forced convection flows. A special feature of the text is its coverage of generalised mass, momentum, and heat transfer equations, cartesian tensor manipulations, scale analyses, mathematical modelling techniques and practical solution methods. The final chapter is unique in its case-study approach, applying general modelling principles to analyse non-isothermal flow systems found in a wide range of engineering disciplines. Numerous end-of-chapter sample problem solutions, homework assignments, and mathematical aids are provided to enhance the reader's understanding and problem-solving skills.
Kokopelli: The Making of an Icon

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Ekkehart Malotki Year: 2000 Pages: xvi + 161 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press Prices: 35
Lipids and adipokines as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease

To determine if measures of adipokines and other blood lipids differentiate between normal controls and persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examined levels of leptin, adiponectin, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), calculated low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides and apolipoprotein E allele status in 148 early AD subjects and 198 normal controls. We were unable to demonstrate a significant difference between leptin and adiponectin levels between normal controls and AD subjects. We were able to confirm observations of lower HDL and higher total and LDL cholesterol concentration in AD subjects than in controls. As expected, the presence of the apolipoprotein E4 allele distinguished between the two groups.
Government 3.0

On June 5, 2009, the Silicon Flatirons Center brought together academics, venture capitalists, lawyers and entrepreneurs to discuss government implementation of Web 2.0 technologies. The discussion addressed using Web 2.0 technologies to increase government transparency and efficiency, as well as to facilitate citizen involvement in government decision-making. Turning to the institutional incentives that drive government behavior and change, the group discussed how best to successfully implement these technologies.
Agency Cost Problems in Executive Compensation: An Evaluation of Dividend Equivalent Rights on Restricted Stocks

Some authors argue that the integration of stock options as well as restricted stocks into executive compensation may reduce the conflicts between shareholders and management but may at the same time give rise to other agency problems connected to debt. While this line of argument may hold some merit, the structure of executive compensation packages, has over the years, focused less on stock options and more on restricted stocks. A classic example of this trend is Microsoft, who in 2003, switched from using stock options to restricted stock.Compensating executives through restricted stocks has recently come under scrutiny due to the fact that some of these executives receive dividend equivalents on restricted stocks even before the vesting period. One recent example of a company that has received such criticism is CA. Inc. CA’s executives received as much as $19,530 apiece on dividend equivalents from stock that they do not own. The relevant question that follows is whether executives are extracting additional compensation from shareholders using dividend equivalents or are dividend equivalents appropriate incentives to executives.This paper will examine the concept of restricted stocks as part of executive compensation and the motivation of companies in using this compensation policy to address the agency costs problem. I will also examine practical examples of CEO’s who have received dividend equivalent payments on restricted stocks, variations of corporate treatment of dividend equivalent rights and the motivation of some companies who chose to defer payment on dividend equivalents until an executive earns the shares.This paper will further examine, whether there are agency cost benefits of dividend equivalent rights, which merit a strong case for its use. I conclude that there are a quite a number of significant agency cost benefits of dividend equivalent rights, one of which includes the fact that it helps executives focus on, and rewards them for managing the business to produce cash that is capable of being distributed to shareholders in the form of a dividend.I will also look at some of the criticisms that have been asserted by shareholder activist groups as to how dividend equivalent rights reduce firm value, increase agency costs, and fails to achieve the objectives of adopting restricted stocks as a performance enhancing compensation package. I will describe the criticisms with a view to determining the basis of the criticisms and I conclude that while the criticisms are well founded, calling for complete elimination of dividend equivalent rights is not an appropriate solution to the agency cost problem. Finally, I will put forward my recommendations for policy reforms.
Yeast Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and General Characteristics

Yeast membrane vesicles are formed when packed yeast are ground manually in a porcelain mortar and pestle with glass beads (0.2 mm diameter). These vesicles can be separated from the other components of the grinding mixture by a combination of centrifugation steps and elution from a column of the same glass beads (0.2 mm diameter). Isolated vesicles are osmotically sensitive, contain cytoplasmic components, and have energy-independent transport function. They are unable to metabolize glucose, but have respiratory function which is thought to be associated with intravesicular mitochondria. Invertase and oligomycin-insensitive adenosine triphosphatase are present in lysed vesicle preparations, and the appropriateness of these enzyme activities as membrane markers is discussed.
Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia: A Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Pathogen

Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia is emerging as a multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. In general, the organism is opportunistic, colonizing or infecting patients with predisposing risk factors such intensive care unit residence, malignancy, mechanical ventilation, and previous antibiotic exposure. It can cause a variety of infections depending on underlying patient-specific medical conditions. It is often part of multimicrobial infections, and determining its role as a pathogen is difficult. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has traditionally been the most active agent against S. maltophilia. Other classes of antibiotics, with few exceptions, have not been effective. Synergistic antimicrobial combinations are now being investigated due to the bacteriostatic nature of TMP-SMX, and increasing reports of resistance to TMP-SMX. The combination of ticarcillin-clavulanate plus TMP-SMX appears to be the most promising regimen studied thus far.
Coulomb mixing of isospin states: (II). Nucleon-nucleon potentials and the centroid energy for Coulomb mixing

Abstract The average or centroid energy of the states into which an analog state mixes via the charge dependent Coulomb force is calculated. The calculation is based on the minimal assumption of the constancy of the density of nuclear matter inside a sphere. With this assumption, the kinetic and potential energy contributions to this average energy are given. The kinetic contribution is a multiple of the uncertainty energy of a nucleon confined to this sphere. The average potential energy term is shown to involve the fluctuations, propagated by the nuclear force, in the Coulomb field at a point. The potential energy is then calculated for the phenomenological Hamada-Johnston force for both central and tensor components. The contribution to this energy from a one-pion-exchange potential and from one-boson-exchange potentials are also discussed. The average potential energy of the states coupled to the analog is found to be much smaller than the average kinetic energy in these states. The reasons for the small potential contribution are discussed in detail.
Filamentous bacterial viruses: III. Physical and chemical characterization of the If1 virion

Abstract Some structural parameters of the If1 virion have been measured. The DNA is a single-stranded circle, 1.5 times larger than fd DNA, with one molecule of If1 DNA per virion. Self-complementary regions in If1 DNA are indicated. There are three or four molecules of the minor coat protein (A-protein) per virion in both If1 and fd. The amino acid composition of the If1 major coat protein (B-protein) is similar to that of fd B-protein.
Numerical studies of the dynamic isentropic loading of solid molecular hydrogen

Barker, et al [1,2], have proposed a dynamic technique for isentropically compressing solid molecular hydrogen specimens to multi-megabar pressures. The reason for introducing a dynamic technique is to explore the equation of state (EOS) in the region where the theoretical metal-insulator transition might occur. Because of the many novel features of this experimental technique, computational simulations of the experiment have been used extensively in the experimental design effort. Our purpose in the present paper is to briefly summarize important conclusions resulting from this work.
USING LONG-TERM CONSTANT-EFFORT BANDING DATA TO MONITOR POPULATION TRENDS OF MIGRATORY BIRDS: A 33-YEAR ASSESSMENT OF ADJACENT COASTAL STATIONS

Abstract. One technique for monitoring population trends of many species of migratory songbirds is to assess changes in population indices at constant-effort mist-netting stations located at sites of migration stopover. However, few studies have attempted to validate this approach. We compared long-term (1969–2001) population trends based on annual variation in capture rates at two banding stations located 30 km apart in southern Rhode Island, with one on the mainland, the other on an offshore island. Of 24 species with sufficient sample sizes, 21 species exhibited a significant linear decline at one or both stations. There was a high degree of conformity in trend-slope directions observed at each station. Annual fluctuations and trend magnitude conformed less well, although there was more concordance for nine transient species that do not breed in southern New England. At both stations trends were similar to those at a migration-monitoring station ∼95 km away in coastal Massachusetts. The trends at this ...
The translation of star schema into entity-relationship diagrams

The star schema is widely accepted as an appropriate underlying table structure for data warehouses, but enterprise data is frequently defined in terms of entity-relationship diagrams. A key issue for data warehouse designers is how to move from legacy OLTP designs into the star schema. In this paper, we examine the semantics and constraints of the star schema in some of its different forms and translate them into analogous ERDs. These different forms include the simple, multi-star and snowflaked star schema, and several variations on facts and dimensions, such as multiple fact and outboard dimension tables. We outline transformation rules for each case and show a series of examples. These heuristics will be useful in mapping and maintaining consistency between OLTP databases and data warehouses.
Some Instruments and Techniques for Measurements of Tidal Tilt

The U.S. Geological Survey has operated continuously recording long-base liquid-level tiltmeters for several years at two locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. The meters are capable of resolving 10~8 rad and exhibit long-term drifts of about 1.5 urad/year. Since these instruments require elaborate vaults for their operation, we have developed a simple pendulum tiltmeter of a geometry suitable for operation in a shallow borehole for measurements at similar sensitivities. Techniques developed for emplacement of instruments in boreholes seem satisfactory, but early results indicate that such sites must be selected with great care and attention to local geology. Sample data presented include plots of output from the long-base instruments and of the pendulum.
Circuit Simulation Of Three-Dimensional Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Device Structures In Beam-Recrystallized Polysilicon Films

Some new device structures are proposed in which a set of folding and rotation operations is used to transform planar MOSFET device configurations into three-dimensional structures in beam-recrystallized polysilicon films. Some of the resulting devices use both sides of a recrystallized film for MOSFET device fabrication, while others use a single gate to modulate the surfaces of two separate films simultaneously. Preliminary circuit simulations have been performed to study the speed and yield possibilities of several basic-circuits.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Consumer Acceptance of Threatening Warnings in the Residential Environment

In the course of designing warnings a manufacturer of residential swimming pools, American Institutes for Research (AIR) conducted several surveys of potential pool users to determine whether threatening (i.e. morbid, disturbing, or fear-arousing) or non-threatening warnings were more appropriate for the residential environment. This study focused on determining (1) how effective both types of warnings would be in preventing serious pool injuries and (2) the likelihood that a pool owner would post the warnings. The warnings addressed the two major swimming pool hazards, as determined by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) statistics: (1) diving accidents involving teenage males and (2) drowning accidents involving children under the age of 5 years. We conducted an initial survey of 15 potential pool users to assess the pool manufacturer's existing warnings. Then we surveyed 27 potential pool users to determine their preferences from several design alternatives. Finally, we validated compr...
Impact of Comorbidity on Fatigue Management Intervention Outcomes Among People with Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Investigation

This exploratory secondary analysis examined whether the presence of six chronic health conditions moderated the effectiveness of a teleconference-delivered fatigue self-management education progra...
Recombinant erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity: Is it beneficial?

Abstract Premature infants experience significant phlebotomy losses in the first few weeks of life. Additionally, there is a postnatal suppression of hematopoiesis after birth that causes lower hemoglobin values. These values drop lower and remain low for a longer period of time in premature infants. These factors typically result in a need for multiple blood transfusions. Because low plasma erythropoietin levels are present in anemia of prematurity, it has been theorized that enhancing erythropoiesis with recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) would reduce the need for transfusions. Clinical trials have demonstrated significantly higher hematocrits and reticulocyte counts with the administration of rhEPO, but these trials have not documented a reduction in the number of transfusions. However, studies have suggested a decreased need for transfusions after a period of time in extremely low birth weight infants. Thus, while the routine administration of rhEPO for premature infants cannot be justified, studies have raised several questions for further investigation.
Effects of testosterone on histochemical reactions of epithelium of hamster ductus epididymidis and seminal vesicle

Histochemical changes in hamster epididymides and seminal vesicles were studied in non-treated controls; non-treated castrates allowed to live for 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after gonadectomy; castrates injected daily with graded doses of testosterone propionate for 20 days (0, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 400 μg); and castrates receiving 150 μg testosterone propionate for 2, 5, 10 and 20 days. Histochemical procedures included the periodic acid-Schiff method, toluidine blue, Sudan black B and oil red O techniques and a phospholipid procedure. In addition, statistical methods were used to evaluate seminal vesicle response. The histochemistry of the hamster epididymis and seminal vesicle is similar to that described for the rat, mouse and rabbit. The rapid regression of the epididymal epithelium is also comparable to that reported in the rat. In contrast, the major alteration in the seminal vesicle following castration is associated with loss of secretion and not epithelial involution. Increased cellular pigmentation in the gonadectomized hamster seminal vesicle rather than cellular atrophy may be a more accurate index of the level of circulating androgen.
Filaments of the vertebrate lens.

Filaments of an average diameter of 10–12 nm have been identified in the eye lens fibre cells of representative species of each vertebrate order. These filaments presumably serve a cytoskeletal role in the lens fibre cells.
Automating the legal Reasoning Process: A Computer That Uses Regulations and Statutes to Draft Legal Documents

Several years ago, the American Bar Foundation initiated a modest investigation into the feasibility of designing a computer that could automate the assembly of form legal documents such as wills, trusts, complaints, and the like. The investigation has since matured into a major research effort to design an entirely new kind of computational processor. A prototype processor has now been constructed, and it is undergoing field tests to determine whether it truly fulfills the specialized needs of the legal drafter. This article briefly traces the history of the project, explaining the motivation behind it and describing the role of the participants. The article then introduces a new language—the principal result of the research effort—that may be used to draft both form documents and statutes, regulations, and other “instructions” defining how form documents are to be assembled. The new language, a subset of English, is fully comprehensible both to attorneys and to a properly designed computational processor. An attorney or paraprofessional may redraft form legal documents, statutes, and regulations in the new language and then feed them directly into the computer; no conventional programming is required. The computer asks questions couched in language taken from the forms and statutes, performs any necessary computations, and draws any necessary legal conclusions. The computer then returns client-customized legal documents ready for court filing. The article tells how the new processor may be set up to perform even the most complex drafting tasks—even complex tax-return preparation. Particular emphasis is placed on having the computer force the attorney or paraprofessional to proceed in a highly organized fashion with the development of a complex delivery system so that the computer, and not the attorney or paraprofessional, keeps track of the complex linkages between the elements of the system as it evolves. In its concluding section, the article explores the possible impact of this new technology upon the legal profession and the public, and the author expresses his view that centralized systems set up by legal specialists to support the work of numerous nonspecialists may expand the areas in which the generalist may do competent work and may enable the general practitioner to buck the current trend toward specialization.
Supermodular Stochastic Orders and Positive Dependence of Random Vectors

The supermodular and the symmetric supermodular stochastic orders have been cursorily studied in previous literature. In this paper we study these orders more thoroughly. First we obtain some basic properties of these orders. We then apply these results in order to obtain comparisons of random vectors with common values, but with different levels of multiplicity. Specifically, we show that if the vectors of the levels of multiplicity are ordered in the majorization order, then the associated random vectors are ordered in the symmetric supermodular stochastic order. In the non-symmetric case we obtain bounds (in the supermodular stochastic order sense) on such random vectors. Finally, we apply the results to problems of optimal assembly of reliability systems, of optimal allocation of minimal repair efforts, and of optimal allocation of reliability items.
Advanced techniques for interferometric synthetic aperture radar data exploitation

Recent advances in the areas of phase history processing, interferometry, and radargrammetric adjustment have made possible extremely accurate data extraction from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery data. The potential gain from interferometric exploitation is significant since accuracy of measurements can theoretically be determined to within a resolution element of wavelength dimension. A unique combination of advanced techniques is described which has made possible more accurate extraction of metric position and elevation model data from multiple pass SAR. The unique approach outlined can be implemented on conventional stereo extraction workstations with appropriate refinements. This paper addresses the accuracy achievable from repeat passes of the ERS-1 platform. Experimental results are provided.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The study of judicial decision-making as an aspect of political behavior

In a recent essay, Richard Snyder has stated that: “[A] paradox in political science is the lack … of any systematic attention to the analysis of the decision-making behavior of judges.” It is not my purpose to argue either for or against the particular frame of reference for decision-making analysis advocated by Snyder. I do believe, however, that he has correctly identified the approach—the analysis of judicial decision-making as an aspect of political behavior—which is most likely to command the focus of interest and activity of the coming generation of political scientists whose substantive concern is with the study of political problems in the area of our discipline traditionally known as public law.The concept “political behavior” remains sufficiently novel within the public law fraternity to impose something of an obligation to make clear what I have in mind in using the term. I shall borrow from David B. Truman who, in a Brookings Lecture not long ago, defined the “behavioral sciences” as “those bodies of knowledge, in whatever academic department they may be found, that provide or aspire to provide ‘verified principles’ of human behavior through the use of methods of inquiry similar to those of the natural sciences.”
Numerical simulation studies of the turbulent airflow through a shrouded airborne aerosol sampling probe and estimation of the minimum sampler transmission efficiency

Abstract In this paper, we present the results of axisymmetric, finite element-based numerical simulation studies of the turbulent airflow through a shrouded airborne aerosol sampling probe operating in a 100 m s −1 airstream at a sampling altitude of 6069 m (20000 ft) above sea level. We calculate the aspiration efficiency of the sampler and the minimum transmission efficiency of the diffuser probe by simulating the trajectories of particles in the size range 0.1–1.5 μm as they pass through the system. We compare these results with wind tunnel measurements and finite difference-based numerical simulation studies. We also estimate the minimum transmission efficiency of a shrouded probe recently tested in an aerosol wind tunnel.
Molecular aspects of glutamate receptors and sodium-calcium exchange carriers in mammalian brain: implications for neuronal development and degeneration.

N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) andl-glutamate activate membrane receptor that produce substantial permeation of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ through the neuronal membrane. These ionic fluxes are intimately linked to processes that regulate neuronal survival, growth and differentiation. Intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations are thought to be particularly important determinants of the vulnerability of neurons to excessive excitatory stimulation produced through activation of NMDA receptors. In order to understand the molecular events involved in both NMDA receptor activation and regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels, we have purified and reconstituted the protein complexes that form the NMDA/glutamate receptors in rat brain synaptic membranes and those that constitute the Na+-Ca2+ antiporters in bovine brain synaptic membranes. The molecular properties of these protein complexes are described, and information from the most recent studies of exploration of the molecular structures of these receptors and transport carriers is summarized.
ANTECEDENTS OF CEREBRAL PALSY (CP) IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS.|[utrif]| 2220

We evaluated the antecedents of CP in VLWB infants (600-1250 g) enrolled in a multicenter trial of low-dose indomethacin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in order to identify potential CP prevention strategies. Neurologic examinations were performed on 417 of the 440 survivors(95%) at 18 to 36 mos. corrected age looking for classical forms of CP. Multiple pre-, peri- and postnatal variables were recorded including the results of frequent cranial ultrasound scans obtained throughout the newborn period and interpreted by at least 2 readers. Multivariate analyses were performed. CP was found in 35 of 417 subjects (8.4%); the types were equally divided between diplegia (N=11), hemiplegia (N=12) and tetraplegia (N=12). Grades 3-4 IVH, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, BPD, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and ventriculomegaly (VM) on the 40 week post-conception age ECHO were all univariate predictors of CP (p < 0.001 for all). PVL and VM were associated with the highest detection rates for CP (35% and 40%, respectively) with low false positive rates (4% and 6%, respectively).Multivariate step down analysis of pre-, peri- and postnatal variables showed male sex (p = 0.01), five minute Apgar score (p = 0.001), PVL(p = 0.002), & VM (p = 0.0001) were independent & important predictors of CP. Analysis for effects of antenatal MgSO4 exposure was NS [9/141(6%) exposed vs 26/276 (9%) unexposed,p = 0.35]. We conclude the CP rate is low in VLBW infants and IVH and its complications represent major predictors of CP in this population. (supp by NS 27116)
Development of Ultrabright Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Ratiometric pH Sensing

Semiconducting polymer-based nanoparticles (Pdots) have recently emerged as a new class of ultrabright probes for biological detection and imaging. This paper describes the development of poly(2,5-di(3′,7′-dimethyloctyl)phenylene-1,4-ethynylene) (PPE) Pdots as a platform for designing Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ratiometric pH nanoprobes. We describe and compare three routes for coupling the pH-sensitive dye, fluorescein, to PPE Pdots, which is a pH-insensitive semiconducting polymer. This approach offers a rapid and robust sensor for pH determination using the ratiometric methodology where excitation at a single wavelength results in two emission peaks, one that is pH sensitive and the other one that is pH insensitive for use as an internal reference. The linear range for pH sensing of the fluorescein-coupled Pdots is between pH 5.0 and 8.0, which is suitable for most cellular studies. The pH-sensitive Pdots show excellent reversibility and stability in pH measurements. In this paper, ...
Agricultural meteorology in relation to the use of pesticides in the U.S.A.

Abstract Agricultural meteorology is related to the use of pesticides in three broad areas: (1) weather affects the transportation of pesticides, (2) weather affects the transformation of pesticides, and (3) weather affects the pest and thus the need for a pesticide. In most control programs, drift is an important variable in achieving safe and efficient pesticide placement. Wind, air stability, the type of application equipment, and the formulation of the chemical influence drift. We found a great deal of useful drift research in the literature. It appears that a further need is for more widespread distribution of this information accompanied by a nation-wide system of timely drift advisories for operational use of applicators. The physical processes involving the influence of weather on chemical transformation, degradation and removal are not as well understood as the processes involved in drift. Research is the big need in this area. Modification of the meteorological conditions of the pest microenvironment offers a real challenge. Agricultural meteorologists have been included on the team of agricultural research specialists and have made notable contributions to this effort for some crop pests. Further joint research along this line can give significant increases to agricultural efficiency and public safety by reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
The Influence of Faculty Mentors on Junior Pharmacy Faculty Members’ Career Decisions

Objective. To assess junior faculty members’ perceptions regarding the impact of past faculty-mentoring relationships in their career decisions, including the decision to pursue postgraduate training and ultimately an academic career.Methods. A mixed-mode survey instrument was developed and an invitation to participate in the survey was sent to 2,634 pharmacy faculty members designated as assistant professors in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) directory data.Results. Usable responses were received from 1,059 pharmacy faculty members. Approximately 59% of respondents indicated that they had received encouragement from 1 or more faculty mentors that was very or extremely influential in their decision to pursue postgraduate training. Mentor and mentee pharmacy training characteristics and postgraduate training paths tended to be similar. US pharmacy degree earners rated the likelihood that they would have pursued an academic career without mentor encouragement significantly lower than...
Cis- and trans-configurations of α,α′-disubstituted piperidines and pyrrolidines by GC-FTIR; application to decahydroquinoline stereochemistry

Abstract GC-FTIR spectroscopy provides a convenient, rapid method to distinguish cis - and trans -α,α′-disubstituted piperidines and pyrrolidines; the pyrrolidines usually first require N-methylation. Cis -isomers exhibit significant Bohlmann bands, trans -isomers only very weak bands. The method is also applicable to alkaloids containing a piperidine ring. For example, a 2-propyl-5-methyldecahydroquinoline, named trans - 195A , recently detected in skin extracts of a dendrobatid frog is shown by GC-FTIR to have C(2) and C(8a) in a cis -orientation.
The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification

This paper suggests why the intensification of agriculture is associated with a relative decline in women's participation in agriculture. The statistical evidence described here is consistent with the theory that women contribute relatively less to agriculture when it becomes intensive because their domestic work and fertility have increased. It is also argued that most men may be able to contribute more to agriculture in societies cultivating intensively because hunting, warfare, and trade are not so likely to pull them away from crop production [women's contribution to subsistence, agricultural intensification, time allocation, fertility, cross-cultural]
Sulfamoyl benzamides as novel CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligands.

Abstract Sulfamoyl benzamides were identified as a novel series of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Starting from a screening hit 8 that had modest affinity for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor, a parallel synthesis approach and initial SAR are described, leading to compound 27 with 120-fold functional selectivity for the CB2 receptor. This compound produced robust antiallodynic activity in rodent models of postoperative pain and neuropathic pain without traditional cannabinergic side effects.
Response of untethered-span-wire signal poles to wind loads

Abstract A study was undertaken to examine design procedures used in calculating loads on poles supporting traffic signals suspended from untethered span wires. Procedures used by New York State were first examined for their appropriateness and compliance with AASHTO specifications. A traffic-signal pole was then instrumented with load cells and a wind-speed monitor. Load transferred to the pole from the span wire and associated wind speeds were recorded over several months. These data were compared with corresponding loads calculated using methods specified by AASHTO, and with the current design method used by the State. The results indicate that the field data are about 90% of those calculated using the AASHTO procedure in the measured wind-velocity range, assuming no pole deflection. Extrapolated data at design speeds showed AASHTO method to be conservative in estimating wind loads on untethered span-wire signal poles. This paper summarizes the study and its results.
Demonstrating excellence in pharmacy teaching through scholarship

Abstract Evaluating faculty's contribution to the research component of the tripartite mission is based on quantified data, such as number of peer-reviewed articles, impact factors, and the number and amount of grants. In contrast, although effective teachers possess universally agreed-upon qualities, evaluating faculty's teaching excellence can be difficult because of varying criteria. Using objective research criteria and peer review, the ability of faculty to demonstrate teaching excellence may be elevated by the pursuit of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). The continuum of effective teaching, scholarly teaching, the scholarship of teaching and learning, and educational research can demonstrate how this elevation can be possible. Suggested methods for faculty development and institutional change are explored.
How epoch making are high technologies? The case of biotechnology

This paper is a commentary on the current tendency among sociologists to embrace the notion that “high technologies” will be “revolutionary” or “epoch making.” The implicit neo-Schumpeterian logic of these claims is detailed, and a preliminary framework for empirical examination is developed for the case of biotechnology. Available evidence suggests that biotechnology, because it will be applied primarily in declining sectors of the economy and is mainly a substitution technology, is unlikely to be an epoch-making technical form. The implications of these observations for sociological reasoning about new technologies and technological change are discussed.
RESPONSE OF MOUSE BREAST TUMORS TO L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND IRRADIATION

Growth rate of transplanted mammary tumor in mice treated with L- triiodothyronine was increased. Average life span of tumor-bearing mice receiving L-triiodothyronine was significantly shortened. In mice receiving Ltriiodothyronine and x ray, increased skin reaction was noted. There was no significant difference between average life span of tamor-bearing groups receiving combined irradiation plus triiodothyronine and the group which received local irradiation only. (auth)
Expression of a glucose-regulated cell surface protein in early mouse embryos☆

A 100,000-Da glucose-regulated surface protein (100K-GRP) has previously been isolated from the cell surface and culture medium of human fibroblasts. A rabbit antiserum directed against this protein reacts with the cell surface of both human and murine cultured cells and with a broad spectrum of mammalian tissues. It is shown, via indirect immunofluorescence, that this protein is also present on cells of the developing mouse embryo and can be detected as early as the 4-cell stage. The 8-cell embryo and morula show positive surface labeling; the inner cell masses of both the pre- and postimplantation blastocysts are also positive but the trophectoderm is not. At the 6-day egg cylinder stage, the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm label intensely with the antiserum and visceral endoderm shows faint labeling. No labeling can be detected on parietal endoderm or on the trophoblastic giant cells invading the uterine decidua. However, the internal cells of the ectoplacental cone exhibit bright fluorescence. The same pattern is observed on 7- to 8.5-day embryos, except that at this stage no label is associated with the visceral endoderm. In addition, mesodermal cells emerging from the primitive streak are also labeled.
Misperception of Peer Weight Norms and Its Association with Overweight and Underweight Status Among Adolescents

Previous research has revealed pervasive misperceptions of peer norms for a variety of behaviors among adolescents such as alcohol use, smoking, and bullying and that these misperceptions are predictors of personal behavior. Similarly, misperception of peer weight norms may be a pervasive and important risk factor for adolescent weight status. Thus, the comparative association of actual and perceived peer weight norms is examined in relation to personal weight status. Secondary school students in 40 middle and high schools (n = 40,328) were surveyed about their perceptions of the peer weight norm for same gender and grade within their school. Perceived norms were compared to aggregate self-reports of weight for these same groups. Overestimation of peer weight norms by more than 5 % occurred among 26 % of males and 20 % of females (by 22 and 16 lb on average, respectively). Underestimation occurred among 38 % of males as well as females (by 16 and 13 lb on average, respectively). Personal overweight status based on body mass index (BMI) was much more prevalent among respondents who overestimated peer weight norms as was personal underweight status among respondents who underestimated norms. Perception of the peer norm was the strongest predictor of personal BMI among all personal and school variables examined for both male and female students. Thus, reducing misperceived weight norms should be given more attention as a potential avenue for preventing obesity and eating disorders.
Realization of low-stress Au cantilever beams

A significant challenge in the fabrication of thin-film (<1 µm) Au MEMS devices is maintaining planarity after removal of the sacrificial layer. Out-of-plane deformations are driven by residual stress gradients in the Au films. It was found that the baking time and temperature of the sacrificial photoresist layer, as well as the thermal history once the Au was deposited, combined to determine the stress gradient within the Au film. In this technical note we provide the complete details of the optimized procedures to fabricate planar thin-film Au devices with unattached ends that are characterized by low residual stresses.
Interesting observations on the nature of protein crystals and their growth

Abstract Selected observations on the crystallization of different proteins will be presented and some unusual properties of protein crystals will be described.
Knowledge and risk of cardiovascular disease in rural Alabama women

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe rural women’s knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and actual risk of CVD. The research question guiding this study was: “Are there relationships between demographic factors, women’s knowledge of CVD, and women’s CVD risk score?” Data sources: Demographic data were collected from a convenience sample of 112 women at a full-service, rural medical clinic in Alabama. Two questions assessed women’s knowledge of their risk factors for CVD. The Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge Test measured knowledge of coronary heart disease (CHD). Framingham CHD prediction scores were calculated to assess the actual heart disease risk of subjects. Conclusions: Knowledge of CVD in rural Alabama women is inadequate. The mean score for the knowledge test was 8.50 out of 20. This population of women has significant risk for CVD. Women recognized that smoking and obesity are issues, but are less aware of factors such as race, personality types, oral contraceptive use, hypertension, diabetes, age, hyperlipidemia, and family history. Implications for practice: The majority of women in the study could list only one or two CVD risk factors. New strategies for educating women about CVD should be explored by nurse practitioners (NPs). For example, NPs interested in CVD in women could organize and offer to teach in local schools, colleges, universities, churches, and at sites where women work. Collaboration with the local American Heart Association and Health Department in educating women may be appropriate. By increasing women’s knowledge, their actual risk may change and thus improve their chance to live free of CVD or have it later in life or to a lesser extent.
Government policies and farm size: does the size concept matter?

This paper employs a panel data set of 48 states from 1960 to 1996 to investigate the relationships of government policies (public agricultural research and development (R&D), extension, and government commodity program payments) to changes in farm size. Five different farm size measures are considered (acres operated per farm, real land and building value per farm, real cash receipts per farm, real cash receipts plus government payments per farm, and an imputed measure of the real capital service flow per farm) in order to make a more general statement about the impacts of government policies on farm size. It was found that the impacts of government policies on farm size are in general robust to the measure of farm size considered. More specifically, it was found that R&D, extension, and government payments all have positive effects on farm size.