cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Solar Induced Current on Autotransformer Tertiary Windings

Experimental results are presented showing the effect of solar induced current (SIC) in the series and common windings of an autotransformer on tertiary winding current. The three-phase autotransformer is rated at 18 MVA and 138/69 kV. Current transformers on the tertiary winding phases supply current to several directional relays and an overcurrent relay in the application described. Thus tertiary current fluctuations have the capability of causing transmission line service interruptions.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with an increased rate of acute rejection in lung transplant allografts.

Purpose Gastric fundoplication (GF) for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may protect against the progression of chronic rejection in lung transplant (LT) recipients. However, the association of GERD with acute rejection episodes (ARE) is uncertain. This study sought to identify if ARE were linked to GERD in LT patients.
United statistics, confidence quantiles, Bayesian statistics

Abstract A survey of research by Emanuel Parzen on how quantile functions provide elegant and applicable formulas that unify many statistical methods, especially frequentist and Bayesian confidence intervals and prediction distributions. Section 0: In honor of Ted Anderson's 90th birthday; Section 1: Quantile functions, endpoints of prediction intervals; Section 2: Extreme value limit distributions; Sections 3, 4: Confidence and prediction endpoint function: Uniform ( 0 , θ ) , exponential; Sections: 5, 6: Confidence quantile and Bayesian inference normal parameters μ , σ ; Section 7: Two independent samples confidence quantiles; Section 8: Confidence quantiles for proportions, Wilson's formula. We propose ways that Bayesians and frequentists can be friends!
Radiative Heat Transfer Solutions for Anisotropically Scattering Media: The Use of Wavelets

Wavelet analysis is presented for solving the radiative transfer problem for a scattering media. The governing equations are shown to reduce to a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. The presented solution is applicable to any square integrable scattering phase function. A one-dimensional plane-parallel geometry is chosen, and a linearly anisotropic scattering medium is assumed to compare the solution with the results of the previous research.
Decision making with fuzzy-belief-state-based reasoning

An outstanding problem is how to make decisions with uncertain and incomplete data from disparate sources without NP-hard algorithms. Here we introduce a new reasoning methodology, fuzzy-belief-state-based reasoning, to solve this problem. In this methodology, we first create a fuzzy-belief-state base for a system from its historical data. For any component n(n=1,...,N) of the set of empirical state vectors, the values of that component are clustered into Low, Medium and High fuzzy sets. Then each state vector is fuzzified into a fuzzy-belief-state vector of N triples, where the n-th triple contains the fuzzy truths of membership of the variable value in these respective three fuzzy sets. Each such vector of N triples is associated with a decision to form a fuzzy-belief-case and such cases comprise a fuzzy-belief-state base. Then, when given an observed state vector that is incomplete and uncertain, we mine fuzzy association rules from the fuzzy-belief-state base and apply them to infer the missing values and their fuzzy beliefs based on that incomplete observation. The completed observation is used to match fuzzy-belief-state vectors in the fuzzy-belief-state base. Decisions of the best matching cases are retrieved for use as in case-based reasoning.
Nonhormonal drugs and cancer.

Nonhormonal drugs probably account for only a small proportion of human cancer but have contributed many valuable insights into carcinogenic mechanisms. The antineoplastics, radiopharmaceuticals, a...
Calculated Energy Loss Spectra in the CRaTER Detector for Selected Cosmic Ray Ions

In late 2008, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission will be launched into orbit around Earth's moon. One of the objectives of this mission is to characterize the lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts on humans. For this purpose a collaboration involving research personnel from Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee, The Aerospace Corporation, Air Force Research Laboratory, and the NOAA Space Environment Center successfully proposed to develop a sensor system called the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of radiation (CRaTER). CRaTER will directly measure linear energy transfer (LET) spectra, thereby providing a direct link between the ambient environment and its biological impact on future human missions to the Moon. In this presentation, analyses of energy loss spectra and particle distributions for selected incident cosmic ray ions at a variety of relevant energies will be presented for the CRaTER detector.
DIDS inhibition of deformation-induced cation flux in human erythrocytes

Abstract The permeability of human erythrocytes to sodium, potassium and calcium increases when the cells are deformed by shear. We now report that the anion-exchange inhibitor DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid) inhibited 55–60% of the deformation-induced flux with an apparent K 1 2 of 1 μ M . Covalently bound DIDS was also effective. In cells partially derivatized at 0°C (pH 7.4), anion exchange and the deformation flux were inhibited in parallel, implying that lysine a is the site of inhibition for both fluxes. Ektacytometry showed that DIDS does not inhibit by lowering the cell's ability to deform. Crosslinking of lysines in Band 3 was not required for inhibition of the stress flux, as demonstrated by electrophoretic analysis of chymotrypsin-cleaved Band 3 after DIDS treatment. Chymotrypsin cleavage itself did not affect the cation flux rates. DNDS, an anion exchange inhibitor that binds to the chloride site on Band 3 but is unable to derivatize lysine a, is an ineffective inhibitor of the deformation flux. Other high-affinity inhibitors of anion exchange were also relatively ineffective against the deformation flux, and anion exchange itself was unchanged by shear. These results suggest that 55–60% of the deformation-induced cation movement traverses a route that includes Band 3, but is distinct from the pathway utilized by anion exchange. Chloride-dependent cation pathways do not participate in the stress induced cation flux, since complete exchange of intracellular chloride for sulfate had no effect on the rates. Deformation of erythrocytes by laminar shear appears to increase the non-specific cation permeability.
A QSO in a rich, distant cluster of galaxies

The detection of a 'classical' QSO in a previously studied, distant rich cluster of visible galaxies is reported. The blue and red/IR spectra of the QSO are shown. The QSO occurs at a redshift essentially identical to that of the cluster 0016+16, colocated on the 0.01 of the plate which contains the cluster. The simplest explanation of this association is that the QSO is a member of the cluster. The consequences of the finding are discussed. The QSO-cluster association is further confirmation of the cosmological nature of QSO-cluster association is further confirmation of the cosmological nature of QSOs, and it suggests that QSOs do not necessarily avoid the environment of rich clusters. The fact that this QSO is not well centered adds credence to the suggestion that 3C345 and QSO 1641+3998 constitute an additional case of QSOs in high redshift cluster. The location of this QSO could make it a unique probe to study the physical state of the intracluster gas that is common in rich clusters.
Unusual Numbers and Distributions of Langerhans Cells in Skin with Unique Immunologic Properties

Epidermal Langerhans cells resemble macrophages/monocytes in several remarkable ways: both bear surface receptors for the Fe portion of immunoglobulin molecules and for the C3b complement component. They take up, process and present antigen to reactive lymphocytes in an extremely effective fashion. They display on their cell surfaces the alloantigenic determinants encoded by genes of the I region of the major histocompatibility complex. Using ATPase activity, Langerhans cell surface densities are abnormal in 3 cutaneous sites which exhibit unique immunologic properties: markedly reduced numbers in hamster cheek pouch; reduced numbers and uneven distributions in murine tail skin; no Langerhans cells occur within corneal epithelium. As a functional expression of the absence of Langerhans cells from murine corneas, allografts prepared from corneal epithelium fail to sensitize recipients to Ia antigens encoded by I region genes of the donor. Corneal grafts disparate from their hosts at only I region loci are accepted for at least 45days. The absence of Langerhans cells from cornea may account in part for its property as an immunologically privileged tissue. Subthreshold numbers of Langerhans cells in cheek pouch epithelium may contribute significantly to the observations that the hamster cheek pouch is an immunologically privileged site. We infer that skin deficient in Langerhans cells may be consequently deficient in alloantigenicity. Equally important, Langerhans cell-poor skin may be lacking in certain essential functions relating to the induction and expression of immune reactivity.
A Comparison of Polypeptides from Teliospores of Tilletia controversa (Kuhn) and Tilletia tritici (Bjerk) Wint.

Teliospores from 12 races of Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. and twelve isolates of Tilletia controversa (Kuhn) were sampled from field-inoculated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) differential cultivars. Proteins were extracted from the teliospores and analysed by one dimensional electrophoresis. An abundant 116 kD polypeptide detected in extracts from teliospores of all isolates of T. controversa was not detected in T. tritici teliospore extracts. Spores which were mechanically disrupted yielded greater quantities of the protein compared to intact teliospores, and this suggested the polypeptide was derived from within the teliospore. The presence of the polypeptide was correlated with dwarf bunt-causing Tilletia- Isolates of dwarf bunt-causing Tilletia that were intermediate between T. tritici and T. controversa in either morphology or germination characteristics contained the polypeptide while a common bunt-causing race of T. tritici (T18) with intermediate characteristics lacked the protein. The 116 kD polypeptide present in all T. controversa isolates may provide a stable biochemical marker for identification of these teliospores in wheat shipments. Zusammenfassung Brandsporen von zwolf Rassen von Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. und zwoif Isolaten von Tiiletia controversa (Kuhn) wurdeti von feldinfizierten Weizenpflanzen (Triticum aestivum L.) verschiedener Sorten gesammelt. Proteine der Brandsporen wurden extrahien und mittels eindimensionaler Elek-trophorese ana]ysiert. Ein in alien Isolaten von T. controversa haufig vorkommendes Polypeptid mit 116 Kilodalton konnte in Extrakten von T. tritici nicht beobachtet werden. Mechanisch beschadigte Sporen gaben grofiere Mengen dieses Proteins im Vergleich zu unbeschadigten Sporen, was darauf schliefien lafit, das diese Poiypeptide in den Brandsporen enthalten sind. Das Vorkommen der Poiy-peptide ist mit dem Auftreten von Tilletia controversa, dem Erreger des Zwergbrandes, korreiiert. Isolate von Zwergbrand verursachenden Tilletien, die sowohl morphologisch als auch nach ihrer Keimfahigkeit intermediar zwischen T. tritici utid T. controversa lagen, enthieiten das Polypeptid, wahrend Stamme von T. tritici (T18) mit intermediaren Eigenschaften dieses Protem nicht besafien. Das in alien T. controversa [solaten gefundene 116 kD Polypeptid ist moglicherweise ein stabiler biochemischer Marker zur Identiftzierung dieser Brandsporen in Weizenlieferungen.
Experiments with an ion-neutral hybrid trap: cold charge-exchange collisions

Due to their large trap depths (∼1 eV or 10,000 K), versatility, and ease of construction, Paul traps have important uses in high-resolution spectroscopy, plasma physics, and precision measurements of fundamental constants. An ion-neutral hybrid trap consisting of two separate but spatially concentric traps [a magneto-optic trap (MOT) for the neutral species and a mass-selective linear Paul trap for the ionic species] is an ideal apparatus for sympathetic cooling. However, over the past few years, hybrid traps have proven most useful in measuring elastic and charge-exchange rate constants of ion-neutral collisions over a wide temperature range from kilo-Kelvin to nano-Kelvin. We report some initially surprising results from a hybrid trap system in our laboratory where we have loaded the Paul trap with Ca+ ions in the presence of a Na MOT (localized dense gas of cold Na atoms). We find a strong loss of Ca+ ions with MOT exposure, attributed to an exothermic, non-resonant ion-neutral charge-exchange process with an activation barrier, which leads to the formation of Na+ ions. We propose a detailed mechanism for this process. We obtain an estimated measure of the rate constant for this charge exchange of ∼2 × 10−11 cm3/s, much less than the Langevin rate, which suggests that the Langevin assumption of unit efficiency in the reaction region is not correct in this case.
Language and brain volumes in children with epilepsy

In this study the relationship between language skill and frontotemporal volumes was compared in 69 medically treated subjects with epilepsy and 34 healthy children, aged 6.1–16.6 years. Also, whether patients with linguistic deficits had abnormal volumes and atypical associations between volumes and language skills in these brain regions was determined. The children underwent language testing and MRI scans at 1.5 T. Brain tissue was segmented and frontotemporal volumes were computed. Higher mean language scores were significantly associated with larger inferior frontal gyrus, temporal lobe, and posterior superior temporal gyrus gray matter volumes in the epilepsy group and in the children with epilepsy with average language scores. Increased total brain and dorsolateral prefrontal gray and white matter volumes, however, were associated with higher language scores in the healthy controls. Within the epilepsy group, linguistic deficits were related to smaller anterior superior temporal gyrus gray matter volumes and there was a negative association between language scores and dorsolateral prefrontal gray matter volumes. These findings demonstrate abnormal development of language-related brain regions, and imply differential reorganization of brain regions subserving language in children with epilepsy with normal linguistic skills and in those with impaired language.
Adolescent and Therapist Perception of Barriers to Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment

Attrition is one of the most vexing problems for the effective delivery of behavioral health services. Most prior studies focus on patient demographics and psychopathology factors predicting dropout. We examined patient and therapist post-treatment reports of barriers to attending treatment. Six hundred adolescents and their therapists completed the Perceived Barriers to Treatment scale (PBT) at discharge from a brief substance abuse intervention. After adjusting for covariates, results suggest that perceived barriers, in particular, practical obstacles, lack of treatment readiness, relevance, and compatibility, are related to sessions attended. Shifting to a more patient-centered approach for understanding treatment retention is discussed.
Technological Innovation: Regaining the Competitive Edge

ABSTRACTGlobal competition has become a business reality. To become competitive, we must improve the rate at which new technical concepts are incorporated into our products and processes. This article describes the sources and driving forces of innovation and the creative environment that the engineering manager must consider to increase the innovative productivity of the organization. Managers must also recognize the impact that the technical education system has on future innovative productivity and take the initiative to improve it. They must emphasize the importance of systems and process research and support such programs. In addition, idea generation must be considered just as important as analysis to the long-term success of the technological enterprise.
Anti-viral immune responses in a primitive lung: Characterization and expression analysis of interferon-inducible immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 in a sarcopterygian fish, the Nigerian spotted lungfish (Protopterus dolloi)

Lungfishes (Dipnoi) represent the closest ancestor of tetrapods. Dipnoi have dual breathing modes extracting oxygen from water and air. The primitive lungs of lungfishes are exposed to external antigens including viruses. To date, the immune response of lungfishes against viruses has not been investigated. During viral immune responses, cell exposure to type I interferon induces the replacement of the constitutive proteasome with LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 beta subunits forming the immunoproteasome and enhancing antigen presentation to MHC class I molecules. In order to study the immune defense system of the lungfish lung, we have characterized for the first time the three immunoproteasome subunits in the sarcopterygian fish, the Nigerian spotted lungfish (Protopterus dolloi). LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 were identified in P. dolloi and their sequences encoded predicted proteins of 216, 275 and 278 amino acids, respectively. The mRNA of these three genes was expressed in multiple tissues, including the lung, with the highest abundance observed in kidney and post-pyloric spleen. In vitro stimulation of lungfish lung and kidney primary cell cultures with PolyI:C for 4 and 12 h resulted in increased LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 expression in both tissues. These results suggest a central role of these genes in the activation of an antiviral immune response in lungfish. Importantly, they indicate that the primitive lung of the common ancestor of all tetrapods is capable of inducing the expression of these genes in response to viral stimulation.
Functional role for the conformationally mobile phenylalanine 223 in the reaction of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli.

The flavoprotein methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2-H4folate) by NADH via a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Structures of the reduced enzyme in complex with NADH and of the oxidized Glu28Gln enzyme in complex with CH3-H4folate [Pejchal, R., Sargeant, R., and Ludwig, M. L. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 11447−11457] have revealed Phe223 as a conformationally mobile active site residue. In the NADH complex, the NADH adopts an unusual hairpin conformation and is wedged between the isoalloxazine ring of the FAD and the side chain of Phe223. In the folate complex, Phe223 swings out from its position in the NADH complex to stack against the p-aminobenzoate ring of the folate. Although Phe223 contacts each substrate in E. coli MTHFR, this residue is not invariant; for example, a leucine occurs at this site in the human enzyme. To examine the role of Phe223 in substrate binding and catalysis, we have constructed mutants Phe223Ala and Phe...
On electrical analogs for flow networks

A combinatoric argument is used to derive a diode-source analog for minimum cost flow problems.
Low-frequency excitations of spin-wave Brillouin scattering in ultrathin Co/Au(1 1 1) films

We have observed low-frequency excitations of spin-wave Brillouin scattering in ultrathin Co/Au(1 1 1) films with a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. With several monolayers (ML) of Co, we observe diffuse scattering under an external field just below a critical field at which the magnetization starts to incline toward out-of-plane. With Co films thicker than 6 ML, we find a new mode at fields lower than the critical field, in addition to a surface spin wave.
Intrinsic anion channel activity of the recombinant first nucleotide binding fold domain of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein.

Abstract The first nucleotide binding fold (NBF-1) from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) has been expressed in bacteria and found to bind ATP and to express anion channel activity when reconstituted onto a planar lipid bilayer. This evidence suggests that the NBF forms the anion-selective portion of the CFTR channel. We also found that the recombinant NBF-1 anion channel is blocked by ATP (1 mM), under which condition it appears to have a minimal conductance of approximately 9 pS and an ohmic current-voltage relationship. We further found that the recombinant NBF-1 bearing the delta F508 mutation has nearly identical anion channel activity to that of the wild-type protein but can be distinguished from wild type under bianionic conditions with chloride and gluconate. We conclude from these data that the anion channel activity of the recombinant NBF-1 could represent all or part of the anion conductance mechanism of CFTR and that the role of the ATP binding by the NBF could be to modulate this anion channel activity.
Pediatric radical abdominal trachelectomy for cervical clear cell carcinoma : A novel surgical approach

Abstract Introduction Clear cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina is rare in the pediatric population. Many of these tumors are associated with prior intrauterine diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. All DES-associated tumors are believed to contain microsatellite instability (MI). Historically, the recommended treatment is radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, which result in infertility in all cases. Radical abdominal or vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection is a new technique utilized in adult women with early cervical cancer who wish to retain fertility. This novel approach is also pertinent to the pediatric patient and is described in this report. A molecular analysis is also performed to determine if these are DES-associated tumors. Methods Due to the narrow vaginal anatomy in pediatric patients, a vaginal approach is not possible, and an abdominal approach is performed. The resection includes the cervix, upper vagina, parametrium, and paracolpos. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is performed in a similar manner to the adult patient. Matched pairs of normal and tumor DNA from both cases were examined for evidence of MI using a consensus panel of microsatellite markers. Results Two girls aged 6 and 8 years and without history of DES exposure presented with vaginal bleeding. Vaginoscopy revealed cervical polyp in both cases. Biopsies demonstrated clear cell cancer stage IB1 in both patients. They underwent radical abdominal trachelectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection along with anastomosis of uterine isthmus to upper vagina. Intraoperative frozen-section analysis confirmed negative uterine and vaginal margins. No adjuvant treatment was given and both girls remain disease free. Neither tumor showed evidence for MI, confirming that these are not DES-associated tumors. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of radical abdominal trachelectomy in the pediatric age group and it is likely to include the youngest patient with clear cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix not associated with DES exposure. This novel approach is feasible and appears safe in the pediatric age group.
A bushing design for high altitudes

THE STEADILY INCREASING USE of electrical components at high voltages and altitudes has presented a problem in the design of bushings to meet the requirements of being corona- or radio-interference-free in the range of 10,000 volts and altitudes of 50,000 feet.
Magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion as a function of hue, saturation, and fundus pigmentation

One hundred Ss, 50 male and 50 female undergraduate students, were tested to determine the effects of saturation, hue, and fundus pigmentation on the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. It was found that the highly saturated (chroma 12) red figure produced a smaller illusion than the unsaturated (chroma 6) red or blue figures. Only the magnitude of the illusion produced by the highly saturated yellow figure correlated significantly with the lightness of fundus pigmentation.
The Regulation of Synthesis of Krebs Cycle Enzymes in Neurospora by Catabolite and End Product Repression

Krebs cycle enzymes were repressed in Neurospora during growth on sucrose as carbon source compared with growth on acetate. In mitochondrial, cytochrome-deficient strains grown on sucrose, this glucose or catabolite repression was reduced. In mutant strains in which protein synthesis and mitochondrial respiration were inhibited, catabolite repression was enhanced. These data support the hypothesis that ATP or the cellular energy level is involved in catabolite repression. The interrelationships between energy metabolism, the energy distribution in the cell and catabolite repression are discussed. The addition of casamino acids to a culture growing on sucrose or acetate, did not cause repression of any of the Krebs cycle enzymes measured, in spite of the fact that many of the constituent amino acids can be considered as biosynthetic products of the Krebs cycle.
Setting New Spending Priorities in Japanese Prefectures Politicized Government, Baransu, and the Incremental Model

Several propostions about resource allocation behavior are tested with data for the Japanese national government and 46 prefectural governments. Results are compared with those from parallel tests employing data for the West German national government and 105 municipal governments. Most of the behavior observed in both countries seems compatible with the incremental model's assumptions. However, the West German national government's spending patterns are shown to be just as stable as the Japanese national government's. This finding runs counter to baransu descriptions of budgeting in Japan. Findings for subnational governments in both countries also contadict the literature. In particular, the expenditure pattern variability of Japanese prefectures and West German municipalities decreases with increased interparty competition.
Interactive shape modeling using Lagrangian surface flow

In this paper, we propose a new shape-modeling paradigm based on the concept of Lagrangian surface flow. Given an input polygonal model, the user interactively defines a distance field around regions of interest; the locally or globally affected regions will then automatically deform according to the user-defined distance field. During the deformation process, the model can always maintain its regularity and can properly modify its topology by topology merging when collisions between two different parts of the model occur. Comparing with level-set based methods, our algorithm allows the user to work directly on existing polygonal models without any intermediate model conversion. Besides closed polygonal models, our algorithm also works for mesh models with open boundaries. Within our framework, we developed a number of shape-modeling operators including blending, cutting, drilling, free-hand sketching, and mesh warping. We applied our algorithm to a variety of examples that demonstrate the usefulness and efficacy of the new technique in interactive shape design and surface deformation.
Evolution of a multi-vent volcanic complex within a subsiding arc graben depression: Mount Wrightson Formation, Arizona

The Mount Wrightson Formation in the Santa Rita Mountains south of Tucson, Arizona, is a homoclinally dipping section of Lower Jurassic volcanic, subvolcanic hypabyssal, and lesser sedimentary rocks that is 4.5 km thick and crops out over a strike length of 25 km. The nature and distribution of volcanic lithofacies in the Mount Wrightson Formation are interpreted to record the evolution of a multi-vent volcanic complex that formed within a subsiding cratonal intra-arc graben. These lithofacies are grouped into the following facies assemblages: (1) the near-vent facies assemblage, consisting of silicic to intermediate hypabyssal intrusive bodies and peperites and dacite lava flows; (2) the proximal facies assemblage, containing intermediate lava flows, ignimbrites, and debris-flow deposits; (3) the medial facies assemblage, comprising ignimbrites, debris-flow deposits, and reworked pyroclastic deposits; and (4) the distal facies assemblage, including nonwelded ignimbrites and fluvial deposits. These facies assemblages are characteristic of stratovolcano complexes; in the Mount Wrightson Formation, however, the paucity of debris-flow deposits and the burial of near-vent facies assemblages by ignimbrites suggest that the formation was deposited in a low-relief multi-vent complex with no high-standing central edifice. Some of the thickest, most densely welded ignimbrites in the Mount Wrightson Formation probably represent outflow from a more distant calders or calderas within the intro-arc graben, rather than being products of volcanism within the multi-vent complex. Intro-arc subsidence resulted in a complex juxtaposition of vent, proximal, medial, and distal facies as vent areas were repeatedly buried by debris derived from adjacent vents in the multi-vent complex and, to a lesser extent, by debris from calderas outside the complex. This subsidence resulted in accumulation and preservation of a thick section of terrestrial volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Mount Wrightson complex evolved from predominantly effusive (lower member) to predominantly explosive (middle member), followed by waning volcanism (upper member). Rapid intra-arc subsidence resulted in burial of vent areas by craton-derived eolian quartz arenites correlative with either the Wingate or Navajo Sandstones on the Colorado Plateau; this was particularly important as volcanism waned.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Coccidioidal Meningitis during Therapy with Fluconazole

The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1 beta in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 66 patients with coccidioidal meningitis during therapy with fluconazole were measured by ELISA. The median concentration of TNF-alpha was 15.2 pg/mL for 322 samples; for IL-1 beta, it was 4.7 pg/mL for 316 samples. There were no significant changes in the level of either cytokine over 24 months of follow-up nor was there an association between the initial CSF concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta and subsequent fluconazole treatment failure. Over time, concentrations of IL-1 beta were significantly associated with both clinical symptoms and white blood cell counts in CSF. These results indicate that CSF levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are relatively low compared with those associated with acute bacterial meningitis.
Group B Streptococcal β-Hemolysin/Cytolysin Directly Impairs Cardiomyocyte Viability and Function

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis where myocardial dysfunction is an important contributor to poor outcome. Here we study the effects of the GBS pore-forming b-hemolysin/cytolysin (Bh/c) exotoxin on cardiomyocyte viability, contractility, and calcium transients. Methodology/Principal Findings: HL-1 cardiomyocytes exposed to intact wild-type (WT) or isogenic Dbh/c mutant GBS, or to cell-free extracts from either strain, were assessed for viability by trypan blue exclusion and for apoptosis by TUNEL staining. Functionality of exposed cardiomyocytes was analyzed by visual quantitation of the rate and extent of contractility. Mitochondrial membrane polarization was measured in TMRE-loaded cells exposed to GBS bh/c. Effects of GBS bh/c on calcium transients were studied in fura-2AM-loaded primary rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Exposure of HL-1 cardiomyocytes to either WT GBS or bh/c extracts significantly reduced both rate and extent of contractility and later induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death. No effects on cardiomyocyte viability or function were observed after treatment with Dbh/c mutant bacteria or extracts. The bh/c toxin was associated with complete and rapid loss of detectable calcium transients in primary neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane polarization. These effects on viability and function were abrogated by the bh/c inhibitor, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Conclusions/Significance: Our data show a rapid loss of cardiomyocyte viability and function induced by GBS bh/c, and these deleterious effects are inhibited by DPPC, a normal constituent of human pulmonary surfactant.. These findings have clinical implications for the cardiac dysfunction observed in neonatal GBS infections.
Trends in risk reduction practices for the prevention of lymphedema in the first 12 months after breast cancer surgery.

Background Lymphedema is a feared complication of breast cancer surgery. We evaluated the trends in lymphedema development, patient worry, and risk reduction behaviors. Study Design We prospectively enrolled 120 women undergoing sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary node dissection (ALND) for breast cancer and assessed lymphedema by upper extremity volume preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. We defined lymphedema as a >10% volume change from baseline relative to the contralateral upper extremity. Patients completed a validated instrument evaluating lymphedema worry and risk reducing behaviors. Associations were determined by Fisher's exact and signed rank tests. Results At 6 months, lymphedema was similar between ALND and SLNB patients (p = 0.22), but was higher in ALND women at 12 months (19% vs 3%, p = 0.005). A clear relationship exists between relative change in upper extremity volume at 6 and 12 months (Kendall tau coefficient 0.504, p 0.34). Conclusions Upper extremity volumes fluctuate, and there is a period of latency before development of lymphedema. Despite the low risk of lymphedema after SLNB, most women worry about lymphedema and practice risk reducing behaviors. Additional study into early upper extremity volume changes is warranted to allay the fears of most women and better predict which women will progress to lymphedema.
Characterization of rotational mode disk resonator quality factors in liquid

This work presents several variations of microscale single and multiple coupled thermally actuated rotational mode disk resonators capable of high quality factor (Q) operation in liquid. All surfaces of a rotational mode disk resonator slide in parallel to the liquid interface (rather than stroking against it). This minimizes interactions with the surrounding fluid and therefore viscous damping. Quality factors as high as 304 have been demonstrated for rotational mode disk resonators in liquid, which is more than 3X higher than the highest values previously demonstrated for other types of microscale resonators. Based on the measurement results it is suggested that most of the energy loss into the surrounding liquid is through the sidewalls of the disks. This could be blamed on the sidewall roughness caused by deep reactive ion etching, off-center rotation of the disks due to fabrication induced asymmetries, and slight bending of support beams during resonance. Much higher Q values are expected to be achievable by minimizing such limiting factors.
A Matter of Class: Taxonomies of Religion

A s Robin Winks has persistently and wittily demonstrated, there are striking and suggestive parallels between the methods of scholarship, especially in the human sciences, and detective fiction.l Perhaps the earliest self-conscious methodologist, therefore, is the redoubtable Sherlock Holmes. Some attention has been given to extracting his procedures and presuppositions from the prosaic, once-removed accounts of Dr. Watson, who plays a role in Doyle's fictions somewhere between one of Socrates' interlocutors, "I hadn't thought of that, please continue" and Jesus' disciples as represented by Mark, who, in one scholar's well-known formulation, progress from "nonunderstanding to misunderstanding."2 In the literature on Holmes, however, I find surprisingly little attention paid to the manuscript writings and publications by the archetypical detective himself. There are fourteen in all, although four seem only sketches. While the two "memoirs" Holmes published in the Anthropological Journal are attractive, it is what appears to be his first publication, one of three translated into French, that catches my eye. Holmes describes this publication, which is primarily concerned with tobacco ashes, in The Sign of the Four:
Root respiration in citrus acclimates to temperature and slows during drought

Citrus seedlings were grown in soil columns in which the root system was hydraulically separated into tyro equal layers; this enabled us to maintain roots in the upper layer without water for 110 d, The columns were placed into waterbaths modified so that soil temperatures in the top layer could be maintained at 25 degrees C or at 35 degrees C, while temperature in the bottom layer was maintained at 25 degrees C, We hypothesized that, if citrus plants were grown in dry soil for an extended period, root mortality would increase if the cost of maintaining the roots was increased by elevating the soil temperature. However, during the drought period we did not observe any root mortality, even at the higher soil temperature, Moreover, we did not find that root respiration was increased by prolonged exposure to drought and higher soil temperature, We did find that root respiration rates slowed in dry soil, Furthermore, when the soil columns were switched from one temperature treatment to another, root respiration rates in met soil rapidly increased when moved to a higher temperature or rapidly decreased when moved to a lower temperature, But after only 4 d, respiration rates returned to their original level; root respiration in dry soil was not affected by either short-or long-term shifts in soil temperature, Root respiration in citrus appears to acclimate rapidly to changes in soil temperature. [KEYWORDS: Citrus volkameriana; biomass allocation; drought; root respiration; root turnover; soil temperature; Volkamer lemon]
Toughened Oxide Composites Based on Porous Alumina-Platelet Interphases

A novel mechanism for debonding at a weak interphase in an all-oxide composite is introduced. This methodology involves the use of alumina platelets that have a diameter of 10–15 or 5–10 μm and a thickness of 1 μm. The platelets induce constrained sintering of the ceramic powder, which results in permanent porosity. For room-temperature properties, only minor additions (0–3 vol%) of matrix powder yield sufficiently weak debonding interphases. The platelets lie in random, three-dimensional orientations and provide a debonding mechanism that is independent of temperature, in chemically compatible matrixes. Laminated composites with two types of matrixes—mullite and alumina—have been fabricated with modified fibrous monoliths of alumina in a triple-layer “core/interphase/matrix” arrangement. In the laminated systems, the intimate mixing of strong versus tough microstructures has been tailored by alternating various matrix:interphase thickness ratios. Preliminary load–displacement curves clearly demonstrate characteristics of “graceful failure” and notable improvements in the work of fracture. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the crack paths confirms the viability of platelets for producing permanently porous, debondable interphases at elevated temperatures in air.
Polysilicon angular microvibromotors

Two types of LPCVD polysilicon angular microvibromotors were designed, fabricated, and successfully operated in air and in vacuum. Each utilizes an electrostatically driven lateral resonant structure (the converter) to actuate a circular microrotor by means of oblique mechanical impact. Oscillatory linear motion is consequently converted into continuous angular motion. The microrotors are fabricated both 60 and 100 mu m in diameter and are restrained at the center by a polysilicon hub. The converter tips are retracted by electrostatic comb drives and are propelled forward toward the rotor by elastic forces generated by folded beam flexures at frequencies ranging from 10 to 20 kHz. A preliminary measurement has shown the rotor to be driven at speeds as high as 60000 r/min. The rotors were operated both in low vacuum and in air. One operated continuously for as long as 4 h with no significant wear or degradation of performance. These polysilicon vibromotors have applications as high-response micromanipulators or positioners. >
Nursing theory and public health science: is synthesis possible?

The American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Nurses' Association (ANA) have gone on record to define public health nursing as a synthesis of knowledge (APHA) and practice (ANA) from nursing and public health. If this synthesis is to be consistent with nursing, knowledge will have to be congruent with the concepts of nursing's metaparadigm. Disease is not included within the concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing. The focus of the public health tradition is reflected in the concepts of the epidemiologic model (agent, host, environment). Disease and its prevention are the focus of public health science. Reformulation of concepts from public health to be consistent with concepts of person and environment, replacing the concept of illness with that of health, and using methods for study of aggregates are strategies for achieving a synthesis of these two bodies of knowledge.
Anterior pituitary growth hormone (STH) and pancreatic secretion of glucagon (HGF).

Summary and ConclusionsFourteen cross-circulation experiments were performed by anastomosing the pancreatoduodenal or a mesenteric vein of a donor dog D with a femoral vein of a recipient dog R. The intravenous injection of purified anterior pituitary STH into a normal donor or into a donor previously treated with the same STH causes the appearance of a hyperglycemic material (glucagon) in the blood of the pancreatic but not of the mesenteric vein. This glucagon causes hyperglycemia in a normal recipient dog. In addition to decreasing insulin secretion (5) and inhibiting peripheral utilization of glucose (18), STH appears to cause hyperglycemia by stimulating the secretion of glucagon by the pancreas. It is believed that these results further support the hypothesis that glucagon is a pancreatic anti-insulin hormone contributing to the maintenance of a normal blood sugar concentration.
VALVE AND BAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRESHWATER DIATOMS I. FRAGILARIA CAPUCINA VAR. MESOLEPTA1,2

Acid cleaned cells from clonal cultures of Fragilaria capucina var. mesolepta Rabh. were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Recently isolated cells are linear-lanceolate in shape with a median constriction. After several transfers over 25 mo, cells exhibit size diminution resulting in small elliptically shaped valves. Adjacent valves are united to one another by interlocking marginal spines. Every valve has an apical pore field at each apex. A single labiate process is present infrequtently, appearing underdeveloped most often in size-reduced cells. The girdle region consists of two cingula, each composed of a series of underlapping bands. Each pleura in the series is a discontinuous ring with a central ligula. A survey of past ultrastructure studies on the freshwater Fragilariaceae reveals that the occurrence of the apical pore field and labiate process are likely key characteristics for the family. The apical pore field of Diatoma, Asterionella and Tabellaria is positioned on the valve face, whereas the apical pore field of F. capucina var. mesolepta is located on the valve mantle, the girdle region of F. capucina var. mesolepta is basically similar to that of Gomphonema parvulum (Kutz.) Grun.
Coastal Winds in South Florida

Abstract Thirteen-month records for the period of April 1994–April 1995 from eight (out of nine) Coastal-Marine Automatic Network (C-MAN) stations in south Florida are analyzed statistically to study alongshore variability of observed atmospheric variables. The surface variables largely are statistically homogeneous and coherent along the Straits of Florida. The maximum correlation for hourly wind components between adjacent stations (separated alongshore by 30–117 km) ranges from 0.9 to 0.75, respectively. However, there is a lack of coverage in the cross-shore direction; hence, a redistribution of C-MAN stations in the cross-shore direction should be considered to provide better spatial coverage of surface atmospheric variables in the south Florida region. Surface winds from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 80-km grid, η (Eta) Model analysis for the same period are compared statistically with observations from an air–sea interaction buoy and a C-MAN station in the south Florida c...
Preliminary Lessons about Supporting Participation and Learning in Inclusive Classrooms.

This descriptive study examined observational data collected in inclusive classrooms from six schools that were operating schoolwide inclusive policies and practices. Illustrative evidence of class...
Prognostic impact of body mass index upon cancer recurrence and survival in stage III colon cancer patients from adjuvant chemotherapy trials

11088 Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. However, the influence of body mass index (BMI) upon the prognosis of patients with established colon cancer remains ...
Molecular titanium–hydroxamate complexes as models for TiO2 surface binding

Hydroxamate binding modes and protonation states have yet to be conclusively determined. Molecular titanium(iv) phenylhydroxamate complexes were synthesized as structural and spectroscopic models, and compared to functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles. In a combined experimental-theoretical study, we find that the predominant binding form is monodeprotonated, with evidence for the chelate mode.
Probabilistic survey and prehistoric patterns of land and resource use in Mendoza Province, Argentina

This paper describes the theory, methods and findings associated with a recent regional-scale, probabilistic surface survey designed to examine prehistoric h...
Gas Transfer to Blood Flowing in Coiled Circular Tubes

The transfer of physiological gases to blood flowing laminarly in helically coiled permeable-walled tubes was investigated. It is demonstrated, experimentally, as well as theoretically, that helical coiling of such a tube leads to significant improvement in gas transfer rates because of induced secondary velocities. The gas transfer rate for this coiled tube geometry depends on the Reynolds number, the Schmidt number, and the ratio of helix to tube diameters, K*. For typical values of these parameters and a zero wall thickness, the gas transfer rate might be a hundred times faster than that for a comparable straight tube. This improvement may be masked by the tube wall, however, unless very thin walled tubing is used. In contrast to the results obtained for the straight tube geometry. It was shown that an oxygenator using coiled tubular membranes would be limited by the tube length required to eliminate carbon dioxide. This length is still much less than is needed in a straight tube oxygenator, however. The results of this investigation indicate that a membrane oxygenator utilizing coiled, tubular membranes is feasible.
Notes on the Calosphaeriales

The history and diagnostic characteristics of the Calosphaeriales, family Calosphaeriaceae (Class Ascomycetes) are reviewed. A combination of features of ascomata and asci permits recognition of eight genera: Calosphaeria, Scoptria, Enchnoa, Jattaea, Romellia, Graphostroma, Togninia, and Pleurostoma. Some ofthe species are described and illustrated. One new species, Romellia tympanoides, is described; the new combinations Scoptria discreta, Jattaea curvicolla, J. ceanothina, Romellia cornina, and Pleurostoma ootheca are proposed.