cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sightseeing in Paris with Baudelaire and Breton

In his article "Sightseeing in Paris with Baudelaire and Breton," Benton Jay Komins discusses the tensions between Charles Baudelaire's acts of modern appropriation and Andre Breton's imaginative seizing of the demode. While Breton roams the Parisian cityscape with the same aspect of creative gazing as Charles Baudelaire's nineteenth-century dandy, the objects and experiences that he privileges are different from the dandy's fashionable marvels. In texts such as Nadja passe artifacts captivate Breton. Between Baudelaire's revelling in the elegant modern possibilities of dandysme and Breton's imaginative seizing of demode objects, something significant has occurred: Twentieth-century urbanites like Breton no longer celebrate the experience of the new; rather, they privilege the obsolete, injecting it with inspirational possibilities. Against the cultural frame of Baudelaire's dandy and the social phenomenon of the fetishized commodity, Breton's twentieth-century descriptions of ruined Parisian landmarks, decrepit neighbourhoods, and exhausted everyday objects indeed become political. Benton Jay Komins, "Sightseeing in Paris with Baudelaire and Breton" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.1 (2000):
Dialoguing with the Ghost of Marx Mode of Production in Archaeological Theory

' Eric Wolf's 'Modes of Production' chapter in Europe and the People without History is a masterful reconceptualization of a key interpretive and tactical concept in the Marxian storehouse of ideas. The concepts of kinordered, tributary and capitalist mode of production capture important differences in the ways that human groups produce and distribute social surplus across space and time. Wolf's formulation thus sends an important message about the specific kinds of social processes that are of analytical interest. It also supports the more activist goal of clarifying exactly how the present is different from the past so as to stimulate critical reflection and debate. This article considers how Wolf's work has been engaged by archaeologists and how we might more fully redeem and extend his insights for an explanatory and emancipatory archaeology.
History, design criteria and construction of a high powered intermediate-sized oceanographic ship

An intermediate, high-seas research vessel design conceived at Woods Hole after extensive experience with the design and operation of oceanographic ships concentrated upon determining and meeting basic requirements and objectives for this type of vessel rather than emphasizing details of equipage, outfit and scientific equipment. The resulting design has attempted to provide a sound foundation in the form of a good hull design properly arranged to provide manned and operating spaces in the areas of least motion and a reduction of complication of basic equipment and operating procedures. As a result many aspects of equipage and outfit will still remain open and flexible at time of delivery making the design more adaptable to various oceanographic tasks. The construction of three ships has been funded by the National Science Foundation from this design.
Blomqvist, Anders E. B., Constantin Iordachi, Balázs Trencsényi (eds.) 2013. Hungary and Romania Beyond National Narratives - Comparisons and Entanglements in Nationalisms Across the Globe Vol. 10. Bern: Peter Lang. viii, 847 pp.

Blomqvist, Anders E. B., Constantin Iordachi, Balazs Trencsenyi (eds.) 2013. Hungary and Romania Beyond National Narratives - Comparisons and Entanglements in Nationalisms Across the Globe Vol. 10. Bern: Peter Lang. viii, 847 pp. Reviewed by: Andrew Ludanyi, Ohio Northern University
Neuroanatomical correlates of age-sensitive and age-invariant cognitive abilities: An in vivo MRI investigation

Abstract The relationship between brain asymmetry and age-related differences in cognitive abilities was examined in a sample of 29 healthy volunteers (18 to 78 years old). The volumes and areas of cerebral hemispheres as well as several cortical and subcortical regions were estimated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Fluid and crystallized intelligence were assessed by tests of nonverbal reasoning and vocabulary. The magnitude of leftward hemispheric volume asymmetry significantly and uniquely contributed to explaining the variance in both cognitive measures. None of the indices of regional hemispheric asymmetry showed a similar pattern of associations with intelligence. Although total brain size, and the size of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex positively correlated with fluid intelligence, they also correlated with age and head size, and did not add significantly to the fluid intelligence variance explained by age alone.
Unsteady Numerical Simulation of Flow in Draft Tube of a Hydroturbine Operating Under Various Conditions Using a Partially Averaged Navier–Stokes Model

The variable energy demand requires a great flexibility in operating a hydroturbine, which forces the machine to be operated far from its design point. One of the main components of a hydroturbine where undesirable flow phenomena occur under off-design conditions is the draft tube. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the present paper studies the flow in the draft tube of a Francis turbine operating under various conditions. Specifically, four operating points with the same head and different flow rates corresponding to 70%, 91%, 99%, and 110% of the flow rate at the best efficiency point (BEP) are considered. Unsteady numerical simulations are performed using a recently developed partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model, and the results are compared to the available experimental data, as well as the numerical results of the traditionally used Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. Several parameters including the pressure recovery coefficient, mean velocity, and time-averaged and fluctuating wall pressure are investigated. It is shown that RANS and PANS both can predict the flow behavior close to the BEP operating condition. However, RANS results deviate considerably from the experimental data as the operating condition moves away from the BEP. The pressure recovery factor predicted by the RANS model shows more than 13% and 58% overprediction when the flow rate decreases to 91% and 70% of the flow rate at BEP, respectively. Predictions can be improved significantly using the present unsteady PANS simulations. Specifically, the pressure recovery factor is predicted by less than 4% and 6% deviation for these two operating conditions. A similar conclusion is reached from the analysis of the mean velocity and wall pressure data. Using unsteady PANS simulations, several transient features of the draft tube flow including the vortex rope and associated pressure fluctuations are successfully modeled. The formation of the vortex rope in partial load conditions results in severe pressure fluctuations exerting oscillatory forces on the draft tube. These pressure fluctuations are studied for several locations in the draft tube and the critical region with highest fluctuation amplitude is found to be the inner side of the elbow.
Adaptive Control Robustness in Flexible Aircraft Application

This paper presents the application of a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) algorithm to flexible aircraft flight control. The algorithm is an adaptive version of the Command Generator Tracking (CGT) control technique. This technique forces a dynamic system to follow a reduced-order model, allowing it to cope with the problem of unmodeled dynamics. The studies were made via simulation, using for the plant an aircraft dynamic model similar to the Bl bomber. This model is of a large aircraft with a reasonable amount of structural flexibility. In particular, flight configurations were analyzed where the influence of the flexible modes make it difficult to control the aircraft. The results indicate that the algorithm has good robustness properties vis-a-vis unmodeled dynamics and can force the flexible aircraft to follow rigid body responses.
The effect of prenatal exposure to methadone on neurotransmitters in neonatal rats

The effect of prenatal exposure to methadone via maternal osmotic minipumps was studied on neurotransmitter content of 4-day-old male and female rats. Several sex-related differences were observed in brain regional neurotransmitter content. Prenatal exposure to methadone produced only selective changes in brain regional neurotransmitter content. Exposure to methadone in doses sufficient to produce maternal and fetal dependence selectively reduced striatal acetylcholine content and produced a sex-dependent change in hindbrain acetylcholine.
Sugar transformations associated with hexose transport in immature internodal tissue of sugar cane

Abstract After a 15 sec incubation in d -glucose- 14 C(U), 53–70% of the intracellular radioactivity in immature internodal tissue of sugarcane was in glucose-6-phosphate, and the remainder was in free glucose. Two unmetabolized glucose analogs, 2-deoxy- d -glucosce and 3- O -methyl- d -glucose, were transported at rates comparable to glucose but neither of these analogs was phosphorylated. Doubly-labeled d -glucose-1- 14 C-6-phosphate- 32 P was dephosphorylated prior to deposition in the inner space, and 14 C was transported into this tissue twice as rapidly as 32 P. It was also shown that 32 P in exogenously supplied glucose-6- 32 P was not the source of phosphate for the intracellular synthesis of glucose-6-P. Galactose transport was similar to that of glucose in that the first major product recovered intracellularly was a phosphorylated sugar, i.e. 14 C-galactose-1-P, when the tissue was incubated in d -galactose- 14 C(U). Although fructose, glucose, and galactose competed for transport into this tissue, free fructose and glucose predominated in the tissue extract after a 15-sce incubation in d -fructose- 14 C(U). This contrasted sharply, with the products of 14 C-glucose transport which were comprised of phosphorylated sugars after 15 sec.
Effect of uridine 5'-diphosphate on cryogenic brain edema in rabbits.

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of uridine 5'-diphosphate, administered intravenously or intraperitoneally, on cold injury-induced brain edema in rabbits. Bolus injection or continuous intravenous infusion of uridine 5'-diphosphate 26 hours after a lesion was established had adverse effects, such as increased intracranial pressure and lowered systolic arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure for approximately 10-29 minutes, but these parameters did not change appreciably from 29 minutes to 3 hours after administration. Intraperitoneally administered uridine 5'-diphosphate did not affect these parameters appreciably during 3 hours. Thus, the intravenous administration of uridine 5'-diphosphate is harmful under neurosurgical conditions. In contrast, 10 mg/kg/day i.p. uridine 5'-diphosphate pretreatment and posttreatment, beginning 24 hours before and continuing until 24 hours after the insult, significantly reduced neurologic abnormalities, Evans blue extravasation, water content in the injured gray matter, and intracranial pressure without affecting water content in the white matter. Intravenous dexamethasone pretreatment and posttreatment in this setting significantly reduced only neurologic abnormalities. However, there were no significant differences between intraperitoneal uridine 5'-diphosphate and intravenous dexamethasone effects on cold-injured brain.
Trace Organic Contaminants in the Detroit River

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs), chlorobenzenes (CBs), chlorophenols (CPs), and a number of other organochlorine compounds (OCs) have been determined in the surface microlayer, subsurface water, suspended solids, sediments, and in sediment pore water at 20 sampling stations in the Detroit River. The data are discussed in terms of contaminant sources, pathways, and sinks. Spatial trends within the river and relationships of contaminant groups within and between compartments are described. The results indicate a continuing input of all contaminant groups to the river from a variety of sources, particularly from sewage treatment plant effluents and several tributaries. The contaminant distributions and intercorrelations also indicate that major sources of PCBs, PNAs, OCs, and CBs are concentrated on the westerly river shore, while CPs enter the river mainly from the easterly shore.
Hormonal abnormalities leading to disorders of sexual development

Normal human sexual development occurs in a highly regulated process that comprises three distinct phases: establishment of chromosomal sex, development of the sex-specific gonads and phenotypic differentiation of the internal ductal anatomy and external genitalia. The latter two phases are mediated by specific hormonal effector molecules, including anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone, and their dysregulation often leads to the development of a phenotypic disorder of sexual differentiation. This review describes the hormonal mediators that are involved in sexual development and the disorders of sexual differentiation that arise from their dysfunction.
Photo-oxidation of methanol

Abstract This study utilizes long-path Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy to examine the photooxidation of methanol by chlorine atoms and the subsequent fate of the hydroxymethyl radical produced in the reaction. At one atmosphere under oxygen rich conditions (20%), the hydroxymethyl radical undergoes an abstraction reaction with oxygen to form formaldehyde and hydroperoxyl radicals rather than an addition reaction to produce peroxyhydroxymethyl radicals. The rate constant for Cl + HCOOH was determined to be 8.9 × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
Ductile two-phase alloys: Prediction of strengthening at high strains

When alloys containing two ductile phases are heavily deformed, composite-like microstructures develop and strengths well in excess of either of the phases in single phase form may be exhibited as a result of microstructure/dislocation density effects. In this paper a previously-published model for such strengthening is reviewed, and its application in a predictive capacity discussed. Flow stressvs fabrication strain data for the two components in single phase form and for one two-phase alloy are necessary for this purpose. The model may then be applied to predict strength for any other two-phase alloy as a function of composition, fabrication strain, and interphase spacing. The approach is illustrated using existing data for several alloy systems. For Ag-Fe and Cu-Nb alloys (with very limited mutual solubility) strengths can be predicted within 15 to 20 pct of the experimental values over the entire range of strains and volume fractions for which data are available. In systems where the potential for precipitation hardening exists (e.g., Cu-Fe) thermal history is important. When such hardening becomes a significant factor, the model cannot be used in its present form due to uncertainty over how to “add” the strengthening from this effect. Such hardening may, however, be useful in further improving the properties of these materials.
Magnetic and electrical properties of ternary pyrite-type CrxCo1−xS2 phases prepared at high pressure

Abstract New pyrite-type phases CrxCo1−xS2 (0 x ⋍ 0.3 . The magnetic data favor an arrangement in which low-spin Cr+2 is aligned antiferromagnetically to Co+2. Electrical measurements show essentially temperature-independent resistivity with ϱ ⋍ 10 −4 ohm-cm.
Cranial nerve length predicts the risk of delayed facial and trigeminal neuropathies after acoustic tumor stereotactic radiosurgery

Abstract Purpose: To test the hypothesis that length of cranial nerve irradiated is a major factor predicting the risk of cranial nerve injury following radiosurgery and to identify any other significant related treatment factors. Methods and Materials: Ninety-two patients (93 acoustic tumors) were treated with a 201 source Cobalt-60 gamma unit from 1987 to 1990 and prospectively followed. The range of minimum tumor dose was 12–20 Gy and maximum dose 24–50 Gy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate any correlations between tumor measurements and treatment factors, with the development of trigeminal and facial neuropathies following radiosurgery. Results: The risks of trigeminal and facial neuropathy following radiosurgery were associated with the pon-petrous distance and mid porous transverse tumor diameters respectively (anatomically related to the irradiated length of cranial nerves V and VII respectively) in both univariate ( p = .002 for V and p = .026 for VII) and multivariate ( p = .004 for V and p = .055 for VII) analyses. Tumor volume, other tumor measurements, maximum dose, minimum tumor dose, and tumor dose inhomogeneity were not significantly related to either trigeminal or facial neuropathy in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Within a minimum tumor dose range of 12–20 Gy, the incidence of delayed trigeminal or facial neuropathy depended more on the estimated length of nerve irradiated than the tumor dose or tumor volume. In the future, the risk of delayed facial or trigeminal cranial neuropathy may be reduced significantly by performing radiosurgery when the tumor still has both a small mid-porous transverse diameter and a small pons-petrous distance.
Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes risk after gestational diabetes mellitus

To investigate racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes risk after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This is a retrospective cohort study of women enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan from 1995 to 2009. GDM status was identified on the basis of plasma glucose levels during pregnancy. The incidence of diabetes after the first delivery complicated by GDM before 31 December 2009 (n = 12,998) was compared with the experience for women without GDM (n = 64,668) matched on maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity and year of delivery (1:5 ratio). Matched Cox regression was used to compare the RRs of diabetes associated with GDM within and across racial/ethnic groups. Compared with the women without GDM, the HRs (95% CI) of diabetes for women after GDM were 6.5 (5.2, 8.0) in non-Hispanic white, 7.7 (6.8, 8.7) in Hispanic, 9.9 (7.5, 13.1) in black and 6.3 (5.0, 7.9) in Asian/Pacific Islanders after adjustment for parity, maternal education, comorbidity and number of outpatient visits before the index pregnancy. The HR of diabetes for black women was significantly higher than that for non-Hispanic white women (p = 0.032). Further adjustment for prepregnancy BMI reduced the diabetes risk association with GDM for each racial/ethnic group, but did not explain the risk differences across groups. Racial/ethnic disparities exist in risk of diabetes after GDM. Black women with GDM had the highest risk of developing diabetes. This highlights the importance of developing an effective diabetes screening and prevention programme in women with GDM, particularly black women with GDM.
Emergence and complexity in Austrian economics

Abstract Emergence is often argued to be a deep property of complex systems, with such systems exhibiting wholes that are in some way greater than the sum of their parts. These ideas have played an important part in discussions of spontaneous order within Austrian economics, particularly by Hayek drawing on arguments dating from Mill and Menger, although with other traditions such as that of Bohm-Bawerk not relying on such ideas. Philosophical discussions of these terms are considered that raise questions about the relationship between the emergent whole and the lower level parts that comprise it. A major issue is the role of these ideas and processes within evolution, with Hayek in particular moving strongly towards identifying their linkage, something advocated by many non-Austrian economists and non-economists as well.
Determination of alcohol partial molar volumes from single-droplet gravimetric and optical resonance data.

The molar volume of pentyl alcohol in dibutylphthalate (DBP) is determined from weight changes in a DBP droplet during alcohol vapor absorption in conjunction with volumetric changes that are determined from optical resonance spectra.
Alteration of urine composition of the normal force-fed rat by an organic mercurial diuretic agent.

Abstract Force-fed rats were injected with a single dose of an organic mercurial compound, N-(β-hydroxymercuri-γ-methoxy) propyl-N′-succinylurea), and their 24-hour urine samples were collected for 10 days following the injection. The urinary excretion of inorganic and organic compounds was altered greatly. In spite of these alterations the total determined cations and total determined anions remained essentially constant as the result of the following: An increased excretion of sodium plus potassium on day 1 was accompanied by a decreased excretion of ammonium ion. An increase in the excretion of chloride on day 3 was accompanied by an increase in ammonium ion. A retention of sodium on days 3–5 was accompanied by an increased excretion of ammonium ion. The excretion of total and inorganic phosphate and total and inorganic sulfate remained essentially constant. There was an increase in the total 10-day excretion of creatine, glucose, citric acid, α-amino acid nitrogen, arginine, guanidinoacetic acid, undetermined nitrogen, titratable acidity, potassium, and hydrogen ion and a decrease of uric acid. The 10-day excretions of creatinine, urea, ammonia, sodium, total nitrogen, chloride, organic acids, sulfate, and phosphate were essentially unchanged. Kidney tissue from rats that had been given a dose of the mercurial compound had normal amounts of creatine, arginine, and transamidinase activity. Serum levels of creatine, creatinine, arginine, glucose, sodium, and potassium also were not altered. A mechanism for the mercurial-induced alterations of the urinary excretion of chloride, sodium, potassium, and ammonium ions in the normal force-fed rat has been discussed.
Pyruvate,Orthophosphate Dikinase in Leaves and Chloroplasts of C3 Plants Undergoes Light-/Dark-Induced Reversible Phosphorylation

Pyruvate,orthophosphate (Pi) dikinase (PPDK) is best recognized as a chloroplastic C 4 cycle enzyme. As one of the key regulatory foci for controlling flux through this photosynthetic pathway, it is strictly and reversibly regulated by light. This light/dark modulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the active-site domain by the PPDK regulatory protein (RP), a bifunctional protein kinase/phosphatase. PPDK is also present in C 3 plants, although it has no known photosynthetic function. Nevertheless, in this report we show that C 3 PPDK in leaves of several angiosperms and in isolated intact spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) chloroplasts undergoes light-/dark-induced changes in phosphorylation state in a manner similar to C 4 dikinase. In addition, the kinetics of this process closely resemble the reversible C 4 process, with light-induced dephosphorylation occurring rapidly (≤15 min) and dark-induced phosphorylation occurring much more slowly (≥30–60 min). In intact spinach chloroplasts, light-induced dephosphorylation of C 3 PPDK was shown to be dependent on exogenous Pi and photosystem II activity but independent of electron transfer from photosystem I. These in organello results implicate a role for stromal pools of Pi and adenylates in regulating the reversible phosphorylation of C 3 -PPDK. Last, we used an in vitro RP assay to directly demonstrate ADP-dependent PPDK phosphorylation in desalted leaf extracts of the C 3 plants Vicia faba and rice ( Oryza sativa ). We conclude that an RP-like activity mediates the light/dark modulation of PPDK phosphorylation state in C 3 leaves and chloroplasts and likely represents the ancestral isoform of this unusual and key C 4 pathway regulatory “converter” enzyme.
Hole propagator of the chiral spin liquid

The properties of a class of wave functions describing charged spinless excitations of the Kalmeyer-Laughlin spin-liquid state are studied within the context of the t-J model and the case made that they are legitimate elementary excitations of such a state. Using these wave functions and those previously proposed for the neutral spin-1/2 excitations, a variational calculation of the hole propagator is performed. The spectral density at a given momentum is found to be a broad continuum with resonant structures that move as the momentum is varied, and to be consistent with exact-diagonalization studies.
IDENTIFYING POTENTIALLY USEFUL PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS FOR EMPLOYEE SELECTION

The Personality-Related Position Requirements Form (PPRF), a job analysis form to be used in making hypotheses about personality predictors of job performance, is described. The Big Five personality factors provided an organizing framework for the PPRF. Subsequent development resulted in identifying 12 specific sets of items for facets of each of the Big Five. A study was conducted by gathering job descriptions on 260 different jobs to determine if the PPRF could reliably differentiate jobs; such evidence was found. The PPRF is offered to both researchers and practitioners for use, refinement, and further testing of its technical merits and intended purposes.
How effective are "community" stroke screening programs at improving stroke knowledge and prevention practices? Results of a 3-month follow-up study.

Background and Purpose— Community stroke screening is a commonly used prevention strategy to identify and educate those at risk. Although the goal of this approach is to reduce the overall occurrence of stroke, its long-term benefit remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether attendance of a stroke screening changes knowledge or prevention practices in persons at risk for stroke 3 months later. Methods— A stroke screening event was held following the National Stroke Association guidelines, with health screening, counseling, and education. Knowledge about stroke was measured by a questionnaire before and after the event. At 3 months, attendees identified at risk for stroke were contacted by telephone to determine their retained knowledge and any specific actions taken as a result of the health counseling. Results— At 3 months, 78 persons were contacted. Knowledge of stroke warning signs increased from 59% to 94% after screening but decreased to 77% at 3 months. At 3 months, 73% had ...
The Effects of Antenatal Steroid Use in Premature Rupture of Membranes

Summary: We sought to determine if antepartum steroid treatment offers any clinical benefits to patients with premature rupture of membranes. One hundred and forty-five maternal-neonatal pairs were studied. Forty-five maternal-neonatal pairs with premature, preterm rupture of membranes received steroids during 24–35 weeks' gestation. One hundred maternal-neonatal pairs received no antenatal steroids. The 2 groups were identical with regard to gestational age at rupture of membranes, gravity, parity, race, fetal gender, socioeconomic status, smoking, and preterm labour risk factors. Study of the data revealed that maternal chorioamnionitis was less frequent in the steroid group (p<0.001). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (oxygen dependent at discharge at term gestational age) was less frequent in the steroid group (p<0.05). The remainder of the data revealed no statistically significant differences in preterm delivery rate, necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage rate or severity of haemorrhage, hospital days, latency to delivery, or ventilator days. Antepartum steroid use in preterm rupture of membranes appears to offer clinical benefit in premature infants by lessening the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in those infants receiving antepartum steroids.
Reduced Absorption of Aureomycin Caused by Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Amphojel)

Summary and ConclusionsAluminum hydroxide gel (amphojel) reduced the level of aureomycin in the serum of 10 individuals within 24 hours after the gel was added to each dose of aureomycin. These findings indicate that the two drugs should not be used together.
Utilization of keyboard dynamics for unique identification of human users

For the past two decades, as the role of computer technology has expanded, computer security (secure processors, information encryption, network protection with biometrics) has also become increasingly important [1–21]. Many computer security schemes have been developed over this time period; however, none of these are foolproof yet. A username and pass-word combination is one of the most popular approaches to securing a computer system, but this system is vulnerable because passwords can be stolen or cracked. However, research suggests that it is possible to identify a user based strictly on their typing style, using pattern recognition, neural networks, and other techniques. This paper focuses on using the keyboard dynamics of the user's password to add an extra layer of security to the natural log-in process.
Wavelength conversion using parametric Raman scattering in silicon microstructures

We demonstrated conversion of optical signals from 1550nm band to the 1300nm band in silicon waveguides. The conversion is based on parametric Stokes to anti-Stokes coupling using the Raman susceptibility of silicon. Achieving high conversion efficiency requires phase matching in the waveguides as well as means to reduce waveguide losses including the free carrier loss due to two photon absorption.
INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 (ICAM-1) REGULATION IN THE CANINE LUNG AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS (CPB). |[dagger]| 147

We have previously demonstrated a CD18-dependent sequestration of neutrophils in the dog lung within 3 hrs after CPB cessation that contributes to pulmonary dysfunction (Circulation 1995;92:2276-2283). To determine if expression of ICAM-1 (a ligand for CD18) on pulmonary capillary endothelium contributes to this response, 6 adult mongrel dogs underwent 90 mins of hypothermic CPB (26-28°C) with 60 mins of aortic cross-clamp time. After warming, dogs were reperfused open chest for 9 hrs. Lung biopsies were obtained prior to CPB, 10 to 30 mins after CPB, and at 1,2,3,6 and 9 hrs thereafter. Northern blots of lung biopsy homogenates demonstrated an early induction of the ICAM-1 gene which persisted at 9 hrs. In-situ hybridization showed mRNA expression within the alveolar wall, on alveolar macrophages, on bronchial epithelial cells, and on vascular endothelium of arterioles and venules. Western blots showed significant ICAM-1 expression prior to CPB, and against this background little or no increase in ICAM-1 protein expression was discernible after CPB. Immunohistochemistry performed at the light microscopic level confirmed ICAM-1 expression within the alveolar wall but failed to show an increase post-CPB, and failed to distinguish alveolar epithelial from capillary endothelial expression. Immunoelectron microscopy detected an increase in capillary ICAM-1 expression in only 1 dog at 9 hrs of reperfusion. Our data suggest that pulmonary neutrophil sequestration early after CPB, although CD18-dependent, is independent of pulmonary capillary ICAM-1 expression.
Multiphysics modeling of porous CRUD deposits in nuclear reactors

Abstract The formation of porous CRUD deposits on nuclear reactor fuel rods, a longstanding problem in the operation of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), is a significant challenge to science-based multiscale modeling and simulation. While existing, published studies have focused on individual or loosely coupled processes, such as heat transfer, fluid flow, and compound dissolution/precipitation, none have addressed their coupled effects sufficiently to enable a comprehensive, scientific understanding of CRUD. Here we present the formulation and results of a model, MAMBA-BDM, which begins to incorporate mechanistic details in describing CRUD in PWRs. CRUD is treated as a chemical deposition process in an environment of variable concentration, an arbitrary level of heating, and a complex fractal-based flow geometry. We present results on spatial distributions of temperature, pressure, velocity, and concentration that give insight into the interplay between these physical properties and geometrical parameters. We show the role of heat convection which has not been discussed previously. Furthermore, we suggest that the assumption of liquid saturation in the CRUD deserves scrutiny, as a result of our attempt to determine an effective CRUD thermal conductivity.
A new organelle related to osmoregulation in ultrarapidly frozenPelvetia embryos.

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the cortical cytoplasm of unfixed, uncryoprotected, ultrarapidly frozen embryos of the marine brown algaPelvetia fastigiata has demonstrated the presence of numerous 0.5-μm diameter, disc-shaped vesicles lying adjacent and nearly parallel to the plasma membrane. Some vesicles are fused with the plasma membrane through a narrow connection; this however appears to be a reversible attachment rather than an intermediate stage in the incorporation of the vesicle into the plasma membrane. The distribution of these connections in the plane of the membrane is not uniform; they tend to occur in patches. The fraction of vesicles that is fused with the plasma membrane at any one time appears to be related to a cell's perception of a stressful hypotonic imbalance between the internal and external concentrations of osmotically active compounds. Thus, a sudden 5% decrease in osmolarity of the artificial seawater medium just before freezing leads to a 38% increase in connections per unit membrane area, while a 20% decrease in osmolarity leads to a 75% increase in connections per unit area. Based on these findings and the corresponding ion-transport studies of R. Nuccitelli and L.F. Jaffe (1976, Planta131, 315–320), we postulate that the disc-shaped vesicles mediate short-term osmoregulation inPelvetia embryos by reversibly inserting chloride channels into the plasma membrane.
Teachers' Reflections on Their Reform-Based Teaching in Mathematics: Implications for the Development of Teacher Self-Efficacy

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the sources of efficacy of experienced teachers who are making the transition to reform-based mathematics teaching, by examining the criteria that they use to evaluate their teaching effectiveness. The quantity and quality of 10 elementary teachers' verbal reflections on the success of their lessons were compared as a function of the length of time that they had participated in a professional development project. Results suggest that the sources of information upon which teachers base evaluations of their teaching change in important ways as teachers shift from traditional to reform-based mathematics teaching. Implications are discussed for understanding how teacher self-efficacy for reform-based teaching can be enhanced through professional development.
Iron and CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and toxicity

Iron plays a critical role in catalyzing the formation of potent oxidants. Increases in iron content enhance oxidative stress, whereas removal of iron deceases such stress. An association between iron and alcoholic liver injury has been proposed. The ability of iron to modulate the biochemical and toxicologic actions of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) has been evaluated by using isolated microsomes and intact liver cells. The ability of different iron complexes to stimulate microsomal lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radical production during reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)- and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent electron transfer has been characterized. Certain iron complexes have been shown to be effective in promoting lipid peroxidation; others are better catalysts of hydroxyl radical production as a complex pattern has been found. Reactive oxygen production, lipid peroxidation, and interaction with iron chelates have been shown to be enhanced with microsomes isolated from ethanol-treated rats with elevated levels of CYP2E1. This increase was prevented by anti-CYP2E1 immunoglobulin (Ig)G or chemical inhibitors of CYP2E1. Thus, in the presence of iron complexes, microsomes enriched in CYP2E1 are especially reactive in generation of reactive oxygen species. To assess the toxicologic significance of this iron-CYP2E1 interaction, iron (ferric-nitrilotriacetate) was added to HepG2 cells, which were engineered to express the human CYP2E1. Ferric-nitrilotriacetate produced a greater toxicity in the CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 cells than that in control HepG2 cells. This enhanced, synergistic toxicity was blocked by antioxidants and inhibitors of CYP2E1. Mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels were decreased, and damage to the mitochondria played a critical role in the CYP2E1-plus-iron-dependent toxicity. These results support the suggestion that low concentrations of iron and polyunsaturated fatty acids can act as priming or sensitizing factors for CYP2E1-induced injury in HepG2 cells and hepatocytes. Such interactions may play a role in alcohol-induced liver injury.
Differentiation of linearly correlated noise from chaos in a biologic system using surrogate data

Experimental time-series of human H-reflexes were analyzed for the presence of fractal structure or deterministic chaos. Surrogate data sets consisting of stochastic time-series with preservation of selected properties of the experimental time-series were used as mathematical controls. Artifacts generated during the analysis of the experimental data are identified, and shown to be due to linear correlation in the original time-series. The method is simple and generally applicable to the non-linear analysis of time-series from any experimental system.
Microtubule Function in Morphological Differentiation: Growth Zones and Growth Cones

There are of course other circumstances in animal cells where microtubules are required to maintain asymmetry at the molecular level. A role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in sorting of proteins to the apical and basolateral domains of epithelial cells is suggested by drug interference experiments, an interpretation that is strengthened by specific depletion of microtubule motors (Lafont et al. 1994xLafont, F., Burkhardt, J., and Simons, K. Nature. 1994; 372: 801–803Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesLafont et al. 1994). Yet there remains a significant difficulty in comparing the effects of microtubules on morphology in yeasts to their role in animal cells. In animal cells, the loss of microtubules means the loss of asymmetry. Obviously yeasts have other mechanisms that can replace microtubules. Perhaps the yeast cell wall may circumvent a structural role for microtubules in supporting asymmetry as it is formed.Microtubules apparently participate in fine tuning of the global organization in S. pombe. Their effect is more subtle in S. cerevisiae, but detailed analysis of mutant phenotypes do suggest that microtubules and microfilaments interact, for example to orient the nucleus in mating projections (Read et al. 1992xRead, E., Okamura, H., and Drubin, D. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1992; 3: 429–444Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesRead et al. 1992). In fact, the notion that the elements of the cytoskeleton function in concert has arisen from several descriptive experiments. The identification of tea1p and other proteins that act as if they engage more than one of those elements may lead us to mechanisms that will make sense of those observations.
Dynamic Field Gradient and Erasure After Write for High Data Rate Recording

Extensive micromagnetic simulations are performed to investigate the impact of the current overshoot amplitude (OSA) on the writer dynamics. The field risetime, dynamic gradient, bubble width, as well as erasure risk due to large stray fields in the neighbouring tracks during the switching are all shown to be very sensitive to the OSA. Numerical results show that increasing OSA can sharply improve the field risetime. However, it also leads to a larger write bubble expansion during switching which could result in a wider track width and reduce track per inch (TPI) capability. The risk of side track erasure for different overshoot conditions are evaluated and also tend to increase with higher OSA. Futhermore, results for remnant fields in the media produced by the writer are shown to be extremely sensitive to the choice of damping parameter used in the simulations.
Metabolic changes in the mud-skipper during asphyxia or exercise.

Abstract 1. 1. A terrestrial gill fish, the mud-skipper, shows a bradycardia during nitrogen asphyxiation and accumulates lactate in brain and muscle tissue during exercise or asphyxiation. 2. 2. During exercise, in a confining space, or during asphyxiation a marked loss of potassium and sodium occurs from brain tissue, while muscle retains its potassium and sodium.
Mechanisms of Efficacy of CBT for Cambodian Refugees with PTSD: Improvement in Emotion Regulation and Orthostatic Blood Pressure Response

Based on the results of a randomized controlled trial, we examined a model of the mechanisms of efficacy of culturally adapted cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for Cambodian refugees with pharmacology-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comordid orthostatic panic attacks (PAs). Twelve patients were in the initial treatment condition, 12 in the delayed treatment condition. The patients randomized to CBT had much greater improvement than patients in the waitlist condition on all psychometric measures and on one physiological measure-the systolic blood pressure response to orthostasis (d = 1.31)-as evaluated by repeated-measures MANOVA and planned contrasts. After receiving CBT, the Delayed Treatment Group improved on all measures, including the systolic blood pressure response to orthostasis. The CBT treatment's reduction of PTSD severity was significantly mediated by improvement in orthostatic panic and emotion regulation ability. The current study supports our model of the generation of PTSD in the Cambodian population, and suggests a key role of decreased vagal tone in the generation of orthostatic panic and PTSD in this population. It also suggests that vagal tone is involved in emotion regulation, and that both vagal tone and emotion regulation improve across treatment.
On the failure path in shear-tested solder joints

Failure of solder joints under shear frequently occurs along a path near and parallel to, but not necessarily exactly at, the interface between the alloy and the bonding material. A numerical finite element analysis was employed to simulate the deformation in solder during cyclic lap-shear testing. High magnitudes of equivalent plastic strain were seen to initiate from the corner regions and spread into the solder along a concentrated band close to the interface. Damage can be expected to occur along the localized band, thus rationalizing the experimentally observed failure path. The effect of solder geometry was also explored in this study.
Dissociation of tactile and acoustic components in air puff startle

Tactile (air puff) or acoustic startle stimuli elicit behavioral (motor) and complex cardiovascular responses which include pressor as well as cardiac decelerative and accelerative responses. An acoustic component of the air puff stimulus (12.5 psi) was identified. Studies were conducted to separate the contributions of both stimulus modalities to the observed responses. The acoustic component was approximated with a wide-spectrum 97-dB white-noise stimulus. This acoustic stimulus failed to evoke heart rate responses but did yield motor and pressor responses. In a second approach, tympanic membrane rupture (TMR) was used to interrupt acoustic sensory stimuli. TMR fully abolished the motor and pressor responses to acoustic startle. With air puff startle, while TMR severely attenuated the motor response it only decreased slightly the pressor and cardiac accelerative responses and failed to influence the cardiac decelerative component. Our results indicate that air puff startle contains both tactile and acoustic modalities. Further, the motor response is largely driven by the acoustic modality since TMR abolished this response elicited by either acoustic or tactile stimulation. More importantly, motor and cardiovascular responses to startle may be separated through discrimination of afferent stimuli suggesting either differences in neural pathways for acoustic and tactile stimuli or a differential dependency of the various responses on stimulus characteristics.
Coordinated data-injection attack and detection in the smart grid: A detailed look at enriching detection solutions

A smart grid improves the efficiency of power grids via the aid of modern communication, signal processing, and control technologies. While smart grid integration enables power grid networks to be smarter, it also increases the risk of cyberattacks due to the strong dependence on the cyberinfrastructure in the overall system. In this article, the coordinated datainjection attack detection problem in the smart grid is considered. Specifically, the data-injection attack model is first introduced and a thorough survey of existing detection methods is then given. Afterward, three important efforts to enrich the detection solution are presented in detail: 1) attacker versus defender dynamics, where possible interactive attack and defense strategies are discussed in the context of secure phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement 2) distributed attack detection and state recovery, where the focus is how to achieve the optimal centralized performance with a distributed approach 3) quickest detection (QD), where the trade off between the detection speed and detection performance is studied. A list of associated key open problems in this area is then presented to conclude this article.
Notes on the biology of a spider parasiteColpomeria kincaidiiAshmead [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae]

C. kincaidii, an ectoparasite ofTetragnatha laboriosaHentz, was found most commonly in spring and fall. Peak parasitism was 18%. They appeared to oviposit only on middle instar spiderlings, and winter as larvae attached to spiders.
Moral and scientific realism: essays in honor of Richard N. Boyd and Nicholas L. Sturgeon

The essays in this issue are presented in honor of philosophers Richard N. Boyd and Nicholas L. Sturgeon. This issue grew out of a conference held September 14–16, 2012, at Cornell University, to mark the occasion of their retirement from the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell. The theme of this special issue is realism in morality and in science. Boyd and Sturgeon are closely identified with the metaethical view known as “Cornell realism,” a theory both philosophers have articulated, developed and defended throughout their careers. Boyd’s and Sturgeon’s moral realism involves a commitment to objective, mind-independent facts about morality. Moral facts are natural facts, but irreducible to non-moral natural facts. Boyd is also a prominent defender of scientific realism, the view that scientific theories yield knowledge of the world, including of the unobservables the theories concern. Both Boyd and Sturgeon have related interests in evolutionary biology and its implications for ethic ...
Slow-light dispersion in periodically patterned silicon microring resonators

We demonstrate a novel periodically patterned ring resonator evanescently coupled with a coupler waveguide (CWG) on a silicon-on-insulator platform. In order to optimize the coupling, we phase match the ring resonator and the CWG by tuning the width of the CWG. In the transmission spectra, we measure a high extinction ratio of more than 20 dB and achieve a group index of ∼20 in the slow-light regime. Beating patterns in the calculated mode profiles suggest strong interference between degenerate modes. This device opens up the possibility of new applications in compact device integration in wavelength-division multiplexing system while reducing the in-band four-wave mixing cross talk.