cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology

A brief and accessible introduction to molecular biology for students and professionals who want to understand this rapidly expanding field.Recent research in molecular biology has produced a remarkably detailed understanding of how living things operate. Becoming conversant with the intricacies of molecular biology and its extensive technical vocabulary can be a challenge, though, as introductory materials often seem more like a barrier than an invitation to the study of life. This text offers a concise and accessible introduction to molecular biology, requiring no previous background in science, aimed at students and professionals in fields ranging from engineering to journalism?anyone who wants to get a foothold in this rapidly expanding field. It will be particularly useful for computer scientists exploring computational biology. A reader who has mastered the information in The Processes of Life is ready to move on to more complex material in almost any area of contemporary biology.
Performance comparison of PHP and JSP as server-side scripting languages

The dynamic scripting language PHP has become enormously popular for implementing lightweight web applications, and is widely used as a server-side scripting language for web servers. To contrast the performance of PHP and JSP for this purpose, we used the SPECweb2005 benchmark, which provides three application scenarios implemented in both PHP and JSP. This paper describes and contrasts the results of SPECweb2005 performance benchmark testing performed on different configurations of PHP and JSP using the popular web servers Apache and Lighttpd. Despite the execution overhead of interpretation in PHP engines observed in micro benchmarks, the experimental result of SPECweb2005 benchmark yields valuable performance data for web server implementers. The efficiency of scripting language runtimes still matters for the end-to-end performance. However, once carefully architected and tuned, the language runtime is less of a bottleneck than the web server performance itself.
Informational Size and Efficient Auctions, Second Version

We develop an auction model for the case of interdependent values and multidimensional signals in which agents' signals are correlated. We provide conditions under which a modification of the Vickrey auction which includes payments to the bidders will result in an ex post efficient outcome. Furthermore, we provide a definition of informational size such that the necessary payments to bidders will be arbitrarily small if agents are sufficiently informationally small.
Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico

(2000). Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 112-112.
Regulation of outer kinetochore Ndc80 complex-based microtubule attachments by the central kinetochore Mis12/MIND complex

Multiple protein subcomplexes of the kinetochore cooperate as a cohesive molecular unit that forms load-bearing microtubule attachments that drive mitotic chromosome movements. There is intriguing evidence suggesting that central kinetochore components influence kinetochore–microtubule attachment, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we find that the conserved Mis12/MIND (Mtw1, Nsl1, Nnf1, Dsn1) and Ndc80 (Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24, Spc25) complexes are connected by an extensive network of contacts, each essential for viability in cells, and collectively able to withstand substantial tensile load. Using a single-molecule approach, we demonstrate that an individual MIND complex enhances the microtubule-binding affinity of a single Ndc80 complex by fourfold. MIND itself does not bind microtubules. Instead, MIND binds Ndc80 complex far from the microtubule-binding domain and confers increased microtubule interaction of the complex. In addition, MIND activation is redundant with the effects of a mutation in Ndc80 that might alter its ability to adopt a folded conformation. Together, our results suggest a previously unidentified mechanism for regulating microtubule binding of an outer kinetochore component by a central kinetochore complex.
Factors influencing outcome in intracerebral hematoma: a simple, reliable, and accurate method to grade intracerebral hemorrhage

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major public health problem. This subset of stroke often coexists with other serious medical problems such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Management of hemorrhagic stroke is controversial and there is no standardized system for assessing presentation and predicting outcome of this disease. We propose a new grading system based on clinical and radiologic factors important in influencing outcome in ICH that can be used by the entire health care team. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the last 50 patients who presented with hypertensive ICHs to Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport during 2001 to 2003. Significant predictors of outcome at 6 months as measured by the Glasgow outcome score (GOS) were determined and a grading system based on clot volume, hydrocephalus on initial computed tomographic scan, and focal neurologic deficit was formulated. Results: Three factors observed to have significant association with GOS were presence of a focal neurologic deficit on initial presentation (P = .003), presence of hydrocephalus on initial computed tomographic scan (P b.0001), and clot volume (P = .003). Patients were scored on these variables as follows: absence of any focal neurologic deficit (1 point); neurologically intact (1 point); absence of hydrocephalus (1 point); and clot volume b20 mL (3 points), 20 to 50 mL (2 points), and N50 mL (1 point). The scores were summed to assign an ICH grade to each patient for predicting his GOS at 6 months. Given the nonsignificant difference between a patient’s grade and his actual observed GOS (mean difference 0.04, P = .79), as well as their significant correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.76, P b .0001), we believe our grading system is useful for predicting a patient’s GOS. Conclusion: An accurate and reliable grading scale for ICH is helpful in standardizing the management of ICH, improving communication of patient presentation among health care workers, and predicting outcomes. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bighorn sheep habitat use and selection near an urban environment

To further understand the impact of urban development on wildlife populations, we examined habitat use and selection by female bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis in two endangered subpopulations near a metropolitan area in southern California. One subpopulation, which had previously been found to have low reproductive success, selected urban environments while the other did not use urban areas. In the subpopulation that used urban areas, females had smaller core activity areas and selected lower elevations and gentler slopes. These females used urban sources of water but a clear relationship between levels of urban use and periods of increased water need was not evident. Diet quality was higher among females that selected urban areas, and this increase was correlated with the level of urban use. Thus, optimal foraging behavior may have contributed to the selection of urban areas. Urban use was lowest during peak months of parturition, suggesting that reproductive strategies may also have influenced temporal patterns of urban use. Although urban areas provided bighorn sheep with forage and water resources, the use of these areas may have substantial costs. For example, females using urban areas had internal parasites that were not found elsewhere in the Peninsular Ranges.
Soft error reliability aware placement and routing for FPGAs

Radiation effects on SRAM-based FPGA configuration memory induce unique failure modes that cannot be found in similar ASIC devices and can translate into permanent errors in the circuit mapped into the FPGA. The physical layout of the mapped circuit has a considerable impact on the overall reliability of the implemented circuit. In this work we present a set of soft error reliability aware placement and routing algorithms, by modifying the original VPR toolset, to improve the reliability of the mapped designs against SEUs occurring in the FPGA SRAM configuration memory. Our proposed approach tries to minimize the number of possible errors in the circuit while optimizing for traditional design constraints, namely, area and delay. Using our approach we were able to reduce the number of total sensitive bits by 58% on average.
Analysis of resin injection molding in molds with preplaced fiber mats. II: Numerical simulation and experiments of mold filling

This work presents the results of numerical simulation and experimental visualization of the mold filling process in resin injection molding with preplaced fiber mats. The mold filling experiments were conducted with various mat stacks consisting of continuous random glass fiber mats and bidirectional stitched glass fiber mats. The use of two different mat types in the mat stack created porosity and permeability variations. The effect of these permeability variations was studied by taking flow pressure measurements and observing the progress of the flow front of a non-reactive fluid filling a clear acrylic mold that contained the reinforcement mat stack. Numerical simulation corresponding to each experiment was also carried out. The numerical results were compared to the experimental measurements.
Permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to organic cations

Abstract Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by hydrophobic fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine 6G, Safranine O, Pyronine B) is much less potentiated by digitonin-lysis of the outer memorane than that by polyamines or adriamycin. This situation may be explained by impermeability of the anion-selective channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane to large cations and by the ability of hydrophobic (but not polar or amphipatic) ions to directly permeate lipid bilayers.
Effects of repeated injections of the steroids and relaxin on the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig as studied by x-ray.

IT HAS been known for some time that relaxation of the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig could be brought about by administration of several of the steroids and of extracts containing relaxin either singly or in combination. These studies can be summed up briefly by saying that estrogen, if given in large enough quantities and for a sufficient period of time, is able to produce separation of the pubes; that relaxin, if administered to an estrogen-primed animal, will cause within a six hour period a separation of the symphysis which is proportional to the dosage; and that progesterone can indirectly cause relaxation of the symphysis by initiating the production of relaxin from the estrogen-primed uterus. For details of this work see Hisaw et al. (1944), Talmage (1947), and Zarrow (1948). In all these studies, the criterion for determining differences in the ability of the various substances to cause relaxation of the guinea pig symphysis
On reactor design for complex systems of first‐order chemical reactions

The mathematical problems of reactor design and performance depend primarily on the solution of a set of partial differential or difference equations. These equations are linear if the reactions are first-order, if temperature variations are not significant, and if mass transfer by diffusion obeys Fick's law. When a reactor problem can be solved for a single irreversible first-order reaction, it can also be solved for a system of coupled first-order reactions of any number of chemical species and of arbitrary complexity. Les difficultes mathematiques du calcul des reacteurs et de leur performance proviennent du Systeme d'equations differentielles a resoudre. Ces equations sont lineaires lorsque les reactions sont du premier ordre, les variations de temperature sont negligeables et le transport de masse par diffusion suit la loi de Fick. Lorsqu'un probleme de reacteur peut ětre solutionne dans le cas d'une seule reaction irreversible du premier ordre, il peut aussi l'ětre pour un Systeme complexe de reactions de premier ordre.
Apache Airavata as a Laboratory: Architecture and Case Study for Component-Based Gateway Middleware

Science gateways are more than user interfaces to computational grids and clouds. Gateways are middleware in their own right, providing flexible, lightweight federations of heterogenous collections of computing resources (such as campus clusters, supercomputers, computational clouds), all of which remain challenges for many alternative middleware approaches. Gateways also are notable for providing science application-centric interfaces to computing resources rather than resource-centric views. An important challenge for science gateway research is to generalize specific science gateway strategies, defining a reference architecture that emcompasses major gateway capabilities while enabling implementation flexibility. Such a reference architecture should also enable "platform as a service" approaches that provide hosted versions of common gateway capabilities. In this paper, we summarize the Apache Airavata software system as a candidate reference architecture for science gateways. We propose the use of a component-based architecture to encompass major gateway capabilities (such as metadata management, meta-scheduling, execution management, and messaging). We examine the messaging system component in this abstract architecture in detail and describe its re-implementation and validation using third party messaging system software to replace a custom-built messaging system. Besides the operational validation of this specific component, we infer a preliminary validation of the overall architecture. The flexibility of component implementations within an overall architecture is essential as it allows gateway middleware to be the subject of distributed computing research for its own sake while also ensuring that we don't get locked into less than optimal implementations for gateway operations.
Novel HGMF/HCFS magnetic filter design

Recent developments in small permanent magnet design, based on the hollow cylindrical flux source (HCFS) principle, are applied to high-gradient magnetic filters (HGMF) with a variety of potential applications. The permanent magnet is used to provide a background field by which a matrix of ferromagnetic fibers is magnetized. The magnet, the matrix, and the filter cleaning method are described. The design is of particular interest for applications requiring either the absence of live power supplies or compactness of design. >
God's Goodness and God's Evil

Starting with Job's reaction to evil, I identify three elements of Job-like belief. They are: (1) the recognition of evil in the world; (2) the conviction that God and God's creation are good; and (3) the sense of beholding God's goodness in the world. The interconnection of these three elements is examined along with a possible way of understanding Job-like believers beholding and becoming experientially aware of God's goodness. It is brought out why, given that they are as they understand themselves to be, Job-like believers properly do not see evil as evidence against God's goodness. Finally, Job-like belief is related to the different reactions to evil by Ivan and Aloysha in The Brothers Karamazov.
Physical Properties of Thin Metallic Films. I. Magneto-Resistance Effects in Thin Films of Bismuth

Increase of resistance of bismuth films in a magnetic field; the effect of heat treatment.---Films of bismuth one centimeter long by 3 millimeters wide were sputtered from chemically pure bismuth on glass slides to resistances varying from 25 ohms to 200 ohms. If especial care is taken to avoid heating these films during the sputtering, by allowing the process to go on intermittently at short intervals, there is little or no change produced in the resistance of such films when placed in a transverse magnetic field of 16,000 gauss. If the films are heated to a temperature near the melting point of bismuth and allowed to cool and this process repeated several times, after each heating the film exhibits a greater change of resistance in the magnetic field than before it, until a certain upper limit is reached, beyond which further heating, if the previous maximum temperature is not exceeded, has little effect. Likewise, heating to successively higher temperatures, beginning at a fairly low maximum and gradually approaching the melting point of the metal in each successive heating, restores the property under investigation to a greater and greater degree. Heating to temperatures under 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} has very little effect towards restoring this property, while heating to temperatures above this value has a correspondingly larger effect. If the film is strongly heated while being sputtered the initial increase of resistance in the magnetic field is comparatively large and further heating produces only slight increases in this initial value. The increase of resistance in weak fields or where the total effect is not large is strictly proportional to the square of the field strength.Negative temperature coefficient.---The heating as above described produces no observable change in the negative temperature coefficient of resistance of these films, which was carefully measured before and after each heating.
Mobility studies of epitaxial PbTe thin films

Abstract Mobility studies have been made on single crystal PbTe thin films grown on NaCl substrates. By subtracting the effects of lattice and surface scattering from the experimentally measured effective mobility, defect scattering is separated out. Temperature dependence of defect scattering in many films in the thickness range of 2000 to 10,000 A indicates dislocation scattering as opposed to the usual model of boundary limited scattering in lead chalcogenide films. Electron micrograph studies of these films support this result. Mobility increases with film thickness because the films get better structurally and the defect scattering decreases.
Sensitive measurement of NH4+ 15N/14N (δ15NH4+) at natural abundance levels in fresh and saltwaters

We report a new method for determining the 15N/14N of NH4+ at natural abundance level in both freshwater and seawater. NH4+ is first quantitatively oxidized to NO2- by hypobromite (BrO-) at pH ∼ 12. After the addition of sodium arsenite to consume excess BrO-, yield is verified by colorimetric NO2- determination. NO2- is further reduced to N2O using a 1:1 sodium azide and acetic acid buffer solution using previously established procedures. The product N2O is then analyzed for isotopic composition using a continuous flow purge and cryogenic trap system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Reliable δ15N values (standard deviation is 0.3‰ or better) are obtained over an NH4+ concentration range of 0.5−10 μM using 20 mL volumes of either freshwater or seawater samples. Higher concentration samples are readily diluted to lower concentration. Preexisting NO2- is removed by treatment with sulfanilic acid. There is no interference from any of the nitrogen-containing compounds tested except short-chain a...
SIRT1 is upregulated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its inhibition induces growth arrest and apoptosis

Silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1) is the best-studied member of the Sirtuin (Sir2) family of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), but has not yet been explored in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We analyzed five CTCL cell lines and lesional tissues using flow cytometry, immunostaining, immunoblotting, cell death, viability, and apoptosis assays, small-molecule inhibitors, and shRNA knockdown. We found strong SIRT1 expression among CTCL lines relative to normal lymphocytes. CTCL cells in lesional tissues also expressed SIRT1 strongly. SIRT1 knockdown resulted in reduced cellular metabolism and proliferation, increased apoptosis, and PARP cleavage products. Tenovin-1, which reversibly inhibits class III HDACs (SIRT1 and SIRT2), reduced SIRT enzymatic activity and SIRT1 expression and led to increased apoptosis. These alterations were accompanied by increased forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) in several cell lines and increased nuclear p53, as well as acetylated p53 in wtp53 MyLa CTCL line. A combination of class I/II and class III HDACIs (vorinostat and tenovin-1) produced significantly greater growth inhibition, cell death via apoptosis, as well as superior p53 promoter upregulation in wtp53 MyLa cells as compared with either agent alone. This occurred in a partially p53-dependent manner, as these effects were blunted by p53 knockdown. Our results indicate that SIRT1 is strongly expressed in CTCL. Its inhibition results in reduced growth and increased apoptosis of CTCL cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that some CTCL patients, such as those with wtp53, might benefit more from treatment with a combination of different classes of HDACIs than with a single agent.
Thermal Anneal Effects on Carbon-Hydrogen LVMs In AlGaN

Abstract : Thermal annealing effects on carbon-hydrogen (C-H) complexes defects in AlGaN grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The CH complexes in AlGaN, formed either during growth or by proton irradiation, exhibit five local vibrational modes (LVMs) due to the symmetric and asymmetric vibrational stretching modes of C-H in CH(sub n) (n = 1-3) defect complexes. It was found that the annealing temperature (T(sub a)) of 500 deg C is sufficient enough to dissociate most of the C-H complexes in AlGaN samples. A turning point annealing temperature is found around 300 deg C for un-irradiated Mg-doped sample, below which the total integrated area of the C-H LVMs continued to increase with increasing annealing temperature and reach the maximum value around 300 deg C. At T(sub a) > 300 deg C, the total integrated area of the C-H LVMs starts to decrease and the C-H complexes seem to be completely depleted at T(sub a) > 600 deg C. The depleted C-H LVMs were observed to partially recover after thermal annealing at T(sub a) > 500 deg C and waiting for aging periods of several days. This recovery behavior is explained in terms of the hydrogen being remained inside the crystal after the dissociation of C-H complexes, subsequent diffusion and recombining again with carbon atom to reform C-H complexes.
Transmission High‐Energy Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry (EELS) Analysis of Hole Formation and Charge Transfer in p‐type Doped Cuprate Superconductors

The technique of transmission high-energy electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) in TEM has been applied to analyze the formation of charge carriers (holes) and charge transfer in p-type doped cuprate superconductors. The O-K absorption edges of these compounds exhibit a distinct pre-edge feature which is related to the formation of holes on oxygen sites. The newly discovered Ga-based cuprate superconductors display additional significant spectral features. O-K absorption edge fine structure analysis reveals two types of holes in this system, on induced by hole doping alone and the other by high-pressure oxygenation treatment. Only the second type of hole appears to be associated with the occurrence of superconductivity. The CuL[sub 3] edge of the doped and oxygenated compounds also exhibits a pronounced shoulder on the higher-energy side of the CudL[sub 3] edge which represents the charge transfer between copper and oxygen. EELS absorption data are consistent with the doped charge-transfer insulator or Mott-Hubbard model description of the electronic states. Necessary experiments to distinguish between the above two models are also suggested.
708 BILE SALTS FUNCTION AS CALCIUM IONOPHORES

It has been previously demonstrated that bile salts (BS) induce calcium (Ca) dependent hemolysis which is directly proportional to Ca influx into red blood cells. To examine how BS's might facilitate Ca movement across membranes, we investigated Ca uptake by unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (PV)prepared from soy phosphatidates. PV's were incubated with 5.0 mM 45Ca either alone (control) or with added 750 μM BS - taurodeoxycholate (TDC) or tauroeholate (TC) (Hepes buffer, pH 7.0, 37°C). After 10 min, Ca uptake was 1.88 ± .08 nmoles by the control PV's, 3.28 ± .04 nmoles by the PV's with TC, and 5.06 ± .03 nmoles by the PV's with TDC. 45Ca uptake was also compared to sodium-22 (22Na) or rubidium-86 (86Rb) uptake in the presence of TDC. After 5 min of incubation, TDC-associated Ca uptake was nearly 2 times greater than those of either Na or Rb. Finally, PV's were exposed either to 25 nM valinomycin (V) which induced an electrochemical gradient across PV membranes, or to 25 nM nigericin (N) which induced a pH gradient. TDC without V or N increased Ca uptake 1.67 ± .08 times over controls. Exposure to V increased TDC-associated Ca uptake 1.45 ± .05 times, and exposure to N increased it 1.90 ± .03 times. Conclusions: (1) BS's induce cation uptake by PV's that is more specific for Ca than for Na or Rb; (2) as was true of red blood cells, TDC induces greater Ca uptake than TC; (3) pH gradients promote greater BS-indueed Ca uptake than electrochemical gradients. Hypothesis: The mechanism of BS-induced Ca uptake may be similar to that of Ca ionophore A23187 whose activity is similarly promoted by pH gradients.
Sleep aromatherapy curbs conditioned fear.

We know that humans are capable of learning during sleep. Research now shows that they are also capable of unlearning during sleep, and in a way that alters the neural representation of a feared stimulus: re-exposure to an odor during slow-wave sleep promotes extinction of an aversive visual association learned in that odor context.
What's right about fair‐use guidelines for the academic community?

Are fair‐use guidelines advisable for the academic community? Experience has demonstrated that fair‐use guidelines do assist organizations and individuals who wish to comply with the copyright law. Guidelines help clarify and simplify the application of fair‐use principles when educators reproduce and use copies of copyrighted works without permission for nonprofit educational purposes. Although the Copyright Act of 1976 provides four nonexclusive fair‐use factors for evaluating proposed fair uses, these factors are often characterized as vague and ambiguous standards that do not provide specific guidance for educators, and are subjective in their interpretation. Scholars, educators, and students who follow the criteria outlined in mutually accepted educational fair‐use guidelines, which have been developed through a collaborative negotiation process that includes endorsements from both user and rightsholder organizations, can be assured of a “safe harbor” in which users are acting within the spirit of copyright principles and are not in violation of the law when they abide by the criteria in endorsed guidelines. Such guidelines do not limit the application of fair‐use principles because individual fair use does extend beyond endorsed guidelines, although every use beyond the guidelines' agreed‐upon criteria must be individually evaluated according to the vague fair‐use factors of the copyright law, which are open to various interpretations.
Analysis of a wavelet-based compression scheme for wireless image communication

In wireless image communication, image compression is necessary because of the limited channel bandwidth. The associated channel fading, multipath distortion and various channel noises demand that the applicable image compression technique be amenable to noise combating and error correction techniques designed for wireless communication environment. In this study, we adopt a wavelet-based compression scheme for wireless image communication applications. The scheme includes a novel scene adaptive and signal adaptive quantization which results in coherent scene representation. Such representation can be integrated with the inherent layered structure of the wavelet-based approach to provide possibilities for robust protection of bit stream against impulsive and bursty error conditions frequently encountered in wireless communications. To implement the simulation of wireless image communication, we suggest a scheme of error sources modeling based on the analysis of the general characteristics of the wireless channels. This error source model is based on Markov chain process and is used to generate binary bit error patterns to simulate the bursty nature of the wireless channel errors. Once the compressed image bit stream is passed through the simulated channel, errors will occur according to this bit error pattern. Preliminary comparison between JPEG-based wireless image communication and wavelet-based wireless image communication has been made without application of error control and error resilience to either case. The assessment of the performance based on image quality evaluation shows that the wavelet-based approach is promising for wireless communication with the bursty channel characteristics.
A Note on the Complete Unitary Invariant for Some Subnormal Operators

A complete unitary invariant for an irreducible subnormal operators with m.n.e. N satisfying the condition that σ(N) consists of either a Jordan curve or two Jordan curves is given. Also the model of such subnormal operators is established.
Profound atelectasis following alkaline corrosive airway injury

Abstract We report a case of life-threatening acute atelectasis following intpbation for alkaline corrosive injury to the upper airway. The risk factors for and diagnosis of acute atelectass as well as current methods of treatment are reviewed. It is important for emergency physicians to be familiar with this potentially fatal respiratory emergency during care for acutely ill and injured patients.
Energetics and packing of fullerenes in nanotube peapods

We use structure-optimization techniques to study the equilibrium packing of fullerenes in carbon nanotube peapods. Our results for nanotubes containing ${\mathrm{C}}_{n}$ fullerenes with $60\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}84$ atoms indicate that the fullerenes are more densely packed in the nanotubes than in the bulk crystal, in agreement with experimental data. We find that the reduction of the interfullerene distance, as well as a structural relaxation of fullerenes and nanotubes, results from a high internal pressure within the peapods, suggesting the use of nanotubes as nanoscale autoclaves for chemical reactions.
Nitrogen dynamics in sediment during water level manipulation on the Upper Mississippi River

Nitrogen (N) has been linked to increasing eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico and as a result there is increased interest in managing and improving water quality in the Mississippi River system. Water level reductions, or ‘drawdowns’, are being used more frequently in large river impoundments to improve vegetation growth and sediment compaction. We selected two areas of the Upper Mississippi River system (Navigation Pool 8 and Swan Lake) to examine the effects of water level drawdown on N dynamics. Navigation Pool 8 experienced summer drawdowns in 2001 and 2002. Certain areas of Swan Lake have been drawn down annually since the early 1970s where as other areas have remained inundated. In the 2002 Pool 8 study we determined the effects of sediment drying and rewetting resulting from water level drawdown on (1) patterns of sediment nitrification and denitrification and (2) concentrations of sediment and surface water total N (TN), nitrate, and ammonium (NH). In 2001, we only examined sediment NH and TN. In the Swan Lake study, we determined the long-term effects of water level drawdowns on concentrations of sediment NH and TN in sediments that dried annually and those that remained inundated. Sediment NH decreased significantly in the Pool 8 studies during periods of desiccation, although there were no consistent trends in nitrification and denitrification or a reduction in total sediment N. Ammonium in sediments that have dried annually in Swan Lake appeared lower but was not significantly different from sediments that remain wet. The reduction in sediment NH in parts of Pool 8 was likely a result of increased plant growth and N assimilation, which is then redeposited back to the sediment surface upon plant senescence. Similarly, the Swan Lake study suggested that drawdowns do not result in long term reduction in sediment N. Water level drawdowns may actually reduce water retention time and river-floodplain connectivity, while promoting significant accumulation of organic N. These results indicate that water level drawdowns are probably not an effective means of removing N from the Upper Mississippi River system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Next Best President

Choice of a new president is a decision of great importance to individuals within the organization and to the community the college serves. An issue in the search process is the continued domination of presidential candidates by Whites, particularly White males, contrary to changing demographics of student and national populations. For the most part, the search committee has resisted examination by those outside the process partly because of issues of confidentiality and partly because of an amorphous mystique that wards off close examination. This study is a critical ethnographic study of search committees at two comprehensive community colleges. It begins the process of deconstructing presidential searches by viewing the process through the eyes and experiences of individual search committee members, successful candidates, and executive search consultants. Through their stories, we recognize the search process as a ceremonial activity focused on serving varied constituencies as a means of conveying legi...
Changes in liver glycogen of broilers during coccidiosis.

Abstract Liver glycogen levels of broilers infected with Eimeria acervulina, E. brunetti, or E. tenella fell during the acute phase of the infection with the maximum effect at 5–6 days post-inoculation (DPI). During the early recovery phase (6–8 DPI), liver glycogen levels in the E. acervulina-infected birds increased to levels up to 3 times greater than those found in uninoculated control birds. A lesser increase was occasionally seen in E. tenella-infected birds. Pair feeding studies showed that the decrease in liver glycogen was not related to the amount of feed consumed. The magnitude of the glycogen overshoot at 7 DPI was not related to the depression of weight gain at 5 and 6 DPI. When feed was withheld from birds, liver glycogen levels of uninoculated control birds fell rapidly within 1 h after feed withdrawal. In birds infected with E. acervulina, liver glycogen levels remained high even after 3 h starvation. Injection of glucagon indicated that glycogen could be mobilized in both infected and uninfected birds.
Measurement of the radiative lifetime of the A 2 Σ ( v ′ = 0 ) state of SiF

We report a measurement of the ${A}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0)$ radiative lifetime in silicon monofluoride. In this experiment, SiF radicals were produced by the microwave discharge of Si${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$. The ground-state SiF molecules were then excited to the ${A}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0)$ state by a dye-laser pulse. The resultant fluorescence was recorded and its decay rate measured. The measured lifetime was 0.23 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \ensuremath{\mu}sec and was independent of Si${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ pressure in the range 0.05 to 1.0 Torr.
Cost performance of multi-junction, gallium arsenide, and silicon solar cells on spacecraft

Spacecraft solar array engineers now have cell choices running from inexpensive and less efficient silicon (Si) cells, to gallium arsenide on germanium (GaAs/Ge) cells, to more expensive and efficient multi-junction (MJ) cells. This paper finds that the more array weight can be reduced by using more efficient cells, even when they are a very expensive option in terms of the array alone, and put into the spacecraft payload i.e. the scientific instruments or in the case of commercial spacecraft, the communications equipment, the more cost effective the spacecraft array system. This is true for a wide variety of spacecraft. This is because of the very high price of launching a spacecraft payload and supporting it with a spacecraft.
What is the theoretical density of a nanocrystalline material

Abstract We prepared nanocrystalline Ni by a severe deformation method – high-energy ball milling – and collected neutron diffraction patterns during the annealing of nanocrystalline Ni. Analyzing the neutron diffraction patterns provides the lattice parameter, dislocation density and grain size of nanocrystalline Ni. We found that a low-temperature (T 260 °C) anneal grows the nanograins. For T 260 °C, where the statistically stored dislocations are completely annealed out, the excess volume is inversely proportional to the grain size. However, 80% of the excess volume in our severely deformed nanocrystalline Ni is due to the statistically stored dislocations. We finally used our experimental data to derive the grain size dependence of the theoretical density of a nanocrystalline material free from excess dislocations. The derived theoretical density agrees well with the experimentally measured density of nanocrystalline metallic materials that are relatively free from deformation-induced defects.
Changes in myosin mRNA and protein expression in denervated rat soleus and tibialis anterior.

Denervation differs from other models of reduced neuromuscular activation due to the absence of a nerve-muscle connection and limited data exists regarding the effects of denervation on myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression. Thus, adult MHC expression (I, IIa, IIx, IIb) was studied in the rat soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) at the mRNA and protein levels 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 30 days following sciatic nerve transection. MHC protein content was quantified with SDS/PAGE and mRNA levels with the RNase-protection assay. Control soleus consisted predominately of type I MHC mRNA and protein, however, 4 days after denervation type I MHC mRNA was significantly decreased to 41 ± 8 % of control and continued to remain below control values. Soleus IIa mRNA was significantly elevated 7 and 10 days after denervation while IIx mRNA remained relatively constant until 30 days when it increased to 197 ± 23 % of control. At the protein level, soleus I MHC significantly decreased to 80 % of the total while IIa MHC significantly increased to 20 % of the total. At 30 days, IIx MHC protein accounted for 9.4 ± 1.6 % of the total soleus MHC protein. In the TA, IIb mRNA was significantly decreased to 57 % of control by day 4 and remained significantly decreased for up to a month. TA IIx mRNA was also significantly decreased at 10 and 30 days after denervation. Similar to the soleus, TA IIa mRNA was significantly increased over control 7−14 days after denervation. There were no significant changes in TA MHC protein profile during one month of denervation. In both the soleus and TA, denervation significantly shifted the MHC mRNA profile as early as 4 days following denervation without any corresponding changes at the protein level. Significant mRNA changes without large changes in MHC protein composition continued throughout the denervation period suggesting that the muscle may be prevented from premature functional transitions by mechanisms such as decreased mRNA stability, translational block, or increased turnover of newly synthesized proteins.
Molecular Restoration of β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Improves Contractile Function of Failing Hearts

β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonists, or β blockers, are now a part of the standard therapeutic arsenal in the medical management of chronic heart failure (HF). Conversely, βAR stimulation remains the most efficient way to enhance cardiac contractile function acutely, although long-term inotropic therapy based on enhanced βAR stimulation is likely detrimental. Although altered βAR signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis of HF, the choice to therapeutically agonize or antagonize this receptor pathway remains an area of ongoing investigation. Research from the authors' laboratory as well as other research conducted over the last 10 years has produced evidence to support the fact that "normalizing" the βAR system at a molecular level and improving signaling, instead of blocking it, leads to significant enhancement of cardiac contractile function and prevents ventricular remodeling in HF. This review summarizes the extensive in vivo animal model experimentation that supports the still-controversial hypothesis that increasing the myocardial density of β 2 -ARs or, more effectively, inhibiting the activity of the βAR kinase (also referred to as G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2), represent potential novel therapeutic strategies for HF.
CLASSICAL INVARIANT THEORY FOR FINITE REFLECTION GROUPS

We give explicit systems of generators of the algebras of invariant polynomials in arbitrary many vector variables for the classical reflection groups (including the dihedral groups). As an application of the results we prove a ge- neralization of Chevalley's restriction theorem for the classical Lie algebras. In the interesting case when the group is of Coxeter type Dn (n ! 4) we use higher polarization operators introduced by Wallach. The least upper bound for the degrees of elements in a system of generators turns out to be independent of the number of vector variables. We conjecture that this is also true for the exceptional reflection groups and then sketch a proof for the group of type F4.
Solid-State Solar Simulator

This paper presents an efficient, low-cost, and versatile LED-based solar simulator intended to produce a well-characterized spectrum for tests of solar cells and other photosensitive devices. Three major design aspects are addressed: LED spectra, power converters for LED drive, and control. The visible light of a standard solar spectrum is simulated using six LED colors. The number of LEDs and their placement for uniformity are addressed. Boost converters under current-mode control are used to achieve reproducible LED brightness through adjustable currents, or equivalent radiant-flux commands. The independent control of the six colors can simulate a range of different light sources and solar spectra. Uniformity tests verify that the system achieves standard spectral uniformity requirements over an area of 100 mm × 100 mm in simulations and 100 mm × 50 mm in experiments. LEDs in the proposed simulator consume less power and reduce the simulator size compared to the available state of the art. The user-friendly interface also allows active control of the simulated spectrum.
Refined structure of CeKFe(CN)6·4H2O

Single crystals of cerium potassium ferrocyanide tetrahydrate are prepared by slow diffusion. The hexagonal form of CeKFe(CN)6·4H2O crystallizes in the space group P63/m (C6h2, No. 176), with lattice constants a = 7.392(1) A and c = 13.871(1) A. The experimental density is 2.336(2) g-cm−3 (pc = 2.341 g-cm−3). The nine-coordinated CeN6(H2O)3 groups are linked to the octahedral FeC6 groups by cyanide bridges. The structure of the title compound has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The final refinement based on 1157 independent reflections has yielded an R-value of 0.034. Important bond distances are: CeN = 2.556(2) A, FeC = 1.911(1) A, and CN = 1.158(1) A.
Direct recoil spectrometry

(1988). Direct recoil spectrometry. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 319-376.
Debunking Myths of Negligence in Pain Management Practice

Pain management practitioners must meet the standard of care to avoid liability for malpractice. The Court of Appeals of Florida has recently reversed a jury verdict against a surgeon who provided pain management care to a patient who died after overdosing on opioids obtained from a different physician. The plaintiffs had contended that the surgeon breached the standard of care by failing to perform specific activities that would have prevented the patient from obtaining the drugs that cause her death. The appellate court rejected the plaintiffs' argument because the evidence failed to support malpractice liability of the surgeon.
Substance-abusing mothers and disruptions in child custody: An attachment perspective

Using an attachment framework, we examined (1) whether substance-abusing mothers' perceptions of how they were parented were related to the severity of their substance abuse and psychological maladjustment and (2) whether these two factors mediated the association between mothers' perceptions of how they were parented and their children's placement out of home. There were 108 mothers of 248 children who completed interviews upon admission to a methadone maintenance program for women. Measures included lifetime risk composite scores derived from the Addiction Severity Index, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and a demographics questionnaire. A multilevel modeling approach was used to model effects of the hierarchically organized data (e.g., children nested within families). Findings are consistent with an attachment perspective on parenting suggesting that the internal psychological processes of a parent play a critical role in the continuity of parenting.
Evidence for ideal elastic-plastic deformation in FeNi-based metallic glasses

An analysis of the elastic rebound of thin ribbons of Fe40Ni40P14B6 bent into the mixed elastic-plastic regime shows that in the range 0 < ϵp < ϵf (where ϵf is the plastic surface strain at failure (about 5% for unannealed material)) Fe40Ni40P14B6 behaves within an experimental uncertainty of ϖσ/ϖϵp < |2| as an ideal elastic-plastic solid. The flow stress appears to be preparation dependent and varies between 2.1 and 2.4 GPa for samples from the same manufacturer. Annealing at 150°C, i.e. at a temperature where structural relaxation commences, tends to decrease the batch-to-batch variation by increasing the flow stress towards a common value of about 2.5 GPa.
CH bond activation in functionalized organic compounds with Cp∗ (PMe3)IrMe(OTf): generation, structural characterization and metal-based rearrangement of the acetone activation product Cp∗ (PMe3)Ir(η3-CH2C(OH)CH2)+OTf−

Abstract The iridium complex Cp∗(PMe3)Ir(Me)OTf (1) (Cp∗ = η5-C5(CH3)5, OTf = OSO2CF3) reacts cleanly with acetone at room temperature. This reaction results in overall double CH activation, generating the cationic η3-hydroxyallyl complex Cp∗ (PMe3)Ir(η3-CH2C(OH)CH2)+OTf− (2). Complex 2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction and found to contain a hydrogen-bonded triflate anion. The ultimate product formed on reaction with acetone is strongly dependent upon the nature of the counterion present. Replacement of the triflate ion in 2 with other anions leads to the metallacyclobutanone Cp∗(PMe3)Ir(η2-CH2COCH2), the η1-enolate Cp ∗ ( PMe 3 ) Ir(CH 2 COCH 3 ) S (p- toly ) and the free cation salt Cp∗(PMe3)Ir(η3-CH2C(OH)CH2)+ B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4−.
The written speech

This paper provides a brief description of key points an engineer or scientist should consider when preparing a written presentation that is to be read aloud. Planning, organizing, and presentation methods allow a speaker to review his material and improve any areas which appear weak. Word selection, text preparation, line spacing, and presentation guides are provided. Phrase typing is introduced as a method to enhance eye contact during the presentation.