cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skills displays and decision support

I have two concerns in this paper. The first is to raise the point that some decision support displays might have a syntax of their own which obscures the very data they are supposed to enhance, just as a misleading analogy may lead one to overlook an important aspect of a problem- In other words, enhanced displays may sometimes sow the seeds of their own destruction. The second concern is to suggest that supposed expertise is sometimes heavily dependent upon certain display formats- We may be in danger of making overly general claims for the depth of operators’ knowledge, when the truth lies ultimately at a far simpler, more perceptual level. The answers may lie in a detailed examination of the problem itself and its context, making an ‘ecological’ approach to decision support necessary (Gibson, 1969; Neisser, 1976).
A Versatile Strategy for Characterization and Imaging of Drip Flow Microbial Biofilms

The inherent architectural and chemical complexities of microbial biofilms mask our understanding of how these communities form, survive, propagate, and influence their surrounding environment. Here we describe a simple and versatile workflow for the cultivation and characterization of model flow-cell-based microbial ecosystems. A customized low-shear drip flow reactor was designed and employed to cultivate single and coculture flow-cell biofilms at the air–liquid interface of several metal surfaces. Pseudomonas putida F1 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 were selected as model organisms for this study. The utility and versatility of this platform was demonstrated via the application of several chemical and morphological imaging techniques—including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging, and scanning electron microscopy—and through the examination of model systems grown on iron substrates of varying compositions. Implementation of these...
Transient temperature effects on biofilters in recirculating systems ammonia removal rates

Abstract Acclimation of biological filters and ammonia oxidation at transient temperature regimes was the focus of the research. A batch system of automated temperature controlled tanks was used to determine effects of temperature on biofilter response to total ammonia nitrogen utilization. Each tank contained internal biofilters loaded with synthetic chemical feedstock. The biofilters were exposed to temperature regimes of 13 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C steady state temperatures in the first experiment, and cyclical (diurnal) temperatures of 20 ± 3 °C and 30 ± 3 °C in the second experiment. A direct linear regression line method was used, with tau (τ) value from the slope of the linear regression line used to determine the biofilter substrate utilization response to varying temperature regimes. Biofilter response was determined as the capability to utilize total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Tau (τ) values for ammonia oxidation were 40.73 day−1, 58.81 day−1 and 159.70 day−1 at 13 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C respectively. Total ammonia nitrogen substrate utilization rates as indicated in a decay plot differed significantly (P 0.05). Ammonia oxidation tau values were 118.20 day−1 and 223.50 day−1 at (20 ± 3 °C) and (30 ± 3 °C) diurnal temperatures respectively. These were significantly different (P
Syntheses, Spectroscopic Properties, and Computational Study of (E,Z)-Ethenyl and Ethynyl-Linked BODIPYs

A series of (E,Z)-ethenyl- and ethynyl-linked boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dimers were synthesized in 23–34% yields by condensation of pyrroles with the corresponding bis-benzaldehydes, followed by oxidation and boron complexation. The BODIPY dimers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and, in the cases of 1b, 2, and 3, by X-ray crystallography. The spectroscopic properties for this series of dimers were investigated in tetrahydrofuran solutions, and very similar absorption and emission profiles were observed for all dimers. Density functional theory calculations show minimal conjugation between the two BODIPY units in the dimers, as a result of the large dihedral angle between the BODIPYs and the linker. The (E)-ethenyl-linked dimer 1a showed the highest fluorescence quantum yield of all dimers investigated in this study.
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP)

CSP plants can take many forms; the constant factor is that they concentrate the sunlight so that higher temperatures can be achieved, suitable for many process heat applications or for powering a heat engine to provide shaft power, e.g., to generate electricity. We will discuss the thermodynamic principles defining the temperature required to run a heat engine efficiently, and then those which determine the concentration required to effectively achieve that temperature. The learning curve, which defines cost decrements as a function of mass production, will be presented and alternative renewable energy technologies will be compared. Then a comparison will be made to fossil fuels, and the effects of fair taxes and clean sky regulations will show that renewables are really the best energy source, even ignoring the fossil fuel shortages, which are now upon us
Management of Chronic Asthma: In Adults

Despite the recognition that patient education strategies and the use of management guidelines improve asthma outcomes, these tools remain underutilized by practitioners, patients often remain ignorant about their asthma and outcomes achieved in the real world fall short of what can be achieved in clinical studies. Asthma management is a complex process for a number of reasons. First, asthma is best characterized as a syndrome that exhibits heterogeneity with respect to its etiology, clinical presentation, severity, natural history, and response to therapy. Second, within each patient, the severity of symptoms and lung function varies over time. Third, unlike many other diseases where the healthcare provider makes treatment decisions predominantly during a scheduled encounter, the minute-to-minute variability of asthma requires that the patient frequently make treatment decisions. Once the diagnosis of asthma has been established and co-morbidities identified, a management process should be implemented. The initial severity should be determined; it is especially important to identify those subjects with severe disease. Because patients with severe asthma have a disproportionate morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization compared to nonsevere patients. Second, initial therapy should be selected based on severity using increasingly intensive antiinflammatory regimens for increasingly severe disease. Asthma management is thus a dynamic process requiring flexibility from both the patient and the healthcare provider.
VLSI Hopfield Networks

The Hopfield networks [1] are very popular for electronic neuro-computing due to the simplicity in the network architecture and the fast convergence property. A Hopfield network composed of one-layer neurons and fully connected feedback synapses can be used to realize associative memory, pattern classifier, and optimization circuits. The network always operates along a decreasing direction for the energy function, so that the final output represents one minimum of the energy function. Due to the complexity of energy function, there could exist several local minima. The minima in the energy function of Hopfield networks, which are encoded in the resistive network, are used for the exemplar patterns in associative memory and pattern classifier applications. However, the existence of local minima is not desirable for a great variety of other optimization applications.
Heart failure and diabetes: pathogenesis and management

The incidence of diabetes among patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is increasing. Despite advances in therapy for CHF, mortality remains about 30% higher for diabetics with CHF than non-diabetics. Multiple mechanisms are responsible for development of CHF in diabetes with ischemic heart disease and its attendant complication of left ventricular dysfunction playing a major role. The prevalence of diabetes is rising worldwide. Thus in the foreseeable future, it appears that physicians will have to deal with increasing numbers of subjects with diabetes, coronary disease and heart failure. Management of diabetes and co-morbid conditions plays a vital role in the prevention of development CHF in subjects with diabetes. Treatment of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and management of CHF has been evolving over last few years with major clinical trials advancing our knowledge. This review highlights some of the new developments in this field.
Separation and Reunification: Mental Health of Chinese Children Affected by Parental Migration.

Internal and international migration impacts family structure, parent–child relationships, and child care arrangements for the world’s ∼1 billion migrants.1 When parents migrate without their children, this experience of prolonged separation has profound repercussions on children’s development and well-being. Because international migration disrupts family systems globally, internal migration, such as rural-to-urban migration in low- and middle-income countries, also has massive impacts. In China alone, 61 million rural children are living apart from their parents who have migrated to urban areas.2 These so-called “left-behind children” comprise 34% of all rural children and 22% of the total child population in China.2 The well-being of children who are affected by parental migration has raised concerns worldwide. Although labor-related migration tends to improve a family’s socioeconomic circumstances, a prolonged separation from migrant parents can place children at an increased risk for psychosocial disorders.3 Even reunification with parents may lead to additional distress because of an abrupt restructuring of family dynamics.4,5 Despite the many clinical implications of parental migration and family separation, little information is available to help clinicians understand how parental migration may affect mental and behavioral development in children. Migrant parents often leave their children behind in the pursuit of employment even in Asian cultures, in which family connection is emphasized as the major source of identity and protection. Factors that prevent migrant parents from bringing their children along include residence permit policies, a high cost of living, and a lack of access to child care and education. … Address correspondence to Chenyue Zhao, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, 1 Park Ave, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: chenyue.zhao{at}nyumc.org
Cultura y Familia: Strengthening Mexican Heritage Families

Cultural heritage and familial support are crucial for the psychological wellbeing of Mexican heritage families living in the United States. Especially considering the various barriers and stressors experienced by Mexican origin families, including discrimination, internalized racism, and the acculturation gap. This chapter provides a brief histocial overview of Mexican history, including the colonization of the southwest and migration patterns, in order to provide a context for contemporary issues faced by this community. Additionally, this chapter describes how culture, family, and spirtuality act as sources of strength for Mexican heritage families. Further, the chapter provides counselors with interventions to foster familial support and facilitate the empowerment of Mexican origin families.
A Combinatorial Dynamic Network Trajectory Reservation Algorithm for Connected Autonomous Vehicles

We present a combinatorial assignment algorithm for reserving space-time trajectories from origins to destinations given an ordered list of vehicles. Space-time trajectories include guaranteed arrival times at every node in the path, including at the destination. Traffic flows are modeled using the cell transmission model, a Godunov approximation to the kinematic wave model. Space-time trajectories are constructed to follow the cell transmission model constraints and first-in-first-out behavior. Reservation-based intersection control for connected autonomous vehicles, which determines intersection access and delays for individual vehicles, is used to ensure that reserved trajectories are followed. The algorithm is suitable for city networks. Results show that vehicles with higher priority tend to have much lower travel times. In addition, the trajectory reservation system reduced overall congestion in the network compared with dynamic user equilibrium assignments.
Is less equal with ibrutinib dose

In this issue of Blood , Chen et al report a pilot study in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) of stepping down the dose of ibrutinib over the initial 3 cycles of treatment and demonstrate that its relevant cellular biologic effects are maintained at lower doses. 1 This study builds on the earlier observation that levels of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), the target of ibrutinib, decrease during treatment. 2 The therapeutic effect of ibrutinib is due to ligation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling by binding and irreversibly inhibiting BTK in the BCR signaling cascade. 3 Therefore, if levels of BTK are decreased, the amount of ibrutinib necessary to achieve the same target occupancy should be less. To test this hypothesis, Chen et al designed a pilot study of ibrutinib dose reduction from 420 mg to 280 mg and then 140 mg over the first three 28-day cycles of treatment and examined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics at all dose levels.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy on 1-Month Infant Neuromotor Skills.

ABSTRACTPurposeTo determine the effects of exercise during pregnancy on the neuromotor development of 1-month-old offspring. We hypothesized that aerobic exercise during pregnancy would be associated with higher neuromotor scores in infants at 1 month of age, based on standard pediatric assessment o
Mac7: Adaptive Smart Toothbrush

Dental caries has a prevalence of more than 90%. To prevent cavities, smart toothbrushes can help to guide the user and give valuable feedback. This requires the concise localization of the toothbrush within the mouth of the user. As of today, there is no convenient technique available to detect the tooth and surface brushed concisely. Therefore, this paper presents a prototype of a smart toothbrush including a mobile application and a novel approach to solve this issue based on the brushing style of the user. We utilized a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetometer combined with the random forest machine learning algorithm. With an accuracy of 99.63% for the right-handed model and an accuracy of 99.71% for the left-handed model, an evaluation of the localization detection approach showed an average accuracy of 9.0%. This shows that the brushing habits might be too variable to be captured by the random forest algorithm or that the data are not sufficient to generalize the pattern.
Use of small intestinal submucosa for corporal body grafting in cases of epispadias and epispadias/exstrophy complex.

Summary Background Male epispadias is a rare congenital urogenital anomaly in which the meatus is ectopically located along the dorsal midline of the penile shaft. In cases associated with severe curvature, functional and cosmetic outcomes could be accomplished by lengthening the shorter dorsal surface with the use of corporal grafting. Various graft materials have been used in the past for hypospadias repair including tunica vaginalis, dermis, and small intestinal submucosa (SIS). The use of SIS grafting for corporoplasty during epispadias repair has rarely been described in the literature. Objective To report the experience in the management of dorsal corporal body grafting using SIS in children with severe penile curvature due to epispadias. Study design The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients with epispadias or bladder exstrophy/epispadias complex and severe dorsal chordee (>40°) who underwent epispadias repair with single-layer SIS for corporal body grafting. Clinical variables, surgical technique, and outcomes were analyzed. Results A total of nine consecutive patients underwent staged epispadias repair with dorsal corporal single-layer SIS grafting (summary figure). Of these, four (44.4%) had primary penopubic epispadias, one (11.1%) had mid-shaft epispadias, and four (44.4%) had bladder exstrophy/epispadias complex. The mean age at surgery was 13.4 ± 6 months. After phalloplasty with SIS grafting, there were no reported complications related to the graft during the post-operative period or follow-up visits. Discussion Although traditional techniques for epispadias repair allow some degree of corporal lengthening, they also result in abrupt medial rotation of the corporal bodies leading to torqueing and potential unsatisfactory cosmetic results. In contrast, the authors use single-layer SIS for corporal body grafting, and this study technique results in a more gradual inward rotation thus allowing more anatomical accuracy. Furthermore, an advantage of the use of SIS over other grafting materials is that there is no need to harvest an autologous graft such as tunica vaginalis or dermis. Conclusion Epispadias repair using single-layer SIS corporal body grafting is an effective, safe, and feasible method, which provides satisfactory cosmesis and correction of dorsal curvature in congenital epispadias in children. Furthermore, a more normal penis appearance, without a decrease in the corporal length or diameter, is achieved with this technique.
On the Exponential Number of Connected Components for the Feasible Set of Optimal Decentralized Control Problems

The optimal decentralized control (ODC) problem is known to be NP-hard and many sufficient tractability conditions have been derived in the literature for its convex reformulations or approximations. To better understand the root cause of the non-existence of efficient methods for solving ODC, we propose a measure of problem complexity in terms of connectivity, and show that there is no polynomial upper bound on the number of connected components for the set of static stabilizing decentralized controllers. Specifically, we present a subclass of problems for which the number of connected components is exponential in the order of the system and, in particular, any point in each of these components is the unique solution of the ODC problem for some quadratic objective functional. The results of this paper have two implications. First, the recent effort in machine learning advocating the use of local search algorithms for non-convex problems, which has also been successful for the optimal centralized control problem, fails to work for ODC since it needs an exponential number of initializations. Second, no reformulation of the problem through a smooth change of variables can reduce the complexity since it maintains the number of connected components. On the positive side, we show that structural assumptions can reduce the connectivity complexity of ODC, one such structure is the system being highly damped.
PNaV: A tool for generating a high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment plan by navigating the Pareto surface guided by the visualization of multidimensional trade-offs.

Abstract Purpose A Pareto Navigation and Visualization (PNaV) tool is presented for interactively constructing a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment plan by navigating and visualizing the multidimensional Pareto surface. PNaV aims to improve treatment planning time and quality and is generalizable to any number of dose–volume histogram (DVH) and convex dose metrics. Methods and Materials Pareto surface visualization and navigation were demonstrated for prostate, breast, and cervix HDR brachytherapy sites. A library of treatment plans was created to span the Pareto surfaces over a 30% range of doses in each of five DVH metrics. The PNaV method, which uses a nonnegative least-squares model to interpolate the library plans, was compared against pure optimization for 11,250 navigated plans using data envelopment analysis. The visualization of the metric trade-offs was accomplished using numerically estimated partial derivatives to plot the local curvature of the Pareto surface. PNaV enables the user to control both the magnitude and direction of the trade-off during navigation. Results Proof of principle of PNaV was demonstrated using a graphical user interface with visualization tools to enabled rapid plan selection and a quantitative review of metric trade-offs. PNaV produced deliverable plans with DVH metrics within 0.4%, 0.6%, and 1.1% (95% confidence interval) of the Pareto surface using plan libraries with nominal plan spacing of 10%, 15%, and 30% in each metric dimension, respectively. The interpolation used for the navigation executed in 0.1 s. The fast interpolation allows for quick and efficient exploration of trade-off options by the physician, after an initial preprocessing step to generate the library. Conclusions Generation, visualization, and navigation of the Pareto surface were validated for brachytherapy treatment planning. The PNaV method enables efficient and informed decision-making for radiotherapy.
Fairness has a face: neutrality and descriptive representation on courts

Some have argued that US judges should act like umpires, neutral actors who call balls and strikes according to the law. Though this is an appealing idea, it may have some troubling implications fo...
Uniform exponential growth in twisted polynomial algebras

We consider the growth of a twisted polynomial algebra. We prove that the algebra has polynomially bounded growth if the twisting endomorphism has all eigenvalues of magnitude 0 or 1, and the algeb...
Association Between Patients' Perceptions of the Sexual Acceptability of Contraceptive Methods and Continued Use Over Time.

This cohort study examines the association of sexual function, satisfaction, and self-reported sexual acceptability with continued contraceptive use.
Genetically engineered insects with sex-selection and genetic incompatibility enable population suppression

Engineered Genetic Incompatibility (EGI) is a method to create species-like barriers to sexual reproduction. It has applications in pest control that mimic Sterile Insect Technique when only EGI males are released. This can be facilitated by introducing conditional female-lethality to EGI strains to generate a sex-sorting incompatible male system (SSIMS). Here we demonstrate a proof of concept by combining tetracycline-controlled female lethality constructs with a pyramus-targeting EGI line in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. We show that both functions (incompatibility and sex-sorting) are robustly maintained in the SSIMS line and that this approach is effective for population suppression in cage experiments. Further we show that SSIMS males remain competitive with wild-type males for reproduction with wild-type females, including at the level of sperm competition.
Knowledge dissimilarity, bargaining power, and smaller firms’ ability to negotiate a favorable alliance contract

Abstract This paper investigates how partners in asymmetric R&D alliances contractually contend with the problems that arise when their knowledge sets are dissimilar. This paper also examines the sources of bargaining power that smaller firms leverage in negotiations with larger partners to gain concessions on specific terms. Using a sample of 136 alliances formed to develop new medical devices, we find that facilities access and non-solicitation clauses are included in the contract when the partners’ knowledge sets are dissimilar. We also find that smaller firms selectively use their bargaining power to win concessions related to the use of these terms.
Home is where the hijacking is: understanding DNS interception by residential routers

DNS interception --- when a user's DNS queries to a target resolver are intercepted en route and forwarded to a different resolver --- is a phenomenon of concern to both researchers and Internet users because of its implications for security and privacy. While the prevalence of DNS interception has received some attention, less is known about where in the network interception takes place. We introduce methods to identify where DNS interception occurs and who the interceptors may be. We identify when interception is performed before the query exits the ISP, and even when it is performed by the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) in the user's own home. We believe that these techniques are vital in the light of the ongoing debate concerning the value of privacy-enhancing DNS transport.
A model for hypokinesia: effects on muscle atrophy in the rat

Hypokinesia in the hindlimbs of rats were induced by suspension; a newly developed harness system was used. The animal was able to use its forelimbs to maneuver, within a 140 degrees arc, to obtain food and water and to permit limited grooming of the forequarters. The hindlimbs were nonload bearing for 7 days; following a 7-day period of hypodynamia, selected animals were placed in metabolic cages for 7 days to study recovery from hypokinesia. During the 7-day period of hypokinesia there was evidence of muscle atrophy. Gastrocnemius weight decreased, renal papillary urea content increased, and daily urinary losses of urea, NH3, and 3-methylhistidine increased. During the 7-day recovery period muscle mass and excretion rate of urea, NH3 and 3-methylhistidine returned to control levels. Calcium balance was positive throughout the 7-day period of hypokinesia. Hypertrophy of the adrenals suggested the occurrence of some level of stress despite the apparent behavioral adjustment to the suspension harness. It was concluded that significant muscle atrophy and parallel changes in nitrogen metabolism occur in suspended rats and these changes are readily reversible.
A modern theory of integration

Integration on compact intervals: Gauges and integrals Some examples Basic properties of the integral The fundamental theorems of calculus The Saks-Henstock lemma Measurable functions Absolute integrability Convergence theorems Integrability and mean convergence Measure, measurability, and multipliers Modes of convergence Applications to calculus Substitution theorems Absolute continuity Integration on infinite intervals: Introduction to Part 2 Infinite intervals Further re-examination Measurable sets Measurable functions Sequences of functions Limits superior and inferior Unbounded sets and sequences The arctangent lemma Outer measure Lebesgue's differentiation theorem Vector spaces Semimetric spaces Riemann-Stieltjes integral Normed linear spaces Some partial solutions References Index Symbol index.
Stroke and HIV Infection

To the Editor: We read with interest the report by Mochan et al1 regarding stroke in HIV-infected patients. This is an exceedingly relevant issue, given that both entities are common and the management of patients in whom both problems coincide is uncertain. The annual incidence rate of ischemic stroke in HIV was 216 per 100 000 in a large cohort, which is less than the stroke incidence of the whole population (>240 per 100 000 in the United States).2 However, stroke becomes more common in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with opportunistic central nervous system infections.2 Other important causes of stroke in HIV-infected patients are consequence of concomitant social issues rather than the effects of HIV itself, predominantly illicit drug use.3 Cocaine use, in particular, is a notorious factor associated with stroke in our community. Nevertheless, Mochan and colleagues did not include in their cohort patients with a history of intravenous or other illicit drug use. Other possible causes of stroke include infective endocarditis, meningovascular syphilis, injection injury to the carotid arteries, and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. In our view, physicians caring for HIV-infected individuals with stroke need to formulate 2 important questions: (1) Is a spinal tap indicated, and (2) does the patient have a coagulopathy? Mochan et al reported a cohort of 33 patients with cerebral infarction and 2 with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Almost all patients had a lumbar puncture and coagulopathy workup. Most patients were young, with mean age of 32 years. …
New non-interpolative kernel for pel-recursion with integer estimate updates

Pel-recursive motion compensation, in its original form, is based on a continuous formulation. However, it has been shown previously that the implementation of pel-recursion in a sampled (digital) domain inevitably involves two distinct steps: estimation of integral part of the motion and fractional estimation. A class of four-dimensional LS-optimum operators have been introduced for fractional estimation. In this paper, we introduce another member of the family of higher dimensional operators as a kernel for fractional estimation. This five-dimensional linear operator works on a 5-pixel template in the past frame to yield a luminance estimate. Aside from improvements in the fractional part, the operator can be used, along with an appropriate classifier, to improve the integer estimate at each step. A constrained least squares approach is used to solve for this operator, and short cuts to reduce computational complexity are pointed out. >
Ethnography for Software Development

Publisher Summary Ethnography has impacted product development by creating observation-based insights into the technology world from a user-centric perspective. It adds depth and focus to questions left unanswered by quantitative data; it provides an underpinning for strategy and vision; and makes possible the development, prioritization, and refinement of scenarios and features. Ethnographic research is an investment that may seem expensive, but that can ultimately save both capital cost and time cost, further down the development cycle. It can help focus the team initiatives, drive innovation, feature design and prioritization. In theory, this customer insight should help prevent a team from working on the wrong innovations, and help focus on those that will create commercially viable products that meet the customer need or want. Ethnographers are, however, only one part of a larger team of developers, designers, usability engineers, and the others in the product development cycle. Meaning, the development process of software comes when knowledge and data are combined to create the best possible software for users.
Hepatic lipase function and the accumulation of β-very-low-density lipoproteins in the plasma of cholesterol-fed rabbits

The accumulation of cholesterol-rich beta-very-low-density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL) in the plasma of rabbits fed on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet is due to a defect in the clearance of these lipoprotein remnants from circulation by the liver. In view of the evidence that hepatic lipase participates in the process of rapid removal of remnants from circulation, and considering that rabbits are naturally deficient in hepatic lipase, we examined whether this defect in the clearance of beta-VLDL could be reversed by exogenous hepatic lipase. We report that treatment in vitro of [3H]cholesterol-labelled beta-VLDL, or rat chylomicrons, with hepatic lipase resulted in the formation of particles that were rapidly cleared from circulation by the liver when injected intravenously into hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. These results are consistent with the notion that, in addition to the well-established requirement for lipoprotein lipase activity, the generation of remnants capable of being efficiently taken up by the liver also requires the action of hepatic lipase. Lipoprotein lipase acts on triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins to transform them into particles (remnants) which bind to the surface of liver cells, where they become accessible to hepatic lipase. Hepatocyte endocytosis of these remnants occurs only after further modification by hepatic lipase. According to this scheme, the results presented suggest that the accumulation of beta-VLDL in the circulation of rabbits fed on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet is the result of the saturation of the available hepatic lipase by abnormally high levels of lipoprotein-lipase-generated chylomicron remnants.
FIXED COSTS OF ADJUSTMENT, COORDINATION, AND INDUSTRY INVESTMENT

We test whether smooth industry-level investment dynamics result from explicit aggregation of asynchronous and possibly lumpy firm-level investment. We compare the deviations of optimal from actual firm behavior across industries categorized by their ratios of idiosyncratic uncertainty to the sum of idiosyncratic and aggregate uncertainty. The deviations are represented by the residuals of a cointegrating regression that is derived from the firm's first-order condition under no adjustment costs. In support of models with asynchronous firm decisions, we find a significant negative relationship across industries between idiosyncratic uncertainty and the persistence of these residuals.
Ecology of Three Species of Peromyscus from Southern Missouri

Extensive trapping in the Missouri Ozarks indicated that Peromyscus leucopus is an inhabitant of hardwood forest, P. maniculatus preferred grassland and P. boylii occurred only in the juniper-grass glades. The description and structure of Missouri glades are discussed, and the geographical range of the brush mouse in the state outlined. Analysis of stomach contents of P. boylii, P. leucopus and P. maniculatus revealed only slight differences among them in food habits. The type of food consumed on a seasonal basis reflected availability more than any other factor. The average daily water consumption of P. boylii, P. leucopus and P. maniculatus was approximately 3.5 cc, indicating a similarity in ad libitum water requirements. Consumption of water per gram body weight was smallest in P. boylii and greatest in P. maniculatus . The ability of three species to undergo dehydration and withstand a reduced net water ration were similar. Intraspecific behavior experiments indicated that for P. leucopus and P. maniculatus there is a marked social dominance by one male over another, while for P. boylii no distinct social hierarchy was evident. Interspecific behavior experiments demonstrated social compatability between P. maniculatus and P. boylii or between P. leucopus and P. maniculatus. P. boylii and P. leucopus were incompatible, with fighting occurring between males as a result of aggressiveness by P. leucopus. P. maniculatus, P. boylii and P. leucopus occur in separate habitats due to behavioral differences rather than detectable differences in the physiological factors considered. Competition between P. boylii and P. leucopus , which takes the form of overt aggressiveness, probably contributes to the sharpness in ecological distribution of the two species.
ANP-like immunoreactivity in neuronal perikarya and processes associated with vessels of the pia and cerebral parenchyma in dog

The existence of neocortical neurons displaying processes which penetrate the glia limitans (GL) and closely approach pial as well as intracerebral microvessels was determined in the dog from immunohistochemical localization of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Scattered ANP-positive pyramidal somata located in cortical layers II and III displayed spinous dendritic arbors and delicate, beaded axon collaterals. Dendritic branches, as well as axon collaterals, traversed the GL near blood vessels entering the parenchyma, or encircled microvessels deep to the GL. These findings suggest that single ANP-like immunoreactive cortical neurons may monitor and control local cerebrovascular flow or permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Hydrogen diffusion and solubility in pyrolytic carbon

Abstract Tritium diffusion coefficients and deuterium solubilities have been measured for laminar pyrolytic carbon in the temperature range 900–1500°C. The tritium diffusion coefficients were much lower than those for metals at equivalent temperatures, but the activation energy for the diffusion was much higher (∼-100 kcal/mole). Tritium diffusion coefficients measured for silicon-doped pyrolytic carbon were over an order of magnitude higher than the values for the undoped laminar pyrolytic carbon. The solubility of deuterium in laminar pyrolytic carbon was found to decrease with increasing temperature and exhibited a pressure dependence of p. 1 2
The Enolase Superfamily: A General Strategy for Enzyme-Catalyzed Abstraction of the α-Protons of Carboxylic Acids†

We have discovered a superfamily of enzymes related by their ability to catalyze the abstraction of the α-proton of a carboxylic acid to form an enolic intermediate. Although each reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is initiated by this common step, their overall reactions (including racemization, β-elimination of water, β-elimination of ammonia, and cycloisomerization) as well as the stereochemical consequences (syn vs anti) of the β-elimination reactions are diverse. Analysis of sequence and structural similarities among these proteins suggests that all of their chemical reactions are mediated by a common active site architecture modified through evolution to allow the enolic intermediates to partition to different products in their respective active sites via different overall mechanisms. All of these enzymes retain the ability to catalyze the thermodynamically difficult step of proton abstraction. These homologous proteins, designated the “enolase superfamily”, include enolase as well as more metaboli...
THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUID MIXTURES STUDIED BY LIGHT SCATTERING

Abstract The light scattering method for measuring interactions in binary mixtures has been applied to three groups of mixtures of carbonyl compounds with aromatic hydrocarbons; namely, alkyi acetate-benzene mixtures, alkyl acetate-toluene mixtures, and butanonearomatic hydrocarbon mixtures. The interaction coefficients are rather small and, within each group, they exhibit well defined trends. This behavior is explained as a result of a specific interaction between an electron accepting aromatic ring and an electron donating carbonyl.
The Environment‐Ecosystem Interaction

Ecology deals with the mutual relationships between coexisting species of plants and animals. An ecosystem consists of the summation of all botanical organisms, zoological organisms, and micro-organisms occupying given space. Since the ecosystem involves all life forms, the discipline of ecology concerns the interaction between these species. The plant and animal life that occupy a given space are present because the environment (soil, topography, and climate) has allowed these particular species to take precedence over others.
Improving electromigration reliability in Al-alloy lines

Abstract We present a method that utilizes surface topography to control the distribution of grain sizes, single grain segment lengths and polygrain cluster lengths in AlCu thin films. Microstructural data for the grain size and segment/cluster length distribution parameters are presented that demonstrate the influence of various topographical features adjacent to conductor lines. Experimental results show the impact of these features on electromigration failure times. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between median failure time and segment length is consistent with the critical threshold length concept for long interconnects containing large numbers of single grain segments and polygrain clusters. These results demonstrate the importance of the segment length and type in controlling electromigration mass transport.
Asymptotic distribution of power spectra and peak frequencies in the stochastic response of econometric models

Abstract The effect of structural estimation errors on the analysis of the stochastic response of a dynamic econometric model is discussed. A numerical example is provided using Klein's model I, estimated by full-information maximum likelihood.
Heme c - heme d1 interaction in Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase (nitrite reductase): A reappraisal of the spectroscopic evidence

Abstract Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase are reported over the spectral range of 350–700 nm for the oxidized, ascorbate-reduced, dithionite-reduced and reduced carbon monoxide forms. The spectra of all forms examined can be interpreted as the simple sum of the individual heme c and heme d1 contributions without invoking “heme-heme interaction.” In particular and contrary to a recent report [Orii, Shimada, Nozawa, and Hatano, this Journal 76 , 983 (1977)] no effect of ligand binding to ferrous heme d1 was observed in the MCD spectrum of the heme c component. It seems likely that the previous findings were the result of incomplete reduction of the enzyme in the absence of stabilizing ligands.
A survey of pollinator and plant interactions in meadow and grassland habitats of Marin County, California

Abstract. Bees and other pollinators play an essential role in maintaining the plant biodiversity of our planet's landscape through pollination. Few baseline studies or monitoring programs have addressed concerns over local, regional and even worldwide declines in bee populations. We established 22 collection sites in meadow and grassland habitats in Marin County, California to determine which bee genera were present and which plants they were visiting. Some of these habitats were located in National Park Service natural areas and wildlands, including Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Point Reyes National Seashore. During this study we collected a total of 109 bee, wasp and fly specimens and from among these we identified seven genera of bees. The bees were found on 44 species of plants, only 11 of which were native to Marin County. The European honey bee (Apis mellifera), a non-native pollinator, was found on 37 species of plants, 28 of which were non-native.
Intercostal neuroma as a source of pain after aesthetic and reconstructive breast implant surgery

The development of persistent post-operative pain after implant placement for aesthetic or reconstructive breast surgery can lead to significant patient morbidity. Although there are many etiologies for post-operative pain, the diagnosis of an intercostal neuroma is important as this can be treated surgically. We describe three cases of an intercostal neuroma in patients with breast implants. A Tinel's sign can be elicited along the lateral chest wall and a local anesthetic block temporarily alleviates this pain. Surgical management with identification and clipping of the intercostal neuroma and burying into the underlying muscle significantly decreases post-operative pain long term. In patients with persistent pain after breast implant placement, plastic surgeons must be aware of this treatable cause of pain.
Use of levarterenol bitartrate in massive hemorrhage after retropubic prostatectomy

A case of massive hemorrhage following retropubic prostatectomy is presented. There was a dramatic decrease in bleeding with the use of levarterenol bitartrate in the irrigation solution. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Optical rotary dispersion and the Keston polarimetric accessory: A simplified method for use and calibration

Abstract A method is described for using and calibrating the Keston polarimetric attachment to the Beckman DU spectrophotometer which dispenses with the need to reset, at each wavelength, the symmetry of the analyzer positions about total extinction with the polarizer. The instrument is calibrated with sucrose solutions of concentrations from 2.5 to 40%, over a wave-length range of 250 to 675 nm. The constancy of calibration with a maximum error of 6.5% over this range is demonstrated. The smooth but slight dependency of the calibration constant on wavelength is shown and attributed to the optical properties of the Nicol prisms. Linear regression of the data allows for a high degree of accuracy in measuring the rotation of a sample, as a function of wavelength.
Silent myocardial ischemia during daily activities in asymptomatic men with positive exercise test responses

The usefulness of prolonged ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (AEM) for detecting ischemia was investigated in 17 asymptomatic men who had ischemic-type ST-segment depression (≥2.0 mm) during treadmill exercise testing. No patient took anti-ischemic medications and all patients underwent coronary angiography. A total of 1,154 hours (range 64 to 72 hours/patient) of high-quality AEM recordings was obtained. Silent ischemia (episodes of asymptomatic ischemic-type ST depression of 60 seconds or longer) occurred in 11 patients during daily activity detected by AEM. In 6 other patients, no myocardial ischemic episodes were found. But 1 of these patients withdrew after only 24 hours of AEM and the remaining 5 had no significant coronary artery disease (CAD). All 11 patients who had silent ischemia had significant CAD (at least 50% stenosis) on angiography. There was wide intrapatient variability in the frequency of silent ischemic episodes. Silent ischemia was identified in 6 of these 11 patients after 24 hours of AEM, in 2 after 48 hours and in 3 after 72 hours. Thus, asymptomatic men with positive exercise test responses and CAD have silent ischemic episodes during daily activity. AEM may be useful in helping to predict which patients with asymptomatic positive exercise test responses have CAD; however, extended AEM periods are required.
Use of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to characterize optical channel waveguide structures

Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to investigate the guided mode intensity distribution in channel waveguides, directional couplers, and Y-junctions. The intensity profile above the sample surface and transverse to the waveguide propagation direction has been measured using a tapered optical fiber to probe the guided evanescent field. The fiber probe was maintained at a constant height above the sample surface using feedback provided by performing these near field scanning measurements simultaneously with shear force microscopy topography measurements. Single mode channel waveguides were formed by etching a ridge in planar Si3N4/SiO2 structures and were excited with light of a wavelength of 830 nm. Measurements transverse to a channel waveguide revealed a cosine squared variation of intensity above the ridge and an exponential decay away from the ridge, as expected. Considerations for characterizing AlGaAs waveguides in this manner also are discussed. Multiple scans along the two waveguides of a directional coupler provided a detailed view of optical power transfer from one waveguide to the other and were in agrement with beam propagation method calculations. We anticipate that this type of measurement will provide a more detailed understanding of a central photonic structure, the channel waveguide, and its incorporation into a variety of device configurations.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.