cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scoping Review of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Postpartum Period in Active Duty U.S. Military Women.

Abstract Purpose Women in the U.S. military encounter unique challenges during the perinatal period that are driven by military requirements for mission readiness. The purpose of this scoping review was to systematically examine the extent, range, and nature of the literature on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period of active duty military women. A secondary aim was to identify leverage points for changes to improve perinatal health of servicewomen. Methods We used a PRISMA-ScR protocol to guide this scoping review of research and non-research articles germane to the perinatal health of servicewomen. In the protocol, we identified the rationale, objectives, eligibility criteria, search strategy, sources of evidence, and data charting processes for the review. We used the social ecological model for military women's health framework to guide the synthesis of results. Findings Eighty-four articles on the topics of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period of servicewomen published from 2000 to 2018 were identified. The articles were mainly research studies (n = 76), of which 49 had observational designs. Leverage points to promote workplace safety and support of pregnant women, perinatal screening, recognition of pregnancy and postpartum depression, and maintaining physical fitness during pregnancy and the postpartum period were identified in multiple levels of the social ecological model for military women's health. Conclusions Literature published from 2000 to 2018 is broad in scope, yet generally lacks a robust body of evidence on any one topic. Implementing strategies and military policies that are directed at the identified leverage points could enhance the health of childbearing servicewomen.
Analysis of an outbreak of infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus in a middle school

Objective To analyze the outbreak of infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus in a middle school and take effective prevention measures. Methods In 2017, an outbreak of infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus occurred in a middle school; and the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus were analyzed through on-site investigation and laboratory samples. Results The patients presented with nausea (73.3%), vomiting (81.3%), abdominal pain (74.7%), diarrhea (62.7%), fever (26.7%), and headache (16.0%), including 71 students (94.7%) and 4 teachers (5.3%). The positive rate of food samples in the laboratory survey was 20.0%. The positive rate of anal swabs among students, teachers, and canteen staff was 33.3%. 7 cases were of Norovirus GI type, and 3 cases were of Norovirus GII type. Foodborne transmission was the cause. After the outbreak, the school canteen immediately stopped serving meals; and the school canteens,teaching buildings,and dormitory areas were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Seventy-five patients were immediately sent to a nearby hospital for isolation and treatment. Conclusion The food-borne transmission is an important cause of infectious diarrhea outbreak caused by Norovirus in middle school. It is necessary to strengthen food safety supervision. Key words: Middle school; Norovirus; Infectious diarrhea; Epidemic situation; Epidemiology
Hardware Accelerator for Edge Detection

Hardware accelerators have been recently proposed for computationally extensive applications like real-time video image processing systems. Contemporary hardware accelerators are implemented by using either Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or System-on-Chip (SoC) devices. Edge detection is a fundamental task for any image processing system. In this paper, a pipelined architecture for a fuzzy logic edge detection system is proposed. The system has been implemented and tested on various Xilinx 7 Series devices. The hardware accelerator core utilizes a pipeline of seven stages. Depending on the available resources the accelerator system can be made up of several cores operating simultaneously. A single-core implementation of the system can process a 1080P HD test frame at a rate of about 45 frames per second. It outperforms its software counterpart by a factor of ten thousand.
Many-body wavefunctions for quantum impurities out of equilibrium. I. The nonequilibrium Kondo model

We present here the details of a method [A. B. Culver and N. Andrei, Many-body wavefunctions for quantum impurities out of equilibrium, Phys. Rev. B 103, L201103 (2021)] for calculating the time-dependent many-body wavefunction that follows a local quench. We apply the method to the voltage-driven nonequilibrium Kondo model to find the exact time-evolving wavefunction following a quench where the dot is suddenly attached to the leads at $t=0$. The method, which does not use Bethe ansatz, also works in other quantum impurity models and may be of wider applicability. We show that the long-time limit (with the system size taken to infinity first) of the time-evolving wavefunction of the Kondo model is a current-carrying nonequilibrium steady state that satisfies the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. We show that the electric current in the time-evolving wavefunction is given by a series expression that can be expanded either in weak coupling or in strong coupling, converging to all orders in the steady-state limit in either case. The series agrees to leading order with known results in the well-studied regime of weak antiferromagnetic coupling and also reveals a universal regime of strong ferromagnetic coupling with Kondo temperature ${T}_{K}^{(F)}=D{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}{8}\ensuremath{\rho}|J|}$ ($Jl0, \ensuremath{\rho}|J|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$). In this regime, the differential conductance $dI/dV$ reaches the unitarity limit $2{e}^{2}/h$ asymptotically at large voltage or temperature.
Evolution of the Mexican Muralist Movement: A Culturo-Behavior Science Account

The Mexican muralist movement developed from 1921 to the mid-1950s, leaving a remarkable legacy and public record of Mexico’s social and political circumstances. Drawing upon a culturo-behavior science perspective, this chapter describes the antecedents, emergence, development, and decline of the movement. It illustrates the functions of contextual variables, individuals, and organizations that intertwined in its evolution. Although the specifics of the Mexican muralist movement were unique and nonreplicable, many of the movement’s properties are like those of other cultural phenomena, enabling this analysis to be used as a model for investigating other social systems of a similar nature.
Powerful Deceivers and Public Reason Liberalism: An Argument for Externalization

McDowell opposes the view that the intentionality of language and thought remains mysterious unless it can be understood ‘from outside the conceptual order’. While he thinks the demand for such a ‘sideways‐on’ understanding can be the result of ‘scientistic prejudice’, he points to Sellars's thought as exhibiting a different source: a distortion of our perspective ‘from within the conceptual order’. Aacodingly, the distortion involves a failure on Sellars's part to see how descriptions from within the conceptual order can present expressions. In addition, mental acts as related to extra‐conceptual objects, a failure in turn explained by his failure to see how such relations could have normative import. In this paper, I argue that Sellars's thought suffers from no such distortion. ased on my analysi, McDowell's examination of Sellars has not uncovered a disorder whose treatment might help relieve the desire for a sideways‐on view.
Intensive care monitoring of pulmonary mechanics for preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation.

Changing lung dynamics and ventilator settings were studied prospectively from onset of respiratory distress syndrome in 32 very low birthweight infants (790-1,460 g, mean 1,173 g). Infants were studied in the first and second week of life using pneumotachography for dynamic compliance and lung resistance calculated from spontaneous breaths. Infants were ventilated to maintain pH at or above 7.30, PCO2 40-50 torr, and PO2 50-70 torr. Eleven infants developed chronic lung disease (CLD). In the first week, CLD infants had lower compliance (0.87 vs. 1.01 mL/cm H2O) and higher resistance (94.23 vs. 76.29 cm H2O/L/sec) than non-CLD infants. CLD infants required greater mean airway pressure (9.56 vs. 7.02 cm H2O; P = .05) and higher peak inspiratory pressures (21.85 vs. 15.71 cm H2O; P = .01). Oxygen requirements were greater for CLD infants (FIO2 0.59 vs. 0.45, P = .05). During the second week compliance for CLD infants improved (1.00) and resistance decreased slightly (92.23), but peak inspiratory pressure settings remained higher for CLD infants (19.60 vs. 14.95 cm H2O; P = .02). Although pulmonary mechanics remained stable for both groups, infants exposed to continuously greater peak inspiratory pressure and oxygen concentration proved susceptible to CLD. Developing a match of ventilator settings to improve pulmonary mechanics may lessen CLD of infancy.
Revision/Failed Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty

Reconstruction of a previously failed distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthroplasty is a challenging problem and represents a particularly complex patient population. Typically, these patients are encountered after several previous surgeries with complaints including persistent pain, instability, and general wrist dysfunction. In this chapter, we propose six interrelated zones to frame evaluation of the failed DRUJ arthroplasty (nerve, tendon, adjacent arthritis, impingement, implant complication/instability, and infection). Specific evaluation of each zone can help to concentrate complex problems into discrete issues that can be addressed with targeted solutions – ultimately enabling comprehensive treatment and restoration of function.
Cloud thermodynamic phase measured with a low-cost, ground-based, all-sky imaging polarimeter

Cloud thermodynamic phase, whether a cloud is composed of spherical water droplets or polyhedral ice crystals, is crucial for understanding the role of clouds in climate change, weather, and optical propagation. Clouds, covering approximately 60% of the earth's surface at any given time, still contribute some of the largest uncertainties in climate science. Cloud thermodynamic phase is also required to properly retrieve other cloud properties, including cloud optical depth and particle size distributions. Cloud phase remote sensing is often done with passively measured radiance ratios or lidar cross-polarization measurements, but recent research shows that the sign of the S1 Stokes parameter can be used to detect cloud thermodynamic phase with a ground-based polarimeter. Our group has been developing ground-based polarimetric imagers to determine cloud thermodynamic phase, with lidar cross-polarization detection used as ground truth. However, because the cloud polarization is small, often on the order of a percent, accurate classification requires high polarization sensitivity. This paper reports preliminary measurements indicating feasibility of using a low-cost, commercial division-of-focal-plane polarization imager for cloud thermodynamic phase remote sensing.
Health care Affordability and Associated Concerns Among Adults Aged 65 and above in Florida.

Objective:This study assessed affordability of care in a diverse sample of Floridians aged ≥ 65 to ascertain concerns about health care costs.Methods:We surveyed 170 adults (40.6% white, 27.6% blac...
Theory of polarization quenching by excitation transfer

The theory of concentration quenching of fluorescence polarization for three-dimensional solutions in which the dipolar positions and orientations are randomly distributed is investigated by examining and extending the theories of Forster, of Ore, and of Knox (Paper I) through the use of numerical methods. Rigorous results are obtained which allow each initially excited molecule to share its excitation with both its nearest and next nearest neighbours (in contrast to the original theories of Forster and Ore in which only the nearest neighbour is explicitly considered) using the isotropic form of the Forster transfer mechanism. The results of Jablonski's theory, our original theory, our extension of the calculations, and our extension of Ore's theory, now predict values of the Forster parameter R 0 which differ from each other by less than 4 per cent. The results are compared with three different sets of experimental data.
Community-level HIV prevention for persons with severe mental illness living in supportive housing programs: a pilot intervention study.

SUMMARY Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are at risk for HIV/AIDS. Despite the availability of supportive community programs for those with SMI, there have been no published evaluations of community-level HIV prevention trials among this population. A pilot intervention trial was conducted to determine the feasibility of such an intervention in supportive housing programs (SHPs). A multi-component community-level trial was implemented in two SHPs with a total of 28 residents. Participants completed assessments at three time points: prior to the intervention (baseline), following skills training (post-assessment), and following the 4-month community intervention (follow-up). Results demonstrated significant improvements in psychosocial risk factors at both post— and follow-up assessments, with indications of sexual behavior change at follow-up. The community-level intervention appeared to reduce the risk of HIV among persons with SMI living in SHPs, and supports the importance of conducting lar...
Are We Giving Too Many Shots

As a member of the Academy and a practicing private-office ice pediatrician, I should like to note in the journal another type of "child abuse." I refer to needless pain which is inflicted by physicians upon children in the form of intramuscular ular injections which are simply not necessary! How many such "shots" are given to generate increased income when oral medication alone will suffice (e.g., tonsillitis, otitis media)? Why must children live in fear of the doctor? I believe they should not.
The SMC loader Scc2 regulates gene expression.

Proper regulation of gene expression is fundamental for maintaining the integrity of the genome, a process essential for cell survival and cell cycle progression. Central to this process is the mul...
Zinc Transporters 1, 2 and 4 Are Differentially Expressed and Localized in Rats during Pregnancy and Lactation

Zinc metabolism is controlled within relatively restricted limits throughout the life cycle. Expression and localization of zinc transporters 1, 2 and 4 during pregnancy and lactation in small intestine, mammary gland and liver of the rat were investigated using Northern analysis, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In maternal tissues, zinc transporter 4 was the most widely expressed among these zinc transporters in the tissues examined. In small intestine and liver, zinc transporter 4 increased from levels found during late gestation, but zinc transporter 1 did not. Zinc transporter 2 expression in small intestine was transient, being highest around parturition, and was not detected in liver. Immunohistochemistry revealed unique patterns of zinc transporter localization at different stages of development. In the placenta, zinc transporters 1 and 4 were found concentrated along the villous visceral splanchnopleure. In the mammary gland, zinc transporter 4 was most abundant in cells surrounding the alveolar ducts and oriented to the basement lamina. All three transporters were highly expressed in neonatal small intestine, principally near the apical surface, but zinc transporters 1 and 4 increased in abundance at the basolateral surface during development. Zinc transporter 2 was oriented apically, directly adjacent to the microvilli of enterocytes. Within the intestine, expression of each transporter was limited to enterocytes. These results support a role for these transporters in maintaining an adequate zinc supply derived from the maternal diet for zinc acquisition and use by the fetus and neonate.
EZHPC: easy access to high performance computing

EZHPC is a simple object access protocol (SOAP)-based Web service that represents an application programming interface (API) for securely accessing and manipulating high performance computing (HPC) resources. This service was created to make it "easy" for users who are unfamiliar with the HPC environment but would benefit from the utilization of these resources. It not only promotes HPC resources but also allows for the development of future applications through the reuse, of this architecture. The API is exposed to developers as a SOAP-based Web service. Numerous API method calls are available, some of which include, but are not limited to, the ability to authenticate users against the HPC Kerberos system, move files to and from the HPC systems, submit and monitor batch jobs, access the data management system (DMS), etc. The Web service paradigm was chosen so that any type of user front end could be constructed to interact with the HPC resources. This includes stand alone user applications. Personal digital assistant (PDA)-based applications, Web applications, or inclusion in existing applications (ArcInfo, watershed modeling system (WMS), groundwater modeling system (GMS), surface-water modeling system (SMS), etc. A fully functional client application has been developed to demonstrate the usage of the API. The authors present a detailed inspection of the EZHPC architecture. The structure, usage, and security implications are described for each component of the system. In addition, the HPC-issued Kerberos user utilities, the Web server components, and the database component is discussed. The client reference implementation is also covered. The presentation concludes with a summary of future enhancements and how these enhancements expand the functionality of EZHPC, increasing its value to the user community.
Sequence-dependent Stability Of The Beta-helical Fold

The left-handed beta helix is an intriguing structural motif in several known proteins. We attempt to elucidate the factors that contribute to its stability with a theoretical-computational approach. Combining a novel form of coarse-grained molecular dynamics with parallel tempering affords access to the regime of equilibration in short peptides. For example, this method has been used to reproduce important features of the helix-coil transition in polyalanine.Three-layered beta-helical fragments are formed from various sequences that are superposed upon two backbone templates taken from sections of ideal type-I and type-II beta helices. Native, native-like, and various homogeneous sequences are simulated and their stability analyzed relative to the initial structure.An all-atom potential energy and associated parameters drawn from the Assisted Model-Building and Energy Refinement package with slight modifications. The effects of aqueous solvent are treated with the generalized Born model and a recently-proposed hydrophobic potential of mean force. Larger conformational changes can be explored by treating non-bonded forces according to Brownian dynamics while simultaneously maintaining molecular geometry with a separate algorithm.
Axonal spread of neuroinvasive viral infections

Neuroinvasive viral infections invade the nervous system, often eliciting serious disease and death. Members of four viral families are both neuroinvasive and capable of transmitting progeny virions or virion components within the long neuronal extensions known as axons. Axons provide physical structures that enable viral infection to spread within the host while avoiding extracellular immune responses. Technological advances in the analysis of in vivo neural circuits, neuronal culturing, and live imaging of fluorescent fusion proteins have enabled an unprecedented view into the steps of virion assembly, transport, and egress involved in axonal spread. In this review we summarize the literature supporting anterograde (axon to cell) spread of viral infection, describe the various strategies of virion transport, and discuss the effects of spread on populations of neuroinvasive viruses.
Effect of Iboga Alkaloids on µ-Opioid Receptor-Coupled G Protein Activation

Objective The iboga alkaloids are a class of small molecules defined structurally on the basis of a common ibogamine skeleton, some of which modify opioid withdrawal and drug self-administration in humans and preclinical models. These compounds may represent an innovative approach to neurobiological investigation and development of addiction pharmacotherapy. In particular, the use of the prototypic iboga alkaloid ibogaine for opioid detoxification in humans raises the question of whether its effect is mediated by an opioid agonist action, or if it represents alternative and possibly novel mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to independently replicate and extend evidence regarding the activation of μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-related G proteins by iboga alkaloids. Methods Ibogaine, its major metabolite noribogaine, and 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), a synthetic congener, were evaluated by agonist-stimulated guanosine-5´-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding in cells overexpressing the recombinant MOR, in rat thalamic membranes, and autoradiography in rat brain slices. Results And Significance In rat thalamic membranes ibogaine, noribogaine and 18-MC were MOR antagonists with functional Ke values ranging from 3 uM (ibogaine) to 13 uM (noribogaine and 18MC). Noribogaine and 18-MC did not stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human or rat MORs, and had only limited partial agonist effects in human embryonic kidney cells expressing mouse MORs. Ibogaine did not did not stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in any MOR expressing cells. Noribogaine did not stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in brain slices using autoradiography. An MOR agonist action does not appear to account for the effect of these iboga alkaloids on opioid withdrawal. Taken together with existing evidence that their mechanism of action also differs from that of other non-opioids with clinical effects on opioid tolerance and withdrawal, these findings suggest a novel mechanism of action, and further justify the search for alternative targets of iboga alkaloids.
Chaotic dynamics in erbium-doped fiber ring lasers

Chaotically oscillating rare-earth-doped fiber ring lasers (DFRLs) may provide an attractive way to exploit the broad bandwidth available in an optical communications system. Recent theoretical and experimental investigations have successfully shown techniques to modulate information onto the wide-band chaotic oscillations, transmit that signal along an optical fiber, and demodulate the information at the receiver. We develop a theoretical model of a DFRL and discuss an efficient numerical simulation which includes intrinsic linear and nonlinear induced birefringence, both transverse polarizations, group velocity dispersion, and a finite gain bandwidth. We analyze first a configuration with a single loop of optical fiber containing the doped fiber amplifier, and then, as suggested by Roy and VanWiggeren, we investigate a system with two rings of optical fiber---one made of passive fiber alone. The typical round-trip time for the passive optical ring connecting the erbium-doped amplifier to itself is 200 ns, so $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{5}$ round-trips are required to see the slow effects of the population inversion dynamics in this laser system. Over this large number of round-trips, physical effects like GVD and the Kerr nonlinearity, which may appear small at our frequencies and laser powers via conventional estimates, may accumulate and dominate the dynamics. We demonstrate from our model that chaotic oscillations of the ring laser with parameters relevant to erbium-doped fibers arises from the nonlinear Kerr effect and not from interplay between the atomic population inversion and radiation dynamics.
Measurement and Storytelling in Regional Science: An Intergenerational Perspective on Lessons Learned from Andrew Isserman

We first review Andy’s lessons to us on the potential contributions of storytelling in regional science. We then review Andy’s lessons on how measurement and definitions affect regional science research by focusing on Andy’s and our own work. We see this research through the lens of measurement and offer our suggestions for what is next.
Antiproton Interactions in Hydrogen and Carbon below 200 Mev

About 500 antiprotons in a partially purified antiproton beam have been observed to enter the 30-in. propane bubble chamber. An arrangement of counters identified the antiproton events, thus reducing scanning to a minimum and also providing a sample of antiprotons free of scanning bias. The antiprotons entered the propane at a kinetic energy of 220 Mev and were brought to rest. Scattering and annihilation interactions in both hydrogen and carbon have been observed as a function of antiproton energy. Differential scattering cross sections have been obtained, and the following total cross sections have been measured for antiproton kinetic energies, $T$, in the ranges 75 to 137.5 Mev and 137.5 to 200 Mev: The above results show satisfactory agreement with the Ball-Chew theory where comparison can be made.
On the photochemistry of 4-azidoquinoline 1-oxide: Structural elucidation of primary photoproduct

Abstract The primary product of the photolysis of 4-azidoquinoline 1-oxide ( 1 ) is believed to be the azo-dimer ( 4 ), consistent with the photochemistry of the pyridine analogue ( 2 ). This species has not been unambiguously identified, and previous workers have only isolated various isomers of the azoxy species ( 5 ). A combined IR, NMR, LC/MS and computational study confirms the structure 4 as the primary product of photolysis of 1 at 355 nm, suggesting that 5 arises from secondary photochemistry of 4 .
Introduction: Globalization and Globalism in Latin America: Contending Perspectives

The contemporary literature and ideological debates on "globalization" involve a highly contested, complex, and multidimensional discourse on the nature of the present world order and its historical antecedents, underlying causative forces, and future evolution. The concept of globalization itself tends to be used, both uncritically and critically, to focus attention on the dynamic interrelationships between international, regional, national, and local affairs in all the major domains of human concern, including economics, science, technology, politics, religion, culture, communications, transportation, education, health, and ecology. The rapidly expanding international body of literature and the increasingly intense ideological debates on this subject reveal a wide array of different perspectives. They also reveal a great deal of confusion and profound disagreement, particularly with regard to the following concerns (Held et al., 1999: 10-28): the definition and application of key concepts such as "globalization" and "globalism," the causation associated with the various contending conceptualizations of globalization, the historical periodization associated with globalization, the effects or impacts of globalization and globalism, their future evolution, and possible alternatives. This collection addresses all of these concerns. It also offers a
Single High Aspect Ratio Pillar Support Structures: Multi-Scale Chip Integrated Conformal Structures

This paper describes the realization of the integration of micro and nanoscale conformal structures. A new dry processing technique is used to create structures supported by a single high aspect ratio pillar support (SHARPS), creating submicron single crystal silicon features, with tight geometric control, attached to much larger (10-200μm) silicon dioxide platforms. The platforms have lithographically defined two dimensional shapes. The curvature of the platforms is adjusted through metal deposition and subsequent processing. The flexibility of the structures allows them to conform to meso and microscale roughness. To account for nanoscale conformance stochastic arrays of vertically aligned titania nanofibers are created on the platform surface. The application of the system as a passive microadhesive is investigated using a nanoindenter. Results show that the titania nanofiber surface offers significant increase in adhesion over smooth silicon dioxide or titanium surfaces. However when used in conjunction with the SHARPS structures the fibers are too stiff to allow for conformance to the surface prior to larger scale conformation, thus the combination does not increase the overall adhesion.
Twenty-one novel microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis.

The white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys, has served as a model species for studies of song and reproductive physiology. Here, we describe primers for 21 novel microsatellite loci isolated from the Puget Sound subspecies, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, which will be useful for parentage and population genetic analyses. Based on genotypes from seven to 22 adult birds from one population, the average number of alleles per locus was 10.9 (four to 21 alleles) and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.50 to 1.00. All loci also amplified products in at least one of three other passerine species tested.
Early-blocked sporulation mutations alter expression of enzymes under carbon control in Bacillus subtilis.

The physiological roles of the gene subset defined by early-blocked sporulation mutations (spo0) and their second-site suppressor alleles (rvtA11 and crsA47) remain cryptic for both vegetative and sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells. To test the hypothesis that spo0 gene products affect global regulation, we assayed the levels of carbon- and nitrogen-sensitive enzymes in wild-type and spo0 strains grown in a defined minimal medium containing various carbon and nitrogen sources. All the spo0 mutations (except spo0J) affected both histidase and arabinose isomerase levels in an unexpected way: levels of both carbon-sensitive enzymes were two- to six-fold higher in spo0 strains compared to wild type, when cells were grown on the derepressing carbon sources arabinose or maltose. There was no difference in enzyme levels with glucose-grown cells, nor was there a significant difference in levels of the carbonindependent enzymes glutamine synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This effect was not due to a slower growth rate for the spo0 mutants on the poor carbon and nitrogen sources used. The levels of carbon-sensitive enzymes were not simply correlated with sporulation ability in genetically suppressed spo0 mutants, but the rvtA and crsA suppressors each had such marked effects on wild-type growth and enzyme levels that these results were difficult to interpret. We conclude that directly or indirectly the spo0 mutations, although blocking the sporulation process, increase levels of carbon-sensitive enzymes, possibly at the level of gene expression.
A problem of Mirsky concerning nonsingular doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract The paper presents a new constructive proof of a theorem of Hardy, Littlewood, and Polya relating vector majorization and doubly stochastic matrices. Conditions on the vectors which guarantee that the corresponding matrices will be direct sums are given. These two results are applied to solve the problem, posed by Mirsky, of characterizing those majorization relations for which there is a corresponding doubly stochastic matrix which is nonsingular.
Devaluing Nuclear Weapons

So much of the never-ending debate over nuclear weapons today focuses on "tools" or "mechanisms" that purportedly can be used to diminish the significance of nuclear weapons in our lives. These tools-such as a comprehensive nuclear test ban, a nuclear freeze, a no-first-use pledgepresume a willingness or eagerness on the part of superpower leaders to find a way out of the nuclear impasse. In fact, it is this presumption that needs debate, and not the subsidiary issue of the tools themselves. If the presumption is correct, adequate tools will be found; if it is incorrect, further debate is futile. In this article I argue that, on balance, nuclear weapons are losing rather than gaining in perceived value. Whether we can eventually rid the world of nuclear weapons, or at least the policy of deterrence that sustains them, is impossible to say. What I can do in the following pages, however, is to point to fundamental factors at work today that devalue our reliance upon nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence-based on the threat to unleash nuclear weapons in response to enemy aggression-has few enthusiastic boosters despite the feeling of many that it has been the primary factor responsible for peace between the superpowers in the post-World War II era. Support for deterrence is frequently accompanied by a de riguer qualification mournfully proclaiming that while such a basis for security is a moral or ethical abomination, we have little practical choice. According to this view, there are a host of factors preventing us from choosing an acceptable alternative, including the U.S./Soviet geopolitical rivalry, the inability to "disinvent" nuclear weapons, and our inability to construct effective defenses against weapons of such magnitude and destructiveness. There have always been moralists, philosophers, theologians, and those of the political Left who have challenged the orthodoxy that nuclear deterrence is a grim, but inevitable, reality. Yet their collective arguments have never formed a critical mass of opinion capable of overturning the policy of continued reliance upon deterrence. As one well-known strategist has stated,
The Transmitral Approach to Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a particularly vexing problem in patients with complete transposition (atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial discordance) and intact ventricular septum. Previous techniques, such as resecting the obstructive lesion through the pulmonary valve or bypassing the obstruction, have not given entirely satisfactory results. An alternative approach of resection through the left atrium and the retracted mitral valve has recently been proposed. We have used this new technique to achieve excellent relief of this condition in three patients with different types of obstruction.
Lectin-induced modulation of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide

Several lectins were tested for their capacity to alter the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). The antibody response was enhanced by concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as lectins from Phytolacca americana (Pa-2), Pisum sativum (PSA), and Lens culinaris (LCH), when these lectins were given 2 days after immunization with SSS-III; however, suppression was obtained when Con A and Pa-2 were given at the time of immunization. By contrast the lectins from Vicia villosa (VVL) and Bauhinia purpurea (BPA) did not alter the antibody response. Since the lectins PSA and LCH bind to the same monosaccharide as Con A, whereas the other lectins bind to different monosaccharides, these findings indicate that there is no relationship between nominal monosaccharide specificity and the capacity to modulate the antibody response. Substantial increases in the magnitude of the IgG1 antibody response was noted after the administration of Con A whereas profound enhancement of IgG2a antibody response was noted after PHA was given.
The Predispositional Status of Violent Youthful Offenders: Is There a “Custody Gap” in Adult Criminal Court?:

This study focused on the immediate justice system response to violent youths in juvenile versus adult court. We examined 557 violent young offenders from Pennsylvania, of whom 138 were judicially waived to adult court and 419 were retained in juvenile court. Statistical analyses revealed that the transferred youths were more likely to be released from secure custody prior to a final disposition of their charges. Of those offenders who were released, the transferred youths also were more likely to recidivate and exhibited more serious predispositional recidivism than did the retained juveniles. These findings suggest the presence of an initial “custody gap” for violent youths waived to the adult criminal system.
Hyperpolarization-activated (Ih) conductances affect brainstem auditory neuron excitability

Abstract Blockade of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated mixed-cationic conductance (Ih) by ZD7288 markedly reduces excitability of neurons in the superior olivary complex (SOC), in vivo. Following pressure ejection application of 100 μM ZD7288, extracellular recorded single unit responses of 47/47 SOC neurons to monaural or binaural pure tone best frequency (BF) stimuli (30 dB above threshold) decreased by 49.7±19%, and background activity decreased by 56.3±18.1%. Pressure ejection of the vehicle did not affect excitability. The dose- and time-dependence of ZD7288 (10–100 μM) effects are consistent with specific blockade of Ih currents. SOC neuron responses to pressure-ejected glutamate were also decreased following application of 100 μM ZD7288 by 76.7±28.0%, which suggests a predominant direct effect of ZD7288 on auditory cell excitability. The considerable variability in the magnitude of ZD7288 effects between cells was only partially accounted for by greater effects on neurons with BFs greater than 16 kHz. Therefore, Ih channels significantly contribute to auditory brainstem neuron excitability, affecting their response level to acoustic stimuli. The variability in the ZD7288 reduction in excitability and its variation with the BF of units could be an indication of regulation and plasticity in neuronal encoding of sounds.
Microneurographically Determined Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity Levels Are Reproducible in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether microneurographically determined muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) levels are equally reproducible in control and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) subjects. We used a retrospective review of MSNA levels in 14 IDDM and 16 control subjects who had at least two microneurographic studies in the last 8 years in our laboratory. Results showed mean MSNA levels were lower in IDDM (9.2 ± 1.2 bursts/min) than in control subjects (16.8 ± 1.7 bursts/min) ( p
Use of an Optical Flow Method for the Analysis of Serial CT Lung Images1

Rationale and Objectives Serial CT lung studies are difficult to compare due to misregistration between image sets. An optical flow method (OFM) was adapted for use on CT lung images to register images and visualize changes between studies. Three applications were investigated: lung nodule assessment; evaluation of pulmonary enhancement; and functional changes due to air trapping. Materials and Methods From an initial clinical study, a follow-up study was created by digitally manipulating the images to simulate patient positioning errors and nodule growth. Nodule growth was measured from the temporal subtraction of registered images. In application to the assessment of pulmonary enhancement, pre and postcontrast images from a patient with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) were registered. A map of the perfused blood volume was computed from the ratio of aligned lung volumes. Functional changes in the lung were demonstrated using images from a patient with air trapping. End-inspiratory and end-expiratory volumes were aligned and displacement fields estimated using the OFM. Principal strains were computed from the displacement fields. Results All image volumes were aligned with at least 0.95 correlation. OFM estimates of displacement showed excellent agreement with the prescribed displacements with 0.33 pixel RMS error. Nodule growth was evident in the presence of significant positioning errors. In the PE case, enhancement ratios indicated a hypoperfused area consistent with an occlusive hypodense filling defect. For the air trapping case, a strain map showed functional changes along the interface of the air trap. Conclusions The OFM can facilitate the detection and quantification of changes between serial CT lung studies.
Stochastic damage evolution in textile laminates

Abstract A probabilistic model utilizing random material characteristics to predict damage evolution in textile laminates is presented. The model is based on a division of each ply into two sublaminas consisting of cells. The probability of cell failure is calculated using stochastic function theory and the maximal strain failure criterion. Three modes of failure, i.e., fibre breakage, matrix failure in the transverse direction, as well as matrix or interface shear cracking are taken into account. Computed failure probabilities are utilized in reducing cell stiffness based on the mesovolume concept. A numerical algorithm is developed predicting the damage evolution and deformation history of textile laminates. The effect of scatter of fibre orientation on cell properties is discussed. Weave influence on damage accumulation is illustrated using a Kevlar/epoxy laminate.
Trace element partitioning between volcanic plagioclase and dacitic pyroclastic matrix

Abstract Abundances of several trace elements in plagioclase and its host pyroclastic matrix have been determined by neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Partition coefficients of the rare earth elements and Sr, Rb, Ba, and K show a regular pattern for zoned plagioclase and seem to be controlled by the crystallo-chemistry of the volcanic phenocrysts.
Bilirubin, Rem Sleep, and Phototransduction of Environmental Time Cues. A Hypothesis

The prevailing hypothesis for phototransduction is that visual (rod or cone) pigments mediate light's primary effects on biological clock systems. Common light-responsive chronobiological behavioral properties of plants and animals and some common molecular structures of plants and animals suggest the possibility that heme moieties and bile pigments in animals mediate some nonvisual influences of light on neuroactive gases and biological rhythms. As plant phytochrome resets the plant biological clock, the similar chromophore in bile pigments is proposed to transduce environmental light zeitgeber signals to endogenous biological clocks. The temporal association of plasma bilirubin and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in populations, the correlation of secretion of biliary bilirubin with REM sleep among 10 different species (Spearman r = 0.89, p < 0.002), and the known responses of bilirubin to light lead to the hypothesis that bilirubin, in particular, plays an evolutionary role in the regulation of REM sleep and in mediating some of light's antidepressant effects.
Evolutionary Time and Human Memory

ContextCerebrospinal fluid tau protein and β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) protein are altered even in very mild Alzheimer disease (AD). So far, few data exist for subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).ObjectiveTo investigate the potential of cerebrospinal fluid tau and Aβ42 for predicting progression from MCI to AD in a longitudinal study of 28 patients with MCI who received follow-up for 18 months.DesignAn 18-month prospective study.SettingClinical follow-up study of community-residing subjects with MCI.Main Outcome MeasuresCerebrospinal fluid tau and Aβ42 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline. The potential ofboth biomarkers was evaluated to predict the progression to dementia, the end point of this study, using multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf 28 subjects with MCI, 12 progressed to dementia (2 to frontotemporal dementia; 10 to AD). Six subjects had progressive MCI, and 10 subjects showed stable MCI. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels were significantly elevated in patients who progressed to probable AD (P = .002) and subjects with progressive MCI (P = .003) compared with subjects who had stable MCI. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 levels were significantly lower in patients who progressed to probable AD (P = .007) and those with progressive MCI (P = .04) than in subjects with stable MCI. Logistic regression analysis identified elevated tau protein level as a predictor of cognitive deterioration (P = .02), whereas a delayed verbal recall score at baseline was significantly associated with the development of probable AD (P = .03).ConclusionOur results indicate that altered tau and Aβ42 concentrations may be detectable in subjects who are clinically diagnosed as having MCI but demonstrate the pathological changes of AD.
Molar absorptivity and A1 cm1% values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the ultraviolet and visible regions. XIII

Abstract The data in this paper have been compiled from the published scientific literature and, as was done with other papers in this series (1–3), not edited. I have assumed that data cited in the scientific literature have gone through editorial and review processes. The validity and reliability of the values are left to the judgment of the user.
Parental Influences of Adolescent Self-Esteem*:

Two contemporary theoretical explanations of adolescent self-esteem, symbolic interaction and social learning, were investigated and compared. Special attention focused on the relative effect of selected variables, representing each explanation, on four dimensions of self-esteem. A stratified random sample of 184 families with adolescents provided self-report data. Multiple regression and bivariate analysis resulted in evidence for the general conclusions that: (1) adolescent self-esteem was more a function of the reflected appraisal of the parents than it was of adolescents modeling their parents' self-esteem; and (2) female adolescents were more likely to be influenced by their parents than were male adolescents. In addition, the study suggests that when researchers investigate adolescent self-esteem, it is essential that they take into account its various dimensions, as well as the sex of the parent and the-adolescent.
Free Energy and Structure of Polyproline Peptides: An Ab Initio and Classical Molecular Dynamics Investigation

Depending on their environment, polyproline peptides form chiral helices that may be either left- (PPII) or right-handed (PPI). Here, we have characterized both the structure and free energy landscapes of Ace-(Pro)n-Nme (n an integer less than 13) peptides, in vacuo and in implicit water environments. Both ab initio and classical molecular dynamics methods were used. In terms of the latter, we used a recently developed Adaptively Biased Molecular Dynamics (ABMD) method in conjunction with three different force fields (ff99, ff99SB, ff03) and two different Generalized Born models for the implicit solvent environment. Specifically, the ABMD method provides for an accurate description of the free energy landscapes in terms of a set of collective variables, which were carefully chosen as to reflect the "slow modes" of the polyproline peptides. These are primarily based on the cis-trans isomerization associated with the prolyl bonds. In agreement with recent experimental results, the peptides form not only the pure PPII or PPI structures but also a large number of stable conformers having more or less similar free energies, whose distributions we have characterized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 110: 2865-2879, 2010