cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research spending under regulatory uncertainty

Using a simple model this paper examines firm behavior under three types of uncertainties dealing with innovation occurrence, innovation scale, and a possible threat of regulatory action. Firms compete in the existing product market and engage in R&D in Stage I. Innovation takes place in the second stage, the successful firm achieves a monopoly and becomes aware of the scale of innovation. Regulators examine the new product and decide on possible action. Results show that increases in the probability of regulation reduce research spending as do higher regulatory taxes. These results are reversed when the regulator grants a subsidy, instead. An increase in the probability of drastic innovation increases research spending under certain conditions. The effect of market entry is unclear. Our results generally carry through when the model is extended to include only an innovation race or the nondrastic innovation is alternately regulated. Policy implications are discussed.
Meeting basic needs: An overview

Abstract This paper summarizes some of the main issues related to the World Bank's basic-needs oriented lending programme. In particular, based on country experience it discusses the lessons learned with regard to sectoral policies and programming for their basic needs and their implications for future lending.
Membranomyces species are common ectomycorrhizal symbionts in Northern Hemisphere forests

Membranomyces (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales) Julich consists of two described species of resupinate (crust-like) basidiomycetes. Previous studies indicated that Membranomyces falls within the Clavulinaceae, but the phylogenetic position of the genus has not been fully resolved. Membranomyces species were thought to be saprotrophic until 2003 when Tedersoo et al. detected Membranomyces delectabilis on ectomycorrhizal roots of Populus and Picea. Membranomyces was previously known only from collections made in eastern Canada and Europe. We recently sequenced the ITS rDNA barcode region from Scandinavian herbarium specimens identified as M. delectabilis and Membranomyces spurius. Phylogenetic analyses of these sporocarp sequences and similar environmental sequences indicated that Membranomyces is more diverse than previously thought and forms ectomycorrhizas with hosts from a diverse range of plant families in many north temperate ecosystems.
The relationship between sex-role orientation and resolution of eriksonian developmental crises

A total of 139 female and 133 male undergraduates completed the Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Inventory of Psychosocial Development, a measure of resolution of Erikson's developmental crises, in a study designed to assess the relationship between sex roles and psychological adjustment. The results indicated that the androgynous subjects had higher adjustment scores than subjects in the other three sex-role classifications. Further analyses revealed that both the masculinity and femininity components of androgyny were significant predictors of adjustment, reinforcing the suggestion that androgyny is a more optimal sex role. It was also demonstrated that the masculine component of androgyny was associated more strongly with adjustment. The results are discussed in terms of theories of the virtue of an androgynous as opposed to sex-typed sex role.
Reactions of Silicon Carbide and Silicon(IV) Oxide at Elevated Temperatures

The reaction between SiC and SiO2 has been studied in the temperature range 1400-1600 K. A Knudsen cell in conjunction with a vacuum microbalance and a high-temperature mass spectrometer was used for this study. Two systems were studied - 1:1 SiC (2 wt pct excess carbon) and SiO2; and 1:1:1 SiC, carbon, and SiO2. In both cases the excess carbon forms additional SiC within the Knudsen cell and adjusts to the direct reaction of stoichiometric SiC and SiO2 to form SiO(g) and CO(g) in approximately a 3:1 ratio. These results are interpreted in terms of the Si-C-O stability diagram.
Dithienopyrrole-based donor–acceptor copolymers: low band-gap materials for charge transport, photovoltaics and electrochromism

A series of highly soluble donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers containing N-(3,4,5-tri-n-decyloxyphenyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) or N-(2-decyltetradecyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP′) as donor and three different acceptors, 4,7-dithien-2-yl-[2,1,3]-benzothiadiazole, 4,9-dithien-2-yl-6,7-di-n-hexyl-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline and 4,8-dithien-2-yl-2λ4δ2-benzo[1,2-c;4,5-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BThX, X = BTD, TQHx2, BBT, respectively) were synthesized by Stille coupling polymerizations. The optical and electrochemical properties of these copolymers were investigated, along with their use in field-effect transistors and photovoltaic devices. The band gaps (eV) estimated from UV-vis-NIR spectra and electrochemical measurements of the copolymers varied from ca. 1.5–0.5 eV, and were consistent with quantum-chemical estimates extrapolated using density functional theory. Oxidative and reductive spectroelectrochemistry of the copolymers indicated they can be both p-doped and n-doped, and three to four differently colored redox states of the polymers can be accessed through electrochemical oxidation or reduction. The DTP-BThBTD and DTP-BThTQHx2 copolymers exhibited average field-effect hole mobilities of 1.2 × 10−4 and 2.2 × 10−3 cm2/(Vs), respectively. DTP-BThBBT exhibited ambipolar field-effect characteristics and showed hole and electron mobilities of 1.2 × 10−3 and 5.8 × 10−4 cm2/(Vs), respectively. Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices made from blends of the copolymers with 3′-phenyl-3′H-cyclopropa[1,9](C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene-3′-butanoic acid methyl ester (PCBM) (1:3 weight ratio) exhibited average power conversion efficiencies as high as 1.3% under simulated irradiance of 75 mW/cm2.
Influence of starting material on the early age hydration kinetics, microstructure and composition of binding gel in alkali activated binder systems

Abstract The influence of starting material on the hydration kinetics and composition of binding gel in alkali activated binder systems was evaluated. The starting materials used were ground granulated blast furnace slag, class C fly ash and class F fly ash. All starting materials were activated using alkaline solution with a SiO2/Na2O ratio of 1.5. The hydration kinetics were monitored using in situ isothermal conduction calorimetry and the chemical compositions of the binder gels were determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the fly ash systems, the calorimetric curves had only one peak, which occurred in the first 30 min of reaction, and lacked an induction period. Two peaks were distinguishable in slag systems, though the induction period was much shorter than that of a typical OPC system. The gel composition ratios, including Ca/Si, Na/Si, Na/Al and Al/Si, were different in each of the systems and are discussed in detail.
Light inducible and tissue-specific expression of a chimeric mouse metallothionein cDNA gene in tobacco

Abstract A metallothionein cDNA was placed in sense or antisense orientation under the transcriptional control of a light-regulated promoter and the 3′ flanking region from a pea ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene and introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Regenerated plants with the sense construct showed expression of metallothionein (MT) in a light-regulated, tissue-specific manner. Genetic analysis of R1 and R2 progeny showed inheritance of the kanamycin resistance marker gene as a dominant Mendelian trait. Transgenic young seedlings with rbcS(ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit)-MT construct showed slightly more tolerance to cadmium stress than did untransformed control seedlings. In addition to these studies, a comparison was made of the relative strengths of the CaMV 35S, rbcS, and mouse metallothionein promoters in plants. The MT promoter was virtually inactive in plants, even those treated with Cd.
Determining the composition of high-pressure mantle melts using diamond aggregates

We present a new experimental technique for circumventing the quenching problems that have plagued high-pressure peridotite melting studies. A thin layer of ~50 μm diamonds is placed above a layer of peridotite powder. Partial melt extracted from the peridotite layer collects in the pore spaces between the diamonds and equilibrates diffusively with the residual peridotite mineralogy. Isolated from the crystalline residue, the melt quenches to a glass that records the composition of the liquid coexisting with the residual crystalline phases under the conditions of the experiment. We have used this technique to investigate partial melting of a fertile mantle composition at 10 kbar and a temperature range of 1270–1390°C. Oxide concentrations in the liquids from the longest duration runs (up to 151 hours) vary systematically with increasing temperature: TiO_2, Al_2O_3, and Na_2O decrease monotonically, while Cr_2O_3, FeO^∗, and MgO increase steadily. CaO shows more complicated behavior, first increasing and then decreasing, with the crest in the temperature-CaO trend approximately coincident with the disappearance of clinopyroxene from the residue between 1330 and 1350°C. Overall variation in silica content with temperature is small, and there appears to be a minimum at about 12% melting. The compositions of liquids produced in time series, temperature reversal, and two-stage experiments (conducted to test the technique) all indicate that our experimentally determined liquid compositions represent close approaches to equilibrium. Calculated melt fractions (F) also vary systematically with temperature. The slope of the T(°C)-F curve is not constant over the spinel lherzolite melting interval, but decreases as temperature increases from 1270 to 1330°C. Extrapolating the curve back to zero melt suggests that the anhydrous solidus temperature for our peridotite starting composition is ~ 1240°C. At temperatures below the cpxout curve, melt generation occurs via the reaction, 0.38 opx + 0.71 cpx + 0.13 sp → 0.22 oliv + 1.0 liq, and the proportions of minerals that enter the melt appear to be independent of temperature. At temperatures above cpx-out, the less well constrained melting reaction is: 1.06 opx + 0.04 sp = 0. 1 oliv + 1 liq. The fact that all of the 10 kbar melts have FeO^∗ contents that are substantially lower than those reported in any primitive MORB glasses further strengthens the conclusions that these glasses are not 10 kbar primary melts, that they involve a component of higher pressure partial melting, and that they have evolved by significant olivine fractionation from more primitive liquids. Our experimental data also provide an independent check of the results of recent peridotite partial melting calculations. Efforts to parameterize the experimental database on peridotite melting, and to calculate melt compositions as a function of P, T, and F are partially successful in reproducing the compositional trends determined in this study.
Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Associated with Lipid Droplets of Basal and Lipolytically Stimulated 3T3-L1 Adipocytes *

Adipocytes hold the body's major energy reserve as triacylglycerols packaged in large lipid droplets. Perilipins, the most abundant proteins on these lipid droplets, play a critical role in facilitating both triacylglycerol storage and hydrolysis. The stimulation of lipolysis by β-adrenergic agonists triggers rapid phosphorylation of perilipin and translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase to the surfaces of lipid droplets and more gradual fragmentation and dispersion of micro-lipid droplets. Because few lipid droplet-associated proteins have been identified in adipocytes, we isolated lipid droplets from basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and identified the component proteins by mass spectrometry. Structural proteins identified in both preparations include perilipin, S3-12, vimentin, and TIP47; in contrast, adipophilin, caveolin-1, and tubulin selectively localized to droplets in lipolytically stimulated cells. Lipid metabolic enzymes identified in both preparations include hormone-sensitive lipase, lanosterol synthase, NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like protein, acyl-CoA synthetase, long chain family member (ACSL) 1, and CGI-58. 17-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 7, was identified only in basal preparations, whereas ACSL3 and 4 and two short-chain reductase/dehydrogenases were identified on droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells. Additionally, both preparations contained FSP27, ribophorin I, EHD2, diaphorase I, and ancient ubiquitous protein. Basal preparations contained CGI-49, whereas lipid droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells contained several Rab GTPases and tumor protein D54. A close association of mitochondria with lipid droplets was suggested by the identification of pyruvate carboxylase, prohibitin, and a subunit of ATP synthase in the preparations. Thus, adipocyte lipid droplets contain specific structural proteins as well as lipid metabolic enzymes; the structural reorganization of lipid droplets in response to the hormonal stimulation of lipolysis is accompanied by increases in the relative mass of several proteins and the recruitment of additional proteins.
Thermochemical studies of molybdenum dithio-carbamate complexes as models for molybdoenzymes

Abstract Calorimetric measures for interconverting the oxidation states (IV), (V) and (VI) in dithiocarbamato complexes of molybdenum with accompanying oxo group transfer were carried out in 1,2-dichloroethane at 25 °C. Supplementary ΔH data for known substrates of molybdoenzymes were also measured. Combinations of these data yielded thermochemical results for hypothetical reactions between biological substrates and the oxidation states (IV), (V) and (VI) of molybdenum in these dithiocarbamato model compounds. Bond energies for terminal and bridging molybdenum-oxygen bonds in these complexes were calculated to be +96 and +101 kcal mol −1 , respectively.
The use of a laser extensometer to observe strain in a large ground sample

The design and construction are described of an experimental strainmeter. This observes changes in the number of waves of light standing in a one-kilometer gap between points on the earth’s surface. Strain is observed over a frequency range of zero to several hundred hertz, to an accuracy of an arbitrarily-small fraction of a wave-length of light. Frequency-dependent phase and amplitude distortion are absent. As the read-out is of the nature of a servo device, dynamic range limitations are not encountered.
Factors Associated with Negative Spillover from Job to Home Among Latinos in the United States

This study estimates the impact of working conditions and individual and family characteristics on negative spillover (NS) from job to home among Latinos and Non-Latino White workers. Among Non-Latino Whites, younger individuals, females, and workers with young children and a spouse or partner in residence experience higher levels of NS compared to older individuals, males, those without young children, and singles, respectively. Among Latino workers, the only significant individual or family characteristic associated with NS is gender. Working conditions, including hours worked, supervisor support, job pressure, and job autonomy significantly impact NS for both groups. The relationship between NS and workplace culture was supported by the data for Non-Latino White workers only.
Population structure of two deep sea tubeworms, Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi, from the hydrocarbon seeps of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Vestimentiferan tubeworms are a group of large sessile marine polychaete annelids (family Siboglinidae) found in the regions of hydrothermal venting or seepage of the reduced chemical hydrogen sulfide. Hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana Slope of the Gulf of Mexico support large communities of the co-occurring vestimentiferan species Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi . These sessile species have the opportunity to disperse between the patchy sites of active seepage on the seafloor during a planktonic larval stage. However, it is unclear whether dispersal occurs at a local or global scale. Four ( L. luymesi ) and seven ( S. jonesi ) microsatellite loci were used to test for population substructure among ten hydrocarbon seep sites on the Louisiana Slope. Both species showed high levels of allelic diversity, averaging 18.5 ( L. luymesi ) and 22 ( S. jonesi ) alleles/locus, respectively, and high observed heterozygosity at all microsatellite loci (0.71–0.9 in L. luymesi , 0.27–0.84 in S. jonesi ). The two species showed a significant deficiency in heterozygotes compared to that predicted under the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. L. luymesi showed a small but significant amount of population structure, with a positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance among the sample sites spanning 540 km. S. jonesi , in contrast, showed no evidence for isolation by distance, but did show a significant genetic difference between aggregations of different ages. These results suggest that these two species differ in how larvae are able to colonize new seep sites through space ( L. luymesi ) and though time ( S. jonesi ).
Size controlled synthesis of monodisperse PbTe quantum dots: using oleylamine as the capping ligand

We report a simple method to synthesize monodisperse hydrophobic PbTe quantum dots followed by a stability study of the as-synthesized quantum dots in air. We provide evidence that air-stable PbTe quantum dots can be synthesized using this method. PbCl2 complexed with oleylamine was used as the Pb precursor. Tellurium powder dissolved in tri-n-octylphosphine was used as the Te precursor. Oleylamine was used as the only capping ligand. The size and shape of the PbTe quantum dots were controlled by changing variables such as injection temperature, growth temperature, and growth time. Both Pb to oleylamine and Pb to Te feed mole ratios have been examined to obtain the optimal synthetic conditions. The PbTe quantum dots can be changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic through ligand exchange using 4-mercaptopyridine to replace oleylamine as the capping ligand. The colloidal PbTe quantum dots were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FT-IR spectrometer, 31PNMR spectrometer, and powder X-ray diffraction. The sizes of the PbTe quantum dots synthesized ranged from 2.6 nm to 14.0 nm with a relative standard deviation of ∼5.6 to 9.1%. The shape of the PbTe quantum dots was either spherical ( ∼9 to 10 nm).
Nutritional status and energy metabolism of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, girard) muscle and hepatopancreas

Abstract 1. 1. Food deprivation resulted in significant decreases in muscle carbohydrate, lipid and water content and increased ATP, ADP, AMP and total adenylate levels over the 21-day experimental period. 2. 2. In the hepatopancreas phosphoarginine was significantly higher on day 21 in the starved crayfish. 3. 3. Muscle energy charges remained within optimal (unstressed) ranges, while hepatopancreatic energy charges of food-deprived crayfish fell into suboptimal (stressed) ranges, indicating the necessity of examining organs separately to accurately ascertain metabolic changes in response to stressors.
Don't Kill the Bosses!: Escaping the Hierarchy Trap

The article reviews the book “Don't Kill the Bosses! Escaping the Hierarchy Trap,” by Samuel A. Culbert and John B. Ullmen.
Effects of Chemical and Enzymatic Modifications on Starch–Oleic Acid Complex Formation

The solubility of starch-inclusion complexes affects the digestibility and bioavailability of the included molecules. Acetylation with two degrees of substitution, 0.041 (low) and 0.091 (high), combined without or with a β-amylase treatment was employed to improve the yield and solubility of the inclusion complex between debranched potato starch and oleic acid. Both soluble and insoluble complexes were recovered and analyzed for their degree of acetylation, complexation yields, molecular size distributions, X-ray diffraction patterns, and thermal properties. Acetylation significantly increased the amount of recovered soluble complexes as well as the complexed oleic acid in both soluble and insoluble complexes. High-acetylated debranched-only starch complexed the highest amount of oleic acid (38.0 mg/g) in the soluble complexes; low-acetylated starch with or without the β-amylase treatment resulted in the highest complexed oleic acid in the insoluble complexes (37.6-42.9 mg/g). All acetylated starches displayed the V-type X-ray pattern, and the melting temperature generally decreased with acetylation. The results indicate that starch acetylation with or without the β-amylase treatment can improve the formation and solubility of the starch-oleic acid complex.
"A Child of the Emerald Isle": Ireland and the Making of James Johnson, MD

This article focuses on the physician James Johnson to examine the role Irishness played in the process of identity formation in London during the long eighteenth century. Using biographies, medical journals, and travel literature to chart the development of Johnson’s identity, this analysis suggests that the idea of assimilation is too simplistic to capture the experiences of middle-class Irish migrants in London. Unpacking the histories of Johnson’s thoughts about himself, and of the ways other writers represented him, demonstrates that Johnson could not reject his Irish past in order to satisfy his ambitions in the metropolis. Johnson’s identity formation did not progress in a linear fashion that mirrored his physical movement from Ireland to London, but was rather a struggle that moved back and forth, depending on time, place, and circumstance. By exposing the ways that Irish identity shaped Johnson’s choices, and, in turn, how those choices shaped his identity, this study raises questions about how we approach and understand the meanings of Irish identity for middle-class migrants more generally.
Therapeutic efficacy of EGb761 (Gingko biloba extract) in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

EGb761 is a standardized extract of green Gingko biloba, which exerts protective effects against mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. We examined whether oral administration of 0.022% or 0.045% EGb761 in the diet could impart neuroprotective effects in a transgenic mouse model (G93A) of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). EGb761 significantly improved motor performance and survival, and protected against a loss of spinal-cord anterior motor horn neurons in male G93A mutant transgenic ALS mice, but not in littermate female mutant transgene mice. While EGb761 extended survival in littermate female G93A mice, significance was not reached. EGb761, however, significantly improved weight loss in both male and female transgenic ALS mice. These findings provide evidence for a gender-specific neuroprotective effect of EGb761 in a transgenic model of ALS and suggest that EGb761 may be a potential effective treatment in patients with ALS.
Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation: Results and clinical implications

Abstract Objectives. This study attempted to determine the incidence, prognosis and predictability of postoperative left ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing correction of mitral regurgitation. Background. Left ventricular fonction in patients with mitral regurgitation is altered by loading conditions and is difficult to assess. Predictive value of preoperative variables on postoperative left ventricular function and the role of echocardiography are uncertain. Methods. In 266 patients undergoing correction of mitral regurgitation between 1980 and 1989, left ventricular fonction was echocardiographically assessed preoperatively (within 6 months) and postoperatively (within 1 year). Results. After correction of mitral regurgitation, left ventricular ejection fraction decreased significantly ([mean ± SD] 50% ± 14% vs. 58% ± 13%, p Conclusions. After surgical correction of mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction is frequent and carries a poor prognosis. Postoperative ejection fraction can be predicted by echocardiographic preoperative ejection fraction and systolic diameter. Recent onset of regurgitation, mild or no symptoms, and absence of coronary artery disease are independent and favorable predictors of postoperative ejection fraction. These results should lead to consideration of surgical correction at an earlier stage.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF UNCONTROLLED AND UNREPORTED HYPERTENSION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: INSIGHTS FROM ALMOST 70,000 BLACKS AND WHITES IN THE SOUTHERN COMMUNITY COHORT STUDY

Compared with whites, blacks have a higher prevalence of hypertension (HTN) for which lifestyle and socioeconomic status (SES) have been implicated as contributory factors. Thus our objective was to evaluate factors associated with HTN in a cohort with well-documented SES characteristics. We
Enhanced Sensitivity of Striatal Neurons to Axonal Transport Defects Induced by Mutant Huntingtin

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease linked to a polyQ (polyglutamine) expansion in the huntingtin protein. Although general brain atrophy is found in HD patients, the striatum is the most severely affected region. Loss or mutant forms of huntingtin were reported to disrupt fast axonal transport in Drosophila, squid, and mice. However, previous work did not resolve whether mutant huntingtin affects global axonal transport or only a subset of cargoes, nor did it resolve whether striatal neurons are preferentially sensitive to huntingtin-mediated defects. We used amyloid precursor protein (APP)-yellow fluorescent protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mCherry fusion proteins as markers for fast axonal transport when huntingtin is altered. We found that movement of APP and BDNF is impaired in striatal and hippocampal, but not cortical, neurons from presymptomatic homozygous mutant mice carrying 150Q huntingtin knock-in mutations. In addition, loss of huntingtin disrupts APP axonal transport, whereas overexpression of wild-type, but not mutant, huntingtin enhances APP transport in all three types of neurons tested. These data suggest that a loss of wild-type huntingtin function in fast axonal transport plays important roles in the development of cell-type-specific defects in HD.
Parametric study on the along-wind response of the CAARC building to downbursts in the time domain

Abstract A primary investigation on the along-wind responses of tall buildings to thunderstorm downbursts is presented in this paper. Related characteristics of downbursts are first reviewed. By assuming that downbursts are fully correlated over the building height, a simple model is applied for downburst wind speeds. As a representative, the CAARC building is modelled as a linear 2-D cantilever beam and a base-pivoted single degree of freedom rigid body as well, and subjected to non-stationary conceptual, actual, and wind tunnel-simulated downburst velocity time histories. For comparison, a typical stationary wind speed record is also applied to the building. The maximum dynamic magnification factor (MDMF) is introduced as a non-dimensional variable to measure and compare the effect of non-stationary downbursts on the building. The definition of MDMF is the ratio of the maximum dynamic response to the corresponding maximum static response. Relationships between MDMF of the first normal coordinate and MDMFs of responses are derived. For the parametric study, MDMFs of the first normal coordinate for all the time histories are obtained as functions of the building first circular frequency and the first modal damping ratio. Effects of gust profiles and building characteristics on MDMFs and structural along-wind responses are observed theoretically and by the parametric study. The characterizing period for downbursts could be 36 s . Differences between MDMFs from the downbursts and those from the typical wind are noted. In practice, the procedure and the results presented here may be used to estimate the maximum dynamic response of a tall building subjected to severe downburst winds.
Depression and Physical Disability Outcomes in Depressed Medically Ill Hospitalized Older Adults

The authors examined depression/disability outcomes in hospitalized older medical patients during the year after hospital discharge to assess the pattern and rate of changing depression and disability, the causal relationship between these variables, and to identify patients at greatest risk for poor outcomes. A group of 119 medical patients at Duke Hospital were both depressed and disabled; they were followed for a median of 47 weeks after hospital discharge. Time-series analyses showed that depression and disability tended to track together, and most changes occurred within the first 6 months after discharge. Blacks were more likely to remit from depression despite continued disability and less likely to experience continued depression despite decreased disability. Patients with a history of depression were less likely to experience improvement in depression unless disability improved. Number of medical diagnoses and depression severity independently predicted poorer depression outcomes. Certain characteristics of patients during hospitalization predict depression/disability outcomes after discharge.
Measures of Managerial Effectiveness in the Hotel Industry

A study was conducted to capture the underlying dimensional structure of outcome measures used to evaluate general hotel manager effectiveness in large hotel chains. Seventy-three hotel executives and general managers completed a survey of the frequency and importance of 23 distinct effectiveness measures used in their firm. Factor analysis revealed three independent dimensions: short-term profit indicators, tangible results (i.e., budget compliance, sales growth, guest comment cards), and intangible factors ( i.e., employee morale, market share changes, and guest complaint letters). Projected linkages between key manager behaviors and these effectiveness dimensions are discussed within an integrated hotel manager evaluation framework. Implications forpractice and further research are discussed.
On the Green’s functions of quantized fields. I

The temporal development of quantized fields, in its particle aspect, is described by propagation functions, or Green’s functions. The construction of these functions for coupled fields is usually considered from the viewpoint of perturbation theory. Although the latter may be resorted to for detailed calculations, it is desirable to avoid founding the formal theory of the Green’s functions on the restricted basis provided by the assumption of expandability in powers of coupling constants. These notes are a preliminary account of a general theory of Green’s functions, in which the defining property is taken to be the representation of the fields of prescribed sources.
Patient-therapist ratings and relationship to progress in dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder

This study investigated the influence of the patient-therapist relationship in reducing suicidal behavior in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). DBT is a behavioral treatment for borderline women developed by Linehan who demonstrated its effectiveness in two earlier 1-year outcome studies. Subjects were 4 therapist-patient dyads. Patients were parasuicidal women who met criteria for borderline personality disorder; therapists were psychology and nursing graduate students. Weekly patient and therapist relationship ratings were measured over 7 months of initial treatment with a short form of Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). Four hypotheses encompassing dialectical theory, nonpejorative conceptualization, modeling, and contingency timing predictions were tested for each patient with time series analyses. Combined results of the four patients supported all hypotheses. Dialectical techniques balancing acceptance and change were more effective than pure change or acceptance techniques in reducing suicidal behavior. Therapist ratings consistent with nonpejorative conceptualization were also associated with less suicidal behavior.
Development of the embryonic chick wing bud from stage 24 to stage 32.

If a graft is placed in an early chick wing bud, the location of the graft after several days of further development cannot be predicted solely from the rate of proximal-distal outgrowth. The movement of the graft depends on the rate of outgrowth of the wing but also on morphogenetic tissue movements intrinsic to the wing and on accommodation to the growth and morphogenetic movements of the body of the embryo. Numerous experiments have been reported in which tissue grafted into ectopic sites in the wing causes abnormal wing development. These experiments have been discussed in terms of pattern formation of positional information. However, until the movement of wing tissue during normal development is understood, it cannot be known in what way the development of grafts placed in ectopic sites is abnormal. Previous experiments have demonstrated that carbon particles placed in the wing move in the same manner as grafts of wing mesenchyme, but the carbon particles do not affect normal wing development. Carbon particles were placed in the wing, dorsal to the base of the wing, and cranial and caudal to the wing, to plot the expected movement of a graft and to discover how this movement can be predicted from the tissue movements at the base of the wing. It is concluded that three tissue movements are responsible for the movement of a graft. These are outgrowth at a rate determined by the rate of cell division, formation of the shoulder through caudal movement of the tissues cranial to the wing, and ventral movement of prospective flank ventral to somite 19. These three tissue movements and their influence on normal wing development are discussed.
Trajectory of Adolescent Obesity: Exploring the Impact of Prenatal to Childhood Experiences

This study examined longitudinal associations of prenatal exposures as well as childhood familial experiences with obesity status from ages 10 to 18. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was applied to examine 5,156 adolescents from the child sample of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Higher maternal weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy, lower maternal education, and lack of infant breastfeeding were contributors to elevated adolescent obesity risk in early adolescence. However, maternal age, high birth weight of child, and maternal annual income exhibited long-lasting impact on obesity risk over time throughout adolescence. Additionally, childhood familial experiences were significantly related to risk of adolescent obesity. Appropriate use of family rules in the home and parental engagement in children’s daily activities lowered adolescent obesity risk, but excessive television viewing heightened adolescent obesity risk. Implementation of consistent family rules and parental engagement may benefit adolescents at risk for obesity.
Decoupling temporal aberration detection algorithms for enhanced biosurveillance

This study decomposes existing temporal aberration detection algorithms into two, sequential stages and investigates the individual impact of each stage on outbreak detection performance. The data forecasting stage (stage 1) generates a prediction of the value of the time series a certain number of time steps in the future based on historical data. The anomaly measure stage (stage 2) compares one or more features of this prediction to the actual time series to compute a measure of the potential anomaly. This decomposition was found not only to yield valuable insight into the effects of the aberration detection algorithms but also to produce novel combinations of data forecasters and anomaly measures with enhanced detection performance.
N-terminal Tyrosine Modulation of the Endocytic Adaptor Function of the β-Arrestins

The highly homologous β-arrestin1 and -2 adaptor proteins play important roles in the function of G protein-coupled receptors. Either β-arrestin variant can function as a molecular chaperone for clathrin-mediated receptor internalization. This role depends primarily upon two distinct, contiguous C-terminal β-arrestin motifs recognizing clathrin and the β-adaptin subunit of AP2. However, a molecular basis is lacking to explain the different endocytic efficacies of the two β-arrestin isoforms and the observation that β-arrestin N-terminal substitution mutants can act as dominant negative inhibitors of receptor endocytosis. Despite the near identity of the β-arrestins throughout their N termini, sequence variability is present at a small number of residues and includes tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions. Here we show that corresponding N-terminal (Y/F)VTL sequences in β-arrestin1 and -2 differentially regulate μ-adaptin binding. Our results indicate that the β-arrestin1 Tyr-54 lessens the interaction with μ-adaptin and moreover is a Src phosphorylation site. A gain of endocytic function is obtained with the β-arrestin1 Y54F substitution, which improves both the β-arrestin1 interaction with μ-adaptin and the ability to enhance β2-adrenergic receptor internalization. These data indicate that β-arrestin2 utilizes μ-adaptin as an endocytic partner, and that the inability of β-arrestin1 to sustain a similar degree of interaction with μ-adaptin may result from coordination of Tyr-54 by neighboring residues or its modification by Src kinase. Additionally, these naturally occurring variations in β-arrestins may also differentially regulate the composition of the signaling complexes organized on the receptor.
A tool for partitioning and pipelined scheduling of hardware-software systems

We present a tool for synthesis of pipelined implementations of hardware-software systems. The tool uses iterative hardware-software partitioning and pipelined scheduling to obtain optimal partitions which satisfy the timing and area constraints. The partitioner uses a branch and bound approach with a unique objective function which minimizes the initiation interval of the final design. It takes communication time and hardware sharing into account. This paper also presents techniques for generation of good initial solution and search space bounding for the partitioning algorithm. A candidate partition is evaluated by generating its pipelined schedule. The scheduler uses a list based scheduler and a retiming transformation to optimize the initiation interval, number of pipeline stages and memory requirements of a particular design alternative. The effectiveness of the tool is demonstrated by experimentation.
Chitosan IFN-γ-pDNA Nanoparticle (CIN) Therapy for Allergic Asthma

Allergic subjects produce relatively low amounts of IFN-γ, a pleiotropic Th-1 cytokine that downregulates Th2-associated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), the hallmarks of allergic asthma. Adenovirus-mediated IFN-γ gene transfer reduces AHR, Th2 cytokine levels and lung inflammation in mice, but its use would be limited by the frequency of gene delivery required; therefore, we tested chitosan/IFN-γ pDNA nanoparticles (CIN) for in situ production of IFN-γ and its in vivo effects. CIN were administered to OVA-sensitized mice to investigate the possibility of using gene transfer to modulate ovalbumin (OVA)-induced inflammation and AHR. Mice treated with CIN exhibit significantly lower AHR to methacholine challenge and less lung histopathology. Production of IFN-γ is increased after CIN treatment while the Th2-cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, and OVA-specific serum IgE are reduced compared to control mice. AHR and eosinophilia are also significantly reduced by CIN therapy administered therapeutically in mice with established asthma. CIN was found to inhibit epithelial inflammation within 6 hours of delivery by inducing apoptosis of goblet cells. Experiments performed on STAT4-defective mice do not show reduction in AHR with CIN treatment, thus implicating STAT4 signaling in the mechanism of CIN action. These results demonstrate that mucosal CIN therapy can effectively reduce established allergen-induced airway inflammation and AHR.
Effects of a finite axial magnetic field on the beam loading on a cavity

Summary form only given. The effect of a finite axial magnetic field on the beam loading of a cavity is evaluated. The calculation extends Branch's classic paper on ballistic bunching in that both the conductive and reactive components of the beam-loaded admittance are computed, and for general values of axial magnetic field. Also included is a comparison of the analytic formulation with the 2-dimensional particle-in-cell code, Magic 2D, for a klystron cavity operating at 5.087 GHz. This work suggests that the finite axial magnetic field used in linear beam tubes (typically exceeding 1.5 times the Brillouin field) would only modify the beam-loaded conductance by about 5 percent, and the beam-loaded susceptance by about 15 percent from that computed under the assumption of an infinite axial magnetic field. The analytic formulation yields beam-loaded conductance and admittance within 4 percent MAGIC 2D simulations on this model.
Adaptive and maladaptive utilization of color cues by patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease

The ability to utilize color information was investigated in 12 patients with mild to moderate probable Alzheimer's Disease (DAT) and in 12 age- and gender-matched control subjects. All subjects underwent testing of visual acuity and color vision before being tested with a cognitive task consisting of four conditions (no color, color as attention enhancer, color as valid cue, color as distracter). Although the groups did not differ in visual acuity or color vision, patients with DAT were less accurate than controls in all four conditions of the cognitive task. Both groups performed best with color as a valid cue and worst with color as distracter, but condition had a significantly stronger effect on patients than on controls. It is concluded that color is a potent stimulus attribute for patients with DAT.
The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries: Increasing FDI through International Trade Agreements?

The flow of foreign direct investment into developing countries varies greatly across countries and over time. The political factors that affect these flows are not well understood. Focusing on the relationship between trade and investment, we argue that international trade agreements—GATT/WTO and preferential trade agreements (PTAs)—provide mechanisms for making commitments to foreign investors about the treatment of their assets, thus reassuring investors and increasing investment. These international commitments are more credible than domestic policy choices, because reneging on them is more costly. Statistical analyses for 122 developing countries from 1970 to 2000 support this argument. Developing countries that belong to the WTO and participate in more PTAs experience greater FDI inflows than otherwise, controlling for many factors including domestic policy preferences and taking into account possible endogeneity. Joining international trade agreements allows developing countries to attract more FDI and thus increase economic growth.
A single RF channel smart antenna receiver array with digital beamforming for WLAN application

A low-noise smart antenna array with adaptive beamforming is proposed. The system employs a Spatial Multiplexing of Local Elements (SMILE) scheme to reduce N RF-channels to one, reducing the amount of costly RF hardware by a factor of N. The sampling rate must be higher than the signal bandwidth based on the Nyquist criterion to ensure proper restoration of the original signal. The multiplexing network is implemented with low-noise amplifier switches utilizing NE32485C HJFETs and a non-conventional feed network. Switching is achieved at 20 MHz allowing up to 10 Mbps reception. Beamforming and digital data demodulation is performed to validate the system.
Cartilaginous metaplasia in calcified diabetic peripheral vascular disease: Morphologic evidence of enchondral ossification

The mechanism of arterial calcification is not clear. We examined histological sections of major arteries from lower extremities of two patients with longstanding type II (or non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, and found morphological evidence of cartilaginous metaplasia and ectopic ossification with associated severe medial arterial calcification and atherosclerosis. Hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, and toluidine blue stains were applied for the demonstration of cartilage cells and their specific matrix proteins, and immunohistochemical studies for type II collagen. To our knowledge, cartilaginous metaplasia has not previously been described in medium-sized human muscular arteries. This observation supports the hypothesis that active enchondral ossification may be a pathway leading to arterial calcification in diabetic obstructive peripheral vascular disease.
Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii yields increased hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass

Background: Members of the anaerobic thermophilic bacterial genus Caldicellulosiruptor are emerging candidates for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) because they are capable of efficiently growing on biomass without conventional pretreatment. C. bescii produces primarily lactate, acetate and hydrogen as fermentation products, and while some Caldicellulosiruptor strains produce small amounts of ethanol C. bescii does not, making it an attractive background to examine the effects of metabolic engineering. The recent development of methods for genetic manipulation has set the stage for rational engineering of this genus for improved biofuel production. Here, we report the first targeted gene deletion, the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), for metabolic engineering of a member of this genus. Results: A deletion of the C. bescii L-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldh) was constructed on a non-replicating plasmid and introduced into the C. bescii chromosome by marker replacement. The resulting strain failed to produce detectable levels of lactate from cellobiose and maltose, instead increasing production of acetate and H2 by 21-34% relative to the wild type and ΔpyrFA parent strains. The same phenotype was observed on a real-world substrate – switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Furthermore, the ldh deletion strain grew to a higher maximum optical density than the wild type on maltose and cellobiose, consistent with the prediction that the mutant would gain additional ATP with increased acetate production. Conclusions: Deletion of ldh in C. bescii is the first use of recently developed genetic methods for metabolic engineering of these bacteria. This deletion resulted in a redirection of electron flow from production of lactate to acetate and hydrogen. New capabilities in metabolic engineering combined with intrinsic utilization of lignocellulosic materials position these organisms to provide a new paradigm for consolidated bioprocessing of fuels and other products from biomass.