cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of Surface Insulating Coating for Wind Turbine Generator

A surface insulating coating for wind turbines is prepared to study its electrically insulating properties. The effects of different resin base materials, different fillers, and curing processes on the electrical properties of coatings were studied. The results show that when an epoxy resin containing hydroxyl active functional groups and benzene rings is selected as the base material for the coating, the coating shows good electrical insulation performance. Its volume resistivity achieves 17.689×1012Ω∙m, electric strength 45.8 kV/mm, and arc resistance 130s. Mica powder and aluminum tripolyphosphate, as good anticorrosive media, have good electrical insulation performance. Other application indexes and economies should be considered in engineering applications. When the curing agent content is 25%, the coating has the best electrical properties. The longer the curing time, the better the electrical properties of the coating. However, the marginal effect of curing time is diminishing. When curing time exceeds 48h, curing time has little effect on electrical properties. The objective of this paper is to promote the development of surface insulating coatings for wind turbines.
A Likelihood Ratio Test of a Homoscedastic Multivariate Normal Mixture Against a Heteroscedastic Multivariate Normal Mixture

Abstract The multivariate finite normal mixture model is one of the most commonly used tools to analyze a heterogeneous data. When using the multivariate finite normal mixture model, one is usually interested in knowing whether a homoscedastic mixture model can be used to simplify the model. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) is the most popular statistic tool to choose between two nested models. Under the null model of a homoscedastic multivariate normal mixture, the asymptotic χ 2 distribution is commonly used to approximate the null distribution of the LRT statistic. However, it is demonstrated using numerical studies that the χ 2 distribution approximation is not satisfactory and fails to control the nominal type I error unless the sample size is larger than 2000, the mixture components are well-separated, and the singular solutions are avoided. A parametric bootstrap method is further proposed to approximate the distribution of the LRT statistic and its effectiveness is evaluated through extensive numerical studies.
Operator Augmentation for Model-based Policy Evaluation

In model-based reinforcement learning, the transition matrix and reward vector are often estimated from random samples subject to noise. Even if the estimated model is an unbiased estimate of the true underlying model, the value function computed from the estimated model is biased. We introduce an operator augmentation method for reducing the error introduced by the estimated model. When the error is in the residual norm, we prove that the augmentation factor is always positive and upper bounded by $1 + O (1/n)$, where n is the number of samples used in learning each row of the transition matrix. We also propose a practical numerical algorithm for implementing the operator augmentation.
Supply chain architecture : a blueprint for networking the flow of material, information, and cash

A False Start The Network Context In Summary Conceptualizing a New Business Model The Network Big Picture Network Mapping Focus First on the Customer Competitive Competencies Thinking Outside the Box In Summary Collaborating Network Relationships Designing the Core Network Managing Risk in Trading Partner Relationships In Summary Designing a Competitive Network Linking the Trading Partners APICS Supply Chain Management Principles Evaluating a Competitive Network Design Network Partitioning to Reduce Landed Cost The Velocity Principle The Variability Principle In Summary Overcoming Information Boundaries Scoping the Information System Discussion Assessing the Information System as an Asset or a Liability Basic Data Structures Partitioned Networks Tracking and Tracing Competing with Parallel Information Flows Industry Standards and Best Practices In Summary Leading Change in Performance Measurement Moving From a Cost View to a Throughput View Business Process Orientation Defining a Global Performance Measure Negotiate-Communicate-Educate Negotiate-Communicate-Educate Negotiate-Communicate-Educate Project Management for Performance Measures In Summary Operating a Competitive Network An Introduction to Network Operations Evaluating a Competitive Network Operation The Impact of Network Partitioning on Working Capital The Vocalize Principle The Visualize Principle In Summary Planning for Network Operations Setting a Network Context for Planning Basic Network Operations Network Operations Complexity Forecasting Forecasting Things Right Practical Push Planning Techniques Practical Pull Planning Techniques Closing the Network Planning Loop In Summary Generating Top Line Growth and Bottom Line Profit The Value Principle Optimizing the Network First Level Network Optimization Second Level Network Optimization Third Level Network Optimization Matching Demand with Supply The Top and Bottom Line In Summary A New Start Symptoms of a Deeper Problem Prepare for Success Navigating an Aggressive Course A New Start Epilogue Appendix A: The Network Blueprint Appendix B: Bibliography
Cycling Through the Groups

Other than familiarity with the basic definitions related to a group, there are no prerequisites.
Purification of the Internal Invertase of Yeast

Most of the studies on yeast invertase have been concerned only with the external enzyme (a mannan protein which is localized in the cell wall), but recently it has been reported that the invertase inside the cytoplasmic membrane is a smaller form. This paper presents a comparative study of the distribution of invertase isozymes in two stains of yeast and, after the selection of the best conditions and source, the purification of the internal or small enzyme. The major purification is obtained by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex, although ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration in Sephadex G-200 are also used to separate the large and small enzymes. The purified internal invertase is homogeneous on the basis of chromatographic criteria and its behavior in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 135,000, and the specific activity is 2,900 units per mg of protein.
Remedial measures for traffic-induced vibrations at a residential site. I. Field tests

Traffic-induced vibrations were investigated at a site after several complaints were lodged by homeowners residing near a roadway. The objective of the study was to investigate the factors influencing the level of these vibrations and their relative quantitative importance for this site. Based on the findings of the study, effective remedial actions were suggested. The present paper reports on the results of the experimental part of the study in which the effects of vehicle type, vehicle speed, vehicle weight, and road surface conditions were investigated. A companion paper reports on the results of the analytical part of the study in which the role of pavement/subbase characteristics, effectiveness of vibration screening by concrete walls, and soil improvement were investigated using finite element simulations
Cultural explanation and organizational crime

Both the number and influence of organizations increased dramatically during the 20th century, which helps explain why the problem of organizational crime has received attention from investigators. Growing interest in organizational and corporate crime has been matched by interest in organizational culture. Variation in organizational culture is employed to explain many aspects of organizational performance, from effectivenessin goal attainment to criminal conduct. There are reasons, however, to be critical of theoretical constructions and empirical investigations of organizational culture. There is both considerable ambiguity about its meaning and an implicit assumption of intra-organizational cultural uniformity. Cultural explanations were developed principally in case studies, empirical analyses are flawed, and supportive post hoc interpretations ofinteresting or enigmatic findings are commonplace. The influence of hierarchy and agency as constraints on organizational culture has received insufficient attention. We interpret the appeal of organizational culture despite the absence of demonstrated predictive value, and we call for additional research on sources of variation in organizational crime.
The Inevitability of Theory

I wrote this Article in response to an invitation to deliver the keynote address at Berkeley Law School's Jurisprudence and Social Policy conference "Building Theory Through Empirical Legal Studies." Lauren Edelman, the intellectual mother of the conference, gently brushed aside my suggestion that I present one of my own attempts to synthesize the results of empirical research to generate theory, and asked that I directly address the conference topic. I am glad that she did. The first question the conference theme raised for me was what should empirical legal scholars1 be theorizing? My answer is almost everything law related. The empirical legal studies (ELS) realm includes empirically examining and building theory to explain: extralegal forces that shape legal decision making,2 people's relations to particular laws3 and to law in general,4
Vibration analysis of a damaged dog bone model

Finite element simulation was carried out on a dog bone model assuming an elliptical bone cross-section. The analysis was carried out for both undamaged and damaged cases with longitudinal as well as cross-sectional microcracks using a general purpose finite element software (Abaqus). It was found that as the damage parameter increased, the bending stiffness decreased. For the same damage parameter, longitudinal damage was more severe than the cross-sectional damage in the case of bending considered in this study. The same results were obtained in the mode shape studies.
Studies on the Effect of Starvation on Mycobacteria

Ten cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of Mycobacterium kansasii (nonsignificant), and one of Mycobacterium phlei were submitted to starvation. As a result they lost first their acid fastness and then all other staining affinities but, in this chromophobic state, they survived for at least 2 years and, after that time, produced cultures of acid-fast bacilli when transferred onto nutrient media. Chromophobic tubercle bacilli similar to those produced experimentally had previously been demonstrated in caseous lesions of lungs surgically removed from patients under chemotherapy. Since it has been shown that experimentally produced chromophobic bacilli can recover their original biological properties, the opinion is warranted that, under suitable conditions, those in the lung could also become reactivated and cause a relapse of the disease.
Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MRDTI) of the optic nerve and optic radiations at 3T in children with neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1)

Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is a characteristic hallmark of neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I). To evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MRDTI) at 3T to detect abnormalities of the optic nerves and optic radiations in children with NF-I. 3-T MRDTI was prospectively performed in 9 children with NF-I (7 boys, 2 girls, average age 7.8 years, range 3–17 years) and 44 controls (25 boys, 19 girls, average age 8.1 years, range 3–17 years). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity were determined by region-of-interest analysis for the optic nerves and radiations. Statistical analysis compared controls to NF-I patients. Two NF-I patients had bilateral optic nerve gliomas, three had chiasmatic gliomas and four had unidentified neurofibromatosis objects (UNOs) along the optic nerve pathways. All NF-I patients had statistically significant decreases in FA and elevations in mean diffusivity in the optic nerves and radiations compared to age-matched controls. MRDTI can evaluate the optic pathways in children with NF-I. Statistically significant abnormalities were detected in the diffusion tensor metrics of the optic nerves and radiations in children with NF-I compared to age-matched controls.
Role of prophylactic intra-aortic balloon pump in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been shown to support patients who are at high risk for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) or becoming hemodynamically unstable during PCI, but the longer term outcomes of these strategies are unknown. This study investigated the outcomes of high-risk patients who received a prophylactic IABP (P-IABP) versus patients who required rescue IABP (R-IABP) because of intraprocedural complications. Clinical outcomes of 68 consecutive patients (69 procedures) who underwent high-risk PCI with P-IABP support were compared with those of 46 patients who required R-IABP. Patients who presented with cardiogenic shock or acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and those who were on mechanical ventilators were excluded. Clinical baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for more diabetics and patients with hypercholesterolemia in the P-IABP group. The procedural success was higher in the P-IABP group, with lower in-hospital mortality and major complications, than in the R-IABP group. At 6 months, the mortality and major adverse cardiac event rates were lower in the P-IABP group (8% vs 29%, p
Tremor in children.

Tremor in childhood, beginning in the neonatal period, is more common than generally appreciated. Although some tremor disorders in children (eg, essential tremor) also affect adults, others (eg, shuddering, jitteriness, spasmus nutans, and vitamin B12-deficiency tremor) are seen exclusively in children. This review covers the etiology, clinical features, and treatment of the major tremor syndromes in children, and when appropriate, makes comparisons with similar disorders in adults.
ALTERED GLUCAGON AND PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXY-KINASE ACTIVITY (PEPCK) IN THE HYPOGLYCEMIC GROWTH RETARDED NEWBORN RAT

The role of insulin and glucagon in causing hypoglycemia in the growth retarded neonate is not well-understood. These hormones not only directly regulate glucose availability but also affect enzyme induction. Glucagon induces PEPCK, a key gluco-neogenic enzyme, while insulin inhibits its induction. We studied newborn rat pups whose mothers had undergone bilateral uterine artery ligation (L), sham (S), or no surgery (N). L pups were significantly smaller than S and N pups and were hypoglycemic at birth, 20, and 240 minutes but had values comparable to S and N pups at 60 and 120 minutes. L pups had significantly reduced hepatic glycogen concentrations. Plasma insulin was low and did not differ at any time between groups. Glucagon in L pups significantly exceeded S and N values at 20 and 60 minutes (60 min: L 641±106; S 217±31; N 318±28 pg/ml; p <.01). PEPCK increased significantly in S and N but not L pups by 240 minutes (L .14±.03; S .26±.05; N .24±.03 μmoles PEP/g liver/min; p<.01). Glucagon administrated to L pups at birth significantly increased PEPCK by 240 minutes. In L pups, hypoglycemia does not exaggerate the normal decrease in insulin. Deficient glycogen is responsible for the initial hypoglycemia while diminished gluconeogenesis due to limited glucagon induction of PEPCK is responsible for the later hypoglycemia. Diminished sensitivity to glucagon may be responsible for delayed PEPCK induction in L pups.
The Kinetic and Analytical Complexities of the DNA Genomes of Certain Marine and Fresh‐Water Ciliates1

We investigated the macronuclear DNA genomes of several marine and fresh-water ciliates. The marine forms studied were: Uronema nigricans, Parauronema virginianum, Parauronema acutum, and two strains of Miamiensis avidus; the fresh-water ciliates included: Tetrahymena pyriformis, Paramecium octaurelia, and P. caudatum. The organisms were cultured axenically and the DNA extracted from isolated and purified macronuclear preparations. Reassociation rate constants of purified DNA preparations used to calculate kinetic complexity were determined both optically and by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Analytical complexity was determined chemically. Ciliate macronuclear DNA appeared to reassociate as a single unique sequence, except for a small fraction (4% of the total DNA) that was repetitive and renatured rapidly. Values for the kinetic complexities of macronuclear DNA in these forms varied over a relatively narrow range, from 1.5 to 3.8 times 1010 daltons, and were only 7–15x larger than that of the bacterium Escherichia coli. On the other hand, values for analytical complexities of macronuclear DNA of marine and fresh-water ciliates varied over two orders of magnitude and were related to the size of the animals. It is suggested that ploidy levels of macronuclear DNA in these ciliates may represent a functionally permanent amplification of the genome.
Direct laser freeform fabrication of high performance metal components

This paper focuses on recent advances in direct freeform fabrication of high performance components via selective laser sintering (SLS). The application, known as SLS/HIP, is a low cost manufacturing technique that combines the strengths of selective laser sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) to rapidly produce low volume or “one of a kind” high performance metal components. Direct selective laser sintering is a rapid manufacturing technique that can produce high density metal parts of complex geometry with an integral, gas impermeable skin. These parts can then be directly post‐processed by containerless HIP. The advantages of in situ encapsulation include elimination of a secondary container material and associated container‐powder interaction, reduced pre‐processing time, a short HIP cycle and reduction in post‐processing steps compared to HIP of canned parts. SLS/HIP is currently being developed under a DARPA/ONR program for INCONEL® 625 superalloy and Ti‐6Al‐4V, the demonstration components being the F‐14 turbine engine vane and the AIM‐9 missile guidance section housing base respectively.
The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a small-amplitude travelling wave

We study the response of a turbulent boundary layer to an outer-flow disturbance in the form of a small-amplitude wave travelling along the bottom of a smooth channel. In a previous paper we proposed a model for the viscous attenuation of a wave propagating along the interface between two superposed fluids inside a laminar boundary layer attached to the bottom wall. We obtained precise estimates of the amount of attenuation suffered by the oscillatory component of the motion as a result of viscous dissipation. This was accomplished by means of a representation of the solution as the asymptotic sum of a Blasius boundary layer profile and a modified Stokes layer profile. The present paper contains a similar asymptotic decomposition of the solution of the appropriate turbulent. Prandtl equations when the outer flow is a small-amplitude travelling wave, and so it may be considered an extension of our previous work to the more realistic case of turbulent flow.
From Leviathan to Gulliver? The decline of the developmental state in Brazil

This article advances an institutionalist explanation for the decline of Brazil's developmental state, showing how an initially strong state undermined its own strength over time. The Brazilian state greatly expanded its interventionism and fragmented society—through state-corporatist mechanisms—in order to enhance its power to guide development. Yet the mushrooming state apparatus increasingly lacked internal coordination. This disunity diminished the state's capacity to attain its goals and provided added opportunities for the fragmented social groups created by the state's divide-and-rule strategies to “capture” public agencies. The resulting weakening of the state is evident in taxation, the policy focus of this article. Competing state agencies granted proliferating tax privileges, and business sectors supported by clientelist politicians blocked governmental efforts to maintain or raise the tax burden. This decline in extractive capacity contributed to the fiscal crisis that has paralyzed Brazil's developmental state since the early 1980s.
The nuclear matrix is the site of glucocorticoid receptor complex action in the nucleus.

Abstract Binding of highly purified glucocorticoid receptor complexes to nuclear matrix was evaluated. Extraction of purified nuclei with 2M potassium chloride and brief deoxyribonuclease digestion leaves a matrix structure containing 1% of nuclear DNA and 6–12% of nuclear proteins. The nuclear matrix retained two binding sites for receptor complexes, a high affinity, low capacity site and a low affinity, high capacity site. These sites have affinities and capacities consistent with those reported for binding of these complexes to intact nuclei. More extensive deoxyribonuclease treatment of the matrix resulted in a marked reduction of high affinity complex binding. Furthermore, the DNA binding form of the receptor complex but not the unactivated receptor complex bound to DNA fibers anchored to nuclear matrix as visualized by 18 nm gold particle receptor complexes. The data suggest that the nuclear matrix is the major site for coordinating glucocorticoid hormone action in the nucleus.
X-ray-diffraction study of the superliquid region of the phase diagram of a Langmuir monolayer

Lipid-monolayer isotherms often show a kink that changes to a flat section and back to a kink within a narrow temperature range. In heneicosanoic acid monolayers, along a high-pressure isobar, we have observed a slightly distorted ``rotator-I'' phase between the known distorted hexagonal and hexagonal phases. Isotherms show a flat section only where this new phase occurs. The diffraction peaks are broader in this phase than in the adjacent phases; this reentrant behavior occurs in the same region of the phase diagram where the viscosity shows anomalous trends (first reported, we believe, by Copeland, Harkins, and Boyd [J. Chem. Phys. 10, 357 (1942)] and thought to indicate a ``superliquid'' phase).
Demixing of Materials under Chemical Potential Gradients

A steady-state demixing of initially homogeneous solid solution which occurs in binary oxides under oxygen partial pressure gradient is treated by the path probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics from an atomistic point of view. The larger the difference between the diffusion coefficients of constituent species is, the larger is the degree of demixing. Essential features of demixing by diffusion, however, do not depend on whether the driving force is the chemical potential gradient, the electric field, or others.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Posttraumatic Elbow Pain and Stiffness

Nineteen consecutive cases of posttraumatic arthrofibrosis of the elbow secondary to a fracture or fracture-dislocation and treated with arthroscopic debridement and manipulation were retrospectively reviewed. All of the patients had pain and stiffness in their elbows, and all had failed a conservative therapy program. All 19 patients were followed postoperatively for an average of 29 months (range, 12 to 51). One hundred-point scoring systems were used to evaluate subjective (pain, swelling, locking, and activities) and objective (range of motion) results. The average preoperative subjective score of 39 improved to 91 postoperatively (P = 0.0001); the objective score improved from 46 preoperatively to 81 postoperatively (P = 0.0001). Extension improved from a mean of 29 degrees to 11 degrees; flexion improved from an average of 123 degrees to 134 degrees. Fourteen patients had limitations in their sports activity preoperatively; 11 were able to return to their preinjury levels of activity after surgery. This study demonstrated good-to-excellent overall results in 79% of the patients treated with arthroscopic debridement for posttraumatic elbow arthrofibrosis. Although complete return of preinjury motion was not obtained, each patient showed a significant improvement in motion and subjective symptoms.
The differentiation of organic and "innocent" systolic murmurs.

Summary The pattern of a systolic murmur is closely related to the hemodynamic alterations in the cardiovascular system. Close attention to the pattern (timing and shape) of a murmur is necessary for the proper understanding of a cardiac disorder from a functional point of view. Similarly the pattern of a systolic murmur is probably the single most useful feature available for distinguishing an organic from an “innocent” murmur. The more commonly used terms of description of murmurs, that is, according to intensity, location, quality and transmission are most useful when considered within the framework of murmur pattern. Whereas the ability to describe accurately a murmur according to its intensity, location, quality, and transmission is acquired with moderate ease, to learn to recognize the pattern of a murmur by auscultation requires more intense application on the part of the observer. Frequent correlation of auscultatory findings with the phonocardiogram improves one's ability to recognize the timing and shape of a murmur. With increasing ability reference to the phonocardiogram becomes less necessary. Two types of innocent systolic murmurs which occur frequently are the circumscribed (or late) systolic murmur believed to be of extracardiac origin and the ejection systolic murmur conveniently referred to as Still's murmur. Correct identification of the first and differentiation from the murmur of mitral regurgitation are possible by its nonholosystolic nature and sometimes by the association of systolic click(s) in the same or other areas of the precordium. Correct identification of Still's murmur and differentiation from the murmur of aortic stenosis is usually possible by its characteristic quality and its variability, as described earlier. Obviously a murmur is only one of the clinical signs available to the clinician and concentration on this one sign to the exclusion of the other available information is unrewarding and even misleading. Only with proper attention to the history, to all of the physical abnormalities (or the lack of same), and to the available laboratory investigations will an intelligent evaluation of a systolic murmur be forthcoming.
Dynamical pattern formation during growth of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate

We simulate the growth of a dual species Bose-Einstein condensate using a Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an additional gain term giving rise to the growth. Such growth occurs during simultaneous evaporative cooling of a mixture of two gases. The ground state of a dual condensate is normally either a miscible mixture, or an immiscible phase with two spatially separated components. In a cigar trap the ground state typically consists of one component in the center, and the other component flanking it. Our simulations show that when the condensates are formed in a cigar trap and the mixture is phase separated, then the final state upon the end of the growth is generally far from the true ground state of the system. Instead it consists of multiple, interleaved bubbles of the two species. Such a pattern was observed recently in an experiment by Wieman's group at JILA [Papp, Pino, and Wieman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 040402 (2008)], and our simulations are in good qualitative agreement with the experiment. We explain the pattern formation as due to the onset of modulation instability during growth, and study the dependence of the final state pattern on various parameters of the system.
Multilevel models in health outcomes research. Part I: Theory, design, and measurement.

Health outcomes research studies are frequently multilevel in nature. Often, the focus is on individuals (e.g., patients or nurses) within organizational (e.g., nursing unit, clinic, or hospital) contexts. The multilevel nature of such studies presents researchers with conceptual, measurement, and methodological challenges. This two-part column will introduce health outcomes research and illustrate some unique aspects of its theory and methods. Nursing outcomes research can be defined most broadly as research to identify and quantify the effect of nursing practice on patient outcomes. Although most clinical nursing research could be considered outcomes research, the term boutcomes researchQ has come to be associated with a focus on how the organization of nursing impacts nursing (e.g., burnout), system (e.g., retention), and patient (e.g., 30-day mortality) outcomes rather than on the efficacy of an individual nursing interventions. The organizational focus makes this type outcomes research multilevel in nature. Health outcomes research in nursing is a fairly young field. Its official origin can be traced to the 1991 National Center for Nursing Research conference that resulted in a recommendation to b [Do] research that has the goal of explaining variation in patient outcomes attributable to nursing practice.Q Ideally, we might wish to understand how nursing practice within the one-to-one nurse-to-patient relationship influences patient outcomes. In practice, this approach is neither feasible nor useful. In most situations, more than one nurse cares for one patient. Thus, the nursing effect is shared. Moreover, the nurse manager and nursing administrators have more control over the preferred constellation of nursing staff and the environment for nursing practice than over the one-to-one interactions between
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis : Effect of testosterone treatment on adult penile size : Why sex reversal is not indicated

Micropenis is commonly due to fetal testosterone deficiency. The clinical management of this form of micropenis has been contentious, with disagreement about the capacity of testosterone treatment to induce a functionally adequate adult penis. As a consequence, some clinicians recommend sex reversal of affected male infants. We studied 8 male subjects with micropenis secondary to congenital pituitary gonadotropin deficiency from infancy or childhood to maturity (ages 18 to 27 years). Four patients were treated with testosterone before 2 years of age (group I) and four between age 6 and 13 years (group II). At presentation, the mean penile length in group I was 1.1 cm (-4 SD; range, 0.5 to 1.5 cm) and in group II it was 2.7 cm (-3.4 SD; range, 1.5 to 3.5 cm). All patients received one or more courses of 3 intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate (25 or 50 mg) at 4-week intervals in infancy or childhood. At the age of puberty the dose was gradually increased to 200 mg monthly and later to an adult replacement regimen. As adults, both group I and II had attained a mean final penile length of 10.3 cm 2.7 cm with a range of 8 to 14 cm (mean adult stretched penile length for Caucasians is 12.4 2.7 cm). Six of 8 men were sexually active, and all reported normal male gender identity and psychosocial behavior. We conclude that 1 or 2 short courses of testosterone therapy in infancy and childhood augment penile size into the normal range for age in boys with micropenis secondary to fetal testosterone deficiency; replacement therapy at the age of puberty results in an adult size penis within 2 SD of the mean. We found no clinical, psychologic, or physiologic indications to support conversion of affected male infants to girls. Further, the results of this study do not support the notion, derived from data in the rat, that testosterone treatment in infancy or childhood impairs penile growth in adolescence and compromises adult penile length.
Regulation of c-myc transcription by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Identification of a novel IL-2 response element interacting with STAT-4.

Regulation of c-myc expression is known to occur at the level of transcription initiation. However, the participating promoter elements and their cognate binding proteins have not been fully characterized. c-myc transcription can be stimulated by a number of cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have identified a novel IL-2-responsive element, located in the 5′-flanking region of the c-myc gene, between nucleotides −1406 and −1387 (relative to the P2 promoter). This element belongs to the family of interferon-γ activation site-like responsive elements and has the core sequence TTCCAATAA. We confirmed that IL-2-mediated signaling involves activation by phosphorylation of Jak2 tyrosine kinase and subsequently STAT4. The transcription factor STAT4 binds the TTCCAATAA motif within this responsive element and, therefore, is probably involved in enhancing c-myctranscription upon IL-2 stimulation. Our results propose participation of Jak2 and STAT4 in IL-2-induced up-regulation of c-myc.
A Proposed Standard For Monochrome Television Cameras For Courtroom Use

This paper briefly describes a Proposed Standard for Monochrome Television Cameras for Courtroom Use. In this brief description the physical parameters (size, weight, marking, user information, etc.) are ignored, and the operational parapeters (format, sync signal, power requirements, connections, etc.) are mentioned only briefly. The performance parameters, 1) relative spectral response, 2) total response, 3) signal-to-noise ratio, 4) limiting resolution, 5) contrast transfer function, 6) shading and 7) geometric distortion, are described in some detail. Minimum acceptance levels and methods of evaluation are given for each of the performance parameters.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design of Hybrid Distillation—Vapor Membrane Separation Systems

Currently the separation of olefins (ethylene, propylene) from (ethane, propane) on a commercial scale is performed almost exclusively by cryogenic distillation in petrochemical industries. Since this technology is highly energy intensive, there is a strong economic incentive to explore alternative separation technologies with lower energy consumption. In this work, using the separation of ethylene and ethane as a representative case, a mathematical programming approach is proposed to optimize and retrofit a hybrid separation system consisting of a distillation column and a parallel membrane separation unit. A two-stage approach is used. First, a shortcut model is introduced that allows determining whether the hybrid system could be of interest and the order of magnitude of the energy savings that can be expected. Second, a superstructure optimization approach is proposed that uses rigorous models for both the column and the membrane using a process simulator and state of the art MINLP solvers. The result...
Influence of the degree of oxygen rarefaction in a medium on the interaction of boron carbide with titanium alloys

We describe the mechanism of processes at the metal-saturating medium interface in the course of thermodiffusion saturation of titanium in boron carbide at temperatures that do not exceed the point of polymorphic transformation of titanium alloys. We have established the influence of oxygen partial pressure over a layer of boron carbide on the character of interaction between the saturating medium and titanium. We show the possibility to form stable boride coatings on a titanium matrix.
Phytoplankton and Cloudiness in the Southern Ocean

The effect of ocean biological productivity on marine clouds is explored over a large phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean with the use of remotely sensed data. Cloud droplet number concentration over the bloom was twice what it was away from the bloom, and cloud effective radius was reduced by 30%. The resulting change in the short-wave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere was -15 watts per square meter, comparable to the aerosol indirect effect over highly polluted regions. This observed impact of phytoplankton on clouds is attributed to changes in the size distribution and chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei. We propose that secondary organic aerosol, formed from the oxidation of phytoplankton-produced isoprene, can affect chemical composition of marine cloud condensation nuclei and influence cloud droplet number. Model simulations support this hypothesis, indicating that 100% of the observed changes in cloud properties can be attributed to the isoprene secondary organic aerosol.
Improving hybrid FSO/RF network reliability through transceiver reconfiguration

Despite the increasing popularity of Free-Space Optics (FSO) in wireless mesh networks, reliability is still a major concern. Due to the strong dependence of FSO link availability on weather conditions (e.g., fog, cloud, air turbulence) using RF links is inevitable, both for backup and signaling. In addition, reconfiguration of FSO transceivers could preserve network reliability when several connections suffer outages. In this paper, we find the optimal reconfiguration of transceivers and rerouting of traffic flows using an integer-linear program (ILP). The link availability prediction is used as an input and the overall throughput of the network is maximized while guaranteeing fairness to all traffic demands. To avoid the complexity of the ILP, an efficient probabilistic heuristic that computes a set of schedules for dynamic reconfiguration of FSO transceivers is proposed. We show that this heuristic achieves a high fraction of the optimal throughput, as verified by extensive simulations.
Supply and demand for liver transplant surgery: Are we training enough surgeons?

The purpose of our study is to determine whether the current level of transplant fellow training is sufficient to meet the future demand for liver transplantation in the United States. Historical data from the Nationwide Inpatient Samples (NIS) for the years 1998 through 2003 were used to construct an estimate of the annual number of liver transplant procedures currently being performed in the United States, and the number projected for each year through 2020. Estimates for the current and future number of surgeons performing liver transplant procedures were also constructed using the same database. The NIS database was used because current national transplant registries do not include information on the number of surgeons performing liver transplant procedures. Using historical data derived from the NIS database, we project that the estimated number of liver transplant procedures per surgeon will remain relatively stable through 2020, with each surgeon performing an average of 12.9 procedures in 2020 compared to 12.9 currently. We conclude that the relationship between demand for liver transplantation in the United States and the supply of liver transplant surgeons will remain stable over the next 15 years.
Gas chromatography of the field-, glass- Greenhouse-grown, and artificially ripened tomatoes.: Lycopersicon esculentum mill.

Abstract Fifteen distinct peaks were resolved from red-ripe tomato flavor extract by gas Chromatographic techniques. Except isobutanol, n -hexanol, and n -hexanal, concentrations of the volatile components in the field-grown tomatoes were higher than those in the greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Artificially ripened tomatoes contained less volatile components.
Arousal, Anxiety, Aggression, and Attitude Change

(1970). Arousal, Anxiety, Aggression, and Attitude Change. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 99-108.
Classical and Quantum Cosmology of the Starobinsky Inflationary Model

Starobinsky has suggested an inflationary cosmological scenario in which the inflation is driven by quantum corrections to the vacuum Einstein's equations. Here a detailed review of the Starobinsky scenario is given and an observational constraint on the parameters of the model is derived. The quantum mechanics of the model is studied first using the instanton method, and then by solving the corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt equation. A cosmological wave function is obtained describing a universe tunneling from ``nothing'' to the Starobinsky inflationary phase. The curvature fluctuations in the tunneling universe are calculated. This quantum analysis determines the initial conditions for the classical evolution of the model.
3 µm diode lasers grown on (Al)GaInSb compositionally graded metamorphic buffer layers

Diode lasers operating at 3 µm in continuous wave mode at room temperature were fabricated using metamorphic molecular beam epitaxy. The laser heterostructures have a lattice constant 1.3–1.6% bigger than that of the GaSb substrates. The mismatch between the epi-structure and the substrate lattice constants was accommodated by a network of misfit dislocations confined within linearly compositionally graded buffer layers. Two types of the buffers were tested—GaInSb and AlGaInSb. The laser heterostructures with Al-containing buffer layers demonstrated better surface morphology and produced devices with lower threshold and higher efficiency. At the same time the use of Al-containing buffers caused an excessive voltage drop across the laser heterostructure. Thus, a maximum continuous wave output power of 200 mW was obtained from lasers grown on GaInSb buffers, while only 170 mW was obtained from those grown on AlGaInSb buffers.
Use of silicon bipolar transistors as sensors for neutron energy spectra determinations

Recent reevaluation of the neutron displacement damage function for silicon qualifies it as a sensor for spectra determinations. This development is especially useful in the critical energy region from 0.2 to 2.0 MeV where, in the absence of fission foils, there is a shortage of response functions needed to define spectra satisfactorily. How silicon bipolar devices can be used to improve neutron spectra determinations and therefore to better predict the displacement damage induced in devices is described. >
What Controls the Transition from Shallow to Deep Convection

Abstract In this study, a 2D cloud-system-resolving model (CSRM) is used to assess the control mechanism for the transition from shallow to deep convection in the diurnal cycle over land. By comparing with a 3D CSRM under conditions taken from the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere field study (in the Amazon), the authors show that the 2D CSRM reproduces the main features evident in previous 3D simulations reasonably well. To extract the essence of the transition from shallow to deep convection, the observed case is idealized to isolate two control parameters, the free troposphere stability and the relative humidity. The emergence of a distinct transition between shallow and deep convection shows that the convective transition is an intrinsic property of the system. A transition time is defined to evaluate the key mechanism of the transition. The authors show that the transition coincides with the time when the lapse rate of the virtual potential temperature of the clouds becomes larger than that of the env...
Pattern of diagnostic evaluation for the causes of pediatric acute liver failure: An opportunity for quality improvement

Objective To describe the frequency of diagnostic testing for the 4 most common causes of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) (drugs, metabolic disease, autoimmune process, and infections) in indeterminate PALF within the PALF Study Group Database. Study design PALF was defined by severe hepatic dysfunction within 8 weeks of onset of illness, with no known underlying chronic liver disease in patients from birth through 17 years of age. Results Of the 703 patients in the database, 329 (47%) had indeterminate PALF. In this group, a drug history was obtained in 325 (99%) urine toxicology screenings performed in 118 (36%) and acetaminophen level measured in 124 (38%) patients. No testing for common metabolic diseases was done in 179 (54%) patients. Anti-nuclear antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibody, and anti-liver kidney microsomal autoantibodies associated with autoimmunity were determined in 239 (73%), 233 (71%), and 208 (63%) patients, and no tests were obtained in 70 (21%). Testing was performed for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and Epstein Barr virus in 80%, 86%, and 68%, respectively. Conclusions Current practice indicates that investigation for metabolic and autoimmune causes of PALF are infrequent in patients ultimately given a diagnosis of indeterminate acute liver failure. This offers an opportunity to improve diagnosis and potential treatment options in children with acute liver failure.
Self-exchange electron transfer in high oxidation state non-oxo metal complexes: amavadin

The electron transfer self-exchange rate constant between the oxidized and reduced forms of amavadin equals ∼1 × 105 dm3 mol−1 s−1 at 25 °C and represents the first unambiguous example for a vanadium(IV/V) couple.
Voices of Collective Remembering

Introduction 1. An encounter with collective memory 2. Methodological preliminaries to the study of collective remembering 3. Collective memory: a term in search of a meaning 4. State production of official historical narratives 5. Narrative dialogicality and narrative templates in the production of official collective memory 6. The consumption of historical narratives 7. Generational differences in collective remembering Conclusion.
Three-dimensional myofiber architecture of the embryonic left ventricle during normal development and altered mechanical loads.

Mechanical load influences embryonic ventricular growth, morphogenesis, and function. To date, little is known regarding how the embryonic left ventricular (LV) myocardium acquires a three-dimensional (3D) fiber architecture distribution or how altered mechanical load influences local myofiber architecture. We tested the hypothesis that altered mechanical load changes the maturation process of local 3D fiber architecture of the developing embryonic LV compact myocardium. We measured transmural myofiber angle distribution in the LV compact myocardium in Hamburger-Hamilton stages 21, 27, 31, and 36 chick embryos during normal development or following either left atrial ligation (LAL; LV hypoplasia model) or conotruncal banding (CTB; LV hyperplasia model). The embryonic LV was stained with f-actin and then z-serial optical sectioning was performed using a laser confocal scanning microscope. We reconstructed local 3D myofiber images and computed local transmural myofiber angle distribution. Transmural myofiber angles in compact myocardium (in LV sagittal sections) were oriented in a circumferential direction until stage 27 (−10 to 10°). Myofibers in the outer side of compact myocardium shifted to a more longitudinal direction by stage 36 (10 to 40°), producing a transmural gradient in myofiber orientation. Developmental changes in transmural myofiber angle distribution were significantly delayed following LAL, while the changes in angle distribution were accelerated following CTB. Results suggest that mechanical load modulates the maturation process of myofiber architecture distribution in the developing LV compact myocardium. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geostrophic Wind Deviation in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in the El Paso-White Sands Area,

Abstract Wind data at and above the 500-mb level taken from the El Paso, Tex., rawinsonde Station (rawin) and pressure-height data at the same levels from Albuquerque, N. Mex., Midland, Tex., Tueson, Ariz., and Chihuahua, Mexico, during the 1965–66 winter and the 1966 summer periods were used to study geostrophic wind deviation. Geostrophic winds were computed directly from the pressure-height data by a finite-difference method and compared to the actual wind as measured at El Paso. The variations of the “apparent” geostrophic wind deviation with wind speed and pressure-height were examined. Errors involved were analyzed and the “true” geostrophic wind deviation and the total wind accelerations were estimated. Results of the study reveal: (1) that despite the improvement in the accuracies of the radiosonde pressure-height and rawin data, the errors in the data still account for a large portion of the apparent geostrophic wind deviation at higher levels (at and above the 150-mb level); (2) that to use the ...