cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Early Readmissions

Forthesecondconsecutiveyear,morethan2000UShospitalswill be collectively penalized upward of $200million for readmissions of Medicare patients within 30 days of discharge.1 The fines have been levied under the Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP),whichwas establishedby theAffordableCare Act as part of a larger effort to slow the growth of health care spendingwhile improving the qualityof care.Under theHRRP,hospitals arepenalized forhigher-thanexpected readmissions rates compared with the national average. In part because of these incentives, many health systems are reexamining their approach to prevention of early readmissions. Since the HRRP has been in effect, the rate of all-cause Medicare readmissions within 30 days has declined, from about 19% in 2007-2011 to 17.5% in 2013.2 However, reducing readmissions has proven difficult for many hospitals because the underlying causes of readmissions are complex and not completely understood. Onemodel that conceptualizes readmissions is the cumulative complexitymodel,whichposits thathealthoutcomesare influenced bythebalanceofapatient’sworkloadandcapacity.3Workloadincludes the tasks and responsibilities required as a patient (eg, understanding a plan of care, making clinical appointments, and self-care) and capacity refers to the ability to meet those demands (eg, social and financial resources, literacy, and cognitive function). Themodel hypothesizes that having aworkload that exceeds capacitywill lead to poor health outcomes—including early readmissions. In the May 2014 issue of JAMA Internal Medicine, Leppin and colleagues4 reported their findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of interventions to reduce early hospital readmissions—and also tested how well elements of the Related article page 1305 JAMA INTERNALMEDICINE
Effects of channel blocking on the performance of shared disk pack in a multi-computer system

In a multi-computer environment where several computers share packs of disk drives, the architecture of the disk controller can have significant effect on the throughput of the disk pack. In a simple configuration a controller can allow access to only one disk in the pack at a time, and effectively block other channels from accessing other disks in the pack. A desirable alternative is to be able to access different disks of the same pack simultaneously from different channels. Motivated by the presence of a mixed hardware in an installation to support both configurations, an attempt is made to model each system and produce analytical and simulation results to compare their relative performances. It is predicted that under the prevalent conditions in the installation, a complete switchover to either system should not give rise to significant performance change.
Freedom and the Cogito

Drawing on Descartes' account of generosite, a reinterpretation of the Cogito is offered, emphasizing the role of the will. The paper's first part focuses on Cartesian ethics. It is argued that Descartes can be viewed as a Stoical thinker rather than a Baconian one. That is, he holds that theoretical contemplation is itself the primary ground of human happiness and tranquility of mind – experienced as the feeling of generosite. The paper's second part draws on the first in accounting for the relation between radical doubt and certainty. By engaging with doubt, it is argued, the meditator comes to experience generosite, assert freedom. This experience is not, then, as argued by some, merely the Cogito's ethical counterpart. It is rather the Cogito's foundation. The meditator's assertion sum follows from – insofar as freedom is, as the definition of generosite asserts, ‘the only thing truly belonging to us', it consists in – the assertion of freedom.
Measuring gravity field variability, the geoid, ocean bottom pressure fluctuations, and their dynamical implications

[1] To obtain insight into bottom pressure variability and requirements for assimilating gravity data into an ocean general circulation model, we use recent results from a constrained global model. Bottom pressure variability, as contrasted to surface elevation variability, is examined at the annual, semiannual, Chandler-wobble, and 4-month periods. Surface elevation and bottom pressure variability occurs on all spatial and temporal scales resolvable by our analysis, and patterns can be quite different. A barotropic index, developed to quantify variability character, suggests the importance of steric effects at longer periods. Variability decomposition into standing, eastward, and westward traveling waves indicates a strong zonal component for both surface elevation and bottom pressure, with bottom pressure showing a greater overall tendency toward eastward propagation, and surface elevation showing a greater overall tendency toward westward propagation. Bottom pressure variability signals are estimated to be recoverable from space to spherical harmonic degree 27 for the annual cycle and 14 for the semiannual and Chandler-wobble cycles. Mass exchange, arising from model approximations, is detectable to about degree 7. Polar motion excitation by ocean seafloor loading is found to be quantitatively important. Spurious oscillations encountered in using spherical harmonics to represent oceanic fields are suppressed using Lanczos factors.
Substance P phenotype defines specificity of c‐fos induction by cocaine in developing rat striatum

Activation of c-fos, a member of the class of immediate early genes that act as transcription factors, may be one of the initial molecular mechanisms underlying plastic changes in gene expression in response to drugs of abuse. By combining c-fos (radioactive) in situ hybridization histochemistry with nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry for mRNAs encoding other striatal markers [preprotachykinin (substance P), proenkephalin, and D1 and D2 receptors], we have identified the cellular phenotype of striatal neurons activated by acute administration of cocaine to P8, P15, P28, and adult rats. At each age examined, substance P+, enkephalin−- striatal neurons were the predominant class of cells in which cocaine induced c-fos gene expression. In addition, the topography of cellular activation at each age examined was distinct and reflected the topography of distribution of cells expressing high levels of substance P mRNA. We conclude that there is a marked specificity of cellular activation in striatum following acute cocaine administration restricted predominantly to subsets of substance P-expressing cells, with age-specific patterns in their topographic distribution. © 1995 Willy-Liss, Inc.
Histone deacetylase 5 is not a p53 target gene, but its overexpression inhibits tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis

p53 tumor suppressor is activated by phosphorylation and acetylation on DNA damage. One of unknown p53 early transcripts was identified to be histone deacetylase-5 (HDAC5). We tested a hypothesis that HDAC5 is a p53 down-stream target gene that on induction by p53 inactivates p53 by removal of acetyl group in p53 molecule, thus functioning as an autoregulatory negative feedback loop in analogue to p53-murine double minute 2 interaction. Six p53 binding consensus sites were identified in the promoter of HDAC5. p53 binds to one of the sites weakly. However, luciferase constructs driven by the HDAC5 promoter containing three to six potential binding sites were not activated by p53, nor was the expression of HDAC5 mRNA induced by p53-activating agents. Furthermore, HDAC5 does not bind to p53 nor reduces etoposide-induced p53 acetylation. Thus, HDAC5 is not a p53 target gene and may act in a p53independent manner. We next studied the effect of HDAC5 on tumor cell growth and apoptosis. Transfection of HDAC5 inhibited growth of multiple tumor cell lines including U2OS osteogenic sarcoma cells, SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and MCF breast carcinoma cells. The growth suppression seen in HDAC5-overexpressing cells appears to be attributable partly to a reduced growth rate as revealed by cell growth assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and mainly to spontaneous apoptosis as shown by DNA fragmentation ELISA and morphological appearance. Mechanistically, repression of three cell proliferation genes in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induction of seven apoptosis-related genes were identified by microarray profiling in HDAC5-overexpressed cells. Among induced genes, four (TNFR1, TNFSF7, caspase-8, and DAPK1) were associated with the tumor necrosis factor ligand-receptor death pathway. Induction of TNFR1, TNFSF7, and caspase-8 were confirmed by Northern and Western analyses. Thus, activation of tumor necrosis factor death receptor pathway appears to be associated with HDAC5-induced spontaneous apoptosis.
Astaxanthin-Rich Extract from the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis Lowers Plasma Lipid Concentrations and Enhances Antioxidant Defense in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

Dyslipidemia and oxidative stress contribute to atherogenesis. Astaxanthin (ASTX) is a red-colored carotenoid well known for its high antioxidant capacity. However, its effects on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense mechanisms have received only limited investigation. We fed male apoE knockout (apoE)(-/-) mice, a mouse model for atherosclerosis, a high-fat (15%)/high-cholesterol (0.2%) diet alone (control) or supplemented with ASTX-rich Hematococcus pluvialis extract (0.03% ASTX by weight) for 4 wk. ASTX-fed apoE(-/-) mice had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol and TG concentrations than controls, but body weight and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase did not differ between the groups. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated significantly greater mRNA levels of LDL receptor (LDLR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) and greater mature SREBP-2 protein in the livers of ASTX-fed mice, indicating that increased LDLR expression may be responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of ASTX. Hepatic lipogenic gene expression was not altered, but carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase β, and acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA abundance were significantly increased by ASTX supplementation, suggesting the TG-lowering effect of ASTX may be due to increased fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. Expression of the nuclear factor E2 related factor 2-responsive endogenous antioxidant gene also was induced with concomitantly lower glutathione disulfide levels in the livers of ASTX-fed apoE(-/-) mice compared to controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation of ASTX-rich H. pluvialis extract improves cholesterol and lipid metabolism as well as antioxidant defense mechanisms, all of which could help mitigate the progression of atherosclerosis.
Quantification Theory in *9 of Principia Mathematica

This paper examines the quantification theory of *9 of Principia Mathematica. The focus of the discussion is not the philosophical role that section *9 plays in Principia's full ramified type-theory. Rather, the paper assesses the system of *9 as a quantificational theory for the ordinary predicate calculus. The quantifier-free part of the system of *9 is examined and some misunderstandings of it are corrected. A flaw in the system of *9 is discovered, but it is shown that with a minor repair the system is semantically complete. Finally, the system is contrasted with the system of *8 of Principia's second edition.
Deep architectures for protein contact map prediction

Motivation: Residue–residue contact prediction is important for protein structure prediction and other applications. However, the accuracy of current contact predictors often barely exceeds 20% on long-range contacts, falling short of the level required for ab initio structure prediction. Results: Here, we develop a novel machine learning approach for contact map prediction using three steps of increasing resolution. First, we use 2D recursive neural networks to predict coarse contacts and orientations between secondary structure elements. Second, we use an energy-based method to align secondary structure elements and predict contact probabilities between residues in contacting alpha-helices or strands. Third, we use a deep neural network architecture to organize and progressively refine the prediction of contacts, integrating information over both space and time. We train the architecture on a large set of non-redundant proteins and test it on a large set of non-homologous domains, as well as on the set of protein domains used for contact prediction in the two most recent CASP8 and CASP9 experiments. For long-range contacts, the accuracy of the new CMAPpro predictor is close to 30%, a significant increase over existing approaches. Availability: CMAPpro is available as part of the SCRATCH suite at http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu/. Contact: pfbaldi@uci.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Growth of Union Decertification: A Test of Two Nonnested Theories

of Union Decertification This article tests two rival theories of the growth of union decertification: a neo classical and an institutionalist. Both perform well when they are independently tested against the data. However, Cox nonnested hypothesis tests indicate that when these two theories are tested against each other, the institutionalist theory is superior to (i.e., variance encompasses) the neoclassical theory. THE ADEQUATE TESTING OF A THEORYrequires that it be tested against the data and against rival theories. Yet it has long been recognized that using the criterion of “best fit” to select among a set of theories is, in general, unlikely to lead to the selection of the “true” theory (Pesaran 1974; Lovell 1983). Therefore, a more rigorous standard has been proposed: a particular theory must “encompass” rival theories—that is, account for both the salient features of rival theories and additional phenomena not explained by these theories—before that theory is accepted (Mizon and Richard 1986). Furthermore, Pesaran and Deaton (1978) have argued that inferences about the adequacy of any theory can only be made after it is tested against some rival nonnested theory. Theories are nonnested when neither theory can be generated by imposing restrictions on the other theory; such theories offer fundamentally different explanations for observed phenomena. A small, but growing, body of empirical work does formally test one nonnested economic theory against another seeking to identify the most pro
The development of smart antennas

A smart or adaptive antenna is an antenna that modifies its receive or transmit characteristics in order to enhance the antenna's performance. The performance modification results from purposely modifying the signal cancellations that occur. Smart antennas are important for reducing the deleterious effects of intentional jamming signals, unintentional co-channel interference and multipath. These antennas were first known as sidelobe cancelers then adaptive antennas and more recently smart antennas. A smart antenna is composed of two or more antennas. The amplitude and/or time delay (phase) of the signals received by all the antennas are modified then combined in such a manner as to improve reception of the desired signal. This paper presents the development of smart antennas from sidelobe cancelers in the 1950s until today.
Objectively measured sedentary behavior in preschool children: comparison between Montessori and traditional preschools

This study aimed to compare the levels of objectively-measured sedentary behavior in children attending Montessori preschools with those attending traditional preschools. The participants in this study were preschool children aged 4 years old who were enrolled in Montessori and traditional preschools. The preschool children wore ActiGraph accelerometers. Accelerometers were initialized using 15-second intervals and sedentary behavior was defined as <200 counts/15-second. The accelerometry data were summarized into the average minutes per hour spent in sedentary behavior during the in-school, the after-school, and the total-day period. Mixed linear regression models were used to determine differences in the average time spent in sedentary behavior between children attending traditional and Montessori preschools, after adjusting for selected potential correlates of preschoolers’ sedentary behavior. Children attending Montessori preschools spent less time in sedentary behavior than those attending traditional preschools during the in-school (44.4. min/hr vs. 47.1 min/hr, P = 0.03), after-school (42.8. min/hr vs. 44.7 min/hr, P = 0.04), and total-day (43.7 min/hr vs. 45.5 min/hr, P = 0. 009) periods. School type (Montessori or traditional), preschool setting (private or public), socio-demographic factors (age, gender, and socioeconomic status) were found to be significant predictors of preschoolers’ sedentary behavior. Levels of objectively-measured sedentary behavior were significantly lower among children attending Montessori preschools compared to children attending traditional preschools. Future research should examine the specific characteristics of Montessori preschools that predict the lower levels of sedentary behavior among children attending these preschools compared to children attending traditional preschools.
Thermal Tolerance of the Bivalve Mollusc, Modiolus modiolus L.

SYNOPSIS. A critically heat-stressed population of Modiolus modiolus has been studied in a tidal pool. Over a period of 5.5 hours the temperature in the shallows rose from 19°C to 32.5°C. Some of the animals were killed outright; others succumbed over the next few days. Most of the animals, although distressed at the time of exposure, seeined to have recovered by the following week. The animals most adversely affected were those whose shells protruded above the surface of the pool; these individuals gaped and became desiccated. The reactions of the species are consistent with previous hysiological experiments. High temperature plays a role in limiting the vertical distribution of Modiolus modiolus .
Grit Feeding Affects Growth and Feed Utilization of Chicks and Egg Production of Laying Hens

Abstract IT IS commonly acknowledged that it is desirable to include some type of hard grit in the diet of chickens for optimum feed utilization and health. Bird et al. (1937) found that chicks raised on a finely ground, gritless ration developed an abnormal thickening of the gizzard lining and that this condition was prevented by feeding grit or a coarsely ground feed. Heuser and Norris (1946b) noted that the addition of granite grit to a practical type starting mash did not materially influence chick weight, but there seemed to be some improvement in feed efficiency. Bell and Simpson (1949) reported that grit-fed broilers weighed more and consumed less feed during a 9-week experimental period than did control birds without grit. Maclntyre and Jenkins (1952) reported no differences in egg production, feed consumption or maintenance of body weight between hens fed grit and those not receiving grit. In their experiments, the…
A recombinant antibody increases cardiac contractility by mimicking phospholamban phosphorylation

Many cardiovascular disease states end in progressive heart failure. Changes in intracellular calcium handling, including a reduced activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA), contribute to this contractile dysfunction. As the regulatory protein phospholamban can inhibit the calcium pump, we evaluated it as a potential target to improve cardiac function. In this study, we describe a recombinant antibody-based protein (PLN-Ab) that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of phospholamban. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies suggest that PLN-Ab mimics the effects of phospholamban phosphorylation. PLN-Ab accelerated the decay of the calcium transient when expressed in neonatal rat and adult mouse ventricular cardiac myocytes. In addition, direct injection of adenovirus encoding PLN-Ab into the diabetic mouse heart enhanced contractility when measured in vivo by echocardiography and in ex vivo Langendorff perfused hearts. The PLN-Ab provides a novel therapeutic approach to improving contractility through in vivo expression of an antibody inside cardiac myocytes.
The Antler Religion

Intensive deer management characterized by high fences and supplemental feeding and, in some instances, selective breeding programs, has increased dramatically across North America (NA) over the past several decades. This new management philosophy is not, however, without controversy. At several levels intensive deer management is incompatible with the NA Model of Wildlife Conservation including the fact that it promotes the privatization of wildlife and creates markets that sell public wildlife resources. Lastly, deer “hunting” under the intensive deer-management model violates the fundamental concept of fair chase, which is a cornerstone principle of hunting in NA. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
KNOWLEDGE, SPEAKER AND SUBJECT

I contrast two solutions to the lottery paradox concerning knowledge: contextualism and subject-sensitive invariantism. I defend contextualism against an objection that it cannot explain how ‘knows’ and its cognates function inside propositional attitude reports. I then argue that subject-sensitive invariantism fails to provide a satisfactory resolution of the paradox.
From genes to public health: the applications of genetic technology in disease prevention. Genetics Working Group.

OBJECTIVES: With advances in the Human Genome Project, the implications of genetic technology in disease prevention should be assessed. METHODS: The paradigm suggested in The Future of Public Health--assessment, policy development, and assurance--was used to examine the continuum from genetic technology to public health practice. RESULTS: First, important public health functions are to (1) assess the impact of genes and their interactions with modifiable disease risk factors on the health status of the population and (2) assess the impact and safety of genetic testing on the population. Second, given the many implications of genetic testing, the public health community should participate in policy development related to the timing and use of genetic testing in disease prevention. Third, whenever appropriate, the public health community needs to ensure the development of public health genetics programs (e.g. newborn screening) and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the use of genetic testing in dise...
On-Chip Circuit for Measuring Period Jitter and Skew of Clock Distribution Networks

A circuit for on-chip measurement of period jitter and skew of clock distribution is described. The circuit uses a single latch and a voltage-controlled delay element. The circuit is evaluated in a stand-alone pad frame, where a jitter resolution of about 1 ps is demonstrated, and is incorporated in a 2 GHz clock distribution network to obtain on-chip period jitter and clock skew measurement.
Pneumonitis and Emphysema in sp-C Gene Targeted Mice

SP-C-deficient (SP-C −/−) mice developed a severe pulmonary disorder associated with emphysema, monocytic infiltrates, epithelial cell dysplasia, and atypical accumulations of intracellular lipids in type II epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Whereas alveolar and tissue surfactant phospholipid pools were increased, levels of other surfactant proteins were not altered (SP-B) or were modestly increased (SP-A and SP-D). Analysis of pressure-volume curves and forced oscillatory dynamics demonstrated abnormal respiratory mechanics typical of emphysema. Lung disease was progressive, causing weight loss and cardiomegaly. Extensive alveolar remodeling was accompanied by type II cell hyperplasia, obliteration of pulmonary capillaries, and widespread expression of α-smooth muscle actin, indicating myofibroblast transformation in the lung parenchyma. Dysplastic epithelial cells lining conducting airways stained intensely for the mucin, MUC5A/C. Tissue concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines were not substantially altered in the SP-C (−/−) mice. Production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) was increased in alveolar macrophages from SP-C (−/−) mice. Absence of SP-C caused a severe progressive pulmonary disorder with histologic features consistent with interstitial pneumonitis.
Adjoint sensitivity analysis of an Ultrawideband antenna

The frequency domain finite element method using H(curl)-conforming finite elements is a robust technique for full-wave analysis of antennas. As computers become more powerful, it is becoming feasible to not only predict antenna performance, but also to compute sensitivity of antenna performance with respect to multiple parameters. This sensitivity information can then be used for optimization of the design or specification of manufacturing tolerances. In this paper we review the Adjoint Method for sensitivity calculation, and apply it to the problem of optimizing a Ultrawideband antenna.
Influence of operational risk assessment on bidding strategies in power markets

Advanced analytical tools are enabling the estimation of new measures of operational reliability in power systems. In bid-based power markets, these estimates could be included in the information set that is provided to bidders. Such information could lead to improved market efficiency due to more informed decision-making, or to opportunistic bidding strategies that adversely affect economic efficiency. The paper explores the relationship between risk assessment and bidding strategies. Implications of that relationship for market information policies are assessed. Of particular focus is information on operational reliability effects of incremental changes in generation levels.
Critical time of weed removal in glyphosate-resistant Glycine max

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the effect of the rate and time of glyphosate application on weed emergence, survival, biomass, and Glycine max yield in reduced-tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) glyphosate-resistant G. max planted in rows spaced 18 (narrow-row) and 76 cm (wide-row). Glyphosate was applied at 0.42, 0.63, and 0.84 kg ae ha−1 at V2, V4, R1, and R4 growth stages. On separate plots, 0.84 kg ha−1 glyphosate was applied at each growth stage with hand weeding. A weed-free check was maintained with preemergence imazethapyr plus metolachlor supplemented with hand weeding, and a nontreated check was included. Weed population density before glyphosate application ranged from 239 to 606 plants m−2 in RT and 33 to 500 plants m−2 in NT systems. Setaria faberi and Chenopodium album were the predominant species. Weed control efficacy and crop yield were influenced more by application time than by glyphosate rate. Glyphosate applied at V2, V4, and R1 gave season-long ...
An MILP-MINLP decomposition method for the global optimization of a source based model of the multiperiod blending problem

Abstract The multiperiod blending problem involves binary variables and bilinear terms, yielding a nonconvex MINLP. In this work we present two major contributions for the global solution of the problem. The first one is an alternative formulation of the problem. This formulation makes use of redundant constraints that improve the MILP relaxation of the MINLP. The second contribution is an algorithm that decomposes the MINLP model into two levels. The first level, or master problem, is an MILP relaxation of the original MINLP. The second level, or subproblem, is a smaller MINLP in which some of the binary variables of the original problem are fixed. The results show that the new formulation can be solved faster than alternative models, and that the decomposition method can solve the problems faster than state of the art general purpose solvers.
Coenzyme Q and Myocardial Function in Aging and Exercise

Just as garlic has long been known to have effective therapeutic and life-prolonging properties, so has exercise. And just as aliin, the active principle of garlic, has resisted discovery until recent times, the scientific basis for the effects of exercise on the human condition is only now in the process of being elucidated. Studies recently published strongly suggest that regular endurance exercise in humans leads to significant improvements in cardiovascular health, resulting in an increase in longevity (1,2). The imminence of the “elderly” catagory by the second author has prompted us to investigate some of the molecular aspects of the effects of endurance exercise in hearts, and other muscles, of aged animals.
Two types of learning effects on maintenance activities

This paper studies a manufacturer with a system prone to failure. The manufacturer performs two types of maintenance activities: preventive maintenance (PM), performed periodically, resets the system, and Minimal Repair (MR), performed after breakdowns, restores the system to working condition. It is assumed that two different types of learning take place: (i) repetition learning: due to the repetitive nature of PM, the manufacturer gains experience and learns to perform the PM activities faster and at a lower cost and (ii) failure learning: each failure gives the manufacturer the opportunity to find the root causes, to learn from mistakes and to improve the system. This paper, the first one to quantify failure learning in maintenance literature, assumes that such learning can then be applied during the next PM activity, which brings down the failure rate for the next PM cycle. For the increasing failure rate case, repetition learning increases the PM frequency, whereas failure learning causes the manufac...
Structural analysis of the homodimeric reaction center complex from the photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum.

The reaction center (RC) complex of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum is composed of the Fenna–Matthews–Olson antenna protein (FMO) and the reaction center core (RCC) complex. The RCC complex has four subunits: PscA, PscB, PscC, and PscD. We studied the FMO/RCC complex by chemically cross-linking the purified sample followed by biochemical and spectroscopic analysis. Blue-native gels showed that there were two types of FMO/RCC complexes, which are consistent with complexes with one copy of FMO per RCC and two copies of FMO per RCC. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the samples after cross-linking showed that all five subunits of the RC can be linked by three different cross-linkers: bissulfosuccinimidyl suberate, disuccinimidyl suberate, and 3,3-dithiobis-sulfosuccinimidyl propionate. The interaction sites of the cross-linked complex were also studied using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that FMO, PscB, PscD, and part of PscA are exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. PscD helps stabilize FMO to the reaction center and may facilitate transfer of the electron from the RC to ferredoxin. The soluble domain of the heme-containing cytochrome subunit PscC and part of the core subunit PscA are located on the periplasmic side of the membrane. There is a close relationship between the periplasmic portions of PscA and PscC, which is needed for the efficient transfer of the electron between PscC and P840.
The Making of the 1967 Montana Clean Air Act: A Struggle over the Ownership of Definitions of Air Pollution

This article uses the social definitional process approach to understand the making of the 1967 Montana Clean Air Act. This approach holds that it is how the various competing social groups define ...
Collision Outcome and Mass Transfer of Unequal-sized Droplet Collision

The investigations of the collision outcome and dynamics of mass transfer process of unequal-sized binary droplets collision are preformed computationally and theoretically. All the possible collision outcomes, bouncing, coalescence, reflexive and stretching separation are obtained numerically. The present study focuses on water droplet interactions in atmospheric air over a wide range of Weber numbers and impact parameters with two droplet diameter ratio, 0.5 and 0.25. The numerical formulation is based on the complete set of conservation equations for both the liquid and the surrounding gas phases. An improved volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique, augmented by an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm, is used to track the liquid/gas interfaces. A novel thickness-based refinement methodology is also developed to resolve the extremely thin gas film during early approaching of droplets. Numerous high-fidelity bouncing cases are simulated using proposed efficient methodology. The smallest cell size is up to O(10 -4 ) of the small droplet diameter with minimum grid size of 0.02 μm. In addition, an advanced visualization technique using the Ray-tracing methodology is implemented to gain direct insight into the detailed physics of droplet interaction and mass transfer process. A simple theory based on the geometric relation of the unequal-sized droplet collision system is established to predict mass transfer ratio of stretching separation outcome. Good agreement is achieved with simulation results.
Test-Retest Reliabilities of Standard and Realigned Forms of the Learning Style Inventory

Summary.-The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that response bias was present in the standard form of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory and that this bias lowered reliability. An alternative form of the inventory was created by realigning the response endings to the sentences. Correlations calculated on scores obtained on two separate occasions for the two forms ranged from .45 to .73. Realignment did not improve reliabilities. The Learning Style Inventory (3) has been used to assess the relation between learning style and occupational selection or choice of a major field of study. The four learning abilities occupying opposite ends of two interacung continua are concrete experience-abstract concepmalization and reflective observation-at tlve experimentation. Interaction between the continua yields learning styles of assimilation, accommodation, convergence, and divergence. Although validity has consistently been asserted, Atkinson (1, 2) has been critical of the internal consistency, suggesting the instrument is only fairly reliable. He (1) stated that the low internal consistency might reflect a response bias in construction and might be removed by randomizing the response endings of the sentence-completion tasks of the inventory. The underlying assumption was that, were response bias eliminated, reliability would increase suitably so control of response bias was attempted by creating an alternative form in which the response endings to the sentence-completion tasks were randomly varied. On two occasions about one month apart, half of 126 students from sections of General Psychology were given the changed format and half the standard one. If altering the format improved internal consistency by eliminating response bias, then these correlations should be significantly larger than those for the standard test. Reliability estimates over two occasions for each learning ability of the standard form were compared with coefficients of the realigned format using procedures outlined by McNemar (4). Improved reliability was found for two learning abilities, concrete experience (from .45 to .53) and abstract conceptualization (.56 to .63), but was reduced for the other two, reflective observation (.72 to .49) and active experimentation (.73 to .58) (p<.05). These results suggest that the expected improvement did not occur consistently. REFERENCES
SMURC: High-Dimension Small-Sample Multivariate Regression With Covariance Estimation

We consider a high-dimension low sample-size multivariate regression problem that accounts for correlation of the response variables. The system is underdetermined as there are more parameters than samples. We show that the maximum likelihood approach with covariance estimation is senseless because the likelihood diverges. We subsequently propose a normalization of the likelihood function that guarantees convergence. We call this method small-sample multivariate regression with covariance (SMURC) estimation. We derive an optimization problem and its convex approximation to compute SMURC. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the regularized likelihood estimator with known covariance matrix and the sparse conditional Gaussian graphical model. We also apply SMURC to the inference of the wing-muscle gene network of the Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly).
Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of chickenpox in Jiading District

Objective: To know the epidemiological characteristics of chickenpox in Jiading District in order to provide some information for the control and prevention of chickenpox. Methods: Circular distribution was used to analyze the seasonal trend of chickenpox. Results: The total number of incidence was 6 091 cases from 2005-2010. Children under 14 years old accounted for 63.22%. The maximum annual incidence was 10.93/million. Circular distribution analysis showed that the seasonal trends were more obvious and their value was 0.60 and 0.63 (P0.05). The first peak time was April 3 and the second was Oct. 26. Conclusion: Chickenpox has the seasonal trend and the pre-school children and school students are in high risk. We should carry out the strategy of combined routine immunization with replanting vaccine to increase the level of immunity of chickenpox before the incidence peak.
Preliminary investigation on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica in Xuzhou area of Jiangsu province

To investigate the pathogenic characteritics of Yersinia enterocolitica prevalent in Xuzhou area, bacteria were isolated from patients with diarrhea. Livestock and poultry as well as flies and meat products by conventional methods and the isolates were typed with serology, biochemical tests, and antibiotics susceptibility assay. PCR assay was used to detect the virulence genes and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to analyze the pathogenic Y.enterocolitica O:3 and O:9, the main epidemic strains prevalent in China. It was found that 32 strains (17 serotypes)were isolated from 2014 specimens, of which the isolation rate was 1.59%,18.75% of them belonged to the pathogenic strains, and 21.87% harbored ystB gene. All these 32 strains of Y.enterocolitica were included in 3 biotypes, of which 78.13% ,18.76% and 3.12% of them belonged to type 1A, 3 and 2 respectively. The patterns of Y.enterocolitica O:3 typed by PFGE were just the same. From these observations, it is evident that the pathogenic strains of Y.enterocolitica are prevalent in Xuzhou area and the strain of serotype O:3 is pertained to be the main clone. More attention should be paid in this regards in this area.
Cap-Independent Translational Control of Carcinogenesis

Translational regulation has been shown to play an important role in cancer and tumor progression. Despite this fact, the role of translational control in cancer is an understudied and under appreciated field, most likely due to the technological hurdles and paucity of methods available to establish that changes in protein levels are due to translational regulation. Tumors are subjected to many adverse stress conditions such as hypoxia or starvation. Under stress conditions, translation is globally downregulated through several different pathways in order to conserve energy and nutrients. Many of the proteins that are synthesized during stress in order to cope with the stress use a non-canonical or cap-independent mechanism of initiation. Tumor cells have utilized these alternative mechanisms of translation initiation to promote survival during tumor progression. This review will specifically discuss the role of cap-independent translation initiation, which relies on an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to recruit the ribosomal subunits internally to the messenger RNA. We will provide an overview of the role of IRES-mediated translation in cancer by discussing the types of genes that use IRESs and the conditions under which these mechanisms of initiation are used. We will specifically focus on three well-studied examples: Apaf-1, p53, and c-Jun, where IRES-mediated translation has been demonstrated to play an important role in tumorigenesis or tumor progression.
Ectopic expression of truncated Sp1 transcription factor prolongs the S phase and reduces the growth rate

The role of the transcription factor Sp1 in cell growth and survival was investigated by induced expression of its DNA-binding C-terminal fragment. Transfection of a constitutively expressed Sp1-170C plasmid construct into HeLa cells failed to produce viable clones, suggesting that this peptide interferes with cell growth. However, transfection with the muristerone A-inducible vector system produced four clones with low levels of expression of Sp1-170C. Muristerone A transiently induced higher levels of Sp1-170C, and this was accompanied by a reduced growth rate and prolongation of the S phase of the cell cycle. This is the first report that a dominant negative Sp1 can affect the cell cycle.
OBLIQUE WAVE RESONANCE IN THE FAR WAKE

There has been some debate recently as to whether the far wake structure downstream of a cylinder is dependant on, or “connected” with the precise details of the near wake structure. Indeed, it has previously been suggested that the far wake scale and frequency are unconnected with those of the near wake. In the present paper, we demonstrate that not only the far wake scale but also the frequency are dependant on the near wake. Surprisingly, the characteristic which actually forges a “connection” between the near and far wake is the sensitivity to free stream disturbances. It is these disturbances which are also responsible for the regular 3-D patterns that may be visualised.
Meridian Stresses in Thin-Walled Steel Pipes as Reason for Cross-Sectional Ovalization

AbstractThis work was motivated by the need for providing designers with more effective rehabilitation procedures. The initial step taken was to assess the ovality of the cross sections of thin-wal...
Closed-form displacement analysis of 8, 9 and 10-link mechanisms. Part II : 9-link 2-DOF and 10-link 3-DOF mechanisms

Abstract This paper presents closed-form polynomial solutions to the displacement analysis problem of planar 9-link two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) and 10-link three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) mechanisms. The successive elimination procedure developed in the companion paper (Part I) is used to solve the displacement analysis problems. The degrees of input–output polynomials as well as the number of possible assembly configurations for all mechanisms resulting from 35 9-link kinematic chains and 74 10-link kinematic chains with non-fractionated degrees of freedom are given. The computational procedure is illustrated through two numerical examples. Based on the results presented, the displacement analysis problem for all mechanisms resulting from 9-link 2-DOF and 10-link 3-DOF kinematic chains is completely solvable, in closed-form, devoid of any extraneous roots.
Nano-precision micromachined frequency output profilometer

This work presents a new class of MEMS based frequency output force and displacement probes with sub-nm displacement resolution. The sensor consists of a probe tip attached to a microcantilever coupled to a thermal-piezoresisitve resonator. Application of a displacement to this probe tip causes deflection of the cantilever due to the applied force. Consequently, the force acting on the cantilever is transferred to the piezoresisitve beam, modulating its stiffness and thus the resonance frequency. Such devices can be used as atomic force microscope (AFM) probes or high resolution surface profilometers with fully electrical operation eliminating the bulky and complex optical detectors typically used in such systems. As a proof-of-concept, such a microcantilever coupled to a 2.1MHz thermal-piezoresisitve resonator has been demonstrated with a displacement sensitivity of 1.5Hz/nm. The Allan deviation for such resonators operated as self-sustained oscillators is measured to be 0.1–0.2ppm. On analysis of the measured data, a frequency resolution in the order of 1Hz is expected to be achievable. This, in turn, translates to ∼0.4nm of displacement and ∼11nN of force resolution for such sensors.
On camera sensor density minimization problem for triangular lattice-based deployment in full-view covered camera sensor networks

It has been proved that triangular deployment is the best choice to cover a given area with minimum sensors. In this paper, we investigate in detail the camera sensor density minimization problem for triangular lattice based deployment in full-view covered camera sensor networks. We prove the formula in literature [1] which aims to minimize triangular lattice density is not correct. We then demonstrate a minimization formula for equilateral triangle lattice-based deployment and prove its correctness.
Identifying and comparing the influence of Instagram on the creativity and design process of female fashion design students in Saudi Arabia and in the United States

Social media has become a fundamental part in our life because it helps to stay in touch with friends and family and discover new communities. Fashion design students can use social media, specifically Instagram to find new designs and to learn from popular designers. The purpose was to identify and compare the influence Instagram has on the creativity and design process of fashion design students in Saudi Arabia and in the United States. This research examined the impact of Instagram with respect to the use in two countries. The effect of social media examined from the differences of adoption between the countries and how fashion design students from each country use Instagram. Results indicated that Saudi Arabia students were more active on social media than students in the United States. The motivation for using Instagram was to increase knowledge about the design process and to communicate with designers.