cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of mutagenicity of monocyclic aromatic amines: quantitative structure-activity relationships.

Abstract Monocyclic aromatic amines (MAAs) are environmental pollutants. Many of them are genotoxic and impose hazards to human health. The mutagenicity of more than 80 of these amines was reviewed with primary emphasis on evaluation by the Ames Salmonella/microsome testing system. Many amines are mutagenic in Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100, but S9 mix is required for activity for most of the active ones. 2,4-Diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminoethylbenzene, and a few amines containing a nitro-group are direct mutagens. There are several quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models which rationalize mutagenicity of many aromatic amines and several parameters, such as the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), and hydrophobicity that are important. What factors determine the minimum requirement for the compound to be mutagenic and what factors determine the extent of mutagenicity suggest questions for further study.
Discrete particle swarm optimization for the team orienteering problem

Orienteering problem is a well researched routing problem which is a generalization of the traveling salesman problem. Team orienteering problem (TOP) is the extended version of the orienteering problem with more than one member in the team. In this paper the first known discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm has been developed for 2, 3 and 4-member TOP. In the DPSO meta-heuristic novel methods have been introduced for the initial particle generation process. Reduced variable neighborhood search and 2-opt were applied as the local search tools. The efficacy of the algorithm was tested using seven commonly used benchmark problem sets ranging in size from 21 to 102 nodes. The results of the DPSO algorithm were compared against seven other heuristic algorithms that have been developed for TOP. It was concluded that the developed DPSO algorithm for the TOP is competitive and robust across the benchmark problem sets.
Use of ion implantation techniques to fabricate semiconductor nuclear particle detectors

Abstract This is a review of ion-implantation processes as applied to semiconductor nuclear particle detectors. The role of channeling effects in determining the distribution of implanted atoms, defects and junction characteristics is discussed. A simple method for aligning crystals “in situ” is presented. A summary is given of the anneal characteristics of lattice disorder, lattice site location of implanted atoms, and the electrical characteristics of the implanted layer. Results are presented of ion-implanted particle detector performance.
Frictional Torque of an Axial Magnetic Suspension

A VERTICAL needle of iron suspended in vacuo by the co-axial field of a solenoid theoretically may have infinitesimal frictional torque against axial rotation. The purpose of the present note is to report an observed value of this frictional torque.
Design and analysis of a low-power discrete phase modulator in a 0.13-/spl mu/m logic CMOS process

This letter reports the design and analysis of a low-power discrete constant envelope phase modulator. The modulator discretely changes the phase of a constant envelope carrier according to the input digital data bits. A test chip was fabricated in a 0.13-/spl mu/m logic complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. The modulator consumes 2mA from a 1.2-V supply, has an operating frequency range between 1.5GHz and 3.3GHz, and can support a data rate up to 225Mbps with better than 5.5% error vector magnitude. The modulator can be designed to generate different modulation schemes by digitally controlling the phase and/or amplitude of the carrier, and therefore potentially can be used in software defined radios.
Aiding teachers in constructing virtual-reality tutors

Teachers need different tools for constructing virtual realities than do professional programmers. Teachers building tutoring environments need only and should only provide declarative and nonquantitative specification of the application, as such information is sufficient to build powerful prototypes or even products when exploited properly. The METUTOR tutor-generation system for sequential-action skills, which uses means-ends analysis on a teacher's declarative specification of a set of actions, is described. METUTOR asks the teacher to specify conditions for recommending actions, preconditions of actions, and expected and random consequences of actions. METUTOR also asks the teacher to associate pictorial and/or aural representations with facts, and to specify how and when to use them. METUTOR provides facilities for automatic resolution of interactions and conflicts between media objects. Examples from a firefighting tutor and a pilot's emergency tutor are presented. >
Toxicity and repellency of some biorational insecticides to Bemisia argentifolii on tomato plants

A mineral oil, an insecticidal soap, and a plant-derived surfactant were compared with a broad-spectrum pyrethroid for residual toxicity and repellency to silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller, cv. Lanai) under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. The materials tested were: Sunspray oil (a mineral oil), M-Pede (an insecticidal soap), Nicotiana gossei extract (a sucrose ester surfactant), Garlic Barrier (repellency only), and the pyrethroid bifenthrin (Brigade 10WP), with water as a control. For toxicity studies, whiteflies were confined on leaves which had been dipped in solutions of 0.5 ×, 1 × and 2 × field rate concentrations. Insecticide residues were compared when the leaves were wet and dry. Adult mortalities were greatest with bifenthrin and Sunspray oil, followed by M-Pede, N. gossei extract and water. Mortality from dry residue of lower rates of bifenthrin and Sunspray oil was greater than mortality from wet residues, whereas M-Pede lost all activity upon drying. Dual and multiple choice tests for repellency were carried out in the greenhouse or laboratory by spraying plants or individual leaves to runoff with 1 × field concentrations. Bifenthrin and Sunspray oil repelled B. argentifolii adults for up to 7 and 5 days, respectively, followed by M-Pede and extract of N. gossei, whereas Garlic Barrier was not significantly different from the water control in all tests. Numbers of whitefly eggs were significantly reduced on bifenthrin and Sunspray oil-treated leaves, whereas egg numbers in other treatments were not different from water. Sunspray oil as a dip proved to be at least as effective as the synthetic pyrethroid for whitefly control. A multiple-choice leaf-wheel proved to be a useful device to quickly evaluate repellent effects of several different insecticides to whitefly.
Prediction of Momentary Transverse Creep Behavior of Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Composites Using Micromechanical Models

The objective of this paper is to report on the application of two different micromechanical models for the characterization of the viscoelastic behavior of E-glass fiber reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) thermoplastic composites in the linear viscoelastic region. In particular, predictions are made for the momentary creep behavior of E-glass/PEI composites of various fiber volume fractions. Both micromechanics models, the Tsai-Hahn semi-empirical model and the finite element model, involved the use of elastic solutions and the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. The models were validated by applying them to composites having three different fiber volume fractions. These predictions are obtained from micromechanical models using the experimental creep compliance of the neat resin (matrix), the known fiber volume fraction, and the assumption that the fibers are elastic. Finally, comparisons are made between measured and predicted momentary creep master curves for the composites.
Calibration of Flow and Transport Model with a Bench-Scale Prefabricated Vertical Drain Remediation System

Two experiments were undertaken to study the effectiveness of a remediation system that utilizes prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs). The results of these experiments were evaluated using a Bayesian decision framework. The numerical model used in this research was calibrated to the measured results and the discrepancy between the two was quantified. In addition, the reduction in uncertainty in the model parameters obtained by performing the experiments was also quantified. These model parameters may be used with the Bayesian method described in the paper, or with other decision methods, to design PVD remediation systems.
2D Or Not 2D. Column-Switching Techniques, Multidimensional Separations and Chromatography: Approaches and Definitions

The absolute majority of HPLC and LC/MS applications are based on single column platforms. If the analyzed sample is too complex and/ or separation power of the column used is insufficient, the usual choice is optimization (enhancement or re-design) of off-line sample preparation (such us replacement of precipitation or LLC with SPE) or less often, implementation of an additional, separate off-line chromatographic step. During off-line purification, samples are collected, followed by the next purification step. Often, collected fraction(s) require additional technical steps such as fraction analysis, pooling, drying, desalting, filtration, derivatization, etc. Completing these steps can be even more time consuming and labor intensive than chromatographic separation itself. As an alternative to manual/semi-automated routines for off-line sample handling, on-line strategies allow direct automated transfer of selected fraction(s) to the second column.
Revisiting the Ungovernability Debate: Regional Governance and Sprawl in the USA and UK

This article links contemporary critiques of regional governance to the 'crisis of the state' in the 1970s and 1980s. Using the example of the politics of sprawl, I explain why collaborative regional planning institutions in New Jersey and the East of England have received such low marks from government participants and local populations, despite their success in completing land-use plans. I argue that these new governance institutions inadvertently revive issues of power, accountability and democratic legitimacy stemming from the crisis of the state. British and American governments interpreted it as a crisis of ungovernability, and their subsequent reforms were aimed at freeing state and market from societal demands. Berger, Castells and Harvey argue that, for many citizens, the crisis had more to do with the impermeability of the state to non-economic quality of life concerns. Regional planning institutions rekindle this critique by offloading policy accountability to the regional level - from above in the UK case, from below in the USA case - while leaving the underlying power of state or market intact. Moreover, the 'post-political' nature of the collaborative institutions prevents competing values from being debated and resolved. The result is a reemergence of legitimation issues around land use. Resume Les critiques contemporaines sur la gouvernance regionale peuvent etre reliees a la 'crise de l'Etat' des annees 1970-1980. L'exemple de la politique d'etalement urbain permet ici d'expliquer pourquoi, bien qu'ayant realise leurs plans d'occupation des sols, les institutions collaboratives d'amenagement regional, dans le New Jersey comme dans l'Est de l'Angleterre, ont ete si peu appreciees des acteurs gouvernementaux et des populations locales. Sans le vouloir, ces nouveaux organes de gouvernance ravivent des questions de pouvoir, de responsabilite et de legitimite democratique qui decoulent de la crise de l'Etat. Les gouvernements britannique et americain y ont vu une crise d'ingouvernabilite, produisant alors des reformes pour liberer l'Etat et le marche des revendications societales. Berger, Castells et Harvey avancent que, pour nombre de citoyens, la crise tenait davantage a un Etat hermetique aux preoccupations non economiques relevant de la qualite de la vie. Les nouvelles institutions attisent cette critique en dechargeant sur le niveau regional la responsabilite des politiques publiques (attribuee jusque-la au niveau superieur au Royaume-Uni, et au niveau inferieur aux Etats-Unis), sans pour autant attenuer le pouvoir sous-jacent de l'Etat ou du marche. De plus, la nature 'post-politique' des institutions collaboratives empeche les valeurs en concurrence d'etre discutees et resolues. C'est ainsi que reapparaissent des questions de legitimite autour de l'utilisation des terrains.
A Hessian Regularized Nonlinear Time Series Model

We introduce a nonparametric nonlinear time series model. The novel idea is to fit a model via penalization, where the penalty term is an unbiased estimator of the integrated Hessian of the underlying function. The underlying model assumption is very general: it has Hessian almost everywhere in its domain. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our model has better predictive power: if the underlying model complies with an existing parametric/semiparametric form (e.g., a threshold autoregressive model (TAR), an additive autoregressive model (AAR), or a functional coefficient autoregressive model (FAR)), our model performs comparably; if the underlying model does not comply with any preexisting form, our model outperforms in nearly all simulations. We name our model a Hessian regularized nonlinear model for time series (HRM). We conjecture on theoretical properties and use simulations to verify. Our method can be viewed as a way to generalize splines to high dimensions (when the number of variates is more ...
Dynamic fluid surface acquisition using a camera array

Acquiring dynamic 3D fluid surfaces is a challenging problem in computer vision. Single or stereo camera based solutions are sensitive to refraction distortions, fast fluid motions, and calibration errors. In this paper, we present a multi-view based solution for robustly capturing fast evolving fluid wavefronts. We first construct a portable, 3×3 camera array system as the main acquisition device. We elaborately design the system to allow high-resolution and high-speed capture. To recover fluid surfaces, we place a known pattern beneath the surface and position the camera array on top to observe the pattern. By tracking the distorted feature points over time and across cameras, we obtain spatial-temporal correspondence maps and we use them for specular carving to reconstruct the time-varying surface. In case one of the cameras loses track due to distortions or blurs, we use the rest of the cameras to construct the surface and then apply multi-perspective warping to locate the lost-track feature points so that we can continue using the camera in later frames. Our experiments on synthetic and real data demonstrate that our multi-view framework is robust and reliable.
A General Discriminant Model for Color Face Recognition

This paper presents a general discriminant model (GDM) for color face recognition. The GDM model involves two sets of variables: a set of color component combination coefficients for color image representation and a set of projection basis vectors for image discrimination. An iterative whitening-maximization (IWM) algorithm is designed to find the optimal solution of the model. The proposed algorithm is further extended to generate three color components (like the three color components of RGB color images) for further improving the face recognition performance. Experiments using the face recognition grand challenge (FRGC) database and the biometric experimentation environment (BEE) system show the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. In particular, for the most challenging FRGC version 2 Experiment 4, which contains 12,776 training images, 16,028 controlled target images, and 8,014 uncontrolled query images, the proposed method achieves the face verification rate (ROC III) of 74.91% at the false accept rate of 0.1%.
Rough days in democracies: Comparing protests in democracies

. Democratic political institutions are generally designed to channel public opinion; yet citizens often take to the streets in protest. Why would citizens, provided with formal mechanisms to affect the policy process, resort to extraordinary means? This article argues that the strength of representative institutions influences the likelihood of protest. The democratic institution literature does not address the issue of protest and in the protest literature effects of the democratic governmental structure have been largely underestimated. However, the diversity in government formats across democratic states and the corresponding variation in amount of protests leads one to question the relationship between them. This article identifies the variation in the scale of protests among democratic regimes in Western European countries using the European Protest and Coercion Data and explains protest using variation in the forms of government. Protesters in democratic countries with a weak legislature find it difficult to deliver their demands to government due to the institutional environment. Therefore, they are more inclined to protest than citizens in countries with a strong legislature. This argument is tested along with other structural variables and supported by results from testing models using ordinary least squares with panel-corrected standard errors.
Corporate social responsibility authenticity: Investigating its antecedents and outcomes

Abstract Authenticity is examined in various marketing literature, but an understanding of its role in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is lacking. Although it is known that consumers reward companies that engage in CSR, there is still a notable level of skepticism that hinders the success of CSR campaigns. This paper describes two studies. The first employs content analysis to understand the factors that influence the perceived authenticity of CSR initiatives. The second empirical study develops and validates a CSR authenticity scale and offers evidence that CSR authenticity is influenced by fit, impact, and reparation. Further, the findings indicate that CSR authenticity has a mediating influence on important consumer outcomes. The results indicate that it is not enough for a firm to simply engage in CSR. A firm's CSR strategy must also take into account the extent to which consumers perceive the CSR initiative to be authentic.
Abrogation of Interleukin-3 Dependence of Myeloid Cells by the v-src Oncogene Requires SH2 and SH3 Domains Which Specify Activation of STATs

The v-src oncogene encodes a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. When this gene was expressed in the myeloblastic cell line 32Dcl3, it was found to abrogate interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependence of this cell line and to block its ability to terminally differentiate into granulocytes in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). In contrast, a highly related tyrosine kinase gene, v-fgr, fails to render this cell line IL-3 independent for growth or to block its ability to undergo terminal differentiation in the presence of GCSF. The active structural domains of v-src that are responsible for the abrogation of IL-3 dependence of myeloid cells and the mechanisms by which v-src transforms these cells are at present unclear. To identify the domains in v-src which are responsible for this activity, we constructed several chimeric recombinants between the v-src and the related Src family member v-fgr by replacing portions of v-src with corresponding domains of v-fgr. These chimeric DNAs were transfected into 32Dcl3 cells and examined for their abilities to render this cell line IL-3 independent. Our results show that only chimeras containing both the SH3 and the SH2 domains of v-src were capable of rendering the 32Dcl3 cell line IL-3 independent. To understand the possible mechanisms underlying the IL-3-independent growth of v-src-transformed 32Dcl3 cells, we examined the phosphorylation status of JAK-1, JAK-2, and JAK-3 kinases in the v-src- and v-fgr-transformed 32Dcl3 cells. Our results show that none of the JAK kinases are constitutively phosphorylated by v-src or v-fgr. We then examined the phosphorylation status of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of transcription factors. Our results show that STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 exist in a constitutively phosphorylated state in v-src-transformed 32Dcl3 cells, while such constitutive phosphorylation is not seen in v-fgr-transformed cell lines. Our results also show that STAT3 coimmunoprecipitates with v-Src, suggesting that the activation of STAT3 occurs due to direct association with v-Src. However, STAT1 and STAT5, which also exist in a constitutively phosphorylated state in v-src-transformed 32Dcl3 cells, do not coimmunoprecipitate with v-Src, suggesting that these proteins either interact weakly with v-Src or are phosphorylated by a mechanism distinctive from that of STAT3.
6 Structure, Affect and Identity as Bases of Organizational Competition and Cooperation

AbstractCompeting organizations are often defined by their niche overlap or structural equivalence in resource dependence, but the very structure that defines competitors can also identify cooperators. There is a fine line between competition and cooperation, but current theories give insufficient guidance as to which will take place and also contribute to the belief that cooperation between competitors is illegitimate. We show that the legitimacy of these practices, as well the evaluation of their welfare implications, are context bound. Individuals and societies that have been influenced by different theories of competition could reasonably (and have) reach different conclusions as to the legitimacy of competitor cooperation. We then critique extant ideas as to when competitors will cooperate, which rely on industry structure, and suggest instead that perception and social identity are more important in tipping the cooperate–compete balance. We conclude by showing how our arguments inform an important c...
Menstrual irregularity and stress fractures in collegiate female distance runners

From 240 questionnaires, we investigated the prevalence of stress fractures in competitive collegiate female long distance runners and its relationship to menstrual history. The runners were divided into three groups according to their menstrual history: very irregular 69/240 (0 to 5 menses/year), irregular 51/240 (6 to 9 menses/year), and regular 120/240 (10 to 13 menses/year). Stress fractures occurred in 49% of the very irregular runners, 39% of the irregular runners, and 29% of the regular runners. The majority of the stress fractures occurred in the tibia. Runners who had never used oral contraceptives were over twice as likely to have had a stress fracture when compared with runners who had used oral contraceptives for more than 1 year. These data suggest that female distance runners who have a history of irregular or absent menses and who have never used oral contraceptives may be at an increased risk for developing a stress fracture. When amenorrheal runners were separated from the very irregular group, an alarming trend was noted in eating behavior disorders. Forty-seven percent of the amenorrheal group, 20% of the one to five menses/year group, 10% of the irregular group, and 7% of the regular group admitted to an eating behavior disorder.
FORMATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS OF SEMIFLUORINATED AND HYDROCARBON CHLOROSILANE PRECURSORS ON SILICA SURFACES FROM LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE

We report on the formation and properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared by depositing semifluorinated and hydrocarbon trichlorosilane precursors, F(CF2)8(CH2)2SiCl3 (F8H2) and H(CH2)18SiCl3 (H18), respectively, from vapor, organic solvent, and liquid CO2 (l-CO2). Contact angle measurements of the SAM deposition kinetics reveal that regardless of the molecule type, the deposition rates from l-CO2 exceed those from vapor or organic solvents by several orders of magnitude. We derive two different transport models describing the formation of SAMs. We show that while the diffusion-limited model is not capable of describing the experimental data, the adsorption-limited model captures the major features of the adsorption kinetics quite well. We apply the results of the adsorption-limited model to conclude that the observed behavior is a consequence of (i) a relatively high bulk concentration (l-CO2 vs vapor) and (ii) higher solution diffusivity (l-CO2 vs organic solvent) of the silanes in l-CO2. N...
Assessing the magnitude of the economic vote over time and across nations

By analyzing a wealth of survey data (163 national surveys) from 19 countries over two decades and by applying a methodology designed to make this evidence comparable, we offer for the first time a comprehensive map of the extent of economic voting across countries, over time, and for different parties. All told, we estimate voter preference functions for over 900 political parties. In this essay we analyze these data with the goal of establishing the extent to which there in fact is an economic vote in developed democracies. We find that the economic vote varies significantly across national contexts and over time. We also establish that the economy is a significant determinant of vote choice. We situate the median impact of economic evaluations on the vote probabilities of incumbent PM parties at approximately 5%. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No time to demodulate - fast physical layer verification of friendly jamming

Jamming attacks are well-known threats to wireless communications, but on the other hand they provide insights for researchers to design novel approaches to protect wireless communications. In recent years, friendly jamming is used by a number of research works to achieve the wireless medium access control. However, in these works, the friendly jammer relies on bit-level information to distinguish the allies' wireless transmissions from the enemies', which requires the received signals to be processed through demodulation steps and thus introduces a non-trivial reaction time delay for the friendly jammer. This reaction delay is undesirable as the transmissions need to be jammed while they are still on the air. To address this problem, we propose fast friendly jamming, which eliminates the need for demodulation and enables the friendly jammer to verify the received signals directly on the physical layer. We have implemented a prototype of the proposed techniques based on GNURadio and USRP, and performed real-world experiments to validate the proposed techniques. The experiment results show that the proposed techniques reduce the normal reaction delay of the friendly jammer by 81.9%-85.7%, and achieve the accurate distinction between allies' and enemies' transmissions.
Cerebrocortical Neurons Containing DARPP-32, a Dopamine- and Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate-Regulated Phosphoprotein

Many of the biological effects of neuronal activity are mediated by the sequential activation of first, second, third (etc.) messengers (for review, see Nestler and Greengard, 1984). First mes-sengers, such as neurotransmitters and neurohormones, work through second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, and calcium to activate protein kinases that in turn phosphorylate third messenger phosphoproteins. The final messengers in this cascade are the effector molecules that directly alter cell metabolism and/or physiology. DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of molecular weight 32,000) is a third messenger phosphoprotein in this cascade. It is regulated by the first messenger dopamine (DA) and by the second messenger cAMP. The possibility exists that other first messengers that increase intracellular cAMP in DARPP-32-containing neurons may also regulate DARPP-32 phosphorylation. In this paper, neurons in the cerebral cortex that contain DARPP-32 are examined.
Case Volume and Outcomes of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Surgery in Academic Medical Centers

Objective The outcome of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has not improved in the last decade and surgical repair remains the mainstay of treatment. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether a volume–outcome relationship exists in the U.S. academic medical centers performing surgical repair of neonatal CDH. Study Design A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of discharge data for neonates undergoing CDH repair in academic medical center members of the University HealthSystem Consortium was employed. Unadjusted mortality was compared between lower and higher surgical volume centers. A binary logistic regression model was fit to test the relationship of surgical volume with mortality. Results A total of 3,738 patients underwent surgical repair in 122 unique academic medical centers in the United States. The overall rate of survival was 75.2%. There was no difference in unadjusted mortality between lower and higher volume centers. After controlling for patient and hospital variables, there was no difference in the odds of mortality between lower and higher volume centers (odds ratio 1.03 [95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.23, p = 0.730]). Conclusions Neonates born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia can undergo surgical repair in the U.S. academic medical centers independent of center procedure volume and expect good surgical outcomes.
Tree-dimensional technique for automatic brain segmentation of the ventricles based on optimal histogram thresholds of MRI

The segmentation technique presented in this paper is part of ongoing research work to develop a new imaging and segmentation technique to generate a three-dimensional structure of the brain in order to enhance the visualization of brain fiber tracts in diffusion tensor images using developmental software by Phillips. The visualization enhancement will be achieved by displaying the 3D brain structure as a semi-transparent image, such that key anatomical landmarks, as well as the mathematically constructed fiber tracts, may be observed within the brain. This paper describes the development and implementation of task-oriented techniques for automatic brain segmentation to locate and display the lateral ventricles within the brain structure in order to support the 3D rendering as landmarks in the complete 3D structure. With an automatic segmentation technique, the software will calculate and discern the different regions in the brain without ad-hoc interventions. This is a difficult task because the brain structure is different from one patient to the next, in addition to the fact that the data to be analyzed is from patients who may already have brain abnormalities. Ten T1-weighted 3D Gradient Echo MR images obtained from patients at Miami Children's Hospital (MCH) were used for the development of this technique.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment

This chapter provides an outline of empirically supported psychosocial assessment and treatment strategies for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). To enhance the readers’ comprehensive understanding of OCD, this psychiatric condition is first defined and its classification within the DSM-5 is addressed. Next, we describe how to apply the cognitive-behavioral model to OCD, and importantly, how to perform a differential diagnosis using standardized assessment tools. Up-to-date research on the pathogenesis of OCD is then presented with special attention directed to the biological (abnormal brain circuitry) and psychosocial (interpretation biases) factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of the disorder. To guide the reader on the implementation of effective treatment strategies, the various components of cognitive (e.g., thought restructuring) and behavioral (e.g., exposure with response prevention) interventions are described, the essential tenets are applied in a case example, and the substantial empirical support for cognitive and behavioral interventions is reviewed.
Comparison of the efficacy of meropenem and cefuroxime in treating bacterial infection in children

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safty of Meropenem in treating bacterial infection in children. METHODS Multi-center randomized controlled and two-blind trials were used.264 hospitalized cases who suffered from respiratory tract infection or urinary tract infection were randomly divided into two groups ,the experimental group(132 cases in Meropenem group) and the control group(132 cases in Cefuroxime group).The medication regimen: Meropenem at the dosage of 30mg/kg,q8h,iv. Cefuroxime sodium at the dosage of 60 mg/(kg d),bid.RESULTS Of 260 qualified cases ,129 cases were in the experimental group and 131 cases were in the control group. The cure rates of the experimental group and the control group were 75.2%(97/129)and 75.1%(99/131)respectively, and the effective rates of the two groups were 96.9%(125/129)and 98.5%(129/131)respectively. There wasn’t significant difference between the effectiveness of the two groups(P0.05). The clearance rate of 105 bacteria in the experimental group was 97.1%, and the clearance rate of 100 bacteria in the control group was 99.0%, There wasn’t significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).CONCLUSION The efficacy and safty of Meropenem in treating respiratory tract infection or urinary tract infection in children was similar to Cefuroxime.
EGFR TKIs for advanced NSCLC: practical questions.

The review by Oxnard and Miller provides a thoughtful update on the use of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) as front-line therapy in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Women as leaders.

The role of women as leaders has undergone considerable review in recent years, both outside and within the dental profession. Growing awareness of gender as an issue in leadership has focused attention on leadership styles and qualities with particular emphasis on the differences between male and female approaches. Further research is proposed, specifically on leadership within the dental profession. Trends are identified which lead to optimistic conclusions as to the future involvement of women in leadership in dentistry.
Continuous pulmonary C-fiber stimulation produces sustained reflex cardiovascular depression.

We used an isolated perfused in situ left lung preparation to evaluate the hemodynamic response to specific pulmonary C-fiber stimulation with capsaicin in two groups of anesthetized dogs. In one group (n = 6), continuous administration of capsaicin at 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 into the isolated pulmonary circulation produced sustained (20 min) reflex decreases in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, maximal left ventricular rate of pressure over time, and heart rate. These effects were abolished by vagotomy. In a second group (n = 5) of atropinized dogs, a mild hemorrhage was first performed in each dog during control conditions (capsaicin vehicle administration). The hemorrhage was performed by removing 10% of blood volume over 3 min and then replacing this blood 3 min later. After reinfusion and stabilization, the mild hemorrhage was repeated during continuous administration of capsaicin (6.0 +/- 1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1) into the isolated pulmonary circulation. The decrease of mean arterial pressure in response to hemorrhage was significantly greater during capsaicin administration than during control conditions. Lung denervation prevented the effect of capsaicin administration on the response to hemorrhage. We concluded that continuous pulmonary C-fiber stimulation produces sustained cardiovascular depression and compromises the hemodynamic response to mild hemorrhage in dogs. This latter effect may represent a central alteration of baroreflex gain.
Molecular Origins of the Zeta Potential

The zeta potential (ZP) is an oft-reported measure of the macroscopic charge state of solid surfaces and colloidal particles in contact with solvents. However, the origin of this readily measurable parameter has remained divorced from the molecular-level processes governing the underlying electrokinetic phenomena, which limits its usefulness. Here, we connect the macroscopic measure to the microscopic realm through nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of electroosmotic flow between parallel slabs of the hydroxylated (110) rutile (TiO2) surface. These simulations provided streaming mobilities, which were converted to ZP via the commonly used Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. A range of rutile surface charge densities (0.1 to −0.4 C/m2), corresponding to pH values between about 2.8 and 9.4, in RbCl, NaCl, and SrCl2 aqueous solutions, were modeled and compared to experimental ZPs for TiO2 particle suspensions. Simulated ZPs qualitatively agree with experiment and show that “anomalous” ZP values and i...
Feasibility of using natural SCMs in concrete for infrastructure applications

Abstract Nowadays concerns about the future availability of fly ash have arisen due to the implantation of pollution control devices in coal combustion plants and increased blending of powder river basin coals, both of which can influence the composition (and hence quality) of the resulting fly ash. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating natural supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) mainly perlite, pumice, and zeolite in civil infrastructure applications. The influence of selected natural SCMs, on the hydration behavior, key fresh and hardened properties of cement paste and concrete mixtures was compared to mixtures without any SCM and with fly ash. The results indicated that Perlite may be the suitable material regarding fresh properties, but low pozzolanic reactivity and a reduction in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity may reduce its implementation for structural applications. Mixtures with 15 wt% pumice was shown to have similar properties to the reference mixture without fly ash, but had increased SP demand and low workability retention, making them more suitable for precast applications compared to ready-mix concrete. The zeolite performed very well in the hardened state, but had high admixture demand and inferior workability retention. From this study, it can be concluded that each of the three investigated alternatives SCMs that may be used to replace class C fly ash in concrete infrastructure applications.
The IPE of money revisited

ABSTRACTSome two decades after an earlier review essay of mine, the time seems ripe to revisit the international political economy (IPE) of money. How has the study of money evolved in more recent years, and what is the understanding of international monetary politics today? The main message of this essay is – to be blunt – disappointment. Research has become increasingly insular and introspective, largely detached from what goes on in the real world. Two parallel developments are responsible, both reflective of wider trends in mainstream IPE. First is a steep decline of interest in broader systemic issues, as the pendulum has swung sharply toward the domestic level of analysis. And second is a marked loss of interest in practical policy solutions. In lieu of worries about problems to be solved, scholarship today tends to be driven more by curiosity about puzzles to be explained. The roots of these twin developments trace back, above all, to the framing effect of epistemology – the demanding methodologica...
ONCOLOGISTS' BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS FOR ONCOTYPE DX USE: QUALITATIVE STUDY.

Background: Oncotype DX (ODX), a tumor gene profiling test, has been incorporated into clinical guidelines to aid in adjuvant chemotherapy decision making for early-stage, hormone receptor positive breast cancer patients. Despite United States (U.S.) guidelines, less than half of eligible women receive testing. Reasons for low usage are unclear: Our objective was to better understand U.S. oncologists’ ODX uptake and how they use ODX during adjuvant chemotherapy decision making. Methods: We conducted semi-structured, ~30-minute phone interviews with medical and surgical oncologists in one U.S. State using purposive sampling. Oncologists were included if they saw greater than or equal to five breast cancer patients per week. Recruitment ended upon thematic saturation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and double-coded using template analysis. Results: During analysis, themes emerged across three domains. First, organizational factors (i.e., departmental structure, ODX marketing, and medical/insurance guidelines) influenced ease of ODX use. Second, oncologists referenced the influence of interpersonal factors (e.g., normative beliefs and peer use of ODX) over their own practices and recommendations. Third, intrapersonal factors (e.g., oncologist attitudes, perceived barriers, and research gaps) were discussed: although oncologists largely held positive attitudes about ODX, they reported challenges with interpreting intermediate scores for treatment decisions and explaining test results to patients. Finally, oncologists identified several research gaps. Conclusions: As more tumor gene profiling tests are incorporated into cancer care for treatment decision making, it is important to understand their use in clinical practice. This study identified multi-level factors that influence ODX uptake into clinical practice, providing insights into facilitators and modifiable barriers that can be leveraged for improving ODX uptake to aid treatment decision making.
Psychiatric Disorders: The Search for Genes

Psychiatric disorders are common illnesses whose core features include disturbances of mood, perception, cognition and behaviour that cause distress or interfere with daily functioning. Genes contribute substantially to risk, but multiple genes and environmental factors are involved, leading to complex patterns of inheritance. Many genes and genetic markers have already been identified that contribute to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism, but each individual gene plays a small role and much of the inherited risk for these disorders remains unexplained. Most of the identified genetic risk factors are common and each one has a small impact. Some rare genetic variants have also been discovered that have a larger impact on risk, especially for schizophrenia or autism. Ongoing studies are beginning to uncover how multiple genetic risk factors act together in the development of psychiatric disorders, but much more remains to be learned before we can use genetic discoveries to develop better methods of diagnosis and treatment. Key Concepts Most psychiatric disorders are strongly influenced by genes. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous common genetic markers associated with major psychiatric disorders. Each common allele confers little risk, but many add together to confer susceptibility to psychiatric illness. Rare copy number variants, which influence the dosage of many genes, confer substantial risk for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Rare, gene-damaging point mutations, most of which arise de novo, can also confer substantial risk for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. The ultimate goal of gene identification for mental illness is to develop better methods of diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: behaviour; psychosis; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; autism; GWAS
New Starts, Then Detroit’s Bankruptcy

In the midst of final negotiations over transferring the museum’s operations to the Founders Society, Sam Sachs resigned to direct the Frick Collection in New York. By early 1998 the Commission and Society hired a head-hunting firm to search for his successor and among the candidates it contacted was Graham W. J. Beal. He was then in an unusual leadership arrangement, for American art museums, at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art: Beal was the director and executive vice president in charge of the institution’s acquisitions and programming; someone else was the president and supervised its business operations. Beal turned down the DIA’s initial overture, gave it a second look when reapproached about a year later, and assumed its leadership in October 1999 (Fig. 5.1). Beal (b. 1947 in England) earned a baccalaureate degree from Manchester University and a master’s degree from the Courtauld Institute (London), specializing in seventeenth-century art and architecture. He began volunteering in the Manchester University gallery while still a student and entered the profession after completing his graduate studies, rising quickly through curatorial and director positions in England and the United States, including the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis), 1977–1983; the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts (Norwich, England), 1983–1984; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1984–1989; the Josyln Art Museum (Omaha), 1989–1996; and he began at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1996. Beal’s research and writing expanded during this period to include modern and contemporary art in England and the United States as well as museum policy issues.1
Enduring Through Gunk

According to one of the more popular endurantist packages on the market, a package I will call multilocational endurantism, enduring objects are exactly located at multiple instantaneous regions of spacetime. However, for all we know, the world might turn out to be spatiotemporally gunky and spatiotemporal gunk (with some natural assumptions) entails that this package is false. The goal of this paper is to sketch a view which retains the spirit of multilocational endurantism while also recognizing the possibility of certain types of objects which endure through gunk.
The Intersections of Africana Studies and Curriculum Theory: A Counter-Western Narrative for Social Justice

There has been much critique of globalization now circulating in curriculum studies both nationally, in the United States, and internationally, helps us understand some of the lethal effects of globalization. Nevertheless, little of such critique is grounded in a strong commitment to work beyond the Western epistemological perimeter. While we, as reconceptualists in curriculum studies, acknowledge the necessity to honor the multiple sources and perspectives of knowledge, we continue to operate in spaces and with intentions embedded in globalized, traditional notions of curriculum. This problem is especially heightened for socially marginalized learners, particularly Black/African American learners. In this article, I will articulate the influence of Africana studies in curriculum theory as a counter-western narrative for social justice. In doing so, I will articulate the ways in which Africana Studies provide underlying philosophies to reconceptualist notions of curriculum theory. I will begin with a definition and brief history of Africana studies in westernized/U.S. context. Following this, I will provide an outline of curriculum theory, focusing on reconceptualists’ notion of curriculum theory. Next, I will articulate the method by which I chose to focus on the three Black scholars --- DuBois, Woodson, and Davis --- highlighted in this work and discuss the work of these Africana studies’ scholars and the ways in which their work is related to and, potentially, influential in reconceptualists’ curriculum theory. Finally, this work will conclude with the ways in which such influences provide a counter-western narrative for social justice, particularly for westernized educational spaces.