cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Puzzling Disagreement between Observations and Numerical Models in the Central Gulf of Mexico

AbstractTwo large, independent sets of direct observations in the central Gulf of Mexico show a mean near-surface flow of ~10 cm s−1 to the west, concentrated in the northern and southern Gulf. Numerical models that the authors have examined do not produce this mean westward flow. The observed speeds appear to be almost an order of magnitude larger than the estimated errors; this paper studies the observations to estimate carefully the possible errors involved and compares the observations with model results. The flow to the west in the southern Gulf is presumably wind driven on the shallow parts of the shelf, and, in slightly deeper water at the outer edges of the shelf, is possibly the result of southward Sverdrup interior flow driven by the negative curl of the wind stress. In another possibly related issue, long-term deep current-meter observations in the northern Gulf at ~1000 m and below find flow to the west, whereas some models find flow to the east. The flow proposed here assumes a mean flow to t...
Sjögren's syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is the most common autoimmune disorder among women. Symptoms occur when the infiltration of immune cells into the salivary and lacrimal glands causes a progressive decline in sight, smell, and taste. Although symptoms seriously disrupt quality of life, the disease's vague manifestations usually prevent individuals from seeking immediate help. By the time a diagnosis is rendered, significant systemic organ involvement may have occurred. Although there is no cure, clinician understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of SS enhances its symptomatic management in primary care settings.
Identification and purification of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 from bovine brain cytosol.

: Substantial amounts of phospholipase A2 activity were detected in bovine brain cytosol. The major phospholipase A2 activity was present in the precipitate at 40% saturation with solid ammonium sulfate. After the desaltate of the precipitate was loaded onto an Ultrogel AcA 54 gel filtration column, almost all the activity eluted in the void volume when chromatographed without 1 M KC1. However, when buffer with 1 M KC1 was used as the eluent, two active peaks were obtained. One peak (peak I) eluted in the void volume, and the other (peak II) eluted with an apparent molecular mass of 39 kDa as compared with standards. The former was active with diacylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, whereas the latter was active with both diacyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1-alk-1′-enyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (plasmenylethanolamine). The apparent molecular mass of peak I was estimated to be 110 kDa as compared with standards on an Ultrogel AcA 34 gel nitration column. Both peaks were purified further with a hydrophobic chromatography column (AffiGel 10 coupled with plasmenylethanolamine) and then by high-resolution liquid chromatography on an MA7Q column. The phospholipase A2 obtained from peak II migrated as one main band with a 40-kDa molecular mass and two minor bands with 14- and 25-kDa molecular masses. Phospholipase A2 obtained from peak I eluted as a single peak on high-resolution liquid chromatography but contained two bands with apparent molecular masses of 100 and 110 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH values of phospholipase A2 obtained from peaks I and II were 7.4 and 8.0, respectively. Neither phospholipase required Ca2+ for activity. The optimal concentrations of Triton X-100 for peak I and peak II enzymes were 0.05 and 0.1%, respectively.
SYNTHESIS OF DIPALMITOYL-L-α-GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVATIVES, AS POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATES FOR SYNTHESIS OF GLYCERYLPHOSPHATIDES

Using Verkade's method for the preparation of DL-α-phosphatidic acids, optically active dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidic acid and its derivatives were prepared in good yield. The free dipalmitoyl-L-α-p...
The developmental aspect of chloroplast continuity in Euglena.

Since Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Pringsheim contains a species of DNA unique to the chloroplast, an important question concerns the extent to which light unblocks the reading of the organelle's template to provide the informational RNA's necessary to construct the plastid proteins. Experiments with 32Pi labeling of chloroplast and nonchloroplast RNA's during light-induced chloroplast development show that both the RNA of the chloroplast and of the rest of the cell become labeled during this process, with the chloroplast RNA's displaying the higher specific activity. The fact that chloroplast RNA is not uniquely labeled indicates that process other than a simple reading of the chloroplast DNA are involved. If we are to preserve the concept of a reasonable degree of chloroplast informational autonomy, we may assume, from this and other data, that the light induction of chloroplast development involves not only the unblocking of chloroplast DNA to make information available, but also a concomitant unblocking of other sites of informational RNA synthesis (e.g., nuclear and mitochondrial DNA's). Such sites external to the developing chloroplast may be concerned with making available the building blocks and energy necessary for the synthesis of chloroplast constituents coded for by the chloroplast DNA. This model leads to the prediction that photosynthesis could be gratuitous for chloroplast development if these nonchloroplast sites were providing most of the building blocks and energy. Experiments are reported which show that chloroplast formation and the acquisition of photosynthetic competence can be achieved under conditions where photosynthesis is completely inhibited for the entire span of development by using the highly selective inhibitor 3, (3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1, 1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), in agreement with the proposed model. The fact that more than just the chloroplast responds to the inducing signals for chloroplast differentiation raises the problem of experimental measurement of interaction among cellular organelles. Since chloroplast development is usually carried out in resting cells to avoid complications due to cell division, we discuss the limitations imposed by turnover in such nondividing systems and present evidence that most of the RNA labeling observed, although actinomycin-D-sensitive, is due to turnover and/or the utilization of preexisting pools. Evidence obtained with mutants of Euglena that form only partial chloroplasts or that lack plastid DNA and plastid-related structures is reported. Such evidence indicates that the functional proplastid restrains overall RNA labeling in the uninduced cells and suggests that the proplastid might be the source of regulatory metabolic signals in the normal plastid-containing cells.
Implementation of a parallel algorithm on a distributed network

The objective of this research is to investigate the potential of using a network of concurrently operating workstations for solving large computer-intensive problems typical of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Such problems have a communication structure based primarily on nearest-neighbor communication and are therefore ideally suited to message passing. The implementation of a 3D Navier-Stokes code on a network of IBM RISC/6000's is described. The performance of this code is compared with that on conventional high-performance machines such as the Cray-YMP and the Intel iPSC/860. The results suggest that a cluster of workstations presents a viable and economical resource for this purpose. Additionally a workstation network has the advantage of easy accessibility, fault tolerance and a simple environment for program development. 12 refs.
Covalent Attachment of Methylene Blue to Oligonucleotides

Abstract The synthesis and application of oligonucleotides derivatized by methylene blue are described. For that, a carboxylated methylene blue derivative was synthesized and transformed into an activated N-hydroxysuccinimidoester. The activated ester was reacted with 5′-aminoalkylated oligonucleotides. The labelled oligonucleotides were isolated and characterized both by reversed phase HPLC and MALDI mass spectrometry. Initial studies on analytical application of these oligonucleotide conjugates are discussed.
Impact of the nature and composition of the mobile phase on the mass transfer mechanism in chiral reversed phase liquid chromatography. Application to the minimization of the solvent cost in chiral separations

Abstract The mechanism of mass transfer was studied on a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase (CSP, Lux Cellulose-1) using aqueous mixtures of acetonitrile (50/50–90/10, v/v) or methanol (90/10 and 100/0, v/v) as the mobile phase. An experimental protocol validated in RPLC and HILIC chromatography and recently extended to chiral RPLC was applied. The five mass-transfer contributions (longitudinal diffusion, short-range and long-range eddy dispersion, solid–liquid mass transfer resistances due to finite intra-particle diffusivity and slow adsorption–desorption) to the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) were measured. The experimental results show that the adsorption rate constants k ads of trans -stilbene enantiomers onto the CSP are three times larger with acetonitrile than with methanol as the organic modifier. This is correlated to the decrease of enantioselectivity from 1.4 (in methanol) to only 1.1 (in acetonitrile). The amount of solvent needed to achieve a separation factor of exactly 2.0 was determined. This showed that analysis cost could be reduced seven times by selecting pure methanol as the eluent for a 5 cm long column rather than an acetonitrile–water mixture for a longer (20–45 cm) column.
Associated inflammation or increased flow-mediated shear stress, but not pressure alone, disrupts endothelial caveolin-1 in infants with pulmonary hypertension

Endothelial caveolin-1 loss is an important feature of pulmonary hypertension (PH); the rescue of caveolin-1 abrogates experimental PH. Recent studies in human PH suggest that the endothelial caveolin-1 loss is followed by an enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in smooth muscle cells (SMC) with subsequent neointima formation. In order to evaluate caveolin-1 expression in infants with PH, we examined the available clinical histories, hemodynamic data, and the expression of caveolin-1, PECAM-1, vWF, and smooth muscle α-actin in the lung biopsy/autopsy specimens obtained from infants with congenital heart disease (CHD, n = 8) and lung disease (n = 9). In CHD group, PH associated with increased pulmonary blood flow exhibited loss of endothelial caveolin-1 and PECAM-1 in pulmonary arteries; additional vWF loss was associated with enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC. In the absence of PH, increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow did not disrupt endothelial caveolin-1, PECAM-1, or vWF; nor was there any enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC. In Lung Disease + PH group, caveolin-1, PECAM-1, and vWF were well preserved in seven infants, and importantly, SMC in these arteries did not exhibit enhanced caveolin-1 expression. Two infants with associated inflammatory disease exhibited loss of endothelial caveolin-1 and PECAM-1; additional loss of vWF was accompanied by enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC. Thus, associated flow-induced shear stress or inflammation, but not elevated pulmonary artery pressure alone, disrupts endothelial caveolin-1. Subsequent vWF loss, indicative of extensive endothelial damage is associated with enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC, which may worsen the disease.
Effect of naloxone on the growth hormone response to clonidine in normal women during the mid-luteal phase

Abstract We studied the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the peripheral GH response to the α 2 -receptor agonist clonidine in eight normally cycling women during the mid-luteal phase. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, each subject received clonidine and naloxone on one occasion and clonidine and placebo on the other. In seven of eight subjects, an attenuation of the GH response was associated with naloxone administration. The maximal GH increment above baseline (ΔGH MAX ) of 7.8±2.0 μ g/L (mean ± SEM) with placebo was higher than the ΔGH MAX of 4.2±0.9 μ g/L with naloxone (p=0.05). Likewise, the area above baseline under the GH level-time curve following clonidine (ΔGH AREA ) was higher with placebo compared to naloxone (477±175 μ g/L × min vs. 228±62 μ g/L × min), although this difference was not quite statistically significant (p=0.09). As expected, with placebo the increase in GH following clonidine was statistically significant by repeated measures analysis of variance (p=0.001). The smaller increase in GH levels when naloxone was given was not significant. Both ΔGH MAX and ΔGH AREA values were significantly positively correlated with estradiol levels when placebo was given, but not when naloxone was given. GHRH was not detectable following clonidine administration under either the placebo or the naloxone conditions. Our data support the hypothesis that estrogen enhances the response of GH to provocative stimuli in women, at least in part by increasing endogenous opioid tone in the hypothalamus.
A flow-based model of web site intentions when users customize products in business-to-consumer electronic commerce

User-customization is increasingly common in electronic commerce, because both the buyer and seller potentially benefit. The user interface to implement and the influence of the interface on various process and outcome measures, however, are not well understood. We developed a Flow-based model consisting of seven hypotheses regarding the user interface and its consequents. We conducted a field experiment to test an attribute-based interface vs. a question-based interface on three variables (perceived control, shopping enjoyment and choice satisfaction) as well as two web site intentions: intention to return and intention to purchase. Six of the seven hypotheses were supported in a parsimonious model. Variance explained was 16.3% for perceived control, 45.6% for shopping enjoyment, 59.3% for choice satisfaction and 63.1% for web site intentions. The main finding is that an attribute-based interface for retail e-shopping increases the shopper's sense of control and feeling of enjoyment in the process more than a question-based interface, and thereby increases satisfaction with the outcome. This combination of influences increases the intention of the shopper to return to the web site and to purchase the item. We discuss the results and suggest areas for future research in user-customization, which may apply to many different industries that engage in online commerce.
Imaging of Noncovalent Complexes by MALDI-MS

Noncovalent interactions govern how molecules communicate. Mass spectrometry is an important and versatile tool for the analysis of noncovalent complexes (NCX). Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is the most widely used MS technique for the study of NCXs because of its softer ionization and easy compatibility with the solution phase of NCX mixtures. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has also been used to study NCXs. However, successful analysis depends upon several experimental factors, such as matrix selection, solution pH, and instrumental parameters. In this study, we employ MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to investigate the location and formation of NCXs, involving both peptides and proteins, in a MALDI sample spot.
Probing Nonstandard Standard Model Backgrounds with LHC Monojets

Abstract Monojet events at colliders have been used to probe models of dark matter and extra dimensions. We point out that these events also probe extensions of the Standard Model modifying neutrino–quark interactions. Such nonstandard interactions (NSI) have been discussed in connection with neutrino oscillation experiments. Assuming first that NSI remain contact at LHC energies, we derive stringent bounds that approach the levels suggested by the B 8 solar data. We next explore the possibility that the mediators of the NSI can be produced at colliders. The constraints are found to be strongest for mediator masses in the 10 2 – 10 3 GeV range, with the best bounds above ∼ 200 GeV coming from ATLAS and below from CDF. For mediators with masses below 30 GeV the monojet bounds are weaker than in the contact limit. These results also directly apply to light dark matter searches. Lastly, we discuss how neutrino NSI can be distinguished from dark matter or Kaluza–Klein states with charged lepton searches.
LIVING IN A “GOLDFISH BOWL”: ASSESSING RECENT CHANGES IN LABOR ORGANIZATION FINANCIAL REPORTING REGIMES IN THE U.S. AND AUSTRALIA

Recent changes in laws, regulations and even the reporting format of labor organization annual financial reports in both the US and Australia have received surprisingly little attention, yet they have significantly increased the amount of information available both to union members and the public in general, as reports in both countries are available via government web sites. While such financial reporting laws are exteremely rare in European countries, with the exception of the UK and Ireland, the US and Australian reporting systems have become among the most detailed in the world. After reviewing these changes in financial reporting and the availability of these reports, as well as comparing and contrasting the specific reporting requirements of each country, this paper then examines the cost-benefit impact of more detailed financial reporting.
Reconstruction of bisphenol A intake using a simple pharmacokinetic model.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the manufacture of a range of consumer products, and human biomonitoring studies suggest that exposure to BPA is nearly ubiquitous. We constructed and calibrated a simple pharmacokinetic model to predict urinary concentrations of BPA based on a known initial dose. This descriptive (rather than physiologically based) model has three compartments: “stomach/liver,” “blood,” and “bladder.” We calibrated and validated the model parameters using blood and urine measurements from nine volunteers who consumed 5 mg of d16-BPA. We then applied the model to a second group of eight persons, who supplied full volumes of urine over 7 consecutive days and a diary identifying times and types of food and beverage consumed, to “reconstruct” the time and mass of BPA intakes. These reconstructed daily intakes ranged on average from 60 to 100 ng/kg-day, within the range of, but slightly higher than, those surmised from other studies. About two-thirds of intakes occurred within an hour of reported food or drink consumption, supporting the hypothesis that diet is the main pathway of exposure to BPA. However, one-third of all reconstructed intakes took place outside this time window, suggesting that other sources of BPA exposure may also be relevant.
Observation and application of optical interference and diffraction effects in reflection from photochemically fabricated Gaussian interfaces

A HeNe laser has been used to fabricate photochemically a photoluminescent porous Si thin film on top of crystalline Si. The porous Si film has Gaussian shaped upper and lower interfaces. When the reflection of a laser beam from this film during, or after, the photochemical process is observed, two distinct, concentric circular interference patterns are observed. A pattern of thick rings is superimposed upon a pattern of fine rings. The reflected beam is far more divergent than the incident beam. The formation of the outer rings is a coherent phenomenon. Analysis of the patterns indicates that reflection from the upper interface is not involved in the ring formation process but that optical interference and Fresnel diffraction of the light reflected from the bottom interface cause the pattern formation. It is shown that the radius of the pattern is linearly proportional to the optical path length through the film. Therefore, measurements of pattern sizes yield information about the depth and index of refraction of the porous Si film. This observation provides us with a novel, in situ technique for measuring the kinetics of formation of the photoluminescent silicon thin films and might be exploited for applications in chemical sensing.
Laser Beam Propagation Through Long Ignition Scale Plasmas on NIF

Summary form only given. Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have employed the first four beams to measure propagation and laser backscattering losses in large ignition-size plasmas. Gas-filled targets between 2 mm and 7 mm length have been heated from one side by overlapping the focal spots of the four beams from one quad operated at 351 nm with a total intensity of 2times1015 W cm-2. The targets were filled with 1 atm of CO2 producing of up to 7 mm long homogeneously heated plasmas with densities of ne = 5times1020 cm-3 and temperatures of Te = 2 keV. The high energy in a NIF quad of beams of 16 kJ, illuminating the target from one direction, creates unique conditions for the study of laser plasma interactions at scale lengths not previously accessible. The propagation through the large-scale plasma was measured with a gated X-ray imager that was filtered for 3.5 keV X-rays. These data indicate that the beams interact with the full length of this ignition-scale plasma during the last ~1 ns of the experiment when applying full laser beam smoothing consisting of phase plates, smoothing by spectral dispersion and polarization smoothing. Measurements that only apply phase plates show, laser beam filamentation and reduced propagation speed. These results demonstrate the NIF experimental capabilities and further provide a benchmark for three-dimensional modeling of the laser-plasma interactions at ignition-size scale lengths
A strategy for improving observability with mobile robots

Many surveillance and reconnaissance tasks make use of multi-cameras in order to ensure that a particular mission is accomplished. These networks of cameras are useful as they can reduce the cost of human observers, are continuously observant (unlike humans who may fall asleep on the job), and can be implemented for a fairly low cost. However, in many scenarios, it does not make sense or may not be possible to have a fixed camera installation because the surveillance may only be needed for a short duration or it may take too long to do a proper install and observation is needed now. In terms of short terms and immediacy, mobile robots acting as a camera network provide an interesting middle ground. They can be deployed quickly to cover immediate needs, and they can be packed up and moved to another area if needs change. However, as the duration of the mission in which they are used increases, the robotic team will run out of power. This paper addresses some of the issues with keeping a surveillance team active while their batteries drain. Multiple task-reallocation methods are used in conjunction with an analysis of the effects of fixed vs mobile docking stations. Simulations were run requiring the team to provide camera coverage of a group of mobile “pedestrians” moving dynamically through a scene and the results are presented.
AROMATIC ALDEHYDE-LEUCO DYE PHOTOXIDATION

Tris (dimethylaminophenyl) methane leuco dyes undergo rapid photoxidation together with aromatic aldehydes. Quantum yields for dye formation in film media are ~750. A practical photoimaging system based on this chemistry was developed. The chemical aspects of sensitization, achievement of dark stability, and the rendering of the films photo-insensitive after imaging are discussed.
Practical Issues in Computerized Test Assembly.

This paper focuses on the potential contributions of optimal test design models to practical test assembly issues. These issues result from limitations in the models or the technology required for their implementation and limitations inherent in the test assembly process as it is currently configured, regardless of whether tests are assembled by computerized assembly algorithms or by experienced test specialists. Explication of these issues helps identify future challenges for researchers who may refine and enhance the models and for practitioners who may integrate the models into their operational procedures.
Display cloning: functional identification of natural product receptors using cDNA-phage display

Abstract Background: The identification of cellular targets has traditionally been the starting point for natural product mode of action studies and has led to the understanding of many biological processes. Conventional experimental approaches have depended on cell-based screening and/or affinity chromatography. Although both of these techniques aid in the discovery of protein cellular targets, a method that couples protein identification with gene isolation would be extremely valuable. Results: A procedure for the direct cloning of cellular proteins, based on their affinity for natural products, using cDNA phage display has been developed. The technique is referred to as display cloning because it involves the cloning of proteins displayed on the surface of a bacteriophage particle. The approach has been established by isolating a full-length gene clone of FKBP12 (FK506-binding protein) from a human brain cDNA library using a biotinylated FK506 probe molecule. During the affinity selection, the FKBP12 gene emerged as the dominant library member and was the only sequence identified after the second round of selection. Conclusions: The development of display cloning greatly facilitates the investigation of ligand-receptor interaction biology and natural product mode of action studies. This procedure utilizes heterologous protein display on infectious phage, which allows the amplification and repeated selection of putative sequences, leading to unambiguous target identification. In addition, the direct connection of a functional protein to its gene sequence eliminates the subsequent cloning step required with tissue homogenate or cell lysate affinity methods, allowing direct isolation of an expressible gene sequence.
Using Fluid Velocity in Lieu of Impeller Speed for Dimensional Analysis and a Method for Estimating Fluidborne Noise Due to Flow Turbulence Within Centrifugal Pumps

An empirical method for estimating fluidborne broadband noise associated with flow turbulence within centrifugal pumps is considered in this paper. Given the flow rate, developed head and the operating speed, an estimate of the pump’s fluidborne broadband noise can be made using the method. The method is developed by correlating the noise performance of centrifugal pumps with different specific speeds to the pump parameters (i.e. impeller dimensions and hydraulic performance). The correlation is achieved by using dimensional analysis, where the Buckingham Pi theorem is applied to relate the acoustic signature of the pump to the characteristics of the pump. Similar analysis had previously been performed on centrifugal pumps using air as a medium. The studies evaluated pumps at different flow coefficients of the same pump speed. To some extent, aerodynamic noise was correlated to the impeller tip speed. However, simply using the impeller tip speed may not be accurate. This paper offers an alternate method in relating noise, where instead of the impeller speed, the actual fluid velocity is calculated and used in the analysis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Time course of locomotor recovery and functional regeneration in spinal-transected lamprey: kinematics and electromyography

The time course of recovery of locomotor function was examined with kinematic analysis and muscle recordings in larval lampreys 2–32 weeks after rostral spinal cord transection at the level of the third gill (∼10% of body length, BL). Animals began to recover locomotor movements within 2–4 weeks of spinal cord transection, but the amplitude of locomotor movements in the tail region was less than in normal animals. At 2 weeks post-transection, locomotor activity was limited to 20% BL, and at 3 weeks after spinal transection activity could be recorded at least as far as 40% BL. At 4 weeks after spinal transection, well-coordinated locomotor muscle activity was often present as far as 60% BL. At 8 weeks of recovery and longer, well-coordinated locomotor activity was present consistently at least as far as 60% BL, and the amplitudes of locomotor movements were restored to normal values. At each recovery time examined the ranges of locomotor parameters (cycle time, burst proportion, and intersegmental phase lag) overlapped with those in normal animals. Thus, the gradual recovery of the amplitude of locomotor movements in the caudal body is associated with the gradual return of coordinated muscle activity at progressively more caudal levels along the body. The mechanisms responsible for this gradual recovery of locomotor function are discussed in relation to our recent anatomical and in vitro studies.
Benthic foraminifera of Puerto Rican mangrove-lagoon systems; potential for paleoenvironmental interpretations

Recent foraminiferal assemblages from four traverses across mangrove-lagoonal environments off Puerto Rico exhibit patterns of distribution that should be useful in paleoenvironmental interpretations. Variations in sediment substrate type, abundance and distribution of marine vegetation, and degree of exposure to wave and current activity appear to be important factors related to foraminiferal distributions and abundances. Cluster analysis of foraminiferal abundance data distinguishes four major assemblages. Other generally recognizable trends in foraminiferal assemblages include: offshore increase in species diversity; offshore increase in percent miliolids while percent rotaliids remain more or less constant; small peaks in percent textulariids immediately adjacent to mangrove growth; almost 100% agglutinated assemblages in fully mangrove environments; offshore increase in foraminiferal number except in areas of abundant Halimeda plate production where numbers of foraminifera are diluted; restriction of high abundances of Fissurina, Nonionella, Fursenkoina and Helenina to lagoons behind mangrove islands; restrictions of high abundances of Rosalina, Cibicides, Discorbis, Spiroloculina, Cyclogyra, Quinqueloculina, Amphistegina, Peneroplis and Archaias to lagoons seaward of mangrove islands. These trends provide a micropaleontological link between a potential petroleum source, mangrove swamps, and the potential petroleum reservoir, reef rocks.
Early Repair of Ventricular Septal Rupture After Infarction

Abstract The cases of 27 consecutive patients aged 40 to 78 years with ventricular septal rupture during acute myocardial infarction were reviewed. Myocardial infarction was inferior in 16 patients and anterior in 11. The time from myocardial infarction to rupture was less than 24 hours in 9 patients, 24 to 48 hours in 6 patients, 2 to 7 days in 11 patients, and 14 days in 1 patient. In 23 patients pressures (in mm Hg) were pulmonary arterial systolic 28 to 70 (mean 52), diastolic 9 to 34 (mean 23) and left ventricular end-diastolic 15 to 35 (mean 24). Cardiac index was 1.1 to 2.5 (mean 2.0) liters/min per m 2 and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow ( Q p Q s ) 1.5 to 4.8 (mean 3.4). The number of coronary vessels with more than 50 percent obstruction was one in 8 patients, two in 11 patients and three or more in 8 patients. Of the eight patients with single vessel disease three had right, one had left circumflex, and four had left anterior descending coronary artery disease. All seven patients treated without surgery died 1 to 13 days after ventricular septal rupture; all seven had inferior myocardial infarction, and none had previous transmural myocardial infarction. Of these seven patients, two were considered inoperable, one died during study, and four died abruptly while awaiting study. Eleven of 20 patients (55 percent) survived operation. The survival rate in seven patients operated on less than 2 days after ventricular septal rupture was 72 percent. Of 11 patients operated on 2 to 28 days after ventricular septal rupture 4 survived, whereas the 2 patients operated on later than 4 weeks after rupture survived. It is concluded that (1) early surgery in ventricular septal rupture has relatively low mortality; (2) delay of study and surgery is done at the expense of unacceptable and unpredictable mortality; and (3) ventricular septal rupture can occur with single vessel coronary artery disease.
Liquid-Solid Phase Transition in He 3 -He 4 Mixtures

Measurements on the liquid-solid phase transition of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures have been performed by means of a strain-gauge technique. It was found that the freezing curves of mixtures with initial concentrations of greater than 5% ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ merged into a common curve with negative slope in the $P\ensuremath{-}T$ plane. This curve is interpreted to be a three-phase equilibrium line or univariant involving the coexistence of bcc solid helium and the two phase-separated liquids, one rich in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and the other rich in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. A number of other univariant lines involving these and other phases of helium have also been observed. Univariants intersect at quadruple points which are defined as points where four phases coexist. A quadruple point has been observed in these experiments involving coexistence of bcc solid helium, hcp solid helium, and the two phase-separated liquids at a temperature $T=0.37\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and a pressure $P=26$ atm. The data is discussed in terms of a three-dimensional phase diagram which is consistent with the Gibbs phase rule and with the results obtained by other investigators.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE REGULATOR PROTEIN IN PIGLET AND MOUSE INTESTINE

Antibodies raised against the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) were used to localize CFTR in intestinal tissues of piglets and mice. Positive staining for CFTR was detected in goblet cells of both species. A second population of epithelial cells of unknown phenotype was also labeled by anti-CFTR antibodies. The labeling pattern was abolished by preincubation of anti-CFTR antibodies with the immunogen or when non-immune IgG was used in place of anti-CFTR antibodies. These results support other studies that suggest that alterations in goblet cell function may be involved in the intestinal abnormalities associated with cystic fibrosis.
A numerical study of the likelihood of phase locking

Abstract We report the results of numerical computation of the size of the set of ω's for which the hemeomorphism of the circle f K ,ω(x)=x+ω+K/2π sin (2πx) mod (1) is phased locked, for values of K ranging from 0.1 to 1. The results suggest that for moderate values of K phase locking is unlikely except for small periods, but that for K=1 almost all ω's give phase locking, with large periods accounting for a surprisingly large portion of the total.
Staff attitudes and treatment effectiveness

Previous studies of the impact of staff attitude on outcome among psychiatric hospital patients appear to have yielded conflicting results. These conflicts could be the result of the somewhat imprecise methods generally used in such research. In the present study, the correlations between the mean OMISOS attitude scale scores of those staff members who had the greatest impact on patients and the improvement shown by those patients on six personality scales and two measures of tremulousness during the first 2 weeks of hospitalization were evaluated. Protective Benevolence, a scale that reflects a friendly, laissez-faire approach, was associated with improvement. However, the variables reflected by the Authoritarianism, Accountability and Conventionality scales appeared to impede progress. The relationships between staff attitude and improvement were, in any event, small.
Lignocellulolysis by ascomycetes (fungi) of a saltmarsh grass (smooth cordgrass)

Lignocellulose (LC) makes up greater than 70% of the mature shoots of the prodigiously photosynthetically productive saltmarsh grass Spartina alterniflora. Naturally decaying shoots of this cordgrass were examined by transmission electron microscopy (after high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution) as a means of directly detecting lysis of the LC-rich tissues. Portions of the cordgrass were selected that contained ascomata (sexual reproductive structures) of only one of each of four species of fungi (Kingdom Fungi; Subdivision Ascomycotina): Phaeosphaeria spartinicola and Buergenerula spartinae from leaf blades, Phaeosphaeria spartinae from leaf sheaths, and Passeriniella obiones from naked stems. All four of the ascomycetes were LC-lytic. Phaeosphaeria spartinicola caused both thinning of LC-rich secondary walls of fiber cells from cell lumina outwards (type 2 soft rot, akin to white rot) and digestion extending from hyphae within longitudinal cavities in the secondary walls (type 1 soft rot). The other three species caused either one or the other type of soft rot. Bacterial erosion of cordgrass cells was found only in the samples of naked stems. Ascomycetous decomposers of standing-dead grasses may have potential for biotechnological applications involving alterations of lignocellulose or toxic polyphenolic substances. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polite Requests: Second Language Textbooks and Learners of French

ABSTRACT The profession's concern with learners' ability to use language “in context” is well established More recently, practitioners and researchers have expressed a growing interest in questions of students' sociopragmatic competence1 in the second language. This article reports on a three-step research project examining students' familiarity with, and ability to make, polite requests. First, a survey of introductory and intermediate textbooks suggested that students are inadequately trained in socially appropriate request forms. Next, two task-related instruments were completed by students to assess their ability to recognize degrees of politeness based on three variables preferred by native speakers (interrogative, conditional mood, and hearer-orientation) and to produce polite requests of their own based on the same three variables. Results from the first task revealed that learners are able to recognize degree of deference in requests only to a moderate degree. Results from the second instrument suggested that learners are insufficiently familiar with the conditional of politeness or that they are largely unable to use it in making polite requests. Gaps in students' sociopragmatic competence may be caused by incomplete transfer from L1 to L2 and by the difficulty of grammatical structures required for polite requests. This paper suggests that input from textbooks can be used to fill the gap related to polite requests if more attention is devoted to the presentation and practice of formulaic expressions and appropriate linguistic forms such as the conditional of politeness.
The Creative Code: A moderator of divergent thinking in the development of marketing communications

Divergent thinking (DT) is the driver of the creative process. This study examined how DT was affected by the intensity level of the Creative Code, which consists of shared values held by people in creative departments of marketing communication agencies, about what represents excellence in advertising. A preliminary set of interviews with art directors, copywriters, and creative directors established a context and understanding of the importance of divergence, its role in the creative process, and methods that promote it. A national cross-sectional survey found a significant relationship between the Creative Code and divergence, which implied that divergent ideas could be fostered by more open communication among peers and with creative directors.
Disparities in Occupational Low Back Injuries: Predicting Pain-Related Disability from Satisfaction with Case Management in African Americans and Caucasians

Objective. To predict postsettlement pain-related disability from claimant race and satisfaction with Workers’ Compensation case management. Design. Population-based survey with telephone interviewing. Setting. St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and Jackson County, Missouri. Participants. African American and Caucasian Workers’ Compensation claimants (1,475) with single incident low back injuries whose claims were settled between January 1, 2001 and June 1, 2002. Measures. Workers’ Compensation variables were obtained from the State of Missouri comprising treatment cost, temporary disability payment, disability rating, and settlement award. Satisfaction with Workers’ Compensation case management was evaluated across five Likert-type rating scales. Pain-related disability was measured using the Pain Disability Index. Injury variables included diagnosis of disc injury or regional backache. Socioeconomic status included education and income. Demographic variables were race, age, and gender. Results. Path analysis indicated direct negative associations between satisfaction and disability. Race had a direct association with disability but was also mediated through other variables: African Americans received less treatment/compensation across the Workers’ Compensation variables (relative to Caucasians), which predicted lower satisfaction. This pattern also held true for lower socioeconomic status claimants and those with regional backache. Conclusions. For African Americans and lower socioeconomic status persons in the Workers’ Compensation system, less treatment/compensation was associated with lower satisfaction with the process, which in turn predicted higher levels of postsettlement disability. Given that the function of Workers’ Compensation is to reduce disability from work-related injuries, the current results suggest that the system produces inequitable outcomes for these groups.
Effect of microsomal enzyme modulators on N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS)-induced nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat☆

We have previously reported that phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment enhances and piperonyl butoxide (PIBX) pretreatment or cobalt chloride (CoCl2) pretreatment decreases the nephrotoxicity induced by the model nephrotoxicant N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) in the Fischer 344 rat. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a microsomal enzyme inducer (PB) or microsomal enzyme inhibitor (PIBX or CoCl2) on a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/kg), a nephrotoxicant metabolite of NDPS, or vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg). Renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h post-NDHS for PB pretreated rats and at 24 h only for PIBX and CoCl2 pretreated rats, due to lethality at 48 h in PIBX pretreated rats. PB pretreatment potentiated the renal toxicity induced by a non-toxic dose of NDHS (0.05 mmol/kg), inducing diuresis and elevated proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight. PB pretreatment also enhanced some monitored renal effects of a toxic dose (0.1 mmol/kg) of NDHS, including reduced organic ion transport by renal cortical slices. PIBX and CoCl2 pretreatments did not markedly affect the increased kidney weight, proteinuria, glucosuria, BUN concentration or altered organic ion transport induced by NDHS (0.2 mmol/kg) treatment. We conclude that PB potentiates NDHS-induced nephrotoxicity via a mechanism not influenced by CoCl2 or PIBX.
A method to determine the spherical indentation contact boundary diameter in elastic–plastic materials

Abstract Significant measurement differences in Brinell spherical hardness test results have been continually observed worldwide largely due to the edge of the indentation not being a distinct boundary. The boundary is instead a curved surface from either material piling up (pile-up) or sinking in (sink-in), making it difficult to clearly resolve the edge of the indentation and thus to determine the indentation diameter from the optical microscope measurement. The indenter/material contact boundary under the test force should be the basis for the Brinell spherical indentation diameter; however, the contact boundary cannot be observed using an optical microscope after the indenter is removed as is required by the test methods. It is also a critical issue to derive the contact diameter from load depth relations in the widely used instrumented indentation. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study the contact location at the indentation boundary. Meanwhile, Brinell hardness indentations were made and measured. The characteristics of the indentation profiles from the experimental measurement showed the same trend with that from FEA models. Various parameters that would affect the indentation pile-up or sink-in conditions, including the material’s strain hardening, ratio of Young’s modulus to yielding stress, indentation depth and friction, were studied from the FEA model. A physical measurement method is developed to determine effectively the indentation contact position. Applying the new method, the deviation of the measured indentation diameter from the actual contact diameter was estimated for each indentation.
Design, modeling and test of a novel speed bump energy harvester

Speed bumps are commonly used to control the traffic speed and to ensure the safety of pedestrians. This paper proposes a novel speed bump energy harvester (SBEH), which can generate large-scale electrical energy up to several hundred watts when the vehicle drives on it. A unique design of the motion mechanism allows the up-and-down pulse motion to drive the generator into unidirectional rotation, yielding time times more energy than the traditional design. Along with the validation of energy harvesting, this paper also addresses the advantages of this motion mechanism over the traditional design, using physical modeling and simulation. Up to 200 watts electrical peak power in one phase of three-phase generator during in-field test can be regenerated when a sedan passage car passes through the SBEH prototype at 2 km/h.
On-Line Technique for the Determination of the δ37Cl of Inorganic and Total Organic Cl in Environmental Samples

Here we describe an on-line method for measuring δ37Cl values of chloride bearing salts, waters, and organic materials using multicollector continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). Pure AgCl quantitatively derived from total Cl in water, inorganic Cl salts, and biological samples was reacted with iodomethane in evacuated 10-mL stopper sealed glass vials to produce methyl chloride gas. A GV Instruments Multicollector CF-IRMS with CH3Cl optimized collector geometry was modified to accommodate a headspace single-sample gas injection port prior to a GC column. The GC column was a 2-m Porapak-Q packed column held at 160 °C. The resolved sample CH3Cl was introduced to the IRMS source in a helium stream via an open split. δ37Cl values were calculated by measurement of CH3Cl at m/z 52/50 and by comparison to a reference pulse of CH3Cl calibrated to standard mean ocean chloride. Sample CH3Cl analysis time was ∼6 min. Injections of 40 μL of pure CH3Cl gas yielded a repeatability (±SD) of ±0.06‰ fo...