cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Principles for the Responsible Use of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Medicine.

ABSTRACT Many sports medicine physicians are currently considering introducing regenerative medicine into their practice. Regenerative medicine and the subclassification of orthobiologics are a complicated topic and have produced widely varying opinions. Although there is concern by government regulators, clinicians, scientists, patient advocacy organizations, and the media regarding the use of regenerative medicine products, there is also excitement about the potential benefits with growing evidence that certain regenerative medicine products are safe and potentially efficacious in treating musculoskeletal conditions. Sports medicine physicians would benefit from decision-making guidance about whether to introduce orthobiologics into their practice and how to do it responsibly. The purpose of this position statement is to provide sports medicine physicians with information regarding regenerative medicine terminology, a brief review of basic science and clinical studies within the subclassification of orthobiologics, regulatory considerations, and best practices for introducing regenerative medicine into clinical practice. This information will help sports medicine physicians make informed and responsible decisions about the role of regenerative medicine and orthobiologics in their practice.
Calibration of Triaxial Accelerometers by Constant Rotation Rate in the Gravitational Field

Abstract We extend the use of the intrinsic properties calibration method for triaxial accelerometers that we reported previously from discrete angular steps to using a constant rotation rate to produce a time varying sinusoidal excitation in the earth’s gravitational field. We show that this extension yields the low frequency calibration response of the device under test. Whereas traditional vibration-based methods using shakers generally exhibit an increased measurement uncertainty with decreased excitation frequency, we show that this approach does not. We report results obtained from a commercial triaxial digital accelerometer from DC up to a 0.5 Hz rotation rate. The maximum rotation rate that we report is limited by our rotation stage; but we expect that the method can be extended to higher rotation rates with an upper limit constrained by what can be tolerated as a maximum centripetal acceleration.
Radiologists and the Press

I am sure the range of opinions of the press that each of you holds as residents or citizens of the United States and as physicians and radiologists varies considerably. Some of you, myself included, believe that you should only be mentioned in newspapers three times in your life and two of those times you would not know it. There are others who relish the fact that they could be quoted in press reports or in magazines reaching the general public. In my career, and especially in recent months, I have become aware that one must be extremely wary of presenting yourself to the press at large. The hazards are great and many of them are hidden from you initially. So in the next few paragraphs I would like to talk about some of the things I have learned in my recent dealings with the journalistic profession.
A critical reappraisal of dietary practices in methylmalonic acidemia raises concerns about the safety of medical foods. Part 1: isolated methylmalonic acidemias.

Medical foods for methylmalonic acidemias (MMAs) and propionic acidemias contain minimal valine, isoleucine, methionine, and threonine but have been formulated with increased leucine. We aimed to assess the effects of imbalanced branched-chain amino acid intake on metabolic and growth parameters in a cohort of patients with MMA ascertained via a natural history study. Cross-sectional anthropometric and body-composition measurements were correlated with diet content and disease-related biomarkers in 61 patients with isolated MMA (46 mut, 9 cblA, and 6 cblB). Patients with MMA tolerated close to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of complete protein (mut0: 99.45 ± 32.05% RDA). However, 85% received medical foods, in which the protein equivalent often exceeded complete protein intake (35%). Medical food consumption resulted in low plasma valine and isoleucine concentrations, prompting paradoxical supplementation with these propiogenic amino acids. Weight- and height-for-age z-scores correlated negatively with the leucine-to-valine intake ratio (r = −0.453; P = 0.014; R2 = 0.209 and r = −0.341; P = 0.05; R2 = 0.123, respectively). Increased leucine intake in patients with MMA resulted in iatrogenic amino acid deficiencies and was associated with adverse growth outcomes. Medical foods for propionate oxidation disorders need to be redesigned and studied prospectively to ensure efficacy and safety. Genet Med 18 4, 386–395.
High Ethanol Consumption and Low Sensitivity to Ethanol-Induced Sedation in Protein Kinase A-Mutant Mice

Both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) mediates some of the acute and chronic cellular responses to alcohol. However, it is unclear whether PKA regulates voluntary alcohol consumption. We therefore studied alcohol consumption by mice that completely lack the regulatory IIbeta (RIIbeta) subunit of PKA as a result of targeted gene disruption. Here we report that RIIbeta knockout mice (RIIbeta-/-) showed incr eased consumption of solutions containing 6, 10, and 20% (v/v) ethanol when compared with wild-type mice (RIIbeta+/+). On the other hand, RIIbeta-/- mice showed normal consumption of solutions containing either sucrose or quinine. When compared with wild-type mice, the RIIbeta-/- mice were found to be less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol as measured by more rapid recovery from ethanol-induced sleep, even though plasma ethanol concentrations did not differ significantly from those of controls. Finally, both RIbeta- and catylatic subunit beta1-deficient mice showed normal voluntary consumption of ethanol, indicating that increased ethanol consumption is not a general characteristic associated with deletion of PKA subunits. These data demonstrate a role for the RIIbeta subunit of PKA in regulating voluntary consumption of alcohol and sensitivity to the intoxication effects that are produced by this drug.
Diffusing-Capacity Heterogeneity

The sections in this article are: 1 Gas Equilibration Across Alveolar-Capillary Membrane 2 Regional Diffusing-Capacity Heterogeneity 2.1 Theoretical Considerations 2.2 Experimental Evidence for Diffusing-Capacity Heterogeneity 2.3 Differential Effect of Diffusing-Capacity Heterogeneity on O2 and CO Transfer 2.4 Exercise 2.5 Pulmonary Capillary Transit Time 2.6 Vertical Distribution of Diffusing Capacity 2.7 Carrier-Gas Density 2.8 Comparison of Physiological and Morphological Measurements of Diffusing Capacity 3 Interaction of Ventilation-Perfusion Heterogeneity with Diffusing-Capacity Heterogeneity 4 Solubility Dependence of Gas Exchange 5 Molecular-Weight Dependence of Gas Exchange 6 Combined Solubility and Molecular-Weight Dependence 7 Future Directions
Interaction of neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids in the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interaction of neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids in the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn. The superficial spinal dorsal horn (SDH), including substantia gelatinosa (SG), is an area where primary afferent fibers arising predominantly from skin, but also the viscera and muscles terminate and form the first synaptic relay with dendrites of dorsal horn (DH) neurons. For this reason, the SDH has been regarded as an important site for the initial processing of afferent signals directly related to the transmission and modulation of cutaneous information, including pain. Most nociceptive primary afferent fibers terminate in this region. This chapter focuses on recent information derived from neurophysiological work done in vitro , using spinal slice preparation and acutely isolated spinal DH neurons of young rats. The emphasis of this chapter is placed on interaction of sensory neuropeptides (tachykinins and μ and ĸ opioid receptor-preferring peptide ligands) and excitatory amino acids, and their potential role in long-term changes in synaptic transmission related to pain.
Building a Forensic Computing Language

The primary goal of this discussion is to motivate the need for the development of a domain-specific language (DSL) focused on the requirements of forensic and security analysis. We argue that, at present, there is no adequate mechanism that a) allows analysts to specify the forensic computation as a tool-agnostic, logical sequence of steps, b) provides a formal specification for tool developers, and c) seamlessly integrates different available tools to provides a complete and extensible solution. We present an initial design sketch for a forensic DSL called nugget, and use it to illustrate the ideas behind our approach.
Role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the renin response to head-up tilt. Their possible synergism in defending blood pressure against postural changes during sodium deprivation.

Abstract To investigate the role of the sympathetic nervous system in controlling the response of renin to upright posture and the physiologic significance of this activation in cardiovascular homeostasis, the effects of 30 minutes of 65 ° head-up tilt were assessed before and during acute beta blockade with propranolol in patients with essential hypertension studied under conditions of low, normal and high sodium intakes. Before beta blockade mean blood pressure was always unchanged during tilt, whereas the absolute increases in renin were inversely related to the state of sodium balance. During beta blockade, the renin responses to tilt were always abolished and mean blood pressure was unchanged in sodium-loaded patients, whereas blood pressure decreased progressively during the last 15 minutes of tilt on normal and low sodium intakes. The hypotension was much greater in sodium-deprived patients, all of whom fainted. These results indicate that the increase in renin during upright tilt is mediated by beta adrenergic receptors independently of the state of sodium balance, and they suggest that the postural renin response can be an effector pathway of the sympathetic nervous system for supporting blood pressure during prolonged tilt. This pathway has minimal significance when sodium is present in excess, but it becomes more important when sodium is restricted.
Fourier-Galerkin method for interacting localized waves

We develop a Fourier-Galerkin spectral technique for computing the solutions of Fourth-order Generalized Wave Equations of type of interacting localized waves. To this end a special complete orthonormal system of functions in L2(-∞,∞) is used and a time-stepping algorithm implementing the spectral method is developed. The rate of convergence is shown to be exponential.As a featuring example the head-on collision of sech solitary waves is investigated in the case of Proper Bonssinesq Equation (PBE). It is shown that the solitons recover their exact shapes after the collision but experience phase shift. The numerically obtained signs and magnitudes of the phase shifts are in very good quantitative agreement with analytical results for the two soliton solution of PBE.
Generations of Hope: Parental Perspectives on the Transitions of Their Children with Severe Retardation from School to Adult Life

Transitions within families are socially constructed processes that need to be understood in both their historical and their cultural context. This study explored how parents interpret the events a...
Problems Encountered During Pipe Repair and Renewal

The major problem encountered during sliplining of an existing sewer is improper preparation of the interior of the sewer prior to inserting the sliplining pipe. Obstructions such as roots, large joint offsets, extended laterals, rocks, or other debris that would prevent the passage of or the damage to the liner pipe sections must be removed or repaired prior to the installation of the new liner pipe.
Association between Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant Drugs and Retinal or Subretinal Hemorrhage in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Purpose To evaluate the association between use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs and retinal or subretinal hemorrhage in participants with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Design Cohort study within CATT. Participants Participants in CATT with untreated active neovascular AMD (n = 1185). Methods Participants were interviewed for use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. Trained readers evaluated photographs for the presence and size of retinal or subretinal hemorrhage at baseline and years 1 and 2. Associations between use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs and hemorrhage were evaluated among all participants and by baseline hypertension status using multivariate logistic regression models. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratio for association with antiplatelet or anticoagulant use. Results Among 1165 participants with gradable photographs, 724 (62.1%) had retinal or subretinal hemorrhage at baseline; 84.4% of hemorrhages were 1 disc area (DA) or less, 8.1% were 1 to 2 DA, and 7.5% were more than 2 DA. At baseline, 608 participants (52.2%) used antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs, including 514 participants (44.1%) using antiplatelets only, 77 (6.6%) using anticoagulants only, and 17 (1.5%) using both. Hemorrhage was present in 64.5% of antiplatelet or anticoagulant users and in 59.6% of nonusers ( P = 0.09; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.91–1.51; P = 0.21). Neither presence nor size of baseline hemorrhage was associated with the type, dose, or duration of antiplatelet or anticoagulant use. Forty-four of 1078 participants (4.08%) had retinal or subretinal hemorrhage detected on 1- or 2-year photographs; these hemorrhages were not associated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant use at baseline ( P = 0.28) or during follow-up ( P = 0.64). Among participants with hypertension (n = 807), antiplatelet or anticoagulant use was associated with a higher rate of hemorrhage at baseline (66.8% vs. 56.4%; adjusted OR, 1.48; P = 0.01), but not size of retinal or subretinal hemorrhage ( P = 0.41). Conclusions Most retinal or subretinal hemorrhages in eyes enrolled in CATT were less than 1 DA. Among all CATT participants, antiplatelet or anticoagulant use was not associated significantly with hemorrhage, but it was associated significantly with hemorrhage in participants with hypertension.
Intracellular bimodal nanoparticles based on quantum dots for high-field MRI at 21.1 T

Multimodal, biocompatible contrast agents for high magnetic field applications represent a new class of nanomaterials with significant potential for tracking of fluorescence and MR in vitro and vivo. Optimized for high-field MR applications-including biomedical imaging at 21.1 T, the highest magnetic field available for MRI-these nanoparticles capitalize on the improved performance of chelated Dy(3+) with increasing magnetic field coupled to a noncytotoxic Indium Phosphide/Zinc Sulfide (InP/ZnS) quantum dot that provides fluorescence detection, MR responsiveness, and payload delivery. By surface modifying the quantum dot with a cell-penetrating peptide sequence coupled to an MR contrast agent, the bimodal nanomaterial functions as a self-transfecting high-field MR/optical contrast agent for nonspecific intracellular labeling. Fluorescent images confirm sequestration in perinuclear vesicles of labeled cells, with no apparent cytotoxicity. These techniques can be extended to impart cell selectivity or act as a delivery vehicle for genetic or pharmaceutical interventions.
The Emergence of Corporate Colleges

(1983). The Emergence of Corporate Colleges. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 2-9.
Combining Multiple Classifiers: An Application Using Spatial and Remotely Sensed Information for Land Cover Type Mapping

This article discusses two new methods for increasing the accuracy of classifiers used land cover mapping. The first method, called the product rule, is a simple and general method of combining two or more classification rules as a single rule. Stacked regression methods of combining classification rules are discussed and compared to the product rule. The second method of increasing classifier accuracy is a simple nonparametric classifier that uses spatial information for classification. Two data sets used for land cover mapping of Landsat TM scenes from Idaho and Montana illustrate the new methods. For these examples, the product rule compared favorably to the more complex stacked regression methods. The spatial classifier produced substantial increases in estimated accuracy when combined with one or more additional classifiers that used remotely sensed variables for classification. These results suggest that the product rule may produce increases in map accuracy with little additional expense or effort. The spatial classifier may be useful for increasing accuracy when patterns exist in the spatial distribution of land cover.
Magnetic Properties of Barium Ferrite Formed by Crystallization of a Glass

A glass with composition 0.265 B2O3-0.405 BaO-0.33 Fe2O3 (mole ratio) was prepared by a fast-quenching technique. When it is heat-treated, this glass exsolves up to ∼45 wt% BaFe12O19 as the only magnetic phase. Magnetic measurements of glasses heated at various temperatures show that superparamagnetic, single-domain, or multidomain magnetic behavior is present, depending on the thermal history. The volume of a typical superparamagnetic particle (calculated from the magnetic data) is equivalent to that of a sphere 47 A in diameter. The intrinsic coercive forces of two heat-treated glasses were independent of temperature at high levels of Hci (2600 and 2900 Oe) from 77° to 300°K. Another heat-treated glass has an Hci of 5350 Oe at 300°K. Apparently, the coherent rotation model of Stoner and Wohlfarth describes the magnetic behavior of BaFe12O19 very well. The single-domain critical size for BaFe12O19 was ∼0.5 μm. An attractive feature of this system is that the BaFe12O19 powder can be recovered from the barium-borate-rich matrix by leaching with a weak acid.
The Management of Organizational Justice

Executive Overview Organizational justice has the potential to create powerful benefits for organizations and employees alike. These include greater trust and commitment, improved job performance, more helpful citizenship behaviors, improved customer satisfaction, and diminished conflict. We demonstrate the management of organizational justice with some suggestions for building fairness into widely used managerial activities. These include hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management, and downsizing.
Picking the nutrition facts from the fads: an internet-based tutorial.

The ability to discern between fact and misinformation related to healthful food choices has become more difficult as the variety of media available has increased. Analysis of nutrition news reported in media aimed at the general consumer makes it clear that there is no agreement on the meaning of “being healthy” and how to achieve that goal. An increasing demand for information and guidance on achieving optimal health has been met with an even larger amount of misinformation, quackery, and fraud. Advertising, news articles, and testimonials entice consumers of all ages with claims of wondrous transformations seen without making changes in lifestyle. Most introductory nutrition courses attempt to help students distinguish valid nutrition information from nutrition misinformation. However, this process is usually restricted by time constraints in the classroom. Litchfield et al have reported that computerassisted instruction (CAI) using principles of critical thinking and evidencebased nutrition information can prepare consumers of all ages to become active problem solvers seeking to replace nutrition misinformation and confusion with a healthful lifestyle. An Internetbased module using fictitious video, audio, and printed advertisements was created to help the consumer better assess whether a given claim might be valid or might be false information. Using CAI to demonstrate the process of scientific thinking can provide students with a stronger background for assessing both scientific and popular literature focused on nutrition.
Infrared laser enhanced reactions: V→V and V→T energy transfer in the O3SiF4O2 system

Abstract Rapid V→V energy transfer between SiF 4 and O 3 has been observed following laser excitation of either O 3 or SiF 4 . A CO 2 laser tuned to either the 9.6 μ P(30) or P(32) transitions was used to promote vibrational excitation in O 3 and SiF 4 , respectively. In experiments employing the P(32) transition, the V→V transfer to O 3 and subsequent reaction of O 3 † with NO were used to obtain the rate constant of V→T deactivation of SiF 4 † by O 2 . Fractional modulation measurements of the chemiluminescence generated by the O 3 + NO reaction were used in experiments employing the P(30) transition to obtain a rate constant for the V→V energy transfer between O 3 † and SiF 4 .
Fixed subaortic stenosis in the young: medical and surgical course in 83 patients.

Abstract Eighty-three patients aged 11 months to 25 years were followed up a median of 6.1 years (range 8 days to 24 years) after diagnosis of fixed subaortic stenosis (SAS). Fourteen (17%) had significant noncardiac defects and 47 (57%) had additional cardiac malformations. The left ventricular (LV) outflow gradient increased in 25 of 26 patients catheterized more than once before surgery. Of 15 patients
The synthesis and metabolism of hexadeca-4,7,10-trienoate, eicosa-8,11,14-trienoate, docosa-10,13,16-trienoate and docosa-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Methyl hexadeca-4,7,10-trienoate (16:3ω6), methyl eicosa-8, 11,14-trienoate (20:3ω6), methyl docosa-10, 13, 16-trienoate (22:3ω6) and methyl docosa-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate (22: 4ω7) were prepared by total synthesis. 2. 2. The above methyl esters, along with methyl linoleate and methyl arachidonate, were fed to rats raised on a fat-deficient diet. The liver lipid fatty acid compositions, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, were compared with the fatdeficient controls. The 16:3ω6 was converted to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-6 family. The 22:3ω6 was partially degraded to give an increase in the level of both 20: 3ω6 and 20:4ω6 in the liver lipids. Only small amounts of 22:3ω6 were incorporated directly into liver lipids. The 22:4ω7 was also partially degraded to give an increase in the level of 20:4ω7. The 22:4ω7 was not incorporated directly into liver lipids or chain elongated.
Effect of tetracycline on the metabolism of [1-14C]oleate by the liver

Abstract The effects of tetracycline on the synthesis, outward transport, and accumulation of triglyglycerides from [1-14C]oleate were investigated using the isolated perfused rat liver. The effects of the antibiotic on production of CO2, and ketone bodies were studied also. Tetracycline either was added to the medium perfusing livers from normal fed male rats, or alternatively, was administered to rats intravenously (pure tetracycline HCl, or Achromycin, 100 mg/kg body weight) 3 hr prior to removal of the livers for perfusion. The quantity ofoleate infused was sufficient to yield approximately half-maximal rates of output of triglycerides. Under these conditions, on the basis of the isotopic data, the hepatic accumulation of triglycerides derived from the exogenous sources (perfusate 14C free fatty acid) was balanced by a decrease in outward transport triglycerides, whether tetracycline was added directly to the medium perfusing the livers in vitro or was administered to the animals in vivo. Decreases in hepatic oxidation of oleate induced by tetracycline did not appear to be an important mechanism for induction of steatosis. These data suggest that the fatty liver resulting from intoxication by tetracycline results primarily from inhibition of outward transport of triglycerides.
A history of ecological studies of birds in rice fields

Birds have been studied in rice fields for over a century. Early studies focused on species directly linked to crop production, either because they were considered to be crop pests or because they preyed upon undesirable species found in fields. Prior to 1970, most studies focused on waterfowl, with a majority coming from North America. This taxonomic and geographic bias persisted into the 1980s, when research began to diversify along multiple axes. Work on birds in rice fields has expanded on all continents, but is dominated by studies from Asia, Europe, and North America. Although Asian studies have become more numerous, they remain substantially fewer than expected given the geographic distribution of rice production. Studies from Africa are also less common than expected on the basis of the area of rice grown. Taxonomically, studies of large wading birds are now most numerous, although waterfowl research remains common. Studies of other taxonomic groups have also increased, as has research that examines the avian community more broadly by considering birds from multiple taxonomic groups. Landbird studies peaked in the 1990s with a focus on controlling crop depredation, but remain rare otherwise. Most research remains centered on waterbirds, despite evidence of rice field use by a diversity of passerines, raptors, and other landbirds. Research also has been dominated by descriptive studies, usually with an applied focus. Ornithologists, however, are beginning to recognize the high potential of rice field systems for conducting more experimental studies and for testing a wider variety of basic ecological questions.
Cognitive factors influencing decision making in a highly reliable organization

The functioning of highly reliable organizations depends on an understand ing of the decision making process, particularly in terms of the cognitive biases and shortcuts that affect decision makers. Although decision makers' choices are usually satisfactory in highly reliable organizations, flawed decision making in such organizations can lead to catastrophe. We illustrate some cognitive biases and their potential for creating error by references to decision situations in one highly reliable organization, an aircraft carrier. We then show how the Navy often avoids errors successfully, and suggest improvements at the inter face of the organization and the decision maker.
Failure Mechanisms of Thermal Barrier Coatings at High Temperature

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used in turbine engines. They are regarded as one of the most successful innovations and applications of coatings in industry. Thermal barrier system comprise thermally insulating materials having sufficient thickness and durability that they can sustain an appreciable temperature difference between the load bearing alloy and the coating surface. TBC exhibit multiple failure modes. Among them, the Foreign Object Damage (FOD) and mechanical erosion are the most prevalent failure modes of TBC at high temperature. In this study, based on a new scaling analysis of impact mechanics, FOD and erosion of TBCs are analyzed by using the finite element method. Impact and material variables are grouped into the smallest possible parameter set to provide explicit results. Microstructural effects are factored into the approach. Three different domains have been explored governed by particle size, velocity, temperature and TBC composition. Numerical simulations show that crack initiation is activated by transient stresses and delamination is governed by residual stresses. The transient stresses occurring near the free surface lead to crack initiation and material removal. Failure criterions are derived which provide useful insights on how to improve FOD and erosion resistances.© 2003 ASME
Oxirane Cleavage Kinetics of Epoxidized Soybean Oil by Water and UV-Polymerized Resin Adhesion Properties

Di-hydroxylated soybean oil (DSO), a biobased polyol synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) could be used to formulate resins for adhesives; however, current DSO synthesis requires harsh reaction conditions that significantly increase both cost and waste generation. In this paper, we investigate the kinetics of oxirane cleavage in ESO to DSO by water and elucidate the role of different process parameters in the reaction rate and optimization of reaction conditions. Our kinetic study showed that ESO oxirane cleavage was a first-order reaction and that the ESO oxirane cleavage rate was greatly influenced by tetrahydrofuran (THF)/ESO ratio, H2O/ESO ratio, catalyst content, and temperature. Optimized reaction parameters were THF/ESO of 0.5, H2O/ESO of 0.25, catalyst content of 1.5 %, and reaction time of 3 h at 25 °C. DSO with hydroxyl value of 242 mg KOH/g was obtained under these conditions. We also characterized the structure, thermal properties, adhesion performance, and viscoelasticity of UV-polymerized resins based on this DSO. The resin tape exhibited peel adhesion strength of 3.6 N/in., which is comparable to some commercial tapes measured under similar conditions.
TU-F-BRCD-01: Tolerance Levels and Methodologies for IMRT Verification QA.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) is a technology intensive treatment modality involving the delivery of highly conformal dose distributions to patients. IMRT is becoming a standard of care for many disease sites and approximately 30%–60% of cancer patients in the United States receive IMRTtreatments. Given the complexity of the IMRTtreatment planning and delivery processes, a number of AAPM reports and guidance documents addressed the technical aspects of IMRT, including the need for comprehensive acceptance testing, commissioning, and QA programs for IMRT planning and delivery equipment. The implementation of these verification programs is essential to ensure the accuracy of IMRTdelivery. Despite the critical role of patient‐specific IMRT verification QA to ensure the safe delivery of IMRTtreatments to patients as planned, there is little systematic guidance on the type of methodologies, tools, and acceptable tolerance levels that are needed in clinical practice. Furthermore, there are limited discussion on the pros and cons of the different delivery methods for QA measurements, and no recommendations on how to assess the clinical relevance of failed IMRT plans. Learning Objectives: 1. To discuss commonly employed IMRT measurement methods and discuss the pros and cons of each method. 2. To review methodologies for absolute dose verification (single small‐volume, 1D, 2D methods), and review dose‐difference, DTA, and Gamma analysis techniques including the variability of vendors implementation 3. To review IMRT QA passing rates for given tolerances and action levels, and discuss the clinical relevance of failed IMRT QA
Non-proliferative effects of lysophosphatidic acid enhance cortical growth and folding

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid that has extracellular signaling properties mediated by G protein–coupled receptors. Two LPA receptors, LPA1 and LPA2, are expressed in the embryonic cerebral cortex, suggesting roles for LPA signaling in cortical formation. Here we report that intact cerebral cortices exposed to extracellular LPA ex vivo rapidly increased in width and produced folds resembling gyri, which are not normally present in mouse brains and are absent in LPA1 LPA2 double-null mice. Mechanistically, growth was not due to increased proliferation but rather to receptor-dependent reduced cell death and increased terminal mitosis of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our results implicate extracellular lipid signals as new influences on brain formation during embryonic development.
An observation of structural transformation in hydrogenated Ni3Al

X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that hydrogenated Ni{sub 3}Al undergoes a transformation in its crystal structure within a temperature range of 720--870 K. Above 870 K the structure is ordered L1{sub 2} and below 720 K it has a slightly distorted L1{sub 2} or L1{sub 2}{prime} structure. The specimens were equilibrated with H{sub 2} at a constant pressure of 1.01 {times} 10{sup 5} N/m{sup 2} for 24 h at temperatures from 573 to 1,073 K and quenched down to room temperature. Differential thermal analysis was also performed.
Multi-agent simulation of complex heterogeneous models in scientific computing

Abstract Electronic protoyping is becoming a part of every scientific inquiry and product design, and is the focus of research in the new scientific field of Computational Science and Engineering. The new grand challenge here is the rapid prototyping of manufactured artifacts and the rapid solution to problems with numerous interrelated elements. This, in turn, requires the fast, accurate simulation of physical processes and design optimization using knowledge and computational models from multiple disciplines in science and engineering. In this paper, we formulate a mathematical and software framework for complex rapid prototyping. Its design utilizes the current computer network infrastructures and high performance computation technologies. Its functionality includes adaptability and intelligence with respect to end-users and hardware platforms. We present the architecture of this framework, named SciAgents , using a multi-agent software model encapsulating a collaborating mathematical method. We also briefly discuss some issues related to legacy software reuse that we faced in the implementation. The design of SciAgents allows wholesale reuse of scientific software and provides a natural approach to parallel and distributed problem solving.
MIGRAINE, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, AND SEROTONIN METABOLISM

Among 296 patients with thrombocytopenia, 14 had frequent migraine-like headaches, 6 of them having definite migraine. Only 1 of the 6 patients had had migraine before the onset of the blood disorder, and all 6 had migraine attacks during periods of bruising tendency and low platelet count. Control of thrombocytopenia with splenectomy or steroids was accompanied by dramatic improvement in migraine. It is suggested that migraine attacks are caused by abnormal platelet activity and abnormal serotonin metabolism. It is suggested that the immediate factor producing the abnormal platelet activity in our patients was immunological and that other cases of migraine may have an immunological cause.
Acetoacetate decarboxylase: hydrophobics, not electrostatics.

Westheimer's classical proposal that the decreased pKa of Lys115 in the active site of acetoacetate decarboxylase is the result of its unfavorable electrostatic juxtaposition with Lys116 has been evaluated by X-ray crystallography. The long-awaited structure reveals that Lys115 is positioned in a hydrophobic pocket that lowers its pKa.
Statistical modeling of storm‐level Kp occurrences

[1] We consider the statistical modeling of the occurrence in time of large Kp magnetic storms as a Poisson process, testing whether or not relatively rare, large Kp events can be considered to arise from a stochastic, sequential, and memoryless process. For a Poisson process, the wait times between successive events occur statistically with an exponential density function. Fitting an exponential function to the durations between successive large Kp events forms the basis of our analysis. Defining these wait times by calculating the differences between times when Kp exceeds a certain value, such as Kp ≥ 5, we find the wait-time distribution is not exponential. Because large storms often have several periods with large Kp values, their occurrence in time is not memoryless; short duration wait times are not independent of each other and are often clumped together in time. If we remove same-storm large Kp occurrences, the resulting wait times are very nearly exponentially distributed and the storm arrival process can be characterized as Poisson. Fittings are performed on wait time data for Kp ≥ 5, 6, 7, and 8. The mean wait times between storms exceeding such Kp thresholds are 7.12, 16.55, 42.22, and 121.40 days respectively.
Frequency dependence of the photoelastic coefficients of silicon

We have measured the frequency dependence of the individual photoelastic coefficients of silicon using a simplified acousto-optic technique. We define the photoelastic tensor $q$ by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{ij}}={q}_{\mathrm{ijkl}}{e}_{\mathrm{kl}}$, where $e$ is the particle displacement gradient tensor and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the strain-induced change in the optical dielectric tensor. We find ${q}_{1111}(3.39 \ensuremath{\mu}m)=+13.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$, ${q}_{1111}(1.15 \ensuremath{\mu}m)=+15.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1$, ${q}_{1122}(3.39 \ensuremath{\mu}m)=\ensuremath{-}2.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$, and ${q}_{1122}(1.15 \ensuremath{\mu}m)=\ensuremath{-}1.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. The extrapolated long-wavelength limit of the average photoelastic coefficient agrees well with our previous estimate for the frequency-independent Phillips---Van Vechten model. However, within a proper frequency-dependent Penn model we have shown that the "oscillator strength" does not vary as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Further we have demonstrated that the dispersion energy ${E}_{d}$ in the Wemple-DiDomenico model is proportional to ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8}$ and not volume independent as would be expected from the model. It is concluded that whereas a simple single-gap model works well to describe the low-frequency dispersion in the dielectric constant of silicon, it is incapable of describing the dispersion in the photoelastic tensor.
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS BY HYDROGEN.

Abstract A modification of the polarized orbital method is shown to give excellent low energy s-wave phase shifts for electron-hydrogen elastic scattering.
Interdisciplinary engineering approaches to study how pathogenic bacteria interact with fresh produce

Abstract There are many unanswered questions about how bacteria attach and proliferate in fresh produce and as many questions in how to remove them without lowering quality. Presenting techniques from several fields of the sciences and engineering, not only food engineering, this review is meant to increase the fundamental understanding of how bacteria interact with fresh produce through an interdisciplinary approach. Experiment techniques and computational simulations are both reviewed here. They can be used to better understand such complex phenomena, but not limited to, the limitation of different chemical sterilization treatments, the improvement of chemical sterilization by ultrasound, the way bacteria infiltrate openings due to a negative temperature gradient, and the predator–prey relationship between natural microflora and foreign pathogens. By increasing the quantitative results in current research, the underlying mechanisms by which bacteria interact with fresh produce can be elucidated improving food safety.
Directions and materials challenges in high-performance photovoltaics

More efficient and higher performance photovoltaic solar cells continue to be developed for spacecraft power and are beginning to be developed for terrestrial concentrators. The need for high-efficiency and low-cost solar cells drives research into new materials and new materials applications. An overview of active areas of research into high-performance solar cells is presented in this article.
Antagonists of transforming growth factor-β: A novel approach to treatment of glomerulonephritis and prevention of glomerulosclerosis

Transforming growth factor-a (TGF-/3) is the prototype of a polypeptide regulatory factor [1]. TGF-13 exists in mammals in three isoforms, TGF-j31, 2 and 3 and acts on virtually every mammalian cell type regulating an array of cellular functions. TGF-/3 is multifunctional in that depending on the state or context of the cell, TGF-/3 can either stimulate or inhibit the same process [2]. One of the most important properties of TGF-/3 is its widespread effects on extracellular matrix. Most cells in the body, including glomerular mesangial cells, are surrounded by a complex superstructure of interacting glycoproteins, collagens and proteoglycans called extracellular matrix [3]. The glomerular basement membrane represents a second form of specialized extracellular matrix in the glomerulus. Both glomerular matrices are important in determining the biophysical properties of permeability and filtration. All cells possess specific matrix surface receptors through which they adhere to the matrix [41. Cellular attachment to the matrix allows cells to grow, divide, differentiate, secrete products, move and form specialized tissues. TGF-f3 influences all of these cellular functions through its known actions to: 1) stimulate the production of extracellular matrix molecules; 2) inhibit enzymes that degrade matrix; and 3) increase the expression and adhesion phenotype of matrix receptors [1]. Collectively, TGF-f3 acts to enhance accumulation of extracellular matrix which is highly beneficial in a process such as wound repair, but deleterious when it occurs in the glomerulus in glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy [51. Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that there are striking similarities between the role of TGF-f3 as a master regulator of wound repair, and the involvement of TGF-p in experimental glomerulonephritis (Fig. 1). The result of the action of TGF-f3 in wound repair in the skin is the formation of a scar. In the glomerulus, the same process can lead to sclerosis. Thus glomeruloscierosis can be viewed as the "dark side" of TGF-j3 and wound repair. This logic suggests a dual role for therapy. In some cases additional TGF-f3 is beneficial (wound repair) and in others, antagonism of TGF-/3 (glomerulosclerosis) is required [5].
Can plant defensins be used to engineer durable commercially useful fungal resistance in crop plants

Abstract Plant defensins are cysteine-rich proteins that play an important role in defense against fungal pathogens. Because of their potent antifungal activity, they have a strong potential to be used for engineering disease resistance in crops. Significant advances have been made in elucidating their structure–activity relationships and modes of antifungal action. Their expression in transgenic plants provides resistance to fungal pathogens in crop plants. In this article, we review recent advances and offer future perspectives on the use of these proteins for engineering durable commercially useful disease resistance in transgenic crop plants.
Bronchiolar carcinoma: A valid clinicopathologic entity? A study of 30 cases

Thirty bronchiolar carcinomas were studied, and were compared with pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Differentiation is difficult, as there is great overlap of morphological patterns. Bronchiolar carcinomas may arise from bronchioles or from atypical metaplasia adjacent to lung scars. Over half were associated with preexistent scarring. Bronchiolar carcinomas are usually peripheral, frequently asymptomatic, and most often present on x-ray as a solitary nodule. Multiple nodules, usually due to aerogenous metastasis, were present in 57% on histologic examination. Resection rate was 80%, but only 14% of total patients were 5-year cures. We conclude that there is neither morphological, histogenetic, nor clinical reasons for separating bronchiolar carcinoma from adenocarcinoma of the lung, and recommend that the term “bronchiolar carcinoma” be discarded.
RESPONSE OF HIV INFECTED CHILDREN TO PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE

17 children with AIDS, ARC and other manifestations of HIV infection as well as asymptomatic ones were vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccaride vaccine. Antibody to 12/23 types represented in the vaccine was tested a month later. Only 2/17 subjects responded to types 6A, 9N and 14 - poor antigens in normal subjects - whereas 6 to 13/17 subjects showed good response (>40% of baseline value or over 200 nanograms antibody N/ml) to types 1, 3, 7F, 8, 12F, 18, 19F, 23F and 4. The antibody production was not related to the classification of HIV infection status. Patients with AIDS, ARC, as well as asymptomatic ones showed similar degree of responses. Two patients that showed no response to 12 pneumococcal types were classified as ARC. Results indicate that HIV infected children can respond to B cell antigens even though protection provided by the pneumococcal vaccine may be limited.
Technology Readiness Index (TRI): Assessing Cross-Cultural Validity

ABSTRACT Generalizability of measurement instruments across different cultures is becoming more important as marketers increasingly engage in cross-cultural research. It is essential to assess whether instruments used to measure relevant constructs in one culture can also be applied to other cultures before any cultural comparisons can be made. The findings of this study suggest that the Technology Readiness Index (Parasuraman 2000) is a cross-culturally valid measurement scale for both American and Chinese consumers. The same four technology-readiness dimensions exist for both consumer groups. This study also provides additional insights into the methodological foundation for cross-cultural studies.
The two faces of Janus: institutions, policy regimes and macroeconomic performance in Greece

Greece The two faces of Janus: institutions, policy regimes and macroeconomic performance The clear change in policy regime in Greece around 1974 offers an opportunity to assess the extent to which economic performance depends on institutional underpinning. For twenty years up to 1974, Greece enjoyed rapid growth, high investment and low inflation; during the next twenty years, growth and investment collapsed and inflation became high and persistent. I describe the political background to such clear institutional change, and the nature of the two economic regimes: the first providing coordination and commitment mechanisms to sustain adequate returns for high investment, the second failing to do so. The same change in political climate after 1974 raised public sector deficits and debt, fuelling a trade deficit and monetary expansion. Entry to the EC did not cause the economic slowdown in Greece, but transfers from the EC did mask the underlying problem, delaying necessary adjustment. Recent attempts to reverse Greece's fortunes are in the right direction but as yet inadequate. — George Alogoskoufis
An evaluation of sampling interval length on the chemical composition of wet-only deposition

Abstract Analysis of variance and comparison of ion concentration ratios have been utilized to evaluate the effect that increased sampling interval length has on the chemical composition of wet-only deposition. Results from daily, weekly and biweekly intervals were evaluated. Length of sampling interval under carefully controlled conditions appears to have little influence on determined concentrations for major anions and cations.
Direct observation of coherency strains in a copper-cobalt alloy

Abstract Transmission electron micrographs of aged copper-3.12% cobalt foils show unusual contrast effects consistent with those calculated for coherency strains about spherical precipitates. The shape and size of the particles seen are in agreement with earlier conclusions based on bulk magnetic measurements.