cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental demonstration of a single-molecule electric motor

For molecules to be used as components in molecular machines, methods that couple individual molecules to external energy sources and that selectively excite motion in a given direction are required1,2,3,4,5,6. Significant progress has been made in the construction of molecular motors powered by light1,2,7 and by chemical reactions3,4,5,8, but electrically driven motors have not yet been built, despite several theoretical proposals for such motors9,10,11,12,13. Here we report that a butyl methyl sulphide molecule adsorbed on a copper surface can be operated as a single-molecule electric motor. Electrons from a scanning tunnelling microscope are used to drive the directional motion of the molecule in a two-terminal setup. Moreover, the temperature and electron flux can be adjusted to allow each rotational event to be monitored at the molecular scale in real time. The direction and rate of the rotation are related to the chiralities of both the molecule and the tip of the microscope (which serves as the electrode), illustrating the importance of the symmetry of the metal contacts in atomic-scale electrical devices14. Tunnelling electrons can be used to simultaneously drive and quantitatively monitor a single-molecule electric motor.
Point of Purchase

Point of Purchase Sharon Zukin. New York: New York University Press, 2005. It's easy to condemn shopping and the glut that results, but it's much more difficult to understand the whole process. Zukin, professor of sociology at Brooklyn College, has written a delightful and insightful book that attempts to explain it. The more we shop, the more we want to go shopping. It has become a way of life on the cutting edge of contemporary American culture. We live in a landscape of consumption-department stores, mail order catalogs, discount chains, Internet sites, endless TV ads, and lures that help us to redefine and reinvent ourselves. Our landscapes of consumption have also become our landscape of power and of desire. We shop, therefore we are. If shopping has become to many inescapable, why does it also seem unsatisfying? Has it become not only a habit, but also a hidden addiction? Do we have a compulsive physiological need to shop? Are we living in a Consumer's Republic? Another word comes to mind: obsession. Webster's Dictionary defines it as a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an idea or feeling. Might the shopping obsession be part of a larger cultural tendency or obsession to go faster, ever faster, work more and buy more? In the words of an old hymn, "Work for the Night Is Coming?" Shop until you drop? To cope with this, manufacturers and advertisers turn out more and more of everything. The new problems become glut and obsolescence. For centuries, almost everything was scarce - food, water, medicine, transportation, for example. Then came the Industrial Revolution, when there were massive surpluses; stories attached themselves to consumer goods - soup, thread, patent medicine, and canned meat, for example. How to market the surplus? Tell a story. There is a hammer pounding an anvil in your brain. Make it pound away if you want to sell something, anything. Do you think all of this doesn't apply to churches, colleges, and museums? If so, you are wrong. They have become outposts of Madison Avenue. Now we have "Best Values," "America's Best Hospitals," "Best College Sports Programs," "Best Mutual Funds," ad infinitum. There is a real and inescapable cause for the cultural speed-up. Something that has never been true before is obvious to many of us today: most things that we see, buy, wear, and use are shorter lived than we are. If it works, it's obsolete. Obsolescence is not only accepted, it is enforced. Out of date is out of step and out of luck. All of this can occur in the twinkling of an eye. How then to survive? We purchase, plunder, and pay. …
Paradoxical sleep and memory: Long-term disruptive effects of anisomycin☆

Abstract The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor Anisomycin (ANI) on Paradoxical Sleep (PS or REM sleep), slow wave sleep (SWS), and retention of one-trial inhibitory avoidance training was examined in mice in three separate experiments. In Experiment 1, mice injected with ANI 120 mg/kg and 210 mg/kg exhibited reductions in PS for 9 consecutive hours and ANI 40 mg/kg treated mice for 6 consecutive hours with no PS rebound in all three groups. ANI increased SWS commencing 3 hr postinjection, continuing for 9 consecutive hours and then returning to saline control levels. There were no significant differences between ANI-treated groups in the degree of SWS augmentation. In Experiment 2, Part A, ANI 120 mg/kg and 210 mg/kg but not ANI 40 mg/kg impaired retention measured 72 hr after training. In Experiment 2, Part B, ANI 120 mg/kg and 210 mg/kg induced amnesia from 3 to 9 hr post-training but ANI 40 mg/kg was effective only from 3 to 6 hr. In Experiment 3, the gradient of memory trace susceptibility to disruption by ECS was extended to 3 hr post-training in mice given immediate post-training injections of ANI 40 mg/kg. ANI 20 mg/kg and ANI 10 mg/kg alone or in combination with ECS was ineffective in extending the lability of the memory trace. The results of this study indicate that PS in the 3 hr period after aversively motivated training is not essential for memory processing. We suggest that memory stability and maintenance is dependent on PS occurring over a protracted time period.
Constitutive knockout of the membrane cytoskeleton protein beta adducin decreases mushroom spine density in the nucleus accumbens but does not prevent spine remodeling in response to cocaine

The adducin family of proteins associates with the actin cytoskeleton in a calcium-dependent manner. Beta adducin (βAdd) is involved in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus; however, the role of βAdd in synaptic plasticity in other brain areas is unknown. Using diolistic labeling with the lipophilic dye DiI, we found that the density of mature mushroom-shaped spines was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in brain slices from βAdd-knockout (KO) mice as compared to their wildtype (WT) siblings. The effect of 10 days of daily cocaine (15 mg/kg) administration on NAc spine number and locomotor behavior was also measured in βAdd WT and KO mice. As expected, there was a significant increase in overall spine density in NAc slices from cocaine-treated WT mice at this time-point; however, there was a greater increase in the density of mushroom spines in βAdd-KO animals following chronic cocaine administration than in WT. In addition, βAdd-KO mice showed elevated locomotor activity in response to cocaine treatment compared to WT siblings. These results indicate that βAdd is required for stabilising mature spines under basal conditions in the NAc, but that lack of this protein does not prevent synaptic remodeling following repeated cocaine administration. In addition, these data are consistent with previous studies suggesting that βAdd may normally be involved in stabilising spines once drug- or experience-dependent remodeling has occurred.
Dynamic Models of Communication in an Online Friendship Network

In this article, we argue for the usefulness of relational event network analysis to study online communication networks. Unlike other network analytic techniques that require online communication data to be summarized prior to analysis, relational event network analysis uses un-summarized time-stamped data to track the dynamic evolution of communication networks. To illustrate, we use relational event network analysis to analyze the evolution of a communication network within the virtual world Second Life. Results suggest that there are different patterns of communication among nonfriends and friends within the network. Nonfriends tend to communicate with those they have communicated with in the past, reciprocate communication, and close communication triads. Friends tend not to communicate with those they have communicated with in the past, instead preferring to reciprocate communication and close triads. We discuss implications for the study of online communication and identify directions for future re...
Genetic Analysis of Intracranial Tumors in a Murine Model of Glioma Demonstrate a Shift in Gene Expression in Response to Host Immunity

For the study of malignant glioma, we have previously characterized a highly tumorigenic murine astrocytoma, SMA-560, which arose spontaneously in an inbred, immunocompetent VM/Dk mouse. Using this cell line as a model of murine glioma, we performed DNA microarray analysis of autologous normal murine astroctyes (NMA) and SMA-560 tumor cells grown in monolayer culture or intracranially in syngeneic immunocompetent or immunocompromised hosts in order to determine whether tumors grown in vitro recreate the complex genetic regulation that occurs in vivo. Our findings support our hypothesis that glioma phenotype in vitro may be quite different in vivo and significantly altered by in situ growth factors and other invading cell populations.
Cloning and expression of human deoxycytidine kinase cDNA.

Abstract Deoxycytidine (dCyd) kinase is required for the phosphorylation of several deoxyribonucleosides and certain nucleoside analogs widely employed as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents. Detailed analysis of this enzyme has been limited, however, by its low abundance and instability. Using oligonucleotides based on primary amino acid sequence derived from purified dCyd kinase, we have screened T-lymphoblast cDNA libraries and identified a cDNA sequence that encodes a 30.5-kDa protein corresponding to the subunit molecular mass of the purified protein. Expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli results in a 40-fold increase in dCyd kinase activity over control levels. In dCyd kinase-deficient murine L cells, transfection with dCyd kinase cDNA in a mammalian expression vector produces a 400-fold increase over control in dCyd phosphorylating activity. The expressed enzyme has an apparent Km of 1.0 microM for dCyd and is also capable of phosphorylating dAdo and dGuo. Northern blot analysis reveals a single 2.8-kilobase mRNA expressed in T lymphoblasts at 5- to 10-fold higher levels than in B lymphoblasts, and decreased dCyd kinase mRNA levels are present in T-lymphoblast cell lines resistant to arabinofuranosylcytosine and dideoxycytidine. These findings document that this cDNA encodes the T-lymphoblast dCyd kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of dAdo and dGuo as well as dCyd and arabinofuranosylcytosine.
Theoretical Considerations, Design, and Evaluation of a Cascade Impactor

Abstract A cascade impactor of the multijet, round-hole design was developed that provides easy alteration of impactor stages and variation of air flow. The instrument was evaluated by empirical observation, correlation of mass distributions of aerosols as determined with the impactor versus membrane filter samples, determination of stage efficiencies, and case loss studies.
Small angle neutron scattering characterization of colloidal and fractal aerogels

Extreme length scales of aerogel structures limit the effectiveness of many characterization techniques. With the resolutions commensurate with the length scales found in these materials, small angle neutron scattering measurements were conducted and interpreted using several models developed for other ceramic systems (polydispersed hard-sphere, fractal, and maximum entropy models). Interference (polydispersed hard-sphere) and maximum entropy models indicate that tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) aerogel structure may be comprised of oblate nanoparticles within oblate mesoparticles. The fractal model was used to describe the structures of triethoxysilane (TES) and trimethoxysilane (TMS) aerogels and to quantify their fractal properties. TES aerogels appear to be networks of volume fractals while TMS aerogels contain both volume and surface fractal elements.
Issues related to composite plating and environmental exposure effects on composite-concrete interface in external strengthening

The effect of short-term environmental exposure on the response of in situ formed externally composite strengthened concrete is investigated. Measured response from static loading is described in terms of environmental degradation of composite and composite-concrete interface. Results indicate that degradation occurs primarily at the level of the resin in contact with the concrete, and that due care should be taken of changes in composite stiffness due to moisture exposure and consequent resin plasticization, as well as due to stiffness increases under cold conditions.
In faint praise of folly: A critical review of native/non-native speaker comparisons, with examples from native and bilingual processing of French complex syntax

This study critically examines the widespread practice of comparing the linguistic processes and representations of non-native speakers with those of natives. We argue that, in some respects, the method yields benefits, while in others it does not serve the interests of research into the nature of second language acquisition and bilingualism. We go on to consider certain analytical approaches that skirt the hazards of the method. The potential payoffs of native/non-native comparisons are illustrated in a priming study of monolingual and bilingual processing of ambiguity in complex French syntax (Gertken 2013).
Tissue and symbiont condition of mussels ( Bathymodiolus thermophilus ) exposed to varying levels of hydrothermal activity

Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a mixotrophic mussel capable of deriving nourishment from sulphur-oxidizing, bacterial endosymbionts in its gills and from suspended particulates through mucociliary feeding. These mussels become nutritionally stressed when removed from sulphide-rich fluid, but the dynamics of the host/symbiont relationship during this process are still not fully understood. Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels were collected from an active and a waning hydrothermal site on the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) and were removed from active venting for 12 d at a site on the northern EPR. Light and transmission electron microscopy showed that gill symbionts were lost from gill bacteriocytes in transplant mussels and that mussels exposed to longer periods of sulphide deprivation suffered deterioration of gill structure and body condition. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis of a shift toward reliance on photosynthetically derived organic material in mussels at the waning vent site.
3. DECENTERED IDENTITIES: THE CASE OF THE ROMANTICS

Natalie Zemon Davis's work has decentered the identities of her subjects as part of seeing their complexity. This essay, inspired by Davis's rich thought and scholarship, looks at the ways in which the Romantics in the arts decentered their thought and practices away from the West. Their decentering involved serious study of non-Western thought and its incorporation into their art, and the regular use of opium to shape their creative works. One borrowed theme was transcendence to a higher mode of existence, often through sexual union with a woman. So influential did Romantic tropes, themes, and images derived from outside the West become that they persisted in Western culture long after the Romantics themselves had lost interest in the body of non-Western culture from which they drew. Examples include the work of Samuel Coleridge, Walter Scott, Hector Berlioz, the Schlegel brothers, Caroline Gunderode, Sidney Owenson, and others.
Eccrine Squamous Metaplasia and Periadnexal Granulomas: New Cutaneous Histopathologic Findings in Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome

Abstract: Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features and neurologic, cardiac, ophthalmologic, and dermatologic findings. Previously reported skin and hair findings in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome include sparse, slow-growing curly hair, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, and keratosis pilaris. We report the case of a 4-year-old boy who has cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome with previously unreported histopathologic findings of eccrine squamous metaplasia and periadnexal granuloma.
An Enhanced Field Reconstruction Method for Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

Knowledge of forces within permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is of interest in numerous applications. To compute the forces, many analysts utilize the finite element (FE) method to compute the vector fields followed by the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) approach to calculate forces from the fields. Although the FE/MST approach has been used for decades, it does have a shortcoming in the computational requirement of the FE method, which limits the approach to a tool for analysis rather than for comprehensive machine design. To address this, a new so-called Enhanced Field Reconstruction Technique (EFRT) has been developed. Using the EFRT, the fields inside a machine are computed using a minimum number of FE evaluations. Using the results, a set of basis functions are established that enable the calculation of forces inside the machine under arbitrary excitation and rotor position. The EFRT greatly reduces the computational effort required to compute the vector forces inside machines with an accuracy similar to the FE method.
Demonstrating the Value of Diversity for Improved Decision Making: The “Wuzzle-Puzzle” Exercise

The “wuzzle-puzzle” exercise requires small groups of individuals to initially explore their diversity, explicate this diversity to the class, solve a “wuzzle-puzzle” series of anagrams on their own, and then solve a similar series in a diversified group. The improvement concomitant with a diverse group of individuals in the second, “wuzzle-puzzle” condition demonstrates that diversity may indeed improve decision-making. This demonstration may be of special interest to business educators and ethicists as they encourage group work. Further, business practitioners may find the exercise useful for encouraging diversity in the workplace while improving teamwork, communication and cooperation among team members.
Gag-derived but not abl-derived determinants are exposed on the surface of Abelson virus-transformed cells

The organization of the transforming protein encoded by Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) in transformed lymphoid and fibroblast cells was examined using immunofluorescent analysis. Antibodies specific for v-abl were capable of detecting cytoplasmic Abelson protein molecules in fixed cells, but none were able to stain the surface of live A-MuLV transformed cells. However, a series of monoclonal antibodies selected for the ability to bind to the surface of A-MuLV-transformed cells did stain live cells. These antibodies were shown to react with a determinant within the helper virus-derived p15 sequences that are present at the amino terminus of the Abelson protein, indicating that gag-derived determinants are exposed on the surface of transformed cells. The inability of a p12-specific monoclonal antibody to stain live cells indicates that only a small portion of the amino terminal sequences are exposed. Examination of the ability of these antibodies to react with Abelson protein encoded by a series of gag deletion mutants suggests that the determinant recognized by these antibodies lies between amino acids 38 and 114 of p15.
Autoimmunity, immunologic tolerance, and gene therapy.

Research in our laboratory focuses on three major themes: We have performed a large series of experiments using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice examining mechanisms of autoimmunity and peripheral T cell tolerance. A major focus of our current research is to understand the roles of costimulation and cell death in T cell tolerance and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. This involves studies of the TCR, the costimulatory molecules, and the cytokines. We are also exploring novel strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by gene transfer.
Ethical considerations for genetic testing, infertility, and balancing maternal-fetal needs

Among the ethical issues confronting maternal-child nurses are questions surrounding genetic testing, contraception and sterilization, infertility/assisted reproductive technology, and equality in balancing maternal-fetal needs. This article explores these issues, reviews the literature currently available, and discusses nursing clinical implications for each as well as representative case studies. The types of support needed by childbearing families who are facing ethical issues requires emotional and physical support, informational support, and advocacy support. The role of the nurse in educating women about the ethical implications of their choices cannot be overestimated. When women have been educated about the implications of their decisions and are therefore empowered to make informed decisions about their lives and their pregnancies, clinical nurses who practice ethically respect those decisions and support the women in their choices.
Effects of shape distortions and imperfections on mode frequencies and collective linewidths in nanomagnets

Brillouin light scattering shows that shape distortions in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ nanomagnets can have a dramatic effect on the measured collective linewidth of certain spin-wave modes. The intentional introduction of quantifiable asymmetric egglike shape distortion to an ideal elliptical structure lifts the degeneracy of end modes with concentrated amplitude at the nanomagnet edges. In contrast, modes with concentrated amplitude at the interior are significantly less affected by the distortion. The splitting of end modes by asymmetric distortions explains the large inhomogeneous linewidth broadening in end modes found in large ensembles of nanomagnets that contain a relatively small statistical variation in the degree of distortion.
Science Signaling Podcast: 15 March 2011

This Podcast features a conversation with the senior author of a Research Report published in the March 11 issue of Science . Craig Montell discusses work from his group that identifies an unexpected role for the light sensor rhodopsin in thermosensation. Rhodopsin is a G protein–coupled receptor that initiates intracellular signaling in response to light and has been thought to function exclusively in light sensation. This new finding raises questions about the original function of rhodopsin and the possibility that rhodopsin might act as a thermal sensor in other animals.
CHIRAL MO-BINOL COMPLEXES : ACTIVITY, SYNTHESIS, AND STRUCTURE. EFFICIENT ENANTIOSELECTIVE SIX-MEMBERED RING SYNTHESIS THROUGH CATALYTIC METATHESIS

A new class of chiral Mo-based complexes 2a and 2b, bearing functionalized chiral binol ligands, is disclosed. Mo complex 2a promotes the asymmetric ring-closing metathesis (ARCM) of various dienes and trienes to afford six-membered carbo- and heterocycles efficiently and in high optical purity. The binol-based chiral Mo catalysts complement the previously reported biphen-based complexes, which are particularly effective in the enantioselective synthesis of five-membered rings by ARCM. Studies regarding catalytic kinetic resolutions and asymmetric desymmetrizations are described. It is possible to obtain optically pure products in high yield from catalytic reactions without the use of solvent (cf. eq 1). The structural attributes of these complexes are detailed on the basis of the data available from an X-ray structure and variable-temperature 1H NMR studies. The results of this investigation indicate the following: (i) The anti-Mo·THF complex exists as a mixture of diastereomers, whereas the syn isomer ...
Decreased Growth of Streptococcus uberis in Milk from Mammary Glands of Cows Challenged with the Same Mastitis Pathogen

Milk samples from mammary glands challenged with Streptococcus uberis and from unchallenged mammary glands were selected for analyses of bacterial growth, antibody response, and lactoperoxidase activity. All challenged mammary glands became infected with isolation of S. uberis and elevated somatic cell counts in milk during the first week after challenge. In vitro growth of the homologous challenge strain and a heterologous strain of S. uberis was significantly lower in milk from challenged mammary glands than in milk from control mammary glands at 3, 5, and 7 days after challenge. Removal of casein significantly reduced bacterial growth. In general, antibodies specific to S. uberis started to increase at day 3 post-challenge and were higher in milk from challenged mammary glands than in milk from control mammary glands. There was also a marked increase in total IgG in milk from challenged mammary glands. Growth of S. uberis increased following heat treatment at 56 degrees C of pooled milk or whey samples from challenged mammary glands. Growth of S. uberis correlated negatively with the specific antibody response to the bacteria (P < 0.001). Lactoperoxidase activity varied among cows and among different samples over time and did not appear to contribute to decreased growth of S. uberis. These results suggest that decreased growth of S. uberis in milk from challenged mammary glands in comparison to milk from control mammary glands could result from the interaction of antibodies with complement components.
Evaluation of the Influence of Potential Toxins on Neutrophil Function

Neutrophils undergo a complex series of events when functioning to control bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Any factor that interferes with neutrophil production or suppresses neutrophil function will rapidly make the animal more susceptible to infectious diseases. In vitro assays are used to detect and characterize defects in neutrophil function that may be induced by exposure to potential toxins. This paper focuses on important considerations in designing experiments for the evaluation of neutrophil function and interpretation of data.
Pulsed ultraviolet laser ablation

The radiation transport involved in pulsed ultraviolet laser ablation of organic materials has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. A mathematical description of the absorption process that includes nonlinear effects such as chromophore saturation and multiphoton absorption is presented. This theoretical model accurately describes the observed polymer etch depth versus incident laser fluence relationship for various target materials, laser wavelengths, and pulse durations varying from nanoseconds to subpicoseconds. The theoretical analysis can also be used to explain observed nonlinearities in the transmission characteristics of polyimide subjected to intense KrF excimer laser irradiation.
Apomorphine increases ethanol discrimination

Rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of 600 mg/kg ethanol and saline in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. Once trained, rats showed a dose-related decrease in discriminative performance with lower ethanol doses and analysis of the dose-response curve indicated an ED50 of 372 mg/kg. Pretreatment with 0.16 mg/kg apomorphine produced increased discriminative performance at each ethanol dose and the combination generated a dose-response curve parallel to ethanol administered alone with an ED50 of 232 mg/kg. This significant shift to the left of the ethanol dose-response curve after apomorphine administration is discussed in relation to dopaminergic neuronal systems and the clinical use of apomorphine alcoholics.
Immunoglobulin E recognition of Dirofilaria immitis antigens is more specific than immunoglobulin G.

Abstract The chronological development of the serum IgE and IgG response to microfilaria, third and fourth stage larvae, and male and female adult Dirofilaria immitis was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB). Dirofilaria immitis-specific IgE and IgG levels peaked 16–18 weeks post-infection after increasing in response to the fourth larval molt. Specific IgG levels plateaued after patency, while IgE continued to decline. The use of ammonium sulfate cut sera showed there was no quenching or blocking of IgE binding by IgG in the ELISA and EITB methods used in this study. IgE-specific EITB showed 30–49 bands for the five respective extracts that were identified by Mr or relative mobility. Eighty-five to 100 bands were visualized by IgG-specific EITB for the same five extracts. The isotype-specific ELISA and EITB were shown to be closely related by significant correlations (P
Hipparcos Subdwarf Parallaxes: Metal-rich Clusters and the Thick Disk

We have used main-sequence fitting to calibrate the distances to the globular clusters NGC 6397, M5, NGC 288, M71, and 47 Tucanae, matching the cluster photometry against data for subdwarfs with precise Hipparcos parallax measurements and accurate abundance determinations. Both the cluster and subdwarf abundance scales are tied to high-resolution spectroscopic analyses. The distance moduli that we derive for the five clusters are 12.24, 14.52, 15.00, 13.19, and 13.59 mag, with uncertainties of ±0.15 mag. As in previous analyses by Reid and Gratton et al., these distances are higher than those derived in pre-Hipparcos investigations. The calibrated cluster color-magnitude diagrams provide fiducial sequences in the (MV, B - V)-plane, outlining the distribution expected for stars of a particular abundance. We have combined the photometric data for NGC 6397 ([Fe/H] = -1.82 dex), M5 (-1.10 dex), and 47 Tucanae (-0.70 dex) with the mean color-magnitude relation delineated by nearby FGK dwarfs to define a reference grid in the (MV, B - V)-plane, and we have matched this grid against data for stars drawn from the Lowell Proper Motion Survey, with both Hipparcos astrometry and abundance determinations by Carney et al. Limiting the comparison to nonbinaries, there are significantly fewer subluminous stars than expected given the spectroscopic metallicity distribution. Inverting the analysis, this implies a reduction by a factor of 3 in the proportion of stars contributing to the metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -0.4) tail of the Galactic disk. We discuss the implications of these results.
Optical phase lock loop with a photorefractive optical beam combiner

Two narrow linewidth Nd:YAG unidirectional nonplanar ring oscillator lasers were electronically phase locked using photorefractive two-wave mixing in an iron-doped indium phosphide (InP:Fe) crystal as an optical phase detector. The phase lock loop phase error signal was derived from a low-amplitude sinusoidal phase modulation signal impressed on the strong local oscillator beam at a frequency large compared to the inverse of the photorefractive-grating formation time. A 60-mW pump laser was phase locked to a 10-nW signal laser beam with an rms phase error less than 0.1 rad. No spatial mode matching, phase conjugate mirror configuration or optical coupling between the two laser cavities were required. >
ANALYTICAL DIFFUSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND MOUSE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

Analytical diffusion has been applied to a study of influenza A virus in mouse lung, influenza A virus in the extra-embryonic fluids of the chick, and mouse encephalomyelitis virus in mouse brain. The results from influenza in mouse lung suggested that about 99 per cent of the infectivity was present in particles 200 mµ in diameter, and 1 per cent in particles 6 mµ in diameter. The results from influenza in extra-embryonic fluids indicated that the preparation was inhomogeneous and that the smallest virus units were about 6 mµ in diameter. The results from mouse encephalomyelitis virus indicated that the preparation was also inhomogeneous, with 10 per cent of the infectivity in particles about 15 mµ in diameter. It has been suggested that in virus preparations normal colloidal particles can act as carriers of much smaller virus units.
Taming the Local Leviathan Institutional and Economic Constraints on Municipal Budgets

Democratic political institutions and interjurisdictional competition both put pressure on local elected officials to respond to the tax and spending preferences of residents. But the electoral success of California's Proposition 13 in 1978 and of similar property tax limitations in other states suggests that local expenditures and taxes in many jurisdictions are higher than those preferred by the median voter. I argue that this upward bias in expenditures is greater in communities where interjurisdictional competition is weak and local political institutions provide incentives for rent seeking. Using data from the 1997 Census of Governments and 1996 International City Manager Association (ICMA) Form of Government Survey, I find evidence that municipalities facing weaker competition tend to have higher spending, and political institutions mediate the marginal effect of competition on city expenditures.
Positioning for Lumbar Puncture in Children Evaluated by Bedside Ultrasound

BACKGROUND: Lumbar punctures are commonly performed in the pediatric emergency department. There is no standard, recommended, optimal position for children who are undergoing the procedure. OBJECTIVE: To determine a position for lumbar punctures where the interspinous space is maximized, as measured by bedside ultrasound. METHODS: A prospective convenience sample of children under age 12 was performed. Using a portable ultrasound device, the L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspinous space was measured with the subject in 5 different positions. The primary outcome was the interspinous distance between 2 adjacent vertebrae. The interspinous space was measured with the subject sitting with and without hip flexion. In the lateral recumbent position, the interspinous space was measured with the hips in a neutral position as well as in flexion, both with and without neck flexion. Data were analyzed by comparing pairwise differences. RESULTS: There were 28 subjects enrolled (13 girls and 15 boys) at a median age of 5 years. The sitting-flexed position provided a significantly increased interspinous space (P CONCLUSIONS: The interspinous space of the lumbar spine was maximally increased with children in the sitting position with flexed hips; therefore we recommend this position for lumbar punctures. In the lateral recumbent position, neck flexion does not increase the interspinous space and may increase morbidity; therefore, it is recommended to hold patients at the level of the shoulders as to avoid neck flexion.
Advances in Measuring the Environmental and Social Impacts of Environmental Programs

Inspired by the success of evidence-based medicine, environmental scholars and practitioners have grown enthusiastic about applying a similar evidence-based approach to solve some of the world's most pressing environmental problems. An important component of the evidence-based movement is the empirical evaluation of program and policy impacts. Impact evaluations draw heavily from recent advances in the empirical study of causal relationships—the effect of one thing on another. This review highlights the key components of these advances and characterizes the way in which they contribute to better evaluations of the environmental and social impacts of environmental programs. The review emphasizes that a solid understanding of these advances is required before environmental scholars and practitioners can begin to collect the relevant data, analyze them within credible research designs, and generate reliable evidence about the effectiveness of the myriad proposed solutions to the world's environmental and soc...
Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Using satellite radar interferometry observations of Greenland, we detected widespread glacier acceleration below 66° north between 1996 and 2000, which rapidly expanded to 70° north in 2005. Accelerated ice discharge in the west and particularly in the east doubled the ice sheet mass deficit in the last decade from 90 to 220 cubic kilometers per year. As more glaciers accelerate farther north, the contribution of Greenland to sea-level rise will continue to increase.
Wärmeübertragung und Druckabfall in Kühlrohren

Die Warmeubertragung zweier sich beruhrender Korper ist proportional der Zeit, der Beruhrungsflache und dem Temperaturunterschied beider Korper.
Synergy of Clustering Multiple Back Propagation Networks

The properties of a cluster of multiple back-propagation (BP) networks are examined and compared to the performance of a single BP network. The underlying idea is that a synergistic effect within the cluster improves the performance and fault tolerance. Five networks were initially trained to perform the same input-output mapping. Following training, a cluster was created by computing an average of the outputs generated by the individual networks. The output of the cluster can be used as the desired output during training by feeding it back to the individual networks. In comparison to a single BP network, a cluster of multiple BP's generalization and significant fault tolerance. It appear that cluster advantage follows from simple maxim "you can fool some of the single BP's in a cluster all of the time but you cannot fool all of them all of the time" {Lincoln}.
Controlled interactions in a forced axisymmetric jet. Part 1. The distortion of the mean flow

Controlled resonant interactions between two spinning waves in a turbulent, axisymmetric air jet are documented. Interactions betwen two helical waves with spinning mode numbers of +m and −m induced a cos(2mϕ) distortion of the mean cross-section. The shape and orientation of the distortion were predictable based on the standing wave pattern. Square and elliptical jets were produced in this way and the spatial distribution of the coherent large-scale motion is documented. The elliptical distortion was comparable in magnitude to a jet issuing from a 2:1 elliptical nozzle. A near-resonance case produced from spinning mode numbers of m = 0 and + 2 was also examined.
Computing in Thermal Equilibrium With Dipole-Coupled Nanomagnets

In the 1970s, work at IBM by Charles Bennett suggested the possibility of a computer operating near thermal equilibrium and dissipating energy near the thermodynamic limits. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that a computing architecture based on dipole-coupled nanomagnets can operate near thermal equilibrium without the assistance of externally applied magnetic fields. The dynamics of digital signal propagation is demonstrated with micromagnetic simulation and then verified experimentally using time-lapse photoemission electron microscopy. A logic gate that computes using energy from the thermal bath without external fields is also demonstrated. Nanomagnetic logic circuits operating under these conditions are expected to dissipate energy near the fundamental thermodynamic limits of computation.
MATING FREQUENCIES OF MALE CRAB SPIDERS, MISUMENA VATIA (ARANEAE, THOMISIDAE)

The number of matings obtained by a male is likely to be a major component of his lifetime fitness. Males that depend on finding mates before their competitors must allocate resources to this effort, potentially at the expense of their reproductive rate. Male crab spiders Misumena vatia (Clerck 1757) often occur at low densities and experience considerable difficulty in finding females. This constraint might select for their cursorial body form and high movement rates at the expense of their reproductive rate. Male M. vatia will not mate more than once in rapid succession and typically no more than once every other day, although they are capable of several matings over their lifetime. Males may rarely encounter virgin females more often than once every other day and thus would experience little loss of fitness from an inability to mate in rapid order.
Association of cardiac troponin I with disease severity and outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Previous studies have identified cardiac troponin I (cTnI) as an important marker in pulmonary hypertension (PH) prognosis. However, traditional assays are limited by poor sensitivity, even among patients at high risk. cTnI was measured in 255 PH patients using a new highly sensitive (hs) assay. Other measures included demographics, creatinine, 6-minute walk distance, hemodynamics, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and B-type natriuretic peptide level. The association between cTnI and survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression. cTnI was detectable with the hs assay in 95% of the patients with a median level of 6.9 pg/ml (IQR 2.7–12.6 pg/ml). Higher cTnI levels associated with higher levels of B-type natriuretic peptide, shorter 6-minute walk distance, and more severe hemodynamic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. During a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 60 individuals died. Unadjusted event rates increased across higher cTnI quartiles (3, 5, 13, 17 events/100 person-years, respectively, p trend = 0.002). cTnI in the fourth (vs first) quartile remained associated with death in a final stepwise multivariable model that included clinical variables and hemodynamics (adjusted hazard ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.8–15.6). In conclusion, cTnI levels, detectable with a novel hs assay, identify patients with PH who have more severe hemodynamic and cardiac structural abnormalities and provide novel and independent prognostic information. This hs assay has the potential to detect more at-risk patients and improve current risk-stratification algorithms.
On information-theoretic characterizations of physical theories

Clifton, Bub, and Halvorson [Foundations of Physics 33, 1561 (2003)] have recently argued that quantum theory is characterized by its satisfaction of three information-theoretic axioms. However, it is not difficult to construct apparent counterexamples to the CBH characterization theorem. In this paper, we discuss the limits of the characterization theorem, and we provide some technical tools for checking whether a theory (specified in terms of the convex structure of its state space) falls within these limits.
Hydrologic impacts of projected future climate change in the Lake Michigan region

Abstract The Great Lakes are an important source of fresh water, recreation resource and transportation corridor for the Midwestern United States and Canada. The timing and quantity of fresh water inputs and how those may change under projections of future climate change are important for understanding how conditions, including river flows, and lake levels, within the region may be affected. Water quality and the density and diversity of in-stream habitats are responsive to changes in the distribution of daily streamflow, something not typically included in studies of climate change impacts. Projections of precipitation and air temperature changes in the four states surrounding Lake Michigan from the IPCC AR4 were downscaled and bias-corrected before being used to drive a large-scale hydrology model and produce maps of surface runoff and baseflow. These were then routed along drainage networks for regional rivers, and hydrologic metrics describing aspects of the distribution of daily flows important for hydrology and in-stream ecology were computed. The impact of regional climate change projections on early- (water years 2010–2039) and mid-century (water years 2040–2069) streamflow was highly variable; however, by the late-century period (water years 2070–2099) annual streamflow was found to have increased in all rivers. Seasonally, winter and spring flows increased significantly by the late-century period, but summer flows become more variable with a decrease in low-flows and an increase in peak-flows. The number of days with flows above the annual mean-flow ( T Qmean ) decreased in summer, but flashiness (R-B Index) increased.
An Awakening to History

The article presents reviews for several books including “The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850–1920,” by D. T. Rodgers, “Work and Motivation,” by V. H. Vroom, and “Task Design and Employee Motivation,” by R. J. Aldag and A. P. Brief.
Lipid metabolism, immunity and metabolic diseases

The 2012 South East Lipid Research Conference was held in Pine Mountain (GA, USA) at the wonderful Callaway Gardens, which were originally founded in 1952 to promote and protect the native azalea species. Today these gardens feature a large enclosed butterfly habitat, the Cecil B Day Butterfly Center and the John Sibley Horticultural Center, known for its wide variety of cultivars and native plants. This 2 and a half day conference included themed sessions with plenary lectures from invited speakers, all focused on the role of lipids in regulating metabolic diseases and immune function. In addition to cutting edge science, the meeting also offered opportunities for discussions and social activities. Continuing the tradition of the South East Lipid Research Conference, significant focus was on education and training of budding scientists (graduate students and research fellows) with special events organized for this purpose. I am delighted and honored to provide a summary of this exciting meeting.
Dominant Indigenous Bacteria in Gasoline-Treated Marshes Around Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

Considerable amount of gasoline from natural and anthropogenic sources, such as urban runoff during hurricanes and oil discharges from pleasure crafts, has been released into Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, which poses a threat to the lake marsh ecosystems. In this research, we evaluated the impact of gasoline on indigenous bacterial communities in three types of marsh sediments collected from the Lake Pontchartrain. Our data show that several bacterial species are significantly enriched in gasoline-treated sediments. DNA sequencing data indicate that the enriched bacteria in response to the gasoline treatment are Acidocella and Burkholderia spp. in freshwater marsh; Mariprofundus, Nitrosospira, and Ferrimicrobium spp. in brackish marsh; and three Pseudomonas spp. in salt marsh. Our research will help to understand a gasoline bioremediation by indigenous bacteria and to develop site-specific bioremediation strategies for the Lake Pontchartrain.
Restricted expression of cdc25a in the tailbud is essential for formation of the zebrafish posterior body

The vertebrate body forms from a multipotent stem cell-like progenitor population that progressively contributes newly differentiated cells to the most posterior end of the embryo. How the progenitor population balances proliferation and other cellular functions is unknown due to the difficulty of analyzing cell division in vivo. Here, we show that proliferation is compartmentalized at the posterior end of the embryo during early zebrafish development by the regulated expression of cdc25a, a key controller of mitotic entry. Through the use of a transgenic line that misexpresses cdc25a, we show that this compartmentalization is critical for the formation of the posterior body. Upon misexpression of cdc25a, several essential T-box transcription factors are abnormally expressed, including Spadetail/Tbx16, which specifically prevents the normal onset of myoD transcription, leading to aberrant muscle formation. Our results demonstrate that compartmentalization of proliferation during early embryogenesis is critical for both extension of the vertebrate body and differentiation of the multipotent posterior progenitor cells to the muscle cell fate.
The nature of the problem: an overview of acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarction

Abstract The leading cause of death worldwide is coronary heart disease (CHD). This often presents with atherosclerotic plaque rupture, leading to a partial or complete obstruction of coronary artery flow, and resulting ischemia or infarction of myocardial tissue. There are risk factors which can predict CHD risk, and the treatment of some risk factors can reduce the likelihood of developing an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). While the incidence of CHD may be decreasing in the developed world, significant increases are projected in the developing world. In addition to the immediate adverse events associated with ACS, these patients have long-term increases in morbidity and mortality, which make the worldwide epidemic of CHD a leading public health issue.