cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pornography, Society, and the Law In Imperial Germany

In recent years, the popular literature of the masses (so-called Trivialliteratur) has received increasing attention from literary and cultural historians, as has the response of the social elite to this form of popular culture. Yet few scholars have seriously investigated the history of what must surely be one of the most pervasive genres of mass literature: pornography. This is unfortunate since (as Steven Marcus has shown in his pioneering study of sexuality in Victorian England) the view of human sexuality that surfaces in a society's pornographic subculture is often a reflection, however distorted or reversed, of officially sanctioned attitudes toward sex. Likewise, the extent to which a society seeks to control a popular phenomenon like pornography is an indication of the fears, both conscious and unconscious, harbored toward that object; stigmatization and repression of pornographic literature helps define and uphold the authority of socially sanctioned sexual norms, while at the same time revealing something about how stable or vulnerable that society imagines its established values to be.
Stereotactic fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the evaluation of nonpalpable breast lesions: Report of an experience based on 2,988 cases

Background: The increasing use of mammography has led to a significant increase in the detection of clinically occult lesions, the majority of which prove to be benign. SFNB has been suggested as a means of expediting a diagnosis for lesions that are malignant while limiting surgical biopsies for those that are benign.
Atmospheric deposition of cadmium in the northeastern USA

Abstract Lake sediment cores, dated by 210Pb, were collected from Spectacle Pond (SP), Massachusetts, and Side Pistol Lake (SPL) and Sargent Mountain Pond (SMP), Maine, USA. SP is a kettle seepage lake in granitic sand and gravel. SMP is a drainage pond on granite with little soil in the small watershed. SPL is a drainage lake in granitic till. The three cores were analyzed for total Cd. For SP and SMP, maximum concentrations of 1.7 and 3.9 mg/kg, four and eight times background concentrations, respectively, occur in the late 1960s. Accumulation rates reach maximum values concurrently with concentration and are 0.054 and 0.016 μg/cm2/a, more than 10 times background. Concentration and accumulation rate age relationships in SMP and SP are similar for background values, timing and magnitude of increase to peak values, and the decrease nearly to background values since about 1975. The chemical response to decreased atmospheric deposition lags in SPL sediment. Kettle-like lakes more clearly indicate changes in atmospheric deposition than drainage lakes.
Spectrally Equalized Frequency Comb Generation in Multistage Parametric Mixer With Nonlinear Pulse Shaping

A novel approach to improve the flatness of wide-band parametric frequency combs is presented. The method relies on nonlinear pulse shaping prior to parametric mixing in a comb-generating device. The parametric comb is generated in a cavity-less multistage shock-wave mixer, using continuous-wave (CW) laser as comb seed. The pulse shaping is accomplished in a regenerative stage incorporating nonlinear optical/amplifying loop mirror (NOLM/NALM) and provides near-ideal seeds for spectrally equalized frequency comb generation in the output mixing stage. The new technique was implemented separately on two comb generators with a coarse (100 GHz) and dense (10 GHz) tone spacing. A 4 dB flatness over 100 nm is achieved with wide-pitched comb, while the fine-pitched device yielded 1500 tones and possessed sub-2 dB spectral flatness over 120 nm bandwidth.
Development of new linkers for the formation of aliphatic C-H bonds on polymeric supports

Abstract Two polymeric linkers, 8 and 11, were prepared in high yields. Attachment of an alkyl group to these linkers was facile, and their cleavage from the MeO-PEG polymer support was accomplished by desulfurization using Raney nickel to yield the new carbon-hydrogen bond product 6. The protocol reported herein allows efficient preparation of new polymeric linkers as well as their possible application to combinatorial libraries.
Quantifying necking of rectangular tensile specimens using a mirror-based image analysis system

article i nfo The cross-sectional area of a neck in a rectangular tensile specimen is not easily measured. In this paper, a technique for accurately quantifying instantaneous necking geometry of rectangular specimens, using a novel mirror setup and high speed camera, is discussed. The technique is non-contact and allows for the sides and front of the specimen to be imaged on one plane with one camera. For this study, a rectangular Sn tensile specimen was tested at 10 s �1 . DIC results and stress-strain behavior measured using the mirror fixture are briefly discussed.
Incidence of the JAK2 V617F mutation among patients with splanchnic or cerebral venous thrombosis and without overt chronic myeloproliferative disorders.

Summary. Background: Thrombosis of splanchnic or cerebral veins is a typical manifestation of polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET). The recently identified Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F somatic mutation is closely related to chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMD). Objective: To assess the incidence of the JAK2 V617F mutation among patients with splanchnic or cerebral venous thrombosis with or without overt CMD. Patients and methods: We searched for the mutation in 139 adult patients (> 18 years old) with thrombosis of hepatic veins (HVT, n = 15), or extrahepatic portal vein (PVT) and/or mesenteric vein (MVT) (n = 79), or cerebral veins (CVT, n = 45). Only 19 patients fulfilled criteria for diagnosis of PV (n = 8) or ET (n = 11) at the time of thrombosis: four had HVT, 11 PVT and/or MVT, and four CVT. Results: The JAK2 V617F mutation was found in 94.7% [95% CI 75.3–99.0] of the patients with overt CMD at the time of thrombosis, in 21.5% (95% CI 13.8–31.7) of the patients with abdominal venous thrombosis and without overt CMD, and in 4.8% (95% CI 1.3–16.1) of the patients with CVT and without overt CMD. Among the patients without overt CMD or thrombophilia and with unprovoked thrombosis, 29.4% (95% CI 16.8–46.1) with splanchnic venous thrombosis and 42.8% (95% CI 24.4–63.4) with PVT had the JAK2 V617F mutation. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis and a small, but significant, number of patients with CVT can be recognized as carriers of the JAK2 V617F mutation in the absence of overt signs of CMD. The clinical significance of such findings deserves further investigation.
Selection for individual traits in the early generations of a potato breeding program dedicated to producing cultivars with tubers having long shape and russet skin

Early generation selection in a potato breeding program involves visual assessment of economic worth based on appearance. Efficiency could be improved by using individual characteristics with defined selection behavior. This study was done to define the selectability of visible traits used for selection in the early generations of potato breeding. Twenty-seven traits were evaluated through three clonal generations using two hundred clones, twenty from each of ten crosses, taken from a population created to produce cultivars with long tuber shape and russet skin. Genotype × environment interactions, heritabilities, correlation coefficients among generations and locations, and rejection pattern analysis were used to quantify the consistency of expression for each trait.
Effect of the Intrinsic Foot Muscle Exercise Combined with Interphalangeal Flexion Exercise on Metatarsalgia with Morton’s Toe

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of the intrinsic foot muscle exercise combined with interphalangeal flexion exercise on metatarsalgia with Morton’s toe. [Subject] A 38-year-old male with Morton’s toe, who complained of pain in his left metatarsophalangeal joints was the subject. [Methods] The pressure pain threshold, peak contact pressure of the metatarsophalangeal region during gait, and the navicular drop were measured before and after the intrinsic foot muscles exercises combined with interphalangeal flexion exercise. [Results] After exercising for 2 weeks, the pressure pain threshold increased from 1 to 1.5 kg, while the peak contact pressure decreased from 0.63 to 0.50 kg/cm2, and the navicular drop improved from 5 to 8 mm. [Conclusion] The results show that the combined exercises alleviated the pain while walking by reducing the excessive pressure on the metatarsophalangeal region, and the improvement of gait with Morton’s toe.
The elevated anthocyanin level in the shaded peel of 'Anjou' pear enhances its tolerance to high temperature under high light

Abstract Pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, dark respiration, and the antioxidant system in the shaded peel of green ‘Anjou’ pear ( Pyrus communis L.) and its bud mutation, red ‘Anjou’, were compared in response to high peel temperature, high light alone or in combination to determine the protective role of anthocyanins under high temperature with or without light. Under high temperature treatment alone, no difference in the maximum quantum yield of PSII ( F V / F M ) was detected between red ‘Anjou’ and green ‘Anjou’; the superoxide dismutase activity and the glutathione pool were up-regulated in green ‘Anjou’ peel but remained unchanged in red ‘Anjou’ peel. Under high temperature coupled with high light, the F V / F M of green ‘Anjou’ peel was decreased to a lower value than that of red ‘Anjou’, and significant interaction was detected between temperature and light for both cultivars. Furthermore, the difference in F V / F M between red ‘Anjou’ and green ‘Anjou’ under high temperature coupled with high light was significantly larger than that under high light alone, indicating that this larger difference was caused by the interaction between high temperature and high light as no significant difference was detected in F V / F M between the two cultivars under high temperature treatment alone at any sampling point. It is concluded that the elevated anthocyanin level in the shaded peel of red ‘Anjou’ does not alter its thermotolerance in the dark, but makes it more tolerant of high temperature under high light.
An automated differential thermal and potentiometric titration apparatus for binding studies.

Abstract A differential pH-termal titration apparatus is described which can detect pH differences with a sensitivity of ±0.0001 pH units and a thermal sensitivity of ±0.00002°C at a time constant of 0.1 s. With a reaction which yields 1 kcal mol −1 , the current system can detect concentrations as low as 4×10 −6 M or, in a 2 ml volume, a total amount of 40 nmol. With a time constant of 0.1 s, the sensitivity is 20±4 μ °C. The experimental protocol is specified by a microprocessor and three modes of operation are possible: titration at constant rate of reagent addition, titration at variable rates of addition so that the contents of both cells are at either constant pH or at a constant temperature and variable rate when a rate of change is specified. Experimental data are collected in files, corrected for heat loss, initial baseline drift, and changes in volume. The final corrected from the standardized run of 0.01338 M HCl in 0.2 M KCl at 25°C calibrate the pH scale yielded the calorimetric conversion constants and p K w which are calculated and stored for subsequent corrections for the titration of an unknown acid or the measurement of bindin constants and heats.
Influence of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) on the toxicity, excretion and distribution of cadmium in female rats

Abstract In nonpregnant rats, po administration of NTA with cadmium chloride reduces the mortality of cadmium administered po as 64 and 80 mg/kg cadmium chloride alone. NTA with cadmium chloride also prevents the marked weight loss observed with administration of cadmium chloride alone. NTA enhances urinary and fecal excretion of cadmium when administered po with cadmium chloride as compared with the urinary and fecal excretion of cadmium chloride alone. Finally, cadmium analyses of liver, kidney and muscle reveal NTA inhibits the deposition of cadmium in these tissues when administered po with cadmium chloride. It is concluded that NTA exerts a protective effect against the toxicity of cadmium chloride and enhances excretion of the metal which inhibits organ and tissue deposition of cadmium.
HOMOSEXUALITY AND NORMALITY: BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SCHOOL CONSULTATION

In the United States, controversy persists regarding what it means for heterosexuality to be the norm, or more pointedly, what it means for those not strictly heterosexual to be outside the norm. It is important that consultants in schools be aware of the current state of research bearing on homosexuality. Consultation provides a viable approach to assist educators with the questions that students, parents, teachers, and administrators themselves may be asking: What is homosexuality? Is heterosexuality the only natural sexual orientation? Can lesbian, gay, and bisexual people be psychologically healthy? Are the children of lesbian and gay parents “at risk”? Can one become ungay? What about a gay or lesbian teacher? This article explores these questions with particular attention to how consultation may be used to promote educational practices that foster positive school environments for all students.
Competing responses for the treatment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders

A brief history of the competing response practice treatment for motor and phonic tic reduction is presented, as well as a basic explanation of the procedure. A table defining the competing responses of various tics that have been systematically studied over the past twenty years is also presented. This table is designed to be a reference tool for clinicians and researchers in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders.
The Early Experience With Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Oregon

Objective: To obtain a profile of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) across the state of Oregon with regard to the safety of the procedure, use of intraoperative cholangiograms, and requirements for granting surgeons privileges to perform LC and other laparoscopic procedures. Design: Single-mailing survey to surgeons and chiefs of surgery in Oregon. Setting: The state of Oregon. Study Participants: Surgeons and chiefs of surgery in Oregon. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measure: Numbers of procedures performed, deaths, complications, and requirements for surgical privileges. Results: Sixty-nine percent of surgeons returned the questionnaire, as did 53% of the chiefs of surgery. Four deaths (0.04%), 244 complications (2.5%), and 27 bile duct injuries (0.28%) were reported in 9597 patients undergoing LC. Most surgeons (55%) obtained intraoperative cholangiograms routinely. Requirements for the privilege to perform LC varied among hospitals. Although the accuracy of this self-reported survey is uncertain, the results agree with those of other reports published to date. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is being performed with acceptable safety, although the process of granting surgeons the privilege to perform this and other "new" laparoscopic procedures should be standardized according to established guidelines. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:627-632)
Larkspur Poison Weed: 100 Years of Delphinium Research

In 1909 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) established a research station known as "Camp Del phinium" in the Gunnison National Forest near Gunnison, Colorado (Fig. 1). The purpose of this station, under the direction of Dr C. D. Marsh, was to study and find solutions to larkspur poisoning in cattle. As a result of this work, Farmers Bulletin 531, entitled Larkspur or "Poison Weed," was published in 1916 detailing the current knowledge of larkspur intoxication in livestock, including management recommendations and treatment of intoxicated animals. Although much has changed in the livestock industry since 1909, larkspur poisoning is still a significant problem on ranges where it occurs. During the 100 years since the beginning of larkspur research by the USDA, numerous studies have been undertaken to "solve" the problem of larkspur poisoning in cattle, culminating in work currently underway at the Agricultural Research Service's Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory (PPRL) in Logan, Utah. The purpose of this article is to review important past findings and to highlight current research on larkspur at the PPRL. Delphinium (larkspur) species are members of the Ranunculacae family of plants that are commonly known as the buttercup family. Toxic larkspurs are found in the High Plains, foothill, and mountain rangelands of the western United States. The toxins in larkspurs are alkaloids, nitrogen-based compounds with potent pharmacological effects. Although the scope of the problem caused by toxic larkspur varies from year to year, the overall losses of cattle due to larkspur have remained remarkably consistent over time. For example, Marsh et al.1 described losses averaging 5% with some ranchers losing up to 200 head in a single season. More recently Pfister et al.2 have documented losses ranging from 2% to 5% and as high as 15% in places with large stands of toxic larkspur. Although the death of livestock is an obvious contribution to total dollar value losses, there are additional factors that must be considered. For example, stocker cattle grazing on typical rangeland where toxic larkspur grows have the potential to gain up to 2.5 pounds per day (1.1 kg/day), and many producers, upon losing animals to larkspur, move them off ranges that have high-quality forage. This results in significant amounts of wasted high-quality forage and increased feeding costs. Other hidden costs include the loss of lactating cows from larkspur poisoning. The loss of a cow typically leaves an early weaned, poorly performing calf and requires a replacement cow or heifer to be found if herd numbers are to stay constant.
Prefrontal cortical microcircuits bind perception to executive control

During the perception-to-action cycle, our cerebral cortex mediates the interactions between the environment and the perceptual-executive systems of the brain. At the top of the executive hierarchy, prefrontal cortical microcircuits are assumed to bind perceptual and executive control information to guide goal-driven behavior. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing simultaneously recorded neuron firing in prefrontal cortical layers and the caudate-putamen of rhesus monkeys, trained in a spatial-versus-object, rule-based match-to-sample task. We found that during the perception and executive selection phases, cell firing in the localized prefrontal layers and caudate-putamen region exhibited similar location preferences on spatial-trials, but less on object- trials. Then, we facilitated the perceptual-executive circuit by stimulating the prefrontal infra-granular-layers with patterns previously derived from supra-granular-layers, and produced stimulation-induced spatial preference in percent correct performance on spatial trials, similar to neural tuning. These results show that inter-laminar prefrontal microcircuits play causal roles to the perception-to-action cycle.
Photomembrane turnover in frog retina: Light intensity and spectral correlates

Abstract Light regulates membrane turnover in vertebrate rod photoreceptor cells, Rods shed membrane-filled tips immediately after light onset, with light inhibiting the dark priming phase but initiating the light induction phase. This study examines the intensities and wavelengths of light that control these two shedding requirements, and demonstrates unexpected situations where red or dim lights are simultaneously dark to the dark priming mechanism and light to the light induction process. Since shedding takes place immediately following darkness we asked if dim or red light could substitute for true darkness and dark prime the retinas: our results confirm this. White light, less than 0·7 μE m m−2 sec−1 (0·15 W m2 or 40 lx), allows dark priming, and even 15 μE m−2 sec−1 of red fluorescent light dark primes as effectively as true darkness. Conversely, bright white light and wavelengths from 480 to 560 nm inhibit dark priming, implying that dark priming inhibition is a photopic mechanism transduced by photopigment in the 502-cone. We also asked if dim or red light could induce shedding, substituting for the bright light usually employed: again, the results confirm thus. White light as dim as 0·15 μE m−2 sec−1 induces shedding and red light is an effective light trigger. This light induction is initiated at all wavelengths tested (420–640 nm), with a maximum effect between 540 and 600 nm. Finally, we find that retinas shed continuously in red or dim white light. These lights substitute both for the darkness necessary for dark priming and for the light of light induction, extending shedding from the 20 min dark-light transition period to hours or days. We also find that the dim, red light of natural dawn is as effective a shedding stimulus as the sudden onset of bright laboratory light.
Symmetry-lowering lattice distortion at the spin-reorientation in MnBi single crystals

Here we report structural and physical properties determined by measurements on large single crystals of the anisotropic ferromagnet MnBi. The findings support the importance of magnetoelastic effects in this material. X-ray diffraction reveals a structural phase transition at the spin reorientation temperature TSR = 90 K. The distortion is driven by magneto-elastic coupling, and upon cooling transforms the structure from hexagonal to orthorhombic. Heat capacity measurements show a thermal anomaly at the crystallographic transition, which is suppressed rapidly by applied magnetic fields. Effects on the transport and anisotropic magnetic properties of the single crystals are also presented. Increasing anisotropy of the atomic displacement parameters for Bi with increasing temperature above TSR is revealed by neutron diffraction measurements. It is likely that this is directly related to the anisotropic thermal expansion in MnBi, which plays a key role in the spin reorientation and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Finally, the identification of the true ground state crystal structure reported here may be important for future experimental and theoretical studies of this permanent magnet material, which have to date been performed and interpreted using only the high temperature structure.
Effect of thyroprotein feeding on dairy cows.

Abstract Sixty-three cows fed no thyroprotein averaged 7,265kg milk (308-day, mature equivalent compared to 7,237kg averaged by 63 cows fed 10g thyroprotein daily after 50 days postpartum. The maximum increase in milk production from thyroprotein feeding occurred during the first two weeks of feeding and amounted to a 7.0% increase over the control cows. From the 22nd to 42nd weeks of lactation milk production of thyroprotein-fed cows was less than that of controls. Milk fat tests were raised 0.41% (P Thyroprotein feeding resulted in marked reductions in body weight, barrel circumference, and body condition and marked increases in heart rates, respiration rates, and rectal temperatures. Cows and first-calf heifers receiving thyroprotein required more services per conception (P
A Review of 51 Talonavicular Joint Arthrodeses for Flexible Pes Valgus Deformity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of isolated talonavicular arthrodesis in the treatment of the flexible pes valgus foot type. Retrospectively, 51 consecutive isolated talonavicular arthrodeses in 41 patients were evaluated. The mean patient age was 47 (range 9 to 72) years, and the mean follow-up duration was 43.3 (range 11 to 113) months. The mean 10-cm categorical pain score before the surgery was 7.60 ± 2.37, and this improved to 1.90 ± 2.38 postoperatively, and this difference was statistically significant (P < .001). We also measured the preoperative and postoperative percent of talar uncovering, calcaneocuboid angle, Kite's angle, talar dome height, calcaneal inclination angle, and Meary's angle, and observed statistically significant (P < .001) improvements in all of these. Fifty-one (100%) of the cases progressed to radiographic osseous union, although 2 (3.92%) of the cases were considered delayed unions. Moreover, 4 (7.84%) of the cases displayed juxta-articular arthrosis postoperatively, and 2 (3.9%) cases developed transfer pain to the lateral column. The authors concluded that isolated talonavicular arthrodesis is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of painful pes valgus deformity.
An Exact Markov Process for Multihop Connectivity via Intervehicle Communication on Parallel Roads

This paper identifies a Markov process for the multihop connectivity along two parallel roads through inter-vehicle communication. Vehicles are assumed to follow two Poisson processes on both roads. Exact mean, variance and probability distribution of the instantaneous propagation distance are derived. A closed form approximation for the expected distance is also proposed.
Cystic fibrosis airway epithelial Ca2+ i signaling: the mechanism for the larger agonist-mediated Ca2+ i signals in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

In cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, abnormal epithelial ion transport likely initiates mucus stasis, resulting in persistent airway infections and chronic inflammation. Mucus clearance is regulated, in part, by activation of apical membrane receptors coupled to intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) mobilization. We have shown that Ca2+i signals resulting from apical purinoceptor (P2Y2-R) activation are increased in CF compared with normal human airway epithelia. The present study addressed the mechanism for the larger apical P2Y2-R-dependent Ca2+i signals in CF human airway epithelia. We show that the increased Ca2+i mobilization in CF was not specific to P2Y2-Rs because it was mimicked by apical bradykinin receptor activation, and it did not result from a greater number of P2Y2-R or a more efficient coupling between P2Y2-Rs and phospholipase C-generated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Rather, the larger apical P2Y2-R activation-promoted Ca2+i signals in CF epithelia resulted from an increased density and Ca2+ storage capacity of apically confined endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. To address whether the ER up-regulation resulted from ER retention of misfolded ΔF508 CFTR or was an acquired response to chronic luminal airway infection/inflammation, three approaches were used. First, ER density was studied in normal and CF sweat duct human epithelia expressing high levels of ΔF508 CFTR, and it was found to be the same in normal and CF epithelia. Second, apical ER density was morphometrically analyzed in airway epithelia from normal subjects, ΔF508 homozygous CF patients, and a disease control, primary ciliary dyskinesia; it was found to be greater in both CF and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Third, apical ER density and P2Y2-R activation-mobilized Ca2+i, which were investigated in airway epithelia in a long term culture in the absence of luminal infection, were similar in normal and CF epithelia. To directly test whether luminal infection/inflammation triggers an up-regulation of the apically confined ER Ca2+ stores, normal airway epithelia were chronically exposed to supernatant from mucopurulent material from CF airways. Supernatant treatment expanded the apically confined ER, resulting in larger apical P2Y2-R activation-dependent Ca2+i responses, which reproduced the increased Ca2+i signals observed in CF epithelia. In conclusion, the mechanism for the larger Ca2+i signals elicited by apical P2Y2-R activation in CF airway epithelia is an expansion of the apical ER Ca2+ stores triggered by chronic luminal airway infection/inflammation. Greater ER-derived Ca2+i signals may provide a compensatory mechanism to restore, at least acutely, mucus clearance in CF airways.
The Gappei: Local Reorganization in Japan

Ishino and Donoghue1 have written a number of papers recently on their restudy of 13 villages in Japan. These dealt primarily with the land reform and economic development following World War II. In this paper, the authors shift emphasis from the land reform to another major change in rural Japan related to development, the village-town amalgamation (gappei). Others2 have concentrated research efforts on hamlet and village units, but have not dealt with political or social ramifications of the recent amalgamations. One objective of this paper is to indicate the importance of the political and administrative dimensions of changing Japan and to point out fruitful areas of inquiry.
Glycosylation of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) in human trophoblast, kidney and platelets

Many cell surface glycoconjugates are differentiation markers and are involved in cell-cell and intermolecular interactions in development, immunity and cancer. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) comprises structurally related 65 and 55 kDa glycoproteins that bear O- and N-linked glycans. MCP prevents amplification of autologous complement action on human cells. We used immunoblotting with MCP-specific monoclonal antibody TRA-2-10 to determine lectin-binding properties and glycosidase sensitivities of MCP in a study of cell-specific variation in glycosylation of this protein. The results showed that N-linked glycans on placental syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, kidney and platelet MCP are similar in binding to concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectins, but are not bound by leucophytohemagglutinin. Lectin binding prior to and after neuraminidase digestion indicates that MCP from these sources is highly sialylated. 65 kDa MCP was confirmed to contain more O-linked glycans than 55 kDa MCP. A fraction of platelet 65 kDa MCP is distinct, however, in bearing peripheral fucose residues. Syncytiotrophoblast is unique in containing a 110 kDa form of MCP in non-reducing SDS-PAGE that resembles 65 kDa MCP in glycosylation. Chorion laeve MCP in 4 of 8 preparations was unusually heterogeneous and differed from syncytiotrophoblast MCP after neuraminidase digestion in the forms bound to peanut agglutinin and WGA. The results indicated for the first time, differences in O-linked glycosylation of MCP in chorion laeve cytotrophoblast relative to syncytiotrophoblast, platelet and kidney MCP. We conclude that structures of MCP glycans can differ between trophoblasts and other cell types.
Two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the host-selective phytotoxin HC-toxin

Abstract Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 produces a cyclic tetrapeptide HC-toxin, which is necessary for its exceptional virulence on certain varieties of maize. Previous genetic analysis of HC-toxin production by the fungus has indicated that a single genetic locus controls HC-toxin production. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of HC-toxin have been sought by following the precedents established for the biosynthetic enzymes of cyclic peptide antibiotics. Two enzymatic activities from C. carbonum race 1 were found, a D-alanine- and an L-proline-dependent ATP/PPi exchange, which by biochemical and genetic criteria were shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of HC-toxin. These two activities were present in all tested race 1 isolates of C. carbonum, which produce HC-toxin, and in none of the tested race 2 and race 3 isolates, which do not produce the toxin. In a genetic cross between two isolates of C. carbonum differing at the tox locus, all tox+ progeny had both activities, and all tox- progeny lacked both activities.
Oral operant ethanol self-administration in 5-HT1b knockout mice.

Abstract The present experiment examined oral ethanol self-adminstration in 5-HT1b knockout (KO) mice and 5-HT1b wild-type (WT) control mice using a continuous access operant procedure. After lever press training, adult 5-HT1b KO and 5-HT1b WT mice were placed in operant chambers on a 23 h per day basis with access to food (FR1), 10% v/v ethanol (FR4), and water from a sipper tube. KO mice displayed higher rates of responding on the ethanol-associated lever compared to WT mice. KO mice also consumed greater amounts of water. Food responding was the same in both genotypes. Following 30 sessions, ethanol concentration was altered every 5 days. Response patterns were determined using 0, 5, and 20% v/v ethanol concentrations. Ethanol responding (0, 5, 10, and 20% v/v) was also examined after the addition of 0.15% saccharin. KO mice and WT mice showed similar response rates for all ethanol concentrations. Since KO mice showed greater levels of ethanol responding only for unsweetened 10% v/v ethanol, and showed modest ethanol self-adminstration overall, the present results are not consistent with the notion that 5-HT1b KO have a generally greater preference for ethanol than 5-HT1b WT mice.
Reconnection of Twisted Flux Tubes as a Function of Contact Angle

The collision and reconnection of magnetic flux tubes in the solar corona has been proposed as a mechanism for solar flares and in some cases as a model for coronal mass ejections. We study this process by simulating the collision of pairs of twisted flux tubes with a massively parallel, collocation, viscoresistive, magnetohydrodynamic code using up to 256 × 256 × 256 Fourier modes. Our aim is to investigate the energy release and possible global topological changes that can occur in flux-tube reconnection. We have performed a number of simulations for different angles between the colliding flux tubes and for either co- or counterhelicity flux tubes. We find the following four classes of interaction: (1) bounce (no appreciable reconnection), (2) merge, (3) slingshot (the most efficient reconnection), and (4) tunnel (a double reconnection). We will describe these four classes of flux-tube reconnection and discuss in what range of parameter space each class occurs and the implications our results have for models of flares and coronal mass ejections.
Spurious trends in satellite MSU temperatures from merging different satellite records

Analysis of global surface air temperature records has indicated that recent years have been among the warmest since the late nineteenth century1, with 1995 being the warmest year on record2. But the rate of global annual mean surface warming of 0.13 °C per decade during the period 1979–95 differs substantially from the global lower-tropospheric cooling trend of – 0.05 °C per decade3 Inferred from the record (MSU-2R) of radiance measurements by the satellite Microwave Sounder Unit (MSU)4,5. Accordingly, the satellite record has been widely cited by sceptics as evidence against global warming6–10. However, a substantial fraction of the measured radiance originates not from the atmosphere but from the Earth's surface11, and gives rise to high noise levels. This noise can lead to errors when merging temperature time series obtained from different satellites. Here we present comparisons among different MSU retrievals, sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and equivalent MSU temperatures derived from an atmospheric general circulation model forced with observed SSTs. The comparisons, focused on the tropics where atmospheric temperatures are closely tied to SSTs, strongly suggest that two spurious downward jumps occur in the MSU-2R record coinciding with changes in satellites, and that the real trend in MSU temperatures is likely to be positive, albeit small.
Potential contributions of intelligent vehicle/ highway systems (IVHS) to reducing transportation's greenhouse gas production

Abstract The road transportation system (including automobiles, buses and trucks) has not yet made significant use of modern electronics technologies to enhance system operations. Intelligent vehicle/ highway systems (IVHS) is the label currently applied to the nascent attempts to use advanced technologies to enable travelers, vehicles and the roadway infrastructure to function as an integrated system IVHS technologies influence both the supply and demand sides of transportation, to promote enhanced operational efficiency and reductions in vehicle miles traveled. These changes can reduce the contribution of the transportation sector to global warming in ways that are explained qualitatively in the paper. Quantitative evaluation of the global-warming implications of IVHS must follow from further research on the technology and travelers' responses to it, and from development of the policy framework for IVHS implementation.
Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Synthetically Useful Supramolecular Light Absorbers with Mixed Polyazine Bridging Ligands.

The trimetallic complexes [{(bpy)2M(dpp)}2Ru(dpq)]6+ (M = RuII or OsII, bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, and dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline) have been prepared and the details of their spectroscopic, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties investigated. These mixed bridging ligand complexes are a new group of synthons that can be useful for the construction of supramolecular devices for a wide variety of functions. It is the presence of the terminal dpq ligand that allows for their incorporation into larger supramolecular systems. This dpq ligand serves as an acceptor ligand that will possess a lower lying π* orbital than the dpp ligands once these chromophores are incorporated into larger systems. The [{(bpy)2M(dpp)}2Ru(dpq)]6+ systems display overlapping terminal metal oxidations at 1.66 and 1.18 V vs Ag/AgCl for the Ru and Os systems, respectively. This indicates that within this framework, these terminal, M, metals are largely electronically uncoupled. No ox...
Screening protocols for cervical neoplastic disease

Recently, changes have been recommended in regimens for screening for cervical neoplastic disease. These changes are based on a variety of statistical and epidemiological assumptions. These assumptions are examined here together with available data from several sources. A discussion of the characteristics of indices of use in evaluating the potential effects of screening protocols is presented. An analysis of the data is shown which provides evidence that the changes recommended in the interval between successive Papanicolaou smears may result in an increase in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the population over time.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Effects of Mixed Substituents in Bis(phenolate)–Copper(II) Galactose Oxidase Model Complexes

Nonsymmetric substitution of salen (1R1,R2) and reduced salen (2R1,R2) CuII–phenoxyl complexes with a combination of -tBu, -SiPr, and -OMe substituents leads to dramatic differences in their redox and spectroscopic properties, providing insight into the influence of the cysteine-modified tyrosine cofactor in the enzyme galactose oxidase (GO). Using a modified Marcus–Hush analysis, the oxidized copper complexes are characterized as Class II mixed-valent due to the electronic differentiation between the two substituted phenolates. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) assesses the degree of radical delocalization onto the single sulfur atom of nonsymmetric [1tBu,SMe]+ at 7%, consistent with other spectroscopic and electrochemical results that suggest preferential oxidation of the -SMe bearing phenolate. Estimates of the thermodynamic free-energy difference between the two localized states (ΔGo) and reorganizational energies (λR1R2) of [1R1,R2]+ and [2R1,R2]+ lead to accurate predictions of the s...
Adenosine triphosphatase activity and weight of corpora lutea during reproductive cycle of the rat.

SummaryThe ATP-ase activity and weight of lutein and ovarian tissue were determined during estrus, diestrus, pseudopregnancy, pregnancy and lactation. The results indicate that in general the enzyme activity per unit weight is lower in functional corpora lutea than in apparently non-functional corpora. The weight and enzyme activity per corpus luteum increased and decreased at approximately the same rate during pregnancy and lactation. The enzyme activity of ovarian tissue remaining after the removal of the corpora lutea was greatest on the 4th day of pseudopregnancy, 7th day of pregnancy and 11th day of lactation.
Individual differences in imagination inflation

Garry, Manning, Loftus, and Sherman (1996) found that when adult subjects imagined childhood events, these events were subsequently judged as more likely to have occurred than were not-imagined events. The authors termed this effectimagination inflation. We replicated the effect, using a novel set of Life Events Inventory events. Further, we tested whether the effect is related to four subject characteristics possibly associated with false memory creation. The extent to which subjects inflated judged likelihood following imagined events was associated with indices of hypnotic suggestibility and dissociativity, but not with vividness of imagery or interrogative suggestibility. Results suggest that imagination plays a role in subsequent likelihood judgments regarding childhood events, and that some individuals are more likely than others to experience imagination inflation.
Covalent Inhibition of New Delhi Metallo‐β‐Lactamase‐1 (NDM‐1) by Cefaclor

Covalent irreversible inhibitors can successfully treat antibiotic-resistant infections by targeting serine β-lactamases. However, this strategy is useless for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), which uses a non-covalent catalytic mechanism and lacks an active-site serine. Here, NDM-1 was irreversibly inactivated by three β-lactam substrates: cephalothin, moxalactam, and cefaclor, albeit at supratherapeutic doses (e.g., cefaclor KI =2.3 ± 0.1 mM; k(inact) =0.024 ± 0.001 min(-1)). Inactivation by cephalothin and moxalactam was mediated through Cys208. Inactivation by cefaclor proceeded through multiple pathways, in part mediated by Lys211. Use of a cefaclor metabolite enabled mass spectrometric identification of a +346.0735 Da covalent adduct on Lys211, and an inactivation mechanism is proposed. Lys211 was identified as a promising "handhold" for developing covalent NDM-1 inhibitors and serves as a conceptual example for creating covalent inhibitors for enzymes with non-covalent mechanisms.
Inhibition of human secretory class II phospholipase A2 by heparin.

By means of kinetic analyses using Triton X-100/deoxycholic acid/dilauroylglycerophosphoethanolamine (4:2:1, molar ratio) mixed micelles we examined the effects of heparin on the activity of several phospholipases A2 (PLA2). Heparin avidly bound cationic PLA2s including human secretory class II PLA2 and thereby inhibited their hydrolysis of phospholipids in the mixed micelles. Initial velocity measurements indicated that heparin behaved as a competitive inhibitor for human secretory class II PLA2 and closely related A.h. blomhoffii PLA2 and A.p. piscivorus PLA2. In particular, heparin showed the highest specificity for human secretory class II PLA2. In the absence of deoxycholic acid in mixed micelles, A.h. blomhoffii PLA2 was also strongly inhibited by heparin. The observed inhibition was not due to the interaction of heparin with the active site of PLA2 because heparin did not inhibit the hydrolysis of monomeric substrates by PLA2s. Both kinetic measurements and fluorescence measurements of PLA2-bound 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate in the presence of varying amounts of heparin showed that a heparin molecule bound about seven molecules of PLA2. When positive charges of four lysines in the amino-terminal region of A.h. blomhoffii PLA2 were neutralized by limited carbamoylation, heparin neither bound the carbamoylated A.h. blomhoffii PLA2 nor inhibited the hydrolysis of Triton X-100/dilauroylglycerophosphocholine mixed micelles by the carbamoylated A.h. blomhoffii PLA2 that retained 50% activity of native A.h. blomhoffii PLA2. Also, heparin did not inhibit the hydrolysis of mixed micelles by 7,10-bis(octanoyl)ated A.p. piscivorus PLA2 in which two lysines in the amino-terminal alpha-helix are acylated. These results indicate that the inhibition of human secretory class II PLA2 and related cationic PLA2s by heparin originates from the interaction of heparin with cationic residues in the amino-terminal region that forms a part of interfacial binding site. In addition, unique structural features of human secretory class II PLA2, together with its unique mode of interaction with heparin, suggest that this PLA2 might have an additional heparin-binding site. Although the heparin-PLA2 binding diminished as the ionic strength of reaction medium increased, the inhibition of human secretory class II PLA2 by heparin remained significant at the physiological ionic strength. An estimated value of inhibition constant (Ki) was 0.1 microM under physiological conditions, which suggests that a normal pharmaceutical dose of heparin might inhibit human secretory class II PLA2 and regulate its biological effects.
DNA contents and cell number in relation to seed size in the genus Vicia

The extent of variation in cell mass, and in the size of the cell population of cotyledons has been examined to determine their relative roles in the evolution of variation in seed weight within the genus Vicia. In the 12 species examined there were highly significant correlations between seed weight and cotyledon cell number, and between seed weight and mean cell mass. The extremes differed by a factor of 625 fold in dry seed weight; of this variation, most (140 fold) was attributable to variation in the size of the cell population and only a 4.47-fold change was due to differences in cell mass. The cotyledon cells of all the species, irrespective of their seed weight showed very high levels of replication of their DNA. The implications of these data in terms of the evolution of seed mass in Vicia is considered. There was a constant relationship between cell mass and DNA amount per cell for all species, irrespective of the basic genome size, extent of DNA replication or of the information content of the genome. The basis of this relationship, and its evolutionary implication, is considered.
Molecular mechanisms of cell-type determination in budding yeast

Studies of cell-type determination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed a regulatory network of proteins that are highly conserved in evolutionary terms. In the past few years, genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches have shown what many of these components do, how they fit together, and how they cooperate to regulate the expression of many different target genes.
Alterations of Venous Flow in Hemiparetic Patients

Unilateral extremity edema and an increased incidence of venous thrombo sis are known to occur in association with hemiparesis. This phenomenon has been ascribed to either loss of muscle pump function, resulting in venous flow stasis, or to alterations in vasomotor tone secondary to the central cerebral le sion. Thirty-five patients with hemiparesis due to stroke were studied with duplex scanning to determine the nature of changes in venous flow. Patients with pre- existing arterial or venous disease were excluded. Femoral and popliteal vein size and peak venous flow velocity were quantitated in the paretic and the unaffect ed limb. Muscle strength and recovery (Brunnstrom staging) were independent ly assessed and compared with venous measurements.The relative change in vein size was found to be significantly increased at both locations in the femoral (p = .007) and popliteal (p = .019) locations in the paretic as compared to the normal limb. Concurrently, the peak flow velocity was significantly reduced ...