cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of stress drop, stiffness, and fracture energy over earthquake rupture zones

[1] Using information provided by slip models and the methodology of McGarr and Fletcher (2002), we map static stress drop, stiffness (k = Δσ/u, where Δσ is static stress drop and u is slip), and fracture energy over the slip surface to investigate the earthquake rupture process and energy budget. For the 1994 M6.7 Northridge, 1992 M7.3 Landers, and 1995 M6.9 Kobe earthquakes, the distributions of static stress drop show strong heterogeneity, emphasizing the importance of asperities in the rupture process. Average values of static stress drop are 17, 11, and 4 MPa for Northridge, Landers, and Kobe, respectively. These values are substantially higher than estimates based on simple crack models, suggesting that the failure process involves the rupture of asperities within the larger fault zone. Stress drop as a function of depth for the Northridge and Landers earthquakes suggests that stress drops are limited by crustal strength. For these two earthquakes, regions of high slip are surrounded by high values of stiffness. Particularly for the Northridge earthquake, the prominent patch of high slip in the central part of the fault is bordered by a ring of high stiffness and is consistent with expectations based on the failure of an asperity loaded at its edge due to exterior slip. Stiffness within an asperity is inversely related to its dimensions. Estimates of fracture energy, based on static stress drop, slip, and rupture speed, were used to investigate the nature of slip weakening at four locations near the hypocenter of the Kobe earthquake for comparison with independent results based on a dynamic model of this earthquake. One subfault updip and to the NE of the hypocenter has a fracture energy of 1.1 MJ/m2 and a slip-weakening distance, Dc, of 0.66 m. Right triangles, whose base and height are Dc and the dynamic stress drop, respectively, approximately overlie the slip-dependent stress given by Ide and Takeo (1997) for the same locations near the hypocenter. The total fracture energy for the Kobe earthquake, 3.7 × 1014 J, is about the same as the seismic energy (Ea = 3.2 × 1014 J).
A pH-dependent stabilization of an active site loop observed from low and high pH crystal structures of mutant monomeric glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase at 1.8 to 1.9 A.

Abstract A mutation in the dimer interface of Escherichia coli glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GarTfase) disrupts the observed pH-dependent association of the wild-type enzyme, but has no observable effect on the enzyme activity. Here, we assess whether a pH effect on the enzyme’s conformation is sufficient by itself to explain the pH-dependence of the GarTfase reaction. A pH-dependent conformational change is observed between two high-resolution crystal structures of the Glu70Ala mutant GarTfase at pH 3.5 (1.8 A) and 7.5 (1.9 A). Residues 110 to 131 in GarTfase undergo a transformation from a disordered loop at pH 3.5, where the enzyme is inactive, to an ordered loop-helix structure at pH 7.5, where the enzyme is active. The ordering of this flexible loop-helix has a direct effect on catalytic residues in the active site, binding of the folate cofactor and shielding of the active site from solvent. A main-chain carbonyl oxygen atom from Tyr115 in the ordered loop forms a hydrogen bond with His108, and thereby provides electronic and structural stabilization of this key active site residue. Kinetic data indicate that the p K a of His108 is in fact raised to 9.2. The loop movement can be correlated with elevation of the His p K a , but with further stabilization, probably from Asp144, after the binding of folate cofactor. Leu118, also in the loop, becomes positioned near the p -amino benzoic acid binding site, providing additional hydrophobic interactions with the cofactor 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate. Thus, the pH-dependence of the enzyme activity appears to arise from local active site rearrangements and not from differences due to monomer-dimer association.
A Case of Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Myeloproliferative Neoplasm in a Pregnant Woman with Unusual Primary Myelofibrosis Features

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are traditionally separated into BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and BCR-ABL-negative MPNs including primary myelofibrosis (PMF), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and so forth. One of the diagnostic requirements for PMF and ET is the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome, while its presence is almost universally indicative of CML. However, a diagnostic dilemma arises when Philadelphia chromosome-positive MPNs lack the majority of the typical features seen in CML. Some of these classic CML features include basophilIa, marked leukocytosis, neutrophils left-shift with myelocytes bulge, and “dwarf” megakaryocytes. Presented here is a case of a 32-year-old pregnant patient who did not have typical morphologic findings for CML, and yet the Philadelphia chromosome was positive. The patient demonstrated some pathologic features that are commonly presented in PMF that included bone marrow reticulin fibrosis, leukoerythroblastosis, splenomegaly, and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase.
The Effect of a Self-Management Training Program on Employees of a Mid-Sized Organization

Abstract The effectiveness of an eight-week self-management training program presented to thirty-five employees of a mid-sized organization was analyzed. It was predicted that employees would be able to improve self-selected work related problems through self-management training. Thirty-three subjects implemented individual self-management projects that consisted of identifying, monitoring, implementing an intervention, and planning for maintenance on a work related target issue. Of these 33 subjects, 31 reported successful self-management programs. Additionally, the experimental subjects were compared to nine subjects in a control group on measures of attendance and self-efficacy Results on these measures were mixed. Implications of the research findings for the design, implementation, and evaluation of in-service training programs in business organizations are discussed.
A computer simulation of the midlatitude plasmasphere and ionosphere

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to report the development of a new computer model to simulate species density, temperature and plasma flow in the ionosphere and plasmasphere. The paper provides a general description of the code for potential users. The model incorporates the attractive features of previous models reported in the literature. In addition significant improvements have been made, which render the code a comprehensive tool for studying the ionosphere-plasmasphere environment. For example, the calculations are carried out across an entire field tube extending from the E region in one hemisphere to the E region in the conjugate ionosphere. The coupled continuity, momentum, energy, heat flow and photoelectron equations are solved in a quasi-simultaneous manner. The efficiency of the numerical solution was much improved by using an integral form of the continuity and momentum equations which resembles the form used in the shooting method at high altitudes, and the conventional parabolic solution in the F region and topside ionosphere below 2000 km. The equations are formulated to facilitate linking the plasmasphere and ionosphere. The equations have been expressed in a new way which we have called “flux preserving,” and solved using a Newton iteration. The speed of convergence of the solution procedure is further improved by the use of predictive techniques. The results reported in the paper are the product of numerical tests that were carried out to assess the performance of the code. The choice of material for analysis therefore was not determined by geophysical criteria. However, several interesting results were obtained which warrant reporting. These include (1) the discovery that counterstreaming of H + and O + ions occurs under steady state conditions; (2) that our theoretical results agree with recent measurements of electron temperature in the plasmasphere, which are significantly lower than previous measurements. However, there is an indication that a magnetospheric source of heat may nevertheless be required for precise agreement.
Primary ovarian leiomyoma in a premenarchal adolescent: first reported case.

Abstract Background Primary ovarian leiomyoma is a rare benign ovarian tumor with only several reported cases in adolescents. Little is known about the origin or natural history of these rare tumors as they have occurred in a variety of presentations and were removed upon presentation without observation. Case A 14-year-old, premenarchal female was found to have a 4 cm mass which grew to 6.5 cm over two years. It appeared sonographically most consistent with a teratoma; however ,during surgical resection it was found to be solid, and on pathologic evaluation was identified as an ovarian leiomyoma. Summary and Conclusion The growth of this patient’s tumor with the onset of puberty supports hormonal responsivity, but its presence prior to menarche suggests an alternate origin, independent of gonadal hormones.
A finite-difference solution of Onsager's model for flow in a gas centrifuge

Abstract A finite-difference algorithm for computing the secondary flow field in a gas centrifuge is described. The linearized axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variable form are solved by a time-marching technique. Most previous finite-difference solution algorithms for gas centrifuge flows have involved numerically resolving the thin Ekman layers at the ends using an extremely fine mesh. Here instead we apply an analytical matching condition at the ends which has the same effect on the flow outside the Ekman layers as would the direct application of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary conditions on a highly refined mesh. With this matching at the ends and judicious finite-differencing in the interior, the computational efficiency approaches that of algorithms based on eigenfunction solution of the steady-state problem while retaining the convenience of time-marching finite-difference methods. While non-linear terms, sources and sinks, and curvature are not included at present, the algorithm does lend itself to their later inclusion.
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BATIO3

An important, somewhat novel procedure for the bulk synthesis of finely divided crystalline BaTiO3 powder has been studied and is applicable to the synthesis of other compounds in the BaO-TiO2 system as well. An aqueous solution of Ba(NO3)2, TiO(NO3)2, and alanine is spray dried. A combustion reaction occurs when heating the product to 300 °C. The reaction converts the spray-dried mixture to BaTiO3. This BaTiO3 powder and its sinterability have been characterized by thermal analysis, XRD, SEM, dielectric, and particle size measurements. The powder resulting from the thermal runaway reaction is finely divided and sinters more readily than the conventionally prepared high purity BaTiO3.
Agonist-induced phosphorylation of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 (sst1). Relationship to desensitization and internalization.

The sst1 somatostatin (SRIF) receptor subtype is widely expressed in the endocrine, gastrointestinal, and neuronal systems as well as in hormone-sensitive tumors, yet little is known about its regulation. Here we investigated the desensitization, internalization, and phosphorylation of sst1 expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Treatment of cells with 100 nm SRIF for 30 min reduced maximal SRIF inhibition of adenylyl cyclase from 40 to 10%. This desensitization was rapid (t(12) 180 min). Incubation of cells with SRIF also caused a rapid (t(12) < 2 min) increase in sst1 receptor phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner (EC(50) = 1.3 nm), as determined in a mobility shift phosphorylation assay. Receptor phosphorylation was not affected by pertussis toxin, indicating a requirement for receptor occupancy rather than signaling. The protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also stimulated sst1 receptor phosphorylation whereas forskolin did not. Both agonist- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated receptor phosphorylation occurred mainly on serine. These studies are the first to demonstrate phosphorylation of the sst1 receptor and suggest that phosphorylation mediated uncoupling, rather than sequestration, leads to its desensitization.
The molar polarizability of3He at low temperatures and its density dependence

Simultaneous capacitance and PVT measurements on liquid and gaseous3He under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions indicate that the molar polarizability of the classical Clausius-Mossotti equation can best be expressed as:α(mole/cm3)=0.123413−0.002376 ρ(g/cm3). Some significant, but often neglected, experimental corrections are discussed.
A nucleoside diphosphokinase from liver mitochondria which catalyzes an [32P]ADP-ATP exchange reaction.

Abstract A nucleoside diphosphokinase has been purified 50- to 100-fold from aqueous extracts of porcine-liver mitochondria. The enzyme can catalyze transphosphorylation reactions between a number of nucleoside di- and triphosphates, e.g., an exchange between [32P] ADP and ATP, and accounts for a substantial portin of the ADP-ATP exchange activity of such extracts. The ADP-ATP exchange is not catalyzed. The reaction is activated by Mg2+ or Mn2, and is not inhibited by low concentrations of sulfhydryl-group binding agents.
Exploiting Contextual Information to Enable Efficient Content Delivery for 3D Tele-Immersion Applications

The tradeoff relationship between resource requirement, content complexity, and user satisfaction is magnified when more and more modern 3D Tele-immersive (3DTI) applications with higher quality demands and/or scalability requirements come into the picture. These demanding applications introduce challenges in different phases throughout the delivery chain of 3DTI systems. To tackle them, we propose to exploit contextual information of 3DTI systems, such as contextual information on resource, content, and satisfaction aspects. Understanding contextual information will improve the utilization of different computing environments to fulfill the objectives of targeted application.
Genetic Basis for Adverse Events after Smallpox Vaccination

Identifying genetic factors associated with the development of adverse events might allow screening before vaccinia virus administration. Two independent clinical trials of the smallpox vaccine (Aventis Pasteur) were conducted in healthy, vaccinia virus-naive adult volunteers. Volunteers were assessed repeatedly for local and systemic adverse events (AEs) associated with the receipt of vaccine and underwent genotyping for 1,442 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the first study, 36 SNPs in 26 genes were associated with systemic AEs (P <or= .05); these 26 genes were tested in the second study. In the final analysis, 3 SNPs were consistently associated with AEs in both studies. The presence of a nonsynonymous SNP in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)gene was associated with the risk ofAEin both trials (odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-5.2] [P = .04] and OR, 4.1 [95% CI, 1.4 -11.4] [P<.01]). Two SNPs in the interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) gene were associated with the risk of AE in both sample sets (OR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.1-9.8] [P = .03] andOR, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.1- 8.3] [P = .03]). Genetic polymorphisms in genes expressing an enzyme previously associated with adverse reactions to a variety of pharmacologic agents (MTHFR) and an immunological transcription factor (IRF1) were associated with AEs after smallpox vaccination in 2 independent study samples.
Hospice providers' key approaches to support informal caregivers in managing medications for patients in private residences.

Context Managing and administering medications to relieve pain and symptoms are common, important responsibilities for informal caregivers of patients receiving end-of-life care at home. However, little is known about how hospice providers prepare and support caregivers with medication-related tasks.
Rural Children with Asthma: Impact of a Parent and Child Asthma Education Program

The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an asthma educational intervention in improving asthma knowledge, self-efficacy, and quality of life in rural families. Children 6 to 12 years of age (62% male, 56% white, and 22% Medicaid) with persistent asthma (61%) were recruited from rural elementary schools and randomized into the control standard asthma education (CON) group or an interactive educational intervention (INT) group geared toward rural families.Parent/caregiver and child asthma knowledge, self-efficacy, and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 10 months post enrollment. Despite high frequency of symptom reports, only 18% children reported an emergency department visit in the prior 6 months. Significant improvement in asthma knowledge was noted for INT parents and young INT children at follow-up (Parent: CON = 16.3; INT = 17.5, p < 0.001; Young children: CON = 10.8, INT = 12.45, p < 0.001). Child self-efficacy significantly increased in the INT group at follow-up; however, there was no significant difference in parent self-efficacy or parent and child quality of life at follow-up. Asthma symptom reports were significantly lower for the INT group at follow-up. For young rural children, an interactive asthma education intervention was associated with increased asthma knowledge and self-efficacy, decreased symptom reports, but not increased quality of life.
Composting of goat manure and wheat straw using pine cones as a bulking agent

This study aimed to determine the optimum mixture ratio of pine cones, goat manure and wheat straw and obtained optimal Free Air Space (FAS) values for composting. For this aim, pine cones were added at different ratios into goat manure and wheat straw mixtures. So, the FAS value of mixtures was fixed at four different levels. According to the results, the highest organic matter degradation and temperature value were obtained at the mixture ratio of 10% pine cones, 45% goat manure and 45% wheat straw. FAS value of this mixture was 32.8.
Photoacceleration of plant litter decomposition in an arid environment.

In arid ecosystems, abiotic processes facilitate the physical and chemical degradation of plant litter to the extent that decomposition models that use climatic and litter composition variables as surrogates for microbial activity are not predictive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential contribution of photodegradation to the decomposition of plant litters that varies in architecture and chemical composition. Litter of Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma and Populus deltoides were exposed to ambient and attenuated sunlight, with and without supplemental water additions, at a riparian forest site along the Middle Rio Grande (New Mexico, USA). Mass loss, elemental composition, and microbial extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) were measured over 639 days. The composition of the fungal communities associated with the decomposing litters was compared by analyses of fungal ITS nrDNA sequences. Litter exposed to ambient sunlight had greater mass loss rates than shaded litter, independent of the water treatment: Populus increased by 100%, Pinus by 86% and Juniperus by 46%. The increases were proportional to exposed litter surface area per g dry mass. EEA potentials, particularly oxidative activities, were low in comparison to those measured in mesic ecosystems. For Populus litter, the principal driver of photoacceleration appeared to be photodegradation of cellulose; for Pinus, it was photodegradation of polyphenols; for Juniperus accelerated mass loss was associated with photodegradation of both polysaccharides and polyphenols. Fungal community composition varied by litter type, but the dominant colonizers were yeasts and dark-septate hyphal taxa; a finding consistent with the low enzymatic oxidation potential. This study shows that photochemical oxidation can supplement enzymatic oxidation and increase decomposition rates. As a result, organic matter decomposition in arid ecosystems is not restricted to periods of high moisture availability as is plant production. This decoupling may partly account for the low soil organic matter content of these ecosystems.
Dominance of geometric over elastic factors in pulse transmission through arterial branching

The branching characteristic of the arterial system is such that blood pressure pulses propagate with minimum loss. This characteristic depends on the geometric and elastic properties of branching vessels. In the current investigation, mathematical relations of branching geometry and elastic properties are formulated and their relative contributions to pulse reflection at an arterial junction are analyzed. Results show that alteration of pulse transmission through the junction is more significantly affected by changes in branching vessel radii and wall thickness than by corresponding percentage changes in vessel wall elastic moduli.
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IN A FAMILY STUDY OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER WITH PEDIATRIC PROBANDS

Objective: This study examined the comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) with major depressive disorder (MDD) in a family study of OCD with pediatric probands. Method: This study assessed the lifetime prevalence of MDD in 141 first-degree relatives (FDR) and 452 second-degree relatives (SDR) of pediatric probands with OCD and healthy controls, and identified variables associated with MDD in case FDR. All available FDR were directly interviewed blind to proband status; parents were also interviewed to assess the family psychiatric history of FDR and SDR. Best-estimate diagnoses were made using all sources of information. Data were analyzed with logistic regression and robust Cox regression models. Results: Lifetime MDD prevalence was significantly higher in case than in control FDR (30.4 versus 15.4%). Lifetime MDD prevalence was significantly higher in FDR of case probands with MDD than in FDR of case probands without MDD or control FDR (46.3 versus 19.7 versus 15.4%, respectively). MDD in case FDR was significantly associated with MDD in case probands and with age and OCD in those relatives. Lifetime MDD prevalence was similar in case and control SDR. However, lifetime MDD prevalence was significantly higher in SDR of case probands with MDD than in SDR of case probands without MDD or control SDR (31.9 versus 16.8 versus 15.4%, respectively). Conclusions: MDD prevalence was significantly higher in both FDR and SDR of case probands with MDD than in relatives of case probands without MDD or control relatives, suggesting that pediatric OCD comorbid with MDD is a complex familial syndrome. Depression and Anxiety 28:501–508, 2011. r 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coherent pupil engineered scanning reflectance confocal microscope (SRCM) for turbid imaging

ABSTRACT It is well known that use of laser illumination in microscopic imaging can lead to speckle in the resultant images. The influence of speckle artifact is more pronounced particularly when investigating deep regions of biological samples. Furthermore, the regions of turbid media above the focal plane of interest impart statistical modifications to the resulting background and focal signal, which then coherently interfere at the pinhole plane. Through a coherent model of imaging in a scanning reflectance confocal microscope (SRCM) and subsequent experimental evidence, we have shown that engineering the electric field distribution in the systems pupils can be framed in the sense of two-beam-interference of the focal signal and background light. With this model we have theoretically studied the effect of two spatially non-symmetric electric field distributions and their effect on resultant images for turbid media in a moderately high numerical-aperture (NA = 0.9) SRCM system; these distributions are TEM10 and a novel Nomarski DIC. Signal and background/speckle statistics were parameterized against these pupil distributions and compared to standard TEM00 pupil illumination. Keywords: Confocal, turbid, pupil engineering, coherent, imaging
Apolipoprotein L-I is positively associated with hyperglycemia and plasma triglycerides in CAD patients with low HDL

Apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I) is present on a subset of HDL particles and is positively correlated with plasma triglycerides (TGs). We measured plasma apoL-I levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) subjects with low HDL who were enrolled in an angiographic CAD prevention trial. At baseline, apoL-I levels (n = 136; range, 2.2-64.1 mug/ml) were right skewed with a large degree of variability. Multivariate analysis for biological determinants of apoL-I revealed that the log of VLDL-TG (+0.17; P 50% higher than normoglycemic subjects (n = 112; 13.2 vs. 8.3 mug/ml, respectively; P 50% (n = 36; P < 0.01). Genotyping of a known apoL-I polymorphism (Lys166Glu) did not independently account for any of the variability in apoL-I levels. In conclusion, we found TG and HG to be the strongest predictors of apoL-I within a dyslipidemic CAD population. These data provide further characterization of the novel HDL-associated apoL-I.
On density properties of certain subgroups with boundedness conditions

LetG be a locally compact group acting on a topological space. Here we define some boundedness conditions for the action. For a nondiscrete locally compact vector spaceV andg∈G L (V), layering structures forV and the projective spaceP (V) ofV are obtained. From the layering structures, we derive then density properties of subgroups ofG with boundedness conditions. We generalize the Borel density theorem and Prasad's theorem on automorphisms of algebraic semi-simple groups. Some new results onp-adic groups are added.
Lifetimes and Reaction Pathways of Guanine Radical Cations and Neutral Guanine Radicals in an Oligonucleotide in Aqueous Solutions

The exposure of guanine in the oligonucleotide 5′-d(TCGCT) to one-electron oxidants leads initially to the formation of the guanine radical cation G•+, its deptotonation product G(-H)•, and, ultimately, various two- and four-electron oxidation products via pathways that depend on the oxidants and reaction conditions. We utilized single or successive multiple laser pulses (308 nm, 1 Hz rate) to generate the oxidants CO3•– and SO4•– (via the photolysis of S2O82– in aqueous solutions in the presence and absence of bicarbonate, respectively) at concentrations/pulse that were ∼20-fold lower than the concentration of 5′-d(TCGCT). Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy measurements following single-pulse excitation show that the G•+ radical (pKa = 3.9) can be observed only at low pH and is hydrated within 3 ms at pH 2.5, thus forming the two-electron oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoG). At neutral pH, and single pulse excitation, the principal reactive intermediate is G(-H)•, which, at best, rea...
An Algorithm for Classification and Outlier Detection of Time-Series Data

Abstract An algorithm to perform outlier detection on time-series data is developed, the intelligent outlier detection algorithm (IODA). This algorithm treats a time series as an image and segments the image into clusters of interest, such as “nominal data” and “failure mode” clusters. The algorithm uses density clustering techniques to identify sequences of coincident clusters in both the time domain and delay space, where the delay-space representation of the time series consists of ordered pairs of consecutive data points taken from the time series. “Optimal” clusters that contain either mostly nominal or mostly failure-mode data are identified in both the time domain and delay space. A best cluster is selected in delay space and used to construct a “feature” in the time domain from a subset of the optimal time-domain clusters. Segments of the time series and each datum in the time series are classified using decision trees. Depending on the classification of the time series, a final quality score (or ...
An O(log n log log n) space algorithm for undirected st-connectivity

We present a deterministic O(log n log log n) space algorithm for undirected st-connectivity. It is based on the deterministic EREW algorithm of Chong and Lam [6] and uses the universal exploration sequences for trees constructed by Koucký [13]. Our result improves the O(log4/3 n) bound of Armoni et al.\ [2] and is a big step towards the optimal O(log n). Independently of our result and using a different set of techniques, the optimal bound was achieved by Reingold [18].
Effect of Gold Shock, Disease, and Mammalian Corticoids on the Spleen of Lepomis machrochirus.

SummaryAdministration of CA for 10 or 14 days caused splenic hyper trophy, proliferation of phagocytic elements, and dilation of splenic vessels. Treatment with DCA for the same period caused splenic atrophy and deposition of pigment granules. These granules were also prominent in spleens of animals infected by a fungus disease. Holding the animals at 4°C for 14 days caused splenic atrophy and the appearance of phagocytic elements. A 4-minute exposure to 4°C for 7 days had no effect on spleen weight or histology.
Exploring the dynamics of migration to mega-delta cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary drivers and future scenarios

This paper uses a content analysis of the published literature to take stock of current understanding of key social and policy drivers of migration to cities in 11 Asian and African mega-deltas and identifies commonalities and differences among them. The analysis shows that migration to urban centers in mega-deltas is an outcome of many forces: economic policies and incentives, local and destination institutions, government policies to develop small towns, and the geographic concentration of investments. Massive influx of capital to many deltas has transformed the local economic base from a primarily agricultural one to a manufacturing and processing economy. This has created uneven spatial economic development which is the underlying driver of migration to cities in the mega-deltas regardless of geographic context or size. Going forward to 2060, one critical challenge for all the deltas is to increase the labor skill of their workforce and foster technology innovation. Continued economic growth in these regions will require substantial investments in education and capacity building and the ability of urban centers to absorb the migrant labor pool.
Measuring dementia: Assessment of multiple deficit domains

A fundamental problem in the assessment of dementia is the brief, but adequate measurement of intellectual impairment. We evaluated 82 demented patients of heterogeneous etiology with 21 neuropsychological tests. Factor analysis identified five deficit domains among the tests: verbal ability, visuospatial ability, verbal memory, orientation, and concentration. One test was selected from each domain to form a Brief Battery for Dementia (BBD), which was used to explore the relationship between deficit patterns and disease characteristics. The pattern of deficits among the five tests altered with increasing disease severity: Logical Memory (a test of verbal memory) was severely impaired in the earliest stages, while tests of verbal concept formation, perceptual organization, and orientation declined more slowly. This battery discriminated between demented and normal subjects, with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 97%. Disease severity appeared to be a primary determinant of degree, number, and pattern of deficits in dementing disorders and may be an important factor that modulates the apparent discriminating power of intellectual tests.
Long-Run Elasticities of the Demand for Money in Korea:Evidence from Cointegration Analysis

Most recent studies have employed the cointegration technique to investigate the long-run stability of the demand for money. This study considers the case of Korea. It is shown that in the long-run while Ml monetary aggregate is cointegrated with income, interest rate, and the exchange rate, M2 is not. However, results from error correction models reveal that both Ml and M2 have short-run relationship with their determinants. [E41]
“Chaotic” dart leaders in triggered lightning: Electric fields, X-rays, and source locations

[1] We present the first published observations of “chaotic” dart leaders in triggered-lightning discharges. We examine four leaders that exhibited “chaotic” electric field derivative (dE/dt) signatures in their final 10 to 12 μs. The dE/dt signatures were characterized by bursts exhibiting widths of the order of hundreds of nanoseconds on which were superimposed irregular pulses with widths of the order of tens of nanoseconds. These unique signatures were dissimilar from the dE/dt waveforms observed from dart or dart-stepped leaders in triggered lightning. Three-dimensional locations for dE/dt pulses that radiated from the bottom 200 m of the leader channels were determined, as were emission times. Vertical leader speeds for the four “chaotic” dart leaders were estimated to range from 2.0 to 4.3 × 107 m/s. A relatively continuous flux of energetic radiation (X-rays and gamma rays) was observed during the final 10–13 μs of each “chaotic” dart leader. Some individual photons had energies more than 1 MeV. High-speed video images of three “chaotic” dart leaders were obtained at a frame rate of 300 kilo-frames per second (exposure time of 3.33 μs). One image, in the frame immediately prior to the return stroke, shows an upward positive leader 11.5 m in length propagating from the launch facility and a downward negative leader above with a streamer zone length of about 25 m. Channel base currents preceding the four “chaotic” dart leaders were of unusually long duration and large charge transfer, and return strokes following them had larger than usual peak currents.
Interaction of Pheophorbide a molecules covalently linked to DAB dendrimers

Abstract The photophysical properties of DAB–dendrimers from first to fourth generation as well as Diaminohexane – all substituted with the in maximum achievable quantity of Pheophorbide a (Pheo) molecules are compared with those of Pheo in ethanolic solution. The high local concentration of the linked dye molecules on the dendrimer surface yields in interactions between the chromophores within each complex. The investigation of these interactions is the aim of this paper. It was found, that a larger number of chromophores in one dendrimer–dye-complex increases the stacking probability of Pheo moieties accompanied by excitonic interaction leading to a fast non-radiative deactivation after excitation. The efficiency of deactivation depends on the relative position of the chromophores one to each other. Since the Forster radius for energy transfer between Pheo molecules is bigger than the diameter of the whole complex, energy is jumping very rapidly between the chromophores within the complex. Just one pair of excitonic interacting chromophores can act as energy trap for the whole complex.
The Effects of Prone vs Supine Body Position on Metabolic and Thermal Measurements in Growing Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants † 1737

Objectives: To determine the effects of prone vs supine positioning on the metabolic gas exchange and surface temperature profile of healthy growing enterally nourished LBW infants.
Does the timing of an invasive mesenteric angiography following a positive CT mesenteric angiography make a difference

Computed tomographic mesenteric angiography (CTMA) is integral in the management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (LGIB). An invasive mesenteric angiography (MA) with a view to embolize the site of bleeding is usually performed if active contrast extravasation was seen on the CTMA scans. However, the bleeding may have ceased by the time the invasive MA is performed. This study aims to identify predictors for active extravasation in invasive MA following a positive CTMA in patients with massive LGIB. A single-center retrospective study of all patients who underwent an invasive MA following a positive CTMA for LGIB from August 2007 to October 2013 was performed. Comparison was performed between patients who had positive and negative invasive MA after a positive CTMA. Forty-eight invasive MA scans were performed in patients with LGIB following a positive CTMA scan. Twenty-three (47.9 %) were due to diverticular disease while 20 (41.7 %) bled from the small bowel. The median delay from a positive CTMA to invasive MA was 144 (32–587) min. Of the 48 invasive MA, 25 demonstrated active extravasation. Invasive MA scans that was performed within 90 min after a positive CTMA scan were 8.56 (95 % CI 0.96–76.1, p = 0.05) times more likely to detect a positive extravasation. Invasive MA should be executed promptly after a positive CTMA to increase the probability of detecting the site of bleed to allow superselective embolization.
Inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis by Porphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalis is periodontal pathogen that is capable of invading gingival epithelial cells (GECs). Apoptotic responses of primary cultures of GECs to P. gingivalis were investigated with a DNA fragmentation ELISA assay. P. gingivalis induced a transient increase in GEC DNA fragmentation; however, after prolonged incubation GECs did not undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis blocked apoptosis in GECs following stimulation with camptothecin. Immunoblotting of GECs with Bcl-2 or Bax antibodies showed that P. gingivalis up-regulated Bcl-2 levels in GECs, whereas Bax levels were transiently elevated and declined after 24 h stimulation. Streptococcus gordonii did not affect levels of either molecule. RT-PCR demonstrated that induction of Bcl-2 occurs at the transcriptional level. The results suggest that P. gingivalis can inhibit apoptosis in GECs by up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. The prevention of host cell apoptosis may represent a strategy for P. gingivalis survival within invaded GECs.
Monte Carlo simulations of grafted chains at interfaces

Simulations were carried out of the polymer-polymer chain interpenetration, diffusion, and adhesion of crosslinked polymers with dangling chain ends. Concentration profiles were determined for various polymer chain lengths and densities. The penetration depth was less than the radius of gyration of the polymer grafts or dangling ends and was a function of the packing density and the graft segment length. Limited chain mobility created a stable interfacial zone.
Maturing Out of Alcohol Involvement: Transitions in Latent Drinking Statuses from Late Adolescence to Adulthood

Research has shown a developmental process of "maturing out" of alcohol involvement beginning in young adulthood, but the precise nature of changes characterizing maturing out is unclear. We used latent transition analysis to investigate these changes in a high-risk sample from a longitudinal study of familial alcoholism (N = 844; 51% children of alcoholics; 53% male, 71% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 27% Hispanic). Analyses classified participants into latent drinking statuses during late adolescence (ages 17-22), young adulthood (ages 23-28), and adulthood (ages 29-40), and characterized transitions among these statuses over time. The resulting four statuses were abstainers, low-risk drinkers who typically drank less than weekly and rarely binged or showed drinking problems, moderate-risk drinkers who typically binged less than weekly and showed moderate risk for drinking problems, and high-risk drinkers who typically binged at least weekly and showed high risk for drinking problems. Maturing out between late adolescence and young adulthood was most common among initial high-risk drinkers, but they typically declined to moderate-risk drinking rather than to nonrisky drinking statuses. This suggests that the developmental phenomenon of maturing out pertains primarily to relatively high-risk initial drinkers and that many high-risk drinkers who mature out merely reduce rather than eliminate their risky drinking.
Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer

The limitations in the cathode capacity compared with that of the anode have been an impediment to advance the lithium-ion battery technology. The lithium–sulphur system is appealing in this regard, as sulphur exhibits an order of magnitude higher capacity than the currently used cathodes. However, low active material utilization and poor cycle life hinder the practicality of lithium–sulphur batteries. Here we report a simple adjustment to the traditional lithium–sulphur battery configuration to achieve high capacity with a long cycle life and rapid charge rate. With a bifunctional microporous carbon paper between the cathode and separator, we observe a significant improvement not only in the active material utilization but also in capacity retention, without involving complex synthesis or surface modification. The insertion of a microporous carbon interlayer decreases the internal charge transfer resistance and localizes the soluble polysulphide species, facilitating a commercially feasible means of fabricating the lithium–sulphur batteries. The practical performance of lithium sulphide batteries is much less than their predicted performance because redox products dissolve over time. Su and Manthiram show that microporous carbon membranes inserted between cathode and separator localize soluble polysulphide species and improve battery cycling characteristics.
Very low temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of Rh0.99Fe0.01

Abstract Measurements of the electrical resistance of Rh 0.99 Fe 0.01 from 4.2K to 0.085K are reported. At lowest temperatures the resistance varies linearly with temperature, and shows no evidence for a T 2 dependence.
Causes and consequences of infant abuse and neglect in monkeys

Recent studies of naturally occurring infant abuse and neglect in group-living monkeys have provided some insights into the potential causes and consequences of these phenomena. Infant abandonment by monkey mothers in suboptimal conditions for reproduction and parental investment suggests that neglect, at least in its most extreme forms, may be an adaptive behavior. In contrast, several lines of evidence indicate that infant physical abuse is a maladaptive form of aggression or parenting. Studying the natural occurrence of infant abuse in nonhuman primates can provide important information on the origin and maintenance of child maltreatment in human populations.
The application of wavelets to shipboard power system protection

The proposed integrated power systems (IPS) of navy ships is based on an ungrounded system. However the natural capacitance of the cable and the EMI filters provide ground paths to the ship's hull. There is thus a "virtual ground" between the modules of the IPS. The fault current is very low for a single line to ground fault in this ungrounded system allowing continuous operation but also making fault detection difficult. In this paper a method of ground fault detection using wavelets is introduced. The ground fault conditions are simulated using PSPlCE and fault detection implemented with Daubechies wavelets. It is shown that ground faults can be detected by wavelet analysis of the line to line voltages.
Distribution and photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in northern Gulf of Mexico shelf waters

The distribution and photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the northern Gulf of Mexico along the Louisiana coastal shelf were examined during three cruises in summer 2007, fall 2007, and summer 2008. The influence of the Mississippi River plume was clearly evident as CDOM levels (defined as a305) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were well-correlated with salinity during all cruises. Elevated CDOM and CDOM:DOC ratios of surface samples collected offshore of Atchafalaya Bay and the Breton–Chandeleur Sound complex indicated emanations of organic-rich waters from coastal wetlands are also an important source to nearshore shelf waters. Generally, CDOM and DOC levels were highest in surface waters and decreased with depth, but during summer 2007 and summer 2008, CDOM levels in near-bottom samples were occasionally higher than at mid-depths without concomitant increases in DOC. CDOM photobleaching was measured during 24 irradiations using a SunTest XLSþ solar simulator with photobleaching rate coefficients (k305) ranging from 0.011 to 0.32 h � 1 . For fall 2007 and summer 2008, higher k305 values were generally observed in samples with higher initial CDOM levels. However, samples collected during summer 2007 did not exhibit a similar pattern nor were there differences in photobleaching rates between surface and bottom samples. Spectral slope coefficients (S275–295 or S350–400) and DOC levels were largely unchanged after 24 h irradiations. Modeled CDOM photobleaching for northern Gulf of Mexico mid-shelf waters predicts that during the summer when solar irradiance is high and the water column becomes stratified, nearly 90% of the CDOM in the upper 1 m may be lost to photobleaching, with losses up to 20% possible even at 10 m depth.
Identity-Based Motivation

People believe that they know who they are and that who they are matters for what they do. These core beliefs seem so inherent to conceptualizations of what it means to have a self as to require no empirical support. After all, what is the point of a concept of self if there is no stable thing to have a concept about, and who would care if that concept was stable if it was not useful in making it through the day? Yet the evidence for action-relevance and stability are surprisingly sparse. This entry outlines identity-based motivation theory which takes a new look at these assumptions and makes three core predictions termed dynamic construction, action-readiness, and interpretation of difficulty. That is, rather than being stable, which identities come to mind and what they mean are dynamically constructed in context. People interpret situations and difficulties in ways that are congruent with currently active identities and prefer identity-congruent to identity-incongruent actions. When action feels identity-congruent, experienced difficulty highlights that the behavior is important and meaningful. When action feels identity-incongruent, the same difficulty suggests that the behavior is pointless and “not for people like me.” Keywords: self; identity; motivation; situated cognition; social cognition