cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey List Experiment Details

I conducted the list experiment with a nationally representative sample of 2,000 Kenyans. I designed the survey items and implemented them with the survey firm, Synovate, as part of their quarterly Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Survey (SPEC). The surveywas conducted in Kiswahili by trained enumerators. Sampling points were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Using the 2009 census administrative boundaries, 55 of 69 districts were selected in the first stage. Sampling points—defined as the sub-location, the smallest administrative unit for which census data are available—were then selected using probability-proportion-to-size sampling, using data from the 2009 census. After arriving at the selected sampling points, interviewers selected respondents in the following manner. First, interviewers identified a landmark at the sampling site (church, school, shop, and so on). Starting from the landmark, the interviewers used the summation method to select the first household to be sampled. This involves summing the last two digits of the date to determine the first household to be sampled. If the interviews took place on the 27th, the interviewers would have selected the 9th household on the left from the landmark. After the first household, the interviewers sampled every fourth household on the left. If an interview attempt was unsuccessful, the interviewers continued to the immediate next household. After selecting a household, interviewers enumerated all occupants of the household over 18 years of age and used the serial number on the questionnaire to select the respondent. If the respondent was not home, the interviewer would return to the household three times to find the respondent. If the respondent was not available after the three attempts, another member of the household was substituted in the following manner: on even dates, the person above the original respondent on the household list was chosen and on odd dates the person below was selected.
Simultaneous mitigation of p- cresol and ammonium using activated carbon from avocado seed

Abstract Avocado seed was used as a precursor to prepare an activated carbon (AAC-MA) via physiochemical activation with methanesulfonic acid. The AAC-MA was systematically tested in batch systems for the removal of p-cresol (single-solute) and p-cresol and ammonium (binary solute). It was found that the kinetic data of p-cresol adsorption conformed to a pseudo-second-order model suggesting a predominantly chemisorption process. Additionally, the equilibrium data of p-cresol adsorption in a single solute system were found to follow Redlich–Peterson isotherm. Data analysis of the binary solute studies indicated that extended Langmuir isotherm was the most suitable to describe adsorption of p-cresol and ammonium on AAC-MA. It is also observed that the presence of ammonium did not affect adsorption of p -cresol. On the other hand, presence of p -cresol negatively influenced adsorption of ammonium. Our research suggests that AAC-MA can potentially serve as a waste management tool for mitigation of ammonium and p-cresol from aqueous systems.
Frequent but Accurate: A Closer Look at Uncertainty and Opinion Divergence in Climate Change Print News

The prevalence of uncertainty and opinion divergence frames in climate change news reporting has generated concerns about the misrepresentation of scientific consensus. We first develop reliable, v...
Ecological considerations in the conservation of effective parasitoid communities in agricultural systems

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews important aspects of ecological theories that are believed to play a major role in the conservation of parasitoids in agricultural systems. It explores the impacts of disturbance on plant and animal communities, importance of metapopulation dynamics in the conservation of parasitoids in highly disturbed systems, such as farmlands, and parasitoid community dynamics in agroecosystems. Many of the proximate factors identified as limiting the effectiveness of parasitoids in agricultural systems (for example, pesticides, lack of adult food, lack of alternative hosts, and so on) can be viewed as the direct results of the disturbance regimens that are imposed in these systems. Disturbance occurs at various spatial scales: within crops, within farms, and at the landscape level. The impact of disturbance at each of these levels can directly limit parasitoid effectiveness. Because of the current high intensity of the disturbance regimens in agriculture, many of the solutions for parasitoid conservation appear to be in terms of reducing the overall level of disturbance. Agricultural development typically transforms landscapes from a primeval matrix of mid to late successional habitats interspersed with small early successional areas created by local disturbances, to a matrix of intensely disturbed, early successional habitats interspersed with small remnant or regenerated patches of later successional stages.
Heavy-Ion Fusion Systems Assessment Implications for Reactors

The requirements, desirable characteristics, trade-offs, and design constraints are discussed for commercial heavy-ion fusion (HIF) reactor plants with induction linear accelerator (Linac) drivers. The trade-offs and the design constraints when the reactor plant requirements and desirable characteristics conflict with those for other HIF power plant systems are described. The reactor plant concepts included in the Heavy-Ion Fusion Systems Assessment (HIFSA) are discussed in relation to these requirements, characteristics, trade-offs, and constraints. Four reactor plant concepts were included in the HIFSA studies to provide large ranges of reactor repetition rate and target yield accommodation (1 to 20 Hz and 150 to 3000 MJ). This permitted thorough exploration of the impact of HIF cost of electricity (COE) of the high repetition rate and efficiency advantages of induction Linacs. Contrary to pre-HIFSA expectations, large plants with large driver repetition rates and multiple reactors are not required for attractive COE: Repetition rates <10 Hz in 1000-MW(electric) one-reactor plants are competitive. More than one HIF reactor plant concept shows promise: The minimum COE estimates for the four concepts in 1000-MW(electric) plants range from 55 to 75 mill/kW . h. cost and/or technological problems in one part of reactor operating parameter space need not be fatalmore » for HIF: The estimated COE is within 5% of the minimum over wide ranges of the repetition rate and the target yield for a fixed plant size and reactor concept.« less
Observation of phonon softening at the superconducting transition in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8.

Resonant neutron-absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine the temperature dependence of the average kinetic energy {l angle}{ital E}{r angle} of the Cu in Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} for the directions along and perpendicular to the {ital c} axis. {l angle}{ital E}{r angle} is directly related to the Cu phonon density of states and shows essentially normal behavior as a function of temperature for the {ital c}-axis direction. However, a sudden drop in {l angle}{ital E}{r angle} is observed at the superconducting transition for the motions in the Cu-O planes.
Protein Disulfide Isomerase and the Catalysis of Oxidative Protein Folding

For proteins that are processed in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and destined for the cell surface, the correct formation of protein disulfides is critical to their folding and function. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes disulfide formation and also provides mechanisms to correct folding mistakes. The protein consists of multiple thioredoxin domains with one or more active sites, generally in the sequence CGHC. The active site cycles between an oxidized (disulfide) state which can catalyze disulfide formation and a reduced (dithiol) state that can break disulfides that are incorrectly paired. During the folding of disulfide-containing proteins, the folding process must allow the proper cysteines to closely approach each other while allowing steric access to oxidants. Early in folding, disulfide formation is error-prone and a mechanism is required to break incorrect disulfides. In addition to catalyzing disulfide formation, PDI provides this critical proof-reading function as well. In this chapter, we consider the structural organization of PDIs, their chemical and catalytic properties, the factors that may affect specificity, and their role in the eukaryotic cell.
A Study for the Effectiveness of Wire Bond Process Parameters on AI-Cu Intermetallic Compound Distributions and the Correlation between Bonded Ball Adhesions and IMC Coverage

This study try to conduct the major factors of IMC coverage and the correlation between ball shear and IMC coverage. Based on our analysis, the major factor of IMC distribution is USG Pre-bleed. And USG Pre-bleed is also the key factor of IMC distribution type. Follow this result; few test units bonded by different level of USG Pre-bleed showed that with the increasing of USG Pre-bleed, IMC coverage percentage was significant improved and the distribution was changed from ring type to center type. And the further finding from this experiment indicated that center type of IMC distribution is mostly with better IMC coverage percentage and ball shear reading than ring type IMC distribution. It concluded that good distribution of IMC might need to input proper level of USG Pre-bleed. However, increased of USG Pre-bleed will also induce under layer damage if the setup is improper. And the correlation between ball shear and IMC coverage percentage is with moderate positive correlation. This result is a reference data to improve bondability by checking both IMC coverage percentage and distribution type instead of only rely on ball shear reading as before.
Real-Time Assessment of Supercomputer Status by a Comprehensive Informative Metric through Streaming Processing

Supercomputers are complex systems used to simulate, understand and solve real-world problems. In order to operate these systems efficiently and for the purpose of their maintainability, an accurate, concise, and timely determination of system status is crucial for its users and operators. However, this determination is challenging due to intricately connected heterogeneous software and hardware components, and due to sheer scale of such machines. In this poster, we demonstrate work-in-progress towards realization of a real-time monitoring framework for the 18,688-node Titan supercomputer at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). Toward this end, we discuss the use of metrics which present a one-dimensional view of the system generating various types of information from 1000s of components and utilization statistics from 100s of user applications in near real-time. We demonstrate the efficacy of these metrics to understand and visualize raw log data generated by the system which otherwise may compose of 1000s of dimensions. We also demonstrate the architecture of proposed real-time stream processing framework which integrates, processes, analyzes, visualizes and stores system log data from an array of system components.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Between 1950 and 1999, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) rose by 90% in the United States, representing one of the largest increases of any cancer. Some of this increase may be artifactual, resulting from improved diagnostic techniques and access to medical care, or directly related to the development of NHL in 25- to 54-year-old men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, additional factors must be responsible for this unexpected increase in frequency of NHL that has been observed throughout the United States.
Making Terrorist Targets

This essay examines drone aircraft as a technique of power. What is named “drone” is a set of governmental practices used to make state enemies, producing the terrorist target it is purported to co...
“Technology Brings Learning to Life”: Planning Writing Opportunities through Multimodal and Digital Resources

This paper illustrates how participating elementary teachers plan their literacy-based curriculum and create learning opportunities for writing through multimodal resources and digital technology tools in their classrooms. A theoretical lens of New Literacies (Coiro et al., 2008; Leu et al., 2013) guides this qualitative study. Through comprehensive interviews and an analysis of activity resources and digital tools, how teachers plan and design writing curriculum with a multimodal focus and create opportunities for collaboration and enhancing authorship are discussed.
Hexagonal Lattice Formation in Multi-Robot Systems

We present an algorithm that arranges a multi-robot system into a regular hexagonal lattice. This configuration provides continuous coverage with the fewest number of robots required. It also has a bounded stretch over a fully-connected graph, producing an efficient multi-hop communications network. Our algorithm uses artificial forces to move each robot to local potential energy wells. A local error correction algorithm detects and corrects most local lattice errors. Both algorithms are fully distributed, requiring local network geometry information, but no global coordinates.We present analysis of the potential energy wells that form the lattice, a proof of the upper bound on the spanning ratio of a hexagonal packing, and the error detecting and correcting algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for large populations of robots.
Feasibility of Ion Exchange Membranes to Control pH during Electro-Osmotic Consolidation

Electro-osmosis is an established method of consolidating soft fine-grained soils. Its efficiency is controlled by the electrical resistance of the soil-electrode system. Because of an increase in soil electrical resistance during treatment, its cost efficiency is reduced, limiting the widespread use of this technique, especially in developed nations. One of the main causes of electrical resistance is hydrolysis of water molecules around the electrodes. The acidification of the anode, in particular, reduces the negative surface charge of clay particles and, thus, the zeta potential. According to the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model, the zeta potential is directly proportional to the electro-osmotic permeability. This article studies the use of ion exchange membranes to assess their ability to prevent flow of hydrogen ions into the soil. The test with an anion exchange membrane showed minimal change of the pH in the soil around the anode compared to a control, which is better for electro-osmotic consolidation.
Preliminary validation of the coma recovery scale for pediatrics in typically developing young children

Objective: To examine the basic psychometric features of a modified version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) for use in young children with disorders of consciousness (DoC).Method: The CRS-R was modified to create the Coma Recovery Scale for Pediatrics (CRS-P) and administered to 33 typically developing children (8-59 months). Total scores, subtest scores, and inter-rater reliability were evaluated. Performance on the two items representing emergence to conscious state (CS) - functional object use (FOU) and functional communication (FC) was examined across the age range.Results: Inter-rater reliability of CRS-P subscale scores was adequate (Kw = .87-1.00). All 4-year-olds, 75% of 3-year-olds, 10% of 2-year-olds, and 0% 12 months and none <12 months of age met criteria for FOU; all children ≥3 years, 20% between 2 and <3 years, and none <2 years met criteria for FC.Conclusions: The CRS-P is appropriate for use in children as young as 12 months of age, with a strong association between performance and age at administration. The CRS-P also captures emergence to CS, a key clinical milestone.
Can Mainstream Sunni Islam Counter the Islamic State? a Critique of Adis Duderija’s “The Salafi Worldview and the Hermeneutical Limits of Mainstream Sunni Critique of Salafi-Jihadism”

In his November 2018 article, “The Salafi Worldview and the Hermeneutical Limits of Mainstream Sunni Critique of Salafi-Jihadism” in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,1 Adis Duderija argues that “mai...
A texting‐based blood pressure surveillance intervention

The authors examined whether using home BP measurements collected via a custom-built bi-directional-texting platform incorporated into patients' electronic medical records would lead to treatment calibration and improved BP management. Patients were randomized to either the intervention group and collected home measurements based on reminders and reported via bi-directional texting, or to the control group, with home BP measurement reporting via standard practice (eg, phone, electronic medical record portal) and instructed to return 7 morning and 7 evening BP measurements. Outcomes included number of BP measurements submitted, the number of medication changes, reduction in BP, and BP control. 72% of the intervention group submitted at least 14 readings, compared with 45% of the control group. BP control improved in both groups. However, the authors found no statistically significant difference in BP or the number of BP-medication changes at 1, 3, or 6 months compared with the control group.
Understanding the relationship between healthcare processes and in-hospital weekend mortality using MIMIC III

Abstract Studies showed evidence that hospitals that offer services 24 h seven days a week have a higher rate of mortality on weekends. However, there is limited information related to the type of hospital admissions effected, and the factors responsible for this phenomenon. This study proposes a novel approach to understand the factors that influence hospital mortality rate in patients admitted under Elective, Emergency and Urgent Care units. First, we compare the in-hospital mortality rate of patients admitted to the intensive care unit on weekdays and weekends. Then we extract the features from the MIMIC III database that support the prediction. The extracted features were then used to train and test four machine learning models: logistic regression, decision tree, gradient boosted tree and random forest. These statistical models help to understand the significant factors that influence weekend mortality predictions. Model performance is demonstrated based on AUC, kappa, precision and recall values. The results from the analysis demonstrate that patients admitted to elective care on the weekend have a high risk of mortality compared to weekday admissions. Our analysis also indicates that the reduced availability of caregivers and the number of lab tests performed are significant contributors to this phenomenon.
Bidirectional Relations between Witnessing Violence, Victimization, Life Events, and Physical Aggression among Adolescents in Urban Schools.

Although there is empirical evidence supporting associations between exposure to violence and engaging in physically aggressive behavior during adolescence, there is limited longitudinal research to determine the extent to which exposure to violence is a cause or a consequence of physical aggression, and most studies have not addressed the influence of other negative life events experienced by adolescents. This study examined bidirectional relations between physical aggression, two forms of exposure to violence—witnessing violence and victimization, and other negative life events. Participants were a sample of 2568 adolescents attending three urban public middle schools who completed measures of each construct every 3 months during middle school. Their mean age was 12.76 (SD = 0.98); 52% were female. The majority were African American (89%); 17% were Hispanic or Latino/a. Cross-lagged regression analyses across four waves of data collected within the same grade revealed bidirectional relations between witnessing violence and physical aggression, and between witnessing violence and negative life events. Although physical aggression predicted subsequent changes in victimization, victimization predicted changes in physical aggression only when witnessing violence was not taken into account. Findings were consistent across sex and grades. Overall, these findings highlight the need for interventions that break the connection between exposure to violence and aggression during adolescence.
What Makes Nutrition Research So Difficult to Conduct and Interpret

Conducting and interpreting nutrition research involves consideration of the research question, study design, wide variability of nutrients in foods and dietary patterns, food environment, approaches used to collect and analyze dietary data, and manner in which results are reported. This article reviews all of these considerations with regard to diabetes-related nutrition research.
Population pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics of sunitinib in pediatric patients with solid tumors

The safety profile of sunitinib in children, including the impact of sunitinib exposure on safety endpoints, was assessed using population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) models. Data were from two clinical studies in 59 children with solid tumors (age range 2–21 years, 28 male/31 female, body weight range 16.2–100 kg, body surface are [BSA] range 0.7–2.1 m2). Analysis of covariates that affected PK and PD parameters was conducted using a nonlinear mixed-effects model. Safety and tolerability endpoints were absolute neutrophil count, hepatic transaminases, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, platelet count, white blood cell count, hand-foot syndrome, fatigue, nausea, intracranial hemorrhage, and vomiting. The models well described the time courses of concentrations of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite SU012662, as well as safety and tolerability endpoints. In PK models for sunitinib and SU012662, BSA was the only covariate that statistically significantly affected apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent central volume of distribution (Vc/F). Higher BSA was associated with greater CL/F and Vc/F. No statistically significant covariates were identified in the PK–PD models. For safety endpoints that had a sufficient number of adverse events, a higher probability of adverse events was associated with higher average plasma sunitinib concentrations. In PK models, BSA was the only covariate that affected major PK parameters of sunitinib and SU012662. Based on analysis of safety and tolerability endpoints, the PK–PD relationships were mainly driven by sunitinib plasma exposures and were not affected by age, sex, respective baseline safety endpoint values, baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, or body size. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00387920 (registered October 13, 2006), NCT01462695 (registered October 31, 2011).
Comparison of Modal Parameters of a Concrete Slab Floor from EMA and OMA

In this study, the modal parameters of a hallway floor in Goodwin Hall are compared with experimental modal analysis (EMA) and operational modal analysis (OMA). A set of 17 high sensitivity accelerometers mounted to structural beams under the floor of the hallway will be used to measure the floor response. In EMA an instrumented hammer was used to measure the input, while in OMA ambient excitation was used to excite the floor. The natural frequency, damping ratio, and mode shape estimates for the first five modes of the floor will be compared between the two methods. Despite limitations with generating enough energy to excite standing waves, the modal parameters between EMA and OMA match well. Frequency differences are less than 10%, and all the damping ratio estimates between 2% and 10%. Mode shapes also match well visually, and the MAC shows agreement between methods. Both EMA and OMA show the ability to extract modal parameters from the floor, where the mode shapes show global motion of the floor instead of only local motion between supports.
Gender, acculturation, and alcohol-related consequences among college students of color

The present study examined if identification with mainstream American culture (acculturation) and heritage culture (enculturation) are differentially associated with blackouts and other drinking co...
Globalization and Border Securitization in International Discourse

International borders have become a growing concern for international security. Moreover, they appear to be associated with a growing set of international concerns arising from transnational nonstate violence and criminality. Because international relations theorists have been concerned primarily with systemic polarity, globalization and interstate territorial disputes, IR scholars are missing a central change in global security orientation toward a perceived need for border control. We argue that global structural shifts that heighten uncertainty about the status of nation states themselves help to account for growing border anxiety. First, we show that there is indeed a shifting empirical reality in need of explanation: though interstate border disputes have declined, border concerns are on the rise. Second, we argue structural shifts – primarily processes of globalization and human mobility – have exposed a growing sense of threat surrounding international borders. At least in the United Nations, we show that border-related discourse has become more frequent, decentralized, localized, negative, and focused on non-state threats since the 1990s, particularly among wealthier and more democratic states. Our research highlights both the persistent, historical importance of non-state challenges to national and international security, and their growing importance in a shifting and uncertain political world.
Identifying Mentions of Life Stressors in Clinical Notes

The impact of social determinants on individual health has increasingly been recognized. In this study, we aimed to understand the representation of stressful life events occurring in clinical reports generated outside of mental health specialties. We present a conceptual schema for the representation of stressful events and associated linguistic attributes within free-text clinical notes. We also evaluated existing “off-the-shelf” clinical Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems for the detection of stress related concepts in clinical notes. We found that mentions of stressful events are prevalent even in non-mental health specialties, and that capturing details of stress mentions is challenging. Our results further indicate that existing NLP systems can serve as a reasonable starting point for developing models trained specifically for extracting stress associated information from clinical narratives.
An EMC approach that permits a relaxation of radiated electric field requirements for COTS equipment aboard naval platforms

Historically, companies developing equipment for the US Navy have had difficulty satisfying the Mil Std 461 RE02/RE102 electric field emission requirements. Since the development of the New Attack Submarine (NSSN) came under the acquisition reform initiative, the NSSN electromagnetic compatibility Technical Direction Agent (EMCTDA) evaluated and recommended the use of commercial electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements wherever possible. This paper identifies the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) approach required to mitigate any additional risk incurred by relaxing the electric field emissions requirement for both mission-critical and nonmission-critical equipment and/or systems.
Regulation of protein synthesis by temperature in mammalian cells. Non-involvement of the plasma membrane.

Abstract Earlier work has shown that the incorporation of leucine into protein in intact mouse L-cells and in rabbit reticulocytes exhibits a biphasic temperature dependence with a transition temperature ( T t ) of about 24°C. Since biphasic temperature dependencies of biochemical reactions often appear to be the result of phase changes, particularly in membranes, it was possible that some membrane-associated phenomenon was ultimately rate limiting for protein synthesis in intact cells. This was tested by analyzing the temperature dependence of leucine incorporation in cell-free and membrane-free systems isolated from each cell type. In all of the cell-free systems there is a biphasic temperature dependency with a T t of ≈24°C, and apparent activation energy ( E a ) below T t of 36–38 kcal/mol, and E a > T t between 5 and 10 kcal/mol. These values are essentially identical to those observed in the intact cells except for a somewhat lower E a > T t (10 vs. 14 kcal/mol for L-cells and 9 vs. 22 kcal/mol for reticulocytes). This strongly suggests that the temperature dependency of protein synthesis in these mammalian cells is not due to some membrane phenomenon which is rate limiting, but is due to the temperature dependence of some factor or process inherent in the apparatus for protein synthesis. In addition, these results imply that further analysis of the mechanism of the temperature effect in cell-free systems will be directly relevant to the mechanism of the regulation of protein synthesis that exists in intact cells.
Direct Search Methods

Direct search methods are a class of optimization techniques that do not make explicit use of derivatives. Instead, they work directly with values of the objective function to drive the search for an optimal value. Direct search methods were first formally proposed in the late 1950s and early 1960s and have remained popular with users due to their simplicity and their practical success on a wide range of problems. In recent years, direct search methods have received renewed interest due to new mathematical analysis, their suitability for parallel and distributed computing, and their utility in addressing optimization problems that involve complex computer simulations. Keywords: direct search method; KKT point; generating set search; lipschitz optimization; derivative-free optimization
Tropospheric Ozone at Four Remote Observatories

Continuous observation of ozone near the surface at the four Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change (GMCC) observatories over the past ten years reveals important characteristics of the ozone variability of the troposphere. An observational record of this length not only gives information on the diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variations, but also is long enough to look at long term trends. Ozonesonde observations are used to judge the representativeness of the near surface observations as indicators of tropospheric ozone behavior.
New directions in coastal and ocean remote sensing

Satellite remote sensing has been a powerful tool for increasing our understanding of ocean processes. Imaging radiometry, altimetry and radar have been used to measure and define surface processes. Some of this technology has transitioned to an operational role in support of ocean and weather forecasting and other maritime applications. Next generation sensors, particularly interferometric radar and high resolution spectral imaging promise to provide even better information to ocean scientists, Today, there is an increased interest in the coastal oceans. The US Navy's new maritime strategy of operations from the sea anywhere, anytime is driving application of remote sensing technologies to prepare this littoral battlespace. Coastal remote sensing presents peculiar challenges-requiring higher spatial and temporal resolution. But, with these challenges come new opportunities such as increased use of aircraft platforms and better synergism with in situ measurements. >
Loss of halogens from crystallized and glassy silicic volcanic rocks

Abstract One hundred and sixty-four F and Cl analyses of silicic welded tuffs and lavas and glass separates are presented. Comparison of the F and Cl contents of crystallized rocks with those of nonhydrated glass and hydrated glassy rocks from the same rock units shows that most of the halogens originally present were lost on crystallization. An average of about half of the F and four-fifths of the Cl originally present was lost. Analyses of hydrated natural glasses and of glassy rocks indicate that in some cases significant amounts of halogens may be removed from or added to hydrated glass through prolonged contact with ground water. The data show that the original halogen contents of the groundmass of a silicic volcanic rock can be reliably determined only from nonhydrated glass.
Promoting Children's Healthy Eating in Obesogenic Environments: Lessons Learned from the Rat

Current statistics on children's eating patterns and obesity rates are consistent with the idea that genetic taste predispositions, traditional feeding practices, and the obesogenic environment combine to increase the likelihood of unhealthy outcomes in many individuals. In this paper, we focus on one particular level of analysis through which this unhealthy combination of factors may begin to be disassembled: children's learning about food and flavors. Much of the research on children's learning about food and flavors has been inspired by the animal literature, which has a long history of carefully controlled studies elucidating the mechanisms through which rats and other animals learn to prefer and avoid foods and flavors. This literature provides many clues as to the processes by which learning paradigms may be used to encourage the intake of healthy foods, altering the implicit learning of obesogenic eating patterns that is likely to occur without intervention in the current environment. Overall, the implications of the literature are that children should be repeatedly exposed to a variety of flavors early in life, and that new flavors should be paired with already-liked flavors and positive contexts. This message is consistent with recent research results from our laboratory, showing that familiarization and associative learning paradigms may be used to increase young children's acceptance of, preference for, and intake of previously-unfamiliar, healthy foods.
The validation of microwave spaceborne observations by surface-based remote sensors

Abstract Passive microwave observations from polar-orbiting satellites provide meteorologically important information on temperature profile, water vapor, and cloud liquid water, The variable measured by radiometers in radiance, or brightness temperatures, as a function of frequency, viewing angle, and polarization. Meteorological parameters are then extracted from the radiance measurements by retrieval algorithms. The utility of these parameters, both in operational meteorology and in monitoring climate change, depends on the calibration and stability of the instrument, and on the type of retrieval algorithm that is used. Utimately, the derived parameters must be compared with ground truth. For temperature and water vapor soundings, radiosondes are frequently used for validation and calibration. However, for the climatologically important variable cloud liquid water, conventional measurements are not adequate, and surface- and aircraft-based remote sensor measurements are required. In this paper, calibration of microwave instruments is discussed and comparisons with various sources of ground truth are presented. In addition, a possible role for surface-based remote sounders in the calibration and validation of satellite products is suggested. These remote sounders include microwave radiometers, wind profilers, and Radio Acoustic Sounding Systems (RASS).
Approximating the minimum-cost maximum flow is P-complete

Abstract We show that it is impossible, in NC, to approximate the value of the minimum-cost maximum flow unless P = NC.
Hexagonal Diamonds in Meteorites: Implications

A new polymorph of carbon, hexagonal diamond, has been discovered in the Canyon Diablo and Goalpara meteorites. This phase had been synthesized recently under specific high-pressure conditions in the laboratory. Our results: provide strong evidence that diamonds found in these meteorites were produced by intense shock pressures acting on crystalline graphite inclusions present within the meteorite before impact, rather than by disintegration of larger, statically grown diamonds, as some theories propose.
Anterior chamber lenses. Part II: A laboratory study

An analysis of 606 surgically removed anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) specimens revealed that 351 or 58% of these were small-diameter, round loop, closed-loop styles. Because of the extremely high percentage of IOLs with this design received in our laboratory and the correlation of clinical histories with our histopathologic findings, we have concluded that such IOLs do not provide the safety and efficacy achieved by other anterior chamber lens designs. The finely polished, one-piece, all-PMMA styles fared well in our study. Although these one-piece styles comprise well over 50% of the American market share of anterior chamber IOLs, they comprise only 14% of all anterior chamber IOLs accessioned in our laboratory, compared to 58% for closed-loop designs. We believe that implantation of anterior chamber lenses with small-diameter, round, closed loops is no longer warranted. Patients in whom these IOLs have already been implanted should be carefully followed. It is our opinion that the FDA should recall or closely monitor all IOLs of this design and that implantation of closed-loop lenses should be discontinued in the United States. Furthermore, we believe that an IOL deemed to be not medically sound or worthy of implantation in the United States should not be marketed or donated outside of this country.
Research strategies in science: A preliminary inquiry

(1994). Research strategies in science: A preliminary inquiry. Creativity Research Journal: Vol. 7, Creativity and Discovery in Biomedical Sciences Guest Editor: Ken McNaughton Sponsor: Royal Society of Medicine, London, pp. 391-405.
Defense RF Systems: Future Needs, Requirements, and Opportunities for Photonics

The nature of warfare has changed dramatically since the September 11 event, and military RF systems should change accordingly. This demand poses a challenge and also an opportunity for MicroWave Photonics (MWP) technology. We will examine the insertion potential of MWP to RF systems using a top-down approach, where the changes are analyzed and the flow down requirements for the RF system are discussed against the MWP capabilities. It is found that although MWP faces stiff competition from digital technology, it can find niche applications where only photonics can provide solutions.
Inferring ethnicity from mitochondrial DNA sequence

The assignment of DNA samples to coarse population groups can be a useful but difficult task. One such example is the inference of coarse ethnic groupings for forensic applications. Ethnicity plays an important role in forensic investigation and can be inferred with the help of genetic markers. Being maternally inherited, of high copy number, and robust persistence in degraded samples, mitochondrial DNA may be useful for inferring coarse ethnicity. In this study, we compare the performance of methods for inferring ethnicity from the sequence of the hypervariable region of the mitochondrial genome. We present the results of comprehensive experiments conducted on datasets extracted from the mtDNA population database, showing that ethnicity inference based on support vector machines (SVM) achieves an overall accuracy of 80-90%, consistently outperforming nearest neighbor and discriminant analysis methods previously proposed in the literature. We also evaluate methods of handling missing data and characterize the most informative segments of the hypervariable region of the mitochondrial genome. Support vector machines can be used to infer coarse ethnicity from a small region of mitochondrial DNA sequence with surprisingly high accuracy. In the presence of missing data, utilizing only the regions common to the training sequences and a test sequence proves to be the best strategy. Given these results, SVM algorithms are likely to also be useful in other DNA sequence classification applications.
Visual cues and pictorial limitations for computer generated photo-realistic images

The limitations of two-dimensional pictures as representations for reality are discussed. A review is made of the perceptual cues necessary to convey a sense of realism. These cues include, but are not limited to, binocular disparity, field of view, accommodation, vergence, and chromatic adaptation. Examples are given of how the physical characteristics of two-dimensional pictures limit the use of these cues in computer-graphic images. Techniques developed by artists and photographers to overcome some of these limitations are discussed.
Blackness, Animation, and the Politics of Black Fatherhood in The Cleveland Show

In 2008, presidential candidate Barack Obama gave a Father’s Day speech in which he called for fathers to actively participate in their family’s lives. Obama’s remarks were taken by civil rights leader Jesse Jackson to be a moral chastisement of African Americans. Following Obama’s speech, Jackson was filmed making inappropriate remarks about Obama’s supposed intent and his desire to castrate the presidential hopeful. In the midst of the media firestorm surrounding Jackson’s remarks, African American animator Layron DeJarnette took the occasion to lampoon Jackson. Foregrounding this debacle is a mass-mediated negotiation of what it means to depict and negotiate representations of the black family in popular culture. In this paper, I examine connections between blackface minstrelsy, animation, and televised representations of the black family. I look specifically at The Cleveland Show, the Fox Network’s animated series depicting an African American family. I argue that the show lampoons blackness through a racial discourse while troubling black fatherhood through a sexual discourse.
Structural and stability characterization of II-VI superlattices studied by X-ray diffraction

Abstract Two II–VI superlattice systems are reviewed: Hg 1− x X x Te / CdTe ( X = Cd , Mn , and Zn ) and ZnTe/CdTe which have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy at 185 and 300°C, respectively, in a Riber 2300 growth system. The first system, of immediate technological importance, is a tunable narrow band gap semiconductor developed for infrared detection. The second is a matched strained-layer superlattice which exhibits unusual elastic properties. Significant interdiffusion is found to occur during the growth of HgTe/CdTe superlattices. This phenomenon seems not to exist to the same extent in the ZnTe/CdTe system. In addition, interdiffusion in Hg 1− x X x Te / CdTe superlattices is markedly reduced when x > 0. The structural and stability aspects are studied by X-ray diffraction as a function of the incident X-ray energy, of the sample temperature during annealing or interdiffusion, and in scanning other directions than that of the growth.
Relationship between the rate of reductase-cytochrome P450 complex formation and the rate of first electron transfer.

Substrate has recently been shown to affect (a) the high spin content of cytochrome P450 (b) the rate of first electron transfer when LM2 (P450 2B4) and reductase were in a preformed complex, and (c) the rate of functional complex formation between NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 LM2. When comparing the effect of substrate on each of these parameters, the strongest correlation was demonstrated between the rate of first electron transfer through the preformed complex and the rate of functional complex formation (W.L. Backes and C.S. Eyer, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6252-6259). The relationship among high spin content, reduction rate, and the rate of functional complex formation was examined using a number of different cytochrome P450 isozymes. The goal of this study was to determine if the previously established relationship between reduction rate and the rate of reductase-P450 complex formation was a feature only of LM2, or a general characteristic of the cytochrome P450 system. Substrate addition caused an increase in first electron transfer for each of the isozymes examined, with high spin content being increased with cytochromes P450 2B1 (PBRLM5) and P450 2B2 (PBRLM6). Substrate addition to cytochrome P450 2C6 (PBRLM4) resulted in a small decrease in high spin content. P450 2B1 and P450 2B2 showed a positive correlation between substrate-mediated stimulation of reduction and high spin content, whereas P450 2C6 showed a negative correlation between these variables. Substrate also increased the rate of reductase-P450 association for each of the isozymes examined. When compared to the degree of stimulation of reduction through a preformed complex, a strong positive correlation was obtained with each isozyme examined. These results demonstrate that the increase in both the rate of functional reductase-P450 complex formation and the rate of first electron transfer is not simply a property of LM2, but appears to be a general characteristic of many cytochrome P450 isozymes.
Recurrent symptoms: well-being and management.

Although most older adults report one or more symptoms of a chronic health problem, little attention has been paid to the report of these symptoms over time and whether different symptom patterns affect well-being and symptom management in community-dwelling elders. Therefore, this study examined whether community-dwelling older adults in Ohio, U.S.A. who experience consistently recurring (a) arthritis or (b) cardiopulmonary symptoms report more depression and worse self-assessed health and show more symptom management than those who report inconsistent symptoms and if there are differences in well-being and symptom management over time. This secondary analysis used longitudinal data collected from a random sample of 387 older adults who reported their health complaints in four interviews over 27 months time. Subjects were included in this analysis if they reported either arthritis (n = 321) or cardiopulmonary (n = 232) symptoms at one or more times during 27 months, and then were classified as having either consistent (occurring at all four time points) or intermittent/inconsistent (occurring at three or fewer time points) symptoms. Data analysis included t-tests, chi-square tests, and Repeated Measures ANOVA. Results indicate that those with consistent symptoms reported greater depression and worse self-assessed health than those with less consistent symptoms. Specifically, those with consistent cardiopulmonary symptoms became more depressed over time. Those with consistent cardiopulmonary complaints were more likely than those with an inconsistent pattern to use an illness label to describe their symptoms. Those with consistent arthritis symptoms tended to use more self-care at all time points, to label their symptoms as an illness, and were more likely to consult a physician as their symptoms persisted. The implications of symptom recurrence on well-being, symptom management and the concept chronicity are discussed.
Complexation of single strand telomere and telomerase RNA template polyanions by deoxyribonucleic guanidine (DNG) polycations: plausible anticancer agents.

Abstract Cancerous cell immortality is due to relatively high concentrations of telomerase enzyme which maintains telomere sequence during cell division. Deoxyribonucleic guanidine (DNG) is a positively charged DNA analog in which guanidine replaces the phosphordiester linkage of DNA. Mixed sequences of DNG and DNA oligonucleotides are referred to as chimera. Complexation of DNG and chimeric polycations with the complementary negatively charged non-coding telomere single strand d(5′-TTAGGG-3′) n and the 11-base telomeric RNA template (5′-CUAACCCUAAC-3′) in the active site of telomerase has been studied. Calculated by ensemble sampling simulations in GBMV solvent model, we found that binding of complementary DNG hexamer with telomere is favored over that of DNA-telomere by ∼10 6 -fold and binding of chimera hexamer is favored by ∼10 4 -fold. Binding of complementary DNG with telomeric RNA is favored by 43 kcal/mol over telomere substrate binding with telomeric RNA.