cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Participation Levels of Women And Minorities as Collegiate Aviation Educators

This study analyzes U.s. Department of Education statistics on women and minorities in higher education and data on Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificate holders. This data is then compared to data obtained on aviation faculty in higher education to establish whether or not women and minorities are under represented in the collegiate aviation faculty. The data collected demonstrates that the participation of women in the aviation faculty is representative of the participation of women in aviation overall. The fact that women comprise only 6.09 percent of all FAA certificated pilots demonstrates that they are as a group, under represented in aviation in relation to their proportion in society. Minority participation in the collegiate aviation faculty is also unrepresentative of the minority population in the United States. FAA certificate data is not maintained on ethnicity. However, data obtained on minority participation in the aviation faculty is compared to data on minority participation in higher education. The resulting fact is that minority involvement in the aviation faculty is below average in relation to the overall faculty population. This research effort confirms the assumption that women and minorities are not adequately represented in the collegiate aviation faculty. The resulting call to action must be to increase the participation levels of women and minorities as collegiate aviation educators.
Communication centers at colleges and universities: Transitioning from a course resource to an institutional resource

ABSTRACTThis study examined the current operationalization of communication centers. Surveying center directors (N = 47), day-to-day operations were analyzed through descriptive statistics and them...
Applying the Principles of Bloom's Taxonomy to Managing Tachyarrhythmia: Results of a Tachyarrhythmia Workshop.

Introduction Resident physicians are routinely required to evaluate and manage patients with tachyarrhythmias. We developed a comprehensive workshop in an effort to improve residents’ competence and confidence at managing tachyarrhythmias. Methods A total of 55 residents attended the workshop and underwent pre- and post-testing to assess their competence of identifying and managing different arrhythmia. The participants were also asked to describe the comfort level managing these patients. After the pre-test, they participated in an interactive one hour session in which a cardiologist discussed common tachyarrhythmias and their management. For the next hour, the residents were then divided into groups of four to five. Using mannequins connected to heart monitors, the residents would be provided with a clinical vignette and asked to identify the heart rhythm and suggest management. A mock medication cart, and actual cardioverters-defibrillators were available. If the resident physician were to deliver cardioversion appropriately, the rhythm would change to sinus, and the patient’s hemodynamics would improve, thus providing live feedback for correct management. Results Amongst the 55 residents that participated in this study, the mean scores were 13.1 for pre-testing and 17.9 for post-testing, respectively (p = 0.0001). Residents’ mean comfort levels at managing tachyarrhythmias were 2.6 prior to testing and 3.6 post-testing (p = 0.0001). Conclusion We demonstrate that a two-hour focused tachyarrhythmia workshop significantly improved residents’ comfort level and competence in managing patients with tachyarrhythmia. By focusing on the higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy such as analysis, synthesis and evaluation, we were able to improve the educational experience for our resident physicians.
Using Key Player Analysis as a Method for Examining the Role of Community Animators in Technology Adoption.

This paper examines the role of community animators in technology adoption. Community animators are individuals that actively build social networks and broker ties between nodes in those networks. The present study observes technology adoption patterns through data collected from a mobile application at a local arts festival. A social network was constructed through photo-sharing and interaction within the app. Given this data, we propose the use of key player analysis to identify community animators. In addition, we use a graph invariant (i.e., fragmentation in the network) to describe the role and impact of key players on the full network of interactions. Our results contribute to literature on technology adoption in usability studies by proposing a method to quantify and identify the theoretical concept of community animators. We further analyze the types of community animators to be found in early adoption of technology: the early adopters themselves, and the initiating developers.
Documenting Geographic Isolation of Schools and Examining the Implications for Education Policy

Geographic isolation of K-12 schools represents a unique challenge to schools with implications for school funding, staffing, resource acquisition, consolidation, transportation, and school choice ...
Consequence-Based Resilient Architectures

As described in Lee et al., cyber-attackers conducted a coordinated, multifaceted operation against three distribution companies on 23 December 2015, resulting in a customer outage of nearly 4 hours. The significance in this event does not originate from the infiltration of the electric sector; on the contrary, Gorman, Toppa, Perlroth, Dearden, and Borger indicate they have been compromised before and will continue to be compromised in the future. Nor was this event significant because it harkened the arrival of some previously unknown, sophisticated industrial control system (ICS) malware, as Karnouskos, Fidler and Matrosov et al. argued was the case with Stuxnet. Rather, the significance of the December 2015 event stems from the means by which the attackers interfaced with and, ultimately, used the energy system design to their advantage.
Late Pleistocene estuaries, palaeoecology and humans on North America's Pacific Coast

Human use of estuarine shellfish and other coastal marsh resources began on California's Santa Rosa Island at least 11 800–11 100 years ago. Productive estuaries in California and elsewhere in the Americas were present by the Late Pleistocene, providing shellfish, waterfowl, fish and seaweeds that attracted some of the First Americans.
Bleeding Gastric Lipoma Resected by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.

Gastric lipomas are slow-growing benign lesions of the stomach that are often detected incidentally. Most cases are asymptomatic but larger lesions may become symptomatic, thereby requiring treatment. Multiple endoscopic modalities have been used for resection in the past. We present the case of a 67-year-old patient who presented with upper GI bleeding secondary to a gastric lipoma, which was successfully resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection.
Documenting bilingual experiences in the early years: Using the CECER-DLL Child and Family and Teacher Questionnaires

The diversity of experiences among bilingual children is reflected in the variability of abilities in each of their languages. This paper describes the CECER-DLL Child and Family, and Teacher Questionnaires and discusses the utility of these tools. These questionnaires were created to address the need for valid and reliable tools to document contextual characteristics and language experiences of young bilingual children in developmental and educational research. A multi-site validity study using the CECER-DLL Questionnaires demonstrates how children's language skills are influenced by language exposure at home and at school, mothers’ and teachers’ skills in each language, mother's generational status, and languages used during language and literacy activities at home.
Latin America Left-Populism, Price of Commodities, and Economic Crises

This paper studies the effectof commodity prices and economic crisis on the 21st century Latin American left-leaning populism. Our results shows that higher economic prices are correlated with more populism conditional on countries already being under a populist regime. We do not have conclusive statistical evidence of the effect of economic crisis on populist regimes.
A Wirelessly Powered Reconfigurable FDD Radio With On-Chip Antennas for Multi-Site Neural Interfaces

This article presents a fully integrated, wireless, RF-powered data transceiver for high-performance implants, such as neural interfaces. The design occupies a total volume of 1.6 mm3 with no need for an off-chip component. The integrated circuit (IC) receives power and downlink data with amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) modulation by an on-chip coil through an RF wireless link. For uplink data transmission, we designed a transmitter (TX) based on a power oscillator stage directly connected to an on-chip dipole antenna that supports various data rates with both on–off-keying (OOK) and ultrawideband (UWB) schemes. The radio includes a power receiver (RX) system that enables the IC to operate under various power budgets by adjusting the duty cycle of the TX. With a 25-dBm power TX at a 1-cm distance, the RX achieves a maximum data rate of 2.5 Mbps with a power consumption of 2.6 $\mu \text{W}$ . Also, the TX supports data rates of up to 150 Mbps with UWB modulation with a 15-cm operating range achieving an energy efficiency of 4.7 pJ/b. This work improves RX and TX energy inefficiencies by $\times 50$ and $\times 2.3$ , respectively.
Apocalyptic Birth Pangs: The Cross, Corporeality, and Epiphanic Manifestation in Apostolic Practice:

Thinking with, against, and after Ernst Kasemann’s appropriation of the biblical metaphor of eschatological birth pangs, this article seeks to reassess our understanding of what it means to be a th...
Ultrasound Imaging Techniques and Artifacts

An introduction to the physics and technological principles of diagnostic ultrasound is presented, including (1) a discussion of ultrasound-tissue interactions; (2) the pulse-echo technique; (3) transducers and ultrasound machine instrumentation for the detection and signal processing of echoes and image formation; (4) Doppler ultrasound; (5) B-mode and Doppler ultrasound artifacts. An overview of advanced ultrasound modes including harmonic and compound imaging, elastography, 3D imaging, ultrasound contrast, bioeffects, and safety of ultrasound is also provided.
Globalization and Education

The chapter argues that education today must contribute to the transformation of human consciousness and conscience. The vision that animates our work as educators must be rooted in the ancient quest for Tikkun Olam—the effort to repair and heal our world as a place of generous and loving community, in which there is a just sharing of rewards and obligations, where human differences are mediated by respect and recognition, a world of ecological sanity and responsibility, and where there is the widest diffusion of opportunities for human beings to participate in shaping the world they live in. No matter how far-fetched or unrealistic such a vision may appear to be in relation to the present concerns of schooling, this is no time for timidity. The immense dangers and the extraordinary suffering within which we are now engulfed demand from us bold, daring, and imaginative thinking. Anything less is an irresponsible negation of our obligations to coming generations.
Oxidative stress aspects of the cytotoxicity of carbamide peroxide: in vitro studies

Carbamide peroxide is the active ingredient in many at-home patient-applied tooth whiteners. The cytotoxicity of carbamide peroxide, as related to oxidative stress, was evaluated in vitro with several human cell lines, including Smulow-Glickman (S-G) gingival epithelial cells. The potency of carbamide peroxide was related to its hydrogen peroxide component rather than to carbamide, was eliminated in the presence of exogenous catalase, and was enhanced in the presence of aminotriazole, an inhibitor of cellular catalase. The intracellular level of glutathione, a scavanger of toxic oxygen metabolites, was decreased in cells exposed to carbamide peroxide; at higher concentrations of carbamide peroxide, leakage of lactic acid dehydrogenase was also evident. Cells pretreated with the glutathione-depleting agents, buthionine sulfoximine, chlorodinitrobenzene, and bis(chloroethyl) nitrosourea, were hypersensitive to subsequent challenge with carbamide peroxide. Conversely, pretreatment with the iron chelator, deferoxamine, protected the cells against subsequent exposure to carbamide peroxide.
Application of electroporation in recombinant DNA technology.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of electroporation in recombinant DNA technology. The spectacular success of recombinant DNA technology rests on the foundation of three basic techniques:(1) the ability to clone genes, (2) the ability to manipulate the resulting nucleic acid sequences in vitro, and (3) the ability to reintroduce the chimeric constructs into cells. The first biological use of electroporation—the formation of holes or pores in the cell membrane by high-voltage electric shock—was to induce cells to fuse via their plasma membranes. Although the most widespread application of electroporation has been for gene transfer, the technique can also be used to introduce proteins, metabolites, and other small molecules into recipient cells. In addition, electroporation makes use of the fact that the cell membrane is an electrical capacitor that is unable to pass current. Subjecting membranes to a high-voltage electric field results in their temporary breakdown and the formation of pores that are large enough to allow macromolecules and smaller molecules such as ATP to enter or leave the cell. The main advantage of electroporation is that it is widely applicable and extremely easy to carry out. In addition, the DNA is introduced into the cell essentially naked, rather than being incorporated into phagocytic vesicles, as is the case of DNA taken up as CaPO4 or DEAE-dextran coprecipitates.
Total hip arthroplasty after fracture of the acetabulum. Long-term results

We made a retrospective study of 55 primary total hip arthroplasties in 53 patients with a history of previous acetabular fracture. The mean follow-up was 7.5 years and the average age at fracture was 48.7 years. The incidence of radiographic femoral loosening (29.4%), symptomatic loosening (15.7%), and femoral revision (7.8%) were similar to those previously reported at 10 years for routine arthroplasties by Stauffer (1982). On the acetabular side, the incidence of radiographic loosening (52.9%), symptomatic loosening (27.5%), and revision (13.7%) were four to five times higher. We conclude that a history of prior acetabular fracture has a significant adverse impact on the long-term outcome of any subsequent total hip arthroplasty.
Single Stable Reagent for Creatine Kinase Assay

A single stable reagent for spectrophotometric assay of creatine kinase in one step is described. Reagent cost has been decreased by running the reaction at Km conditions for creatine phosphate and relating the activity to maximum velocity.
Framing charitable appeals: the effect of message framing and perceived susceptibility to the negative consequences of inaction on donation intention

An experiment was conducted to explore how potential donors' perceptions of their own susceptibility to the negative consequences of not making a donation may moderate the relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed fundraising messages (defined by messages that highlight corresponding gains or losses as the result of making or not making donations to a charitable organization). It found that as participants' perceptions of their own susceptibility to the negative consequences of inaction increased, the loss-framed message became more effective than the gain-framed message in increasing donation intention. The relative persuasive advantage of the loss-framed message was statistically significant among participants with higher levels of perceived susceptibility. The findings not only speak to the important role played by perceived susceptibility to the negative consequences of inaction in determining the relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed fundraising campaigns but also provide the guidelines that practitioners can use when designing campaign messages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hadamard transform spectrometry

Abstract Dyer, S.A., 1991. Hadamard transform spectrometry. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 12: 101–115. Hadamard transform spectrometry (HTS) provides a means of obtaining a multiplex advantage with a dispersive spectrometric technique. Two recent advances, stationary electro-optic encoding masks and efficient spectrum-recovery techniques to compensate for nonidealities in the masks, have combined to revive interest in HTS. The concepts of HTS are presented, followed by a discussion of electro-optic masks and available methods for spectrum-recovery.
Electrical Activity Underlying Rhythmic Contraction in Human Pial Arteries

Abstract Human pial arteries obtained during surgery frequently exhibit spontaneous periodic contractions. Simultaneous measurements of membrane potential and vessel wall force were used to examine whether these contractions are associated with electrical activity of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). A total of 53 segments from 38 patients were studied, and of these, 26 showed spontaneous contractions related to periodic depolarization and generation of action potentials (APs). The resting membrane potential during the silent periods was −44.0±0.5 mV. APs without “overshoot” were observed when spontaneous depolarization reached levels of −40 to −35 mV. Just over half of the arterial segments failed to exhibit spontaneous activity; however, APs could be generated during K + -induced depolarization. The mean SMC resting membrane potential of these vessels was −53.5±1.5 mV, and this value differed significantly from that of SMCs in spontaneously active arteries. Application of tetrodotoxin did not change the amplitude and duration of APs. Removal of Ca 2+ from the bathing solution and addition of nifedipine completely inhibited the spontaneous APs and associated contractions. K + depolarization failed to induce APs and contraction in the presence of nifedipine. We conclude that periodic spontaneous depolarization and AP generation underlie the periodic spontaneous contractions of human pial arteries. Both the APs and associated contractions are related to the activation of dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels. It is suggested that AP generation can be responsible for vasomotion of human pial arteries in vivo.
Phonological alexia with optic and tactile anomia: a neuropsychological and anatomical study.

Abstract We describe a patient with phonological alexia caused by a small hemorrhage in the posterior-inferior portion of the left temporal lobe. The lesion induced a highly selective impairment of phonological reading without concomitant oral language deficits other than anomia for objects presented in the visual and tactile modalities. We propose that an intact dorsal pathway from inferior risual association areas to Wernicke's area via the angular gyrus could mediate reading by the lexical route, while damage to a ventral pathway disrupted the patient's ability to read nonwords. We suggest further that although visually and tactually presented objects could be recognized and both verbally and nonverbally identified, they could not be named because of a disconnection from the area of word representations.
The development of children's ability to use evidence to infer reality status.

These studies investigate children’s use of scientific reasoning to infer the reality status of novel entities. Four- to 8-year-olds heard about novel entities and were asked to infer their reality status from 3 types of evidence: supporting evidence, irrelevant evidence, and no evidence. Experiment 1 revealed that children used supporting versus irrelevant and no evidence differentially. Experiment 2 demonstrated that children without initial reality status biases were better at evaluating evidence than were biased children. In conclusion, the ability to infer reality status from evidence develops incrementally between ages 4 and 6, and children perform better when their evaluation is free from bias.
Analysis of room temperature magnetic regenerative refrigeration

Results of a room temperature magnetic refrigeration test bed and an analysis using a computational model are presented. A detailed demonstration of the four sequential processes in the transient magnetocaloric regeneration process of a magnetic material is presented. The temperature profile during the transient approach to steady state operation was measured in detail. A 5 °C evolution of the difference of temperature between the hot end and the cold end of the magnetocaloric bed due to regeneration is reported. A model is developed for the heat transfer and fluid mechanics of the four sequential processes in each cycle of thermal wave propagation in the regenerative bed combined with the magnetocaloric effect. The basic equations that can be used in simulation of magnetic refrigeration systems are derived and the design parameters are discussed.
Adenosine kinase as a new selective marker in somatic cell genetics: Isolation of adenosine kinase-deficient mouse cell lines and human-mouse hybrid cell lines containing adenosine kinase

A new selective system for isolating somatic cell hybrids, using adenosine kinase as the selective marker, has been developed. The selective medium for forward selection (to select for cells containing adenosine kinase) contains alanosine, adenosine and uridine. To survive in the presence of alanosine, cells must have adenosine kinase in order to utilize exogenous adenosine as the sole source of AMP. Uridine is added to the selective medium to prevent the toxic effects of adenosine on cultured mammalian cells. The selective medium for reverse selection (to select for cells lacking adenosine kinase) contains 2-fluoroadenosine, an analogue of adenosine, which is converted to a toxic nucleotide by the action of adenosine kinase. Mouse mutant cell lines deficient in adenosine kinase have been derived. Human-mouse hybrid cells containing the kinase have been prepared from one of these mutant lines. Karyotype data of these hybrid lines and their adenosine kinase-minus sublines are consistent with assignment by others of the human gene for adenosine kinase on chromosome 10.
An analysis of leg position learning in the cockroach yoked control.

Abstract It has been observed that cockroaches serving as yoked controls to animals learning a leg flexion, take longer to acquire the leg flexion in a subsequent training session. The hypothesis that the longer acquisition is caused by random associations between the leg position and the shock during the yoked treatment has been confirmed. A group receiving shock with the leg extended performed best on retest; a group that received shock with leg flexion was worse than the leg extended group but better than a third group that had random associations between leg position and shock.
Modeling the ductile–brittle failure mode transition in rock cutting

Abstract Rock cutting represents a class of problems that exhibits ductile–brittle failure mode transition. Using the depth of cut as a structure size measure, this transition has been shown to follow Bažant’s simple size effect law for quasibrittle material. This study showed that the finite element analysis with the adoption of a continuum damage material model could capture the ductile–brittle transition in rock cutting, and produced the size effect law. One of the major defining characteristics of rock cutting modeling is that no pre-existing notches were introduced, and that the crack grow path was not known a priori . The trend of how nominal stress-relative displacement varied with sizes was found similar to those of notched plates under simple tension or three point bending tests. That might imply a common response feature for mechanisms that satisfy the simple size effect law.
Institutional Determinants of Labor Market Outcomes for Community College Students in North Carolina.

Objective:The labor market success of community college students depends on both the attributes of individual students and the characteristics of the community colleges they attend. In this article, we examine the impact of community college characteristics on the earnings of first-time college students who enrolled in the North Carolina Community College System in 2002-2003.Method:We estimate multilevel models that incorporate variables representing institutional features of community colleges along with individual characteristics obtained from student-level administrative college transcript data, Unemployment Insurance wage data, and enrollment and graduation data from the National Student Clearinghouse across 830,000 community college students between 2001 and 2010.Results:We find that a number of characteristics of community colleges enhance earnings independently of the attributes of individuals. In particular, males attending community colleges in service areas with higher unemployment rates receive...
Articulation improvement and oral tactile changes in children.

To determine whether oral tactile changes accompany improvement in articulation, 16 children were administered two tests of oral tactile perception and two tests of articulation competency at three...
High performance computing: fundamental research challenges in service oriented GIS

Web service technology was successful in handling simple use cases of business transactions by using XML to define the application programming interface (API) in WSDL and the SOAP protocol for message exchange. However, such a technology has some fundamental problems when it is applied in the domain applications of geographic information sciences (GIScience). Both WSDL and SOAP have nothing about high performance computing, which would be a prerequisite to develop service oriented GIS. This paper identifies some fundamental research challenges to promote service oriented GIS.
Material elastic–plastic property characterization by nanoindentation testing coupled with computer modeling

Abstract In this paper, an innovative approach through nanoindentation testing using a Berkovich sharp-tip and a cylindrical flat-tip, respectively, and coupled with computer modeling is proposed as a means of characterizing the elastic–plastic properties of materials within micro/nanoscale. Low carbon steel was selected as a case study material. Nanoindentation tests were carried out to obtain load–depth graphs. For cylindrical flat-tip indentation, a mechanical model was proposed for directly extracting yield strength of the testing material from the corresponding load points, considering a modifier k . Young's modulus was derived from the indentation tests using both tips. The final indentation sites were measured and analyzed using a 3D laser scanning microscope. The nanoindentation solid models were developed, and computer modeling based on finite element analysis was conducted to find the effects of indentation depth, yield strength and strain hardening coefficient on the load–depth graph and the final indentation pileup profiles, taking into account the effects of friction on nanoindentation. The computer modeling nanoindentation data was compared with and validated by the nanoindentation tests.
Effects of chemical environment on the solubility and incorporation mechanism for hydrogen in olivine

To investigate the solubility and the sites of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine as a function of point defect concentration, two-stage high-temperature annealing experiments have been carried out. The first annealing stage (the dry preannealing stage) was conducted at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa, a temperature of 1300° C and various oxygen fugacities in the range 10−11–10−4 MPa for times > 12 h. In these heat treatments, the samples were buffered against either orthopyroxene or magnesiowustite, or they remained unbuffered. The second annealing stage (the hydrothermal annealing stage) was performed at 300 MPa and 900–1050 ° C under a hydrogen fugacity of ∼ 158 MPa for 1–5 h. Infrared spectra from the annealed samples revealed two distinct groups of bands. Group I bands occurred at wavenumbers in the range 3450–3650 cm−1, while Group II bands occurred in the range 3200–3450 cm−1. The hydrogen solubility associated with Group I bands is proportional to f O 2 to the 1/6 power for samples preannealed in contact with orthopyroxene, to the 1/3 power for samples preannealed in contact with magnesiowustite, and to the 1/13 power for samples preannealed in the absence of a solid-state buffer. The hydrogen concentration for Group II bands varies with f o 2 to the 1/3 power for opxbuffered samples, to the 1/2 power for mw-buffered samples, and to the 1/3 power for unbuffered samples. The dependence of hydrogen solubility on oxygen fugacity and orthopyroxene activity suggests that hydrogen is incorporated into the olivine structure via association with point defects. The presence of two distinct groups of absorption bands indicates that hydrogen is associated with two distinct lattice defects. The following point defect model for the mechanism of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine is consistent with these results: Hydrogen ions responsible for the Group I bands are associated with doubly charged oxygen interstitials, while hydrogen ions responsible for the Group II bands are associated with singly charged oxygen interstitials. Furthermore, the infrared bands observed in naturally derived olivines are present in spectra from our hydrothermally annealed crystals. Thus, the mechanisms of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine under geological conditions are the same as those operative under laboratory conditions. The maximum solubility reached in these experiments was ∼ 360H/106Si, which corresponds to ∼ 0.002 wt% of H2O. This value is a lower bound for the solubility of hydrogen in olivine under upper mantle conditions.
New opportunities in cardiovascular patient management: a survey of clinical data on the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) differ in their actions on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). ACE inhibitors prevent the formation of angiotensin II, although angiotensin II may still be generated by alternative pathways. However, ACE inhibitors interrupt bradykinin breakdown, which in turn potentially enhances nitric oxide and prostacyclin mechanisms. In contrast, ARBs selectively prevent the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor while leaving the potentially beneficial effects of the AT 2 receptor unaffected. The supposition is that dual blockade of the RAAS effectively overcomes the harmful effects of angiotensin II mediated by the AT 1 receptor while offering the additional effects of the ACE inhibitor. This concept was first evaluated clinically more than a decade ago in small-scale studies that were not sufficiently powered to conclusively demonstrate benefits from dual blockade. Subsequently, larger-scale trials have been conducted to determine the effects of a combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB in combating the effects of angiotensin II at different stages of cardiovascular and renal disease. This review explores these data in areas, such as hypertension, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease, and draws on this preliminary evidence to support the rationale for the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) program, which aims to fully explore the clinical end points and effects of dual RAAS blockade in patients at high risk for cardiovascular outcomes.
Role of estrogen and iron in neurodegeneration: open peer commentary to "Astrocytes, brain aging, and neurodegeneration" by H. Schipper.

THE roles of estrogen and of iron in neurotoxicity are explored. 4-Hydroxyestradiol, rather than the 2-hydroxyestradiol proposed by Dr. Schipper, is suggested as the reactive estrogen metabolite involved in estrogen-induced neurotoxicity. Estrogens may participate in neural degeneration and aging by complex interactions of catechol metabolites with catecholamines and catechol-Omethyltransferase, which may not be evident from initial epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Synthesis of a 2'-deoxyguanosine adduct of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan.

Furan is a liver and kidney toxicant and a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. Its reactive metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, reacts with nucleosides to form adducts in vitro. The reaction with 2‘-deoxyguanosine generates 3-(2‘-deoxy-β-d-erythropentafuranosyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-7-(ethane-2‘ ‘-al)-9H-imidazo[1,2-α]purine-9-one as the major reaction product. A synthetic approach to this adduct is presented in this report. The key step in this synthesis is the preparation of 2‘-deoxy-3‘,5‘-O-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexan-3-yl)guanosine. Treatment of this intermediate with sodium periodate gave three reaction products: a one-substituted adduct, 2‘-deoxy-3‘,5‘-O-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-1-(2,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)guanosine; a 1,N2-cyclic adduct, 3-[2‘-deoxy-3‘,5‘-O-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-d-erythropentafuranosyl]-6-hydroxy-8-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimidino[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one; and the 1,N2-bicyclic adduct, 3-[2‘-deoxy-3‘,5‘-O-bis(tert-butyldimethyl...
Student Rights, Safety, and Codes of Conduct.

Community college students, like students in all of higher education, find their relationship with the college defined by contract. However, this contract is shaped and influenced by rights granted under state and federal constitutions and statutes. Knowing what these rights are can assist college officials in avoiding unnecessary litigation.
Licking rate adaptations to increased mandibular weight in the adult rat.

Abstract In this experiment, chronic mandibular loading was used to study adaptation in licking rate. Twenty-four 115-day-old rats were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received 1.791±0.083 g submandibular gold implants, and the control group received 0.179±0.009 g submandibular acrylic implants. The animals were videotaped while lapping on two separate occasions preoperatively, and once every week postoperatively for 12 weeks. The videotapes were used to obtain licking rates for each animal at each taping session. The findings showed that licking rate decreased significantly after surgery for both groups; however, the decrease was similar for both the experimental and control groups. This indicates that licking rate was affected by the experimental design, but not specifically by the weight of the gold implant.
Periodic non-singular invariant series for periodic perturbations of autonomous one-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonians

Abstract For periodic perturbations of autonomous 1D Hamiltonians, to all orders in powers of the perturbation parameter, non-singular invariant series periodic in the independent variable are constructed. In applications to magnetohydrodynamic equilibria, the non-singularity has allowed magnetic island structure to be represented within the framework of a perturbation treatment.
Response to the Commentaries: The Individual-Opportunity (IO) Nexus Integrates Objective and Subjective Aspects of Entrepreneurship

A review is presented of two articles in this issue, "A Narrative Perspective on Entrepreneurial Opportunities" by R. Garud and A. P. Giuliani and "Epistemology, Opportunities, and Entrepreneurship: Comments on Venkataraman et al. (2012) and Shane (2012)" by S. A. Alvarez and J. B. Barney.
Fullerene Nanostructures on Defect-Rich Graphite Surfaces

Fullerene thin films are deposited on defect-rich Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite (HOPG) and investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These films exhibit a wealth of novel structural...
Cooperative Learning and CALL/IVD in Beginning Spanish: An Experiment

eign language teaching has shown that both cooperative learning defined as those instructional settings that encourage collaborative, interactive, peer teaching and learning--and mediated activities (computer-assisted instruction/computer-assisted language learning-CAI/CALL) can have independent and significant positive effects on student achievement and attitude. Researchers attribute these learn-
Vulvodynia in adolescence: childhood vulvar pain syndromes.

Abstract Background Children, adolescents and young women represent a unique group of patients with vulvodynia. Study Objective To define and characterize vulvodynia, diagnostic criteria, causes and pathophysiology, propose treatment modalities, emphasizing its prevalence in young children, adolescents and young women less than 25 years of age. Design Medline review of the literature on vulvar pain disorders, using the key word vulvodynia, from the years 1995 to 2010, comparing characteristics in children, adolescents and young women ages 25 years and less to older adult women. Setting MEDLINE review of current literature from 1995 to 2010. Participants None Interventions There were no interventions during this literature review. Main outcome measures A synthesis of cases of vulvodynia in these populations and the specific characteristics and recommendations in these age groups. Results Childhood vulvar pain is usually found to have a cause. Pain characteristics in this group are similar to adults. In adolescents and young reproductive age women, vulvar pain is associated with sexual intercourse or early tampon use. The psychological component of vulvar pain is limited due to small numbers of patients available for review. Treatment modalities and recommendations are based on limited data. Conclusions Women with vulvodynia vary in ages from 16 to 80 years with the majority between the ages of 20 to 50 years. Young women in their teens and early twenties are at the greatest risk of developing vulvodynia. Vulvar pain disorders are important in these groups because early pain syndromes may affect future development of body image, self-esteem, and attitudes toward sexual behavior and functioning.
Endoluminal stenting for unprotected left main stenosis in Takayasu's arteritis.

We describe 2 patients with Takayasu’s arteritis and left main coronary stenosis who were considered poor candidates for surgical revascularization. Elective left main coronary artery balloon angioplasty followed by endoluminal stenting was performed with excellent results. At 3-mo follow-up, one patient had evidence of in-stent restenosis, but the other remained asymptomatic. In selected patients with Takayasu’s arteritis and left main coronary stenosis, elective endoluminal stenting can be used as a definitive procedure or as a bridge to surgical revascularization. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 40:272‐275,
Xe isotope detection and discrimination using beta spectroscopy with coincident gamma spectroscopy

Abstract Beta spectroscopic techniques show promise of significant improvements for a beta–gamma coincidence counter that is part of a system for analyzing Xe automatically separated from air. The previously developed counting system for 131m Xe, 133m Xe, 133g Xe, and 135g Xe can be enhanced to give additional discrimination between these Xe isotopes by using the plastic scintillation sample cell as a beta spectrometer to resolve the conversion electron peaks. The automated system will be a key factor in monitoring the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
Aripiprazole has functionally selective actions at dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways

Aripiprazole is a unique atypical antipsychotic drug with an excellent side-effect profile presumed, in part, to be due to lack of typical D(2) dopamine receptor antagonist properties. Whether aripiprazole is a typical D(2) partial agonist, or a functionally selective D(2) ligand, remains controversial (eg D(2)-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase is system dependent; aripiprazole antagonizes D(2) receptor-mediated G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels and guanosine triphosphate nucleotide (GTP)gammaS coupling). The current study examined the D(2L) receptor binding properties of aripiprazole, as well as the effects of the drug on three downstream D(2) receptor-mediated functional effectors: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, potentiation of arachidonic acid (AA) release, and D(2) receptor internalization. Unlike quinpirole (a full D(2) agonist) or (-)3PPP (S(-)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-propylpiperidine hydrochloride, a D(2) partial agonist), the apparent D(2) affinity of aripiprazole was not decreased significantly by GTP. Moreover, full or partial agonists are expected to have Hill slopes 1.0. Whereas aripiprazole partially activated both the MAPK and AA pathways, its potency vs MAPK phosphorylation was much lower relative to potencies in assays either of AA release or inhibition of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation. In addition, unlike typical agonists, neither aripiprazole nor (-)3PPP produced significant internalization of the D(2L) receptor. These data are clear evidence that aripiprazole affects D(2L)-mediated signaling pathways in a differential manner. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that aripiprazole is a functionally selective D(2) ligand rather than a simple partial agonist. Such data may be useful in understanding the novel clinical actions of this drug.
The Zds proteins control entry into mitosis and target protein phosphatase 2A to the Cdc25 phosphatase

The Wee1 kinase restrains entry into mitosis by phosphorylating and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). The Cdc25 phosphatase promotes entry into mitosis by removing Cdk1 inhibitory phosphorylation. Experiments in diverse systems have established that Wee1 and Cdc25 are regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), but a full understanding of the function and regulation of PP2A in entry into mitosis has remained elusive. In budding yeast, entry into mitosis is controlled by a specific form of PP2A that is associated with the Cdc55 regulatory subunit (PP2ACdc55). We show here that related proteins called Zds1 and Zds2 form a tight stoichiometric complex with PP2ACdc55 and target its activity to Cdc25 but not to Wee1. Conditional inactivation of the Zds proteins revealed that their function is required primarily at entry into mitosis. In addition, Zds1 undergoes cell cycle–dependent changes in phosphorylation. Together, these observations define a role for the Zds proteins in controlling specific functions of PP2ACdc55 and suggest that upstream signals that regulate PP2ACdc55 may play an important role in controlling entry into mitosis.
Activator Generated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A novel procedure was developed for activation of an oxidatively stable catalyst complex added to an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(EH)2) was used as a reducing agent of various Cu(II) complexes in ATRP of various monomers initiated by alkyl halides. This approach further improves a simultaneous normal and reverse initiation (SR&NI) by eliminating free radical initiators for the activation of the higher oxidation state catalyst complex. As a result, “activator generated by electron transfer” (AGET) ATRP allows the preparation of pure block copolymers. Several combinations of monomer/catalyst complex precursor were studied, including styrene/CuCl2/dNbpy, octadecyl methacrylate/CuCl2/dNbipy, methyl methacrylate/CuCl2/PMDETA, n-butyl acrylate/CuBr2/PMDETA, and methyl acrylate/CuCl2/Me6TREN. Polymerization proceeded in a controlled way for all systems, producing well-defined polymers with controlled degree of polymerization and narrow molecular weight distribution, d...
Pick conditions on a uniform algebra and von Neumann inequalities

Let A be a uniform algebra and let M1,…, Mn be points in the maximal ideal space of A. We describe the set D in Cn of all points (w1,…, wn) such that given e > 0 there exists f ϵ A with f(Mα) = wα, 1 ⩽ α ⩽ n, and ∥f∥ < 1 + e. This problem was solved for the disk algebra by G. Pick in 1916. We generalize Pick's condition, and we also study the related problem of generalizations of von Neumann's inequality for contraction operators on Hilbert space. In our work a certain gometric notion defined in the Introduction, Definition 1, of a hyperconvex set in Cn, plays a key role.
Likelihood-based Technique for measuring the Energy of Hadronically Decaying Tau Leptons

We present a new technique for accurate energy measurement of hadronically decaying tau leptons at the collider experiments. The technique employs a particle flow algorithm complemented with a likelihood-based method for separating contributions of overlapping energy depositions of spatially close particles. The technique was tested at CDF experiment at the Tevatron. In addition to superior energy resolution provided by the method and better measurement of other ID variables such as invariant mass of the jet, this technique provides a direct estimate of the uncertainty in the energy measurement of each individual tau candidate. While important in itself, this latter feature can serve as a powerful identification tool in distinguishing hadronically decaying tau leptons from jet and light lepton backgrounds. This new technique is expected to provide significant improvements in sensitivity of the H → τ τ search at the Tevatron and can be further extended to the case of generic (quark or gluon) jets.
Analysis of Polar Magnetic Storms

An approximate method for analyzing broad-scale current systems in the ionosphere is outlined which allows calculation of sources and sinks of current from surface observations. Suchs ources and sinks of ionospheric current have been suggested in connection with models for geomagnetic disturbance phenomena. Usual analytic methods yield only divergence-free current systems. The treatment of these current systems by the methods outlined yield the desired divergences of the sheet-current in the ionospher.
Capacity analysis for secure communication under CPA attack in smart grid

In this paper, we extend the results of reliable and secure communication capacity requirements for eavesdropping attack to a more advanced chosen plain-text attack (CPA). Moreover, in order to calculate the power dynamic system's entropy, we analytically derived the formula for calculating the topological entropy of the system under the general differential algebraic equation (DAE) system model. Simulation results are presented to compare the capacity under eavesdropping and CPA based on DAE model and Alvarado model.