cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gaussian Derivative model for spatial-temporal vision: I. Cortical model

Receptive fields of simple cells in the primate visual cortex were well fit in the space and time domains by the Gaussian Derivative (GD) model for spatio-temporal vision. All 23 fields in the data sample could be fit by one equation, varying only a single shape number and nine geometric transformation parameters. A difference-of-offset-Gaussians (DOOG) mechanism for the GD model also fit the data well. Other models tested did not fit the data as well as or as succinctly, or failed to converge on a unique solution, indicating over-parameterization. An efficient computational algorithm was found for the GD model which produced robust estimates of the direction and speed of moving objects in real scenes.
Initiation and maintenance of long term somatic embryogenesis from anthers and ovaries of Vitis longii microsperma

Anthers and ovaries of Vitis longii ‘Microsperma’ produced embryogenic callus when cultured on solidified Murashige and Skoog medium with 5μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1μM benzyladenine (BA). The initial callus was short-lived. However, long-term embryogenesis from callus was maintained through serial transfers by careful selection of clustered embryos with subtending callus. Alternatively, long term culture maintenance was through secondary embryogenesis which occurred directly from previously formed embryos on medium lacking growth regulators. Somatic embryos were white, exhibited frequent pluricotyly and tended to be larger than zygotic embryos. Histology of embryogenic callus demonstrated the presence of lipid-like substances and abundant starch. Somatic embryos were attached to callus by narrow to wide suspensor-like structures and possessed typical epidermal, cortical, and vascular tissue. Embryo cells contained abundant lipid-like accumulations but no starch. Embryos germinated when placed on medium containing 1μM BA and produced plants of normal appearance.
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells and murine lungs

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, plays an important role in lung inflammation by inducing the release of chemokines and lipid mediators. Our previous studies have shown that L...
The Role of Academic Pharmacy in Tobacco Cessation and Control

Despite decades of public health initiatives, tobacco use remains the leading known preventable cause of death in the United States. Clinicians have a proven, positive effect on patients' ability to quit, and pharmacists are strategically positioned to assist patients with quitting. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy recognizes health promotion and disease prevention as a key educational outcome; as such, tobacco cessation education should be a required component of pharmacy curricula to ensure that all pharmacy graduates possess the requisite evidence-based knowledge and skills to intervene with patients who use tobacco. Faculty members teaching tobacco cessation-related content must be knowledgeable and proficient in providing comprehensive cessation counseling, and all preceptors and practicing pharmacists providing direct patient care should screen for tobacco use and provide at least minimal counseling as a routine component of care. Pharmacy organizations should establish policies and resolutions addressing the profession's role in tobacco cessation and control, and the profession should work together to eliminate tobacco sales in all practice settings where pharmacy services are rendered.
An experimental study of free surface deformation in oscillatory thermocapillary flow

Free surface deformation of a test fluid induced by steady and oscillatory thermocapillary flow in a small cylindrical container (diameter = 4.8 mm) is studied experimentally. The fluid (2 Cs oil) is heated by a cylindrical wire (diameter = 0.48 mm) placed along the centerline of the cylinder. The relative displacement and oscillation frequency of free surface are measured in a radial cross-section for various applied temperature differences. It is found that the amplitude of the free surface height oscillations is large near the heater and the cold wall and relatively small in the middle part. The frequency of the free surface oscillations is same as the frequency of the temperature oscillations. Based on these data, the free surface motion during oscillations is delineated.
Design expert: An expert system application to clinical investigations☆

Abstract In recent years several expert systems have been developed for practical applications in applied statistical methodologies. Existing expert systems in statistics have explored several areas, e.g., the determination of appropriate statistical tests, regression analysis, and determination of the “best” experimental design for industrial screening experiments. The DESIGN EXPERT, a prototype expert system for the design of complex statistical experiments is presented here. It is intended for scientific investigators and statisticians who must design and analyze complex experiments, e.g., multi-level medical experiments with nested factors, repeated measures, and both fixed and random effects. This system is “expert” in the sense that it is able to (i) recognize specific types of complex experimental designs, based on the application of inference rules to nontechnical information supplied by the user; (ii) encode the obtained and inferred information in a flexible general-purpose internal representation, for use by other program modules; (iii) generate analysis of variance tables for the recognized design and an appropriate Biomedical Computer Programs runfile for data analysis, using the encoded information. DESIGN EXPERT can recognize randomized block designs, including lattice designs within embedded Latin Squares, crossover designs, split plots, nesting, repeated measures, and covariates. It is written in an experimental programming language developed specifically for research in Artificial Intelligence.
BILATERAL ASYMMETRY OF RESPIRATORY ACOUSTIC TRANSMISSION

Sonic noise transmission from the mouth to six sites on the posterior chest wall is measured in 11 healthy adult male subjects at resting lung volume. The measurement sites are over the upper, middle and lower lung fields and are symmetric about the spine. The ratios of transmitted sound power to analogous sites over the right (R) and left (L) lung fields are estimated over three frequency bands: 100–600 Hz (low), 600–1100 Hz (mid) and 1100–1600 Hz (high). A R-L dominance in transmission is measured at low frequencies, with a statistically significant difference observed at the upper site. No significant asymmetry is observed in any measurement site at mid or high frequencies. A theoretical model of sound transmission that includes the asymmetrical anatomy of the mediastinal structures is in agreement with the observed asymmetry at low frequencies. These findings suggest that the pathway of the majority of sound transmission from the trachea to the chest wall changes from a more radial to airway-borne route over the measured frequency range.
Direct assembly of nanoparticles for large-scale fabrication of nanodevices and structures

Non-uniform electric fields are utilized to direct the large scale assembly of colloidal nanoparticles in nanoscale structures over large areas. Using micro- and nanoscale templates, various nanoparticles can be directly assembled into parallel wires, cross-wires, and many other complex structures. The assembly process is controlled by electric field, time, and geometric design of templates. The results show that single nanoparticle wires as small as 10 nm wide and 100,000 nm long as well as other nanoparticle structures can be fabricated using electrophoresis over a large area. In addition, the directed assembly of polymeric and conductive nanoparticle nanowires and networks has been demonstrated using dielectrophoresis. The nanoparticle wires can be further oriented along the direction of an externally introduced hydrodynamic flow. The presented technique is a promising approach for large scale manufacturing of nanoscale devices for many applications including biosensors and nanoelectronics.
The Unique Domain as the Site on Lyn Kinase for Its Constitutive Association with the High Affinity Receptor for IgE

Aggregation of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI) leads to the phosphorylation of tyrosines on the β and γ chains of the receptor by the Src family kinase Lyn. We have studied the interaction between Lyn and the FceRI in vivo using a transfection-based approach. FceRI were stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The small amount of endogenous Src family kinase was sufficient to phosphorylate receptor tyrosines upon extensive aggregation of FceRI but not after addition of dimers of IgE. Upon stable co-transfection of Lyn kinase into the cells, dimers were now able to stimulate receptor phosphorylation and the response to more extensive aggregation was enhanced. In contrast, co-transfection with catalytically inactive Lyn inhibited the aggregation-induced phosphorylation by the endogenous kinase, and a quantitatively similar inhibition was observed in cells transfected with the SH4-containing unique domain of Lyn. Consistent with the results of others using alternative approaches, our additional studies using a yeast two-hybrid system detected a direct interaction between intact Lyn or its unique domain and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the β chain but not with the receptor's other cytoplasmic domains.
A computer program for the generation of random variables from any discrete distribution

This paper provides specific directions for the preparation of a discrete pseudo-random number generator computer program using basic machine instructions. The scheme is a table look-up first suggested by Marsaglia. It is applicable to any discrete probability distribution. The general procedure is described for probabilities expressed as fractions in a number system of arbitrary base β. A brief example is given using the decimal system. Flow diagrams accompany the directions which will enable an experienced programmer to write the program for any computer system with only modest storage requirements. Results of chi-square tests performed on samples from specific binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, and hypergeornetric distributions generated using this procedure are given
Stress‐Enhanced Displacements in PLZT Rainbow Actuators

The newly developed Rainbow actuator features high displacement and good load-bearing capability, which are considered to be associated with Rainbow's unique dome-shaped configuration and high internal stress created during processing. The effects of the internal stress on the field-induced displacements of a series of PLZT Rainbow samples were investigated. It was found that the displacements were significantly enhanced for the samples having a reduced/total thickness ratio around 0.3 due to the interaction of the internal stress with ferroelectric domains. Finite element modeling was used to analyze the internal stress of the Rainbow actuators. The stress distribution revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique agreed well with the modeling. Enhancement of domain reorientation by the internal stress was observed from the behavior of the XRD peaks in the presence of applied electric fields. The Rainbow samples with maximum stress-enhanced domain reorientation were found to exhibit maximum field-induced displacements. A finite element model incorporating the stress-enhancing mechanism with the displacement calculation was developed. This model yielded displacement values which were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Momentum-impulse balance and parachute inflation : Fixed-point drops

A S documented in [1], the momentum–impulse theorem (or “MI theorem”) is a very useful tool for analyzing parachute inflation, given that the duration of the net drag force generated during the inflation process is a well-documented empirical input. In particular, the MI theorem can be used to extend a well-known technique for estimating the maximum drag Fmax to any type of parachute and reefing designs, and to any type of drop conditions. This Note aims at building on the insight gained in [1], by applying the theorem to drops of hemispherical-type canopies from fixed points rather than from aircraft. Such fixed points would not only include cranes and ceilings, but also (slow-moving) lighter-than-air aircraft and even (slow-moving) personnel parachutes. This analysis shall reveal several inflation facts that were previously unknown to the parachute engineering field. The extended Fmax estimator technique is based on the following formula, which uses the a priori knowledge of the opening-shock factor Ck [1–5]
The Performance Technologist's Library

The Fifth Discipline Field-book: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization. Peter Senge, Art Kleiner, Charlotte Roberts, Richard Ross, and Bryan Smith. New York: Currency/ Doubleday, 1994, 593 pages
Dome growth behavior at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, revealed by relocation of volcanic event swarms, 1995-1996

Abstract We have relocated a subset of events from the digital waveform catalogue of ∼17,000 volcanic microearthquakes recorded between July 1995 and February 1996 at Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, using a cross-correlation-based phase repicking technique with a joint location method. Hypocenters were estimated for 3914 earthquakes having five or more corrected P-wave picks. The seismic source region collapsed to a volume of ∼1 km 3 from an initial ∼100 km 3 . Relocated events represent 36 swarms, each containing nearly identical waveforms, having source dimensions of 10 to 100 m in diameter and spatial separations on the order of 500 m or less. Each swarm occurred over a span of several hours to a few days. Triggered data appear to miss between 65% and 98% of the events that occur within these swarms, based on review of helicorder records. Visual estimates of summit dome growth show a rough correspondence between episodes of intense swarming and increases in extruded magma, although dome observations are too sparse to make a direct comparison for this time period. The limited depth range over which dome-growth-related events occur is consistent with a dynamic model of cyclic plug extrusion behavior in the shallow conduit, governed by magma supply rate, overpressure buildup and physical properties of the magma and conduit geometry. Seismic sources may occur in locally overpressured regions that result from microlite formation in a zone of rapid decompression; we propose that this zone exists in the vicinity of a detachment plane associated with the cyclic plug extrusion.
Magnetic Properties of ISABELLE Superconducting Quadrupoles

A number of superconducting quadrupole magnets have been constructed in the ISABELLE project during the past year. With these quadrupoles, it was intended to test construction techniques, magnet performance and measuring capability in an effort to arrive at a quadrupole design satisfactory for use in the storage ring accelerator. While these magnets are designed to have dimensions and field properties close to those needed for regular cell ISABELLE quadrupoles, no effort was made to make them identical to one another. This report details the performance characteristics of one of these magnets, MQ3005.
Graph indexing for reachability queries

Reachability queries appear very frequently in many important applications that work with graph structured data. In some of them, testing reachability between two nodes corresponds to an important problem. For example, in proteinprotein interaction networks one can use it to answer whether two proteins are related, whereas in ontological databases such queries might correspond to the question of whether a concept subsumes another one. Given the huge databases that are often tested with reachability queries, it is important problem to come up with a scalable indexing scheme that has almost constant query time. In this paper, we bring a new dimension to the well-known interval labeling approach. Our approach labels each node with multiple intervals instead of a single interval so that each labeling represents a hyper-rectangle. Our new approach BOX can index dags in linear time and space while retaining the querying time admissible. In experiments, we show that BOX is not vulnerable to increasing edge to node ratios which is a problem for the existing approaches.
Fault-Tolerant Overlay Protocol Network

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and other time critical communications require a level of availability much higher than the typical transport network supporting traditional data communications. These critical command and control channels must continue to operate and remain available in the presence of an attack or other network disruption. Even disruptions of short duration can severely damage, degrade, or drop a VoIP connection. Routing protocols in use today can dynamically adjust for a changing network topology. However, they generally cannot converge quickly enough to continue an existing voice connection. As packet switching technologies continue to erode traditional circuit switching applications, some methodology or protocol must be developed that can support these traditional requirements over a packet-based infrastructure. We propose the use of a modified overlay tunneling network and associated routing protocols called the fault tolerant overlay protocol (FTOP) network. This network is entirely logical; the supporting routing protocol may be greatly simplified due to the overlays's ability to appear fully connected. Therefore, ensuring confidentiality and availability are much simpler using traditional cryptographic isolation and VPN technologies. Empirical results show for substrate networks, convergence time may be as high as six to ten minutes. However, the FTOP overlay network has been shown to converge in a fraction of a second, yielding an observed two order of magnitude convergence time improvement. This unique ability enhances availability of critical network services allowing operation in the face of substrate network disruption caused by malicious attack or other failure
Angularly Nonspecific Response Suppression in Rat Barrel Cortex

Response modulation by prior sensory stimulation is a common property of cortical neurons. The degree to which effects are specific to the adapting stimulus provides insights into properties of the underlying circuitry. Here, we examined the effects of an adapting whisker deflection's angle on the angular tuning of layer IV barrel neurons and their major input source, thalamic barreloid neurons. In both barrel regular-spike units (RSUs) and fast-spike units (FSUs), presumed excitatory and inhibitory neurons, prior whisker deflections suppressed subsequent test deflections in a largely angularly nonspecific manner, that is, adaptation in one direction reduced responses for test deflections of all angles. FSUs were poorly tuned for deflection angle and remained so after adaptation. In adapted RSUs, responses to suboptimal directions were suppressed most and angular preferences remained constant; tuning therefore became sharper. Adaptation effects in RSUs and FSUs do not appear to reflect corresponding changes in thalamic neurons. The angularly nonspecific suppression of barrel neurons is likely mediated by local intrabarrel suppressive interactions, such as broadly tuned inhibition and/or short-term synaptic depression of excitatory connections. The dominance of angularly nonspecific suppression suggests that barrel neurons interact largely in an angularly nonspecific manner to reinforce stimulus preferences encoded by their synchronously firing thalamic inputs.
Optimization of LDGM-based quantum codes using Density Evolution

We introduce the use of Discrete Density Evolution (DDE) to optimize LDGM-based quantum codes. These are Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes based on the generator and parity-check matrices of an LDGM code, which is designed with a specific structure inspired in the parallel concatenation of LDGM codes. The proposed codes allow greater flexibility and are easier to design than existing sparse-graph CSS quantum codes, while leading to better performance.
The Evolving Role of Bone-Conserving Therapy in Patients With Breast Cancer

Patients with breast cancer (BC) experience bone loss as a result of either cancer treatment or metastatic disease to the bone. In addition, baseline factors universally associated with bone loss have been identified, including history of fracture, menopausal status, oral corticosteroid use, osteoporosis, and smoking. Whereas treatment effects causing suppression of estrogen function or estrogen-deprivation are the predominant cause of bone loss and fractures among patients with earlier-stage disease, metastatic lesions to the bone are the principal drivers of bone loss and associated skeletal complications in patients with advanced disease. Development of fractures and other skeletal-related events (SREs) is associated with adverse clinical outcome. Several studies clearly have demonstrated the efficacy of bisphosphonates (BPs) in the metastatic setting. Recently, the targeted agent denosumab also demonstrated favorable efficacy in preventing SREs in this setting. In addition, clinical evidence has demonstrated that zoledronic acid (ZOL) can prevent bone loss and may provide an anticancer benefit in earlier-stage breast disease, supporting the potential use of early/concomitant intervention with BP therapy in the adjuvant setting. Overall, these data warrant further consideration of the role of bisphosphonates in BC. Ongoing studies will further investigate the bone-protective and potential anticancer benefits of BPs across all stages of breast disease.
Planning paths for a flexible surface patch

This paper presents a probabilistic planner capable of finding paths for a flexible surface patch. The planner is based on the probabilistic roadmap approach to path planning while the surface patch is modeled as a low degree Bezier surface. We assume that we are dealing with an elastic part and define an approximate energy model for the part. The energy function penalizes excessive shear and bending of the part and we assume that low-energy configurations correspond to reversible elastic deformations of the part. The planner captures the connectivity of a space by building a roadmap, a network of simple paths connecting configurations selected in the space using randomized techniques. We report on the implementation of our planner and show experimental results with examples where the surface patch is required to move through a small hole in its workspace. Our work is a first step towards considering the physical properties of parts when planning paths.
Alpha-Fe2O3 elicits diameter-dependent effects during exposure to an in vitro model of the human placenta

Iron oxide nanoparticles offer unique possibilities due to the change in their physico-chemical parameters when synthesized on the nanoscale (10−9 m) compared to their bulk forms. While novel uses exist for these materials when synthesized as nanoparticles, their unintended effects on the human body and specifically during pregnancy remain ill defined. In this study, an iron oxide nanoparticle, α-Fe2O3, was employed and the potential toxicity due to exposure was assessed in the widely used model human placental cell line BeWo b30. These cells were grown as epithelia, and subsequently assessed for their epithelial integrity, reactive oxygen species production and cellular viability, ultrastructural and morphological disruption, and genotoxicity as a result of exposure to α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Transepithelial electrical resistance indicated that exposure to the large (50 and 78 nm), but not small (15 nm) diameter particles of α-Fe2O3 nanomaterial resulted in leakiness of the epithelium. Exposure to the large diameters of 50 and 78 nm resulted in increases in cell death and reactive oxygen species. Disruption of junctional integrity as monitored by immunolocalization of the tight junction protein ZO-1 was found to occur as a consequence of exposure to large diameter NPs. It was found that there was reduction in the number of microvilli responsible for increased surface area for nutrient absorption after exposing the epithelia to large diameter NPs. Finally, genotoxicity as assessed by DNA microarray and confirmed by QPCR indicated that the large diameter particles (78 nm) induce apoptosis in these cells. These data indicate that large (50 and 78 nm), but not small (15 nm) α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles disrupt the barrier function of this epithelium as assessed by in vitro analysis.
The Relationship of Clergy Burnout to Self-Compassion and Other Personality Dimensions

Religious leaders often experience burnout, which is characterized by emotional exhaustion and/or low satisfaction. Clergy with high emotional exhaustion feel drained and discouraged. Clergy with high satisfaction report that the ministry gives purpose and meaning to their lives. Hierarchichal regression was used to examine if current clergy's desire to please others, guilt or shame orientation, ability to be self-compassionate, and ability to differentiate self from role uniquely predicted variation in burnout. Although all personality dimensions explained significant variation in emotional satisfaction when examined individually, due to inter-correlations among predictors only self-compassion was significant in the full model. Higher self-compassion was also related to increased satisfaction in ministry. Increasing self-compassion may prevent clergy burnout.
Silicon colors: spectral selective perfect light absorption in single layer silicon films on aluminum surface and its thermal tunability

Using two most abundant materials in nature: silicon and aluminum, spectral selective perfect light absorption in single layer silicon films on aluminum surface is demonstrated. Perfect light absorption is achieved due to the critical coupling of incident optical wave to the second order resonance mode of the optical cavity made of a thin silicon film on aluminum surface. Spectral selective perfect light absorption results in different optical colors corresponding to different thicknesses of silicon films. The device colors do not change when viewing from large angles with respect to the surface normal. Perfect absorption wavelength can be tuned over a wide wavelength range over 70 nm by thermal annealing. This new technology, which is low cost and compatible with silicon technology platform, paves the way for many applications such as optical color filters and wavelength selective photodetectors.
Systematic desensitization of snake-avoidance following three types of suggestion.

Abstract Three groups of 8 Ss each received tape-recorded desensitization after having been exposed to different instructions regarding the anticipated outcome of the experiment. As compared to 7 untreated control Ss, each of the desensitization treatments led to behavioral improvements, while the differential instructions had no apparent impact.
Non-androgenic role of testis in enhancing ventral prostate growth in rats

This study was conducted to investigate whether the testis, aside from its ability to secrete androgen, is able to promote prostatic growth in rats. Increasing quantities of silastic capsules filled with crystalline dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were implanted subcutaneously into adult Sprague-Dawley rats at the time of bilateral epididymo-orchiectomy or sham operation on the testes. Control animals received empty capsules. Twenty-eight days later, the growth of the ventral prostate as measured by wet weight, DNA, and protein content per prostate was significantly greater in rats with intact testes than in orchiectomized rats. An overall increased growth was noted at all doses of exogenous DHT administered. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone in animals treated with DHT were undetectable. Serum levels of testosterone in intact rats treated with DHT were not significantly different from those in castrated rats. These observations suggest a non-androgenic role for the testis and, perhaps, epididymis in promoting prostatic growth in rats, and are consistent with the concept that a non-androgenic substance, produced from the testis and/or epididymis, is able to enhance prostate growth induced by androgen stimulation. The possibility that this phenomenon may play a role in the benign growth of the prostate observed in aging human males with decreased blood levels of androgen warrants consideration.
Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Study AT1 Receptor Regulation In Vivo

Increased sodium intake and enhanced sodium sen- sitivity are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and in the control of a major regulator of BP, the type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1 receptor). An in vivo technique to study changes of renal AT1 receptors by dietary sodium was developed that uses positron emission tomography (PET). PET revealed that renal cortical AT1 receptor binding was increased in sodium- loaded compared with sodium-deprived dogs, which correlated with ex vivo estimations of AT1 receptor numbers. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were inversely related to changes in AT1 receptor binding. These results demonstrate, for the first time in vivo, that the renal AT1 receptor is inversely related to the activity of the renin angiotensin system, which may provide a compensatory mechanism to prevent inap- propriate fluctuations in arterial BP. The ability to measure AT 1 receptor binding in vivo has potential significance for clinical studies of AT1 receptors, because PET is a noninvasive imaging technique that is readily applicable in humans.
Soluble starch synthases and starch branching enzymes from developing seeds of sorghum

Abstract Soluble starch synthases and branching enzymes have been partially purified from developing sorghum seeds. Two major fractions and one minor fraction of starch synthase were eluted on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The minor enzyme eluted first and was similar to the early eluting major synthase in citrate-stimulated activity, faster reaction rates with glycogen primers than amylopectin primers, and in K m for ADP-glucose (0.05 and 0.08 mM, respectively). The starch synthase peak eluted last had no citrate-stimulated activity, was equally active with glycogen and amylopectin primers, and had the highest K m for ADP-glucose (0.10 mM). Four fractions of branching enzymes were recovered from DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One fraction eluted in the buffer wash; the other three co-eluted with the three starch synthases. All four fractions could branch amylose or amylopectin, and stimulated α-glucan synthesis catalysed by phosphorylase. Electrophoretic separation and activity staining for starch synthase of crude extracts and DEAE-cellulose fractions demonstrated complex banding patterns. The colour of the bands after iodine staining indicated that branching enzyme and starch synthase co-migrated during electrophoresis.
Orphan/rare drug discovery through drug repositioning

There are many, often life-threatening, rare/orphan diseases for which there are few or no therapeutic options. They individually affect few people, but collectively impose very high social and economic burdens. New approaches are bringing big pharma resources to solving the problem through drug repositioning of approved drugs. Advances are being spurred by public and private partnerships, government incentives and awareness brought by patient support groups. Scientific discoveries and new technologies are creating many opportunities for drug repositioning.
Omnidirectional Egomotion Estimation From Back-projection Flow

The current state-of-the-art for egomotion estimation with omnidirectional cameras is to map the optical flow to the sphere and then apply egomotion algorithms for spherical projection. In this paper, we propose to back-project image points to a virtual curved retina that is intrinsic to the geometry of the central panoramic camera, and compute the optical flow on this retina: the so-called back-projection flow. We show that well-known egomotion algorithms can be easily adapted to work with the back-projection flow. We present extensive simulation results showing that in the presence of noise, egomotion algorithms perform better by using back-projection flow when the camera translation is in the X-Y plane. Thus, the proposed method is preferable in applications where there is no Z-axis translation, such as ground robot navigation.
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in the dog by the precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Summary The effect of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), on gastric secretion in the dog has been studied. Administration of 5HTP increases both blood and tissue serotonin with a maximum effect evident in about one hour. 5HTP inhibits gastric secretion when it is spontaneous or when stimulated by Urecholine. The onset of inhibition of gastric secretion by 5HTP is coincident with the degradation of this substance to serotonin. Gastric secretion stimulated by large doses of histamine is not inhibited by 5HTP.
Designing visualizations to facilitate multisyllabic speech with children with autism and speech delays

The ability of children to combine syllables represents an important developmental milestone. This ability is often delayed or impaired in a variety of clinical groups including children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and speech delays (SPD). This video illustrates some of the features of VocSyl, a real-time voice visualization system to shape multisyllabic speech. VocSyl was designed using the Task Centered User Interface Design methodology from the beginning to the end of the design process. Children with Autism and Speech Delays, targeted users of the software, were directly involved in the development process, thus allowing us to focus on what these children demonstrate they require.
Correspondence item: Discussion of the paper-Experimental evaluation of optimal, multivariable regulatory controllers with model-following capabilities by R. B. Newell and D. G. Fisher

In the above paper, the authors proposed a modern state-variable type multi-variable regulatory controller involving ''proportional-plus-integral'' (P + I) feedback and ''disturbance feedforward'' terms. This corres-pondence describes some earlier publications, not included in the author's list of ''pertinent literature'', which treated these same topics.
U.S.S.R. Launch Systems

The invited speaker from Moscow for this talk was unable to attend the Colloquium due to circumstances beyond his control. The following data concerning the U.S.S.R. Launch Systems have been taken from information published in Soviet journals.
Estrogen Effects on the Skeleton

Although estrogens have been widely used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for the last quarter century, surprisingly little is known of the effects of these hormones on adult skeletal metabolism. Furthermore, as has been usual in endocrine research, more is known of lower animals than of man. I will review the better known (and probably less relevant) skeletal effects of estrogens In birds, mice, and rats, will summarize what is known of estrogen effects in higher mammals and in menopausal women, will review with you our own results using calcium balance and calcium kinetic studies in women, and will conclude with a tentative effort at an explanation of estrogen effects on the adult skeleton.
An Examination of Technologist-Patient Communications

We interviewed 100 patients referred to our nuclear medicine department to determine the effect of education on their concerns, feelings, and level of cooperation in our department. The appropriate role of the nuclear medicine technologist in the complex area of patient sensitivities and patient education is examined. The need to further humanize our approach to patient care is clear and the manner in which this may be accomplished is suggested.
An Algebraically Reducible Solution of the Cubic Equation

(1925). An Algebraically Reducible Solution of the Cubic Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 162-169.
Reducing Blinking in Small Core–Multishell Quantum Dots by Carefully Balancing Confinement Potential and Induced Lattice Strain: The “Goldilocks” Effect

Currently, the most common way to reduce blinking in quantum dots (QDs) is accomplished by using very thick and/or perfectly crystalline CdS shells on CdSe cores. Ideally, a nontoxic material such as ZnS is preferred to be the outer material in order to reduce environmental and cytotoxic effects. Blinking suppression with multishell configurations of CdS and ZnS has been reported only for “giant” QDs of 15 nm or more. One of the main reasons for the limited progress is that the role that interfacial trap states play in blinking in these systems is not very well understood. Here, we show a “Goldilocks” effect to reduce blinking in small (∼7 nm) QDs by carefully controlling the thicknesses of the shells in multishell QDs. Furthermore, by correlating the fluorescence lifetime components with the fraction of time that a QD spends in the on-state, both with and without applying a threshold, we found evidence for two types of blinking that separately affect the average fluorescence lifetime of a single QD. A th...
Rheology of synthetic latex: V. Flow behavior of low-temperature GR-S latex

Abstract The flow behavior of a GR-S latex prepared at low temperature was studied at volume fractions up to 0.60 over a shear stress region of 50–800 dynes cm. 2 , and over a temperature range of 20° to 50°C. The latex was found to be Newtonian below a volume fraction of 0.25, and non-Newtonian above this concentration. Unlike some preceding latices investigated, the dependence of flow of this latex on shear stress could not be represented by the exponential equation, nor could the concentration dependence be expressed by the logarithmic equation employed before. However, the flow behavior of this latex could be represented by a two-parameter modified Eilers equation in which one of the parameters is a function of the temperature, the other, of shear stress. The limiting form of the expression as the volume fraction v approaches zero yielded η sp v = 2.50 ± 0.05 , as against the expected Einstein value of 2.50 for dilute suspensions of spheres. Again, the expression predicted for the volume fractions at which the viscosity becomes infinite values ranging from 0.69 at Fm = 50 to 0.75 at F m = 800 dynes cm. 2 . These values indicate that the close packing of the nonuniform spheres in the latex is primarily tetragonal, with a transition to rhombohedral packing as Fm increases. The results also show that the variation of the viscosity of the latex with temperature is due primarily to the change in the viscosity of the water, and only secondarily to the decrease in the energy of activation for flow of the latex with increase in concentration. Finally, it was found that the deviation of the latex from Newtonian behavior is essentially independent of temperature, and dependent only on shear stress and concentration. The dependence on shear stress is more complicated, with maxima occurring in the curves at shear stresses which are the lower the higher the volume fraction of polymer in the latex.
Recent Advances in Understanding Helium Embrittlement in Metals

Helium is formed in metals as a secondary product of fission/fusion energy technology. Even though helium is chemically inert and essentially insoluble in metals, under specific exposure conditions it is known to cause them to lose their ductility. At high temperatures, helium atoms produced from the transmutation of 10B or from a two-step process with 58Ni in amounts as low as a few parts per million migrate to grain boundaries to cause inter-granular failure. Ion implantation of helium may cause a similar effect. More recently it has been found that helium produced from tritium decay at or slightly above room temperature also markedly degrades the mechanical properties of metals. In order to design alloys of the future it is necessary to understand the mechanisms responsible for this helium embrittlement.Early experiments found that helium is strongly trapped at radiation-produced defects in metals. Atomistic calculations using pair potential interactions verified these findings. It was initially thought that the helium embrittlement in metals was due to the trapping and subsequent bubble formation at radiation-induced defects. It has been shown, however, that helium may be trapped in metals even in the absence of radiation damage. Thomas et al. found that 3He generated at low temperatures from tritium decay remained trapped in nickel upon heating to 500°C. In both this experimentand a subsequentone in gold the helium was introduced without the production of radiation damage. In this second experiment Thomas used transmission electron microscopy to see in the gold small (10A) bubbles that had been implanted with low-energy (sub-damage threshold) helium.
Kinetics and low temperature studies of electron transfers in films of small (<2 nm) Au monolayer protected clusters.

This work examines the temperature dependence of electron transfer (ET) kinetics in solid-state films of mixed-valent states of monodisperse, small ( Au250/1– > Au251+/0.
Production Performance of White Leghorn Layers Limited Fed

Abstract Three trials were conducted to determine if the age at start of limited feeding or the amount of time laying hens were given to consume feed could be used to reduce feed intake without affecting egg weight (EW) or egg production. The age at start of limiting feed did not affect hen-day egg production (HDEP) or EW in any trial. In Trial 2, a significant difference in HDEP due to feeding times at 26 weeks of age was observed. Laying hens fed 7 hr/day at 26 weeks of age had a significantly lower HDEP than any other feeding time. Limited feeding in Trials 1 and 2 significantly decreased feed consumption, body weight gain (WG), and EW when compared with laying hens fed ad libitum. No difference in HDEP or EW was observed due to limited feeding in Trial 3. Laying hens fed 9 or 10 hr/day gained significantly less weight than laying hens fed ad libitum (Trial 3). Limited feeding did not improve feed efficiency in any trial. No consistent improvement in mortality could be attributed to limited feeding.
Choreographed swimming of copepod nauplii.

Small metazoan paddlers, such as crustacean larvae (nauplii), are abundant, ecologically important and active swimmers, which depend on exploiting viscous forces for locomotion. The physics of micr...
Common genetic influences on antisociality and addictions: Implications for clinical science and practice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses common genetic influences on antisociality and addictions. Behavioral genetic, molecular genetic, and epidemiological studies suggest that addictions and antisocial behaviors commonly co-occur and share genes. Comorbidity of antisocial and addictive behaviors has been observed across the lifetime, leading many addiction scientists to explore whether these syndromes have similar etiological foundations. Twin research designs and family studies that have examined common and specific contributions to antisocial personality and substance use disorders have found that a large portion of the co-variation between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and substance use disorder can be accounted for by common genetic factors. Psychophysiological evidence demonstrates that antisocial personality, behavioral under control, and substance use disorders share common heritable physiological vulnerabilities. It is suggested that as alcoholism and ASPD are influenced by a complex array of multiple genes activating and deactivating during a lifetime, there is reason to believe that the two disorders are genetically and behaviorally heterogeneous. It is suggested that among those with the same genetic material, in utero environments, psychosocial environments, and neurobiological developmental processes may determine who develops antisociality, addictions, or both.
The Other Half: Views of Fatherhood in the Organization

This chapter addresses fatherhood in the context of the workplace and family. We begin with a review of the current literature on fatherhood to consider the primary theoretical perspectives that are relevant to understanding men’s transitions to fatherhood: gender, identity, and work-life integration. Then we discuss the transition to fatherhood in the context of various fathering views, organizational life, and family life. We also discuss methodological considerations in studying the transition to fatherhood both in relation to mothers and independent of mothers. We conclude with a summary of practical implications and recommendations for organizational action.
Explicit macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling for benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD)-mediated photodynamic therapy.

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective non-ionizing treatment modality that is currently being used for various malignant and non-malignant diseases. In type II PDT with photosensitizers such as benzoporphyrin monoacid ring A (BPD), cell death is based on the creation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). With a previously proposed empirical five-parameter macroscopic model, the threshold dose of singlet oxygen ([ 1 O 2 ] rx,sh ]) to cause tissue necrosis in tumors treated with PDT was determined along with a range of the magnitude of the relevant photochemical parameters: the photochemical oxygen consumption rate per light fluence rate and photosensitizer concentration ( ξ ), the probability ratio of 1 O 2 to react with ground state photosensitizer compared to a cellular target ( σ ), the ratio of the monomolecular decay rate of the triplet state photosensitizer ( β ), the low photosensitizer concentration correction factor ( δ ), and the macroscopic maximum oxygen supply rate ( g ). Mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated interstitially with a linear light source at 690 nm with total energy released per unit length of 22.5–135 J/cm and source power per unit length of 12–150 mW/cm to induce different radii of necrosis. A fitting algorithm was developed to determine the photochemical parameters by minimizing the error function involving the range between the calculated reacted singlet oxygen ([ 1 O 2 ] rx ) at necrosis radius and the [ 1 O 2 ] rx,sh . [ 1 O 2 ] rx was calculated based on explicit dosimetry of the light fluence distribution, the tissue optical properties, and the BPD concentration. The initial ground state oxygen concentration ([ 3 O 2 ] 0 ) was set to be 40 μM in this study. The photochemical parameters were found to be ξ = (55 ± 40) × 10 − 3 cm 2 mW − 1 s − 1 , σ = (1.8 ± 3) × 10 − 5 μM − 1 , and g = 1.7 ± 0.7 μM s − 1 . We have taken the literature values for δ = 33 μM, and β = 11.9 μM. [ 1 O 2 ] rx has shown promise to be a more effective dosimetry quantity for predicting necrosis than either light dose or PDT dose, where the latter is simplistically a temporal integral of the products of the photosensitizer concentration and light fluence rate.
Lattice‐Cell Orientation Disorder in Complex Spinel Oxides

Transition metal (TM) substitution has been widely applied to change complex oxides crystal structures to create high energy density electrodes materials in high performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The complex local structure in the oxides imparted by the TM arrangement often impacts their electrochemical behaviors by influencing the diffusion and intercalation of lithium. Here, a major discrepancy is demonstrated between the global and local structures of the promising high energy density and high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel cathode material that contradicts the existing structural models. A new single-phase lattice-cell orientation disorder model is proposed as the mechanism for the local ordering that explains how the inhomogeneous local distortions and the coherent connection give rise to the global structure in the complex oxide. Further, the single-phase model is consistent with the electrochemical behavior observation of the materials.