cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments: Taxation of Foreign Firms: a Note on Karageorgas's Requirements for Horizontal Equity:

The commentator finds Karageorgas's requirements not stringent enough. They are based only on legal aspects of the problem. Considering incidence aspects of taxation of multinationals one would have to add many more conditons. One may, therefore, doubt if equitable taxation of multinationals is possible.
Arbitrary Copy: Bypassing Buffer-Overflow Protections

Recent advances in buffer-overflow protection are able to eliminate several common types of buffer-overflow attacks (e.g. stack smashing, jump table). In this paper, we introduce arbitrary copy, a type of buffer-overflow attack that is capable of bypassing most buffer-overflow solutions. By overflowing both source and destination pointers of any string copy (or similar) function, arbitrary copy is able to utilize a useful local address for attacking a system. This method can bypass even the most promising buffer-overflow protection that enforces the integrity of address such as secure bit (Piromsopa and Enbody, 2006) and MINOS (Crandal and Chong, 2004). Later, we analyze conditions necessary for the success of this attack. Though satisfying all necessary conditions for this attack should be difficult, our conclusion is that it is a potential threat and requires consideration
A maximum entropy Chinese character-based parser

The paper presents a maximum entropy Chinese character-based parser trained on the Chinese Treebank ("CTB" henceforth). Word-based parse trees in CTB are first converted into character-based trees, where word-level part-of-speech (POS) tags become constituent labels and character-level tags are derived from word-level POS tags. A maximum entropy parser is then trained on the character-based corpus. The parser does word-segmentation, POS-tagging and parsing in a unified framework. An average label F-measure 81.4% and word-segmentation F-measure 96.0% are achieved by the parser. Our results show that word-level POS tags can improve significantly word-segmentation, but higher-level syntactic strutures are of little use to word segmentation in the maximum entropy parser. A word-dictionary helps to improve both word-segmentation and parsing accuracy.
Calculation of shape and Fermi-surface dependent contributions to band-crossing frequencies

Self-consistent cranked BCS calculations based on a monopole pairing field indicate that configuration-dependent changes in the nuclear shape cannot reproduce observed correlations between band-crossing frequencies in odd-N, rare-earth nuclei and the quadrupole moment of the orbit of the valence quasineutron. This conclusion strengthens the previously suggested necessity for shape-dependent (e.g., quadrupole) components in the pairing field.
Finding optimal radial‐function parameters for S atoms in the Hansen–Coppens multipole model through refinement of theoretical densities

The multipolar model of the valence-electron-density distribution for S atoms has been optimized based on theoretical structure factors for six organic molecules. The evaluation of different sets of radial function parameters shows that: (a) the ratio of the n(l) values for different l is more important than their absolute values, as parallel changes in all n(l) for a given atom are compensated for by a change in the refined value of the kappa' parameter, and (b) the (2,4,6,8) set of n(l) with kappa' refined as a single value is an optimal choice of radial function parameters for S atoms.
Evidence for Langmuir oscillations and a low density cavity in the Venus magnetotail

We report the discovery of Langmuir oscillations in a very low plasma density region in the Venus magnetotail. These waves are observed more often at 30 kHz, but also at 5.4 kHz indicating densities as low as 0.3 cu cm in the central tail lobe. The Langmuir probe on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter cannot resolve such a low plasma density. We use the magnetic field strength and the assumption of total pressure balance to infer the electron temperature as a test of the Langmuir wave interpretation. By investigating the spatial distribution of this wave activity we find that the plasma cavity is ordered in a coordinate system defined by the interplanetary magnetic field and is found at either side of the central tail current sheet.
Adventures with Insulin in the Islets of Langerhans

Insulin is a small but beautifully organized protein with a unique two-chain structure, the first protein to be sequenced. The mechanism of its biosynthesis invited much initial speculation but was finally clarified by the discovery of proinsulin, its single-chain precursor. The rich present-day field of protein precursor processing via post-translational proteolysis within the secretory pathway arose in the early 1970s as an offshoot of studies on insulin biosynthesis, which provided a novel paradigm for the generation of many other small neuroendocrine peptides. Before long, this mechanism was also found to play a role in the production of a much wider spectrum of proteins traversing the secretory pathway (receptors, growth factors, blood-clotting components, and even many viral envelope proteins) occurring in almost all eukaryotic cells. Indeed, yeast provided a key clue in the search for the proprotein convertases, the endoproteases that work along with carboxypeptidases and other modifying enzymes, such as the amidating enzyme complex (PAM), in converting inactive or less active precursor proteins into their fully active peptide products. In this "Reflections" article, I have tried to recount the people and events in my life that led to my involvement first in basic biochemical research and then on to insulin, proinsulin, and many relevant related areas that continue to fascinate and challenge my colleagues and me, as well as many other biomedical scientists today, as diabetes mellitus increasingly threatens human health throughout our contemporary world.
Blockade of Mast Cell Activation Reduces Cutaneous Scar Formation

Damage to the skin initiates a cascade of well-orchestrated events that ultimately leads to repair of the wound. The inflammatory response is key to wound healing both through preventing infection and stimulating proliferation and remodeling of the skin. Mast cells within the tissue are one of the first immune cells to respond to trauma, and upon activation they release pro-inflammatory molecules to initiate recruitment of leukocytes and promote a vascular response in the tissue. Additionally, mast cells stimulate collagen synthesis by dermal fibroblasts, suggesting they may also influence scar formation. To examine the contribution of mast cells in tissue repair, we determined the effects the mast cell inhibitor, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), on several parameters of dermal repair including, inflammation, re-epithelialization, collagen fiber organization, collagen ultrastructure, scar width and wound breaking strength. Mice treated with DSCG had significantly reduced levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and CXCL1. Although DSCG treatment reduced the production of inflammatory mediators, the rate of re-epithelialization was not affected. Compared to control, inhibition of mast cell activity caused a significant decrease in scar width along with accelerated collagen re-organization. Despite the reduced scar width, DSCG treatment did not affect the breaking strength of the healed tissue. Tryptase β1 exclusively produced by mast cells was found to increase significantly in the course of wound healing. However, DSCG treatment did not change its level in the wounds. These results indicate that blockade of mast cell activation reduces scar formation and inflammation without further weakening the healed wound.
Alternative mRNA splicing generates two distinct ADAM12 prodomain variants.

Human ADAM12, transcript variant 1 (later on referred to as Var-1b), present in publicly available databases contains the sequence 5′-GTAATTCTG-3′ at the nucleotide positions 340–348 of the coding region, at the 3′ end of exon 4. The translation product of this variant, ADAM12-Lb, includes the three amino acid motif 114VIL116 in the prodomain. This motif is not conserved in ADAM12 from different species and is not present in other human ADAMs. Currently, it is not clear whether a shorter variant, Var-1a, encoding the protein version without the 114VIL116 motif, ADAM12-La, is expressed in human. In this work, we have established that human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells express both Var-1a and Var-1b transcripts. Importantly, the proteolytic processing and intracellular trafficking of the corresponding ADAM12-La and ADAM12-Lb proteins are different. While ADAM12-La is cleaved and trafficked to the cell surface in a manner similar to ADAM12 in other species, ADAM12-Lb is retained in the ER and is not proteolytically processed. Furthermore, the relative abundance of ADAM12-La and ADAM12-Lb proteins detected in several breast cancer cell lines varies significantly. We conclude that the canonical form of transmembrane ADAM12 is represented by Var-1a/ADAM12-La, rather than Var-1b/ADAM12-Lb currently featured in major sequence databases.
Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever

Results of urinalysis and culture of 2181 urine specimens obtained by catheter from febrile children aged less than 24 months were analyzed to determine the following: (1) an optimal cutoff point in considering a bacterial colony count clinically "significant," (2) the accuracy of leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests in identification of pyuria and bacteriuria, and (3) the utility of pyuria (defined as > or = 10 leukocytes/mm3) in the discrimination of urinary tract infection from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Among 110 urine cultures with > or = 10,000 colony-forming units per milliliter, 92 (84%) had > or = 100,000 CFU/ml, 10 (9%) had 50,000 to 99,000 CFU/CFU/ml and 8 (7%) had 10,000 to 49,000 CFU/ml. Urine specimens with 1000 to 49,000 CFU/ml were more likely than specimens with > or = 50,000 CFU/ml to yield Gram-positive or mixed organisms (36/60 vs 7/109; p or = 10 leukocytes/mm3 was found in 93 of 102 patients with > or = 50,000 CFU/ml. The dipstick leukocyte esterase test had sensitivities of 52.9% and 66.7% in detecting > or = 10 leukocytes/mm3 and > or = 20 leukocytes/mm3, respectively. The dipstick nitrite test had a sensitivity of 31.4% in detecting bacteriuria (> or = 50,000 CFU/ml). Acute pyelonephritis was diagnosed by a renal scan with dimercaptosuccinic acid labeled with technetium 99m in 50 (77%) of 65 patients with > or = 10 leukocytes/mm3 but in none of five patients with or 10/mm3 and a CFU count > or = 50,000/ml. This definition almost always discriminates among true urinary tract infection, bacteriuria resulting from contamination of the urine specimen, and asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Transport of Cerro Hudson SO2 clouds

The Cerro Hudson volcano in southern Chile (45.92°S, 73.0°W) emitted large ash and sulfur dioxide clouds on August 12–15, following several days of minor activity [Global Volcanism Network Bulletin, 1991]. The SO2 clouds were observed using (preliminary) near real-time data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) as they encircled the south polar region. The injection of SO2 into the stratosphere has essentially created a gigantic chemical tracer that could provide new insights into the wind patterns and seasonal circulation around the Antarctic region. around the Antarctic region. The TOMS instrument, on board the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's Nimbus 7 satellite, measures the ratio of backscattered Earth radiance to incoming solar irradiance in the ultraviolet spectrum. Although originally designed to measure ozone, it was later discovered that the TOMS instrument could also detect and quantify SO2 [Krueger, 1985]. After this discovery, measurements from TOMS were examined for SO2 emissions for all recorded volcanic eruptions since Nimbus-7 was launched in October 1978, and current data are analyzed as new eruptions occur. The satellite is in a polar, Sun-synchronous orbit so that it crosses the equator at local noon and observes the whole sunlit Earth in approximately 14 orbits each day. Total column amounts of SO2 are determined that represent the amount of gas affecting the reflection of ultraviolet light through a column of the atmosphere from the satellite to the reflecting surface, Earth, given in terms of milli atmospheres centimeter (1000 milli atm cm = a gas layer 1-cm thick at STP). The mass of SO2 is calculated by integrating over the cloud area to obtain a volume, then converting to tons.
Tissue factor regulation in vascular smooth muscle: A summary of studies performed using in vivo and in vitro models

Abstract In response to vascular injury, such as occurs in acute or chronic atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferate and migrate, ultimately contributing to vessel narrowing. Several growth agonists, including platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, are known to cause VSMCs to profilerate and are believed to be present at sites of vessel injury. Targets for inhibiting VSMC growth or migration in the presence of multiple growth agonists include genes that are induced in common by VSMC growth factors. This article summarizes the in vivo and in vitro findings of experiments designed to investigate the regulation of tissue factor in VSMCs in 2 animal models. The findings demonstrate that tissue factor is rapidly induced by growth factors in VSMC culture and by balloon injury in aortic media, and they suggest that VSMCs may play a major role in mediating the early thrombotic response. Strategies designed to inhibit the response of VSMCs to growth agonists may therefore have important implications for the treatment of intravascular thrombosis.
LIQUID NITROGEN EXPOSURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF CHILLING POULTRY

Chilling of broilers by liquid nitrogen exposure resulted in lower Warner-Bratzler shear values and longer sarcomere lengths, indicating more tender meat when compared with immersion chilled broilers. Liquid nitrogen chilling also resulted in higher cooking yields. Experienced panelists detected a highly significant (P < 0.005) difference between liquid nitrogen chilled and immersion chilled poultry meat with a preference for the liquid nitrogen chilled product. Significant correlations existed between objective and subjective methods for tenderness evaluation and between Warner-Bratzler shear values and sarcomere lengths. Liquid nitrogen chilling of poultry resulted in a product with a longer shelf-life when compared with that of immersion chilled broilers.
Modeling of transport and film growth over patterned substrates

An analysis of transport and film growth over masked and nonplanar substrates is presented. Special emphasis is placed upon modelling strategies with regard to whether the gas is in the viscous or rarefied flow regimes and the appropriate assumptions which can be made to simplify the model. A coupled volume and surface diffusion model is used to describe selective and nonplanar growth in the viscous flow regime. Results of a parametric study suggest that diffusion in the gas phase is responsible for the growth rate enhancements and nonuniformity which accompany patterned substrate growth. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to model rarefied gas flows and deposition over patterned substrates where the mean free path of the gas molecules is of the same order or larger than the characteristic feature size.
A promoter deletion reduces the rate of mitotic, but not meiotic, recombination at the HIS4 locus in yeast.

Several investigators have reported that transcription stimulates some types of mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that mutations that reduce the rate of trancription of the yeast HIS4 gene in vegetative cells reduce the frequency of mitotic, but not meiotic, recombination events.
Delaying the Buck: Timing and Strategic Advantages in Executive-Legislative Bargaining over Appropriations

Delay is a common feature of appropriations politics. Although members of Congress and the president often decry lengthy delays in the passage of appropriations bills, we investigate whether such delays might confer strategic advantages, and if so, to whom. We draw from bargaining theory to understand how the relationship between the duration of negotiations and outcomes depends on the underlying distribution of bargaining power and the nature of the bargaining process. In our empirical analysis, we find that delay is associated with greater concessions to the president, but not with more extreme outcomes. We also find that the House and Senate concede more to presidents who prefer less spending, while the Senate is more responsive to presidential needs during presidential election years. These results suggest that the president's power comes from the asymmetry of veto and proposal rights, rather than from symmetric bargaining with proposals and counterproposals or a “war of nerves.”
Embedding an information system within a generalized network environment

This paper introduces a generalized network information facility called HYPERTEXT, which is currently implemented on a TANDEM-16 loosely-coupled, high-availability multiprocessor minicomputer. The overall structure of HYPERTEXT is described as well as several important user functions available within HYPERTEXT. An actual example of embedding a complete information system (a clinical data management system) within the HYPERTEXT facility is developed, as well as the underlying motivations for such an incorporation. The inclusion of peripheral aspects of an information system, such as user and system documentation, is presented in the HYPERTEXT context, along with some components that HYPERTEXT supports very well and that are typically not considered part of a large information system.
Analysis of monochromatic green argon-laser treatment for age-related macular degeneration.

A retrospective evaluation of 61 consecutive age-related disciform macular degeneration patients who received green argon-laser photocoagulation was done to evaluate the visual results and to search for characteristics of the presenting lesion that correlated with prognosis. For subretinal new vessels within 200 μm of the foveal avascular center, average pretreatment visual acuity was 20/80 and post-treatment 20/200. Twenty-eight percent improved, 36% stabilized, and 36% had worse acuity at last follow-up. Where new vessels were more than 200 μm from the foveal center, 36% improved, 20% stabilized, and 44% had worse acuity. The average pre- and post-treatment visual acuity for this group was 20/80. Overall, 36% required more than one treatment, and associated retinal vascular obliteration was noted in 31%. Hemorrhage over part of the neovascularization, turbid pigment epithelial detachment, and pigment epithelial detachment in the foveal avascular zone were signs that yielded the worst visual prognosis.
Discontinuation of Perioperative Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy in Stroke Patients

Growing evidence suggests that perioperative withdrawal of ASA for secondary stroke prevention increases thromboembolic risk without the associated benefit of decreased bleeding complications. ASA maintenance is acceptable in many procedures, including invasive ones. Many procedures, in particular ophthalmologic, dermatologic, and dental surgeries, also are safe while continuing oral AC. Warfarin has been continued successfully even in some surgeries that have high bleeding risk. When the risk is too high, temporary bridging therapy with LWMH is safe in many populations. Although the exact thromboembolic risks associated with temporary cessation of AP and AC are unknown and likely low, morbidity and mortality associated with thromboembolism are high. Further studies investigating the risks and benefits of maintaining AP and AC during procedures, particularly invasive ones, are needed. Meanwhile, it is critical that physicians understand the risks and benefits of perioperative AP and AC and the variety of procedures in which these agents can be safely continued.
Seismicity and eruptive activity at Fuego volcano, Guatemala: February 1975-January 1977

Abstract We examine seismic and eruptive activity at Fuego Volcano (14°29′N, 90° 53′W), a 3800-m-high stratovolcano located in the active volcanic arc of Guatemala. Eruptions at Fuego are typically short-lived vulcanian eruptions producing ash falls and ash flows of high-alumina basalt. From February 1975 to December 1976, five weak ash eruptions occurred, accompanied by small earthquake swarms. Between 0 and 140 (average ≈ 10) A-type or high-frequency seismic events per day with M > 0.5 were recorded during this period. Estimated thermal energies for each eruption are greater by a factor of 10 6 than cumulative seismic energies, a larger ratio than that reported for other volcanoes. Over 4000 A-type events were recorded January 3–7, 1977 (cumulative seismic energy ≈ 10 9 joules), yet no eruption occurred. Five 2-hour-long pulses of intense seismicity separated by 6-hour intervals of quiescence accounted for the majority of events. Maximum likelihood estimates of b -values range from 0.7 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.4 with systematically lower values corresponding to the five intense pulses. The low values suggest higher stress conditions. During the 1977 swarm, a tiltmeter located 6 km southeast of Fuego recorded a 14 ± 3 microradian tilt event (down to SW). This value is too large to represent a simple change in the elastic strain field due to the earthquake swarm. We speculate that the earthquake swarm and tilt are indicative of subsurface magma movement.
Giga-scale disposal: a real frontier for ceramic research

Industry is faced with the environmental problem of finding a home for materials that are generated as a result of manufacturing processes, so-called by-products or industrial wastes. As long as cheap ”landfill” costs are available, these materials, which are generated in the giga-tons/yr quantities, will continue to adversely impact our environment. The goal of these activities focuses on applying knowledge, normally concentrated on ”high-tech” materials, to address the utilization of the overwhelming volumes of industrial by-products in the manufacture of ”low-tec” solutions to environmental problems. One such successful application of coal derived fly ash for the manufacture of controlled low-strength structural fills for the reclamation of open pit coal mines is discussed in detail. These projects demonstrate that chemical and physical aspects of materials reacted at the ”nano-scale” enable the developments of successful ”giga-scale” technologies.
Laparoscopic-assisted distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement

BACKGROUND Intraperitoneal adhesions, obesity, and distorted abdominal anatomy in shunt-dependent hydrocephalic patients are patient characteristics that increase distal ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure rates. The use of laparoscopic-aided placement of the distal VP catheter as a technique to decrease the failure rate is evaluated in these patients. METHOD Thirteen hydrocephalus patients considered to either have intra-abdominal adhesions, be obese, or have distorted abdominal anatomy underwent laparoscopic-aided distal VP catheter placement or revision. Two had shunts placed for the first time and eleven had revisions. Eight patients had revisions performed by both the standard minilaparotomy and laparoscopic methods, but at different times. The average surgical times for both techniques were looked at for these eight patients. Case illustrations are presented. RESULTS In patients who had both types of abdominal approaches, the average surgical time was 81 min for the laparoscopic-aided technique versus 116 min for the minilaparotomy procedure. The only complication related directly to the laparoscopic procedure was one wound infection. CONCLUSION In patients with intra-abdominal adhesions, obesity, or distorted abdominal anatomy, laparoscopic-aided distal shunt insertion increases the success rate by its direct visual capability and the ability to lyse abdominal adhesions and position the distal end of the catheter in a desired place.
Piston ring friction loss behaviour for motored and fired reciprocating engines

A previously developed piston ring lubrication model has been further extended so that the piston ring frictional losses can be predicted in both hydrodynamic lubrication and metal-to-metal contact regions for various engine operating conditions. Ring friction results for two engine types are presented for both hot motoring and engine firing conditions. The hot motoring predictions were found to be in good agreement with tests. Results show that when the engine is motored, piston ring friction losses in the hydrodynamic lubrication region predominate. If the engine is fired, the losses in the metal-to-metal contact region become dominant due to high gas pressure and temperature effects. Ring friction loss can be significantly reduced by using low tension rings with a correct ring sliding face profile.
Innovation in myeloma treatments PARP excellence

In this issue of Blood , Neri and colleagues report a promising treatment of myeloma using a combination of bortezomib plus inhibition of the enzyme PARP1 (REF).[1][1] This is welcome news, as new avenues for the treatment of the disease are needed. Over the past decade we have seen new treatments
Distribution of substituents in corn starch granules with low degrees of substitution.

Abstract Low levels of substitution greatly decrease the ability of starch to complex iodine. Phosphorylated, sulfated, and hydroxyethylated starches do not form an insoluble complex in solution when treated with 1-butanol. Electronmicrographs of sections from granules esterified to low levels with sulfate or phosphate and then ion-exchanged with mercury show that more esterification takes place in narrow layers near peripheral and cavital surfaces than in deeper regions.
Backaches related to pregnancy: the risk factors, etiologies, treatments and controversial issues.

Purpose of review There is no clear documentation in either the anesthetic/pain or obstetric literatures regarding the management of backache related to pregnancy. Backache can occur during pregnancy, in labor, and postpartum; different stages should be managed differently. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different types of backache, to provide an overview of diagnosis and treatment options, and to address several controversial issues related to pregnancy-related backaches. Recent findings Gestational backache is a substantial problem and can have a significant impact on a pregnant woman's daily activities. Non-pharmacological/complementary treatments such as posture adjustment, acupuncture, physical therapy, physiotherapy, yoga, and chiropractic may become the first line of treatment options. In labor backache the posture of the parturient can have an effect in decreasing the intensity of pain. Allopathic medicine, regional techniques (epidural), and complementary interventions are routinely given to parturients. However, there is a major perception of differences among midwives, obstetricians and anesthesiologists in terms of the risks and benefits of labor epidural analgesia. Postpartum backache is usually self-limited, but for some mothers the pain can last from a few months to several years. Early literature suggested that this problem was associated with the use of epidurals, but recent data in the literature deny such an association. Summary Overall, backache related to pregnancy is a significant problem. Education is still the first line of intervention for preventing backaches related to pregnancy. Both allopathic and complementary medicines are frequently used as treatments for backache related to pregnancy.
Universal waterfall-like feature in the spectral function of high temperature superconductors

Abstract By performing high resolution angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments on four different families of p-type cuprates, over an energy range much bigger than investigated before, we report the discovery of a universal high energy anomaly in the spectral function. This anomaly is characterized by the presence of two new high energy scales E 1 = 0.35–0.45 eV and E 2 = 0.8–0.9 eV and the pinning of the main ARPES spectral function along the boundary of a diamond in the momentum space. This anomaly unveils a missing link between the doped oxygen holes and the quasiparticles, providing a full range of relevant interactions to the high T c problem.
Phase I/II study of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, cisplatin and radiation for locally advanced, HER2 overexpressing, esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: To determine the overall survival for patients with locally advanced, HER2 overexpressing, esophageal adenocarcinoma receiving trastuzumab, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and radiation on a Phase I-II study. Methods and Materials: Patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus without distant organ metastases and 2+/3+ HER2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were eligible. All patients received cisplatin 25 mg/m 2 and paclitaxel 50 mg/m 2 weekly for 6 weeks with radiation therapy (RT) 50.4 Gy. Patients received trastuzumab at dose levels of 1, 1.5, or 2 mg/kg weekly for 5 weeks after an initial bolus of 2, 3, or 4 mg/kg. Results: Nineteen patients were entered: 7 (37%) had celiac adenopathy, and 7 (37%) had retroperitoneal, portal adenopathy, or scalene adenopathy. Fourteen of 19 patients (74%) had either 3+ HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry, or an increase in HER2 gene copy number by HER2 gene amplification or high polysomy by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The median survival of all patients was 24 months and the 2-year survival was 50%. Conclusions: Assessment of the effect of trastuzumab in the treatment of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma overexpressing HER2 is limited by the small number of patients in this study. Overall survival, however, was similar to prior studies without an increase in toxicity. Evaluation of HER2 status should be performed in future trials for patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus that investigate therapies targeting the HER family.
Ventilator-Disconnect and Death: A Case Study and a Safety Device

Deaths and injuries related to accidental ventilator disconnection occur in complex ways. A death related to accidental ventilator disconnection is presented from a subacute ventilator facility, and corrective action is discussed. Single-limb ventilators are now equipped with a flow-bypass coupling that prevents patient-side occlusion during disconnect and therefore prevents low-pressure alarm malfunction. Physicians and respiratory therapists can consider this device to prevent partial or total occlusion of the ventilator tracheostomy adapter, thus allowing a low-pressure alarm in the event of a disconnect.
Corticospinal Sprouting Differs According to Spinal Injury Location and Cortical Origin in Macaque Monkeys

The primate corticospinal tract (CST), the major descending pathway mediating voluntary hand movements, comprises nine or more functional subdivisions. The role of subcomponents other than that from primary motor cortex, however, is not well understood. We have previously shown that following a cervical dorsal rhizotomy (Darian-Smith et al., 2013), CST projections originating from primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex responded quite differently to injury. Terminal projections from the S1 (areas 3b/1/2) shrank to 110%). Here, we asked what happens when a central lesion is added to the equation, to better simulate clinical injury. Monkeys (n = 6) received either a unilateral (1) dorsal root lesion (DRL), (2) or a combined DRL/dorsal column lesion (DRL/DCL), or (3) a DRL/DCL where the DCL was made 4 months following the initial DRL. Electrophysiological recordings were made in S1 4 months postlesion in the first two groups, and 6 weeks after the DCL in the third lesion group, to identify the reorganized region of D1–D3 (thumb, index finger, and middle finger) representation. Anterograde tracers were then injected bilaterally to assess spinal terminal labeling. Remarkably, in all DRL/DCL animals, terminal projections from the S1 and M1 extended bilaterally and caudally well beyond terminal territories in normal animals or following a DRL. These data were highly significant. Extensive sprouting from the S1 CST has not been reported previously, and these data raise important questions about S1 CST involvement in recovery following spinal injury.
Childhood adversities and the structure of common psychiatric disorders

expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent the views of any of the sponsoring organizations, agencies, or US Government. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH: U01MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; grant 044780), and the John W. Alden Trust. Principal Investigator of the NCS-R is Ronald C Kessler, Harvard Medical School; and the CoPrincipal Investigator is Kathleen R Merikangas, NIMH.
Accurate Image Rotation Using Hermite Expansions

In this paper, we propose an approach for the accurate rotation of a digital image using Hermite expansions. This exploits the fact that if a 2-D continuous bandlimited Hermite expansion is rotated, the resulting function can be expressed as a Hermite expansion with the same bandlimit. Furthermore, the Hermite coefficients of the initial 2-D expansion and the rotated expansion are mapped through an invertible linear relationship. Two efficient methods to compute the mapping between Hermite coefficients during rotation are proposed. We also propose a method for connecting the Hermite expansion and a discrete image. Using this method, we can obtain the Hermite expansion from a discrete image and vice versa. Combining these techniques, we propose new methods for the rotation of discrete images. We assess the accuracy of our methods and compare them with an existing FFT-based method implementing three shears. We find that the method proposed here consistently has better accuracy than the FFT-based method.
Regularly Interstratified Chlorite/Vermiculite in Contact Metamorphosed Red Beds, Newark Group, Connecticut Valley

A regularly interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red beds of the East Berlin Formation (Early Jurassic age) in the Connecticut Valley. The mineral is restricted to a 2.5-m wide zone of contact metamorphosed strata adjacent to and underlying the Hampden Basalt. Chemical and X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that the chlorite/vermiculite formed in response to lava-induced elevated temperatures and the availability of magnesium in the muds during and shortly after emplacement of the lava flow. Near the contact, hydrothermal fluids originating from the lava and from the synchronal weathering of basalt fragments by superheated pore waters provided a source of Mg. Further from the contact, magnesium was primarily derived from the thermal dissociation of dolomite. K2O concentrations and the distribution of clay minerals in the red mudstone suggest that the interstratified chlorite/vermiculite formed from preexisting illite or vermiculite as potassium was released and brucitic sheets were incorporated into interlayer positions.
Effects of lifestyle physical activity on perceived symptoms and physical function in adults with fibromyalgia: results of a randomized trial

Introduction Although exercise is therapeutic for adults with fibromyalgia (FM), its symptoms often create obstacles that discourage exercise. We evaluated the effects of accumulating at least 30 minutes of self-selected lifestyle physical activity (LPA) on perceived physical function, pain, fatigue, body mass index, depression, tenderness, and the six-minute walk test in adults with FM.
Microelements in the Circulation of Coccidiosis-Infected Chicks

Abstract Four-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were inoculated with either Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. tenella, or left uninfected. On Days 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after inoculation, blood was removed from five birds in each group; content of copper, zinc, and iron in plasma and total iron-binding capacity were determined. Copper content in plasma was increased during the acute phase of the infections by lower intestinal tract (E. brunetti, E. tenella) infections but not by upper tract (E. acervulina, E. necatrix) infections. Zinc content in plasma was decreased by E. acervulina and E. necatrix infections on the 7th day and was increased by E. acervulina, E. brunetti, and E. tenella infections on the 9th or 10th days. Iron content in plasma was decreased during the acute phase (Days 5 to 7) of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, and E. tenella infections. Total iron-binding capacity was decreased by acute phase E. acervulina and E. brunetti infections. Eimeria tenella infections increased total iron-binding capacity during both the acute and early recovery phases. Plasma content of all components returned to normal by the latter part of the recovery phase of the infections and remained so thereafter. Plasma trace mineral content appeared to be influenced by mineral absorption effects, by hemorrhaging, and perhaps by invasion of the bloodstream by gut bacteria as a result of mucosal damage. In upper tract infections, mineral content of plasma more closely paralleled that expected from previously reported mineral absorptive patterns, while the pattern of plasma mineral content seen in lower tract infections more nearly paralleled those expected from reported effects of bacterial invasion of the bloodstream.
1.5-μm-radius high-Q silicon microring resonators

We show cascaded silicon microring resonators with 1.5-mum radius critically coupled to a narrower waveguide. A coupled Q of 9,000 is achieved. Devices are fabricated with the widely-available SEM-based lithography system using a stitching-free design.
Modeling pO2 Distributions in the Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Compartment. II. Modified Kroghian Models

Hematopoietic cells of various lineages are organized in distinct cellular architectures in the bone marrow hematopoietic compartment (BMHC). The homogeneous Kroghian model, which deals only with a single cell type, may not be sufficient to accurately describe oxygen transfer in the BMHC. Thus, for cellular architectures of physiological significance, more complex biophysical-transport models were considered and compared against simulations using the homogeneous Kroghian model. The effects of the heterogeneity of model parameters on the oxygen tension (pO(2)) distribution were examined using the multilayer Kroghian model. We have also developed two-dimensional Kroghian models to simulate several cellular architectures in which a cell cluster (erythroid cluster) or an individual cell (megakaryocyte or adipocyte) is located in the BMHC predominantly occupied by mature granulocytes. pO(2) distributions in colony-type cellular arrangements (erythroblastic islets, granulopoietic loci, and lymphocytic nodules) in the BMHC were also evaluated by modifying the multilayer Kroghian model. The simulated results indicate that most hematopoietic progenitors experience low pO(2) values, which agrees with the finding that low pO(2) promotes the expansion of various hematopoietic progenitors. These results suggest that the most primitive stem cells, which are located even further away from BM sinuses, are likely located in a very low pO(2) environment.
Urban Greenhouse Solar/Geothermal Research and Community Outreach Project

The need for developing a self-sustaining urban farm greenhouse project in a cold-weather climate is discussed. A greenhouse heating system solution based on a hybrid geothermal -solar photovoltaic system is proposed. Specific greenhouse heat loss mechanisms are investigated. Implementation of a community outreach website information dissemination plan is outlined.
A model for specifying multi-granularity integrity policies

Systems which provide integrity controls are presented in terms of a request-response paradigm. This paradigm involves modeling the manner in which valid requests are made, a system's method of deciding whether or not to service a request, and the manner in which a system state are performed only in authorized ways. A novel feature of the model is that integrity policies, which are restrictions on how data may be modified, are defined at multiple levels of granularity. At the finest and lowest level of granularity, restrictions are placed directly on how data items may be modified; at successive and more coarse levels of granularity, restrictions are defined in terms provided by lower levels. A hierarchical technique for organizing computations, nested transactions, is adapted for this purpose. Integrity policies expressed in this framework are properties of computations which can be specified and related to other desirable properties, such as concurrent execution and fault tolerance. >
Indications and Techniques of Endoscope Assisted Vitrectomy

The popularization of ophthalmic endoscopy has been promoted by recent technological advancements that increase the number of indications for endoscopy. These advancements have improved the endoscope’s capabilities in its two fundamental surgical advantages: (1) bypassing anterior segment opacities, and (2) visualizing anteriorly positioned structures such as the ciliary bodies and sub-iris space. In this article, the current state of the ophthalmic endoscope is reviewed alongside its growing number of applications in glaucoma, vitreoretinal, and ocular trauma surgery. We describe the role of endoscopy in endocyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma, cyclitic membrane peeling in hypotony, retinal detachment surgery, intraocular foreign body removal, severe endophthalmitis, and pediatric traumatic vitreoretinal surgery. This review examines both the pearls and limitations of the ophthalmic application of endoscopy. In doing so, we hope to provide guidelines for using the endoscope and also to highlight applications of endoscopy that merit further study.
Semantic theory and teen language.

ost of us have heard like-filled sentences such as this but wish we hadn’t. At best, M we dismiss like as a hesitation filler and try to concentrate on what the speaker, typically young, is “really” saying; at worst, we dismiss the like user as sloppy, lazy, annoying, or just stupid, and consequently pay little attention to what he or she is saying. However, as a theoretical linguist conducting research in semantics, I had a different reaction when I heard my daughters and their friends using like. I wanted to study this interesting phenomenon. Because like functions as a youth-solidarity indicator, much like dude, teens were reluctant to use like freely with me. To elicit enough like data, I had my older daughter (then 14) ask 23 of her schoolmates, “What is an individual?” Based on this fieldwork, I hoped to discover the meaning of like and the rules governing its use. How could I be so sure that like has a meaning and rules? The answer is that linguists are convinced that all language is meaningful and governed by rules. To see how we reach this conclusion, consider the aim of modern linguistics: to study the system of human language scientifically. This requires not only using the scientific method and avoiding making arbitrary value judgments but also focusing exclusively on language itself, not on the people who speak it or on accidents of their cultural history, which, interesting as these accidents may be, are not an essential part of the communication system that people are using. This approach stems from positions argued for in Noam Chomsky’s seminal work of the 1950s and 1960s and assumed in virtually all mainstream linguistics since. In brief, linguists believe that the language system is made up of largely unconscious rules whose forms and parameters are dictated by the structure of a universal, biologically given human language
Pediatric Self-management: A Framework for Research, Practice, and Policy

Self-management of chronic pediatric conditions is a formidable challenge for patients, families, and clinicians, with research demonstrating a high prevalence of poor self-management and nonadherence across pediatric conditions. Nevertheless, effective self-management is necessary to maximize treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes and to reduce unnecessary health care utilization and costs. However, this complex behavior is poorly understood as a result of insufficient definitions, reliance on condition-specific and/or adult models of self-management, failure to consider the multitude of factors that influence patient self-management behavior, and lack of synthesis of research, clinical practice, and policy implications. To address this need, we present a comprehensive conceptual model of pediatric self-management that articulates the individual, family, community, and health care system level influences that impact self-management behavior through cognitive, emotional, and social processes. This model further describes the relationship among self-management, adherence, and outcomes at both the patient and system level. Implications for research, clinical practice, and health care policy concerning pediatric chronic care are emphasized with a particular focus on modifiable influences, evidence-based targets for intervention, and the role of clinicians in the provision of self-management support. We anticipate that this unified conceptual approach will equip stakeholders in pediatric health care to (1) develop evidence-based interventions to improve self-management, (2) design programs aimed at preventing the development of poor self-management behaviors, and (3) inform health care policy that will ultimately improve the health and psychosocial outcomes of children with chronic conditions.
Heterogeneity of glutathione synthesis and secretion in the proximal tubule of the rabbit

This study was designed to examine the synthesis and possible secretion of glutathione (GSH) in the S1, S2, and S3 segments of the rabbit proximal tubule. GSH synthesis and secretion rates were mea...
Cell mosaic patterns in the native and regenerated inner retina of zebrafish: implications for retinal assembly.

In part because of its laminar organization and morphologically distinct cell populations, the vertebrate retina has often been used as a system for investigating the assembly of neural structures. The retinas of adult teleost fish, because they grow throughout life and can regenerate following an injury, provide an especially attractive model system for such investigations. In an effort to provide a quantitative foundation for testing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of pattern formation during growth and regeneration of the vertebrate retina, nearest neighbor and auto-correlation analyses were used to examine the mosaic patterns of eight inner retinal cell groups in the native and regenerated retina of adult zebrafish. In both native and regenerated retina, the mosaic patterns of most inner retinal cells are non-random. However, regenerated mosaics tend toward significantly lower nearest neighbor distances, less orderly patterns, and more variable radial locations than their native retina counterparts. The individual cell groups in both native and regenerated inner retina are likely to be spatially distributed independently. The results support the hypotheses that, in the adult zebrafish: 1) distinct inner retinal cell groups of native retina are also present in regenerated retina; 2) the assembly of inner retinal cell mosaics is controlled by non-random spatial organizing mechanisms during development, growth, and regeneration; and 3) the spatial organization of cell mosaics is disrupted during regeneration. The results suggest that retinal regeneration may represent a spatially disrupted recapitulation of retinal developmen