cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of genetics to investigate socially learned foraging behavior in free-ranging black bears

Abstract Investigating social learning in free-ranging mammals is gaining popularity among researchers. Natural experiments are ideal for studying social learning, but are rare compared to captive studies because of practical limitations and ethical concerns. Such experiments are often restricted or forbidden because they require manipulation of the environment, ecology, or behavior of free-ranging species. As a result, developing new methods to investigate social learning in the field is essential. The main goal of this study was to use genetic data and a new testing framework to determine if social learning from mothers to their offspring is at least partly responsible for free-ranging black bears foraging on human foods in Yosemite National Park. I estimated a relatedness coefficient and the most probable relationship for all combinations of 2 bears (n = 150) sampled in 2004–2007. I then grouped these pairs by their foraging behavior to test predictions deduced from asocial learning, transmission, gene...
Targeted Surface Expression of an Exogenous Antigen in Stably Transfected Babesia bovis

Babesia bovis is a tick-borne intraerythocytic protozoan responsible for acute disease in cattle which can be controlled by vaccination with attenuated B. bovis strains. Emerging B. bovis transfection technologies may increase the usefulness of these live vaccines. One use of transfected B. bovis parasites may be as a vaccine delivery platform. Previous transfection methods for B. bovis were limited by single expression sites and intracellular expression of transfected antigens. This study describes a novel transfection system in which two exogenous genes are expressed: one for selection and the other for a selected antigen designed to be delivered to the surface of the parasites. The strategy for duplicating the number of transfected genes was based on the use of the putative bidirectional promoter of the B. bovis 1.4 Kb ef-1α intergenic region. The ability of this region to regulate two independent expression sites was demonstrated using a luciferase assay on transiently transfected B. bovis parasites and then incorporated into a stable transfection plasmid to control independent expression of the selectable marker GFP-BSD and another gene of interest. A chimeric gene was synthetized using sequences from the protective B-cell epitopes of Rhipicephalus microplus tick antigen Bm86 along with sequences from the surface exposed B. bovis major surface antigen-1. This chimeric gene was then cloned into the additional expression site of the transfection plasmid. Transfection of the B. bovis Mo7 strain with this plasmid resulted in stable insertion into the ef-1α locus and simultaneous expression of both exogenous genes. Expression of the Bm86 epitopes on the surface of transfected merozoites was demonstrated using immunofluorescence analyses. The ability to independently express multiple genes by the inclusion of a bidirectional promoter and the achievement of surface expression of foreign epitopes advances the potential of transfected B. bovis as a future vaccine delivery platform.
The influence of aluminium alloy anisotropic texture on crack-tip plasticity

Crack-tip plasticity in textured aluminium alloys was numerically analysed using an anisotropic yield function and an isotropic hardening law as the material constitutive response. Four real textures obtained from extrusions of rectangular and square shapes as well as five ideal textures typical of rolled products were considered and predicted crack-tip plastic zones were compared with those obtained using the isotropic von Mises yield criterion. The use of the anisotropic yield function revealed important differences in crack-tip plasticity compared with the isotropic case. The plastic zone features obtained for different textures were compared to single crystal results published in the open literature and similar crack-tip plastic strain localization was observed.
A method for bulk power system reliability evaluation based on local coherency

Abstract The problem of bulk power system reliability evaluation is considered and a new solution approach is proposed. Bulk power system models are generally not coherent in the sense of reliability theory. Conditions are derived on network topology to guarantee coherency. Only parallel structure systems satisfy these conditions. Noncoherency of a power system may be the effect of only a subset of its transmission lines. Thus the concept of local coherency is introduced. A decomposition approach to bulk power system reliability evaluation based on the concept of local coherency is developed. Sufficient conditions for local coherency are derived.
P300, handedness, and corpus callosal size: gender, modality, and task

The P300 event-related potential (ERP) was elicited in left- and right-handed young adult male and female subjects (n = 20/group), with auditory and visual stimulus modalities from single-stimulus and oddball tasks. P300 amplitude was larger across all conditions for left- compared to right-handed subjects at anterior and central electrode sites. P300 latency was shorter across all conditions for left- compared to right-handers. Task type did not affect the ERP handedness differences. Male and female subjects demonstrated comparable ERP handedness effects, although smaller P300 components were obtained for males compared to females. When considered in the context of previously reported corpus callosal size differences for left- vs. right-handed and male vs. female participants, the findings suggest that the P300 reflects callosal size and inter-hemispheric transmission efficacy.
Quorum sensing and a global regulator TsrA control expression of type VI secretion and virulence in Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen that causes the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. A type VI secretion system (T6SS) was recently shown to be required for full virulence in the O37 serogroup strain V52, which causes only sporadic human disease, but T6SS is not expressed in seventh pandemic O1 El Tor strains under standard laboratory conditions. In this study, we show that in the O1 El Tor strain C6706, T6SS is repressed by both quorum sensing and the uncharacterized protein VC0070 (TsrA). Disruption of TsrA and the quorum sensing regulator LuxO induces expression and secretion of the T6SS substrate Hcp, and this is dependent on the downstream regulator HapR, which directly binds to the promoter region of the T6SS genes hcp1 and hcp2 to induce expression. The activated T6SS in C6706 is functional and can translocate the effector protein VgrG-1 into macrophage cells, and T6SS activation leads to fecal diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in infant rabbits. Using an infant mouse infection model, we show that deletion of tsrA results in a 9.3-fold increase in intestinal colonization compared with wild type. TsrA functions as a global regulator to activate expression of hemagglutinin protease and repress cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus. Our findings provide significant insight into the molecular mechanism of T6SS and ToxT regulon gene regulation by quorum sensing and TsrA.
Properties of P‐form DNA as revealed by circular dichroism

Investigations of DNA using CD spectroscopy show that the P-form is available in a wide variety of methanol–ethanol mixtures when the water content is low. Increasing the temperature or the ethanol content of a 95% methanol solution causes DNA to undergo a cooperative transition to the P-form. However, this transition cannot be reversed on cooling, or on adding methanol. Thus P-form DNA appears to be stable at high methanol concentrations, but it is usually not observed because the DNA is trapped by a kinetic barrier. P-form DNA will instantaneously assume the native B-form on addition of water, confirming earlier reports that P-form DNA is not strand separated [E. Kay (1976) Biochemistry15, 5241]. CD spectra extended to 190 nm show that there is no base–base interaction in the P-form. However, the P-form is extremely stable to heat denaturation in solvents which promote hydrogen bonding between the base pairs. A number of models that can account for the properties of P-form DNA are discussed.
Fluid Forces and Dynamics of a Hydroelastic Structure with Very Low Mass and Damping

Abstract In this paper we present some central new results from a study of the dynamics and fluid forcing on an elastically mounted rigid cylinder, constrained to oscillate transversely to a free stream. With very low damping, and with a low specific mass that is around 1% of the value used in the classic study of Feng (1968), we show that the cylinder excitation regime extends over a large range of normalized velocity (around four times that found by Feng), with a large amplitude which is around twice that of Feng. Four distinct regions of response are identified, namely the initial excitation region, the “upper branch” (of very high amplitude response), the “lower branch” (of moderate amplitude response), and the desynchronization region. There are distinct differences in the character of mode transitions, as follows. As normalized velocity is increased, there is a hysteretic jump from an initial excitation regime to the upper branch, whereas the jump from the upper to the lower branch involves an intermittent switching, which is illustrated by plotting the instantaneous phase between lift force and displacement using the Hilbert transform. Contrary to classical “lock-in”, whereby the oscillation frequency matches the structural natural frequency, we find that the oscillation frequency increases markedly above the natural frequency, through the excitation regime. Finally, we present the first lift force measurements for such a freely vibrating cylinder experiment, yielding a maximum lift coefficient of around 4·5, whereas a maximum drag coefficient of 6·0 is also measured. The lift is comparable, but somewhat higher, than the forces measured ( C L ∼2·0) in the equivalent free-vibration experiments of Hover et al. (1997), involving force-feedback and on-line computer-simulation of the modelled structure. Both the lift and drag maxima exhibit at least a five-fold increase over the stationary cylinder case. Perhaps the largest effect is found for the fluctuating drag, which is found to be upto 100 times that measured for a static cylinder.
Analysis of molecular assemblies by flow cytometry: determinants of Gi1 and by binding

We report here a novel application of flow cytometry for the quantitative analysis of the high affinity interaction between membrane proteins both in detergent solutions and when reconstituted into lipid vesicles. The approach is further advanced to permit the analysis of binding to expressed protein complexes in native cell membranes. The G protein heterotrimer signal transduction function links the extracellularly activated transmembrane receptors and intracellular effectors. Upon activation, (alpha) and (beta) (gamma) subunits of G protein undergo a dissociation/association cycle on the cell membrane interface. The binding parameters of solubilized G protein (alpha) and (beta) (gamma) subunits have been defined but little is known quantitatively about their interactions in the membrane. Using a novel flow cytometry approach, the binding of low nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein-labeled G(alpha) i1 (F- (alpha) ) to (beta) (gamma) both in detergent solution and in a lipid environment was quantitatively compared. Unlabeled (beta) $gama reconstituted in biotinylated phospholipid vesicles bound F-(alpha) tightly (K d 6 - 12 nM) while the affinity for biotinylated-(beta) (gamma) in Lubrol was even higher (K d of 2.9 nM). The application of this approach to proteins expressed in native cell membranes will advance our understanding of G protein function in context of receptor and effector interaction. More generally, this approach can be applied to study the interaction of any fluorescently labeled protein with a membrane protein which can be expressed in Sf9 plasma membranes.
Effect of abscisic acid on chilling injury of zucchini squash

The endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in zucchini squash were increased by temperature conditioning at 10°C for 2 days. This temperature conditioning treatment reduced the severity of chilling injury in the squash during subsequent storage at 2.5°C. The ABA levels remained higher in treated squash than in untreated samples throughout the storage. Direct treatments of squash with ABA at 0.5 and 1.0 mM before storage at 2.5°C increased ABA levels in the tissue and were also effective in reducing chilling injury.
Merrily we roll along: Some aspects of?

@)RL, and solving the inverse problem. A full implementation is given for the random-number generator in APL\360 and its descendants.
Classification Based on Dichotomous and Continuous Variables

Abstract A Bayes procedure for classifying an observation consisting of one dichotomous variable (X) and a continuous vector Y is applied to a model assuming that the conditional distribution of Y given X is normal. The procedure reduces to two linear discriminant functions, one for each value of X. An example utilizing data on critically ill patients is given. Extension to one polytomous variable or several dichotomous variables is discussed.
Isospin dependence of isobaric ratio and its relation to temperature

Abstract A dependence of the isobaric ratio Y( 3 H)/Y( 3 He ) on the N / Z ratio of the reconstructed quasiprojectile for the reaction of 28 Si beam with 112,124 Sn targets at two different projectile energies of 30 and 50 MeV/nucleon is presented. We demonstrate a linear dependence of the observable ln( Y( 3 H)/Y( 3 He ) ) on the N / Z ratio of the quasiprojectile and show the dependence of the slope on the reconstructed excitation energy of the quasiprojectile. We relate this slope dependence at a given excitation energy to the temperature of the fragmenting system. Using the model assumptions of the statistical multifragmentation model, a method of temperature determination is proposed. A caloric curve is constructed and compared to the result of the double isotope ratio method for the same set of the data and to the results of other studies.
Up-regulation of soluble Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases negatively correlates with Gas6 in established multiple sclerosis lesions.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage; it ultimately forms gliotic scars and lesions that severely compromise the function of the central nervous system. Evidence has shown previously that altered growth factor receptor signaling contributes to lesion formation, impedes recovery, and plays a role in disease progression. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6), the ligand for the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer, is important for cell growth, survival, and clearance of debris. In this study, we show that levels of membrane-bound Mer (205 kd), soluble Mer (∼150 kd), and soluble Axl (80 kd) were all significantly elevated in homogenates from established multiple sclerosis lesions comprised of both chronic active and chronic silent lesions. Whereas in normal tissue Gas6 positively correlated with soluble Axl and Mer, there was a negative correlation between Gas6 and soluble Axl and Mer in established multiple sclerosis lesions. In addition, increased levels of soluble Axl and Mer were associated with increased levels of mature ADAM17, mature ADAM10, and Furin, proteins that are associated with Axl and Mer solubilization. Soluble Axl and Mer are both known to act as decoy receptors and block Gas6 binding to membrane-bound receptors. These data suggest that in multiple sclerosis lesions, dysregulation of protective Gas6 receptor signaling may prolong lesion activity.
Evaluating Open-Universe Face Identification on the Web

Face recognition is becoming a widely used technique to organize and tag photos. Whether searching, viewing, or organizing photos on the web or in personal photo albums, there is a growing demand to index real-world photos by the subjects in them. Even consumer platforms such as Google Picasa, Microsoft Photo Gallery, and social network sites such as Facebook have integrated forms of automated face tagging and recognition, furthermore, a number of libraries and cloud-based APIs that perform face recognition have become available. With such a plethora of choices, comparisons of recent advances become more important to gauge the state of progress in the field. This paper evaluates face identification in the context of not only research algorithms, but also considers consumer photo products, client-side libraries, and cloud-based APIs on a new, large-scale dataset derived from PubFig83 and LFW in a realistic open-universe scenario.
Articular mass fracture: A neglected cause of post-traumatic neck pain?

Fifty-one compressed distorted cervical articular masses were found in 29 patients seen at this institution over a nine-month period. The significance of these findings is discussed and it is concluded that in most instances these represented compression fractures with deformity of the articular process. Selected signs suggestive of a compressed articular mass are identified on various views. These include (1) neuroforaminal encroachment or narrowing, (2) triangular appearance of the lateral mass in the oblique view, (3) unilateral anterior displacement of the superior facet with respect to the inferior facet, (4) minor anterior subluxation of one vertebral body over another, (5) double outline sign on the lateral view, (6) abnormally visible posterior articulations on the routine AP view. The articular processes are best shown on anteroposterior angled caudad views and lateral tomography. Articular mass deformity frequently appears to be associated with persistent post-traumatic neck pain and a relationship between this deformity and primary or secondary degenerative cervical disc and joint disease is suggested.
MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN NGC 2074

Spitzer observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) have revealed a large population of young stellar objects (YSOs), but complementary high-resolution images in the optical or near-IR wavelengths are still needed to resolve the multiplicity and immediate environments of the YSOs. The Hubble Space Telescope imaged the star-forming region NGC 2074 in the LMC during its 100,000th orbit, providing an opportunity to more closely examine the YSOs and their environments in this region. We have studied the 10 YSO candidates identified from Spitzer observations, confirming their nature and determining their physical parameters by modeling their spectral energy distributions. The majority of the YSOs and central stars of ultracompact H II regions in NGC 2074 have masses consistent with spectral types of early B to late O. The co-existence of massive early-type O stars and the less massive YSOs indicates that their formation may have started at a similar time, a few 10{sup 5} yr ago. NGC 2074 provides an opportunity to study the evolution of massive stars at their infancy.
The Effect of Nicotine and Attention Allocation on Physiological and Self-Report Measures of Induced Anxiety in PTSD: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

Rates of smoking among populations with psychiatric disorders are more than twice as high as among the general population, yet there are few controlled studies of the mechanisms of this relationship. This trial examined the effect of nicotine by way of cigarette smoking on both self-report and autonomic parameters of anxiety among individuals with PTSD who were also heavy smokers. Half of the participants were randomized to an anxiety-eliciting condition, whereas the other half were assigned to a condition of neutral emotional content. Within each of these conditions, participants were randomized into a nicotine condition (high-yield nicotine cigarette) or a placebo condition (denicotinized cigarette). The final layer of randomization involved assigning participants to either an attention-demanding task or a no task condition. We examined the interactive effects of nicotine and attentional demand on parameters of anxious responding. Nicotine exerted an anxiolytic effect relative to placebo on self-report measures; however, nicotine did not interact with attentional demand in producing this effect. In contrast to the findings on the self-report measures of distress, nicotine enhanced autonomic reactivity to trauma cues, thereby suggesting a decoupling of self-reported anxiety and autonomic arousal associated with responding to trauma-relevant cues. The implications for understanding smoking and psychiatric comorbidity are discussed.
Base/gate drive suppression of inactive power devices of a voltage-fed inverter and precision synthesis of AC voltage and DC link current waves

A control principle that suppresses the base/gate drive of inactive power semiconductor devices of a voltage-fed inverter that supplies lagging reactive load is described. The principle is utilized to fabricate precisely the inverter output AC voltage waves from the information of DC link voltage, base/gate drive logic waves, and estimated drops across the conducting devices. The estimation of DC link current from the drive logic waves and AC phase currents is also described. A complete control circuit for base/gate drive suppression and precision estimation circuits for inverter AC voltages and DC link currents were designed and tested using a commercial three-phase transistor inverter induction motor drive. >
Histopathological features of molluscum contagiosum other than molluscum bodies

Aims Classic histopathological features of molluscum contagiosum (MC) include a crateriform, acanthotic epidermis containing intracytoplasmic molluscum bodies (MBs). In our experience, a subset of cases lack these features on initial haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. We aimed to describe the histopathological features of MC other than those classically described. Methods and results Sixty-seven biopsies diagnosed as MC from January 2011 to October 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Keratinocytes peripheral to the diagnostic cells with MBs had prominent nucleoli (67; 100%), amphophilic cytoplasm (54; 81%), and in many instances clear cytoplasmic vacuolization (38; 57%). Stroma surrounding MC lesions showed fibroedematous to fibromyxoid changes in many cases (36; 54%), with a subset (13; 19%) showing abundant dermal mucin. In eight of 67 cases (12%), initial sections did not possess MBs or crateriform epidermis of MC. In these cases, initial sections revealed only the epithelial and/or perilesional stromal changes described above. Additional sections contained MBs in all of these cases. Conclusions Perilesional fibroedematous to fibromyxoid stroma and keratinocyte changes, including prominent nucleoli and amphophilic cytoplasm with clear vacuolization, are common in MC. Recognizing these features may prove helpful in reaching the diagnosis of MC in cases lacking classic histopathological features on initial sections.
Endovascular repair of a HeartMate II left ventricular assist device.

The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is increasing exponentially, but is accompanied by a rise in unanticipated adverse events. We describe an endovascular repair of a symptomatic mid-segment LVAD outflow cannula kink. A 31-year-old man with Becker muscular dystrophy underwent HeartMate II (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA) LVAD implantation as bridge to transplant. The inflow catheter was placed at the apex of the left ventricle and the outflow cannula in the ascending aorta, as per the standard technique. The patient had an unremarkable post-operative recovery and was discharged home with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II symptoms. Four months post-implant the patient reported lightheadedness when moving from the supine to seated position. He was not orthostatic and LVAD interrogation demonstrated power surges from 6.5 to 13, but lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 276 units/liter. Computed tomographic angiography showed no evidence of thrombus; however, a 751 kink in the outflow graft was noted 12 cm distal to a normal LVAD outflow bend-relief and 9 cm proximal to the cannula insertion in the ascending aorta
Color filter selection for color correction in the presence of noise

The effect of noise on the number of effective channels (color filters) used to record a color image is investigated. Transmittances of color filters are calculated which minimize the mean square error that occurs when estimating, from the recorded data, the colors in the image under a collection of viewing illuminants. Since the results indicate that a significant improvement in color correction accuracy is achieved by using four channels, there is good reason to consider using four-tuples for the representation of colorimetric information. >
Approach to the obese adolescent with new-onset diabetes.

The prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents has been steadily increasing over the last few decades. However, as the general pediatric population becomes more obese and more ethnically diverse, reliance on phenotypic characteristics for distinguishing between these types of diabetes is becoming increasingly untenable. Yet, the recognition of differences in treatment strategies, associated disorders, and both short- and long-term diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes supports the importance of diagnostic efforts to make a distinction between diabetes types. An approach to determination of diabetes type is discussed, focused on the presence or absence of autoimmunity and assessment of β-cell function. At the time of diagnosis, it is generally not possible to be certain of diabetes type, and therefore, initial treatment decisions must be made based on aspects of the presenting physiology, with adjustments in treatment approach made as the individual’s course proceeds and additional information becomes available. The apparent overlap between type 1 and type 2 diabetes that occurs in obese adolescents has resulted in some controversy regarding mixed forms of diabetes that are ultimately semantic, but this does raise interesting questions about the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the presence of an insulin-resistant phenotype. Finally, the lack of information about the efficacy of treatment of cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, along with the well-documented challenges in adherence to chronic illness treatment in this population, creates substantial challenges.
An Optimal ADP Algorithm for a High-Dimensional Stochastic Control Problem

We propose a provably optimal approximate dynamic programming algorithm for a class of multistage stochastic problems, taking into account that the probability distribution of the underlying stochastic process is not known and the state space is too large to be explored entirely. The algorithm and its proof of convergence rely on the fact that the optimal value functions of the problems within the problem class are concave and piecewise linear. The algorithm is a combination of Monte Carlo simulation, pure exploitation, stochastic approximation and a projection operation. Several applications, in areas like energy, control, inventory and finance, fall under the framework
The Growth and Potential of Multicultural Meeting Market: A Case Study

This study attempts to analyze the multicultural meeting and convention market. A variety of convention hotels and businesses in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area were contacted to assess how they plan, organize, promote, and retain different multicultural meeting groups. The information collected by reviewing the published material and by conducting interviews reveals an apparent trend toward implementing measures and techniques to promote, respect, attract, celebrate, value, and satisfy the culturally diverse needs of this growing market segment. Selected multicultural meeting group profiles and recommendations to promote and retain this market segment are discussed.
Mouse ENU Mutagenesis

The progress of human genome sequencing is driving genetic approaches to define gene function. Strategies such as gene traps and chemical mutagenesis will soon generate a large mutant mouse resource. Point mutations induced by N -ethyl- N -nitrosourea (ENU) provide a unique mutant resource because they: (i) reflect the consequences of single gene change independent of position effects; (ii) provide a fine-structure dissection of protein function; (iii) display a range of mutant effects from complete or partial loss of function to exaggerated function; and (iv) discover gene functions in an unbiased manner. Phenotype-driven ENU screens in the mouse are emphasizing relevance to human clinical disease by targeting cardiology, physiology, neurology, immunity, hematopoiesis and mammalian development. Such approaches are extremely powerful in understanding complex human diseases and traits: the base-pair changes may accurately model base changes found in human diseases, and subtle mutant alleles in a standard genetic background provide the ability to analyze the consequences of compound genotypes. Ongoing mouse ENU mutagenesis experiments are generating a treasure trove of new mutations to allow an in-depth study of a single gene, a chromosomal region or a biological system.
Adaptive control of power converters using Digital Network Analyzer Techniques

We describe a new method for design of adaptive controls for switching power converters that leverages the information-rich frequency response data obtained using the correlation-based analysis dubbed Digital Network Analyzer Technique. Compared to existing single-frequency based adaptive control methods such as limit-cycle and relay-feedback based autotuning, this method provides a unified approach to target many distinct problems plaguing converter control designers. The major strength of this method is that a single adaptive controller structure is able to fix multiple converter problems with a generalized and online identification and adaptation procedure. Also, unlike the conservative nature of robust control, adaptive control attempts to maintain relatively high performance at each time instant whenever possible. A step-by-step procedure is given which explains how the control platform can use the converter to perturb the system, identify the non-parametric frequency response of the plant, fit the data to a parametric model, and synthesize a control which meets user specifications. Simulation results are provided for a comprehensive set of realistic scenarios, where each test case uniquely degrades the converter frequency response. In each case, the performance and stability degradation is mitigated through targeted control adaptation.
Amplitude modulation of androgen signaling by c-MYC

Androgen-stimulated growth of the molecular apocrine breast cancer subtype is mediated by an androgen receptor (AR)-regulated transcriptional program. However, the molecular details of this AR-centered regulatory network and the roles of other transcription factors that cooperate with AR in the network remain elusive. Here we report a positive feed-forward loop that enhances breast cancer growth involving AR, AR coregulators, and downstream target genes. In the absence of an androgen signal, TCF7L2 interacts with FOXA1 at AR-binding sites and represses the basal expression of AR target genes, including MYC. Direct AR regulation of MYC cooperates with AR-mediated activation of HER2/HER3 signaling. HER2/HER3 signaling increases the transcriptional activity of MYC through phosphorylation of MAD1, leading to increased levels of MYC/MAX heterodimers. MYC in turn reinforces the transcriptional activation of androgen-responsive genes. These results reveal a novel regulatory network in molecular apocrine breast cancers regulated by androgen and AR in which MYC plays a central role as both a key target and a cooperating transcription factor to drive oncogenic growth.
Modelling of three-dimensional shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions

The accuracy of numerical computations of the three-dimensional sharp fin flow field using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is examined. Computed flows are compared with a set of benchmark experiments at Mach 3 for two different Reynolds numbers. A detailed comparison is performed between experimental data and separate computational results for the three-dimensional sharp fin for a 10 deg fin angle in order to examine the accuracy of two different turbulence models. The computed surface pressure for the fin at a 20 deg angle is compared with recent experimental data. The computed yaw angle profiles are shown to be sensitive to the turbulence model. In the immediate vicinity of the surface, the calculated results using the Baldwin-Lomax (1978) model are in better agreement with the data than the Jones-Launder (1972) model. Within the inner portion of the boundary layer, both models tend to underpredict the yaw angle.
Study of the contact electrification of polymers using contact and separation current

An instrument was developed that measures the current resulting from surface charge rearrangement during individual contact and separation events involving an insulating sample and a metal probe. It is shown that the values of peak current measured can be used to determine the position of the insulator in a triboelectric series. A modified field mill instrument was used to verify the accuracy of the triboelectric series determined using the contact-separation technique on a set of polymer films. Results agree with published triboelectric series in all cases for which there was agreement among the published series. All measurements were made in a controlled environment on samples which had been stored in a nitrogen atmosphere. The instrument offers the advantages of short measurement time and the ability to make nondestructive measurements on samples of arbitrary thickness including films which are >
A novel knowledge-based approach to design inorganic-binding peptides

Motivation: The discovery of solid-binding peptide sequences is accelerating along with their practical applications in biotechnology and materials sciences. A better understanding of the relationships between the peptide sequences and their binding affinities or specificities will enable further design of novel peptides with selected properties of interest both in engineering and medicine. Results: A bioinformatics approach was developed to classify peptides selected by in vivo techniques according to their inorganic solid-binding properties. Our approach performs all-against-all comparisons of experimentally selected peptides with short amino acid sequences that were categorized for their binding affinity and scores the alignments using sequence similarity scoring matrices. We generated novel scoring matrices that optimize the similarities within the strong-binding peptide sequences and the differences between the strong-and weak-binding peptide sequences. Using the scoring matrices thus generated, a given peptide is classified based on the sequence similarity to a set of experimentally selected peptides. We demonstrate the new approach by classifying experimentally characterized quartz-binding peptides and computationally designing new sequences with specific affinities. Experimental verifications of binding of these computationally designed peptides confirm our predictions with high accuracy. We further show that our approach is a general one and can be used to design new sequences that bind to a given inorganic solid with predictable and enhanced affinity. Contact:sarikaya@u.washington.edu or ram@compbio.washington.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary Material containing, the quartz-binding peptide sequences, additional results and the specific scoring matrices are available at Bioinformatics online.
The applied dimension of radical criminology: A survey of prominent radical criminologists

Radical criminology is known mostly for its theoretical focus. Though less attended to, there is a practical side to the perspective. With this in mind, the present study is a preliminary effort to delineate radical criminology's applied program as revealed through responses to a survey of prominent radical criminologists. Findings suggest that the future prospects for radical criminal justice policies are better than is commonly assumed. In particular, the paper presents a number of radical proposals which would change existing practices in police work, court procedure and correctional strategies.
Intravenous Artesunate for the Treatment of Severe Malaria

Objective:To review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacotherapeutic use of intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria.Data Sources:Literature was retrieved through PubMed (1999–March 2010), MEDLINE (1996–March 2010), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), using the search terms artemisinin, artesunate, malaria, and severe malaria. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles in English that were identified from the data sources were reviewed. Focus was placed on postmarketing trials examining the safety and efficacy of artesunate in comparison with other regimens.Data Synthesis:The treatment of severe malaria requires prompt, safe, and effective intravenous antimalarials. Many oral and intravenous agents are available worldwide for the treatment of malaria; however, quinidine has been the only option for parenteral therapy in the US. Furthermore, this product's lack of availability as well as it...
Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 in Murine Epididymis Is Developmentally Regulated

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to play a role in the functional maintenance of the adult epididymis. To begin to investigate the role of BMP signal transduction during postnatal epididymal development, we examined the expression profile of Bmp7 in murine epididymis by in situ hybridization. Our data show that during early postnatal development (younger than 3 wk of age), Bmp7 transcripts are detected uniformly in epithelial cells throughout the epididymis. As the mice aged (from 3 to 4 wk), Bmp7 expression was gradually restricted to the initial segment, with increased levels. Bmp7 expression in the rest of the caput and corpus regions became undetectable after 4 wk of age. However, after 4 wk of age, an ascending gradient of Bmp7 expression was observed in the epididymal epithelial cells in the transition from the cauda epididymal tubule to the vas deferens. Such a unique expression profile of Bmp7 strongly suggests that epididymis-produced BMP7 may play a role in the development and functional maintenance of the epididymis, and that Bmp7 expression in the epididymis is developmentally regulated.
Analytical computation of POD modes and n-width approximations for the heat equation with boundary control

In this paper, for the purpose of model reduction the analytical expressions of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes are derived for the heat equation with boundary control. The autocorrelation function of the latter is viewed as the kernel of a self adjoint compact operator, and the POD modes and corresponding eigenvalues are computed by solving homogeneous integral equations of the second kind. The computed POD modes are compared to the modes obtained from snapshots. The explicit computation of the POD modes and eigenvalues allow the computation of different n-widths approximations for the heat equation, including the linear, Kolmogorov, Gelfand, and Bernstein n-widths.
Secretary problems and incentives via linear programming

In the classical secretary problem an employer would like to choose the best candidate among n competing candidates that arrive in a random order. Our main contribution is a new linear programming technique that we introduce as a tool for obtaining and analyzing mechanisms for the secretary problem and its variants. The linear program is formulated using judiciously chosen variables and constraints and we show a one-to-one correspondence between mechanisms for the secretary problem and feasible solutions to the linear program.
Evaluation of drawing on 3D surfaces with haptics

We describe experiments for evaluating the speed and accuracy of a haptic drawing interface, particularly in terms of the effects of changing two haptic characteristics the magnitude of the friction force and the use of smooth, interpolated-normal force shading in combination with the effect of stereo displays and shadows. Because surface geometry affects the sense of touch, we studied the efficacy of the haptic interface in the context of varying geometric characteristics of the surface drawing task. We also found that stereo displays, in combination with haptics, can provide additional benefits for drawing in terms of reducing error and increasing speed for the drawing task. So the decision to introduce shadows in a VR system should be considered in the context of the expected task mix.
The UAVSAR instrument: Description and first results

The UAVSAR instrument, employing an L-band actively electronically scanned antenna, had its genesis in the ESTO Instrument Incubator Program and after 3 years of development has begun collecting engineering and science data. System design was motivated by solid Earth applications where repeat pass radar interferometry can be used to measure subtle deformation of the surface, however flexibility and extensibility to support other applications were also major design drivers. In fact a Ka-band single-pass radar interferometer for making high precision topographic maps of ice sheets is being developed based to a large extent on components of the UAVSAR L-band radar. By designing the radar to be housed in an external unpressurized pod, it has the potential to be readily ported to many platforms. Initial testing is being carried out with the NASA Gulfstream III aircraft, which has been modified to accommodate the radar pod and has been equipped with precision autopilot capability developed by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. With this the aircraft can fly within a 10 m diameter tube on any specified trajectory necessary for repeat-pass radar interferometric applications. To maintain the required pointing for repeat-pass interferometric applications we have employed an actively scanned antenna steered using INU measurement data. This paper presents a brief overview of the radar instrument and some of the first imagery obtained from the system.
Genome of Enterobacteriophage Lula/phi80 and Insights into Its Ability To Spread in the Laboratory Environment

The novel temperate bacteriophage Lula, contaminating laboratory Escherichia coli strains, turned out to be the well-known lambdoid phage phi80. Our previous studies revealed that two characteristics of Lula/phi80 facilitate its spread in the laboratory environment: cryptic lysogen productivity and stealthy infectivity. To understand the genetics/genomics behind these traits, we sequenced and annotated the Lula/phi80 genome, encountering an E. coli-toxic gene revealed as a gap in the sequencing contig and analyzing a few genes in more detail. Lula/phi80's genome layout copies that of lambda, yet homology with other lambdoid phages is mostly limited to the capsid genes. Lula/phi80's DNA is resistant to cutting with several restriction enzymes, suggesting DNA modification, but deletion of the phage's damL gene, coding for DNA adenine methylase, did not make DNA cuttable. The damL mutation of Lula/phi80 also did not change the phage titer in lysogen cultures, whereas the host dam mutation did increase it almost 100-fold. Since the high phage titer in cultures of Lula/phi80 lysogens is apparently in response to endogenous DNA damage, we deleted the only Lula/phi80 SOS-controlled gene, dinL. We found that dinL mutant lysogens release fewer phage in response to endogenous DNA damage but are unchanged in their response to external DNA damage. The toxic gene of Lula/phi80, gamL, encodes an inhibitor of the host ATP-dependent exonucleases, RecBCD and SbcCD. Its own antidote, agt, apparently encoding a modifier protein, was found nearby. Interestingly, Lula/phi80 lysogens are recD and sbcCD phenocopies, so GamL and Agt are part of lysogenic conversion.
Injection Spurs due to Reference Frequency Retiming by a Channel Dependent Clock at the ADPLL RF Output and its Mitigation

This paper describes the mechanism of retimed reference frequency clock (CKR)-induced spurs at the ADPLL radio frequency (RF) output. These spurs appear not only at the average CKR or reference frequency (FREF) and its harmonics, called the reference spurs, but also at the inter-modulation locations related to the amount of inherent jitter in the retimed clock, termed as side spurs. The amplitude of these side spurs, which appear centered on the FREF frequency and its harmonics can be greatly reduced by decreasing the amount of inherited jitter in the generated CKR clock. This paper explains the relationship between the various retiming choices and the location of these side-spurs. Further, specific to a GSM transmitter realized in 90 nm CMOS; a performance analysis of using the channel dependent variable clock frequency (CKV) for retiming without any frequency division is presented.
Grindeliae Robustae Herba Medicinal Revaluation

AbstractThe genus GRINDELIA 1), a shrub of the Composite family, has served in the United States as a source of therapeutic agents since the attention of the Jesuit Fathers, in their Mission Stations along the coast of California, was called to its utilization by the Indian natives before the conquest of the country by white men. It was introduced into the general practice of Medicine in that area in 1875. To-day, it is still employed by local populations. During the last century the medical profession prescribed it both externally in dermatitis conditions; and, internally for disfunctions of an asthmatic nature. In 1880, it was introduced into the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and was prescribed in America and Europe. It continued to be an official drug in this listing until 1926. In that year, it was introduced as an official drug in the U.S. National Formulary and was so recognized through the U.S.N.F. ed. 10 (1955) but was deleted in ed. 11 (1960). This discontinuance of its official standing in American medicin...
On the Bifurcation and Postbifurcation Theory for a General Class of Elastic-Plastic Solids

The present work is concerned with the bifurcation and postbifurcation analysis of a class of rate independent plasticity models obeying Hill’s maximum dissipation principle. A variational inequality approach, which differs from the classical formulation of the plastic bifurcation problem, is employed. The rate n bifurcation problem is formulated and sufficient conditions for uniqueness of the corresponding boundary value problem are given. A connection is made with Hill’s nonbifurcation criterion. In addition the issue of the postbifurcation behavior of the solid is addressed in this more general context showing the possiblity of angular as well as smooth bifurcations of rate n > 1.
Scanning probe microwave reflectivity of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes: Imaging of electronic structure and quantum behavior at the nanoscale

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are 1-dimensional nanomaterials with unique electronic properties that make them excellent candidates for next-generation device technologies. While nanotube growth and processing methods have progressed steadily, significant opportunities remain in advanced methods for their characterization, inspection, and metrology. Microwave near-field imaging offers an extremely versatile “nondestructive” tool for nanomaterials characterization. Herein, we report the application of nanoscale microwave reflectivity to study SWNT electronic properties. Using microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) combined with microwave impedance modulation microscopy (MIM2), we imaged horizontal SWNT arrays, showing the microwave reflectivity from individual nanotubes is extremely sensitive to their electronic properties and dependent on the nanotube quantum capacitance under proper experimental conditions. It is shown experimentally that MIM can be a direct probe of the nanotube-free carrier dens...