cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission and signal loss in mask designs for a dual neutron and gamma imager applied to mobile standoff detection

Abstract In order to design a next-generation, dual neutron and gamma imager for mobile standoff detection which uses coded aperture imaging as its primary detection modality, the following design parameters have been investigated for gamma and neutron radiation incident upon a hybrid, coded mask: (1) transmission through mask elements for various mask materials and thicknesses; and (2) signal attenuation in the mask versus angle of incidence. Each of these parameters directly affects detection significance, as quantified by the signal-to-noise ratio. The hybrid mask consists of two or three layers: organic material for fast neutron attenuation and scattering, Cd for slow neutron absorption (if applied), and one of three of the following photon or photon and slow neutron attenuating materials—Linotype alloy, CLYC, or CZT. In the MCNP model, a line source of gamma rays (100–2500 keV), fast neutrons (1000–10,000 keV) or thermal neutrons was positioned above the hybrid mask. The radiation penetrating the mask was simply tallied at the surface of an ideal detector, which was located below the surface of the last mask layer. The transmission was calculated as the ratio of the particles transmitted through the fixed aperture to the particles passing through the closed mask. In order to determine the performance of the mask considering relative motion between the source and detector, simulations were used to calculate the signal attenuation for incident radiation angles of 0–50°. The results showed that a hybrid mask can be designed to sufficiently reduce both transmission through the mask and signal loss at large angles of incidence, considering both gamma ray and fast neutron radiations. With properly selected material thicknesses, the signal loss of a hybrid mask, which is necessarily thicker than the mask required for either single mode imaging, is not a setback to the system's detection significance.
Diversity and the demands of leadership

Abstract In this paper we develop a framework for conceptualizing the research on diversity, examine the relationship between diversity and the demands of leadership, and attempt to link the literatures of diversity and leadership by expanding the conception of both. We discuss four types of work on diversity: (a) the management literature on interpersonal and intergroup interaction; (b) other management literature on organizational change which has implications for diversity; (c) literature from the social and behavioral sciences which is about diversity, but which has not been included in the management literature on diversity or leadership; and (d) literature on the ethics and morality of diversity and multiculturalism which the management literature has tended to ignore. We argue that leaders need to “do” diversity in the origination, interpolation, and use of structures; that they have responsibility for the impact their companies have on a diverse world; that they are implicated by their inaction and inattention as well as by their actions; that they need to take responsibility for the politics of diversity; and that they need to engage in “adaptive” and “emotion” work.
Campomelic dysplasia: case report and review

Initial ultrasound of a fetus in the third trimester demonstrated shortened and bent fetal extremities with a narrow and misshapen thorax. These findings were suggestive of a fetus affected with a possible lethal skeletal dysplasia. Decisions regarding antepartum, intrapartum and neonatal care were made in this context. A newborn with campomelic dysplasia was delivered and suffered a rapid downhill course.
Phosphate transport processes in eukaryotic cells.

Much more work has been done on Pi transport processes, even in the last five years, than we have been able to mention in the space available. We have restricted our discussion to studies on mechanisms of transport or transport regulation, identification of transport proteins and their essential amino acids, and isolation, purification, and reconstitution of Pi transport systems. Many valuable studies on the physiology of Pi transport and its regulation and Pi transport in nonepithelial cells have also been conducted. Transport of Pi into and out of organelles other than the mitochondrion is gaining well-deserved attention, as are transport processes in fungi and plants. It is hoped that in another five years many Pi transport processes will be understood in true molecular terms and that this will increase our knowledge of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism.
Scare and prepare: increasing awareness, safety, and passion for cyber-security (abstract only)

Radford University's Scare and Prepare (SP) program is being developed to enable high-school teachers to cultivate security cons cious cyber-citizens and, in the process, spark a passion for computer science. We are accomplishing this in two ways: (a) incentivize high school teachers to incorporate security into their curriculum with little investment in resources (hardware, software and personnel), and (b) introduce computer science concepts such as programming (e.g., Javascript) and basic operating system functionality (e.g., file organization and memory management). Our experience shows that success of high school CS programs depends on the teacher's motivation. SP will reduce preparation times for teachers by providing all the necessary learning materials in the form of screencast lectures and portable and remote hands-on labs. Ultimately, we propose to develop a dual enrollment college credit course. SP's learning materials are intended to spark interest among students by both scaring and preparing them. The first strategy is to scare students with the potential implications of cyber-attacks on aspects that matter to them: social networking sites and smart phones. Next, students are prepared to defend against such attacks. Finally, to sustain interest prepared high schools students will compete in cyber-defense exercises.
The Neumann problem for Sub-Laplacians on Carnot groups and the extension theorem for Sobolev spaces

As witnessed by papers [1], [25], [14], the recent results [4], [5] and several other works, boundary value problems on Carnot groups (and beyond) are both challenging and difficult. The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence (and uniqueness) of a variational solution to the Neumann boundary problem for Sub-Laplacians on Carnot groups. According to the classical approach to this problem, the extension and trace theorems for Sobolev spaces are indispensable tools. Therefore, we first develop an extension theorem for the Folland–Stein nonisotropic Sobolev spaces Lk,p on Carnot groups and apply it to prove the existence of a variational solution to the Neumann boundary problem while the trace theorem has been developed in a separate work [13]. Aside from having important applications in pdes, in view of the recent fundamental lifting theorem of Rothschild and Stein [38], the study of the extension theorem on Carnot groups is an important step in trying to understand the analogous problem for systems of smooth vector fields satisfying Hormander’s finite rank condition [24]. This general open question is another motivation behind the present paper. The application of the Sobolev extension theorem and (approximation by smooth functions up to the boundary for) the study of boundary value problems goes beyond the scope of the present paper, see for instance (in the classical setting) [29], [15]. The first basic step in the study of the Neumann problem for Sub-Laplacians is to establish the existence of a variational solution. Following the classical development, to accomplish this goal one needs to develop extension and
Veratridine stimulation of calcium uptake by chick embryonic heart cells in culture.

Veratridine (2 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−4m) stimulated Ca uptake into monolayer cultures of chick embryonic heart cells in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation of veratridine was independent of the age of the chick embryos from which the heart cells were taken, and was inhibited by tetrodotoxin (3 μm). The half-maximal effect of veratridine was 37 μm. Since young embryonic hearts have few or no functional fast Na channels (Sperelakis, N. (1981) Cardiac Toxicol1, 39–108), the present results indicate that the action of veratridine is not dependent solely on fast Na channels, but could be related to other properties of the surface membrane, such as increasing the resting Na permeability and/or opening of the slow Na channels. The increased Ca influx could then be a consequence of the Ca0:Nai exchange reaction.
Power and energy computational models for the design and simulation of hybrid-electric combat vehicles

This paper describes the work being performed under the RDECOM Power and Energy (P&E) program (formerly the Combat Hybrid Power System (CHPS) program) developing hybrid power system models and integrating them into larger simulations, such as OneSAF, that can be used to find duty cycles to feed designers of hybrid power systems. This paper also describes efforts underway to link the TARDEC P&E System Integration Lab (SIL) in San Jose CA to the TARDEC Ground Vehicle Simulation Lab (GVSL) in Warren, MI. This linkage is being performed to provide a methodology for generating detailed driver profiles for use in the development of vignettes and mission profiles for system design excursions.
Effect of an aperture on the spectrum of partially coherent light

It is shown for a particular class of partially coherent fields that, when such a field is incident upon a circular aperture, the spectrum of the light at an observation point in the far zone of the aperture is different from the spectrum of the light in the aperture. An explicit expression for the spectrum at such observation points is obtained, and it is shown that the difference between the two spectra depends on the ratio of the radius of the aperture to the effective correlation length of the light in the aperture. Numerical examples are presented, and the relevant limiting cases are discussed.
Cloning of the Ovine Estrogen Receptor-α Promoter and Functional Regulation by Ovine Interferon-τ1

Interferon-τ (IFNτ), the ruminant pregnancy recognition signal, inhibits transcription of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene in the endometrial lumenal epithelium of the sheep uterus, thereby abrogating production of luteolytic PGF2α pulses. The effects of IFNτ are mediated in part by IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) and IFN regulatory factor elements (IRFEs). The promoter/enhancer region of the ovine ERα gene was cloned, sequenced, and predicted to contain four IRFEs and one ISRE. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the −2110 IRFE bound only IRF-1, whereas the −1877 IRFE and the −1284 ISRE were functional in binding IRF-1 and IRF-2. IFNτ inhibited transcriptional activity of the 2.7-kb ovine ERα promoter in transfection assays using ovine lumenal epithelium cells. Analyses of sequential 5′-deletion mutants of the ovine ERα promoter indicated that the effects of IFNτ may be mediated by IRFEs as well as other elements. Overexpression of ovine IRF-2, but not IRF-1, inhibited transcr...
Functional properties and biodistribution of poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide) and poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide)- poly(ethylene glycol) mixtures formed with nucleic acid.

The clinical success of non-viral gene delivery reagents is hampered by their inefficient cellular transgene delivery, which is largely influenced by carrier properties that are currently undefined and misunderstood. In an attempt to further define and understand the requirements for a safe and efficient non-viral gene delivery reagent, research labs often engineer and evaluate many putative products with subtle physiochemical differences in order to delineate requirements for improved in vitro and in vivo success. The synthesis of many putative reagents is often time-intensive, laborious and costly. In a previous manuscript published by our lab, different amounts of poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide) (p(TETA/CBA) and its pegylated counterpart, poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide)- poly(ethylene glycol) (p(TETA/CBA)-g-PEG) were mixed together to easily identify optimal reagent properties and candidates in vitro, while avoiding the synthesis of many putative candidates for study. This report uses the aforementioned facile approach to evaluate reagent properties of products that were obtained via one-pot synthesis, which improved synthetic ease. As such, synthesis time was reduced from 6 days to 3 days and had comparable or improved transfection and viability compared to previous works. Moreover, this synthesis resulted in higher molecular weight products than were used in the previous study and allow for lower polymer doses to be used for complexation, which is useful for systemic delivery that is used herein. The physiochemical properties of the formulations derived using these novel reagents was studied prior to investigating their in vivo biodistribution profiles in a murine colon adenocarcinoma model. Interestingly, negatively charged complexes exhibited greater passive tumor accumulation compared to positively charged complexes following their systemic administration. These studies warrant further investigation for the use of negatively charged drug and gene delivery reagents for passive tumor targeting, and they substantiate the use of polycation/PEG-polycation mixtures for facile product evaluation in order to elucidate design and formulation mandates for the clinical success of non-viral gene delivery formulations.
Provisional bilateral symmetry in Xenopus eggs is established during maturation

Dorsal-ventral patterning in the Xenopus egg becomes established midway through the first cell cycle during a 30 degree rotation of the subcortical yolk mass relative to the egg cortex. This 'rotation of symmetrisation' is microtubule dependent, and its direction is thought to be cued by the usually eccentric sperm centrosome. The fact that parthenogenetically activated eggs also undergo a directed rotation, despite the absence of a sperm centrosome, suggests that an endogenous asymmetry in the unfertilised egg supports the directed polymerisation of microtubules in the vegetal cortex, in the way that an eccentric sperm centrosome would in fertilised eggs. Consistent with this idea, we noticed that the maturation spot is usually located an average of more than 15 degrees from the geometric centre of the pigmented animal hemisphere. In parthenogenetically activated eggs, this eccentric maturation spot can be used to predict the direction of rotation. Although in most fertilised eggs the yolk mass rotates toward the sperm entry point (SEP) meridian, occasionally this relationship is perturbed significantly; in such eggs, the maturation spot is never on the same side of the egg as the SEP. In oocytes tilted 90 degrees from upright during maturation in vitro, the maturation spot developed 15 degrees or more from the centre of the pigmented hemisphere, always displaced towards the point on the equator that was up during maturation. This experimentally demonstrated lability is consistent with an off-axis oocyte orientation during oogenesis determining its eccentric maturation spot position, and, in turn, its endogenous rotational bias.
Designing motivational agents: The role of praise, social comparison, and embodiment in computer feedback

The present study draws on theories of attribution, social comparison, and social facilitation to investigate how computers might use principles of motivation and persuasion to provide user feedback. In an online experiment, 192 participants performed a speed-reading task. The independent variables included whether or not the verbal feedback from the computer involved praise, whether the objective feedback showed that the participants were performing better or worse from their peers, and whether or not the feedback was presented by an on-screen agent. The main dependent variables included a subjective measure of participants' intrinsic motivation and an objective measure of their task persistence. Results showed that providing participants with praise or comparative information on others' performance improved intrinsic motivation. When praised, participants whose performances were comparatively low persisted in the task longer than those whose performances were comparatively high did. Additionally, the mere presence of an embodied agent on the screen increased participants' motivation. Together, these results indicate that praise and social comparison can serve as effective forms of motivational feedback and that humanlike embodiment further improves user motivation.
Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis in the presence of nitric oxide

Abstract Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on Avicel cellulose in both helium and helium-nitric oxide environments to elucidate chemical kinetic parameters and mechanisms. The apparent activation energy for Avicel in helium was found to be 45 kcal/mol, in agreement.with the literature. The apparent activation energy for Avicel in the free radical scavenger nitric oxide was 38 kcal/mol. This reduction in the activation energy suggests that the mechanism for cellulose pyrolysis may be affected by the presence of free-radical scavengers, which implies a role for homolytic processes in cellulose pyrolysis.
Pulmonary heart disease.

Analysis of the records of 15 patients with chronic cor pulmonale indicates that (1) the presence of chronic pulmonary disease is an indication to carry out a complete investigation of the patient's heart to establish the possible presence of cor pulmonale; (2) the outstanding clinical manifestations from the standpoint of symptoms and physical findings before frank heart failure appears are a poor index of the presence of this disease, but early historical and physical evidences of right ventricular strain, often neglected because of their minor character, are particularly helpful indicators for further investigation of the patient; (3) the addition of special investigation of the heart under the above circumstances with adequate electrocardiographic, fluoroscopic, and hemodynamic studies is necessary to establish the diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale with any degree of accuracy in the stage before right sided heart failure appears, the stage most important in treatment.
Rotational contours and isotope effects in the two-photon excitation of benzene vapor

Abstract Rotational contour calculations up to J = 100 are compared to experiment for the line 14 0 1 (b 2u ) in the vibronic two-photon excitation of 1 B 2u benzene. The results require reassignment of modes 19(e 1u ) and 15(b 2u ) to frequencies 1330 cm −1 and 1143 cm −1 in C 6 H 6 (1209 cm −1 and 811 cm −1 in C 6 D 6 ). Previously unassigned line families in C 6 D 6 are attributed to the carbon-heavy isotope 13 C 1 12 C 5 D 6 .
Use of enlarged cells and nuclei for studying mitosis in Neurospora

Mitotic division stages studied by light microscopy in differentNeurospora crassa cell types clearly resemble prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages of higher eukaryotes. 1. When conidia are cultured in liquid medium containing 3.22 M ethylene glycol, they grow without cell division, forming giant spheres with multiple nuclei. In a few giant cells, nuclear numbers remain small (1 to 3) but the nuclei become very large. Seven large chromosomes are seen in some nuclei suggesting polyteny, 14 or more chromosomes are seen in other, very large nuclei, indicating polyploidy. Cell volume and nuclear volume are positively correlated in giant cells. Nuclear divisions are not synchronous within individual multinucleate giant cells. 2. Nuclear division stages were also observed in crosses heterozygous for the dominant mutant banana where haploid prefusion nuclei in late-forming croziers revert to mitosis. Swollen ascogenous hyphae become highly multinucleate after several rounds of mitosis. Mitosis is completely synchronous in nuclei of the same crozier cyst, providing replicate information for unambiguous identification of division stage. 3. Observations are also reported of mitosis in a cell-wall deficient “slime” strain. Previous observations on mitosis in large nuclei of the ascus are summarized for comparison. The nucleolus persists throughout mitosis in the giant cells, multinucleate reverted croziers, and in the cell-wall deficient slime strain. It is expelled from the dividing nuclei in the ascus. Spindles and spindle pole bodies, which are normally conspicuous in asci, are also seen in normal and reverted croziers, but they have not been clearly identified in the ethylene glycol-induced giant cells.
The IMF returns

The IMF’s role in world financial markets increased following the credit and housing market crises. One good change was the acceptance of a proposal made by the Meltzer Commission to adopt a “flexible credit line” that grants responsible borrowers a line of credit to use in emergencies. Some mistaken changes gave the IMF a large increase in lending resources, relaxed the requirements for reform imposed on borrowers, and increased loans to risky borrowers such as Ukraine. Borrowing should be used to prevent the spread of financial crises, not to bailout imprudent borrowers that mismanage their economy.
Advances in the Etiology and Management of Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with severe neuroglycopenia has been identified as a late complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in a small number of patients. The rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus after RYGB is probably related to increased secretion of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and patients with post-RYGB hypoglycemia demonstrate prolonged elevations of GIP and GLP-1 compared to non-hypoglycemic post-RYGB patients. Nesidioblastosis has been identified in some patients with post-RYGB hypoglycemia and is likely due to the trophic effects of GIP and GLP-1 on pancreatic islets. Treatment of hypoglycemia after RYGB should begin with strict dietary (low carbohydrate) alteration and may require a trial of diazoxide, octreotide, or calcium-channel antagonists, among other drugs. Surgical therapy should include consideration of a restrictive form of bariatric procedure, with or without reconstitution of gastrointestinal continuity. Partial or total pancreatic resection should be avoided.
Genes induced in response to mercury-ion-exposure in heavy metal hyperaccumulator Sesbania drummondii.

Sesbania drummondii plants have been recognized as a potential mercury (Hg) hyperaccumulator. To identify genes modulated by Hg, two suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries (forw...
Economic Evaluation Fuel and Energy Sources for Railway Motive Power

The trend towards widespread utilization of diesel-electric motive power in main-line operations continues unabated with some authorities predicting complete dieselization in the relatively near future. There can be no denying the physical superiority of diesel-electric locomotives over the fast disappearing steam locomotives that have dominated the American motive power scene for over 100 years. There are, however, economic questions of some importance raised by the phenomenal speed with which the change-over is being accomplished and the consequent demand imposed on the nation's middle distillate capacity and the petroleum resources upon which this capacity depends. Locomotives with electric traction motors are probably here for the long pull, but there may be reason to believe that the electrical energy to supply their traction motors can be produced at lower cost in ways other than with diesel-electric prime movers. Under certain circumstances of petroleum product demand and supply the gas-turbine electric locomotive may be found to have an economic justification. Similarly, the trolley-electric locomotive can undoubtedly be justified in situations where hydroelectric, and perhaps other low cost electric generating facilities create a competitive price differential sufficient to overcome the initial cost handicap occasioned in providing the fixed facilities required to bring energy to the pantographs of trolley-electric locomotives. In the Pacific Northwest, for example, it can be demonstrated that on the basis of present prices of electric energy and diesel fuel the extra investment required for operation of trolley-electric locomotives can be recovered from operating savings in about ten years.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Sophisticated technologies1–19 for the growth of high-quality epitaxial layers of compound semiconductor heterostructure materials on single crystal semiconductor substrates are becoming increasingly important to the development of the semiconductor electronics industry. Historically, germanium was used in the invention of the point contact transistor and was the first material used in commercial applications. The drawback of germanium, however, is that it does not have a stable native oxide to eliminate surface effects. Silicon, with its extraordinary native oxide providing electronic and planar processing opportunities unavailable in other material systems, eventually replaced germanium and now dominates the semiconductor industry. As high speed electronic devices approach the fundamental limits of silicon and as optical and optoelectronic semiconductor devices become important. the HI-V compound semiconductors have become the state-of-the-art material. The advantages of the 111-V compounds are...
System Structure and State Strategy: Adding Hedging to the Menu

This paper presents “strategic hedging” as a way to conceptualize much of the strategic behavior currently employed by second-tier states like China, Russia, Brazil, and France. Hedging is an alter...
Model failure and context switching using logic-based stochastic

This paper addresses parameter drift in stochastic models. We define a notion of context that represents invariant, stable-over-time behavior and we then propose an algorithm for detecting context changes in processing a stream of data. A context change is seen as model failure, when a probabilistic model representing current behavior is no longer able to "fit" newly encountered data. We specify our stochastic models using a first-order logic-based probabilistic modeling language called Generalized Loopy Logic (GLL). An important component of GLL is its learning mechanism that can identify context drift. We demonstrate how our algorithm can be incorporated into a failure-driven context-switching probabilistic modeling framework and offer several examples of its application.
Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Religion as “Persons in Relationship”: The Influence of John Macmurray

This article details the philosophical and theological impact of John Macmurray on the Independent Tradition of British Object Relations as it pertains to transformation in both psychoanalysis and religion. Parallels between Macmurray's philosophy and the psychoanalytic perspectives of Ronald Fairbairn, Donald Winnicott, and Harry Guntrip are compared in terms of a shared emphasis on the centrality of relationships between persons. It concludes with a psychoanalytic case illustrating this relational emphasis with a religious patient.
X-ray scatter correction algorithm for cone beam CT imaging

Developing and optimizing an x-ray scatter control and reduction technique is one of the major challenges for cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) because CBCT will be much less immune to scatter than fan-beam CT. X-ray scatter reduces image contrast, increases image noise and introduces reconstruction error into CBCT. To reduce scatter interference, a practical algorithm that is based upon the beam stop array technique and image sequence processing has been developed on a flat panel detector-based CBCT prototype scanner. This paper presents a beam stop array-based scatter correction algorithm and the evaluation results through phantom studies. The results indicate that the beam stop array-based scatter correction algorithm is practical and effective to reduce and correct x-ray scatter for a CBCT imaging task.
Layered Wyner-Ziv video coding for transmission over unreliable channels

Based on recent works on Wyner-Ziv coding (WZC) (or lossy source coding with decoder side information), this paper considers the case with noisy channel and addresses distributed joint source-channel coding (JSCC), while targeting at the important application of scalable video transmission over wireless networks. In WZC, after quantization, Slepian-Wolf coding (SWC) is used to reduce the rate. SWC is traditionally realized by sending syndromes of a linear channel code. Since syndromes of the channel code can only compress but cannot protect, for transmission over noisy channels, additional error protection is needed. However, instead of using one channel code for SWC and one for error protection, our idea is to use a single channel code to achieve both compression and protection. We replace the traditional syndrome-based SWC scheme by the parity-based one, where only parity bits of the Slepian-Wolf channel code are sent. If the amount of transmitted parity bits increases above the Slepian-Wolf limit, the added redundancy is exploited to cope against the noise in the transmission channel. Using irregular repeat-accumulate codes for practical parity-based SWC, we design a novel layered Wyner-Ziv video coder which is robust to channel failures and thus very suitable for wireless communications. Our simulation results show great advantages of the proposed solution based on JSCC compared to the traditional approach where source and channel coding are performed separately.
Example-based model synthesis

Model synthesis is a new approach to 3D modeling which automatically generates large models that resemble a small example model provided by the user. Model synthesis extends the 2D texture synthesis problem into higher dimensions and can be used to model many different objects and environments. The user only needs to provide an appropriate example model and does not need to provide any other instructions about how to generate the model. Model synthesis can be used to create symmetric models, models that change over time, and models that fit soft constraints. There are two important differences between our method and existing texture synthesis algorithms. The first is the use of a global search to find potential conflicts before adding new material to the model. The second difference is that we divide the problem of generating a large model into smaller subproblems which are easier to solve.
Arthrodesis of small joint of the hand: A rapid and effective technique

Seventy-six patients underwent 103 arthrodeses of digital joints of the hand to treat deformity, pain, or instability. Each fusion was done by means of a surgical technique that allowed for proper positioning with minimal shortening. No bone graft was used. Only one joint failed to fuse. Bony union was present in 10 weeks or less in 86% of the digits. External immobilization was not used in one third of the joints, primarily low-demand patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There were two superficial pin tract infections that healed after pin removal and a course of oral antibiotics. This surgical technique proved to be technically simple and allowed for easily adjusted positioning of each joint without multiple osteotomies or excess shortening.
Ideal models for pointwise relational and state-free imperative programming

Point-freerelation calculus and its categorical generalizations have been fruitful in development of calculi of functional programming, especially for general principles, e.g., polytypic patterns of recursion on inductive data. But in specific applications, pointwise formulations can be more convenient and comprehensible than point-free combinators. A typed lambda calculus including non-injective pattern-matching was given by de Moor and Gibbons, but their relational semantics has shortcomings. We give an alternative based on a categorical axiomatization of ideal relations. We give a second semantics based on predicate transformers, and show how the pattern construct offers a new integration of imperative and functional programming. Simulation results justify the semantics.
Selection at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster: effects of ethanol and temperature.

Drosophila melanogaster larvae were subjected to 10 generations of selection on 6% ethanol at 17, 25, and 30°C. For each temperature there was a significant (P<0.01) increase in the frequency of the Adh isoallele. Controls with no ethanol showed no change in the frequency of the Adh F isoallele. Larvae subjected to stronger selection on 8% ethanol confirmed the results. When adults of various ages were subjected to 16 and 32°C, the ADHF isoenzyme retained its twofold advantage in activity over ADHS regardless of the temperature. The same result was obtained with larvae at 16 and 35°C. Although some effect of temperature was demonstrated, it was concluded that the effect was not strong enough for temperature to be a selective factor under the conditions studied. However, ethanol is a strong selective factor for laboratory populations.
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES IN OAK TREES: LONG‐TERM PATTERNS OF ABUNDANCE AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH LEAFMINERS

Endophytic fungi inhabiting foliage of woody plants are diverse and abundant, yet little is known of their temporal and spatial variation or their interactions with more commonly studied invertebrate and vertebrate macroherbivores. We studied seasonal and yearly variation in endophyte infections in five Emory oak trees over a 4-yr period from 1989 to 1993. In the 1992–1993 growing season, we documented seasonal patterns of abundance of the three most common fungal endophyte species, an ascomycete, Ophiognomonia cryptica, and two coelomycete species, Plectophomella sp. and Asteromella sp. To determine the association of fungal endophytes with macroherbivores, we compared infection frequencies of endophytes in unmined leaves and leaves harboring living and dead larval leafminers of Cameraria sp. nov., the dominant macroherbivore on Emory oak, over the 4-yr period. In the 1992–1993 growing season, we monitored survival and mortality of leafmining larvae on the five study trees. We then determined the associa...
Nanotopography Driven Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Proliferation

Plastic-adherent, fibroblast-like populations of bone marrow cells, termed multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), constitute a tissue specific stem cell population that is responsible for tissue homeostasis and repair of bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. Previous work with MSCs had shown that they are capable of differentiation into specific lineages in response to the physical properties of the extracellular matrix such as matrix elasticity and cell geometry. Remarkably MSCs have been demonstrated to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblast cells by modifying the substrate nanotopography. In this work, the role of nanotopography on the long-term response of MSCs is explored using biodegradeable polycaprolactone (PCL) nanopillar and nanofiber surfaces seeded with rat MSCs and cultured in normal growth media for four weeks. We found that after four weeks in culture under normal expansion media conditions, MSCs cultured on nanofibers exhibit better adherence, significantly increased proliferation, and maintain increasingly dense fibroblast-like morphologies. In contrast, MSCs seeded on nanopillar surfaces display lowered adherence, reduced proliferation, and adopt highly elongated cellular morphologies. Cell shape and area quantification reveals that MSCs cultured on smooth substrates adopt uniformly spread morphologies covering large surface areas, while MSCs cultured on nanopillars have significantly larger length-to-width ratios and significantly reduced coverage areas. Immunofluorescent staining of MSCs on PCL nanopillars reveals the presence of two bone marker proteins, osteopontin and osteocalcin, providing evidence for differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. Unlike the nanopillar topography, MSCs cultured on nanofiber and smooth PCL surfaces did not appear to undergo surface induced osteogenesis. We put forward a mechanotransductive model to interpret these and other's findings.
Lateral transfer of a phytopathogenic symbiont among native and exotic ambrosia beetles

Different ambrosia beetle species can coexist in tree trunks, where their immature stages feed upon symbiotic fungi. Although most ambrosia beetles are not primary pests and their fungal symbionts are not pathogenic to the host tree, exceptional situations exist. Notably, Xyleborus glabratus carries a phytopathogenic symbiont, Raffaelea lauricola, which causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of some Lauraceae species. Both X. glabratus and R. lauricola are natives of Asia that recently invaded much of the coastal plain of the southeastern USA. This study examined ambrosia beetles that breed in susceptible trees in Florida (USA), including avocado (Persea americana), redbay (P. borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris). Raffaelea lauricola was recovered from six of eight ambrosia beetle species that emerged from laurel wilt-affected swampbay trees, in addition to X. glabratus. Controlled infestations with cohorts of the six species other than X. glabratus revealed that each could transmit the pathogen to healthy redbay trees and two could transmit the pathogen to healthy avocado trees; laurel wilt developed in five and one of the respective beetle × host interactions. These results indicate flexibility in the lateral transfer of a non-native ambrosial fungus to other ambrosia beetles, and for the first time documents the transmission of a laterally transferred phytopathogenic symbiont by new ambrosia beetle species. Additional work is needed to determine whether, or to what extent, the new beetle × R. lauricola combinations play a role in spreading laurel wilt.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Technique for Unmanned Air Vehicles

A nonlinear model predictive control strategy is developed and subsequently specialized to autonomous aircraft that can be adequately modeled with a rigid 6-degrees-of-freedom representation. Whereas the general air vehicle dynamic equations are nonlinear and nonaffine in control, a closed-form solution for the optimal control input is enabledby expandingboth the output and control in a truncatedTaylor series. The closed-form solution for control is relatively simple to calculate and well suited to the real time embedded computing environment. An interesting feature of this control law is that the number of Taylor series expansion terms can be used to indirectly penalize control action. Also, ill conditioning in the optimal control gain equation limits practical selection of the number of Taylor series expansion terms. These claims are substantiated through simulation by application of the method to a parafoil and payload aircraft as well as a glider.
Determination of sulfate in seawater and natural brines by 133Ba and membrane dialysis

Dissolved sulfate is determined by precipitation with the radioisotope /sup 133/Ba and counting of the precipitate on a scintillation counter. Precipitation is carried out in dialysis bags; excess /sup 133/Ba is removed via diffusion by soaking the bags in distilled water for 12 h, and the bags are then placed directly in the well of the scintillation counter. The procedure eliminates previous errors caused by washing and transferring of the precipitate and permits analysis of 0.5 to 3000 ..mu..g.ml/sup -1/ sulfate in a 1.0-ml sample. The detection limit is increased by simply increasing the sample volume up to 5.0 ml. The technique is interference-free in natural waters ranging from freshwater to brines of 1.5 times the salinity of seawater.
Lack of correlation of a histochemical method for estrogen receptor analysis with the biochemical assay results

Forty-nine specimens of carcinoma of the breast were analyzed for estrogen receptor content using the sucrose gradient method and a histochemical method using a conjugate of estradiol (6-BSA-Fluor-CMO-17 beta-estradiol). The specimens analyzed by the histochemical method were graded for fluorescent intensity, percentage of cells fluorescing, and cellularity. Only 53.1% (26/49) of the specimens were classified into the same three categories (positive, negative and ambiguous) as classified by the biochemical assay. If the negative and ambiguous categories were combined, the degree of correspondence rose to only 63.3% (31/49). Because the classification scheme was arbitrary and because the results of the biochemical assay might be correlated with one or more factors, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the data for any underlying relationships. Only the age of the patient was significantly correlated with the results of the biochemical assay. Importantly, neither the percentage of cells fluorescing nor the fluorescent intensity was correlated with the results of the biochemical assay. Terms to account for various interactions of parameters did not enhance the association with the biochemical results. While this histochemical assay may eventually prove to be effective in selecting patients for endocrine therapy, it does not seem to be a substitute for the standard biochemical assay for estrogen receptors presently used.
The Dual Purpose of Animal Farm

After nearly sixty years debate continues over the ultimate political meaning of Animal Farm, owing partly to its use as propaganda, but also to Orwell's original purpose, which was artistic as well as political. This article concentrates on the former purpose. It shows how fictional rhetorical strategies inevitably led to a pessimistic conclusion contradicting Orwell's own political actions and opinions during the period 1936-46, and attributes that contradiction to the effect of Orwell's chosen literary genre, combining elements of the fable and the fairy tale. The subtitle, 'A Fairy Story', indicates a neglected aspect of Animal Farm-literary parody of the 'proletarian' fairy tale that thrived in the 1920s and 1930s in Germany, the United States, and, tepidly, in England. A rare example of such a tale from the 1930s is quoted in full as an archetype of the politicized children's stories Orwell may have been parodying: it displays striking rhetorical and structural parallels with Animal Farm. The appealing form of such stories, adopted by Orwell, interfered with the full and accurate expression of his political thought. Animal Farm owes both its power and its ambiguity to the force and autonomy of literature itself, today menaced more than ever by the 'gramophone mind' Orwell detested.
Laparoscopically Assisted ERCP in a Case of Acute Cholangitis in a Patient with Biliopancreatic Diversion with Distal Gastric Preservation

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion (BPD; Scopinaro’s technique), and BPD with distal gastric preservation (BPDGP) are different surgical procedures, currently performed with laparoscopic assistance, successfully used as a treatment for morbid obesity. All of these modalities bear the burden of a difficult access when it comes to explore and work within the biliary tract. We present a case of acute cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis in a patient with BPDGP for morbid obesity successfully managed by laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography through the gastric remnant.
Monochromatic x-ray imaging with a metal multilayer camera.

A monochromatic x-ray camera consisting of a slit and two metal multilayers as the imaging elements has been built and tested. The principles by which we obtained the unity magnification and 100-μm resolution are presented. We also describe the setup for performing the throughput and resolution measurements using a Henke copper anode as the test source. Finally, several images obtained with this camera are presented and are compared with polychromatic images from a conventional x-ray pinhole camera.
Eletriptan treatment of migraine in patients switching from barbiturate-containing analgesics: results from a multiple-attack study

The aim of this study was to examine efficacy and tolerability of eletriptan in patients switched from barbiturate-containing combinations (Fiorinal), Fioricet. Migraineurs (n = 160) meeting IHS criteria, with unsatisfactory response in the past year to butalbital-containing combinations, treated up to 16 attacks over 3 months with eletriptan 40 mg. Assessments included headache response and pain-free rates and functional impairment at baseline and 2 h postdose, and global ratings of treatment satisfaction at 24 h. At 2 h postdose, average headache response and pain-free rates were 71% (95% CI, 69-74%) and 37% (95% CI, 35-40%), respectively; 68.5% of patients (95% CI, 65-72%) reported functional response. Within-patient analysis found no efficacy diminution over time (no tolerance). Average headache recurrence rate was 20% (95% CI, 18-23%). Eletriptan was well-tolerated; 6 (3.7%) patients discontinued due to adverse events. There were no serious treatment-related adverse events. We conclude that in poor responders to butalbital-caffeine combinations, switching to eletriptan 40 mg was well-tolerated and efficacious.
Low-frequency scattering by cylindrical bodies

General formulas are derived for the scattered amplitude and scattering cross-section of metallic and dielectric cylinders immersed in a low-frequency field. The shape of the cylinders is left unspecified. The two fundamental polarizations (i.e. eitherE orH parallel to the axis) are considered.
The synthesis of certain furyl-substituted polyheterocyclic six-membered rings†

Interest in the antibacterial drug, 5-nitrofurfural semicarbazone has led to the synthesis of a number of heterocyclic systems in which ring-closure has been carried out on the semicarbazone (or similar) structure.
Partitioning of trace elements between olivine and aqueous fluids at highP-T conditions: implications for the effect of fluid composition on trace-element transport

In order to investigate the effect of fluid composition on trace-element transport at high pressure and temperature, olivine/fluid partition coefficients (D) were measured in experiments involving aqueous carbonate-, chlorine- and NaOH- bearing fluids at 1.0 GPa and 1000°C. Radiotracers of Ce, Gd, Yb, Ba, Sr, Cs, and Na were used to monitor trace-element levels.D values were calculated by mass balance using the trace-element contents of acid-washed olivines from run-products combined with whole-sample abundances. A single reversal experiment in which pre-doped olivine was annealed in tracer-free water yielded results consistent with forward experiments involving olivine + H2O. This result suggests crystal/fluid equilibrium was approached over the 5-day durations used for all experiments. Partition coefficients were found to vary with fluid chemistry and, with the exception of theD's for Na, olivine/fluid values are markedly lower than those determined for olivine/H2O. Interelement ratios in the fluid also vary with fluid chemistry as exemplified by enhanced partitioning of Ce relative to Gd into Na, K or Cs carbonate-bearing compositions. Consideration of the trace-element exchange equilibria between olivine and fluid suggests that variation in the activity coefficient for aqueous trace-element and charge-balancing cations is likely to account for the interfluid variation inD values. Na partitioning is interpreted to be coupled to the formation of NaAl complexes as has been suggested in previous studies. These data indicate that, although trace elements do not partition strongly into H2O coexisting with olivine, the addition of dissolved salts dramatically changes this result. Such variation inD values for different fluid chemistries suggests that fluid composition, in addition to residual mineralogy, may affect both absolute trace-element abundances and interelement fractionation in highP-T aqueous fluids.