cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monovalent cation requirement for ADP inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

ADP is a competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Evidence is presented that K+ or NH4+ ions are required for inhibition of the kinase by ADP. K+ at 30–90 mM and NH4+ at 1–5 mM decrease markedly the apparent Ki of bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase for ADP and also decrease, to a lesser extent, the apparent Km for ATP. Na+ is less effective and, in addition, inhibits kinase activity. Since K+ and NH4+ are not required for kinase activity, their effect appears to be primarily of regulatory significance. K+ and NH4+ have little effect, if any, on pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity. When both the kinase and the phosphatase are present and functional, the near steady state activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is affected significantly by varying the concentration of K+ or NH4+ at a fixed ADP/ATP concentration ratio and by varying the ADPATP ratio at a fixed concentration of monovalent cation.
Chromatin replication, reconstitution and assembly

Many previously held concepts about the replication of chromatin have recently been revised, or seriously challenged. For instance, within the last two years, evidence has accumulated to indicate that newly synthesized DNA is not the sole site of deposition of newly synthesized histones, and that histones are not only made, but are assembled into chromatin in the absence of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, segregation of parental histones to daughter DNA duplexes may be bidirectional, rather than the previously accepted unidirectional mechanism. The storage of histones prior to assembly apparently involves histone pairs rather than octamers, and similarly, histones associate with DNA in (apparent) pairs, rather than as pre-assembled octameric units. It is currently questioned whether or not nucleoplasmin is involved in either histone storage or nucleosome assembly. The onset of histone synthesis has recently been found to occur in late G1 rather than in S, and thus is independent of DNA synthesis; however, the cessation of histone synthesis is linked to that of DNA. Thus, there emerges from this newly accumulated data the conclusion that chromatin biosynthesis is not as straightforward as was believed just a few years ago. As we review the evidence on each of these subjects, we attempt to point out directions for future experimentation.
More than Just Robust Design: Why Product Development Organizations Still Contend with Variation and its Impact on Quality

Current market conditions require design and manufacturing companies to continually increase product functionality, reduce design cycles, decrease cost and improve quality. One way to improve quality is to minimize the impact part and process variation has on final product quality. Although companies know they must reduce variation, they are still struggling with executing coherent variation management strategies. To understand why companies still fail to systematically address variation, an ideal model of variation management is proposed, entitled Variation Risk Management (VRM). This model was used to assess the state of industry practice. These results are compared to the current literature available on the subject. It was found that many problems with industry implementation are due to a lack of quantitative models that enable a design team to make quick and accurate decisions. This paper concludes with a list of interesting challenges facing the VRM field.
Si-H bond in O-substitutional doping of a-Si:H.

Ab initio configuration-interaction theory is used to study Si-H bonds in the a-Si:H and O-doped a-Si:H:O systems. The a-Si:H is modeled by a finite Bethe lattice containing 13 Si atoms and 28 H atoms with a local configuration of 3(Si)-SiH. By the incorporation of three O atoms in the cluster, the a-Si:H:O system is modeled to have a local configuration of 3(O)-SiH. The H dissociation energy is calculated to be 3.55 eV in 3(Si)-SiH and 4.11 eV in 3(O)-SiH. A 1.5% decrease in the Si-H bond length and 5.1% increase in the Si-H stretching frequency are found with the incorporation of three O atoms. Incorporation of O atoms increases the electron loss from the Si atom of the SiH group strengthening the SiH bond.
Mergers and acquisitions in publishing, 1984–1988: Some public policy issues

Recently, foreign and U.S. corporations have purchased a significant number of U.S. publishers. If this consolidation continues, a small number of firms could dominate the publishing and information-processing industry in this nation and the world. Albert Greco outlines the pattern of mergers and acquisitions of U.S. publishing firms between 1984 and 1988; describes some theories explaining the increase in mergers and acquisitions; and examines some key public policy issues.
Primary heavy cosmic rays near the geomagnetic equator

G-5 emulsions were exposed in February, 1957 during the Operation EQUEX on two flights of about 100 000 foot altitudes for about 71/2 h each. Tracks of nuclei cfZ ⩾ 10 were studied. The δ-ray method of counting was used. Results are given for the angular distribution, charge spectrum, flux at the top of the atmosphere, and attenuation mean free path.
Signature-tagging of a bacterial isolate demonstrates phenotypic variability of the progeny in vivo in the absence of defined mutations

Awareness of the high degree of redundancy that occurs in several nutrient uptake pathways of Haemophilus influenzae led us to attempt to develop a quantitative STM method that could identify both null mutants and mutants with decreased fitness that remain viable in vivo. To accomplish this task we designed a modified STM approach that utilized a set of signature tagged wild-type (STWT) strains (in a single genetic background) as carriers for mutations in genes of interest located elsewhere in the genome. Each STWT strain differed from the others by insertion of a unique, Q-PCR-detectable, seven base pair tag into the same redundant gene locus. Initially ten STWTs were created and characterized in vitro and in vivo. As anticipated, the STWT strains were not significantly different in their in vitro growth. However, in the chinchilla model of otitis media, certain STWTs outgrew others by several orders of magnitude in mixed infections. Removal of the predominant STWT resulted in its replacement by a different predominant STWT on retesting. Unexpectedly we observed that the STWT exhibiting the greatest proliferation was animal dependent. These findings identify an inherent inability of the signature tag methodologies to accurately elucidate fitness in this animal model of infection and underscore the subtleties of H. influenzae gene regulation.
Imcompressible flow computation of forces and moments on bodies of revolution at incidence

A computer code developed for the solution of the incompressible Reynolds-Averaged N avier-Stokes (RANS) equations has been applied to compute the flows about bodies of revolution at angles of attack of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 degrees. The computed results have been compared with the experimental data measured on the SUBOFF and Albacore bodies. The emphasis of this work is investigation of the adequacy of the standard Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model and the modifications of the model required to improve accuracy.
POEMFIELDs and the Materiality of the Computational Screen

This article explores how the POEMFIELD series of computer animations, created by Stan VanDerBeek and Kenneth Knowlton between 1964—70, consciously mines a terrain between visibility and invisibility, drawing numbers and letters into cascades of representation simultaneously pictorial, linguistic and schematic. Skating the border of legibility, the animations exhibit a double vision of text and image, code and picture and, in so doing, work to figure a larger, epistemic question of computational visibility ‘at the close of the mechanical age’. The subtitle of the MoMA 1968 exhibition — ‘The Machine’ — marked the emergence of a computational model in which mechanical animation would no longer be visible to the human eye. The resulting crisis of visibility takes on a particular importance in light of the model of the ‘graphical user interface’ being explored at that time. In the POEMFIELD series, VanDerBeek and Knowlton attempt to convey both the complexity and the promise of this emerging paradigm of layer...
Ethical dilemmas in the care of the most premature infants: the waters are murkier than ever.

Purpose of reviewSummarize the literature relevant to ethical issues surrounding decisions to provide intensive care to extremely premature newborns.Recent findingsA Texas Supreme Court decision and a position paper are noteworthy for health professionals participating in management decisions with f
Intertemporal Price Discrimination

Presents a model that examines the behavior of a monopolist selling a new product. Factors that influence time as a medium for price discrimination; Example that assumes no production costs to illustrate that discrimination is the only motive for selling to different buyers at different dates at different prices; Introduction of positive costs of production to explore an alternative motive for inter temporal price variation. (Из Ebsco)
One-pot synthesis of surface roughness controlled hollow silica spheres with enhanced drug loading and release profiles under ambient conditions in aqueous solutions

A green one-pot approach is used to synthesize surface morphology controlled hollow silica spheres in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. Using cationic polystyrene particles as templates and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a structure directing agent, the surface roughness and wall thickness could be easily controlled by varying the concentration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The smooth surface of hollow silica spheres with different wall thicknesses was obtained using anionic polystyrene particles. The resulting hollow silica spheres with a rough surface had better performance in carrying and releasing a model drug.
TILT-A-WHIRL: A TEXTURE ANALYSIS PACKAGE FOR 3D RENDERING OF POLE FIGURES USING MATLAB

A new MATLAB-based software suite called TILT-A-WHIRL has been applied to XRD data from textured gold films electro-deposited onto nickel substrates. The software routines facilitate phase identification, texture analysis via pole figure visualization, and macrostrain determination. The use of principal component analysis with multivariate curve resolution (PCA/MCR) revealed the extraction of texture components. The unusual hardness properties of one Au film (deposited from a 30% gold depleted BDT-200 bath) were found to be dependent on the (210) out-of-plane preferred orientation of the polycrystalline gold film. The progressive nucleation of Au crystallites during electro-plating has been tied to the improved hardness properties of this film.
Influence of fluctuations in electron density on the excess small-angle X-ray scattering from dilute solutions of macromolecules

The influence on the excess scattering function P(μ) of flutuations in the electron density ρ within a macromolecule is treated, to the approximation that the solvent is a structureless medium of constant electron density ρ0. The results for P(μ) and the apparent value of the mean square radius Rapp2, can be expressed as functions of the excess electron density Δρ: P(μ) = X(μ) + (Δρ)−1Y(μ) + (Δρ)−2Z(μ) and Rapp2 = Rx2 + (Δρ)−1Ry2 + (Δρ)−2Rz2, where X(μ) and Rx2 depend only on the shape of the macromolecule, while Y(μ) and Ry2 as well as Z(μ) and Rz2 depend on the shape and the fluctuations in ρ. By varying the electron density of the solvent, the contributions of the shape and the internal structure of the macromolecule can be resolved. The quantities Rx2, Ry2, and Rz2 are evaluated for seven models to illustrate the relative importance of these contributions for representative structures.
Identity-Related Dysfunction: Integrating Clinical and Developmental Perspectives

Recent changes to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders highlight the importance of identity dysfunction within several psychiatric diagnoses. Despite a long-standing tradition of identity research and theory in the developmental literature, there is limited work establishing intersections between clinical and developmental conceptualizations of identity problems. The relative lack of integration between decades of clinical and developmental work is unfortunate, and likely limits progress in both areas. In this commentary, the authors argue for greater interdisciplinary collaboration and highlight contributions from developmental and clinical theories, which, if integrated, could enhance identity scholarship. The developmental psychopathology perspective is introduced as an ideal framework to promote these goals.
An Expressive Socially Assistive Robot for Health-Care Applications

It is anticipated that the use of assistive robots will be one of the most important service applications of robotic systems of the future. In this paper, a unique non-contact socially assistive robot consisting of a human-like demeanor is presented for utilization in hospital wards and veteran homes to study its role and impact on the well-being of patients, addressing patient’s needs and its overall effect on the quality of patient care. The robot will be an embodied entity that will participate in hands-off non-contact social interaction with a patient during the convalescence, rehabilitation or end-of-life care stage. The robot has been designed as a platform to incorporate the three design parameters of embodiment, emotion and non-verbal communication to encourage natural interactions between a person and itself. In this paper, we present the mechanical design of the robot. The robot is able to communicate via: (i) a unique human-like face with artificial skin that utilizes the modeling of muscles of a human face to express facial expressions, (ii) a 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) neck capable of expressing head gestures, and (iii) an upper torso consisting of a 2 DOF waist and two 4 DOF arms designed to mimic human-like body language.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
GETTING INTO THE SWING OF WALKING

![Figure][1] Why do we swing our arms when we walk? This seems like a simple enough question, but if you were to ask two locomotor biomechanists you might get two different answers, both of which sound pretty good. For example, one might answer that arm swinging saves metabolic energy while
An intelligent user interface for browsing satellite data catalogs

A large scale domain-independent spatial data management expert system that serves as a front-end to databases containing spatial data is described. This system is unique for two reasons. First, it uses spatial search techniques to generate a list of all the primary keys that fall within a user's spatial constraints prior to invoking the database management system, thus substantially decreasing the amount of time required to answer a user's query. Second, a domain-independent query expert system uses a domain-specific rule base to preprocess the user's English query, effectively mapping a broad class of queries into a smaller subset that can be handled by a commercial natural language processing system. The methods used by the spatial search module and the query expert system are explained, and the system architecture for the spatial data management expert system is described. The system is applied to data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite, and results are given.
Comparative Study of Regulation of RTA-Responsive Genes in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8

Replication and transcription activator (RTA) (also referred to as ORF50), an immediate-early gene product of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/(human herpesvirus 8), plays a critical role in balancing the viral life cycle between latency and lytic replication. RTA has been shown to act as a strong transcription activator for several downstream genes of KSHV. Direct binding of RTA to DNA is thought to be one of the important mechanisms for transactivation of target genes, while indirect mechanisms are also implicated in RTA transactivation of certain selected genes. This study demonstrated direct binding of the DNA-binding domain of RTA (Rdbd) to a Kaposin (Kpsn) promoter sequence, which is highly homologous to the RTA-responsive element (RRE) of the PAN promoter. We undertook a comparative study of the RREs of PAN RNA, ORF57, vIL-6, and Kpsn to understand how RTA regulates gene expression during lytic replication. Comparing RNA abundance and transcription initiation rates of these RTA target genes in virus-infected cells suggested that the transcription initiation rate of the promoters is a major determinant of viral gene expression, rather than stability of the transcripts. RTA-mediated transactivation of reporters containing each RRE showed that their promoter strengths in a transient-transfection system were comparable to their transcription rates during reactivation. Moreover, our electrophoretic mobility shift assays of each RRE demonstrated that the highly purified Rdbd protein directly bound to the RREs. Based on these results, we conclude that direct binding of RTA to these target sequences contributes to their gene expression to various extents during the lytic life cycle of KSHV.
Odour character and threshold values of nootkatone and related compounds

The odour character and potency of nootkatone obtained from grapefruit oil were compared with those of some closely related compounds. It has been found that these compounds may differ considerably in quality but the potency remains similar. In addition, synthesised racemic nootkatone was found to have the same potency as the naturally occurring material.
Role of vitamin E in the etiology of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters

The intraperitoneal inoculation of pregnant hamsters with vitamin E during the first half of gestation reduced the severity or eliminated the occurrence of grossly observable effects of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) of the central nervous system in their offspring and improved the pre-weaning viability of their litters. The addition of corn oil (16%) or linoleic acid (8%) to a ration associated with the occurrence of SHN in fetal hamsters enhanced the incidence and severity of the disease, and these effects were moderated by inoculation of the dams with vitamin E. Experimental data indicated that, among multifactorial contributions to the cause of SHN in hamsters, vitamin E availability and levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid played a significant and interrelated role.
The Psychological and Physical Health Effects of Stigma: The Role of Self‐threats

Being a member of a group that is stigmatized (i.e., low status, devalued, negatively stereotyped, and victimized by prejudice and discrimination) can affect health. In this paper, I consider threats to the social self as a mediator in the relationship between stigmatizing experiences and health. I discuss experiences associated with stigmatization that can pose a potential threat to the sense of self and how each of these aspects of stigma relates to health. Our current knowledge is heavily centered on how discrimination experiences relate to health. More research is needed on how other aspects of stigma affect health. In addition, research addressing coping strategies, and especially how they influence health behaviors, will be useful in gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms through which stigma affects health.
Dysgerminoma of the ovary

Dysgerminomas of the ovary are rare germ cell tumors. They are more common at puberty. Surgery followed by irradiation has resulted in excellent cure rates in early stages of this disease. This paper is a review of six patients with a diagnosis of dysgerminoma who were treated at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville. The controversy on the use of irradiation in Stage Ia tumor is discussed in detail. A review of the literature is also done in this paper.
Preparation and characterization of polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes on plasma-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

Abstract The use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a support substrate layer for making a polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) has been hindered by the hydrophobic nature of PVDF. In this study, low temperature plasmas were used to treat a commercial PVDF membrane in order to improve its hydrophilicity and make it suitable for fabrication of a polyamide–polyvinylidene fluoride thin-film composite (PA-PVDF) membrane. The plasma treatment used oxygen, methane, or their 1:1 mixture gas to produce glow discharge for treatment and surface modification of the PVDF membrane. The membrane surfaces were characterized using water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE SEM). Pure water permeability and salt rejection tests were performed to evaluate the performance of the resulting PA-PVDF. Our experimental results indicated that plasma treatment of PVDF membrane could significantly reduce its water contact angle and thus produce a hydrophilic surface that could be then used as the support substrate layer for the fabrication of TFC membrane through interfacial polymerization. Our experimental results also demonstrated that PA-PVDF membrane supports not only demonstrated higher pure water permeability, but also higher salt rejections than those of TFC membrane with polysulfone as the support.
The Extent of Religious Influence in American Public Schools

(1961). The Extent of Religious Influence in American Public Schools. Religious Education: Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 173-179.
Physiological responses of heat-stressed broilers fed nicarbazin.

Two experiments were conducted to determine physiological responses in heat-stressed broilers fed a control diet or one containing 125 ppm Nicarbazin. Male birds were surgically implanted with a carotid catheter and fitted with a chest movement transducer and rectal probe. In Experiment 1, birds were exposed to an abrupt change from thermoneutral (22.5 C, 70% relative humidity [RH]) to heat stress (37 C and 40 to 50% RH) conditions within 10 min and maintained in this environment for 120 min. In Experiment 2, birds were exposed to a gradual change from thermoneutral to heat stress (38 C, 68% RH) conditions over 4 h and maintained in this environment for an additional 1 h. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and body temperature (Tb) were monitored throughout each experiment, and arterial samples were obtained for determination of acid-base balance and lactate. Birds fed Nicarbazin had higher (P less than .05) Tb and lower (P less than .05) blood PCO2 and bicarbonate during heat stress than controls in both experiments. Thermal polypnea was observed in both experiments, but, although there were no treatment differences in Experiment 1, RR was lower (P less than .05) in the last hour of heat stress for Nicarbazin-fed birds in Experiment 2. In the second experiment, birds fed Nicarbazin exhibited higher (P less than .05) HR and blood lactate during heat stress than control-fed birds. The results of this study indicate that Nicarbazin, by an as yet unidentified mechanism, increases Tb in heat-stressed birds, which results in greater deviations in blood acid-base balance, blood lactate, and HR than in control-fed birds.
New Types Of Scanning Optical Microscopes

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in light microscopy One reason is the practical development of confocal scanning optical microscopes (CSOMs). CSOMs image twice the spatial frequencies of a conventional microscope, giving them better transverse resolution.1 In addition, they have a shallower depth of focus, meaning out-of-focus portions of the sample are not imaged; this property makes the CSOM ideal for optical sectioning and profiling.2 In this paper, we will describe a new real-time scanning optical microscope (RSOM) capable of operating at 640 frames per second with 5000 lines in the image. The microscope generates a directly observable color image with different depths displayed as different colors. Our real-time CSOM is based on the real-time tandem scanning optical microscope (TSOM) of Petran.3,4 The microscope, however, uses fewer optical components and is mechanically much simpler and easier to align than currently existing scanning optical microscopes or the TSOM. In addition to its speed and simplicity, the microscope maintains all the advantages of conventional CSOMs. We will also describe a number of add-on systems, such as phase-contrast imaging and dark field imaging which we have developed. Many of these ideas were first tried on a standard mechanically scanned CSOM, with the aim of incorporating them into the RSOM.
Increase in β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Activity during Germination of Cotton Seeds

A marked increase in β-acetylglucosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) activity was observed in the germinating cotyledon of cotton seeds. The enzyme was isolated from cotton seedlings and purified to study its physiological function in the germination of cotton seeds. The purification procedure involves ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtrations, and concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and the purified β-N-acetylglucosaminidase was shown to be homogeneous by disc electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 125,000 by gel filtration. The enzyme hydrolyzed both p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine. When p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine was used as substrate, Km and Vmax were 0.625 nanomolar and 228 moles per minute per milligram, respectively, and optimum activity was at pH 5.6. The enzyme liberated β-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine from chitin, ovalbumin, and pronase-digested wheat germ lectin.
Patient Characteristics and Outcomes by GN Subtype in ESRD

Background and objectives Outcomes-based research rarely focuses on patients with ESRD caused by GN. The hypotheses were that the GN subtype would clinically discriminate patient groups and independently associate with survival after ESRD therapy initiation. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Data were extracted from the US Renal Data System for adult patients with incident (1996–2011) ESRD attributed to six GN subtypes: FSGS, IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomeruonephritis, lupus nephritis (LN), and vasculitis. ESRD attributed to diabetes and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease served as non-GN comparators. Unadjusted and adjusted mortality hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox regression (reference, IgAN). Models sequentially adjusted for sociodemographic (model 2), comorbidity/laboratory (model 3), and ESRD treatment modality (model 4) variables. Results Among 84,301 patients with ESRD attributed to GN, the median age ranged from 39 (LN) to 66 (vasculitis) years, male sex ranged from 18% (LN) to 68% (IgAN), and black race ranged from 7% (IgAN) to 49% (LN). Patients with IgAN had the fewest comorbidities and lowest use of hemodialysis (70.1%). After a median follow-up of 2.5 (interquartile range, 1.0–4.9) years, crude mortality was lowest in IgAN (3.7 deaths/100 person years). Compared to IgAN, adjusted mortality was highest in LN (model 4 aHR=1.75; 95% CI, 1.68 to 1.83) and in diabetes (aHR=1.73; 95% CI, 1.67 to 1.79), and was also higher in all other GN subtypes (membranous nephropathy: aHR=1.23; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.29; FSGS: aHR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.42; membranoproliferative GN: aHR=1.38; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.45; vasculitis: aHR=1.51; 95% CI, 1.45 to 1.58) and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (aHR=1.22; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.27). Conclusions This study exposes substantial heterogeneity across GN subtypes at ESRD therapy initiation and identifies independent associations between GN subtype and post-ESRD mortality. These survival discrepancies warrant further study, and the utility of current research practice to group GN subtypes together when evaluating ESRD outcomes should be questioned.
Comparability Invariance Results for Tolerance Orders

We prove comparability invariance results for three classes of ordered sets: bounded tolerance orders (equivalent to parallelogram orders), unit bitolerance orders (equivalent to point-core bitolerance orders) and unit tolerance orders (equivalent to 50% tolerance orders). Each proof uses a different technique and relies on the alternate characterization.
Comparison of 3 kidney injury multiplex panels in rats.

Kidney injury biomarkers have been utilized by pharmaceutical companies as a means to assess the potential of candidate drugs to induce nephrotoxicity. Multiple platforms and assay methods exist, but the comparison of these methods has not been described. Millipore’s Kidney Toxicity panel, EMD/Novagen’s Widescreen Kidney Toxicity panel, and Meso Scales Kidney Injury panel were selected based on published information. Kidney injury molecule 1, cystatin C, clusterin, and osteopontin were the 4 biomarkers common among all kits tested and the focus of this study. Rats were treated with a low and high dose of para-aminophenol, a known nephrotoxicant, and urine samples were collected and analyzed on the Bio-Plex 200 or MSD’s Sector Imager 6000, according to manufacturers specifications. Comparatively, of the 3 kits, Millipore was the most consistent in detecting elevations of 3 out of the 4 biomarkers at both dose levels and indicated time points.
A new multi-sensor approach to measurement of topographic changes resulting from active volcanism

Remote sensing of surface deformation from volcanic activity is essential to modern volcanology. This paper provides an example of how observations from multiple sensors can be combined to measure topographic changes resulting from active volcanism. High resolution DEMs were derived from optical triplets acquired by the ALOS-PRISM sensor, and processed with microwave data from ALOS-PALSAR to produce centimeter scale deformation maps and decorrelation maps of March–April, 2009 lahars in the Drift River Valley, Alaska. We demonstrate that multi-sensor data fusion of readily available, inexpensive satellite images and data is an immediately available method of increasing accuracy and precision in measuring volcanic deposition and deformation.
A Measure of Semantic Category Clustering in Free-Listing Tasks

A measure of semantic category (subset) clustering in free lists is presented that has several advantages over other cluster measures: (1) it is independent of interitem distances; (2) it expresses the degree of clustering of semantic subsets within a list, and overall, as proportions of a maximum that ranges from 0 to 1; and (3) this ratio can be used to compare the degree of clustering within semantic subsets in the same list, overall, and across lists, despite list inequalities in the number of items or subsets. An example of the measure's use is illustrated here from a study of laterality in American kinship.
Image processing: the nature and value of fuzzy metrology

The term "fuzzy metrology" is almost as misleading as the term "fuzzy logic." Many people simply avert their eyes from fuzzy logic, because they know (correctly) that good logic is not fuzzy but rigorous. But, neither the measured result nor the logic itself is fuzzy in any conventional sense. Many sets are fuzzy, so they must be handled not by crisp logic but by fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic itself is quite rigorous. Likewise, fuzzy metrology uses the mechanisms of fuzzy logic to arrive at precise measurements of physical things. In itself it is rigorous. You avert your eyes at your peril. After a general discussion of the basics of fuzzy logic, I show a number of examples that allow the user even better understanding of when fuzzy metrology might be superior to conventional crisp metrology.
Perioperative management of acute ischemic stroke: a case report

Interrupting anticoagulation in patients at high risk for thromboembolism, even for critically important surgery, may lead to devastating outcomes. The patient described developed "Locked-in Syndrome" from basilar arterial thrombosis within 24 hours of withholding anticoagulation for urgent airway surgery. Emergency thrombolysis partially restored arterial flow, with recovery of some function. The dangers of hemorrhage during surgery must be balanced against the potentially devastating consequences of withholding anticoagulation in patients at high risk for thrombosis.
Research Note: Strategic Combinations and Their Evolution in the Global Marketplace

The global marketplace of the twenty-first century will contain many new competitors formed from the mergers and alliances that are currently taking place. This article demonstrates how the globalization process is in reality an extension of a pattern that has existed since the Industrial Revolution, that today continues to create competitive advantage. Significant managerial implications are given based on this discussion. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis.

We have developed a toolbox and graphic user interface, EEGLAB, running under the cross-platform MATLAB environment (The Mathworks, Inc.) for processing collections of single-trial and/or averaged EEG data of any number of channels. Available functions include EEG data, channel and event information importing, data visualization (scrolling, scalp map and dipole model plotting, plus multi-trial ERP-image plots), preprocessing (including artifact rejection, filtering, epoch selection, and averaging), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and time/frequency decompositions including channel and component cross-coherence supported by bootstrap statistical methods based on data resampling. EEGLAB functions are organized into three layers. Top-layer functions allow users to interact with the data through the graphic interface without needing to use MATLAB syntax. Menu options allow users to tune the behavior of EEGLAB to available memory. Middle-layer functions allow users to customize data processing using command history and interactive 'pop' functions. Experienced MATLAB users can use EEGLAB data structures and stand-alone signal processing functions to write custom and/or batch analysis scripts. Extensive function help and tutorial information are included. A 'plug-in' facility allows easy incorporation of new EEG modules into the main menu. EEGLAB is freely available (http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/) under the GNU public license for noncommercial use and open source development, together with sample data, user tutorial and extensive documentation.
Responses of perfused isolated leg preparations of the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, to L-glutamate, gaba, picrotoxin, strychnine and chlorpromazine.

A perfused leg preparation of Gromphadorhina portentosa (Orthoptera) was developed for use in pharmacological studies and bioassay procedures. Study of tibial flexion with increasing stimulation intensity at low frequency revealed five fast motor units. Chlorpromazine (2.5 × 10−4M) progressively blocked these motor units. GABA generally failed to affect fast system responses, even at high concentration (2.5 × 10−4M). A high concentration (2.5 × 10−4M), picrotoxin produced effects consistent with the interpretation that motor axon excitability was affected. Strychnine (2.5 × 10−4M) produced no effect on isolated leg preparations. L-Gultamate (pH 7.2) produced contractures; the threshold for this response was 2.5 × 10−4M. Contractures were produced after application to resting muscle, and were also observed in preparations receiving low frequency indirect stimulation. The response to glutamate under the latter condition closely resembled incomplete tetanus. L-Glutamate (2.5 × 10−4M) produced a reversible depression of kick force in locusts. These responses are compatible with the hypothesis that L-glutamate is an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in insects.
Perinatal management, counselling and outcome of fetuses with congenital heart disease

Prenatal treatment options for fetal heart disease are still limited but pharmacological treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmias is usually effective. Prenatal catheter interventions are likely to be an option in selected fetal cardiac defects in the future. Delivery should be at a tertiary care centre if the need for immediate neonatal transport is anticipated. When a cardiac problem is diagnosed in a fetus, the parents should be counselled by a paediatric cardiologist specialized in fetal cardiology in close co-operation with the obstetric team. The rate of termination is influenced by gestational age at diagnosis, the severity of the heart defect and the presence of associated malformations. In fetuses with isolated cardiac malformations who are in sinus rhythm with good myocardial function and no or trivial atrioventricular valve regurgitation, the risk of spontaneous intra-uterine death is low. Prenatal echocardiography has the potential to improve postnatal survival in infants with critical heart defects, especially those with duct-dependent systemic or pulmonary circulations.
Is America Ready for a Post‐American World?

Globalization may not be coming apart at the seams—yet—but the seams are ever more apparent. Rising fuel prices challenge a model of global transportation based on cheap energy, reinforcing the possibility of decoupling through great regionaliza-tion of trade. Already, 50 percent of trade among ASEAN plus China and Japan is among each other. The Wall Street meltdown has spread a lack of confidence in the American financial system and the model of deregulation which stimulated rapid globalization of capital flows. Along with other developments, all this raises the question of whether the United States is prepared to operate successfully in a world it no longer dominates. An anti-globalization leader, a former US labor secretary, a top American intellectual and a Nobel laureate address these issues.
Galectin-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and pattern of sun exposure in melanoma.

Purpose: Most studies accept a multistep pathogenic process in melanoma that may include the phases of benign nevi and dysplastic nevi, melanoma, and metastatic melanoma. Dysregulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis is probably involved in melanoma progression and response to therapy. We have studied the expression of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding protein involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, in a large series of melanocytic lesions, and correlated the expression with clinical and histologic features. Experimental Design: Tissue microarray blocks of 94 melanocytic lesions were semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of galectin-3. Results: Primary and metastatic melanomas expressed galectin-3 at a significantly higher level than nevi in both cytoplasm and nuclei ( P P P = 0.06). Conclusions: Melanocytes accumulate galectin-3 with tumor progression, particularly in the nucleus. The strong association of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in lesions of sun-exposed areas suggests an involvement of UV light in activation of galectin-3.
Numerical simulation of vortex ring formation in the presence of background flow with implications for squid propulsion

Numerical simulations are used to study laminar vortex ring formation under the influence of background flow. The numerical setup includes a round-headed axisymmetric body with an opening at the posterior end from which a column of fluid is pushed out by a piston. The piston motion is explicitly included into the simulations by using a deforming mesh. A well-developed wake flow behind the body together with a finite-thickness boundary layer outside the opening is taken as the initial flow condition. As the jet is initiated, different vortex evolution behavior is observed depending on the combination of background flow velocity to mean piston velocity (\(U/U_{p}\)) ratio and piston stroke to opening diameter (\(L_{m}/D\)) ratio. For low background flow (\(U/U_{p} =0.2\)) with a short jet (\(L_{m}/D =6\)), a leading vortex ring pinches off from the generating jet, with an increased formation number. For intermediate background flow (\(U/U_{p} =0.5\)) with a short jet (\(L_{m}/D =6\)), a leading vortex ring also pinches off but with a reduced formation number. For intermediate background flow (\(U/U_{p} =0.5\)) with a long jet (\(L_{m}/D =15\)), no vortex ring pinch-off is observed. For high background flow (\(U/U_{p} =0.75\)) with both a short (\(L_{m}/D =6\)) and a long (\(L_{m}/D =15\)) jet, the leading vortex structure is highly deformed with no single central axis of fluid rotation (when viewed in cross-section) as would be expected for a roll-up vortex ring. For \(L_{m}/D =6\), the vortex structure becomes isolated as the trailing jet is destroyed by the opposite-signed vorticity of the background flow. For \(L_{m}/D =15\), the vortex structure never pinches off from the trailing jet. The underlying mechanism is the interaction between the vorticity layer of the jet and the opposite-signed vorticity layer from the initial wake. This interaction depends on both \(U/U_{p}\) and \(L_{m}/D\). A comparison is also made between the thrust generated by long, continuous jets and jet events constructed from a periodic series of short pulses having the same total mass flux. Force calculations suggest that long, continuous jets maximize thrust generation for a given amount of energy expended in creating the jet flow. The implications of the numerical results are discussed as they pertain to adult squid propulsion, which have been observed to generate long jets without a prominent leading vortex ring.
Treatment of cast bronchitis with low-dose oral azithromycin.

Cast or plastic bronchitis is an unusual disorder that is rarely encountered in the pediatric population. It is characterized by the expectoration of large, branching plugs of airway debris. These “casts” conform to the shape of portions of the tracheobronchial tree, and give the disorder its name. Cast bronchitis is typically seen in association with several primary pulmonary disorders and cyanotic congenital heart disease. It can be classified as inflammatory or acellular, based on the histologic characteristics of the casts. The presence of large, obstructive plugs filling the airways of lobes or entire lungs can result in a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, and may ultimately lead to respiratory failure and death. Conventional treatment of cast bronchitis has focused on the clearance of obstructing material from the airways combined with therapy for any underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Unfortunately, this approach has not proven very effective, and patient mortality remains high. We report on a case in which a patient with cast bronchitis was treated with long-term, low-dose oral azithromycin. This therapy resulted in clinical, spirometric, and radiographic improvement of the patient. Pediatr Pulmonol. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:139–143. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimizing the effectiveness of adjunct faculty

Adjunct faculty can offer enrichment to the engineering program by bringing practical experience and by introducing relevant industrial applications and problems to the classroom. The industrial perspective of adjunct faculty often manifests itself through an emphasis on communication and presentation skills, and concern for customer needs. Students observing these attributes come away with a better appreciation for the demands of the engineering workplace. Frequently the adjunct faculty member can also provide important linkages for developing industrial affiliate programs, co-op activities and employment opportunities for graduates. This paper offers suggestions relating to the recruitment, support, and evaluation of adjunct faculty, and explores options for forging closer links between industry and academe, via adjunct appointments.
The effect of corn oil reduction in the diet on laying hen performance

Hy-Line W36 hens were fed diets containing zero or 6% corn oil (CO) from 26 to 38 wk of age. At 38 wk, the hens receiving the diet with 6% CO were divided into three groups. One group continued to receive the diet with 6% CO. The level of CO in the diet was reduced to zero or 3% in the other two groups. The hens previously fed the diet without CO continued to receive the control diet. Egg weight was significantly heavier when the diet contained 6% CO and was not significantly reduced when the level of CO was reduced to 3%. Egg weight from control hens was significantly lower than the EW from hens that had received CO in the diet until 38 wk but none thereafter. Hens fed the diet with CO consumed more energy than hens fed the control diet. However, when CO level was reduced to zero at 38 wk, the hens consumed less energy than hens fed the control diet. These findings indicate that the hen cannot adjust feed intake with diets based on changing energy concentration in the range from 2,783 to 3,089 kcal/kg.
C/EBP homologous protein drives pro-catabolic responses in chondrocytes

Excess C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression is one feature of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we focused on CHOP expression and function in chondrocytes. We studied human knee osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage, bovine chondrocytes cultured in alginate and subjected to sub-lethal biomechanical injury, and knee chondrocytes of human autopsy donors. We performed siRNA knockdown and transfection. UPR activation was increased in human knee OA cartilage in situ, and in biomechanically injured cultured chondrocytes in vitro. In normal human chondrocytes, CHOP “gain of function” sensitized chondrocytes to IL-1β induced nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 release without inducing these responses by itself. Excess CHOP expression, by itself, induced superoxide production and apoptosis. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of CHOP and the UPR-specific mediator X-box binding protein (XBP1) inhibited NO release by >80% (P <0.0005) in response to IL-1β, and blunted MMP-3 release, whereas there were only minimal effects of the UPR mediator GRP78 on these responses. The anti-inflammatory metabolic “super-regulator” AMP kinase (AMPK) is known to limit UPR activation in vascular muscle cells. Here, CHOP supported the capacity of IL-1β to suppress AMPK activity in chondrocytes. We also observed that inhibition of AMPK activity promoted an increase in chondrocyte CHOP expression. Conversely, pharmacologic activation of AMPK by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) blunted chondrocyte CHOP expression in response to biomechanical injury. Biomechanical injury and IL-1 signaling stimulate UPR activation in chondrocytes. CHOP mediates chondrocyte catabolic and apoptotic responses to IL-1β, and does so partly by inhibiting AMPK activity. Conversely, development of excess CHOP activity is limited by AMPK activity in chondrocytes. Our findings suggest a mechanism for potential chondroprotection by AICAR and other AMPK activators. The work is of translational relevance for OA, since several drugs that activate AMPK are already in the clinic for arthritis (for example, allosteric AMPK activators sodium salicylate and high dose aspirin, and methotrexate, which activates AMPK by generating AICAR).
Autologous Marrow Transplantation for Malignant Lymphoma

Patients with disseminated malignant lymphoma who have failed first line chemotherapy are unlikely to be cured with additional chemotherapy or radiotherapy delivered at conventional doses. Based on the success of high dose chemoradiotherapy and marrow transplantation as treatment for relapsed leukemia, a number of studies have been performed using a similar approach in patients with relapsed malignant lymphoma (1–14). This report details the initial Seattle experience with autologous marrow transplantation as treatment for patients with relapsed or resistant malignant lymphoma and compares this approach with our previously published experience using syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation in a similar group of patients (3–5).