cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERMINANTS OF VISUAL ATTENTION IN REAL-WORLD SCENES

The present study examined the saliency of size, movement, and human content variables in visual selective attention. Ss named stimuli present in motion pictures of real world scenes or in animated cartoon controls during a 15-sec. exposure period. Regardless of the type of presentation that they saw, Ss tended to name large and/or moving stimuli more often than small and/or nonmoving stimuli. Also, small human stimuli were named more frequently than small nonhuman stimuli, while there were no differences between the frequencies with which large human and nonhuman stimuli were named. The order in which Ss named stimuli was not related to either the size, movement, or human content variables. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of the results of previous studies to conditions simulating the real world.
Responding to Increasing Port-related Freight Volumes: Lessons from Los Angeles / Long Beach and Other US Ports and Hinterlands

Rapid growth in international trade over the last two decades has generated both benefits and costs. Costs have become increasingly visible in metropolitan areas – growing congestion, air pollution – and local communities are demanding solutions. Congestion and air pollution associated with increased international trade have become so severe in the Los Angeles region that port-related trade is facing increased regulation by both state and local agencies. Historically US ports have been remarkably autonomous. Their role as economic development engines is well-recognized by local leaders. Thus recent regulatory efforts represent a significant change in public policy.
Adventures in Hepatocarcinogenesis

Neoplasia is a heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue. Hepatocarcinogenesis, the pathogenesis of neoplasia in liver, as modeled in the rat exhibits three distinct, quantifiable stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. Simple mutations and/or epigenetic alterations may result in the irreversible stage of initiation. The stage of promotion results from selective enhancement of cell replication and selective inhibition of cellular apoptosis of initiated cells dependent on the genetic and/or epigenetic alterations of the latter. The irreversible stage of progression results from initial karyotypic alterations that evolve into greater degrees of genomic instability. The initial genomic alteration in the transition from promotion to progression may involve primarily epigenetic mechanisms driven by epigenetic and genetic alterations fixed during the stage of promotion.
Transformation of a Collaborative Virtual Reality Environment for construction scheduling to help individual with mental health issues

The development of educational materials tends to be costly and time consuming, especially when using innovative technology such as collaborative virtual reality environments. The overall goal of this project was to develop a collaborative virtual reality environment for construction scheduling that could be transformed with minor modifications to be used in other areas such as to help individuals with mental health issues. The technology used to develop the environment was second life. Second life is an Internet-based virtual world. A downloadable client program enables its users, to interact with each other. In the case of this project, a group of students were asked to schedule a construction project and a group of volunteers were ask to play simple games that are expected to help individuals with mental health issues. While the two areas are not directly related, it is worth noting that the main modifications necessary to migrate from one area to the other were: (1) to establish the sequencing of the new process, and (2) to create new 3D models for the process. The results from the implementation of this project could serve as a steppingstone in the race towards innovation in engineering education.
Spatial Decorrelation in Orientation Tuned Cortical Cells

In this paper we propose a model for the lateral connectivity of orientation-selective cells in the visual cortex based on information-theoretic considerations. We study the properties of the input signal to the visual cortex and find new statistical structures which have not been processed in the retino-geniculate pathway. Applying the idea that the system optimizes the representation of incoming signals, we derive the lateral connectivity that will achieve this for a set of local orientation-selective patches, as well as the complete spatial structure of a layer of such patches. We compare the results with various physiological measurements.
Report of two cases of a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage including unusual presentation and an emerging and effective treatment option

Purpose To report two cases of a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), including unusual presentation and an emerging and effective treatment option. Case reports Ruptured basilar perforator artery aneurysm is a rare cause of SAH. Catheter angiography in the immediate post hemorrhage period may be unrevealing. We report two cases of ruptured basilar pontine perforator aneurysms. In one of these cases the perforator aneurysm was not apparent on the initial or the 1 week follow-up angiograms. Both patients returned for follow-up angiography 2 months later by which time aneurysmal filling and conspicuity had increased. Both patients were treated solely with two overlapping Neuroform stents. Follow-up angiograms demonstrated complete resolution of the aneurysms in both patients. Conclusions Rupture of aneurysms arising from basilar artery perforators is a rare cause of SAH and attention to this area should be part of an interventionist's search pattern. Aneurysms in this area may not be apparent in the immediate post rupture setting and delayed post hemorrhage angiography has a role in detecting this entity. Stent monotherapy may be effective in treating these lesions.
Relationship between foot transcutaneous oxygen tension and ankle systolic blood pressure at rest and following exercise.

To determine whether foot transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) and ankle systolic blood pressure (SBP) measure similar aspects of peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD), the authors examined their relationship at rest and following treadmill exercise. Thirty-seven PVOD patients (mean age 69.2 ± 0.8 years) rested supine for twenty minutes, followed by a progressive treadmill walking test at a constant speed of 2 mph. The initial grade was 0 % ; this increased 2 % every two minutes until maximal claudication pain (n = 19) or until the occurrence of such limiting symptoms as volitional fatigue (n = 6), ST segment depression (n = 4), dyspnea (n = 3), multiple premature ventricular contractions (n = 2), and angina (n = 2). Patients then rested supine for fifteen minutes. Foot TcPO2 was recorded before, during, and after exercise, whereas ankle SBP was measured before and after exercise. At rest, a curvilinear relationship was found between foot TcPO2 and ankle SBP (foot TcPO2 = 41.89 + 0.22(ankle SBP) +...
Biochemical Evidence for Two Novel Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of 3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in Spartina alterniflora

3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an osmoprotectant accumulated by the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora and other salt-tolerant plants. Previous in vivo isotope tracer and metabolic modeling studies demonstrated that S. alterniflora synthesizes DMSP via the route S-methyl-Met --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropylamine (DMSP-amine) --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde --> DMSP and indicated that the first reaction requires a far higher substrate concentration than the second to attain one-half-maximal rate. As neither of these reactions is known from other organisms, two novel enzymes are predicted. Two corresponding activities were identified in S. alterniflora leaf extracts using specific radioassays. The first, S-methyl-Met decarboxylase (SDC), strongly prefers the L-enantiomer of S-methyl-Met, is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent, generates equimolar amounts of CO(2) and DMSP-amine, and has a high apparent K(m) (approximately 18 mM) for its substrate. The second enzyme, DMSP-amine oxidase (DOX), requires O(2) for activity, shows an apparent K(m) for DMSP-amine of 1.8 mM, and is not accompanied by DMSP-amine dehydrogenase or transaminase activity. Very little SDC or DOX activity was found in grasses lacking DMSP. These data indicate that SDC and DOX are the predicted novel enzymes of DMSP synthesis.
Optical fiber solitons, their properties and uses

The history and mathematical formulation of solutions are briefly reviewed. Solitons of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation are studied in greater detail because they describe nonlinear pulse propagation on dispersive optical fibers. The proposal by A. Hasegawa and the experiments of L.F. Mollenauer on long distance soliton propagation for use in repeaterless transoceanic fiber transmission cables are described. In 1986, limitations on the distance that can be spanned by a repeaterless link for a given bit rate were shown to exist. It has been shown recently that by proper design these limitations can be overcome, so that newer transoceanic cable designs are likely to utilize solitons. The special properties of solitons make them particularly suited for all optical switching and logic operations. Some recent experiments with such switches are described. >
Does industry self-regulation reduce accidents? Responsible care in the chemical sector

This is the first study to evaluate the impact of self-regulation on industrial accidents. We examine Responsible Care in the US chemical manufacturing sector using our author-constructed database of 1,867 firms that own 2,963 plants between 1988 and 2001. Firms’ self-selection into RC is instrumented using pollution-related regulatory pressure on firms that influences their probability of joining RC, but not plant-level accidents. The average treatment effect on the treated indicates that RC reduces the likelihood of accidents by 2.99 accidents per 100 plants in a given year. This 69.3% reduction in the likelihood of accidents, accounting for the plants that participate in RC, translates to back-of-the-envelope avoided losses of $0.8 billion to $3.8 billion per year. RC also reduces the likelihood of more narrowly-defined accidents, i.e., process safety accidents and accidents related to violations of RC codes, by 5.75 accidents per 100 plants in a given year or by 85.9%.
El Lope hegemónico y el Lope subalterno del tricentenario

The article proposes a fresh interpretation of the commemoration of the tercentenary of Lope de Vega (1935) arguing that ideologically separate intellectuals share a similar vision of Lope based on stressing extraliterary components and highlighting his symbolic role. This is the image of Lope that became hegemonic in 1935. But there is another perspective that claims to understand Lope primarily as a literary creator and seeks to strip him of instrumental readings.
New Options for the Lower Colorado River Basin

This paper proposes more flexible use of the water allocated to the Lower Basin states in the Colorado River basin.
Relational OLAP query optimization

In the era of big data, companies are collecting and analyzing massive amount of data to help making business decisions. The focus of Business intelligence has been moved from reporting and performance monitoring to ad-hoc analysis, data exploration and knowledge self-discovery, where the user's train of thought is important. Business intelligence system must provide real time multidimensional analytic ability over big data volumes in order to meet the demands. Relational OLAP technologies provide better support for user-driven analysis over big volumes of dynamic data. In-memory OLAP technologies enable real time analytics experience. Their combination is the new trend to provide real time multidimensional analytics over big data volumes. However, Relational OLAP and in-memory OLAP have their own shortcomings and challenges. Relational OLAP could cause non-optimal relational database access. It often has intensive I/O and CPU demands. The biggest challenge of In-memory OLAP is combinatorial explosion. Transferring huge amount of data into multi-dimensional cache (cube) not only very time consuming but also takes considerable amount of resources. Increasing hardware resources, employing distributed in-memory data store, or re-designing MDX engine used by ROLAP to adopt hard to implement algorisms, e.g. parallel computation, are typically ways to overcome the above challenges. Instead of those costly approaches, this paper discusses several techniques that provide a way to improve performance and scalability without piling up hardware resources or going through major re-architecture. These techniques have been implemented in IBM Cognos Business Analytics (BA) solution and have been bringing success to customers since then.
Organizational Strategies to Promote Research-Based Practice

Research-based practice is necessary for the consistent achievement of cost-effective, quality patient outcomes. Several organizational strategies can be implemented to facilitate research-based practice. These strategies, divided into six major categories and further organized at the individual, unit, and institutional levels, are believed to be most effective when comprehensively addressed and implemented.
Qualitative data: Cooking without a recipe

As researchers who often work with qualitative data, we are frequently asked to review qualitative papers and to speak about how to conduct qualitative research. Through these experiences, we have come to believe that there are prevalent misconceptions about the range of roles that qualitative data can play in research on strategic organization. Most frequently, an assumption is made that qualitative data should only be used in areas of nascent theory. Less frequently but equally problematically, an assumption is made that qualitative data should only be used when researchers are employing an interpretive perspective. We argue that these assumptions about the roles of qualitative data are excessively narrow and have led to several unfortunate consequences. For example, many authors justify their use of qualitative data by arguing that there is a lack of prior theory in their domain of interest – even when this is not the case and when they may be using qualitative data for other, entirely legitimate reasons. In our view, strategic organization is an eclectic domain that encompasses multiple theoretical approaches and levels of analysis, and that diversity can and should be reflected in the ways in which qualitative data are used. It is often observed that no cookbook or recipe exists for qualitative research (Bansal and Corley, 2011; Coffey and Atkinson, 1996; Maxwell, 2005; Pratt, 2009). To take the analogy further, we view qualitative data as an ingredient, like flour, that can be used in a creative and wide-ranging variety of ways. Our intended contribution in this essay is to explicate the multiple functions that qualitative research can play in studies of strategic organization, and in particular, to debunk what we view as myths regarding the circumstances in which qualitative data are valuable, and by extension, the criteria by which qualitative studies should be judged. Our goal is to offer a framework that is useful to authors when deciding whether and how to use qualitative data and to reviewers when evaluating qualitative work. We hope to move the field beyond its current state, which reminds us of a restaurant critic who disparages a perfectly good chocolate eclair because he was expecting a baguette. 452821 SOQ10310.1177/1476127012452821Graebner et al.Strategic Organization 2012
Fibrinolytic Activity of Hemolytic Streptococci from Scarlet Fever

ConclusionIn general, strains of hemolytic streptococci from complicated cases of scarlet fever are more actively fibrinolytic than strains from uncomplicated cases.
Responsiveness to α- and β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Effects of Race in Borderline Hypertensive Compared to Normotensive Men

The responsiveness of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors was assessed in 13 black and 13 white borderline hypertensive and normotensive men, matched for age and body mass. White borderline hypertensives showed significantly decreased responsiveness of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors and vascular beta 2-adrenergic receptors to intravenous isoproterenol. In contrast, black borderline hypertensives showed no evidence of decreased beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness. Vascular alpha 1-adrenergic receptor responsiveness, assessed by pressor response to phenylephrine, was unrelated to blood pressure, but was significantly greater in black than in white men. These preliminary observations suggest that there may be racial differences in adrenergic receptor mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Early- and Late-Onset Inherited Erythromelalgia

A genotype-phenotype relationship at the clinical, cellular and molecular levels is shown in a case of erythromelalgia of relatively late onset, in a study at Yale University School of Medicine, and centers in China.
344 COMPARING RESIDENT QUALITY OF LIFE BEFORE AND AFTER WORK RESTRICTIONS.

Purpose A monumental change in medical resident training occurred in July 2003 when the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented new guidelines restricting resident work hours. One of the factors involved in this decision was the perceived negative effect working long hours had on a resident9s quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to determine if work hour restrictions improved our residents9 quality of life. Methods A voluntary survey was given to internal medicine residents in the academic years of 1995-1996 and 2005-2006. Residents were asked to rate their own quality of life as well as that of the average medical resident and the average person now, the previous year, and the year to come on a 9-point Likert scale (1 being the best and 9 the worst.) A final question had residents select from several qualitative descriptions about their own quality of life. Answers from 1995 and 2005 were analyzed using means, standard errors, and a t-test. Results In 1995, 57 residents responded to this survey, giving a response rate of 71%; in 2005, 52 residents responded, giving a response rate of 67%. Our results showed no substantial difference in quality of life between our residents in 1995 and 2005 (1995 to 2005: current year 6.4 vs 6.2, previous year 6.0 vs 6.1, next year 7.3 vs 7.0). The results also showed that our 2005 residents perceived their QOL as better than the average medical resident (6.2 to 5.6) and rated average medical residents as worse than the average person (5.6 to 6.3). Other comparison groups showed that our residents9 QOL was better than a chronic pain patient, worse than a first-year medical student, and much better than a second-year medical student (6.2 to 4.8). Of interest, all groups thought that their QOL was not essentially different from the previous year (1995: 6.4 to 6.0, 2005: 6.2 to 6.1) but would be significantly better the next year (1995: 6.4 to 7.3, 2005: 6.2 to 7.0). Conclusions This study does not indicate a significant difference in our residents9 self-reported quality of life before and after the implementation of work hour restrictions. However, residents continue to feel optimistic regarding their future quality of life.
Using Research Evidence in Education: From the Schoolhouse Door to Capitol Hill, edited by Kara S. Finnigan and Alan J. Daly

Educators are sitting on more data and research than ever before. It is now possible for districts and states to track and correlate student demographics, teacher qualifications, school climate, an...
"Making Do": Adapting Transaction Systems to Organizational Needs.

Abstract Transaction systems are designed for processing high volume, repetitive tasks, such as filling orders and logging payments. Organizations typically purchase commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) products for these applications — products that are chosen with care and that offer cost savings over proprietary systems. Little, however, is known about how these systems are actually used within organizations. Designed for rapid data entry and task completion, they must also support cooperative aspects of work, such as exception handling and problem solving. This article describes a study of three organizations that use the same COTS product for providing customer service, as well as for processing transactions. Each organization was observed “making do” with systems designed for one application to meet their needs for other tasks.
Identifying western yellow-billed cuckoo breeding habitat with a dual modelling approach

Abstract The western population of the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) was recently listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act. Yellow-billed cuckoo conservation efforts require the identification of features and area requirements associated with high quality, riparian forest habitat at spatial scales that range from nest microhabitat to landscape, as well as lower-suitability areas that can be enhanced or restored. Spatially explicit models inform conservation efforts by increasing ecological understanding of a target species, especially at landscape scales. Previous yellow-billed cuckoo modelling efforts derived plant-community maps from aerial photography, an expensive and oftentimes inconsistent approach. Satellite models can remotely map vegetation features (e.g., vegetation density, heterogeneity in vegetation density or structure) across large areas with near perfect repeatability, but they usually cannot identify plant communities. We used aerial photos and satellite imagery, and a hierarchical spatial scale approach, to identify yellow-billed cuckoo breeding habitat along the Lower Colorado River and its tributaries. Aerial-photo and satellite models identified several key features associated with yellow-billed cuckoo breeding locations: (1) a 4.5 ha core area of dense cottonwood-willow vegetation, (2) a large native, heterogeneously dense forest (72 ha) around the core area, and (3) moderately rough topography. The odds of yellow-billed cuckoo occurrence decreased rapidly as the amount of tamarisk cover increased or when cottonwood-willow vegetation was limited. We achieved model accuracies of 75–80% in the project area the following year after updating the imagery and location data. The two model types had very similar probability maps, largely predicting the same areas as high quality habitat. While each model provided unique information, a dual-modelling approach provided a more complete picture of yellow-billed cuckoo habitat requirements and will be useful for management and conservation activities.
Regulation by Settlement

This article explores a recent development at the intersection of administrative law and financial regulation: the explosion in enforcement actions brought by federal agencies against financial institutions, and the exclusive resolution of those cases via settlement agreements that preclude meaningful judicial review. It argues that those practices have given rise to a distinct new form of policymaking, “regulation by settlement,” which has significant implications for both areas of the law. Regulation by settlement has two defining features. First, by pursuing settlements that target certain areas of the financial system on a comprehensive basis, agencies are able to leverage those agreements in a manner that effectively establishes novel legal standards of general applicability. Settlements are now a tool for setting policy in financial regulation. Second, the procedural posture of those settlements allows agencies to engage in a uniquely freewheeling style of policymaking, which sidesteps nearly all of the constraints that administrative law applies to more conventional forms of agency action. The article closes by considering normative issues raised by regulation by settlement, including questions concerning its consistency with rule of law values and efficiency from a cost-benefit perspective. It also reviews potential reforms, such as subjecting settlements to greater judicial scrutiny or presidential oversight. The broader contribution to the literature is to show how a richer understanding of the regulatory process can be gained by analyzing its public law and business law aspects in parallel.
A Literature Review of Retention and Recruitment Strategies of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUS) were initially founded with the aim of providing higher education to the African American Community. These institutions have progressed to grow and widened their scope to recruit diverse students. Currently, they recruit students from other races such as whites and Hispanics among others. However, there has been attrition in HBCUs. This study was conducted to explore strategies that HBCUs can use in the retention and recruitment of students. The methodology used was the critical literature review where various pieces of literature related to the topic were analyzed and reviewed.Â Results from the study indicated that the barriers to recruitment and retention include institutional financial difficulties, as well as studentsâ€™ social and educational backgrounds. The recruitment and retention strategies identified include enrollment management, student counseling services, promoting interaction among students, and soliciting grants among others.
Credible Underwriting and Reputation: Non-Contradiction of Higher IPO Underpricing

Suppose IPO underpricing increases with underwriters' reputation. This study demonstrates higher underpricing is compatible with higher credibility of underwriting by reputable underwriters. Consistent with stated inference, increase in valuation uncertainty risk, and severity of adverse selection problems induces greater dampening of IPO underpricing in populations of reputable underwriters. A formal model provides theoretical support for optimality of dampening of underpricing in response to increase in combination of adverse selection problems and valuation uncertainty risk. In presence of study findings, credibility of underwriting, equivalently reputation of underwriters cannot be unambiguously inferred from underpricing levels. Formal theory and empirical findings show a risk parameter derived from the Fama-French HML (high minus low book-to-market) factor is a good proxy for intertemporal variations in severity of adverse selection problems and valuation uncertainty risk.
Trading Power? A Theoretical Explanation for the Interplay between Cooperation and International Trade with Empirical Evidence

Oneal and Russett (1997, 1999); Maoz (2009); Hegre et al. (2010) states that the more bilateral trade, the more prone to cooperate countries will be. This paper challenges this premise, showing that this result is also dependent on the trade-off between politics and trade, from the countries’ point of view. It demonstrates that the higher benefits from trade, the more countries accept to empower rivals in the international system. As a result, we show increase the gains from trade lowers the incentives to align with a country that has diverse political interest. Moreover, as the salience of political issues vary, we witness heterogeneity in the effects of trade on the policy positions. This paper contributes by challenge, theoretically and empirically, one of the most solid literature strands in International Political Economy, the theory of liberal peace.
Channel/Beam Handoff Control in Multi-Beam Antenna Based Cognitive Radio Networks

A novel spectrum handoff scheme, called feature stacking (FEAST) is proposed to achieve the optimal “channel + beam” handoff (CBH) control in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) with multi-beam smart antennas. FEAST uses the online supervised learning based on the support vector machine to maximize the long-term quality of experience of user data. The spectrum handoff uses the mixed preemptive/non-preemptive M/G/1 queueing model with a discretion rule in each beam to overcome the interruptions from the primary users and to resolve the channel contentions among different classes of secondary users (SUs). A real-time CBH scheme is designed to allow the packets in an interrupted beam of a SU to be detoured through its neighboring beams, depending their available capacity and queue sizes. The proposed scheme adapts to the dynamic channel conditions and performs spectrum decision in time- and space-varying CRN conditions. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our CBH-based packet detouring scheme, and show that the proposed FEAST-based spectrum decision can adapt to the complex channel conditions and improves the quality of real-time data transmissions compared to the conventional spectrum handoff schemes.
How Do We Relate with Care

The theory of ethical care, as articulated by Nel Noddings (2003), explains in moral terms, the essence of interpersonal relations.ix When placed in the context of teacher preparation, care theoryx argues that how supervisors help beginning teachers learn the art of relationship building holds moral implications for supervisors, beginning teachers, and the students in their classes.
Approximate symbolic models for control

This chapter continues the generalization from exact to approximate similarity, now in the context of symbolic models for control. We discuss approximate feedback composition and refinement, and show how the techniques developed in Chapter 10 can be suitably extended to control systems and switched affine systems. Nonlinear extensions of these results are presented as special topics.
Analyzing backlash: Feminist standpoint theory as analytical tool

Abstract Conceiving feminist standpoint theory as an analytical tool rather than as an epistemological doctrine, this article investigates the merits of this methodological approach for fostering an understanding of backlash politics and for identifying emancipatory political objectives in the late 20th century. The article examines competing theoretical accounts of affirmative action and welfare “reform” advanced by conservative women, liberal feminists, socialist feminists, black feminists, and postmodern feminists in order to make backlash more intelligible, to understand the forces that fuel it, and to devise strategies that empower women to resist oppression. By comparing these competing theoretical standpoints, the article also explores the contributions and limitations of standpoint theory as an analytical tool and as a method to engage pressing political issues.
3-D Sensing for Robot Vision

Machine vision is becoming an integral part of advanced manufacturing systems. Most of the systems presently in use are 2-D. Future vision systems will involve a more direct measure of 3-D information. This paper reviews some popular techniques used in 3-D sensing for robot vision. Basic theory of triangulation and laser beam propagation properties are presented along with typical industrial applications.
Endoderm and cardiogenesis new insights.

Classic studies of vertebrate heart development have implicated the endoderm in an inductive role, based on its ability to induce rhythmic beating in explants of presumptive heart mesoderm. Recent experiments, aided by the use of heart-specific molecular markers, have defined discrete phases of cardiogenesis that depend on endodermal signals for functional contractility. In addition, the ability of the endoderm to generate a beating heart from tissues fated to form other cell types suggests that endoderm may also be involved in the initial specification of the early heart field.
Pseudo-aligned multilingual corpora

In machine translation, document alignment refers to finding correspondences between documents which are exact translations of each other. We define pseudo-alignment as the task of finding topical--as opposed to exact--correspondences between documents in different languages. We apply semisupervised methods to pseudo-align multilingual corpora. Specifically, we construct a topic-based graph for each language. Then, given exact correspondences between a subset of documents, we project the unaligned documents into a shared lower-dimensional space. We demonstrate that close documents in this lower-dimensional space tend to share the same topic. This has applications in machine translation and cross-lingual information analysis. Experimental results show that pseudo-alignment of multilingual corpora is feasible and that the document alignments produced are qualitatively sound. Our technique requires no linguistic knowledge of the corpus. On average when 10% of the corpus consists of exact correspondences, an on-topic correspondence occurs within the top 5 foreign neighbors in the lower-dimensional space while the exact correspondence occurs within the top 10 foreign neighbors in this this space. We also show how to substantially improve these results with a novel method for incorporating language-independent information.
Safety, Health and Environmental Regulatory Affairs for Colorants used in the Plastics Industry

ABSTRACT The subject of safety, health and environmental affairs is today so volatile and capable of change, that it is anticipated that some of the following information will be obsolete in the months following this publication. This paper then presents only a “snapshot” of the state of affairs existing at the time of writing, and not perceived as a static treatise on a most dynamic topic.
Relaxation of One-Dimensional Variational Problems

This introductory chapter gives a brief review of nonconvex variational problems. We examine stability of solutions to one-dimensional extremal problems associated with ordinary differential equations. The reader familiar with nonconvex variational problems can skip this chapter. However, this material is necessary to understand the one-dimensional analogue of the multidimensional ill-posed problems that are in the focus of this book.
Engaging Communities to Enhance Physical Activity Among Urban Youth

As part of a USDA multi-year grant, this project has used community-based participatory strategies to help overcome barriers to eating more fruits and vegetables and increasing physical activity, and ultimately sparking youth to create healthy communities for a lifetime. The project supports teams of community and school partners in limited income neighborhoods. Obesity is a multifaceted, complex problem, but a sedentary lifestyle is a major contributor to this national health issue. Approximately one-third of children nationwide are overweight or obese; and minority children and those with a low socioeconomic status have the highest prevalence rates. Urban youth have been shown to be less physically active than rural youth. Supportive physical activity environments (understood as the geography, observations, and perceptions of features such as recreational facilities, sidewalks, bike lanes, traffic patterns, etc.) have been positively associated with adolescent physical activity behaviors within urban settings. As part of a socio-ecological intervention to improve physical activity behavior, the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), the Active Neighborhood Checklist (ANC), and focus groups to assess the physical activity influences within an urban middle school and surrounding community were completed. The assessments suggested that lack of parks, lack of walkability in the streets, perceptions of crime, lack of school programs, and parental and peer influences were all barriers to physical activity opportunities. The ANC, PARA and focus groups each added valuable information for program planning to improve adolescent physical activity behavior. From our initial experiences, environmental audits and focus groups are relatively easy to conduct by Extension professionals, working in partnership with a school and community team, and support a socio-ecological approach to improving physical activity with an urban setting.
Glutamate-Glutamine Transfer and Chronic Stress-Induced Sex Differences in Cocaine Responses.

Abstract Substance use disorders (SUD) often co-occur with other mental disorders such as major depression (MD). Our previous findings revealed sex-dependent changes in extracellular levels of glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in Long–Evans rats that were exposed to 21 days of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), which models MD. The current study investigated the role of a Gln transporter called sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter subtype 1/2 (SNAT 1/2), phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), and astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) on CSDS animals exposed to cocaine. Before cocaine exposure, CSDS males already showed decreased levels of SNAT 1/2 in the NAc and prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to non-CSDS controls. The reduction in SNAT 1/2 levels was associated with an increase in Gln localization in the mitochondrial outer membrane in accumbal glutamatergic nerve terminals projecting from the PFC. CSDS females showed increased GLT-1 levels in the NAc and PFC compared to non-CSDS controls. Both acute and repeated cocaine exposure attenuated locomotor responses in CSDS males but increased those in CSDS females. Cocaine reduced SNAT 1/2 levels in the NAc but increased them in the PFC in CSDS males. Additionally, both PAG and GLT-1 levels were increased in the PFC in CSDS males. On the other hand, cocaine reduced SNAT 1/2 and GLT-1 levels in the NAc and PFC in CSDS females. Our results show that CSDS altered locomotor responses upon cocaine exposure in a sex-dependent manner that may be mediated by molecules associated with the Glu-Gln transfer.
The Meaning of Cross-Country Skiing for Persons with Significant Visual Impairment: A Phenomenological Study

This study examines the meaning of adaptive snow skiing for individuals with significant visual impairment, and explores how hardiness manifests in the contexts in which participants live and recreate. Seidman’s (2013) iterative three-part interviewing method was employed with five adults (three female, two male) from an adaptive cross-country skiing program in the northeast. Findings suggested three major themes. Participants (a) found meaning in being with others and having opportunities to develop relationships with other individuals who had significant visual impairment; (b) valued the freedom of being in the outdoors, the freedom of movement, and the independence that skiing provided; and (c) placed importance on the equality they experienced in their ski experiences and acknowledged the significance of others’ recognition of this equality. Participants’ hardiness was expressed similarly throughout their early lives and skiing experiences, suggesting that hardiness may be developed early on in life and is likely enhanced through recreation experiences. Implications for ways in which community-based therapeutic recreation (TR) programs can respond to the needs of individuals with significant visual impairment are discussed. Subscribe to TRJ
Function of local circuits in the hippocampal dentate gyrus-CA3 system.

Abstract Anatomical observations, theoretical work and lesioning experiments have supported the idea that the CA3 in the hippocampus is important for encoding, storage and retrieval of memory while the dentate gyrus (DG) is important for the pattern separation of the incoming inputs from the entorhinal cortex. Study of the presumed function of the dentate gyrus in pattern separation has been hampered by the lack of reliable methods to identify different excitatory cell types in the DG. Recent papers have identified different cell types in the DG, in awake behaving animals, with more reliable methods. These studies have revealed each cell type’s spatial representation as well as their involvement in pattern separation. Moreover, chronic electrophysiological recording from sleeping and waking animals also provided more insights into the operation of the DG-CA3 system for memory encoding and retrieval. This article will review the local circuit architectures and physiological properties of the DG-CA3 system and discuss how the local circuit in the DG-CA3 may function, incorporating recent physiological findings in the DG-CA3 system.
337) Medical Comorbidities in a Fibromyalgia Community Sample

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread pain. This study examines the history of common medical conditions in a community sample of women with or without FM, exploring patterns of comorbidity that may suggest common mechanisms and/or presence of medical conditions that may explain FM symptoms. Data from a community sample of women screened for the presence or absence of widespread pain in New York and New Jersey (FM+ n=158, FM- n=624) were used. FM was assessed using 1990 ACR criteria (reported 4-quadrant pain and 11+ exam tender points). History of other medical conditions was determined via self-report. Chi square was used to test differences in frequency of lifetime conditions between FM+ and FM- women. In preliminary analyses, the top 3 medical conditions reported by all women were low back pain, tension headaches and migraine. All were significantly higher among FM+ women (p
Developing extrapolated pressure level maps from firearms

This paper describes the development of spatial maps for both peak and A-weighted equivalent sound levels from various firearms, as measured with different spatial resolutions. Two outdoor datasets that adhered to the MIL-STD-1474E weapon noise measurement standard are considered. First is an extensive measurement of the M16A4 rifle at U.S. Marine Corps Base Quantico that included several shooter configurations and a circular measurement arc with 15-deg spacing and 3.67 m radius [R. D. Rasband et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 1935 (2018)]. Second is a measurement of many different firearms using an array with 30-deg spacing and 3.0 m radius, performed in Rudyard Michigan [W.J. Murphy et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 1905 (2012)]. Using these levels and conservative estimates based on spherical spreading and symmetry, level maps are created based on shooter position, weapon used, and number of shots fired. The fidelity of the extrapolation procedure and possible future improvements is discussed. [Work supported by ONR, WTB Quantico, and AFRL through ORISE.]
Patient-specific parameter estimates of glioblastoma multiforme growth dynamics from a model with explicit birth and death rates.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer with a grim prognosis. Its morphology is heterogeneous, but prototypically consists of an inner, largely necrotic core surrounded by an outer, contrast-enhancing rim, and often extensive tumor-associated edema beyond. This structure is usually demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To help relate the three highly idealized components of GBMs (i.e., necrotic core, enhancing rim, and maximum edema extent) to the underlying growth "laws, " a mathematical model of GBM growth with explicit motility, birth, and death processes is proposed. This model generates a traveling-wave solution that mimics tumor progression. We develop several novel methods to approximate key characteristics of the wave profile, which can be compared with MRI data. Several simplified forms of growth and death terms and their parameter identifiability are studied. We use several test cases of MRI data of GBM patients to yield personalized parameterizations of the model, and the biological and clinical implications are discussed.
Sense (Scents) of South Africa

This paper presents a brief description of some of the author’s perceptions of the land, of physiotherapy education and practice and of the struggle of the nation of South Africa acquired during a 4 week visit in late spring 1997. One week was spent in Cape Town participating in several venues at the International Congress of the South African Society of Physiotherapy. Three weeks were spent at the University of the Witswatersrand in Johannesburg presenting a course in qualitative research to health care colleagues representing the disciplines of physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech pathology and occupational health. During the time in Johannesburg several health care facilities were visited including Baragwanath Hospital, Natal Hospital and the Wits Rural Facility and Tinswalo Hospital at Acornhoek.
Merging Asymmetric [1,2]-Additions of Lithium Acetylides to Carbonyls with Type II Anion Relay Chemistry

An enantioselective three-component coupling reaction has been developed, enabling the union of a variety of lithium acetylides and electrophiles exploiting an achiral linchpin via an anionic react...
Impact of acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic exposure on hospital length of stay.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common occurrence among hospitalized children and leads to increased mortality and prolonged length of stay (LOS) in critically ill patients. Few studies have examined the impact of AKI on LOS for common pediatric conditions. We hypothesized that a diagnosis of AKI would be associated with a longer hospital LOS and increased exposure to nephrotoxic medications for all patients. We performed a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 34 children’s hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database from 1/2009 through 12/2013. Patients were grouped based on primary discharge diagnosis, number of days spent in an intensive care unit, and assignment of a secondary diagnostic code for AKI. Median LOS was compared among different patient groupings. Exposure to commonly used nephrotoxic medications was collected for each admission. A total of 588,884 admissions from 423,337 patients were included in the analysis. The median LOS among non-critically ill patients with and without AKI was 5 days [95% CI 3–10] versus 2 days [95% CI 1–4], respectively. Among critically ill patients, median LOS for those with and without AKI was 12 days [95% CI 7–20] versus 4 days [95% CI 2–7], respectively. Patients who developed AKI were more likely to have significant nephrotoxic exposure. Development of AKI was associated with longer hospital length of stay and increased nephrotoxic medication exposure for all diagnostic categories. Non-critically ill children with AKI were hospitalized the same length or longer than critically ill children without AKI.
37 – Anticholinergic Bronchodilators

Publisher Summary Cholinergic bronchomotor activity can be reflexly augmented by a variety of stimuli through the neural pathways. In human airways, the bulk of efferent autonomic nerves are cholinergic. Branches of the vagus nerve travel along the airways and synapse at peribronchial ganglia, from which short postganglionic nerves travel to smooth muscle cells and mucous glands, predominantly in the central airways. A low level of cholinergic, vagal (bronchomotor) tone can be recorded in the resting state in experimental animals but can be considerably augmented in response to a variety of stimuli. Anticholinergic agents compete with acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. This inhibits tonic and phasic cholinergic activity, thereby permitting the airways to dilate. They neither inhibit other mediators or mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction nor affect the numerous other mechanisms of airway obstruction in abnormal states, such as asthma. Abolition of cholinergic activity by anticholinergic agents usually produces a degree of bronchodilatation but rarely entirely reverses airflow limitation. Thus, it can be assumed that vagal activity accounts for only a part of the airflow obstruction in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Best practice statements and recommendations for caring for critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Source Citation Alhazzani W, Moller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Crit Care Med. 20...