cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Susceptibility of Normal and Transformed Human Leukocytes to Hydrolytic Attack by Secretory Phospholipase A2

Previous experiments with cultured lymphoma cells demonstrated that secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) distinguishes healthy cells from those that are dying by apoptosis or necrosis. This distinction depends on cell membrane properties including the amount of negative charge at the bilayer surface and the strength of interactions among neighboring phospholipids. These results raised two important questions. 1) Does the enzyme's ability to distinguish healthy and dying cells apply to normal human leukocytes? 2) Does sPLA2 differentiate between normal and tumor cells? These questions were addressed by comparing membrane properties and susceptibility to hydrolysis among cultured transformed leukocytes and freshly-isolated human neutrophils and lymphocytes. Membrane properties were assessed by flow cytometry, merocyanine 540 fluorescence spectra, trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene fluorescence anisotropy, and two-photon scanning microscopy with laurdan. Similar to the behavior of transformed cells, normal human leukocytes resisted hydrolysis by sPLA2. Upon addition of a calcium ionophore, ionomycin, the cells became vulnerable to hydrolysis, again analogous to the results observed with tumor cells. However, several important quantitative distinctions were observed. First, the various types of normal leukocytes responded differently to the enzyme; lymphocytes exhibited significantly greater rates of hydrolysis by sPLA2 compared to granulocytes. Second, hydrolysis was substantially slower in normal cells compared to transformed cells. Third, the time required for ionomycin to induce cells to be attacked by sPLA2 was greater in normal compared to transformed cells. Likewise, changes in membrane physical properties following ionomycin treatment were more subtle in normal cells than they were in transformed cells. These results suggest the possibility that sPLA2 could function as a therapeutic ally during cancer chemotherapy to assist with the demise of tumor cells.
Cardiopulmonary arrest in pregnancy

Abstract During maternal cardiopulmonary arrest the physiologic adaptations of pregnancy and tendency toward hypoxia in the presence of apnea make it the presence of apnea make it more difficult to resuscitate the mother. Successful resuscitation of the mother and infant depend on proper initial management of cardiopulmonary arrest and pregnancy-required modifications to emergency cardiac care. This article provides an overview of the physiology and techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the effect of pregnancy on CPR, and the role of perimortem cesarean in maternal and neonatal survival.
DNA Fingerprints of Streptococcus pyogenes Are M Type Specific

DNA from group A streptococci of various M and T types was cleaved with endonucleases to produce a DNA fingerprint. Comparison of DNA fingerprints proved to be a very useful tool for studying the epidemiology of isolates from various outbreaks of streptococcal disease. Patterns of DNA fragments from HindIII digests of samples of total DNA were conserved among strains of the same M serotype yet were easily distinguished from those of different M serotypes. Different M types were associated with specific restriction enzyme profiles. DNA fingerprints of strains of the same M type were stable enough to establish a clonal relationship between strains obtained from an isolated outbreak of disease or strains endogenous to people geographically isolated by continent. Strains of the same serotype from different continents had very similar, but distinguishable, restriction profiles. Those strains unable to be typed with standard typing sera were also amenable to comparison because they yielded unique fingerprints.
Spatial distribution of defect luminescence in GaN nanowires.

The spatial distribution of defect-related and band-edge luminescence from GaN nanowires grown by metal−organic chemical vapor deposition was studied by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy. A surface layer exhibiting strong yellow luminescence (YL) near 566 nm in the nanowires was revealed, compared to weak YL in the bulk. In contrast, other defect-related luminescence near 428 nm (blue luminescence) and 734 nm (red luminescence), in addition to band-edge luminescence (BEL) at 366 nm, were observed in the bulk of the nanowires but were largely absent at the surface. As the nanowire width approaches a critical dimension, the surface YL layer completely quenches the BEL. The surface YL is attributed to the diffusion and piling up of mobile point defects, likely isolated gallium vacancies, at the surface during growth.
The Fear of Death and the Fear of Dying

(1969). The Fear of Death and the Fear of Dying. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 179-181.
A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS : A BLACK WOMAN'S PERCEPTIONS OF BREAST CANCER RISKS AND EARLY BREAST CANCER DETECTION

The oncology nurse's role in breast cancer management is enhanced by knowledge of the patient's perceptions of risks. This case study elucidates the process by which perceived risks of breast cancer are embedded in sequences of biographic experiences including childhood sexual abuse, childhood injuries, and an abusive marriage. The case study shows that risk perceptions and subsequent delayed breast cancer detection is related to (a) a belief that breast cancer results from "bad luck, or fate"; (b) lack of cancer-related symptoms; (c) belief that a higher power determines ill health; (d) reluctance to turn to others for help while in an abusive marriage; (e) family history of cancer invulnerability since generations of family members died of diabetes, heart disease, and pregnancy-related illnesses; and (f) fear of gynecologic exams resulting from childhood sexual abuse. Furthermore, nonapplicability of traditional breast cancer risk factors such as heredity, age older than 30 years at first full-term pregnancy, early menarche, and late menopause prohibit an accurate assessment of self-risk. This case study suggests that breast cancer risk perception often differs from that of biomedical factors, and that an understanding of risk judgments is essential for appropriate therapeutic responses.
Computer Scientists at the Biology Lab Bench

We present the development, implementation and evaluation of a new team-taught introductory computer science course focused on the topic of bioinformatics. Our course is unique when compared to other bioinformatics and interdisciplinary (biology and computer science) courses taught to undergraduates. Instead of analyzing data provided to them, students collect their own data at the biology lab bench and then analyze their data utilizing various bioinformatics tools in the computer lab. In addition, while other bioinformatics classes focus on programming, our course introduces other computer science topics relevant to the biological problems under investigation such as artificial intelligence, networks and databases. Our approach resulted in students acquiring an appreciation for how biology and computer science function synergistically.
Thrombocytopenia in preeclampsia: Associated abnormalities and management principles

Severe thrombocytopenia, abnormal liver function, and renal dysfunction may occur as manifestations of preeclampsia. Failure to recognize that this cluster of abnormalities represents a form of preeclampsia may result in erroneous initial diagnoses. Management of 13 such patients has shown a direct correlation between the degree of thrombocytopenia and the measures of liver dysfunction. Platelet counts and liver functions improved prior to delivery in five patients treated with corticosteroids. Management should be directed toward investigation and correction of deranged physiology and appropriate monitoring of maternal-feto-placental status. Early delivery is indicated in patients with progressive thrombocytopenia and in those with evidence of fetal maturity or distress. Provided that the disease process remains stable, consideration should be given in cases of fetal immaturity, to the use of betamethasone therapy. The occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia in 20% of neonates should be a consideration in selecting the mode of delivery.
Escape latencies at three levels of electric shock in rats with amygdaloid lesions

Amygdalectomized Ss escaped more rapidly than control Ss at three US intensities. This seemed to result from a greater reluctance of control Ss to enter a compartment where they were previously shocked. The responses of amygdalectomized Ss, once established, were also very insensitive to changes in US intensity.
Calculation of the bit-error ratio in wavelength-division-multiplexed return-to-zero systems when the nonlinear penalty is dominated collision-induced timing jitter

We analyze the accuracy of a simple approach for calculating the BER in WDM-RZ systems, where the principal nonlinear impairment is collision-induced timing jitter. This approach produces BERs that are accurate to within one order of magnitude.
Effects of gonadectomy and steroid treatment on plasma gonadotropins and the response of superfused pituitaries to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the turtle Sternotherus odoratus.

Abstract Gonadectomized (gonadex) turtles, Sternotherus odoratus , had significantly elevated plasma FSH, but LH was less consistently affected. Estradiol (E 2 )-implants suppressed plasma FSH in gonadex females but not in males; testosterone (T) partially suppressed FSH in males. In contrast, E 2 -treatment markedly suppressed pituitary LH content and in vitro LH secretion in gonadex and intact turles (inhibitory effects of E 2 were less in intact than ovariectomized females). These steroid effects were relatively specific for gonadotropin; pituitary TSH content was not altered. In vitro , pituitary LH secretion responded to doses of GnRH ≥ 1 ng/ml and LH output remained elevated for at least 3 hr of continuous superfusion with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In general, gonadectomy elevated pituitary responsiveness to GnRH while E 2 and T suppressed this responsiveness; the effects of E 2 are greater in gonadectomized than intact turtles. Thus, negative gonadal feed-back appears to be involved in the secretion of gonadotropins in turtles, and steroidal actions may be partly due to suppression of pituitary hormone content and responsiveness to GnRH.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine versus protracted infusion 5-fluorouracil for rectal cancer: A matched-pair analysis

Purpose: To retrospectively compare the acute toxicity, pathologic response, relapse rates, and survival in rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy (RT) and either concurrent capecitabine or concurrent protracted infusion 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: Between June 2001 and February 2004, 89 patients with nonmetastatic rectal adenocarcinoma were treated with preoperative RT and concurrent capecitabine, followed by mesorectal excision. These patients were individually matched by clinical T and N stage (as determined by endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans) with 89 control patients treated with preoperative RT and concurrent protracted infusion 5-FU between September 1997 and August 2002. Results: In each group, 5 patients (6%) had Grade 3–4 toxicity during chemoradiotherapy. The pathologic complete response rate was 21% with capecitabine and 12% with protracted infusion 5-FU ( p = 0.19). Of the 89 patients in the capecitabine group and 89 in the 5-FU group, 46 (52%) and 55 (62%), respectively, had downstaging of the T stage after chemoradiotherapy ( p = 0.20). The estimated 3-year local control ( p = 0.15), distant control ( p = 0.86), and overall survival ( p = 0.12) rate was 94.4%, 86.3%, and 89.8% for patients treated with capecitabine and 98.6%, 86.6%, and 96.4% for patients treated with protracted infusion 5-FU, respectively. Conclusion: Preoperative concurrent capecitabine and concurrent protracted infusion 5-FU were both well tolerated, with similar, low rates of Grade 3–4 acute toxicity. No significant differences were seen in the pathologic response, local and distant recurrence, or overall survival among patients treated with preoperative RT and concurrent capecitabine compared with those treated with RT and concurrent protracted infusion 5-FU.
Traumatic thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis: An occupational hazard

Several cases of thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis (TSDVP) have been reported in the literature. Etiologies may include any of the following: trauma associated with vigorous sexual intercourse; penile strangulation caused by a multitude of entities; penile injection; infection; neoplasm; or surgery. We report a rare case of traumatic TSDVP in a cab driver following repeated injury to the penis by a coin-filled pouch. We review the etiologies, mechanism, and treatment of traumatic TSDVP, and attempt to identify men who may be at similar occupational risk.
Adaptive plug-and-play components for evolutionary software development

In several works on design methodologies, design patterns, and programming language design, the need for program entities that capture the patterns of collaboration between several classes has been recognized. The idea is that in general the unit of reuse is not a single class, but a slice of behavior affecting a set of collaborating classes. The absence of large-scale components for expressing these collaborations makes object-oriented programs more difficult to maintain and reuse, because functionality is spread over several methods and it becomes difficult to get the "big picture". In this paper, we propose Adaptive Plug and Play Components to serve this need. These components are designed such that they not only facilitate the construction of complex software by making the collaborations explicit, but they do so in a manner that supports the evolutionary nature of both structure and behavior.
Electron nuclear double resonance signals from three ingredients of coal

ELECTRON spin resonance (ESR) spectra from coals were first reported in 19541–3. Since then many ESR studies on coals have been conducted, and the signals have been shown to arise from free radicals4,5. Recently Kevan et al. studied coals using the electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique6. They detected a single-peak signal at the free proton frequency, thus providing the first direct evidence that the environments of radicals in coals contain hydrogen atoms. We report here on ENDOR signals from three ingredients which were separated out from a coal sample. The ENDOR signal from each ingredient is substantially different from that of the other ingredients. In addition, a proton hyperfine structure (hfs) was experimentally resolved, probably for the first time, for a radical in one ingredient of a coal sample.
Identical twins with Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome and neural tube defect

tients in detail from three families who did not have manifestations compatible with Stickler syndrome nor did relatives. These authors along with Galil et al. [ 19911 suggested that the distinguishing phenotypic changes of WZS include short stature with rhizomelic proportions at birth, improvement in growth after age 3 years, lack of joint deformity in later childhood, and autosomal recessive inheritance. Abnormalities of brain structure were not present in any of the children with the exception of an infant reported by Dinno et al. [1976] who had hydrocephalus and a small occipital encephalocele. This individual also had other abnormalities which are not typical of WZS and may have a separate, but radiographically similar, disorder. We describe identical male twins with small size at birth, midface flatness, prominent eyes, brachycephaly, and rhizomelic proportions with radiographic abnormalities consistent with WZS. Twin B had a large, high parietal-occipital meningoencephalocele, while a small meningocele was identified by MRI scan at a similar site in Twin A. These twins provide evidence that central nervous system abnormalities may be associated with the WZS.
Gangrene of an extremity in a newborn infant

Summary A case is reported of gangrene of the left lower leg and foot, which appeared about the thirteenth postnatal day. Blood serologic tests for syphilis were negative on the parents. The infant's blood serologic tests for syphilis were negative on repetition, following a moderately positive reaction in the first blood sample. A roentgenogram examination of the legs was negative for bony displacement but indicative of congenital syphilis. Histamine tests showed a circulatory efficiency of the nongangrenous leg which was distinctly below normal. Blood sugar, blood coagulation, blood counts, and urinalysis, as well as body temperature and other clinical observations, deviated so slightly from the normal that they were not considered as positive evidence to the solution of this unsolved problem. Pathologic and bacteriologic studies were inconclusive. A survey of the literature was made in which twenty-five reported cases were reviewed. Analysis of the data reported suggested that the etiologic factors were at present obscure. Trauma, infected or noninfected embolism, constricting amniotic bands, and angiospasm, may all play a part.
Integrating educational technology with a limited support staff

University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) faculty have committed to a broad use of educational technology; from offering wholly online courses to replacing or supplementing classroom instruction. For the last six years UNMC has supported this faculty commitment with the funding of Learning Environment & Internet Services (LEIS), a unit of Information Technology Services. The LEIS team consists of twelve members, ranging in skills sets from Instructional Designer to WWW Technical Specialist. The team provides consultation design and technical support through an empowerment model.
Recurrence formulas for fully exponentially correlated four-body wave functions

Formulas are presented for the recursive generation of four-body integrals in which the integrand consists of arbitrary integer powers $(\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{-}1)$ of all the interparticle distances ${r}_{ij}$, multiplied by an exponential containing an arbitrary linear combination of all the ${r}_{ij}$. These integrals are generalizations of those encountered using Hylleraas basis functions and include all that are needed to make energy computations on the Li atom and other four-body systems with a fully exponentially correlated Slater-type basis of arbitrary quantum numbers. The only quantities needed to start the recursion are the basic four-body integral first evaluated by Fromm and Hill plus some easily evaluated three-body ``boundary'' integrals. The computational labor in constructing integral sets for practical computations is less than when the integrals are generated using explicit formulas obtained by differentiating the basic integral with respect to its parameters. Computations are facilitated by using a symbolic algebra program (MAPLE) to compute array index pointers and present syntactically correct FORTRAN source code as output; in this way it is possible to obtain error-free high-speed evaluations with minimal effort. The work can be checked by verifying sum rules the integrals must satisfy.
Thalassemia: Recent insights into molecular mechanisms

Recent advances in defining the molecular basis for the thalassemia syndromes are discussed. We now realize that the causes of the thalassemia phenotype are diverse and include gene deletions, nuclear RNA processing defects, nonsense mutations, fusion genes, termination codon mutants, and unstable globin chains.
Dynamic Simulations of Atmospheric-Entry Capsules

Viscous free-oscillation simulations with theOVERFLOW solver are used to predict the aerodynamic behavior of nonlifting capsule shapes in the supersonic-speed regime. Computations using hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier– Stokes turbulence models are examined for two novel atmospheric-entry capsule configurations: an idealized inflatable decelerator concept and the Orion crew module. The simulation results are validated against nonlinear aerodynamic models determined from free-flight ballistic-range data analysis. For the Orion crew module, two separatemethods of reducing identical range data, alongwith commonmodels tested in separate range facilities, are included. The computations demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of dynamic simulations for developing a nonlinear aerodynamic performance database. Analysis indicates that the typical nonlinear bluff-body behavior is characterized by a rate-dependent dynamic response, which is not currently accounted for in common aerodynamic models.
Carbon dioxide laser treatment of chronic actinic cheilitis

The carbon dioxide laser in both conventional and superpulsed modes was used to treat 13 patients with chronic actinic cheilitis. The procedure was well tolerated. Focal, but not functionally restricting, scarring developed in three patients. The cosmetic result was otherwise excellent. No recurrences have been noted.
Massive MIMO-OFDM indoor visible light communication system downlink architecture design

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique is now used in most new broadband communication system, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is also utilized within current 4 th generation (4G) of mobile telecommunication technology. With MIMO and OFDM combined, visible light communication (VLC) system’s diversity gain is increase, yet system capacity for dispersive channels is also enhanced. Moreover, with the emerging massive MIMO-OFDM VLC system, there are significant advantages than smaller systems’ such as channel hardening, further increasing of energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) based on law of large number. This paper addresses one of the major technological challenges, system architecture design, which was solved by semispherical beehive structure (SBS) receiver and so that diversity gain can be identified and applied in Massive MIMO VLC system. Simulation results shows that the proposed design clearly presents a spatial diversity over conventional VLC systems.
CONVENTIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO HYBRIDIZATION AND INBREEDING RESEARCH IN THE OYSTER

Experimental manipulation of oyster eggs and cleavages is being used to support conventional research on inbreeding and hybridization. Twelve crosses of foundation stock in the commercial American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) were made to establish traditional full-sib lines. In an experimental approach to producing inbreds some parthenogenesis was observed in eggs stimulated with spawned oyster sperm that had been X-irradiated at doses ranging from 10,000 R to 225,000 R. Geographic and interspecific hybrid crosses with C. virginica have been made. The performance of hybrid larvae stressed with abnormally high and low temperatures was tested. Generally, there was better survival and growth of C. virginica geographic hybrids than of interspecific hybrids with C. gigas. Overall, however, there was better survival and growth of local controls in both experimental hybrid crosses and those crosses made specifically for testing the response of larvae to stress. Cytogenetic data suggested normal fertilization and meiosis in these hybrid crosses. The feasibility of controlling mass fertilization by temporarily inhibiting fertilization in spawning groups intended for hybridization was investigated using EDTA.
Changing durations of southern resident killer whale (Orcinus orca) discrete calls between two periods spanning 28 years

Killer whales vocalize in order to navigate, forage, communicate, and engage in social behavior. The sounds made by killer whales are classified into three types of vocalizations: clicks, whistles, and discrete calls. Discrete calls are pulsed calls that have been categorized into stereotyped call types (Ford 1987). Discrete calls are easily differentiated by the human ear and also provide a unique spectrographic structure. Discrete call usage in killer whales of the eastern North Pacific represents one case in which long-term studies of underwater acoustic communication are available. There are several distinct populations of killer whales that use the inland waters of British Columbia and Washington. This study focuses on the fish-eating Southern Resident population that utilizes the waters off the southern end of Vancouver Island. The Southern Residents comprise three pods ( J-, K-, and L-Pods) that, as of July 2009, totaled 85 animals (Center for Whale Research 2009). The Southern Resident population is currently listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in the United States (as of 2005) and the Species at Risk Act in Canada (as of 2003). A standard catalogue of the 25 discrete call types used by Southern Residents has been developed (Ford 1987). Each call type has an alphanumeric designation made up of a letter that denotes the community of whales that produce that call and an arbitrary number that indicates the order in which the call was first identified. “S” is the prefix for the 25 call types and their associated subtypes made by Southern Residents (Ford 1987). In general, vocalizations can vary in multiple parameters, such as call rate, frequency, amplitude, or duration, and these parameters can change for many reasons. The factors influencing vocalization parameters vary between species and between vocalizations. For example, the calls of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) are known to undergo maturational effects ( Jones and Ransome 1993), whereas the vocalizations of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) vary with seasonality (Rouget et al. 2007). On a more rapid timescale, changing behavioral contexts are known to influence the parameters of vocalizations in species like bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) ( Janik and Slater 1998). On a more prolonged timescale, factors in the social environment, such as group membership, will lead to changes in call
Hyponormal operators with finite rank self-commutators and quadrature domains

This paper studies some classes of pure hyponormal operators with finite rank self-commutators satisfying the condition that their spectra are unions of a finite collection of the closures of quadrature domains.
Practical Guidelines for Estimation of Rest Area Use on Rural Interstates and Arterial Highways

Rest areas perform a critical role in the highway network. These areas provide passenger vehicle occupants and heavy vehicle operators with an opportunity to use a restroom, walk around, stop for a meal, sleep for a period of time, or even pause to use a cellular phone. These activities also have a direct impact on the various aspects of rest area planning and design. Existing guidance for rest area planning and design is largely based on national trends, which may not represent patterns of use in rural states. This paper presents a series of practical guidelines that may be used in the design and rehabilitation of rest area facilities, particularly those in rural areas. The guidance was developed by the use of empirical observations of rest area use at 44 study sites in the state of Montana. Given the amount of data collected and used in this research, it is reasonable to expect that the guidelines developed are representative of a significant proportion of existing and future rest area sites in rural lo...
Discrete single-domain and pseudo-single-domain titanomagnetite particles in silicic glass of an ash-flow tuff

Single-domain and pseudo-single-domain titanium-poor magnetite grains are present in silicic vitrophyre glass of an ash-flow tuff from western Nevada. Conventional transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy corroborate inferences, made solely from rock magnetic and remanence data, that the thermoremanent magnetization in the vitrophyre is carried by such grains. The magnetite grains vary in size, shape, and distribution throughout the glass. They probably crystal lized during violent eruption and welding of the ash flow, at temperatures well in excess of 600 °C.
Use of a Quality Loss Function to Select Statistical Tolerances

In this paper, we present a method for the selection of processes to manufacture various parts of an assembly by establishing a compromise between product quality and part manufacturing cost. We quantify the impact the precision of a part characteristic has on the overall quality of a product by using a standard Taguchi loss function. Part manufacturing cost is modeled as a function of process precision (i.e., standard deviation of the output characteristic) as opposed to previous models where manufacturing cost is a function of part tolerance. This approach is more realistic and does not assume, a priori, a relationship between conventional tolerance and process spread. Rather than allocating conventional tolerances on the assembly parts, we use statistical tolerances that are more pertinent when using a quality loss function. The model adopted makes it possible to investigate the relationship between optimum quality loss and tolerance variations. As expected, the optimum quality loss generally decreases when the tolerance increases. Exceptions may be encountered when changes of process occur. The manufacture of a simple three component assembly is studied to illustrate the findings.
Chiral symmetry breaking above the QCD phase transition

Abstract We study both 〈 ψ ψ〉 and an anomalous difference of susceptibilities just above the QCD phase transition on N t = 4 lattices. This is done for pure SU (3) gauge theory with 25 values of “valence” quark mass and for a 2-flavor simulation with dynamical quark masses of .01, .015, .02 and .025. In all cases the limit of small quark mass is more regular than expected in the standard picture of anomalous chiral symmetry breaking.
On the political determinants of sovereign risk: Evidence from a Markov-switching vector autoregressive model for Argentina

Abstract While empirical sovereign credit risk models have portrayed default as driven mainly by economic and financial risk factors, this investigation addresses the relative importance of political risk that the empirical literature has often overlooked. A Markov-switching vector autoregressive model is applied to data from the Republic of Argentina to assess the timing and thresholds of the dynamic system. Results show the significance of political factors in explaining sovereign risk for Argentina, and demonstrate the feasibility and value of the proposed methodology.
Reliability and validity of proverb intepretation to assess mental status

ness: 3 = abstract 2 = partially abstract I = not abstract Concreteness: 3 = concrete 2 = partially concrete I = not concrete Bizarreness: 3 = bizarre 2 = partially bizarre I = not bizarre Personalization: 3 = personal 2 = partially personal I = not personal One major purpose of this investigation was to evaluate interrater reliability in a clinical situation. PROVERB INTERPRETATION 467 Data analysis to assess interrater reliability was of two types, the kappa statistic and two-way analysis of variance to develop an intraclass correlation coefficient. The kappa, developed by Fleiss, measures the reliability between two raters when chance agreement is taken into account.” The intraclass correlation coefficient, developed by Ebel, generates a number “r” which reflects interrater reliability after two-way analysis of variance has been used to determine the variance due to rater differences, the variance due to subject differences, and the experimental error. I2 Both the kappa and the “r” have roughly the same numerical significance as other measures of correlation; that is, the correlation must be greater than approximately 0.6 in order to be statistically significant. It was hypothesized that interrater reliability would be relatively low when measured by these two statistics. A second major purpose of the investigation was to determine whether blind raters would be able to make ratings which would differentiate the various groups on the basis of their proverb interpretations. That is, would manics differ significantly from schizophrenics in their degree of bizarreness, abstractness, concreteness, personalization, and correctness ? It was hypothesized that manics and schizophrenics would resemble one another more than manics and depressives, and that schizophrenics and depressives would fall somewhere in the middle.
On democracy and debt

As we explained there is really little a priori reasoning for a clear prediction that authoritarian regimes will incur more foreign debt. In fact, some other empirical literature reveals that such regimes will face a higher supply price for such debt. Anderson presents a study of a single year using an admittedly crude measure of authoritarianism that finds that such regimes do issue more debt.
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN: III. PREPARATION OF ACTIVE CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM INACTIVE DENATURED PEPSIN

1. Pepsin solutions which have been completely denatured and inactivated by adjusting to pH 10.5 recover some of their activity when titrated to about pH 5.4 and allowed to stand at 22°C. for 24 to 48 hours. 2. Control experiments show that this inactivation and reactivation are probably not due to the effect of any inhibiting substance. 3. A method of isolation of the reactivated material has been worked out. 4. The reactivated material recovered in this way is a protein with the same general solubility, the same crystalline form, and the same specific proteolytic activity as the original crystalline pepsin. 5. This furnishes additional proof that the proteolytic activity is a property of the protein molecule.
Running Rings around Chromosomes to Trim Axons and Target Dendrites

The cohesin protein complex holds sister chromatids together to ensure proper chromosome segregation at mitosis in dividing cells. New experiments by two laboratories (reviewed in this issue of Developmental Cell) using different techniques reveal that cohesin also plays critical roles in morphogenesis of nondividing neurons. Other recent studies argue that these roles involve regulation of gene transcription.
Low-power sub-threshold design of secure physical unclonable functions

The unique and unpredictable nature of silicon enables the use of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for chip identification and authentication. Since the function of PUFs depends on minute uncontrollable process variations, a low supply voltage can benefit PUFs by providing high sensitivity to variations and low power consumption as well. Motivated by this, we explore the feasibility of sub-threshold arbiter PUFs in 45nm CMOS technology. By modeling process variations and interconnect imbalance effects at the post-layout design level, we optimize the PUF supply voltage for the minimum power-delay product and investigate the trade-offs on PUF uniqueness and reliability. Moreover, we demonstrate that such a design optimization does not compromise the security of PUFs regarding modeling attacks and side-channel analysis attacks. Our final 64-stage sub-threshold PUF design only needs 418 gates and consumes 0.047 pJ energy per cycle, which is very promising for low-power wireless sensing and security applications.
Anthropogenic emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds in eastern Texas inferred from oversampling of satellite (OMI) measurements of HCHO columns

Satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns provide top-down constraints on emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs). This approach has been used previously in the US to estimate isoprene emissions from vegetation, but application to anthropogenic emissions has been stymied by lack of a discernable HCHO signal. Here we show that temporal oversampling of HCHO data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for 2005–2008 enables detection of urban and industrial plumes in eastern Texas including Houston, Port Arthur, and Dallas/Fort Worth. By spatially integrating the HCHO enhancement in the Houston plume observed by OMI we estimate an anthropogenic HCHO source of 250±140 kmol h �1 . This implies that anthropogenic HRVOC emissions in Houston are 4.8±2.7 times higher than reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency inventory, and is consistent with field studies identifying large ethene and propene emissions from petrochemical industrial sources.
A Modification of the Geosyncline and Tectogene Hypothesis

Intersections may exist between a zone of chemical discontinuity (basalt—feldspathic periodtite or eclogite—garnet peridotite) and a phase transition zone (basalt—eclogite or feldspathic peridotite to garnet peridotite) at about the depth of the continental M-discon-tinuity. Variations in depth to the chemical discontinuity and in the positions of isogeotherms produce flexibility in erogenic models. Intersections between the two zones at depth could be reflected at the surface by major fault zones separating large structural blocks of different elevations. The effects of such intersections on the conventional hypothesis for the development of tectogenes, geosynclines, and mountains are considered. The intersections could provide a beginning and an end to the more vigorous changes in surface level occurring during an orogenic cycle.
The First Two Years of Practice: A Longitudinal Perspective on the Learning and Professional Development of Promising Novice Physical Therapists

Background Physical therapists work in complex health care systems requiring professional competence in clinical reasoning and confidence in decision-making skills. For novice physical therapists, the initial practice years are a time for developing professional identity and practical knowledge. Objectives The study purpose was to extend previous research describing the experiences, learning, and professional development of 11 promising novice therapists during their first year of practice. The present study examined the continued development of the same therapists during their second year of clinical practice. Design Seven researchers from 4 physical therapist educational programs in the eastern and midwestern United States used a longitudinal, qualitative, multiple case study approach. Methods Eleven physical therapist graduates identified as “promising novices” were recruited using purposive sampling. Participants ranged in age from 24 to 29 years and entered varied practice settings. Data were collected for 2 years using semistructured interviews, reflective journals, and participant observation. Results A conceptual model describing the participants' ongoing development during the second year of practice emerged. The 3 themes were formal and informal learning, increasing confidence and expansion of skills, and engagement in an environment characterized by collaborative exchange and opportunities for teaching. The second year represented consolidation and elaboration of practice-based learning and skills. The expansion of confidence, skills, and responsibilities and the externalization of learning the participants experienced promoted professional role formation. Learning previously directed inward and self-focused turned outward, fueled by growing self-confidence. Conclusions Research illuminating the professional role formation experienced during early clinical practice is not widely available. The current study and further research into the learning and development of novice practitioners may assist educators in the design of pedagogical strategies and learning environments that enhance the professional development of physical therapists.
Multimedia understanding: challenges in the new millennium

Multimedia understanding is a fast emerging interdisciplinary research area with tremendous potential to increase the effective use of multimedia content. Diverse application areas are increasingly relying on multimedia understanding systems. Advances in multimedia understanding are related directly to advances in various disciplines including signal processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, multimedia databases and smart sensors. In this paper we present a perspective on the state-of-the-art in multimedia understanding systems and also discuss emerging trends in such systems in the new millennium. A generic framework is discussed for multimedia understanding systems and a semantic video indexing framework is given.
Efficient bit allocation for dependent video coding

A steepest descent based bit allocation method with polynomial iteration complexity for minimizing the sum of frame distortions under a total bit rate constraint is presented for a predictive video coder. Previous algorithms that solve this problem have been based on Lagrangian relaxation followed by unconstrained optimization. Some of these methods have complexity exponential in the prediction depth in the worst case. Moreover, the convergence properties of the faster methods are difficult to analyze. A steepest descent method is utilized here for its comparatively low computational complexity, excellent performance and ease of analysis. Sufficient conditions for global optimality are presented without assuming independent encoding of frames. Results for dependent bit allocation through the assignment of quantizer step-sizes to frames in MPEG-2 encoded sequences suggest that these optimality conditions are to a large extent satisfied in practice. A PSNR improvement of up to 1.5 dB is obtained over the standard TM5 rate control algorithm for MPEG-2.
2-D simulation of non-isothermal fate and transport of a drip-applied fumigant in plastic-mulched soil beds. I. Model development and performance investigation.

Pre-plant application of toxic fumigants to soil beds covered by plastic film is commonly used in agriculture to control soil-borne pathogens. Plastic mulch covers tend to physically suppress the emissive loss of gaseous fumigant to the atmosphere. When liquid fumigant metham sodium (MS) is applied in irrigation water to field soil, it is rapidly transformed to the gaseous methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). The gaseous MITC is a potential atmospheric contaminant, and any untransformed MS is a potential contaminant of underlying groundwater due to the high water solubility of MS. A finite element numerical model was developed to investigate two-dimensional MITC fate/transport under non-isothermal soil conditions. Directional solar heating on soil beds, coupled heat and water flow in the soil, and non-isothermal chemical transport were included in the model. Field soil data for MITC distribution, soil water content, meteorological data, and laboratory data were used to verify the model for soil beds covered with plastic mulch. Four possible scenarios were considered: low and high drip-irrigation rates and low and high water contents. The movement of the center of MITC mass in the soil profile was effectively simulated. The lower drip-irrigation rate of MS yielded more extensive coverage of MITC in the plastic-covered soil bed. The lower soil air contents due to higher soil water contents for the higher irrigation rate resulted in high concentrations of soil MITC. NRMSE (normalized root mean square error) calculations further verified that the model predicted fumigant fate/transport well under these non-isothermal field conditions.
Disability through a Native American lens: Examining influences of culture and colonization

Disability is a socially constructed identity. What constitutes a disability and what it means to be a person with a disability can vary across cultures. This article explores meanings of disability within Native American cultures, including how ideas about wellness, balance, roles, and responsibilities influence perceptions of disabilities. This is followed by a review of disability prevalence, discussion of services, and explorations of possible reasons for the disproportionate impact of disabilities in Native American populations. The article concludes with an examination of how the colonial context frames both attitudes about and services for Native Americans with disabilities.
Evaluation of Management Alternatives for Truck Wash Water Generated During Winter Maintenance Activities

The purpose of this research was to identify alternative strategies for managing wash water generated during routine washing of salt trucks at Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) maintenance facilities lacking access to sanitary sewer and to assess their costs. Eighteen potential management strategies were identified and evaluated. Six of these strategies were included in a detailed cost analysis, which indicated that site-specific conditions directly affect the cost of alternative management strategies and that tying a facility into the sanitary sewer is not always the most cost-effective strategy. For a county maintenance facility with 12 trucks and 30 winter events, tying into the sanitary sewer was the most cost-effective strategy when the capital cost was less than US$173,640; however, when the capital cost was greater than US$285,333, four of the five alternative strategies identified were more cost-effective than tying into the sanitary sewer.
Characterization and Performance of Melamine Enhanced Urea Formaldehyde Resin for Bonding Southern Pine Particleboard

Urea-formaldehyde resins modified by mel- amine were synthesized by four catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and NaOH/NH4OH) with a F/U/M molar ratio of 1.38/1/0.074. Resin structure and thermal behavior were studied by 13 C-NMR and DSC techniques. For H2SO4, HCl, and H3PO4 catalysts, resins were prepared by two stage pH adjustment: the first pH stage was set at 1.25 (H3PO4 pH 1.60) and second pH stage was set at 5.0. For the NaOH/NH4OH catalyst, the resin was set at pH 5.0 from the start. Of the four catalysts, HCl catalyzed res- ins, with the highest free urea and lowest free formalde- hyde, consistently yielded the lowest formaldehyde emission; NaOH/NH4OH catalyst resulted in the best IB strength tested at dry conditions and also after 24 h cold water soak and the lowest water absorption and thickness swell. The resins catalyzed with H3PO4 had the highest free formaldehyde and no free urea yielding the highest formaldehyde emission. Each DSC thermo- gram was proceeded by a weak exothermic peak and fol- lowed by an obvious endothermic peak. The exothermic peak temperatures were 125.0, 131.1, 111.4, and 125.2 � C, and endothermic peak temperatures were 135.8, 147.6, 118.9, and 138.4 � C, respectively, for H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and NaOH/NH4OH catalysts. The close proximity of the peak temperatures of the exothermic and endothermic reactions strongly suggests that there is potential inter- ference of heat flow between the exothermic and end- othermic reactions which may impact resin curing.
A new algorithm for performance analysis of communication systems

An algorithm is proposed for generating in order the most likely states of a probabilistic system, thus allowing a more-rapid procedure than previously available for analyzing the performance of communication networks with stochastically failing components. The algorithm improves the algorithm reported by Y. F. Lam and V.O.K. Li (ibid., vol.COM-34, no.5, p.496-7, May 1986), in terms of both storage requirements and execution efficiency. >
DiagramDraw: A State Machine Diagram Designer for Flexible Automation

To achieve ever-increasingly complex system functionality, modern machine control systems heavily count on software tools. Control software's primary purpose is to ensure correct execution of machine tasks in real time. DiagramDraw is proposed as a state machine modeling prototype. It is designed to help designers generate a state machine diagram and convert it to industrial sequence control programs for various industrial automation projects. The tool has been built on its early version that was designed to deal with some particular industrial systems with a specific number of states. The new features and applications of DiagramDraw in control design automation are discussed in this paper. This developed tool can help designers produce a state machine and needed control programs correctly and quickly.