cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation kinetics of commercial Ti-50A (0.5 At. Pct Oeq) at low temperatures (T<0.3T m )

The effects of strain rate and temperature on the flow stress of commercial Ti-50A titanium (0.5 at. pct Oeq) wire of 2 and 22 µm grain size were investigated over the range of 4.2 to 700 K. Employing the thermally activated plastic flow concept, it was concluded that the rate-controlling mechanism in Ti-50A at low temperatures (T<≈600 K) is the thermally activated overcoming of interstitial solute atom obstacles (mainly oxygen) by dislocations moving on the first-order prism planes. The Gibbs free energy of activation for the process is ≈1.5 ev(≈0.2 µb3), the maximum force of interaction ≈8 X 10-5 dynes (≈0.2 smb2), and the activation distance at which the force first rises rapidly ≈ lb. The derived deformation kinetics parameters are in reasonable accord with the Fleischer-Friedel model of solid solution strengthening, the interaction energy being given by the combined effect of the tetragonal distortion and the modulus mismatch produced by the interstitials. Qualitative accord is also obtained for the breaking of chemical bonds between the interstitial solutes and the surrounding titanium atoms by the passage of dislocations.
The forward slope in photoproduction and electroproduction of ϱ 0

The t-dalaegde~ee of these amplitudes is of the form is a function which has the same gross behavior as Jaa (a Bessel function of order A2). The exact functional form of <~ Jsx ,) depends on the finer details of the impact-parameter profile. I t has become a common practice to parameterize <~ JAz )) in the form exp[Bt] JAa(R ~/~~t), where 2 ~/B is the width a of the impact-parameter profile. This choice seems to yield a nice description of experimental data (2.3). The diffractive amplitudes are assumed to be central in the b-space, and to have no structure (zeros, dips, etc.) as functions of t. These amplitudes are assumed to be mainly nonfiip, and mainly pure imaginary, and therefore parameterized by i exp [B~t]. In this note we wish to apply the dual-absorptive model to the process y p ~ pop near the forward direction. The exact values of the forward differential cross-section (d~/dt)0 and of the forward slope S vary from one experimental group to another, and also depend on the method of the analysis in which the p0 is extracted (4). There are
Navier-Stokes symmetry in the phenomenological transport theory for bacterial chemotaxis

It is observed that the Navier-Stokes space-time dilatation invariance ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\lambda}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}t$) implies that the random motility and chemotactic flux function take the forms observed experimentally for motile Escherichia coli attracted by low concentrations of oxygen; moreover, the rate function for $E$. coli consumption of dissolved oxygen is required to have the form (const) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${(\mathrm{local}\mathrm{oxygen}\mathrm{concentration})}^{2/3}$. It is also noteworthy that the Schr\"odinger-Bloch function for redistribution of chemotactic bacteria cells is invariant under the space-time dilatation transformations if and only if the chemotactic flux coefficient-random motility ratio equals 2, a value in the range 1.1 to 2.5 observed experimentally by Holz and Chen in the oxygen chemotaxis of motile $E$. coli. Suitably specialized governing equations for the phenomenological transport theory also admit a Galilean transformation invariance symmetry if and only if the chemotactic flux coefficient-critical substrate diffusivity ratio equals -2 and the consumption rate function is simply linear in the local oxygen concentration. Applicable to the regime of viscous incompressible flows with Reynolds numbers much less than unity, the Navier-Stokes superposition invariance may also give rise to a corresponding invariance symmetry in equivalent but linear phenomenological transport equations.
Low-energy atmospheric neutrinos.

Results of a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation of the low-energy spectrum and angular distribution of atmospheric neutrinos are presented and compared with earlier one-dimensional calculations valid at higher neutrino energies. The three-dimensional results agree with the one-dimensional calculation above 200 MeV, but are up to a factor of 2 lower below 50 MeV. Geomagnetic-cutoff effects on primary cosmic rays significantly reduce the neutrino flux at low geomagnetic latitudes. Azimuthal angular dependence shows a strong north-south asymmetry for upward-going fluxes, whereas an east-west effect is apparent only at low geomagnetic latitudes.
Fuel quality issues with biogas energy – An economic analysis for a stationary fuel cell system ☆

This paper reviews the information available on the impurities encountered in stationary fuel cell systems, their effects on the fuel cells, and the maximum allowable concentrations of select impurities suggested by manufacturers and researchers. A generic model of a molten carbonate fuel cell-based power plant operating on digester and landfill gas has been developed; it includes a gas processing unit, followed by a fuel cell system. The model includes the key impurity removal steps to enable predictions of impurity breakthrough, component sizing, and utility needs. These data, along with process efficiency results from the model, were subsequently used to calculate the cost of electricity. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to correlate the concentrations of key impurities in the fuel gas feedstock to the cost of electricity.
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF 103–126) enhances volume- and pressor-induced heart rate response in the conscious rat

The reduction in blood pressure due to ANF(103-126) fails to elicit reflex cardioacceleration in the conscious rat. To examine baroreflex sensitivity, the effect of ANF(103-126) on the heart period (HP) response to rapid central volume expansion and to alterations in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by bolus injections of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside was assessed. ANF(103-126) significantly augmented the bradycardic response induced by acute volume expansion from 426 +/- 21 to 391 +/- 23 beats min-1 versus 421 +/- 23 to 405 +/- 24 without ANF(103-126). Baroreflex sensitivity was defined by the ratio of the change in heart period to the maximal change in mean arterial pressure. The dose of ANF(103-126) utilized did not affect basal heart rate or the magnitude of the mean arterial pressure response to phenylephrine but did significantly enhance the nitroprusside-induced decrease in mean arterial pressure. Baroreceptor sensitivity to phenylephrine was significantly increased by ANF(103-126): 0.997 +/- 0.07 (ms mmHg-1) during ANF(103-126) vs 0.613 +/- 0.08 during vehicle. The total duration of the heart rate response to phenylephrine was also prolonged. In contrast, ANF(103-126) did not alter the baroreceptor sensitivity (1.45 +/- 0.3 vs 1.43 +/- 0.2 ms mmHg-1) or duration of heart rate response to nitroprusside. In the conscious rat, ANF(103-126) modifies the heart rate response to changes in mean arterial pressure and acute central volume expansion. This action appears to be dependent on stimulation of cardiac vagal afferents.
Assessing spelling in kindergarten: further comparison of scoring metrics and their relation to reading skills.

Abstract Early reading and spelling development share foundational skills, yet spelling assessment is underutilized in evaluating early reading. This study extended research comparing the degree to which methods for scoring spelling skills at the end of kindergarten were associated with reading skills measured at the same time as well as at the end of first grade. Five strategies for scoring spelling responses were compared: totaling the number of words spelled correctly, totaling the number of correct letter sounds, totaling the number of correct letter sequences, using a rubric for scoring invented spellings, and calculating the Spelling Sensitivity Score (Masterson & Apel, 2010b). Students ( N = 287) who were identified at kindergarten entry as at risk for reading difficulty and who had received supplemental reading intervention were administered a standardized spelling assessment in the spring of kindergarten, and measures of phonological awareness, decoding, word recognition, and reading fluency were administered concurrently and at the end of first grade. The five spelling scoring metrics were similar in their strong relations with factors summarizing reading subskills (phonological awareness, decoding, and word reading) on a concurrent basis. Furthermore, when predicting first-grade reading skills based on spring-of-kindergarten performance, spelling scores from all five metrics explained unique variance over the autoregressive effects of kindergarten word identification. The practical advantages of using a brief spelling assessment for early reading evaluation and the relative tradeoffs of each scoring metric are discussed.
Management of chylopericardium

Abstract Chylopericardium is a rare entity that may be congenital in origin or secondar to surgical trauma, mediastinal lymphangiomas-hygromas, or radiation. Current treatment progresses from dietary medium-chain triglycerides and pericardiocentesis, to pericardial drainage, to thoracotomy with pericardiectomy and thoracic duct ligation. Between January 1986 and January 1989, we treated four children with chylopericardium: three secondary to mediastinal lymphangioma-hygroma, and one following cardiac surgery. The patients ranged in age from newborn to 16 years. All had signs of cardiac tamponade and three underwent initial pericardiocentesis or tube drainage. One 6-week-old infant with a mediastinal cystic hygroma developed chylopericardium following resection of the hygroma and responded to 9 days of tube drainage. The remaining children did not respond to repeated pericardiocenteses or prolonged drainage and underwent pericardial-peritoneal shunting with Denver shunts. The shunt was removed in 14 days in one patient. One patient had the shunt exteriorized for 8 weeks and one patient continues to use the shunt after 3 years. The chylopericardium resolved in each case without recurrence. Pericardial-peritoneal shunting provides a simple and effective alternative to prolonged pericardial drainage or thoracotomy in patients with chylopericardium of various etiologies.
Breakdown of the spin-wave approximation for a Heisenberg ferromagnet.

By comparing the exact free energy with the free energy of the random-phase approximation (RPA), we find that the spin-wave description of a spin-s Heisenberg ferromagnet breaks down near the temperature T\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=0.18zJs, where J is the ferromagnetic coupling constant and z is the number of nearest neighbors. The scaling of the crossover temperature with zJs agrees with the early results of Vaks, Larkin, and Pikin. We calculate this crossover temperature by expanding the RPA free energy in powers of 1/z on a d-dimensional hypercubic lattice. While the zeroth- and first-order terms in the RPA expansion agree with the terms in the exact expansion, the second-order term disagrees with the exact 1/${\mathit{z}}^{2}$ free energy. Below T\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, the difference between the RPA and exact free energies is negligible. So for TT\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, the RPA summation is justified and the spin-wave description is appropriate. Above T\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, however, the spin-wave interactions become highly nonlinear and the RPA free energy deviates from the exact result. Because all momentum states contribute to the energy above T\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, the transverse free energy enters an equipartition regime and the transverse specific heat tends to zero. As a result, the crossover is marked by a peak in the fluctuation specific heat. The crossover temperature is unchanged if a more sophisticated spin-wave theory is used in place of the RPA. The predicted crossover has been observed as a shoulder in measurements of the total specific heat.
Erratum to: Necessary Components for Lifestyle Modification Interventions to Reduce Diabetes Risk

The abovementioned article was published online first for the April 2012 issue of Current Diabetes Reports (volume 12, issue 2). On page 6, the following reference citation for Ackermann et al. [35] was incorrect: Ackermann et al. [1] offered re-enrollment to their original YMCA DPP-treated group for an additional year of monthly contacts and found clinically significant weight losses of 6% among the 72% of original subjects who continued to participate in this extended phase. The correct reference should be the following:
Neural correlates of attention and memory in the first year of life

Our understanding of the neural correlates involved in the development of attention and memory has lagged behind our knowledge of the behavioral manifestation of these abilities. This is unfortunate, as a more complete account of the brain bases for these aspects of development would likely contribute to a more thorough understanding of cognitive development in general. In this article we review previous studies from our laboratory examining recognition memory in 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐month‐old infants, and then describe more recent work with 12‐month‐old infants. From these data we conclude that the development of recognition memory lags behind that of attention. Specifically, by 4 months infants show event‐related potential (ERP) evidence of selectively attending to stimuli presented as briefly as 100 msec. Infants this same age are also able to distinguish a single novel stimulus from a single familiar stimulus. By 6 months, infants begin to distinguish between frequently and infrequently presented events, and...
New pyran dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Although ruthenium-based dyes have been extensively used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as photosensitizers, they have several shortcomings such as high costs and potential environmental toxicities. This has stimulated the development of highly efficient organic dyes as photosensitizers. We report the synthesis and photophysical, electrochemical and theoretical properties of novel pyran-based organic dyes (D1, D2, and D3) as well as their applications in DSSCs for the first time. The designed dyes possess a cyanoacrylic acid group as an acceptor and arylamine group as a donor group in a D-π-A configuration. The introduction of varying donor groups resulted in correspondingly different photophysical and electrochemical properties. The DSSCs fabricated using dye D1 showed the highest photovoltaic performance: a maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 42%, a short-circuit current density ( Jsc ) of 4.76 mA cm −2 , an open circuit voltage ( Voc ) of 0.68 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.67, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 2.17% under 100 mW cm −2 irradiation. The synthesized dyes with a pyran chromophore and arylamine donor groups showed potentials for applications in DSSCs.
Climate modelling sensitivity experiments for the Messinian Salinity Crisis

Abstract The repeated isolation of the Atlantic Ocean during the Messinian led to at least the partial desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea and to the deposition of massive evaporites (Messinian Salinity Crisis). Overall, proxy data do not indicate dramatic climatic changes in the Mediterranean region for the time of the Messinian Salinity Crisis but a constant climate seems to be unrealistic at first sight. To analyse the climate response to environmental changes in the Mediterranean region during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, we perform climate modelling sensitivity experiments. As a reference base, we use a Tortonian simulation (TORT) and simulate three Messinian sensitivity scenarios: (1) the Mediterranean Sea surface 1500 m lower than the normal sea level (MSC LOWSEA); (2) the Mediterranean basin completely desiccated, the resulting land surface 1500 m lower and covered by grassland vegetation (MSC LOWGRASS); and (3) the Mediterranean Sea simply replaced by grassland vegetation (MSC GRASS). All sensitivity experiments represent extreme scenarios for analysis of general patterns of Messinian climate change. In MSC LOWSEA, mean annual temperatures in the Mediterranean basin increase by + 2 °C, and surrounding regions get cooler by up to −3 °C as compared to TORT. The lowering of the Mediterranean Sea level increases the annual precipitation in the south-western part of Europe and in north-western Africa (up to + 1000 mm/a). In MSC LOWGRASS as compared to TORT, the Mediterranean basin strongly heats up by + 7 °C, while temperatures in the surrounding areas do not change more than ± 2 °C. The precipitation in the Mediterranean basin significantly decreases (up to −600 mm/a). Precipitation in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean basin does not change substantially in MSC LOWGRASS, but rainfall in W-Africa increases up to + 600 mm/a. In MSC GRASS as compared to TORT, temperatures in the Mediterranean region increase by + 4 °C. This is twice as high as the temperature increase which resulted from lowering the Mediterranean Sea surface in MSC LOWSEA. Annual rainfall over the Mediterranean basin in MSC GRASS is −400 mm/a lower than the rainfall in TORT. Proxy-based climate reconstructions for the time of the Messinian Salinity Crisis indicate no dramatic climatic changes around the Mediterranean. In contrast to this, for eastern N-Africa and Eastern Europe climate changes are indicated. The MSC LOWSEA and MSC LOWGRASS sensitivity experiments show that the strong environmental changes in the Mediterranean realm during the MSC did not necessarily cause strong climatic changes at the margins of the Mediterranean basin. Therefore, the present modelling studies are in agreement with climate proxy data from the Mediterranean region. Additionally, our results principally agree with the climate changes inferred from the fossil record of Central and Eastern Europe. For eastern N-Africa, our modelling studies contradict proxy data. Based on our results, weak climatic changes indicated by the fossil record at the Mediterranean coastlines are realistic.
Risk-based methodology for scenario tracking, intelligence gathering, and analysis for countering terrorism

Disruption of a terrorist attack depends on having information facilitating the identification and location of those involved in supporting, planning, and carrying out the attack. Such information arises from myriad sources, such as human or instrument surveillance by intelligence or law enforcement agencies, a variety of documents concerning transactions, and tips from a wide range of occasional observers. Given the enormous amount of information available, a method is needed to cull and analyze only that which is relevant to the task, confirm its validity, and eliminate the rest. The risk-based methodology for scenario tracking, intelligence gathering, and analysis for countering terrorism builds on the premise that in planning, supporting, and carrying out a terrorist plot, those involved will conduct a series of related activities for which there may be some observables and other acquirable evidence. Those activities taken together constitute a threat scenario. Information consistent with a realistic threat scenario may be useful in thwarting an impending attack. Information not consistent with any such scenario is irrelevant. Thus, the methodology requires a comprehensive set of realistic threat scenarios that would form a systemic process for collecting and analyzing information. It also requires a process for judging the validity and usefulness of such information. The key questions for intelligence gathering and analysis are: how to produce a comprehensive set of threat scenarios, how to winnow that set to a subset of most likely scenarios, what supplementary intelligence is worth pursuing, how to judge the relevance of available information, and how to validate and analyze the information. The methodology presented in this paper can serve as a vehicle with which to enable the intelligence community to better: (a) assess the intent and capabilities of terrorist groups, (b) develop and compare terrorist scenarios from different sources and aggregate the set that should guide decisions on intelligence collection, (c) assess the possible distributions of responsibility for intelligence gathering and analysis across various homeland security agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, and (d) establish effective collection priorities to meet the demands of counterterrorism. Some of the critical issues addressed in this paper include: (1) how to create a reasonably complete set of scenarios and filter it down to a more manageable set to establish intelligence collection priorities, (2) how to integrate the wide variety of intelligence sources associated with monitoring for terrorism and analytically account for the corresponding disparities in information reliability, and (3) how to incorporate these new methodologies into existing information management efforts related to protecting our nation's critical infrastructures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 152–169, 2003 7
Targeting xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR for metabolic diseases

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two closely related and liver-enriched nuclear hormone receptors originally defined as xenobiotic receptors. Recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that PXR and CAR also have endobiotic functions that impact glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. These new findings suggest that PXR and CAR not only regulate the transcription of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, but also orchestrate energy metabolism and immune responses to accommodate stresses caused by xenobiotic exposures. The effectiveness of targeting PXR and CAR in the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, have been suggested in animal models. However, translation of these basic research results into clinical applications may require further investigation to determine the human relevance, and to obtain better understanding of the mechanisms through which PXR and CAR affect energy metabolism. Given a wide variety of natural or synthetic compounds that are PXR and CAR modulators, it is hoped that these two 'xenobiotic receptors' can be harnessed for therapeutic potentials in managing metabolic diseases.
Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations Into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science

1. Comparative studies and their problems: methodological preliminaries 2. Adversaries and authorities 3. Methodology, epistemology and their uses 4. The techniques of persuasion 5. Causes and correlations 6. Greek and Chinese dichotomies revisited 7. Finite and infinite in Greece and China 8. Heavenly harmonies 9. The politics of the body 10. Science in antiquity: the Greek and Chinese cases and their relevance to the problems of culture and cognition Glossary of Chinese and Greek terms Bibliography Index.
Impact of the influenza season on a hospital from a pharmaceutical inventory management perspective

The outbreak of an infectious disease may put significant pressure on a healthcare system, especially when there is a surge of patients. In this paper, we develop two simulation models: (1) disease outbreak model and (2) a medication inventory model. These two models are used to identify inventory policies for managing medication during disease outbreaks. Specifically, we use historical influenza data as an input to the inventory simulation model, which incorporates the impact of disease spread, patients’ health conditions, and medication shelf life. We formulate a dynamic program and use a reduced version of this model to provide inputs to our inventory simulation model. We compare three different simulation-based policies and perform sensitivity analysis on several parameters such as the gross attack rate and inventory holding cost parameters. Our results provide insight regarding the management of perishable medication inventory at hospitals during an outbreak of an infectious disease.
Nerve growth factor receptors in the central nervous system.

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) is well known to be involved in the development, survival, and maintenance of sympathetic and neural crest-derived sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Over the last 10–15 years, however, the role of NGF as a necessary trophic substrate for magnocellular cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged. Because the trophic effects of NGF are initiated by its interaction with membrane-bound receptors, the characterization, localization, and function of these specific NGF receptors are essential to understanding the many actions of NGF. The first part of this review will summarize briefly the presence and possible role of NGF in the CNS, with the remainder of the review focusing on what is known about the receptor to NGF.
The Visual Radiant and Activity of the Geminid Meteor Stream

The mean radiant of the Geminid meteor stream and its diurnal motion are determined from 118 visual radiants. The visual radiant at maximum (⊙ = 260°.6, 1950.0) lies at right ascension 112°.02, declination + 32°.00. The total daily motion is 47′ eastward. The visual radiant and motion agree well with the photographic data, but not with the radar. An activity curve is derived from 124 nights' observations. A rise to a sharp maximum and a rapid decline are shown. The stream is detectable over a 10-day interval: the minimum visual stream-width is about 2.3 × 107 km. Some physical characteristics of the meteors also are discussed.
The political economy of population counts in Ottoman Palestine: Nablus circa 1850.

New evidence culled from the Nablus advisory council...records and based on an actual Ottoman population count taken in December 1849 indicates that the citys population at that time numbered at least 20000 people more than twice the frequently cited figure of 8000-9000. This revision raises serious doubts about the veracity of hitherto commonly accepted population figures most of them based on contemporary estimates by Western observers for the various regions of Palestine during the first three-quarters of the 19th century. Moreover when compared to available data for Nablus from the 16th and the late 19th centuries it seems that the pattern of Nabluss demographic development differs from what the proponents of Ottoman decline and modernization theses have argued. (EXCERPT)
Presurgical epilepsy localization with interictal cerebral dysfunction.

Abstract Localization of interictal cerebral dysfunction with 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2- D -deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and neuropsychological examination usefully supplements electroencephalography (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in planning epilepsy surgery. In MRI-negative mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, correlation of temporal lobe hypometabolism with extracranial ictal EEG can support resection without prior intracranial EEG monitoring. In refractory localization-related epilepsies, hypometabolic sites may supplement other data in hypothesizing likely ictal onset zones in order to intracranial electrodes for ictal recording. Prognostication of postoperative seizure freedom with FDG PET appears to have greater positive than negative predictive value. Neuropsychological evaluation is critical to evaluating the potential benefit of epilepsy surgery. Cortical deficits measured with neuropsychometry are limited in lateralizing and localizing value for determination of ictal onset sites, however. Left temporal resection risks iatrogenic verbal memory deficits and dysnomia, and neuropsychological findings are useful in predicting those at greatest risk. Prognostication of cognitive risks with resection at other sites is less satisfactory.
Juvenile hormone regulation of the larval diapause of the Southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella☆

Abstract The hormonal mechanism which controls the larval diapause of the southwestern corn borer was examined. The onset of this facultative mature larval diapause is marked by a transition from a spotted to an immaculate larval form, and during diapause individuals may undergo one or more stationary larval ecdyses. Experiments were designed to uncover the nature of the humoral mechanism regulating this diapause state. The finding that injecting diapause larvae with 20-hydroxyecdysone only brought about a stationary larval ecdysis suggests that diapause was not maintained by the lack of ecdysone. Neck ligations performed on larvae which had just entered diapause resulted in a premature termination of diapause, and larval-pupal ecdysis occurred in the thoraco-abdominal section, suggesting that a cephalic factor was necessary for the maintenance of diapause. This finding was further supported by the discovery that injecting 20-hydroxyecdysone into the thoraco-abdominal section of previously ligated diapause larvae also resulted in a premature termination of diapause and larval-pupal ecdysis, indicating that ecdysone only initiated the pupal moulting cycle when the cephalic factor was absent. Further experiments led to the conclusion that the juvenile hormone is the cephalic factor. Topical treatment with a juvenile hormone mimic caused non-diapause mature larvae to become immaculate and enter diapause. Periodical topical application of this mimic to diapause larvae prolonged diapause and increased the number of stationary larval ecdyses. These findings suggest that the initiation and maintenance of diapause are regulated by juvenile hormone titre. Results indicate that larvae retain a high titre of juvenile hormone until the last stages of diapause. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone into early or middiapause larvae only caused stationary larval ecdyses, while the same injection into larvae in the late stages of diapause caused some of them to pupate. Histological studies of the neurosecretory cells, corpus cardiacum-allatum complex, and prothoracic glands showed that the endocrine system was not inactive during diapause. A new hypothesis is therefore proposed which recognizes the existence of hormonal activity during larval diapause and emphasizes the principal regulatory role of juvenile hormone.
Excitation pressure as a measure of the sensitivity of photosystem II to photoinactivation

The appearance of a new hypothesis implicating the oxygen-evolving complex as the dominant target of PSII photoinactivation (the ‘manganese cluster’ mechanism) suggests that the inactivation of PSII can be predicted on the basis of the total amount of incident photons, and challenges the role that electron transport and thermal dissipation of excitation energy play in mitigating PSII photoinactivation. This viewpoint article discusses evidence showing that minimising of the amount of energy reaching closed PSII reaction centres (i.e. the excitation pressure) is important for photoprotection. Examples are described where the parameters derived from excitation pressure correlate with the level of PSII photoinactivation, whereas the counting of incident photons does not. These examples confirm the role of electron transport and thermal energy dissipation as factors modulating PSII photoinactivation, and validate strategies that are aimed at understanding and improving PSII resistance to photoinactivation by analysis and manipulation of photoprotective processes. The authors conclude that an integrated model that incorporates various mechanisms of PSII photoinactivation and analysis of their contribution is needed. In addition, the role of UV light in naturally occurring PSII photoinactivation is evaluated. It is suggested that, when compared with visible light, the damaging effect of UV light may be limited under field conditions.
Multilayer adsorption on a fractally rough surface.

Models are proposed for thick-film-coverage adsorption on a general fractal surface. The basic idea is that long-range dispersion forces dominate the thermodynamic behavior. The analysis predicts the coverage to be proportional to [ln(${P}_{0}$/P${)]}^{(D\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3)/3}$ where P/${P}_{0}$ is the relative vapor pressure and D is the fractal dimension of the surface. Experimental examples for this behavior are presented. They are rough Ag surfaces, giving D=2.30. .AE
The association of dietary fat intake and antral follicle count (AFC) among women undergoing infertility treatments

phenone). Linear regression models with fixed and random effects were used to estimate beta coefficients (b) and standard errors (SE) for each UV filter and Box-Cox transformed semen quality endpoint, after adjusting for age, body mass index, cotinine, and research site. RESULTS: 413 (88%) men provided urine and R1 semen samples available for analysis. Four UV filters were significantly associated with R1 semen parameters; 3 were negatively associated with percent motility (BP1, BP-3, 4-OH-BP). BP-8 was associated with both high DNA stainability (b -0.80 SE 0.23, p0.004) and DNA fragmentation (b 1.04 SE0.52, p0.04). CONCLUSION: Our findings provide the first evidence suggesting that UV filters may affect semen quality, but corroboration of findings is needed given our exploratory analysis. Supported by: NICHD Intramural funding (contracts #N01-HD-3-3355; N01-HD-3-3356; NOH-HD-3-3358; HHSN27500001).
Synchronization and Control of Chaotic Systems

Abstract Given a chaotic system and an arbitrarily given reference signal, we design a controller based on the reference signal so that the output of the chaotic system follows the given reference signal asymptotically. Examples of a Duffing system being controlled by a reference signal or being synchronized to another Duffing system are presented.
Detection of Heteroplasmic Mitochondrial DNA in Single Mitochondria

Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome mutations can lead to energy and respiratory-related disorders like myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fiber disease (MERRF), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke (MELAS) syndrome, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). It is not well understood what effect the distribution of mutated mtDNA throughout the mitochondrial matrix has on the development of mitochondrial-based disorders. Insight into this complex sub-cellular heterogeneity may further our understanding of the development of mitochondria-related diseases.
Effect of ions on phospholipid layer structure as indicated by Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract Various anions and cations are found to induce changes in the layered structure of phosphatidylcholine-water systems as indicated by Raman Spectroscopy. From the ratio of Raman intensities, I 1064 I 1089 , it is inferred that dispositive ions decrease the proportion of gauche character in the hydrocarbon chains, with the relative influence being: Ba 2+ 2+ 2+ ≈ Cd 2+ . Unipositive ions (Li + , K + and Na + ) produce no observed changes in the Raman spectrum of the lecithin dispersion. The proportion of gauche character of the hydrocarbon chains is found to be nearly independent of the anion for: Br − , Cl − , acetate − , I − , ClO 4 − , CNS − and SO 4 2− . Dispersions prepared with a solution of KI + I 2 produced Raman spectra in which the 1089 cm −1 peak, which is characteristic of random lipid chains, was greatly intensified, presumably because of the presence of I 3 − which is known to penetrate the lipid lamellae. The observed trends are discussed.
Theory and Practice in Tocqueville and Kant: Reflections on Ralph Hancock's The Responsibility of Reason

Abstract Ralph Hancock’s Responsibility of Reason represents an important addition to the literature on the crisis of modernity. This article focuses on his account of the origins and nature of modernity and his claim that Tocqueville exemplifies the best way to work through the crisis of modernity. It then suggests that Hancock’s own reflections on the nature of human existence require a more balanced or even positive assessment of modernity than the one he offers in the book. Finally, it attempts to illustrate this point by showing that elements of Kant’s political thought are akin to Hancock’s.
Base Year Revisions in the FRB Index: Problems in Interpreting Historical Movements

Abstract It is shown that after base year revisions, different versions of the FRB Index of Industrial Production are similar in the time and frequency domains for the series as a whole. However, when measuring economic contractions, different versions yield substantial differences in the turning points, lengths, and amplitudes of cycles, which may be explained by the index number problem. These results suggest that when analyzing a particular historical period, it is best to use contemporaneously published data, if available.
169. Patterned Substrate-Mediated DNA Delivery Using Soft Lithography for Neural Tissue Engineering

Combining tissue-engineering scaffolds with gene therapy can provide versatile systems to physically support cellular processes and locally stimulate tissue growth. The engineering of tissues with complex architectures, such as the nervous system, will likely require spatial patterning of molecular signals resulting in concentration gradients of extracellular proteins that organize cells into functional tissues. We believe that substrate-mediated gene delivery, which involves immobilizing DNA complexes to a cell-adhesive substrate, provides the ability to spatially pattern molecular signals that can guide cell migration and organize tissue formation.
Gunnison Tunnel: Engineering History of an Early American Reclamation Project

AbstractThis paper describes the surveying, engineering, and construction operations performed in the construction of the Gunnison Tunnel for the Gunnison River Diversion Project. The Gunnison Tunnel, which diverts water from the Gunnison River to the Uncompahgre Valley, was one of the first major engineering projects undertaken by the federal government under the authority of the U.S. Reclamation Service. It has been recognized as a national historic civil engineering landmark for the engineering feats involved in its construction, including the performance of site investigations and survey operations through extremely harsh terrain and its construction crews’ perseverance through several dramatic accidents. It is observed that a potential cause of these multiple accidents was an insufficient knowledge of the geological subsurface properties, leading to significant differences between expected and encountered subsurface conditions. This was particularly problematic with respect to the existence of cohesi...
WORKERS' COMPENSATION COSTS AND REGIONAL GROWTH DYNAMICS*

This paper attempts to gauge the effect of workplace regulation, against the background of other influences, on the increasing or decreasing competitive advantage of particular regions relative to the nation. We employ two measures of regional growth. The first is the differential rate of investment growth across states between 1978 and 1984. The results for output growth show that states both in the South and outside the South stand to lose their competitive edge in manufacturing activity from rising unit labor cost and energy cost. Rising taxes hurt industrial activity in the North but are not critical in the South. Agglomeration economies that benefit the North, apparently have no detrimental effect in the South. Rising workers' compensation cost is significant in the decline in southern competitiveness; it is not in the North. Both regions enhance their competitive position when local markets grow. For regional manufacturing investment, we find that unit labor cost and energy cost have no significant effect on the competitive position of states in the South. However, taxes and workers' compensation costs hurt investment opportunities in South.
Computer image processing of STEM images of tobacco mosaic virus

Computer image processing is applied to moderately low dose (11 e/A 2 ) STEM images of stained tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, intact helix). Periodic signal averaging and several simple methods of image enhancement are used. A method of separation of the three-dimensional structure of the TMV helix (top/bottom separation) is also presented and applied to the signal average image. TMV has previously been found (by X-ray diffraction) to be a single strand RNA helix with large protein subunits periodically attached. In the processed images the protein subunits are clearly visible in positions consistent with a helical structure of 49 subunits per three turns.
Windows 2000 Security: Windows 2000 security

Introduction: After initially releasing Windows 2000 (W2K) in February 2000, Microsoft touted it as a secure operating system, one that was far improved over its predecessor, Windows NT(WNT). Yet even before Microsoft released W2K the software giant announced that it would release Service Pack 1 (SP1) for this operating system. The information security community immediately wondered whether the claims about the much improved security in W2K were true; many events and findings since then have reinforced this doubt. After a reign of three years as Microsoft's flagship operating system, last year Microsoft rolled out its newest server operating system, Windows Server 2003 (WS2003), signaling the end of an era for the W2K operating system. Windows XP (WXP) had already supplanted W2K Professional as the newest workstation operating system several years before. This is not to say that nobody uses W2K any more-to the contrary. But as W2K continues to increasingly take a proverbial back seat to newer Microsoft operating systems, now is a good time to take a retroactive look at W2K from a security viewpoint. Was it a success from a security perspective? What were its major failings and why? This paper addresses these issues.
Conserved Transcriptional Unit Organization of the Cag Pathogenicity Island among Helicobacter pylori Strains

The Helicobacter pyloricag pathogenicity island (cag PAI) encodes a type IV secretion system that is more commonly found in strains isolated from patients with gastroduodenal disease than from those with asymptomatic gastritis. Genome-wide organization of the transcriptional units in H. pylori strain 26695 was recently established using RNA sequence analysis (Sharma et al., 2010). Here we used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of open reading frames and intergenic regions to identify putative cag PAI operons in H. pylori; these operons were analyzed further by transcript profiling after deletion of selected promoter regions. Additionally, we used a promoter-trap system to identify functional cag PAI promoters. The results demonstrated that expression of genes on the H. pyloricag PAI varies by nearly five orders of magnitude and that the organization of cag PAI genes into transcriptional units is conserved among several H. pylori strains, including, 26695, J99, G27, and J166. We found evidence for 20 transcripts within the cag PAI, many of which likely overlap. Our data suggests that there are at least 11 operons: cag1-4, cag3-4, cag10-9, cag8-7, cag6-5, cag11-12, cag16-17, cag19-18, cag21-20, cag23-22, and cag25-24, as well as five monocistronic genes (cag4, cag13, cag14, cag15, and cag26). Additionally, the location of four of our functionally identified promoters suggests they are directing expression of, in one case, a truncated version of cag26 and in the other three, transcripts that are antisense to cag7, cag17, and cag23. We verified expression of two of these antisense transcripts, those antisense to cag17 and cag23, by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, our results suggest that the cag PAI transcriptional profile is generally conserved among H. pylori strains, 26695, J99, G27, and J166, and is likely complex.
A Fluctuating Thermal Regime Improves Long-Term Survival of Quiescent Prepupal Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (F.) is the primary pollinator for alfalfa seed production. Under standard management conditions, the alfalfa leafcutting bee develops to the diapausing prepupal stage under field conditions, after which they are cold-stored at a static temperature until the following spring, when temperatures are raised and development resumes. We have assessed the effects of a fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) during overwintering cold storage, where bees were exposed to a daily 1 h pulse of 20°C, and compared viability and insect quality to bees stored under a static thermal regime. Our results demonstrate that implementing an FTR protocol dramatically increases the survival of cold-stored alfalfa leafcutting bees, effectively extending their shelf-life into the subsequent growing season. These findings could substantially ameliorate significant obstacles that restrict the more widespread use of this important pollinator, such as the biological constraints that restrict its use in early blooming crops, and yearly fluctuations in bee prices that add significant financial uncertainty to end users. This study also strengthens a growing body of evidence that indicates FTR protocols are superior to static thermal regime protocols for insect cold storage.
Phasic Firing of Single Neurons in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Correlated with the Timing of Intravenous Cocaine Self-Administration

To examine potential neural mechanisms involved in cocaine self-administration, the activity of single neurons in the nucleus accumbens of rats was recorded during intravenous cocaine self-administration. Lever pressing was reinforced according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule. On a time base comparable to the interinfusion interval, half the neurons exhibited phasic firing patterns time locked to the cocaine reinforced level press. For almost all neurons, this pattern consisted of a change in firing rate postpress, typically a decrease, followed by a reversal of that change. The postpress change was closely related to the lever press. Typically, it began within the first 0.2 min postpress and culminated within the first 1.0 min postpress. For a small portion of responsive neurons, the reversal of the postpress change was punctate and occurred within 1-3 min of either the last lever press or the next lever press so that firing was stable during much of the interinfusion interval. For the majority of neurons, the reversal was progressive; it began within 2 min after the previous level press, and it was not complete until the last 0.1-2.0 min before the next lever press. The duration of this progressive reversal, but not of the postpress change, was positively correlated with the interinfusion interval. Thus, in addition to exhibiting changes in firing related to the occurrence of self-infusion, the majority of neurons also exhibited progressive changes in firing related to the spacing of infusions. In a structure that has been shown to be necessary for cocaine self-administration, such a firing pattern is a likely neurophysiological component of the mechanism that transduces declining drug levels into increased drug-related appetitive behavior. It is, thus, a neural mechanism that may contribute to compulsive drug-maintained drug taking.