cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.

The purpose of this study was to examine the resting cardiac autonomic nervous system’s response to the ingestion of a complex containing Citrus aurantium + Caffeine (CA + C) and its influence on recovery following a high-intensity anaerobic exercise bout in habitual caffeine users. Ten physically active males (25.1 ± 3.9 years; weight 78.71 ± 9.53 kg; height 177.2 ± 4.6 cm; body fat 15.5 ± 3.13%) participated in this study, which consisted of two exhaustive exercise protocols in a randomized crossover design. On each visit the participants consumed either a CA + C (100 mg of CA and 100 mg of C) or placebo (dextrose) capsule. After consumption, participants were monitored throughout a 45-min ingestion period, then completed a repeated Wingate protocol, and were then monitored throughout a 45-min recovery period. Cardiac autonomic function (Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV)) and plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) were taken at four different time points; Ingestion period: baseline (I1), post-ingestion period (I2); Recovery period: immediately post-exercise (R1), post-recovery period (R2). Heart rate variability was assessed in 5-min increments. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time-dependent increases in HR, sympathetic related markers of HRV, and plasma E and NE at I2 only in the CA + C trial (p < 0.05); however, no meaningful changes in parasympathetic markers of HRV were observed. Participants recovered in a similar time-dependent manner in all markers of HRV and catecholamines following the PLA and CA + C trials. The consumption of CA + C results in an increase of sympathetic activity during resting conditions without influencing parasympathetic activity. CA + C provides no influence over cardiac autonomic recovery.
An elusive adenylate cyclase complicit in cholera is exposed

The intestinal consequences of cholera enterotoxin are caused by activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel through the actions of an as-yet-unknown adenylate cyclase. A new study hunts down this elusive enzyme, showing that mouse and human intestinal epithelium functionally and structurally pair adenylate cyclase isoform 6 (AC6) with CFTR. These findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the robust pathological activation of CFTR activity and promise new opportunities to treat cholera.
Detection and Fault Isolation of Elevated Resistive Paths in Copper Pillar (CuP) Flip Chip Package Device

The demand for higher input/output (I/O) capability, smaller package footprint, low cost, combined with good electrical properties and better electromigration performance has made the copper pillar (CuP) bump an excellent first-level interconnect in flip chip devices built in the recent years. The ability to successfully qualify a new package technology, for this case, CuP flip chip, is dependent on a robust package design, an optimal and stable assembly process, a comprehensive stress plan, and of equal importance, is the development of an electrical test methodology that can detect issues exacerbated by the stress, as well as, the availability of fault isolation methods to rootcause these failures. In this paper, we present the detection of both intrinsic and extrinsic CuP bump interconnect reliability issues exacerbated by temperature cycling through the boundary scan test. The CuP flip chip package-designed electrical and physical failure analyses (FA) used to rootcause the failures were presented. Assembly process improvements to address the root cause of the extrinsic failure modes, as well as interconnect design improvements, to eliminate the contribution of the manufacturing process/package design to the intrinsic failure mechanisms reliability testing aims to expose, were also discussed.
English ABLE

Assessment-Based Learning Environments (ABLE) make use of assessment information coming from a variety of sources (e.g., formative and summative) to guide instruction. We have developed English ABLE, an assessment based learning environment designed to help English language learners (ELLs) learn about English grammar. Main features of English ABLE include: Item/task reuse (900 enhanced TOEFL® items were recalibrated based on data from all native Spanish speakers who have taken the test), a Bayesian psychometric student model that makes use item statistics, adaptive feedback, adaptive sequencing of tasks, pedagogical agents (Dr. Grammar, Jorge and Carmen), and an indirectly visible student model. This paper presents English ABLE and reports on some preliminary results from a study that involved 149 native Spanish-speaking ELLs.
Communicating with Patients with Disability: Perspectives of Practicing Physicians

Patient-centered care for people with disability requires effective communication and compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). To understand physicians’ perspectives on communication experiences with people with disability. Twenty semi-structured individual interviews. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim for analysis. Massachusetts, October 2017–January 2018. Twenty physicians ranging from 8 to 51 years in practice in primary care or 4 other specialties. Commonly expressed themes around communication with people with disability. Concerns coalesced around 4 broad categories: communication experiences with people who are deaf or hard of hearing, communication with people who are blind or have vision impairment, communication with people who have intellectual disability, and recommendations for improving communication. Although participants in this study reported various efforts to communicate effectively with patients with hearing or vision loss or intellectual disability, many gaps appear to remain, as well as instances where physicians’ preferences run counter to patients’ wishes and the ADA. Examples include physicians’ preferences for remote, online sign language interpreters despite patients desiring in-person interpreters and suggesting that patients arrange for their own interpreters. Few educational materials are available in braille, and electronic medical records may not allow documents to be printed in large font for persons with low vision. Communicating with patients with intellectual disability raised particular concerns, with participants often preferring to interact with caregivers and minimal efforts to involve patients. Effective communication is necessary for ensuring the quality of health care for people with disability, and it is legally required under the ADA. Our results suggest that important gaps may remain in ensuring effective communication, and some practicing physicians could benefit from formal training in effective methods for communicating with patients with disability.
Cognitive Effects of Adding Caloric Restriction to Aerobic Exercise Training in Older Adults with Obesity.

Objective This study examined the short- and long-term effects of adding caloric restriction to 5 months of aerobic exercise training on executive function in sedentary older adults with obesity. Methods Sedentary adults with obesity aged 65 to 79 years completed a randomized trial investigating the cardiorespiratory benefits of adding moderate (~ 250 kcal) or high (~ 600 kcal) caloric restriction to a 20-week aerobic exercise program. Approximately half (n = 88) completed a cognitive assessment battery at baseline, post intervention, and 18 to 24 months after intervention completion. The primary outcome was an executive function composite score. Results In the overall sample, the executive function composite increased 0.114 from baseline to postintervention (P = 0.01). Randomization to caloric restriction did not significantly alter executive function over aerobic exercise alone, nor were there between-group differences on any individual executive function test following the intervention or at long-term follow-up. Adding caloric restriction to exercise was associated with a modest increase in Mini-Mental State Examination score (P = 0.04). In the overall sample, increases from baseline at long-term follow-up were noted in digit symbol and word list recall performance as well. Conclusions Adding caloric restriction to a 20-week aerobic exercise program does not worsen or improve executive function more than exercise alone assessed up to 24 months post randomization.
Towards a Data Sonification Design Framework

The need for better software tools for data sonification was highlighted in the 1997 Sonification Report, the first comprehensive status review of the field which included some general proposals for adapting sound synthesis software to the needs of sonification research. It outlined the reasons the demands on software by sonification research are greater than those afforded by music composition and sound synthesis software alone. As its Sample Research Proposal acknowledged, the development of a comprehensive sonification shell is not easy and the depth and breadth of knowledge, and skills required to effect such a project are easily underestimated. Although many of the tools developed to date have various degrees of flexibility and power for the integration of sound synthesis and data processing, a complete heterogeneous Data Sonification Design Framework (DSDF) for research and auditory display has not yet emerged. This chapter outlines the requirements for such a comprehensive framework, and proposes an integration of various existing independent components such as those for data acquisition, storage and analysis, together with a means to include new work on cognitive and perceptual mappings, and user interface and control, by encapsulating them, or control of them, as Python libraries, as well as a wrappers for new initiatives, which together, form the basis of SoniPy, a comprehensive toolkit for computational sonification designing.
Sport Specialization and Increased Injury Frequency in Youth Baseball Players: A Prospective Study.

Context Sport specialization is thought to be a primary contributor to the throwing-related injury risk in youth baseball players. Objective To (1) establish arm-injury incidence in a cohort of mal...
Methodological Blind Spots in Machine Learning Fairness: Lessons from the Philosophy of Science and Computer Science.

In the ML fairness literature, there have been few investigations through the viewpoint of philosophy, a lens that encourages the critical evaluation of basic assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to use three ideas from the philosophy of science and computer science to tease out blind spots in the assumptions that underlie ML fairness: abstraction, induction, and measurement. Through this investigation, we hope to warn of these methodological blind spots and encourage further interdisciplinary investigation in fair-ML through the framework of philosophy.
The Chinese governance system: Its strengths and weaknesses in a comparative development perspective

Abstract This is an overview paper focusing on the organizational aspects of the Chinese governance system and their relation to development. Compared to other developing countries like India, it has special positive features of career incentives promoting growth at the local level, the ability to take long-term decisions relatively quickly, and a unique blend of political centralization and decentralization of economic power and responsibility, that is conducive to central guidance and local business development. On the other hand, with a lack of sufficient downward (as opposed to upward) accountability and absence of institutionalized systems of scrutiny and challenge from below, mistakes or abuse of power are more difficult to check and correct quickly, political loyalty may often get a premium over performance at the upper levels, and there are insufficient checks on collusion between business and officials. The over-all organizational system is prone to over-reaction in times of crisis and thus only weakly resilient compared to systems where information flows from below are less controlled or choked.
Electroplasticity effects in Haynes 230

Abstract Electrically-assisted forming has the potential to reduce the cost of hot working Haynes 230 by enabling better material utilization, shorter cycle times and lower energy costs. In this paper, we investigate the presence of an electroplastic effect in Haynes 230 through electrically-assisted and isothermal tensile testing, thermomechanical simulation and microstructural characterization. Experimental results show discernable reductions in yield strength and elongation between a purely thermal response and an electrically-activated thermal response across the space of parameters studied. Evidence of a “rapid aging” effect during the electrically-assisted pulling of Haynes 230 is demonstrated via microstructural characterization. Results suggest that in Haynes 230, localized joule heating is brought on by electron-ion collisions which leads to fast precipitation of solutionized elements that increase subsequent flow stresses compared to an equivalent purely-thermal response without the application of electric current.
Toward “Living Together”: Developing Intercultural Sensitivity Through Arabic Foreign Language Coursework

This paper investigates intercultural sensitivity as an expected outcome of an Arabic as a foreign language class in higher education. The study used pretest and posttest design to measure the change in 26 students’ intercultural sensitivity after a semester of language study. The participants studied elementary level Arabic as a foreign language at an American university in the northeast United States. The Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) was used to measure intercultural sensitivity. No significant difference was found in the Arabic students’ levels of intercultural sensitivity as measured by the IDI, on average. The students’ Arabic instructor was interviewed, and the elementary level Arabic textbook was critically reviewed to understand how students’ intercultural sensitivity might be improved; a primary recommendation is to provide instructors with training on incorporating culture into foreign language curriculum.
An Assessment of Normal Tibiofibular Anatomy on Lateral Fluoroscopy

Background:Intraoperative identification of syndesmotic malreduction during ankle fracture fixation can be challenging. Prior studies describe the normal tibiofibular relationship on anteroposterio...
Predictors of a change in patient willingness to have Total knee arthroplasty: Insights from the osteoarthritis initiative.

Abstract Background While many factors have been shown to influence patient willingness to have total joint arthroplasty, factors associated with changes in patient willingness to have arthroplasty have not been studied. The objective of this research is to identify predictors of change in patient willingness to have total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Patient willingness to have TKA as well as questionnaire, clinical, and radiographic data, were obtained from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) for individuals with, or at high risk for developing knee OA. Mixed effects ordinal logistic regressions were employed to assess the relationships between 40 predictors and change in willingness to have surgery. Predictors significant in univariate models were included in a multivariable analysis. Results Three thousand three hundred and ninety-four OAI patients were included in our analysis. Between baseline and follow-up, 462 (13.6%) became more willing and 533 (15.7%) became less willing to have TKA. After controlling for demographic factors in multivariable analysis, patients with higher income and expected difficulty with postoperative walking were more likely to increase their willingness to have TKA. General health, race, and knee injections within the past six months approached significance with regard to increasing willingness to have TKA over time. Conclusion Income and expectations of difficulty walking postoperatively were significantly associated with changes in patient willingness to have TKA independent of age, sex, health coverage, employment, marriage status, and knee pain. Understanding factors influencing patient willingness to have surgery may be instrumental in counseling and addressing the mismatch of OA disease burden to surgical utilization.
Quantile Regression–Based Estimation of Dynamic Statistical Contingency Fuel

Reducing fuel consumption is a unifying goal across the aviation industry. One fuel-saving opportunity for airlines is reducing contingency fuel loading by dispatchers. Many airlines’ flight planni...
Divestment as an ESG Tool: Calpers and Tobacco Stocks (A)

This case uses the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) to set the stage for unfolding an analysis of economics and values in the decision to divest tobacco stocks and bonds from the internally managed portion of the CalPERS portfolio. Written from public sources, it offers a discussion about fiduciary responsibility for long-term retirement security and investment policies around environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies for the public pension fund. The material includes financial data that further allows calculations and discussion on tobacco investments outperforming the broader market. This A case opens with the CalPERS investment committee having made a decision to recommend removing tobacco investment restrictions. The CIO reflects on whether supporting investment in tobacco firms conflicts with CalPERS's member health and health care mission. Did supporting continued divestment mean CalPERS was putting its own social priority and ideals ahead of its clients' investment goals? The case data should lead most to conclude the fund was breaching its fiduciary duty. Excerpt UVA-F-1948 Rev. Jan. 22, 2021 Divestment as an ESG Tool: CalPERS and Tobacco Stocks (A) As he prepared for the December 2016 Investment Committee meeting, Ted Eliopoulos was conflicted. As the chief investment officer (CIO) of the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS), he oversaw an investment office of over 300 employees and was responsible for investment policies, risk management, corporate governance standards, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies for the public pension fund. At a time when some worried that the rising numbers of California retirees put significant burdens on pension funds, Eliopoulos was under pressure to shore up long-term retirement security while also staying true to the state's ESG principles. He knew this would require some difficult decisions. California's promise to pay pension benefits in future decades entailed a fiduciary obligation to ensure that as market conditions changed, the balance between risk and return on CalPERS's investments was appropriate. In 2014, CalPERS had initiated an investment strategy review under the Policy Revision Project, and by the spring of 2016, this had led the investment committee to revisit the organization's restrictions around tobacco investments. Over 15 years earlier, tobacco stocks and bonds had been divested from the internally managed portion of the CalPERS portfolio, though they were still permitted in externally managed portfolios. The belief at the time was that the tobacco industry would not survive the heavy regulation headed its way, nor would it recover from the immense litigation against tobacco companies. Despite these threats, by 2016 the tobacco industry had outperformed the broader market substantially, with significant cumulative returns. . . .
Association of Statins and 28-Day Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with SARS CoV-2 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Statins may be protective in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in-hospital statin use on 28-day mortality and ICU admission among patients with SARS-CoV-2 stratified into 4 groups: those who used statins prior to hospitalization (continued, discontinued) and those who did not (newly initiated, never). METHODS: In a cohort study of 1179 patients with SARS-CoV-2, chart review was used to assess demographics, laboratory measurements, comorbidities, and time from admission to death, ICU admission, or discharge. Using marginal structural Cox models, we estimated hazard ratios for mortality and ICU admission. RESULTS: Among 1179 patients, 676 (57 %) were male, 443 (37 %) were at least 65 years old, and 493 (46%) had a BMI ≥30. Inpatient statin use reduced the hazard of death (HR 0.566, P = 0.008). This association held among patients who did and did not use statins prior to hospitalization (HR 0.270, P=0.003; HR 0.493, P=0.038). Statin use was associated with improved time-to-death for patients >65 years, but not patients ≤65 years. CONCLUSION: Statin use during hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with reduced 28-day mortality. Well-designed randomized control trials are needed to better define this relationship.
The Stoic Tooth Root: How the Mineral and Extracellular Matrix Counterbalance to Keep Aged Dentin Stable.

Aging is a physiological process with profound impact on the biology and function of biosystems, including the human dentition. While resilient, human teeth undergo wear and disease, affecting overall physical, psychological, and social human health. However, the underlying mechanisms of tooth aging remain largely unknown. Root dentin is integral to tooth function in that it anchors and dissipates mechanical load stresses of the tooth-bone system. Here, we assess the viscoelastic behavior, composition, and ultrastructure of young and old root dentin using nano-dynamic mechanical analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, atomic force and transmission electron microscopies. We find that the root dentin overall stiffness increases with age. Unlike other mineralized tissues and even coronal dentin, however, the ability of root dentin to dissipate energy during deformation does not decay with age. Using a deconstruction method to dissect the contribution of mineral and organic matrix, we find that the damping factor of the organic matrix does deteriorate. Compositional and ultrastructural analyses revealed higher mineral-to-matrix ratio, altered enzymatic and non-enzymatic collagen cross-linking, increased collagen d-spacing and fibril diameter, and decreased abundance of proteoglycans and sulfation pattern of glycosaminoglycans . Therefore, even in the absence of remodeling, the extracellular matrix of root dentin shares traits of aging with other tissues. To explain this discrepancy, we propose that altered matrix-mineral interactions, possibly mediated by carbonate ions sequestered at the mineral interface and/or altered glycosaminoglycans counteract the deleterious effects of aging on the structural components of the extracellular matrix. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Globally, a quarter of the population will be over 65 years old by 2050. Because many will retain their dentition, it will become increasingly important to understand and manage how aging affects teeth. Dentin is integral to the protective, biomechanical, and regenerative features of teeth. Here, we demonstrate that older root dentin not only has altered mechanical properties, but shows characteristic shifts in mineralization, composition, and post-translational modifications of the matrix. This strongly suggests that there is a mechanistic link between mineral and matrix components to the biomechanical performance of aging dentin with implications for efforts to slow or even reverse the aging process.
Capital cost estimation for advanced nuclear power plants

Abstract The first-of-a-kind (FOAK) nuclear plants built in the last 20 years are 2X over budget and schedule in the US and some European countries. One of the nuclear industry's proposed remedies is the small modular reactor (SMR). SMR designs leverage five factors to be more economically competitive than large reactors: 1) multiple units; 2) increased factory production and learning; 3) reduced construction schedules; 4) plant design simplification and 5) unit timing. There are currently no bottom-up studies that quantitatively account for these factors and compare different near-term light water reactor SMRs with Gen III + large plants. This work presents a nuclear plant cost estimating methodology using a detailed bottom-up approach for over 200 structures, systems, and components. The results compare relative costs for two large pressurized water reactors, one with active safety and one with passive safety, to two SMR designs, one with multiple reactor power modules and one with a single reactor module. Passive safety systems showed noticeable savings at both the large and small-scale reactors. The power uprating of an SMR by 20% resulted in ∼15% savings in the overnight unit capital cost. Overall, if built by an inexperienced vendor and work force, the two SMRs' overnight costs were higher than large reactors, since significant on-site labor still remains while losing economy of scale. However, the single-unit SMR had significantly less total person-hours of onsite labor, and if built by an experienced workforce, it could avoid cost-overrun risks associated with megaprojects.
POWER AND TOURISM A Foucauldian Observation

Abstract Tourism outcomes are often regarded as driven by the tourist. The influence of tourism on society is often anticipated to be negative. This conceptual paper extends the power vocabulary of Michel Foucault to challenge the exclusivity of this view. Power is conceptualized as omnipresent in a tripartite system of tourists, locals, and brokers. The Foucauldian framework reveals that the tourist—like the madman and the incarcerated criminal—is frequently vulnerable to the composite gaze of others. Further, the framework shows that productive power generates touristic knowledge. This orientation to touristic power recommends increased analytical attention to the role of brokers prominent in tourism development.
Assessment of the Microscreen phage-induction assay for screening hazardous wastes

The Microscreen phage-induction assay, which quantitatively measures the induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli WP2s(lambda), was used to test 14 crude (unfractionated) hazardous industrial waste samples for genotoxic activity in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Eleven of the 14 wastes induced prophage, and induction was observed at concentrations as low as 0.4 picograms per ml. Comparisons between the mutagenicity of these waste samples in Salmonella and their ability to induce prophage lambda indicate that the Microscreen phage-induction assay detected genotoxic activity in all but one of the wastes that were mutagenic in Salmonella. Moreover, the Microscreen assay detected as genotoxic 5 additional wastes that were not detected in the Salmonella assay. The applicability of the Microscreen phage-induction assay for screening hazardous wastes for genotoxic activity is discussed along with some of the problems associated with screening highly toxic wastes containing toxic volatile compounds.
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Wastewater

Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a wastewater treatment process in which small doses of chemical compounds are added to wastewater in order to increase the operating efficiency of sedimentation basins. The chemicals cause the suspended particles to clump together via the processes of coagulation and flocculation. The particle aggregates, or flocs, settle faster and thus enhance the treatment efficiency, which is measured as the removal of solids, organic matter, and nutrients from the wastewater. The chemicals utilized in CEPT are the same ones commonly added in potable water treatment (e.g., metal salts and/or organic polymers). Keywords: coagulation; flocculation; sedimentation; basins; secondary; treatment
Polarization anisotropy in vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers

The polarization-dependent gain (PDG) characteristics of a vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifier (VCSOA) are measured, and the case of the PDG is determined. It is often assumed that the polarization states of a VCSOA are degenerate because of the circular geometry of the device. This assumption is not true in practice, and it is found that VCSOAs possess a dominant linear polarization state and a small difference in frequency between polarization states. The difference in resonant frequencies causes the PDG of the VCSOA. Measurements of the polarization state show that the cause of the splitting is electro-optic birefringence.
Magnetoreflectance and magnetization of Cu2Zn1-xMnxGeS4.

We have measured the magnetoreflectance of orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{GeS}}_{4}$ with x=0.83, 0.92, and 1.00 at 1.3 K in applied dc magnetic fields B up to 15 T with B applied parallel to crystallographic directions a, b, and c. Exciton splittings as large as \ensuremath{\sim}170 and \ensuremath{\sim}230 meV were observed for light polarization vector E\ensuremath{\parallel}a and E\ensuremath{\parallel}c, respectively. With increasing magnetic field, the average energy of the E\ensuremath{\parallel}a exciton components decreased and that of the E\ensuremath{\parallel}c components increased. Sample geometry did not permit E\ensuremath{\parallel}b measurements. Room-temperature excitions were also observed but their Zeeman splittings were not observed. The excitons are associated with transitions between the conduction and valence bands, which were assumed to be s like and p like, respectively. We have also measured the magnetization of the x=0.92 and 1.00 samples at 1.4 K in applied dc magnetic fields up to 19.5 T with B\ensuremath{\parallel}b. From the optical and magnetization data, we determined the s-d and p-d exchange-constant difference ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\beta} where ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha} and ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\beta} measure the exchange interaction between the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ 3d electrons and the conduction and valence-band electrons, respectively. For x=0.92, we obtained ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{x}}$=0.089\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 eV and ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{z}}$=0.126\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 eV. For x=1.00, we obtained ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{x}}$=0.077\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 eV and ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{z}}$=0.110\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 eV. These values are an order of magnitude smaller than those observed in II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors.
Generation strategies for gaming transmission constraints. Will the deregulated electric power market be an oligopoly

Constrained transmission lines are known to be able to economically isolate submarkets from the competition of players located elsewhere on the network. The paper examines the type of oligopolistic competition that is likely to take place in these submarkets. It shows, using simple models, how static or intertemporal Nash equilibria can arise in a framework of price or supply function competitions, found to be more realistic than Cournot models in the particular case of short term competition in the electric power market. The paper shows also how transmission constraints can play a direct role in the outcome of the oligopolistic competition and encourage strategic behavior by the generators. Transmission lines that would not be constrained if the players did not know of their thermal limits, may be strategically driven to operate at these limits in order to maximize the profits of the players who have market power, leaving the others to cope with the consequences of such behavior.
Determining Organ Doses from CT with Direct Measurements in Postmortem Subjects: Part 2—Correlations with Patient-specific Parameters

With the knowledge of a patient’s scan volume CT dose index and the measurement of two anatomic dimensions on that scan, it is feasible for patient-specific organ doses to be calculated for a variety of CT protocols.
Indole‐2‐Acetic Acid Methyl Esters: Methyl 5‐Methoxyindole‐2‐Acetate

Indole-2-acetic acid methyl esters: methyl 5-methoxyindole-2-acetate intermediate: 5-methoxy-2-nitrophenylacetic acid intermediate: Methyl (5-methoxy-2-nitrophenylacetyl)acetoacetate intermediate: Methyl 4-(5-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutyrate product: Methyl 5-methoxyindole-2-acetate product: methyl (2-nitrophenylacetyl)acetoacetate product: methyl 4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutyrate product: methyl indole-2-acetate Keywords: acylation; acylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[M,N]; cleavage, miscellaneous; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; condensation, miscellaneous; cyclization, reductive cyclization; deacylation; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; reduction, NO2 NH2; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethylformamide, cancer suspect agent; 5-methoxy-2-nitrophenylacetyl chloride, potential explosive; thionyl chloride, toxic, corrosive
Selection of sample intervals in deep-sea sedimentary cores

The optimum sample interval in any study of a deep-sea sedimentary core is a function of the sedimentation rate, the duration of the geologic event to be identified, and the number of points needed to satisfactorily resolve all maxima or minima of the event. For most geologic parameters, a sample spacing of at least 0.25 cycles per sample interval will be required in order to resolve every peak regardless of the biasing due to the placement of the initial sample. Now that it is possible to get estimates of the sedimentation rate in deep-sea sediments by various means, prior to detailed studies, it is recommended that a sampling density be chosen that will resolve every peak for the periods under study in any parameter used for between-core correlations.
Cell-based biosensor for rapid screening of pathogens and toxins

Abstract Development and validation of a mammalian cell-based biosensor for application in food defense and food safety was investigated. Three prototypes of the biosensor capable of handling different sample types were developed and tested with food and beverages. The sensing element is a B lymphocyte Ped-2E9 cell-line, encapsulated in collagen matrix in 3D scaffold. The uniqueness of this biosensor is that it detects analyte interaction with mammalian cells and is able to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic and active from inactive toxins, rendering accurate estimation of the risk associated with the agents. This sensor gave positive signal for a broad range of bacterial pathogens; Listeria monocytogenes , enterotoxigenic Bacillus , Vibrio , Micrococcus and Serratia , and toxins; α-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus , phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens , cytolysin from sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus , listeriolysin O from L. monocytogenes , and enterotoxin from Bacillus . Detection limit for toxins was 10–40 ng in 2 h while for a model bacterial pathogen, L. monocytogenes , 10 3 –10 4 CFU/ml in 4–6 h, even in the presence of a mixture of higher concentrations of non-pathogenic species of the same genera or common background microflora. With inoculated food and beverage, the sensor detected L. monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus at a low initial concentration of 10 2 –10 4 CFU/g from ready-to-eat meat and rice, and only active toxins at nanogram quantities from rice, milk and water samples. Though all the three prototypes performed well with beverages, Devices II & III are most suitable for testing particulate foods. These data present promising evidence for possible application of this biosensor for rapid detection of multiple pathogens or toxins for food defense and food safety application.
Beyond Rainforests: Urbanisation and Emigration among Lowland Indigenous Societies in Latin America

Indigenous societies across lowland Latin America have recently made impressive political and territorial gains by emphasising their stewardship of and attachment to particular rural landscapes. But surprising new censal and microdemographic evidence shows that these groups have simultaneously been developing a presence in domestic and foreign metropolises. Cities offer employment and advanced education opportunities as well as escape from rural conflicts. We suggest that the dynamics and outcomes of these migrations are distinct from those of other rural Latin Americans. By outlining specific areas in which migration, politics, and territory appear to be interlinked, we seek to stimulate research that engages with these processes and their implications for indigenous advocacy and migration theory.
Error in MR volumetric flow measurements due to ordered phase encoding in the presence of flow varying with respiration

Respiratory ordered phase encoding is often employed in MRI studies to reduce image artifacts due to breathing motion. The purpose of this work was to evaluate error caused by the use of respiratory ordering of phase encoding in MR cine phase-contrast (CPC) volumetric flow measurements when the flow rate is sensitive to respiration. It was hypothesized that this effect is due to the systematic biasing of a respiratory-induced phase modulation function in k-space. A theoretical model for the effects of respiration was developed and then tested in flow phantom studies and in normal volunteer studies. In phantom experiments, the use of respiratory ordering induced an error of as much as 13% in CPC volumetric flow measurements. In preliminary volunteer studies, error was as high as 26% in superior vena cava flow measurements versus less than 1% error in the ascending aorta. It is concluded that a potential for error exists in CPC volumetric flow measurements obtained with the use of respiratory ordering schemes. Volunteer studies with larger numbers are warranted. Clinical applications in which this effect may be important include flow measurements in vessels subject to variations in flow due to respiration, such as the venae cavae, pulmonary vasculature, and portal vein.
The role of cascade, a cycle-based simulation infrastructure, in designing the anton special-purpose supercomputers

Cascade is a cycle-based C++ simulation infrastructure used in the design and verification of two successive versions of Anton, a specialized machine designed for high-speed molecular dynamics computation. Cascade was engineered to address the size and speed challenges inherent in simulating massively parallel special-purpose machines. It provides a lightweight programming interface, rich debugging support, tight Verilog integration, fast multithreaded execution, and low memory overhead. Here, we describe the core features of Cascade that proved most valuable for our simulation efforts.
Effect of Fruits on Dormancy and Abscisic Acid Concentration in the Axillary Buds of Phaseolus vulgaris L

The mechanism regulating the growth of adult plants in two determinate bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was investigated. “Redkloud” plants flowered, formed fruits, and ceased shoot growth earlier than “Redkote” plants. Redkloud attained a smaller plant size, compared to Redkote, by imposing dormancy on axillary buds at an earlier age. In both cultivars, cessation of bud growth coincided with maximum combined fruit length per plant. Removal of fruits caused resumption of axillary bud growth within 4 to 5 days. The amount of new growth induced by fruit removal depended on the cultivar and plant age. In fully developed Redkloud plants, where shoot growth had already ceased, total leaf and shoot number per plant nearly doubled within 2 weeks following fruit removal. A much smaller response was observed in the still growing Redkote plants. Fruits, therefore, are assumed to play a major role in the regulation of shoot growth and total plant size through the control of axillary bud dormancy. It seems that smaller plant size, earlier maturity, and earlier senescence of Redkloud, compared to Redkote, were the result of earlier flowering, and accomplished in part through the growth-inhibiting action of fruits. The endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) concentration of axillary buds was higher in Redkloud than in Redkote. It increased with plant age in both cultivars. Five days after fruit removal the ABA level in bud tissue dropped to approximately 10 to 30% of the control level. When buds were treated with a solution of ABA containing 5 nanomoles of ABA per bud, growth was substantially inhibited. Fifteen days after ABA application the mean length of growing buds on intact and defruited plants was reduced by 40 and 62%, respectively, compared to the untreated controls. A role for ABA in axillary bud growth regulation was not firmly established, but these data suggest correlation between the growth potential of axillary buds and their ABA concentration.
PTSD in surviving family members of drunk driving episodes: Victim and crime-related factors

Victims of drunk driving who die suffer an unnecessary and violent death, which intensifies the surviving family members' psychological response to the trauma. Grief models that elaborate stages of the bereavement process, although useful, are not helpful for measuring the biopsychosocial response to this type of death. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, is proposed as a dimension of the grief response. Victim and crime-related characteristics are compared to determine the associations between variables and the occurrence of PTSD symptomatology in victim and nonvictim groups. The results have assessment and treatment implications for mental health professionals who work with individuals and families.
KNO scaling in nondiffractive multiplicity distribution

It is demonstrated that the nondiffractive component of pp data alone approximately scales from 50 to 303 GeV/c. It is also shown that the functional dependence of the scaling curve can be reproduced quantitatively by asymptotic models of independent emission of clusters. (LBS)
Technology assessment and risk analysis

Abstract The evolution of technology assessment from cost-benefit calculus to a sophisticated form of policy analysis has gone through at least three and possibly four stages. These stages, characterized by the degree of comprehensiveness aspired by the natural affinity of risk analysis to technology assessment, are explored in some detail, and it is postulated that risk analysis might very well follow a similar evolutionary path.
Pen-based computing

Pens may seem old-fashioned, but some researchers think they are the future of interaction. Can they teach this old dog some new tricks?
A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence.

Objective To determine whether child physical maltreatment early in life has long-term effects on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems independent of other characteristics associated with maltreatment. Design Prospective longitudinal study with data collected annually from 1987 through 1999. Setting and Participants Randomly selected, community-based samples of 585 children from the ongoing Child Development Project were recruited the summer before children entered kindergarten in 3 geographic sites. Seventy-nine percent continued to participate in grade 11. The initial in-home interviews revealed that 69 children (11.8%) had experienced physical maltreatment prior to kindergarten matriculation. Main Outcome Measures Adolescent assessment of school grades, standardized test scores, absences, suspensions, aggression, anxiety/depression, other psychological problems, drug use, trouble with police, pregnancy, running away, gang membership, and educational aspirations. Results Adolescents maltreated early in life were absent from school more than 1.5 as many days, were less likely to anticipate attending college compared with nonmaltreated adolescents, and had levels of aggression, anxiety/depression, dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, social problems, thought problems, and social withdrawal that were on average more than three quarters of an SD higher than those of their nonmaltreated counterparts. The findings held after controlling for family and child characteristics correlated with maltreatment. Conclusions Early physical maltreatment predicts adolescent psychological and behavioral problems, beyond the effects of other factors associated with maltreatment. Undetected early physical maltreatment in community populations represents a major problem worthy of prevention.
P.R.O.S.E.: partitioned reliable operating system environment

This document re-evaluates the software stack in the light of para-virtualization technology and hypervisor support within next generation processors and operating systems. We describe an infrastructure enabling the use of logical partitions (LPARs) for the execution of stand-alone applications along side traditional operating systems. The design goal is to provide an environment allowing normal users to execute, interact and manage these custom kernels in much the same way they would with typical applications. The development environment is a set of modular component libraries providing necessary system services, and a familiar debug environment provided by exposing partition memory and control interfaces to a "controller" partition. We describe the implementation of our prototype using the IBM research hypervisor along with the Linux kernel and explore potential applications that could benefit from this new environment.
Positive effect of heterogeneity of difference on thesame-different disparity in letter matching

Subjects judged whether two adjacent letters were identical or different.Different pairs were similar, for example HM, DO, VY, or dissimilar, for example DY, HV,MO. According to the noisy-operator theory, increasing the heterogeneity of difference (external noise) by intermixing similar and dissimilardifferent pairs ought to produce faster but less accurate responses ondifferent trials. As predicted, the tendency to make more false-different responses (i.e., errors on same pairs) decreased when the similar and dissimilardifferent pairs were intermixed rather than presented in separate blocks. The fast-same effect did not change, however, seemingly due to criterion misadjustment. Proctor and Rao apparently found no effect of heterogeneity of difference on RT and errors because they used a less sensitive procedure (between-subjects design; different set of letters for more and less heterogeneous conditions). Consistent with the internal-noise principle, but not with the response-competition model of Eriksen, O’Hara, and Eriksen, the enhanced fast-same effect on blocks containing only similar (vs. dissimilar)different pairs was accompanied by an increased preponderance of false-different errors.
Environmental justice in a landscape of tragedy

Abstract Hurricane Katrina exposed a landscape of tragedy in New Orleans in the wake of the storm, concentrations of poverty and minority populations and disproportionate suffering among those groups prompted discussions about environmental injustices. Federal policies seek to foster environmental justice, but all too often they respond inadequately to long-standing injustices and fail to address the moral issues that underlie the public understanding of environmental justice. Additionally, local and state plans for addressing future hurricanes offer little impetus to environmental justice concerns.