cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymes in pancreatic islets that use NADP(H) as a cofactor including evidence for a plasma membrane aldehyde reductase.

Recent evidence of a pyruvate malate shuttle capable of transporting a large amount of NADPH equivalents out of mitochondria in pancreatic islets suggests that cytosolic NADP(H) plays a role in beta cell metabolism. To obtain clues about these processes the activities of several NADPH‐utilizing enzymes were estimated in pancreatic islets. Low levels of pyrroquinolone quinone (PQQ) and low levels of enzyme activity that reduce PQQ were found in islets. Low activities of palmitoyl‐CoA and stearoyl‐CoA desaturases were also detected. Significant activities of glutathione reductase, aldose reductase (EC.1.1.1.21) and aldehyde reductase (EC.1.1.1.2) were present in islets. Potent inhibitors of aldehyde and aldose reductases inhibited neither glucose‐induced insulin release nor glucose metabolism in islets indicating that these reductases are not directly involved in glucose‐induced insulin reaction. Over 90% of aldose reductase plus aldehyde reductase enzyme activity was present in the cytosol. Kinetic and chromatographic studies indicated that 60–70% of this activity in cytosol was due to aldehyde reductase and the remainder due to aldose reductase. Aldehyde reductase‐like enzyme activity, as well as aldose reductase immunoreactivity, was detected in rat islet plasma membrane fractions purified by a polyethylene glycol‐Dextran gradient or by a sucrose gradient. This is interesting in view of the fact that voltage‐gated potassium channel beta subunits that contain aldehyde and aldose reductase‐like NADPH-binding motifs have been detected in plasma membrane fractions of islets [Receptors and Channels 7: 237–243, 2000] and suggests that NADPH might have a yet unknown function in regulating activity of these potassium channels. Reductases may be present in cytosol to protect the insulin cell from molecules that cause oxidative injury.
e-Textbooks Usage by Students at Andrews University: A Study of Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behaviors

Purpose – This study aims at identifying Andrews University's students' perceptions, behavior, use, and attitudes towards e‐textbook and e‐books in general.Design/methodology/approach – In the Fall semester of 2001‐2012, Andrews University's bookstore offered 74 e‐textbooks for purchase. The teachers who had the opportunity of using these e‐textbooks for their classes were asked to distribute two questionnaires to their students: one to those who chose to buy and use the e‐textbook and a slightly different one to those who chose the traditional print textbook. The results were tabulated and compared to the results of similar studies since 2001.Findings – A 65 percent return rate was obtained. Several findings closely replicate results of many studies on this area. For more than a decade, studies show that students prefer the hardcover book over the e‐book for their studies. Lack of awareness, not knowing how to get it, eyestrain, and difficulty of reading are the main culprits for students not using e‐boo...
Genetic Engineering of Seed Storage Proteins

A list of traits that would be valuable to genetically engineer in plants would include characteristics of disease and herbicide resistance, enhanced photosynthetic capacity, the ability to fix nitrogen, drought tolerance, and increased protein nutritional quality. While it would be a tremendous achievement to incorporate all of these into a major crop species, the ability to isolate a gene or genes responsible for even one of them and transfer it from one plant to another by a non-sexual process would be a highly significant accomplishment. Unfortunately, we presently know so little about the biochemical and physiological processes involved in these responses or processes that it is difficult or impossible to identify such genes. In view of the progress being made in gene isolation and characterization, we may be able to genetically engineer plants before we have identified which genes are responsible for the traits we wish to modify.
Essays on energy economics: Microeconomic and macroeconomic dimensions

The 2000's rise in oil prices has reignited the interest of economists about the influence of these swings on both specific good markets and macroeconomic fluctuations. In the macroeconomic arena, the attention of policymakers and economists has been posed the effects of oil price swings on the economic domestic cycle. In this work, we explore a question under scrutiny among economists and policymakers: the use of fiscal policy as an instrument to accommodate the domestic fluctuations caused by oil price shocks. In particular, we study a floating oil-tax rate used as an instrument to reduce the pass-through of the international price of oil into the domestic economy. We develop two works in this topic. The first paper study a small open economy calibrated to Chile with perfect foresight and finite horizon. This model is applied to two types of policy: a Ramsey problem and an ad-hoc stabilization rule. For both cases, we find that the social planner finds optimal to reduce the pass-through of oil price shocks into the domestic economy. Also, we compute the welfare gains and losses that arise from both types of policy compared to a competitive equilibrium economy where the government plays a passive role. The second paper recasts the model developed in the first study. The salient features of the new model are: uncertainty; infinite horizon; the model is calibrated to two representative economies: developed and developing countries; and the optimal taxation policy is analyzed considering both complete and incomplete markets for the bonds issued by the government. We find significative differences in how the optimal oil-tax rate responds whether the economy is calibrated to a developed country or a developing economy, or if public debt is traded in complete or incomplete markets.In the microeconomic field, we study the ethanol market. Aukayanagul and Miranowski (2009) show that the price of ethanol closely follows the price of oil. Given the sharp rise of oil and ethanol prices in the last years a question has been under scrutiny in the ethanol market: When is profitable to invest in an ethanol plant? In the third paper, we develop a model using the real options approach to answer this question. We incorporate the market structure of the ethanol industry to our model, in which entry and exit of new firms affect the ethanol gross margin (price of ethanol plus co-product value minus purchases of corn). The solution of the model gives threshold values of the ethanol gross margin that indicate when is optimal to both invest in an ethanol plant and to exit the market for an active firm.
Discharge educational strategies for reduction of vascular events (DESERVE): design and methods

RationaleStroke and vascular risk factors disproportionately affect minority populations, with Blacks and Hispanics experiencing a 2.5- and 2.0-fold greater risk compared with whites, respectively....
Metabolism of diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Several labeling experiments with growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate an active metabolism of the phosphomonoester groups of triphosphoinositide and diphosphoinositide. Rapid labeling of the phosphomonoester groups of tri- and diphosphoinositides was observed with 32Pi as precursor. Pulse-labeled di- and tri-phosphoinositides lost radioactivity rapidly when chased with unlabeled phosphate. When a chase experiment was carried out starting with uniformly 32P-labeled cells, a rapid decline was observed in the phosphomonoester-32P in tri- and diphosphoinositides.
“Precision” parameter: A misnomer

The parameter K that describes the concentration of paleomagnetic directions about The parameter K that describes the concentration of paleomagnetic directions about their mean is commonly termed the “precision” parameter, a terminology that goes back to Fisher's [1953] original paper. However, it does not measure “precision” as the term is now used in the physical sciences. “Precision” is a measure of how well a result is experimentally defined ]e.g., Bevington, 1960], and this definition is drummed into beginning science students, commonly starting at the high-school level. For paleomagnetic data, however, “precision” in this sense is expressed by a confidence limit, such as a95; thus it depends on N (the number of samples) as well as K. For this reason, more modern treatments of directional statistics instead usually call K the “concentration” parameter, which is a neutral (and natural) geometric description [e.g., Mardia, 1972, 1975; Fisher et al, 1987].
Controlling Images, Media, and Women's Development: A Review of the Literature

Myths, stereotypes, and controlling images are embedded in the cultural textbook of cinema. Women are disempowered and marginalized by these images, and it is important to explore the existence and prevalence of these images in order to examine their effects on women's development. A review of the literature concerning controlling images and the media reveals the presence of stereotypes concerning everything from smoking habits to body image. From films, women are learning that they are secondary to men in the workforce and that there is nothing wrong with this perception.
Correlation Between Device Performance and Photo-Generated Carriers Escape Order in III-V p-i-n Quantum Confined Solar Cells

For p-i-n quantum confined solar cells, best efficiency trade-off is often achieved in the vicinity of a critical intrinsic region thickness corresponding to a critical built-in electric field. Nevertheless, even for devices satisfying such condition, the carrier escape sequence is shown to have a profound impact on device performance. Here, we present several correlations between photoluminescence and theoretical calculation results for studies made on specific devices. The study underlines the need to carefully consider carrier escape processes in order to achieve the goal of highly efficient quantum confined solar cell
Attributed Variables in XSB

Abstract The attributed variable data type plays an important role in many extensions to the basic Logic Programming language. It provides a flexible mechanism to implement constraint solvers over different domains in a standard logic programming system. To combine the technique of constraint solving with tabling and build a tabled constraint logic programming system, special work has to be done to handle attributed variables when they are copied into and out of tables. In this paper, we describe the implementation of attributed variables in XSB — a tabled logic programming system. We first introduce the internal representation of attributed variables and the interface between the internal representation and the user defined high level unification handler. Then, as the primary focus of the paper, we describe how the tabling mechanism in XSB can be extended to efficiently handle attributed variables. To save attributed variables in tables, the structure of subgoal table and answer table is modified, and the tabling engine itself requires extension as well.
Electron diffusion by coherent, narrowband microwaves

The Fokker-Planck coefficients for interaction of coherent, narrowband microwaves with a spatially limited region of tokamak plasma are obtained. As a function of energy, the coefficients exhibit regions of negligible diffusion interspersed with regions of strong diffusion.
Sequence Requirements for Regulated RNA Splicing of the Human Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 α Exon

Progression of astrocytes from a benign to a malignant phenotype is accompanied by a change in the RNA processing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1) gene. The level of a high affinity form of the FGFR-1 is dramatically elevated as a result of α-exon skipping during RNA splicing. In this paper we have been able to duplicate this tumor-specific RNA processing pathway by transfection of a chimeric minigene containing a 4-kilobase fragment of the human FGFR-1 gene (including the α-exon) into a variety of cell lines. In a transfected human astrocytoma cell line, α-exon skipping was consistently observed for RNA transcripts derived from both the chimeric minigene and endogenous gene expression. This exon skipping phenotype was dependent on the size of the flanking intron as deletions which reduced the introns to less than ∼350 base pairs resulted in enhanced α-exon inclusion. Increased exon inclusion was not sequence-specific as exon skipping could be restored with insertion of nonspecific sequence. Cell-specific exon recognition was maintained with a 375-nucleotide sequence inclusive and flanking the α-exon, provided that intron size was maintained. These results identify the minimal cis-regulatory sequence requirements for exclusion of FGFR-1 α-exon in astrocytomas.
Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Metallic Catalyst by CVD

The growth of carbon nanotubes was investigated using a filament assisted atmospheric CVD system. The scope of this study is two fold: (i) control the growth of carbon nanotubes by chemical treatment of catalysis surface and temperatures and (ii) study of nanotubes growth for gas sensor applications. We have conducted the growth of carbon nanotubes on surfaces by treatment of metal catalyst surface with different acids and plasma. The treated surfaces were kept in a furnace tube CVD and the nanotubes were grown using a hot filament assisted decomposition of methane (CH4 ) and argon (Ar) gas mixture. It was found that the growth of carbon nanotubes could be controlled by the catalysts, filament and furnaces temperature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ultrasound elastography using multiple images

Displacement estimation is an essential step for ultrasound elastography and numerous techniques have been proposed to improve its quality using two frames of ultrasound RF data. This paper introduces a technique for calculating a displacement field from three (or multiple) frames of ultrasound RF data. To calculate a displacement field using three images, we first derive constraints on variations of the displacement field with time using mechanics of materials. These constraints are then used to generate a regularized cost function that incorporates amplitude similarity of three ultrasound images and displacement continuity. We optimize the cost function in an expectation maximization (EM) framework. Iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is used to minimize the effect of outliers. An alternative approach for utilizing multiple images is to only consider two frames at any time and sequentially calculate the strains, which are then accumulated. We formally show that, compared to using two images or accumulating strains, the new algorithm reduces the noise and eliminates ambiguities in displacement estimation. The displacement field is used to generate strain images for quasi-static elastography. Simulation, phantom experiments and in vivo patient trials of imaging liver tumors and monitoring ablation therapy of liver cancer are presented for validation. We show that even with the challenging patient data, where it is likely to have one frame among the three that is not optimal for strain estimation, the introduction of physics-based prior as well as the simultaneous consideration of three images significantly improves the quality of strain images. Average values for strain images of two frames versus ElastMI are: 43 versus 73 for SNR (signal to noise ratio) in simulation data, 11 versus 15 for CNR (contrast to noise ratio) in phantom data, and 5.7 versus 7.3 for CNR in patient data. In addition, the improvement of ElastMI over both utilizing two images and accumulating strains is statistically significant in the patient data, with p-values of respectively 0.006 and 0.012.
Oscillatory Galvanomagnetic Properties of Antimony Single Crystals at Liquid Helium Temperatures

Measurements of the Hall coefficient and transverse magnetoresistance have been made on antimony single crystals at liquid helium temperatures and in magnetic fields up to 25 kilogauss. Both these properties exhibit oscillations which are periodic in reciprocal magnetic field. For a given orientation of the crystal axes relative to the magnetic field, the period of oscillation is the same for both these galvanomagnetic effects. The observed periods are in good agreement with the values found in the de Haas-van Alphen effect of antimony. The magnetic field dependence of the Hall coefficient was also examined at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It was found that at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the Hall coefficient already exhibits marked field dependence. Small amounts of impurities were found to have a marked effect on both the magnitude and field dependence of the Hall coefficient at low temperatures.
Secondary structural entropy in RNA switch (Riboswitch) identification

RNA regulatory elements play a significant role in gene regulation. Riboswitches, a widespread group of regulatory RNAs, are vital components of many bacterial genomes. These regulatory elements generally function by forming a ligand-induced alternative fold that controls access to ribosome binding sites or other regulatory sites in RNA. Riboswitch-mediated mechanisms are ubiquitous across bacterial genomes. A typical class of riboswitch has its own unique structural and biological complexity, making de novo riboswitch identification a formidable task. Traditionally, riboswitches have been identified through comparative genomics based on sequence and structural homology. The limitations of structural-homology-based approaches, coupled with the assumption that there is a great diversity of undiscovered riboswitches, suggests the need for alternative methods for riboswitch identification, possibly based on features intrinsic to their structure. As of yet, no such reliable method has been proposed. We used structural entropy of riboswitch sequences as a measure of their secondary structural dynamics. Entropy values of a diverse set of riboswitches were compared to that of their mutants, their dinucleotide shuffles, and their reverse complement sequences under different stochastic context-free grammar folding models. Significance of our results was evaluated by comparison to other approaches, such as the base-pairing entropy and energy landscapes dynamics. Classifiers based on structural entropy optimized via sequence and structural features were devised as riboswitch identifiers and tested on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Synechococcus elongatus as an exploration of structural entropy based approaches. The unusually long untranslated region of the cotH in Bacillus subtilis, as well as upstream regions of certain genes, such as the sucC genes were associated with significant structural entropy values in genome-wide examinations. Various tests show that there is in fact a relationship between higher structural entropy and the potential for the RNA sequence to have alternative structures, within the limitations of our methodology. This relationship, though modest, is consistent across various tests. Understanding the behavior of structural entropy as a fairly new feature for RNA conformational dynamics, however, may require extensive exploratory investigation both across RNA sequences and folding models.
Advances in 3-dimensional radiation treatment planning systems: room-view display with real time interactivity.

Abstract Purpose: We describe our 3-dimensional (3-D) radiation treatment planning system for external photon and electron beam 3-D treatment planning which provides high performance computational speed and a real-time display which we have named "room-view" in which the simulated target volumes, critical structures, skin surfaces, radiation beams and/or dose surfaces can be viewed on the display monitor from any arbitrary viewing position. Methods and Materials: We have implemented the 3-D planning system on a graphics superworkstation with parallel processing. Patient's anatomical features are extracted from contiguous computed tomography scan images and are displayed as wireloops or solid surfaces. Radiation beams are displayed as a set of diverging rays plus the polygons formed by the intersection of these rays with planes perpendicular to the beam axis. Controls are provided for each treatment machine motion function. Photon dose calculations are performed using an effective pathlength algorithm modified to accommodate 3-D off-center ratios. Electron dose calculations are performed using a 3-D pencil beam model. Results: Dose distribution information can be displayed as 3-D dose surfaces, dose-volume histograms, or as isodoses superimposed on 2-D gray scale images of the patient's anatomy. Tumor-control-probabilities, normal-tissue-complication probabilities and a figure-of-merit score function are generated to aid in plan evaluation. A split-screen display provides a beam's-eye-view for beam positioning and design of patient shielding block apertures and a concurrent "room-view" display of the patient and beam icon for viewing multiple beam set-ups, beam positioning, and plan evaluation. Both views are simultaneously interactive. Conclusion: The development of an interactive 3-D radiation treatment planning system with a real-time room-view display has been accomplished. The concurrent real-time beam's-eye-view and room-view display significantly improves the efficacy of the 3-D planning process.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Carcinoms

Die Nachprufung der Befunde vonA. Christiani, das Cholesterinester die wirksamen Substanzen der nachFreund dargestellten Carcinomdarmsaure bilden, ergab folgende Resultate:
Role of Lbc RhoGEF in Gα12/13-induced signals to Rho GTPase

Heterotrimeric Galpha12/13 signals induce cellular responses such as serum response element (SRE)-mediated gene transcription via Rho GTPase. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are strong candidates for linking Galpha signals to Rho. For example, p115 RhoGEF transduces Galpha13 signals to Rho and inhibits Galpha12/13 signals via the RhoGEF LH domain which links to Galpha subunits. Here, we have evaluated the signaling capacity of Lbc RhoGEF in the context of Galpha12/13 signals. In vitro GEF assays indicate that baculoviral-expressed proto-Lbc has minimal exchange activity, implying that a stimulus is required for Lbc activity in vivo. Expression of a catalytically inactive proto-Lbc mutant in HEK293T cells attenuates Galpha12- and thrombin-induced activation of an SRE transcriptional reporter, and the levels of inhibition observed is similar to that obtained with an analogous p115 RhoGEF mutant. proto-Lbc mutant expression also led to decreased levels of Galpha12-induced RhoA activation in vivo. Complex formation between Galpha12 and Lbc forms was detected. Analysis of the Lbc peptide sequence reveals a previously undetected region which may link to Galpha subunit signals. These findings support a role for Lbc in Galpha12-induced signaling pathways to Rho.
Green markets, eco-certification, and equilibrium fraud

Abstract Consumers voluntarily pay significant price premiums to acquire unobservable environmental attributes in green markets. This paper considers the performance of eco-certification policy under circumstances where consumers cannot discern environmental attributes in goods, but are able to form rational expectations regarding the extent of illicit activities in the green market. The main results are: (i) fraud is less prevalent in green markets when entry barriers limit the number of firms; (ii) conventional environmental policies on polluting techniques increase the incidence of fraud, and can even preclude the use of non-polluting techniques which would otherwise emerge in green markets; (iii) voluntary eco-certification policies can decrease fraud, increase output, and raise profits per firm; and (iv) in cases where the socially optimal resource allocation can be supported, the optimal policy involves negative unit certification fees, positive fixed certification fees and is revenue-generating for the certifying agent.
Spinal cord compression in Morquio-Brailsford's disease

Eight patients with Morquio-Brailsford's disease have been followed neurologically.All 8 had roentgenographic evidence of hypoplasia or complete absence of the odontoid and of thoracic gibbus formation. Four of the 8 patients had evidence of cervical cord compression secondary to atlantoaxial dislocation or subluxation. Two patients had thoracic cord compression at the level of the gibbus. Prevention of spinal cord compression may be possible by the application of a Milwaukee brace during early childhood. If serial neurological examination reveals spinal cord damage, surgical intervention is indicated.
Cell fusion and its possible applications in veterinary research

There are various ways in which cells of different species and type can be artificially fused together to form viable hybrids. Hybrid cells have been used to study cell genetics, malignancy and virus rescue. A further application has been to transfer intracellular parasites to cells of different species. In veterinary research the techniques have not been widely used but could now be applied in genetic mapping and to viral, protozoal and neoplastic diseases of domestic animals. In the future it may be possible to correct genetic defects in vivo and to introduce new genes for livestock improvement.
The mechanisms of intracranial pressure modulation by epidural blood and other injectates in a postdural puncture rat model.

UNLABELLED The epidural blood patch is considered effective in treating postdural puncture headache. We have developed a postdural puncture model in rats for quantitative evaluation of the magnitude and duration of changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in the cisterna magna in response to the administration of epidural blood or other moieties. This model was used to compare the efficacy of various methods of epidural injection for restoring and maintaining CSF pressure for up to 240 min. After lumbar dural puncture, CSF pressure declined 3.6 +/- 0.2 mm Hg. Epidural saline (100 microL) injected at the puncture site initially increased pressure by 7.2 +/- 0.7 mm Hg, but it rapidly (7.8 +/- 0.6 min) returned to postdural puncture baseline. A similar initial increase of CSF pressure was observed with equal volumes of all other epidural injectates, but the duration of pressure increase varied greatly. Hetastarch and dextran 40 produced results similar to saline. Only whole blood or fibrin glue consistently increased CSF pressure for the entire 240-min observation period. Whole blood mixed with anticoagulant or injected 20-mm cephalad to the puncture site did not sustain pressure. After laminectomy, direct application of blood or adhesive to the dural defect caused no pressure increase. Continuous infusion of saline after bolus could maintain pressure increase for 180 min, but within 60 min of stopping infusion, pressure returned to baseline. These results confirm the efficacy of the epidural administration of blood or fibrin glue to correct CSF hypotension after dural puncture and also provide insight into the mechanisms of intracranial pressure modulation. Sealing the dural defect does not effectively correct CSF pressure unless an epidural tamponade effect is also maintained. IMPLICATIONS A rat model was developed to evaluate different drugs that may be injected epidurally to treat postdural puncture headache. Epidural injection of blood or fibrin glue was the most effective method of maintaining increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure after dural puncture. Sealing the dural defect does not effectively correct cerebrospinal fluid pressure unless an epidural tamponade effect is maintained.
Measurement of the activation energy for surface diffusion in gold by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Measurements of the activation energy for surface self-diffusion in gold by the method of profile decay using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) have been done on polycrystalline gold films deposited on glass substrate. The peak-to-peak surface roughness was measured as a function of annealing time after annealing at 125° C, 150° C and 170° C with a special pan-cake furnace in the STM. The resultant gold surface diffusion activation energy is found to be ∼21 kcal mol . These experiments demonstrate the unique ability of STM to study surface diffusion over macroscopic distances in the low temperature regime.
Side-by-side characterization of non-optimized and optimized CdS/CdTe solar cells on commercial transparent conductive oxide/glass

Abstract Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells are a promising materials system for large scale deployment of solar photovoltaic modules. Here we report on an extensive side-by-side characterization effort comparing the device properties of a highly optimized cell made on commercially available transparent conductive oxide/glass with a certified efficiency of 15.2% to a non-optimized device with a respectable efficiency of 13.0%. We perform these characterizations with an eye on distinguishing which 3rd level metrics are the drivers for the performance improvement, specifically the open-circuit voltage. Based on the data presented in this paper we found that the biggest difference between the best device and a good device is in the built-in potential of the device, which is likely higher due to better band-alignment at the interfaces.
Iodine chemistry reflects productivity and denitrification in the Arabian Sea: evidence for flux of dissolved species from sediments of western India into the OMZ

Abstract Dissolved iodine species and total iodine concentrations were measured in the Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon of 1995. Two separate regimes of iodine chemistry are highlighted in this study: (1) the well-oxygenated surface layer (WOSL) where iodide concentrations were in the range of 158–558 nM, and (2) the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) where total iodine concentrations [primarily as iodide and in excess to the oceanic iodine/salinity ratio of ∼13] varied from ∼200 to 950 nM. Iodine data in the WOSL of the Arabian Sea are contrasted with data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Station (BATS), the Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station ALOHA (HOT), VERTEX in the Pacific and the Black Sea. Total iodine concentrations in excess of 400 nM were observed in eastern portions of the OMZ. The eastern portion of the basin has a permanent denitrification zone as well as high concentrations of dissolved Mn2+ (d-Mn2+) and iodide. While there is precedent for high values of iodide and total iodine in several other isolated basins, this is the first report of such values in open-ocean waters. Potential sources of excess total iodine to the OMZ include advection along isopycnals, from hydrothermal vents or margin sediments; atmospheric deposition; and remineralization of sinking particulate organic iodine (POI) associated with elevated productivity in surface waters. We estimate that only 3.6% of the excess total iodine can result from remineralization of sinking POI from the WOSL to the OMZ. Advection from margin sediments off of India is the most plausible source of iodine to the OMZ and contributes ∼96% of the total excess iodine to the OMZ. I− is maintained as the dominant form of iodine via in situ reduction of iodate by bacteria.
Enzyme-Catalyzed modification of oilseed materials to produce eco-friendly products

Novel products produced from seed oil materials (TAG, phospholipids, and minor components such as tocopherols, sterols, stanols, and fatty acyl esters of the latter two) by enzyme-mediated purification or chemical modification are reviewed. The primary focus is on “value-added products” of current and potential use (particularly in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries) that require the selectivity of enzymes and mild operating conditions, the latter being beneficial for polyunsaturated and oxygenated acyl groups. The paper briefly reviews the biochemistry of enzymes in lipid modification (lipases, phospholipases, and lipoxygenases) and discusses and assesses the current and future applications, current state of the art, and areas for future research for the following enzyme-mediated processes: isolation of polyunsaturated and oxygenated FFA; formation of structured TAG as nutraceuticals; formation of MAG, saccharide-FA esters, and other polyhydric alcohol ester as emulsifiers and surfactants; isolation and/or modification of tocopherols and sterols as antioxidants; formation of hydroperoxides as chemical intermediates; and modification of phospholipids for use in liposomes.
Gramsci and Globalisation: From Nation‐State to Transnational Hegemony

Abstract This essay explores the matter of hegemony in the global system from the standpoint of global capitalism theory, in contrast to extant approaches that analyse this phenomenon from the standpoint of the nation‐state and the inter‐state system. It advances a conception of global hegemony in transnational social terms, linking the process of globalisation to the construction of hegemonies and counter‐hegemonies in the twenty‐first century. An emergent global capitalist historical bloc, lead by a transnational capitalist class, rather than a particular nation‐state, bloc of states, or region, is pursuing a hegemonic project. The US state is seen as the point of condensation for pressures from dominant groups to resolve problems of global capitalism. US‐led militarisation is a contradictory political‐military response to the crisis of global capitalism, characterised by economic stagnation, legitimacy problems and the rise of counter‐hegemonic forces.
Actions of "loop" diuretics and mercurials upon the cochlea

The effects of “loop” diuretics upon cochlear function are reviewed. Results of recent studies on the electrophysiological, morphological and biochemical effects of perilymphatically applied diuretic and non-diuretic mercurials are presented.
Path length effect in direct scanning gel chromatography

The apparent absorbancies of phenol red, myoglobin, and blue dextran were measured in the presence of scattering matrices including solid glass beads (200 μm) and controlled-pore glyceryl glass (70- or 1000-Apores). The increase in optical path length was greatest with the most highly scattering material (1000-A-controlled-pore glyceryl glass). When tested in a direct scanning gel chromatograph the 1000-A-pore glass showed a much more marked dependence on wavelength of incident light than did the 70-A-pore material. This is explicable on the basis of light-scattering theory for small particles. It is proposed that the path length effect is a constant for a particular configuration of scanner and matrix, independent of the absorbing solute present.
The odyssey of the immigrant in American history: From the changed to the changer. A bibliographic essay

This essay examines the work of nine contemporary historians who have reacted to the model of immigration associated with the work of Oscar Handlin. Some of these writers have composed variations on Handlin's work: others have opposed it. Their findings and interpretations have profoundly altered the historiography of immigration into America.
Threshold Properties of Scattering and Reaction Cross Sections

The detailed behavior of elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections as functions of the energy at the threshold of a new reaction is derived from general principles. The results lend themselves in certain cases to the experimental determination of spins and parities of reaction products, as well as of not directly observable scattering amplitudes and inelastic cross sections. A number of special cases are treated in detail.
The electrocardiographic exercise test.

Abstract The electrocardiographic exercise test is reviewed with special emphasis on its physiology. In order to evaluate better the pathologic changes, the normal post-exertional changes are discussed in detail. It is concluded that S-T deviations of less than 2 mm. after exercise should not be considered as definitely abnormal. Based on the physiology of the changes of the coronary blood flow after exercise, it is concluded that the amount of exercise should not be prescribed according to the patient's age and weight. Rather, it should approximate the amount which is known from the patient's history to bring on symptoms. At the same time, for safety reasons, it should not exceed the amount which the patient voluntarily permits himself to do in his daily routine.
Metabolism of propionate to acetate in nine insect species

Abstract 1. 1. Sodium [2- 14 C] and [1- 14 C]propionate were injected into nine insect species representing nine orders, and at various time intervals, products were extracted, separated by HPLC and radioactivity determined by liquid scintillation counting. 2. 2. Sodium [2- 14 C]propionate was metabolized to 3-hydroxypropionate and acetate, with almost no radioactivity recovered in methylmalonate or succinate in any species. The labeled carbon from sodium [1- 14 C]propionate was recovered in 3-hydroxypropionate but not in acetate. 3. 3. The results demonstrate that propionate is catabolized via 3-hydroxypropionate to acetate, a pathway not requiring vitamin B 12 , in all insect species examined and suggest that this may be a general pathway for propionate catabolism in insects.
The place of disarticulations: global commodity production in La Laguna, Mexico

Studies of the shifting social organization and geography of global garment production have been critical to the development of the commodity chains framework as an important field of study for scholars of political economy in various disciplines. Our paper intervenes in this literature by proposing what we call a 'disarticulations' perspective, an approach attentive to historical and spatial processes of accumulation, disinvestment and dispossession that produce the uneven geographies generative of transnational production networks.We make the case for disarticulations as an approach to commodity chains via a case study of a region in north-central Mexico called La Lagunaa celebrated center of export dynamism in the 1990s, following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and of rapid decline in the 2000s. Rather than offer a conventional commodity chain analysis of the boom to bust cycle in La Laguna, which would look to the dynamics of the contemporary apparel chain to explain the causes and consequences of La Laguna's NAFTA-era trajectory, we instead follow La Laguna's 'travels' through the cotton, textile, and garment industries over 150 years. We show how the recent NAFTA-era boom was premised on this layered history of engagements with the cotton^textile^apparel commodity chain.The disarticula- tions approach to commodity chains that we develop here foregrounds the processes of dispossession, accumulation and disinvestment through which not only commodity chains, but the uneven geographies that are their conditions of possibility, are reproduced.
Load–displacement behavior during sharp indentation of viscous–elastic–plastic materials

A model is developed that describes the sharp indentation behavior of time-dependent materials. The model constitutive equation is constructed from a series of quadratic mechanical elements, with independent viscous (dashpot), elastic (spring), and plastic (slider) responses. Solutions to this equation describe features observed under load-controlled indentation of polymers, including creep, negative unloading tangents, and loading-rate dependence. The model describes a full range of viscous–elastic–plastic responses and includes as bounding behaviors time-independent elastic–plastic indentation (appropriate to metals and ceramics) and time-dependent viscous–elastic indentation (appropriate to elastomers). Experimental indentation traces for a range of olymers with different material properties (elastic modulus, hardness, viscosity) are econvoluted and ranked by calculated time constant. Material properties for these polymers, deconvoluted from single load–unload cycles, are used to predict the indentation load–displacement behavior at loading rates three times slower and faster, as well as the steady-state creep rate under fixed load.
Interplay of short-range interactions and quantum interference near the integer quantum Hall transition

Short-range electron-electron interactions are incorporated into the network model of the integer quantum Hall effect. In the presence of interactions, the electrons, propagating along one link, experience exchange scattering off the Friedel oscillations of the density matrix of electrons on the neighboring links. As a result, the energy dependence of the transmission, $\mathcal{T}(\ensuremath{\epsilon}),$ of the node, connecting the two links, develops an anomaly at the Fermi level, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{F}.$ We show that this interaction-induced anomaly in $\mathcal{T}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ translates into the anomalous behavior of the Hall conductivity, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}(\ensuremath{\nu}),$ where $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is the filling factor (we assume that the electrons are spinless). At low temperatures, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}0,$ the evolution of the quantized ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ with decreasing $\ensuremath{\nu}$ proceeds as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{2}0,$ in apparent violation of the semicircle relation. The anomaly in $\mathcal{T}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ also affects the temperature dependence of the peak in the diagonal conductivity, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}(\ensuremath{\nu},T).$ In particular, unlike the case of noninteracting electrons, the maximum value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$ stays at ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}=0.5$ within a wide temperature interval.
Systemic modulation by ultraviolet irradiation of cutaneous N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced carcinogenesis

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation can systemically enhance subsequent skin cancer induction by benzo[a]pyrene, methylcholanthrene, or UV radiation. The present study was designed to determine whether UVB irradiation influences host susceptibility to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Female C3H/HeJ mice were exposed dorsally to UVB radiation from banks of 6 Westinghouse FS40 sun lamps. The mice received a total UV dose of approximately 8.1 × 105 J m−2 over a 15-week period. After termination of UVB treatments, ventral tumors were induced by 4 applications of 30 μmol of MNNG at 8-day intervals. At 20 weeks after the first MNNG treatment, UVB-irradiated mice had 7-fold more MNNG-induced, ventral tumors than did the unirradiated control mice (P = 0.026, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Ventral application of MNNG after cessation of dorsal UVB exposure, but before UV tumor appearance, did not influence photocarcinogenesis. These results demonstrate that UV irradiation can systemically decrease host resistance to tumor induction by the methylating agent, MNNG.
Survival of Sporangia of New Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in Soil Under Semiarid Conditions.

Porter, L. D., and Johnson, D. A. 2007. Survival of sporangia of new clonal lineages of Phytophthora infestans in soil under semiarid conditions. Plant Dis. 91:835-841. Currently, there is no information on the viability of sporangia in soil of the new metalaxyl-resistant genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in the semiarid Columbia Basin of Washington and potato-growing regions throughout the world. Sporangia of metalaxyl-resistant US-8 and US-11 clonal lineages of P. infestans survived a maximum of 23 to 30 days in a Shano silt loam and a Quincy loamy fine sand. There were no significant differences between soil types in area under the spore survival curve (AUSSC) in two trials, however, sporangia of P. infestans in the Quincy sand had a significantly greater mean maximum days of sporangia survival (MDSS) than did the Shano silt loam in one of two trials. AUSSC and MDSS were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for sporangia in wet soil than in dry soil under shaded conditions. Mean AUSSC and MDSS significantly decreased (P < 0.01) under nonshaded conditions versus shaded conditions. Three metalaxyl-resistant isolates (two US-8 and one US-11) of P. infestans did not significantly differ (P < 0.05) in AUSSC and MDSS.
Behavioral assessment of narcotic detoxification fear

Recent data reveal that only a small number of opioid addicts who attempt to detoxify from methadone maintenance programs will be successful. An irrational fear of detoxification has been postulated to be one reason for detoxification not being more efficacious. The present investigation attempted to assess both self-report and psychophysiological responses to detoxification and neutral scenes in two groups of persons on methadone maintenance. The two groups (N = 8 each) were selected by two blind interviewers as either having or not having a detoxification fear. After imagery training, subjects were asked to imagine 10 scenes, alternating between neutral and detoxification scenes with random counterbalancing for order, while the psychophysiological dependent measures and self-report anxiety and clarity ratings were assessed. Some of the self-report and psychophysiological measures were significantly different for scene type, indicating a successful manipulation of scene imagery. Further, pulse volume measures indicated greater activation in the fear group than in the non-fear group to the detoxification scenes. The results are discussed in terms of providing evidence for greater activation, presumably due to greater anxiety, for the detoxification fear subjects than the non-fear subjects specific to the detoxification imagery and in terms of potential treatment implications.
Ground state vibrational randomization in alkylbenzenes

Measurements of intramolecular vibrational randomization (IVR) previously carried out on the S 1excited state of a series of jet‐cooled alkylbenzenes have been extended to the ground electronic state. The ground state ring modes 6b, 1, and 12 were conveniently activatd by pulsed laser excitation of the 00 0 vibronic band of the S 1←S 0 ultraviolet absorption system, followed by fluorescence. The onset of IVR was then probed by resonant two‐photon ionization (R2PI) of these vibrationally activated ground state alkylbenzenes. When the alkyl chain exceeded three carbon atoms in length, the hot band 120 1 (E v ∼1010 cm− 1) was found to be absent from the R2PI‐probed spectrum, while the 6b 0 1 hot band (E v ∼625 cm− 1) remained easily observable through n‐pentylbenzene. This overall pattern of IVR is essentially the same as that observed previously in the S 1excited state. In both electronic states, the only effective barrier to vibrational energy decay from the ring to the chain appears to be an inadequate density of states. Above the critical state density, IVR appears to be complete, and this critical state density appears to be about the same in both the ground and excited electronic states.
Discharge Chamber Optimization of the SERT II Thruster

Optimum discharge chamber configuration of permanent magnet mercury-bombardment thrustor for SERT II mission