cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Power and the Testing of Null Hypotheses: A Review of Contemporary Management Research and Recommendations for Future Studies:

The purpose of this study is to determine how well contemporary management re-search fares on the issue of statistical power with regard to studies specifically predicting null relationships between phenomena of interest. This power assessment differs from traditional power studies because it focuses solely on studies that offered and tested null hypotheses. A sample of studies containing hypothesized null relationships was taken from five mainstream management journals over the 1990 to 1999 time period. Results of the power assessment suggest that management researchers’ abilities to affirm null hypotheses are low. On average, the power assessment revealed that for those studies that found nonsignificance of results and consequently affirmed their null hypotheses, the actual Type II error rate was nearly 15 times greater than what is advocated in the literature when failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Recommendations for researchers proposing and testing formal null hypotheses are also discussed.
The Political Economy of Urban Land Reforms in a Post‐Colonial State

This paper investigates the rationale for land law reforms as well as their implications for different societal groups in Cameroon. It is revealed that the rationale — that is, to place as much land as possible in state hands — has remained unchanged since the colonial era. The study further shows that the land law reforms have always been skewed in favour of political and bureaucratic elites, entrepreneurs and the salariat at the expense of women in the informal sector, ethnic minorities and the poor. Thus, a potent consequence of land law reforms in Cameroon is that they have effectively accentuated socio-economic inequities characteristic of the country. To remedy these problems, it is recommended that authorities seek to create some fit between the ‘modern’ land tenure system and the traditions, culture and beliefs of the Cameroonian society. Additionally, it is recommended that serious efforts be made to institute programmes designed to redistribute income and improve the performance of the bureaucratic machinery, particularly the institutional framework for land policy administration. Cet article explore la raison d’etre des reformes de la loi agraire ainsi que leurs implications pour differents groupes sociaux au Cameroun. Je revele que la raison d’etre —a savoir, mettre le maximum de terres dans les mains de l’etat — n’a pas change depuis l’epoque coloniale. Cete etude montre aussi que les reformes de la loi agraire ont toujours ete biaisees en favour des elites politiques et bureaucratiques, des entrepreneurs et des cadres au detriment des femmes du secteur officieux, des minorites ethniques et des pauvres. Une consequence importante des reformes de la loi agraire au Cameroun est donc que les inegalites socio-economiques caracteristiques du pays ont effectivement ete accentuees. Pour resoudre ces problemes, cet article recommande que les autorites essaient d’ajuster le systeme ‘moderne’ d’occupation des terres et la culture et croyances traditionnelles de la societe camerounaise. De serieux efforts pour introduire des programmes de redistribution des revenus et pour ameliorer la performance de l’appareil bureaucratique, en particulier le modele institutionnel pour l’administration de la politique agraire, sont aussi recommandes.
The American experiment: Religious liberty, Roman Catholics, and the vision of John Courtney Murray

The American Jesuit John Courtney Murray (1904-67) played a critical role in altering the Catholic direction on questions of religious toleration. Murray in fact changed the terms of the debate from religious 'toleration' to religious 'liberty', which he saw as a human right rooted in the created dignity of the person and the nature of faith. He also resisted common implications of the Enlightenment notion of toleration: the privatization of religion and religious indifference. Murray brought a keen theological vision to his defence of religious liberty and democracy. Controversy about Murray's thought shows the high stakes facing religious institutions: theological arguments for liberty can be extended into the life of the group itself, thus threatening unity and authority.
Optimization of fingernail sensing technique based on optical experimentation and modeling

The purpose of this paper is to experimentally determine the optimal optical parameters for transmitting light through the human fingernail bed in order to measure the change in blood volume that occurs when force is exerted on the fingertip. This “fingernail sensing” technique, which is a form of photoplethysmography, involves the placement of LEDs and photodetectors on the fingernail surface. As forces are applied to the fingertip, the blood perfusion in the fingernail bed is affected, resulting in various red and white regions of coloration beneath the fingernail. Thus, the transmittance of light across the fingernail bed changes as a function of applied force, resulting in a change in voltage from the photodetector circuit. Much research has previously been done to build and calibrate black-box models that estimate fingertip force based on the photodetector outputs. However, the effect of varying the wavelength and optical path length has never been thoroughly investigated. Due to recent advances in the manufacturing of fingernail sensors and the availability of surface mount LEDs of certain wavelengths, we now perform a thorough experimental characterization of the sensitivity of the transmittance to wavelength and optical path length. Results show the sensitivity is maximized when using green light (525 nm) and when the surface mount LED and photodiode are placed as close together as possible. Using data from the experiments, we also calibrate a physically-based model of the optical transmittance, which can be used to optimize fingernail sensor design.
An Ancient Repeat Sequence in the ATP Synthase β-Subunit Gene of Forcipulate Sea Stars

A novel repeat sequence with a conserved secondary structure is described from two nonadjacent introns of the ATP synthase β-subunit gene in sea stars of the order Forcipulatida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). The repeat is present in both introns of all forcipulate sea stars examined, which suggests that it is an ancient feature of this gene (with an approximate age of 200 Mya). Both stem and loop regions show high levels of sequence constraint when compared to flanking nonrepetitive intronic regions. The repeat was also detected in (1) the family Pterasteridae, order Velatida and (2) the family Korethrasteridae, order Velatida. The repeat was not detected in (1) the family Echinasteridae, order Spinulosida, (2) the family Astropectinidae, order Paxillosida, (3) the family Solasteridae, order Velatida, or (4) the family Goniasteridae, order Valvatida. The repeat lacks similarity to published sequences in unrestricted GenBank searches, and there are no significant open reading frames in the repeat or in the flanking intron sequences. Comparison via parametric bootstrapping to a published phylogeny based on 4.2 kb of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence for a subset of these species allowed the null hypothesis of a congruent phylogeny to be rejected for each repeat, when compared separately to the published phylogeny. In contrast, the flanking nonrepetitive sequences in each intron yielded separate phylogenies that were each congruent with the published phylogeny. In four species, the repeat in one or both introns has apparently experienced gene conversion. The two introns also show a correlated pattern of nucleotide substitutions, even after excluding the putative cases of gene conversion.
Social Interaction Interventions in an Inclusive Era: Attitudes of Teachers in Early Childhood Self-Contained and Inclusive Settings.

This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes of teachers in early childhood settings toward social interaction interventions appropriate for young children with disabilities. Participants were 137 teachers working in either self-contained classroom settings (SC) or inclusive classroom settings (INC). Variables that might interfere with perceived acceptability, feasibility, and current use of interventions were explored. These included theoretical orientation, attitude toward inclusion, experience working with children with disabilities, and teacher efficacy. Results indicated that SC and INC teachers are strikingly similar in their perceptions of interventions despite literature-based indications that philosophical and theoretical differences between the two groups might influence attitudes. Implications for consultation practices by school psychologists and related professionals are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 53–63, 2005.
Gastric juice pH measurement in horses: Three‐quarters of a century of history!

Summary Inhibition of gastric acid and increased stomach pH>4.0 is currently accepted as the mainstay of treatment for gastric ulcers in horses. Measurement of gastric pH is complicated and requires placement of a cannula and collection of gastric juice or placement of pH electrodes in the stomach. Since the distance from the nares to the stomach is approximately 200 cm, finding a system with a pH electrode with this length is difficult, not to mention difficult to maintain. There has been a fascination with the measurement of gastric juice pH in horses that has covered three-quarters of a century starting with a fistula model in 1933 and culminating in a recent technique described in this issue. Placement of gastric cannulas and various pH electrodes have been used to measure gastric juice pH in horses in the past and present, but the future may require more sophisticated methods as we look at the efficacy of different formulations of acid suppressive drugs for treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome.
An Examination of Hearing Aid Counseling Implemented by Audiologists

Researchers have established that counseling can improve the quality of hearing healthcare services and that it is critical to the successful acceptance and use of hearing devices. Counseling may i...
Behavioral correlations across breeding contexts provide a mechanism for a cost of aggression

Identifying correlations among behaviors is important for understanding how selection shapes the phenotype. Correlated behaviors can indicate constraints on the evolution of behavioral plasticity or may reflect selection for functional integration among behaviors. Obligate cavity-nesting birds provide an opportunity to examine these correlations because males must defend limited nest cavities while also competing for mating opportunities and providing parental care. Here, I investigated the role of behavioral correlations in producing a counterintuitive relationship between nest defense and reproductive success in western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) such that males that defended their nests most intensely had the lowest reproductive success, measured as the number of within and extrapair offspring that fledged. By experimentally measuring aggression across contexts, I show that this cost of nest defense was due to the correlated expression of aggression across the contexts of nest defense and male‐male competition coupled with a trade-off between male‐male aggression and parental care. In particular, more aggressive males provisioned their females less during incubation and this led to disrupted incubation patterns and fewer fledged offspring. However, aggressive males did not benefit from avoiding parental investment by gaining extrapair fertilizations, and thus, it is unclear how high levels of aggression are maintained in this population despite apparent costs. These results suggest that there are constraints to the evolution of plasticity in aggression and emphasize the importance of considering the integrated behavioral phenotype to understand how variation in behavior is linked to fitness. Key words: aggression, behavioral syndrome, fitness cost, parental care, Sialia mexicana. [Behav Ecol]
Improved Longevity of Hematopoiesis in Long-term Bone Marrow Cultures and Reduced Irradiation-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Toll-like Receptor-4 Deletion Recombinant-Negative Mice

Aim We measured long-term hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow cultures derived from Toll-like receptor-4 (Tlr4(-/-))(C57BL/6J) mice. Materials and methods We measured hematopoiesis in vitro over 27 weeks in long-term bone marrow cultures from Tlr4(-/-) and control mice, and irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice irradiated to 20 Gy to the thorax. Results There was a significant increase in the duration of hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures from Tlr4(-/-) mice in production of total non-adherent cells and day 7 and day 14 multi-lineage colony-forming cells. The histology of bone marrow hematopoietic and stromal cell lines was indistinguishable between different mouse strains. There was no detectable late irradiation pulmonary fibrosis in Tlr4(-/-) mice. Conclusion Homozygous deletion of both alleles of Tlr4, encoding for an inflammatory mediator receptor, improves the duration of hematopoiesis in vitro and reduces irradiation-induced lung fibrosis.
Human factors implications of showering behavior

Three groups of subjects were selected to determine the amount and temperature of the water used when showering. The control group of 120 subjects (60 men and 60 women) was divided into 4 sub-groups (15 men and 15 women) who, after showering, dressed in rooms whose temperatures were 18.3 C, 21.1 C, 23.9 C, and 26.7 C. The greatest amount of comfort after showering was experienced in the 26.7 C room. This group who did not wash their hair while showering used a mean of 36 L of water for their showers. A second group of subjects (12 men and 12 women), who did wash their hair, used 62 L; this represented an increase in water used by 78%. A third group (12 men and 12 women), who had their showers fitted with a shower head that restricted the flow-rate of water, used 24 L, or 30% less water. However, they set their water temperature at 41.1 C vs 38.9 C setting of the other two groups. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to both water and energy conservation. Language: en
Molecular Evolution and Functional Diversification of Replication Protein A1 in Plants.

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA binding complex required for eukaryotic DNA replication, repair and recombination. RPA is composed of three subunits, RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3. In contrast to single RPA subunit genes generally found in animals and yeast, plants encode multiple paralogs of RPA subunits, suggesting subfunctionalization. Genetic analysis demonstrates that five Arabidopsis thaliana RPA1 paralogs (RPA1A to RPA1E) have unique and overlapping functions in DNA replication, repair, and meiosis. We hypothesize here that RPA1 subfunctionalities will be reflected in major structural and sequence differences among the paralogs. To address this, we analyzed amino acid and nucleotide sequences of RPA1 paralogs from twenty-five complete genomes representing a wide spectrum of plants and unicellular green algae. We find here that the plant RPA1 gene family is divided into three general groups termed RPA1A, RPA1B and RPA1C, which likely arose from two progenitor groups in unicellular green algae. In the family Brassicaceae the RPA1B and RPA1C groups have further expanded to include two unique sub-functional paralogs RPA1D and RPA1E, respectively. In addition, RPA1 groups have unique domains, motifs, cis-elements, gene expression profiles, and pattern of conservation that are consistent with proposed functions in monocot and dicot species, including a novel C-terminal zinc-finger domain found only in plant RPA1C-like sequences. These results allow for improved prediction of RPA1 subunit functions in newly sequenced plant genomes, and potentially provide a unique molecular tool to improve classification of Brassicaceae species.
Efficient Algorithms for Indoor MAV Flight Using Vision and Sonar Sensors

This work describes an efficient perception-control coupled system and its underlying algorithms that enable autonomous exploration of indoor environments by a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) equipped with a monocular camera and sonar sensors. The perception subsystem uses inputs from the camera to detect the vanishing point and doors in corridors. It detects the vanishing point by grid-based line-intersection voting (GLV) and Mixture-of-Gaussians (MoG)-based classification, while doors are detected by using simple but effective geometric scene properties (GSP) with template matching and temporal filtering. It also detects distance to obstacles, for example walls, using inputs from one forward-looking and two side-looking sonar sensors. These algorithms are accurate, computationally efficient, and suitable for real-time operation on offboard and onboard power-constrained computing platforms. The control subsystem employs a priority-based planner that combines outputs from the perception subsystem to compute high-level direction and velocity commands for the MAV. We evaluate our perception-control system on a commercially available AR.Drone 2.0 MAV with offboard processing and successfully demonstrate collision-free autonomous exploration and flight in building corridors and rooms at approximately 2 m/s speed.
Fate of Sulfur during Entrained-Flow Gasification of Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal: Influence of Particle Size, Sulfur Forms, and Temperature

Sulfur release behavior and gas-phase sulfur emissions during gasification of Pittsburgh no. 8 coal were examined using an entrained-flow gasifier at atmospheric pressure. To study the fate of sulfur forms, the coal was separated into specific gravity fractions that were rich in organic sulfur (SG1), organic and inorganic sulfur (SG2), and inorganic sulfur (SG3). Two particle sizes in each specific gravity fraction, finer (75–106 μm) and coarser (212–425 μm), were examined to determine the influence of particle size at three different temperatures (1573, 1673, and 1773 K). The results showed that the initial coal particle size affected (finer > coarser) the sulfur release behavior of SG2 fractions rich in both organic and inorganic sulfur and SG3 fractions rich in inorganic (predominantly pyritic) sulfur, indicating that mass transfer resistance to sulfur release increases with inorganic sulfur and mineral matter in the feed. The percent sulfur released into the gas phase was highest for organic-sulfur-ri...
Kinetic isotope effects support the twisted amide mechanism of Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase.

The Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase catalyzes isomerization of pSer/pThr-Pro motifs in regulating the cell cycle. Peptide substrates, Ac-Phe-Phe-phosphoSer-Pro-Arg-p-nitroaniline, were synthesized in unlabeled form, and with deuterium-labeled Ser-d3 and Pro-d7 amino acids. Kinetic data were collected as a function of Pin1 concentration to measure kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) on catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The normal secondary (2°) KIE value measured for the Ser-d3 substrate (kH/kD = 1.6 ± 0.2) indicates that the serine carbonyl does not rehybridize from sp2 to sp3 in the rate-determining step, ruling out a nucleophilic addition mechanism. The normal 2° KIE can be explained by hyperconjugation between Ser α-C-H/D and C═O and release of steric strain upon rotation of the amide bond from cis to syn-exo. The inverse 2° KIE value (kH/kD = 0.86 ± 0.08) measured for the Pro-d7 substrate indicates rehybridization of the prolyl nitrogen from sp2 to sp3 during the rate-limiting step of isomerization. No solven...
Induction and inheritance of chromosome rearrangements in the Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

Pupae of male Hessian flies, Mayetiola destructor (Say), were exposed to 4 different doses of gamma radiation (0.0, 15, 30, 40, and 60 Gy) and mated to untreated females. The fertility of these females and their F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 offspring,vere evaluated. Incomplete fertility (semisterility) in several lines segregated as a dominant genetic marker, indicating that semisterility. could be used as a dominant phenotypic marker to follow the inheritance of chromosome rearrangements in these lines. To further test this possibility, polytene chromosomes of 26 progenies produced by semisterile females derived from 40 Gy exposed males were examined for the presence of chromosome rearrangements. Three independent rearrangements were identified among the larvae in these progenies and these are described. Radiation-induced semisterility, therefore, can be used as a dominant genetic marker for chromosome rearrangements in the Hessian fly.
Hemorrhage Control in Eimeria tenella Infected Chicks When Protected by Anti-Hemorrhagic Factor, Vitamin K:

Conclusion1. Administration of vitamin K in the dietary of chicks definitely decreased the mortality in chicks parasitized by E. tenella, a hemorrhage-producing protozoan, since all autopsies performed show the vitamin K-protected birds had a fibrinated core in the caeca, which was in the process of being reabsorbed. 2. Vitamin K-protected birds showed a mortality of only 10% in comparison to 70% mortality in the unprotected group.
Geotextile resins and additives

Geotextiles are commonly made from polypropylene, polyethylene, or polyethylene terephthalate. The polymerization processes of these three types of polymers are described in this chapter. For polypropylene and polyethylene, there has been a significant advancement in polymerization processes, particularly in the innovative development of new catalysts and modern design of the reactors. For polyethylene terephthalate, the batch process and continuous process are summarized. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the polymerization temperature to the hydrolytic property of the polymer is described. The function of processing stabilizers and carbon black that are incorporated into polypropylene and polyethylene before the manufacture of geotextiles is also explained.
Role-Playing in a Vaccination Debate Strengthens Student Scientific Debate Skills for Various Audiences.

Students are surrounded by strongly-held viewpoints on scientific topics and frequently discuss news reports with their classmates. We developed the vaccination debate exercise to leverage this interest and develop core higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS), including, but not limited to, the ability to critique public media or primary research sources and create arguments for defending multiple viewpoints. Students prepared to debate different sides of the topic and then randomly assumed one of the roles: “Physician” (pro-vaccine), “Activist” (anti-vaccination), or “Parent-on-the-fence” (undecided). Students reported an increase in their abilities to discuss scientific topics with diverse audiences and an increased awareness of importance of examining Internet sources for credibility.
Synthesis of 0.5G Dendrimer with Hexanediamine as a Core and Ester as Terminal Groups

A new type 0.5G dendrimer,which consists of hexanediamine as a core and ester as terminal groups,was synthesized from hexanediamine and methyl acrylate.The structure was characterized by IR and elemental analysis.The yield was 99.4% under the reaction conditions at 50 ℃ for 12 h and with 50 mmol hexanediamine and n(methyl acrylate) ∶n(hexanediamine) ratio of 6 ∶1.
A method to detect McLeod phenotype red blood cells.

It is important to identify the McLeod phenotype in order to differentiate the McLeod syndrome from other causes of acanthocytosis, e.g., chorea acanthocytosis. A proportion of males with the McLeod phenotype have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Because anti-Kx + -Km, which is needed for identification, is not readily available, detection of the McLeod phenotype relies on observed weakening of Kell antigens on the individual's red blood cells (RBCs). Identification of McLeod carrier females (obligate heterozygotes) is even more difficult because only a minor subpopulation of RBCs may express the weakened Kell phenotype. RBCs from 12 sets of mother/son or father/daughter pairs were tested by standard hemagglutination tube tests and by flow cytometry using both monoclonal and polyclonal Kell system antibodies. Monoclonal anti-K14 (G10) in tests with RBCs from McLeod males reacted +/- by hemagglutination (control cells 2+) and had a median fluorescence of 6-11 by flow cytometry (control cells 441). Monoclonal anti-k (F7) and human polyclonal anti-k (C30A-1) gave stronger reactions by hemagglutination with RBCs from McLeod males and were not appropriate to differentiate RBCs with the McLeod phenotype from RBCs with normal Kell antigen expression. Crisp mixed-field agglutination was obtained in tests with monoclonal anti-K14 versus RBCs from the 12 obligate carrier females. Flow cytometry using anti-K14 also clearly identified two RBC populations (median fluorescence of 6-11 and 229-382, respectively). Kell system antibodies may vary in their ability to detect a weakened expression of the corresponding antigen on RBCs with the McLeod phenotype by hemagglutination. Antibodies suitable for differentiating McLeod syndrome from other forms of acanthocytosis should be reagents that are preselected after extensive testing. In this study, flow cytometry clearly identified the two RBC populations in McLeod carrier females.
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Adult- A Case Report and Literature Review

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but potentially fatal disease of normal but overactive histiocytes and lymphocytes that commonly appears in infancy, although it has been seen in all age groups. The disease may be inherited or acquired due to infections, collagen vascular diseases and malignancies. The pathological hallmark of the syndrome is uncontrolled activation of T lymphocytes and macrophages, together with an impaired cytotoxic function of NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, resulting into massive cytokine release (e.g., interferon ”, TNF a, interleukin[IL]-6, 8,10,12,18 etc) from these cells and overwhelming inflammation. Lymphocytes and macrophages, sometimes with haemophagocytic activity accumulate in bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lymph nodes. This immune dysregulatory disorder is characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin rash, cytopenias, hepatitis, coagulopathy, neurological symptoms. We report a case of 65 years old male presenting with fever and erythroderma who developed typical clinical and laboratory findings consistent with diagnosis of HLH according to HLH-2004 guidelines. Despite receiving etoposide based chemotherapy, the patient succumbed rapidly from progressive HLH. This case high lightened the diagnostic challenge and the need for keeping a high index of suspicion for promptly diagnosis and treatment of this potentially life threatening condition as clinical features and laboratory investigations are non specific. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(3): 166-176
XCS-1, a maternally expressed gene product involved in regulating mitosis in Xenopus.

The regulation of the cell cycle during early development is an important and complex biological process. We have cloned a cDNA, XCS-1, that may play an important role in regulating mitosis during early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. XCS-1 is a maternally expressed gene product that is the Xenopus homologue of the human cleavage signal protein (CS-1). XCS-1 transcripts were detected in oocytes with the titer decreasing just prior to the MBT. During development the XCS-1 protein was detected on the membrane and in the nucleus of blastomeres. It was also detected on the mitotic spindle in mitotic cells and on the centrosomes in interphase cells. Overexpression of myc-XCS-1 in Xenopus embryos resulted in abnormal mitoses with increased numbers of centrosomes, multipolar spindles, and abnormal distribution of chromosomes. Also, we observed incomplete cytokinesis resulting in multiple nuclei residing in the same cytoplasm with the daughter nuclei in different phases of the cell cycle. The phenotype depended on the presence of the N terminus of XCS-1 (aa 1–73) and a consensus NIMA kinase phosphorylation site (aa159-167). Mutations in this site affected the ability of the overexpressed XCS-1 protein to produce the phenotype. These results suggest that XCS-1 is a maternal factor playing an important role in the regulation of the cell cycle during early embryogenesis and that its function depends on its state of phosphorylation.
Oligomeric viral proteins: small in size, large in presence

Viruses are obligate parasites that rely heavily on host cellular processes for replication. The small number of proteins typically encoded by a virus is faced with selection pressures that lead to the evolution of distinctive structural properties, allowing each protein to maintain its function under constraints such as small genome size, high mutation rate, and rapidly changing fitness conditions. One common strategy for this evolution is to utilize small building blocks to generate protein oligomers that assemble in multiple ways, thereby diversifying protein function and regulation. In this review, we discuss specific cases that illustrate how oligomerization is used to generate a single defined functional state, to modulate activity via different oligomeric states, or to generate multiple functional forms via different oligomeric states.
Compliance with and effectiveness of return-to-activity progressions following concussion: a systematic review of the literature

Objective To systematically review the literature regarding healthcare provider compliance with and the effectiveness of the graded return-to-activity progression. Design Systematic Review. Search strategy An electronic search was conducted in 6 databases. Search terms included: brain concussion AND-rest; concuss*AND-sports-AND-rest, -sports-AND-return-to-play; mild traumatic brain injury AND-return-to-activity, -return-to-play; recurrent concussion-AND-sport. Hand searches were also performed. Study selection After removal of duplicates, initial screen of titles and abstracts was completed by 3 authors, followed by full text review. Articles were included if they were in English and original studies related to the clinical questions. Reviews, editorials, commentaries, and animal research were excluded. Data extraction The initial search yielded 2851 articles, with 1239 undergoing title/abstract screen, 143 undergoing full-text review, and 21 included in the review. Study design, patient/participant, instrumentation/interventions utilised, outcome measures, main results, and conclusions were extracted. Strength of recommendation (SOR) as outlined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine was assigned to the body of literature. Data synthesis Articles were categorised based on their ability to answer one of the clinical questions of interest and the conclusions were summarised using a qualitative synthesis of the findings. Data were not appropriate for meta-analysis due to the observational nature of many included studies and heterogeneity of the patients, participants, interventions and outcomes. Conclusions The review identified that significant variability in the use of assessment tools and compliance with recommended return-to-activity guidelines exists (SOR=B) and there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of the graded return-to-activity progression (SOR=D). Competing interests None.
Validation of the Vectra H1 portable three-dimensional photogrammetry system for facial imaging

Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging using stereophotogrammetry has become increasingly popular in clinical settings, offering advantages for surgical planning and outcome evaluation. The handheld Vectra H1 is a low-cost, highly portable system that offers several advantages over larger stationary cameras, but independent technical validation is currently lacking. In this study, 3D facial images of 26 adult participants were captured with the Vectra H1 system and the previously validated 3dMDface system. Using error magnitude statistics, 136 linear distances were compared between cameras. In addition, 3D facial surfaces from each system were registered, heat maps generated, and global root mean square (RMS) error calculated. The 136 distances were highly comparable across the two cameras, with an average technical error of measurement (TEM) value of 0.84mm (range 0.19-1.54mm). The average RMS value of the 26 surface-to-surface comparisons was 0.43mm (range 0.33-0.59mm). In each case, the vast majority of the facial surface differences were within a ±1mm threshold. Areas exceeding ±1mm were generally limited to facial regions containing hair or subject to facial microexpressions. These results indicate that 3D facial surface images acquired with the Vectra H1 system are sufficiently accurate for most clinical applications.
Defang ACEs: End Toxic Stress by Developing Resilience Through Physician-Community Partnerships.

* Abbreviation: ACE — : adverse childhood experience > In addition to our top finalist, the Editorial Board of Pediatrics and the Editorial Board of the SOPT Monthly Feature are proud to present the article that took second place in the First Annual Advocacy Essay Competition, written by Dr Amanda Jichlinski. Her article explores the intricacies of toxic stress through a comprehensive overview of the topic. Dr Livaditis and Dr Jichlinski’s articles mark the beginning of a short series on toxic stress, with several additional articles to be published in the next volume of Pediatrics . > > Catherine Spaulding, MD, Editor, Pediatrics , SOPT Monthly Feature > Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will. > > Mahatma Gandhi When I was 12, my parents became part of the Maryland foster care system. Over many years, we took care of a total of 6 boys who had been placed in foster care. Some had suffered from physical and sexual abuse, others from neglect. Often, their parents struggled with mental health and substance use disorders. The traumas my siblings had experienced had clear impacts on their immediate mental and physical health. What we did not know was that these adverse experiences could also have negative repercussions on their health as adults. Pediatricians often care for children who endure abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and the hardships of extreme poverty. These experiences are not only punishing for the child but are also linked to the leading causes of death in adults. The seminal Adverse Childhood Experiences Study published in 1998 screened for 7 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), defined as childhood psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; living with a … Address correspondence to Amanda Jichlinski, MD, Pediatrics Medical Education, Children’s National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave NW, 3.5 West Wing, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20009. E-mail: ajichlin{at}cnmc.org
“A HATEFUL CAWING FROM THE CROWS”: COLLATERAL DAMAGE IN THE CULTURE WARS

W. E. Aytoun's satirical verse drama, Firmilian (1854), an anti-radical, scattershot missive meant to re-align British poetic tastes by reversing the aesthetic gains made by Romanticism in the decades prior to its publication, has been called “one of the most successful pieces of literary criticism ever written” (Morton 849). Despite its broad ambitions, however, it has often been read as a narrow attack on the individual poets popular during the summer of its appearance, creating a school where one had not existed before, turning the poets Philip James Bailey, Alexander Smith, Sydney Dobell and others into “the Spasmodic School.” But, as Charles LaPorte and Jason Rudy suggest, despite a myth that grew up later in the century about Firmilian's mighty power and the Spasmodic stars’ demise, the label hardly destroyed the poets associated therewith. So did Firmilian accomplish its purposes? In what ways can we consider it successful if not?
Anthraquinone: Production by Plant Cell Culture

Since Arreguin and Bonner (1950) tried to produce gum using guayule (Parthenium argentatum) callus, many plant calli have been induced and investigated as to their chemical constituents and cultural conditions. Generally, polyphenolic compounds are well produced as plant pigments (anthraquinones, anthocyanins, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, etc.) by plant cultured cells, and now many reports on the production of these compounds are available.
Human thymic and peripheral blood non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic lymphocytes

We propose that non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity is mediated by two distinct types of lymphocyte: NK cells and a unique subset of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Herein, we review experimental data to support the hypothesis that NK cells and non-MHC-restricted CTLs use different recognition structures and arise from distinct lineages. Furthermore, we demonstrate that non-MHC-restricted CTLs can be generatedin vitro by culturing thymocytes in recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2).
La cuenca de México. Posclásico Temprano y Medio (900-1350 d.C.). Época de transición

En los primeros siglos del Posclasico, por vez primera la cuenca no fue la region mas importante del Altiplano Central. Las dos principales ciudades de la epoca, Tula y Cholula, se encontraban situadas en areas vecinas y, en especial la primera, ejercian influencia sobre la cuenca. Para finales de este periodo, la poblacion iba en aumento y la region se encaminaba al auge que caracterizo al Posclasico Tardio.
Finite Element Modeling of Transient Wave Phenomena at Solid/Fluid Interfaces

The solid/fluid interface appears in many ultrasonic measurement systems. Models for the system must take account of the interface. Analytical models for wave phenomena at the interface (especially curved interfaces) are either difficult or subject to severe approximation. The finite element method is ideal for this especially when the problem domain is bounded. A survey of this subject has been given by Kalinowski [1]. In this paper, an axisymmetric finite element model is developed for a solid medium and a fluid medium in contact. Displacement is used as the primary variable in the solid media and pressure in the fluid. The scalar pressure in the fluid medium makes the total degrees of freedom less than if displacement is used. The global mass matrix and stiffness matrix are rendered symmetric by introducing a potential variable for the fluid medium [2]. The final finite element equations are solved by the explicit integration approach.
Plenary Lecture: LEED Studies of Surface Layers

At the present time low energy electron diffraction, LEED, is probably the most important experimental technique for the investigation of surface structures. LEED is primarily a research tool in fundamental studies since it requires ultra-high vacuum conditions and single-crystal samples. However, if these requirements are met, LEED has the potential of determining the positions of all the atoms in the topmost layers of the crystal. A complete structure analysis has so far been carried out for relatively few surfaces, but a determination of just the two-dimensional periodicity provides very useful information about phenomena such as surface reconstruction, surface phase transitions, and surface adsorption and reactions.
Quenching of Spin Fluctuations in Highly Enhanced Magnetic Materials

Low temperature heat capacity measurements from 1 to 20 K as a function of magnetic fields from 0 to 10 T (100 kOe) and magnetic susceptibility measurements at ~1.5 T from 1 to 300 K have been made on materials which exhibit unusual properties due to spin fluctuations. These include: the itinerant ferromagnet Sc3 In; the mixed valent compounds CeSnx (2.95 ≤ x ≤ 3.05), CeSi1.85 and CeSi1.9; RCo2 (R = Sc, Y, Lu), Sc, and Pd1−xNix (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0275) alloys. Usually the application of high magnetic fields leads to a depression of the electronic specific heat constant. Results reported by other investigators on Pd, UAl2, TiBe2 and U0.85A10.15A12 are also discussed. To date six different types of behaviors have been identified.
Approaches to eradication of latent HIV infection

A serious effort has begun to develop therapies that may be capable of eradicating established HIV infection in man. Because of the biological complexity of HIV infection that persists despite potent antiretroviral therapy, it is widely believed that if such therapies can be developed they will involve complex, multimodality approaches. An inhibitor of histone deacetylase has been demonstrated to disrupt latency in man, and new histone deacetylase inhibitors have been identified. Other potential targets, such as histone methyltransferase, protein kinase C, and BRD4, have been recently studied. Model systems, both in primary cells and in animal models, are beginning to be validated. In the clinic, immune-based therapies to aid in the clearance of persistent infection are also being tested. It is too early to know what combination eradication therapies for HIV infection will look like in the future, but candidate therapies and model systems to perform preclinical validation are beginning to take shape.
The Axolotl in Global Circuits of Knowledge Production: Producing Multispecies Potentiality

The axolotl is a noteworthy species of salamander, one both biologically remarkable and culturally significant. Native to the canals of Xochimilco, a neighborhood in Mexico City, the charismatic species has deep connections to Mexican history and identity, as well as serving as an important model organism for scientists studying regenerative biology. Drawing on fieldwork in Mexico with restoration ecologists engaged in conserving axolotl habitats, as well as on scientific papers and informal communications among scientists who use axolotls as model organisms, I examine the fate of the axolotl in and out of Xochimilco. Taking up the lives of both wild and cultivated axolotls, this essay asks what is at stake when a species is eliminated from one anthropogenic environment, the canals of Xochimilco, while being made to live in another, the laboratories of scientists studying developmental and regenerative biology. In the lab, axolotls are interpreted as plastic and flexible, potential models for reconfiguring human capabilities, injury, and aging. In the wild, the axolotl is a fragile sentinel species in need of protection that serves as an indicator of the fragility of the ecosystem more broadly. Conservationists interpret its failure to thrive as a message to human populations to reform and reconsider how they live in relation to the environment. This essay demonstrates how, through scientists’ care, axolotls come to represent different forms of potential and produce different insights into human life, enabling distinct imaginings of the future.
Deciphering microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia

The body's microbiome represents an actively regulated network of novel mechanisms that potentially underlie the etiology and pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases. For complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia, understanding the cellular and molecular pathways that intersect the bidirectional gut-brain axis is anticipated to lead to new methods of treatment. The means by which the microbiome might differ across neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders are not known. Brain disorders as diverse as schizophrenia, major depression, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis appear to share a common pathology of an imbalanced community of commensal microbiota, often measured in terms of a leaky gut phenotype accompanied by low level systemic inflammation. While environmental factors associated with these disease states might contribute to intestinal pathologies, products from a perturbed microbiome may also directly promote specific signs, symptoms and etiologies of individual disorders. We hypothesize that in schizophrenia, it is the putatively unique susceptibility related to genes that modulate the immune system and the gut-brain pleiotropy of these genes which leads to a particularly neuropathological response when challenged by a microbiome in dysbiosis. Consequences from exposure to this dysbiosis may occur during pre- or post-natal time periods and thus may interfere with normal neurodevelopment in those who are genetically predisposed. Here, we review the evidence from the literature which supports the idea that the intersection of the microbiome and immune gene susceptibility in schizophrenia is relevant etiologically and for disease progression. Figuring prominently at both ends of the gut-brain axis and at points in between are proteins encoded by genes found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including select MHC as well as non-MHC complement pathway genes.
Mitochondrial Genomes of Photosynthetic Euglenids and Alveolates

Euglenida belong to the eukaryotic supergroup Excavata, the members of which possess the most varied mitochondrial genomes in terms of their structure and gene content. Heterotrophic protists represent the majority of Excavata, as only the Euglenida contain a green plastid, apparently acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. The sister group of Euglenida, the mostly parasitic Kinetoplastida, have an extremely complex mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast DNA), which is usually composed of thousands of mutually interlocked DNA circles. Most mRNAs encoded by this genome are rendered translatable only after they undergo intricate editing via insertions and/or deletions of uridines. The mitochondrial DNA of the other sister group, Diplonemida, is unique as its transcripts must be massively trans-spliced before translation. None of these complex mechanisms has so far been found in the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome of Euglena gracilis, the best studied member of Euglenida. Its mitochondrial DNA exists in the form of numerous differently sized linear fragments. Their significant fraction is non-coding and full of various repeats, which intersperse fragments of a handful of protein-coding genes. Mostly photosynthetic dinoflagellates and parasitic apicomplexans with a relic plastid constitute a large and diverse group within alveolates. All species of this group share the most reduced mitochondrial genome found, containing just three, and in some cases probably two, protein-coding genes along with highly fragmented rRNA genes, and no tRNA genes. Mitochondrial genomes of dinoflagellates and those of smaller groups within the apicomplexa–dinoflagellata assemblage, perkinsids and chromerids, in all cases have a recombining, highly scrambled sequence, and frequently demonstrate other non-canonical features in structure and expression: fused genes, extensive RNA editing, trans-splicing, 5′ oligoU caps, loss of start and stop codons, extensive translational frameshifting. Some of these oddities apparently appeared in several groups independently, probably due to relaxed selective constraints in tiny organellar genomes.