cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EcliPSe: a system for high performance concurrent simulation

A description of a system which provides for the concurrent execution of stochastic simulation applications is presented. The EcliPSe system provides high-level simulation primitives that enable common sawlation tasks. An application programmer describes the simulation process in terms of these primitives using a sequential computation model. The system transparently replicates appropriate sections of the simulation when the program is executed on a concurrent system. By binding to machine-dependent versions of the EcliPSe library, the simulation program can execute without modification on a variety of architectures including uniprocessors, hypercubes, shared-memory machines and loosely coupled networks. In those experiments conducted, near-linear speed-ups were obtained. The main design aspects of the system, salient implementation features and performance figures for some simulation applications are presented. The usefulness of the system for more general applications is also discussed.
The Slow Rearrangement of a Sterically Hindered Nitro‐Cyclohexadienone and the Absence of Phenol Oxidation by Nitrogen Monoxide

The exposure of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (1) in solution to NO2· results in the rapid formation of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-4-nitro-2,5-cyclohexadienone (2), which then undergoes a slow (ca. 3 d) rearrangement in the absence of air. The mechanism that describes this rearrangement is understood for the first time and involves the initial isomerization of 2 to form a(–ONO)-substituted cyclohexadieneone (6). The nitrite moiety undergoes bond homolysis releasing NO· while forming an oxyl radical intermediate. An intermolecular, concerted hydrogen abstraction, which proceeds between 6 and this oxyl radical, results in the simultaneous formation of all stable products, some of which have not been previously observed. Furthermore, when 1 is exposed to NO· under anaerobic conditions, no reaction is observed. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Two- and three-dimensional aliphatic dicarboxylate copper coordination polymers with bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine tethers

Abstract Divalent copper coordination polymers containing aliphatic dicarboxylate and bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (3-bpmp) tethering ligands exhibit different topologies depending on the length of the polymethylene chain and stoichiometric ratio. {[Cu(succinate)(3-bpmp)]·8H 2 O} n ( 1 ) and {[Cu(adipate)(3-bpmp)(H 2 O)]·10H 2 O} n ( 4 ) both display (4,4) rhomboid grids, although the latter shows significant undulations to accommodate the additional girth of the dicarboxylate tethers. [Cu 2 (succinate) 2 (3-bpmp) 0.5 (H 2 O)] n ( 2 ) and [Cu 2 (glutarate) 2 (3-bpmp)] n ( 3 ) possess {Cu 2 (OCO) 3 } partial paddlewheel and {Cu 2 (OCO) 4 } complete paddlewheel carboxylate bridged dimeric units, respectively. However, 2 has a (6,3) brick-layered structure with a rare binodal moganite ( mog ) supramolecular topology, while 3 possesses a non-interpenetrated primitive cubic network. Intriguing co-crystallized water tapes are seen in 1 and 4 . Thermal dehydration and decomposition behavior of 1 – 4 is also presented.
The Wiggins Interpersonal Behavior Circle and the Type A behavior pattern

Abstract Research suggests that Type As exhibit greater levels of interpersonal aggression, dominance, and competitiveness than Type Bs. The present research uses the Wiggins Interpersonal Behavior Circle with college undergraduates to demonstrate that not only are extreme Type As ( N = 46) more dominant than extreme Type Bs ( N = 96), but that variability among Type As (not all of whom succumb to coronary artery and heart disease) also lies along the nurturance dimension. Subjects were also examined in the two-dimensional, four-quadrant space created by orthogonally crossing the dominance and nurturance scales at their means. Whereas male Type As were equally distributed in the Dominant/Hostile and Dominant/Friendly quadrants, female Type As were almost entirely distributed in the latter quadrant. The utility of subtyping As and Bs is discussed in this context.
Susceptibilities of pleuropneumonia-like organisms to some selective bacteriostatic agents.

SummaryStrikingly, the PPLO do not behave either as gram-positive or gram-negative microorganisms in that they are not inhibited on solid medium by a 1:250,000 dilution of crystal violet which normally inhibits gram-positive microorganisms nor by a 1:50,- 000 dilution of potassium tellurite which normally inhibits gram-negative organisms. By being able to inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms the isolation of PPLO from mixed cultures can be greatly facilitated. Generally, strains which have been cultivated on artificial media for some time are more resistant to the bacteriostatic substances than are the recently isolated strains.
The influence of maternal separation on plasma concentrations of ACTH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in guinea pig pups

Preweaning guinea pigs were placed into a test cage either alone or with their mother for 10, 30, or 90 min, or were placed into the cage alone for 24 hr. At 30 and 90 min, pups exhibited higher plasma levels of ACTH if alone than if with the mother. This effect was not apparent at 10 min, and ACTH levels of pups tested alone were no longer greater than baseline levels at 24 hr. These results provide further evidence that brief maternal separation can serve as a potent stimulus for activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in this species. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of pups tested alone were not significantly greater than those of pups tested with their mothers. But, pups tested alone for 10 and 30 min did show an elevation of epinephrine and norepinephrine over baseline levels. That is, the combined influence of separation and other aspects of the manipulation (e.g., exposure to novelty) evoked sympathetic responses. In addition, the number of vocalizations emitted by pups during the first 30 min of isolation in the test cage was positively correlated with concentrations of ACTH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine following 24 hr of this procedure, but not following 90 min or at baseline. Thus, the initial behavioral response appears to be predictive of the levels of both hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic activity 24 hr after separation is initiated.
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Unproved but Promising

The proliferation of rehabilitation programs to treat disabled head-injured patients reflects the following: (1) recent advances in emergency evacuation and neurosurgical management that have reduced mortality after severe head injury; (2) dissemination of outcome research documenting that neurobehavioral sequelae are primarily responsible for chronic disability and prolonged dependence of survivors; (3) the rise of advocacy organizations such as the National Head Injury Foundation that have raised expectations by families for a higher quality of life in their head-injured relatives; (4) market forces driven by insurance, workmen's compensation, and litigation that provide funding for postacute care and incentives for development of private rehabilitation programs. In view of the previous neglect of posttraumatic neurobehavioral disturbances by the health care system, it is understandable that families in desperate circumstances were responsive to programs that attempted to restore cognitive function in disabled survivors. Following this early enthusiastic (and uncritical) expansion of cognitive rehabilitation programs,
Spectroscopic evidence that monoclonal antibodies recognize the dominant conformation of medium-sized synthetic peptides

Spectroscopic methods have amply documented that small- and medium-sized peptides tend to assume unordered conformations in water. The conformational tendencies, however, manifest in halogenated alcohols, and the preferred secondary structures are apparent from the circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Here we report the results of immobilizing peptide and protein antigens from various mixtures of trifluoroethanol and water during enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The increased recognition by the appropriate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is correlated with the increase of the alpha helical, beta turn, or beta pleated sheet content of the peptides presented in the different solvent mixtures. Remarkably, the antibody binding can be detected at considerably lower antigen levels if the antigen is immobilized from trifluoroethanol. The antigens we used corresponded to fragments of normal human neurofilaments and tau protein found in the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease, and the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. The conformation of myoglobin is as stable in water as in trifluoroethanol, and therefore acted as a negative control. Indeed, the recognition of myoglobin did not increase upon increasing the trifluoroethanol concentration in the solvent used to apply the antigen to the plate. The possibility of imperfect binding to the plastic carrier or nonspecific binding to irrelevant antibodies is excluded by using control experiments. We offer the first direct evidence that the mAbs recognize the secondary structure of epitopes, and that it is possible to correlate the binding conformation of the epitopes with CD measurements made in trifluoroethanol-water mixtures.
Detecting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Does Not Reduce Survival of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacterium that has been cultured with increasing prevalence from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We conducted a cohort study, using the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Registry, to assess the effect of S. maltophilia on survival. We studied all patients in this registry from 1991 to 1997 who were older than 6 years of age, were S. maltophilia negative in the first year of enrollment, and had their CF diagnosed before the age of 45 years (n = 19,255 in the study). We compared patients who acquired S. maltophilia with those who did not, using survival analysis. A total of 1,673 (8.7%) had at least one sputum sample positive for S. maltophilia. Compared with patients without S. maltophilia, those patients positive for S. maltophilia had the following baseline characteristics before detection: lower FEV1 % pred (p < 0.001); older (p = 0.001); more likely to be female (p = 0.003); and more pulmonary exacerbations (p < 0.001), outpatient visits (p < 0...
Microclimatic and crop responses to center pivot sprinkler and to surface irrigation

Over 1 million hectares are irrigated with center pivot sprinklers in the Great Plains, USA. Microclimatic conditions under center pivot systems will be affected somewhat by periodic sprinkling, but the extent of microclimatic modification to be expected from sprinkling in the High Plains region and the physiological implications have not been reported. We compared the leaf temperature, canopy air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vapor pressure, soil temperature, and soil heat flux in a corn (Zea mays L.) canopy under center pivot sprinkler and surface irrigation. The crops were grown at Garden City, Kansas, in 1980, a hot, dry year, and in 1981, a relatively cool, wet year. Leaf and air temperatures in 1980 were significantly cooler undder sprinkler irrigation than under surface irrigation. Maximum, minimum, and mean daily leaf temperatures were reduced by 2°, 2°, and 1° C, respectively; and maximum, minimum, and mean canopy air temperatures were reduced by 3°, 1.5°, and 1.5° C, respectively. Leaf and minimum canopy air temperature reductions were significant at the 1 % level. Shorter irrigation intervals may explain the reduced stress on the sprinkled plots. We observed small, nonsignificant temperature reductions under the sprinkler in the 1981 season. No significant effects of irrigation type on vapor pressure deficit or on vapor pressure in the canopy were observed in 1980 or 1981. Analysis of the 1981 data indicated that most of the day-to-day variability in leaf and canopy temperatures is related to ambient air temperature and that canopy vapor pressure deficit and vapor pressure are related to both ambient temperature and ambient vapor pressure deficit. Soil temperatures were significantly reduced and soil heat flux increased under sprinkler irrigation. The diurnal response to sprinkler irrigation cycles was pronounced during early stress periods of the 1980 growing season. Leaf and canopy air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were all significantly lower throughout the day in recently irrigated areas compared to areas that were sprinkled one or two days earlier. Responses to sprinkling during nonstress periods of 1980 and 1981 only persisted while the leaves were wetted; after, conditions returned to levels found in the rest of the field.
Inputs of subthermocline waters and nitrate onto the Campeche Bank

Abstract Geostrophic tilting of isopycnal surfaces in the Yucatan Current raises the thermocline and nitrate nutricline (approximately the 22°C surface) above the level of the shelf break along the eastern margin of the Campeche Bank. Along the northern and western margins of the bank, these features lie 20–30 m below the shelf break. Cool nitrate-rich water can move laterally from the Yucatan Current along isopycnal surfaces beneath the thermocline onto the Campeche Bank. Drogues launched on the bank moved westward, corroborating transport away from the Yucatan Current. Near-bottom water on the bank is denser than water at similar depths in the Gulf of Mexico and Campeche Gulf. This dense near-bottom water is trapped within the euphotic zone on the bank for periods between days and weeks. Anomalies of temperature and chlorophylla at 30 m depth on the bank were directly proportional to density anomalies, indicating the mixing of subthermocline water with surface water. The development of surface patches of phytoplankton or elevated nitrate levels on the bank results from the vertical mixing of the stratified water column. During the summer, lateral transport of subthermocline water from the Yucatan Current appears to be an important source of nitrate nitrogen for the Campeche Bank.
Religions's moral compass and a just economic order: Reflections on Pope John Paul II's encyclicalCentesimus Annus

The purpose of Pope John Paul's encyclicalCentesimus Annus (CA) is to propound the foundations of a “just economic order” and to sketch its essential characteristics. As such he essentially provides an orientation or moral compass for the political economy rather than a precise road map. This article first reviews the principal components of CA and then analyzes and evaluates its central contentions on both cultural and economic grounds.
Colchicine and trimethylcolchicinic acid: a comparison of their effects on human white blood cells in vitro.

Colchicine suppressed acid production by human leukocytes during phagocytosis in vitro, while trimethylcolchicinic acid did not. Since the two substances are similar chemically and in their effect on gout, one may conclude that colchicine does not exert its beneficial effect on acute gout by means of its suppression of leukocyte acid production during phagocytosis. In addition, trimethylcolchicinic acid was shown to have no antimitotic effect in the concentration tested. Colchicina supprimeva le production de acido per leucocytos human durante phagocytose in vitro. Acido trimethyl-colchicinic non habeva iste effecto. Viste que le duo substantias es chimicamente simile e que lor effecto therapeutic in gutta es simile, il es justificate concluder que colchicina non age beneficamente super gutta acute per supprimer le producion leucocytic de acido durante phagocytose. Esseva demonstrate in plus que acido trimethylcolchicicinic, in le concentrationes usate, non exerce un effecto antimitotic.
Broadband Venetian-Blind Polarizer With Dual Vanes

During development of a Venetian Blind polarizer, high reflections and substantial pattern deformation were noted. Analysis showed that when the polarizer was illuminated slightly off axis, a degenerate mode was excited. This mode is resonant at the design center frequency, and was the cause of the problems. A design developed using dual vanes has been shown to be free of the problem. It also has greater bandwidth.
Development and field validation of a microcosm to simulate the mercury cycle in a contaminated pond

A microcosm consisting of water, sediment, and air compartments was used to simulate mercury geochemical cycling in a mercury-contaminated (μg L−1) pond at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Total and dissolved mercury and total methylmercury were analyzed in water and sediment; total gaseous mercury and head-space mercury were analyzed in the water and head space, respectively. The production of gaseous mercury was correlated to dissolved mercury (0.2-μm filtration), and methylmercury was mainly produced in the sediment compartment. Addition of mercuric chloride to the system increased the production of head-space mercury by a factor of 10 but did not affect the methylation rate. Saturation of gaseous mercury in microcosm water varied from 480 to 1,500% of the solubility of elemental mercury and was controlled by unidentified factors. The microcosm maintained stable conditions for up to 3 weeks, and a mass balance indicated that it reasonably simulated the cycling of mercury in the pond. This microcosm could be used to test remedial treatments aimed at decreasing the amount of mercury that is available for accumulation by biota.
Accurate fast field formulation for a uniformly moving source traveling above an impedance plane

The Lorentz transform, which can be applied to a uniformly moving source, effectively converts the time-domain wave equation to an equivalent problem in frequency-domain due to a stationary source. Standard fast field program (FFP) implementations apply the property of conjugate symmetry in the wavenumber domain for improved efficiency. Recent literature [D. Dragna et al., AIAA 52, 1928–1939 (2014)] suggests the use of a Dopplerized frequency-dependent impedance model to account for the effects of source motion. Consequently, the FFP kernel function is no longer identical for the positive and negative wavenumbers. Additional complications are introduced by the necessity to compute the positive and negative horizontal separation distances in the Lorentz frame to obtain a complete time history of sound pressures for the source approaching and receding from the receiver. Further development of the FFP algorithm in the Lorentz frame is explored such that a frequency-dependent impedance model is developed. Both moving line and point monopole sources are considered in the current investigation. Results are validated against direct numerical integration schemes and with the published time-domain solutions. Applications for an aircraft operating in cruise condition is also examined in the present study. [Work Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration.]
Illuminations and Shadows from Jury Simulations

In the 18 years since authors in Law and Human Behavior's special issue on simulation research called for more realistic jury simulations, jury simulations of all kinds have proliferated. While simulations in general represent a significant improvement over nonempirical armchair speculation about jury behavior, the more ecologically valid features of recent simulations increase both the quality and the persuasiveness of simulation results. Still missing, however, are theories and a data base that will signal when these more elaborate and expensive design features are crucial.
Mean-field theory for diffusion-limited aggregation in low dimensions.

We present a new mean-field theory of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA). We apply our approach to calculate the ensemble-averaged structure seen in recent experiments in a two-dimensional channel geometry. Our method explains the similarity between the average DLA occupancy and the Saffman-Taylor finger pattern.
Kentucky legislators’ views on tobacco policy

Abstract Context: Kentucky leads the nation in adult and teen smoking prevalence. Even though Kentucky is one of the most tobacco-dependent states, tobacco policy is subject to change in light of possible national tobacco legislation. Objective: To describe the degree of agreement among Kentucky legislators regarding tobacco control and tobacco farming policy, and to discover whether use of the policy Delphi method produces a shift toward consensus on tobacco policy. Design: A two-round policy Delphi study was conducted using in-person interviews. Setting: Legislators’ offices in Frankfort, Kentucky. Participants: Volunteer sample of 116 Kentucky legislators (84% response rate). Main Outcome Measures: Degree of agreement on tobacco control and tobacco farming policies. Results: Lawmakers were highly supportive of policies to lessen the state’s dependence on tobacco, and were favorable toward stronger tobacco control policies. There were discrepancies, however, between what policies legislators thought were desirable and what policies were realistic. Tobacco interests were identified as possible explanations for this disparity. Tobacco allotment ownership was associated with less support for tobacco control and tobacco farming policies. A shift toward consensus on tobacco policy was achieved in the second round for 45% of the interview items common to both rounds. Conclusions: Kentucky legislators were highly supportive of reducing the state’s dependence on tobacco and more supportive of tobacco control policies than expected. The policy Delphi method has the potential for shifting opinions about tobacco policies among state legislators. The findings of this study identify opportunities for public health policy change in one of the most tobacco-dependent states in the United States.
The Effect of Store Image on Consumers' Perceptions of Designer and Private Label Clothing:

The effects of brand labeling and store image on perceptions of clothing characteristics were investigated using a 3X3 completefactorial between-subjects experimental design. Ninety women individually examined and rated a knit shirt on status, utility, styling, and purchase evaluation characteristics. The shirt had either a designer, private, or no label attached to it and was associated with either a high image store, a low image store, or no store. Both brand label and store image affected ratings of status characteristics of the shirt. Store image affected the ratings of styling characteristics of the private label shirts but not of the designer label shirts. The results are discussed in terms of Congruity Theory.
Outbreak of an Acute Aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004: Identification of the Causal Agent

Maize contaminated with aflatoxins has been implicated in deadly epidemics in Kenya three times since 1981, but the fungi contaminating the maize with aflatoxins have not been characterized. Here we associate the S strain of Aspergillus flavus with lethal aflatoxicoses that took more than 125 lives in 2004.
The ubiquitin-proteasome system: opportunities for therapeutic intervention in solid tumors

The destruction of proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a multi-step, complex process involving polyubiquitination of substrate proteins, followed by proteolytic degradation by the macromolecular 26S proteasome complex. Inhibitors of the proteasome promote the accumulation of proteins that are deleterious to cell survival, and represent promising anti-cancer agents. In multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, treatment with the first-generation proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, or the second-generation inhibitor, carfilzomib, has demonstrated significant therapeutic benefit in humans. This has prompted United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approval of these agents and development of additional second-generation compounds with improved properties. There is considerable interest in extending the benefits of proteasome inhibitors to the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. Herein, we review progress that has been made in the preclinical development and clinical evaluation of different proteasome inhibitors in solid tumors. In addition, we describe several novel approaches that are currently being pursued for the treatment of solid tumors, including drug combinatorial strategies incorporating proteasome inhibitors and the targeting of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that are distinct from the 26S proteasome complex.
Band centrifugation of macromolecules in self-generating density gradients. II. Sedimentation and diffusion of macromolecules in bands

Three approaches to the simultaneous sedimentation and diffusion of hands or zones of noninteracting homogeneous macromolecules are examined: (1) The authors' method of moments: (2) the transport me of Sehumaker and Rosenbloom; and (3) the stochastic solution of the Lamm equation due to Gehatia and Katehalski. All three methods indicate that the motion of the maximum of the hand may be used to evaluate the sedimentation coefficient. The moment, method provides relations which appear to be useful for measuring diffusion coefficients. Relations are given for the analysis of resolved components. The problem of measuring sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with concentration-dependent sedimentation coefficients is examined. Methods are described for evaluating the sedimentation coefficient in these systems and for obtaining the sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution. Methods are described for determining the weight-average sedimentation coefficient in Multi-component systems, and the differential and integral distribution of sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with low-diffusion coefficients.
Intravenous Sodium Valproate for Acute Pediatric Headache

Abstract Background Headaches are common in the pediatric population, and increase in prevalence with age. The abortive medications currently used have a number of potential side effects. Sodium valproate (VPA) has been shown to be effective for acute treatment in the adult population, but no data exist in the pediatric population. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VPA for acute pediatric headache in the emergency department. Methods This was a retrospective case series of all patients Results From July 2010 to February 2014, there were 16 patients who received VPA for acute headache in the PED; 4 were excluded. Eighty-three percent were discharged home. Mean length of stay in the PED before VPA was 395 min, and 120 min after VPA administration. Patients achieved a 17% mean pain score reduction before VPA and approximately an additional 40% mean pain reduction after VPA infusion. Conclusions VPA appears to be an effective agent for acute pediatric headache in this small series. Patients responded well to VPA in a relatively short amount of time. Further studies are needed to evaluate its effectiveness in combination with other first-line medications or as a single agent.
Who serves whom? dynamic resource matching in an activity-scanning simulation system

Presents an activity-scanning simulation model for the familiar barbershop problem where customers have favorite barbers, barbers may not show up for work, and customers may get impatient and leave. This example illustrates the mechanisms for matching customers to barbers or barbers to customers, and argues that either approach may be implemented in an activity scanning system without altering the basic model structure. The solution to this problem is described in detail using a simulation model written in STROBOSCOPE (STate- and ResOurce-Based Simulation of COnstruction ProcEsses).
Transformation of maize with the p1 transcription factor directs production of silk maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in concordance with a hierarchy of floral organ pigmentation.

Summary The maize p1 gene encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor that controls the biosynthesis of red flavonoid pigments in floral tissues of the maize plant. Genetic and quantitative trait locus analyses have also associated the p1 gene with the synthesis of maysin, a flavone glycoside from maize silks that confers natural resistance to corn earworm. Here, we show directly that the p1 gene induces maysin accumulation in silk tissues. Transformation of maize plants that had low or no silk maysin with p1 transgenes elevated silk maysin concentrations to levels sufficient for corn earworm abiosis. The p1 transgenes also conferred red pigment to pericarp, cob, husk and tassel tissues, as expected; however, different subsets of these tissues were pigmented within individual transgenic plants. Statistical analysis shows that the pigmentation patterns observed amongst the p1 transgenic plants conform to a hierarchy that is similar to the temporal ordering of floral organ initiation. We propose that the observed hierarchy of pigmentation patterns is conferred by variation due to epigenetic control of the p1 transgenes. The production of plants with improved traits through genetic engineering can depend in large part on the achievement of tight organ-specific expression of the introduced transgenes. Our results demonstrate that the production of transgenic plants using a promoter with well-defined tissue specificity, such as the p1 promoter, can result in unexpected variation in tissue specificity amongst the resulting transgenic plants.
Organo-Mineral-Enzyme Interaction and Soil Enzyme Activity

Although we have come to know a great deal about the structure and function of enzymes for biomedical and industrial applications, much about the “real” properties of extracellular enzymes in the soil environment remains unknown due to their complex associations with soil organic matter (OM) and minerals. Microbial and enzymatic activity, nutrient availability to plants, and the very existence of OM in soils may be attributed to the degree to which extracellular enzyme activity is inhibited by adsorption to, competitive interaction with, and occlusion within the structures of soil minerals and natural OM. This chapter outlines the broad range of enzyme–organo-mineral interactions that occur in soils and the evolution of our understanding of the mechanisms behind their varied affects on soil enzyme activity.
Quantum statistical theory of laser/surface-catalyzed migration with application to surface rate processes

Abstract A microscopic Hamiltonian describing the dynamical processes of laser-induced migration of adatom is presented. The thermal-phonon-assisted and laser-stimulated migration rates are calculated via steepest descent method. Migration-limited rate processes are investigated by a diffusion equation with a diffusion constant governed by a master equation. Finally, applications to heterogeneous catalysis and microelectronics are discussed.
Performance of packed columns: VI. Mass transfer rates for dehumidification at high solute concentrations

Air-carbon tetrachloride gas streams were dehumidified with cold liquid carbon tetrachloride in a short 4.0-in. diameter column packed with 0.5-in. Raschig rings in an attempt to explain reported unsuccessful attempts to correlate dehumidification data obtained at high solute concentration. The data were in satisfactory agreement with a previously presented correlation if the Schmidt number was evaluated at average film conditions and interfacial conditions were employed with regorous calculation methods to evaluate the mass transfer coefficients.
Finite element analysis and experimental investigation of the Hertzian assumption on the characterization of initial plastic yield

Sudden displacement excursions during load-controlled nanoindentation of relatively dislocation-free surfaces of metals are frequently associated with dislocation nucleation, multiplication, and propagation. Insight into the nanomechanical origins of plasticity in metallic crystals may be gained through estimation of the stresses that nucleate dislocations. An assessment of the potential errors in the experimental measurement of nucleation stresses, especially in materials that exhibit the elastic–plastic transition at small indentation depths, is critical. In this work, the near-apex shape of a Berkovich probe was measured by scanning probe microscopy. This shape was then used as a “virtual” indentation probe in a 3-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of indentation on 〈100〉-oriented single-crystal tungsten. Simultaneously, experiments were carried out with the real indenter, also on 〈100〉-oriented single-crystal tungsten. There is good agreement between the FEA and experimental load–displacement curves. The Hertzian estimate of the radius of curvature was significantly larger than that directly measured from the scanning probe experiments. This effect was replicated in FEA simulation of indentation by a sphere. These results suggest that Hertzian estimates of the maximum shear stresses in the target material at the point of dislocation nucleation are a conservative lower bound. Stress estimates obtained from the experimental data using the Hertzian approximation were over 30% smaller than those determined from FEA.
Unseen Injustice: Incivility as Modern Discrimination in Organizations

This article advances a theory of incivility as a veiled manifestation of sexism and racism in organizations. To support this argument, I draw from social psychological research on modern discrimination. The result is a multilevel model of selective incivility, with determinants at the level of the person, organization, and society. Selective incivility could be one mechanism by which gender and racial disparities persist in American organizations, despite concerted efforts to eradicate bias. I discuss scientific and practical implications.
Assessment and disposition planning for adolescent suicide attempters treated in the emergency department

Abstract Emergency departments (EDs) are often the adolescent suicide attempter’s first point of contact with the medical system. After reviewing the characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters treated in EDs, a procedure for the evaluation of a variety of suicide-specific factors when planning the disposition of adolescents who attempt suicide is discussed. Current suicidal ideation, intent, history of suicidal behavior, reasons for the attempt, common stressful events that might trigger another suicidal act in a vulnerable adolescent, as well as reasons for future hope are assessed. Because it is difficult to predict adolescents at risk for repeat attempts, emphasis is placed on hospitalizing high risk patients and enhancing the probability that those appropriate for discharge receive psychiatric aftercare in the community.
The Study of Policy Development

What do we mean by the term “policy history”? In conventional usage, “history” refers to one of two kinds of investigation: the study of something that happened at some point in the past, or the study of how something came to be what it is. It is this second usage—the idea of policy history as an unfolding story of policy development—that I want to examine in this essay. Understanding the sources of policy often requires that we pay attention to processes that play out over considerable periods of time.
DNA bridging and looping by HMO1 provides a mechanism for stabilizing nucleosome-free chromatin.

The regulation of chromatin structure in eukaryotic cells involves abundant architectural factors such as high mobility group B (HMGB) proteins. It is not understood how these factors control the interplay between genome accessibility and compaction. In vivo, HMO1 binds the promoter and coding regions of most ribosomal RNA genes, facilitating transcription and possibly stabilizing chromatin in the absence of histones. To understand how HMO1 performs these functions, we combine single molecule stretching and atomic force microscopy (AFM). By stretching HMO1-bound DNA, we demonstrate a hierarchical organization of interactions, in which HMO1 initially compacts DNA on a timescale of seconds, followed by bridge formation and stabilization of DNA loops on a timescale of minutes. AFM experiments demonstrate DNA bridging between strands as well as looping by HMO1. Our results support a model in which HMO1 maintains the stability of nucleosome-free chromatin regions by forming complex and dynamic DNA structures mediated by protein–protein interactions.
Terrestrial denitrification: challenges and opportunities

Denitrification is a process of great environmental importance but is difficult to study in terrestrial ecosystems. Methods for quantifying the process are problematic, variability in activity is high, and temporal and spatial scaling challenges are extreme. Available methods are problematic for a variety of reasons; they change substrate concentrations, disturb the physical setting of the process, lack sensitivity or are prohibitively costly in time and expense. Most fundamentally, it is very difficult to quantify the dominant end-product (N2) of denitrification given its high background concentration in the atmosphere. Spatial and temporal variation in denitrification is high due to control of the process by multiple factors (oxygen, nitrate, carbon, pH, salinity, temperature etc.) that each vary in time and space. A particular challenge is that small areas (hotspots) and brief periods (hot moments) frequently account for a high percentage of N gas flux activity. These phenomena are challenging to account for in measurement, modeling and scaling efforts. The need for scaling is driven by the fact that there is a need for information on this microscale process at the ecosystem, landscape and regional scales where there are concerns about nitrogen effects on soil fertility, water quality and air quality. In this review, I outline the key challenges involved with denitrification and then describe specific opportunities for making progress on these challenges including advances in measurement methods, new conceptual approaches for addressing hotspot and hot moment dynamics, and new remote sensing and geographic information system–based scaling methods. Analysis of these opportunities suggests that we are poised to make great improvements in our understanding of terrestrial denitrification. These improvements will increase our basic science understanding of a complex biogeochemical process and our ability to manage widespread nitrogen pollution problems.
Facet-embedded thin-film III-V edge-emitting lasers integrated with SU-8 waveguides on silicon.

A thin-film InGaAs/GaAs edge-emitting single-quantum-well laser has been integrated with a tapered multimode SU-8 waveguide onto an Si substrate. The SU-8 waveguide is passively aligned to the laser using mask-based photolithography, mimicking electrical interconnection in Si complementary metal–oxide semiconductor, and overlaps one facet of the thin-film laser for coupling power from the laser to the waveguide. Injected threshold current densities of 260A/cm2 are measured with the reduced reflectivity of the embedded laser facet while improving single mode coupling efficiency, which is theoretically simulated to be 77%.
Adenosine A1/A2a receptor agonist AMP-579 induces acute and delayed preconditioning against in vivo myocardial stunning.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the adenosine A1/A2a receptor agonist AMP-579 induces acute and delayed preconditioning against in vivo myocardial stunning. Regional stunning was...
CURE-DEPENDENT VISCOELASTIC RESIDUAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF FILAMENT-WOUND COMPOSITE CYLINDERS

The residual stresses induced during processing of [0/90] Tcross-ply composite cylinders is examined. A cure-dependent viscoelastic material model is used to describe the development of material behavior during cure. A finite-element model is developed using a recursive formulation in order to overcome the large memory storage requirements and lengthy calculations. Both chemical and thermal strains are modeled. The geometry modeled includes a mandrel and Teflon separation film between the mandrel and the cross-ply tube. The mandrel was shown to hare a profound influence on the level of residual stress during cure. For example, the maximum hoop stress during cure with a mandrel is 154 MPa. When no mandrel is used the maximum hoop stress is only 26 MPa. Chemical shrinkage was shown to increase the final residual stress in all cases analyzed, since both thermal shrinkage (during cool down) and chemical shrinkage (during cure) are additive. To some extent the mechanism of residual stress development in cylind...
Depletion of Natriuretic Peptide C Receptors Eliminates Inhibitory Effects of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide on Evoked Neurotransmitter Efflux

Natriuretic peptides suppress evoked catecholamine efflux by a mechanism attributed to activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-C, but this designation relies on the absolute specificity of truncated natriuretic peptide analogs for the NPR-C. The NPR-C involvement in evoked catecholamine efflux was defined better in this study by selectively ablating the NPR-C in pheochromocytoma cells with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. This treatment suppressed NPR-C levels by 52 +/- 4% relative to missense treatment. The reduction of NPR-C levels suppressed evoked catecholamine efflux 33 +/- 6% and eliminated the effect of C-type natriuretic peptide to suppress evoked catecholamine efflux. The native peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, reduced evoked catecholamine efflux 39 +/- 3% in cells with a normal complement of NPR-C. The NPR-C reduction failed to alter neuromodulatory effects of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or an active fragment of the NPR-C receptor administered in permeabilized cells. Furthermore, the NPR-C reduction did not prevent guanylyl cyclase activation in response to C-type natriuretic peptide. These latter experiments indicate that the antisense treatment resulted in a specific suppression of the NPR-C and did not affect alternative neuromodulatory pathways or guanylyl cyclase receptors. The novel aspects of this study include both the inhibitory effect of NPR-C reduction on basal-evoked neurotransmitter efflux and the ablation of natriuretic peptide effects on neurotransmitter efflux by NPR-C reduction. The results are consistent with the notion of a key signal-transducing role of the NPR-C in mediating inhibitory effects of natriuretic peptides on neurotransmitter efflux.
Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (B)

This case is appropriate for teaching entrepreneurship, finance, marketing, ethics and strategy courses. It raises issues about matching the pace of growth with available cash flow and whether or not the absentee owner should guarantee bank financing or bring in a private equity partner that would own a majority of the company and control the board.
Prioritizing needs assessment techniques for agricultural programs implementation: The case of Northern Region, Ghana

The Northern region is among the poorest in Ghana. The Southern regions possess a lot of natural resources, and at the same time viable for the production of cash crops. The Northern regions however, have agriculture as their most dependable source of livelihood. The proportion of people working as farmers in the region is 73%, making it the highest in the country. In the light of this, most developmental programs in the region are agriculture based. However, the impact of these programs is not being felt as farmers continue to experience lower harvest and productivity. We however blamed the situation on the absence or inappropriate Needs Assessment. We tried to establish from the farmers the programs they found successful. It was established that, an insignificant number of programs were adjudged successful. Reasons why they considered projects successful or otherwise were also investigated. Combining the results from the data and the practical application of the techniques in the study area, we prioritized these techniques. It was realized that individual group techniques were complements to group techniques in the context of the study area. A case is made for the prioritized techniques as well as further discussion on the highly prioritized ones. Key words: Agricultural programs, needs assessment, need assessment techniques.
Effect of Two Temperatures on Nuclear Number of Conidia of Monilinia Fructicola

(1985). Effect of Two Temperatures on Nuclear Number of Conidia of Monilinia Fructicola. Mycologia: Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 835-837.
Two-location families

In a study of two-location families, we have seen that this lifestyle is not historically atypical. Male-determined two-location families have been established for economic and other reasons. The women-determined two-location family seems to be a relatively new pattern. We suggest that the Women's Movement has helped create a situation where it is possible for women to get more support than men for women-determined two-location families. The sustaining of intimacy in such marriages becomes problematic. Stress may be minimized when there is high career motivation in both parties, acceptance of the wife's career motivation by the husband, high incomes, geographical propinquity, and a long-term marital relationship.
CD62L+ NKT cells have prolonged persistence and antitumor activity in vivo

Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) localize to tumors and have inherent antitumor properties, making them attractive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) carriers for redirected cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical application of CAR-NKTs has been impeded, as mechanisms responsible for NKT expansion and the in vivo persistence of these cells are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that antigen-induced expansion of primary NKTs in vitro associates with the accumulation of a CD62L+ subset and exhaustion of CD62L- cells. Only CD62L+ NKTs survived and proliferated in response to secondary stimulation. When transferred to immune-deficient NSG mice, CD62L+ NKTs persisted 5 times longer than CD62L- NKTs. Moreover, CD62L+ cells transduced with a CD19-specific CAR achieved sustained tumor regression in a B cell lymphoma model. Proliferating CD62L+ cells downregulated or maintained CD62L expression when activated via T cell receptor alone or in combination with costimulatory receptors. We generated HLAnull K562 cell clones that were engineered to express CD1d and costimulatory ligands. Clone B-8-2 (HLAnullCD1dmedCD86high4-1BBLmedOX40Lhigh) induced the highest rates of NKT expansion and CD62L expression. B-8-2-expanded CAR-NKTs exhibited prolonged in vivo persistence and superior therapeutic activities in models of lymphoma and neuroblastoma. Therefore, we have identified CD62L as a marker of a distinct NKT subset endowed with high proliferative potential and have developed artificial antigen-presenting cells that generate CD62L-enriched NKTs for effective cancer immunotherapy.
Anisotropy of the Velocity Dispersion in ω Centauri

By far the brightest and the most massive globular cluster in our Galaxy, ω Cen seems to be, in some of its properties, a kind of transition step between dwarf ellipticals and ordinary globular clusters. For this giant cluster, the comparison between observations and King-Michie multi-mass dynamical models appears possible only using models with strong anisotropy in the velocity dispersion. A more comprehensive description of this work is to be published (Meylan 1986).
Contrast Circulation Time to Assess Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Pilot Study

Objective To optimize enhancement of pulmonary arteries and facilitate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), modern computed tomography angiography (CTA) contains a contrast bolus tracking system. We explored the diagnostic accuracy of the time-intensity curves given by this automated system to identify right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) in acute PE.