cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations in Student Mental Health and Treatment Utilization Across US Colleges and Universities

AbstractObjective: On US college campuses, mental health problems are highly prevalent, appear to be increasing, and are often untreated. Concerns about student mental health are well documented, but little is known about potential variations across the diversity of institutions of higher education. Participants: Participants were 43,210 undergraduates at 72 campuses that participated in the Healthy Minds Study from 2007 to 2013. Methods: Multivariable logistic regressions focus on associations between institutional characteristics and student mental health and treatment utilization. Results: The following institutional characteristics are associated with worse mental health: doctoral-granting, public, large enrollment, nonresidential, less competitive, and lower graduation rates. Among students with apparent mental health problems, treatment utilization is higher at doctorate-granting institutions, baccalaureate colleges, institutions with small enrollments, and schools with strong residential systems. C...
Insects attacking stored products.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some of the more important information that deals with the biology, development, and ecology of stored product insects. The information on this subject is very extensive and is sufficiently important to be considered in a chapter by itself. The material presented is based upon a survey of the literature and on personal experiences. The chapter provides some of the important stored product insects that serve as a guide for the identification of certain insect or at least help in placing them in closely related groups. Stored product insects can be roughly divided into groups according to the types of products they attack. The chapter mentions ways and means by which stored products may become infested. For example, by placing clean products in infested storage or by placing infested products in clean storage. Important factor regulating the activity of stored product insects such as moisture and temperature and the reaction of stored product insects to light have been discussed.
Digital correction for improved spectral response in signal generation systems

Signal generation systems using direct digital synthesis (DDS) techniques are marked by flexibility, repeatability, and wide range of stable operating frequencies. The spectral accuracy of these systems is limited by the analog components used to convert the signal into continuous-time. It is demonstrated how the addition of digital signal processing and a feedback loop around the analog signal path can increase the spectral quality. >
A psychophysiological assessment of operator workload during simulated flight missions

The applicability of the dual-task event-related (brain) potential (ERP) paradigm to the assessment of an operator's mental workload and residual capacity in a complex situation of a flight mission was demonstrated using ERP measurements and subjective workload ratings of student pilots flying a fixed-based single-engine simulator. Data were collected during two separate 45-min flights differing in difficulty; flight demands were examined by dividing each flight into four segments: takeoff, straight and level flight, holding patterns, and landings. The P300 ERP component in particular was found to discriminate among the levels of task difficulty in a systematic manner, decreasing in amplitude with an increase in task demands. The P300 amplitude is shown to be negatively correlated with deviations from command headings across the four flight segments.
In situ δ 18 O and Mg/Ca analyses of diagenetic and planktic foraminiferal calcite preserved in a deep-sea record of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

We report δ18O and minor element (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) data acquired by high-resolution, in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) from planktic foraminiferal shells and 100–500 µm sized diagenetic crystallites recovered from a deep-sea record (ODP Site 865) of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The δ18O of crystallites (~1.2‰ Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB)) is ~4.8‰ higher than that of planktic foraminiferal calcite (−3.6‰ PDB), while crystallite Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios are slightly higher and substantially lower than in planktic foraminiferal calcite, respectively. The focused stratigraphic distribution of the crystallites signals an association with PETM conditions; hence, we attribute their formation to early diagenesis initially sourced by seafloor dissolution (burndown) ensued by reprecipitation at higher carbonate saturation. The Mg/Ca ratios of the crystallites are an order of magnitude lower than those predicted by inorganic precipitation experiments, which may reflect a degree of inheritance from “donor” phases of biogenic calcite that underwent solution in the sediment column. In addition, SIMS δ18O and electron microprobe Mg/Ca analyses that were taken within a planktic foraminiferal shell yield parallel increases along traverses that coincide with muricae blades on the chamber wall. The parallel δ18O and Mg/Ca increases indicate a diagenetic origin for the blades, but their δ18O value (−0.5‰ PDB) is lower than that of crystallites suggesting that these two phases of diagenetic carbonate formed at different times. Finally, we posit that elevated levels of early diagenesis acted in concert with sediment mixing and carbonate dissolution to attenuate the δ18O decrease signaling PETM warming in “whole-shell” records published for Site 865.
Contour displacements and tracking errors: Probing ’twixt Poggendorff parallels

Explanations of the Poggendorff effect were tested by varying the separation between outer parallels and by adding interior parallels. Error decreased with the addition of interior parallels, which can be explained by repulsion of parallels. A strong linear trend existed for judgmental error in millimeters plotted against separation between outer parallels. The nonzero intercept of a best-fit line and the slight nonlinearity of the data suggest a hypothesis of contour repulsion between parallels at moderate separations coupled with mistracking of the transversal across the region between parallels. Since the Poggendorff effect was independent of viewing distance, perceptual errors cannot be explained by purely peripheral mechanisms. A true intersection between transversal and parallel was the most critical feature of a display. Inverting a display increased the mean error.
Transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse with severe tricuspid regurgitation

Prolapse of only the tricuspid valve (TVP), with or without associated cardiac disease, is a phenomenon infrequently reported.’ Weinreich et a1.2 in 1985 found just 34 cases in the world literature. Even rarer are descriptions of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with isolated TVP. This combination of findings was implied but not well documented in two of the patients described by Weinreich et al. In a 1975 catheterization study of TVP by Maranhao et al.,s “mild or moderate degrees of tricuspid regurgitation occurred in some cases, but was caused, at least in part, by catheter impingement.“3 In 1985, Yamazaki et a1.4 found mild TR by contrast two-dimensional echocardiography and right ventriculography in a patient with isolated TVP. To our knowledge, the following is the first reported case of isolated TVP with severe TR, diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. A 40-year-old black man was referred by his family phy
The importance of routine surveillance of distal bypass grafts with duplex scanning: A study of 379 reversed vein grafts

To assess the utility of routine duplex surveillance, 379 infrainguinal reversed vein grafts performed at two independent teaching hospitals were prospectively entered into a surveillance protocol from March 1986 through August 1989. An average of 3.2 postoperative duplex graft flow velocity (GFV) measurements per graft was obtained during a mean follow-up interval of 21 1/2 months. Only 2.1% of 280 grafts with GFV measurements greater than 45 cm/sec failed within 6 months of a normal surveillance examination. GFV measurements less than 45 cm/sec in 99 grafts led to arteriography in 75 grafts, identifying 50 stenotic lesions in 48 bypasses (12.6% of series). Inflow lesions were present in 5%, outflow stenoses in 2%, and intrinsic graft stenoses in only 6% of bypasses. Only 29% of grafts identified as failing by duplex scan were associated with a reduction in ankle-brachial index of greater than 0.15. Secondary reconstructions were performed in 48 grafts based on detection of a reduced GFV measurement; all such reconstructions are patent after a mean follow-up of 5 months. Duplex surveillance is more reliable in identification of failing vein grafts than is determination of ankle-brachial index.
Absorption and fluorescence-absorption techniques for imaging through a scattering medium

medium will be split into a ballistic component which carries the signal information,and a diffuse component which contributes noise. In a highly scattering medium, theintensity of the diffuse light is stronger than the ballistic light signal, and the object islost from our view. The diffuse light on average travels over a longer distance than the
Age and the Cardiovascular System

DESPITE the decline in rates of mortality due to heart disease during the past two decades, cardiovascular disease remains the most frequent single cause of death among persons over 65 years of age.1 2 3 It also accounts for a major and growing proportion of hospitalizations and health care costs and is a leading cause of morbidity among older people.2 , 3 In this review, I shall consider age-associated changes that may influence the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease in older patients and aspects of evaluation and management that are different for older patients than for younger adults. Morphologic Changes The Myocardium Many . . .
The logical requirements for explanations of systematic desensitization

A number of explanations of systematic desensitization have been suggested, each claiming some supportive evidence. The purpose of this paper is not to evaluate this experimental support, but to examine the logical structure of the explanations themselves. Many prove to be no more than loose, metaphorical statements, or models incongruent with clinical desensitization. The extinction explanation seems to have some precision, so the sort of empirical validation it would require is considered in some detail. Extinction as a low-level model is also contrasted with reciprocal inhibition as a higher-order construct for explaining response decrement. It is concluded that greater attention should be given to the formal structure of explanatory propositions so they may more effectively guide relevant research and clinical practice.
Larval settlement of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in the southern Gulf of Maine

. Settlement timing and differential settlement for the larval stage of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in the southern Gulf of Maine was studied during the summer of 1996. Settlement densities on astroturf panels were highest in June and early July (13 to 37 m −2 d−1), and peaked in mid-June (199 m−2 d−1). Settlement was low to nonexistent from mid-July through August (0 to 2 m−2 d−1). During the peak in settlement, no selection for substrate type was observed. In the remainder of the settlement period, differential settlement occurred, with a preference for substrate covered with live coralline algae. Test diameter of newly settled urchins varied among the substrates, with urchins settling on live coralline algae having the largest test diameter (0.43 ± 0.01 mm). There were no differences in test diameter among the different weeks in which sampling was done. Sustained onshore winds occurred only during peak settlement, suggesting that wind drift currents may concentrate larvae and influence patterns of larval settlement.
Mammalian Reovirus M3 Gene Sequences and Conservation of Coiled-Coil Motifs near the Carboxyl Terminus of the μNS Protein

Nucleotide sequences of the mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) type 1 Lang and type 2 Jones M3 gene segments were newly determined. The nucleotide sequence of the reovirus type 3 Dearing M3 segment also was determined to compare with a previously reported M3 sequence for that isolate. Comparisons showed Lang and Dearing M3 to be more closely related than either was to Jones M3, consistent with previous findings for other reovirus gene segments. The microNS protein sequences deduced from each M3 segment were shown to be related in a similar pattern as the respective nucleotide sequences and to contain several regions of greater or less than average variability among the three isolates. Identification of conserved methionine codons near the 5' ends of the Lang, Jones, and Dearing M3 plus strands lent support to the hypothesis that microNSC, a smaller protein also encoded by M3, arises by translation initiation from a downstream methionine codon within the same open reading frame as microNS. Other analyses of the deduced protein sequences indicated that regions within the carboxyl-terminal third of microNS and microNSC from each isolate have a propensity to form alpha-helical coiled coils, most likely coiled-coil dimers. The new sequences will augment further studies on microNS and microNSC structure and function.
Modeling Extraction Regime Transitions for Microchannel Vapor Extraction Map in Two-Phase Cooling Applications

The use of two phase cooling strategies for high power microelectronics has been being widely investigated in order to better control desired operating temperatures and to reduce the mass flow rates required for cooling. However, disadvantages arise when considering the potential for unstable flow conditions and high pressure drop penalties associated with two phase microchannel flows. One possible method to reduce instabilities and maintain a low pressure drop is to extract the vapor phase as it is generated in the channel. This is proposed to be accomplished using at least one wall of the channel fabricated using a hydrophobic porous membrane with the necessary pressure differential to remove vapor while preventing liquid phase break through. To better understand the inherent operating conditions and limitations, conditions for vapor extraction relative to the flow and heat transfer is developed. The extraction regions identified are (i) full extraction, (ii) partial bubble extraction, (iii) two-phase evaporative extraction and (iv) single-phase evaporative extraction. In addition, criteria are presented for stability during bubble extraction. Physics-based criteria to justify the differences between the various regions are presented in terms of non-dimensional parameters. These can be then used to develop an extensive vapor extraction map that can be used to identify operating conditions associated with the extraction regions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Expression and modulation of class I and class II histocompatibility leukocyte antigens on human soft tissue sarcomas.

Background. Class I and Class II histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) play an important role in the antigenic recognition and target cell killing by T-lymphocytes. Their expression and modulation with gamma interferon on human soft tissue sarcomas were investigated. Methods. The phenotypic expressions of Class I and Class II HLA were determined by avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining using two monoclonal antibodies W6/32 and MEL3, respectively. Results. The present study showed that soft tissue sarcomas frequently had demonstrable Class I HLA and less-frequently expressed Class II HLA. The staining for Class I HLA was more diffuse, and the staining for Class II HLA was generally patchy in appearance. The expressions of two antigens on cultured sarcoma cells were found in accordance with the findings of sarcoma tumors. The expression of Class I antigen was enhanced, and Class II was induced in two cell lines by gamma interferon. The in vitro modulation of HLA with gamma interferon was reversible. Gamma interferon at the testing dose did not have cytotoxic or antiproliferative effects on either cell lines. Conclusions. Through the modulation of HLA on soft tissue sarcomas, gamma interferon may play a role in the clinical management of sarcomas.
Information systems project management: an agency theory interpretation

The failure rate of information systems development projects is high. Agency theory offers a potential explanation for it. Structured interviews with 12 IS project managers about their experiences managing IS development projects show how it can be used to understand IS development project outcomes. Managers can use the results of the interviews to improve their own IS project management. Researchers can use them to examine agency theory with a larger number of project managers.
Self-Differentiation and Well-Being in a Life Transition

Previous research has shown that evaluative organization of self-knowledge explains variance in self-esteem and mood beyond that accounted for by positive or negative content. Here, that model is applied to the changing self perceptions of women in a life transition. In a sample of 120 older women who had relocated within the past year, evaluative differentiation of self-change—the tendency to perceive self-change very positively in some domains and very negatively in others—was associated with greater well-being among women whose positive domains were perceived to be important. People who perceive great improvement in at least one important domain of the self (despite sacrifice in others) may be more resilient during a life transition than those who experience the same average improvement spread evenly across domains. Having a few very important positive aspects of the self to fall back on may help to buffer the stress of a life transition.
Gas-Phase RNA and DNA Ions. 1. H/D Exchange of the [M − H]- Anions of Nucleoside 5‘-Monophosphates (GMP, dGMP, AMP, dAMP, CMP, dCMP, UMP, dTMP), Ribose 5-Monophosphate, and 2-Deoxyribose 5-Monophosphate with D2O and D2S

H/D exchange from D2O and D2S to electrosprayed [M − H]- nucleoside 5‘-monophosphate anions (GMP, dGMP, AMP, dAMP, CMP, dCMP, UMP, TMP) is examined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry at 9.4 T, along with sugar phosphate controls (ribose 5-monophosphate (R5P) and 2-deoxyribose 5-monophosphate (dR5P)). The relative exchange rates of the nucleotides with D2O were dR5P > dCMP > R5P > CMP > dAMP > UMP > AMP > dTMP ≫ dGMP ≫ GMP, and with D2S were CMP > UMP ≈ dTMP > dCMP > dAMP > AMP > R5P > dR5P ≫ dGMP ≫ GMP. All exchange rates increase dramatically on changing from D2O to D2S, due to the smaller gas-phase acidity difference between exchange reagent and the nucleotide: Δ(ΔHacid) > 60 kcal mol-1 for D2O vs Δ(ΔHacid) > 20 kcal mol-1 for D2S. Ab initio calculations on model compounds at the MP2/6-31+G*//HF/6-31+G* level yield the following order of calculated acidities for each of the exchangeable hydrogens: R2O3PO-H > R2N-H > (R2O-H on ribose) > RN-H2 > (R2O-H on 2-deoxyribose). The ...
The Process of Modulation in Musical Collage

By exploiting the multivalent implications attendant on principles of quotation, disjunction and juxtaposition, musical collage works of the 1960s, like their analogues in the visual arts and literature, call into question traditional notions of unity. However, these compositions also incorporate new modes of continuity which lend a distinctive expressive force to music of this kind. The present article outlines organisational precepts which composers including Luciano Berio, George Rochberg and Bernd Alois Zimmermann have used to achieve a degree of syntactic mediation: overlap, chromatic insertion and rhythmic plasticity. The common occurrence of these principles in works exhibiting widely divergent stylistic predispositions indicates that they may constitute important technical aspects of this particular repertoire.
Geographic variation and neighborhood factors are associated with low rates of pre–end-stage renal disease nephrology care

Geographic variation of pre–end-stage renal disease (pre-ESRD) nephrology care has not been studied across the United States. Here we sought to identify geographic differences in pre-ESRD care, assess for county-level geographic and sociodemographic risk factors, and correlate with patient outcomes using facility-level mortality. Patients from 5387 dialysis facilities across the United States from 2007 to 2010 were included from the Dialysis Facility Report. Marginal generalized estimating equations were used for modeling with geographic cluster analysis to detect clusters of facilities with low rates of pre-ESRD care. On average, 67% of patients received pre-ESRD care in the United States but with significant variability across regions ranging from 3 to 99%. Five geographic clusters of facilities with low rates of pre-ESRD care were the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, and Baltimore, along with Southern states along the Mississippi River. Dialysis facilities with the lowest rates of pre-ESRD care were more likely to be located in urban counties with high African-American populations and low educational attainment. A 10% higher proportion of patients receiving pre-ESRD care was associated with 1.3% lower patient mortality as reflected by facility-level mortality. Thus, geographic and sociodemographic factors can be used to design quality improvement initiatives to increase access to nephrology care nationwide and improve patient outcomes.
Interrelationship of hemodynamic alterations of valvular heart disease and renal function: Influences on renal sodium reabsorption

Abstract The correlations between systemic hemodynamic parameters—i.e., cardiac index, mean left atrial pressure, total blood volume, and renal blood flow corrected for PAH extraction ratio, are reported for 19 patients with compensated congestive heart failure. In addition, simultaneous measurements of net tubular sodium reabsorption and renal oxygen consumption were compared to both systemic and renal hemodynamic measurements. The significant inverse correlation between cardiac index or renal blood flow and renal arteriovenous oxygen difference resembles the renal adaptation encountered in chronic anemia. Evidence supporting intact glomerulo-proximal tubular balance is presented along with a comparison of oxygen consumption per mole of sodium reabsorbed. These data are compatible with either redistribution of intrarenal blood flow or with alteration of renal tubular sodium reabsorption down-stream from the proximal portion of the nephron as the pathophysiologic explanation of the abnormal sodium retention of heart failure.
Development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX (1999)

The development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean Experiment (1999) is investigated. A hypothesis for the generation of the pollution gradient is presented. Infrared satellite images show the formation of the pollution gradient as the leading edge of a polluted air mass in the marine boundary layer and also its propagation over the Arabian Sea and the northern Indian Ocean. Aerosol data measured from two research vessels over the Arabian Sea show a variation in the concentrations caused by the passage of this pollution gradient. Depth of the pollution gradient was found to be about 800 m. A numerical model was used to simulate the development of this gradient and its propagation over the ocean. Results show that its formation and structure are significantly influenced by the diurnal cycle of coastal sea-land breeze circulations along India’s west coast. Transport of aerosols and gases over the Arabian Sea in the lower troposphere from land sources appears to be through this mechanism with the other being the elevated land plume.
Improving high-resolution MR bold venographic imaging using a T1 reducing contrast agent.

Recently, a new imaging method was proposed by Reichenbach et al (Radiology 1997;204:272-277) to image small cerebral venous vessels specifically. This method, referred to as high-resolution blood oxygen level-dependent venography (HRBV), relies on the susceptibility difference between the veins and the brain parenchyma. The resulting phase difference between the vessels and the brain parenchyma leads to signal losses over and above the usual T2* effect. At 1.5 T, a rather long TE (roughly 40 msec) is required for this cancellation to become significant, leading to enhanced susceptibility artifacts and a long data acquisition time. In this study, we examine the utility of incorporating a clinically available T1 reducing contrast agent, Omniscan (Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, NY, NY), with the HRBV imaging approach to reduce susceptibility artifacts and imaging time while maintaining the visibility of cerebral veins. Using a double-dose injection of Omniscan, we were able to reduce TE from 40 to 25 msec. This led to a decrease in TR from 57 to 42 msec, allowing a 26% reduction in data acquisition time while maintaining the visibility of cerebral venous vessels and reducing susceptibility artifacts. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:118-123, 1999.
Exercise to Prevent and Treat Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a large and growing health problem in the United States, and as such constitutes a target for many health initiatives. Exercise provides beneficial effects on excess weight, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis, making it an important tool to mitigate diabetes symptoms and sequelae.
A comparative study of EM fixation procedures for the adult rat spinal cord based on regional blood flow

Adult rat spinal cords were perfused intracardially with aldehyde fixatives containing either sodium cacodylate or sodium phosphate buffer for EM studies. The perfusion flow rate of 24 cc/min for the first 3 min and 33 cc/min for completion of prefixation was found to be optimal. Ultrastructural examination of the L-1 fasciculus gracili, dorsal and ventral horns demonstrated that the quality of fixation is similar despite a two- to three-fold greater blood flow rate to the dorsal and ventral horns, respectively. Sodium cacodylate buffered perfusate provides superior clarity of organelle membranes, myelin lamellae and axoplasmic constituents when compared with sodium phosphate buffer.
Microwave measurements and systematic circuit-model extraction of nanowire metal semiconductor field-effect transistors

We present detailed on-wafer scattering-parameter measurements and equivalent circuit modeling of a metal semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) that incorporates a GaN nanowire (NW). A systematic procedure is established to extract intrinsic model parameters by removing extrinsic parameters of the NW under different bias conditions. All parameters are first determined from analytic formulas that establish their relationship to measured impedance and admittance parameters. The analytically determined parameters are then processed in a numerical fitting program and a circuit simulator for minimizing the difference between the modeled data and the experimental data. For demonstration, the proposed framework is applied to a GaN NW MESFET with 1.5 μm long gate up to 10 GHz. Its transconductance is estimated to be 16.6 μS, the transit time is estimated to be 9.8 ps and the maximum frequency of oscillation is about 16 GHz.
A collaborative program to provide native plant materials for the Great Basin

T he Great Basin as de ned on a oristic ba- sis 1 includes the hydrographic Great Basin plus the Owyhee Uplands and Snake River Plain of southern Idaho (Fig. 1). The region encom- passes about 60 million ha, of which more than two-thirds are publicly owned. Vegetation ranges from salt desert and sagebrush shrublands in the basins to conifer forests in the more than 200 mountain ranges. Historic land management opened the environment to invasion by exotic annual grasses, primarily cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ). Resulting changes in re regimes and more recent human disturbances such as en- ergy development, mining, and recreation have combined to increase the spread of annual and perennial exotics, deplete native seed banks, simplify community structure and species associations, and reduce landscape patchiness. Ecosystem resilience declines with disruption of ecological functions such as snow or water catchment, reduction of wind veloc- ity, and nutrient cycling. West and Young 2 described in detail the plant communities and management issues in the Great Basin and suggested that development of more effective and economical revegetation techniques should be a research pri- ority, especially for the more arid regions. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_shaw
Benchmark results for particle transport in binary non-markovian mixtures

Abstract Numerical benchmark results are reported for particle transport in a randomly mixed binary medium, with the stochastic mixing described by a variety of stationary and homogeneous renewal statistics. Such statistics are quantified by chord length distributions for the two immiscible components of the mixture. A simple Monte Carlo procedure is used to generate physical realizations of the statistics, and the transport equation is solved numerically for each realization. The ensemble-averaged solutions and certain variance results are obtained by appropriately averaging over a large number of such calculations. The geometry considered is the rod model of transport, in which particles are constrained to move along a single axis.
Decreased Interleukin-2 Production from Cultured Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Human Acute Starvation

Depressed cell-mediated immunity and decreased insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are observed in malnourished humans. To study the interaction among nutrition, IGF-I, and cytokines, healthy volunteers (six men and four women, aged 21–38 yr, weighing 93–124% of ideal body weight) were subjected to a 7-day fast (mineral water only). Fasting steadily decreased serum IGF-I from 247 ± 29 (prefast) to 87 ± 10 ng/mL (postfast; P < 0.0001), total T cells (CD3+) from 1499 ± 68 to 1308 ± 70× 109 (P < 0.0001), and T helper cells (CD4+) from 997 ± 62 to 856 ± 55 × 109 (P < 0.001). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured in serum-free RPMI 1640 for 24 h. Fasting attenuated peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of interleukin-2 in response to various concentrations of phytohemagglutinin P [PHA-P; 347 ± 48 (prefast) vs. 135 ± 52 pg/mL (postfast) when challenged with 3 μg/mL PHA-P; P < 0.005 when comparing dose-response curves (1–100 μg/mL PHA-P)]. Although the approximately 3-fold suppres...
Variations in hydrothermal methane and hydrogen concentrations following the 1998 eruption at Axial Volcano

During the February response cruise to Axial Volcano, methane and hydrogen concentrations within the plume were significantly elevated above background. CH 4 / 3 He ratios were found to be 5-10 times greater than previously reported values for unsedimented ridges. An average δ 13 C value of -32.7±0.8‰ was determined for CH 4 concentrations > 10 nM and CH 4 /Mn ratios were determined to be 2.2. Hydrogen concentrations as high as 183 nM were measured; however most were < 10 nM. Microbial oxidation of methane was negligible (<0.001 day -1 ) during this sampling period. However, microbial hydrogen oxidation was sufficient to explain decreased H 2 concentrations measured at 'older' downstream stations.
Regularized estimation of Stokes images from polarimetric measurements

In the remote sensing context the goal of imaging polarimetry is to map the state of polarization of a scene of interest. The polarization state of a scene can be represented by the Stokes parameters. Since the Stokes parameters are not directly measurable one must first make several individual measurements and then the infer the Stokes parameters. We approach the Stokes parameter construction problem using penalized-likelihood estimation. Given the measured linearly polarized images, what is the optimal means by which to deblur and denoise and construct the Stokes parameters? In traditional image restoration one attempts to restore the blurred and noise corrupted data directly. In the case of imaging polarimetry we must answer the question of the optimality of restoring the measured data and then forming the Stokes images or restoring the Stokes images directly. An alternative approach is to estimate the Stokes parameters directly. We define our cost function for reconstruction by a weighted least squares data fit penalty and a regularization penalty. We show that for quadratic regularization the estimators of Stokes and intensity images can be made equal by appropriate choice of regularization parameters. It is empirically shown that, when using edge preserving regularization, estimating Stokes parameters directly leads to somewhat lower error.
Identification of multiple, differentially expressed messenger RNAs in dermal fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis.

Objective To simultaneously identify several genes whose expression is altered in dermal fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Total RNA was prepared from fibroblasts derived from clinically affected and unaffected skin of patients with SSc. The RNA samples were analyzed using differential-display reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments corresponding to differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were eluted, cloned, and sequenced. The differential expression of the corresponding mRNAs was confirmed by ribonuclease protection assay. Results We identified 21 differentially expressed mRNAs. Their corresponding cDNAs were sequenced and the sequences obtained were compared with those of known genes entered into the EMBL/GenBank database. Three of the sequences corresponded to transcripts of yet-unidentified genes. Some of the mRNAs shared partial homology with extracellular matrix components, cellular receptors, enzymes, and nuclear factors. Others corresponded to known mRNAs such as those of fibronectin, fibronectin receptor, laminin receptor homolog, β-tubulin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, KIAA0179 protein, and protease nexin 1. Conclusion The application of DDRT-PCR to scleroderma research has identified many mRNAs whose altered expression in scleroderma has not yet been described, thus providing new information for further investigation and potential targets for the development of novel therapies.
Maximum Arc-integrity of Tournaments and Bipartite Tournaments

Abstract In this paper we extend the graphical concept of edge-integrity to directed graphs. After some general results we focus on the maximum arc-integrity which can be obtained by orienting the edges of Kn and Km, n for m ≤ 4.
Protective effects of flunarizine on ischemic injury in the rat retina.

• Intracellular calcium overload has been implicated to be a major factor in triggering cell death after ischemic neuronal injury. We investigated the effects of flunarizine hydrochloride, a calciumoverload blocker, on pressure-induced retinal ischemia in a rat model. Retinal ischemia was induced in albino Lewis rats by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 45 minutes. Two regimens of treatment with flunarizine were examined: (1) prophylactic treatment, in which flunarizine was administered before ischemia and in the early phase of reperfusion; and (2) postischemic treatment, in which flunarizine was administered only in the early phase of reperfusion. Injury was evaluated morphologically and morphometrically by measuring the thickness of the inner retinal layers on plasticembedded retinal sections and by counting the retinal ganglion cells on retinal flat preparations. By morphologic and morphometric criteria, a significant but partial protection of the inner retinal layers was noted in the groups given either regimen. This protective effect of flunarizine suggests that elevated intracellular calcium concentration may play an important role in ischemic retinal injury.
Tractography From HARDI Using an Intrinsic Unscented Kalman Filter

A novel adaptation of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was recently introduced in literature for simultaneous multitensor estimation and fiber tractography from diffusion MRI. This technique has the advantage over other tractography methods in terms of computational efficiency, due to the fact that the UKF simultaneously estimates the diffusion tensors and propagates the most consistent direction to track along. This UKF and its variants reported later in literature however are not intrinsic to the space of diffusion tensors. Lack of this key property can possibly lead to inaccuracies in the multitensor estimation as well as in the tractography. In this paper, we propose a novel intrinsic unscented Kalman filter (IUKF) in the space of diffusion tensors which are symmetric positive definite matrices, that can be used for simultaneous recursive estimation of multitensors and propagation of directional information for use in fiber tractography from diffusion weighted MR data. In addition to being more accurate, IUKF retains all the advantages of UKF mentioned above. We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method via experiments publicly available phantom data from the fiber cup-challenge (MICCAI 2009) and diffusion weighted MR scans acquired from human brains and rat spinal cords.
Chemical emplacement of magma

Abstract Reaction cells are proposed by which magma bodies move by cycling excess energies along gradients of temperature, pressure and composition in open systems and gravitational fields of the earth. Crystallization energy released by exothermic crystallization at cell bases migrates upward by convective overturn in liquid zones and is absorbed by endothermic dissolution of roof rocks. Rock–liquid interfaces, liquid zones, and accumulations of crystals rise. Dissolved country rocks mix with magma. Granitic minerals form under disequilibrium conditions. Reaction cells consume or add excess energy during transit. Cells that reach the surface supply volcanic fields; those that consolidate below form intrusive terrains. Granitic rocks replace country rocks by passive processes that generate silicate liquids.
Lesion‐induced synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of aged rats: I. Loss and reacquisition of normal synaptic density

Quantitative electron microscopy was used to examine the ability of aged (2-year-old) and young adult (90-day-old) rats to replace those synapses lost (85–90%) in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus after a complete unilateral lesion of the entorhinal cortex. In aged rats the synaptic density is significantly lower than that of young adults at 10 days postlesion. Synaptic replacement begins between 2 and 4 days postlesion in young adults, whereas there is a delay until after 10 days postlesion in aged rats. Once synapse replacement begins in aged rats, the rate of synapse reappearance is about equal that of young adults. Thus the initial 10 days postlesion appears critical to growth of responding afferents and reformation of synaptic contacts. Analysis of synapses in terms of noncomplex and complex synaptic types shows that the noncomplex type accounts for the significant synaptic density difference between the two age groups. Replacement of complex synapses is nearly indistinguishable between age groups and is complete by 60 days postlesion. In contrast the initial replacement rate of noncomplex synapses in aged rats is much slower than young adults, though the control synaptic density is achieved by the end of the time course.
Effects of Photoperiod, Castration, and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) on the Number of GnRH Receptors in Male Golden Hamsters

Maintenance of male golden hamsters on short photoperiod leads to testicular regression due to pineal glandmediated inhibition of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal reproductive system. This study clarifies the dynamics of the action of GnRH at the pituitary level after short photoperiod-induced gonadal regression. In Exp 1, adult male golden hamsters were injected with BSA or varying doses of exogenous GnRH every 8 h for 3 days. There was no effect on the number of GnRH receptors, indicating that GnRH does not increase the number of its own receptors in hamsters as it does in rats. In Exp II, adult male golden hamsters were placed on a 14-h light, 10-h dark lighting schedule (LD 14:10) or LD 6:18. Nine weeks later, half of the animals on each photoperiod were castrated, and 10 weeks after initiation of the experiment, intact and castrated hamsters were decapitated. Intact hamsters on LD 6:18 had the expected reduction in serum LH levels and testicular weight compared to intact animals on LD 14:10. There was a p...
Implementing residential treatment for prison inmates with mental illness

There is evidence that mentally ill offenders (MIOs) in prisons commit more infractions, serve longer sentences, and are more likely to be victimized than inmates who are not mentally ill. Humanistic and prison management interests are served if intervention programs minimize symptoms and promote coping and other functional skills. A collaborative agreement was established between Washington State Department of Corrections and a consortium of University of Washington faculty to mutually develop a prison-based program of clinical management and psychoeducation for MIOs. The resulting program is described, along with rationale, planning processes, implementation, and initial evaluation. Most aspects of the planned program are in place. Clinical and behavioral progress by inmates following program participation has been documented. Issues concerning treatment program implementation in prisons are discussed.
Histogenesis of Hodgkin's disease: Possible insights from a comparison with lymphomatoid papulosis

Comparison of LyP and HD suggests that these are closely related lymphoproliferative disorders that may occur in the same patient, share similar histologic features, and have the same immunologic phenotype. Recent studies of the molecular biology of both disorders confirm a similar distribution of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement patterns. The study of LyP, although a rare and benign disorder, has improved our understanding of HD, which appears, in some cases, to be a proliferation of malignant activated T lymphocytes. Further analysis of LyP may lead to a better understanding of the spontaneous regression of this disorder and result in new methods for treatment of HD.
Extending AG(4, 2) to S(4, {5, 6}, 17)

A construction of S(4, {5, 6}, 17) is given using the geometry of AG(4, 2) and PG(3, 2). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 7: 113–117, 1999
Hospital Outcomes Project for the Elderly (HOPE): Rationale and Design for a Prospective Pooled Analysis

Objective: To describe a collaborative investigation that is based on a series of six clinical studies aimed at reducing functional decline in the acutely-ill hospitalized elderly. Design: A prospective, multicenter pooled analysis project involving collection of a common set of data from a group of related but distinct intervention trials with similar objectives. Setting: Five university-affiliated hospitals and one community hospital. Participants: Elderly patients (age minimums from 65 to 75 years) admitted for a range of acute illnesses. Interventions: Site-specific interventions include exercise and physical therapy; developing and implementing methods to improve detection and evaluation of delirious patients; a multidisciplinary geriatric care unit; a multidisciplinary intervention implemented in-hospital that includes some postdischarge care; and a nursing-centered geriatric care program. Main outcome measure: Functional status. Conclusion: The prospective, multicenter design of the Hospital Outcomes Project for the Elderly (HOPE) provides an innovative approach for analysis of hospital outcomes in the elderly. Although differences in study populations and interventions exist, qualitative comparisons across sites will enhance generalizability and will provide a great opportunity to examine consistency among the sites. The HOPE pooled analysis project will impart greater statistical power to detect the primary and secondary outcomes compared with previous single-center trials that have assessed interventions related to functional decline in the hospitalized elderly.
Lidocaine partially depolarizes the S4 segment in domain IV of the sodium channel

Previous studies have shown that lidocaine and other local anesthetic drugs (LAs) cause use-dependent block of sodium current (I (Na)), i.e., block that increases with membrane depolarization by allosteric coupling between drug binding in the inner pore and the S4s in domains III and IV. MTSET protection experiments have established that LAs stabilize DIIIS4 in an outward, depolarized position. Similar tests have not been reported for the DIVS4, although LAs have been shown to reduce DIV's contribution to total gating charge by about one third and to alter its movement such that it contributes more gating charge at negative potentials around -100 mV compared to non-drug-bound sodium (Na) channels. To investigate whether lidocaine reduces the gating charge of DIVS4 by causing it to adopt either a depolarized position at rest or by restricting its outward movement upon depolarization, we performed MTSET protection experiments on I (Na) of the mutant Na channel, R1628C (R3C-DIV), in the presence and absence of 10 mM lidocaine. The results indicate that lidocaine causes the DIVS4 to assume a more depolarized position, which facilitates its movement upon depolarization leading to the excess gating charge at potentials near -100 mV.
Brain protection from stroke with intravenous TNFα decoy receptor-Trojan horse fusion protein.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is produced in brain in response to acute cerebral ischemia, and promotes neuronal apoptosis. Biologic TNF inhibitors (TNFIs), such as the etanercept, cannot be developed as new stroke treatments because these large molecule drugs do not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). A BBB-penetrating biologic TNFI was engineered by fusion of the type II human TNF receptor (TNFR) to each heavy chain of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), designated as cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein. The cTfRMAb domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to deliver the fused TNFR across the BBB. Etanercept or the cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in adult mice subjected to 1-hour reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion up to 90 minutes after the occlusion. Neuroprotection was assessed at 24 hours or 7 days after occlusion. The cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein treatment caused a significant 45%, 48%, 42%, and 54% reduction in hemispheric, cortical, and subcortical stroke volumes, and neural deficit, respectively. Intravenous etanercept had no therapeutic effect. Biologic TNFIs can be reengineered for BBB penetration, and the IgG-TNFR fusion protein is therapeutic after delayed intravenous administration in experimental stroke.
Photosynthesis, inorganic plant nutrition, solutions, and problems.

A brief account is given of the research that D.I. Arnon did before he ventured into the field of photosynthesis, viz. his work on inorganic plant nutrition in the laboratory of D.R. Hoagland. The connection between the two areas is indicated. In his work on plant nutrition Dr Arnon emphasized the role of specific nutrients and, with P.R. Stout, formulated a definition of essentiality that is used to this day. It is now necessary, however, to take into account elements not meeting their criteria of essentiality, as shown by a consideration of the element silicon.