cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Culturally-Variable Sex Differences: Men and Women Are Not Always Different, but When They Are…It Appears Not to Result from Patriarchy or Sex Role Socialization

Psychologists have uncovered dozens of ways men and women differ in affect, behavior, and cognition. Social role theorists assume that men’s and women’s psychological differences solely result from sex role socialization processes and sociopolitical power differentials, and, as a consequence, social role theorists further assume psychological sex differences will be smaller in cultures with more egalitarian sex role socialization and greater sociopolitical gender equity. In this chapter, evidence is marshaled across 21 data sources that directly challenge this foundational assumption of social role theory. Empirically, sex differences in most psychological traits—in personality, sexuality, attitudes, emotions, behaviors, and cognitive abilities—are conspicuously larger in cultures with more egalitarian sex role socialization and greater sociopolitical gender equity. Even sex differences in many physical traits such as height, obesity, and blood pressure are larger in cultures with more egalitarian sex role socialization and greater sociopolitical gender equity. Three alternative evolutionary perspectives on psychological sex differences—obligate sex differences, facultatively mediated sex differences, and emergently-moderated sex differences—appear to better explain the universal and culturally-variable sex differences reliably observed across human cultures.
Tribological Properties of Metal Matrix Composites

Metal matrix composite (MMC) materials constitute an important class of materials for tribological applications. In this chapter, we review tribological properties of some MMC with emphasis on the graphite-reinforced materials.
Exercise alters fractal dimension and spatial correlation of pulmonary blood flow in the horse

We determined the changes in fractal dimensions and spatial correlations of regional pulmonary blood flow with increasing exercise in race horses (n= 4) by using 15-μm fluorescent microspheres. Flu...
Regression of Atherosclerosis in Humans: Anatomical Evidence from Postmortem Studies

Although atherosclerosis regression has been demonstrated in animals1 and angiographic evidence suggests that it may occur in humans,2 there is no anatomical confirmation of this process in humans. It seems unlikely that regression could be studied through sequential anatomical observation of human arteries. Autopsy material may provide such information, but there are many sources of error in the interpretation of findings when one tries to establish from postmortem studies whether atherosclerosis is reversible. A lucid analysis of the effects of bias in the interpretation of postmortem results in the association between diseases was presented by Mainland.3
How Slogans Curate Public Opinion: Hard Lessons from Lakoff and the Linguists

Many a policy scholar has viewed election results with bewilderment: How can so many people persistently vote against their self-interest? In an attempt to at least partially address this conundrum...
What we can (and can’t) infer about implicit bias from debiasing experiments

The received view of implicit bias holds that it is associative and unreflective. Recently, the received view has been challenged. Some argue that implicit bias is not predicated on “any” associative process, but it is unreflective. These arguments rely, in part, on debiasing experiments. They proceed as follows. If implicit bias is associative and unreflective, then certain experimental manipulations cannot change implicitly biased behavior. However, these manipulations can change such behavior. So, implicit bias is not associative and unreflective. This paper finds philosophical and empirical problems with that argument. When the problems are solved, the conclusion is not quite right: implicit bias is not necessarily unreflective, but it seems to be associative. Further, the paper shows that even if legitimate non-associative interventions on implicit bias exist, then both the received view and its recent contender would be false. In their stead would be interactionism or minimalism about implicit bias.
Connecting PML to Classical Robin Boundary Value Problems

In this paper, we show that PML solutions are most readily derived from the well-understood 1-D Robin boundary value classically defined as a weighted combination of Dirichlet and Neumann constituents. The derivation, thus, uses no split field or stretched coordinate reformulation. Continuing with this classical construction, in fact, gives the complete superposition solution valid for arbitrary boundary orientations and operators. This further enables the explanation that uniaxial PML matrix solves only the coordinately aligned terminations. Temporal implicit and spatial explicit representations are presented. Solving Robin impedance-matched solutions, thus, amounts to merely relabeling the corresponding boundary variable name. Following the superposition principle, we demonstrate mathematically, geometrically, and numerically that the PML reflection-free boundary is also composed of one Dirichlet and one Neumann acting out-of-phase solutions. Relating this to reflectional symmetry is presented.
Impact of connective tissue graft thickness on surgical outcomes: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare thick versus thin connective tissue grafts (CTG) for the treatment of gingival recession, over a 3-month period. METHODS Forty-two CTG procedures were performed on single tooth Miller Class I or II recession defects at either premolar or anterior sites in 30 individuals. Procedures were randomized (1:1 ratio) to CTG thickness of 1 or 2 mm (parallel group design). Primary outcomes were the change in the width of the zone of keratinized tissue and the amount of root coverage achieved 3 months postoperatively at the recipient site. Secondary outcomes included change in the thickness of keratinized tissue at 3 months and patient-reported outcomes, such as pain, bleeding, and swelling at both the recipient and donor sites at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the primary or secondary outcomes. Mean root coverage achieved was 2.1 ± 0.2 mm in the 1-mm thick group and 2.5 ± 0.2 mm in the 2-mm thick group (P = 0.33). Keratinized tissue width was increased by 2.2 ± 0.2 mm in the 1-mm thick group and by 2.7 ± 0.3 mm in the 2-mm thick group (P = 0.18). Keratinized tissue thickness was increased by 1.0 ± 0.1 mm and by 1.2 ± 0.1 mm in the 1- and 2-mm thick groups, respectively (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION Within the current study limitations, our results suggest that similar root coverage and increase in the width and thickness of keratinized tissue can be achieved at 3 months whether a 1- or 2-mm thick CTG is used.
The Cult of the American Sniper in the Age of the Imperial Security State

This essay analyzes the cult of the American sniper, a figure associated with “covert ops”, atomized violence, and the surprise element of targeted shots fired at long range, as key to the militari...
Quantum Optics Laboratories for Teaching Quantum Physics

With the coming of quantum information and associated technologies, there is increasing need to prepare students on the fundamentals of quantum physics. Fundamental physical principles can be hidden by the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. Thus it is necessary to expose students to experiments that illustrate fundamentals. Quantum optics experiments based on the generation of twin photons via spontaneous parametric down-conversion have many advantages, such as being simple, reliable, and of reasonable cost. These types of experiments are ideal for the advanced laboratory in the physics curriculum. At Colgate University we offer them as a laboratory package that is associated with our upper-level undergraduate course on quantum mechanics. In this article we present our latest approaches. Among them is a new layout for the experiments to provide a more intuitive physical picture.
Natural dyeing application of used coffee grounds as a potential resource

ABSTRACTThe purpose was to examine the influence of three different mordants (aluminum potassium sulfate, copper [II] sulfate, and ferrous sulfate) on the dye uptake and colorfastness of five diffe...
Outcomes and Complications Following Volar and Dorsal Osteotomy for Symptomatic Distal Radius Malunions: A Comparative Study.

Purpose To compare patient-reported outcomes, functional outcomes, radiographic alignment, and complications of volar versus dorsal corrective osteotomies as the treatment for symptomatic distal radius malunions. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent a distal radius corrective osteotomy with either a volar or dorsal approach and plating at 1 of 3 institutions between 2005 and 2017. Demographic data, type of surgical treatment, and radiographs were examined. Outcomes were Quick–Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) function scores and radius union scoring system as well as major and minor complications. Results We included 53 cases (37 volar osteotomies and 16 dorsal osteotomies). Postoperative follow-up from the time of surgery to last QuickDASH score was 84.6 months (range, 12–169.4 months). Compared with the dorsal osteotomy group, the volar osteotomy group demonstrated a better postoperative flexion-extension arc (94.9° vs 72.9°, respectively), pronation-supination arc (146.2° vs 124.9°, respectively), and last QuickDASH scores (6.65 vs 12.87), respectively. Radiographically, there was no difference noted in radial height, radial inclination, or volar tilt in the immediate postoperative and last radiographs. There was a higher rate of complications in the dorsal osteotomy group (8 cases [50% of patients]) compared with the volar osteotomy group (7 cases [18.9% of patients]), including a higher rate of hardware removal. Conclusions For patients with symptomatic malunions of the distal radius, the volar and dorsal approaches both resulted in improvement in QuickDASH scores and range of motion. Volar plating resulted in slightly better QuickDASH scores and fewer complications compared with dorsal plating. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Patient Factors Linked with Return Acute Healthcare Use in Older Adults by Discharge Disposition.

OBJECTIVES Compare patient characteristics by hospital discharge disposition (home without services, home with home healthcare (HHC) services, or post-acute care (PAC) facilities). Examine timing and rates of 30-day healthcare utilization (rehospitalization, emergency department (ED) visit, or observation (OBS) visit) and patient characteristics associated with rehospitalization by discharge location. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of hospital administrative and clinical data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 3,294 older adult inpatients discharged home with or without HHC services or to a PAC facility. MEASUREMENTS Patient-level sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Number of and time to occurrences of rehospitalization or ED/OBS visit within 30 days of hospital discharge. RESULTS Most rehospitalizations and ED/OBS visits occurred within 14 days from hospital discharge. Patients who returned within 24 hours came mostly from inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs). More intense levels of PAC services were linked with higher rehospitalization risk. However, specific predictors differed by discharge location. Being unemployed, being single, and having more comorbidities were most associated with rehospitalization in those who went home with or without services, whereas patients rehospitalized from IRFs were younger, with less chronic illness burden, but greater and recent functional decline. Those discharged with HHC services had more return ED/OBS visits. CONCLUSIONS Although sicker patients were referred for more intense levels of PAC services, patients with greater chronic illness burden were still most often rehospitalized. In addition to unique patient differences, rehospitalizations from IRF within 24 hours suggest systems factors are contributory. Most return acute healthcare utilization occurred within 14 days; therefore, interventions should focus on smoothing transitions to all discharge locations. Because predictors of rehospitalization risk differed by discharge disposition, future research is necessary to study approaches aimed at matching patients' care needs with the most suitable PAC services at the right time. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2279-2287, 2020.
CENTRAL AMERICAN MIGRATION: TRUSTING THE MOBILE PHONE TO CROSS BORDERS

Mobile phones have become ubiquitous tools for hundreds of thousands of Central American migrants in their transit from their home countries towards the United States (U.S). These communication technologies are not only changing traditional patterns of migration, they are also enabling and inducing migration by providing feelings of trust, closeness, and safety (Barros, 2017). By applying the methods of historical qualitative research and using a media archeological approach, I employ Durham Peters (2009) theory of _infrastructuralism_ to investigate, which are the major infrastructural transitions that have allowed contemporary Central American migrants to use the same mobile phone and plan and to have Internet coverage across multiple national borders during their journey? How have these shifts enabled, induced, changed, and determined new ways and patterns of migration? I conclude that these infrastructural shifts have not only allowed mobile phones to change the traditional migratory patterns, but they are also creating a profitable business for a few private transnational telecommunications corporations. My conclusion presents a central paradox which is, that at the same time that the global capital promotes and enables a “borderless” world through the use of communication technologies which in turn promote emotions of trust, safety, and closeness, the nation-state borders are becoming more harsh, surveilled, and rigid for the migrants who are constantly harassed, detained, and persecuted.
Quantitative vesicle analyses and total CO2 reconstruction in mid-ocean ridge basalts

Abstract Vesicle textures in submarine lavas have been used to calculate total (pre-eruption) volatile concentrations in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), which provide constraints on upper mantle volatile concentrations and global mid-ocean ridge CO2 flux. In this study, we evaluate vesicle size distributions (VSDs) and volatile concentrations in a suite of 20 MORB samples that span the range of vesicularities and vesicle number densities observed in MORB globally. We provide recommended best practices for quantifying vesicularity, vesicle number densities, and VSDs based on synthetic vesicle populations and comparisons between traditional 2D estimates and X-ray computed micro-tomography results. For 2D measurements, we recommend analyzing multiple polished fragments with a cumulative area >100 times the area of the largest observed vesicle and including >200 vesicles in stereological VSD reconstructions. For 3D measurements, we recommend analyzing sample volumes >0.01 cm3 at resolutions 0.1 cm3 with resolutions
Higher Order Derivatives: Improved Pre-Processing and Receivers for Molecular Communications

Significant inter-symbol interference (ISI) challenges the achievement of reliable high data-rate molecular communication (MC) links. Inspired by recent results showing the ISI mitigation capability of pre-processing received signals by differentiation, the impact of using higher order derivatives is studied herein. The trade-off between ISI mitigation and noise amplification with higher order derivatives is characterized. Optimal maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) is investigated as well as low complexity banded MLSD to exploit the pulse narrowing induced by differentiation. Furthermore, analysis suggests the existence of an optimal derivative order. The bit error ratio (BER) for a fixed threshold detector is tightly approximated and employed to find the optimal derivative order. Numerical results confirm the aforementioned trade-off and show that reliable communication can be established using symbol durations considerably smaller than the peak time.
Soil-dependent responses of US crop yields to climate variability and depth to groundwater

Abstract The effects of climate variations on crop yield have been widely studied. However, the effects of soil on crop-climate responses are often ignored in crop yield prediction. We investigated the effects of soil texture and soil organic carbon concentration (SOC) on the yield responses of seven major crops (corn, winter wheat, soybean, cotton, barley, oats, rice) to growing season precipitation and temperature between 1958 and 2019 across the conterminous US. We also evaluated the effects of irrigation and groundwater depth on crop-climate responses. Crop yields were most sensitive to precipitation and temperature variability in coarse-textured soils and less responsive to these weather parameters in medium- and fine- textured soils. Increasing SOC concentration (> 2%) contributed to crop yields being less sensitive to precipitation – due to increased water retention, and less responsive to temperature – presumably due to increased buffering capacity against increased water lost through evapotranspiration. Irrigation and an intermediate depth to groundwater increase the resilience of crops to precipitation and temperature changes and these effects were also dependent on soil texture and SOC. To enhance food security for a rapidly growing global population under a changing climate, best management practices should be adopted that improve soil structure and carbon stocks that can increase soil available water storage (“Green Water”) and nutrient retention and promote energy conservation. The spatial-temporal variations of soil texture, SOC, and depth to groundwater should be considered in agricultural and ecosystem modeling to more accurately capture crop yield response to climate variations.
Transitions in Electron Emission and Gas Breakdown from Nanoscale to Microscale

The miniaturization of electronic devices requires a deeper understanding of electron emission and gas breakdown dynamics at nano- and microscales. Micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS, respectively) for sensing and scanning, microplasma applications, and directed energy devices require an accurate characterization of electron emission behavior for accurate predictions of device behavior. While breakdown has historically been predicted by Paschen’s law—driven by Townsend avalanche processes—this fails as gap distance decreases to the point where field emission (FE) become relevant. Further decreasing gap distance makes electron emission space-charge-limited as defined by the Child- Langmuir law (CSCL) at vacuum, the Mott-Gurney law (MG) if collisions contribute, or quantum space charge behavior (QSCL) at nanoscales when Schrodinger’s wave equation must be used to consider single particle effects. This study nondimensionalizes the governing equations defining these underlying phenomena to identify transition points between them and understand the underlying physics dominating the emission behavior in these regimes to aid device design and experimental setup. A sample case theorizes a nexus occurring between all emission mechanisms at a pressure of approximately 1780 Torr, a gap distance of 62 nm, and an applied voltage of 6 V. Additionally, we discuss the implications of work function and surface roughness on these behaviors.
Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

PAH is a disease of the small pulmonary arteries. It is characterized by vascular proliferation and remodeling, vasoconstriction, and increases in blood pressure that often results in right ventric...
Single camera multi-person tracking based on crowd simulation

Tracking individuals in video sequences, especially in crowded scenes, is still a challenging research topic in the area of pattern recognition and computer vision. However, current single camera tracking approaches are mostly based on visual features only. The novelty of the approach proposed in this paper is the integration of evidences from a crowd simulation algorithm into a pure vision based method. Based on a state-of-the-art tracking-by-detection method, the integration is achieved by evaluating particle weights with additional prediction of individual positions, which is obtained from the crowd simulation algorithm. Our experimental results indicate that, by integrating simulation, the multi-person tracking performance such as MOTP and MOTA can be increased by an average about 2% and 5%, which provides significant evidence for the effectiveness of our approach.
A parametric technique for superresolution image reconstruction

A model-based approach for superresolution signal reconstruction from noisy bandlimited Fourier data is proposed. The approach combines the virtues of parametric and nonparametric techniques by maximum-likelihood fitting of the data by a mixture of exponentials and smooth basis functions. Performance bounds are derived and analyzed, and a model computationally efficient algorithm is described. The performance of the algorithm in simulations closely matches the bounds over a wide range of operating conditions. Overall, the reconstructions are far superior to those obtained by traditional Fourier transform processing. >
Humor in the Torah

Humor can be a potent weapon in the battle against evil. Consider, for example, that satirizing racists, sexists, bullies, and other wicked people can sometimes be more effective than taking legal action. Today’s television writers, screenwriters, and comics often use humor as a tool to make the world a better place. So it should come as no surprise that the Tanakh (Torah, Nevi’im and Ketubim), our oldest literary document, does the same. Numerous examples of Humor in Tanakh are provided.
Diesel exhaust odor: its evaluation and relation to exhaust gas composition

Techniques, based on panel estimates, were developed for evaluating the odor and irritation intensities of undiluted diesel-engine exhaust gases or of various dilutions of these gases in air. Along with the estimates, chemical analyses were made to determine the concentrations of total aldehydes, formaldehyde, and oxides of nitrogen. Statistically significant correlations were found between odor or irritation intensity estimates and the analytical data, but these correlations were too weak to permit accurate prediction of odor or irritation from chemical analyses. Effects of some engine variables on diesel odor were studied. Possible means of reducing diesel odor are discussed.
Lymphocyte aggregation in response to adrenergic stimulation

A nonanemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient with nearly 500,000 lymphocytes/microL underwent leukapheresis when she presented with CNS symptoms and retinal vascular engorgement. Respiratory distress developed during the cell separator run, which led us to ask whether the procedure could have changed the adhesive properties of her cells. C5a desarginine, N-f-Met-Leu-Phe, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen all failed to aggregate her lymphocytes in vitro, but arachidonic acid, excess free calcium, and 4 mumol/L epinephrine did aggregate the cells. Arachidonate-induced aggregation appeared to be a toxic phenomenon: the ED50 for aggregation was statistically indistinguishable from that for cytotoxicity, and aspirin only mildly blunted the response. In contrast, epinephrine-induced aggregation was not associated with lactic dehydrogenase release or the loss of trypan blue exclusion and was blunted by propranolol; radiopindolol-binding studies confirmed the presence of a beta-adrenergic receptor. There were approximately 3,000 receptors/cell, with no statistically significant difference between normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells or between B cells and T cells (separated by rosetting techniques). The Kd for the B cells' receptor, however, was less than that for T cells by a factor of ten (P less than .01). We conclude that B cells may aggregate when stimulated and that they--like T cells--have beta-adrenergic receptors. Adrenergically mediated changes in B cell adhesiveness may play a role in regulating lymphocyte traffic; in the rare patient with truly enormous B cell counts, we postulate that they may be an occasional cause of morbidity.
Anaphoric dependencies in ellipsis

On sait depuis longtemps que les relations anaphoriques contenues dans la signification implicite d'un syntagme verbal elide dependent des relations anaphoriques correspondantes contenues dans la source de l'ellipse. Afin d'identifier la cause sous-jacente de cette dependance, les As. tentent ici de determiner si elle provient directement de quelque relation uniforme entre les deux propositions ou si elle provient indirectement de principes discursifs motives independamment qui gouverneraient la reference pronominale
AP-S Pre-Doctoral and Doctoral Research Awards Announced [Education Column]

The AP-S Education Committee is proud to announce the latest recipients of the prestigious IEEE AP-S Research Awards. The three Pre-Doctoral (undergraduate and masters level) award recipients and five doctoral award recipients were selected from a large group of very competitive applicants. We congratulate these students on their impressive achievements, and we wish them much success as they continue their research.
Water quality modeling for a sinusoidally varying waste discharge concentration

Abstract Biochemical oxygen demand modeling in a river involves derivation and solution of the governing partial differential equation which describes concentration change with time and space brought on by convective, dispersive, and decay processes and the loading function. In this study, a sinusoidal variation in waste discharge concentration is considered. The governing partial differential equation is solved analytically by a transform method and by assuming that the solution varies periodically in time. The concepts of memory length and memory time are used to indicate when the solution becomes quasi-steady (periodic). The analytical solution is compared with two other solutions. The three solutions produce comparable results. However, the analytical solution is much easier to apply. The analytical solution extends the number of boundary conditions which a modeler can apply to describe real engineering problems.
Composition and palatability of country cured hams comparing hot boning, cold boning and intact hams.

Eighty-four hot and cold deboned and bone-in hams were dry cured and aged as country-style hams. The boneless hams had high visual mold scores due to increased exposed muscle tissue. Hot deboned hams had the highest total aerobic plate count indicating that 6% of fresh weight as cure mix may not be high enough to hinder microbial growth. The same hams were less desirable in initial and secondary flavor and in salt intensity and desirability than those from other treatments. Warner Bratzler and Instron shear values were generally lower in hot processed, boneless hams. An acceptable hot processed, boneless country-cured ham can be produced with one cure application and with a casing.
Reliability issues in PACS

Reliability is an increasing concern when moving PACS from the experimental laboratory to the clinical environment. Any system downtime may seriously affect patient care. The authors report on the several classes of errors encountered during the pre-clinical release of the PACS during the past several months and present the solutions implemented to handle them. The reliability issues discussed include: (1) environmental precautions, (2) database backups, (3) monitor routines of critical resources and processes, (4) hardware redundancy (networks, archives), and (5) development of a PACS quality control program.
Shame and the Solitary Way

In “Shame, Ministry, and Theological Education: Leaves from the Notebook of a Defiant Seminarian,” (Nathan Carlin, Pastor Psychol, 53:501–514, 2005) discusses the fact that many young adult Christians are highly influenced by relativism of all sorts, and notes that this can lead them to a state of doubt. He points out that if they voice their doubts too loudly, they are often shamed and abandoned by their elder Christians who do not have or do not voice their own doubts. He cites examples of the shaming to which he was subject when he was a seminarian at Princeton Theological Seminary. In this article, I discuss my own experience of being shamed as a graduate student at the University of Chicago, and suggest that although such shaming is immediately painful, it may have an unintended, long-term benefit for the one who is the subject of shaming, specifically, in the development of a faith that is unmistakably one’s own.
TRANSITION-METAL-CATALYZED IMINE METATHESIS

Mixtures of (n-Pr)NCHPh (3) and PhNCH(t-Bu) (4) undergo catalytic metathesis in the presence of 4 mol % of (DME)Cl2Mo(NR)2 (R = t-Bu (1a), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (2)) at 85−90 °C in C6D6 to form 1:1:1:1 equilibrium mixtures with PhNCHPh (5) and (n-Pr)NCH(t-Bu) (6).
Silver-Catalyzed Late-Stage Fluorination

Carbon−fluorine bond formation by transition metal catalysis is difficult, and only a few methods for the synthesis of aryl fluorides have been developed. All reported transition-metal-catalyzed fluorination reactions for the synthesis of functionalized arenes are based on palladium. Here we present silver catalysis for carbon−fluorine bond formation. Our report is the first example of the use of the transition metal silver to form carbon−heteroatom bonds by cross-coupling catalysis. The functional group tolerance and substrate scope presented here have not been demonstrated for any other fluorination reaction to date.
Spin-orbit splitting in low- j neutron orbits and proton densities in the nuclear interior

On the basis of relativistic mean field calculations, we demonstrate that the spin-orbit splitting of ${p}_{3∕2}$ and ${p}_{1∕2}$ neutron orbits depends sensitively on the magnitude of the proton density near the center of the nucleus, and in particular on the occupation of ${s}_{1∕2}$ proton orbits. We focus on two exotic nuclei, $^{46}\mathrm{Ar}$ and $^{206}\mathrm{Hg}$, in which the presence of a pair of ${s}_{1∕2}$ proton holes would cause the spin-orbit splitting between the ${p}_{3∕2}$ and ${p}_{1∕2}$ neutron orbits near the Fermi surface to be much smaller than in the nearby doubly magic nuclei $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. We also explore how partial occupancy of the ${s}_{1∕2}$ proton orbits affects this quenching. We note that these two exotic nuclei depart from the long-standing paradigm of a central potential proportional to the ground state baryon density and a spin-orbit potential proportional to the derivative of the central potential.
The Catalan numbers visit the World Series

A World Series-type contest is one where two teams compete and the first team to win n games wins the series. The most famous case, where n = 4, occurs each October. We make the strong assumption that team A wins each game with constant probability p. We want to compute the expected number of games to be played, where there are no draws, and the series is complete after one team wins n games. A few small cases yield the following, where q = 1 p and En is the expected number of games.
Complications and risks of central venous catheter placement in children

Abstract Background: Since Aubaniac's first description in 1952, the use of central venous catheters has increased dramatically; they are now considered commonplace. Placement of these catheters, however, has an associated risk of morbidity and mortality. In most cases, this risk is outweighed by the benefit gained, especially when long-term access to the central venous system is needed for multiple transfusions, chemotherapy, antibiotics, or parenteral nutrition. A large number of central venous catheters are placed in children at our institution, usually by interns and residents. Methods: To identify associated risks and complications, we reviewed the records of 1435 consecutive catheterizations in children over a 10-year period. Data collected included age, sex, site of catheterization, type of catheter, primary disease, prior catheterizations, indication for placement, failed attempts, number of attempts, catheter misplacement, level of physician training, new needle punctures, and complications. We then used logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for complications. Results: We noted 39 (3.1%) perioperative complications, including 19 (1.5%) arterial punctures, 10 (0.8%) pneumothoraces, 6 (0.5%) hemothoraces, 2 (0.2%) cases of superior vena cava syndrome, 1 (0.1%) episode of ventricular fibrillation that required cardioversion, and 1 episode of bleeding that required a cutaneous suture. Univariate analysis revealed that catheters placed in a subclavian vein (vs all other sites combined, P P P P P Conclusions: Central venous catheterization in children is relatively safe, with only a 3.2% complication rate and no mortality in our series. (Surgery 1998;124:911-6.)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE III. DIFFERING EFFECTS OF IMMUNITY INDUCED BY INFECTION AND BY INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE ON TRANSMISSION ON INFECTION

Immunization of mice by infection or intraperitoneal injection with homotypic A2, heterotypic A0, or recombinant A0A2 virus have differing effects on transmission of influenza A2 virus infection. Immunization by infection with A2 virus resulted in refractoriness to reinfection either by artificial aerosols or by exposure to infected cage-mates. Immunization by inoculation with inactivated A2 virus vaccine resulted in a decreased susceptibility to transmitted infection in immunized contacts, but following A2 virus challenge, transmission of infection by immunized infectors was not altered. Immunization by infection with influenza A0 virus or recombinant A0A2 virus resulted in a decreased susceptibility to transmitted A2 virus infection in immunized contacts, and to decreased transmission after A2 virus infection in immunized infector mice. These differing effects on transmission of infection are attributed to differences in specific local immunologic responses following the various immunization procedures.
Management Forecasting: Survey Findings and Business Implications

Accurate forecasting is one of the most critical issues for business planning. Knowing how best to generate forecasts and how others are performing this function is important information for managers. This study reports on forecasting practices in US firms based on a survey of 500 companies. In addition to information on techniques and software used, this survey attempts to gain insights into managerial forecasting practices. These include identifying common causes of forecast errors, typical problem areas, and plans for the future to improve forecasting. Based on these findings specific implications for managers are developed.
An alternative procedure to screen mixture combinatorial libraries for selectors for chiral chromatography

An alternative process for the analysis of mixture library components for their potential as selectors for chiral chromatography is described. The procedure involves the immobilization of each enantiomer of the target racemic analyte to silica gel, followed by incubation of each resulting stationary phase with a mixture library. The adsorbed library components on the two stationary phases are then analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A comparison of the resulting two chromatograms is made. Any peak of identical retention time but with a significant difference in intensity in the two chromatograms indicates that this component is most likely a chiral selector. Its chemical structure is then determined by LC-MS or LC-MS-MS. This new screening method significantly increases the efficiency of chiral selector determination by eliminating the need for multilibrary syntheses, as opposed to our previous method. This technique should also allow for the screening of much larger libraries as compared to our previous work.
Structure of Quercus gambelii communities in the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, USA

Abstract The structure of eight Quercus gambelii (Gambel's oak) communities in the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, USA were examined. Belt transects were used to estimate the density and basal area of the trees and the density of juvenile woody plants. In addition, diameter size-class distributions of Q. gambelii were examined to determine community development. The communities were estimated to be 109–137 years old and mid to late-successional. Total tree density was 3586–6480 plants/ha, with Q. gambelii having a relative density of 94–100%. Total basal area was 20.1–42.0 m2/ha, with Q. gambelii relative basal area 82–100%. The density and basal area of all other species present was low. Quercus gambelii juvenile density ranged from 1760 to 9160 plants/ha. Juveniles of all other species found were zero to 847 plants/ha. Based on Weibull analyses, all of the diameter size-class distributions of Q. gambelii were unimodal. There were few or no individuals in the smallest (1–5 cm) diameter size-classes, suggesting that recruitment of small Q. gambelii plants into the adult population may be below the replacement rate for these stands. Pooled size-class distributions for the other species were non-normal with most individuals in the smallest diameter size-classes. Low light levels below the canopy, a lack of canopy gaps, or browsing by Cervus elaphus (elk = red deer) may be the primary causes of poor recruitment because there were large numbers of Q. gambelii juveniles, but these individuals are not entering the small-tree size-class in any of the communities.
Ion‐exchange electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of alkanolamines in wetland vegetation exposed to sour‐gas contaminated groundwater

Electrospray ionization with ion-exchange liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used for the determination of selected alkanolamines in wetland vegetation exposed to sour-gas contaminated groundwater. Analytes were determined using filtered water extracts of the vegetation with no further cleanup, preconcentration or derivatization steps. Quantification was performed using either selected ion monitoring of the protonated molecular ions (MH+) or the loss of water transition in product ion scans. Confirmations were based on comparison of the respective product ion scans with authentic standards. Instrumental detection limits were attainable in the picogram range (20–40 pg) for diisopropanolamine (DIPA), monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine and triethanolamine. Successful application of the procedure is demonstrated for the determination of DIPA in over 50 samples, collected from a sour-gas contaminated wetland and a control site. For roots, shoots, berries, seeds, grasses and leaves, the recovery was 90 ± 25 % relative standard deviation (RSD) with a detection limit of 20 ng/g. In general, the technique was rugged (based on a study period of 18 months in which over 175 runs were conducted), relatively fast (∼25 min per sample for a batch of 10 samples) and gave detection limits a factor of 5 lower than a conventional ion chromatography method. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of homonuclear two-dimensional chemical shift correlation maps to the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of mixtures of nucleotides involved in cellular bioenergetic processes

Abstract The first application of homonuclear, two-dimensional, chemical shift correlated NMR to 31 P magnetic resonance is demonstrated. Mixtures of cellular phosphate metabolites including adenosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine tetraphosphate, and diadenosine tetraphosphate are unambiguously resolved. The chemical shift correlation map (CSCM) obtained by the 2D technique provides much higher resolution than the conventional one-dimensional 31 P NMR spectrum. The 2D spectra will be particularly powerful for differentiating polyphosphorylated metabolites located in different cellular pH environments. The 2D technique significantly expands the application of 31 P magnetic resonance to in vitro and in vivo studies of bioenergetics.
Effect of Reactive Hyperemia on Carotid-Radial Pulse Wave Velocity in Hypertensive Participants and Direct Comparison With Flow-Mediated Dilation: A Pilot Study:

This pilot study assessed the effects of hyperemia on carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV) in 39 normotensive (NT) and 23 hypertensive (HT) participants using applanation tonometry. Pulse wave ...
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY AND PRACTICE EFFECT WITH THE SHIPLEY-INSTITUTE OF LIVING SCALE.

Upon re-testing with Shipley S-ILS (3 mo., 56 Ss), reliability coefficients are: Verbal, .77; Abstract, .63; Conceptual Quotient, .57; and Intelligence Quotient, .74 (all ps < .01). These coefficients and the pattern of mean-score increases suggest that the S-ILS is a “weak” measure of intellectual deterioration but a “better” measure of intellectual functioning.
Reactive hypoglycaemia following GLP-1 infusion in pancreas transplant recipients.

The aim of the study was to determine whether reactive hypoglycaemia in pancreas transplant recipients that followed administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was associated with excessive insulin, insufficient glucagon, or both. Methodology involved six portally drained pancreas recipients who received GLP-1 (1.5 pmol/kg/min) or placebo infusion on randomized occasions during glucose-potentiated arginine testing. The second subject developed symptomatic hypoglycaemia [plasma glucose (PG) 42 mg/dl] 1 h after GLP-1 administration; subsequent subjects received intravenous glucose following GLP-1, but not placebo, infusion for PG levels <65 mg/dl. Following GLP-1 vs. placebo infusion, PG was lower (58 ± 4 vs. 76 ± 5 mg/dl; p < 0.05) despite administration of intravenous glucose. During hypoglycaemia, insulin levels and the insulin-to-glucagon ratio were greater after GLP-1 vs. placebo infusion (p < 0.05), while glucagon did not vary. It can be concluded from the study that GLP-1 can induce reactive hypoglycaemia in pancreas transplant recipients through excessive insulin secretion associated with an increased insulin-to-glucagon ratio.
The Basic Ordnance Observational Management System: geovisual exploration and analysis of improvised explosive device incidents

This paper introduces the Basic Ordnance Observation Management System, a prototype application supporting geovisual exploration and analysis of improvised explosive device (IED) incidents. Use of IEDs by terrorist cells has increased in geographic scale, frequency, and sophistication due to the relative cheap cost of acquiring the materials and the ease in keeping such weaponry covert. The Basic Ordnance Observational Management System is designed to facilitate spatiotemporal sensemaking of the IED incident dataset maintained by the National Counter Terrorism Center, Worldwide Incident Tracking System. The application expands upon existing geovisual analytics tools for understanding patterns, trends, and anomalies in IED activity through provision of a suite of capabilities that include: flexible spatial and temporal aggregates of the IED dataset; linked spatial, temporal, and attribute views of the incident information; temporal re-expression, particularly the generation of linear and composite sequence...
Silicon Isotope Separation by Distillation of Silicon Tetrafluoride

Abstract Silicon isotopes were separated by distilling silicon tetrafluoride in a 150-cm packed column at temperatures of 189–206 K. The data show a reverse isotope effect with heavy isotopes more volatile in this temperature range. At total reflux, the maximum column separations were 0.926 for 28/29Si and 0.872 for 28Si/30Si. Carbon monoxide was also distilled in the column to obtain an estimated number of separating stages. From an estimated HETP of 2 cm for the packing, the volatility of 28Si is 0.9990 relative to 29Si and 0.9982 relative to 30Si. The SiF4 isotope effect is the largest yet found in distilling silicon compounds, and the effect is opposite that seen for SiH4. The magnitude of the isotopic relative volatilities is large enough to consider SiF4 distillation as a practical method for silicon isotopic enrichment. This effect of higher mass isotopes being more volatile has analogues in isotope effects in SF4 and BF3.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Cracks on Bimaterial Interfaces: Part I—Small Scale Yielding

The present investigation is focused on «opening» dominated load states and the scope is broadened to include finite ligament plasticity and finite deformation effects on near-tip fields. We adopt a geometrically rigourous formulation of J 2 flow theory taking full account of crack-tip blunting
Nitrite-Induced Oxidation of Organic Coatings on Models for Airborne Particles

The UV photolysis at lambda > or = 290 nm in air of a mixture of NaNO(2)/NaCl coated with 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OPPC) was followed in real time in the absence and presence of water vapor by using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) at 23 degrees C. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was used to confirm the identification of the products. Photolysis of NO(2)(-) is known to generate O(-), which in the presence of water forms OH + OH(-). Irradiation of the OPPC/NaNO(2)/NaCl mixture led to a loss of nitrite and the formation of organic nitrates and carbonyl compounds. In the absence of added water vapor, carboxylate ions were also formed. These products are due to oxidation of OPPC by O(-) and OH radicals. The organic products formed per calculated O(-)/OH generated by photolysis increased with relative humidity, consistent with a competition between OPPC and NO(2)(-) for OH. This suggests a new mechanism of oxidation of organics on particles and on surfaces in air that have nitrite ions available for photolysis. Similar chemistry is likely to occur for nitrate ions, which also photolyze to generate O(-).
Percentage of Body Fat and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Mobility Limitations in People Aged 70 and Older from NHANES III

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between functional limitations and body composition indices, including percentage of body fat, muscle mass, and body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: A cross-sectional, population-representative sample. SETTING: All noninstitutionalized people living in the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Data were collected between 1988 and 1994. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand five hundred twenty-six women and 1,391 men aged 70 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Independent variables included BMI, muscle mass, and percentage of body fat; the latter two were assessed using predictive equations. The dependent variable, functional limitations, was defined as difficulty in performing at least three of five functional living tasks, such as carrying a 10-pound bag of groceries. RESULTS: Women in the highest quintile for percentage of body fat and women with a BMI of 30 or greater were two times more likely to report functional limitations than women in the comparison groups. Similar, but weaker, relationships were found among men; men in the highest quintile for body fat and men with a BMI of 35 or greater were 1.5 times more likely to report limitations. Low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and sarcopenia in combination with high percentage of body fat (sarcopenic obesity) were not associated with a greater likelihood of reporting functional limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of excessive accumulation of body fat and maintenance of a BMI in the normal range may reduce the likelihood of functional limitations in old age.