cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A HZD-based Framework for the Real-time, Optimization-free Enforcement of Gait Feasibility Constraints

Real-time constraint satisfaction for robots can be quite challenging due to the high computational complexity that arises when accounting for the system dynamics and environmental interactions, often requiring simplification in modelling that might not necessarily account for all performance criteria. We instead propose an optimization-free approach where reference trajectories are manipulated to satisfy constraints brought on by ground contact as well as those prescribed for states and inputs. Unintended changes to trajectories especially ones optimized to produce periodic gaits can adversely affect gait stability, however we will show our approach can still guarantee stability of a gait by employing the use of coaxial thrusters that are unique to our robot.
Ecophysiology and genetic diversity of hard maples indigenous to eastern North America

iv GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization I Literature Review 2 Literature Cited 15 FOLL\R MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF HARD MAPLES (ACERACEAE) INDIGENOUS NEAR THE 43°N LATITUDE 25 Abstract 25 Materials and Methods 2 8 Results 31 Discussion 34 Literature Cited 39 WATER RELATIONS, GROWTH, AND FOLIAR TRAITS OF DROUGHT-STRESSED FIARD MAPLES FROM CENTRAL IOWA, EASTERN IOWA, AND THE EASTERN UNITED STATES 55 Abstraa 55 Materials and Methods 59 Results 65 Discussion 67 LiteratureCited 71 CHLOROPLAST DNA MAY BE USED TO RESOLVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SUGAR MAPLES AND BLACK MAPLES 83 Abstract 83 Introduction 83 Materials and Methods 85 Results 88 Discussion 88 References 90 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 97 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 98
Quotations from Chairman David: A Little Red Book of Truths to Enlighten and Guide on the Long March Toward the COTS Revolution

Quotations from Chairman David is a brief and humorous examination of some issues related to commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products in DoD and government systems. The author, David Carney, has borrowed from a most unusual historical source-a certain "Little Red Book" popular in the 1960s-and put together some useful observations on some of the facts and fictions that underlie the current interest in COTS-based systems.
Effect of Substrate on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hydrocarbon-utilizing Microorganisms

The fatty acid pattern in three hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria during growth on various substrates was examined. The predominant fatty acids in acetate-grown cells were C(16), C(16:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(19) and the major fatty acids in propane-grown cells were C(15), C(17), C(17:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(18). When one organism (Mycobacterium sp. strain OFS) was grown on the n-alkanes from C(13) to C(17), the major fatty acid in the cells was of the same chain length as the substrate. Studies on the incorporation of acetate into the cellular fatty acids of microorganisms growing on C(15) and C(17)n-alkanes suggest that the oxidative products of the substrate are incorporated into the cellular fatty acids without degradation to acetate.
Simultaneous Optimization of Diesel Engine Parameters for Low Emissions Using Taguchi Methods

This paper describes a study which was conducted to simultaneously optimize several diesel engine design and operating parameters for low exhaust emissions using the Taguchi method. A single cylinder, research, diesel engine equipped with a high pressure, cam-driven, electronic unit injector was used in this optimization experiment. The major effects of key engine design parameters on exhaust emissions were quantified and optimum parameter settings were determined. Measurement of exhaust emissions using the optimum parameter settings showed that particulates and NO{sub x} emissions were significantly lower than those obtained for the baseline engine. The Taguchi method was found to be a useful technique for the simultaneous optimization of several engine parameters and for predicting the effect of various design parameters on diesel exhaust emissions.
The Transition from Undergraduate to Graduate Student

Graduate school is a new and different endeavor when compared to undergraduate studies. The differences primarily lie in the fact that the graduate student will have an independent research project that he or she is responsible for. Beginning graduate school can be a challenge since there is a lot to learn about research, there are courses to take, and the social aspect of graduate school can be very different. Two major things that tend to make graduate school difficult for some is the often unstructured environment and the absence of direction on how you should allocate your time. There is really no formula for graduate school success, and the advice given in this chapter is from my own and other current graduate students’ experiences, so choosing what you think will work for you is most important.
A Free Zone Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Quantitation of Common Illicit Drug Samples

This paper presents a simple quantitative method using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with liquid cooling to analyze commonly seized illicit substances. Fourteen common basic drugs were screened using a 200mM sodium phosphate run buffer. Linearity and reproducibility are shown for cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP). Known adulterants and impurities did not interfere with these drug compounds. Comparisons of CE quantitations with results from other laboratory techniques demonstrate the reliable adaptation of CE to the forensic laboratory.
Practicing What We Teach: Trauma-Informed Educational Practice

This article presents the starting case for applying the elements of trauma-informed care (TIC) to education and outlines the authors’ initial efforts to develop guidelines for what they call trauma-informed educational practice. To this end, the article starts with a literature review related to the potential for vicarious traumatization and retraumatization among students in clinical training, followed by a discussion of the TIC framework and past efforts to be trauma sensitive in social work education. The authors then describe what drew them to this perspective and inspired them to apply it to educational practice. They then present guidelines for implementing the trauma-informed principle of safety in the classroom in several domains.
Time to Read: Advancing Reading Achievement After School

Out-of-school programs provide a context for enriching academic experiences. This study describes a 12-week after-school reading program, Project Expanding Horizons, which is based on the Schoolwide Enrichment Model-Reading (SEM-R) framework. SEM-R has three phases: exposure, supported independent reading, and choice. The exposure phase is designed to broaden students’ literature experiences through short read-alouds. During the next phase, supported independent reading, teachers circulate and hold conferences with students as they read independently from self-selected books. Teachers give guidance to students in selecting books of appropriate challenge during this phase and promote thinking about reading through questioning and discussion. Finally, during the last stage, teachers give students a choice of a variety of activities related to their reading. The program provided wide exposure to books and emphasized individually challenging reading, including a specific focus on meeting the needs of advanced...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cancer-Related Lumbosacral Plexopathy

Objective To study the relative utility of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbosacral plexus in patients with systemic cancer and plexopathy. Design In a retrospective study, we identified all patients encountered at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1987 and 1993 with a diagnosis of lumbosacral plexopathy, and we selected for analysis those with MRI scans of the plexus (an abnormal finding was not necessary for inclusion) and a clinical and electrophysiologic appearance consistent with a diagnosis of metastatic lumbosacral plexopathy. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 31 patients (20 men and 11 women). The types of tumor were as follows: prostatic, 10 patients; colorectal, 7; bladder, 3; cervical, 3; and other, 8. Eighteen patients had received pelvic radiotherapy before diagnosis of lumbosacral plexopathy. All available MRI scans (in 27 patients) were reviewed blinded; the initial imaging report was used if the actual scans were unavailable (in 4). CT had been done in 22 patients, and results for 16 were available for blinded review. Original reports were available for the other six. Results Direct involvement of the lumbosacral plexus by tumor was evident on 23 MRI studies, and 6 others showed widespread metastatic disease in the region of the plexus. On 13 CT examinations, direct involvement of the lumbosacral plexus by tumor was noted. In four patients, MRI findings were abnormal and CT findings were normal. No patient had abnormal CT findings and normal MRI findings. Conclusion In this retrospective review, MRI was more sensitive than CT for diagnosing cancer-induced lumbosacral plexopathy. Thus, use of MRI should be considered in the diagnostic work-up of patients with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of plexopathy and suspected systemic cancer.
Ridge waveguide InGaN/GaN quantum dot edge emitting visible lasers

Blue-emitting and green-emitting laser heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, incorporating InGaN/GaN quantum dots as the active medium, with a measured quantum efficiency of 60% on n-GaN bulk substrates. These quantum dots exhibit no S-shape in the photoluminescence peak wavelength as a function of temperature, as typically found in comparable quantum well devices. The lasers were characterized by a threshold current density, Jth, of 930 A/cm2 under pulsed bias, with a differential efficiency of 13.9%, and a wall plug (power conversion) efficiency of 0.4% at 1050 A/cm2. Green-emitting quantum dot lasers have Jth = 935 A/cm2. The lasers were also characterized by their modal properties through near field imaging (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulation of the mutagenicity of three dinitropyrene isomers in vitro by rat-liver S9, cytosolic, and microsomal fractions following chronic ethanol ingestion.

The effects of chronic ethanol feeding of rats on the ability of liver fractions to modulate the bacterial mutagenicity of three dinitropyrene isomers (1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-DNP), which require bacterial enzymes but not an exogenous enzyme source for activation, were studied. The mutagenicity of the DNP isomers toward S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 was attenuated in the presence of post-mitochondrial supernatants (S9) from both ethanol-fed and pair-fed rats albeit, that from the ethanol-fed group was more efficient in lowering the mutagenicity. The cytosolic fraction from ethanol-fed rats enhanced the mutagenicity of all of the DNP isomers in TA100. The most notable enhancement was with 1,3-DNP in which a more than 4-fold enhancement was obtained. Cytosol from pair-fed rats enhanced only the mutagenicity of 1,3-DNP, this by 2.9-fold. Cytosolic NADPH-nitroreductase activity from ethanol-treated rats toward 1,6-, 1,8- and 1,3-DNP was increased 2.8-, 1.7- and 1.3-fold, respectively over pair-fed controls. Cytosolic NADH-nitroreductase from ethanol-fed rats was increased with 1,3-DNP (1.7-fold) and 1,8-DNP (1.4-fold) as substrates, but not with 1,6-DNP. Microsomes decreased the mutagenicity of DNP similarly to S9, i.e., fractions from ethanol-fed rats were more efficient than those of pair-fed rats in deactivating all the DNP isomers. Per mg of protein, detoxification of DNP by S9 was more efficient than with microsomes, thus both cytosolic and microsomal enzymes are required for maximal detoxification. In summary, ethanol feeding modulates both the augmented cytosolic activation of DNP to mutagens and the deactivation of the direct-acting mutagenicity of DNP by microsomes. In combination, as is the case with S9, the microsomal detoxifying activity outcompetes the cytosolic activation.
/sup 3/P/sub 2/ pairing in neutron-star matter: Magnetic field effects and vortices

Using Ginzburg-Landau theory, we consider the effect of a magnetic field on the anisotropic ($^{3}P_{2}$) neutron superfluid. In a strong magnetic field the pairing state has an angle-dependent energy gap with a node along the field direction. Methods of homotopy theory are used to determine the topologically stable line defects allowed by the $^{3}P_{2}$ order parameters. Our free-energy analysis of line vortices gives a qualitatively different structure to the single vortex, outside of the core region, from that obtained by other authors.
Is conductive keratoplasty the treatment of choice for presbyopia

Conductive keratoplasty (CK) is a radiofrequency-based treatment that steepens the central cornea. The procedure is especially effective at improving the near vision of presbyopic hyperopes or emmetropes through the induction of a mild myopia in the nondominant eye. A large proportion of properly selected patients gain near vision without marked loss of binocular distance vision. The procedure has also been used to treat low-to-moderate hyperopia, presbyopia in patients who previously had laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and presbyopia in postcataract patients to improve their near vision. CK is distinguished for its safety; studies demonstrated no loss of best-corrected visual acuity at 1 year and none of the complications associated with LASIK, such as flap problems, dry eyes or diffuse lamellar keratitis. The study patients also maintained stereopsis and did not lose contrast sensitivity compared with preoperatively. The NearVision CK with LightTouch nomogram and technique, currently under investig...
Tabling for transaction logic

Transaction Logic is a logic for representing declarative and procedural knowledge in logic programming, databases, and AI. It has been successful in areas as diverse as workflows and Web services, security policies, AI planning, reasoning about actions, and more. Although a number of implementations of Transaction Logic exist, none is logically complete due to the inherent difficulty and time/space complexity of such implementations. In this paper we attack this problem by first introducing a logically complete tabling evaluation strategy for Transaction Logic and then describing a series of optimizations, which make this algorithm practical. In support of our arguments, we present a performance evaluation study of six different implementations of this algorithm, each successively adopting our optimizations. The study suggest that the tabling algorithm can scale well both in time and space. We also discuss ideas that could improve the performance further.
Clozapine Blunts N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Antagonist-Induced Psychosis: A Study with Ketamine

Several lines of evidence suggest that the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is involved in the antipsychotic efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine. Clinical data on the interaction between clozapine's mechanism of action and NMDA receptor function have been lacking secondary to a paucity of pharmacologic probes of the NMDA system. We have utilized a double-blind, placebo-controlled infusion paradigm with subanesthetic doses of the NMDA antagonist ketamine to test the hypothesis that clozapine would blunt ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Ten schizophrenic patients underwent ketamine infusions while antipsychotic drug free and also during treatment with clozapine. Antipsychotic drug-free patients experienced increases in ratings of positive and negative symptoms. Clozapine treatment significantly blunted the ketamine-induced increase in positive symptoms. These data suggest that NMDA receptor function may be involved in the unique antipsychotic efficacy of clozapine.
Inter-receptor communication through arrays of bacterial chemoreceptors

The sensing mechanisms of chemotactic bacteria allow them to respond sensitively to stimuli. Escherichia coli, for example, respond to changes in chemoattractant concentration of less than 10% over a range spanning six orders of magnitude1,2. Sensitivity over this range depends on a nonlinear relationship between ligand concentration and output response3. At low ligand concentrations, substantial amplification of the chemotactic signal is required; however, the mechanism responsible for this amplification remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that inter-receptor communication within a lattice4,5 acts to amplify and integrate sensory information. Synthetic multivalent ligands that interact through the low-abundance, galactose-sensing receptor Trg stabilize large clusters of chemoreceptors and markedly enhance signal output from these enforced clusters. On treatment with multivalent ligands, the response to the attractant serine is amplified by at least 100-fold. This amplification requires a full complement of chemoreceptors; deletion of the aspartate (Tar) or dipeptide (Tap) receptors diminishes the amplification of the serine response. These results demonstrate that the entire array is involved in sensing. This mode of information exchange has general implications for the processing of signals by cellular receptors.
Venous leg ulcer care: How evidence-based is nursing practice?

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) determine how congruent community-provided leg ulcer care was with best practice for venous leg ulcers and (2) identify organizational and clinical factors associated with the provision of best practice for venous leg ulcers. Design: The practice variation study group was an audit of nursing agency client records to determine the provision of care. Setting and subjects: The study population was a home care cohort of persons with venous leg ulcers (n = 66) who received care from one Ontario home care nursing agency between March 1999 and November 1999. Instrument: The audit tool was developed with a checklist reflecting the common recommendations from 3 international practice guidelines, as well as organizational and clinical factors that may influence or reflect best practice. Results: Half of client records (35/66) included an identified etiology of the leg ulcer. An Ankle Brachial Pressure Index score was documented prior to the initiation of compression on fewer than half of the records (21/44). Regular ulcer measurement was done for 11% of the clients (7/64). Two thirds of the clients (44/66) were treated with compression. More than 60% of the clients (40/66) had been seen by either a dermatologist or a vascular surgeon. Topical antibiotics were prescribed for two thirds of clients (44/64). Fifteen percent of clients (10/66) were assessed for pain, and 17% (11/66) received some form of pain management. Documentation of client education specific to the leg ulcer was present on 3% of records (2/66). The mean number of different nurses providing leg ulcer care to each client was 19. A registered practical nurse was the classification of nurse assigned to 43.8% (29/66) of the clients. Conclusion: Several gaps were identified in the care provided. A standardized approach to care is needed that includes a comprehensive leg ulcer assessment to determine the ulcer etiology, determination of an Ankle Brachial Pressure Index score to screen for the presence of arterial disease, and compression for all clients who meet the criteria for venous disease. A reorganization of services is required, which includes an increased role for community nurses in leg ulcer assessment and management. Organizational and clinical factors influencing the delivery of best practice need to be identified and addressed. (J WOCN 2003;30:132-42.)
Password Security through Negative Filtering

The purpose of an authentication system is to identify and verify incoming authentication requests comparing with some form of (stored) user identity. This stored user profile is at risk of being hacked and exploited by the attackers. The Negative Filtering or Negative Authentication (NA) approach utilizes a form of complement profiles which resembles the censoring and maturation process of T-cells in the immune system. The scope and applicability issues of this approach in the context of existing (positive) authentication systems have been discussed. The negative authentication is implemented using a real-valued negative selection algorithm [1]. The performance of the technique along with security considerations has been analyzed and feasible configuration settings are reported.
Cross-membrane coupling of chemical spatiotemporal patterns

CHEMICAL systems may communicate by exchange of common species through mass transport, and such coupling may give rise to dynamical complexity beyond that possible in the independent systems1–5. We report here on dynamical behaviour arising from the diffusive coupling of chemical spatiotemporal patterns across a membrane. Chemical waves appear on Nation membranes that are loaded with ferroin catalyst and bathed in a mixture of the reagents of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky oscillatory reaction. The waves on each side of the membrane couple by diffusive transport through the membrane. The coupling initially gives rise to the spontaneous appearance of spiral waves, and subsequent behaviour reveals several distinct phases of evolution, ultimately leading to complete spatiotemporal entrainment.
Construct, concurrent and predictive validity of the URICA: data from two multi-site clinical trials

Background A better understanding of how to measure motivation to change and how it relates to behavior change in patients with drug and alcohol dependence would broaden our understanding of the role of motivation in addiction treatment.
Perspectives on educational technology research and development

This is the introductory article for the first issue ofEducational Technology Research and Development (ETR&D). The authors review the issues and process that led to the decision by the AECT Executive Board to co-publishEducational Communication and Technology Journal (ECTJ) and theJournal of Instructional Development (JID) in a new journal. The results of analyses of ECTJ and JID by Schwen and Middendorf (1987) and Dick and Dick (1989) are briefly summarized. The authors then report their own survey of AECT members to determine the topics and types of articles the members would prefer to read in ETR&D. Member preferences are compared with the actual content of the last ten issues of ECTJ and JID. Finally, the authors briefly discuss their own perspectives on ETR&D.
Chitin-mediated changes in bacterial communities of the soil, rhizosphere and within roots of cotton in relation to nematode control

Abstract Changes in microbial communities associated with nematode control were studied by comparing population numbers of fungi and bacteria in the soil and in internal root tissues (endorhiza) in non-amended and chitin-amended soils. Addition of chitin to soil at 1% (w/w) eliminated plant-parasitic nematodes in a first planting of cotton cv. `Rowden' and significantly reduced Meloidogyne incognita infestation in a second planting, confirming long-term nematode suppressiveness induced by this organic amendment. The chitin amendment was associated with an increase in fungal and bacterial populations, especially those with chitinolytic activity. The bacterial communities of soil, rhizosphere and endorhiza were assessed by examining the taxonomic diversity of recoverable bacteria based on identification with fatty acid analysis of sample sizes of 35 soil and rhizosphere bacteria and 25 endophytic bacteria. All major bacterial species which formed at least 2% of the total population in non-amended soils and rhizospheres also occurred with chitin amendment. In contrast, chitin-amended soils and rhizospheres yielded several species which were not found without chitin amendment, including Aureobacterium testaceum, Corynebacterium aquaticum and Rathayibacter tritici. Burkholderia cepacia was recovered from both amended and non-amended soils and rhizospheres, but it was most abundant with chitin amendment at the end of the first cotton planting. Soil was probably the major source for bacterial endophytes of cotton roots, since nearly all endophytic bacteria were also found in the soil or rhizosphere. However, two dominant genera in the soil and rhizosphere, Bacillus and Arthrobacter, were not detected as endophytes. Chitin amendment exhibited a further specific influence on the endophytic bacterial community; Phyllobacterium rubiacearum was not a common endophyte following chitin amendment, even though chitin amendment stimulated its populations in non-planted soil. Burkholderia cepacia, found in similar numbers in the soil of both treatments, was the dominant endophyte in plants grown in chitin-amended soil but rarely colonized cotton roots grown in non-amended soil. These results indicate that application of an organic amendment can lead to modifications of the bacterial communities of the soil, rhizosphere and endorhiza.
ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES IN LYMPHOSARCOMA AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY

. A 12-year-old female with lymphosarcoma responding to treatment including vincristine and cyclophosphamide developed clinical and laboratory findings compatible with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Some additional findings were observed, i.e. uremia, hypopotassemia and alkalosis, that have not so far been recorded in that syndrome. All abnormalities were corrected upon water restriction. A similar episode occurred after a 2nd drug course. It too was corrected upon water restriction. The patient was clinically free from her malignancy in both episodes. It is suggested that our child had probably an expanded form of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
A distance-based test cube merging procedure for compatible and incompatible test cubes

Test compaction can be achieved by generating incompletely-specified tests (test cubes) and merging test cubes that are compatible. A test cube that is generated for one target fault specifies values that are needed for detecting only this fault. Compatible test cubes do not conflict in any of their specified values. When compatible test cubes c i0 and c i1 are merged, they yield a single test cube, c i0 +c i1 which detects all the faults that are detected by c i0 and c i1 individually. In addition, c i0 +c i1 may detect other faults. Thus, merging of test cubes yields test cubes that detect more faults, contributing to test compaction. After test cube merging, unnecessary test cubes may exist in the test set. Such test cubes can be identified by fault simulation followed by reverse order fault simulation.
Continuum versus premature aging theories of chronic alcoholism.

An attempt is made to differentiate, both theoretically and experimentally, the continuum theory from the premature aging theory of the chronic effects of alcohol on verbal information processing. It is argued that the continuum model necessitates a demonstration of differential ‘pattern’ of performance between alcoholics and normals in as much as alcoholic Korsakoff patients (at one end of the continuum) do demonstrate such patterns. Premature aging theories, on the other hand, need to demonstrate only subnormal performance by alcoholics relative to their contemporaries. Two experiments designed to assess these theories provided some evidence for premature aging but none for the continuum theory.
Latest COBE results, large-scale data, and predictions of inflation

One of the predictions of the inflationary scenario of cosmology is that the initial spectrum of primordial density fluctuations (PDFs) must have the Harrison-Zeldovich (HZ) form. Here, in order to test the inflationary scenario, predictions of the microwave background radiation (MBR) anisotropies measured by COBE are computed based on large-scale data for the universe and assuming Omega-1 and the HZ spectrum on large scales. It is found that the minimal scale where the spectrum can first enter the HZ regime is found, constraining the power spectrum of the mass distribution to within the bias factor b. This factor is determined and used to predict parameters of the MBR anisotropy field. For the spectrum of PDFs that reaches the HZ regime immediately after the scale accessible to the APM catalog, the numbers on MBR anisotropies are consistent with the COBE detections and thus the standard inflation can indeed be considered a viable theory for the origin of the large-scale structure in the universe.
THE INFLUENCE OF ESTROGENS IN EGG YOLK UPON AVIAN BLOOD CALCIUM

Following the demonstration by Riddle and Reinhart (1) that in pigeons and doves there is a marked increase in blood calcium as the females come into laying, it has been shown by a number of workers that a similar situation prevails in the fowl. Whereas the level of blood calcium in non-laying females and males of that species is usually less than 15 mg. per 100 cc. serum, in laying fowls blood calcium is maintained at from 15 to 33 mg., with even higher levels in exceptional cases. The experiments reported in this paper were initiated in 1934 to determine the endocrine basis for this remarkable rise in blood calcium. Realizing that the rise occurs while egg yolk is rapidly accumulating in the follicles, and following the lead of Russell, Howard and Hess
A fundamental problem in vehicle routing

An important but difficult combinatorial problem, in general, is to find the optimal route for a single vehicle on a given network. This paper defines a problem type, called the General Routing Problem, and gives an algorithm for its solution. The classical Traveling Salesman Problem and the Chinese Postman Problem are shown to be special limiting cases of the General Routing Problem. The algorithm provides a unified approach to both node and arc oriented routing problems, and exploits special properties of most real transportation networks such as sparsity of the associated adjacency matrix, and the tendency for arc symmetry at many nodes. For node oriented routing problems, this approach tends to produce large reduction in effective problem size.
Dominance hierarchies in male lizards: Implications for zoo management programs

Depending on spatial requirements and the distribution of key resources in the environment, social behavior among lizards varies from defense of exclusive territories to the establishment of dominance hierarchies. In captivity or under conditions where dispersal is not possible, dominance hierarchies often emerge in species that are otherwise territorial. This review explores some of the morphological, behavioral, and hormonal determinants of social status in male lizards and how these may lead to differential reproductive function in dominant and subordinate individuals. Emphasis is placed on the importance of population density, local resource dispersion, and the composition and stability of social groups in promoting hierarchical behavior. Results of these studies have ramifications for several aspects of zoo management, including exhibit design, choice of animals to be housed together, provision of resources in space and time, and orientation of enclosures within captive breeding facilities. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell adhesion and angiogenesis

Cell-adhesion mechanisms play a fundamental role during angiogenesis. This article summarizes the role of various cell-adhesive events in blood vessel formation, including general aspects of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. In particular, the authors discuss the role of integrin alphavbeta3 in vascular cell survival, proliferation and invasion during the complex process of angiogenesis.
Comparison to control in logistic regression

We are interested in comparing logistic regressions for several test treatments or populations with a logistic regression for a standard treatment or population. The research was motivated by some real life problems, which are discussed as data examples. We propose a step-down likelihood ratio method for declaring differences between the test treatments or populations and the standard treatment or population. Competitors based on the sequentially rejective Bonferroni Wald statistic, sequentially rejective exact Wald statistic and Reiers⊘l's statistic are also discussed. It is shown that the proposed method asymptotically controls the probability of type I error. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the proposed method performs well for relatively small sample sizes, outperforming its competitors.
Simulated annealing approach to the max cut problem

In this paper we address the problem of partitioning the nodes of a random graph into two sets, so as to maximize the sum of the weights on the edges connecting nodes belonging to different sets. This problem has important real-life counterparts, but has been proven to be NP-complete. As such, a number of heuristic solution techniques have been proposed in literature to address this problem. We propose a stochastic optimization technique, simulated annealing, to find solutions for the max cut problem. Our experiments verify that good solutions to the problem can be found using this algorithm in a reasonable amount of time.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Geography of Imperial Deceit: Misplacing Goa and Lisboa in El burlador de Sevilla

This essay studies a number of placements and misplacements of El burlador de Sevilla. Focusing on Naples, Tarragona and Sevilla as well as on a scene that adds two additional geographical pointers (Goa and Lisbon), the essay seeks to problematize don Juan′s conquests in terms of the map of empire. Imperial expansion is viewed in its two main epic aspects: conquests by force and by trickery (Aeneas and Ulysses). El burlador de Sevilla stands in judgment of both don Juan and Philip III. Like the viceroys of Goa, don Juan is always hoarding more and more, only to be brought down in the end by his own excesses, while the king is constantly attempting to re-arrange the misplaced. The misplacement of Goa in the play gives allows for new readings in terms of empire. And the (mis)placement of the loa of Lisbon leads us to ponder on the competition between two imperial projects.
Assessment of Chemosensory Functioning in Aging: Subjective and Objective Procedures

Assessments of human sensory and perceptual functioning are meaningfully classified as either subjective or objective. Both subjective and objective measures have been employed in studies of age-related changes in chemosensory functioning. Subjective and objective assessments proceed from different philosophic assumptions, provide different types of information, and play different roles in understanding age-related change. Subjective assessment exploits each person's unique access to the functioning of his or her own sensory apparatus. It assumes that subjects can and will give an accurate account of their sensory experience and is distinguished by the attempt to directly communicate private experience. Objective assessment strategies circumvent the practical and philosophical problems of verifying and communicating private experience. Objective measures assume that sensory function is reflected in the subject's performance of tasks that require perception of the relevant sensory information. Subjective measures are primarily descriptive. They can be used to characterize chemosensory experience and may reveal the fullness and drama of age differences. Objective measures, while they may fail to capture the richness of perceptual experience, are directly relevant to the investigation of the underlying mechanisms. Thus, subjective measures serve to direct attention to the issues and phenomena of perceptual change in aging whereas objective measures are most useful for specifying and evaluating candidate mechanisms by which these changes might be generated.
Differences in morning and evening sample milkings and adjustment to daily weights and percents.

Abstract Dairy Herd Improvement Association sample-day data were analyzed 1) to explain variation of month-to-month differences of single milking yields and fat percents and 2) to develop adjustment factors for estimating daily yield and fat tests from a single milking. Prior to analyses, single sample data were adjusted for month-to-month differences determined from standard two sample data. Guernsey and Holstein data involving 1,632 and 16,784 cows were available in the single sample files. Analyses were separate for Guernseys and Holsteins and for yield and test. Regression equations involving from 13 to 16 independent variables accounted for proportions of variance of the dependent variable ranging from .31 to .48 for the four combinations of breed and trait. Regression equations for adjustment of Dairy Herd Improvement Association single sample data were developed. Each equation included only two independent variables for adjustment purposes. Those equations developed from Holstein data have been implemented by the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association to adjust single sample data for all breeds.
Ductal plate malformation-like arrays in early explants after a Kasai procedure are independent of splenic malformation complex (heterotaxy).

Abstract Biliary atresia has at least 2 proposed forms, the common perinatal and the less common embryonic subtype with earlier onset and/or extrahepatic developmental anomalies. Histologic evidence of ductal plate malformation (DPM)–like change in liver has been proposed both as a marker for the embryonic type and as a predictor of poor outcome after Kasai portoenterostomy. We investigated the prevalence of DPM-like change in liver explants in usual biliary atresia (BA) and in BA with splenic malformation syndrome (BASM). Liver sections from 8 patients with BA and 6 with BASM, all of whom had a Kasai procedure followed by explant before age 2 years, were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, CK7, and AE1/AE3 stains. Each block was scored for inflammation and fibrosis. We estimated the number of portal areas per block and counted the number of definite and possible examples of DPM-like change, defined as a circumferential duct complex arranged around a fibrovascular core. We assessed whether th...
A Comparison of the Safety, Timing and Cost-Effectiveness of Administering Antibiotics by Intravenous Bolus (Push) Versus Intravenous Piggyback (Slow Infusion) in Surgical Prophylaxis

This study was carried out to evaluate the safety, timing and cost-effectiveness of administering perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis with cefmetazole via intravenous (IV) bolus, or ‘push’, compared with the more common method of IV ‘piggyback’ administration. A total of 60 patients were studied, 30 in each group. No major adverse reactions were noted in either group. Phlebitis did not occur with either method of administration. Loss of patency was noted in 2 patients in the IV bolus group at the time of catheter removal. While no overall difference in timing of antibiotic administration in relation to the surgical procedure was noted, 2 patients in the IV piggyback group did not receive their preoperative dose until after surgery had started. Both pharmacy preparation time and nursing administration time were shorter with the IV push method, resulting in a cost avoidance of $US0.60 per dose. Material cost avoidance, primarily due to elimination of the minibag and IV tubing with bolus administration, was $US3.25 per dose. Extrapolated cost avoidance for our institution, for both prophylaxis and treatment, is $US184 000 per year. Administration of selected antibiotics by IV push is safe, allows optimal timing of administration, minimises preparation and administration time, and is cost-effective. Hospitals and outpatient care facilities should consider this alternative method of antibiotic administration.
Patterns of recurrence following curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum

This study explores the patterns of recurrence after "curative" operation for colorectal cancer. For an 11-year period, 1960-1971, 281 evaluable patients were resected at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Crude five-year survival in these patients was 49%, but only 10% of those with recurrence lived five years. A total of 69 patients relapsed during their lifetime and 34 additional patients were found to have metastases at death. The initial site of metastases were regional in 23 patients (33%) and distant in 32 (46%). Simultaneous regional and distant metastases were found in 13 (19%) for a total of 65% of patients having initial distant metastases. Approximate recurrence rates by site were: 30% for sigmoid and rectum, 20% for right colon, and 10% for transverse and left colon. Tumor size was a significant determinant of recurrence but did not select for regional or distant sites. Recurrence by Astler-Coller modification of the Dukes-Kirklin classification revealed 10% for A + B1, 33% for B2, 35% for C1, and 50% for C2. More than half of the patients with distant metastases (18/32) had solely hepatic metastases yet the total incidence of liver metastases as the initial site was only 8% of the total. In general, the site of the primary cancer was the most important determinant of the type of recurrence; the stage and site of the primary tumor were most predictive for eventual relapse.
ASYMPTOMATIC MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. 707

Introduction: Malnutrition, growth failure, and nutrient deficiencies are contributing factors to morbidity in children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Methods: A prospective preliminary study was conducted that included 14 clinically asymptomatic IBD patients and a cohort of 14 healthy children of similar age serving as controls. A 3-day dietary history of each subject was analyzed for intake of various nutrients.Results: Analysis of the diet histories revealed that a disproportionately large number of IBD patients had suboptimal intake, i.e. below 66% of the recommended daily allowances (RDA), for vitamins A, D, E and calcium when compared to controls. We observed that: for vitamin A, 36% of IBD patients failed to reach 66% of the RDA compared to 9% of controls (p < 0.03); for vitamin E, 57% of IBD patients compared to 36% of controls (p < 0.22); for vitamin D, 79% of IBD patients compared to 64% of controls (p < 0.35); and for calcium, 43% of IBD patients compared to 18% of controls (p< 0.08). Speculation: These deficiencies may be the result of poor nutritional counselling or may be a consequence of self-administered, or physician prescribed, dietary intervention. A marked decrease in nutrient intake may have potentially serious long-term consequences as newly emerging data has shown the critical role played by dietary calcium and anti-oxidants in preventing osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and cancer.Conclusion: This preliminary study reveals that IBD patients, even when seemingly well, tend to have low dietary intake of vitamins A, D, E and calcium. This study points to the need for regular counselling of IBD patients and careful monitoring of their diets even when these patients appear clinically well.
Probing island growth and coalescence at metal-semiconductor interfaces.

Synchrotron-radiation photoemission spectroscopy of Xe atoms physisorbed on metal-semiconductor interfaces at different stages of interface formation allowed us to detect the presence of metal islands, determine the local work function of the islands and of the semiconductor surface between the islands, gauge the coverage dependence of the island size, and measure the coalescence coverage. This technique is a nondestructive, nonperturbative local probe of nucleation and growth with high spatial resolution and unparalleled surface sensitivity. We present detailed results for Yb-${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathit{x}}$Te(110) and preliminary results for K-GaAs(110).
Use of a Brief Steroid Trial Before Initiating OKT3 Therapy for Renal Allograft Rejection

OKT3 (Ortho Pharmaceutical, Raritan, NJ) has been employed in a protocol where all patients received cyclosporine as part of their baseline immunosuppressive regimen and, after the diagnosis of rejection was established, were treated with up to three pulses of methylprednisolone before monoclonal antibody therapy was initiated. Use of this protocol has allowed 46% of rejection episodes encountered to be treated on an outpatient basis without resorting to inpatient use of OKT3, but has avoided delaying OKT3 therapy until after all other methods of rejection treatment were found to be ineffective. Of 83 rejection episodes treated with OKT3 between March 1985 and May 1987, 78 (94%) were reversed. Overall graft survival is 84% and patient survival is 96% in OKT3-treated patients. Of the 17 rejection episodes where OKT3 treatment was a second or third exposure to the drug, rejection was successfully reversed in 15 (88%). In cadaver donor allograft recipients transplanted between March 1985 and May 1986, actual 1-year graft survival is 80% for 30 patients requiring no rejection therapy, 80% for 20 patients with rejection episodes responding quickly to steroids, and 82% for 28 patients with OKT3-treated, steroid-insensitive rejections. Mean serum creatinine at 1 year posttransplant is 1.5 ± 0.5; 1.9 ± 0.7; and 2.1 ± 0.8, respectively, for these groups of patients. Thus, for patients maintained on baseline cyclosporine: (1) initial treatment of a renal allograft rejection episode with up to three daily steroid pulses often spares the use of the potent immunosuppressant OKT3; (2) when a rapid response to steroids is not observed, prompt use of OKT3 reverses rejection effectively; and (3) actual 1-year graft survival and function in OKT3-treated patients are as good as in renal allograft recipients not requiring OKT3 for rejection therapy.
Experimental characterization and model validation of the quasi-static performance of piezoceramic telescopic actuators

The piezoelectric telescopic actuation architecture capitalizes upon an internally leveraged amplification technique to produce large actuation forces with amplified displacements. This building-block type actuator consists of interconnected concentric, cascaded cylinders with end cap joints that allow for a telescopic type motion. The internal amplification scheme and building-block nature of the telescopic design allow for efficient, densely packed actuators that yield a high work output for a given volume. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the quasi-static force-deflection performance of three unique telescopic prototypes, each manufactured by different means, from various materials, and in distinct geometries. To accurately predict the observed behavior of this architecture, a full three-dimensional numerical model was constructed for each prototype and was used to revise a previously derived analytical model. These models were refined to include extra compliance factors to account for observed actuation losses, focusing primarily on the bonding layer effects. The revised models captured more accurately the complex actuator behavior observed in the experiments and characterized better the loss mechanisms in the telescopic actuation architecture.
Optimal Low-Thrust Trajectories Combined with an Aeroassist Maneuver

Various optimal powered aeroassisted orbit transfers using solar electric propulsion are presented. These trajectories use a combination of solar electric propulsion and controlled atmospheric perturbations. Single revolution coplanar and plane change trajectories are considered. The objective of the coplanar trajectory is to circularize the orbit, and the objective of the plane change trajectory is to maximize the reduction in orbital inclination. Optimal trajectories are presented for both cases to show the benefits of combining atmospheric perturbations and solar electric propulsion.