cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Dendritic Materials as Potential OLED Transport and Emitter Moeities

Traditionally, organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are prepared with discrete layers for hole and electron transport. Different materials must be used for these layers because most materials will preferentially transport one charge carrier more efficiently than the other. In most cases, the emitter material serves a dual purpose as both the emitter and the hole or electron transporter. One of the major failure modes of OLEDs results from thermal instabilities of the insulating organic layers caused by joule heating during device operation. The problem is most pronounced for the hole transporting layer (HTL) material which are usually tertiary aromatic amines (i.e., TPD and NPD). This has been attributed to the relatively lower glass transition temperatures (Tg) and resulting inferior thermal stabilities compared to the other materials making up the device. Many researchers have produced HTL materials with higher Tgs based on tertiary aromatic amine oligomers and starburst compounds. Starburst or model dendritic materials offer the advantages of high thermal stabilities and multi-functionality.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

THERE ARE AN estimated 75 million individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the United States. This disease is not limited to the adult population, with approximately 22% of the pediatric population also affected. Individuals undergoingelective surgery frequently report a history of GERD with 14% to 20% of all adults reporting symptoms associated with reflux disease. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the first-line pharmacologic treatment for GERD and are among the five top selling drugs, with an estimated 10 billion dollars spent on PPIs in the United States annually. Client preparation for elective or emergent surgery includes assessment and the proactive planning for safe discharge. The perianesthesia care provider needs to have a comprehensive understanding of this common disorder and its surgical and pharmacologic management. The pathophysiology of GERD and evidencebased treatment modalities will be presented in a fictitious perianesthesia patient case study.
Correlating context-specific boldness and physiological condition of female sand fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator)

Consistent individual behavioral differences across ecological contexts are a recognized feature of animal populations. These differences can be expressed in two ways: context-specifically or context-generally. The former is characterized by consistent responses in one context (i.e. repeatability), whereas the latter by consistency that spans contexts (i.e. behavioral syndromes). The proximate causes of behavioral consistency remain unclear, yet there is evidence that physiology may couple the expression of some behavioral traits in unrelated contexts. We therefore explored the correlation between bold behavior of female sand fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) and the condition of the hepatopancreas, an organ vital to crustacean metabolism and reproduction. We did this by taking replicate measurements of two risk-taking behaviors per individual in the contexts of predator avoidance and environment exploration, and examining correlations within and between these observations. We then determined the relationship of behavior with hepatopancreas mass and lipid content. Individual crabs responded consistently within each context. However, across-context correlations were absent, indicating that boldness is isolated, at least in the selected scenarios. Additionally, anti-predator and exploratory behaviors were significantly influenced by size but not linked to hepatopancreas physiology. Our results show that context-specific trait expression may occur in the absence of a physiological correlate.
Menin and MLL cooperatively regulate expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

Abstract Mutations in the MEN1 gene are associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN1), which is characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia and tumors of the pituitary and pancreatic islets. The mechanism by which MEN1 acts as a tumor suppressor is unclear. We have recently shown that menin, the MEN1 protein product, interacts with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) family proteins in a histone methyltransferase complex including Ash2, Rbbp5, and WDR5. Here, we show that menin directly regulates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27Kip1 and p18Ink4c . Menin activates transcription by means of a mechanism involving recruitment of MLL to the p27Kip1 and p18Ink4c promoters and coding regions. Loss of function of either MLL or menin results in down-regulation of p27Kip1 and p18Ink4c expression and deregulated cell growth. These findings suggest that regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor transcription by cooperative interaction between menin and MLL plays a central role in menin's activity as a tumor suppressor. MEN1 methyltransferase tumor suppressor
Analysis of delamination growth near intersecting ply cracks

Three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to study cross-ply laminates with a delamination near the intersection of orthogonal ply cracks. Three lami nates were studied: (0/90)s, (90/0)s, and ((0/90)s)∞ . Mode mix was sensitive to stacking sequence, location along the delamination front, and delamination shape and size. The mode III component was generally the largest component. For loading in the x-direction, there were extremely strong gradients of GI and GIII near the yz-plane, where the delami nation front intersected a ply crack.
Early symptoms of mania and the role of parental risk

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe the phenomenology of youths diagnosed with subsyndromal bipolar disorders; (ii) describe the phenomenology of youngsters who are the children of bipolar parents, who are also experiencing subsyndromal symptoms of bipolar disorder (patients with ‘cyclotaxia’); and (iii) explore which symptoms may be most useful in identifying youths with cyclotaxia. Methods: Four hundred outpatients between the ages of 5 and 17 years received a diagnostic assessment and psychometric questionnaires pertaining to mood symptomatology and psychosocial functioning. Parental diagnostic information was also obtained. Children and adolescents were assigned to one of three diagnostic groups: a ‘syndromal bipolar disorder (BP)’ group (n = 118), a ‘sub-syndromal bipolar (SUB-BP)’ group (n = 75), or a ‘non-bipolar (NON-BP)’ group (n = 207). In addition, based on parental diagnoses, youths were assigned to either a high genetic risk group (n = 167) or a low genetic risk group (n = 233). Results: Youths with subsyndromal bipolar disorders were found to have intermediate degrees of manic symptoms than youths with bipolar disorder and youths without a bipolar diagnosis. Offspring of parents having a bipolar disorder were more likely to show symptoms of hypomania and mania than youths without a bipolar parent. Youths at genetic risk for developing a bipolar disorder were not found to be at higher risk for having a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or a disruptive behavior disorder. Finally, results suggest that elevated mood with irritability and rapid mood fluctuations are the key distinguishing characteristics of ‘cyclotaxia’. Conclusions: There exists a group of youngsters who are the offspring of a parent/parents with a bipolar disorder who do not suffer from BP 1 or BP 2, yet have elevated mood symptoms and psychosocial dysfunction. As a result of these observations, treatment studies are needed for youths with ‘cyclotaxia’.
A Social Experiment in Publishing: Ms. Magazine, 1972-1989

This article explores the attempt by the editors of Ms. magazine, a feminist, mass-circulation, commercial periodical, to create a nonhierarchical, collective-type organization within the context of the mass-media publishing world. Drawing from interviews with the former editors and writers of Ms., published “Personal Reports,” and the editorial files collected at the Sophia Smith Archives, this article focuses on the tensions that emerged in constructing an egalitarian organization. The study finds that the primary transformations occurred within the editorial side of the magazine, though splits between women's movement-identified editors and women's magazine-identified editors made these changes more difficult than they had originally imagined. Few attempts were made to alter the business side of the magazine, which worked primarily as a pipeline to move staff into the world of mainstream (and male) publishing.
Sub-lethal irradiation of human colorectal tumor cells imparts enhanced and sustained susceptibility to multiple death receptor signaling pathways.

Background Death receptors (DR) of the TNF family function as anti-tumor immune effector molecules. Tumor cells, however, often exhibit DR-signaling resistance. Previous studies indicate that radiation can modify gene expression within tumor cells and increase tumor cell sensitivity to immune attack. The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic effect of sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation in sensitizing colorectal carcinoma cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Methodology/Principal Findings The ability of radiation to modulate the expression of multiple death receptors (Fas/CD95, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TNF-R1 and LTβR) was examined in colorectal tumor cells. The functional significance of sub-lethal doses of radiation in enhancing tumor cell susceptibility to DR-induced apoptosis was determined by in vitro functional sensitivity assays. The longevity of these changes and the underlying molecular mechanism of irradiation in sensitizing diverse colorectal carcinoma cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis were also examined. We found that radiation increased surface expression of Fas, DR4 and DR5 but not LTβR or TNF-R1 in these cells. Increased expression of DRs was observed 2 days post-irradiation and remained elevated 7-days post irradiation. Sub-lethal tumor cell irradiation alone exhibited minimal cell death, but effectively sensitized three of three colorectal carcinoma cells to both TRAIL and Fas-induced apoptosis, but not LTβR-induced death. Furthermore, radiation-enhanced Fas and TRAIL-induced cell death lasted as long as 5-days post-irradiation. Specific analysis of intracellular sensitizers to apoptosis indicated that while radiation did reduce Bcl-XL and c-FLIP protein expression, this reduction did not correlate with the radiation-enhanced sensitivity to Fas and/or TRAIL mediated apoptosis among the three cell types. Conclusions/Significance Irradiation of tumor cells can overcome Fas and TRAIL resistance that is long lasting. Overall, results of these investigations suggest that non-lethal doses of radiation can be used to make human tumors more amenable to attack by anti-tumor effector molecules and cells.
A wearable percutaneous implant for long term zebrafish epicardial ECG recording

Heart, as the least regenerative organ in human, can regenerate in zebrafish even after up to 20% ventricle amputation without forming any scar tissue. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded from multiple fixed locations around the heart with high spatial resolution can elucidate changes in cardiac electric phenotypes of injured and regenerating tissues. Therefore, a wearable zebrafish harness with a percutaneous planar electrode array was designed, fabricated and properly positioned to uncover the electrical conduction phenotypes during the zebrafish heart regeneration. The recording circuitry and data processing have also been developed and customized, paving the way to the future underwater wireless long-term ECG recording in real time.
Second Order Magneto-Optic Effects in Epitaxial FE(110)/MO(110) Bilayers

The signal measured during a Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (MOKE) experiment is usually assumed to be linear in the magnetization (or the magnitude of the magneto-optic coupling vector Q that is proportional to the magnetization) so that a plot of the magnetization versus applied field can be obtained. We have observed an appreciable contribution from the Q2 term in the magneto-optic response of epitaxial Fe(110)/Mo(110) bilayers. The Q2 term in the magneto-optic response is much larger than that predicted by existing theory. We re-derive and modify the existing theory to fit the Q2 term.
A systematic review of relations between resting-state functional-MRI and treatment response in major depressive disorder.

Abstract Background Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising predictor of treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods A search for papers published in English was conducted using PubMed with the following words: depression, treatment, resting-state, connectivity, and fMRI. Findings from 21 studies of relations between resting-state fMRI and treatment response in MDD are presented, and common findings and themes are discussed. Results The use of resting-state fMRI in research on MDD treatment response has yielded a number of consistent findings that provide a basis for understanding the potential mechanisms of action of antidepressant treatment response. These included (1) associations between response to antidepressant medications and increased functional connectivity between frontal and limbic brain regions, possibly resulting in greater inhibitory control over neural circuits that process emotions; (2) connectivity of visual recognition circuits in studies that compared treatment resistant and treatment sensitive patients; (3) response to TMS was consistently predicted by subcallosal cortex connectivity; and (4) hyperconnectivity of the default mode network and hypoconnectivity of the cognitive control network differentiated treatment-resistant from treatment-sensitive MDD patients. Limitations There was also considerable variability between studies with respect to study designs and analytic strategies that made direct comparisons across all studies difficult. Conclusions Continued standardization of study designs and analytic strategies as well as aggregation of larger datasets will allow the field to better elucidate the potential mechanisms of action of treatment response in patients with MDD to ultimately generate algorithms to predict which patients will respond to which antidepressant treatments.
Nanocomposite material properties estimation and fracture analysis via peridynamics and Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract This paper presents a numerical model for the estimation of nanocomposite material properties and fracture analysis. A non-uniform peridynamic grid is utilized to simulate the nanocomposites along with Monte Carlo simulation which models single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) distribution, dispersion, curvature, orientation, length and diameter. First, a random microstructure is generated from the user inputs consisting of a polymer matrix and SWCNTs. The system is then solved via peridynamic techniques and post-processed to obtain the bulk mechanical properties. Utilizing Monte Carlo simulations, the mean effective modulus for a given set of input parameters is derived. Fracture analysis is performed using a single realization and quasi-static loading conditions via peridynamics allowing simultaneous and spontaneous propagating fractures. The model is validated against experimental data available in the open literature.
Towards the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and a Bit of Aftermath

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was the largest and most ambitious oceanographic experiment ever carried out. It was nearly 15 years in the planning, 10 years in execution, and the costs (depending upon what one counts) were of order US one gigadollars spread over about 30 countries. Apart from the chapter by Thompson et al. (2001), comparatively little has been written about the origins of this unique program. Here I will try to provide an informal, completely personal, narrative of how WOCE came to be. I have read enough of the methods and concerns of professional historians to avoid making any claim that what is written here is any more than an anecdotal account, relying mainly upon my very imperfect memory, and incomplete records dating from 1977. I am looking back through the wrong-end of the telescope. Others who were involved from the beginning almost surely have a very different point-of-view. If a serious history of physical oceanography in the last quarter of the Twentieth Century is ever written, the material here should be regarded as at best a starting point. At the outset, I note that much oceanography was conducted outside the WOCE framework, and it would be an error to claim that all of the advances that took place during the 1990s were attributable to it. But WOCE was surely the centerpiece, many observational and theoretical programs were put in place to take advantage of its existence, and the overlap of investigators working inside and outside the program was so great, that attributing to WOCE much of the progress of that time is not a wild exaggeration.
Follow the Money! Article I and Article VI Constitutional Barriers to Renewable Energy in the U.S. Future

When one "follows the money," the current Administration‘s economic stimulus funding injected unprecedented billions of dollars into new energy-related capital investments. In doing so, it endeavors to fundamentally re-sculpt the legal fabric and infrastructure of the U.S. economy in a once-in-a-generation change of watershed proportion. However, this re-sculpting is hitting fundamental constitutional barriers under Articles I and VI.There is a jurisdictional barrier: Renewable energy investments, promoted primarily at the state level, confront real challenges pursuant to the Constitution‘s Supremacy Clause (Article VI) and Commerce Clause (Article I). Among the most litigated constitutional issues before the U.S. Supreme Court, these constitutional articles establish hard legal limits on what states can and cannot do by regulation. In addition, as states collaborate on renewable energy policy, the Compact Clause raises distinct constitutional limits.Some states have ignored these constitutional limits in their regulatory requirements to promote the new renewable infrastructure. This article "follows the money" through the maze to identify the constitutional trip-wires. The article examines the array of the most employed regulatory methods by the fifty states – tax incentives, Renewable Portfolio Standards, feed-in tariffs, net metering, and direct renewable subsidies – to analyze which will and will not survive legal challenge and why.Getting the legal metric correct at the state level is no small issue. No state statute or regulation on renewable energy can survive constitutional violation. In the past year, constitutional challenges to renewable infrastructure have occurred in five of the most sophisticated states – California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Missouri, and New York. None of these states have prevailed in the first wave of these mounting legal confrontations over renewable energy programs.This article takes apart the various infrastructure pieces and policies for renewable power in the states and examines the multi-faceted looming constitutional challenges. Popular renewable policy mechanisms for implementation of a new energy infrastructure confront constitutional perils that must be overcome. This outcome amid challenge will sculpt the energy future of the twenty-first century.
Enzyme-Loaded Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes, especially human erythrocytes, have been very extensively studied because of their medical interest and because they are conveniently obtained for biochemical and physiological studies. Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei which are pinched off from the cells when they pass through narrow orifices while escaping from the bone marrow. Once matured, they lack ribosomes and have lost the capability of protein synthesis. Because of their inability to renew themselves, the lifetime of normal human erythrocytes is restricted to about 120 days. Cell energy metabolism is restricted to glycolysis since the cells do not contain mitochondria. Their basic function is to serve as a container for hemoglobin. In this article we discuss a procedure for utilizing erythrocytes as containers for foreign proteins and enzymes as well as hemoglobin.
VISUAL PROGRAMMING FOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING: ENERGY AND SHADING ANALYSIS CASE STUDIES

INTRODUCTION Although visual programming is being broadly implemented in other disciplines, it has only relatively recently become an important supplement to three-dimensional modeling programs in ...
Forest Service Timber Bridge Specifications

Approximately one half of the 12,000 Forest Service road and trail bridges are constructed of wood or have wood as a major component. The number constructed each year fluctuates with the cost of timber and the complexity of the individual bridges. The typical Forest Service road bridge is a pressure treated, single span, single lane, 40 ft. long structure with timber abutments, glu-lam or solid sawn stringers, laminated deck, timber curbs and rail posts, and a steel deep beam railing. Design, with minor exceptions such as truck loadings and railing, is in accordance with the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Installation is controlled by Forest Service Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges. The specifications are quite similar to the FP-79 specifications developed by the Federal Highway Administration. There are regional differences depending on availability of construction materials and on the environmental conditions.
Hodgkin lymphoma post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: A comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, prognosis, and survival

Hodgkin lymphoma post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (HL-PTLD) is an uncommon PTLD with unclear prognosis and differences between HL-PTLD and immunocompetent HL are not well defined. Patient characteristics were compared among 192 patients with HL-PTLD from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and 13,847 HL patients in SEER (HL-SEER). Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were compared after exact matching. Additionally, multivariable analyses were used to identify prognostic markers of survival and associations between treatment and survival. Median time from transplant to HL-PTLD diagnosis was 88 months. When compared with HL-SEER, patients with HL-PTLD were older (median age, 52 vs. 36 years, P = 0.001), more likely male (73% vs. 54%, P < 0.001), Caucasian (81% vs. 70%, P = 0.02), and had extranodal disease (42% vs. 3%, P < 0.001). Five-year OS for patients with HL-PTLD was 57% versus 80% for HL-SEER (P < 0.001); DSS was also inferior (P < 0.001). For patients with HL-PTLD, the use of any chemotherapy was associated with decreased hazard of death (HR = 0.36, P < 0.001). Furthermore, patients who received no chemotherapy or nontraditional HL regimens had increased hazard of death (aHR = 2.94, P = 0.001 and 2.01, P = 0.04) versus HL-specific chemotherapy regimens. In multivariable analysis, advanced age and elevated creatinine were associated with inferior OS (aHR = 1.26/decade P < 0.001 and 1.64/0.1 mg/dL increase P = 0.02). A prognostic score based on the number of these adverse factors (0, 1, 2) was associated with 10-year OS rates of 79%, 53%, and 11%, respectively (P < 0.001). Altogether, HL-PTLD patients have inferior survival when compared with HL-SEER. Furthermore, treatment with HL-specific chemotherapy was associated with improved OS, whereas age and creatinine identified patients with markedly divergent survival. Am. J. Hematol. 91:560-565, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of High-Temperature Steam Hydration of Naturally Derived Calcium Oxide for Improved Carbon Dioxide Capture Capacity over Multiple Cycles

The CaO–CaCO3 cycle offers a promising high-temperature CO2 capture technology, but the decay in CO2 absorption capacity of CaO over multiple cycles poses a challenge that needs to be overcome to m...
The Length of a Lemniscate

(1980). The Length of a Lemniscate. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 7, pp. 555-556.
The Intersection of Race, Disability, and Giftedness: Understanding the Education Needs of Twice-Exceptional, African American Students.

Current literature on twice-exceptionality (gifted and special education) provides a general framework in understanding the experiences of gifted students with disabilities. More specifically, it h...
TR-09THE EFFECT OF REGADENOSON-INDUCED TRANSIENT DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ON TEMOZOLOMIDE DELIVERY TO RAT BRAIN PARENCHYMA

PURPOSE: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a serious challenge to effective delivery of systemically administered agents to the central nervous system. Temozolomide is the only systemically delivered chemotherapeutic agent to significantly improve survival in patients with glioblastoma. Brain temozolomide concentrations are only 20% of that in blood. Regadenoson is an FDA approved adenosine receptor agonist that transiently disrupts rodent's BBB allowing dextran (70 kD) brain entry. This study was conducted to determine if regadenoson could facilitate entry of temozolomide into normal rodent brains. METHODS: Temozolomide (50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage to non-tumor bearing female F344 rats. Sixty to 90 minutes later two-thirds of the animals received a single dose of intravenous regadenoson. The animals were sacrificed 120 or 360 minutes after temozolomide administration. Brain and plasma temozolomide concentrations were determined using HPLC/MS/MS. RESULTS: At 120 minutes, brain temozolomide concentrations were significantly higher when given with regadenoson vs. alone (8.1 ± 2.7 µg/g and 5.1 ± 3.5 µg/g, P < 0.05), with a similar trend in brain:plasma ratios (0.45 ± 0.08 and 0.29 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). 360 minutes after temozolomide administration brain and brain:plasma were increased without statistical significance. There was no difference in plasma temozolomide concentration with or without regadenoson. CONCLUSION: These results suggest co-administration of regadenoson with temozolomide results in 60% higher temozolomide levels in normal brain without changing plasma temozolomide concentrations. This novel approach to increasing intracranial concentrations of systemically administered agents can potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic agents used in patients with brain tumors and other neurologic disorders.
Stochastic Field Theory in Materials Engineering

This paper consists of three chapters. The first one deals with the problem of simulating a stochastic process or field using the spectral representation method. The stochastic process or field is simulated according to its prescribed power spectrum. The simulation is performed very efficiently using the Fast Fourier Transform technique. In the second chapter, a probabilistic model for the spatial variation of the strength of materials used for laminated orthotropic composites is introduced. The principal idea lies in the interpretation that the material strength can be idealized as a two-dimensional stochastic field. Under such an assumption, the strength of laminated orthotropic composite plates in uniaxial tension is found to follow a Weibull distribution function. Another conclusion is the demonstration of the statistical size effect. Finally, in the third chapter, a methodology is introduced to perform both the response variability and reliability analysis of plates subjected to plane stress or plane strain. A stochastic finite element approach based on the concept of weighted integrals is utilized. The variability response function of the system is established in closed form. Then, the response variability is calculated by a first-order Taylor expansion, while the safety index is computed using an advanced first-order second-moment approach.
El drama de la recomposición forestal en las áreas de reserva legal ubicadas en las propiedades familiares frente al nuevo código forestal brasileño

Resumen La reserva legal es un importante instrumento de atribucion de densidad a la funcion socioambiental de la propiedad agraria. Basados en esa perspectiva y conscientes de la vigencia de un nuevo codigo forestal en Brasil, este estudio –tejido metodologicamente bajo las influencias de las corrientes post-positivistas del derecho– tiene como objetivo comprobar si es posible para los propietarios y poseedores de pequenas areas de agricultura familiar respetar (o no) las exigencias impuestas por la legislacion recientemente aprobada, sin perjuicio de su supervivencia y la de sus familias. Palabras clave: Agricultura familiar, Areas de reserva legal, Tutela constitucional del medioambiente, Politicas publicas, Codigo forestal Brasileno. Abstract The legal reserve is an important tool for allocating the density of land ownership, based on its social and environmental function. That’s why this paper focuses on an analysis of Brazil’s new Forestry Code. It is analyzed if owners and holders of small areas of family-based agriculture can enforce this new law without harming their own survival and their families’. This research is guided by the essential features of the post positivist theory of law. Key words: Family farming, Legal Reserve areas, Constitutional protection of the environment, Public politics, Brazilian forestry code. Resumo A reserva legal e uma ferramenta importante de atribuicao de densidade a funcao socioambiental da propriedade da terra. Com base nessa perspectiva e consciente da validade de um novo Codigo Florestal no Brasil, este estudo - tecido metodo- logicamente sob a influencia das correntes pos-positivistas do direito – tem como objetivo comprovar se e possivel para os proprietarios de pequenas areas de agricultura familiar respeitar (ou nao) as exigencias impostas pela legislacao recentemente aprovada, nao obstante a sua sobrevivencia e de suas familias. Palavras-chave: Agricultura familiar, Areas de Reserva Legal, Protecao constitucional do meio ambiente, Politicas publi- cas, Codigo Florestal Brasileiro.
IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL DUAL ANGIOTENSIN II/VASOPRESSIN RECEPTOR

The isolation and molecular characterization of the Ang II/AVP receptor elucidates the structure of a novel dual receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase and responding with equal sensitivity to Ang II and AVP. The cloning strategy in conjunction with site directed mutagenesis have permitted the delineation of the Ang II and AVP binding domains within the receptor polypeptide. Pharmacological characterization of the receptor defines the AngII/AVP receptor as a novel AT1/V2 type of receptor. The renal immunocytochemical distribution of the Ang II/AVP receptor to the outer medullary thick ascending limb tubules and inner medullary collecting ducts suggests a prominent role in renal tubular sodium and fluid reabsorption.
Genetically defined race, but not sex, is associated with higher humoral and cellular immune responses to measles vaccination

In addition to host genetic and environmental factors, variations in immune responses to vaccination are influenced by demographic variables, such as race and sex. The influence of genetic race and sex on measles vaccine responses is not well understood, yet important for the development of much-needed improved measles vaccines with lower failure rates. We assessed associations between genetically defined race and sex with measles humoral and cellular immunity after measles vaccination in three independent and geographically distinct cohorts totaling 2872 healthy racially diverse children, older adolescents, and young adults. We found no associations between biological sex and either humoral or cellular immunity to measles vaccine, and no correlation between humoral and cellular immunity in these study subjects. Genetically defined race was, however, significantly associated with both measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with subjects genetically classified as having African-American ancestry demonstrating significantly higher antibody and cell-mediated immune responses relative to subjects of Caucasian ancestry. This information may be useful in designing novel measles vaccines that are optimally effective across human genetic backgrounds.
Observations of oceanic-forced subtidal elevations in a convergent estuary

Abstract Remotely-forced downwelling events are found to generate oceanic subtidal elevations along the Pacific Northwest that are transmitted upstream in a large, river-tide, convergent Columbia River estuary (CRE). The oceanic subtidal generation mechanism was evaluated using NOAA tidal and USGS river gage station data along the northern California, Oregon, and Washington estuaries and throughout the Columbia River and the NOAA Coastal Upwelling Index. Oceanic downwelling-induced subtidal motions propagate upstream with a slight decrease in amplitude. River discharge pulses also generate subtidal motions that propagate downstream with decreasing amplitude. The relative oceanic subtidal motions represent 90% of the total subtidal contribution near the entrance that decrease to 40% at 169 km upstream.
Behavioral and Other Characteristics Associated with HIV Viral Load in an Outpatient Clinic

Persons living with HIV (PLWH) who are engaged in care, yet not virally suppressed, represent a risk for transmission and opportunity for risk reduction interventions. This study describes characteristics of an outpatient clinic cohort of PLWH by laboratory confirmed viral suppression status and examines associations with demographics and sexual and drug use behaviors gathered through questionnaire. From a sample of 500 clinic patients, 438 were prescribed antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 62 were not. Among the 438 on ART, 72 (16.4%) were not virally suppressed at the most recent lab draw. Compared to individuals with a suppressed viral load, those that were unsuppressed were more likely to: be black (79.2% vs. 64.2%; p = 0.014); earn below $25,000/year (88.9% vs. 65.0%; p < 0.001); be of a younger age (47.8 vs. 50.0 mean years; p = 0.009); be on opiate substitution (14.1% vs. 6.3%; p = 0.023); and acknowledge poly-substance (38.9% vs. 24.4%; p = 0.012) and excessive alcohol use (13.9% vs. 6.0%; p = 0.019). Conversely, a smaller proportion of those with an unsuppressed viral load had multiple sex partners in the previous 30 days (39.8% vs. 58.5%; p = 0.003). In multivariable regression of those on ART, the prevalence of an unsuppressed viral load was 3% lower with each increasing year of age (aPR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) and 47% lower with income over $25,000/year (aPR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.70). In a separate analysis of all 500 subjects, ART was less frequently prescribed to blacks compared to whites, heterosexuals, those with lower education and income, and persons with active substance use. Findings confirm that a large proportion of PLWH and engaged in care were not virally suppressed and continued behaviors that risk transmission, indicating the need for screening, prevention counseling and access to ancillary services to lower the incidence of HIV infections.
Studies in a Murine Model Confirm the Safety of Griffithsin and Advocate Its Further Development as a Microbicide Targeting HIV-1 and Other Enveloped Viruses.

Griffithsin (GRFT), a lectin from Griffithsia species, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication at sub-nanomolar concentrations, with limited cellular toxicity. However, in vivo safety of GRFT is not fully understood, especially following parenteral administration. We first assessed GRFT’s effects in vitro, on mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cell (mPBMC) viability, mitogenicity, and activation using flow-cytometry, as well as cytokine secretion through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Toxicological properties of GRFT were determined after a single subcutaneous administration of 50 mg/kg or 14 daily doses of 10 mg/kg in BALB/c mice. In the context of microbicide development, toxicity of GRFT at 2 mg/kg was determined after subcutaneous, intravaginal, and intraperitoneal administrations, respectively. Interestingly, GRFT caused no significant cell death, mitogenicity, activation, or cytokine release in mPBMCs, validating the usefulness of a mouse model. An excellent safety profile for GRFT was obtained in vivo: no overt changes were observed in animal fitness, blood chemistry or CBC parameters. Following GRFT treatment, reversible splenomegaly was observed with activation of certain spleen B and T cells. However, spleen tissues were not pathologically altered by GRFT (either with a single high dose or chronic doses). Finally, no detectable toxicity was found after mucosal or systemic treatment with 2 mg/kg GRFT, which should be further developed as a microbicide for HIV prevention.
Challenges and Variations in Emergency Medicine Residency Training of Ultrasound-guided Regional Anesthesia Techniques.

Background Ultrasound guidance has become an integral component to procedural and diagnostic practice for the emergency physician. Whereas landmark-guided methods were used for peripheral nerve blocks in the past, the use of ultrasound has made regional anesthesia procedures faster, more successful, and feasible as a pain management modality in the emergency department. Not only the utilization, but also the teaching of ultrasound has become an essential aspect of emergency medicine residency training. Prior studies have found a substantial variation in practice and policies with regard to ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) and this translates to the education of both residents and fellows. Objectives The objective was to describe the current state of UGRA education, trends, and barriers in emergency medicine residency and ultrasound fellowship programs in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted via the Internet utilizing the Qualtrics software platform. It was distributed to ultrasound directors and program directors of both Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and American Osteopathic Association (AOA) accredited emergency medicine residency programs and ultrasound fellowships. Data analysis, cross-tabulation, and subgroup analysis were performed utilizing the software. Results We received a total of 138 responses (response rate of 66.3%). There was substantial variability with regard to implementing UGRA education. Additionally, there was a trend correlating a greater likelihood of UGRA education among programs with more than two ultrasound faculty members. Faculty training is considered to be the greatest barrier to teaching UGRA to residents and fellows. Conclusion Resident and fellow education with regard to UGRA varies significantly among individual programs. Although there are currently no ACGME or AOA guidelines, nearly all residency programs believe that this is a skill that emergency physicians should learn. With the identification of key barriers and the need for an increased number of trained faculty, pain management utilizing UGRA may become an integral part to emergency medicine resident and fellow education.
The Impact of Teach for America on Non-Test Academic Outcomes

Recent evidence on teacher productivity suggests that teachers meaningfully influence non-test academic student outcomes that are commonly overlooked by narrowly focusing on test scores. Despite a ...
The synthesis of large interstellar molecules

This review is concerned with the formation of molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM), which is composed mainly of regions of gas and dust known as interstellar clouds, ranging in size from a few to 100’s of light years in extent. Upwards of 200 different molecules have been observed spectroscopically in these objects, with a significant fraction of them ‘large’ by astronomical standards; i.e. containing six or more atoms. Interstellar clouds are of interest to chemists because of the exotic molecules and chemistry that occur in these sources, while they are of interest to astronomers because these clouds are the only known birthplaces of new stars and extrasolar planets. The formation of stars and planets from portions of dense interstellar clouds is a complex evolutionary process with multiple stages dependent upon the mass of the collapsing object. For low-mass stars such as our sun, the process is reasonably well understood and proceeds through the following intermediate stages: cold dense cores, ...
Against the Specter of 'Cut-Rate Africanization': Whiteness, Modernization, and the World of Consultancy in Early Postcolonial Ivory Coast

Following decolonization, Ivory Coast was among the few African countries that opposed the "Africanization" of the national labor force. While it gave an impetus to the postwar economic boom in the country, the policy also increased the number of French consulting firms and residents, many of whom became the "mandarins" of Ivorian modernization. This paper will enquire into the politics that these postcolonial experts and consultants deployed to advance their modernization agenda. In particular, I am interested in their social and intellectual networks and capitals; the ways in which the Ivorian state, in its quest for nation-building, incorporated the experts in its bureaucracy. Moreover, how did radical/organic Ivorian intellectuals respond to the work of the foreign experts? Ultimately, what were the outcomes of the policy of avoiding the use of local experts--what the first Ivorian president called "cut-rate Africanization"? Focusing of the consulting work of the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer and the Societe d'Etudes pour le Developpement Economique et Social, I will provide answers to these questions. I anticipate my findings will allow us to map out a nuanced cartography of whiteness, transnational knowledge production, and the power of modernization in a postcolonial Fran-african world.
Psychological Distress of Ethnically Diverse Adult Caregivers in the California Health Interview Survey

This study examined factors associated with psychological distress for culturally diverse family caregivers using a population-based sample. Data were analyzed from the 6634 caregivers of adults (i.e. elderly as well as non-elderly) who self-reported as non-Hispanic White, Mexican, Chinese, or Vietnamese in the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Simple and multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the potential influence of race/ethnicity, caregiving context, and social contextual variables on psychological distress. Analyses that included moderators showed that while more education was associated with less distress for White caregivers, it was associated with more distress for Vietnamese and Chinese caregivers. Identifying the caregiving and contextual variables associated with psychological distress is critical for tailoring interventions towards those who need the most help-in this case, possibly less educated White caregivers and more educated Asian American caregivers.
Experiments in holographic video imaging

Reduction of the information content of a hologram to the minimum necessary to support strong spatial perception makes possible the interactive computation, transmission, and display of three-dimensional animated holographic images.
0229 Risk of heat related illness in latino agricultural workers: core body temperature and work task

Introduction Environmental heat and work-rate are risk factors for Heat Related Illness (HRI). Work-rate by task and core temperature have not been quantified in California farmworkers. Methods Farmworkers were monitored for one work-shift each in the summers of 2014–2015. Individuals’ core temperature was assessed throughout the shift using an ingestible sensor, a 3 min moving average computed and maximum temperature identified. Accelerometers were worn, and NHANES criteria used to classify counts per minute (cpm) into sedentary, low, moderate and vigorous activity. Daily work-rate was categorised by the number of minutes spent in moderate and/or vigorous activity ( 90). Questionnaires administered in Spanish collected occupational tasks conducted and self-rated environmental heat exposure. Results 499 Latina/o farmworkers performed only one task on their shift. The mean activity in cpm was highest for tree/vine harvesters 445 (SD 225) and lowest for produce sorters 193 (SD 167). 22 workers recorded a maximal core temperature >38.5°C, a criteria for heat stress in acclimatised workers. In a multivariable logistic regression high body temperature was associated with both the number of minutes working at a moderate/vigorous rate and self-rated environmental heat; OR and (95% CI) for ≥90 v Conclusion Farmworkers, who exceed 90 min a day in moderate/vigorous activity and/or irrigators, are at higher risk of HRI. These workers may need closer monitoring for their safety.
New Innovations in Drug-Eluting Stents for Peripheral Arterial Disease

The purpose of this paper was to provide a review of the burden of peripheral arterial disease; to examine older therapies and their limitations; and especially to highlight new treatment innovations as well as the data supporting their use. Building on the success of paclitaxel in the prevention of restenosis in the peripheral circulation, the newest generation drug-eluting stent is presented, which combines paclitaxel with a polymer—allowing the drug to be eluted slowly over 12 months. The positive results of the pilot MAJESTIC study led to the ongoing IMPERIAL trial. Limited data of bioresorbable scaffolds in above and below-the-knee applications are also reviewed. Endovascular therapy of peripheral arterial disease has had many advances in the preceding two decades. However, drug-eluting stent technology has had the greatest impact to date and holds great promise for the future.
Type III CRISPR-Cas Systems and the Roles of CRISPR-Cas in Bacterial Virulence

Type III CRISPR-Cas systems constitute nearly a quarter of all known CRISPR systems and have been found to reside in both archaea and bacteria, including important bacterial pathogens such as staphylococci and mycobacteria. By blocking the horizontal transfer of bacteriophage and conjugative plasmids, CRISPR-Cas systems not only protect against foreign invaders, but also prevent the acquisition of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance cassettes that are encoded in these mobile genetic elements. For this reason, these systems can have a broad impact on the evolution of bacterial pathogens. This chapter explores in-depth our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CRISPR interference in the type III systems in particular, and more generally, the existing data supporting the role of CRISPR-Cas systems in the emergence of bacterial pathogens.
The Group Velocity Approximation

Because of its mathematical simplicity and direct physical interpretation, the group velocity approximation has gained widespread use in the physics, engineering, and mathematical science communitites. However, the fundamental assumptions that are used to obtain this description are violated when either the loss component of the material dispersion cannot be neglected or the pulse spectrum becomes ultrawideband, which is taken here to mean that the bandwidth of the pulse spectrum spans at least one critical feature in the material dispersion. This inconsistency then results in intellectual mayhem over such topics as superluminal pulse velocites and superluminal tunneling in the ultrashort pulse dispersion regime. Because of this, it is essential to fully understand this approximate theory so that a better appreciation of the necessity of an asymptotic theory may be gained.