cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Frictional Pressure Drop for Two-Phase Flow Inside Spirally Fluted Tubes

This article reports the results of an experimental study of frictional pressure drop for two-phase flow (air and water) inside horizontal spirally fluted tubes. Nine spirally fluted tubes, representing a wide range of geometric parameters, were tested adiabatically with various flow rates of air and water. Average pressure drop enhancement levels (over predicted smooth tube values) in the range of 1,4 to 3.9 were observed. A design correlation was developed based on modifications to an existing smooth-tube model. The proposed correlation predicts 84% of the database (581 experiment data points) within ±20%.
Design and construction of a flat-panel-based cone beam volume computed tomography (FPD-CBVCT) imaging system through the adaptation of a commercially available CT system: work in progress

The purpose of this presentation is to show how a commercially available spiral CT can be modified for use as the electro-mechanical scanner hardware for a prototype flat panel detector-based cone beam volume computed tomography (FPD-CBVCT) imaging system. FPD-CBVCT has the benefits of isotropic high resolution, low contrast sensitivity and 3D visualization. In contrast to spiral CT, which acquires a series of narrow slices, FPD-CBVCT acquires a full volume of data (limited by the cone angle and the FPD active area) in one =30 fps. Power and communication signals to control modules on the rotating part of the gantry will be through integrated slip rings on the gantry. Through the synchronized control of the pulsed x-ray exposures, data acquisition, gantry rotation and tilt, as well as the position and translation speed of the patient table, the system will be able to achieve spiral cone beam and circle-plus-arc cone beam image acquisition protocols. Performance will be evaluated with optical encoders, standard dosimetry equipment and phantom studies.
Artificial Intelligence and the Dialogical

Workers in cognitive science and artificial intelligence assume that everything of importance to our intelligent functioning can be found inside the heads of individuals. This article takes a different approach. The nature of our disorderly, everyday, dialogical activities is first outlined, because it assumes that it is only in terms of this usually unnoticed background activity that we make sense of everything individual and distinctive we do in relation both to each other and to our larger surroundings: We constitute what we are pleased to call our individual minds and our world within it. Furthermore, it is in the unique variations that we each introduce into this constitutive activity that we can express ourselves, our own “inner lives.” Studies in cognitive science and artificial intelligence lead us not only to ignore these backgrounds but to institute forms of human relation leading to their eradication.
Educational treasures in Radiology: A highly customizable Radiology specific literature search engine.

This article focuses on PubRad ( www.pubrad.org ) - a custom defined and Radiology targeted medical literature search software which can be used in multiple ways to adjust to the individual user's needs. PubRad can be used from its website, from the user's desktop, it can be implemented into the user's own website or can be even integrated into third party programs.
Liver and Spleen abscesses in Children 860

Objective: To determine the common clinical, laboratory and radiologic manifestations as well as the natural history of liver and spleen abscesses in children.
Thermal bonding of polypropylene nonwovens: Effect of bonding variables on the structure and properties of the fabrics

Properties of the point-bonded nonwoven fabrics are dependent on the bonding conditions, in addition to those of the polymer/fiber. Thermally bonded carded webs were produced and characterized to investigate the role of bond area, bond size, and bonding temperature on the structure and properties of point-bonded nonwoven fabrics. It was observed that the bond strength increases with bond area and bond size. The effects of bond area and bond size on fiber morphology were negligible. Significant morphological differences were observed in the bonded and the unbonded regions of the thermally bonded webs. To see how the staple fiber studies relate to the behavior of continuous filaments, similar sets of samples were produced and characterized by using the spunbond system. The observed trends for properties with respect to bonding conditions were similar for spunbond samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3593–3600, 2004
Package downsizing: is it ethical?

Package downsizing is a practice where the package content is reduced without changing the package or the price of the product. In a market that is defined by ‘hyper-competition,’ package downsizing is often practiced by marketers to effect an invisible price increase for their products. Although marketers may maintain that providing, the legally required, quantity indication on the package is adequate for customers to make logical and informed choices, research indicates that consumers often do not consult quantity indications on packages but use alternative methods (e.g., visual impressions of the package size, total package price, or previous purchase experience) to judge product quantity and to calculate product value. As a subtle means, package downsizing therefore has the potential to mislead customers in the buying process due to an unfavorable balance of information within the dyad. This could give rise to serious moral and ethical consideration. In this paper, we examined various issues related to package downsizing, such as why sellers resort to this type of practice, consumer vulnerability to package downsizing, as well as the extent of protection offered to consumers by the existing laws and regulations with respect to product packaging. Finally, we examined the ethics of package downsizing using the existing legal, moral, and professional ethical standards as well as the principle of equivalence. Our analysis indicates that package downsizing, as it is practiced by the marketers and sellers today, is unethical as far as the consumers are concerned.
Nonverbal response patterns in physician-patient interactions: A functional analysis

In this paper, we examined physician-patient interactions in terms of the communicative functions accomplished during these encounters. Specifically, the nonverbal communicative exchanges of 38 physician-patient interactions in a family practice clinic were investigated. Two distinctive communicative “patterns” characterized these interactions. First, physicians nonverbally exerted greater dominance and control by employing longer speaking turns, more social touch, and more pauses while speaking than did the patients. Secondly, physicians and patients tended to reciprocate nonverbal behaviors signalling affiliation including gaze, response latencies, body orientations, and gestures. Consistent with previous research, there was a strong positive relationship between patients' satisfaction with health care and perceptions of the physicians' affiliativeness. Although there were few significant effects, physicians perceived less affiliative tended to be more vocally and gesturally active relative to the patients' nonverbal behavior styles. Finally, there were positive relationships between patients' perceptions of physicians' dominance and the physicians' use of task touch, and the extent to which physicians produced more interruptions and maintained more indirect body orientations relative to the patients' performances of these behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of the communicative functions of nonverbal behavior in physician-patient interactions and of patients' preferences for physicians' nonverbal expressiveness.
Methods to reduce carbon monoxide levels at the workplace.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease and death attributed to the workplace exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) can be reduced. It is possible to control the removal of CO through existing engineering principles and techniques. However, it is desirable that the methods that reduce the formation of CO and prevent its introduction into the workplace be developed and utilized. Perhaps the greatest long-term tragedy of today's standard is that future plants, which often can meet more stringent standards, are not required nor have the incentive to do so under existing Federal policies. There is a need to develop a “new source performance standard” concept as part of the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The greatest potential to eliminate future occupational health problems rests with the opportunity to encourage new plant designs that would reduce worker exposure, thus greatly eliminating future problems. The concept of new source performance standards has existed in the control of general environmental pollution in the ambient air and in water. It is generally recognized that control of emissions from new and future plants is usually easier than control of emissions from existing older plants. What does not seem to be understood is that control of emissions in the workplace will frequently prevent general environmental contamination as well. The problem is prevented at the source. The opportunity to prevent hazardous exposure to CO exists. It must be taken by those who have a knowledge of CO, and shared with professionals, management, and employees if there really is to be a reduction of CO levels at the working place. The benefits are not only the safety and health of employees, but the conservation of energy and materials, the creation of new products and new economic opportunities, etc. This pyramiding of benefits can be the result of achieving methods to reduce CO levels at the working place.
Studies on the pre-α-lipoprotein of human serum obtained by electrophoresis on agarose gel

Abstract The pre-α-lipoprotein of human serum observed by electrophoresis on agarose gel had mobility and staining characteristics similar to those of albumin. The high lysolecithin and free fatty acid content of this fraction and the ability of albumin to bind these lipids further support the hypothesis that pre-α-lipoprotein is albumin. The presence of large relative amounts of other phospholipids as well as neutral lipids in the pre-α-lipoprotein fraction, however, along with the immunodiffusion studies, suggests that lipoprotein other than albumin resides in the pre-α-lipoprotein fraction. Such lipoprotein does not appear to be a β-lipoprotein or an extension of the α-lipoprotein into the pre-α-lipoprotein fraction.
Comparing General and Political Discussion Networks Within Voluntary Organizations Using Social Network Analysis

Political discussion networks are influenced by the opportunities for political interactions within our larger social environments and more general discussion networks. In this study we compare general and political discussion networks using full sociometric social network data from a probability sample of voluntary organizations—specifically, intact student activity groups from a large Midwest research university. We find that even within these “weak tie” voluntary associations, general discussion networks clearly constrain the characteristics of the political discussion networks. However, political discussion networks appear to be less dense and more likely to be broken up into disconnected components than the general discussion networks. But, general and political networks do not appear to differ in their structuring by perceptions of discussant knowledge. And, most interestingly, we find that on average neither general nor political discussion networks are characterized by political homogeneity.
COLOR GRADIENTS IN COOLING FLOWS IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES

U-, b-, V-, and I-band CCD images of 19 centrally dominant galaxies were obtained in cooling-flow clusters (CFDs) and four centrally dominant galaxies in clusters without cooling flows. Photometry through synthetic elliptical apertures was used to determine that many CFDs exhibit color-profile anomalies with respect to the control sample and to gE photometry from the recent literature. The anomalies are stronger and extend to larger galactic radii for higher mass accretion rates (HMARs) as estimated from X-ray observations. At least 11 CFDs with HMARs greater than or approximately equal to 70 solar masses/yr have blue color-profile anomalies that extend radially 5-20 kpc. Some CFDs with smaller HMARs have milder anomalies extending only less than or approximately equal to 5 kpc. The prevalence of color anomalies suggests that star formation which includes massive blue stars occurs continuously for a substantial fraction of the Hubble time, or in frequent episodes.
Growing Up a Little Faster: The Experience of Growing Up in a Single‐Parent Household

On the basis of interviews with single parents, and with adolescent children living with single parents, a theory of the structure and functioning of single-parent households is proposed. The premise of this theory is that the two-parent household maintains a hierarchy—an echelon structure—that the one-parent household can forgo. The absence of hierarchy permits the single parent who works full time to share managerial responsibility for the household with the children. The consequences for the children may be a fostering of an early maturity.
The synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-p-nitrobenzylthio-v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine and imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine ribosides as potential nucleoside transport inhibitors.

The synthesis of S4-substituted nucleosides possessing the imidazo- and v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine ring systems was undertaken and the compounds prepared were evaluated as inhibitors of nucleoside transport into human erythrocytes. 1-(2,3,5-Tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4(5H)-thione and 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4(5H)-thione were each synthesized by two different routes and served as precursors for the title analogues. The nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR) analogues, 4-(p-nitrobenzylthio)-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine and 4-(p-nitrobenzylthio)-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine, inhibited the transport of adenosine, but were approximately 4- and 28-fold less active, respectively, than NBMPR and nitrobenzylthioformycin, known potent and specific inhibitors of carrier-mediated transport.
Effects of Increased Salinity on Glucose and Maltose Composition of Biomphalaria glabrata Snails Infected with Schistosoma mansoni as Determined by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography- Densitometry

Biomphalaria glabrata snails were infected with Schistosoma mansoni and maintained at different dilutions of artificial ocean water for up to 4 weeks. Glucose and maltose concentration of the digestive gland-gonad complex were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography at different stages of the infection. B. glabrata snails were divided into three experimental groups: Group A, snails with early prepatent infection (10 days post-infection); Group B, snails with late prepatent infection (22 days post-infection); and Group C, snails with patent infection (45 days post-infection). Infected snails in A were maintained at different salinities for 2 weeks and then necropsied, and their two main simple sugars, i.e., glucose and maltose, were analyzed. Groups B and C contained two subgroups: the first subgoups were analyzed after 2 weeks, and the second after 4 weeks. Controls for these experiments were maintained identically in either deionized water or artificial spring water. Maltose and glucose we...
Enhancement of therapeutic protein in vivo activities through glycoengineering

Delivery of protein therapeutics often requires frequent injections because of low activity or rapid clearance, thereby placing a burden on patients and caregivers. Using glycoengineering, we have increased and prolonged the activity of proteins, thus allowing reduced frequency of administration. Glycosylation analogs with new N-linked glycosylation consensus sequences introduced into the protein were screened for the presence of additional N-linked carbohydrates and retention of in vitro activity. Suitable consensus sequences were combined in one molecule, resulting in glycosylation analogs of rHuEPO, leptin, and Mpl ligand. All three molecules had substantially increased in vivo activity and prolonged duration of action. Because these proteins were of three different classes (rHuEPO is an N-linked glycoprotein, Mpl ligand an O-linked glycoprotein, and leptin contains no carbohydrate), glycoengineering may be generally applicable as a strategy for increasing the in vivo activity and duration of action of proteins. This strategy has been validated clinically for glycoengineered rHuEPO (darbopoetin alfa).
Acquisition of leverpress shock avoidance in juvenile Norway rats and spiny mice

This study tests the generality of the hypothesis that superior avoidance learning by certain rodent species is related to heightened activity and stimulus sensitivity levels in those species. Norway rats and spiny mice were compared using a discrete-trial leverpress avoidance procedure. Gender and age (30 and 60 days old) were additional between-subjects factors in the design. Despite previous reports indicating that spiny mice were significantly more active and exploratory than Norway rats, the comparison on avoidance showed them to be seriously inferior to rats. The species difference was discussed in terms of species-specific defense reactions.
Dependence of pKa on solute cavity for diprotic and triprotic acids

A systematic study of ΔGaq/pKa for monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acids has been carried out based on DFT/aug-cc-pVTZ combined with CPCM and SMD solvation modeling. All DFT/cavity set combinations considered showed similar accuracy for ΔGaq1/pKa1 (70% within ±2.5 kcal mol−1 of experiment) while only the M05-2X/Pauling cavity combination gave reasonable results for ΔGaq2/pKa2 when both pKa values are separated by more than three units (70% within ±5.0 kcal mol−1 of experiment). The choice of experimental data is critical to the interpretation of the calculated accuracy especially for several inorganic acids. For the calculation of ΔGaq3/pKa3, the larger experimental uncertainty and an unrealistic orbital population of diffuse function for trianions in the gas phase hinders an evaluation of the predictive performance. We find the M05-2X functional with the Pauling cavity set is the best choice for ΔGaq2/pKa2 prediction in aqueous media while all DFT/cavity sets considered were competitive for ΔGaq1/pKa1.
Private life and public face: cultural continuities in the domestic architecture of Isfahan

(1974). Private life and public face: cultural continuities in the domestic architecture of Isfahan. Iranian Studies: Vol. 7, No. 3-4, pp. 629-651.
Quantum phase transitions beyond the Landau paradigm in a Sp(4) spin system

We propose quantum phase transitions beyond the Landau's paradigm of Sp(4) spin Heisenberg models on the triangular and square lattices motivated by the exact $\text{Sp}(4)\ensuremath{\simeq}\text{SO}(5)$ symmetry of spin-3/2 fermionic cold atomic system with only $s$-wave scattering. On the triangular lattice, we study a phase transition between the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ spin ordered phase and a ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid phase; this phase transition is described by an O(8) sigma model in terms of fractionalized spinon fields, with significant anomalous scaling dimensions of spin order parameters. On the square lattice, we propose a deconfined critical point between the Neel order and the valence bond solid (VBS) order, which is described by the CP(3) model, and the monopole effect of the compact U(1) gauge field is expected to be suppressed at the critical point.
Innate immunity in type 1 diabetes

Background Rat models of diabetes have emerged as a powerful experimental tool for addressing the role of microbial pathogens in the mechanism of autoimmune diabetes. We have used the biobreeding diabetes resistant and LEW1.WR1 rat models to identify the role of virus-induced innate immunity in the mechanism of type 1 diabetes. Methods Groups of rats 21–25 days of age were left untreated, injected i.p. with 1 × 107 PFU of Kilham rat virus (KRV) only, or with 1–3 µg/g body-weight-purified toll-like receptor agonists on three consecutive days and infected with 1 × 107 PFU of KRV on the following day. Spleens and pancreatic lymph nodes were recovered 5 days after infection and used for gene array analysis. To test the role of inflammation in diabetes, rats injected with KRV only or Poly(I:C) plus KRV were also administered with 2 or 0.2 µg/g body weight of dexamethasone and followed for diabetes for 40 days. Results KRV induced the expression of a vast array of proinflammatory genes in pancreatic lymph nodes on day 5 following infection. Brief dexamethasone therapy downmodulated inflammation and completely blocked diabetes. Conclusions Our data suggest a strong association between early virus-induced proinflammatory responses and islet destruction and raise the possibility that targeting innate immune pathways in the early stages of diabetes may be a useful strategy for disease prevention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of Oncotype DX in an Inner City Population: Race or Place?

Oncotype DX, a 21-gene-array analysis, can guide chemotherapy treatment decisions for women with ER
Towards a trust management for VANETs

Information transmitted over a vehicular network may be sensitive and affect important safety decisions. Exchanging information must be based on trust; however, an issue that arises is the degree to which drivers can trust the received information from other (previously unknown) drivers. Thus, trust management is a fundamental and critical issue in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, studies and research have yet to thoroughly address this important problem. In this paper, we offer some discussion on the topic and propose a possible way of building an effective trust management system. Finally, we also present a discussion on the topics of privacy and reputation in VANETs.
Temperature-Dependent Phase Behavior of the Synaptosomal Membranes from Mammalian and Marine Invertebrate Synaptosomes

Given reports of raft domains in rodent brain synaptosomes, we probed for their conservation in a poikilotherm, the Woods Hole squid Loligo. Because rafts are described as liquid-ordered phase-separated domains, we expected phase transition temperatures above body temperature if raft function is important to neuronal activity. We tested this hypothesis by comparing synaptosomes, intact nerve endings, from animals that live at two very different temperatures: mouse (body temperature-37°C) and squid (body temperature-20°C). We measured the temperature-dependence of the lipid phase of intact synaptosomes in the absence of exogenous probes by using line-width and spinning sideband intensities of lipid hydrocarbon chain resonances, using proton magic angle spinning NMR spectra as a function of temperature between 0 and 40°C. We also determined the phase behavior of total synaptosomal lipids by repeating the NMR protocol on extracted lipids. To our surprise, there was no detectable signal for liquid-ordered lipid phases at the body temperature of either species. However, there was a difference in the temperature of the onset of order as synaptosomes were cooled below body temperature: the phase state of mouse synaptosomal membranes changes drastically below 24°C, whereas this change occurs below 8°C for the squid synaptosomal membranes. We then measured the composition of synaptosomes in terms of total lipid heads and tails, and the main difference arises from high concentrations of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol in the squid. Fluorescence microscopy images of squid synaptosomes stained with lipid dyes confirmed the formation of domains below, but not above the phase transition temperatures obtained from NMR measurements. Thus although the membranes of synaptosomes contain lipids that can phase-separate, these lipids remain in the liquid-disordered state at the usual physiological temperatures for squid and mouse.
Phase retrieval and the measurement of the complete spatiotemporal electric field of ultrashort pulses

The technique, SEA TADPOLE, measures the complete spatiotemporal intensity and phase of arbitrary ultrashort pulses, but device instability blurs the spatial component of the phase. We show that a simple phase-retrieval algorithm recovers it.
Inquiries about and initiation of buprenorphine treatment in an inner-city clinic.

ABSTRACT Despite increases in opioid dependence, availability of buprenorphine treatment remains limited. Reasons may include health center concerns about becoming overwhelmed or attracting patients who differ from the local community. This study documents inquiries about and initiation of buprenorphine treatment in an inner-city health center. From 2006–2008, we collected demographic information and subsequent treatment data for everyone who inquired about treatment. Of the 324 people who inquired, 55.6% initiated treatment. The number of inquiries increased gradually over time, and most came from local community residents (80.4%). These results may allay health center concerns, and can help planning for buprenorphine treatment.
Adaptive force produced by stress-induced regulation of random variation intensity

The Darwinian theory of life evolution is capable of explaining the majority of related phenomena. At the same time, the mechanisms of optimizing traits beneficial to a population as a whole but not directly to an individual remain largely unclear. There are also significant problems with explaining the phenomenon of punctuated equilibrium. From another perspective, multiple mechanisms for the regulation of the rate of genetic mutations according to the environmental stress have been discovered, but their precise functional role is not well understood yet. Here a novel mathematical paradigm called a Kinetic-Force Principle (KFP), which can serve as a general basis for biologically plausible optimization methods, is introduced and its rigorous derivation is provided. Based on this principle, it is shown that, if the rate of random changes in a biological system is proportional, even only roughly, to the amount of environmental stress, a virtual force is created, acting in the direction of stress relief. It is demonstrated that KFP can provide important insights into solving the above problems. Evidence is presented in support of a hypothesis that the nature employs KFP for accelerating adaptation in biological systems. A detailed comparison between KFP and the principle of variation and natural selection is presented and their complementarity is revealed. It is concluded that KFP is not a competing alternative, but a powerful addition to the principle of variation and natural selection. It is also shown KFP can be used in multiple ways for adaptation of individual biological organisms.
Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal

A study was conducted with adult Leghorn roosters to determine TMEn, dry matter digestibility, amino acid content and digestibility, and cellulose and hemicellulose content and digestibility of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal (SBM). Results were compared to that of commercially available 47% CP SBM. Twenty-one roosters were utilized; seven roosters were precision-fed each of the two soybean meal treatments, and seven served as feed-deprived controls. Excreta were collected for 48 h after feeding. A second experiment compared the TMEn, as determined with roosters, to AMEn, as determined with male broiler chicks, of 44% and 47% CP SBM and three different ethanol extraction procedures to remove alpha-galactosides. The ethanol extraction procedure concentrated CP, gross energy, and TMEn. Dry matter digestibility of SBM increased from 52.1% (control SBM) to 63.3% (ethanol-extracted SBM) because of the ethanol extraction procedure. The average amino acid digestibility of ethanol-extracted SBM was 91.6%, compared to 88.0% for control SBM. The digestibility of methionine, alanine, valine, and lysine was improved by the ethanol extraction procedure. Total cellulose and hemicellulose digestion, measured as digestion of specific monosaccharide components, was increased by the ethanol extraction. The TMEn and AMEn values for the different control and extracted SBM were similar. These data indicate that the ethanol extraction of SBM to remove alpha-galactosides resulted in a product that is more protein and energy dense than commercial SBM. Advantages in digestion of amino acids and fiber may contribute to the increase in TMEn observed in both young and adult birds.
Assessing the Motor Status Score: A Scale for the Evaluation of Upper Limb Motor Outcomes in Patients after Stroke:

The Motor Status Scale (MSS) measures shoulder, elbow (maximum score = 40), wrist, hand, and finger movements (maximum score = 42), and expands the measurement of upper extremity impairment and disability provided by the Fugl-Meyer (FM) score. This work examines the interrater reliability and criterion validity of the MSS performed in patients admitted to a rehabilitation hospital 21 +/- 4 days after stroke. Using the MSS and the FM, 7 occupational therapists masked to each other's judgments, evaluated 12 consecutive patients with stroke. Two therapists evaluated 6 additional patients on consecutive days. Intraclass correlation coefficients were significant for each group of raters for the shoulder/elbow and for the wrist/band (P < 0.0001); test-retest measures were also significant for the shoulder/elbow (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.99, P < 0.004) and for the wrist/hand (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.99, P < 0.003). The internal item consistency for the overall MSS was significant (Cronbach alpha = 0.98, P < 0.0001). Finally the correlation between the MSS and the FM (R2 = 0.964) was significant (P < 0.0001). The MSS affords a reliable and valid assessment of upper limb impairment and disability following stroke.
Substance Use and Violence Among Youth: A Daily Calendar Analysis

Background: While researchers have identified factors that contribute to youth violence, less is known about the details of violent incidents. In addition, substance use has been linked to youth violence; however, little is known about actual substance use on days in whichviolenceoccurs.Objective:Thisstudyexamined reasons for peer violence and the association between substance use and violence using daily calendar-based analyses among at-risk urban youth. Methods: Data were collected from Emergency Department (ED) patients (ages 14‐24; n = 599; 59% male, 65% African American) who screened positive for substance use in the past 6 months. Daily data regarding past 30-day substance use and violence and reasons for violent incidents were obtained via semi-structured interviews. Multi-level multinomial regression models were conducted to test the associations between substance use and peer violence incidents (i.e., none, moderate and severe). Results: Conflict over ‘personal belongings’ was a common reason for violence among males; ‘jealousy’/‘rumors’ were common reasons among females. Moderate victimization was more likely to be reported on days in which participants reported alcohol and cocaineuse.Severevictimizationwasmorelikelytobereported on days in which participants reported alcohol use. Moderate or severe aggression was more likely to be reported on days in which participants reported alcohol and non-medical sedative use. Conclusions: Results suggest that youth violence prevention that addresses differential reasons for violence among males
Lyapunov-based economic model predictive control of nonlinear systems

In this work, we focus on a class of general nonlinear systems and design a model predictive control (MPC) scheme which is capable of optimizing closed-loop performance with respect to general economic considerations taken into account in the construction of the cost function. Specifically, in the proposed design, the MPC optimizes a cost function which is related directly to certain economic considerations and is not necessarily dependent on a steady-state — unlike the conventional MPC designs. The proposed MPC is designed via Lyapunov-based techniques and has two different operation modes. The first operation mode corresponds to the periods in which the cost function should be optimized (e.g., normal production periods); and in this operation mode, the MPC maintains the closed-loop system state within a pre-defined stability region and optimizes the cost function to its maximum extent. The second operation mode corresponds to operation in which the system is driven by the MPC to an appropriate steady-state. In the MPC design, suitable constraints are incorporated to guarantee that the closed-loop system state is always bounded in the pre-defined stability region and is ultimately bounded in a small region containing the origin. The theoretical results are illustrated through a chemical process example.
Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles Targeted to the Colon With Polysaccharide Hydrogel Reduce Colitis in a Mouse Model

Background & Aims One of the challenges to treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is to target the site of inflammation. We engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver an anti-inflammatory tripeptide Lys-Pro-Val (KPV) to the colon and assessed its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of colitis. Methods NPs were synthesized by double-emulsion/solvent evaporation. KPV was loaded into the NPs during the first emulsion of the synthesis process. To target KPV to the colon, loaded NPs (NP-KPV) were encapsulated into a polysaccharide gel containing 2 polymers: alginate and chitosan. The effect of KPV-loaded NPs on inflammatory parameters was determined in vitro as well as in the dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis mouse model. Results NPs (400 nm) did not affect cell viability or barrier functions. A swelling degree study showed that alginate-chitosan hydrogel containing dextran–fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled NPs collapsed in the colon. Once delivered, NPs quickly released KPV on or within the closed area of colonocytes. The inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide were reduced in Caco2–BBE (brush border enterocyte) cells exposed to NP-KPV compared with those exposed to NPs alone, in a dose-dependent fashion. Mice given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) followed by NP-KPV were protected against inflammatory and histologic parameters, compared with mice given only DSS. Conclusions Nanoparticles are a versatile drug delivery system that can overcome physiologic barriers and target anti-inflammatory agents such as the peptide KPV to inflamed areas. By using NPs, KPV can be delivered at a concentration that is 12,000-fold lower than that of KPV in free solution, but with similar therapeutic efficacy. Administration of encapsulated drug-loaded NPs is a novel therapeutic approach for IBD.
Surgical-office-based versus radiology-referral-based breast ultrasonography: a comparison of efficiency, cost, and patient satisfaction.

Background The differences in efficiency, cost of care, and patient satisfaction between surgical-office−based (SB) breast ultrasonography by the surgeon and radiology-referral−based (RB) ultrasonography by the radiologist in the workup of lumps and imaging abnormalities have not been computed. Study Design Charts of 61 consecutive patients requiring breast ultrasonography at the Comprehensive Breast Center from October through December 2005 were evaluated. The SB ultrasonography approach was compared with the RB approach. Matching variables were patient age, presenting complaint, Gail risk score, ultrasonography findings, interventional procedure, and histopathology reports. Outcomes variables were efficiency (time from presentation and establishment of diagnosis), cost of care, and patient satisfaction. Results Twenty-nine patients had RB and 32 had SB breast ultrasonography. The RB and SB groups were similar in age, Gail risk, and ultrasonography findings. Median time to establish diagnosis in the RB group was 23 days, versus 1 day in the SB group (p Conclusions SB breast ultrasonography is an efficient, cost-effective, and patient-friendly approach to breast problems.
Conceptual Foundations of Spatial Language: Evidence for a Goal Bias in Infants

We explored the pre-linguistic foundations of spatial language by testing how 12‐month-old infants represent sources and goals in Motion events (e.g., a duck moving out of a bowl and onto a block). Abundant evidence suggests that sources and goals are represented asymmetrically in languages, with goals taking a more prominent role than sources. We asked whether infants encode goals and sources as separate components of Motion events (Experiment 1) and whether they show asymmetric encoding of source and goal when they are part of the same Motion event (Experiment 2). Results showed that infants encode both goals and sources in separate events, but, when both are present, they encode goals in preference to sources. This Source-Goal asymmetry in infants' pre-linguistic representations of Motion events suggests a structure homologous to that found in language. The homology could provide the non-linguistic support for learning the language of events.
Comparable Wages, Inflation, and School Finance Equity

Abstract A ComparableWage Index (CWI) is an attractive mechanism for measuring geographic variations in the cost of education. A CWImeasures uncontrollable variations in educator pay by observing systematic variations in the earnings of comparable workers who are not educators. Together, the 2000 census and the Occupational Employment Statistics survey support the construction of just such an index. The resulting panel of index values measures wage levels in all parts of the United States from 1997 through 2004 and reveals substantial variation in purchasing power both across school districts and across time. Such inequalities undermine the equity and adequacy goals of school finance formulas. If states were successfully directing additional resources to school districts in high-cost environments, then measured inequality within states should fall when differences in purchasing power are taken into account. Instead, cost adjustment widens the spending gap in all but a handful of states.
Local multiplication maps on F[x]

Let F be a field and A a F-algebra. The F-linear transformation φ : A → A is a local multiplication map if for all a ∈ A there exists some ua ∈ A such that φ(a) = aua. Let denote the F-algebra of all local multiplication maps of A. If F is infinite and F[x] is the ring of polynomials over F, then it is known Lemma 1 in [J. Buckner and M. Dugas, Quasi-Localizations of ℤ, Israel J. Math.160 (2007) 349–370] that . The purpose of this paper is to study for finite fields F. It turns out that in this case is a "very" non-commutative ring of cardinality 2ℵ0 with many interesting properties.
Operative strategies for necrotizing enterocolitis: the prevention and treatment of short-bowel syndrome

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of short-bowel syndrome (SBS) in infancy. Studies on the acute medical and surgical management of NEC have traditionally focused on short-term morbidity and mortality, with less emphasis on long-term outcomes. Acute surgical management of NEC involves the often competing priorities of controlling sepsis and preserving bowel length. Bowel-preserving strategies for NEC, designed to limit SBS, are based on peritoneal drainage, limited resection, or a combination of both. Drainage-based strategies are generally favored in smaller neonates, while laparotomy-based strategies are favored in larger patients, especially those with a more limited extent of intestinal injury. Comparisons of drainage-based approaches and resection-based approaches are limited by confounding variables, and neither approach is clearly superior with regard to subsequent SBS. These traditional as well as more creative approaches to bowel preservation have application in NEC, yet they depend on a series of patient and treatment characteristics that include the ability of diseased but viable bowel to recover both absorptive and motility function after acute NEC, the ability of the infant to tolerate appropriately drained intraperitoneal contamination, and the ability of the injured intestine to subsequently undergo intestinal adaptive change. In addition, there are a series of operative options that have been designed to mitigate the impact of SBS once it is established. These procedures are not uniquely applied exclusively for NEC-induced SBS. However, strategies that slow intestinal transit, improve peristaltic function, or enhance mucosal absorptive function each have application in the management of SBS.
Nondestructive Evaluation on Hydrided LWR Fuel Cladding by Small Angle Incoherent Neutron Scattering of Hydrogen

A non-destructive neutron scattering method was developed to precisely measure the uptake of total hydrogen in nuclear grade Zircaloy-4 cladding. The hydriding apparatus consists of a closed stainless steel vessel that contains Zircaloy-4 specimens and hydrogen gas. By controlling the initial hydrogen gas pressure in the vessel and the temperature profile, target hydrogen concentrations from tens of ppm to a few thousands of ppm have been successfully achieved. Following hydrogen charging, the hydrogen content of the hydrided specimens was measured using the vacuum hot extraction method (VHE), by which the samples with desired hydrogen concentration were selected for the neutron study. Small angle incoherent neutron scattering (SAINS) were performed in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Our study indicates that a very small amount (≈ 20 ppm) hydrogen in commercial Zircaloy-4 cladding can be measured very accurately in minutes for a wide range of hydrogen concentration by a nondestructive method. The hydrogen distribution in a tube sample was obtained by scaling the neutron scattering rate with a factor, which is determined by calibration process with direct chemical analysis method on the specimen. This scale factor can be used for future test with unknown hydrogen concentration, thus provide a nondestructive method for absolute hydrogen concentration determination.
Reply to E. Zanet et al

Author(s): Blanch-Hartigan, Danielle; Nekhlyudov, Larissa; Smith, Tenbroeck; Alfano, Catherine M; Rowland, Julia H; Forsythe, Laura P; Ganz, Patricia A
mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.
Parameter Estimation, Model Identification, and Model Validation: Conceptual-Type Models

A variety of modeling approaches have been adopted to represent the hydrologic response (runoff) of catchments to meteorologic input (precipitation). The available models vary greatly in their degree of complexity and realism, and they range from simple empirical relationships and time-series models to conceptual-type and physically-based models. The purpose of this lecture is to focus on the conceptual rainfall-runoff (CRR) models. A summary of the work reported since 1983 is presented. As it will be demonstrated, CRR models contain structural peculiarities which make the application of model identification and parameter estimation methods difficult. Recent developments which have been intended to overcome some of these difficulties will be discussed.
Rigorous integration of maps and long-term stability

In spite of its importance, it has been very difficult to estimate long-term stability of particles in repetitive systems in a fully rigorous way. One of the main causes of the difficulty is the inaccuracy of the maps of the system; while to any fixed order they can be computed easily using Differential algebraic (DA) techniques, it has so far not been possible to determine bounds for the remainders. Another difficulty is that most methods to rigorously formulate the problem lead to the need for global optimization of highly complex multi-dimensional objective functions. The remainder-enhanced differential algebraic (RDA) method, an extension of the DA method that simultaneously provides rigorous bounds for the remainders, can solve both problems. The Taylor maps are evaluated rigorously with interval remainders, using the verified integral method within the framework of RDA. And rigorous RDA global optimization allows to efficiently get bounds on long-term stability.
Inhibitory neuronal activity can compensate for adverse effects of β-amyloid in hippocampal neurons

Abstract One of the most prominent effects of Alzheimer disease is the disruption of finely tuned neuronal circuitry of discrete brain regions associated with learning and memory. Results from the present study support a role for the intrinsic inhibitory component of neuronal circuitry in determining the magnitude of β-amyloid peptide induced cell death in the highly vulnerable pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Previous efforts have mostly focused on direct effects on excitatory neurons. By contrast, less emphasis has been placed on addressing a role for the intrinsic inhibitory component of cell–cell interactions of neuronal networks in response to Aβ. The present study provides evidence demonstrating that blockage of the intrinsic inhibitory component between Aβ exposed neurons leads to destabilization of calcium homeostasis and exacerbated neuronal death compared to Aβ treated cultures. Neuronal electrical activity was first silenced by exposing cultures to tetrodotoxin (TTX; 100 nM) plus Aβ, followed by survival counts. Cell death, unexpectedly, did not significantly differ from Aβ-exposed neurons. The intrinsic inhibition in Aβ-exposed cultures was then pharmacologically removed with picrotoxin (40 μM) or bicuculline (25 μM) resulting in significantly greater death than Aβ-exposed neurons alone. From these observations, it is proposed that intrinsic functional inhibition in hippocampal circuits can reduce adverse effects of Aβ on the excitatory component. By considering not just the excitatory component of electrical activity, but the intrinsic balance between excitation and inhibition, new strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer disease may emerge.
“Our Most Serious Enemy”: The Specter of Judeo-Bolshevism in the German Military Community, 1914–1923

That the Wehrmacht participated fully in a racial war of extermination on behalf of the National Socialist regime is indisputable. Officers and enlisted men alike accepted the logic that the elimination of the Soviet Union was necessary for Germany's survival. The Wehrmacht's atrocities on the Eastern Front are a testament to the success of National Socialist propaganda and ideological training, but the construct of “Judeo-bolshevism” originated during World War I and its immediate aftermath. Between 1918 and 1923, central Europe witnessed a surge in right-wing paramilitary violence and anti-Semitic activity resulting from fears of bolshevism and a widely held belief that Jews were largely responsible for spreading revolution. Jews suffered the consequences of revolution and resurgent nationalism in the borderlands between Germany and Russia after World War I, but it was inside Germany that the construct of Judeo-bolshevism evolved into a powerful rhetorical tool for the growing volkisch movement and eventually a justification for genocide.