cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Gel Electrode to Fatigue Testing of Aluminum Components

The gel electrode [1–4] is a simple probe for detecting and imaging fatigue damage in aluminum alloys, which is substantially more sensitive than conventional techniques. The procedure consists of: 1) precoating the component with a uniform anodized film, 2) fatigue testing for a predetermined number of cycles, 3) contacting the surface with a flexible gel containing potassium iodide and starch, and 4) applying a voltage pulse. If a fatigue crack is present the current flows preferentially to it and an image of the crack is formed in the surface of the gel. The basic principle of the technique was reviewed in same detail at the previous conference in this series [5], with emphasis on selecting the various parameters, such as the pulse duration and the concentration of ingredients, to yield clearly visible and repeatable images.
Health Effects of Smoking and the Benefits of Quitting

An overview of the negative health effects of smoking and the benefits to be gained from quitting. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Mouse models of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Mouse models of acute promyelocytic leukemia have been generated through transgenic, knock-in, retroviral, and xenograft strategies. These models have been used to elucidate mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis. Among the areas investigated are the role of reciprocal fusions; effects of target cells, expression levels, and mouse strains; cooperating events; and restrictive and permissive factors. These models have also been used to gain insight into the effects of the immune system on leukemic cells and the mechanism of response to retinoic acid. Furthermore, preclinical studies utilizing these mice have advanced therapy for myeloid leukemia.
Inherited metabolic disorders—from genes to cell to patient to population to society and back

Annals of Translation Medicine (ATM) focused issue: inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) is a one stop resource for all levels of learners from undergraduates interested in science to multiple subspecialties in the field of medicine, genetics and public health. From the historical perspective of the term “Inborn Errors of Metabolism” coined by Sir Archibald Garrod connected biochemistry, clinical medicine and genetics more than 100 years ago.
Bifurcation in the almost periodic Ricker map

It was shown in an earlier publication that the Ricker equation with Almost Periodic coefficient with finitely generated frequency module and with average value lying in (0,2) has Almost Periodic s...
El ingreso básico como herramienta para subvertir los roles de género y, de paso, salvar el capitalismo

Pocos niegan hoy que el mercado, por si solo, es incapaz de generar espontaneamente una distribucion equitativa de los recursos sociales. Para lograr una buena articulacion entre capitalismo, mercado y democracia, se ha propuesto el reconocimiento de un nuevo derecho social: el Ingreso Basico Universal que, en su version mas extendida, supone un ingreso incondicional de subsistencia, pagado por el gobierno, de manera uniforme y en intervalos regulares, tanto a nacionales como a residentes permanentes. Aunque existen disputas sobre la incondicionalidad de este ingreso, es decir, sobre si el beneficiario debe o no cooperar con su trabajo a la sociedad, lo cierto es que la propuesta del Ingreso Basico Universal tiene, al menos, tres importantes atractivos. Primero, que es probablemente la primera oportunidad real en la historia para reconocer el trabajo de cuidado que realizan las mujeres en todo el mundo gratuitamente. En segundo lugar, se trataria de una propuesta visionaria que permitira responder a la previsible problematica generada por el llamado capitalismo cognitivo y la perdida de trabajos derivada del desarrollo de la Inteligencia Artificial. Finalmente, el Ingreso Basico Universal seria una herramienta eficaz para paliar la actual crisis del desempleo y la precariedad laboral
A complete set of in-medium splitting functions to any order in opacity

Abstract In this Letter we report the first calculation of all O ( α s ) medium-induced branching processes to any order in opacity. Our splitting functions results are presented as iterative solutions to matrix equations with initial conditions set by the leading order branchings in the vacuum. The flavor and quark mass dependence of the in-medium q → q g , g → g g , q → g q , g → q q ¯ processes is fully captured by the light-front wavefunction formalism and the color representation of the parent and daughter partons. We include the explicit solutions to second order in opacity as supplementary material and present numerical results in a realistic strongly-interacting medium produced in high center-of-mass energy heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Our numerical simulations show that the second order in opacity corrections can change the energy dependence of the in-medium shower intensity. We further find corrections to the longitudinal and angular distributions of the in-medium splitting kernels that may have important implications for jet substructure phenomenology.
Privacy as a Parameter of Competition in Merger Reviews

This Article describes how merger reviews under current competition law are able to treat privacy as a dimension of competition. It illustrates this possibility through an examination of the European Commission’s reviews of the Facebook/WhatsApp merger and the Microsoft/LinkedIn merger. This Article examines the legal, factual and practical considerations that collectively amount to large and potentially insurmountable obstacles to this effort to improve privacy protection through merger review. These obstacles include the inability to apply or extend privacy law directly, the unresolved conceptual knots in clarifying the notion of privacy competition, the empirical difficulties in determining the existence and extent of privacy competition, and the requirement to show that any post-merger failure to satisfy privacy preferences results from a substantial lessening of competition, rather than from independent business judgements or the proper operation of competitive forces. This Article concludes that merger reviews are not likely to improve privacy very much. it would be better to turn to other aspects of antitrust law or to privacy law itself to vindicate privacy rights.
Selective heating and enhanced boiling in microwave heating of multicomponent (solid–liquid) foods

Selective or enhanced heating of a solid in a solid–liquid mixture in microwaves that can lead to enhanced boiling and possibly bumping was studied. A soup containing broth and particulate foods was heated in a cylindrical container in a standard domestic microwave oven. Heating patterns were obtained using a coupled three dimensional thermal‐electromagnetic model, as well as an infrared camera, and boiling was visually observed. Selective heating of the solid particulates over the broth depends on their dielectric and thermal property differential. Enhanced and early boiling on the surface resulting from selective heating also depends on factors that aid in bubble formation and growth such as the surface roughness and porosity (gas pockets) in the solid. For quick prediction of the potential for enhanced heating in product design, a characteristic number was developed that can predict situations that are more prone to enhanced heating than the surrounding liquid. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: When microwave heating of a soup or a soup‐like multicomponent mixture of solid and liquid foods, for example carrot or corn pieces in a broth, the solid can end up heating faster than the surrounding liquid, leading boiling to be initiated preferentially at the solid surface, as opposed to in the bulk broth. Depending on the solid material and its surface properties, such a boiling can be further enhanced and sudden, leading to possible bumping during the heating process. A simple design parameter, based on easily available dielectric and thermal properties of the solid and liquid, was developed to quickly predict the possibility of such an enhanced heating of the solid surface (that could eventually lead to bumping). When designing microwaveable products like soups, this simple parameter can be of particular help, reducing the time and resources for experimentation by providing a quick estimate of the probability of enhanced boiling and thus bumping.
Gene Savoy’s Project X and Expanding the Mind Through the Sun and Astral Bodies

This paper exams Gene Savoy’s Project X, The Search for the Secrets of Immortality (1977), a record of Savoy’s (perhaps misguided) attempt to rediscover a perceived heightened awareness that he felt the Inca and related cultures achieved by staring at the sun to receive a heightened awareness. A subject of Peter Sercher’s documentary Eat the Sun (2011), Savoy, noted for his discovery of many South American pre-Columbian ruins, practiced a form of spiritual meditation by staring at the sun and believed the sun had a kind of intelligence that permeated the universe beyond the Earth and human mind but could be integrated into that mind. Some of his ideas to this end, as well as personal accounts of meditation practices, will be discussed. This appeal to the sun as well as other heavenly bodies for a heightened awareness, an expanded consciousness, will be compared with similar metaphysical constructs in Taoism, Vedanta, and other spiritual traditions. In effect, the paper is a consideration of the nature of consciousness and its relation to the so-called material world. The approach to a pre-Socratic first philosophy based on one element or another is revisited and revitalized in a general sense by such focuses connected now to consciousness.
Seeking the Goals of K-12 Computing Education: A Text Analysis based Literature Review

What students are supposed to learn from computing education is a fundamental question for curriculum design. Based on 1,462 articles we extracted from Web of Science, Eric, and Jstor, we performed a keyword analysis and case analysis so as to answer this question. The findings indicate that problem-solving, collaboration skills, and creativity are the common goals identified in computing education, while students' improvements of abstraction, inclusiveness, and self-efficacy are rarely studied by educators. By comparing this result to the learning objectives defined by curriculum standards, we identified a gap between the current common practices in school and the visions provided by the standards. We also summarized some best practices of improving students' multiple competences through computing education.
White and Gray Matter Abnormalities in Manifest Huntington's Disease: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early white matter (WM) changes and cortical atrophy in Huntington's disease (HD) are often evident before disease onset and extend through the brain during manifest stages. The trajectory of these brain abnormalities in symptomatic stages remains relatively unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate how the pattern of WM and gray matter (GM) alterations progress over time. METHODS We investigated alterations in brain WM, cortical thickness, and subcortical structures using diffusion and structural magnetic resonance imaging, in manifest HD patients (n = 13) compared to age-matched healthy controls (n = 11). Imaging and clinical data for the HD group were collected at follow-up (7 months) to explore possible longitudinal changes. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses identified significant posterior cortical thinning (P < .05) and symmetric fractional anisotropy (FA) reduction (P < .01) in brain WM of HD group compared to HC. These changes were strongly correlated with impairment in motor symptoms and processing speed. Subcortical atrophy was significant in caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus (P < .001). Regions of interest analysis revealed a significant reduction in FA of the corpus callosum (CC) (-2.19%, P < .05) upon follow-up, whereas no significant cortical thinning and subcortical atrophy was found. CONCLUSIONS This study showed broad GM and WM abnormalities in manifest HD patients. Reductions in FA and cortical thinning correlated significantly with the disturbances of motor and cognitive processing that describe HD. Follow-up assessment showed that the CC is compromised in the absence of detectable GM changes or motor decline, suggesting it plays an important role in disease progression.
Classifying crime places by neighborhood visual appearance and police geonarratives: a machine learning approach

The complex interrelationship between the built environment and social problems is often described but frequently lacks the data and analytical framework to explore the potential of such a relationship in different applications. We address this gap using a machine learning (ML) approach to study whether street-level built environment visuals can be used to classify locations with high-crime and lower-crime activities. For training the ML model, spatialized expert narratives are used to label different locations. Semantic categories (e.g., road, sky, greenery, etc.) are extracted from Google Street View (GSV) images of those locations through a deep learning image segmentation algorithm. From these, local visual representatives are generated and used to train the classification model. The model is applied to two cities in the U.S. to predict the locations as being linked to high crime. Results show our model can predict high- and lower-crime areas with high accuracies (above 98% and 95% in first and second test cities, accordingly).
Where Trade and Industrial Policy Converge: How Developing Countries Can Utilize Trade Preferences to Generate Sustainable, Local Growth in the Garment Sector

The rise of the textile and apparel global value chains and trade preferences has created unprecedented opportunities for developing countries to participate in trade in textiles and apparel. Yet, while some countries have managed to build backward linkages and engage in industrial upgrad­ing, others remain locked in the lower echelons of the textile and apparel value chain. This Article demonstrates that trade preferences and rules of origin alone do not explain coun­tries' diverging experiences in the apparel value chain. Rather, a country's industrial policy is crucial in determining sustainable growth: is it solely export-oriented, or does it balance promoting growth of Foreign Direct Investment with encouraging the development of a parallel domestic industry? This Article demonstrates the key role of industrial policy by engaging in a qualitative analysis of the experiences of six developing countries in integrating into the textile and apparel global value chain: Lesotho, Kenya, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Cambodia. Based on the successes and the failures of the countries studied, this Article ends by providing specific policy options for a balanced industrial policy, at a national, regional and international level.
Extrusion of peritoneal catheter through the mouth.

A case is reported in which the peritoneal catheter of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt entered the thoracic cavity, perforating the tracheobronchial tree and finally extruding through the mouth.
Flexibility of nuptial colouration in a unique ecotype of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Nuptial colouration in animals may serve as a signal of competitor and (or) mate quality during breeding. In many temperate fishes, nuptial colouration develops during discrete breeding seasons and...
Simple and Efficient Budget Feasible Mechanisms for Monotone Submodular Valuations

We study the problem of a budget limited buyer who wants to buy a set of items, each from a different seller, to maximize her value. The budget feasible mechanism design problem requires the design a mechanism which incentivizes the sellers to truthfully report their cost and maximizes the buyer’s value while guaranteeing that the total payment does not exceed her budget. Such budget feasible mechanisms can model a buyer in a crowdsourcing market interested in recruiting a set of workers (sellers) to accomplish a task for her.
Yeewa (Collaborative Creativity) as Methodology

In this chapter, I explore how collaborative creativity might serve as an Indigenous research methodology, particularly for questions about the nature and ownership of intangible cultural expressions like Indigenous songs—questions typically directed to the settler domains of music and law. I first examine the ways music and legal scholars have approached the study of Indigenous sound and Indigenous peoples’ rights to sound, showing how both fields are moving toward greater acceptance of participatory research methods and research goals that serve the needs of Indigenous communities on the ground. I then explore the use of collaborative creativity—in this case, collaborative composition in sound—as a potentially decolonizing and Indigenizing research methodology, drawing on my experiences as an Indigenous researcher working with Hopi yeewa Clark Tenakhongva in our efforts to assert Hopi sovereignty within Ongtupqa (Grand Canyon National Park) through a fusion of music and taatawi (Hopi traditional song). I argue that collaborative creativity opens up generative spaces where creators, performers, and audiences are required to confront, negotiate, and often act together through media that may be ontologically diverse, potentially doing transformative work within intersecting political, social, and environmental networks.
Demographically-corrected normative data for the RBANS learning ratio in a sample of older adults

BACKGROUND A novel learning slope score - the Learning Ratio (LR) - has recently been developed that appears to be sensitive to memory performance and AD pathology more optimally than traditional learning slope calculations. While promising, this research to date has been both experimental and based on group differences, and therefore does not aid in the interpretation of individual LR performance for either clinical or research settings. The objective of the current study was to develop demographically-corrected normative data on these LR learning slopes on verbal learning measures from the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). METHOD The current study examined the influence of age and education on LR metrics for the List Learning, Story Memory, and an Aggregated RBANS score in 200 cognitively intact adults aged 65 or older using linear regression. RESULTS Age and education correlated with most LR metrics, but no sex differences were observed. Linear regression permitted the prediction of LR values from age and education, which are then compared to observed LR values. The result is demographically-corrected T scores for these LR metrics. CONCLUSIONS By comparing observed and predicted LR scores calculated from regression-based prediction equations, this represents the first step towards interpretation of individual performances on this metric for clinical decision making and treatment planning purposes. With future replication in diverse and heterogenous samples, we hope to offer a new clinical tool for the examination of learning slopes in older adults.
True UV color vision in a female butterfly with two UV opsins.

In true color vision, animals discriminate between light wavelengths, regardless of intensity, using at least two photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivity peaks. Heliconius butterflies have duplicate UV opsin genes, which encode ultraviolet and violet photoreceptors, respectively. In Heliconius erato, only females express the ultraviolet photoreceptor, suggesting females (but not males) can discriminate between UV wavelengths. We tested the ability of H. erato, and two species lacking the violet receptor, Heliconius melpomene and Eueides isabella, to discriminate between 380 and 390 nm, and between 400 and 436 nm, after being trained to associate each stimulus with a sugar reward. We found that only H. erato females have color vision in the UV range. Across species, both sexes show color vision in the blue range. Models of H. erato color vision suggest that females have an advantage over males in discriminating the inner UV-yellow corollas of Psiguria flowers from their outer orange petals. Moreover, previous models ( McCulloch et al., 2017) suggested that H. erato males have an advantage over females in discriminating Heliconius 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK) yellow wing coloration from non-3-OHK yellow wing coloration found in other heliconiines. These results provide some of the first behavioral evidence for female H. erato UV color discrimination in the context of foraging, lending support to the hypothesis ( Briscoe et al., 2010) that the duplicated UV opsin genes function together in UV color vision. Taken together, the sexually dimorphic visual system of H. erato appears to have been shaped by both sexual selection and sex-specific natural selection.
Effects of spatial correlations in particulate media on dependent scattering and radiative transport

Abstract Radiative transport in particulate media is a ubiquitous problem with energy, manufacturing, and catalysis applications. Despite the limited applicability of the theory of independent scattering, it continues to be widely applied to model radiative transport in an ensemble of large particles. While scale factors that correct for dependent scattering effects have been obtained as a function of the solid volume fraction, its dependencies on the spatial distributions of the particles have not been investigated. Herein, we examine the influences of the three-dimensional spatial distributions and the solid volume fraction of particles on radiative transport, and quantify the resulting deviations from the independent scattering assumption. Packed beds with Poisson, random, ordered and clustered spatial distributions of particles, and varying solid volume fractions (0.05–0.5) are computationally generated. Spatial correlations of particles are statistically quantified using an index of cluster sampling. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations are preformed to obtain radiative transmittance, path-length distribution, angular distribution of the transmitted rays, and the scattering phase function. Results reveal that the radiative transmittance and the extinction coefficient are strongly influenced by the spatial distributions of the particles, in addition to the solid volume fraction. For the first time, we have developed a generalized correlation that predicts scale factors as a function of the index of cluster sampling, which is dictated by the spatial distributions and the solid volume fractions of the particles. Ordered beds with perfectly negative correlations in the spatial positions of the particles exhibit a more discrete interaction of radiation with the ensemble as compared to the other spatial distributions. This aspect leads to increased directionality of transmitted radiation and anisotropy in the scattering phase function for large solid volume fractions.
Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs

Foreword.Preface.About the Authors.Part One: The Dynamic Model of Student Affairs Competence.1. Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs.2. Multicultural Competence in Theory and Translation.3. Multicultural Competence in Administration and Management.4. Multicultural Competence in Helping and Advising.5. Multicultural Competence in Assessment and Research.6. Multicultural Competence in Ethics and Professional Standards.7. Multicultural Competence in Teaching and Training.Part Two: Research and Practice Implications of Multicultural Competence.8. Multicultural Competence Research and Practical Implications.9. Multicultural Competence: Reflection and Practice.Case 1-Orientation Skit Flap.Case 2-Equal Opportunity Employer in Search of "Good" Diverse Candidates Deidre Marriner, Associate Director of Undergraduate Advising, SUNY, University at Buffalo.Case 3-Looking for a Place to Be All of Me Katherine Frier, Assistant Director of Employee Relations, SUNY, University at Buffalo.Case 4-The New Hate Speech: Using New Technology for Old Messages.Case 5-Just an Average White Guy Nigel Marriner, Assistant Administrative Director, SUNY, University at Buffalo.Case 6-Just Watching TV.Case 7-Diversity Training for Student Leaders Matthew J. Weigand, Director of New Student Programs, SUNY, University at Buffalo.10. Conclusion.References.Index.
Archaic Syntax in Indo-European: The Spread of Transitivity in Latin and French

This book analyzes structures in (early) Indo-European languages that traditionally have been difficult to account for: impersonal verbs, "mihi est" constructions to express possession, "mihi est" constructions in combination with a nominal form of the verb, and absolute constructions. It is argued that they are inherited from Proto-Indo- European and that they are residues of a stage at which the proto-language was non-nominative. Their gradual replacement with modern transitive structures, as demonstrated in detail in the development of Latin and French, shows the increasing importance of transitivity in the development of Indo-European.
The Role of Technology in Preparing Youth with Disabilities for Postsecondary Education and Employment

Access to electronic and information technology has the potential to promote positive postsecondary academic and career outcomes for students with disabilities. However, this potential will not be ...
Securitization of Assets: An Accounting and Finance Case

This educational case explores the interesting and complex topic of asset securitization. In the past decade, a large portion of worldwide debt issuances have used this process. Securitization is the transformation of long-term receivables into new debt securities that look entirely different. These securities are sold into the investment markets and traded with liquidity. In this assignment, students model the full set of cash flows in a simulated securitization of equipment loans, and evaluate the underlying accounting and finance issues. An actual securitization is also analyzed to gain a real-world perspective.
Matching flexible polygons to fields of corners extracted from images

We propose a novel efficient method that finds partial and complete matches to models for families of polygons in fields of corners extracted from images. The polygon models assign specific values of acuteness to each corner in a fixed-length sequence along the boundary. The absolute and relative lengths of sides can be either constrained or left unconstrained by the model. Candidate matches are found by using the model as a guide in linking corners previously extracted from images. Geometrical similarity is computed by comparing corner acutenesses and side lengths for candidate polygons to the model. Photometric similarity is derived by comparing directions of sides in candidate polygons to pixel gradient directions in the image. The flexibility and efficiency of our method is demonstrated by searching for families of buildings in large overhead images.
DYNAMICS OF CONTAINED OIL SLICKS

An oil slick contained on the surface of a flowing stream may be divided into two zones of influence; a frontal region where dynamic forces are dominant and a viscous zone where viscous stresses determine the form of the slick. It is shown that the frontal thickness of an oil slick can be expressed as a function of a densimetric Froude number based on properties of the stream and the density of the oil. Dynamic effects cause the interface to become unstable when the densimetric Froude number exceeds a critical value and retention of a slick under such conditions becomes impossible.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Embeddedness

Embeddedness is a value construct developed by in his analysis of individual and cultural value orientations. The embeddedness vs. autonomy dimension focuses on the social relationships and social environment in which people interact. This dimension explains people's cultural orientation toward social relationships between individuals and groups. The embeddedness dimension was developed in response to the challenge of understanding and managing the relations or boundaries between the individual and the group. The two constructs embeddedness and autonomy reflect contrasting values. Members of cultures that vary on this dimension differ in the way they understand and interpret the world. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; Shalom H. Schwartz
Generalized Adiabatic Theory Applied to the Magnetotail Current Sheet

We use the generalized first adiabatic invariant, an extension of the magnetic moment for regions of large field gradients, to treat particles in the magnetotail current sheet. The equations of motion can be expressed in terms of drift parameters which vary slowly and smoothly at the drift rate, not at the gyration rate. The analysis leads to boundaries in phase space which form a generalized loss cone and separate particles drifting into and out of the layer from particles trapped within the layer. These boundaries can be used in the moment integrals for densities and currents when the drifting particles differ in temperature, or in other properties, from the trapped population, as has been suggested by observations. We give examples of how different kinds of particle orbits contribute to the spatial profiles of density and current and thus to the field structure of the current sheet. We find that the parallel pressure of the drifting particles must exceed the transverse pressure for self-consistent solutions to exist, and based on this result, we give examples of fully self-consistent solutions using bi-Maxwellian ion and Maxwellian electron distributions. We give a proof, using generalized adiabatic theory, of Cowley's (1978a) theorem that particles trapped in the current layer experience zero net drift.
Chapter 4 Structure and Function of Regulator of G Protein Signaling Homology Domains

All regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins contain a conserved domain of approximately 130 amino acids that binds to activated heterotrimeric G protein α subunits (Gα) and accelerates their rate of GTP hydrolysis. Homologous domains are found in at least six other protein families, including a family of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and the G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Although some of the RhoGEF and GRK RGS-like domains can also bind to activated Gα subunits, they do so in distinct ways and with much lower levels of GTPase activation. In other protein families, the domains have as of yet no obvious relationship to heterotrimeric G protein signaling. These RGS homology (RH) domains are now recognized as mediators of extraordinarily diverse protein-protein interactions. Through these interactions, they play roles that range from enzyme to molecular scaffold to signal transducing module. In this review, the atomic structures of RH domains from RGS proteins, Axins, RhoGEFs, and GRKs are compared in light of what is currently known about their functional roles.
Molecular Imaging: The Future of Modern Medicine

The second Industry/Expert Molecular Imaging Summit, ‘‘Molecular Imaging: The Future of Modern Medicine,’’ was held February 17–19 in Newport Beach, CA. Hosted by the SNM Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (MICoE), the meeting provided an opportunity for leaders from academia, industry, government, and regulatory agencies to come together both formally and informally to identify and discuss issues crucial to the advancement of molecular imaging along the continuum from discovery to beneficial clinical applications.
Misguided Mainstreaming: The Case for Social Skills Training with Handicapped Children

This paper asserts that mainstreaming is based in part upon three faulty assumptions: (a) placement of handicapped children in regular classrooms will result in increased social interaction between handicapped and nonhandicapped children; (b) placement of handicapped children in regular classrooms will result in increased social acceptance of handicapped children by their nonhandicapped peers; and (c) mainstreamed handicapped children will model the behavior of their nonhandicapped peers because of increased exposure to them. A large body of research is reviewed which refutes these three assumptions. An alternative approach is suggested whereby handicapped children would be taught the requisite social skills for effective social interaction and peer acceptance. Social skills curricula for use by both special and regular education teachers are suggested for accomplishing this end.
A new mutation of surfactant protein C gene causing severe respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary fibrosis

The pulmonary surfactant is an unique phospholipid and protein complex that is synthesized, packaged and secreted by alveolar type II cells. The phospholipid compontents constitute approximately 90% weight of pulmonary surfactant, while the remaining 10% is constituted by protein components, including surfactant-associated proteins SP-A, B, C and D. Genetic mutations in surfactant production and function are associated with different clinical phenotypes and can cause significant primary lung disease in full-term infants, older children and adults. Mutations in the surfactant protein C gene have been recently associated with the development of diffuse lung disease, particularly sporadic and familial interstitial lung disease. SC is a one year old girl, who presented acute respiratory insufficiency at 6 months of age during an acute bronchiolitis, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. CT scan showed bilateral ground glass appearance and siderocytes were found in BAL fluid. She was referred 6 months later in poor general conditions, failure to thrive and oxygen dependent. Cystic fibrosis was excluded by negative sweat tests and CFTR mutations study. CT scan confirmed diffuse interstitial lung disease and “honeycombing” appearance. Pulmonary biopsy showed an interstitial lung disease with lamellar bodies anomalies typical of surfactant proteins deficiency. The genetic mutations analysis showed a new mutation in the exon 3 of the gene encoding SP-C.Patients with severe respiratory failure and/or interstitial lung disease should be always investigated for surfactant protein deficiency, particularly if other more common diseases are excluded.
A CAD model for MOS transistors valid in all regions of operation

An accurate and computationally efficient charge-based model for the intrinsic capacitances in MOS transistors is proposed. The model is valid in the subthreshold regime and is based on the quasi-static approximation. By integrating this model with a corresponding one in the strong inversion regime, a complete model valid in all regions of operation is presented. An interpolation scheme which guarantees the continuity of the drain current and the capacitances as well as their derivatives is used to provide a smooth transition from subthreshold to strong inversion. The theoretical predictions of the model are compared to the numerically simulated data extracted from MINIMOS 4.0 and are found to be in good agreement over a wide range of voltages. >
INVESTIGATION OF DNA'S BY A NEW PSEUDO-RAMAN TECHNIQUE

The Raman spectrum of long chain biological polymers displays a broad band which is distinct from conventional molecular Raman lines. A hypothesis based on a new Electromagnetic Molecular Electronic Resonance has been advanced to explain it. The resolved broad band data of Poly-L-Glutamic acid and Bovine Serum Albumin coincide with the predictions of this theory. The technique has been extended to the analysis of double stranded DNA's. . Spectra obtained from T7 and A viruses show that there is an Electromagnetic Molecular Electronic Resonance taking place along 1 orbital chains between coupled bases. This provides the first experimental proof that there is a IT orbital coupling from base to base in double stranded DNA's. A base dislocation along the DNA is detected in the spectrum. An important feature of this new technique is that it does identify a virus DNA, and measures its length, when the latter is still inside its protein coat.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Light Scattering Instrumentation for Aerosol Studies: An Historical Overview

ABSTRACT The most powerful and elegant method for determining particle size distributions of aerosols by light scattering is to observe single particles suspended in a Millikan–Fletcher electrostatic field. The first such light scattering studies were carried out by Whytlaw-Gray and Patterson (1926), by Gucker and Egan (1961), and then by Wyatt and Phillips (1972). Optically levitated particles were studied by Grehan and Gousebet (1986). Optical particle counters were devised by Gucker and his associates (1947a,b) and Gucker and Rose (1954) for both forward and 90° viewing. Gucker also built an instrument for on-line viewing of 360° scatter by particles flowing through a light beam in single file. Individual particles were also analyzed in an ultramicroscope by Wells and Gerke (1919). The earliest angular scattering patterns from assemblies of particles were by Tolman and Vliet (1921) and by Sinclair and La Mer (1949). Other interesting systems have utilized acoustic detectors, power loss in a laser cavit...
Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the concentration and specific radioactivity of phosphoenolpyruvate and uridine diphosphate glucose in tissue extracts.

A rapid and efficient isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for studying the metabolism of phosphoenolpyruvate and uridine dispohosphate glucose (UDPG) has been developed. For each compound this method can measure tissue concentrations in the range 0.1-1000 nmol/g of tissue and determine specific radioactivity. All measurements can be performed in 200 mg of tissue. The recoveries of uridine disphosphate [6-3H]glucose and phosphoenol[1-14C]pyruvate from liver tissue homogenates were 97 and 99%, respectively. Following intra-arterial infusion of [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]lactate in conscious rat, the concentration and specific radioactivity of phosphoenolpyruvate and UDPG were determined in rat liver. The method may be applied to experimentation in small animals using radiolabelled precursors in order to quantitate in vivo the glycogenic and gluconeogenic fluxes.
The Site and Mechanism of Oxygen Sensing for the Pulmonary Vessels

Lung vessels are unique in the body in that they react to hypoxia with constriction rather than dilatation. Whether this characteristic is inherent in the lung vessel or is due to an influence from a sensor in the surrounding lung parenchyma is not resolved. Recent data, however, showing that vascular hypoxia as well as airway hypoxia can produce pulmonary vasoconstriction and that the sensor for alveolar hypoxia is upstream in the precapillary vessels, allows but does not prove the precapillary pulmonary artery itself to be the O2 sensor. In addition, with the elimination of the mast cell as a necessary extravascular sensor for hypoxia at least in the mouse, there is no good candidate for an extravascular sensor for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
An undulator for the 700 MeV VUV-ring of the National Synchrotron Light Source☆

The magnet parameters and the spectrum of the emitted radiation are considered for an undulator to be used in the VUV-Ring of the NSLS.
On the boundaries of a subfield: social theory's incorporation into population geography

In recent years, migration research has contributed to developing the connections between population geography and social theory. Critical and feminist geographers have played a central role in bringing into dialogue the concerns of objectivist and interpretivist research on spatial mobility. This article reviews some of this recent work, and argues that the issues at the core of critical migration studies are also those animating the discipline of geography more broadly. Inasmuch as migration research is engaging population geography with social theoretical debates, it is contributing towards the achievement of Trewartha's goal of placing population research in a pivotal position within the discipline of geography. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superheavy nuclei: a relativistic mean field outlook

The analysis of quasi-particle spectra in the heaviest A~250 nuclei with spectroscopic data provides an additional constraint for the choice of effective interaction for the description of superheavy nuclei. It strongly suggests that only the parametrizations which predict Z=120 and N=172 as shell closures are reliable for superheavy nuclei within the relativistic mean field theory. The influence of the central depression in the density distribution of spherical superheavy nuclei on the shell structure is studied. A large central depression produces large shell gaps at Z=120 and N=172. The shell gaps at Z=126 and N=184 are favoured by a flat density distribution in the central part of the nucleus. It is shown that approximate particle number projection (PNP) by means of the Lipkin–Nogami (LN) method removes pairing collapse seen at these gaps in the calculations without PNP.
The Role of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Outer Surface Structures in Extracellular Electron Transfer

The ability of the metal reducer Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) depends on the activity of a predicted type IV prepilin peptidase; PilD. Analysis of an S. oneidensis MR-1 pilD mutant indicated that it was deficient in pili production (Msh and type IV) and type II secretion (T2S). The requirement for T2S in metal reduction has been previously identified, but the role of pili remains largely unexplored. To define the role of type IV or Msh pili in electron transfer, mutants that lack one or both pilus biogenesis systems were generated and analyzed; a mutant that lacked flagella was also constructed and tested. All mutants were able to reduce insoluble Fe(III) and to generate current in MFCs, in contrast to the T2S mutant that is deficient in both processes. Our results show that loss of metal reduction in a PilD mutant is due to a T2S deficiency, and therefore the absence of c cytochromes from the outer surface of MR-1 cells, and not the loss of pili or flagella. Furthermore, MR-1 mutants deficient in type IV pili or flagella generated more current than the wild type, even though extracellular riboflavin levels were similar in all strains. This enhanced current generating ability is in contrast to a mutant that lacks the outer membrane c cytochromes, MtrC and OmcA. This mutant generated significantly less current than the wild type in an MFC and was unable to reduce Fe(III). These results indicated that although nanofilaments and soluble mediators may play a role in electron transfer, surface exposure of outer membrane c cytochromes was the determining factor in extracellular electron transfer in S. oneidensis MR-1.
Vorticity produced by shock wave diffraction

Numerical simulations with a monotonicity preserving flow solver have been performed to study shock diffraction phenomena and shock wave generated vorticity. The computations were performed using the conservative Finite Element Method-Flux Corrected Transport (FEM-FCT) scheme, which has been shown to have an excellent predictive capability for various compressible flows with both strong and weak shocks. Adaptive unstructured methodology based on adapting to high density and entropy gradients was used in conjunction with a conservative shock-capturing scheme to adequately resolve storng and weak flowfield gradients. The chief interest was therefore, a topic of vortices (original paper:the formation of vorticity) arising from shock wave propagation over a sharp corner and the high accuracy and resolution of the interacting compressible wave features. Numerical simulations were compared with previous experimental results and exhibited remarkably good agreement in terms of compressible wave propagation, as well as vorticity development and transport. The computations also allowed insight to the fundamental fluid dynamics, spencifically shock diffraction, vortex convection and shock-vortex interactions.
Diffuse X-ray scattering measurements of point defects and clusters in iron

Abstract The nature of residual damage from atomic displacement cascades in iron has been investigated by diffuse X-ray scattering. A single crystal iron sample was irradiated at ∼60 °C in the High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to a fluence of 1 × 10 23 n/m 2 ( E > 0.1 MeV), or ∼0.01 dpa. Diffuse X-ray scattering measurements were carried out at the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory on three specimens: unirradiated, as-irradiated, and irradiated and annealed for one hour at 450 °C (IA). The specimens were cooled to ∼40 K to minimize thermal diffuse scattering. Subsequent measurements of the specimen lattice parameter were completed at ORNL. The diffuse scattering in the as-irradiated specimen was dominated by interstitial defect clusters exhibiting a tetragonal distortion consistent with a 〈1 0 0〉 type defect. Substantial recovery of this defect component was observed following the anneal at 450 °C. A lattice parameter increase was observed following irradiation, which is also consistent with a substantial population of interstitial type defects. A net lattice parameter decrease was observed in the IA specimen, indicating loss of the interstitial defects with a residual population of vacancy-type defects.
Effects of persantin on deoxycytidine transport by murine leukemia cells

Abstract Effects of persantin on nucleoside transport were studied using a sub line of the L1210 murine leukemia unable to metabolize deoxycytidine. Both uptake and exodus of deoxycytidine were inhibited by persantin; the inhibition was rapid, and could not be overcome by increasing the deoxycytidine concentration, Persantin accumulation was a temperature-insensitive and apparently non-saturable process.
Incorporating Laparoscopic Fellowship Does Not Increase Morbidity or Mortality in a University-Based Bariatric Practice

Background Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship is one of the most sought-after positions after residency. The increased use of bariatric operations has provided an abundance of advanced cases. The aim of this article is to determine if the addition of an MIS fellowship program has any impact on morbidity and mortality in a university-based bariatric program. Study Design Data from all laparoscopic gastric bypasses (LGBs) performed by one surgeon (RHC) from September 2001 until June 2006 were prospectively entered into a database, which was reviewed for morbidity and mortality before (group 1) and after (group 2) development of the MIS program. Mean operative time, length of hospital stay, anastomotic leaks and strictures, gastrointestinal bleeds, internal hernia, and mortality were compared between the two groups of patients using t -tests with significance of p=0.05. Results A total of 761 (group 1, n=397; group 2, n=364) LGBs were performed. For the total population, operating room time was 104 ± 24 minutes and length of hospital stay was 2 ± 0.3 days. Incidences of morbidities are as follows: leaks, 0.53%; marginal ulcer, 5.0%; anastomotic stricture, 6.7%; incarcerated internal hernia, 2.2%; gastric outlet obstruction, 0.53%; gastrointestinal bleed, 0.09%; and mortality, 0.13%. Comparing groups 1 and 2, mean operating room time was longer in group 2, but there was no marked difference between any of the other variables. Conclusions Addition of an MIS fellowship does not change the morbidity and mortality of LGB when developed in the context of a university-based bariatric practice that uses a systematic approach to preoperative evaluation, operative technique, and postoperative management.