cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of learning to learn II. Changes in transfer as a function of practice

Summary This study investigated changes in interlist transfer as a function of practice. Four paradigms of transfer were used, with lists of paired-associate adjectives as the learning materials: A-B, C-D (unrelated stimuli and unrelated responses); A-B, A-C (old stimuli and unrelated responses); A-B, A-Br (old stimuli and old responses re-paired), and A-B, A-B' (old stimuli and associatively related responses). A-B, C-D served as a reference paradigm for the evaluation of specific transfer effects under the other conditions. Each S learned three successive sets of lists conforming to a given paradigm. Speed of first-list learning increased at comparable rates under all conditions. The degree of improvement in second-list learning varied as a function of paradigm. The amount of positive transfer for Condition A-B increased as a function of practice, whereas the amount of negative transfer for Conditions A-C and A-Br declined. The increase in positive transfer was greater than were the reductions in negative transfer. The results indicate systematic changes in Ss' mode of attack on the transfer tasks.
Regulation of Lipogenic Gene Expression by Lysine-specific Histone Demethylase-1 (LSD1)

Dysregulation of lipid homeostasis is a common feature of several major human diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, because of the complex nature of lipid metabolism, the regulatory mechanisms remain poorly defined at the molecular level. As the key transcriptional activators of lipogenic genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) play a pivotal role in stimulating lipid biosynthesis. Several studies have shown that SREBPs are regulated by the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase SIRT1, which forms a complex with the lysine-specific histone demethylase LSD1. Here, we show that LSD1 plays a role in regulating SREBP1-mediated gene expression. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that LSD1 is required for SREBP1-dependent activation of the FAS promoter in mammalian cells. LSD1 knockdown decreases SREBP-1a at the transcription level. Although LSD1 affects nuclear SREBP-1 abundance indirectly through SIRT1, it is also required for SREBP1 binding to the FAS promoter. As a result, LSD1 knockdown decreases triglyceride levels in hepatocytes. Taken together, these results show that LSD1 plays a role in regulating lipogenic gene expression, suggesting LSD1 as a potential target for treating dysregulation of lipid metabolism.
Dog platelets accumulate intracellular fibrinogen as they age.

The alpha granules of circulating platelets are dynamic structures that acquire endogenous and exogenous components by synthesis and uptake, respectively. The uptake of exogenous components is a result of either receptor-mediated endocytosis or fluid-phase pinocytosis. Despite many detailed studies on the function and content of α-granules, little is known of the impact of platelet age on these organelles. In this report, we describe the use of platelet biotinylation to identify and isolate aged platelets for the analysis of α-granule contents. When aged platelets were permeabilized and examined by flow cytometry utilizing fluorescently labeled antibodies, two exogenously acquired proteins, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G, were found to increase significantly with platelet age. The levels of intracellular fibrinogen were found to be elevated relative to control, 114 ± 2% and 119 ± 5% on days 4 and 5 postbiotinylation, respectively; the life span of dog platelets is 6.0 days. Intracellular immunoglobulin G content increased similarly. Levels of two endogenously synthesized proteins, thrombosponding and P-selectin, were not elevated in aged platelets. Confirmation of the flow cytometric data was obtained by isolating aged, biotinylated platelets by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and quantitating the fibrinogen levels with an ELISA assay. For platelets averaging 4.6 days of age, the fibrinogen level was elevated to 128 ± 23% of the level for the entire platelet population. These data demonstrate that age-dependent changes in exogenously acquired α-granule proteins do occur and that the uptake mechanism for these proteins is active through out the platelet life span. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Examination of Behavioral Families of Organizational Withdrawal in Volunteer Workers and Paid Employees

Abstract The general behavioral families of job withdrawal and work withdrawal were examined in volunteer workers and paid employees working within the same organization. Volunteer workers exhibited lower levels of both job withdrawal and work withdrawal than paid employees, and only slightly higher levels of organizational commitment than paid employees. Hierarchical regression results indicated that although the same variables predicted job withdrawal and work withdrawal for both types of workers, different variables predicted each withdrawal construct. Implications for the study of volunteer workers and paid employees in organizations are discussed.
Two novel VHL targets, TGFBI (BIGH3) and its transactivator KLF10, are up-regulated in renal clear cell carcinoma and other tumors

Mutations in the VHL gene are associated with highly vascular tumors of kidney, brain, retina, and adrenal gland. The inability of the mutant VHL protein to destabilize HIF-1 plays a crucial role in malignant angiogenesis. VHL is also associated with ECM assembly but the molecular mechanisms of this activity remain unclear. We used expression arrays and cell lines with different VHL status to identify ECM-associated genes controlled by VHL. One of them, adhesion-associated TGFBI, was repressed by VHL and overexpressed in renal, gastrointestinal, brain, and other tumors. Analyzing the mechanism of TGFBI up-regulation in clear cell carcinoma, we identified a novel VHL target, a Kruppel-like transcriptional factor 10 (KLF10). The TGFBI promoter, which we isolated and studied in Luc-reporter assay, was induced by KLF10 but not hypoxia. These data provide the molecular basis for the observed VHL effect on TGFBI and stimulate further research into the KLF10 and TGFBI roles in cancer.
HS-FCC High-severity fluidized catalytic cracking: a newcomer to the FCC family

High-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) is a breakthrough technology in the refining and petrochemicals industry. It allows refineries to produce petrochemicals from heavy oils by converting a low-value refinery stream into high-value products, suitable for integrated processes. The process’s main operating features are the down flow reactor system, high reaction temperature, short residence time, and high catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio with a modified separator system. The unique down flow reactor system in the HS-FCC process ensures plug flow without back-mixing, allowing more selectivity toward light olefins. HS-FCC produces four times more light olefins (propylene and butene) and higher octane gasoline than conventional FCC units. Since 1999, the HS-FCC has successfully passed several phases of testing with different types of feedstock at various feed capacities. The process has been proven in a 30 barrel per day (bpd) demonstration plant at Ras Tanura Refinery, Saudi Arabia. In 2011, a 3,000 BPD HS-FCC semi-commercial plant started operating at JX Mizushima Refinery in Japan. The unit ran successfully, meeting all design objectives. A full-scale commercial unit study for a 30,000 BPD HS-FCC plant was completed by JX and Chiyoda for HS-FCC commercialization.
Nano/picoindentation measurements on single-crystal aluminum using modified atomic force microscopy

A nanoindentation device in conjunction with a commercial AFM is used to make indentations at ultra light loads in single-crystal aluminum. The nanoindentation device has the capability to make load-displacement measurements with subnanometer indentation depth sensitivity and in-situ imaging of indentations. Indentations were made at loads ranging from 15 to 1000 μN using a Berkovich indenter. The load-displacement data have been used to obtain indentation hardness of single-crystal aluminum. Hysteresis, creep and strain-rate sensitivity effects have also been studied.
Solutions to the Cross-Modulation Problems in Solid-State VHF-TV Tuners

Two solutions to the cross-modulation problem in VHF solid-state TV tuners are described. The first consists of a PIN diode attenuator preceding a common-gate FET amplifier. The second is a cascode arrangement of FET's designed to provide minimum cross-modulation. The performance of both solutions with respect to gain, noise figure, AGC range and skewing, and cross-modulation is compared to the performance of a 6HA5 amplifier at 200 MHz.
Life-Space Assessment and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly: Validity of Proxy Informant Responses

Abstract Objective To validate the administration of the Life-Space Assessment (LSA) and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) surveys to proxy informants, as would be necessary when measuring long-term outcomes in acutely ill, hospitalized older adults who are initially incapacitated but eventually return to the community. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting General community. Participants Convenience sample of dyads (N=40) composed of an ambulatory older adult and a familiar companion. Interventions Dyads completed the LSA and PASE surveys on 1 occasion. Companions based their responses on the recent mobility and physical activity of the older adult. Main Outcome Measures Paired total scores for each instrument. Results At a group level, the difference between older adult and companion mean scores for each instrument was not significant ( P >.05). Standardized mean difference values were small ( d P P >.05) or older adult gait speed ( P >.05). At an individual level, older adults and companions agreed more closely on the LSA than on the PASE. However, disagreement in excess of estimated measurement error occurred in 40% of the dyads for the LSA and in none of the dyads for the PASE. Conclusions Older adults and companions collectively provided similar responses on each instrument. Nonetheless, varying levels of agreement within individual dyads suggested that proxy responses should be considered carefully. Implications for clinical research and practice research are discussed.
Unusual cis-trans isomerism in N-acetyl, N‘-methylamide derivatives of syn- and anti-5-methylproline

By means of carbon-13 n.m.r. spectroscopy, we have investigated cis-trans isomerism for N-acetyl, N'-methylamide derivatives of syn- and anti-5-methylproline (syn: the methyl group and carboxamide are on the same side of the proline ring, anti: on opposite sides). For Ac-syn-5-MeProNHMe, we observe about 25% cis peptide bond isomers in most solvents as is common for oligopeptides of proline. The percentage of cis isomer is about 20% greater for Ac-anti-5-MeProNHMe in non-polar solvents. These percentages show little temperature dependence. The free energy barrier for trans to cis isomerization is 19.4 kcal/mol in dioxane and 20.0 kcal/mol in dimethylsulfoxide for Ac-anti-5-MeProNHMe, in agreement with values observed for other peptides. However, value observed for Ac-syn-5-MeProNHMe are about 2 kcal/mol lower. For the latter peptide the barrier is 1.7 kcal/mol higher in water than in three organic solvents. These results indicate that steric interactions of the 5-methyl group destabilized the trans peptide isomer in Ac-anti-5-MeProNHMe without affecting the isomerization barrier. In contrast, for Ac-syn-5-MeProNHMe, the cis and trans peptide isomers are destabilized by the same amount so that the barrier is lowered without altering the equilibrium ratio. The higher energy barrier in water indicates binding of solvent to the plant peptide ground state.
Possible Role of Yeast Endoproteinases in Ripening Surface-ripened Cheeses

Abstract Yeasts isolated from smears of Trappist-type cheese were studied for their proteolytic activity. Of the three strains chosen for study, one was classified as Debaryomyces and two were strains of Trichosporon . The Trichosporon cultures were distinctly proteolytic when grown in skimmilk, whereas the Debaryomyces showed litle proteolysis in skimmilk culture except when grown with Streptococcus lactis . Autolysis of the yeasts yielded an endoproteinase active on a casein substrate through a pH range of 5.0 to 7.0, with peak activity at pH 5.8. Conditions for the production of proteolytically active autolysates and for obtaining maximum activity when acting on the substrate were studied. These conditions would occur during the ripening period of the surface-ripened cheeses, lending support to the view that the yeast endoenzymes serve as ripening agents.
Universal design across the curriculum

The concepts of the applied universal design movement have created fresh perspectives on management tasks and opportunities.
Imaging of spinal injury in abusive head trauma: a retrospective study

Spinal imaging has been a neglected part of abusive head trauma (AHT) imaging. As most of the radiographs and CT spine are negative in AHT in infants, the cervical spine is assumed to be normal. There is increasing evidence in the role of injury to brainstem and cervical cord in the pathogenesis of AHT. In addition, in courts of law, there is fierce debate about AHT, its mimics and other disparate nontraumatic diagnoses explaining the neuroradiological and skeletal findings. However, this discussion ignores the evidence and significance of spinal injury. We sought to study the cervical spine in an AHT cohort to understand the true prevalence of spinal injuries in AHT and contrast it with cohorts of accidental and nontraumatic groups to give the clinicians a robust diagnostic tool in evaluating AHT. The purpose of this study is to compare the relative incidence of spinal ligamentous and soft-tissue abnormalities on spinal MRI among three groups of children ages <48 months: 1) those with AHT, 2) those with accidental trauma, and 3) those with nontraumatic conditions. This comparative study included 183 children who underwent spine MRI: 67 with AHT, 46 with accidental trauma and a clinical suspicion of spinal injury, and 70 with nontraumatic conditions. Clinical and radiographic findings were collected in all cases and were analyzed retrospectively to identify MRI evidence of traumatic spinal injuries. The incidence of spinal injuries among the three groups was compared. The incidence of spinal ligamentous injuries was calculated for those with and without radiographic evidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. All comparisons were performed using Fisher exact test with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Cervical spine ligamentous injuries (predominantly the nuchal, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments) were present in 78% of the AHT group, 46% of the accidental trauma group and 1% of the nontraumatic group; all of these differences were statistically significant. Among the AHT group, ligamentous injuries were statistically correlated with evidence of brain ischemia. Injury to the cervical spinal posterior ligamentous complex is common in AHT and even more prevalent than in clinically symptomatic traumatic cases. The high correlation between the radiographic findings of occipitocervical ligamentous injuries and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is consistent with an interpretation that transient upper occipitocervical spinal cord injury in AHT leads to disordered breathing and results in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We recommend imaging the entire spine in AHT to properly identify and classify these injuries.
Electromagnetic induction in finite-length cylinders: an exact solution

The calculation of electromagnetic fields and currents induced in circularly cylindric metallic shells by low-frequency external fields is discussed, with focus on the effects of finite cylinder length. For an inducing field possessing rotational symmetry about an axis parallel to the shell axis, we have developed approximate analytic solutions. Further, for the degenerate case of coincident axes, we obtain an exact analytic solution. Already this coaxial solution makes manifest the complexity introduced by finite length, and yet allows one to discern the behaviour of induced field and current with varying length. We outline here the basic field-theoretic formulation and a strategy for solving the finite cylinder problem for any inducing field, which yielded the approximate paraxial solutions cited. We then present a detailed derivation of our exact coaxial solution from the basic formulation. General properties of the exact analytic solution are discussed, including its practicability, eddy-current system and cylinder-length dependence, and contrasted with recent inadequate analytical treatments for both coaxial and paraxial cases.
Short periods of hypoxia activate a K+ current in central neurons

The effect of hypoxia on ionic currents was studied in acutely dissociated substantia nigra neurons. Using an external solution containing 0 mM Na+ and 0.5 mM Co2+, we found that overall whole-cell outward currents increased by 15-20% during 3-4 min of hypoxia. This current was voltage sensitive and could be completely blocked by TEA- and Cs+, suggesting that this is a K+ current. In cell-attached patches with 150 mM K+ in the external solution, we recorded a large-conductance outward current which was not observed during baseline and was reversibly activated by hypoxia. These results therefore provide the first direct evidence for the activation of K+ channels during O2 deprivation in central neurons.
Effect of surface hydrogen on metal‐diamond interface properties

Schottky barrier formation of metal contacts deposited on diamond (111) and (100) surfaces was investigated. Three different metals (Au, Al, and Ti) were studied because of their different chemical reactivity with C, i.e., Au being a nonreactive metal, Al a weak carbide‐forming metal, and Ti a strong carbide former. Both fully H‐terminated, unreconstruted (1×1) surfaces and H‐desorbed, reconstructed (2×2)/(2×1) surfaces with higher density of surface states were examined. Surface structures were determined via low‐energy electron diffraction, and the change of surface band bending (SBB) and the interface chemistry during the contact formation were monitored using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the reconstructed surfaces, the SBB was independent of metal thicknesses. This was attributed primarily to Fermi‐level pinning by the high density of surface states on the reconstructed surfaces. On the other hand, the surface‐state densities were much lower on the unreconstructed surfaces and thus the Fermi l...
Synthesizing Social Media Data Using Information Morphing

Intelligence analysts are often faced with information overload. This plethora of information makes manual analysis of intelligence data infeasible. Social Network Analysis (SNA) software can be used to automatically process and analyze data gathered from popular social media websites, such as Twitter. SNA software is often tested with small-scale data sets manually constructed by analysts to coincide with typical military scenarios. However, for SNA software to be practical for real world intelligence analysis, such software must be scalable when tested with large-scale data sets for which manual construction is too costly. An information morphing algorithm (Info Morph) is presented in this paper. Info Morph can generate large-scale synthetic data sets which follow specific scenarios by morphing existing large-scale real data sets. Morphing transforms the large-scale real data sets into large-scale synthetic data sets by replacing entity references according to a substitution table. In this paper we tested Info Morph with two Twitter data sets: 1) 1, 007 tweets from the Kandahar province in Afghanistan gathered in 2013 and 2) 738, 717 tweets and 10, 000 news articles gathered about the Egypt Unrest in 2011. Testing SNA software with Twitter data is important because tweets contain many abbreviations and acronyms which make them more challenging to parse. The first data set was morphed to coincide with part of a scenario designed for the Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) On The Move (OTM) exercise in 2013. The second data set was morphed to the Ali Baba data set, which is a synthetic data set containing simulated text communications about a terrorist plot in London.
Discrete serum protein signatures discriminate between human retrovirus-associated hematologic and neurologic disease

The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Approximately 5% of infected individuals will develop either disease and currently there are no diagnostic tools for early detection or accurate assessment of disease state. We have employed high-throughput expression profiling of serum proteins using mass spectrometry to identify protein expression patterns that can discern between disease states of HTLV-I-infected individuals. Our study group consisted of 42 ATL, 50 HAM/TSP, and 38 normal controls. Spectral peaks corresponding to peptide ions were generated from MS-TOF data. We applied Classification and Regression Tree analysis to build a decision algorithm, which achieved 77% correct classification rate across the three groups. A second cohort of 10 ATL, 10 HAM and 10 control samples was used to validate this result. Linear discriminate analysis was performed to verify and visualize class separation. Affinity and sizing chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify three peaks specifically overexpressed in ATL: an 11.7 kDa fragment of alpha trypsin inhibitor, and two contiguous fragments (19.9 and 11.9 kDa) of haproglobin-2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of protein profiling to distinguish between two disease states resulting from a single infectious agent.
Sound levels and speech privacy in an open space academic learning environment

Undesired sound and speech privacy in a large educational space or open office environment are persistent problems for occupants. The architectural design studio on the campus of Kennesaw State University (formerly Southern Polytechnic State University) is used as a case study. Students have desk space very similar to those in professional open offices, and are used for individual and group projects. Simultaneously classes are held where instructors or students will be presenting to their class in an area that is only partially partitioned off from the rest of the design studio. For the first set of in situ experiments, sound levels are recorded over several days at various locations and correlated with learning activity. Second, broadband noise is used to measure the reduction of spectrum levels between source and receiver, at different locations. Finally, students and professors participate in an anonymous questionnaire regarding their perceptions of the acoustic quality of the space; specifically regar...
Camera identification from cropped and scaled images

In this paper, we extend our camera identification technology based on sensor noise to a more general setting when the image under investigation has been simultaneously cropped and scaled. The sensor fingerprint detection is formulated using hypothesis testing as a two-channel problem and a detector is derived using the generalized likelihood ratio test. A brute force search is proposed to find the scaling factor which is then refined in a detailed search. The cropping parameters are determined from the maximum of the normalized cross-correlation between two signals. The accuracy and limitations of the proposed technique are tested on images that underwent a wide range of cropping and scaling, including images that were acquired by digital zoom. Additionally, we demonstrate that sensor noise can be used as a template to reverse-engineer in-camera geometrical processing as well as recover from later geometrical transformations, thus offering a possible application for re-synchronizing in digital watermark detection.
Extending TPB and TAM to mobile viral marketing: An exploratory study on American young consumers’ mobile viral marketing attitude, intent and behavior

A web survey of 440 American college students was conducted in April, 2010 to apply the theory of planned behavior and the technology acceptance model to examine young American consumers’ mobile viral marketing attitude, intention and behavior. Our study shows that subjective norm, behavioral control and perceived cost are significant predictors of young American consumers’ attitude toward viral marketing. Young American consumers’ attitude toward viral marketing, perceived utility and telephoning predict their intent to pass along entertaining messages while perceived utility, attitude toward viral marketing, subjective norm, and monthly personal income predict their intent to forward useful messages. Young American consumers’ behavior of forwarding messages is determined by attitude toward viral marketing, intent to pass along electronic messages, telephoning, texting and race. The implications for industry and academia are discussed.
Energy and Lifetime of Space-Charge-Induced Localized States

The self-energy, density of states, and mobility of electrons in a narrow space-charge channel at an InAs surface are calculated, using a Green's-function method. A random array of contact potentials with a nonuniform average value is used to simulate the fluctuation potential due to irregularities at the surface and neutral defects. The use of a simple model for the solution to Poisson's equation determining the channel potential is justified by the sensitivity of the eigenvalues for motion normal to the channel to the local average value of the fluctuation potential. Therefore approximations used in estimating the fluctuation potential cause errors comparable to those due to a simplified treatment of the electrostatics. The two-dimensional character of the motion parallel to the channel results in (a) sharp steps in the imaginary part of the self-energy and concomitant sharp minima in the real part of the self-energy at the minima of the two-dimensional localized-state bands; and (b) energy shifts of the relatively sharp rises in the density of states at the bottom of each band.
Monitoring the effects of gypsy moth defoliation on forest stand dynamics on Cape Cod, Massachusetts: sampling intervals and appropriate interpretations.

Abstract Gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar L.) outbreaks affect stand dynamics and successional patterns in pine–oak woodlands of North America's Atlantic coastal plain. Species-poor overstories are dominated by pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ), black oak ( Quercus velutina ) and white oak ( Quercus alba ). Both oaks are preferred food for gypsy moth, and white oak is the dominant late-successional species. We documented, over a 21-year period, the effects of gypsy moth defoliation on forest stand dynamics at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts. Our goal was to better understand the influence of gypsy moth defoliation on temporal changes in stand composition. Tree species abundance and frequency were measured in 16 stands with varying abundances of pitch pine and oak. Regression of 2-dimesional rates of change calculated from principal components analysis showed that gypsy moth significantly influenced stand dynamics and successional patterns between 1981 and 1992/1993. Defoliation was virtually absent in the 1990s, and analysis of 1992/1993–2002 rates of change showed topographic slope to be the most important factor influencing stand dynamics during this time. For the period 1981–2002 rates of change analysis failed to identify either factor as influencing changes in stand dynamics. We conclude that the 1980s defoliation events had a transitory effect on upland forest composition, but that there exists the potential for significant long-term impact due to recurrent defoliation episodes. Stand composition should be monitored at intervals which roughly correspond to the time it takes for stands to recover to disturbance events, in the case of those we sampled, approximately 10 years.
Information maximizing DAC noise shaping

DACs are usually defined as having a constant number of bits over a contiguous bandwidth. Signals in practice, however, frequently have an information or bit content which is not constant with frequency. As DAC power is a function of bits, this creates an opportunity to design a more power efficient DAC. This paper addresses this opportunity by deriving the optimal DAC bit resolution vs frequency shape for maximizing the information content in the channel output given a power constraint. An optimization method that works within the constraints of the delta sigma modulator is also developed as arbitrary noise shaping is not possible with a fixed delta sigma DAC architecture.
Assay of insecticides and herbicides in fats and oils

Types of residue and methods data required in the establishment of pesticide tolerances in food products is discussed. Emphasis will be on those products and methods involving fats and oils.
Overshadowing not potentiation in taste aversion conditioning

Two experiments with rats examined the development of an odor (almond) aversion when that cue was compounded with a taste cue (saccharin and sucrose). Both studies found evidence of overshadowing; the almond aversion was reduced when conditioned in a compound. This finding contrasts with earlier reports of compound-cue potentiation of a less salient odor cue. These results are presented to indicate the need for a reexamination of the potentiation phenomenon.
Two Arctic Bathyal Crustaceans: the Shrimp Bythocaris Cryonesus New Species, and the Amphipod Eurythenes Gryllus, With in Situ Photographs From Ice Island T-3

[Eine Garnele, Bythocaris cryonesus n. sp., und ein Gammaride, Eurythenes gryllus (Lichtenstein) werden von Kollektionen gemeldet, die aus der Nahe von "Ice Island T-3" im Arktischen Ozean stammen. Die Meldungen werden durch in situ Fotografien belegt, welche in Wassertiefen zwischen 3256 und 3800 m aufgenommen worden sind. Ein Bestimmungsschlussel fur die arktischen Arten von Bythocaris wird vorgelegt., Eine Garnele, Bythocaris cryonesus n. sp., und ein Gammaride, Eurythenes gryllus (Lichtenstein) werden von Kollektionen gemeldet, die aus der Nahe von "Ice Island T-3" im Arktischen Ozean stammen. Die Meldungen werden durch in situ Fotografien belegt, welche in Wassertiefen zwischen 3256 und 3800 m aufgenommen worden sind. Ein Bestimmungsschlussel fur die arktischen Arten von Bythocaris wird vorgelegt.]
Do Unto Others: Doctors' Personal End-of-Life Resuscitation Preferences and Their Attitudes toward Advance Directives

Objective High-intensity interventions are provided to seriously-ill patients in the last months of life by medical sub-specialists. This study was undertaken to determine if doctors' age, ethnicity, medical sub-specialty and personal resuscitation and organ donation preferences influenced their attitudes toward Advance Directives (AD) and to compare a cohort of 2013 doctors to a 1989 (one year before the Patient Self Determination Act in 1990) cohort to determine any changes in attitudes towards AD in the past 23 years. Design Doctors in two academic medical centers participated in an AD simulation and attitudes survey in 2013 and their responses were compared to a cohort of doctors in 1989. Outcomes Resuscitation and organ donation preferences (2013 cohort) and attitudes toward AD (1989 and 2013 cohorts). Results In 2013, 1081 (94.2%) doctors of the 1147 approached participated. Compared to 1989, 2013 cohort did not feel that widespread acceptance of AD would result in less aggressive treatment even of patients who do not have an AD (p<0.001, AUC = 0.77); had greater confidence in their treatment decisions if guided by an AD (p<.001, AUC = 0.58) and were less worried about legal consequences of limiting treatment when following an AD (p<.001, AUC = 0.57). The gender (p = 0.00172), ethnicity (χ2 14.68, DF = 3,p = .0021) and sub-specialty (χ2 28.92, p = .004, DF = 12) influenced their attitudes towards AD. 88.3% doctors chose do-not-resuscitate status and wanted to become organ donors. Those less supportive of AD were more likely to opt for “full code” even if terminally ill and were less supportive of organ donation. Conclusions Doctors' attitudes towards AD has not changed significantly in the past 23 years. Doctors' gender, ethnicity and sub-specialty influence their attitudes towards AD. Our study raises questions about why doctors continue to provide high-intensity care for terminally ill patients but personally forego such care for themselves at the end of life.
Particle Containment in Mirror Traps in the Presence of Fluctuating Electric Fields

Particle motion in magnetohydrodynamically stable magnetic mirrors and in the high-frequency electric fields characteristic of the collective modes of such a system is shown to be restricted by two simple constraints. These constraints, which reduce to the usual magnetic moment and kinetic energy in the absence of fluctuating fields, dictate that while even small-amplitude waves induce large magnetic-moment excursions, the particle-containment properties of the trap are not greatly reduced by the fluctuations.
Introduction: the selenium conundrum.

Selenium was first suspected of being an essential dietary trace element in the 1950s. We now know that indeed it is an essential biological element that serves as an integral component of several enzymes, including those in the families of deiodinases and glutathione peroxidases as well as selenoproteins P and W. The multi-author review that follows this introduction concentrates on the important biological role of selenium in enzymes as well as some of the physiological aspects of selenium as either a potential anticarcinogenic agent or insulin mimetic. What should become clear from these contributed articles is the complex and dynamic role that selenium plays in many biological processes and that the investigations in these areas are at the edge of exciting new frontiers.
Teaching Meat Binding Using Poultry Loaves

Abstract A laboratory experiment was used to teach the principles of meat binding to a poultry products class. The effects of several physical and chemical treatments on the binding of poultry meat chunks in loaves were compared. Mixing, pressure, addition of salt, addition of polyphosphates, and covering with skin were the factors used to demonstrate the variation in strength of bind and quality of loaves obtained after cooking. The class was able to observe and actually test the strength of bind after the loaves were cooled and sliced. The principles involved in meat binding, such as salt soluble protein exudation, relative position of meat particles, and heat denaturation of the meat proteins, were discussed. A laboratory report was required of the students which included the procedures used to prepare the loaves, the results obtained, and a discussion explaining the differences in strength of bind between treatments. An examination several weeks later indicated that the lab experiment described here was an effective means of teaching the principles of meat binding.
Enhancing polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination in fresh water sediment with biostimulation and bioaugmentation

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic compounds ubiquitously distributed in ecosystems. Microbial attenuation of these contaminants is a potential means of remediation. Two promising microbial PCB remediation technologies, biostimulation and bioaugmentation, were investigated in different sediments. Biostimulation experiments in which electron donor was supplied (H2 via elemental iron, Fe(0)) resulted in only a marginal improvement in the dechlorination of amended 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5-CB), likely because of an inadequate population of indigenous H2-utilizing dechlorinators. Extensive dechlorination was observed, however, after bioaugmenting microcosms with a PCB-dechlorinating enrichment culture. Dechlorination of 2,3,4,5-CB began prior to the 20th day of incubation and proceeded to 2-chlorobiphenyl. This extensive dechlorination activity was maintained in both sediments over 70d at 10 and 25 degrees C. This research demonstrates that although past studies of biostimulation were promising, a great deal must be known about the PCB-dechlorinating organisms present before successful biostimulation is expected. Bioaugmentation, however, appears to be a promising PCB remediation strategy and should be further pursued.
Circadian Rhythm of Vasopressin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Fetus: Effect of Continuous Light

We have measured the concentrations of vasopressin in sequential samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from fetal lambs between 108 and 130 days gestation. There was a clear and significant (F = 4.46; P less than 0.005) rhythm in vasopressin concentrations in the CSF of nine fetuses, characterized by a mean trough value of 19.4 +/- 6.4 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) at 0200 h and a peak value of 41.1 +/- 28.0 pg/ml at 1400 h. The mean cycle length was 23.2 +/- 1.7 h, with the majority (greater than 80%) of peak concentrations found during daylight hours. There were no concurrent fluctuations in concentrations of vasopressin in plasma or Na, K, Cl, or osmolality in CSF. To examine the relationship between environmental cycles of light and darkness and rhythm of vasopressin concentrations in CSF, pregnant animals were maintained in a constant light environment. In the five fetuses of ewes maintained under these conditions, the rhythm of vasopressin in CSF was markedly damped or not apparent (F = 1.50; P greater than 0.15). These results demonstrate that prominent circadian rhythm of vasopressin in the CSF of the fetus in utero. Despite the fact that the fetus is sequestered from direct influences of the environment, exposure of the pregnant ewe to constant light disrupts the fetal pacemaker that generates the circadian rhythm of vasopressin in CSF. Studies of this rhythm in the fetal lamb, therefore, provide a means to examine the mechanisms of entrainment and assess prenatal influences on circadian organization of the fetus.
Conversion of the Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein into a Photoactivatable Probe

Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins bring new dimension to the analysis of protein dynamics in the cell. Protein tagged with a photoactivatable label can be visualized and tracked in a spatially and temporally defined manner. Here, we describe a basic rational design strategy to develop monomeric photoactivatable proteins using site-specific mutagenesis of common monomeric red-shifted fluorescent proteins. This strategy was applied to mRFP1, which was converted into probes that are photoactivated by either green or violet light. The latter photoactivatable variants, named PA-mRFP1s, exhibited a 70-fold increase of fluorescence intensity resulting from the photoconversion of a violet-light-absorbing precursor. Detailed characterization of PA-mRFP1s was performed with the purified proteins and the proteins expressed in mammalian cells where the photoactivatable properties were preserved. PA-mRFP1s were used as protein tags to study the intracellular dynamics of GTPase Rab5.
Primary prevention of overweight and obesity: an analysis of national survey data.

BACKGROUND Obesity is rapidly approaching tobacco as the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Health care providers have the opportunity to address this through primary prevention strategies.
Landscape of Somatic Retrotransposition in Human Cancers

Transposable elements (TEs) are abundant in the human genome, and some are capable of generating new insertions through RNA intermediates. In cancer, the disruption of cellular mechanisms that normally suppress TE activity may facilitate mutagenic retrotranspositions. We performed single-nucleotide resolution analysis of TE insertions in 43 high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data sets from five cancer types. We identified 194 high-confidence somatic TE insertions, as well as thousands of polymorphic TE insertions in matched normal genomes. Somatic insertions were present in epithelial tumors but not in blood or brain cancers. Somatic L1 insertions tend to occur in genes that are commonly mutated in cancer, disrupt the expression of the target genes, and are biased toward regions of cancer-specific DNA hypomethylation, highlighting their potential impact in tumorigenesis.
Effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection on induction of tryptophan oxygenase in mouse livers.

Abstract 1. 1. l -Tryptophan oxygenase activity could not be detected in adult Schistosoma mansoni . 2. 2. Mouse livers infected with S. mansoni eggs had increased l -tryptophan oxygenase activities before and after treatment with hydrocortisone-21 phosphate.
The relevance of immigration in the psychodynamic formulation of psychotherapy with immigrants

The main goal of this article is to highlight the relevance of the immigration process in psychodynamic psychotherapy with immigrants. Conceived of as a general phenomenon, immigration challenges the stability of the individual's psychic structure and family organization and it has significant transgenerational implications. Its psychodynamics includes interrelated processes of mourning, discontinuity of identity and imbalance of self-esteem. Clinically, in the psychodynamic formulation of the adult immigrant's unique experiences, behaviors and symptoms, immigration operates as a complex precipitating factor, and its three interrelated processes need to be contextualized in the patient's history, organization of identifications and defenses, central conflicts and system of beliefs and ideals. In order to capture the intersection of personal, familial and cultural meanings, the conceptual framework for the psychodynamic formulation of psychotherapy cases includes intrapsychic, interpersonal and cultural dimensions of psychic reality. The theoretical foundation of this article draws on the integration of relational psychoanalysis and social cognition. The outcome of the psychological process of immigration is considered to depend not only on the restructuring of dynamic aspects but also on non-dynamic factors such as the immigrant's age, socioeconomic background, linguistic and cultural differences, forced or voluntary migration, and the possibility of revisiting the country of origin. Two psychotherapy case presentations illustrate the three interacting processes of the psychodynamics of immigration formulated in the context of each immigrant's history and personality from a psychodynamic framework that includes intrapsychic, interpersonal and cultural perspectives. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Effect of head-up tilt-table testing on left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope.

Recent studies have shown conflicting data regarding left ventricular (LV) function in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, with some investigators reporting a marked decrease in LV end-systolic wall stress and stress-corrected fractional shortening. We sought to determine the characteristics of resting LV deformation in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope by selective motion tracking of subendocardial and subepicardial regions using speckle tracking echocardiography. We assessed resting LV function in 82 patients undergoing head-up tilt-table (HUTT) testing. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on a positive HUTT test with associated co-morbid conditions (n = 30), no associated co-morbid conditions (n = 30), or negative HUTT results (n = 22). LV longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains were obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography of subendocardial and subepicardial regions in each group and compared with resting LV deformation in 20 healthy control subjects. Compared with endocardial longitudinal strain in control subjects, that in patients with positive HUTT results was attenuated, irrespective of co-morbid conditions (p
Clinical trial of the estradiol vaginal ring in the U.S.

Vaginal atrophy can be reversed for most women through systemic hormones. Those women who cannot take systemic hormones can get relief of symptoms with local estrogen therapy, which ideally should be locally effective without significant systemic absorption and without endometrial stimulation. An estradiol-releasing vaginal ring was therefore tested for efficacy, safety and patient acceptability in a 15-week open-label, randomized parallel group trial with blinded evaluations of the cytological response data. Conjugated estrogen vaginal cream was used as a reference control. The primary objectives of the study were to evaluate whether the two treatments were equivalent regarding improvement in urogenital atrophy, improvement in physicians's overall evaluation of product performance on urinary and/or vaginal changes, and improvement in patient's assessment of urinary and/or vaginal symptoms. A secondary objective was to assess frequency of endometrial overstimulation during estrogen replacement therapy, to be measured by a progestogen challenge test. The ring and cream treatment produced an equivalent effect on the vaginal mucosa, and equivalence was also found in physician's and patient's assessments of both vaginal and urinary symptomatology. Both treatments were equally effective in improving the vaginal pH toward levels normally seen in fertile women (< 5.0). With regard to endometrial stimulation, significantly more patients had bleedings at progestogen challenge test after 3 months of treatment with cream than with the ring. The ring, however, was given significantly better overall product acceptability ratings by the patients. It can therefore be seen as an equally effective, but significantly more acceptable, new administration form for treatment of urogenital disorders due to estrogen deficiency, with a more favourable safety profile than vaginal cream.
Turbine Aero-Heat Transfer Studies in Rotating Research Facilities

The present paper deals with the experimental aero-heat transfer studies performed in rotating turbine research facilities. Turbine heat transfer research had significant progress in the last few decades. Since the full-scale operational conditions of a modern gas turbine dictate high temperatures well in excess of 3600 o F and pressure ratios ranging from 20 to 50, experimental forced convection heat transfer research on the gas side of a rotating turbine environment is a technically challenging task. The current paper provides a limited review of turbine heat transfer research in various facilities including short-duration blow-down and large-scale/low-speed turbine systems. Since the final status of any forced convection heat transfer problem is closely related to the detailed structure of momentum transfer in highly 3D, unsteady, rotating, and turbulent viscous flow environment, emphasis will also be placed on pertinent turbine aerodynamic features existing in turbines. The most significant parameters to simulate in a rotating aero-heat transfer facility can be listed as Reynolds number based on the blade chord, Mach number for compressibility and shock wave effects, tip speed, intensity and scale of free-stream turbulence, Strouhal number for the unsteady wake passing effects, free-stream to wall temperature ratio, coolant to free-stream temperature ratio, specific heat ratio, molecular Prandtl number of the operating gas and a rotation number for turbine aero-heat transfer work performed under rotational conditions. A flow coefficient and a loading coefficient defined by the actual turbine hardware are typically maintained during laboratory testing.
Energy Proportionality and the Future: Metrics and Directions

This paper proposes a pair of quantitative metrics, namely the idle-to-power ratio (IPR) and the linear deviation ratio (LDR), to be used together for measuring the energy proportionality of computing systems. The metrics are applied to the publicly available SPECPower_ssj2008 benchmark results, yielding a partly grim trend of energy proportionality, which has to be addressed and possibly rectified by the computer industry. The paper also proposes future research directions on studying the effects of energy proportionality on software-based energy-saving techniques.