cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in US adults is currently 68%, compared with about 47% in the early 1970s. Many dietary factors have been proposed to contribute to the US obesity epidemic, including the percentage of energy intake from fat, carbohydrate and protein; glycemic index; fruit and vegetable intake; caloric beverage intake; and fast food or other restaurant food intake. One factor that may also be important is the variety of foods in the diet having different sensory properties, that is, flavors, textures, shapes and colors. A host of studies show that when presented with a greater variety of foods within a meal, humans consume about 22% more energy compared to when only one food is available. These data are supported by laboratory animal studies on the effects of sensory variety on consumption as well as body weight and fat gain. Longer term experimental trials in humans lasting 1-2wk had mixed results but generally showed an increase in intake of 50-60kcal/d per additional food offered, provided at least 5 different foods per day were available. In only two studies to date has reducing dietary variety been explored as a potential method for weight loss. In those studies, which also incorporated a standard behavioral weight loss approach, there was no difference in weight loss when either snack food variety or low nutrient dense, high energy dense variety was limited. However, a broader treatment approach may be more effective, for example limiting the excess variety of foods high in energy density yet which provide little benefit to vitamin and mineral intake at each meal, and further studies are needed in this area.
O Dever Fundamental de Proteção Ambiental: Aspectos Axiológicos e Normativo-Constitucionais

O constitucionalismo moderno nao mais poe em duvida a forca normativa da Constituicao e que aos direitos fundamentais correspondem deveres, igualmente fundamentais. Assim, o art. 225 da Constituicao Federal de 1988 engloba, de forma hibrida, um direito-dever fundamental vinculado a protecao ambiental e a manutencao do equilibrio ecologico, reconhecidamente essencial a sadia qualidade de vida humana. Esse dever fundamental de protecao ambiental possui, alem de uma dimensao normativo-constitucional, dimensoes axiologicas que nao podem ser olvidadas pelo interprete constitucional. Outrossim, embora ainda se apresentem tormentosas as questoes referentes a abertura material e a aplicabilidade imediata dos deveres fundamentais, a complexidade das relacoes ambientais e a fundamentalidade do direito-dever de protecao do meio ambiente exigem do interprete uma nova hermeneutica constitucional pautada por criterios de solidariedade e justica entre todas as formas de vida
Mission Capability Gains from Multi-Mode Propulsion Thrust Profile Variations for a Plane Change Maneuver

Abstract : Plane change maneuvers are very costly in terms of propellant required. Performing a plane change can quickly drain a spacecraft's propellant required. The utilization of a multi-mode propulsion (MMP) system could greatly reduce the amount of propellant required for the maneuver. MMP refers to a propulsion system that couples an electric and chemical propulsion system which utilizes the same propellant and piping. A fully coupled system provides many advantages over a spacecraft with a single chemical or electric propulsion system. The trade space created by the utilization of a MMP system as compared with only a chemical or electric propulsion system is described, as well as the effect of various thrust profiles on a plane change mission. The spacecraft analyzed had a mass of 180 kg and was required to perform a 15 deg plane change within 90 days. The chemical system alone required more than the 80 kg of available propellant to complete the maneuver. Numerous thrust profiles were analyzed for the electric propulsion system, as well as a combined electric/chemical system. Development of equations and the analysis method are described. The electric propulsion system thrusting constantly was able to achieve the plane change within the time limit.
Radiosensitivity of Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Primary Culture and its Potential as a Predictive Assay of Tumor Radiocurability

The intrinsic radiosensitivity of human tumor cell cultures correlates with the clinical radiosensitivity of several different tumor histologies, as evidenced by analyses of low dose parameters of radiation survival curves generated from a large number of cell lines. Such radiosensitivity has therefore served as a basis of attempts to develop predictive assays of tumor radiocurability. In this study, the tumors from 72 patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma have been grown in an adhesive tumor-cell assay system and radiosensitivity (S2: survival at 2.0 Gy) values have been measured. The characteristics of these cultures, such as growth rate, clonogenicity and growth enhancement by epidermal growth factor, do not correlate with S2. The average S2 value of the 72 cultures is 0.33, which is lower than for cultures derived from melanomas and lung adenocarcinomas. Twenty-six patients followed up for at least 15 months have been evaluated for local tumor control. The average S2 value of the seven patients with recurrences in this group is slightly higher (0.43) than that from the other patients (0.30). There is considerable overlap of S2 values in the two groups, and more patients must be evaluated before the groups can be compared statistically.
Low conductivity irrigating solutions for arthroscopy

The purpose of this study was to find a nonconductive physiologic solution to use for arthroscopy when electrosurgery is performed. We studied the effect of several solutions on proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage slices, and the effect of using an electrosurgical instrument in various solutions in bovine knee joints. Both HEPES buffer 0.3 M (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri) and glycerol 2.6% gave good results in both categories. The glycerol solution appears to be the best from those tested since it supported cartilage metabolism somewhat better and is far less expensive than HEPES solution. Thus, in the use of electrosurgery during arthroscopic procedures, solutions such as Ringer's lactate and saline are too conductive to be effective or safe. Distilled water is nonphysiologic. Glycerol 2.6% is safe and effective and supports articular cartilage metabolism reasonably well for up to 2 h.
Molecular theory of atomic collisions: A generalized perturbed stationary states approach

Abstract The perturbed stationary states equations, which describe low velocity atomic/ionic collisions using continuum states of the aggregate molecule have been generalized to include the effects of electron translation. The generalized nuclear scattering equations reduce to those of the perturbed stationary states method as the electron mass tends to zero. As either nuclear charge tends to zero, the solutions describe the translation of a free atom. The extraction of the proper T −matrices from the nuclear scattering solutions is a major difficulty in the molecular description of atomic collisions since molecular coordinates are not asymptotically appropriate. To this end we have examined asymptotic limits of the Fadeev equations, written in terms of potentials rather than the usual transition operators, to obtain the proper scattering boundary conditions and expressions for the inelastic, rearrangement and ionization T −matrices The theory is to be applied to charge transfer reactions involving low velocity collisions of hydrogen atoms with multiply charged ions.
Differential thermal analysis of mixtures of DNA and nucleosides.

Abstract Differential thermal analysis studies of DNA and of its mixtures with adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, and cytidine indicate that the nucleosides are adsorbed on the denatured DNA but not on the double-standard helical structure.
Positive deviance: A viable concept?

This paper questions the viability of the positive deviance concept, which has been endorsed recently by a number of authors. Much of the discussion about the viability of positive deviance hinges on whether the theorist adopts the normative or the reactive definition of deviance: If one follows the normative definition of deviance, positive deviance is a theoretically viable concept; if one follows the reactive definition, it is not. In the author's view, the proponents of the positive deviance concept are guilty of invoking irrelevant justifications, which, although worthwhile in themselves, are not legitimate reasons for adopting the positive deviance notion. In addition, positive deviance has been defined in a number of entirely different ways; the concept is sloppy and inconsistent. The author agrees with Sagarin's judgment (1985) that positive deviance is a contradiction in terms, an oxymoron.
Neural-Specific Inactivation of ShcA Results in Increased Embryonic Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Microencephaly

Brain size is precisely regulated during development and involves coordination of neural progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The adapter protein ShcA transmits signals from receptor tyrosine kinases via MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathways. In the CNS, ShcA expression is high during embryonic development but diminishes as cells differentiate and switches to ShcB/Sck/Sli and ShcC/N-Shc/Rai. To directly test ShcA function in brain development, we used Cre/lox technology to express a dominant-negative form of ShcA (ShcFFF) in nestin-expressing neural progenitors. ShcFFF-expressing mice display microencephaly with brain weights reduced to 50% of littermate controls throughout postnatal and adult life. The cerebrum appeared most severely affected, but the gross architecture of the brain is normal. Body weight was mildly affected with a delay in reaching mature weight. At a mechanistic level, the ShcFFF microencephaly phenotype appears to be primarily attributable to elevated apoptosis levels throughout the brain from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E12, which declined by E14.5. Apoptosis remained at normal basal levels throughout postnatal development. Proliferation indices were not significantly altered in the embryonic neuroepithelium or within the postnatal subventricular zone. In another approach with the same nestin-Cre transgene, conditional deletion of ShcA in mice with a homozygous floxed shc1 locus also showed a similar microencephaly phenotype. Together, these data suggest a critical role for ShcA in neural progenitor survival signaling and in regulating brain size.
Philosophy as a Kind of Cinema: Introducing Godard and Philosophy

"Jean-Luc Godard is nothing if not an enigma. His image has a life of its own, especially in its younger form: cigarette, sunglasses, smirk, rambling revolutionary slogans, and important books. It wasn’t just an image, we all know, for it reflected perfectly in iconic image the more substantial revolutionary recklessness with the camera we see from Breathless forward. Filmmaking is never the same after Godard. Images and their sequencing – Godard cloaked them in sunglasses and made them smirk. He made them revolutionary. That’s his thing. And even the older Godard makes for an iconic photograph: rough facial hair, the artist’s glasses, smirk, and important books. His films continue to be unpredictable, compelling, and revolutionary..."
Haplotypes in the lipoprotein lipase gene influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to statin therapy and progression of atherosclerosis in coronary artery bypass grafts

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes circulating triglycerides (TGs). We previously showed that 3′-end haplotypes in the LPL gene influence atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. This study asked whether these LPL haplotypes influence response to lipid-lowering therapy among 829 subjects from the Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial. Lipid profiles were obtained at baseline and 4–5 years after treatment with lovastatin. Haplotypes were based on 12 SNPs. The fourth most frequent haplotype, 12-4, was associated with a decreased increment in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) following treatment. Haplotypes 12-6, 12-7 and 12-8 were each associated with increased HDL-C response to therapy, and haplotype 12-2 with decreased TG response. The most common haplotype, 12-1, was protective against graft worsening or occlusion. Haplotype 12-4 reduced HDL-C response to lovastatin, possibly consistent with our prior observations of this haplotype as predisposing to coronary artery disease. LPL may influence atherosclerosis risk through pleiotropic effects on each aspect of the metabolic syndrome.
Prospective Evaluation of the Nipple–Areola Complex Sparing Mastectomy for Risk Reduction and for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Background Psychological effects of mastectomy for women with breast cancer have driven treatments that optimize cosmesis while strictly adhering to oncologic principles. Although skin-sparing mastectomy is oncologically safe, questions remain regarding the use of nipple–areola complex (NAC)-sparing mastectomy (NSM). We prospectively evaluated NSM for patients undergoing mastectomy for early-stage breast cancer or risk reduction.
Use of the prostaglandin F2α analog cloprostenol (ICI 80, 996) in dairy cattle with unobserved estrus

Abstract Two field trials were designed to evaluate use of the prostaglandin F 2α analog cloprostenol (CP) in dairy cattle with unobserved estrus and a palpably mature corpus luteum (CL). In Trial 1, 98 cows were treated with CP (500 μg IM) and 83 were given saline. Cows in both groups were assigned to be inseminated based on observed signs of estrus. Cows treated with CP were inseminated sooner than controls although heat detection still presented some difficulty. Conception rates were the same for both groups. In Trial 2, 154 cows were treated with CP for unobserved estrus and were assigned to be inseminated at estrus (78 cows) or were inseminated twice by appointment at 72 and 96 hours after treatment (76 cows). Appointment breeding eliminated problems associated with detection of estrus so nearly all cows were inseminated soon after treatment. In addition, cows bred twice by appointment had a higher conception rate than those bred based on signs of estrus. Induction of luteolysis with the prostaglandin F 2α analog CP in cows with unobserved estrus and a CL should prove to be a very effective addition to reproductive herd health programs. Successful use of CP for this purpose is dependent upon accurate diagnosis of the presence of a mature CL. In these trials 83 (92.4%) of 90 cows sampled had blood serum progesterone concentrations indicative (≥ 2.0 ng/ml) of significant luteal tissue activity.
Abductive reasoning through filtering

Abstract Abduction is an inference mechanism where given a knowledge base and some observations, the reasoner tries to find hypotheses which together with the knowledge base explain the observations. A reasoning based on such an inference mechanism is referred to as abductive reasoning . Given a theory and some observations, by filtering the theory with the observations, we mean selecting only those models of the theory that entail the observations. Entailment with respect to these selected models is referred to as filter entailment. In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions when abductive reasoning with respect to a theory and some observations is equivalent to the corresponding filter entailment. We then give sufficiency conditions for particular knowledge representation formalisms that guarantee that abductive reasoning can indeed be done through filtering and present examples from the knowledge representation literature where abductive reasoning is done through filtering. We extend the notions of abductive reasoning and filter entailment to allow preferences among explanations and models respectively and give conditions when they are equivalent. Finally, we give a weaker notion of abduction and abductive reasoning and show the later to be equivalent to filter entailment under less restrictive conditions.
Psychological determinants of optimism regarding consequences of the war.

(1946). Psychological Determinants of Optimism Regarding Consequences of the War. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 207-235.
Fabrication and macro/nanoscale characterization of aggregated and highly de-aggregated nanodiamond/polyacrylonitrile composite thick films

Nanodiamond/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) thick-film composites containing aggregated ultra-dispersed (UDD) and highly de-aggregated nanodiamond (ND) fillers are fabricated using bead-milling and solution-casting methods at additive loadings up to 30 wt%. Films containing oxidized nanodiamond fillers (ox-UDD and ox-ND) having potentially high surface reactivity or decarboxylated fillers (deox-UDD and deox-ND) having reduced surface reactivity have been characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DSC, TEM, EDS elemental analysis, nanoindentation, and tensile testing. While both nanoindentation and tensile testing measurements confirm enhancement in elastic modulus (E) for ox-UDD/PAN and ox-ND/PAN thick films compared to pure PAN films, the relative trend in these enhancements differs according to testing method (Eox-UDD/PAN > Eox-ND/PAN by nanoindentation; Eox-ND/PAN > Eox-UDD/PAN by tensile testing). Tensile strength and strain-to-failure measurements indicate superior property enhancements for highly de-aggregated ox-ND/PAN thick films. At 30 wt% filler loading, ox-ND/PAN elastic modulus increases by nearly 80% and tensile strength increases by nearly 60% relative to pure PAN films. At low ox-ND filler loadings, significant enhancements in mechanical properties are realized without incurring losses in film ductility.
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) has been recognized for the past 30 years as an entity showing intermediate differentiation and clinical behavior between well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (ie, papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; however, there has been considerable controversy around the definition of PDTC. In this review, the evolution in the definition of PDTC, current diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, potentially helpful immunohistochemical studies, and molecular alterations are discussed with the aim of highlighting where the diagnosis of PDTC currently stands.
Heterogeneity of plasma low density lipoproteins manifestations of the physiologic phenomenon in man.

Abstract Plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) consists of a family of lipoproteins, having densities between 1.006 and 1.063 gm/ml, which are either physically monodisperse or polydisperse in different individuals. In monodisperse LDL most of the mass of lipoprotein is found within a narrow region of this density range, and the preponderance of the lipoprotein is similar in molecular weight. By contrast, polydisperse LDL is heterogeneous in molecular size, and the lipoprotein mass is distributed over the LDL density range. An examination of LDL heterogeneity in 187 subjects reveals that normolipemic and hypercholesterolemic subjects have predominantly monodisperse LDL. The molecular weight range of such LDL is 2.1–3.9 × 106, and for a given subject the molecular weight varies minimally with different metabolic pertubations. The major determinant of the molecular weight of monodisperse LDL appears to be genetic, modified by metabolic influences. In contrast, about 80% of individuals with hypertriglyceridemia have polydisperse LDL, and hypertriglyceridemic subjects with diabetes have a similar incidence of LDL polydispersidy. LDL heterogeneity increases with increasing VLDL concentration. Polydisperse LDL have an increased apoprotein content compared to monodisperse LDL and compositional analysis reveals an increased protein to lipid ratio. Current knowledge of the biosynthesis of LDL affords an incomplete undrstanding of why LDL is monodisperse in some individuals and polydisperse in others. The relationship between LDL dispersion and atherosclerosis has been examined in 105 subjects. Though the epidemiologic data are tentative, they suggest an increased association of polydisperse LDL with atherosclerosis in hypertriglyceridemic diabetics though not in other individuals.
Transport integrals Ω ( l , s ) ( T ) for binary collisions of open-shell atoms with uncertain interaction potentials

General analytical expressions for the transport collision integrals ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{(l,s)}(T)$ for binary collisions of atoms that can interact through many different (repulsive-attractive as well as repulsive) potentials are derived. The integrals allow one to calculate the transport coefficients (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and ordinary and thermal diffusion coefficients) in gases dominated by collision systems driven by poorly understood multiple-force interactions. The approach is used to calculate the transport integrals for several collision systems, and the results are compared with the detailed ab initio calculations available for some well understood open-shell systems.
Theory of the self-trapped hole in a-SiO2.

We present the first calculation of the self-trapped hole in a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ that exhibits strong localization on one oxygen atom. This calculation was performed using both semiempirical and ab initio molecular orbital methods applied to finite clusters of atoms. The self-trapping is accompanied by a network distortion in which the two nearest-neighbor silicon atoms relax away from the self-trapped hole site along the Si-O bond directions. Our calculated $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ hyperfine interactions are in very good agreement with experiment.
What Does It Take? Comparing Intensive Rehabilitation to Outpatient Treatment for Children With Significant Pain-Related Disability

Objectives This study compared outcomes between day hospital pain rehabilitation patients and patients engaged in outpatient multidisciplinary pain treatment. Methods This study included 100 children who presented for an initial tertiary care pain clinic evaluation. 50 patients enrolled in intensive day hospital pain rehabilitation and 50 patients pursued outpatient multidisciplinary treatment. Across 2 time points, children completed measures of functional disability, pain-related fear, and readiness to change and parents completed measures of pain-related fear and readiness to change. Results Across both treatment modalities, patients and parents reported improvements. Patients enrolled in intensive pain rehabilitation had significantly larger improvements in functional disability, pain-related fear, and readiness to change. Parents of day hospital patients reported larger declines in child pain-related fear and increased readiness to change compared with their outpatient counterparts. Discussion For patients with high levels of pain-related disability and distress, intensive pain rehabilitation provides rapid, dramatic improvements in functioning.
New technical and scientific developments at the Arizona Radio Observatory

Astronomical observations in the millimeter and sub-millimeter regions are performed at the two facilities of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). The Sub-Millimeter Telescope (SMT) located on Mount Graham utilizes 3 heterodyne SIS receivers to cover 3 of the 4 atmospheric windows from 210 to 720 GHz and soon a new receiver will cover the remaining window. The 12-Meter telescope located on Kitt Peak use 3 heterodyne SIS receivers to the cover the 2 windows from 68 to 180 GHz. All receivers now employ orthogonal polarization optics and soon 4 will utilize wideband dual channel sideband separating mixer technology. Presented here are new instrumentation developments and recent scientific results from the ARO.
In Whose “Best Interests”? -- an International and Comparative Assessment of Us Rules on Sentencing of Juveniles

According to numerous sources, both at the international level and within the USA, legal standards governing the treatment of children (commonly defined as persons under 18 years old) – including their treatment at the hands of the judicial system – should reflect an assessment of “the best interests of the child”. An explicit announcement of this principle at the international level appears in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (“CRC”), which nearly all countries in the world have adopted. Article 37 of the CRC elaborates on the “best interests” principle, by prescribing six key standards national juvenile justice systems are to follow when dealing with young people convicted of crimes. Two of the six key standards – prohibiting the imposition on juveniles of either (i) the death penalty or (ii) life imprisonment without possibility of parole – have already generated intense public debate in the USA. This article examines the other four standards, which seem to have much broader practical implications than the first two. The other four standards provide that: (1) imprisonment of juveniles “shall be used only as a measure of last resort”; (2) any such imprisonment shall be “for the shortest appropriate period of time”; (3) juveniles who are in prison shall be “separated from adults”; and (4) they shall have the right to maintain “family contact”. The first portion of this article provides a synopsis of these four standards, their status in international law, and their reflection in the practice of several countries around the world. Against the backdrop of this international and comparative law survey, the article then examines legal provisions regarding treatment of juvenile offenders in the USA. First it presents details as to how each of the four standards is reflected in selected formal rules and guidelines in the USA, mainly at the state level, and then it offers a general assessment of the degree to which rules on juvenile sentencing in the USA match (or fail to match) the CRC standards. The general assessment provided is not favorable; it throws into question whether the treatment of juveniles in conflict with the laws of this country does in fact give adequate attention to “the best interests of the child”.
Optimization of pinhole emission imaging systems for small animal imaging

There has been a surge of interest in the design of small animal imaging systems that use radioactive tracers to track in vivo quantities such as tumor growth or spread. For single-photon radiotracers, one needs a blocking aperture, such as a pinhole, multi-pinhole aperture or collimator, to form images. Here we consider a single pinhole. For engineers, the pinhole design, especially its diameter, is crucial in that it controls a noise-resolution tradeoff, and this tradeoff ultimately determines the ability of a human observer to find and detect the tumor. We considered a single-pinhole planar emission imaging system and addressed the following engineering question what pinhole diameter allows the best possible performance in both detecting and localizing a signal (e.g. tumor) embedded in the noisy image We applied recent theoretical developments from our group to answer this question by using a mathematical ideal observer. If the only source of noise is radiation noise, then we demonstrate the result that a very large aperture leading to very blurry images is best.
The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina: New Roots in the Old North State

In the past decade, a new body of scholarship has emerged—expressed mostly in articles and anthologies—to help document and interpret the varied experiences of migration and settlement by Latina/o ...
Modeling of antenna array mounted on platform with multi-region domain decomposition method

The performance of antenna working on aircraft is usually affected by the presence of platform. Platform may perturb the antenna pattern, distort the near field distribution and provide coupling path between multiple antennas on platform. To comply with the requirement on radar signature and areodynamic performance, antenna on the aircraft usually resides inside aperture. Simply simulating the antenna in freespace or on infinite ground plane will not result in satisfactory accuracy in this case. In this contribution, a Vivaldi antenna array mounted inside an aperture of platform is analysed, the geometry can be found in Fig. 3. The antenna region (i.e. the antenna array and its surrounding part of platform), is first analysed with multi-region domain decomposition code proposed in [2]. Instead of modeling the entire region with pure FEM-based domain decomposition, we decompose it into antenna array sub-region and open-cavity sub-region, for which FEM and BEM solver are applied respectively. The two sub-regions are disjointed and they are coupled with Huygens principle, so that the air volume between two regions can be excluded from computational domain. To enhance the convergence, Krylov subspace solver is implemented in the outer loop. The result shows that Krylov solver gives a faster convergence than Gauss-Seidel (GS) solver. With the full-wave solution of antenna region obtained, we employ the high-frequency method to calculate the antenna pattern with the effect from the entire platform.
Measurement stability of third-order time-optimal control systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with the properties of closed-loop time-optimal control of linear systems. Hermes introduced the notion of “stability with respect to measurement” in order to characterize those systems which are insensitive to small measurement errors. In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions for stability with respect to measurement of a generic class of third-order systems are developed.
Notch Signaling: The Core Pathway and Its Posttranslational Regulation

Notch signaling controls numerous cell-fate specification events in multicellular organisms, and dysregulated Notch signaling causes several diseases with underlying developmental defects. A key step in Notch receptor activation is its intramembrane proteolysis, which releases an intracellular fragment that participates directly in transcriptional regulation of nuclear target genes. Despite the apparent simplicity of this mechanism, a host of posttranslational processes regulate Notch activity during its synthesis and secretion, ligand-dependent activation at the surface, endocytic trafficking, and degradation. This review describes the core developmental logic of Notch signaling and how regulatory mechanisms tailor Notch pathway outputs to specific developmental scenarios.
An elective course in cultural competence

Abstract A cultural competence elective was designed to introduce student pharmacists to different cultural characteristics that can influence health care and ultimately improve the student's level of cultural competence. During this 10-week course, class sessions alternated between guest speakers who were recruited to share knowledge about their culture and interactive health screenings with those cultures. The inventory for assessing the process of cultural competence-student version (IAPCC-SV) was used to assess change in students' cultural competence and is a validated questionnaire. IAPCC-SV scores of ≥60 were considered "culturally competent" and scores were compared with the t -test for matched pairs. Results from the IAPCC-SV showed the overall students' self-reported cultural competence was significantly increased with this educational model. When individual constructs of cultural competence were assessed, there was a significant increase in four of the five cultural domains: awareness, desire, knowledge, and encounters. There was no change in the fifth construct (cultural skill). The use of area cultural liaisons and interactive health screenings increased the overall level of cultural competence among student pharmacists at the conclusion of this course.
Manufacturers' Location Decisions: Do Surveys Provide Helpful Insights?:

Survey responses from 110 branch plant start-ups in South Carolina and Georgia were examined to determine ratings and characteristics of counties selected for the plant location. Findings indicate that survey responses and community characteristics were correlated only for easily observed criteria (e.g., distance to airport or interstate highway) and location factors of critical importance to the firm (e.g., availability of skilled labor for high-tech firms). Also, the correlation between factor ratings and county-level proxy measures was stronger for larger establishments than for smaller ones, indicating a more limited search process by smaller manufacturers. Research findings suggest that locational factors should be reported by highly disaggregated categories. A return to a "case studies" approach may be useful to gain insights into location decisions.
Magneto-resistance of (TMTSF)2ClO4 in Pulsed Magnetic Fields

(TMTSF)2ClO4 was the first ambient pressure organic superconductor. Although its superconducting transition temperature has been surpassed many times, it remains an interesting compound because of its quasi one dimensional nature and its rich phase diagram1 which includes superconductivity, metallic, field-induced spin density wave (FISDW) and reentrant phases, as shown in Fig. 1. Our work has focussed on the magneto-resistance in the high field region of the phase diagram where it is suggested that (TMTSF)2ClO4 becomes re-entrant and we have paid special attention to the fast oscillations present in the data. To collect the data at the high fields necessary for this study we used a pulsed magnetic field with a novel high frequency lock-in amplifier. Our measurements reached a peak field of 41 tesla and temperatures down to 1.6K.
Control Theory and Social Behavior in the Workplace

Recent theoretical statements by Lord and Hanges (1987) and by Carver and Scheier (1981) suggest that supervision in the workplace can be analyzed as a control system made up of supervisors and subordinates. Two experiments are described which raise doubts about this claim. Subjects were engaged as supervisors and asked to provide performance feedback to a subordinate. It was found that subjects did not respond to subordinate work performance in the straightforward way predicted by control theory, but instead responded based on analyses of the context-dependent meanings of that performance. Implications of these results for applying the control system metaphor to social behavior in the workplace more generally are discussed.
Results of a new surgical paradigm: endovascular repair for acute complicated type B aortic dissection.

Background Conventional open repair of acute complicated type B aortic dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study examined the results of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in acute type B aortic dissection complicated with rupture or malperfusion syndrome. Methods From 2004 through 2007, 35 patients (22 men) with acute complicated type B aortic dissection were treated with TEVAR. Indications included rupture in 18 (51.4%) and malperfusion syndrome in 17 (48.6%; mesenteric or renal, 5;lower extremities, 3; both, 9). Three types of endograft devices were used (mean per patient, 1.9 devices). Intravascular ultrasound imaging was used in 15 patients (42.8%). In patients with malperfusion syndrome, distal adjunct procedures to expand the true lumen included infrarenal aortic stents in 4, mesenteric/renal stents in 4, and iliofemoral stents in 7. Follow-up was 93.9% during a period of 18.3 months (range, 3 to 47 months). Results The mean age was 58.6 ± 13.4 years. Technical success (coverage of the primary tear site) was achieved in 34 patients (97.1%). Coverage of the left subclavian artery was required in 25 patients (71.4%). Thirty-day mortality was 2.8%. One-year survival was 93.4% ± 4.6%. Complications included permanent renal failure (2.8%), stroke (2.8%), spinal cord ischemia (transient [5.7%], permanent [(2.8%]), and vascular access (14.2%). The mean intensive care unit and hospital stay were 4.7 ± 2.6 and 16.7 ± 12.0 days, respectively. Conclusions Endovascular repair of acute complicated type B aortic dissection is associated with low morbidity and mortality and has emerged as the surgical therapy of choice.
Pleiotropic Effects of Inhibitors of the RAAS in the Diabetic Population: Above and Beyond Blood Pressure Lowering

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are indispensable therapeutic agents for treating hypertension and proteinuria in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies have shown that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has effects on various organ systems, including the central nervous system, heart, and kidneys. Angiotensin II has major deleterious effects on vascular compliance, vascular relaxation, and plasma markers of inflammation, which are surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evidence is established from major trials that ACE inhibitors and ARB therapy improve these surrogate markers and reduce cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and stroke. Accumulating evidence also supports the newer class of medication, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, as beneficial in hypertensive persons with diabetes mellitus. In this article, we review the mechanisms through which inhibitors of the RAAS benefit persons with hypertension and decrease the development of cardiovascular and renal disease above and beyond blood pressure lowering.
Generating oracles from your favorite temporal logic specifications

This paper describes a generic tableau algorithm, which is the basis for a general customizable method for producing oracles from temporal logic specifications. A generic argument gives semantic rules with which to build the semantic tableau for a specification. Parameterizing the tableau algorithm by semantic rules permits it to easily accommodate a variety of temporal operators and provides a clean mechanism for fine-tuning the algorithm to produce efficient oracles.The paper develops conditions to ensure that a set of rules results in a correct tableau procedure. It gives sample rules for a variety of linear-time temporal operators and shows how rules are tailored to reduce the size of an oracle.
Identification of Distant Drug Off-Targets by Direct Superposition of Binding Pocket Surfaces

Correctly predicting off-targets for a given molecular structure, which would have the ability to bind a large range of ligands, is both particularly difficult and important if they share no significant sequence or fold similarity with the respective molecular target (‘‘distant off-targets’’). A novel approach for identification of off-targets by direct superposition of protein binding pocket surfaces is presented and applied to a set of well-studied and highly relevant drug targets, including representative kinases and nuclear hormone receptors. The entire Protein Data Bank is searched for similar binding pockets and convincing distant off-target candidates were identified that share no significant sequence or fold similarity with the respective target structure. These putative target off-target pairs are further supported by the existence of compounds that bind strongly to both with high topological similarity, and in some cases, literature examples of individual compounds that bind to both. Also, our results clearly show that it is possible for binding pockets to exhibit a striking surface similarity, while the respective off-target shares neither significant sequence nor significant fold similarity with the respective molecular target (‘‘distant off-target’’).
Designing Run-Time Fault-Tolerance Using Dynamic Updates

We present a framework for designing run-time fault- tolerance using dynamic program updates triggered by faults. This is an important problem in the design of autonomous systems as it is often the case that a running program needs to be upgraded to its fault-tolerant version once faults occur. We formally state fault-triggered program updates as a design problem. We then present a sound and complete algorithm that automates the design of fault- triggered updates for replacing a program that does not tolerate faults with a fault-tolerant version thereof at run-time. We also define three classes of fault-triggered dynamic updates that tolerate faults during the update. We demonstrate our approach in the context of a fault-triggered update for the gate controller of a parking lot.
Dynamic Variation in Sexual Contact Rates in a Cohort of HIV-Negative Gay Men

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission models that include variability in sexual behavior over time have shown increased incidence, prevalence, and acute-state transmission rates for a given population risk profile. This raises the question of whether dynamic variation in individual sexual behavior is a real phenomenon that can be observed and measured. To study this dynamic variation, we developed a model incorporating heterogeneity in both between-person and within-person sexual contact patterns. Using novel methodology that we call iterated filtering for longitudinal data, we fitted this model by maximum likelihood to longitudinal survey data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Collaborative HIV Seroincidence Study (1992–1995). We found evidence for individual heterogeneity in sexual behavior over time. We simulated an epidemic process and found that inclusion of empirically measured levels of dynamic variation in individual-level sexual behavior brought the theoretical predictions of HIV incidence into closer alignment with reality given the measured per-act probabilities of transmission. The methods developed here provide a framework for quantifying variation in sexual behaviors that helps in understanding the HIV epidemic among gay men.
Fitness benefits of low infectivity in a spatially structured population of bacteriophages.

For a parasite evolving in a spatially structured environment, an evolutionarily advantageous strategy may be to reduce its transmission rate or infectivity. We demonstrate this empirically using bacteriophage (phage) from an evolution experiment where spatial structure was maintained over 550 phage generations on agar plates. We found that a single substitution in the major capsid protein led to slower adsorption of phage to host cells with no change in lysis time or burst size. Plaques formed by phage isolates containing this mutation were not only larger but also contained more phage per unit area. Using a spatially explicit, individual-based model, we showed that when there is a trade-off between adsorption and diffusion (i.e. less ‘sticky’ phage diffuse further), slow adsorption can maximize plaque size, plaque density and overall productivity. These findings suggest that less infective pathogens may have an advantage in spatially structured populations, even when well-mixed models predict that they will not.
‘Calm down!’: the role of gaze in the interactional management of hysteria by the police

Gaze is a central mechanism for the entry into and coordination of face-to-face interaction. As such, persistent and sustained gaze withdrawal may indicate significant troubles in an interaction. T...
Advances in injection molding of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics during 1991—Part II: Processing, design, and manufacture

This article is the second part of a survey of developments in the open literature during 1991 on subjects related to the injection molding of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. Topics discussed include injection molding machines, screw design, process control systems, modeling, product design, mold design and manufacture, characterization techniques, and applications of composites. Although these technological advances are broadly applicable to the processing, design, and manufacture of thermoplastics generally, they are essential to the enhanced engineering, fabrication, and utilization of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Capnocytophaga sp. Isolated from a Cat with Chronic Sinusitis and Rhinitis

A Capnocytophaga sp. was inadvertently isolated from a cat with chronic sinusitis and rhinitis when cytopathic effects were observed in Crandall-Reese feline kidney cells that had been inoculated with oropharyngeal swab samples. Although Capnocytophaga spp. are of considerable zoonotic importance, their clinical relevance for dogs or cats has not been established. However, failure to do so may be attributed to the infrequent use of specialized isolation techniques that are required to grow Capnocytophaga spp. To our knowledge, successful isolation of these organisms from a cat with nasopharyngeal disease has not been reported.
Firm Status and Downward Diversification: A Note on Participation in Family Law and Personal Injury Law in Silicon Valley, 1946-1996

In this research note, we reanalyze and extend Phillips and Zuckerman’s (2001) study of diversification among Silicon Valley law firms. Our goals are to bolster the evidence in Phillips, Turco, and Zuckerman (2013a) in two ways. First, we demonstrate that high-status law firm diversification is relatively common when it involves Family Law (FL) (as shown in Phillips and Zuckerman 2001) but it is rare when it involves Personal Injury Law (PIL); and that observable repercussions for downward diversification are negative for PIL but nonexistent for FL. Second, we address the possibility that this difference derives from factors associated with firms’ existing capabilities, and thereby provide evidence that the diversification pattern is systematic.
Hole transport in DNA hairpins via base mismatches and strand crossings: Efficiency and dynamics

Abstract The efficiency and dynamics of hole transport via base mismatches and strand crossings have been determined for 10 DNA hairpins by means of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The hairpins possess a stilbenedicarboxamide hole donor and stilbenediether hole acceptor separated by seven base pairs. Hole transport occurs via an intra- or interstrand A 3 G 4 diblock purine sequence that contains either a single base pair mismatch or strand crossing. Pyrimidine-pyrimidine mismatches (TT or CC) effectively block intrastrand hole transport; whereas purine-purine mismatches (AA or GG) permit efficient interstrand hole transport. Purine-to-purine intrastrand hole transport between adjacent matched base pairs is also moderately efficient (AG > AA > GG). Based upon these results AA mismatches are being employed in the design of three-way junctions for incorporation in prototype charge splitting and charge combining devices.
Amorphous Phase Formation in NiTi During Cold Rolling

The intermetallic compound NiTi was cold rolled at room temperature. Amorphous bands were formed within the finely twined crystalline matrix after thickness reduction of 60%. Striking similarities were observed in microstructural morphology between amorphous bands and shear bands that are generally observed in heavily cold-rolled pure metals. We suggest from the present observations together with the reported results in other solid-state amorphization experiments that the amorphous bands are produced in the shear bands, and that amorphization is caused by mechanical instability against the shear stress.
A generalized Nash equilibrium model of a resource stockpile with independent market response dynamics

Closely related to inventory control problems and Nash-Cournot games, research into the optimal build-up and depletion of strategic resource stockpiles is of critical interest to governments and private industry. Enhancing previously reported SISO models of strategic resource stockpiles, this paper reports three innovations in game theoretic optimal stockpile modeling that differentiate it from previous publications: the combination of a stockpile model in parallel with an independent, open market inventory model, the addition of a producer's extraction cost, and the consideration of initial stockpile build-up costs. The following sections introduce this new model, offer a solution existence proof, and present example solutions and comparative numerical analyses.