cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of DNAs of Crypthecodinium cohnii‐like Dinoflagellates from Widespread Geographic Locations*

SYNOPSIS. We have examined various properties of DNAs from 7 dinoflagellate isolates of wide geographic distribution; all of the isolates are superficially indistinguishable from a laboratory strain of Crypthecodinium cohnii originally isolated at Woods Hole, Massachusetts (WHd strain). Two isolates, one from Puerto Rico and the other from Honduras, are clearly distinguishable from WHd and the other isolates by their DNA buoyant density values. WHd and the other 5 isolates we have examined are indistinguishable from one another in terms of DNA buoyant densities and melting temperatures. The relationship among the various isolates, including WHd, were evaluated at a finer level through restriction endonuclease cleavage and molecular hybridization to compare ribosomal RNA gene structure in the several DNAs. All the isolates could be further categorized by this method, the patterns of restriction endonuclease cleavage of ribosomal RNA genes in the isolates paralleling exactly their sexual compatibilities established from breeding experiments by Beam & Himes. The DNAs were also treated with a restriction endonuclease sensitive to the presence of the modified base 5-methylcytosine. In all isolates, cytosine residues in both total DNA and DNA specifically containing the ribosomal RNA genes were found to be extensively methylated, as was previously shown for the WHd strain.
The Computer Aversion, Attitudes, and Familiarity Index (CAAFI): A validity study

This study's purpose was to provide additional psychometric data on the Computer Aversion, Attitudes, and Familiarity Index (CAAFI). The CAAFI is comprised of 40 items, yielding a total score and four factor scores with 10 items each (one familiarity, one attitudes, two aversion). The measure was administered to a sample of undergraduate psychology students (N=293) along with the Computer Understanding and Experience Scale, the Computer Attitude Scale, and the Computer Aversion Scale. The factor structure of the CAAFI was supported via confirmatory factor analytic procedures and analysis of internal consistency reliability coefficients. In relation to the other measures of computer-related constructs, the strongest validity support was found for the CAAFI total score and Factors 1 (computer familiarity) and 3 (computer aversion-discomfort), followed by Factor 2 (computer attitudes). With regard to Factor 4 (computer aversion-fear), given the results of the analyses the decision was made to remove these items from the CAAFI in order to enhance the measure's psychometric properties and practical utility.
The Optical Properties of MnAs and MnAs0.85P0.15

The reflectivity spectra of MnAs (hexagonal NiAs structure) and MnAs0.85P0.15 (orthorhombic lattice) are measured in the energy range 0.3 to 14 eV at room temperature and a Kramers-Kronig analysis is performed. It is found that below 1 eV plasma effects due to free d-electrons dominate. At energies from 3 to 8 eV plasma resonances due to bound d-electrons are observed. In the intermediate region, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant ϵ2 reveals structure due to transitions between d-states and from the valence band into d- and sp states. Analysis of the combined density-of-states function ϵ2E2 yields 3.0 eV for the energy gap between bonding and antibonding sp states for both compounds. Also, from interpretation of ϵ2 together with ϵ2E2 the energy separation between the Fermi level EF and the bottom of the minority spin e-band and the distance of the valence band edge from EF are obtained. Das Reflexionsvermogen von MnAs (hexagonale NiAs-Struktur) und MnAs0,85P0,15 (orthorhombische Struktur) wird bei Quantenenergien zwischen 0,3 und 14 eV gemessen. Extrapolation der Daten und Anwendung der Kramers-Kronig-Relationen ergeben die optischen Konstanten. Unterhalb 1 eV sind die optischen Konstanten durch Absorption quasi-freier d-Elektronen bestimmt. Plasma-resonanzen gebundener d-Elektronen beobachtet man im Bereich zwischen 3 und 8 eV. Strukturen in ϵ2 im mittleren Energiebereich werden als Interbandubergange zwischen den d-Unterbandern bzw. zwischen dem Valenzband und den d-Bandern gedeutet. Aus dem Verlauf der kombinierten Zustandsdichte ϵ2E2 last sich die Energielucke zwischen bindenden und antibindenden sp-Zustanden zu 3 eV abschatzen. Ein Vergleich mit Vorhersagen uber die Anordnung der spinpolarisierten Energiebander ergibt Werte fur die Abstande des Ferminiveaus EF von der Valenzbandoberkante und von der Unterkante des Minoritats-Spin-e-Unterbandes.
Partitioning of paracellular conductance along the ileal crypt-villus axis: a hypothesis based on structural analysis with detailed consideration of tight junction structure-function relationships.

Current models of intestinal transport suggest cells which absorb ions are located on the villus while secretory cells are located in the crypt and putatively have paracellular pathways which are highly conductive to Na+. One approach to assess possible variation in small intestinal paracellular conductance along the crypt-villus axis is to morphometrically analyze the structural aspects of crypt and villus tight junctions (TJs) which relate to paracellular resistance. Such detailed analysis of junctional structure in this heterogeneous epithelium would permit one to compare intestinal TJ structure-function relationships with those in a structurally simpler epithelium such as that of toad urinary bladder. This comparison would also be of considerable interest since previous similar comparisons have failed to consider in detail the geometric dissimilarity between these two epithelia. We applied light, electron microscopic, and freezefracture morphometric techniques to guinea pig ileal mucosa to quantitatively assess, for both crypts and villi, linear TJ density, relative surface contributions, and TJ strand counts. Mean linear TJ densities were 76.8 m/cm2 for crypt cells and 21.8 m/cm2 for villus absorptive cells. Mean TJ strand counts were 4.45 for undifferentiated crypt cell TJs and 6.03 for villus absorptive cell TJs. The villus constituted 87% and the crypt 13% of total surface. We utilized these data to predict paracellular conductance of cryptsvs. villi based on equations derived from those of Claude (P. Claude,J. Membrane Biol. 39:219–232, 1978). Such analysis predicts that 73% of ileal paracellular conductance is attributable to the crypt. Furthermore, we obtained literature values for paracellular resistance in mammalian ileum and toad urinary bladder and for toad bladder TJ structure and linear density and constructed a relationship which would allow us to more accurately compare TJ structure-function correlates between these two epithelia. Such a comparison, which considers both surface amplification and TJ structure and distribution in these epithelia, shows that one would predictin vitro measured values for paracellular resistance should be approximately two orders of magnitude less in mammalian ileum than in toad urinary bladder. This predicted discrepancy (115-fold) correlates well with the observed difference (100-fold). These findings suggest that highly similar TJ structure-function relationships apply to these geometrically dissimilar tissues and that, in mammalian ileum, the crypt compartment may be responsible for the majority of net ileal paracellular conductance. We speculate that high crypt linear TJ density and low crypt TJ strand counts may serve as the structural basis of massive paracellular Na+ movement which is coupled to active Cl− secretion and appears to originate from the crypt following exposure to intestinal secretagogues.
Elements of Solar Sail Navigation with Application to a Halley's Comet Rendezvous

The problem of interplanetary navigation of a solar sail spacecraft is examined and found to be analogous to that of solar electric spacecraft. The dominant navigation error sources are shown to be accelerations that are unaccounted for in the description of the vehicle's motion, due to the inability to precisely model the solar radiation pressure. A strategy for navigation in the presence of these accelerations is devised, based on techniques previously developed for solar electric vehicles. An evaluation of the strategy is made for a Halley's comet rendezvous mission, and the results of that evaluation indicate that the strategy gives acceptable performance.
Domoic acid and human exposure risks: A review

Domoic acid is a potent neurotoxin that is naturally produced by several diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. The toxin acts as a glutamate agonist and is excitotoxic in the vertebrate central nervous system and other glutamate receptor-rich organs. Human exposure to domoic acid occurs via the consumption of contaminated shellfish that have accumulated the toxin while filter feeding on toxigenic phytoplankton during blooms. The first reported human domoic acid poisoning event occurred in Canada in 1987 during which clinical signs of acute toxicity such as gastrointestinal distress, confusion, disorientation, memory loss, coma and death were observed. The illness was named amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and due to effective seafood monitoring programs there have been no documented ASP cases since 1987. However, domoic acid poisoning has a significant effect on marine wildlife and multiple poisoning events have occurred in marine birds and mammals over the last few decades. Currently, domoic acid producing diatom blooms are thought to be increasing in frequency world wide, posing an increasing threat to wildlife and human health. Of particular concern are the potential impacts of long-term low-level exposure in "at risk" human populations. The impacts of repetitive low-level domoic acid exposure are currently unknown. This review provides a basic description of the mechanism of action of domoic acid as well as a synthesis of information pertaining to domoic acid exposure routes, toxin susceptibility, and the importance of effective monitoring programs. The importance of investigating the potential human health impacts of long-term low-level domoic acid exposure in "at risk" human populations is also discussed.
LEARNING AS CHANGING PARTICIPATION: DISCOURSE ROLES IN ESL WRITING CONFERENCES

This study investigates the acquisition of an unfamiliar discursive practice by an adult Vietnamese learner of English. The practice is revision talk in weekly English as a Second Language (ESL) writing conferences between the student and his ESL writing instructor. This research adopts the interactional competence framework for understanding the interactional architecture and participation framework of the practice. It also draws on the theory of situated learning or legitimate peripheral participation in arguing that changes in the student's and instructor's patterns of co-participation demonstrate processes by which the student moved from peripheral to fuller participation. It appears that although the student was the one whose participation was most dramatically transformed, the instructor was a co-learner, and her participation changed in ways that complemented the student's learning. Through close analysis of the revision talk in four successive writing conferences, this study contributes to our understanding of language learning as co-constructed development in situated discursive practices.
Inverse Rendering of Lambertian Surfaces Using Subspace Methods

We propose a vector space approach for inverse rendering of a Lambertian convex object with distant light sources. In this problem, the texture of the object and arbitrary lightings are both to be recovered from multiple images of the object and its 3D model. Our work is motivated by the observation that all possible images of a Lambertian object lie around a low-dimensional linear subspace spanned by the first few spherical harmonics. The inverse rendering can therefore be formulated as a matrix factorization, in which the basis of the subspace is encoded in a spherical harmonic matrix ${S}$ associated with the object’s geometry. A necessary and sufficient condition on ${S}$ for unique factorization is derived with an introduction to a new notion of matrix rank called nonseparable full rank. A singular value decomposition-based algorithm for exact factorization in the noiseless case is introduced. In the presence of noise, two algorithms, namely, alternating and optimization based are proposed to deal with two different types of noise. A random sample consensus-based algorithm is introduced to reduce the size of the optimization problem, which is equal to the number of pixels in each image. Implementations of the proposed algorithms are done on a real data set.
Predicting the risk for acute type B aortic dissection in hypertensive patients using anatomic variables.

Objectives This study sought to identify possible anatomic predictors of acute type B aortic dissection (AAD) in hypertensive patients using multidetector computed tomography angiography (CTA). Background Although hypertension remains one of the most significant risk factors for AAD development, it is unlikely to be the only risk factor for AAD. Few studies have assessed anatomical predictors of AAD development. Methods CTA of normotensive patients without AAD (group 1, n = 35), hypertensive patients without AAD (group 2, n = 37), and hypertensive patients with AAD (group 3, n = 37) were compared. The length, diameter, volume, and tortuosity of the aorta as well as arch vessel angulation were measured for each patient and normalized to group 1 averages. Stepwise logistic regression identified significant anatomical associations; the model was validated based on 1,000 bootstrapped samples. Results The demographics of the groups were similar. The length of the proximal and entire aorta, the diameters in the proximal ascending aorta and aortic arch, and the aortic volumes were all greater (p Conclusions Enlargement of the ascending aorta and aortic arch and increased aortic tortuosity reflect an aortopathy which enhances the probability of AAD. A model based on 3 anatomical variables demonstrates significant associations with AAD: it may allow identification by aortic imaging of the hypertensive patient most at risk, and permit implementation of aggressive medical management and consideration of pre-emptive surgery to prevent dissection.
USE OF INHALATION TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL AND ETHANOL DEPENDENCE ON NEONATAL MOUSE DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT MATERNAL SEPARATION : A PRELIMINARY STUDY

This study explored the use of ethanol inhalation as a model to study the effects of ethanol and ethanol dependence on neonatal brain development in mice without maternal separation. In these experiments two day old Swiss Webster mice with their mothers were put in an inhalation chamber and continuously exposed to ethanol vapors for 12 days. The results indicate that: (a) the neonates developed substantial blood ethanol levels (160 to 290 mg/dl); (b) the mothers had minimal blood ethanol concentrations (BECs < 10mg/dl); (c) no mortality was observed during ethanol exposure; (d) physical dependence to ethanol was produced in the neonates, as evidenced by typical withdrawal symptoms.; (e) exposure to ethanol vapors did not affect the weight gain of the neonates indicating that nutrition and suckling ability was not significantly altered; the body weight of the mothers were also not affected; (f) 12 days of neonatal ethanol exposure significantly reduced whole brain and cerebellar weights on postnatal day 45 as compared to the controls; (g) neonatal ethanol exposure resulted in behavioral changes on postnatal day 40 to 41. Twelve days of ethanol exposure significantly impaired habituation, but did not alter spontaneous locomotion and (h) ethanol sensitivity on postnatal day 45 measured by Loss of Righting Reflex (LORR) was not affected. Although further studies are necessary, the results demonstrate that exposure to ethanol vapors can cause high BECs in the neonates without causing meaningful BECs in the mothers. Collectively, the results indicate that the ethanol inhalation technique can be used to investigate the effects of ethanol and ethanol dependence on neonatal development in mice during the rodent equivalent of the human third trimester.
A new hydrostatic medium for diamond anvil cells to 300 kbar pressure

Abstract We have shown that the rare gas xenon provides a hydrostatic medium for gasketed samples in a diamond anvil cell to pressures of 300 kbar. Previously, hydrostatic conditions were limited to ∼100 kbar in a methanol-ethanol mixture. Three spectroscopic tests were used to determine that pressure gradients were small in the solidified gas. Since xenon has a convenient melting temperature, easy cell loading is possible. The small volume in the gasket requires only a few cm 3 of gas. By analogy the other rare gases may be expected to show similar hydrostatic properties. Helium, for example, would be useful for X-ray studies.
Retention and distribution of 1-naphthol and naphthol polymerization products on surface soils

Sorption and extractability of naphthol and naphthol polymerization products (NPP) were evaluated in two surface soils. NPP were generated by the addition of horseradish peroxidase and H\d2O\d2 to naphthol solutions in contact with the surface soils. While NPP retention on the forest soil was lower compared to the parent naphthol, no difference in sorption of naphthol and NPP was observed in the agricultural soil. The agricultural soil retained more naphthol and NPP than the forest soil. The NPP sorption behavior noted in this study was in contrast to that of phenol polymerization products observed by other researchers. The presence of phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol as cosolutes had no significant impact on naphthol or NPP retention on the two soils, and naphthol was more easily extracted from both soils whenever phenol was present as a cosolute. Characterization of the naphthol polymerization products using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and octanol-water partitioning indicated that significant fractions of the water-soluble and insoluble NPP were comprised of oligomers that were more polar than the parent 1-naphthol. This decrease in polarity upon polymerization is believed to have been responsible for the NPP retention and binding behavior observed in this study.
LSD Use as a barrier to public safety employment: A review of the medical findings

In a review of available literature on the topic of adverse effects of the use of hallucinogenics, the authors found some remarkable evidence. First, there is not evidence that these drugs are physically or emotionally addictive. In fact, users generally discontinue use because of the impact of altering states of consciousness. Few have the desire to experience these effects beyond satisfying their curiosity about the drugs.
Novel germline SDHD mutation: diagnosis and implications to the patient.

A 54-year-old man presented with hypertensive crisis. He was found to have bilateral pheochromocytomas and left paraaortic sympathetic paraganglioma. Although he had no family history of paragangliomas or pheochromocytomas, he had been diagnosed with bilateral head and neck paragangliomas 10 years prior. The patient had symptoms of catecholamine excess exacerbated by vanilla ice-cream consumption. Biochemical testing revealed elevated plasma-free metanephrines and chromogranin A levels. Computed tomography showed bilateral carotid body tumors and four reteroperitoneal masses (two in the right adrenal, one in the left adrenal and one in the left paraaortic area). Metaiodobenzylguanidine-SPECT scans showed functional tumors in both the adrenal gland and left paraaortic area. Fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography did not show any visceral or skeletal metastasis. We carried out gene mutation analysis for succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D. The patient was diagnosed with hereditary paraganglioma syndrome type 1 with a previously unreported subunit D mutation in exon 3 (c.198G > A, p.W66X). He was treated with phenoxybenzamine at 10 mg/day and with metoprolol at 12.5 mg/day. His blood pressures as well as symptoms of catecholamine excess were controlled. He then underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and reteroperitoneal dissection. His blood pressure normalized and he discontinued antihypertensive medications after surgery. He is currently on replacement therapy with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.
Filtered viscous fluid equations

Abstract We analyze an Eulerian-Lagrangian description of filtered incompressible fluid equations. A viscous Cauchy formula is derived for such equations. The models discussed are related to vortex methods and to filtered Kuzmin-Oseledets equations
A Cartesian-based embedded geometry technique with adaptive high-order finite differences for compressible flow around complex geometries

An immersed boundary methodology to solve the compressible Navier-Stokes equations around complex geometries in Cartesian fluid dynamics solvers is described. The objective of the new approach is to enable smooth reconstruction of pressure and viscous stresses around the embedded objects without spurious numerical artifacts. A standard level set represents the boundary of the object and defines a fictitious domain into which the flow fields are smoothly extended. Boundary conditions on the surface are enforced by an approach inspired by analytic continuation. Each fluid field is extended independently, constrained only by the boundary condition associated with that field. Unlike most existing methods, no jump conditions or explicit derivation of them from the boundary conditions are required in this approach. Numerical stiffness that arises when the fluid-solid interface is close to grid points of the mesh is addressed by preconditioning. In addition, the embedded geometry technique is coupled with a stable high-order adaptive discretization that is enabled around the object boundary to enhance resolution. The stencils used to transition the order of accuracy of the discretization are derived using the summation-by-parts technique that ensures stability. Applications to shock reflections, shock-ramp interactions, and supersonic and low-Mach number flows over two- and three-dimensional geometries are presented.
Minimization of power loss and harmonic distortion in grid-tied cascaded multilevel inverters

This paper presents the application of a multi-objective optimization method to minimize two conflicting features, power loss and total harmonic distortion, of grid-tied PWM-based cascaded multilevel inverter. These features are similarly important, thus requiring a compromise because of inherent conflict between them. One major challenge is that these features cannot be expressed simply by mathematical formulas due to nonlinear behaviors of PWM-based inverters. In this paper, a modified normalized boundary intersection (NBI) method is applied as the chosen solution, providing an effective approach in converting a multi-objective optimization problem to one objective. A grid-tied cascaded 11-level inverter has been simulated and results are presented to confirm validity of the suggested technique.
Physician-Developer Interaction in Medical Device Design

Industry-physician relationships have been widely reported throughout the medical device community. However, there is limited research that describes how device developers effectively interact with physicians throughout the development of new medical products. There is also limited research regarding how the process of physician-developer interaction influences the clinical and financial outcomes of early stage companies. Knowledge of such interaction is particularly relevant to the large and growing number of complex and high-risk medical devices, in which physicians are the primary end users and patients are the recipients of care.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Semantically-Rich Composition of Virtual Images

Virtualization promises to reduce data centers' total cost of ownership by enabling the creation of a small set of standardized building blocks to be shared and used many times indifferent software stacks. However, without proper methodology and tools, an organization can easily end up with a large number of one-off virtual images, adversely affecting the cost. We propose an approach, tool, and algorithms for constructing high-quality, semantically-rich image building blocks that are easy to share, compose, and reuse. In our approach, domain experts codify knowledge of a particular software product (or a combination thereof) in a platform- and cloud-agnostic software bundle. Image builders easily construct virtual images by composing a set of standardized bundles. Semantic-based validation guarantees a valid and complete image design. Moreover, we propose algorithms to automate image design by searching for an optimal set of building blocks taking into account multiple metrics such as cost, size, and expected build duration.
Absence of the OKT4 epitope on blood T cells and thymus cells in a patient with thymoma, hypogammaglobulinemia, and red blood cell aplasia

Abstract Human helper/inducer T-lymphocytes that express the T4 antigen are important in the regulation of B and T cell functions. Several epitopes of the T4 molecule have now been recognized; however, the precise role of these molecules in the function of helper/inducer T cells is unclear. We studied a patient with thymoma, hypogammaglobulinemia, and red blood cell aplasia whose blood lymphocytes and thymus cells did not express the epitope recognized by OKT4 monoclonal antibody but did display the T4 epitopes recognized by OKT4A and Leu3A monoclonal antibodies. The absence of the OKT4 epitope on the patient's thymus cells suggested that the abnormality occurred during early T cell differentiation. The patient had intact delayed hypersensitivity to 4/4 antigens, and his blood lymphocytes proliferated normally to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, tetanus toxoid, and allogeneic cells. The patient's T cells demonstrated augmented suppressor activity that was localized to the OKT8 + population rather than to the unusual T4 subset. Irradiation abrogated suppressor activity and rendered his T cells capable of providing help for polyclonal B cell differentiation. The data emphasize the limitations of OKT4 as the sole reagent for characterizing the subset of human helper/inducer cells and demonstrate that the expression of the T4 epitope recognized by OKT4 monoclonal antibody is not required for certain helper/inducer T cell functions in vitro and in vivo.
Bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to ecologic factors among states in America

Smoking, inadequate vitamin D and pesticide exposure have been linked to bladder cancer (BCa) in past studies. The objective of this study is to explore associations between BCa rates and these risk factors. BCa incidence and mortality rates among states were compared to smoking; solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels and drinking water from a surface water supply (which has greater residual pesticide contamination than groundwater and both are used as sources for drinking water). Lack of health insurance, median family income and urbanization were included to adjust for access to health care and socioeconomic status. BCa incidence and mortality correlated directly with smoking and inversely with solar UV radiation for males and females. BCa mortality correlated directly with drinking surface water for both sexes. Lack of health insurance correlated inversely with BCa incidence for females and trended toward significance for males. Multivariable analyses identified solar UV radiation as the best predictor of BCa incidence in males and solar UV radiation and smoking in females. Solar UV radiation, smoking and drinking surface water were the best predictors of BCa mortality in males, while smoking and drinking surface water were the best predictors of mortality in females. BCa incidence and mortality for both sexes correlated directly with smoking and inversely with solar UV radiation levels. BCa mortality for both sexes correlated with drinking water from a surface water source. It is hypothesized that BCa mortality risks may increase from drinking water contaminated with low levels of pesticides.
Laser-produced spectra of copperlike antimony and tellurium, Sb 22+ and Te 23+

Spectra of the copperlike ions Sb22+ and Te23+ were observed with a laser-produced plasma and a 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. Wavelengths, energy levels for all n = 4 and n = 5 configurations, and ionization energies were determined for each ion. For Sb22+, the 6g levels were also determined. Wavelengths for the 4s–4p resonance lines are compared with recent measurements [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B8, 1799 ( 1991)] obtained with a tokamak plasma and with semiempirical values [ Phys. Rev, A44, 148 ( 1991)] obtained from smoothed corrections to relativistic calculations.
The Growth and Characterization of Germanium-Carbon Alloy Thin Films

Thin films of pure germanium-carbon alloys (Ge x C 1−x with x ≈ 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) have been grown on Si(100) and A1 2 O 3 (0001) substrates by pulsed laser ablation in a high vacuum chamber. The films were analyzed by x-ray θ-2θ diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), conductivity measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy. The analyses of these new materials showed that films of all compositions were amorphous, free of contamination and uniform in composition. By changing the film composition, the optical band gap of these semiconducting films was varied from 0.00eV to 0.85eV for x = 0.0 to 1.0 respectively. According to the AES results, the carbon atoms in the Ge-C alloy thin film samples has a bonding configuration that is a mixture of sp 2 and sp 3 hybridizations.
Syntheses, structures and properties of copper and nickel complexes of the macrocyclic ligand 5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-octahydro-tetrabenzo[b, f, j, n][1,5,9,13]tetraazacyclohexadecine (H8TAAB)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the new macrocyclic copper complex [Cu(H8TAAB](Cl04)2 are described (H8TAAB = 5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-octahydro-tetrabenzo[b, f, j, n][1,5,9,13]tetraazacyclohexadecine). The crystal structure of the complex ([Cu(H8TAAB)(H2O)2](C1O4)2·2H2O) was determined. Crystal data: formula CuN4C28H36Cl2O12, space group P 1 , Z = 2, a = 9.475(2), b = 9.457(1), c = 18.222(4) A α = 90.07(2), β = 97.71(2), γ = 90.02(1)° . The nickel complex of H8TAAB ([Ni(H8TAAB)(O(H)CH3)2](C1O4)2·2HOCH3) crystallizes in the space group P 1 , formula NiN4C32H44Cl2O12, Z = 2, a = 11.322(5), b = 16.752(9), c = 9.703(3) A , α = 101.24(4), β = 90.76(3), γ = 86.74(4)° . For the ligand H8TAAB which crystallized with one ethylacetate, formula N4C32H36O2, the space group P21/c was found with Z = 4, a = 18.468(3), b = 13.111(1), c = 11.698(2) A β = 96.36(1)° . A new macrocycle, Me4H4TAAB, was synthesized by methylation of H8TAAB and structurally characterized: formula N4C32H36, space group P 1 with Z = 2, a = 12.150(1), b = 12.344(2), c = 9.324(1) A , α = 90.642(9), β = 102.186(9), γ = 102.804(9)° .
Trickle-Down Accountability How Middle School Teachers Engage Students in Data Use

Despite a growing body of research on data use in education, there has been relatively little focus on the role of students. This article begins to fill this gap by exploring teacher and administrator reports on engaging students in data use at six middle schools. Even though teachers expressed a belief that involving students in data use would motivate students, they often enacted potentially demotivating, performance-oriented classroom structures: sharing data publically, comparing results with others, focusing on status, and providing limited feedback/support on how to close gaps in knowledge. School and district conditions and accountability policies shaped these classroom practices. In some cases, these contextual factors pressed teachers to focus on performance; in others, it buffered them, allowing for a greater emphasis on individual student learning. The authors contribute a theoretically driven, motivational perspective on data use and a cautionary tale of the “trickle-down” effects of accountab...
APOBEC3 versus Retroviruses, Immunity versus Invasion: Clash of the Titans

Since the identification of APOBEC3G (A3G) as a potent restriction factor of HIV-1, a tremendous amount of effort has led to a broadened understanding of both A3G and the APOBEC3 (A3) family to which it belongs. In spite of the fine-tuned viral counterattack to A3 activity, in the form of the HIV-1 Vif protein, enthusiasm for leveraging the Vif : A3G axis as a point of clinical intervention remains high. In an impressive explosion of information over the last decade, additional A3 family members have been identified as antiviral proteins, mechanistic details of the restrictive capacity of these proteins have been elucidated, structure-function studies have revealed important molecular details of the Vif : A3G interaction, and clinical cohorts have been scrutinized for correlations between A3 expression and function and viral pathogenesis. In the last year, novel and unexpected findings regarding the role of A3G in immunity have refocused efforts on exploring the potential of harnessing the natural power of this immune defense. These most recent reports allude to functions of the A3 proteins that extend beyond their well-characterized designation as restriction factors. The emerging story implicates the A3 family as not only defense proteins, but also as participants in the broader innate immune response.
Controlling tetramer formation, subunit rotation and DNA ligation during Hin-catalyzed DNA inversion

Two critical steps controlling serine recombinase activity are the remodeling of dimers into the chemically active synaptic tetramer and the regulation of subunit rotation during DNA exchange. We identify a set of hydrophobic residues within the oligomerization helix that controls these steps by the Hin DNA invertase. Phe105 and Met109 insert into hydrophobic pockets within the catalytic domain of the same subunit to stabilize the inactive dimer conformation. These rotate out of the catalytic domain in the dimer and into the subunit rotation interface of the tetramer. About half of residue 105 and 109 substitutions gain the ability to generate stable synaptic tetramers and/or promote DNA chemistry without activation by the Fis/enhancer element. Phe106 replaces Phe105 in the catalytic domain pocket to stabilize the tetramer conformation. Significantly, many of the residue 105 and 109 substitutions support subunit rotation but impair ligation, implying a defect in rotational pausing at the tetrameric conformer poised for ligation. We propose that a ratchet-like surface involving Phe105, Met109 and Leu112 within the rotation interface functions to gate the subunit rotation reaction. Hydrophobic residues are present in analogous positions in other serine recombinases and likely perform similar functions.
Preface for Small-Molecule Activation: From Biological Principles to Energy Applications. Part 2: Small Molecules Related to the Global Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is among the most significant biogeochemical cycles on Earth because nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all forms of life. The largest contributor of nitrogen in the cycle is atmospheric dinitrogen (N_2), which is generally unavailable to plants by direct assimilation. Hence, access to fixed forms of nitrogen constitutes in many cases the most limiting factor for plant growth. This is in sharp contrast to carbon, which is easily taken up by plants from the atmosphere by fixing gaseous carbon dioxide (CO_2). The availability of nitrogen (and water) hence limits the ability to produce sufficient crops to feed our planet’s growing population.
Farm labor, reproductive justice: Migrant women farmworkers in the US

Little is known about the reproductive health of women migrant farmworkers in the US. The health and rights of these workers are advanced by fundamental human rights principles that are sometimes conceptually and operationally siloed into three approaches: reproductive health, reproductive rights, and reproductive justice. I focus on the latter framework, as it lends critical attention to the structural oppression central to poor reproductive health, as well as to the agency of communities organizing and leading efforts to improve their health. I review what is known about these women’s reproductive health; identify three realms of reproduction oppression affecting their reproductive health: labor/occupational conditions, health care, and social relations involving race, immigration and fertility; and then highlight some current efforts at women farmworker-directed change. Finally, I make several analytical observations that suggest the importance of the reproductive justice framework to broader discussions of migrant worker justice and its role in realizing their right to health.
Burden of liver disease in the United States: summary of a workshop.

Disease burden is a term that encompasses a number of aspects of the impact of a disease on the health of a population, ranging from (1) the frequency of the disease, as measured by incidence and prevalence, to its effect on (2) longevity, such as casefatality rate and years of life lost due to premature death, (3) morbidity including decrease in health status and quality of life, and (4) finance, including direct health care expenditures and indirect costs related to lost income from premature death or disability.
The variational principle for products of non-negative matrices

Let (ΣA, σ) be a subshift of finite type and let M(x) be a continuous function on ΣA taking values in the set of non-negative matrices. We set up the variational principle between the pressure function, entropy and Lyapunov exponent for M on ΣA. We also present some properties of equilibrium states.
The influence of temperature and strain rate on the constitutive and damage responses of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE, Kel-F 81)

Abstract Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), also known as Kel-F 81, is a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer. Although it has been employed in a wide range of cryogenic components, valve seats, seals, and microelectronics packaging, its mechanical behavior has received limited coverage in the literature. In this work, we present the tensile and compressive constitutive response of PCTFE for a range of temperatures (−85 to 150 °C) and strain rates (1 × 10−4–2.9 × 103 s−1). Both large-strain experiments based on flow stress and small-strain dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) using the elastic modulus exhibit a strong increase in the glass transition temperature, Tg, with increasing strain rate. The quasistatic fracture behavior of PCTFE is presented using J-integral fracture experiments. Finally, a discussion of the implication of the constitutive and damage responses of PCTFE on impact failure modes observed in Taylor impact experiments is presented.
Is Antitrust Too Complicated for Generalist Judges? The Impact of Economic Complexity & Judicial Training on Appeals

The recent increase in the demand for expert economic analysis in antitrust litigation has improved the welfare of economists; however, the law and economics literature is silent on the effects of economic complexity or judges’ economic training on judicial decision-making. We use a unique data set on antitrust litigation in federal district and administrative courts during 1996-2006 to examine whether economic complexity impacts antitrust decisions, and provide a novel test of the hypothesis that antitrust analysis has become too complex for generalist judges. We also examine the impact of basic economic training by judges. We find that decisions involving the evaluation of complex economic evidence are significantly more likely to be appealed, and decisions of judges trained in basic economics are significantly less likely to be appealed than are decisions by their untrained counterparts. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that some antitrust cases are too complicated for generalist judges.
Information and Control in Organizations

This article presents a review of the book “Information and Control in Organizations,” by Edward E. Lawler and John Grant Rhode.
The Idea of an Urban University A History and Rhetoric of Ambivalence and Ambiguity

American public and professional attitudes toward the idea of the urban university have always been ambivalent and confused, if not hostile and resistant, in keeping with tendencies toward metrophobia, or fear of the city and its people. Furthermore, definitions of and criteria for the urban university have suffered from ambiguity, thus exacerbating negative attitudes toward it. Uncovering the reasons for these views toward and definitions of the urban university requires analyses that are both rhetorical and historical. Sources of resistance to the urban university are found in the rural and small town traditions of colonial, state, and land grant institutions in the United States. Further indication of ambivalence and ambiguity is the current rhetorical move that poses what used to be called urban problems as metropolitan or human problems and the corresponding reconceptualizations of urban universities as metropolitan or generic, thus deflecting attention from urban institutions and inner cities.
Hypersolidus deformation in the lower crust of the Josephine ophiolite: evidence for kinematic decoupling between the upper and lower oceanic crust

Abstract New mapping and structural observations in the lower crust of the Josephine ophiolite provide insights into the geometry and kinematics of hypersolidus flow beneath an oceanic spreading center. The lower crust, defined here as the sequence of rocks overlying mantle peridotite and beneath exposure of 100% sheeted dikes, can be divided into lower wehrlite–dunite and upper gabbroic sections. The contact between the two is mutually intrusive where exposed. Hypersolidus fabrics are the dominant structures observed. No pervasive crystal-plastic deformation is observed. Restoration of the hypersolidus foliations and igneous modal layers to their on-axis orientation indicates that they strike approximately perpendicular to the strike of the inferred paleo-spreading center as defined by the orientation of sheeted dikes and on-axis, oceanic faults. Hypersolidus lineations define a dispersed 3-D flow pattern in the lower crust, whereas extension directions in the upper crust (i.e. poles to sheeted dikes, oceanic normal faults) are unidirectional and perpendicular to the paleo-ridge axis. Collectively, these observations are consistent with partitioning of deformation between the upper and lower crust, and local ridge-parallel extension in the partially-molten lower crust due to possible subsidence of the thickened, axial upper crust. However, some component of kinematic coupling between the lower crust and mantle peridotite driven by asthenospheric flow cannot be ruled out.
Influence of Dexamethasone on Insulin Action: Inhibition of Basal and Insulin-Stimulated Hexose Transport is Dependent on Length of Exposure in Vitro

Rat adipose tissue was exposed to 0.1 μ M dexamethasone in a biochemically defined environment for up to 48 h in order to characterize the cellular alterations in insulin action resulting from long term glucocorticoid treatment. After treatment, adipocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion, and insulin action was determined by acute experiments that examined insulin binding, hexose transport, and glucose metabolism. Neither 2-h nor longer 10- to 48-h exposures to dexamethasone influenced insulin receptor number or affinity. Conversely, steroid treatment directly reduced both hexose transport and glucose metabolism, and the extent of the effects was dependent on the length of exposure. Two-hour treatment with dexamethasone reduced glucose transport and metabolism in the absence but not the presence of insulin. However, after 10- to 48-h exposures to dexamethasone, both basal and insulin-stimulated hexose uptake and glucose metabolism were significantly inhibited. For example, after 24-h treatment, -de...
Functional anatomy of the second visual area (V2) in the macaque.

To study the functional organization of secondary visual cortex (V2) in the primate, 14C-2-deoxy-d-glucose (DG) was injected while macaque monkeys were shown specific visual stimuli. Wherever possible, patterns of DG uptake were compared with the position of dark and light cytochrome oxidase (cytox) stripes (Tootell et al., 1983). Often, the DG effects of 2 different stimuli were compared in the same hemisphere to eliminate ambiguities inherent in between-animal comparisons. Data were obtained from a large number of animals in conjunction with related DG studies in area V1 (primary visual or striate cortex). The following conclusions were reached: (1) in some macaque monkeys, dark cytox stripes were faint or absent. Although this could conceivably be due to poor staining technique, some evidence suggests that the lack of enzyme stripe pattern is real. In all animals, including those that showed poor or no cytox staining evidence for stripes, the functional architecture revealed by the DG was consistently present and robust. (2) Uniform gray stimuli produce a relatively uniform pattern and minimal stimulus-related DG uptake. (3) Eye movements per se produce some uptake in the V2 stripes. (4) Very generalized visual stimulation conditions (e.g., binocular stimulation with a grating of varied orientation and varied spatial frequency) produced a pattern of uptake that is greatest in both sets of dark cytox stripes and lighter in the light cytochrome stripes. (5) In both the DG and cytox results, the V2 "stripes" are more accurately described as stripe-shaped collections of patches. (6) In almost all cases, DG patterns were columnar in shape, extending from white matter to cortical surface. The boundaries of the columns were most sharply defined, and the contrast was highest, in layers 3B/4, becoming slightly more blurry and lower in contrast in other layers. Laminar differences between DG patterns in V2 were almost negligible, compared with the profound laminar differences in macaque V1. (7) There is no DG evidence for, and much against, the possibility of an ocular dominance architecture in V2. (8) There are orientation columns in macaque V2. DG-labeled orientation columns are spaced further apart than those in V1, by a factor of about 1.6, but the columns are not correspondingly wider. (9) Spatially diffuse variations in color produce high uptake confined, at least largely, to the thin cytox stripes. (10) There is evidence for spatially antagonistic color surrounds in color cells in the thin stripes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pediatric Hospitalist Comanagement of Surgical Patients: Challenges and Opportunities

Hospitalists are increasingly providing comanagement of surgical patients. Limited data published regarding hospitalist comanagement of adult surgical patients have suggested that these partnerships may help improve outcomes and limit resource usage. Pediatric surgical comanagement programs at community hospitals will face different clinical challenges than those at tertiary referral pediatric centers. Pediatric hospitalists providing surgical comanagement must also address specific administrative issues including program structure, communication, staffing, and finances.