cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurogranin phosphorylation fine‐tunes long‐term potentiation

Learning-related potentiation of synaptic strength at Cornu ammonis subfield 1 (CA1) hippocampal excitatory synapses is dependent on neuronal activity and the activation of glutamate receptors. However, molecular mechanisms that regulate and fine-tune the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) are not well understood. Recently it has been indicated that neurogranin (Ng), a neuron-specific, postsynaptic protein that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, potentiates synaptic transmission in an LTP-like manner. Here, we report that a Ng mutant that is unable to be phosphorylated cannot potentiate synaptic transmission in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons and results in a submaximal expression of LTP. Our results provide the first evidence that the phosphorylation of Ng can regulate LTP expression.
Antipolarity in the ilv Operon of Escherichia coli K-12

The genes governing three of the enzymes of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic pathway form the operon: operator-ilvA-ilvD-ilvE. The enzymes are: ilvA, l-threonine deaminase; ilvD, dihydroxy acid dehydrase; and ilvE, transaminase B. A nonsense mutation in the ilvD gene (D-ochre) and a nonsense mutation in the ilvE gene (E-amber) affect the properties of the proximal gene product, l-threonine deaminase (TD), in addition to inactivating the enzymes produced by the genes in which the mutations have occurred. The D-ochre mutation causes TD to move in diffusion and gel filtration experiments as though it were 30% smaller than the wild-type enzyme. The E-amber mutation causes TD to move in similar experiments as though it were much larger than the wild-type enzyme. Both mutations completely abolish the sensitivity of TD to l-isoleucine, the normal feedback inhibitor of the wild-type enzyme. The effects of the nonsense mutations on TD can be reversed in three ways: by genetic reversion of the D-ochre mutation; by treatment of the altered enzymes with 3.0 m urea; and by forming a heterozygous diploid, containing the wild-type allele as well as the mutant allele of ilvD or ilvE. The results suggest that the subunits of TD undergo abnormal aggregation in the presence of the partial polypeptides produced by the mutant alleles of ilvD or ilvE; multi-enzyme aggregates in extracts of wild type, however, could not be detected.
Survival of dental implants in irradiated head and neck cancer patients: a retrospective analysis.

Purpose: To study the long-term survival of dental implants placed in irradiated bone in subjects who received radiation for head and neck cancer. Materials and Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all patients who received dental implants following radiation treatment for head and neck cancer between May 1, 1987 through July 1, 2008. Only patients irradiated with a radiation dose of 50 Gy or greater and those who received dental implants in the irradiated field after head and neck radiation were included in the study. The associations between implant survival and patient/implant characteristics were estimated by fitting univariate marginal Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 48 patients who had prior head and neck radiation had 271 dental implants placed during May 1987 to July 2008. The estimated survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 98.9%, 89.9%, and 72.3%, respectively. Implants placed in the maxilla were more likely to fail than implants placed in the mandible (p = .002).There was also a tendency for implants placed in the posterior region to fail compared with those placed in the anterior region (p = .051). Conclusion: Dental implants placed in irradiated bone have a greater risk for failure. Survival is significantly influenced by the location of the implant (maxilla or mandible, anterior or posterior).
Controllable stacked disk morphologies of charged diblock copolymers

Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate the controlled stacking of charged block copolymer disk morphologies that can be obtained under certain thermodynamic conditions. We examine a partially charged block copolymer where 75% of the blocks are neutral and 25% of the blocks are charged. The presence of strong electrostatic interactions promotes charge agglomeration thereby changing morphologies in these systems. This study relates different thermodynamic quantities for which disk-like stackings can be obtained. The long-range order can be sustained even if hydrophobicity is increased albeit with lower dimensional structures. Our simulation results agree very well with recent experiments and are consistent with theoretical observations of counterion adsorption on flexible polyelectrolytes.
Does coal mine dust present a risk for lung cancer. A case-control study of U. S. coal miners

This paper evaluates the relationship between the risk of lung cancer mortality and coal mine dust exposure under control by cigarette smoking status. Two case-control studies based on 317 white male lung cancer mortality cases are presented. A one-to-one matched-case design allows examination of the risk of coal mine dust exposure and cigarette smoking. A two-to-one matched-case design was employed to examine the lung cancer risk of coal mine dust exposure independent of cigarette smoking. Based upon these data, no evidence of a coal mine dust exposure-lung cancer risk was found, although the expected increased risk for lung cancer in cigarette smokers was observed. There was no evidence of an interactive effect between cigarette smoking and coal mine dust exposure.
Antioxidant phytochemical and quality changes associated with hot water immersion treatment of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

Mangoes are an important tropical fruit crop worldwide and are best noted for their vibrant flesh colour, juicy texture, and sweet flavour, along with important nutrient contributions from their phytochemical constituents. Mangoes imported to the US must be exposed to thermal quarantine treatments, such as irradiation and hot water treatment (HWT), to eradicate invasive pests, yet limited data exist regarding polyphenolic changes to the fruit following hot water immersion treatment. Although the water temperature remains constant, the duration of treatment depends on fruit size. Therefore, these investigations focused on polyphenolic and antioxidant changes to mature, green mangoes following varying times of HWT and their changes during short-term storage. Experimentally, fruit were immersed in 46.1 °C water from 70 to 110 min; half evaluated within 2 h of treatment, while the remainder was evaluated after 4 days of storage at 25 °C for changes in polyphenolics, antioxidant capacity and fruit quality. Free gallic acid and four gallotannins were tentatively identified as the major polyphenolics present by HPLC analysis against authentic standards. Two major polyphenolics in mango, gallic acid and gallotannins, as well as total soluble phenolics, decreased as a result of prolonged HWT, while the antioxidant capacity remained unchanged in all heat-treated mangoes immediately after HWT. However, during 4 days storage, only minor changes were observed in gallic acid and gallotannin concentrations whereas total soluble phenolics and antioxidant capacity in all hot water-treated fruits decreased. The optimum hot water immersion times did not affect the external quality and polyphenolics of mangoes but all heat treatments reduced total soluble phenolics and antioxidant capacity, regardless of the duration of treatment times, during 4 days storage.
The distribution of pedagogical content knowledge in Cambodia: Gaps and thresholds in math achievement

Increasing teacher quality is a major objective of recent Cambodian education policy. In mathematics education literature, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has emerged as a critical component of teacher quality that is strongly linked to student achievement. In this study I use data from a large survey of Cambodian schools to investigate the effect of math teachers’ PCK on third grade student achievement. I use ordinary least squares and Quantile Regression analyses to examine this aspect of teacher quality. I find that pedagogical knowledge is a strong predictor of student math achievement in Cambodia in comparison to other student, school, and background variables, but that the effect is concentrated among higher achieving students. Quantile Regression with this dataset also exposes gaps and thresholds in achievement associated with other explanatory variables. In addition, I investigate the proportional distribution of teacher PCK in Cambodia and find that lower quality teachers are more likely to be teaching lower achieving students of lower socioeconomic status.
The success of parents' indirect techniques for teaching their preschoolers pragmatic skills

Parents' most commonly-used technique for teaching pragmatic skills is indirect criticism of their children's pragmatic errors and omissions (e.g., What do you say?) in which neither the required behaviours nor the fact that children must produce them is explicitly mentioned. A longitudinal study of the effectiveness of such techniques found that 5 preschoolers (M = 3;5) corrected their pragmatic errors or provided omitted behaviours in response to 59% of their parents' 174 indirect comments. In only one case was a child overtly puzzled by such a comment and in only three did children misunderstand and make the wrong correction. Parents may tend to use indirect techniques once their children are relatively skilled pragmatically, so that the criticism- response sequence is routinized. Indirect techniques for teaching prag matics also may be functional socially for parents, provide models of indirectness for children, and help children learn by placing a cognitive load on them in producing the behaviours.
Protein Synthesis in Cotyledons of Pisum sativum L: I. Changes in Cell-Free Amino Acid Incorporation Capacity during Seed Development and Maturation

The changes in protein content of pea cotyledons have been followed during the period from 9 to 33 days after flowering. Initially protein content increased gradually with a rapid period of deposition occurring between days 21 and 27 after flowering. After the 28th day the rate of accumulation of protein declined as the seed dehydrated and matured. At maturity the pea cotyledon contained approximately 25% protein which was divided into albumins and globulins in the ratio of 1:1.4.Analytical data and the incorporation of exogenously supplied (14)C-leucine indicated that albumins were synthesized early in cotyledon development whereas globulin synthesis predominated with increasing maturity.Ribosomal preparations extracted from seeds during the period of rapid protein synthesis contained a high percentage of polysomes. Preparations from older cotyledons with a declining capacity for protein synthesis had few polysomes and an abundance of monosomes. The amino acid-incorporating capacity of ribosomal preparations from cotyledons of varying age was related to the polysomic content. The phenylalanine-incorporating capacity of ribosomal preparations from mature pea seed could be stimulated by the addition of polyuridylic acid. The distribution of polysomes and the in vitro incorporation data suggested that protein synthesis could be partially restricted by the availability of messenger RNA at maturity.However, reciprocal mixing experiments of supernatant and ribosomal fractions from cotyledons of different developmental age indicated that the supernatant fractions have varying capacities to stimulate in vitro amino acid incorporation. Thus the possibility of the regulation of protein synthesis at the translational level was not precluded.
Precomputed shadow fields for dynamic scenes

We present a soft shadow technique for dynamic scenes with moving objects under the combined illumination of moving local light sources and dynamic environment maps. The main idea of our technique is to precompute for each scene entity a shadow field that describes the shadowing effects of the entity at points around it. The shadow field for a light source, called a source radiance field (SRF), records radiance from an illuminant as cube maps at sampled points in its surrounding space. For an occluder, an object occlusion field (OOF) conversely represents in a similar manner the occlusion of radiance by an object. A fundamental difference between shadow fields and previous shadow computation concepts is that shadow fields can be precomputed independent of scene configuration. This is critical for dynamic scenes because, at any given instant, the shadow information at any receiver point can be rapidly computed as a simple combination of SRFs and OOFs according to the current scene configuration. Applications that particularly benefit from this technique include large dynamic scenes in which many instances of an entity can share a single shadow field. Our technique enables low-frequency shadowing effects in dynamic scenes in real-time and all-frequency shadows at interactive rates.
Electron motion in a periodic potential and a uniform d.c. electric field

A well-known derivation of the group velocity for free-electron wave packets is generalized in order to include the effect of a periodic lattice potential and a uniform d.c. electric field. The result is an expression for the instantaneous position and shape of an electron wave packet as it accelerates in a one-dimensional crystal lattice with an applied field. A Mathieu-type lattice potential is used as an example to illustrate the outstanding features of the motion.
Kinetics of Mechanoresponse in the Mammalian Actin Cytoskeleton

Cells have a remarkable ability to sense and respond to their mechanical environment; this ability directs a host of cellular and global processes, such as metastasis, engulfment, blood vessel constriction, and tissue development. However, the direct mechanism by which the dynamic network of actin filaments, myosin motors, and actin crosslinking proteins assemble and interact to exert force on the membrane in response to mechanical perturbations remains unclear. Here, we define the in vivo kinetics of 20 cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in response an applied external stress and identify a number of structural elements that accumulate to regions of the cell under shear or dilational forces. Prominent among these are the three non-muscle myosin II paralogs, the actin bundling protein α-actinin 4, and the orthogonal actin crosslinking protein filamin B. All three myosin paralogs, as well as α-actinin 4, accumulate to the tip region of the aspirated cell, which experiences primarily dilational force. Filamin B, however, accumulates to the tip and the neck region, demonstrating that it responds to both sheared and dilated microenvironments. These differences can be directly related to the actin binding geometries and distinct mechanism of force response for each protein. In support of a proposed model for an increased actin affinity state under load, a disease-relevant point mutation K255E in α-actinin 4, which abolishes the structural low affinity state, greatly slows its accumulation kinetics to dilational stress. The accumulation of cytoskeletal motors and crosslinking proteins under mechanical load represents a mechanism by which cells can concentrate structural components to reduce strain or retract from a local environment of high stress. Understanding how cortical protein dynamics intrinsically give rise to the self-tuning nature of the cell will offer insight into the nature of mechanically-dependent cell processes.
Externally applied probe for scanning radioactivity in countercurrent distribution machines

Abstract A modified probe with special shielding was developed for the detection of radioactivity in countercurrent distribution work. This semiautomated system has been in use in this laboratory primarily for localizing an internal standard of 1 μc I 131 -thyroxine in our studies on the removal of exogenous serum iodine (1). Its applicability to other areas of exploration, where the isotope energies are sufficient, is self evident. Considerable time is saved by the use of this equipment.
Magnetic helicity attracts interdisciplinary participation at Chapman Conference

During the last 5 years interest in magnetic helicity has grown dramatically in solar physics as a result of improved capabilities to measure and image magnetic fields. Magnetic helicity was introduced by K. Moffatt in the late 1950s as a topological invariant that describes the complexity of a magnetic field. The topological aspect of helicity is readily visualized in a Moebius strip, in which the system of interest is closed and helicity takes two forms, the writhing of the central axis of the strip and the twisting of the edges of the strip about that axis. In many plasmas (but not in atmospheres like that of Earth, for example), helicity is conserved, just as the sum of twist and writhe is conserved in a Moebius strip. Mathematically, it is related to linking integrals, which K. F. Gauss employed to study asteroid paths on the sky. In the late 1970s the concept of magnetic helicity was introduced in laboratory plasma physics, turbulence theory, space physics, and statistical theory.
The effect of microstructure development on the collisional stress tensor in a granular flow

Many of the observed but yet unexplained phenomena associated with granular flow have been attributed to the development of a layered microstructure within the material. In particular the microstructure development has been called on to explain many of the experimental observations that cannot be accounted for in the presently available theoretical studies. While the attributions are based on sound physical arguments, the complexity of the processes involved has prohibited the inclusion of microstructure development in theoretical models. As a result no one has yet demonstrated how and to what extent the microstructure can account for the phenomena to which it has been ascribed. This paper addresses the effect of microstructure development for two dimensional flows by incorporating a heuristic model of the microstructure into a simple theoretical analysis.
Complications and Quality of Life After Stoma Surgery: A Review of 16,470 Patients in the UOA Data Registry

Stoma surgery is sufficiently frequent that the specialty of Enterostomal Therapy in nursing has become accepted as a necessity in the care of patients undergoing ostomies. The United Ostomy Association (UOA) was an organization that arose out of the then unmet need for personal and professional help among this group of patients. Recently the national organization was disbanded (Dis Colon Rectum 49:1462-1463, 2006); the local and regional groups will persist. This Seminars article extracts data from an administrative database with an enormous number of patients; the information contained is unique and may never be duplicated.
Time-dependent flexure of the lithospheres on the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn

Abstract Previous analyses into flexural deformation on the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn have assumed static, elastic lithospheres. Viscous creep within the lithosphere, however, can cause evolution over time. Here, we apply a finite-element model that employs a time-dependent elastic–viscous-plastic rheology in order to investigate flexure on icy satellites. Factors that affect this time-dependent response are those that control creep rates; surface temperature, heat flow, and grain size. Our results show that surface temperature is by far the dominant factor. At higher surface temperatures (100–130 K), the evolution of the deformation is such that the thickness of a modeled elastic lithosphere could vary by up to an order of magnitude, depending on the time scale over which the deformation occurred. Because the flexure observed on icy satellites generally indicates transient high heat flow events, our results indicate that the duration of the heat pulse is an important factor. For the icy worlds of Jupiter and Saturn, static models of lithospheric flexure should be used with caution.
Activist Literacies: An Analysis of the Literacy Practices of a School-Based Human Rights Club.

Abstract In this article, I examine the literacy practices of a high school-based human rights club. I investigate how the group engages in certain kinds of textual production to sponsor and arrange advisory sessions (school-wide meetings between teachers and small groups of students). More specifically, I consider how the club adapts school genres to mediate advisory sessions and to advance its visions of human rights and international relations. I describe how students collaborate both to develop a strategy for negotiating the school bureaucracy and to produce texts that will elicit institutional action. Also, I present a discourse analysis of one student-authored text crucial to the mediation of advisory meetings. I argue that students’ knowledge of situations (e.g. advisory sessions) shapes how they adapt institutional genres and advance their visions of the world.
Control of A Friction Launch Automatic Transmission Using a Range Clutch

Friction Launch transmissions use a wet multi-plate clutch to replace the torque converter in an automatic transmission. The main benefit of this technology is fuel economy improvement as a result of eliminating the losses in the torque converter. By using one of the range clutches inside the transmission instead of an input clutch in place of the converter, the benefits of this integrated friction launch technology, such as reduction in mass, packaging, and cost, can be enhanced. The availability of new automatic transmissions with higher number of speeds and wider overall ratio spreads makes this technology more viable than ever before. This project focuses on control issues with the friction launch clutch which include developing robust control algorithms for launch and creep, and providing damping to the driveline, when required, and ensuring acceptable vehicle drivability. This paper describes in detail the development of vehicle launch control algorithms. Vehicle test data is presented to show that the control strategy developed in this project significantly reduces the gap between the drivability of a starting clutch vehicle and a torque converter equipped vehicle.Copyright © 2006 by General Motors Corporation
Clonidine increases food and protein consumption in rats

Abstract Rats were given clonidine or its diluent, and allowed to eat freely from two isocaloric diets that differred in protein or carbohydrate content. Low clonidine doses (25–50 μg/kg) significantly increased total food and protein intake by rats given access to a high and a low protein diet. Several pairs of diets, differing in protein contents, were tested; clonidine's effect was greatest when a diet containing 30–45% protein was paired with one that was very low (5%) in protein. Higher clonidine doses (200 μg/kg) failed to modify either total food or protein intake. Clonidine had no effects on food or nutrient intake among animals given access to diets that differed in carbohydrate content (25 or 70% carbohydrate, plus 25% protein). In rats given access to only one diet, clonidine administration decreased food consumption when the diet was low in protein (5%), but increased consumption when the diet contained 25 or 50% protein. These data suggest that central noradrenergic synapses participate in the mechanisms controlling appetites for proteins. Clonidine may enhance protein intake by stimulating presynaptic alpha receptors, thus diminishing central noradrenergic tone. This effect on noradrenergic transmission is probably partly overcome by protein consumption, which increases brain tyrosine levels and thus can accelerate norepinephrine synthesis. Clonidine or related drugs may be useful clinically in treating diseases characterized by impaired appetite or increased need for protein.
A Critical Regulatory Role for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Hyperoxia-Induced Injury in the Developing Murine Lung

Background The role and mechanism of action of MIF in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) in the newborn lung are not known. We hypothesized that MIF is a critical regulatory molecule in HALI in the developing lung.
Secular Trends in Menopause Age

The question of whether or not there has been a secular trend in age of menopause in Europe and the United States from the 1940s to the 1990s has intrigued many investigators. However, since 1978, no attempt has been made to update Flint's 1978 study, from 1948 to 1964, of menopause ages in Denmark, England, France, Germany and the United States. This paper will attempt to describe the problems of doing secular trend research. These include methodological problems such as the use of retrospective dates and population representations, as well as the factors that affect the natural biological age of this reproductive landmark. Suggestions are made for ways to standardize menopause age research cross-culturally. These include having large enough populations studied to be statistically significant and then randomly selecting the same populations in specific areas of a country and studying them every 10 years or more; studying generations of women in same families in various areas of a particular country; or studying cohorts of women, both cross-sectionally and prospectively. An International Menopause Index for worldwide ages of menopause is also proposed.
Cortisol induction of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in a rat brain tumour cell line

HORMONAL regulation of enzyme levels in mammalian cells has been known for more than a decade1 and the use of homogeneous populations of glucocorticoid target cells has advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved2,3. Using a specific antiserum we have now shown that cortisol induces glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, EC 1118) in a rat brain tumour cell line by increasing the number of GPDH molecules rather than by increasing the activity of each molecule. Also, the induction does not involve isozymes since GPDH from induced and uninduced cells is identical with respect to immunological titration, electrophoretic mobility and thermal sensitivity.
Bioenergetics in chicken embryo fibroblast cells: Evidence of lower proton leak in spontaneously immortalized chicken embryo fibroblasts compared to young and senescent primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells

A spontaneously immortalized chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell line (DF-1) is known to exhibit faster growth rate and greater sensitivity to oxidative stress compared to the primary parent CEF (pCEF1°) cells. Thus, major objectives of this study were to assess cell bioenergetics in pCEF1° and DF-1 cells under control conditions and in response to 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (4-HNE) induced oxidative challenge. Cell bioenergetics were assessed by flux analysis of oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Under control conditions, DF-1 cells had higher OCR associated with ATP synthase activity and mitochondrial oxygen reserve capacity as well as lower OCR due to proton leak and non-mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. In response to 4-HNE (0 to 30 μM), DF-1 cells were more sensitive to oxidant challenge than both young (passage 8) and senescent (passage 19) pCEF1° cells. Both passages 8 and 19 pCEF1° cells exhibited higher proton leak in response to 4-HNE, but this was not observed in DF-1 cells. Inducible proton leak occurs by 4-HNE stimulated activation of uncoupling protein (UCP) and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). From mRNA expression data indicated that ANT and avian UCP were down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, in DF-1 compared to pCEF1° cells. Thus, we hypothesize that DF-1 cells are unable to increase proton leak due to lower expression of ANT, but not avian UCP, and this inability to increase proton leak contributes to greater susceptibility to oxidative stress of DF-1 cells compared to pCEF1° cells.
Immune responses of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), after oral or intraperitoneal vaccination with particulate or soluble Edwardsiella ictaluri antigen

. Groups of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). were administered Edwardsiella ictaluri twice in the form of whole outer membrane proteins (OMP) or heat-inactivated whole bacteria (IWB) orally or IWB intraperitoneally. Antibody titres and lysozyme concentrations were determined in serum, mucus, gut contents and gut washings taken 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the second antigen administration. Bacterial killing by anterior kidney neutrophils was determined 7, 14 and 21 days after the second antigen administration. Enhanced killing of tumour targets by nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) was determined 7 days after the second antigen administration. Serum antibody titres of all treatment groups were significantly increased above those of the control group throughout all sampling periods. Fish receiving oral administration of OMP or IWB exhibited maximum serum antibody titres on day 21 or 28. Antibody titres were also detected in mucus, gut washings and gut contents, but did not reach the level of those in the serum. Bacterial killing was significantly increased only on day 7, and could not be correlated to antibody titre or lysozyme concentration. Bacterial killing was found to be the result of a heat-labile serum factor. NCC activity of fish vaccinated with IWB orally was significantly higher than that of fish vaccinated with OMP orally or controls. Although intraperitoneal vaccination consistently produces higher titre antisera, the results of this study support the idea that oral vaccination can induce antibody systhesis.
Surfactant-templated silica mesophases formed in water:cosolvent mixtures

Silica/surfactant mesophases have been synthesized in 14 water:cosolvent mixtures by combining tetramethoxysilane with a basic 2 wt % CTAB solution. The effects of the water-to-cosolvent ratio on t...
Phase Reeationships for Adsoreed Layers on Surfaces

Ordering phenomena of adsorbed atoms that are commensurate with the substrate structure can be described by a two-dimensional lattice gas. The major features of temperature-coverage phase diagrams for commensurate overlayers are reviewed and illustrated with several experimental examples. For overlayers with net attractive interactions, a two-phase region consisting of ordered overlayer and nearly empty substrate surface forms at low coverage. Substrate extended defects such as steps can create diffusion barriers, thus forming thermodynamic subsystems by eliminating communication between adsorbed atoms on either side of the steps. Steps can also prevent the growth of a reconstructed layer. Experimental examples are presented.
Impact of separating amino acids between plasma, extracellular and intracellular compartments on estimating protein synthesis in rodents.

Three models representing different separations of amino acid sources were used to simulate experimental specific radioactivity data and to predict protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). Data were from a pulse dose of 14C-U Leu given to a non-growing 20 g mouse and a flooding dose of 3H Phe given to a non-growing 200 g rat. Protein synthesis rates estimated using the combined extracellular and intracellular (Ec + Ic) source pool and extracellular and plasma (Ec + Pls) source pool mouse models were 78 and 120% d−1 in liver, 14 and 16% d−1 in brain and 15 and 14% d−1 in muscle. Predicted protein synthesis rates using the Ec + Ic, Ec + Ic + Tr (combined extracellular, intracellular and aminoacyl tRNA source pool) and Ec + Pls rat models were 57, 3.4 and 57% d−1 in gastrocnemius, 58, 71 and 62% d−1 in gut, 8.3, 8.4 and 7.9% d−1 in heart, 32, 23 and 25% d−1 in kidney, 160, 90 and 80% d−1 in liver, 57, 5.5 and 57% d−1 in soleus and 56, 3.4 and 57% d−1 in tibialis. The Ec + Ic + Tr model underestimated protein synthesis rates in mouse tissues (5.0, 27 and 2.5% d−1 for brain, liver and muscle) and rat muscles (3.4, 5.5 and 3.4% d−1 for gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis). The Ec + Pls model predicted the mouse pulse dose data best and the Ec + Ic model predicted the rat flooding dose data best. Model predictions of FSR imply that identification and separation of the source specific radioactivity is critical to accurately estimate FSR.
MRI characterization of diffusion coefficients in a rat spinal cord injury model

Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were measured in a rat spinal cord weight-drop injury model. After sacrifice, the spinal cords were fixed in situ and excised for MR imaging and ADC measurement. Diffusion is anisotropic in normal gray and white matter. There were significant decreases in ADCs measured along the longitudinal axis of the injured cord and increases in ADCs measured transverse to the cord. Injured segments demonstrated reductions in diffusion anisotropy in the white matter. Diffusion was completely isotropic at the epicenter of the weight-drop injury. Significant decreases in longitudinal ADC and increases in transverse ADC were observed in portions of the cord which appeared normal on conventional spin-echo and calculated T2 images. Thus ADC measurement may complement routine imaging for evaluation of spinal cord injury.
Ab Initio Studies of the Structure, Energetics, and Vibrational Spectra of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems

Abstract The accuracy of various levels of theory in calculating the properties of hydrogen bonded systems is assessed. An adequate treatment of both electron correlation and basis set superposition error is generally required for quantitative estimates of the equilibrium intermolecular distance and interaction energy. Polarized double-ζ basis sets can provide useful information about the perturbations caused by hydrogen bond formation upon the vibrational frequencies and intensities of the individual monomers. The uniqueness of the hydrogen bond is underscored by detailed comparison with a lithium bonded complex. In particular, the calculations provide insights into the origin of the very different behavior of the v8 stretch in the two different systems. The cooperativity involved in a number of sequential hydrogen bonds is examined using (HF)3 and (HCl)3 as model systems. The internal stretching frequencies exhibit an especially large change on going from dimer to trimer.
DE NOVO MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER: IS THERE A CHANGE IN TREND?

Purpose: We reviewed our radical cystectomy series to determine whether the majority of patients present with muscle invasive bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: The records of 184 radical cystectomies performed by 1 surgeon from 1992 to 1999 were reviewed, and all slides of presenting pathology were reviewed by 1 pathologist. The pathological stage of the tumor at presentation was noted in each case, and the number of muscle invasive tumors at presentation was compared to 2 earlier series.Results: Radical cystectomy was performed for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in 176 cases and for other histology in 8. There were 101 (57.3%) patients with muscle invasive cancer at presentation compared to 84% and 91% in the 2 earlier series, respectively, which was a statistically significant decrease (p <0.0001) in the number of de novo muscle invasive bladder cancers. Women were more likely to be diagnosed with muscle invasion primarily than men (85.2% and 50.7%, respectively), and you...
Thermal Injury Causes DNA Damage and Lethality in Unheated Surrounding Cells: Active Thermal Bystander Effect

Direct heat exposure to cells causes protein degradation and DNA damage, which can lead to genetic alteration and cell death, but little is known about heat-induced effects on the surrounding tissue. After burns or laser surgery, loss of viability in the surrounding tissue has been explained by a temperature gradient due to heat diffusion. This study shows that, in the absence of any direct heating, heat diffusion, or cell-to-cell contact, "bystander" cells that share the medium with heat-exposed cells exhibit DNA damage, apoptosis, and loss of viability. We coin this phenomenon "active thermal bystander effect" (ATBE). Significant ATBE was induced by fibroblasts exposed for 10 minutes to a temperature range of 44-50 degrees C (all P<0.011). The ATBE was not induced by cells heated to lethality above 54 degrees C and immediate medium exchange did not suppress the effect. Therefore, the thermal bystander effect appears to be an active process in which viable, heat-injured cells induce a signal cascade and/or mediator that damages or kills surrounding bystander cells. The ATBE may have clinical relevance for acute burn trauma, hyperthermic treatments, and distant tissue damage after localized heat stress.
Bart UTI Research Award: Preventing Catheter-Related Urinary Tract Infections: Back to the Basics

Abstract BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for up to 40% of all hospital-acquired infections. Evaluation of a 10-bed post intensive care rehabilitation Unit (PICRU) in June 2003 revealed a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) rate of 27.0 per 1000 urinary catheter days. Routine surveillance was initiated to establish a baseline CA-UTI rate and identify interventions to decrease rates. METHODS: CA-UTI rates were calculated using current CDC definition. A 12-month retrospective chart review was performed. Discussions with staff were held to determine current practices. Silver-impregnated urinary catheters were used for all patients. RESULTS: Record review revealed rates from 11.6 to 46.5 per 1000 urinary catheter days (mean rate of 22.7). Average length of catheterization to first positive urine culture was 36.6 days. Discussion with staff revealed routine perineal and catheter care (PCC)—cleansing the meatus and perineal area and the catheter to 4 inches from insertion site—was performed with daily bathing and incontinence. Current literature recommends PCC twice daily in addition to bathing and incontinence. Twice-daily PCC in addition to current practice was instituted in July 2003. This intervention was discussed at staff meetings. Monthly graphs of the CA-UTI rates were posted on the unit. The 6-month post-intervention mean CA-UTI rate was 7.3, a 68% decrease (p CONCLUSIONS: Patient-care provider education was effective at reducing rates of CA-UTI. Monitoring of the intervention as well as continuing patient-care provider education continues.
The association between school exclusion, delinquency and subtypes of cyber- and F2F-victimizations: identifying and predicting risk profiles and subtypes using latent class analysis

This purpose of this paper is to identify risk profiles of youth who are victimized by on- and offline harassment and to explore the consequences of victimization on school outcomes. Latent class analysis is used to explore the overlap and co-occurrence of different clusters of victims and to examine the relationship between class membership and school exclusion and delinquency. Participants were a random sample of youth between the ages of 12 and 18 selected for inclusion to participate in the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey: School Supplement. The latent class analysis resulted in four categories of victims: approximately 3.1% of students were highly victimized by both bullying and cyberbullying behaviors; 11.6% of youth were classified as being victims of relational bullying, verbal bullying and cyberbullying; a third class of students were victims of relational bullying, verbal bullying and physical bullying but were not cyberbullied (8%); the fourth and final class, characteristic of the majority of students (77.3%), was comprised of non-victims. The inclusion of covariates to the latent class model indicated that gender, grade and race were significant predictors of at least one of the four victim classes. School delinquency measures were included as distal outcomes to test for both overall and pairwise associations between classes. With one exception, the results were indicative of a significant relationship between school delinquency and the victim subtypes. Implications for these findings are discussed.
Intracellular Interaction of Interleukin-15 with Its Receptor α during Production Leads to Mutual Stabilization and Increased Bioactivity

We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Rα, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Rα expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. Examination of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes in mouse organs showed a great expansion of both cell types in the lung, liver, and spleen. The presence of IL-15Rα also increased the number of CD44high memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44highCD62L-). Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Rα leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. The in vivo data show that the most potent form of IL-15 is as part of a complex with its receptor α either on the surface of the producing cells or as a soluble extracellular complex. These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Rα is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor.
Duration of life and mortality rates in male and female phenotypes in three sex chromosomal genotypes (XX,XY,YY) in the killifish, Oryzias latipes.

Males were shown to be shorter-lived than females in most species for which data have been avaiable. The present study, utilizing phenotypic sex-reversal in various genotypes (XX,XY,YY) of the killifish Oryzias latipes, suggests that males outlive females. The stress of producing many large eggs over the major part of the female's life was probably associated with their significantly shorter lifespan.
Pulmonary complications after intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective There are no data on pulmonary complications in an selected population of patients with intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). At present, most data is extrapolated from series of patients with stroke that combine patients with both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, types of pulmonary complications in patients with ICH; their association with clinical variables, and contribution to hospital stay.
V photometry of Titania, Oberon, and Triton

The phase angle and orbital brightness variations of Titania, Oberon, and Triton are presently obtained through analysis of V filter photometry obtained at Mauna Kea in 1982-1983. While Titania and Oberon exhibit magnitude variations with phase angle comparable to those of low-to-moderate albedo asteroids observed within several deg of opposition, Triton's phase variation is distinctly different from these and has a phase coefficient consistent with either a high-albedo regolith or an optically thick nonparticulate scattering layer (perhaps an atmosphere, or an ocean). A low-albedo regolith cannot on the strength of these data be ruled out, however.
Hair cell replacement in avian vestibular epithelium: Supporting cell to Type I hair cell

Previous investigations have demonstrated that the sensory epithelium of the avian vestibular system possesses the capacity to replace hair cells both on an ongoing basis and following severe damage. Supporting cells, within the sensory epithelium, are believed to be the progenitors of the regenerated hair cells. In the present study we describe the series of events leading to the formation of a regenerated vestibular hair cell in post-hatched birds. Young chickens received injections of streptomycin sulfate in order to damage the sensory epithelium of the vestibular system. These injections were followed by injections of the cell proliferation marker tritiated-thymidine. At predetermined intervals, the animals were killed, and the vestibular organs were processed for tissue autoradiography. Our results confirm that hair cells originate from supporting cells. The data also indicate that postmitotic cells migrate towards the lumen of the epithelium where they differentiate into Type II hair cells. At a later time, some of the new Type II hair cells further differentiate into Type I hair cells. These results suggest that both types of avian vestibular hair cells have a common ancestor. The data also provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that calyx enclosed Type I hair cells, only present in birds and mammals, are a more differentiated stage of Type II hair cells.
ILCs in the zone

Innate lymphoid cells, marginal reticular cells and B cell–helper neutrophils interact to promote antibody secretion by B cells in the marginal zone of the spleen in humans and mice.
Corporal Punishment with Mildly Handicapped Students: Five Years Later

In a replication of a previous descriptive study, the uses of corporal punishment with mildly handicapped students in American public schools are described. A school discipline survey was mailed to 371 principals in 18 randomly selected states representing the nine U.S. census regions. Results indicated widespread use of corporal punishment with handicapped students at every grade level in the majority of regions of the United States. Descriptions of the use of corporal punishment across demographic and administrative/ procedural variables are provided and discussed. Comparisons of current findings to previous findings are made and trends noted and discussed, Further research directions and instructional implications are also provided.
The renormalization group: Critical phenomena and the Kondo problem

This review covers several topics involving renormalization group ideas. The solution of the $s$-wave Kondo Hamiltonian, describing a single magnetic impurity in a nonmagnetic metal, is explained in detail. See Secs. VII-IX. "Block spin" methods, applied to the two dimensional Ising model, are explained in Sec. VI. The first three sections give a relatively short review of basic renormalization group ideas, mainly in the context of critical phenomena. The relationship of the modern renormalization group to the older problems of divergences in statistical mechanics and field theory and field theoretic renormalization is discussed in Sec. IV. In Sec. V the special case of "marginal variables" is discussed in detail, along with the relationship of the modern renormalization group to its original formulation by Gell-Mann and Low and others.
Measurement of Phloem transport rates by an indicator-dilution technique.

An indicator-dilution technique for the measurement of flow rates, commonly used by animal physiologists for circulation measurements, was adapted to the measurement of phloem translocation rates in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) peduncle. The approach is based on the observation that, during the transport of a given amount of solute, its mean concentration will be inversely proportional to flow rate. For phloem transport in the wheat peduncle, the necessary measurements are (a) the time course of tracer kinetics in the peduncle phloem, (b) the volume of sieve tubes and companion cells in the monitored segment of the peduncle, and (c) the amount of tracer transported past that point. The method was evaluated by in situ monitoring of 32PO4 transport in pulse-labeling experiments. Specific activities (i.e.32P concentrations) of phloem exudate were in good agreement with those calculated from in situ count rates and measured phloem areas. Mass transport rates, calculated from volume flow rates and phloem exudate dry matter content, also agreed well with expected mass transport rates based on measurements of grain growth rate and net CO2 exchange by the ear. The indicator-dilution technique appears to offer good precision and accuracy for short-term measurements of phloem transport rates in the wheast peduncle and should be useful for other systems as well. In contrast to velocities based on time-delay measurements, it is more precise, more accurate, and produces an estimate of mean, rather than maximum, velocity. Also, since only a single detector is required, it can be applied to very short transport paths.