cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Commercially Marketed Health Devices for Potential Clinical Application.

Concerns have been raised regarding the lack of validation on consumer-marketed health-monitoring devices. An investigation to characterize current health monitoring devices was carried out in the laboratory using widely accepted clinical and industry criteria. In total, 16 unique devices were examined. These devices were assessed according to their sensing modalities: step count, blood pressure, body temperature, electrocardiogram, blood oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. Devices were tested at rest and immediately following exercise. Our results revealed that only four devices meet target requirements for accuracy. The AliveCor, a portable ECG monitor, accurately detected the heart rate for 87% of all recordings. To meet the target criterion for accuracy, the heart rate must be within ± 5 beats/minute or 10% of the standard measurement, whichever is lower. The Withings Pulse Ox, the Tinke, and the Santamedical SM-110 measured blood oxygen saturation with 2.1, 2.6, and 1.4 root-mean-square (rms) error, respectively. For blood oxygen saturation, the device should demonstrate rms error of < 3%. However, the Withings Pulse Ox and the Tinke failed to meet the accuracy criteria for their alternative biosensing capabilities: step count and respiratory rate, respectively. We conclude that the use of consumer-marketed health-monitoring devices for clinical or medical purposes should be undertaken with caution, especially in the absence of FDA or comparable clearance.
Alternative Clinical Experience Through Academic Service-Learning Develops Into a Partnership for Mental Health Rotation

Abstract In an effort to secure alternate clinical experiences, decrease stigma and encourage interest in the field of mental health nursing, an academic service-learning project was launched. This endeavor consisted of an alliance between an associate degree nursing program and a community clubhouse. This affiliation evolved into a growing partnership yielding multiple benefits for both nursing students and the community partner.
Childhood Adversity and Dimensional Variations in Adult Sustained Attention.

Background & Objective Sustained attention is a transdiagnostic phenotype linked with most forms of psychopathology. We sought to understand factors that influence the development of sustained attention, by looking at the relationship between childhood adversity and adult sustained attention. Participants, Setting, and Methods Participants were 5,973 TestMyBrain.org visitors from English-speaking countries who completed a continuous performance task (gradCPT) of sustained attention and a childhood adversity questionnaire. We analyzed gradCPT performance using a signal detection approach. Results Discrimination ability (the main metric of performance on the gradCPT) was associated with total childhood adversity load, even when controlling for covariates related to age, gender, parental education, race, country of origin, and relative socioeconomic status (=-0.079, b=-0.032, 95% CI [-0.043, -0.021], p<0.001 ). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that attention differences related to childhood adversity exposure can (1) be measured using brief, performance-based measures of sustained attention, (2) persist into adulthood, and (3) be detected at the population level. These results, paired with the well-documented associations between sustained attention and psychopathology, indicate that sustained attention may be an important mechanism for understanding early influences on mental health.
Fertility Preservation in Prepubertal Children

Over the last 25 years, the incidence of cancer has risen slowly to 1.7 million new cases in 2017. Of those cases, 10,270 occurred in the pediatric population and 70,000 in adolescents and young adults (AYA) ages 15 to 39 (Siegel et al., CA Cancer J Clin 68:7–30, 2018). Fortunately, due to early detection and advancements in treatment, cancer mortality has decreased significantly with a 5-year survival of 80–85% in the pediatric population. Unfortunately, survival rates for AYA have not seen as dramatic an improvement, with 5-year survival rates remaining at 70% (Lewis et al., J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014:228–35, 2014). Reasons for lower AYA survival rates include differences in tumor biology, fewer clinical trials, lack of comprehensive insurance coverage, and barriers to access such as underemployment and educational pursuits. Nonetheless, by 2020, there are estimated to be 500,000 childhood cancer survivors of reproductive age who will experience late effects of survivorship. The scope of care in survivors has thus broadened to include quality of life in survivorship. Parenthood in survivorship is now well-established as an important quality-of-life indicator with survivors describing this as one of the most important aspects of their survivorship (Taylor and Ott, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 29:585–598, 2016). In a study of health outcomes in 1713 survivors of childhood cancer between the ages of 18–60, the prevalence of primary ovarian insufficiency was 12% in females receiving fertility-harming therapies. The prevalence in males was higher with 66% of at-risk males experiencing germ cell dysfunction and 12% experiencing Leydig cell function (Hudson et al., JAMA, 309:2371–2381, 2013). Given these findings, preserving fertility prior to gonadotoxic therapy is a critically important aspect of cancer care.
Biosemiosis and Posthumanism in John Clare’s Multi-Centred Environments

This chapter interprets Clare’s poetry in terms of biosemiosis, a theoretical approach that understands semiosis (the use and interpretation of signs) not just as an exclusively human activity but as characteristic of and fundamental to all life. Instead of organizing environments around a single dominant point of view, Clare in much of his poetry distributes cognitive agency throughout the environment, including not only various humans but also other mammals, birds, and even insects and flowers. Many of Clare’s poems, especially in his Northborough period, in this way offer a multi-focal, biosemiotic version of environment, constituted by multiple centres of perception and agency and overlapping networks of semiosis and cognition. The physical destruction of the commons for Clare also impoverishes this richly interactive ‘semiosphere’, or sphere of semiotic activity. The chapter concludes by exploring the contemporary implications of this biosemiotic approach to Clare’s poetry as a version of posthuman, multi-species worldmaking. Clare’s biosemiotic poetics decentres the human, while making it clear how our human forms of meaning, subjectivity, and perception depend on our immersion in these multi-focal semiotic networks all around us.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Larynx: A SEER Database Review.

Background:Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the larynx is an uncommon malignancy of the head and neck with very little literature discussing treatment paradigms and prognostic factors influencing...
The menu of bad options: Academic leadership during the early pandemic

This reflexive essay focuses on personal aspects of leadership, management, communication, and family experiences while chairing a U.S. social work program in higher education during the early mont...
A Global Assessment of the Law and Policy of Ecosystem Services

This article assesses the approaches that different national governments have employed to provide and conserve ecosystem services, focusing on policy instruments and common-law court decisions. Applying the lessons learned from this review, we address strategies for conservation of mangrove ecosystem services in Australia, focusing on the importance of creating a strong political mandate and demonstrating a clear connection between mangrove conservation and the benefits provided by mangrove services. This requires further research on which beneficiaries would be harmed, and by how much, if the mangrove service flows are reduced. Policy uptake can be slow. It has taken years in other jurisdictions for policies protecting ecosystem services to be adopted, and this will likely be the path in Australia as well.
Characterizing spatial gene expression heterogeneity in spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomic data with nonuniform cellular densities

Recent technological advances have enabled spatially resolved measurements of expression profiles for hundreds to thousands of genes in fixed tissues at single-cell resolution. However, scalable computational analysis methods able to take into consideration the inherent 3D spatial organization of cell types and nonuniform cellular densities within tissues are still lacking. To address this, we developed MERINGUE, a computational framework based on spatial autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis to identify genes with spatially heterogeneous expression patterns, infer putative cell-cell communication, and perform spatially informed cell clustering in 2D and 3D in a density-agnostic manner using spatially resolved transcriptomic data. We applied MERINGUE to a variety of spatially resolved transcriptomic data sets including multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH), spatial transcriptomics, Slide-seq, and aligned in situ hybridization (ISH) data. We anticipate that such statistical analysis of spatially resolved transcriptomic data will facilitate our understanding of the interplay between cell state and spatial organization in tissue development and disease.
Clinical utility of dual anterior nares and oropharynx MRSA screening polymerase chian reaction assay (PCR) for patients with suspected pneumonia.

We reviewed the electronic health records of 1,419 inpatients with anterior nares (AN) and oropharynx (OP) MRSA PCR tests. Concordance was 96.5%. In discordant cases, AN negative-OP positive results increased detection of probable MRSA pneumonia by only 0.3%. A dual testing approach has limited utility in detecting MRSA pneumonia and increases resource utilization.
Matrigel enhances survival and integration of grafted dopamine neurons into the striatum.

Publisher Summary Matrigel is a biopolymer of natural constituents containing large proteins, which have been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in culture. This chapter aims to enhance the survival and promote outgrowth and integration of fetal dopamine neurons transplanted into the striatum of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rodents immediately after cavitation. The chapter also describes the effects of Matrigel on transplantation of fetal substantia nigra into the striatum. Innervation of blood vessels into the transplanted tissue appeared to be enhanced by the Matrigel. The effects of Matrigel may be because of a number of factors, such as Matrigel contains a large percentage of laminin and type 4 collagens, which are important structural requirements for attachment of cells and neurite outgrowth; or Matrigel may be promoting the survival and outgrowth of the fetal neurons by stimulating growth factors from the endogeneous striatal tissue. The positive effects of Matrigel may be related to promoting ingrowth of blood vessels and thereby increase the circulation in the transplanted region. However, the fact that substance P-positive innervation of the transplanted tissue took the form of woolly fibers, strongly suggests that these fibers are making the appropriate synaptic contacts.
Management and Income Inequality: A Review and Conceptual Framework

Income inequality in the US has now reached levels not seen since the 1920s. Management, as a field of scholarly inquiry, has the potential to contribute in significant ways to our understanding of recent inequality trends. We review and assess recent research, both in the management literature and in other fields. We then delineate a conceptual framework that highlights the mechanisms through which business practice (and, indirectly, business pedagogy and scholarship) may be linked to income inequality. We then outline four general areas in which management scholars are uniquely positioned to contribute to ongoing research: (1) data and description, (2) organizational dynamics, (3) collective action, and (4) value flows and tradeoffs. To stimulate future research, we highlight a number of relevant research questions and link these questions to existing management research streams that could be leveraged to address them.
The role of process gases in laser welding

Using process gases can be rather difficult for some laser welding applications and give the user or the plant engineer some headaches. The currently very popular remote welding with lasers of high beam quality is such an application. Here, the laser beam is directed using scanner mirrors and can be positioned and moved nearly without inertia. Since these fast movements cannot be followed with process gas nozzles, the temptation is large to simply do away with the process gas. In this article, it is shown why process gases are necessary for welding metals and which risks are incurred, when one omits them.
Isolation of Neonatal Rat Cortical Astrocytes for Primary Cultures

There is increasing interest in the role of astrocytes as mediators of neurotoxicity. This unit describes a method for preparing astrocyte cultures of greater than 95% purity by enzymatic dissociation from neonatal rat brain. These preparations have both high yield and high viability.
Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Aristotle and the Politics

Introduction -- Ruling the household -- Humans as political animals -- Slavery -- Wives -- Wealth and the proper aims of ruling the household -- Justice -- Good citizens -- Good constitutions -- Friendship -- The scope and aims of political philosophy -- The best constitution -- The best for most -- The best for each -- The preservation of all and any constitutions and regimes.
Strategic similarity and acquisition outcomes at the target: Evidence from China’s beer industry

This study investigates the effect of horizontal acquisitions on target firms in China’s context. We examine how competitive and organizational similarity jointly affect cost savings, revenue growth and profitability improvement at the target in horizontal acquisitions. Using a dataset containing information on acquired firms in China’s beer industry, we find that the way in which competitive similarity impacts on cost savings at the target depends on organizational similarity and the type of cost that is examined. In addition, competitive dissimilarity is found to result in higher revenue growth and profitability improvement at the target.
Development and psychometric testing of the Spiritual Care Inventory instrument.

burkhart l., schmidt l. & hogan n. (2011) Development and psychometric testing of the Spiritual Care Inventory instrument. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(11), 2463–2472. Abstract Aim. This article is a report of the development and psychometric testing of the Spiritual Care Inventory. Background. Research supporting the positive association between spirituality and health has lead to interest in providing spiritual care in healthcare settings. Few instruments exist that measure the provision of spiritual care. Method. In February/March 2007, a convenience sample of 298 adult and paediatric acute care, ambulatory, home health, hospice staff and rehab nurses at two hospitals (n = 248) and graduate students at a school of nursing (n = 50) completed a 48-item initial version of the Spiritual Care Inventory. In study 2 from July through August 2007, 78 staff nurses at one hospital (n = 30) and a different cohort of graduate students at a school of nursing (n = 48) completed the 18-item second version of the Spiritual Care Inventory. Results. Exploratory factor analysis in study 1 supported a 3-factor solution (spiritual care interventions, meaning making and faith rituals) with internal consistency measures for the subscales above 0·80. In study 2, internal consistency remained high. Conclusion. Factor structures identify that spiritual care is a process of intervention, meaning making and faith rituals.
School District Income Taxes: New Revenue or a Property Tax Substitute?

Though a few states have permitted school districts to adopt an income tax, most have statutory requirements for the use of funds or otherwise limit the eligibility of the school districts to a subset of circumstances. Ohio, by contrast, has permitted schools to adopt a residency based income tax for any permissible use of public funds since the 1980's. Using a panel of 609 Ohio school districts from 1990 to 2008, this paper investigates the implementation of a school district income tax on property tax revenue. After correcting for endogeneity, the short-run effect of increasing revenue from income taxation is mostly to increase total revenue, but it also partly offsets the property tax. Specifically, a school district which receives about 30 percent of its revenue from income taxation will use about 25 percent of additional income tax revenue to offset the property tax while retaining the rest for new spending. These districts are then able to spend the early offset in the form of higher property tax levy growth rates in the future for approximately the next decade. These results suggest that the income tax has been a complement to school district fiscal administration, rather than a substitute away from other instruments.
(S)‐1‐Methyl‐2‐[(dihydroisoindol‐2‐yl)methyl]pyrrolidine

[159497-37-7] C14H20N2 (MW 216.32) InChI = 1S/C14H20N2/c1-15-8-4-7-14(15)11-16-9-12-5-2-3-6-13(12)10-16/h2-3,5-6,14H,4,7-11H2,1H3/t14-/m0/s1 InChIKey = MKFAAQPMZNXLET-AWEZNQCLSA-N (asymmetric catalyst for the Mukaiyama aldol reaction,1, 2 kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols,3 acylation of meso-diols,4 and palladium-catalyzed rearrangement of allylic imidates to allylic amides5) Alternate Name: (S)-2-(isoindolinylmethyl)-N-methylpyrrolidine. Physical Data: bp 98–99 °C/ 0.08 mm Hg, [α]D28 −76.5 (c 1.3, EtOH). Solubility: soluble in CH2Cl2, CH3CN. Form Supplied in: not commercially available; colorless oil. Analysis of Reagent Purity: by NMR and specific rotation determination. Preparative Methods: can be prepared by DCC coupling of N-Boc-(S)-proline and isoindoline followed by LiAlH4 reduction.5 Purification: can be purified by distillation.
Two tyrosinase inhibiting flavonol glycosides from Buddleia coriacea

Abstract Two new flavonol glycosides, buddlenoids A and B , have been isolated and identified as tyrosinase inhibitors from the aerial parts of Buddleia coriacea . Their structures were deduced from spectroscopic evidence to be kaempferol 7-(6″- p -coumaroylglucoside) and isorhamnetin 7-(6″- p -coumaroylglucoside). Both buddlenoids showed high inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase.
Seasonal variation in positional behavior of malagasy lemurs

I describe the positional behavior of four species of Malagasy lemur (Propithecus diadema, Eulemur fulvus rufus, Eulemur rubriventer,and Varecia variegata)at two times of year at Ranomafana National Park,Madagascar. There were significant seasonal differences in locomotor behavior in all species except P. diademaAmong the lemurids, leaping was more frequent and quadrupedism less frequent in the dry season. Only E. rubriventerexhibited seasonal differences in posture, and there were few seasonal differences in support use. The observed differences in positional behavior were not the result of differences in activity budget or in microhabitat use attributable to seasonal variation in resource use.
What can variation in stature reveal about environmental differences between prehistoric Jomon foragers? Understanding the impact of systemic stress on developmental stability.

This study reconstructs patterns of stress and phenotypic variation in prehistoric Japan. Greater evidence for stress is indicated by elevated enamel hypoplasia frequency among Jomon foragers from western compared to eastern Japan. Geographic variation in stress between Jomon people is related to plant-based diets and resource scarcity in western Japan. The hypothesis that Jomon people from western Japan had shorter stature than those from the east is, therefore, tested. Relationships between individual stature, geographic location, and enamel hypoplasia presence/absence are also explored. In addition, increased population density and reliance on plant foods are observed during the Late/Final Jomon period in western Japan. A second hypothesis proposing shorter stature for Late/Final Jomon people compared to those from the Middle Jomon period is tested. Statistically significant differences in stature between males and females from eastern and western Japan were not observed. Individual relationships between enamel hypoplasia and stature were rejected. Stature decreased significantly over time in western Japan. It is possible that stature between the eastern and western Jomon did not differ because the western Jomon experienced catch up growth after childhood stress episodes. It is also likely that variation in stress between the two groups was not severe enough to warrant stature reduction. Decreases in stature through time in western Japan are related to increased exposure to chronic infection and dietary stress. Overall, these results indicate that enamel hypoplasia frequencies provide an adequate index of general stress but may fail to predict the impact of stress on the human phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Public Interest Anthropology in Heritage Sites: Writing Culture and Righting Wrongs

In an era of increasingly contentious identity politics and growing tensions over whose narrative should predominate at heritage sites, public interest anthropology offers a valuable approach for scholars engaged in heritage research. As the articles in this issue illustrate, not only does public interest anthropology offer more nuanced insights into the complex social dynamics surrounding these sites, but this more engaged approach also offers promise for finding the common ground necessary for constructive dialogue between the varied stakeholders and for ameliorating social inequalities at these heritage sites.
Polymer frontier orbital and morphology engineering for nanophotonics

Polymer thin film based optoelectronic devices including solar cells appear attractive for space applications where lightweight, large size, low cost, and flexible shape are desirable. The photoelectric power conversion efficiencies of currently reported polymer solar cells are still relatively low (typically less than 8% under AM 1.5 and one Sun intensity) due to several losses, i.e., the ‘photon loss’ due to mismatch of materials energy gaps versus the sunlight photon energies, the ‘exciton loss’ and the ‘carrier loss’ due to poor solid state morphologies of existing polymeric donor/acceptor binary systems. Therefore, both molecular frontier orbitals (HOMOs, LUMOs) and phase morphologies need to be optimized to further enhance the efficiency. In this presentation, our recent efforts on frontier orbital and morphology engineering of conjugated polymer blocks and corresponding block copolymers will be reviewed. The HOMO/LUMO energy gaps of the new polymers were in a range of 1.5-2.0 eV which are attractive for solar cell applications. The terminal functional groups of donor and acceptor type conjugated blocks make them potentially ideal candidates for the development of donor/acceptor block copolymer supramolecular nanostructures for a variety of high efficiency optoelectronic applications. Dye sensitized triple system appear attractive for high efficiency optoelectronics due to reduction of charge recombination.
Kinetics of the Reactions of Water, Hydroxide Ion and Sulfide Species with CO2, OCS and CS2: Frontier Molecular Orbital Considerations

The kinetics of the reactions of water, hydroxide ion and sulfide species with CO2, OCS and CS2 are investigated using the molecular orbital approach and available kinetic data. Although these reactions are symmetry allowed, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for CO2 is a poor electron accepting orbital as it has a positive potential energy. At low pH, hydration of CO2 requires that the waters interact with CO2 via hydrogen bonding for subsequent formation of H2CO3 in an effort to overcome the high energy of activation. These factors are significant for the slow kinetics of hydration and the persistence of CO2 in water. The reaction of hydroxide ion with CO2 has a much smaller energy of activation. For the isoelectronic species OCS and CS2, their LUMO orbitals are good electron acceptor orbitals, and the energy of activation is less than that for the corresponding CO2 reactions. The LUMO orbitals for OCS and CS2 have less carbon character whereas the LUMO for CO2 has more carbon character. The relative rates of these reactions (CO2 > OCS > CS2) reflect the increased carbon character of the π* LUMO orbital for CO2 over CS2 and the fact that the LUMO for OCS is σ*, which when filled can readily break the C—S bond leading to sulfide (even though the C character of the LUMO is less than those for CO2 and CS2). Also, the higher hydrogen bonding interactions with nearest water molecules is in the order CO2 > OCS > CS2 indicating that hydrolysis via water catalysis is retarded as the number of S atoms increases. Solid phase FeS has a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) with a potential energy similar to that of CO2 and can activate (or bond with) the carbon atom in CO2 so that organic compounds can be produced under hydrothermal vent conditions.
Human effector CD8+ T cells derived from naive rather than memory subsets possess superior traits for adoptive immunotherapy

Cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cells exist as naive, central memory, and effector memory subsets, and any of these populations can be genetically engineered into tumor-reactive effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy. However, the optimal subset from which to derive effector CD8+ T cells for patient treatments is controversial and understudied. We investigated human CD8+ T cells and found that naive cells were not only the most abundant subset but also the population most capable of in vitro expansion and T-cell receptor transgene expression. Despite increased expansion, naive-derived cells displayed minimal effector differentiation, a quality associated with greater efficacy after cell infusion. Similarly, the markers of terminal differentiation, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 and CD57, were expressed at lower levels in cells of naive origin. Finally, naive-derived effector cells expressed higher CD27 and retained longer telomeres, characteristics that suggest greater proliferative potential and that have been linked to greater efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, these data suggest that naive cells resist terminal differentiation, or “exhaustion,” maintain high replicative potential, and therefore may be the superior subset for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
Interleukin-1 Alpha mRNA Induced by Cycloheximide, PMA, and Retinoic Acid Is Reduced by Dexamethasone in PAM-212 Keratinocytes

Keratinocytes in culture produce detectable amounts of IL-1 alpha mRNA constitutively and can be stimulated to express increased amounts of IL-1 alpha mRNA by cycloheximide, PMA, and retinoic acid. Dexamethasone decreases the amount of IL-1 mRNA induced by these agents, as well as constitutive IL-1 alpha mRNA. RU 486, which interferes with glucocorticosteroid-receptor binding, decreases inhibition of TPA stimulation of IL-1 alpha mRNA by dexamethasone, which suggests that the inhibition by dexamethasone is through a conventional ligand-receptor mechanism.
Initial data truncation for multivariate output of discrete-event simulations using the Kalman filter

Data truncation is a commonly accepted method of dealing with initialization bias in discrete-event simulation. An algorithm for determining the appropriate initial-data truncation point for multivariate output is proposed. The technique entails averaging across independent replications and estimating a steady-state output model in a state-space framework. A Bayesian technique called Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) is applied to compute a time varying estimate of the output's steady-state mean vector. This MMAE implementation features the use, in paralle, of a bank of Kalman filters. Each filter is constructed under a different assumption concerning the output's steady-state mean vector. One of the filters assumes that the steady-state mean vector is accurately reflected by an estimate, called the “assumed steady-state mean vector”, taken from the last half of the simulation data. As the filters process the output through the effective transient, this particular filter becomes more likely (in a Bayesian sense) to be the best filter to represent the data and the MMAE mean estimator is influenced increasingly towards the assumed steady-state mean vector. The estimated truncation point is selected when a norm of the MMAE mean vector estimate is within a small tolerance of the assumed steady-state mean vector. A Monte Carlo analysis using data from simulations of open and closed queueing models is used to evaluate the technique. The evaluation criteria include the ability to construct accurate and reliable confidence regions for the mean response vector based on the truncated sequences.
The relation between care giving and the mental health of caregivers of demented relatives: A cross-sectional study

Background: Increasing numbers of family caregivers are confronted with caring for a demented, community-dwelling relative. Living with, caring for, and supervising a demented older relative places a heavy burden on the involved family members. In particular, primary caregivers report increased strain, feelings of depression, and decreased general wellbeing as a direct consequence of care giving. Since the most common cause of failure of a home-care situation appears to be caregiver burnout, detecting critical, negative changes in the wellbeing of the caregiver is important. Methods: In a nationwide, cross-sectional study by the Belgium Social Security Board, a population of demented older patients and their care-giving relatives was investigated. The care situation and characteristics of demented, older patients and their caregivers were inventoried, and their effects on the wellbeing of caregivers were evaluated. Results: Approximately 30% (n = 28) of caregivers of demented, older relatives were depress...
A simple theory of orthogonal cutting

Abstract A theory of orthogonal cutting, based on a few simple assumptions, is proposed. Deductions from the theory are shown to be in reasonable quantitative agreement with published experimental data which refere, in the main, to various steels. The so-called tool/chip coefficient of friction, μA, is shown to have no real physical significance while the true coefficient of friction between chip material and tool is shown to be independent of rake angle and to have a magnitude of the order of 2–3. The theory shows that the true area of contact may under certain circumstances, equal the apparent area of contact over the whole of the chip/tool contact region but, in general, true and apparent areas are equal only over part of this region. The conditions conductive to the establishment of build-up edge are predicted as are the location and shape of the rake face crater.
Interleukin-4-mediated Protection of Primary B Cells from Apoptosis through Stat6-dependent Up-regulation of Bcl-xL

Apoptosis is an integral aspect of B lymphocyte development and homeostasis and is regulated by the engagement of antigen costimulatory and cytokine receptors. Although it is well established that interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a potent anti-apoptotic cytokine for B lymphocytes, little is known about the IL-4-induced molecular events regulating cell survival. Stat6 is rapidly activated after IL-4 stimulation, but its role in B lymphocyte apoptosis has not been explored. In this report we demonstrate that Stat6 is a critical signaling molecule for IL-4 in protecting primary B cells from passive and Fas-induced cell death. We show that expression of the Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-xL, is induced maximally by IL-4 and anti-IgM/IL-4 in a Stat6-dependent manner. Additionally, we demonstrate that bcl-xL transcription is likely to be directly activated through a Stat6 binding site in the bcl-xL-flanking region. Finally, reconstitution of Stat6-deficient splenic B cells with Bcl-xL was able to protect those cells from Fas-induced cell death. These results suggest that the anti-apoptotic activity of IL-4 in B cells is mediated through the activation of Stat6 and subsequent transcription of Bcl-xL.
Pleuropulmonary complications of fine bore naso-enteric feeding tubes.

Fine bore naso-enteric feeding tubes are commonly used for entet al alimentation. Although regarded as generally safe, complications associated with their use occur. Case reports presented here highlight the potential hazards of these tubes. Pleuropulmonary complications are reviewed and guidelines suggested for the safe insertion of such tubes.
Report on use of incandescent lamps in motion picture photography

A census taken about the first of February 1929 shows that of some 60 or more pictures in the process of being photographed, approximately 60 per cent were being made with incandescent lamps, an increase from 25 per cent as of July 1, 1928. The general practise of the studios has been to make their sound pictures entirely with incandescent lamps and to use the former illuminants for the silent pictures.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Elderly Patients

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common illness which starts in young adulthood and persists into late life. OCD is associated with dysregulation of the serotonin system and may also be related to the dysregulation of dopamine. When OCD starts in an elderly patient, either an organic or a neurological diagnosis should be considered. Clomipramine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment for OCD. Choice of a particular agent should be based on the patient's previous response and the adverse effect profile of the drug. Pharmacokinetics should also be a consideration due to age-related changes in hepatic and renal function leading to increased plasma concentrations as well as prolonged elimination half-lives of these agents. Behavioural therapy, in addition to pharmacological management, is essential to treat compulsions and to improve response.
Duplex follow-up of patients with DVT: does it have clinical significance?

Venous duplex ultrasonography is now the diagnostic test of choice for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) at many institutions. In the research setting, the ability to serially evaluate thrombi localized to specific venous segments has shown the importance of recurrent thrombotic events and recanalization in the natural history of acute DVT. In addition, its availability and noninvasive nature have led increasingly to the use of serial venous ultrasound examinations in the clinical management of acute DVT. Unfortunately, there is little evidence to support the use of follow-up ultrasonography for many of these purposes. Based on the limited evidence available, follow-up ultrasound examinations appear to be warranted only in patients with isolated calf vein thrombosis and contraindications to conventional anticoagulation, patients with recurrent symptoms, and to establish a baseline after completion of therapy in patients at risk for recurrence. In contrast, the anticoagulant management of acute DVT should be guided by the results of clinical trials, and currently available evidence provides no basis for using ultrasonography to guide the duration of anticoagulation. Therefore, if therapy is based on guidelines derived from clinical trials, there are few indications for the noninvasive follow-up of DVT during anticoagulant treatment in the absence of new symptoms.
The Wolf-Man case: Classical and self-psychological perspectives

Freud's description of his analysis and treatment of the Wolf-Man will be forever regarded as an extraordinary clinical and theoretical achievement. What has been attempted in this paper is to demonstrate how selected aspects of the Wolf-Man case could be interpreted using a self-psychology paradigm. The intent was not to demean Freud or to undermine the theoretical and clinical contributions of drive/structure theory. Rather, I have attempted to show how Freud's analysis and treatment of the Wolf-Man might have been enhanced by a familiarity with more recent developments in psychoanalysis.
Are Weather and Tradition Reducing Our Ability to Conduct Prescribed Burns

Are Weather and Tradition Reducing Our Ability to Conduct Prescribed Burns? DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i1_Weir
Lower and Upper Bounds on Internal-Wave Frequencies in Stratified Rotating Fluids.

According to classical theories, the frequencies of internal-gravity waves in stratified rotating fluids must lie between the Brunt-Vaisala frequency (a measure of the vertical density stratification) and the Coriolis frequency (equal to twice the rotation rate about the vertical axis). It is shown here that, in the case of the Earth’s rotation where the pole-to-pole axis of rotation is almost everywhere not parallel to the local vertical, the range of realizable frequencies is broader. New formulas are derived for the lower and upper bounds of the frequencies. [S0031-9007(96)01859-5]
Is NAN-190 an effective antagonist of the hypothermia and hyperglycemia induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT?

Abstract The putative 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist properties of 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phtalimmido)butyl] piperazine (NAN-190) were studied in mice. The responses studied were hypothermia- and hyperglycemia-induced by the 5-HT 1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetraline (8-OH-DPAT). NAN-190 (0.3–3 mg/kg) did not antagonize either response, but rather appeared to be additive with the effect produced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg) alone, at least with respect to temperature. NAN-190, given alone in similar doses, caused hypothermia and hyperglycemia. These results suggest that NAN-190 has similar properties to 8-OH-DPAT with regard to temperature and glucose effects. Therefore, it does not appear to be a effective antagonist for all 5-HT 1A -mediated responses.
Chemical and Immunologic Characteristics of Glomerular Basement Membrane Fragments in Rat Urine

Chemical and Immunologic Characteristics of Glomerular Basement Membrane Fragments in Rat Urine
Possible regulatory factors for pyruvate carboxylase with particular reference to enzyme from chicken liver

The effects of acyl derivatives of coenzyme A, H+, sulfate, monovalent cations, pyruvate, oxalacetate, MgATP2−, Mg2+, Ca2+ and L-aspartate on the rate of catalysis by pyruvate carboxylase are examined in the context of the metabolic roles proposed for this enzyme and with especial reference to the situration in avian liver. It is suggested that acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, K+ and H+ appear at the present time as the effectors which are most likely to be responsible for the regulation of pyruvate carboxylase in a gluconeogenic tissue.
Is it Oscar-worthy? Children's metarepresentational understanding of acting.

Although it is an essential aspect of one of the most common forms of entertainment, psychologists know almost nothing about how children understand the act of portraying a character in a realistic manner—realistic acting. Do children possess the sort of meta-theory of acting that adults possess? In two studies we find that, unlike adults, children between the ages of 3–5 do not think that a realistic actor is better at portraying a characteristic than a nonrealistic actor, nor do they prefer one to the other. As they develop, they come to understand that realistic acting is different from nonrealistic acting, but unlike adults, children think that a nonrealistic, pretense-like portrayal is more difficult to achieve than a realistic representation of an emotional or physical state. These findings show that children’s metarepresentational understanding of acting is relatively immature at age 5, and that their understanding of this specific domain of pretense lags behind their understanding of pretense in general.
Oligopoly in loan and deposit markets: an econometric application to the Netherlands

This paper presents evidence on the degree of oligopoly in Dutch loan and deposit markets. Using cointegration tests, dynamic specifications are developed for the demand for mortgages, the supply of savings deposits and the associated interest rates. Simultaneous estimation of this model over the period 1957–1990 reveals that in recent years, both markets were significantly more oligopolistic than in Cournot equilibrium. However, competition for mortgages has significantly intensified since the late 1950s. The degree of oligopoly in the market for savings deposits, on the other hand, shows a significant rise over the sample period, probably owing to increased market concentration.
Case Files of the Program in Medical Toxicology at Brown University: Amantadine Withdrawal and the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A sixty-one-year old woman with a history of depression and idiopathic dystonia presented to the emergency department (ED) with fever, nausea, muscle rigidity, and redness in her extremities. The patient had seen various specialists for her dystonia during the preceding year and had tried multiple medication regimens, including benztropine and tizanidine. The patient described her home medications as tizanidine 2 mg three times daily, diazepam 2.5 mg daily, escitalopram 100 mg daily, rosuvastatin 10 mg daily and bupropion 300 mg nightly. At ED presentation her vital signs were: temperature 37.5°C (99.5F), blood pressure 157/76 mmHg, heart rate 105 beats per minute, respirations 24 per minute, and oxygen saturation of 100% on room air. Her physical examination was significant for diaphoresis, tachycardia, diffuse flushing, tremors in her upper and lower extremities, muscle rigidity, and hyperreflexia in the upper and lower extremities. The tremors were low amplitude and worse with intention, while the rigidity had cogwheeling features and was more notable in her lower extremities. Initial laboratory evaluation was significant for a creatine phosphokinase (CPK) of 1146 IU/L. Her electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with normal QRS and QT intervals, and no evidence of acute ischemia. Two months earlier, the patient’s neurologist had started her on amantadine 100 mg twice daily for dystonia. Three days prior to ED presentation, the patient abruptly stopped taking her amantadine on the advice of a pharmacist, secondary to bilateral lowerextremity edema. The following day, the patient presented to her primary care physician complaining of nausea, tremors, and diffuse flushing. The physician treated her for an allergic reaction with oral steroids and diphenhydramine. The patient’s symptoms worsened over the next day with increasing tremors and rigidity, low-grade fever, nausea, and flushing, which prompted her presentation to the ED.
Synaptic vesicle recycling in synaptosomes in vitro

PINCHED-OFF presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) prepared from rat brain homogenates1,2 retain many of the functional properties of intact neurones3,4. They can accumulate K+ and extrude Na+ against concentration gradients5,6, and their membranes seem to develop K+ diffusion potentials which behave like the membrane potentials of most neurones7. Furthermore, the isolated terminals exhibit an increased rate of Ca2+ accumulation8 and Ca2+-dependent transmitter release8–10 when exposed to depolarising agents such as veratridine or an increased external K+ concentration ([K]0). The latter findings are consistent with the ‘calcium hypothesis’ of depolarisation–secretion coupling11. The calcium which enters the terminals during depolarisation seems to trigger the release of transmitter from intraterminal vesicles by an exocytotic process involving transient fusion of the vesicle membrane with the surface membrane12–14. This hypothesis is supported by experiments with electron-opaque extracellular markers; the appearance of the markers within intraterminal vesicles, after stimulation, has been taken as evidence for vesicle recycling15–17. Here we report similar observations on synaptosomes incubated in vitro, showing that synaptosomes function like intact terminals in this respect as well.
Towards Accurate Prediction of Protonation Equilibrium of Nucleic Acids.

The role of protonated nucleotides in modulating the pH-dependent properties of nucleic acids is one of the emerging frontiers in the field of nucleic acid biology. The recent development of a constant pH molecular dynamics simulation (CPHMDMSλD) framework for simulating nucleic acids has provided a tool for realistic simulations of pH-dependent dynamics. We enhanced the CPHMDMSλD framework with pH-based replica exchange (pH-REX), which significantly improves the sampling of both titration and spatial coordinates. The results from our pKa calculations for the GAAA tetraloop, which was predicted with lower accuracy previously due to sampling challenges, demonstrates that pH-REX reduces the average unsigned error (AUE) to 0.7 pKa units, and the error of the most poorly predicted residue A17 was drastically reduced from 2.9 to 1.2 pKa units. Lastly, we show that pH-REX CPHMDMSλD simulations can be used to identify the dominant conformation of nucleic acid structures in alternate pH environments. This work su...
The synthesis of reduced metabolites of aldosterone by subcellular fractions of rat kidney: effects of antimineralocorticoids.

Abstract Subcellular fractionation of male rat kidney revealed that the nuclear and plasma membrane fractions isolated from the 1,000 g pellet retained a significant proportion of the aldosterone ring-A reducing activity. Improved HPLC solvent systems separated all six possible ring-A reduced metabolites of aldosterone and revealed that 80–90% of the reduced metabolites synthesized by purified nuclei and plasma membranes were 5α-reduced compounds consisting of 5α-DHA and 3α,5α-THA in ratios of 1:2 (nuclei) and 1:1 (membranes). The 105,000 g cytosol also synthesized significant quantities of reduced, hydroxylated, and conjugated metabolites of aldosterone. In contrast, the majority of the reduced metabolites of aldosterone synthesized by kidney cytosol were 5β-products, consisting principally of 5β-DHA and smaller quantities of 3α,5β-THA and 3β,5β-THA. The synthesis of reduced aldosterone metabolites in the cytosol, nuclear, and plasma membrane fraction was inhibited by both 5 and 50 μM concentrations of the antimineralocorticoids, progesterone, K + -canrenoate, and corticosterone. Progesterone was the strongest inhibitor of the synthesis of 5α-DHA and 3α,5α-THA in both nuclei and plasma membranes. The overall order of inhibition of the synthesis of ring-A reduced metabolites in the kidney subcellular fractions was progesterone >K + -canrenoate > corticosterone; both progesterone and K + -canrenoate inhibited 5α-reduction more than 5β-reduction.
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage as an intraoperative complication of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy.

Purpose: To describe a case of suprachoroidal hemorrhage occurring during 25-gauge vitrectomy. Methods: Retrospective case review. Results: An 80-year old pseudophakic man developed intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage during a vitreous biopsy procedure for chronic intraocular inflammation. Despite drainage of the choroidals, visual outcome was poor. Conclusions: 25-gauge vitrectomy is often referred to as a “less-invasive” procedure than 20-gauge vitrectomy, but it is not necessarily less risky and probably carries a similar risk profile.