cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROD - toward rapid ontology development for underdeveloped domains

Ontology is a crucial component in knowledge management and organizational learning. Despite the widespread ontology-related research and applications, developing domain ontologies remains a challenging issue. Ontology development for underdeveloped domains, which have no structural resources in existence, becomes even more difficult and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a rapid ontology development (ROD) methodology that can be used to build ontology for underdeveloped domains. It consists of four processes: domain analysis, document and language processing, statistical analysis and extraction, and collaborative mapping. On the one hand, ROD intends to make the development process more efficient so that domain concepts and relations can be automatically discovered from large-scale semi-structured and/or unstructured textual resources. On the other hand, it requires domain experts' involvement as is heeded with the assistance of a customizable collaborative system. The approach has been assessed using community development domain. In addition to the expected results, we have also made some hew observations from the experiment. We believe that ROD can also be applied to established domains.
Predicting cycle 24 using various dynamo-based tools

Various dynamo-based techniques have been used to predict the mean solar cycle features, namely the amplitude and the timings of onset and peak. All methods use information from previous cycles, including particularly polar fields, drift-speed of the sunspot zone to the equator, and remnant magnetic flux from the decay of active regions. Polar fields predict a low cycle 24, while spot zone migration and remnant flux both lead to predictions of a high cycle 24. These methods both predict delayed onset for cycle 24. We will describe how each of these methods relates to dynamo processes. We will present the latest results from our flux-transport dynamo, including some sensitivity tests and how our model relates to polar fields and spot zone drift methods.
A Half-Century of California Poverty

In this article, poverty statistics are examined over the past 50 years for insights on trends. Data were tabulated by Decennial Censuses for the state of California and categorized by demographic group. Trends are revealed by evidence from unique calculations of Poverty Indexes, that is, of “fair shares” of poverty. By examining 5 decades of evidence, it is found that some groups have clearly progressed—specifically Asians & Pacific Islanders, Blacks, and Hispanics, while others have found their recent poverty status deteriorate—especially the elderly, Native Americans, and Whites. The primary goal of this paper is to examine paths of poverty over the past half-century for a variety of groups. The paths are examined with the intent of deriving insights into demographic patterns within the state of California. The 50-year analysis begins with the U.S. Census Bureau’s earliest collection of poverty statistics, follows the data at 10-year intervals, and concludes with the most recent decennial snapshot. Thus, the poverty data run from the year 1959 through 2009. The Bureau’s Decennial Census poverty estimates are the most comprehensive available and the only data in the early years for separate demographic groups at sub-national levels. Poverty Indexes are also developed and presented here to measure a demographic group’s “fair share” of state poverty. The year 2000 Census was the last decennial census that was employed for the collection of income and poverty data. The task of estimating annual poverty is now assigned to the American Community Survey (ACS) which, after a decade of testing, was officially launched in 2006. The ACS supplies
The General Approach to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Pulmonary Infection in the United States

The principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis remains pulmonary infection, resulting in progressive airway destruction, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary failure [1]. Endobronchial infection including pneumonia, with or without an appropriate inflammatory response, is nearly universal in cystic fibrosis patients. Our success at controlling albeit not curing, the pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis has undoubtedly been a major cause of a remarkable improvement in median survival rates and quality of life seen in the U.S. over the past 20 years (Figure 1). This is also clearly related to coordinated management strategies disseminated by the U.S. CF Foundation, through their accredited clinical centers. This paper will focus on several aspects of the management of pulmonary infections that have been prioritized in the United States. First among these has been the development of new antibiotics and new antibiotic strategies to control acute bronchopulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Second has been the development of appropriate strategies that may be useful in preventing progressive pulmonary infection. Third is the development of non-antimicrobial strategies. such as pulmonary clearance methods and anti-inflammatory therapies that may also prove useful in the control of progressive bronchopulmonary disease.
The Openness-Inflation Puzzle

Recent papers have documented a robust negative correlation between openness to trade and average inflation. The usual argument is that openness makes the Phillips curve steeper, leading to a lower rate of inflation in equilibrium. The relationship between openness and inflation is then seen as evidence in favor of time consistency theories of monetary policy. However, in this note I show that standard measures of the output-inflation trade-off are not correlated with openness. Hence the usual argument is almost certainly wrong, and the observed link between openness and inflation becomes an interesting puzzle.
Technetium Incorporation into Goethite (α-FeOOH): An Atomic-Scale Investigation

During the processing of low-activity radioactive waste to generate solid waste forms (e.g., glass), technetium-99 (Tc) is of concern because of its volatility. A variety of materials are under consideration to capture Tc from waste streams, including the iron oxyhydroxide, goethite (α-FeOOH), which was experimentally shown to sequester Tc(IV). This material could ultimately be incorporated into glass or alternative low-temperature waste form matrices. However, questions remain regarding the incorporation mechanism for Tc(IV) in goethite, which has implications for predicting the long-term stability of Tc in waste forms under changing conditions. Here, quantum-mechanical calculations were used to evaluate the energy of five different charge-compensated Tc(IV) incorporation scenarios in goethite. The two most stable incorporation mechanisms involve direct substitution of Tc(IV) onto Fe(III) lattice sites and charge balancing either by removing one nearby H(+) (i.e., within 5 A) or by creating an Fe(III) vacancy when substituting 3 Tc(IV) for 4 Fe(III), with the former being preferred over the latter relative to gas-phase ions. When corrections for hydrated references phases are applied, the Fe(III)-vacancy mechanism becomes more energetically competitive. Calculated incorporation energies and optimized bond lengths are presented. Proton movement is observed to satisfy undercoordinated bonds surrounding Fe(III)-vacancies in the goethite structure.
Automated Preprocessing Tools for Use with a High-Order Overset-Grid Algorithm

A new preprocessing code BELLERO has been developed to automate many of the tasks associated with domain decomposition for the parallel, high-order overset-grid (HOOG) flow solver FDL3DI. The previous approach required considerable user involvement as well as manual modifications to the code to set up problems for processing using the parallel HO-OG algorithm. Highlighted capabilities of BELLERO include; (1) automatic generation of the grid indices for the domain decomposition, taking into account minimum stencil requirements for the high-order algorithm, (2) automatic generation of the blocklevel connectivity including periodic boundary conditions, (3) automated decomposition of the grid-level boundary conditions, thus eliminating the need to manually specify blocklevel boundaries in the code, and (4) calculation of high-order interpolation coecients and management of hole points to fully implement the HO-OG approach. Improvements have also been made to the FDL3DI solver itself in order to further enhance the overall flexibility of the HO-OG implementation. The new capability is validated using the benchmark problems of acoustic scattering from three circular cylinders and electromagnetic scattering from a single sphere.
Hemp—production and utilization

United States annual production oi this formerly very important bast fiber has fallen from about 75,000 tons a century ago to about 2,000 tons today. Imports, too, have dropped. Other fibers, particularly abaca, have replaced it more and more.
Influence of feeding on serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity.

Objective To determine whether feeding causes a change in feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) in serum from healthy cats. Animals 6 healthy domestic shorthair cats. Procedures For the first 12 days of the study, 3 cats were fed a high-protein, high-fat (diet 1), and the other 3 were fed a maintenance (diet 2). On day 12, diets were switched, and cats were fed the other diet for the remaining 12 days of the study. On days 11 and 23, food was withheld for 24 hours, and baseline serum fTLI was measured. Cats were offered food equivalent to half their daily caloric maintenance requirements, and serum fTLI was measured 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours later. Uneaten food was removed after 1 hour. Results Overall mean +/- SD serum fTLI was 22.7 +/- 5.8 micrograms/L when cats were fed diet 1 and 21.1 +/- 5.0 micrograms/L when cats were fed diet 2. There was no significant difference in serum fTLI over time or between diets. However, there was a statistically significant, but clinically unimportant (mean increase, 1.7 micrograms/L), increase in serum fTLI, compared with baseline values, 1 hour after cats were fed diet 2 but not when cats were fed diet 1. Conclusions and clinical relevance A maintenance diet may cause a clinically unimportant increase in serum fTLI 1 hour after feeding in healthy cats. Results suggest that for healthy cats, it is not necessary to withhold food before collecting samples for determination of fTLI in serum. Whether feeding changes fTLI in serum from cats with disorders of the exocrine portion of the pancreas remains to be determined.
The $-Calculus Process Algebra for Problem Solving and its Support for Bioinformatics.

In this paper a new technique for the solutions of hard computational problems in bioinformatics is investigated. This is the $-calculus process algebra for problem solving that applies the cost performance measures to converge to optimal solutions with minimal problem solving costs. We demonstrate that the $-calculus generic search method, called the kΩ-optimization, can be used to solve gene finding and sequence alignment problems. The solutions can be either precise or approximate by applying the $-calculus optimization or total optimization.
Restoration-Based Merging of Functional Test Sequences

This paper develops a merging procedure for functional test sequences that achieves test compaction for a pool of functional test sequences by reducing the number of sequences in the pool. The procedure has the following new features: 1) in contrast to existing selection procedures, the merging procedure described in this paper increases the fault coverage of test sequences in the pool, thus enhancing the ability to reduce the number of sequences and 2) in contrast to existing procedures that concatenate or merge test sequences, the procedure described in this paper does not increase the lengths of the sequences it merges. The procedure is based on the concept of restoration of test vectors. In the context of test sequence merging, restoration consists of copying test vectors from a test sequence $ {T_{j}}$ into a test sequence $ {T_{i}}$ in order to allow $ {T_{i}}$ to detect faults that $ {T_{j}}$ detects. The merging procedure focuses on the removal of one test sequence $ {T_{j}}$ at a time by restoring test vectors from $ {T_{j}}$ into other sequences, allowing them to detect the faults that $ {T_{j}}$ detects. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate that the procedure reduces the number of sequences in a pool significantly.
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy: The role of advanced multimodality imaging techniques in diagnosis and assessment

Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is a unique cardiomyopathy with a diverse array of genotypic and phenotypic manifestations. Its hallmark morphology consists of a bilayered myocardium with a compact epicardial layer and prominent trabeculations that comprise the noncompacted endocardial layer. The controversial diagnostic criteria for NCCM have been frequently discussed in the literature. This review touches on those diagnostic criteria, delves further into the evolving use of advanced imaging techniques within the major imaging modalities (echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging), and proposes an alternative algorithm incorporating these techniques for aiding with the diagnosis of NCCM.
Event Word of Mouth: An Abstract

The objective is to propose and test a framework based on the psychological continuum model (PCM) that explains fans’ positive word of mouth for a sponsored event, taking the fans’ distance traveled to the event into consideration. For fans, the identification process is thought to be a mechanism driving fans to discuss a sponsored event.
Feedback System Design and Structural Properties: The Role and Use of Rational Matrix GCD's

Abstract A state-space construction for rational matrix greatest common divisors (GCO's) is given. It is shown how the GCO results can be used to solve the problem of designing stable minimum-phase squaring-down compensators for multivariable plants, leading to a direct state-space construction for such compensators and a state-space solution to "fat-plant- H-infinity control problems. The theory also provides a state-space construction for minimal bases for rational vector spac(ts in the sense of Forney. The results make use of the concepts of strongly observable and maximally unobservable systems initiated in the respective works of Silverman and of Wonham and build upon the concepts introduced in the state-space GCO extraction results for polynomial matrices of Silverman and Van Dooren.
A Wirelessly Tunable Electrical Stimulator for Ionic Electroactive Polymers

Ionic electroactive polymers (iEAPs) respond to electrical stimulation by changing in shape, caused by ion displacement inside the polymer. Due to similarities between the mechanism of action of iEAPs and the physiology of native muscle tissue, iEAPs have great potentials in applications requiring skeletal muscle regeneration. This paper presents a new system-level solution for the realization of a tunable electrical stimulator for iEAPs, capable of remotely altering the degree and the direction of the movement of iEAPs. Without using digital modulation schemes, the proposed stimulator uses frequency at the primary side, to wirelessly tune the magnitude and the polarity of the electric field generated at the secondary side, enabling remote stimulation of iEAPs. As a proof of concept, the proposed stimulator is implemented using custom-off-the-shelf components. The performance of the stimulator is extensively evaluated under various conditions, including coil misalignment. The stimulator is also integrated with iEAP samples, and the functionality of the end-to-end module is examined based on the response and the movement characteristics of iEAPs in a series of in vitro experiments. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using the proposed system as a reliable electrical stimulator for iEAPs.
Between death and life - a formal decision model to decide on customer recovery investments

As digitization supports customers in gaining increased market transparency (Desai Hastings Law Journal, 65(6), 1469–1482, 2014), migrating from one organization to another (“customer migration”) is becoming easier and more attractive. Thus, taking measures to regain customers who terminated their relationship (“customer recovery”) has become increasingly important for organizations. With the growing importance of customer recovery in present times, organizations face even more challenges pertaining to risk of making wrong investment decisions. Organizations can either mistakenly invest in customer relations that are “alive” or irretrievably “dead.” Furthermore, it has the risk of not investing in inactive customer relations that have a chance to be revived (“dying”). Consequently, it is necessary for organizations to consider the probability that a customer relation is “alive,” “dying,” or “dead” when deciding on customer recovery. Based on these probabilities, an economically reasonable decision has to be made on whether to invest in the recovery of an individual customer relationship. Accordingly, based on a comprehensive discussion of related work, we propose a formal decision model on whether to invest in customer relation recovery. To demonstrate the decision model’s applicability, an illustrative case with sample calculation is presented and expert interviews are conducted.
AF classification from a short single lead ECG recording: The PhysioNet/computing in cardiology challenge 2017

The PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology (CinC) Challenge 2017 focused on differentiating AF from noise, normal or other rhythms in short term (from 9–61 s) ECG recordings performed by patients. A total of 12,186 ECGs were used: 8,528 in the public training set and 3,658 in the private hidden test set. Due to the high degree of inter-expert disagreement between a significant fraction of the expert labels we implemented a mid-competition bootstrap approach to expert relabeling of the data, levering the best performing Challenge entrants' algorithms to identify contentious labels. A total of 75 independent teams entered the Challenge using a variety of traditional and novel methods, ranging from random forests to a deep learning approach applied to the raw data in the spectral domain. Four teams won the Challenge with an equal high F1 score (averaged across all classes) of 0.83, although the top 11 algorithms scored within 2% of this. A combination of 45 algorithms identified using LASSO achieved an F1 of 0.87, indicating that a voting approach can boost performance.
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for Maxwell’s equations in Drude metamaterials on unstructured meshes

Abstract In this follow-up work, we extend the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods previously developed on rectangular meshes (Li et al., 2017) to triangular meshes. The DG schemes in Li et al. (2017) are both optimally convergent and energy conserving. However, as we shall see in the numerical results section, the DG schemes on triangular meshes only have suboptimal convergence rate. We prove the energy conservation and an error estimate for the semi-discrete schemes. The stability of the fully discrete scheme is proved and its error estimate is stated. We present extensive numerical results with convergence consistent of our error estimate, and simulations of wave propagation in Drude metamaterials to demonstrate the flexibility of triangular meshes.
Building loyalty through reward programs: the influence of perceptions of fairness and brand attachment.

Abstract Grounded in the Theory of Justice, perception of fairness is evaluated as a key element to enhance the effectiveness of loyalty programs. Using a robust sample of casino reward program members, the research examines the mediating roles of brand attachment and loyalty intention between perceptions of fairness and loyalty outcomes. The study introduces share-of-wallet as a critical outcome of the loyalty process. The results indicate that communication-based and value-based fairness significantly influence brand attachment and loyalty intention. Moreover, brand attachment has a stronger impact on share-of-wallet than loyalty intention does. The research yields guidance for hospitality marketers to structure effective and competitive loyalty programs. The results add new insight into loyalty processes and extend the hospitality loyalty literature by suggesting brand attachment as a primary indicator for loyalty outcomes. The findings suggest that through perceived fairness, marketers can build brand attachment and increase share of wallet, thereby increasing profitability.
Thermal Processing Principles

Since many of the processes utilized to preserve food products depend on the addition of thermal energy, it is important to understand the principles associated with food preservation through the addition of thermal energy. Most of the historical references to this method of food preservation are associated with canned foods, and the subject is most often referred to as thermal processing. The historical references include research associated with achieving safety of food products when considering the hazards from microbial pathogens associated with the raw food products. Although the processes developed for canned foods were designed primarily to ensure safety of the product when consumed, the same concepts apply to thermal processes for food where extension of shelf-life is the objective.
Does Violent Political Rhetoric Fuel Political Violence? Support for Political Violence in a National Survey Experiment

During the final stages of the health care debate in early 2010, amidst a spike in violent acts and threats against lawmakers by citizens, some pundits asked whether rhetoric by political leaders was fanning the flames of political violence. Building from theoretical foundations in media violence research, I field a nationally-representative survey experiment in which subjects are randomly assigned to read text from political ads using mundane violent metaphors or non-violent synonyms. I find that even mild violent language increases support for political violence among citizens with aggressive predispositions. Treatment effects are particularly strong for young adults. This work is part of a broader research agenda focusing on the role of aggression in public opinion, identifying new implications for this timeless human predisposition.
Enabling Off-the-Grid Communication for Existing Applications: A Case Study of Email Access

Most of today's applications require an Internet connection to reach cloud servers essential for their functioning. However, in many scenarios, such connectivity is unavailable, such as when a user is in a remote location with no cellular coverage or during a natural disaster. In these situations, nearby devices can still connect to each other, and the applications running on each device can have data useful to each other; however, the applications are unable to exchange data directly between themselves. In this paper, we describe mechanisms to enable off-the- grid communication for existing applications, allowing them to directly exchange data between themselves. To achieve this goal, an application should be capable of discovering, fetching, and verifying data without the help of a server. We believe that Named Data Networking (NDN) can provide an application with these abilities. We utilize email access as a study case and propose mailSync, a framework to the goal of app-to-app communication for this application via NDN. Meanwhile, we identify the various differences between TCP/IP and NDN applications, and we generalize several steps to "NDNize" an existing application, including protocol translation, application layer framing, naming, data discovery and security management. We implemented a prototype of mailSync in Java on laptop and Android as a proof of concept.
Assessment of Different Methods for Pediatric Meningitis Dosing Clinical Decision Support.

Background: Indication-specific medication dosing support is needed to improve pediatric dosing support. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of different menin...
Administering a Telemedicine Program.

The purpose of this review is to describe the process of administering a telemedicine program including reviewing telemedicine guidelines; discussing licensing, credentialing, and privileging of providers; outlining scheduling and recruitment of patients; and measuring outcomes of a telemedicine program. Recent literature findings suggest that telemedicine in specialty clinics continues to grow at a rapid pace. Medical specialty programs should prepare to adopt a practice that includes telemedicine to better serve their patients and families who have expressed significant satisfaction with the delivery of healthcare in this manner. With the appropriate support, any specialty clinic can provide their patients with a telemedicine option which has shown to be highly successful for Children’s Mercy Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology Department.
Leverage of the Intermediary and the Transmission of Monetary Policy

The leverage of the financial intermediaries has strong impact on how asset prices respond to monetary policy shocks. When the financial intermediaries have stronger balance sheets (lower leverage), asset prices respond stronger to a given level of monetary policy shock. Hence, risk premia are not time-invariant and the short term interest rate is not a sufficient statistic for asset prices. A contractionary monetary policy shock increases the leverage of the financial intermediaries and raises the credit spread of corporate bonds, on top of the increase in the spread due to no-arbitrage relationships. Traditional VAR analysis with the short term interest rate as the only asset return and leaving out the leverage of the financial intermediaries would miss the former channel and underestimate the magnitudes of IRFs. The credit spread affects real output, so the responses of real variables to the monetary policy shock are also amplified when the financial intermediaries have stronger balance sheets.
Vowel-Specific Intelligibility and Acoustic Patterns in Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate vowel-specific intelligibility and acoustic patterns of individuals with different severities of dysarthria secondary to amyotrophic lateral scle...
Web and society: a first look into the network of human service providers

Human service organizations (HSOs) operate in an environment considered to be prohibitive of collaboration. To understand how HSOs come together to address the grand challenges associated with meeting human needs, we attempted to automatically construct the network of HSOs based on the information publicly available through each organization's website-the medium that people use to find relevant information to access services. Our analysis of the the complex system of relationships among HSOs in Albany, New York suggests that the network of HSOs in this area exhibits a multipolar structure with few super connectors, and strong relations between organizations that serve similar functions. We quantitatively evaluate the quality of the constructed HSOs' network from Web data based on structured, in-person interviews we conducted with HSOs.
Staphylococcus aureus impairs cutaneous wound healing by activating the expression of a gap junction protein, connexin-43 in keratinocytes

Chronic wounds have been considered as major medical problems that may result in expensive healthcare. One of the common causes of chronic wounds is bacterial contamination that leads to persistent inflammation and unbalanced host cell immune responses. Among the bacterial strains that have been identified from chronic wounds, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strain. We previously observed that S. aureus impaired mouse cutaneous wound healing by delaying re-epithelialization. Here, we investigated the mechanism of delayed re-epithelialization caused by S. aureus infection. With the presence of S. aureus exudate, the migration of in vitro cultured human keratinocytes was significantly inhibited and connexin-43 (Cx43) was upregulated. Inhibition of keratinocyte migration by S. aureus exudate disappeared in keratinocytes where the expression of Cx43 knocked down. Protein kinase phosphorylation array showed that phosphorylation of Akt-S473 was upregulated by S. aureus exudate. In vivo study of Cx43 in S. aureus-infected murine splinted cutaneous wound model showed upregulation of Cx43 in the migrating epithelial edge by S. aureus infection. Treatment with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor reduced Cx43 expression and overcame the wound closure impairment by S. aureus infection in the mouse model. This may contribute to the development of treatment to bacterium-infected wounds.
Automated objective dystonia identification using smartphone-quality gait videos acquired in clinic

Abstract Background Dystonia diagnosis is subjective and often difficult, particularly when co-morbid with spasticity as occurs in cerebral palsy. Objective To develop an objective clinical screening method for dystonia Methods We analyzed 30 gait videos (640×360 pixel resolution, 30 frames/second) of subjects with spastic cerebral palsy acquired during routine clinic visits. Dystonia was identified by consensus of three movement disorders specialists (15 videos with and 15 without dystonia). Limb position was calculated using deep neural network-guided pose estimation (DeepLabCut) to determine inter-knee distance variance, foot angle variance, and median foot angle difference between limbs. Results All gait variables were significant predictors of dystonia. An inter-knee distance variance greater than 14 pixels together with a median foot angle difference greater than 10 degrees yielded 93% sensitivity and specificity for dystonia. Conclusions Open-source automated video gait analysis can identify features of expert-identified dystonia. Methods like this could help clinically screen for dystonia.
Creating a Systematic Framework Approach to Congenital Heart Disease Comprehension and Management – A Primer for the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Provider

The pediatric cardiac intensive care unit is a high acuity setting with large heterogeneity in patient population. Many patients will have abnormal circulatory patterns being palliated surgically. Managing these patients while efficiently interfacing the several team members in the unit requires a thought framework that we outline here.
A Contextualist Theory of Knowledge: Its Implications for Innovation and Reform in Psychological Research*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the contextualist epistemology as an appropriate metatheory for psychology. Contextualism's implications for reforming the process and product of psychology are also discussed in the chapter. The two phases of needed process reforms are described in the chapter for creatively generating hypotheses and developing them by the means of empirical confrontation. In the chapter, the psychological product is also discussed by reviewing the various theoretical depictions of the person that have guided and grown out of the research process. These implications are described for the process of developing psychological theory and then as relative to the product—the theories that emerge from the process. The various internal criteria for judging the relative adequacy of competing theories—that are sometimes even mutually contradictory—illustrates a basic descriptive tenet of contextualism. The four types of theories guiding and emerging from the research are (1) categorical theory, (2) process theories, (3) axiomatic theories, and (4) guiding-idea theories. The sixteen partial views of human nature that have served as guiding-idea theories for psychological research are tabulated in the chapter. The content aspect of social psychology or contextualism reveals the need for an ecumenical stance toward theory for recognizing the existence and utility of a wide variety of formulations to generate insights into the contents and determinants of experience and behavior.
Partial purification and properties of two phospholipases of Bacillus cereus.

Slein, Milton W. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Gerald F. Logan, Jr. Partial purification and properties of two phospholipases of Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 85:369–381. 1963.—Culture filtrates of Bacillus cereus contain a phosphatasemia factor (PF) that markedly increases blood alkaline phosphatase after intravenous injection into animals, and that releases alkaline phosphatase from epiphyseal bone slices in vitro. Fractionation of culture filtrates of B. cereus with N,N′-diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose results in the separation of two phospholipases, one that has PF activity and one that inhibits PF activity in vitro. Growth of shaken cultures favors accumulation of the inhibitor, whereas static cultures yield more PF. Lethality for mice and hemolysin activity do not appear to be associated with the phospholipase that inhibits PF. The relationship of the lethal and hemolysin factors to the phospholipase that produces phosphatasemia is not clear. The effects of heat, trypsin, lecithin, and antiserum on the phospholipases are reported. The intravenous injection of relatively large amounts of the purified PF resulted in the depletion of bone alkaline phosphatase.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses

Chemical synapses—that is, synapses that use a chemical neurotransmitter to transfer information from one neuron to another—can be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on their effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Synapses releasing a neurotransmitter that brings the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron toward the threshold for generating action potentials are said to be excitatory. Alternatively, inhibitory synapses drive the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron away from the threshold for generating action potentials. Keywords: long-term potentiation; synaptic competition
Arabidopsis mutants deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a plant oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturase.

The overall fatty acid composition of leaf lipids in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana was characterized by reduced levels of polyunsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids and an increased proportion of oleate as a consequence of a single recessive nuclear mutation. Quantitative analysis of the fatty acid composition of individual lipids demonstrated that all the major phospholipids of the extrachloroplast membranes are affected by the mutation, whereas the chlorplast lipids show fatty acid compositions only slightly different from those of wild type plants. These results are consistent with the parallel operation of two pathways of lipid synthesis in plant leaf cells (the prokaryotic pathway in the chloroplast and the eukaryotic pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum) and with genetic evidence (Browse, J., Kunst, L., Anderson, S., Hugly, S., and Somerville, C.R. (1989) Plant Physiol 90, 522-529) that an independent 18:1/16:1 desaturase operates on chloroplast membrane lipids. Direct enzyme assays confirmed that the mutant plants are deficient in the activity of a microsomal oleoyl-phosphatidycholine desaturase and demonstrated that this desaturase is the major enzyme responsible for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phospholipids. Despite this deficiency in 18:1-desaturase activity, mutant plants contained relatively high levels of 18:3 in their leaf phospholipids. This finding is interpreted as additional evidence that considerable two-way exchange of lipid occurs between the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum and that this exchange allows the chloroplast desaturases to provide lipids containing 18:3 to the extrachloroplast compartment, thus partially alleviating the deficiency in 18:1 desaturase activity.
Venous Stenosis After Transvenous Lead Placement: A Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors in 212 Consecutive Patients

Background Venous stenosis is a common complication of transvenous lead implantation, but the risk factors for venous stenosis have not been well defined to date. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for venous stenosis in a large consecutive cohort. Methods and Results A total of 212 consecutive patients (136 male, 76 female; mean age 69 years) with existing pacing or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator systems presented for generator replacement, lead revision, or device upgrade with a mean time since implantation of 6.2 years. Venograms were performed and percentage of stenosis was determined. Variables studied included age, sex, number of leads, lead diameter, implant duration, insulation material, side of implant, and anticoagulant use. Overall, 56 of 212 patients had total occlusion of the subclavian or innominate vein (26%). There was a significant association between the number of leads implanted and percentage of venous stenosis ( P =0.012). Lead diameter, as an independent variable, was not a risk factor; however, greater sum of the lead diameters implanted was a predictor of subsequent venous stenosis ( P =0.009). Multiple lead implant procedures may be associated with venous stenosis ( P =0.057). No other variables approached statistical significance. Conclusions A significant association exists between venous stenosis and the number of implanted leads and also the sum of the lead diameters. When combined with multiple implant procedures, the incidence of venous stenosis is increased.
A Phenomenological Study of Conservative Academic Librarians

Librarianship posits itself as a profession that strives for neutrality, particularly within customer service and information provision; however, factors such as political activity, conference programming, and disproportionate representations of specific viewpoints in the literature indicate that neutrality may be compromised. These factors may alienate librarians who do not subscribe to majority political opinions within librarianship. A phenomenological study was conducted to understand the career experiences of academic librarians who identify as socially or politically conservative. Themes linking service provision, ethics, workplace relationships, and professional engagement emerged that demonstrate the professional impact politicized activity has on practicing librarians in all specialties.
Nanoparticle aggregate volume determination by electrical mobility analysis: Test of idealized aggregate theory using aerosol particle mass analyzer measurements

Abstract The nanoparticle aggregate volumes are determined from the mobility diameter using the idealized aggregate (IA) theory proposed by Lall and Friedlander [(2006). On-line measurement of ultrafine aggregate surface area and volume distributions by electrical mobility analysis: I. Theoretical analysis. Journal of Aerosol Science, 27, 260]. The use of IA theory makes it possible to account for aggregate number and size of primary particles and aggregate orientation in the electric field. The theory is tested using an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) which determines particle mass based on particle motion in a centrifugal and electrical force field. Unlike electrical mobility analysis, the APM mass measurements are independent of particle morphology because the centrifugal force is directly proportional to the mass. The aggregate volumes based on IA theory are compared with the aggregate volumes measured by the APM. The comparison is made for iron oxide ( density = 5.7 g / cc ) and carbon ( density = 2 g / cc ) aggregates, both generated by laser ablation. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) was used to classify the aggregates corresponding to mobility diameters of 80, 100, and 120 nm. For each mobility diameter, the aggregate volume was calculated from IA theory; the primary particle diameter was measured by electron microscopy. The aggregate mass for each mobility diameter was measured directly by the APM without the use of IA theory. The aggregate volume was determined from the mass measured by the APM and the primary particle density. The agreement between the DMA and APM aggregate volume measurements was good for both materials studied. The results support the application of IA theory. In a further application of IA theory, literature data for DMA–APM measurements of the ultrafine atmospheric aerosol were used to calculate the fraction of aggregates.
27Al NMR spectroscopy of minerals and related materials

We present a review of the applications of27Al NMR methods to investigations of the structures of minerals, primarily alumino-silicates, and related synthetic compounds. Such materials are ubiquitous in the earth and other terrestrial planets. Because of their diverse structures and compositions, they also provide examples of many situations in which27Al NMR spectroscopy can provide useful information. Thus, they serve well as model compounds for synthetic crystalline and amorphous materials and usefully illustrate the applications of many techniques. The advent of high-field superconducting magnets (H 0>9 T) has made application of27Al NMR to solids much more effective than it was previously, and we focus primarily on these recent applications but also discuss older, single-crystal data.27Al NMR methods can be used for many purposes in investigations of solids. Here we emphasize the following. 1) Determination of the Al coordination number and the polymerization of tetrahedrally coordinated Al. 2) Determination of tetrahedral Al/octahedral Al ratios. 3) Investigation of tetrahedral Al, Si order/disorder in, especially, framework-structure alumino-silicate phases. 4) Investigation of the static structural changes and dynamical behavior of crystals undergoing structural phase transitions. 5) Investigation of the local symmetry of Al-sites through the quadrupole coupling constant and asymmetry parameter.
Neuraminidase activity in the blood and liver of arthritic rats.

Abstract The inflammatory response observed in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis was accompanied by significant hematological and biochemical changes. Marked leukocytosis and increased granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio was observed in peripheral blood. Plasma acid phosphatase showed peaks of maximum activity on the 3rd and 19th days while leukocyte acid phosphatase and neuraminidase showed a peak of maximum activity 10 to 13 days after adjuvant injection. In liver, membrane-bound neuraminidase showed peaks of maximum activity on the 3rd and 19th days, whereas acid phosphatase and cytosolic neuraminidase remained virtually unchanged. The possible role of neuraminidase in the degradation of tissular components and in the development of the immunological features of rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.
Adolescent nicotine exposure causes persistent upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain regions

Whereas numerous studies have explored the consequences of fetal or adult nicotine exposure, little or no basic research has been conducted for nicotine exposure during adolescence, the developmental period in which regular cigarette use typically begins. We administered nicotine to adolescent rats on postnatal days 30-47 via continuous infusion with implanted osmotic minipumps, using a dose rate (3-6 mg kg-1 day-1) set to achieve plasma nicotine levels found in smokers; results were compared to exposure of adult rats. During and after exposure, we assessed nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding in the midbrain, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus, using [3H]cytisine. Robust receptor upregulation was observed with both adolescent and adult nicotine exposure but there were major differences in the regional specificity and persistence of effect. In adolescents, upregulation was uniform across all regions during the infusion period, whereas in adults, there was a distinct regional hierarchy: midbrain < cerebral cortex < hippocampus; accordingly, receptors in the adolescent midbrain were upregulated far more than with adult exposure. In addition, adolescent nicotine treatment produced long-lasting effects on the receptors, with significant increases still apparent in male rats 1 month after the termination of drug exposure. We also obtained evidence for hippocampal cell damage in adolescent female rats exposed to nicotine, characterized by increases in total membrane protein concentration indicative of a decrease in overall cell size. Adolescent nicotine exposure thus elicits region- and gender-selective effects that differ substantially from those in adults, effects that may contribute to increased addictive properties and lasting deficits in behavioral performance.
Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis Recovery of Limonene from Citrus Processing Waste Streams

Commercial ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were used to concentrate the terpene, limonene, present in cold pressed oil centrifuge effluent and molasses evaporator condensate. UF membrane rejections were 78–97% for mixtures with initial limonene concentrations from 0.04–0.6%v/v. RO membrane rejection of limonene ranged from 87–99% for feed streams containing 0.06–0.23% limonene. Initial membrane flux rates for centrifuge effluents were in the range 10–100 kg/m2/hr. Evaporator condensate fluxes were higher, 25–400, while pure water rates ranged from 25 (RO) to 1000 kg/m2/hr (UF). Contact with limonene adversely affected membrane flux rates in decreasing order of severity: polysulfone > cellulose acetate > teflon-type.
Taming the help desk

So you were a computer geek: supporting desktops and servers, maybe some web design... and suddenly a staff is dropped in your lap. Maybe they're a bunch of inexperienced students and now you have to deal with their academic responsibilities and needs, then add in support for thousands of customers, and you (the geek turned manager) need your own development. Who in their right minds would want that job?I took the job and chose to run with what I had -- and it worked. For this session, I will present the secrets of our (and my) success at the Computing & Information Technology Help Desk at Wayne State University. Then, we will discuss how our methods can be applied to you and your institution's support center.By establishing training and mentoring for new employees and learning how to manage a staff correctly, I helped create a dynamic team and a fun workplace. Ensuring that management is an active, visible presence has established positive employee performance. Encouraging the student staff to participate in problem solving and change management reinforces the fact that we are a team. Finally, everyone is allowed to evaluate the team's performance, which then helps the team to improve their technical abilities and responses to our customers. This has helped us move from an underappreciated resource four years ago to a respected authority now. You can do it, too.
Partial Reinforcement of Salivary Cr's in Adult Human Subjects: Preliminary Study

If in a CR experiment x reinforcements in t time produce less efficient conditioning than x-k reinforcements in the same t time, then it is obvious that, other things being equal, the lesser efficiency of the x reinforcements is due to either ( a ) its extra k reinforcements or ( b ) its shorter inter-reinforcement intervals, t-xd t ( x k ) d x -1 < ( x k ) 1 when d is the uniform duration of each reinforcement. The first factor of lesser CR efficiency might be called "decrement through over-reinforcement," the second, "decrement through massed reinforcement." Both factors have been found to operate, and operate independently, in a number of experimental studies (6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24). Again, if in a CR experiment x reinforcements in t time produce less conditioning than x-k reinforcements plus k nonreinforcements in the same t time, the factors of over-reinforcement and massed reinforcement may still account for the obtained results since the over-reinforcement and massed reinforcement decrements in the first case might be greater than the nonreinforcement decrement in the second case. But here a third factor may enter; namely, "increment through nonreinforcement," which is what in some way is assumed to operate in "partial reinforcement." However, while indirect evidence for the third factor is preponderant ( 3 , 5, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, -