cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation belt 2D and 3D simulations for CIR-driven storms during Carrington Rotation 2068

Abstract As part of the International Heliospheric Year, the Whole Heliosphere Interval, Carrington Rotation 2068, from March 20 to April 16, 2008 was chosen as an internationally coordinated observing and modeling campaign. A pair of solar wind structures identified as Corotating Interaction Regions (CIR), characteristic of the declining phase of the solar cycle and solar minimum, was identified in solar wind plasma measurements from the ACE satellite. Such structures have previously been determined to be geoeffective in producing enhanced outer zone radiation belt electron fluxes, on average greater than at solar maximum. MHD fields from the Coupled Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Thermosphere (CMIT) model driven by ACE solar wind measurements at L1 have been used to drive both 2D and 3D weighted test particle simulations of electron dynamics for the CIR subset of the month-long CMIT fields. Dropout in electron flux at geosynchronous orbit and enhancement during recovery phase, characteristic of CIR-driven storms, is seen in these moderate (Dstmin=−56, −33 nT) events, while the two CIRs were characterized by increased solar wind velocity in the 650–750 km/s range. The first beginning March 26 produced a greater enhancement in IMF Bz southward and stronger magnetospheric convection, leading to a greater radiation belt electron response at GOES. This study provides the first comparison of 2D and 3D particle dynamics in MHD simulation fields, incorporating the additional diffusive feature of Shebansky orbit trapping of electrons in the magnetic minima on the dayside above and below the equatorial plane. Overall loss occurs during the main phase for 2D and 3D simulations, while incorporation of plasmasheet injection in 2D runs produces a moderate enhancement for the March 26–30 storm, less than observed at GOES, and recovery to initial flux levels as seen for the April 4–7 storm.
Three-dimensional endoluminal ultrasound: a new method for the evaluation of gastrointestinal tumors

Background: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional endoluminal ultrasound of gastrointestinal tumors. Methods: Sixteen patients with esophageal, gastric, or colorectal tumors underwent endoscopic ultrasound. Three-dimensional ultrasound data were obtained from multiple serial images of a miniprobe (360°, 12.5 MHz) and processed on a PC-based 3D workstation. Results: Adequate three-dimensional ultrasound scans were obtained in eight patients with esophageal cancer and five patients with colorectal cancer. Three-dimensional image processing enabled visualization of the data as a multiplanar display or as a life-like three-dimensional view. The availability of arbitrary scan planes improved the assessment of local tumor spread and the spatial relation of the tumor to relevant adjacent structures (e.g., major vessels). Three-dimensional presentations provided realistic views of the anatomy and facilitated the interpretation of the ultrasound images. Conclusions: Three-dimensional display and the ability to review endoluminal ultrasound data interactively may improve the staging of gastrointestinal tumors. These preliminary data encourage further evaluation of this technique.
Formation Mechanism of Nanotubes in GaN

A formation mechanism for so-called nanotube defects in GaN is proposed. It is shown that two related types of defects are formed: nanotubes and pinholes. Both start with $\mathsf{V}$ shaped facets on ${10\overline{1}1}$ polar planes. Slow growth rate on these polar planes and impurity poisoning of growth steps are suggested as being responsible for initiation of these defects.
Propane Aromatization over HZSM‐5 and Ga/HZSM‐5 Catalysts

The selective transformation of light alkanes to aromatics that are more valuable and versatile feedstocks for the chemical industry is one of the major challenges of catalytic chemistry. The complexity of the aromatization chemistry makes it difficult to unravel reaction mechanisms and, mechanistic information is largely developed from observed product distributions. This article reviews the current mechanistic understanding for the conversion of propane to aromatic compounds over HZSM‐5 and Ga/HZSM‐5 catalysts based on experimental as well as theoretical studies. Following a general discussion of acidity and confinement effects in these systems, this review focuses on understanding specific reactions occurring on Bronsted acid sites in HZSM‐5. Mechanistic details available from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, as well as kinetic modeling efforts for various complex hydrocarbon systems are critically reviewed. A detailed, tabulated review of the literature compares the catalytic performance ...
Evaluation of soil nutrient variability for development of turfgrass soil test sampling methods

One of the most important factors in soil testing is selecting a good, representative soil sample. The sample must accurately reflect the nutrient status of the area being sampled. Sampling instructions usually call for separating each location being sampled into uniform areas and collecting a composite sample within each area. An important question that sometimes arises is how many subsamples are needed for a representative composite sample. For turfgrass, sampling instructions from different sources vary from 5 to 20 or more subsamples per composite sample. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate natural soil nutrient variation in a uniform turf area and determine the minimum number of subsamples required for a representative composite sample. A 2,000 m2 turf area behind the Virginia Tech Research Center Laboratory in Blacksburg, VA was selected for the study. The area had received minimal fertilization and liming for over 10 years prior to the study. Grid sampling for pH, P and K identified un...
Tandem application of flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction for comprehensive detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Tandem application of flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction for comprehensive detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
The quality of life scale: A preliminary study with chronic pain patients

Abstract In order to examine the impact of chronic pain on a patient's perceived life quality, a self-report instrument measuring quality of life was developed and administered to a sample (N=393) of chronic pain patients. The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) defined quality of life as the degree to which a patient perceives several key psychosocial life areas as satisfying or fulfilling. A psychometric analysis of the QOLS showed it to be internally consistent, highly reliable across time, and representative of a single construct. Preliminary validity investigations determined that the QOLS shared variance with measures of psychological distress, pain-related disability, and pain description. These correlations were consistent with the definition of the construct. Although this initial study is promising, further research on the QOLS is needed.
Responses of excitatory hippocampal synapses to natural stimulus patterns reveal a decrease in short-term facilitation and increase in short-term depression during postnatal development.

Schaffer collateral excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells are subject to significant modulation by short-term plasticity. This presynaptic, history-dependent modulation of neurotransmitter release causes synaptic transmission to be sensitive to the frequency of the input. As a result, temporally irregular input patterns, such as those observed in vivo, produce synaptic responses over a very wide dynamic range that reflect a balance of short-term facilitation and short-term depression. The neonatal period is an important developmental period in the hippocampus, when functional representations of an animal's environment are being established through exploratory behavior. The strength of excitatory synapses and their modulation by short-term plasticity are critical to this process. One form of short-term plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, has been shown to decrease as juvenile rats mature into young adults. However, little is known about the neonatal modulation of other forms of short-term plasticity, including the responses to temporally complex stimuli. We examined developmental modulation of the short-term dynamics of Schaffer collateral excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices, using both constant frequency stimuli and natural stimulus patterns that were taken from in vivo recording of spike patterns of hippocampal cells. In response to constant frequency stimulation, synapses in slices from young adult rats (P28–P35) showed less short-term depression than did those in slices from juveniles (P12–P18). However, when the natural stimulus pattern (containing a wide mix of frequencies) was used, synapses from young adults instead showed more short-term depression and less short-term facilitation than did juveniles. Comparing the natural stimulus pattern responses with constant frequency stimulation of a similar frequency, we found that the average responses were similar in young adults (both showed modest depression). However, in juveniles, the natural pattern produced robust facilitation while constant frequency stimulation caused a large short-term depression. Our results reveal that there are developmental changes both in individual forms of short-term plasticity and in the relative balance between short-term facilitation and short-term depression that will alter the signal transfer characteristics of these synapses. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of Squall-Line Rear Inflow to Ice Microphysics and Environmental Humidity

Abstract Two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical simulations of a midlatitude squall line show that the rear inflow and related aspects of storm structure are sensitive to hydrometeor types, ice-phase microphysics, and the mid-level environmental humidity. Without ice-phase microphysics, the model cannot produce realistic air motions or precipitation in the stratiform region. With the occurrence of heavy hailstones, there is no enhanced rear-to-front flow at the back edge of the storm, because of the weak midlevel mesolow in the narrow stratiform region. Evaporation is the most important latent cooling process determining the structure and strength of the descending rear inflow and the mesoscale downdraft. Latent cooling by melting snow does not initiate the mesoscale downdraft; however, it accounts for at least 25% of the strength of the maximum of rear-to-ftont flow at the back edge of the storm during the mature stage and enhances the strength of the mesoscale downdraft by 22%. Mesoscale downdraft is ...
Some effects of thermal acclimation on muscle apyrase activity and mitochondrial number in Periplaneta americana and Musca domestica.

Abstract Adults of the housefly, Musca domestica , and the cockroach, Periplaneta americana , were acclimated at high and low temperatures. Apyrase activity determinations were then made from housefly thoracic and cockroach coxal muscles. At given temperatures the apyrase activity rates were higher and temperature coefficients were lower in cold- than in warm-acclimated insects. The number of mitochondria was greater in muscle from cold-acclimated individuals. The results are discussed in terms of their significance in thermal compensation in insects.
Arterial Elasticity, Strength, Fatigue, and Endurance in Older Women

Arterial health may influence muscle function in older adults. Study purpose was to determine whether arterial elasticity is related to strength, central and peripheral fatigue, fatigue at rest, and treadmill endurance. Subjects were 91 healthy women aged >60. Treadmill endurance and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) were measured. Peripheral and central fatigue for the knee extensors were evaluated using two isometric fatigue tests (one voluntary and one adding electrical stimulation). Arterial elasticity was determined using radial artery pulse wave analysis. Linear multiple regression was used in statistical analysis. Large artery elasticity was associated with central fatigue <path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /> and treadmill endurance after adjusting for VO 2 max and knee extension strength. Subjective fatigue at rest was related to large artery elasticity after adjusting for ethnic origin (<0.02). Strength was significantly related to small artery elasticity after adjusting for ethnic origin, leg lean tissue, age, and blood pressure. Arterial elasticity is independently related to strength and fatigue in older women, especially in the central nervous system where arterial elasticity is independently related to perceptions of fatigue at rest and central fatigue. These results suggest that arterial health may be involved with the ability of the central nervous system to activate muscle in older women.
Intracranial meningiomas in patients with uterine sarcoma treated with long-term megestrol acetate therapy.

Objective To report a series of four patients with uterine sarcoma, including one with mullerian adenosarcoma (MA) and three with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS), who developed intracranial meningiomas while receiving the progesterone agonist megestrol acetate. Methods The hospital records, imaging studies, and pathology slides of four patients who were treated for uterine sarcomas and subsequently developed intracranial meningiomas were reviewed. Results All patients underwent surgery for their gynecologic cancers and received maintenance therapy with long-term hormonal suppression with megestrol acetate. Each of the four patients later developed neurologic symptoms secondary to intracranial meningiomas. Three patients had more than one meningioma. Histopathologic examination of all excised tumors showed strong immunoreactivity for progesterone receptors (PRs). Conclusions Patients with uterine sarcoma subtypes LGESS and MA may be predisposed to develop meningiomas, particularly in the setting of long-term treatment with megestrol acetate. Alternatively, preexisting, clinically silent meningiomas in these patients may have progressed to the point of clinical symptoms in the presence of the progesterone agonist megestrol acetate. Without previous imaging studies showing the presence or absence of meningioma before initiation of megestrol acetate treatment, there is no way to draw definitive conclusions regarding this possibility. Clinical and neuroradiologic surveillance for meningiomas should be strongly considered in patients with these uterine sarcoma subtypes, particularly in patients undergoing long-term suppressive therapy with megestrol acetate.
Real-time determination of fracture size and shape using trace data on tunnel walls

A large amount of geological data can be obtained during tunnelling excavation. An on-going research project, AMADEUS (Adaptive Real-Time Geological Mapping Analysis of Underground Space), is being conducted to develop new methods to measure, process and implement this new geological datain real-time. This paper describes a statistical process developed to determine the shape and size of fractures, using the trace data that is observed along the tunnel wall. From field observations, fractures in sedimentary rocks are commonly rectangular and elongated parallel to their strikes. According to the possible geometric relationships between a fracture and a tunnel, four types of intersections (complete, longedge, short-edge and corner) are defined when fracture width is greater than tunnel diameter. The probabilities of occurrence of these different intersection types are related to tunnel diameter, size, and aspect ratio of fractures. The size and aspect ratio of fractures are then estimated directly from the observed number of occurrences of different types of intersection. Monte Carlo simulations using Excel and custom software are used to generate synthetic fracture populations and a cylindrical tunnel in a three-dimensional sedimentary rock mass. The results of these simulations, which validate the approach, are presented. Use of the estimators is demonstrated by an example. (A) This paper was presented at Safety in the underground space - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES 2006 World Tunnel Congress and the 32nd ITA General Assembly, Seoul, Korea, 22-27 April 2006. For the covering abstract see ITRD E129148. "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".
How much information disclosure of building energy performance is necessary

Many different governments have begun to require disclosure of building energy performance, in order to allow owners and prospective buyers to incorporate this information into their investment decisions. These policies, known as disclosure or information policies, require owners to benchmark their buildings and sometimes conduct engineering audits. However, given substantial variation in the cost to disclose different types of information, it is natural to ask: how much and what kind of information about building energy performance should be disclosed, and for what purposes? To answer this question, this paper assembles and cleans a comprehensive panel dataset of New York City multifamily buildings, and analyzes its predictive power using a Bayesian multilevel regression model. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that building-level variation is the most important factor in explaining building energy use, and that there are few, if any, relationships of building systems to observed energy use. This indicates that disclosure laws requiring benchmarking data may be relatively more useful than engineering audits in explaining the observed energy performance of existing buildings. These results should inform the further development of information disclosure laws.
Solid support synthesis of 14-membered macrocycles via SNAr methodology on acrylate resin

Abstract Efficient assembly of 14-membered macrocycles utilizing S N Ar of fluorine in 3-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid with the OH of 3-hydroxytyrosine on the solid support is reported. The flexibility of this synthesis, as well as the excellent purity (>90%) of the final products are the distinctive characteristics of the resulting library.
Interior-point methods

The modern era of interior-point methods dates to 1984, when Karmarkar proposed his algorithm for linear programming. In the years since then, algorithms and software for linear programming have become quite sophisticated, while extensions to more general classes of problems, such as convex quadratic programming, semi-definite programming, and nonconvex and nonlinear problems, have reached varying levels of maturity. We review some of the key developments in the area, including comments on both the complexity theory and practical algorithms for linear programming, semi-definite programming, monotone linear complementarity, and convex programming over sets that can be characterized by self-concordant barrier functions.
The Fluorescence Dynamics of Single Molecules of Green Fluorescent Protein

An interesting property of several yellow-emitting mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is that they switch between a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent state on a time scale of seconds. This peculiar blinking behavior was observed in single-molecule fluorescence studies of GFP mutants in poly(acrylamide) gels (Dickson, R. M.; et al. Nature 1997, 388, 355.). Utilizing primarily the yellow-emitting phenolate anion mutant EGFP, we report new single-molecule experiments studying the effect of several parameters on the blinking process: pH, host matrix, and pumping intensity. The primary measurement in these studies is the observed distribution of on-times and off-times. The on-time dynamics of EGFP are independent of pH over the range of 6−10, thus making protonation/deprotonation of the chromophore unlikely as the source of the blinking. The excitation intensity, however, has a considerable effect on the blinking: the on-times are shorter at high intensity. We compare these results to ensemble ble...
Research on the Automatic and Optimized Pipe Routing Layout for Aero-Engines Based on Improved Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm

With the rapid development of aerospace industries, how to realize the automatic and optimized pipe-routing layout for the aero-engine has become a hot issue to be urgently solved. For the issue, a novel automatic and optimized pipe-routing layout method based on the improved artificial fish swarm algorithm was put forward in this paper. First, the mathematical model of the pipe-routing layout problem was established. Then, in view of the deficiencies of the artificial fish swarm algorithm,chaos mutation was used to carry out easy and rapid searching as well as robust escape from the local optimum,and gradient setting was used to raise the convergence speed and the solving accuracy.Further, the improved artificial fish swarm algorithm was applied to the pipe-routing layout for the aero-engine. At the end, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method was proved by a case study.
Line shapes and photon echoes within a generalized Kubo model

Kubo introduced a stochastic model of frequency fluctuations that naturally leads to an understanding of homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in condensed phase spectroscopy. In this Letter we discuss a generalized Kubo model that has two different timescales. The model is relevant for a variety of different physical situations, and in certain limits describes combined homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. We explore the limits of applicability of this homogeneous/inhomogeneous phenomenology for both the line shape and the integrated two-pulse photon echo intensity. Our results have implications for non-linear ultrafast liquid-state spectroscopy.
Identification of PlAl alloantigen domain on a 66 kDa protein derived from glycoprotein IIIa of human platelets.

Abstract Incubation of platelets with chymotryptin leads to the exposure of fibrinogen receptors and to the appearance of a 66 kDa membrane component on the surface of platelets. Both glycoprotein IIIa (GP IIIa) and a 66 kDa component were precipitated from detergent extracts of solubilized, surface radiolabeled chymotrypsin-treated platelets by human anti-PI Al antisera. Moreover, the presence of the Pl Al antigen was identified on GP IIIa (but not on GP IIb) and on a 66 kDa protein by means of immunoblot procedures using platelet Triton X-114 extracts and these purified proteins. Anti-Pl Al antiserum did not recognize GP IIIa on the surface of intact (untreated) platelets nor the 66 kDa protein on the surface of chymotrypsin-treated platelets of Pl Al -negative individuals. The present data demonstrate directly that the 66 kDa protein is derived from GP IIIa and contains the Pl Al alloantigen.
The scattering of electrons by surface oxide charges and by lattice vibrations at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface

Abstract The electron conductivity mobility on weakly inverted Si surfaces covered with thermally grown oxide is reported at temperatures from 30 to 300 °K as a function of the surface oxide charge density. The scattering of electrons by surface oxide charges and by ionized impurities is reformulated by treating the random spatial fluctuations of charge density as the perturbation. The theory is applied to a simple two-dimensional model with a random Poisson distribution of oxide charges, giving μI ∝ T/NI, in agreement with experiment at low temperatures. Surface phonon scattering mobility is extracted from the experimental data and the two-dimensional ion scattering theory using 1/μL = 1/μexp − 1/μI. The theory of two-dimensional surface acoustical phonon scattering is extended to include surface optical or intervalley phonons. Comparison with experimental values of μL indicates that for T > 150°K the effects of optical or intervalley phonons must be included.
Protein Quantity and Quality at Levels above the RDA Improves Adult Weight Loss

Evidence is accumulating that diets with reduced carbohydrates and increased levels of high quality protein are effective for weight loss. These diets appear to provide a metabolic advantage during restricted energy intake that targets increased loss of body fat while reducing loss of lean tissue and stabilizing regulations of blood glucose. We have proposed that the branched-chain amino acid leucine is a key to the metabolic advantage of a higher protein diet because of its unique roles in regulation of muscle protein synthesis, insulin signaling and glucose re-cycling via alanine. These metabolic actions of leucine require plasma and intracellular concentrations to increase above minimum levels maintained by current dietary guidelines and dietary practices in the U.S. Initial findings support use of dietary at levels above 1.5 g/kg d during weight loss. Further, our research suggests that increased use of high quality protein at breakfast maybe important for the metabolic advantage of a higher protein diet.
Diffusion of multi-isotopic chemical species in molten silicates

Abstract Diffusion experiments in a simplified Na2O–CaO–SiO2 liquid system are used to develop a general formulation for the fractionation of Ca isotopes during liquid-phase diffusion. Although chemical diffusion is a well-studied process, the mathematical description of the effects of diffusion on the separate isotopes of a chemical element is surprisingly underdeveloped and uncertain. Kinetic theory predicts a mass dependence on isotopic mobility, but it is unknown how this translates into a mass dependence on effective binary diffusion coefficients, or more generally, the chemical diffusion coefficients that are housed in a multicomponent diffusion matrix. Our experiments are designed to measure Ca mobility, effective binary diffusion coefficients, the multicomponent diffusion matrix, and the effects of chemical diffusion on Ca isotopes in a liquid of single composition. We carried out two chemical diffusion experiments and one self-diffusion experiment, all at 1250 °C and 0.7 GPa and using a bulk composition for which other information is available from the literature. The self-diffusion experiment is used to determine the mobility of Ca in the absence of diffusive fluxes of other liquid components. The chemical diffusion experiments are designed to determine the effect on Ca isotope fractionation of changing the counter-diffusing component from fast-diffusing Na2O to slow-diffusing SiO2. When Na2O is the main counter-diffusing species, CaO diffusion is fast and larger Ca isotopic effects are generated. When SiO2 is the main counter-diffusing species, CaO diffusion is slow and smaller Ca isotopic effects are observed. In both experiments, the liquid is initially isotopically homogeneous, and during the experiment Ca isotopes become fractionated by diffusion. The results are used as a test of a new general expression for the diffusion of isotopes in a multicomponent liquid system that accounts for both self diffusion and the effects of counter-diffusing species. Our results show that (1) diffusive isotopic fractionations depend on the direction of diffusion in composition space, (2) diffusive isotopic fractionations scale with effective binary diffusion coefficient, as previously noted by Watkins et al. (2011) , (3) self-diffusion is not decoupled from chemical diffusion, (4) self diffusion can be faster than or slower than chemical diffusion and (5) off-diagonal terms in the chemical diffusion matrix have isotopic mass-dependence. The results imply that relatively large isotopic fractionations can be generated by multicomponent diffusion even in the absence of large concentration gradients of the diffusing element. The new formulations for isotope diffusion can be tested with further experimentation and provide an improved framework for interpreting mass-dependent isotopic variations in natural liquids.
Comparability of Measurements of PAHs in the Marine Environment – Results of a Performance-based Quality Assurance Program

Abstract NIST efforts in providing mechanisms for assessing data quality and comparability for laboratories monitoring selected organic contaminants in the marine environment include method development, production of certified reference and other control materials, conduct of intercomparison exercises, and the coordination of quality assurance workshops for laboratories. Results from the 1994 intercomparison exercises illustrate current levels of PAH measurement comparability among participating laboratories. The mechanism used to determine the critical exercise analyte “assigned values” is evaluated using the results of an intercomparison exercise in which a candidate mussel tissue reference material was analyzed.
Property Analysis of Denim Fabrics Made on Air-jet Weaving Machine Part I Experimental System and Tension Measurements

Yarn tension is an important parameter which affects fabric properties and quality. An on-line tension measurement system was developed in which a Denkendorf yarn tension tester (DEFAT) was used to record and evaluate yarn tensions on an air-jet weaving machine. In dynamic warp and filling yarn tension measurements, the measuring head was put in continuous contact with the yarn during weaving. In warp tension measurement, the measuring head was placed in the warp sheet slightly ahead of the back rest roller on the weaving machine. One yarn from the center heddle was fed into the head to produce a trace. In filling tension measurement, the measuring head was placed closest to the pick insertion point at the machine as filling yarn was inserted from a package. Different cotton yarns were used as filling yarn.
The effect of patient gynecologic history on clinician contraceptive counseling.

Abstract Background Contraceptive providers have an important influence on women's selection of contraception. Previous studies suggest that clinicians inappropriately limit use of intrauterine contraception (IUC). This study investigated the influence of patients' gynecologic histories on recommendations for IUC and other methods of contraception. Study Design Videos of standardized patients varying by history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and parity were shown to clinicians at meetings of national medical societies. Participants indicated their contraceptive recommendations for the patient and whether they would have concerns were the patient to use IUC. Results Five hundred twenty-four providers viewed one video of a standardized patient and completed the survey. Gynecologic history was significantly associated with recommendations for the contraceptive ring, contraceptive patch, and copper IUC. Many clinicians indicated that they had concerns about the use of IUC with respect to risks such as PID, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Concerns about infertility and pain with use of IUC were related to gynecologic history. Conclusions Patient gynecologic characteristics affect recommendations for some reversible contraceptive methods. Clinicians continue to have concerns about IUC use despite evidence supporting its safety.
Transfusion strategies in hematologic and nonhematologic disease

Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the risks and benefits of RBC transfusion through the performance of large clinical trials. More than 7000 patients have been enrolled in trials randomly allocating patients to higher transfusion thresholds (∼9-10 g/dL), referred to as liberal transfusion, or lower transfusion thresholds (∼7-8 g/dL), referred to as restrictive transfusion. The results of most of the trials suggest that a restrictive transfusion strategy is safe and, in some cases, superior to a liberal transfusion strategy. However, in patients with myocardial infarction, brain injury, stroke, or hematological disorders, more large trials are needed because preliminary evidence suggests that liberal transfusion might be beneficial or trials have not been performed at all.
HIV-associated nephropathy: virologic issues related to renal sclerosis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the most common disease delineated in biopsy series of patients with HIV infection and renal disease. Although the renal histologic lesions in patients with HIV infection present a spectrum of findings, several groups have emphasized characteristic clinical and pathologic features of HIVAN. Consensus has since been reached that HIVAN has a distinctive pathology, consistent with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, but involving all subunits of the kidney. Several studies have linked the pathogenesis of focal glomerulosclerosis to abnormalities of the glomerular epithelial cell. Recent advances in molecular histologic studies and treatment link the pathogenesis of HIVAN to factors associated with the viral lifecycle. Cytopathic effects of HIV gene products, apoptosis mediated by HIV infection, the elaboration of chemokines and cytokines as a result of viral or host protein synthesis in patients with genetic susceptibility to nephropathy, and the subversion of the host metabolic and synthetic machinery by the virus might be sufficient to create a rapidly progressive disease. If HIV infects and has cytopathic effects on glomerular epithelial cells, and dysfunction of these cells is intimately related to the pathogenesis and progression of renal disease, a reasonable pathogenic mechanism for the development of HIVAN may be inferred. The similarities of HIVAN and the collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis pose the intriguing possibility that the latter is a viral illness as well. The disease is marked by glomerular sclerosis with varying degrees of collapse, tubular epithelial cell degeneration, simplification, microcystic dilatation, interstitial fibrosis and immune cell infiltration. At the level of electron microscopy, tubular reticular inclusions in renal endothelial cells are a typical, but not pathognomonic feature of HIVAN.
Effect of Long-Wave Ultraviolet Light on the Lens

Long-wave ultraviolet light affects the lens in vitro by depressing amino acid uptake and partly destroying glutathione. Later and more serious injury is manifested by lens swelling. The injury is enhanced in the presence of oxygen and is not reversed by a subsequent period of incubation in the dark. Toxic material released from irradiated lenses may affect shielded lenses bathed in the same medium. Evidence points to the injury as a catastrophe which is characterized as a rather sudden, overpowering and irreversible change. This effect has been demonstrated for the first time with human lenses whose rate of leucine incorporation is reduced to 5% of the level found in the non irradiated contralateral mate.
Time Parallel Algorithms for Solution of Linear Parabolic PDEs

In this paper, fast time- and space-parallel algorithms for solution of parabolic PDEs are developed. It is shown that the seemingly strictly serial time-stepping procedures for solution of problem can be completely decoupled. This is achieved by developing time-parallel algorithms which allow the solution for all time steps to be computed in parallel. The time-parallel algorithms have a highly decoupled structure and hence can be efficiently implemented on emerging massively parallel MIMD architectures with minimum communication and synchronization overhead.
Hierarchical tag visualization and application for tag recommendations

Social bookmarking sites typically visualize user-generated tags as tag clouds. While tag clouds effectively show the relative frequency and thus popularity of tags, they fail to convey two aspects to the users: (1) the similarity between tags, and (2) the abstractness of tags. We suggest an alternative to tag clouds known as tag hierarchies. Tag hierarchies are based on a minimum evolution-based greedy algorithm for tag hierarchy construction, which iteratively includes optimal tags into the tree that introduce minimum changes to the existing taxonomy. Our algorithm also uses a global tag ranking method to order tags according to their levels of abstractness as well as popularity such that more abstract tags will appear at higher levels in the taxonomy. Based on the tag hierarchy, we derive a new tag recommendation algorithm, which is a structure-based approach that does not require heavily trained models and thus is highly efficient. User studies and quantitative analysis suggest that (1) the tag hierarchy can potentially reduce the user's tagging time in comparison to tag clouds and other tag tree structures, and (2) the tag recommendation algorithm significantly outperforms existing content-based methods in quality.
MuMMI: multiple metrics modeling infrastructure for exploring performance and power modeling

MuMMI (Multiple Metrics Modeling Infrastructure) environment is an infrastructure that facilitates systematic measurement, modeling, and prediction of performance, power consumption and performance-power tradeoffs for parallel systems. MuMMI builds upon three existing frameworks: Prophesy for performance modeling and prediction of parallel applications, PAPI for hardware performance counter monitoring, and PowerPack for power measurement and profiling. In this paper, we present the MuMMI framework, which consists of an Instrumentor, Databases and Analyzer. The MuMMI Instrumentor provides automatic performance and power data collection and storage with low overhead. The MuMMI Databases extend the databases of Prophesy to store power and energy consumption and hardware performance counters' data with different CPU frequency settings. The MuMMI Analyzer extends the data analysis component of Prophesy to support power consumption and hardware performance counters, and it entails performance and power modeling, performance-power tradeoff and optimizations, and web-based automated modeling system. Currently, our MuMMI online automated performance and power modeling system uses four modeling techniques: curve fitting, parameterization, kernel coupling and performance-counters-based, we discuss the effort to automate the process of developing performance and power models for scientific applications online, and focus on exploring performance-counters-based performance and power modeling. The MuMMI environment is able to aid in performance and power data measurement, storage, modeling and prediction of scientific applications on XSEDE resources in XSEDE community.
Assessment of electron crystallographic data obtained from two-dimensional crystals of biological specimens

Over the past few years, an increasing number of electron crystallographic studies using two-dimensional crystals have shed light on the structure of biologically important macromolecules. Steady progress in the development of specimen-preparation techniques and image-processing tools enable researchers to achieve resolutions in the range of 5–10 A almost routinely. However, reaching near-atomic resolution remains a formidable task that is likely to require several years. Without doubt, this process will become far less time-consuming as methods are improved further. However, the immediate future is more likely to be dominated by structures solved to an intermediate level of resolution. Since the reliability of such structures is more difficult to assess than that of density maps at near-atomic resolution and as the popularity of electron cryo-microscopy increases it becomes more important to define standardized criteria for the evaluation of electron crystallographic data. This article discusses some of the relevant issues with the aim of stimulating further discussion about the assessment and presentation of electron crystallographic data.
Induction of MAPK phosphorylation by prosaposin and prosaptide in PC12 cells

Abstract Prosaposin is a 66 kDa glycoprotein which has neurotrophic activity in vitro and in vivo. The neurotrophic sequence ( 8 CEFLVKEVTKLIDNNKTEKEI 29 L) within prosaposin has been located to the amino terminal portion of the saposin C domain. This 22-mer peptide, prosaptide, has neurotrophic activity equivalent to prosaposin. We present binding studies using 125 I-prosaposin and 125 I-prosaptide which revealed a single class of specific binding sites with a Kd of 2.5 nM and 18.3 nM, respectively. Both prosaposin and prosaptide rapidly stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in PC12 cells and increased phosphorylation of MAPK 20-fold especially of p44 MAPK which peaked at 5 minutes of stimulation and then rapidly declined. Treatment of PC12 cells with a mutant 22-mer prosaptide ( 21 Asn to 21 Asp) did not induce phosphorylation. These findings suggest a role for MAPK in signal transduction by prosaposin.
Transition Services for Young Children with Disabilities: Research and Future Directions.

The study of transition process for young children with disabilities and their families is complex. This complexity is reflected in efforts by researchers and policy makers to understand the phenom...
The influence of tidal flux on microbial biomass in salt marsh creeks1,2

The fluctuations of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, particulate organic carbon (POC), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the water system of a salt marsh were investigated at two marsh creeks. Both reached maximum densities of bacteria just before low tide. In a typical study, however, the mean concentration at station 1 over a tidal cycle was an order of magnitude greater than at station 2. POC increased twofold to fourfold during ebbtide in both systems. ATP concentrations at station 2, during ebbtide, increased about fourfold, and the fraction of the total carbon regarded as “living” ranged from 2–24%.
Laminin-α1 globular domains 3 and 4 induce heterotrimeric G protein binding to α-syntrophin's PDZ domain and alter intracellular Ca2+ in muscle

α-Syntrophin is a component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). It is firmly attached to the dystrophin cytoskeleton via a unique COOH-terminal domain and is associated indirectly with α-...
Associations of Salivary Cortisol Levels with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Context: Prior research has identified associations between social-environmental factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. The physiological mechanisms underlying these associations are not fully understood, but alterations in activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a stress-responsive biological system, have been hypothesized to play a role. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether MetS diagnosis and specific clusters of MetS components (waist circumference, high-density lipoproteins, glucose, and blood pressure) are associated with cortisol levels. Design and Setting: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study in the general community. Patients or Other Participants: We studied a population-based sample of 726 adults (ages 48 to 89 yr) who do not have clinical diabetes. Intervention(s): There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cortisol awakening response, cortisol decline across the waking da...
Correlations between light at spectrally distant wavelengths in coupled microring resonator waveguides

We demonstrate that propagation through a silicon microring coupled-resonator optical waveguide can introduce spectral correlations between two or more light sources separated by almost 1 THz over information bandwidths upto 40 GHz.
A SUFFICIENT AND NECESSARY CONDITION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF 3-BAND DUAL TREE COMPLEX WAVELET

To desire expectable applications in image processing, the construction of 3-band dual tree complex wavelet is a meaningful and constructive topic. In this paper, a sufficient and necessary condition 2π/3-periodic of phase difference between the prime and dual filter banks is proposed. With this condition, it is proposed that the phase function θl(ω) of wavelet filters can be uniquely determined by the phase function θ0(ω) of the scaling filters. Imposed on a necessary constraint to θ0(ω), phase function θl(ω) can be obtained which results in the analytical of the 3-band dual tree complex wavelet. Furthermore, the complex filter banks are obtained using the wavelet matrix factorization approach. Then the dual tree 3-band complex wavelet is analytical that indicates approximately shift invariance property. In addition, it also has more direction selectivity because there are more sub-bands than dyadic wavelet transform is frequency domain.
In the zone: understanding zona reticularis function and its transformation by adrenarche

The human adrenal cortex comprises three distinct zones with unique steroid products, namely the zona glomerulosa, which secretes the mineralocorticoids, the zona fasciculate, which secretes the glucocorticoids and the zona reticularis (ZR), which at adrenarche, begins to produce the so-called adrenal androgens. Of all the adrenal zones, we still understand control of ZR emergence the least, and yet the consequences of such dysregulation can be devastating. Premature adrenarche is a growing problem and the correspondingly inappropriate emergence of ZR function can negatively influence puberty and lead to adult infertility. Our understanding is limited and more needs to be done. The purpose of these three reviews is to provide a survey of where we are in our current understanding of what adrenarche is, and indeed if it is unique to humans at all. Furthermore, these reviews describe what is also known of how the functional ZR emerges during adrenarche and what steroids of physiologic relevance result beyond the widely known DHEA and DHEAS elevated at this time. Such advances in human, primate and indeed stem-cell biology are clearly laying the foundation for new directions in the hunt for the factors involved in the regulation and functional emergence of a ZR at the appropriate time, as well as insight into how they may fail. Given support for these new directions, considerable progress can clearly be made.
Integration of macro and micro level forecasting methods for volatile environments: applications in durable goods industries

This paper proposes an integrated forecasting system that combines an econometric method with a time series method and applies the system to the forecasting of Turkish monthly automobile sales data. An econometric model is used to generate initial base levels of quarterly sales forecasts upon which dynamic time series adjustments are made as actual monthly data are realised. Of particular concern are the effects of macro economic changes that occur more frequently in developing economies, thus, causing consumers to change their behaviour regarding major purchases. The proposed model considers long-term and short-term effects that influence sales of durable goods when economic disruptions are severe and/or temporary. The proposed integrative mechanism dynamically updates and revises medium-term econometric forecasts via short-term time series methods. Analysis of real life data supports the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in a growing-economy automotive market and simulation experiments facilitate generalisation of specific findings.