cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of Federally Sponsored Data

Librarian involvement in the Open Access (OA) movement has traditionally focused on access to scholarly publications. Recent actions by the White House have focused attention on access on the data produced from federally sponsored research. Questions have emerged concerning access to the output of federally sponsored research and whether it is a public or private good. Understanding the political battle over access to federally funded research is closely tied to the ownership of the peer review process in higher education and associated revenue streams, and as a result, interest groups seeking to influence government regulation have politicized the issues. As a major funder of research in higher education, policies from the federal government are likely to drive change in research practices at highereducation institutions and impact library services. The political economy of federally sponsored research data will shape research enterprises in higher education and inspire a number of new services distributed throughout the research life cycle.
Fields for Which the Principal Axis Theorem Is Valid

(1986). Fields for Which the Principal Axis Theorem Is Valid. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 222-225.
Contextual features of problem-solving and social learning give rise to spurious associations, the raw materials for the evolution of rituals

If rituals persist in part because of their memory-taxing attributes, from whence do they arise? I suggest that magical practices form the core of rituals, and that many such practices derive from learned pseudo-causal associations. Spurious associations are likely to be acquired during problem-solving under conditions of ambiguity and danger, and are often a consequence of imitative social learning.
Study of blast event propagation in different media using a novel ultrafast miniature optical pressure sensor

Traumatic brain injury (TBI, also called intracranial injury) is a high potential threat to our soldiers. A helmet structural health monitoring system can be effectively used to study the effects of ballistic/blast events on the helmet and human skull to prevent soldiers from TBI. However, one of the biggest challenges lies in that the pressure sensor installed inside the helmet system must be fast enough to capture the blast wave during the transient period. In this paper, an ultrafast optical fiber sensor is presented to measure the blast signal. The sensor is based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometeric principle. An FP cavity is built between the endface of an etched optical fiber tip and the silica thin diaphragm attached on the end of a multimode optical fiber. The sensor is small enough to be installed in different locations of a helmet to measure blast pressure simultaneously. Several groups of tests regarding multi-layer blast events were conducted to evaluate the sensors' performance. The sensors were mounted in different segments of a shock tube side by side with the reference sensors, to measure a rapidly increasing pressure. The segments of the shock tube were filled with different media. The results demonstrated that our sensors' responses agreed well with those from the electrical reference sensors. In addition, the home-made shock tube could provide a good resource to study the propagation of blast event in different media.
Post-Keynesian Economics and Agriculture: Discussion

These three papers are about as diverse as can be in a session on a particular topic. The topic, post-Keynesian economics and agriculture, is already broad because of uncertainty about exactly what post-Keynesian economics consists of. The session is even broader because one of the papers, Shaffer's, is somewhat tenuously related to post-Keynesian economics and another, Bilson's, does not have anything in particular to do with agriculture. Work labelled as "post-Keynesian" seems to fall in two categories. One category continues into uncharted territory on lines of inquiry initiated, or believed to have been initiated, by Keynes. Although I have some trepidation about the political connotation of the term, this may be called left-wing postKeynesianism. It is exemplified by Joan Robinson's writings. The Chichilnisky and Taylor paper seems to fall into this category. The second category constitutes to some extent a reaction against Keynesian ideas. It may be called right-wing post-Keynesianism. It is exemplified by the rational expectations approach to macroeconomics. Bilson's paper is interesting in that it falls into the latter category, yet provides new ammunition for certain Keynesian positions as against counterKeynesian claims. This serves to illustrate the limited usefulness of the left-wing and rightwing labels. The Chichilnisky and Taylor (C&T) paper is clearly Keynesian in that the incomeexpenditure relationship expressed in the simplest "Keynesian cross" plays a central role in the model. From this point, matters quickly become for me much less clear. I have two main concerns that leave me unwilling to accept the models of the C&T paper as appropriate for either positive analysis or policy recommendation. First is a lack of a clear statement of the microfoundations of the model, and the dubious nature of the microfoundations as I understand them. Second is the lack of empirical support for the model. On the first point, I would have been extremely grateful to have had a concise list of the assumptions made in each of the two models, a list of the endogenous and exogenous variables, classified as such, and mathematical statements of the basic behavioral equations and identities used. An example of my difficulties in these areas is the following statement from late in the paper: "Largely to avoid unilluminating mathematics, labor and capital are assumed to be freely shiftable between the sectors, and fixed coefficients for these inputs characterize technology." There is real economic content here, not just mathematical complications to be so casually swept away. I would like to have known if these or other assumptions also lie behind the earlier model of figure 1, or, if such assumptions are irrelevant to that model, why this is so. Generally, a mathematical statement of the model would almost surely be illuminating because it would necessarily lay out in detail which variables were assumed to be functions of which others, and which were exogenous, left out, or redundant.
Rationale for medical director acceptance or rejection of allogeneic plateletpheresis donors with underlying medical disorders.

A survey was completed by 25 medical directors at different institutions performing plateletpheresis. The practices of these 25 physicians were analyzed regarding the acceptance/rejection of plateletpheresis donors with a history of cardiac disease/surgery, seizures/epilepsy, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. Although available medical literature documents little risk of these disorders either to donors (i.e., donation reactions) or to transfusion recipients (i.e., disease transmission), up to 24% of medical directors outright reject some of these potential donors while others accept patients/donors with these illnesses, providing they meet certain medical/health criteria. Acceptance/rejection of individuals with medical disorders has relevance for the availability of the blood supply and blood product shortages because several million Americans, diagnosed with these illnesses, represent a sizable pool of potential blood and platelet donors.
Sounding [the] Ethical

: Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News. Keywords: ethical currents, ethnomusicology, sound, ethical sound
Assessing the impact of presidential and home state influences on judicial decisionmaking in the United States Courts of appeals

Previous studies are in agreement that most appointments to the lower federal courts are the result of negotiations between the President and senators or other elites from the nominees' home state. There is also widespread agreement that the votes of lower court judges reflect, in part, the value preferences of the President who appointed them, and the state or region of their appointment. However, less is known about the relative influence of the President, the home state senators, and other home state forces on the decisions of these judges. The present study investigates these relative influences with an examination of the decisions of judges on the United States Courts of Appeals from 1960-1993. Using refined measures of the policy preferences of Presidents and senators, along with a new measure of the voting behavior of Judges on the United States Courts of Appeals, we provide an assessment of the impact of the policy preferences of Presidents, compared to those of home state senators of each party, ...
A Home Visiting Asthma Education Program: Challenges to Program Implementation

This study describes the implementation of a nurse home visiting asthma education program for low-income African American families of young children with asthma. Of 55 families, 71% completed the program consisting of eight lessons. The achievement of learning objectives was predicted by caregiver factors, such as education, presence of father or surrogate father in the household, and safety of the neighborhood, but not by child factors, such as age or severity of asthma as implied by the prescribed asthma medication regimen. Incompatibility between the scheduling needs of the families and the nurse home visitors was a major obstacle in delivering the program on time, despite the flexibility of the nurse home visitors. The authors suggest that future home-based asthma education programs contain a more limited number of home visits but add telephone follow-ups and address the broader needs of low-income families that most likely function as barriers to program success.
Synthesizing reactive systems from LSC requirements using the play-engine

Live Sequence Charts (LSCs) is a scenario-based language for modeling object-based reactive systems with liveness properties. A tool called the Play-Engine allows users to create LSC requirements using a point-and-click interface and generate executable traces using features called play-out and smart play-out. Finite executable trace fragments called super-steps are generated by smart play-out in response to user inputs. Each super-step is guaranteed not to violate the LSC requirements, provided one exists. However, non-violation is not guaranteed beyond each individual super-step. In this work, we demonstrate a powerful extension to smart play-out which produces only traces that are guaranteed not to violate the LSC requirements, provided the requirements are realizable. Using this method, we may synthesize correct executable programs directly from LSC requirements.
Postradiation therapy hypopituitarism.

The increasing use of radiation treatment for head and neck cancers and other tumors, including pituitary adenomas, from the mid-20th Century onwards led to the recognition that pituitary function may be affected – often leading to some degree of pituitary insufficiency. Our knowledge is mostly based on observational or retrospective rather than randomized prospective studies. The various axes may be impacted at the hypothalamic or pituitary levels, or both. Some axes – the somatotropic and gonadotropic – appear to be especially vulnerable to radiation damage and may be affected quite early, whereas posterior pituitary function is rarely affected. Increased use of stereotactic radiosurgery, which focuses the radiation dose on the abnormal tissue, may be expected to reduce the impact on normal pituitary function, but such studies that are available are, as yet, relatively short term. Prospective studies of the effect of stereotactic radiosurgery on pituitary function would be valuable.
Carbon dioxide emission factors for U.S. coal by origin and destination.

This paper describes a method that uses published data to calculate locally robust CO2 emission factors for U.S. coal. The method is demonstrated by calculating CO2 emission factors by coal origin (223 counties, in 1999) and destination (479 power plants, in 2005). Locally robust CO2 emission factors should improve the accuracy and verification of greenhouse gas emission measurements from individual coal-fired power plants. Based largely on the county origin, average emission factors for U.S. lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite coal produced during 1999 were 92.97, 91.97, 88.20, and 98.91 kg CO2/GJgross, respectively. However, greater variation is observed within these rank classes than between them, which limits the reliability of CO2 emission factors specified by coal rank. Emission factors calculated by destination (power plant) showed greater variation than those listed in the Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID), which exhibit an unlikely uniformity that is incon...
Effects of Shoreline Development on Composition and Physical Structure of Plants in a South Carolina High Marsh

Increased freshwater and nutrient runoff associated with coastal development is implicated in dramatically altering estuarine communities along eastern US shorelines. We examined effects of three categories of shoreline development on high-marsh environments within Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, USA by measuring sediment nutrients, porewater salinity, plant species diversity, and above- and belowground plant biomass. Effects on new plant growth also were examined in plot clearing and transplantation experiments. Greater nutrient availability in sediments along developed shorelines was reflected in greater aboveground biomass and nitrogen storage in Juncus roemerianus plant tissue. Plant species composition was not significantly different among levels of shoreline development. Zinc concentrations were greater in sediments from developed shorelines and may represent an easily measured indicator of shoreline development. Recently accelerating shoreline development in the southeastern USA may alter plant production, nitrogen storage, and sediment metal content in salt marshes.
Use of the DIPPR Database for the Development of QSPR Correlations: Solid Vapor Pressure and Heat of Sublimation of Organic Compounds

A group-contribution method has been developed to estimate the heat of sublimation (ΔHsub) at the triple point for organic solids. The correlation was developed using ΔHsub values from a training set of 218 compounds, and it was tested by comparing predicted and solid vapor pressures for 87 compounds (1103 data points). The predicted solid vapor pressures were obtained from the ΔHsub correlation using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The absolute average deviation in the logarithm of vapor pressure was 0.371. The new method compares favorably with Bondi's method for prediction of ΔHsub and represents an improvement over other available methods for predicting solid vapor pressures.
HIV-1 infection of human placental villous tissue in vitro

Summary The role of the placenta in the materno-fetal transmission of HIV-1 infection remains unexplained despite continuing progress. Among the many different experimental models (animal, isolated cells, placental tissue and isolated placental perfusion), we have selected human placental villous tissue culture as the one closest to the in utero condition associated with HIV infectivity and allowing experimentation for an adequate period of time The aim of this study was to investigate infectivity of several HIV-1 strains in human placental explants. Two laboratory strains, Ba-L and IIIB, and VI-5 (isolated from an HIV-positive baby) were utilized. Ba-L and VI-5 were Non-Syncytium-Inducing (NSI), and IIIB was Syncytium-Inducing (SI). Placental explants (first trimester and full term) were incubated for 24 hours with free virus of each strain, then intensively rinsed to remove the inoculum. After an additional five days of culture, explants were examined for infection by detection of p24 in the culture medium and by PCR amplification of viral DNA using two pairs of gag gene primers. Ba-L and VI-5 (NSI) infected both first and third trimester placental tissue. Positive indications of viral infection included increasing p24 production during the third day post-inoculation, which remained sustained for three days; and positive DNA-PCR detection in explants on day 6. As a control for infectivity, p24 increases could be completely abolished using HIV-Ig. Strain IIIB (SI) did not infect placental tissue as determined by lack of p24 release and absence of viral DNA by PCR detection. Free HIV-1 could infect the intact human placental villus and, as observed in vivo , NSI HIV-1 strains appeared more successful in infecting in vitro human placental tissue of first and third trimesters.
Trace-metal concentrations in sediments from two closed-basin lakes, Antarctica

Abstract Sediment samples from two lakes in Antarctica have been analyzed for 25% HCl leachable Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn. The data were normalized to 100% silt-clay. The Pb concentrations in the sediment of Don Juan Pond were extremely low, indicating Pb remobilization from these sediments by CaCl 2 -rich brines. A possible surficial enrichment of Pb was observed in Shea Sisters Lake samples from northern Victoria Land.
Naturally occurring arsenic in the Miocene Hawthorn Group, southwestern Florida: Potential implication for phosphate mining

Abstract To understand the mineralogical association, concentration, and distribution of arsenic (As) in the Hawthorn Group, the chemical and mineralogical composition of 362 samples that were collected from 16 cores in southwestern Florida were examined in detail. In the study area, the Hawthorn Group consisted primarily of a basal carbonate unit (the Arcadia Formation) and an upper siliciclastic unit (The Peace River Formation). The Peace River Formation contains appreciable amounts of phosphate and is currently being exploited for phosphate ore. Samples were taken from cores of each formation at intervals of 7.5 m. In addition, to the interval samples, sections likely to have high As concentrations, such as zones with pyrite crystals, hydrous ferric oxides, green clays, and organic material, were collected and analyzed. Bulk As concentrations were determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) after digestion with aqua regia (3:1 HCl and HNO3). The elements Fe, Al, Si, Mg, Ca, S, and P were measured on the same solutions by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The identification of discrete minerals was aided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical compositions within the sample matrix and in individual minerals were obtained by electron-probe microanalysis (EMPA). This detailed mineralogical and geochemical study demonstrated that: (1) As in the Hawthorn Group varied from formation to formation and was mostly concentrated in trace minerals, such as pyrite; (2) average As concentrations significantly changed from 8.8 mg/kg (σ = 8.6 mg/kg) in the Peace River Formation to 3.0 mg/kg (σ = 3.7 mg/kg) in the Tampa Member of the Arcadia Formation. Arsenic concentrations for all Hawthorn samples varied from 0.1 to 69.0 mg/kg; (3) pyrite, with one exception, occurred as framboids and was unevenly distributed throughout the Hawthorn Group; (4) pyrite framboids were located inside a francolite (carbonate fluorapatite) matrix with As concentrations as high as 3730 mg/kg and as a trace mineral in the sediment matrix concentrations varying from
Hell and Anxiety in Hobbes's Leviathan

Despite his statements that the fear of damnation is greater than the fear of violent death, scholars have generally overlooked Hobbes's vision of hell. Hobbes's reinterpretation of hell is meant to redirect peoples' anxiety about whether they will get into heaven or hell into anxiety about whether there is a hell and if so, what it will be like. He did not expect that citizens of his state would accept his theology or that they would become secularists or atheists. He hoped that they would be left with an indeterminate belief they would be averse to examining. This becomes clear when Hobbes's theology is seen in light of his epistemology and his complex rhetorical strategy. Hobbes's theology has been rejected, but there is an affinity between his hopes for indeterminate belief and the religious attitudes of many in the West.
The Political Origins of Social Security in Mexico during the Cáárdenas and ÁÁvila Camacho Administrations

This study compares efforts to adopt social insurance legislation in the administrations of Laazaro Caardenas and Manuel AAvila Camacho in Mexico to explain the political origins of the welfare state in Latin America. The author argues that the adoption and implementation of social insurance in Mexico was the outcome of an implicit bargain between organized labor and the state following the 1940 presidential election. This bargain signifies the rebuilding by the AAvila Camacho administration of the cross-class coalition originally designed by President Caardenas and jeopardized by the nationalization of petroleum and presidential succession struggles of the late 1930s. Este trabajo compara esfuerzos a implantar legislacioon del seguro social en las administraciones de Laazaro Caardenas y de Manuel AAvila Camacho en Meexico para explicar los oriigenes poliiticos del Estado de bienestar en Ameerica Latina. La autora discute que la adopcioon y la implantacioon del seguro social en Meexico fueron resultados de un negocio impliicito entre la clase trabajadora organizada y el Estado que seguiia la eleccioon presidencial de 1940. Este negocio significa la reconstruccioon por la administracioon de AAvila Camacho de la coalicioon de clases disennada por presidente Caardenas y comprometida originalmente por la nacionalizacioon del petrooleo y de las luchas de la sucesioon presidencial de los finales de los 30s.
Nanoindentation of Compliant Substrate Systems: Effects of Geometry and Compliance

Nanoindentation is widely used to characterize the mechanical and interfacial properties of thin film systems. However, the effects of substrate compliance on the indentation response of compliant substrate systems are not well understood. This paper investigates the effects of the large compliance mismatch between the film and the substrate and of the film thickness for model systems using nanoindentation tests, finite element simulations, and an analytical model based on a classical plate-bending solution. The results showed that for displacements less than the film thickness and for ratio of the substrate to film modulus less than 100. The indentation force-displacement response exhibits a linear relationship that can be predicted accurately by the linear plate-bending model. The effective stiffness depends linearly on the film thickness and also on the substrate and film moduli. For larger displacements, the indentation response exhibits the scaling relationship of the nonlinear plate-bending model.
A Structural Comparison of Aliovalent Analogues: K(Mg1/3Nb2/3)PO5 and KTiOPO4

Abstract K(Mg1/3Nb2/3)PO5 (KMNP) is an aliovalent analogue of potassium titanyl phosphate, KTiOPO4 (KTP). Single crystals of KMNP were grown from a 3K2O/2P2O5 flux and their structure was determined. KMNP is not isostructural with KTP (noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pna21). Instead, it crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric, enantiomorphic space groups P 4122 and P4322 (tetragonal; a = 6.5366(3), c = 10.847(1) A). Unlike KTP, KMNP exhibits vanishingly small (∼0) second harmonic generation (SHG). The main structural differences between KMNP and KTP are the lack of a (Mg, Nb)—O bond equivalent to the very short titanyl Ti O bond found in KTP and a change in the connectivity of the MO6/2 octahedra—instead of the cis-trans arrangement of the TiO6/2 chains in KTP, the (Mg1/3Nb2/3)O6/2 chains of KMNP are linked in an all-cis configuration. Phase evolution in and SHG data for the system K[Ti1-x(Mg1/3Nb2/3)x]PO5 (K[T1-x(MN)x]P) are also reported. The results of this study suggest that the aliovalent substitution of (Mg1/3Nb2/3) for Ti is primarily responsible for the dramatic loss of SHG and that the change in space group is only of minimal importance.
Development of Energy Management System in Integrated Iron and Steel Works

Energy management system (EMS) will be one of energy-saved technologies for iron and steel route. The paper analyzes EMS structure and development focusing on the energy forecasting, optimization and other key technologies in iron and steel works. Taking gas management subsystem of EMS as an example, the forecasting and optimization are described. Byproduct gas is one of important energy medium in energy system, which can play a significant role in energy savings in iron and steel works. In this paper, the models of byproduct gas generation, consumption prediction and optimal utilization are developed for predicting and distributing byproduct gases to make them emit zero. The results show that: EMS should have hardware and software technology conditions to exert its functions; Energy medium, such as byproduct gas and steam, prediction and optimization will be play an important role in energy conservation and emission reduction.
Anderson localization and the theory of dirty superconductors. II.

We study the interplay between Anderson localization and superconductivity. We incorporate the scale dependence of the diffusion constant in the evaluation of the Landau-Ginzburg functional. The zero-temperature coherence length is strongly reduced and it saturates when it crosses over with a thermal length ${l}_{T}$=[2\ensuremath{\pi}T(dn/d\ensuremath{\mu}${)]}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/d}$ which emerges from the theory. In this regime the Ginzburg criterion predicts a critical region of order unity where thermodynamic fluctuations are important. On the insulating side of the mobility edge the coherence length becomes equal to the localization length and the size of the critical region is very large. We study in detail the upper critical fields and discuss the conditions for the appearance of positive curvature in the ${H}_{c2}$ versus T plot.
Anti-CD3 activation of human CD4+ T cells increases expression of the intracellular β-endorphin endopeptidase (IDE/γ-EpGE)

In this study, increased expression of an endopeptidase hydrolyzing β-endorphin (β-Ep) to γ-endorphin (γ-Ep, β-Ep1–17) was observed upon immobilized anti-CD3 stimulated activation of human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells (hCD4+ T cells). Although freshly isolated hCD4+ T cells are devoid of significant β-Ep endopeptidase activity (<0.1 nmol h−1 106 cells−1), activation of these cells with immobilized anti-CD3 results in a time dependent appearance of β-Ep endopeptidase activity which reaches a maximal value of 17.4±0.48 nmol h−1 106 cells−1 after 48 h of culture. Significant up-regulation of both mRNA encoding IDE/γ-EpGE and immunoreactive protein are observed in anti-CD3 stimulated hCD4+ T cells, indicating transcription and translation of IDE/γ-EpGE may be elevated. No significant hydrolysis of exogenous β-Ep is observed with intact hCD4+ T cells whether quiescent or activated or from preparations of hCD4+ T cell membranes. Therefore, this activity appears to be intracellular. Immunoreactive IDE/γ-EpGE is detected inside activated hCD4+ T cells. Analysis of metabolites generated upon hydrolysis of β-Ep with lysed activated hCD4+ T cell preparations identified the presence of: β-Ep1–18, β-Ep2–18, β-Ep1–17, β-Ep2–17, β-Ep18–31, β-Ep19–31, β-Ep1–13, β-Ep2–13, β-Ep18–26, and β-Ep20–31 as major metabolites and the majority of these are consistent with β-Ep hydrolytic activity attributable to IDE/γ-EpGE.
COBENEFICIATION OF COALS IN PERCHLOROCTHYLENE EXTRACTION DESULFURIZATION

ABSTRACT The perchloroethylene (PCE) coal refining process has been investigated for its process feasibility, operational reproducibility, organic sulfur selectivity, process efficiency, minimization of residual chlorine by steam stripping and process optimization. It was found that some coals result in a better organosulfur extraction than others. It was also confirmed that the PCE extraction process was a hybrid system of chemical reaction and physical solvation. It was further established that the coals giving a higher organosulfur extraction contain some naturally available ingredients, which promote the extraction process. Coals giving a much lower organosulfur extraction lack these species. This paper focuses on demonstration of the process feasibility of cobeneficiating both types of coals, together. In this novel process, both types of coal are blended together in fixed proportions and subjected to the PCE process. This process of cobeneficiating coals is industrially significant because of its co...
Narrative Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Purpose This study was conducted to determine whether a narrative intervention program that targeted the use of mental state and causal language resulted in positive gains in narrative production f...
Activity budgets and use of exhibit space by South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in a Zoological Park setting

Six individuals of Tapirus terrestris (two adult males, one juvenile male, and three adult females) were observed the first three months of 1982 at Audubon Park and Zoological Garden. Data for fourteen behavioral states were collected by scan sampling at ten-minute intervals throughout the day and twice throughout the night in an open air, mixed-species exhibit. The data were analyzed to calculate activity budgets and space use. Sleeping, eating, foraging, walking, and standing made up the major portions of the activity budgets. “Natural” activity patterns, as in the wild for browsing ungulates, were displayed under captivity in variously modified form. The characteristics of an individual, especially the reproductive state, affected both activity budget and space use. Zoo regimen significantly modified activity budgets and space use by the animals.
Multiple acquisition/multiple observation separated local field/chemical shift correlation solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

Multiple acquisition spectroscopy (MACSY) experiments that enable multiple free induction decays to be recorded during individual experiments are demonstrated. In particular, the experiments incorporate separated local field spectroscopy into homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. The measured heteronuclear dipolar couplings are valuable in structure determination as well as in enhancing resolution by providing an additional frequency axis. In one example four different three-dimensional spectra are obtained in a single experiment, demonstrating that substantial potential saving in experimental time is available when multiple multi-dimensional spectra are required as part of solid-state NMR studies.
Tracking desert dust devils with in-situ pressure sensors and imaging

Desert dust devil phenomena on Earth and Mars are reviewed, and progress in studying them with novel unattended field sensors, and with timelapse imaging, is described. These new datasets present data analysis challenges which are familiar in other tracking/target identification applications.
Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Webliography

Overweight and obesity are significant public health problems in the United States. The number of obese or overweight children and adolescents has reached epidemic levels in recent years. Children and adolescents who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for serious health conditions, many of which were formerly considered adult conditions. Even very young children are at risk of becoming obese. Efforts to prevent and control obesity must involve both parents and the community. There are many web resources available to assist in this endeavor.
Specification matching for software reuse: a foundation

Using formal specifications to represent software components facilitates the determination of reusability because they more precisely characterize the functionality of the software, and the well-defined syntax makes processing amenable to automation. We present specification matching as a method for classification, retrieval, and modification of reusable components. A software component is specified in terms of order-sorted predicate logic. For both components and methods, we consider not only exact match, but also relaxed match and logical match for peforming specification matching over a library of reusable software components.
Racial identity and perception of American ideals among African American and African students in the United States.

Abstract This study examined contextual factors in racial identity, by comparing 113 Black American college students and 93 Black African college students residing in the United States. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing racial identity, applicability of American ideals, and self-esteem. Racial identity scores did not differ between the two groups, but for the African students racial identity showed a significant increase with longer residence in the United States. For the Black Americans, self-esteem was positively correlated with racial identity, and negatively correlated with applicability of American ideals; for the Africans, self-esteem was unrelated to these variables. Although the Americans felt more strongly American, they perceived American ideals as less applicable to them than did the Africans. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of minority status.
Ethylene glycol and glycerol complexes of smectites and vermiculites

The complexes formed by ethylene glycol, HOCH2.CH2OH, and by glycerol, HOCH2.CHOH.CH2OH, with smectites (montmorillonite-saponite group), and vermiculites have received more attention than any other group of organo-silicate complexes. This interest arose in the first place from their use for identification purposes as proposed by MacEwan (1944, 1946) and by Bradley (1945b). Over the years, increasing attention has been given to the manner in which these complexes vary with the nature of the mineral, the magnitude and source of the charge on the silicate layers, and the number and kind of the exchangeable cations between the layers. The layer charge is determined most reliably from the full chemical analysis of a mineral, but more commonly is estimated from a measurement of cation exchange capacity.
A clinical evualation of the treatment of hypertension with dihydrogenated ergotoxine alkaloids

Abstract 1. 1. CCK-179 was administered orally to thirty-four symptomatic hypertensive men. 2. 2. A marked drop of blood pressure occurred during the first thirty days of hospitalization plus therapy. This was shown by placebo substitution to be due to hospitalization, not the drug. 3. 3. Parenteral administration produced a definite but transient drop in blood pressure in all cases to whom it was given.
Topology of Type II REases revisited; structural classes and the common conserved core.

Type II restriction endonucleases (REases) are deoxyribonucleases that cleave DNA sequences with remarkable specificity. Type II REases are highly divergent in sequence as well as in topology, i.e. the connectivity of secondary structure elements. A widely held assumption is that a structural core of five b-strands flanked by two a-helices is common to these enzymes. We introduce a systematic procedure to enumerate secondary structure elements in an unambiguous and reproducible way, and use it to analyze the currently available X-ray structures of Type II REases. Based on this analysis, we propose an alternative definition of the core, which we term the aba-core. The aba-core includes the most frequently observed secondary structure elements and is not a sandwich, as it consists of a five-strand b-sheet and two a-helices on the same face of the b-sheet. We use the aba-core connectivity as a basis for grouping the Type II REases into distinct structural classes. In these new structural classes, the connectivity correlates with the angles between the secondary structure elements and with the cleavage patterns of the REases. We show that there exists a substructure of the aba-core, namely a common conserved core, ccc, defined here as one a-helix and four b-strands common to all Type II REase of known structure.
The Role of Typical and Atypical Events in Story Memory.

To understand how viewers or readers process and remember media narratives such as entertainment, news, and information is critical to our understanding of the mental processing of television and other media. Media stories contain both typical and atypical events and people, but little is known about how readers or viewers process and remember these two types of information. Participants in 2 experiments remembered atypical story items much better even a week later. However, the conservative way they treated atypical memories could give the illusion that typical items are better remembered than they really are. The results have implications for both mass media theory and theories of memory.
Composite of TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells with significantly improved efficiency

A composite made of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers and conventional TiO2 nanoparticles is an innovative type of photoanode, which noticeably improves the harvesting of light without substantially sacrificing the attachment (uptake) of dye molecules for convenient fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells with significantly improved efficiency.
Heat Engine With Finite Thermal Reservoirs and Nonideal Efficiency

The performance of an irreversible heat engine operating between two thermal reservoirs with finite, temperatureindependent heat capacity is analyzed. For this purpose, a dynamic second-law efficiency is introduced and assumed to be constant. As the first-law efficiency increases from zero up to the Carnot limit, the common final temperature of the reservoirs interpolates between the arithmetic and geometric mean of their initial temperatures. The total output work and entropy change of the reservoirs are computed and related to the static efficiencies. The dynamic and static efficiencies are shown to be approximately equal to each other when the temperature of the cold reservoir is at least 10% of the temperature of the hot reservoir.
Design and utilization of epitope-based databases and predictive tools

In the last decade, significant progress has been made in expanding the scope and depth of publicly available immunological databases and online analysis resources, which have become an integral part of the repertoire of tools available to the scientific community for basic and applied research. Herein, we present a general overview of different resources and databases currently available. Because of our association with the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource, this resource is reviewed in more detail. Our review includes aspects such as the development of formal ontologies and the type and breadth of analytical tools available to predict epitopes and analyze immune epitope data. A common feature of immunological databases is the requirement to host large amounts of data extracted from disparate sources. Accordingly, we discuss and review processes to curate the immunological literature, as well as examples of how the curated data can be used to generate a meta-analysis of the epitope knowledge currently available for diseases of worldwide concern, such as influenza and malaria. Finally, we review the impact of immunological databases, by analyzing their usage and citations, and by categorizing the type of citations. Taken together, the results highlight the growing impact and utility of immunological databases for the scientific community.
The problem with experimental criminology: A response to Sherman’s ‘Evidence and Liberty’

This article is a response to Sherman (2009) and argues that experimental criminology ought to clearly acknowledge the political aspect of much crime research, and expand the timeframe of research involvement in policy making if it is to bring the liberty promised. Failure to do so can lead to a fundamental misconception that experimental criminology is somehow divorced from the political realities that inscribe it, and to possible unintended consequences in the deployment of policy. The example of use of the so-called ‘stop and frisk’ crime policy in Philadelphia is used to examine Sherman’s claims.
Congestion games with resource reuse and applications in spectrum sharing

In this paper we consider an extension to the classical definition of congestion games (CG) in which multiple users share the same set of resources and their payoff for using any resource is a function of the total number of users sharing it. The classical congestion games enjoy some very appealing properties, including the existence of a Nash equilibrium and that every improvement path is finite and leads to such a NE (also called the finite improvement property or FIP), which is also a local optimum to a potential function. On the other hand, this class of games does not model well the congestion or resource sharing in a wireless context, a prominent feature of which is spatial reuse. What this translates to in the context of a congestion game is that a user's payoff for using a resource (interpreted as a channel) is a function of the its number of its interfering users sharing that channel, rather than the total number among all users. This makes the problem quite different. We will call this the congestion game with resource reuse (CG-RR). In this paper we study intrinsic properties of such a game; in particular, we seek to address under what conditions on the underlying network this game possesses the FIP or NE. We also discuss the implications of these results when applied to wireless spectrum sharing.
Dynamic TCP Proxies: Coping with Disadvantaged Hosts in MANETs

Applications in mobile ad-hoc networks can suffer from poor link quality and degraded network services. In particular, standard TCP over low-quality, long routing paths, can have disproportionally low throughput as the result of a double penalty:long end-to-end round-trip time---due to long path length, and frequent congestion window back off due to packet losses that could not be masked by the link-layer retransmissions. To address this problem, we leverage a well-known concept of dynamic TCP proxies but propose to dynamically install these proxies along a routing path based on the quality of the links comprising the path. By enclosing poor quality path segments between a pair of TCP proxies, we isolate the effect of these segments on the rest of the network and improve the overall performance. We further utilize cross-layer optimization to select proxy locations without a separate signaling protocol, by leveraging existing messages in the underlying routing protocol. We demonstrate the potential benefits of this dynamic TCP proxies mechanism, and illustrate the relevance of host mobility level on this design choice.
Elastomer–steel laminate armor

Abstract Elastomeric coatings have been found to substantially increase the ballistic limit of underlying steel substrates, with an important mechanism being the impact-induced transition of the rubber to the glassy state. A composite array of elastomer–steel panels has been found to further increase the penetration resistance; moreover, the elastomer coating itself can be a laminate structure of soft and hard materials. The requirements for the laminate to function well are that the underlying substrate retains sufficient bending stiffness for the impact to induce the transition of the polymer, which in combination with break up and dissipation of the pressure wave due to impedance mismatching, leads to large increases in ballistic penetration resistance.
Physiological responses to the endurance test of a 3-day-event during hot and cool weather.

Physiological data were collected during two 3-day-event competitions: one (H) held in hot and the other (CL) in cool conditions. During H, ambient temperature and relative humidity were 2.5 degrees C-35 degrees C and 74-36% respectively, while during CL, ambient temperature and relative humidity were 7.8 degrees C-8.3 degrees C and 46%-41%, respectively. Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates were recorded on arrival at the event, at the end of Phase C and 6 min later, at the end of Phase D and for 30 min at 10 min intervals after each horse finished Phase D (Recovery Period). Because of the heat, the rest-pause during the Endurance Test was extended from 10 to 15 min for horses competing in H, and horses at H were aggressively cooled by repetitive bathing with ice water during the rest-pause and the 30 min Recovery Period. Heart rate was significantly higher (P 0.05). Of 10 horses eliminated during the rest-pause at H, 3 were lame, 1 had exertional rhabdomyolysis, 4 were exhausted and 2 were lame and exhausted. Two horses were eliminated during the rest-pause at CL:1 was lame and the other had exertional rhabdomyolysis. There was marked individual variation in horses' responses to heat at H. Heat may have limited the effectiveness of evaporative cooling in horses at H, and resultant thermal stress probably contributed to exhaustion in horses unable to complete the Endurance Test. Aggressive cooling during the rest-pause and the Recovery Period was important to facilitate heat dissipation in horses at H. These measures were not necessary at CL.
A Method for the Determination of Chlordecone (Kepone) in Human Serum and Blood

A simple method for the determination of chlordecone in serum and blood employing selective separation and extraction using benzene Is presented. The extracted pesticide is analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector and a 10% DC-200 on 100/120 mesh Gas-Chrom Q column. The method Is sensitive to a concentration of 10 Fg/llter In a l-mL sample and Is highly reproducible showing a within-run coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.1% and an out-of-run CV of 6.9%.
Thermal decomposition products of polypropylene

Isotactic polypropylene was decomposed under vacuum at 360, 380, and 400°C, and the volatile products from C1 to C12 hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography. The formation of the main products is discussed on the basis of a free-radical mechanism in which intramolecular radical transfer is assumed to play an important role. The mechanism of the formation of a number of products suggested by previous workers is criticized on the basis of the results of a more comprehensive analysis of this investigation.
Mathematical Performance of Students With Disabilities in Middle School Standards-Based and Traditional Curricula:

This study investigated the impact of mathematics curriculum (standards based vs. traditional) on the performance of sixth and seventh grade students with disabilities on multiple-choice and open-ended assessments aligned to one state’s number and operations and algebra standards. It also sought to understand factors affecting student performance on assessments: ability status (students with and without disabilities), curriculum (standards based vs. traditional), and assessment type (multiple choice vs. open ended). In all, 146 sixth grade students and 149 seventh grade students participated in the study. A linear mixed model for each grade revealed students with disabilities did not perform better in either curriculum. Furthermore, curriculum type was not a significant factor affecting student performance; however, ability status, time, and assessment type were. The implications of these results are discussed.