cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From phenotypes to endotypes to asthma treatment.

Purpose of reviewThe current guidelines for asthma diagnosis and management do not recognize that different phenotypes of asthma exist, with significant variations in the manifestation of airway inflammation, symptoms, severity, and response to treatment. This article will critically review new appr
Long-Range Plasmophore Rulers

Using on-wire lithography, we studied the emission properties of nanostructures made of a polythiophene disk separated by fixed nanoscopic distances from a plasmonic gold nanorod. The intense plasmonic field generated by the nanorod modifies the shape of the polythiophene emission spectrum, and the strong distance dependence of this modulation forms the basis for a new type of “plasmophore ruler”. Simulations using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) quantitatively support our experimental results. Importantly, this plasmophore ruler is independent of signal intensity and is effective up to 100 nm, which is more than two times larger than any reported value for rulers based on photoluminescence processes.
Study on Correlation Between Serum NT-proBNP Level and Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease

Objective To monitor the serum level of NT-proBNP among the employees of a certain unit in Changsha,and to explore its relationship with risk factors of coronary heart disease.Methods With the epidemiological method,the individual information of the employees was collected according to the designed table.Body mass index(BMI) and blood pressure were measured.Biochemical indexes,including blood sugar(GLU),cholesterol(CHO),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein(HDL),low density lipoprotein(LDL) and uric acid(UA) were determined.The fluorescent enzyme immunoassay was used to detect the serum level of NT-proBNP.Results The average serum level of NT-proBNP in 1,508 employees was(73.17±63.39) pg/ml,and a significant difference was found between risk factor group(98.96±83.73) pg/ml and normal control group(52.64±26.14) pg/ml,(t=15.124,P=0.000).In normal control group,the serum level of NT-proBNP in male was higher than that in female(t=-8.563,P=0.000),but no statistically significant difference was found in the serum level of NT-proBNP among the different age groups(F=0.977,P=0.403).In risk factor group,there was no correlation between NT-proBNP and sex(t=1.778,P=0.070),the level of NT-proBNP in 60~70 year-old group was the highest,and the difference was statistically significant among the different age groups(F=2.965,P=0.031).In risk factor group,there were statistically significant differences in the serum level of NT-proBNP among the employees with different SBP,DBP,BMI and LDL(P0.05),but no statistically significant difference was found in the serum level of NT-proBNP among the employees with different TG,CHO,HDL,UA,GLU and CHD history(P0.05).With the increase of the number of risk factors,the level of NT-proBNP in risk factor group was significantly increased(F=12.487,P=0.000).Conclusions There may be a correlation between the serum level of NT-proBNP and risk factors of coronary heart disease.
Photosynthesis, vegetative habit and culinary properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) in response to low-light conditions

Mapes, C. and Xu, Y. 2014. Photosynthesis, vegetative habit and culinary properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) in response to low-light conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 881-889. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) is known to grow better at sunny locations with good drainage. However, when there is a necessity to propagate it in controlled environments with minimal additional lighting, or at shady locations, how significantly its growth and production would be restricted has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the responses of sage grown in a greenhouse over the winter when ambient light in the greenhouse is lower than 212 µmol m-2 s-1 (or a daily light integral of 9.2 mol m-2 d-1). Sage seedlings were planted in growing media and covered with various shade cloths to reach 70, 50 and 30% of the ambient irradiance. Photochemical efficiency and in situ chlorophyll status were estimated at 7, 21, and 56 d. The daily leaf emergence rate was calculated by monitoring change...
Beta Adrenergic Regulation of Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses in Intact Rat and Isolated Rat Lungs

Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) allow large diameter particles of venous origin to bypass the pulmonary capillary bed and embolize the systemic arterial circulation. IPAVA have been routinely observed in healthy humans with exercise, hypoxia and catecholamine infusion, but the mechanism by which they are recruited is not well-defined. We hypothesized that beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation recruits IPAVA and that receptor blockade would limit hypoxia-induced IPAVA recruitment. To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the transpulmonary passage of microspheres in intact rats and isolated rats lung infused with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. We also evaluated IPAVA recruitment in intact rats with hypoxia and the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol. We found that IPAVA are recruited in the intact rat by isoproterenol and their recruitment by hypoxia can be minimized by propranolol, suggesting a role for the adrenergic system in the recruitment of IPAVA by hypoxia. IPAVA recruitment is completely abolished by ventilation with 100% oxygen. Isoproterenol also recruits IPAVA in isolated rat lungs. The fact that isoproterenol can recruit IPAVA in isolated lungs, without increased pulmonary flow, suggests that elevated cardiac output is not required for IPAVA recruitment.
Solving integral equations with optical metamaterial-waveguide networks

We propose a wave-based technique to solve integral equations of general format. We numerically show that designer metamaterial kernels combined with proper waveguide feedback networks operate as compact equation solvers, demonstrated via solving Fredholm equations.
Dehydration of Pentanediol over CeO2, CeO2-Ga2O3, and CeO2-In2O3

Conversion of bio-oil from flash pyrolysis of biomass is a way to produce useful renewable feedstocks for the chemicals industry. Dehydration of pentanediol (1,5- and 2,4-pentanediol) was investigated over CeO2, CeO2-Ga2O3, and CeO2-In2O3 catalysts at 250–350 °C. Adding Ga or In (20 mol%) improved the conversion of pentanediol over CeO2, but adversely affected selectivity. In the base case, 1,5-pentanediol was converted on CeO2 to 4-penten-1-ol and 1-pentanol, desired linear alcohols, together with unwanted cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone byproducts. Adding gallium or indium to ceria increased the selectivity towards undesired cyclized products like tetrahydropyran and tetrahydropyran-2-one due to increased acidity. In the base case, 2,4-pentanediol converted on CeO2 to unsaturated alcohol (e. g., 3-penten-2-ol > 74 % selectivity), but adding Ga or In promoted acid-catalyzed cracking. Tuning the acid-base characteristics of ceria significantly alters the product distribution.
A pharmacokinetic comparison of homodimer ARB-92 and heterodimer ARB-89: novel, potent antimalarial candidates derived from 7β-hydroxyartemisinin

The ultimate goal of this study was to identify an orally active, affordable, potent and safe antimalarial drug based on the natural product artemisinin. During these efforts, a series of novel 7β-hydroxyartemisinin analogs were synthesized and characterized in vitro for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Heterodimerization of 7β-hydroxyartemisinin provided the asymmetrical carbamate (ARB-89) while homodimerization provided the carbonate (ARB-92). These dimers were found to be highly active in vitro with an IC50 ≤ 0.50 nM against P. falciparum infected human red blood cells (RBC). For further development as potential antimalarial agents, a battery of in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments was performed to distinguish the fate of the discovery compounds ARB-89 and ARB-92. Two UPLC-MS methods were developed and validated for the analysis of the compounds. Both ARB-89 and ARB-92 exhibited moderate affinity (51 and 56%, respectively) to parasitized RBC, which is a perquisite for antimalarial activity. Following a single dose oral and intravenous pharmacokinetic study in rats, ARB-89 displayed a high clearance (92.8 ± 5.6 L/h kg), short elimination half-life (t1/2, 1.2 ± 0.2 h) and moderate oral bioavailability (23.4%). ARB-89 was found to be excreted unchanged in feces, which may be due to its high lipophilicity, molecular weight and low oral exposure. In an attempt to identify a better lead antimalarial compound, ARB-92 was designed to be more water soluble than ARB-89 by incorporating a protonatable tertiary amine as part of the dimerizing ligand for 7β-hydroxyartemisinin. As anticipated, ARB-92 displayed a lower clearance (2.9 ± 0.7 L/h kg) and subsequently a longer t1/2 (2.3 ± 0.2 h) compared to ARB-89. The oral bioavailability of ARB-92 was found to be 34% in rats, a value somewhat better than the marketed artemisinin derivatives artenimol (19.3%), artemether (19.7%) or artesunate (29.5%).
Acute and Late Toxicities of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Locally-Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

For patients with unresectable locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC), concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves overall survival as compared to sequential chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but is associated with higher rates of toxicities. Acute, clinically significant esophagitis or pneumonitis can occur in one in five patients. The risks of esophagitis and pneumonitis can impact the decision to deliver concurrent therapy and limit the total dose of radiation therapy that is delivered. Hematologic toxicities and emesis are common toxicities from systemic therapies for LA-NSCLC and can result in delaying chemotherapy dosing or chemotherapy dose reductions. Late treatment morbidities, including pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac toxicities, can also significantly impact quality of life and potentially even survival. Recent advances in radiation therapy treatment delivery, better knowledge of normal tissue radiotherapy tolerances and more widespread and improved uses of supportive care and medical management of systemic therapy toxicities have improved the therapeutic ratio and reduced the rates of chemoradiotherapy-induced toxicities. This review details the acute and late toxicities associated with definitive chemoradiotherapy for LA-NSCLC and discusses toxicity management and strategies to mitigate the risks of treatment-related toxicities.
The effect of coral restoration on Caribbean reef fish communities

The Caribbean has seen a dramatic loss of coral over the last 30 years due to direct and indirect anthropogenic factors, causing a decrease in reef three-dimensional complexity and fish abundance and diversity. Restoration practices, such as outplanting coral colonies onto degraded reefs, are increasingly used to revive reef ecosystems to preserve fisheries, tourism, and ecosystem functions, which are currently valued at $375 billion globally. However, few studies have examined whether coral restoration and the consequent addition of structural complexity can restore reef ecosystems. Thus, this study aims to better understand early fish community dynamics following restoration using Acropora cervicornis, a major reef building coral and focus species for restoration that has experienced a greater than 80% drop in cover since 1980. To examine fish dynamics after restoration, surveys of fish, environmental conditions, benthic seafloor characteristics, and rugosity were conducted on outplanted plots and control plots without outplants. Surveys were conducted off the north shore of St. Croix, USVI (17°46′15.0″N, 64°49′03.8″W) from May 30, 2016 to August 4, 2016, and on December 28, 2016, and January 4, 2017. Within a week of outplanting, fish abundance was significantly higher in experimental plots compared to controls. After outplanting, there was also an increase in fish species richness and a significant shift in fish community composition over time. These results demonstrate the early stages of fish colonization after outplanting A. cervicornis, providing insight into how restoration can cause rapid change in fish abundance, richness, and community composition.
Faulted Band (Europa)

Interpretation They appear to be faulted smooth bands (Prockter and Patterson 2009). Subparallel ridges and troughs are similar in their characteristics to imbricate fault blocks. They have distinct troughs along their axis, inferred to be the spreading axis. Older faults translate further away from the actively spreading central axis over time. Tilted fault blocks in those bands with low spreading rate may create repeating valleys and ramparts (Kattenhorn and Hurford 2009).
Sensory Responses to Electrical Stimulation

Sensory sensitivity to electrical stimulation depends on a host of factors associated with the stimulus waveform, its method of delivery, and subjective variables. In most situations involving electrical safety or acceptability, current is applied to the body by cutaneous electrodes. There are also practical applications in which electric current may be applied subcutaneously or induced internally by external electromagnetic fields. Although the emphasis in this chapter is on electrocutaneous stimulation, many of the principles discussed may be applied to other modes of stimulation. The reader is directed to Chapter 9 for additional discussion of peripheral nerve stimulation by time-varying magnetic field effects or by induced shock within intense electric field environments. In addition to sensory effects described in this chapter, stimulation by electric current and electromagnetic fields can also elicit visual and auditory sensations. These will be treated in Sect. 9.8.
Hyperactivity and Aggression in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder

More than a decade of intense research scrutiny of various issues concerning the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder, much of it focused directly at the question of hyperactivity versus aggression, has brought less, rather than more, uniformity of diagnosis across investigators. It is presently unusual to find two different investigators using identical operational procedures to select an attention deficit/hyperactive sample. Despite all of the research, or perhaps because of it, it is not even unusual to find the same investigator using substantially different procedures in two consecutive studies.
Effect of Charge Transfer States on the Zero Phonon Line of the Special Pair in the Bacterial Reaction Center

The nature of the excited states of the special pair (SP) bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) has been a subject of considerable controversy over the past decade. The crystal structure of the RC,1–3 in conjunction with numerous spectroscopic experiments,4–7 has provided a substantial basis for investigating this problem. However, the existence of complicated interactions between multiple electronic surfaces and the difficulty of computing the underlying electronic wavefunctions from a reliable quantum chemical method have rendered a definitive solution difficult to achieve.
Biodegradation of Crude Oil and Corexit 9500 in Arctic Seawater

The need to understand the biodegradation of oil and chemical dispersants in Arctic marine environments is increasing alongside growth in oil exploration and transport in the region. We chemically quantified biodegradation and abiotic losses of crude oil and Corexit 9500, when present separately, in incubations of Arctic seawater and identified microorganisms potentially involved in biodegradation of these substrates based on shifts in bacterial community structure (16S rRNA genes) and abundance of biodegradation genes (GeoChip 5.0 microarray). Incubations were performed over 28-day time courses using surface seawater collected from near-shore and offshore locations in the Chukchi Sea. Within 28 days, the indigenous microbial community biodegraded 36% (k = 0.010 day-1) and 41% (k = 0.014 day-1) of oil and biodegraded 77% and 33% (k = 0.015 day-1) of the Corexit 9500 component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) in respective near-shore and offshore incubations. Non-ionic surfactants (Span 80, Tween 80, and Tween 85) present in Corexit 9500 were non-detectable by 28 days due to a combination of abiotic losses and biodegradation. Microorganisms utilized oil and Corexit 9500 as growth substrates during the incubation, with the Corexit 9500 stimulating more extensive growth than oil within 28 days. Taxa known to include oil-degrading bacteria (e.g., Oleispira, Polaribacter, and Colwellia) and some oil biodegradation genes (e.g., alkB, nagG, and pchCF) increased in relative abundance in response to both oil and Corexit 9500. These results increase our understanding of oil and dispersant biodegradation in the Arctic and suggest that some bacteria may be capable of biodegrading both oil and Corexit 9500.
Sepsis is associated with reduced spontaneous neutrophil migration velocity in human adults

Sepsis is a common and deadly complication among trauma and surgical patients. Neutrophils must mobilize to the site of infection to initiate an immediate immune response. To quantify the velocity of spontaneous migrating blood neutrophils, we utilized novel microfluidic approaches on whole blood samples from septic and healthy individuals. A prospective study at a level 1 trauma and tertiary care center was performed with peripheral blood samples collected at <12 hours, 4 days, and/or 14 days relative to study initiation. Blood samples were also collected from healthy subjects. Ex vivo spontaneous neutrophil migration was measured on 2 μl of whole blood using microfluidic devices and time-lapse imaging. For each sample, individual neutrophils were tracked to calculate mean instantaneous velocity. Forty blood samples were collected from 33 patients with sepsis, and 15 blood samples were collected from age- and gender-matched healthy, control subjects. Average age was 61 years for septic patients with a male predominance (67%). Overall, average spontaneous neutrophil migration velocity in septic samples was 16.9 μm/min, significantly lower than controls samples at 21.1 μm/min (p = 0.0135). Neutrophil velocity was reduced the greatest at <12 hours after sepsis (14.5 μm/min). Regression analysis demonstrated a significant, positive correlation between neutrophil velocity and days after sepsis (p = 0.0059). There was no significant association between neutrophil velocity and age, gender, APACHE II score, SOFA score, sepsis severity, total white blood cell count, or percentage of neutrophils. Circulating levels of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, IP-10, and TNF were additionally measured using bead-based multiplex assay and found to peak at <12 hours and be significantly increased in patients with sepsis at all three time points (<12 hours, 4 days, and 14 days after sepsis) compared to healthy subjects. In conclusion, these findings may demonstrate an impaired ability of neutrophils to respond to sites of infection during the proinflammatory phase of sepsis.
The CO2 inventory on Mars

Abstract We use spacecraft measurements to determine the inventory of CO2 gas on Mars. We estimate the amounts of gas from an early, thicker Martian atmosphere that have been lost to space by impact ejection and by solar and solar-wind stripping, and that have been removed to non-atmospheric reservoirs of CO2 ice, clathrate hydrate, adsorbed gas, or carbonate minerals. Loss to space has removed 1–2 bars of CO2. Deeply buried carbonates may contain up to the equivalent of a bar of CO2, with the other sinks likely containing no more than ∼90 mbar of CO2. These sinks can readily account for loss of the bulk of an early CO2 atmosphere thought to be necessary to provide early greenhouse warming. Loss of CO2 from the atmosphere to these sinks is the likely explanation for the transition in climate from an early, warmer atmosphere to the cold, dry atmosphere that has been present since early in the Hesperian epoch.
Association of multivitamin and alcohol intake with folate receptor alpha (FRα) expression in a case-control study of ovarian cancer

5819 Background FRα overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) may confer a tumor growth advantage. We examined the relation between multivitamin use, a proxy for folic acid intake, with FRα expression in ovarian tumors and assessed whether the association was modified by alcohol intake, a folate agonist. Methods Cases (n=148) aged 20-80 years were seen at Mayo Clinic, MN between 1/00 and 8/04 with suspected EOC. Controls (n=148) without history of cancer and both ovaries intact were frequency matched to cases by age (5 years) and state. Lifestyle, medical and reproductive factors, regular multivitamin (≥ 4 pills per week) and weekly alcohol (≥ 5 vs
Evolution of the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Cardiology Clinical Practice Guidelines: A 10-Year Assessment.

Background The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association periodically revise clinical practice guidelines. We evaluated changes in the evidence underlying guidelines published o...
Cultivating Youth Engagement: Race & the Behavioral Effects of Critical Pedagogy

Political scientists attribute gaps in participation between whites and people of color to unequal access to political resources, political efficacy, and weak affiliations to political parties. I argue that the content of civic education courses also matters. I theorize that if courses were to incorporate critical pedagogy—an educational approach that centers the agency and grassroots political action of marginalized groups—that young people of color would be more likely to participate in politics. I test this theory using an experiment distributed to nearly 700 14–18-year high schoolers in the Chicago area. I find that content informed by this pedagogical approach bolsters the willingness of Latinx and black youth to pursue multiple forms of political participation. Such an educational intervention, coupled with other teaching tools, may provide a way to prepare an increasingly diverse generation of young people for active participation within American democracy. It also reveals how civic education in schools can play a crucial role in processes of political socialization and engagement.
Structural neural markers of response to cognitive behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective, first-line treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While neural predictors of treatment outcomes have been identified in adults with OCD, robust predictors are lacking for pediatric patients. Herein, we sought to identify brain structural markers of CBT response in youth with OCD. Methods Twenty-eight children/adolescents with OCD and 27 matched healthy participants (7- to 18-year-olds, M = 11.71 years, SD = 3.29) completed high-resolution structural and diffusion MRI (all unmedicated at time of scanning). Patients with OCD then completed 12-16 sessions of CBT. Subcortical volume and cortical thickness were estimated using FreeSurfer. Structural connectivity (streamline counts) was estimated using MRtrix. Results Thinner cortex in nine frontoparietal regions significantly predicted improvement in Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) scores (all ts > 3.4, FDR-corrected ps 3.12, Cohen's ds > 0.92) compared with healthy participants. These connections predicted post-treatment CY-BOCS scores, beyond pretreatment severity and demographics, though not above and beyond cortical thickness. Conclusions The current study identified group differences in structural connectivity (reduced among cingulo-opercular regions) and cortical thickness predictors of CBT response (thinner frontoparietal cortices) in unmedicated children/adolescents with OCD. These data suggest, for the first time, that cortical and white matter features of task control circuits may be useful in identifying which pediatric patients respond best to individual CBT.
Stochastic Search in a Banach Space

This paper establishes a probabilistic result which has implications for the numerical implementation of certain non-parametric statistical procedures. To describe the probabilistic result, let λn, n ≥ 1 be an increasing sequence of integers, totally arbitrary except for the condition that λn ↑ ∞. Let Y 1, Y 2,… be i.i.d. random variables with values in an infinite dimensional Banach space B, and whose common distribution μ has as its support the unit ball of B. Then no matter what ∈ > 0 is selected, and no matter which θ 0 in the unit ball of B is chosen, and no matter what the rate at which λn ↑ ∞, one clearly has $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}P\left \{|Y_{i}-\theta_{0}|\leq\, e\, for some\, i\leq\lambda_{n}\right \}=1$$
Latent Class Analysis to Classify Injury Severity in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

Heterogeneity of injury severity among children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) classified by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) makes comparisons across research cohorts, enrollment in clinical trials...
Prescribed fire effects on sediment and nutrient exports in forested environments: A Review

This review examines the impact of prescribed fire on the water quality variables (a) sediment load and (b) limiting macronutrients in forested environments globally. We aim to characterize the forested environments subject to prescribed fire, to discuss factors of the fire regime that contribute to water quality concerns, and to offer insight into the effect of precipitation timing and study scale on constituent exports. High fuel consumption during fire increases the risk of erosion and constituent export during precipitation, though high fuel consumption during prescribed fire is uncommon in forested environments. Small-scale studies examining sediment yield after prescribed fire may fail to capture the effect of landscape-scale spatial variability, and watershed-scale studies accounting for such variability are lacking. Although small-plot studies confirm that prescribed fire can alter hydrologic inputs, the environmental impact of these increases is minimal, particularly when compared with other land-use systems. Generally, prescribed fire is a beneficial and low-impact disturbance that likely improves fire-adapted forest health. However, gaps in knowledge exist at various spatial and temporal scales; this review suggests two avenues of future research, including (a) greater understanding of fire regime interactions that control surface runoff and erosion at the watershed scale, and (b) monitoring forest health and ecological function after prescribed fire rather than direct nutrient exports.
Analysis of the epidemic trend of malaria and probe the preventive measures

Objective To analyze the incidence and epidemic characteristics of malaria cases in Yichang city, and to provide basis for malaria prevention and control. Methods All the epidermiological date of malaria cases from 2005-2009 were analyzed. Results In the past 5 years, the malaria incidences were relatively low, the morbidity c hanged in volatility, most cases were imported. Summer and autumn were peak season for the disease. The main cases returned from malaria endemic areas were the main disease population. Vivax malaria was as the major pest species. Conclusions The situation of imported malaria is grim in Yichang city. While in the control of local disease, the CDC and the relevant departments should increase awareness training and malaria control efforts, do a good job for overseas migrant workers and mobile population management and monitoring, reduce the risk of malaria secondary spread. Key words: Malaria; Epidemic trend; Preventive measures
Christianity in Central and South America

Religion in Central and South America has been inextricably linked to political structures, rituals that ordered everyday life, and movements of rebellion. Before the European invasion, the social order was religiously legitimized. This meant that social distinctions, obligation to work, and access to resources, were regarded as being regulated by an order that encompassed the social and the physical world. During the colonial period, Christianity fulfilled a double role: that of validating a social order, beginning with the justification of the conquest itself, while also providing the justification for judging that same order. Religions's double function can also be seen at work among the indigenous population, for whom Christianity served as a vehicle of accommodation as well as of protest. After independence, Latin American governments regarded the church as an ideological ally, one which played a crucial role in the legitimization of the social order. The privileged status of Catholicism has been challenged, first by positivism, then by the Theology of Liberation, and finally by the spread of Protestantism. After the break up of the monopoly exercised by the Catholic church and the rapid growth of Evangelical churches there was growth and fragmentation; individualism, but also the constitution of new communities; political quietism side by side with right-wing activism.
Demonstration of a dual-mode digital-holographic/light-field-fluorescence microscope for extant life searches

A promising way to search for microbial life in our solar system's Ocean Worlds is to make use of 3-d microscopes, as these can provide single-image inventories of the complete contents of liquid sample volumes. Two applicable 3d microscopy techniques are digital holographic microscopy and light-field fluorescence microscopy. The former can provide high-resolution imaging information on cellular morphology, structure, index of refraction, and motility, while the latter can identify and locate targeted molecule families, such as lipids and nucleic acids. The combination of this pair of 3-d techniques thus provides a powerful suite of diagnostic tools. We have recently combined both types of microscope into an integrated dual-mode microscope prototype aimed at demonstrating its utility at terrestrial field sites, and the combined instrument has already been taken on an initial foray into the field to assess its performance and shortcomings. Here we describe the design and capabilities of our dual-mode microscope, as well as initial performance measurements obtained during its first field trip to the local seashore.
We Can Handle It: Advocating in Support of State Legislation of Legal Sports Gambling post-Murphy v. NCAA

Post-PASPA, more than twenty states have either implemented or successfully passed legislation allowing their citizens to gamble on sports. These legislative efforts have created an opportunity for states to capture some of the over $150 billion that Americans annually wager through illegal means. While Nevada has successfully regulated sports gambling for more than seventy years, the Supreme Court’s Murphy decision has spurred calls for uniform federal legislation. Central to this push for a federal framework are the leaders of the major sports leagues and their claim of concern for contest integrity. Our position is that this argument is tenuous at best. Rather, we believe this to be a convenient avenue for the major sports leagues to become involved in the regulatory process and secure additional revenue via integrity fees for providing data to federally mandated sources. Further, we argue that this framework of requiring states to use certified data sources that originate from the leagues themselves is not only economically damaging for potential sportsbook operators but could actually result in a greater chance of contest corruption rather than increased integrity. This article examines the contrasting views of the major North American professional and amateur sports leagues (NHL, NFL, NBA, MLB, and NCAA) with respect to the new, legalized sports gambling environment. We then look at the argument of maintaining contest integrity which is focal to proposed federal frameworks. Finally, we advocate for a state framework and demonstrate why states are in a better position to regulate sports gambling without federal interference, as state legislation already provides a mechanism by which income from wagers can be redistributed towards improving local infrastructure and funding social welfare programs; under proposed federal legislation, this revenue would divert elsewhere.
Pace, Place, and Just Practice

In this chapter, I introduce critical geography to the practice of family therapy focusing on the impact of space and place. I consider privacy, personal space, social interactions, and safety in community and social life. I then explore relationships between social class and mobility; race and segregation; and boundaries and resistance. I introduce what I am calling family cartography as a special topic and apply this technique to my own family and community of origin to exemplify how family therapists might use it to meaningfully explore the impact of space and place on those with whom we work.
Effects of Aerobic and Flexibility Training on Physiological and Psychosocial Function in a Patient with Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma: A Case Report.

Objective Diagnoses of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are rare. For cancer rehabilitation practitioners, anaplastic oligodendroglioma may impact on the development and maintenance of prescriptive exercise. Exercise interventions for healthy individuals and cancer patients have been shown to increase functional capacity, psychosocial functioning, and aspects of cognitive function. However, there is a lack of research into exercise interventions among patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma. This case report of a patient with anaplastic oligodendroglioma, measures the effects of aerobic and flexibility training on physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning. Patient A 44-year old woman diagnosed with class III anaplastic oligodendroglioma with 1p19q genetic co-deletion underwent left-frontal craniotomy, chemotherapy, and radiation treatment. Comprehensive physical, psychosocial, and cognitive assessments were completed before and after a 36-session exercise intervention. Results Following the intervention improvements were observed in 9 of the 14 physiological measures. Fatigue decreased by 20% and quality of life increased by almost 70%. Improvements were also observed in 6 of the 12 cognitive assessment variables. Conclusion The 36 sessions of aerobic and flexibility training were well-tolerated by the subject. The results demonstrate the feasibility and importance of aerobic and flexibility training for the attenuation of cancer-related decrements in physiological and psychosocial variables in patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The effects on cognitive function were uncertain.
Statistical Downscaling with Spatial Misalignment: Application to Wildland Fire $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ Concentration Forecasting

Fine particulate matter, PM $$_{2.5}$$ , has been documented to have adverse health effects, and wildland fires are a major contributor to $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ air pollution in the USA. Forecasters use numerical models to predict PM $$_{2.5}$$ concentrations to warn the public of impending health risk. Statistical methods are needed to calibrate the numerical model forecast using monitor data to reduce bias and quantify uncertainty. Typical model calibration techniques do not allow for errors due to misalignment of geographic locations. We propose a spatiotemporal downscaling methodology that uses image registration techniques to identify the spatial misalignment and accounts for and corrects the bias produced by such warping. Our model is fitted in a Bayesian framework to provide uncertainty quantification of the misalignment and other sources of error. We apply this method to different simulated data sets and show enhanced performance of the method in presence of spatial misalignment. Finally, we apply the method to a large fire in Washington state and show that the proposed method provides more realistic uncertainty quantification than standard methods.
Incorporating Mathematical Thinking and Engineering Design into High School STEM Physics: A Case Study

Meeting the vision of the Framework for K-12 Science Education (NRC, A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas, The National Academies Press, 2012) and the Next Generation of Science Standards (NGSS) requires a more integrated approach to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Lessons should include students engaging with various science and engineering practices while using crosscutting concepts and disciplinary core ideas to make sense of phenomena or solve design problems. To achieve this new vision in the teaching and learning of science, a dramatic change in curriculum, instruction, and assessment is needed. In this chapter, we describe the development of a high school physics unit and associated assessment tasks that integrate the different science and engineering practices with a focus on mathematical thinking and engineering design with disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts. We present case study results that show students’ increased performance on assessment tasks developed to invoke mathematical and design thinking.
Blind Attack Flaws in Adaptive Honeypot Strategies

Adaptive honeypots are being widely proposed as a more powerful alternative to the traditional honeypot model. Just as with typical honeypots, however, one of the most important concerns of an adaptive honeypot is environment deception in order to make sure an adversary cannot fingerprint the honeypot. The threat of fingerprinting hints at a greater underlying concern, however; this being that honeypots are only effective because an adversary does not know that the environment on which they are operating is a honeypot. What has not been widely discussed in the context of adaptive honeypots is that they actually have an inherently increased level of susceptibility to this threat. Honeypots not only bear increased risks when an adversary knows they are a honeypot rather than a native system, but they are only effective as adaptable entities if one does not know that the honeypot environment they are operating on is adaptive as wekk. Thus, if adaptive honeypots become commonplace - or, instead, if attackers even have an inkling that an adaptive honeypot may exist on any given network, a new attack which could develop is a “blind confusion attack”; a form of connection which simply makes an assumption all environments are adaptive honeypots, and instead of attempting to perform a malicious strike on a given entity, opts to perform non-malicious behavior in specified and/or random patterns to confuse an adaptive network's learning.
Dose-dependent effects of aerobic exercise on clinically relevant biomarkers among healthy women at high genetic risk for breast cancer: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study.

Background Excess adiposity and dysregulated metabolism are associated with increased cancer risk. Triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and VO2 max are robust clinical-metabolic biomarkers of overall health. Aims Aerobic exercise may improve clinical-metabolic biomarkers and decrease cancer risk. This secondary analysis of the WISER Sister randomized controlled trial investigated dose-dependent effects of aerobic exercise on clinical biomarker levels in women at high genetic risk for breast cancer. Methods and results One hundred thirty-nine participants were randomized to: control ( 80% of their exercise dose. A significant dose-dependent increase in VO2 max was observed for the low-dose and high-dose groups compared to control. No intervention effects were observed for plasma biomarkers. Overweight women (BMI > 25) showed a significant decrease in insulin levels and a trend for decreased triglycerides following exercise intervention. Significant increases in VO2 max were independent of BMI stratification. Conclusion Women at high genetic risk for breast cancer should maintain healthy weights and aerobic capacities through aerobic exercise to achieve measurable benefits on overall health. For overweight women, exercise appears to improve subclinical metabolic dysregulation. However, normal weight women were unaffected by aerobic exercise as their biomarker levels may be below the threshold for improvement. VO2 max increases solely quantified the benefits of exercise in already healthy women at high-risk for breast cancer.
Program Environmental Assurance: Shuttle Environmental Assurance and the Future

Material availability continues to be impacted by domestic and international environmental health and safety (EH&S) regulations, industrial pollution prevention goals and related vendor economics. SEA is an integrated team that works to identify, communicate and address safety and environmentally driven materials obsolescence issues and pollution prevention opportunities.
Axonal Degeneration in Dental Pulp Precedes Human Primary Teeth Exfoliation

The dental pulp in human primary teeth is densely innervated by a plethora of nerve endings at the coronal pulp-dentin interface. This study analyzed how the physiological root resorption (PRR) process affects dental pulp innervation before exfoliation of primary teeth. Forty-four primary canine teeth, classified into 3 defined PRR stages (early, middle, and advanced) were fixed and demineralized. Longitudinal cryosections of each tooth were stained for immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis of dental pulp nerve fibers and associated components with confocal and electron microscopy. During PRR, axonal degeneration was prominent and progressive in a Wallerian-like scheme, comprising nerve fiber bundles and nerve endings within the coronal and root pulp. Neurofilament fragmentation increased significantly during PRR progression and was accompanied by myelin degradation and a progressive loss of myelinated axons. Myelin sheath degradation involved activation of autophagic activity by Schwann cells to remove myelin debris. These cells expressed a sequence of responses comprising dedifferentiation, proliferative activity, GAP-43 overexpression, and Bungner band formation. During the advanced PRR stage, increased immune cell recruitment within the dental pulp and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II upregulation by Schwann cells characterized an inflammatory condition associated with the denervation process in preexfoliative primary teeth. The ensuing loss of dental pulp axons is likely to be responsible for the progressive reduction of sensory function of the dental pulp during preexfoliative stages.
Diversity and Information

An ecosystem may be described as the biodiversity of its species plus the connecting flows of matter and energy by which they have become organized. Understanding the role of species is a major goal of ecology, and microcosms are one way of studying species’ roles. Because containers limit access, lack of diversity often limits ecosystem development in microcosms. Even when continuously seeded, microcosms have lower diversity than the environments from which their species are derived or to which they are being compared.
Layered structure of MoS2 investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenide MoS 2 has attracted significant interest for its unique electronic, optical and catalytic properties. Layered crystalline MoS 2 can be mechanically exfoliated into single monolayers. With the advancement of microscopic and analytical techniques, significant insight knowledge has been obtained on the structure and properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this paper, the authors have carried out high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to investigate MoS 2 layers transferred on silicon substrate. Due to the weak nature of van der Waal forces between the S–S layers, stability of layers poses a challenge at high electron acceleration voltages. Dark field STEM (DF-STEM) and EELS, used on 11 layers of MoS 2 , reveal an interlayer spacing of ~6.25 A, which is consistent with the reported crystal structure of MoS 2 .
MACHISMO AND CHICANO/A GANGS: SYMBOLIC RESISTANCE OR OPPRESSION?

Both machismo and gang violence have been widely discussed in the popular and social science literature. Scholars have not systematically addressed the meanings of machismo held by gang members. We interviewed 25 Chicano/a and Mejicano/a gang members and 20 adult youth service workers and neighborhood providers, explicitly asking fortheirdefinitions of machismo. Wefmd both similarities and variations across generational and gender groups in our sample Using the both/and approach of Patricia Hill Collins (1991 ). We analyzed the simultaneously oppositional and oppressive nature of machismo in the lives of these young men and women. Our study reveals the complexity and contradictions inherent in machismo and related characteristics, and their implications for positive social change.
Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917

Review of: "Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877–1917," by Paul Michel Taillon, a part of the "Working Class in American History Series."
The replication of bacteriophage ФX174 DNA in vitro: Temperature effects on repair synthesis and displacement synthesis

1. The effect of incubation temperature on the extent of in vitro viral DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase and the kinds of products synthesized has been investigated. 2. At temperatures below 22–25° in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase, using circular ФX174 DNA as a template, is limited to one cycle of replication. All circular phage DNA can be converted to completely double-stranded molecules; then net polymerization ceases. The number of initiations per template is shown to vary with changes in the relative rates of initiation and polymerization. 3. Most segments of the nicked complementary strand, formed at high levels of initiator, can be joined by polynucleotide-joining enzyme. The lstar nick is less frequently closed at 15°. This suggests a unique problem associated with closure of the lstar nick to form a complete circular DNA strand. 4. An apparent temperature threshold exists for greater than 1-fold synthesis. At temperatures above this threshold, product strands are elongated to several phage DNA unit lengths. The existence of the apparent temperature threshold suggests that a cooperative structural change may be necessary to allow the initiation and/or propagation of the synthesis leading to extended strands. 5. The activation energy measured for the continuation of synthesis beyond 1-fold is 39±4 kcal/mole. That for the first cycle of replication is 17±2 kcal/mole. It is suggested that denaturation of a small number of base pairs (2–4) in the region of the growing point is needed to initiate and sustain greater than 1-fold synthesis.
Some Policy Implications of Single-Stock Futures

On Dec. 15, 2000, Congress approved the use of single-stock futures. This essay analyzes some of the policy issues related to that approval. In particular, I discuss (1) the benefits and costs of margin rules applicable to single-stock futures, (2) the amendments to the securities laws to cover single-stock futures in areas such as insider trading and market manipulation, and (3) some potential benefits associated with the use of single-stock futures to avoid restrictions on shorting stock (e.g., the elimination of so-called "parent-subsidiary" anomalies, as when 3Com was worth less than Palm even though 3Com owned 95 percent of Palm's stock).