cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclease treatment results in high specific purification of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infectivity with a density characteristic of nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Representative preparations of partially purified Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), including disaggregated density gradient fractions, were treated with a variety of nucleases. RNases as well as exhaustive digestions with micrococcal nuclease did not significantly diminish infectivity, but resulted in an ∼ 7,000-fold specific purification of infectivity with respect of nucleic acid. Protected nucleic acids included species of up to 2,000 bases in length. After nuclease treatment, infectivity co-migrated with nucleic acid-protein complexes at a density of 1.27 g/cm3 in sucrose. Substantial specific protein purification were also achieved in the gradient step (∼ 11,000-fold), where 70% the host Gp34 (“prion protein”) as well as other free proteins separated from infectivity. These CJD purifications are better than those previously attained in scrapie, and may be useful for further studies of non-host protein and nucleic acid species. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that CJD-like agents are composed of nucleic acid-protein complexes.
Reaction of swine to oil-adjuvanted inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine inoculated by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes

Local reactions at inoculation sites of swine vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease antigens emulsified with oil adjuvant were examined at 7, 14, 32, 45, 62 and 90 days postinoculation. The serologic data indicate that either the subcutaneous or intramuscular route, as well as the different inoculation sites selected induce a similar antibody response. Lesions at all inoculation sites were characterized by subacute and chronic granulomatous tissue reaction and the continuous presence of oil vacuoles. There is little doubt that some degree of reaction at the site of inoculation is to be expected and thus the site and route are of utmost importance in reducing the possibility of a carcass blemish.
Linkage Determination of Linear Oligosaccharides by MSn (n > 2) Collision-Induced Dissociation of Z1 Ions in the Negative Ion Mode

Obtaining unambiguous linkage information between sugars in oligosaccharides is an important step in their detailed structural analysis. An approach is described that provides greater confidence in linkage determination for linear oligosaccharides based on multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n), n >2) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) of Z1 ions in the negative ion mode. Under low energy CID conditions, disaccharides (18)O-labeled on the reducing carbonyl group gave rise to Z1 product ions (m/z 163) derived from the reducing sugar, which could be mass-discriminated from other possible structural isomers having m/z 161. MS(3) CID of these m/z 163 ions showed distinct fragmentation fingerprints corresponding to the linkage types and largely unaffected by sugar unit identities or their anomeric configurations. This unique property allowed standard CID spectra of Z1 ions to be generated from a small set of disaccharide samples that were representative of many other possible isomeric structures. With the use of MS(n) CID (n = 3 - 5), model linear oligosaccharides were dissociated into overlapping disaccharide structures, which were subsequently fragmented to form their corresponding Z1 ions. CID data of these Z1 ions were collected and compared with the standard database of Z1 ion CID using spectra similarity scores for linkage determination. As the proof-of-principle tests demonstrated, we achieved correct determination of individual linkage types along with their locations within two trisaccharides and a pentasaccharide.
Workplace surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome using hand diagrams.

Four hundred and eleven workers from 4 different companies participated in a worksite screening program designed, in part, to estimate the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Each worker completed a discomfort survey and underwent limited nerve conduction testing of the median and ulnar sensory nerves in both wrists. The discomfort survey included a hand diagram which allowed subjects to shade in area(s) affected by numbness, burning, tingling, or pain. The discomfort survey also asked each worker to indicate whether she or he had experienced neuropathic symptoms (i.e., numbness, burning, tingling, or pain) in the wrist, hand or fingers of each hand, without regard to localization (i.e., median versus ulnar versus radial distribution), and also nocturnal occurrence of symptoms. Analyses involved comparing hand diagram scores and non localized wrist/hand/finger symptoms with electrodiagnostic test results. All configurations of hand diagram scores of the dominant hands had a statistically significant association with electrophysiologically determined median nerve dysfunction, but so did non localized symptom reports. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predicted values of hand diagrams were poorer than those reported previously. While some test performance characteristics of hand diagrams were better than those for non localized distal extremity symptoms consistent with CTS, some were worse. Overall, our data suggest that hand diagrams are no better than using a questionnaire to determine if workers have experienced symptoms consistent with CTS in their wrists, hands or fingers without regard to localization. The choice of screening tool would depend on the goal of screening, in particular, whether it is more desirable to have slightly higher sensitivity or positive predictive value.
Mean-field theory of the spiral phases of a doped antiferromagnet.

Developpement d'une theorie de champ moyen fermion boson esclave de Schwinger pour le modele t-t'-J, ou t' represente un saut de sous-reseau. Pour une faible concentration en trou δ, le dopage favorise une deformation en spirale des spins dans lesquels le parametre d'ordre antiferromagnetrique se «spiralise» avec un vecteur d'onde proportionnel a δ
Determining the impact of computer frustration on the mood of blind users browsing the web

While previous studies have investigated the impact of frustration on computer users' mood as well as the causes of frustration, no research has ever been conducted to examine the relationship between computer frustrations and mood change for users with visual impairment. In this paper, we report on a study that examined the frustrating experiences and mood change of 100 participants, all with visual impairments, when they were browsing the web. The result shows that frustration does cause the participants' mood to deteriorate. However, the amount of time lost due to frustrating situations does not have a significant impact on users' mood, which is very different from the previous research on users without visual impairment. The impact on work seems to have the greatest impact on user mood.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

Purpose ACL deficiency may cause abnormal knee kinematics and is associated with a tenfold increase in surgical failures after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, such as aseptic loosening of the tibial compartment and medial bearing instability. The current investigators hypothesized that in a knee with UKA, single-bundle ACL reconstruction would restore tibiofemoral translation to levels similar to those of the intact ACL.
The double hook (nonlinear chaotic circuits)

A new strange attractor exhibited by the same dynamic equation governing L.O. Chua's circuit (ibid., vol.CAS-33, p.1073-118, Nov. 1986) but with a totally different parameter set is described. The main difference between the new double-hook attractor and the double scroll is that the vector field of the new attractor has three real eigenvalues at the origin, as opposed to the one real and the two complex eigenvalues of the double scroll. The bifurcation sequence appears to differ considerably from the period-doubling route to chaos observed in the double scroll. The authors focus on the circuit realization of this attractor and reconcile experimental observations with theoretical predictions and computer simulations of its structure. >
Nuri's testimony: HIV/AIDS in Indonesia and bare knowledge

As an epidemic that has emerged since the 1980s, still has no cure, and may bear no symptoms, HIV/AIDS is powerfully linked to questions of knowledge. In this article, I explore intersections of HIV/AIDS and knowledge by drawing from ethnographic and activist work with an HIV/AIDS nonprofit organization in Indonesia that focuses on gay men and warias (roughly, male transvestites). In particular, I look at testimony, a form of knowledge production differing from confession in that it emphasizes form over content. Examining testimony with regard to persons living with AIDS, I show how it produces a “bare” or “asymptomatic” knowledge that may cast light on broader dynamics of epistemology, selfhood, and belonging. [HIV/AIDS, Indonesia, gay men, transgenderism, knowledge, emotion, nonprofit organizations]
A 'cool' way of improving the reliability of HPC machines

Soaring energy consumption, accompanied by declining reliability, together loom as the biggest hurdles for the next generation of supercomputers. Recent reports have expressed concern that reliability at exascale level could degrade to the point where failures become a norm rather than an exception. HPC researchers are focusing on improving existing fault tolerance protocols to address these concerns. Research on improving hardware reliability, i.e., machine component reliability, has also been making progress independently. In this paper, we try to bridge this gap and explore the potential of combining both software and hardware aspects towards improving reliability of HPC machines. Fault rates are known to double for every 10°C rise in core temperature. We leverage this notion to experimentally demonstrate the potential of restraining core temperatures and load balancing to achieve two-fold benefits: improving reliability of parallel machines and reducing total execution time required by applications. Our experimental results show that we can improve the reliability of a machine by a factor of 2.3 and reduce the execution time by 12%. In addition, our scheme can also reduce machine energy consumption by as much as 25%. For a 350K socket machine, regular checkpoint/restart fails to make progress (less than 1% efficiency), whereas our validated model predicts an efficiency of 20% by improving the machine reliability by a factor of up to 2.29.
Microstructural evolution of ECAPed 1050 alloy under magnetic annealing

Hardness and microstructure evolutions in 1050 aluminum alloy prepared by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) were investigated by hardness testing, optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy after samples were annealed at different temperatures for 1 h both in the absence and presence of a 12-T magnetic field. The results showed that the hardness of samples after magnetic annealing were lower than that of samples after normal annealing at 150–250°C, but it was higher than that of samples after normal annealing at >250°C. During annealing, the rate of softening was faster, and the grains were more homogeneous in 8-ECAPed samples than in 2-ECAPed samples. A rapid grain growth occurred when 2-ECAPed samples were annealed at high temperature (≥300°C). The magnetic field enhanced the mobility of dislocations and grain boundaries. A more homogeneous grain size was observed in samples prepared under an applied magnetic field.
RuII Complexes of Bis(1,10‐phenanthrolin‐2‐yl)diazines

A series of three bis-tridentate bridging ligands has been prepared in which two 1,10-phenanthroline units have been symmetrically appended to a central pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine ring. These ligands have been treated with [Ru(tpy-d11)Cl3] to afford both mono- and dinuclear complexes whose photo- and electrochemical properties have been evaluated (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine). A structural comparison is made between [(tpy)Ru(3)Ru(tpy)](PF6)4 and a previously reported complex involving 2,2′-bipyridines in place of phenanthrolines on the bridging ligand and surprisingly little difference is found. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Probing the Locally Generated Even and Odd Order Nonlinearity in Y–Ba–Cu–O and Tl–Ba–Ca–Cu–O (2212) Microwave Resonators Around $T_{\rm C}$

Spatial scanning of the synchronously generated second- and third-order intermodulation distortion in superconducting resonators uncovers local nonlinearity hot spots, and possible time reversal symmetry breaking, using a simple probe fashioned from coaxial cable. It is clear that even and odd order nonlinearity in these samples do not share the same physical origins, because their temperature and static magnetic field dependences are quite different. 2nd order intermodulation distortion remains strong in these measurements as the temperature continues to drop below TC to 77 K even though the 3rd order peaks near TC and becomes smaller at lower temperature as predicted by the nonlinear Meissner effect. Both YBa2Cu3O7 and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 resonators of the same structure exhibit similar temperature dependence in the second order with second order remaining high at lower temperature. The YBa2 Cu3O7 sample has lower third-order intermodulation distortion with a pronounced peak at TC.
Analysis of production completion time in Bernoulli serial lines with finite buffers

Batch/lot-based production operations are widely used in various manufacturing systems. In these production activities, the main performance measure is the time needed to produce a given amount of parts. However, due to the finite size of a batch/lot, these production activities are operated partially (or entirely) in the transient regime, and, therefore, steady state analysis of such systems is, strictly speaking, not applicable. In this work, using transient analysis, we study the production completion time in serial production lines with machines having Bernoulli reliability model and with buffers having finite capacity. An analytical approximation procedure based on recursive aggregation is developed to evaluate the performance measures of interest. Based on these approximations and simulations, important system structural properties are also investigated.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Partitions of γ-Substituted Butyric Acids in Chloroform/Water and Dichloromethane/Water Systems

Having measured the log P value of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in chloroform/water and dichloromethane/water systems at T = 25 and 37 °C, the relative log P value for the structural analogue γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), log P (GABA) − log P (GHB), has been determined theoretically. A combined ab initio/Monte Carlo method for obtaining the internal free energy and the relative solvation free energy, respectively, has been applied for studying the conformational/tautomeric equilibria of GABA in the three solvents. Free energy changes for the partition processes have been calculated within thermodynamic cycles. There is no significant difference in the log P values for the neutral GABA and GHB of −1.22 ± 0.12 at 37 °C, as measured in the chloroform/water system. Using the more polar dichloromethane solvent as the organic phase, the GABA log P increases compared to its log P in chloroform. Because GABA almost entirely takes the zwitterionic form in aqueous solution, it is a key question whether this tautomeric...
BETA GRANULE FORMATION IN ISOLATED ISLETS OF LANGERHANS : A Study By Electron Microscopic Radioautography

The distribution of radioautographic grains over organelles within the beta cells of rat islets of Langerhans was investigated at various times after pulse labeling of the isolated islets with tritium-labeled amino acids. Ten minutes after the start of labeling most of the grains were situated over the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm; by contrast, 60 min from the start of labeling the majority of the grains were associated with the beta granules. At 20, 30, and 45 minutes after pulse labeling the proportion of grains associated with the Golgi complex was increased two- to three-fold over the 10- or 60-minute values. The distribution of radioautographic grains over granules in the intact cells did not suggest that the electron-lucent type of secretory granules were precursors of the electron-opaque granules. Furthermore, studies of the pattern of grains over granules isolated by centrifugation 60 min after pulse labeling showed no preferential labeling of the electron-lucent type of granule. It is concluded that labeled amino acids are incorporated initially in the endoplasmic reticulum, and that the label subsequently appears in the beta granules. The Golgi complex participates either in the formation of the beta granule or in the translocation of the granule through the cytoplasm of the cell.
Transitional objects, pre-sleep rituals, and psychopathology

The prevalence among college age adults (N=184) of transitional objects and pre-sleep preparation rituals and their relationship to mental health was investigated. Two scales concerning use of transitional objects and fear of going to sleep, showed statistically significant correlations with self-reports of nightmares, loneliness, depression, and previous physical and sexual abuse. Forty-six students scoring in the highest 15% of the distribution of scores for each scale were compared with students in the lowest 15% on the MAACL and SCL-90-R. High scoring students showed significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, hostility, and interpersonal sensitivity.
A MEMS based handheld confocal microscope with Raman spectroscopy for in-vivo skin cancer diagnosis

Both Confocal Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy have shown potential for diagnosis and differentiation of cancerous and normal skin. Many current studies utilizing these techniques use large bench-top microscopes, and are not suited for in-vivo diagnosis in a clinical setting. We have developed a microscope which combines confocal reflectance imaging with Raman spectroscopy into a compact handheld probe, allowing images and Raman spectra to be taken in-vivo. The compact design of this handheld unit is largely due to the use of a MEMS mirror which scans the illumination laser light in two dimensions to produce the confocal reflectance image of the skin. An integrated CCD camera provides a large area view of the skin surface which helps to guide the location of the confocal reflectance image area. Using this probe, in-vivo confocal reflectance images and Raman spectra of normal skin have been obtained with axial resolutions of 4 μm for the confocal channel and 10 μm for the Raman channel. This paper presents the instrument design and optical characteristics, including representative in-vivo images and Raman data from normal skin tissue.
Cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias: a teaching program

A computer-aided instruction program for teaching cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias to second year medical students at Case Western Reserve University was created. The program seeks to integrate multiple levels of information in a visually exciting way by combining various simultaneous animations of the heart, its electrical system, and the standard representations of the electrical system (the ladder diagram and the EKG). The program features a text that covers the most important information about 22 cardiac arrhythmias in a step-by-step approach, illustrating all didactic points with high-resolution graphics. Students are instructed in the genesis and propagation of arrhythmia, as well as in the recognition of characteristic EKG features. The program is menu-driven, offering a teaching series, a quiz, and random access to each individual arrhythmia. The text describes the development of the program, its architecture, animation techniques, use, and evaluation by cardiologists and medical students. Copies of sample graphics screens are provided.
Wasting mechanisms in muscular dystrophy.

Abstract Muscular dystrophy is a group of more than 30 different clinical genetic disorders that are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle wasting and degeneration. Primary deficiency of specific extracellular matrix, sarcoplasmic, cytoskeletal, or nuclear membrane protein results in several secondary changes such as sarcolemmal instability, calcium influx, fiber necrosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, breakdown of extracellular matrix, and eventually fibrosis which leads to loss of ambulance and cardiac and respiratory failure. A number of molecular processes have now been identified which hasten disease progression in human patients and animal models of muscular dystrophy. Accumulating evidence further suggests that aberrant activation of several signaling pathways aggravate pathological cascades in dystrophic muscle. Although replacement of defective gene with wild-type is paramount to cure, management of secondary pathological changes has enormous potential to improving the quality of life and extending lifespan of muscular dystrophy patients. In this article, we have reviewed major cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to muscle wasting in muscular dystrophy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
High-density DNA microarray analysis of gene expression following transient focal cerebral ischemia in mouse

Abstract Cerebral ischemia induces active neuronal death, a process requiring energy and activation of cell death genes. The identification of genes involved in neuronal death process and postischemic injury repair is important in the development of mechanism-based therapies. To this end, we profiled gene expression in mouse brains, which were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 6-h reperfusion using high-density DNA microarrays. The DNA microarray contained cDNAs representing about 4000 sequence-verified, “brain-relevant” genes. The present study showed that the expression of about 10% of the genes on the array changed more than fivefolds, with about 5% up and 5% down. The identities of the genes revealed that cerebral ischemia induced the expression of death genes and decreased survival genes. The up-regulated detrimental genes include inflammatory genes, apoptosis genes and DNA damage responsive genes which acted as indicators for DNA damage. The down-regulated survival genes were genes encoding for antioxidants and factors critical for general transcription and translation machinery. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to verify the expression of selected genes, including caspases-8, cyclin D1 and profilin. The present study has led us to identify several potential target genes for further investigation.
Controlling health care expenditures.

After a few years of success in controlling the costs of health care, the United States once again faces the challenge of what, if anything, to do about skyrocketing health care expenditures. Dealing with this challenge, which dominated the health policy agenda from the late 1960s until the mid-1990s, will be extremely difficult under any circumstances. It may prove impossible unless the factors that prevent poor and uninsured persons from obtaining medical care are addressed simultaneously. Evidence of rising health care expenditures is widespread. Hogan and colleagues1 estimate that private expenditures increased by 6.6 percent per insured person in 1999, . . .
Mechanical measurements of adhesion in microcantilevers: Transitions in geometry and cyclic energy changes

Adhesion between initially separated components is a critical issue in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), as it plays an important role in determining device reliability and the forces (and energy) required for successful operation. In this paper we outline a new approach for characterizing adhesion using microfabricated MEMS cantilevers, wherein transitions between adhered geometries and the corresponding energy changes are quantified using an instrumented nanoindenter. The use of an instrumented mechanical probe offers an important advantage over other techniques, in that the measured load-displacement response can be used to directly quantify energy changes during changes in adhered geometry and cyclic loading. In addition, the adhered portion of the system can be determined from the mechanical response of the beam, without having to view the system optically as required via interferometric techniques. Experimental results are presented which detail the transitions from free-standing cantilevers to arc-shaped and to s-shaped configurations. Measurements of the energy changes that occur under cyclic loading are also presented. The experiments reveal interesting adhesion behaviors suggested by vastly different experiments reported elsewhere, namely unstable transitions from one adhered geometry to another. The results are interpreted in the contexts of beam theory and fracture mechanics models, which can be used to infer interfacial adhesion energy.
History repeats itself: The acquisition method and nonrecurring charges

The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 141 (R) that replaces Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 141, Business Combinations. The new standard mandates use of the a...
Chest radiology case exchange program: A paradigm for resident teaching and independent resident learning

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of resident-prepared, independent learning cases in teaching residents chest radiology. Materials and Methods. Three 2nd-year residents (one each from the University of Wisconsin, the Oregon Health Sciences University, and the University of Michigan) prepared four chest radiology teaching cases each (total, 12 cases). Radiology residents from each institution were randomly divided into control (n = 30) and experimental (n = 35) groups. Residents from both groups took a pretest of 36 multiple-choice questions covering the material from the 12 teaching cases. Residents in the experimental group reviewed these cases independently, and both groups took the same test (posttest) immediately after the teaching cases had been reviewed and again 3 months later (final test). Results. Test scores were similar across institutions (P > .05) but differed across time and treatment groups (experimental vs control) (P Conclusion. Independent study of resident-prepared chest radiology teaching cases increases the resident's knowledge for as long as 3 months after instruction.
The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia.

Traditional methods of bone analysis (both metric and topographic) are restricted to external characters. Spacial distribution of material is, however, equally critical to an understanding of a bone's function. Dynamic testing to determine whole bone strength can only be performed on fresh specimens. Methods for the calculation of both bending and torsional strength of other specimens (such as preserved or fossil bones) are developed in this paper. In order to illustrate the methods, the functional significance of tibial shaft cross sectional variation is investigated.
System-Level SRAM Yield Enhancement

It is well known that SRAM constitutes a large portion of modern integrated circuits, with 80% or more of the total transistors being dedicated to SRAM in a typical processor or SOC. Thus yield management of these SRAMs plays a crucial role in insuring design success. This paper demonstrates analysis techniques to model and improve the yield of SRAMs at the system level by proper accounting for the coupling between the algorithms targeted for an SOC and the performance, power, and yield of SRAMs used in implementing the algorithms. It is shown that coupling the algorithm and SRAM design phases provides significant advantages over independent optimization.
Look back in anger?: Voter opinions of Mexican immigrants in the aftermath of the 2006 immigration demonstrations

In the spring of 2006, an unprecedented mobilization of undocumented immigrants and their advocates sent shockwaves across the U.S. political landscape. Whether the demonstrations did more to advan...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor Expression and Function in Nerve Growth Factor-Differentiated PC12 Cells

: Receptors for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were studied on PC12EY cells, a subclone of PC12. Differentiation of PC12EY cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) did not alter either the number of IGF-I receptors nor their affinity for IGF-I. IGF-I receptors remained fully functional during differentiation, promoting increases in thymidine incorporation, glucose uptake, amino acid uptake, and the phosphorylation of the S6 protein of the ribosomes. IGF-I also increased the proportion of differentiated cells found in S-phase. But although the addition of IGF-I to naive cells caused an increase in cell number, there was no comparable increase when IGF-I was added to differentiated cells. Thus, although the receptor for IGF-I continues to be present and functional, IGF-I fails to induce cell proliferation in differentiated PC12 cells.
G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal physiology. III. Asymmetry in plasma membrane signal transduction: lessons from brush-border Na+/H+ exchangers.

Signal transduction in epithelial cells adds another level of complexity to the signaling that occurs in symmetrical cells, in the form of the need to coordinate and keep separate signals at the ap...
Albuterol MDI in Vivo Bioequivalence: FDA's Office of Generic Drugs' Dose-Response Studies:

Bioequivalence studies based on pharmacodynamic response must be sensitive to differences in dose of drug. Pilot dose-response studies in asthmatic subjects were conducted under agency contract to evaluate the suitability of three study designs for use in the documentation of in vivo bioequivalence of multisource albuterol inhalation aerosols (metered dose inhalers [MDI]). Differences between study designs were observed in the ability to fit individual subject dose-response curves to an Emax model, in the estimates of ED50, and in the response to two actuations relative to one actuation of albuterol MDI. One of the three study designs appeared preferable as a basis for development of an in vivo bioequivalence guidance. Subsequent to review of study data by an advisory committee, an interim guidance based upon this study design was issued by the Division of Bioequivalence in the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Office of Generic Drugs in January 1994.
Cation exchange in mammalian erythrocytes. III. The prolytic effect of x-rays on human cells.

Freshly drawn heparinized human whole blood is exposed to x-rays in amounts up to 54,000 r in vitro and then equilibrated under a controlled atmosphere at 24 or 38°C. For as long as 26 hours following exposure, potassium is progressively lost from the cells and quantitatively replaced by sodium with little, if any, osmotic disturbance. The mean rate of loss at 20,000 r and 24°C. is about 0.4 per cent of the initial cell potassium per hour and approximately doubles for a 20,000 r increase. It is accentuated if blood is stored at low temperature (5°C.) following radiation exposure. Isotope experiments show that the rate of entrance of potassium into the cells is practically unaltered, the principal effect being an acceleration of the rate from cells to plasma. This suggests that radiation may have interfered with a mechanism of selective potassium accumulation based on preferential retention of the element. The sodium which enters the cells following irradiation contributes to the rapidly exchanging portion of the cellular sodium, suggesting that this fraction is ionic sodium.
Last Word on Viewpoint: Is left ventricular volume during diastasis the real equilibrium volume, and what is its relationship to diastolic suction?

to the editor: We appreciate the thoughtful commentaries ([1][1], [5][2], [8][3]), to which we respond thematically. We cite additional references ([1a][4], [2][5]–[4][6], [6][7], [7][8]) and the prior Viewpoint references. Existence of diastolic transmural pressure gradients (ΔPtransmural) is
DNA-Residual: A DNA Compression Algorithm using Forward Linear Prediction

This paper presents an efficient lossless DNA compression algorithm, DNA-Residual, that significantly decreases the average bit-rate required to losslessly code correlated DNA sequences. The algorithm can be divided into two parts: modeling and coding. The modeling part consists of mapping the DNA bases into a binary representation and, then, a forward linear prediction filter is used to predict the current input from the previous ones. The prediction error is then transformed into a binary error sequence that is coded using an adaptive binary arithmetic coder. Compared to state-of-the-art compressors using benchmark DNA sequences, the proposed algorithm reveals a significantly higher compression ratio whenever correlation between bases is high.
Prevalence of Legionella-specific IgG and IgM Antibody in a Dental Clinic Population

This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of Legionella infection in a dental clinic setting. Serum samples from 270 dental clinic personnel were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Legionella-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. The pooled-species whole-cell-antigen preparation used in these assays was derived from six Legionella pneumophila strains and one strain each from Legionella bozemanii and Legionella micdadei. Significant levels of IgG and IgM antibodies were found in 20% and 16%, respectively, of the samples. This compares with 8% and 10%, respectively, for a randomly selected non-clinical group from the region (P 1 :128) were also evaluated for activity to each of the eight single-species antigens, with the following results: L. pneumophila, 45% (combined six strains); L. micdadei, 37%; and L. bozemanii, 18%. Comparing individuals' "years spent in the clinic environment" with the incidence of ...
3D Structural Simulation of Tubular Braided Fabrics for Net-Shape Composites

A circular braiding machine can be used to produce complex shapes by overbraiding a contoured mandrel and adjusting the process parameters. To simplify the design process and advance this technology, a CAD model is developed to describe the geometry of a 3D circular braid both externally and internally. A quadrilateral mesh is used to generate the over-all yarn appearance from a wire-frame model with texturing and light reflection applied to the surface. Comparison with other simulated structures using different models and with real yams shows that the simulated fabric described in this paper is more accurate and yields an improved visual representation of real preforms. The model takes into account the structural characteristics of yams and the finite dimensions of fibers. The effects of yam crimp, weave pattern, and tubular shape on the yarn appearance in the preform are examined. Some applications of the model to net-shape composite designs are presented, such as a canoe paddle, a drive shaft, and a sh...
Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory

Part I. A Critique of Traditional Marxism: 1. Rethinking Marx's critique of capitalism 2. Presuppositions of traditional Marxism 3. The limits of traditional Marxism and the pessimistic turn of Critical Theory Part II. Toward a Reconstruction of the Marxian Critique: The Commodity 4. Abstract labor 5. Abstract time 6. Habermas's critique of Marx Part III. Toward a Reconstruction of the Marxian Critique: capital 7. Toward a theory of capital 8. The dialectic of labor and time 9. The trajectory of production 10. Concluding considerations.
Vascular Muscle Series Elastic Element Stiffness during Isometric Contraction

Series elastic element stiffness was studied during isometric muscle contraction in cylindrical segments of dog common carotid artery. These vessel segments were mounted in vitro and restored to in situ length. Vessel diameter was constantly monitored with a linear displacement transducer. The arteries were subjected to isometric contraction by adding norepinephrine to the bath and elevating the transmural pressure enough to maintain constant vessel diameter. Small, rapid quick release-quick stretch cycles were performed repeatedly during isometric contractions to evaluate the stiffness of the undamped series elastic element. After contraction was complete, repeated quick release-quick stretch cycles were also performed during inactivation of the muscle caused by the administration of potassium cyanide. At strains up to the peak in the length-active tension curve, series elastic element stiffness was a linear function of stress thoughout both isometric contraction and isometric relaxation for both quick releases and quick stretches. Vessels excited at strains less than that associated with the peak in the length-tension curve (100 mm Hg) exhibited similar stress-series elastic element stiffness slopes, but vessels excited at larger strains exhibited decreased or negative stress-series elastic stiffness slopes. Studies on potassium cyanide-poisoned vessels failed to indicate any alteration in the quick release properties of the connective tissue at large strains. The concomitant decline in the stress-series elastic element stiffness slope and the active isometric stress at large strains suggests (1) that the series elastic element undergoes mechanical yielding at high stresses or (2) that the series elastic element is an integral part of the force-generating apparatus.
Long-term follow-up of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a rural veteran patient population

Abstract Background The endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVARs) requires follow-up to detect and treat late complications. Methods Two hundred eleven patients underwent EVAR for infrarenal, nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms from 1999 to 2010 at the Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM. A retrospective review examined patient demographics, comorbidities, the distance the patient lived from the facility, early and late complications, and the device implanted. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test for independence, the Fisher exact test, and the 2-sample Mann-Whitney U test for means. Results The mean time from the operation to the first complication was 21 months (standard deviation = 20 months) with a mean follow-up of 48 months (standard deviation = 36 months). The late complication rate was 22.8% (54 patients). Sixteen percent did not require any reinterventions, 57% were treated with percutaneous interventions, and 27% required an open surgical procedure. No single comorbidity, combination of comorbidities, distance the patient lived from the facility, or device implanted was predictive of complications. Conclusions EVAR follow-up is essential to detect complications. When complications occur, the majority occur well after the initial treatment, and most can be treated with minimally invasive percutaneous techniques.
Polycentric Orders and the Governance of Public Economies

This paper provides a working definition of polycentric orders as a governance system that allows overlapping jurisdictions and a certain degree of autonomy to consumers of public goods. The defini...
Quality-bounded solutions for finite Bayesian Stackelberg games: scaling up

The fastest known algorithm for solving General Bayesian Stackelberg games with a finite set of follower (adversary) types have seen direct practical use at the LAX airport for over 3 years; and currently, an (albeit non-Bayesian) algorithm for solving these games is also being used for scheduling air marshals on limited sectors of international flights by the US Federal Air Marshals Service. These algorithms find optimal randomized security schedules to allocate limited security resources to protect targets. As we scale up to larger domains, including the full set of flights covered by the Federal Air Marshals, it is critical to develop newer algorithms that scale-up significantly beyond the limits of the current state-of-the-art of Bayesian Stackelberg solvers. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a hierarchical decomposition and branch and bound search over the follower type space, which may be applied to different Stackelberg game solvers. We have applied this technique to different solvers, resulting in: (i) A new exact algorithm called HBGS that is orders of magnitude faster than the best known previous Bayesian solver for general Stackelberg games; (ii) A new exact algorithm called HBSA which extends the fastest known previous security game solver towards the Bayesian case; and (iii) Approximation versions of HBGS and HBSA that show significant improvements over these newer algorithms with only 1--2% sacrifice in the practical solution quality.
Coal-Cleat Domains and Domain Boundaries in the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia

Regional face cleats cutting Pennsylvanian and Permian coal seams in the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia can be divided into domains separated by boundaries that are sharply defined along most of their lengths. Domains and domain boundaries are established based on cleat trends, number of regional cleat sets, and relative chronology of cleat-set development. Regional cleats of each set show a common trend, and abutting relationships between multiple sets within a domain describe a progressive history of changing stress fields and cleat development. Boundaries dividing the in-situ directions of horizontal principal stress are coincident with cleat domain boundaries suggesting a common and persistent controlling factor. Uniform trends of face cleats within domains and ab upt changes in cleat signature across domain boundaries can be spatially related to regional basement structures and a depositional hinge line within the coal-bearing and underlying Mississippian rocks. In addition, fold structures in coal and underlying sedimentary rocks across the Allegheny Plateau commonly terminate or change trend abruptly at joint domain boundaries. In some cases, regions of common fold trends in coal bearing rocks are contained within specific domains. Face-cleat trends commonly differ from joint trends in rocks immediately bounding coal seams. However, one domain boundary in coal can be traced into Mississippian rocks through the unconformity at the base of the Pennsylvanian section. In this case, Mississippian and Pennsylvanian joint trends differ. It follows tha joint domain boundaries can extend downward through rocks of different lithologies, as well as coincide with conformable and unconformable stratigraphic boundaries.
Isotope effects in the high-overtone spectrum of C-H stretches in HCN

The same Morse potential predicts the vibrational overtone spectra for the various isotopomers of HCl. However, the C-H stretching overtones of HCN require different Morse parameters for different isotopomers. This paper considers how the other vibrational coordinates change the frequency of the C-H overtones. A simple model is used that considers the C-H to be a Morse oscillator and the other motions to be harmonic oscillators. The change in bending frequency with overtone level and kinetic coupling between the two stretching motions accounts for the observed C-H overtone spectrum. The simple Morse potential that accounts for a single isotopomer is only an effective potential.
Photonic crystal microcavity lasers

By using photonic crystal cavity designs, we have defined ultra-small lasers for optical switching and spectroscopy. Here we describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of these nanocavity lasers.
A Method for Quantifying Stream Network Topology over Large Geographic Extents

An understanding of stream network topology is necessary for a landscape-level perspective of stream hydrology and ecology. We present a method for quantifying stream network topology that overcomes computational constraints of DEM-based analysis over large geographic extents. This method converts vector stream flow paths to raster flow paths to predict spatially-explicit stream properties from a network-constrained upstream cell count (UCC) to flow origins. UCC data enable calculations of stream network structure at designated grain sizes and spatial extents. UCC values were strongly related to empirical measures of upstream basin area (R2 = 0.94) and stream width (R2 = 0.65) within the mid-Atlantic highlands, USA, suggesting that UCC data provide a reasonable surrogate for empirical measures of stream size within the stream network. By reducing raster grids to the flow path, the UCC method reduced file sizes by 99% compared to digital elevation models. The UCC method can improve our understanding of fluvial landscape hydrology and ecology by enabling spatial analysis of stream networks over large geographic extents.
Consensus statements on driving for persons with dementia

The presence of dementia can have a profound effect on a person's capacity for driving, and will lead to eventual cessation of driving and reliance on alternative transportation options. This paper offers evidence and discussion that affirm eight consensus statements related to drivers with dementia and the impact of dementia on the driving task. These statements offer guidance for occupational therapy practitioners when addressing driving and community mobility, a valued instrumental task of daily living.
Transitional Justice: Kosovo Case Study

For Kosovo to come to terms with its legacy of large-scale past abuses, it needed to ensure accountability, serve justice, and achieve reconciliation. The fact that Kosovo’s transitional justice was conducted on a territory with an evolving but uncertain future status and by an international administration presented a number of challenges and opportunities. The result has been that transitional justice mechanisms controlled by the central government (such as individual prosecution, administrative reparation, and institutional reforms) were privileged over those involving stronger community and citizen participation (such as truth telling and reconciliation). To be complete Transitional justice in Kosovo will need to incorporate these important community building transitional justice mechanisms.
Criminal history of homicide offenders: a multi-dimensional analysis of criminal specialization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine how offenses co-occur in the backgrounds of homicide offenders and if identified groups of offenses reflect an underlying theoretical construct or theme; and to determine if offenders specialize in thematically similar offenses. Design/methodology/approach – The previous convictions of 122 single-victim homicide offenders were examined using smallest space analysis to identify groups of co-occurring offenses across offenders’ criminal histories. Findings – The results showed a thematic distinction between violent vs instrumental offenses and 84 percent of offenders specialized in offenses within a single dominant theme, suggesting that the framework can differentiate the majority of offenders’ criminal backgrounds. Possible sub-themes were identified that could suggest further demarcation of the themes and provide a more refined framework that may be of even greater utility in differentiating offenders. Research limitations/implications – This study util...
New species and immatures of crane flies of subgenus Formotipula Matsumura from Taiwan (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula )

Taiwanese species of the crane fly subgenus Tipula ( Formotipula ) Matsumura, 1916, are reviewed. Tipula (Formotipula) argentea , new species, is described and figured. The only other previously known Taiwanese species, Tipula (Formotipula) holoserica (Matsumura, 1916), is redescribed. The external anatomy of the last instar larva and pupa of T. (F.) holoserica is described and illustrated, with a brief discussion of the biology of the larva.