cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer in United States veterans patients: a pilot study and review of literature.

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in US veterans patients. Background There are an estimated one million new NMSC cases annually in the United States alone. While other studies with varying foci have evaluated risk factors in different subsets of the general populace, none have examined veterans as a group with potentially unique exposures and risks. Methods An investigation of risk factors for skin cancer through questionnaire and physical examination on 145 veteran patients with skin cancer and 59 veteran patients without a history of skin cancer was conducted. Results Parents' ethnicity, actinic keratosis on the face or other anatomic sites, solar elastosis of the neck, facial telangiectasias, age of first sunburn, and residency in Indiana were risk factors significantly associated with the development of skin cancer. Other possible risk factors included smoking and radiation therapy. Conclusions We documented several risk factors which significantly increased the chance of developing skin cancer among veterans. These included ethnic background and solar damage of the skin among others. A review of the literature confirms these risks in the general population, but also further study is warranted to address risk factors like smoking and radiation, particularly in veterans populations. Identification of pertinent risk factors will help to identify high risk individuals, allow detection of new skin cancer at its earliest stage, and develop a profile of favorable lifestyle characteristics that reduce NMSC risk.
The stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link transportation network

Abstract Most research and applications of network equilibrium models are based on the assumption that traffic volumes on roadways are virtually certain to be at or near their equilibrium values if the equilibrium volumes exist and are unique. However, it has long been known that this assumption can be violated in deterministic models. This paper presents an investigation of the stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link network. The stability of deterministic equilibrium also is discussed briefly. Equilibrium is defined to be stable if it is unique and the link volumes converge over time to their equilibrium values regardless of the initial conditions. Three models of route choice decision-making over time are formulated, and the stability of equilibrium is investigated for each. It is shown that even when equilibrium is unique, link volumes may converge to their equilibrium values, oscillate about equilibrium perpetually, or converge to values that may be considerably different from the equilibrium ones, depending on the details of the route choice decision-making process. Moreover, even when convergence of link volumes to equilibrium is assured, the convergence may be too slow to justify the standard assumption that these volumes are usually at or near their equilibrium values. When link volumes converge to non-equilibrium values, the levels at which the volumes stabilize typically depend on the initial link volumes or perceptions of travel costs. Conditions sufficient to assure convergence to equilibrium in two of the three models of route choice decision-making are presented, and these conditions are interpreted in terms of the route choice decision-making process.
II. Evaluation of the impact of alternative light technology on male broiler chicken stress

Abstract This study evaluates the impact of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), and incandescent lamps on broiler welfare in response to recent interest in the agriculture industry to transition to more energy-efficient lighting technologies. Male Ross 708 broilers (n = 672) were raised to 6 wk age in 8 light-tight modified large colony houses under identical intermittent lighting conditions using 4 unique types of lamps, which were gradually dimmed throughout the study. Incandescent lamps served as the control; experimental technologies tested were a CCFL, and 2 different LED lamps. Each technology was tested in duplicate for each of the 4 trials (8 replications total per technology) conducted across the course of one year to account for seasonal variance. Birds were removed from each house at days 7, 14, 35, and 42 to be humanely euthanized and weighed for necropsy evaluation and comparison of body mass. Blood collection via cardiac puncture was performed to obtain heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratios for evaluation of environmental stress. Birds raised under CCFLs had significantly lower body weights (2,871 g ± 53) than the control (3,000 ± 33 g) by 42 d. Birds raised under CCFLs additionally had significantly higher H:L ratios (0.68 ± 0.06) than the control (0.53 ± 0.03), indicating that these birds may have been chronically stressed (P = 0.03). There were not significant differences in the H:L ratio between LED technologies at α = 0.05. A significant age and seasonal correlation in H:L ratios was observed across all technologies, along with significant differences among birds raised under the experimental technologies. This study indicates that variation in broiler body weight and stress may be attributed in part to lighting technologies implemented in broiler houses.
Retrospectives: An Early Supply-Side-Demand-Side Controversy: Petty, Law, Cantillon

Early modern Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries witnessed an unprecedented increase in the rate of economic growth, and governments entertained a wide range of proposals aimed at developing and harnessing foreign trade and emerging financial markets. In his magisterial survey of foreign trade doctrine titled Studies in the Theory of International Trade (1936), Jacob Viner pointed out that enlightened authors of that time were often nonbullionist mercantilists: they favored export promotion and import reduction not on the grounds that it would lead to an accumulation of gold, but on the grounds that it would increase trade and employment. My focus here is on how some key economists of this time period—William Petty, John Law, and Richard Cantillon—adumbrated disputes between supply-side and demand-side macroeconomics that have continued to the present day.
A hMLH1 genomic mutation and associated novel mRNA defects in a hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer family.

Abstract Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome I, is responsible for as high as 10% of all colorectal cancers (CRCs) newly diagnosed in any given year. This disorder has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is almost fully penetrant (>85%). It occurs when there is a mutation in any one of six mismatch repair genes: hMLH1 , hMSH2 , hPMS1 , hPMS2 , hMSH3 and hMSH6 . Mutations in these genes allow mistakes in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes to accumulate which eventually leads to cancer. The founder of an HNPCC family in the Creighton University Hereditary Cancer Institute database was known to produce truncated hMLH1 protein, a product of one of the aforementioned mismatch repair genes. Lymphoblasts were isolated from ten members of this HNPCC family (six affected and four unaffected) and two persons from outside this family (both unaffected controls). RNA and DNA were purified from these lymphoblasts which had been transformed by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The hypothesis was that a mutation in the hMLH1 gene perpetuated defects in its mRNA and functional protein. hMLH1 RNA transcripts were detected in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) whereby total poly A + RNA was converted to a complementary DNA (cDNA), amplified using hMLH1 specific primers, purified and cycle sequenced. Likewise, DNA was employed as template for PCR amplification of hMLH1 exons; PCR products were then directly cycle sequenced. Affected family members were found to produce hMLH1 mRNA lacking exons 6 and 7 (and wild-type mRNA). A splicing mutation at 546 −2 (two bases 5′ to exon 7) was located in the genomic DNA samples from the six family members with the HNPCC phenotype. This mutation caused deletion of exon 7 from the mRNA. None of the four unaffected family members or the two unaffected persons outside of this family had the above defects in their hMLH1 mRNA and DNA.
An Outward-Looking Differential Equation Formulation for Scattering From One-Dimensional Periodic Diffraction Gratings

ABSTRACT A formulation that combines the scalar Helmholtz equation with an integral equation radiation boundary condition is developed for electromagnetic scattering from heterogeneous geometries exhibiting one-dimensional periodicity. A finite element discretization is implemented using piecewise-linear interpolation functions. Numerical results are presented for the reflection and transmission coefficients associated with several diffraction gratings.
A physicochemical cell model which simultaneously accumulates anions and cations against concentration gradients.

Abstract A mechanism is suggested which explains the accumulation of electrolyte, both cations and anions, against concentration gradients. It involves two Donnan membrane equilibria in a peculiar type of mosaic membrane system that arise independently across a cation-permeable, anion-impermeable membrane and an anion-permeable, cation-impermeable membrane which are in contact with the same “outside” solution. The solutions in the two “inside” compartments are electrically not in direct contact while they are continuously mixed mechanically, the system being electrically a three-compartment arrangement, with respect to concentration a two-compartment arrangement. Preliminary qualitative tests in model experiments showed about 20-fold electrolyte accumulation.
Interpersonal attraction and confidence of attraction ratings as a function of number of attitudes and attitude similarity

The principles involved in the averaging-summation controversy in person perception research were applied to an attitude similarity paradigm in which the number of attitudes (2, 4, and 8) and proportion of similar attitudes (.00,.50, and 1.00) were manipulated, forming a 3 by 3 factorial design. The 81 Ss evaluated the sets of attitude responses presented and indicated how confident they felt about their evaluations. It was predicted that increasing the number of attitudes would lead to increased attraction toward a person holding similar attitudes and to decreased attraction toward a person holding dissimilar attitudes. It was further predicted that confidence would increase with increasing number of attitudes for all proportions. The hypotheses were supported; however, the effects were strongest in the complete-agreement condition.
Numerical modeling of diffractive devices using the finite element method

The finite element method (FEM) is introduced to numerically model near-field diffraction devices using Maxwell's equations. This method is commonly used in the antenna and microwave communities to analyze scattering and waveguiding problems, but is not yet popular in the optics community. Its advantages are the rigorous modeling using Maxwell's equations, the ease of implementation, the sparsity of the re- sulting system matrix, and the possibility to include complex material structures. The FEM can be used for perlormance evaluation of given devices and as a helpful tool in the design process for new devices. The FEM is reviewed, its numerical implementation is discussed, and some example structures are considered.
Coupled anaerobic/aerobic treatment of high-sulfate wastewater with sulfate reduction and biological sulfide oxidation

A pharmaceutical wastewater with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 40,000 mg/l and a sulfate concentration of 5,000 mg/l was treated in a anaerobic baffled reactor. Treatment of the wastewater at 10% dilution was effective but at higher influent concentrations sulfide inhibition reduced efficacy of both COD conversion and sulfate conversion. A recycle line with an attached-film biological reactor was inserted into the anaerobic baffled reactor to facilitate biological sulfide oxidation. Recycling anaerobic effluent through a sulfide oxidizing biological system reduced inhibition in the anaerobic reactor by both reducing inhibitory sulfide concentrations within the reactor and by diluting the influent. The major product of the biological oxidation of sulfide by a Thiobacillus species appeared to be elemental sulfur. At an influent wastewater concentration of 40% and a HRT of 1 day, COD removal efficiencies were greater than 50% and the conversion of influent sulfate was greater than 95% with effluent sulfide concentrations of less than 20 mg/l. The major product observed from degradation of isopropyl acetate was acetic acid. Coupled anaerobic/aerobic provided removal of sulfur from the wastewater stream and helped to stabilize the pH in the reactor system.
Eimeria stiedai: Delayed hypersensitiyity response in rabbit coccidiosis

Abstract The development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in rabbits infected with Eimeria stiedai was shown by skin testing. A particulate antigen fraction was prepared by extraction of nonsporulated E. stiedai oocysts and found to be effective in producing dermal induration similar to that seen in a tuberculin reaction. The average diameter was 9 mm (range 7–11.0 mm, n = 26) with an average thickness of 0.4–0.5 mm for infected rabbits. All skin reactions were negative in noninfected animals (0–3.0 mm diameter and 0–0.2 mm thickness). Histological examination of dermal reactions revealed mononuclear cell infiltration within 48 hr with areas of necrobiosis. Skin reactivity was passively transferred to noninfected rabbits with lymphocyte suspensions and cell-free transfer factor but not with serum from infected skin-reactive animals. Delayed hypersensitivity was detected in 11 of 28 infected rabbits at 10 days, and by 20–30 days, 53 of the 55 animals tested showed positive skin reactions.
Role of upstream activation sequences and integration host factor in transcriptional activation by the constitutively active prokaryotic enhancer-binding protein PspF

PspF, the transcriptional activator of the pspA operon of Escherichia coli, which belongs to the enhancer binding protein (EBP) family of sigma54 activator proteins, is constitutively active in an in vitro transcription assay. PspF protein, together with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing sigma54, is required for in vitro transcription from the pspA promoter. EBP proteins are typically subject to regulation either by post-translational modification or interaction of a specific ligand with an N-terminal regulatory domain. However, unlike other members of the EBP family, PspF lacks this domain. pspA is positively regulated by IHF in vitro, and this regulation is dependent on the topology of the DNA; a linear template is much more dependent on IHF than a supercoiled template. EBP binding to upstream activating sequences (UAS) in their target promoters is mediated by the C-terminal domain which contains a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. A mutant PspF protein lacking the C-terminal DNA-binding domain is active in vitro, although at much higher concentrations than the wild-type protein. In vitro transcription from pspA templates missing one or both of the UAS sites is reduced relative to wild-type templates, but is still appreciable; however, IHF acts as a negative regulator of pspA transcription on these mutant templates. Thus, PspF bound to non-specific sequences upstream of the pspA promoter can activate pspA transcription, but this activation is inhibited by IHF. These data, taken together, support the model that a precise promoter geometry is necessary for IHF to positively regulate transcription and that IHF may act to prevent activation from inappropriately spaced upstream sites.
How to effectively utilize genetic testing in the care of children with cardiomyopathies

Abstract Cardiomyopathy (CM) in children shares some features with cardiomyopathy in adults but also has many important unique features. Heretofore, genetic testing panels, testing strategies, and treatment recommendations have largely been based on studies in adult populations. In general, CMs in children are much more likely to be genetic and to have extracardiac manifestations that should be medically addressed. Therefore, genetic testing in children with CM is an essential part of their initial evaluation and the ongoing care of the child and family. CMs in children are more genetically heterogeneous, and many of the genes that are rare causes of CM in children are not currently included in testing panels, and future genetic testing is likely to increasingly utilize more comprehensive approaches such as whole exome/whole genome sequencing with focused analysis of all the genes that can cause CM in children.
Glycosaminoglycans stimulate the acrosome reaction of previously capacitated hamster sperm

The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) hyaluronic acid and heparin were added (10 micrograms and 100 micrograms/ml to golden hamster sperm suspensions previously incubated for 4.5 h under capacitating conditions. After additions, sperm were incubated for 5-15 min and acrosome reactions (AR) assayed in motile sperm by phase contrast microscopy. Hyaluronic acid and heparin significantly stimulated AR over control levels. Hyaluronic acid did not stimulate AR 15 min after addition to sperm previously incubated for only 2.5 h. Pre-incubation of hyaluronic acid with streptomyces hyaluronidase destroyed the ability of that GAG to stimulate the AR. These results indicate that GAGs (at least one of which, hyaluronic acid, is present in the oocyte cumulus oophorous) can rapidly stimulate the acrosome reaction in motile previously capacitated hamster sperm.
Analysis of a Game of Graph Solitaire.

Let G be a simple undirected graph. To each vertex assign one of two colours say red or blue. A solitaire game is played on G as follows. A move consists of selecting a blue vertex, inverting the colours of its neighbours and then deleting the chosen vertex and all edges incident upon it. The goal is to delete all the vertices. The question of finding a winning strategy in the case when G is a simple cycle was proposed in the problems section of the American Mathematical Monthly. In this article some general results on winning colour configurations are derived and the game is analysed for certain other graph classes.
Cellular control lies in the balance of forces

Mechanical tension generated within the cytoskeleton of living cells is emerging as a critical regulator of biological function in diverse situations ranging from the control of chromosome movement to the morphogenesis of the vertebrate brain. In this article, we review recent advances that have been made in terms of understanding how cells generate, transmit and sense mechanical tension, as well as how they use these forces to control their shape and behavior. An integrated view of cell regulation that incorporates mechanics and structure as well as chemistry is beginning to emerge.
The interactive Web-based histology atlas system.

Molecular pathways and mechanisms underlying human cancer are frequently investigated in animal models. Studies to identify and dissect molecular pathways include the discovery of genes and their subsequent analysis in transgenic and 'knock-out' mice. A critical aspect in such investigations is the evaluation of organ integrity and histology upon the alteration or inactivation of specific genes. Results from such studies are usually published in scientific journals. However, due to print space and costs the display of large high quality images is limited. Furthermore, the printed media does not permit an easy comparison of histological images published in different journals and different years. The Internet provides a tool for the timely and inexpensive dissemination of scientific data to the research community. However, its potential for the analysis of histological images has not been explored. Here we present a web-based interactive histology atlas (http://histology.nih.gov) that permits the retrieval of annotated, high-resolution histology images via the Internet. This histology atlas also takes advantage of the interactive nature of the Internet to support the communication between different research groups. As an outline forum this atlas provides the framework to evaluate and understand cancer pathology, and to develop a consensus between veterinary and human pathologists.
Comparison of total mercury and methylmercury cycling at five sites using the small watershed approach

The small watershed approach is well-suited but underutilized in mercury research. We applied the small watershed approach to investigate total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) dynamics in streamwater at the five diverse forested headwater catchments of the US Geological Survey Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program. At all sites, baseflow THg was generally less than 1 ng L -1 and MeHg was less than 0.2 ng L -1 . THg and MeHg concentrations increased with streamflow, so export was primarily episodic. At three sites, THg and MeHg concentration and export were dominated by the particulate fraction in association with POC at high flows, with maximum THg (MeHg) concentrations of 94 (2.56) ng L -1 at Sleepers River, Vermont; 112 (0.75) ng L -1 at Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico; and 55 (0.80) ng L -1 at Panola Mt., Georgia. Filtered (<0.7 μm) THg increased more modestly with flow in association with the hydrophobic acid fraction (HPOA) of DOC, with maximum filtered THg concentrations near 5 ng L -1 at both Sleepers and Icacos. At Andrews Creek, Colorado, THg export was also episodic but was dominated by filtered THg, as POC concentrations were low. MeHg typically tracked THg so that each site had a fairly constant MeHg/THg ratio, which ranged from near zero at Andrews to 15% at the low-relief, groundwater-dominated Allequash Creek, Wisconsin. Allequash was the only site with filtered MeHg consistently above detection, and the filtered fraction dominated both THg and MeHg. Relative to inputs in wet deposition, watershed retention of THg (minus any subsequent volatilization) was 96.6% at Allequash, 60% at Sleepers, and 83% at Andrews. Icacos had a net export of THg, possibly due to historic gold mining or frequent disturbance from landslides. Quantification and interpretation of Hg dynamics was facilitated by the small watershed approach with emphasis on event sampling.
Polymeric Multilayers that Contain Silver Nanoparticles can be Stamped onto Biological Tissues to Provide Antibacterial Activity

We report the design of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) that can be prefabricated on an elastomeric stamp and mechanically transferred onto biomedically-relevant soft materials, including medical-grade silicone elastomers (E'~450-1500 kPa; E'-elastic modulus) and the dermis of cadaver-skin (E'~200-600 kPa). Whereas initial attempts to stamp PEMs formed from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) resulted in minimal transfer onto soft materials, we report that integration of micrometer-sized beads into the PEMs (thicknesses of 6-160 nm) led to their quantitative transfer within 30 seconds of contact at a pressure of ~196 kPa. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, PEMs were impregnated with a range of loadings of silver-nanoparticles and stamped onto the dermis of human cadaver-skin (a wound-simulant) that was subsequently incubated with bacterial cultures. Skin-dermis stamped with PEMs that released 0.25±0.01 μg cm-2 of silver ions caused a 6 log10 reduction in colony forming units of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 12 h. Significantly, this level of silver release is below that which is cytotoxic to NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, this study describes a general and facile approach for the functionalization of biomaterial surfaces without subjecting them to potentially deleterious processing conditions.
The incorporation of Pb into zircon

Abstract The incorporation of Pb into zircons grown from Pb-rich solutions was evaluated using three different approaches: (1) high-temperature growth of large crystals from Pb-silicate melts; (2) hydrothermal overplating of thin epitaxial layers on substrates of natural zircon; and (3) growth of small, homogeneously nucleated crystals from aqueous fluids. The melt-grown zircons (50–400 μm) were crystallized from PbOSiO2ZrO2 (±P2O5) liquid at atmospheric pressure by cooling from 1430° to 1350°C. In the P2O5 free system, despite 66 wt% PbO in the melt, these zircons contain 3 atom% Pb, with apparent zircon/fluid partition coefficients of 4.2 and 2.6, respectively, for Pb4+ and Pb2+. In contrast to the case of melt-grown zircons, available P is excluded from the aqueous epitaxial zircon, suggesting that charge balance is accomplished by H+ instead. Small (2–5 μm) zircons grown by cooling aqueous solutions (PbO + SiO2 + ZrO2 ± P2O5) from 800°C or 900°C contain ∼ 0.25–0.5 atom% Pb (∼ 2–4 wt% PbO), yielding apparent DPb values of ∼ 0.2–0.3. Available P5+ is incorporated in a 2:1 ratio with Pb2+, suggesting a specific charge-balance mechanism: [2P5+ + Pb2+] = [2Si4+ + Zr4+]. However, Pb enters the zircon even when P is unavailable, so H+ may again play a charge-balancing role. Because of the rapid, polythermal modes of zircon growth and the high Pb content of the experimental systems, the apparent partition coefficients should not be viewed as equilibrium values, but as qualitative indicators of Pb compatibility under various growth circumstances. The overall results are consistent with the low but variable levels of non-radiogenic (common) Pb in natural zircons. The increased compatibility of Pb in fluid-grown, low-temperature zircons suggests a possible fingerprint for zircons from hydrothermal and wet-metamorphic rocks, i.e., high concentrations of common Pb.
New weak interaction added to the interaction of the Weinberg-Salam type in the standared SU(4) four-quark model

A new weak interaction due to scalar-boson exchange is proposed in the standard SU(4) four-quark model of weak, electromagnetic, and strong interactions. This interaction, which is added to the conventional vector-exchange weak interaction, is assumed to dominate in nonleptonic decays. It transforms like a pentadecimet component of SU(4), thus leading to strict strangeness conservation for charm-changing processes and a pure octet spurion for strangeness-changing processes. All of the desirable features built into the original model, such as suppression of $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=2$ transitions, can be preserved even after inclusion of the new interaction.
National Compact Stellarator Experiment Vacuum Vessel External Flux Loops Design and Installation

The national compact stellarator experiment (NCSX) will have an extensive set of external magnetic diagnostics. These include flux loops on the exterior surface of the vacuum vessel. Data from these sensors will be integrated with other magnetic sensors and used for plasma control and to constrain magnetic equilibrium reconstructions. NCSX is currently under construction at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The ex-vessel flux loops must be installed during machine construction since they will ultimately be trapped in the space between the vacuum vessel and the modular coil support shell. Detailed designs have been completed, locator templates have been fabricated and approximately one third of the 225 total loops have been installed as of mid February 2007. Modeling was performed by PPPL to determine the optimum size, placement and number of turns. Engineering of the flux loops was challenging as they must be accurately positioned, optimized geometry maintained and they must be robust and reliable in a bake and cryogenic environment for the lifetime of NCSX. Designs for the ex-vessel flux loops that meet these requirements are presented.
In vitro fertilization after bariatric surgery

Few data exist regarding IVF in women who have undergone bariatric surgery. Our experience with five patients suggests that IVF is a safe and effective fertility treatment for these women, although special considerations should be made when treating patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Considering the type of bypass procedure the patient underwent is particularly important should a patient develop concerning symptoms during her IVF cycle.
Career Development of Black Males: Case Studies.

Black American men are among the nation’s most unemployed and underemployed groups (Leonard, 1985). The unemployment rate among Black Americans was 10.4% in 1995, as compared with 4.9% among White Americans, 9.3% among Hispanics, and 5.6% among all Americans (Table 644 in Bureau of the Census, 1997). In addition to racism (Brown & Ford, 1977), this situation may be partly explained by the educational attainment and vocational choices of Black males. Comparing Black and White men, Karweit (1977) found that Black men tend to have lower educational attainments, terminate formal schooling earlier, resume schooling less often and after a longer absence, and pursue non-degree oriented courses more often. Other studies suggest that Black and White college men have different vocational interests. Black males tend to prefer artistic occupations (Slaney & Brown, 1983) and services to people, whereas White men are more interested in math and science occupations (Hager & Elton, 1971). While math and science related careers tend to require more education and imply higher prestige and financial rewards, these racial differences in educational attainment and vocational choice, together with racial discrimination, may contribute to Black men’s higher rate of unemployment and underemployment and their underrepresentation in occupations with higher socioeconomic status.
Neuroendocrine function , and endogenous opioid peptide systems in chronic pain

The authors review previous work in application of the dexamethasone suppression test for use as a biologic marker in chronic pain patients, present the results of their current study in 24 patients, and conclude that further study of this test could lead to its being of predictive value for response to behavioral intervention or pharmacologic treatment.
Foraging strategy switch in detour behavior of the land snail Anguispira alternata (Say)

. The ability of an olfactory-dominant organism, the land snail Anguispira alternata, to negotiate an odor-permeable barrier to obtain food in still air was tested. Thirty-nine snails were challenged with a “V”-shaped wire mesh fence that allowed them to get within 1 cm of their food but required them to turn away from the food to move around the fence. Fifteen snails were tested under the same conditions but without a food odor source present. Of the 39 snails tested with food, 22 moved up the odor gradient directly toward the food. Twentyone of these snails altered their foraging behavior by moving away from the odor source after they encountered the barrier. Twelve of these 21 moved along the fence to the food. The other 9 snails moved away from the fence and wandered about within the arena. Of the 39 snails tested, 17 did not move toward the food but by-passed the fence by either following the arena edge or moving toward the gap between the fence and the arena wall. Since some of these snails obtained the food without encountering the fence, a second experiment challenged 19 snails with a “J”-shaped fence in which one of the possible detour paths was blocked. There was no difference in the number of snails taking the blocked path vs. snails taking the open path. Therefore it is unlikely that these snails were able to detect the fence and plot a path around it before actually moving. In the 2 experiments, 91% of the snails that followed the odor gradient directly toward the food subsequently switched their foraging behavior. The ability of these snails to switch their foraging behavior was unexpected in an olfactory-dominant animal and suggests that their behavior is based on a significant amount of sensory processing.
Numerical simulation of undersea cable dynamics

A fully three-dimensional code has been written to compute the motion of a towed cable. The code is based on a robust and stable finite difference approximation to the differential equations derived from basic dynamics. A 3500-ft (1.07 km) cable pulled at 18.5 knots (34.3 km hr−1) through a circular turn of 700 yd (0.64 km) radius has been computed in about half of the real time of the maneuver. The computed displacements are close to the measured ones; the changes in depth are within 2%.
Strontium-82 production at Los Alamos national laboratory

Abstract Strontium-82 has been produced at Los Alamos for almost 10 years using proton-induced spallation of molybdenum metal targets. Irradiations occur at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility and chemical processing takes place at the radiochemistry hotcells of the Isotope and Nuclear Chemistry Division. Recent production experience indicates up to 20–30 Ci of 82 Sr may be produced from a single target in a one-month irradiation. Strontium-85 is also present in the product in amounts roughly equal to 82 Sr (at end of bombardment). Several chemical separation processes have been used during this time, mostly involving ion exchange and solvent extraction methods. In this paper, the most recent separation method, using cation exchange chromatography with α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, will be discussed.
Counterion collapse and the effect of diamines on bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract A recent report of electrical measurements on oriented bacteriorhodopsin in gels [(1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 164–168] concluded that low concentrations of diamines reversed the direction of the proton pump. Calculations are presented which show that in low diamine concentrations, charge displacements of the counterion atmosphere in the direction opposite to proton pumping are expected following H + ejection. It is also shown that the effect will be sharply reduced by raising the diamine concentration or by adding excess salt, as was observed. Hence it is not necessary to conclude that diamines reverse the direction of the proton pump itself.
Analysis of spent fuel assemblies using a lead slowing down spectrometer

Abstract We analyze the potential of using Lead Slowing Down Spectrometer technology for assaying spent fuel. This initial study demonstrates that it may be feasible to design a system that will provide approximately 1% statistical precision in the determination of the 239 Pu concentration in a pressurized water reactor spent-fuel assembly, for intermediate-to-high burnup levels, using commercial neutron sources, and an array of ultra-high-purity 238 U threshold fission detectors. LSDS technology can also determine the concentration of 241 Pu and 235 U. There is indication that missing pins can be detected, as can asymmetry in the fuel bundle. The analytical model used to perform the viability assessment is described, as are the systematic effects that were not incorporated in this analysis, but could significantly degrade actual performance. These results provide the justification and impetus for the initiation of followup studies that will incorporate the complete suite of effects that impact the accuracy of LSDS measurements.
Histological Study of Thyroid Gland of Hypophysectomized Rats Exposed to Cold.

Summary1. Normal young albino rats had a temperature of 36.4°-37.2°C. in the cold, in a warm room 37.7°-38.3°C. 2. Surviving hypophysectomized rats maintained their body temperature for 16 days in a cold room (2°-4.5°C.) at 35°-36.15°C. From the 20th to 34th days the temperature fell approximately 1.3°-2.7°C. 3. The thyroid glands of normal animals in the cold showed activity as previously described by other investigators. Those in the warm room had a lower epithelium and fewer absorption vacuoles. 4. The glands of hypophysectomized rats 38 days in the heat showed atrophy. Similar animals placed in the cold room 34 days showed signs of atrophy in the central part of the gland but absorption of colloid was indicated in the peripheral vesicles by the high epithelium, loss of colloid in the smaller vesicles, and many absorption vacuoles in the peripheral colloid of the larger vesicles. 5. The drop in body temperature of the hypophysectomized rats after 16 days in the cold as well as the histological picture ...
Thermodynamic excess properties from perturbation theory. Coupling-parameter approach

Abstract A new theoretical method for determining thermodynamic excess properties of fluid mixtures is presented. The method is based on Kirkwood's interpretation of the chemical potential in terms of a coupling parameter. The method is demonstrated by using it in conjunction with statistical mechanical perturbation theory to obtain the excess Gibbs free energy in binary mixtures of repulsive soft spheres. Detailed comparisons of the theoretical approach with results from molecular dynamics simulation show the method to be highly reliable.
Current knowledge and significance of coronary artery ectasia: A chronologic review of the literature, recommendations for treatment, possible etiologies, and future considerations

Coronary artery ectasia is the abnormal enlargement of the coronary artery. The prognosis, treatment, and etiology of this disease remain an enigma. There is some evidence to suggest that the incidence of ectasia is increasing, and therefore understanding of this entity needs to improve. This article reviews the current literature on coronary artery ectasia and summarizes the findings. A treatment plan that targets each of the suggested clinical complications is provided. Using multiple indirect observations and current understanding of endothelium-derived relaxation factor, a possible etiology that implicates overstimulation of endogenous nitric oxide is provided. Current literature suggests that ectatic coronary arteries, even without the presence of coronary stenosis, are subject to thrombus formation, vasospasm, and spontaneous dissection. Newer subgroups of ectasia are arising with the use of multiple interventional devices to dilate coronary artery stenosis. By design, these destroy the media of the coronary artery, and it is not clear whether these "iatrogenic" ectatic arteries are subject to the same complications as "idiopathic" coronary artery ectasia. Further investigation is necessary to help define the benefit of the proposed treatment regimen, to clarify the prognosis of these newer groups of "iatrogenic" ectasia, and to confirm or disprove the hypothesis targeting nitric oxide as an etiologic factor.
Positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGluR4). Part II: Challenges in hit-to-lead.

Abstract This Letter describes the synthesis and SAR of two mGluR4 positive allosteric modulator leads, 6 and 7. VU001171 (6) represents the most potent (EC50 = 650 nM), efficacious (141% Glu Max) and largest fold shift (36-fold) of any mGluR4 PAM reported to date. However, this work highlights the challenges in hit-to-lead for mGluR4 PAMs, with multiple confirmed HTS hits displaying little or no tractable SAR.
Preference for signaled over unsignaled shock schedules: Ruling out asymmetry and response fixation as factors.

Experiment 1 tested whether a “symmetrical” choice procedure yields results different from those previously reported using the “unidirectional” standard changeover procedure (e.g., Badia & Culbertson, 1972). Subjects could change at any time from unsignaled to signaled shock by pressing a lever and from signaled to unsignaled shock by pressing a second lever. Results were identical to those of the standard procedure and showed that the standard procedure is fully adequate. Experiment 2 tested whether choice of high density signaled shock over low-density unsignaled shock (Badia, Coker, & Harsh, 1973) resulted from initial training with equal-density schedules. Subjects were trained and tested with signaled shock twice as dense as unsignaled shock. Three of four subjects strongly preferred the signaled condition, thus ruling out carry-over and “response fixation” as alternative explanations.
Dynamic analysis of aluminum stocks and flows in the United States: 1900–2009

Abstract A dynamic analysis of anthropogenic aluminum stocks and flows in the U.S. from 1900 to 2009 has been conducted. Key findings include (1) historical cumulative aluminum input into the U.S. anthroposphere amounts to 438 Tg, with only about 35% of it accumulating in domestic in-use stock; (2) less than 5% of most flows take place before 1950, while more than 50% of them happen after 1990; (3) flows into fabrication, manufacturing, and use processes, as well as trade flows, are vulnerable to energy crises; basically, after an energy crisis, the U.S. tends to produce less primary aluminum, less semis, as well as less final products, and therefore import less bauxite and alumina but import more unwrought aluminum and final products; (4) the U.S. has been a net importer of aluminum from the life cycle perspective, with its total annual net import increasing from 1945 to 2005; (5) as a result of the continuous increase of net import, total domestic stock of aluminum in the U.S. dramatically increases in the period of 1945–2009 and amounts to 316 Tg in 2009, about nine times of that in 1900; (6) in-use stock comprises about 48% of total domestic stock in 2009 and is dominated by two sectors, Buildings and Construction (32%) and Transportation (35%); (7) total per-capita stock in use of aluminum keeps increasing until 2009 and currently amounts to 490 kg; (8) per-capita stock of aluminum in Transportation sector increases substantially after 1990s because of the light-weighting of automobiles, while that in the Buildings and Construction and Electrical Engineering sectors seems have reached a saturation level after 2005.
Development and implementation of a Web-enabled CyberCollaboratory for Asynchronous Teams (Web-CCAT)

This paper describes the theoretical foundation, architecture, and implementation of Web-CCAT, a CyberCollaboratory for Asynchronous Teams. Through Web-CCAT students have asynchronous access to software tools such as group decision support system (GDSS); multi-user, computer aided software engineering (CASE); and multi-user project management. Because Web-CCAT is a flexible environment, it can be used for group project assignments incorporated into either a traditional, face-to-face pedagogy or a distance learning pedagogy. The primary objectives for Web-CCAT are to provide our students with the opportunity to participate in and enjoy the benefits of cooperative learning experiences without having to coordinate meetings or come to campus; and to provide a richer collaborative environment asynchronously than is possible in a traditional face-to-face classroom.
Nosocomial automation: technology-induced complexity and human performance

Automation is examined from a cost-benefit point of view, revealing some of the hidden costs of 'clumsy' application of technology. Nanosecond automation is discussed. The term nosocomial automation, which refers to the complexity that results from the accumulation of small increments of technology and how this accumulated complexity affects human performance, is discussed. Nosocomial is used in the same sense as in nosocomial infection in medicine. The authors also have identified several types of practitioner adaptation to the impact of new information technology, which they have termed system tailoring and task tailoring. In system tailoring, practitioners adapt/change the surrounding context of activity (the setup of device and device configuration, how the device is situated in the larger context) in order to maintain or support or preserve a fixed or unchanging style or strategy for carrying out tasks. >
The Influence of a Novel Contacted Polysilicon-Filled Deep Trench (DT) Biased Structure and Its Voltage Bias State on CMOS Latchup

The discrepancy between polysilicon-filled deep trench (DT) isolation and trench isolation (TI) CMOS latchup immunity is addressed; this paradox is analyzed using by electrically connecting the poly-silicon region of the deep trench (DT) structure. With the ability to electrically bias the poly-silicon region within the deep trench structure, CMOS latchup is analyzed for the state of high bias, floating and grounding of the trench isolation structure. The novel structure was implemented into a 0.13-mum BiCMOS technology with a 200 GHz fT BiCMOS SiGeC HBT device. Experimental results show that CMOS latchup is modulated by the trench voltage bias state. Key latchup metrics, such as turn-on, trigger, and holding voltage will be shown. With trench voltage bias, CMOS latchup turn-on voltage remains unchanged, but the latchup trigger state varies from 40 V to 80 V. This has significant ramifications to CMOS latchup in BiCMOS Silicon Germanium technology, automotive applications, power electronics, as well as space applications
Mortality Following Rasburicase-Induced Methemoglobinemia

Objective: To report a case of mortality following rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia. Case Summary: A 62-year-old African American male with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma was admitted for tumor lysis syndrome and renal failure. He was treated with 2 doses of rasburicase, subsequently developed methemoglobinemia, and required intubation, multiple packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions, and 2 doses of methylene blue. A screen for glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was negative. His course was complicated by hemolytic anemia, nosocomial pneumonia, Clostridium difficile infection, and septic shock. His methemoglobin concentrations normalized over several days; however, the patient eventually died on hospital day 16. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug reaction was probable. Discussion: Our case was similar to previously published cases, except that our patient died and his G6PD screen was negative. Although it was negative, it ...
Kinetics of Oxidation of Potato Chips under Constant Temperature and Sine Wave Temperature Conditions

Lipid oxidation in potato chips at 30, 37 and 45°C followed zero order kinetics as measured by peroxide value (PV). An Arrhenius plot of log k versus (T°K)-−1 snowed slight underprediction at low temperatures. Data from constant conditions were used to predict the extent of this free radical reaction under a sine wave temperature fluctuation (25/45°C with a 24 hr period). Predictions of effective rate constant, temperature and extent were found to agree to within 3.5% of the actual results up to a PV of 7 where bimolecular oxidation occurred. The sine wave condition entered the bimolecular oxidation sooner than was observed under steady data for the same effective temperature.
Results of treatment of carcinoma of the base of the tongue, the UCSF experience, 1957-1976.

Between January 1957 and October 1976, 62 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue were treated at the University of California at San Francisco. Patients were staged retrospectively according to the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting 1977 Staging System. All 7 patients with T1 disease achieved local control; 16 of 25 patients with T2 disease; 8 of 23 patients with T3 disease and 1 of 7 patients with T4 disease achieved local control. 25 of the 54 patients who were treated with external radiation alone or adjuvant chemotherapy achieved control of the primary. Among patients who were treated with external radiation plus surgery or external radiation plus interstitial implant, 8 of 9 achieved local control. The primary site was the major site of failure. The majority of those who failed were not suitable for salvage therapy. External radiation alone was not adequate for control of the primary. The addition of surgery, in selected patients, or interstitial therapy adds to the local control rates.