cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scenarios for the nonlinear evolution of alpha-particle-induced Alfvén wave instability

Various nonlinear scenarios are given for the evolution of energetic particles that are slowing down in a background plasma and simultaneously causing instability of the background plasma waves. If the background damping is sufficiently weak, a steady-state wave is established as described by Berk and Breizman. For larger background damping rate pulsations develop. Saturation occurs when the wave amplitude rises to where the wave trapping frequency equals the growth rate. The wave then damps due to the small background dissipation present and a relatively long quiet interval exists between bursts while the free energy of the distribution is refilled by classical transport. In this scenario the anomalous energy loss of energetic particles due to diffusion is small compared to the classical collisional energy exchange with the background plasma. However, if at the trapping frequency, the wave amplitude is large enough to cause orbit stochasticity, a phase space ``explosion`` occurs where the wave amplitudes rise to higher levels which leads to rapid loss of energetic particles.
A relationship between the Dirichlet and Regularity Problems for elliptic equations

Let $\Cal{L}=\text{div}A\nabla$ be a real, symmetric second order elliptic operator with bounded measurable coefficients. Consider the elliptic equation $\Cal{L}u=0$ in a bounded Lipschitz domain $\Omega$ of $\Bbb{R}^n$. We study the relationship between the solvability of the $L^p$ Dirichlet problem $(D)_p$ with boundary data in $L^p(\partial \Omega)$ and that of the $L^q$ regularity problem $(R)_q$ with boundary data in $W^{1,q}(\partial \Omega)$, where $1<p,q<\infty$. It is known that the solvability of $(R)_p$ implies that of $(D)_{p^\prime}$. In this note we show that if $(D)_{p^\prime}$ is solvable, then either $(R)_p$ is solvable or $(R)_q$ is not solvable for any $1<q<\infty$.
Beyond Structured Observation: Methodological Issues and New Directions

Structured observation studies of managers and supervisors completed before Mintzberg (1068), Mintzberg's work (1968, 1973), and recent contributions are reviewed. Integration of the results of this body of literature reveals several severe limitations with methods currently in use. Methodologies are suggested that complement or build on structured observation as a technique for understanding the nature of managerial work.
Being of two minds: Switching mindsets exhausts self-regulatory resources

The human psyche is equipped with the capacity to solve problems using different mental states or mindsets. Different mindsets can lead to different judgment and decision making styles, each associated with its own perspective and biases. To change perspective, people can, and often do, switch mindsets. We argue, however, that mindset switching can be costly for subsequent decisions. We propose that mindset switching is an executive function that relies on the same psychological resource that governs other acts of executive functioning, including self-regulation. This implies that there are psychic costs to switching mindsets that are borne out in depleted executive resources. One implication of this framework is that switching mindsets should render people more likely to fail at subsequent self-regulation than they would if maintaining a consistent mindset. The findings from experiments that manipulated mindset switching in five domains support this model.
A New Double-Porosity Reservoir Model for Oil/Water Flow Problems

This paper presents a model that takes into account the transient nature of the imbibition process and the effect of variation in fracture saturation. Gravity effect is included in the calculation of the matrix equilibrium water saturation. This simple method requires only one equation per block per component. This is attained by an analytical transfer function that depends only on the fracture variables and by the assumption of instantaneous pressure equilibrium. The assumption of instantaneous pressure equilibrium eliminates the matrix pressure. The resulting model has the same form as standard single-porosity models. Results of the new model are compared with those from published laboratory experiments, very fine-grid simulations of matrix/fracture transfer for a single matrix block, and simulation of field-scale water-injection problems by standard double-porosity models.
Lead Salt Quantum Dots: the Limit of Strong Quantum Confinement

Nanocrystals or quantum dots of the IV−VI semiconductors PbS, PbSe, and PbTe provide unique properties for investigating the effects of strong confinement on electrons and phonons. The degree of confinement of charge carriers can be many times stronger than in most II−VI and III−V semiconductors, and lead salt nanostructures may be the only materials in which the electronic energies are determined primarily by quantum confinement. This Account briefly reviews recent research on lead salt quantum dots.
A Kirchhoff Approach to Seismic Modeling And Prestack Depth Migration

Abstract : The Kirchhoff integral provides a robust method for implementing seismic modeling and prestack depth migration, which can handle lateral velocity variation and turning waves. With a little extra computation cost, the Kirchoff- type migration can obtain multiple outputs that have the same phase but different amplitudes, compared with that of other migration methods. The ratio of these amplitudes is helpful in computing some quantities such as reflection angle. Here, I develop a seismic modeling and prestack depth migration method based on the Kirchhoff integral, that handles both laterally variant velocity and a dip beyond 90 degrees. The method uses a finite-difference algorithm to calculate travel times and WKBJ amplitudes for the Kirchhoff integral. Compared to ray-tracing algorithms, the finite-difference algorithm gives an efficient implementation and single-valued quantities (first arrivals) on output. In my finite difference algorithm, the upwind scheme is used to calculate travel times, and the Crank-Nicolson scheme is used to calculate amplitudes. Moreover, interpolation is applied to save computation cost. The modeling and migration algorithms here require a smooth velocity function. I develop a velocity- smoothing technique based on damped least-squares to aid in obtaining a successful migration.
Designing Market Socialism: Trustees of State Property

Abstract Market reform in China and other Asian post‐communist states has renewed academic interest in the study of market socialism in the past two decades. This article attempts to answer the question: can market socialism, a market‐based form of socialism within the political context of one‐party communist rule, become competitive and efficient like market capitalism? We examine the fundamental problems of market socialism, particularly in the context of Chinese reform, based on property rights and principal‐agent theory. This article seeks feasible solutions by developing a new Trustee of State Property (TSP) system based on a scientific design of benefit and risk mechanism.
Dynamics of a colloidal glass during stress-mediated structural arrest

We employ parallel superposition rheology to study the dynamics of an aging colloidal glass in the presence of a mean-field stress σm. Over a range of intermediate stresses, the loss modulus exceeds the storage modulus at short times but develops a maximum concomitant with a crossover between the two as the system ages. This is attended by a narrowing of the loss peak on increasing stress. We show that this feature is characteristic of the structural arrest in these materials, which is made observable on reasonable timescales by the activating influence of the stress. The arrest time displays an exponential dependence on inverse stress. These results provide experimental validation of the role of stress as an effective temperature in soft glassy systems as has been advanced in recent theoretical frameworks.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Peloruside A: A Potent Microtubule Stabilizer

An enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-peloruside A (1) is described. Peloruside A (1) is a potent microtubule stabilizer with significant clinical potential. The synthesis is convergent and involves the assembly of C1−C10 segment 2 and C11−C24 segment 3 by a novel aldol protocol followed by Yamaguchi macrolactonization of the resulting seco-acid, selective methylation of hemi-ketal and removal of the protecting groups to peloruside A.
Conflict of interest and certification in the U.S. IPO market

Abstract We examine the long-term return performance of U.S. IPOs underwritten by relationship banks. We show that, over one- to three-year horizons, IPOs managed by relationship banks experience buy-and-hold benchmark-adjusted returns that are similar to those observed for a matching sample of stocks managed by non-relationship underwriters. This result holds even when the returns' skewness and cross-sectional correlation is accounted for. Further, we examine the calendar-time returns on a portfolio that is long the stocks underwritten by relationship banks and short ex-ante similar stocks taken public by non-relationship institutions. Again, we conclude that the two groups of IPOs yield similar long-run returns. These findings support the certification role of relationship banks and suggest that, in this respect, the effect of the 1999 repeal of Sections 20 and 32 of the Glass–Steagall Act has not been negative.
Statistical characterization of multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) assays for quantitative proteomics

Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) with stable isotope dilution (SID) is increasingly becoming a widely accepted assay for the quantification of proteins and peptides. These assays have shown great promise in relatively high throughput verification of candidate biomarkers. While the use of MRM-MS assays is well established in the small molecule realm, their introduction and use in proteomics is relatively recent. As such, statistical and computational methods for the analysis of MRM-MS data from proteins and peptides are still being developed. Based on our extensive experience with analyzing a wide range of SID-MRM-MS data, we set forth a methodology for analysis that encompasses significant aspects ranging from data quality assessment, assay characterization including calibration curves, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), and measurement of intra- and interlaboratory precision. We draw upon publicly available seminal datasets to illustrate our methods and algorithms.
A conceptual model of learning culture and innovation schema

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine why some innovative firms do not have good performance.Design/methodology/approach – The cognitive learning perspective is used with the innovation literature to develop a theoretical model of organizational learning cultures. Innovation dichotomies (incremental vs radical, component vs architectural, and sustaining vs disruptive) are analyzed in the context of three learning cultures (reflexive, bounded, and critical). Model assumes innovation is the creative and commercial embodiment of organizational learning.Findings – The type of innovation the firm uses is influenced by its learning culture and its perception of external threat (as imminent vs non‐existant/distant). Effective innovation cannot occur without higher learning abilities, and disparate learning cultures within the same organization will inhibit innovation.Research limitations/implications – Learning culture is influenced by leaders play a pivotal role in the way they allow resources and m...
An 8-Zone Test System Based on ISO New England Data: Development and Application

This study develops an open-source 8-zone test system for teaching, training, and research purposes that is based on ISO New England structural attributes and data. The test system models an ISO-managed wholesale power market populated by a mix of generating companies and load-serving entities that operates through time over an 8-zone AC transmission grid. The modular extensible architecture of the test system permits a wide range of sensitivity studies to be conducted. To illustrate the capabilities of the test system, we report energy cost-savings outcomes for a comparative study of stochastic versus deterministic DAM security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) formulations under systematically varied reserve requirement levels for the deterministic formulation.
ACCIDENTAL SYMMETRIES AND N = 1 DUALITY IN SUPERSYMMETRIC GAUGE THEORY

We note that the accidental symmetries which are present in some examples of duality imply the existence of continuously infinite sets of theories with the same infrared behavior. These sets interpolate between theories of different flavors and colors; the change in color and flavor is compensated by interactions (often non-perturbative) induced by operators in the superpotential. As an example we study the behavior of SU(2) gauge theories with 2Nƒ doublets; these are dual to SU(Nƒ−2) gauge theories whose ultraviolet flavor symmetry is SU(Nƒ)L × SU(Nƒ)R × U(1)B but whose flavor symmetry is SU(2Nƒ) in the infrared. The infrared SU(2Nƒ) flavor symmetry is implemented in the ultraviolet as a non-trivial transformation on the Lagrangian and matter content of the magnetic theory, involving (generally non-renormalizable) baryon operators and non-perturbative dynamics. We discuss various implications of this fact, including possible new chiral fixed points and interesting examples of dangerously irrelevant operators.
Optical Detection of a Variable Millisecond Pulsar Companion in 47 Tucanae

Using results from radio and X-ray observations of millisecond pulsars in 47 Tucanae, and extensive Hubble Space Telescope U, V, and I imaging of the globular cluster core, we have derived a common astrometric solution good to less than 01. A close positional coincidence is found for 47 Tuc U, a 4.3 ms pulsar in a 0.429 day orbit, detected in radio and X-rays, with an mV = 20.9 blue star. Analysis of extensive time series data for this optical candidate shows a 0.004 mag semiamplitude variation at the period and phase expected from the radio ephemeris, and the optical variations are spatially coincident with the candidate. This provides secure optical detection of the white dwarf companion to the millisecond pulsar, the first such detection in a globular cluster, allowing for comparisons to recent models for such companions with dependencies on mass and age.
Corporate planning, forecasting, and the long wave

Abstract Technology will play at least as vital a role in the 21st century as it did in the 20th. Therefore, it is important to address technology-related issues facing futures studies. My own two decades of experience in corporate planning and three in professional journal editing suggest a correlation of technological innovation clusters, corporate planning, and technological forecasting with the well known 50–60-year long wave cycles. We observe the knowledge consolidation associated with the fourth long wave upswing phase, as well as the creative destruction and knowledge innovation corresponding to the fourth downswing. Implications for planners in the approaching fifth long wave upswing are considered.
Umbral presentations for polynomial sequences

Abstract Using random variables as motivation, this paper presents an exposition of formalisms developed in [1,2] for the classical umbral calculus. A new construction and a variety of examples are presented, culminating in several descriptions of sequences of binomial type in terms of umbral polynomials.
Simulation with too many factors: review of random and group-screening designs

Abstract Experiments with real systems, but especially with simulated systems, may involve hundreds of factors. However, only a few factors are really important. Detecting these important factors requires special designs such as random and group-screening designs. Random designs are simple, but they yield biased estimators. Group-screening is based on aggregation. The assumptions of group-screening are discussed in detail, and seem not very restrictive. References to applications of both design types are given.
THE MASS-CRITICAL FOURTH-ORDER SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION IN HIGH DIMENSIONS

We prove global wellposedness and scattering for the Mass-critical homogeneous fourth-order Schrodinger equation in high dimensions n ≥ 5, for general L2 initial data in the defocusing case, and for general initial data with Mass less than certain fraction of the Mass of the ground state in the focusing case.
Nonlinear period-luminosity relation for the large magellanic cloud cepheids: Myths and truths

In this paper we discuss and examine various issues concerning the recent findings that suggest that the observed period-luminosity (P-L) relation for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids is nonlinear. These include (1) visualizing the nonlinear P-L relation; (2) long-period Cepheids and sample selection; (3) outlier removal; (4) issues of extinction; (5) nonlinearity of the period-color (P-C) relation; (6) nonlinear P-L relations in different passbands; and (7) the universality of the P-L relation. Our results imply that a statistical test is needed to detect the nonlinear P-L relation. We then show that sample selection, number of long-period Cepheids in the sample, outlier removal, and extinction errors are unlikely to be responsible for the detection of the nonlinear P-L relation. We also argue for the existence of a nonlinear P-L relation from the perspective of the nonlinear P-C relation and the nonuniversality of the P-L relation. Combining the evidence and discussion from these aspects, we find that there is a strong indication that the observed LMC P-L relation is indeed nonlinear in the optical bands (however, the K-band LMC P-L relation is apparently linear). This could be due to internal physical reasons or to external hidden/additional factors. Compared to the nonlinear P-L relation, the systematic error in distance scale introduced from using the (incorrect) linear P-L relation is at most at the few percent level. While this is small compared to other systematic errors, it will be important in future efforts to produce a Cepheid distance scale accurate to 1% in order to remove degeneracies presented in CMB results.
Moraine pebbles and boulders yield indistinguishable 10Be ages: A case study from Colorado, USA

Cosmogenic exposure dating of moraines during the last two decades has vastly improved knowledge on the timing of glaciation worldwide. Due to a variety of geologic complications, such as moraine degra- dation, snow cover, bedrock erosion and isotopic inheritance, samples from multiple large boulders (>1- 2 m) often lead to the most accurate moraine age assignments. However, in many cases, large boulders are not available on moraines of interest. Here, I test the suitability of pebble collections from moraine crest surfaces as a sample type for exposure dating. Twenty-two 10 Be ages from two Pleistocene lateral moraine crests in Pine Creek valley in the upper Arkansas River basin, Colorado, were calculated from both pebble and boulder samples. Ten 10 Be ages from a single-crested Bull Lake lateral moraine range between 3 and 72 ka, with no statistical difference between pebble (n ¼ 5) and boulder (n ¼ 5) ages. The lack of a cluster of 10 Be ages suggests that moraine degradation has led to anomalously young exposure
AN ADIABATIC APPROXIMATION FOR GRAIN ALIGNMENT THEORY

The alignment of interstellar dust grains is described by the joint distribution function for certain ``internal'' and ``external'' variables, where the former describe the orientation of a grain's axes with respect to its angular momentum, J, and the latter describe the orientation of J relative to the interstellar magnetic field. I show how the large disparity between the dynamical timescales of the internal and external variables--- which is typically 2--3 orders of magnitude--- can be exploited to greatly simplify calculations of the required distribution. The method is based on an ``adiabatic approximation'' which closely resembles the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in quantum mechanics. The adiabatic approximation prescribes an analytic distribution function for the ``fast'' dynamical variables and a simplified Fokker-Planck equation for the ``slow'' variables which can be solved straightforwardly using various techniques. These solutions are accurate to order epsilon, where epsilon is the ratio of the fast and slow dynamical timescales. As a simple illustration of the method, I derive an analytic solution for the joint distribution established when Barnett relaxation acts in concert with gas damping. The statistics of the analytic solution agree with the results of laborious numerical calculations which do not exploit the adiabatic approximation.
Enhanced light emission from erbium doped silicon nitride in plasmonic metal-insulator-metal structures

Plasmonic gratings and nano-particle arrays in a metal-insulator-metal structures are fabricated on an erbium doped silicon nitride layer. This material system enables simple fabrication of the structure, since the active nitride layer can be directly grown on metal. Enhancement of collected emission of up to 12 is observed on resonance, while broad off-resonant enhancement is also present. The output polarization behavior of the gratings and nano-particle arrays is investigated and matched to plasmonic resonances, and the behavior of coupled modes as a function of inter-particle distance is also discussed.
Collapse of Deepwater Pipelines

Les experiences sont realisees sur des tubes en acier X-42 et X-65, de geometrie imparfaite c'est-a-dire presentant un ecart par rapport au cylindre parfait. Les tubes sont soumis a des pressions externes. Les caracteristiques contrainte-deformation sont mesurees pour chaque tube, dans les directions axiale et circonferentielle. La charge de ruine est determinee et comparee a la valeur calculee. La difference la plus importante observee entre les valeurs calculees et mesurees est de l'ordre de 8%
Products of Young symmetrizers and ideals in the generic tensor algebra

We describe a formula for computing the product of the Young symmetrizer of a Young tableau with the Young symmetrizer of a subtableau, generalizing the classical quasi-idempotence of Young symmetrizers. We derive some consequences to the structure of ideals in the generic tensor algebra and its partial symmetrizations. Instances of these generic algebras appear in the work of Sam and Snowden on twisted commutative algebras, as well as in the work of the author on the defining ideals of secant varieties of Segre---Veronese varieties, and in joint work of Oeding and the author on the defining ideals of tangential varieties of Segre---Veronese varieties.
Power and rate allocation for video conferencing in cellular networks

We consider resource allocation for semi-elastic applications such as video conferencing. We propose to model user utility as a sigmoid function of the average bit rate over multiple time slots. The goal is to maximize the total expected user utility over time through allocation of downlink power and subcarriers in each time slot. We propose resource allocation that considers both the average rate achieved so far and the future expected rate, and show how the future expected rate can be estimated by modeling the probability that a user will be allocated a subcarrier in a future time slot. The algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion by an exchange of price and demand amongst users, the network, and an intermediate power allocation module. To reduce the complexity, we also propose a greedy algorithm to maximize incremental utility in the current time slot. The performance is illustrated using numerical results.
The implications of data-link for representing pilot request information on 2D and 3D air traffic control displays

Abstract Twenty-three participants (six air traffic control specialists, and 17 pilots trained in fundamental ATC skills), performed a simulation in which they were required to evaluate pilot requests for flight plan changes, issued by aircraft depicted on their display. Some requests could be safely granted, whereas others would bring about a mid-air conflict with other aircraft. Participants evaluated the requests in the context of an airspace depicted on either a conventional 2D planar display or a 3D perspective display. Requests were presented either as voice messages or were displayed visually. Visual requests were either printed at the bottom of the display or represented as vectors, emanating in the requested direction from the requesting aircraft. The results indicated that controllers performed more accurately than pilots, and that performance was generally equivalent with the 2D and the 3D display. Overall performance was best with the auditory-verbal request mode. It was considerably slower with the print mode, presumably because of the greater visual scanning required. The spatial vector mode offered performance that was faster than print, but considerably less accurate. Particular deficiencies were noticed with the vector mode when it was used to present complex 3-dimensional requests in the context of the 3-dimensional display. The results are discussed within the context of their relevance for data-link technology and advanced ATC display concepts.
Perfect matchings and the octahedron recurrence

We study a recurrence defined on a three dimensional lattice and prove that its values are Laurent polynomials in the initial conditions with all coefficients equal to one. This recurrence was studied by Propp and by Fomin and Zelivinsky. Fomin and Zelivinsky were able to prove Laurentness and conjectured that the coefficients were 1. Our proof establishes a bijection between the terms of the Laurent polynomial and the perfect matchings of certain graphs, generalizing the theory of Aztec Diamonds. In particular, this shows that the coefficients of this polynomial, and polynomials obtained by specializing its variables, are positive, a conjecture of Fomin and Zelevinsky.
Synthesis of monofluoroalkenes via Julia–Kocienski reaction

Abstract Monofluoromethyl 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl sulfone 1 was synthesized and employed in Julia–Kocienski fluoroolefination reaction with various ketones and aldehydes. Optimal reaction conditions were found to be the treatment of substrates with KOH or CsF in DMSO at room temperature. Mixtures of (E) and (Z) isomers of monofluoroalkenes 4 were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Download : Download full-size image
Pathophysiology of osteoporosis

As with many chronic diseases that express themselves late in life, osteoporosis is distinctly multifactorial, both in etiology and pathophysiology. Osteoporotic fractures occur because of a combination of injury and intrinsic bony fragility. Injury comes most often from a combination of falls, falling to the side, poor postural reflexes that fail to protect bony parts from impact, and reduced soft-tissue padding over bony prominences. The bony fragility itself is a composite of geometry, low mass density, severance of microarchitectural connections in trabecular structures, and altered bone material quality. The latter is primarily the result of accumulated fatigue damage, but reduced collagen cross-links and other intrinsic material defects may play a role as well. Reduced bone mass, in turn, is the result of varying combinations of gonadal hormone deficiency, inadequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D, decreased physical activity, comorbidity, and the effects of drugs used to treat various unrelated medical conditions. Finally, the often poor outcome from hip fracture in the elderly is partly due to associated protein-calorie malnutrition. An adequate preventive program for osteoporotic fracture must address as many of these factors as possible and be as multifaceted as the disease is multifactorial.
Thermal Distortion of an Anisotropic Elastic Half-Plane and its Application in Contact Problems Including Frictional Heating

The thermal surface distortion of an anisotropic elastic half-plane is studied using the extended version of Stroh’s formalism. In general, the curvature of the surface depends both on the local heat flux into the half-plane and the local temperature variation along the surface. However, if the material is orthotropic, the curvature of the surface depends only on the local heat flux into the half-plane. As a direct application, the two-dimensional thermoelastic contact problem of an indenter sliding against an orthotropic half-plane is considered. Two cases, where the indenter has either a flat or a parabolic profile, are studied in detail. Comparisons with other available results in the literature show that the present method is correct and accurate.
The random paving property for uniformly bounded matrices

This note presents a new proof of an important result due to Bourgain and Tzafriri that provides a partial solution to the Kadison-Singer problem. The result shows that every unit-norm matrix whose entries are relatively small in comparison with its dimension can be paved by a partition of constant size. That is, the coordinates can be partitioned into a constant number of blocks so that the restriction of the matrix to each block of coordinates has norm less than one half. The original proof of Bourgain and Tzafriri involves a long, delicate calculation. The new proof relies on the systematic use of symmetrization and (noncommutative) Khinchin inequalities to estimate the norms of some random matrices.
Participants in Rural Bank Consolidations

Consolidation and restructuring of the financial services industry is changing the delivery of credit to rural borrowers. A major concern is that continued consolidation may lead to a decline in rural banks and ultimately to a reduction in the availability of credit to farmers, small businesses, and local communities. More than 2,500 bank acquisitions worth approximately $120 billion occurred in the United States between 1979 and 1993. The number of commercial banks declined from 14,496 in 1984 to 10,432 in 1994, a notable decrease of 28%. The passage of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 is likely to accelerate consolidation. In Vision 2000: The Transformation of Banking, Anderson Consulting and the Bank Administration Institute forecast that there will be less
Improved efficiency with variational Monte Carlo using two level sampling

A two level sampling method is applied to variational Monte Carlo (VMC) that samples the one- and two-body parts of the wave function separately. The method is demonstrated on a single Li2 molecule in free space and 32 H2 molecules in a periodic box. This simple modification increases the efficiency of a VMC simulation by up to 72%.
Concurrent statistical evaluation during patient monitoring

The Shock Research Unit, a specialized clinical research facility, has been developed by the University of Southern California's School of Medicine for the purpose of rendering intensive care to seriously ill patients. Included is a medium-sized digital computer with a real-time system which monitors the critically ill patient. In addition, the system is being used to study the underlying mechanisms of the disease process and for developing new techniques of evaluating and treating seriously ill patients.
Assessment of the Higher Order Ionosphere Error on Position Solutions

This paper presents an assessment of the impact of the higher order ionosphere error on GPS position solutions. Prior studies of higher order ionosphere error are based on simplified ionosphere models, and there is a lack of understanding of their temporal and spatial structures. In this paper, we apply the Appleton-Hartree formula in the computation of the higher order errors by combining vertical electron density profiles obtained from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar, the International Reference Ionosphere model, total electron content maps derived from the International GNSS Service database, and the International Geomagnetic Reference Field model. The 24-slot GPS baseline constellation is used to compute a receiver position error based on higher order range error. The position error at the Arecibo radar site on a quiet day is used as an example to demonstrate the magnitude, sign, and daily variation patterns of higher order ionosphere induced position error.
Asymmetric cis - Hydroxylation via Epoxidation-Carboxylation: A Formal Synthesis of (+)-Citreoviral

Abstract Asymmetric epoxidation of tiglyl alcohol combined with Pd(0) catalyzed conversion to the vicinal diol with retention of configuration provides an efficient asymmetric synthesis of a key intermediate to (+)-citreoviral and related compounds.
Access control policies: Some unanswered questions

Discretionary access control policies are not so simple as most assume, especially in light of the requirements in the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria for group authorizations and specific denial of authorizations at the higher evaluation classes. Many interpretations of these requirements can be made. We investigate the possible interpretations of specific denial of authorization and also how to reconcile conflicting user and group authorizations and denials. We discuss several alternatives for implementing such policies for complex systems, such as database systems.
Reductions of aryl perfluorosulfonates with dimethylamine · borane (Me2NH·BH3) catalyzed by Pd(0): an operationally simple, inexpensive, and general protocol

Abstract Treatment of aryl nonaflates or triflates in CH3CN in the presence of one equivalent of Me2NH·BH3 and K2CO3 leads via Pd(0) catalysis to high yields of reduced arenes.
Practical synthesis of 2,6-dideoxy-d-lyxo-hexose (“2-deoxy-d-fucose”) from d-galactose

2,6-Dideoxy-D-lyxo-hexose was prepared efficiently from D-galactose in eight steps (25% overall yield). The synthesis is amenable to multigram scale-up.
Realising fusion systems

We show that every fusion system (saturated or not) on a p-group S is equal to the fusion system associated to a discrete group G containing S as a subgroup and such that every finite subgroup of G is conjugate to a subgroup of S.
Effect of fungal degradation on mechanical properties of cellophane

Changes in dynamic mechanical properties of cellophane films due either to fungal attack or to hydrochloric acid hydrolysis have been measured. It appears that damage caused by cellulase enzymes that are released from a fungal overgrowth is localized in noncrystalline regions. These effects include a substantial reduction in elastic modulus, a reduction in temperature at which relaxation processes involving chain segmental mobility occur, and a broadening of loss tangent peaks due to segmental mobility and to rotations of methylol groups. Comparing results obtained from cellulase hydrolysis with those obtained from acid hydrolysis, it is clear that enryme attack proceeds by a characteristic and selective process. Implications regarding the embrittlement often seen to accompany biodegradation are discussed.
Straightforward syntheses of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents mediated by Selectfluor.

Use of Selectfluor allows hypervalent iodine(III) species such as aryl iodine(III) difluoride, diacetate, and di(trifluoroacetate) and Koser's salt to be easily prepared. Aryl iodine(III) difluoride and diacetate can be synthesized from the corresponding arene and elemental iodine in one-pot procedures.
A model of price promotions with consumer search

This paper presents a price discrimination model of price promotions. The distinguishing feature of our model is the explicit distinction between regular and promotional prices: Regular prices are chosen first, then promotional prices. Further, while regular prices are always available to everyone, promotional prices are only available when offered, and only to those who search for them. We show that even a monopolist will offer random promotions under these circumstances. Furthermore, as search costs increase, the frequency and depth of promotions increase. With competition for the promotion-oriented consumers, the seller becomes more aggressive in his promotional policies, even more so as search costs increase. The high reservation price consumers, however, end up worse off with competition.
A Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 3] Cycloaddition of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes with 4-Hydroxy-2-Pyrone, Diketones, and Vinylogous Esters

A Lewis acid-catalyzed formal cycloaddition of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with 6-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone, 1,3-diketones, and vinylogous silyl esters is described here.
Study of the Reactive-element Effect in Oxidation of Fe-cr Alloys Using Transverse Section Analytical Electron Microscopy

The role of trace additions of reactive elements like Y, Ce, Th, or Hf to Cr bearing alloys was studied by applying a new developed technique of transverse section analytical electron microscopy. This reactive-element effect improves the high temperature oxidation resistance of alloys by strongly reducing the high temperature oxidation rate and enhancing the adhesion of the oxide scale, however, the mechanisms for this important effect remain largely unknown. It is indicated that the presence of yttrium affects the oxidation of Fe-Cr-Y alloys in at least two ways. The reactive element alters the growth mechanism of the oxide scale as evidenced by the marked influence of the reactive element on the oxide scale microstructure. The present results also suggest that reactive-element intermetallic compounds, which internally oxidize in the metal during oxidation, act as sinks for excess vacancies thus inhibiting vacancy condensation at the scale-metal interface and possibly enhancing scale adhesion.
Extremal Optimization for Ground States of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Spin Glass with Levy Bonds☆

Abstract Ground states of Ising spin glasses on fully connected graphs are studied for a broadly distributed bond family. In particular, bonds J distributed according to a Levy distribution P(J) / 1/|J| 1+α ; |J| > 1; are investigated for a range of powers α. We determine ground state energy density variation with α and their finite-size corrections. We find that the energies attain universally the Parisi-energy of the SK as long as the second moment of P (J) exists (α > 2). They compare favorably with recent one-step replica symmetry breaking predictions well below α = 2. At and just below α = 2, the simulations deviate significantly from theoretical expectations. The finite-size investigation reveals that the corrections exponent ω decays from the putative SK value ω SK = = 2/3 already well above α = 2, at which point it reaches a minimum.
Classification of cosets of the Reed-Muller code R ( m −3, m )

Abstract Cosets of the Reed-Muller code R ( m −3, m ) are classified under the actions of GL( m ,2) and GA( m ,2), the latter being the automorphism group of R ( m —3, m ) for m ⩾4. The number of cosets in each class is calculated. Orphans of R ( m −3, m ) are identified, and the normality of R ( m −3, m ) is established. A recursive formula is given for computing weight distributions of cosets of R ( m −3, m ). The formula gives the number of vectors of weight w in a coset of R ( m −3, m ) with minimal weight μ rather easily when w is not far away from μ.
Direct glycosylation of unprotected and unactivated carbohydrates under mild conditions.

Ligand exchange acetalization of acetals in the presence of catalytic amounts of mandelic acid and titanium tert-butoxide is reported. This transformation is successfully extended to glycosylation of unprotected and unactivated pentoses. Even unreactive pentoses such as d-arabinose or d-lyxose can be transformed by this new methodology into corresponding isopropyl glycosides.
The Ages and Abundances of a Sample of Globular Clusters in M49 (NGC 4472)

We present a study of the metallicity and age of the globular clusters system of M49 (NGC 4472), the most luminous galaxy in the Virgo Cluster. We measure Lick indices for 47 globular clusters (GCs) in M49 from LRIS/Keck spectra and establish their metallicity parameters qualitatively in comparison to the Galactic GCs and to published data for 150 M87 GCs. We then compare our measurements with the predictions of models for the integrated light of old single-burst stellar systems by Worthey and by Thomas, Maraston, & Bender. We find that the metallicity of the M49 GC system spans the range from [Fe/H]_Z = -2.0 to +0.4 dex. We show that the metallicity and age parameters for these two GC systems are basically identical, except that the M49 GCs reach slightly higher metallicities than do those of M87. We find that the GCs of both of these giant elliptical galaxies are α-enhanced by a factor of about 2 above the solar value, as is also true of the Galactic GCs. Thus the most metal rich GCs in M49 reach [Z/H] ~ +0.8 dex, comparable to that of M49 itself. While adoption of the α-enhanced models of Thomas et al. has eliminated most of the previous discrepancies with observations, the most metal rich M49 GCs have Na D lines that are still considerably stronger than those predicted by any model, and there are still issues involving the metallicity scale of these models. We find that in the mean, the M49 GCs are at least 10 Gyr old. However, the grids of models we used differ in how they treat the horizontal branch, and this perceptibly affects the predicted Hβ index. Hence our current incomplete understanding of the role of the horizontal branch limits our ability to derive a more detailed distribution for the ages of the GCs in M49 and in M87.
Creep Behavior of a Flip-Chip Package by Both FEM Modeling and Real Time Moiré Interferometry

In this paper, the creep behavior of a flip-chip package under a thermal load was investigated by using nonlinear finite element technique coupled with high density laser moire interferometry. The real-time moire interferometry technique was used to monitor and measure the time-dependent deformation of flip-chip packages during the test, while the finite element method was adapted to analyze the variation of stresses at edges and corners of interfaces with time by considering the viscoelastic properties of the underfill and the viscoplastic behavior of the solder balls. The results show that the creep behavior of the underfill and the solder balls does not have significant effect on the warpage of the flip-chip under the considered thermal load due to their constrained small volume. The variation of the time-dependent deformation in the flip-chip package caused by the creep behavior of the underfill and the solder balls is in the submicron scale. The maximum steady state U-displacement is only reduced by up to 6.7% compared with the maximum initial state U-displacement. Likewise, the maximum steady state V-displacement is merely reduced by up to 10% compared with the maximum initial state V-displacement. The creep behavior slightly weakens the warpage situation of the flip-chip package. However, the modeling results show that the localized stresses at corners and edges of interfaces greatly decrease due to the consideration of viscoelastic properties of the underfill and the viscoplastic properties of the solder balls and thereby effectively prevents interfaces from cracking. In addition, the predicted deformation values of the flip-chip package obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the test data obtained from the laser moire interferometry technique. It is shown that the deformation values of the flip-chip package predicted from the finite element analysis are in a fair agreement with those obtained from the test.
Remote asymmetric induction in organocopper conjugate additions to 3-ketoacrylates

Abstract Remote asymmetric induction has been achieved in the conjugate addition of organocopper reagents to a novel 3-ketoacrylate system, 1 . Conjugate additions proceed in moderate to good yield and with high regio- and stereoselectivity in the presence of diethylaluminum chloride.
Edge enhancement of remote sensing image data in the DCT domain

Edge enhancement is an important image processing method for remote sensing image data. Many images are compressed by JPEG standard which uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Since most coefficients in the DCT domain are small and can be quantized to zero, manipulating data in the DCT domain is an efficient way to save the computer resources. In this paper, new and fast algorithms for edge enhancement of remote sensing image data in the DCT domain are developed and implemented in three steps: high pass filtering, adding back full or part of gray levels to the original image, and contrast stretching. Experimental results show that the quality of images generated by the new algorithms are comparable with that of images generated by the corresponding methods in the spatial domain.
Structural and electrical properties of InSe polycrystalline films and diode fabrication

Abstract Polycrystalline InSe diode structures, which have been known as a phase-change material, were studied for the first time where the current–voltage characteristics show high potential for data storage application. Highly oriented InSe films were prepared onto heated quartz substrates using the co-evaporation technique with 20% Se over pressure followed by 1 h annealing at the growth temperature. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. InSe films were found to grow in 3-dimension with a roughness of around 400 nm. Diode structures were fabricated for the first time using these InSe films with both Mo bottom and Pt top electrodes that show large change in the electrical characteristics upon fabrication procedures. Thick InSe films (800 nm) showed Schottky characteristics, yielding a barrier height of approximately 1.0 eV.
Hamiltonian approach to Poisson Lie T-duality

The Hamiltonian formalism offers a natural framework for discussing the notion of Poisson Lie T-duality. This is because the duality is inherent in the Poisson structures alone and exists regardless of the choice of Hamiltonian. Thus one can pose alternative dynamical systems possessing nonabelian T-duality. As an example, we find a dual Hamiltonian formulation of the O(3) nonlinear σ-model. In addition, we easily recover the known dynamical systems having Poisson Lie T-duality starting from a general quadratic Hamiltonian.
Relative yield of charged and neutral heavy meson Pairs in e +e - annihilation near threshold

The subject of the charged-to-neutral yield ratio for \(B\bar B\) and \(D\bar D\) pairs near their respective thresholds in e+e− annihilation is revisited. As previously argued for the B mesons, this ratio should exhibit a substantial variation across the ϒ(4S) resonance due to interference of the resonance scattering phase with the Coulomb interaction between the charged mesons. A simple alternative derivation of the expression describing this effect is presented here, and the analysis is extended to include the D-meson production in the region of the ψ(3770) resonance. The available data on kaon production at the φ(1020) resonance are also discussed in connection with the expected variation of the charged-to-neutral yield ratio.