cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reframing Risk in the Wake of COVID-19

Concerns about infectious disease in mega-shelters following hurricanes should be a top priority. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the challenge of implementing standard evacuation and sheltering procedures for hurricanes during an outbreak of a respiratory disease and the lessons learned from the 2020 hurricane season must be applied to future response efforts. In this article, we examine the current risk framing for hurricane preparedness and response utilizing Prospect Theory. We also examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has complicated this traditional framing and offer a new framework for which to provide adequate sheltering following a hurricane, while minimizing the risk of respiratory disease to those seeking shelter. We argue that such a framework is necessary to protect American citizens in future hurricane seasons. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
The Structural Environment of Diffusion

Diffusion of innovation in marketing is typically studied as a social process. Interest in many models is how a minority of consumers first adopts an innovation and how adoption spreads to the majority of consumers. Our interest is on enabling environmental factors that must be in place before such a social process is possible. Specifically, this paper discusses factors that might be important structural elements in the environment, including a competitive backbone, a social backbone, and a technological backbone.
POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS AS ELASTIC MODELS FOR FOOD GELS: FRACTURE PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY DEXTRAN AND GLYCEROL

Influence of dextran and glycerol on fracture properties of 10% polyacrylamide (PAAm) gels was studied as a representative model system for food gels. No direct relationship was found between the fracture properties and gel liquid-phase viscosity. In general, addition of dextran and glycerol did not affect gel network crosslink density and chain length. With minimal dextran addition, fracture stress and strain experienced large increases. Increase of the fracture stress and strain was attributed to fracture mode transition from elastic to elasto-plastic fracture, resulting from dextran addition. Plastic deformation at the crack tips, acting as fracture-initiating points, prior to fracture propagation lowered stress concentration effect. Sensitivity of 10% PAAm gels, with/without dextran, to induced imperfections showed the fracture stress to be higher than expected based on Griffith's energy balance criteria, manifesting in a delayed fracture process. The plastic deformation was ascribed to the delayed crack nucleation resulting from dextran addition. The fracture stress and strain of 10% PAAm gels increased with glycerol addition. The increase in fracture properties was attributed to plastic deformation, caused by a delayed crack nucleation prior to fracture propagation. The mechanism of delayed crack nucleation remains unclear, but the results obtained from this investigation can be used to understand reasons for the change in fracture property of food gels created by additives.
Alterations in gene expression in T1α null lung: a model of deficient alveolar sac development

Background: Development of lung alveolar sacs of normal structure and size at late gestation is necessary for the gas exchange process that sustains respiration at birth. Mice lacking the lung differentiation gene T1α [T1α(-/-)] fail to form expanded alveolar sacs, resulting in respiratory failure at birth. Since little is known about the molecular pathways driving alveolar sacculation, we used expression microarrays to identify genes altered in the abnormal lungs and, by inference, may play roles in normal lung morphogenesis. Results: Altered expression of genes related to cell-cell interaction, such as ephrinA3, are observed in T1α(-/-) at E18.5. At term, FosB, Egr1, MPK-1 and Nur77, which can function as negative regulators of the cell-cycle, are down-regulated. This is consistent with the hyperproliferation of peripheral lung cells in term T1α (-/-) lungs reported earlier. Biochemical assays show that neither PCNA nor p21 are altered at E18.5. At term in contrast, PCNA is increased, and p21 is decreased. Conclusion: This global analysis has identified a number of candidate genes that are significantly altered in lungs in which sacculation is abnormal. Many genes identified were not previously associated with lung development and may participate in formation of alveolar sacs prenatally.
Interviews with SIG/III Co-founders: Reflections of Toni Carbo and Michel Menou

Article discussing interviews with the Special Interest Group/International Information Issues (SIG/III) co-founders Toni Carbo and Michel Menou.
Proofreading activity of DNA polymerase III responds like elongation activity to auxiliary subunits.

A comparison of the 3'—-5' proofreading properties between Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and DNA polymerase III' was conducted. This study indicated that the influence of the holoenzyme auxiliary subunits on the proofreading exonuclease parallels their effect on the elongation reaction. At physiological ionic strengths the auxiliary subunits markedly stimulated the exonuclease rate in an ATP-dependent reaction, while the exonuclease rate of DNA polymerase III' was not affected by ATP. E. coli single-stranded DNA binding protein stimulated the 3'—-5' exonuclease activity of holoenzyme and inhibited DNA polymerase III'. Similarly, the auxiliary subunits and ATP converted the proofreading activity to a highly processive exonuclease. Our observation, that the exonuclease activity of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme responded to ATP, salt, and E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein like the elongation activity, is consistent with the polymerase and exonuclease subunits acting within the same complex in a coordinated reaction.
The Strength of Hydrogen Bonds in Liquid Water and Around Nonpolar Solutes

The unusual properties of liquid water are usually attributed to hydrogen bonding. A longstanding question is whether the continuum of strengths of hydrogen bonds in water can be usefully simplifie...
School-based interventions for anxious children

Objective To compare the effectiveness of three school-based interventions for anxious children: group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for children, group CBT for children plus parent training group, and no-treatment control.
Assessment of hand held ion selective electrode technology for direct measurement of soil chemical properties

ABSTRACT Access to real-time information on soil chemistry would assist farmers in making decisions about nutrient management. Hand held Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) are commercially available for testing pH, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). To date, there has been some success in adapting hand held ISE devices for testing plant sap nutrient levels. The objective of our study was to determine if these devices could be used to directly measure ion content in soils. Two different soils, a Quincy sand and a Warden silt loam, made into slurries by adding water to achieve 50, 40, 30, 27.5, 25, 22.5, 20, 17.5, or 15% soil water content by volume. The slurries were directly applied to the hand held ISE (Cardy meter) five times for each soil texture and moisture content. In addition, soil solution was also sorbed onto absorbent paper and the paper placed directly on the Cardy meter surface. The results were compared to soil NO3-N, K, Na, and pH determined by conventional methods. The ha...
Critical behavior of griffiths ferromagnets

From a heuristic calculation of the leading order essential singularity in the distribution of Yang-Lee zeroes, we obtain new scaling relations near the ferromagnetic-Griffiths transition, including the prediction of a discontinuity on the analogue of the critical isotherm. We show that experimental data for the magnetization and heat capacity of La(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3) are consistent with these predictions, thus supporting its identification as a Griffiths ferromagnet.
Do Pediatricians Independently Manage Common Neurologic Problems

Quality educational programs should ensure that pediatricians possess current knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes in child neurology. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pediatricians' self-confidence in neurology and their frequency of referral of children to neurologists. We distributed a questionnaire to pediatricians and pediatric trainees for self-assessment of their (1) knowledge and skill in performing a neurologic examination, (2) ability to interpret neurologic findings, (3) knowledge of factual information about diseases of the nervous system, (4) ability to determine the need for investigations, and (5) ability to develop a positive attitude toward neurologic diseases. While pediatricians had significantly (P < .01) higher self-assessment scores than pediatric trainees, 54.2% of pediatricians referred 90% or more of their patients with neurologic complaints to neurologists; 74.9% of pediatricians referred more than 50% of such children to neurologists. Interesting...
Cu effects on CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells prepared on flexible substrates

Thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells of the substrate configuration (foil/back contact (BC)/CdTe/CdS/TCO) have been prepared on the molybdenum (Mo)-coated stainless steel substrates. Copper (Cu) is introduced in the cell by briefly immersing the device in a CuCl solution at different stages of the fabrication process in order to study the effect of Cu on cell performance. The structural and morphological properties of the CdTe and CdS films have been investigated. CdS/CdTe solar cells with and without Cu incorporation are characterized. The results suggest that cell performance can be improved by incorporating Cu under certain conditions. Solar cells with efficiencies above 7% have been prepared in this study.
Characterization of a Tight Molecular Complex between Integrin α6β4 and Laminin-5 Extracellular Matrix☆☆☆

In many adult epithelia, e.g., epidermis or intestine, adhesion of epithelial cells to basement membrane requires the integrin alpha6 beta4 and laminin-5 (Ln-5). In the absence of one or the other, extensive blistering and exfoliation occur. While alpha6 beta4 was reported to be a receptor for Ln-5, this interaction is poorly understood. We characterize complexes between alpha6 beta4 and Ln-5 in cell-free preparations of extracellular matrix (ECM) from the epithelial cell line, 804G. By microsequencing, Ln-5 and alpha6 beta4 were the major proteins in this ECM and were likely engaged in receptor/ligand complexes because, by immunofluorescence, alpha6 beta4 was colocalized with Ln-5 both in cell monolayers and in cell-free ECM preparations, but they disappeared after preincubation of the monolayers with alpha6 beta4 or Ln-5 function-blocking antibodies. The alpha6 beta4/Ln-5 complexes were resistant to dissociation by extreme pH, urea, chaotropes, eDTA, non-ionic detergents, and b-mercaptoethanol. They were only dissociated by strong anionic detergents, e.g., 1% SDS, suggesting receptor/ligand interactions based on high affinity or avidity. We propose that these alpha6 beta4/Ln-5 complexes may provide links between plasma membrane and basement membrane that resist mechanical stress and support epithelial integrity.
Measurement of the photoionization cross section of neutral iron

The photoionization cross section of neutral iron, in thermal equilibrium 2300 K, was measured to be (${5.0}_{\ensuremath{-}0.7}^{+0.4}$) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 1540 \AA{} (8.05 eV). At this temperature more than 98% of the atoms are in the levels of the ground term. The iron vapor was produced in a resistively heated furnace, and the column density was determined by the hook method. The optical depth of the iron vapor was measured with a photoelectric detector. The absolute measurement of the cross section can be used to calibrate existing data which cover a wide range of wavelengths.
Chronic Creatine Supplementation Alters Depression-like Behavior in Rodents in a Sex-Dependent Manner

Impairments in bioenergetic function, cellular resiliency, and structural plasticity are associated with the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that creatine, an ergogenic compound known to promote cell survival and influence the production and usage of energy in the brain, can improve mood in treatment-resistant patients. This study examined the effects of chronic creatine supplementation using the forced swim test (FST), an animal model selectively sensitive to antidepressants with clinical efficacy in human beings. Thirty male (experiment 1) and 36 female (experiment 2) Sprague–Dawley rats were maintained on either chow alone or chow blended with either 2% w/w creatine monohydrate or 4% w/w creatine monohydrate for 5 weeks before the FST. Open field exploration and wire suspension tests were used to rule out general psychostimulant effects. Male rats maintained on 4% creatine displayed increased immobility in the FST as compared with controls with no differences by diet in the open field test, whereas female rats maintained on 4% creatine displayed decreased immobility in the FST and less anxiety in the open field test compared with controls. Open field and wire suspension tests confirmed that creatine supplementation did not produce differences in physical ability or motor function. The present findings suggest that creatine supplementation alters depression-like behavior in the FST in a sex-dependent manner in rodents, with female rats displaying an antidepressant-like response. Although the mechanisms of action are unclear, sex differences in creatine metabolism and the hormonal milieu are likely involved.
A reexamination of motility patterns of rat epididymal spermatozoa

The swimming motion of rat epididymal spermatozoa was reexamined using high speed cinematography. Sperm were filmed at 100 frames per second and viewed at a reduced speed for detailed study. The flagella of spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis exhibit a rigid curved middle piece proximal to the cytoplasmic droplet and a flexible portion distal to the droplet. Bending waves begin at the caudal end of the immobile middle piece and propagate distally. The large majority of sperm from this region of the epididymis swim in a circular fashion, clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on the orientation of the curved midpiece. A few spermatozoa, however, manage to achieve a form of forward progression by alternation of the direction of curvature of their inflexible anterior segment. Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis swim progressively forward and rotate frequently about their axis of progression. Propagated waves of bending arise in the neck region and involve the midpiece as well as the more distal segments of the tail. The changing pattern of motility of sperm as they mature in the epididymis is consistent with the hypothesis, suggested by others, that the components of motility may develop independently and sequentially and further suggests that the site of initiation of bending waves is not limited to the centriole.
I+-abstraction versus I−-displacement in the reactions of diiodocethylene with metal carbonyl anions: X-ray structure of [(OC)5MneCCMn(CO)5]

Abstract Solid diiodoacetylene, ICCI, reacts with THF solutions of the highly basic, third row, metal carbonyl anion, RE(CO) 5 − , exclusively by a formal I + -abstraction process producing ReI(CO) 5 and Re 2 I 2 (CO) 8 . Under the same conditions, the less basic, first row, metal carbonyl anion, Mn(CO 5 − reacts to produce not only Mn 2 I 2 (CO 8 ) by formal I + -abstraction but also (OC) 5 MnCCMn(CO 5 by I − -displacement. These results may be rationalized by HSAB arguments and consideration of charge distribution in the substrate as indicated by molecular orbital calculations. The X-ray structure of (OC) 5 MnCCMn(CO) 5 is reported. Crystals are triclinic, space group P 1 , with Z = 1 in a unit cell of dimensions a 6.421(2), b 6.425(2), c 9.520(2) A, α 81.86(2), β 88.55(2), γ 82.06(2)°, and D calc 1.79 g cm −3 . The structure was solved by the Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least squares to R = 0.024, R w = 0.033 for 1372 observed reflections with F 2 o > 30σ( F 2 o ). The complex is centrosymmetric and thus exhibits an eclipsed in the solid state.
Twilight of the television idols: Collective memory, network news and the death of Walter Cronkite

The death of legendary CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in 2009 impelled former and present television journalists to revisit both Cronkite as an individual and the journalistic era of the 1960s and...
Introduction to magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic films

There is an increasing understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic order in both single-phase and composite materials. The investigations underlying this advance include a range of studies on thin films, which are expected to play an important role in the development of novel magnetoelectric devices. The properties of both single-phase and composite systems are widely studied. While single-phase materials can exhibit rich spin-charge coupling physics, the magnetizations, polarizations, and transition temperatures are often too small to be innately useful for device design. Conversely, a number of ferromagnetic–piezoelectric composites can show strong magnetoelectric coupling at ambient temperatures, which develops as a product-property mediated by elastic deformation, making these systems more directly amenable to fabricating devices. In this review, we provide a short overview of the mechanisms for magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroics, together with a discussion of how this magnetoelectric coupling is relevant for designing new multiferroic devices, including magnetic field sensors, dual electric and magnetic field tunable microwave and millimetre wave devices and miniature antennas. We present a brief summary of some of the significant results in studies on thin-film multiferroics, with an emphasis on single-phase materials, and covering systems where the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions fall at the same temperature as well as systems where they fall at different temperatures.
A Synthesis of Some Market Area Delimitation Models

Reilly's law of markets delimits a breakpoint between the trade areas of a pair of centers based on their size and spatial separation. The construction of trade boundaries between more than two centers is inadequately dealt with in the literature. This paper generalizes Reilly's market model using probability contour mapping and numerical integration. Since the allocation phase of the model can be based on any suitable interaction model, a wide variety of retail analysis techniques is synthesized. Using computer graphics, both descriptive and predictive uses of the model are illustrated.
Review of Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Editors: D.L. Bish and D.W. Ming. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Volume 45, Mineralogical Society of America, 1015 Eighteenth Street NW, Suite 601, Washington, D.C. 20036-5274, U.S.A. 2001, 654 p. US $24 for MSA and GS members; US $32 for others. ISBN0–939950–57–X.

Natural zeolites have long held the interest of earth scientists because of their structural and chemical variability, which makes them useful as recorders of their geological environment. In addition, because of their ion exchange and hydration–rehydration properties, natural zeolites have
Shock response of the commercial high explosive detasheet

The mechanical and chemical response of the flexible commercial high explosive DetasheetR is studied under controlled impact and plane-wave, high explosive loading. Results on nonreactive material behavior, sound speed, shock-initiation sensitivity and detonation pressure are presented. The material is found to respond in a viscous manner reminiscent of viscoelastic response of polymeric materials. Time-resolved pressure and pressure-rate measurements with PVDF piezoelectric polymer gauges are presented along with Manganin pressure and plate-dent test measurements of detonation pressure. Detonation pressures of 18GPa are indicated. Pressure measurements show initiation of reaction between 3 and 8 mm for an impact stress of 3.1 GPa. Plane wave loading wedge tests show run distances to detonation consistent with the pressure measurements, and with behavior like that of XTX8003 (80 % PETN/20 % Sylgard 182R).
Fine-Tuning of iPSC Derivation by an Inducible Reprogramming System at the Protein Level

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from somatic cells by ectopic expression of reprogramming factors, e.g., POU5F1 (OCT4), KLF4, and SOX2, have great potential for regenerative medicine. However, before they can be used in a clinical setting, the mechanism of reprogramming needs to be better understood. Here, by engineering reprogramming factors to a destabilizing protein domain, we achieved inducible generation of mouse and pig iPSCs. Stability of the fusion protein was precisely regulated by the addition of the cell-permeable small molecule trimethoprim (TMP) in a dose-dependent manner. With these tools, we found that during the early and middle stages of reprogramming, exogenous OCT4 or KLF4 could be omitted, whereas exogenous SOX2 expression at early and middle stages was required for successful reprogramming. Our TMP reprogramming system is useful for defining the stoichiometry and temporal requirements of transcription factors for reprogramming.
Ocular Drug Permeation Following Experimental Excimer Laser Treatment on the Isolated Pig Eye

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is a well-established procedure which is frequently applied to correct myopia. Since structural alterations of the corneal epithelium occur after the treatment, a different drug permeation can be assumed. To investigate the effects of PRK on drug permeation, excimer laser ablations with varying depths were performed on isolated pig eyes. The permeation of lipophilic (diclofenac-sodium; D-Na) and hydrophilic (pilocarpine-hydrochloride; P-HCl) model drugs were studied in vitro. Under these experimental conditions, P-HCl demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of permeation in relation to the ablation depth. In contrast, corneal epithelial thickness scarcely influenced the permeation rate of D-Na. Not until removing the entire epithelium did a significantly increased permeability occur, when compared to untreated cornea. These results suggest that PRK may significantly reduce the corneal barrier function and alter pharmacokinetics of topical medication.
Electrophysiologic correlate of exit block.

Abstract Electrophysiologic studies using canine and human tissue confirm, by direct recordings at the cellular level, the existence of exit block produced by artificial pacemakers and shed some light on the mechanism of the exit block. Both human ventricular and canine Purkinje or ventricular tissue, or both, demonstrated Wenckebach structure from the stimulus electrode to the recorded action potentials. This conduction depression was induced by hypoxia, digitalis or infusion of 4 times the normal concentration of potassium (10.8 mEq/liter). Both the exit block and the Wenckebach structure of the block recorded in these experiments are analogous to those seen in clinical situations. In addition, electrophysiologic evidence for unidirectional block is presented.
Effects of ionizing radiation on TaO x -based memristive devices

This paper evaluates the effects of ionizing radiation on tantalum oxide (TaO x ) memristors. The data obtained from 60Co gamma ray and 10 keV X-ray ionizing radiation experiments indicate that it is possible for the devices to switch from a high resistance off-state to a low resistance on-state after a total ionizing dose (TID) step stress threshold has been surpassed. During irradiation, the devices were floating, grounded, or biased with a 1 Hz square wave with an amplitude of ±100 mV. While floating the terminals is not a typical bias condition within a circuit, it is speculated that this condition might be worst-case because of the lack of a discharge path. If a read measurement is performed prior to reaching the charge threshold, the devices ‘reset’ back to a pre-irradiation state. This suggests that the devices do not have a cumulative TID effect. However, it was observed that having a continuous bias on the device during the TID exposure did not always have the same effect. The TID threshold level at which the devices switch resistance states varies from device to device; the enhanced susceptibility observed in some devices is still under investigation. After a radiation-induced resistance change, all of the devices could be reset and still functioned properly. When the devices were set into a low resistance on-state prior to irradiation, there was not a significant variation in the resistance post-irradiation (i.e., the devices were still in the on-state). Overall, the memristor TID performance is promising and could potentially enable the discovery of a radiation-hardened nonvolatile memory technology to be used in space and aerospace applications.
Sources of Artificial Radiation Belts

With the advent of the satellite era the thoughts of the scientists have extended to outer space, since means have become available for measurements and experimentation in the region of the upper atmosphere. Two classes of experiments are possible with satellite-carried instruments: (1) To measure natural phenomena; (2) To create artificial effects under controlled conditions.
Tesla and AND gates

This column takes a closer look at the work of Nikola Tesla, a brilliant engineer and scientist who made incredible contributions in many diverse areas, such as radar and radio. Tesla was the first person to be awarded a patent on an AND gate.
Investigation of a catalytic zinc binding site in Escherichia coli L-threonine dehydrogenase by site-directed mutagenesis of cysteine-38.

Abstract l -Threonine dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD + -dependent oxidation of threonine forming 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate. Chemical modification of Cys-38 of Escherichia coli threonine dehydrogenase, whose residue aligns with the catalytic zinc-binding residue, Cys-46, of related alcohol/polyol dehydrogenases, inactivates the enzyme [B. R. Epperly and E. E. Dekker (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6086–6092; A. R. Johnson and E. E. Dekker (1996) Protein Sci. , 382–390]. To probe its function, Cys-38 was changed to Ser, Asp, and Glu by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutants C38S and C38D were purified to homogeneity and found to be, like the wild-type enzyme, homotetrameric proteins containing one Zn 2+ atom per subunit. The circular dichroism spectra of these mutants were essentially identical to that of the wild-type enzyme. Mutant C38S was catalytically inactive but mutant C38D had a specific activity of 0.2 unit/mg, a level ∼1% that of the wild-type enzyme. After it was incubated with 1 mM Zn 2+ and then assayed in the presence of 15 mM Zn 2+ , mutant C38S showed only a trace of enzymatic activity (i.e., 0.013 unit/mg). Preincubation of mutant C38D with 5 mM Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , or Cd 2+ increased its activity 57-, 6-, or 3-fold, respectively; 1 mM Mn 2+ halved and 0.5 mM Hg 2+ abolished activity. Zn 2+ -stimulated mutant C38D showed these properties: apparent substrate activation at low threonine concentrations, a maximum activity of 27 units/mg with 20 mM threonine, and inhibition by high levels of substrate; an activation K d = 3 mM Zn 2+ ; and a pH optimum of 8.4 (in contrast to pH 10.3 for the wild-type enzyme). Without added Zn 2+ , mutant C38D is equally active with threonine and 2-amino-3-hydroxypentanoate, but Zn 2+ -activated mutant C38D is 10-fold more reactive with threonine than with 2-amino-3-hydroxypentanoate. In the absence of added metal ions, wild-type enzyme similarly uses substrates other than threonine and shows a dramatic increase in activity with only threonine when stimulated by either Cd 2+ or Mn 2+ ; added Zn 2+ has no effect on activity with threonine. Cys-38 of threonine dehydrogenase, therefore, is located in an activating divalent metal ion-binding site. Having a negatively charged residue like Asp in this position allows the binding of a catalytic Zn 2+ ion which enhances activity with threonine and reduces activity with substrate analogs. Whether Cys-38 of wild-type threonine dehydrogenase binds a catalytic metal ion (possibly Zn 2+ ) in vivo remains to be established.
Estradiol, but not testosterone, heightens cortisol-mediated negative feedback on pulsatile ACTH secretion and ACTH approximate entropy in unstressed older men and women.

How sex steroids modulate glucocorticoid feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-corticotrope (HPC) unit is controversial in humans. We postulated that testosterone (T) in men and estradiol (E2) in ...
Recognition and lysis of human melanoma by a CD3+, CD4+, CD8- T-cell clone restricted by HLA-A2.

Abstract The in vitro cytotoxic response to human melanoma is characterized by CD3 + CD8 + T-cells which recognize shared peptide antigens presented in the context of HLA class-I-encoded gene products. We report here studies of a CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 − , HLA-A2-restricted, melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cell clone derived by limiting dilution from a T-cell line induced in PBLs from a melanoma patient following in vitro stimulation with an HLA-A2-matched melanoma cell line. The CD4 + cytotoxic T-cell clone is lytic only for melanomas which share the HLA-A2 allele, and the cytotoxicity is blocked by antibody to the T-cell receptor and by antibody to HLA class I. The clone proliferates only following stimulation with HLA-A2-matched melanoma tumor cells. The data suggest that cytotoxic CD4 + T-cells may play a significant role in immunity to melanoma, and HLA class-I-restricted recognition of melanoma may not necessarily require the CD8 molecule on the lytic T-cell.
Evaluating a Nutrition Education Program for Pregnant Teen-Agers: Cognitive vs. Behavioral Outcomes.

A manual-based program of nutrition education for pregnancy and lactation was developed. This program was evaluated in a classroom setting using two measures of effectiveness. A pretest and posttest format was used to assess cognitive outcomes and predietary and postdietary records were used to assess behavioral changes. The difference between cognitive test scores was significant. However, actual dietary improvements were slight and were within the range of normal intake variation. This study emphasizes the need to assess behavior in order to more fully evaluate educational effectiveness. Observations of the study also suggest the desirability of environmental support for the successful translation of classroom knowledge into appropriate behaviors.
Reforming Cuban Agriculture

This article focuses on the two major reforms undertaken in the Cuban agricultural sector during 1993 and 1994: the re-organization of the state farm sector into worker-managed production co-operatives and the opening of free agricultural markets for above-plan production. It is argued that the Cuban agricultural sector is now characterized by multiple forms of organization of production and land tenure or a ‘mixed economy’, and that the two reforms have produced a turn-around in agricultural performance. Still, the macro-economic impact is likely to depend on a deepening of the reforms in two directions: the development of a free market in agricultural inputs and a reform of the food rationing system.
The relative acidities of phenols and benzoic acids in dimethylsulfoxide

Abstract An attempt is made to correlate the relative acidities of phenols and benzoic acids in dimethylsulfoxide and water. Mathematical expressions relating the acidity of the acids in the two solvents are presented and the data show that phenols display a greater increase in their relative acidity in dimethylsulfoxide than do benzoic acids. Differentiating titrations are presented and such titrations are feasible where the acids differ by 140 mV in their half-neutralization potentials. Comparative data are presented for the pyridine solvent system.
Reactions of propene and cyclopropane radical cations with neutral ethylene

The gas-phase reactions of propene and cyclopropane radical cations with neutral ethylene were investigated by using Fourier transform, chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometries. Both reactions form covalent C 5 H 10 adduct ions. The adduct ions are hypothesized to form initially as distonic radical cations that isomerize via a substituted cyclopropane intermediate and are detected as the most stable C 5 H 10 isomer, the 2-methylbut-2-ene radical cation. The rate constant for each reaction is approximately 20% of the theoretical collision rate, indicating that product ions are formed in one out of every five collisions of the C 3 H 6 radical cations with neutral C 2 H 4
Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle

The tension that develops when relaxed muscles are stretched is the resting (or passive) tension. It has recently been shown that the resting tension of intact skeletal muscle fibers is equivalent to that of mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Laser diffraction measurements of sarcomere length have now been used to show that the exponential relation between resting tension and sarcomere length for whole frog semitendinosus muscle is similar to that of single fibers. Slack sarcomere lengths and the rates of stress relaxation in these muscles were similar to those in skinned fibers, and sarcomere length remained unchanged during stress relaxation, as in skinned fibers. Thus, in intact semitendinosus muscle of the frog up to a sarcomere length of about 3.8 micrometers, resting tension arises, not in the connective tissue as is commonly thought, but in the elastic resistance of the myofibrils.
Meson production by a meson nucleon collision in the Heisenberg representation

A relation between the interaction operator, the Heisenberg operator and the interaction Hamiltonian is established. The matrix element for the production of mesons by a meson nucleon collision is obtained with all its renormalization terms. A causality condition is shown to be involved in this matrix element.
Chemical Prey Preference Polymorphism in Newborn Garter Snakes Thamnophis Sir Talis

Newborn, previously unfed garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) respond with prey attack and tongue flicking to water based extracts prepared from the surface substances of normally eaten prey and presented on cotton swabs. The present experiments demonstrate reliable individual differences in preferred stimuli among members of the same litter. (I) Of 12 snakes tested on six different days with redworm extract, minnow extract, and distilled water, six responded reliably more to worm and one reliably more to minnow. Redworm was overall more effective than minnow. Using two ranking procedures, individual responsivity to redworm was not correlated with responsivity to minnow. Although distilled water was relatively ineffective, correlations of individual snake scores to extracts and water were high and often significant, in contrast to the low correlations between extracts. (2) Of an entire litter of 13 snakes tested on seven days with extracts from two species of earthworms and two species of fish, 11 responded significantly more to worm extracts and one significantly more to fish extracts. The two worm extracts gave almost identical overall scores and the same occurred for the two fish extracts, with the worm being more effective. While individual responsivities to the two worm or two fish extracts were highly correlated, responsivities across worms and fish were not. A few snakes discriminated between individual worm or fish extracts. (3) In 15 sibling newborn snakes tested on three concentrations (100%, 10%, 1%) of earthworm and fish extracts, most responded more to worm regardless of concentration, a 1% worm extract being more effective than 100% fish. The method of limits was used in both ascending and descending sequences. (4) In all three litters, the snakes could be divided into a few discrete groups based on the relative preference for fish or worm extracts. However, there was wide individual variation in attack frequency, attack latency, and tongue flicking in absence of prey attack. (5) The results are discussed in terms of a genetically based perceptual polymorphism. The phenomenon's possible role in the natural history and evolution of snakes, especially the interaction with feeding experience, is elaborated.
Medical management of Crohn's disease: A guide for radiologists

The choice of therapies for Crohn's disease has expanded greatly over the past 30 years. Increasingly it is important that we attempt to identify subgroups of patients who will benefit most from each type of therapy. This article reviews the therapeutic options currently available, organized by the goal the practitioner hopes to achieve. Imaging is one critical way of aiding the classification of Crohn's disease by attempting to accurately determine the location, extent and, most importantly, the nature of the disease.
Comment on “Control profiles of complex networks”

Ruths and Ruths (Reports, 21 March 2014, p. 1373) find that existing synthetic random network models fail to generate control profiles that match those found in real network models. Here, we show that a straightforward extension to the Barabasi-Albert model allows the control profile to be "tuned" across the control profile space, permitting more meaningful control profile analyses of real networks.
Status and direction of PACE-I HgCdTe FPAs for astronomy

Rockwell's short wavelength infrared (SWIR) focal plane arrays (FPA) were originally designed for use in Orbital Replacement Instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope, but the 256 X 256 FPA version subsequently has found a home in many observatories. Developed for the University of Arizona under a NASA-Goddard prime contract to the University, the device is designated NICMOS3 due to its original relationship with the Hubble's Near Infrared Camera Multi-Object Spectrometer. Typical NICMOS3 FPAs have read noise 50% from 0.8 to 2.5 micrometers . These devices are in use all over the world by many researchers for SWIR astronomy. Based on long-term interaction with these scientists and on our own tests, the consensus is that the NICMOS3 is an extremely useful device. We are working to facilitate several paths for the subsequent low risk development of significantly upgraded astronomical FPAs. These include an even higher performance 256 X 256 FPA consisting of an upgraded readout mated to either standard or improved PACE-1 HgCdTe detector arrays, the near-term development of a 512 X 512 FPA via a proposed astronomical research consortium, and the longer term development of a 1024 X 1024 via several possible paths.
Healthy Connections for Consumers: National Library of Medicine Web Sites

This article describes and evaluates eight of the consumer health Web sites developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), with an emphasis on matching the resource to the informational needs of the user. The eight Web sites evaluated are ClinicalTrials.gov, Genetics Home Reference, Haz-Map, Household Products Database, MedlinePlus, NIHSeniorHealth, TOXMAP, and Tox Town. Each Web site is evaluated on the basis of the following categories: Features, Navigation, Timeliness, Search Options, and Search Results. These five categories were rated on a 4-point scale. Topics appropriate to each Web site were searched to determine their effectiveness in retrieving relevant results. Based on our analysis, six of the NLM Web sites are rated “Excellent,” and two are rated “Very Good.” The categories and search queries provided an effective way of evaluating these NLM Web sites. Other health-related Web sites could be assessed using this methodology.
Political Theory, Critical Theory, and the Place of the Frankfurt School

This paper explores the paradox of the Frankfurt School's Critical Theory where the notion of "critical theory" became identified with aesthetics and asks whether the disappearance of the political dimension of critical theory was necessary. This disappearance of the political also presents some uncomfortable affinities between it and postmodernism. But in the more sober world after 1989, post-communism poses more relevant questions than post-modernism for an assessment of the history of the Frankfurt School. The political project of the old Frankfurt School has to be revivified - or at least given a decent burial.
A three-dimensional model of electromigration and stress induced void nucleation in interconnect structures

A three-dimensional finite element method is developed to predict the critical conditions necessary to nucleate electromigration or stress induced voids in interconnects. Our approach is to model interfaces using a modified cohesive zone, which permits the interfaces to separate at a critical stress, and also accounts for mass transport along the interfaces. A simple boundary value problem is solved to verify the numerical procedure. The method is then used to simulate the nucleation and initial growth of voids in a realistic interconnect test structure. Predicted void nucleation sites are in good agreement with experimental observations. In addition, modeling analysis is also consistent with qualitative effects of geometric and material parameters such as the line length, cap layer and passivation material on critical times to nucleate voids.
The reflection of low energy helium atoms from tungsten surfaces

Abstract The computer program MARLOWE (Version 11.5) has been used to simulate the reflection of 8 eV to 1.5 keV helium atoms from monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous targets of tungsten. The results are compared with recent experiments of van Gorkum and Kornelsen on 〈001〉 targets and of Seidman, et al., on 〈011〉 targets. The comparisons of calculated and measured ion ranges indicate that the electronic stopping cross section of low energy helium atoms in tungsten is significantly greater than the traditional LSS value. The reflection coefficients calculated for the 〈001〉 surface are in fair agreement with experiment.
Arterial hyperoxia in a newborn infant with transposition of the great vessels

clear to auscultation, and the liver palpable 2 cm below the right costal margin. Blood glucose concentration was 141 mg/dl, serum calcium 7.3 mg/dl, hemoglobin 14.6 gm/dl, and hematocrit 40.6%. Blood from the descending aorta had pH 7.42, Paco 2 20.5 torr, and Pa% 41 torr while the infant was being mechanicalIy ventilated with 100% oxygen. A simultaneous blood sample from the right radial artery had a Pa% 40 torr. A chest roentgenogram revealed marked hyperinflation with a normal cardiac silhouette and normal pulmonary vascular markings. Subsequent roentgen- ograms confirmed that the umbilical catheter's position was maintained just above the aortic bifurcation throughout the infant's hospital course. The electrocardiogram was within normal limits and echocardiography identified four cardiac valves, an intact septum, good left ventricular contractility and the left ventricular pre-ejection period to ejection time ratio was 0.34. However, the anterior great vessel anatomy could not be well defined because of hyperinflation of the lungs.
Amputation effects on the underlying complexity within transtibial amputee ankle motion

The presence of chaos in walking is considered to provide a stable, yet adaptable means for locomotion. This study examined whether lower limb amputation and subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation resulted in a loss of complexity in amputee gait. Twenty-eight individuals with transtibial amputation participated in a 6 week, randomized cross-over design study in which they underwent a 3 week adaptation period to two separate prostheses. One prosthesis was deemed “more appropriate” and the other “less appropriate” based on matching/mismatching activity levels of the person and the prosthesis. Subjects performed a treadmill walking trial at self-selected walking speed at multiple points of the adaptation period, while kinematics of the ankle were recorded. Bilateral sagittal plane ankle motion was analyzed for underlying complexity through the pseudoperiodic surrogation analysis technique. Results revealed the presence of underlying deterministic structure in both prostheses and both the prosthetic and sound leg ankle (discriminant measure largest Lyapunov exponent). Results also revealed that the prosthetic ankle may be more likely to suffer loss of complexity than the sound ankle, and a “more appropriate” prosthesis may be better suited to help restore a healthy complexity of movement within the prosthetic ankle motion compared to a “less appropriate” prosthesis (discriminant measure sample entropy). Results from sample entropy results are less likely to be affected by the intracycle periodic dynamics as compared to the largest Lyapunov exponent. Adaptation does not seem to influence complexity in the system for experienced prosthesis users.
Factors Associated with Attrition from an HIV-Prevention Program for Gay and Bisexual Males

Among 340 gay and bisexual males who enrolled in a 14-session HIV-prevention group counseling program delivered by telephone, 21.2% (n = 72) failed to attend any counseling sessions, 10% (n = 34) dropped out early, 18.9% (n = 64) dropped out late, and 50% (n = 170) completed counseling. Those who did not complete counseling tended to be younger, have lower levels of income, be less gay-identified, and experience logistical barriers to participation. Entering a new committed relationship after enrolling in the program was also associated with earlier attrition from treatment. Individuals with higher baseline levels of high-risk sexual behaviors, and those with lower motivation or confidence in changing, were not differentially vulnerable to attrition from the intervention. However, treatment completers reported more positive outcomes at follow-up relative to those who left the program. This finding underscores the importance of greater tailoring of preventive interventions in order to more successfully retain the non-gay-identified individual, and to reduce logistical impediments to participation. Other important implications pertain to countering possibly inaccurate risk perceptions concerning the absence of HIV transmission risk within committed relationships.
REHABILITATION AND FIELD TESTING OF AN FRP BRIDGE DECK ON A TRUSS BRIDGE

A light-weight FRP deck was used, on an experimental basis, to replace a heavy deteriorated concrete deck improving the load rating of a 60-year old truss bridge located in Wellsburg, New York. This was the first such application in New York State. Load testing was conducted after installation of the FRP deck to study its behavior. Results indicated the conservative nature of the deck design, and no composite action between the deck and the superstructure. The study also shows that the joints are only partially effective in load transfer between panels.
Reminding and mood-congruent memory

Earlier experiments found that happy or sad subjects learn more about prose materials that are affectively congruent with their feelings. This study asked whether this memory effect was mediated by selective reminding. Subjects induced through hypnosis to feel happy or sad indicated whether or not happy or sad prompting phrases reminded them of a personal experience; they also rated the phrase’s imagery. Later, free recall showed the mood-congruity effect, which related strongly to imagery ratings but only weakly to remindings. In particular, the differential recall of happy versus sad phrases was about the same regardless of whether the phrases provoked reminiscences. Thus, selective reminding is at best a weak contributor to the moodcongruity effect in memory.