cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexes of trivalent phosphorus derivatives. XIII. 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butyne-2 and its complexes

Abstract Reaction of 1,4-dichlorobutyne-2 with lithium diphenylphosphide gives the new acetylenic ditertiary phosphine (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 CCCH 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 (PfCCPf) which could be converted to its dioxide and disulfide by conventional methods. This ditertiary phosphine forms bridging complexes of various types. Thus the following monobridged complexes can be prepared: (a) (PfC  CPf)[Mo(CO) 2 (COCH 3 )(C 5 H 5 ] 2 by reaction of PfC  CPf with CH 3 Mo(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ; (b) (PfC  CPf)[FeBr(CO)C 5 H 5 ] 2 and the cation (PfC  CPf) [Fe(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 ] 2 2+ by reaction of PfC  CPf with C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 Br; (c) (PfC  CPf)[CoI 2 C 5 H 5 ] 2 by reaction of PfC  CPf with C 5 H 5 Co(CO)I 2 ; and (d) (PfC  CPf) (AuCl) 2 by reaction of PfC  CPf with chloroauric acid. It was also possible to prepare the dibridged complexes (PfC  CPf) 2 (PtCl 2 ) 2 and (PfC  CPf) 2 [Ni(CO) 2 ] 2 by reactions of PfC  CPf with chloroplatinic acid and [C 5 H 5 NiCO] 2 , respectively. However, all attempts to prepare tribridged complexes of PfC  CPf were unsuccessful.
Accelerator-driven transmutation technology for incinerating radioactive waste and for advanced application to power production

Abstract Recent work at Los Alamos has revealed new techniques leading to greatly enhanced feasibility for using intense particle accelerators to drive systems for burning existing radioactive waste, and for electrical power generation with a much reduced waste stream in the future. The system requires the intense flux levels that can only be provided by an accelerator to exploit thermal energy neutrons for transmutation; thus the new physics of transmutation is different and more advanced than earlier ideas. Another key aspect affords the use of a dilute inventory system that reduces significantly the amount of fertile/fissile material required in the system at one time, with significant safety and engineering advantages. These concepts will be reviewed, and the requirements on the accelerator, which is on the order of 1.5 GeV, 50–250 mA continuous current, will be outlined.
Existence of minimizers and necessary conditions in set-valued optimization with equilibrium constraints

In this paper we study set-valued optimization problems with equilibrium constraints (SOPECs) described by parametric generalized equations in the form 0 ∈ G(x) + Q(x), where both G and Q are set-valued mappings between infinite-dimensional spaces. Such models particularly arise from certain optimization-related problems governed by set-valued variational inequalities and first-order optimality conditions in nondifferentiable programming. We establish general results on the existence of optimal solutions under appropriate assumptions of the Palais-Smale type and then derive necessary conditions for optimality in the models under consideration by using advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation.
Studies on bacterial resistance to streptomycin.

Summary1. Resistance to streptomycin can be induced by repeated transfer of various organisms in streptomycin containing media. 2. In the early logarithmic stage of growth, highly resistant mutants can be isolated, by chance selection, in a single transfer. 3. In most instances, acquired resistance to streptomycin is maintained. 4. Organisms resistant to streptomycin may retain their original virulence as measured by the bactericidal test. 5. The acquisition of resistance to streptomycin with the maintenance of virulence may have certain therapeutic implications.
Biosensing with microbial fuel cells and artificial neural networks: laboratory and field investigations.

Abstract In this study microbial fuel cell-based biosensing was integrated with artificial neural networks (ANNs) in laboratory and field testing of water samples. Inoculation revealed two types of anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) induction profiles, a relatively slow gradual profile and a faster profile that was preceded by a significant lag time. During laboratory testing, the MFCs generated well-organized normally distributed profiles but during field experiments the peaks had irregular shapes and were smaller in magnitude. Generally, the COD concentration correlated better with peak area than with peak height. The ANN predicted the COD concentration ( R 2 = 0.99) with one layer of hidden neurons and for concentrations as low as 5 mg acetate-COD/L. Adding 50 mM of 2-bromoethanesulfonate amplified the electrical signals when glucose was the substrate. This report is the first to identify two types of ARB induction profiles and to demonstrate the power of ANNs for interpreting a wide variety of electrical response peaks.
Easing into C++: experiences with RoBOTL

RoBOTL is an on-going language experiment that attempts to blend Karel the Robot, as developed by Richard E. Pattis, [Pattis, 1982] with the object-oriented paradigm and the C/C++ language syntax. We developed it to ease the introduction of C++ as a first programming language. Its initial debut in the summer Frontiers in Science program at WPI was more successful than we anticipated with the weaker students all learning to program, and the stronger students showing interest in learning the object-oriented paradigm inherent in the language. All the students were able to make the transition to C++.
Oligomeric structure and minimal functional unit of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1-A.

The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1-A mediates the basolateral absorption of sodium and bicarbonate in the proximal tubule. In this study the oligomeric state and minimal functional unit of NBCe1-A were investigated. Wild-type (wt) NBCe1-A isolated from mouse kidney or heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells was predominantly in a dimeric state as was shown using fluorescence energy transfer, pulldown, immunoprecipitation, cross-linking experiments, and nondenaturing perfluorooctanoate-PAGE. NBCe1-A monomers were found to be covalently linked by S-S bonds. When each of the 15 native cysteine residues were individually removed on a wt-NBCe1-A backbone, dimerization of the cotransporter was not affected. In experiments involving multiple native cysteine residue removal, both Cys630 and Cys642 in extracellular loop 3 were shown to mediate S-S bond formation between NBCe1-A monomers. When native NBCe1-A cysteine residues were individually reintroduced into a cysteineless NBCe1-A mutant backbone, the finding that a Cys992 construct that lacked S-S bonds functioned normally indicated that stable covalent linkage of NBCe1-A monomers was not a necessary requirement for functional activity of the cotransporter. Studies using concatameric constructs of wt-NBCe1-A, whose activity is resistant to methanesulfonate reagents, and an NBCe1-AT442C mutant, whose activity is completely inhibited by methanesulfonate reagents, confirmed that NBCe1-A monomers are functional. Our results demonstrate that wt-NBCe1-A is predominantly a homodimer, dependent on S-S bond formation that is composed of functionally active monomers.
Adolescents' perceived risk for STDs and HIV infection

Purpose: (1) To determine whether adolescents systematically underestimate their relative risk for STDs and HIV; and (2) to determine to what extent anxiety about STDs and HIV, past condom use, number of lifetime partners and STD/HIV-related beliefs predict perceived relative risk. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-one sexually experienced, racially diverse, urban high school teenagers (mean age=15.5 years; 53% male) were surveyed regarding their STD/HIV-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Results: The subjects did not perceive themselves to be at lower risk compared to their perceptions of the risk of other people their age for STDs or HIV. Using hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis, perceptions of lower relative risk for STDs and for HIV were predicted by higher levels of anxiety (p .05). Conclusions: Adolescents' perceptions of risk appear to be related to anxiety about STDs and HIV and their behaviors may be related to peer influences and attitudes toward using condoms.
The optimality of D-BLAST-ZF with antenna order feedback without or with antenna selection

In [1], the authors proposed the GRT-VB spatial multiplexing architecture that significantly improves upon the diversity-multiplexing (D-M) tradeoff of the V-BLAST architecture by feeding back a channel dependent permutation matrix (denoting antenna order) via a few bits (log Mt!) of feedback. In this paper, it is shown that with the same antenna order feedback, if coding across the resulting parallel channels is permitted even if only via the low complexity D-BLAST architecture with a zero-forcing successive interference cancellation (ZF-SIC) receiver (hence-forth this architecture will be referred to as simply the "ordered D-BLAST-ZF"), then the optimal D-M tradeoff of the MIMO link can be achieved, thereby bridging the gap between the D-M tradeoff of the GRT-VB scheme of [1] and the optimal tradeoff curve. Furthermore, this result can be generalized to the case of the MIMO link with a limited number of R.F chains at the transmitter and the receiver that requires antenna selection (AS) at both ends. In other words, by selecting the (ordered) transmit and receive antennas using the fast algorithm in [2], it is shown that the fundamental D-M tradeoff with antenna selection obtained in [2] can be achieved in spite of restricting the complexity via the ordered D-BLAST-ZF processing. Moreover, the outage performance of the proposed ordered D-BLAST-ZF schemes with or without AS can be further enhanced via spatial power allocation using only the statistical information about the ordered channel gains in the effective parallel channel model.
Hematologic toxicities of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are potent anti-cancer targeted therapies. TKIs are considered safe and efficacious therapeutic modalities, and are generally tolerated well. However, they are associated with certain side effects including hematologic toxicities such as anemia, macrocytosis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow aplasia and necrosis. Thrombotic microangiopathy, arterial thromboembolism and splenic infarction can also occur following treatment with TKIs. Cytopenias are the most common adverse effects associated with these agents, and other hematologic toxicities are not frequent. It is essential for clinicians to monitor patients closely, and recognize those side effects as early as possible, in order to improve efficacy of small molecule TKIs and optimize outcomes. This article summarizes hematologic toxicities associated with the commonly used small molecule TKIs. It also provides practical strategies for the management of these toxicities.
Spectroscopic properties of upconverting phosphor reporters

We have measured the spectroscopic properties of upconverting phosphors relevant to their use of in-vitro diagnostics and other application. These novel reporters have a number of useful properties for biological and medical applications, including no autofluorescent background, no photobleaching, excitation with inexpensive and compact cw diode laser sources, and narrow emission bands. Properties we have measured include the intensity dependence of the absolute phosphorescence power per phosphor particle, the intensity-dependent temporal response, and histograms of phosphorescence intensities on a single particle basis.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neural Networks as a Tool for Developing and Validating Business Heuristics.

Abstract The increasing availability of information via the Internet and world-wide-web has made business decision-making more complex. Heuristic rules and methods are frequently used in complex domains to facilitate the decision-making process by reducing the amount of information that is required for decision-making. Heuristic rules may ‘go out of date’ as new information and new business methods are developed. Neural networks provide a fast and efficient means for evaluating the utility of existing heuristics. Two case studies are presented that demonstrate the use of neural networks for developing new heuristic rules or for refuting existing heuristic rules. Validation or adaptation of non-valid heuristics improves the quality of resulting business decisions.
Rates of weathering rind formation on Costa Rican basalt

Weathering rind thicknesses were measured on 200 basaltic clasts collected from three regionally extensive alluvial fill terraces (Qt 1, Qt 2, and Qt 3) preserved along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Mass balance calculations suggest that conversion of unweathered basaltic core minerals (plagioclase and augite) to authigenic minerals in the porous rind (kaolinite, allophane, gibbsite, Fe oxyhydroxides) is iso-volumetric and Ti and Zr are relatively immobile. The hierarchy of cation mobility (Ca Na K Mg Si Al Fe P) is similar to other tropical weathering profiles and is indicative of differential rates of mineral weathering (anorthite albite hypersthene orthoclase apatite). Alteration profiles across the cm-thick rinds document dissolution of plagioclase and augite and the growth of kaolinite, with subsequent dissolution of kaolinite and precipitation of gibbsite as weathering rinds age. The rate of weathering rind advance is evaluated using a diffusion-limited model which predicts a parabolic rate law for weathering rind thickness, rr, as a function of time, t(rr t), and an interface-limited model which predicts a linear rate law for weathering rind thickness as a function of time (rr kappt). In these rate laws, is a diffusion parameter and kapp is an apparent rate constant. The rate of advance is best fit by the interface model. Terrace exposures are confined to the lower reaches of streams draining the Pacific slope near the coast where the stream gradient is less than 3 m/km, and terrace deposition is influenced by eustatic sea level fluctuations. Geomorphological evidence is consistent with terrace deposition coincident with sea level maxima when the stream gradient would be lowest. Assigning the most weathered regionally extensive terrace Qt 1 (mean rind thickness 6.9 0. 6cm) to oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 7 (ca. 240 ka), and assuming that at time 0 rind thickness 0, it is inferred that terrace Qt 2 ( rr 2.9 0.1 cm) is coincident with stage 5e (ca. 125 ka) and that Qt 3 (rr 0.9 0.1 cm) is consistent with OIS 3 (ca. 37 ka). These assignments yield a value of kapp of 8.6 10 13 cm s 1 (R 2 0.99). Only this value satisfies both the existing age controls and yields ages coincident with sea level maxima. Using this value, elemental weathering release fluxes across a weathering rind from Qt 2 range from 6.0 10 9 mol Si m 2 s 1 to 2.5 10 11 mol Km 2 s 1 . The rate of rind advance for the Costa Rican terraces is 2.8 10 7 my r 1 . Basalt rind formation rates in lower temperature settings described in the literature are also consistent with interface-controlled weathering with an apparent activation energy of about 50 kJ mol 1 . Rates of rind formation in Costa Rica are an order of magnitude slower than reported for global averages of soil formation rates. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Ltd
A 50-neuron CMOS analog chip with on-chip digital learning: design, development, and experiments

Abstract The model, implementation, and experimental application of a Dendro-dendritic Artificial Neural Network (DANN) with learning are presented. The DANN model lends itself to a direct all-MOS implementation. A learning algorithm is developed, then abstracted to a simple digital learning scheme. A 50-neuron analog chip with on-chip digital learning scheme is fabricated in 6800×4600 μm die size with 63,025 transistors and 1225 programmable synaptic weights in a standard 2 μ CMOS technology. Each synaptic weight is realized by a single (nonlinear) MOS transistor controlled via its gate-voltage. Two user-chosen analog gate-voltages are available to all synapses as two binary levels. The on-chip digital learning circuitry determines which binary level based on the desired patterns to be stored. Moreover, a synapse’s level can be assigned by the user or can be downloaded from an external source. Finally, we demonstrate the function of the chip, which is interfaced to a PC and augmented with graphical software, in three different experimental categories: (i) pattern recognition, (ii) edge detection, and (iii) as a locally connected network. The scalable architectural design and these three experimental categories show the chip’s versatile capabilities as a potential co-processor.
The adaptation of the cerebral circulation to pregnancy: mechanisms and consequences.

The adaptation of the cerebral circulation to pregnancy is unique from other vascular beds. Most notably, the growth and vasodilatory response to high levels of circulating growth factors and cytokines that promote substantial hemodynamic changes in other vascular beds is limited in the cerebral circulation. This is accomplished through several mechanisms, including downregulation of key receptors and transcription factors, and production of circulating factors that counteract the vasodilatory effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor. Pregnancy both prevents and reverses hypertensive inward remodeling of cerebral arteries, possibly through downregulation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) importantly adapts to pregnancy by preventing the passage of seizure provoking serum into the brain and limiting the permeability effects of VEGF that is more highly expressed in cerebral vasculature during pregnancy. While the adaptation of the cerebral circulation to pregnancy provides for relatively normal cerebral blood flow and BBB properties in the face of substantial cardiovascular changes and high levels of circulating factors, under pathologic conditions, these adaptations appear to promote greater brain injury, including edema formation during acute hypertension, and greater sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin.
Bosonization of the d-wave superconductor—a renormalization group approach

Abstract The d-wave superconductor is mapped to 2+1 Dirac fermions coupled to gauge fields. The low energy charge and spin excitations are investigated within a renormalized bosonic action. Using the renormalization group, we compute the d-wave Ohmic conductivity, the spin susceptibility, the Meissner penetration depth, and the pair–pair correlation function.
Requirements of functional imaging for future radiological systems.

Although functional imaging is relatively new, it is evident that in the future a complete work-up of the brain would include functional imaging as described above. Since the data collected is extremely large and has an impact on archiving systems, we have identified the bare minimum that is required to store in a radiological system for efficient diagnosis and retrieval. According to our analysis, the minimal amount of uncompressed storage space for complete functional imaging is about 350 Mbytes.
Effect of Rotation on Heat Transfer and Flow Field Inside Leading Edge Cooling Passage Using Impinging Jets

In this paper, the effect of rotation on impingement cooling on the internal surface (profile) of the leading edge region in a turbine rotor blade is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The flow domain is obtained by stretching the middle cross section of the blade. The simulations are performed for 3 different leading edge profiles to increase the heat transfer rate in the cooling flow passage in stationary domain. In all the profiles, the nozzle position and Mach number of cooling fluid is kept constant at E/D = 4.32 and 0.4 respectively. In the profile 1, the suction side profile is modified to facilitate vortex shift so that it may reduce the crossflow effect which will enhance the Nuavg. But Nuavg reduced by 1.9% when compared to base case. In the profile 2, the coolant flow passage is smoothened at the apex to reduce dead zones and to enhance spreading of the jet. In this case, a 3.48% increase in Nuavg is obtained. Based on the analysis of velocity contours in the profile 2, the leading edge profile is further modified (profile 3). This resulted in 5.37% increase in the Nuavg. The effect of rotation on the Nuavg for different Mach numbers (M) in the profile 3 and base case are studied. When compared to stationary domain Nuavg is reduced for base case and profile 3. In rotating domain profile 3 shows improvement for different M when compared with base case. For M = 0.2, the Nuavg is increased by 2.7%, for M = 0.4, Nuavg is increased by 3.98% and for M = 0.6, it is negligible.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Kinetic studies on the biosorption of phenol by nanoparticles from Spirulina sp. LEB 18

Abstract A kinetic study on the biosorption of phenol by nanoparticles from Spirulina sp. LEB 18 was carried out. The Spirulina sp. nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. Kinetic curves of phenol biosorption were obtained in batch system, being verified the effects of initial concentration (50, 150, 250 and 450 mg L−1) and stirring rate (50, 200 and 400 rpm). The models of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, Bangham, general order and Weber–Morris were used for the kinetic interpretations. Spirulina sp. nanoparticles were stable, monodisperse, spherical with mean diameter of 230 nm. The phenol biosorption was a relatively fast process, being favored at higher values of initial concentration and stirring rate. Pseudo-second order and general order models showed satisfactory fit with the experimental data and the maximum biosorption capacity was around 101 mg g−1. From the Weber–Morris analysis, it was found that external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion occurred during the phenol biosorption on Spirulina sp. nanoparticles. The external mass transfer was faster at higher values of initial concentration and stirring rate, and the intraparticle diffusion was favored at high initial concentrations.
Band offsets of n-type electron-selective contacts on cuprous oxide (Cu2O) for photovoltaics

The development of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) photovoltaics (PVs) is limited by low device open-circuit voltages. A strong contributing factor to this underperformance is the conduction-band offset between Cu2O and its n-type heterojunction partner or electron-selective contact. In the present work, a broad range of possible n-type materials is surveyed, including ZnO, ZnS, Zn(O,S), (Mg,Zn)O, TiO2, CdS, and Ga2O3. Band offsets are determined through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical bandgap measurements. A majority of these materials is identified as having a negative conduction-band offset with respect to Cu2O; the detrimental impact of this on open-circuit voltage (VOC) is evaluated through 1-D device simulation. These results suggest that doping density of the n-type material is important as well, and that a poorly optimized heterojunction can easily mask changes in bulk minority carrier lifetime. Promising heterojunction candidates identified here include Zn(O,S) with [S]/[Zn] ratios >70%, and Ga...
Power loss analysis of current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter

The recently proposed current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (QZSI) [1] can buck/boost voltage and provide bidirectional power flow [2]. A crucial criterion for the size of three phase PWM converters is the cooling of the power semiconductors and thus determination of power dissipation at certain operating points. A complete analytical calculation of the power loss for current-fed QZSI is presented. Inverter bridge loss, inductor loss and diode loss are included in this part. In order to bring the prototype into real application in hybrid electrical vehicle [3], the inverter efficiency is measured according to the motor P-V curve. In addition, this paper discusses two factors that influence the efficiency: operation point and switching pattern. Higher input voltage and higher modulation index could lead to higher efficiency. Also an improved switching pattern is proposed to reduce the inductor current ripple without increasing the switching loss, which could lower the inductor value for a given current ripple requirement, thus reduces the conduction loss. Finally the experimental results are given to verify the power loss calculation algorithm and the validity of the method proposed to improve the efficiency.
Uso de un gel polimérico para evitar retropulsión durante la litotricia intracorpórea

Resumen Introduccion La retropulsion de los calculos durante la litotricia ureteroscopica puede conducir a procedimientos adicionales necesarios para los calculos residuales. Se han introducido varios dispositivos en un intento de reducir la retropulsion. Nos pusimos en marcha para informar de nuestra experiencia inicial al utilizar el nuevo gel polimerico BackStop®. Material y metodos Hemos recogido de forma prospectiva los datos sobre 7 procedimientos de ureteroscopia con calculos ureterales distales tratados con BackStop®. Se recogieron los datos perioperatorios, tales como tamano del calculo, ubicacion, tiempo quirurgico, tasa libre de calculo, presencia o ausencia de retropulsion. El exito se definio como la ausencia de fragmentos residuales, de retropulsion y de procedimientos adicionales que se requieren. Resultados Todos los pacientes quedaron libres de litiasis tras la URS y no se produjo ninguna retropulsion. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias ni migracion de gel o problemas con la disolucion del gel. Conclusiones BackStop® es un nuevo tratamiento prometedor para prevenir la retropulsion durante la litotricia intracorporea ureteral. Es seguro, facil de aplicar y muy eficaz en la prevencion de la migracion de fragmentos de calculos. Backstop® tiene el potencial para reducir el tiempo quirurgico.
Suicide in Adolescents with No Apparent Psychopathology

Abstract Objective: To delineate the characteristics of adolescent suicide victims with no apparent psychiatric disorder. Method Seven adolescent suicide victims with no apparent disorder were compared with 60 suicide victims with definite or probable psychiatric disorder, and with 38 community controls with no psychiatric disorder. Results Suicide victims without psychiatric disorder, compared with the remainder of suicides showed lower rates of past psychiatric treatment, previous suicide attempt, family history of affective illness, total life stressors over the previous 12 months, and a greater prevalence of the availability of a loaded gun in the home. The seven suicide victims compared with the 38 psychiatrically normal community controls, showed a higher rate of familial psychiatric disorder, past suicidal ideation or behavior, legal or disciplinary problems in the past year, and firearms in the home, particularly those that were loaded. Conclusion Even suicide victims without apparent psychiatric disorder still show some evidence of psychiatric risk factors compared with community controls. However, prevention of suicide in this group is probably best achieved by restriction of the availability of firearms, particularly loaded ones. The clinician should pay particular attention to suicidal risk in youth who are confronting legal or serious disciplinary crises and should take suicidal ideation seriously even in the absence of clear psychopathology. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 3:494–500.
DEM Simulations of Particle Clustering at High Solids Concentrations (Keynote)

One limitation of two-fluid computational fluid dynamics models for gas-particle flow is the inability of these models to properly describe the effects of particle-particle interactions in the case of large St at high solids concentrations. Discrete element methods (DEM) present an opportunity to study such interactions. In gas-particle flows with higher solids loadings, particle-particle interactions give rise to particle clustering and/or microstructure formation. In this paper we show how DEM can be used to determine not only the particle-phase stress (required for gas-particle two-fluid CFD models) in the case of particle clustering, but also how DEM can be used to determine the nature, size and composition of the observed microstructure. Specifically, we investigate, using a computationally efficient DEM simulation, the dependence of particle-phase stress in systems with high solids concentration on the solids coefficient of restitution (0.6 to 0.9) and solids volume fraction (0.05 to 0.3). We investigate both monodisperse and bidisperse particle systems. We show how a widening of the particle size distribution reduces the particle-phase stress and inhibits the formation of particle clusters. We also show in our bidisperse simulations how smaller particles (yet still inertia-dominated) are more evenly distributed throughout the system. Finally, we highlight the dependence of the particle-phase stress on the domain size of the simulation and emphasize that a sufficiently large domain size is necessary to accurately describe the clusters which form at higher particle concentrations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The role of dispersion in fuel oil bioassay

In recent years, due to proliferation in the use and transport of petroleum in the marine environment, an extensive literature has developed concerning the effects of accidental spillages. One approach toward assessement of potential effects, of both large scale spillage and low-level discharge, has been to conduct laboratory bioassay studies to determine short-term lethal and sublethal effects on individual marine species. While that approach is severely limited in predicting ecosystem effects, it does serve to bring into focus the complexity inherent in oil-seawater mixtures. The specific objective in this research was to measure aqueous phase concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil and mortality of shrimp when three different methods of oil-seawater contact were used.
An Absorbing Boundary Condition for Quasi-TEM Analysis of Microwave Transmission Lines via the Finite Element Method

Open microwave transmission line structures are analyzed in this paper in the quasi-TEM regime using the finite element method. An absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for an arbitrary outer boundary is introduced for the purpose of truncating the unbounded region surrounding the transmission line in an efficient manner. The application of the boundary condition is illustrated for three different microstrip line configurations, viz., a single line, two coupled lines, and a six-conductor line. Numerical results are compared with those published elsewhere and good agreement is found.
Controlled-potential polarography and coulometry as microanalytical techniques☆☆☆

Abstract The three electrode, controlled-potential technique in polarography allows the use of very small reference electrodes, such as small calomel or silver-silver chloride electrodes or a quasi-reference electrode, which either have too high a resistance or are too easily polarized to permit their use with a conventional polarograph. This technique also permits the use of solutions of relatively high specific resistance in the polarographic cell, thus permitting one to use organic media or dilute supporting electrolyte, which reduces the problems of blanks from this source. The capability of using small electrodes facilitates the design of micro polarographic cells. An example of application to polarography on the micro scale is described. As normally practiced at this Laboratory, controlled-potential coulometry uses quite small samples (~0.04 meq) to obtain results of high precision (0.1%). By reducing the size of the cell and the working volume, and by careful attention to details such as purity of reagents and the exclusion of oxygen from the system, it is possible to make the sample size very much smaller. By the application of suitable blank correction techniques, it is possible to determine reducible and oxidizable constituents at a level of 0.02 μeq with a precision of 1%. The applicability of controlled-potential coulometry is illustrated by the results obtained in the determination of iron, uranium, and plutonium in the range from 0.02 to 7 μeq.
Adolescent Fathers' Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Involvement with Infants

The present study examined the relationship between concurrent measures of adolescent fathers' parenting stress, social support, and fathers' care-giving involvement with the 3-month-old infant, controlling for fathers' prenatal involvement. The study sample consisted of 50 teenage father–mother dyads. Findings from multivariate regression revealed that fathers' parenting stress was significantly and negatively related to fathers' care giving as perceived by both fathers and mothers. The relationship between support for father involvement provided by the young man's parents and father reported care-giving involvement approached significance. Social support from both teenagers' parents buffered the negative influence of parenting stress on fathers' involvement with the baby. Policy and intervention implications are discussed.
Adsorption and activity of chitinase on kaolinite

Abstract Chitinase is adsorbed on kaolinite below the isoelectric point of the enzyme, pH 6.8. Maximum adsorption is reached below pH 4.6. The amount of chitinase adsorbed to kaolinite depends on the concentration and on the ratio of enzyme to kaolinite. Adsorption results in reduction of chitinase activity. the extent of which depends on the amount of kaolinite present, on pH, and on the length of exposure time. Upon sorption of chitinase on kaolinite the optimal pH for activity is increased from pH 4.7 to 5.7.
Victimization of students with autism spectrum disorder: A review of prevalence and risk factors

Abstract Bullying is a serious problem among school-aged youth. Research suggests students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are overrepresented as victims within the bullying dynamic. This review synthesizes 21 articles involving prevalence rates of victimization of school-age youth with ASD and factors related to the victimization of youth with ASD. Prevalence studies suggest students with ASD are frequent victims of bullying with victimization rates ranging by study methodology. Studies reporting factors related to the victimization of students with ASD include individual (i.e., characteristics of ASD, social vulnerability, behavior problems, disability, race, academic achievement, and age of student) and contextual (i.e., educational setting, school transportation, parental mental health, parental engagement and confidence, family socioeconomic status, and social support from peers and friendship) factors. Strategies for prevention and intervention are posed. Limitations and directions for future inquiry are addressed.
What Professors Do

Most students, especially at the undergraduate level, have no idea what their professors do besides teaching. They see their professors show up prepared for class and turn back graded papers, quizzes, or exams. They have no clue what the professors do when not teaching. This article is intended to give a brief discussion on what professors do. Although this will help all students in general, it will especially help students who desire to be professors.
Young mothers' play with their toddlers: individual variability as a function of psychosocial factors

There is no one style of parenting which characterizes young mothers as a group. In addition, life circumstances play an important role in shaping maternal behaviour. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of maternal play behaviour and contextual (social and personal) factors associated with these different patterns. In this study, 107 young mothers were observed at home during play with their toddlers; maternal behaviour was coded for joint attention (shared focus of mother and toddler attention) and emotional availability (e.g. sensitivity, intrusiveness, hostility). Mothers reported on aspects of their childhood history and current personal functioning and social support. A person-centred analytic approach, using cluster analysis, revealed three distinct groups of maternal play behaviour: (1) ‘sensitive-engaged’ (2) ‘inconsistent-directive,’ and (3) ‘intrusive-prohibitive’. Multivariate analyses revealed that contextual factors in mothers' lives (e.g. childhood abuse, depressive symptomatology, partner violence, social support, and parenting self-confidence) were differentially associated with parenting clusters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic determination of anatomical coordinate systems for three-dimensional bone models of the isolated human knee

The combination of three-dimensional (3-D) models with dual fluoroscopy is increasingly popular for evaluating joint function in vivo. Applying these modalities to study knee motion with high accuracy requires reliable anatomical coordinate systems (ACSs) for the femur and tibia. Therefore, a robust method for creating ACSs from 3-D models of the femur and tibia is required. We present and evaluate an automated method for constructing ACSs for the distal femur and proximal tibia based solely on 3-D bone models. The algorithm requires no observer interactions and uses model cross-sectional area, center of mass, principal axes of inertia, and cylindrical surface fitting to construct the ACSs. The algorithm was applied to the femur and tibia of 10 (unpaired) human cadaveric knees. Due to the automated nature of the algorithm, the within specimen variability is zero for a given bone model. The algorithm's repeatability was evaluated by calculating variability in ACS location and orientation across specimens. Differences in ACS location and orientation between specimens were low (<1.5mm and <2.5 degrees). Variability arose primarily from natural anatomical and morphological differences between specimens. The presented algorithm provides an alternative method for automatically determining subject-specific ACSs from the distal femur and proximal tibia.
A pharmacogenomic method for individualized prediction of drug sensitivity

Identifying the best drug for each cancer patient requires an efficient individualized strategy. We present MATCH (Merging genomic and pharmacologic Analyses for Therapy CHoice), an approach using public genomic resources and drug testing of fresh tumor samples to link drugs to patients. Valproic acid (VPA) is highlighted as a proof-of-principle. In order to predict specific tumor types with high probability of drug sensitivity, we create drug response signatures using publically available gene expression data and assess sensitivity in a data set of >40 cancer types. Next, we evaluate drug sensitivity in matched tumor and normal tissue and exclude cancer types that are no more sensitive than normal tissue. From these analyses, breast tumors are predicted to be sensitive to VPA. A meta-analysis across breast cancer data sets shows that aggressive subtypes are most likely to be sensitive to VPA, but all subtypes have sensitive tumors. MATCH predictions correlate significantly with growth inhibition in cancer cell lines and three-dimensional cultures of fresh tumor samples. MATCH accurately predicts reduction in tumor growth rate following VPA treatment in patient tumor xenografts. MATCH uses genomic analysis with in vitro testing of patient tumors to select optimal drug regimens before clinical trial initiation.
MOCVD growth and structure of Nb- and V-doped TiO2 films on sapphire

Nb- and V-doped TiO2 thin films at a doping level up to 20 and 40 at%, respectively, have been grown on sapphire (0 0 0 1), , and by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The Nb-doped TiO2 films are epitaxial rutile films, but the V-doped TiO2 films exhibit phase separation. The epitaxial orientation relationships for the Nb-doped TiO2 films were determined by X-ray diffraction (φ scans). Rutherford backscattering and X-ray θ rocking curves reveal that the atomic alignment in the growth direction is much better for the Nb-doped TiO2 grown on sapphire (0 0 0 1) than on sapphire and . On the other hand, the in-plane alignment for the latter films is better than that for the former. Rutherford backscattering also shows that Nb atoms substitutionally incorporate at cation sites in the rutile lattice. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the oxidation state of both Ti and Nb is 4+. In contrast, XPS shows Ti4+ and V5+ for the V-doped TiO2 films. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy indicate that the V-doped TiO2 films are comprised of epitaxial TiO2 rutile islands in a V2O5 matrix.
Defect centroid, spatial distribution, and areal density in process-induced radiation-damaged IGFETs with gate insulators grown at 1000° and 8000° C

IGFET devices were fabricated with “dry” gate oxides grown at 1000 and 800° C in the thickness range 5–50 nm. They were then exposed in an electrically unbiased state to Al Kα x-ray (1.49 keV) radiation to simulate process-induced ionizing radiation exposure. Gate oxide defects were measured before and after irradiation using optically assisted electron injection. Following irradiation and injection, the measured voltage shifts indicate that radiation-induced “extrinsic” defects are localized near, but not exactly at, the Si/SiO2 interface.ΔV T is found to be linear int ox for oxide thicknesses where the top electrode resides above the defect region, and quadratic int ox for thicknesses where the top electrode encroaches upon the defect region. For very thin oxides,ΔV T is observed to approach zero. Application of a defect distribution model based on this behavior reveals that the oxidation temperature does not influence the distribution of radiation-induced defects, but does influence their concentration; with the 800° C oxides always containing more defects than the 1000° C oxides. A gate oxide thickness regime of less than 5-6 nm is identified in which radiation-induced threshold voltage shifts are observed to approach zero.
Growth of Ti9O17 crystals by chemical vapor transport

Abstract Crystals of Ti 9 O 17 up to 2 mm long were grown by chlorine vapor transport from a starting mixture of composition Ti 6 O 11 , using low transport rate conditions ( P Cl 2 = 30 Torr, temperature gradient 55°C). The shift in composition between the charge and growth zones (respectively at 1015 and 960°C) corresponds to a constant oxygen pressure in the transport tube. Smaller multiple crystals of Ti 6 O 11 and Ti 8 O 15 were also formed in the charge zone.
ALTERNATIVE SIGNIFICANCE TESTS FOR 2SLS ESTIMATED PARAMETERS: SOME FURTHER MONTE CARLO EVIDENCE AND COMMENT

Following Green's study (Metroeconomica, Vol. XXV, 1973) the performance of finite sample approximations of the variance estimators in the test statistics for 2SLS estimated coefficients has been investigated by a Monte Carlo siudy. A priori the variances should be positive. The Monte Carlo experiments produced evidence that a large number of finite sample approximations of the computed variances were negative. The evidence indicates that the usefulness of the usual finite sample approximations formula for variance estimators in the 2SLS test statistics is severely limited.
Reflectance microspectroscopy of natural rock samples in the visible and near infrared.

We have collected reflectance spectra of various unprocessed rock samples in the 450–1650 nm wavelength range with a spatial resolution of 60 and 120 μm (diameter) and using three illumination modes. Spectra taken in diffuse reflectance (dark field) mode are comparable to those obtained from macroscopic measurements and can provide the basis for mineral detection at that spatial scale. The spectral discrimination of the dark field mode is demonstrated to be consistent with the spatial resolution of the microscope for the samples examined. These results support the conclusion that reflectance microspectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared regions can be a valuable tool for understanding mineral formation at the spatial scale of tens of micrometers.
Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket Life-History Strategies, Bet Hedging, and Diversification

Diversification of resources is a strategy found everywhere from the level of microorganisms to that of giant Wall Street investment firms. We examine the functional nature of diversification using life-history theory-a framework for understanding how organisms navigate resource-allocation trade-offs. This framework suggests that diversification may be adaptive or maladaptive depending on one's life-history strategy and that these differences should be observed under conditions of threat. In three studies, we found that cues of mortality threat interact with one index of life-history strategy, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), to affect diversification. Among those from low-SES backgrounds, mortality threat increased preferences for diversification. However, among those from high-SES backgrounds, mortality threat had the opposite effect, inclining people to put all their eggs in one basket. The same interaction pattern emerged with a potential biomarker of life-history strategy, oxidative stress. These findings highlight when, and for whom, different diversification strategies can be advantageous.
Aspergillus Nidulans Maintains Short Telomeres Throughout Development

We report the identification and cloning of the telomeres of the filamentous fungus,Aspergillus nidulans. We have identified three classes of cloned chromosomal ends based on the telomere-associated sequences (TASs) and demonstrated that the telomeric repeat sequence is TTAGGG, identical to that found in vertebrates, including humans, and some lower eukaryotes. One category of telomere clones was found to contain internal, variant TAAGGG repeats. The A.nidulans telomeric tract length is strikingly short (4-22 repeats). We demonstrate that telomere length is remarkably stable in different cell types and at altered growth temperatures, suggesting a highly regulated mechanism for length control.
Sharp Fickian Behavior of Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Waves in Conjugated Polymer Films

One technique to study electrochemical oxidation phenomena in thin polymer films is the generation of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) waves. Such waves are sharp and easy to image, and recent experiments have shown both constant-speed and Fickian-style wave behavior. One way to model such waves mathematically is to track the concentration of the ion clusters in the polymer film. One such model has a standard Fickian form but with a highly nonlinear diffusion coefficient. This model is analyzed numerically, and the results are compared with previous asymptotic analysis. The results demonstrate that ECL waves corresponding to this model are indeed sharp and move in a Fickian way. Hence more complicated effects must be included in the model if constant-speed behavior is to be observed.
Making the Right Comparisons: Novartis AG

This case introduces the concept of convergence between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The scenario involves a securities analyst's evaluation of Novartis AG's financial performance under IFRS and U.S. GAAP, and provides an opportunity to examine the issues giving rise to differences under the two sets of standards. Based on the company's 20‐F disclosure, the case uses the reconciliation footnotes to recast the company's IFRS financial statements to U.S. GAAP. The analytical skill of adjusting financial statements is useful beyond the IFRS‐to‐U.S. GAAP context.
Spectrum of aerobic endurance running performance in eleven inbred strains of rats

The goal of this study was to identify inbred rat strains that could serve as useful models for exploration of the genetic basis of aerobic endurance performance. Six rats of each gender from 11 di...