cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VILLASMART: Wireless sensors for system identification in domestic buildings

In this paper, we describe the design decisions, the implementation caveats, and the challenges faced while deploying a special-purpose wireless sensor network (WSN) at a domestic building that is part of a smart grid test environment. The sensor network is designed to collect high-quality data of the building's in- and outdoor climate, heating system, and energy consumption. This rich sensor data is analyzed in order to characterize the building's potential to act as a flexible energy consumer in a smart grid framework. In addition to the functional challenges, a continuous, low-power operation over extended periods as well as a plug&play, non-intrusive installation are required. Moreover, restrictions on the hardware costs and the development-to-deployment time had to be considered. Our simulation-driven application development and our highly modular design proved to be essential in meeting these challenges. This approach and its application to a real-world installation represent the key contributions of this work.
Low voltage, scalable nanocrystal flash memory fabricated by templated self assembly

We introduce a new method for building nanocrystal flash memory devices that achieves precise control of nanocrystal size and position. Nanocrystal dimensions are defined via polymer self assembly, facilitating device scaling. Devices exhibit low voltage memory operation with promising retention and endurance properties.
Transportation Engineering Instructional Practices: Analytic Review of the Literature

Instructional practices in transportation engineering education are evolving, and only some of these changes have been documented in the literature. This paper provides a systematic review of journal articles and refereed conference papers that address innovations in transportation engineering education; the focus is on novel instructional practices and their influence on student learning. The literature review finds 46 articles for analysis, with an increasing frequency of those publications over time. Instructional practices described in these papers include simulation, visualization, problem-based learning, and other active-learning techniques. Most of these articles were written by individual researchers or a team of researchers at a single institution, and few of the articles cite one another; this finding suggests a need for more effective dissemination. Techniques for measuring student learning include in-person interviews, a variety of survey types (typically multiple choice or open-ended), concep...
Pharmacologic Consideration in the Elderly Trauma Patient

Elderly trauma patients (≥65 years) account for 12% of trauma admissions, and trauma represents the fifth leading cause of death in this population. Critically ill elderly patients are among the most complex population to optimize medications. This review will discuss pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in older ICU patients based on physiologic changes related to aging. Drug therapy plays a key role in improving outcomes after critical illness. Consideration of potential adverse events is important when selecting pain and sedation regimens in elderly ICU patients. Recent studies have shown that non-pharmacologic interventions, such as early mobilization or the avoidance of benzodiazepines, are associated with a decreased incidence of delirium. When prescribing antimicrobial agents, pharmacodynamic principles should be considered to achieve the ideal therapeutic response. Further pharmacologic studies are required to help to delineate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic differences in the elderly trauma population.
Two Results on Dual Excursions

This paper is a sequel to the recent work [5]. As in that paper, it is supposed for the two principal results that one is given a pair X,\( \widehat{X} \) of standard Markov processes on a common state space E having a dual density relative to some σ-finite measure on E. This condition is considerably stronger than the usual duality of resolvents. In fact, it was shown in [5] that duality of densities is equivalent to classical duality of certain space-time processes associated with X,\( \widehat{X} \). The main result of [5] concerned the construction and properties of families of measures P x,l,y which were shown to govern the distribution of excursions of X from a given closed homogeneous optional set M, conditional on the excursion starting at x, ending at y and having length l. The precise meaning of “govern” in the statement above was laid out in two situations in [5]. One considers the excursion straddling a stopping time T. In the first case, one considers the stopping times defined by Maisonneuve [8]. See §3 for a formal description. Roughly speaking, such stopping times correspond to rules where the decision to stop during an excursion may be based only on information available before the excursion began, and on the age process of the excursion.
Brand variation in oxidant production in mainstream cigarette smoke: Carbonyls and free radicals.

Abstract Oxidative stress/damage resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke plays a critical role in the development of tobacco-caused diseases. Carbonyls and free radicals are two major classes of oxidants in tobacco smoke. There is little information on the combined delivery of these oxidants across different cigarette brands; thus, we set out to measure and compare their levels in mainstream smoke from popular US cigarettes. Mainstream smoke from 28 different cigarette brands produced by smoking (FTC protocol) was analyzed for five important, abundant carbonyls, and levels were compared to previously determined free radical for the same brands. Overall, there were large variations (3- to 6-fold) in carbonyl levels across brands with total carbonyl levels ranging from 275 to 804 μg/cigarette, which persisted even after adjusting for ventilation. Individual carbonyl levels were highly correlated with each other (r 2 : 0.40–0.95, P 2 : 0.37, P = 0.006) and particulate-phase (r 2 : 0.27, P = 0.005) free radicals were correlated to total carbonyl content; however, this correlation disappeared after adjusting for ventilation. These data show that overall oxidant production varies widely by cigarette brand and the resulting difference in oxidant burden could potentially lead to differences in disease risk.
Strategic Staffing? How Performance Pressures Affect the Distribution of Teachers within Schools and Resulting Student Achievement

School performance pressures apply disproportionately to tested grades and subjects. Using longitudinal administrative data—including achievement data from untested grades—and teacher survey data f...
Leptin, Cell Cycle, and Cancer

High serum leptin levels characterize obesity, an established risk factor for many cancers. There is compelling and growing peer-reviewed scientific evidence that leptin plays a direct role in the development and progression of specific cancers. This chapter discusses some of this evidence. The mediating molecular mechanisms are often complex and in specific cases involve dysregulation of the cell cycle. Our current understanding of the role of leptin in carcinogenesis has already revealed aspects for potential clinical applications.
Descriptions of Motions and Judgment of Different Conceptualization Patterns by English Non-native and Native Speakers

Talmy’s typology (2000) categorizing languages based on the linguistic level has led many studies to investigate how language speakers or learners encode components of motion event. Beyond this linguistic level, some studies looked for what spatial concepts are taken into account to conceptualize the path component of motions by speakers of different language types. It was found that verb-framed language speakers pay attention to the location of figure in motion while satellite-framed language speakers tend to describe the trajectory (course) of path, especially for long-trajectory motions compared with short-trajectory ones. In the present study, 25 Turkish pre-service teachers of English were requested to describe short and long trajectory motions in their L1 and L2. The patterns frequently used in spoken English were evaluated in a survey by the same pre-service teachers and native speakers of English. The findings revealed that Turkish pre-service teachers are in a transitional process to acquire the expected or natural English patterns, both in description or judgment tasks. In the survey, Turkish participants were relatively in agreement with native speakers of English for the natural satellite-framed patterns. However, they were partly satisfied with conceptualization patterns that native speakers of English found unnatural. In addition, native speakers of English were not totally dissatisfied with some verb-framed conceptualization patterns used by Turkish pre-service teachers, despite their infrequency in English. Lastly, the L2 narratives were elicited in spoken and written English so as to show the effect of language mode in conceptualizing motion event.
Single-ion Homopolymer Electrolytes with High Transference Number Prepared by Click Chemistry and Photoinduced Metal-free ATRP

Solvent-free single-ion polymer electrolytes with high conductivity have historically been prepared in the form of block copolymer or polymer blends. In this work, single-ion homopolymer electrolytes consisting of poly(poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate lithium sulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), poly(PEOMA-TFSI-Li+), were prepared for the first time by photoinduced metal-free atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The PEO-based macromonomer PEOMA-TFSI-Li+ was synthesized via click chemistry - copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC). Due to the conductive, amorphous PEO phase in which the lithium ions are located, these polymers showed improved ionic conductivity (10-5 ~ 10-4 S/cm at 90 oC) and high transference number (0.97 ~0.99). The potential dendrite suppressing capability of the polyelectrolytes was estimated by employing a kinetic model using the measured transport and transference properties to study the current density at the dendrite tip. The analysis indicates that the syn...
Towards Green Wireless Networking: Fading-Resistant Time Constraint Broadcasts Using Cooperative Communication

Cooperative broadcast, in which receivers are allowed to combine received packets from different senders to combat transmission errors, has gained increasing attention. Previous studies showed that broadcast optimization solutions are sufficient in non-fading environments but may suffer a low delivery ratio under wireless channel fading. Although some previous works analyze the tradeoff between energy and delay in cooperative broadcast, no work has investigated the tradeoff in a fading environment. Thus, in this paper, we study this tradeoff with the consideration of different fading models (i.e., Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, and Weibull fading models). We formulate this problem as a Fading-resistant Delay-constrained Minimum Energy Cooperative Broadcast (FDMECB) problem and prove the problem to be NP-hard under the Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, and Weibull fading models. We then identify an approximation algorithm for theoretical interests and propose a time efficient heuristic algorithm for practical use. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic programming (DP) based algorithm, which can achieve global optimization of FDMECB given the ordering of nodes to be informed. Our experimental results show that both FREEB and DP algorithms outperform a previous non-fading resistant algorithm, and also, DP nearly achieves the optimal.
Performance analysis of a channel allocation scheme for multi-service mobile cellular networks: Research Articles

This paper presents a new channel allocation scheme, namely the dynamic partition with pre-emptive priority (DPPP) scheme, for multi-service mobile cellular networks. The system is modelled by a two-dimensional Markov process and analysed by the matrix-analytic method. A pre-emptive priority (PP) mechanism is employed to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) requirement of the real-time (RT) traffic at the expense of some degradation of non-real-time (NRT) traffic, while the victim buffer compensates the degradation and has no negative impact on the RT traffic. The complete service differentiation between new calls and handoff calls from different traffic classes is achieved by using the dynamic partition (DP) concept with the help of related design parameters. The performance analysis and numerical results show that the DPPP scheme, compared with the existing schemes, is effective and practical in multi-service environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Method for Scalable and Precise Bug Finding Using Program Analysis and Model Checking

This paper presents a technique for defect detection in large code bases called model-based analysis. It incorporates ideas and techniques from program analysis and model checking. Model checking, while very precise, is unable to handle large code bases that are in the millions of lines of code. Thus we create a number of abstract programs from the large code base which can all be model checked. In order to create these abstract programs, we first identify potential defects quickly via static analysis. Second we create a program slice containing one potential defect. Each slice is then abstracted using a combination of automatic data and predicate abstraction. This abstracted model is then model checked to verify the existence or absence of the defect. By applying model checking to a large number of small models instead of one single large model makes our approach scalable without compromising on precision.
Preventing Violent Encounters Between Police and Young Black Men: A Comparative Case Study.

Introduction In the past several years, high profile events have drawn attention to the longstanding problem of violent encounters between police and young black men in the U.S. This paper highlights the results of a 1-year qualitative study to describe (1) perceptions of police–youth violence prevention policies, programs, and practices; and (2) existing infrastructures that can be leveraged to strengthen police–youth violence prevention efforts. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 key stakeholders from four groups (young black men aged 14–24years, parents and educators, police officers, and staff in youth serving organizations) in 2017. Stakeholders were asked to (1) identify any policies, programs, or practices aimed at police–youth violence prevention; (2) evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts and how they might be improved; and (3) envision any new efforts to prevent future violent encounters between police and young black men. Data were collected and analyzed in 2017 using content analysis methods. Results Key stakeholders demonstrated high awareness of efforts, particularly programs to deter youth violence. However, none of them were able to identify specific efforts to reduce violent encounters between local police and young black men. Responses differed across key stakeholder groups. Young people often stated that police needed to become more involved in the communities they serve; however, police believed they were building relationships with the community. Conclusions Future violence prevention efforts must incorporate policies, programs, and practices that explicitly address violent encounters between police and young black men. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled African American Men's Health: Research, Practice, and Policy Implications, which is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.
Privacy Failures and Recovery Strategies

Data breach events are reported on a regular basis. The nonprofit Privacy Rights Clearinghouse calculates there have been nearly 1 trillion compromised personal records from data breaches to date, since it began tracking publicly announced events in 2005. What makes this number particularly staggering is that the scope of most data breach events is unknown, and the extent and number of compromised records simply cannot be quantified.1 The Identity Theft Resource Center, publishing in conjunction with the U.S. government, also tracks thousands of data breaches and estimates that they have cost firms hundreds of millions of dollars in lost sales and recovery costs, even before accounting for their damages to long-term performance and reputations.
Legalization and Leverage: Human Rights Conditionality in the European Union’s Economic Agreements

Can economic agreements reduce repression? The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of global efforts to link trade and aid benefits to respect for human rights. Since 1995, it has included a binding human rights clause in every newly-negotiated economic agreement with third countries. But do these commitments make a difference? I argue that human rights clauses do increase the likelihood that rights violations will be punished, but the cost of punishment varies substantially across countries depending on the degree of economic leverage held by the EU. In a comprehensive analysis of the EU’s international agreements, aid disbursements, and trade relations in 120 developing countries, I find that human rights clauses are, in fact, conditionally effective: they are associated with modest improvements in political freedom and physical integrity rights, but only in countries that are heavily dependent on EU aid and trade. In contrast, alternative explanations — namely, that the effect of human rights commitments depends on their degree of legalization, or on domestic political conditions — are not supported by the evidence. By illuminating the relationship between economic leverage and political conditionality, this study sheds light on the conditions under which normative commitments have an impact, and identifies a specific path through which aid and trade can reduce repression.
OLDER REFUGEES: AGE-SPECIFIC CHALLENGES, STRENGTHS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARE: Session 201

Abstract There are 65.6 million individuals have been forcibly displaced due to conflict or persecution. Of those, 4% were 60 years or older, and this percentage may actually be higher as age disaggregated data are not readily available. Older adults in forced exile encounter age-specific challenges and have particular physical and mental health needs, which need to be identified and addressed. Anxiety, depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cognitive deficits are prevalent in this population and may pose additional barriers to seeking and receiving humanitarian aid and post-resettlement services. However, many older refugees also have great strength and resilience and can help preserve their families’ and communities structure and cultural identity. Clinicians working with older refugees should examine their implicit biases, consult existing resources, and strive to provide culturally-sensitive services, in order to minimize stigma and maximize benefit for this vulnerable population.
Team-Based Care and Patient Satisfaction in the Hospital Setting: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Limited research examining the relationship between team-based models of care and patient satisfaction in the hospital setting is available. The purpose of this literature review was to explore this relationship as well as the relationships between team composition, team-based interventions, patient satisfaction, and other outcomes of care when measured as part of the study. Methods A systematic appraisal of research studies published through February 2017 was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, Ovid, gray literature and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were 1) experimental (randomized control trials), quasi-experimental, or non-experimental (cross-sectional) study design; 2) team-based care interventions; 3) hospital setting; 4) patient satisfaction measured as an outcome; and 5) published in English. Results The literature search yielded 15,247 citations. In total, 142 articles were retrieved for full-text screening; 21 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, 57% of the studies identified a statistically significant improvement in patient satisfaction associated with team-based care. Team-based care interventions ranged from single team activities such as multidisciplinary rounds to comprehensive team-based models of care. Patient satisfaction scores were greater with teams that had more than two professions and more comprehensive team-based models. About one-quarter of studies that measured patient satisfaction and at least one additional outcome demonstrated improvement in both. Conclusions Team-based care may positively affect patient satisfaction. Team composition and type of team intervention appears to influence the strength of the relationship. Improvements in satisfaction are not consistently accompanied by improvements in other outcomes.
The Omega Project: Near-death experiences, UFO encounters, and mind at large

In The Omega Project Kenneth Ring has taken another major step into previously untested waters. One may or may not agree with all of his conclusions, but one must admit they are thought-provoking. Ring begins with an apologia for having entered the Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) domain after years of eschewing '"weird" phenomena and studying the relatively '"straight" field of near-death studies. His pioneering work in near-death experiences (NDEs) should be well known to all readers of this Journal. In Heading Toward Omega (1984) he began to expand the NDE horizons and examined reports of extraordinary experiences that were similar to those reported by NDErs but were instead reported by individuals who were not close to death at the time. Further, and more importantly, he went on to address the meaning behind these experiences. In many ways The Omega Project is a continuation of that work. The reader should be aware that Ring makes assertions that will be regarded as truly profound or extremely outrageous, depending on one's point of view. As a scientist he has issued appropriate caveats about his findings and statements; some may find this more like waffling. He does admit his theoretical constructs do not answer all the questions raised by the study of these diverse phenomena. Given the complexity
Emerging Threat: Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis A and Acute Kidney Injury.

In the past decade, hepatitis A has been considered a rare disease in the United States, largely due to targeted vaccination of at-risk children. Evolving epidemiology has resulted in decreasing immunity and increasing hepatitis A infections among adults who are more likely to experience severe disease. A surge in outbreaks has been noted in the past 2 years, resulting in a high volume of hepatitis A related hospitalizations and complications in otherwise healthy individuals. The traditional understanding that acute kidney injury is a rare extrahepatic manifestation is being challenged by the resurgence of hepatitis A in a more vulnerable population. This review examines the epidemiologic factors that contributed to current public health concern and the association between hepatitis A and acute kidney injury.
Remembering Tamir Rice and Other Black Boy Victims: Imagining Black PlayCrit Literacies Inside and Outside Urban Literacy Education:

Building on Critical Race Theory, Black Critical Theory in education (BlackCrit), and Black Male Studies (BMS), the author theorizes what he terms Black PlayCrit and, by extension, Black PlayCrit L...
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Estimates Among Adolescents in the Mississippi Delta Region: National Immunization Survey‑Teen, 2015–2017

Introduction The Delta Regional Authority (DRA) consists of 252 counties and parishes in 8 states in the US Mississippi Delta region. DRA areas have high rates of disease, including cancers related to the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV vaccination coverage in the DRA region has not been documented. Methods We analyzed data for 63,299 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in the National Immunization Survey-Teen, 2015-2017. We compared HPV vaccination initiation coverage estimates (≥1 dose) in the DRA region with coverage estimates in areas in the 8 Delta states outside the DRA region and non-Delta states. We examined correlates of HPV vaccination coverage initiation and reasons parents did not intend to vaccinate adolescents. Results Vaccination rates in the DRA region (n = 2,317; 54.3%) and in Delta areas outside the DRA region (n = 6,028; 56.2%) were similar, but these rates were significantly lower than rates in non-Delta states (n = 54,954; 61.4%). Inside the DRA region, reasons for parents' vaccine hesitancy or refusal were similar to those expressed by parents in the Delta areas outside the DRA region. Some parents believed that the vaccine was not necessary or had concerns about vaccine safety. Conclusion HPV vaccination coverage in the DRA region is similar to coverage in other Delta counties and parishes, but it is significantly lower than in non-Delta states. Activities to address parental concerns and improve provider recommendations for the vaccine in the DRA region are needed to increase HPV vaccination rates.
The Impacts of Shoulder Position Sense, Vision, Racket Weight, and Gender on Racket Positioning Accuracy in Tennis Players

Repetitive loading to the shoulder joint can compromise shoulder position sense, which may further contribute to injuries and performance deficits. The first goal of the study was to examine the correlation between shoulder position sense and racket positioning accuracy. The second goal of the study was to examine the impact of visual feedback, racket weight, and gender on racket positioning accuracy in tennis players. Fifty-eight tennis players participated in the study. Active shoulder position sense was examined in 3 abduction (45°, 90°, 135°) and 2 external rotation (45°, 90°) angles. For racket positioning accuracy, participants went through a tennis swing and had the center of the racket touch the ball with full or peripheral vision, and with normal or added (0.6 oz.) racket weight. Low correlation (Pearson's r: from 012 to .381) was found between shoulder position sense and racket positioning accuracy. Shoulder position sense varied among different target angles (p < .001) and the variation was similar between genders (p = .123). Subjects performed better with full vision than with peripheral vision in both racket weight conditions (p < .001). However, racket weight (p = 1.000 for peripheral and p = .362 for full vision) and gender (p = .380) had no impact on racket positioning accuracy. Although the shoulder joint is part of the upper limb kinematic chain, shoulder position sense integrity may not have a direct impact on end-point racket positioning accuracy. Through motor learning, tennis players may have learned to coordinate all upper limb joints and muscles to achieve desired racket positioning accuracy.
Management of Filter-Related Chronic Iliocaval Occlusion

Though a rare complication, the development of iliocaval occlusion from an inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) can cause significant clinical consequences, including the development of severe venous stasis symptoms ranging from edema through venous stasis ulceration. The historical approach for treatment of IVCF-related occlusions has been recanalization and stent placement through the offending device; however, the development of advanced retrieval techniques does not permit retrieval of these devices, with data suggesting that filter retrieval prior to recanalization may improve patency rates. We will discuss key clinical factors and considerations in the management of chronic IVCF-related iliocaval occlusion.
A Robust Multi-Stereo Visual-Inertial Odometry Pipeline

In this paper we present a novel multi-stereo visual-inertial odometry (VIO) framework which aims to improve the robustness of a robot’s state estimate during aggressive motion and in visually challenging environments. Our system uses a fixed-lag smoother which jointly optimizes for poses and landmarks across all stereo pairs. We propose a 1-point RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm which is able to perform outlier rejection across features from all stereo pairs. To handle the problem of noisy extrinsics, we account for uncertainty in the calibration of each stereo pair and model it in both our front-end and back-end. The result is a VIO system which is able to maintain an accurate state estimate under conditions that have typically proven to be challenging for traditional state-of-the-art VIO systems. We demonstrate the benefits of our proposed multi-stereo algorithm by evaluating it with both simulated and real world data. We show that our proposed algorithm is able to maintain a state estimate in scenarios where traditional VIO algorithms fail.
A Comprehensive Review of Educational Technology on Objective Learning Outcomes in Academic Contexts

Rapid advances in technology during the last few decades have provided a multitude of new options for teaching and learning. Although technology is being widely adopted in education, there is a shortage of research on the effects that this technology might have on student learning, and why those effects occur. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on various uses of digital technology in educational settings, and the effects of that technology on students’ objective learning outcomes. We interpret these effects within the context of empirical research on effective principles of learning, and the extent to which the affordances of technology permit opportunities for increased engagement with the material, retrieval practice, and spacing. Results revealed that technology is neither beneficial nor harmful for learning when used primarily as a means of presenting information (e.g., information viewed on a computer screen vs. on paper), but can be beneficial when it involves unique affordances that leverage effective learning principles. We discues these findings in light of the ever-increasing availability of technology in education, and the importance of evidence-guided criteria in decisions about adoption and implementation.
Compilation of United States Plain Language Laws

The Appendices accompany the article "The Rise of Plain Language Laws." Together, they form the first attempt to discover and categorize every plain language law in the United States. The Appendices cover laws created in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government. They categorize each law by the kind of affected document and also report the plain language standard the law applies.
Quantum-Mechanical Scattering

Turning towards quantum aspects of non-locality, we will focus on the quantum-mechanical scattering on a δ-shaped potential. Using asymptotic properties of the non-local modification terms we will extract the scattering coefficients and analyze how the presence of non-locality affects their properties. This chapter is based on Boos et al. (Phys. Lett. B 782, 688 (2018)).
Winning the Senate Productivity Award

The National Technical Information Service NTIS received the 1986 Senate Productivity Award for public sector organizations. The NTIS system for productivity improvement is composed of six major programs. They are: a program of integrated planning, the automation of production processes, quality circles, internal communication improvements, a professional development program and a program of awards and recognition. To ensure that these programs are fully integrated into the organizational structure, employee involvement concepts, technological innovation and strong management support are emphasized through the perfonnance plans of NTIS managers. Each of these personal plans includes an element requiring on-going human resource development. The author describes the NTIS productivity improvement system and discusses the positive impact the award had on NTIS services and service providers.
Functions and Models

In this chapter you will deal with content-practice, teaching, and learning issues relevant to the domains of functions and models in the CCSSM from Grade 5 to Grade 8 and Algebra 1. Table 9.1 lists the appropriate pages for your convenience. Functions in the CCSSM are formally defined in eighth grade – that is, as rules that assign to each input exactly one output.
Subterminal oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons

Evidence is presented for a catabolic pathway of n-alkane oxidation which proceeds via subterminal oxidation rather than methyl group oxidation.
An Introduction to Rydberg Atoms

If a single valence electron of any atom is promoted to a state of high principal quantum number n, the electron experiences an essentially Coulombic potential and behaves in many respects like a highly excited electron in hydrogen. An atom in such a state is known as a Rydberg atom. How this title originated does not seem to be known, but presumably the term is associated with the fact that the spectra of many “singleelectron” atoms are accurately described by Rydberg’s hydrogen-like formula. (Sometimes the term “highly excited atom” is used, though this term is more properly applied to atoms in core-excited states whose energies are vastly higher than those of Rydberg atoms.) How large n must be for an atom to qualify as a Rydberg atom is vague, but a reasonable working definition is n > 10.
From Interactions to Integrations

This address offers a reflection on the aptness of the metaphor of interactive technologies, in light cf developments over the past ten years. It argues for a shift from the focus on interaction narrowly defmed, to a project of integration of artifacts into work environments and working practices.
Saturation Mapping of a Gene-Rich Recombination Hot Spot Region in Wheat

Physical mapping of wheat chromosomes has revealed small chromosome segments of high gene density and frequent recombination interspersed with relatively large regions of low gene density and infrequent recombination. We constructed a detailed genetic and physical map of one highly recombinant region on the long arm of chromosome 5B. This distally located region accounts for 4% of the physical size of the long arm and at least 30% of the recombination along the entire chromosome. Multiple crossovers occurred within this region, and the degree of recombination is at least 11-fold greater than the genomic average. Characteristics of the region such as gene order and frequency of recombination appear to be conserved throughout the evolution of the Triticeae. The region is more prone to chromosome breakage by gametocidal gene action than gene-poor regions, and evidence for genomic instability was implied by loss of gene collinearity for six loci among the homeologous regions. These data suggest that a unique level of chromatin organization exists within gene-rich recombination hot spots. The many agronomically important genes in this region should be accessible by positional cloning.
SPECIAL REVIEWS CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF THE BONE MARROW IN NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN

The bone marrow of 151 normal infants, children and young adults ranging in age from birth to 20 years was studied. The data were statistically evaluated and recorded in table and graph form. The following observations were made: 1. The height of the various layers in the centrifuged specimen as obtained by aspiration of 1 cc. or fraction thereof of marrow fluid was compared in the different age groups and showed an increase with progressing age of the fat and myeloid-erythroid cell layers and a decrease of the mature red cell layer. 2. The cellular composition of the bone marrow varies with age. 3. Marked variations occur during the first year of life and particularly during the first month. Thereafter up to the end of the observation period the changes are of minor extent and average values for this age group were established for all cells. 4. The cells of the erythroid series show a sharp decrease in number during the first days of life and reach essentially stable values (23.12%) by the end of the first month with a temporary decrease around the third month of life. 5. The myeloid series shows an increasing during the first two weeks of life followed by a sharp drop around the third week and the establishment by the end of the first month of values close to the average percentage as calculated for the period from 1 to 20 years (60.59%). 6. The lymphocytes increase in number during the first weeks of life, followed by a gradual decrease during the first and second year and thereafter do not show marked variations in number. (Average:16.03%.) 7. The individual cells of the myeloid and erythroid series show a pattern similar to the one described for the entire series of which they are part. There is, however, a tendency for the younger cells to slightly decrease in number and the older cells to increase with advancing age. Numerical variations with age on cells occurring in smaller numbers are less noticeable than on cell groups occurring in higher percentages. 8. The myeloid-erythroid ratio is the expression of the numerical relationship of the myeloid and erythroid series. The values are low at birth, increase rapidly during the first two weeks and approach the 1 to 20 year average (2.95) during the first year. 9. The data reported in the literature were recorded in order to complement and compare the findings of this study. 10. The normal bone marrow pattern as described may contribute to the interpretation of the cellular composition of the bone marrow under abnormal conditions. However, the diagnostic significance of individual cell findings may be limited by the great variations occurring normally in the cellular composition of the bone marrow of healthy individuals.
Postprandial increases in serum antioxidant capacity in older women.

Eight women were recruited for studying the effects of a meal on overall antioxidant status. Subjects resided in a metabolic research unit for two 36-h periods. During period A, subjects fasted ove...
Convective Heat Transfer from a Thick Hemispherical Plate during Free Liquid Jet Impingement

Convective heat transfer during free liquid jet impingement on a hemispherical solid plate of finite thickness has been examined. The model included the entire fluid region (impinging jet and flow spreading out over the hemispherical surface) and solid plate as a conjugate problem. Solution was done for both isothermal and constant heat flux boundary conditions at the inner surface of the hemispherical plate. Computations were done for jet Reynolds number (Re j ) ranging from 500 to 2,000, dimensionless nozzle-to-target spacing ratio (β) from 0.75 to 3, and for various dimensionless plate thicknesse-to-nozzle diameter ratios (b/d n ) from 0.08 to 1.5. Results are presented for local Nusselt number using water (H2O), flouroinert (FC-77), and oil (MIL-7808) as working fluids, and aluminum, Constantan, copper, silicon, and silver as solid materials. It was observed that plate materials with higher thermal conductivity maintained a more uniform temperature distribution at the solid–fluid interface. A higher R...
Scale model performance test investigation of mixed flow exhaust systems for an energy efficient engine /E3/ propulsion system

As part of the NASA Energy Efficient Engine program, scale-model performance tests of a mixed flow exhaust system were conducted. The tests were used to evaluate the performance of exhaust system mixers for high-bypass, mixed-flow turbofan engines. The tests indicated that: (1) mixer penetration has the most significant affect on both mixing effectiveness and mixer pressure loss; (2) mixing/tailpipe length improves mixing effectiveness; (3) gap reduction between the mixer and centerbody increases high mixing effectiveness; (4) mixer cross-sectional shape influences mixing effectiveness; (5) lobe number affects mixing degree; and (6) mixer aerodynamic pressure losses are a function of secondary flows inherent to the lobed mixer concept.
Groundwater model selector (abstract only)

An expert system for assistance in selecting groundwater models has been developed using INSIGHT 2+, a rule-based software tool. Our system considers specific user-supplied aquifer and groundwater characteristics and physical boundary conditions in order to generate a list of appropriate models. This system has been designed for users such as environmental consultants, government officials, and contractors.Based on our experience with this project, we will discuss design and development alternatives, as well as strategies for working with experts. This project is part of ongoing work with the International Groundwater Modeling Center of the Holcomb Research Institute, and further work is planned to access a large database of information on groundwater models.
Cross-national analyses of economic voting

Abstract The present paper replicates and extends Powell and Whitten's study of comparative economic voting (Powell, G. Bingham and Whitten, Guy D. (1993) A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context. American Journal of Political Science 37, 391–414). We extend Powell and Whitten's research in three ways. First, we have developed a theoretically more appealing method for dividing our cases according to the clarity of government responsibility. Second, we consider whether the electoral effect of economic growth varies with government composition, with large coalitions focusing on the consensual goal of improving economic growth. Third, 40 new cases have been added to the original 102 analyzed by Powell and Whitten. Using a more appropriate methodology and an expanded data set, we find strong confirmation of the results presented in Powell and Whitten's study. We also find evidence that supports our theory about coalition governments and economic growth.
Effects of Beach Nourishment on Sea Turtles: Review and Research Initiatives

Beach nourishment is an engineering solution to erosion of beaches. As in any restoration project, the goals of beach nourishment are the restoration of habitat to promote survival of plants and animals and to maintain aesthetically pleasing sites for humans. Unfortunately, beach nourishment sometimes alters parameters of the natural beach, decreasing the reproductive success of sea turtles. Engineers have recognized this problem and are working to improve nourishment practices. Biologists must specify problems incurred by sea turtles as a result of beach nourishment so that they may be addressed. A review of the literature on sea turtles and beach nourishment found certain problems repeatedly identified. For nesting females, characteristics induced by nourishment can cause (1) beach compaction, which can decrease nesting success, alter nest-chamber geometry, and alter nest concealment, and (2) escarpments, which can block turtles from reaching nesting areas. For eggs and hatchlings, nourishment can decrease survivorship and affect development by altering beach characteristics such as sand compaction, gaseous environment, hydric environment, contaminant levels, nutrient availability, and thermal environment. Also, nests can be covered with excess sand if nourishment is implemented in areas with incubating eggs. The extent and implication of each problem are discussed, and future research initiatives are proposed.
Thin film arrays of weakly coupled superconducting particles

Abstract Thin film, macroscopic arrays of superconducting particles 100–10,000 A in diameter can be produced by evaporating the superconductor in a gas at low pressure. The arrays have a critical supercurrent, I c , which is a sensitive, multiply periodic function of the applied magnetic field. A simple model of multiple current paths through the array is proposed to explain both this observation and the general shape of the current-voltage characteristics.
Influence of cellular sequences on instability of plasmid integration sites in human cells.

To learn more about mechanisms of genome instability in human cells, I investigated DNA sequences that promote high rates of recombination by analyzing rare unstable plasmid integration sites in simian virus 40-transformed human fibroblasts. Previous studies had hypothesized that rearrangement or loss of integrated sequences could be attributed to adjacent cellular DNA. Consistent with this interpretation, a cloned fragment containing both the integrated plasmid and 2.0 kb of adjacent cell DNA from one such unstable integration site in the cell line LM205 demonstrated a much higher incidence of rearrangements when integrated into other chromosome locations than did the original plasmid. To further test this hypothesis, portions of cellular DNA from this region were integrated in duplicate in other locations to determine their ability to promote restriction-fragment-length polymorphism, an indicator of high rates of homologous recombination. Although two types of instability were observed, neither could be attributed solely to the cell sequences being tested in the plasmid. The first type of instability was a transient deletion or amplification of the plasmid DNA soon after integration, which appeared to be a general phenomenon often associated with any type of newly integrated sequence. A second type of instability continued indefinitely for many cell generations, as did that observed in cell line LM205. Because this was rare (one of 78 clones tested), it could not be attributed solely to cell sequences contained within the plasmid. However, the rearrangements in this cell clone occurred exclusively within the cell DNA adjacent to the integration site, again suggesting a role forcis-acting cell sequences in this process. The inability to identify specific cell sequences responsible for instability may therefore indicate that a complex combination of sequences is involved, possibly within both the plasmid and cell DNA.
Performance of viscoelastic dampers (VED) under various temperatures and application of magnetorheological dampers (MRD) for seismic control of structures

A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) and magnetorheological dampers (MRDs) in controlling the seismic response of buildings, but very few of them regarding the effect of temperature on the behavior of those dampers. The energy absorption properties of the VEDs are dependent on the ambient temperature, excitation frequency and strain amplitude. Several mathematical models have been investigated for reproducing the experimental behavior of single degree of freedom VEDs and MEDs. Of these, only the fractional derivative model can reflect the influence of temperature which is, however, so complex that it is difficult to apply in structural analysis. In order to verify the effect of temperature, two case studies of structural element have been conducted: once using VED and once using MRD. Kelvin–Voigt mathematical model applied, they were investigated and after analyzing the results, the force vs. displacement showed that MRD achieved a high force capacity and a better performance than VED. Furthermore, the effect of the temperature in case of VED observed via plotting the dissipated energy hysteresis at different temperatures. These results validate the effect of the temperature as the lower the temperature the more viscous the dashpot element becomes, hence improving damping, but this is up to a specific low temperature.
Child and Family Psychiatry in China

As China's political climate changes, so it is adapting its system of child and family mental health care. The system is influenced by current political thought, ancient tradition and philosophy, and newer Western scientific approaches. In its application, it involves not only child psychiatry facilities but also social organization, the educational system, family and marriage law, and medical and paramedical services. Particular emphasis is placed on prevention of disturbance in children, with services directed toward early detection and intervention.
Elite-Driven Community Collective Action and The Issues of Currency Substitutes In the Panic of 1907

This paper develops a theory of elite-driven community collective action. I argue that mobilizing community collective action is an effective way for elites to protect their interests when the stat...