cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Paleobiogeography of Italian Tertiary Mammals / Elementi di Paleobiogeografia dei mammiferi terziari dell'Italia

Abstract In this paper the Italian continental Tertiary mammalofaunas are examined. For each known layer the faunal composition, the age and the center of spreading of each component are pointed out. Besides some isolated remains collected in marine sediments, faunistic assemblages coming from three Eocene, six Oligocene, six Miocene, three Mio/Pliocene, six Lower Pliocene, more than ten Upper Pliocene and two Pleistocene sites interesting for mammalian Tertiary biogeography are analysed. Riassunto Vengono esaminate le faune a mammiferi continentali del Terziario italiano. Per ogni giacimento viene indicata la composizione della fauna, l'eta e l'area di provenienza delle varie componenti. A prescindere dai resti isolati raccolti in sedimenti marini, vengono analizzate le faune di trentasei localita (tre eoceniche, sei oligoceniche, sei mioceniche, tre mio/plioceniche, sei plioceniche inferiori, dieci plioceniche superiori e due pleistoceniche) che presentino interesse per la biogeografia del Terziario.
Stabilizing Sand Roads with Wood Products and Byproducts

Significant regions of the United States are covered with unstable sands that present traction and maintenance problems on unsurfaced, low-volume roads. Gravel for road surfacing is often unavailable or expensive because of the lack of local gravel deposits. The majority of these sandy areas occur in forested lands with thriving timber and paper industries. The objectives of this study were to review the various wood products and byproducts that are available and carry out a qualitative evaluation of their potential for stabilizing low-volume roads in unstable sands. Wood-related materials may provide cost-effective and environmentally beneficial alternatives for road stabilization materials in areas where gravel is not available or economical for use. The results of a literature search and market survey of wood products, byproducts, and paper mill byproducts are presented along with grain-size distribution test results for unstable sands and some materials. The performance of U.S. Forest Service roads pr...
Gaps, Pseudogaps, and Occam's Razor

Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy, or ARPES, is an important tool which allows direct observation of occupied electron states in a material. Recent advances in improving the resolution of this method, together with the vastly improved quality of crystals of many materials, have led to the observation of features such as gaps in the photoelectron spectrum which have been difficult to understand. Arko discusses a paper by Joynt (page 777) which shows that the observed effects may be extrinsic, that is part of the photoemission process, rather than intrinsic to the material and thus requiring a new physical explanation. The study may be important in a wide range of materials, from collossal magnetoresistant materials to superconductors.
Introduction to Medical Immunology

Completely revised and updated, to reflect the the mass of information that has appeared with the advance of molecular analysis techniques and the use of transgenic animals. Topics covered include the T cell receptor, escape mechanisms of infectious agents and HIV and AIDS.
Primary Care Interventions to Prevent or Treat Traumatic Stress in Childhood: A Systematic Review

Abstract Objectives To systematically assess the evidence base for prevention and treatment of child traumatic stress in primary care settings. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network website, Google search. Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants, and Interventions Studies were eligible for inclusion if they described the results of intervention studies in a primary care setting addressing child traumatic stress. Study participants could include primary care providers, pediatric patients, and their parents or other caregivers. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Each study was assessed for inclusion, and each included study was assessed for risk of bias by 2 reviewers. Results We found 12 articles describing 10 different studies that met the inclusion criteria. The intervention approaches taken in the studies were diverse and included the implementation of screening programs or tools, training clinicians to recognize and discuss psychosocial issues with patients and their families, and providing primary care professionals with community resource lists. Nine out of 10 studies included in the review reported favorable results. Limitations Studies included in the review had relatively short follow-up periods, and the diversity of studies identified precluded the possibility of conducting a meta-analysis. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Findings suggest that interventions in pediatric primary care settings are feasible and can favorably affect clinical practices and families' outcomes.
The Occult life of things native amazonian theories of materiality and personhood, Santos-Granero, Fernando (ed.)

(2015). The Occult life of things native amazonian theories of materiality and personhood, Santos-Granero, Fernando (ed.) Material Religion: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 122-124.
Ionic transport through model membranes. III. Contrasting effects of testosterone and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone. Dependence on temperature and bound water

Abstract 1. 1 The transfer of the dyestuff probe, methyl orange, from an aqueous phase into phospholipid-cholesterol micelles in an adjacent organic phase was found to be affected by testosterone quite differently than by dihydrotestosterone. The kinetics of transport of the probe proved extremely dependent in the presence of dihydrotestosterone upon the extent of prehydration of the organic phase. Rates were measured at controlled temperatures from 19 to 45 °C. 2. 2 For the system, lecithin-cholesterol-testosterone at selected concentrations, high rates of transfer of methyl orange were observed between 23 and 35 °C. Below 22 and above 36 °C, the transport rates were reduced to those observed with lecithin alone. 3. 3 For the corresponding system containing dihydrotostesterone the transition at 35 °C was essentially the reverse of that for the system containing testosterone. Low rates were observed below 35 °C, elevated rates above this temperature.
Cortisol concentrations following stimulation of healthy and adrenzpathic dogs with two doses of tetracosactrin

A prospective study was undertaken to compare intravenous tetracosactrin at doses of 5 microg/kg and 250 microg for diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Both healthy dogs and dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated with the two doses of the drug, and serum cortisol concentrations were compared at 60 minutes post-stimulation. Some of the dogs had additional samples taken at 90 and 120 minutes. For four dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, timed samples were also obtained at 150, 180 and 240 minutes post-injection. Cortisol concentrations 60 minutes after stimulation with either 5 microg/kg or 250 microg intravenous tetracosactrin were similar for both healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The lower dose can therefore be used for diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.
Combating Conflicting Messages of Values: A Closer Look at Parental Strategies

Abstract This study examined how parents respond when their children encounter valuesoutside the home that conﬂict with family values. Forty-eight middle-class EuropeanAmerican parents completed questionnaires consisting of 11 vignettes asking how they would respond to hypothetical situations where outside sources posed potential conﬂicts with parental values to their adolescent child ( M age of child = 13.33 years). We identiﬁed ﬁve strategies that parents might use: controlled cocooning, reasoned cocooning, compromise, pre-arming, and deference. Parents in the study enlisted all ﬁve strategies, with reasoned cocooning and pre-arming occurring most frequently. The self-reported importance of values to parents was the most important predictor of which strategy parents used, with parents using more controlling strategies to defend values that were most important to them. Importance of values also mediated the relation between religion and the parent’s self-reported desire for the child’s compliance on personal issues, and parental strategy choice. This study is among the ﬁrst to examine alternative parental strategies for regulating children’s values acquisition outside the home, and shows thatthe extent of parental control is related to the importance of speciﬁc values to theparent.Keywords
Prejudice and conservatism in a recently integrated southern college.

The study attempted to determine if token integration in a Southern school had seemed to improve racial feelings of white students toward Negroes. Indications are that students remain highly prejud...
Spectral karyotyping study of chromosome abnormalities in human leukemia.

Chromosomal analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human leukemia. Currently, the GTG-banding technique (G-banding) is the most commonly used diagnostic method in clinical cytogenetics. G-banding analysis of subtle chromosomal rearrangements or complex karyotypes with multiple markers can be inadequate because of poor chromosome morphology and/or an insufficient yield of analyzable metaphases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a highly sensitive and specific method to detect chromosomal alterations. Conventional FISH is used optimally in instances where only one or a few abnormalities are investigated. Spectral karyotyping (SKY), a novel cytogenetic technique, has been developed to unambiguously display and identify all chromosomes at one time using a spectrum of 24 different colors. This report presents the use of SKY for examination of the entire karyotype in specimens with complex chromosomal abnormalities from three leukemia patients. Conventional cytogenetic analysis (G-banding) showed complex hyperdiploid clones with multiple markers in each case. SKY was able to clarify and identify additional cryptic chromosomal translocations [e.g., t(2;10), t(3;10), t(5;7), t(7;18), t(9;17), t(10;12), t(13;16)] insertions [e.g., ins(17;9), ins(20;Y)], duplications [e.g., i(8)(q10), dup(4)(q31q35)] and marker chromosomes in each case. This study demonstrates that the combination of SKY and G-band techniques results in a more complete characterization of the complex chromosomal aberrations seen in leukemia.
REASON: an intelligent user assistant for interactive environments

The provision of intelligent user assistance has been an ongoing problem in designing computer interfaces. Interactive computing environments must support expert as well as novice users when providing advice for error correction and answers to questions directed to a system. To address these issues, we have investigated the application of fairly well-understood artificial intelligence techniques in novel ways to provide intelligent help. This paper describes the design methodology used to build REASON (Real-time Explanation And SuggestiON), an intelligent user-assistant prototype for a windowed, multitasking environment. REASON's central component is an inference engine that solves problems arising from a user's activity. When the user makes one of several different kinds of errors, the inference engine offers dynamically generated suggestions about what the user might have intended. The user can also query REASON using natural language. In addition to providing suggestions of corrected input or answers to questions, REASON can provide two complementary types of explanations of these responses, derived from the inferences that led to them.
The Role of Polymer Cations in The Polymerization and Electrical Conductivity of Polycarbazole

Abstract The high electrical conductivities (lohm−1cm−1) in 3,3’ polycarbazole charge transfer complexes originate from hopping of radical cations delocalized over only two carbazole units. Although some intramolecular transport must occur a significant intermolecular hopping component must be present. In fact there is significant evidence from model compound studies that distinct bound states exist between radical cations on adjacent chains. The radical cations in the N-methyl substituted polymers are so stable that the conductivity remains unchanged for months in air. These same radical cations can propagate a polymerization reaction through exposed chain ends in molten iodine or bromine solvents. Polymerizations, charge transfer doping, solvent casting thus can be carried out by simply dissolving monomer in the molten halogen. The polymerizing liquid iodine solutions can be reduced by S2O4,= to produce neutral polymer.
Vienna Around 1900 and the Crisis of Public Art: On Text and Music in Klimt, Mahler, and Schnitzler

Scholarship often has emphasized the importance of the notion of crisis for understanding the dynamics underlying the culture and literature of fin-de-siecle Vienna. The following essay rethinks this notion, taking as its point of departure the ‘crisis of public art’—the idea that art has lost its public function—that manifests itself in Vienna around 1900. The paper examines Klimt’s Beethoven-frieze, Schnitzler’s novella Leutnant Gustl, and Mahler’s Eighth Symphony, focusing in particular on the nexus between text and music in each of these works. While these works of art on a textual level indeed each document an element of alienation in the relation between art and its public, this essay argues that they also conceive of the relationship between art and its audiences in new ways: they reconsider how art addresses the public. Music plays a key role in the debate on the public function of art because it invites audiences not only to experience art directly, but also to participate in its creation.
Leptonic Hyperon Decays and Unitary Symmetry

Use of the unitary symmetry scheme (eightfold way) of Gell-Mann and Neeman is shown to resolve the discrepancy between experimental values of the branching ratios of LAMBDA and SIGMA /sup -/ decays and values derived from V-A theory. The experimental values had been too low. Branching ratios are calculated and are shown to fit experimental data. Coupling constants for pions to baryons are calculated, and predictions on the leptonic decays of XI particles are made. (D.C.W.)
Insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation in cultured human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Insulin action on glucose oxidation has been examined in cultured human diploid fibroblastic cells. When the fibroblasts were preincubated in the absence of glucose, insulin stimulation of 14 C-6-D-glucose oxidation was small (approximately 120% of basal). Preincubation in glucose containing medium (2.7–11.0 mM) for 18 hr enhanced insulin stimulation of 14 C-6-D-glucose oxidation to a maximum of 240% of control. Stimulation was observed with as little as 10 −10 M insulin and reached maximum at 10 −8 M insulin. Half maximum stimulation was achieved at approximately 9 × 10 −10 M insulin at all glucose concentrations. In order to examine the specificity of insulin action on glucose oxidation, the relative effectiveness of various analogues was examined. The order of potency was porcine insulin > proinsulin > bonito insulin > desoctapeptide insulin. Multiplication stimulating activity also stimulated glucose oxidation with a half maximal stimulation of 3 × 10 −9 M. The optimal pH for insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation was 7.4, and insulin action was less at temperatures lower than 37°C. When the influence of growth conditions on insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation was assessed, confluent cells had greater responsiveness than dividing cells, and responsiveness declined in senescent cells. When insulin action on glucose oxidation and the effect of glucose preincubation were examined using 14 C-1-D-glucose, insulin stimulation after glucose deprivation was again approximately 120%, but glucose preincubation resulted in only a small enhancement of insulin action on 14 C-1-D-glucose oxidation (to 140% of control). To investigate the metabolic site of insulin action on glucose oxidation, the effect of insulin on the distribution of incorporated 14 C-glucose was compared in cells preincubated in the presence or absence of glucose. Insulin stimulation of lactate production (glycolysis) was significantly enhanced by glucose preincubation, and basal glucose incorporation into ribose and glycogen was reduced. Thus, insulin action on CO 2 production seemed to occur at some site in the glycolytic pathway; the preferential glucose enhancement of 14 C-6-D-glucose oxidation appeared to be due to an increased proportion of glucose used for glycolysis and also to an enhancement of insulin action in the glycolytic pathway. These studies indicate that under appropriate culture conditions insulin significantly stimulates 14 C-6-D-glucose oxidation in human skin fibroblasts. Since insulin action in the fibroblast appears to have characteristics similar to insulin action in other cell types, this might be a useful system for the further study of insulin action on cell glucose metabolism.
Wall structure and surface chemistry of hydrothermal carbon nanofibres

A transmission electron microscopy examination of hydrothermally produced carbon nanofibres/nanotubes with outer diameter 50–200 nm suggests that the tube walls are inclined with respect to the tube axis. The apex angles are in the range 8°–16°. The structure of these tubes and their growth mechanism can be described by a conical-scroll model. The conical-scroll structure enables functionalization of both inner and outer tube surfaces. The outer wall of these nanofibres is shown to be covered by a hair-like layer, with a characteristic length of about 0.5 nm. Electron energy loss spectroscopy suggests that these 'hairs' are functional groups containing oxygen and carbon. The presence of these groups on the tube surface can account for the reported hydrophilic character of these tubes.
Purkinje-myocardial conduction delay: An alternative explanation

Abstract The Purkinje-myocardial conduction delay (PMCD) of dog heart decreased when early extrasystoles were introduced into a regular rhythm. This suggests that the PMCD as recorded does not necessarily reflect the conduction time from a Purkinje to a myocardial fiber in a single interconnected “conduction unit”.
What's wrong with soil physics?

Soil physics has a dual identity—it is both a branch of physics and a branch of soil science—but its legitimacy as a science depends on its claim to be physics; this implies a self-consistent structure of definitions and concepts underlying the equations we actually use. Upon examining some of our core concepts—specifically those relating the water retention curve to the pore size distribution, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationship, and the convection–dispersion model—we find that all three are built on the notion that soil is composed of bundles of capillary tubes. This underlying conceptual model lacks both self-consistency (threatening our claim to be a legitimate science) and a firm connection to reality (threatening our ability to reason and predict successfully). We argue that many of our struggles during the last decades are artifacts of building from the flawed conceptual model of soil as a capillary bundle. We propose in its place a pore network concept, which can be applied using the mathematics of percolation theory. We must build on a sound and self-consistent conceptual model, in teaching, research, and application, so soil physics can be firmly based in both soils and physics, and meet society’s many challenges in food production, hydrology, water quality, bio-energy, and climate change.
Some properties of physical measurements with application to system identification

Abstract The problem of characterizing a measurement instrument and examining its effect on the identification of systems is considered in this paper. A model for a measurement instrument is given, and the ϵ-information gain of the instrument is defined and expressed in terms of the parameters of the model. Vitushkin's ϵ-entropy is shown to be a measure of the “cost” of identification. One of his theorems is adapted to show that to measure a function from a given space to ϵ-accuracy requires an ϵ-information gain from the measurement instrument equal to or greater than the ϵ-entropy of the input space. An upper bound on the ϵ-information gain for linear measurement instruments is obtained. For a fixed space of input functions this upper bound on ϵ-information gain specifies a lower bound on ϵ-accuracy. The results obtained are applied to two classes of identification problems. The first is a problem posed by Zadeh which involves matching an unknown “black box” to some member of a class of “black boxes”. In this case the ϵ-information necessary to make the required identification is computed. The upper bound on ϵ-information is used to show that if a linear instrument is used, precise identification is impossible in general, and identification to some ϵ-accuracy is suggested as an alternative requirement. The second identification problem involves measurement of a constant quantity and serves to indicate orders of magnitude for some of the variables.
Temporal Sampling Requirements for Surface Drifting Buoys in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Drifting buoy data from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are used to evaluate the degradation of sea surface temperature and current information incurred by reducing the number of transmissions from drifting buoys using the ARGOS system for position finding. Buoy locations are interpolated at uniform time intervals using an optimum interpolation method known as Kriging, which provides also an estimate of the rms position error. It is found that the published standard for surface current measurement for the TOGA Program (5 cm s−1) can be met with transmissions on one day of three in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to stronger mesoscale variability in the Northern Hemisphere the standard would be jeopardized by reducing transmissions even to one day of two. The standard for observation of sea surface temperature (0.1°C) can be met in either hemisphere with transmissions on one day of four. The Lagrangian decorrelation times for the Northern Hemisphere region of the eastern tropical Pacific are estim...
Basics of research (Part 12): Qualitative research

Although both the assumptions and methods of qualitative and quantitative approaches in nursing research are different, both have the goal of furthering the scientific basis for practice. A variety of qualitative approaches are available, and which approach to use depends on the purpose of the research. In general, qualitative investigations address broad questions related to description, discovery, or theory building, and, as a consequence, the researcher is concerned with the entire context surrounding the phenomenon of interest rather than concentrating on specific variables thought to influence that phenomenon. The type of data collected and the methods of analysis differ, but qualitative research demands the same careful attention to selecting a design appropriate to answer the research question and the same assurance of rigor in conducting the research and interpreting the results as is required in quantitative studies. When these issues are thoroughly addressed, the clinician has a basis for judging both the accuracy and the applicability of qualitative research findings.
Relaxin Promotes Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Decreases Wnt/β-Catenin Expression in the Neonatal Porcine Heart

Relaxin (RLX), reported to play an important role in cardiovascular remodeling, is linked to activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Interruption of the cardiac Wnt/β-catenin signaling system is reported to have antihypertrophic effects. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of RLX on the myocardial Wnt/β-catenin signaling system and MMP expression in the postnatal day 2 (PND 2) porcine heart. Results showed that myocardial Wnt7a and Wnt4 gene expression at PND 2 decreased following treatment with RLX in vivo from birth, while there was no effect on Wnt5a expression. Immunoreactive myocardial β-catenin protein was reduced in RLX-treated animals. Zymographic analysis of medium from RLX-treated heart explants showed an increase in pro-MMP-2 but not pro-MMP-9 activity. Western blot analysis indicated that RLX increased myocardial MMP-2 protein compared to controls. Data suggest that the RLX-induced decline in Wnt/β-catenin expression at PND 2, together with increased MMP-2 activity, may be important for neonatal porcine cardiac remodeling.
Effects of frying oil composition on potato chip stability

Potato chips were fried in six canola (low-erucic acid rape-seed) oils under pilot-plant process settings that represented commercial conditions. Oil samples included an unmodified canola oil and oils with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding or hydrogenation. Chips were fried for a 2-d, 18-h cycle for each oil. Chips and oil were sampled periodically for sensory, gas-chromatographic volatiles and chemical analyses. Unmodified canola oil produced chips with lower flavor stability and oxidative stability than the other oils. The hydrogenated oil imparted a typical hydrogenation flavor to the chips that slightly affected overall quality. the modified canola oil (IMC 129) with the highest oleic acid level (78%) had the lowest content of total polar compounds and the lowest total volatile compounds at most of the storage times; however, the sensory quality of the potato chip was only fair. The potato chip with the best flavor stability was fried in a modified/blended oil (IMC 01-4.5/129) with 68% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and 3% linolenic acid.
Genetic algorithms applied to the continuous flow shop problem

This research develops an approach for applying Genetic Algorithms (GA) to scheduling problems. We generate a GA based heuristic for continuous flow shop problems with total flow time as the criterion. The effects of several crucial factors of GA on the performance of the heuristic for the problem are explored in detail. The computational experience of heuristic provides several observations of the application of GA, and strongly supports that the applications of GA are problem specific. The computational experience also shows that GA can be good techniques for scheduling problems.
Identification and characterization of an Onchocerca volvulus cDNA clone encoding a highly immunogenic calponin-like protein

Abstract The identification and characterization of a recombinant cDNA clone, designated OV9M, expressing an antigen present in Onchocerca volvulus infective larvae and adult stages is described. Clone OV9M was identified by screening a λgt11 cDNA expression library derived from adult O. volvulus mRNA using pooled rabbit antisera raised against the third (L3) and fourth (L4) stage larvae of the parasite. The cDNA clone encodes an open reading frame of 238 amino acids corresponding to a 27-kDa polypeptide. This polypeptide contains a series of five highly conserved repeats of 25 amino acids that are similar to repeats found in calponin, a protein previously only identified in vertebrate smooth muscle. Extension of the 5′ end of the cDNA clone revealed two additional repeats extending the sequence to 378 amino acids, encoding a 41.8-kDa protein. Affinity purified antibodies, which bound specifically to the glutathione S -transferase-OV9M fusion polypeptide, recognize a series of antigens in extracts of O. volvulus microfilariae, L3, L4 and adult stages. The apparent molecular weight of the native OV9M protein in the adult is 45 kDa. Similar proteins are present in extracts of other nematodes including Caenorhabditis elegans , and antibodies from other filarial infections are cross reactive with glutathione S -transferase-OV9M fusion polypeptide. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the antigen encoded by this clone is present in the longitudinal muscles of the various larval stages and adult worms. Antibodies to the OV9M protein are present in 40–60% of both patently infected and non-patent individuals residing in onchocerciasis endemic areas.
Penicillin skin testing in the pediatric outpatient setting

Abstract Rationale A large series of children referred for penicillin skin testing allows us to examine historical data, skin test results, and trends. Methods Data relating to reaction history and skin test results were collected in a database for analysis. Results Between 1979 and 2003, 921 children underwent skin testing with penicillin major determinant (PPL) and two minor determinants (MD), penicillin G and penicillin A. A total of 971 reactions were recorded for 636 subjects (1.5 reactions/subject): hives, 46%; non-urticarial rash, 35%; swelling, 11%; joint symptoms 5%; asthma-like symptoms, 3%. In all, 19% of skin tests (177) were positive: 26% were PPL(+) only, 34% were MD(+) only, and 40% were positive for both. In 8.5% of cases, only penicillin A was positive. Skin tests were positive in 25% of subjects reporting asthma-like symptoms with penicillin, compared to 16% for joint symptoms, 14% each for hives and swelling, and 11% for non-urticarial rash. Only one of 293 tests was positive (0.3%) during the period 1994-2003, compared to 293 of 628 tests (28%) during the period 1979-1993. Conclusions 81% of those referred had a history of cutaneous reactions to penicillin. In the absence of penicillin A, 8.5% of positive skin tests would have been missed. Of note, non-urticarial rash is a poor predictor of a negative skin test. Finally, skin test positivity has declined markedly in the last 10 years at our institution.
Multiple-phoneme-misarticulating children's perception and production of voice onset time.

6 language-impaired misarticulating and 6 normal kindergarten children produced and perceived differences in word-initial stop consonant voicing. Individuals' productive and perceptual phonemic boundaries were similar. No statistically reliable differences were noted between the groups' mean productive or perceptual boundaries. Individual exceptions suggest that some misarticulating , language-impaired children may be inordinately challenged by synthetic speech stimuli or may pass through a developmental stage in which perceptual ability outstrips productive ability.
Proteolytic digestion of mouse IgE

Conditions are described for the preparation of F(ab')2 and Fab fragments of mouse IgE. Papain, pepsin or trypsin each produced F(ab')2 fragments with Mr approximately equal to 130,000 which yielded Fab fragments on further digestion. The release of Fab fragments from F(ab')2 resulted from further cleavage of the H chain. Pepsin, and especially trypsin appear more suitable for the preparation of F(ab')2 because of the difficulty of separating a 93 kDa by-product from the F(ab')2 produced by papain. The best yields of purified Fab were obtained with papain. Rates of digestion were in the order, pepsin approximately equal to trypsin much greater than papain.
Some New Procedures and Instruments Useful for Microbiological Antibiotic Testing by Diffusion Methods.: V. A Test Procedure Employing Linear Diffusion into Inoculated Agar-Filled Glass Capillaries

Streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, and neomycin may be assayed on a large-scale basis by following a procedure employing linear diffusion in agar-filled glass capillaries and using equipment described in the fourth of this series of papers. Directions are given for preparing all required materials, and certain aspects of performance and economics of the method are emphasized.
Error control and modulation/detection techniques in WDM transmission systems

Relaxing the Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) requirements of modern Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems/networks is essential due to the introduction of high-loss Optical Network Elements (ONE), the large channel numbers, and the very high channel-speeds. Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes are currently used in many applications, but the problem of the bit-rate increase caused by the redundancy will worsen as the channel-speed increases. This paper presents a novel error-controlling scheme that does not increase the bit-rate while offering OSNR relaxation. Error control is achieved by the two kinds of receiver proposed here, both of which are characterized by the diverse detection of dual-mode modulated signals, “consensus” logic for error detection, and multiple threshold selection for data recovery. After describing the “basic” receiver, an enhanced version is presented. Analyses based on the classical Gaussian noise approximation show the performances of these receivers. Experimental results show fair agreement with the analysis results, despite the simplifications used in the analyses. Experiments on the basic receiver show 3dB gain, and 9dB gain was observed with the addition of the standard RS(255,239) FEC code. 4dB gain is observed experimentally from the enhanced version of the receiver, and 10dB gain with the addition of RS(255,239).
IgG-specific helper activity of t lymphocytes from mice lacking theIr-IgG gene

Cooperative interactions between T and B cells from the congenic inbred mouse strains B10.A(2R) and B10.A(4R) in antibody responses controlled byIr genes have been studied. Within theI region of the MHC, these strains share only theI-A subregion. TheIr gene controlling responsiveness to IgA maps in theI-A subregion, both strains being responders to IgA. T cells from 2R mice collaborate effectively with B cells from 2R or 4R mice for antihapten antibody responses to DNP-IgA. TheIr gene controlling responses to IgG maps in theI-B subregion, and 2R mice are nonresponders for this antigen. Nevertheless, 2R T cells primed with IgG can help responder (4R) B cells -but not syngeneic nonresponder (2R) B cells -in responding to DNP-IgG. These results indicate that mice lacking theIr-IgG gene nonetheless may develop helper T lymphocytes specific for myeloma proteins. In addition, they indicate that cells from congenic mice sharing only theA subregion of theI region can collaborate efficiently.
Effect of Shilianhua extract and its fractions on body weight of obese mice.

Five commercial botanical products [Shilianhua (SLH) tablets, Shiu Huo pills, Fenulyn, Bitter Melon and Glucose Metabolic Support)], available in the US market, with reported claims for regulation of metabolism were screened for their effect on body weight gain in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Pilot results suggested that Shilianhua (SLH) tablets attenuated body weight gain, whereas Shiu Huo pills and Fenulyn tended to promote weight gain in the mice on the high fat diet. To investigate the bioactive components in the SLH tablet, the wild SLH plant (Sinocrassula indica Berge) was collected from China, and used to make a variety of extracts including aqueous extract (SLH-A), ethanol extract (SLH-E) and subfraction F100. In the study of metabolic activities, the extracts were administrated through food intake by incorporating them into the diet. A rigorous evaluation of the extracts on body weight was conducted in two animal models. SLH-A and SLH-E were tested in dietary obese mice, while F100 together with SLH-E was tested in KK-Ay mice, a genetic diabetic model. In the 12–16 week study, body weight was not significantly altered by the SLH extracts in the two animal models. The results suggest that neither the total extract nor the purified components from the SLH plant have a clear effect in the regulation of body weight. The weight reduction observed with the “over the counter” SLH tablet in the pilot studies may be secondary to other components in the tablet, but not from the SLH extract.
Reperfusion for acute ischemic stroke: arterial revascularization and collateral therapeutics.

Purpose of reviewReperfusion of the ischemic territory forms the basis of most acute stroke treatments. This overview of the literature relating to reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke published within the last year provides a snapshot of a rapidly evolving aspect of cerebrovascular disease.Recent f
Analysis of fatty acids of continuously cultured mammalian cells by gas-liquid chromatography.

SINCE the introduction of gas-liquid chromatography by James and Martin1, a variety of animal tissues have been analysed for their fatty acid composition. The present report describes the application of the technique to the analysis of the fatty acid content of mammalian cells in continuous cultivation. Because of the small quantity of sample required by this method, it seemed well suited to the examination of fatty acids in cultured mammalian cells. Furthermore, because of the advantages inherent in the technique, analyses of the fatty acids of the cells could be made periodically with ease. Inasmuch as regular trypsinization and re-seeding of cells are necessary for the maintenance of a continuously cultured line of cells, the effect of this treatment on the fatty-acid content of the culture was examined at intervals over about twelve months.
Ionisation cross sections of rare-gas atoms by electron impact

A pulsed electron beam and ion extraction method is used to measure normalized values of partial ionization cross sections for rare gases from threshold to 1000 eV. Cross sections obtained for singly ionized species are used to calibrate the mass transmission efficiency of the ion extraction/analyzer/detection system by the relative flow technique, and this mass transmission curve is then used to determine the absolute cross sections of the multiply ionized species. Total ion cross sections are found by summation of the individual partial cross sections with proper weighting for charge.
Incorporation of Adjuvant Therapy into the Multimodality Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Stomach in the United States

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) treatment changed considerably with introduction of imatinib in 2001 and reports of early successes. However, little is known about imatinib incorporation into practice. Our objective was to examine the integration of adjuvant systemic therapy into GIST management. Patients with gastric GIST were identified (n = 4508) from the National Cancer Data Base (2001–2007). Separate regression models were developed to examine factors associated with adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy use. A total of 3050 patients underwent surgical resection. From 2001–2003 to 2006–2007, use of adjuvant therapy increased from 29 to 47% (P 6 cm, treated at high-volume centers, or were diagnosed during 2006–2007 (P < 0.001). Adjuvant systemic therapy use for GISTs was increasing and widespread prior to FDA approval of adjuvant imatinib, suggesting that contemporaneous advances in management of advanced GIST were being simultaneously and rapidly translated into the adjuvant setting. As relatively costly therapies are integrated into practice, more robust tracking systems are needed to monitor the incorporation of new treatments.
4G Wireless Networks

4G wireless networks are receiving a lot of attention from researchers, wireless carriers, device manufacturers, and mobile users. This survey compares the original vision with current 4G offerings and considers future prospects.
Heat transfer characteristics of water droplets interacting with a rotating hot surface

Abstract The heat transfer characteristics of monosized water droplets interacting with a rotating hot surface are experimentally investigated. The experimental parameters tested are the droplet size, the rotating speed, and the wall temperature, while liquid mass flow rate is fixed. In the tested experimental ranges, a strong dependence of the droplet impacting heat transfer upon these parameters is observed. The droplet size has an opposite effect on heat transfer between low rotating speed and high rotating speed case.
Electroosmosis of Dilute Electrolyte Solutions in Microporous Media

The multiphysiochemical transport in electroosmosis of dilute electrolyte solutions (<1mM) through microporous media with granular random structures has been modeled in this work by our numerical framework consisting of three steps. First, the three-dimensional microstructures of porous media are reproduced by a random generation-growth method. Then the effects of chemical adsorption and electrical dissociation at the solid-liquid interfaces are considered to determine the electrical boundary conditions, which vary with the ionic concentration, the pH, and the temperature. Finally the nonlinear governing equations for the electrokinetic transport are solved by a highly efficient lattice Poisson-Boltzmann algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the electroosmotic permeability through the granular microporous media increases monotonically with the porosity, the ionic concentration, the pH and the environmental temperature. When the surface electric potential is higher than 50 mV, the permeability increases with the electric potential exponentially. The electroosmotic permeability increases with the pH exponentially, but with the temperature linearly. The present modeling results may improve our understanding of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic transport in geophysical systems, and help guide the design of porous electrodes in micro energy systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Enrichment of satellite DNA on the nuclear matrix of bovine cells.

The skeletal framework of the eukaryotic nucleus is a protein matrix1,2 which maintains the physical shape of the nucleus. Attached to the matrix is a fraction of DNA resistant to deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) digestion. Ribosomal DNA sequences also are enriched on nuclear matrices from rat liver3. The question thus arises whether other repeated DNAs are preferentially attached to the nuclear matrix. This question could be resolved if the repeated DNA was available in sufficient quantity for biochemical studies and differed in its physical or sequence characteristics from the rest of the nuclear DNA. The satellite DNAs of bovine cells meet these criteria. Here we show that nuclear matrices from bovine cells are in fact enriched in satellite DNA.
Microvascular Architecture in a Case of Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (Watermelon Stomach)

Microvascular Architecture in a Case of Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (Watermelon Stomach)
Spatial averaging effects in CARS thermometry of a nonpremixed flame

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) allows nonintrusive in situ temperature measurements to be made in reacting flows with errors typically less than 50 K. When the temperature varies over the length of the CARS probe volume, however, the measured temperature is biased toward the cold side rather than reflecting the mean temperature or the temperature at the center of the volume. This paper details CARS measurements made on a Wolfhard-Parker slot burner to quantity these spatial averaging errors in nonpremixed flames. Results, using both analytical and experimental inputs to a CARS spectral fitting program, show that while spatial averaging errors are significant, they can be predicted accurately.
Clinical and molecular aspects of retinoid therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia

As a single agent, all-trans RA produces a higher rate of complete remission in APL than any other drug in any other neoplastic disease. The molecular findings in this illness have been exploited to develop a means of detecting and eradicating minimal residual disease. Compared with other forms of acute myeloid leukemia, this subtype is now associated with the highest proportion of patients in extended disease-free first remission who are presumably cured of their disease. APL is a prototype for understanding the pathogenesis of a malignant disease and the development of novel therapies that are targeted to specific molecular abnormalities.
Effect of nanoscale morphology on selective ethanol transport through block copolymer membranes

Abstract We report on the effect of nanoscale morphology on transport of ethanol/water mixtures through block copolymer membranes. In particular, we show that ethanol selectivity and overall flux can be optimized by varying the size of block copolymer domains at fixed composition. Experiments were conducted on two separate systems using polybutadiene (PB) and polydimethyl siloxane-g-polymethylmethacrylate (PDMS-MA) as the transporting blocks, using an 8 wt% ethanol/water mixture as the feed. The domain spacings for PB- and PDMS-MA-based samples were varied from 19 to 55 nm and 28 to 70 nm, respectively, at fixed compositions. The membrane separation factor increases with domain spacing for both membranes. In the case of the PB-based system, the smallest domain size system with d = 19 nm was water selective while those with larger domain spacings were ethanol selective. The total flux through the PB-based membranes increases with increasing domain spacing until it reaches a maximum at a domain spacing of 39 nm in spite of the fact that the stiffness of the polymers increases monotonically with increasing domain spacing. In contrast, the total flux through the PDMS-MA-based membranes does not depend on domain spacing.
Buen trader, buen trading: presencia y regulación de las emociones en los mercados financieros

El objetivo de este articulo es el de ofrecer una reflexion critica sobre el papel de las emociones en los mercados financieros. Mas especificamente, analizar la relacion de las mismas con las condiciones socio-estructurales de dichos mercados. Se trata de una aproximacion al tema en cuestion construida a partir de a) fuentes secundarias de caracter etnografico que abordan la construccion de la subjetividad individual en el sistema financiero y b) fuentes primarias relacionadas con un tipo de literatura especifica que tiene en mira la “educacion sentimental” de quienes operan en los mercados de acciones, bonos y contratos de futuro. Tomando como referencia teorica diferentes conceptos propios de la sociologia de Norbert Elias, propongo una lectura inicial que conecte las dimensiones macro y microsociologica de las emociones en los mercados financieros. En este sentido, intentare ofrecer respuesta a una doble pregunta de partida: a) ?Que emociones experimentan prototipicamente los actores financieros y que funcion o funciones desempenan en sus decisiones de inversion? y b) ?Que patrones de regulacion emocional son prescritos o recomendados a estos actores a fin de alcanzar el exito en sus operaciones?
Scribes, Warriors and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya

Scribes, Warriors and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya. William L. Fash. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991. 192 pp., 109 black and white plus 11 color illustrations, bibliography, notes, index. $35.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–500–39028–2.
Cell therapy for cardiac disease: where do we go from here?

Five years on from the initial report in Nature that cell therapy showed potential therapeutic benefit for cardiac disease, Eric Adler and Thomas Maddox present their Viewpoint on the first three randomized, clinical trials of bone marrow cell therapy in patients with myocardial infarction.
Nonincremental Policy Change: Lessons from Michigan's Medicaid Managed Care Initiative

Studies of policy implementation have focused primarily on incremental policy change, yet policy change is sometimes implemented quickly and comprehensively. Such is the case with Michigan's recent implementation of a statewide Medicaid managed care initiative. This article analyzes Michigan's quick implementation and highlights the importance of political support, organizational change, and a supportive policy and administrative environment in affecting successful implementation. It also notes the price paid for quick implementation—namely, stakeholder dissatisfaction, mistakes, and lack of public involvement.