cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveying on the Side: A Study in the Implementation of a Tilted Multibeam Transducer in an Ultra-Shallow Riverine Environment

In 2008, students of the University of Southern Mississippi surveyed a portion of the Pearl River. Due to the ultra-shallow nature of the survey area, a multibeam mount was constructed that tilted the transducer 35o to the side with respect to nadir. Such an orientation had predicted gains of 60% in the center of the channel and facilitated the collection of data further inshore than otherwise possible. To compensate for excessive outer beam noise, a CUBE surface filtering regime was adopted. Crosscheck analysis showed the acquired data easily met IHO S-44 1a standards. This paper details the evaluation and results of such a non-traditional mount.
Immunochemical evaluation of antigenicity of house dust extract. Specificity of dermal wheal reactions and responses to injections for immunotherapy.

Abstract Immunochemical procedures were applied to an evaluation of antigenicity of house dust extract. A dermal wheal reaction to house dust extract was invariably accompanied by release of histamine from the subject's leukocytes exposed to the extract in vitro; when no dermal reaction occurred, histamine was not released. Scrum of every subject with a dermal wheal reaction to house dust extract was able to neutralize the antigenic activity of the extract to some degree, while serum of nonreactive persons did not. Serial injections of house dust extract produced up to 56-fold increases in specific antigen neutralization capacity of the serum in a small portion of hypersensitive subjects who received unusually large amounts, but the leukocytes were not desensitized to antigenic release of histamine. The findings support the contention that house dust contains immunologically specific antigen'e material capable of causing specific hypersensitivity and provoking specific immune response upon injection in atopic persons. The clinical implications are considered.
The market for tax benefits: Evidence from leveraged ESOPs

Abstract This paper examines the competitiveness of the financial markets with respect to taxes. A unique set of interest rates from leveraged ESOPs enables precise measures of the effect of a debt subsidy on prices. I find that the market shifts most of the tax benefits to borrowers, indicative of an elastic supply curve for lenders. Lenders are compensated for incremental costs, such as reductions in tax rates and barriers to entry. Evidence is also presented that ESOP lenders are high taxpaying banks, suggesting the existence of a tax clientele.
Robot-assisted reaching exercise promotes arm movement recovery in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study.

Background and purpose Providing active assistance to complete desired arm movements is a common technique in upper extremity rehabilitation after stroke. Such active assistance may improve recovery by affecting somatosensory input, motor planning, spasticity or soft tissue properties, but it is labor intensive and has not been validated in controlled trials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of robotically administered active-assistive exercise and compare those with free reaching voluntary exercise in improving arm movement ability after chronic stroke.
Polytopes, Graphs and Fitness Landscapes

Darwinian evolution can be illustrated as an uphill walk in a landscape, where the surface consists of genotypes, the height coordinates represent fitness, and each step corresponds to a point mutation. Epistasis, roughly defined as the dependence between the fitness effects of mutations, is a key concept in the theory of adaptation. Important recent approaches depend on graphs and polytopes. Fitness graphs are useful for describing coarse properties of a landscape, such as mutational trajectories and the number of peaks. The graphs have been used for relating global and local properties of fitness landscapes. The geometric theory of gene interaction, or the shape theory, is the most fine-scaled approach to epistasis. Shapes, defined as triangulations of polytopes for any number of loci, replace the well established concepts of positive and negative epistasis for two mutations. From the shape one can identify the fittest populations, i.e., populations where allele shuffling (recombination) will not increase the mean fitness. Shapes and graphs provide complementary information. The approaches make no structural assumptions about the underlying fitness landscapes, which make them well suited for empirical work.
Geometry of Gravel Streams

A rational method has been developed to predict the regime geometry of straight active gravel streams. The analytical model is based upon a resistance equation, a bed load equation, and the condition of minimum stream power for gravel streams in equilibrium. The analytical channel geometry so obtained is in general agreement with previously established relations and observations. The analytical channel width is proportional to Q 0 . 4 7 , in which Q is the bank full discharge. Except for steep slopes, the width is essentially only a function of the discharge. The analytical depth increases with the discharge but decreases with the slope. On steep slopes, the width increases rapidly with the slope. This rapid increase in width accompanied by a decrease in depth indicates braiding tendency for steep gravel streams. As the bed load approaches zero at the lower boundary, this model for active streams reduces to the threshold theory.
Periprostatic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer and its clinical significance.

Deng F-M, Mendrinos S E, Das K & Melamed J (2012) Histopathology 60, 1004–1008 Periprostatic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer and its clinical significance Aims: To evaluate the potential of periprostatic lymph node (LN) as a staging indicator, particularly with the use of methods for enhanced detection of micrometastasis. Methods and results: We retrieved cases with periprostatic LN from radical prostatectomy specimens accrued between 1997 and 2007 at our institution. Twenty-one (0.8%) of 2663 radical prostatectomy specimens had periprostatic LNs (total number of LNs = 22). LN size ranged from 0.8 to 4.7 mm. Most of the periprostatic LNs were located close to the posterior base. Seven (32%) of 22 LNs were involved by metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), including five detected on routine haematoxylin and ceosin slides and an additional two detected only by immunohistochemistry. Cases with periprostatic LNs had a significantly higher metastatic rate (29%; six of 21) compared to those with pelvic LNs sampled at radical prostectatomy in our institution (1.9%). When compared to cases with negative periprostatic LNs (n = 15), the tumour characteristics of cases with metastatic periprostatic LNs (n = 6) included higher tumour volume, Gleason score, stage and a greater propensity for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence. Conclusions: Despite their infrequent identification, periprostatic LNs if detected in the radical prostatectomy specimen should be evaluated with greater scrutiny (step sections and/or immunohistochemical studies) to evaluate their prognostic potential.
Adolescent Risk Taking, Cocaine Self-Administration, and Striatal Dopamine Signaling

Poor decision making and elevated risk taking, particularly during adolescence, have been strongly linked to drug use; however the causal relationships among these factors are not well understood. To address these relationships, a rat model (the Risky Decision-making Task; RDT) was used to determine whether individual differences in risk taking during adolescence predict later propensity for cocaine self-administration and/or whether cocaine self-administration causes alterations in risk taking. In addition, the RDT was used to determine how risk taking is modulated by dopamine signaling, particularly in the striatum. Results from these experiments indicated that greater risk taking during adolescence predicted greater intake of cocaine during acquisition of self-administration in adulthood, and that adult cocaine self-administration in turn caused elevated risk taking that was present following 6 weeks of abstinence. Greater adolescent risk taking was associated with lower striatal D2 receptor mRNA expression, and pharmacological activation of D2/3 receptors in the ventral, but not dorsal, striatum induced a decrease in risk taking. These findings indicate that the relationship between elevated risk taking and cocaine self-administration is bi-directional, and that low striatal D2 receptor expression may represent a predisposing factor for both maladaptive decision making and cocaine use. Furthermore, these findings suggest that striatal D2 receptors represent a therapeutic target for attenuating maladaptive decision making when choices include risk of adverse consequences.
Prohibitin co-localizes with Rb in the nucleus and recruits N-CoR and HDAC1 for transcriptional repression

The potential tumor suppressor protein prohibitin can prevent cell proliferation and this required its binding to the Rb protein. Prohibitin could repress the transcriptional activity of E2F family members and this required a part of the marked box region of E2F. The sub-cellular localization of prohibitin has been variously attributed to the mitochondria as well as the inner cell membrane. Here we show that a subset of prohibitin molecules are present in the nucleus where it co-localizes with the Rb protein. Deletion of a putative amino-terminal membrane-docking domain of prohibitin had no effect on its ability to suppress cell proliferation or inhibit E2F activity. Our experiments show that a 53 amino-acid stretch of E2F1 is sufficient for being targeted by prohibitin; fusion of this region to GAL4-VP16 construct could make it susceptible to prohibitin-mediated, but not Rb-mediated repression. Prohibitin, like Rb, could repress transcription from SV40 and major late promoters when recruited directly to DNA. Prohibitin mediated transcriptional repression required histone-deacetylase activity, but unlike Rb, additional co-repressors like N-CoR are also involved. Repression by prohibitin correlates with histone deacetylation on promoters and this was reversed by IgM stimulation of cells; IgM did not affect Rb-mediated repression or deacetylation of the promoters. Prohibitin thus appears to repress E2F-mediated transcription utilizing different molecular mediators and facilitate channeling of specific signaling pathways to the cell cycle machinery.
1-amino-APDC, a partial agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors with neuroprotective properties

The synthesis of the 1-amino derivative of (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (1-amino-APDC), a selective metabotropic glutamate ligand, is disclosed. This compound acts as a partial agonist of the group II mGluRs and shows pronounced neuroprotective properties in the NMDA model of cell toxicity.
Optimization of induced aberrations in ion-optical systems

Abstract We discuss the problem of designing an ion-optical system with minimum line width. The importance of the effects of the details of the first-order layout on the higher order aberrations is also discussed. Procedures for minimizing the induced third and higher order aberrations are presented. We also present a technique for testing if these higher order aberrations are important when only second order intrinsic aberration matrices are available.
Origin of juvenile Pacific salmon recovered from coastal southeastern Alaska identified by otolith thermal marks and coded wire tags

Abstract First ocean-year juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the marine waters of southeastern Alaska were examined for origin identification in the summers of 1993–1997. Over 31,000 juvenile pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka), coho (O. kisutch), and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon were scanned electronically for coded wire tags (cwt’s). Cwt’s were decoded to indicate tagging origins and release sites. Few (49) fish examined contained cwt’s. A sub-sample of the scanned juvenile pink (1,698), chum (1,685), and sockeye (189) salmon were also examined for thermally induced otolith marks (thermal marks). Sagittal otoliths were processed, and thermal mark code patterns were resolved to identify marking facilities and release sites. Many of the pink (45), chum (483), and sockeye (12) salmon examined contained thermal marks. Most recovered cwt’s and thermal marks originated in southeastern Alaska. Most thermally marked juveniles had migrated 100–150 km in 60–90 days from release locations in northern and central southeastern Alaska and were recaptured along a primary migration corridor in northern southeastern Alaska. The high proportion (15.1%) of otolith thermal mark recoveries has broad implications for the study of Pacific salmon life histories. In particular, systematic sampling for thermal marks may provide stock-specific insight into the early marine life histories of Pacific salmon species, especially pink and chum salmon, which otherwise are underrepresented in cwt recoveries.
Hierarchical Data Structure for Real-Time Background Subtraction

This paper seeks to increase the efficiency of background subtraction algorithms for motion detection. Our method uses a quadtree-base hierarchical framework that samples a small portion of the pixels in each image and yet produces motion detection results that are very similar compared to the conventional methods that raster scan entire images. The hierarchical data structure presented in this paper can be used with any background subtraction algorithm that employs back-ground modeling and motion detection on a per-pixel basis. We have tested our method using two common background subtraction algorithms: Running Average and Mixture of Gaussian. Our experimental results show that the application of the hierarchical data structure significantly increases the processing speed for accurate motion detection. For example, the Mixture of Gaussian method with our hierarchical data structure is able to process 1600 by 1200 images at 11~12 frames per second compared to 2~3 frames per second without using the hierarchical data structure.
Topography of substrate-attached glycoproteins from normal and virus-transformed cells.

Abstract The topographical distribution of substrate-attached material (SAM) which may mediate adhesion of BALB/c 3T3 and SV40-transformed 3T3 cells to the culture substrate has been examined at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Autoradiographic detection of these ‘glycoproteins’ on the substrate subsequent to incorporation of 14 C-glucosamine or 35 S-methionine and exposure to X-ray film indicated: 1. 1. Evenly distributed glucosamine-labeled SAM on the substrate of confluent cultures. 2. 2. A deficiency in the methionine content of SAM from transformed cells. 3. 3. Direct deposition of these materials onto the substrate at cell colony locations, and not randomly on the substrate subsequent to secretion into the medium. Autoradiographic detection of these ‘glycoproteins’ subsequent to 3 H-glucosamine (or 3 H-leucine) incorporation and exposure to liquid emulsion indicated: 1. 1. Substrate-attached glycoproteins are present in focal pools on the underside of the cell. 2. 2. These focal pools are distributed comparably, in terms of number of foci per area of substrate, for confluent normal and transformed cells. The patterns of SAM deposited by freshly-attaching and spreading 3T3 cells has also been examined. The evidence suggests that cells are adherent to the substrate at localized areas which appear to be evenly distributed on the underside of normal or transformed cells.
Reactive Power and Power Factor

GENERAL definitions exist for potential, current, and active and reactive power, that are independent of wave form and of circuit conditions. In order to use these quantities in circuit analysis when there are harmonics present, it is necessary to know their individual harmonic components. By definition, singlephase power factor is a blanket factor which covers and so disregards any deviation in wave form from the sinusoidal. Thus it is not a quantity that can be used in circuit analysis when there are harmonics present. If polyphase power factor is defined as the ratio of the power to the magnitude of the vector volt-amperes it is likewise a useless quantity in circuit analysis if there are harmonics present. Furthermore, this definition of polyphase power factor makes it a derived quantity which depends upon the active and reactive power. Even when there are no harmonics present so that power factor may be legitimately used, the circuit calculations are usually simpler if the loads are determined by their active and reactive powers rather than by their power factors. That is, as far as circuit analysis is concerned, power factor is a quantity whose retirement need scarcely be noted.
Inhibitory influence of the ipsilateral motor cortex on responses to stimulation of the human cortex and pyramidal tract

1The ability of the primary motor cortex (M1) to modulate motor responses in ipsilateral hand muscles seems to be important for normal motor control and potentially also for recovery after brain lesions. It is not clear which pathways mediate this ipsilateral modulation. Transcallosal connections have been proposed, but are known to be sparse between cortical hand motor representations in primates. The present study was performed to determine whether descending ipsilateral modulation of motor responses might also be mediated below the cortical level in humans. 2A paired-pulse protocol was used, in which motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were produced by cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS) or by electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract at the level of the pyramidal decussation (pdTES), in both preactivated and relaxed hand muscles. Paired stimuli were applied at various interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 2 and 100 ms. The conditioning stimulus (CS) was always magnetic, and delivered to the M1 ipsilateral to the target hand, prior to the test stimulus (TS). The magnetic TS was delivered to the M1 contralateral to the target hand; the electrical TS was applied through electrodes placed over the mastoid process bilaterally. Further experiments included cortical electrical stimulation and H-reflexes. The MEP amplitudes were averaged separately for each ISI and the control condition (no CS), and expressed as a percentage of the unconditioned response. 3Conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral M1 resulted in significant inhibition of magnetically evoked MEPs, and also of MEPs produced by pdTES. Inhibition occurred at ISIs between 6 and 50 ms, and was observed in preactivated and relaxed muscles. Higher CS intensities caused greater inhibition of both cTMS- and pdTES-evoked MEPs. 4While the conditioning effects on magnetically evoked muscle responses could be explained by a transcallosal mechanism, the effects on pdTES-evoked MEPs cannot, because they are elicited subcortically and are therefore not susceptible to inhibitory mechanisms transmitted at the cortico-cortical level. 5In conclusion, the present results provide novel evidence that the inhibitory influence of the human M1 on ipsilateral hand muscles is to a significant extent mediated below the cortical level, and not only through cortico-cortical transcallosal connections. They point to a concept of inhibitory interaction between the two primary motor cortices that is relayed at multiple levels along the neuroaxis, thus perhaps providing a structurally redundant system which may become important in case of lesions.
Issues of health care financing in the People's Republic of China

Abstract The major issue of health care financing in China is how to allocate limited resources to provide effective health care services for a population of about 900 million. There are three major types of health care insurance coverage in China: (1) public expenses medical insurance, (2) labor medical insurance and (3) cooperative medical service. The strategies for cost containment in China include the visit fee. referral system, herbal medicine and hospital payment system. The role of the central government is minimum in direct subsidies. The central government emphasizes the maximum community participation and involvement in health services. The general implications of the Chinese experiences may be useful concepts to be considered by developing countries.
The Influence of Hair Color on Eliciting Help: Do Blondes Have More Fun?.

A review of the literature suggests that hair color influences the quality of interpersonal interactions. In a factorially designed study, two male and two female confederates (Cs) encountered 72 male and 72 female street pedestrians (Ss) asking for help. Cs wore brunette wigs for half of their interactions and blonde wigs for the rest. Results showed that while women helped Cs equally regardless of their gender, men helped women more than they helped men. Hair color of Cs was not shown to affect helping behavior. The findings are discussed in the context of other studies and limitations are outlined.
Treatment of Swan Neck Deformity in Cerebral Palsy

Swan neck deformity in patients with cerebral palsy can result from hand intrinsic muscle spasticity or overpull of the digital extensors. After accurate identification of the etiology of the deformity, surgical treatment is directed at correcting the underlying muscle imbalance. Intrinsic lengthening can be used to treat intrinsic muscle spasticity, whereas central slip tenotomy is employed when digital extensor overpull is the deforming force. Accurate diagnosis and application of the proper surgical technique are essential when treating swan neck deformity in patients with cerebral palsy.
Employment of Unwed Mothers: The Role of Government and Social Support

This paper assesses which types of government and social support predict employment among unwed mothers the year after childbirth. We performed logistic regression analysis on a nationally-representative, mother-only subset of the Fragile Families public-use baseline and 1-year follow-up data. Unwed mothers were more likely to be employed if they received WIC, employment agency assistance, or instrumental social support. They were less likely to be employed if they received TANF, food stamps, housing subsidies, SSI, public housing, or cohabited with a partner. Targeted nutrition programs, employment agencies, and instrumental social support seemed to facilitate employment. Other social programs and cohabiting either served as disincentives to work or gave unwed mothers the option to remain home, depending on the perspective taken.
New metabolizable immunologic adjuvant for human use. 6. Disposition of radioactivity after administration of labelled vaccine to the rat.

SummaryThree batches of Adjuvant 65 were prepared, each labelled with C14 in one of the components, and emulsified with aqueous suspensions of killed influenza virus. The resulting vaccines were administered intramuscularly to rats, and the disposition of the tracer was followed for 120 days. The C14 from aluminum monostearate-1-C14 and from Arlacel A (mannide-l-C14-monooleate) disappeared from the injection site more rapidly than C14 from peanut oil (oil containing a small excess of glyceryltrioleate added as carboxyl C14-labelled triglyceride). Expiration of C14O2 by the rats which were injected with labelled aluminum stearate or labelled peanut oil vaccines demonstrates that these fatty materials reached the metabolic pools and were metabolized normally. Radioactivity injected with the vaccine as mannide-labelled Arlacel A did not accumulate in the tissues, most of it being excreted via the urine. It is concluded that the fatty components of the Adjuvant 65 vaccines were absorbed after intramuscular ad...
A Semi-Quantitative Universal Method of Spectrochemical Analysis

A semi-quantitative universal method of spectrochemical analysis designed for the determination of all metallic elements in powder samples has been calibrated for twenty elements. The method uses lithium carbonate as a common matrix. It is accurate for many concentration ranges to within factors of ½ to 3/2 of the amount present. Numerous variations of apparatus and conditions were investigated, with the results indicating that the deviations due to these factors were not large compared with the method error. The method may be improved in the future through a systematic investigation of sampling in the arc - the most likely source of error in the present method. Matrix effects, which were previously the greatest source of error, seem to have been largely overcome.
Biosynthesis of long‐chain polyenoic acids from arachidonic acid in cultures of enriched spermatocytes and spermatids from mouse testis

Primary spermatocytes (PS), round spermatids (RS) and condensing spermatids (CS) from mouse testes were enriched on Sta-Put 1 X g density gradients and cultured for 22 or 44 hr in the presence of [1-14C]arachidonate. Mass and radioactivity were measured by gas radiochromatography of constituent fatty acids of the various complex lipid classes fractionated by thin layer chromatography. Patterns and levels of incorporation were compared with those of whole testis, both in vitro and in vivo. The 20:4, 22:4, 22:5, 24:4 and 24:5 of the germinal cells contained levels of radioactivity in each lipid class which were consistent with an important role for the germinal cells in long-chain polyenoic acid (LCPA) metabolism. Cells which represented later stages of spermatogenesis (RS, CS) incorporated much higher percentages and absolute amounts of radioactivity into the fatty acids derived from 20:4 by elongation-desaturation pathways than did PS or whole testis in vitro. These differences were most pronounced in triacylglycerol of CS. Distributions of mass and radioactivity among lipid classes suggest synthesis of triacylglycerol by CS with a high degree of specificity for 22 or 24 carbon LCPA at the sn-3 position.
Controlled-atmosphere thermal demagnetization and paleointensity analyses of extraterrestrial rocks

We describe a system for conducting thermal demagnetization of extraterrestrial rocks in a controlled atmosphere appropriate for a wide range of oxygen fugacities within the stability domain of iron. Thermal demagnetization and Thellier-Thellier paleointensity experiments on lunar basalt synthetic analogs show that the controlled atmosphere prevents oxidation of magnetic carriers. When combined with multidomain paleointensity techniques, this opens the possibility of highly accurate thermal demagnetization and paleointensity measurements on rocks from the Moon and asteroids.
Stability of Doxorubicin in Relation to Chemosensitivity Determinations: Loss of Lethality and Retention of Antiproliferative Activity

The chemical stability of doxorubicin in a variety of tissue culture media has been studied by thin layer chromatography (TLC). In all the media examined, authentic doxorubicin was converted to a chemically distinct form as evidenced by the failure of this form to migrate on TLC plates. The rates of conversion were rapid enough (t 1/2 approximately equal to 3 hr) to be of consequence in chemosensitivity determinations, especially if working solutions of doxorubicin were to be routinely made and stored in tissue culture media. The addition of certain antioxidants to media did not prevent the conversion of authentic doxorubicin. However, doxorubicin was quite stable in distilled water. No single component of media was found to be responsible for the conversion of authentic doxorubicin, although arginine, histidine, tyrosine, NaHCO3, and Fe(NO3)3 could each generate a form of doxorubicin which did not migrate in TLC analysis. Purification of the nonmigrating form of doxorubicin demonstrated that in vitro conversion resulted in considerable loss of lethality while antiproliferative activity was retained. These observations provide possible explanations for the variability in chemosensitivity determinations and may explain some of the failures to predict clinical responsiveness.
Methylated multibridged [2n]cyclophanes. All alternate synthesis of [26](1,2,3,4,5,6) cyclophane (superphane)

Abstract A sequence of formylation followed by a carbene insertion reaction has led to the stepwise introduction of additional ethano bridges into 4,5,7,8- tetramethyl [22](1,4)cyclophane ( 1 ), providing syntheses of 5,7,8-trimethyl- [23](l,2,4)cyclophane ( 6 ), a mixture of 5,8-dimethyl[24(1,2,4,5)cyclophane ( 10 ) and 5,7-dimethyl[24(1,2,3,5)cyclophane ( 11 , and-4-methyl[25](1,2,3,4,5)-cyclophane ( 14 ). This route to 14 completes a formal eight-step synthesis of [26](1,2,3,4,5,6)cyclophane ( 15 , superphane) with an overall yield of 17%. A Birch reduction of 6 readily gave 12,15-dihydro-5,7,8-trimethyl[23](1,2,4)-cyclophane ( 7 ) in 85% yield.
Beyond limits and efficiency, what? Assessing developments in EU water policy

This paper documents a transformation of EU water policy from a standard-based approach towards a more diverse policy combining ecological, economic and social elements with an emphasis on institutional and participatory aspects. This is marked in a new Water Framework Directive. Analysis is supported by a theoretical discussion of different approaches to sustainability and recognition of the deadlock of an ecological limit vs. economic efficiency dichotomy. While an approach originating from works in institutional and ecological economics and emphasising processes, justice and collective decisions seems to break this impasse, it is not without its own conceptual problems.
Latest Trends in Home Networking Technologies

Broadband access service, including FTTH, is now in widespread use in Japan. More than half of the households that have broadband Internet access construct local area networks (home networks) in their homes. In addition, information appliances such as personal computers, networked audio, and visual devices and game machines are connected to home networks, and many novel service applications are provided via the Internet. However, it is still difficult to install and incorporate these devices and services because networked devices have been developed in different communities. I briefly explain the current status of information appliances and home networking technologies and services and discuss some of the problems in this and their solutions.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in intestinal hypothermic preservation injury.

Abstract The effect of hypothermic intestinal ischemia and short-term reperfusion on mucosal arachidonic acid metabolism was studied in a dog model of intestinal preservation injury. Canine intestinal segments were flushed with cold Collins solution, cold stored (4°C) for either 24 or 48 h, and subsequently reperfused in the donor for 1 h. Samples of intestinal mucosa obtained before ischemia, after the ischemia period, and after the reperfusion period were placed into tissue culture, and arachidonic acid metabolites were measured in the tissue incubation media. Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) production significantly increased after 24 h of cold ischemia and after 1 h of reperfusion, respectively. Intestines cold stored for 48 h and after 1 h of reperfusion produced significantly elevated quantities of thromboxane B2, PGI2, PGE2, and leukotriene B4, relative to the production rates from nonischemic control tissue or tissue subjected to 48 h of hypothermic ischemia without reperfusion. Mucosal production of thiol ether leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) was not altered by ischemia or reperfusion at any time of cold ischemia. The synthesis of the lipoxygenase product 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) was not altered by hypothermic ischemia or reperfusion, but this arachidonate metabolite was produced by small intestinal mucosa in the greatest quantities. Specifically, nanogram quantities of 12-HETE were produced by intestinal mucosa compared to picogram quantities of the other metabolites measured. Significant synthesis of the delta lactone derivative of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was detected by HPLC in many tissue samples undergoing 48 h of ischemia and reperfusion, relative to nonischemic tissue samples. In conclusion, significant increases in arachidonate cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites have been identified in intestinal mucosa subjected to long-term hypothermic ischemia and short-term reperfusion. Synthesis of these products increases with the duration of cold ischemia and may play a role in intestinal preservation injury.
Ensuring N-representability: Coleman's algorithm

The energy of a system which is described by a Hamiltonian which includes at most two-particle interactions can be expressed in terms of the second order reduced density matrix. However, for the 2-matrix to have proper symmetry is a weaker condition than requiring that the wavefunction be antisymmetric, which is called the N-representability problem, a problem of long term interest. Coleman [Reduced Density Matrices: Coulson's Challenge, Springer, New York, 2000] however, proposed an algorithm which ensures N-representability. In this Letter we examine the algorithm and show its connection to the full configuration interaction method and the contracted Schroedinger equation.
Maximum likelihood methods for nonignorable missing responses and covariates in random effects models.

Cet article analyse le donnees de qualite de vie (QOL) d'un essai sur le melanome du Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Cet essai comparait un traitement par vaccination a un traitement par interferon a fortes doses. L'analyse de ces donnees rencontre plusieurs difficultes, notamment des donnees manquantes non ignorables pour des reponses longitudinales et pour des covariables initiales. Nous proposons un modele de selection pour estimer les parametres d'un modele a effets aleatoires normaux avec reponses et covariables manquantes non ignorables. Les estimations sont conduites par maximum de vraisemblance avec un echantillonneur de Gibbs et un EM algorithme stochastique. Les erreurs standards sont calculees par bootstrap. La methode permet d'envisager des structures non monotones des donnees manquantes aussi bien pour les reponses que pour les covariables. Les lois des covariables, ainsi que le mecanisme donnant les reponses manquantes sont modelisees par une suite de distributions conditionnelles unidimensionnelles qui autorisent les covariables a etre categorielles ou continues, et dependantes du temps. Nous appliquons cette approche aux donnees de qualite de vie ECOG et nous evaluons la performance des estimations par maximum de vraisemblance a l'aide d'une petite simulation. Nos resultats indiquent que les atteints traites par vaccination ont, a un instant donne, en moyenne des scores de QOL plus eleves que les patients traites par interferon a forte dose.
Synaptic organization of inhibitory pathways to principal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat.

Abstract The synaptic organization of inhibitory systems in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat was studied with intracellular recording techniques. Principal cells of both X- and Y-type received disynaptic inhibition of the feed-forward type from retinal ganglion cells, in most cases from both eyes. All cells also received inhibition of the recurrent type via a subcortical pathway, as postulated in many earlier studies.
Hypertension of renal origin: evidence for two different mechanisms

Antibody to angiotensin 11, or a specific peptide competitive inhibitor of angiolensin II, was used to investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin system in two types of renal hypertension in rats. The data indicate that angiotensin II is in fact critically involved in the pathogenesis of the form of renal hypertension in which one renal artery is clamped and the contralateral kidney is left in place, but that it probably plays no significant role in the maintenance of experimental renal hypertension in which the opposite kidney has been removed.
HYPER-REFLEXIVITY AND THE FACTORIZATION OF LINEAR FUNCTIONALS

Abstract It is shown that hyper-reflexivity of a space of linear operators on a Hilbert space follows from a factorization property of linear functionals continuous in the weak operator topology. This provides new examples of hyper-reflexive algebras and new proofs for the hyper-reflexivity of the noncommutative disk algebras.
Evidence for left hemisphere superiority in processing movement-related tonal signals.

A pursuit auditory tracking (PAT) paradigm was used to investigate asymmetric hemispheric processing and control for a sensorimotor task analogous to speech. In PAT subjects match a continuously va...
Urinary Incontinence in Adults With Cerebral Palsy: Prevalence, Type, and Effects on Participation

Objective To assess the prevalence, type, and impact of urinary problems in adults with cerebral palsy and their relation with the Gross Motor Function Classification System for cerebral palsy. Design A cross-sectional prospective survey study. Setting An outpatient, urban, academic rehabilitation clinic. Participants Ninety-one adults with cerebral palsy (45 women, 46 men). Interventions Subjects were approached at clinic presentation and were interviewed regarding current function, type and incidence of bladder issues, and concerns with bladder problems. Main Outcome Measures The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Female, or the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Module, Gross Motor Function Classification System, employment, and type of residence. Results The mean age for both women and men was 36 years (range, 18-79 years). The subjects were currently assessed with the Gross Motor Function Classification System scales I-V: I, 4.4%; II, 19.8%; III, 13.2%; IV, 40.7%; and V, 22.0%. 95.6% of females and 84.7% of males were living at home. Twenty-three percent were currently employed. Twenty percent of the women indicated that they had bladder urgency most to all of the time and 46.7% of the women had leakage that occurred 2-3 times per week to several times per day. In men, urgency that occurred more often than "occasionally" was reported by 45.7%, and 19.6% reported this occurred "most to all of the time." Multivariable analyses found that obesity compared with normal weight was significantly related to leaking before reaching a toilet (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-14.7), to leaking with cough, exercise, or sneeze (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.3-23.1), and to nocturia (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.2-25.1). Women were more likely to leak with cough, exercise, or sneeze (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.5-20.0). On scales that indicate symptom interference with life, high levels of interference were reported for women with symptoms of leaking and for men with urgency and leaking. No significant differences in living situation or employment were related to incontinence scores for women or men. Conclusion There are high levels of incontinence in adults with cerebral palsy, and these individuals report interference with quality of life. Despite these issues, most participants were living in the community, and incontinence scores were not related to employment.
Metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with increased infarct size and in-hospital complications

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MS), the combination of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, is a precursor of diabetes mellitus (DM) and highly prevalent among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Diabetes mellitus is associated with larger infarct size and worse outcomes after AMI. This study examined infarct size and short-term outcomes among nondiabetic patients with MS following contemporary treatment of AMI. Methods Four hundred five consecutive patients with AMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. Patients with diabetes ( n =105) were excluded. Those with MS ( n =167) included patients with three or more of the following criteria: hypertension, elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein, and obesity [body mass index (BMI)≥30]. The control group ( n =133) included patients without MS or DM. Results Baseline characteristics were similar except for hypertension, BMI, and dyslipidemia, which by study design were higher in the MS group. The MS group had larger infarct size as determined by peak creatine kinase-MB (79.8±133.8 vs. 30.84±51.5, P P =.003). Metabolic syndrome is associated with a 10-fold increased risk of acute renal failure after myocardial infarction (7.9% vs. 0.8%, P =.007). Conclusion Metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic patients with AMI is associated with larger infarct size, more in-hospital complications, and a marked increase of acute renal failure. Awareness of MS and preventative measures is crucial in this population to minimize infarct size and decrease morbidity after AMI.
Data processing suite for GIFTS testing

The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) instrument is a hyperspectral sounder slated to undergo thermal vacuum testing within a year. The University of Wisconsin - Madison is authoring a software suite to answer the requirement of testing the conversion of raw interferogram images into calibrated high-resolution spectra. The software consists of algorithm components that assemble into a processing pipeline as well as a testing harness utilizing a lightweight scripting language. The processing requirements for an imaging FTS are considerable, and necessitate an understanding of maximum achievable accuracy as well as exploration of tradeoffs in the interest of processing efficiency. We present an overview of the design of this testing software.
Reparameterizations of uniquely ergodic flows

Let Y be a compact metric space. If T: Y -+ Y is a homeomorphism, let M(T) denote the set of finite T-invariant Bore1 measures on Y. If {&> is a continuous flow on Y, let M({&}) = fitsa M(&), the finite{+,}-invariant Bore1 measures. It is a classical result of Kryloff and Bogoliouboff [4] that WGm f Kc By a reparameterization of (&}, we mean a continuous flow {&} which has the same orbits. Then one can literally reparameterize {&} to get {&}. We first show
Parallelization of Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel Method for Chemically Reacting Flow

Development of technologies for exploration of the solar system has revived an interest in computational simulation of chemically reacting flows since planetary probe vehicles exhibit non-equilibrium phenomena during the atmospheric entry of a planet or a moon as well as the reentry to the Earth. Stability in combustion is essential for new propulsion systems. Numerical solution of real-gas flows often increases computational work by an order-of-magnitude compared to perfect gas flow partly because of the increased complexity of equations to solve. Recently, as part of Project Columbia, NASA has integrated a cluster of interconnected SGI Altix systems to provide a ten-fold increase in current supercomputing capacity that includes an SGI Origin system. Both the new and existing machines are based on cache coherent non-uniform memory access architecture. Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) relaxation method has been implemented into both perfect and real gas flow codes including Real-Gas Aerodynamic Simulator (RGAS). However, the vectorized RGAS code runs inefficiently on cache-based shared-memory machines such as SGI system. Parallelization of a Gauss-Seidel method is nontrivial due to its sequential nature. The LU-SGS method has been vectorized on an oblique plane in INS3D-LU code that has been one of the base codes for NAS Parallel benchmarks. The oblique plane has been called a hyperplane by computer scientists. It is straightforward to parallelize a Gauss-Seidel method by partitioning the hyperplanes once they are formed. Another way of parallelization is to schedule processors like a pipeline using software. Both hyperplane and pipeline methods have been implemented using openMP directives. The present paper reports the performance of the parallelized RGAS code on SGI Origin and Altix systems.
Conformational Modeling of a New Building Block of Humic Acid: Approaches to the Lowest Energy Conformer

Multiple structural models of humic acid (HA) building blocks have been reported. In this work, the modeling is based on two structural motifs: (i) the Steelink structure and (ii) a new humic acid [TNB] building block, which incorporates more fully the results of experimental data and retro-biosynthetic analyses. Both have significant conformational freedom complicated by their stereochemistry. A molecular modeling approach for the analysis of complex molecules with significant conformational freedom is described as it relates to the newly proposed humic acid building block. A potential energy surface for various conformers of the low-energy stereoisomer has been generated. Included in this discussion is the relationship of the stereochemistry to conformation and secondary structure.
Solution refinement of wireless optical system model with multi-level modulation

Two optimisation models established for a wireless optical communication system based on the four-level pulse amplitude modulation scheme were recently reported. Both models were expressed in terms of multiple improper integrals. To improve the computational efficiency, the closed-form in terms of the incomplete gamma function is derived that is supported by most mathematical software packages, including MATLAB. The previously reported optimisation models are solved with the new method. The solutions are presented.
Relativistic electrons in solar particle events

We present here the results of the first systematic study of electrons of energies greater than 10 MeV associated with solar flares. We have made direct measurements of the frequency with which these particles are found in solar flare related events, the spectra of the particles, and the evolution of the spectra during these events. In addition the nature of the propagation of these electrons is studied and the degree of anisotropy in their diffusion is measured for the first time. The observations were made aboard the spacecraft OGO-5 from 1968, March through 1969, August. It is found that electrons in the energy range 12–45 MeV are normally present in major solar particle events. The time-intensity profiles of the fluxes indicate diffusive propagation; and the time-to-maximum intensity is found to vary with solar longitude in a way which can only be the result of anisotropic propagation with the perpendicular diffusion coefficient comparable in magnitude to, but smaller than, the parallel diffusion coefficient. Spectra during the observed events fit the power law AE −γ with 2.5 ⩽ γ ⩽ 3.8. The time evolution of the spectrum throughout the course of the 4 most intense events shows that the spectrum steepens rapidly during the initial phase but retains a constant slope through the decay phase. Events which behave in a manner which is not described by the normal diffusion picture are also discussed. These examples show phenomena other than direct flare injection followed by anisotropic diffusion.