cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After Mr. Nowhere: What Kind of Proper Self for a Scientist?

The conventional proper scientific self has an ethical obligation to strive to see everywhere in the universe from no particular location in that universe: he is to produce the view from nowhere. What different conceptions of the proper scientific self are created by the distinctive assumptions and research practices of social justice movements, such as feminism, anti-racism, and post-colonialism? Three such new ideals are: the multiple and conflicted knowing self; the researcher strategically located inside her research world; and the community that knows.
Roberto G. Quercia, Allison Freeman, Janneke Ratcliffe: Regaining the dream: how to renew the promise of home ownership for America’s working families

Since the start of the Great Recession of 2008, millions of American families have losttheir homes, more than 150 banks have failed, and the global credit freeze has led someanalysts to blame ‘‘these economic crises on policies that promoted homeownership ratherthan on the wildly irresponsible ﬁnancial schemes promoted by Wall Street’’ (p.1). Thecontinuing crisis raises the question: Is the dream of homeownership over for America’sworking families? No. The dream is still alive, says Roberto G Quercia, Allison Freeman,and Janneke Ratcliffe in their new book, Regaining the Dream. If the working poor areprovided with quality affordable loans, they can successfully make the transition fromrenters to homeowners.Regaining the Dream is an evaluation of ‘‘the largest homeownership demonstration inthe United States—the Community Advantage Program (CAP)’’ (p.ix). This project guar-antees the sale of $2 billion worth of nonconforming mortgages to Fannie Mae (a leadingagency in America’s secondary housing market) thereby enlarging homeownership oppor-tunities for low-income and minority families. (Non-conforming mortgages do not meetFannie Mae underwriting guidelines such as credit quality or loan-to-value ratio). Querciaet al. seek to answer two questions: First, do low-income and minority families beneﬁt fromhomeownership? Second, does a homeownership program for low-income and minorityfamilies, like CAP, expose these people to undue stress and risk? Starting in 1999, theUniversity of North Carolina’s Center for Community Capital (Chapel Hill) tracked theperformance of each of the 46,000 affordable home loans involved in the demonstration andinterviewedmorethan2,000ofthehomeownerseveryyearovera6 yearperiod,2003–2009.The CAP demonstration was a success. CAP families experienced a median equityincrease of $23,000 during the recession. Borrowers also proved to be good credit risks:the default rate for CAP borrowers was less than half that of subprime borrowers, 8 versus18%. And, in contrast to expectations, CAP owners were not more likely to exhibit
Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in the early pharmacologic management of acute coronary syndromes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background: The standard of care in Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) includes a full complement of antischemic and antithrombotic therapy. Although aspirin is used widely and concomitant anticoagulation is recommended, the comparative benefits of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) have not been defined. Methods/Results: A meta-analysis including all randomized clinical trials comparing LMWH and UFH for the treatment of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes was performed. Risk ratios (RR), using the DerSimonian-Laird Model, were calculated from a total of 13,320 patients. Death (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.73–1.31), death and myocardial infarction (MI) (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74–1.01), death, MI, recurrent angina or revascularization (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.74–1.07) and major hemorrhage (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81–1.25) occurred with similar frequencies for the anticoagulant-based strategies. Conclusions: Fixed dose LMWH therapy given subcutaneously compares favorably with UFH titrated to a target level of anticoagulation and should be considered a safe, effective, and clinically acceptable alternative in the early management of patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS. The superiority of LMWH preparations characterized by high in vitro factor Xa to thrombin inhibitory capacity is supported by clinic trial data but requires further investigation.
Greenways as Green Magnets:The Relationship between the Race of Greenway Users and Race in Proximal Neighborhoods

Although advances have been made in research examining race and the use of public parks, there has been little attention paid to urban greenways. Using Geographic Positioning System (GPS) and Geogr...
Illness representations of restricting back pain: the older Person’s perspective.

Objective Back pain is the most common type of pain reported by older adults, leading to considerable morbidity and cost. Yet little is known about the segment of the population ≥80 years old that can be used to guide care in this age group. Illness representations provide a useful framework to understand older adults' beliefs and perceptions of their back pain. The objective of this study was to understand illness representations of back pain, severe enough to restrict activity (restricting back pain). Design Qualitative research using semi-structured interviews. Subjects Twenty-three community-living older adults ≥80 years old with restricting back pain. Methods We used an interview guide to stimulate discussion about how older adults understand and perceive living with restricting back pain. Thematic codes were created to categorize the nuances of participants' restricting back pain experiences. Results Participants reported five important components of illness representation: 1) identity, the label and symptoms individuals assign to the illness; 2) timeline, the individual's perceived clinical course of the illness; 3) cause, the individual's perceived etiology of the illness; 4) consequences, the perceived impact of the illness; and 5) cure-control, the perceived degree to which cure or management is possible/likely. Conclusions Thematic analysis revealed that restricting back pain in older adults has variable and noteworthy physical, psychological and social consequences. There are several components of the illness representation of restricting back pain, specifically, the perceptions of consequences and control that may offer potential targets for clinical intervention.
CHASER: content and channel aware object scheduling and error control for wireless Web access in 3G networks

A major bottleneck in satisfying the increasing demand for wireless multimedia access is the dynamic error conditions requiring a very high error protection overhead in terms of energy consumption and access delay. In this paper, we explore ways to use application-level data properties to reduce the error protection cost. We observe that the objects constituting a wireless Web-based access differ in terms of the inherent resiliency to residual error, and the object's importance to the overall content quality. Additionally, since the cost of achieving a target residual error level depends on the experienced channel conditions, the access cost can be affected by changing the transmission schedule of objects according to the channel conditions. Based on the above observations, in this paper, we present a framework that exploits the application properties, namely content importance and error resiliency, to reduce the cost of error protection by scheduling objects for transmission and adapting the lower-layer error control mechanisms based on the data properties as well as wireless channel conditions. The approach is evaluated under diverse channel conditions using a MATLAB-based simulation environment. Our results show that the proposed approach leads to significant savings in access cost (average 37.4%) with minimal degradation in application quality.
SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR EDDY CURRENT NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Eddy current nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of airframe structures involves the detection of electromagnetic field irregularities due to non‐conducting inhomogeneities in an electrically conducting material, which often treats with complicated geometrical features such as cracks, fasteners, sharp corners/edges, multi‐layered structures, etc. The eddy‐current problem can be formulated by the boundary integral equations (BIE) and discretized into matrix equations by the method of moments (MoM) or the boundary element method (BEM). This paper introduces the implementation of Stratton‐Chu formulation for the conductive medium, in which the induced electric and magnetic surface currents are expanded in terms of Rao‐Wilton‐Glisson (RWG) vector basis function and the normal component of magnetic field is expanded in terms of pulse basis function. Also, a low frequency approximation is applied in the external medium, that is, free space in our case. Computational tests are presented to demonstrate the accuracy a...
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5 S RNAs: primary sequences and proposed secondary structures.

Publisher Summary This chapter lists all the 5 S RNA sequences known, excluding those of the “precursor” molecules. The secondary structures of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5 S RNAs are postulated from their primary sequences. Chemical and enzymic reactivities and conformational studies are discussed in this chapter with regard to the proposed secondary structure. Sequences of 5 S RNAs from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins have been arranged in an appendix in a manner that yields the maximum homology among various structures. To achieve this, 119 nucleotide “positions” and 11 “subpositions” are established for a “standard” prokaryotic 5 S RNA structure. Similarly, 119 “positions” and 8 “subpositions” are established for a standard eukaryotic structure. From comparisons among the 29 prokaryotic and 35 eukaryotic sequences in the appendix, several “invariant” (conserved C, U, A, or G ) and “semiconserved” (C or G, purine or pyrimidine) nucleotides have been derived for each structure. Homologies among sequences are also discussed. On the basis of these results, a structural model for each prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5 S RNA is proposed. Various studies of bacterial 5 S RNAs using chemical reactivity, enzymic hydrolysis, proton exchangeability, binding of complementary oligonucleotides, reconstitution of ribosome subunits, and different physical measurements, the results of which support the proposed model in general, are briefly discussed.
Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers

Context: Sleep disturbances, pain, and inflammation co-occur in various medical conditions, but their interrelationships are poorly understood.
Lithium Nephrotoxicity A Progressive Combined Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy

This study examines the clinical features, pathologic findings, and outcome of 24 patients with biopsy-proven lithium toxicity. The patient population was 50% male, 87.5% Caucasian, and had a mean age of 42.5 yr (range, 26 to 57). Mean duration of lithium therapy for bipolar disorder was 13.6 yr (range, 2 to 25). All patients were biopsied for renal insufficiency (mean serum creatinine 2.8 mg/dl; range, 1.3 to 8.0), with associated proteinuria >1.0 g/d in 41.7%. Nephrotic proteinuria (>3.0 g/d) was present in 25%. Other features included nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 87% and hypertension in 33.3%. Renal biopsy revealed a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy in 100%, with associated cortical and medullary tubular cysts (62.5%) or dilatation (33.3%). All of the renal cysts stained for epithelial membrane antigen, while 51.4% stained with lectin Arachis hypogaea, and only 3.8% stained with Tetragonolobus purpureas, indicating they originated from distal and collecting tubules. The degree of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis was graded as severe in 58.3%, moderate in 37.5%, and mild in 4.2% of cases. There was a surprisingly high prevalence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (50%) and global glomerulosclerosis (100%), sometimes of equivalent severity to the chronic tubulointerstitial disease. The significant degree of foot process effacement (mean 34%, five of 14 cases with >50%) suggests a potential direct glomerular toxicity. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis correlated with proteinuria >1.0 g/d (P = 0.0014, Fisher exact test). Despite discontinuation of lithium, seven of nine patients with initial serum creatinine values >2.5 mg/dl progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Only three patients, all with initial serum creatinine 2.5 mg/dl at biopsy (P = 0. 008). In conclusion, lithium nephrotoxicity primarily targets distal and collecting tubules, with a higher incidence of proteinuria and associated glomerular pathology than recognized previously. Renal dysfunction is often irreversible despite lithium withdrawal, and early detection is essential to prevent progression to ESRD.
Mutation of H63 and its catalytic affect on the methionine aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli

Abstract In order to gain insight into the mechanistic role of a flexible exterior loop near the active site, made up of Y62, H63, G64, and Y65, that has been proposed to play an important role in substrate binding and recognition in the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli ( Ec MetAP-I), the H63A enzyme was prepared. Mutation of H63 to alanine does not affect the ability of the enzyme to bind divalent metal ions. The specific activity of H63A Ec MetAP-I was determined using four different substrates of varying lengths, namely, l -Met- p -NA, MAS, MGMM and MSSHRWDW. For the smallest/shortest substrate ( l -Met- p -NA) the specific activity decreased nearly seven fold but as the peptide length increased, the specific activity also increased and became comparable to WT Ec MetAP-I. This decrease in specific activity is primarily due to a decrease in the observed k cat values, which decreases nearly sixty-fold for l -Met- p -NA while only a four-fold decrease is observed for the tri- and tetra-peptide substrates. Interestingly, no change in k cat was observed when the octa-peptide MSSHRWDW was used as a substrate. These data suggest that H63 affects the hydrolysis of small peptide substrates whereas large peptides can overcome the observed loss in binding energy, as predicted from K m values, by additional hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions.
Leslie Howard. The Lost Actor

Leslie Howard. The Lost Actor ESTEL EFORGAN Middlesex/Portland, Vallentine Mitchell, 2010 xv+269 pp., illus., bibliography, index, £45.00 (cloth) Leslie Howard (1893–1943) is best known in America ...
Case Studies of ONIOM(DFT:DFTB) and ONIOM(DFT:DFTB:MM) for Enzymes and Enzyme Mimics

The replacement of standard molecular mechanics force fields by inexpensive molecular orbital (QM′) methods in multiscale models has many advantages, e.g., a more straightforward description of mutual polarization and charge transfer between layers. The ONIOM(QM:QM′) scheme with mechanical embedding can combine any two methods without prior parametrization or significant coding effort. In this scheme, the environmental effect is evaluated fully at the QM′ level, and the accuracy therefore depends on how well the low-level QM′ method describes the changes in electron density of the reacting region. To examine the applicability of the QM:QM′ approach, we perform case studies with density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) as the low-level QM′ method in two-layer ONIOM(B3LYP/6-31G(d):DFTB) models. The investigated systems include simple amino acid models, one nonheme iron enzyme mimic, and the enzymatic reactions of Zn-β-lactamase and trypsin. For the last example, we also illustrate the use of a three-layer ON...
The optical properties of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cd.

The reflectivities for evaporated metal films of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cd have been measured at five angles of incidence in the visible and near infra-red regions. From this data, the dielectric constant and conductivity of the metals were found by the method of J. R. Collins and R. O. Bock [ Rev. Sci. Inst.14, 135 ( 1943)]. These data are shown graphically. A technique is described for obtaining smooth evaporated cadmium mirrors.
The determinants of capital structure in transitional economies

Abstract This study investigates whether capital structure determinants in emerging Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries support traditional capital structure theory developed to explain western economies. The empirical evidence suggests that some traditional capital structure theories are portable to companies in CEE countries. However, neither the trade-off, pecking order, nor agency costs theories explain the capital structure choices. Companies do follow the modified “pecking order.” The factors that influence firms' leverage decisions are the differences and financial constraints of banking systems, disparity in legal systems governing firms' operations, shareholders, and bondholders rights protection, sophistication of equity and bond markets, and corporate governance.
Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the discharge capacity of LiCoPO4

The discharge capacity of LiCoPO4, prepared using carbon-containing precursors, heated under different oxygen partial pressures (high-purity argon, air, pure oxygen) was investigated. LiCoPO4 heat-treated under high-purity argon showed a higher discharge capacity over the entire cycle life compared to under air or pure oxygen. No difference in the discharge capacity of LiCoPO4 heat-treated under air or pure oxygen was exhibited. The enhanced discharge capacity of LiCoPO4 heat-treated under argon compared to air/oxygen was a result of its higher electrical conductivity and smaller particle size. The higher electrical conductivity and smaller particle of LiCoPO4 heat-treated under argon is likely do the presence of cobalt phosphides and increased carbon content.
CTLA-4 blockade increases antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in prevaccinated patients with melanoma: three cases

Background Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, such as ipilimumab, have generated measurable immune responses to Melan-A, NY-ESO-1, and gp100 antigens in metastatic melanoma. Vaccination against such targets has potential for immunogenicity and may produce an effector-memory T-cell response.
Methods of Urban History

The current academic and popular interest in urban history is accompanied by methodological explorations. Paralleling the recent trends in social history, architectural historians working on urban topics have broadened the subject matter. They now investigate social, economic, political, and cultural issues to explain the built forms of cities, thereby relying on interdisciplinary research. The focus is often on urban transformations with a wide-spread concern to address the issues and problems of today and tomorrow through studying history. While the recent methodological search in urban history is rich and inspirational, it also bears shortcomings. Methodological pluralism can easily lead to a diminution of focus and a general ambiguity, obscuring evaluation standards. The approaches surveyed here display the widening perspectives, but also point to the importance of further theoretical and methodological discussion.
Malicious Android Applications in the Enterprise: What Do They Do and How Do We Fix It?

Android applications are used in a variety of domains, including business, social, media, health, scientific, and even military. On one hand, enterprises can take advantage of the richness of Android applications to support their business needs. On the other hand, Android devices contain rich sensitive data -- e.g., GPS location, photos, calendar, contacts, email, and files -- which is critical to the enterprise and unauthorized access to this sensitive data can lead to serious security risks. In this paper, we describe the nature and sources of sensitive data, what malicious applications can do to the data, and possible enterprise solutions to secure the data and mitigate the security risks. The purpose of this paper is to raise employees' and enterprises' awareness and show that a suite of easy-to-implement measures can improve both employee and enterprise security.
Sulfidation-oxidation of nickel and cobalt—reactions between the metals and their sulfates

A differential thermal, thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TGA) study shows that both nickel and cobalt react with their respective sulfates to form oxide (NiO or CoO) and sulfide (Ni3S2 or Co9S8 and Co4S3). In the case of the Ni+NiSO4 reaction, it is clear that the reaction occurs at T < 530°C and may be a solid-state process. A similar process is found for the cobalt+CoSO4 reaction. These reactions are briefly discussed with respect to studies of the oxidation-sulfidation of Co or Ni under conditions which produce the sulfate as a stable phase. It is proposed that the rate-determining step in these studies is the formation of the sulfate.
Superconducting properties and flux pinning in BiSrCaCuO system

Abstract Extremely dense glasses in the Bi Sr Ca Cu O system have been made by splat quenching. Single superconducting transitions at 110 K have been observed in crystallized samples from both resistivity and magnetization shielding experiments. Magnetization J c has been found to increase greatly at high field (H= 5T) as copper and calcium rich precipitates are introduced into the system.
Connections of the rat lateral septal complex.

The organization of lateral septal connections has been re-examined with respect to its newly defined subdivisions, using anterograde (PHAL) and retrograde (fluorogold) axonal tracer methods. The results confirm that progressively more ventral transverse bands in the hippocampus (defined by the orientation of the trisynaptic circuit) innervate progressively more ventral, transversely oriented sheets in the lateral septum. In addition, hippocampal field CA3 projects selectively to the caudal part of the lateral septal nucleus, which occupies topologically lateral regions of the transverse sheets, whereas field CA1 and the subiculum project selectively to the rostral and ventral parts of the lateral septal nucleus, which occupy topologically medial regions of the transverse sheets. Finally, the evidence suggests that progressively more ventral hippocampal bands innervate progressively thicker lateral septal sheets. In contrast, ascending inputs to the lateral septum appear to define at least 20 vertically oriented bands or subdivisions arranged orthogonal to the hippocampal input (Risold, P.Y. and Swanson, L.W., Chemoarchitecture of the rat lateral septal nucleus, Brain Res. Rev., 24 (1997) 91-113). Hypothalamic nuclei forming parts of behavior-specific subsystems share bidirectional connections with specific subdivisions of the lateral septal nucleus (especially the rostral part), suggesting that specific domains in the hippocampus may influence specific hypothalamic behavioral systems. In contrast, the caudal part of the lateral septal nucleus projects to the lateral hypothalamus and to the supramammillary nucleus, which projects back to the hippocampus and receives its major inputs from brainstem cell groups thought to regulate behavioral state. The neural system mediating defensive behavior shows these features rather clearly, and what is known about its organization is discussed in some detail.
In vivo immunologic intervention in age-related T cell defects in murine gut-associated lymphoid tissues by IL2.

Abstract Our recent studies indicate that the aging process impairs gut mucosal humoral immune responses to mycobacterial antigen (Ag), largely owing to defects in T cell function — in particular, that of suppressor T cells. To correct the age-associated Ag-specific T cell-mediated immune alteration recombinant IL2 (50 000 units/s.c./mouse/day) was administered for 3 weeks to the aged (> 24 months) mice (BALB/c), which were divided into 4 groups (Gr) [Gr.1, fed intragastrically (i.g.) with saline; Gr. 2, immunized i.g. with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (M. paratbc) protoplasmic Ag; Gr. 3, administered IL2 alone; Gr. 4, immunized i.g. with the Ag and given IL2]. In addition, young adult mice were also grouped and treated as the aged. First, we examined the effect of exogenous IL2 on Ag-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) production by gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) (Peyer's patches, PP; mesenteric lymph nodes, MLN) and non-GALT (spleen, SPN) cells. Aged Gr. 4 (treated with both Ag and IL2) GALT and SPN unfractionated cells showed significantly reduced production of Ag-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA, as compared to aged Gr. 2 (treated with Ag alone) cells. Second, in co-culture experiments with aged T and B cells, aged GALT-derived CD8+ suppressor T (Ts)-depleted T cell subsets of Gr. 4 helped Ag-specific IgM and IgA production by GALT B cells, but to a slightly lesser extent, than those of the Gr. 2. GALT CD4+ T cells of aged Gr. 4 augmented IgM and IgG production by GALT B cells nearly to the levels of the corresponding cocultures of the Gr. 2. In contrast to aged Gr. 2 cocultures, GALT CD4+ plus CD8+ cells of aged Gr. 4 decreased IgM and IgA production to a considerable extent, and in those of SPN, IgA production was also diminished. The humoral immune responses of aged unprimed Gr. 1 (treated with saline) and Gr. 3 (treated with IL2 alone) GALT and SPN cells remained almost unchanged. Similarly, in all Gr. from young adult mice, oral tolerance was maintained regardless of IL2 administration. Third, together with the deletion experiments of the Ts cells, the results of the cross experiments, in which the young adult B and CD4+ Th cells and aged CD8+ Ts cells were cocultured, clearly support the view that the corrective mechanism of the humoral immune responses in aged GALT by exogenous IL2 is attributed to the partial recovery of the Ts cell functions. In conclusion, in vivo IL2 administration remediated considerably the age-associated oral intolerance to an enteric mycobacterial Ag in mice particularly by inducing the effector function of the Ag-specific Ts cells.
The Influence of Social Reinforcement on the Achievement Behavior of Fourth-Grade Boys and Girls.

The study tested 2 hypotheses derived from Crandall's work (1963): (1) social reinforcement is an important goal of children's achievement behavior; and (2) girls are more responsive to external approval for achievement effort, while boys are more concerned with satisfying their own standards. Fourth-grade boys and girls, tested by male or female Es, were exposed to 1 of 4 reinforcement conditions: praise, correct, disapproval, or alone. Achievement behavior was measured by the rate of response on a digit-letter coding "test." The first hypothesis was supported. All reinforcement conditions produced more achievement behavior than the alone condition. Praise was significantly more effective than correct and disapproval. The second hypothesis was not supported.
First Report of Strawberry Anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) in Strawberry Fields in New York.

Strawberry plants with red to black, sunken, fusoid lesions on runners and leaf petioles were found in several first-year plantings in grower's fields in western New York in 2000. Affected cultivars included Honeoye, Jewel, and Primetime. Sections of petiole were excised from lesion margins and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with chloramphenicol, streptomycin sulfate, and tetracycline hydrochloride at 100 μg/ml. The fungus, Colletotrichum acutatum (J.H. Simmonds), was consistently isolated and identified based on conidia morphology and its growth rate in culture relative to reference cultures of C. acutatum, C. gloeosporoides, and C. fragariae (1,2). The average size of conidia produced on PDA was 15.2 × 5 μm. For each of six isolates, three plants each of six-week-old Honeoye and Kent were spray inoculated with a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml), and petioles, leaves, and crowns were stabbed with a sterile pin following inoculation. After 14 days at 20 to 25°C, petioles and leaves o...
Transplantation of Isolated Pancreatic Islets into the Portal Vein of Diabetic Rats

RECENT work from this laboratory indicates that intraperitoneal transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets ameliorates the effects of experimental diabetes in rats1. Although the intraperitoneal siting of these islets reduces the hyperglycaemia and polyuria of streptozotocin induced diabetes in these animals, consistently normal values for blood sugar and urine volume are rarely achieved.
REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA (BERBERIDACEAE)

The reproductive ecology of Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. (Berberidaceae) was investigated by studying its breeding system, ovule production, seed set, seed dispersal by ants and seed predation by rodents. This species flowers early in the spring and is facultatively autogamous. In a typical year fruit and seed set is high (90%), however, freezing temperatures from late spring frosts in 1983 and 1985 resulted in low fruit set (7% and 20%, respectively), and reduced seed set in those flowers that produced fruit. No differences in seed set between selfed and outcrossed flowers were observed over a two-yr period (1983-84). Ovule number per capsule increased with plant size as measured by leaf number. Seed set and seed wt were unaffected by leaf number unless leaves were removed after flowering was initiated. Jeffersonia diphylla is myrmecochorous. Ants removed seeds faster when seeds were placed in areas where J. diphylla plants were absent, suggesting that dispersal within J. diphylla populations is ant limited. Moreover, fresh (1 day old) seeds were removed by ants faster than 3 day old seeds. Seed predation by rodents prior to dehiscence from capsules is heavy in large populations (85-90%), and apparently negligible in small populations. Predation of seeds that are released from capsules is heavy (approx. 66%), particularly at night. Overall, seed predators consume about 96% of the seed crop in well established populations, but probably much less in small young populations. Hence, seedling recruitment is likely to be higher in small populations, whereas ramet production from rhizomes is the primary mode of propagation in large ones. The evolution of autogamy, early flowering, and myrmecochory are discussed in light of the results of this study.
The application of artificial reproduction techniques to the propagation of selected endangered species

Abstract Artificial reproduction techniques were applied to individual animals not capable of natural reproduction. All individuals represented endangered species. An aged and debilitated Arabian oryx was treated with prostaglandin F2 α (PG) and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) prior to euthanasia. She responded to the treatment with mild superovulation. Four follicular oocytes were recovered, all of which subsequently matured in vitro and were frozen. A group of three Soemmering's gazelles, including a crippled male and a three-legged female, was evaluated for reproductive potential. The male was electro-ejaculated and determined to be producing normal sperm; semen was frozen. Estrus was induced and synchronized in the two females with PMSG and PG prior to the introduction of the male. Copulation attempts were unsuccessful. A second modified estrus induction attempt did not result in behavioral estrus in either female. The handicapped female was subsequently superovulated with PMSG before euthanasia. Four oocytes were recovered but failed to mature in vitro. Two Przewalski's horse mares are not able to mate naturally due to chronic laminitis. Preliminary studies have been undertaken to determine, through ultrasound examination, the estrous cycles and ovarian dynamics of the two horses, in preparation for artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Cycle length and variability, ovarian response to PG and rate of follicle growth have been determined to be similar to the domestic horse.
Role of ruvAB genes in UV- and γ-radiation and chemical mutagenesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli umuC122:: Tn5 was mutagenized with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to isolate mutations that block the residual γ-radiation mutagenesis observed in umuC strains. Two of these mutations were shown by transductional mapping and plasmid complementation to map in the ruvA and ruvB genes (i.e., ruvA200 and ruvB201). Whereas ruvA200 was complemented by ruvA+ plasmids, the only other known ruvA mutation, ruvA59:: Tn10 required both the ruvA+ and ruvB+ genes to show complementation. The ruvA200, ruvB201, ruvA59:: Tn10 and ruvB60:: Tn10 mutations all reduced γ-radiation-induced ochre reversion [argE3(Oc) → Arg+ ]] to about 30% of the wild-type level, and they all reduced UV-radiation-induced ochre reversion to about 15% of the wild-type level. The ruvA200 and ruvB201 mutants also showed reduced γ- and UV-radiation mutagenesis with two other assays [hisG4(Oc) → His+ and Rifs → Rifr]. Streptozotocin mutagenesis (Rifr was reduced to about half of the wild-type level in ruv strains, but ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis was normal. While the umuC strain did not show the oxygen enhancement of γ-radiation mutagenesis, the ruvA200 strain showed an oxygen effect that was similar to that shown by the wild-type strain. When the ruvA200 mutation was combined with the umuC mutation, γ-radiation mutagenesis was further reduced to 5% of the wild-type level and cells showed a synergistic sensitization to UV- and γ-radiation-induced killing. A mutational spectrum analysis indicates a general depression of both umuC-dependent and umuC-independent γ-radiation mutagenesis in the ruvA strain, which is in contrast with the site-specific reduction in γ-radiation mutagenesis that is observed in the umuC mutant. The reduced radiation mutagenesis in the ruvA strain could not be correlated with a reduction in transcription of the recA or umuC genes.
The Introduction, Establishment, and Spread ofOrmia depletain Florida

Abstract Ormia depleta (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), native to Brazil, is a parasitoid of some Scapteriscus species (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). It was first cultured in a laboratory in Florida in 1987. Releases of O. depleta were made against Scapteriscus mole crickets in all regions of Florida beginning in 1988. Establishment of populations was achieved at some, but not all, of the release sites. The two earliest-established populations were monitored using traps employing synthetic calling song of male Scapteriscus mole crickets, to which gravid female flies are attracted. Additionally, progeny of the released flies were trapped between 1988 and 1993 in 32 peninsular counties, including 15 counties in which no releases had been made. The most parsimonious explanation of the pathways of spread of the current population was inferred from trapping surveys, and this yielded the probable year of colonization for peninsular counties. Reports in successive years by golf course superintendents of damage by mole crickets showed that counties with O. depleta populations had significantly less damage than did yet-uncolonized counties.
Continuation semantics for flowgraph equations

Abstract We give the syntax and semantics of a language for expressing recursive systems of flowgraph equations. The flowgraphs may have “GOTO” nodes, i.e., nodes which represent edges external to the flowgraph, but which may become internal if the flowgraph is composed with other flowgraphs. This requires the use of continuation semantics. We give an elementary proof that the language we use to express flowgraphs, containing iteration, pairing, and composition operators, is sufficient to do so. Continuation semantics is then defined via this language.
Dereification in Zen Buddhism

In this article, the concept of dereification in religion is developed, both theoretically and empirically, by analyzing Zen Buddhism. The central thesis is that Zen Buddhism, by virtue of the Maha...
Influence of coating strain on calcium phosphate thin-film dissolution.

The success of calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings used to accelerate initial bone growth onto dental implants can vary depending on the CaP phases present in the coating. In this study, the effect of CaP coating crystal structure and morphology on dissolution rates was investigated. RF magnetron-sputtered CaP coatings (NTC) were compared to a less strained coating (HTC) obtained from heat treatment of sputtered samples at 550°C. Coating strain differences were apparent in XRD spectra where hydroxyapatite-like planes shifted by 0.5° 2θ and 0.05° 2θ for the NTC and HTC coatings, respectively. HTC XRD peak widths were broader than NTC peak widths, indicating smaller crystals or grain sizes. These differences in grain size were corroborated by imaging with scanning probe microscopy. NTC coatings dissolved at a 300% faster rate than HTC coatings. A major factor contributing to this kinetic effect was the level of strain in both coatings. These results suggest an alternate design for CaP coatings can be obtained through the manipulation of coating strain. Using this approach, delivery of different ionic gradients from CaP coatings to surrounding tissue environments can be obtained from surfaces having similar chemistries. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 57: 41–47, 2001
Effluent dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus removal by enhanced coagulation and microfiltration

Plants aiming to achieve very low effluent nutrient levels (<3 mg N/L for N, and <0.1 mg P/L for P) need to consider removal of effluent fractions hitherto not taken into account. Two of these fractions are dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved non-reactive phosphorus (DNRP) (mainly composed of organic phosphorus). In this research, enhanced coagulation using alum (at doses commonly employed in tertiary phosphorus removal) followed by microfiltration (using 0.22 μm pore size filters) was investigated for simultaneous effluent DON and dissolved phosphorus (DP) fractions removal. At an approximate dose of 3.2 mg Al(III)/L, corresponding to 1.5 Al(III)/initial DON-N and 3.8 Al(III)/initial DP-P molar ratios, maximum simultaneous removal of DON and DP was achieved (69% for DON and 72% for DP). At this dose, residual DON and DP concentrations were found to be 0.3 mg N/L and 0.25 mg P/L, respectively. Analysis of the trends of removal revealed that the DNRP removal pattern was similar to that commonly reported for dissolved reactive phosphorus. Since this study involved intensive analytical work, a secondary objective was to develop a simple and accurate measurement protocol for determining dissolved N and P species at very low levels in wastewater effluents. The protocol developed in this study, involving simultaneous digestion for DON and DNRP species, was found to be very reliable and accurate based on the results.
Plant Hormone Analysis by Countercurrent Chromatography

Abstract Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) has been successfully applied for the separation of plant hormones; namely, indole auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid. In our present study three different types of CCC devices were evaluated for their performance in separation of plant hormones with a special emphasis on analysis and purification of abscisic acid (ABA). A large-scale preparative CCC apparatus consisting of a slowly rotating coil assembly was used for preliminary separations of ABA from a large volume of crude plant extracts. The toroidal coil planet centrifuge (CPC) for analytical-scale separations was subsequently applied for purification of ABA, the final confirmation being obtained by HPLC and combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. This two-step procedure utilizing preparative CCC and toroidal CPC was successfully applied for determination of ABA content in several plant tissues. A recently introduced high-speed CCC apparatus was tested for semipreparative s...
m-Phenylenedicarbene and m-Phenylenedinitrene Compounds Having Quintet Ground States

Abstract Higuchi1, in his theoretical studies on hydrocarbons having high spin multiplicities, has suggested that compounds such as m-phenylenedlcarbene (I) and some of its substituted derivatives, e. g. m-phenylene-bis-phenylcarbene (II) should have ground states with four unpaired electrons, namely a quintet state. Recently, the zero-field (esr) splitting parameters (D and E) have been determined for I2, II2 and for m-phenylenedinitrene (III)2. The results of the esr spectra are in agreement with quintet electronic ground states for these molecules2,3.
Quartz etch solutions for 45-nm phase-shift masks

One means of extending the limits and lifetime of current lithography platforms for 45nm and beyond is the development of resolution enhancement techniques (RET) in the form of optical phase-shifting masks (PSM). By employing optical interference from 180° shifted lithography emission, PSM masks are able to enhance feature resolution at the wafer. This is particularly important for sub-wavelength features (i.e., features with critical dimensions less than the lithography wavelength) where line resolution can be severely degraded without such techniques. For these PSMs, the challenge is to provide highly uniform quartz etch performance across the entire active area of the mask for various feature sizes and local loads. Micro-loading (a.k.a. RIE lag or reactive ion etch lag) and phase angle range are key performance parameters to control. As the demands for these parameters tighten and mask costs rise, strict performance control is required for all PSM mask varieties utilized in the mask shop. In this paper we will discuss process results using Applied Materials next generation mask etch system in the area of APSM etch application. In particular, the discussion will focus on recent process results in phase uniformity and RIE lag for Quartz etch process. Feature profiles are also discussed with examples showing near vertical sidewalls and no micro-trenching.
Minimum-mass panels under probabilistic aeroelastic flutter constraints

Abstract Aeroelastic flutter is a dangerous failure mode, and aircraft structural components are designed under a deterministic flutter margin. Meeting this safety factor may result in overly-conservative structures, however, an alternative approach incorporates uncertainties into the computational models, and imposes a maximum allowable flutter probability during the optimization process. This technique is demonstrated for the variable-thickness design of an elastic panel subjected to supersonic flow. A performance measure approach based on the first-order reliability method incorporates probabilistic flutter constraints during the search for a minimum-mass panel. Optimization results are given for uncertainties in the panel's boundary conditions, and for non-deterministic thickness design variables.
Nonuniversality in the Kondo effect

We have analytically evaluated, up to fourth order, all logarithmic terms in the perturbation expansion of the magnetization scrM for the Kondo model. All nonlogarithmic terms have been evaluated up to third order. When these results are compared with the claimed universal function scrM(H/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{H}}$) calculated with the Bethe ansatz, we find that the two cannot be made to agree whatever the form of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{H}}$. We conclude that such universal functions do not exist.
A Remotely Operated Seepage Meter for Use in Large Lakes and Rivers

The many seepage meter designs presented to date are generally fragile and require direct installation by divers. On large surface-water bodies, such as the Great Lakes, storm wave size, water depth, temperature, and turbidity make these previous seepage meters ineffective. A design is presented in this paper which is heavy and sturdy enough to withstand Great Lakes storms and which can be remotely installed from the water surface. These UWM meters require stabilization on the bottom of 15 to 25 minutes before activation and must be corrected for slow settling and hydraulic inefficiency. Such correction is straightforward, and corrections are presented for sand beds. Field testing shows that corrected seepages from these meters have a maximum deviation of 33% and a standard deviation of 22% from the observed mean. The meter has had over a 90% success rate in installations throughout the Great Lakes. It does not function on rock or soft sediment.
Rapid, in-stride soil phosphate measurement in archaeological survey : a new method tested in Loudoun County, Virginia

Abstract We report the development and field test of a modified method for soil phosphate analysis for survey archaeology. Consideration of relative, rather than absolute, phosphate levels permits the abbreviation of standard extraction techniques, while two-color spectral monitoring provides reliable values without the need for the typical 40–60 min development period. Using this technique, a soil sample may be fully analyzed for phosphate in as little as 6 min. The technique was used in the field simultaneously with a standard woodland shovel-testing survey in an effort to locate a now lost historic farmstead in northwest Loudoun County, Virginia.
Trace and rare earth elemental investigation of a Sturtian cap carbonate, Pocatello, Idaho: Evidence for ocean redox conditions before and during carbonate deposition

Abstract This study examines the trace element and REE + Y geochemistry of a thin pink dolomite in the Scout Mountain Member of the Pocatello Formation (Idaho). The pink dolomite meets the criteria of a cap carbonate and provides an opportunity to examine ocean redox state and hydrothermal inputs on the margin of Laurentia at the terminal stages of the Sturtian glaciations. Here, high resolution chemostratigraphy of the dolomite shows that the local marine conditions were rapidly changing during cap emplacement. Normalized trace metal concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Ni suggest that transiently reducing conditions prevailed immediately following the initial deposition of the pink dolomite. Enrichments in Eu suggest a hydrothermal vent source for marine waters present during deposition. The pink dolomite lacks evidence for persistent sulfide mineralization and its associated enrichments in Mo suggesting that anoxia was restricted to areas below the sediment–water interface. No notable enrichments are recorded in the glacial diamictite, though the signal might be masked by high rates of sedimentation. Our data suggest that the deposition of the pink dolomite progressed through (1) the overturn of local ocean containing a strongly stratified hydrothermally influence water column, (2) the delivery of micronutrients to the shallow ocean, (3) a biotic bloom in response to micronutrient availability, and (4) related organic matter scavenging of metals. Finally, we argue that this period of anoxia was brief and conditions quickly returned to an environment of oxic deposition.
Propranolol, a curariform and cholinomimetic agent at the frog neuromuscular junction.

Abstract 1. 1. Propranolol in low concentrations produces neuromuscular blockade at the frog neuromuscular junction while higher doses block muscular contraction. 2. 2. The drug blocks neural conduction, but only at higher concentrations, while small doses increase both facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation. 3. 3. Exogenous acetylcholine does not depolarize in the presence of propranolol. 4. 4. Higher doses of propranolol produce depolarization and increased conductance of the endplate which spread to non-endplate regions only with a 5–10 times increase in dosage. 5. 5. Early muscular blockade follows endplate depolarization and is a conduction blockade, i.e., the action potential cannot jump the area of local depolarization and increased conductance. 6. 6. The rectus abdominis muscle contracts in response to propranolol.