cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth minnows, genus Phenacobius, inferred from parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence, allozymic and morphological data (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes)

Abstract We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among the five species of the genus Phenacobius (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) using a combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters. The nucleotide characters were comprised of 208 potentially informative sites among a total 1773 aligned base pairs from several segments of mitochondrial genes that encode the large and small RNA subunits, the valine transfer RNA, and the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 2. Allelic data from 23 polymorphic allozyme loci and nine morphological characters taken from the literature were also included in the total evidence analysis. Third position codon characters were demonstrated to be saturated for transitional changes and unsuitable for phylogeny estimation among the species studied here. The total evidence phylogeny is isomorphic with Mayden’s (1989) morphological hypothesis. Phenacobius mirabilis was found to be basal, followed in ascending order by P. teretulus, P. catostomus and a clade comprised of P. crassilabrum and P. uranops .
Optical and radar observations of small-scale polar cap auroral structures

Abstract We present ground-based auroral observations from Resolute Bay, Nunavut, Canada (74.73°N, 94.9°W) during January 2011. Two electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) imagers were operated at 31 frames per second. One was equipped with an all-sky field of view (FOV) lens and the other with a narrow (19°) FOV lens, centered on the geographic zenith (0° Az., 90° El.), a few degrees away from magnetic zenith (315° Az., 88° El.). The Resolute Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR) was operating in a mode that enabled common-volume observations with the imagers. Being well inside the polar cap, the magnetic field at Resolute Bay is considered ‘open’ and connects to the lobes of the magnetotail. However, there is no clear consensus on whether polar cap aurorae occur on open or closed field lines. The electron acceleration is likely driven by direct solar wind processes, distant tail lobe processes or plasma sheet processes. One possible mechanism for accelerating the precipitating electrons is the parallel electric field of inertial Alfven waves. The dynamic nature of the small-scale auroral features, observed on several nights, and the altitude extent of the ionization observed with RISR provide support for this hypothesis.
Vertical integration efficiencies and electric utilities: A cost complementarity perspective☆

Abstract This article analyzes the effect of vertical integration on electric utility cost structure by testing for cost complementarities between generation, transmission, and distribution. Cost complementarities would transfer monopoly features commonly associated with transmission and distribution to generation and, thus, preclude competition. The study estimates a multiproduct translog cost function and finds no evidence of cost complementarity, although each stage exhibits increasing returns to scale at the point of approximation. These results suggest that, if regulators wish to promote competition in generation, they must include policies which expand generation markets beyond a utility's franchise service territory.
Prealbumin as a biochemical marker of nutritionaladequacy in premature infants

To determine whether serum prealbumin would be useful in identifying adequacy of protein and calorie intake in premature infants, 17 infants between 26 and 33 weeks gestational age were studied throughout hospitalization. Serial anthropometric measurements, nutritional intake, and serum prealbumin concentrations were correlated. When mean intake of calories and protein was lower than 100 kcal/kg/day and less than 2 gm/kg/day, respectively, there was a significant difference in mean prealbumin values, compared with those in infants with a higher intake ( P 1000 gm. Anthropometric measurements did not correlate with protein or calorie intake. We conclude that prealbumin is a sensitive measure of protein and calorie intake in premature infants, and that the definition of adequate nutrition may be different for premature infants of different birth weights and at various postconceptional ages.
Basic cathode poisoning phenomena due to O2, CO2 and S

Abstract Basic cathode poisoning phenomena have been investigated by studies on single crystals of BaO. Overall poisoning effects are identical to classical poisoning behavior observed with realistic cathodes. By using new surface analytical techniques involving the analysis of low energy electron reflections (LEER), the results given here are described in terms of semiconductor surface band structure properties. Work function variations describing poisoning and reactivation are separated into surface dipole and Fermi level changes which in turn are correlated with Auger surface compositional changes.
Packaging culture: The potential and limitations of travel programs on global television

This study interrogates the representational politics of travel programs as examples of global media products. It presents a textualization analysis of the three television travel shows Rough Guide, Lonely Planet, Travelers, all aired in the U.S. by the cable outlet Travel Channel. Beyond merely highlighting the ideological assumptions of these texts, this type of analysis situates the texts within their conditions of production. The study focuses on modern and postmodern depictions of travel and tourism, on strategies of representing the Other and on the discourse of these shows as global media texts. The shows' narratives tend to stress individual pleasure within untourist, post‐tourist or multicultural frameworks, but neglect broader political, social and economic problems of contemporary tourism and international relations in general. The analysis demonstrates the inadequacy of commercial nonfiction entertainment as a global television genre to address the difficult issue of cross‐cultural contact or ...
Truth in technical advertising: A case study

The author considers ethical issues involved in technical advertising by examining several documents produced by a major insurance company to promote and explain a health care plan. The documents (newspaper advertisement, followup brochure, and policy) are evaluated for truthfulness, according to general rhetorical criteria as well as legal and industry standards. The author concludes that technical writers are obliged to acquaint themselves with a variety of ethical principles governing advertising practices. To ensure that readers understand the truth, technical writers should also apply a variety of readability assessments and edit documents carefully to ensure that advertising and promotional literature are intertextually consistent with contracts, warranties, and policies.
Anisotropic spheres with Van der Waals-type equation of state

We study static spherically symmetric space-time to describe relativistic compact objects with anisotropic matter distribution and derive two classes of exact models to the Einstein–Maxwell system with a modified Van der Waals equation of state. We motivate a Van der Waals-type equation of state to physically signify a high-density domain of quark matter, and the generated exact solutions are shown to contain several classes of exact models reported previously that correspond to various physical scenarios. Geometrical analysis shows that the physical quantities are well behaved so that these models may be used to describe anisotropic charged compact spheres.
The Industrial Relations Setting, Organizational Forces, and the Form and Content of Worker Participation

Forces in the industrial relations setting and within organizations which influence the form and content of worker participation are examined. Values, socio-political climate, economic conditions, and bargaining structures are identified as especially salient contextual forces, in addition to organizational dimensions of size, centralization, and technology. Drawing upon a comparative analysis of Western Nations, testable propositions are presented concerning factors which encourage or inhibit participation.
Psychology in sports and the military: Building understanding and collaboration across disciplines.

The goal of this special issue was to identify how the underlying theoretical issues studied in sports psychology might inform research conducted by military psychologists. In the interest of provi...
Characterization of pulmonary cellular influx differentials to known toxic agents between species.

In this study, we have shown that chickens, frogs, and toads are resistant to acute pulmonary injury by a variety of toxic agents, (O2, hyperbaric O2, paraquat, and silica), that cause extensive acute injury in mammals. Acute pulmonary injury is defined as a massive influx of inflammatory cells, both interstitially and into the alveolar spaces, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and the presence of H2O2 and O-2 in the lavaged supernatant, occurring within 48 h. In some cases, chronic effects of the toxins were observed after 90 h., i.e., hemorrhage, fibrosis, and an accumulation of interstitial inflammatory cells. In all three nonmammal systems, isolated inflammatory cells failed to respond chemotactically in vitro to known mammalian chemotaxins. Pulmonary lavage of the exposed chickens, frogs, and toads also failed to produce inflammatory cells. Pulmonary edema was not detected in any of the animals by comparison of lung weight to total body weight. Intratracheal injections of silica for 2 weeks did produce chronic effects in chickens and frogs. Morphologically, the lungs showed signs of fibrosis and accumulation of interstitial inflammatory cells, but no intraalveolar cells. After 90 h of hyperbaric O2, frogs exhibited a massive infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells and hemorrhage. Elevated O2 levels (100%) for 2 weeks under normal atmospheric conditions produced no changes in frog lungs or in the amount of inflammatory cells in the lungs. Intravenous injections of paraquat for up to 208 h failed to initiate an accumulation of pulmonary inflammatory cells or the development of pulmonary edema in chickens. There was also no detectable H2O2 or O-2 in the lavaged supernatant. It was not determined whether paraquat had a longer or more chronic effect on chickens. We suggest that the lack of an acute pulmonary inflammatory mechanism in chickens, frogs, and toads is in part responsible for the resistance of these animals to acute pulmonary injury by oxidizing mammalian toxins.
Asynchronous multimedia annotations for web-based collaboration in biology education

The focus of this paper is on the design, implementation, and validation of asynchronous multimedia annotations designed for Web-based collaboration in educational and research settings. The two key questions we explore in this paper are: How useful are such annotations and what purpose do annotations serve? What is the ease of use of our specific implementation of annotations? The context of our project has been in the area of multimedia information usage and collaboration in the biological sciences. We have developed asynchronous annotations for HTML and image data. Our annotations can be executed via any browser and require no downloads. They are stored in a central database allowing search and asynchronous access by all registered users. An easy to use user interface allows users to add, view and search annotations. We also performed a usability study that showed that our implementation of text annotations to validate our implementation.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome with biofeedback training

With the use of biofeedback training, a patient with a long-term history of TMJ syndrome is able to gauge accurately and to control the level of tension in the masseter muscle. Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome by the use of biofeedback training involves two stages. First, the patient is made aware of the level of tension in the masseter muscle and, second, he is taught to reduce the level of tension. In those individuals whose pain most likely is associated with high muscle tension, this treatment method is apparently successful. The successful treatment of a patient with a history of long-term TMJ pain is described.
Parathyroid response during therapeutic plasma exchange

: Significant hypocalcemia is infrequently encountered during therapeutic plasma exchange. An increase in parathyroid hormone secretion during the procedure may be responsible for maintaining the calcium levels.
Bodies That Don’t Matter: Death and Dereliction in Chicago

Through a case study of the scientific, political and journalistic treatment of dead bodies in the 1995 Chicago heat wave, this article questions what kinds of truths are written on or contained wi...
Methods of Studying Persons

A method is described that permits answering research questions of general importance by examining individuals in a comprehensive, whole-person manner. The method requires that research questions be formulated in advance and that the person studied be carefully selected for suitability. It also requires the acquisition and analysis of data on symbolic structures, which are systems of meaning and action that define personal identity. Q-technique and the role repertory test are valuable techniques for use in research with individuals. Their use in two studies of persons with spinal cord injuries is described.
Synthesis of aliphatic polyesters containing tetracyanoquinodimethane units by low-temperature polycondensation reactions

The low-temperature solution polycondensation reaction between 1,4-bis-(2′-hydroxy-ethoxy)benzene and adipyl chloride has been studied in N,N-dimethylacetamide. The effect of temperature, concentration, and reaction time on the percent yield and product viscosity has been determined. Optimum conditions were established for the preparation of high molecular weight products and then applied to the synthesis of novel tetracyanoquinodimethane polyesters. Products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography.
Power through Voicing Others: Girls' Positioning of Boys in Literature Circle Discussions

This qualitative study uses an analysis of literature circle discussions to illuminate larger issues of gender and social class for a group of fifth-grade students. By examining how four students were positioned and positioned themselves within these literature conversations, I demonstrate that the roles reproduced certain gender-and class-specific storylines. These storylines served to empower the girls' literacy development, while simultaneously disempowering the literacy development of the boys. I draw upon positioning (Davies & Harre, 1990), voicing (Bakhtin, 1986), and power (Foucault, 1977) as lenses to analyze the students' discussions of literature. I then connect these discussions to larger cultural storylines in order to demonstrate the connection between these small literature circles and greater gender and social class influences.
Projectile sliding forces in a rifled barrel

Abstract A theory is presented to determine the projectile sliding forces in interior ballistics. Emphasis is placed on the barrel entrance region where the projectile rotating bands are impelled on to the rifling. It is proposed that the contact stress is constant and is given by a modified von Mises failure criterion. Normal loads and friction forces are dependent on the growth of the contact area which is derived from the geometrical details of the projectile and barrel. Radial displacements at the contract are included. The theory is in agreement with quasi-static and dynamic laboratory tests.
Recent Research in Science Teaching and Learning

This feature is designed to point CBE—Life Sciences Education readers to current articles of interest in life sciences education as well as more general and noteworthy publications in education research.
Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the reaction center-LH1 complex and the carotenoid-containing B820 subunit of Chromatium purpuratum.

Abstract Two complexes, the reaction center light-harvesting complex 1 (RC-LH1) and the B820 subunit of the LH1, have been isolated and characterized from the purple-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium purpuratum. The RC-LH1 consists of the B870 antenna and a P-870 RC with an associated tetraheme cytochrome. This complex can be further fractionated to yield the B820 subunit of the LH1. The C. purpuratum B820 subunit is the first isolated from a purple-sulfur bacterium. It is also the first that retains its carotenoid absorption properties. CD spectra in the Qy region of bacteriochlorophyll a in both the RC-LH1 and the B820 subunit are bathochromically shifted as compared to other such complexes. Comparison of the sequence of the LH1β polypeptide to other LH1βs reveals the presence of additional aromatic amino acids in the vicinity of both of the conserved histidines in the C. purpuratum β polypeptide. The CD spectra of these C. purpuratum pigment-protein complexes can be interpreted in terms of exciton interaction between bacteriochlorophylls in the B820 subunit of the LH1 and in the B870, with additional spectral characteristics arising from interactions of the pigments with their protein environment.
Arccosine kernels: Acoustic modeling with infinite neural networks

Neural networks are a useful alternative to Gaussian mixture models for acoustic modeling; however, training multilayer networks involves a difficult, nonconvex optimization that requires some “art” to make work well in practice. In this paper we investigate the use of arccosine kernels for speech recognition, using these kernels in a hybrid support vector machine/hidden Markov model recognition system. Arccosine kernels approximate the computation in a certain class of infinite neural networks using a single kernel function, but can be used in learners that require only a convex optimization for training. Phone recognition experiments on the TIMIT corpus show that arccosine kernels can outperform radial basis function kernels.
Novel Markers in the Acute Coronary Syndrome: BNP, IL-6, PAPP-A

Most patients (about 85%) seen in the ED to rule out an acute coronary event do not have acute coronary disease. In addition, the presenting ECG findings have been nondiagnostic in 50% of patients with acute MI. Our current knowledge of atherosclerosis as being a chronic low-grade inflammatory process triggered the search for reliable serum markers that have improved the diagnostic accuracy management and prognosis of this prevalent disease. Newer and potential inflammatory markers currently under investigation deserve watching in future reports. These among others include those markers produced by the arterial wall itself, that is, cell adhesion molecules (CAM), inter-cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), and vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM). The expression of CAM is a marker of dysfunctional endothelial cells. It is likely that more cardiac markers will be reported in the future. Time will tell.
Love and Hate of Foreign Lands: The Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia

Love and hate follow the same patterns among emigres as among people in general. Among the several models of the love emigres feel for a foreign land is pragmatic love, based not so much on real attachment as on interests. For an Orwellian Big Brother this love does not necessarily imply direct material benefits but could be an attempt to justify something that has already occurred—emigration, for example. Pragmatic love for a foreign land and people and a corresponding hatred for one's land of origin raises fewer problems than love for its own sake, which often leads to disappointment and a violent emotional response. Everything is reversed in one's mind: the distant motherland becomes desirable, almost an ideal, whereas the foreign land, the place of residence, is hated and despised. Such was often the case for Russian emigres to the West from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century. Two nineteenth-century Russian intellectuals—Vladimir Pecherin (1807–55) and Alexander Herzen (1812–70)—though dif...
Multiclass Gene Selection on Microarray Data Using l1-norm Least Square Regression

A new univariate filter method for multiclass gene selection is proposed based on l1-norm least square regression. The numerical experiment shows that the method is, at least, comparable to two popular methods: ANOVA and BSS/WSS
Oxidation of Methyl Halides by the Facultative Methylotroph Strain IMB-1

Washed cell suspensions of the facultative methylotroph strain IMB-1 grown on methyl bromide (MeBr) were able to consume methyl chloride (MeCl) and methyl iodide (MeI) as well as MeBr. Consumption of >100 μM MeBr by cells grown on glucose, acetate, or monomethylamine required induction. Induction was inhibited by chloramphenicol. However, cells had a constitutive ability to consume low concentrations (<20 nM) of MeBr. Glucose-grown cells were able to readily oxidize [14C]formaldehyde to 14CO2 but had only a small capacity for oxidation of [14C]methanol. Preincubation of cells with MeBr did not affect either activity, but MeBr-induced cells had a greater capacity for [14C]MeBr oxidation than did cells without preincubation. Consumption of MeBr was inhibited by MeI, and MeCl consumption was inhibited by MeBr. No inhibition of MeBr consumption occurred with methyl fluoride, propyl iodide, dibromomethane, dichloromethane, or difluoromethane, and in addition cells did not oxidize any of these compounds. Cells displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the various methyl halides, with apparent Ks values of 190, 280, and 6,100 nM for MeBr, MeI, and MeCl, respectively. These results suggest the presence of a single oxidation enzyme system specific for methyl halides (other than methyl fluoride) which runs through formaldehyde to CO2. The ease of induction of methyl halide oxidation in strain IMB-1 should facilitate its mass culture for the purpose of reducing MeBr emissions to the atmosphere from fumigated soils.
A Programmable Exposure System for Kinetic Dose-Response Studies With Air Pollutants

A programmable system for exposing plants to sulfur dioxide under controlled and reproducible concentration regimes is described. Because the system is capable of reproducing rapid changes in pollutant concentrations that occur in the field, it should provide more realistic information on dose-response relations than can be derived from conventional studies under steady state conditions. Although designed for investigating plant response to sulfur dioxide, the system should be readily adaptable to studies involving other test organisms as well as both individual and combined doses of other pollutants.
Administration 101: Evaluation of a Professional Development Program

In this formative evaluation, the author examines a leadership development program provided by a professional association and includes implications for other programs.
Trans-skull ultrasound therapy: the feasibility of using image-derived skull thickness information to correct the phase distortion

Recent papers have shown that focused ultrasound therapy may be feasible in the brain through an intact human skull by using phased arrays to correct the phase distortion induced by the skull bone. The hypothesis of this study is that the required phase shifts for the phased array can be calculated from the skull shape and thickness provided by modern imaging techniques. The shape and thickness of a piece of human skull was traced from the serial images and used in a theoretical model to calculate the phase distribution for a phased array. A 76-element phased array was manufactured and used in the tests. The piece of skull and the transducer array were positioned in a waterbath, and the ultrasound field distributions were mapped with and without the phase correction. The image-derived phase correction produced a sharp focus through the skull. These results showed that ultrasound brain therapy may be executed completely noninvasively through an intact skull by using a phased array and the skull thickness information derived from MRI scans.
Crop yield gaps: their importance, magnitudes, and causes.

Future trajectories of food prices, food security, and cropland expansion are closely linked to future average crop yields in the major agricultural regions of the world. Because the maximum possible yields achieved in farmers’ fields might level off or even decline in many regions over the next few decades, reducing the gap between average and potential yields is critical. In most major irrigated wheat, rice, and maize systems, yields appear to be at or near 80% of yield potential, with no evidence for yields having exceeded this threshold to date. A fundamental constraint in these systems appears to be uncertainty in growing season weather; thus tools to address this uncertainty would likely reduce gaps. Otherwise, short-term prospects for yield gains in irrigated agriculture appear grim without increased yield potential. Average yields in rainfed systems are commonly 50% or less of yield potential, suggesting ample room for improvement, though estimation of yield gaps for rainfed regions is subject to more errors than for irrigated regions. Several priorities for future research are identified.
Social desirability and self-reports of mood: a rejoinder.

Summary.-Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study parterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood lwel and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se. warehime and Jones (1972) reported several moderately positive but significant correlations among the Edwards (1957) Social Desirability Scale, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964), and mood level scores on the Wessman and Ricks (1966) Personal Feeling Scales. Relevant findings have been obtained in our own studies where the MMPI L and K scales, the Crowne-Marlowe scale, and various measures of defensiveness showed slight to moderate correlations with avowals of high positive mood levels on some Personal Feeling subscales (Wessman & Ricks, 1966; Gorman & Wessman, 1974). Warehime and Jones concluded their note with the statement that "Results provide suggestive leads for investigation of patterns of dissimulation in self-report of immediate feeling states." Through our research with the Personal Feeling Scale, we have been able to examine some of the relationships of social desirability and dissimulation to subscale scores and feel that we can provide a partial answer to the very complex issue raised by Warehime and Jones (1972). In this note, we attempt to show that the mood scales of the Personal Feeling Scale seem to be good measures of affect and when well administered, appear to be only slightly influenced by social desirability and dissimulation. In our studies, Ss either responded anonymously (Gorman & Wessrnan, 1974) or had established considerable rapport with the investigators over a 3-yr. period (Wessman & Ricks, 1966). In these situations, in which the press toward dissimulation was presumably low, social desirability scores showed some slight correlations with some mood level scores and no correlations with others. Those few significant correlations (none higher than .28) indicated that Ss scoring high on social desirability reported higher levels of harmony on the harmony-anger measures. Clearly, happiness, energy, self-confidence, and other moods measured by the Personal Feeling Scale are desirable qualities, but
Motion control using the product-of-exponentials kinematic equations

An investigation is conducted of the computational aspects of the product of exponentials (POE) formula, and an application to resolved-rate motion control of a six-degree-of-freedom manipulator based on a table lookup scheme is presented. It is shown that the computational requirements for evaluating the Jacobian are comparable to the more standard recursive methods discussed in the work of D. Orin and W. Schrader (1984). In addition to having intuitive geometric appeal, the POE formula adds some measure of device-independence to the kinematic equations of a manipulator. >
Relevance of L-selectin Shedding for Leukocyte Rolling In Vivo

The velocity of rolling leukocytes is thought to be determined by the expression of adhesion molecules and the prevailing wall shear stress. Here, we investigate whether rapid cleavage of L-selectin may be an additional physiologic regulatory parameter of leukocyte rolling. A unique protease in the membrane of leukocytes cleaves L-selectin after activation, resulting in L-selectin shedding. The hydroxamic acid-based metalloprotease inhibitor KD-IX-73-4 completely prevented L-selectin shedding in vitro and significantly decreased the rolling velocity of leukocytes in untreated wild-type C57BL/6 mice from 55 to 35 micrometer/seconds in vivo. When E-selectin was expressed on the endothelium (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha treatment 2.5-3 h before the experiment), rolling velocity was 4 micrometer/seconds and did not change after the application of KD-IX-73-4. However, KD-IX-73-4 decreased mean rolling velocity by 29% from 23 to 16 micrometer/seconds in E-selectin-deficient mice treated with TNF-alpha. The reduction of velocity caused by KD-IX-73-4 was immediate (<5 s) after injection of KD-IX-73-4 as shown by a novel method using a local catheter. These results establish a role for L-selectin shedding in regulating leukocyte rolling velocity in vivo.
Glibenclamide improves postischemic recovery of myocardial contractile function in trained and sedentary rats.

In this study, we sought to determine whether there was any evidence for the idea that cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels play a role in the training-induced increase in the resistance of the...
Quantitative Placement of Services in Hierarchical Clouds

In this paper, we consider a hierarchical cloud topology and address the problem of optimally placing a group of logical entities according to some policy constraining the allocation of the members of the group at the various levels of the hierarchy. We introduce a simple group hierarchical placement policy, parametrized by lower and upper bounds, that is generic enough to include several existing policies such as collocation and anti-collocation, among others, as special cases. We present an efficient placement algorithm for this group hierarchical placement policy and demonstrate a six-fold speed improvement over existing algorithms. In some cases, there exists a degree of freedom which we exploit to quantitatively obtain a placement solution, given the amount of group spreading preferred by the user. We demonstrate the quality and scalability of the algorithm using numerical examples.
Studies of Infectious Coryza of Chickens with Special Reference to Its Etiology

Abstract THE isolation from the nasal passages of chickens with infectious colds or coryza of a small bacillus with which a coryza of short duration could be produced in healthy chickens has been reported by de Blieck (1932) in Holland, by Nelson (1932) in New Jersey, by Delaplane and Stuart (1934) in Rhode Island, by Eliot and Lewis (1934) in Maryland, and by Schalm and Beach (1934) in California. Nelson stated that the bacillus failed to grow on open blood agar plates but did so when the plates were sealed with clay. De Blieck, Delaplane and Stuart, and Eliot and Lewis experienced no difficulty in growing their organisms aerobically on blood agar but the latter stated that growth was favored by incubation in an atmosphere containing an excess of carbon dioxide. Schalm and Beach, however, obtained no growth of the organism under aerobic conditions but succeeded when they employed an atmosphere . . .
Knowledge and Practice about Iodine Deficiency Disorders among Pregnant Women, Housewives, and Pupils in Changning District, Shanghai

Objective To survey the present situation of knowledge and practice about iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women, housewives, and students in Changning District, Shanghai Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 240 pregnant women, 275 housewives, and 321 fifth grade primary school pupils in Changning District, Shanghai by random sampling Results Only 69 3% of the pregnant women knew the logo of iodated salt, 54 6% of them intentionally bought iodated salt However, more than 80% of them used iodated salt correctly Less than half of them knew the harm of IDD to pregnancy The older the pregnant women, the higher their knowledge score and behavior score 91 3% of the housewives used iodated salt, and only 54 6% of them intentionally bought iodated salt About 80% of them knew and made the practice of adding salt when the dish is almost done 80 0% of them knew the relationship between iodine deficiency and goiter, and only 18 5% of them knew comprehensively the harm of IDD The higher their educational level, the higher their knowledge score and behavior score More than 85% of the pupils knew the harm of IDD well 61 7% of them communicated the IDD knowledge to their parents, and only 49 0% of the parents listened to their children's opinions Conclusion Most of the women in Shanghai uses iodated salt correctly However, their knowledge about IDD remains to be strengthened The pupils of Shanghai know more about IDD than their parents However, they fail to communicate IDD knowledge to their parents
Shared Autonomy Perception and Manipulation of Physical Device Controls

As robots begin to enter our homes and workplaces, they will have to deal with the devices and appliances that are already there. These devices are invariably designed with human perception and manipulation abilities in mind. Unfortunately, this often makes them hard for robots to interact with autonomously. Control elements, such as buttons, switches, and knobs, are often hard to identify with current sensors. Even when they are found, it is often not clear how they should be manipulated to achieve a specific goal without extensive background knowledge of the specific device and task.
Motivation, Mood, and Mental Events

Psychological adaptation is a continuous, time-bound process. People take in information, process it in relation to their goals, build mental schemes for acting on the world around them, act, generate new information, and so on. How well people succeed in coming to terms with their situations depends to an important extent on the ways in which they execute these moment-to-moment steps: which information they choose to process, how they combine it, how accessible they keep it, what other materials and skills they bring to bear on it, and what decisions they arrive at and act upon on the basis of it. These activities will be adaptive insofar as the goals themselves correspond to the requirements of survival. If people notice, store, and think about matters that affect their major interests they can be expected to deal with their environments more effectively than if they do not. Therefore, understanding human adaptation would seem to require among other things understanding the interface between motivational states and cognitive operations. The research described here focuses on this crucial linkage between cognition and motivation, and it probes the disordering of this motivational guidance system during depressed moods.
Being All that We Can Be.

Higher education desperately needs models for how to help students develop the skills, character traits, and sensibilities that experts agree will be essential for our society in the twenty-first c...
Product warnings and the involuntary capture of attention

In both published papers and in guidelines of regulatory agencies and voluntary standards, examples can be found where the assumption is made that what will capture attention is that which is salient or conspicuous, and that these qualities are both necessary and sufficient to capture attention. A review of the published, peer-reviewed literature on attention capture, however, invites the conclusion that there are very few features of an object that will draw attention to themselves without or against the observer’s intentions. The ability of warnings to draw attention to themselves involuntarily is discussed within the context of the extant attention capture literature.
Logistics Information Technology Adoption: The Effect Of A Positive Buyer-Supplier Relationship On Performance Outcomes

Extant literature is inconclusive regarding how adoption of lo gistics information technology affects various measures of performance. We propose that an organization’s adoption of logistics information technology is positively related to increased levels of efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility and contrary findings may be partially attributed to the moderating role of a positive buyer-supplier relationship. A meta-analysis approach is used to investigate popular logistics information technologies, specifically EDI and RFID, and evidence in support of these relationships is uncovered. The results suggest the inclusion of additional constructs to an existing logistics innovation model. The implications of these findings are discussed and further research is recommended.
Angiogenic Markers in Transition: Thinking Positive

See related article, pp 731–738 Preeclampsia is a potentially devastating multisystem disorder affecting 3% to 8% of all pregnancies worldwide. A major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as to premature delivery and its resulting neonatal consequences, preeclampsia imposes a substantial economic burden on society and an intense emotional strain on families. Newly diagnosed hypertension and proteinuria >300 mg/d or other signs of end-organ dysfunction after the 20th week of gestation have historically defined the condition. Although preeclampsia has been recognized since the ancient times,1 research performed in the last 2 decades has advanced our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Along with the contribution by Sovio et al2 in this issue, this new knowledge has allowed new diagnostic criteria to be established and opened doors for novel treatment strategies. In preeclamptic pregnancies, antiangiogenic soluble VEGF receptor 1 (vascular endothelial growth factor, also known as sFlt-1 [soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1]) is pathologically overexpressed by the placenta and excessively secreted into the bloodstream.3 The excess circulating sFlt-1 scavenges VEGF and other proangiogenic factors, such as PlGF (placental growth factor), thereby opposing the otherwise natural trophic signal of VEGF on endothelial cells and consequently producing endothelial damage and dysfunction. The utility of using sFlt-1 and PlGF plasma levels as diagnostic tools in patients with suspected preeclampsia was suggested over a decade ago, when the rise in sFlt-1 and decline in PlGF plasma levels was shown to antedate clinical symptoms by ≈4 weeks.4,5 Several case-controlled studies have suggested that measurement of angiogenic factors in combination with either ultrasound studies or clinical characteristics in patients with suspected preeclampsia may be used to predict, diagnose, and prognosticate preeclampsia.6–8 More …
Deep Action Unit classification using a binned intensity loss and semantic context model

One of the most important cues for human communication is the interpretation of facial expressions. We present a novel computer vision approach for Action Unit (AU) recognition based upon a deep learning framework combined with a semantic context model. We introduce a new convolutional neural network training loss specific to AU intensity that utilizes a binned cross entropy method to fine-tune an existing network. We demonstrate that this loss can be more effectively trained in comparison to an L2 regression or naive cross entropy approach. The results of our binned cross entropy neural network are then passed to our semantic model, which utilizes the co-occurrence of action units for improved binary and real valued classification. Through our qualitative and quantitative results, we demonstrate the improvement of our framework over the current state-of-the-art.
Effect of thermal pulsation treatment on tear film parameters in dry eye disease patients

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal pulsation treatment on tear film parameters, specifically osmolarity and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and dry eye disease (DED). METHODS A single-center review of 189 eyes that underwent thermal pulsation treatment was performed. Data were collected on pre and posttreatment osmolarity, MMP-9, tear break-up time (TBUT), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score. Statistical analyses were performed to detect any significant differences after treatment. RESULTS Thermal pulsation treatment led to significant improvements in TBUT (mean increase from 4.5 to 8.5 seconds [P 307 mOsm/L (ie, diagnostic for DED), there was a significant improvement in the mean tear osmolarity from 317.1 to 306.6 mOsms/L after treatment (P=0.002). CONCLUSION Treating MGD is an important component of caring for the DED patient. Thermal pulsation treatment can improve MMP-9 levels on the ocular surface of patients with MGD and DED, as well as improve osmolarity in those with abnormal initial values. The present study suggests that meibomian glands play an important role in tear film dynamics and, as such, effective therapy such as thermal pulsation treatment aimed at improving meibomian gland health, can aid the restoration of normal tear film parameters and decrease patient symptoms of DED and MGD.
Location of the Central Retinal Vessel Trunk in the Laminar and Prelaminar Tissue of Healthy and Glaucomatous Eyes

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness that leads to characteristic changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) region, such as nasalization of vessels. It is unknown whether the spatial location of this vessel shift inside the ONH occurs within the lamina cribrosa (LC) or the prelaminar tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the location of the central retinal vessel trunk (CRVT) in the LC and prelaminar tissue in living healthy and glaucomatous eyes. We acquired 3-dimensional ONH scans from 119 eyes (40 healthy, 29 glaucoma suspect, and 50 glaucoma) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The CRVT location was manually delineated in separate projection images of the LC and prelamina. We found that the CRVT in glaucoma suspect and glaucomatous eyes was located significantly more nasally compared to healthy eyes at the level of the prelamina. There was no detectable difference found in the location of the CRVT at the level of the LC between diagnostic groups. While the nasal location of the CRVT in the prelamina has been associated with glaucomatous axonal death, our results suggest that the CRVT in the LC is anchored in the tissue with minimal variation in glaucomatous eyes.
Embedding Socially Responsible Practices within and across the Curriculum: Where We Have Been and What's Next—An ESRAP Panel

Educators for Socially Responsible Apparel Businesses (ESRAB) was founded in 1999 with the emphasis on increasing awareness and impact of the research and teaching of faculty engaged with social responsibility topics. Our session began with an overview of ESRAB’s 15 year history, highlighting how it’s members led numerous special sessions that convened faculty and graduate students from over 90 colleges and universities around the globe. Panel members highlighted how their fellow faculty members and graduate students engage with ESRAB’s initiatives and share a passion about social responsibility issues in our industry, and a desire to help create solutions.
Acclimatory capacity of the Gorgonian Isis hippuris Linnaeus, 1758 to environmental change in SE Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract Coral reefs within the Indonesian archipelago are some of the most biodiverse yet anthropogenically compromised marine ecosystems . Within the Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP), SE Sulawesi, Indonesia, pronounced environmental clines are either caused or exacerbated by marine resource subsistence and destruction. The protected zooxanthellate gorgonian (sea fan coral) Isis hippuris Linnaeus, 1758 however, thrives on degraded reefs, with distinct morphotypes across contrasting reef environments within the region. To investigate if I. hippuris morphotypes are environmentally induced (plastic) or genetically derived (fixed), reciprocal transplant experiments (RTEs) were conducted across environmental gradients of light attenuation and anthropogenic disturbance. Phenotypic traits were measured and grouped into modules (colony, polyps, sclerites , optical parameters) to assess the physiological responses and endosymbiont specificity of each I. hippuris morphotype to environmental change. Trait modules were then modelled for tests of integration to determine phenotypic traits that interact to delimit I. hippuris morphotypes in response to environmental perturbation. After one-year, survivorship was lowest in clones transplanted from healthy to the degraded reef, suggesting the onset of immigrant inviability. Multivariate analyses revealed that phenotypic traits in healthy source colonies consistently showed significant trait plasticity, whereas residents from the impacted site were relatively insensitive to environmental change. Of the 38 phenotypic traits assessed, 17 were identified as driving test dissimilarities, most notably in branching dynamics, polyp density, capstan and spindle sclerite dimensions, and Symbiodinium chlorophyll a light energy absorbance efficiency (for photosynthesis). Specifically, photoacclimatory responses were integrated at the morphological and bio-optical levels, with chlorophyll a light harvesting efficiency maintained during reduced pigment density resulting from an increase in host sclerite articulation that maximized the internal light field in healthy clones on degraded reefs. Variable optical responses were not attributed to endosymbiont type, as all test colonies possessed a novel Symbiodinium Clade D1a. In summary, patterns of phenotypic variability within the I. hippuris holobiont likely represent incipient ecological divergence, with a high capacity for plasticity that has become fixed through ongoing anthropogenic disturbance on degraded reefs.
Distance Learning in Social Work Education

This article reports data collected from a national survey of all accredited social work programs conducted between December 1995 and February 1996. The purpose was to assess current usage of dista...
Existing Transient and Permanent Error Management in NoCs

Error control schemes combined with various error control codes are typically employed to handle the transient errors. Physical layer techniques, such as spare wire replace and split transmission, and network layer approaches, such as fault-tolerant routing have been widely investigated for permanent error management. In this chapter, we will review the state-of-the-art techniques for transient and permanent error management in NoCs.
Accidental Arterial Puncture

Accidental arterial puncture is a rare complication that may occur during central venous catheter insertion. Arterial injury may be a potentially lethal problem of serious bleeding or large hematoma. The author described the incidence, predilection site, clinical presentation, prevention and management guideline based on the patient’s clinical data. Central venous cannulation under the guidance may be an effective preventive technique for accidental arterial injury.