cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF LEVELS OF CYCLIC AMP IN THE MYENTERIC PLEXUS OF GUINEA-PIG SMALL INTESTINE

Enzymatically dissociated ganglia from the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine were used to investigate changes in levels of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in response to stimulation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin and inhibition of phosphodiesterase by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). A linear relation with a positive correlation coefficient greater than 0.98 was found between: (1) amount of cAMP and number of ganglia; (2) amount of protein and number of ganglia; (3) amount of DNA and amount of protein; (4) amount of DNA and number of ganglia. Basal levels of cAMP were 2.25 +/- 0.21 fmol per ganglion for 900 ganglia. Forskolin stimulated a dose-dependent increase in cAMP over a concentration range of 0.05 to 50 microM, with a level of 18.6 +/- 4.9 fmol/ganglion at 50 microM forskolin. The inactive forskolin analog 1,9-dideoxyforskolin did not elevate cAMP. Addition of IBMX to the incubation medium stimulated a dose-dependent increase in cAMP over a concentration range of 0.1-1000 microM, with a level of 17.58 +/- 3.38 fmol/ganglion at 1000 microM IBMX. Application of 1 mM IBMX strongly potentiated the stimulating action of forskolin on cAMP levels. Our results derived from direct determination of cAMP changes in small intestinal myenteric ganglia are consistent with existing electrophysiological evidence for second messenger function of cAMP in slow synaptic modulation of excitability in AH/Type 2 neurons of the enteric nervous system.
In a Few Generations: Debating Race, Colonial Development, and Independence in the US Colonial Field

After the Spanish-American War of 1898, anti-imperialists and imperialists hotly debated whether to keep the Philippines as a colony. The ‘generation’ schema, which communicated racialized views of...
Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid and acrylamide onto acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene terpolymer by photoinduced hydroperoxide

Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) or acrylamide (AM) from an aqueous solution onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) was initiated by the thermal decomposition of polymeric hydroperoxides, which are formed upon UV irradiation of ABS, which contains anthracene. Diffusion of anthracene at room temperature from a methanolic solution into ABS was affected by the acrylonitrile content of ABS. The graft yield was independent on the concentration of anthracene in the wide range of 0.03×10 -3 to 14.29×10 -3 mol/L in ABS. The graft polymerization reaction does not occur below 100 o C. The effect of other variables, such as time of irradiation, intensity of UV, reaction time, and concentration of monomer in aqueous solution, on the amount of monomer grafted to ABS were also investigated. The contact angle significantly decreases upon grafting, indicating that the graft layer is on the surface of the polymer
T Cell-Mediated Tumor Rejection Displays Diverse Dependence Upon Perforin and IFN-γ Mechanisms That Cannot Be Predicted From In Vitro T Cell Characteristics

Experimental pulmonary metastases have been successfully treated by adoptive transfer of tumor-sensitized T cells from perforin knockout (KO) or Fas/APO-1 ligand(KO) mice, suggesting a prominent role for secretion of cytokines such as IFN-gamma. In the present study we confirmed that rejection of established methylcholanthrene-205 (MCA-205) pulmonary metastases displayed a requirement for T cell IFN-gamma expression. However, this requirement could be obviated by transferring larger numbers of tumor-sensitized IFN-gamma (KO) T cells or by immunosensitizing sublethal irradiation (500 rad) of the host before adoptive therapy. Extrapulmonary tumors (MCA-205 s.c. and intracranial) that required adjunct sublethal irradiation for treatment efficacy also displayed no requirement for host or T cell expression of IFN-gamma. Nonetheless, rejection of MCA-205 s.c. tumors and i.p. EL-4 tumors, but not MCA-205 pulmonary or intracranial tumors, displayed a significant requirement for T cell perforin expression (i.e., CTL participation). The capacity of T cells to lyse tumor targets and secrete IFN-gamma in vitro before adoptive transfer was nonpredictive of the roles of these activities in subsequent tumor rejection. Adoptive therapy studies employing KO mice are therefore indispensable for revealing a diversity of tumor rejection mechanisms that may lack in vitro correlation due to delays in their induction. Seemingly contradictory KO data from different studies are reconciled by the capacity of anti-tumor T cells to rely on alternative mechanisms when treated in larger numbers, the variable participation of CTL at different anatomic locations of tumor, and the apparent capacity of sublethal irradiation to provide a therapeutic alternative to host or T cell IFN-gamma production.
Winning the asymmetric war: new strategies for combating antibacterial resistance.

Rebekah G Potts, Scott A Lujan & Matthew R Redinbo† †Author for correspondence University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290 USA Tel.: +1 919 843 8910; Fax: +1 919 962 2388; redinbo@unc.edu ‘Although the discovery of antimicrobials was one of the most significant medical achievements of the 20th century, antibiotic resistance has now spread to all major strains of pathogenic bacteria’
A rapid technique for collection and analysis of phenol vapors

The proliferation of phenol in the working environment has been accelerated by the growth of the modern synfuels industry. Because of the adverse effects associated with exposures to phenol, rigid tolerance levels for this toxic chemical have been issued. Adherence to these limits requires monitoring of phenol vapors in workplaces. Introduced in this paper is a rapid technique for the collection and analysis of airborne phenol at concentrations appropriate for monitoring occupational exposures. The phenol is collected on Tenax contained in a glass tube, thermally desorbed into a 20 m IR gas cell and quantitated at 1184 cm−1 (8.4 µm). A fifteen minute air sample, collected at a rate of 0.75 liters per minute, was sufficient to measure phenol in the concentration range of 0.7 to 10.4 ppm. Analysis of 65 samples in this range resulted in a mean recovery of 99.3% with a standard deviation of 9.7%. Various other compounds were analyzed by this method to determine possible interferences: aliphatic and aromatic ...
Law and order: Assessing and enforcing compliance with ontological modeling principles in the Foundational Model of Anatomy

The objective of this study is to provide an operational definition of principles with which well-formed ontologies should comply. We define 15 such principles, related to classification (e.g., no hierarchical cycles are allowed; concepts have a reasonable number of children), incompatible relationships (e.g., two concepts cannot stand both in a taxonomic and partitive relation), dependence among concepts, and the co-dependence of equivalent sets of relations. Implicit relations—embedded in concept names or inferred from a combination of explicit relations—are used in this process in addition to the relations explicitly represented. As a case study, we investigate the degree to which the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)—a large ontology of anatomy—complies with these 15 principles. The FMA succeeds in complying with all the principles: totally with one and mostly with the others. Reasons for non-compliance are analyzed and suggestions are made for implementing effective enforcement mechanisms in ontology development environments. The limitations of this study are also discussed.
Cautions for the Use of Informal Measures in the Educational Assessment of Exceptional Children

Informal assessment can make a valuable contribution to the assessment process in special education. Informal procedures are characterized by their ability to be tailored to the needs of specific assessment situations and are especially useful in student evaluation for this reason. However, because informal procedures are typically of unknown technical adequacy they must be constructed and used with care. Specific cautions to be exercised in the construction and use of informal procedures are suggested as one means of increasing the technical quality and utility of these evaluation tools.
Tissue‐specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis

Summary Reasons for performing study: The role of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the pathogenesis of laminitis is incompletely understood. Local tissue activity of GC is regulated by the steroid converting enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD-1). Changes in integumentary (skin and hoof lamellar) 11β-HSD activity occurring during laminitis could affect the extent to which GCs are involved in its development. Hypothesis: That changes in integumentary 11β-HSD-1 activity associated with the laminitic condition would lead to elevated local tissue levels of GCs, which could subsequently contribute, through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms, to the further development of laminitis; and that similar changes in 11β-HSD-1 activity would be evident in both skin and hoof lamellar tissue. Methods: Activity of 11β-HSD-1 was determined in skin and hoof lamellar tissue specimens obtained from normal and laminitic horses using a radiometric assay. Skin samples were obtained from 10 normal horses and from 10 horses before and after induction of acute laminitis following administration of starch via nasogastric tube. Hoof lamellar samples were obtained from 10 normal horses, 10 horses following induction of acute laminitis and 4 chronically-foundered horses. Bidirectional 11β-HSD-1 activity was measured in both skin and lamellar tissues. Results: 11-ketoreductase activity exceeded 11β-dehydrogenase activity in both skin and lamellar tissues. Cutaneous activity was higher than lamellar 11β-HSD-1 activity in all groups. Both ketoreductase and dehydrogenase activity increased in skin and lamellae following experimental induction of acute laminitis, but the increase in ketoreductase activity was substantially greater than that for dehydrogenase in the lamellae. Induction of acute laminitis was attended by increases of 227 and 220% in cutaneous dehydrogenase and ketoreductase activity, respectively, and 173 and 398% in lamellar dehydrogenase and ketoreductase activity, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusions: The 11-ketoreductase moiety of 11β-HSD-1 plays a role in equine skin and hoof lamellae regarding the regulation of local glucocorticoid activity. Increased 11-ketoreductase activity will lead to increased local tissue GC activity by virtue of conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Potential relevance: The laminitic condition is attended by integumentary biochemical changes that enhance the local concentration of cortisol, especially in the hoof lamellar interface. Through multiple and diverse actions, increased local GC activity contributes to the pathogenesis and morbidity associated with laminitis. Pharmacological manipulation of 11β-HSD-1 deserves further investigation regarding the prevention and treatment of laminitis.
Real-Time PCR Method for Detection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis from Stool Specimens

The prevalence of microsporidiosis is likely underestimated due to the labor-intensive, insensitive, and nonspecific clinical laboratory methods used for the diagnosis of this disease. A real-time PCR assay was designed to assess DNA extraction methods and to detect three Encephalitozoon species in feces. Modifications of the MagNA Pure LC DNA isolation kit protocol (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind.) were compared by using the automated MagNA Pure LC instrument (Roche) and fecal specimens spiked with Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores. Extracted DNA was amplified by the LightCycler (Roche) PCR assay. Assay sensitivity, reproducibility, and efficiency were assessed by comparing threshold crossover values achieved with different extraction and storage conditions (fresh, refrigerated, frozen, and preserved specimens). Optimal extraction conditions were achieved by using a commercial buffer, tissue lysis buffer (Roche), as the specimen diluent. LightCycler PCR results were compared to those obtained from routine stool microscopy with trichrome blue stain. The lower limit of detection for the LightCycler PCR assay varied by storage conditions from 10(2) to 10(4) spores/ml of feces, a value which represented a significant improvement over that achieved by staining (> or =1.0 x 10(6) spores/ml). Melting temperature analysis of the amplicons allowed for the differentiation of three Encephalitozoon species (E. intestinalis, E. cuniculi, and E. hellem). The assay is readily adaptable to the clinical laboratory and represents the first real-time PCR assay designed to detect Encephalitozoon species.
Genetic Analysis of DNA Replication in Bacteria: dna B Mutations That Suppress dnaC Mutations and dnaQ Mutations That Suppress dnaE Mutations in SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

We have isolated and characterized extragenic suppressors of mutations in two different target genes that affect DNA replication in Salmonella typhimurium . Both the target and the suppressor genes are functional homologues of known replication genes of E. coli that were identified in intergeneric complementation tests. Our results point to interactions in vivo involving the dnaB and dnaC proteins in one case and the dnaQ and dnaE proteins in the other case. The suppressor mutations, which were isolated as derivatives of λ-Salmonella in vitro recombinants, were detected by an adaptation of the red plaque complementation assay. This method was applicable even when the locus of suppressor mutations was not chosen in advance.
Oyster Culture and Disease1

A review of oyster diseases is presented. A plan is suggested to collect oyster larvae from a complex of reefs in the Gulf of Mexico between Point Au Fer and the west end of Marsh Island in Louisiana. The larvae, thus collected, would be cultured off-bottom.
Goodness-of-fit tests based on Kullback-Leibler discrimination information

We present a general methodology for developing asymptotically distribution-free goodness-of-fit tests based on the Kullback-Leibler discrimination information. The tests are shown to be omnibus within an extremely large class of nonparametric global alternatives and to have good local power. The proposed test procedure is a nonparametric extension of the classical Neyman-Pearson log-likelihood ratio test and is based on mth-order spacings between order statistics cross-validated by the observed log likelihood. The developed method also generalizes Cox's procedure of testing separate families and covers virtually all parametric families of distributions encountered in statistics. It can also be viewed as a procedure based on sum-log functionals of nonparametric density-quantile estimators cross-validated by the log likelihood. With its good power properties, the method provides an extremely simple and potentially much better alternative to the classical empirical distribution function (EDF)-based test procedures. The important problem of selecting the order of spacings m in practice is also considered and a method based on maximizing the sample entropy constrained by the observed log likelihood is proposed. This data driven method of choosing m is demonstrated by Monte Carlo simulations to be more powerful than deterministic choices of m and thus provides a practically useful tool for implementing our test procedure.
Wavelet-based multiscale stochastic models for efficient tomographic discrimination of fractal fields

Proposes a technique for discrimination of fractal fields with different fractal dimensions, directly from the noisy and sparse tomographic projection data. This application is motivated from the medical field, where a change in fractal dimension is used to differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions in many different contexts, including diagnosis of liver abnormalities. The conventional method for discrimination of fractal fields from tomographic data is based on the calculation of the slope of the power spectra of the corresponding projections. This method, derived from the Radon transform results, breaks down in case the projection data are sparse and/or noisy. In order to avoid any restrictions on the duality and quantity of the projection data, we formulate our discrimination problem in a discrete hypothesis testing framework, the solution to which is given by the maximum-log-likelihood discrimination rule. The problem of discriminating fractal fields through likelihood calculations is, however, complicated by the fact that inverses and determinants of large, full, and generally ill conditioned fractal-field data covariance matrices are required. We show that these complications in the likelihood calculations can be removed by a transformation to the multiscale framework. The multiscale data covariance matrices are sparse and in addition, are naturally partitioned into ill conditioned coarsest scale approximation blocks and relatively well conditioned multiscale detail blocks. We simplify our likelihood calculations by using the class of multiscale stochastic models defined on trees to realize accurate approximations of the detail block of the data covariance matrices. >
Focused Community-based Research for Eliminating CVD Risk Disparities in a Rural Underserved Population

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and chronic illness in the U.S. In parts of the rural south disparities in both health care access and CVD health outcomes are pervasive. Descriptive analyses of community-based CVD risk factors are valuable to begin to unfold the complex nature of CVD mortality in specific rural, underserved populations. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients age 25 and over at a primary rural healthcare setting in a specific rural, medically underserved population to guide the development of community-based CVD treatment and prevention strategies. Methods This study used a descriptive retrospective explorative design. Data were collected through chart audits from a random sample of 197 patients at a rural health center in northwest Alabama, U.S. Cardiovascular risk factors were identified using health data, anthropometric measures and ICD-9 codes. Prevalence was evaluated and descriptive statistics were used to describe cardiovascular risk factors as well as socio-demographics variables. Findings In this rural medically underserved cohort (n= 197), the prevalence of selected cardiovascular risk factors was: smoking: 39.1%; hypertension: 58.4%; dyslipidemia: 15.1%; diabetes mellitus: 27.9%; and obesity: 44.5%. Smoking, hypertension and diabetes were noted to be higher in men, while women had higher rates of dyslipidemia and obesity. Rates of hypertension and diabetes increased with age as seen in similar studies. More than 48% of the study population ages 41-55 years were noted to have dyslipidemia. Conclusions This community-based CVD risk factor assessment can be used to guide future community-based research and interventions. The high prevalence and inadequate control of CVD risk factors seen in this population coupled with an existing shortage of physicians is an opportunity for nursing interventions. The use of advanced practice nurses for CVD assessment and interventions may be one practical strategy for this rural, medically underserved population. Key Words Prevalence, Cardiovascular Disease, Risk Factors, Disparities, Community-based research, Rural, Underserved, Appalachian
Two new bulky amido ligands useful for the preparation of metal complexes and examples of their reactivity

Abstract The search for new ligands with interesting properties is a quest that can occupy much of a synthetic chemist’s time. We have recently discovered two new ligands based on an adamantyl-substituted, 2,6-iPr2-substituted phenyl (Dipp) system. In an attempt to prepare the extremely bulky amine [(ad)(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NH] (ad = adamantyl) we found instead that the adamantyl group attacks the aromatic ring in the 4-position to form a new primary amine, (4-ad-2,6-iPr2C6H2)NH2 (1) (ad-Dipp-NH2), characterized by normal techniques. Compound 1 could be converted into a Li salt by a 1:1 reaction with nBuLi, or converted into a more bulky silylamine, [(ad-Dipp)NH(SiMe3)] (3), by treatment with Me3SiCl. We have characterized the lithium salt by X-ray crystallography as the dimeric complex, [(ad-Dipp)NHLi(Et2O)]2 (2). The lithium amide can be used as a reagent towards metal halides, and we have discovered that its reaction with SnCl2 yields a compound with a tetrameric, [Sn–N]4 cubane-like cage structure. We have also demonstrated the ligand behavior of 3 by its reaction with Bu2Mg in THF to form a monomeric Mg-amide with two THF solvent molecules attached. These new ligands can provide advantages over conventional ligands in terms of improved solubility and ease of crystallization.
Optical Measurements of Capillary-Gravity Wave Spectra Using a Scanning Laser Slope Gauge

Abstract A description of a new scanning laser slope gauge (SLSG) is given and the results obtained from both laboratory wind-wave tank and field measurements are presented. The device relies on the measurements of two components of surface slope to compute spatial and temporal lags that are used to estimate the full three-dimensional slope spectrum. The device is capable of resolving frequencies up to 34.7 Hz and wavelengths in the range between 7.9 × 10−3 and 3.08 × 10−1 m. The technique makes use of a two-dimensional laser scanner that samples the perimeter of a circle of 0.154-m diameter (an unfilled aperture). Both laboratory and field results indicate the device is well suited to measure the full three-dimensional spectra of capillary-gravity waves and is capable of providing ground-truthing measurements for the verification of remotely sensed ocean surface features.
Hepatic Ultrasonography for Surveillance in Patients With Uveal Melanoma.

Importance There is a lack of information regarding the role of systemic surveillance in patients with primary uveal melanoma. Objective To evaluate the utility of serial hepatic ultrasonography (USG) for detection of asymptomatic liver metastases in patients undergoing surveillance after primary treatment of uveal melanoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study reviewing data from patients with primary uveal melanoma treated between October 2003 and October 2012 at a multispecialty tertiary care center. Patients were managed using a standardized protocol. Initial staging was done with contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. This was followed by periodic surveillance with hepatic USG and liver function tests scheduled every 6 months for the first 5 years and annually thereafter. Abnormal surveillance hepatic USG findings were categorized as (1) cyst or hemangioma, (2) indeterminate lesion, (3) suspicious for metastasis, or (4) consistent with metastasis. If indicated, hepatic USG abnormalities were confirmed by additional imaging modalities (confirmatory scans) such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Liver biopsy was performed only if the confirmatory scan was positive. Main Outcomes and Measures Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of hepatic USG for detecting asymptomatic liver metastases. Results In 263 patients (121 men, 142 women; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 61.1 [13.9] years), a total of 1390 hepatic USGs were performed, with a mean of 5.3 per patient (range, 1-17 per patient). Overall, 86 hepatic USGs of 71 patients (27%) were reported as abnormal. Of the 13 lesions identified as a cyst/hemangioma and 17 as indeterminate, 1 was found to be metastatic in each group (8% and 6%, respectively). Of 36 patients with findings suspicious for metastasis, 23 (64%) had metastasis confirmed. All 5 patients (100%) with findings consistent with metastasis had biopsy-proven metastasis. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of hepatic USG for findings that were indeterminate or suspicious for metastasis were 96% (95% CI, 80%-99%), 88% (95% CI, 83%-91%), and 45% (95% CI, 33%-59%), respectively. Specificity of the confirmatory scan was greater than that of hepatic USG (93% [95% CI, 89%-96%] vs 88% [95% CI, 83%-91%], respectively; P Conclusions and Relevance A stepwise surveillance protocol based on serial hepatic USGs followed by confirmatory scans offers high likelihood of detecting asymptomatic metastases in patients with primary uveal melanoma.
Rapid Detection of Listeria by Bacteriophage Amplification and SERS-Lateral Flow Immunochromatography

A rapid Listeria detection method was developed utilizing A511 bacteriophage amplification combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI). Anti-A511 antibodies were covalently linked to SERS nanoparticles and printed onto nitrocellulose membranes. Antibody-conjugated SERS nanoparticles were used as quantifiable reporters. In the presence of A511, phage-SERS nanoparticle complexes were arrested and concentrated as a visible test line, which was interrogated quantitatively by Raman spectroscopy. An increase in SERS intensity correlated to an increase in captured phage-reporter complexes. SERS limit of detection was 6 × 106 pfu·mL−1, offering detection below that obtainable by the naked eye (LOD 6 × 107 pfu·mL−1). Phage amplification experiments were carried out at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 with 4 different starting phage concentrations monitored over time using SERS-LFI and validated by spot titer assay. Detection of L. monocytogenes concentrations of 1 × 107 colony forming units (cfu)·mL−1, 5 × 106 cfu·mL−1, 5 × 105 cfu·mL−1 and 5 × 104 cfu·mL−1 was achieved in 2, 2, 6, and 8 h, respectively. Similar experiments were conducted at a constant starting phage concentration (5 × 105 pfu·mL−1) with MOIs of 1, 2.5, and 5 and were detected in 2, 4, and 5 h, respectively.
Modeling and Simulation Challenges in Embedded Two Phase Cooling: DARPA’s ICECool Program

Modeling and simulation of two-phase phenomena, as well as their impact on electrical performance and physical integrity are critical to the success of embedded cooling strategies. In DARPA’s Intrachip/Interchip Embedded Cooling (ICECool) program, thermal/electrical/mechanical co-simulation and modeling tools are being applied to the analysis and design of RF GaN MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) Power Amplifiers (PA) and digital ICs, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater than 3X electronic performance improvement. This paper addresses various simulation strategies and numerical techniques adopted by the DARPA ICECool performers, with attention devoted to co-simulation through coupled iterations of thermal, mechanical and electrical behavior for capturing device characteristics and predicting reliability and “best in class” simulations that can provide an understanding of device behavior during rugged operating conditions impacted by multi-physics environments. The effect of CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) mismatch on bond and structural integrity, the impact of cooling fluid choice on performance, the factors affecting erosion/corrosion in the microchannels, as well as electro-migration limits and joule heating effects, will also be addressed. A separate discussion of various two-phase issues, including interface tracking, system pressure drops, conjugate heat transfer, estimating near wall heat transfer coefficients, and predicting CHF (Critical Heat Flux) and dryout is also provided.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Rational Design of Pt3Ni Surface Structures for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A cluster expansion approach has been used to investigate the relationship between surface structures of Pt3Ni alloy catalysts and their catalytic activity. With the help of this approach, we have constructed a direct bridge between the atomic structure and catalytic properties of Pt–Ni catalysts at a variety of compositions and chemical environments. We predict that Pt3Ni(111) surfaces have substantial subsurface disorder, and as a result, the ORR activity of different surface sites varies by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Using this model, we identify a Pt3Ni(111) surface with a multilayer Pt skin that is predicted to maximize catalytic activity and predict the conditions under which a Pt3Ni surface should be synthesized to realize high catalytic activity.
Atom-based RF electric field metrology above 100 GHz

Atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric field probes have the potential to improve electric field measurements for a broad range of frequencies (from a few GHz to 100s of GHz) and field strengths (mV/m to kV/m). For these probes to become a common measurement method, their range must be extended to high frequency (>100 GHz) and low field strength regimes. We present SI-traceable electric field measurements of RF fields above 100 GHz, using Autler-Townes splitting of Rydberg electromagnetically-induced transparency in a rubidium (Rb) vapor. We also demonstrate several techniques, including RF detuning from resonance and enhanced absorption, for increasing the probe sensitivity.
Transcapillary escape rate of albumin in humans during exercise-induced hypervolemia

Haskell, Andrew, Ethan R. Nadel, Nina S. Stachenfeld, Kei Nagashima, and Gary W. Mack. Transcapillary escape rate of albumin in humans during exercise-induced hypervolemia. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(2):...
11Black Cultural Studies

This chapter is divided into four sections: 1. Psychoanalysis and Race; 2. Black Visual Culture; 3. Music, Literature, and Culture; 4. Black Ethnography.
Immunological Studies with Purified Serum Proteins Bearing on the Unitarian Theory of Antibodies

Zinsser1 has voiced his opinion, as well as that of some earlier workers, that antibodies known by different names might in reality be identical. He refers to the idea as the unitarian theory of antibodies. The differentiation of antibodies has been accomplished by observing the type of reaction they give rise to, such as agglutination, precipitation, cytolysis, phagocytosis and complement fixation. These antibodies have been considered in the past and are still considered by some workers as distinct entities. In the intervening years abundant evidence has been presented on both sides of the question and excellent reviews of the early work have been given by Zinsser1 and Wells.2 A survey of the literature relating to the unitarian theory of antibodies reveals the fact that several modes of attack have been followed to show the singleness or multiplicity of antibodies. One mode of attack has been to demonstrate as many antigen-antibody reactions as possible in a single antiserum. This has yielded evidence on both sides of the question with a preponderance against the unitarian theory. This may be because so much of the work has been done with complex antigens such as bacteria and red blood cells. It is known that bacteria contain nucleoproteins, flagellar, somatic and capsular antigens. It is also known that some bacteria are able to produce exotoxins, lysins, fibrinolysins, and leukocidins. Specific antibodies have been produced against all of these agents but no work has been reported dealing with purified, complete bacterial antigens. Red blood cells are known to contain stroma, hemoglobin and lipoid material which can be extracted from the stroma. Considerable experimental work has been done with the fractions of red blood cells, but the end results have been contradictory and confusing12'3 A more direct method of attack would be the isolation of separate antibodies. Up to the present time, due to inadequate methods, this has not been possible and until this procedure can be realized it is necessary to make use of indirect evidence. A third approach has been an attempt to show the presence of one type of antigen-antibody reaction in a body fluid of an immunized animal at the
Economic and Political Factors in International Conflict and Integration

In earlier efforts to explain international conflict and integration, the central focus was upon national attributes and decisionmaking as crucial to understanding the actions of states in war- and peacemaking. Recently, however, we have begun to critically reconsider these assumptions. In the face of their inability to fully account for the actions of states in international conflict and cooperation, we have sought out a more basic, disaggregated approach to these questions. We believe that the concept of leverage may serve as an important explanatory factor in theories of interstate relations. Here we offer some preliminary arguments concerning leverage and bargaining among domestic and international actors, fleshing out some of the possible relationships between economic and political behaviors and their effects on the war- and peacemaking activities of states in the international system.
Abstract 4537: SHLP6: A novel, naturally occurring, mitochondrial peptide has therapeutic and prognostic potential in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been demonstrated in prostate cancer, particularly at the 16S rRNA region; and abnormal mRNA transcripts from that locus have been described. We and others showed that a novel open reading frame (ORF) within the mitochondrial 16S rRNA region, encoding for a 24 AA peptide called humanin, is a potent cell-survival and metabolic factor (PNAS 2003, PLoS-ONE 2009). Hypothesizing that additional bioactive peptides may be encoded from this region we have identified an additional six ORFs that encode peptides transcribed from within the 16s rRNA gene in the mtDNA, which we have named small humanin-like peptides, or SHLPs. SHLP1-5 are functionally analogous to humanin, and act as potent survival factors. Intriguingly an additional peptide, SHLP6, functions in a completely opposing manner. We demonstrate that endogenous SHLP6 is expressed in serum and in multiple tissues, including the prostate, and that its expression declines with age. In addition, the addition of exogenous SHLP6 promotes apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines including 22RV1, LNCaP and DU145. Analysis of gene and protein expression of SHLP6 treated cells reveals modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis genes and a dramatic inhibition of VEGF expression. To assess the in vivo potency of SHLP6, we treated 22RV1 xenografts in SCID mice with SHLP6 for 1 week, and observed a potent inhibition of CaP xenograft growth and angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, we show that SHLP6 expression is decreased in preliminary staining of human prostate cancer, compared with normal prostate tissue. Thus, our findings not only introduce the revolutionary concept that a previously unrecognized family of peptides is produced from the mitochondria, challenging existing paradigms about mitochondrial function, but also demonstrate that SHLP6 is altered in prostate cancer, and may serve as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic agent in this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4537.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Media for in vitro Sulfonamide Studies

SummaryStudies of the effect of certain media on the action of sulfonamides indicate that a medium which may seem to be inhibitory is one which favors the growth and multiplication of bacteria so that an ultimate large bacterial population results. Our data also indicate that a medium, which by comparison may seem not to be inhibitory, is one which is not favorable to the development of large numbers of the bacteria under study. It is also apparent that the type of medium, time of incubation and number of bacteria inoculated are important factors which should influence conclusions drawn from sulfonamide studies in vitro. Prolonged incubation may result in adaptation of the bacteria to unusually high concentrations of the sulfonamide.
Labor Unions and Race-conscious Housing in the Postwar Bay Area Housing Projects of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union and the United Automobile Workers

This article examines two racially integrated labor union-sponsored housing cooperatives developed in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1950s and 1960s. The projects offer examples of small-scale a...
Healthcare DSS: Perceived Effectiveness and Company Performance

This study investigates decision support systems (DSS) in a simulated healthcare setting and assesses the factors that enhance DSS perceived effectiveness and their impact on company performance. Our analysis shows that perceived system effectiveness correlates to improved company performance. However, investing significant human resources in developing a system does not necessarily guarantee enhanced performance. The findings, consistent with previous empirical studies, strengthen the validity of the simulation exercise as a useful tool for measuring DSS perceived effectiveness. This study investigates DSS in healthcare with a focus on factors that affect their effectiveness. We use a game simulation method for this research, where the game becomes the platform for the participants to experience DSS. We also examine the dissimilarity between the developed systems. This research follows an approach akin to that of Ben-Zvi (2010) who considered a DSS simulation and its educational efficacy. We augment that investigation by shifting the focus to the systems, the users, and the impact on company performance in healthcare. Classes of students formed groups and participated in a simulation exercise. The groups, simulating companies in the healthcare industry, developed DSS that were later characterized and analyzed. In addition, several variables related to DSS perceived effectiveness were evaluated and compared to group performance. The paper is organized as follows: First, we review simulations. Then, we describe the employed simulation and set the study's hypotheses. Next, we examine the implementation of DSS in the proposed simulation and analyze related variables. Finally, we discuss the applicability of this study and draw conclusions.
Crossing the Line

An Australian soldier penned these lines in the aftermath of the Battle of Rafah, where he and his comrades fought in January 1917. To him, the British Army’s first steps out of the Sinai Desert and its first battle in the Holy Land were momentous, a turning point in the war. In his verse, he replays the gunfire and shrapnel of the battlefield, recounts the Turkish surrender of the border town of Rafah, and muses about the meaning of the conflict. The threshold of Southern Palestine is the “promised borderland,” beyond which the war would change, with “milk and honey” flowing for the men and with “British arms” controlling the Holy Land.2
Perinatal Depression Among HIV-Infected Women in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa: Prenatal Depression Predicts Lower Rates of Exclusive Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) provides infants with optimal nutrition, and together with appropriate antiretroviral therapy has also been shown to decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV from 45 to less than 1 %. However, rates of EBF are particularly low in South Africa, where rates of HIV are some of the highest in the world. Although perinatal depression has been identified as a potential barrier to EBF, little is known about its impact on EBF among HIV-infected women. A cohort study was conducted as part of a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) examining the effect of an Information, Motivation and Behavioral skills-based intervention promoting EBF among South African women living with HIV in their third trimester (28–42 weeks) of pregnancy. At baseline and follow-up, participants were interviewed on depression symptoms (PHQ-9), and breastfeeding intentions and behavior. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to determine predictors of EBF at 6-weeks postpartum. A total of 68 women were enrolled and 58 women completed both baseline and follow-up assessments. Most (80.9 %) of the sample reported at least some symptoms of depression prenatally. Rates of depression were lower postpartum (47.1 %). In multivariate models, higher prenatal depression scores significantly predicted lower likelihood of EBF at 6-weeks postpartum after adjusting for demographics, condition, and intentions (AOR = 0.68, p < 0.05). Postpartum depression was not a significant predictor of EBF rates (AOR = 0.99, p = 0.96). These findings demonstrate the negative impact of prenatal depression on breastfeeding behavior. Future interventions focused on depression are warranted to identify those at risk for sub-optimal EBF. Improving maternal psychosocial well-being could be a new frontier to improving infant and young child feeding and reducing pre/postnatal transmission.
Differences in Mentor-Mentee Sponsorship in Male vs Female Recipients of National Institutes of Health Grants.

This study uses data from a survey of NIH Mentored Career Development grant awardees to determine if sponsorship critical for career advancement of young professionals differs among men and women.
Finite Element Analysis of Active and Sensory Thermopiezoelectric Composite Materials

Analytical formulations are developed to account for the coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal response of piezoelectric composite materials. The coupled response is captured at the material level through the thermopiezoelectric constitutive equations and leads to the inherent capability to model both the sensory and active responses of piezoelectric materials. A layerwise laminate theory is incorporated to provide more accurate analysis of the displacements, strains, stresses, electric fields, and thermal fields through-the-thickness. Thermal effects which arise from coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, pyroelectric effects, and temperature dependent material properties are explicitly accounted for in the formulation. Corresponding finite element formulations are developed for piezoelectric beam, plate, and shell elements to provide a more generalized capability for the analysis of arbitrary piezoelectric composite structures. The accuracy of the current formulation is verified with comparisons from published experimental data and other analytical models. Additional numerical studies are also conducted to demonstrate additional capabilities of the formulation to represent the sensory and active behaviors. A future plan of experimental studies is provided to characterize the high temperature dynamic response of piezoelectric composite materials.
Direct Electrochemical Bioconjugation on Metal Surfaces.

DNA has unique capabilities for molecular recognition and self-assembly, which have fostered its widespread incorporation into devices that are useful in science and medicine. Many of these platforms rely on thiol groups to tether DNA to gold surfaces, but this method is hindered by a lack of control over monolayer density and by secondary interactions between the nucleotide bases and the metal. In this work, we report an electrochemically activated bioconjugation reaction as a mild, reagent-free strategy to attach oligonucleotides to gold surfaces. Aniline-modified DNA was coupled to catechol-coated electrodes that were oxidized to o-quinones using an applied potential. High levels of coupling could be achieved in minutes. By changing the reaction time and the underlying catechol content, the final DNA surface coverage could be specified. The advantages of this method were demonstrated through the electrochemical detection of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A, as well as the capture of living nonadhere...
Hybrid Experiments in Higher Education: General Trends and Local Factors at the Academic–Business Boundary

In response to the many pressures facing public higher education, public universities are experimenting with business-oriented practices that seem likely to alter their nature and purposes. In this paper, we examine several hybrid experiments—new organizational strategies intended deliberately, sometimes explicitly, to hybridize the traditional norms and practices associated with academia and business at one emblematic public university. These cases illustrate how each hybrid experiment is a tacit response to existing norms and strategies that govern the university–business boundary, initiated as a hedge against the challenging fiscal and political climate. Taken together, they do not lead to a unitary and/or linear spread of business codes and practices. Instead, what some have referred to as “business logic” appears multifaceted, having many elements that are deployed, institutionalized, and perceived differently in different contexts, even within a single university.
Abstract 12: M6A Modification in RNA Regulates Cardiomyocyte and Cardiac Function in Heart Failure

Background: Adenosine in RNA is a substrate for addition or removal of methyl group. Reported five decades ago, methylated adenosine (m6A), the most abundant and functionally relevant chemical modi...
Learning to read the oceans genomics of marine phytoplankton.

Abstract The phytoplankton are key members of marine ecosystems, generating about half of global primary productivity, supporting valuable fisheries and regulating global biogeochemical cycles. Marine phytoplankton are phylogenetically diverse and are comprised of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. In the last decade, new insights have been gained into the ecology and evolution of these important organisms through whole genome sequencing projects and more recently, through both transcriptomics and targeted metagenomics approaches. Sequenced genomes of cyanobacteria are generally small, ranging in size from 1.8 to 9 million base pairs (Mbp). Eukaryotic genomes, in general, have a much larger size range and those that have been sequenced range from 12 to 57 Mbp. Whole genome sequencing projects have revealed key features of the evolutionary history of marine phytoplankton, their varied responses to environmental stress, their ability to scavenge and store nutrients and their unique ability to form elaborate cellular coverings. We have begun to learn how to read the ‘language’ of marine phytoplankton, as written in their DNA. Here, we review the ecological and evolutionary insights gained from whole genome sequencing projects, illustrate how these genomes are yielding information on marine natural products and informing nanotechnology as well as make suggestions for future directions in the field of marine phytoplankton genomics.
Issues in the justification-based diagnosis of planning failures

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the issues involved in the justification-based diagnosis of planning failures. A planner in the real world must constantly contend with uncertainty. Failure once in the run of plans as predicted by the planner is forgivable but a repetitive pattern of failures is intolerable. This argument constitutes the main motivation for a failure-driven approach to explanation-based learning in planning domains. A post hoc analysis of the failure(s), of which assumptions failed, and how and why they failed should be carried out automatically by the planner. To carry out such an analysis, the planner must first of all be able to determine the assumptions underlying its plan, and their role in the reasoning that led it to expect that the plan would perform as intended. The basic process of failure diagnosis, given such justification structures, is a simple recursive procedure. If an expectation fails, it is to be checked whether any of the antecedents of the rule that generated the expectation are contradicted by the facts of the case. If so, then the antecedent(s) that have been contradicted and recur have to be faulted. Otherwise, the problem lies in the assumptions associated with the rule. The chapter presents a test-bed system comprising mechanisms for inference and rule application, justification maintenance, expectation handlers, failure explanation, and rule patching.