cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embryogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Glycogen distribution in the embryos.

Abstract Glycogen distribution in the developing embryos of Hymenolepis diminuta was studied by the use of PAS technique with α-amylase control. Early gonads were glycogen-free. This compound appeared only in the mature testes, where it was localized in the sperm. Glycogen also appeared in the mature vitelline gland. The mature ovary remained glycogen free. Oocytes entering the uterus showed some traces of glycogen presumably introduced by sperm. The vitelline cell attached to the oocyte contained a large amount of glycogen which increased in comparison with that observed in the vitelline gland. During cleavage the amount of glycogen increased in the vitelline cell and some appeared in macromeres. During the preoncosphere phase the macromeres and vitelline cell separated from the embryo, forming the embryonic envelope which contained the main deposit of embryonic glycogen. After differentiation of embryonic envelopes glycogen remained in the inner envelope situated between the shell and the embryophore. A small accumulation of glycogen appeared in the embryo at the time of detachment of the envelope. Subsequently the amount of glycogen increased at the site of embryonic muscles and in the penetration glands. Hook-forming cells were glycogen-free. Glycogen continued to increase in the late preoncosphere, leading to a heavy concentration in the oncosphere. The question is raised whether the increasing accumulation of glycogen in embryos is due to the synthesis of this compound by embryonic cells or due to its incorporation from glycogen stored in the parenchyme.
The temperature and excitation wavelength dependence of the luminescence from Cr4+ in MgCaBa aluminate glass

Abstract A study is presented on the temperature and excitation wavelength dependence of the fluorescence of Cr4+ doped into MgCaBa aluminate glass. A variation is observed in the line shape of the time-resolved fluorescence spectra of Cr4+ in the glass excited at four different wavelengths (1.064, 1.094, 1.124 and 1.144 μm) at 15 K. The line shapes of luminescence are compared with those calculated from a model which takes into account both the site distribution and the mixing of the 3T2 state into the 1E state through the spin-orbit interaction. As temperature is increased from 15 to 320 K, the peak wavelength of the emission shifts to shorter wavelength by about 10 nm but the emission line shape remains unchanged. The observed blue shift is interpreted in terms of both lattice expansion and nonradiative relaxation.
Phase II study of carboplatin and edatrexate (10-EdAM) with leucovorin rescue for patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is poorly responsive to chemotherapy in most patients; therefore, the development of new approaches is essential. Edatrexate is a new antifolate with improved preclinical antitumor activity when compared to methotrexate. The purpose of this study was to define the feasibility and efficacy of combining edatrexate with another active single agent, carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive recurrent disease. Carboplatin was given as an outpatient on day 1 at a dosage based on the formula: Dose (mg/m2) = (0.091) (creatinine clearance) (body surface area) (desired percentage change in platelet count) + 86. Edatrexate (80 mg/m2) was given on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 21 day cycle. Calcium leucovorin 15 mg was given orally every 6 h for 4 doses after edatrexate. Of the 26 patients entered on the study, 1 was inevaluable for toxicity or response and 3 patients were evaluable for toxicity only. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 2 patients each, and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. Grade 3 stomatitis occurred in only two patients. Overall, major responses occurred in 2 of 22 evaluable patients (9%). The combination of carboplatin and edatrexate was not superior to the results expected with either agent alone.
Purification and properties of an estrogen-binding protein from calf uterus

Abstract Treatment of uterine cytosol with calcium ions under conditions of high ionic strength to deaggregate the estrogen receptor into sub-units yields a ‘stabilized’ 4 S binding unit which does not revert to the 8 S form at low ionic strength and which is resistant to aggregation during purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. By this sequence of steps, the calcium-stabilized estradiol-receptor complex from high speed calf uterine cytosol has been purified about 5000 fold and that from low speed cytosol 1000–1500 fold. Further purification of the latter material by disc gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gave a product of high purity, showing a single protein band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis and a sharp 4.5 S sedimentation peak of bound estradiol on sucrose gradient centrifugation.
Differential staining of tissue in the block with picric acid and the Feulgen reaction.

The authors have found a modification of the Feulgen reaction to be a satisfactory stain for tissue in the block.Pieces of fresh mammalian tissue not thicker than 5 mm. are fixed for approximately 48 hours at 25° C. in a mixture of equal parts of 5% aqueous sulfosalicylic acid and saturated aqueous picric acid. They are washed for 30 minutes in three ten-minute changes of distilled water and placed in Feulgen's staining solution diluted to one-half strength with distilled water. The staining solution is allowed to act for 24 hours (2 to 3 mm. thick blocks) up to 48 hours for 5 mm. thickness. After staining, the specimens are transferred to a mixture of sodium bisulfite, 0.5 g. and N hydrochloric acid, 5 ml. in' 100 ml. of distilled water. Two changes of IS to 30 min. each in the acid sulfite are given and these are followed by dehydration through 50%, 70% and 95% alcohol. One to two hours are allowed for each change except the last 95%, in which the stained tissue is allowed to remain overnight. The dehyd...
Calibrating Corn Color from Aerial Photographs to Predict Sidedress Nitrogen Need

Supplemental N need of corn (Zea mays L.) and other crops can vary substantially within and among fields. Corn color is sensitive to N status and may provide a means to accurately match N fertilizer rates to spatially variable N needs. Our objective was to calibrate the relationship between corn color measured in aerial photographs and sidedress N need. Economic optimum N rate (EONR) at sidedress was determined in 18 yield response experiments located in production cornfields. Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial photographs were taken at growth stage V6 or V7 with two types of film: color positive and color infrared. The EONR ranged from 0 to 336 kg N ha -1 . For both types of film, corn color was a significant predictor of EONR at sidedress but only when expressed relative to the color of well-fertilized corn in the same field and when no N had been applied at planting. Predictions were more accurate using color film than color-infrared film. Removal of soil pixels from the true-color aerial images greatly strengthened the relationship between measured color and EONR: R 2 values ranged from 0.27 to 0.31 for single colors measured from the entire image and from 0.60 to 0.79 after the removal of soil pixels. Our results demonstrate that corn color measured in aerial photographs can be used to predict sidedress N need. Obstacles to practical use in guiding variable-rate sidedressing include: no N can be applied at planting, a high-N reference strip is needed, and soil pixels must be removed from the image.
Regulated commitment of TNF receptor signaling: a molecular switch for death or activation.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members can induce a context-dependent apoptosis or cell activation. However, the mechanisms by which these opposing programs are selected remain unclear. We show that in T cells, TNFR2 (TNFRSF1B) signaling is dramatically affected by the intracellular mediator RIP, a protein Ser/Thr kinase required for NF-κB activation by TNFR1 (TNFRSF1A). In the presence of RIP, TNFR2 triggers cell death, whereas in the absence of RIP, TNFR2 activates NF-κB. RIP is induced during IL2-driven T cell proliferation, and its inhibition reduces susceptibility to TNF-dependent apoptosis. Evidence that signaling outputs are shaped by intracellular constraints helps reconcile conflicting views of TNFR1 and TNFR2 as apoptotic mediators.
Multivariable Model‐building: A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables by ROYSTON, P. and SAUERBREI, W.

Multivariable Model-building: A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables (P. Royston and W. Sauerbrei) David W. Hosmer Modern Multivariate Statistical Techniques: Regression, Classification, and Manifold Learning (A. J. Izenman) Debashis Ghosh A Primer on Linear Models (J. F. Monahan) Muni S. Srivastava Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (A. F. Zuur, E. N. Ieno, N. J. Walker, A. A. Saveliev, and G. M. Smith) Carl James Schwarz Random Effect and Latent Variable Model Selection (D. B. Dunson, Editor) Kenneth Rice Missing Data in Clinical Studies (G. Molenberghs and M. G. Kenward) Suzanne R. Dubnicka Functional and Operatorial Statistics (S. Dabo-Niang and F. Ferraty, Editors) Jason D. Nielsen Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns (J. Illian, A. Penttinen, H. Stoyan, and D. Stoyan) Jesper Moller Solved Problem in Geostatistics (O. Leuangthong, K. D. Khan, and C. V. Deutsch) Ole F. Christensen Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with R: A Case Study in Air Pollution and Health (R. D. Peng and F. Dominici) David Buckeridge Correspondence Analysis in Practice, Second Edition (M. Greenacre) Willem Heiser Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis (D. P. MacKinnon) Tyler J. VanderWeele Brief Reports by the Editor The EM Algorithm and Extensions, 2nd edition (G. J. McLachlan and T. Krishnan) Probability Models for DNA Sequence Evolution, 2nd edition (R. Durrett) Bayesian Methods for Data Analysis, 3rd edition (B. P. Carlin and T. A. Louis) Nonlinear Regression with R (C. Ritz and J. C. Streibig) Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Patterns in the U.S. Population: An Interdisciplinary Approach (K. G. Manton, I. Akushevich, and J. Kravchenko)
Detection of two distinct class II alpha:beta:Ii complexes in the Syrian hamster.

Hamster alloantisera and a monoclonal antibody originally generated against antigens controlled by the murine I-Ek subregion, which cross-reacts with hamster cell surface antigens, have been used to define two distinct Ia-like complexes in the Syrian hamster. These complexes have been named α1: β1 and α2:β2 and are detected by hamster alloantisera or monoclonal antibody 14-4-4, respectively. For the three strains studied, α1:β1, appears to be polymorphic in both α and β chains, while the α2:β2 complex is nonpolymorphic, as revealed by 2-D PAGE analyses. A third nonpolymorphic glycoprotein that appears to be the hamster's equivalent of the murine invariant chain (Ii) is associated with both the α1:β1 and α2:β2 complexes. In addition, we report the first biochemical detection of polymorphism between the closely related CB and MHA Syrian hamster strains.
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS : II. EFFECTS ON THE KIDNEYS.

1. When rats developed cardiac hypertrophy or elevation of blood pressure as a result of one of several methods designed to bring about arterial hypertension, renal vascular disease occurred frequently. 2. When injury to one kidney was followed by cardiac hypertrophy or elevation of blood pressure, vascular lesions were found with considerable regularity in the opposite one, as well as in the one injured. 3. Renal lesions rarely occurred in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy or elevated blood pressure. 4. Renal vascular lesions in rats are occasioned, therefore, by injury to one kidney and are usually associated with, and dependent on, the presence of arterial hypertension.
Class, Politics, and Popular Religion in Mexico and Central America

Class, Politics, and Popular Religion in Mexico and Central America. Lynn Stephen and James Dow. editors. Society for Latin American Anthropology Publication Series, Volume 1O(Jeffrey David Ehrenreich, series editor). Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 1990. 217 pp., maps, tables. $25.00 (paper), $20.00 for members of The Society for Latin American Anthropology. ISBN 0-913167-40-1.
A galvanic cell oxygen analyzer

Abstract A galvanic cell consisting of a silver-lead couple separated from the test sample by an oxygen permeable plastic membrane provides the basis of a simple oxygen analyzer. The current generated, while directly proportional to the amount of oxygen in the sample, also depends upon factors such as temperature, membrane thickness, kind and concentration of the supporting electrolyte, and the geometry of the cell. The analyzer has been used successfully with continuous recording devices and as a completely portable instrument with a readout on a microammeter for oxygen monitoring in natural waters and wastes. Oxygen content in non-aqueous systems and gaseous streams may be measured by the device.
Increasing transmission capacity utilization using power flow routers

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have been in use in power systems for some time. Small penetrations of FACTS have been limited to special applications. Investment into low-cost power electronics based power routers has the potential to allow power routers to play a more prominent role in power systems. Part of this role would be to serve as dynamically dispatchable control to further optimize a power system's state. Power routers' expanded role will add a new dimension to transmission expansion, due to the ability of the power router to dynamically change transfer capabilities of the transmission system. Building a transmission line will no longer be the only option for system planners looking to expand, because they will now be able to utilize available capacity in parallel branches by installing a power router. This paper will compare the economic benefit of adding power flow routers to building a transmission line as a means of transmission expansion.
Exploring size and state dynamics in CdSe quantum dots using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy

Development of optoelectronic technologies based on quantum dots depends on measuring, optimizing, and ultimately predicting charge carrier dynamics in the nanocrystal. In such systems, size inhomogeneity and the photoexcited population distribution among various excitonic states have distinct effects on electron and hole relaxation, which are difficult to distinguish spectroscopically. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy can help to untangle these effects by resolving excitation energy and subsequent nonlinear response in a single experiment. Using a filament-generated continuum as a pump and probe source, we collect two-dimensional spectra with sufficient spectral bandwidth to follow dynamics upon excitation of the lowest three optical transitions in a polydisperse ensemble of colloidal CdSe quantum dots. We first compare to prior transient absorption studies to confirm excitation-state-dependent dynamics such as increased surface-trapping upon excitation of hot electrons. Second, we demonstrate fast band-edge electron-hole pair solvation by ligand and phonon modes, as the ensemble relaxes to the photoluminescent state on a sub-picosecond time-scale. Third, we find that static disorder due to size polydispersity dominates the nonlinear response upon excitation into the hot electron manifold; this broadening mechanism stands in contrast to that of the band-edge exciton. Finally, we demonstrate excitation-energy dependent hot-carrier relaxation rates, and we describe how two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy can complement other transient nonlinear techniques.
KIF4 regulates midzone length during cytokinesis.

Summary Background Midzones, also called central spindles, are an array of antiparallel microtubules that form during cytokinesis between the separated chromosomes. Midzones can be considered to be platforms that recruit specific proteins and orchestrate cytokinetic events, such as sister nuclei being kept apart, furrow ingression, and abscission. Despite this important role, many aspects of midzone biology remain unknown, including the dynamic organization of midzone microtubules. Investigating midzone microtubule dynamics has been difficult in part because their plus ends are interdigitated and buried in a dense matrix, making them difficult to observe. Result We employed monopolar cytokinesis to reveal that midzone plus ends appear to be nondynamic. We identified the chromokinesin KIF4 as a negative regulator of midzone plus-end dynamics whose activity controls midzone length but not stability. KIF4 is required to terminate midzone elongation in late anaphase. In the absence of KIF4, midzones elongate abnormally, and their overlap regions are unfocused. Electron-dense material and midbodies are both absent from the elongated midzones, and actin filaments from the furrow cortex are not disassembled after ingression. Conclusion KIF4-mediated midzone length regulation appears to occur by terminating midzone elongation at a specific time during cytokinesis, making midzones and mitotic spindles differ in their dynamics and length-regulating mechanisms.
Pulsed Heavy Ion Source for the Bevatron

A Phillips ion gauge source (Fig. 1) of the type used by the heavy ion accelerator in Berkeley has been adapted for use at the Bevatron. The objective was to achieve high charge state ions (4+, 5+) of carbon and nitrogen. All source parameters are pulsed. The ion source performance regarding linac acceleration is discussed. The light ion (deuteron, alpha) performance of the PIG source and duoplasmatron is compared.
Safety of peripheral vascular surgery after recent acute myocardial infarction

We have treated 30 patients requiring urgent or emergent vascular procedures in the first 6 weeks after a myocardial infarction (median 11 days) from 1977 through 1989. Forty operations were performed, including 28 lower extremity revascularizations, 10 major amputations and revisions, and two carotid endarterectomies. There were four postoperative deaths (three cardiac related) and two nonfatal reinfarctions. Cardiac complications did not correlate with age, interval from myocardial infarction to surgery within the initial 6 weeks, type of anesthesia, or complexity of operation. Twenty of 24 patients survived attempts at leg revascularization, with ultimate limb salvage in 16. Our cardiac complication rate of 17% (5/30 patients) was reasonably close to that predicted by the Goldman risk scale for classes II and III and significantly better than class IV and also better than that predicted by the Cooperman risk scale for vascular surgery, despite the more recent preoperative myocardial infarctions in our patients. We attribute our low morbidity and mortality to the extracavitary nature of the procedures and possibly to improvements in anesthetic and perioperative management. Patients requiring urgent revascularization for limb salvage should not be denied surgery on the basis of a recent myocardial infarction.
Bichromatic emission in a ring dye laser

An experimental study of a high-Q Rhodamine 6G ring dye laser has been performed, and bichromatic emission (BE) with wavelength spacings as large as 110 A when the laser operated bidirectionally has been measured. The BE vanished at all excitations when the laser was forced into unidirectional operation using a Faraday isolator. However, when a weak reflected beam was allowed to make a single pass in the direction opposite to that allowed by the Faraday device, BE is recovered at the higher pump powers.
The consequences of self-pollination in Asclepias exaltata, a self-incompatible milkweed

We investigated the effect of self-pollination on fruit- and seed-set in Asclepias exaltata, a self-incompatible milkweed. A total of 1,380 hand-pollinations were performed on 138 flowers in each of five treatments. In each treatment, two pollinia were placed in adjacent stigmatic chambers, which transmitted pollen tubes to the same ovary. Treatments 1 and 2 involved simultaneous placement of two self-pollinia (treatment 1) or two cross-pollinia (treatment 2) into adjacent stigmatic chambers. No fruits were produced after self-pollinations, but 23% of the cross-pollinated flowers matured fruits. The three remaining experimental pollination treatments were self-pollination preceding cross-pollination by 24 hr (treatment 3), simultaneous self- and cross-pollination (treatment 4), and cross-pollination preceding self-pollination by 24 hr (treatment 5). Compared with that in flowers receiving only cross-pollen, fruit-set in treatments 3-5 was reduced 81%, 49%, and 29%, respectively. Seed-set was also significantly reduced in flowers receiving self-pollen 24 hr in advance of the cross-pollen. Using genetic markers, we observed that only 0.6% of seeds resulted from self-pollination. Our data strongly suggest that self-pollination in milkweeds not only wastes pollen but also greatly reduces the number of ovules and ovaries that might otherwise mature fruits and seeds after cross-pollination. Hermaphroditic flowering plants employ a tremendous diversity of mechanisms to increase outcrossing and to decrease interference between male (pollen donating) and female (pollen receiving) functions. These mechanisms include, for example, both separation of pollen release and stigma receptivity either temporally (dichogamy) or spatially (herkogamy) (Lloyd and Webb, 1986; Webb and Lloyd, 1986) and genetic self-incompatibility systems, which lead to the rejection of self-pollen (Barrett, 1988; Barrett and Eckert, 1990). These mechanisms, however, may not reduce overall levels of geitonogamy for plants with large floral displays. For example, in distylous Jepsonia heterandra, in which genetic barriers preclude selffertilization, 49.4% of the pollen on pin stigmas was found to be self-pollen (Ganders, 1974).
How Big Are Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques That Rupture

Plaque erosions (superficial intimal injury) and fissures (tears of variable depth) with overlying microscopic mural thrombosis are common abnormalities of the intimal surface of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Davies et al1 found small plaque fissures in as many as 17% of patients who died of noncardiac causes. If no overlying obstructive luminal thrombus develops, these small plaque defects will cause no clinical events. Conversely, plaque rupture (disruption of the fibrous cap) that is complicated by occlusive thrombosis is clinically significant and is the underlying lesion in the majority of acute fatal coronary events: acute myocardial infarction and sudden death.2 3 4 5 6 Angiographic studies of coronary arteries before and after nonfatal myocardial infarction have frequently shown that at the site of the complete occlusion, the preexisting, underlying culprit lesion does not usually cause hemodynamically significant stenosis7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (Table 1⇓). Several published studies have reported that nearly 50% of these lesions are at sites with 75%. Thus, it has recently become generally accepted that most plaque ruptures resulting in myocardial infarction occur in plaques that narrow the lumen diameter by <50%. This consensus has been expanded into the notion that nonstenotic, hemodynamically insignificant plaques may rupture, precipitating occlusive thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and/or death. This is a disheartening concept. It suggests that virtually all of the mature men and women of the industrialized world have a constant and unpredictable risk of a catastrophic coronary event. Conversely, histopathological studies from patients with fatal coronary events have consistently shown that at the sites of plaque rupture with superimposed occlusive thrombosis, the underlying lesion is “severe” (Table 2⇓, Fig 1⇓). Studies in …
Thermal/hydrological modeling of the Radioactive Scrap and Waste Facility (RSWF) with the TOUGH2 (Transport Of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat) code

Thermal/hydrological modeling of the Radioactive Scrap and Waste Facility (RSWF) has been completed with the TOUGH2 (Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat) Code. The RSWF will be utilized as an interim storage facility for ceramic and metallic waste forms developed from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The RSWF is an array of 1,350 carbon and steel liners located at grade near Argonne National Laboratory-West on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The primary driving force for this modeling research was to assess thermal capacity limits for RSWF liners so that heat generating materials can be safely stored. Maximum wasteform temperatures will be governed by both the amount of heat the system can dissipate and the orientation and characteristics of the wasteform. The focus of this report is on the amount of heat the interim storage system can safely dissipate. The effect of the temporal variation of soil moisture on the performance of the RSWF is assessed. The facility was analyzed to determine the maximum allowable thermal loading of the RSWF liners.
“Hit Me, Maybe, One More Time”: Brief measures of impulsivity and sensation seeking and their prediction of blackjack bets and sexual promiscuity

Abstract We sought to construct an efficient, reliable, and valid self-report measure of impulsivity and sensation-seeking. We used item response theory to identify the 8 best items (ImpSS-8) from the 19-item Impulsivity and Sensation-Seeking Scale ( Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joireman, Teta, & Kraft, 1993 ; Study 1). The ImpSS-8 interacted with a manipulated ego threat to predict blackjack bets: in a weak situation (no ego threat), individual differences were strong (a positive ImpSS-8–bets relationship); in a strong situation (ego threat), individual differences were weak (no relationship; Study 2). The ImpSS-8’s 4-item impulsivity and sensation-seeking subscales related differentially to the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Study 2) as well as trait measures of openness and conscientiousness, hostility and physical aggression, and sexually promiscuous attitudes and timing (Study 3).
EPA-0625 – White matter diffusion tensor imaging microstructure correlates of adolescent depression: structural evidence for frontolimbic disconnectivity

Background Despite the significant prevalence of adolescent depression, little is known about the neuroanatomical basis of this disorder. Functional dysregulation in frontolimbic circuitry has been suggested as a key neural correlate of adult and adolescent depression impeding emotional regulation. However, less is known about whether this dysregulation is overlaid on impaired white matter microstructure. Guided by neuroimaging findings, we test the a priori hypotheses that adolescent depression is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure in the 1) uncinate fasciculus (UF) 2) cingulum bundles, and 3) fibers linking subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and amygdala. Methods Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data were obtained on 52 un-medicated adolescents with major depressive disorder and 42 matched controls. We calculated fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) for bilateral UF, cingulum, and sgACC-amygdala fibers using probabilistic tractography. We also completed a voxelwise comparison of depressed and control participants using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Results Depressed adolescents had significantly lower FA and higher RD in bilateral UF and right sgACC-amygdala tracts. TBSS results additionally revealed lower FA values in the white matter associated with the limbic-cortical-striatal-thalamic circuit, corpus callosum, and anterior and superior corona radiata. Conclusions Adolescent depression is associated with reduced white matter integrity in emotion regulatory networks, which may underlie the functional differences in frontolimbic circuitry often observed in adolescent depression. We offer evidence that poor myelination of the white matter tracts supporting emotion regulation may contribute to the etiology of early-onset depression.
Interfacial Structure and Correlations in Finite-Sized Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Films

A quantitative study of the structure and correlation of individual layer interfaces in a liquid-crystalline polymer multilayer film is reported. Off-specular and specular X-ray scattering data on successively deposited Langmuir-Blodgett films of the polymer show that the roughness of the first and subsequently deposited smectic layers is directly correlated with that of the chemisorbed hydrophobization layer and not correlated with the underlying silicon substrate.
Role of nitric oxide in the chemistry and anticancer activity of etoposide (VP-16,213).

Originally identified as an innate cytotoxin, nitric oxide (·NO) formation in tumors can influence chemotherapy and exacerbate cancer progression. Here, we examined the hypothesis that ·NO generation contributes to cancer cell drug resistance toward the widely used anticancer drug Etoposide (VP-16). The UV–vis spectrum of VP-16 was not changed by exposure of VP-16 to ·NO in aqueous buffer. In contrast, reddish-orange compound(s) characteristic of o-quinone- and nitroso-VP-16 were readily generated in a hydrophobic medium (chloroform) in an oxygen-dependent manner. Similar products were also formed when the VP-16 radical, generated from VP-16 and horseradish peroxidase/H2O2, was exposed directly to ·NO in chloroform in the presence of oxygen. Separation and spectral analysis of VP-16 reaction extracts by electron spin resonance and UV–vis indicated the generation of the phenoxy radical and the o-quinone of VP-16, as well as putative nitroxide, iminoxyl, and other nitrogen oxide intermediates. Nitric oxide ...
Inhibition of adiponectin production by homocysteine: a potential mechanism for alcoholic liver disease.

Although recent evidence suggests that down-regulation of production of the adipocyte hormone adiponectin has pathophysiological consequences for the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), the underlying mechanisms are elusive. Abnormal hepatic methionine-homocysteine metabolism induced by prolonged alcohol exposure has been reported both in clinical and experimental studies of ALD. Here, we conducted both in vivo and in vitro experiments to examine the effects of prolonged alcohol exposure on homocysteine levels in adipose tissue, its potential involvement in regulating adiponectin production, and the consequences for ALD. Chronic alcohol exposure decreased the circulating adiponectin concentration and adiponectin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in epididymal fat pads. Alcohol feeding induced modest hyperhomocysteinemia and increased homocysteine levels in the epididymal fat pad, which was associated with decreased mRNA levels of cystationine β-synthase. Betaine supplementation (1.5%, wt/vol) in the alcohol-fed mice reduced homocysteine accumulation in adipose tissue and improved adiponectin levels. Moreover, exogenous homocysteine administration reduced gene expression, protein levels, and secretion of adiponectin in primary adipocytes. Furthermore, rats fed a high-methionine diet (2%, wt/wt) were hyperhomocysteinemic and had decreased adiponectin levels in both plasma and adipose tissue, which was associated with suppressed AMP-activated protein kinase activation in the liver. Mechanistic studies revealed that both inactivation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 pathway and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress response, specifically C/EBP homologous protein expression, may contribute to the inhibitory effect exerted by homocysteine. Conclusion: Chronic alcohol feeding caused abnormal accumulation of homocysteine in adipocytes, which contributes to decreased adiponectin production in ALD. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Changes in thyroid secretion produced by inhibition of iodotyrosine deiodinase.

Addition of dinitrotyrosine(DNT) at a concentration of 10–3 to 1O–5M caused a marked secretion of both diiodotyrosine and monoiodotyrosine from the rat thyroid gland perfused in situ. Iodotyrosines were either not detectable or were present in only trace amounts in the absence of dinitrotyrosine. At a concentration of 10–3M DNT, the secretion of iodotyrosines was approximately equivalent to the quantity of iodotyrosines estimated to be present in the thyroglobulinthyroglobulin which would be hydrolyzed to give rise to the iodothyronines secreted at the same time. 10–3M Monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine added to the perfusate resulted in the secretion of some iodotyrosines, but much less than that produced by perfusion with the same concentration of DNT. Even with perfusion with 10–3M DNT, there was an appreciable residual secretion of inorganic iodide. (Endocrinology 83: 405, 1968)
Diabetes educators in safety-net practices: a qualitative study.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the issues and challenges faced by certified diabetes educator (CDE) trainees in providing diabetes self-management education to patients in safety-net practices.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with CDE trainees and a CDE mentor in 2 primary care practices. Transcripts were analyzed using a content-driven immersioncrystallization approach to identify major themes.ResultsFour major themes emerged from the qualitative interview data: (1) patient recruitment approaches, (2) patient barriers to attending diabetes education classes, (3) teaching challenges, and (4) CDE integration into the practices.ConclusionsThis study underscores the need for diabetes educators and other health education professionals to be creative and flexible in delivering self-management education to patients in underserved settings. The complexity of diabetes care and the self-care responsibilities placed on the patient reinforce the need for a team approach such as that ...
Localization of tolerogenic epitopes in the α1 helical region of the rat class I major histocompatibility complex molecule

Abstract Induction of tolerance to organ allografts remains an elusive goal in transplant biology. Tolerance toward heart allografts was induced by preoperative intrathymic (IT) inoculation of extracted soluble histocompatibility antigens (HAg) in combination with a single dose of anti-T-cell antibodies.1 In contrast, peritransplant intravenous (iv) or intraportal administration of HAg combined with a short course of cyclosporine (CyA) prolonged allograft survival but did not induce transplantation tolerance.2 IV injection of peptides corresponding to amino acid (AA) residues 75–84 of the human HLA-B7 protein combined with a short course of CyA before and after grafting induced donor-specific tolerance to heart allograft in rats.3 The present experiments examined the localization of tolerogenic epitopes in rat class I major histocompatibility complex RTI.Au and RT1.A1 molecules.
Standardized rates of recurrent outcomes

Longitudinal studies are often concerned with estimating the rate of an event that may recur. Examples are nonmelanoma skin cancer rates, screening rates for breast cancer using mammography and hospital admission rates. We propose simple estimators for directly and indirectly standardized summary rates and relative rates of recurrent events and their variances. We also develop an estimator of the excess rate in an area if the rate in another area applied. For non-recurrent events, the estimators are identical to the usual standardized summary rates. The estimators are independent of the underlying distribution of the event of interest and allow for unequal follow-up times and event rate heterogeneity among individuals. The method is not computationally intensive and does not require specialized software. We illustrate the application of the method in a retrospective cohort study of hospital utilization patterns of Medicare enrollees in Boston and New Haven over a three and a half year period.
Demographics and replantation.

We reviewed demographic data on 761 patients who had one or more amputated parts replanted at Duke University Medical Center between 1972 and 1984 to learn more about the population that sustained amputation and replantation. Ninety-four percent were from North Carolina and its border states. Persons between ages 21 and 30 years were the most frequently injured. Eightyfive percent of patients were men. Seventy-eight percent of amputations occurred between 6:00 Am and 6:00 Pm. No significant difference in the number of replantations was noted at various months of the year. Fifty-eight percent of amputations were job related, and laceration was the most frequent type of amputation. Time between injury and operation averaged 5 hours 50 minutes. Average operating time was 6 1/2 hours. Thumbs were replanted most frequently, the index and small finger least frequently. Length of hospital stay averaged 9 days. Time out of work averaged 3 months. This data suggest that efforts directed toward employee education, safety, and prevention of injury on the job have the potential of decreasing the largest single cause of amputations in the upper extremities of patients in our area of the United States.
All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous

Manias, and particularly depressions, are syndromes not diseases. Considerable data support the fact that depressions, though similar clinically, are of heterogenous etiologies. We can separate depressions generally into those that are endogenous/psychotic and those that occur in the context of marked emotional instability. Familial pure depressive disease is a specific example of the former, depression spectrum diseases a specific example of the latter. These are separable on the basis of personality, clinical, follow-up, familial and treatment variables.
Reasons for the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of many different species of bacteria, including those that cause disease in humans, to resist the inhibitory action of antimicrobial agents has become a global problem. Resistance continues to spread not only in nosocomial pathogens but in several key community-acquired organisms as well. Appropriate control measures for such resistant organisms depend in part on the pathways by which resistance has arisen. Unfortunately, these pathways differ greatly from organism to organism and setting to setting. In addition, although the epidemiology of resistant organisms sometimes is similar to that of susceptible organisms of the same kind, in some situations it may be quite different. In this article, the authors highlight some of the pathways leading to the development of resistance in bacteria, the importance of antimicrobial use, and the relevance of these mechanisms to measures for the control of resistant bacteria in hospital and community settings.
Continuous parameter dependence in linear systems of differential equations

General convergence theorem for linear differential equation systems solution sequence, discussing continuous parameter dependence
GABA and central neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury induces maladaptive synaptic transmission in the somatosensory system that results in chronic central neuropathic pain. Recent literature suggests that glial-neuronal interactions are important modulators in synaptic transmission following spinal cord injury. Neuronal hyperexcitability is one of the predominant phenomenon caused by maladaptive synaptic transmission via altered glial-neuronal interactions after spinal cord injury. In the somatosensory system, spinal inhibitory neurons counter balance the enhanced synaptic transmission from peripheral input. For a decade, the literature suggests that hypofunction of GABAergic inhibitory tone is an important factor in the enhanced synaptic transmission that often results in neuronal hyperexcitability in dorsal horn neurons following spinal cord injury. Neurons and glial cells synergistically control intracellular chloride ion gradients via modulation of chloride transporters, extracellular glutamate and GABA concentrations via uptake mechanisms. Thus, the intracellular "GABA-glutamate-glutamine cycle" is maintained for normal physiological homeostasis. However, hyperexcitable neurons and glial activation after spinal cord injury disrupts the balance of chloride ions, glutamate and GABA distribution in the spinal dorsal horn and results in chronic neuropathic pain. In this review, we address spinal cord injury induced mechanisms in hypofunction of GABAergic tone that results in chronic central neuropathic pain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Synaptic Plasticity & Interneurons'.
Prodeath or prosurvival: Two facets of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in perinatal brain injury

Hypoxia, which occurs in the brain when oxygen availability drops below the normal level, is a major cause of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII). The transcriptional factor hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator in the pathophysiological response to the stress of hypoxia. Genes regulated by HIF-1 are involved in energy metabolism, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, vasodilatation, cell survival and apoptosis. Compared with the adult brain, the neonatal brain is different in physiological structure, function, cellular composition and signaling pathway related gene activation and response after hypoxia. The purpose of this review is to determine if developmental susceptibility of the brain after hypoxic/ischemic injury is related to HIF-1alpha, which also plays a pivotal role in the normal brain development. HIF-1alpha regulates both prosurvival and prodeath responses in the neonatal brain and various mechanisms underlie the apparent contradictory effects, including duration of ischemic injury and severity, cell-types, and/or dependent on the nature of the stimulus after HII. Studies report an excessive induction of HIF-1 in the immature brain, which suggests that a cell death promoting role of HIF may prevail. Inhibition of HIF-1alpha and targeted activation of its prosurvival genes appear as a favorable therapeutic strategy. However, a better understanding of multifaceted HIF-1 function during brain development is required to explore potential targets for further therapeutic interventions in the neonate.
Modern Statistical Systems and Gpss Simulation: The First Course

This text integrates coverage of both the theory and the implementation of discrete-event simulation. Neither is stressed to the exclusion of the other. This book allows the reader to integrate theory and computer implementation or concentrate on either. "Modern Statistical Systems, and GPSS Simulation" offers a conceptual basis for simulation in any language. It includes the most important elements for design and analysis of a simulation and supplies the basis for a course on GPSS simulation language. The book also illustrates how to incorporate the best - random number generators with run - length choices and output analysis methods.
Influence of the common human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase polymorphism on lead body burden.

Abstract delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) is the second enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway. ALAD is a zinc metalloenzyme, and its inhibition by lead substitution for zinc is one of the most sensitive indicators of blood-lead accumulation, a measure of recent lead exposure. Stoichiometry calculations indicate that a significant portion of blood lead is stored in ALAD. Human ALAD exhibits a charge polymorphism, with about 20% of Caucasians expressing the rarer ALAD2 allele. Human ALAD1 and ALAD2 cDNAs and the 16-kb ALAD gene have been cloned and sequenced. A simple polymerase chain reaction test has been established and validated for determining ALAD genotypes. Two population studies have indicated that lead-exposed individuals with the ALAD2 allele have blood-lead levels about 10 micrograms/dl greater than similarly exposed individuals carrying only the ALAD1 allele. Ongoing work is directed toward determining the biochemistry underlying the allele-specific accumulation of blood lead, and toward determining the contribution of human ALAD genotype to lead accumulation in other tissues in transgenic mouse models and to final lead deposition in bone in both mouse and man.
Significance of plane versus chain sites in high-temperature oxide superconductors

One of the outstanding questions concerning the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 is the relative importance of the CuO2 planes (Cu(2) site) and the CuO chains (Cu(1) site). Many theories1,2 have stressed the importance of the 3d holes at the Cu sites, which provide an antiferromagnetic correlated background necessary for the coupling of the superconducting electrons. We have substituted Zn(3d104s2) and Ga(3d104s24p1) in the Cu(2) and Cu(1) sites, respectively, while maintaining the oxygen stoichiometry at 7. In the valence states of 2 + and 3 + respectively, the 3d bands of both elements are completely full, without the complication of a magnetic moment. Here we discuss the structural changes that accompany Zn and Ga substitution, as deduced from X-ray and neutron diffraction, and correlate these changes with the superconducting properties. We show that the integrity of the planes is much more important than that of the chains in sustaining high-Tc superconductivity.
Oligonucleotide microarray data mining: search for age-dependent gene expression.

Information on gene expression in colon tumors versus normal human colon was recently generated by an oligonucleotide microarray study [1]. We used the associated database to search for genes that display age-dependent variations in expression. Statistically significant evidence was obtained that such genes are present in both the tumor and normal tissue databases. Besides the analysis of all genes included in the database, three subsets of genes were analyzed separately: genes controlled by p53, and genes coding for ribosomal proteins and for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Among the genes controlled by p53 some show an age-dependent change in expression in tumor tissues, in the sense compatible with an activation of p53 at higher age. A decreased expression of some ribosomal genes at advanced age was detected both in tumor and normal tissues. No significant age-dependent expression could be detected for genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.
Möbius invariant closed subspaces of C(Tn)

Let Aut(Un) denote the automorphism group of the polydisk Un in Cn. u denotes the subgroup of Aut(Un) consisting of linear automorphisms. A subspace Y of C(Tn) is Mobius invariant if [f φ: f;eY, φe Aut(Un)] ⊂Y. (Invariance of Y w.r.t. u (or a single automorphism) is defined similarly.) In this paper, we show that a u-invariant closed subspace C(Tn) is Mobius invariant iff it is invariant w.r.t. an automorphism not in u. We show that there are exactly Mobius invariant closed subspaces in C(Tn). Similar results are proved for Further. we find all Mobius invariant closed subspaces of C(T2).
Efferents of the opiocortin-containing region of the commissural nucleus tractus solitarius

Efferent projections of the commissural nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS0 in the region containing opiocortin-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons were identified using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Efferents were identified in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, medullary catecholaminergic groups, and NTS. The PHA-L-IR varicosities in lateral parabrachial nucleus were identified in close association with CRF-IR and enkephalin-IR cells. These data on cNTS projections are consistent with our previous immunocytochemical and lesion studies on opiocortin connectivity and provide anatomical evidence that neurons in the cNTS may influence cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous system function via connectivity with nuclei in the lateral brain stem.