Average nuclear properties

Abstract A generalized treatment of average nuclear properties is presented. The theory is developed on two levels: First a refinement of the Liquid Drop Model, called the Droplet Model, is described. The degrees of freedom in this model, in addition to the usual shape variables, are variables specifying deviations from uniformity of the neutron and proton densities. The form of the Hamiltonian defining the Droplet Model, of which only the potential energy part is considered in this paper, is derived by expanding the volume, surface, and Coulomb energies in Taylor series around the standard Liquid Drop Model values. Such an expansion, designed to retain all terms in the total energy up to order A 1 3 , I 2 A 2 3 , and I 4 A , where I = (N − Z) A , turns out to contain eleven parameters, two of which may be eliminated. Four of the resulting nine parameters are the standard adjustable parameters of the Liquid Drop Model and five are new coefficients specifying various properties of nuclear systems. (Nuclear compressibility and the curvature correction to the surface tension are two examples.) Minimizing the Droplet Model potential energy with respect to density variations leads to equations, in closed form, specifying the separate neutron and proton radii and the density nonuniformities. The minimized energy expression leads to a refined Droplet Model Mass Formula with nine parameters. The second level at which average nuclear properties are treated is based on assuming a concrete model of a two-component saturating system, consisting of neutrons and protons interacting by velocity-dependent Yukawa forces (and Coulomb forces). When this model is treated in the Thomas-Fermi approximation a pair of coupled integral equations results, which can be used as the basis of a self-contained model of all average static nuclear properties. The solutions of these equations are discussed in the idealized situations of nuclear matter and semi-infinite nuclear matter, and for finite nuclei both with and without Coulomb energy. One result of these studies is the determination of the values of the five new Droplet Model parameters. Other results have to do with the nuclear density distributions, and the binding energies. The applications of the Droplet Model and Thomas-Fermi Model discussed in this paper include predictions concerning neutron and proton radii (in particular the presence of a neutron skin), the isotope effect in proton radii, the compression of the nucleus by the surface tension and the dilatation by the Coulomb energy, and the central depression in the densities caused by the Coulomb repulsion. Calculations are made for the surface curvature correction, for the surface symmetry energy, and for a modification to the volume symmetry energy at a large neutron excess. A revised estimate is made for the value of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter. Also treated is the question of whether or not neutron matter is bound, and some discussion is given of the spatial distribution, the energy dependence, and the composition dependence to be expected for nuclear optical model potentials on the basis of the statistical methods used in this paper.