cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research of the Intermediate Frequency Furnace Harmonic Analysis and Control Based on ADPSS

As the high-power IF furnace contains frequency conversion device, the effects of harmonics injected into the power grid cannot be ignored. In this paper, the working principle and power supply structure of IF furnace are introduced in detail. Based on the Advanced Digital Power System Simulator (ADPSS) and taking a steel plant project accessed to East Inner Mongolia power grid for an example, the electromagnetic transient model of IF furnace is established and simulated. The harmonic analysis method combined the time domain simulation with the recursive discrete Fourier algorithm (DFT) is used to obtain the harmonic characteristics of the IF furnace. An electromagnetic transient harmonic control model based on active power filter is established, and the validity and correctness of the proposed model and harmonic analysis method are verified by simulation. The harmonic pollution of IF furnace access to power grid is reduced, and the power quality of the grid is improved.
First Report of Erysiphe fallax Causing Powdery Mildew on Phasey Bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) in the United States

Phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) is a member of the family Fabaceae and is native to tropical America. During the fall of 2017, the leaves of phasey bean plants in Homestead, FL, showed white...
Dose-Dependent Hyperkalemia Among Hospitalized, HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim:

Background: Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) therapy is commonly used in HIV-infected patients and is associated with hyperkalemia and elevated serum creatinine (SCr). Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of hyperkalemia and elevated SCr in hospitalized, HIV-infected patients receiving SXT. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. HIV-infected hospitalized patients receiving a minimum of 3 consecutive days of SXT were included. Patients were grouped according to high dose (≥10 mg/kg/d) and low dose (<10 mg/kg/d) trimethoprim. The primary end point was the frequency of hyperkalemia, severe hyperkalemia, and elevated SCr. Secondary end points included an evaluation of concomitant potassium-altering medications and concomitant nephrotoxic drugs. Results: A total of 100 consecutive patients were selected from all possible patients who met inclusion criteria. Overall, 47 patients experienced at least 1 adverse drug event (ADE) of either hyperkalemia or increased SCr, with 20 patients experiencing these ADEs in the low-dose group and 27 patients experiencing these ADEs in the high-dose group (P = 0.229). The ADEs of hyperkalemia or increased SCr occurred after a shorter period (5.5 vs 8.7 days) in the high-dose group (P = 0.049). Overall frequency of elevated SCr was 24% and of elevated serum K was 36%. Hyperkalemia requiring a therapeutic intervention occurred in 12 patients in the high-dose group compared with 2 in the low-dose group (P = 0.009). Conclusion and Relevance: Rates of elevated SCr and hyperkalemia in hospitalized HIV-infected patients receiving SXT are significant. Hyperkalemia requiring intervention is more common in patients receiving high-dose SXT.
Evaluating Two Common Strategies for Research Participant Recruitment Into Autism Studies: Observational Study

Background: Ongoing research is necessary to better understand the causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the developmental outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ASD, and the efficacy of the interventions. However, it is often difficult to recruit sufficient numbers of participants for studies, and despite the prevalence of ASD (currently estimated to affect 1 in 54 children), little research has focused on how to efficiently recruit participants with ASD. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of two different paid advertisements—social media and radio advertising—in recruiting participants for a study enrolling people with ASD and their family members by examining the number of participants enrolled, the cost per participant, and the geographic reach of each type of advertising. Methods: We examined participant enrollment in a study following nonoverlapping paid advertisements on a popular FM radio station (aired in three cities across two states) and Facebook (six advertisements that ran in five cities across two states). The total paid investment in the radio campaign was $12,030 and that in the Facebook campaign was $2950. Following the advertising campaigns, 1391 participants in the study who were affiliated with the Houston, Texas, site received email invitations to participate in a brief survey about the ways in which they learned about the study (eg, social media, medical provider, website) and which of these were most influential in their decisions to participate; 374 (26.8%) of the participants completed this survey. Results: Social media advertising outperformed radio in all three parameters examined by enrolling more participants (338 vs 149), with a lower average cost per participant ($8.73 vs $80.74) and a wider geographic reach, based on a comparison of the number of zip codes within and outside of Texas for questionnaire respondents who rated social media as the most influential method of contact (n=367, χ21=5.85, P=.02). Of the 374 survey participants, 139 (37.2%) reported that they had seen the study on social media prior to enrollment, while only 9 (2.4%) said they heard about it via radio. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that advertising on social media can efficiently reach a large pool of potential participants with ASD, increasing the likelihood of meeting study enrollment goals. Researchers should consider allocating at least some portion of recruitment dollars to social media platforms as a means of quickly and inexpensively reaching out to their target populations, including for studies with in-person procedures.
Opioid-induced Somatic Activation: Prevalence in a Population of Patients With Chronic Pain.

Context and objective Opioids have heterogeneous side effects including a well-known effect of sedation; however, the opposing effect of stimulation, or somatic activation, has been largely ignored or overlooked. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of opioid-induced somatic activation (OISA). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 189 patients seen by a single clinical psychiatrist/pain specialist. During the initial encounter, the clinician took a standardized history of every opioid currently or previously taken by the patients, and enquired if the patients had experienced a somatically activating or sedating effect per opioid. Results Patients recalled an average exposure to 5.1 opioids (SD: 1.9). Ninety-one patients (48.1%; mean: 1.6) reported somatic activation, while 118 (62.4%; mean: 1.7) reported sedation from at least one opioid. Fifty-eight patients (30.7%) identified at least one opioid as activating, and another as sedating. The distribution of OISA did not significantly differ by gender, race, primary pain diagnosis, or depression. The distribution of OISA by oxycodone significantly differed compared to morphine sulfate (27.3% vs 8.9%; p: 0.005), while sedation did not (29.0% vs 24.3%; p: 0.46). Conclusions In this study, we quantified the previously unstudied phenomenon of OISA. This phenomenon appears dependent on opioid type with some opioids, such as oxycodone, appearing more likely to have this effect. Given current concerns about the risks of opioids in high-risk populations, future studies are needed to study this phenomenon to arrive at an accurate determination of the potential risks and benefits of OISA.
The Impacts of International Service Learning on a Host Community in Kenya: Host Student Perspectives Related to Global Citizenship and Relative Deprivation.

Despite recent calls, research on ISL has focused almost exclusively on learning outcomes for global North students. We know comparatively less about how ISL programs may impact the knowledge and perceptions of student participants from hos t countries in the global South. We examine learning outcomes for Kenyan students who interact with visiting students from a U S university. Using an original survey and a case control design, we compare the responses of students from an ISL pa rtner school with those of students in a nearby control school to explore how program participation influences ideas about global citizenship, viewpoints about the United States and feelings of relative deprivation. Results point to the complexity of ISL programs and their impact on host country participants. On the one hand, we find that ISL partner students show higher levels of global citizenship than control group students. On the other hand, ISL partner students are more likely than the control gr oup to agree with unrealistically positive views of the United States and report greater feelings of relative deprivation. We apply Allport’s intergroup contact theory to interpret these findings and reflect on future directions.
A content analysis of internet information sources on medical cannabis.

Medical cannabis users report that their knowledge regarding cannabis is predominantly from their own personal experiences and the Internet. We summarize and describe information found through Internet searches on medical cannabis in English language websites. We used terms related to medical cannabis in the Google search engine between November and December 2019. Resulting websites were catalogued and coded for content, including mentions of health and medical conditions, pharmacology, dosage, harmful or adverse effects, harm reduction techniques, cautions or warnings, products for sale, and credentials. We coded 344 web pages on 179 unique websites. Cannabis was mentioned for the treatment of 151 different medical and health conditions, only four of the twenty most frequently mentioned conditions have received substantial empirical support for cannabis or cannabinoid treatment. Information content varied widely across sites, only a small proportion of sites included information on pharmacology, dosage, risks, and other aspects that are requirements for pharmaceutical drugs. Information provided was only moderately related to conclusions in the emerging scientific literature. Given the rise in cannabis use within the U.S. and the reliance on the Internet as a source of information, considerable efforts are needed to provide accurate on-line cannabis education to minimize harms and maximize benefits for individuals and society.
Why No Justice for Past Repression? Militaries and Human Rights Organizations in Post-Authoritarian States:

Do human rights organizations (HROs) aid the consolidation of democracy in post-authoritarian states? It is often argued that these groups contribute to accountability for past repression. Yet HROs...
Abstract PO-055: Signaling regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment of pancreas cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal developmental process by which epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell adhesions to become more motile and invasive mesenchymal cells. EMT is associated with the earliest stages in metastasis and promotes chemoresistance in a variety of carcinomas, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While specific growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor beta) are perhaps the most well studied inducers of EMT, the low oxygen tension (hypoxia) characteristic of the PDAC tumor microenvironment has also been reported to drive EMT. The signaling pathways that promote EMT in the hypoxic PDAC tumor microenvironment may therefore represent useful drug targets for combination therapy approaches as adjuvants to augment the efficacy of chemotherapy. However, hypoxia-driven EMT has not been well characterized in PDAC, nor have the relevant hypoxia-driven signaling pathways been identified. Our lab recently developed a statistical model of the multivariate signaling regulation of growth factor-induced EMT to identify that the ERK, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways coordinate to drive EMT in PDAC cells. In the present study, we sought to determine the roles of those pathways in promoting EMT in PDAC cells in response to hypoxia. We created an in vitro model of hypoxia-driven EMT by culturing PDAC cells in 1% oxygen and characterizing dynamic changes in the expression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) 1 and 2 alpha, as well as the concomitant loss of E-cadherin protein and transcripts, increased abundance of vimentin-positive cells, and increased expression of the mesenchymal transcripts VIM, SNAI1, and SNAI2. Hypoxia-driven EMT was observed in human PDAC cell lines, patient-derived xenograft cell lines, and KPC murine cell lines. To probe for the activation of specific signaling pathways, we used a combination of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Automated image analysis of immunofluorescence images was used to understand the relevance of specific signaling pathways for explaining the heterogeneity of EMT within populations of cells. We further identified potential kinase targets for antagonizing EMT in the hypoxic microenvironment and confirmed their roles by pharmacological inhibition and/or siRNA-mediated knockdown. We also found that specific kinase pathways are involved in the stabilization of HIF proteins in hypoxia. The relevance of these pathways in driving EMT is being further validated through analyses of a patient-derived xenograft mouse model of PDAC and a HIF1A deletion/Kras mutant autochthonous mouse model of PDAC. Citation Format: Brooke A. McGirr, Nicholas M. Seyler, Matthew J. Lazzara. Signaling regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment of pancreas cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-055.
Healthcare Disparities in the Military Health System: A Focus on Well-Child Care

Background: Healthcare disparities are preventable differences in illness or injury. They represent barriers to attaining optimal health, and are often experienced by socially disadvantaged or isolated groups within communities. They can additionally be affected by insurance coverage and access to care. Objective: To describe compliance rates for well child visits among military children in the first 15 months of life, and identify any socio-economic disparities that might exist in a population that is otherwise universally insured, with similar access to care. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the …
Modern Bhutan’s Buddhist Statecraft

This chapter introduces the country of Bhutan and its unique pursuit of a Buddhist-inspired foreign policy during the modern era (1949–present). This chapter illustrates how a modern state implements a national security and economic development policy consistent with Buddhist philosophical principles and Buddha’s political and economic teachings and, like the prior chapter, it serves as proof of concept for the possibility of putting Buddhist ideas into practice. The cornerstone of Bhutan’s foreign and domestic policies is its pursuit of Gross National Happiness, a concept that endorses holistic progress in the material, spiritual, emotional, cultural, and environmental welfare of its society.
Effects of Personalized Recommendations versus Aggregate Ratings on Post-Consumption Preference Responses

Online retailers use product ratings to signal quality and help consumers identify products for purchase. These ratings commonly take the form of either non-personalized, aggregate product ratings (i.e., the average rating a product received from a number of consumers such as “the average rating is 4.5/5 based on 100 reviews”), or personalized predicted preference ratings for a product (i.e., recommender-system-generated predictions for a consumer’s rating of a product such as “we think you’d rate this product 4.5/5”). Ratings in either format can provide decision aid to the consumer, but the two formats convey different types of product quality information and operate with different psychological mechanisms. Prior research has indicated that each recommendation type can significantly affect consumer’s post-experience preference ratings, constituting a judgmental bias, but has not compared the effects of these two common product-rating formats. Using a laboratory experiment, we show that aggregate ratings and personalized recommendations create similar biases on post-experience preference ratings when shown separately. Shown together, there is no cumulative increase in the effect. Instead, personalized recommendations tend to dominate. Our findings can help retailers determine how to use these different types of product ratings to most effectively serve their customers. Additionally, these results help to educate the consumer on how product-rating displays influence their stated preferences.
Electrical Interconnection and Bonding by Nano-Locking

The growing demand for increased chip performance and stable reliability calls for the development of novel off-chip interconnection and bonding methods that can process good electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance simultaneously as well as superior reliability. A chip bonding method with the concept of “nano-locking” (NL) is proposed: the two surfaces are locked together for electrical interconnection, and the connection is stabilized by a dielectric adhesive filled into nanoscale valleys on the interconnecting surfaces. The general applicability of this new method was investigated by applying the method to the die-substrate bonding of two different packages from two different manufacturers. Electrical, optical, and thermal performances as well as reliability tests were carried out. The surface morphology of the bonding package substrates plays an important role in determining the contact resistance at the bonding interfaces. It was shown that samples with different roughness height distribution on the metallic surfaces formed a different total number of contacts and the contact area between the two bonding surfaces under the same bond-line thickness (BLT): a larger number of contact area resulted in a reduced electrical resistance, and thus an improved overall device performance and reliability.
Speaking truth to power for the Earth

Abstract Over the centuries, scientists have endured professional and personal attacks over new discoveries from astronomy to medicines and the natural sciences that at times challenge societal norms and dominant paradigms. When scientists speak out about planetary issues, they are often confronted with pejorative branding as advocates, fringe, fake, and minority “opinions” despite supportive evidence in hand. In reading the planetary signs (climate and biodiversity), thousands of scientists have sounded warnings about calamitous consequences. By most accounts, we have a mere decade to reverse course. Rather than heed these warnings, governments have stalled or ignored action while society has yet to make the health of the planet a fundamental right of existence on par with social justice and equity reform. Scientists can lead the way by speaking truth to power, the theme of this chapter. To answer the prophetic call-to-action from Carl Sagan, “Who Speaks for the Earth?,” we all do as planetary citizens. This chapter is a call-to-action for scientists to present evidence-based conservation to decision makers, the general public, and the media in spite of the blowback (e.g., retribution). Throughout, we discuss the fundamentals of science-based advocacy, tools for communication, and resources for defending scientists against personal attacks. A revolution in science-to-action is needed on par with the early discoveries of the scientific method in order to respond to the unprecedented global crises of our time. To do otherwise, risks widespread suffering and collapse of the planet’s irreplaceable life-support systems on the horizon.
A novel method for ex-vivo latex angiography of the mouse brain.

Abstract Introduction Latex perfusion is an effective tool to study cerebrovascular pathology in the animal brain. It provides, low-cost, high fidelity anatomical information on ex-vivo analysis, and can be utilized to study multiple, states. However, current methods of latex casting and tissue-clearance do not allow for immunohistochemical analysis following sample processing. This results in experiments that require increased numbers of animals to attain adequate data. New method In this paper, we present a modified latex perfusion and tissue processing protocol for ex-vivo analysis, of the cerebral vasculature. The method consists of injection of the arterial tree with liquid latex, followed by tissue clearance with a scale solution. Results Our results demonstrate effective and reliable perfusion of the murine cerebrovascular tree, rendering the arterial morphology of the brain in high detail, while allowing for post-perfusion, immunohistochemistry of the sample. Comparison with existing method Our technique bypasses the limitations of previous latex angiography protocols by allowing for postperfusion, pathologic analysis of casted cerebrovascular tissue. Conclusion This protocol provides a reliable, low-cost, method of cerebrovascular perfusion that reduces the number of animals required to generate robust data from latex-casted brain tissue.
A Comparison of IWRM Frameworks: The United States and South Africa

There is increasing global interest in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as an approach to address a myriad of water resources issues in a more effective and efficient way. Although there are a growing number of individual IWRM and watershed management successes that reflect technical cooperation on a regional or local scale, broader, international and national efforts to implement IWRM are often hampered by inadequate or inefficient political and institutional environments. Accordingly, it is helpful to compare alternative national IWRM approaches to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of different political and institutional environments for IWRM. This paper examines two national IWRM approaches that were adopted in the late 1990s. The United States has a growing number of collaborative grassroots level watershed management initiatives, but little or no national political, legal, or institutional framework to guide and coordinate those efforts. Conversely, the Republic of South Africa was extremely proactive in codifying a formal IWRM strategy at the national level, but has limited experience with collaborative institutions. This paper compares these alternative bottom-up and top-down approaches to identify and assess some common challenges to the longterm sustainability of IWRM institutions.
The structure of a 38-kDa leucine-rich protein (chondroadherin) isolated from bovine cartilage.

A leucine-rich protein, chondroadherin, has been isolated from dissociative extracts of articular cartilage, and its primary structure has been determined by both direct protein sequencing and DNA sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products and cDNA clones. This protein is identical to the 36-kDa protein which was isolated by Larsson et al. (Larsson, T., Sommarin, Y., Paulsson, M., Antonsson, P., Hedbom, E., Wendel, M., and Heinegard, D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20428-20433). It has 337 amino acids and exists in several isoforms. The two major isoforms are a form with a calculated molecular weight of 38,353 and a pI of 9.76 and a smaller form with a calculated molecular weight of 37,304 and a pI of 9.5. The two isoforms result from a cleavage near the C terminus. A further level of heterogeneity is found in that an extra alanine can be found prior to the N-terminal cysteine. There are 9 cysteines; disulfide bonds have been directly identified between Cys282-Cys324 and Cys284-Cys304. The principal feature of the protein is a series of 10 leucine-rich repeats. The most N-terminal of these repeats contains a cysteine (Cys63) which is not disulfide-bonded and which is difficult to derivatize. It is likely that this free cysteine is involved in structure-stabilizing hydrogen bonding. The mRNA is approximately 1.6 kilobases, of which 511 base pairs is a 3‘-untranslated region between the stop codon and the polyadenylation signal. Based on anchored polymerase chain reaction analysis of the mRNA, there is some minor heterogeneity in the position of the 5‘ end of the message.
New architectures for a new biology

Summary form only given. Some of the most important outstanding questions in the fields of biology, chemistry, and medicine remain unsolved as a result of our limited understanding of the structure, behavior and interaction of biologically significant molecules. The laws of physics that determine the form and function of these biomolecules are well understood. Current technology, however, does not allow us to simulate the effect of these laws with sufficient accuracy, and for a sufficient period of time, to answer many of the questions that biologists, biochemists, and biomedical researchers are most anxious to answer. This talk describes the current state of the art in biomolecular simulation and explores the potential role of high-performance computing technologies in extending current capabilities. Efforts within our own lab to develop novel architectures and algorithms to accelerate molecular dynamics simulations by several orders of magnitude would be described, along with work by other researchers pursuing alternative approaches. If such efforts ultimately prove successful, one might imagine the emergence of an entirely new paradigm in which computational experiments take their place alongside those conducted in "wet" laboratories as central tools in the quest to understand living organisms at a molecular level, and to develop safe, effective, precisely targeted medicines capable of relieving suffering and saving human lives.
Double bookkeeping: Hierarchical obedience and participative cooperation

Rather than eliciting behavioral expectations of individuals for an appreciation of organizational ethics, we are focusing on the organization itself and the manner in which distinctive organizational structures assume their own respective behavioral expectations. The hierarchical organizational structure emphasizes obedience while the participative organizational structure emphasizes cooperation. Imposing the ethical virtues of one organizational structure onto another leads to conflict, and that conflict is reflective of a basic injustice which is (indirectly) organizational in cause but (directly) personal in effect. This more conceptual argument is readily identified in the difficulties encountered by pastoral ministers in Catholic hospitals, especially by women chaplains.
Responses of Multi-Aged Music Students to Mid-20th-Century Art Music: A Replication and Extension

This investigation replicates previous research into K–12 students’ responses to mid-20th-century art music. The study extends that research to include undergraduates and graduates as well as an additional group of graduate students who had taken a 20th-century music class. Children’s responses showed remarkable consistency and indicated that younger children gave higher mean liking ratings than did older students. Kindergarten and third-grade youngsters preferred all but two of the excerpts compared to their older counterparts. There appeared to be a large difference between younger students’ responses compared to 6th- and 9th-grade students, who were more similar to undergraduate and graduate music students, while 12th graders generally gave the lowest responses. Preferences for the group of graduate students who studied 20th-century music were not significantly higher than those of graduate students who had not had an additional course. These results corroborate previous research that illustrates diffe...
Differential impact of egg predation by Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The differential impact of Zetzellia mali on the phytoseiids Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri was studied in the laboratory and by analysis of population from orchard plots that contained either phytoseiid, similar numbers of prey mites and high or low densities of Z. mali. Five hypotheses were evaluated to explain why Z. mali had more impact on M. occidentalis in the field than on T. pyri. Given equal opportunity, Z. mali adult females did not consume more M. occidentalis eggs than T. pyri eggs nor did adult females of either phytoseiid inflict greater mortality on Z. mali eggs or larvae through attack or consumption. There was no difference in the within-tree association of Z. mali adult females with eggs of either phytoseiid species nor were there differences in the way prey mites (all life stages) were spatially partitioned between adult female Z. mali as compared with adults and deutonymphs (combined) of either phytoseiid. The foraging area of adult female Z. mali and the oviposition locations of the two phytoseiids from both field and laboratory data were compared using spatial statistics. Metaseiulus occidentalis laid significantly more eggs in the primary foraging area of adult female Z. mali than T. pyri. This was the only factor identified which may explain the greater impact of Z. mali on M. occidentalis. The impact of these interspecific effects on the persistence of predatory mite guilds and biological control are discussed.
A β-cyclodextrin based fiber-optic chemical sensor: a fractal analysis

Abstract A fractal analysis is presented for the binding of pyrene in solution to β-cyclodextrin attached to a fiber-optic chemical sensor. The specific (kl) and non-specific binding rate coefficients and the fractal dimension (Df) (specific binding case only) both tend to increase as the pyrene concentration in solution increases from 12.4 to 124 ng ml−1. Predictive relations for the binding rate coefficient (specific as well as non-specific binding) and for Df (specific binding case only) as a function of pyrene concentration are provided. These relations fit the calculated kl and Df values in the pyrene concentration range reasonably well. Fractal analysis data seem to indicate that an increase in the pyrene concentration in solution increases the “ruggedness” or inhomogeneity on the fiber-optic biosensor surface. The fractal analysis provides novel physical insights into the reactions occuring on the fiber-optic chemical surface and should assist in the design of fiber-optic chemical sensors.
Mind the gap: investigating toddlers' sensitivity to contact relations in predictive events.

Toddlers readily learn predictive relations between events (e.g., that event A predicts event B). However, they intervene on A to try to cause B only in a few contexts: When a dispositional agent initiates the event or when the event is described with causal language. The current studies look at whether toddlers’ failures are due merely to the difficulty of initiating interventions or to more general constraints on the kinds of events they represent as causal. Toddlers saw a block slide towards a base, but an occluder prevented them from seeing whether the block contacted the base; after the block disappeared behind the occluder, a toy connected to the base did or did not activate. We hypothesized that if toddlers construed the events as causal, they would be sensitive to the contact relations between the participants in the predictive event. In Experiment 1, the block either moved spontaneously (no dispositional agent) or emerged already in motion (a dispositional agent was potentially present). Toddlers were sensitive to the contact relations only when a dispositional agent was potentially present. Experiment 2 confirmed that toddlers inferred a hidden agent was present when the block emerged in motion. In Experiment 3, the block moved spontaneously, but the events were described either with non-causal (“here’s my block”) or causal (“the block can make it go”) language. Toddlers were sensitive to the contact relations only when given causal language. These findings suggest that dispositional agency and causal language facilitate toddlers’ ability to represent causal relationships.
Populations of substance P, Met-enkephalin and serotonin immunoreactive neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus of cat: cytoarchitectonics.

Abstract The indirect antibody-peroxidase immunostaining method was used to study the distribution of substance P- (SPLI), Met-enkephalin- (MELI) and serotonin-like (5-HTLI) immunoreactivity within the interpeduncular nuclear complex (IPN) of the cat. Populations of immunoreactive cell bodies were found to have a distinct pattern of localization within the IPN. This distribution pattern is described as seen at 4 representative levels rostrocaudally through the IPN. SPLI cell bodies were mainly at rostral levels I, II and III especially in the median region and as a cluster of cells in the intermediate regions of the IPN. MELI cell bodies were seen at all 4 levels, being confined mainly to the median and intermediate regions at levels I and II and also in the lateral regions at levels III and IV. There were few 5-HTLI cell bodies at the rostral levels I and II where they were confined to the dorsal zone of the median region. whereas at levels III and IV there were numerous cell bodies located throughout the intermediate region of the IPN. The immunoreactive cell bodies in the IPN may belong to both intrinsic and projection neurons. The distinctive neurochemical cytoarchitectonics of the IPN suggest that this region of the brain which lies along the course of major limbic pathways, may be a center of complex integrative mechanisms of neuronal activity.
Evidence Against Reinnervation of Cardiac Vagal Afferents After Human Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation

Background Orthotopic cardiac transplantation results in total cardiac denervation. Recent studies in humans suggest that reinnervation of cardiac sympathetic nerves (cardiac efferents) may occur after cardiac transplantation. We hypothesized that reinnervation of cardiac afferents may occur as well. To test this hypothesis, we investigated reflex responses produced by stimulation of ventricular chemosensory endings subserved by vagal afferents (cardiac depressor reflex). Methods and Results Two cardiac transplant groups were studied: an “early” group (n=18, 43 months after transplant); these groups were compared with a control group with intact innervation (n=18). The reflex response of the recipient sinus node (RSN) in the remnant right atrium, which remains innervated after transplantation, was observed during selective right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA) injection of the radiographic contrast agent meglumine diatrizoate, which is known to stimulate ventricular chemosensory endings. A decrease in the rate of the RSN was expected if reinnervation of chemosensory endings had occurred and the afferent limb of the cardiac depressor reflex was intact. With injection, the RSN rate of both transplant groups did not decrease but increased (early: LCA, 7.2±1.4 beats per minute; RCA, 6.3±1.3 beats per minute; late: LCA, 5.9±1.0 beats per minute; RCA, 6.0±0.9 beats per minute) compared with the expected decrease in control patients (LCA, −20.8±2.5 beats per minute; RCA, −18.0±4.0 beats per minute; P P Conclusions The results suggest that reinnervation of ventricular chemosensory endings subserved by vagal afferents in cardiac transplant patients does not occur up to 74 months after transplantation.
How to relate fuzzy and OWA estimates

In many practical situations, we have several estimates x 1 , …, x n of the same quantity x, i.e., estimates for which x 1 ≈ x, x 2 ≈ x, …, and x n ≈ x. It is desirable to combine (fuse) these estimates into a single estimate for x. From the fuzzy viewpoint, a natural way to combine these estimates is: (1) to describe, for each x and for each i, the degree μ≈(x i -x) to which x is close to x i , (2) to use a t-norm (“and”-operation) to combine these degrees into a degree to which x is consistent with all n estimates, and then (3) find the estimate x for which this degree is the largest. Alternatively, we can use computationally simpler OWA (Ordered Weighted Average) to combine the estimates x i . To get better fusion, we must appropriately select the membership function μ≈(x), the t-norm (in the fuzzy case) and the weights (in the OWA case). Since both approaches - when applied properly - lead to reasonable data fusion, it is desirable to be able to relate the corresponding selections. For example, once we have found the appropriate μ≈(x) and t-norm, we should be able to deduce the appropriate weights - and vice versa. In this paper, we describe such a relation. It is worth mentioning that while from the application viewpoint, both fuzzy and OWA estimates are not statistical, our mathematical justification of the relation between them uses results that have been previously applied to mathematical statistics.
Pharmacokinetics and clinical application of technetium 99m-labeled hepatobiliary agents

Hepatobiliary imaging, introduced first in late 1950s with iodine 131 rose bengal, has undergone major changes since the introduction of technetium 99m-labeled agents in the late 1970s. 99m Tc-labeled iminodiacetic acid (IDA) agents, with their high hepatic uptake and fast biliary excretion, provide superior image resolution in addition to supplying simultaneous physiologic parameters quantitatively. The measurement of hepatic extraction fraction by deconvolutional analysis aids in separating hepatocyte from biliary disease. Excretion half-time calculation by nonlinear least square fit provides a quantitative method of analyzing hepatobiliary function and correlates directly with the severity of disease. The measurement of gallbladder ejection fraction, ejection rate, and common bile duct bile reflux index following cholecystokinin, enables quantification of the degree of obstruction to bile flow through the common bile duct. The combined application of morphologic and physiologic parameters enables diagnosis of various hepatobiliary disease, especially in early stages. Quantitative functional parameters not only provide criteria for diagnosis, but also assist in monitoring the therapeutic benefit from drugs and interventional techniques such as endoscopic sphincterotomy or balloon dilation of the obstruction. Biliary dynamic studies with cholecystokinin assist in distinguishing common bile duct dilation without obstruction from dilation with obstruction. Methods of application of 99m Tc-IDA agents in quantitative physiologic studies are reviewed and future direction of their use is proposed.
Dyson spectrometers for high-performance infrared applications

The Dyson spectrometer form has the potential to deliver good imaging performance, high throughput, and low distortion in a compact configuration suitable for cryogenic infrared applications. The three main requirements for a practical implementation—availability of the required concave diffraction grating, availability of the Dyson lens material, and clearance for slit and focal plane packaging—are now within the state of the art, opening the Dyson form to serious consideration. Several high-performance Dyson designs for the long-wavelength infrared are presented.
Effectiveness of Comprehensive-Care Programs in Preventing Rheumatic Fever

Abstract Four inner-city comprehensive-care programs in Baltimore were evaluated by study of their effect on incidence of rheumatic fever. Annual incidence of hospitalized first attacks was estimat...
Cryogenic gas spin-up system for a superconducting gyroscope

Abstract We compare measurements of the initial gas torque in the spin-up system of a spherical rotor gyroscope at 6K with two predictions, one presented here for the first time. We find better agreement with the new calculations.
Information theoretic analysis of noise sources in image formation

When a linear image acquisition device captures an image, several noise sources impact the quality of the final image that can be digitally procesed. We have previously examined the impact of these noise sources in terms of their impact on the total amount of information that is contained in the image, and in terms of their impact on the restorability of the image data. In this paper, we will examine the effect of each of the noise sources on final image quality.
An approach toward well baby careduring the first months

Parent counseling during the first months of an infant's life should aim at helpingthem to learn from the infant how best to nurture him. The pediatrician can do this by teaching parents to observe the infant instead of looking for instructions. The physiologic variability of infants and the increased confidence engendered in mothers make this approach preferable. Inability of the mother to respond to this type of counseling is evidence of illness of the infant or of a problem in mothering. This approach provides the mother who can be sensitive to her baby an opportunity to utilize this capacity and minimizes the number of mothers who must be given detailed instructions.
Further Studies on a Serum Nonantibody α Globulin with Antistaphylococcal Activity

Summary. Previous work in this laboratory indicated that normal human serum contains a pseudoglobulin which inhibited the growth and respiration of staphylococci. Studies with a variety of serum fractions suggest that antibacterial agent (ABA) and α globulin alone possess the antibacterial properties which distinguish them from all other fractions tested. ABA has been prepared from unfiltered and Seitz filtered (to remove the β lysin) sera, platelet-rich plasmas of humans, rabbits, guineapigs and rats and assayed by a sensitive rapid radioisotopic technique. ABA is widely distributed among animal sera and, in contrast to the human ABA, requires a 2–4 fold increase in the concentration of coagulase necessary to demonstrate a comparable reversal of the antirespiratory effect. Immunological studies confirmed the nonantibody nature of ABA. ABA did not react with antisera to IgA, IgG, IgM, human β lipoprotein, haptoglobin, thyroglobulin, C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen or antiserum to β lysin obtained from other workers. Of the various serum fractions tested only a globulin had any detectable antistaphylococcal activity.
NMR zeugmatographic imaging in medicine.

The history of the application of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to biology and medicine is outlined, and the fundamental principles and certain techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance zeugmatographic imaging are described, with emphasis on true three-dimensional reconstruction methods.
Math-Based Performance Evaluation of an Experimental Car: Side Impact Protection

This study used finite element models to assess potential benefits of selected unconventional features implemented in this study for occupant protection in side impact. These features include door lockdown, gullwing door with a corrugated aluminum panel and cross-car beams. The intrusion and intrusion velocity of the B-pillar were used as the parameters for measuring side impact protection performance. No attempt was made here to assess manufacturablity, design feasibility, mass implications or market interest.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Volatile inorganic Cl in surface air over eastern North America

Volatile inorganic Cl in surface air over eastern North America was selectively measured using a tandem-mist-chamber technique with known collection efficiencies for HCl, HOCl, and Cl 2 . Mixing ratios of total alkaline-reactive inorganic Cl (Cl t ) and HCl * (including HCl and possibly NOCl, ClNO 2 , and ClNO 3 ) were statistically indistinguishable ranging from <39 to ≃2800 pptv ; most were <300 pptv. Those of Cl * (including Cl 2 and 56% HOCl) were <26 pptv Cl ; anthropogenic influences were undetected. In addition, pre- and post-sunrise concentrations of HCl * were similar suggesting insignificant Cl photochemistry at dawn. HCl appears to be the dominant form of volatile inorganic Cl over eastern North America. Atomic chlorine is probably not an important oxidant in the polluted continental boundary layer.
THE ROLE OF l-METHIONINE IN VIRUS PROPAGATION

dl-Methoxinine and dl-ethionine prevent the propagation of influenza PR8 virus in a medium ordinarily favorable. The inhibitors do not act by destroying the virus, the host tissue, or by preventing the infection of the cells, but by interfering with the synthesis of the virus. The action of the inhibitors can be blocked by l-methionine. l-Methionine is involved in the biosynthesis of influenza PR8 virus.
TH‐D‐303A‐09: Daily Image Guided Localization for Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients

Purpose: Establish the setup uncertainty (SU) for intracranial pediatric radiotherapy patients based on daily pre‐treatment CBCT and quantify the residual uncertainty (RU) based on post‐treatment CBCT. Also, quantify the inter‐observer uncertainty (OU) and mechanical uncertainty (MechU) of the CBCT system. Methods and Materials: 94 intracranial pediatric patients have completed therapy under an IRB approved localization protocol, and stratified based on treatment position (Supine/Prone) and the use of general anesthesia (GA). Patients received a localization CBCT prior to each fraction and at the end of every other fraction. The CBCT used was an investigational MV imaging beam line; the output was adjusted such that the patient isocenter dose was 1cGy per CBCT. The offset based on the registration of the pre‐fraction CBCT to the Sim‐CT, comprising the SU, were recorded in an electronic database and the patient moved into the correct position. The offset in the post‐fraction CBCT to the Sim‐CT comprised the RU. Nine individuals independently registered the first five CBCTs of the same five randomly chosen patients. The comparison established the inter‐observer uncertainty (OU). The mechanical uncertainty (MechU) was determined by acquiring a CBCT of a localization phantom monthly and recording the discrepancy between the known positions of landmarks within the phantom and the positions based on the CBCT.Results: The mean age of the 94 patients was 12.7±7.3 years. 69 were treated supine and 25 prone; 41 with GA and 53 without. The various uncertainties in mm were as follows: SU_Supine=3.5, SU_Prone=3.8, SU_GA=3.7, SU_noGA=3.6; RU_Supine=1.8, RU_Prone=2.4, RU_GA=1.5, RU_noGA=2.3. The OU was 0.9 and the MechU was 0.5 mm. Conclusion: The 1cGy CBCTs produced with the investigational imaging beam line can be used to confidently localize the patient before treatment and thereby reduce the setup uncertainty. Conflict of Interest: Supported in part by Siemens Medical USA.
The lexical integrity principle: Evidence from Bantu

The lexical integrity principle has been called into question by recent work which hypothesizes a syntactic phrasal source for inflected words. Bantu morphology provides a particularly rich empirical domain for this issue because it straddles the boundary between morphology and syntax, inviting syntactic analyses in both the earliest missionary grammars and recent theoretical works in generative grammar (Myers 1987; Baker 1988a,b; Kinyalolo 1991, Carstens 1991). In this study we show that the morphology and syntax of Bantu noun class markers strikingly support the lexical integrity principle, once the morphemic structure of words is factored apart from their prosodic and functional structures.