cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The recovery of non-ferrous metals from primary copper smelter discard slags

Abstract Slag from the reverberatory furnace copper smelting is a significant source of solid waste. Samples of such slags from a smelter in the Western United States was reduced with carbon as a method of recovering copper, arsenic, bismuth and antimony as an alloy. Recovery was investigated for varying amounts of carbon and calcium oxide addition, time of reduction and temperatures in the range of 1473 to 1573K. Recovery of Cu, As, Bi and Sb increased with increasing reduction time, temperature and addition of C and CaO to the slags. Commercial scale implications are discussed.
Biomechanical evaluation of parallel versus orthogonal plate fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures

Background Orthogonal and parallel plate constructs are used for fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures but optimal plate configuration remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of orthogonal versus parallel plate constructs in a cadaver distal humerus fracture model. Material and methods An intra-articular distal humerus fracture with a metaphyseal defect was created in 14 matched pairs of cadaver elbows. Paired specimens were fixed with either orthogonal or parallel plates from a single elbow plating system using nonlocking screws. Using a novel testing protocol, loading was applied to the forearm and was transmitted to the distal humerus through intact collateral ligaments, olecranon, and radial head. Seven matched pairs were tested under varus loading and seven under axial/sagittal loading. Each specimen underwent cyclic loading first, followed by loading to failure. Results Parallel plate constructs had significantly higher stiffness than orthogonal ones during cyclic varus loading ( P = .002). Screw loosening occurred in all posterior plates of orthogonal constructs but in no plates of parallel constructs ( P = .001). Parallel constructs had significantly higher ultimate torque in varus loading to failure (20.7 vs 15.9 Nm, P = .008), and higher ultimate load in axial/sagittal loading to failure (1287.8 vs 800.0 N, P = .03). Discussion Parallel plating of intra-articular distal humerus fractures with a metaphyseal defect demonstrates superior biomechanical properties compared to orthogonal plating, and may be preferable for fixation of these fractures.
Assessing Familiality of Cognitive Ability.

Abstract In a recent paper in this journal, Benbow, Zonderman, and Stanley (1983) conclude that intellectually precocious children resemble their parents to a lesser extent than do children of lesser ability. In reply, Vining (1985) asserts that Benbow, Zonderman, and Stanley's results are artifacts of selection and their statistical methodology, and that a more appropriate statistical methodology yields quite the opposite conclusion. The present study has two purposes: (1) To show that Vining's criticism is misdirected, stemming from a misunderstanding of how Benbow, Zonderman, and Stanley selected their subjects, and (2) to point out some problems in the model, indices of familiarity, and design used by Benbow, Zonderman, and Stanley that need to be addressed before future comparative studies of familiality are attempted.
Synthesis of mercury bismuth sulfide HgBi2S4

Abstract The compound HgBi2S4 was found to be the only phase present, other than the end members, in mixtures of HgS and Bi2S3. The compound is apparently a new structure type with monoclinic symmetry, space group C2, Cm or C2/m a =14.179, b =4.0555, c =13.986 A , β=118°13.8′ .
Additional Evidence for a Phase Transition in the Plane-Rotator and Classical Heisenberg Models for Two-Dimensional Lattices

High-temperature series expansions of the spin-spin correlation functions of the planerotator and classical Heisenberg models have been obtained to order ${(\frac{J}{\mathrm{kT}})}^{10}$ on the triangular lattice. An analysis of the moment series provides good evidence for a phase transition.
Teacher capability and school resource scale for asthma management.

This paper presents the design and evaluation of the Teacher Capability and School Resource Scale for Asthma Management. Based on a sample of 589 kindergarten to eighth grade teachers, the scale yielded two factors: the Teacher Capability in Social and Emotional Aspects of Asthma Management factor (α = 0.83) and the School Resources/Institutional Capability for Asthma Management (α = 0.86). This scale fills a needed gap in the literature regarding assessment tools for school-based asthma management that focus on teacher efficacy.
A Computational Procedure for Optimal Engineering Interventions Using Kinetic Models of Metabolism

The identification of optimal intervention strategies is a key step in designing microbial strains with enhanced capabilities. In this paper, we propose a general computational procedure to determine which genes/enzymes should be eliminated, repressed or overexpressed to maximize the flux through a product of interest for general kinetic models. The procedure relies on the generalized linearization of a kinetic description of the investigated metabolic system and the iterative application of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization to hierarchically identify all engineering interventions allowing for reaction eliminations and/or enzyme level modulations. The effect of the magnitude of the allowed changes in concentrations and enzyme levels is investigated, and a variant of the method to explore high-fold changes in enzyme levels is also analyzed. The proposed framework is demonstrated using a kinetic model modeling part of the central carbon metabolism of E. coli for serine overproduction. The proposed computational procedure is a general approach that can be applied to any metabolic system for which a kinetic description is provided.
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE DIELS-ALDER PRODUCT OF A KETOVINYLPHOSPHONATE WITH E-1-ACETOXY-1,3-BUTADIENE

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction between diethyl ketovinylphosphonate 1 and E -1-acetoxy-1,3-butadiene was performed with and without Lewis acid assistance to yield only one regio- and stereoisomer. Various 2-D NMR experiments confirmed that the acetyl group directed endo.
Skills and job commitment in high technology industries in the US

This article, based on a study of workers, engineers and managers in a sample of high technology firms in the US, suggests extensive skill dislocation, labour market segmentation and a lack of participation in production decisions. There is a crisis of organisation and commitment among employees in such firms.
Dopant diffusion loss mechanism in high-birefringent-fiber fused couplers.

The observation of dopant diffusion during the tapering of high-birefringent fibers that increases with initial modal birefringence is reported. The resulting reduction in the core–cladding index difference is postulated to result in an increased taper transmission loss and is shown to correspond to increased 3-dB fused-coupler insertion loss.
Computer system for the acquisition and analysis of vascular contractility. Application to a bioassay of endothelial cell function.

Abstract A system for the digital acquisition and subsequent analysis of the tension developed by isolated blood vessels in response to an endothelial cell superfusate is reported. Tension of the isolated rat aortic rings was measured by strain gauge. Strain-gauge output was then amplified, and the analog signal was digitized on a 16-channel A/D board. Lab tech Notebook software was used to display and store the data. The sampling rate was 0.1 Hz, and the data was written concurrently to hard disk and printer. Both disk and printer output were accompanied by a time stamp for subsequent ease of retrieval. The endothelial cell bioassay system allowed measurement of changes in vascular tension after the release of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor, nitric oxide (EDRF-NO) from cultured cells. Cells were cultured on microcarrier beads, formed into columns, and perfused with physiological salt solution. Significant (p
Convergent Validity of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) Using the Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability, Third Edition (WJ-III) With University Students

Validity studies with the Reynolds Intellectual Ability scales (RIAS) indicated that RIAS composite intelligence index (CIX) and verbal intelligence index (VIX) scores have moderate-to-high correla...
Disposition of positively charged Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor conjugates in mice: Influence of protein conjugate charge density and size on lung targeting

The influence of conjugate charge density and size on the targeting of cationic Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) conjugates to the lungs was studied in mice. The biodistribution of BBI, either as the native protein or in the conjugated form (conjugated to a dicationic, tetracationic, or polycationic carrier), indicated that by increasing the charge density of BBI conjugates, the lung accumulation of the conjugates administered intravenously (iv) can be increased. The order of lung accumulation in these studies was as follows: polycationic‐ > tetracationic‐ > dicationic‐conjugated BBI > BBI. The influence of conjugate size on lung accumulation was studied in three experiments. First, the biodistribution of poly(D‐lysine) carriers of equal charge density but different molecular weight demonstrated that lung accumulation of polycationic carriers increases with an increase in carrier size. Second, the biodistributions of BBI, tyramine‐derivatized poly(D‐lysine)3 kDa, and poly(D‐lysine)3 kDa conjugated to BBI indicated that an increase in conjugate size alone is not sufficient to promote the lung accumulation of cationic BBI conjugates. Finally, the biodistribution poly(D‐lysine) complexed with heparin showed that targeting of a conjugate to the lungs can be abolished by neutralizing the charge on the carrier. Collectively, data in this paper demonstrate that the carrier‐mediated targeting of BBI to the lungs is dependent on (a) cationization of BBI, (b) the conjugate positive charge density, and (c) the size of the cationic conjugate if the charge density is maintained. Also, the data show that the size of the conjugate alone does not make a significant impact on lung accumulation.
New Developments in Lung Endothelial Heterogeneity: von Willebrand Factor, P-Selectin, and the Weibel-Palade Body

Quiescent pulmonary endothelium establishes an antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory surface that promotes blood flow. However, the endothelium rapidly responds to injury and inflammation by promoting thrombosis and enabling the directed transmigration of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, into the alveolar airspace. Although the endothelial cell signals responsible for establishing a prothrombotic surface are distinct from those responsible for recognizing circulating neutrophils, these processes are highly interrelated. Von Willebrand factor (VWF)-stimulated secretion plays an important role in thrombus formation, and P-selectin surface expression plays a key role in neutrophil binding necessary for transmigration. Both VWF and P-selectin are located within Weibel-Palade bodies in pulmonary arteries and arterioles, yet Weibel-Palade bodies are absent in capillaries. Despite the absence of the Weibel-Palade bodies, pulmonary capillaries express both VWF and P-selectin. The physiological and pathophysiological significance of these observations is unclear. In this review, we address some anatomical and physiological features that distinguish pulmonary artery, capillary, and vein endothelium. In addition, we review our current understanding regarding the stimulated secretion of VWF and P-selectin in pulmonary artery and capillary endothelium. This information is considered in the context of vasculitis and pneumonia, two pathophysiological processes to which the stimulated secretion of VWF and P-selectin contribute.
Development of the embryonic trisomy 1 mouse.

Trisomic and normal control embryos 9.5 through 12 gestational days were examined externally and on serial section with standard light microscopy techniques. Trisomic embryos showed significant retardation in length, weight, optic angle, and somite numbers at most times (p less than .05), and were 1/2 day behind normal animals in overall development. The eye showed the most defects, and these appeared at every period. They included aphakia, large intraretinal space, and dysmorphia of optic cup layers. Brain defects were found at all times. The most common were narrow brain vesicles and folding of the vesicle walls. Some animals showed neural tube defects. The major defect in neural crest derivatives was deficient frontonasal processes in the most defective embryos. The study supports the conclusion of previous investigators that Ts 1 is a syndrome of growth and developmental retardation with a wide range of defects. Definitive evidence, previously lacking, indicates that developmental delay and defective morphogenesis are apparent before 11 days of gestation. In addition, according to our measurements, optic angles are larger in trisomic mice than in normal littermates. This is in contrast to the only previous investigation that included such measurements. Our data do not give definitive support to the suggestion that trisomy 1 belongs to the holoprosencephaly-cyclopia spectrum. However, the hypothesis that murine trisomy 1 shows a parallel in development to human trisomy 13 is not supported by our data. Possible causal mechanisms for the defects and developmental delay are discussed.
Computation-Risk Tradeoffs for Covariance-Thresholded Regression

We present a family of linear regression estimators that provides a fine-grained tradeoff between statistical accuracy and computational efficiency. The estimators are based on hard thresholding of the sample covariance matrix entries together with l2-regularizion (ridge regression). We analyze the predictive risk of this family of estimators as a function of the threshold and regularization parameter. With appropriate parameter choices, the estimate is the solution to a sparse, diagonally dominant linear system, solvable in near-linear time. Our analysis shows how the risk varies with the sparsity and regularization level, thus establishing a statistical estimation setting for which there is an explicit, smooth tradeoff between risk and computation. Simulations are provided to support the theoretical analyses.
Identification of failure modes in portable electronics subjected to mechanical-shock using supervised learning of damage progression

An anomaly detection and failure mode classification method has been developed for electronic assemblies with multiple failure modes. The presented prognostic health management method targets the pre-failure space of the electronic assembly life to trigger repair or replacement of impending failures. Presently, health monitoring systems focus on reactive diagnostic detection of failure modes. Examples of diagnostic detection include the built in self test and on-board diagnostics. In this paper, damage pre-cursors from time-spectral measurements of the electronic assemblies has been measured under applied vibration and shock stimulus. The time-evolution of spectral content of the damage pre-cursors has been studied using joint time frequency analysis in a full-field manner on the printed circuit assembly. Frequency moments have been used to build a feature vector. Evolution of the feature vector with damage initiation and progression has been studied under shock and vibration. The feature vector from multiple locations in the board assemblies has been mapped into a de-correlated feature space using Sammon's mapping. Several chip-scale packages have been studied, with SAC305 and SAC405 leadfree second-level interconnects. Transient strain has been measured during the drop-event using digital image correlation and high-speed cameras operating at 100,000 fps. Continuity has been monitored simultaneously for failure identification. In addition, explicit finite element models have been developed and various kinds of failure modes have been simulated such as solder ball cracking, trace fracture, package falloff and solder ball failure. The neural net has been trained using simulated data-sets created from error-seeded models with specific failure modes. The neural net has then been used to identify and classify the failure modes in board assemblies experimentally. Supervised learning of multilayer neural net in conjunction with parity has been used to identify the hard-separation boundaries between failure mode clusters in the de-correlated feature space. The assemblies have been cross-sectioned to verify the identified failure modes. Cross-sections indicate that the experimentally measured failures modes correlate well with the position of the cluster in the de-correlated feature space.
An Integrated Framework to Model Cellular Phenotype as a Component of Biochemical Networks

Identification of regulatory molecules in signaling pathways is critical for understanding cellular behavior. Given the complexity of the transcriptional gene network, the relationship between molecular expression and phenotype is difficult to determine using reductionist experimental methods. Computational models provide the means to characterize regulatory mechanisms and predict phenotype in the context of gene networks. Integrating gene expression data with phenotypic data in transcriptional network models enables systematic identification of critical molecules in a biological network. We developed an approach based on fuzzy logic to model cell budding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using time series expression microarray data of the cell cycle. Cell budding is a phenotype of viable cells undergoing division. Predicted interactions between gene expression and phenotype reflected known biological relationships. Dynamic simulation analysis reproduced the behavior of the yeast cell cycle and accurately identified genes and interactions which are essential for cell viability.
The Ages of Superman: Essays on the Man of Steel in Changing Times. Joseph J. Darowski, Ed. Jefferson: McFarland, 2012.

The Ages of Superman: Essays on the Man of Steel in Changing Times. Joseph J. Darowski, Ed. Jefferson: McFarland, 2012. Editor Joseph J. Darowski reports that "Superman . . . has remained relevant for more than seven decades of uninterrupted narratives" (1). This remark becomes more significant when we are told that the comic books "have been published continuously since 1938, with a new story, or even five or six new stories, appearing on a more-or-less monthly schedule" (2). The high side of such calculation yields ten thousand tales. However, that number does not include daily strips, Sunday funnies, animations, radio, TV, or movies. To Darowski's reckoning one should also add Superman experiences enabled by comics scanned for the Internet. Thanks to comiXology (a company that digitizes comic books), action comics has been licensed for streaming to Apple iPhone, iPads, iPod Touch, and Sony Playstation PSP. Darowski and contributors have chosen to place all these tellings in culturally evolutionary perspectives, exploring how a fantasy character, born for kids, could survive so many altered cultural and commercial imperatives. (By comparison, Dennis Dooley and Gary D. Engle's edited collection, Superman at Fifty!: The Persistence of a Legend [1987], focused less consistently on the how of cultural survival.) When one recalls that the stiffly drawn and formula-plotted creations of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel showed plot fatigue in the late `30s before the franchise felt thematic temblors from Axis fascism and Soviet Communism, the survival has long been a miracle. The chronologically ordered essays narrate and interpret coherent periods that are aligned with emergent articulations of the Superman character and his supporting cast that occasionally spun off into their own books. These scholars write snappy essays with rich footnotes and bibliographies that lead to unexpected and fascinating primary and commentary sources. Those who feel knowledgeable about the history of Superman should be prepared for instructive embarrassments. Space permits me to mention just a few expositions. Todd Munson's "Superman Says You Can Slap a Jap!" sketches a racially motivated warrior who often fought "Japoteurs" on the home front and the "Japanazis" elsewhere (6-7). Superman and Lois even visit a Japanese internment camp and find it "more than a reasonable setup" (9). A less fervent post-WWII Superman sat out the Korean and Vietnam Wars while attention turned to radiation and space invasion, both Cold War metaphors, and to the limits of Superman's own power-echoing the frustrations and castigating self judgments about Vietnam. …
Commodity R&D and Promotion

Considerable evidence exists of high returns to public and pri\-ate investment in cotnmodity research and development programs. This study investigates the potential returns to product research. development, and n~al-keting in a dynamic commotlity-market model. Theoretical hypotheses derived from the solution to this n~odcl are testecl in an empirical exanlple of Wakhington apples. Estimation results show that, despite significant spillovers to research ancl promotion expenditure in this industry. there is nonetheless considcrable latitude to incrcast: annual sales. Key Worr1.s: advertising, cornmoclity. innovation. optimal control, Poisson model, research and development
Distributed, heterogeneous resource management using artificial immune systems

As high performance and distributed computing become more important tools for enabling scientists and engineers to solve large computational problems, the need for methods to fairly and efficiently schedule tasks across multiple, possibly geographically distributed, computing resources becomes more crucial. Given the nature of distributed systems and the immense numbers of resources to be managed in distributed and large-scale cluster environments, traditional centralized schedulers will not be extremely effective at providing timely scheduling information. In order to manage large numbers of resources quickly, less computationally intensive methods for scheduling tasks must be explored. This paper proposes a novel resource management system based on the immune system metaphor, making use of the concepts in Immune Network Theory and Danger Theory. By emulating various elements in the immune system, the proposed manager could efficiently execute tasks on very large systems of heterogeneous resources across geographic and/or administrative domains. The distributed nature of the immune system is also exploited in order to allow efficient scheduling of tasks, even in extremely large environments, without the use of a centralized or hierarchical scheduler.
Opioid-free perioperative analgesia for hemicolectomy in a patient with opioid-induced delirium: a case report and review of the analgesic efficacy of the alpha-2 agonist agents

Abstract: Surgical pain in patients with documented opioid-induced delirium can be difficult to treat. We present a case of a patient undergoing laparoscopic hemicolectomy effectively treated with an opioid-free, alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist analgesic regimen. Case report: A 21-year-old woman with persistent abdominal pain presented to the operating room for laparoscopic hemicolectomy for redundant right colon. Her medical history included a recently diagnosed postoperative opioid-induced delirium. Epidural infusion with local anesthetic offered partial pain relief with sensory levels of T9-L2. With the addition of dexmedetomidine infusion in the immediate postoperative period, the patient was comfortable with pain scores of 1 to 2/10 on Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). On postoperative day 1, the infusion was discontinued and the clonidine, 12 μg/hours was added to the epidural bupivacaine. With increased sedation 48 hours later, neuraxial clonidine was discontinued in favor to transdermal clonidine 0.1 mg/week, which was maintained until hospital discharge. Pain scores were maintained at 2 to 3/10 on NRS for the next 3 days when increased abdominal distention because of abscess formation rendered a new surgical intervention. The analgesia for the exploratory laparoscopy was maintained using epidural clonidine and bupivacaine infusion as well as intravenous dexmedetomidine, which were maintained another 2 days. Pain scores remained minimal until discharged home 3 day later. Discussion: Nonopioid analgesic regimens are beneficial in patients at risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction attributable to opioids. Successful postoperative analgesia was achieved in our patient by alternating various routes of administration of alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists.
Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes during exciting times. He graduated from Edinburgh University Medical College in 1881, and Sherlock Holmes made his appearance (in The Study in Scarlet) in 1886. This was the golden age of microbiology, with landmark discoveries by Koch, Ehrlich and Pasteur amongst others, and the British Empire was at its height. It is not surprising that the Sherlock Holmes stories contain numerous references to infectious diseases, either local or imported from the farflung colonies. In the course of his adventures Sherlock Holmes became acquainted with bioterrorism.
Lateral Reactions of GaAs with Ni Studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy

A new method has been developed for making self-supporting, thin films which can be used for the in situ study, by hot-stage, transmission electron microscopy, of the reaction between Ni and GaAs. The thin-film, lateral diffusion-couples have been used to study both the kinetics and the formation of new phases. The growth rate of the ternary compound, Ni2GaAs showed a parabolic time dependence. At an annealing temperature of 300°C, the present experimental results show that Ni is the diffusing species and that the Ga and As remain essentially immobile. Diffusion coefficients obtained by this method are in very good agreement with those which have been obtained using conventional thin-film techniques. The results of this new technique are particularly important in view of the difficulty in identifying the composition of the product phase by methods which do not have the same lateral resolution.
Ontogeny of the extraembryonic membranes of the oviparous lizard, Eumeces fasciatus (Squamata: scincidae).

Oviposited eggs of Eumeces fasciatus contain embryos in the limb bud stage. Amniogenesis is complete and two yolk sac membranes, vascular trilaminar omphalopleure (choriovitelline membrane) and bilaminar omphalopleure, enclose the yolk vesicle. A small allantoic vesicle contacts the chorion. The choriovitelline membrane is the primary vascular system. Blood islands, sites of hematopoiesis, are associated with omphalomesenteric vessels of the choriovitelline membrane. The bilaminar omphalopleure, which contacts the eggshell over the abembryonic hemisphere of the egg, lies external to an isolated yolk mass and yolk cleft and is not vascularized. The definitive yolk sac (splanchnopleure) is formed when the extraembryonic coelom and allantoic vesicle intrude into the choriovitelline membrane. Omphalomesenteric vessels are retained with the yolk sac splanchnopleure and the associated hematopoietic sites are present throughout incubation. The chorioallantoic membrane reaches the equator of the egg, entirely supplanting the choriovitelline membrane, after 25% of incubation is completed. Further growth of the allantois is stalled until 65% of incubation is completed when rapid expansion of the allantoic vesicle, in conjunction with resorption of the isolated yolk mass, supplants the bilaminar omphalopleure. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane completely envelopes the egg for the final 35% of incubation. This developmental event is coincident with published reports for the timing of increased growth and metabolism of embryos. As the isolated yolk mass regresses, intravitelline cells associated with the yolk cleft invade and resorb the yolk to form a large cavity. The wall of this cavity is a germinal epithelium that produces cells that fill the cavity. This structure appears to be a site of hematopoiesis previously undescribed in vertebrates.
Mercury incorporation by mature and immature red blood cells

Abstract Intact and ghost erythrocytes and reticulocytes were incubated with 0.1 ppm 203-Hg as either mercuric chloride or methyl mercury chloride. Both mature and immature cells accumulated alkyl mercury more avidly than inorganic mercury. Methyl mercury chloride, but not mercuric chloride, readily penetrated the membrane and became incorporated into the intracellular compartment of intact cells. Although uptake of alkyl mercury was approximately the same for intact erythrocytes and reticulocytes, developing cells accumulated inorganic mercury more avidly than did mature cells. Increased uptake of inorganic mercury represented predominantly an increase in stromal binding, illustrating differences in the surface membrane or reticulocytes and erythrocytes.
The best kept secret: how to form an effective alliance.

The strength of the therapeutic alliance is robustly related to treatment outcomes.1–3 The alliance itself has identifiable components and can be easily taught. Its construction also includes featu...
Multiscale mechanobiology: computational models for integrating molecules to multicellular systems

Mechanical signals exist throughout the biological landscape. Across all scales, these signals, in the form of force, stiffness, and deformations, are generated and processed, resulting in an active mechanobiological circuit that controls many fundamental aspects of life, from protein unfolding and cytoskeletal remodeling to collective cell motions. The multiple scales and complex feedback involved present a challenge for fully understanding the nature of this circuit, particularly in development and disease in which it has been implicated. Computational models that accurately predict and are based on experimental data enable a means to integrate basic principles and explore fine details of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in and across all levels of biological systems. Here we review recent advances in these models along with supporting and emerging experimental findings.
Effect of Childbirth Educator Communication Skills Training on Postpartum Reports of Parents

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine how providing childbirth education teachers with supplementary communication training would affect parents' reports of their birth. The teachers were randomly assigned to either a control group or a treatment group which received communication skills training. Questionnaires describing the birth experience were received from 79 new parents. Data were analyzed with a series of two-by-two analyses of variance, with groups (training versus control) and time (pre- versus post-workshop) as the factors. New parents whose teachers had received communication skills training reported significantly more pain during the active phase of labor than did other new parents. It is likely that more open communication resulted from the communication training of childbirth educators which allowed parents in the treatment group to report negative feelings and experiences more freely.
An Analysis of Datasets within Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (IDEALS), the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Repository

Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify: (1) how many datasets are within Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (IDEALS); (2) which types of files are deposited in the repository; (3) which research methodologies are associated with these datasets; and (4) which research discipline or research communities are associated with these datasets within IDEALS. Methods: Datasets collected in this study were found using the University of Illinois repository IDEALS website link https://www.ideals.illinois.edu. The keywords used were data or dataset. In order to facilitate analysis, datasets were analyzed using MS-Excel spreadsheets. They were coded by title, issue date, research methodology, research discipline, and community to explore patterns of use and the relationship to data management and research data services. Results: There are 507 datasets in IDEALS dating from 1905-2015. Text files are the most frequently deposited file type; bibliographies represent 34% of the datasets; and, farming inventory lists are 26% of the datasets. Various research disciplines represent 18% of the datasets and research communities are associated with 78% of the datasets. 7% of the datasets are sponsored by NSF, NIH, IMLS and DOE funding agencies. Conclusion: Understanding the file types, research methodologies, research disciplines and research communities within a university’s current infrastructure, will provide a representation of the datasets and research supported within the university repository. It will enhance academic librarians and repository managers’ data management conversations with researchers and provide information needed to needed to improve workflow deposit and batch loading. It will enhance research data services, meet researcher’s needs, assess short-term preservation, and determine long-term preservation needs.
Time-resolved, confocal single-molecule tracking of individual organic dyes and fluorescent proteins in three dimensions.

We demonstrate following individual fluorescent protein constructs and individual organic dyes as they diffuse in 3-D in solution at rates up to 1 μm2/s over distances of several micrometers in X, ...
Efficient LES Coupling of Near-Field and Far-Field Domains for a Jet Flow

When using Large Eddy Simulations (LES) for a full jet flow in a domain which is more than a hundred jet diameters long, the large majority of the computational resources must be employed for the near-field regions immediately downstream of the jet exit. This is because high spatial resolution is required to accurately transition the flow to a fullydeveloped state, but more importantly because the small grid-scales require a time-step which is much smaller than that required for the downstream region. To eliminate this timestep restriction, a Recorded Interface Boundary Condition (RIBC) technique is developed herein to represent the unsteady three-dimensional flow emanating from the near-field region. The RIBC technique is used as an upstream boundary condition for the far-field domain where the downstream jet simulation can run at a much larger time-step. In doing so, this interface serves to efficiently couple the smaller time scales of the near-field to the larger time scales of the far-field. Two variants of the multi-scale RIBC are considered: one is a recording that plays only forwards and repeats over several cycles, while the other is a similar recording but plays both forward and then backwards (so as to eliminate temporal discontinuities). To evaluate the performance of this method, these variants were compared to a full-field simulation (which encompasses all time and length scales of the near-field and the far-field regions). Despite its simplicity, the RIBC technique reasonably reproduces the mean and turbulent velocities in the far-field jet without requiring the small time-steps and high resolution domain associated with the near-field. Of the two variants considered, the forward and backward technique tends to be more stable but more work is needed to determine the robustness for other flows (e.g. wakes and shear layers), and to investigate the potential non-physical influence of the recording cycle period on the flowfield turbulent spectrum.
Race Matters: Disproportionality of Incarceration for Drug Dealing in Massachusetts

Many observers have recognized and decried the disproportionate impact on young minority males of harsh sentencing policies for drug dealing. Nationwide, African-Americans and Hispanics constituted...
Managing cardiac arrest in infants and children.

When a patient's heart stops suddenly or unexpectedly, the first aims should be to start the heart again and to ventilate the lungs. In many cases this must be done by externally compressing the heart and by mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. As soon as possible the patient should be intubated, given drugs to correct acidosis or arrhythmia, and if necessary, defibrillated.
Determining labor production time for roast entrées in hospital food services.

The Master Standard Data (MSD) Quantity Food Production Code was used to simulate entree production in a hospital food service for 100 through 400 portions of roast entree at intervals of 25 portions. Increases in labor time occurred at 125, 225, and 325 portions and were due to increased handling of containers and pans by employees. Production schedules, based on the MSD Quantity Food Production Code, may be developed and implemented in facilities where managers have identified standards for labor production time.
Lactic Acid Production in Milk Containing Cleaning or Sanitizing Compounds.

Sterile reconstituted nonfat dry milk containing 0.1% (v/v) each of 19 cleaning or sanitizing compounds intended for use on dairy farms or in milk factories was inoculated with Streptococcus lactis 4175, Streptococcus cremoris C-13, Streptococcus thermophilus ST4 or Lactobacillus bulgaricus . Milk then was incubated at 32°C for 12 h and pH and titratable acid were determined. Five products (alkaline inflation cleaner, hypochlorite sanitizer-farm use, isopropanol udder wash, ammonium chloride detergent-factory use, alkaline cleaner A-factory use) were inhibitory to at least three of the four lactic acid bacteria at the 0.1% concentration. These were then tested at 0.050, 0.025, 0.012 and 0.006% concentrations. Of the five products, only the isopropanol udder wash (at all four concentrations) inhibited S. lactis and S. cremoris . The isopropanol udder wash at all four concentrations and the ammonium chloride cleaner at 0.050% inhibited L. bulgaricus . S. thermophilus was inhibited by the isopropanol udder wash at 0.050%, whereas the alkaline cleaner A-factory use, at 0.050 and 0.025%, may have been mildly stimulatory to acid production by this bacterium.
Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) Inhibition by the Small Molecule 17-AAG Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) Irrespective of ALK Expression: Role of Akt, ERK and ALK Kinases in the Molecular Mechanisms of 17-AAG Anti-Tumor Activity.

Abstract Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a CD30 positive T-cell/null non-Hodgkin lymphoma which in many cases features a chromosomal translocation between tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). Several groups demonstrated that patients with ALCL that do not express ALK have poor prognosis when treated with conventional chemotherapy, suggesting that these patients may require novel therapeutic approaches. Although the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been shown to chaperone NPM-ALK, the effect of HSP90 inhibition on ALCL survival is not known. Furthermore, the effect of HSP90 inhibition on ALCL that do not express ALK is unknown. In the present study, the expression of HSP90 was evaluated in both ALK+ and ALK- primary and cultured ALCL cells. All of the ALK+ ALCL cases (21/21) and 58% (7/12) of the ALK- ALCL cases overexpressed HSP90, as determined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, 3 cell lines, two ALK+ (Karpas299 and SUDHL1) and one ALK- (Mac2A) were evaluated and were found to overexpress HSP90, as determined by western blot. The small molecule inhibitor 17-AAG induced antiproliferative effect in both ALK+ and ALK- ALCL derived cell lines. Inhibition of HSP90 in ALCL induces apoptosis, which was in part mediated by activation of the caspase pathway. Furthermore, 17-AAG depleted ALK kinase in ALK+ ALCL cells, in addition to depletion of the pro-survival Finally, AKT kinase. 17-AAG also decreased ERK phosphorylation, without altering total ERK levels in both ALK+ and ALK− ALCL cells. Moreover, 17-AAG reduced cyclin D1 and MDM2 levels which was associated with cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Finally, 17-AAG demonstared synergy with doxorubicin chemotherapy in the ALCL cell lines. Taken together, our data provide an excellent proof-of-principle for the potential therapeutic value of HSP90 inhibitors in ALCL, especially for ALK-negative subtype. Furthermore, our data suggest that 17-AAG may enahnce the effect of conventional chemotherapy in ALCL.
PAM-Dependent Target DNA Recognition and Cleavage by C2c1 CRISPR-Cas Endonuclease.

Summary C2c1 is a newly identified guide RNA-mediated type V-B CRISPR-Cas endonuclease that site-specifically targets and cleaves both strands of target DNA. We have determined crystal structures of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris C2c1 (AacC2c1) bound to sgRNA as a binary complex and to target DNAs as ternary complexes, thereby capturing catalytically competent conformations of AacC2c1 with both target and non-target DNA strands independently positioned within a single RuvC catalytic pocket. Moreover, C2c1-mediated cleavage results in a staggered seven-nucleotide break of target DNA. crRNA adopts a pre-ordered five-nucleotide A-form seed sequence in the binary complex, with release of an inserted tryptophan, facilitating zippering up of 20-bp guide RNA:target DNA heteroduplex on ternary complex formation. Notably, the PAM-interacting cleft adopts a "locked" conformation on ternary complex formation. Structural comparison of C2c1 ternary complexes with their Cas9 and Cpf1 counterparts highlights the diverse mechanisms adopted by these distinct CRISPR-Cas systems, thereby broadening and enhancing their applicability as genome editing tools.
Inquire: Large-scale Early Insight Discovery for Qualitative Research

We introduce Inquire, a tool designed to enable qualitative exploration of utterances in social media and large-scale texts. As opposed to keyword search, Inquire allows the effective use of sentences as queries to quickly explore millions of documents to retrieve semantically-similar sentences. We apply Inquire to LiveJournal.com (LJ) database, which contains millions of personal diaries, and we use semantic embeddings trained in LJ or Google News (GN) datasets. We present the system design through iterative evaluations with qualitative researchers. We show how queries become a part of the inductive process, enabling researchers to try multiple ideas while gaining intuition and discovering less-obvious insights. We discuss the choice of LJ as a rich source of public posts, the preference for GN embeddings which link formal language (e.g. "reminiscence triggers") with colloquial expressions (e.g. "music brings back memories"), the interplay between tool and user, and potential qualitative and social research opportunities.
The Use of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Therapies in Patients with Elevated Intracranial Pressure: A Review of the Evidence

Patients with increased intracranial pressure generally require pharmacologic therapies and often more definitive treatments, such as surgical intervention. The overall goal of these interventions is to maintain or re-establish adequate cerebral blood flow and prevent herniation. Regardless of the cause of increased intracranial pressure, osmotherapy is considered the mainstay of medical therapy, and should be administered as soon as possible. This article reviews the history of hyperosmolar and hypertonic therapies, the Monro-Kellie hypothesis, and types of cerebral edema. Pharmacologic properties, clinical applications, complications, recommended monitoring during therapy, and risks versus benefits are also discussed.
Assessing students' executive functions in the classroom: Validating a scalable group-based procedure

Abstract We describe and validate a novel, scalable, group-based assessment of executive functions (EFs) in a classroom setting using tablet computers. Relative to the conventional method of a more controlled, one-on-one individual assessment (IA), the group assessment (GA) can be administered quickly to many students, requires less training for assessors, and measures performance in a naturalistic classroom setting. In a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of 269 students in third through fifth grade, we show that IA and GA scores for the same tasks were highly inter-correlated, equally reliable, and showed analogous associations with known EF covariates. IA and GA scores independently predicted teacher-rated self-regulated classroom behavior and standardized test scores. Further, only the GA score emerged as a unique predictor of academic achievement when controlling for prior achievement. We are sharing the tablet apps, source code, and supporting materials for this GA procedure at no cost under an open-source license.
Mechanisms of Filovirus Entry

Filovirus entry into cells is complex, perhaps as complex as any viral entry mechanism identified to date. However, over the past 10 years, the important events required for filoviruses to enter into the endosomal compartment and fuse with vesicular membranes have been elucidated (Fig. 1). Here, we highlight the important steps that are required for productive entry of filoviruses into mammalian cells.
Mute Cries: Louis Althusser Between Roberto Álvarez Ríos and Wifredo Lam

This introductory essay examines the role of two articles on the Cuban painters Roberto Alvarez Rios and Wifredo Lam, “A Young Cuban Painter Before Surrealism: Alvarez Rios” (1962) and “Lam” (1977), in the French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser's writing on art. It argues that these largely ignored articles offer snapshots of two key shifts in Althusser's thought: his transition, during the early 1960s, from Hegelian Marxism to structural Marxism, and, during the late 1970s, from structural Marxism to so-called aleatory materialism. It contextualizes the articles in the social and political milieu of French philosophy during the 1960s and 70s and shows how his articles on the Cuban painters, specifically, and art, more generally, are largely concerned with contemporary developments in the third world, a subject that receives scant attention elsewhere in his work. The articles not only register Althusser's reflections on Lacanian psychoanalysis, the nature of language, and the philosophy of history, bu...
A text-mining analysis of the public's reactions to the opioid crisis.

ABSTRACTBackground: Opioid abuse has become an epidemic in the United States. On August 25, 2016, the former Surgeon General of the United States sent an open letter to care providers asking for their help with combatting this growing health crisis. Social media forums such as Twitter allow for open discussions among the public and up-to-date exchanges of information about timely topics such as opioids. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to identify the public's reactions to the opioid epidemic by identifying the most popular topics tweeted by users. Methods: A text miner, algorithmic-driven statistical program was used to capture 73,235 original tweets and retweets posted within a 2-month time span 15 (August 15, 2016, through October 15, 2016). All tweets contained references to “opioids,” “turnthetide,” or similar keywords. The sets of tweets were then analyzed to identify the most prevalent topics. Results: The most discussed topics had to do with public figures addressing opioid abuse, creat...