cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns Of Glucose Catabolism During Differentiation Of Fetal Rat Epidermis

Glucose metabolism has been investigated during differentiation of fetal rat skin to evaluate shifting patterns in the catabolism of this major exogenous substrate in relation to changing requirements during epidermal maturation. Glucose utilization and aerobic glycolysis declined while oxidative metabolism increased in whole skin as stratification and cornification progressed. Activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt was quantitated in isolated epidermis for the first time. The relative activity of this pathway diminished somewhat from 20% to 12% of utilized glucose as the granular layer and stratum corneum developed. The results are consistent with (a) enhanced utilization of glucose, aerobic glycolysis, and hexose monophosphate activity in rapidly proliferating epidermis, and (b) flexibility of glucose catabolism in response to cellular requirements at different stages of differentiation.
Why all stars should possess circumstellar temperature inversions

The paper shows that the circumstellar temperature inversions possessed by all stars are the consequence of the 'velocity filtration' process described by Scudder (1992), according to which a stellar envelope is hotter than its underlying layers. The filtration scenario relies on the theoretically predicted and experimentally determined non-Maxwellian velocity distributions of ions and/or electrons in other sampled astrophysical plasmas and the transition region. The most immediate consequence is that the temperature and quasi-neutral plasma density become anticorrelated with increasing radius in a thin transition region, leaving the temperature profile inverted in excess of 10 exp 6 K up into a corona, without depositing a wave of magnetic field energy into the gas above the base of the transition region.
Two Modes of Correcting Communicative Tasks: Recent Findings

Abstract: The purpose of this study, an expansion of Nobuyoshi and Ellis's (1993)experiment, was to examine the output produced by 46 university students of Spanish at the intermediate level during focused or unfocused communication tasks that required the use of the command forms in Spanish. The study also examined whether the learners who experienced the focused communication tasks would maintain linguistic accuracy during an unfocused communication task after five weeks had passed. Learners were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two of the groups participated in focused communication tasks and received feedback on form by means of clarification requests or corrective confirmation checks. The other group participated in unfocused communication tasks and did not receive feedback on form. A one-way ANOVA revealed that differences in mean scores on a delayed posttest were not statistically significant. However students who received confirmation checks scored higher than did students in the other groups. Nevertheless, communicative tasks designed to elicit a more accurate output from learners may be better suited for reinforcing linguistic features that have already been introduced to and internalized by learners.
Gaucher disease: complexity in a “simple” disorder

Gaucher disease, the recessively inherited deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase and the most common sphingolipidosis, has both non-neurological and neuronopathic forms and a continuum of diverse clinical manifestations. Studies of genotype-phenotype correlations reveal significant genotypic heterogeneity among clinically similar patients, and vastly different phenotypes among patients with the same mutations. The region surrounding the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) on chromosome 1q is particularly gene-rich, with a highly homologous pseudogene sequence 16 kb downstream. Recombination events within the GBA locus contribute to the etiology of some mutations in Gaucher disease. Studies of patients with Gaucher disease and atypical manifestations, including parkinsonism, myoclonic epilepsy, cardiac involvement and collodion skin, seek to define other genetic or environmental factors contributing to the phenotypes. Recent reports demonstrating an association between Gaucher disease and parkinsonism provide an example of heterozygosity for a Mendelian disorder acting as a risk factor for a complex disease. There are rare patients with Gaucher disease and differing genotypes who develop early onset, treatment-refractory parkinsonism. Neuropathology in a group of these patients showed alpha-synuclein-reactive Lewy bodies in brain regions specifically associated with Gaucher disease. Family studies of these probands suggested that the incidence of parkinsonism might be more frequent in obligate heterozygotes. In a complementary finding, the examination of GBA in autopsy samples from individuals with sporadic Parkinson disease identified alterations in the GBA sequence in 14% of the cohort. These studies provide evidence that altered glucocerebrosidase may contribute to a vulnerability to parkinsonism. Moreover, this research demonstrates how insights from rare, single gene disorders like Gaucher disease can provide a window into the etiology of more common, multifactorial genetic diseases.
Seasonal fluctuations in standing stock biomass of Halichondria sp. (Porifera: Demospongia) within a New England eelgrass community

Abstract The population of Halichondria sp. inhabiting the eelgrass beds of the lower Mystic Estuary (Connecticut) exhibits large seasonal fluctuations in numbers of specimens and biomass. Sexual reproduction, which begins in May, and a rapid growth rate result in a dramatic increase in population size during the late spring and early summer. The biomass is greatest during the middle of the summer and falls again to a low level by late summer or early fall. The sponges have a short life expectancy and there is a rapid turnover of the population. Halichondria sp. may be essentially an annual sponge within this habitat.
Prostate carcinoma: defining therapeutic objectives and improving overall outcomes.

The development and progression of a prostate carcinoma from prediagnosis to death can be characterized as a series of clinical states. The states are milestones that can be used to assess prognosis, define therapeutic objectives, and assess outcomes. The antitumor effects of hormone therapies and cytotoxic agents in patients with prostate carcinoma are placed in context along with the bidrectional tumor-host interactions that contribute to the growth and resistance of osseous lesions. Identifying the factors that contribute to the growth of the disease at different points in the illness has lead to novel, systemic approaches. Proving the benefit of these approaches requires a series of unique trials with unique endpoints relevant to the clinical state of the patients and the specific therapy under evaluation.
Growth and characterization of single crystalline tin oxide (SnO2) nanowires

Abstract Single crystalline tin oxide (SnO 2 ) nanowires have been synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of SnO 2 nanopowder followed by thermal evaporation of the reduced precursor and growth via the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mechanism. The nanowires are deposited on amorphous SiO 2 and single-crystalline Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 substrates of different orientations that are coated with a thin film of gold catalyst. While the SnO 2 single crystal nanowires grow randomly oriented on SiO 2 , they exhibit a definite epitaxial relationship for growth on lattice-matched Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 substrates. Selective-area growth of the nanowires in specific regions of the substrates has been accomplished by lithographically patterning the Au catalyst layer. For nanowires deposited on (1 0 0) and (1 1 0)-oriented TiO 2 substrates, the morphology of nanowires is sensitively dependent on the growth direction and also on the substrate-precursor distance. By using gold colloids with a narrow size distribution, instead of a thin film, monodisperse SnO 2 nanowires that are well isolated have been synthesized.
A comparison of methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids

Summary Using rat spinal cord as test material 4 methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids with simple basic dyes have been compared. Two of these methods — a perchloric acid procedure for tissue blocks and a Ba(OH) 2 technic for sections — block staining of RNA. The other two-immersion of sections in solutions of dichlorodiammine Pt II or in 10% zirconyl chloride-blocked staining of both RNA and DNA. None of these methods hydrolyze DNA sufficiently to produce a positive Feulgen and no loss of protein could be demonstrated. With the three metal containing procedures some metal could be demonstrated in the sections. This deposition was primarily in nucleic acid containing structures and was greatest and most widespread with the zirconyl chloride. The latter method altered the color of all hematoxylin technics to a deep red. The separation of nuclear stains on the basis of their bonding characteristics into three groups ( Lillie et al. 1976) was confirmed.
Methodology-specific Rayleigh-match distributions.

Abstract Direct comparison of Rayleigh-match midpoint distributions obtained with different psychophysical methods reveals that unimodality is associated with the method-of-adjustment and multimodality is associated with the forced-choice method.
Interpreting data from polarized proton beams

Abslract The reaetmns pp -~ pp and pp ~ ~++n with polarn, ed beam and/or polarized target are currently under lnvestlgatmn at the Argonne Z(;S We discuss hov, to interpret various measured quantities in terms of amphtudes whose behavior is famlhar (as, functions of s.t) For pp total cross sections and elastic scattering. Argonne measurements wall yield l.n 42 (s.t = 0) and the rather comphcated combmatmn 21.,o512 + Re (,#1,,0~ -,p3,.o~), where ~l 0 = 1. . 5) arc conventmnal >channel hehclty amphtudes l'he forward dtrectmn (t = 0) is of special interest We find that for both pp -" pp and pp -. A++n, polarized beam polarized target expemncnts plus the rather general (testable) assumption thai arnphtudes x~.~th the same s-channel hellclty lllp quanturri numbers are proportional, are sufficient to fully determine all nort-vanishlng amphtudes at t = 0 Numerical estTnlate'~ of ,~ome observables, based on calculatmns m a specific model, are also gwen
Pooling ocular swab specimens from Tanzania for testing by Roche Amplicor and Aptima Combo 2 assays for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: accuracy and cost-savings

Ocular swabs collected in Tanzania were evaluated by Amplicor CT PCR and Aptima Combo2 assays for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis to determine if pooling could be used to reduce the cost of detection. Pooling would be an accurate method and has thus far resulted in a cost-savings of 62.2%.
Role of amiodarone in the treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and hydrops fetalis.

We report three consecutive hydropic fetuses with fetal tachyarrhythmias treated with amiodarone—two in combination with digoxin and one with digoxin, procainamide, and propranolol. Sinus rhythm was achieved in one case and ventricular rate control was achieved in two cases. All fetuses treated with amiodarone gradually improved. Observed side effects of amiodarone were a maternal rash in one mother and transient neonatal hypothyroidism in one infant. We conclude that amiodarone might be effective and safe for fetal tachyarrhythmias and impending hydrops. The small number of patients suggests that a multicenter cooperative approach is required in order to determine if this is correct.
Beethoven’s Political Music, the Handelian Sublime, and the Aesthetics of Prostration

Abstract This article argues for a number of hitherto unrecognized continuities——stylistic, aesthetic, and ideological——between Beethoven9s marginalized ““political music”” from the period of the Congress of Vienna and his canonical symphonic works. It rereads his œœuvre against the background of the popularity and ubiquity of the ““Handelian sublime”” in early-nineteenth-century Viennese public life——that is, the aesthetics and social practice of grand choral singing, associated primarily with some of Handel9s oratorios, but also with the late choral works of Haydn. Presenting new archival research into Vienna9s politicized choral culture, the article argues that contemporary theorizing about the power of the musical sublime became the theoretical wing of music9s changing social status, as it was mobilized by the state during the Napoleonic Wars more than ever before. These new, Handelian contexts for Beethoven9s music lead to three conclusions. First, the choral aesthetic background to Beethoven9s symphonies has been largely overlooked. With reference to original performance contexts as well as the topical character of Beethoven9s symphonies, the article argues that the symphonies are often best understood as orchestral transmutations of the grand Handelian chorus. Against this background, the appearance of an actual chorus in the Ninth might be reconceived as a moment when the genre9s aesthetic debt is most apparent, rather than a shocking generic transgression. Second, the distinction, commonly elaborated by Beethoven scholars, between the mere bombast of Beethoven9s political compositions and the ““authentic,”” Kantian sublime of human freedom supposedly articulated in his symphonies cannot easily be sustained. Third, the cultural entanglement of choral and symphonic music in Beethoven9s Vienna reveals something not only of the political origins but also of the continuing political potency of Beethoven9s symphonies. With reference to Althusserian theories of power and subjectivity, the article speculates that the compelling sense of listener subjectivity created by Beethoven9s most vaunted symphonic compositions (noted by Scott Burnham) comes about in part through the music9s and the listener9s transformation of external, choral reflections of political power into internal, symphonic ones——a transformation that leaves its mark on the topical character of the symphonies, which, especially in their most intense moments of subjective engagement, are replete with official topics and gestures: marches, hymns, and fugues. This might explain why the music has so often been heard as simultaneously browbeating and uplifting, authoritarian and liberating.
Developmental expression of calretinin-immunoreactivity in the thalamic eminence of the fetal mouse.

Abstract An investigation of the developmental expression of calretinin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression was carried out in the developing mouse diencephalon. Attention was focused on the thalamic eminence, which is a prominent structure previously described in the thalamus of the fetal mammalian diencephalon and adult lower vertebrates. Calretinin-positive staining was first observed in the thalamic eminence beginning at embryonic day 11. In situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed the presence of calretinin mRNA in the thalamic eminence. During subsequent embryonic development calretinin expression was very intense in neurons in the thalamic eminence though embryonic day 17, and thereafter, was increasingly difficult to distinguish. By postnatal day 0 the thalamic eminence was no longer discernable. Additional neurons within the murine diencephalon also expressed calretinin positive cell bodies and/or neuronal processes, including the stria medullaris, the habenular commissure and the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. It is possible that the thalamic eminence may form during development in order to act as an organizing center for the diencephalon.
Quantitation of the PVA-Borate-Iodine Complex

While the PVA-borate-iodine complex is shown to be suitable for the qualitative determination of boric acid, attempts to adapt this to a colorimetric procedure were of no avail. A possible explanation is suggested as a dilution phenomenon.
Synthesis of substituted 3-amino[6,5-b]triazinoindoles

4-[(9-Methyl-as-triazino[6,5-b]indol-3-yl)amino]-2-methyl-2-butanol (13) and the corresponding 2-methyl-3-imino derivative 12 were synthesized and tested in vitro against Rhino 2 virus. The two compounds were more active than the known triazino[5,6-b]indole 4. 2,9-Dimethyl-3-methoxy-9H-as-triazino[6,5-b]indolium tosylate (21) and the related 3-methylthio compound 9 were prepared. Quaternary 21 formed a pseudo base, 22a, whereas quaternary 9 did not form a pseudo base.
Adsorbate Effects on Structure and Shape of Supported Nanoclusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Classical molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effects of adsorption of inert-gas atoms (Ar, Xe, and He) at various pressures and temperatures on the shape, structure, and diffusion of a 256-atom platinum nanocluster supported on a graphite substrate. The many-body Sutton Chen potential is used to model the Pt−Pt interactions, and the Lennard-Jones potential is employed for the rest of the pair interactions. Gas adsorption on the metal cluster is monitored as a function of pressure at constant temperature, and the evolution of the structure is analyzed as the pressure is increased and then as the gas phase is gradually removed. It is found that the gas phase substantially alters the vacuum cluster structure, and the changes are mostly irreversible in the time frame of the simulations (2 ns), especially at temperatures well below the cluster melting point, where the low energy structures determined under high pressures are very stable. The dynamic properties are also modified by the gas p...
What's happening?: the community awareness application

This article introduces the "What's Happening" desktop application for maintaining and enhancing community awareness. "What's Happening" uses a small visualization display and animation to provide unobtrusive information delivery and lightweight chat-room support. The article also discusses our early experiences with the system.
Air traffic controller performance in a human-in-the-loop virtual tower simulation

The Federal Aviation Administration is implementing the Next Generation of Air Transportation Systems, with greater reliance on surface surveillance sensors to provide a virtual representation to controllers of ground activity, reducing the need for controllers to look out-the-window (OTW). This study investigated how presently available technology can be used as a virtual control tower by the controller workforce. Thirty-two human-in-the-loop scenarios were conducted in an air traffic control tower simulator with different equipment configurations and under different operating conditions. Six recently retired controllers participated. Team performance on airport operations was comparable when surface surveillance information was provided, with or without the OTW view under good visibility. Advantages were found for surface surveillance when visibility was reduced. Mental workload was lower when surface surveillance was available under low visibility conditions, and reliance on radio communications also d...
An evaluation of the Ashby model for grain boundary hardening

Abstract The predictions of the Ashby equation for the increase in polycrystal work hardening over that which occurs in single crystals have been compared with stress-strain measurements as a function of grain size for copper and 70–30 brass. The Ashby equation does not apply above ϵ = 0·01 in either material; in copper the equation is quantitatively incorrect below ϵ = 0·01; in brass Luders strains prevented an examination of behaviour below ϵ = 0·01. These results support a previous suggestion that the Ashby model for grain boundary hardening requires revision.
Vanadate inhibits the red cell (Na + , K + ) ATPase from the cytoplasmic side

THE enzyme (Na+, K+)ATPase exists in the plasma membrane of animal cells and maintains a high intracellular K+-to-Na+ ratio by coupling movement of these ions to the hydrolysis of ATP. This enzyme spans the plasma membrane1 and is asymmetrically positioned with the ATP hydrolysing site on the cytoplasmic side2. Cardiac glycosides inhibit the (Na+, K+)-ATPase by binding to the part of the enzyme facing the extracellular fluid3. Although there is considerable evidence that hormonal regulation of (Na+, K+)ATPase occurs in certain tissues4–8, no endogenous regulatory agents of the purified enzyme have been identified. Recently we discovered that vanadate (vanadium in the +5 oxidation state) inhibits purified (Na+, K+)ATPase from several tissues at concentrations of 10−7–10−8 M (refs 9,10). Vanadium has been established as a nutritional requirement in chickens and rats, and our estimates of the concentration of vanadium in muscle tissue (10−6–10−7 M) agree with concentrations measured in other tissues11. It is known that vanadate has properties similar to those of the phosphate ion12, and it therefore seemed likely that it might inhibit the enzyme by binding to the hydrolysis site which is on the cytoplasmic surface of the enzyme. We demonstrate here that vanadate is transported into the red cell and inhibits the (Na+, K +)ATPase from the cytoplasmic side.
Conjugate Mixed Convection With Surface Radiation and Substrate Conduction in Laminar Channel Flow With Discrete Flush-Mounted Heat Sources

Thermal analysis employing a full conjugation model is performed in this study for laminar airflow in a parallel-plate channel with discrete flush-mounted heat sources. The numerical model accounts for mixed convection, surface radiation, and two-dimensional conduction in the substrate. The effects of Reynolds number, surface emissivity of walls and heat sources, as well as thickness and thermal conductivity of the substrate, are analyzed in detail. It is shown that participation of radiation brings the wall temperatures closer, and the trend of temperature variation along the top wall is drastically altered. Such effects are pronounced for black enclosures and diminished for high Reynolds numbers. The influence of substrate conductivity and thickness is very similar in that a large value for both parameters would facilitate redistribution of heat and tend to yield a uniform temperature field in the substrate. For highly conductive or thick substrate, the ‘hot spot’ cools down and may move upstream to the penultimate source. Radiation loss to the ambient increases with substrate conductivity and thickness due to the elevated temperature near the inlet and outlet, yet the total heat transfer over the bottom surface by convection and radiation remains unaltered.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Post-surgical volumetric evaluation of clear corneal incision quality using a high-resolution 3-D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

A novel approach for post-surgical volumetric evaluation of the quality of corneal incisions and wound healing is presented. It is based on high-resolution 3-D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography providing both multiple-cross-sectional and volumetric images.
Electrohydrodynamics of charge separation in droplet-based ion sources with time-varying electrical and mechanical actuation

Charge transport and separation in mechanically-driven, droplet-based ion sources are investigated using computational analysis and supporting experiments. A first-principles model of electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and charge migration is formulated and implemented using FLUENT CFD software for jet/droplet formation. For validation, classical experiments of electrospraying from a thin capillary are simulated, specifically, the transient EHD cone-jet formation of a fluid with finite electrical conductivity, and the Taylor cone formation in a perfectly electrically-conducting fluid. The model is also used to investigate the microscopic physics of droplet charging in mechanically-driven droplet-based ion sources, such as array of micromachined ultrasonic electrospray (AMUSE). Here, AMUSE is subject to DC and AC electric fields of varying amplitude and phase, with respect to a time-varying mechanical force driving the droplet formation. For the DC-charging case, a linear relationship is demonstrated between the charge carried by each droplet and an applied electric field magnitude, in agreement with previously reported experiments. For the AC-charging case, a judiciously-chosen phase-shift in the time-varying mechanical (driving ejection) and electrical (driving charge transport) signals allows for a significantly increased amount of charge, of desired polarity, to be pumped into a droplet upon ejection. Complementary experimental measurements of electrospray electrical current and charge-per-droplet, produced by the AMUSE ion source, are performed and support theoretical predictions for both DC- and AC-charging cases. The theoretical model and simulation tools provide a versatile and general analytical framework for fundamental investigations of coupled electrohydrodynamics and charge transport. The model also allows for the exploration of different configurations and operating modes to optimize charge separation in atmospheric pressure electrohydrodynamic ion sources under static and dynamic electrical and mechanical fields.
Science at the performance limits of the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract As with any large telescope on the ground, HST will often be used at the limits of its performance capabilities. The actual performance will only be determined once HST is i n orbit, but detailed modeling based on mirror, structure, and control system characteristics gives a reasonable assessment of the expected performance. The purpose of this paper is to present (1) selected image characteristics expected for HST, (2) performance limits for selected instrument characteristics, and (3) examples of observations for which the performance limits are approached. Among the image features noted are point spread functions, encircled energy curves, and image diameters for selected wavelengths. Performance limits discussed include expected limiting magnitude and resolution of close point sources as a function of wavelength, each for selected camera focal ratios and pixel dimensions. Examples of observations discussed include a binary in which one component is faint and the detectability of a single luminous star at large distances.
Membrane potential and time requirements for detection of weak signals by voltage-gated ion channels.

The question of minimum detection limits for biological processes sensitive to membrane potential perturbations has arisen in various contexts. Of special interest are the prediction of theoretical limits for sensory perception processes and for possible biological effects of environmental or therapeutic electric and magnetic fields. A new method is presented here, addressing the particular case in which perturbations of membrane potential affect the gating rate probability of voltage-sensitive ion channels. Using a two-state model for channel gating, the influence of the perturbing potential on the mean fraction of open channels is approximated by a Boltzmann distribution, and integrated over time to obtain a quantity proportional to the net change in expected charge transfer through the membrane. This change in net charge transfer (the signal, S) is compared to the expected root mean variance in charge transfer (the noise, N) due to random channel gating. Using a nominal criterion of S/N = 1, a model is developed for predicting the minimum time and number of ion channels necessary to detect a given membrane potential. Example calculations, carried out for a gating charge of 6, indicate that a 1 μV induced membrane potential can be detected after 10 ms by an ensemble of less than 108 ion channels. Bioelectromagnetics 20:102–109, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Absorption Spectra of the D -State Ions TiCl 6 −3 , TiCl 4 − , CrCl 4 −2 , FeCl 4 −2 and CuCl 4 −2 in Chloride Melts

THE absorption spectra of dilute solutions of the ions TiCl6−3, TiCl4−, CrCl4−2, FeCl4−2 and CuCl4−2 in chloride melts have been obtained. Of particular interest is the magnitude of Dq, the crystal field splitting parameter, deduced from the locations of the near infra-red absorption bands. In the present communication, a detailed discussion of the spectra and their interpretation in terms of distortions of the complexes will not be given. The salient results of the investigation are, however, listed in Table 1, this constituting the first report of the tetrahedral spectra of a number of these ions.
Intercostal neuroma pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: diagnosis and treatment.

Background:Chest wall or abdominal pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is perceived as residual gastrointestinal problems. Some patients will have tenderness at the laparoscopic portal site(s), representing injury to one or more intercostal nerves. The author describes this patient population fo
Microstructure of A12O3 Irradiated with an Applied Electric Field

A thin amorphous film of alumina was irradiated with 2-MeV He+ ions at ~400°C up to a damage level of about 0.01 displacements per atom (dpa). The alumina films were sufficiently thin (~1.8 μm) to allow the ion beam to be completely transmitted through the specimen. An electric field of μ280 V/;mm (dc) was applied continuously during the irradiation. Radiation induced electrical degradation (RIED), i.e. a permanent increase in the conductance of the film, was observed in specimens irradiated at temperatures near 400 to 450°C but did not occur in a specimen irradiated above 500°C. An investigation by transmission electron microscopy found no evidence for colloid formation. The observed increase in the conductance of the alumina film may be due to radiation-induced microcracking.
Anisotropic Growth of Iron Pyrite FeS2 Nanocrystals via Oriented Attachment

Pyrite (FeS2) material is attractive for applications in solar cells, lithium batteries, and hydrogen production because of its abundant, nontoxic features as well as the extraordinary electrical and optical properties. Pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized via hot injection method, and the crystalline structure and morphologic evolution of pyrite NCs were investigated. We found that pyrite (FeS2) NCs were generated from a mackinawite FeS0.94 nanosheets template. The initial anisotropic growth of NCs was dominated by oriented attachment mechanism. Ostwald ripening growth became obvious as time progressed, resulting in faceted NCs. In accordance with the analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images and surface free energies, we found that the attachment occurs between the opposite facets with high surface free energies including (210)-Fe and (210)-2S as well as (001)-Fe and (001)-2S. The attachment could also happen through a “point-contact” followed by interparti...
Design for assembly—The key to design for manufacture

The results of the applications of design for assembly techniques to two typical designs are presented. Consideration is given to the total product cost and it is found that major cost reductions can be achieved even when assembly costs are relatively small. It is also found that assembly automation becomes more difficult to justify as a product design is gradually improved.
Effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on ethanol-induced open-field activity: evidence for brain catalase mediation of ethanol's effects.

The role of brain catalase in the mediation of ethanol's effects on motor activity was investigated. Male Long-Evans rats were pretreated with i.p. injections of the catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) (1 g/kg) or saline (S). Four hours later, animals in each group received i.p. injections of one of two doses of ethanol (ETOH) [1.0 g/kg (E1) or 2.0 g/kg (E2)] or one of two volumes of distilled water (W1 or W2). Ten minutes after the administration of these agents, animals were placed in open-field chambers and motor activity was recorded during a 10-min testing period. Results indicated that the motor depression produced by 2.0 g/kg of ETOH was significantly attenuated in AT pretreated rats (group AT-E2). AT pretreatment, however, had no effect on motor activity for subjects injected with 1.0 g/kg ethanol or water. Total brain catalase activity in AT-pretreated animals was 15% of control animals. No differences in blood ethanol levels were observed between AT- and S-pretreated animals. An interaction between ethanol and AT at the level of the central nervous system is suggested. The results of the present study suggest that brain catalase activity may be involved in ethanol's effects. They also provide further support for the notion that acetaldehyde may be produced directly in the brain via catalase and that it may be a factor mediating some of ethanol's central effects.
Cerebral infarctions and the likelihood of dementia from Alzheimer disease pathology.

Background: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The effect of cerebral infarctions on the likelihood of dementia from AD pathology is not well understood. Methods: The study included 153 deceased Catholic clergy who participated in the Religious Orders Study. Annual evaluations, including 19 tests of cognitive function, were performed to determine a diagnosis of dementia and level of cognitive abilities proximate to death. At autopsy, neuritic and diffuse plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were counted and combined into a standardized summary measure of AD pathology. Number, volume, side, and distribution of old macroscopic infarctions were recorded. Analyses included logistic and linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Results: The AD pathology score ranged from 0 to 2.93 units, and 54 persons had infarctions. There was no relationship between AD pathology and infarctions ( r = 0.04, p = 0.56). Each unit of AD pathology increased the odds of dementia by 4.40-fold (95% CI = 2.33 to 8.32), and this was essentially unchanged after accounting for infarctions. The presence of one or more infarctions independently increased the odds of dementia by 2.80-fold (95% CI = 1.26 to 6.21). There was no interaction between AD pathology and infarctions to further increase the likelihood of dementia ( p = 0.39). The number, size, and distribution of infarctions added to the odds of dementia but also did not show an interaction with AD pathology. Similar results were found in analyses with global cognitive function and five different cognitive systems. Conclusion: Cerebral infarctions independently contribute to the likelihood of dementia but do not interact with AD pathology to increase the likelihood of dementia beyond their additive effect.
Synthesis and relationship of L-glutaminyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide to the thyrotropin releasing hormone

Abstract The new L-glutaminyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide (Gln-His-Pro(NH 2 )) has been synthesized. This open glutaminyl-form has been compared with the cyclized pyro-form of (pyro)Glu-His-Pro(NH 2 ), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Gln-His-Pro(NH 2 ) is converted into (pyro)Glu-His-Pro(NH 2 ) under very mild conditions some of which are analogous to steps used in the isolation of TRH. Gln-His-Pro(NH 2 ) had up to five per cent of the activity of TRH although it is unknown whether this activity is intrinsic or due to contamination or conversion. There is no evidence that Gln-His-Pro(NH 2 ) is present in the hypothalamus, but if it were it could be a moiety of a larger molecule which is convertible into Gln- or (pyro)Glu-His-Pro(NH 2 ) or it could be a biosynthetic precursor or a metabolic transformation product of TRH. (Pyro)Glu-His-Pro(NH 2 ) shows the functions expected of the hormone.
Characterization of mouse Trip6: a putative intracellular signaling protein.

Abstract Trip6 is a human LIM domain-containing protein that has been identified in yeast two-hybrid screens as interacting with a variety of proteins. Trip6 has been proposed to transport signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. In this report, we have characterized a mouse cDNA encoding Trip6. Mouse Trip6 is highly similar to human Trip6, especially in the C-terminal LIM domain region, and the in vitro and in vivo mouse Trip6 cDNA directs the synthesis of a polypeptide with a relative mobility of approx. 57 kDa on SDS-polyacrylomide gels. Full-length Trip6 localizes to discrete cytoplasmic patches when overexpressed in chicken embryo fibroblasts, consistent with localization to focal adhesion plaques. However, deletion of the N-terminal 115 amino acids allows Trip6 to enter the nucleus of CEF. A GAL4 fusion protein containing the LIM domain region of mouse Trip6 can activate transcription in yeast and chicken fibroblasts. Our results indicate that the functional domains and properties of mouse Trip6 are highly conserved between humans and mice, and are consistent with a model in which Trip6 relays signals from the cell surface to the nucleus.
Variability of the shelf break jet in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Internally or externally forced?

[1] Velocity records from two bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers, deployed at the shelf break south of New England are used to characterize the mesoscale variability of the shelf break frontal jet in the Middle Atlantic Bight. While on average the jet is equatorward, energetic current fluctuations dominate the 18-month record at a period near 13 days. The fluctuations are characterized by a deceleration in the equatorward flow over the full water column and are strong enough to reverse the jet near the bottom. The origin of the observed variability is explored with the help of local wind records, concurrent velocity measurements from three tall current meter moorings deployed over the continental slope, and Gulf Stream frontal position information. While we are unable to attribute definitively the observed variability to a single forcing mechanism, we are able to discount several of the traditional possibilities. These include local effects, such as wind driving and tidal rectification, as well as offshore forcing due to Gulf Stream rings, topographic Rossby waves, and the meandering of the Gulf Stream. It is most probable that the fluctuations are caused by baroclinic instability of the shelf break jet. However, we are not able to determine this unequivocally, as our records differ from historical observations of instabilities, and stability models tend to oversimplify the salient features of the jet.
Use of prostaglandins for induction of labor

Nurse-midwives are sometimes required to intervene in the normal process of labor. Numerous clinical trials have investigated the use of prostaglandins for induction of labor. Research indicates the use of prostaglandins to be a safe and effective method of induction of labor with favorable results when compared with the more traditional use of oxytocin. Patient acceptance appears to be favorable because of the reduced need for restrictive and invasive methods of monitoring and administration that accompany intravenous oxytocin. Thus, the use of prostaglandins for induction of labor offers nurse-midwives an attractive alternative to the use of oxytocin when induction is medically indicated. This article provides a description of the biochemical effects of prostaglandins on the uterus and cervix, development and clinical use of prostaglandin preparations, indications for use of induction, and potential for utilization in nurse-midwifery practice.
Dietary study of the midwater polychaete Poeobius meseres in Monterey Bay, California

This study presents the first quantification of the diet of a gelatinous midwater organism on a temporal basis. Using the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's remotely operated vehicle “Ventana”, regular collections of the polychaete Poeobius meseres (Heath, 1930) over a 1 yr period (October 1990 to November 1991) in Monterey Bay yielded intact organisms for the study of feeding behavior and quantitative analysis of stomach contents. In situ observations showed P. meseres feeding in two different ways: (1) by deployment of a mucus web in the water column that passively collects particles for consumption; and/or (2) by grasping detrital material in the water column with its ciliated tentacles. Stomach-content analyses showed that P. meseres is primarily coprophagic, its diet being dominated by fecal pellets from euphausiids and copepods. These fecal pellets appear to provide P. meseres with essentially all its carbon. Although fecal pellets were the most important food item volumetrically, P. meseres also consumed large numbers of diatoms and small numbers of dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, radiolarians, foraminiferans and eggs. The diet of P. meseres appears to reflect primary productivity in the surface waters, with different food items predominant in the diet at different times of the year. Pennate diatoms were most abundant in the diet during the fall, centric diatoms were most abundant during the sumnier, and fecal pellets during the winter. The composition of P. meseres diet suggests that this and other midwater gelatinous organisms have a significant role in the remineralization of particles as they sink from the surface to the deep sea.
Pathology of the Avian Respiratory System

Abstract Basic reactions of the avian respiratory system to injury include catarrhal inflammation, deciliation, necrosis, metaplasia, hyperplasia, congestion, edema, fibrin, exudation, cellular infiltrations, and lymphoid follicle formation. Specific diseases provide examples for illustration of these responses. The effects of such changes on basic defense mechanisms of the respiratory system are discussed.
Characteristics of lath martensite: Part II. The martensite-austenite interface

This investigation, using an Fe-20 pct Ni-5 pct Mn (wt pct) alloy, deals with the nature of the lath martensite-austenite interface. For the first time the misfit dislocation structure associated with a martensite interface has been observed experimentally. The interface consists of a single set of parallel dislocations having Burgers vector α/2[l•1l]martensite = α/2[011]austenite. Relative to the austenite, the observed dislocation line direction is [0•57], and the dislocation line deviates about 10 and 15 deg from the pure screw orientation in the austenite and martensite, respectively. However, the dislocations are in screw orientation on an atomic scale, although the interface step structure causes them to deviate from the exact screw orientation macroscopically. The spacing of the interface dislocations varies from 26 to 63A. The observed interface dislocation array satisfies the requirements for a glissile interface, which suggests that the dislocations are misfit dislocations which accomplish the lattice invariant shear of the crystallographic theories.
Synthesis of tritium labelled 2-vinyl dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate

The synthesis of [1,1,3-3H]-2-vinyl dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate is described. The key step in this synthesis is the reduction of methyl 2-trifluoro acetamido-2-vinyl nonadecanoate-3-one by means of 3H-calcium diborohydride. This compound was synthesized to determine whether 2-vinyl dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits the PLP-dependent sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase irreversibly via covalent modification.
Oxidation of human lens recombinant αA-crystallin and cysteine-deficient mutants

Abstract Disulfide cross-linking, one of the results of oxidative stress, has been thought to play an important role in cataractogenesis. High molecular mass (HMM) protein aggregation also contributes to cataract development, and a prevailing speculation is that disulfide cross-linking induces HMM aggregation. However, there is no direct evidence to support this speculation. Dimerization is an effect of disulfide cross-linking but cannot explain the size of HMM aggregates observed in the lens. αA-crystallin has two cysteine residues (Cys131 and Cys142) and we have prepared three Cys-deficient mutants, two single mutants (C131I and C142I) and one double mutant (C131I/C142I). They were subjected to H 2 O 2 oxidation in an ascorbate-FeCl 3 -EDTA-H 2 O 2 system. The effects of oxidation on the mutants, including changes in aggregate size and conformation, were compared with those of the wild-type αA-crystallin by FPLC gel filtration, absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism measurements. The results indicated that other amino acid residues besides Cys, such as Trp and Tyr, were also oxidized by H 2 O 2. Disulfide dimerization alone seems to play a less important role in HMM aggregation than does the secondary conformational change resulting from the combined effect of the oxidation of Trp and Tyr as well as Cys.
Historical dictionary of Chile

Part 1 List of Maps, Illustrations, and Photographs Part 2 Preface Part 3 Acknowledgments Part 4 Editor's Foreword to the Third Edition Part 5 Foreword to the Second Edition Part 6 Foreword to the First Edition Part 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations Part 8 Chronology of Events Part 9 Introduction Part 10 THE DICTIONARY Part 11 Bibliography Part 12 About the Author
CONTROL OF CALCITE CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY BY A PEPTIDE DESIGNED TO BIND TO A SPECIFIC SURFACE

Many organisms contain proteins which regulate the size and shape of inorganic crystals in their skeletal elements, most likely through specific protein−crystal surface interactions. As a model for...
Thymidine phosphorylase mutations cause instability of mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ptosis and progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, severe gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia and leukoencephalopathy. Muscle biopsies of MNGIE patients have revealed morphologically abnormal mitochondria and defects of respiratory chain enzymes. In addition, patients harbor depletion, multiple deletions, and point mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This disorder is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding thymidine phosphorylase (TP) a cytosolic enzyme. In MNGIE patients, TP activity is very low or absent resulting in dramatically elevated levels of plasma thymidine and deoxyuridine. We have hypothesized that the increased levels of thymidine and deoxyuridine cause mitochondrial nucleotide pool imbalances that, in turn, generate mtDNA alterations.
In Honor of Sex Roles: Reflections on the History and Development of the Journal

This article celebrates 35 years of Sex Roles’ contributions to research and other scholarship about gender. It begins with a reminder of what academia was like prior to the rise of second-wave feminism and shows how Sex Roles contributed to changing that androcentric climate. The article describes the founding of the journal and traces its growth and development, including its internationalization. Trends in the research topics reported in its pages are reviewed; assessment measures that debuted in Sex Roles, topics of special issues of the journal, and names of all of those who served on the editorial board over the years are mentioned. The article closes with speculation about the journal’s future.
Alpha-deuteron cluster structure of 6Li

Abstract It is shown that the dependence on energy and incident projectile of the α -d cluster probability in 6 Li, as obtained from quasi-free scattering (QFS) reactions, can be explained through the plane-wave-impulse approximation (PWIA) by introducing a transmission factor and using Eckart cluster wave functions. The invariant cluster probability extracted from a number of (p, p α ) and ( α , 2 α ) reactions at low energy are then found to be in agreement with those from high energy QFS and transfer reaction analyses.
Factor Risk Model and Portfolio Construction with a Focuson Surplus Risk

We examine asset classes through a single-factor lens, using a factor risk model that enhances the transparency and consistency of portfolio construction and risk management. We show how risk factors can be used as building blocks for diversification and apply factor analysis to asset-class bucketing, asset allocation, manager evaluation, and risk management. We contrast the intuitive features of a traditional approach with our hybrid approach, which calculates the risk decomposition based on three drivers including factor loading, stand-alone risk, and correlation. We provide immediate insight as to how the impact to total risk and surplus risk is caused by various dimensions and sliced buckets, and we show where to further modify and manage risk exposure through correlation decomposition. Finally, we provide risk-analysis cases, using the implemented factor risk model.