cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Hobbes and Locke on Toleration

On a natural reading of his philosophy, Hobbes appears as a paradigmatic opponent of religious toleration. His official position is that the church is subordinate to the state, which in turn has the right and duty to determine what religious doctrines will be espoused and what forms of religious worship will be practiced by members of that state. However, the received view of Hobbes as anti-tolerationist has been increasingly challenged in recent decades. In a seminal article, Alan Ryan (1988) suggests that we might understand Hobbes as allowing more room for religious diversity than had previously been thought. Richard Tuck (1990) followed with the stronger claim that Leviathan was in fact a “defense of toleration.” Tuck argues that Hobbes, especially in his later works, supported many of the tolerationist policies advocated by John Locke and so should be read as a kind of intellectual ally to Locke, as least on this particular issue. Ed Curley (2007) accepts the idea that Hobbes’s philosophy is “favorable to toleration”, but insists on a “more nuanced verdict”, namely, that the Latin Leviathan is more so than the English Leviathan.
Engineering Nanostructures for Ultra-compact, Multifunctional Integrated Photonics

Numerical optimization guided by fabrication constraints can drive the designs of ultra-compact and multi-functional integrated-photonics components.
Power-aware computing: Measurement, control, and performance analysis for Intel Xeon Phi

The emergence of power efficiency as a primary constraint in processor and system designs poses new challenges concerning power and energy awareness for numerical libraries and scientific applications. Power consumption also plays a major role in the design of data centers in particular for peta- and exa-scale systems. Understanding and improving the energy efficiency of numerical simulation becomes very crucial. We present a detailed study and investigation toward controlling power usage and exploring how different power caps affect the performance of numerical algorithms with different computational intensities, and determine the impact and correlation with performance of scientific applications. Our analyses is performed using a set of representatives kernels, as well as many highly used scientific benchmarks. We quantify a number of power and performance measurements, and draw observations and conclusions that can be viewed as a roadmap toward achieving energy efficiency computing algorithms.
An efficient alternative to personalized page rank for friend recommendations

In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to calculate the value of friend score in a graph. The main goal is decreasing the running time and accuracy of calculation. Even though similar estimations have been done, the proposed method is faster because it increases the speed of computation with ignoring calculation of not involved nodes. This feature makes this method an acceptable candidate for large networks analyses like search engines and social media friend recommendation techniques. Based on the experiments done in this study, the FOF algorithm increases the speed of calculation by a factor of 28 on the two test datasets, namely, Amazon and Facebook.
Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for exaggerated metabolic and cardiovascular-renal disease

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to increased risk for chronic disease. Placental ischemia and insufficiency in the mother are implicated in predisposing IUGR offspring to metabolic...
B ( E 2 ; 5 / 2 − → 1 / 2 − ) in N 17 and Ne 17

A simple model of E2 strengths previously applied to several neutron-excess light nuclei is used to investigate the $1/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transition strength in $^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$, with the aid of mirror symmetry. The calculation is found to be in good agreement with results of a recent measurement and emphasizes a likely problem with the same transition in $^{17}\mathrm{N}$.
Flow and Thermal Field Measurements in a Combustor Simulator Relevant to a Gas Turbine Aero-Engine

The current demands for high performance gas turbine engines can be reached by raising combustion temperatures to increase power output. Predicting the performance of a combustor is quite challenging, particularly the turbulence levels that are generated as a result of injection from high momentum dilution jets. Prior to predicting reactions in a combustor, it is imperative that these turbulence levels can be accurately predicted. The measurements presented in this paper are of flow and thermal fields produced in a large-scale combustor simulator, which is representative of an aero-engine. Three-component laser Doppler velocimeter measurements were made to quantify the velocity field while a rake of thermocouples was used to quantify the thermal field. The results indicate large penetration depths for the high momentum dilution jets, which result in a highly turbulent flow field. As these dilution jets interact with the mainstream flow, kidney shaped thermal fields result due to counter-rotating vortices that develop.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
EEG findings in a Case of Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (P4.076)

Objective: To describe EEG findings in a newborn with congenital Zika Virus (ZIKV) disease. Background: ZIKV is an intensely neurotropic virus that targets neural progenitor cells and can result in microcephaly and seizures. Design/Methods: Here we describe a term female infant born to a mother who had exposure to ZIKV during first trimester during travel to El Salvador. She was transferred from an outside hospital for seizures at birth. On physical exam, infant had severe microcephaly, congenital left knee dislocation and bilateral hearing loss. Her clinical seizures consisted of myoclonic jerks of trunk and jittery movements of bilateral upper extremities. A loading dose of Phenobarbital was given followed by maintenance. VEEG monitoring was started. She continued to have these clinical events even after Fosphenytoin and Levetiracetam were added to the regimen. Midazolam drip was started and EEG improved. Midazolam drip was gradually weaned off. She was discharged home on phenobarbital and lorazepam. Results: Initial VEEG revealed frequent (60–70% of the record), long runs of generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), sharp/spike waves seen at 1–2Hz without evolution, and no electrographic seizures. Follow-up EEGs showed excessive multifocal sharps and spikes throughout the record at times admixed with brief runs of rhythmical alpha in the right mid temporal area and bilateral high voltage bursts of spike, poly spike and slow waves giving appearance of burst -suppression pattern. There was poor electrographic correlation with apparent clinical seizures. CT head revealed diffuse parenchymal calcifications and ventriculomegaly. MRI brain showed findings consistent with congenital ZIKV syndrome. On Serologic testing IgM ELISA and Zika PRNT was positive. Conclusions: There is not enough literature regarding EEG findings in infants with congenital ZIKV infection. From our experience, EEG findings are non-specific and seizures in congenital ZIKV infection appear to be refractory requiring multiple anti-seizure medications without significant benefit. Disclosure: Dr. Kaur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Manganas has nothing to disclose.
Analysis of Reaction Networks

This chapter discusses the analysis reaction networks. All too frequently, a large number of single reactions takes place in succession or parallel in a reacting system. It may be hard or impossible to isolate any single reaction for separate study and dissection into its elementary steps. Instead, the network of reactions must be analyzed as a whole. This is a problem of considerable difficulty, and every case taxes the ingenuity of the kineticist. In the standard textbooks, it is customary to include analytical solutions of the differential rate equations for a handful of cases, largely of academic interest. The need for analytical solutions has now largely disappeared thanks to the availability of analog and digital computing machines. But the difficulty of extracting meaningful kinetic information remains the same or perhaps has even increased as much more complicated networks are now amenable to numerical analysis.
APPLICATION OF XENODIAGNOSTIC AND COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST FOR CATTLE THEILERIA DIFFERENTIATION

This chapter describes the application of xenodiagnostic and complement fixation test for cattle Theileria differentiation. Investigations by xenodiagnostic were carried out with Theileria annulata Dsch. Het Luhs, 1904 and Th. sergenti Yakimoff et Dekhtereff, 1930 and ticksvectors. In the U. S.S. R, Th. annulata is carried over by Hyalomma anatolicum Koch, Hy detritum P. Sch., Hy. scupense P. Sch., and Th. sergenti by Haemaphysalis neumanni Doniz. In the U.S.S.R, Th. sergenti as well as its vector are spread almost entirely in the Primorye Territory, Th. annulata and its vectors—in the southern zones of European and Asian areas of the U.S.S.R. One hundred and eighteen experiments were carried out to ascertain the possibility of carrying over Th. sergenti by ticks that are absent in the fauna of the Primorye Territory—Hy. anatolicum, Hy. detritum, Hy. scupense and Rhipicephalus bursa—and three experiments for determination of carrying over Th. annulata by ticks Haem. neumanni . The results of all experiments were negative.
Prediction of extent of damage to metal roof panels under hail impact

Abstract In the event of a hailstorm, several stakeholders, such as home and business owners, as well as insurance companies, are in immediate need to make a decision on repair or replacement of roofs based on their extent of damage. The body of knowledge on the structural response of roofs to hail impact is, however, limited, and as a result, the current roof design and assessment criteria suffer from the absence of a fundamental understanding of the extent of damage under region-specific hail hazards. To address this gap, the current study investigates the hail impact on metal roof panels that are commonly used in residential and commercial buildings. For this purpose, a set of finite-element (FE) impact simulations are conducted. The FE models of the hail developed for this study are first validated with the experimental test data. Hail impact simulations are then performed to assess the vulnerability of critical roof sections subjected to a range of hail diameters. For performance assessment, several measures, including visual damage, as well as displacements, strains, and stresses, are employed. The investigations are then extended to study a chain of hail impacts, which replicate the hailstorm events experienced by roofs in reality. In the first hail impact, the metal roof panels are found to undergo plastic deformations for hail diameters greater than 76.2 mm (3.0 in.). This increases the extent of damage to metal roof panels subjected to subsequent hailstones of the same size by up to 20%. The outcome of this study is expected to provide building, construction, and insurance industries with a fundamental insight necessary for condition assessment purposes. This is deemed a critical input to prevent the failure of metal roofs under hail impact.
Simulating Heat Transfer During Transient Dropwise Condensation on a Low-Thermal-Conductivity Substrate.

The instantaneous heat-transfer performance of a surface is dictated by the number and sizes of drops on the surface. While performance averaged over longer times is of interest from a technology s...
Synthesis and thermal stability studies of mixed A-site Dion-Jacobson triple-layered perovskites,A′LaNaNb3O10 (A′ = H, Li, Na, K, Rb, CuCl)

Abstract The new mixed-metal Dion-Jacobson layered perovskite RbLaNaNb3O10 has been prepared by direct reaction. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data shows this compound to be tetragonal (a ​= ​3.88703(7) A, c ​= ​15.1349(5) A; S.G. P4/mmm) and isostructural to RbCa2Nb3O10 with La and Na statistically distributed over the A-site within the perovskite block. The compound can be topochemically manipulated, readily undergoing ion exchange reactions to produce the series A′LaNaNb3O10 (A′ ​= ​H, Li, Na, K, CuCl). Thermal studies show that, with the exception of KLaNaNb3O10, the exchange products are all low temperature phases, decomposing below 800 ​°C with a decomposition pathway varying with the nature of the interlayer species. Significant to this study is the observation that the rare combination of site sharing trivalent and monovalent cations (La/Na) imparts an increased stability for the A′LaNaNb3O10 compounds relative to the corresponding A′Ca2Nb3O10 analogues – the thermal stability in LiLaNaNb3O10 for example is over 50 ​°C higher than that of LiCa2Nb3O10.
Seed planning, sourcing, and procurement

Ensuring the availability of adequate seed supplies of species and sources appropriate for restoration projects and programs necessitates extensive science‐based planning. The selection of target species requires a review of disturbance conditions and reference areas, development of a reference model, and consideration of specific objectives, timeframes, available resources, and budgets as well as the performance of prospective species in past restoration efforts. Identification of seed sources adapted to site conditions is critical to provide for short‐term establishment and long‐term sustainability. Seed zones and plant movement guidelines provide tools for sourcing plant materials with reduced risk of maladaptation. A seed zone framework also facilitates seed use planning and contributes to stability and predictability of the commercial market, thereby reducing costs and improving the availability of adapted seed supplies. Calculating the amount of seed required for each species is based on seed quality (viability, purity), seed weight, expected seedling establishment, and desired composition of the seeding. If adequate collections from wildland stands are not feasible, then seed increase in seed fields or use of nursery stock may be warranted. Adherence to seed collection and seed production protocols for conserving genetic diversity is critical to protect genetic resources and buffer new seedings and plantings against environmental stressors. Maintenance of genetic diversity becomes even more critical considering current or expected climate change impacts. Collaboration and partnerships can benefit seed selection and procurement programs through sharing of information, coordination in project planning, and increasing the availability of native seed.
Facility-scale inventory of dairy methane emissions in California: implications for mitigation

Abstract. Dairies emit roughly half of total methane ( CH4 ) emissions in California, generating CH4 from both enteric fermentation by ruminant gut microbes and anaerobic decomposition of manure. Representation of these emission processes is essential for management and mitigation of CH4 emissions and is typically done using standardized emission factors applied at large spatial scales (e.g., state level). However, CH4 -emitting activities and management decisions vary across facilities, and current inventories do not have sufficiently high spatial resolution to capture changes at this scale. Here, we develop a spatially explicit database of dairies in California, with information from operating permits and California-specific reports detailing herd demographics and manure management at the facility scale. We calculated manure management and enteric fermentation CH4 emissions using two previously published bottom-up approaches and a new farm-specific calculation developed in this work. We also estimate the effect of mitigation strategies – the use of mechanical separators and installation of anaerobic digesters – on CH4 emissions. We predict that implementation of digesters at the 106 dairies that are existing or planned in California will reduce manure CH4 emissions from those facilities by an average of 26 % and total state CH4 emissions by 5 % (or ∼36.5 Gg CH4 /yr). In addition to serving as a planning tool for mitigation, this database is useful as a prior for atmospheric observation-based emissions estimates, attribution of emissions to a specific facility, and validation of CH4 emissions reductions from management changes. Raster files of the datasets and associated metadata are available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics (ORNL DAAC; Marklein and Hopkins, 2020; https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1814 ).
COVID-19 Remote Learning Transition in Spring 2020: Class Structures, Student Perceptions, and Inequality in College Courses

The COVID-19 pandemic forced all face-to-face college courses to transition to remote instruction. This article explores instructional techniques used in the transition, student perceptions of effe...
Understanding the Impact of Pneumonia and Other Complications in Elderly Liver Transplant Recipients: An Analysis of NSQIP Transplant

Despite an increasing demand for liver transplantation in older patients, our understanding of posttransplant outcomes in older recipients is limited to basic recipient and graft survival. Using National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Transplant, we tracked early outcomes after liver transplantation for patients >65.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients in National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Transplant between March 1, 2017 and March 31, 2019. Recipients were followed for 1 y after transplant with follow-up at 30, 90, and 365 d. Data were prospectively gathered using standard definitions across all sites.ResultsOne thousand seven hundred thirty-one adult liver transplants were enrolled; 387 (22.4%) were >65 y old. The majority of older recipients were transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma. The older cohort had a lower lab Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and was less likely to be hospitalized at time of transplant. Overall, older recipients had higher rates of pneumonia but no difference in intensive care unit length of stay (LOS), total LOS, surgical site infection, or 30-d readmission. Subgroup analysis of patients with poor functional status revealed a significant difference in intensive care unit and total LOS. Pneumonia was even more common in older patients and had a significant impact on overall survival.ConclusionsBy targeting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and lower Model for End-Stage Liver Diseases, transplant centers can achieve nearly equivalent outcomes in older recipients. However, older recipients with poor functional status require greater resources and are more likely to develop pneumonia. Pneumonia was strongly associated with posttransplant survival and represents an opportunity for improvement. By truly understanding the outcomes of elderly and frail recipients, transplant centers can improve outcomes for these higher-risk recipients.
Washable, Breathable, and Stretchable e-Textiles Wirelessly Powered by Omniphobic Silk-based Coils

Abstract The commercial development of smart garments is currently hindered by significant challenges, such as dependence on batteries, reduced washability, and difficult incorporation into existing large-scale textile manufacturing technologies. This work describes an industrially scalable approach to transform conventional fabrics into smart textiles—wirelessly powered by omniphobic silk-based coils (OSCs). OSCs are stretchable and lightweight power-receiving coils that can be easily sewn onto any textile, enabling the safe wireless powering of wearable electronics via magnetic resonance coupling without compromising the comfort of the user. OSCs are composed of microfibers made of a novel silk-nanocarbon composite that benefits from the stretchability of silk fibroin and the high conductivity of multiwall carbon nanotubes and chitin carbon nanoflakes. The surface of the OSC-powered electronic textiles (e-textiles) is rendered omniphobic—both hydrophobic and oleophobic—using a spray-based silanization method, which imbues the e-textile with waterproof and stain repellent properties without compromising its flexibility, stretchability, or breathability. OSCs exhibit excellent stability in high moisture environments and under mechanical deformations, allowing them to undergo up to 50 standard machine-washing cycles without degradation in performance. Moreover, OSC-powered e-textiles can be fabricated at a low cost using scalable manufacturing processes, paving the way toward the rapid development and commercialization of machine-washable and battery-free smart clothing and reusable wearable electrophysiological sensors.
Quasi-Exponential Growth and Decay

In this paper, we study functions which share with exponential functions the property of having invariant half-lives. We show various examples of what we call quasi-exponential functions. These are...
Heterogeneity in the Impact of Privatizing Social Health Insurance: Evidence from CaliforniaAS Medicaid Program

State governments face the classic “make or buy” decision for the provision of Medicaid services. Over the past two decades, the majority of states have outsourced the provision of social health insurance through Medicaid Managed Care (MMC) programs. These programs have been extensively studied in the literature – with little evidence of large positive or negative effects. However, most states initially allowed older and sicker enrollees to remain enrolled in the government run fee for service (FFS) programs. It is possible that these more fragile enrollees could have a different experience in managed care. In this paper we study California’s mandatory enrollment of the senior and persons with disabilities (SPD) population in MMC. We find this mandatory enrollment caused an increased use of the emergency department and transfers between hospitals. This was not simply a hassle cost for enrollees – we also estimate an increase in mortality for the affected population. These effects were strongest for the sickest enrollees – the types of enrollees that might be expected to have a different experience with managed care. Our results suggest the adverse impact of MMC varies by the enrollee health, which should inform the optimal outsourcing decision for governments. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Intergenerational Play Around Immersive Video Games

Studies on intergenerational play around video games suggest that not many parents play video games with their children. In this chapter, I argue that when intentionally designed to support intergenerational play, video games can provide opportunities for parents and children to connect and learn in new and powerful ways, especially during adolescence—a time when family relations undergo major transformation. To this end, I share research findings from a design-based research project that aims to engage parents and children (ages 9–13) in intergenerational play around immersive video games. Specifically, I discuss the design iterations of the Family Quest project over a 3-year period and the lessons learned around how to create opportunities for productive and collaborative intergenerational play experiences for families. Implications for designing immersive video games for families and future directions are discussed.
Hybrid motion illusions as examples of perceptual conflict

Shapiro and Hedjar (2019) proposed a shift in the definition of illusion, from ‘differences between perception and reality’ to ‘conflicts between possible constructions of reality’. This paper builds on this idea by presenting a series of motion hybrid images that juxtapose fine scale contrast (high spatial frequency content) with coarse scale contrast-generated motion (low spatial frequency content). As is the case for static hybrid images, under normal viewing conditions the fine scale contrast determines the perception of motion hybrid images; however, if the motion hybrid image is blurred or viewed from a distance, the perception is determined by the coarse scale contrast. The fine scale contrast therefore masks the perception of motion (and sometimes depth) produced by the coarser scale contrast. Since the unblurred movies contain both fine and coarse scale contrast information, but the blurred movies contain only coarse scale contrast information, cells in the brain that respond to low spatial frequencies should respond equally to both blurred and unblurred movies. Since people undoubtedly differ in the optics of their eyes and most likely in the neural processes that resolve conflict across scales, the paper suggests that motion hybrid images illustrate trade-offs between spatial scales that are important for understanding individual differences in perceptions of the natural world.
Selection of synchronized populations of HeLa cells.

Publisher Summary Cultured cells have an active cell replication cycle. This cycle consists of pre- and post- DNA synthetic periods (G1 and G2), a DNA-synthetic period (S), and mitosis (M). The time-period required to complete this cycle varies from cell type to cell type. Techniques that will select populations of cells in one or another part of this cycle are of obvious advantage for investigation of biochemical events and regulatory mechanisms, which change with cell growth. At present, there are several methods available for the production and collection of synchronized cell cultures. These methods are almost exclusively aimed at obtaining large numbers of synchronized cells, only a certain percentage of which are actually in synchrony. The technique described here offers almost complete cell synchrony for 72 hours after the cells have been selected. These cells have not been subjected to the harsh treatments that most of the other known procedures have to utilize, and therefore it is possible to observe very small numbers of cells growing in clonal growth.
Andragogical Curriculum for Equipping Successful Facilitators of Andragogy in Numerous Contexts

This chapter addresses a curriculum definition, especially as it relates to preparing teachers to be successful in working with adult learners. The main thrust is to clearly articulate some of the major elements needed to help the art and science of helping adults learn the ideas and practices of that process and be as consistent/congruent as feasible. Reciprocity among empathy, trust, and sensitivity are considered to be crucial in the teaching and learning exchange. Competence and experience in andragogy is important even to the extent of selecting and using various techniques and methods in the learning experience, whether used with learners in higher-order thinking or used with lower-level learners. Techniques the author has found helpful are: mixing a lecture with discussion of questions raised by learners in response to content of the lecture; encouraging and giving learners opportunity to take more responsibility for their learning, thus becoming more self-directed; varying one’s approach for accommodating different learning styles each learner possesses; looking at a perspective of learning in various areas/pillars of life – being, knowing, doing, living together, changing, and developing sustainability. A true story is provided illustrating a principle of andragogy – doing in practice the same thing one believes and says.
Prenatal diagnosis of atrial restriction in hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with decreased 2-year survival.

Objective To compare the course of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patients diagnosed prenatally with any degree of atrial restriction with those without evidence of atrial restriction. Design Retrospective, cohort. Methods Prenatally diagnosed HLHS patients from August 1999 to January 2009 were categorized as nonrestrictive versus restrictive, defined by left atrial hypertension on pulmonary venous Doppler and/or an intact interatrial septum. Results Of 73 total fetal patients identified, 49 were live-born. Survival at 2 years was 29/35 [83% confidence interval (CI): 59.5%–88.9%] for the nonrestrictive group and 6/14 (43% CI: 17.7%–6.0%) for the restrictive group (p < 0.0001). Of those who underwent stage 1 palliation (35 with nonrestrictive and 10 with restrictive atrial septa), both groups had a similar incidence of preoperative acidosis and need for ventilation and inotropic support. Postoperatively, there was no difference between groups in ventilator days, length of stay, or survival to discharge. There was decreased survival at 2 years in the restrictive group, 60% (CI: 26.2%–87.8%) versus 83% (CI: 66.4%–93.4%) in the nonrestrictive group. Furthermore, a disproportionate number of interstage deaths was evident in the restrictive group. Conclusions Prenatal presence of any degree of atrial septal restriction in the setting of HLHS confers a significant survival disadvantage, with increases in both early and late mortality. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practices of the pregnant self: compliance with and resistance to prenatal norms.

A major challenge of medical anthropology is to assess howbiomedicine, as a vaguely-defined set of diverse texts,technologies, and practitioners, shapes the experience of selfand body. Through narrative analyses of in-depth, semi-structuredinterviews with 158 pregnant women in southern California, thispaper explores how the culture of biomedicine, encounteredformally at prenatal care check-ups and informally throughdiverse media, influences pregnant women's perceptions ofappropriate prenatal behavior. In the spirit of recent socialscientific work that draws on and challenges Foucauldian insightsto explore social relations in medicine, we posit a spectrum ofcompliance and resistance to biomedical norms upon whichindividual prenatal practices are assessed. We suggest thatpregnancy is, above all, characterized by a split subjectivity inwhich women straddle the authoritative and the subjugated, theobjective and the subjective, and the haptic as well as theoptic, in telling and often strategic ways. In so doing, weidentify the intersection between the disciplinary practices ofbiomedicine and the practices of pregnant women as a means offurnishing more fruitful insights into the oft-used term ``power''and its roles in constituting social relations in medicine.
Last Best Gifts: Altruism and the Market for Human Blood and Organs

More than any other altruistic gesture, blood and organ donation exemplies the true spirit of self-sacrifice. Donors literally give of themselves for no reward so that the life of an individual - often anonymous - may be spared. But, as the demand for blood and organs has grown, the value of a system that depends solely on gifts has been called into question, and the possibility has surfaced that donors might be supplemented or replaced by paid suppliers. "Last Best Gifts" offers a fresh perspective on this ethical dilemma, by examining the social organization of blood and organ donation in Europe and the United States. Gifts of blood and organs are not given everywhere in the same way or to the same extent - contrasts that allow Kieran Healy to uncover the crucial role that institutions play in creating the contexts for donations. Procurement organizations, he shows, sustain altruism by providing opportunities to give and by producing public accounts of what giving means. In the end, Healy suggests, successful systems rest on the fairness of the exchange, rather than the purity of a donor's altruism or the size of a financial incentive.
Design and synthesis of an Intel 80C51-compatible microprocessor optimized for reduced instruction-time execution

A new architecture has been developed to reduce the instruction-time execution of a microprocessor compatible with the Intel 80C51. This higher performance is achieved by executing all instructions in a minimum number of clock cycles. Dual edge-triggered flip-flops, selective clocking of components, and a hardware-oriented structure are incorporated to produce a processor which has better throughput and lower power dissipation than the Intel 80C51. The new architecture focuses on combining increased performance with low power dissipation. >
Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of RNase P RNA in proteobacteria.

Abstract The secondary structures of the eubacterial RNase P RNAs are being elucidated by a phylogenetic comparative approach. Sequences of genes encoding RNase P RNA from each of the recognized subgroups (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) of the proteobacteria have now been determined. These sequences allow the refinement, to nearly the base pair level, of the phylogenetic model for RNase P RNA secondary structure. Evolutionary change among the RNase P RNAs was found to occur primarily in four discrete structural domains that are peripheral to a highly conserved core structure. The new sequences were used to examine critically the proposed similarity (C. Guerrier-Takada, N. Lumelsky, and S. Altman, Science 246:1578-1584, 1989) between a portion of RNase P RNA and the "exit site" of the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic comparisons indicate that these sequences are not homologous and that any similarity in the structures is, at best, tenuous.
Ductilization of Ti-Ni-Pd shape memory alloys with boron additions

Although high transition temperature shape memory alloys (SMAs) are desirable for certain applications, most usable SMAs have upper transition temperature ranges (TTRs) less than 100°C. It has been reported that Pd substitutions for Ni in Ni-Ti alloys can increase the TFR to 500°C for more than 15 atomic pct. Pd[1, 2]; however, in addition to higher cost, these alloys have poor ductility at room temperature[3, 4].
Iterations of random and deterministic functions

Letf be a probability generating function on [0, 1]. The convergence of its iteratesfn to fixed points is studied in this paper. Results include rates forf andf-1. Also iterates of independent identically distributed stable processes are studied and a trichotomy based on the order of the stability is established.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF MIXED IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUMORS

We investigate a mathematical population model of tumor-immune interactions. The populations involved are tumor cells, specific and non-specific immune cells, and concentrations of therapeutic treatments. We establish the existence of an optimal control for this model and provide necessary conditions for the optimal control triple for simultaneous application of chemotherapy, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment. We discuss numerical results for the combination of the chemo-immunotherapy regimens. We find that the qualitative nature of our results indicates that chemotherapy is the dominant intervention with TIL interacting in a complementary fashion with the chemotherapy. However, within the optimal control context, the interleukin-2 treatment does not become activated for the estimated parameter ranges.
Convex-Profile Inversion of Asteroid Lightcurves: Theory and Applications

A theory for asteroid light curve interpretation is derived from the reformulation, extension, and calibration of Ostro and Connely's (1984) convex-profile inversion, and then used to constrain the shapes of selected asteroids. The ideal conditions for the estimation of an asteroid's main cross-section from a light curve are (1) that the viewing-illumination geometry be equatorial, (2) that the scattering be uniform and geometric, (3) that the asteroid surface contours parallel to the equatorial plane be convex, (4) and that the solar angle not equal zero. Results are presented from simulations calibrating the kind, severity, and predictability of systematic errors.
Intermolecular hydrogenation of a CC bond during π-cyclopentadienyliron complexation of 1,8-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene

Abstract Reaction of 1,8-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene with ferrocene in the presence of Al and AlCl3 in cyclohexane affords the mono-iron complex [endo-(η6-(1,8-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene))FeCp](PF6) as the only isolable iron-containing product. X-ray and NMR analysis of this product confirms that the etheno bridge in the arene ligand has been hydrogenated. The intramolecular mechanism previously proposed for this type of hydrogenation accompanying π complexation (i.e. involving an Fe–H intermediate) is impossible for steric reasons; thus, an intermolecular process must be considered. The same reaction was attempted in methylcyclohexane–cyclohexane mixtures, in order to improve the complexation yield and favor the formation of diiron complexes. However, this led instead to the formation of [(η6-toluene)FeCp](PF6), in which the coordinated toluene ligand arises from dehydrogenation of the methylcyclohexane solvent.
Chemical linkage of the tail to the right-hand end of bacteriophage lambda DNA☆

Abstract When solutions of bacteriophage λ are treated with a water-soluble carbodiimide (CMC), then lysed with formamide and observed with the electron microscope, over 90% of the DNA molecules are found to be attached to phage heads and tails. Sedimentation analysis shows that lysis is complete, and denaturation mapping shows that the right-hand end † of the DNA, and never the left-hand end, is attached to the phage tails. When the carbodiimide-treated phage are lysed and the DNA cleaved with RI endonuclease, the shortest fragment, which contains the right end of λ DNA, is as expected the only fragment found attached to the tails. Comparison of the length of the tail-linked fragment with the length of the free DNA fragment shows that the DNA does not extend to the end of the tail. It does appear to intrude a short distance (30% of the length of the tail, or 130 DNA base-pairs), but this distance is just at the limit of resolution. When phage are placed in 80% formamide and then immediately spread for electron microscopy, about 10% of the phage have partially ejected DNA. Denaturation mapping shows that it is the right end of the DNA which is ejected first.
DISCIPLE: a framework for multimodal collaboration in heterogeneous environments

This paper presents a framework for sharing JavaBeans applications in real-time synchronous collaboration. A generic collaboration bus provides a plug-and-play environment that enables collaboration with applications that may or may not be collaboration aware. Research on knowledge-based quality-of-service management and multimodel human/machine interface is described.
Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew's gender/GST hypotheses

Some scholars argue for sex-specific explanations of criminal behavior, while others opt for more general theories of crime. In this article, we elaborate on recent explorations of gender differences in general strain theory (GST). Using data obtained from self-report interviews of delinquent youths, we implemented measures of strain, negative emotions, and coping resources to examine sex differences in GST-related processes across both interpersonal and property offending. The results offer some support for Broidy and Agnew's gender/general strain hypotheses and, at the same time, offer modifications and extensions for future research on GST.
Strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonists attenuate a cardiac arrest-induced movement disorder

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent experimentally induced cardiac arrest and resuscitation, subsequently exhibiting involuntary jerking movements (myoclonus) with salient features similar to the human form of the disorder. The novel strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonists ACEA-1011 (5-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3,-dione) and ACEA-1021 (5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-quinoxalinedione) significantly attenuated the myoclonus in cardiac-arrested rats. (+)-HA-966, (±)-HA-966 (3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone), and felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) were also effective. Although the drugs vary in their selectivity for strychnine-insensitive glycine sites, they all possess antagonist activity at these sites. Vehicle injections (saline, dimethyl sulfoxide, water) were without effect and no obvious side effects were observed with any of the ligands tested in this study. Since hyperexcitability in the central nervous system is thought to underlie myoclonus, the attenuation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission through antagonism of strychnine-insensitive glycine sites provides a logical mechanism of action for the antimyoclonic effects observed herein.
Vertical integration and diversification among multihospital systems: A for‐profit, nonprofit comparison

Today the public and health‐care professionals are generally aware of the corporatization of our health‐care system. However, the degree and specifics of this change are less well known. This article expands our knowledge of the phenomenon by examining vertical integration and diversification activities by for‐profit and nonprofit hospital conglomerates into both health care and non‐health care‐related enterprises. In general, it was found that both for‐profit and nonprofit multihospital systems, a major type of health‐care conglomerate in existence today, are heavily involved in vertical integration and diversification. However, little difference was found between the for‐profits and nonprofits in the extent of their involvement in such activities.
Statistical considerations for in vitro research : II - Data to presentation

The paper is the second of two papers about statistical considerations that researchers should make while doing in vitro plant biology research. The first paper focused on aspects from developing a plan to do research through the collection of data. This paper continues with information about editing data, handling outliers, analyzing quantitative and qualitative data, comparing treatment means, preparing graphs and tables, and presenting results.
Native defects in undoped semi-insulating CdSe studied by photoluminescence and absorption.

Recombination of carriers in semi-insulating undoped CdSe was studied using infrared absorption and both the polarization and excitation power dependence of the photoluminescence spectra. The photoluminescence measurements showed that a deep donor and a shallow-acceptor state dominate the recombination process, which is slightly modified by a conduction-band tail. Polarization studies showed that the shallow-acceptor level is spin split by \ensuremath{\sim}1.7 meV, and that the band-tail states do not have the same symmetry as the maximum allowed symmetry of the crystal. The absorption spectra showed indirect absorption from energy levels of the shallow-acceptor defect, including a possible deep level at \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 eV. Deep-donor levels of the shallow-acceptor defect may be responsible for high-resistivity undoped CdSe and the self-compensation of p-CdSe.
Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Glucose Hypometabolism in Children With Intractable Epilepsy

In children with partial epilepsy, there is increasing evidence to suggest that not all cortical regions showing glucose hypometabolism on positron emission tomography (PET) represent epileptogenic cortex but that some hypometabolic areas might be the result of repeated seizures. Most of the supportive data, however, have come from cross-sectional imaging studies. To evaluate longitudinal changes in cortical glucose hypometabolism, we compared two sequential [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scans performed 7 to 44 months apart in 15 children with intractable nonlesional partial epilepsy. The extent of hypometabolic cortex on the side of the electroencephalography-verified epileptic focus and its changes between the two PET scans were measured and correlated to clinical seizure variables. The change in seizure frequency between the two PET scans correlated positively with the change in the extent of cortical glucose hypometabolism (r = .8, P < .001). Most patients with persistent or increased seizure freq...
Speech restoration and complications of primary versus secondary tracheoesophageal puncture following total laryngectomy.

The tracheoesophageal (TE) fistula with a speech prosthesis has become the method of choice for vocal rehabilitation in many postlaryngectomy patients. Several modifications of the procedure have been described including primary TE puncture at the time of laryngectomy. Fear of increased risk of complications has kept the primary procedure from widespread usage. Our series of 95 TE fistula procedures from 1980 to 1988 revealed 33 to be primary and 62 secondary. Eighty-five percent (85%) (28 of 33) patients in the primary group achieved long-term satisfactory speech (1 year or more of follow-up). Complications occurred in 36% of this group of patients. The success rate for the secondary group was 69% (43 of 62), while the complication rate was 21%. There were no instances of death, sepsis, or media-stinitis associated with either primary or secondary TE fistula patients. It appears that the primary TE fistula can be performed as safely and effectively as the secondary procedure.
A review of major non-power-related carbon dioxide stream compositions

A critical component in the assessment of long-term risk from geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the ability to predict mineralogical and geochemical changes within storage reservoirs as a result of rock-brine-CO2 reactions. Impurities and/or other constituents in CO2 source streams selected for sequestration can affect both the chemical and physical (e.g., density, viscosity, interfacial tension) properties of CO2 in the deep subsurface. The nature and concentrations of these impurities are a function of both the industrial source(s) of CO2, as well as the carbon capture technology used to extract the CO2 and produce a concentrated stream for subsurface injection and geologic sequestration. Most work on CO2 capture, utilization, and storage has been focused on large fossil-fuel-fired power plants. This article reviews the relative concentrations of CO2 and other constituents in exhaust gases from other major non-power-related industrial point sources. Assuming that carbon capture technology would remove most of the air (i.e., incondensable gases N2, O2, and Ar) from the exhaust gases, the authors summarize the relative proportions of SO2, NOx and other remaining impurities expected to still be present in non-power-related CO2 source streams that could be targeted for geologic sequestration. The summary is presented relative to the four largest non-power-related sources of CO2: (1) use of fossil fuels as carbon feedstock, (2) iron, steel, and metallurgical coke production, (3) lime and Portland cement production, and (4) natural gas processing and industrial heat/steam generation.
The rainbow test for lack of fit in regression

A test for lack of fit in regression is presented. Unlike other methods, this one doesn't require replicates or a prior estimate of variance. It can be used for linear or multiple regression, and would be easy to add to existing computer packages. It is based on comparing a fit over low leverage points with a fit over the entire set of data. Distribution theory results are pre¬sented, with examples of power. A discussion of its use for de¬tecting violations of other regression assumptions is also given.
Charting the Pathways to STEM for Latina/o Students: The Role of Community Colleges

With the majority of Latinos attending community colleges, it is important to understand ways in which these institutions contribute to the production of Latina/o STEM degree holders. This chapter discusses implications from a study of institutional pathways traversed by Latina/o STEM baccalaureates.