cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ethical Mirage: A Temporal Explanation as to Why We Aren't as Ethical as We Think We Are

This paper explores the biased perceptions that people hold of their own ethicality. We argue that the temporal trichotomy of prediction, action and recollection is central to these misperceptions: People predict that they will behave more ethically than they actually do, and when evaluating past (un)ethical behavior, they believe they behaved more ethically than they actually did. We use the "want/should" theoretical framework to explain the bounded ethicality that arises from these temporal inconsistencies, positing that the "should" self dominates during the prediction and recollection phases but that the "want" self is dominant during the critical action phase. We draw on the research on behavioral forecasting, ethical fading, and cognitive distortions to gain insight into the forces driving these faulty perceptions and, noting how these misperceptions can lead to continued unethical behavior, we provide recommendations for how to reduce them. We also include a call for future research to better understand this phenomenon.
A Global Curriculum? Understanding Teaching and Learning in the United States, Taiwan, India, and Mexico

While educators recognize that teaching and learning are complex activities evolving from social and cultural contexts, pressure is mounting to be internationally competitive. This research relates a global and responsive discussion of internationalization in education through comparative analyses of current educational discourse about mathematics, science, and technology in the United States, Mexico, India, and Taiwan. Interestingly, changes in education in countries around the globe seem to be leading to a global curriculum. This research examines that phenomenon in several ways. First, we examine what has been happening in the United States. Second, we examine what has been happening in one area of Mexico. Third, we examine what has been happening in India. Fourth, we examine what has been happening in Taiwan. Fifth, we discuss what we have learned relative to the possibility of a global curriculum, specifically related to mathematics, science, and technology, and sixth, we make recommendations for teacher education. In our search for a "global" curriculum, we use an ethnographic procedure referred to as "walking around" culture, which includes participant observation, personal reflection, and cultural immersion. Four of us made several visits to the three countries: India, Mexico, and Taiwan. The findings show that, even though there is no actual global curriculum, there appears to be a de facto global curriculum. Based on that, six recommendations are provided for preparing pre-service and in-service teachers.
Target shifts due to modeling assumptions in inverse synthetic aperture radar

Approaching targets can be imaged, with high resolution, using inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). Image formation via the FFT, however, produces an image where the targets are shifted from their true locations. We begin by reviewing the Fourier model of ISAR image formation, which utilizes a Taylor series approximation to the range function. We then show that this Taylor series approximation is equivalent to the straight-line projection assumption in the tomographic model for ISAR. This approximation, plus the presumption that the acquired Fourier data lie on a Cartesian rather than polar grid, are shown to cause the target shifts. We derive formulas for accurately estimating the target shifts. These formulas can provide the basis for effectively compensating the ISAR image for scenarios with small, widely-spaced targets. >
Pre- and postmenopausal high-risk women undergoing screening for ovarian cancer: anxiety, risk perceptions, and quality of life.

Abstract Objective Recommendations for women at high risk of ovarian cancer include prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (PSO) or screening with transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and CA125 levels. The best strategy for improving survival and maintaining quality of life in high-risk women is not known. Premenopausal women may be more reluctant than postmenopausal women to undergo PSO. However, the risk of false-positive screening results may be more likely in premenopausal women, posing potential psychological risk for those enrolled in high-risk ovarian cancer surveillance programs. We sought to determine whether anxiety, depression, perception of ovarian cancer risk, and false-positive test frequency differed between high-risk premenopausal and postmenopausal women initiating ovarian cancer screening. Methods High-risk women aged ≥30 years enrolling in a TVUS plus CA125 ovarian cancer screening study completed standard QOL (SF-36), cancer-specific anxiety (IES), depression (CES-D), and ovarian cancer risk perception measures. CA125 > 35 and TVUS showing solid or complex cystic ovarian masses were considered abnormal. Abnormal tests were repeated after 4–6 weeks. Persistently abnormal tests prompted a search for malignancy. Tests that normalized on repeat were considered false positive. Results One hundred forty-seven high-risk women, median age 46 (range, 30–78), 78 premenopausal and 69 postmenopausal, had ≥1 TVUS/CA125/outcome assessment. Premenopausal women were more likely than postmenopausal women to consider themselves at higher risk of ovarian cancer compared with women their age ( P P P = 0.02). While general QOL and depression scores were similar, 38% of premenopausal women reported high anxiety versus 27% of postmenopausal women ( P = 0.03). Thirty percent of women required repeat CA125 or TVUS after first screening; 10.8% of premenopausal women versus 4.6% of postmenopausal women required repeat CA125; and 23.3% of premenopausal and 20.6% of postmenopausal women required repeat TVUS. One postmenopausal woman with persistently rising CA125 >100 had negative mammography, colonoscopy, and dilation and curettage/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. All other abnormal tests normalized on repeat. Two premenopausal women withdrew due to anxiety following false-positive CA125 results. Five women (2 premenopausal, 3 postmenopausal) with normal TVUS/CA125 screening tests elected PSO, with benign findings. Conclusion Premenopausal women perceive their ovarian cancer risk to be higher, report greater ovarian cancer risk-related anxiety, and are more likely to have false-positive screening results than postmenopausal women. Few high-risk women elect PSO in the short term. Knowledge of the frequency of false-positive screening results and psychosocial outcomes is important for high-risk women choosing strategies for managing ovarian cancer risk.
Demonstration of a sidewall capacitor to evaluate dielectrics and metal barrier thin films

A sidewall planar capacitor (SW CAP) vehicle is developed to closely simulate processing conditions for metal barrier and dielectric in an integrated structure. For a known tantalum barrier for copper on a low-K dielectric, SW CAP TDDB is similar to those measured on an integrated vehicle. SW CAP results are useful for comparing electrical reliability of different dielectric systems, and effective in determining physical continuity of copper metal barriers.
Geographic and ontogenetic variation in the diet and daily ration of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, from the eastern Gulf of Mexico

To examine variation in diet and daily ration of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758), animals were collected from three areas in the eastern Gulf of Mexico: northwest Florida (∼29°40′N, 85°13′W), Tampa Bay near Anclote Key (∼28°10′N, 82°42.5′W), and Florida Bay (∼24°50′N, 80°48′W) from March through September, 1998–2000. In each area, diet was assessed by life stage (young-of-the year, juveniles, and adults) and quantified using five indices: percent by number (%N), percent by weight (%W), frequency of occurrence (%O), index of relative importance expressed on a percent basis (%IRI), and %IRI based on diet category (%IRIDC). Diet could not be assessed for young-of-the-year in Tampa Bay or Florida Bay owing to low sample size. Diet analysis showed an ontogenetic shift in northwest Florida. Young-of-the-year stomachs from northwest Florida (n = 68, 1 empty) contained a mix of seagrass and crustaceans while juvenile stomachs (n = 82, 0 empty) contained a mix of crabs and seagrass and adult stomachs (n = 39, 1 empty) contained almost exclusively crabs. Crabs made up the majority of both juvenile and adult diet in Tampa Bay (n = 79, 2 empty, and n = 88, 1 empty, respectively). Juvenile stomachs from Florida Bay (n = 72, 0 empty) contained seagrass and a mix of crustaceans while adult stomachs contained more shrimp and cephalopods (n = 82, 3 empty). Diets in northwest Florida and Tampa Bay were similar. The diet in Florida Bay was different from those in the other two areas, consisting of fewer crabs and more cephalopods and lobsters. Plant material was found in large quantities in all stomachs examined from all locations (>15 %IRIDC in 6 of the 7 life stage-area combinations, >30 %IRIDC in 4 of the 7 combinations, and 62 %IRIDC in young-of-the-year diet in northwest Florida). Using species- and area-specific inputs, a bioenergetic model was constructed to estimate daily ration. Models were constructed under two scenarios: assuming plant material was and was not part of the diet. Overall, daily ration was significantly different by sex, life stage, and region. The bioenergetic model predicted increasing daily ration with decreasing latitude and decreasing daily ration with ontogeny regardless of the inclusion or exclusion of plant material. These results provide evidence that bonnetheads continuously exposed to warmer temperatures have elevated metabolism and require additional energy consumption to maintain growth and reproduction.
Inverse Association of Physical Fitness with Plasma Fibrinogen Level in Children The Columbia University BioMarkers Study

Plasma fibrinogen has emerged as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adults, but relatively little is known about the correlates of plasma fibrinogen level in childhood. In the Columbia University BioMarkers Study (1994-1998), the authors evaluated the association between physical fitness and plasma fibrinogen level in 193 children 4-25 years old; 68% were Hispanic and 46% male. Fitness level assessed by treadmill testing was inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen (r = -0.24, p<0.001). Plasma fibrinogen levels showed a graded inverse relation with tertiles of fitness assessed by treadmill (p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and presence of the A allele in the -455 position of the beta-fibrinogen promoter gene, the fitness level remained inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen level (beta = -1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.3, -0.34). Resting heart rate was also correlated with plasma fibrinogen level (r = 0.18, p<0.05). Fibrinogen levels (mg/dl) increased over tertiles of resting heart rate (p = 0.002) and were significantly associated with resting heart rate in multivariate analysis (beta = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.17, 1.5). These findings indicate that plasma fibrinogen is inversely associated with physical fitness in children independent of body mass index.
Zfx Controls the Self-Renewal of Embryonic and Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Stem cells (SC) exhibit a unique capacity for self-renewal in an undifferentiated state. It is unclear whether the self-renewal of pluripotent embryonic SC (ESC) and of tissue-specific adult SC such as hematopoietic SC (HSC) is controlled by common mechanisms. The deletion of transcription factor Zfx impaired the self-renewal but not the differentiation capacity of murine ESC; conversely, Zfx overexpression facilitated ESC self-renewal by opposing differentiation. Furthermore, Zfx deletion abolished the maintenance of adult HSC but did not affect erythromyeloid progenitors or fetal HSC. Zfx-deficient ESC and HSC showed increased apoptosis and SC-specific upregulation of stress-inducible genes. Zfx directly activated common target genes in ESC and HSC, as well as ESC-specific target genes including ESC self-renewal regulators Tbx3 and Tcl1. These studies identify Zfx as a shared transcriptional regulator of ESC and HSC, suggesting a common genetic basis of self-renewal in embryonic and adult SC.
Computing inclusion probabilities to obtain Horvitz–Thompson estimators for sampling plans excluding neighbouring units

Following the relative efficiency comparison of sampling plans excluding certain neighbouring units [See, K., Noble, R.B. and Bailer, J., 2005, Comparisons of relative efficiencies of sampling plans excluding certain neighboring units: a simulation study. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, in press.], we now compute the inclusion probabilities for Horvitz–Thompson estimators (HTE) of the population mean (or total) and their variances, for various sampling plans that exclude certain neighbouring units (SENU) [See, K., Stufken, J., Song, S.Y. and Bailer, A.J., 2000, Relative efficiencies of sampling plans for selecting a small number of units from a rectangular region. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 66(4), 273–294.]. Sampling plans excluding neighbouring units type sampling plans can be thought of as two-dimensional cases of balanced sampling excluding contiguous units (BSEC) [Hedayat, A.S., Rao, C.R. and Stufken, J., 1988, Sampling designs excluding contiguous units. Jou...
Systemic therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

• Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy regimens have been utilized in metastatic colorectal cancer for more than 30 years. Early attempts at defining an optimal treatment schedule and use in combination with other drugs failed to significantly improve results. In contrast, the clinical effectiveness of fluorouracil has been improved by continuous infusion administration and modulation with folinic acid. Both approaches have increased the response rate compared with results achieved with traditional bolus schedules; the effect on survival has been less significant. Unfortunately, expense and, in some instances, toxicity have also been increased, which detracts from their overall usefulness. Clinical studies that evaluate fluorouracil chemotherapy in combination with biological-response modifiers are ongoing and will be areas of intense research during the next few years. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:2265-2269)
ReSlice: Selective Re-Execution of Long-Retired Misspeculated Instructions Using Forward Slicing

As more data value speculation mechanisms are being proposed to speed-up processors, there is growing pressure on the critical processor structures that must buffer the state of the speculative instructions. A scalable solution is to checkpoint the processor and retire speculative instructions. However, in this environment, misprediction recovery becomes very wasteful, as it involves discarding and re-executing all the instructions executed since the checkpoint. To speed-up execution in this environment, this paper presents a novel architecture (ReSlice) that selectively re-executes only the speculatively-retired instructions that directly depended on the mispredicted value, namely its Forward Slice. ReSlice buffers the (typically very few) instructions in the forward slice of the predicted value as such instructions initially execute. Then, potentially thousands of instructions later, ReSlice can quickly re-execute the slice if a misprediction is declared, and merge its state with the program state. In addition, this paper develops a sufficient condition for correct slice re-execution and merge. As one possible use of ReSlice, we apply it to recover from cross-task dependence violations in a chip multiprocessor with thread-level speculation (TLS). ReSlice speeds up SpecInt applications over aggressive TLS by up to 33%, with a geometric mean of 12%. Moreover, E /spl times/ D/sup 2/ decreases by 20%. All this is obtained by saving on average 61% of the task squashes through slice re-execution. On average, a slice re-executes only 6.6 instructions, compared to the 210 that would be re-executed on a squash.
Descriptions, Negation, and Focus

This paper argues that some familiar cases of interaction between definite descriptions and negation are not best analyzed as scope interactions. Attention to the role of focus, and a number of related semantic and pragmatic factors, shows that the cases give no evidence of scope interaction. However, these factors can generate an illusion of scope. In particular, focus can generate illusions of scope, which may lead us to think sentences display scope ambiguities they do not. These conclusions offer limited support to non-quantificational treatments of definite descriptions.
HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF OZARK AND EASTERN HELLBENDERS (CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGANIENSIS)

Hellbenders are large aquatic salamanders. The Ozark subspecies is in decline through its range. This is the first comprehensive report on hematologic and serum chemistry for both Ozark and eastern hellbenders. Blood samples were analyzed for 25 parameters in 33 Ozark hellbenders from the North Fork of White River and the Eleven Point River in Missouri and 45 eastern hellbenders from the Davidson River- Looking Glass Creek in North Carolina and the Cooper Creek in Georgia. Each river was considered a population. In general, the majority of the blood parameters analyzed were similar between populations and subspecies for same-sex individuals, although a few significant differences were identified. The baseline data we acquired are important for future monitoring of hellbender populations, particularly as Ozark hellbender populations continue to age. HELLBENDERS (Cryptobranchus alleganien- sis) are large aquatic salamanders that inhabit cold streams and rivers of parts of the eastern United States. Two subspecies occur: eastern hellbenders (C. alleganiensis alleganiensis) and Ozark hellbenders (C. alleganiensis bishopi). The subspecies currently are distinguished by geographic region, with Ozark hellbenders only occurring in the White, Spring, Current, and Eleven Point Rivers and tributaries of south- eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas (Nickerson and Mays, 1973; Rogers, 2001). Ozark hellbenders have been declining with rare recruitment of young in the populations (Wheeler et al., 2003). A comparison of historical data from the late 1970s against more recent data from 1998 found a shift in size classes and a decline in population density in both rivers (Peterson, 1985; Wheeler et al., 2003). Though the causes of the decline remain to be elucidated, changes in abiotic and biotic factors have been observed in the hellbender habitat in some populations, including habitat degradation, erosion, chemical runoff, in- creased gigging activities (fishing with a pronged spear), heavy canoe traffic, and predation (Dundee, 1971; Humphries, 1999; Minton, 1972; Nickerson and Mays, 1973; Smith and
Field and storage testing Bt potatoes for resistance to potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae).

Abstract Potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is the most serious insect pest of potatoes worldwide. The introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin gene through genetic engineering offers host plant resistance for the management of potato tuberworm. We report on the field and storage studies to evaluate Bt-cry5 potato lines for resistance to potato tuberworm in Egypt under natural infestations and their agronomic performance in both Egypt and Michigan. From 1997 to 2001, field experiments were conducted at the International Potato Center (CIP) Research Station, Kafr El-Zyat, Egypt, and/or Agricultural Genetic Engineering Institute (AGERI), Giza, Egypt, to evaluate resistance to tuberworm. A total of 27 Bt-transgenic potato lines from six different Bt constructs were evaluated over a 5-yr period. After harvest and evaluation of the agronomic trials, storage evaluation of potato tuberworm damage was done at the CIP Research Station. The 1997 field trial was the first field test of ...
Interpreting Evidence: An Approach to Teaching Human Evolution in the Classroom

I ?erhaps the best topic teachers can use to exemplify the nature of science is paleoanthropology, the study of human evolution through the fossil record. Science educators have an opportunity to tackle "How do we know?" questions by examining evidences of our past and accurately defining the terms "hypothesis," "fact," "theory," and "belief." They can use recent discoveries to demonstrate that science is a self-correcting mechanism of understanding the world. By examining different hypotheses, they can encourage the skepticism, debate, and challenge to authority on which science thrives.
Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral analysis of rodent vision

This chapter provides protocols for the study of rodent vision. An advantage of the visual system is that the physiological and behavioral response to the natural stimulus, light, can be measured. Moreover, the anatomy and circuitry of the system have been the subject of much research. Here, we describe our protocols for the analysis of the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors and signaling molecules in the retina by immunohistochemistry. We also explain in detail how we record the electroretinogram from mice, and we review two behavioral tests of rodent vision. One, the virtual optomotor test, makes use of the optokinetic nystagmus reflex, and thus is simple to perform and does not require training. The other, the visual water maze, is more demanding but provides a true quantitative readout of vision performance.
Reducing post-myocardial infarction mortality in the elderly: the power and promise of secondary prevention.

“ Education is the best provision for old age. ”—Aristotle ([1][1]) Major advances in the treatment of acute and chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) have occurred during the last half-century. An analysis of the Framingham Heart Study showed a 59% decrease in death rates from CHD between
Synaptic lipids in cortical function and psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric disorders, which include a variety of distinct infirmities, affect millions of people worldwide. Without intervention, the impact of these conditions is devastating, compromising the daily life of patients and their relatives. Although insights into the underlying cortical circuitry of psychiatric diseases have emerged over the years, our understanding of their pathophysiology, elucidation of pathophysiologic mechanisms and relevant advancements in clinical therapeutic strategies have been hampered by the complexity of these neural networks and the lack of reliable biomarkers in human subjects and animal models. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine , Vogt and colleagues add significant new insights to the understanding of the etiology of psychiatric conditions by revealing novel contribution of synaptic lipids to altered circuit function and behavior in mice (Vogt et al , [2015][1]). [1]: #ref-14
Uninsured Up in 2001, Number With Job-Based Health Benefits Declines

In 2001, 62.6 percent of Americans were covered by employment-based health benefits, down from 2000, when 63.6 percent of the population was covered. This is the first time that the percentage of Americans covered by employment-based health benefits had fallen since 1993. Initial findings indicate that the decline was due to erosion of coverage among workers with insurance in their own name in firms with fewer than 25 employees. In response to the weak economy and rising health benefit costs, some small employers either dropped health benefits or required workers to pay more for these benefits when they were offered.
What Is the PROPPR Transfusion Strategy in Trauma Resuscitation

A massive transfusion protocol is increasingly used in trauma patients. However, the ideal ratio of plasma to other factors has been the subject of significant debate.1–5 The current published data and clinical practice are based primarily on retrospective database analyses. The Pragmatic Randomized
Technical Solutions for Purifying Fuels and Oils at Their Life Cycle Stages

A review has been made of the methods and technical solutions for ensuring purity of fuels and oils at all stages of their life cycle. The developed designs of filters and filter components for purification of oil products from mechanical impurities, organic contaminants, and emulsified water are analyzed.
Toward Integration of Educational Seismology Programs: The U.S. Educational Seismology Network

Over the course of the past decade, a growing movement in science education circles has sought to address perceived gaps in the scientific literacy of America's students. Among the primary concerns of this educational reform movement is the need for in-depth, interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented learning in science classrooms, combined with improved access to technology for all students ( e.g., National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st Century, 2000). Seismology, by nature interdisciplinary, technology-oriented, and applicable to critical societal problems, is ideally suited to answer this calling. A number of science education programs have stepped up to the challenge and are defining a new coalition between scientific research and science education. They have refined a simple mechanism to engage students actively in research: deployment of seismological sensors in an educational setting. These science education programs, while diverse in their approach, have a common goal: to use seismographs and seismic data to improve scientific literacy, spark student interest in …
COLUMELLAR GERMINATION IN MUCOR PIRIFORMIS

The first evidence of columellar germination in mucoraceous fungi is reported for Mucor piriformis isolated from fruits in California and from Chile. In one isolate, columellar ger? mination ranged from 3.6 to 10.6% in test tube cultures incubated at 21 C for 20 da, while cultures incubated for the same period at 0, 6, or 9 C did not show columellar germination. One to five hyphae originated from a single columella and formed simple or sympodially branched sporangiophores producing one to four secondary sporangia. Some columellae contained yellowish to brown protoplasmic material while others appeared empty. In 50% of these columellae, a single septum delimited the protoplasmic contents prior to germination process. In all species of Mucor, part of the sporangium is occupied by a well-defined endogenous columella (3). In Gilbertella persicaria (Eddy) Hesseltine, a close relative of Mucor, the columellae may be highly vacuolated or densely proto? plasmic; the latter condition occurs mostly in small sporangia that produce few spores (1). Such small sporangia are also produced by M. piriformis Fischer (5). In this species, most columellae are empty but some show yellowish to brownish protoplasmic contents. In some species of Mucor, the presence or absence of brownish protoplasmic contents determines the shape ofthe columella, and older columellae without such contents usually lose turgor and become pyriform (5). The columellae of the Mucorales according to Hesseltine and Ellis (3) ". . . are vesicles or central sterile regions continuous with the sporangiophores inside the sporangium." In contrast, Schipper (5) mentioned sprouting of sporangia and columellae in aging cultures of M. piriformis. The present study reports that columellae of M. piriformis germinate and form secondary sporangia under certain conditions of temperature and age of the cul? ture.
Air-Borne Sounds of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera Novaeangliae

Unusual wheezing blows were recorded from humpback whales. This sound was audible both underwater and in air, and appeared to be produced at the blowhole during exhalation. The wheezing blow was composed of frequencies up to 2 kcps and lasted about 2 sec. The in-air and underwater components of this sound are compared. The wheezing blow is contrasted to normal blows, which can be plainly heard in air but are not audible underwater, and to the usual underwater calls, which can not be heard in air. Spectrographic analyses of the three types of sounds are presented. The sounds of normal whale blows are described as variable; this is reflected in the variety of opinion in the literature on whales.
Sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents: what's new?

BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important cause of morbidity and, potentially, mortality for adolescents in the United States. Each year, 2.5 million teenagers in this country will contract an STD. An understanding of recent advances in risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these important infections is vital for clinicians providing care for adolescents. METHODS To identify topics for review, a MEDLINE search for the years 1993 to 1997 was conducted, using the general term sexually transmitted diseases. Separate searches were performed for individual infections, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Trichomonas vaginalis. Relevant publications addressing risk factors for STD acquisition, as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections were reviewed. RESULTS Information derived from the search that was considered relevant and important for the care of adolescents is presented. Risk factors for STD acquisition, including sexual activity, condom use, and substance use are discussed. Recent information about the epidemiology of bacterial (eg, chlamydia, gonorrhea), viral (eg, HSV, HPV, HIV), and protozoal (T vaginalis) infections is presented. Novel diagnostic techniques and advances in treatment of specific infections are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Sexually transmitted diseases represent a significant health problem for adolescents in the United States. Recent advances in the area of diagnosis likely will lead to enhanced recognition of infected individuals, particularly those who lack symptoms. In addition, new drugs and novel approaches to therapy have simplified treatment and may lead to enhanced compliance.
Low Prevalence of Prostatic Cancer among Myelopathy Patients

To test the hypothesis that carcinoma of the prostate (CAPR) is uncommon among patients previously paralyzed due to myelopathy, the prevalence of CAPR in patients with high grade (severe) paralysis was compared to that in patients with low grade paralysis. Sixty-six records of patients with CAPR following myelopathy were recalled from the Department of Veterans Affairs medical database for a seven-year period, 1986-1992. Thirty-four patients were unable to stand (high grade paralysis) and 32 patients could stand (low grade paralysis). The minimal, expected ratio of high to low grade paralysis is 2.3, based on general myelopathy populations, but the observed ratio was 1.1, p < 0.01. Patient age and racial distribution, duration and level of paralysis, stage and fraction of CAPR diagnosed incidentally were similar in the high and low paralysis groups. We conclude that severe paralysis due to myelopathy is underrepresented among myelopathy patients with CAPR and is therefore a relatively low risk factor for carcinoma of the prostate gland.
Pharmacologic Advances in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases

Specific pharmacotherapy for the management of common problems such as chronic diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux, and inflammatory bowel disease is indicated. Future developments in gastrointestinal pharmacology are anticipated as greater strides are made in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of gastrointestinal diseases.
Genuine Sentiments and Gendered Liberties: Migration and Marriage in Gilbert Imlay’s The Emigrants

During the last few decades of the eighteenth century, Anglo-American settlers began to move westward from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and farther afield into the United States’ recently acquired land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The Ohio Valley was a locus of international rivalry among Britain, France, and the United States, with each of these powers seeking to control its land, resources, and native tribes. As westward migration increased, the Ohio Valley also became a literary site for exploring the contested meanings of sentiment, a term deeply implicated in the literatures and cultures of the nations contending for control of the region. Gilbert Imlay’s The Emigrants; or the History of an Expatriated Family (1793) is perhaps the first novel set in the Ohio Valley. This essay examines how The Emigrants incorporates the discourses of sentiment and natural rights produced by the American and French revolutions into an ideology of westward migration and settlement.1
Could two negative emotions be a positive? The effects of anger and anxiety in enemyship

Abstract Enemyship is an important but understudied interpersonal phenomenon. Prior research on this topic has focused on enemyship's cognitive, control-maintenance function following a threat. The present studies advance theory and research by showing the role of emotion, particularly anger, in this process. Using appraisal theory as a framework, we draw on recent research into approach and avoidance motivational dynamics during threat. We propose an interaction between anxiety-inducing threat and enemy-directed anger on perceptions of control and certainty, and motivation. More specifically, we expect that when an anxiety-inducing threat is present, perceptions of control and certainty will be significantly higher when enemy-directed anger is also present than when it is not. Additionally, we sought to demonstrate the consequences of these processes for motivation. Perhaps counterintuitively, we propose that individuals who experience anger at an enemy following an anxiety-inducing control threat will experience a boost in motivation, an effect mediated by perceptions of control and certainty. We find support for our moderated mediation model across three studies with undergraduate and working adults (Total N = 673).
The language and ideology of patronage

Several reasons may be offered for beginning this study of patronage with an examination of the related vocabulary. Most simply, in order to understand the testimony of the ancient sources, it is necessary to know the meaning of the words used to describe the phenomena under study. But this, of course, hardly constitutes a sufficient reason, since the lexical definitions of the important words, such as patronus, cliens and beneficium , are satisfactory. What is of real concern here is to discover in what social contexts and with what connotations the words were used. As these questions are answered, we shall begin to understand the way in which Roman aristocrats categorized their social relationships and the attitudes and ethics appropriate to each category. While a language study can be useful as an avenue of entry into the Roman Weltanschauung , it has potential pitfalls. Just as problems are encountered if no distinction is drawn between ideals and behavior, so will mistakes be made if we fail to distinguish between conscious statements about the usage of patronage-related words given by Roman authors and actual usage in the extant literature. Moreover, there may be a temptation to assume a simple one-to-one relationship between words and categories. For example, in a recent study it was thought significant that both Roman poets and their aristocratic supporters were called amici , adhering to the ‘familiar code of amicitia ’. But, as will become clear in this chapter, the fact that men of varying social statuses could be called amici does not indicate that all amicitiae fit into a single category of social relationships with a single code of conduct.
A Critical Review of the Benefits and Costs of EPA Regulations on the U.S. Economy

This report assesses the EPA’s assumptions and conclusions present in its cost-benefit analyses for six of its proposed regulations. It confirms the results of other independent assessments that the impact of these emerging regulations on the U.S. economy — particularly on the U.S. manufacturing sector — would be far more severe than EPA estimates.
A Discussion of High-Risk HPV in a 6-Year-Old Female Survivor of Child Sexual Abuse.

Background. Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) cause a variety of clinical manifestations in children including skin warts, laryngeal papillomas, and condyloma acuminatum. Whereas the mode of transmission is well understood and management of HPV infection is clearly defined by guidelines in adults, less is known about the mode of transmission, natural history of disease, and appropriate management of high-risk anogenital HPV infections in children. Case. The patient is a previously healthy 6-year-old female who presented with multiple vaginal lesions causing pain and discomfort and was diagnosed with HPV 18 positive CIN I. Summary and Conclusion. Children infected with high-risk HPV subtypes remain a vulnerable patient population, and there is minimal literature on the natural history of disease and effects of overtreatment. Based on a literature review, conservative management, HPV vaccination, and consideration of the cervical cancer screening guidelines for adolescent females are an appropriate treatment course until more studies are reported on cervical cancer screening in survivors of child sexual abuse.
Additions to “The Cypriniformes Tree of Confusion”

Since the acceptance of our paper (Britz & Conway 2011), two publications have appeared that have relevance to the topic discussed and need to be mentioned. Mabee et al. (2011) is the first morphological phylogenetic analysis produced by the Cypriniformes Tree of Life project and covers 62 characters from gill arch, and hyoid osteology in 53 cypriniform taxa. Tang et al.’s (2011) molecular analysis of the cyprinid subfamily Gobioninae also included the three miniature taxa Sundadanio , Paedocypris and Danionella and was based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes. Their parsimony analysis recovered all three taxa in the cyprinid subfamily Danioninae, with Paedocypris and Danionella as sister groups, with this clade forming the sister group to a clade comprising Sundadanio and Esomus . Their maximum likelihood analysis confirmed their placement in danionines and found Paedocypris as the sister group to Sundadanio , and Danionella as the sister group of Danio rerio , Devario auropurpureus and Microrasbora rubescens . Their partitioned Bayesian analysis, however, recovered Sundadanio as the sister group of Leptobarbus , Danionella as the sister group to Danio , Devario and Microrasbora , and Paedocypris as the sister group to all other Cypriniformes, as did Mayden & Chen (2010). This remarkable difference in the position of the three taxa between the different trees was not even mentioned or discussed except in the brief remark relating only to Paedocypris (p. 11): “The Bayesian results agree on a monophyletic Cypriniformes, but recover a putative cyprinid ( Paedocypris ) as the sister group to all other cypriniform fishes.”
An extension of Krein’s inverse spectral theorem to strings with nonreflecting left boundaries

Krein’s inverse spectral theorem describes the spectral measures τ of the differential operators DmDx with boundary condition f_′(0)=0, if m runs through all nondecreasing functions on [0, ∞). This result will be extended to boundary conditions of the type af_′(0)−f(0)=0 (a e [0, ∞)).
Abstract 14599: Selected Types of Exercise Improve BMI z-score in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Introduction: The effect of selected types of exercise on BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents has not been established. Hypothesis: Exercise (aerobic and/or strength) impro...
Education Toward an Increasingly Integrated Outlook on Meat

Most students eat meat as part of their school lunch and other meals throughout the day, but few know that, in the context of contemporary agricultural practices, the production of meat-based foods entails significant harm to the environment, to animals which become food, and to humans—those who eat certain kinds or quantities of animal-derived food or carry on animal agriculture. In this chapter, I discuss what might be entailed in helping students gain a more integrated outlook with respect to food, particularly food derived from other animals. An integrated outlook is one in which each part of a multifaceted phenomenon is increasingly understood in terms of its bearing on one or more of the other parts and how these parts work together and comprise the whole. Educating students about relations and connections involving food provides them an opportunity to better understand the food system of which they are a part and, from there, to consider how they might best participate in, or perhaps even work to change, that system.
Elucidating the Variability of Magnesium Stearate and the Correlations With Its Spectroscopic Features.

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the variability in physiochemical and spectral properties of commercially available vegetable-grade magnesium stearate (MgSt) samples and to assess the correlation between physiochemical properties and near-infrared and Raman spectroscopic features to determine if fast spectral measurements could be used for physical and chemical evaluation. Thirteen MgSt samples of 9 manufacturer grades were obtained from 3 suppliers. The chemical composition was examined using gas chromatography and loss on drying. The physical characteristics were examined on 3 levels: solid state, particle, and bulk level. Comparing the largest to the smallest test values of 13 samples, the variation of the properties ranged from 7% to 335%, with majority of them varying by more than 100% of the smallest value. The samples could be categorized into 4 groups based on solid state properties (1) monohydrate, (2) dihydrate, (3) mixture of monohydrate and dihydrate, and (4) anhydrous form. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed 2 morphological types: thin, flat, and plate-like crystal habit versus irregular crystal habit. The overall variability was mapped using Principal Component Analysis. The greatest variation was due to different manufacturers and perhaps manufacturing methods and starting materials. Based on correlations to physiochemical properties of MgSt, near-infrared and Raman spectra showed potential as a rapid technique for evaluating the differences in excipient properties.
The signposts and winding roads to immunity and inflammation.

The field of innate immunity has been rapidly evolving and expanding its horizons during the past few years. 2018 was no exception, with the publication of several ground-breaking studies that bring into light new activators, regulators and signalling networks that drive innate immune responses and inflammation. The field of innate immunity has been rapidly evolving and expanding its horizons during the past few years. 2018 was no exception, with the publication of several ground-breaking studies that bring into light new activators, regulators and signalling networks that drive innate immune responses and inflammation.
Study on the optimization factor of four-coil magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transmission system

Wireless power transmission (WPT) technology has been widely applied in various fields, such as electric vehicles and wireless sensor networks. Magnetic coupling resonance technology is one of the most important technologies in wireless power transmission. A large number of experimental studies have shown that wireless power transmission systems have good power transmission performances when they work at the natural frequencies. Nevertheless, many relevant parameters‘ differences in design, such as the choice of coupling coil structures and parameters, the coupling coefficient between transmitting coil and receiving coil and the quality factor of each coil, will lead to changes in terms of transmission performances. To reduce these adverse effects and make the wireless power transmission system maintain better transmission efficiency, a resonant magnetic coupling four-coil model with Series-Series-Series-Series (SSSS) structure is established based on the equivalent circuit theory. An optimization factor α is proposed to evaluate the transmission performances of the wireless power transmission system. Parameters characteristics of the optimization factor α between the excitation coil and the transmitter coil in the established symmetric structural system model are analyzed in detail. By means of the simulation analysis software MATLAB, the influences of the distance between the excitation coil and the transmitter coil and their respective radius on the optimization factor α are analyzed. And the variation tendency of α with regard to the parameters of the excitation coil and the transmission coil is clarified. Also, the influence of the optimization factor α on the transmission efficiency of the wireless power transmission system is analyzed and the variation trend is cleared up. By studying the optimization factor, the selection specification of system parameters is analyzed and provides a theoretical basis for system design. A resonant magnetic coupling four-coil wireless power transmission experimental system was built through optimization design. Theoretical models and experimental measures are in good agreement in terms of the influence of system transmission distance on transmission efficiency. After optimization, the transmission efficiency is increased by 3.1% compared with the system before optimization
Increased Hematopoietic Extracellular RNAs and Vesicles in the Lung during Allergic Airway Responses.

Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) can be released by numerous cell types in vitro, are often protected within vesicles, and can modify recipient cell function. To determine how the composition and cellular sources of exRNAs and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry them change in vivo during tissue inflammation, we analyzed bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from mice before and after lung allergen challenge. In the lung, extracellular microRNAs (ex-miRNAs) had a composition that was highly correlated with airway-lining epithelium. Using cell type-specific membrane tagging and single vesicle flow, we also found that 80% of detected vesicles were of epithelial origin. After the induction of allergic airway inflammation, miRNAs selectively expressed by immune cells, including miR-223 and miR-142a, increased and hematopoietic-cell-derived EVs also increased >2-fold. These data demonstrate that infiltrating immune cells release ex-miRNAs and EVs in inflamed tissues to alter the local extracellular environment.
Cultural Humility in Trauma-Informed Care

This chapter addresses best practices in providing trauma-informed care for patients from other countries and cultures including immigrants, refugees, and those seeking asylum. By appreciating the diversity of experience patients have, providers with cultural humility can better recognize trauma, work with the patient and community to address the patient’s trauma, and deliver high-quality, compassionate care. Different ways patients may come to the country and some of the traumatic experiences they may encounter are reviewed. Helpful models such as the Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) standards are described as well. The chapter concludes with practical clinical concerns that frequently arise and tips for best practices.
Conceptualizing the Collaborative Toolbox: A Dimensional Approach to Collaboration:

This study explores the circumstances under which certain collaborative tools are adopted, and whether some tools are typically used in combination with others. We share the view of other scholars ...