cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inheritance and innateness of grammars . Myrna Gopnik (Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 232.

What could possibly be innate? John Morton asked this question in a symposium on psycholinguistics in 1969 (Morton, 1970), and, as this book makes clear, he was certainly not the last to ask it. The Inheritance and Innateness of Grammars is one of the most recent manifestations of our fascination with the question of just what it is that makes it possible for humans – and only humans – to learn language as we know it. The book is the product of a conference that was held at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver in 1993. Nine chapters present work by authors whose expertise includes such topics as speech perception, neurobiology, sign language, language impairment, and, of course, developmental psycholinguistics. Although the word “inheritance” in the title can be understood to refer to genetics, it would have been helpful if the authors had provided their definitions of the term “innateness.” In its primary sense, innate means inborn or present at birth, but clearly no one is arguing that language itself is present at birth, although most would agree that some capacities that may underlie language can be demonstrated in very young infants. Eric Lenneberg provided one definition of innateness in his book, Biological Foundations of Language (1967), which may be what some authors have in mind since his work is frequently referenced: Animals may be thought of as functioning like machines. Their inner structure is not the result of accidental circumstances. The machine unfolds during development, and the internal structure is programmed onto the ontogenetic process. Let us call the internal structure innate mechanisms and the modes of operation that are determined by these mechanisms innate behavior. (p. 220)
Improving the low temperature lightning surge performance of thyristor overvoltage protectors

Protectors used at the subscriber's end of the telephone line need even functionality down to -40/spl deg/C. Characteristically, the surge capability of thyristors decreases with decreasing temperature. Factors which determine simulated lightning surge performance at reduced temperatures are identified. A protector design capable of surviving 100 A, 10/1000 /spl mu/s at -40/spl deg/C is shown to be viable. There is a design compromise between the surge performance and the value of V/sub (BO)/ relative to V/sub DRM/; those factors that increase surge generally degrade (increase) V/sub (BO)/. The optimum design used high dot density, buried breakdown pad, and planar junction termination. >
The Use of Pulmonary Function Testing and Questionnaires as Epidemiologic Tools in the Study of * Occupational Lung Disease

Pulmonary function testing and questionnaires are valuable tools in epidemiologic studies of occupational lung disease. Accurate equipment and standardized methodology are vital to obtain reproducible responses. For spirometry, the FVC and FEV show the least intrasubject variability and on questionnaires, occupational and smoking history are more reproducible than symptoms. The limitations of any method used to define a lower limit of normal should be kept in mind and, whenever possible, groups should be compared by use of the distribution of observations in the two groups--not just the prevalence of "abnormal" findings.
Bayesian hidden Markov models to identify RNA–protein interaction sites in PAR‐CLIP

Summary. The photoactivatable ribonucleoside enhanced cross-linking immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) has been increasingly used for the global mapping of RNA–protein interaction sites. There are two key features of the PAR-CLIP experiments: The sequence read tags are likely to form an enriched peak around each RNA–protein interaction site; and the cross-linking procedure is likely to introduce a specific mutation in each sequence read tag at the interaction site. Several ad hoc methods have been developed to identify the RNA–protein interaction sites using either sequence read counts or mutation counts alone; however, rigorous statistical methods for analyzing PAR-CLIP are still lacking. In this article, we propose an integrative model to establish a joint distribution of observed read and mutation counts. To pinpoint the interaction sites at single base-pair resolution, we developed a novel modeling approach that adopts non-homogeneous hidden Markov models to incorporate the nucleotide sequence at each genomic location. Both simulation studies and data application showed that our method outperforms the ad hoc methods, and provides reliable inferences for the RNA–protein binding sites from PAR-CLIP data.
Cities as Organisms: Allometric Scaling of Urban Road Networks

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Melted gold and national bodies: The hermeneutics of depth and the value of history in Brazilian racial politics

Anthropologists have long puzzled over a supposed lack of explicitly racial identification among Brazilians who face racial discrimination. Yet a clear uptick in Afro-Brazilian identification and contestation of racism is observable in Brazil today. In this article, I examine the transformation of Salvador, Brazil's Pelourinho neighborhood into a heritage center, a process that includes the commodification of residents’ lifeways, so as to link semiotic relationships encouraged by the patrimonializing of buildings, people, and their habits to alterations in racial politics. This case suggests that racial consciousness ties into popular concerns with secrets, depths, and hidden relations encouraged by heritage-based reifications of everyday habits as potentially alienable forms of property.
Bottom up approach to enhance top level SoC verification

SoCs today rely heavily on behavioral models of analog circuits for Top Level Verification. The minimum modeling requirement is to model the functional behavior of the circuit. A lot of ongoing work is also focused on modeling analog circuits to predict the system performance of the SoC. This paper presents a methodology to enhance the quality of SoC verification by using a bottom up approach to verify the equivalence of building blocks and then work at higher levels to increase coverage. It is shown that this methodology can be used to verify functional and performance equivalence of behavioral models.
A Scenario Study of Seismically Induced Landsliding in Seattle Using Broadband Synthetic Seismograms

Abstract We demonstrate the value of utilizing broadband synthetic seismograms to assess regional seismically induced landslide hazard. Focusing on a case study of an M w 7.0 Seattle fault earthquake in Seattle, Washington, we computed broadband synthetic seismograms that account for rupture directivity and 3D basin amplification. We then adjusted the computed motions on a fine grid for 1D amplifications based on the site response of typical geologic profiles in Seattle and used these time‐series ground motions to trigger shallow landsliding using the Newmark method. The inclusion of these effects was critical in determining the extent of landsliding triggered. We found that for inertially triggered slope failures modeled by the Newmark method, the ground motions used to simulate landsliding must have broadband frequency content in order to capture the full slope displacement. We applied commonly used simpler methods based on ground‐motion prediction equations for the same scenario and found that they predicted far fewer landslides if only the mean values were used, but far more at the maximum range of the uncertainties, highlighting the danger of using just the mean values for such methods. Our results indicate that landsliding triggered by a large Seattle fault earthquake will be extensive and potentially devastating, causing direct losses and impeding recovery. The high impact of landsliding predicted by this simulation shows that this secondary effect of earthquakes should be studied with as much vigor as other earthquake effects. Online Material: High‐resolution maps of relative seismically induced landslide hazard for an M w 7.0 Seattle fault earthquake for dry and saturated soil conditions.
Modeling and Measuring Self-Regulated Learning in Teachable Agent Environments

Our learning-by-teaching environment has students take on the role and responsibilities of a teacher to a virtual student named Betty. The environment is designed to help students learn and understand science topics for themselves as they teach and monitor their agent. This process is supported by adaptive scaffolding and feedback through interactions with the teachable agent and a mentor agent. This paper discusses the results of a comparative study conducted in an 8th-grade science classroom, where students received two kinds of metacognitive and learning strategy feedback. We analyze student performance and learning gains as a result of the intervention. To gain further insight into student learning behaviors exhibited during the intervention, we employ a data mining methodology incorporating hidden Markov modeling and sequence mining techniques. The results illustrate both the effectiveness of the experimental agent feedback in encouraging metacognitive learning strategies and the utility of the data mining methodology.
Working Together: Student-Faculty Interaction and the Boise State Stretch Program

In this article, I describe how policy changes instituted by our State Board of Edu- c ation prompted the composition faculty at Boise State University to develop a Stretch program. Our goal was to support basic writing students by linking two writing courses (one of which is non-credit-bearing) , thus allowing students to remain with the same classmates and professor for a full year instead of just one semester. I discuss the history and challenges of our Stretch program and detail our assessment of it, which reveals a positive impact on student reten- tion, G.P.A, and writing ability. While there are too many variables to claim that the Stretch program alone is responsible for the positive outcomes, research shows that increased student- faculty interaction, a significant feature of the Stretch program, does reinforce student learning. We are using evidence of this research and our assessment to develop the program and advance the argument that students should receive full credit for both semesters of the Stretch sequence. K EYWORDS: Stretch programs; basic writing; first-year composition; collaboration; program assessment; student-faculty interaction; college credit
Finding Their Voice: The Struggle of the Illinois Court Reporters to Win Union Recognition

After a brief review of organizing models and the current legal environment for public employee organizing, the recent successful campaign of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers to organizing Illinois state court reporters is chronicled here into five distinct but interrelated stages. Throughout this five-year campaign, which culminated in a successful representation election in Cook County and the union's first collective bargaining agreement, the union relied differentially on traditional organizing campaign tactics, as well as comprehensive and legislative-political campaigns. Although Illinois had a comprehensive public sector law, this case demonstrates public employee organizing campaigns will continue to be hard fought.
Pulse Rates in the Songs of Trilling Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus)

In cricket calling songs, pulse rate is often the feature that allows females to home on the songs of conspecific males while ignoring those of other species. A previous study of the sibling species Gryllus rubens Scudder and G. texensis Cade & Otte from western Florida showed unexpected effects of developmental conditions and parental generation on the pulse rates of their songs. The current study tested for these and other effects in G. rubens from Gainesville, FL, and G. texensis from Dallas, TX. In both species, sibships from different field-fertilized females differed significantly in the effects of rearing environment on the pulse rates of their songs. Tests for effects of nymphal diapause and adult age were negative. Hybrids between the two species produced pulse rates intermediate to the rates of the control crosses. Males of G. rubens reared at 32°C produced faster pulse rates (at a standard temperature) than those reared at 25°C. Furthermore, pulse rates of field-collected males in this study and of field-collected and laboratory-reared males in the previous study increased in rough proportion to the known and estimated temperatures during nymphal development.
Five Good Reasons to Use Pentominoes

.. There are five good reasons to introduce your students to pentominoes. Pentominoe activities can challenge students from third grade through graduate school. The information found within this article is based on experiences with real studentsogrades three through graduate school.
Incorporating PVT Variations in System-Level Power Exploration of On-Chip Communication Architectures

With the shift towards deep sub-micron (DSM) technologies, the increase in leakage power and the adoption of power-aware design methodologies have resulted in potentially significant variations in power consumption under different process, voltage and temperature (PVT) corners. In this paper, we first investigate the impact of PVT corners on power consumption at the System-on-Chip (SoC) level, especially for the on-chip communication infrastructure. Given a target technology library, we then show how it is possible to "scale up" and abstract the PVT variability at the system level, allowing characterization of the PVT-aware design space early in the design flow. We conducted several experiments to estimate power for PVT corner cases, at the gate-level, as well as at the higher system-level. Our preliminary results are very interesting and indicate that: (i) there are significant variations in power consumption across PVT corners, and (ii) the PVT-aware power estimation problem may be amenable to a reasonably simple abstraction at the system-level.
Chronic Low-Dose Angiotensin II Infusion Increases Venomotor Tone by Neurogenic Mechanisms

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in venomotor tone in the chronic low-dose angiotensin II (Ang II) model of hypertension and to establish the contribution of sympathetic nerve activation to these venomotor tone changes. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were acclimatized to a 0.4% or 2.0% NaCl diet for 7 days and then catheterized to allow chronic and repeated measures of arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), an index of venous smooth muscle tone, in conscious undisturbed rats. After 4 days of recovery and a 3-day control period, an Ang II or physiological saline-filled osmotic minipump was implanted subcutaneously to deliver Ang II (150 ng/kg per minute) or vehicle control for 14 days. MCFP was measured in duplicate before and after acute ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (30 mg/kg IV) on control day 2 and Ang II infusion on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Blood volume was also measured on these days and was unchanged for the duration of the study in all of the groups. Arterial pressure was increased for the duration of Ang II infusion in rats on both 0.4% and 2% NaCl diets, but the increase was significantly greater in the 2% NaCl group and completely abolished by hexamethonium. MCFP was significantly increased for the entire Ang II infusion period only in rats fed 2% NaCl, and this increase was completely abolished by hexamethonium. We conclude that the combination of chronic low-dose Ang II infusion and high dietary salt intake engages the sympathetic nervous system to increase venomotor tone.
Investigating unexpected outcomes through the application of statistical debuggers

Predictions from simulations with inherent uncertainty have entered the mainstream of public policy decision-making practices. Unfortunately, methods for gaining insight into unexpected simulation outcomes have not kept pace. Subject matter experts (SMEs) need to understand if the unexpected outcomes reflect a fault in the simulation or new knowledge. Recent work has adapted statistical debuggers, used in software engineering, to automatically identify simulation faults via extensive profiling of executions. The adapted debuggers have been shown to be effective, but have only been applied to simulations with large test suites and known faults. Here we employ these debuggers in a different manner. We investigate how they facilitate a SME exploring an unexpected outcome that reflects new knowledge. We also evaluate the debuggers in the face of smaller test suites and sparse execution profiling. These novel applications and evaluations show that these debuggers are more effective and robust than previously realized.
Synthesis and structure of Sb5PO10, a new phosphate of antimony(III)

Abstract The antimony(III) phosphate, Sb5PO10, is a framework structure built from vertex-sharing tetrahedral SbIIIO3E and trigonal bipyramidal SbIIIO4E moieties (E=lone pair) and PVO4 tetrahedral units; orthorhombic, space group P212121 (No. 19), a=6.8373(5), b=7.0932(5), c=19.8730(15) A, V=963.81(12) A3, Z=8. The structure, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, is based on alternating layers of antimony oxide and antimony phosphate.
Growth attenuation under saline stress is mediated by the heterotrimeric G protein complex

Plant growth is plastic, able to rapidly adjust to fluctuation in environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. Due to long-term irrigation use in agricultural systems, soil salinity is increasing; consequently crop yield is adversely affected. It is known that salt tolerance is a quantitative trait supported by genes affecting ion homeostasis, ion transport, ion compartmentalization and ion selectivity. Less is known about pathways connecting NaCl and cell proliferation and cell death. Plant growth and cell proliferation is, in part, controlled by the concerted activity of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex with glucose. Prompted by the abundance of stress-related, functional annotations of genes encoding proteins that interact with core components of the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein complex (AtRGS1, AtGPA1, AGB1, and AGG), we tested the hypothesis that G proteins modulate plant growth under salt stress. Na+ activates G signaling as quantitated by internalization of Arabidopsis Regulator of G Signaling protein 1 (AtRGS1). Despite being components of a singular signaling complex loss of the Gβ subunit (agb1-2 mutant) conferred accelerated senescence and aborted development in the presence of Na+, whereas loss of AtRGS1 (rgs1-2 mutant) conferred Na+ tolerance evident as less attenuated shoot growth and senescence. Site-directed changes in the Gα and Gβγ protein-protein interface were made to disrupt the interaction between the Gα and Gβγ subunits in order to elevate free activated Gα subunit and free Gβγ dimer at the plasma membrane. These mutations conferred sodium tolerance. Glucose in the growth media improved the survival under salt stress in Col but not in agb1-2 or rgs1-2 mutants. These results demonstrate a direct role for G-protein signaling in the plant growth response to salt stress. The contrasting phenotypes of agb1-2 and rgs1-2 mutants suggest that G-proteins balance growth and death under salt stress. The phenotypes of the loss-of-function mutations prompted the model that during salt stress, G activation promotes growth and attenuates senescence probably by releasing ER stress.
Evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles (Sceloporus spp.): a variant of the cold‐climate model

An alternative to the cold-climate model for the evolution of viviparity is that the impetus for the initial transition from oviparity to viviparity is not an increase in the duration of egg retention but a shift in the location of nests to more superficial and thus warmer locations in the soil profile as temperature declines with increasing altitude or latitude. Shallower nest placement, however, would lead to increased egg mortality as a result of physiological stress or predation, and enhanced egg mortality would thus provide the initial benefit of extended egg retention. To test this hypothesis, I examined the thermal biology of three species of Sceloporus lizards living at high altitudes: S. virgatus (1800 m), S. aeneus (2800 m), and S. bicanthalis (3200 m). The oviparous S. virgatus and S. aeneus females laid eggs at depths of 6 and 2 cm, and mean body/nest temperatures were 24.6/25.2 °C and 19.9/20.8 °C, respectively. Because the initial increment in the duration of egg retention is presumably short, females of these oviparous species cannot initially keep their eggs appreciably warmer than they would be in nests. In contrast, mean temperatures of simulated nests (17.6 °C) of the viviparous S. bicanthalis were similar to the 17 °C low temperature threshold for development, and temperatures in some nests fell below freezing at night and rose to lethal levels during the day. Mean body temperatures of S. bicanthalis females were 20.1 °C; eggs retained during the entire developmental period would hatch 17 days sooner than they would if laid in a nest. Extended egg retention at the highest elevation site would thus provide two benefits: reduced mortality of eggs and accelerated development relative to that in a nest. These benefits, however, accrue because of the initial shift of nests from deeper to more superficial depths in the soil profile.
Automatic classification of bridge defects

A technique is proposed to automatically predict whether a failing chip has a bridge defect. Logic diagnosis is performed using scan test results to identify candidate nets. Several relevant features of the test data are measured for net pairs that consist of the diagnosis candidates and other nets in close physical proximity. Based on these features, rules are constructed to identify defects that fully exhibit classic bridge behaviors, while the remaining chips are classified using a forest of decision trees. Results indicate that a population of chips failing due to bridges can indeed be extracted with very high accuracy. Finally, the method correctly classifies 41 commercially-fabricated chips that underwent PFA.
Modeling multiple nonconsumptive effects in simple food webs: a modified Lotka–Volterra approach

Nonconsumptive effects are an important component of many ecological systems. Yet, modeling these interactions has proven challenging, with the few current models being either overly simplified or very complex. Here I build on the idea of predator interference to derive a model that is both flexible and intuitive. The model is derived using a 4-species food web that includes multiple nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) and interactions among them, though this approach may be adaptable to larger ecological communities. I apply this model to 2 example systems—a stream community and a coffee insect community—and discuss how the incorporation of NCEs changes the dynamics of each system. In the Appendix, I discuss the empirical data and statistics necessary to parameterize the model in hopes that future empirical studies will include additional experiments that can inform modeling frameworks such as the one proposed here. Empirically informed theoretical studies will help evaluate the importance of NCEs on the long-term dynamics of simple communities. Key words: coexistence, Crowley–Martin model, food web modules, functional response, nonconsumptive effects, predator interference. [Behav Ecol]
Race-related stress and smoking among pregnant African-American women

Objectives. To examine the association between the psychosocial construct of race-related stress and smoking among pregnant African-American women. Design. Inferential statistical analyses were performed. Setting. Participants were recruited primarily at a medical clinic as well as through word-of-mouth consistent with the snowball sampling technique. Population. Seventy pregnant self-identified African-American women (32 smokers and 38 non-smokers) 18 years or older participated in the study. Methods. Participants completed self-report measures of the Index of Race-Related Stress and an investigator-developed demographic and smoking questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Smoking status of each participant was established through self-report. Results. Significant associations were found between the smoking status of pregnant African-American women and the frequency and perceptions of overall race-related stress (p < 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), the frequency and perceptions of both individual and cultural race-related stress (p < 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.03, respectively). No associations were found between institutional race-related stress and smoking status. Conclusions. The findings suggest that integrating race-related stress relieving and coping activities into smoking cessation intervention programs for pregnant African-American women may reduce smoking and subsequent smoking-related reproductive health disparities in the population.
WOOL: A Workflow Programming Language

Workflows offer scientists a simple but flexible programming model at a level of abstraction closer to the domain-specific activities that they seek to perform. However, languages for describing workflows tend to be highly complex, or specialized towards a particular domain, or both. WOOL is an abstract workflow language with human-readable syntax, intuitive semantics, and a powerful abstract type system. WOOL workflows can be targeted to almost any kind of runtime system supporting data-flow computation. This paper describes the design of the WOOL language and the implementation of its compiler, along with a simple example runtime. We demonstrate its use in an image-processing workflow.
Asl-stem forum: enabling sign language to grow through online collaboration

American Sign Language (ASL) currently lacks agreed-upon signs for complex terms in scientific fields, causing deaf students to miss or misunderstand course material. Furthermore, the same term or concept may have multiple signs, resulting in inconsistent standards and strained collaboration. The ASL-STEM Forum is an online, collaborative, video forum for sharing ASL signs and discussing them. An initial user study of the Forum has shown its viability and revealed lessons in accommodating varying user types, from lurkers to advanced contributors, until critical mass is achieved.
Exact results for model wave functions of anisotropic composite fermions in the fractional quantum Hall effect

The microscopic wave functions of the composite fermion theory can incorporate electron mass anisotropy by a trivial rescaling of the coordinates. These wave functions are very likely adiabatically connected to the actual wave functions of the anisotropic fractional quantum Hall states. We show in this paper that they possess the nice property that their energies can be analytically related to the previously calculated energies for the isotropic states through a universal scale factor, thus allowing an estimation of several observables in the thermodynamic limit for all fractional quantum Hall states as well as the composite fermion Fermi sea. The rather weak dependence of the scale factor on the anisotropy provides insight into why fractional quantum Hall effect and composite fermions are quite robust to electron mass anisotropy. We discuss how better, though still approximate, wave functions can be obtained by introducing a variational parameter, following Haldane [F. D. M. Haldane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 116801 (2011)], but the resulting wave functions are not readily amenable to calculations. Our considerations are also applicable, with minimal modification, to the case where the dielectric function of the background material is anisotropic.
Inadequate Palliative Care in Chronic Lung Disease. An Issue of Health Care Inequality

Patients with chronic lung diseases suffer higher symptom burden, lower quality of life, and greater social isolation compared with patients with other diagnoses, such as cancer. These conditions may be alleviated by palliative care, yet palliative care is used less by patients with chronic lung disease compared with patients with cancer. Underuse is due, in part, to poor implementation of primary palliative care and inadequate referral to specialty palliative care. Lack of primary and specialty palliative care in patients with chronic lung disease falls short of the minimum standard of competent health care, and represents a disparity in health care and a social injustice. We invoke the ethical principles of justice and sufficiency to highlight the importance of this issue. We identify five barriers to implementing palliative care in patients with chronic lung disease: uncertainty in prognosis; lack of provider skill to engage in discussions about palliative care; fear of using opioids among patients with chronic lung disease; fear of diminishing hope; and perceived and implicit bias against patients with smoking-related lung diseases. We propose mechanisms for improving implementation of palliative care for patients with chronic lung disease with the goal of enhancing justice in health care.
Refinement of Eocene lapse rates, fossil-leaf altimetry, and North American Cordilleran surface elevation estimates

Abstract Estimates of continental paleoelevation using proxy methods are essential for understanding the geodynamic, climatic, and geomorphoric evolution of ancient orogens. Fossil-leaf paleoaltimetry, one of the few quantitative proxy approaches, uses fossil-leaf traits to quantify differences in temperature or moist enthalpy between coeval coastal and inland sites along latitudes. These environmental differences are converted to elevation differences using their rates of change with elevation (lapse rate). Here, we evaluate the uncertainty associated with this method using the Eocene North American Cordillera as a case study. To do so, we develop a series of paleoclimate simulations for the Early (∼55–49 Ma) and Middle Eocene (49–40 Ma) period using a range of elevation scenarios for the western North American Cordillera. Simulated Eocene lapse rates over western North America are ∼5 °C/km and 9.8 kJ/km, close to moist adiabatic rates but significantly different from modern rates. Further, using linear lapse rates underestimates high-altitude (>3 km) temperature variability and loss of moist enthalpy induced by non-linear circulation changes in response to increasing surface elevation. Ignoring these changes leads to kilometer-scale biases in elevation estimates. In addition to these biases, we demonstrate that previous elevation estimates of the western Cordillera are affected by local climate variability at coastal fossil-leaf sites of up to ∼8 °C in temperature and ∼20 kJ in moist enthalpy, a factor which further contributes to elevation overestimates of ∼1 km for Early Eocene floras located in the Laramide foreland basins and underestimates of ∼1 km for late Middle Eocene floras in the southern Cordillera. We suggest a new approach for estimating past elevations by comparing proxy reconstructions directly with simulated distributions of temperature and moist enthalpy under a range of elevation scenarios. Using this method, we estimate mean elevations for the North American Cordillera of ∼2 km using proxy temperatures and ∼3 km using proxy moist enthalpy. This discrepancy is likely related to an inconsistency between the proxy data for temperature and moist enthalpy. The combination of temperature and moist enthalpy estimates implies a warm and dry environment, which is inconsistent with geological evidence for humid conditions. Our study emphasizes that lapse rates in warm climate were likely much different than today's, and highlights the advantages of using climate models to understand past climate states and regional circulation patterns to derive more accurate paleoelevation estimates using proxy temperature and moist enthalpy.
Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy with Lactulose and Antibiotics

Lactulose and antibiotics, particularly neomycin, presently constitute standard therapy for both acute and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. This section will review information relating to their mechanisms of action and clinical data demonstrating their efficacy. An issue of considerable practical importance is whether these agents might have an additive effect if used together; the limited available evidence concerning this point will also be reviewed.
Problems of applying OLS / path analysis for estimating structural (multi-equation) models

In their article, "The Effect of User Involvement on System Success: A Contingency Approach" (MIS Quarterly, March 1988, pp. 91-108), Tait and Vessey used path analysis, an ordinary least squares (OLS) procedure, to estimate the structural model they proposed in their study. Contrary to their contention, we would like to point out that this technique may not be "particularly suited to investigating sequential models" such as the one they propose.
DIFFUSER OPTIMIZATION FOR A MICRO-HYDROKINETIC TURBINE

Small, hydrokinetic systems generating between 0.5 and 10 kW of power are potentially capable of portable power generation. A propeller turbine 18 inches in diameter is paired with a flanged diffuser and numerically simulated as a potential portable hydrokinetic system. The diffuser augmented hydrokinetic turbine (DAHkT) is investigated with a response surface optimization method, where geometric parameters of the system are systematically varied to determine their effects on the system power generation and thrust. The simulations are determined using a central composite design of experiments to minimize the number of simulations required to fit a second-order regression to the results. Potential optimum designs are determined from the regression model, further verified with simulations, and characterized for their entire operating range.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Waiting to Speak: A Phenomenological Perspective on Our Silence Around Dying

Drawing from existential and empirical accounts, I consider the pain that relates to our recognition of our own mortality, especially focusing on our contemporary silence around mortality and our tendencies to generalize and medicalize death. Examining Heidegger’s distinction between “ontic” structures concealing death and the “ontological” significance underlying this concealing, I argue that, though this silence arises from our way of being-in-the-world, there are reasons for challenging institutional and social structures pushing us to cover over death and the existential suffering associated with it. I argue it is incumbent upon the medical community specifically, and ultimately all of us, to respond to silence surrounding dying by cultivating practices of listening, thereby opening possibilities for a more authentic relationship to our dying.
Laser transmitter at 518 nm for optical undersea communications using efficient nonlinear conversion of a picosecond fiber-laser system at 1.56μm

Viable laser transmitter for emerging optical undersea communications is reported. The high data-rate, picosecond fiber-laser system at 1.56µm is frequency-tripled into transparency window of seawater in cascade of two PPLN crystals operated at room temperature.
DNA sequences flanking an E. coli insertion element IS2 in a cloned yeast TRP5 gene.

Abstract The insertion of an Escherichia coli IS2 element upstream from a cloned yeast TRP5 gene results in an increased level of active tryptophan synthase in trpABE.coli host cells.This insertion occurs about 60 bp upstream from the first AUG of the TRP5 gene and is associated with a duplication of the sequence TTACA at the target site.The nucleotide sequence corresponding to the first 173 amino acids of the yeast TRP5 gene has also been determined.The N-terminal region of the yeast tryptophan synthase includes areas of strong homology with the α-subunit of the corresponding E.coli enzyme.Sequences from the 5′ untranslated region upstream from the TRP5 gene are compared to homologous areas of other yeast genes.
Growth of chicks on purified and synthetic diets containing amino acids.

SummaryChicks fed a completely synthetic (chemically-defined) diet in which amino acids are the sole source of nitrogen show a definite subnormal growth response.Casein is superior to its component amino acids as a source of nitrogen for the chick.Diets containing some of the nonessential amino acids are superior to diets containing the 11 amino acids now recognized as essential for the chick.
Peripheral Neve Regeneration in Vivo with Tubular Prostheses

We have developed a quantitative model which allows assessment of the number of primary motor and sensory neurons which regenerate an axon through a tubular prosthesis bridging a 4–5 mm gap of peripheral nerve (1). Labeled somas of motor and sensory neurons are quantified following retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the distal stump beyond the bridged transection site. The number of myelinated axons at mid-guide level is also quantified. We have studied biodegradable and nin-biodegradable materials as well as the effects on nerve regeneration of basement membrane materials, and specific proteins added to the nerve guide., Adding a laminin-oontaining gel (Matrigel, Collaborative Research, MA) to the lumen of polyethylene tubes increases the rate of nerve regeneration as well as the maximum distance that can be successfully bridged. Similar effects are seen with collagen-based nerve guides when the laminin-cxitaining gel is incorporated into the tube wall. Addition of highly purified acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) to the lumen of polyethylene tubes filled with collagen significantly increases the number of myelinated axons at mid-tube level and the number of primary sensory neurons labeled with HRP. We coxpared collagen-based nerve guides of different wall porosities. Tubes freely permeable to bovine serum albumin (BSA) contain significantly more myelinated axons (4 week survival) than identical collagen tubes permeable to glucose-size molecules. These and additional experiments demonstrate that manipulation of the extracellular microenvironment of regenerating PNS axons can significantly enhance the early regenerative response.
Adding Methyl-Substituted Ammonia Derivatives to a Food-Based Synthetic Attractant on Capture of the Mediterranean and Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Field trials were conducted in Guatemala to determine the effect of addition of methyl-substituted ammonia derivatives (methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine) to a food-based synthetic attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Addition of trimethylamine to traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine increased capture of C. capitata , but not A. ludens , over traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine alone, in all tests. Addition of methylamine or dimethylamine had no effect on either species. More C. capitata were captured in adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with tested combinations of synthetic lures than in McPhail traps baited with liquid protein bait (torula yeast solution). In tests conducted during the dry season in Guatemala, more female A. ludens were captured in liquid protein-baited McPhail traps than in adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine. However, during the rainy season, adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine captured significantly more female A. ludens than liquid protein-baited McPhail traps. No C. capitata were captured in traps baited with trimethylamine alone, indicating that trimethylamine is a potent synergist to ammonium acetate and putrescine for the capture of C. capitata .
Analysis on the result of purified protein derivative of tuberculin test in Guangxi province from 2010 to 2012

Objective To understand the situation of purified protein derivative of tuberculin(PPD) test, the prevalence of tuberculosis(TB) in Guangxi, and the influence factors of strong positive result among students and the TB outpatients, in order to provide the basis for making TB screening measures. Methods The PPD test was conducted firstly, and the patients with strong positive results and the TB-like symptoms were given chest X-ray inspection and sputum smear examination. The patients with strong positive results and the patients with non- strong positive results were compared, and the influence factors were analyzed. Results Totally,63 502 patients received the PPD test. The positive rate was 13.92%(8 841), and the strong positive rate was 3.54%(2 251).The detection rate of active TB was 2.91%(1 851). The χ2 and logistic regression analysis on the influence factors showed that: age group and regional distribution were the risk factors(P0.05). Conclusion The screening method is effective in school and TB Outpatient clinics, and we should be focus on the high epidemic areas of TB and reinforce the TB screening in these areas.
Teaching methods in mathematics, science and technology in schools

La societa odierna e attraversata da dinamiche non immaginabili fino a pochi decenni or sono: crescente pervasivita delle tecnologie digitali, sviluppo scientifico e tecnologico, flussi migratori, economie emergenti, crisi dei sistemi economico finanziari, trasformazioni delle strutture familiari e dei comportamenti sociali. Queste trasformazioni determinano l’esigenza di nuovi modelli per lo sviluppo e configurano il sapere come una risorsa sempre piu strategica per il progresso economico, sociale e per la qualita della vita (Hanushek & Woessmann, 2007). La scuola deve, quindi, affrontare sfide e problemi che derivano sia dalle mutate esigenze della societa attuale sia da insufficienze e bisogni a cui e sempre stato difficile offrire soluzioni efficaci (OECD, 2008). Per fare fronte al difficile compito di preparare gli individui a vivere ed operare in una societa attraversata stabilmente dal cambiamento si rende necessario andare oltre la concezione tradizionale dell’apprendimento basata in modo prevalente sulla trasmissione di conoscenze per entrare in una logica di apprendimento come un processo continuo che accompagni l’individuo lungo tutto il suo percorso di vita.
Development of Peptidomimetic Substrates and Inhibitors that Bind to the Peptide Binding Pocket of the Catalytic Site of p60c-src Protein Tyrosine Kinase

Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are excellent targets for anti-cancer drug discovery due to their association with cell transformation and carcinogenesis. In the past few years, we have developed a pseudosubstrate-based inhibitor strategy to target the active site of p60c-src PTK. This strategy has led to the identification of highly selective and potent peptide inhibitors of p60c-src PTK [1,2] that bind to the peptide substrate binding pocket and not the ATP binding pocket. Despite their high inhibitory activity against p60c-src PTK in a cell free protein kinase assay, the peptide inhibitors did not show any significant biological effect on intact v-src transfected 3T3 cells. This was probably due to their inability to penetrate the cell membrane and their susceptibility to proteolysis. Previous work in our laboratory on peptide substrates [3,4] and inhibitors [1,2] led us to believe that the dipeptide motif, -Ile-Tyr- (-I-Y-), is critical for binding to the active site of p60c-src PTK. In this study, we describe the development of cell permeable peptidomimetic substrates and inhibitors of p60c-src PTK using -Ile-Tyr- as a core structure.
Experiences of parenting young people with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: a focus group study

Asperger syndrome only became recognised as a distinct diagnostic category in more recent versions of ICD 10 (WHO 1992) and DSM IV (APA 1994). Whilst a great deal of work has taken place since this time, there has been little research directed at understanding the experiences of families raising children with this diagnosis (Blacher 2003). This focus group study involved engaging directly with parents of children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in order to understand something of their experiences with particular reference to what has or might be helpful. The aim of the study is to identify parent's perspectives and insights in order to inform service development.
Nuclear Heat Energy

Most of the energy released in fission appears as kinetic energy of a few high-speed particles. As these pass through matter, they slow down by multiple collisions and impart thermal energy to the medium. This chapter discusses the means by which this energy is transferred to a cooling agent and transported to devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The chapter additionally discusses the methods for dealing with the large amounts of waste heat generated. The generation of electric power by consumption of any fuel is accompanied by the release of large amounts of waste heat. Many nuclear plants have adopted the cooling tower for disposal of waste heat into the atmosphere. In fact, the hyperboloid shape is so common that it is mistaken for the reactor. A cooling tower is basically a large heat exchanger with air flow provided by natural convection or by blowers. Waste heat can be viewed as a valuable resource. If it can be utilized in any way, it reduces the need for oil and other fuels. The chapter also discusses the potential beneficial uses of waste heat. Potential beneficial uses of the waste thermal energy include space heating and stimulation of growth of fish and of plants. Some nuclear facilities produce and distribute both steam and electricity.
Objectives and Prognostications

Assignment to such a title as this affords an author little scope for systematic investigation; it seems rather to invite rambling reflections, appropriate to a closing session. I shall take it in this sense, though lacking the advantage of reading the preceding papers.
2014 Zero Waste Strategic Plan Executive Summary.

Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, primarily on Department of Energy (DOE) permitted land on approximately 2,800 acres of Kirtland Air Force Base. There are approximately 5.5 million square feet of buildings, with a workforce of approximately 9200 personnel. Sandia National Laboratories Materials Sustainability and Pollution Prevention (MSP2) program adopted in 2008 an internal team goal for New Mexico site operations for Zero Waste to Landfill by 2025. Sandia solicited a consultant to assist in the development of a Zero Waste Strategic Plan. The Zero Waste Consultant Team selected is a partnership of SBM Management Services and Gary Liss & Associates. The scope of this Plan is non-hazardous solid waste and covers the life cycle of material purchases to the use and final disposal of the items at the end of their life cycle.