cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-XYLOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-2-C14, AND D-XYLOSE-5-C14 BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES

D-Xylose was dissimilated anaerobically by Leuconostoc mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of acetic and lactic acids. Xylose-1-C14 gave methyl-labelled acetic acid, xylose-2-C14 gave carboxyl-labelled acetic acid, and xylose-5-C14 gave methyl-labelled lactic acid. The amount of C14 found in any other position was less than one per cent of the total.
Enhancement of RNA polymerase activity by non-protein components from plasma membranes of soybean hypocotyls

Abstract When plasma membranes isolated from hypocotyls of soybean ( Glycine max ) were extracted with 85% ethanol, RNA polymerase of soybean was stimulated by the ethanol-soluble fraction. The ethanol-insoluble fraction had no stimulation. When fractionated by thin layer chromatography, two stimulatory components and one inhibitory component were obtained from the ethanol extracts. Membranes treated with auxins (IAA or 2,4-D) released materials with mobilities corresponding to the stimulatory constituents in greater amounts than did control membranes not treated with auxins. The effect of auxins was specific in that release of phopholipids and neutral lipids was unaffected by auxins. Additionally, these lipids did not stimulate RNA polymerase. The findings support the concept of a release of membrane constituents which stimulate RNA polymerase that is induced by auxins. The constituents released may represent at least part of the transcription factor complex reported in 1972 by Hardin et al.
Multi task learning on multiple related networks

With the rapid proliferation of online social networks, the need for newer class of learning algorithm to simultaneously deal with multiple related networks has become increasingly important. This paper proposes an approach for multi-task learning in multiple related networks, where in we perform different tasks such as classification on one network and clustering on the other. We show that the framework can be extended to incorporate prior information about the correspondences between the clusters and classes in different networks. We have performed experiments on real-world data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
“There are few subjects in political economy of greater difficulty”: The Poor laws of the Antebellum South

This article examines the administration of the poor laws in six southern states from 1800 to 1860. Although southerners were influenced to some degree by developments in northeastern communities, the unique features of antebellum southern life caused poor relief to assume a distinct character. Poverty was simply not perceived as a major concern in the South. Consequently, southerners were less inclined to stigmatize paupers, or to adopt a systematic policy of institutionalizing dependents. They relied heavily on such traditional practices as outrelief and apprenticeship. This approach harmonized with the southern preference for a legal system which encouraged informal solution of social problems at the local level.
The production and verification tasks in mental addition: An empirical comparison☆

Abstract We respond to A. Baroody's comment (1984, Developmental Review, 4, 148–156) with an empirical comparison of the production and verification tasks. With the exception of performance at the first grade level, the two tasks yield essentially identical conclusions. The results of an adjunct task, in which the rate of mental counting was assessed, suggest that children as young as second grade are relying on memory retrieval to a significant degree. In contrast to Baroody's speculation, there appear to be no widespread difficulties associated with results from the verification task. Furthermore, the task permits a more analytic examination of performance and underlying mental process than is afforded by the production task. We conclude by reiterating the empirical support for a model of fact retrieval, and suggesting that accessibility of the arithmetic facts is the basic factor which underlies both fact retrieval and procedural knowledge performance.
Integrated chemical sensor array platform based on a light emitting diode, xerogel-derived sensor elements, and high-speed pin printing

Abstract We report a new, solid-state, integrated optical array sensor platform. By using pin printing technology in concert with sol–gel-processing methods, we form discrete xerogel-based microsensor elements that are on the order of 100 μm in diameter and 1 μm thick directly on the face of a light emitting diode (LED). The LED serves as the light source to excite chemically responsive luminophores sequestered within the doped xerogel microsensors and the analyte-dependent emission from within the doped xerogel is detected with a charge coupled device (CCD). We overcome the problem of background illumination from the LED reaching the CCD and the associated biasing that results by coating the LED first with a thin layer of blue paint. The thin paint layer serves as an optical filter, knocking out the LEDs red-edge spectral tail. The problem of the spatially-dependent fluence across the LED face is solved entirely by performing ratiometric measurements. We illustrate the performance of the new sensor scheme by forming an array of 100 discrete O2-responsive sensing elements on the face of a single LED. The combination of pin printing with an integrated sensor and light source platform results in a rapid method of forming (∼1 s per sensor element) reusable sensor arrays. The entire sensor array can be calibrated using just one sensor element. Array-to-array reproducibly is
A critical analysis of Power Usage Effectiveness and its use in communicating data center energy consumption

Abstract Data centers represent an increasingly popular construction project type, supported by the continued growth in internet-based services. These facilities can, however, consume large amounts of electricity and—especially if growth trends continue—put strain on utility grids and energy resources. Many metrics have been proposed to evaluate and communicate energy use in data centers. In many cases, the goal is that these metrics will be used to develop energy conscious behavior and perhaps data center energy rating systems or building codes to reduce average energy use. In this paper, we examine one of the more popular metrics, Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), and discuss its shortcomings toward effectively communicating energy consumption. Our inference is that PUE is an instantaneous representation of electrical energy consumption that encourages operators to report the minimum observed values of PUE. Hence, PUE only conveys an understanding of the minimum possible energy use. Instead, we propose the use of energy-based metrics or average PUE over a significant time period—e.g., a year—to better understand the energy efficiency of a data center and to develop energy rating/ranking systems and energy codes
A Global Arena

Discusses some of the general trends contributing to globalization from both a market and competitive perspective. Considers a framework for assessing competitive advantage and the features of global products. Concludes that success in global competition depends on working in the three dimensions of product, business system, and marketing; product focus along is unlikely to be enough to protect and strengthen a firm′s core.
Electrokinetic Interactions between Two Spheres: The Role of Surface Charge Transport in Coagulation

Abstract A model which incorporates an electrokinetic character—specifically, nonequilibrium charge transport within a particle surface layer—into the classical DLVO framework for colloid stability is developed. Particular attention is devoted to the physical scaling arguments that justify the inclusion of unsteady charge transport. Additional scaling arguments find the Smoluchowski framework of Brownian motion valid, whereas transverse particle motion contributes insignificantly. Next, a perturbation scheme which poses the electrokinetic correction to particle motion as a higher order correction to the classical electrostatic contribution is devised. This perturbative approach resembles that of S. S. Dukhin and J. Lyklema ( Langmuir 3, 94 (1987)) in their article "Dynamics of Colloid Particle Interactions." The present effort is unique in adhering to an equilibrium charge structural model at the particle surface even in the presence of nonequilibrium charge transport. Finally, the effect of varying the model parameters on the magnitude of the (colloid) stability ratio W is demonstrated. It is concluded that the electrokinetic effect is generally quite small under representative conditions covered by the present model—the main restriction is the limitation to particle surface potentials less than 25.7 mV. Nevertheless, a discernible correction to the stability ratio can be expected for slow-diffusing electrolyte species, e.g., polyelectrolytes, particularly when their residence upon the particle surface is substantial.
Object-oriented systems development: survey of structured methods

Abstract Concepts of object-oriented system programming and system design are reviewed in the light of previous research on systems development methodologies. Key principles are identified and a selection of system development methods is then judged against these principles to determine their concordance with object-oriented design. The advantages of object-oriented system development are reviewed in the light of the study of structured system development methods.
Laparoscopic removal of ingested pin penetrating the gastric wall in an immunosuppressed patient.

Foreign body ingestion is a well-recognized and relative common problem. Most foreign bodies pass spontaneously and uneventfully through the digestive tract. In some cases, however, the ingestion of foreign bodies is associated with a high risk of complications because of their size or shape or the host’s medical status. We report a case of successful laparoscopic removal of an accidentally ingested pin that was penetrating the anterior gastric wall in a immunosuppressed patient. After removal of the pin, the opening of the gastric wall was closed with an extracorporeal hand-suturing technique. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged in good health on the 5th day after the procedure. Laparoscopy should be considered the approach of choice for the removal of ingested foreign bodies when surgery is indicated.
Adaptors discriminate mast-cell cytokine production from eicosanoid production and degranulation.

The FceRI-dependent activation of nuclear factor (NF)κB is key for mast-cell cytokine production. The CARMA1–Bcl10–Malt1 adaptor complex regulates NFκB activation by antigen receptors in lymphocytes. A recent study reveals that the Bcl10–Malt1 complex promotes mast-cell interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor production, independent of degranulation, eicosanoid secretion or survival. The new findings place this complex at the forefront in discriminating between signals required for cytokine production and those required for mast-cell degranulation and eicosanoid production.
Dexamethasone: Antirheumatic properties, hormonal effects and adverse reactions (A 16 month study)

Dexamethasone has been administered for 8 to 16 months (0.5 to 4.0 mg. daily), with satisfactory antirheumatic response in 20 of 27 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This compound has been found to be the most potent anti-inflammatory corticosteroid thus far produced. It suppresses ACTH and possibly thyroid-stimulating hormone production by the anterior pituitary. Thyroid function, as measured by radioactive iodine uptake, was reduced in 11 of 19 patients during dexamethasone administration. The most common side effect in this group was striking weight gain—more than 4 Kg. in 19 patients. Three patients experienced pathologic fractures and one, a peptic ulcer during dexamethasone therapy. There were two deaths during the period of study. Dexamethasona esseva administrate durante 8 a 16 menses in dosages de 0,5 a 4,0 mg per die con satisfacente responsas antirheumatic in 20 de 27 patientes con arthritis rheumatoide. Esseva constatate que iste compositoes le plus potente corticosteroide antiinflammatori producite usque a iste tempore. Illo supprime le production de ACTH e possibilemente de hormon thyroido-stimulatori in le pituitario anterior. Le function thyroide, mesurate como function del acceptation de iodo radioactive, esseva reducite in 11 de 19 patientes durante le administration de dexamethasona. Le plus commun effecto lateral in istegruppo esseva un frappante ganio de peso. Isto amontava a plus que 4 kg in 19 del casos. Tres patientes experientiava fracturas pathologic durante le cuso de dexamethasona. Un patiente habeva un ulcere peptic. Duo mortes occurreva durante le periodo del studio.
Targeting gene therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta

Targeting the collagen gene in bone mesenchymal stem cells can prevent the synthesis of mutant collagen and therefore represents a potential strategy for the treatment of diseases such as osteogene...
The Correlates of Small-Town Upkeep

Although small towns in America differ significantly in terms of how well they are maintained, there has been little scholarly work on what community factors relate to upkeep. In this research, we search for the correlates of town maintenance using data from a unique study of 99 small Iowa towns. The data include visual assessments of the towns, citizen responses to random sample attitudinal surveys, and U.S. census information. When these data are analyzed, the results show that better kept towns are associated with (a) higher median family incomes, (b) larger populations, (c) higher percentages of elderly, (d) fewer commuters, (e) stronger psychological attachment to the community, and (f) more community improvement activity. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Density functional model of multireference systems based on geminals

Abstract A density functional model based on the variationally optimized spin-unrestricted multiconfigurational wavefunction created from strongly orthogonal singlet-type electron geminals is presented. A rescaled correlation-only PBE functional is used to account for dynamic correlation absent in the geminal wavefunction. The performance of the model is assessed from geometry optimizations on the G2/97 test set diatomics, using two different basis sets. Preliminary results presented here are encouraging and clearly warrant further studies into types of functionals that can be used in combination with the geminal reference.
Age- and fitness-related differences in limb venous compliance do not affect tolerance to maximal lower body negative pressure in men and women

Aging and chronic exercise training influence leg venous compliance. Venous compliance affects responses to an orthostatic stress; its effect on tolerance to maximal lower body negative pressure (L...
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. XIV. THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD OF CHICKEN EMBRYOS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME.

We have studied by means of glass electrodes the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood of chicken embryos from 8 to 20 days. When plotted as a curve, the average data show that a constant change takes place in the measurement, being acid at the beginning of this period and becoming alkaline toward its end. The acid reaction we think was characteristic not only of the embryos of fowl, but of the fetuses of cats and indeed as Warburg has shown of rapidly growing tissue in general. We have suggested the possibility, though we have no data to substantiate the suggestion, that the hydrogen ion concentration may under conditions like these, seeing that the curve of change resembles that of oxygen consumption, be expressive of changes in the rate of metabolism.
Inflammatory Pathways Link Socioeconomic Inequalities to White Matter Architecture

Socioeconomic disadvantage confers risk for aspects of ill health that may be mediated by systemic inflammatory influences on the integrity of distributed brain networks. Following this hypothesis, we tested whether socioeconomic disadvantage related to the structural integrity of white matter tracts connecting brain regions of distributed networks, and whether such a relationship would be mediated by anthropometric, behavioral, and molecular risk factors associated with systemic inflammation. Otherwise healthy adults (N= 155, aged 30–50 years, 78 men) completed protocols assessing multilevel indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP), anthropometric and behavioral measures of adiposity and cigarette smoking, circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), and white matter integrity by diffusion tensor imaging. Mediation modeling was used to test associations between SEP indicators and measures of white matter tract integrity, as well as indirect mediating paths. Measures of tract integrity followed a socioeconomic gradient: individuals completing more schooling, earning higher incomes, and residing in advantaged neighborhoods exhibited increases in white matter fractional anisotropy and decreases in radial diffusivity, relative to disadvantaged individuals. Moreover, analysis of indirect paths showed that adiposity, cigarette smoking, and CRP partially mediated these effects. Socioeconomic inequalities may relate to diverse health disparities via inflammatory pathways impacting the structural integrity of brain networks.
Histochemical determination of the fiber composition of locomotory muscles in a lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

A histochemical survey was done on the fiber composition of 12 different locomotory muscles in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Three types of fibers were found in all muscles: (1) fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG); (2) fast-twitch- oxidative-glycolytic (FOG); and (3) tonic fibers. Virtually all locomotory muscles contain some tonic fibers. Most muscles have bulk white regions (containing mostly FG fibers) and distinct red, oxidative regions (with FOG and tonic fibers). These red regions are predominantly located around the joints in the hind limb muscles, and probably serve a postural and joint-stabilizing function. The predom- inance of FG fibers in the bulk white regions is well-correlated with the rapid, anaerobically supported predator escape behavior of D. dorsalis.
CDC14B Acts Through FZR1 (CDH1) to Prevent Meiotic Maturation of Mouse Oocytes

Meiotic maturation in oocytes is a prolonged process that is unique because of cell cycle arrests at prophase of meiosis I (MI) and at metaphase of meiosis II (MII). Fluctuations in cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1/CDC2A) activity govern meiotic progression, yet little is known about how these fluctuations are achieved. CDC14 is a highly conserved dual-specificity phosphatase that counteracts the function of proteins phosphorylated by CDK. Mammals contain two CDC14 homologs, CDC14A and CDC14B. We report that CDC14B localizes with the meiotic spindle in mouse oocytes, and (unlike somatic cells) it does not localize in the nucleolus. Oocytes that overexpress CDC14B are significantly delayed in resuming meiosis and fail to progress to MII, whereas oocytes depleted of CDC14B spontaneously resume meiosis under conditions that normally inhibit meiotic resumption. Depletion of FZR1 (CDH1), a regulatory subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome that targets cyclin B1 (CCNB1) for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, partially restores normal timing of meiotic resumption in oocytes with excess CDC14B. These studies also reveal that experimentally altering CDC14B levels generates eggs with abnormal spindles and with chromosome alignment perturbations. Our data indicate that CDC14B is a negative regulator of meiotic resumption and may regulate MI in mouse oocytes.
Molecular Genetics of Coronatine Production by PseudomonasSyringae Pv. Glycinea

A low molecular weight plasmid (8.3 kb), designated pPG1, occurs in Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea strains which produce the phytotoxin coronatine, but not in non-toxigenic strains. Restriction enzyme analysis of pPGl indicated unique sites for HindIII, BamHI, KpnI, HpaI and EcoRI. pPGl DNA, digested with HindIII, was inserted into the HindlII site of the plasmid pRK404 and transformed into E. coli strain JM83. The transformants were assayed for coronatine production by ELISA and a soybean leaf bioassay. Transformants which contained the pRK404 with an intact pPGl insert gave a positive ELISA reaction, elicited chlorosis in soybean leaves, and produced a compound which migrated on TLC plates to a position identical to that of coronatine produced by pv. glycinea. One or more genes required for coronatine production, therefore, appear to be located on pPGl. No sequence homology was detected when pPGl was hybridized to pCORl from pv. atropurpurea which has been reported to be involved in coronatine production.
INVARIANT-CONSERVING FINITE DIFFERENCE ALGORITHMS FOR THE NONLINEAR KLEIN-GORDON EQUATION

A formalism for SystematicaIIy deriving second order accurate finite difference algorithms which conserve certain invariant quantities in the original nonlinear PDEs is presented. Three algorithms are derived for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NLKGE) based on the proposed formalism. The local conservation laws of the NLKGE form the basic starting point in our derivation, which hinges essentially on the commutativity of certain finite difference operators. Such commutativity in the discrete approximations allows a preservation of the derivation properties of the continuous counterparts at the PDE level. With appropriate boundary conditions, the proposed algorithms preserve in the discrete sense either the total system energy or the system’s linear momentum. Several variants of the present algorithms and their relation to previously proposed algorithms are discussed. An analysis of the accuracy and stability is conducted to compare the different variants of the proposed algorithms. The preservation of energy of the present algorithms for the NLKGE can also be viewed as providing a method of stabilization for conditionally stable algo~thms for the linear wave equation. The computer impIementation of the proposed algorithms, with the treatment of the boundary conditions, is presented in detail. Numerical examples are given concerning soliton collisions in the sine-Gordon equation, the double sine-Gordon equation, and the cb”, (‘phi-four’) equation. The numerical results demonstrate that the present algorithms can preserve accurately (up to 10 decimal digits) the total system energy for a very coarse grid. Reliable algorithms for Josephson junction models, which contain dissipation, damping mechanisms and driving bias current, are obtained as direct by-products of the proposed invariant-conserving algorithms for the NLKGE. Even though presented mainly for the 1-D case, the proposed algorithms are generalizable to the 2-D and 3-D cases, and to the case of complex-valued NLKGE.
Some like It Vigorous: Measuring Individual Differences in the Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity

Individuals differ in the intensity of exercise they prefer and the intensity they can tolerate. The purpose of this project was to develop a measure of individual differences in the preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity. The steps involved in (a) item generation and face validation, (b) exploratory factor analysis and item selection, (c) structural validation, (d) examination of the internal consistency and test-retest reliability, (e) concurrent validation, and (f) construct validation are described. The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) is a 16-item, 2-factor measure that exhibits acceptable psychometric properties and can be used in research aimed at understanding individual differences in responses to exercise and thus the psychological processes involved in the public health problem of exercise dropout.
Brain creatine kinase reaction rates and reactant concentrations during seizures in developing rats

Brain creatine kinase (CK) catalyzed phosphorus fluxes between phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP and changes in reactant concentrations were measured using [31P] nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([31P]NMR) before and during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in 7 and 21 day old rats. The CK rate constants measured before seizures were three times higher in the older than in the younger rats. The rate constants increased 60% during seizures in the older rats but did not change or decreased in the younger. Small decreases in PCr were seen during seizures at both ages. A small decrease in ATP was seen at 7 days but not at 21 days.
Contested Terrain: Negotiating Racial Understandings in Public Discourse:

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, March 28–31, 1996. Special thanks to Lelia Lomba De Andrade for her ...
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Fluorescence and Cortical Blood Flow in Ischemic and Nonischemic Squirrel Monkey Cortex. 2. Effects of Alterations in Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension, Blood Pressure, and Blood Volume

The fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from cerebral cortex was measured before, during, and after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and then at death of the animal. In normal cortex, NADH remained constant throughout a wide range of variations in blood pressure and Pacoco2. In ischemic cortex, NADH levels were higher in hypovolemic hypotensive animals than in normotensive normovolemic animals. Neither hypercapnia nor hypocapnia was effective in decreasing NADH in regions of ischemia, but the latter was associated with a degree of hypotension that interfered with interpretation of data. NADH returned to normal with restoration of flow, supporting the reversibility of this degree of ischemia. The high levels of NADH at death, compared to those during ischemia, are consistent with incomplete ischemia in this model of cerebral infarction.
Stabilizing chromophore binding on TiO2 for long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cells using multicomponent atomic layer deposition

Ambient humidity and high temperature are known to degrade dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) via chromophore desorption. Recently, enhanced dye-attachment to TiO2 surfaces has been realized by coating molecularly functionalized surfaces with inorganic atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings. Here, we apply this ALD approach to DSSCs and demonstrate that high energy conversion efficiencies can be maintained while significantly extending device lifetimes. While single component ALD layers show improved high-temperature stability, it significantly degraded up to 45% of initial DSSC performance right after ALD. We, however, find that mixed component ALD layers provide initial efficiencies within 90% of their untreated counterparts while still extending device lifetimes. Optimized ALD protection schemes maintain 80% of their initial efficiency after 500 h of thermal aging at 80 °C whereas efficiency of DSSCs with no ALD protection drop below 60% of their initial efficiencies. IR spectroscopy conducted in situ during ALD reveals that carboxylate linker groups transition from unbound or weakly-bound states, respectively, to more strongly bound bidentate structures. This strategy to improve dye-attachment by ALD while maintaining high performance is novel and promising for extending the functional lifetime for DSSCs and other related devices.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Subterranean Termite Family Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera) by Using the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase II Gene

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have focused on either the relationship between isopteran families or among species within a given genus, but there are presently few studies focusing on individual families and no known molecular studies for Rhinotermitidae. We examined 38 rhinotermitid species representing 10 genera, relative to representatives of four other isopteran families. Sequencing of a 667-base pair region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II gene revealed 343 polymorphic sites within the family. Tajima-Nei genetic distances ranged from 11 to 23% among rhinotermitid genera. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of DNA sequences support existing hypotheses that Mastotermitidae is the basal lineage among extant termites, and the family Rhinotermitidae is polyphyletic given the current familial status of Serritermitidae. DNA sequence data suggest that Serritermitidae should be relegated to the subfamily Serritermitinae, as proposed by Emerson in 1965.
Are Tails Fat Enough to Explain Smile

It has been well documented that using the Black-Scholes model to price options with different strikes generates the so-called volatility smile. Many previous papers have attributed the smile to the normality assumption in the Black-Scholes model. Hence, they generalize the Black-Scholes model to incorporate a richer distribution. In contrast to previous studies, our model allows for not only a richer distribution, but also the relaxation of another crucial assumption in the Black-Scholes – continuous trading. We show, using S&P 500 call options, how relaxation of continuous trading explains a non-trivial change in the volatility. When an empirical distribution is considered, the smile is almost completely removed. Market prices of options that differ only in their strike prices are inconsistent with a single volatility for the underlying asset, and this well-known feature is called the volatility smile or smirk. The volatility smile is often attributed to either the non-normality of stock returns or to the impossibility of performing costless arbitrage (rebalancing) in continuous time. In this paper, we consider option pricing models that incorporate no rebalancing and/or a nonparametrically estimated density. We attempt to empirically identify which of these two factors contributes more to the smile bias. Using S&P 500 index options, we find that the model with no rebalancing but with normality has a somewhat diminished smile, and the model with a nonparametric density, but with continuous trading, has a slight smile. Only the model with both a nonparametric density and no rebalancing has no perceptible smile bias.
The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Evolution and the Evolution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Metabolism and Signaling

The chemical versatility of sulfur and its abundance in the prebiotic Earth as reduced sulfide (H2S) implicate this molecule in the origin of life 3.8 billion years ago and also as a major source of energy in the first seven-eighths of evolution. The tremendous increase in ambient oxygen ∼600 million years ago brought an end to H2S as an energy source, and H2S-dependent animals either became extinct, retreated to isolated sulfide niches, or adapted. The first 3 billion years of molecular tinkering were not lost, however, and much of this biochemical armamentarium easily adapted to an oxic environment where it contributes to metabolism and signaling even in humans. This review examines the role of H2S in evolution and the evolution of H2S metabolism and signaling.
Vertical structure and optical properties of Titan’s aerosols from radiance measurements made inside and outside the atmosphere

Abstract Prompted by the detection of stratospheric cloud layers by Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS; see Anderson, C.M., Samuelson, R.E. [2011]. Icarus 212, 762–778), we have re-examined the observations made by the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) in the atmosphere of Titan together with two constraints from measurements made outside the atmosphere. No evidence of thin layers (
Dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol-esterifying activity in rabbits.

SummaryThe feeding of a normal diet containing 0.7% cholesterol to rabbits results in increased levels of activity of the plasma cholesterol-esterifying enzyme, lecithin: cholesterol fatty acid transferase. The increased level of enzyme activity occurs within one week after the beginning of cholesterol feeding. Associated with the increased levels of enzyme activity are increased concentrations of cholesterol esters in liver, kidney and heart tissue but not in adrenal or skeletal muscle tissue. No sex differences were observed.
Contribution of IKCa channels to the control of coronary blood flow

The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the contribution of intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (IKCa) to the regulation of coronary blood flow in vivo. We hypothesized that IKCa channels modulate coronary arteriolar resistance at rest and contribute to vasomotor responses to changes in coronary perfusion pressure and/or in response to cardiac ischemia. Experiments were conducted in open-chest anesthetized dogs in the absence and presence of IKCa channel inhibitor, TRAM-34 (1 μg/min, intracoronary), and the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME) (150 μg/min, intracoronary). We found that administration of the potent SKCa and IKCa channel agonist NS309 dose-dependently increased coronary blood flow and that inhibition of IKCa channels with TRAM-34 attenuated this response by ∼90%. The increase in coronary blood flow to NS309 was also decreased ∼100% by the inhibition of NO production with l-NAME. Multiple linear regression analys...
Oxygen Chemisorption, Formation, and Thermal Stability of Pt Oxides on Pt Nanoparticles Supported on SiO2/Si(001): Size Effects

The changes induced in the structure and chemical state of size-selected Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ultrathin SiO2 films upon exposure to oxygen have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For low atomic oxygen exposures, chemisorbed oxygen species were detected on all samples. Exposure to higher atomic oxygen coverages at room temperature leads to the formation and stabilization of PtOx species (PtO2 and PtO). On all samples, a two-step thermal decomposition process was observed upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum: PtO2 → PtO → Pt. For NPs in the 2–6 nm range, the NP size was found to affect the strength of the O binding. Contrary to the case of Pt(111), where no oxides were detected above 700 K, 10–20% PtO was detected on the NP samples via XPS at the same temperature, suggesting the presence of strongly bound oxygen species. In addition, for identical...
SERUM LEPTIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH LESS ADVERSE FUTURE LEFT VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS(MESA)

We examined the association of serum leptin with future cardiac structure and function. Multicenter longitudinal study of black, white, Hispanic and Asian men and women. 948 participants were included in this study. Cardiac MRI(CMR) was completed 6 years after serum leptin was measured. Leptin
Molecular Modeling Study of the β-Turn-Type Reversals Involved in 3D Structure of IFABP

The intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) consists of ten β-strand fragments and two small α-helical fragments packed in a general β-sheet 3D structure (see the PDB entry HFC). This study presents the results of energy calculations for the isolated IFABP hexapeptide fragments 42–47 (G44), 62–67 (G65), 71–76 (G75), 84–89 (G86), 108–113 (G110) and 118–123 (G121), as well as for the same fragments in mutants obtained by the G/V mutations [1], The sets of low-energy conformers for these fragments may be regarded as the statistical ensembles of 3D structures accessible to the fragments during process of protein folding.
The Jain Axiom of Non-absolutism

Perhaps the best introduction to the philosophy and subject logic of the Jains is their story of the six blind men reporting on the nature of the elephant. Each man contacts a different portion of the elephant and pronounces upon the nature of the whole from the part with which he is familiar. For the blind man who feels the leg, an elephant is a pillar, for the one who touches the trunk, an elephant is a pipe, another touches its tail and claims it to be a rope, and so on. The Jain, while affirming the truth of the experience that each blind man has, rejects the attempt to turn this individual experience into the whole. This is what we do when we insist that any one point of view is the only point of view and therefore excludes all others.
Poverty in the United States: A Review of Relevant Programs

Poverty is a major social problem in the United States: in 2014, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 46.7 million people living in poverty and an estimated 14.8 percent poverty rate. The poverty rate has been steadily increasing in the United States, with a 2 percent increase in 2012 over 2007. Federal and state governments have initiated many anti-poverty programs, starting with the New Deal Program in the 1930s. With the advent of a new governance approach in the 1990s, many hierarchical bureaucratic government agencies were replaced with public, private, network, and collaborative approaches to solve this complex national problem. Tax expenditures, vouchers, and grants are the three major governance tools used by the U.S. federal and state governments to fight poverty. This article addresses three important programs—the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)—used in fighting poverty in the United States and discusses the problem of poverty, the effectiveness of these governance tools, suggestions for future research, and policy implications
Online Appendix for 'Money Maker or Money Loser? The Dilemma of Membership Free Shipping'

This is the Online Appendix to accompany the paper "Money Maker or Money Loser? The Dilemma of Membership Free Shipping." This paper is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2820238.
Local structure of the MgxNixCoxCuxZnxO(x=0.2) entropy-stabilized oxide: An EXAFS study

Entropy-stabilized oxides (ESOs) provide an alternative route to novel materials discovery and synthesis. It is, however, a challenge to demonstrate that the constituent elements in an entropy-stabilized crystal are homogeneously and randomly dispersed among a particular sublattice, resulting in a true solid solution with no evidence of local order or clustering. In this work, we present the application and analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) on the prototype ESO composition MgxNixCoxCuxZnxO (x=0.2). In so doing, we can quantify the local atomic structure on an element-by-element basis. We conclude that local bond lengths between metal and oxygen vary around each absorbing cation, with notable distortion around the Cu–O polyhedra. By the second near neighbor (i.e., the cation-cation pair), interatomic distances are uniform to the extent that the collected data can resolve. Crystal models that best fit the experimental scattering data include cations that are distributed randomly on an FCC sublattice with minimal positional disorder, with an interleaved FCC anion sublattice with oxygen ions displaced from the ideal locations to accommodate the distortions in the cation polyhedra. Density functional theory calculations of the ESO system yield a significant broadening in the positional distribution for the oxygen sublattice compared to that for the cation sublattice for all peaks, showing consistency with the conclusion from the experimental data that the distortion from an ideal rock salt structure occurs primarily through disorder in the oxygen sublattice.
Elastic full-waveform inversion for VTI media: A synthetic parameterization study

ABSTRACTOne of the main challenges for full-waveform inversion (FWI) is taking into account both anisotropy and elasticity. Here, we perform elastic FWI for a synthetic 2D VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) model based on the geologic section at Valhall field in the North Sea. Multicomponent surface data are generated by a finite-difference code. We apply FWI in the time domain using a multiscale approach with three frequency bands. An approximate inverse Hessian matrix, computed using the L-BFGS-B algorithm, is employed to scale the gradients of the objective function and improve the convergence. In the absence of significant diving-wave energy in the deeper part of the section, the model is updated primarily with reflection data. An oblique displacement source, which excites sufficiently intensive shear waves in the conventional offset range, helps provide more accurate updates in the Shear-wave vertical velocity, especially in the shallow layers. We test three model parameteriza...
Temperature dependence of silicon hardness: Experimental evidence of phase transformations

The hardness of silicon is known to be nearly independent of temperature below a certain transition point, and to decrease steeply thereafter. Based on high-temperature Berkovich nanoindentation at 25–500 °C and Raman microanalysis of Vickers indentations produced in singlecrystal silicon at 25–750 °C, we present evidence of a transformation into a high-pressure metallic Si phase during indentation at temperatures up to about 350 °C. We show that this transformation pressure determines silicon hardness below the transition temperature. We also report the temperature stability ranges of different metastable phases of silicon, including a new Si-XIII phase.
Probabilistic lifetime performance and structural capacity analysis of continuous reinforced concrete slab bridges

A reliability-based method was developed for predicting the initiation time and the probability of flexural failure for continuous slab bridges with load-induced cracks exposed to chloride environment resulting from de-icing salts. A practical methodology was used for predicting the diffusion coefficient of chloride ingress into the pre-existing load-induced cracks in concrete. The reduction in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement due to corrosion was included in the model. The proposed methodology accounts for uncertainties in the strength demand, structural capacity, and corrosion models, as well as uncertainties in environmental conditions, material properties, and structural geometry. All probabilistic data on uncertainties were estimated from the information contained in previous experimental and statistical studies. As an application of the proposed model, a three-span continuous slab bridge in Ohio is presented for demonstration of the developed methodology. A comparison of results clearly shows the importance of considering the effects of the load-induced cracks for correct prediction of the initiation of corrosion time and the critical time to maintain structural integrity.
Additional Results on Derivatives

In elementary calculus, we learn that if a function has a non-negative derivative on an interval, then the function is increasing on that interval. The first result in this chapter weakens the hypothesis on the function and obtains the same result. We then generalize this result with hypotheses involving derivates and approximate derivatives. In Section 5.4, we introduce the Denjoy property: If a function is differentiable everywhere on a closed interval, then the set of points where the derivative is bounded by any two extended-real numbers is either empty or of positive measure. We present Clarkson’s proof of this result followed by a similar result for approximate derivatives. We conclude the chapter with a property related to the Denjoy property; for this last result, we require the concept of metrically dense sets.
The North German Basin : Some unresolved problems

Based on information available from the seismic line DEKORP 9601, together with prior information from multiple wells, this paper presents four major unresolved problems for the North German Basin. These problems are. I. What was the tectonic response of the basement through time, and how does one use present-day data to determine tectonic parameters, their uncertainties, and how they varied with time? 2. What was the original Zechstein salt distribution in Permian time in the basin, how and when did the salt move, how much salt was dissolved, and how does one validate any estimates made using present-day data 3. How much material was uplifted in the SW of the North German Basin, how much was eroded and/or dissolved, and how does one confirm any estimates made 4. What were the causes of basinal sag in Rotliegend time and after, what fraction of the basinal sag was thermally caused, what fraction was tectonically driven, and what quantitative proof can be provided of the correctness of any such results? These questions are put forward at this time because it would seem that a combination of the many borehole measurements in the basin (to a typical depth of around 4-5 km), together with information gleaned from the deep seismic line DEKORP 9601, may be sufficient to use with quantitative basin modelling codes in order to answer these questions in a less unequivocal manner than has been possible to date.
A non-iterative local remeshing approach for simulating moving boundary transient diffusion problems

Abstract A computational framework relying on a non-iterative mesh generation algorithm is introduced for modeling moving boundary transient diffusion problems, with a special focus on its application for simulating corrosion phenomena. In this approach, the Conforming to Interface Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement (CISAMR) technique is employed to adapt the finite element mesh to the evolving morphology of the problem. CISAMR combines customized h -adaptivity, r -adaptivity, and sub-triangulation algorithms to transform a simple structured mesh into a high quality hybrid conforming mesh composed of rectangular and triangular elements. A key advantage of this method for modeling moving boundary problems is that only the elements located along the moving boundary must be modified to regenerate a conforming mesh at each step. This feature not only facilitates the remeshing process but also reduces the error associated with projecting nodal values of the solution to the new mesh. After a convergence study, we verify the accuracy of CISAMR for modeling pitting corrosion problems by comparing results with analytical solutions and phase field simulations. Additional examples are also provided to show the application of CISAMR for simulating corrosion problems with intricate morphologies.
Geriatric issues in renal transplantation.

Abstract There are an increasing amount of data which are compelling us to consider the issue of age in dealing with decisions regarding both renal transplant recipients and donors. These geriatric issues in transplantation can be summarized as follows: (1) The explosion of a geriatric population of patients with ESRD, in association with data showing a survival advantage of transplantation over wait-listed dialysis patients, demands an increase in expertise in transplantating patients over 60 years old. (2) The critical shortage in cadaveric organ supply is creating a variety of solutions including expanding the donor pool with older kidneys in which long term survival may be shorter than in kidneys from younger donors. (3) The donor shortage, in association with data demonstrating improved survival of living related and unrelated donor transplants, is generating an increased number of older (> 60 years old) individuals who want to donate to a relative, spouse or friend. Future efforts should be directed toward continued research designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these trends. We also need to provide improved training in geriatrics for nephrologists so that we and transplant surgeons can deliver better medical care to an aging population of patients with ESRD.