cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural substrates of processing path and manner information of a moving event

Languages consistently distinguish the path and the manner of a moving event in different constituents, even if the specific constituents themselves vary across languages. Children also learn to categorize moving events according to their path and manner at different ages. Motivated by these linguistic and developmental observations, we employed fMRI to test the hypothesis that perception of and attention to path and manner of motion is segregated neurally. Moreover, we hypothesize that such segregation respects the “dorsal-where and ventral-what” organizational principle of vision. Consistent with this proposal, we found that attention to the path of a moving event was associated with greater activity within bilateral inferior/superior parietal lobules and the frontal eye-field, while attention to manner was associated with greater activity within bilateral postero-lateral inferior/middle temporal regions. Our data provide evidence that motion perception, traditionally considered as a dorsal “where” visual attribute, further segregates into dorsal path and ventral manner attributes. This neural segregation of the components of motion, which are linguistically tagged, points to a perceptual counterpart of the functional organization of concepts and language.
Raman-scattering cross sections for water vapor

We present cross sections for Raman scattering from water vapor excited at the four argon-laser wavelengths 476.5, 488.0, 496.5, and 514.5 nm. These cross sections, for the strong vibrational band centered at a shift near 3654 cm−1, are approximately 2.5 times larger than the corresponding N2Q-branch cross sections, and follow closely the expected (1/λR)4 dependence, where λR is the Raman scattering wavelength. We also report observations of the room-temperature depolarization and spectral profile of the band, and the overall spectral distribution of the scattering from 470 to 630 nm, for incident light at 488 nm. The latter observation indicates the absence of any other strong vibrational Raman-active modes.
Combinatorial Problems with Discounted Price Functions in Multi-agent Systems.

Motivated by economic thought, a recent research agenda has suggested the algorithmic study of combinatorial optimization problems under functions which satisfy the property of decreasing marginal cost. A natural first step to model such functions is to consider submodular functions. However, many fundamental problems have turned out to be extremely hard to approximate under general submodular functions, thus indicating the need for a systematic study of subclasses of submodular functions that are practically motivated and yield good approximation ratios. In this paper, we introduce and study an important subclass of submodular functions, which we call discounted price functions. These functions are succinctly representable and generalize linear(additive) price functions. We study the following fundamental combinatorial optimization problems: edge cover, spanning tree, perfect matching and $s-t$ path. We give both upper and lower bound for the approximability of these problems.
Adaptation of continuous-flow cavity ring-down spectroscopy for batch analysis of δ13C of CO2 and comparison with isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Measurements of δ13C in CO2 have traditionally relied on samples stored in sealed vessels and subsequently analyzed using magnetic sector isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), an accurate but expensive and high-maintenance analytical method. Recent developments in optical spectroscopy have yielded instruments that can measure δ13CO2 in continuous streams of air with precision and accuracy approaching those of IRMS, but at a fraction of the cost. However, continuous sampling is unsuited for certain applications, creating a need for conversion of these instruments for batch operation. Here, we present a flask (syringe) adaptor that allows the collection and storage of small aliquots (20–30 mL air) for injection into the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument. We demonstrate that the adaptor's precision is similar to that of traditional IRMS (standard deviation of 0.3‰ for 385 ppm CO2 standard gas). In addition, the concentration precision (±0.3% of sample concentration) was higher for CRDS than for IRMS (±7% of sample concentration). Using the adaptor in conjunction with CRDS, we sampled soil chambers and found that soil-respired δ13C varied between two different locations in a pinon-juniper woodland. In a second experiment, we found no significant discrimination between the respiration of a small beetle (~5 mm) and its diet. Our work shows that the CRDS system is flexible enough to be used for the analysis of batch samples as well as for continuous sampling. This flexibility broadens the range of applications for which CRDS has the potential to replace magnetic sector IRMS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin-film processes for microelectronic application

The rapid development of the microelectronics industry over the last decade has placed exceptional demands on thin-film technology since, to a large extent, it controls the technological pace of that industry. This demand has challenged the thin-film technologist to develop new and improved processes for both thin-film devices as well as for the thin-film conductors and insulation needed by semiconductor devices. The projected demands of the coming decade will require advances in the technology comparable to those of the past decade if the full potential of large scale integration is to be achieved. The variety of materials and processes required to meet adequately the total needs of the industry has necessitated the development of several deposition technologies. Vacuum evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, sedimentation, etc., are all in volume manufacturing use and the technologies of each of these techniques has been significantly improved during the past ten years. A similar increase in process capability and control has been necessary in the area of pattern definition in order to allow the development of fine line etching which achieves the required narrow linewidths and separations in today's microelectronic assemblies. The materials of major interest to the industry as well as the deposition techniques and photoengraving processes used in their processing are highlighted. The discussion includes the status and limitations of the technology as it exists today as well as a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the various processes both as of today and for the future.
A New Model of the Madden–Julian Oscillation

Abstract A new model of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is presented. Cloud–radiation interactions in this model make the tropical atmosphere susceptible to large-scale radiative–convective overturning. The modeled MJO takes the form of such an instability, though its behavior is substantially modified by the effects of surface heat flux variability. The dynamics of the disturbance in the model are quasi-balanced, in the sense that the low-level flow in the disturbance is more associated with the vorticity than with the divergence. The cumulus parameterization used in the model allows a lag of several days to exist between the strongest surface heat flux into a column and the development of heavy precipitation in that column. This lag plays a key role in model dynamics.
Image findings of cranial nerve pathology on [18F]-2- deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET/CT): a pictorial essay.

This article aims to increase awareness about the utility of 18F -FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of cranial nerve (CN) pathology. We discuss the clinical implication of detecting perineural tumor spread, emphasize the primary and secondary 18F -FDG-PET/CT findings of CN pathology, and illustrate the individual 18F -FDG-PET/CT CN anatomy and pathology of 11 of the 12 CNs.
CHAPTER 44 – Psychiatric Disorders

Since the 1960s, an extensive body of investigation has employed platelets as a peripheral model of central nervous system (CNS) neuronal function to investigate the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. The major forces driving these studies are the inherent difficulty of directly accessing brain function in vivo and the substantial similarities between platelets and central neurons.1-5 However, as the rationale for extrapolating platelet findings to CNS function has been challenged (i.e. changes found in platelets might not necessarily mirror changes in the CNS), the rationale for platelet studies has shifted to using abnormalities in platelet receptor-signal transduction systems as peripheral markers in psychiatric disorders.
Cancer patients’ attitudes toward future research uses of their donated tissue: Preliminary results of a mail survey study

6009 Background: Millions of tissue samples are stored in the United States, but little is known about the attitudes of tissue donors. Understanding the attitudes of those who donate tissue for use...
Foreign Public Opinion & National Security

Obama Administration officials, supporters, and critics have acknowledged that the opinion of the world, broadly conceived, matters. Does it? Should it? Is it wimpy and naive, or is it smart, to regard improving foreign public opinion as a key factor in decisionmaking about national security or even a key policy purpose, including where national security intersects with legal policy? What is the record to date? The idea of foreign sentiments mattering to national security is not as radical, nor as simple, as it may sound. Foreign opinion has been an intensive focus of statecraft for millennia. What is different is that in our time revolutionary changes in the nature of power globally have accorded unprecedented importance to foreign public opinion, specifically foreign popular perceptions of U.S. policy. The George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations have both understood this and have launched major efforts intended to improve dramatically foreign public perception of the United States. The Bush and Obama foreign public opinion strategies, although significantly different, both transcend traditional public diplomacy. They have also encountered similar challenges associated with tensions between means and ends, the near and long terms, foreign and domestic sentiment, and hope and fear. There is no simple solution to dealing with global opinion in difficult policy decisions, but U.S. policymakers need to understand its relevance. Most importantly, at a time of unprecedented domestic politicization of anti-terror policy, the U.S. political culture needs to allow political space for discussion of foreign opinion as a legitimate factor in decisionmaking about national security.
Oral surgery in a patient with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia: a case report.

Purpose While most oral surgical procedures can be safely performed in an outpatient setting, certain medical conditions may present a higher chance of postoperative complications. In particular, those predisposing the patient to bleeding abnormalities pose a potential risk when performing such treatments. The authors report a case involving full-mouth extractions in a patient with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia after obtaining a platelet transfusion. Methods/Case A 62-year-old Caucasian female presented to a university special care dental clinic requiring extractions. Her pertinent medical history was remarkable for cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia, with a platelet count of 32,000/uL. Upon medical consultation, the patient was appointed for a prophylactic platelet transfusion. The surgery was rendered uneventfully, and the patient achieved adequate hemostasis without hospitalization. Conclusion/Clinical Relevance Patients with cirrhosis pose a potential bleeding risk with dental surgical procedures. Pre-operative medical consultation, review of pertinent laboratory values, and prophylactic platelet transfusion allow these patients to be managed safely in an outpatient setting.
The Foundations of Strategic Thinking

In this chapter, we dissect the differences between strategic planning and strategic thinking and suggest that traditional methods of planning no longer yield the benefits as in the past. Our analysis lays this failure on the use of a causal reasoning logic that alone no longer benefits organizations. We then examine foundational beliefs underpinning strategic thinking by examining the connections among the logic of entrepreneurial, causal, and strategic reasoning. In this analysis we distinguish two binary forms of thinking – causal and effectual to frame our discussion, and then in the Hegelian tradition we press on to form a higher category of transcendent reconciliation through dialectic synthesis to introduce strategic reasoning. We end by picturing how strategic thinking concepts can form a new organizational change model that supersedes traditional planning. We call this model the strategic thinking protocol, which incorporates the logic's of yesterday, today, and tomorrow.
Lateral control system design for VTOL landing on a DD963 in high sea states

The problem of designing lateral control systems for the safe landing of VTOL aircraft on small ships is addressed. A ship model is derived. The issues of estimation and prediction of ship motions are discussed, using optimal linear linear estimation techniques. The roll motion is the most important of the lateral motions, and it is found that it can be predicted for up to 10 seconds in perfect conditions. The automatic landing of the VTOL aircraft is considered, and a lateral controller, defined as a ship motion tracker, is designed, using optimal control techniqes. The tradeoffs between the tracking errors and the control authority are obtained. The important couplings between the lateral motions and controls are demonstrated, and it is shown that the adverse couplings between the sway and the roll motion at the landing pad are significant constraints in the tracking of the lateral ship motions. The robustness of the control system, including the optimal estimator, is studied, using the singular values analysis. Through a robustification procedure, a robust control system is obtained, and the usefulness of the singular values to define stability margins that take into account general types of unstructured modelling errors is demonstrated. The minimal destabilizing perturbations indicated by the singular values analysis are interpreted and related to the multivariable Nyquist diagrams.
Society for Pediatric Research 2012 Presidential Address: SPR strategic plan priorities 2012

Society for Pediatric Research 2012 Presidential Address: SPR strategic plan priorities 2012
Protein Digestion in the Human Stomach.

The primary function of the stomach being to digest protein, it would be desirable to be able to determine the actual accomplishment of the stomach in health and disease as far as protein digestion is concerned, instead of relying on acidity determinations as an indication. Determinations of the ratio of soluble to insoluble protein in gastric contents following a test meal might give useful information provided that the gastric contents remained a uniform suspension, and provided solid and liquid left the stomach at the same rate. On the other hand, if insoluble iron oxide were mixed with the flour and baked into the bread used as a test meal and if this oxide adhered to the undissolved portion of the gastric contents, the ratio of undissolved protein to iron would enable one to determine the percentage of protein of the test meal that had been put in solution by the gastric juice, and such a result would be fairly accurate whether or not there were stratification of gastric contents or selective evacuat...
Cyber Security and User Responsibility: Surprising Normative Differences

Abstract High-profile hacking incidents caused critics on social media to blame the celebrities who were hacked rather than the hackers. They claimed that those whose risque photos were stolen were to blame for failing to secure them. While such attempts to blame-shift can be dismissed as victim-blaming, they elucidate a set of questions about the ethics of personal responsibility as it relates to computer security. Is the normative standard for security in the cyber realm in any way significantly different than the moral norms governing all other aspects of life with respect to questions of individual responsibility, blame, and negligence? For example, if I lock my possessions in my home, I have a reasonable expectation that they are safe from theft. But even if my house is unlocked with my possessions visible, few would argue that I deserve to be robbed due to my failure to secure my valuables. It would be an implausible stretch to assert that my negligence constituted a lack of blameworthiness on behalf of the thieves, or provided any mitigation to the moral wrongness of the act of robbery. Consider another more poignant example for the cyber world. Imagine a man walking through a neighborhood checking doors to see if they are unlocked, but not stealing anything. Few would consider such behavior acceptable within present societal norms. Yet, in the cyber world, such norms have significantly less traction. Such thinking raises two important questions. First, does the average person have the wherewithal to implement adequate or effective computer security? Second, whatever the cyber-equivalent to the norm of traditional security is, is there a prevailing belief that failing to meet it is a matter of negligence in the cyber case where the equivalent failing would not be considered negligent in the non-cyber case? Or, in other words, if a computer user's data is compromised did she, in some sense, “get what she deserved”? These questions have significant ethical and practical implications for cybersecurity and human factors.
Particle formation in ambient MALDI plumes.

The ablated particle count and size distribution of four solid matrix materials commonly used for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) were measured with a scanning mobility particle...
Composition Determination of Microcrystalline Two-Phase Silicon Rich Oxides

HRTEM measurements of silicon rich oxides (SRO) show silicon microcrystals in an oxide matrix [1]. Simple, reliable characterization of this two phase material has been a problem. Ellipsometric measurement of the refractive index is a convenient method for characterizing SRO films. Film composition can be related to the refractive index by Bruggeman’s effective medium approximation. In this paper we demonstrate correlation of film compositions obtained by this technique with those obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)and Rutherford back scattering (RBS). We further demonstrate regimes of LPCVD growth where simple correlation of film composition with [N2 0]/[SiH4] gas ratios is not reliable.
Improving nurse-physician teamwork through interprofessional bedside rounding.

Background Teamwork between physicians and nurses has a positive association with patient satisfaction and outcomes, but perceptions of physician-nurse teamwork are often suboptimal. Objective To improve nurse-physician teamwork in a general medicine inpatient teaching unit by increasing face-to-face communication through interprofessional bedside rounds. Intervention From July 2013 through October 2013, physicians (attendings and residents) and nurses from four general medicine teams in a single nursing unit participated in bedside rounding, which involved the inclusion of nurses in morning rounds with the medicine teams at the patients' bedside. Based on stakeholder analysis and feedback, a checklist for key patient care issues was created and utilized during bedside rounds. Assessment To assess the effect of bedside rounding on nurse-physician teamwork, a survey of selected items from the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was administered to participants before and after the implementation of bedside rounds. The number of pages to the general medicine teams was also measured as a marker of physician-nurse communication. Results Participation rate in bedside rounds across the four medicine teams was 58%. SAQ response rates for attendings, residents, and nurses were 36/36 (100%), 73/73 (100%), and 32/73 (44%) prior to implementation of bedside rounding and 36 attendings (100%), 72 residents (100%), and 14 (19%) nurses after the implementation of bedside rounding, respectively. Prior to bedside rounding, nurses provided lower teamwork ratings (percent agree) than residents and attendings on all SAQ items; but after the intervention, the difference remained significant only on SAQ item 2 ("In this clinical area, it is not difficult to speak up if I perceive a problem with patient care", 64% for nurses vs 79% for residents vs 94% for attendings, P=0.02). Also, resident responses improved on SAQ item 1 ("Nurse input is well received in this area", 62% vs 82%, P=0.01). Conclusion Increasing face-to-face communication through interprofessional bedside rounding can improve the perceptions of nurse-physician teamwork, particularly among residents and nurses.
The Framingham Study and Chronic Disease Prevention

Undertaken to clarify the precursors of coronary disease-a task admirably carried out through its definition of “coronary risk profiles”-Framingham has also demonstrated the potential of the long-term, prospective study in unravelling the causes of other chronic illnesses. Among those on which its findings have shed considerable light are stroke, diabetes, arthritis, cholecystitis, and emphysema.
Nausea in Children With Functional Abdominal Pain Predicts Poor Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Background & aims Nausea is common among children with functional abdominal pain (FAP). We evaluated the relation of nausea to short- and long-term morbidity in pediatric patients with FAP. Methods We performed a prospective study of 871 children with FAP (age, 8-17 y) seen in a pediatric gastroenterology practice; follow-up data were collected from 392 of the patients at 8.7 ± 3.3 years later. Participants were defined as having significant nausea if they reported nausea "a lot" or "a whole lot" within the past 2 weeks. Validated questionnaires assessed abdominal pain, gastrointestinal and somatic symptoms, and depression. Baseline measures, anxiety, and the Rome III criteria were assessed in the follow-up evaluation. Results At baseline, 44.8% of the patients reported significant nausea. Those with nausea reported worse abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, somatic symptoms, and depression than those without nausea (P Conclusions Pediatric patients with FAP and nausea have more severe short- and long-term gastrointestinal and somatic symptoms than patients with FAP without nausea, as well as reductions in mental health and daily function. Pediatric patients with FAP and nausea therefore need intensive treatment and follow-up evaluation.
Social influence and cognitive-motivational effects on terrorism preparedness: A hurdle model:

Objectives:The identification of factors which influence peoples’ preparation for health safety risks posed by natural and man-made disasters is a central concern in health education. Prior studies...
Design, Development and Delivery of Active Learning Tools in Software Verification & Validation Education

Active learning tools are critical in imparting real world experiences to the students within a classroom environment. This is important because graduates are expected to develop software that meets rigorous quality standards in functional and application domains with little to no training. However, there is a well-recognized need for the availability of effective active tools. This need has been addressed by the authors by designing, developing, and delivering, twenty delivery hours of Case Studies, sixteen delivery hours of Class Exercises, and six delivery hours of Video Case Studies for use in V&V courses. The active learning tools focus on some specific SV&V topics such as requirements engineering, software reviews, configuration management, and software testing. Four key skill areas sought after by employers, namely communication skills, applied knowledge of methods, applied knowledge of tools, and research exposure have been used to drive the development funded by a National Science Foundation grant and perfected through an industry-academia partnership. These tools have been successfully disseminated to over 25 universities with many CS, IS, SE programs incorporating the tools in their existing courses and others designing new courses based on these tools.In this paper we present data on the student feedback and pedagogical effectiveness of the strategies used to effectively incorporate and deliver the developed active learning tools by instructors at two universities. Traditional and flipped classroom delivery strategies are discussed as well as topics like pre-requisite knowledge preparation prior to class, course module presentation sequence, homework, team/individual work, collaborative discussions, and assessment tools are deliberated. The student questionnaire data from the two University Partners who used the V&V instructional activities were quite positive and showed that students were interested in the activities, saw the real-world applications, and communicated with their classmates as they solved the problems. Educational outcomes assessment demonstrated more effective learning in all key learning areas.
Identification of GSK461364, a novel small molecule polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor for the treatment of cancer

4171 Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays an important role in the entry to, progression through, and exit from mitosis. The multiple roles Plk1 plays in mitosis make it an intriguing target to inhibit to disrupt the cell cycle and treat cancer. This presentation will highlight the lead optimization studies and elucidation of the structure-activity relationship leading to the identification of a novel thiophene amide Plk1 inhibitor. It will include the synthesis of a Plk-selective inhibitor, in addition to optimization of potency and developability characteristics through several iterations of structural changes, culminating in the identification of the clinical candidate. These efforts led to the development of GSK461364, an extremely potent Plk1 inhibitor (IC 50 ~3 nM) with greater than 100-fold selectivity across a panel of 47 other kinases. It also potently inhibits the proliferation of many tumor cell lines in vitro , shows in vivo activity in tumor xenograft mouse models, and has appropriate physical and pharmacokinetic characteristics to support further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
RELICT BARRIER BEACHES AS PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS IN THE CALIFORNIA DESERT

Relict barrier beaches occur around the margins of many former pluvial lakes in the California desert. In common with modern barrier beaches along ocean coasts, these relict barriers possess geomet...
Design of Gas Exchangers

The essential function of a gas exchanger is to bring together two different transport media. This juxtaposition must be such that exchange is rapid and extensive. At the same time, it must also keep the media separated to assure that they are not mutually contaminated and only the gases are exchanged. With these requirements in mind and the tools of the preceding two chapters at hand, the characteristics of the various kinds of gas exchangers animals use, and one they do not, can be analyzed with relative ease.
Variability of the wave number spectra of short surface waves in the ocean and their modulation due to internal waves and natural slicks

Spatial measurements of capillary-gravity (CG) waves in the ocean are collected using a scanning slope sensor mounted on a free-drifting, wave-following buoy. The spectral analysis of spatial measurements yields wave number resolution directly. The range of wavelengths resolved from the optical sensor is from 0.4 to 6.2 cm. This paper investigates the variability of the spectral densities of these capillary-gravity waves under natural field conditions. For mild to medium wind speeds, the variation factor (to be further defined in the text) is typically between 1.5 and 2.5 in the short gravity wave regime, and between 2 and 4 in the capillary wave regime. The quantitative enhancement of the roughness contrast by natural slicks and surface current strains induced by internal waves is also presented.
Zur Bedeutsamkeit formaler Lerngelegenheiten für das fachdidaktische Wissen im Bereich der historischen Perspektive des Sachunterrichts

Verschiedene Studien belegen die Bedeutsamkeit des fachdidaktischen Wissens von Grundschullehrkraften fur die Qualitat des Unterrichts und den Lernerfolg der Schulerinnen und Schuler. Offen bleibt, an welcher Stelle Grundschullehrkrafte in der Ausbildungslaufbahn fachdidaktisches Wissen erwerben und von welchen Faktoren es beeinflusst wird. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden in einem Kohortenvergleich Daten von 657 Studienanfangern, Studierenden, Lehramtsanwartern und Lehrkraften erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich das fachdidaktische Wissen durch das Studium erhoht, danach jedoch stagniert. Die Befunde indizieren, dass einzig der Besuch fachdidaktischer Seminare, nicht jedoch fachspezifische Unterrichtserfahrungen bedeutsame Pradiktoren darstellen.
Electrode configurations in atmospheric pressure plasma jets: production of reactive species

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are a preferred plasma source for many biomedical applications. These jets typically consist of a rare gas flowing through a dielectric tube, possibly with an O2 or H2O admixture, and flowing into the ambient. They are typically powered by pulsed or sinusoidal voltage waveforms. However, in most other aspects APPJ designs differ greatly. In this paper, APPJ design parameters and their consequences on ionization wave (IW) propagation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) production are discussed using results from a two-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model. The base case is an APPJ with a single powered ring electrode wrapped around a dielectric tube. This configuration was varied by adding a grounded ring electrode, changing the powered and grounded electrode positions, and moving the powered electrode to the inside of the tube. Placing the powered electrode closer to the outlet of the tube increased the RONS production by increasing the energy deposition outside the tube. Adding a grounded ring increased the IW intensity inside the tube while slightly increasing the power deposition outside of the tube. An inner powered electrode increased the IW intensity and propagation velocity, and the resulting RONS production. Co-axial ground planes within 5 cm of the APPJ significantly affected the IW behavior, increasing its intensity and increasing RONS production. The consequences of voltage rise time and dielectric constant of the tube are also discussed. The systematic trends from this investigation may facilitate more informed APPJ design choices that may be tailored to the goals of a specific application.
Outcomes of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy based on cell of origin.

7568Background: Advances in gene expression profiling for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) help classify cases based on Cell of Origin (COO). This identifies distinct molecular subtypes includ...
Geomorphic processes influence human settlement on two islands in the Islands of Four Mountains, Alaska

The Islands of Four Mountains island group of the Aleutian island arc is remote and difficult to access. Consequently, little fieldwork has focused on geomorphic processes and their relationship to island morphology, climatic change, and human settlement. We investigated glacial, fluvial, and slope processes on the morphologically different Carlisle, Cleveland, and Tana volcanoes. The islands were extensively glaciated at the last glacial maximum (LGM), and there is evidence for a Neoglacial advance. On the highly dissected Tana volcano, a large basin is likely the result of a pre-LGM sector collapse and subsequent glacial erosion into weak hydrothermally altered rock. Valley and moraine morphology is also influenced by hydrothermal alteration. On both Tana and Carlisle, there are sediment fans composed dominantly of thick debris flow deposits mantled by ~3 m of layered tephras, fine-grained alluvium, and anthropogenic deposits. Debris flow deposition was favored during the unstable paraglacial landscape of the early Holocene–latest Pleistocene. The earliest direct archaeological evidence for settlement is 3.8 cal ka BP, but soil geochemical evidence suggests that the islands were inhabited by 7.3 cal ka BP. This discrepancy in the archaeological record may be explained by geomorphic processes including coastal erosion and unstable geomorphic surfaces.
δ13C correction to AMS data: Values derived from AMS vs IRMS values

Abstract 14C data from AMS measurements need to be corrected for isotopic fractionation using the δ13C values. Whether to use the δ13C values obtained from the AMS stable isotope measurements as they reflect any additional isotopic fractionation or to use Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) δ13C values due to their high precision and accuracy is the question that finds supporting arguments on either side. In this article, we present our observations by examining the data from the two AMS units at CAIS: a 500 kV CAMS and a 250 kV SSAMS. Offline δ13C values resulted in the fraction modern values of standards that are in excellent agreement with the consensus values for both machines. In the case of SSAMS, beyond a certain value, the high energy 12C beam current is found suppressed and skewed the δ13C. In general, the 13C+/12C+ ratio on SSAMS is more susceptible to beam current variation than it is on CAMS. But 14C+/13C+ ratios are nearly independent of beam current variations on both machines. Our analysis shows that online δ13C works well for CAMS, but results are not satisfactory for SSAMS. But we have found that using pre-acceleration 12C− instead of post-acceleration 12C+ for stable isotope ratio calculation substantially improves the online δ13C for SSAMS.
EVO-SCHIRP: Evolved Secure Swarm Communications

CHIRP (Communication for Heterogeneous IoTs with Round-robin Protection), an optimal communication protocol, performs poorly in networks with multiple agent groups (cliques). Research began on modifying and securing CHIRP with a project called S-CHIRP(Secure CHIRP). However, S-CHIRP still provides sub-optimal multi-clique communication. We created an evolutionary protocol, EVO-SCHIRP (Evolutionary S-CHIRP) and compare results against CHIRP and S-CHIRP based on communication efficiency and information security. This research took place in two phases. First, EVO-SCHIRP was compared to CHIRP by implementing an efficient communication protocol with one clique. Second, EVO-SCHIRP was compared to S-CHIRP by considering communication security. This research opportunity extends research in many fields such as swarm intelligence, evolutionary robotics, information security, autonomic systems, and decentralized communication. The CHIRP protocols have many applications such as drone communication, infrastructure inspection, and biomedical sensors.
The Influence of Care Coordination on Patients With Special Health Care Needs in a Pediatric Residency Continuity Clinic.

This study evaluates the influence of comprehensive health care coordination for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) in a resident continuity clinic. CSHCN patients were identified from...
Using Lexical Properties of Handwritten Equations to Estimate the Correctness of Students’ Solutions to Engineering Problems

We present a technique that examines handwritten equations from a student’s solution to an engineering problem and from this estimates the correctness of the work. More specifically, we demonstrate that lexical properties of the equations correlate with the grade a human grader would assign. We characterize these properties with a set of features that include the number of occurrences of various classes of symbols and binary and tripartite sequences of them. Support vector machine (SVM) regression models trained with these features achieved a correlation of r = .433 (p< .001) on a combined set of six exam problems. Prior work suggests that the number of long pauses in the writing that occur as a student solves a problem correlates with correctness. We found that combining this pause feature with our lexical features produced more accurate predictions than using either type of feature alone. SVM regression models trained using an optimized subset of three lexical features and the pause feature achieved an average correlation with grade across the six problems of r = .503 (p< .001). These techniques are an important step toward creating systems that can automatically assess handwritten coursework.
Design of Quantum Circuits for Cryptanalysis and Image Processing Applications

Quantum circuits for arithmetic functions over Galois fields such as squaring are required to implement quantum cryptanalysis algorithms. Quantum circuits for integer arithmetic such as multiplication are required to implement scientific computing algorithms and quantum image processing algorithms on quantum computers. Reliable quantum circuits require error correcting codes and gates that are fault tolerant in nature. Quantum circuits of many qubits are challenging to implement making designs with low qubit cost desirable. In this work, we present quantum arithmetic circuits for applications in quantum cryptanalysis and quantum image processing. We present a proposed algorithm for synthesizing gate cost, qubit cost and depth optimized Galois field (GF(2^m)) squaring circuits for quantum cryptanalysis applications. In addition, these squaring circuits are incorporated into a proposed quantum circuit for inversion in GF(2^m). This work also presents a proposed quantum integer conditional addition circuit and a quantum integer multiplication circuit optimized for T-count and qubit cost. The quantum conditional addition circuit and quantum multiplier are incorporated into proposed quantum circuits for bilinear interpolation optimized for T-count cost that can be used in quantum image processing applications.
Decision-making with measure modeled uncertain payoffs and multiple goals

Our concern is with selecting the best alternative in the face of uncertain satisfactions by the alternatives. Here, we use a measure to model the uncertain outcomes. We look at various approaches for formulating the concept of best in this case of uncertain outcomes. We consider the case where we have one criterion of interest as well as the case where we have multiple criteria of interest.
Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as a Ventricular Arrhythmia.

Melanoma is a highly aggressive disease with the risk of developing metastasis to virtually all organs including the heart, which can manifest as arrhythmia, right ventricular obstruction, heart failure, or pericardial effusion. Only a few reports are found in the literature of metastatic melanoma, causing ventricular arrhythmia. Prior to the advent of contemporary therapies, cardiac metastases implied a very poor prognosis. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy has greatly improved survival outcomes of metastatic melanoma. Aggressive therapy of cardiac metastasis including cardiac surgery can yield good outcomes. We present a case of a 57-year old gentleman with metastatic melanoma and cardiac involvement who initially presented as a ventricular arrhythmia and was successfully treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy.
Chapter 16 – Numerical Finite and Boundary Element Methods

Analytical solutions to elasticity problems are normally accomplished for regions and loadings with relatively simple geometry. However, most real-world problems involve structures with complicated shape and loading. This has led to the development of many numerical solution methods for elastic stress analysis. Over the past several decades, two methods have emerged that provide necessary accuracy, general applicability, and ease of use, and this has led to their wide acceptance by the stress analysis community. The first of these techniques is known as the finite element method (FEM) and involves dividing the body under study into a number of pieces or subdomains called elements. Because element size, shape, and approximating scheme can be varied to suit the problem, the method can accurately simulate solutions to problems of complex geometry and loading, and thus it has become a primary tool for practical stress analysis. The second numerical scheme, called the boundary element method (BEM), is based on an integral statement of elasticity. This statement may be cast into a form with unknowns only over the boundary of the domain under study. The boundary integral equation can then be solved using finite element concepts, and thus the method can accurately solve a large variety of problems. This chapter provides an overview of each method, focusing on narrow applications for two-dimensional elasticity problems. The primary goal is to establish a basic level of understanding that will allow a quick look at applications and enable connections to be made between numerical solutions (simulations) and those developed analytically in the previous chapters.
Chapter 215 – Puddling Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the puddling behavior in insects. It is a behavior in which insects, chiefly adult lepidopterans, drink from mud puddles, moist soil, fluids of vertebrate origin (urine, excrement, blood, sweat, and tears), carrion, and even seawater. Although broadly distributed geographically, puddling is particularly spectacular in the tropics where numerous individual butterflies representing multiple species gather to imbibe from damp river banks. The behavior generally is strongly sex-biased, with typically only males participating. Puddling is associated with both the insects' nutritional ecology and their reproductive biology. In both diurnal and nocturnal, puddling is widely distributed taxonomically among the Lepidoptera (6 butterfly and 12 moth families). Puddling takes place in tropical, temperate, and boreal ecological regions. The exposed, sedentary nature of puddling leaves the drinking insects vulnerable to predation. The dilution effect achieved in large aggregations of puddling butterflies appears to lower individuals' risk of avian predation. In addition to lepidopterans, nocturnal aggregations of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), also predominately male, drink from moist soil surrounding puddles.
Remorins: Essential Regulators in Plant-Microbe Interaction and Cell Death Induction

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process triggered by developmental or environmental cues. Plant-microbe interactions often lead to PCD in plant host cells, triggered by the hypersensitive response. Plants may recognize microbes through receptor-like kinases in the plasma
Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with dementia in women.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is characterized by sex differences that may involve sex hormone exposure during development. Finger length ratios, an indirect measure of prenatal androgen exposure, were found to significantly differ in women with and without dementia. This finding links a relatively feminine in utero development with vulnerability to dementia in women.
Detection of two-point leakages in a pipeline based on lab investigation and numerical simulation

Abstract The pipeline is an efficient tool to transmit fluid in a long distance. However, due to different reasons such as pipe aging or natural disaster, multiple leaks can occur to the broken pipeline system. Therefore, it is very crucial to find an accurate, quick, and low-cost method to detect the leakages in the pipeline. In this study, pressure distribution analysis was proposed to diagnose the location of the leakages via experimental study and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Different dimensionless variables, which are the dimensionless leak location, dimensionless leak rate, and dimensionless pressure drop, were applied in our analysis. Through the mathematical modeling which was built on the dimensionless variables, the locations of the leakages can be detected. Multiple flowrate testing was conducted to detect the locations of two leakages. The proposed method can be used to monitor the severity of the pipeline during the operation. Different from former researchers, our work combined the experimental study, CFD simulation, and dimensionless variable analysis to solve the problem of two-point leak detection. This new method can be applied to detect the leakages under different flow rates. For the detection of multiple leaks, a trial-and-error approach was investigated. When the pressure and flow rate at the inlet and outlet of the leaking pipe are known, not only does the method supply an inexpensive way to identify the leaks but also it shortens the time interval between an accident occurring and finding the leak points.
Basic Lung Ultrasonography for the Nephrologist

Hyperhydration is characterized by increased quantity and altered distribution of body fluids. Fluid overload is frequently found in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and in heart failure patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. Although physical examination is still the first choice for the assessment of the hydration state, it is imprecise and often unreliable. Nowadays novel techniques are employed, sometimes together, in a comprehensive assessment strategy previously proposed as the “5B” approach: body weight changes, blood volume online monitoring, bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), B-natriuretic peptide, and body ultrasound (US), which includes inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter measure and lung US (LUS). The modern LUS has extended its field of clinical application from cardiology and intensive care setting to hemodialysis patients since the clinical evaluation alone has proven to be rather imprecise in estimating the correct “dry weight.” B-line detection by LUS has recently been confirmed to be superior in sensitivity to clinical signs of fluid overload such as lung crackles and peripheral edema. Furthermore, LUS has shown a greater predictive power for hydration-related cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than NYHA score or echocardiography. Based on evidence, LUS can be considered a valid diagnostic and prognostic tool for pulmonary congestion measurement in both extracorporeal and peritoneal dialysis patients.
Inhibition of aberrant tissue remodelling by mesenchymal stromal cells singly coated with soft gels presenting defined chemomechanical cues.

The precise understanding and control of microenvironmental cues could be used to optimize the efficacy of cell therapeutics. Here, we show that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) singly coated with a soft conformal gel presenting defined chemomechanical cues promote matrix remodelling by secreting soluble interstitial collagenases in response to the presence of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In mice with fibrotic lung injury, treatment with the coated MSCs maintained normal collagen levels, fibre density and microelasticity in lung tissue, and the continuous presentation of recombinant TNF-α in the gel facilitated the reversal of aberrant tissue remodelling by the cells when inflammation subsided in the host. Gel coatings with predefined chemomechanical cues could be used to tailor cells with specific mechanisms of action for desired therapeutic outcomes. Mesenchymal stromal cells singly coated with a soft conformal gel incorporating specific chemomechanical cues inhibit aberrant tissue remodelling in mice with fibrotic lung injury.