cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grief, Loss, and Depression in Latino Caregivers and Families Affected by Dementia

The understanding of the factors associated with the caring for a person with dementia and the related caregiver burden is a key area of study, as the research clearly demonstrates that dementia affects the caregiving relatives as well as their families. Specifically, grief, loss, and depression are common emotions experienced by dementia caregivers. Latino families face greater levels of dementia caregiver burden associated with the cultural values that they subscribe to which may serve as protective factors against dementia caregiver burden or, conversely, place them at a higher risk of dementia caregiver burden. This chapter focuses on grief, loss, and depression in the caregiver(s) and families of Latinos with dementia. Specifically, we discuss Latino cultural experiences and values and illustrate how these may contribute to or ameliorate the caregiver burden. As a backdrop for this analysis, this chapter utilizes General Systems Theory as it relates to Latino families and dementia and outlines treatment options and concerns, including best practices, informal support services, and utilization barriers faced by Latino caregivers.
Use of Cell Phone Adapters Is Associated With Reduction in Disparities in Remote Monitoring of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

Remote monitoring (RM) of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is standard of care. However, it is underutilized. In July 2012, our institution began providing cell phone adapters (CPAs) to patients free of charge following CIED implantation to improve remote transmission (RT) adherence. Patients in our institution’s RM database from January 1, 2010, thru June 30, 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. There were 2157 eligible patients. Remote transmission proportion (RTP) and time to transmission (TT) were compared pre- and post-implementation of free CPA. Chi-squared analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to compare RTP and TT. There was a significant increase in RTP (134 [18.4%] vs 99 [54.7%]; p 70 years old to lesser extent). Broad institution of CPAs following ICD implantation could potentially reduce disparity in RTP and deserves more study.
Time-series cardiovascular risk factors and receipt of screening for breast, cervical, and colon cancer: The Guideline Advantage.

Background Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Cancer screenings can detect precancerous cells and allow for earlier diagnosis and treatment. Our purpose was to better understand risk factors for cancer screenings and assess the effect of cancer screenings on changes of Cardiovascular health (CVH) measures before and after cancer screenings among patients. Methods We used The Guideline Advantage (TGA)-American Heart Association ambulatory quality clinical data registry of electronic health record data (n = 362,533 patients) to investigate associations between time-series CVH measures and receipt of breast, cervical, and colon cancer screenings. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks was employed to predict receipt of cancer screenings. We also compared the distributions of CVH factors between patients who received cancer screenings and those who did not. Finally, we examined and quantified changes in CVH measures among the screened and non-screened groups. Results Model performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC): the average AUROC of 10 curves was 0.63 for breast, 0.70 for cervical, and 0.61 for colon cancer screening. Distribution comparison found that screened patients had a higher prevalence of poor CVH categories. CVH submetrics were improved for patients after cancer screenings. Conclusion Deep learning algorithm could be used to investigate the associations between time-series CVH measures and cancer screenings in an ambulatory population. Patients with more adverse CVH profiles tend to be screened for cancers, and cancer screening may also prompt favorable changes in CVH. Cancer screenings may increase patient CVH health, thus potentially decreasing burden of disease and costs for the health system (e.g., cardiovascular diseases and cancers).
Growth regulation of human variant histone genes and acetylation of the encoded proteins.

The family of human histone genes consists of replication-dependent and independent subtypes. The replication-independent histone genes, also known as variants, give rise to distinct mRNAs, whose expression is regulated depending on the growth state of the cell, tissue type and developmental stage. In turn, the histone variants are differentially synthesized and modified by acetylation. Consequently, chromatin structure is altered resulting in complex changes in gene expression. The high conservation among histone protein subtypes suggests that they are indispensable. In addition, conservation of the positions of acetylation within subtypes suggests that the location of these sites is functionally important for the eukaryotic cell. For example, the structures of transcriptionally active and repressed chromatin are different depending on the acetylation state of histone proteins [1–3]. In addition, transcriptionally active and repressed chromatin contains distinct histone variants [4]. Specialized histone variants are targeted to the centromere of the chromosome, where they are essential for chromosome segregation [5]. Other specialized histones exist that are essential for development [6]. Changes in histone acetylation have been implicated in the down-regulation of a tumour suppressor gene in human breast cancer [7]. Acetylation also plays an important role in X chromosome inactivation as well as hormone-mediated transcriptional regulation [8, 9]. We propose here a novel model for histone variant gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level, which provides the groundwork to define the pathways regulating the synthesis of these variants.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Electrophilic Steroids Inspired by the Taccalonolides.

Natural products have served as inspirational scaffolds for the design and synthesis of novel antineoplastic agents. Here we present our preliminary efforts on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of electrophilic steroids inspired by the naturally occurring taccalonolides. We demonstrate that these simplified analogs exhibit highly persistent antiproliferative properties similar to the taccalonolides and retain activity against resistant cancer cell lines that warrants further preclinical development.
Assessing vaccination reactions in pediatric patients with maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis

Immunization compliance in the United States is declining, in part due to misinformation and fear surrounding adverse vaccination reactions. Recently, there have been data published in the allergy and immunology literature to show that there may be a relationship between routine vaccinations and induction of symptoms in cutaneous mastocytosis patients; however, this has not yet been explored in the dermatology literature. We sought to uncover the prevalence of vaccine reactions due to mast cell activation within our cohort of maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM) patients in order to contribute to ensuring administration safety, managing familial expectations, and encouraging continued adherence. Our results indicate that while incidence of reaction rates may be higher than the national average, they are mild and families should be counseled to follow recommended immunization schedule guidelines.
The utility of platelet inhibition testing in patients undergoing Pipeline embolization of intracranial aneurysms.

Background The utility of using the VerifyNow P2Y12 platelet inhibition assay in patients undergoing Pipeline embolization of intracranial aneurysms remains controversial. As we have routinely employed the assay for patients undergoing flow diversion, we elected to explore the relationship between P2Y12 hyporesponse as indicated by a P2Y12 Reaction Units (PRU) value >200 and treatment outcomes, including intraprocedural platelet aggregation and ischemic complications. Methods All successful intracranial aneurysm Pipeline treatments performed at our institution from November 2011 to May 2019 were included. The rate of P2Y12 hyporesponse and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to determine independent predictors of treatment outcomes. Results 333 qualifying treatments were performed in 297 patients. Clopidogrel hyporesponse was initially noted in 24%, falling to 17% by day-of-procedure by dose titration. A glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor was administered prophylactically in 3% of cases for persistent, profound hyporesponse. 27 (8.1%) patients developed acute platelet aggregation; only 6 demonstrated day-of-procedure P2Y12 hyporesponse. Day-of-procedure hyporesponse was not associated with intraprocedural platelet aggregation or ischemic complications. Greater Pipeline embolization device (PED) diameter was associated with a reduced odds of platelet aggregation (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.85; p=0.019). Antiplatelet non-compliance (OR 25.20, 95% CI 3.86 to 164.61; p=0.001) and treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.22 to 22.33; p=0.026) were the only independent predictors of ischemic complications. Conclusions P2Y12 hyporesponse was not associated with acute platelet aggregation or ischemic complications in our patients undergoing Pipeline embolization of intracranial aneurysms, possibly due to aggressive management of the hyporesponse using clopidogrel dose titration and/or GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor administration.
Reduced Cerebrovascular Response to CO2Rebreathing in Spinal Cord Injury

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for an array of health problems during the chronic stages of injury. Among these is a greater risk of stroke. One potential culprit i...
A GVT Based Algorithm for Butterfly Barrier in Parallel and Distributed Systems

Mattern’s GVT algorithm is a time management algorithm that helps achieve the synchronization in parallel and distributed systems. This algorithm uses ring structure to establish cuts C1 and C2 to calculate the GVT. The latency of calculating the GVT is vital in parallel/distributed systems which is extremely high if calculated using this algorithm. However, using synchronous barriers with the Matterns algorithm can help improving the GVT computation process by minimizing the GVT latency. In this paper, we incorporate the butterfly barrier to employ two cuts C1 and C2 and obtain the resultant GVT at an affordable latency. Our analysis shows that the proposed GVT computation algorithm significantly improves the overall performance in terms of memory saving and latency.
SEI Report: The Design of an MSE Curriculum

Six required courses for a Master of Software Engineering (MSE) program are described: • Software Systems Engineering • Specification of Software Systems Principles and Applications of Software Design • Software Generation and Regeneration • Software Verification and Validation • Software Project Management For each course, a detailed list of topics and subtopics is given, with educational objectives noted. Principal references, suggested exercises, and other teaching concerns are discussed for each course. These courses were designed by a group of educators at a recent workshop held at the Software Engineering Institute. An attempt was made to cover all of the software engineering topics and educational objectives described in [Ford 87] 1 (a report on previous efforts toward describing an MSE program). This report is termed a design, because: • it is a more detailed description than the specification [Ford 87], • it was reviewed for internal consistency and verified for agreement with the specification, • it provides sufficient detail to allow independent implementation by instructors. The design process is also described. 1Ford. Gary, Norman Gibbs, and James Tomayko, Software Engineering Education: An Interim Report from the Software Engineering Institute, Technical Report CMU/SEI-87-TR-8. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1987
The N2K consortium. IV. New temperatures and metallicities for more than 100,000 FGK dwarfs

We have created specialized target lists for radial velocity surveys that are biased toward stars that (1) possess planets and (2) are easiest to observe with current detection techniques. We use a procedure that uniformly estimates fundamental stellar properties of Tycho 2 stars, with errors, using spline functions of broadband photometry and proper motion found in Hipparcos/Tycho 2 and 2MASS. We provide estimates of Teff and distance for 2.4 × 106 Tycho 2 stars that lack trigonometric distances. For stars that appear to be FGK dwarfs, we also derive [Fe/H] and identify unresolved binary systems with mass ratios 1.25 < M1/M2 < 3.0. For FGK dwarfs with photometric error σV < 0.05, or V < 9, our temperature model gives a 1 σ error of σT = +58.7/ - 65.9 K and our metallicity model gives a 1 σ error of σ[Fe/H] = +0.13/ - 0.14 dex. The binarity model can be used to remove 70% of doubles with 1.25 < M1/M2 < 3.0 from a magnitude-limited sample of dwarfs at a cost of cutting 20% of the sample. Our estimates of distance and spectral type enable us to isolate 354,822 Tycho 2 dwarfs, 321,996 absent from Hipparcos, with giant contamination of 2.6% and 7.2%, respectively. Roughly 100,000 of these stars, not in Hipparcos, have sufficiently low photometric errors to retain 0.13-0.3 dex [Fe/H] accuracy and 80-100 K temperature accuracy (1 σ). Our metallicity estimates have been used to identify targets for N2K, a large-scale radial velocity search for hot jupiters, which has verified the errors presented here. The catalogs that we publish can be used to further large-scale studies of Galactic structure and chemical evolution and to provide potential reference stars for narrow-angle astrometry programs such as the Space Interferometry Mission and large-aperture optical interferometry.
High frequency noise characteristics of RF MOSFETs in subthreshold region

High frequency noise characteristics of 0.13um and 0.18um n-type MOSFET across a full range of bias conditions is presented in this paper. Focus is mainly on nMOSFET's behavior in "off" state, which is not predicted accurately by existing commercial models. This is a region especially important for full-chip RFCMOS design. In this paper, noise parameters (NFmin, RN, /spl Gamma/opt) up to 6GHz are investigated in detail. From the device perspective, the power spectral density of channel noise and induced gate noise is also studied to understand how MOSFETs actually operate from strong inversion to weak inversion and depletion.
Seasonal source: Receptor relationships in Asia

Abstract Seasonal source-receptor relationships are estimated for countries in Asia and the Indian sub-continent and the impact of long-range transport on countries’ deposition are explored through these relationships. The influence of precipitation patterns and changes in flow fields on deposition in southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent is also demonstrated. Many of the small sulfur emitting countries in the region are found to receive more sulfur deposition than they emit, with the majority of their deposition coming from neighboring or even distant countries. For example, Vietnam accounts for 35% of its own deposition while Thailand contributes 19% and China 39%. Similarly, over 60% of the sulfur deposited on Nepal is due to Indian emissions. China’s contribution to Japan’s deposition is shown to exhibit strong seasonal dependence, with winter and spring contributions 2.5 times higher than summer and autumn. China and South Korea are found to play a major role in the deposition in southern and western Japan while volcanoes and domestic sources dominate in the north and east. The impact of Chinese emissions on Japan’s deposition is found to be highly sensitive to wet removal rates.
Analyzing Posture and Affect in Task-Oriented Tutoring

Intelligent tutoring systems research aims to produce systems that meet or exceed the effectiveness of one-on-one expert human tutoring. Theory and empirical study suggest that affective states of the learner must be addressed to achieve this goal. While many affective measures can be utilized, posture offers the advantages of non-intrusiveness and ease of interpretation. This paper presents an accurate posture estimation algorithm applied to a computer-mediated tutoring corpus of depth recordings. Analyses of posture and session-level student reports of engagement and cognitive load identified significant patterns. The results indicate that disengagement and frustration may coincide with closer postural positions and more movement, while focused attention and less frustration occur with more distant, stable postural positions. It is hoped that this work will lead to intelligent tutoring systems that recognize a greater breadth of affective expression through channels of posture and gesture.
SU‐FF‐T‐655: A Simulation of Position and Volume Errors in 4D‐CT Caused by Irregular Breathing

Purpose: To simulate the position and volume errors in 4D‐CT caused by irregular breathing. Methods and Materials: A 4D‐CT simulator was designed to reproduce axial mode scans with retrospective resorting. This simulator creates an artificial spherical tumor based on specifications of the user, and recreates the image produced by a 4D‐CT scanner using a patient breathing waveform. 155 respiratory waveforms of patients were used to test the margins of 4D‐CT scans. Each breathing waveform was normalized and scaled to 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm peak‐to‐peak motion. Then, artificial tumors with 2 cm and 4 cm radius were simulated to follow the trajectory of each patient breathing waveform with each scaling. The center of mass and volume of each CTimage was calculated and compared to the expected values of center of mass and volume for the artificial tumor. Intra‐subject variability was investigated by running the simulator over different sub‐intervals of the breathing waveform. Results: The average error in the center of mass location of an artificial tumor was less than 2 mm standard deviation for 2 cm motion. The corresponding average error in volume was less than 4%. In the worst‐case scenarios, we found a center of mass error of 1.0 cm standard deviation, and volume errors of 30–60% at inhale. Systematic errors are observed in a subset of patients due to irregular breathing, and these errors are more pronounced when the tumor volume is smaller. Conclusion: Irregular breathing during 4D‐CT simulation causes systematic errors in volume and center of mass measurements. These errors are small, but depend on the tumor size, motion amplitude, and degree of breathing irregularity.
ALGEBRA AS A TEACHING AID FOR CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

: Consolidated financial statements are typically taught by the use of a consolidated worksheet. Adjustments in journal entry form are made on the worksheet to derive a consolidated result. Students often have difficulty with the worksheet adjustment methodology because it focuses more on the adjustment rules than on the underlying consolidation objective. An alternative methodology based on algebra overcomes the deficiencies inherent in the worksheet approach. Algebra is suggested to be a rigorous and concise tool for use in teaching consolidation objectives and in solving consolidation problems.
Products of regular-closed spaces

Abstract Conditions under which a product space will be regular-closed or minimal regular are studied. It is shown that a product of regular-closed spaces need not be regular-closed and that a product of minimal regular spaces need not be minimal regular.
The Absence of Utrophin Does Not Further the Impairment of Ca2+ Release Displayed by mdx Muscle

The double mutant utr-/-/mdx mouse has been postulated to be a better model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy than mdx mouse because it displays a progression of pathological features comparable to that in humans. We previously demonstrated that FDB fibers from mdx mice show limitations in action potential (AP) elicited Ca2+ release. Here we investigated the properties of the APs and the ability to release Ca2+ (30 mM [EGTA], 20°C) in response to single and trains of APs (20 pulses, at 33Hz and 100Hz) in FDB fibers isolated from control, mdx and utr-/-/mdx mice. Single APs of normal amplitude but longer duration were recorded in utr-/-/mdx fibers, whereas the amplitude of the Ca2+ release was ∼37% smaller than in normal fibers, but comparable with that found in mdx fibers. Fibers from the three strains sustained trains of Ca release at 33 Hz in which the amplitude of individual Ca2+ release transients decayed exponentially towards a sustained release amplitude with two time constants (τ1=10ms, τ2=200ms). In response to 100Hz trains, the amplitude of Ca2+ release in normal fibers decayed still with a double exponential (τ1=3.5ms, τ2=41ms) in which the amplitude of the 2nd and 20th transient along the train were ∼50% and ∼35% that of the first one, respectively. In contrast, fibers isolated from both mdx and utr-/-/mdx mice could be divided in two groups according to their tetanic response to 100Hz trains: approximately 75% of mdx and 33% of utr-/-/mdx fibers showed a behavior similar to that observed in normal fibers; in the remaining 25% of mdx and 67% of utr-/-/mdx fibers, respectively, the amplitude of the 2nd Ca2+ release transient was ∼20% of the first one, and this amplitude was sustained throughout the train.
Index of productive syntax for children who speak African American English.

Purpose The validity of the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn; Scarborough, 1990) for children who speak African American English (AAE) was evaluated by conducting an item analysis and a comparison of the children’s scores as a function of their maternal education level, nonmainstream dialect density, age, and clinical status. Method The data were language samples from 62 children; 52 of the children were between the ages of 4 and 6 years and were classified as developing typically, and 10 were 6 years old with specific language impairment (SLI). Results All IPSyn items were produced by at least 1 child, and 88% of the items were produced by 50% or more of the children. The children’s IPSyn scores were unrelated to maternal education level and dialect density and were visually comparable to IPSyn scores reported for children who speak mainstream English. Nevertheless, IPSyn could not be used to detect differences between the 4- to 6-year-olds based on age, nor could it be used to detect differences betwee...
Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: an update.

Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs social, academic, and occupational functioning in children, adolescents, and adults. In patients with ADHD, neurobiologic research has shown a lack of connectivity in key brain regions, inhibitory control deficits, delayed brain maturation, and noradrenergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in multiple brain regions. The prevalence of this disorder in the United States is 6–9% in youth (i.e., children and adolescents) and 3–5% in adults. Prevalence rates for youth are similar worldwide. Children with ADHD are at greater risk than children without ADHD for substance abuse and delinquency whether or not they receive drug therapy; however, early treatment with psychoeducation as well as drug therapy and/or behavioral intervention may decrease negative outcomes of ADHD, including the rate of conduct disorder and adult antisocial personality disorder. Drug therapy is effective for all age groups, even preschoolers, and for late-onset ADHD in adults. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, are the most effective therapy and have a good safety profile; although recent concerns of sudden unexplained death, psychiatric adverse effects, and growth effects have prompted the introduction of other therapies. Atomoxetine, a nonstimulant, has no abuse potential, causes less insomnia than stimulants, and poses minimal risk of growth effects. Other drug options include clonidine and guanfacine, but both can cause bradycardia and sedation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oil), acetyl-l-carnitine, and iron supplements (for youth with low ferritin levels) show promise in improving ADHD symptoms. As long-term studies show that at least 50% of youth are nonadherent with their drug therapy as prescribed over a 1-year period, longacting formulations (administered once/day) may improve adherence. Comorbid conditions are common in patients with ADHD, but this patient population can be treated effectively with individualized treatment regimens of stimulants, atomoxetine, or bupropion, along with close monitoring.
Spectroscopic studies of carbons. XIX. The charring of sucrose.

Abstract Series of infrared spectra were recorded of chars produced by heating sucrose in vacuum at successively increasing temperatures, up to 750°C. Photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy was used. Some of the aliphatic components of the sucrose melt aromatize at a temperature as low as 200°C; the structures of the sugars are lost entirely in the 300–350°C region, and a variety of carbonylic structures are formed. The chars then change continuously in composition as the pyrolysis temperature is raised. The initially aliphatic mixture is progressively converted into a predominantly aromatic material, dehydroxylation proceeds, aliphatic groups are eliminated and/or converted into aromatic material, and the carbonylic species decrease. Also, the aromatics polymerize to form larger, polyaromatic structures. These trends continue until about 600°C. Above 600°C there is an abrupt increase in the polyaromatization, and a further decrease in functional groups. All IR-active groups are removed when 750°C is reached.
Relationship between bioassay and radioimmunoassay estimates of prolactin in rat serum.

RIA and bioassay (BA) estimates of the concentration of PRL ([PRL]) in rat serum were compared using homologous assay systems. A rat mammary gland organ culture BA was developed which allowed objective and quantitative measurement of serum [PRL]. The serum samples were tested at two doses against three doses of the RP-1 rat PRL standard and the responses were quantified by a histometric procedure. The index of precision of the BA ranged from 0.1–0.4 and the secretory response was not affected by physiological concentrations of rat GH, T3, or by gonadal steroids. Serum samples taken from female rats during the estrous cycle, from suckled lactators, from rats bearing a PRL-secreting pituitary tumor, and from females that were treated with perphenazine were assayed. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.99) was obtained between the two assay methods with 21 samples. However, the regression coefficient was 4.20 ± 0.55. Thus, although the two assays are highly correlated for measuring serum [PRL], the RIA me...
Group 4 Metal Atom Reactions with CF3Cl, CFCl3, CF3Br, and CF3I: A Matrix Infrared Spectroscopic and DFT Investigation of Competitive α-Halogen Transfer to Form Triplet XC÷MX3 Complexes

Laser-ablated group 4 transition metal atoms react with CX1X23 (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) to form triplet state X1C÷MX23 and X2C÷MX1X22 complexes, which are identified by their infrared spectra, carbon-13 isotopic shifts, and comparison to density functional vibrational frequency calculations. The higher energy product with more heavier halogen migration converts to the lower energy product with more α-F transfer on UV irradiation. Two features are of particular interest in these product complexes: The first is the presence of a very strong C−X bond, and the second is that the two unpaired electrons on carbon are shared with the transition metal center, forming an electron-deficient triple bond. Comparisons are made to the analogous reaction products with CF4, CCl4, and CF2Cl2.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TITRATABLE ACIDITY, pH AND BUFFER COMPOSITION OF TOMATO FRUITS

Relationships among pH, titratable acidity (TA) and buffer composition of tomato fruits were studied using analytical data, from 25 divergent accessions, and from previous work. Citric and malic acids, and phosphate account for about 93% of the TA of tomatoes. An increase in phosphate concentration results in a decrease in [H+], whereas an increase in citric and malic acids increases [H+] These relationships probably exist because of differences in the origins of phosphate and the two acids. Variation in phosphate concentration can be of practical value in efforts to maintain a safe processing pH in low sugar, low acid varieties because phosphate has a relatively large effect on [H+] with a minimal effect on TA.
Viral diseases of companion birds

Many viruses definitively cause disease in our companion birds, whereas other viruses have been implicated or associated with typical clinical signs. Some families of viruses that have been discovered in mammals have not been associated with disease in birds. It is imperative to perform a necropsy on any birds that die--whether a pet, aviary, or display bird, and despite the fact that other diseases may be present--because viruses can occur concurrently, especially when immunosuppression is present. Also, it is imperative to use available vaccines to decrease and control the incidence of these diseases, as has occurred in the canine and feline pet populations.
Methanol synthesis catalysis in an internally recycled reactor

A gradientless reactor has been tested by measurement of the chemical reaction rate in the synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reactor behaves as a well-stirred tank, and data have been obtained at 3,000 lb./sq.in.abs. over the temperature range 300° to 400°C. Rate data have been obtained for commercial zinc chromite catalyst in particle form and for the commercial ¼-in. pellets. The effectiveness factors derived from these experiments have been used to estimate the tortuosity of the pellets; it is found to agree qualitatively with the value measured from experiments on pure diffusion in a catalyst pellet.
Hydrogen permeation studies of amorphous and crystallized NiTi alloys

Abstract A comparison of the hydrogen permeation behavior in amorphous and crystallized NiTi alloys was studied using an electrochemical double cell technique. For the amorphous alloys, the concentration-hydrogen pressure isotherms do not exhibit a pressure plateau and Sieverts' law is not obeyed, in contrast to the behavior in the crystallized alloys. Hydrogen solubility increases with increasing Ti content in amorphous NiTi alloys. Lower solubility at 1 atm hydrogen pressure was observed for the amorphous Ni 56 Ti 44 and Ni 68 Ti 32 alloys as compared to the crystallized alloys. As the hydrogen concentration increases, the diffusivity of hydrogen increases markedly and the corresponding activation energy decreases in the amorphous alloys, whereas there is a negligible concentration dependence in the crystallized alloys. The diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in amorphous alloys with the same composition are 2 orders of magnitude higher at 1 atm hydrogen pressure than in crystallized alloys. The density of sites for hydrogen incorporation was deduced from an analysis of the solubility-pressure isotherms based on a model for the lattice statistics of the hydrogen incorporation and a bimodal distribution is obtained. The peak energies for the lower energy hydrogen sites correspond to the sites with four Ti nearest neighbors and the higher energy sites are related to the next favorable sites which are similar to sites in crystalline NiTi 2 . Further confirmation of this proposal is provided by the crystallization behavior of the amorphous alloys.
X-radiation studies of a lysogenic bacteriophage.

Abstract X-ray inactivation data for the temperate and virulent forms of the lysogenic phage lambda show that their radiosensitive volumes are about one-third that of T2 to which they are nearly equal in size; the respective inactivation doses are 102,000 r. and 120,000 r., for the temperate and virulent forms. The difference in inactivation doses is shown to be statistically highly significant. Thus, the loss of ability to lysogenize has been correlated with a loss of radiosensitive volume. Several possible implications of those findings are discussed.
Driving rate effects on crackling noise.

Many systems respond to slowly changing external conditions with crackling noise, created by avalanches or pulses with a broad range of sizes. Examples range from Barkhausen noise (BN) in magnets to earthquakes. In this Letter, we discuss the effects of increasing driving rate $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ on the scaling behavior of the avalanche size and duration distributions as well as qualitative effects of $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ on the power spectra. We derive an exponent inequality as a criteria for the relevance of $\ensuremath{\Omega}$. To illustrate these general results, we use recent experiments on BN as a successful example.
A theoretical model of two beam klystron amplifier

Summary form only given. In the two-beam klystron, two annual electron beams propagate through a grounded drift tube. These beams are premodulated at the first cavity by input microwaves. When portions of these beams arrive on the second cavity, modulated current in the outer beam excites the cavity, which reflects some segments of the inner beam and sends them back to the first cavity. Modulated current in the return beam further excites the first cavity, if it is in phase with the cavity oscillation. Formation of a virtual cathode at the location of the second cavity and return current is essential for the two-beam klystron to work. A theoretical model of the two beam klystron has been developed.
Absolute Preoperative C-Reactive Protein Predicts Metastasis and Mortality in the First Year Following Potentially Curative Nephrectomy for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: C-reactive protein is an inflammatory biomarker associated with tumor burden and metastasis in renal cell carcinoma. Recent studies suggest that preoperative C-reactive protein predicts metastasis and mortality after nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma. However, these studies dichotomized C-reactive protein (typically 10 mg/l or greater vs less than 10 mg/l). Considering the continuous range of C-reactive protein (less than 1 mg/l to greater than 100 mg/l) we assessed the ability of absolute preoperative C-reactive protein to predict metastases and mortality as a continuous variable.Materials and Methods: Patients with clinically localized (T1-T3N0M0) clear cell renal cell carcinoma were followed for 1 year postoperatively. Metastases were identified radiologically and mortality was determined by death certificate. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses examined 1-year relapse-free survival and overall relative survival across patient and disease characteristic...
Photoemission study of the growth, desorption, Schottky-barrier formation, and atomic structure of Pb on Si(111).

We have utilized high-resolution synchrotron-radiation photoemission spectroscopy and high-energy electron diffraction to study the various reconstructed surfaces of Pb-covered Si(111). The Si 2{ital p} and Pb 5{ital d} core levels and valence bands are analyzed as a function of Pb coverage and annealing temperature. We confirm the room-temperature (RT) Stranski-Krastanov growth mode with the two-dimensional adlayer completed at {similar to}1.3 monolayers. The formation of the Schottky barrier has been studied. We measure {ital n}-type barrier heights of 0.89 and 1.09 eV for the RT epitaxial phase and the ({radical}3 {times} {radical}3 ){ital R}30{degree} incommensurate phase, respectively. Possible mechanisms that may be responsible for the disagreement between barrier heights as measured by core-level photoemission and electrical techniques are discussed. We also report on the observation of surface-shifted core levels and surface states in the valence band for the ({radical}3 {times} {radical}3 ){ital R}30{degree} phases obtained by annealing to higher temperatures in the desorption regime. These results are used for an investigation of the structural models for these surface phases.
Unsteady Effects on Ram Accelerator Operation at Elevated Fill Pressures

Experiments show that as the projectile acceleration of the ram accelerator is increased, by increasing the propellant fill pressure or reducing the projectile mass, its performance begins to deviate significantly from that predicted by the widely used quasi-steady control volume model. At high fill pressures, experimental velocity‐ distance data are overpredicted by the quasi-steady model for thrust determination when using a real-gas equation of state for the combustion products. The primary reason for this behavior is that the mass of the propellant accumulating in the control volume at high fill pressure approaches the mass of the projectile itself. A revision to the control volume model to account for unsteady flow effects indicates that the thrust coefficient vs Mach-number profile obtained for high-pressure conditions is consistently lower than that obtained with the quasi-steady model. This deviation correlates with experimental results obtained in a 38-mm-bore ram accelerator at fill pressures in the range of 15‐20 MPa. The best agreement with high-pressure experimental data is obtained using the unsteady modeling approach in conjunction with the heat release vs Mach-number profile calculated using the Boltzmann equation of state.
Use of novel pollen species by specialist and generalist solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

If trade-offs between flexibility to use a range of host species and efficiency on a limited set underlie the evolution of diet breadth, one resulting prediction is that specialists ought to be more restricted than generalists in their ability to use novel resource species. I used foraging tests and feeding trials to compare the ability of a generalist and a specialist solitary mason bee species to collect and develop on two pollen species that are not normally used in natural populations (novel pollens). Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is a generalist pollen feeder; O. californica, is more specialized. Adults of the specialist were more limited in use of novel hosts, but only in some contexts. Both bee species refused to collect one novel pollen. The specialist accepted a second novel pollen only when it was presented along with its normal pollen, whereas the generalist collected novel pollen whether presented alone or with normal pollen. Surprisingly, larvae of the specialist were more flexible than were generalists. The specialist grew well on mixtures of normal and novel pollen species, in some cases better than on its normal host alone. Larvae of the generalist grew more poorly on all diets containing novel pollens than on their normal host. Data on these two species of bees suggest that specialization by itself need not reduce flexibility on novel hosts. The findings also provide information about mechanisms of specialization in bees. Similar to some folivores, specific cues of the pollen host and the bee's interpretation of these contribute, along with foraging economics, to pollen choice by adults. The ability of the larvae to cope with specific components of one pollen species need not interfere with its ability to use others.
Imports, monopoly power, profits and exchange rates

This study uses pooled data on U.S. manufacturing industries and on U.S. imports to analyze the level of monopoly power and the restraining influence of the import penetration ratio at the industry level. In general, industries with higher levels of imports have lower levels of monopoly power. In addition, imports have a greater impact on industries with more monopoly power (i.e., higher concentration), even though the level of imports may be lower. Finally, the impact of imports on monopoly power appears to be increasing over time indicating that U.S. manufacturing has become significantly more competitive over the 1961 to 1984 period. (JEL F14, L12)
Second Harmonic Generation from Oxazine Dyes at the Air/Water Interface

Several oxazine laser dyes have been studied at the air/water interface by the surface-specific technique of second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. Oxazine 720, cresyl violet, and Nile blue readily form H-aggregate type dimers in aqueous solutions. We report an SHG study of the air/water interface of aqueous solutions of these water-soluble dyes in which it appears that the SHG signals originate almost exclusively from the dimers. The dominance of the dimer in the SHG process holds over a wide range of dye concentration and monomer-to-dimer ratios. The measurements were carried out with incident laser wavelengths near 600 nm, which are resonant with the first electronic transition, and include SHG spectra, solution composition dependence (i.e., dye concentration and salt (NaCl), surfactant, etc.), and polarization dependence. Addition of salt to the dye solutions increases the observed SHG signal intensity to a much greater extent (by as much as a factor of 30) than it promotes bulk aggregation. T...
The oscillation of the human corneoretinal potential at different light intensities

The response of the corneoretinal potential is forced by repeated light and dark phases of 12.5 min duration each. This frequency is known to bring the corneoretinal potential oscillation into resonance. The intensity of the light stimulus is varied from 0.04 cd · m−2 to 6884 cd · m−2. A mathematical model, built on the assumption of information transmission and feedback among four components, is modified to accommodate the response to repeated stimulation. The model predicts that only three parameters should depend on light intensity. The results confirm this prediction. The model predicts also that these three parameters should be linearly related to light intensity and that the estimated values of the remaining parameters should agree with values obtained from a previous study using a different pattern of stimulation. These predictions could not be substantiated. The findings indicate that the response of the systems is non-linear. The non-linearity is described in sufficient detail to assist in the development of more advanced models.
Is a Little Knowledge a Good Thing? College Students Gain Knowledge, but Knowledge Increase Does not Equal Attitude Change Regarding Same-Sex Sexual Orientation and Gender Reassignment Surgery in Sexuality Courses

The gains in knowledge and changes of attitudes of students in undergraduate sexuality courses in two different academic disciplines were compared to those of their peers without college sexuality education in a variety of other psychology courses. All students had similar scores on tests of sexual anatomy, behavior, and health at the start of the semester, but the students enrolled in sexuality courses exhibited much larger increases in knowledge regarding these topics when their courses were done. Sexuality education clearly matters, but there is room for improvement; despite gains in knowledge, the sexuality students’ scores were less than perfect. Students in both the sexuality courses and other psychology courses maintained neutral attitudes toward same-sex sexual orientation and gender reassignment surgery, and these attitudes did not change following enrollment in a semester-long course in sexuality education.
The maximum spectral radius of C4-free graphs of given order and size

Suppose that G is a graph with n vertices and m edges, and let μ be the spectral radius of its adjacency matrix. Recently we showed that if G has no 4-cycle, then μ2-μ⩽n-1, with equality if and only if G is the friendship graph. Here we prove that if m⩾9 and G has no 4-cycle, then μ2⩽m, with equality if G is a star. For 4⩽m⩽8 this assertion fails.
An invariance in system identification

In simulations and analysis involving adaptive system identification with FIR filters, a white noise input spectrum is usually assumed. We consider in this correspondence the effect of an autoregressive (all-pole) input. In particular, we prove that all but P of the optimum tap weights are invariant to the pole locations, where P is the number of poles in the input process. This invariance result provides some justification for the common practice of considering only white noise inputs in the analysis and simulation of adaptive filters.
Accelerated production of dry cured hams.

Abstract Ten uncured legs from the right side of the sampled pork carcasses (Study A) were vacuum tumbled with the cure adjuncts for 30 min (T) and 10 counterparts from the left side were tumbled 30 min, rested 30 min and tumbled an additional 30 min (TRT). Evaluations were conducted at 40 and 70 days after cure application for color, taste attributes, percentage moisture, percentage salt and NO 3 − and NO 2 − content. Study B was the same except that 18 legs were boned, tumbled and cured for 40, 56 and 70 days. The TRT samples (Study A) at 40 days sustained less color fading (P 0.05) existed among the uncooked hams. Increased cure time enhanced moisture loss and salt content (Study A) and color retention during cookery (Study B). The TRT samples had increased moisture loss and salt content (Study A).
Expanded contacts and interconnexions to monolithic silicon integrated circuits

Abstract The requirements for an ideal expanded contact system for oxide-passivated silicon devices are listed and discussed. Problems associated with the conventional aluminum contact-gold lead system are discussed—namely, “purple plague” and the thermodynamic instability of aluminum and silicon dioxide. Evidence is cited which shows that a bi-metal film of molybdenum-gold can be combined with ball-bonded gold wire to form a highly reliable, near ideal, expanded contact system.
Integrating biodiversity and drinking water protection goals through geographic analysis

Aim: Biodiversity and drinking water share a common interest in land conservation. Our objective was to identify where that common interest occurs geographically to inform conservation planning. Location: The study focused on 2112 eight-digit hydrologic units (watersheds) occurring in the conterminous United States. Methods: Data on aquatic-dependent species occurrence, drinking water intakes, protected land status and land cover change were compiled for each watershed. We compared these four datasets after defining ‘hotspots’ based on attribute-specific thresholds that included (1) the 90th percentile of at-risk aquatic biodiversity, (2) with and without drinking water intakes, (3) above and below the median percentage of protected land and (4) increase in urban land above and below a 1% threshold between 2001 and 2006. Geographic intersections were used to address a number of questions relevant to conservation planning including the following: What watersheds important to aquatic biodiversity are also important to drinking water? Which watersheds with a shared stake in biodiversity and drinking water protection have inadequate land protection? Which watersheds with potentially inadequate amounts of protected lands are also undergoing relatively rapid urbanization? Results: Over 60% of the watersheds that were determined to be aquatic biodiversity hotspots also had drinking water intakes, and approximately 50% of these watersheds had less than the United States median amount of protected land. A total of seven watersheds were found to have shared aquatic biodiversity/drinking water values, relatively low proportions of protected lands and a relatively high rate of urbanization. The majority of these watershed occurred in the south-eastern United States, with secondary occurrences in California. Main Conclustion: Geographic analysis of multiple ecosystem services can identify areas of shared land conservation interest. Locations where ecosystem commodities and species conservation overlap has the potential to increase stakeholder buy-in and leverage scarce resources to conserve land that, in this case study, protects both biodiversity and drinking water.