cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Plasticity of Dopamine Systems: Pre- and Post-Synaptic Components of the Dopamine System are Modified by Neonatal Lesions

Over the past 15 years, a model for examining the plasticity of DA systems, involving the administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to damage the mesostriatal DA system, has been well characterized. This model benefits from the considerable information available regarding the organization of the pre- and post-synaptic components of the DA system (Fallon and Moore, 1978; Boyson et al., 1986; Gerfen et al., 1987; Joyce, 1991a), their development (Murrin et al., 1985; Murrin and Zeng, 1989; Rao et al., 1991), and their regulation following lesions of the mature DA system (Marshall et al., 1989; Joyce, 1991a,b). In adult rats, extensive lesions of DA neurons produce profound behavioral impairments, such as aphagia, adipsia, akinesia, and sensory neglect, which mimic changes observed in Parkinson’s disease (Marshall, 1979; Ungerstedt, 1971; Zigmond and Strieker, 1973). In contrast, it has been known for many years that extensive neonatal 6-OHDA lesions do not induce a parkinsonian-like syndrome (Breese et al., 1984,1987; Bruno et al., 1985, 1986; Criswell et al, 1992), and produce distinctly different alterations of DA receptor function as identified by behavioral pharmacologic probes. Adult-lesioned rats were found to be hyporesponsive to d-amphetamine, but exhibited a potentiated response to the DA precursor L-DOPA or direct dopamine agonists. The potentiated effect of L-DOPA suggests that Dl and/or D2 receptors are supersensitive in adult-lesioned rats. Adult-lesioned rats were subsequently found to exhibit behavioral supersensitivity to the selective D2 receptor agonist quinpirole, with no change in their response to the selective Dl receptor agonist SKF38393 (Breese et al., 1987; Duncan et al., 1987).
Locke’s Theology, 1694–1704

What follows is a narrative of John Locke’s theological reflections and judgments, expressed in pertinent writings beginning with ‘Adversaria theologica’ (1694), and ending with Of the conduct of the understanding (published posthumously in 1706). I hope to show that these reflections and judgments follow a continuous line of enquiry and discovery that has its own integrity and may, therefore, be considered on its own, notwithstanding that Locke might have been at the same time influenced by other motives, for example, political and economic ones, or concerns about reputation. Narration seems to me a more appropriate method of expounding on Locke’s theology than a systematic presentation of it, for Locke’s thoughts on theology were not all expressed as considered opinions, nor did he manifest a tendency to give assent where Scripture or reason did not require it. His thoughts on theological themes varied from suppositions to queries to preferences to clear and certain judgments. These differences in propositional attitude, to use current jargon, would be lost in a mere systematic account. As will be seen, Locke did conceive of theology as a system, but also, at the outset at least, as one whose markers described fields of enquiry rather than parts of a dogmatic scheme. During this period, the field of enquiry that most commanded his attention was Christianity as presented in the New Testament. As he progressed, Locke made two very important discoveries: one, that to be a Christian and a beneficiary of the covenant of grace, it is necessary to accept only one, albeit complex proposition, that Jesus is the Messiah; the other, that Christianity is essentially a moral religion.
Effect of A cation on magnetic properties of double perovskite compounds: From ferromagnetic Ca 2 CrSbO 6 to antiferromagnetic Sr 2 CrSbO 6

Using first-principles, density functional theory based calculations, we explore the microscopic origin of the switching from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior, in replacing Sr by Ca in Sr${}_{2}$CrSbO${}_{6}$ double perovskite. Our study reveals that the difference in the strength of covalency between Sr and Cr compared to that between Ca and Cr, added to the structural differences, dictates the sign of the dominant first nearest-neighbor Cr-Cr interaction, and thereby, is the responsible factor for this interesting behavior. The antiferromagnetically coupled Cr spins in frustrated face-centered cubic lattice of Sr${}_{2}$CrSbO${}_{6}$ double perovskite structure shows ordering in $A$-type antiferromagnetic structure, driven by the magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Anthocyanin and flavone-like pigments in phytophagous and predaceous forms of Hemiptera.

The identification of carotin as the chief cause of the red and yellow hypodermal colors seen in the predaceous stinkbug Perillus bioculatus (Fab.), reported in the preceding abstract, suggested an examination of the red pigment of other Hemiptera. It was found that red pigment in phytophagous and predaceous families of this order of insects is not limited to one type of substance. Water-soluble pigments appear to be more common than carotin. The aphid (Tritogenaphis rudbeckiae, Fitch) owes its vermilion color chiefly to an anthocyanin-like pigment, although small quantities of carotin also occur in the bug. On the other hand the red color of the red and black patterned phytophagous box-elder plant-bug (Leptocoris trivitatus, Say), the milk-weed plant-bug (Lygaeus kalmii, Stal), the bladder-nut plant-bug (Lopidea staphyleae sanguinea, Kngt.), the maple plant-bug (Coccobaphes sanguinareus, Uhler), and the predaceous Assassin-bug (Eulyes illustris, Stal) is due to a flavone-like pigment.
'Govern Like Us': Reply to Wescott

In September 2015, Wescott wrote a review of "Govern Like Us" for the journal "Governance." In his focus on governance trajectories, however, he missed the argument of the book.
R22 Blister testing of magnet wire

Not long after the introduction of refrigerant 22 (mono-chlorodifluoromethane, or R22) to the refrigeration industry, blistered magnet wire was found in opened hermetic units, and blister testing began. Although a formal standard has not issued, certain test procedures became and remain popular. These methods are inadequate today and a new approach to blister testing is proposed in this paper. A review of the phenomenon of blistering and of the various tests serve as an introduction.
Telephone Support Groups for Isolated Bereaved Parents: A Review of the Literature and an Example from Australian Paediatric Oncology

Supporting the grieving and isolated demands create cost-effective solutions. Telephone support groups have attracted considerable interest, especially a suggestion that such groups may offer therapeutic benefits not available in traditional face-to-face groups. This article reviews available literature on the advantages and disadvantages of telephone networks for isolated clientele. It describes client feedback on a telephone-based initiative piloted with geographically dislocated parents who had lost a child to cancer.
Analysis of nerve agent metabolites from nail clippings by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract While several methods for the bioanalysis of nerve agents or their metabolites have been developed for the verification of nerve agent exposure, these methods are generally limited in the amount of time after an exposure that markers of exposure can be detected (due to rapid metabolism from biological matrices). In this study, a method for the analysis of nerve agent hydrolysis products from nail clippings was developed to allow evaluation of nails as a long-term repository of these markers. Pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) were extracted from nail samples with N,N-dimethylformamide and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection for PMPA and IMPA were 0.3 μg/kg and 7.5 μg/kg and linear ranges were 0.75–300 μg/kg and 30–1500 μg/kg, respectively. Precision was within 10% and 8% for PMPA and IMPA, respectively, and accuracy was 100 ± 12% for both analytes. The approach presented here is complementary to current methods for nerve agent exposure verification, and should allow for long-term determination of nerve agent poisoning.
A low-fidelity game-based approach to teaching basic health assessment: It’s not just a game!

Game-based teaching-learning activities positively influenced student learning in academic programs, particularly in nursing education where learning nursing concepts, disease processes, assessment skills and management may be overwhelming in the traditional classroom setting. The purpose of this paper was to describe a teaching—learning approach, and to discuss lessons learned to use games to teach basic health assessment in first-level BSN program. The approach and organization constructs were interventional, descriptive and non-experimental. In conclusion, lessons learned yield that teaching health assessment content as a game may promote student and faculty involvement, excitement, and motivation. A game checklist was developed based on feedback from students and faculty. The game led to the development of a guide for game-based approaches to teaching pre-clinical undergraduate nursing students health assessment content.
TEACHING: French Danone and Chinese Wahaha: Yet Another Example of an Unsuccessful International Joint Venture

During a five-day visit to Taiwan on November 26, 2009, Zong Qinghou, Managing Director of the Chinese firm Wahaha, was impressed by the quality of Guangquan Corporation’s dairy products. An opportunity for another international joint venture (IJV) arose in Zong’s mind. It was too attractive to ignore in that it might give Wahaha a competitive edge in establishing a quality image after the scandal involving contaminated milk formulas by the Sanlu Group in 2008 had greatly shaken consumers’ faith in Chinese brands. However, the bitter dispute with the French multinational enterprise Danone, Wahaha’s first IJV partner, caused Zong to reconsider whether to take advantage of this opportunity. Danone finally pulled out of the IJV on September 30, 2009 after years of fighting, ending the almost 12 year relationship with Wahaha. Because this relationship had not worked out, Zong was thinking about what went wrong during the previously unsuccessful IJV. He was deep in thought (Lucy, 2009).
Examining Whether The Health-In-All-Policies Approach Promotes Health Equity

Scholars and public health advocates have expressed optimism about the potential for the health-in-all-policies approach to address social disparities in health, but little research has been done on whether it promotes health equity in practice. Based on sixty-five in-depth interviews with US officials in the public and private sectors conducted in five states in 2016–17, we found a relationship between the use of the approach and the prominence of health equity as a policy concern. In emphasizing the social determinants of health, the approach gives public officials and policy entrepreneurs a framework for promoting this goal. In some areas, we found a gradual transition in focus from health generally to health equity. Overall, we found that practitioners of the approach introduce equity selectively and strategically.
Near Zero Waste

Various ways to implement sustainability into fashion design were examined in a class on recycled clothing this past semester. The idea of trying to reduce waste from leftover fabric after cutting out the pattern inspired this jacket. The amount of fabric that is usually leftover from the pattern cutting process is reduced or eliminated by using the zero-waste design approach. When one realizes that in order to meet this goal the entire design process must be drastically different, it soon becomes apparent that this is a full change in paradigm. When designing with this effort in mind, one has to look closely at the pattern and the pattern layout. The object is to have the pattern pieces interlock to reduce waste.
Crop Physiology: Significant Discoveries and Our Changing Perspective on Research

Division C-2 (Crop Physiology and Metabolism) has been a major component of the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) since its inception. In this paper, we reflect on the accomplishments of those involved with crop physiology since the founding of CSSA, on the present status of our discipline, and on the future opportunities for the discipline. Obviously, we cannot review all of the many advances that have been made in the past 50 yr, so this paper makes no attempt to be an exhaustive literature review. We apologize in advance to those whose important contributions are not mentioned. Since we have both been active in crop physiology for our whole careers, we will take the liberty of personal experience and observation, although the hope is that we are not too self-indulgent! The three themes in this paper are, first, to highlight critical historical events impacting or reflecting crop physiological research during the past 50 yr; second, to highlight significant discoveries during this time period; and third, to discuss the need to consider crop physiology in a holistic and integrated way.
Membrane-Bound Enzymes of Cholesterol Biosynthesis:Resolution and Identification of the Components Required for Cholesterol Synthesis from Squalene

All 22 enzymic steps in the synthesis of cholesterol (Figure 1) from squalene are catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum which is isolated as the microsomal fraction of cell-free tissue preparations. In addition, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), the rate-limiting enzyme for the overall cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, is also membrane-bound and found associated with microsomes. These observations are significant since they suggest that the membrane may play important roles in both the catalysis and regulation of synthesis of cellular sterols.
Genetische Algorithmen als Planungsinstrument

Genetische Algorithmen sind Heuristiken, die Prinzipien der Evolutionsbiologie zur Losung von Optimierungsproblemen adaptieren. Da sie universell verwendbar sind und meist in kurzer Zeit sehr gute Ergebnisse liefern, bietet sich ihr Einsatz an, wenn konventionelle Methoden der Unternehmensplanung aus Komplexitatsgrunden versagen. Leider legt jedoch die noch relativ geringe Verbreitung dieser innovativen Planungsmethode den Schluss nahe, dass die Fachwelt ihr Nutzenpotenzial noch nicht in ausreichendem Mase wahrgenommen hat. Urn dies zu andern, wird ein Uberblick uber die Funktionsweise sowie die betriebswirtschaftlichen Anwendungsmoglichkeiten Genetischer Algorithmen gegeben.
Impact of sludge recirculation ratios on the performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment.

Abstract The performance of a lab scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was evaluated for wastewater treatment. The efficacy of the system was determined at different operating conditions in terms of fluxes and recirculation ratios (R); 10.28 L/m2 h (R = 1, Phase I), 8.8 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase II and R = 3, Phase III) and 6 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase IV and R = 3, Phase V), respectively. In comparison with all the operating conditions tested, optimum efficacy of the system was found at flux of 6 L/m2 h and R of 3 in terms of highest COD removal (96.7%), and maximum biogas yield (0.44 L/g CODremoved). The MLSS and MLVSS concentrations under optimum phase were 6.23 and 4.83 g/L, respectively at OLR of 0.46 kg COD/m3 day. The system also exhibited significant reduction of foulants i.e. extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) resulting in longer membrane runs in optimized phase.
Session details: Educators' & trainers' symposium

This year marks the 20th OOPSLA/SPLASH Educators' and Trainers' Symposium. The past two decades have witnessed several stages of evolution of o-o in education. At first, efforts were directed at getting objects into the curriculum. During the second stage, in the latter half of the nineties, o-o moved from being an advanced subject to one that dominated introductory courses. Since then, the discipline has become more research oriented, with studies on how best to teach o-o. In the early years of the last decade, pair programming and "objects first" were hot topics. While pair programming has become routine, the past few years have seen a retreat from the concept of "objects first." In the past five or six years, a recurring theme has been the need to effectively manage large projects undertaken by students. At the same time, the importance of parallelism has become increasingly obvious. That realization led to the change in conference name last year, from one devoted to o-o in particular, to one more generally devoted to advances in programming technology and teaching programming.This year's symposium concentrates on programming teams and parallel programming. Kim Bruce talks on introducing parallelism and concurrency early in the curriculum. Rich LeBlanc gives a Curriculum 2013 steering committee report, along with an audience-participation exercise.From the perspective of teams, Deer Run Software will present their CATME/Team Maker application, a popular engineering-education tool for creating teams and assessing the effectiveness of team members. One of the contributed papers, from the Technical University of Eindhoven, our other contributed paper, from Thomas Van Drunen of Wheaton College, explores teaching functional programming in a discrete-math course. Several contributed posters will explore other issues in teaching and learning programming.Today's programming textbooks include more than just text. Add-ons like lecture slides, videos, and automated testing are becoming increasingly necessary for successful marketing. A panel of textbook authors will discuss ancillary resources for textbooks.
Primary care provider preferences for glucocorticoid management of acute asthma exacerbations in children

Objective: Primary care providers (PCP) frequently care for children with acute asthma exacerbations in the outpatient setting. The objective of this study is to evaluate PCP preferences and percep...
Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Helicopter Flight Dynamics Code

A comprehensive helicopter flight dynamics code is developed based on the UH-60 helicopter and named Texas A\&M University Rotorcraft Analysis Code (TRAC). This is a complete software package, which could perform trim analysis to autonomous flight simulation and the capability to model any helicopter configuration. Different components of the helicopter such as the main rotor, tail rotor, fuselage, vertical tail, and horizontal tail are modeled individually as different modules in the code and integrated to develop a complete UH-60 model. Since the code is developed on a module basis, it can be easily modified to adopt another component or configure a different helicopter. TRAC can predict the dynamic responses of both the articulated rotor blades and the helicopter fuselage and yields the required pilot control inputs to achieve trim condition for different flight regimes such as hover, forward flight, coordinated turn, climb/descent, etc. These trim results are validated with the test data obtained from the UH-60 flight tests conducted by the US Army. Beyond trim analysis, TRAC can also generate linearized models at various flight conditions based on a first-order Taylor series expansion. The extracted linear models show realistic helicopter dynamic behavior and were used to simulate a fully autonomous flight that involves a UH-60 helicopter approaching a ship and landing on the deck by implementing a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) optimal controller.
Some Unconventional Elastic Stability Problems

In this paper new closed — form solutions are obtained for instability of inhomogeneous columns. The problem is posed as the semi-inverse eigenvalue determination task; namely the mode shape is formulated as the fourth order polynomial that satisfies all boundary conditions. Then the following question is posed: Find such variation of the flexural rigidity along the axial coordinate, that corresponds, in exact terms, to the postulated mode shape. Whereas usually the polynomial mode shapes are utilized in the approximate methods of Rayleigh, Rayleigh — Ritz or Boobnov — Galerkin, here the closed form solution is derived. Moreover, even for the columns with uniform cross-section, the closed-form solutions are obtained in terms of irrational expressions for the buckling load, here rational expressions are obtained. These semi-inverse problems can be used as benchmark solutions. In addition, when the technology will become available of producing the arbitrarily varying flexural rigidity, the derived solutions can be utilized for design purposes. One will be able to construct columns with pre-selected buckling loads. In the second part the effect of boundary conditions is investigated. It is intriguing that for the inhomogeneous column in question a linear relationship is established between the natural frequency squared and the applied load, exactly as it happens for the simply — supported uniform column. These results show that even the classical problems may present rich opportunities for deriving unconventional solutions.
HDAC inhibitors decrease TLR7/9-mediated human plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by interfering with IRF-7 and NF-қB signaling

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are epigenome modulating molecules that target histone and non-histone proteins and have been successfully used to target many types of cancer and immunological disorders. While HDACi effects on nuclear histone deacetylases are well characterized, their effect on non-nuclear, cytoplasmic molecules requires further investigation. In the current study we characterized the effects of class I/II HDACi, specifically, TSA, MS-275, and SAHA, on plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) biology upon viral activation via the TLR7/9 pathway. TSA, MS-275, and SAHA, down-modulated the induction of IFN-alpha; and TNF-alpha; upon Influenza A virus (IAV; TLR7 signaling) and Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1; TLR9 signaling) stimulation in primary pDC. The HDACi inhibitory effect was more prominent for IAV-mediated responses than for HSV-1. While IFN-alpha; induction was not associated with inhibition of IRF-7 upregulation in the presence of TSA or MS-275, IRF-7 upregulation was affected by SAHA, but only for IAV. Furthermore, TSA, but not MS-275, inhibited TLR7/9-induced expression of maturation markers, CD40, and CD86, but not CD40. In addition, HDACi treatment increased virally-induced shedding of CD62L. Mechanistically, TSA, MS-275, SAHA significantly decreased early IRF-7 and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, which was preceded by a decline in phosphorylation of IRF-7 at Ser477/479 and NF-kappaB p-p65, except for MS-275. In summary, we propose that broad HDACi, but not class I HDACi, treatment can negatively impact early TLR7/9-mediated signaling, namely, the disruption of IRF-7 and NF-kappaB activation and translocation that lead to deleterious effects on pDC function.
Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: Association Between Place of Death and Patient Safety Culture

Background and objectives Nursing homes (NHs) care for 70% of Americans dying with dementia. Many consider deaths in NHs rather than hospitals as preferable for most of these residents. NH characteristics such as staff teamwork, communication, and other components of patient safety culture (PSC), together with state minimum NH nurse staffing requirements, may influence location of death. We examined associations between these variables and place of death (NH/hospital) among residents with dementia. Research design and methods Cross-sectional study of 11,957 long-stay NH residents with dementia, age 65+, who died in NHs or hospitals shortly following discharge from one of 800 US NHs in 2017. Multivariable logistic regression systematically estimated effects of PSC on odds of in-hospital death among residents with dementia, controlling for resident, NH, county, and state characteristics. Logistic regressions also determined moderating effects of state minimum NH nurse staffing requirements on relationships between key PSC domains and location of death. Results Residents with dementia in NHs with higher PSC scores in communication openness had lower odds of in-hospital death. This effect was stronger in NHs located in states with higher minimum NH nurse staffing requirements. Discussion and implications Promoting communication openness in NHs across nursing disciplines may help avoid unnecessary hospitalization at the end of life, and merits particular attention as NHs address nursing staff mix while adhering to state staffing requirements. Future research to better understand unintended consequences of staffing requirements is needed to improve end-of-life care in NHs.
ATT: A Fault-Tolerant ReRAM Accelerator for Attention-based Neural Networks

Crossbar-based resistive RAM has been widely used in deep learning accelerator designs because it largely eliminates weight movement between memory and processing units. The high-density storage and low leakage power make it a good fit for edge/IoT devices. However, existing ReRAM designs for traditional neural networks cannot support Attention-based Neural Networks, which are stacked with encoders and decoders instead of convolutional layers or fully connected layers. In addition to matrix-matrix multiplications in traditional neural networks, an encoder or a decoder also includes the attention mechanism, the layer normalization and the gaussian error linear unit. These new characteristics make the data flow far more complicated than that of a convolutional layer. Faulty ReRAM devices are additional obstacles when mapping weights that severely degrade computation accuracy. Existing hardware redundancy strategies that are unaware of application characteristics usually result in inefficient designs. In this work, we analyze the data flow of these attention-based neural networks and propose a ReRAM-based accelerator with a dedicated pipeline design for Attention-based Neural Networks. When considering cells with hard faults in crossbars, we further propose NuXG, a non-uniform redundancy strategy, to meet accuracy requirements and save energy consumption by decreasing the redundancy ratio. Finally, we evaluate results and demonstrate that the proposed can achieve more than two times improved performance over existing redundancy schemes in both power efficiency and throughput for Attention-based Neural Networks. Moreover, it also significantly outperforms an NVIDIA GPU.
BiTEs, DARTs, and Peri-Transplant Minimal Residual Disease

Bispecific antibody (BiTE) and dual-affinity retargeting (DART) therapies currently represent a novel therapeutic treatment modality for patients with acute leukemias. The first and to date only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved BiTE is blinatumomab (Blincyto®), a bispecific T-cell engager that brings CD3+ T cells in proximity with CD19+ blasts. In addition to its usage for relapsed disease, blinatumomab also carries FDA approval for the treatment of minimal residual disease (MRD), a novel indication for drug approval. There are multiple other bispecific antibodies in early phase clinical trials to treat other hematologic malignancies; however, data at this time are limited. In the context of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), BiTE therapy has two potential roles. Treatment could occur prior to transplant to eradicate MRD, thus allowing patients to enter transplant in an MRD-negative state. However, the optimal method to eliminate MRD is unclear and whether converting an MRD-positive patient to an MRD-negative state will improve overall survival after allogeneic HCT remains unproven. Alternatively, BiTE therapy could be used in the post-transplant setting, either for overt relapsed disease or for re-emergence of MRD. Both strategies hold potential benefits; yet, data supporting their usage in these roles to date are limited. Similar opportunities may emerge if and when DART therapies earn FDA approval. Herein, the author will describe the various BiTE and DART constructs currently in development, as well as the clinical data available to date regarding their efficacy. In addition, the data supporting their usage in HCT will be discussed, along with future directions and challenges.
Large eddy simulation of transitional channel flow using a machine learning classifier to distinguish laminar and turbulent regions

Breakdown to turbulence in wall-bounded flows takes place through sporadic bursts of turbulent spots. Wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (LES) of transition to turbulence must dynamically identify the nascent turbulent regions, track their evolution, and apply the appropriate wall stress within and outside the turbulent/non-turbulent (T-NT) interface. Self-organized maps (SOM), a machine learning classifier, objectively and efficiently captures the T-NT interface. Wall-modeled LES with SOM interface identification predicts both orderly and bypass transition.
Delivery of membrane impermeable molecules to primary mouse T lymphocytes.

Summary The pore-forming toxin streptolysin-O (SLO) enables intracellular delivery of molecules up to 100 kDa and has been used for short-term delivery of membrane-impermeable substances to assess their effects on cellular activities. A limitation of this technique is the loss of intracellular components and the potential unpredicted alterations of cellular metabolism and signaling. This protocol, optimized for primary mouse T lymphocytes, describes steps for SLO-mediated cell membrane permeabilization and substance supplementation, followed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescent microscopy for assessing cellular effects. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xu et al., 2021a , Xu et al., 2021b .
US Medical Student Perspectives on the Impact of a Pass/Fail USMLE Step 1.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to (1) gather US medical student attitudes regarding pass or fail score reporting of the USMLE Step 1 exam and (2) investigate the impact of this new policy on specialty interest and redistribution of efforts to enhance individual competitiveness. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional analysis of US medical students surveyed from July to October 2020. Surveys were administered on social media and via medical school email list serv. Data were analyzed using Student t test and Chi-squared statistic, alpha = 0.01. SETTING Data analysis was conducted at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS This study included a sample of 852 students enrolled in US medical schools. RESULTS The plurality of students (39.0%) was in favor of the new policy; 30.9% of students were opposed. Students interested in highly competitive specialties (HCS) and students who scored 240 or higher on Step 1 (“high scorers”) were more likely to oppose the policy compared with HCS-disinterested students and students who scored below 240 (“sub-240 scorers”). If students were to hypothetically take Step 1 with pass or fail scoring, most students report that they would dedicate less time studying than they had for the numerical exam (72.7%) and more time preparing for Step 2 CK (70.5%) and conducting research in HCS (59.6%). Sub-240 scorers would be more likely to apply to a more competitive specialty (44.4%). Nearly half of HCS-interested post-Step 1 students would be more likely to dual apply (48.7%), the majority of which were also high scorers (89.5%). CONCLUSIONS Students expressed polarized opinions regarding pass or fail Step 1 score reporting. Time spent studying for Step 1 may be displaced toward Step 2 CK and research. Residency programs in both HCS and non-HCS can expect an increase in applicant pool size and diversity.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation is disinhibited following traumatic brain injury in leukemia inhibitory factor heterozygous mice.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant problem that affects over 800,000 children each year. As cell proliferation is disturbed by injury and required for normal brain development, we investigated how a pediatric closed head injury (CHI) would affect the progenitors of the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we evaluated the contribution of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) using germline LIF heterozygous mice (LIF Het), as LIF is an injury-induced cytokine, known to influence neurogenesis and gliogenesis. CHIs were performed on P20 LIF Het and wild-type (WT) mice. Ki-67 immunostaining and stereology revealed that cell proliferation increased ~250% in injured LIF Het mice compared to the 30% increase observed in injured WT mice at 48-hr post-CHI. OLIG2+ cell proliferation increased in the SVZ and white matter of LIF Het injured mice at 48-hr recovery. Using an 8-color flow cytometry panel, the proliferation of three distinct multipotential progenitors and early oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation was significantly increased in LIF Het injured mice compared to WT injured mice. Supporting its cytostatic function, LIF decreased neurosphere progenitor and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation compared to controls. In highly enriched mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cell cultures, LIF increased phospho-protein kinase B after 20 min and increased phospho-S6 ribosomal protein at 20 and 40 min of exposure, which are downstream targets of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Altogether, our data provide new insights into the regulatory role of LIF in suppressing neural progenitor cell proliferation and, in particular, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation after a mild TBI.
DESIGN FOR TORSION USING STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has demonstrated valuable structural properties that should be formally acknowledged in building code design formulas. This paper revews existing English-language literature on torsional performance of SFRC, with and without conventional reinforcement, and proposes design formulas for torsion following the format currently adopted in ACI 318. As a result of existing laboratory experience and the conservativeness of the proposed modifications, the new formulas for torsion design of rectangular cross section beams should be acceptable to the professional community.
Viscosity contrast effects on the structure – Property relationship of multilayer soft film/foams

Abstract In this research work, multilayer soft film/foam systems based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been developed. In order to improve the layer stability during processing, a viscosity contrast between film and foam layer polymers is maintained. Three different LDPE grades having different melt flow indices were used and film/foam systems with up to 32 layers were produced. High-viscosity film layer and low-viscosity foam layer in each film/foam system contributed to good layer integrity even with high foam content. Measurements of cell density and cell size distribution indicated that high viscosity film layer and increasing layer number have significant confinement effect that enhanced the cell nucleation and suppressed the cell coalescence and thus contributed to single cell arrays in foam layers. Constrained cell growth was observed in 16 and 32 layers film/foam systems. Confinement effect from the high viscosity film layer was also observed at higher foam content. In addition, uniform layer integrity resulted from high viscosity contrast between film and foam layers contributed to higher deformability. Moreover, increasing layer number also improved the tensile modulus and strength of each film/foam system.
The 2-Norbornyl Cation

At the time we undertook our examination of the validity of the proposals that σ-bridging represents a major factor in the rates of solvolysis, there was general acceptance for the position that cyclopropylcarbinyl (Chapter 5) and 2-norbornyl1–4 provided the most favorable examples for this phenomenon.
On Solving the Degree Equations in ϕ-Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a procedure for the solving degree equations in π-groups (a finite group G such that |G| is a π-number). Given a π-group G, the theory of blocks yields Diophantine equations in which the unknowns are degrees of irreducible characters and consequently π-numbers. In some cases, the equations have only a finite number of solutions. The method to solve π- groups is elementary in that it depends only on the theory of congruences. Because of the large number of calculations involved, use of a computer is necessary in all but the simplest cases. However, the algorithms are easily programmed in a user-oriented language, such as FORTRAN. For simplicity, the Diophantine equations in which the unknowns are π-numbers, where n = {p, q} has cardinality two.
Tumors of the head and neck. A 4-year study of a multidisciplinary approach.

Abstract A multidisciplinary conference composed of the essential medical, surgical, dental, and allied specialists involved in the region of the head and neck, with resources to call upon other contributors when necessary, was undertaken at a major teaching center in the Northeastern U.S.A. (Long Island Jewish Hillside Medical Center). Meeting on a bimonthly basis with referrals accepted from all sources, but non-publicized, a total of 343 patients were seen over a period of 50 months. The results indicate that optimum patient care can be achieved with a minimum loss of time for treatment initiation and substantial cost savings from these specialists meeting as a group.
THE FAIR HOUSING TIGHTROPE IN THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION: BALANCING COMPETING POLICY OBJECTIVES OF FAIR HOUSING AND LOCATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN ASSISTED HOUSING

Every presidential administration committed to fair housing walks a tightrope. Typically, the pursuit of fair housing objectives in the implementation of federal housing programs means sacrificing ...
Growth Stimulants in Plant Extracts for Leuconostoc citrovorum

The growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum ML 34, an isolate associated with the malo-lactic fermentation of wine, was stimulated in part by grape, orange, cabbage, and tomato juices. The stimulatory activity of tomato serum was associated with the carbohydrate fraction. Further purification of the fraction showed that fructose was the factor responsible for initiating growth. In addition to fructose, the organism required CO2 for establishing growth. Saturated CO2 atmosphere and catalytic amounts of fructose served as substitutes for plant extracts in a complex glucose medium.
Blow up and instability of solitary-wave solutions to a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

In this paper we consider a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in the form (Ut + UxXx + UPUx) = Uyy (x, y) E R2, t > 0. It is shown that the solutions blow up in finite time for the supercritical power of nonlinearity p > 4/3 with p the ratio of an even to an odd integer. Moreover, it is shown that the solitary waves are strongly unstable if 2 < p < 4; that is, the solutions blow up in finite time provided they start near an unstable solitary wave.
Visual Pigment Genes: Evolution

More than 100 visual pigment genes have been cloned from a diverse range of vertebrates. Comparative sequence analyses of these genes and in vitro assays of engineered visual pigments have been used to elucidate not only the molecular bases of color vision but also the processes of adaptive evolution at the molecular level. Keywords: opsins; visual pigments; absorption spectra; mutagenesis; adaptive evolution
Response to Nicholas Boyle's 'God, Sex, and America: From Decline of the common Morality to the Emergence of A Global Ethical Life'

Response to Nicholas Boyle’s talk “God, Sex, and America: From Decline of the Common Morality to the Emergence of a Global Ethical Life” at The Catholic University of America Center for Law, Philosophy and Culture’s Symposium “A Common Morality for the Global Age: In Gratitude for What We Are Given.”
Driven assembly with multiaxial fields: Creating a soft mode in assemblies of anisometric induced dipoles

In this paper, we show that multiaxial fields can induce time-averaged, noncentrosymmetric interactions between particles having polarization anisotropy, yet the multiaxial field itself does not exert either a force or a torque on an isolated particle. These induced interactions lead to particle assemblies whose energy is strongly dependent on both the translational and orientational degrees of freedom of the system. The situation is similar to a collection of permanent dipoles, but the symmetry of the time-averaged interaction is quite distinct, and the scale of the system energy can be dynamically controlled by the magnitude of the applied multiaxial field. In this paper, the case of polarizable rods is considered in detail, and it is suggested that collections of rods embedded in spheres can be used to create a material with a dynamically tunable magnetic permeability or dielectric permittivity. We report on Monte Carlo simulations performed to investigate the behavior of assemblies of both multiaxial-field induced dipoles and permanent dipoles arranged onto two-dimensional lattices. The ground state of the induced dipoles is an orientational soft mode of aligned dipoles, whereas that of the permanent dipoles is a vortex state.
Estimating missing data sequences in x-ray microbeam recordings.

Techniques for recording the vocal tract shape during speech such as X-ray microbeam or EMA track the spatial location of pellets attached to several articulators. Limitations of the recording technology result in most utterances having sequences of frames where one or more pellets are missing. Rather than discarding such sequences, we seek to reconstruct them. We use an algorithm for recovering missing data based on learning a density model of the vocal tract shapes, and predicting missing articulator values using conditional distributions derived from this density. Our results with the Wisconsin X-ray microbeam database show we can recover long, heavily oscillatory trajectories with errors of 1 to 1.5 mm for all articulators.
Gauge-invariant Green function in 2+1 dimensional quantum electrodynamics

Both the gauge-invariant fermion Green function and gauge-dependent conventional Green function in 2+1-dimensional QED are studied in the large N limit. In temporal gauge, the infrared divergence of the gauge-dependent Green function is found to be regularizable, and the anomalous dimension is found to be η=64/3π 2 N. This anomalous dimension was argued to be the same as that of the gauge-invariant Green function. However, in Coulomb gauge, the infrared divergence of the gauge-dependent Green function is found to be unregularizable, and the anomalous dimension is not even defined, but the infrared divergence is shown to be canceled in any gauge-invariant physical quantities. The gauge-invariant Green function is also studied directly in Lorentz covariant gauge and the anomalous dimension is found to be the same as that calculated in temporal gauge.
Polycrystalline VO2 film characterization by quantum capacitance measurement

Capacitance measurement is performed using a home-built bridge on quasi two-dimensional vanadium dioxide films grown on silicon-dioxide/p-doped silicon substrates. Correlated effects appearing in the quantum capacitance are obtained as a function of temperature at low frequencies. The thermodynamic density of states reveals the opening band gap in the insulating monoclinic phase.
In Praise of Medieval Tinkers

The subject of technology, it has long been agreed, is of vital interest to the economic historian, as well as to the historian of science. the latter connection my ignorance is such that I can do no more than make a few hesitant observations, largely inspired by a very competent adviser. In the former connection I should presumably speak with greater assurance, because my own research for a good many years has been concerned with medieval society. But with regard the difficult problem of technological advance and its significance, must confess that I can ask many more questions than I can answer—as will be seen from what follows. Such questions must be faced by anyone who considers history more than an antiquarian hobby. For what phase of historical investigation can be more important than the development of the industrial society in which we live ? Precisely where is taking mankind nobody knows. We historians—medievalists and others—must at least remark its novelty and try better to understand it by explaining its origins.
Assessment of predictive molecular variables in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with stereotactic radiation therapy

This study evaluated molecular characteristics that are potentially prognostic in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that underwent stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT). Survival time (ST) and progression-free interval (PFI) were correlated with mitotic index, histopathological grades, Ki67 and epidermal growth factor receptor expressions, tumour microvascular density (MVD), and tumour oxygen tension (pO(2)). Median ST and PFI were 106 and 87 days, respectively (n = 20). Overall response rate was 38.5% with rapid improvement of clinical symptoms in many cases. Patients with higher MVD or more keratinized SCC had significantly shorter ST or PFI than patients with lower MVD or less keratinized SCC (P = 0.041 and 0.049, respectively). Females had significantly longer PFI and ST than males (P ≤ 0.016). Acute toxicities were minimal. However, treatment-related complications such as fractured mandible impacted quality of life. In conclusion, SRT alone should be considered as a palliative treatment. MVD and degree of keratinization may be useful prognostic markers.
Release of 70 S ribosomes from polysomes in Escherichia coli.

Abstract In order to determine whether ribosomes are released from messenger RNA as intact particles or as subunits, polysomes of Escherichia coli labeled with heavy isotopes were allowed to run off together with “light” polysomes. The normally rapid post-run-off exchange of subunits by free ribosomes was virtually eliminated by two means: the use of purified polysomes (relatively free of initiation factors), and incubation at a lower temperature (25 °C), or at a somewhat higher Mg2+ concentration (12 to 14 m m ), than is conventional. Under these conditions ribosomes released by run-off or by puromycin accumulated without subunit exchange. Hence, even though the ribosome normally initiates via subunits, it is released from RNA by a conformational change in the intact 70 S particle, rather than by dissociation.
The Earth as a radio source: The nonthermal continuum

A weak nonthermal continuum, radiated by the earth from energetic electrons in the outer radiation zone, is studied. It is shown that the frequency spectrum of the continuum radiation consists of two components, a trapped component, which is permanently trapped within the magnetosphere at frequencies below the solar wind plasma frequency, and an escaping component which propagates freely away from the earth at frequencies above the solar wind plasma frequency. Direction finding measurements and measurements of the spatial distribution of intensity for both components indicated that the continuum radiation is generated (1) in a broad region which extends through the morning and early afternoon immediately beyond the plasmapause boundary, and (2) over a broad range of latitudes, including the magnetic equator. Possible mechanisms by which this radiation is generated, including gyro-synchrotron radiation from energetic electrons in the outer radiation zone, are discussed.
Acute postobstructive pulmonary edema: Case presentation and review

Reprint no. 7411 J9248l Case Presentation An outlying hospital requested air medical transport of a y oxygen was being administered through a nonrebreather mask at 15 L/minute. The patient was moved to the aircraft and transported to Children’s Hospital. His respiratory status improved somewhat in transport as his SpOz increased to 100%. He was admitted directly to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Initial evaluation by the pediatric intensivist revealed significant tons&r hypertrophy with exudate. Admission chest radiograph demonstrated pulmonary edema. The patient continued to exhibit respiratory distress. Otolaryngology and anesthesia professionals were consulted,