cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The low temperature viscosity of normal liquid 3 He

Measurements between 35 and 110 mK along the melting curve indicate that in the normal Fermi liquid region the viscosity of 3 He is given by (ηT 2 )−1 =a−bT n withn=1.0. The measured constants area=0.816 andb=4.43 for η in micropoise andT in Kelvin. Very little solid could be formed in this particular apparatus without immobilizing the vibrating wire viscometer. Patterns were observed in the solidification, however, which suggest that such a device could be operated at much lower temperatures in a compressional cooling cell of appropriate design. A systematic study was made of the excitation of different vibrational modes of the viscometer by varying the magnetic field orientation and the nature of the driving current. The use of tone burst and dc, as well as CW, excitation currents allows the same viscometer to be used over a wide range of viscosities.
Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface

The effect of radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate predictions1,2,3,4,5,6. Direct observations of the forcing are therefore needed, particularly for the poorly understood tropical aerosols. Here we present an observational method for quantifying aerosol forcing to within ±5 per cent. We use calibrated satellite radiation measurements and five independent surface radiometers to quantify the aerosol forcing simultaneously at the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere over the tropical northern Indian Ocean. In winter, this region is covered by anthropogenic aerosols of sulphate, nitrate, organics, soot and fly ash from the south Asian continent7,8. Accordingly, mean clear-sky solar radiative heating for the winters of 1998 and 1999 decreased at the ocean surface by 12 to 30 W m-2, but only by 4 to 10 W m-2 at the top of the atmosphere. This threefold difference (due largely to solar absorption by soot) and the large magnitude of the observed surface forcing both imply that tropical aerosols might slow down the hydrological cycle.
Uric acid levels in full-term and low-birth-weight infants

Summary 1. There is a small but statistically significant difference between maternal and cord serum uric acid levels in both low-birth-weight and full-term infants. 2. There is a significantly greater elevation of serum uric acid levels in the low-birth-weight than in the full-term infant, and this elevation occurs for a more prolonged period of time. 3. Data on normal values of uric acid levels in infants will be of value in detecting patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Large-Scale Experiments in Authorship Attribution

Despite the importance (and recent research attention) of authorship attribution as a scholarly problem, the proposed solutions are at best a collection of ad-hoc and mutually incompatible methods and at worst simply a muddle. While most methods are better than chance, there is little understanding of which ones are substantially better or, more importantly, of why some methods outperform. This paper describes some large-scale experiments directly comparing hundreds or in some cases millions of different methods to determine whether there are significant and reliable performance differences. The results of these experiments are shown in the hope of finding useful best practices for further experimentation.
Chemical sequencing of disulfide-crosslinked oligodeoxyribonucleotides

O~~ox~~n~le~~ cont~n~g a novel disu~i~ crosslink am shown to be amenable to chemical sequencing using standard sequencing reagents following reduction of the disultide with D'IT and selective alkylation of the free thiois with N-ethyhnaleimide. This strategy will facilitate conformational and molecular recognition studies of DNA stabilized by crosslinking. The number of methods to crosslink DNA has incmas& achy over the last several years.1 While such procedures are useful tools to study nucleic acid stmctum and function, the presence of the crossliuk itself poses diffmulties in the application of techniques normally used to characterize DNA. For example, experimenta designed to probe DNA conformation or DNA recognition elements usually require the generation of reference sequencing ladders using base-specific modifying reagents. However, obtaining a complete, u~e~p~ zquence from crosslinked DNA using chemical methods has not been achieved. This is due both to ~~~ib~~ between the crosslink and sequencing reagents, and the i~ve~ibility of the crosslinking reaction, which results iu aberrant migration behavior of cleaved and modified DNA on sequencing gels. In addition, enzymatic sequencing only provides information up to the point of modification, where the polymerase reaction is tern~inated,~e and is not applicable for sequencing small oligonueleotides. We report that disuifii crossliuked DNA2 is amenable to chemical sequencing following reduction of the disulfide and selective ~l~ion of the tesultiug thiols. This strategy yields un~bi~~ sequencing ladders suitable for structural or molecular recognition studies of crosslinked DNA. Prior to sequencing, (3*) 5' end-labeled 2 (Pigum l)a was reduced with dithiothreitol(65 mM in 0.1 N Na$Q, pH 8) for 8 h at 4 "C followed by ethanol precipitation and selective atkylation with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 5 mM in 50 pL of 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.4 at 37 OC, with 5 p.L aliquots of 50 mM NEM added at 0.5 h intervals)? After ethanol p~ipit~on, the DNA was resuspended in formamide and fr~o~t~ on a denaturmg 20% polyacrylamide gel. The linear DNA 3 was excised, electroeluted, desalted using a NAP-5
Distinct molecular forms of β-catenin are targeted to adhesive or transcriptional complexes

β-Catenin plays essential roles in both cell–cell adhesion and Wnt signal transduction, but what precisely controls β-catenin targeting to cadherin adhesive complexes, or T-cell factor (TCF)-transcriptional complexes is less well understood. We show that during Wnt signaling, a form of β-catenin is generated that binds TCF but not the cadherin cytoplasmic domain. The Wnt-stimulated, TCF-selective form is monomeric and is regulated by the COOH terminus of β-catenin, which selectively competes cadherin binding through an intramolecular fold-back mechanism. Phosphorylation of the cadherin reverses the TCF binding selectivity, suggesting another potential layer of regulation. In contrast, the main cadherin-binding form of β-catenin is a β-catenin–α-catenin dimer, indicating that there is a distinct molecular form of β-catenin that can interact with both the cadherin and α-catenin. We propose that participation of β-catenin in adhesion or Wnt signaling is dictated by the regulation of distinct molecular forms of β-catenin with different binding properties, rather than simple competition between cadherins and TCFs for a single constitutive form. This model explains how cells can control whether β-catenin is used independently in cell adhesion and nuclear signaling, or competitively so that the two processes are coordinated and interrelated.
Quantitation of immunoglobulins in normal children.

Abstract A modified radial immunodiffusion procedure was used to quantitate normal immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM in approximately 300 normal healthy age-defined children. The results were recorded as both, the percentage of the adult level and the Student 2 sample t test to indicate significance of difference from the adult level. Both values were used in our comparisons with other investigators' results. Adult levels of IgM, and IgG were attained at ages of 2 and 7 years, respectively, while IgA was not realized in our studies at the upper age level used, namely 13 years. Comparative increases and decreases of these 3 immunoglobulins over the 13-year span were also discussed.
Occupational science: A new source of power for participants in occupational therapy

Abstract Occupational science is an emerging discipline which has the potential to support the practice and study of occupational therapy and contribute new knowledge to society. It originated in the values and traditions of occupational therapy as articulated by Adolph Meyer, the “occupational behavior” framework of Mary Reilly, the spirit of Jean Ayres’ clinical practice for children, and the work of a community of scholars at the University of Southern California. Occupational science is a new, interdisciplinary synthesis of basic knowledge concerning the human as an occupational being. Disciplines contributing to the science are identified according to their congruence with the root beliefs of occupational therapy. The core courses constituting the new doctor of philosophy degree in occupational science are described. Finally, assumptions supporting occupational science such as the importance of skill, holism, and an optimistic view of human nature are made explicit. Occupational science is a promisin...
Difference-frequency generation in AgGaS2 by use of single-mode diode-laser pump sources

We explored the suitability of visible III–V single-mode cw diodes for difference-frequency generation of tunable infrared radiation by mixing a red single-mode cw III–V diode laser with a tunable single-frequency cw Ti:sapphire laser in AgGaS2. More than 1 μW of cw tunable, infrared (λ ≈ 5 μm), narrow-band coherent radiation was generated with type I noncritical phase matching. The wavelength and output-power characteristics of this novel tunable all-solid-state laser source are described, and we demonstrate the applicability of the source to high-resolution molecular spectroscopy by obtaining a test spectrum. The feasibility of a more compact solid-state cw laser spectrometer based on the mixing of two single-mode diode lasers (808 and 690 nm) as pump sources in AgGaS2 is shown (infrared power generated ≈3 nW).
Short shoots from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado, USA

Abstract Casts and anatomically preserved specimens of short or spur shoots occur in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation at several localities in Utah, Wyoming and Colorado, USA. Most of these shoots are assigned to Behuninia, which is emended to accept them. Some are also placed in the proposed new genus Steinerocaulis. Many of these structures were originally reported as fruiting structures of cycadophytes, but are here demonstrated to be short shoots probably of extinct conifers. The eroded short shoots are the remains of either external surfaces or remnants of internal structures, usually the secondary xylem and pith with only rare specimens retaining their cortices. The fossils occur either detached or attached to an axis in a spiral to subspiral, opposite to subopposite or whorled to subwhorled manner. One new combination (B. provoensis) and two new species of Behuninia (B. bassii and B. scotti) and one new combination for Steineroaulis (S. radiatus) are proposed. They are characterized by morphological rather than anatomical features in which they are all essentially the same. Based upon the morphology of leaf scars on these shoots and the fact that large-leaved forms of conifers lack short shoots, it is proposed these shoots bore needle-like leaves. Possible paleoecological conditions under which these shoots and associated fossil plants lived are also discussed.
A zero-knowledge protocol for nuclear warhead verification

Future rounds of nuclear arms control will ideally involve direct inspection of nuclear warheads, but this process requires procedures that give inspectors high confidence about the authenticity of submitted nuclear items yet give no information about their design. This challenge has so far been addressed only partly, by using complex automated information barriers that rely on a large amount of trust from both parties. Alexander Glaser, Boaz Barak and Robert Goldston have now developed a 'zero-knowledge' neutron-imaging technique to determine the authenticity of nuclear warheads. Neutron radiographic images of warheads would contain highly classified information, but in this new protocol, data are not processed in the normal way but are recorded using detectors preloaded with a 'negative' of the radiograph of the target device as declared. The resulting comparison provides differential measurements of neutron transmission and emission that can detect small diversions of heavy metal from a representative test object.
Simultaneous determination of the modulus and phase of a coherently illuminated object from its measured diffraction image

An algorithm for recovering the modulus and phase of a coherently illuminated object from its measured diffraction image is presented. The algorithm is based upon the fact that both the Jacobian and Hessian matrices can be evaluated exactly so that both slope and curvature information is available. The inversion problem is cast as a nonlinear unconstrained optimization problem, and trust region techniques are employed for its solution. Representative numericals are presented.
Immune Activation by Bacterial DNA: A New Genetic Code

DNA is a molecule whose structural microheterogeneity encodes enormous information. Most of the information is complex as it conveys instructions for the precise structure and regulation of thousands of genes. Some of this information is simple, however, and provides in a direct and binary code data for the immune system to make the self–nonself discrimination. The extent to which the immune system uses this information is at present unknown, but the coming years should be intriguing as evidence is gathered to assess this unexpected potential of DNA.
Intelligent Search for Biologically Inspired Design

In Biologically Inspired Design (BID), engineers use biology as a source of ideas for solving engineering problems. However, locating relevant literature is difficult due to vocabulary differences and lack of domain knowledge. IBID is an intelligent search mechanism that uses a functional taxonomy to direct search and a formal modeling notation for annotating relevant search targets.
Resuscitation of pulmonary contusion: hypertonic saline is not beneficial.

We postulated that hypertonic solutions could minimize the accumulation of lung water and subsequent respiratory derangements that occur after pulmonary contusion. Anesthetized pigs underwent contusion of the right chest at baseline and then were hemorrhaged (30 cc/kg) over 20 min. They were resuscitated with either 7.5% NaCl (4 cc/kg) or .9% saline (90 cc/kg) for 20 min and observed for 4 h. Gravimetric lung weights and spiral computed tomography scans were used to quantitate lung water. The hemodynamic response to contusion and hemorrhage was similar in both resuscitation groups. Arterial oxygen tension was not significantly altered by the method of resuscitation and remained close to baseline values for the entirety of the experiment. Static compliance measurements were significantly decreased from baseline in both groups following pulmonary contusion. There were no differences in wet to dry lung weights or computed tomography scan injury volume between groups. We conclude that small volume hypertonic saline resuscitation does not reduce the magnitude of lung injury or provide substantial physiologic benefit over isotonic solutions following pulmonary contusion.
Efficacy of adjunctive thrombolytic therapy in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract Adjunctive thrombolysis has net been shown to improve angioplasty success or complication rates in elective angioplasty or myocardial infarction und may be detrimental in unstable angina. Thrombolysis of chronically occluded vessels achieves recanalization at a rate comparable to conventional angioplasty and is associated with a high rate of complications and limited long-term patency. Thrombolysis administered for thrombus or acute occlusion complicating angioplasty usually achieves coronary artery patency but is unable to forestall complications in many cases. A benefit of thrombolysis in reducing restenosis has not been conclusively demonstrated.
Probabilistic analysis showing that a combination of Bacteroides and Methanobrevibacter source tracking markers is effective for identifying waters contaminated by human fecal pollution.

Microbial source tracking assays to identify sources of waterborne contamination typically target genetic markers of host-specific microorganisms. However, no bacterial marker has been shown to be ...
REGULATORY SIGNIFICANCE OF AEROMONAS IN FOODS

Aeromonas hydrophila and other Aeromonas spp. are commonly found in fresh water and in foods. Although their isolation from stools of persons with diarrhea has implicated them as a cause of diarrheal disease, these microbes have failed to produce disease, even at very high doses, in voluntary human feeding studies. The presence of A. hydrophila in foods destined for cancer patients is certainly contraindicated, but at present Aeromonas spp. should be considered putative causes of acute gastroenteritis in normal persons. However, regulatory action based on health concerns seems insupportable at this time.
Spinlike susceptibility of metallic and insulating thin films at low temperature.

Susceptibility measurements of patterned thin films at sub-$K$ temperatures were carried out using a scanning SQUID microscope that can resolve signals corresponding to a few hundred Bohr magnetons. Several metallic and insulating thin films, even oxide-free Au films, show a paramagnetic response with a temperature dependence that indicates unpaired spins as the origin. The observed response exhibits a measurable out-of-phase component, which implies that these spins will create $1/f$-like magnetic noise. The measured spin density is consistent with recent explanations of low frequency flux noise in SQUIDs and superconducting qubits in terms of spin fluctuations, and suggests that such unexpected spins may be even more ubiquitous than already indicated by earlier measurements. Our measurements set several constraints on the nature of these spins.
The Ribosomes of Pear Fruit: Their Synthesis during the Climacteric and the Age-related Compensatory Response to Ionizing Radiation

Maceration at liquid nitrogen temperatures, use of poly-vinylpyrrolidone, and careful pH control are essential to the isolation of ribosomes and polysomes from deciduous fruit tissue. Characteristics of the ribosomes and constituent RNA are described. The distribution of ribosomes among monomer and polymer forms remains relatively constant until fruit reach the climacteric peak, after which there is a notable decline in the polymeric forms. In contrast to the relative stability in size distribution there is a marked change in ribosomal turnover during the climacteric rise. A transitory increase in rate of ribosomal synthesis is followed by a rapid decline coincident with the final portion of the climacteric rise. No incorporation of radioactive base into ribosomes could be detected once fruit had reached the climacteric peak. Coincidence of radioactivity with the ribosomal RNA on methylated albumin-Kieselguhr chromatograms and complete inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by actinomycin D confirm that radioactive nucleotide was incorporated into newly synthesized ribosomes. Data are presented to distinguish between a cellular response to injury, as may result from the preparation of tissue slices, and the effects of physiological age. Superimposed intracellular radiation injury stimulates the synthesis of new ribosomes and underscores a major transition in the dynamics of the ribosomal system coincident with the climacteric rise.
Newborn neurologic examination.

This is the first article in a series describing the essentials of the pediatric neurologic examination. The series will address the neurologic examination at different developmental stages from the neonate to the teenage years. The goals of the article are to 1) describe the newborn examination and 2) briefly describe the most common neurologic problems seen in the newborn population. One of the most dreaded calls for the adult neurology resident is the consult from the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). Faced with the morass of tubes and monitors underneath which lies a tiny infant, the resident is often paralyzed by the daunting task of trying to perform an examination . As one resident put it, “I could tell he was moving all fours, but that was it.” With keen observation and a systematic approach, one can obtain a detailed examination of the newborn. The intent of this article is not to be comprehensive, but to provide a simple approach to the examination and evaluation of the newborn. A summary of the neurological examination is provided in the figure. Further details can be found in the reference articles listed below.1,2⇓ Figure. Summary of the neurologic examination with respect to gestational age. ATNR = asymmetric tonic neck reflex. By being organized and having the right tools, one can perform as comprehensive an examination as in an adult. Tools for examination of the newborn are as follows: 1) bell, 2) ophthalmoscope, 3) reflex hammer, 4) cotton-tipped application, 5) measuring tape. Before proceeding to a discussion of the neurologic examination, two important aspects of the general physical examination should be noted. Keeping in mind that the neurologic system is derived from ectoderm, one should pay particular attention to the examination of the skin. Outgrowths such as encephaloceles, cutaneous lesions such …
The binding energy of Ni+·N2O

The electrostatic complex of Ni+ with a single nitrous oxide molecule, Ni+·N2O, has been studied by resonant photodissociation spectroscopy. Optical absorptions are detected via predissociation of the ion into Ni+ and N2O fragments. A cutoff in the resonant photofragmentation is observed below 17230 cm−1 which represents the threshold for the lowest quartet dissociation pathway. This places the binding energy of the Ni+·N2O complex at 1.096±0.003 eV. The binding energy of this complex is only slightly greater (≈ 16 meV) than that of the similar compound, Ni+·CO2. Speculation is presented supporting a T-shaped ground state geometry in both species.
Modeling and analysis of digital linear dropout regulators with adaptive control for high efficiency under wide dynamic range digital loads

Discrete time digital linear regulators, including low dropout regulators (LDOs) have become competitive in muti-Vcc digital systems for fine-grained spatio-temporal voltage regulation and distribution. However, wide dynamic current range of the digital load circuits poses serious problems in maintaining stability and high efficiency at all corners. In this paper we present a control model for discrete time LDOs and demonstrate how online adaptive control can be employed for consistent performance and high efficiency across the load current range.
Regional patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptiform seizures induced by various convulsive agents

In unrestrained rabbits with generalized epileptic seizures induced by systemic application of convulsant drugs, regional changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to macromolecules were investigated using Evans Blue (EB) as indicator. BBB leakage due to seizures was present only in animals in which the mean arterial blood pressure rose about 50 mm Hg with the onset of convulsive motor activity. However, a blood pressure increase was not necessarily associated with the occurrence of BBB opening. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures resulted in bilateral EB leakage mainly in the hypothalamus, with exception of the mammillary bodies, and the preoptic area, and they were associated, in most cases, with an intensive staining of the cerebellum and also of the midbrain tegmentum. In contrast, seizures due to the GABA receptor blocker bicuculline brought about a penetration of the dye in the region of the pallidum, whereas the GABA synthesis inhibitor methoxypyridoxine produced BBB breakdown in the hippocampus. Methionine-sulfoximine convulsions resulted in a selective stain of the corpora mammillaria, and kainic acid induced a diffuse leakage in neocortical brain areas. As a rule, BBB breakdown was bilateral and confined to anatomically limited brain areas, suggesting that BBB integrity was not only disturbed by abrupt increases in the intraluminal pressure, but was also influenced from the brain tissue. The fluorescence microscopic observations revealed that the tracer penetrated into the neuropil through larger vessels. It had the tendency to accumulate in neurons. In case of the hippocampus, CA2 pyramidal cells revealed more intense uptake of EB than those of the adjacent fields.
Trial Balloons in the Southern Hemisphere

Superpressure GHOST balloons are being launched from Christchurch, New Zealand, to determine their life, stability, and clustering characteristics at several altitudes. Thtee separate balloons have flown for more than 6 months at 200 millibars, proving capability of the long life that had been hoped for at such middle altitudes and providing preliminary trajectory data for the Southern Hemisphere. Icing problems at lower altitudes have not yet been solved. We expect future flight durations of several years at higher altitudes. If successful, the new balloons will be useful platforms for experimenters concerned with study of large-scale and long-term effects in the stratosphere.
Burning peat and reworking loess contribute to the formation and evolution of a large Carolina-bay basin

Abstract Carolina bays are nearly ubiquitous along ~ 1300 km of the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain, but relatively few bays have been examined in detail, making their formation and evolution a topic of controversy. The Lake Mattamuskeet basin, eastern North Carolina, USA, is a conglomeration of multiple Carolina bays that form a > 162 km2 lake. The eastern shoreline of the lake is made up of a 2.9-km-wide plain of parabolic ridges that recorded rapid shoreface progradation. The lower shoreface deposit contains abundant charcoal beds and laminae dated 6465–6863 cal yr BP, corresponding with initiation of a lacustrine environment in the eastern part of the lake. A core from the western part of the lake sampled a 1541–1633 cal yr BP charcoal bed at the base of the lacustrine unit, indicating formation of this part of the basin postdates the eastern basin. Lake Mattamuskeet has no relationship to the Younger Dryas or a linked impact event because rim accretion significantly postdates 12,000 cal yr BP. The shoreline progradation, and association of charcoal beds with the oldest lake sediment in both main parts of the basin, suggest that fire and subsequent hydrodynamic processes were associated with initial formation of these Carolina bays.
Efficacy of ACA strategies in biography-driven science teaching: an investigation

This study explored the biography-driven approach to teaching culturally and linguistically diverse students in science education. Biography-driven instruction (BDI) embraces student diversity by incorporating students’ sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and academic dimensions of their biographies into the learning process (Herrera in Biography-driven culturally responsive teaching. Teachers College Press, New York, 2010). Strategies have been developed (Herrera, Kavimandan and Holmes in Crossing the vocabulary bridge: differentiated strategies for diverse secondary classrooms. Teachers College Press, New York, 2011) that provide teachers with instructional routines that facilitate BDI. Using systematic classroom observations we empirically demonstrate that these activate, connect, affirm, strategies are likely to be effective in increasing teachers’ biography-driven practices. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Numerical simulation of buoyant, turbulent flow—II. Free and mixed convection in a heated cavity

Abstract In Part I of this study two models were developed for predicting free and mixed convection low Reynolds number turbulent flows. Detailed comparisons between measurements and predictions for the case of free convection along a heated, vertical, flat plate showed that both models yield accurate results for the mean flow and heat transfer. As a result, the simpler of the two (a k-e formulation based on the notion of eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat) was extended to predict steady free and mixed convection flows of air in a strongly heated cavity of arbitrary rectangular cross-section and orientation. This is the subject of the present communication. Numerical calculations show that the details of free convection flow in a heated cavity are strongly governed by the characteristics of the local heat transfer. The characteristics depend on the cavity aspect ratio, a b , the inclination angle, α, and the Grashof number, Grb. For example, stable stratification of heated fluid inside a tilted cavity strongly dampens the turbulent fluctuations, thus reducing convective heat losses from the cavity. Calculations performed for the free convection cases investigated experimentally by Humphrey et al [Sandia Report No. SAND 84–8192 (1985) ; Phil. Trans. R. Soc.A316, 57–84, (1985)] show good qualitative agreement with measurements of the velocity and temperature distributions. Predictions of the Nusselt number, Nub, display trends which are also in accord with the measurements. For mixed convection, the details of the flow become asymptotically independent of a as the ratio of inertia to buoyant forces, characterized by Re 2 b Gr b , is increased. For a b = 1 and α = 45°, predictions reveal a minimum in Nub when Re 2 b Gr b ~ 1 . Many of the complex flow patterns revealed experimentally, for both free and mixed convection, are reproduced numerically.
Regulation of glioblastoma progression by cord blood stem cells is mediated by downregulation of cyclin D1.

Background The normal progression of the cell cycle requires sequential expression of cyclins. Rapid induction of cyclin D1 and its associated binding with cyclin-dependent kinases, in the presence or absence of mitogenic signals, often is considered a rate-limiting step during cell cycle progression through the G1 phase. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSC) in co-cultures with glioblastoma cells (U251 and 5310) not only induced G0-G1 phase arrest, but also reduced the number of cells at S and G2-M phases of cell cycle. Cell cycle regulatory proteins showed decreased expression levels upon treatment with hUCBSC as revealed by Western and FACS analyses. Inhibition of cyclin D1 activity by hUCBSC treatment is sufficient to abolish the expression levels of Cdk 4, Cdk 6, cyclin B1, β-Catenin levels. Our immuno precipitation experiments present evidence that, treatment of glioma cells with hUCBSC leads to the arrest of cell-cycle progression through inactivation of both cyclin D1/Cdk 4 and cyclin D1/Cdk 6 complexes. It is observed that hUCBSC, when co-cultured with glioma cells, caused an increased G0-G1 phase despite the reduction of G0-G1 regulatory proteins cyclin D1 and Cdk 4. We found that this reduction of G0-G1 regulatory proteins, cyclin D1 and Cdk 4 may be in part compensated by the expression of cyclin E1, when co-cultured with hUCBSC. Co-localization experiments under in vivo conditions in nude mice brain xenografts with cyclin D1 and CD81 antibodies demonstrated, decreased expression of cyclin D1 in the presence of hUCBSC. Conclusions/Significance This paper elucidates a model to regulate glioma cell cycle progression in which hUCBSC acts to control cyclin D1 induction and in concert its partner kinases, Cdk 4 and Cdk 6 by mediating cell cycle arrest at G0-G1 phase.
Spatial and temporal limits of motion perception across variations in speed, eccentricity, and low vision

We evaluated spatial displacement and temporal duration thresholds for discriminating the motion direction of gratings for a broad range of speeds (0.06 degrees/s to 30 degrees/s) in fovea and at +/-30 degrees eccentricity. In general, increased speed yielded lower duration thresholds but higher displacement thresholds. In most conditions, these effects of speed were comparable in fovea and periphery, yielding relatively similar thresholds not correlated with decreased peripheral acuity. The noteworthy exceptions were interactive effects at slow speeds: (1) Displacement thresholds for peripheral motion were affected by acuity limits for speeds below 0.5 degrees/s. (2) Low-vision observers with congenital nystagmus had elevated thresholds for peripheral motion and slow foveal motion but resembled typically sighted observers for foveal motions at speeds above 1 degree/s. (3) Suppressive center-surround interactions were absent below 0.5 degrees/s and their strength increased with speed. Overall, these results indicate qualitatively different sensitivities to slow and fast motions. Thresholds for very slow motion are limited by spatial resolution, while thresholds for fast motion are probably limited by temporal resolution.
Low temperature studies of SIMOX charge trapping

The charge trapping of the buried layer is studied by irradiating SIMOX (separation by implanted oxygen) capacitors at cryogenic temperatures and comparing the result to thermal oxide control samples. The thermal and SIMOX oxide thicknesses are 4000 AA and 3700 AA, respectively. The buildup of positive charge during an X-ray irradiation at 60 K with the gates grounded is shown. Data are shown for doses ranging from 7 to 870 krad(SiO/sub 2/). Over this range, both oxides have similar net positive charge buildup. In addition, the results of isochronal annealing are shown for a thermal oxide capacitor and two SIMOX capacitors from the same wafer. The effects of field stressing after irradiation but while still at 60 K are also shown. Above 30 V (about 0.8 MV/cm), there is a large increase in the net positive charge that continues to increase to at least 90 V. >
Guest editor's introduction: Energy homeostasis in context

Abstract This article is part of a Special Issue “Energy Balance”. Energy homeostasis is achieved through neuroendocrine and metabolic control of energy intake, storage, and expenditure. Traditionally, these controls have been studied in an unrealistic and narrow context. The appetite for food, for example, is most often assumed to be independent of other motivations, such as sexual desire, fearfulness, and competition. Furthermore, our understanding of all aspects of energy homeostasis is based on studying males of only a few species. The baseline control subjects are most often housed in enclosed spaces, with continuous, unlimited access to food. In the last century, this approach has generated useful information, but all the while, the global prevalence of obesity has increased and remains at unprecedented levels ( Ogden et al., 2013 , 2014). It is likely, however, that the mechanisms that control ingestive behavior were molded by evolutionary forces, and that few, if any vertebrate species evolved in the presence of a limitless food supply, in an enclosed 0.5 × 1 ft space, and exposed to a constant ambient temperature of 22 + 2 °C. This special issue of Hormones and Behavior therefore contains 9 review articles and 7 data articles that consider energy homeostasis within the context of other motivations and physiological processes, such as early development, sexual differentiation, sexual motivation, reproduction, seasonality, hibernation, and migration. Each article is focused on a different species or on a set of species, and most vertebrate classes are represented. Energy homeostasis is viewed in the context of the selection pressures that simultaneously molded multiple aspects of energy intake, storage, and expenditure. This approach yields surprising conclusions regarding the function of those traits and their underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms.
SPIN: a sequential pipelined neurocomputer

A novel digital network architecture, the sequential pipelined neurocomputer (SPIN), is proposed. The SPIN processor emulates neural networks, producing high performance with minimal hardware by sequentially processing each neuron in the modeled completely connected network with a pipelined physical neuron structure. In addition to describing SPIN, performance equations are estimated for the ring systolic, the recurrent systolic array, and the neuromimetic neurocomputer architectures, three previously reported schemes for the emulation of neural networks, and a comparison with the SPIN architecture is reported. >
Relationship of Specific Gravity to the Enzymatic Activity and Phenolic Content of Potatoes

SUMMARY The relationship of specific gravity to the phenolic content and enzymatic activity of Ontario potatoes grown in each of two consecutive years was studied. Phenolic content was found to be highest in tubers of highest specific gravity. Cytochrome oxidase activity tended to increase with increasing specific gravity up to the highest level, but, in each of the harvests studied, eytochrome oxidase activity dropped at the highest specific gravity level. Polyphenol oxidase, in relation to specific gravity, showed a trend opposite to that of cytochrome oxidase. Polyphenol oxidase activity decreased significantly with increasing specific gravity.
Statistical Downscaling of Daily Wind Speed Variations

Thisstudypresentsthedevelopmentofamethodtostatistically downscale dailywindspeedvariationsin an extended Great Lakes region. A probabilistic approach is used, predicting a daily-varying probability density function (PDF) of local-scale daily wind speed conditioned on large-scale daily wind speed predictors. Advantages of a probabilistic method are that it provides realistic information on the variance and extremes in addition to information on the mean, it allows the autocorrelation of downscaled realizations to be tuned to matchtheautocorrelationoflocal-scaleobservations,anditallowsflexibilityintheuseofthefinaldownscaled product.MuchattentionisgiventofittingtheproperfunctionalformofthePDFbyinvestigatingtheobserved local-scale wind speed distribution (predictand) as a function of the decile of the large-scale wind (predictor). It is found that the local-scale standard deviation and the local-scale shape parameter (from a gamma distribution) are nonconstant functions of the large-scale predictor. As such, a vector generalized linear model is developed to relate the large-scale and local-scale wind speeds. Maximum likelihood and cross validation are used tofit local-scale gamma distribution shape and scale parameters to the large-scalewind speed.The result isadaily-varyingprobabilitydistributionoflocal-scalewindspeed,conditionedon thelarge-scalewindspeed.
Model-based diagnostics for propellant loading systems

The loading of spacecraft propellants is a complex, risky operation. Therefore, diagnostic solutions are necessary to quickly identify when a fault occurs, so that recovery actions can be taken or an abort procedure can be initiated. Model-based diagnosis solutions, established using an in-depth analysis and understanding of the underlying physical processes, offer the advanced capability to quickly detect and isolate faults, identify their severity, and predict their effects on system performance. We develop a physics-based model of a cryogenic propellant loading system, which describes the complex dynamics of liquid hydrogen filling from a storage tank to an external vehicle tank, as well as the influence of different faults on this process. The model takes into account the main physical processes such as highly non-equilibrium condensation and evaporation of the hydrogen vapor, pressurization, and also the dynamics of liquid hydrogen and vapor flows inside the system in the presence of helium gas. Since the model incorporates multiple faults in the system, it provides a suitable framework for model-based diagnostics and prognostics algorithms. Using this model, we analyze the effects of faults on the system, derive symbolic fault signatures for the purposes of fault isolation, and perform fault identification using a particle filter approach. We demonstrate the detection, isolation, and identification of a number of faults using simulation-based experiments.
The Use of Canakinumab, a Novel IL-1β Long-Acting Inhibitor, in Refractory Adult-Onset Still's Disease

Objectives We describe the successful treatment of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) with canakinumab, a novel anti-interleukin (IL)-1β, long-acting, monoclonal antibody, on patients refractory to anakinra and rilonacept. In many cases the expected positive therapeutic effect of short-acting IL-1 inhibitors is transient or completely absent, leading to our hypothesis that their short half-life may be associated with incomplete IL-1 blockade, given the cyclic nature of the disease. Methods We report 2 cases of AOSD resistant to short-acting IL-1 blockade, which were subsequently treated with canakinumab. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients diagnosed with AOSD in our regional referral center. Results Response to treatment was assessed by its effect on the systemic symptoms (resolution of fever and rash), polyarthritis (using the disease activity score 28--C-reactive protein score), and the levels of serum ferritin. Canakinumab demonstrated sustained efficacy in both patients as evidenced by clinical and laboratory parameters with minimal adverse reactions. Conclusions This is the first documented report of successful use of canakinumab, a novel IL-1β inhibitor, in AOSD patients refractory to traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and short- to moderate-acting IL-1 blockade. Prospective comparative studies are needed to validate canakinumab's efficacy and safety.
Cytochrome P450: taming a wild type enzyme

Protein engineering of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) has been very successful in generating valuable non-natural activities and properties, allowing these powerful catalysts to be used for the synthesis of drug metabolites and in biosynthetic pathways for the production of precursors of artemisinin and paclitaxel. Collected experience indicates that the P450s are highly ‘evolvable’ – they are particularly robust to mutation in their active sites and readily accept new substrates and exhibit new selectivities. Their ability to adapt to new challenges upon mutation may reflect the nonpolar nature of their active sites as well as their high degree of conformational variability.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: importance of cyanobacteria

A seasonal study of phytoplankton and zooplankton was conducted from 1999-2001 in Pensacola Bay, Florida, USA, to better understand pelagic food webs in sub-tropical estuaries. Monthly
The other lives of ribosomal proteins

Despite the fact that ribosomal proteins are the constituents of an organelle that is present in every cell, they show a surprising level of regulation, and several of them have also been shown to have other extra-ribosomal functions, such in replication, transcription, splicing or even ageing. This review provides a comprehensive summary of these important aspects.
A design discipline and language features for modular reasoning in aspect-oriented programs

Aspect-oriented programming lets programmers modularize concerns that are orthogonal to the main decomposition of a program. To do this, aspect-oriented programming includes modules called aspects that may modify the behavior, or advise, code in the main decomposition. Aspect-oriented programming also allows aspects to declaratively specify what code should be advised. This means that a whole-program search is required to find all the aspects that might advise a given piece of code. The problems this causes are somewhat analogous to overriding methods and polymorphic method dispatch in traditional object-oriented programming. In object-oriented programming, the discipline of behavioral subtyping permits reasoning about polymorphic methods even when overriding methods remain unseen. The discipline gives guidance to the author of an overriding method: the overriding method must satisfy the specification of the overridden, superclass method. If the author follows the discipline, then other programmers can reason about a method invocation based on the specification of the superclass method, even if an unseen overriding method might actually be executed. This dissertation describes an analogous discipline for aspect-oriented programming. The basic premise is that modular reasoning about aspect-oriented programs requires shared responsibility between the aspect author and the client programmer, whose code might be advised by the aspect. To mediate this sharing, this dissertation proposes that aspects be categorized into two sorts: “spectators” and “assistants”. Spectators are statically restricted to not modify the behavior of the code that they advise. Because of their restricted behavior, spectators may remain unseen by the client programmer. The burden is on the aspect programmer to ensure that spectators satisfy their restrictions. Unlike spectators, assistants are not restricted in their behavior. The burden of reasoning about their effects falls to the client programmer. To do this, the client programmer must be able to identify all applicable assistants. Thus, assistants must be explicitly accepted by the advised code. This discipline allows modular reasoning, permits the use of existing aspect-oriented idioms, and appears to be practical and statically verifiable. A formal study demonstrates that the restrictions on spectators may be statically checked.
Experience with an Implementation of the Revised Standard Routines for FASTBUS

We have noted several benefits in our implementation of the Revised Standard Routines for FASTBUS. The user application code is simpler because the package itself contains more functionality. Our system is not dependent on the application program detecting, interpreting, and reporting all encountered errors due to the automatic status reporter. Making list manipulation simpler has resulted in more of our users invoking delayed mode, yielding great execution speed savings. Because of the "generic" nature of our present implementation, we anticipate transporting application code to and from other implementations with little or no impact on either the application code or the implementation code.