cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the modulo M translators for the prime memory system

Abstract A fast binary to modulo M translation, where M is a prime number, is necessary in many applications. The prime memory system of an array processor which allows parallel, conflict-free access to various slices of a data array is one such application. We review existing modulo M translators, including the one used in the Burroughs Scientific Processor (BSP). We then propose a very simple and fast translator for a restricted but very useful class of M which includes, as a subclass, the form suggested by P. Budnik and D. J. Kuck (IEEE Trans. Comput. C-20, 12 (Dec. 1971), 1566–1569). Our basic idea stems from the traditional “casting out nine” rule, which has been used as a quick method for checking the accuracy of remainders in the decimal number system. By generalizing this rule and extending it for the binary number system, we have obtained a new modulo M translator. The new modulo M translator is built upon a set of modulo adders, and is simpler and faster than previous modulo M translators such as the one employed in the BSP.
Photophysical Consequences of Interactions between Conjugated Chromophores

We study phenylenevinylene chromophore pairs whose spacing and orientation can be varied by coupling them to peptide backbones. Copious interchromophore excitations are observed and explain reduced fluorescence yields in conjugated polymer films relative to solutions.
Density dependence and colony growth in the ant species Formica neorufibarbis

Summary 1. Production of cocoons and numbers of workers in 25‐40 colonies of the ant species Formica neorufibarbis were tracked from 1993 to 1998 in order to test for density dependence in either production or survivorship of workers. 2. The percentage of workers lost by colonies over winter increased with increasing worker numbers. 3. There was no evidence that worker production was density-dependent. 4. Food supplementation did not affect worker-cocoon production. 5. Colonies forced to live under small nest rocks produced fewer cocoons, but this effect was never seen under natural conditions. 6. In the field, colonies preferentially utilized large rocks for nests and worker number was positively correlated with nest-rock area.
An analysis of fifteen childhood asthma fatalities

There is evidence from pediatric tertiary care centers in the United States that childhood deaths from asthma in hospitalized patients are becoming increasingly rare, while asthma mortality outside the hospital appears to be on the rise. When a young outpatient with asthma dies, the event is apt to be sudden and unanticipated and the victim is likely to be a preadolescent or adolescent who has suffered from asthma most of his or her life and who, despite ongoing bronchodilator therapy, requires hospitalizations for treatment of status asthmaticus. Patients in this age cohort have a strong tendency to underuse, overuse, or neglect to use prescribed medications, possibly as a gesture of emerging independence or because of the depression engendered by a chronic illness. In some instances serious psychosocial pathology accounts for noncompliance. For a patient with chronic asthma with a high-risk profile, any departure from an ongoing treatment regimen may result in respiratory failure. Pathologic complications of asthma may also act to upset the precarious physiologic equilibrium these patients have established. Unsuspected chronic pneumonia may lead to further increases in a chronically high degree of oxygen desaturation. Hypoxic seizures during an asthma attack may precipitate pulmonary edema. Tension pneumothorax has an even greater fatality potential for high-risk patients with asthma than it has for other patients with asthma, and pulmonary hypertension with cor pulmonale may develop because of chronic hypoxia. Some sudden deaths in children with chronic, severe asthma are unassociated with any of the above, making it necessary to entertain still other hypotheses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microstructural investigation of acetate-derived PLZT films

Abstract The behavior of thin films in the PLZT system made using a recently developed metal acetate precursor technique was investigated with respect to microstructural and crystallographic development. Variations in film microstructure and phase continuity were dependent on substrate and film composition. The optical quality of Zr rich films deposited onto sapphire substrates was impaired by the formation of a pyrochlore phase leading to a discontinuous microstructure. Application of a PLT buffer layer was shown to significantly modify this situation, improving the potential viability of this fabrication method.
Labeling, Affect, and Teachers' Hypothetical Approaches to Conflict Resolution: An Exploratory Study

The current study investigated how teachers would intervene in hypothetical conflicts experienced by students in the classroom and how informal labeling of students and affect relate to teachers' hypothetical interventions. Thirty-one teachers from various early childhood learning centers were recruited for participation. Teachers were presented with 3 hypothetical situations depicting children involved in peer conflicts. They were asked to rate the child who had initiated the conflict according to lists of positive and negative characteristics, as well as to rate how much positive and negative affect was elicited from the situation. Next, teachers recorded how they would intervene in each conflict, with responses coded as either mediation or cessation. Results suggested that teachers tended to use more cessation than mediation in dealing with classroom conflict and that interventions varied depending on the described behavioral background of the child presented. Labeling and affect also varied among the ...
More Oil with Less Water Using Downhole Water Sink Technology: A Feasibility Study

The paper reports on recent R&D progress in the Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology resulting in an establishment of a joint industry/LSU project - DWS Initiative. Presented are recent case histories of DWS design and successful field trials. The results are then analyzed comparatively in view of the superiority of DWS over the single conventional completions. The analysis shows that, although DWS increases production of oil, its potential for reducing production of water is unknown and remains a controversial issue among operators. The case history analysis is followed by results from the authors' theoretical and experimental study on water cut suppression with DWS. The study was performed by comparing WC development in the single (conventional) and dual (DWS) well completions for a broad range of oil reservoirs with bottom water columns. These theoretical results are supported with experiments conducted using a laboratory physical model of a dual/single completed well -reservoir system. The results, included in this paper, demonstrate the persistence and irreversible nature of WC in conventional wells compared to its flexibility and easy control in DWS completions. Defined is the range of production rates where DWS may give a sizable, up to 40%, reduction of WC. It is also shown, with calculations, how to determine the expected WC reduction for a given reservoir and well-completion design.
Estrogen receptor status and response to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer: The tufts-shattuck-pondville experience

88 patients with advanced breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed to compare (ER) estrogen receptor data with response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. All assays were done in a single laboratory and all patients were cared for at a single institution. 34 patients were treated with chemotherapy 30 of whom were evaluable for response by criteria of the (ECOG) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Of 16 ER+ patients 12 (75%) responded; of 14 ER- patients 6 (43%) responded (P<0.05). The 2 groups did not differ significantly in chemotherapy received menopausal status site of predominant disease stage at diagnosis or disease-free interval. Response to cytotoxic chemotherapy does not appear to correlate with ER status. (Authors modified)
Estrogen receptor in a prolactin secreting pituitary tumor (MtTW5)

The estrogen receptor system in a transplantable rat pituitary tumor (MtTW5) has been studied. In the tumor cell cytosol, estradiol binds to a protein which sediments primarily at SS in low salt sucrose gradients. The steroid enters the nucleus in vivo and can be extracted in bound form. The dextran-coated charcoal technique reveals very high affinity binding of estradiol to the cytosol receptor (Kd - 3 × 10-10M). Transformation of the salt-dissociated cytosol receptor from 4S to SS by warming is easily demonstrated. By the criteria examined, the estrogen receptor system in pituitary tumor MtTW5 has properties similar to that found in normal pituitary, uterus and mammary tumor. (Endocrinology 93: 810, 1973)
Cold Water and High Ice Cover on Great Lakes in Spring 2014

Very cold temperatures across much of North America caused by the recent anomalous meridional upper air flow—commonly referred to in the public media as a polar vortex (for details, see Blackmon et al. [1977] and National Climatic Data Center, State of the climate: Synoptic discussion for January 2014, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/synoptic/2014/1)—have contributed to extreme hydrologic conditions on the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes are the largest system of lakes and the largest surface of freshwater on Earth—Lake Superior alone is the single largest lake by surface area.
Community Responses to “Stop-and-Frisk” in New York City Conceptualizing Local Conditions and Correlates

This study seeks to conceptualize individual and neighborhood conditions that affect the ability of residents to enact collective responses to intense policing practices such as “stop-and-frisk.” Drawing on prior research, we formulate four hypotheses that could jointly or independently shape mobilization around issues of policing: (a) neighborhood organizational infrastructure, (b) resident activism, (c) attitudes toward neighborhood change, and (d) perceptions of police performance. We provide a preliminary exploration of these arguments by combining administrative reports with surveys and observations in the South Bronx. Our descriptive work suggests that despite the lack of a robust local community response to high levels of police stops, this section of the city has many community organizations, significant levels of resident involvement, and general optimism regarding neighborhood change. There is some indication that residents may be willing to put up with frequent “hassles” from the police in exch...
Patient-Specific Mathematical Neuro-Oncology: Using a Simple Proliferation and Invasion Tumor Model to Inform Clinical Practice

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor associated with a poor median survival of 15–18 months, yet there is wide heterogeneity across and within patients. This heterogeneity has been the source of significant clinical challenges facing patients with GBM and has hampered the drive toward more precision or personalized medicine approaches to treating these challenging tumors. Over the last two decades, the field of Mathematical Neuro-oncology has grown out of desire to use (often patient-specific) mathematical modeling to better treat GBMs. Here, we will focus on a series of clinically relevant results using patient-specific mathematical modeling. The core model at the center of these results incorporates two hallmark features of GBM, proliferation \((\rho )\) and invasion (D), as key parameters. Based on routinely obtained magnetic resonance images, each patient’s tumor can be characterized using these two parameters. The Proliferation-Invasion (PI) model uses \(\rho \) and D to create patient-specific growth predictions. The PI model, its predictions, and parameters have been used in a number of ways to derive biological insight. Beyond predicting growth, the PI model has been utilized to identify patients who benefit from different surgery strategies, to prognosticate response to radiation therapy, to develop a treatment response metric, and to connect clinical imaging features and genetic information. Demonstration of the PI model’s clinical relevance supports the growing role for it and other mathematical models in routine clinical practice.
Cloning of the rat β-catenin gene (Ctnnb1) promoter and its functional analysis compared with the Catnb and CTNNB1 promoters ☆

Considerable recent interest has focused on the stabilization and accumulation of beta-catenin protein in human and animal tumors and the corresponding activation of downstream beta-catenin/TCF/LEF target genes. However, there is only sparse information on the regulation of beta-catenin expression at the transcriptional level and its possible involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes. We report here the cloning and characterization of a 3.6-kb promoter fragment from the rat beta-catenin gene, Ctnnb1, and its comparison with corresponding promoters from the mouse and human genes, Catnb and CTNNB1. Several AP1 binding sites were confirmed in the promoters of all three species using mobility shift and reporter assays, and one putative TCF/LEF site also was observed in the promoter of CTNNB1. Subsequently, protein/DNA array analyses identified numerous other transcription factors through their high-affinity binding to the Ctnnb1 promoter, including E2F1, NFkappaB, MEF1, Pax5, ISRE2, Smad3/4, GATA, and ZIC. The strong binding of E2F1 and NFkappaB is especially noteworthy, because the former transcription factor is regulated by cyclin D1, a downstream target of beta-catenin/TCF/LEF signaling, whereas the latter transcription factor has been implicated in "cross talk" between the Wnt and the NFkappaB signaling pathways. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for human cancer development and specifically the various tumors in which beta-catenin mRNA is overexpressed, as well as for embryonic development, when reversible changes in beta-catenin expression occur in response to secreted Wnt ligands. The findings reported here should provide important avenues for further research focused on the regulation of Ctnnb1 activity, including the ability of beta-catenin/Tcf downstream targets to modulate beta-catenin expression at the transcriptional level.
Effect of methanol concentration on lithium aluminosilicate gels

Abstract The viscosity of the solution, the diffusion coefficient and the time-to-gel depend on the preparation method used in lithium aluminosilicate gels. The crystallization temperature during heat treatment depends on the preparation method as well. Samples were prepared by adding anhydrous tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) toa solution of methanol, water and the nitrates of lithium and aluminum. The amount of methanol was varied to create miscible and immiscible compositions. High methanol compositions took a long time to gel and lost fluidity abruptly. Low methanol compositions took a short time to gel and lost fluidity gradually. Nitrogen sorption techniques were used to determine surface areas in dried and heat treated gels. Low methanol compositions have higher surface areas than high methanol compositions. Thermal analysis was used to identify reaction temperatures. High and low methanol compositions show similar behavior below 400°C but high methanol compositions crystallize beginning around 550°C while low methanol compositions crystallize above 700°C.
Improved Eigenstructure Assignment Controller Design Using a Substructure-Based Coordinate System

A new control coordinate system based on the Craig–Bampton substructure representation is examined for reduced-order-model-based controller design. Eigenstructure assignment controller design using the proposed modeling approach is shown to exhibit improved accuracy over conventional normal mode modeling in both closed-loop eigenvalue and eigenvector attainment. The improvement is due to the coordinate system’s ability to accurately predict actuator boundary conditions and, thus, actuator command forces, when extensive model reduction has been employed. Two multi-input/multi-outputdesign examples are used to illustrate the practicality of the method and the resulting improved closed-loop behavior.
Use of kappa statistic in determining validity of quality filtering for meta-analysis: a case study of the health effects of electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability achieved in employing trained graduate students to read and evaluate the methodologic content of papers analyzing the health effects of electromagnetic field radiation. The search identified 11,730 references from multiple sources, of which 8759 were unique and from which 97 were selected for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Without reference to the graduate students' assessments, an epidemiologist read and scored all 97 articles as well. A 10% random sample of the 97 articles was selected for a repeat assessment by the epidemiologist, who did not review her first assessment. Interrater validity was good (kappa ≥ 0.45–0.75) for 15 of the 23 criteria. Intrarater reliability was excellent (kappa > 0.75) or good in 21 of the 23 rating criteria. We concluded that valid and reliable results can be obtained by training graduate students to screen papers for methodologic content.
Not the last word: specialization and its discontents.

The practice of orthopaedic surgery has become highly specialized. According to a recent American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) census, 77% of members reported a specialty interest [1]. Along those lines, Morrell et al. [12] estimate that at least 90% of graduating orthopaedic surgery residents pursue fellowship training. It would be no surprise, therefore, to discover that the AAOS Board of Specialty Societies boasts 22 member groups.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a heterobimetallic bridged alkynide complex (C5Me5)2Y(μ-CCCMe3)2Li(THF)

Abstract YCl3 reacts with four equivalents of t-C4H9Li to form Y(CMe3)4Li(THF)4 (1) in high yield. 1 reacts with HCCCMe3 to form Y(CCCMe3)4Li(THF) (2) quantitatively. 2 reacts with KC5Me5 to form (C5Me5)2Y(μ-CCCMe3)2Li(THF) (3) which can also be prepared from (C5Me5)2YCl(THF) and LiCCCMe3. 3 crystallizes from toluene at −34°C in space group Cmcm with a = 13.363(4) A, b = 15.918(7) A, c = 17.453(9) A and Dcalcd = 1.07 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement of the model based on 733 reflections converged to a final RF = 0.077. 3 contains a (C5Me5)2Y bent metallocene unit connected to Li via two alkynide bridges. The proximity of the two CMe3 groups to Li prevents coordination by more than one THF of solvation.
Ultrastructural alterations in caudate nucleus in aged cats.

Abstract These studies provide information on the changes in the ultrastructure in the caudate nucleus of aged cats. The major findings was that there was a decrease in the density of synapses in caudate neuropil. This decrease occurred in animals after 3 years of age and remained relatively constant in older animals. In conjunction with this change a population of unusually long synapses also occurred. These larger synaptic appositions were associated with enlarged spine heads. The caudate also showed a number of qualitative ultrastructural alterations. Many neurons contained accumulations of lipofuscin or lipopigment granules in aged animals. These inclusions occurred in both soma and dendrites of neurons and all types of glial cells. A unique configuration of collapsed agranular cisterns also was observed in aged animals. The present results indicate that decreases in synaptic density may by one morphological event underlying functional alterations observed in caudate neurons in aged cats.
Neuroelectrical correlates of categorical perception for place of articulation in normal and lead-treated rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Categorical perception of place of articulation contrasts was evaluated in rhesus monkeys. The monkeys had been chronically exposed to subclinical levels of lead, either from conception to birth, or for approximately 6 months beginning at birth, or were never exposed to lead. Auditory evoked responses were recorded from scalp electrodes placed over left and right hemispheres during stimulus presentation. The brain responses recorded from the right hemisphere of the normal control group of monkeys discriminated between the categories of [dae] and [gae]. Categorical discriminations were also noted for monkeys exposed to lead either prenatally or postnatally. These discriminations, in contrast, were found over only the left hemisphere. In additions, postnatal exposure resulted in categorical discrimination associated with slower latency components, suggesting a less mature pattern than that obtained for prenatally exposed monkeys. Finally, the brain responses of the animals in the normal control and...
Dendrite tip growth velocities of settling NH4Cl equiaxed crystals

Abstract Dendrite tip growth velocities were measured for equiaxed NH 4 Cl crystals settling in a supercooled aqueous solution. Data are reported as a function of the relative velocity between the crystal and the solution and several supercoolings. The tip velocities are more than two orders of magnitude higher than those in a purely diffusive environment. The data show considerable scatter, which can be attributed to orientation effects, measurement uncertainties, or other unknown influences (such as the varying overall structure of the crystals). Preliminary comparisons with the Stokes solution of Ananth and Gill (10) for a single dendrite tip growing into an approaching uniform flow show that the measured tip velocities can be approximately predicted. However, uncertainties with regard to the Gibbs-Thomson coefficient of NH 4 Cl are large. It can be concluded that more accurate theories are needed to predict dendrite tip growth velocities for equiaxed crystals in the presence of convection.
Effects of compressibility on dynamic stall

In this paper, typical computational predictions and experimental measurements of compressible flow past an airfoil at dynamic stall conditions are studied and compared to develop an insight into the effect of compressibility on dynamic stall. The dependency of the critical Mach number on airfoil leading edge curvature, camber, and angle of attack is investigated. Evidence is presented to show that a local region of supersonic flow occurs on an oscillating airfoil, even for a freestream Mach number as low as 0.2, if the boundary layer remains attached and the angle of attack is sufficiently high; that a shock terminates this local supersonic bubble; and that the vorticity that this shock generates grows rapidly and becomes very unstable as the angle of attack increases beyond the value at which the maximum local flow speed first exceeds the speed of sound. It is suggested that these shock-induced effects compete with the dynamic viscous effects occurring in the boundary layer in determining the onset of separation, which can lead to premature dynamic stall and can significantly reduce the maximum dynamic lift that can otherwise be obtained.
Effects of low‐modulus coatings on pin–bone contact stresses in external fixation

The intent of this study was to investigate the stress distribution in cortical bone around fracture fixation pins and around pins coated with various polymeric and elastomeric materials. Since these interface stresses cannot be measured directly, a photoelastic technique was employed and stresses were measured in two-dimensional bone models fabricated from sheets of epoxy resin. Our results showed that when a fixation pin was loaded in compression, the compressive stress measured in the model was greatest at the pin-model interface. The magnitude of the compressive stress was found to diminish steeply away from the hole in a log decrement distribution which was asymptotic to the value of the average stress in the model. When polymeric and elastomeric materials were applied as pin coatings and the performance of the coated pins was compared to that of uncoated pins of the same overall diameter, a reduction of the maximum stress in the bone model was demonstrated. Among the coatings tested, we found that of the polymeric materials ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was most effective at reducing the peak cortical stress magnitude. The most effective coating material overall was found to be silicon elastomer. Computation of stress values in models loaded through stainless-steel pins and through pins coated with 1-mm silicon elastomer showed that the presence of the elastomer layer caused a reduction of about 50% in the maximum compressive stress in the model.
The effects of foveal load and visual context on peripheral letter recognition

Peripheral letter recognition was examined by presenting subjects with a letter triad centered 7.16 degrees to the right of fixation. At the same time, a single letter was presented at the point of fixation that was either the same as one of the letters in the triad or different from any of the triad letters. On other trials, no letter was presented at the point of fixation. Results supported and extended previous foveal load research. The disruptive effect of foveal load does not depend solely on the presence or absence of a foveal stimulus. Recognition of the first letter in non-words was disrupted when a foveal letter was presented that was different from the peripheral letter. Recognition of the middle letter for both words and non-words was disrupted when a foveal letter was presented that was the same as the middle letter. A significant interaction between foveal letter and triad type was also found. No evidence was found to suggest that recognition of a peripheral letter is significantly better when that same letter is also present at the point of fixation.
An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Fishing Participation by Resident Anglers

A survey of 7,000 property owners in the counties bordering Lake Ontario in New York State was conducted in 2009 to better understand the factors influencing fishing participation by resident angle...
Thiamine transport in thiamine-deficient rats. Role of the unstirred water layer.

Abstract As part or a systematic study of alcoholism and thiamine absorption, the effect of diet-induced thiamine deficiency and the role of the unstirred water layer on thiamine transport were investigated. Using 3H-labeled dextran as a marker of adherent mucosal volume, jejunal uptake of 14C-labeled thiamine hydrochloride was measured, in vitro, in thiamine-deficient rats and pair-fed controls. Uptake of low thiamine concentrations (0.2 and 0.5 μM) was greater in the thiamine-deficient rats thatn in the controls. In contrast, uptake rates for high thiamine concentrations (20 and 50 μM) were similar in both groups. While ∗J max was unaltered, ∗K m was decreased in thiamine deficiency, suggesting a decrease in unstirred water layer thickness. Accordingly, the thickness of the water layer was measured in both groups of animals and correlated with ∗J max and ∗K m under unstirred and st irred conditions. Without stirring, there was no difference in ∗J max between the two groups. In contrast, both ∗K m and the water layer were reduced in the thiamine-deficient rats. With stirring, ∗J max was not affected, but both ∗K m and the water layer thickness were reduced to similar values in both groups. Reversal of thiamine deficiency resulted in the return of thiamine uptake and the unstirred water layer thickness to control values. These data support the concept of a dual system of thiamine transport and emphasize the role of the unstirred water layer as an important determinant of transport kinetics not only under physiologic situations but also in diet-induced rat thiamine deficiency, a model for a clinical pathological state. The decrease in the unstirred water layer thickness in thiamine deficiency may be also viewed as a possible adaptive mechanism to facilitate absorption of meager supplies of thiamine.
Property engineering in BaTiO3 films by stoichiometry control

BaTiO3 thin films were prepared on metallic foil substrates using chemical solution deposition. The impact of A to B site cation ratios on the phase assemblage and microstructural and dielectric properties was investigated by characterizing a sample set that includes stoichiometric BaTiO3 and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mol% excess BaO. Each composition was subjected to a high-temperature anneal step with maximum dwell temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C for 20 h. Excess barium concentrations greater than 3% lead to dramatic grain growth and average grain sizes exceeding 1 µm. Despite the large deviations from stoichiometry and the 20 h dwell time at temperature, x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution electron microscopy analysis were unable to detect secondary phases until films with 5% excess barium were annealed to 1200 °C. Thin films with 3% excess barium were prepared on copper substrates and annealed at 1060 °C, the practical limit for copper. This combination of BaO excess and annealing temperature produced an average lateral grain size of 0.8 µm and a room-temperature permittivity of 4000. This is in comparison to a permittivity of 1800 for stoichiometric material prepared using identical conditions. This work suggests metastable solubility of BaO in BaTiO3 that leads to enhanced grain growth and large permittivity values. This technique provides a new solid-state means of achieving grain growth in low thermal budget systems.
Cross-Cultural Correlates of the Consonant-Vowel (CV) Syllable

Universality of the simple consonant-vowel (CV) syllable probably reflects its status as a prototype syllable facilitative of oral communication. Although CV is ubiquitous, it makes up only a minority of the syllabic corpus of some languages, whereas it is dominant in others. In an attempt to account for the differential frequency of CV across languages, a cross-cultural study was conducted (N = 53) to test the general hypothesis that CV would occur most often under conditions in which oral communicability was a desideratum. One prediction was based on the assumptions that (a) people in warm to moderate climates, as inhabitants of "outdoor" cultures, would on average engage in more distal communication than people in cold climates; and (b) such distal communication would create a need for optimal transmittal of messages, that is, high CV usage. The prediction was supported. A second prediction was based on the assumptions that (a) writing systems, which do not depend on
Adequacy versus equivalency: Financial data protection and the U.S.–EU divide

Abstract In 1995, the European Union passed Directive 95/46/EC, which set the legal framework for European Union citizens to own the rights to their personal data. However, American law bestows ownership to the holder of the data, not the individual, and officials feared the European Union initiative might disrupt data sharing among United States and European Union affiliates. Thus, they negotiated the 2000 Safe Harbor Agreement to allow companies to voluntarily submit to yearly certifications that fulfilled European Union demands, but kept U.S. businesses in control of their data; nevertheless, the Agreement does not include financial and banking services. Instead, the United States argued that the privacy protections within the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act adequately fulfilled European Union guidelines. The European Union disagreed and financial data sharing has operated under a moratorium for the past decade. However, the 2008 financial crisis has governments and clients clamouring for more data transparency to determine risk in the financial system. These global efforts, the European Union's recent push to strengthen the Directive, and the Dodd-Frank Act have pushed data sharing to the policy forefront. This article asserts that transatlantic data sharing will ultimately have to accommodate the privacy cultures in both the United States and the European Union, but firms must be prepared to cope with demands on their data by establishing government relations offices, standardizing information systems, enhancing education for compliance officers, and improving business school curricula.
Spread and current potential distribution of an alien grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, in the southwestern USA: comparing historical data and ecological niche models.

The potential distribution of alien species in a novel habitat often is difficult to predict because factors limiting species distributions may be unique to the new locale. Eragrostis lehmanniana is a perennial grass purposely introduced from South Africa to Arizona, USA in the 1930s; by the 1980s, it had doubled its extent. Based on environmental characteristics associated with its introduced and native range, researchers believed that E. lehmanniana had reached the limits of its distribution by the early 1990s. We collected data on E. lehmanniana locations from various land management agencies throughout Arizona and western New Mexico and found new records that indicate that E. lehmanniana has continued to spread. Also, we employed two modelling techniques to determine the current potential distribution and to re-investigate several environmental variables related to distribution. Precipitation and temperature regimes similar to those indicated by past research were the most important variables influencing model output. The potential distribution of E. lehmanniana mapped by both models was 71,843 km 2 and covers a large portion of southeastern and central Arizona. Logistic regression (LR) predicted a potential distribution of E. lehmanniana more similar to this species current distribution than GARP based on average temperature, precipitation, and grassland species composition and recorded occurrences. Results of a cross-validation assessment and extrinsic testing showed that the LR model performed as well or better than GARP based on sensitivity, specificity, and kappa indices.
Adult male replacement in a group of silvered leaf-monkeys ( Presbytis cristata ) at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

During observations of silvered leaf-monkeys at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia, the resident adult male in one group was replaced by an immigrant male. Three months after the replacement, all of the dependent infants in the group disappeared. The similarity of these observations to observations of male-takeovers and subsequent infanticide among Indian and Ceylonese langurs suggests a similar pattern of social change among all langurs which live in one-male groups.
Polarized wavelength-dependent measurements of turbid media

Wavelength-dependent, polarized, elastic-scatter spectra of tissue phantoms and in vitro tissue are presented. These measurements are shown to be sensitive to very small changes in composition of the scattering medium. A simple physical explanation of the wavelength-dependent polarization phenomena observed for media consisting only of spherical particles is given and the relevance of wavelength-dependent, polarized, elastic-scatter spectra to in vivo applications is discussed.
Modelling shattered rim cracking in railroad wheels

Shattered rim cracking, propagation of a subsurface crack parallel to the tread surface, is one of the dominant railroad wheel failure types observed in North America. This crack initiation and propagation life depends on several factors, such as wheel rim thickness, wheel load, residual stresses in the rim, and the size and location of material defects in the rim. This article investigates the effect of the above-mentioned parameters on shattered rim cracking, using finite element analysis and fracture mechanics. This cracking is modelled using a three-dimensional, multiresolution, elastic–plastic finite element model of a railroad wheel. Material defects are modelled as mathematically sharp cracks. Rolling contact loading is simulated by applying the wheel load on the tread surface over a Hertzian contact area. The equivalent stress intensity factor ranges at the subsurface crack tips are estimated using uni-modal stress intensity factors obtained from the finite element analysis and a mixed-mode crack growth model. The residual stress and wheel wear effects are also included in modelling shattered rim cracking. The analysis results show that the sensitive depth below the tread surface for shattered rim cracking ranges from 19.05 to 22.23 mm, which is in good agreement with field observations. The relationship of the equivalent stress intensity factor (ΔK eq) at the crack tip to the load magnitude is observed to be approximately linear. The analysis results show that the equivalent stress intensity factor (ΔK eq) at the crack tip depends significantly on the residual stress state in the wheel. Consideration of as-manufactured residual stresses decreases the ΔK eq at the crack tip by about 40 per cent compared to that of no residual stress state, whereas consideration of service-induced residual stresses increases the ΔK eq at the crack tip by about 50 per cent compared to that of as-manufactured residual stress state. In summary, the methodology developed in this article can help to predict whether a shattered rim crack will propagate for a given set of parameters, such as load magnitude, rim thickness, crack size, crack location, and residual stress state.
Classic Pattern of Intellectual Aging: Test Familiarity, Difficulty, and Performance

Research has consistently identified a classic pattern of intellectual aging characterized by multidirectional age profiles in intellectual performance. Age-irrelevant abilities are relatively constant in adulthood, whereas age-sensitive abilities exhibit moderate to substantial decline with age. The purposes of the present study were to determine whether adults' ratings of test familiarity and difficulty differed for age-irrelevant versus age-sensitive tests and whether such ratings themselves were related to the age of judges. A sample (N = 100) of young, middle-aged, and elderly adults was administered three age-irrelevant and four age-sensitive ability tests and provided ratings of the familiarity, difficulty, effortfulness, and speed of each test. Results indicated that age-sensitive tests were rated as less familiar, more difficult, and more effortful than age-irrelevant tests by all age groups. In general, the differences between ratings of the two types of tests increased with increasing age. For both types of test, performance was associated positively with ratings of test familiarity and associated negatively with ratings of test difficulty, effortfulness, and speed. Several explanations for relations among age, test characteristics, and performance are discussed.
Ozone observations by the Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor during SOLVE II

The Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor (GAMS) was deployed aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE II). GAMS acquired line-of-sight (LOS) direct solar irradiance spectra during the sunlit portions of ten science flights of the DC-8 between 12 January and 4 February 2003. Differential line-of-sight (DLOS) optical depth spectra are produced from the GAMS raw solar irradiance spectra. Then, DLOS ozone number densities are retrieved from the GAMS spectra using a multiple linear regression spectral fitting technique. Both the DLOS optical depth spectra and retrieved ozone data are compared with coincident measurements from two other solar instruments aboard the DC-8 platform to demonstrate the robustness and stability of the GAMS data. The GAMS ozone measurements are then utilized to evaluate the quality of the Wulf band ozone cross sections, a critical component of the SAGE III aerosol, water vapor, and temperature/pressure retrievals. Results suggest the ozone cross section compilation of Shettle and Anderson currently used operationally in SAGE III data processing may be in error by as much as 10-20% in theWulf bands, and their lack of reported temperature dependence is a significant deficiency. A second, more recent, cross section database compiled for the SCIAMACHY satellite mission appears to be of much better quality in the Wulf bands, but still may have errors as large as 5% near the Wulf band absorption peaks, which is slightly larger than their stated uncertainty. Additional laboratory measurements of the Wulf band cross sections should be pursued to further reduce their uncertainty and better quantify their temperature dependence.
Real-time full-color three-dimensional display with a micromirror array.

We designed, realized, and tested what is believed to be the first real-time, full-color, autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) display with a micromirror array. Compared with the diffractive partial pixel architecture [Opt. Lett. 201418 (1995)], this approach has certain advantages: (1) Micromirrors are reflective and thus achromatic (panchromatic) and (2) a variety of displays can be used as the image source. We used backlit transparencies to test the system and then used an ordinary color CRT to show several computer-generated full-color 3-D animations.
Dual effects of aspirin in guinea-pig lungs.

Dual effects of aspirin were demonstrated in guinea-pig lungs: (a) aspirin (3.3 mg/kg i.v.) antagonized bronchoconstriction induced by slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A); (b) aspirin produced bronchoconstriction when injected in the presence of propranolol into guinea-pigs in vivo at 330 mg/kg, or into guinea-pig isolated lungs in vitro as a 4% solution (40 mg/ml). 2 The severity of bronchoconstriction following administration of aspirin was directly related to the degree of beta-adrenoceptor blockade and to the age of the guinea-pigs. Aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction was prevented in vivo and in vitro by atropine and it could be reversed in vivo by atropine. Aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction was not inhibited by vagotomy or phenoxybenzamine. 3 These data suggest that the mechanism involved in aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction may be local cholinergic stimulation and that reduced beta-adrenergic drive may be a predisposing factor.
Quasi-steady magnetoplasmadynamic arc characteristics

Multimegawatt quasi-steady MPD arc accelerator in millisecond pulses, noting applicability to experiments requiring long exposure times
The function of the intramaxillary joint in the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri

The bolyeriid snakes Casarea dussumieri and Bolyeria multocarinata are unique among vertebrates in possessing an intramaxillary joint that separates the maxilla into anterior and posterior segments. In contrast to previous studies, which suggest that this joint permits enhanced elevation of the anterior maxillary teeth, our films of live Casarea show that the snout and anterior maxillary teeth are actively depressed 15° 20° below rest position through bilateral retraction of the palatomaxillary arches. Patterns of bone movement in living Casarea support the hypothesis that a caudally directed force is transmitted to the snout via the medial bones of the palatomaxillary arch, suggesting functional affinities between Casarea and higher henophidians. The intramaxillary joint, in conjunction with the curvature of the mandibles, allows the jaws of Casarea to encircle hard, cylindrical prey held transversely in the mouth. Because the Mauritian terrestrial vertebrate fauna lacks mammals and is dominated by skinks and geckos, which Casarea is known to consume, we suggest that the intramaxillary joint functions in a manner analogous to that achieved by quite different maxillary modifications in colubrid scincivores. Although the origin of the bolyeriid intramaxillary joint remains unclear, its structural refinement and evolutionary stability may be due to selection pressures arising from limited prey diversity.
Effects of Mutations on Side-Specific Folding Mechanism of a Helix-Turn-Helix Protein

Helix-turn-helix motifs are important super-secondary protein structural elements and excellent models for studying the mechanism of protein folding. We have been investigating folding of a de novo designed 38-residue helix-turn-helix motif α-t-α using IR spectroscopy with site-specific 13C isotopic editing. Our preliminary site-specific thermal unfolding data revealed that α-t-α is most stable near the centers of both α-helices, and likely unfolds from the helical termini and the loose turn region. To obtain further insights into the folding mechanism, and to investigate the roles of the individual residue-residue stabilizing interactions, we have begun mutational studies of the α-t-α protein. The mutations were designed to both destabilize and further stabilize the hydrophobic core near the helical centers. Additional mutations were designed to stabilize the helical termini and the turn/loop sequence. The overall thermodynamic stability of the α-t-α was measured using CD and IR spectroscopies. The core mutations appreciably decreased or increased the overall folding stability as intended, however, stabilizing the turn and helical termini proved to be a rather challenging task. Site-specific thermal unfolding of the mutated α-t-α were probed with IR on multiple 13C isotopically labeled variants of each mutant. The effects of the mutations on both the global and, in particular, local site-specific unfolding provide important clues about the stabilization of the helix-turn-helix motif by specific interactions. Although additional mutational studies are underway, thus far all the data are consistent with the proposed folding mechanism.
The promyelocytic leukemia protein PML regulates c-Jun function in response to DNA damage

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene, a tumor suppressor inactivated in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), regulates apoptosis induced by DNA damage. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PML modulates apoptosis following genotoxic stress are only partially elucidated. PML is essential for p53-dependent induction of programmed cell death upon γ-irradiation through PML-nuclear body (NB)–mediated control of p53 acetylation. Here, we show that PML selectively regulates proapoptotic transcription factors upon different types of DNA damage. We find that Pml inactivation protects fibroblasts from UV-induced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. We demonstrate that c-Jun is required for UV-induced apoptosis and that PML is essential for both c-Jun transcriptional activation and DNA binding upon UV radiation. We find that PML physically interacts with c-Jun and that upon UV radiation the PML-NBs reorganize into novel nuclear microspeckled structures (UV-NBs), where PML and c-Jun dynamically accumulate. These data identify a novel PML-dependent pathway for c-Jun transcriptional activation and induction of apoptosis in response to DNA damage and shed new light on the role of PML in tumor suppression.
How Does Race Matter, Anyway?

In two articles published since 2001, Balsa and McGuire (2001; 2003) have used the language and tools of economic theory to examine several phenomena that can influence doctors' decision making during clinical encounters that patients and result in racial disparities in health care. These articles, which adapted and extended earlier theoretical developments in labor economics, were published in an economics journal and are unlikely to have been read by many health services researchers. Therefore, a brief summary of the articles is in order.
Can bis(imino)pyridine iron, (PDI)FeL1L2, complexes catalyze C–H bond functionalization?

The DFT approach is used to analyse the mechanism and controlling factors of (PDI)FeII(N2)2 and (PDI)FeIICl(OEt2) complexes (i.e. a combination of a earth-abundant metal (Fe) and a non-innocent bis(imino)pyridine (PDI) ligand) catalyzed benzylic C–H bond functionalization by unsubstituted and donor–acceptor diazocarbenes. Results suggest that the use of (PDI)FeCl(OEt2) complex and donor–acceptor carbenes is absolutely necessary for the benzylic C–H bond alkylation. Furthermore, the non-innocent PDI ligand acts as a one-electron oxidant upon formation of the reactive (PDI)Fe(Cl)CR1R2 carbenoid.