cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atriotomy using the Holter Shunt in Hydrocephalus

SUMMARY A simple technique for direct insertion of the distal catheter of Holter shunts into the right atrium is described. Sixteen such operations have been performed since May 1966, without mortality. The operation was originally intended for use when the superior vena cava was obstructed, but has been so successful that two children have had primary insertions: clearly, it has advantages over azygos vein and extra-vascular shunts. The diagnosis of occlusion of the superior vena cava from plain chest x-ray and other radiodiagnostic procedures is described, and the design of catheters and the operative technique are discussed. RESUME Atriotomie avec shunt de Holter dans I'hydrocephalic Une technique simple d'insertion directe du catheter distal d'un shunt de Holter a travers l'oreillette droite est presentee. 16 operations de ce type ont ete realisees depuis mai 66, sans mortalite. L'intervention fut d'abord reservee aux cas ou la veine cave superieure etait obstmee, mais devant son succes, elle fut directement utilisee pour deux enfants; il est manifeste qu'elle presente des avantages sur les shunts extra-vasculaires ou ceux de la veine azygos. Le diagnostic de 1'occlusion de la veine cave superieure a partir de radios pulmonaires standards et d'autres precedes radiodiagnostiques est precise. La forme des catheters ainsi que la technique operatoire sont discutees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Atriotomie mit dem Holter-Shunt beim Hydrocephalus Eine einfache Technik der direkten Einfuhrung des distalen Katheters in das rechte Atrium bei Holter-Shunts wird beschrieben. Seit Mai 1966 wurden ohne Mortalitat sechzehn derartige Operationen durchgefuhrt. Die Operation war ursprunglich fur den Fall einer Obstruktion der Vena cava superior geplant, erwies sich jedoch als so erfolgreich, das bei zwei Kindern eine primare Einfuḧrung stattfand: Sie hat gegenuber den Shunts mit der Vena azygos und extravaskularen Shunts klare Vorteile. Die Diagnose einer Obstruktion der Vena cava superior auf Grund einer einfachen Rontgenaufnahme des Thorax und anderer rontgenologischer Untersuchungen wird beschrieben und die Form der Katheter und die Operationstechnik werden diskutiert. RESUMEN Atriotomia utilizando el shunt de Holler en la hidrocefalia Se describs una tecnica simple para la insercion directa del cateter distal de los shunts de Holter en el atrium derecho. Desde Mayo de 1966 se han realizado 16 de estas operaciones sin mortalidad alguna. Originariamente la insercion se oriento en los casos de obstniccion de la vena cava superior, pero ha tenido tal exito que a dos ninos se les ha practicado primariamente esta insercion: presenta ventajas bien claras sobre los shunts que utilizan la vena azigos y los shunts extravasculares. Se describe el diagnostico de la oclusion de la vena cava superior por medio de radiologia toracica corriente y otros procedimientos radiodiagnosticos y se discute el tipo de cateteres y la tecnica operatoria.
Sink or Swim: Know When It’s Time to Bail: A diagnostic to help you measure organizational dysfunction and take action

There are endless survival challenges for newly created businesses. The degree to which a business successfully meets these challenges depends largely on the nature of the organization and the culture that evolves within it. That’s to say that while market size, technical quality, and product design are obviously crucial factors, company failures are typically rooted in some form of organizational dysfunction. To help investors recognize signs of trouble before catastrophe strikes, I started working more than a decade ago on the Bell-Mason Diagnostic, a quantitative evaluation method that includes a set of rules for examining a company and comparing it with an “ideal” organization.
Rate-determining step in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence from tertiary amines with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)

The rates and mechanism of coreactant electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) from tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) and the tertiary amines, tripropylamine (TPrA) and trimethylamine (TMeA), in aqueous solution were investigated. Transient (0.5 ms) potential steps were used with microelectrodes to investigate the emission time course under a variety of solution conditions. With amine concentrations that are low with respect to Ru(bpy)32+, the emission rises continually during the transient potential step and decays slowly after its termination. In contrast, the emission approaches a plateau during the potential step and is rapidly extinguished afterward with concentrations of Ru(bpy)32+ that are much lower than the amine concentration. At intermediate pH values, the emission intensity increases approximately linearly with pH. The emission after the potential step is unaffected by the rest potential. To simulate these temporal characteristics by finite difference methods, a mechanism employin...
Directional segmented matched filter for hyperspectral images

We propose a new type of a segmented matched filter, called a directional segmented matched filter (DSMF), based on geometric considerations between the target, background, and a given pixel. We use a modified k-means segmentation algorithm that has produced the background suitable for our detectors. We demonstrate numerical results on the performance of two versions of DSMF on two different targets. The two versions perform very differently, apparently depending on the type of target and the background structure.
Spectrum of Ocular Manifestations in CLN2-Associated Batten (Jansky-Bielschowsky) Disease Correlate with Advancing Age and Deteriorating Neurological Function

Background Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL), one form of Batten’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a CLN2 gene mutation. The spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations of LINCL and the relationship with neurological function has not been previously described.
Singlet Oxygen and the Production of Sulfur Oxygenates of Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Thiolates.

The metal dithiolate [1,5-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctane]nickel(II) (Ni-1), a sterically hindered analogue (Ni-1*), and the palladium analogue Pd-1 react with 1Δ O2 to yield a variety of stable and isolable metallosulfones (MS(O2)R) and metallosulfoxides (MS(O)R). Singlet oxygen was generated both photochemically with the sensitizer Rose Bengal and thermally by decomposition of the 1,4-endoperoxide of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene. Increased rates and oxygenation yields are observed upon excitation of O2 from its ground state, 3Σ, to the excited state, 1Δ. The reactions are both solvent and concentration dependent, with sulfones generally favored in acetonitrile and sulfoxides favored in methanol. There is also a ligand and metal effect. The proposed mechanistic pathways involving a persulfoxide precursor to single sulfur site O2 addition (producing metallosulfones) and adjacent sulfur site O2 addition (producing metallosulfoxides) are consistent with product distribution, comparison to the much stud...
FastStor: improving the performance of a large scale hybrid storage system via caching and prefetching

Storing enormous amount of data on hybrid storage systems has become a widely accepted solution for today's production level applications in order to trade off the performance and cost. However, how to improve the performance of large scale storage systems with hybrid components (e.g. solid state disks, hard drives and tapes) and complicated user behaviors is not fully explored. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth case study (we call it FastStor) on designing a high performance hybrid storage system to support one of the world's largest satellite images distribution systems operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) center. We demonstrate how to combine conventional caching policies with innovative current popularity oriented and user-specific prefetching algorithms to improve the performance of the EROS system. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed solution using over 5 million real world user download requests provided by EROS. Our experimental results show that using the Least Recently Used (LRU) caching policy alone, we are able to achieve an overall 64 % or 70 % hit ratio on a 100 TB or 200 TB FTP server farm composed of Solid State Disks (SSDs) respectively. The hit ratio can be further improved to 70 % (for 100 TB SSDs) and 76 % (for 200 TB SSDs) if intelligent prefetching algorithms are used together with LRU.
Compartmental organization of layer IVA in human primary visual cortex.

Immunostaining for three neuronal proteins, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (with antibody SMI-32), calbindin, and parvalbumin, was used to examine the organization of layer IV in human primary visual cortex (area 17 or V1) specifically to determine whether, similar to the case in macaque V1, layer IVA is present and is divided into neurochemically distinct compartments. All three proteins are expressed by neurons that are unevenly distributed in layer IV of human V1; immunostaining for each protein includes a thin band corresponding to layer IVA of classic cytoarchitectonic studies. In this band, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein immunoreactivity is present in relatively broad clusters of pyramidal cell somata and dendrites that appear as upwardly protruding parts of intense immunostaining in layer IVB, whereas immunoreactivity for calbindin and parvalbumin exists in somata of nonpyramidal neurons and in thin, dense clusters of punctate profiles. In tangential sections through layer IVA, the three proteins are seen in distinct compartments. Calbindin- and parvalbumin-immunostained neurons make up a thinly walled honeycomb or lattice, whereas neurons immunostained for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein occupy the central lacunae. Direct comparison shows that neurons immunostained for calbindin occupy regions in layer IVA complementary to those immunostained for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein. These data demonstrate a basic similarity in the organization of layer IV in macaques and humans. Layer IVA specifically is organized into complementary and neurochemically distinct compartments, including what appears to be a geniculocortically innervated and parvicellular-driven lattice and the interstitial lacunae formed by the periodic, upward protrusion of magnocellular-dominated layer IVB neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Species variations in the response of serum proteins, lipids and lipoproteins to the cortisones.

Previous investigations have established the normal lipid partition and lipoprotein profile in man, dog and rabbit (1, 2). Elevation of serum lipid fractions has been reported in patients treated with prolonged and large dosages of cortisone (3–5), and in rabbits and dogs receiving cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone acetate (6, 7). Hypercholesteremia has been observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome (8). Alteration of plasma protein pattern has been noted in dogs receiving cortisone (9). A correlative study of the influence of cortisone and other corticosteroids on the levels of serum and plasma proteins, lipids and lipoproteins in various species was therefore undertaken.
Effects of insulin on oxidation and glycogenesis from glucose and glucose plus lactate in frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption of frog sartorius muscle is increased by glucose and further stimulated by the addition of insulin, but it was not established that this is a direct effect of insulin on glucose oxidation. 2. 2. When both glucose and lactate are present, the muscle preferentially oxidizes lactate and preferentially synthesizes glucose to glycogen. 3. 3. Glycogenesis from either glucose or lactate is stimulated by insulin in the presence of the other substrate.
Mechanism of Ion Permeation in Skeletal Muscle Chloride Channels

Voltage-gated Cl- channels belonging to the ClC family exhibit unique properties of ion permeation and gating. We functionally probed the conduction pathway of a recombinant human skeletal muscle Cl- channel (hClC-1) expressed both in Xenopus oocytes and in a mammalian cell line by investigating block by extracellular or intracellular I- and related anions. Extracellular and intracellular I- exert blocking actions on hClC-1 currents that are both concentration and voltage dependent. Similar actions were observed for a variety of other halide (Br-) and polyatomic (SCN-, NO3-, CH3SO3-) anions. In addition, I- block is accompanied by gating alterations that differ depending on which side of the membrane the blocker is applied. External I- causes a shift in the voltage-dependent probability that channels exist in three definable kinetic states (fast deactivating, slow deactivating, nondeactivating), while internal I- slows deactivation. These different effects on gating properties can be used to distinguish two functional ion binding sites within the hClC-1 pore. We determined KD values for I- block in three distinct kinetic states and found that binding of I- to hClC-1 is modulated by the gating state of the channel. Furthermore, estimates of electrical distance for I- binding suggest that conformational changes affecting the two ion binding sites occur during gating transitions. These results have implications for understanding mechanisms of ion selectivity in hClC-1, and for defining the intimate relationship between gating and permeation in ClC channels.
Sample Size Requirements for Clinical Trials with Repeated Binary Outcomes

Sample size software is readily available for many univariate statistical procedures that involve one dependent variable per subject However, power analysis is less available for designs with repeated measures, particularly for repeated binary outcome variables. Repeated measurement studies usually involve missing data and serial correlations within each subject. As a consequence, generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, which do not require complete data for all subjects and which do not depend on the restrictive “symmetry assumption,” are being increasingly recommended for the evaluation of treatment effects in controlled clinical trials. GEE has been widely used to examine whether the rates of changes are significantly different between groups due to its robustness to misspecification of the true correlation structure and randomly missing data. We illustrate how the sample size can be estimated in detail through examples and also present the effect of dropouts in the sample size estimate for the repeated binary outcomes. In the presence of dropouts, it is suggested to estimate the sample size using the closed form formula provided in this article instead of adjusting the sample size estimate by dividing the sample size estimate obtained under no missing data by the proportions of completers.
Theoretical Comparison of Classical (K-Matrix) and Inverse (P-Matrix) Least-Squares Methods for Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy

Both classical and inverse least-squares methods have been applied to the quantitative IR spectral analysis of multicomponent samples. The two methods are presented and compared in this paper. The classical method is capable of higher precision and accuracy since it can use all of the data in a spectrum. Its ability to obtain full-spectrum residuals provides methods for identifying problems in the spectral data. The inverse method has the potential advantage that it can be applied even if only one component in the sample is known.
Natural killer cells take two tolls to destruct bile ducts

Pit cells were first described by Wisse et al.1 in 1976. Later, Kaneda et al.2 referred to this cell type as “natural killer (NK) cells” due to their resemblance to large granular lymphocytes that are known to possess NK cell activity. In 1984, Kaneda et al.3 also observed that in autoimmune hepatitis, these pit cells (now known as liver-specific NK cells) were frequently seen in close contact with hepatocytes that eventually showed degenerative or immature features, providing the first evidence that NK cells may contribute to hepatocellular damage in autoimmune hepatitis. Although more than 2 decades have since passed and the accumulating evidence indicates that NK cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many types of human autoimmune diseases,4 little is known about the role of NK cells in autoimmune liver disease specifically. To date, there are several studies reporting that NK cell functions are dysregulated in autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). These data show that in patients with PBC, there was increased cell-killing activity and decreased cytokine production in NK cells5 and that there appeared to be a genetic link between NK cell receptor ligand expression and susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis.6 However, the mechanism by which NK cells are activated and contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease was largely unknown until Shimoda et al.7 published their recent data in this issue of Hepatology.
Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities under various poultry litter application rates

The potential excessive nutrient and/or microbial loading from mismanaged land application of organic fertilizers is forcing changes in animal waste management. Currently, it is not clear to what extent different rates of poultry litter impact soil microbial communities, which control nutrient availability, organic matter quality and quantity, and soil degradation potential. From 2002 to 2004, we investigated the microbial community and several enzyme activities in a Vertisol soil (fine, smectitic, thermic, Udic Haplustert) at 0 to 15 cm as affected by different rates of poultry litter application to pasture (0, 6.7, and 13.4 Mg ha(-1)) and cultivated sites (0, 4.5, 6.7, 9.0, 11.2, and 13.4 Mg ha(-1)) in Texas, USA. No differences in soil pH (average: 7.9), total N (pasture: 2.01-3.53, cultivated: 1.09-1.98 g kg(-1) soil) or organic C (pasture average: 25-26.7, cultivated average: 13.9-16.1 g kg(-1) soil) were observed following the first four years of litter application. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) increased at litter rates greater than 6.7 Mg ha(-1) (pasture: MBC = >863, MBN = >88 mg kg(-1) soil) compared to sites with no applied litter (MBC = 722, MBN = 69 mg kg(-1) soil). Enzyme activities of C (beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-glucosaminidase) or N cycling (beta-glucosaminidase) were increased at litter rates greater than 6.7 Mg ha(-1). Enzyme activities of P (alkaline phosphatase) and S (arylsulfatase) mineralization showed the same response in pasture, but they were only increased at the highest (9.0, 11.2, and 13.4 Mg ha(-1)) litter application rates in cultivated sites. According to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, the pasture soils experienced shifts to higher bacterial populations at litter rates of 6.7 Mg ha(-1), and shifts to higher fungal populations at the highest litter application rates in cultivated sites. While rates greater than 6.7 Mg ha(-1) provided rapid enhancement of the soil microbial populations and enzymatic activities, they result in P application in excess of crop needs. Thus, studies will continue to investigate whether litter application at rates below 6.7 Mg ha(-1), previously recommended to maintain water quality, will result in similar improved soil microbial and biochemical functioning with continued annual litter application.
Mathematical descriptions of hybridoma culture kinetics: I. Initial metabolic rates.

The lack of quantitative descriptions of mammalian culture kinetics limits the ability to optimally design and control cell culture bioreactors. This limitation is ad dressed by developing mathematical equations relating the initial growth rate and the antibody productivity of the hybridoma cell line, CRL-1606, to its environmental state. This initial rate approach, in contrast with steady state analysis of chemostat cultures, approximates steady state behavior, since the rates were measured over brief time intervals and at low cell concentrations (< 50,000 cells/mL). The advantage of this approach is that it is much faster than the chemostat approach. An equation for the growth rate was developed that superimpoed Monod equations in serum and glutamine with “noncompetitive” -type inhibition constants were inversely proportional to the lactate and ammonium concentrations. The Monod constant is critical for relating initial, low cell level culture states to other states. Lactate was found to be the only environmental parameter that significantly inhibited antifibronectin monoclonal antibody production by the CRL-1606 hybridimas. Volumetric productivity was strictly related to culture viability, which was observed to decline at growth rates below 0.02h−1. Lactate was also found to significantly inhibit ammonium production.
Construct validation of the self-control schedule

Abstract The present paper describes an investigation of the construct validity of the English version of M. Rosenbaum's (1980, Behavior Therapy, 11, 109–121) Self-Control Schedule (SCS). A total of 121 Brigham Young University students took the SCS and several other measures. t tests were conducted between the Brigham Young University student SCS means and the SCS means of samples from two midwestern universities. Pearson correlations between the SCS, the SCS subscales, Rotter's I-E scale, the Manifest Anxiety scale, and the Religious Orientation scale were computed. Reliability analyses were conducted on the SCS subscales. The results (a) provide additional normative data about the SCS, (b) further establish the comparability of the Hebrew and English versions of the SCS, (c) expand the nomological network and support the construct validity of the SCS, and (d) indicate that the SCS may have potential as a multidimensional instrument.
Crisis for NSF

The Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee that funds the VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, chaired by Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.), has produced a report (number 103–137) that threatens the existence of the National Science Foundation as we know it. The report accompanied NSF's appropriations bill, HR2491, for the upcoming 1994 fiscal year. The language of this report is inflammatory and seems designed to hinder cooperation between the committee and the scientific community. It states that if NSF does not redirect a minimum of 60% of its research effort into strategically-driven science as opposed to curiosity-driven science, NSF will “diminish into becoming nothing more than a national endowment for science,” and “future R&D budgets should instead be allocated more generously to agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NASA, the national energy labs, or the National Institutes of Health, all of whom seem poised to pursue critical technologies with entrepreneurial vigor and enthusiasm.”
Mapping Remote Subcortical Ramifications of Injury after Ischemic Strokes

Background. The extent of brain damage in chronic stroke patients is traditionally defined as the necrotic tissue observed on magnetic resonance image (MRI). However, patients often exhibit symptoms suggesting that functional impairment may affect areas beyond the cortical necrotic lesion, for example, when cortical symptoms ensue after subcortical damage. This observation suggests that disconnection or diaschisis can lead to remote cortical dysfunction that can be functionally equivalent to direct cortical lesions. Objective. To directly measure subcortical disconnection after stroke. Methods. We describe a principled approach utilizing the whole brain connectome reconstructed from diffusion MRI to evaluate the reduction of apparent white matter fiber density in the hemisphere affected by the stroke compared with the spared hemisphere. Results. In eight chronic stroke patients, we observed subcortical disconnection extending beyond the location of tissue necrosis and affecting major white matter pathways underlying the necrotic area. Conclusions. We suggest that it is possible to detect and quantify previously unappreciated areas of subcortical and cortical disconnection. Specifically, this method can be used to evaluate the relationship between lesion location and symptoms, with emphasis on a connectivity-based approach.
Rapid cold-hardening protects Drosophila melanogaster from cold-induced apoptosis

The rapid cold-hardening (RCH) response increases the cold tolerance of insects by protecting against non-freezing, cold-shock injury. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays important roles in development and the elimination of sub-lethally damaged cells. Our objectives were to determine whether apoptosis plays a role in cold-shock injury and, if so, whether the RCH response protects against cold-induced apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. The present study confirmed that RCH increased the cold tolerance of the adults at the organismal level. No flies in the cold-shocked group survived direct exposure to ‒7°C for 2 h, whereas significantly more flies in the RCH group survived exposure to ‒7°C for 2 h after a 2-h exposure to 5°C. We used a TUNEL assay to detect and quantify apoptotic cell death in five groups of flies including control, cold-shocked, RCH, heat-shocked (37.5°C, 30 min), and frozen (‒20°C, 24 h) and found that apoptosis was induced by cold shock, heat shock, and freezing. The RCH treatment significantly improved cell viability by 38% compared to the cold-shocked group. Cold shock-induced DNA fragmentation shown by electrophoresis provided further evidence for apoptosis. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed an RCH-specific protein band with molecular mass of ∼150 kDa. Western-blotting revealed three proteins that play key roles in the apoptotic pathway: caspase-9-like (apoptotic initiator), caspase-3-like (apoptotic executioner) and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein). Consequently, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the RCH response protects against cold-shock-induced apoptosis.
Effect of diamond growth parameters on field emission current

The field emission characteristics of diamond films grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) with different deposition parameters are studied. Electric fields to initiate emission, measured at J=0.01 mAcm/sup -2/, are in the range of 0.1/spl sim/0.4 MV/cm depending upon growth conditions. Diamond films with low diamond/graphite peak (sp/sup 3//sp/sup 2/ ratio), wider diamond peak at 1332 cm/sup -1/ and low resistivity show emission at low fields.
Strain-Life Assessment of Grainex Mar-M 247 for NASA's Turbine Seal Test Facility

NASA s Turbine Seal Test Facility is used to test air-to-air seals for use primarily in advanced jet engine applications. Combinations of high temperature, high speed, and high pressure limit the disk life, due to the concern of crack initiation in the bolt holes of the Grainex Mar-M 247 disk. The primary purpose of this current work is to determine an inspection interval to ensure safe operation. The current work presents high temperature fatigue strain-life data for test specimens cut from an actual Grainex Mar-M 247 disk. Several different strain-life models were compared to the experimental data including the Manson-Hirschberg Method of Universal Slopes, the Halford-Nachtigall Mean Stress Method, and the Modified Morrow Method. The Halford-Nachtigall Method resulted in only an 18 percent difference between predicted and experimental results. Using the experimental data at a 99.95 percent prediction level and the presence of 6 bolt holes it was found that the disk should be inspected after 665 cycles based on a total strain of 0.5 percent at 649 C.
Modelling lightning performance of transmission systems using PSpice

Understanding the lightning performance of a transmission line requires visualization of the current waveform of the lightning stroke, the voltage wave produced by the lightning current, the propagation of this voltage wave, and the possible flashover of insulators and/or lightning arresters. Without the use of a simulation program, this topic would be difficult to understand. PSpice was selected as the software to generate the appropriate data needed to demonstrate this phenomenon graphically. A discussion is given of the models available in PSpice which were used to simulate this physical phenomenon successfully. The models developed to simulate the insulator strings and lightning arresters are also presented. These models are crucial to the complete simulation, and a study is provided which uses all the models discussed. >
Mark-resight abundance estimation under incomplete identification of marked individuals

Summary Often less expensive and less invasive than conventional mark–recapture, so-called 'mark-resight' methods are popular in the estimation of population abundance. These methods are most often applied when a subset of the population of interest is marked (naturally or artificially), and non-invasive sighting data can be simultaneously collected for both marked and unmarked individuals. However, it can often be difficult to identify marked individuals with certainty during resighting surveys, and incomplete identification of marked individuals is potentially a major source of bias in mark-resight abundance estimators. Previously proposed solutions are ad hoc and will tend to underperform unless marked individual identification rates are relatively high (>90%) or individual sighting heterogeneity is negligible. Based on a complete data likelihood, we present an approach that properly accounts for uncertainty in marked individual detection histories when incomplete identifications occur. The models allow for individual heterogeneity in detection, sampling with (e.g. Poisson) or without (e.g. Bernoulli) replacement, and an unknown number of marked individuals. Using a custom Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to facilitate Bayesian inference, we demonstrate these models using two example data sets and investigate their properties via simulation experiments. We estimate abundance for grassland sparrow populations in Pennsylvania, USA when sampling was conducted with replacement and the number of marked individuals was either known or unknown. To increase marked individual identification probabilities, extensive territory mapping was used to assign incomplete identifications to individuals based on location. Despite marked individual identification probabilities as low as 67% in the absence of this territorial mapping procedure, we generally found little return (or need) for this time-consuming investment when using our proposed approach. We also estimate rookery abundance from Alaskan Steller sea lion counts when sampling was conducted without replacement, the number of marked individuals was unknown, and individual heterogeneity was suspected as non-negligible. In terms of estimator performance, our simulation experiments and examples demonstrated advantages of our proposed approach over previous methods, particularly when marked individual identification probabilities are low and individual heterogeneity levels are high. Our methodology can also reduce field effort requirements for marked individual identification, thus, allowing potential investment into additional marking events or resighting surveys.
Women's decision to seek care for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction

Objective: To describe the psychosocial processes by which women make the decision to seek care for the symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Design: The qualitative method of grounded theory was used to study the prehospital experience of women with symptoms of AMI. Participants: Sixteen women between the ages of 42 and 82 years who were hospitalized in a coronary care unit after AMI. Results: The women delayed a median of 5.4 hours (range 1.5 to 144 hours). The psychosocial processes by which they made the decision to seek treatment after symptom onset were dynamic and multidimensional. The fundamental structure involved two core categories: (1) maintaining control, and (2) relinquishing control. Within these two core categories there were five subcategories: symptom awareness, perceived insignificance, self-treatment, perceived threat, and lay consultation. Conclusion: Although these women immediately recognized their symptoms as abnormal, they did not acknowledge their seriousness until after the use of a variety of coping mechanisms and self-treatment behaviors to reduce threat and maintain control over the situation. Interventions to reduce delay should focus on the issue of perceived loss of control during symptom onset and attempt to reduce the sense of threat by describing the benefits of seeking treatment early.
Vitreoretinal influences on lens function and cataract

The lens is composed of a thin metabolically active outer layer, consisting of epithelial and superficial fibre cells. Lying within this outer shell are terminally differentiated, metabolically inactive fibre cells, which are divided into an outer cortex and central nucleus. Mature fibre cells contain a very high protein concentration, which is important for the transparency and refractive power of the lens. These proteins are protected from oxidation by reducing substances, like glutathione, and by the low-oxygen environment around the lens. Glutathione reaches the mature fibre cells by diffusing from the metabolically active cells at the lens surface. With age, the cytoplasm of the nucleus becomes stiffer, reducing the rate of diffusion and making nuclear proteins more susceptible to oxidation. Low pO2 is maintained at the posterior surface of the lens by the physical and physiological properties of the vitreous body, the gel filling the space between the lens and the retina. Destruction or degeneration of the vitreous body increases exposure of the lens to oxygen from the retina. Oxygen reaches the lens nucleus, increasing protein oxidation and aggregation and leading to nuclear cataract. We suggest that maintaining low pO2 around the lens should prevent the formation of nuclear cataracts.
Introduction of 5′-terminal functional groups into synthetic oligonucleotides for selective immobilization

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides terminating in a 5'-primary amine group are synthesized using solid-phase supported phosphoramidite chemistry. The 5'-terminal amine group in the deprotected oligomers is further derivatized with either succinic anhydride to give 5'-carboxylic acid or with dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) followed by treatment with dithioerythritol to produce 5'-thiol-terminated oligonucleotides. The 5'-thiol-terminated oligonucleotides are selectively immobilized on solid supports containing either p-chloromercuribenzoate or 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) activated thiol groups.
Seneca in Cuba: Gender, Race, and the Revolution in José Triana's Medea en el espejo

This article places renewed emphasis on the gender and racial dynamics in Jose Triana's Medea en el espejo (Medea in the Mirror; Havana, 1960) by examining its relationship to Lucius Annaeus Seneca's Medea, a major source of inspiration for the Cuban dramatist that has been overlooked in contemporary scholarship. It demonstrates that Triana appropriates the image of Medea as a vengeful witch from the Roman text and accordingly constructs a heroine oscillating between antithetical subject positions: man and woman, master and slave, self and other. Situating the play in its sociopolitical context, the article argues that the indeterminacy of Triana's heroine, a mulata named Maria, for artistic and cultural reasons, is symptomatic of Cuba's liminal position and the collapse of hierarchical distinctions with the advent of the revolution in 1959, a temporal border that marked the beginning of a new era and caused the blurring of social boundaries. Triana, I conclude, revisits the myth of Medea and uses it as a...
Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales

Summary No single outcome measure can describe or predict all dimensions of recovery and disability after acute stroke. Several scales have proven reliability and validity in stroke trials, including the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), the modified Rankin scale (mRS), the Barthel index (BI), the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), and the stroke impact scale (SIS). Several scales have been combined in stroke trials to derive a global statistic to better define the effect of acute interventions, although this composite statistic is not clinically tenable. In practice, the NIHSS is useful for early prognostication and serial assessment, whereas the BI is useful for planning rehabilitative strategies. The mRS and GOS provide summary measures of outcome and might be most relevant to clinicians and patients considering early intervention. The SIS was designed to measure the patient's perspective on the effect of stroke. Familiarity with these scales could improve clinicians' interpretation of stroke research and their clinical decision-making.
Automating Microarray Classification Using General Regression Neural Networks

Microarray Classification compares thousands of genes of an unknown patient with the genes of known patients in order to predict and diagnose diseases. Since first introduced, many algorithms and techniques have been applied in search of the best solution. In response, the Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) is holding a competition in search of the best classification technique. As an entry, the authors use a General Regression Neural Network, in conjunction with a Particle Swarm Optimizer to predict microarray classifications. The GRNN is trained and tested on two datasets: colon cancer and leukemia. The algorithm is evaluated using two measures: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (AUROC) and Accuracy. The algorithmpsilas best averages for the colon cancer dataset are an AUROC value of 0.90044 and an accuracy of 78.4% and for the leukemia dataset, 0.978214 and 89.5%, proving it to be a useful tool.
A Reconfigurable On-die Traffic Generator in 45nm CMOS for a 48 iA-32 Core Network-on-Chip

A reconfigurable on-die Traffic Generator (TG) is proposed to test the packet switched 2D-mesh network of a 48 iA-32 core Single-chip Cloud Computer. The Single-chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is an experimental processor created by Intel Labs. The 24-tile Network-on-Chip (NoC) consists of a Traffic Generator per tile which can be programmed to generate deterministic and random traffic patterns. It also consists of reconfigurable activity control, (non)-cacheable reads and writes, message class and route control bits to feed synthetic traffic to the network to investigate NoC functional, protocol issues and to measure the key power-performance metrics. In this paper, we present the architecture and design details of the Traffic Generator, operating modes, re-configurability and the testing procedures. This semi-custom design has a transistor count of 54K, which is 0.1% of tile transistor count, and occupies 0.3mm2 area which is 0.9% of tile area. The estimated power consumption is only 23mW at 1.1V and at 500C, 0.02% of the total chip power in 45nm high-K nine metal CMOS process.
Diversity and channel estimation errors

We study the relation between a training-based detector and a coherent maximum-likelihood detector. We prove that under quite general conditions, the diversity gains associated with these two receivers are equal. Finally, we discuss the relation between our analysis and a related result in the literature.
Whole-proteome prediction of protein function via graph-theoretic analysis of interaction maps

Motivation: Determining protein function is one of the most important problems in the post-genomic era. For the typical proteome, there are no functional annotations for one-third or more of its proteins. Recent high-throughput experiments have determined proteome-scale protein physical interaction maps for several organisms. These physical interactions are complemented by an abundance of data about other types of functional relationships between proteins, including genetic interactions, knowledge about co-expression and shared evolutionary history. Taken together, these pairwise linkages can be used to build whole-proteome protein interaction maps. Results: We develop a network-flow based algorithm, FunctionalFlow, that exploits the underlying structure of protein interaction maps in order to predict protein function. In cross-validation testing on the yeast proteome, we show that FunctionalFlow has improved performance over previous methods in predicting the function of proteins with few (or no) annotated protein neighbors. By comparing several methods that use protein interaction maps to predict protein function, we demonstrate that FunctionalFlow performs well because it takes advantage of both network topology and some measure of locality. Finally, we show that performance can be improved substantially as we consider multiple data sources and use them to create weighted interaction networks. Availability: http://compbio.cs.princeton.edu/function Contact: msingh@princeton.edu
Continuing Need for Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics After the Affordable Care Act.

Objectives. We assessed the characteristics of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients, their reasons for seeking health services in STD clinics, and their access to health care in other venues.Methods. In 2013, we surveyed persons who used publicly funded STD clinics in 21 US cities with the highest STD morbidity.Results. Of the 4364 STD clinic patients we surveyed, 58.5% were younger than 30 years, 72.5% were non-White, and 49.9% were uninsured. They visited the clinic for STD symptoms (18.9%), STD screening (33.8%), and HIV testing (13.6%). Patients chose STD clinics because of walk-in, same-day appointments (49.5%), low cost (23.9%), and expert care (8.3%). Among STD clinic patients, 60.4% had access to another type of venue for sick care, and 58.5% had access to another type of venue for preventive care. Most insured patients (51.6%) were willing to use insurance to pay for care at the STD clinic.Conclusions. Despite access to other health care settings, patients chose STD clinics for sexu...
Inferences on force transmission from muscle fiber architecture of the canine diaphragm.

Functional properties of the diaphragm are mediated by muscle structure. Modeling of force transmission necessitates a precise knowledge of muscle fiber architecture. Because the diaphragm experien...
Solid-state carbon-13 studies of vulcanized elastomers. VIII, Accelerated sulfur-vulcanized butyl rubber at 75.5 MHz

Abstract The chemical microstructural changes of an accelerated sulfur cure of IIR with TMTD/ ZnO/sulfur have been elucidated. No reaction occurs in the isobutylene units. Isomerization occurs at the initial stages of vulcanization and reaches an equilibrium at 30–35 min. Sulfurization initially results in III and VI and is polysulfidic in nature. At cure times greater than 75 min, desulfurization of III and VI occurs and mono- and poly-sulfidic sulfurization giving IV and VII occurs. The reaction rate of III and VI is much greater than that of IV and VII. Equilibrium swelling measurements have been shown to correlate with rheometry measurements for this system and have shown that polysulfldic III and VI correlate with an increase in properties, while mono- and poly-sulfldic IV and VII correlate with reversion. No migration of the double bond, saturation, internal cyclization, or sulfurization resulting in V and VIII were observed.
Investigation of Light Initiated Oxidation of Hydrogen Passivated Silicon Surfaces: Hx-Si(100) and H-Si(111)(1X1)

There are factors present in cleanroom air that may lead to contamination prior to processing. These factors need to be better understood in order to meet tomorrow's requirement for atomically clean surfaces prior to gate oxidation. This paper identifies the conditions that initiate room temperature oxidation of fluoride prepared hydrogen passivated silicon surfaces by using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Possible oxidation factors investigated include lighting conditions and ambient gases. Both Hx-Si(100) and H-Si(111)(1X1) surfaces do not oxidize in dark conditions and in 450nm wavelength lighting conditions for both humid and dry air ambients. These surfaces do oxidize in dry air and humid air when the surface is exposed to shorter wavelengths of light. Wavelength dependence for oxidation on both surfaces is confirmed. In addition, the level of oxidation observed depends on the surface orientation in humid air but not in dry air.
The GTP-bound and Sumoylated Form of the rab17 Small Molecular Weight GTPase Selectively Binds Syntaxin 2 in Polarized Hepatic WIF-B Cells.

A major focus for our laboratory is identifying the molecules and mechanisms that regulate polarized apical protein sorting in hepatocytes, the major epithelial cells of the liver. These trafficking pathways are regulated, in part, by small molecular weight rab GTPases. We chose to investigate rab17, whose expression is restricted to polarized epithelial cells, is enriched in liver, and has been implicated in regulating basolateral to apical transcytosis. To initiate our studies, we generated three recombinant adenoviruses expressing wild type, constitutively active (GTP bound), or dominant-negative (GDP bound) rab17. Immunoblotting revealed rab17 immunoreactive species at 25 kDa (the predicted rab17 molecular mass) and 40 kDa. We determined that mono-sumoylation of the 25-kDa rab17 is responsible for the shift in molecular mass, and that rab17 prenylation is required for sumoylation. We further determined that sumoylation selectively promotes interactions with syntaxin 2 (but not syntaxins 3 or 4) and that these interactions are nucleotide dependent. Furthermore, a K68R-mutated rab17 led to the redistribution of syntaxin 2 and 5′ nucleotidase from the apical membrane to subapical puncta, whereas multidrug resistance protein 2 distributions were not changed. Together these data are consistent with the proposed role of rab17 in vesicle fusion with the apical plasma membrane and further implicate sumoylation as an important mediator of protein-protein interactions. The selectivity in syntaxin binding and apical protein redistribution further suggests that rab17 and syntaxin 2 mediate fusion of transcytotic vesicles at the apical surface.
Morphology, Modulus, and Conductivity of a Triblock Terpolymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Membrane

Block polymers are ideally suited for polymer electrolytes exhibiting both high ionic conductivity and superior mechanical robustness because they self-assemble into well-defined nanostructures. Network morphologies exhibiting long-range continuity of both the mechanically robust and conductive domains maximize the macroscopic composite properties but are difficult to achieve in commonly studied diblock copolymer systems. We therefore investigated a polymer electrolyte comprising the triblock terpolymer poly[isoprene-b-(styrene-co-norbornenylethylstyrene)-b-ethylene oxide] (INSO) and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) because INSO self-assembles into equilibrium network morphologies in which each domain is continuous throughout the sample. Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy revealed the bulk morphology of INSO to be the O70 network prior to cross-linking. The material remained microphase-separated but without long-range o...