cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a water-based botanical acaricide formulation applied in portable spray box against the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), infesting cattle.

Ectoparasitism result in annual losses to livestock producers estimated to reach billions of dollars in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is established because this invasive pest is also a vector of pathogens causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Reintroduction of R. microplus could be economically devastating for the cattle industry in the United States. Novel technologies are necessary to manage populations of R. microplus that are resistant to multiple classes of synthetic chemicals widely used as acaricides to control ticks infesting livestock, and to mitigate the environmental impact of these synthetic acaricides. Bioassays with a water-based formulation of a commercially available botanical acaricide (Essentria® IC3) at 6.25 % against a laboratory strain of R. microplus was 100 % lethal against unfed larvae, and 94 % mortality was recorded against engorged female ticks. These results prompted documentation of efficacy on infested cattle using an acaricide delivery system mimicking field conditions, which is required to consider the use of a product by integrated tick management programs. Twelve tick naive cattle were artificially infested with unfed larvae on days -19, -12 and -5. On day -2, ticks from the left-side of the body of each animal were manually counted. Depending on pre-treatment tick counts the animals were assigned into three separate treatment groups: i) water (untreated control); ii) coumaphos 0.3 % in water (positive control); and iii) botanical acaricide 6.25 % in water. Five days after the last infestation, cattle were doused in a spray box and moved to individual stalls to collect tick data for calculation of treatment efficacy. The percentage control, based on the reproduction of surviving engorged female ticks after treatment with the 6.25 % Essentria in water-based spray was 70 % against R. microplus. Coumaphos treatment had a mean percent control of 100 %. Whereas this application of Essentria® IC3 cannot be recommended as a stand-alone method to eradicate R. microplus, the 6.25 % botanical acaricide water-based spray could be part of integrated tick management to control populations of R. microplus resistant to organophosphates like coumaphos and other classes of commercially available synthetic acaricides.
Musculoskeletal diagnoses, comorbidities, and physical and occupational therapy use among older adults with and without cerebral palsy.

Abstract Background Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorder in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) is higher than in the general population. Evidence lacks about physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) service utilization among older adults (65> years) living with CP. Objective We compared the presence of comorbidities and patterns of PT and OT use among older adults with and without CP seeking care for MSK disorders. Methods A 20% national sample of Medicare claims data (2011–2014) identified community-living older adults with (n = 8796) and without CP (n = 5,613,384) with one or more ambulatory claims for MSK diagnoses. The sample matched one CP case to two non-CP cases per year on MSK diagnoses, age, sex, race, dual eligibility, and census region. Exposure variable was the presence/absence of a CP diagnosis. Outcomes were use of PT and OT services identified via CPT and revenue center codes, and the presence/absence of Elixhauser comorbidities. Results In older adults with MSK diagnoses, less than a third regularly utilized PT and/or OT services, and adults with CP utilized significantly less PT than adults without CP, and for some MSK diagnoses had fewer visits than their matched peers. Older adults with CP were at greater risk for secondary conditions that influence morbidity, mortality, and quality of life compared to their age-matched peers without CP. Conclusions Older adults with CP and MSK diagnoses had a greater prevalence of numerous comorbidities and lower use of PT services relative to their non-CP peers.
Assessing Open-Ended Human-Computer Collaboration Systems: Applying a Hallmarks Approach.

There is a growing desire to create computer systems that can collaborate with humans on complex, open-ended activities. These activities typically have no set completion criteria, and frequently involve multimodal communication, extensive world knowledge, creativity, and building structures or compositions through multiple steps. Because these systems differ from question and answer (QA habitability; mutual contribution of meaningful content; context-awareness; consistent human engagement; provision of rationale; use of elementary concepts to teach and learn new concepts; and successful collaboration. We present examples of how we used these Hallmarks in the DARPA Communicating with Computers (CwC) program to evaluate diverse activities, including story and music generation, interactive building with blocks, and exploration of molecular mechanisms in cancer. We used the Hallmarks as guides for developers and as diagnostics, assessing systems with the Hallmarks to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement using logs from user studies, surveying the human partner, third-party review of creative products, and direct tests. Informal feedback from CwC technology developers indicates that the use of the Hallmarks for program evaluation helped guide development. The Hallmarks also made it possible to identify areas of progress and major gaps in developing systems where the machine is an equal, creative partner.
Fast timing detectors with applications in cosmic ray physics and medical science

We describe two applications concerning fast timing detectors and fast signal sampling in cosmic ray measurements in collaboration with NASA and in dose measurements for cancer treatment.
Interactive virtual building walkthrough using Oculus Rift and Microsoft Kinect

Virtual walkthroughs of buildings and venues have been in use for as long as three-dimensional modeling has existed. They are an efficient way to portray designs in a more personal way than the standard two-dimensional drawings, so those with less technical drawing experience can envision what a future project's final design might look like. Most virtual walkthroughs are directly rendered as a movie, and thus incorporate very little user input, and are limited to the route that the creator wishes the end user to experience. This paper presents a fully immersive experience for the user in the virtual space, by using an Oculus Rift headset for head tracking and 3D viewing. Hardware also includes Microsoft Kinect integration, for realistic environment interaction using limb tracking. In terms of 3D modeling software, Rhinoceros3 was chosen due to its ability to texture map complex objects, as well as its long list of compatible file types. The physics engine chosen is Unity3D standard, due to its ability to add C# scripts to objects for user interaction, and its Kinect and Oculus Rift compatibility. The strategy of using hardware and software that is very versatile in terms of compatibility is chosen in order to minimize the proportion of rework if a sudden change in software/hardware becomes necessary, so that old work can still seamlessly integrate into the new platform. The subject of this prototype walkthrough is the Johnson Engineering and Physical Sciences Building at UT Martin, and will in time expand to a full campus walkthrough.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes

Despite being used to signify a number of negative occurrences or feelings in everyday life, the term “stress” has become a very specific and frequently examined concept in social scientific research. Similarly, coping and social support have been identified in this empirical literature as the ways in which individuals deal with stressful life experiences. This entry defines these terms as they are discussed in the academic literature, reviews the current state of research on this topic, and identifies promising new directions. Keywords: coping; social support; stress
Metamorphosis: A Guide to the World Wide Web and Electronic Commerce

Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web Introduction to Browsers Using Netscape Creating Web Documents Web Searching and Other Internet Resources Business and the Internet.
Repensando las reformas sociales de los borbones en las colonias, siglo XVIII

Bajo la pregunta de cuales fueron las funciones sociales de las reformas bor-bonicas durante el siglo XVIII, en este estudio se miden y analizan las ambiguedades que predominaron en ese siglo. Dichas reformas fueron consistentes y correspondieron a una politica conservadora de los borbones para mantener lineas diferenciadoras entre los secto-res sociales
Security games with arbitrary schedules: a branch and price approach

Security games, and important class of Stackelberg games, are used in deployed decision-support tools in use by LAX police and the Federal Air Marshals Service. The algorithms used to solve these games find optimal randomized schedules to allocate security resources for infrastructure protection. Unfortunately, the state of the art algorithms either fail to scale or to provide a correct solution for large problems with arbitrary scheduling constraints. We introduce ASPEN, a branch-and-price approach that overcomes these limitations based on two key contributions: (i) A column-generation approach that exploits a novel network flow representation, avoiding a combinatorial explosion of schedule allocations; (ii) A branch-and-bound algorithm that generates bounds via a fast algorithm for solving security games with relaxed scheduling constraints. ASPEN is the first known method for efficiently solving massive security games with arbitrary schedules.
Immunochemical studies on blood groups

Abstract To assess the competition between reduction and elimination at each step in the peeling of the carbohydrate chains from blood-group A, B, H, and Le2 substances by sodium hydroxide-sodium borohydride, the amount of scission of some model compounds, namely, oligosaccharides containing the various sugar linkages in blood-group substances, was studied. The extent of cleavage was estimated by determining the reduced, eliminated residues by gas chromatography of their per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives. β- D -Galp-(1→3)- D -GNAc (1) and β- D -Galp-(1→3)- D -GalNAc (2) were found to be the most labile of such disaccharides, showing about 50 per cent cleavage. At 4°, reactions were slower, and there was less scission, than at 24°. β- D -GNAcp-(1→3)- D -Gal (5) is also labile, but is cleaved to a much smaller extent (7%). β- D -Galp-(1→4)- D -GNAc (3) and β- D -GNAcp-(1→6)- D -Gal (4) are stable. The oligosaccharides isolated fr om blood-group substances are considered in terms of the extent of peeling to be expected from the results obtained with the model compounds. Products from the reducing residues of the disaccharides were observed by gas-liquid and paper chromatography.
High School Graduation of Students with Disabilities: How Long Does it Take?:

This study explores the high school graduation experiences of students with disabilities, using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2, 2010), and asking: (a) After entering high school, on average, how long does it take for students with disabilities to graduate? (b) Is time to graduation different for students with different disabilities? Eight years after entering high school, 72.4% of students with disabilities had graduated—with the maximum conditional probability of graduation occurring 5 years after entering high school. In addition, students' type of disability affected both their conditional probability of graduation in each year and the temporal profile of those probabilities. Limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and policy implications are discussed.
The Public Response to Hazardous Weather Events: 25 Years of Research

Recent disasters with high numbers of fatalities such as Hurricane Katrina or the 2011 southeastern tornado outbreak demonstrate the need to understand the public's response in extreme weather events. Much of what we know about how an individual responds to a weather hazard comes from case study research on behaviors and perceptions following single events. Because many of the actions are context specific, it is important to periodically review these case studies as a group to identify any trends that cut across hazards or locations. This paper examines research on individual-level response to weather hazards from 1988 to 2012 and identifies similarities among the events. In conducting the review, the author also identified those areas in the response to hazardous weather events that are least frequently studied, including response to extreme heat and winter storms and to a lesser extent the response to flood events in the USA. Subjects covered in many of the papers included how one becomes aware of the hazard, how one responds, and what factors influence the response. Each of these subjects is discussed for each type of event, followed by a summary of the generalizations that may be made from these case studies.
Discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline: mescaline or metabolite?

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible similarities in the interoceptive stimuli produced by mescaline and its metabolites. Rats were trained in a 2 lever operant chamber to discriminate between the drugged state (mescaline 25 mg/kg) and the nondrugged state (saline). Following acquisition of discriminative response control the rats were pretreated with either saline, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors or amine oxidase inhibitors and tested stimulus generalization produced by i.p. injections of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylethanol (TMPE), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde (TMPA), N-acetylmescaline, mescaline or saline. The results indicated that both aldehyde dehydrogenase and amine oxidase inhibitors enhanced the effects of mescaline, while TMPE, TMPA and N-acetylmescaline failed to exhibit generalization to the mescaline state, regardless of pretreatment. These findings do not indicate the role of a metabolite in the interoceptive cue produced by mescaline.
Stochastic dynamics of impact oscillators

The purpose of this work is to develop an averaging approach to study the dynamics of a vibro-impact system excited by random perturbations. As a prototype, we consider a noisy single-degree-of-freedom equation with both positive and negative stiffness and achieve a model reduction, i.e., the development of rigorous methods to replace, in some asymptotic regime, a complicated system by a simpler one. To this end, we study the equations as a random perturbation of a two-dimensional weakly dissipative Hamiltonian system with either center type or saddle type fixed points. We achieve the model-reduction through stochastic averaging. Examination of the reduced Markov process on a graph yields mean exit times, probability density functions, and stochastic bifurcations.
Synchrotron-radiation photoemission studies of Cu/InSb(110) interface evolution and modification by Al interlayers.

High-resolution synchrotron-radiation photoemission has been used to investigate room-temperature reactions and the atomic distributions at the Cu/InSb(110) interface with and without interlayers of Al. Our results show limited disruption of InSb upon Cu deposition and a strong tendency for In and, especially, Sb atoms to segregate to the surface region of the growing Cu-derived overlayer. Interlayers of Al alter the morphology of the overlayer and the atom distribution in a way which is related to the Al/InSb interface itself and the solubility of In and Sb in Cu. For submonolayer Al interlayers, Al acts as a reacted marker and has little impact on interface evolution. At intermediate Al coverage, Al/InSb reaction results in the release of In while at higher coverage, the reaction becomes diffusion limited, Al clustering occurs, and freed In segregates to the surface. Overlayers of Cu then trap a portion of the freed In, but have little effect on Sb, which continues to segregate. For thick overlayers of Cu, we observe In and, especially, Sb segregation to the surface.
Searching for polycythemia vera's Holy Grail

Comment on Kiladjian et al, page [2037][1] In this issue, Kiladjian and colleagues report that pegylated interferon therapy results in not only clinical but also molecular responses in patients with polycythemia vera. The search for an effective therapy for patients with polycythemia vera (PV)
Developmental aspects of cystine transport in rat intestinal segments.

Abstract 1. 1. An increase in the uptake of [ 35 S]cystine was observed in gut segments from 7- and 25-day-old rats after incubation for 30 and 60 min with 0.1 mM cystine compared with uptake by segments from newborn and adult gut. 2. 2. A steady state in the level of 35 S was reached after 30-min and 60-min incubation with gut segments from 7-day-old sucklings and adults, respectively; and the intracellular form of 35 S was recovered as cysteine in all stages of development. 3. 3. Cystine transport by developing gut is less susceptible to both anoxia and sodium deprivation than the mature gut. 4. 4. The apparent K m of transport for both developing and adult gut was 0.167 mM cystine, suggesting that the mechanism of active transport is the same. However the v max of uptake of cystine was approx. 4 times more rapid in the 7-day-old neonate than in both the 15-day old and the adult. 5. 5. The rate of cyst(e)ine efflux from the gut was more rapid in the 7-day old than in the adult. 6. 6. The pH range for optimum translocation of cystine into gut segments was from 6.3 to 6.5.
Southern Political Science: Some Notes on Progress and Need

IN THE RECOLLECTION of those who founded the Southern Political Science Association in 1929, there were only three political science departments in the region at that time. An attendance of 15 was thought good at the early meetings. This journal did not exist and little graduate training was offered anywhere in the South. In the years since, the profession has developed markedly. Separate political science departments are counted by the dozens across the South, 300 persons regularly make their way to the Association's convocation each fall, The Journal of Politics has long since won its place as a national scholarly publication, and the variety and volume of graduate and undergraduate offerings steadily increase. Much of the change has occurred since World War II in a time when higher education generally has been developing rapidly. Vital educational changes promise to continue with substantial consequences for political science everywhere. What has taken place and will take place within the South concerns not only those who inhabit it, but the rest of the nation as well. This is true not only because the South holds between one-fourth and one-third of the nation's population. The processes of governance in the South are uniquely important. From them springs in significant part the most important single element in the perception of the United States by the rest of the world-the ways southern whites and Negroes accept and bring about the changing status of the Negro. Evidence grows that education is a critical determinant in the formation of southern racial attitudes. Data also point to the ironic fact that in the present moments of stress the youngest members of the adult white population in the South show less adaptability to change in race relations than do those 20 and 30 years older.' Southern political science either is or is not an important in*Based on the presidential address to the 34th annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, November 9, 1962. 'Donald R. Matthews and James W. Prothro, "Southern Racial Attitudes: Conffict, Awareness, and Political Change," The Annals, 344(1962), 108-21.
Effectiveness of the AAOS Leadership Fellows Program for Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Background: Effective physician leadership is critical to the future success of healthcare organizations. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Leadership Fellows Program is a one-year program designed to train young orthopaedic surgeons to become future leaders in orthopaedics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the AAOS Leadership Fellows Program on the leadership skills and achievements of its participants. Methods: Graduates of the Leadership Fellows Program were compared with a control group of previous applicants who were not accepted to the program (applicants) in a retrospective cohort comparison study. A subjective survey of leadership skills was used to assess the confidence of the two cohorts in eight areas of leadership. In addition, an updated curriculum vitae from each of sixty leadership fellows from the classes of 2003 through 2009 and from each of forty-seven applicants was retrospectively reviewed for evidence of leadership. The updated curriculum vitae of the leadership fellows was evaluated for leadership activity attained prior to and following participation in the program, while the updated curriculum vitae of applicants was evaluated for leadership activity attained prior to and following the last year of application to the program. Curricula vitae were assessed for demonstration of national leadership, academic rank, hospital administrative rank, and research experience. Results: On the leadership survey, the graduates of the Leadership Fellows Program scored higher than the applicants in seven of eight categories. The review of the curricula vitae demonstrated that, prior to the Leadership Fellows Program, the leadership fellows were more likely than the applicants to have an academic practice and hold an academic rank. The difference between the two cohorts in administrative rank and leadership of national committees was not significant. Following the program, the leadership fellows were more likely to chair national committees (p < 0.001) and hold leadership positions in their hospitals (p = 0.008). Furthermore, the leadership fellows were more likely to advance in their academic and administrative ranks compared with those who applied to the program and were not accepted. Conclusions: The AAOS Leadership Fellows Program seems to have a positive impact on the leadership competency of its participants. Graduates of the program are more likely to assume leadership positions in national organizations and within their own institutions. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Software cost: making or buying it

Provides a checklist of factors to be considered when deciding on the use of a minicomputer for library housekeeping routines‐operating systems, languages, computer capability. Outlines the approach to software development in relation to library characteristics. Costs of packages and collaborative systems, and ways of reducing costs are considered.
The Specificity of Childhood Problem Behavior for Adolescent and Young Adult Maladjustment.

A longitudinal sample of 1130 low peer choice grade school children were followed through record sources into young adulthood. Specific childhood problem behavior clusters were examined in relationship to delinquency, adult criminality, and mental health treatment contact. Childhood aggression, in the context of peer rejection, was related significantly to delinquency for males, an antisocial diagnosis for both sexes, and differentiated subjects in the judicial system from those in the mental health system. A childhood "neurological" scale differentiated subjects with a schizophrenic spectrum diagnosis from other subjects with mental health treatment.
Effects of DNA methylation on the structure of nucleosomes

Nucleosomes are the fundamental packing units of the eukaryotic genome. Understanding the dynamic structure of a nucleosome is a key to the elucidation of genome packaging in eukaryotes, which is tied to the mechanisms of gene regulation. CpG methylation of DNA is an epigenetic modification associated with the inactivation of transcription and the formation of a repressive chromatin structure. Unraveling the changes in the structure of nucleosomes upon CpG methylation is an essential step toward the understanding of the mechanisms of gene repression and silencing by CpG methylation. Here we report single-molecule and ensemble fluorescence studies showing how the structure of a nucleosome is affected by CpG methylation. The results indicate that CpG methylation induces tighter wrapping of DNA around the histone core accompanied by a topology change. These findings suggest that changes in the physical properties of nucleosomes induced upon CpG methylation may contribute directly to the formation of a repres...
Inferences on a Normal Covariance Matrix and Generalized Variance with Monotone Missing Data

The problems of testing a normal covariance matrix and an interval estimation of generalized variance when the data are missing from subsets of components are considered. The likelihood ratio test statistic for testing the covariance matrix is equal to a specified matrix, and its asymptotic null distribution is derived when the data matrix is of a monotone pattern. The validity of the asymptotic null distribution and power analysis are performed using simulation. The problem of testing the normal mean vector and a covariance matrix equal to a given vector and matrix is also addressed. Further, an approximate confidence interval for the generalized variance is given. Numerical studies show that the proposed interval estimation procedure is satisfactory even for small samples. The results are illustrated using simulated data.
Mammalian tyrosinase: Isozymic forms of the enzyme

Abstract 1. 1. The four isozymes of tyrosinase have been isolated from malignant melanoma tissues and characterized by a variety of biochemical techniques. 2. 2. Electrophoretic and kinetic studies, as well as amino acid analysis, suggest that each isomer has a common subunit requiring only a single genetic locus to determine the enzyme's primary structure.
Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001.

Large amounts of marine debris are present in shallow reefs adjacent to beach haulouts of the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. These areas serve as seal pup nurseries, and injury and death caused by entanglement in marine debris are undermining population recovery efforts. We investigated the extent of this threat by measuring the accumulation of potentially entangling derelict fishing gear in nursery zones, 1999–2001. Plots of reef 1.0–1.3 km2 at three Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were initially cleaned of derelict fishing gear in 1999 then resurveyed in 2000 and 2001. Submerged debris densities across sites ranged from 16 to 165 debris items/km2. Resurveyed sites yielded annual marine debris accumulation rates from 0 to 141 debris items/km2. This large range was attributed to the physiography of reef areas surveyed. Trawl net webbing was significantly more common than other types of debris recovered and represented 84% of all debris encountered, suggesting that much of the debris originated from distant North Pacific Ocean fisheries. The likely source of most debris is the multinational trawl fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean. An international solution to this problem is needed. Targeted marine debris removal is a short-term, successful, entanglement mitigation strategy.
Getting from how to why: a pause for reflection on professional life.

In the course of institutional life, many may lose their sense of purpose. The daily demands of both medicine and teaching--small defeats, time pressures, bureaucratic obstacles, and chronic overload--can erode the sense of purpose and clarity of desire that infuse work with spirit and energy. One antidote for this drained state is time for renewal--not long periods of rest and relaxation, valuable though these may be, but rather a "particular kind of stopping . . . the pause for a poem." The author describes how stopping in the middle of the day to read and reflect on a poem can defamiliarize the familiar, giving the reader a fresh outlook on the ordinary day. She describes how poetry also can awaken a sense of play, a childlike openness and sense of curiosity, and a renewed awareness of feelings. To honor feeling can provide a needed corrective to the conventionalized response that has become thoughtless or bloodless or tired. The kind of play poems engage readers in can also provide a connection to the sacred, restoring the wider vision and deeper purposes without which the practice of medicine might diminish to something less lifegiving for both patient and physician than it ought to be. In her discussion of the restorative power of poetry, the author quotes several poems in full and invites readers to consider the fresh perspectives they offer.
Crystal Structures and Thermodynamic Investigations of LiK(BH4)2, KBH4, and NaBH4 from First-Principles Calculations

The bialkali borohydride LiK(BH4)2 has a total H2 content of 10.65 wt % and has been suggested as a potential candidate for hydrogen storage applications. We report first-principles calculations of the structure and reaction thermodynamics of LiK(BH4)2. We have also examined KBH4 and its structural analog NaBH4. Both KBH4 and NaBH4 have crystal structures involving disordered H atoms on lattice sites, and we show that the configurational entropy associated with these sites plays an important role in determining the stable phases of these materials. Our calculations indicate that LiK(BH4)2 is unstable with respect to decomposition into LiBH4 and KBH4 at almost all temperatures. We have also searched for reactant compositions that can destabilize LiK(BH4)2, KBH4, or NaBH4. This effort identified several coreactants in mixtures with KBH4 and NaBH4 that are predicted to have reaction thermodynamics for hydrogen release within the range of other borohydride-based systems being actively considered for hydrogen ...
Photopatternable substrate‐independent poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐ran‐2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyl 2‐methylacrylate) polymer films for immobilization of biomolecules

We report the synthesis and characterization of a photocrosslinkable copolymer containing reactive epoxy groups for binding biomolecules. The epoxide-containing copolymer poly(glycidyl methacrylate-ran-2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl 2-methylacrylate) offers distinct advantages such as ease of application to various substrates, enhanced stability of the bound oligonucleotide, low autofluorescence, and the ability to be photopatterned allowing localization of the linkers. The copolymer uses pendant acryloyl groups to control the crosslinking without sacrificing the epoxide groups. The films were characterized using ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The films on glass, silicon wafer, and stainless steel showed no appreciable degradation in water, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone for ∼4 months. The surface topography for a given thickness of crosslinked film was dictated by the deposition conditions. A 16mer oligonucleotide was immobilized on the thin films. A linear relationship between the film thickness and amount of oligonucleotide immobilized was observed with a maximum signal-to-background ratio (S/B) of 225 for a 60-nm-thick film, a value 50% higher than the S/B for an epoxide monolayer. The crosslinked films maintained a high fluorescence signal following long aqueous washing which is appealing for biological microarrays, immobilizing proteins, and study of slow differentiating cells where stability of the scaffold is relevant.
Thalidomide: Effects on Enzymes of Glutamic Acid Metabolism in Mice

Thalidomide caused no significant alteration in the activity of glutamic decarboxylase in extracts of brain or of glutamic dehydrogenase or glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in extracts of brain or liver when added in vitro or injected into normal mice. Administered to pregnant mice, thalidomide had no effect on the activity of the latter enzymes in extracts of embryos with adhering uterus tissue.
Family backgrounds of gay fathers: a descriptive study.

This study assessed data on the early family backgrounds of gay fathers with particular emphasis on parent-son relationships. Questionnaire responses from 30 gay fathers, derived from a larger nationwide study of 285 homosexual men from dignity chapters in the Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern, Southwestern, and Western United States were analyzed using chi-squared test of independence. Respondents reported growing up in intact homes where heterosexual relationships were modeled for them, pleasant memories existed, and marital discord was not commonplace. Although relationships with mothers were perceived to be slightly better than those with fathers, both maternal and paternal parent-child relationships were described more as adequate and positive than inadequate or negative.
Condorcet voting methods avoid the paradoxes of voting theory

Democratically choosing a single preference from more than two candidate options is not a straightforward matter. In fact, voting theory has established a number of paradoxes which assert seemingly innocuous attributes to be incompatible. One of the most desirable attributes — independence of irrelevant alternatives — is proven by Arrow to be incompatible (in a worst-case sense) with nominal fairness constraint. Another theorem states that all voting systems will have opportunities for a voter to improve their outcome by voting contrary to their true preferences. What we show in this work is that Condorcet methods, which uniquely satisfy the independent of irrelevant alternatives property whenever possible, actually avoids these paradoxes both in practice (based on real data) and in theory (in a probabilistic sense).
Ceramics, caste, and kin: Spatial relations in Rajasthan, India

Abstract Ethnoarchaeological research in two cities in Rajasthan, India, investigated relationships between social organization and ceramic distribution. Using a ranking system to evaluate kinship distance and digitized data on the locations of ceramics, potters, and vendors, this paper considers the relative priority of spatial and social propinquity. In transporting goods, interaction with distantly related kin sometimes overrides distance minimizing tendencies.
Pyschodermatology: a trip through history

The interaction between the mind and diseases of the skin has been the study focus for many researchers worldwide. The field of Psychodermatology, or Psychocutaneous Medicine, is the result of the merging of two major medical specialties, psychiatry and dermatology. Although the history of Psychodermatology is rather old and interesting, the field has only recently gained popularity. Since ancient times, philosophers, surgeons, dermatologists and psychiatrists have reported the presence of psychocutaneous diseases in various scenarios. In this article, the authors describe curious and remarkable facts in the history of Psychodermatology.
Endoscopic band ligation of bleeding duodenal varices

Introduction: Bleeding from varices outside the gastroesophageal region is an uncommon complication of portal hypertension. These ectopic variceal bleedings, such as duodenal, are often massive and life threatening. Therefore, a prompt recognition of this condition with early intervention is imperative. Different modalities of treatment have been described. We report a case of duodenal variceal bleeding treated successfully by endoscopic band ligation.
Complications associated with the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia in adolescents.

Background: The Bernese (Ganz) periacetabular osteotomy is an effective surgical procedure to reorient the acetabulum, allowing restoration of anatomic femoral head coverage and medial translation of the hip in adults with hip dysplasia. However, it is a challenging surgical procedure, and we know of no study that has specifically analyzed the complications and associated factors seen with this procedure in adolescent patients. Methods: A retrospective clinical and radiographic review of a consecutive series of adolescent patients who underwent a Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia was conducted. Results: Eighty-three osteotomies were performed in seventy-six patients with an average age (and standard deviation) of 15.6 ± 2.4 years. Significant improvement from the preoperative to the two-year follow-up evaluation was seen radiographically with regard to the lateral center-edge angle (–0.14° to 35.5°), the ventral center-edge angle (–5.13° to 31.3°), and the femoral head extrusion index (38.4% to 7.7%) (p < 0.0001 for all). There were three major complications, including excessive arterial bleeding requiring embolization in a patient with a prior acetabuloplasty, osteonecrosis of the acetabular fragment in a patient with severe dysplasia and subluxation of the hip, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head following combined periacetabular and femoral osteotomies in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Eighteen hips (22%) had minor complications, including nonunion of the superior pubic ramus osteotomy (five hips), a superficial stitch abscess (four), and transient lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy (four). Nine hips (11%) underwent removal of symptomatic screws, and two required a second operation to reposition the acetabular fragment. An underlying diagnosis other than developmental dysplasia increased the prevalence of minor complications (p = 0.0017), while a major complication was more likely with longer surgery time, greater blood loss, and proximal femoral osteotomy. Conclusions: The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy is a joint-preserving procedure that very effectively corrects acetabular dysplasia in adolescent patients, providing improved radiographic results and a low rate of complications. Although the rate of minor complications is increased when there is an underlying diagnosis other than developmental dysplasia, no other predictors were identified. However, a major complication is more likely with a longer duration of surgery and with a concomitant femoral varus osteotomy. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Interacting effects when a warm-season grass mixture was subjected to factorial combinations of N and P fertilizers in a five year field test.

Abstract Data from a published paper [Rehm (1984)] were used to illustrate different interactions encountered between N and P fertilizers in a five‐year field test of a mixture of grasses. In a 5 × 5 factorial experiment, sequentially additive, synergistic, slightly synergistic, and Liebig‐synergistic responses were all observed. Therefore, there were instances of Liebig‐type limiting factors, Mitscherlich‐type limiting factors, and in‐between gradations. There was little indication of antagonism between N and P. The relationships observed between yields and N doses indicate an increasing critical dosage for P with increasing N.
Balancing flexibility and stress in DNA nanostructures

A subtle balance of flexibility and stress is found to be critical for a DNA nanostructure to be a good self-assembly block.
Highly efficient method for C-5 halogenation of pyrimidine-based nucleosides in ionic liquids

A novel, highly efficient, convenient, and benign meth- odology for C-5 halogenation of pyrimidine-based nucleosides has been developed using N-halosuccinimides as halogenating reagents without using any catalyst in ionic liquid medium. The ionic liquids were successfully recovered and reused for all the reactions.
Chiral effects of alkyl-substituted derivatives of N,O-bismethacryloyl ethanolamine on the performance of one monomer molecularly imprinted polymers (OMNiMIPs).

New monomers were synthesized and evaluated for their molecular imprinting performance by a recently discovered methodology referred to as one monomer molecularly imprinted polymers (OMNiMIPs). The structural design of the new monomers was based on a lead compound methacrylamidoethyl methacrylate (1) used for the synthesis of OMNiMIP1, and introduced alkyl groups of various sizes at the α-amino position of the lead compound. Enantioselectivity, determined by liquid chromatography, was used to compare the performance of the imprinted polymers. Methyl substitution provided crosslinker 5 (2-methacrylamidopropyl methacrylate), which upon imprint polymerization afforded OMNiMIP5 with approximately the same enantioselectivity (α = 3.8) as OMNiMP1 (α = 3.7) made with the lead compound (1). The other two monomers (6 and 7) with larger alkyl substitutions (isopropyl and sec-butyl respectively) resulted in OMNiMIPs with low selectivity values (α = 1.0 and 1.2 respectively). Last, a strong influence of diastereomeric complexes on OMNiMIP5 selectivity was determined, with L/L and D/D monomer/template pairs giving α values of 3.6–3.8, while L/D and D/L monomer/template pairs had α values of 2.3–2.4. There is no intrinsic enantioselectivity seen for the OMNiMIP5 control polymer made without template at all, giving an α value of 1.03.
Nato burden sharing: 1960–1992

This paper presents an up‐to‐date study of defense burden sharing in NATO for 1960–1992, using a variety of burden‐sharing measures. By analyzing the relationship between GDP and the proportion of GDP allocated to defense, we demonstrate that the exploitation of the large allies by the small ended around 1967 and never returned. A comparison of defense burdens and defense benefits received is supportive of the joint product model as explaining NATO burden‐sharing behavior during the last 25 years. Despite recent profound changes, including the end to the Cold War, the Reagan build‐up of forces, and the modernization of strategic forces, the joint product model remains applicable. Policy conclusions are drawn.
Semicopositive linear complementarity systems

SUMMARY Inspired by the dynamic complementarity problem introduced by Mandelbaum, we define several matrix classes in terms of some integral conditions and discuss their connection with the existing class of strictly semicopositive matrices in linear complementarity theory. Using a time-stepping approximation scheme, we establish the existence of an integrable solution to a class of index-one linear complementarity systems (LCSs) involving these matrices, and that such a solution is ‘short-time’ unique if the initial state belongs to a semiobservable cone defined in the recent paper (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2007, in press). In contrast to the existing well-posedness theory for the LCS, our result is based on a well-known matrix property that has not been used in the LCS literature before. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple analysis of some a posteriori error estimates

Abstract We analyze two popular classes of a posteriori error estimates within the abstract framework established by Babuska and Aziz (1972). Within this framework, we find that bounds for the a posteriori error estimates depend on several of the same constants as a priori error estimates, notably the famous inf—sup constant. We apply our general theory to some specific finite element approximations for the Poisson equation and Stokes equations.
Figurines as Representations and Products at Paso de la Amada, Mexico

It is useful to view ceramic figurines from the Early Formative site of Paso de la Amada, Mexico, as both representations and products. That analysis links changes in a tradition of small, solid figurines to the rise of a novel social discourse concerning the elaboration and beautification of the human body. An increasing symbolic emphasis on the body may have been an important backdrop to the emergence of chiefly ideologies in the region.
The production of phage structural proteins in single cells of Escherichia coli infected with phage T4

Abstract Using the indirect, fluorescent-antibody method, virion proteins can be visualized in individual T4-infected E. coli cells. Virion protein first appears at 7 minutes after infection at 37 °. To explore the possible causal relationship between new DNA synthesis and synthesis of virion proteins, the formation of DNA was inhibited, either partially with FUdR, or completely by using amber mutants unable to make phage DNA. Late protein synthesis occurred in the presence of FUdR, but not in infection with the amber mutants. The evidence is in accord with a causal relationship between new phage DNA synthesis and T4 virion protein formation. Despite the presence of FUdR, enough new DNA synthesis occurs to activate virion protein formation.
Studies Related to the Relative Thermodynamic Stability of C-Terminal Peptidyl Esters of O-Hydroxy Thiophenol: Emergence of a Doable Strategy for Non-Cysteine Ligation Applicable to the Chemical Synthesis of Glycopeptides

A pathway has been devised, wherein a phenolic ester of a C-terminal peptide is ligated with an N-terminal peptide through two consecutive acyl migrations. In the first transacylation, the C-terminus is transferred from a phenol to a newly liberated ortho-thiol function. Subsequently, the acyl group is transported to a proximal benzylamine through a six-membered transition state.
The brevetoxin and brevenal composition of three Karenia brevis clones at different salinities and nutrient conditions

Abstract Karenia brevis forms extensive, annual blooms in the Gulf of Mexico releasing potent neurotoxins (brevetoxins) having significant impacts on human health, mortalities of marine mammals, birds and fish. This study examines toxin composition and growth of three clones of K. brevis grown at different nutrient conditions, salinities and temperatures. The three clones studied were K. brevis Wilson, SP3 N-tox and SP3 S-tox clones. Brevetoxins (PbTx-1, -2, -3, -6 and -9) and brevenal were examined using LC–MS/MS. Dialysis studies clearly indicated that PbTx-1, -2 and brevenal were found within intact cells while the other toxins were released in the surrounding medium. Nutrient limitation did not show consistent effects on toxin profiles (brevenal and PbTx-1, -2, -3, -6 and -9) but toxin profiles were significantly related to clone type. The Wilson clone produced a significantly greater amount of brevenal than either SP3 clone. The SP3 clones each responded differently to nutrient limitation in toxin fractions produced. Growth at differing salinities and temperatures confirmed previous reports of K. brevis preference of higher salinities and elevated temperatures but was variable for toxins. These results support the notion that clonal differences in toxin production and profile appears to be less dependent on environmental variables but more related to inherent genetic variations resulting in the differences in clonal responses observed .
Single-event transient sensitivity to gate bias in InAlSb/InAs/AlGaSb high electron mobility transistors

We have characterized the single-event transient sensitivity to gate bias of InAlSb/InAs/AlGaSb high electron mobility transistors through experiments and simulations. These depletion-mode transistors exhibit increased charge collection as the gate bias moves from depletion toward threshold, similar to the response observed in floating body silicon-on-insulator devices. Maximum charge collection occurs near threshold, decreasing as the gate bias moves toward accumulation. The interplay between the longitudinal electric field in the channel and the vertical electric field underneath the gate affects the net radiation-generated charge in the InAs channel, which is responsible for the observed experimental trends.
Treatment of alcoholic couples in outpatient group therapy

This paper summarizes special issues that group leaders are likely to encounter when adapting their skills to outpatient group therapy with alcoholic couples. More specifically, the paper: (a) discusses the advantages of treating alcoholic couples in a group as opposed to individual couple's therapy; (b) outlines the parameters of a couples group with alcoholic members that differentiate it from working with other kinds of couples in group; and (c) provides guidelines and techniques for tackling some of the specific kinds of problems and situations that arise.