cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percolation Cluster Statistics and Conductivity Semi-Variograms

Cluster statistics of percolation theory have been shown to generate expressions for the distribution of hydraulic conductivity values in accord with field studies. Percolation theory yields directly the smallest possible generalized resistance value, R c, for which a continuous path through an infinite heterogeneous system can avoid all larger resistances. R c, defines an infinite system hydraulic conductivity. Cluster statistics generate the number of clusters of resistors of a given size with a given R, for which a continuous path through the cluster can avoid resistances larger than R. The probability that a volume of size x 3 ‘falls on’ a particular cluster gives the probability that volume has a characteristic resistance, R. Determining the semi-variogram of the hydraulic conductivity is now elementary; it is necessary only to determine whether translation h of the center of the volume x 3 removes it from the cluster in question. If the cluster is larger than (x+h)3, then, on the average, the same cluster resistance R will control K. Otherwise, the value of K at x+h will be uncorrelated with its value at x. The condition is then expressed as an integral related to the one, which gives the distribution of K. Then an integral over the derived distribution of K gives the variogram. Results obtained are that the variogram should be similar to either the exponential or Gaussian forms typically in use, if K is a power law function of random variables (as in Poiseuille’s Law), or more closely related to the spherical approximation if K is an exponential function of random variables.
Mechanical Properties of High-Current Multifilamentary Nb3Sn Conductors

Nb3Sn is a strain-sensitive superconductor which exhibits large changes in properties for strains of less than 1 percent. The critical current density at 12 T undergoes a reversible degradation of a factor of two for compressive strains of about 1 percent and undergoes an irreversible degradation for tensile strains on the Nb3Sn greater than 0.2 percent. Consequently, the successful application of Nb3Sn in large high-field magnets requires a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of the conductor. One conductor which is being used for many applications1–3 consists of filaments of Nb3Sn in a bronze matrix, and much progress has been made in understanding the mechanical behavior of this composite.4 The Nb3Sn filaments are placed in compression due to the differential thermal contraction between Nb3Sn and bronze which occurs when the composite is cooled from the Nb3Sn formation temperature (typically 700°C) to the 4.2 K operating temperature. The general behavior of the critical current when this conductor is subjected to a tensile stress is an increase to a maximum when the compressive strain on the Nb3Sn is relieved, followed by a decrease as the Nb3Sn filaments are placed in tension. The degree of precompression is controlled largely by the ratio of bronze to Nb3Sn in the conductor.5
M-tropic HIV envelope protein gp120 exhibits a different neuropathological profile than T-tropic gp120 in rat striatum

Most early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains are macrophage (M)-tropic HIV variants and use the chemokine receptor CCR5 for infection. Neuronal loss and dementia are less severe among individuals infected with M-tropic strains. However, after several years, the T-cell (T)-tropic HIV strain, which uses the CXCR4 variant, can emerge in conjunction with brain abnormalities, suggesting strain-specific differences in neuropathogenicity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of such diversity remain under investigation. We have previously demonstrated that HIV envelope protein gp120IIIB, which binds to CXCR4, causes neuronal apoptosis in rodents. Thus, we have used a similar experimental model to examine the neurotoxic effects of M-tropic gp120BaL. gp120BaL was microinjected in the rat striatum and neuronal apoptosis was examined in the striatum, as well as in anatomically connected areas, such as the somatosensory cortex and the substantia nigra. gp120BaL promoted neuronal apoptosis and tissue loss that were confined to the striatum. Apoptosis was associated with microglial activation and increased levels of interleukin-1β. Intriguingly, gp120BaL increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the striatum. Overall, our data show that gp120BaL demonstrates a different neuropathological profile than gp120IIIB. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms mediating HIV neurotoxicity is vital for developing effective neuroprotective therapies against AIDS-associated dementia complex.
Synthesis and characterization of the hexagonal prismatic cage {THF⊂[PhB(CN)3]6[Cp*Rh]6}6+

Condensation of [Cp*Rh(CH3NO2)n]2+ and the tricyanoborate [PhB(CN)3]− affords the hexagonal bipyramidal cage {[PhB(CN)3]6[Cp*Rh]6}6+, demonstrating that tetrahedral tricyanide building blocks can lead to novel cage structures.
Some counterexamples to a generalized Saari’s conjecture

For the Newtonian n-body problem, Saari's conjecture states that the only solutions with a constant moment of inertia are relative equilibria, solutions rigidly rotating about their center of mass. We consider the same conjecture applied to Hamiltonian systems with power-law potential functions. A family of counterexamples is given in the five-body problem (including the Newtonian case) where one of the masses is taken to be negative. The conjecture is also shown to be false in the case of the inverse square potential and two kinds of counterexamples are presented. One type includes solutions with collisions, derived analytically, while the other consists of periodic solutions shown to exist using standard variational methods.
Acceptance of a Semi-Custom Hearing Protector by Manufacturing Workers

Workers complain about wearing hearing protection for two primary reasons: comfort and communication.( 1 ) Employers are concerned about hearing protection costs. Recent advances in hearing protect...
Feature Preserving Milli-Scaling of Large Format Visualizations

Ultra-scale data analysis has created many new challenges for visualization. For example, in climate research with two-dimensional time-varying data, scientists find it crucial to study the hidden temporal relationships from a set of large scale images, whose resolutions are much higher than that of general computer monitors. When scientists can only visualize a small portion (< 1=1000) of a time step at one time, it is extremely challenging to analyze the temporal features from multiple time steps. As this problem cannot be simply solved with interaction or display technologies, this paper presents a milli-scaling approach by designing downscaling algorithms with significant ratios. Our approach can produce readable-sized images of multiple ultra-scale visualizations, while preserving important data features and temporal relationships. Using the climate visualization as the testing application, we demonstrate that our approach provides a new tool for users to effectively make sense of multiple, large-format visualizations.
Substrate metabolism in the perfused lung: Response to changes in circulating glucose and palmitate levels

The effects of circulating levels of glucose and palmitate in the isolated perfused rat lung were investigated. Rat lungs were perfused for 1.5 hr with washed bovine erythrocytes (15% hematocrit) in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 5 g% bovine serum albumin. Glucose uptake in the perfused lung varied directly with circulating glucose concentration. Lactate production was affected proportionately more by high glucose levels than by low concentrations. Pyruvate production was decreased by both low glucose and palmitate concentration in the circulating medium. Oxidation of glucose to CO2 was depressed by low glucose and by high palmitate concentrations. Glucose incorporation into lung lipids was more strongly influenced by glucose concentration than by circulating palmitate levels. These data indicate acute changes in circulating levels of glucose and palmitate alone can act to either inhibit or stimulate glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and lipid synthesis in the perfused lung.
Recovering absolute depth and motion of multiple objects from intensity images

This paper reports an algorithm that recovers absolute depth and motion of multiple objects from intensity images. It has been shown that absolute depth of multiple objects can be recovered from relative normal flows. With normal flows and depth estimated from images, motion recovery becomes a linear regression problem. As the depth estimates can be very noisy, the method of least-median of squares (LMS) is used to robustly recover the object motion. To decompose image points into groups that correspond to independently moving objects, strong-edge points at which normal flows are estimated are grouped into segments. The segments are then grouped into rigidly moving objects if they can be interpreted as such. This algorithm is designed for the case of general motion. However, experiments suggest that rotation makes the estimation of quality normal flows difficult and brings large errors into depth and motion recovery. The algorithm is tested on real images of translating objects.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A public secret: assisted living, caregivers, globalization

Frail elderly and their caregivers are virtually invisible in representational circuits (film, the novel, photography, television, the web, newspapers), with the elderly habitually dismissed as non-citizens and their caregivers often literally not citizens of the nation-states in which they work. How can we bring what is a scandalous public secret of everyday life into visibility as care of the elderly increasingly becomes a matter of the global market in our neoliberal economies? This essay explores the representation of caregivers and elders, together, in photographs, the memoir, news and feature stories, and documentary film, suggesting that one of the most effective modes of advocating for changes in public policy is engaging people’s understanding through stories and images. In this study, I consider stories of assisted living, which involve elders, who are white, and paid caregivers, who are people of color, gendered female, and part of global care chains; these stories include American writer Ted Conover’s New York Times Magazine feature story ’’The Last Best Friends Money Can Buy’’ (1997) and Israeli Tomer Heymann’s documentary film ’’Paper Dolls’’ (2006). Of key importance is a feeling of kinship as new forms of the family take shape.
New mothers' knowledge and attitudes about perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Objectives: To assess new mothers’ attitudes toward perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, their knowledge about perinatal HIV, and their trust of government and scientists. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey of 1362 postpartum women at four United States locations in 1997, a standardized interview was administered to new mothers 24–48 hours postpartum to determine their HIV test acceptance, attitudes, and knowledge. Results: Seventy-five percent of women who were offered HIV tests reported being tested. Although 95% of women were aware of perinatal HIV transmission, only 60% knew that HIV can be transmitted through breast-feeding, and only 51% knew of medication to prevent perinatal transmission. Eighty-four percent of women thought that all pregnant women should be tested for HIV, and 60% thought that prenatal HIV testing should be legally mandated. Twenty percent of women indicated mistrust of government and scientists regarding origins of HIV and potential cures for AIDS. Knowledge about perinatal transmission was unrelated to receipt of prenatal HIV tests. When other factors were controlled for, mistrust was not significantly associated with getting tested. Conclusion: Incomplete knowledge of prevention of perinatal HIV transmission and mistrust were prevalent among new mothers. Knowledge deficits or mistrust did not appear to reduce reported prenatal test rates, but our data suggest that future public health efforts need to educate women about methods of preventing perinatal HIV transmission and at enhancing their trust in the public health system.
Thyroid function tests and characterization of thyroxine-binding globulin in the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I.

Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein (CDG) syndrome is a newly recognized hereditary disorder that presents with psychomotor retardation, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, and, variably, skeletal abnormalities, lipodystrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. These abnormalities appear to be produced by a defect that causes reduced carbohydrate content in glycoproteins. We studied seven patients with CDG type I belonging to five unrelated families. The concentration of serum TBG, a glycoprotein of hepatic origin, was measured by RIA and T4 saturation and was found to be below the normal range in three of the seven patients and normal in four of them. More than half of the total serum TBG had reduced sialic acid content and localized on isoelectric focusing (IEF) as two prominent bands cathodal to the three major bands of normal TBG. The latter two bands are responsible for the characteristic IEF pattern or CDG syndrome. TBG in patients with CDG had immunoreactivity indistinguishable from that ...
Choroid plexus selectively accumulates T-lymphocytes in normal controls and after peripheral immune activation

Abstract We determined T-lymphocyte migration into brain and choroid plexus (CPx) after enterotoxin-induced systemic immune activation. CPx T-lymphocytes/mm 2 in control mice were >3 logs more numerous than brain and increased by as much as 150-fold by post-enterotoxin Day 3 ( p
Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Subsidiary Task and Driving Performance Measures

Six male and six female subjects operated a moving-base automobile simulator for 2 1/2 hours after having been kept continuously awake for approximately 19 hours past their normal wake-up times. During this session, subjects drove both while performing three subsidiary tasks (auditory, visual, and tactual) which required a tactual output but which otherwise differed only in terms of stimulus input modality, and while performing no task. The driving performance, behavioral, physiological, and subsidiary task response measures collected during the experiment were subjected to a series of linear discriminant analyses, and the results indicated that the detection of driver impairment due to drowsiness may indeed be possible by monitoring combinations of subsidiary task and physiological measures.
Left Axis Deviation: Diagnostic Contribution of Exercise Stress Testing

The significance of left axis deviation (LAD) in the frontal plane in otherwise healthy patients is controversial. This study was performed to determine the effects of graded multistaged treadmill exercise on the ECG responses of 20 patients with isolated LAD (study group) and of 20 age matched patients with an axis which ranged from +5° to +80° in the frontal plane (control group). A 12 lead ECG was recorded at supine rest, and a single lead ECG (CM5) was recorded while standing, throughout exercise and during the first five minutes of recovery. Blood pressure was measured by the auscultatory technique during each minute of the study. A displacement of the ST segment of 0.1mV or greater lasting for 0.08 sec or longer, conduction abnormalities, the appearance of ten or more premature ventricular contractions (PVC's)/min, or an abnormal systolic blood pressure response characterized an abnormal exercise test The mean age of the study group was 51.5 years and of the control group 50.1 years. Fourteen patients (70 percent) in the study group had abnormal exercise tests compared with eight patients (40 percent) in the control group (p
Organizational levels analysis: A key to understanding processes in natural systems

Recent research conducted on a hypothetical four-parameter system generated by two stochastic processes has shown that errors of interpretation are likely to result when the relative importance of an underlying generating process is inferred from the analysis of an emergent pattern of a natural system. This paper presents an approach which substantially reduces that error for the hypothetical system, taken as an analog for a natural system. This approach is based on recognition of the organizational levels composing the system and utilizes observations on structure at a lower organizational level to resolve the properties of the generating processes at the lower level. The resulting knowledge of those underlying structures and the processes which created them are then used to determine the relative importance of those processes in affecting the emergent pattern of the system at a higher organizational level. It is concluded that in order to understand the role of a process in a natural system, measurements of system structure must be performed at a frequency which isolates the process from the other processes in the system.
Length Conversions and Length-Weight Relations for Pallid Sturgeon

Abstract We developed conversion formulas for standard length to fork length, fork length to total length, and standard length to total length for 30 pallid sturgeons Scaphirhynchus albus from the upper Missouri River. Formulas for converting length to weight were also developed for each of the length measurements. We add our length and weight data on 30 specimens of this rare species to the literature.
The editor: In search of a metaphor

Descriptions of the copyeditor's role are often couched in terms of the distinction between “midwife” and “meddler”. This article examines several metaphors in an effort to refine our understanding of what the editor can and should do.
Quality of Life Perception in Transitional Housing Demonstration Projects: An Examination of Psychosocial Impact

This study examines life quality perceptions and changes in these perceptions for a sample of aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) women (N = 78) where homelessness led to their participation in publicly funded transitional housing. Questionnaires were administered to these women at three times: upon their entry into the program, 3 to 5 months after entry, and 3 to 5 months after graduation. Panel data were analyzed using static score and conditional change autoregressive models. Results of these analyses indicate that this type of serial crisis intervention program can change perceptions of life quality positively, with the change especially apparent among women with lower preprogram dissatisfaction levels. Findings are interpreted within the framework of system inertia proposed by James Coleman. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3:99–118 (2003)]
Thirty years of finite element analysis

Abstract Based on the 30-year history of finite element practice a view of the future of that practice and the unresolved problems associated with it is presented. The process of computer aided engineering is chosen as the vehicle for the outlook, and within it such issues as adaptive mesh refinement, optimum design, education of the user, and the legal aspects of CAE practice are unresolved areas, e.g., shell analysis, nonlinear transient analysis, and software integrity, are also discussed.
The virtual design review

In this article we discuss an approach to supporting the design review process of architect/engineering (AE) offices using technologies developed for the World Wide Web. Called the virtual design review, this approach allows a group of reviewers to work simultaneously on a three-dimensional representation of an incomplete building model. We attempt to improve the way reviewers work in three significant ways: (1) in handling (viewing, retrieving, and storing) information, (2) facilitating interaction between reviewers and between reviewers and designers, and (3) changing the role of reviewers in the design review process by providing autonomous or semiautonomous agents that are capable of performing parts of the design review process. In providing a flexible, open, and robust environment for interaction, the virtual design review draws on lessons learned in the field of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). A survey of the state of the art indicates that most of the critical technologies for the virtual design review already exist; however, issues such as limited network bandwidth and efficient multiparty audio conferencing still need to be addressed.
Microleakage at the resin-alloy interface of chemically retained composite resins for cast restorations.

New retentive mechanisms between veneering resins and casting alloys are claimed to have a chemical bond that results in a high bond strength combined with low microleakage between the veneering resin and cast restoration. This study compared the microleakage of four chemical bonding mechanisms when three veneering resins were bonded to two dental casting alloys. Resin-veneered alloy disks were immersed in red India ink and kept at 37° C for 72 hours. The disks were then bench dried for 24 hours. The resin veneer was sectioned into eight sectors in an engineering milling machine and these resin sectors were removed to display the microleakage pattern. It was concluded that (1) no microleakage was found in two combinations, and (2) the highest microleakage was with Sr-Isosit-N/Panavia EX/Firmilay combinations.
An improved bound for a fundamental constant associated with a P-matrix

Abstract Let M be an n -by- n P-matrix. We determine the optimal lower bound for the quantity α(M) ≡ min { max i x i (Mx) i : x ϵ R n , ‖x‖ ∞ = 1} based on the real eigenvalues of the principal submatrices of M and the maximum of the absolute values of the off-diagonal entries of M . This bound is positive whenever M is a P-matrix.
The Effect of Intensity of Stimulus on the Size and Shape of the Color Fields and Their Order of Ranking as to Breadth

The influence of illumination on the size and form of the color fields is here shown. The charts here reproduced were made by illumination varying from 0.03 to 51 foot candles. Comparison with the illumination of a well lighted room showed it was equal to 51 foot candles at 1 p. m., and 3 foot candles at 4.15 p. m. on a bright winter day. Such variations in the light produced changes in the field for red by amounts ranging in different meridians from 11° to 37°; for blue of 13° to 37° and for green 10° to 19°.
A brief history of clinical psychology.

Clinical psychologists have been surprisingly a historical. Very little thought has been given to, and less written about, the origin and development of clinical psychology. To capture in full measure the sweep and continuity of the history of clinical psychology is beyond the competence of the reviewer, to say nothing of space limitations. The psychometric tradition, one of the headwaters from which clinical psychology sprang, was, in turn, a part of the scientific tradition of the nineteenth century. It has been accepted by psychologists quite generally that the case leading to the founding of the first psychological clinic was treated by Lightner Witmer at the University of Pennsylvania in March 1896. Even a cursory examination of the early issues of the Psychological Clinic, a journal founded and edited by Witmer, will show that the work attempted in this clinic included referral to medical sources, the presence of social workers, and many other "modern" innovations discussed by the writer elsewhere.
Oxygen Concentration and Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Newborn Lambs with Pulmonary Hypertension

The effect of oxygen concentration on lowering pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during resuscitation in a model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is not known. PPHN was induced in fetal lambs by ductal ligation 9 d prior to delivery. Following delivery by cesarean section, resuscitation of PPHN lambs with 21%, 50%, or 100% O2 (n=6 each) for 30min produced similar decreases in PVR. Lambs were then ventilated with 50% O2 for 60min and exposed to inhaled NO (iNO-20ppm). Initial resuscitation with 100% O2 significantly impaired the subsequent response to iNO compared to 21% O2 (42±9 vs. 22±4% decrease from baseline PVR). Finally, each lamb was randomly and sequentially ventilated with 10%, 21%, 50%, or 100% O2. PVR decreased with increased concentrations of inhaled O2 up to 50%, there being no additional decrease in PVR with 100% O2. When PVR was correlated with PaO2, the maximal change in PVR was achieved at PaO2 values < 60 mmHg. We conclude that resuscitation with 100% O2 does not enhance pulmonary vasodilation compared to 21% and 50% O2, but impairs the subsequent response to iNO in PPHN lambs. Hypoxia increases PVR but hyperoxia does not confer significant additional pulmonary vasodilation in lambs with PPHN.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase: gene structure and requirement for yeast cell viability

Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinase catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of PtdIns-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns[4,5]P2). Hydrolysis of PtdIns[4,5]P2 in response to extracellular stimuli is thought to initiate intracellular signaling cascades that modulate cell proliferation and differentiation. The PIK1 gene encoding a PtdIns 4-kinase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligonucleotides based on the sequence of peptides derived from the purified enzyme. The sequence of the PIK1 gene product bears similarities to that of PtdIns 3-kinases from mammals (p110) and yeast (Vps34p). Expression of PIK1 from a multicopy plasmid elevated PtdIns 4-kinase activity and enhanced the response to mating pheromone. A pik1 null mutant was inviable, indicating that PtdIns4P and presumably PtdIns[4,5]P2 are indispensable phospholipids.
Serum prolactin levels in short-term and long-term use of inert plastic and copper intrauterine devices

Abstract Serum prolactin values were assessed in 59 normally menstruating parous women; groups were divided with respect to short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (4–60 months) use of either the inert plastic IUD (Saf-T-Coil or Lippes Loop) or copper IUD (Cu-7). Preinsertion values served as controls in the short-term study while a separate control group using barrier contraception was used in the long-term study. Prospective analysis of short-term IUD use and retrospective analysis of long-term IUD use revealed no significant differences in mean hPRL compared to control values. Both short- and long-term mean values were within the normal range for serum hPRL. In addition, duration of use had no significant effect on hPRL values.
Ice distribution and winter surface circulation patterns, Kachemak Bay, Alaska

Abstract Development of the hydropower potential of Bradley Lake, Alaska, would greatly increase winter freshwater discharge from the Bradley River into Kachemak Bay, which may result in increased ice formation and related ice-induced problems. The objectives of this investigation were to describe winter surface circulation in the bay and document ice distribution patterns for predicting where additional ice might be transported if it forms. Landsat MSS bands 5 and 7 and RBV imagery with 70% cloud cover or less, taken between 1 November and 30 April each year from 1972 to 1980, were analyzed. Surface circulation patterns inferred from suspended sediment patterns and ice distribution and movement were observed and mapped from the Landsat imagery. The generalized circulation patterns indicate that any additional ice formed due to future increased winter discharge from Bradley River would be likely to accumulate along Homer Spit and to be blown into the outer bay by the dominant northerly winter winds.
Ab initio evaluation of Coulomb and exchange parameters for DFT+U calculations

Conventional density functional theory (DFT) fails for materials with strongly correlated electrons, such as late transition metal oxides. Large errors in the intra-atomic Coulomb and exchange interactions are the source of this failure. The $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{U}$ method has provided a means, through empirical parameters, to correct these errors. Here, we present a systematic ab initio approach in evaluating the intra-atomic Coulomb and exchange terms, $U$ and $J$, respectively, in order to make the $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{U}$ method a fully first-principles technique. The method is based on a relationship between these terms and the Coulomb and exchange integrals evaluated in the basis of unrestricted Hartree-Fock molecular orbitals that represent localized states of the extended system. We used this ab initio scheme to evaluate $U$ and $J$ for chromia $({\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$. The resulting values are somewhat higher than those determined earlier either empirically or in constrained DFT calculations but have the advantage of originating from an ab initio theory containing exact exchange. Subsequent $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{U}$ calculations on chromia using the ab initio derived $U$ and $J$ yield properties consistent with experiment, unlike conventional DFT. Overall, the technique developed and tested in this work holds promise in enabling accurate and fully predictive $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{U}$ calculations of strongly correlated electron materials.
Distracted driver behaviors and distracting conditions among adolescent drivers: findings from a naturalistic driving study.

Purpose: The proliferation of new communication technologies and capabilities has prompted concern about driving safety. This concern is particularly acute for inexperienced adolescent drivers. In addition to being early adopters of technology, many adolescents have not achieved the degree of automaticity in driving that characterizes experienced adults. Consequently, distractions may be more problematic in this group. Yet little is known about the nature or prevalence of distracted driving behaviors or distracting conditions among adolescent drivers. Method: Vehicles of 52 high-school age drivers (N ¼ 38 beginners and N ¼ 14 more experienced) were equipped for 6 months with unobtrusive event-triggered data recorders that obtain 20-second clips of video, audio, and vehicle kinematic information when triggered. A low recording trigger threshold was set to obtain a sample of essentially random driving segments along with those indicating rough driving behaviors. Results: Electronic device use (6.7%) was the most common single type of distracted behavior, followed by adjusting vehicle controls (6.2%) and grooming (3.8%). Most distracted driver behaviors were less frequent when passengers were present. However, loud conversation and horseplay were quite common in the presence of multiple peer passengers. These conditions were associated with looking away from the road, the occurrence of serious events, and, to a lesser extent, rough driving (high g-force events). Conclusions: Common assumptions about adolescent driver distraction are only partially borne out by in-vehicle measurement. The association of passengers with distraction appears more complex than previously realized. The relationship between distractions and serious events differed from the association with rough driving.
Streamlining project setup in eclipse for both time-constrained and large-scale assignments (abstract only)

Many introductory computer science courses include regular lab sessions that require students to develop short programs that relate to corresponding lecture material. Logistical tasks required for assignment completion, such as project setup and submission, impose certain burdens on students and instructors. Due to time constraints, instructors frequently provide starter files or skeleton projects for students to import into their workspace at the beginning of each lab so that they can feasibly complete the assignment in the required time. Setting up projects in Eclipse to include these files and dependencies still consumes significant time during these labs, however. To eliminate the time spent trying to fix project configuration issues, we have developed a plug-in for Eclipse that allows students directly from within the IDE to download and import multi-file projects corresponding to individual lab assignments. The projects will be automatically imported into the student's workspace and will be correctly configured and linked to any required dependencies. The plug-in can also be employed with large-scale programming assignments; as assignments increase in complexity, they may require a non-trivial amount of extra configuration before students can begin work on their solution. With this plug-in, students can now focus primarily on the problem-solving aspect of their work and accomplish all necessary tasks, from initial project configuration to final delivery, without leaving the Eclipse IDE and interrupting their workflow.
Integrated model of productivity and quality in serial production lines with repairs: Performance evaluation and bottleneck identification

In this paper, an integrated model of productivity and quality in serial production lines with repairs is introduced. Analytical methods based on overlapping decomposition approach have been developed to estimate line production rate of conforming parts. In addition, identification methods based on the data on the factory floor to detect both downtime and quality bottlenecks are presented.
How did the Dow do today

Daily change in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a biased and imprecise measure of actual change in the US stock market, whether measured as capital appreciation or total return, despite high correlations with other market indexes. Because it omits cash dividends, the Dow underestimates daily market total return. This paper shows, however, that the index also understates daily market capital appreciation because it is less diversified than the market. Specifically, the Dow is a large-cap index, so it underperforms the US market over the long run owing to the small-stock risk premium. The DJIA overstates daily volatility primarily because the index is less diversified than the market and thus has a significant diversifiable component to its risk. Furthermore, large daily volatility makes the DJIA a poor tool for drawing inferences about actual daily change in either US or international stock markets. Given an observed daily change in the Dow, confidence intervals for the market return can be constructed, but these intervals may prove too wide to provide much information.
Interpreting phenotypic variation in plants.

Plant ecologists and evolutionary biologists frequently examine patterns of phenotypic variation across variable environments or genetic identities. Too often, we ignore the fact that most phenotypic traits change throughout growth and development of individual plants, and that rates of growth and development are highly variable. Plants growing in different environments are likely to grow at different rates, and will be of different sizes and stages of development at a particular age. When we compare plants as a function of plant size or developmental stage, as well as a function of age, we broaden our understanding of phenotypic variation between plants.
Urban housing density and the price of housing services

Abstract Theoretical research has shown that urban housing density, defined as housing services per unit of land, is an increasing function of the price of housing services. However, this concept of density hides as well as provides information because housing services per unit of land equals the product of housing services per dwelling unit and dwelling units per unit of land. This paper proves that housing density, defined as dwelling units per unit of land, can vary either directly or inversely with the price of housing services.
Internally club and approachable

Abstract We prove that PFA implies for all regular λ ⩾ ω 2 , there are stationarily many N ⊆ H ( λ ) with size ℵ 1 which are internally club but not internally approachable.
Specificity and Sensitivity of Methacholine Challenge Test in Children with Normal and Hyperreactive Airways

. To assess the ability of the methacholine challenge test for separation between normals and patients with clinically apparent mild airway hyperreactivity, the provocative dose of inhaled methacholine required to cause a 20% drop in the forced expiratory volume in one second was evaluated in two selected pediatric populations. On the basis of a standardized respiratory questionnaire, 70 subjects, 4-16 years of age were identified. Included were 49 normal individuals, and 21 individuals with mild airway hyperreactivity who responded to broncho-dilators. Methacholine inhalation challenges were performed by use of a standard inhalation procedure. Forty-seven percent of the normals (23/49) had a positive methacholine challenge test while 24% (5/21) of the patients with hyperreactive airways had a negative test by the standard criteria. A wide spectrum of specificity and sensitivity of methacholine challenge was obtained at different doses of methacholine. The greater the sensitivity, the lower the specificity. Therefore, we postulate that the methacholine challenge test can be helpful in making the clinical diagnosis but it does not allow a clear and perfect separation between normal and clinically apparent mildly airway reactive patients in a pediatric age population.
The kinetic behavior of α-chymotrypsin immobilized inside hydrogel-grafted tubes

Abstract Tubular enzyme reactors with α-chymotrypsin (CT) immobilized on the inner wall were prepared and the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis examined. The enzyme was covalently coupled to hydrogel copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAAc) radiation grafted onto the inside wan of silicone rubber tubing. An examination of the variation of the rate of hydrolysis of N-acetyl- L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) with flowrate indicated that the substrate mass-transfer rate in the external solution exerts significant control on the overall reaction rate at low flowrates. However, at sufficiently high flowrates external mass-transfer rate becomes unimportant. A kinetic study of ATEE hydrolysis under the latter conditions showed that substrate diffusion into the hydrogel graft does not occur to any extent before enzyme—substrate reaction occurs. Thus, such an immobilized enzyme preparation may be suitable for applications involving the conversion of large molecular weight substrates. The kinetic parameters of the immobilized CT were evaluated by conventional methods.
Dinuclear (d(3)-d(3)) Diolate Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten. 3.(1) Bridging and Chelating Isomers of M(2)(NMe(2))(2)(O approximately approximately CHMe approximately approximately O)(2), Where O approximately approximately CHMe approximately approximately O Is the Dianion of 2,2'-Ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol). Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Considerations.

Hydrocarbon solutions of Mo2(NMe2)6 and 2,2‘-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), HO∼∼CHMe∼∼OH (2 equiv), react to give a mixture of two isomers, A and B, of formula Mo2(NMe2)2(O∼∼CHMe∼∼O)2. Both A and B are shown to contain the bridging μ-O∼∼CHMe∼∼O ligands. They are diastereomers differing with respect to the positioning of the CHMe moiety as a result of ring closure with elimination of HNMe2. Compounds A and B are thermally persistent at 100 °C in the solid state and in toluene, but compound A isomerizes in the presence of pyridine to the thermodynamically favored chelate isomer Mo2(NMe2)2(η2-O∼∼CHMe∼∼O)2, C. Compound C is related to the previously characterized isomer Mo2(NMe2)2(η2-O∼∼CH2∼∼O)2, where the methylene proton that is distal to the Mo−Mo triple bond is replaced by a Me group. Compound B cannot rearrange to this isomer without Mo−O bond dissociation. W2(NMe2)6 and HO∼∼CHMe∼∼OH (2 equiv) react to give W2(NMe2)2(η2-O∼∼CHMe∼∼O)2, D, which is an analogue of C. The three molybdenum isomers A−C...
The Clinical Deployment of Therapeutic Frameworks and Genogram Questions to Serve the Servicewoman

Female United States armed services members are among the fastest and most steadily growing in military membership. Despite such advancement, little attention has been accorded to the individual servicewoman, as well as her family, by the marriage/couple and family therapy field. To attend to this identified gap, provided is an overview of the story of women in the military, as well as information on the prevalence of female personnel. Also identified are some of the common problem areas that servicewomen and their families' experience, as well as suggested frameworks and related focused genogram questions for use with such problems and clientele. Future areas worthy of greater scholarly attention are also considered.
Undetected Genotyping Errors Cause Apparent Overtransmission of Common Alleles in the Transmission/Disequilibrium Test

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT), a family-based test of linkage and association, is a popular and intuitive statistical test for studies of complex inheritance, as it is nonparametric and robust to population stratification. We carried out a literature search and located 79 significant TDT-derived associations between a microsatellite marker allele and a disease. Among these, there were 31 (39%) in which the most common allele was found to exhibit distorted transmission to affected offspring, implying that the allele may be associated with either susceptibility to or protection from a disease. In 27 of these 31 studies (87%), the most common allele appeared to be overtransmitted to affected offspring (a risk factor), and, in the remaining 4 studies, the most common allele appeared to be undertransmitted (a protective factor). In a second literature search, we identified 92 case-control studies in which a microsatellite marker allele was found to have significantly different frequencies in case and control groups. Of these, there were 37 instances (40%) in which the most common allele was involved. In 12 of these 37 studies (32%), the most common allele was enriched in cases relative to controls (a risk factor), and, in the remaining 25 studies, the most common allele was enriched in controls (a protective factor). Thus, the most common allele appears to be a risk factor when identified through the TDT, and it appears to be protective when identified through case-control analysis. To understand this phenomenon, we incorporated an error model into the calculation of the TDT statistic. We show that undetected genotyping error can cause apparent transmission distortion at markers with alleles of unequal frequency. We demonstrate that this distortion is in the direction of overtransmission for common alleles. Therefore, we conclude that undetected genotyping errors may be contributing to an inflated false-positive rate among reported TDT-derived associations and that genotyping fidelity must be increased.
The Geopolitics of the United States, I

AT THE END of World War I, as well as the end of World War II, the United States was the most powerful nation on the earth, in terms of prestige, power and ability tb exert that power on the international scale.' As a nation, it had practically "everything" which needs to be included in the record of a State able to make key decisions-and enforce them. Yet, in 1950, the United States suffered considerable military reverses following the help extended to the Korean Communists by Chinese "volunteers" in Korea, and by the hesitation displayed on the part of the United Nations in the face of this bold and unprovoked Chinese aggression over the commitment of American troops to the defense of areas lying outside the United States, especially in Asia. Geopolitically, the decision to limit the Korean War to a "police action" phase, and to concentrate on the defense of Europe, meant that the United States considers the western end of the Eurasian axis more important than the Eastern one. But how did it come about that the United States, one of the two greatest powers on the earth today, had allowed itself to be maneuvered into such a deadly dangerous situation?
Decreased formation of Golgi bodies in amebae in the presence of RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors.

Golgi bodies in amebae depend upon the nucleus for maintenance of their normal form and numbers. They decline in size and number following enucleation and appear to be absent from cells enucleated for longer than 3 days (Flickinger, 1968) . If a new nucleus is introduced by nuclear transfer into an ameba previously enucleated for 5 days, Golgi bodies are regenerated within hours (Flickinger, 1969) . Thus, the formation of many Golgi bodies can be brought about rapidly and reproducibly by experimental manipulation . This system can be used to study some of the requirements for the formation of Golgi bodies by exposing renucleated amebae to metabolic inhibitors . The size and number of Golgi bodies formed in the presence of an inhibitor are compared with the size and number of those formed in untreated renucleated amebae . In the present study, the effects of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis upon the formation of Golgi bodies are reported .
Daily demands during pregnancy, gestational age, and birthweight: Reviewing physical and psychological demands in employment and non-employment contexts

Although much research has focused on whether the physical demands of employment during pregnancy affect birth outcomes, this article argues that psychological demands should also be considered. Research published since 1980 is reviewed to examine how physical and psychological demands of employment are related to birth outcomes. Evidence for the effect of specific types of physical activities (e.g., lifting, standing) is equivocal, in part due to methodological limitations. However, studies combining several types of physical activities tend to find an association with more adverse birth outcomes. Too few pregnancy outcome studies have examined psychological demands in the workplace to make conclusions about birth outcomes, but the theoretical basis for further research is discussed. This article also argues that physical and psychological demands occur outside of the workplace and must therefore be considered with respect to responsibilities all women face throughout the day. An integrative model for studying these relationships is proposed.
A Proposed Method for Determining the Effect of Deodorants on the Elimination of Alcohol Breath

A preliminary in vitro study to determine the effect of alcohol vapor on the surface tension of water was carried out. A similar determination of the effect of alcohol breath was tried with positive results, which suggested a method for determining the effect of deodorants on the elimination of alcohol breath.
Partial Connectivity of Multi-hop Two-Dimensional Finite Hybrid Wireless Networks

We consider the connectivity of finite two-dimensional wireless networks consisting of a finite number of randomly deployed nodes and sinks at fixed locations. First, we focus on the likelihood that each node is able to convey a message to at least one of the few sinks. We then consider the potential for partial network connectivity under the same configuration. We derive approximate solutions using geometric random graphs theory and evaluate their tightness through stochastic simulation of network realizations. We show the benefits of using more than one sink and provide an approximate formula for the connectivity of such networks. We show how partial connectivity with sinks improves some network metrics at the cost of having a small number of isolated nodes, a situation that would be acceptable, for example, in a large network of redundant sensors.