cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of modal and nonmodal phonation

Modal and nonmodal phonation are contrasted from the perspective of voice production. It is shown that vocal fold vibrations from both types of phonation may be formed from just a few basic building blocks, called eigenmodes. Signi"cantly, modal and nonmodal phonation may be distinguished based on the entrainment (i.e., synchronization) of the eigenmodes, where modal phonation corresponds to a 1 : 1 entrainment, and nonmodal corresponds to all more complex patterns. Indirect and direct investigations of eigenmode entrainment are reviewed, citing investigations from computer models, excised larynx experiments, and in vivo investigations on human subjects. Resonance studies of the vocal folds provide an indirect investigation of eigenmode entrainment, indicating which eigenmodes are most likely to entrain based on their natural frequencies. Challenging previous interpretations of the vocal fold resonance structure derived from the two-mass model, continuum models and in vivo studies on human subjects are beginning to converge on a similar description of the composite resonance. In addition, "nite element models and highspeed imaging studies of the medial surface of the vocal folds provide powerful, direct evidence of eigenmode entrainment in vocal fold vibration. Applications of these techniques are suggested for exploring speci"c entrainment mechanisms used in language. ( 2001 Academic Press
Knowledge representation and reasoning in a software synthesis architecture

The knowledge representation and reasoning strategies in an automatic program synthesis architecture called ELF are described. ELF synthesizes computer-aided design (CAD) tools that automatically route wires in VLSI circuits. The design space ELF confronts, requires it to understand various physical technologies, to select an appropriate procedure-level decomposition, to choose algorithms and data structures, to manage any interdependencies, and to generate efficient code. ELF manages the design space using a variety of knowledge sources, including domain-specific knowledge. The manner in which knowledge is used determines the representation method of choice. The effectiveness of these ideas is illustrated via a tour through the synthesis steps for a specific routing tool, and a brief discussion of the performance of the resulting synthetic router as measured against an industrial tool. >
Reply [to “Antarctic ice cover”]

Let me thank D. Milton and L. Lliboutry for sharing their information, criticisms, and thoughts on this important subject. Lliboutry, I believe, has provided useful information that relates to cartographic history. He has, however, unfortunately represented as fact a variety of speculations for which he has provided no references, e.g., “… the gulf should be Bahia Inutil in Tierra del Fuego, not the Weddell Sea…,” “Regio Patalis …actually is Australia,” and “… all the details… [on the] Finaeus map are surely absolutely fanciful….” It appears, rather, that these are his judgments, which I believe add little to the argument or the literature. The interested reader will surely consult the original paper and make his independent judgment.
Axiperiodic finite element analysis of generator end regions. I. Theory

A method is developed for to modeling the end region of a generator using a Fourier analysis of the peripheral dimension combined with a finite-element analysis in the axial and radial dimensions. First a magnetostatic analysis is applied to determine the saturation of the iron parts. Then an eddy-current analysis is performed using incremental reluctivities. The results of the eddy-current analysis are used in a conventional axisymmetric thermal analysis. >
Liquid chromatographic determination of reduced haloperidol and haloperidol concentrations in packed red blood cells from humans.

Heloperldol (H) Is a neuroleptic drug that has one known biologically active metabolJte, reduced haloperldol (RH). A liquid chromatographic method Is described for the determlnstlon of both compounds in human red blood cell (RBC) samples. The drugs were extracted Into hexane at high pH and back-extracted into 0.1M HCI. The acid solution was then analyzed by reversed-phase chromatography under the fo!lowlng conditions: column was ultrasphere ODS; eluant was acetonltrile:0.085M phoehate buffer (30:70), final pH was 3.5, flow rate was 2 mL/min; detection was by light absorption at 246 nm for H and 220 nm for RH. The minimum limits of quantltatlon for H and RH were 0.25 and 0.1 ng/mL of packed RBC respectively. For six selected patients on 10 or 20 mg per day of oral haloperldol the RBC to plasma concentration ratios for RH and H were 2.20  0.9 (SD) and 0.81 t- 0.26, respectively. The data Indicate that RH is more concentrated in RBC than in plasma.
Cigarette smoking prospectively predicts retarded physical growth among female adolescents

Abstract Purpose This study tested the hypothesis that cigarette smoking retards physical development during early adolescence among girls. Methods A school-recruited sample of adolescent girls (N = 496) completed surveys assessing smoking behaviors and related variables as well as direct measures of height and weight annually over 3-years. Analyses tested whether smoking trajectories and initial smoking correlated with changes in physical growth over time. Results Relative to persistent nonsmoking, persistent smoking was associated with reduced growth in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Initiation of smoking, relative to persistent nonsmoking, was associated with reduced growth in weight and BMI but not height. Smoking cessation, relative to persistent smoking, was associated with increased gains in weight and BMI but not height. Results also documented a prospective dose-response relation of initial smoking quantity and frequency to subsequent growth retardation in height, weight, and BMI. Conclusions Findings are generally consistent with the assertion that smoking in early adolescence retards physical development among adolescent girls.
A Psychophysiological Examination of Cognitive Processing of and Affective Responses to Social Expectancy Violations

Several models of person perception predict that expectancy violations have both affective and cognitive consequences for the perceiver. Although extant evidence generally supports these claims, the temporal resolution of traditional self-report measures has limited researchers' ability to convincingly link underlying physiological processes with observed outcomes. In this study, we examined these issues by measuring brain (event-related brain potentials) and peripheral (facial electromyogram) electrophysiological activity while participants read positive and negative expectancy-consistent, expectancy-violating, expectancy-irrelevant, and semantically incongruent behavioral sentences about fictitious characters. The electromyogram results indicated that negative (but not positive) expectancy-violating behaviors elicited enhanced negative affect as early as 100 to 300 ms poststimulus. The event-related potentials showed enhanced positivities with latency exceeding 300 ms in response to expectancy violation...
Treatment options for complex elbow fracture dislocations

The management of complex elbow fractures and fracture-dislocations requires an accurate assessment of the patterns of elbow injury. The surgical management of these injuries, in order to restore elbow stability and function, includes reconstruction of the articular surfaces and stabilization of the periarticular soft tissues. A surgical algorithm is presented to provide guidelines for treating these complex injuries.
Expression of transcript factors SALL4 and OCT4 in a subset of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC)

Background SALL4 and OCT4 are transcription factors and play essential roles in stem cell development and oncogenesis. However, the expression of these transcription factors has not been well studied in lung cancers. In this study, we evaluated the expression of SALL4 and OCT4 in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) by immunochemistry. NSCLC tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed with a total of 77 primary lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 90 primary lung squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs). A mouse monoclonal anti-human SALL4 (1:400 dilution) and a polyclonal anti-human OCT4 (1:200 dilution) antibodies were used. Nuclear staining of SALL4 and OCT4 was scored semi-quantitatively using a three tiered scale. The expressions of SALL4 and OCT4 were correlated with the tumor differentiation, pathological stage, and patients' clinical information.
Smallest modal volume integrated dielectric resonator

We demonstrate a bowtie geometry in a silicon planar resonator with an ultra-small modal volume .01(lambda/2n)3. Bowtie, ring resonators and 1D and 2D photonic crystal resonators are compared for tradeoffs in confinement and quality factors.
Attributive adjectives, infinitival relatives, and the semantics of inappropriateness

I investigate the syntax and semantics of a previously unexamined English adjective construction, exemplified by sentences like Middlemarch is a long book to assign. The construction, which I call the nominal attributive-with-infinitive construction (nominal AIC), is of interest for the semantics of gradability and modality. I argue that the major interpretive characteristic of the nominal AIC – the interpretation of inappropriateness associated with it – arises from the interaction between the positive degree operator associated with the gradable adjective and the modality of the infinitival relative clause, which contributes to the computation of the standard of comparison. Nominal AICs are compared and contrasted with a surface-identical construction I call the clausal AIC, with attributive too, and with attributive comparatives; they are shown to exhibit major syntactic and semantic differences from all of these. The paper serves both as a contribution to the semantic literature on gradability and as a contribution to the descriptive grammar of English, as it is, to the best of my knowledge, the first systematic description and analysis of the nominal AIC.
Nonlinear Dynamic System Model of Unipolar Mood Disorder

Unipolar depressive disorder is characterized by persistent low mood, decrease in cognitive function, loss of interest in work and recreation, somatic complaints etc. This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic system model of the unipolar depressive disorder. Simulations show that the model response is similar to that of patients diagnosed with unipolar depressive disorder. The simple, basic model presented here can form the basis for more informed clinical trials. The data acquired from such clinical trials can, in turn, be used to refine the model and the interventions.
Steroid signaling and temperature-dependent sex determination-Reviewing the evidence for early action of estrogen during ovarian determination in turtles.

The developmental processes underlying gonadal differentiation are conserved across vertebrates, but the triggers initiating these trajectories are extremely variable. The red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) exhibits temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a system where incubation temperature during a temperature-sensitive period of development determines offspring sex. However, gonadal sex is sensitive to both temperature and hormones during this period—particularly estrogen. We present a model for temperature-based differences in aromatase expression as a critical step in ovarian determination. Localized estrogen production facilitates ovarian development while inhibiting male-specific gene expression. At male-producing temperatures aromatase is not upregulated, thereby allowing testis development.
Aggregate Imaging System for Characterizing the Shape of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

A unified computer-automated system was designed and developed for characterizing the shape of fine and coarse aggregates. The unique features of the system and the experimental design considerations are described. These considerations are related to the required image resolution, field of view, and lighting scheme. The unique features of the system include the ability to analyze fine and coarse aggregates and to quantify texture, angularity, and the three dimensions of form. The developed system is used to measure aggregate shape properties for a wide range of fine and coarse aggregates, and the results are compared with hot-mix asphalt laboratory performance. The analysis shows that the developed procedure yields detailed information on shape properties of aggregates in a short time. The measurements have very good correlation with the resistance of asphalt mixes to permanent deformation measured in the laboratory using different wheel-tracking devices.
Parametric Analysis of a Predator-prey System Stabilized by a Top Predator

We present a complete parametric analysis of a predator-prey system influenced by a top predator. We study ecosystems with abundant nutrient supply for the prey where the prey multiplication can be considered as proportional to its density. The main questions we examine are the following: (1) Can the top predator stabilize such a system at low densities of prey? (2) What possible dynamic behaviors can occur? (3) Under which conditions can the top predation result in the system stabilization? We use a system of two nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the density of the top predator as a parameter. The model is investigated with methods of qualitative theory of ODEs and the theory of bifurcations. The existence of 12 qualitatively different types of dynamics and complex structure of the parametric space are demonstrated. Our studies of phase portraits and parametric diagrams show that a top predator can be an important factor leading to stabilization of the predator-prey system with abundant nutrient supply. Although the model here is applied to the plankton communities with fish (or carnivorous zooplankton) as the top trophic level, the general form of the equations allows applications of our results to other ecological systems.
Receptor-mediated uptake of pepsin by laryngeal epithelial cells.

Objectives Previous data suggest a mechanistic link between exposure to pepsin and cellular changes that lead to laryngopharyngeal disorders. Initial confocal microscopy analysis of pepsin uptake by cultured hypopharyngeal epithelial cells revealed that pepsin may be taken up by a specific process. The objective of this study was to use electron microscopy to confirm the initial confocal findings and to determine whether uptake of pepsin by laryngeal epithelial cells is receptor-mediated. Methods Cultured human hypopharyngeal FaDu cells and human laryngeal biopsy specimens, taken from the posterior larynx of "control" patients without symptoms or findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux, were exposed to purified human pepsin 3b with or without transferrin (a marker for receptor-mediated endocytosis) in vitro. Uptake of pepsin was documented by electron microscopy. Results Pepsin co-localized with transferrin in intracellular vesicles; this finding confirms that pepsin is taken up by laryngeal epithelial cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Conclusions This is a novel finding that further defines the role and mechanism of pepsin-mediated injury in laryngopharyngeal reflux. The objective of ongoing research is to identify the receptor and investigate potential antagonists as a new therapeutic option for patients with reflux-attributed disease--in particular, those patients who have persistent symptoms despite acid suppression therapy.
Resolving Disputes Between Clinicians and Family About "Futility" of Treatment

Family resistance to withdrawal of life support from children presents difficult issues of clinical practice and of principle. Legal recognition of unilateral physician authority for withdrawal on grounds of clinical “futility”-even in the most extreme circumstance of brain death-creates inappropriate incentives for clinicians’ avoidance of prolonged, emotionally taxing interactions likely to persuade parents to accept the reality of their child’s impending or actual death. Although unilateral physician action withdrawing support may sometimes be necessary in response to intractable family resistance, clinicians should nonetheless always understand this course not only as a clinical failure in dealing with families but also as unjustified in principle.
Michauxia (Campanulaceae): A Western Asian Genus Honoring a North American Pioneer Botanist

Abstract Michauxia honors Andre Michaux. It is a genus of herbaceous plants with an eastern Mediterranean and trans-Caucasian distribution. This paper is a brief introduction to the genus emphasizing its most spectacular member, M. campanuloides, which exhibits a distinctive form of dichogamy.
Laminar Flow Between Porous Disks

The equation of motion for steady, incompressible, axially symmetric flow between parallel porous disks have been solved. The flow is entirely the result of either suction or injection through the disks. The solution is obtained by perturbing the creeping-flow solution. It is valid for small suction or injection Reynolds numbers. Expressions for the velocity, pressure, and shear stress are presented and compared with the creeping-flow expressions.
C60 fullerenes from combustion of common fuels

Releases of C60 fullerenes to the environment will increase with the growth of nanotechnology. Assessing the potential risks of manufactured C60 requires an understanding of how its prevalence in the environment compares to that of natural and incidental C60. This work describes the characterization of incidental C60 present in aerosols generated by combustion of five common fuels: coal, firewood, diesel, gasoline, and propane. C60 was found in exhaust generated by all five fuels; the highest concentrations in terms of mass of C60 per mass of particulate matter were associated with diesel and coal. Individual aerosols from these combustion processes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. No relationship was found between C60 content and either the separation of graphitic layers (lamellae) within the particles, nor the curvature of those lamellae. Estimated global emissions of incidental C60 to the atmosphere from coal and diesel combustion range from 1.6 to 6.3 t yr(-1), depending upon combustion conditions. These emissions may be similar in magnitude to the total amount of manufactured C60 produced on an annual basis. Consequent loading of incidental C60 to the environment may be several orders of magnitude higher than has previously been modeled for manufactured C60.
Effects of label understanding level on consumers’ visual attention toward sustainability and process-related label claims found on chicken meat products

Abstract Consumers’ food purchase behavior is influenced by label information displayed on the product. However, consumers vary in their label knowledge, affecting their individual product quality perception and purchase intent. An eye-tracking is an objective methodology that has been used to analyze consumers’ purchase behavior in terms of their visual attention to labels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of label education on consumers’ purchase behavior, measured with respect to their visual attention to label claims on chicken products. Twenty-nine participants with prior food label education were chosen to represent the High Label Understanding (HLU) group. Additionally, 29 new participants without any kind of prior label education were selected as a Control (CNTL) group. Each participant viewed packaging images of chicken meat products using the eye-tracker and answered additional subjective questions relating to their potential purchase behavior (purchase intent, trust in product, and overall liking). Participants in the CNTL group examined the appearance of the meat product more often and longer than did those in the HLU group. In contrast, participants in the HLU group looked at the label claims associated with sustainability and process more often and longer than did those in the CNTL group. Furthermore, participants in the HLU group liked and trusted the chicken products significantly more than did those in the CNTL group. In conclusion, our findings provide empirical evidence that enhanced label-knowledge increases consumers’ visual attention to labels with a possibility of translation into positive purchase behavior.
Puzzled: Games, roles, turns

Welcome to three new puzzles. Solutions to the first two will be published next month; the third is (as yet) unsolved. In each, the issue is how your intuition matches up with the mathematics.
Audit and Feedback Processes Among Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network.

Optimal implementation of audit-and-feedback is an important part of advancing antimicrobial stewardship programs. Our survey demonstrated variability in how 61 programs approach audit-and-feedback. The median (interquartile range) number of recommendations per week was 9 (5–19) per 100 hospital-beds. A major perceived barrier to more comprehensive stewardship was lack of resources. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:704–706
CHROMOSOMAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND CIRCULAR OVERLAP IN THE DEER MOUSE, PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS, IN TEXAS AND OKLAHOMA

pairs of subtelocentric, eight pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Both karyological types were found in the same habitat at two localities in north-central Texas, but no chromosomal hybrids were found in this area. Meiotic analysis of hybrids from laboratory crosses between the two types indicated partial sterility. A morphological analysis revealed that gene flow is restricted in eastern Oklahoma, west-central Texas, and eastern Texas. The most plausible explanation for the observed variation is the existence of circular overlap. [Chromosomal and morphological variation; Peromyscus maniculatus.] The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, occupies a wide range of ecological communities, occurring in deciduous forests and grasslands in the eastern part of its range and in grasslands, deserts, montane forests, and subalpine forests in the western portions of its range (Blair, 1954; Bailey, 1931; Durrant, 1952; Baker, 1968; and Hamilton, 1963). Several studies of morpho
An Interfacial and Bulk Charge Transport Model for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Photoanodes Consisting of Core–Shell Nanowire Arrays

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on ordered photoanode morphologies, such as nanotubes and nanowires, are widely gaining attention because these geometries are believed to enhance interfacial charge transfer and bulk charge transport. Unfortunately, experimental results have yet to show substantial improvement to conversion efficiency over nanoparticle-based DSSCs. A model is developed to characterize the performance of an idealized photoanode based on an ordered array of transparent conductive nanowires coated with an anatase titania shell. The role of the interfacial electric field in nanowire-based DSSCs is explored computationally by turning electron migration ON or OFF. The results show that back-reaction rates are most strongly influenced by the electric field. These electron loss mechanisms can be reduced by several orders of magnitude, leading to improvements in short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor.
Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics: I. Acid pH affects the distribution of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro

Resistance to anti-cancer chemotherapies often leads to regional failure, and can be caused by biochemical and/or physiological mechanisms. Biochemical mechanisms include the overexpression of resistance-conferring proteins. In contrast, physiological resistance involves the tumor microenvironment, and can be caused by poor perfusion, hypoxia and/or acidity. This communication investigates the role of tumor acidity in resistance to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents commonly used against breast cancer, such as anthracyclines, taxanes, anti-metabolites and alkylating agents. The effects of pH on the cytotoxicity of these agents were determined, and ion trapping was confirmed by monitoring the effect of pH on the cellular uptake of radiolabeled anthracyclines. Furthermore, pH-dependent cytotoxicity and uptake were compared between parental drug sensitive MCF-7 cells and variants overexpressing p-glycoprotein (MDR-1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. These data indicate that the magnitude of physiological resistance from pH-dependent ion trapping is comparable to biochemical resistance caused by overexpression of drug efflux pumps. Hence, microenvironment-based ion trapping is a significant barrier to anthracycline-based chemotherapy and can itself be a therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapies.
Morel-Lavallee Lesion in the Upper Extremity:

Background: The Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is a closed internal degloving injury that results from shearing of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the underlying fascia. Disruption of the perforating blood vessels and lymphatics results in a lesion filled with serosanguinous fluid and necrotized fat. MLLs are most commonly described in association with pelvic and lower extremity trauma, and there are limited reports of these lesions in other locations. Methods: This case report describes a 58-year-old male referred from his primary care physician with a soft tissue mass in the upper arm. Careful history discovered prior trauma with extensive bruising and MRI revealed a large encapsulated mass consistent with MLL. Results: An open debridement with excision of pseudocapsule was performed. Meticulous closure over a drain was performed and the patient healed without complication or recurrence. Intra-operative cultures were negative and pathology was consistent with MLL. Conclusion: MLL should always be considered in the setting of previous trauma regardless the location. In the chronic setting an open approach with excision of pseudocapsule can have an acceptable result.
The BLyS Survival Pathway in NHL-B Cells: Constitutive NF-kB and NFAT Lead to Activation.

Abstract B-cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL-B), neoplasms of the immune system have shown a significant increase in incidence in the USA over the last three decades. While the pathophysiology of the NHL-B is still unclear, the need to identify the relevant genes and critical signaling pathways, and their involvement in the disease processes in NHL-B have begun to be elucidated. Recently, B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) has been described as a relatively new member of the TNF ligand family, as a potent cell survival factor that is expressed in many hematopoietic cells, including neoplastic B cells. BLyS can bind to three receptors: TACI, BCMA, BAFF-R, and plays a critical role in B cell maturation, differentiation and proliferation. Relatively high levels of BLyS has been found in the serum of NHL-B patients as well as of the patients with autoimmune disease. The mechanisms of BLyS gene expression and regulation is still unclear, but we have recently found that BLyS is constitutively expressed in several NHL-B cell lines and patient tumor samples by RT-PCR, confocal microscopy, realtime PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). We detected high levels and differential expression of BLyS receptors (TACI, BCMA, BAFF-R) in several NHL-B cell lines by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and realtime PCR in both NHL-B cell lines and patient tumor samples. We have identified a single binding site for NF-kB and two binding sites for NFAT in the BLyS promoter. We also show in aggressive lymphoma B cells that constitutive NF-kB and NFAT binds to the BLyS promoter constitutively. Inhibiting NF-kB/NFAT activity levels, using the NF-kB inhibitors, BAY-11 or Velcade (PS-341), can decrease NF-kB binding activity in the BLyS promotor by EMSA. These inhibitors also decrease BLyS and BAFF-R mRNA and protein levels by realtime PCR and flow cytometry. Similarly, when NHL-B cells were transfected with dominant negative NFAT or NF-kB constructs, there is a 50% decrease in BLyS and BAFF-R expressions, demonstrating that both the ligand (BLyS) and the receptor (BAFF-R) expression are regulated by NFAT and NF-kB. Interestingly, follicular (low grade) lymphoma cells do not express constitutive NF-kB/NFAT activation, and barely detectable mRNA and protein levels of BlyS, but can be activated with exogenous CD154/anti IgM in vitro, activating NF-kB/NFAT and promoting binding to the BLyS promoter by EMSA. This results in a significant increase of BLyS protein level by flow cytometry. Our studies indicate that constitutive NF-kB and NFAT are critical transcriptional regulators of the BLyS survival pathway in malignant B cells that may provide a future therapeutic target in the aggressive NHL-B.
Inclusion and Mainstreaming: A Journey

For many, the concept of inclusion remains somewhat vague. What does inclusion actually mean? What does it look like? Is it the same as full inclusion or mainstreaming? A general historical synopsis of the development of special education services will be presented, focusing later on the models designed for second or foreign languages. This will be followed by a clarification of terms. The paper concludes with a short discussion of implications for educational practitioners and district policy makers in EFL/ESL settings. Finally, in addition to the list of references cited in the article, a list of other resources is included below for those interested in further investigation.
Mental Workload: Assessment, Prediction and Consequences

I describe below the manner in which workload measurement can be used to validate models that predict workload. These models in turn can be employed to predict the decisions that are made, which select a course of action that is of lower effort or workload, but may also be of lower expected value (or higher expected cost). We then elaborate on four different contexts in which these decisions are made, with non-trivial consequences to performance and learning: switching attention, accessing information, studying material, and behaving safety. Each of these four is illustrated by a series of examples.
The Neurons of the Dentate Nucleus: A Golgi Study

One of the earliest descriptions of neurons in the dentate nucleus can be found in Saccozzi’s study (1887) of the neonatal human cerebellum. The study was made with the newly discovered method which demonstrated not only the neuronal cell body but also its processes and which was described only a few years before by Golgi (1874). Golgi and Cajal applied the method extensively in their studies of the cerebellar cortex of mammals and birds (Golgi, 1874, 1883; Cajal, 1888a and b, 1909–1911). Until Saccozzi, however, little had been done on the deep cerebellar nuclei. As has already been mentioned, this author describe a scheme for classifying the cells of the dentate nucleus into two groups—large neurons with long axons and small neurons with short axons. A few years later, Lugaro (1895) made a fine study of the human dentate nucleus and again described the same two major classes of cells, confirming Saccozz’s original observations.
Container size and initial trunk diameter effects growth of Acer rubrum L. during production.

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) lin...
Catalytic C(sp3)–H Alkylation via an Iron Carbene Intermediate

The catalytic transformation of a C(sp3)–H bond to a C(sp3)–C bond via an iron carbene intermediate represents a long-standing challenge. Despite the success of enzymatic and small molecule iron catalysts mediating challenging C(sp3)–H oxidations and aminations via high-valent iron oxos and nitrenes, C(sp3)–H alkylations via isoelectronic iron carbene intermediates have thus far been unsuccessful. Iron carbenes have been inert, or shown to favor olefin cyclopropanation and heteroatom-hydrogen insertion. Herein we report an iron phthalocyanine-catalyzed alkylation of allylic and benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds. Mechanistic investigations support that an electrophilic iron carbene mediates homolytic C–H cleavage and rebounds from the resulting organoiron intermediate to form the C–C bond; both steps are tunable via catalyst modifications. These studies suggest that for iron carbenes, distinct from other late metal carbenes, C–H cleavage is partially rate-determining and must be promoted to effect reactivity.
Optimal Minimum Wage Policy with Voluntary Participation

This paper considers optimal minimum wage policy in a low-ability labor market in the presence of a subsistence allowance and a participation externality. In a market with heterogenous workers and homogeneous low-skilled jobs, a low ability worker's participation decision has a chilling effect on job creation which the worker does not internalize. Absent a minimum wage, subsistence allowance sets both a lower bound on individual incomes and a threshold ability level for labor market participation. A binding minimum wage acquires the latter role. It helps to address the externality by excluding the least able from the market while the subsistence allowance continues to meet minimal nutritional requirements. Quantitatively, while the externality is shown to be important, the minimum wage is not a very effective means of addressing it.
Neonatal Bowel Disorders: Practical Imaging Algorithm for Trainees and General Radiologists.

OBJECTIVE. Neonatal bowel disorders require prompt and accurate diagnosis to avoid potential morbidity and mortality. Symptoms such as feeding intolerance, emesis, or failure to pass meconium may p...
Jamaican Bible remix

In this unique, creative, theomusical remix of the Jamaican New Testament (2012), liberation theologian Robert Beckford of Canterbury Christ Church University, UK, along with 5AM Records and The Bi...
Comparing and Contrasting Within Diagrams: An Effective Study Strategy

The study strategy of comparing-and-contrasting has been well validated for learning from text, but not from diagrams. As part of a semester-long study strategies intervention for undergraduate biology students, we created 4 short instructional videos demonstrating the strategy of comparing-and-contrasting within diagrams (CC DIA) and delivered these just before the first course exam. We hypothesized that this strategy would help students develop a deeper comprehension of the instructed biology content. Participants were 128 undergraduates in a 2nd semester introductory (molecular and cellular) biology course, who participated in exchange for extra course credit. Students who accessed our videos scored a significant 5.5% points higher on the first exam of the semester, compared to students in other conditions or non-viewers (d = .35). Our brief (approx. 10 min per week × 4 weeks) instruction in using diagrams to learn biology yielded significant gains in undergraduate achievement.
Prediction of preterm birth with and without preeclampsia using mid-pregnancy immune and growth-related molecular factors and maternal characteristics.

This Article was originally published under Nature Research's License to Publish, but has nowbeen made available under a [CC BY 4.0] license. The PDF and HTML versions of the Articlehave been modified accordingly.
'To Pursue any Lawful Trade or Avocation': The Evolution of Unenumerated Economic Rights in the Nineteenth Century

This essay examines the origins and development of the right to pursue lawful trades throughout the nineteenth century. It stresses the importance of natural law theory in the Early Republic and notes that natural law concepts were increasingly tied with the concept of due process of law. The paper traces the origins of the right to pursue lawful callings to Revolutionary state constitutions which asserted an inherent right to acquire and possess property. A number of these early state constitutions similarly banned grants of monopoly. The emerging right to pursue ordinary avocations was necessary to provide a practical means by which one could obtain property. These early notions of a right to work at lawful trades was reinforced by the "free labor" ideology of the Civil War era. As is well known, Justices Stephen J. Field and Joseph P. Bradley strongly articulated the right to pursue a calling in their dissenting opinions in the Slaughterhouse cases. Eventually this right was viewed as an aspect of liberty which the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to protect against state abridgement. The right to pursue a calling, moreover, steadily gained judicial solicitude at the state level toward the end of the nineteenth century. The essay further suggests that the growth of freedom of contract as a constitutional right was closely linked to the right to pursue ordinary trades. The essay concludes by asserting that the right to purse lawful callings and make contracts was an offshoot of the right to acquire property. It also contends that the recognition of these unenumerated economic rights was congruent with the entrepreneurial ethic of the Gilded Age. Finally, the essay takes exception to the Progressive historiography and argues that by defending the right to pursue a calling and to make contracts courts were seeking to safeguard fundamental rights of individuals, not assist large corporations.
Critical Issues Around Global Aging

The aging of the global population is unprecedented in human history and promises to play a critical role in globalization dynamics. According to United Nations (UN) predictions, by 2050, the number of elderly around the world will exceed the number of children for the first time in history. In some countries in the industrialized world, this historic shift has already taken place (United Nations 2002). This proportional reversal of old and young has direct implications on intergenerational relationships and intergenerational equity. Compounding this issue is that not only are more people living longer, but over the last 50 years, global life expectancy has grown more than over the past 5,000 years (Peterson 1999). Up until the time of the Industrial Revolution, approximately 2–3% of populations lived until the age of 65. Today, in the industrialized world, the percentages range between 12 and 14% of the population. Demographic predictions suggest that by 2030 some countries will see the population of their elderly soar to 25 or even 30%. And according to demographic predictions for the world population, the number of elderly is estimated to reach approximately 21% by 2050, up from 10% in 2000.
Evaluation und Medizin

Wissenschaft stutzt sich auf Zahlen. Fur viele personliche und politische Entscheidungen uber die Berechtigung medizinischer und okonomischer Forderungen, fur Empfehlungen und Verallgemeinerungen, sind sie unumganglich, jedoch selten ausreichend. Auch abgesehen von Zahlen ist wissenschaftliches Bemuhen nie vollig wertfrei. Werte sind wesentliche Determinanten der Probleme, die die Wissenschaftler untersuchen oder der Fragen, die sie sich stellen. Diese Auswahl erst setzt wissenschaftliche Prozesse in Gang. Werte beeinflussen auch die Vorstellungen, welche den analytischen oder experimentellen Versuchsanordnungen der Untersucher zugrunde liegen, und die Schlusfolgerungen, die sie daraus ziehen. In dieser Hinsicht gleichen sich Medizin und okonomie: Beide sind bemuht, ihre Hypothesen durch die Anwendung der Gesetze der Logik, der Beweisfuhrung mit Hilfe der Aussage von Zahlen, kritisch zu beurteilen und ihren Perspektiven Wert zu verbessern. Was wir suchen ist die zuverlassige Voraussage uber die Folgen unseres Handelns fur den einzelnen oder die offentlichkeit. Zu diesem Zweck verwenden wir Zahlen, um Ergebnisse zu messen, und belegen viele komplexe Probleme, die mit Begriffen wie Gesundheit, Krankheit, Leiden und Medizin zusammenhangen, mit relativen Werten.
Spiritual needs of dying patients: a qualitative study.

Purpose/objectives To identify dying patients' definitions of spirituality and their spiritual needs. Design Descriptive, qualitative. Setting Participants' places of residence. Sample 19 hospice patients (10 females and 9 males), mean age 72, with a range of length of time as a hospice patient of 2 weeks to 12 months. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed to reduce data into codes and themes. Data were coded by extracting verbatim phrases used to describe spirituality and spiritual needs. Themes emerged from the data as commonalities among the codes developed. Main research variables Meaning of "spiritual" and perceived spiritual needs. Findings Participants initially defined spiritual as relating to God or religion; however, as interviews progressed, it was apparent that their spirituality was a part of their total existence. Twenty-nine unique spiritual needs were identified and grouped into six themes: need for religion, need for companionship, need for involvement and control, need to finish business, need to experience nature, and need for positive outlook. Conclusions Participants perceived spirituality as a broad concept that may or may not involve religion. Spiritual needs were likewise broad in scope and were linked closely to purpose and meaning in life. Implications for nursing practice Spiritual care of dying patients is within the scope of nursing practice. Spiritual needs are quite varied and encompass more than religion. If nurses are to enhance the quality of life of dying patients, spiritual needs must be addressed.
Universalization of Perspective

Viewed historically, Hitler’s Nazi government was evil and finally ended by military defeat. But are all evil ideological dictatorships so powerful that they can only be ended by military defeat or the death of the dictator? Historically, an interesting case is the duration of the communist empire in Russia. It never suffered a military defeat; but it did finally end. How? And what lessons can about learned from this?
The Joys of Disclosure: Simone de Beauvoir and the Phenomenological Tradition

Simone de Beauvoir is best known to the general public as the author of the feminist classic, T he Second Sex, first published in 1949. But she also wrote a number of philosophical essays in the 1940s. In them she defended and further developed the philosophy of what came to be known as existentialism. Her existentialism is similar to that of Jean-Paul Sartre, which he presented in his 1943 work Being and Nothingness, but it departs from it in interesting ways as well. The culmination of her work from this period is T he Ethics of Ambiguity, published in 1947. In this work she brings her distinctive philosophical concept of disclosure into the foreground. (‘‘Disclosure’’ is the English word that her translator chose
Parallelism in Conformational Energy Calculations on Proteins

Attempts are being made to identify the native conformation of a protein by minimizing its (empirical) conformational energy. To circumvent the multiple-minima problem, a polypeptide chain is built up from low-energy conformations of shorter segments. After the minimum-energy conformations have been located, their energies are recalculated with the inclusion of a term for the free energy of solvation; this leads to a re-ordering of the energies of each segment, and the low-energy conformations of the re-ordered sets are used to build up larger segments. The methodology has been applied successfully to various model peptide systems, and is used here to begin the computation of the 156-residue protein, human leukocyte interferon. In spite of the large number of low-energy conformations of small segments that must be stored, and the large amount of time required to minimize the energy of longer and longer segments, the computations are feasible because they can be parallelized. The procedure is readily adapted for parallel processing by several array processors operating in a quasi-independent manner, and such computations are being carried out on a system of “loosely coupled array processors”. Preliminary results are reported for three segments of interferon containing 29, 9, and 8 residues, respectively. The low-energy conformations of the 29-residue segment from position 122 to 150 all take the form of two roughly anti-parallel α-helices joined by a hinge containing Cys139. The 9-residue segment from position 60 to 68 adopts low-energy conformations that are almost totally α-helical, suggesting strongly that it forms part of an α-helix in the native protein. The low-energy conformations of the 8-residue fragment from position 100 to 107 are all irregular with an apparent chain reversal, suggesting that this part of the molecule links two ?-helices in the native protein. The results show that parallel processing constitutes a powerful approach to the massive computational effort involved in predicting the native conformations of globular proteins from thermodynamic principles.
Entre el oro y la plata: Quito, el suroccidente de la Nueva Granada y el movimiento de mercancías norandino a fines del siglo XVIII

El articulo contribuye a un analisis cuantitativo de las relaciones economicas entre la Real Audiencia de Quito y el suroccidente de la Nueva Granada a fines del siglo XVIII. A partir de un analisi...
Nanosensors for Electronics Package Reliability

Metal nanoparticle applications are proliferating in nanoelectronics, e.g., in single-electron transistors, and in nanoelectronics packaging, e.g., with the introduction of nanoparticle nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticle conductive inks and vias, and underfill fillers. Nanosensors comprise a major segment of the new nanotechnology developments, and there are opportunities to exploit some of these concepts and devices in electronics package diagnostics and reliability prognostics. This chapter concentrates on two potential applications of one basic type of sensor structure (a metal nanodot array) for corrosion detection (by hydrogen sensing) and strain monitoring.