cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of large frame structures

Abstract A weapon test canister frame provides a structural platform for a weapon device and associated diagnostic instrumentation. The underground environment in which a test canister is placed results in the canister being subjected to large static loads. Excessive canister deflection under load may result in misalignment of optical lines-of-sight, with resulting degradation of the quality of the experimental physics data which is obtained. Each weapon test costs tens of millions of dollars and takes months or years to design and construct, and thus it is essential that the canister structure maintains functionality and prevents excessive deformation under load. In the current paper, a discussion of computer modeling and model verification for canister structures is presented. Two different approaches for performing computer simulation of the response of canister structures are discussed. One approach consists of a brute force detailed finite element model in which a classical finite element technique is employed to model the structure in great detail. The second approach employs a reduced-order, equivalent continuum model to represent the canister structure. The continuum model is based on a special purpose methodology which allows representation of the global behavior of large canister structures with an efficient and economical model. Canister modeling results for both modeling approaches are presented in this paper and compared to experimental data from actual canister tests. Finally, the utility of numerical simulations in identifying an effective technique for canister frame stiffening is discussed.
Does measuring intangibles for management purposes improve performance? A review of the evidence

Abstract Despite the development of dozens of frameworks and techniques for measuring intangible assets, an open question is whether the internal measurement of intangible assets for management purposes is associated with higher economic performance. This paper provides an overview of the statistical evidence on the performance consequences of intangible asset measurement. Although the bulk of these studies provide at least some evidence that intangible asset measurement is associated with higher performance, many are limited by over‐reliance on perceptual satisfaction or outcome variables, inadequate controls for contingency factors, simple variables for capturing complex measurement practices, and the lack of data on implementation practices. I conclude by offering suggestions for improving and extending studies on the performance consequences of intangible asset measurement.
Waveform analysis suggests that LTP alters the kinetics of synaptic receptor channels

The waveform of an isolated excitatory monosynaptic response reflects the kinetics of transmitter release, the kinetics of synaptic receptor channels and the filtering properties of neurons. Results reported here indicate that long-term potentiation (LTP) causes correlated decreases in the rise time and decay time constant of synaptic potentials recorded in hippocampal slices in which inhibitory currents and post-synaptic spiking were suppressed. Statistical comparisons of waveforms revealed that the distortions introduced by LTP could be corrected by stretching the time-scale of potentiated responses according to the percent change in the decay time constant. The LTP associated decrease in the decay time constant also obtained in slices from immature hippocampus which contain spines and dendrites greatly simplified from those of the adult. Hence, filtering properties of spines are not likely involved in the effect. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), a transient increase in transmitter release, did not reproduce the waveform effects of LTP but did cause a slight leftward shift of the response. These results suggest that LTP modifies the kinetics of receptor channels, and that PPF accelerates release.
Spondyloarthritis: The eyes have it: uveitis in patients with spondyloarthritis

Although systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototype multisystem disease, many other inflammatory diseases are also promiscuous, with symptoms manifesting in many organs. Now, new data emphasize the extra-articular involvement in spondyloarthritis, predominantly affecting the eye; however, the factors that account for the observed organ involvement remain unknown.
Interferometric gratings with phase correction

Abstract A technique for producing diffractive optical elements uses holographic methods to incorporate into the recorded fringe pattern a correction factor for the phase defect of the substrate.
CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION IN THE DETROIT URBAN AREA

(1974). CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION IN THE DETROIT URBAN AREA. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 140-146.
Outside advantage: Can social rejection fuel creative thought?

Eminently creative people working in fields as disparate as physics and literature refer to the experience of social rejection as fuel for creativity. Yet, the evidence of this relationship is anecdotal, and the psychological process that might explain it is as yet unknown. We theorize that the experience of social rejection may indeed stimulate creativity but only for individuals with an independent self-concept. In 3 studies, we show that individuals who hold an independent self-concept performed more creatively after social rejection relative to inclusion. We also show that this boost in creativity is mediated by a differentiation mind-set, or salient feelings of being different from others. Future research might investigate how the self-concept--for example, various cultural orientations-may shape responses to social rejection by mitigating some of the negative consequences of exclusion and potentially even motivating creative exploration.
Modeling of bond behavior of hybrid rods for concrete reinforcement

Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) rods are used as reinforcement (prestressed or not) to concrete. FRP composites can also be combined with steel to form hybrid reinforcing rods that take advantage of the properties of both materials. In order to effectively utilize these rods, their bond behavior with concrete must be understood. The objective of this study is to characterize and model the bond behavior of hybrid FRP rods made with epoxy-impregnated aramid or poly-vinyl alcohol FRP skins directly braided onto a steel core. The model closely examines the split failure of the concrete by quantifying the relationship between slip of the rods resulting transverse stress field in concrete. The model is used to derive coefficients of friction for these rods and, from these, their development length requirements. More testing is needed to confirm this model, but in the interim, it may serve as a design aide, allowing intelligent decisions regarding concrete cover and development length. As such, this model has helped to explain and predict some experimental data from concentric pull-out tests of hybrid FRP rods.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Calcium and Calmodulin

I. Introduction IN ORDER to reproduce and multiply, every cell must execute an orderly series of events, generally called the cell cycle, at some time during its life span. The cell cycle was first thought to consist of mitosis and interphase as determined from morphological analysis. As new techniques were developed, a period of DNA synthesis, the S phase, was detected; this was temporally separated from the previous mitosis by a “gap,” the G1 phase, and from the subsequent mitosis by another “gap,” the G2 phase (Fig. 1). The G1 phase is the decision phase in which cells either commit to undergo another round of DNA synthesis and continue to cycle or to exit the cell cycle to enter a quiescent state frequently referred to as G0. Cells in the G0 phase either terminally differentiate or resume proliferation upon addition of an appropriate mitogen (Fig. 1). When DNA synthesis is completed, cells normally proceed to mitosis. The regulation of this series of events is of primary interest to the endocrinologis...
504 SUBSTANCE ABUSE DURING PREGNANCY AND NEWBORN SIZE

Assessment of the impact of maternal alcohol consumption and other substance abuse during pregnancy on newborn size was accomplished by a two year study of 1,690 mother-infant pairs. Mothers were interviewed in hospital after delivery. 328 were also interviewed prenatally. Infants were examined at 1-3 days of age by one of 4 M.D.'s for growth, morphologic, and neurologic parameters. The sample was 59% Black, 22% Hispanic, 19% white; young (12% < 18); poor (88% annual income < $6,000) and poorly nourished. Prenatal and hospital interviews yielded similar results. The 1.8% of women who reported heavy drinking (3+ drinks/day) during pregnancy when compared with 64.5% abstainers were more likely to smoke (48% vs. 14%) and use drugs (marijuana 51% vs. 9%, psychoactive drugs 4% vs. 1%) all P ≤ .0001. Stepwise multiple regressions examined the relative impact of interrelated variables including social, demographic, and pregnancy history factors on birth weight, length, head circ. (HC) and gestational age (GA). GA accounted for the largest variance in newborn size (22-29%). An additional 8-13% was explained by maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, weight change during pregnancy, race, smoking, illness, and marijuana use (each significant P ≤ .05). These results add marijuana as a previously unreported factor affecting fetal growth.
Determining the sulfur concentration of refractory materials with the AS-7012 rapid analyzer

Attempts have been made to develop a rapid and precise method for the determination of sulfur in refractory materials, raw materials, and slags with an automatic coulometric AS-7012 rapid analyzer designed by the VNIIAchermet Institute. The apparatus is designed for the determination of sulfur in steels and alloys during their production processes and their treatment, and also for grading analyses of sulfur in raw materials in metallurgical concerns. The range of concentrations of sulfur with a nominal sample mass of 0.5 + or - 0.0005 g equals 0.0030-0.1999% S. The analysis time for ordinary steel grades is 1-3 min. The rapid analyzer assembly contains a sensor, a metering block, and a device for combustion with a gas preparation block. The layout of the equipment is shown.
Subconcussive Head Impact Biomechanics: Comparing Differing Offensive Schemes

AB Purpose: Recent literature suggests that subconcussive impacts may influence cognitive functioning across the life span. These effects are suggested to manifest as functional and possibly structural changes. Head impact biomechanics during American football have been characterized from the high school to professional level, but style of play has not been considered. The aim of this investigation was to quantify and compare head impact frequencies and magnitudes between two different offensive schemes. Methods: We investigated the frequencies and magnitudes (linear acceleration [g], rotational acceleration [rad[middle dot]s-2], and HITsp) of head impacts sustained by 83 high school football athletes, playing for schools using two different offensive schemes. The two schemes comprised a run-first offense (42 athletes) and a pass-first offense (41 athletes). The Head Impact Telemetry System was used to record head impact measures. Results: A total of 35,620 impacts were recorded across two seasons. Athletes in the run-first offense sustained an average of 456 head impacts per season (41 practices and 9 games), whereas the pass-first offense athletes sustained an average of 304 head impacts per season (44 practices and 9 games). The pass-first offense, however, sustained significantly higher impact magnitudes (P values < 0.05; 28.56g, 1777.58 rad[middle dot]s-2, and 16.24) than the run-first offense (25.67g, 1675.36 rad[middle dot]s-2, and 15.48) across a season. Conclusions: These data provide a first look at how different offensive strategies may influence head impact exposure in football athletes. In the study population, a run-first offense was associated with more frequent head impacts, of smaller magnitude, than a pass-first offense
Lower bound on the neutralino mass

Abstract It is shown that in the minimal supersymmetric standard model the mass of the lightest neutralino has to be bigger than 10–13 GeV if the results of the ALEPH search for the neutralino are combined with the UA2/CDF bounds on the mass of the gluino. It is argued that at LEP I, this limit can be improved to at most about 20 GeV.
Insulin receptor binding in obesity: a reassessment

A defect in the binding of insulin to circulating monocytes occurs when obese patients are hospitalized and fed a liberal carbohydrate diet. Under ordinary circumstances, most obese patients have normal insulin binding despite very high concentrations of serum insulin. These results show that insulin does not necessarily regulate its own receptor in vivo--as it does in vitro.
The reliability of high-risk adolescent girls' report of their sexual history.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to determine the consistency in sexually active adolescent girls' self-report of sexual history and to examine their perceptions of providing sexual history information in an interview. Twenty-two adolescent girls (86% black and 14% white) were recruited from an outpatient dysplasia clinic to be interviewed 2 weeks apart. The interview consisted of questions regarding sexual history and whether they viewed their age at first intercourse as too young, too old, or appropriate. After the second interview they were asked whether there were any questions for which they thought other teenagers would be tempted not to tell the truth and any questions that were too embarrasing. Significant correlations between visits were seen for each sexual history variable. Girls described number of sexual partners and sexually transmitted disease history as questions to which adolescents might not be truthful. As part of sexual history taking, health care providers should explore with adolescent girls their perceptions of their history and address any concerns the girls have that might lead to inaccuracies or prevent the girls from obtaining appropriate anticipatory guidance.
Motor System III

The spinal reflexes described in the preceding chapter are the basic building blocks of motor behavior, but clearly these represent only a minor component of the overall motor repertoire of higher animals. Coordinated functions such as postural control, locomotion, and voluntary motor activities depend on higher levels of the nervous system.
Long-Term Rates of Undetectable PSA with Initial Observation and Delayed Salvage Radiotherapy after Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Background Randomized trials have shown an improvement in progression-free survival rates with adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) after radical prostatectomy for patients with a high risk of cancer recurrence. Less is known about the relative advantages and disadvantages of initial observation with delayed salvage radiation therapy (SRT). Objective To examine the results of SRT in a large single-surgeon radical prostatectomy series. Design, Setting, and Participants From a radical prostatectomy database, we identified 859 men with positive surgical margins (SM+), extracapsular tumor extension (ECE), or seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) who chose to defer ART. Following a period of initial observation, 192 ultimately received SRT for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression. Measurements Survival analysis was performed to examine the outcomes of initial observation followed by SRT. Results and Limitations In patients with SM+/ECE and SVI, the 7-yr PSA progression-free survival rates with observation were 62% and 32%, respectively. Among those who had PSA progression, 56% and 26%, respectively, maintained an undetectable PSA for 5 yr after SRT. The long-term rates of undetectable PSA associated with an SRT strategy were 83% and 50% for men with SM+/ECE and SVI, respectively. In the subset of 716 men who did not receive any hormonal therapy, the corresponding long-term rates of undetectable PSA were 91% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions Following radical prostatectomy, initial observation followed by delayed SRT at the time of PSA recurrence is an effective strategy for selected patients with SM+/ECE. Some patients with SVI may also benefit from this strategy. However, additional prospective studies are necessary to further examine the survival outcomes following SRT.
The emotions of justice

This essay attempts to defend the centrality of emotions in our sense of justice and the importance of empirical research into the emotions in the development of philosophical theories of justice. It includes a defense of the “negative” emotions as well as a preliminary taxonomy of the emotions involved in justice.
Serum Enzyme Determination in Patients With Suspected Myocardial Infarction

Accurate, rapid diagnosis of myocardial infarction is an important goal from a therapeutic as well as cost-effective point of view. The more rapidly the clinician can diagnose acute myocardial infarction, the sooner appropriate therapy can be initiated. However, daily charges for hospitalization in a coronary care unit in the United States frequently exceed $500. Thus, admission to the hospital for suspected myocardial infarction is often expensive, particularly if the patient remains in intensive care for two to three days while infarction is "ruled out." What laboratory test should be obtained to confirm the clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction in these cost-conscious times? In this issue of theArchives(p 1541), Fisher et al offer one rational answer to the question aimed at decreasing the cost of hospitalization for patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Their observations support earlier recommendations for serial sampling of only the enzymes creatine kinase (CK)/CK-MB in this
A Testosterone-Secreting, Gonadotropin-Responsive Pure Thecoma and Polycystic Ovarian Disease

A 31-yr-old hirsute female with oligoamenorrhea since menarche had markedly elevated peripheral plasma testosterone (T) concentrations of 250–555 ng/100 ml (normal 20–60 ng/100 ml), which lacked a diurnal rhythm, were not suppressed by dexamethasone, were decreased by ACTH, and were massively increased to 2,530 ng/100 ml by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The binding capacity of T-binding globulin (TeBG) was 0.2 μg/100 ml (normal = 1.1–3.3 μg/100 ml). Plasma Δ4-androstenedione (A) was elevated at 374–681 ng/100 ml (normal = 90–315 ng/100 ml). Plasma estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were normal. The endometrium was proliferative. A T-secreting tumor was suspected because the plasma T levels were higher than those observed in polycystic ovarian disease. Exploratory surgery revealed bilateral polycystic ovaries and a pure thecoma in the right ovary which was not visible on surface examination. The thecoma did not contain granulosa cells. Plasma T in the right ovarian vein,draining the tumor, was 28,200 ng...
On the normality of commuting varieties of symmetric matrices

The commuting variety of pairs of symmetric commuting matrices over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero is normal. This is shown through the direct computation of the singular locus of the variety which is known [3] to be a complete intersection.
Comparison of serum antibody responses and host protection against parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis between channel catfish and channel × blue hybrid catfish.

Abstract There is limited information available on the immune protection of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish I. furcatus (CB) hybrid against the fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). The objective of this study was to compare serum antibody response and host protection between channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish using a cohabitation model. Channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish were immunized with live theronts by immersion or by IP injection at the dose of 10,000–20,000 theronts per fish in two trials. The fish were then challenged with theronts to compare serum antibody response and protection against the parasite between channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish. The immunized channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish showed a significantly higher ( p 1120) compared to non-immunized controls (titer = 0). After being challenged with live theronts, the immunized channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish had none or a low number of the parasites ( p p > 0.05) difference on serum anti-Ich antibody, parasite infection and fish survival between immunized channel catfish and CB hybrid catfish.
The anesthetic approach to operative delivery of the extremely obese parturient

Abstract Extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 40) is thought to complicate approximately 5% of deliveries in the United States. Extreme obesity puts a pregnant woman at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure; respiratory disease, including obstructive sleep apnea and asthma; as well as pregnancy-specific diseases including pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes. Extreme obesity also puts a parturient at a significantly increased risk of requiring cesarean delivery. For the anesthesiologist, the physiologic changes of obesity combined with the normal physiologic changes of pregnancy can make for a complex and challenging case. This review will focus on the anesthetic approach to the extremely obese parturient undergoing scheduled operative delivery. With proper planning and a detailed understanding of the patient׳s comorbidities, a safe and effective anesthetic can be achieved.
Esophageal obturator airway, ET tube, and pharyngeal-tracheal lumen airway

Prior to approval of the EOA, this device had not been documented to be effective in oxygenation and ventilation in the pre-hospital arena. The studies quoted to demonstrate its usefulness were done in the very controlled environment of the operating room or of the emergency department. Indeed, the studies on blood gases obtained immediately upon entry into the emergency department would indicate that the esophageal obturator airway is an inadequate and ineffectual pre-hospital airway. The ability of the device to obstruct the esophagus, has been questioned. In a recent review of the EOA, Smith et al state that "How the EOA gained widespread popularity for use in patients requiring CPR without any evidence of its effectiveness is worthy of investigation". The Food and Drug Administration "grandfathered" the EOA as an acceptable device. This approval was to be reviewed with time, and if complications were reported, a second evaluation of the esophageal obturator airway was to be undertaken. Unfortunately, this has never occurred. We are now faced with the pharyngeal-tracheal lumen airway, which is being marketed for use in the pre-hospital area. The Food and Drug Administration approved the marketing and use of this device based on its similarity to the esophageal obturator airway. The PTL, is a device in many respects similar to the EOA. It has been tested in the operating room and the emergency department. In a study done on unsuccessfully resuscitated patients, it was as effective as an ETT. However, no study has shown that the PTL can be used successfully in the pre-hospital setting by ambulance personnel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Settling in the Hearts: Jewish Fundamentalism in the Occupied Territories

Michael Feige, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2009, x+328 pp., ISBN 978-0-8143-2750-0 Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza have for years been a source of increased tension between...
Quantifying and reducing the cost of web edits

The web is an increasingly important medium of expression for both technical and non-technical authors, and the family of web languages (HTML, CSS, Javascript, etc) is poised to become the de facto content authoring format across disciplines. For such a future to become possible, the ease with which authors---especially non-technical authors---can express themselves becomes paramount. This work presents a method of reducing the complexity of source-level HTML authoring and shows its experimental impact on usability. Our initial findings suggest a path toward simpler HTML source organization without sacrificing rich, modern design.
Magnons and a two-component spin gap in FeV 2 O 4

The spinel vanadates have become a model family for exploring orbital order on the frustrated pyrochlore lattice, and recent debate has focused on the symmetry of local crystal fields at the cation sites. Here, we present neutron scattering measurements of the magnetic excitation spectrum in ${\mathrm{FeV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, a recent example of a ferrimagnetic spinel vanadate which is available in single-crystal form. We report the existence of two emergent magnon modes at low temperatures, which draw strong parallels with the closely related material, ${\mathrm{MnV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. We were able to reproduce the essential elements of both the magnetic ordering pattern and the dispersion of the inelastic modes with semiclassical spin-wave calculations, using a minimal model that implies a sizable single-ion anisotropy on the vanadium sublattice. Taking into account the direction of ordered spins, we associate this anisotropy with the large trigonal distortion of VO${}_{6}$ octahedra, previously observed via neutron powder diffraction measurements. We further report on the spin gap, which is an order of magnitude larger than that observed in ${\mathrm{MnV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. By looking at the overall temperature dependence, we were able to show that the gap magnitude is largely associated with the ferro-orbital order known to exist on the iron sublattice, but the contribution to the gap from the vanadium sublattice is in fact comparable to what is reported in the Mn compound. This reinforces the conclusion that the spin canting transition is associated with the ordering of vanadium orbitals in this system, and closer analysis indicates closely related physics underlying orbital transitions in ${\mathrm{FeV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{MnV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
New Dense-Grid Aeromagnetic Map of Gulf of Guinea Cul-de-Sac, Northeastern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: ABSTRACT

As part of a major project to procure miscellaneous geophysical coverage of the entire country, the Geological Survey of Nigeria has acquired aeromagnetic data, presented as contour maps at various scales, over the nation's 7 sedimentary basins. The coverage over the Nigerian continental margin, acquired at 2,500 ft above sea level, was flown at 4-km flight-line spacing in a north-northeasterly direction and at 20-km tie-line spacing in a west-northwesterly direction. Another tie line was flown along the coastline. Twenty 1:250,000, one-degree square, total-intensity aeromagnetic contour maps covering the marginal basins down to the shelf break were assembled into a single aeromagnetic map of the Gulf of Guinea cul-de-sac. The map area lies within lat. 3°-8°N, and long. 2°-9°E. It covers the Nigerian portion of the Dahomey embayment, the Anambra and Niger Delta basins, and the southern portion of the Benue rift. The map covers the location of the postulated Late Cretaceous triple junction involving the Benue Trough aulacogen, the northward-propagating South Atlantic, and the transform-dominated Equatorial Atlantic. In addition to the region seaward of the continental shelf, the map covers the Niger Delta basin, the basement of which is also inferred to consist mainly of ocean c crust prograded by the thick sediments of the Tertiary Niger delta. This area is also the location of the Late Cretaceous coalescence of the North Atlantic and South Atlantic spreading systems hitherto separate from one another. This new aeromagnetic map fills an important data gap (due to proprietary restrictions and acquisition difficulties) in previous studies of this oil-prolific and geologically unique province. The map would be useful in future structural and tectonic studies of the Gulf of Guinea cul-de-sac. End_of_Article - Last_Page 235------------
Engineering and Two-Stage Evolution of a Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate-Tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain for Anaerobic Fermentation of Xylose from AFEX Pretreated Corn Stover

The inability of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment xylose effectively under anaerobic conditions is a major barrier to economical production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Although genetic approaches have enabled engineering of S. cerevisiae to convert xylose efficiently into ethanol in defined lab medium, few strains are able to ferment xylose from lignocellulosic hydrolysates in the absence of oxygen. This limited xylose conversion is believed to result from small molecules generated during biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis, which induce cellular stress and impair metabolism. Here, we describe the development of a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain with tolerance to a range of pretreated and hydrolyzed lignocellulose, including Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate (ACSH). We genetically engineered a hydrolysate-resistant yeast strain with bacterial xylose isomerase and then applied two separate stages of aerobic and anaerobic directed evolution. The emergent S. cerevisiae strain rapidly converted xylose from lab medium and ACSH to ethanol under strict anaerobic conditions. Metabolomic, genetic and biochemical analyses suggested that a missense mutation in GRE3, which was acquired during the anaerobic evolution, contributed toward improved xylose conversion by reducing intracellular production of xylitol, an inhibitor of xylose isomerase. These results validate our combinatorial approach, which utilized phenotypic strain selection, rational engineering and directed evolution for the generation of a robust S. cerevisiae strain with the ability to ferment xylose anaerobically from ACSH.
Large batch dimensional metrology demonstrated in the example of a LIGA fabricated spring

Deep x-ray lithography in combination with electroforming is capable of producing high precision metal parts in small lot series. This study deals with a high aspect ratio structure with overall dimensions on the order of 10 mm × 7 mm × 1.5 mm, with the smallest line width being 150 μm. The lateral deviation from the design is to be kept to a minimum, preferably below 5 μm. To ensure adequate quality control, a semi-automated metrology technique has been established to measure all parts. While the paper will give a brief overview of all involved techniques, it focuses on the method to measure the top and bottom of the parts and the top of geometries following the process. The instrument used is a View Engineering Voyager V6 × 12 microscope, which is fully programmable. The microscope allows direct measurement of geometries but also is capable of saving all captured data as point clouds. These point clouds play a central role when evaluating part geometry. After measuring the part, the point cloud is compared to the computer aided design (CAD) contour of the part, using a commercially available software package. The challenge of proper edge lighting on a nickel alloy part is evaluated by varying lighting conditions systematically. Results of two conditions are presented along with a set of optimized parameters. With the introduced set of tools, process flow can be monitored by measuring geometries, e.g. linewidths in every step of the process line. An example for such analysis is given. After delivery of a large batch of parts, extensive numbers of datasets were available allowing the evaluation of the variation of part geometries. Discussed in detail is the deviation from part top to part bottom geometries indicating swelling of the PMMA mold in the electroplating bath.
Socially cued mental models

We investigate how initial mental models of a photo sharing website are shaped by observing the behavior of existing users. We manipulate experimentally whether content with critical or popular appeal is highlighted as the best content on the website. Despite interacting with uniform site content and interface design, user's mental models are significantly influenced by social cues embedded in content highlighting behavior, manifesting differential behavioral explanations, audience perceptions, and predictions of unseen features. Results are interpreted within a specific theory of socialized mental models.
Increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 DNA content and quinolinic acid concentration in brain tissues from patients with HIV encephalopathy.

Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and quinolinic acid were examined in areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid organs (LN) from 5 AIDS patients with no clinically apparent CNS compromise (group I), 7 with CNS opportunistic diseases (group II), and 8 with HIV encephalopathy (group III). The brains from patients with HIV encephalopathy not only contained higher levels of HIV-1 DNA (cerebrum, P < .01; cerebellum, P < .05) as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction but also showed a higher rate of viral pol region mutations suggestive of zidovudine or didanosine resistance than brains from patients in group I or II (P < .01). CNS quinolinic acid concentrations were significantly higher in group II and III patients than in group I (P = .03), even though quinolinic acid levels in LN were comparable among the 3 groups. These data suggest that CNS inflammatory changes associated with HIV encephalopathy may be triggered by a local productive HIV-1 infection within the CNS.
Li‐ion batteries: basics, progress, and challenges

Li-ion batteries are the powerhouse for the digital electronic revolution in this modern mobile society, exclusively used in mobile phones and laptop computers. The success of commercial Li-ion batteries in the 1990s was not an overnight achievement, but a result of intensive research and contribution by many great scientists and engineers. Then much efforts have been put to further improve the performance of Li-ion batteries, achieved certain significant progress. To meet the increasing demand for energy storage, particularly from increasingly popular electric vehicles, intensified research is required to develop next-generation Li-ion batteries with dramatically improved performances, including improved specific energy and volumetric energy density, cyclability, charging rate, stability, and safety. There are still notable challenges in the development of next-generation Li-ion batteries. New battery concepts have to be further developed to go beyond Li-ion batteries in the future. In this tutorial review, the focus is to introduce the basic concepts, highlight the recent progress, and discuss the challenges regarding Li-ion batteries. Brief discussion on popularly studied “beyond Li-ion” batteries is also provided.
Effects of Climbing Fiber Driven Inhibition on Purkinje Neuron Spiking

Climbing fiber (CF) input to the cerebellum is thought to instruct associative motor memory formation through its effects on multiple sites within the cerebellar circuit. We used adeno-associated viral delivery of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to inferior olivary neurons to selectively express ChR2 in CFs, achieving nearly complete transfection of CFs in the caudal cerebellar lobules of rats. As expected, optical stimulation of ChR2-expressing CFs generates complex spike responses in individual Purkinje neurons (PNs); in addition we found that such stimulation recruits a network of inhibitory interneurons in the molecular layer. This CF-driven disynaptic inhibition prolongs the postcomplex spike pause observed when spontaneously firing PNs receive direct CF input; such inhibition also elicits pauses in spontaneously firing PNs not receiving direct CF input. Baseline firing rates of PNs are strongly suppressed by low-frequency (2 Hz) stimulation of CFs, and this suppression is partly relieved by blocking synaptic inhibition. We conclude that CF-driven, disynaptic inhibition has a major influence on PN excitability and contributes to the widely observed negative correlation between complex and simple spike rates. Because they receive input from many CFs, molecular layer interneurons are well positioned to detect the spatiotemporal patterns of CF activity believed to encode error signals. Together, our findings suggest that such inhibition may bind together groups of Purkinje neurons to provide instructive signals to downstream sites in the cerebellar circuit.
Designing Effective Virtual Organizations as Sociotechnical Systems

Virtual organizations are increasingly pervasive in knowledge work, despite significant challenges with respect to support for common ground, member awareness, sense of community, work coupling, incentives, and other issues. Understanding how specific sociotechnical affordances of VOs can enhance effectiveness in new and distinctive ways will improve our understanding of virtual organizations, and of computer-mediated human activity. We analyze and synthesize relatively fragmented existing research to develop a schematic success model for virtual organization effectiveness. We suggest that this research could progress through developing and validating a pattern language for virtual organizations, which we illustrate, drawing from ongoing fieldwork.
Prevalence of Communication Disorders in HIV-Infected Adults:

Few adult patients with HIV/AIDS are evaluated for communication disorders. A broad inventory of the communication disorders was obtained in a convenience sample of 82 adult HIV/AIDS patients who presented for medical appointments. Each participant underwent a head and neck exam and a communications skills evaluation. Speech, language, and cognition were assessed using a 10-item test battery. A 14-item hearing test battery was conducted in a separate session. The primary outcomes were the presence and degree of communication disorders. Head and neck exams revealed 40% with ear-related issues. Only 2 participants showed normal findings on all 24 communication skills assessments. Four demonstrated normal findings on all speech-language-cognitive assessments, whereas 8 had normal findings on the complete hearing test battery. A relatively high prevalence of cognitive and language deficits and central auditory disturbances were found. Clinicians must recognize the potential for communication deficits even in a relatively healthy patient with HIV.
When worlds colloid.

Macromolecular crystallography is the pre-eminent experimental technique for the determination of accurate and precise protein structures, and these structures provide one of the bases for modern molecular biology. These structures provide highly-detailed input for the design of experiments to probe molecular function, as well as (in some cases) serving as the input for structure-based lead compound discovery. Of course, a suitable sample is required in order for all of this scientific bounty to spill forth; namely, the earnest (or even semi-earnest) structural biologist requires crystals in which a sufficient number of molecules pack with sufficient long-range order for diffraction of incident X-rays to occur with a resolution sufficient for structure determination. Therein lies one of the challenges of the field: The molecules whose structures we wish to solve do not always form crystals sufficient for structure determination. This challenge is especially acute for those targets at the frontiers of structural biology: proteins possessing multiple domains, protein complexes, and membrane proteins.
The 7-mm connector - Its effects on the microwave industry

At frequencies above approximately 4 Gc the microwave industry has utilized rectangular waveguide as the principle type of transmission line. Compact preamplifiers, the solid state technology, and increased stress on compact and lightweight design, however, are making coaxial transmission line more important. A new general purpose 7 mm connector should further help the coaxial technology. This paper stresses the ways this connector will help the microwave industry and outlines the development of the industry made possible by the connector.
The Darker Side of Lean: An Insider's Perspective on the Realities of the Toyota Production System

Executive Overview The Toyota Production System (TPS) has been lauded as the pinnacle of flexible, just-in-time manufacturing and design and the founder of “lean work” systems, which claim to improve product quality and employee productivity. American automobile manufacturers readily adopted the “Toyota Way” and many of the management practices in service industries, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) are biased on its fundamental principles. The author of this paper, Darius Mehri, is an American-born computer simulation engineer who worked in a Toyota group company for three years, observing this system firsthand and conducting his own qualitative research on what he considers the true impact of lean work: the human cost. As a participant observer who was inculcated in Japanese social and workplace culture, Mehri takes an examination of TPS well beyond what many studies American and European scholars have been able to go. His assessment is guided by a distinction which is fundamental to understanding...
Three dimensional nickel–graphene core–shell electrodes

The annealing of nickel-coated porous carbon structures results in a new three dimensional nanostructured graphene encapsulated nickel core–shell electrode. A highly interdependent and dynamic process is observed that results in the complete reversal of the spatial orientations of the two component system after the annealing process. We examine the mechanism of carbon diffusion and observe unexpected morphological changes of the nickel in response to carbon crystallization. The new nickel–graphene core–shell electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties with promising applications in micro-batteries and biosensors.
Influence of water on the formation of O2-reactive divalent metal enolate complexes of relevance to acireductone dioxygenases.

Reaction conditions were evaluated for the preparation of [(6-PhTPA)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (3) and [(6-Ph2TPA)Co(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (7), two complexes of structural relevance to the enzyme/substrate (ES) adduct in Ni(II)- and Co(II)-containing forms of acireductone dioxygenase. The presence of water in reactions directed at the preparation of 3 and 7 was found to result in isomerization of the enolate precursor 2-hydroxy-1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione to give the ester 2-oxo-2-phenylethylbenzoate. Performing synthetic procedures under dryer conditions reduced the amount of ester production and enabled the isolation of 3 in high yield. This complex was comprehensively characterized, including by X-ray crystallography. Using similar conditions for the 6-Ph2TPACo-containing system, the amount of ester generated was only modestly affected, but the formation of a benzoate complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Co(O2CPh)]ClO4, 10) resulting from ester hydrolysis was prevented. The best preparation of 7 was found to involve dry conditions and short reaction times. The approach outlined herein toward determining appropriate reaction conditions for the preparation of 3 and 7 involved the preparation and characterization of several air-stable (6-PhTPA)Ni- and (6-Ph2TPA)Co-containing analog complexes having enolate, solvent, and benzoate ligands. These complexes were used as paramagnetic 1H NMR standards for evaluation of reaction mixtures containing 3 and 7.
Welcome to JEPS

It is with great pleasure that we welcome readers to the inaugural issue of the Journal of Experimental Politics (JEPS). JEPS is the official journal of the Organized Section of the American Political Science Association (APSA) on Experimental Research. We are greatly honored to have been selected by the section as the first editors of the journal, and wanted to take this opportunity to briefly share with readers our vision for the journal, some interesting new—dare we say experimental?—policies that we have put in place for the journal, as well as the content in this first issue.
Hydroxyl radical scavengers produce similar decreases in the chemiluminescence responses and bactericidal activities of neutrophils.

The addition of hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavengers caused similar decreases in the chemiluminescence responses and killing of Staphylococcus aureus 502A by human neutrophils in vitro.
An extension of a dual theorem on the summation of return differences (electrical networks)

The authors extend a previous result on return differences for a planar network to any network, planar or nonplanar. It is shown that based on the indefinite-impedance matrix formulation, the sum of the reciprocals of the return differences with respect to all network elements of a planar or nonplanar network equals the rank of the network. Some consequences of this theorem in relation to the summation of driving-point and transfer admittances are discussed. >
Preventing Drug Abuse: Where Are We Now?.

Counselors in many settings are involved in the development and implementation of drug abuse prevention programs. It is therefore essential that counselors be as informed as possible about the characteristics of drug abusers and about the drug abuse prevention programs that seem to hold some promise of being effective. This article provides some of this information by examining the research literature and extracting from it the common themes that have meaning for counselors in almost any population.
Gamma-tubulin in differentiated cell types: localization in the vicinity of basal bodies in retinal photoreceptors and ciliated epithelia

gamma-Tubulin, a newly discovered member of the tubulin superfamily required for microtubule nucleation, is associated with the centrosome(s) throughout the vertebrate cell cycle. We have used a polyclonal antibody, generated against a highly conserved segment of gamma-tubulin, to localize this protein in postmitotic, ciliated cells, in which the major microtubule organizing centers are the basal bodies. Single-cilium photoreceptor cells from bovine retina contained a strongly immunoreactive species, with molecular characteristics of gamma-tubulin, in association with a detergent-resistant, cytoskeletal fraction devoid of cytoplasmic microtubules. gamma-Tubulin was discretely localized throughout the basal body region, extending opposite to the axonemal shaft, in mechanically detached rod outer segments and whole-mounted, connecting cilium-derived axonemes. In multiciliated epithelia from bovine trachea and oviduct, gamma-tubulin immunoreactivity was detected at the base of the cilia, where basal bodies are located. These results suggest that this key centrosomal protein of mitotically active cells is also an integral component of microtubule organizing centers, required for the generation of the microtubule network in terminally differentiated cells.
Urinary 19-Nor-Deoxycorticosterone Excretion in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat*

Urinary free 21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnen-3,20-dione (19-nor-DOC) excretion in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain of rat was measured at weekly intervals from weaning (at 3 weeks of age) to 7 weeks of age. Excretion of this steroid was found to be elevated in both male and female SHR compared to WKY rats before the development of hypertension at 8 weeks of age. Urinary levels of 19-nor-DOC returned to WKY at levels 1 week earlier in the male SHR than in the female SHR The levels of 19-nor-DOC in female SHR returned to the level in the female WKY rat just before the onset of hypertension.