cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single crystal measurement of the atomic scattering factor of aluminium

Abstract Absolute atomic scattering factors have been, measured from a thin [110] aluminium crystal in transmission. Using Mo Kα radiation, with an incident divergence of a few minutes of are, the reflected and transmitted line profiles for varying mosaic distributions over the face of the crystal were examined. A correction for secondary extinction was made by increasing the diffracted intensity for each setting of the crystal by a measured ratio of the corresponding transmitted intensity when no diffraction is taking place to that during diffraction. Since the apparent atomic scattering factor was observed to be independent of reflection half-width, the effect of primary extinction is believed to be negligible. Imposing a measured secondary extinction correction that ranged from 5 to 13%, the atomic scattering factors thus obtained were in agreement with those previously reported on aluminium powder. These results, together with recent measurements on perfect Crystals of copper, indicate a significant d...
New Limits on Parameters of the Supersymmetric Standard Model from Cosmology

Abstract We show that there are large regions of parameter space for the supersymmetric standard model in which the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is a nearly pure bino (partner of the hypercharge gauge boson) or particular higgsino (symmetric or antisymmetric linear combination of the two neutral higgsinos with definite hypercharges). In particular, a very massive LSP is almost always one of these possibilities. We calculate the total annihilation cross section for these LSPs, including gauge and Higgs bosons as final states. By computing the relic abundance of LSPs left over from the Big Bang, we can rule out some portions of the parameter space. In other portions there are not enough LSPs to comprise a significant fraction of the dark matter.
A smart itsy bitsy spider for the web

As part of the ongoing Illinois Digital Library Initiative project, this research proposes an intelligent agent approach to Web searching. In this experiment, we developed two Web personal spiders based on best first search and genetic algorithm techniques, respectively. These personal spiders can dynamically take a user's selected starting homepages and search for the most closely related homepages in the Web, based on the links and keyword indexing. A graphical, dynamic, Java-based interface was developed and is available for Web access. A system architecture for implementing such an agent-based spider is presented, followed by detailed discussions of benchmark testing and user evaluation results. In benchmark testing, although the genetic algorithm spider did not outperform the best first search spider, we found both results to be comparable and complementary. In user evaluation, the genetic algorithm spider obtained significantly higher recall value than that of the best first search spider. However, their precision values were not statistically different. The mutation process introduced in genetic algorithm allows users to find other potential relevant homepages that cannot be explored via a conventional local search process. In addition, we found the Java-based interface to be a necessary component for design of a truly interactive and dynamic Web agent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Digital diasporas and governance in semi‐authoritarian states: the case of the Egyptian Copts

This article explores the potential role of diasporas and information technology (IT) in fostering good governance in semi-authoritarian states. Following a review of the literature on good governance and information technology, the case of the Egyptian Copt community and its diaspora is explored, focusing on the activities of the U.S. Copt Association. It is argued that, whether or not it is an explicit objective, the U.S. Copt Association is supporting improved and more democratic governance in Egypt. The case confirms that heterogeneous networks of communication and people can promote good governance, even for the socially excluded and disempowered in a weakly penetrated state. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vindel: a simple pipeline for checking indel redundancy.

Background With the advance of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, a large number of insertion and deletion (indel) variants have been identified in human populations. Despite much research into variant calling, it has been found that a non-negligible proportion of the identified indel variants might be false positives due to sequencing errors, artifacts caused by ambiguous alignments, and annotation errors.
Intercalation of a new tier of transcription regulation into an ancient circuit

Changes in gene regulatory networks are a major source of evolutionary novelty. Here we describe a specific type of network rewiring event, one that intercalates a new level of transcriptional control into an ancient circuit. We deduce that, over evolutionary time, the direct ancestral connections between a regulator and its target genes were broken and replaced by indirect connections, preserving the overall logic of the ancestral circuit but producing a new behaviour. The example was uncovered through a series of experiments in three ascomycete yeasts: the bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and the human pathogen Candida albicans. All three species have three cell types: two mating-competent cell forms (a and α) and the product of their mating (a/α), which is mating-incompetent. In the ancestral mating circuit, two homeodomain proteins, Mata1 and Matα2, form a heterodimer that directly represses four genes that are expressed only in a and α cells and are required for mating. In a relatively recent ancestor of K. lactis, a reorganization occurred. The Mata1-Matα2 heterodimer represses the same four genes (known as the core haploid-specific genes) but now does so indirectly through an intermediate regulatory protein, Rme1. The overall logic of the ancestral circuit is preserved (haploid-specific genes ON in a and α cells and OFF in a/α cells), but a new phenotype was produced by the rewiring: unlike S. cerevisiae and C. albicans, K. lactis integrates nutritional signals, by means of Rme1, into the decision of whether or not to mate.
The minimum number of edges in a 4-critical graph that is bipartite plus 3 edges

Abstract Rodl and Tuza proved that sufficiently large ( k + 1 ) -critical graphs cannot be made bipartite by deleting fewer than ( k 2 ) edges, and that this is sharp. Chen, Erdős, Gyarfas, and Schelp constructed infinitely many 4 -critical graphs obtained from bipartite graphs by adding a matching of size 3 (and called them ( B + 3 ) -graphs). They conjectured that every n -vertex ( B + 3 ) -graph has much more than 5 n / 3 edges, presented ( B + 3 ) -graphs with 2 n − 3 edges, and suggested that perhaps 2 n is the asymptotically best lower bound. We prove that indeed every ( B + 3 ) -graph has at least 2 n − 3 edges.
Identification of hemolytic activity in Prevotella intermedia

Hemolysin production was measured in strains of Prevotella intermedia. Zones of beta-hemolysis were detected on agar plates supplemented with either sheep, rabbit or human erythrocytes. A standard tube assay was performed on cell suspensions of the organism to measure hemolytic activity, which was found to be dose dependent, eliminated by heat treatment, and saturable with increasing concentrations of blood. Growth-phase experiments suggested that hemolysin production was increased during logarithmic growth and was reduced during stationary phase. Cell fractionation, performed on several strains of P. intermedia, localized the activity in the outer membrane and in cell vesicles. The biological implication of this study is that P. intermedia, by virtue of its hemolytic activity, is capable of liberating the hemoglobin from erythrocytes, thereby acquiring an essential nutrient, iron, for its metabolism.
Memristor Crossbar Based Programmable Interconnects

The memristor is a novel non-volatile device having a large variable resistance range. Physical memristors can be laid out in a high density grid known as a crossbar. In this paper we propose a memristor crossbar based static routing switch design. We logically connect two wires within a crossbar by setting their corresponding cross-point memristor to a low resistance state. Conversely we logically disconnect the wires by setting the corresponding memristor to a high resistance state. Our evaluations show that the proposed static switch consumes extremely low power and has a high density compared to existing designs.
Imipenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Risk Factors and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns

Potential risk factors for the detection of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients were assessed by a case-control study. Forty patients whose first P. aeruginosa isolate was resistant or intermediate to imipenem were more likely than 387 controls to have received imipenem (odds ratio [OR] = 16.9; P < .0001) and to have undergone organ transplantation (OR = 3.9; P = .008). No significant difference was found for treatments with other antibiotics, other underlying diseases, demographic characteristics, different exposures to the hospital environment, or the culture site. Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were more likely to be resistant to other common antipseudomonal agents than were imipenem-susceptible isolates. It is concluded that treatment with imipenem, but not with other beta-lactam drugs, is a major risk factor for the detection of imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in hospitalized patients, that these organisms may relatively often be resistant to other antipseudomonal agents, and that the hospital environment per se might not play a major role in their epidemiology.
SECOND‐STAGE LEAST SQUARES VERSUS PENALIZED QUASI‐LIKELIHOOD FOR FITTING HIERARCHICAL MODELS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANALYSES

Hierarchical regression analysis holds much promise for epidemiologic analysis, but has as yet seen limited application because of lack of easily used software and the relatively lengthy run times of preferred fitting methods (such as true maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches). This paper compares three relatively simple choices for estimation of the regression coefficients: maximum-likelihood first stage combined with a weighted-least-squares second stage (MLLS); joint iteratively reweighted least squares fitting of first and second stage (JILS); and empirically penalized quasi-likelihood (EPQL). These choices can be combined with various methods for estimating the second-stage variance; the two contrasted here are based on first and second-stage residuals. JILS and EPQL yielded indistinguishable results, and had small sample performance superior to MLLS. In larger samples there was little practical difference among the methods. Use of first-stage residuals to estimate the prior variance required considerably more computation than use of second-stage residuals, but produced no discernible improvement in regression coefficient estimates. All three methods performed well for estimation of first-stage parameters but were less satisfactory for estimation of second-stage parameters.
The recedence of thick aqueous films in the dewetting of solid surfaces

Abstract The recedence of relatively thick aqueous films from flat solid surfaces was investigated experimentally for two different substrates: paraffin wax and polished Pyrex glass. The wettability of Pyrex was controlled by the addition of dodecylammonium acetate. Using the conservation of energy principle, a model was developed to analyze steady state recedence velocity in terms of the surface free energy change, kinetic energy of the receding liquid, friction loss, kinetic energy loss and gravitational potential energy of the system. A numerical solution of the model was utilized and compared with the experimental data. The model indicates an insensitivity to viscous disspation and corroborates not only the thermodynamic theory for film recedence, but also the general conceptions of other workers on film movement.
What sources contribute to variance in observer ratings? Using generalizability theory to assess construct validity of psychological measures

We illustrate the utility of generalizability theory (GT) as a conceptual framework that encourages psychological researchers to address this question and as a flexible set of analytic tools that can provide answers to inform both substantive theory and measurement practice. To illustrate these capabilities, we analyze observer ratings of 27 caregiver-child dyads, focusing on the importance of situational (contextual) factors as sources of variance in observer ratings of caregiver-child behaviors. Cross-situational consistency was relatively low for the categories of behavior analyzed, indicating that dyads vary greatly in their interactional patterns from one situation to the next, so that it is difficult to predict behavioral frequencies in one context from behaviors observed in a different context. Our findings suggest that single-situation behavioral measures may have limited generalizability, either to behavior in other contexts or as measures of global interaction tendencies. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and measurement design in developmental psychology.
The effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on experimentally induced pain.

This study investigated the effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on ratings of painful electrical stimulation. In Experiment 1, we used a 3-day (20 min/d) mindfulness meditation intervention and measured pain ratings before and after the intervention. Participants' numerical rat- ings of pain to ''low'' and ''high'' electrical stimulation significantly decreased after meditation train- ing. Pain sensitivity, measured by change in stimulus intensity thresholds, also decreased after training. We investigated, in Experiment 2, how well relaxation and a math distraction task attenu- ated experimental pain. Math distraction but not relaxation reduced high pain ratings. There was no reduction in pain sensitivity in these participants. In Experiment 3, we directly compared the effects of meditation with math distraction and relaxation conditions. Our findings indicated significant ef- fects of both meditation and math distraction. Consistent with what was observed in Experiment 1, these participants also demonstrated a decrease in pain sensitivity after meditation training. Changes in the mindfulness and anxiety assessments suggest that meditation's analgesic effects are related to reduced anxiety and the enhanced ability to focus on the present moment. Perspective: Our findings indicate that a brief 3-day mindfulness meditation intervention was ef- fective at reducing pain ratings and anxiety scores when compared with baseline testing and other cognitive manipulations. The brief meditation training was also effective at increasing mindfulness skills.
The State as Terrorist: Insights and Implications

A common response by policy makers, scholars, and the public following September 11 was to declare that everything was different now and the world would never be the same again. In many important w...
Close-in phase noise reduction in an oscillator based on 222 MHz non-linear contour mode AlN resonators

Phase Noise noise reduction in oscillators can be accomplished by using nonlinearly driven resonators locked into a particular nonlinear state that fulfill specific frequency and phase conditions. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate this theory by showing a substantial improvement of the close-in phase noise (lowered by as much as -20dBc/Hz @ 100Hz) of a 222 MHz oscillator that incorporates a nonlinearly driven AlN contour mode resonator (CMR).
Cue definition and residual judgment

Abstract A major problem in naturalistic studies is the defining of cues. The problem of cue definition leads to a consideration of the residual variance in modelling the judge. The part of judgment that cannot be modelled (i.e., the residual) is assumed to consist of cues not adequately defined and mis-specification of the integration function. The major question asked is whether the residual portion of judgment has functional value, i.e., does it add to the clinician's predictive efficiency. Cue definition is shown to be related to the “bootstrapping” phenomenon. The conditions where bootstrapping will work are delineated. The issue is shown to depend on the correlation of the residual and the criterion. Furthermore, psychological achievement is shown to be a weighted sum of the modelled and residual parts of judgment where the weight parameters are interpreted as “environmental complexity.” Two naturalistic studies are examined to investigate the residual contribution to achievement. It is shown that the residual enters into achievement most prominently in situations where the model of man is poor. Moreover, for certain cases one gets a reverse bootstrapping, i.e., the residual correlates higher with the criterion than either the model of the man or the global judgment. Further results are discussed and their implications noted.
Naltrexone Maintenance: Effect on Morphine Sensitivity in Normal Volunteers.

Naltrexone has been tested in numerous clinical trials for both safety and efficacy in the treatment of relapse to opioid dependence. In the doses used for this purpose, it has been found to be safe and pharmacologically effective. Recently it has been found that chronic treatment with naloxone or naltrexone produces supersensitivity to opioid agonists in rodents. Seven normal human volunteers were tested for opiate sensitivity, using morphine 8 mg iv before and after 2 weeks of naltrexone treatment at 50 mgpo qd. There were no significant differences in morphine-induced respiratory depression before or after naltrexone treatment. These results indicate that at the dose of morphine used in this study, it is unlikely that naltrexone maintenance would increase the risk of opiate toxicity.
Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction.

Summary Objective This experimental study tests two hypotheses which address outstanding questions in cartilage lubrication: can the friction coefficient remain low under sustained physiological loading conditions? How effective is synovial fluid (SF) in the lubrication of articular cartilage? Based on theory, it is hypothesized that migrating contact areas can maintain elevated cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization, thus a low friction coefficient, indefinitely. It is also hypothesized that the beneficial effects of SF stem from boundary lubrication rather than fluid-film lubrication. Design Five experiments were conducted on immature bovine femoro-tibial joints, to compare the frictional response under migrating vs stationary contact areas; the frictional response in SF vs saline; the role of sliding velocity and the role of congruence on the friction coefficient. Results Migrating contact area could maintain a low friction coefficient under sustained physiological conditions of loading for at least 1h. SF reduced the friction coefficient by a factor of ∼1.5 relative to saline. However, interstitial fluid pressurization was far more effective, reducing the friction coefficient by a factor of ∼60 relative to equilibrium (zero-pressure) conditions. It was confirmed that SF acts as a boundary lubricant. Conclusions These results emphasize the importance of interstitial fluid pressurization on the frictional response of cartilage. They imply that the mechanical integrity of cartilage must be maintained to produce low friction in articular joints. The more limited effectiveness of SF implies that intra-articular injections of lubricants in degenerated joints may have only limited effectiveness on their tribological properties.
Coupled deformation-diffusion effects on water-level changes due to propagating creep events

Water-well-level fluctuations associated with episodic creep are studied using a coupled deformation-diffusion solution for the pore pressure produced by a plane-strain shear dislocation moving steadily at a speedV in a linear elastic, saturated porous medium. For largeVr/2c, wherer is distance from the dislocation andc is diffusivity, the solution approaches the form of the uncoupled elastic solution used by Wesson (1981) to analyze water-level changes due to creep events. The differences between the two solutions are significant within 10 diffusion lengths (20c/V) from the fault plane. More specifically, the pore pressure predicted by the coupled solution reverses sign behind the dislocation and is much smaller in magnitude than that predicted by the uncoupled solution. For an undrained Poisson ratio of 0.3, Skempton's coefficient of 0.8 and a shear modulus of 30 GPa, the coupled solution predicts a peak pore-pressure change of 13.7 kPa (137 mbar) per millimeter of slip forV=1 km/day andc=1.0 m2/sec. The spectrum of the coupled solution is limited to a band of frequencies, centered at a value proportional toV and approximately inversely proportional to the distance from the observation point to the fault plant. Thus, close to the fault plane the frequency band occupied by the coupled solution may lie above the range at which water wells can respond. The coupled solution is used in interpreting the same creep-associated water-level change observed by Johnson (1973) and modeled by Wesson (1981) using the uncoupled solution. Although there are uncertainties in properties of the rock material and in the speed of the creep event, the coupled solution predicts a water-level change comparable in magnitude to the observed change.
Simulation in practice: challenges of introducing simulation as a decision making tool

Over the years, simulation models have been successfully built to observe the behavior of systems. Despite advances in the field and its growth in popularity, when simulation is to be introduced to an organization, there are challenges to be met including acceptance by staff, availability of staff to describe the various operations, existence of useful data, and management expectations. Organizations are continuously collecting data, which may lead one to believe that developing stochastic models of an organization's activities should be easy. However, elicitation of useful information may end up being a major bottleneck because usually the information system collecting such data is not designed for stochastic modeling. Unrealistic management expectations may result in simulation modeling being thrown away when these expectations are not met. Success in introducing simulation modeling will depend heavily on how well these challenges are addressed and managed.
A lethal mutation which affects the maturation of ribosomes

A temperature sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli which fails to recover from prolonged carbon starvation, was found to be irreversibly killed by exposure to a nonpermissive temperature (43°C), with a half-life of about half an hour. This bacteriocidal effect of the temperature could be reversed by a number of antibiotics which block protein synthesis but not by blocking DNA synthesis. At the nonpermissive temperature, RNA and the protein synthetic capacities decrease before the DNA synthetic capacity is decreased. Analysis of ribosomal proteins and methylation of them did not reveal any consistent differences between the parental and mutant strains. Analysis of the ribosomal RNA revealed that it is being synthesized in similar amounts as in the parental strain at the nonpermissive temperature, however, after chase its level is decreased. Moreover, the 17S precusor RNA is slow to mature to 16S rRNA in the mutant strain at the nonpermissive temperature. Thus, these studies suggest that the mutation studied here affects a late maturation step in the synthesis of the rRNA. Therefore the gene is designated rimH (for ribosomal modification). All the properties bestowed on the mutant strain are caused by a single pleiotropic mutation which maps at min 14 of the E. coli map. Three point transduction crosses suggest the order rimH, leuS, rna, lip. This gene maps outside the two known clusters for ribosomal structural genes.
The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial

This Second Edition represents Bellah's summation of his views on civil religion in America. In his 1967 classic essay "Civil Rights in America," Bellah argued that the religious dimensions of American society-as distinct from its churches-has its own integrity and required "the same care in understanding that any religion." This edition includes his 1978 article "Religion and the Legitimation of the American Republic," and a new Preface.
Physiological and morphological analyses of ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic neurons in the cat.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from ventral anterior and ventral lateral (VA-VL) thalamic neurons in the cat. VA-VL neurons were tested for responsiveness to activation of cortical, pallidal and cerebellar afferents, and were identified morphologically by intracellular injection of HRP. Orthodromic activation of cortical and pallidal afferents produced primarily an initail inhibition (due in part to oligosynaptic circuitry) while activation of cerebellar afferents produced an initial excitation in the majority of neurons tested. Antidromic activation of thalamocortical relay neurons was observed in 32% of the neurons tested. Neurons showing short latency responses to activation of globus pallidus-entopeduncular nucleus and cerebellar peduncle were concentrated in the medial and ventral portions of the VA-VL complex, respectively. Neurons showing short latency responses to activation of the neocortex were located throughout the entire extent of the VA-VL complex. Onlyn 3% of the neurons tested showed short-latency convergence of cortical, pallidal and cerebellar afferents. In contrast, 53% of neurons tested showed long latency triple convergence. Eight VA-VL neurons were stained intracellulary with HRP. Based on dendritic morphology, the labeled neurons were separated into two types: (1) a stelate type with dendrites that spread radially from the soma, and (2) a fusiform type with dendrites that were oriented mainly parallel to the long axis of the soma. Both types of neuron were aspiny although the dendrites of the stellate cells exhibited short appendages.
Radiation safety and vascular access: Attitudes among cardiologists worldwide

Abstract Objectives To determine opinions and perceptions of interventional cardiologists on the topic of radiation and vascular access choice. Background Transradial approach for cardiac catheterization has been increasing in popularity worldwide. There is evidence that transradial access (TRA) may be associated with increasing radiation doses compared to transfemoral access (TFA). Methods We distributed a questionnaire to collect opinions of interventional cardiologists around the world. Results Interventional cardiologists (n = 5332) were contacted by email to complete an on-line survey from September to October 2013. The response rate was 20% (n = 1084). TRA was used in 54% of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Most TRAs (80%) were performed with right radial access (RRA). Interventionalists perceived that TRA was associated with higher radiation exposure compared to TFA and that RRA was associated with higher radiation exposure that left radial access (LRA). Older interventionalists were more likely to use radiation protection equipment and those who underwent radiation safety training gave more importance to ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Nearly half the respondents stated they would perform more TRA if the radiation exposure was similar to TFA. While interventionalists in the United States placed less importance to certain radiation protective equipment, European operators were more concerned with physician and patient radiation. Conclusions Interventionalists worldwide reported higher perceived radiation doses with TRA compared to TFA and RRA compared to LRA. Efforts should be directed toward encouraging consistent radiation safety training. Major investment and application of novel radiation protection tools and radiation dose reduction strategies should be pursued.
Sodium Butyrate Induces Transcription from the Gαi2Gene Promoter through Multiple Sp1 Sites in the Promoter and by Activating the MEK-ERK Signal Transduction Pathway *

Sodium butyrate, an erythroid differentiation inducer and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, increases Gαi2 levels in differentiating K562 cells. Here we show that sodium butyrate induces Gαi2 gene transcription via sequences at −50/−36 and −92/−85 in the Gαi2 gene promoter. Both sequences contain core sequence motif for Sp1 binding; electrophoretic mobility shift as well as supershift assays confirmed binding to Sp1. Transcription from the Gαi2 gene promoter was also activated by two other histone deacetylase inhibitors, trichostatin A andHelminthsporium carbonium toxin (HC toxin), which also induce erythroblastic differentiation in K562 cells. However, hydroxyurea, a potent erythroid differentiation inducer in these cells, did not activate transcription from this gene promoter, indicating that promoter activation is inducer-specific. Mutations within the Sp1 sites at −50/−36 and −92/−85 in the Gαi2 gene promoter substantially decreased transcriptional activation by sodium butyrate, trichostatin A, or HC toxin. Transfection with constitutively activated ERKs indicated that this promoter can be activated through the MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway. Inhibition of the MEK-ERK pathway with U0126 or reduction in the expression of endogenous ERK with an antisense oligonucleotide to ERK significantly inhibited sodium butyrate- and HC toxin-induced transcription but had no effect on trichostatin A-induced transcription. Inhibition of the JNK and p38 MAPKs, using selective inhibitors, had no effect on sodium butyrate-induced transcription. In cells in which sodium butyrate induction of promoter activation had been inhibited by various concentrations of U0126, constitutively activated ERK2 reversed this inhibition. These results show that the MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway is important in butyrate signaling, which eventually converges in the cell nucleus.
Smallest Freestanding Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

Here, we report the successful direct observation of the smallest free-standing single-walled carbon nanotube, which has a diameter of about 0.43 nm. Our single-walled carbon nanotubes were produced by the improved floating reactant method, which combines the conventional substrate and floating catalyst methods using zeolite particles as a floating catalyst support. This finding is also important because small-diameter nanotubes were proved to be able to grow without any confinement that limits the tube diameter such as in the tube growth in a template or in the central core of a multiwalled nanotube, as reported in previous studies by other groups. The success of obtaining very small single-walled carbon nanotubes opens the door to unprecedented applications of this fascinating material as a true 1D material.
A multi-layer discrete-ordinate method for vector radiative transfer in a vertically-inhomogeneous, emitting and scattering atmosphere—II. Application

A theory is developed for discretizing the vector integro-differential radiative transfer equation including both solar and thermal radiation. A complete solution and boundary equations are obtained using the discrete-ordinate method. An efficient numerical procedure is presented for calculating the phase matrix and achieving computational stability. With natural light used as a beam source, the Stokes parameters from the model proposed here are compared with the analytical solutions of Chandrasekhar (1960) for a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere. The model is then applied to microwave frequencies with a thermal source, and the brightness temperatures are compared with those from Stamnes'(1988) radiative transfer model.
The determination of the nitrogen contents of various edible hydrogenated fats

Summary Conditions are set out for the satisfactory measurement of nitrogen contents of edible, refined, hydrogenated fats at levels of 100 μg N/g fat, by the wet oxidation of the fat with acid-hydrogen peroxide and subsequent Kjeldahl micro-distillation. The Nessler method has been evaluated and found to be unsatisfactory when used in conjunction with acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion. Examples indicatting the range of nitrogen contents, ca. 100–200 μg N/g fat, which can be expected in edible, refined, hydrogenated fats, from different sources are reported.
Efficient solution of the simplified P N equations

In this paper we show new solver strategies for the multigroup SP N equations for nuclear reactor analysis. By forming the complete matrix over space, moments, and energy, a robust set of solution strategies may be applied. Power iteration, shifted power iteration, Rayleigh quotient iteration, Arnoldi's method, and a generalized Davidson method, each using algebraic and physics-based multigrid preconditioners, have been compared on the C5G7 MOX test problem as well as an operational pressurized water reactor model. Our results show that the most efficient approach is the generalized Davidson method, which is 30-40 times faster than traditional power iteration and 6-10 times faster than Arnoldi's method.
Conditioned drug effects and absence of tolerance to d-amphetamine induced motor activity

Abstract Tolerance development to d-amphetamine induced motor motor activity was studied under various experimental conditions. Following seven daily habituation sessions, female, albino rats were subjected to 7 daily sessions in which NaCl was injected IP 30 min before placement into activity cages (NaCl controls). In the next 9 days, the rats underwent 3 drug sessions, each separated by 2 NaCl controls, in which d-amphetamine (0.5, 10. or 1.7 mg/kg) was likewise injected before placement. A course of repeated drug administration followed for the next 14 days. One group of rats was injected with the drug 30 min before placement into the activity cage, a second group received the drug 30 min after each session as a control for conditioned activity effects, while a third group received NaCl. On the fifteenth day, all rats recieved d-aphetamine 30 min before placement as a test for tolerance development. This session was followed the next day by a test for conditioned motor effects in which NaCl was injected IP 30 min before the session. Dose related increases in motor activity were observed during the drug control sessions. The magnitude of the drug effect did not decrease following any of the conditions during the course of repeated drug administration. Animals repeatedly injected with the drug 30 min after or with NaCl 30 min before each session were affected by d-amphetamine approximately the same as they were before repeated injections. Rats administered d-amphetamine 30 min before sessions during the course of repeated injections showed an enhanced response to d-amphetamine during the test for tolerance. The magnitude of the change was related to the magnitude of the conditioned motor activity response. These experiments emphasize the importance of learned or conditioned variables that may result from repeated drug administration in conjunction with behavioral tests.
Mutation of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog decreases crossing over but not mismatch correction

MSH4 is a novel meiosis-specific gene required for wild-type levels of spore viability in S. cerevisiae. The predicted product of the MSH4 gene is homologous to the MutS family of proteins; however, msh4-null mutants have no apparent defect in mismatch repair. msh4 mutant strains display wild-type levels of gene conversion and postmeiotic segregation, but they show a reduction in crossing over and a resultant increase in nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes at meiosis I. Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrate that the Msh4 protein is localized to discrete sites on pachytene chromosomes. We propose that Msh4 interacts with a recombination intermediate to influence its resolution.
Wavemechanics of Compressible Fluids

It is shown that the complete set of nonlinear conservation equations for mass, vector momentum, and energy of compressible, dissipation-free fluids can be transformed into a complex, scalar wave equation. The latter contains only a single nonlinear term which has the meaning of a pressure potential. Thus the transformation leads to a considerable simplification in the mathematical description of compressible fluids. As a concrete illustration of the wavemechanical formulation, the dispersion of acoustic waves is treated briefly. Der vollstandige Satz von Erhaltungsgleichungen fur Masse, Impuls und Energie dissipationsfreier kompressibler Flussigkeiten last sich, wie hier gezeigt wird, in eine komplexe skalare Wellengleichung transformieren. Diese enthalt nur ein einziges nichtlineares Glied, das die Bedeutung eines Druckpotentials hat. Die Transformation fuhrt daher zu einer erheblichen Vereinfachung bei der mathematischen Beschreibung kompressibler Flussigkeiten. Um die wellenmechanische Formulierung an einem konkreten Beispiel zu illustrieren, wird kurz die Dispersion akustischer Wellen behandelt.
Theoretical issues in the interpretation of microartifacts

Archaeology is increasingly partitioned into specialities. While this practice is not universally deleterious, frequently it limits the impact of novel concepts to small segments of the discipline. Such is the case with the idea of microartifacts, now treated by only a handful of specialists. After linking the definition of microartifact to techniques of sampling and identification, the unique and valuable information of small artifacts is obvious. Microartifacts, by virtue of their unique transport and deposition properties, compliment the information contained in macroartifacts. Thus, they should be a routine concern in all archaeological research. This implies a stronger integration of geoarchaeology and archaeology.
Minimally Invasive Vein Surgery: Latest Options for Vein Disease

The goal of treatment for venous disease is to decrease ambulatory venous hypertension. Various strategies are employed. These can be divided into exogenous and endogenous treatments. Exogenous methods concern those employed from the outside of the limb, such as compression and elevation. Endogenous modalities treat from inside the limb the underlying venous pathology due to venous valvular dysfunction or venous obstruction. Traditional endogenous procedures include stripping, ligation, and phlebectomy. All these procedures require incisions, anesthesia, and perhaps hospitalization, and involve significant discomfort. Newer minimally invasive vein surgery procedures now exist. These are all same-day, outpatient procedures, usually involving local anesthesia. Most can be performed percutaneously without incisions. Patients ambulate the day of the procedure. Morbidity is less than 1%. This article summarizes the concept of minimally invasive vein surgery and summarizes new technologies to manage all forms of venous disease. Mt Sinai J Med 77:270–278, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Intake, digestion and daily gain by cattle consuming bermudagrass hay and receiving concentrate supplements

Abstract Feed intake, digestion and performance by cattle consuming bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) ad libitum and receiving concentrate supplements were determined. In a Latin square with five Holstein steers (228 kg) fed bermudagrass hay (21.6 g nitrogen kg−1 dry matter (DM)), additions of soybean meal, urea or corn gluten and blood meals with or without urea to a ground corn-based supplement did not affect dry matter intake, digestibilities of organic matter or neutral detergent fiber. In a second experiment, crossbred beef heifers (233 kg) and steers (246 kg; zeranol implanted) were fed bermudagrass hay (18.1 g nitrogen kg−1 DM) ad libitum alone (control) or with ground corn plus dried molasses (833:167; 3.0 g kg−1 body weight) without (basal) or with soybean meal (2.5 g kg−1 body weight), urea (0.40 g kg−1 body weight) or corn gluten and blood meals (1.3 and 0.40 g kg−1 body weight, respectively) with or without urea (0.20 g kg−1 body weight; DM). Daily gain in the 84-day trial was 26% greater for basal than for control animals. Urea supplementation did not affect gain. Additions of protein meals elicited similar further increases in gain by implanted steers, but did not affect gain by non-implanted heifers.
CRITICAL ROLE OF DETERMINANT PRESENTATION IN THE INDUCTION OF SPECIFIC RESPONSES IN IMMUNO-COMPETENT LYMPHOCYTES

A detailed analysis of the role of determinant presentation in the process of triggering immunocompetent lymphocytes has been made utilizing cell-bound hapten-carrier conjugates to elicit secondary antihapten antibody responses, primarily in vitro. The results of these experiments demonstrate that: (a) hapten-protein conjugates will attach to the surface membranes of macrophages directly, in the absence of specific antibodies, in a highly immunogenic form; (b) such macrophage-bound conjugates serve as remarkedly efficient stimuli to trigger both thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) cells in a specific manner, lowering the optimal threshold antigen dose (in molar terms) by several logs as compared with soluble antigen; (c) the macrophage is not unique in this regard, since fibroblasts are essentially comparable in the capacity to present antigen in highly immunogenic form; (d) cell surface-bound antigen clearly favors secondary in vitro responses of the IgG as compared with the IgM antibody class; (e) in terms of triggering B or T cells, antigen bound to macrophages in the form of immune complexes does not appear to possess any appreciable advantage over equimolar quantities of directly attached antigen; (f) the increased immunogenicity of cell-bound antigen appears to reflect certain crucial, and undefined, features of cell surface membranes and not merely the stabilization of determinants on a relatively immobile surface; and (g) although the efficiency of lymphocyte triggering is markedly enhanced by cell-bound antigen, the presence of macrophages is apparently not an absolute requirement for eliciting secondary in vitro antibody responses to soluble hapten-protein conjugates. The relevance of these observations to the nature of the signal induced upon antigen interaction by specific lymphocytes and the sequential cellular events involved in the regulatory influence of activated T cells on B cell responses to antigen is discussed. We postulate that T lymphocytes are best triggered by cell-bound antigen and that after this step the activated T lymphocytes regulate the triggering of B cells with antigen.
Modifications of the Rayleigh interferometer in the ultracentrifuge for use with heme and other light-absorbing proteins.

Abstract This paper describes minor modifications that were made in the Rayleigh interferometer so that good-quality fringe patterns could be obtained with red light at 690 mμ where absorption by heme proteins is minimal. The use of the synthetic boundary cell as a differential refractometer with both green and red light was investigated. The modified interferometer was used in studies with equine methemoglobin involving both low-speed and high-speed sedimentation equilibrium and the measurement of diffusion coefficients. The criteria used to select the best conditions for handling heme proteins are applicable to other macromolecules with different light absorption profiles.
Strategic location and sovereignty: Modern micronesia in the historical context of American expansionism

Abstract The historical and political geographies of strategic areas are commonly formulated in terms of those who define them as strategic. When the Micronesian islands are considered, the routes upon which they lie are emphasised and analyses are formulated in terms of seaborne empires or with reference to the colonial histories of the powers that have contested possession of the islands. This essay frames the matter of Micronesia's location in Micronesian terms—that is, from the perspective of the Micronesians who have long sought to reclaim sovereignty over their homeland—in addition to considering strategic theories and imperial expansion of specific regimes. Micronesians cannot move the islands out of their strategic location, but they have worked to recast their political status, reducing threats to their security. The paper emphasises the interaction between strategic location and political status: for small and/or weak territories, sovereignty is a resource to be cultivated and exploited, its val...
Scientific and technical strategies for planetary exploration

Abstract Dramatic changes in the world political situation have encouraged collaboration between the main spacefaring, and other nations, in furthering progress in space endeavours. General strategic concepts must balance scientific/ technology/cost rationales while still preserving political and ambitious issues. This paper advocates optimizing the information from low-cost robotic missions to outer and inner planets when discussing ambitious robotic and manned flights to Mars. The author also articulates three additional points: first, the necessity of establishing the degree to which a human rather than a robotic presence is an absolute requirement for the most effective study of a planet; second, is the time ripe for a manned mission to Mars considering existing political/economic/technological constraints?; and third, that such a costly project is justified only if nations pool their resources and combine interests through effective international cooperation.
An Alternative Interpretation of the Two-Loop, Adaptive-Control Strategy of Lee and Yu

The two-loop, adaptive-control strategy employed by Lee and Yu is shown to consist of adjustment of loop gains so that no output feedback occurs. This means that in so far as the adaptive feature is required, both loops could be dispensed with and feedback applied locally around the input modulator.
Clinical evaluation of a tooth-restoration coupling agent

Various comparisons and evaluations were made for 54 matched pairs of restorations treated with an acetone solution of a surface-active comonomer or an acetone solution alone. The clinical effectiveness of a tooth-restoration coupling agent (NPG-GMA) was tested by treatment of 54 Class III and V cavity preparations with an acetone solution of this surface-active comonomer. Fifty-four additional preparations were treated with acetone alone for comparison. The teeth were restored with an experimental composite material. The restorations were observed by three dentists for 3½ years. The evaluations indicated that the restorations placed over the NPG-GMA coupling agent had significantly better margins, and a significantly higher number of the NPG-GMA associated restorations were rated better compared to those placed over the acetone control.
Thermodynamics of Vapor Synthesis of AlN by Nitridation of Aluminum and Its Halides

A thermodynamic analysis for the vapor synthesis of AlN is presented. A thermodynamic equilibrium computer code and recent thermochemical tables are used to evaluate various reactant gases for their potential to produce high-purity AlN at high yields. The Al/N/H/X/Y systems are examined, where X is any halide atom and Y is an inert gas. The effects of reactant ratio, temperature, and pressure on reactant conversion and product purity are estimated. Results from two systems are presented in the form of design diagrams, which represent the phases formed and the conversion achieved at various process conditions.