cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of somatotopic organization and spontaneous neuronal activity in the region of the thalamic principal sensory nucleus in patients with spinal cord transection

1. We explored the region of the principal sensory nucleus of thalamus (Vc) during stereotactic surgical procedures for treatment of patients with pain after spinal cord transection (n = 23). Recep...
Instructional Set and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall

Previous studies found advance instruction regarding the final recall trial reduced retroactive inhibition in serial learning (3) and paired-associate learning (4) but not in free recall (2). Postman and Stark (4) suggested instructed subjects rehearsed List 1 during List 2 acquisition. Decker's (2) negative finding may have been due to rehearsal of List 1 by uninstructed as well as instructed subjects. This experiment included groups instructed to forget List I to minimize rehearsal. List 1 rehearsal may impair Lisc 2 acquisirion. If s3, the forget instruction should yield superior List 2 performance. Since Decker's (2) lists consisted of words from the same categories. List 1 rehearsal may not have impaired List 2 acquisition due to common category labels and/or interitem associations. When lists containing different categories are rehearsed simultaneously there may be a more adverse effect on both lists. Subjects were instructed to remember List 1 while learning List 2, instructed to forget List 1, or given List 2 instructions containing no mention of List 1. Instruction was factorially combined with category type, same or different. Twenty university students served as subjects in each group. Booklecs contained instruction, study, recall, and filler pages. Each list consisted of 36 nouns, six from each of six categories (1). There were two study-test trials with a 2-min. study period and a 90-sec. recall interval on each list. The interlist interval was 1 min. A 3-min. recall trial immediately followed List 2 acquisition. Groups instructed to forget List 1 recalled List 2 while all ochers recalled List 1. List 2 acquisition by the different categories groups (M = 43.13, SD = 8.04) exceeded that of the same categories groups (M = 38.60, SD = 8.88; K.nt = 8.48, fi < ,005 ). Lisc 1 recall by the different categories groups (A1 = 18.90, SD = 7.71 ) was
Earth abundant CuSbS2 thin films solution processed from thiol–amine mixtures

Solution processing is a practical low-cost strategy for depositing semiconductor thin films. A binary thiol–amine solvent mixture dissolves bulk Cu2S and Sb2S3 under ambient conditions, allowing for solution deposition and low temperature recovery of CuSbS2. The resulting films of earth abundant CuSbS2 possess optoelectronic properties suitable for photovoltaic applications.
Refinement of structural heuristics for model checking of concurrent programs through data mining

Detecting concurrency bugs in multi-threaded programs through model-checking is complicated by the combinatorial explosion in the number of ways that different threads can be interleaved to produce different combinations of behaviors. At the same time, concurrency bugs tend to be limited in their scope and scale due to the way in which concurrent programs are designed, and making visible the rules that govern the relationships between threads can help us to better identify which interleavings are worth investigating. In this work, patterns of read-write sequences are mined from a single execution of the target program to produce a quantitative, categorical model of thread behaviors. This model is exploited by a novel structural heuristic. Experiments with a proof-of-concept implementation, built using Java Pathfinder and WEKA, demonstrate that this heuristic locates bugs faster and more reliably than a conventional counterpart. HighlightsThe paper explores how model checking can be hybridized with trace analysis.Traces are mined to produce a categorical model of thread behavior.A heuristic for race detection is retrofitted to exploit the behavior model.With proper parameterization, the novel heuristic finds bugs 8? faster.A novel mutation-based benchmark generation process is introduced for validation.
Maximizing an ROC-type measure via linear combinations of biomarkers

The receiver operating characteristic curve is a popular tool to describe and compare the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers when the binary-scale gold standard is available. There are, however, many examples of diagnostic tests whose gold standards are continuous. Hence, several extensions are proposed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of biomarkers when the gold standard is continuous-scale. In practice, there may exist more than one biomarkers and diagnostic accuracy can be improved by combining multiple biomarkers. In this paper, an explicit form of diagnostic accuracy index and the corresponding linear combination that maximizes the diagnostic accuracy are derived under elliptical distribution assumption. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic accuracy and the optimal linear combination under different distribution assumptions. The methodology is applied to a behavioral intervention study for families of youth with type 1 diabetes.
Venus: Mother of All ‘Whores’

Apparently one of the hottest pieces of early modern English pornography was Shakespeare’s narrative poem Venus and Adonis. Although the poem was dedicated to the 19-year-old Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton, and is often regarded in commentary as written primarily to please him and his coterie, by publishing it, Shakespeare was obviously seeking a wider audience for the poem, and he certainly found it. The audience and admirers of Venus and Adonis were vastly larger, as the poem was the most popular of Shakespeare’s works in his lifetime, with ten editions issued between 1593 and 1613, six of them by 1599; 16 editions had been published by 1640.1 Centuries before the production of Viagra, Venus and Adonis was prescribed as treatment for erectile disfunction.2 As noted by Gordon Williams (1996), the poem ‘established Shakespeare’s reputation as erotic poet’ (10) — among both men and women, it seems. Richard Halpern suggests that ‘the hypothesis of a predominantly male readership is contradicted by most of the early references to Venus and Adonis’ by Shakespeare’s contemporary poets and dramatists, who ‘tended to depict Shakespeare’s poem as the reading matter of courtesans, lascivious nuns, adulterous housewives, or libidinous young girls’ (1997: 378) — in other words, pretty much the whole spectrum of women as labeled by men worried by female sexuality.
Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety based on the fear-potentiated startle test

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neural circuitry involved in conditioned fear, by studying the increase in a simple reflex when elicited in the presence of a fearful stimulus. The systematic study of conditioned fear behaviors has led to a detailed understanding of the neural pathways, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of both the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. This chapter uses data gathered from fear-potentiated startle test to illustrate many of the basic principles and neural pathways involved in conditioned fear. The amygdala receives input from numerous areas of the brain, many of which are critical for fear conditioning. The various aspects of fear conditioning include pain, hearing, smell, and vision. The fear-potentiated startle test helps in describing the neural circuitry involved in conditioned fear. . The primary acoustic startle reflex pathway involves three central synapses: auditory nerves fibers to cochlear root neurons (CRNs), CRN axons to cells in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC), and PnC axons to motor neurons in the facial motor nucleus (pinna reflex) or spinal cord (whole body startle). This also involves pathways that project via the thalamus and perirhinal or insular cortex to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla). The Bla projects to the central (CeA) and medial (MeA) nuclei of the amygdala, which projects indirectly to a particular part of the acoustic startle pathway in the brainstem. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptors, as well as various intracellular cascades, in the amygdala are critical for fear learning, which is then mediated by glutamate acting in the CeA and perhaps substance P acting in the MeA. Based on various differences between CeA- and BNST-mediated behaviors, it has been suggested that CeA-mediated behaviors represent stimulus-specific fear, whereas BNST-mediated behaviors are more akin to anxiety.
1.17 – Brain Systems Underlying Social Behavior

Recent progress in animal behavior research, based on the insight that proximate mechanisms both shape and constrain behavioral responses to natural and sexual selection, has reinforced the importance of knowing the neuromolecular basis of social behavior for understanding its evolution. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the neural substrates of vertebrate social behavior, with an emphasis on the neuroendocrine and neurochemical pathways involved. Using an integrative perspective, we then discuss the evolution of these mechanisms and highlight several challenges that have hampered progress in this area. Finally, we provide a road map for an integrative evolutionary neuroethology.
Evolution of Parietal Cortex in Mammals: From Manipulation to Tool Use

One of the hallmarks of human evolution is the extraordinary degree to which we can manipulate the physical world with our hands or with tools that extend or amplify our limbs. This manual dexterity coevolved with an expansion of posterior parietal cortex (PPC), which contains areas involved in programming voluntary movements, coding reach targets in multiple reference frames, and decision-making. To enable our body to interact with our physical surroundings, these fields must also construct an internal model of the physical self: our body's configuration, the boundary between our body and external physical objects, and the temporary expansion of that self as we wield a tool that extends our reach and manual capabilities. Such comprehension of where and what the self is and even the ability to manipulate objects and use them as tools did not evolve de novo in humans, but rather emerged from simple networks present in early mammals. In this chapter, we consider not only the structure and function of PPC in primates, but also include data from nonprimate mammals in an effort to understand the basic processing networks that were present in our early ancestors, and how these networks evolved and expanded in primates.
From an Obscured Gaze to a Seeing Eye? Iris as Victim, Villain, and Avenger in the Role of Writer-as-Assassin in Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin:

In the postmodern period, first-person-limited, unreliable, female narrators may have a greater difficulty in “seeing” and, thus, depicting their landscapes than previous eras’ storytellers. Iris (...
CREST-2: Identifying the Best Method of Stroke Prevention for Carotid Artery Stenosis: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Organizational Update.

One of the great achievements of modern medicine is the successful prevention of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. Although the incidence of stroke has substantially declined over the last 30 years, ≈200 000 preventable stroke deaths still occur annually in the United States. According to a recent study based on the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study, annually ≈41 000 strokes in the United States are attributed to extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. Early revascularization for symptomatic carotid stenosis—that is, in patients with recent ipsilateral stroke or TIA—is well established as effective at preventing ipsilateral stroke. Carotid stenosis in the absence of symptoms is extremely common, but the best treatment is unclear. While 2 randomized trials showed a benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) over antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, the number needed to treat approaches 200. Does aggressive risk factor control change that balance? Population screening for carotid stenosis followed by revascularization is considered to cause net harm. Are complication rates from endarterectomy and stenting now low enough to justify expanding their indications in asymptomatic patients? The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)–funded CREST-2 trial (Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Trial) is an ambitious attempt to further refine the treatment of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. As one of the largest randomized stroke prevention trials, the first CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial) was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of 2 stroke prevention procedures for carotid artery narrowing—CEA and carotid artery stenting (CAS)—in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Starting in December 2000, this NINDS-funded trial enrolled >2500 patients at 117 sites in the United States and Canada. Because of slow enrollment, the trial took 9 years to complete. In 2010, the results of CREST indicated that the 2 revascularization procedures were equivalent for …
Aortic perfusion score for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: An antegrade coronary perfusion scoring system that is predictive of need for transplant and mortality.

Background Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is a unique congenital malformation of the heart in which patients may undergo single-, two- or 1½- ventricle repair. Size of the tricuspid valve annulus, morphology of the right ventricle and presence of ventriculocoronary connections can all impact the selection of appropriate palliative strategy. We developed the aortic perfusion score, a novel scoring system based on anterograde coronary perfusion with the aim of being able to identify patients at risk for death or transplant. Methods A retrospective study was conducted. Patients were included if an initial catheterization was done prior to any intervention. Each patient was assigned an aortic perfusion score based on the amount of antegrade perfusion to the four main coronary arteries. Various characteristics, including aortic perfusion score, were compared between those who required transplant or died during follow-up vs those who did not. Receiver operator curve analysis was done to determine a cutoff point predictive of a composite endpoint of death or transplant. Results A total of 64 patients were included in the analysis with 10 reaching the composite outcome. An aortic perfusion score of 227.5 predicted the endpoint with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 83%. For each 1-point increase in the APS, the odds of death or transplant decreased by 1.7%. Conclusion The aortic perfusion score can be used to predict a composite endpoint of death or transplant and may be helpful in selecting patients that should be listed for transplant.
Chapter 14 – Extended nonequilibrium thermodynamics

This chapter discusses extended nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Nonequihbrium thermodynamics is based on the local-equihbrium hypothesis that allows the classical thermodynamics formulations to be valid at local state. The formulations include the Gibbs equation, thermodynamics potentials, stability conditions, and equations of state. The local thermodynamic equilibrium hypothesis has provided useful formalism with a unifying power, and led to useful predictions and interpretations of transport coefficients. Extended nonequilibrium thermodynamics uses the conserved variables and nonconserved dissipative fluxes as the independent variables to establish evolution equations for the dissipative fluxes satisfying the second law of thermodynamics. For the generalized entropy with the properties of additivity and convex function considered, extended nonequilibrium thermodynamics provides a more complete formulation of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and nonequilibrium equations of state. Gradients are also included in the formulation; it can relate microscopic phenomena to a macroscopic thermodynamic interpretation by deriving the generalized transport laws expressed in terms of the generalized frequency and wave-vector dependent transport coefficients.
Breaking the Copper Collar: Press Freedom, Professionalization and the History of Montana Journalism

In the early twentieth century, the founding of the Montana School of Journalism indicated that Montana was following national trends in the professionalization of journalism. However, the multi-na...
Interactive Software Architecture

Publisher Summary An interactive program can be viewed as a process that accepts a stream of inputs from interactive devices, interprets those inputs, and then draws images on the workstation display screen. On modem workstations, the interactive devices and display screen space must be multiplexed among multiple applications. This function is performed by the windowing system. A windowing system allows applications to allocate rectangular (and on some systems arbitrary shaped) windows. Within an interactive application, each window is managed by three primary components: the model, the view, and the controller. This model-view-controller paradigm was developed by the SmallTalk group at Xerox as a part of their development of object-oriented interactive environments. The issues that arise in creating interactive software are quite diverse. The chapter overviews and covers the central issues that must be addressed. An overall architecture of an interactive program is presented that lays out the basic parts. Further, a discussion of each of the architectural components is presented in the chapter.
Conflict and Organization Studies

What is the relation between conflict and organization studies? Is conflict theorized today and, if so, how? I look first at what students of management are taught about organizational conflict – t...
Proton therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

In the setting of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), defining the optimal clinical context for proton beam therapy (PBT) is challenging due to the increasing evidence demonstrating high rates of local control and good tolerance of stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR). Given the relatively small percentage of lung and other critical structures treated with SABR, dosimetric studies comparing the two techniques have typically concluded that there are modest advantages to PBT, typically by reducing the low dose volumes, such as volume of lung receiving 5 Gy. This advantage may be more significant in treating larger tumors, multiple tumors, or central tumors. Most of the published studies are based on passive scattering PBT. Dosimetric benefits are likely to increase when pencil beam scanning/intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is employed, as has been observed in dosimetric reports in the locally advanced setting. More clinical data is needed regarding the safety and efficacy of stereotactic PBT in comparison to SABR. However, the only randomized trial that has been attempted closed early due to poor accrual, thus demonstrating the difficulty in designing trials in this context that incorporate a relevant and focused scientific question that can be extrapolated to clinical practice, yet also accrue sufficiently. The advent and increased use of advanced image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) techniques in the context of proton therapy, as well as the widespread implementation of IMPT, will increase the potential benefit of PBT. The next 5-10 years will likely yield more appropriate, feasible studies that will help answer the question of patient selection for this advanced technology.
Causal Link of Longitudinal Plasma Density Structure to Vertical Plasma Drift and Atmospheric Tides – A Review

This chapter reviews recent advances in our understanding of the characteristics and driving mechanisms of the longitudinal plasma density structure in the low-latitude F region. Various ionospheric observations have shown the development of a longitudinal wave-like pattern in plasma density. Typically, the wave number-4 (wave-4) pattern is pronounced during July–September, and the wave-3 pattern is pronounced during December–January. Variation of the longitudinal plasma density pattern with local time and season is causally linked to vertical plasma drift in the F region (or E-region dynamo electric fields). The wave-4 pattern is of special interest to the ionosphere-thermosphere community because this phenomenon is closely associated with the diurnal eastward propagating zonal wave number 3 tide (DE3). This idea is supported by observations of annual variation of the DE3 amplitude and diurnal variation of the DE3 phase that are consistent with the annual and diurnal variations of the wave-4 patterns in plasma density and dynamo electric fields. The connection of the ionospheric wave-3 pattern presumably to the diurnal eastward propagating zonal wave number 2 tide (DE2) further demonstrates the significant role of atmospheric tides in the formation of large-scale ionospheric structures. Formation of the large-scale longitudinal structures of the ionosphere is attributed to the modulation of the E-region dynamo electric fields by atmospheric tides, but recent studies indicate that the ionosphere and thermosphere can be directly modulated by the penetration of atmospheric tides into the F-region height.
Lentiviral-mediated gene transfer into human lymphocytes: role of HIV-1 accessory proteins.

Resting lymphocytes are refractory to gene transfer using Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV)-based retroviral vectors because of their quiescent status. Recently, it has been shown that lentiviral vectors are capable of transferring genes into nondividing and terminally differentiated cells. We used human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)–based vectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by different promoters (CMV, MPSV, or PGK) and investigated their ability to transduce human T- and B-cell lines, as well as resting or activated primary peripheral and umbilical cord blood lymphocytes. The effects of the presence or the absence of HIV-1 accessory proteins (Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef) in the vector system were also assessed. Flow cytometry analysis showed no differences in the ability of these vectors of transferring the reporter gene into lymphocytic lines and mitogen-stimulated primary lymphocytes in the presence or the absence of HIV-1 accessory proteins (APs). Similarly, viral supernatants generated in the presence of accessory genes could efficiently transduce various subsets of resting lymphocytes and provide long-term expression of the transgene. No significant transduction-induced changes in cell activation or cycling status were observed and Alu-HIV-1 long terminal repeat polymerase chain reaction (LTR PCR) analysis demonstrated integration of the vector sequences at the molecular level. In contrast, in the absence of HIV-1 APs, lentiviral vectors failed to integrate and express the transgene in resting lymphocytes. These results show that transduction of primary resting lymphocytes with HIV-1–based vectors requires the presence of viral accessory proteins.
Hin/Gin-Mediated Site-Specific DNA Inversion

Site-specific DNA inversion reactions promoted by the Hin/Gin family of serine recombinases, also known as DNA invertases, regulate alternative gene expression profiles. Hin regulates flagellar phase variation by inverting a 1-kb DNA segment in the Salmonella enterica chromosome, thereby switching expression of major surface antigens. Gin regulates tail fiber gene expression by inverting a 3-kb segment in the phage Mu genome, thereby increasing its host range. In addition to the recombinase and specific recombination sites at the boundaries of the invertible DNA segment, DNA inversion requires a cis -acting recombinational enhancer sequence bound by the Fis regulatory protein. The Hin/Gin recombinase dimers are inactive for DNA chemistry on their own but become competent for DNA cleavage and exchange when remodeled into a tetramer within an invertasome complex. The invertasome has the two recombination sites synapsed at the enhancer such that the recombining DNA sites are uniquely aligned to generate inversion. DNA exchange occurs by a subunit rotation mechanism whereby a synapsed pair of recombinase subunits that are each covalently linked to the cleaved DNA ends translocate within the recombinase tetramer to position the DNA ends into the recombinant configuration. The DNA supercoiling-directed assembly of the invertasome complex strongly discourages unwanted DNA rearrangements and ensures that inversion will be the product of DNA exchange.
Food Additive Safety Evaluation

Deprived and disordered environments are such a compelling source of behavioral pathology that some of the intrinsic mediating links are eclipsed by their social and economic setting. Unremitting violence, inadequate health care, and decayed housing are such glaring faults that they easily can obscure these connections. But many of these mediating processes are destined to play an increasingly crucial role, both as explanatory concepts and as guides to intervention. The most provocative might be termed pathological molecular processes.
The Copper Ions in the Membrane-Associated Methane Monooxygenase

The enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO)1 in methanotrophic bacteria catalyzes the conversion of methane to methanol using molecular oxygen as co-substrate [1]. Two forms of MMO differing in cellular location are known to exist [2]. The soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) found in the cytosolic traction of the bacteria appears to be restricted to only Methylococcus and Methylosinus strains and is expressed only at limiting copper levels in the growth medium [3–5]. The particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) found in the membrane fraction of the cells appears to be expressed in all types of methanotrophic bacteria [3–6]. Only the sMMO has been purified and extensively characterized [7–11].
The Dynamics of Patterns: A Survey

A survey of the derivation and properties of the phase and amplitude equations in systems far from equilibrium is given. We study both the near onset and far from onset cases. In the former, both the amplitude and phase are governed by partial differential equations and, for real boundary conditions, the effects of large scale mean drift fields are minimal. The most interesting new developments concern the role that modulational instabilities play when the dominant microscopic structures are travelling or standing waves. In particular, it is shown that localized and strongly disordered behavior can occur. The application of these ideas in the context of convection in binary fluid mixtures is discussed. Far from onset amplitudes are slaved through algebraic equations to the modulus of the phase gradient, but mean drift effects become more important. I discuss the role that defects and focus singularities of the phase equation play in completing one’s understanding of the pattern dynamics. In particular, I suggest that the structure and dynamics of defects can be found from singular (particle-like) solutions of the phase equation and illustrate this idea in two cases. First, I find the shape of the dislocation solution in high Prandtl number fluids. Second, I compute solutions which describe the breaking of the circular symmetry about a focus singularity in which the focus (umbilicus) is shifted off-center by a dipole shaped mean drift. Finally, building on ideas first proposed by Gollub, McCarriar and Steinman, I suggest a specific mechanism for the onset of turbulence in convecting fluids of low to moderate Prandtl number at Rayleigh numbers of about 4.5 Rc. The transition involves two features. First, the wavenumber selected by circular patches about sidewall focus singularities approaches the skew varicose instability boundary and the pattern attempts to eliminate rolls through defect nucleation. Second, and crucial to sustaining the time dependence, I show that the advection of wavenumber by mean drift overcomes the stabilizing effect of diffusion and causes the focus singularities to act as sources of wavenumber. It is the continual production of wavenumber and the resulting defect nucleation initiated by skew varicose instabilities which together lead to the turbulent behavior of the pattern.
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of HFE7000 in Manifold Microchannels through Integrating Three-dimensional Flow and Silicon Nanowires

In this study we presented and characterized a compact silicon based manifold microchannel heat sink with embedded SiNWs in order to enhance heat transfer and reduce flow instability during two phase flow boiling. The manifold consists of parallel longitudinal microchannels etched in a silicon substrate and transverse microchannels etched on a transparent glass substrate. The microchannels in the silicon substrate were then etched with silicon nanowires. In this work, flow boiling heat transfer of HFE 7000 in such SiNWs embedded manifold microchannels were investigated. Two series of experiments with relatively small mass fluxes were carried out under different heat fluxes at a constant subcooled inlet temperature. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics were compared under different experimental conditions as well as the flow instability during the phase change process. A heat flux of about 141.5 W/cm2 was reached with a relatively small mass flux of 116 kg/m2s. A remarkable performance of flow instability control was observed for HFE 7000 over both the single phase and the two-phase periods. Before the onset of nucleation, the temperature variations over a period of 100s are were about 0.2 °C. After the onset of nucleation, the maximum temperature fluctuations were still within 0.5 °C. This implies that our manifold microchannel design benefits from a strong impingement effect which delivers the coolant evenly to every corner of the hotspot and forms a more uniform temperature distribution.
Estratégias para aprimorar a profissão da enfermagem como parceira-chave para melhorar a atenção primária em todo o hemisfério

Ha varios anos a Organizacao Mundial da Saude (OMS) insta pela melhoria da atencao primaria a saude para resolver as demandas de pacientes e aumentar o contingente de profissionais da saude qualificados para prestar esse cuidado (Lawn et al., 2008). Enfermeiros sao responsaveis por 90% de todos os servicos de saude no mundo e compoem mais de 80% da forca de trabalho nessa area (Benton, 2015; Davis, 2017). Na America Latina e no Caribe (ALC), a atencao primaria e especialmente [...]
Monitoring the performance of urban green infrastructure using a tensiometer approach.

Abstract Little is known about how stormwater exfiltrates from green infrastructure and few efforts have been undertaken to address this question. This study used tensiometers to monitor water exfiltration from an aggregate-filled storage gallery installed under permeable pavement. An 80-space parking lot was built at Seitz elementary school in Fort Riley, KS under an agreement between EPA and US Army during the summer of 2015. A network of twelve tensiometers and twelve monitoring wells was installed under and south of the storage gallery. Tensiometers were installed a various depths and distances to monitor soil moisture tension. The installation was used to monitor subsurface water flow patterns from the storage gallery under the permeable pavement site. The results of the study showed that soil moisture tension is larger at the shallower depths, decreasing with depth from the ground surface. Larger soil tension was associated with increased distance from the permeable pavement storage gallery. The results showed exfiltration from both the sidewalls and the bottom of the gallery while the changes in soil tension were larger for the tensiometer monitoring exfiltration from the side walls. Both the accumulated water depth inside the storage gallery and groundwater level rise were positively correlated with total rainfall depth. The calculated vertical flow rate was larger than the horizontal flow. The soil water tension change associated with storage gallery exfiltration was measured in a radius of
THERMALLY INDUCED CYCLODEHYDROGENATION OF BIARYLS : A SIMPLE RADICAL REACTION OR A SEQUENCE OF REARRANGEMENTS?

Comprehensive BLYP/6-311G** calculations identify three distinct reaction pathways relevant to the thermally induced cyclodehydrogenation of 1-phenylnaphthalene (and, by analogy, other aromatic hydrocarbons). The first pathway, which is expected to predominate at lower temperatures, involves the formation of biarylyls, followed by their rapid cyclization to transient radical intermediates that ultimately lose hydrogen to yield fluoranthene. The second reaction channel commences with the dehydrogenation of biarylyls to arylarynes, which then either directly cyclize to fluoranthene or rearrange to cyclopentadienylidenecarbenes. Rapid intramolecular trapping ultimately converts the latter species to cyclopentafused isomers of fluoranthene. Direct equilibration of these isomers and fluoranthene itself, which constitutes the third reaction pathway, is associated with very high activation energies. For this reason, such equilibration is not expected to be operative under normal pyrolytic conditions.
Radiative lifetime of the 6p4P520 level in Xe II

Abstract We have used a new collinear laser-ion beam technique to measure the radiative lifetime of the 6 p 4 P 5 2 0 level in Xe II. Our result of 7.95±0.16 ns is in disagreement with previous results. The appartus was tested by making a similar measurement on the 6 p 2 P 3 2 level in Ba II whose lifetime is well established. We found good agreement with the accepted value in this case.
Autism and Online Recruiting Methods: A Comparison of Mechanical Turk and Discussion Forums

In a study by a team at the intersection of information and communication sciences and disorders, researchers worked to design an interactive, online professional development system for academic librarians to better serve students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In creating this program, it was imperative to have stakeholder input and support; recruiting members of this population, students with ASD, was critical. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and online discussion forums, including Reddit, were used for recruitment for an online survey. While there was some overlap in results, there were also marked differences in responses based on online sampling frame. This paper details the online methods used for recruiting members of this community, and compares and contrasts success rates, challenges, and numbers associated with each method.
Essential Oils as an Alternative to Conventional Pesticides for Managing Brown Recluse Spiders, Loxosceles reclusa, (Araneae: Sicariidae)

There are several species of spiders in the midwestern United States that cohabit with humans, but probably the most concerning is the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, (Araneae: Sicariidae) because of the potential for a venomous bite. Thus, managing the brown recluse spider is a continuous endeavor. Essential oils (EOs), i.e. specific plant extracts, have often been used to control or deter other arthropods and pests. In this study, several EOs were selected to test their effectiveness as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for L. reclusa control. Spiders were exposed to EOs by direct contact or as a fumigant (inhalation) treatment for 24 h, and mortality was recorded. Physical contact with the oils resulted in the greatest mortality, with wintergreen, peppermint and lavender to a lesser extent, showing potential for L. reclusa control. Mortality attributed to lemon, lemongrass or wild orange was too low to provide effective reduction of L. reclusa populations. Fumigants (inhalation) caused less mortality than contact treatments, never resulting in more than 20%. Two EOs, wintergreen and peppermint, demonstrated effective toxicity to L. reclusa and may have potential as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for this pest, warranting further investigation.
Finite detector based projection model for high spatial resolution

For finite detector and focal spot sizes, here we propose a projection model for high spatial resolution. First, for a given x-ray source point, a projection datum is modeled as an area integral over a narrow fan-beam connecting the detector elemental borders and the x-ray source point. Then, the final projection value is expressed as the integral obtained in the first step over the whole focal spot support. An ordered-subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (OS-SART) is developed using the proposed projection model. In the numerical simulation, our method produces improved spatial resolution and suppresses high-frequency artifacts.
Epidemiology of syndactyly in New York State.

Author(s): Swarup, Ishaan; Zhang, Yi; Do, Huong; Daluiski, Aaron | Abstract: BACKGROUND:There is paucity of literature focusing on the incidence and surgical management of syndactyly. In this study, we describe the incidence and rates of surgical management of patients with syndactyly in New York State. AIM:To describe the incidence and surgical management of patients with syndactyly using an America's population-based database. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective study using the New York State Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. All patients with a diagnosis of syndactyly at birth were identified and followed longitudinally to determine yearly incidence as well as demographic and surgical factors. Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were used. RESULTS:There were 3306 newborns with a syndactyly diagnosis between 1997 and 2014 in New York State. The overall incidence was 0.074% or 7 cases per 10000 live births. A small number of patients underwent surgical correction in New York State (178 patients, 5.4%). Among the surgical patients, most of the operations were performed before the age of two (79%). Approximately 87% of surgeries were performed at teaching hospitals, and 52% of procedures were performed by plastic surgeons. Skin grafting was performed in 15% of cases. Patients having surgery in New York State were more likely to have Medicaid insurance compared to patients not having surgery (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION:Syndactyly occurs in approximately 7 per 10000 live births, and the majority of patients undergo surgical correction before age two. There may be several barriers to care including the availability of specialized hand surgeons, access to teaching hospitals, and insurance status.
From Moral Agency to Collective Wrongs: Re-Thinking Collective Moral Responsibility

How is collective moral responsibility possible? This is the major question now being asked about collective responsibility in philosophical circles. But the question is rarely posed in such general terms. Instead, it is posed as a question about the ability of groups to intend and to act. How, philosophers ask, can groups be understood to intend and to act in contexts where they are being held morally responsible for harm? I argue below that this question—and the assumptions that ground it—are misguided and that if we really want to know whether collective moral responsibility is possible we will have to shift our attention away from the ability of groups to intend and to act and focus on their ability to produce bad things and be blamed for them. In other words, we will have to rethink collective moral responsibility itself. I begin in Part One by agreeing with critics that groups are not able to act and to intend in the sense required by the prevailing notion of moral responsibility. I suggest in Part Two that, contrary to critics, collective moral responsibility is not defeated by the inability of groups to intend and to act, since the ability to act and to intend is not a condition of moral responsibility per se. Instead, it is a condition of one particular—distinctly Kantian—notion of moral responsibility. In Part Three, I sketch the contours of an alternative notion of collective moral responsibility and suggest
The Myth of Murray in The Emperor’s Children

In Claire Messud’s The Emperor’s Children, the themes of perception versus reality for Murray Thwaite are particularly central to the story. These themes are analyzed through views of Marina Thwaite, Bootie, Roanne, and Murray himself by using the theoretical lenses of Guy Debord, Friedrich Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvoir, and Ferdinand de Saussure. The ideas of signs and signification, as well as the idea of truth and myths, play a large role in the way that perception acts as a theme in the story. Even in the most intimate relationships involve the deception that Murray represents as a character. Though Murray acts as a deceiver, he is not operating as one due to his own will, but due to the circumstances in which society has placed him in. Thus, the operations of deception are not capable of being influenced by the individual; they are set up and standardized by society as a whole.
Abuse-Deterrent Opioid Formulations and the Opioid Crisis: A Pharmacist's Perspective.

BACKGROUND For over 20 years, the United States has suffered the detrimental effects of an opioid epidemic. Extended-release opioid products are particularly prone to abuse due to the high amount of opioid present. By bypassing the controlled-release mechanisms and nonoral administration, individuals experience intense and dangerous "highs." Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations have been recommended as a potential solution to the crisis, but widespread utilization has been stunted and their role in therapy remains unclear owing to limited real-world efficacy data and affordability issues. This review discusses abuse-deterrent opioid formulations, the mechanisms and data underlying available products, and a pharmacist's perspective of their role in the opioid crisis. METHODS The authors reviewed PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar electronic databases for premarketing and postmarketing studies on OxyContin, Xtampza ER, and Hysingla ER. RESULTS Studies showed lower rates of abuse (19% reduction), opioid use disorder (27%), overdose (34%), and fatalities (85%) with the reformulated OxyContin when compared with the original product and comparator opioids. However, these studies revealed the potential for bypassing abuse-deterrent mechanisms and diverting abuse to other drugs. Postmarketing studies are unavailable for Xtampza ER or Hysingla ER, although premarketing studies suggested that some controlled-release properties persist when the product is manipulated, indicating that abuse may be more difficult and less rewarding. CONCLUSIONS Abuse-deterrent opioid products may lead to reductions in abuse, overdose, and overdose fatalities. However, cost, loopholes in deterrence mechanism, and possible diversion to other substances hinder their role in the opioid crisis. Multiple approaches must be used to improve opioid safety, and further postmarketing and real-world analyses should be performed on available opioid formulations to assess their impact on abuse-related adverse events.
Generation of virtual non-contrast (VNC) image from dual energy CT scans using deep learning

Dual energy CT acquisitions can produce two material basis images with high accuracy. From dual energy CT scans with contrast enhancement, one often attempts to generate the corresponding non-enhanced CT images for calcium scoring or for renal stone detection. However, to accurately generate the virtual non-contrast (VNC) images, three-material decomposition is needed. With dual energy CT images, one needs to introduce additional constraints such as the mass or volume conservation condition to approximately perform three-material decomposition. In this work, we present a deep learning strategy to generate VNC image from DECT material basis images. In this strategy, the needed constraint for three-material decomposition is accomplished by learning from the large amount of available training data. In practice, the supervised learning strategy requires matched training data, but this requirement is hard to satisfy in practice since the DECT and non-contrast CT images are acquired in two different CT scans and thus mis-registration often plagues the ordinary supervised learning strategies. In this paper, a new strategy was developed to enable the training of the proposed VNC-Net without using matched training data.
Outcomes after acute inpatient rehabilitation following epilepsy surgery: A case series

Objective: To describe functional outcomes following discharge from an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) in patients following epilepsy surgery, comparing laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) versus surgical resection for epilepsy. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Academic tertiary hospital. Participants: Eight patients who received LITT (n = 3) or surgical resection (n = 5) for epilepsy. Interventions: Acute inpatient rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures: Functional independence measure (FIM), seizure incidence, discharge destination. Level of Evidence: IV. Results: The epilepsy cohort demonstrated a FIM change of 38.88 (vs. national average 29.55), average length of stay (LOS) of 15.13 days (vs. 13.38 days), and LOS efficiency was 3.4 (vs. 2.68). No patients in the epilepsy cohort were discharged to acute care hospital compared to a national average of 9.82%. Eighty-seven percent in the epilepsy cohort discharged to home (vs. 77%) and 12.5% to skilled nursing facility (vs. 11.90%). Between the subset who received LITT and those who received surgical resection, there was no statistically significant change in mean total FIM change (43.7 vs. 36), FIM efficiency (5.3 vs. 2.2), or FIM change in subset measures of memory (0.5 vs. 0.25) or problem solving (0 vs. 0.8). There was no statistical significance between groups in adverse events, including seizure. Conclusions: Outcome measures in this population appear to be consistent with national outcome measures for other IRF diagnoses. This suggests that acute inpatient rehabilitation should be considered after patients undergo surgical intervention for epilepsy. However, a larger sample size and controlled studies are necessary before generalizations can be made. In addition, no statistically significant functional difference was seen between patients who underwent LITT or surgical resection.
Effect of Salmonella typhimurium on myoelectrical activity in the rabbit ileum

Abstract The small intestinal myoelectrical response to Salmonella typhimurium was studied using the ligated ileal loop model in male New Zealand white rabbits. Three strains of S. typhimurium were used: strain TML, which causes mucosal damage and increased fluid output; strain M-206, which causes increased fluid output but minimal mucosal damage; and strain LT-7, which causes mucosal damage but no increase in fluid output. Strains TML and M-206 produced groups of abnormal action potential bursts (APB's). An APB was defined as action potential activity with a duration of 1.5 sec or longer occurring in at least two adjacent electrode recording sites. The onset time of APB activity was 4.0 ± 0.5 hr (mean ± sem) after infection with TML and 5.25 ± 0.84 hr after infection with M-206 ( P > 0.05). After onset, the abnormal myoelectrical pattern persisted for the duration of all recording periods (up to 24 hr). Three distinct configurations of APB's were observed: (1) aborad propagation; (2) orad propagation; and (3) less organized bidirectional propagation from the point of origin, termed "splits." All APB's were associated with intestinal contractions. Strain LT-7 did not produce any APB's. Control experiments consisted of recording from noninfected loops, loops injected with sterile saline or sterile culture broth, loops infused with saline at a rate of 11.2 ml per hr, and loops infused with 800 milliosmoles of mannitol at a rate of 11.64 ml per hr. APB activity was not observed in any of the control experiments. These data indicate that in addition to the secretory abnormalities seen in salmonella diarrhea, there is a small intestinal myoelectrical disturbance consisting of abnormal APB's. The myoelectrical disturbance is seen with organisms which are known to produce increased fluid output, and it apparently occurs independent of the mucosal damage caused by Salmonella.