cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple forms of phosphotyrosyl- and phosphoseryl-protein phosphatase from cardiac muscle: Partial purification and characterization of an EDTA-stimulated phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase

Abstract Chromatography of cardiac muscle and brain extracts on DEAE-cellulose resolved phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity into three fractions, termed Y-1, Y-2 and Y-3. These were eluted at 0.05, 0.15 and 0.3 m KCl, representing about 33, 55 and 12%, respectively, of the enzymatic activity recovered from the resin. Comparative studies demonstrated that the properties of phosphatases Y-1, Y-2 and Y-3 were distinctly different from those of previously identified phosphoseryl-protein phosphatases-1, -2, -3, and -4. Phosphatases Y-1, Y-2 and Y-3 were stimulated by EDTA and exhibited optimal activity at neutral pH. These properties were different from those of the two minor phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activities associated with phosphoseryl-protein phosphatases-3, and -4, which were divalent cation dependent and exhibited optimal activity at alkaline pH. Further purification of phosphatase Y-2 from bovine heart has been carried out. The enzyme had a M r = 65,000 (Stokes radius = 3.8 nm; s 20,w 0 = 4.1). Its activity was stimulated by 5- to 10-fold in the presence of EDTA ( K a = 15 μM) and was strongly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of vanadate. Phosphatase Y-2 was highly specific for phosphotyrosyl-IgG and -casein, and showed little activity toward phosphoseryl-casein, -phosphorylase a , phosphothreonyl-inhibitor-1 and p -nitrophenyl phosphate. The present studies indicate that phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity in animal tissues exists in multiple forms. The major active species are specific for phosphotyrosyl proteins and represent enzymes different from the known phosphoseryl-protein phosphatases and p -nitrophenyl phosphatases.
Technology in the operating suite.

canbeseenandfeltinvirtuallyeveryarenaofmod-ernlife.Computermicrochipsnoworganizethevi-tal events occurring within the basic mechanismsofautomobiles,childrenmatchtheirfingers’reflexes,dancesteps,andwitsagainstvirtualentitiesonvideoscreens,andinteractions with business colleagues, friends, and familyoccur electronically at any distance almost instantly. Untilrecently, the surgical teams in most operating rooms wereusing tools and techniques little different from those useddecades ago. However, that is changing rapidly, and inno-vation is now invading the operating suite.
Age, medical advice about cardiac risk reduction, and patient compliance.

This study investigated the physician's role in proffering appropriate medical advice to aged patients and the patient's role in complying with that advice. Heart disease, which takes a major healt...
Measurement of thermooptic coefficients dn/sub E//dT and dn/sub O//dT of AgGaS/sub 2/ at 308 and 97 K

Thermooptic coefficients (dn/sub E//dT and dn/sub O//dT) of AgGaS/sub 2/ have been measured at temperatures of /spl sim/308 and 97 K, using temperature-induced shift in the frequency of the interference fringes in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmittance spectrum of a 2-mm-thick etalon. Values of dn/sub E//dT and dn/sub O//dT are reported for the spectral regime from 12.4 /spl mu/m to 1.06 /spl mu/m; the subscripts E and O refer to extraordinary and ordinary rays, respectively. Our values of dn/sub E//dT and dn/sub O//dT at 308 K are significantly lower (/spl sim/1/3) than those reported previously.
“In the Name of Civilization and with a Bible in Their Hands:” Religion and the 1846–48 Mexican-American War

Religion was crucial to how Americans and Mexicans saw their enemies and motivated themselves to contribute to the 1846–1848 war. The very strength of religious attitudes made controlling their effects difficult. Some U.S. troops attacked Mexican Catholicism, inspiring Mexican resistance. Conversely, Mexican authorities sometimes sought to limit religiously inspired resistance. Furthermore, at a key moment some Mexicans felt their religious concerns required them to violently oppose their own government. Mexican negotiators gained protections for Catholics in the territory transferred by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, but anti-Catholic politicians in the U.S. Senate eliminated these protections before ratifying the treaty. La religion constituyo un factor crucial en la manera de concebir al enemigo y de animarse a participar en la guerra de 1846–1848 entre estadounidenses y mexicanos. La misma fuerza de las actitudes religiosas dificultaba el control de sus efectos. Algunas tropas estadounidenses atacaban el catolicismo mexicano e inspiraban asi la resistencia. A su vez, las autoridades mexicanas a veces buscaban limitar la resistencia inspirada por la religion. Ademas, en un momento clave, algunos mexicanos sintieron que sus preocupaciones religiosas les exigian oponerse violentamente a su propio gobierno. Los negociadores mexicanos obtuvieron proteccion para los catolicos en el territorio transferido mediante el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, pero los politicos anticatolicos del Senado de Estados Unidos suprimieron esta proteccion antes de ratificar el tratado.
Extending DXA beyond bone mineral density: understanding hip structure analysis.

The hip structure analysis (HSA) method was introduced to extract geometric strength information from archived hip dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans acquired in large research studies. Research has shown that strength effects are not easily inferred from conventional DXA measures, so there is growing interest in the clinical community in more direct evaluation of bone strength in patients. This article reviews the factors that govern the strength of an object, how they are used in engineering simulations, and how those properties can be extracted from DXA data. It is important to recognize that that although DXA scanners can be used to measure geometric strength, they were not designed to do so. The current HSA method is fundamentally limited to evaluating bending strength in the plane of the image, so precision is sensitive to consistent femur positioning. The positioning issue and other limitations of the HSA method are discussed, as well as the critical importance of body-size scaling when interpreting bone geometry. Also discussed is how current HSA limitations could be ameliorated in a “next-generation” DXA scanner that is optimized for the purpose.
The Design and Use of Hydrogeologic Mapsa

A map should treat the critical problems in a way understandable to the intended reader. Some maps appropriately show only one or two pertinent hydrogeologic parameters. Point-data maps make little or no interpretation of the data. Four-dimensional maps-those that include an elapsed span of time or projection of hydrogeologic variables into the future-represent a high degree of interpretation of data; they are most useful to the map reader. The hydro-geologist has an obligation to his reader to design maps that are as useful as possible.
The three-dimensional geometry and merger history of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J0358.8−2955

We present results of a combined X-ray/optical analysis of the dynamics of the massive cluster MACS J0358.8-2955 (z=0.428) based on observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Keck-I telescope on Mauna Kea. MACS J0358.8-2955 is found to be one of the most X-ray luminous clusters known at z>0.3, featuring L_X(<r_500) = 4.24*10^45 erg/s, kT = (9.55 +0.58/-0.37) keV, M^{3D}_{gas}(<r_500) = (9.18+/-1.45)*10^13 M_sun, and M^{3D}_{tot}(<r_500) = (1.12+/-0.18)*10^15 M_sun. The system's high velocity dispersion of (1440 +130/-110) km/s (890 km/s when the correct relativistic equation is used), however, is inflated by infall along the line of sight, as the result of a complex merger of at least three sub-clusters. One collision proceeds close to head-on, while the second features a significant impact parameter. The temperature variations in the intra-cluster gas, two tentative cold fronts, the radial velocities measured for cluster galaxies, and the small offsets between collisional and non-collisional cluster components all suggest that both merger events are observed close to core passage and along axes that are greatly inclined with respect to the plane of the sky. A strong-lensing analysis of the system anchored upon three triple-image systems (two of which have spectroscopic redshifts) yields independent constraints on the mass distribution. For a gas fraction of 8.2%, the resulting strong-lensing mass profile is in good agreement with our X-ray estimates, and the details of the mass distribution are fully consistent with our interpretation of the three-dimensional merger history of this complex system.
A hypothesis about Spiegel et al.'s 1989 paper on Psychosocial intervention and breast cancer survival.

In a randomized prospective study of 86 metastatic breast cancer patients by Spiegel et al. in 1989, the 50 who took part in a group psychosocial intervention survived on average 18 months longer than the 36 controls who did not. Because the control survival curve looked unusually steep, lacking an expected right-skewed tail, both curves were compared with that of a population from the same region having metastatic breast cancer. When transformed to life-table format, the curves of the control sample and the regional population, neither group having had an intervention, were almost identical for a year, and differed strikingly after 20 months. This led to the hypothesis that the 12 control patients surviving for more than 20 months were an extremely aberrant sample, being subject to the strong biasing influence of possible confounders, of which a considerable number are known, but not including those accounted for in the study. Corollaries to the hypothesis are that the intervention had no effect; that the intervention curve was in fact equivalent to a control curve with mild sampling departure from that of the regional population; and that, therefore, the repetition of the study now under way would not yield confirmation of the 1989 study, but rather, would support the hypothesis and the first two corollaries. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Match algorithms for generalized Rete networks

Abstract We present a match algorithm which operates correctly on generalized Rete networks that allow arbitrary association of patterns. The original OPS5 Rete algorithm implements matching for left-associative joins; later work generalized this algorithm to support arbitrary join association. However, the naive extension of the OPS5 Rete algorithm to support arbitrary join associations has some subtle flaws (sometimes not all matches are produced with no duplicates) when processing networks having reconvergent (or self-joined) nodes. As a pedagogical means, we first describe an abstract match algorithm for an abstract Rete network having additional edge memories, which provides a useful model for general Rete operations. We then develop two practical specializations of the abstract algorithm, and prove their correctness. The first specialization corresponds to traditional Rete match implementation techniques that are guaranteed to operate correctly for generalized Rete networks. The second specialization is formulated in a general way that allows for delaying match processing at arbitrary stop points within the Rete, with correct match results available on demand at a later time. One current system uses a derivative of this algorithm to support Rete-based matching on demand, complementing the normal match computations done on data-change.
Methylation of tin(II) and lead(II) in sediment by carbanion donors

A factorial experimental design determined separate and combined effects of MeCoB12 (methylcobalamin) and Me2Co(N4)+ (a methylcobalamin model) on methylation of Sn(II) and Pb(II) in sediment matrices. Total methyltin yields ranged from 1.4% to 3.2%, and total methyllead yields varied from 0.037% to 0.11%. No methylmetal products occurred in the absence of Me2Co(N4)+.
Managing challenges on the front stage: The face-work strategies of musicians

Abstract Employing ethnographic fieldwork supported by semi-structured interviews, I examine how musicians—like all those who perform identity work—attempt to maintain a “correct” face that meets what they perceive to be the requirements of a particular context. When musicians’ presentations are somehow “wrong” for the moment, musicians choose from four face-work strategies—underscoring, substituting, deflecting, and neutralizing—in attempts to save face and perform an identity that is contextually appropriate. Theoretically, I expand upon Erving Goffman's theory of face-work by demonstrating how Bourdieusian field theory and insight on the qualities of capital can inform an understanding of face-saving practices. By showing how social actors succeed or fail in face-to-face interaction, this expanded model of face-work helps explain how situational stratification occurs in everyday encounters.
A prospective randomized trial of regional versus systemic continuous 5-fluorodeoxyuridine chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases.

Sixty-four patients were entered into a randomized trial that evaluated intra-arterial (I.A.) versus intravenous (I.V.) 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) for colorectal liver metastases. There was a significant improved response rate for I.A. (62%) compared with I.V. (17%) treatment (p less than 0.003). However, the improved response rate for patients in whom I.A. therapy was used did not translate to a significantly improved survival rate. The 2-year actuarial survival rates for the groups for which I.A. and I.V. therapy was used were 22% and 15% respectively, with the survival curves not differing significantly (p = 0.27). These results may have been due to the inclusion of patients with tumor in draining hepatic lymph nodes. The presence of tumor in hepatic lymph nodes was associated with a poorer prognosis. Analysis of a subgroup of patients with negative hepatic lymph nodes suggested an improved actuarial survival rate in patients for whom I.A. versus I.V. therapy was used (p less than 0.03). The toxicity of I.A. FUDR was considerable, and side effects included chemical hepatitis (79%), biliary sclerosis (21%), peptic ulcers (17%), and gastritis/duodenitis (21%). The only major effect of toxicity of I.V. FUDR was severe diarrhea (59%). Regional I.A. FUDR allowed more drug delivery to liver tumors, which resulted in increased tumor responses when compared with use of systemic therapy. However, the small gain in survival seen in a select subgroup of patients with negative hepatic nodes appeared to be offset by the toxicity of I.A. FUDR.
Electrical and Acoustic Properties of Biological Materials and Biomedical Applications

A survey of our research on the linear electrical and acoustic properties of biological materials including cells, tissues, and biopolymers is presented. Topics include: 1) dielectric properties of tissues and cells from dc to 20 GHz; 2) identification of the mechanism responsible for major dielectric relaxation effects observed (counter ion relaxation, Maxwell?Wagner charging of membrane interfaces, relaxation of protein bound water, and relaxation of tissue water); 3) ultrasonic properties of biopolymers and tissues (identification of macromolecular absorption as the dominant contributor to acoustic absorption); and 4) interaction of EM fields with biosystems. This, in turn, includes applications in physical medicine, investigations of field-induced force effects on cells and their response, macroscopic and microscopic dosimetry, development of safety standards, and applications of available biophysical insight to evaluate field interaction with cells, membranes, and macromolecules.
The normal ovary of childhood.

Summary The growth of the ovary from the time of birth until the menarche is largely dependent upon an increase of its stroma, the reticular fibers of which undergo drastic changes in their orientation during this period of time. Simultaneously with the growth of the ovarian stroma there is a tremendous decrease in the number of oocytes; much of this latter change probably occurs during the first year of life. The development of graafian follicles in infancy and childhood is comparable to that seen in adults. This process is reviewed, as are the morphologic changes occurring with involution of the follicle. A few of the morphologic variants which may be encountered in the ovaries of infants and children are briefly reviewed.
Wavelet-based denoising for improving nonlinear dynamic analysis of pathological voices

A pre-processing scheme based on wavelet denoising is applied to improve nonlinear dynamic analysis for pathological voices. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are corrupted by high noises, yet can be effectively improved using this novel voice analysis scheme. The estimated correlation dimensions of the noisy pathological voices are statistically higher than those of the original voices; however, there is no significant difference between the dimensions of the denoised voices and the original voices. Nonlinear dynamic analysis via wavelet denoising represents a valuable method for describing pathological human voices under noisy conditions to assess laryngeal pathologies.
Prevention of Problem Behavior Through Annual Family Check-Ups in Early Childhood: Intervention Effects From Home to Early Elementary School

This randomized intervention trial examined the effects of yearly Family Check-Ups (FCUs) and tailored parent management training on parent report of problem behavior from age 2 to 5 years and teacher report of oppositional behavior at age 7.5. A multiethnic risk sample of 731 families in 3 distinct geographical settings who were receiving assistance from the Women, Infants, and Children Nutritional Supplement (WIC) program were randomly assigned to a yearly FCU. Intention to treat (ITT) analyses were used to examine overall intervention effects, and complier average causal effect (CACE) modeling was used to examine the effects of annual intervention engagement in the FCU on parent reports of child problem behavior from age 2 to 5 and teacher reports of problem behavior at age 7.5. ITT intervention effects were found regarding parent report at ages 2 to 5 and teacher report at age 7.5, indicating less growth in problem behavior for children in the intervention group than for those in the control group. CACE modeling of intervention engagement revealed that the effect sizes on parent- and teacher-reported problem behavior increased as a function of the number of yearly FCUs caregivers participated in. Findings suggest that embedding yearly FCU services within the context of social, health, and educational services in early childhood can potentially prevent early-onset trajectories of antisocial behavior. The increases in effect size with successive FCU engagement underscores the importance of a motivational approach to parenting support among high-risk families.
Radiography, computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy in four dogs and two cats with lung lobe torsion

This report describes the imaging features of radiography, computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy in dogs and cats with lung lobe torsions. The medical records, thoracic radiographs and computed tomography images of four dogs and two cats with confirmed lung lobe torsions were retrospectively reviewed. Computed tomography with virtual bronchoscopy showed bronchial narrowing, collapse or occlusion in all six animals, while this was only appreciated on one radiographic examination. A tapering terminating angle of the air-filled bronchus proximal or distal to the collapsed region was seen only on computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy in all six animals. The vesicular emphysema pattern typical of lung lobe torsion was seen on three computed tomographies but only on one radiographic examination. The lung lobe torsion-specific findings of vesicular emphysema and a proximally narrowed or occluded bronchus were more easily recognised on computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy than with radiographs. Computed tomography slices acquired through the bronchus and lung lobe of interest in a cat or dog with possible lung lobe torsion can be reformatted into virtual bronchoscopic images that can be utilised along with computed tomography to help make a more definitive preoperative diagnosis.
The Role of Contact Nucleation in Ice Phase Initiation in Clouds

Abstract Ice particle multiplication mechanisms are summarized and considered to be incapable of producing the excess of ice crystals over ice nuclei (factors of 102–104) observed in several types of clouds. Contact freezing, sorption and immersion freezing nucleation are re-examined with regard to their temperature and mode of activation. A model of ice phase nucleation based on contact nucleation is advanced. The collection of contact nuclei by drops is considered to result from Brownian motion and phoretic forces. Based on estimated sizes for natural contact nuclei of 0.3–0.5 μm, contact nueleation is predicted to be suppressed in updrafts and enhanced in downdrafts or mixing zones. This correlation is in excellent agreement with observations of first ice in cumuli. Blanchard's drop freezing data are used to deduce concentrations of natural contact nuclei active at −4C of 100–1000 liter−1. These concentrations are noted to be consistent with Hobbs’ observations of 1–10 ice particles liter−1 at −4C in a...
Variable‐frequency microwave curing of benzocyclobutene

Polymer dielectrics are widely used in the microelectronics industry for several applications including interlevel dielectrics, encapsulants, and passivating layers. To attain the desired properties, these materials need to be processed via lengthy cure cycles. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing has been investigated as a rapid curing alternative for the processing of thin-film dielectrics. Previous studies on epoxies and polyimide-based materials have shown significant reduction in cure time and improvement in properties on VFM processing. In this study, VFM curing of Dow Chemical Cyclotene™ 3022 benzocyclobutene (BCB) was investigated. The kinetics of the cure reaction were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR studies indicated no significant differences in chemical structure between VFM and thermally cured films. The electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of VFM-processed films were characterized and compared with thermally processed films to determine the effectiveness of microwave processing. The results showed that VFM curing of BCB is feasible, and properties comparable to thermally cured films can be attained. The residual stress of partially cured BCB was lower for VFM processing than for traditional thermal processing. The residual stress in fully cured BCB was similar. Improvements such as shorter cure times and lower processing temperatures than conventional thermal processing can be achieved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3055–3067, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10286
Preparation of large quantities of separated strands from simian virus 40 DNA restriction fragments by low-temperature low-salt agarose gel electrophoresis

Abstract We have used agarose gel electrophoresis to separate complementary DNA strands obtained from simian virus 40 DNA restriction fragments produced by HindII and III or by EcoRI and HpaII digestion. By modifying existing methods we have virtually eliminated the problematic renaturation of DNA during electrophoresis. This has allowed us to recover large quantities of separated DNA strands (approximately 20 μg of DNA per 12-mm-diameter preparative tube gel). By using a combination of low temperature and low buffer concentration during electrophoresis, we have also significantly improved the resolution of DNA strands.
A Saturnian stratospheric seasonal climate model

Motivated by recent observational evidence that seasonal processes occur within Saturn's stratosphere, a seasonal stratospheric climate model has been constructed. This model predicts stratospheric temperatures above the P = 0.1-atm level as a function of time throughout the Saturnian year. Specific results are presented for south-polar and equatorial temperatures. The model predicts that substantial seasonal phase lags exist; maximum stratospheric temperatures at the south pole occur at the southern hemisphere's autumnal equinox. Brightness temperature observations at 17.8 microns, taken during 1977/1978, indicate that stratospheric temperatures are greater at the south pole than at the equator. The model is consistent with these observations, predicting enhanced south polar temperatures, relative to the equator, from 1975 to 1983.
Centering pregnancy: a model for pregnant adolescents

Recent exploration of the experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents has uncovered the need to address the unique developmental, social, and cultural aspects of adolescent pregnancy. Many adolescents, especially those from urban areas, live in communities with limited opportunities, poverty, violence, and a lack of support. Programs that help young women discover their inner strength, create environments for empowerment, and build community may help adolescents to achieve goals and parent successfully. Centering Pregnancy is a model of group prenatal care that provides for the assessment, education, and support of pregnant women and may be particularly useful in adolescent populations. The model is described and the ways adolescents may benefit from Centering Pregnancy's unique design is discussed.
Evaluation of an intensive sampling and analysis method for carbon monoxide.

Abstract This paper describes a portable, low-cost whole air sampler capable of collecting 12 1-L samples in tedlar bags and using a single “D” cell for power. The results are presented from two tests of an intensive sampling and analysis method for measuring ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in urban areas using this sampler. The method is evaluated in comparison with an approved continuous CO analyzer, in intercomparisons of the results of re-analysis of the samples, and by examination of the results from co-located samplers. The precision of the analytical method was found to be ±0.30 ppmv. The precision of the sampling method was found to be ±0.73 ppmv and therefore is the limiting factor in the method’s overall precision. These values are sufficient to verify attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) levels in urban areas. Improvements in the sampler and analytical procedure are discussed.
Preparation of an immunotoxin for Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Summary Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff) is a small free-living amoeba which is closely related to pathogenic organisms that produce almost invariably fatal human infections (1). The f(ab)′ fragment of a monoclonal antibody (designated A9) specifically reactive to the A. castellanii cell surface, was covalently linked to the A chain of diphtheria toxin. This immunotoxin inhibited cell division completely, whereas nonspecific mouse IgG or nonspecific f(ab)′ derivatized with diphtheria toxin A chain (DTA), A chain alone, or unlinked A chain and A9-f(ab)′ in combination, had no effect on cell division.
Analysis of parts requirements variance for a JIT supply chain

Metrics used to assess level parts usage for some JIT supply chains are based on the product-unit by product-unit launch of products on the assembly line. However, many automobile assembly plants require parts suppliers to deliver parts to the assembly line by using a constant order cycle, non-constant order quantity framework. The paper proposes metrics that are suited to this parts delivery framework. Through extensive simulation over a wide range of assembly parameter values, it assesses the ability of supplier plants to match assembly requirements at each supply epoch. Among other things, the study finds that the conventional JIT scheduling framework also works well in general under this parts delivery arrangement, but acute parts stockout conditions could sometimes occur. Therefore, managers need to consider this in determining appropriate inventory levels for each part. This will prevent stockouts and reduce supply chain costs.
Photosystem II quantum yields and xanthophyll-cycle pigments of the macroalga Sargassum natans (Phaeophyceae): Responses under natural sunlight

Our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that allow marine photoautotrophs to thrive in a high light environment is limited. The pelagic phaeophyte, Sargassum natans (L.) Gaillon, exists at the air–sea interface and often is exposed to high irradiances. During a cruise in the Gulf of Mexico, aggregates of S. natans were collected and maintained in a shipboard incubator under natural sunlight. In vivo fluorescence and pigmentation dynamics were assessed over two daily cycles to characterize the photophysiological responses of this taxon to varying irradiance (i.e. overcast and sunny conditions). The relative proportion of the photosynthetic carotenoid, violaxanthin, to the photoprotective carotenoid, zeaxanthin, decreased during daylight hours. This mirrored the dynamics in the maximum quantum yield for stable charge separation at photosystem II (FV/FM[variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence]), which decreased (relative to predawn levels) by 50%–60% during periods of sustained bright light and recovered to predawn values 3 h after sunset. The ratio of de-epoxidized to epoxidized components of the xanthophyll-cycle pigment pool (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin) was associated with energy dissipation activity within the pigment bed. The operational quantum yield for photosystem II activity (φIIe) was substantially lower than FV/FM due to both a decreased probability that absorbed photons reached open reaction centers and to the induction of nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching (which was rapidly reversible). Bright light also affected the rate of electron flow from the reaction center chlorophyll through to the secondary electron acceptor, quinone B (QB); specifically, single turnover decay curves indicated that the proportion of QB bound to the D1–D2 complex in photosystem II decreased during the protracted periods of bright light. Kautsky curves suggested that the relative proportion of inactive light-harvesting complexes also increased during periods of bright light. Taken together, these findings suggest that S. natans can tolerate high irradiances by down-regulating its quantum yield during the day, decreasing its functional absorption coefficient through the uncoupling of light-harvesting complexes, and decreasing the efficiency with which absorbed light is utilized. These cellular responses appear to be driven by the absolute flux of light and not by an endogenous rhythm, which is phased to a particular time of day.
Cigarette smoking, illicit drug use and the value of life

Abstract This article investigates the relationship between cigarette smoking and illicit drug use and compensating wage differentials for the risk of job-related death. Knowledge of an individual's experiences with cigarettes and illicit drugs is used to identify worker heterogeneity in job-risk preferences. The results show that individuals who are both nonsmokers and nondrug users work in the safest jobs and receive the highest compensating wage differentials for job-related risk. Significant differences in job risk and compensating differentials are also found between smokers and nonsmokers and drug users and nondrug users. Estimates of the statistical value of life increase from $2.9 million to $7.1 million when moving from the full sample of workers to those individuals classified as nonsmokers and non-drug users.
Traditional Graduate Admission Standards as Constraints to Increasing the Supply of Black Professional Agriculturalists: The Florida Experience

HIS PAPER examines traditional graduate admission standards as they might affect the supply of black professionals in agriculture and related areas. The following objectives will be pursued: 1. Review the demand and supply conditions for black agricultural graduates, particularly at the graduate level. 2. Examine black graduate enrollment in the South and traditional Land Grant admission standards. 3. Review the University of Florida experience in black graduate enrollment and its experimental graduate program in agriculture for black Americans. 4. Integrate the Florida experience into a policy framework for positive and affirmative action in the area of increasing the responsiveness of the Land Grant System to the crucial need of advanced training for blacks in the agricultural sciences.
Rationalizing the Mechanism of HMDS Degradation in Air and Effective Control of the Reaction Byproducts

The concern over molecular contamination on the surfaces of optics continues to grow. Most recently, this concern has focused on siloxane contamination resulting from hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) which is commonly used as a wafer treatment to improve photoresist adhesion onto wafers. From this process, HMDS vapor can be found within FABs and process tools where it has been linked to issues related to lens hazing. This type of surface contamination is significantly detrimental to the imaging process and is generally corrected by extensive surface cleaning or even lens replacement. Additionally, this type of repair also requires adjustment of the optical axis, thereby contributing to an extended downtime. HMDS is known to be very sensitive to the presence of water and is therefore believed to degrade in humid airstreams. This research focuses on rationalizing the reaction mechanisms of HMDS in dry and humid airstreams and in the presence of several adsorbent surfaces. It is shown that HMDS hydrolyzes in humid air to trimethylsilanol (TMS) and ammonia (NH 3 ). Furthermore, it is shown that TMS can dimerize in air, or on specific types of adsorption media, to form hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). Additionally, we report on the relative impact of these reaction mechanisms on the removal of both HMDS and its hydrolysis products (TMS, HMDSO and NH 3 ).
Free boundary effects on stability of two phase planar fluid motion in annulus. Part I: Migration of the stable mode

We study the linearized stability of a planar dynamical model describing two-phase perfect fluid circulating around a circle with a sufficiently large radius within a central gravitational field. The model is associated with the spatial and temporal structure of the zonally averaged global-scale atmospheric longitudinal circulation around the Earth. Two cases are studied separately; in the first one, the simulations were carried out using the rigid lid approximation at the upper boundary of the outer atmospheric layer. In the second one, the free boundary nonlinear conditions (kinematic and dynamic) were assumed on the outer atmospheric layer. For the both cases, a certain family of steady, explicit solutions which have circular streamlines was considered. The governing equations were linearized at these solutions to find the typical wave numbers of the interfacial wave perturbation to the basic state at which the destabilizing effect of shear, which overcomes the stabilizing effect of stratification, occurs. It is shown that for the both cases, the model always have the same two potentially unstable wave modes while there always exist two wave modes which are stable for any wavelengths. The behavior of the stable and unstable modes were compared for the both cases to investigate the effects of the free boundary on the mixing process at the interface.
Commentary: Bridging the Gaps for Former Inmates with Serious Mental Illness

Serious mental illness is a prominent and vexing problem within the correctional systems of North America. Simpson and colleagues draw attention to the epidemiology, special characteristics, and management problems relevant to Canadian inmates with serious mental illness. Of great interest to those in the forensic psychiatric field is the matter of continuation of care for mentally ill prisoners, in that untreated or undertreated psychiatric problems are strongly associated with poor social functioning and criminal recidivism. In this commentary, we expand on the discussion in Simpson et al. of the effectiveness of assertive community treatment teams for those former inmates at greatest risk for future involvement with the criminal justice system. We also propose outpatient civil commitment as one strategy to facilitate the successful return of select inmate patients to the community.
Rural Exodus in Two Spanish Basque Villages: A Cultural Explanation1

Pronounced rural depopulation is currently an evident demographic trend in Spanish society. Macro-structural studies to date suggest that an entirely economistic interpretation of this rural exodus is in order. In this view agriculturalists abandon the countryside in response to the greater economic opportunities available in industry. The present study, by comparing the differential importance of inheritance norms as conditioners of farm abandonment in two Spanish Basque villages, suggests that once the little community is made the unit of study cultural factors other than economic aspirations are likely to influence the agriculturalist's decision-making.
Asymptotic calculations of the Biot's waves in porous layered fluid-saturated media

Summary Biot’s poroelasticity model predicts the existence of a slow compressional (diffusion) wave due to the relative flow of pore fluid with respect to the solid rock. This phenomenon opens an opportunity for investigation of fluid properties of the hydrocarbon-saturated reservoirs, in particular fluid mobility, from seismic amplitude. Low-frequency asymptotic description of the Biot’s model provides relatively simple form of reflection and transmission coefficients. In case of normal incident the coefficients only depend on impedance contrast and small dimensionless parameter that is a product of fluid density, viscosity and rock permeability. All parameters are measurable. The goal of the present study is to use asymptotic solution and propagator matrix method for investigation of the slow P wave effect on reflectivity of the porous layered fluid-saturated media.
Classification of invariant image representations using a neural network

A neural network (NN) based approach for classification of images represented by translation-, scale-, and rotation-invariant features is presented. The utilized network is a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier with one hidden layer. Back-propagation learning is used for its training. Two types of features are used: moment invariants derived from geometrical moments of the image, and features based on Zernlike moments, which are the mapping of the image onto a set of complex orthogonal polynomials. The performance of the MLP is compared to the Bayes, nearest-neighbor, and minimum-mean-distance statistical classifiers. Through extensive experimentation with noiseless as well as noisy binary images of all English characters (26 classes), the following conclusions are reached: (1) the MLP outperforms the other three classifiers, especially when noise is present; (2) the nearest-neighbor classifier performs about the same as the NN for the noiseless case; (3) the NN can do well even with a very small number of training samples; (4) the NN has a good degree of fault tolerance; and (5) the Zernlike-moment-based features possess strong class separability power and are more powerful than moment invariants. >
Induction of immune tolerance in mice with a novel mucosal nanoemulsion adjuvant and self-antigen.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a novel nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant, a soybean oil emulsion, on autoimmune response. To this end, we used murine thyroglobulin (mTg)-induced experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice as a study model. Materials & methods: Mice received NE or NE + mTg by nasal delivery. At 1 week after the second nasal delivery of NE with or without mTg, all mice were immunized with mTg and lipopolysaccharides to induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Results: Compared with controls, mTg–NE-treated mice had much more antigens accumulated in the nasal passage and thymus and developed a milder form of thyroiditis. This was accompanied by an increase in IL-10, IL-17 and reduced IFN-γ. The production of anti-mTg antibodies was significantly decreased in mTg–NE-treated mice. The percentage of Tregs in cervical lymph nodes was higher in mTg–NE-treated mice than NE-treated mice. Furthermore, Foxp3 and TGF-β levels were prominently enhanced in mTg–NE-treated mice. C...
Groundwater use by native plants in response to changes in precipitation in an intermountain basin

Abstract Many arid basins in western North America are likely to experience future changes in precipitation timing and amount. Where shallow water tables occur, plant acquisition of groundwater and soil water may be influenced by growing season precipitation. We conducted a rainfall manipulation experiment to investigate responses of four common native plant species to ambient, increased, and decreased summer monsoon rainfall. We measured plant xylem pressure potentials (Ψ) and stable oxygen isotope signatures (δ 18 O) to assess effects of altered precipitation on plant water relations and water acquisition patterns. Reduced rainfall decreased Ψ more in the grasses Sporobolus airoides and Distichlis spicata than the more deeply rooted shrubs Sarcobatus vermiculatus and Ericameria nauseosa . E. nauseosa had little response to natural or experimental differences in available soil water. Plant xylem water δ 18 O indicated that S. airoides and D. spicata are almost entirely dependent on rain-recharged soil water, while E. nauseosa is almost entirely groundwater-dependent. Sarcobatus vermiculatus used groundwater during dry periods, but utilized precipitation from soil layers after large rainfall events. Persistent changes in precipitation patterns could cause shifts in plant community composition that may alter basin-scale groundwater consumption by native plants, affecting water availability for human and ecosystem uses.
Imaging glutamate homeostasis in cocaine addiction with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 positron emission tomography radiotracer [(11)C]ABP688 and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Background Preclinical studies demonstrate that glutamate homeostasis in the striatum is disrupted following cocaine exposure, including a decrease in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) expression and reduced glutamate turnover. The goal of this study was to use imaging of the human brain to investigate alterations in the glutamate signaling in cocaine addiction. Methods Positron emission tomography imaging with the radiotracer [ 11 C]ABP688 was used to measure mGluR5 binding and magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure glutamate-glutamine levels in the striatum of cocaine-addicted participants ( n = 15) compared with healthy control subjects ( n = 15). Following the scans, the cocaine-addicted volunteers performed cocaine self-administration sessions to investigate the correlation between cocaine-seeking behavior and mGluR5 receptor binding. Results The results of the study showed that cocaine addiction was associated with a 20% to 22% reduction in [ 11 C]ABP688 binding in the striatum. A secondary analysis of cortical and subcortical regions other than the striatum showed a similar reduction in [ 11 C]ABP688 binding, suggesting that the decrease was widespread. No between-group differences were seen in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of glutamate-glutamine in the left striatum. In addition, no correlation was seen between [ 11 C]ABP688 binding in the striatum and the choice to self-administer cocaine. Conclusions Overall, these results show that long-term cocaine use is associated with a decrease in mGluR5 availability compared with matched healthy control subjects and suggests that this receptor may serve as a viable target for treatment development for this disorder.
Analysis of ambient noise energy distribution and phase velocity bias in ambient noise tomography, with application to SE Tibet

SUMMARY Green’s functions (GFs) of surface wave propagation between two receivers can be estimated from the cross-correlation of ambient noise under the assumption of diffuse wavefields or energy equipartitioning. Interferometric GF reconstruction is generally incomplete, however, because the distribution of noise sources is neither isotropic nor stationary and the wavefields considered in the cross-correlation are generally non-diffuse. Furthermore, medium complexity can affect the empirical Green’s function (EGF) from the cross-correlation if noise sources are all far away (i.e. approximately plane-wave sources), which makes the problem non-linear. We analyse the effect of uneven ambient noise distribution and medium heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy on phase velocities measured from EGFs with an asymptotic plane wave (far-field) approximation (which underlies most constructions of phase velocity maps). Phase velocity bias due to uneven noise distribution can be determined (and corrected) if the noise energy distribution and the velocity model are known. We estimate the (normalized) azimuthal distribution of ambient noise energy directly from the cross-correlation functions obtained through ambient noise interferometry. The (smaller, second order) bias due to non-linearity can be reduced iteratively, for instance by using the tomographic model that results from the inversion of uncorrected data. We illustrate our method for noise energy estimation, phase velocity bias suppression, and ambient noise tomography (including azimuthal anisotropy) with data from a seismic array (26 stations) in SE Tibet. We show that the phase velocity bias due to uneven noise energy distribution (and medium complexity) in SE Tibet has a small effect (<1 per cent) on the isotropic part phase velocities (for T = 10–30 s) and the azimuthal anisotropy obtained before and after bias correction shows very similar pattern and magnitude.
An experimental study of steady state multiplicity and stability in an adiabatic stirred reactor

Steady state and transient characteristics of an adiabatic, continuous flow, stirred reactor were studied in experiments employing the exothermic reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. Results illustrate the multiplicity of steady states in this system over a range of residence times. Temperatures of unstable states were attained experimentally by observing the effect of perturbations from stable temperatures. The observed steady states of the reactor under various mixing conditions are shown to be in good agreement with the predictions of a mathematical model which is based on the assumptions that mixing is perfect and that a single independent chemical reaction occurs. Less exact quantitative agreement between theoretical and experimental unsteady performance is accounted for in terms of the sensitivity of the unsteady state to small errors in the system parameters and the existence of appreciable extraneous heat capacities of the experimental equipment.
Electronically Variable Optical Attenuator Enabled by Self-Sensing in Vanadium Dioxide

A fully electronic variable optical attenuator in the near-infrared region is reported. The observed attenuation varied from 0 to 19.24 dB. The device is enabled by the strong correlation between the electrical and optical properties in vanadium dioxide thin films across its phase transition. A self-sensing feedback approach is used to significantly reduce the inherently hysteretic behavior of the film. The reduction of the hysteresis, sensing the electrical resistance with respect to the optical transmission, allowed for a relatively simple approach for the modeling and control of the system.