cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three methods for identification of Enterobacteriaceae

This study compares the ability of three commercial overnight methods, API 20E, Minitek and Enteric-Tek, to accurately and completely identify 368 clinically isolatedEnterobacteriaceae without supplemental tests. Organisms includedEscherichia coli (54 strains),Shigella spp. (7),Edwardsiella tarda (1),Salmonella enteritidis (10),Citrobacter spp. (30),Klebsiella spp. (55),Enterobacter spp. (68),Hafnia alvei (2),Serratia spp. (33),Proteus spp. (64),Morganella morganii (24),Providencia spp. (18), andYersinia enterocolitica (2). Methods were those of the manufactures without supplemental tests. API 20E correctly identified 93.2 % of strains to species and 3.3 % to genus level only, with 3.0 % as part of a spectrum of identifications, and 0.5 % incorrect identifications. Minitek yielded 96.0 % correct identifications to species and 0.5 % to genus level only, with 2.5 % spectrum identifications, and 1.0 % incorrect identifications. Enteric-Tek correctly identified 97.0 % of strains to species level with 3.0 % spectrum identifications. API 20E identification of someSerratia andCitrobacter strains was to genus level only. Problem organisms for Minitek includedEnterobacter agglomerans andSerratia marcescens. A comparison of these three commercial methods shows that all three have the ability to identify most clinically isolatedEnterobacteriaceae without supplemental tests.
Solutions to bi-Maxwellian transport equations for radial solar wind beyond 28 Rs

This paper presents solar wind solutions for radial flow between 28 solar radii and 1 AU using the bi-Maxwellian-based 16-moment set of transport equations. In addition to the number density, drift velocity, and parallel and perpendicular temperatures, the 16-moment equations account for the transport of both longitudinal and transverse thermal energies as well as stress. Also, using the 16-moment approximation for the distribution function and assuming plasma parameter values characteristic of the solar wind, contour plots are generated for the proton velocity distribution function. It is shown how the shape of these plots depends on various macroscopic plasma parameters.
Cow Milk Consumption, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Human Biology: A Life History Approach

Objective: To assess the life history consequences of cow milk consumption at different stages in early life (prenatal to adolescence), especially with regard to linear growth and age at menarche and the role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in mediating a relationship among milk, growth and development, and long-term biological outcomes. Methods: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2004 and review of existing literature. Results: The literature tends to support milk's role in enhancing growth early in life (prior to age 5 years), but there is less support for this relationship during middle childhood. Milk has been associated with early menarche and with acceleration of linear growth in adolescence. NHANES data show a positive relationship between milk intake and linear growth in early childhood and adolescence, but not middle childhood, a period of relatively slow growth. IGF-I is a candidate bioactive molecule linking milk consumption to more rapid growth and development, although the mechanism by which it may exert such effects is unknown. Conclusions: Routine milk consumption is an evolutionarily novel dietary behavior that has the potential to alter human life history parameters, especially vis-a-vis linear growth, which in turn may have negative long-term biological consequences. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CO observations of several galactic H II regions

Maps of the CO emission at a resolution of 8 arcmin are presented for seven H II regions or H II region groups; the results of a search for CO emission near seven more are also given. CO was detected near all but two of the observed objects. The distribution of (C-12)O and (C-13)O near S142, S157, and S159 was mapped at a resolution of 2.3 arcmin. The S147/S153 group of H II regions is shown to consist of physically related objects; it is a region of active star formation. The results show a complicated molecular cloud structure near most observed H II regions. There is a tendency for decreasing CO cloud mass when H II regions in more evolved stages are observed. The relevance of these results for the understanding of individual H II region/molecular cloud complexes, and for general aspects of the star-formation process, is briefly discussed.
Imprinting: a test of innate species preference.

Strength of following reactions of 60 naive chicks to 6 imprinting objects varying in shape and color was observed. Color and interaction of object were not significant variables, whereas shape had a significant effect on following time. A duck-shaped object was found to be the strongest elicitor of following.
Developing a plug-in tool to make OneNote an e-textbook

E-textbooks encourage the user to perform all of the operations typically performed with a hardcopy text in addition to some functions not possible with paper books. This project works to implement an e-textbook with as much capability as possible using software tools that are already in place. Because Microsoft OneNote already implements some of the desired functions of e-textbooks, it is a suitable software foundation for this work. This paper will detail the implementation of the e-textbook plug-in for OneNote and Windows. Specifically, it will discuss the methods of harnessing the built-in capabilities of OneNote such as page content creation and modification, specialized controls creation, and interaction with other programs.
Influence of polymer molecular weight on selected thermodynamic properties of polymer/solvent systems and the application of the UNIFAC theory

Abstract The intrinsic viscosities of eleven narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene samples ranging from number-average molecular weight 1820 to 1 292 000 have been determined in pure solvents of tetrahydrofuran and chloroform with a Ubbelohde No. 1 viscometer at 25°C. By combining the original and modified Fox-Flory viscosity treatments, respectively, with the Flory-Huggins Lattice theory, the interaction parameters were calculated. With the aid of original and modified UNIFAC methods the solvent activity, clustering function of the solvent, and the interaction parameter were computed and compared with the experimental data. It was established that the influence imposed by the polymer molecular weight on the activity of the solvent, the clustering function of solvent, and interaction parameter is insignificant. The modified UNIFAC method satisfactorily predicted the solvent activity as illustrated by previous investigators. However, both UNIFAC methods failed to predict the interaction parameter.
Neck growth and forming limits in sheet metals

Abstract An analytical model that is capable of predicting the development of nonuniform flow in sheet metals under various plane-stress loading conditions is presented. The model is based on the previously formulated idea that the neck grows from the initial geometric or material inhomogeneity. Applying a rate-dependent flow theory of plasticity and a simplified constitutive equation to the nonuniform section where the state of stress is assumed to be uniform, successive stages of neck profile are computed under an imposed state of strain. The computation of the detailed neck growth is then repeated over a wide range of proportional loading conditions to establish the forming limit diagram. The specific magnitude of the initial inhomogeneity that is used in the analysis has been estimated from the measured variations in sheet thickness in a representative sheet of AK steel. The necessary input material parameters have also been determined from the same sheet material. Predicted forming limit diagrams based on these input parameters compare favorably with the general trend observed in the published data on AK steel. Some discrepancies are observed between the predicted and experimental forming limits for 2036 aluminum alloy when the published material parameters are used in the neck growth model. Based on these results, some of the limitations of the analytical model are discussed in light of available experimental observations.
Augmentation of Vortex Lift by Spanwise Blowing

An investigation has been conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic effects associated with blowing a jet spanwise over a wing's upper surface in a direction parallel to the leading edge. Experimental pressure and force data were obtained on wings with sweep angles of 30 and 45 degrees and showed that spanwise blowing aids in the formation and control of the leading-edge vortex and, hence, significantly improves the aerodynamic characteristics at high angles of attack. Full vortex section lift is achieved at the inboard span station with a small blowing rate, but successively higher blowing rates are necessary to attain the full vortex-lift level at increased span distances. Spanwise blowing generates large increases in lift at high angles of attack, improves the drag polars, and extends the linear pitching moment to high lifts.
Group counseling expectations among Asian American students: the role of culture-specific factors

The present study investigated the influence of loss of face and acculturation on the group psychotherapy expectations of Asian American students (N = 134) with the Positive Attitudes subscale from Y. S. Slocum's (1987) Group Therapy Survey. Results showed that loss of face was not a significant predictor of positive attitudes toward group counseling, whereas acculturation was. U. Kim's (1988) measure of acculturation was based on J. W. Berry's (1980) model, which posits four acculturation statuses: assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Of the 4 scales, only the integrationist status significantly predicted positive attitudes toward group counseling. Counseling and research implications of the results are discussed.
Social Support: The Effects of Gender and Employment for Attorneys and a Community Sample

There is clear recognition of the relationship between social support and mental health (e.g., Kessler, & McLeod, 1985; Turner, 1981; Winefield, 1979), general health outcomes (e.g., Berkman, 1986; Cohen 1988; DiMatteo & Hays, 1981), work stress (Ganster, Fusilier, & Mayes, 1986), burnout (Etzion, 1984), work adjustment, and work performance (e.g., Fisher, 1985; Ford 1985; House, 1981). Despite the clear correlation between support and more positive outcomes in all these domains, the causal mechanisms and nature of the relationships remain a matter of debate and for research to answer.
Airborne observations of DMSO, DMS, and OH at marine tropical latitudes

This paper reports the first simultaneous fast-time resolution measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) at marine tropical latitudes. These observations were recorded during the PEM-Tropics B field program on NASA's P-3B aircraft. The observations of DMSO, using a Selected Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SICIMS) technique, are of particular significance. They have revealed two unique findings: 1) average midday-tropical levels of DMSO are significantly higher than those predicted from current models when constrained by observed DMS and OH levels (e.g., 10 pptv versus 1 to 3 pptv); and 2) DMSO concentration profiles are significantly out-of-phase with model predictions, maximum values being seen under near dark conditions and minimum values being observed at midday. Although no simple explanation has yet been found for these unusual results, the fact that no evidence points to a problem in the measurements suggests that others may exist. Clearly, if the observations are correct, they indicate that at least for tropical upwelling regions the atmospheric sulfur budget may need to be adjusted to accommodate additional sources of DMSO.
Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Catfish and Crabs Along an Estuarine Salinity and Contamination Gradient

Elevated but variable levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were observed in hardhead sea catfish (HH) and blue crabs (BCs), as well as in water and sediment, of the Houston Ship Channel system, Texas, USA. It is hypothesized that the variation was caused by the spatial variability of PCDD/F contamination, together with the natural mobility of organisms in satisfying prey, temperature, salinity, and reproductive requirements. Structural equation modeling was applied to explore the congener-specific relationships between PCDD/F levels in HH and BC tissues and independent predictors such as PCDD/F contamination levels, environmental factors such as salinity and temperature, temporal-spatial factors such as site depth and season, and biological factors such as length, weight, and lipid content. Contamination levels in both sediment and water were statistically significant predictors of the levels of less chlorinated congeners in both HH and BCs, with the standardized regression weight for sediment concentration roughly twice that for the water concentration. This implies that sediments are the dominant route for PCDD/F exposure and remediation efforts should focus on legacy sediment contamination. Tissue lipid content was a significant predictor of tissue concentrations in HH but only to a lesser extent in BCs, perhaps due to their low lipid content. Site depth and seasonal factors also were significant predictors of tissue concentrations. For the highly chlorinated congeners, only a small fraction of the variance in tissue concentrations was explained by the independent predictors, possibly indicating that uptake and elimination kinetics, biotransformation processes, or both may be more important factors controlling the bioaccumulation of those congeners.
Ultrafast Optical Study of Small Gold Monolayer Protected Clusters: A Closer Look at Emission†

Monolayer-protected metal nanoclusters (MPCs) were investigated to probe their fundamental excitation and emission properties. In particular, gold MPCs were probed by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic measurements; the results were used to examine the mechanism of emission in relation to the excited states in these systems. In steady-state measurements, the photoluminescence of gold clusters in the range of 25 to 140 atoms was considerably stronger relative to larger particle analogues. The increase in emission efficiency (for Au25, Au55, and Au140 on the order of 10−5) over bulk gold may arise from a different mechanism of photoluminescence, as suggested by measurements on larger gold spheres and rods. Results of fluorescence upconversion found considerably longer lifetimes for smaller gold particles than for larger particles. Measurements of the femtosecond transient absorption of the smaller clusters suggested dramatically different behavior than what was observed for larger particles. These...
MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF RECEPTOR BINDING MEDIATED BY THE DR FAMILY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ADHESINS

The fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of the Dr family mediate the adherence of uropathogenic and diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli to decay-accelerating factor (DAF) present on erythrocytes and other cell types. The Dr haemagglutinin binds type IV collagen and, unlike other members of the Dr family, mediates an adherence inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol. We examined the ability of other members of the Dr family-AFAI, AFAIII, and F1845-to bind to type IV collagen, and demonstrated that the collagen-binding phenotype was unique to the Dr haemagglutinin. We employed site-directed mutagenesis to demonstrate the requirement of a negatively charged amino-acid at position 54 of the Dr haemagglutinin subunit for chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding. Mutations at position 32, 40, 54, 90, and 113 differently affected type IV collagen binding and chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding, while retaining DAF-binding capability. These results suggest the existence of a conformational receptor-binding domain in the major structural subunit of Dr family adhesins and demonstrate that chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding and adherence to type IV collagen were independent and separable phenotypes. Finally, we showed that the two conserved cysteine residues of Dr family structural subunits form a disulphide bond and that mutations of these residues abolish haemagglutination and binding to type IV collagen.
Sporadic-E layers and unstable wind shears

Electron density profiles of sporadic-E layers have been observed with good height resolution using rocket-borne probes. These generally show a simple shape consistent with the effect of a linear wind shear acting on metallic ions. Occasionally more complex shapes have been recorded, including double peaks and, on one occasion, a nearly rectangular profile. A direct method of obtaining the wind profile from the concentration profile of metallic ions has been developed. The metallic ion concentration profile itself is obtained from the electron density profile. Both procedures derive from the steady-state continuity equation. For linear wind shears it is found that the maximum value of the shear is about 50 m/s/km which corresponds to a Richardson number of 1/4. Layers of complex shape are associated with non-linear wind shears in which the maximum shear considerably exceeds this value. It is concluded that the complex profiles of sporadic-E layers can be interpreted as an effect of unstable wind shears.
Quantitative Horizon Scanning for Mitigating Technological Surprise: Detecting the Potential for Collaboration at the Interface

‘The identification of potential breakthroughs before they happen’ is a vague data analysis problem and ‘the scientific literature’ is a massive, complex dataset. Hence QHS for MTS might seem to be prototypical of the data miner's lament: ‘Here's some data we have… can you find something interesting?’ Nonetheless, the problem is real and important, and we develop an innovative statistical approach thereto—not a final etched-in-stone approach, but perhaps the first complete quantitative methodology explicitly addressing QHS for MTS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining5: 178–186, 2012 (This article is based on a Keynote Address given by one author (C.E.P.) at QMDNS 2010, May 25–26, Fairfax, VA, USA (presentation slides available at...))
Stiffness Constants of Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Prismatic Beams

This paper presents a complete set of analytical expressions for the stiffness constants of a generalized Euler–Bernoulli beam theory for homogeneous, anisotropic, prismatic beams with arbitrary cross-sectional shapes. These expressions are extracted from exact solutions of the linear equations of three-dimensional elasticity for the cases of loading by axial forces, torques, and bending moments about two orthogonal directions. Closed-form expressions are derived for the extensional stiffness and the extension-related coupling terms. Expressions for the remaining stiffness constants are derived in terms of the torsional stiffness: the expression of which is in terms of a function that needs to be obtained. The resulting expressions reveal both similarities and differences from its isotropic and orthotropic counterparts. For elliptical, anisotropic cross sections and rectangular, orthotropic cross sections, all stiffness constants are known in closed form. These closed-form expressions constitute a standar...
The Shell of V603 Aql and the Early Stages of the Nova Event

Nova V603 Aql 1918 was uniquely suited for studies of the structure of its shell because of the very favorable orientation of the shell in space. Additionally, almost by chance, spectroscopic observations were made in such a way that they permitted derivation of a three dimensional model of the shell.
Lifecourse socioeconomic status and cardiovascular illness in Latin America

Although socioeconomic status has been positively linked to health, little is known how socioeconomic disadvantage experienced in both childhood and adulthood influences cardiovascular illness in low- and middle-income countries. With particular emphasis on the elderly, this research uses Latin American data to test whether adult socioeconomic disadvantage, net of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, is associated with being diagnosed with hypertension and experiencing a heart attack. This research also explores how location plays a role in the relationship between socioeconomic status and health by providing country-specific analyses. Findings indicate that while adult socioeconomic status is negatively associated with cardiovascular illness in the region overall, this relationship is positive in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Results suggest that, in the case of elderly Latin Americans, socioeconomic advantage did not uniformly translate into a definite health advantage.
Mortality among first-admission patients with psychosis.

Abstract Objective This study compared 5- and 10-year survival and absolute and relative mortality rates among first-admission patients with 1 of 4 psychotic disorders: schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, and other nonorganic psychoses. Method The authors conducted a prospective 10-year follow-up of subjects first admitted with a diagnosis of nonorganic psychosis to any of 12 hospitals in Suffolk County, New York, during the period 1989 to 1995. Information on their death status since study entry was ascertained from the Social Security Death Index and the National Death Index. Survival analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator. Results There were no significant differences in survival rates among the 4 diagnostic groups at 5-year (range, 96.3%-97.8%) or 10-year (range, 90.2%-97.8%) follow-up. Absolute mortality over the study period ranged from 2.8% of bipolars to 6.7% of those with major depression. About 60% of deaths among schizophrenic/schizoaffective subjects were due to unnatural causes, whereas for the other 3 groups, deaths were more evenly split between natural and unnatural causes. Suicides comprised most deaths from unnatural causes, most of which occurred during the 2- to 5-year follow-up period. Deaths due to natural causes tended to be related to lifestyle factors. Conclusions First-admission patients with psychosis experience similar patterns of mortality risk over the first 10 years after index admission regardless of underlying diagnosis. Causes of death (both natural and unnatural) were potentially preventable with more intensive medical and psychiatric follow-up and intervention. Many deaths from unnatural causes occurred during or shortly after discharge from an inpatient or residential treatment setting, highlighting this period as one needing close scrutiny by treating clinicians.
Voltage And Current Sensors For A 1200 kV Gas Insulated Bus

New instrumentation being developed for a 1200 kV gas bus system is described. The novel line current and voltage sensors are well-suited to the geometry of gas-insulated coaxial lines. Line current is measured by a toroidal inductor, or Rogowski coil, which is positioned circumferentially around the center conductor at the inner surface of the enlarged outer sheath. The line voltage, sensor is derived from the coaxial configuration of the bus. A 1.5 m long, cylindrical section of the sheath is electrically isolated to form a 100 pF coaxial capacitor relative to the center conductor. This high voltage coaxial capacitor, together with a low voltage capacitor incorporated within the solid state signal processing amplifier, forms the voltage divider. Test results to date indicate the system will meet the requirements for both revenue metering, 0.3% class, and for protective relaying. Outputs of the signal amplifier channels are typically 3 to 5 V rms at normal line power and are suitable for driving static relays and other low load burden devices. While the present work is directed toward an application for 1200 kV, the instrumentation is equally well-suited to lower voltages where more GIS (gas-insulated systems) equipment is in use today.
Fine-grained interoperability through mirrors and contracts

As a value flows across the boundary between interoperating languages, it must be checked and converted to fit the types and representations of the target language. For simple forms of data, the checks and coercions can be immediate; for higher order data, such as functions and objects, some must be delayed until the value is used in a particular way. Typically, these coercions and checks are implemented by an ad-hoc mixture of wrappers, reflection, and dynamic predicates. We observe that 1) the wrapper and reflection operations fit the profile of mirrors, 2) the checks correspond to contracts, and 3) the timing and shape of mirror operations coincide with the timing and shape of contract operations. Based on these insights, we present a new model of interoperability that builds on the ideas of mirrors and contracts, and we describe an interoperable implementation of Java and Scheme that is guided by the model.
An analysis of how nonresponse error is assessed in academic marketing research

Nonresponse error is a topic that draws little attention but can dramatically affect the ability to generalize results of a research study. The authors carried out an empirical investigation that took a critical look at the marketing discipline to see how nonresponse error was being addressed in three of the top five marketing journals. The data for this study consisted of a content analysis of all articles from the Journal of Marketing, the Journal of Marketing Research, and the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science from 1999 through 2003 to determine if and how nonresponse error was being addressed in academic marketing research. This article details the findings of this content analysis, i.e., what measures are being used to assess nonresponse error along with the literature cited in support of these measures. The article concludes with an overall analysis of how well this topic is being addressed along with further suggestions for assessing nonresponse in the field of marketing research.
Fluctuations, correlations and transitions in granular materials: statistical mechanics for a non-conventional system

In this work, we first review some general properties of dense granular materials. We are particularly concerned with a statistical description of these materials, and it is in this light that we briefly describe results from four representative studies. These are: experiment 1: determining local force statistics, vector forces, force distributions and correlations for static granular systems; experiment 2: characterizing the jamming transition, for a static two-dimensional system; experiment 3: characterizing plastic failure in dense granular materials; and experiment 4: a dynamical transition where the material ‘freezes’ in the presence of apparent heating for a sheared and shaken system.
A fuzzy classifier that uses both crisp samples and linguistic knowledge

We propose a general structure for a classifier that uses fuzzy inference techniques. This structure leads to a variety of fuzzy logic classifiers that are capable of combining numerical data and linguistic knowledge in a unified framework. Under certain conditions the fuzzy logic classifier reduces to the Bayes minimum error classifier. Our examples show that, when linguistic information is available, the fuzzy classifiers can perform better than probabilistic classifiers that do not use the linguistic information. >
Conscientiousness and self-motivation as mutually compensatory predictors of university-level GPA

Abstract To help account for variability across studies in the predictive utility of conscientiousness, we proposed that conscientiousness and self-motivation mutually compensate for each other in predicting university-level academic performance. Consistent with this expectation, we found evidence of such mutual moderation in a sample of 377 college undergraduates. First, we found that conscientiousness and self-motivation compensated for each other in predicting university GPA: Students who were either high in conscientiousness or high in self-motivation had better academic performance (GPA) than those who were low in both conscientiousness and self-motivation. Second, these findings were still evident after we controlled for the students’ previous academic performance (high school rank) and academic ability (SAT/ACT). The study of mutually compensatory predictors not only offers the potential of developing better predictive models; it also helps to account for why some “main effect” predictors of university GPA are variable across studies in their degree of predictive utility.
The Influence of Science Summer Camp on African‐American High School Students' Career Choices

This study explored if a weeklong science camp changed Louisiana African-American high school students' perception of science. A semi-structured survey was used before and after the camp to determine the changes in science attitudes and career choices. Among the perceived benefits were parental involvement, increased science academic ability, and deepened scientific knowledge. These perceived benefits influenced the identities that students constructed for themselves in relation to science in their lives. Students who reported doing well in school science courses believed that science was more relevant to their lives. Female students who cited doing well in science reported less parental involvement in their schoolwork than males. This study draws attention to gender differences in science and to designing informal science learning experiences for African-American high school students that can change attitudes toward career choices in science-related fields.
Ocular Safety in Patients Using Sildenafil Citrate Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction

Sildenafil citrate improves erectile function in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) by selectively inhibiting cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is present in all vascular tissue. Sildenafil also has a weaker inhibitory action on PDE6, located in the rod and cone photoreceptors. Modest, transient visual symptoms, typically blue tinge to vision, increased brightness of lights, and blurry vision, have been reported with sildenafil use and occur more frequently at higher doses. Visual function studies in healthy subjects and in patients with eye disease suggest that sildenafil does not affect visual acuity, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity. Transient, mild impairment of color discrimination can occur around the time of peak plasma levels. Spontaneous postmarketing reports of visual adverse events, including nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), have been reported during the 7 years that sildenafil has been prescribed to more than 27 million men worldwide. However, because men with ED frequently have vascular risk factors that may also put them at increased risk for NAION, a causal relationship is difficult to establish. No consistent pattern has emerged to suggest any long-term effect of sildenafil on the retina or other structures of the eye or on the ocular circulation.
Synchronization in an array of linearly coupled dynamical systems

This paper gives sufficient conditions for an array of linearly coupled systems to synchronize. A typical result states that the array will synchronize if the nonzero eigenvalues of the coupling matrix have real parts that are negative enough. In particular, we show that the intuitive idea that strong enough mutual diffusive coupling will synchronize an array of identical cells is true in general. Sufficient conditions for synchronization for several coupling configurations will be considered. For coupling that leaves the array decoupled at the synchronized state, the cells each follow their natural uncoupled dynamics at the synchronized state. We illustrate this with an array of chaotic oscillators. Extensions of these results to general coupling are discussed. >
Role of c-jun induction in the glucocorticoid-evoked apoptotic pathway in human leukemic lymphoblasts

Accumulated evidence suggests tI AP-1 family in CEM cell clones exposed to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) has been investigated. Dex is known to cause apoptosis of lymphoid cells in general and of sensitive human lymphoid CEM cell clones in particular. This study finds that Dex induces c-jun mRNA and cJun protein in cells of the sensitive clone CEM-C7 and of the lysis-sensitive OEM hybrid clone H10. CEM-O7 cells were screened for several other Jun/Fos family proteins. Both cFos and JunD were expressed but were unaffected by the steroid, and JunB was not detected. In the continual presence of Dex the induction of cJun began about 6 h after addition of Dex, reached a maximum by 24 h, and plateaued for 72 h, while cell death did not begin until 24-48 h. In clone OEM-Cl cells, which contain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) but are resistant to lysis by Dex, the basal, and even the fully induced, cJun levels are below the basal levels in OEM-07 and H10 cells. To test the hypothesis that cJun plays an important role in steroid-evoked apoptosis, stable transfectants expressing Dex-regulable antisense c-jun RNA were established. Mass cultures of these cells showed reduced sensitivity to Dex, and in three of three clones tested, complete resistance to Dex was obtained. This occurred even though endogenous genes (GR, c-jun) normally responsive to Dex were still inducible, indicating that the GR and basic glucocorticoid response apparatus were intact. It is concluded that Dex induces cJun levels in sensitive OEM cells before cell death and that this induction plays a role in the apoptotic process.
Improving cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women by addressing medication adherence issues.

Objective To review medication adherence issues that relate to managing cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women and to explore strategies pharmacists can use to improve outcomes by identifying and resolving adherence problems. Data Sources Published articles identified through MEDLINE using the search terms adherence, compliance, cardiovascular, and menopause . Additional articles and data were identified from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles and from Web sites and reports from the National Council on Patient Information and Education, North American Menopause Society, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and American Heart Association. Data Synthesis Cardiovascular disease is the leading killer of women, a fact many women do not recognize. Although effective pharmacologic treatments for managing risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been developed, these therapies are underprescribed, and patient adherence to them is often poor. Efforts to increase postmenopausal women's awareness of cardiovascular disease and the efficacy of therapeutic regimens can help improve such patients' adherence to these lifesaving treatments. Conclusion As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are well positioned to provide counseling about the importance of medication adherence, help measure and optimize outcomes from medication use, and help patients find objective and authoritative sources of information about their conditions. By working with postmenopausal women to enhance their adherence, pharmacists can help them improve their cardiovascular health.
The Effect of Digitalis on Ventricular Ejection in Normal Human Subjects

The administration of deslanoside to normal subjects was associated with an abbreviation in the duration of all phases of mechanical systole in the absence of a change in cardiac output. The decrease in the ejection time index following deslanoside is an expression of the [see figure in the PDF file] diminution in the duration of ventricular ejection relative to heart rate and reflects the enhanced mean rate of left ventricular ejection following the drug. These observations lend additional evidence for the positive inotropic effect of digitalis in the normal heart. Serial determinations of the left ventricular ejection time index following deslanoside afforded observations on the temporal course of the effect of the drug. The decrease in the left ventricular ejection time index proved to be dose dependent, lending evidence for a direct relationship between the positive inotropic effect and the decreased duration of left ventricular ejection.
Guided-Inquiry Labs using Bean Beetles for Teaching the Scientific Method & Experimental Design

Guided-inquiry lab activities with bean beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) teach students how to develop hypotheses, design experiments, identify experimental variables, collect and interpret data, and formulate conclusions. These activities provide students with real hands-on experiences and skills that reinforce their understanding of the scientific method and experimental design. This teaching method can easily be adapted to other test organisms or alternative themes.
The Paradoxes of Technological Diffusion: Genetic Discrimination and Internet Privacy

New technologies often cause social controversies by creating novel privacy threats. Academics and legal decision-makers seeking to resolve these controversies have traditionally focused on the appropriate measures to protect privacy. Yet, traditional thinking ignored the relationship between privacy pressures and a technology's diffusion process. In this Article, I examine controversies involving privacy and two recent technological innovations - genetic testing and the Internet through the privacy-diffusion prism. First, I show that privacy-diffusion imbalances underlie important techno-privacy controversies. Specifically, I identify two models. In the first model, diffusion is inhibited despite the absence of an actual privacy threat. This model is based on the case of genetic discrimination, which shows that contrary to common belief, genetic discrimination is rare and apparently on the decline. Yet, fears of privacy violations inhibit the technology's diffusion. In the second model, diffusion accelerates despite mounting privacy threats. The second model is based on controversies involving privacy on the Internet that show that although privacy threats on the Internet are consistently on the rise, the diffusion of Internet technology continues to accelerate. Second, I identify the technological characteristics that affected the diffusion process of genetic testing and Internet technologies. These characteristics include the preventive, non-triable and centralized nature of genetic testing technology and the critical mass point and decentralized qualities of Internet technology. I suggest that these diffusion characteristics made the Internet and genetic testing susceptible to their respective privacy-diffusion imbalances and could be key to their resolution. Further, I propose that since these diffusion attributes are shared by other technologies, their early identification by decision-makers would improve the social accommodation of privacy threatening technological innovations.
ANTICOAGULASE IN SERA OF CHILDREN WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

A small series of children undergoing intensive chemotherapy for staphylococcal disease were followed with respect to serum anticoagulase levels. The majority showed no appreciable neutralizing antibody versus any of a battery of 15 coagulases prepared from "standard" strains of staphylococci representing several phage groups. Three individuals exhibited relatively high (and in one instance a significantly rising) titer versus coagulase derived from the etiologic organism or from strains of closely related phage types. These antibodies were possibly the result of a prolonged initial episode of exposure to a single strain of staphylococci.
Reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in Musa (Musaceae)

The present work is part of a continuing study on Musa taxa by the author. Several molecular analyses support accep- tance of only two Musa sections, M. sect. Musa and M. sect. Callimusa. Musa sect. Rhodochlamys is synonymized with M. sect. Musa and M. sect. Australimusa and M. sect. Ingentimusa are treated as synonyms of M. sect. Callimusa. Species lists are provided for the two accepted sections.
Activity of ABT-199 and Acquired Resistance in Follicular Lymphoma Cells

Abstract ABT-199, a platelet-sparing pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetic shows promise in the treatment of B-cell malignancy such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Given the central role of BCL2 expression in follicular lymphoma (FL), we studied the effects of ABT-199 on proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and signaling pathways in the t(14;18)+ FL cell lines WSU-FSCCL and FC-TxFL2 and in primary FL cells. We also developed an ABT-199-resistant FC-TxFL2 cell line by continuous treatment with ABT-199. The growth of tested cell lines and primary FL cells was significantly inhibited with nanomolar concentrations of ABT-199. FC-TxFL2 cells (IC50 = 7 nM) were more sensitive to ABT-199 treatment than WSU-FSCCL cells (IC50 = 110 nM). The increased sensitivity was associated with higher levels of BIM pro-apoptotic protein. ABT-199 induced rapid phosphorylation of JNK kinase and substantial decrease of mitochondrial potential in FC-TxFL2 cells. Inhibition of JNK activation further augmented the apoptosis induced with ABT-199. All other tested anti-apoptotic (such as BCL-2, BCL-xL, MCL-1) and pro-apoptotic proteins (such as Bax, Puma, Bak, Bad, Noxa, Bid, Bok) were similarly expressed in both cell lines and did not change upon ABT-199 treatment. Surprisingly, cleavage of Bid was observed, which points also to activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In cells with acquired resistance after continuous ABT-199 exposure, we identified increased levels of MCL-1, and elevated phosphorylation of BCL-2 on T56 and of AKT on S473, but also evidence for increased autophagy, as assessed by LC3BI/II expression, compared to parental cells. These cells remained resistant several weeks after omitting ABT-199 from culture medium. In a FL murine xenograft model, ABT-199 showed anti-tumor activity. Treatment significantly decreased tumors volumes compared to untreated mice. Subsequently isolated xenograft FC-TxFL2 cells previously exposed to ABT-199 showed increased resistance to ABT-199. However, unlike in vitro exposed cells, the resistance quickly diminished after cultivation without ABT-199. Next, the ability to overcome ABT-199 resistance with epigenetic modifiers such as decitabine and vorinostat was tested. A strong synergistic effect in potentiation of apoptosis with these therapeutics was observed. Despite the theoretic rationale for BH3 mimetic activity in FL, activity in patients with FL has not been as dramatic as has been observed for CLL. Relatively easily acquired resistance observed in our model may explain this failure. Therefore, combinations that can prevent resistance acquisition should be intensively studied and moved quickly to clinical trials. Disclosures Smith: Abbvie: Research Funding.
Discourse Teaching in College English Reading Teaching

The teaching of reading is an important part of college English teaching, teaching discourse starting from understanding the whole discourse, analytical articles, textual content around the interpretation of words, analyzing figures feature article summarizes the central idea and writing skills, help develop students' English reading ability and communication skills. This paper attempts to explore the perspective of discourse analysis of English reading teaching, in order to further promote the reform of college English teaching.
Effect of platelet calpain on normal T-lymphocyte CD43: hypothesis of events in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an inherited disease involving defects of platelets (small size, severe thrombocytopenia due to accelerated destruction) and T lymphocytes (progressive immunodeficiency, lymphopenia). The best-characterized molecular defect is the deficiency and, in some cases, abnormal forms of the T- lymphocyte surface mucin molecule CD43; deficiency of the platelet surface mucin GPIb was observed previously in two of four patients. Neither of these defects is primary, since CD43 and GPIb are encoded by autosomal genes and the disease is X-linked. This study uses cellular biological approaches to explore the possibility that destruction of structurally defective WAS platelets, mimicked experimentally by sonication of normal platelets, plays a role by releasing protease and generating other cellular defects. We show that a protease of normal platelets, identified as Ca(2+)-dependent neutral protease (calpain), which is known to cleave platelet GPIb, also specifically cleaves CD43 on the surface of neighboring desialylated T lymphocytes. The identification of the CD43 cleaving protease was based on its requirement for Ca2+ and inhibition by leupeptin, but not by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). The approximate site of CD43 cleavage was identified by the use of a rabbit antibody. Sensitivity of GPIb to calpain is shown to be sialylation-independent and that of CD43 to be sialylation-dependent, and these findings are explained in terms of molecular structures. These and previous findings are incorporated into a putative mechanism, which explains most of the defects in the WAS. The mechanism suggests that the primary defective molecule in the WAS is unlikely to be a surface glycoprotein, but rather a cytoplasmic molecule with a function in cytoskeletal interactions and/or calcium ion regulation and calpain activation.
Ferromagnetic Resonance Spin Pumping and Electrical Spin Injection in Silicon-Based Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Heterostructures.

We present the measurement of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR-)driven spin pumping and three-terminal electrical spin injection within the same silicon-based device. Both effects manifest in a dc spin accumulation voltage ${V}_{s}$ that is suppressed as an applied field is rotated to the out-of-plane direction, i.e., the oblique Hanle geometry. Comparison of ${V}_{s}$ between these two spin injection mechanisms reveals an anomalously strong suppression of FMR-driven spin pumping with increasing out-of-plane field ${H}_{\text{app}}^{z}$. We propose that the presence of the large ac component to the spin current generated by the spin pumping approach, expected to exceed the dc value by 2 orders of magnitude, is the origin of this discrepancy through its influence on the spin dynamics at the oxide-silicon interface. This convolution, wherein the dynamics of both the injector and the interface play a significant role in the spin accumulation, represents a new regime for spin injection that is not well described by existing models of either FMR-driven spin pumping or electrical spin injection.
Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies

A landscape approach to forest management must consider the implications of alternative scenarios across stands and through time. The Landscape Management System, a computer program, facilitates implementation of this approach by integrating forest inventories, as spatial information, growth models, visualization, summarization, and analysis. A case study with three scenarios - no harvest, clearcut, and thinning - exposes the complex tradeoffs inherent in forest management and highlights the need for comparative analysis tools.
Pursuing spatiotemporally integrated social science using cyberinfrastructure

The rich details of space-time complexity in social science remain largely unexplored because of the challenge of intensities of data and computing. The current space-time simulation and statistics for social science research can only deal with a limited amount of data. We introduce a pilot study about how to deploy the modern accelerator technology and hybrid computer systems to extend the National Institute of Justice-funded Near-repeat calculation, a typical social science application? This pilot study demonstrates that it is promising to leverage high performance computing for solving large-scale space-time interaction problems, which has long been a challenging statistical issue for spatiotemporally integrated social science.