cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common reference coherence data are confounded by power and phase effects.

Coherence analysis of the EEG is used to study the coupling between cortical regions. High coherence between signals recorded at 2 electrodes is interpreted as evidence for neuroanatomic connections between the cortical areas underlying the electrodes. When common reference recordings are used, coherence measures the relationship between 2 time series, each of which is the difference between 2 signals measured at the scalp and is confounded by spectral power and phase at the recording and reference electrodes. Using multi-channel EEG data from 3 subjects, we illustrate the confounding of common reference data coherence computations and demonstrate the extreme effects of power and phase changes on coherence by simulating these changes in the EEG data. Common reference coherence data can be either inflated or deflated as a consequence of activity (i.e., spectral power) at the reference. Phase relationships among the reference and recording time series modulate the power effects on coherence. Both the power and phase effects can vary dramatically across frequencies, having profound and complicated effects on the shape of the coherence function. Based on these considerations, we conclude that common reference coherence data must be interpreted very cautiously and recommend that a new body of EEG coherence data must be gathered using reference-free recording methods before the utility of EEG coherence analysis for understanding brain function can be determined.
On the 2-exponent of a finite group

Abstract The main result of the author's 1968 PhD thesis is the following: Let T be a Sylow 2-subgroup of a finite simple group. If T has nilpotence class n, then Z ( T ) has exponent at most 2 n . This result was announced at a conference in 1970, but the proof was never published. We belatedly provide a proof here, along with proofs of several related results.
The development of an instrument for measuring mental model styles with US managers

This paper reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument intended to measure manager's mental model styles. This research describes instrument development using a group of subject matter experts, and preliminary validity assessments using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis techniques. Data were collected from a sample of US managers and initial results are provided and discussed. While there is good preliminary evidence for emerging factor structures, significantly more data will need to be collected from a variety of cultural and industrial contexts to support the development of a useful instrument.
Retrograde Control of Neural Circuit Formation

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), secreted by skeletal muscle, triggers expression of the ETS transcription factor Pea3 in a subset of motor neurons in the spinal cord. In this issue, Vrieseling and Arber (2006) find that this retrograde GDNF-Pea3 signal controls dendrite patterning and assembly of a sensory-motor reflex circuit.
Dynamic Response of Strained Premixed Flames to Equivalence Ratio Gradients

Premixed flames encounter gradients of mixture equivalence ratio in stratified charge engines, lean premixed gas-turbine engines, and a variety of other applications. In cases for which the scales—spatial or temporal—of fuel concentration gradients in the reactants are comparable to flame scales, changes in burning rate, flammability limits, and flame structure have been observed. This paper uses an unsteady strained flame in the stagnation point configuration to examine the effect of temporal gradients on combustion in a premixed methane/air mixture. An inexact Newton backtracking method, coupled with a preconditioned Krylov subspace iterative solver, was used to improve the efficiency of the numerical solution and expand its domain of convergence in the presence of detailed chemistry. Results indicate that equivalence ratio variations with timescales lower than 10 ms have significant effects on the burning process, including reaction zone broadening, burning rate enhancement, and extension of the flammability limit toward learner mixtures. While the temperature of a flame processing a stoichiometric-to-lean equivalence ratio gradient decreased slightly within the front side of the reaction zone, radical concentrations remained elevated over the entire flame structure. These characteristics are linked to a feature reminiscent of “back-supported” flames—flames in which a stream of products resulting from burning at higher equivalence ratio is continuously supplied to lower equivalence ratio reactants. The relevant feature is the establishment of a positive temperature gradient on the products side of the flame which maintains the temperature high enough and the radical concentration sufficient to sustain combustion there. Unsteadiness in equivalence ratio produces similar gradients within the flame structure, thus compensating for the change in temperature at the leading edge of the reaction zone and accounting for an observed “flame inertia”. For sufficiently large equivalence ratio gradients, a flame starting in a stoichiometric mixture can burn through a very lean one by taking advantage of this mechanism.
Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest

Exploitation of non-wood resources would provide profits while conserving Amazon forests. Yet little is done to promote their development.
AλgoVista: a tool to enhance algorithm design and understanding

AlgoVista is a web-based search engine that assists programmers to and algorithms and implementations that solve specific problems.The search engine is not keyword based but rather requires users to provide (input = ?output)samples that describe the behavior of their needed algorithm. AlgoVista is based on a technique known as program check-ing pioneered in the last decade by Manuel Blum [1 ]as an alternative to program verification and testing.Program checking extends programs with checkers to allow them to verify the correctness of the results they compute.
Use of Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Private Practice for Emergency Treatment of Dental Trauma: EB Case Report

Objective This article illustrates the use of the evidence-based process in clinical practice to answer questions that arose when a patient presented with dental trauma. Background The patient had avulsion of the maxillary right central incisor and lateral luxation and alveolar bone fracture partially encasing the roots of the maxillary left central and lateral incisors. At the emergency treatment the dentist replanted the teeth but had 2 questions regarding the impending treatment for the patient regarding the optimal timing of root canal therapy and splint duration that would result in the best outcome and prognosis for healing. Method The evidence-based process was used to help answer the clinical queries. Two focused clinical (PICO) questions were written, and 2 separate searches were conducted for each PICO question. Four databases were searched for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, critical summaries and practice guidelines. Results A total of 3 systematic reviews, 8 practice guidelines, 1 critical summary, and 1 Cochrane protocol were found. Conclusion For replanted avulsed teeth, with closed apices, successful periodontal healing is improved when elective extirpation of the pulps occurs within 14 days. Second, guidelines recommend a flexible splint for up to 2 weeks for avulsed teeth with an extension of 2 to 4 weeks possibly needed for lateral luxation and with breakdown of marginal bone. However, evidence shows that an association between short-term splinting and an increased likelihood of functional periodontal healing, acceptable healing, or decreased development of replacement resorption, appears inconclusive and that the types of splint and the fixation period are not significant variables when related to healing outcomes. The evidence-based method was efficient, and very helpful in optimizing the management of the emergency dental treatment.
Infectious virus particles.

SummaryAlthough only a few plaques may appear when many vaccinia virus particles are put upon a monolayer of L cells, many cells become infected in areas remote from the plaques. A large fraction of the particles of the inoculum do infect cells and harvest of these from “blank” areas shows that substantial virus growth has occurred.
Coarse Grained Web Service Availability, Consistency, and Durability

In this paper we investigate the problem of providing consistency, availability and durability for Web Service-transactions. We consider each transaction as a black box, with only the corresponding metadata, expressed as UML specifications, as transaction semantics. We refer to these WS transactions as coarse-grained WS-transactions. We propose an approach that guarantees the availability of the popular lazy replica update propagation method while increasing the durability and consistency. In our previous work, we proposed a replica update propagation method, called Buddy System, which required that updates are preserved synchronously in two replicas. In this paper we extend the Buddy System to handle course grained WS transactions, using UML stereotypes that allow scheduling semantics to be embedded into the design model. This design model is then exported and consumed by a service dispatcher to provide: 1.) High availability by distributing service requests across all available clusters. 2.) Consistency by performing the complete transaction on a single set of clusters. 3.) Durability by updating two clusters synchronously.
Implementation of an interpreter for abstract equations

This paper summarizes a project, introduced in [HO79, HO82b], whose goal is the implementation of a useful interpreter for abstract equations that is absolutely faithful to the logical semantics of equations. The Interpreter was first distributed to Berkeley UNIX VAX sites in May, 1983. The main novelties of the interpreter are(1) strict adherence to semantics based on logical consequences;(2) “lazy” (outermost)evaluation applied uniformly;(3) an implementation based on table-driven pattern matching, with no run-time penalty for large sets of equations;(4) strict separation of syntactic and semantic processing, so that different syntaxes may be used for different problems.
Detection of Penicillium expansum by polymerase chain reaction

Penicillium expansum is a major causative agent of postharvest decay in a variety of fruits, including apples, peaches, nectarines, and cherries. It causes significant economic losses to the fruit industry and is also of potential public health significance, since it produces patulin, a mycotoxin known to cause harmful effects in animals. Rapid and specific detection of P. expansum is important for ensuring microbiological quality and safety of fruits and fruit juices. The traditional methods for identification of P. expansum are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, we report a polymerase chain reaction utilizing primers based on the polygalacturonase gene of P. expansum. The PCR amplified a 404-bp DNA product from all the P. expansum isolates tested, but not in other common foodborne Penicillium species and Escherichia coli. Experiments to determine the sensitivity of the PCR indicated that it can detect the DNA equivalent from as low as 25 spores of P. expansum. The PCR could potentially be used as a rapid tool for screening fruits for the presence of P. expansum.
A fair Banker's Algorithm for read and write locks

Abstract The Banker's Algorithm is a liberal deadlock avoidance algorithm used to regulate access to serially reusable, non-preemptable resources. This kind of resource typically includes printers and tape drives. We show how to extend the Banker's Algorithm to allow processes to acquire either exclusive or shared access to resources using read and write locks. We motivate the need for this extension. Finally, we further extend these algorithms to include fairness, that is, we do not allow processes requesting write locks to starve.
Analysis of the mitral coaptation zone in normal and functional regurgitant valves.

Background Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with leaflet displacement and tethering. Little is known about regional coaptation zones, including variations in coaptation length (CL) and contributions of anterior and posterior leaflets. Regional coaptation zones were analyzed in patients with normal mitral valves and with FMR. Methods Cardiac surgery patients underwent a three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Four-dimensional volumetric datasets were acquired with Doppler interrogation. Offline analysis was performed. Orthogonal views were extracted in diastole and systole. Leaflet dimensions and coaptation distance and depth were examined for posterior and apical displacement of the coaptation zones. Results Twenty patients were analyzed (10 normal and 10 with 2 to 4+ FMR). Anterior leaflet CL was greater than posterior leaflet CL: 2.2 ± 0.6 mm versus 0.9 ± 0.3 mm in region 1, 3.2 ± 0.7 mm versus 1.2 ± 0.6 mm in region 2, and 1.8 ± 0.4 mm versus 0.6 ± 0.3 mm in region 3 ( p p = 0.04), and a mean posterior CL of 0.7 ± 0.3 mm versus 1.1 ± 0.3 mm ( p = 0.03). The biggest difference in CLs was in A2-P2. Coaptation distance and depth were higher in the FMR group: 21.7 ± 1.0 mm versus 17.9 ± 1.0 mm ( p = 0.01), and 8.6 ± 0.7 mm versus 5.0 ± 0.7 mm ( p Conclusions Mitral valve leaflet CL is asymmetric in normal valves, with anterior dominance. Functional mitral regurgitation is associated with a relocated coaptation zone, regional changes, and diminished coaptation. These data suggest an "anterior leaflet reserve." Posterior movement of the coaptation line compensates for annular dilation and presumed left ventricular enlargement in order to maintain competency until inadequate anterior leaflet CL occurs.
‘Does Religion Cause Health?’: Differing Interpretations and Diverse Meanings

The question, 'Does religion (or spirituality) cause physical health benefits?' may be given at least four diverging interpretations in terms of causal path diagrams. In common usage, the question may be interpreted to indicate that religion causally influences health by: (1) any mechanism, including well-established factors such as social support and improved health behaviors; (2) additional mechanisms, such as enhanced positive psychological states (e.g. faith, hope, inner peace) acting through psychoneuroimmunologic or psychoneuroendocrinologic pathways; (3) offering psychological strength for acquiring or maintaining positive health behaviors; or (4) causally influencing health by distant healing or intercessory prayer. We review historical confusion between these interpretations, arguing that disentangling them is important for collaborative health care, promotion and research.
Thyroid lymphomas stages IE and IIE: Comparative result, for radiotherapy only, combination chemotherapy only, and multimodality treatment

This study was undertaken to ascertain the influence of both more precise staging and more intensive treatment on results in 38 patients with Stage IE and IIE lymphomas of the thyroid. These patients were admitted between 1947 and 1984. Using the modified Rappaport system, the disease was classified as diffuse large cell in 32 patients. The initial investigation included lymphangiography in 25 patients, five of which had a staging laparotomy. The assigned stages were IEA--11, IEB--1, and IIEA--26. Treatment consisted of definitive radiotherapy alone in 15; combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy in 14; and chemotherapy alone in 6 patients. The remaining three patients were treated with surgery alone. In general, combination chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone, with or without bleomycin (CHOP +/- Bleo). The overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival were 72 and 64%, respectively. For patients treated with radiotherapy only, results depended on stage. For Stage IE, the survival and disease-free survival were 100 and 83%, respectively. The corresponding Stage IIE results were 88 and 75%. Within this group, results were better for a subset of patients where disease did not involve the mediastinum. Survival and disease-free survival for combined modality treatment were both 77% (10 of these 17 patients had Stage IIE disease). Survival and disease-free survival for combination chemotherapy were 53 and 30% (all had Stage IIE disease). In conclusion, radiotherapy alone is excellent treatment for disease limited to the thyroid with or without cervical adenopathy. Results for patients with mediastinal extensions was unsatisfactory and the addition of combination chemotherapy is indicated.
Exilic Perspectives on "Alien Nations"

Sophia A. McClennen's paper, "Exilic Perspectives on 'Alien Nations'," is an excerpt from her book, The Dialectics of Exile: Nation, Time, Language and Space in Hispanic Literatures (Purdue UP , 2004). In the paper, McClennen summarizes her theory that exile writing is inherently dialectical. Focusing on writers working in the latter part of the twentieth century who were exiled during a historical moment of increasing globalization, transnational economics, and the theoretical shifts of postmodernism, McClennen proposes that exile literature is best understood as a series of dialectic tensions about cultural identity. Through a comparative analysis of Juan Goytisolo (Spain), Ariel Dorfman (Chile) and Cristina Peri Rossi (Uruguay), McClennen addresses dilemmas central to debates over cultural identity such as nationalism versus globalization, time as historical or cyclical, language as representationally accurate or disconnected from reality, and social space as utopic or dystopic. After presenting an overview of her book, McClennen then focuses on the ways exile writers construct what she calls an "Alien Nation" where competing and contrasting visions of the relationship between the exile and the nation intersect and contradict. Sophia A. McClennen, "Exilic Perspectives on 'Alien Nations’" page 2 of 11 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.1 (2005):
CHAPTER 3 – Ion Conductivity and Sensors

Ionic transport in glasses was discovered in the 19th century following the classical work of Warburg (1884). Since then, considerable progress has been achieved in both theoretical understanding and practical applications of ion-conducting vitreous systems (see Frischat, 1975; Malugani and Robert, 1980; Ribes, Barrau and Souquet, 1980; Kennedy and Yang, 1987; Vlasov and Bychkov, 1987; Hayashi, Tatsumisago and Minami, 1999; Doremus, 1962 and references therein). Nevertheless, this topic and especially the ion-conducting mechanisms in disordered solids need additional study using traditional macroscopic methods (ac and dc electrical conductivity, tracer diffusion, and ion transport number measurements), as well as advanced structural techniques on third generation synchrotron light sources and spallation neutron sources over a large range of the scattering vector Q. This approach led to the discovery of important features: in particular, different transport regimes at low and high mobile ion content that are closely related to a competition between the stochastic scenario and a non-random distribution of the mobile ions in the glass network. Well-known experimental findings such as compositional dependence of the Haven ratio H{sub R}, interpreted earlier by a number of drastically different ion transport models, can also be explained using a unified approach. Many of the newmore » experimental results were obtained for silver and copper chalcogenide glasses which appear to be useful model materials, in part because of a large accessible composition domain, as well as coverage of five orders of magnitude in the mobile cation content, and corresponding dramatic changes in the ionic transport up to 10 orders of magnitude.« less
Progression-free survival of two cases of high-risk neuroblastoma with refractory/relapsed disease following surgery alone†

Outcome for the vast majority of high-risk neuroblastoma patients with refractory or relapsed disease is dismal. We report two high-risk patients who remain progression-free for more than 113 and 18 months following the diagnosis of refractory/relapsed disease who were treated with surgery alone. Complete resolution of a refractory thoracic mass and relapsed liver nodules was observed in one patient. The refractory/relapsed disease in the second patient has remained stable. In both cases, the tumor showed histologic evidence of neuroblastoma maturation. These cases demonstrate that refractory/relapsed neuroblastoma is clinically heterogeneous and highlight the need for better biomarkers to optimize patient care.
“No Harm to Kill Indians”: Equal Rights in a Time of War

In December 1813, four white men were indicted for murdering an Indian. Over the course of the next five years—as trials, convictions, pleas for clemency, and punishments (or lack thereof) proceeded—the judiciary and executive attempted to define equal justice in the face of shifting public and political opinion.
The Concreteness Effect in Implicit and Explicit Memory Tests

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to examine the concreteness effect in implicit and explicit memory measures. Experiment 1 replicated prior reports of an imagery effect on an implicit conceptual memory test. In Experiment 2, we confirmed our prediction of conceptual sensitivity of free recall, explicit general knowledge, explicit word fragment completion, and the implicit general knowledge tests with a levels of processing manipulation. Furthermore, although we obtained the concreteness effect (better memory for concrete than abstract nouns) in free recall and the explicit general knowledge test, we failed to find this effect in the implicit general knowledge test. Experiment 3 revealed that the failure to find the concreteness effect on the implicit general knowledge test was not attributable to combining two encoding manipulations in Experiment 2. In Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the failure to find the concreteness effect in conceptual implicit memory may be related to the number of meaningful associates for targets. We discuss the implications of these findings within the context of the transfer appropriate processing framework (Roediger, Weldon, & Challis, 1989) and the dual-code hypothesis (Paivio, 1971, 1991) of memory.
Biomarkers of cardiac disease

The challenge of medical practice today is to identify individuals who are at risk of developing disease, determine the severity of the disease and distinguish the responders from the nonresponders to therapy (individualized medicine). Advances in molecular genetics and biology have shifted the paradigm for identification of markers from large-scale epidemiologic studies to studies on genomic- and proteomic-based techniques. Consequently, a large number of biologic markers, referred to as biomarkers, are being identified and validated to serve for risk stratification, prognostication and individualization of therapy. Identification of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases could also provide insight into the pathogenesis of the phenotype, which is fundamental for the development of specific therapies. The list of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease is expanding rapidly. Nonetheless, the field is in the early stages of evolution and large-scale clinical studies are required to validate the utility of newly identified biomarkers in diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Selected biomarkers for coronary atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes and heart failure are discussed in this review.
Some Volatile Components of Vitis Vinifera Variety White Riesling. 2. Organic Acids Extracted from Wine

SUMMARY— The acids of a table wine from Vitis vinifera var. White Riesling were recovered by basic extraction from a methylene chloride extract of the wine. The acids were identified by gas chromatographic retention times and by infrared spectroscopy, in most cases both on the free acids and on the methyl, ethyl or hexyl esters. The major acids identified in the wine are: acetic, n-butyric, n-caproic, n-caprylic, n-capric, 9-decenoic, succinic, and ethyl acid succinate. Acids present in smaller amounts are: formic, propionic, isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, isovaleric, lactic, 2-hydroxyisocaproic, n-pelargonic, and malic.
Exploring search results with Envision

Envision is a multimedia digital library of computer science literature, with full-text searching and full-content retrieval capabilities. The Envision system is noteworthy for two characteristics: 1) the high quality of the search results returned by our free text search system and 2) a highly usable user interface that provides powerful information visualization facilities, enabling users explore patterns in the literature, changing the display as their interests change.
Using a Simulation to Explore the Challenges of Communicating in a Virtual Team.

VIRTUALTEAMShavebecomeanintegralpartofmanyorganizationsbecause of an increase in corporate restructuring, competition, andglobalization (Baker, 2002). Grosse (2002) defined a virtual team asone that conducts its work almost entirely through electronic technol-ogy.Virtualteammembers,whoaretypicallydispersedbothgeograph-ically and organizationally, rarely meet face to face while relying ontechnology for task-related communication (Matthews-Joy & Glad-stone, 2000).Because communication is often seen as the most important factorin coordinating work among team members (Ancona & Caldwell,1992; Dougherty, 1992; Ebadi & Utterback, 1984; Pinto, Pinto, &Prescot, 1993), effective communication is vital for virtual teams(Baker, 2002). However, “in virtual teams, separated by geographicaldistance, the process of developing a shared understanding is morechallenging” (Hinds & Weisband, 2003, p. 21). In particular, suchteams must address three challenges to accomplish their goals. Afterdescribing these challenges, this article presents an exercise in solvinga murder mystery that instructors can use to engage students in virtualteamwork.
Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is efficacious in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of STN-DBS on the progression of PD is unknown. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that STN-DBS can attenuate the degeneration of a relatively intact nigrostriatal system from dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxins. The present study examined whether STN-DBS can provide neuroprotection in the face of prior significant nigral DA neuron loss similar to PD patients at the time of diagnosis. STN-DBS between 2 and 4 weeks after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provided significant sparing of DA neurons in the SN of rats. This effect was not due to inadvertent lesioning of the STN and was dependent upon proper electrode placement. Since STN-DBS appears to have significant neuroprotective properties, initiation of STN-DBS earlier in the course of PD may provide added neuroprotective benefits in addition to its ability to provide symptomatic relief.
Refined crystal structure of Cd, Zn metallothionein at 2.0Åresolution

The crystal structure of Cd5,Zn2-metallothionein from rat liver has been refined at 2.0Aresolution of a R-value of 0.176 for all observed data. The five Cd positions in the asymmetric unit of the crystal create a pseudo-centrosymmetric constellation about a crystallographic 2-fold axis. Consequently, the distribution of anomalous differences is almost ideally centrosymmetric. Therefore, the previously reported metal positions and the protein model derived therefrom are incorrect. Direct methods were applied to the protein amplitudes to locate the Cd positions. The new positions were used to calculate a new electron density map based on the Cd anomalous scattering and partial structure to model the metal clusters and the protein. Phases calculated from this model predict the positions of three sites in a (NH4)2WS4 derivative. Single isomorphous replacement phases calculated with these tungsten sites confirm the positions of the Cd sites from the new direct methods calculations. The refined metallothionein structure has a root-mean-square deviation of 0.016Afrom ideality of bonds and normal stereochemistry of φ, ϑ and χ torsion angles. The metallothionein crystal structure is in agreement with the structures for the α and β domains in solution derived by nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The overall chain folds and all metal to cysteine bonds are the same in the two structure determinations. The handedness of a short helix in the α-domain (residues 41 to 45) is the same in both structures. The crystal structure provides information concerning the metal cluster geometry and cysteine solvent accessibility and side-chain stereochemistry. Short cysteine peptide sequences repeated in the structure adopt restricted conformations which favor the formation of amide to sulfur hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing reveals intimate association of molecules about the diagonal 2-fold axes and trapped ions of crystallization (modeled as phosphate and sodium). Variation in the chemical and structural environments of the metal sites is in accord with data for metal exchange reactions in metallothioneins.
Hymenopterous parasitoids of leaf-mining Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on tomato in Florida

Leaf-mining Liriomyza spp. and their associated hymenopterous parasitoids were surveyed during the fall of 1980 and spring of 1981 on fresh market tomatoes in west-central Florida. L. sativae Blanchard was more abundant than L. tnfolii (Burgess) in both seasons, accounting for 85.7 and 54.3% of the total reared in 1980 and 1981, respectively. The parasitoids Diglyphus intermedius (Girault), D. begini (Ashmead), and Neochrysocharis punctiventris (Crawford) were the most abundant larval parasitoids reared from leafminer-infested foliage, accounting for 28.8, 26.3, and 15.6%, respectively. D. begini was not detected in 1980, but was nearly as abundant as D. intermedius in 1981. Opius dissitus (Muesebeck) was the most abundant larval-pupal parasitoid reared from leafminer-infested foliage, accounting for 51.8 and 12.6% of the total parasitoids reared in 1980 and 1981, respectively.
A Calculation of the Mean Local RR Lyrae Space Density Using ROTSE

An RR Lyrae catalog containing 186 ab-type stars has been used to measure the local Galactic space density in regions 0.8-7.3 kpc from the Sun (4.5-10.7 kpc from the Galactic center). This catalog was taken from test fields in the ROTSE-I all-sky data covering ~5% of the sky. The mean density in a small region surrounding the Galactocentric radius of the Sun (7.1 kpc < Rg < 8.1 kpc) was found to be ρ = 4.6 ± 0.4 kpc-3. A more local density was found using objects only within 1.5 kpc of the Sun (as opposed to just at the radius of the Sun). This local mean density was found to be ρ = 5.8 ± 0.7 kpc-3. The mean density with the distance above the Galactic plane, Z, was also measured in a region 0.2 kpc < Z < 8.0 kpc. Fits to a simple exponential model of the thick disk show this distribution to be consistent with thick-disk scale heights of 0.58-1.5 kpc recently cited in the literature. Finally, the density using several other surveys of RR Lyrae stars in this region has been calculated and compared with the ROTSE data.
Biochemical characterization of prostate-specific membrane antigen from canine prostate carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) remains an important target for diagnostic and therapeutic application for human prostate cancer. Model cell lines have been recently developed to study canine prostate cancer but their PSMA expression and enzymatic activity have not been elucidated. The present study was focused on determining PSMA expression in these model canine cell lines and the use of fluorescent small-molecule enzyme inhibitors to detect canine PSMA expression by flow cytometry. METHODS. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to determine the transcriptional and translational expression of PSMA on the canine cell lines Leo and Ace-1. An endpoint HPLCbased assay was used to monitor the enzymatic activity of canine PSMA and the potency of enzyme inhibitors. Flow cytometry was used to detect the PSMA expressed on Leo and Ace-1 cells using a fluorescently tagged PSMA enzyme inhibitor. RESULTS. Canine PSMA expression on the Leo cell line was confirmed by Western blot and RT-PCR, the enzyme activity, and flow cytometry. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax of PSMA enzymatic activity for the synthetic substrate (PABGgG) were determined to be 393nM and 220pmolmin � 1 mgprotein � 1 , respectively. The inhibitor core 1 and fluorescent inhibitor 2 were found to be potent reversible inhibitors (IC50 ¼13.2 and 1.6nM, respectively) of PSMA expressed on the Leo cell line. Fluorescent labeling of Leo cells demonstrated that the fluorescent PSMA inhibitor 2 can be used for the detection of PSMA-positive canine prostate tumor cells. Expression of PSMA on Ace-1 was low and not detectable by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS. The results described herein have demonstrated that PSMA is expressed on canine prostate tumor cells and exhibits similar enzymatic characteristics as human PSMA. The findings show that the small molecule enzyme inhibitors currently being studied for use in diagnosis and therapy of human prostate cancer can also be extended to include canine prostate cancer. Importantly, the findings demonstrate that the potential of the inhibitors for use in diagnosis and therapy can be evaluated in an immunocompetent animal model that naturally develops prostate cancer before use in humans. Prostate # 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive vibration isolation for axially moving strings: theory and experiment

High-speed transport of continuous materials such as belts, webs, filaments, or bands can cause unwanted vibration. Vibration control for these systems often focuses on restricting the response resulting from external disturbances (e.g. support roller eccentricity or aerodynamic excitation) to areas not requiring high precision positioning. This paper introduces vibration controllers for an axially moving string system consisting of a controlled span coupled to a disturbed span via an actuator. The system model includes a partial differential equation for the two spans and an ordinary differential equation for the actuator. Exact model knowledge and adaptive isolation controllers, based on Lyapunov theory, regulate the controlled span from bounded disturbances in the adjacent, uncontrolled span. Assuming distributed damping in the uncontrolled span, the exact model knowledge and adaptive controllers exponentially and asymptotically drive the controlled span displacement to zero, respectively, while ensuring bounded uncontrolled span displacement and control force. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in isolating the controlled span from disturbances and damping the controlled span displacement.
Modulation of the NF-κB Pathway by Bordetella pertussis Filamentous Hemagglutinin

Background: Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a cell-associated and secreted adhesin produced by Bordetella pertussis with pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory activity in host cells. Given the importance of the NF-kB transcription factor family in these host cell responses, we examined the effect of FHA on NF-kB activation in macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells, both of which are relevant cell types during natural infection. Methodology/Principal Findings: Exposure to FHA of primary human monocytes and transformed U-937 macrophages, but not BEAS-2B epithelial cells, resulted in early activation of the NF-kB pathway, as manifested by the degradation of cytosolic IkBa, by NF-kB DNA binding, and by the subsequent secretion of NF-kB-regulated inflammatory cytokines. However, exposure of macrophages and human monocytes to FHA for two hours or more resulted in the accumulation of cytosolic IkBa, and the failure of TNF-a to activate NF-kB. Proteasome activity was attenuated following exposure of cells to FHA for 2 hours, as was the nuclear translocation of RelA in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions: These results reveal a complex temporal dynamic, and suggest that despite short term effects to the contrary, longer exposures of host cells to this secreted adhesin may block NF-kB activation, and perhaps lead to a compromised immune response to this bacterial pathogen.
Identification of a 145,000 Mr membrane protein as the C3d receptor (CR2) of human B lymphocytes.

Abstract The C3d receptor (CR2) of human B lymphocytes mediates the binding to these cells of immune complexes that have activated the complement system and bear the fragments of C3, iC3b, C3d,g, and C3d. A 145,000 Mr membrane protein previously described as being recognized by the monoclonal antibody HB-5 and shown to be expressed only by B lymphocytes and B lymphoblastoid cell lines, such as Raji, was assessed for its possible identity as CR2. Treatment of Raji cells with HB-5 and goat F(ab')2 anti-mouse IgG (GaM) diminished the capacity of these cells to form rosettes with sheep erythrocyte (E) intermediates bearing 130,000 molecules of iC3b or C3d, whereas treatment with the monoclonal antibody alone had no effect. The capacity of peripheral blood B lymphocytes to bind EC3d was similarly inhibited by the combination of HB-5 and GaM. The possibility that HB-5 may interact with a site on CR2 that is distinct from the ligand binding site permitted the direct analysis of the capacity of the HB-5 antigen to bind to the C3 fragments. Protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus particles to which HB-5 had been bound were incubated with detergent lysates of Raji cells and B lymphocytes under conditions that had been shown to be associated only with the binding of the 145,000 Mr antigen. These particles bearing HB-5 and antigen derived from either cell type were shown to adhere specifically to EiC3b and EC3d, demonstrating that transfer of the HB-5 antigen from CR2-bearing cells to S. aureus particles led to the acquisition of CR2 function by the particles. The additional findings that the relatively weak capacity of Raji cells to form rosettes with EC3b was inhibited by HB-5 and that the S. aureus particles bearing immunoadsorbed HB-5 antigen bound to EC3b indicated that the C3b-binding function of the CR1-negative Raji cell resides in CR2, rather than in other membrane proteins.
A TDI charge-coupled imaging device for page scanning

An experimental 2048/spl times/32-stage time-delay and integration (TDI) charge-coupled imaging device has been designed, fabricated, and operated. It is designed for high-speed, low-noise, full-page document imaging with moderate illumination. An overview is presented of its design and performance, detailing unusual design features. These include a photocharge capacity of 3.5 million electrons per pel, a parallel-to-serial interface design that avoids a common charge-transfer bottleneck, and a fast large-signal output stage. A discussion is included of the merits of TDI in document imaging applications.
Assessing the relationship among Defining Issues Test scores and crystallised and fluid intellectual indices

Differing findings exist on how Defining Issues Test (DIT) scores relate to intelligence. Further study is needed in order to address aspects of intellect not previously considered and to address how these relationships rival studies that have compared indices of intellect with constructs similar to DIT scores. In the present study, a sample of 117 participants completed the DIT and the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), which assesses crystallised and fluid intelligence. Structural equation modelling offered supporting evidence that these measurements represent separate sources of information. Statistically significant paths from KAIT crystallised indices to DIT scores were seen, though there was much overlap. Negligible paths were seen from KAIT fluid indices to DIT scores in the sample overall though this relationship strengthens when advanced moral judgement development is considered. Thus, the present study affirms the DIT's construct validity and illustrates how crystallised and ...
A method for measuring Reynolds number, viscosity, and atom concentration in hypervelocity nozzles.

Reynolds number, viscosity and atom concentration in hypervelocity nozzles measured using stagnation point heat transfer
Effect of aflatoxin on phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus spores by rabbit alveolar macrophages.

Rabbits were given daily doses of aflatoxin B1 equivalents of 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 mg for a 2-week period. Macrophages were harvested at the end of the experimental period, and in vitro phagocytosis experiments were conducted using Aspergillus fumigatus spores as ingestion particles. Alveolar macrophages from rabbits given the above doses of aflatoxin had reduced phagocytic activity when compared with macrophages from control rabbits. Incorporation of serum from the aflatoxin-treated rabbits in the in vitro culture system resulted in less stimulation of phagocytosis by macrophages from control rabbits when compared with the same system incorporating control serum. Stimulation of phagocytosis by macrophages was least when both serum and macrophages from aflatoxin-treated rabbits were used in the in vitro system.
A Longitudinal Study of Offspring Born to Methadone-Maintained Women. II. Dyadic Interaction and Infant Behavior at 4 Months

As part of a longitudinal study of offspring born to substance abusers, we assessed 17 methadone-exposed and 23 comparison 4-month-old infants using the Bayley Scales, and videotaped their interaction with their mothers. In analyzing the Bayley Infant Behavior Record we found that the methadone-exposed group differed from the comparison group on motor functioning but not significantly on social or cognitive behaviors; methadone-exposed infants were more tense, active, and poorly coordinated than comparisons. Using a scale we developed, we rated communicative functioning in dyadic interactions, and related mothers' interactive performance to their psychological and psychosocial resources and infants' interactive performance to their behavioral functioning as assessed on the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Applying a multidimensional technique, Guttman's Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by Coordinates (POSAC), we found an intriguing relationship that generalized across drug and comparison groups: greater ten...
Effect of wire material on wire array implosions

Summary form only given. Wire array z-pinches on the Z generator are bright sources of radiation from 200eV to 9keV. Typically, wire materials are varied to provide emission in a specific spectral band, and the array setup is varied in order to provide appropriate energy per ion to heat the stagnated plasma to an electron temperature conducive to efficient emission within that band. Here we discuss a series of experiments where the wire material is varied (Al, Stainless Steel, Cu, W), however the array setup is fixed at 65mm diameter and 2.5mg mass. We discuss similarities and differences in the implosion dynamics and the differences in the plasma conditions achieved at stagnation. We will explore the changes in total, thermal K-shell and non-thermal K-shell emission between the different materials.
What are Corporate Pension Liabilities

Analyses of corporate pension plans often make unstated assumptions about an implicit labor contract. An example of the effect of such an assumption is that many mistakenly believe that if a worker's benefits are tied to final salary, he is protected against inflation until retirement. Also, the value of a worker's claims is often considered to be independent of the status of the firm's pension fund. These â€œimplicit contractâ€ assumptions are examined and questioned. The implications of analyzed pension liabilities in a manner consistent with the analysis of other corporate liabilities are explored.
Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Illness: Treatment Experience

The purpose of this paper is to describe an outpatient dual-diagnosis treatment program and 1 -year clinical outcome and hospital utilization data. Subjects were 118 consecutive admissions to the Seattle Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center's Dual Disorders program over the period from June 1, 1992, to August 31, 1994. Program eligibility requirements included having a current substance use disorder and an active non-substance-related major Axis I disorder (typically major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder). the treatment frame involved group-based programming (including support, medications management, and psychoeducation), routine urine drug screening, and crisis interventions. Results showed that subjects averaged 1.5 non-substance-related Axis I psychiatric disorders (54% involving psychotic symptoms) and 1.8 active substance use disorders. Patients stayed engaged in treatment for a median of 217 days, with 60% of patients having no positi...
Stimulation of adrogen biosynthesis in rat fetal testes in vitro by gonadotropins.

Rt fetal testes in the latter part of gestation (Days 17-21) have enzyme systems for the de novo synthesis of androgen. Under the conditions of these in vitro experiments the major androgen produced was testosterone, with lesser amounts of androstenedione and 5n-dihydrotestosterone. As little as 10 m IU of hCG added in vitro significantly increased androgen synthesis in the fetal testis on Day 19. Bovine, ovine or human LH but not bovine or ovine FSH also stimulated the synthesis of androgens by the rat fetal testis. The synthesis of testosterone was increased by the addition of precursors: 15-fold by the addition of pregnenolone, 20-fold by progesterone, and 47-fold by dehydroepiandrosterone. However, the increase was marginal in the presence of sulfates of pregnenolone or dehydroepi- androsterone. These results suggest that �5-isomerase-3�3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 1 713-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are active in the fetal testes; in contrast, the activity of steroid sulfatase was relatively low.
THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR BINDING OF COMPLEMENT BY IMMUNOGLOBULIN M

An insight into the structural features of human IgM that are responsible for its capacity to bind the first component of complement (C) has been obtained by examining the ability of IgM subfragments to bind active C1 (C1). The smallest two fragments found to bind C1 were the major CNBr fragment of the Fc portion of IgM and the CH4 fragment of the carboxy-terminal domain. The smallest fragment which fixes C1 has a disaggregated mol wt of 6,800, consists of 60 residues, and contains no carbohydrate. Structural considerations and sequence overlaps suggest that the amino-terminal side of the CH4 domain (24 amino acid residues) might be responsible for fixing C1.
Multi-waveform technologies for multi-mission radio applications

The author describes the development of novel technologies and concepts for a multiwaveform radio with multimission applications-a radio configured around mission requirements vs. traditional frequency band requirements. A radio architecture developed to meet various waveforms and frequency bands are discussed. Future enhancements, including various modulation modes, waveform features, and future and backward compatibility modes, are considered. >