cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding all solutions to polynomial systems and other systems of equations

In a previous paper, the authors suggested a procedure for obtaining all solutions to certain systems ofn equations inn complex variables. The idea was to start with a trivial system of equations to which all solutions were easily known. The trivial system was then perturbed into the given system. During the perturbation process, one followed the solution paths from each of the trivial solutions into the solutions of the given system. All solutions to the given system were thereby obtained. This paper utilizes a different approach that eliminates the requirement of the previous paper for a leading dominating term in each equation. We add a dominating term artificially and then fade it. Also we rely on mathematically more fundamental concepts from differential topology. These advancements permit the calculation of all solutions to arbitrary polynomials and to various other systems ofn equations inn complex variables. In addition, information on the number of solutions can be obtained without calculation.
Meaningfulness (m) and Transfer Phenomena in Serial Verbal Learning

(1961). Meaningfulness (m) and Transfer Phenomena in Serial Verbal Learning. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 201-210.
Estimate of the maximum absorption rate of microscopic arterial air emboli after entry into the arterial circulation during cardiac surgery.

Some clinicians place patients in the Trendelenburg position during aortic unclamping to decrease the incidence of microscopic cerebral air embolism. Experimental studies have shown that use of the Trendelenburg position does not prevent air emboli from reaching the brain. Nevertheless, the position can decrease the velocity at which bubbles approach the brain, giving more time for nitrogen in the bubbles to be absorbed. We applied a validated mathematical model to estimate that the maximum rate of absorption of microscopic air emboli in blood during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) equals 1.57 μm/s. This rate is very small, since clinically relevant microbubbles have radii 50-1500 μm, and travel from the aorta to the brain within seconds. The result holds for all usual conditions of CPB. We conclude that absorption does not affect the disposition of air introduced into the arterial circulation. Use of the Trendelenburg position cannot decrease neurologic injury from cerebral air embolism by permitt...
Parent Line: Nurse Telephone Intervention for Parents and Caregivers of Children from Birth Through Age 5

purpose. To describe the development and implementation of Parent Line, a program to improve the health and development status of children through periodic telephone contact by nurses. population. Low-income parents of children from birth through age 5. conclusion. Telephone contact with a nurse, combined with peer counselor contact when no telephone is available, is welcomed by parents and can address needs in a timely way that might be unmet otherwise. Telephone intervention can provide social and emotional support, education, and advocacy for families. practice implications. The telephone can be of value to pediatric nurses in providing anticipatory guidance and health teaching, and be a support to parents throughout the preschool years.
ERK regulation in chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal

The extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERKs), also known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) of 42 and 44 kd, play a crucial role in the induction of various forms of neural plasticity. Ethanol induces long-lasting functional changes that are more severe following repeated exposure and may involve intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of the ERK signal transduction pathway in models of continuous and intermittent ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Moderate blood alcohol levels (BALs) reduced ERK activation in most of the brain regions studied. Conversely, during withdrawal, activation of ERK was increased in most areas with some regional variations in the levels and kinetics of induction. The most dramatic effects were observed in the amygdala, the cerebellum, the striatum and the hippocampus. In the amygdala and the cerebellum, the activation of ERK observed during withdrawal was significantly higher after intermittent ethanol exposure than after continuous exposure, suggesting the establishment of a form of sensitization to the effects of withdrawal on ERK regulation. Thus the dysregulation of the ERK pathway could contribute to escalation of withdrawal symptoms induced by repeated withdrawal and possibly to the neuroadaptative changes believed to underlie progression towards addiction.
The difficulties in using a cost leadership strategy in emerging markets

Purpose – Strategic contingency theory maintains that a successful strategy should fit the features of the environment in which it is implemented, suggesting that different strategies are required in different world markets. In contrast, Porter posited three generic strategies, and asserted that to be effective firms should consistently use only one of the three. This paper aims to address this apparent disagreement by discussing the transfer, by developed‐country multinational companies (MNCs), of a cost‐leadership strategy to emerging markets.Design/methodology/approach – Presenting theoretical arguments, based on deductive reasoning and examples reported in business publications, the authors focus on why firms from developed countries may find a cost‐leadership strategy ineffective in emerging markets. This focus on both emerging markets as a group and on the ease of the transfer of the cost‐leadership strategy fills a gap in the international management literature.Findings – It is argued that implemen...
Vertically integrated, three-dimensional nanowire complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits

Three-dimensional (3D), multi-transistor-layer, integrated circuits represent an important technological pursuit promising advantages in integration density, operation speed, and power consumption compared with 2D circuits. We report fully functional, 3D integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits based on separate interconnected layers of high-mobility n-type indium arsenide (n-InAs) and p-type germanium/silicon core/shell (p-Ge/Si) nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs). The DC voltage output (Vout) versus input (Vin) response of vertically interconnected CMOS inverters showed sharp switching at close to the ideal value of one-half the supply voltage and, moreover, exhibited substantial DC gain of ≈45. The gain and the rail-to-rail output switching are consistent with the large noise margin and minimal static power consumption of CMOS. Vertically interconnected, three-stage CMOS ring oscillators were also fabricated by using layer-1 InAs NW n-FETs and layer-2 Ge/Si NW p-FETs. Significantly, measurements of these circuits demonstrated stable, self-sustained oscillations with a maximum frequency of 108 MHz, which represents the highest-frequency integrated circuit based on chemically synthesized nanoscale materials. These results highlight the flexibility of bottom-up assembly of distinct nanoscale materials and suggest substantial promise for 3D integrated circuits.
Crystal structure of the Staphylococcus aureus pI258 CadC Cd(II)/Pb(II)/Zn(II)-responsive repressor

The Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 cadCA operon encodes a P-type ATPase, CadA, that confers resistance to the heavy metals Cd(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II). Expression of this heavy-metal efflux pump is regulated by CadC, a homodimeric repressor that dissociates from the cad operator/promoter upon binding of Cd(II), Pb(II), or Zn(II). CadC is a member of the ArsR/SmtB family of metalloregulatory proteins. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CadC at 1.9 angstroms resolution. The dimensions of the protein dimer are approximately 30 angstroms by 40 angstroms by 70 angstroms. Each monomer contains six alpha-helices and a three-stranded beta-sheet. Helices 4 and 5 form a classic helix-turn-helix motif that is the putative DNA binding region. The alpha1 helix of one monomer crosses the dimer to approach the alpha4 helix of the other monomer, consistent with the previous proposal that these two regulatory metal binding sites for the inducer cadmium or lead are each formed by Cys-7 and Cys-11 from the N terminus of one monomer and Cys-58 and Cys-60 of the other monomer. Two nonregulatory metal binding sites containing zinc are formed between the two antiparallel alpha6 helices at the dimerization interface. This is the first reported three-dimensional structure of a member of the ArsR/SmtB family with regulatory metal binding sites at the DNA binding domain and the first structure of a transcription repressor that responds to the heavy metals Cd(II) and Pb(II).
Functions of Markov processes

This chapter is concerned with many-to-one functions of Markov processes. Neither the Markov property nor the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation are generally satisfied by the derived processes determined by such functions. The first section considers special circumstances under which the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation is still satisfied by the derived process. These involve conditions relating the structure of the function to the initially given Markov process. The case in which the Markov process is stationary and the transition function is self-adjoint or compact is discussed in some detail. The second section deals with preservation of the Markov property whatever the initial distribution. This involves the retention of a stronger property by the derived process. Finally, in the last section finite state non-Markovian processes are considered. The object is to determine which processes are instantaneous functions of finite state Markov chains. Algebraic concepts and tools are used to obtain a result of Heller.
Predicting ELL students’ beginning first grade English oral reading fluency from initial kindergarten vocabulary, letter naming, and phonological awareness skills

Abstract The precursors of early English reading success have been widely studied for native English-speaking students, and those findings have been generalized to the English language learner (ELL) student population. However, the development of English language acquisition may be different for ELL students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role of English letter naming fluency, initial sound fluency, and vocabulary skills at the time of kindergarten entry for first grade English oral reading fluency and to examine the variability in language and literacy skills of ELL students by their demographic characteristics. The data for this study came from the Progress Monitoring and Reporting Network (PMRN), and were collected from Florida's Reading First schools. Letter Naming Fluency, Initial Sound Fluency, and Oral Reading Fluency components of Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were used as measures. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to analyze the curvilinear growth of ELL students’ first grade oral reading fluency. The results of this study revealed that kindergarten English letter naming fluency was the best predictor and vocabulary skills were the second best predictor of oral reading fluency in the first grade, followed by initial sound fluency. On average, male ELL students compared to female ELL students, ELL students eligible for free or reduced price lunch eligibility (FRPL) compared to those not eligible for FRPL, and Hispanic ELL students compared to White ELL students read fewer words at the beginning of the first grade and showed a slower growth rate. English oral reading fluency scores of Asian ELL students were the highest.
Multistage tandem mass spectrometry of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate

Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in abundance in extracellular matrices. In connective tissue, CS/DS proteoglycans play structural roles in maintaining viscoelasticity through the large number of immobilized sulfate groups on CS/DS chains. CS/DS chains also bind protein families including growth factors and growth factor receptors. Through such interactions, CS/DS chains play important roles in neurobiochemical processes, connective tissue homeostasis, coagulation, and cell growth regulation. Expression of DS has been observed to increase in cancerous tissue relative to controls. In earlier studies, MS2 was used to compare the types of CS/DS isomers present in biological samples. The results demonstrated that product ion abundances reflect the types of CS/DS repeats present and can be used quantitatively. It was not clear, however, to which of the CS/DS repeats the product ions abundances were sensitive. The present work explores the utility of MS3 for structural characterization of CS/DS oligosaccharides. The data show that MS3 product ion abundances correlate with the presence of DS-like repeats in specific positions on the oligosaccharide chains.
Class 1 integrons in various Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from animals and identification of genomic island SGI1 in Salmonella enterica var. Meleagridis

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in a diverse sample set of Salmonella enterica isolated from animals. Materials and methods: Multiplex PCR was used to detect class 1 integron gene sequences, and integron gene cassettes were identified by PCR mapping. Susceptibility to 18 antibiotics or antibiotic combinations commonly used in either human or veterinary medicine was measured using a microdilution method, and statistical comparisons of the frequency of resistance between groups were made using Fisher's two-sided probability test. Genotypic comparisons of isolates were made following pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA. Results: Thirty-two (30.8%) of 104 isolates contained class 1 integron sequences. Integron-positive isolates represented 15 different S. enterica serovars, were obtained from nine different animal species and had a higher frequency of non-integron-mediated antibiotic resistance (P < 0.05) compared with integron-negative isolates. One non-Typhimurium isolate (S. enterica Meleagridis) contained an SGI1 genomic island, includ- ing the antibiotic resistance gene cluster. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that integron-mediated antibiotic resistance is common among diverse Salmonella serovars, many of them rare. In addition, SGI1 is not limited to Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 or other commonly isolated serovars.
Purification and characterization of KpsT, the ATP-binding component of the ABC-capsule exporter of Escherichia coli K1

The K1 capsule, an α(2,8)-linked polymer of sialic acid, is an important virulence determinant of invasive Escherichia coli. The 17-kb kps gene cluster of E. coli K1 encodes the information necessary for capsule expression at the cell surface. Two proteins, KpsM and KpsT, play a role in the transport of capsular polysaccharide across the cytoplasmic membrane, utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis. They belong to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transport proteins. In this study, we purified KpsT in its native form and show that the purified protein is able to bind ATP, undergo an ATP-dependent conformational change and hydrolyze ATP. Protease accessibility studies demonstrate the in vivo interaction between KpsM and KpsT.
Parenting and the decline of physical activity from age 9 to 15

Background There is a rapid decline in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during middle childhood and adolescence. Information on the environmental factors implicated in this decline is limited. This study focuses on family factors associated with the rate of decline in objectively measured physical activity during middle childhood and adolescence.
Fixed and floating point error analysis of QRD-RLS and STAR-RLS adaptive filters

The QR decomposition based recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptive filtering (referred to as QRD-RLS) algorithm is suitable for VLSI implementation since it has good numerical properties and can be mapped to a systolic array. Recently, a new fine-grain pipelinable STAR-RLS algorithm was developed based on scaled tangent rotation. The pipelined STAR-RLS algorithm, referred to as PSTAR-RLS, is useful for high-speed applications. The stability of QRD-RLS, STAR-RLS and PSTAR-RLS has been proved but the performance of these algorithms in finite-precision arithmetic has not yet been analyzed. The aim of this paper is to determine expressions for the degradation in the performance of these algorithms due to finite-precision. By exploiting the steady-state properties of these algorithms, simple closed-form expressions are obtained which depend only on known parameters. Since floating-point or fixed-point arithmetic representations may be used in practice, both representations are considered in this paper. The results show that the PSTAR-RLS and STAR-RLS algorithms perform better than the QRD-RLS especially in a floating-point representation. The theoretical expressions are found to be in good agreement with the simulation results. >
New York City Schools March Off to War: The Nature and Extent of Participation of the City Schools in the Great War, April 1917-June 1918.

The New York City schools responded to the First World War without regard to civil liberties or other niceties.
The Oleate-Stimulated Phospholipase D, PLDδ, and Phosphatidic Acid Decrease H2O2-Induced Cell Death in Arabidopsis

Hydrolysis of common membrane phospholipids occurs in response to various environmental stresses, but the control and cellular function of this hydrolysis are not fully understood. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a pivotal signaling molecule involved in various stress responses. Here, we show that the plasma membrane–bound phospholipase D, PLDδ, is activated in response to H2O2 and that the resulting phosphatidic acid (PA) functions to decrease H2O2-promoted programmed cell death. The Arabidopsis genome has 12 PLD genes, and knockout of PLDδ abolishes specifically the oleate-stimulated PLD activity. H2O2 treatment of Arabidopsis cells activates PLD enzyme activity, and ablation of PLDδ abolishes that activation. PLDδ-null cells display increased sensitivity to H2O2-induced cell death. The addition of PA to PLDδ-null cells mitigates the H2O2 effect, whereas suppression of the H2O2-induced PA formation in wild-type cells increases the effect. PLDδ-ablated plants exhibit increased susceptibility to stress. These results demonstrate that activation of oleate-stimulated PLDδ constitutes an important step in the plant response to H2O2 and increasing plant stress tolerance.
Synthesis, characterization, and structural analyses of two cyanide-bridged bimetallic complexes

Abstract The crystal structures of two bimetallic cyanide-bridged lanthanide (Ln) complexes were obtained by means of three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The isostructural complexes (DMF)4(H2O)3LaFe(CN)6·H2O (I) and (DMF)4(H2O)3CeFe(CN)6·H2O (II) crystallize in the monoclinic system with Z=4 having respective lattice constants of a=17.660(2), 17.633(4); b=8.952(1), 8.920(2); c=20.017(2), 19.950(4) A; and β=95.68(1), 95.72(3). In each complex, the coordination about the central lanthanide ion is eight in a square antiprism arrangement while the coordination about the iron(III) ion is six, oriented octahedrally. Molecules in the crystal lattice of each complex are held together by normal van der Waals forces and a network of hydrogen bonding. Characterization includes physical property determinations, conoscopic studies, thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), and IR spectrometric identifications. Select geometric parameters are tabulated and a synthesis of these compounds is presented.
Techniques for evaluating the uniform current vector potential at the isolated singularity of the cylindrical wire kernel

The cylindrical wire kernel possesses a singularity which must be properly treated in order to evaluate the uniform current vector potential. Traditionally, the singular part of the kernel is extracted resulting in a slowly varying function which is convenient for numerical integration. This paper provides some new accurate and computationally efficient methods for evaluating the remaining singular integral. It is shown that this double integral may be converted to a single integral which no longer possesses a singular integrand and consequently may be efficiently evaluated numerically. This form of the integral is independent of the restrictions involving wire length and radius which are inherent in various approximations. Also presented is a highly convergent exact series representation of the integral which is valid except in the immediate vicinity of the singularity. Finally, a new approximation is derived which is found to be an improvement over the classical thin wire approximation. It is demonstrated that each of these methods provides extremely accurate as well as efficient results for a wide range of wire radii and field point locations. >
Simulation of enhanced backscatter by a phase screen

A simulation was constructed, and numerical experiments were conducted, of optical-wave double-pass propagation through a phase screen. The phase screen had a Gaussian phase fluctuation with a Kolmogorov power-law spatial spectrum. The results are compared with a theoretical model developed for a similar scattering process but for a phase screen with a Gaussian spatial spectrum.
Abdominal Hardware and Tubes

Many different types of clips are used in a variety of procedures performed in abdominal and pelvic surgery. The most common that are encountered radiographically are cholecystectomy clips. These are readily identified by their appearance and location in the right upper quadrant as seen in Fig. 26.1. Bowel surgery that results in resection and anastomosis will often involve a metal stapler that will leave a chain of small staples similar to those in Fig. 26.1. These staples can be helpful in both fluoroscopy and CT when trying to identify points of obstruction or leakage. Tubal ligation is a contraceptive procedure which occludes the fallopian tubes and can involve the use of clips that have a characteristic appearance located on both sides of the pelvis.
PD-L1 Expression in the Merkel Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment: Association with Inflammation, Merkel Cell Polyomavirus, and Overall Survival

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a lethal, virus-associated cancer that lacks effective therapies for advanced disease. Agents blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have demonstrated objective, durable tumor regressions in patients with advanced solid malignancies and efficacy has been linked to PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. To investigate whether MCC might be a target for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, we examined MCC PD-L1 expression, its association with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and overall survival. Sixty-seven MCC specimens from 49 patients were assessed with immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 expression by tumor cells and TILs, and immune infiltrates were characterized phenotypically. Tumor cell and TIL PD-L1 expression were observed in 49% and 55% of patients, respectively. In specimens with PD-L1(+) tumor cells, 97% (28/29) demonstrated a geographic association with immune infiltrates. Among specimens with moderate-severe TIL intensities, 100% (29/29) demonstrated PD-L1 expression by tumor cells. Significant associations were also observed between the presence of MCPyV DNA, a brisk inflammatory response, and tumor cell PD-L1 expression: MCPyV(-) tumor cells were uniformly PD-L1(-). Taken together, these findings suggest that a local tumor-specific and potentially MCPyV-specific immune response drives tumor PD-L1 expression, similar to previous observations in melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. In multivariate analyses, PD-L1(-) MCCs were independently associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio 3.12; 95% CI, 1.28-7.61; p=0.012). These findings suggest that an endogenous immune response promotes PD-L1 expression in the MCC microenvironment when MCPyV is present, and provide a rationale for investigating therapies blocking PD-1/PD-L1 for patients with MCC.
The effect of genomics on weed management in the 21st century

Abstract Many advances in disciplines such as chemistry, biochemistry, plant breeding, genetics, engineering, and others have been applied in a positive manner to improve knowledge in weed science. The emerging field of genomics is likely to have a similar positive effect on our understanding of weeds and their management in various plant agriculture systems. Genomics involves the large-scale use of molecular techniques for identification and functional analysis of complete or nearly complete genomic complements of genes. Commercial application of genomics has already occurred for improvement in certain crop input and output traits, including improved quality characteristics and herbicide and insect resistance. Additional commercial applications of genomics in weed science will be identification of genes involved in a crops' competitive ability. Genes controlling early crop shoot emergence, rapid early-season leaf and root development for fast canopy closure, production of allelochemicals for natural weed...
Indigenous Peoples’ Movements, Developments, and Politics in Ecuador and Bolivia

This chapter examines the modern indigenous peoples movement in Bolivia and Ecuador over three periods: formative years during the national populist era (1960s–1980s), its leading role in the tumultuous cycles of anti-neoliberal contention (1980s–2005), and their relationship to left governments in the post neoliberal period (2006–present). It argues that for most of the national populist and neoliberal periods indigenous movements in Bolivia and Ecuador developed along similar paths and then diverged sharply in the post neoliberal period. These trajectories were deeply influenced by the distinctive socioeconomic and political development models of each period, which shaped the political opportunities and threats that indigenous peoples movements responded to. However, movement activists possess agency. Thus, the chapter also examines how leaders perceived those opportunities and threats, built their organizations, and framed the issues, not just in terms of their movements, but in relation to other popular sector movements, political parties, and the state as well.
RALLICOLA DECKERI N. SP. (PHTHIRAPTERA: PHILOPTERIDAE) FROM RUDDY WOODCREEPERS DENDROCINCLA HOMOCHROA (PASSERIFORMES: FURNARIIDAE) COLLECTED IN CAMPECHE, MEXICO

A new species of Rallicola Johnston and Harrison (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) is described from lice collected from a series of Ruddy Woodcreepers Dendrocincla homochroa (Aves: Dendrocolaptinae) in Campeche, Mexico. Rallicola deckeri is easily recognized by the unique shape of the mesosome in the male and by the pattern of divided sternites on the female.
Pastoral Care and Models of Aging

Summary Four models of understanding aging persons and of pastoral care of the elderly are proposed: The symmetrical model, a loss/compensation model, an epigenetic model, and a historical/eschatological model. Each is described briefly with implications for pastoral and congregational care of older persons.
A Rejoinder to Alan E. Kazdin

The proposals that Kazdin offers for further investigating the effects of unconscious merging and sanction fantasies on treatment outcome are excellent. We fully agree that “considerably more research is needed… to make the case that [unconscious] fantasy activation accounts for therapeutic change in the usual practice of treatment.” We think that his first two recommendations in particular—for studies demonstrating “that such fantasies are activated in routine application of treatment” and for “measures of the processes that are activated”—are crucially needed, though these recommendations would not be easy to implement. However, we believe that implementation would be much more possible if we could secure the collaboration of behavior therapists. Thus, we would like to spell out one proposal for implementation in the hope that it might tempt some behavior therapists to join us in a collaborative effort.
Comparison of antibacterial activity of single and combined sulfonamides.

Conclusions1. The antibactericidal activity of various mixtures of sulfonamides is unpredictable. 2. The observed effect varies markedly with different species and with various strains of the same species of organism. 3. Depression of bactericidal potency against both gram negative and positive bacteria frequently results from combining sulfonamides. 4. The greatest and most constant decrease in antibacterial effect is produced by mixing sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine. 5. These results suggest that combinations of sulfonamides may have little clinical usefulness in many instances, since they are often not as effective as the single agents which compose them.
Missionaries, Church Movements, and the Shifting Religious Significance of the State in Zambia

In Zambia, where church membership was estimated to embrace 75 percent of the country's ten million people, Christianity has been as central to the country's political evolution as it has been to its religious evolution. European mission churches, which provided bridges for co lonial expansion into the country in the late 1800s and early 1900s, also served frequently as training grounds and institutional launching pads for the African nationalist leaders that led the way toward indepen dence. Moreover, since Zambia gained its independence in 1964, Ken neth Kaunda, who was president until 1991, and Frederick Chiluba, who unseated Kaunda, have gone to greater lengths than most regimes in post-colonial Africa to insure political loyalty on the part of churches. Nevertheless, responses to the colonial and post-colonial state have been far from uniform among Zambian churches. While the historic, Protestant mission churches have been fairly reliable allies of the state, the Catholics (during the latter twentieth century)1 and a rapidly ex panding third wing of African Christianity referred to as African Initi ated Churches (AIC's), have proven to be a much more difficult political challenge. AIC's, typically characterized by creative blends of Christian supernaturalism and African "traditionalism," have been products of two historical moments of missionary ferment and African political intentionality in Zambia (and across sub-Saharan Africa). An initial period of missionary ferment, lasting into the mid-1990s, was dominated largely by European mission churches, although, in Zambia, American-based "Watchtower" churches were an important factor as
Vesicular—Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Citrus in Florida and California and Notes on Their Distribution and Ecology

Mycorrhizal fungi were associated with citrus roots or soils in 78 of 79 orchards and nurseries in California and in 64 of 66 citrus orchards and nurseries in Florida. Glomus fasciculatus, G. macrocarpus, G. etunicatus, G. constrictus, and Sclerocystis sinuosa were present in both states. In addition, G. microcarpus and G. monosporus were found in California. Gigaspora margarita and G. mosseae were associated with citrus in Florida but not in California. Glomus fasciculatus was consistently associated with young trees (0-30 yr), whereas G. constrictus was consistently associated with older trees (30-70 yr). Total numbers of mycorrhizal chlamydospores associated with citrus in California were negatively correlated with soil P and organic matter, but were positively correlated with soil Na and pH. Glomus macrocarpus was more frequently found in California citrus soils of high P content than was G. microcarpus, and G. monosporus appeared to inhabit soils of higher B, Ca + Mg, or salinity than several other mycorrhizal fungi. In California, chlamydospores of both G. fasciculatus and G. constrictus were most numerous from November to May and least numerous from June to September.
VERIFICATION OF HYBRID REAL TIME HVDC SIMULATOR IN CHEJU-HAENAM HVDC SYSTEM

Abstract In this paper Hybrid Real Time HVDC Simulator for both operator's training and researching in Cheju-Haenam HVDC system is proposed and its performance is verified by RTDS(Real Time Digital Simulator), EMTDC(Electro-Magnetic Transient system for DC), PSS/E(Power System Simulator for Engineering), and experienced scenarios. The main objective of this paper is to represent the strategy in development of the KEPCO hybrid HVDC simulator for Cheju-Haenam HVDC system. This simulator consists of two DC stations, DC cables, external digital/analogue controllers, control desk for education, and AC networks. In cases of both startup/shutdown and normal state operations, the suitability of it for operator's education is tested. Also the dynamic performances of it are verified.
Analysis of the characteristics of intra-familial transmission of HIV/AIDS among non-local women in the City of Tai'an

Objective To understand the status of HIV infection among non-local women in some rural areas of the City of Tai'an in order to provide a scientific basis for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.Methods The risk factors for intra-familial transmission of HIV-1 infection were investigated among non-local women who were actively monitored from 2005-2010.Results A total of 20 non-local women were confirmed to have been infected with HIV.Women with the HIV-1 subtypes B,C,and recombinant subtypes CRF01-AE,CRF07-BC,and CRF08-BC accounted for 84.61% of those infected.Intra-familial transmission of HIV was found in 9 of the 20 families investigated.HIV was transmitted to 8 of the women by a spouse and 3 women had transmitted it to a child.Two women who were infected by a spouse were ages 20-29,5 who were infected by a spouse and 3 who transmitted it to a child were ages 30-39,and 1 who was infected by a spouse was age 40-49.Six patients were found to have CD4+T cell counts lower than 200/μl.Of these,4 had transmitted HIV to their family.Eight patients were found to have CD4+T cell counts 400/μl,and 1 was infected by heterosexual transmission.There were marked differences between these two groups(χ2=6.451,P0.05).Conclusion Some non-local women had transmitted HIV to their families.A lower CD4+ T count was the main risk factor for intra-familial transmission of HIV.
Analysis of Death and PYLL in Four Counties in Northern Jiangsu during 1996～1998

Objective To analyze main death causes in four counties in northern Jiangsu.Methods The registry data of deaths during 1996～1998 in Ganyu,Tongshan,Pizhou and Xinyi in northern Jiangsu province was analyzed with death causes and PYLL analysis methods.Results The results showed that main causes of life lost in local residents were accidents,malignant neoplasm,respiratory diseases,cerebral vascular diseases,heart diseases and digestive diseases.Deaths and PYLL of accidents shared 14.18% and 45.65% respectively,non communicable chronic diseases such as malignant neoplasm,cerebral vascular diseases,heart di seases and COPD shared 68.37% and 36.13%.Conclusion More attention should be paid to the prevention of these diseases or conditions.\;
Nonanticipative duality, relaxations, and formulations for chance-constrained stochastic programs

We propose two new Lagrangian dual problems for chance-constrained stochastic programs based on relaxing nonanticipativity constraints. We compare the strength of the proposed dual bounds and demonstrate that they are superior to the bound obtained from the continuous relaxation of a standard mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation. For a given dual solution, the associated Lagrangian relaxation bounds can be calculated by solving a set of single scenario subproblems and then solving a single knapsack problem. We also derive two new primal MIP formulations and demonstrate that for chance-constrained linear programs, the continuous relaxations of these formulations yield bounds equal to the proposed dual bounds. We propose a new heuristic method and two new exact algorithms based on these duals and formulations. The first exact algorithm applies to chance-constrained binary programs, and uses either of the proposed dual bounds in concert with cuts that eliminate solutions found by the subproblems. The second exact method is a branch-and-cut algorithm for solving either of the primal formulations. Our computational results indicate that the proposed dual bounds and heuristic solutions can be obtained efficiently, and the gaps between the best dual bounds and the heuristic solutions are small.
Development of a model system for neuronal dysfunction in Fabry disease

Fabry disease is a glycosphingolipid storage disorder that is caused by a genetic deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (AGA, EC 3.2.1.22). It is a multisystem disease that affects the vascular, cardiac, renal, and nervous systems. One of the hallmarks of this disorder is neuropathic pain and sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous dysfunction. The exact mechanism by which changes in AGA activity result in change in neuronal function is not clear, partly due to of a lack of relevant model systems. In this study, we report the development of an in vitro model system to study neuronal dysfunction in Fabry disease by using short-hairpin RNA to create a stable knock-down of AGA in the human cholinergic neuronal cell line, LA-N-2. We show that gene-silenced cells show specifically reduced AGA activity and store globotriaosylceramide. In gene-silenced cells, release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is significantly reduced, demonstrating that this model may be used to study specific neuronal functions such as neurotransmitter release in Fabry disease.
Low energy buildings in Taiwan mountain areas: A weather data analysis

ABSTRACTThe energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the climates tremendously. Taiwan is an island covered with high mountains. Crossed by the tropic of cancer, the basic climates zones include tropical and subtropical climates. In this research, the degree day and degree hour methods were used to analyze 37 weather stations data in mid and high elevation regions of Taiwan collected over 10 years. The WRF model were used to predict summer cooling hours using 26, 28, 30°C as the base temperatures. The research showed that Taiwan has complicated climate zones due to the variations of the elevation. The low air-conditioning load areas in the mid and high elevation regions will be the most suitable areas to design low energy consumption buildings in Taiwan.
Lotka–Volterra Interspecific Competition

Different species frequently compete for limiting resources, and as a result have negative impacts on each other. For example, change in species composition during secondary succession (Fig. 5.1) appears mediated by, among other things, a species' ability to intercept light, grow, and cast shade over other species. This chapter addresses very simple ways to represent such interactions between species.
Personalized Disease Models on a Chip

Organs-on-chips are beginning to serve as a useful platform for individualized disease models in a way that minimizes patient-to-patient variability.
State Regulatory Approaches for Dementia Care in Residential Care and Assisted Living.

Purpose This policy study analyzed states' residential care and assisted living (RC/AL) regulations for dementia care requirements. Estimates suggest that at least half of RC/AL residents have dementia, and 22% of settings provide or specialize in dementia care. Residents with dementia might benefit from regulations that account for specific behaviors and needs associated with dementia, making states' RC/AL regulations address dementia care an important policy topic. Design and methods This study examined RC/AL regulations in all 50 states and the District of Columbia for regulatory requirements on five topics important to the quality of life of RC/AL residents with dementia: pre-admission assessment, consumer disclosure, staffing types and levels, administrator training, and physical environment. Results Sixteen states license or certify dementia care units within RC/AL settings. All states had at least one dementia care requirement, though only four states had requirements for all five of the topics reviewed. Most states addressed administrator training, consumer disclosure, and physical environment, 17 addressed staffing types and levels, and 14 addressed pre-admission assessment for dementia. Thus, most states rely on general RC/AL regulations to cover dementia care policies and practices. Implications This policy study provides a resource for researchers who do cross-state studies of dementia care in RC/AL settings and state policymakers who are updating RC/AL regulations, including those responding to a 2014 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services rule change.
The Cervicofacial Flap in Cheek Reconstruction: A Guide for Flap Design.

Purpose The cervicofacial (CF) flap is a random-pattern flap that provides an excellent match for cheek reconstruction. The design of the CF flap varies between different cheek subunits. In this report, the authors review their experience with this flap and present a guide for flap design for different cheek subunits. Materials and Methods Patients who had cheek reconstruction were screened using the database of the surgical procedures from 2011 to 2016. Seventy-four patients were identified. Data on patient demographics, diagnosis, defect type, and outcome were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who did not have a clear description of the defect or flap design were excluded from the study. The authors divided the cheek into 3 zones and created a guide for flap design for each zone. Results Twenty-eight patients with CF flap for cheek reconstruction met the inclusion criteria (21 male [75%] and 7 female [25%]; mean age, 57 yr; range, 8 to 88 yr). Fifty-seven percent had zone A defects, 18% had zone B1 defects, 14% had zone B2 defects, and 11% had multiple-zone defects. Mean follow-up was 4.6 months (0 to 17 months). Ninety-three percent had a successful outcome. Only 2 patients developed wound complications. Conclusion The CF flap is a versatile flap that provides excellent skin color, thickness, and texture match in cheek reconstruction. Planning the flap design is essential to achieve a good outcome. The present algorithm provides a straightforward method to reliably design the CF flap for cheek reconstruction.
Fracking Fortunes: Economic Well-being and Oil and Gas Development along the Urban-Rural Continuum

Oil and gas extraction, especially via unconventional means like hydraulic fracturing, is hailed as an economic boon by many commentators and political leaders. However, empirical evidence is limited. In this article, we consider the socioeconomic effects (particularly, related to poverty, employment, income, and wages) of unconventional oil and gas extraction using a national data set of U.S. counties. We use a novel between- and within-county random effects modeling strategy to capture both resource curse and boomtown dynamics. Further, we allow the effect of oil and gas development to be conditioned by county rurality. Broadly, our findings suggest that oil and gas development has very complex effects at the county level. Within-county growth in oil and gas production slightly improves most economic outcomes, but counties that specialize in oil and gas development tend to perform worse than other counties. We find that, in general, the effect of within-county oil and gas production is not significantly moderated by county rurality.
Using Participatory Design and Card Sorting to Create a Community of Practice

In this case study, we developed a scenario-based card sorting |method to assist in the co-design of a community of practice in user experience. Card sorting is typically used for the development of a computer interface. In this work, we modified and extended the use of card sorting to the participatory design of an organizational interface: a community of practice. The data we gathered informed the design of the both the real-world community and the virtual/digital artifacts that supported our community.
Neonatal and fetal growth charts to identify preterm infants <30 weeks gestation at risk of adverse outcomes.

Background It is unclear whether a neonatal or a fetal growth standard is a better predictor of adverse in-hospital newborn infant outcomes. Objective We aimed to evaluate and compare the power of birthweight for gestational age to predict adverse neonatal outcomes using neonatal and fetal growth charts. Gestational age–specific birthweight was examined either as a percentile score or as a binary indicator for birthweight Study Design Inborn singleton infants from 2006–2014 with gestational age between 22 and 29 weeks and who were enrolled at 1 of the 852 US centers that were participating in the Vermont Oxford Network were studied. Outcomes included death, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, severe retinopathy of prematurity, and chronic lung disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the predictive power of birthweight for gestational age, either as a score or as a small-for-gestational-age indicator, with the use of the 4 charts. We also examined the relative risks of the outcomes by comparing small-for-gestational-age and non–small-for-gestational-age infants with the use of the 4 charts. Results The percentage of small-for-gestational-age newborn infants ranged from 25.9–29.7% when with used the fetal growth charts. In contrast, the percentage was 10% when we used the neonatal charts. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were similar across the 4 classification methods and were all Conclusion Neither the neonatal nor the fetal growth charts are predictive of adverse infant in-hospital outcomes. In contrast to fetal charts, the use of the neonatal charts results in stronger associations between small-for-gestational-age and adverse outcomes.
Design, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new class of soft anticholinergics.

Purpose. To design and evaluate a new class of soft anticholinergics with subtype selectivity.
Effect of Structural Heterogeneity on the Diffusion of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Large Silicalite Crystals

Abstract Sorption kinetics of benzene, toluene and p-xylene on silicalite have been investigated gravimetrically. The results show that at low temperatures where the systems exhibit Type IV isotherm, the transport and corrected diffusivities both show a maximum near the adsorbed phase concentration of 4 and 2 molecules per unit cell for benzene and p-xylene respectively. A physical model based on the concept of “structural heterogeneity” has been used to explain these atypical sorption and diffusion results. The structural heterogeneity arises from 1) the presence of two nearly identical but different pore sizes representing zigzag and straight channels and 2) transport of a tightly fitting molecules such as benzene and p-xylene through these channels. It is postulated that initial adsorption occurs preferentially in larger pores followed by rearrangement at or near the critical adsorbate concentration resulting into closer packing of adsorbed phase molecules.
THE PHOTO-OXIDATION OF 2,5-DIPHENYLOXAZOLE (PPO)

Abstract The pulse height decay of eighteen selected organic liquid scintillator solutes upon prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light was investigated and the fate of one of these, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), was studied in detail. The structures of the photo-oxidation products were determined and mechanisms for their formation are proposed.