cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol inhibits myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.

Objectives Cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I-R) injury remains a significant problem as there are no therapies available to minimize the cell death that can lead to impaired function and heart failure. We have shown that high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) (15-20 kD) can protect cardiac myocytes in vitro from hypoxia–reoxygenation injury. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of PEG in vivo. Methods Adult rats underwent left anterior descending artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by 48 hours or 4 weeks of reperfusion. One milliliter of 10% PEG solution or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control (n = 10 per group) was administered intravenously (IV) immediately before reperfusion. Results Fluorescein-labeled PEG was robustly visualized in the myocardium 1 hour after IV delivery. The PEG group had significant recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction at 4 weeks versus a 25% decline in the PBS group ( P P P P P P Conclusions High-molecular-weight PEG appears to have a significant protective effect from I-R injury in the heart when administered IV immediately before reperfusion. This may have important clinical translation in the setting of acute coronary revascularization and myocardial protection in cardiac surgery.
Pressure distribution in the wrist joint

We performed a study to determine pressure distribution properties of the normal radio-carpal joint. A system was developed for measurement of the contact pressure within the wrist joint surfaces. The transducer was based on Fuji pressure-sensitive paper, which was inserted into the joint space through a dorsal capsular incision. The hand was then positioned using a jig that permitted free axial loading of the joint. Each of five specimens was tested in 36 positions combining flexion/extension with radio/ulnar deviation and supination/pronation. The transducers were analyzed for contact area, scapho-lunate contact area ratio, pressure, and centroid locations using a microcomputer-based video-imaging system. The scaphoid and lunate contact areas on the radius and triangular fibrocartilage were separate and distinct in all wrist positions. Together these contact areas accounted for a relatively small fraction of the total joint surface area (average contact area/total joint area = 0.206, SD = 0.0495). For an applied 103 Newton compressive load, the high pressure averaged 3.17 MPa (SD = 0.83 MPa). Overall, the scaphoid contact area was 1.47 times that of the lunate, although variations occurred with position, as in flexion, in which the scaphoid/lunate area ratio was 0.83. The high-pressure centroids of both scaphoid and lunate contact areas shifted palmarly from 20 degrees of flexion to 20 degrees of extension and then dorsally with further extension. The scaphoid-lunate intercentroid distance averaged 14.91 mm with a range of 10-20 mm.
Evaluation of a Bacterial Feather Fermentation Product, Feather-Lysate, as a Feed Protein

Abstract Feeding trials were designed to evaluate the nutritive value of feathers treated by a feather-degrading bacterium, Bacillus licheniformis (Strain PWD-1). An initial experiment compared feathers that had been treated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions with untreated feathers as 25% of the feed protein in the diet. The test diets were fed to growing broiler chicks from Day 6 through Day 21 posthatch. The anaerobically fermented product, feather-lysate, resulted in improved growth responses of 6.9 and 19.3% over the aerobic- and nonbacterial-treated feather feed products, respectively, but 6.4% less than a standard com-soybean-based diet In a subsequent experiment, 3 or 6% of feather-lysate, untreated feathers, and commercial feather meal were fed to chicks on a basal diet containing only 10% protein. The linear growth response slopes were compared with the slope resulting when chicks were fed diets containing soybean protein in graded levels from 10 to 19% of the total feed. Feather-lysate supplemented with lysine, methionine, and histidine produced a growth curve identical to that of soybean meal. Commercial feather meal supported an improved growth rate over the untreated feathers but significantly less than feather-lysate. These results indicate that the anaerobic fermentation of feathers offers a potential new process for feather waste treatment to provide a nutritious feed protein.
Disjunctive multiperiod optimization methods for design and planning of chemical process systems

In this paper, we present a general disjunctive multiperiod nonlinear optimization model, which incorporates design, as well as operation and expansion planning, and takes into account the corresponding costs incurred in each time period. This model is formulated with the use of logic and disjunctive programming, and includes Boolean variables for design, operation planning and expansion planning. We propose two algorithms for the solution of these problems. The first is a logic-based Outer Approximation (OA) algorithm for multiperiod problems. The second is a bilevel decomposition algorithm, that exploits the problem structure by decomposing it into an upper level design problem and a lower level operation and expansion planning problem, each of which is solved with the logic-based OA algorithm. Applications are considered in the areas of design and planning of process networks, as well as retrofit design for multiproduct batch plants. The results show that the disjunctive logic-based OA algorithm performs best for small problems, while the disjunctive bilevel decomposition algorithm is superior for larger problems. In both cases, a significant decrease in MILP solution time and total solution time is achieved compared to DICOPT++. Results also show that problems with a significant number of time periods can be solved in reasonable time.
The effects of structure, composition, and chemical bonding on the mechanical properties of Si-aC:H thin films

Abstract The objective of this study was to correlate mechanical properties with the structure and chemistry of silicon-incorporated amorphous hydrocarbon (Si-aC:H) films deposited by reactive sputtering. Hardness and elastic modulus were measured via microindentation, and intrinsic compressive stress was determined from radius-of-curvature measurements using surface mapping microscopy. Film chemistry was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conventional- and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Si-aC:H phase is amorphous and TiC exists at the Si-aC:H/Ti phase boundary. Mechanical properties such as hardness, modulus, and intrinsic stress decreased with increasing Si and H content in the films, for Si/C⩾0.04. Measurements show that this is most likely due to a decrease in CC sp3 bonds, accompanied by an increase in CSi and CH bonds. In addition, the Si-aC:H film with Si/C=0.04 is fundamentally different from the other Si-aC:H films with higher Si and H contents. It is concluded that a film with diamond-like carbon characteristics can be deposited using a low tetramethyl silane (TMS) flow rate, such that Si/C=0.04 in the film. However, films deposited with higher TMS flow rates (such that Si/C⩾0.06 in the films) are more characteristic of amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide.
Observations of Ion Cyclotron Waves within the Plasmasphere by Hawkeye-1.

A survey of the plasma wave data from the Hawkeye 1 spacecraft has been performed in search of ion cyclotron waves associated with the scattering and loss of ring current ions within and near the plasmapause. During an 18-month period, encompassing about 270 orbits, a total of five events have been found with clearly detectable electric and magnetic fields at frequencies below the proton gyrofrequency. Comparisons of the electric and magnetic field amplitudes for these events provide strong evidence that these waves are ion cyclotron waves. All five events occurred during recovery phases of magnetic storms inside or very close to the plasmapause boundary. The results of this survey confirm and are consistent with the earlier identification of ion cyclotron waves by the Explorer 45 satellites. The Hawkeye 1 observations show that ion cyclotron waves of substantial amplitude occur at magnetic latitudes well away (about 28 deg) from the magnetic equator.
A note on virtual memory indexes

In [4] Maruyama and Smith analyzed design alternatives for virtual memory indexes. The indexes investigated were those modeled on the structure of VSAM [5] which are closely related to B-trees [1]. Maruyama and Smith presented alternatives for search strategies, page format, and whether or not to compress keys. They made a comparative analysis based on the average cost of processing the index for retrieval of a key with its associated data pointer (or a sequence of keys and data pointers). The analysis showed that the optimal solution depends on machine and file characteristics and they provided formulas for selecting the best alternative. In this brief note1 we propose that another alternative for the page format be considered. The basic idea is to replace the sequential representation within a page by a linked representation. The main advantage of this method is realized in the construction (and maintenance) phase of the index. Although this phase is difficult to analyze quantitatively—as alluded to in [4]—we provide data to substantiate our claim of a net saving in construction cost without any corresponding loss in the average retrieval cost. In the ensuing discussion we assume that the reader is familiar both with B-trees and the paper of Maruyama and Smith [4].
Smart guidewires for smooth navigation in neurovascular intervention

A smart guidewire using nitinol materials was designed, manufactured and evaluated the device functionality, such as bending performance, trackability, thermal effects, and thrombogenic response. Two types of nitinol material were partially used to enhance the guidewire trackability. A proposed smart guidewire system uses either one- or two-way shape-memory alloy nitinol (1W-SMA, 2W-SMA) wires (0.015, 381µm nitinol wire). Bending stiffness was measured using in vitro test system, which contains the NI USB-9162 data logger and LabView Signal Express 2010. Temperature distribution and displacement were evaluated via recording a 60Hz movie using a SC325 camera. Hemocompatibility was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy after one heating cycle of nitinol under the Na-citrate porcine whole blood circulation. A smart guidewire showed 30 degrees bending after applying or disconnecting electrical current. While the temperature of the nitinol wires increased more than 70 °C, the surrounding temperature with the commercially available catheter coverings showed below human body temperature showing 30 33 °C. There was no significant platelet attachment or blood coagulation when the guidewire operates. Novel smart guidewires have been developed using shape memory alloy nitinol, which may represent a novel alternative to typical commercially available guidewires for interventional procedures.
Rat lens prostaglandin generation proceeds by the non-enzymatic degradation of PGH2 endoperoxide.

Experiments were performed using [1-14C]PGH2 endoperoxide as substrate to assess which, if any, of the PGH2 utilizing enzymes were present in rat lens microsomes. After a 15 min incubation, prostaglandins (PGs) were extracted, separated by thin-layer chromatography and labeled PGs located by autoradiography. The bands were cut and counted and product formation expressed as a percentage of the total recovered label. Prostaglandin PGE2 formation accounted for 24% of the label and was not increased (22%) when 1 m m reduced glutathione (GSH), the obligate cofactor of PGH2 → PGE2 isomerase, was added. However, the addition of the GSH significantly increased PGF2α generation from 25% to 37%. Pretreatment of the microsomes with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, a sulfhydryl-blocking agent and an inhibitor of PGH2 → PGE2 isomerase, did not limit lens microsomal PGE2 formation (24% vs. 39%) but dramatically inhibited PGF2α production (25% vs. 6%). Boiling the microsomes did not alter PGF2α or PGE2 generation suggesting that these PGs were non-enzymatically produced. No thromboxane B2 or 6-keto-PGF1α (the stable breakdown products of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin, respectively) were found indicating that their respective synthetases were absent in the lens microsomes. These data suggest that the lens is a unique tissue, generating the primary PGs in the absence of all known PGH2 endoperoxide-utilizing enzymes. It appears that the PGH2 formed by lens cyclo-oxygenase spontaneously breaks down in the lens microsomes into PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2α.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for diagnostic examinations with uninterpretable cases.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis plots true positive rates over false positive rates to describe the discriminatory power of a test to differentiate between two specifiable populations (that is 'normal' from 'abnormal') using a continuous dichotomous threshold. This assumes that the test separates cases into observed 'normal' or 'abnormal'. However, in practice many tests have some uninterpretable results as an inherent feature of the test itself, whether independent or dependent on the sample populations. This paper defines a method to describe the ability of tests to discriminate between specifiable populations when uninterpretable results occur non-informatively about disease status. A mixed model modified ROC curve is developed. Formulae to estimate the area under the modified ROC curve are given. Comparisons of conventional with the mixed model ROC analysis are shown in mathematical formulae as well as simulated experiments. An example of diagnosis of spinal fracture in renal transplant patients is presented.
Nest-site selection by adult laughing gulls (Larus atricilla)

Abstract Distribution of nests in a colony of about 12 000 to 15 000 laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) at Cape May, New Jersey were sampled using permanent transects, during the 1964 to 1967 breeding seasons. Topography and vegetation of the salt marsh were also studied in detail. Adult laughing gulls re-used rather precisely the same, discrete areas of the marsh from, season to season. This was attributed to a strong association between nest-site selection and the substrate. Most nests were found where the marsh table was elevated about 0·0 to 0·2 m above mean high water with Spartina alterniflora taller than 0·6 m present. To a lesser extent, nests were found where the vegetation was shorter than 0·4 m or where the marsh table was below mean high water. Field experiments, altering the marsh grasses and debris, changed the nesting pattern. Birds did not nest in areas where the grass had been cut, although records of the two preceding years showed that the birds had nested in the same areas. Birds nested in spatial configurations dictated by placement of debris when it was provided. An hypothesis of habitat selection proposes that during the month preceding nest building, daily tidal inundation may delineate the highest areas of the marsh for adult birds. Then, the gulls probably make further selections from the height of the grasses present. Orientation to the highest part of the marsh and tall grasses had survival value during flooding. The overall viewpoint generated by this study is that laughing gulls first space their nests because adults orient to precise features of the environment; then, further spacing may depend upon a bird's response to its neighbours.
Determination of oxygen and nitrogen in coal by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure oxygen and nitrogen in coals using instrumental neutron activation analysis. For six U.S. coals total oxygen ranged from 9.4 to 28.7% and total nitrogen varied from 0.72 to 1.61%. To obtain values of organic oxygen and nitrogen either a low-temperature-ashing method or an acid-treatment method was suitable for bituminous coals. The mean difference of the experimentally determined values (Odmmf)LTA − (Odmmf)AT = −0.82, s = 0.51, was found to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, but the comparable difference for nitrogen was not. By the LTA method oxygen and nitrogen on the dmmf basis for bituminous coals showed no statistically significant difference with calculated dmmf values. Nitrogen was detected in all the LTAs varying from 0.38 to 1.67%. Formation of insoluble CaF2 in the acid-treatment method caused an interference in the nitrogen determination due to the 19F (n, 2n) 18F reaction but was correctable. In addition, recoil proton reactions on C and O leading to the formation of 13N must be accounted for in all nitrogen determinations in the coal matrix.
Tryptophan content of casein as determined by a rat growth method.

SummaryThe tryptophan content of casein has been estimated using a rat growth assay method. Whether the results were calculated on the basis of the percentage of tryptophan in the diet or by using food consumption data to calculate the daily intake of tryptophan, essentially the same results were obtained. These animal assays indicate that casein (14.64% N) contains 1.25% tryptophan which is in good agreement with many reports based on microbioassays of alkaline and enzyme hydrolysates of this protein, but much lower than many commonly accepted figures obtained with chemical methods.
Relationship of Laryngeal Botulinum Toxin Dosage to Patient Age, Vitality, and Socioeconomic Issues

Summary Objective Chemical denervation with botulinum toxin A is the current standard of treatment for spasmodic dysphonia, but dosage is determined individually after a titration period that can take months to years. The objective of this study was to determine if age, body mass index (BMI), overall health, and socioeconomic factors were associated with a patient's optimal dose of botulinum toxin. Study design and methods This retrospective chart review looked at 32 patients with stabilized doses of botulinum toxin. Age and BMI were obtained from patient charts, and overall health was assessed by the Short-Form 36 survey. Results Analysis showed that BMI was positively correlated with botulinum toxin dose ( r = 0.42, P = 0.02). Overall health showed a positive but nonsignificant association with dose, but subgroup analysis found that adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) patients without tremor had a significant positive correlation between overall health and dose ( r = 0.50, P = 0.04), whereas tremor-only and mixed dystonia showed a negative nonsignificant correlation. Age was found to have no significant association with dose. Although socioeconomic factors were found to impact the number and frequency of injections, they had no significant impact on the ultimate dosage. Conclusion BMI and overall health are positively correlated with higher effective dose and may be useful in guiding clinicians during the titration period.
Effect of phagocytosis and lonophores on release and metabolism of arachidonic acid from human neutrophils

Challenge of human neutrophils prelabeled with [3H]arachidonate and [14C] palmitate or [14C]-stearate with opsonized zymosan or the Ca2+ ionophores A23187 or Ionomycin caused the release of [3H], but not [14C], fatty acid. With the ionophores, but not zymosan, considerable conversion of the [3H] arachidonate to hydroxyeicosatetraenoates occurred. Although various isomers were recovered, the 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate appeared to be the major product. In these experiments, no [14C] products were detected such as lysophospholipid, diglyceride or monoglyceride. Although no definitive statement can be made about the mechanism of release of arachidonate, our data are most easily interpreted as the result of the action of a phospholipase A2.
Psychiatric sequelae of legalized elective first trimester abortion.

The results are reported of a questionnaire survey conducted 2 weeks after elective termination of first trimester pregnancies in an unselected sample of 292 patients. A variety of emotional responses were elicited, but the predominant reaction was relief, which was reported by three-fourths of all patients. Guilt and depression occurred in about 15% of patients. Only 10% described the overall experience as negative. the findings support recent studies which demonstrate a low incidence of serious short-term psychiatric sequelae associated with legalized elective abortion. the provision of additional counseling may be beneficial for certain patients who are at risk to develop negative reactions, particularly women who delay their decision to abort, or who have a severe preabortal psychiatric disorder, or those with medical or genetic indications for pregnancy termination.
Development of a three-dimensional iterative methodology using a commercial cfd code for flow scouring around bridge piers

One of the major concerns affecting the safety of bridges with foundation supports in river-beds is the scouring of river-bed material from bridge supports during floods. Scour is the engineering term for the erosion caused by water around bridge elements such as piers, monopiles, or abutments. Scour holes around a monopile can jeopardize the stability of the whole structure and will require deeper piling or local armoring of the river-bed. About 500,000 bridges in the National Bridge Registry are over waterways. Many of these are considered as vulnerable to scour, about five percent are classified as scour critical, and over the last 30 years bridge failures caused by foundation scour have averaged about one every two weeks. Therefore it is of great importance to predict the correct scour development for a given bridge and flood conditions. Apart from saving time and money, integrity of bridges are important in ensuring public safety. Recent advances in computing boundary motion in combination with mesh morphing to maintain mesh quality in computational fluid dynamic analysis can be applied to predict the scour hole development, analyze the local scour phenomenon, and predict the scour hole shape and size around a pier.The main objective of the present study was to develop and implement a three dimensional iterative procedure to predict the scour hole formation around a cylindrical pier using the mesh morphing capabilities in the STARCCM+ commercial CFD code. A computational methodology has been developed using Python and Java Macros and implemented using a Bash script on a LINUX high performance computer cluster. An implicit unsteady approach was used to obtain the bed shear stresses. The mesh was iteratively deformed towards the equilibrium scour position based on the excess shear stress above the critical shear stress (supercritical shear stress). The model solves the flow field using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, and the standard k–e turbulence model. The iterative process involves stretching (morphing) a meshed domain after every time step, away from the bottom where scouring flow parameters are supercritical, and remeshing the relevant computational domain after a certain number of time steps when the morphed mesh compromises the stability of further simulation. The simulation model was validated by comparing results with limited experimental data available in the literature.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.
Global prediction of abyssal hill roughness statistics for use in ocean models from digital maps of paleo-spreading rate, paleo-ridge orientation, and sediment thickness

Abstract Abyssal hills are the dominant small-scale roughness fabric over much of the ocean floor. Created at mid-ocean ridges by combined volcanic and tectonic processes, they are rafted away by plate spreading and modified through time by mass wasting and sedimentation. Abyssal hills are morphological indicators of spreading rate and direction: they are lineated parallel to the ridge at the time of formation, and their heights and widths are inversely correlated to spreading rate. Knowledge of abyssal hill roughness statistics is important for high-resolution models, including models of internal wave generation and mixing driven by tidal and low-frequency flows over the rough bottom. In this paper we present a prediction of abyssal hill roughness statistical parameters world-wide via relationships for the average statistical properties of abyssal hills as a function of spreading rate and direction, and for the modification to these roughness parameters as a function of sediment thickness. These relationships are constrained by new publicly-available digital maps of paleo-spreading rate and direction, and sediment thickness. We also develop a new method for generating synthetic topography with variable statistical properties over a grid, and present an example of synthetic abyssal hill roughness generated for the North Atlantic on a 1/2-min grid.
Marked counteranion effects on single-site olefin polymerization processes. Correlations of ion pair structure and dynamics with polymerization activity, chain transfer, and syndioselectivity.

Counteranion effects on the rate and stereochemistry of syndiotactic propylene enchainment by the archetypal Cs-symmetric precatalyst [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrMe2 (1; Cp = C5H4; Flu = C13H8, fluorenyl) are probed using the cocatalysts MAO (2), B(C6F5)3 (3), B(2-C6F5C6F4)3 (4), Ph3C+B(C6F5)4- (5), and Ph3C+FAl(2-C6F5C6F4)3- (6), offering greatly different structural and ion pairing characteristics. Reaction of 1 with 3 affords [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrMe+ MeB(C6F5)3- (7). In the case of 4, this reaction leads to formation the μ-methyl dinuclear diastereomers {([Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrMe)2(μ-Me)}+ MeB(2-C6F5C6F4)3- (8). A similar reaction with 6 results in diastereomeric [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrMe+ FAl(2-C6F5C6F4)3- (10) ion pairs. The molecular structures of 7 and 10 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reorganization pathways available to these species have been examined using EXSY and dynamic NMR, revealing that the cation-MeB(C6F5)3- interaction is considerably weaker/more mobile than in the FAl(2-C6F5C6F4)3--de...
Repetitive bypass and revisions with extensions for limb salvage after multiple previous failures.

The optimal treatment of patients facing imminent amputation after multiple (≥2) failed prior ipsilateral bypasses is unclear. We analyzed a group of patients undergoing multiple lower extremity bypasses for limb salvage to assess the utility of attempting multiple revascularizations. From 1990 to 2005, 105 revascularization procedures were performed in 55 limbs of 54 patients with imminent limb-threatening lower extremity ischemia after failure of ≥2 prior infrainguinal bypasses in the same leg. Fifty-five operations were the third procedure (Group A) and 50 operations were the fourth or more (Group B). We compared primary/secondary patency and limb salvage rates by Society for Vascular Surgery criteria. Limb salvage rates did not differ between patients undergoing a third bypass and those undergoing four or more bypasses at one year (62 versus 65%, NS) or at three years (58 versus 61%, NS). Secondary patency was not different between groups (76 versus 76%, P = NS) at one and three years (71 versus 70%, ...
Preparation of the intensive care patient for major surgery

Improved methods for monitoring and treating critically ill patients have increased the number of surgical candidates with multiorgan system impairment. Whereas such patients may have been considered "too sick to undergo surgery" in the past, many such patients linger in the intensive care unit unless definitive therapy is accomplished. Specific attention to review of the patient's preoperative preparation for surgery on a system-by-system basis may improve outcome substantially. The need for possible mechanical ventilation prior to transport to the operating room must receive particular attention. Pneumothorax, if present, must be treated prior to institution of positive-pressure ventilation so progression to tension pneumothorax can be avoided. Deficits in the circulating blood volume must be identified and corrected preoperatively if possible. A need for enhancement of cardiac output or alteration of vascular tone requires pulmonary arterial catheterization and indicates an increased operative risk. Metabolic abnormalities such as disturbances of acid-base balance, sodium or potassium concentration, and endocrinopathies are identified and corrected as much as possible prior to operation. Antibiotics are instituted as appropriate. Replacement of the red blood cell mass is dictated primarily by anticipated or actual blood loss. Factors of coagulation are infused on a replacement basis as necessary. Great care must be taken during transport to the operating room, as maintenance of intravascular monitoring devices, therapeutic infusions, and mechanical ventilation must continue during transport. Precautions must be taken to avoid hypothermia during transport and institution of anesthesia. Critical illness mandates specific considerations of the anesthetic agents to be utilized.
Does the Catholic Church Have a Mission “with” Jews or “to” Jews?

Over the course of developments since Vatican II, Catholics scholars engaged in dialogue with Jews have interpreted the church's mission as one "with" Jews in furthering the Reign of God. Yet it is evident that others advocate a mission "to" Jews, that is, seek to convert Jews. This essay reviews and assesses the various theological perspectives with regard to the mission of the Catholic Church in relationship to the Jewish people.
Chaotic advection by modulated traveling waves

The predicted transition from a traveling wave to a modulated traveling wave with increasing Rayleigh number was recently observed in an experiment on a water-ethanol mixture heated from below. Close to the codimension-two bifurcation the particle trajectories in such a modulated wave are predicted to be chaotic.
A comparison of metabolism and evaporative water loss of baltimore and bullock orioles

Abstract 1. 1. Both Baltimore and Bullock orioles use about 2·4 ml O2/g per hr at thermoneutrality; this value is approximately 14 per cent lower than the 2·8 value predictable on the basis on mass alone. 2. 2. At 44·0°C, the highes Ta used in this study, Baltimore orioles used significantly more O2 than did Bullock orioles. 3. 3. The rate of evaporative water loss increased only gradually with an increase in Ta at lower Tas, but increased markedly as Ta approached Tb; at 44°C, approximately 100 per cent of the heat produced by metabolic activity was dissipated by evaporative water loss. 4. 4. Both forms showed an increase in Tb at higher Tas; at moderate Tas, the Tb of Bullock orioles is somewhat lower than that of Baltimore orioles, but at 44°C, Bullock orioles appeared to be higher; 25 per cent of the Baltimore orioles tested died at 44°C whereas none of the Bullock orioles died at this Ta. 5. 5. The physiological responses of these two orioles correlate well with their ecological preferences. Where their ranges come into contact, Bullock orioles distributionally replace Baltimore orioles probably because they are physiologically better adapted to hot, dry regions.
Precocious loss of cortical granules during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and correlation with an egg-induced modification of the zona pellucida.

Fertilization results in cortical granule exocytosis, which is thought to be involved in modifications of the zona pellucida that constitute the zona pellucida block to polyspermy. A previous report demonstrated that a decrease in the number of Lens culinaris agglutinin-staining granules, which are likely to be cortical granules, occurred during in vivo mouse oocyte maturation with arrest at metaphase II, as well as the formation of a cortical granule-free domain in the area of the metaphase II spindle (T. Ducibella, E. Anderson, D.F. Albertini, J. Aalberg, and S. Rangarajan, 1988, Dev. Biol. 130, 184-197). We extend these observations by reporting here that germinal vesicle-intact oocytes matured in vitro to metaphase II in either the absence or the presence of serum develop a cortical granule-free domain and have reduced numbers of cortical granules when compared to germinal vesicle-intact oocytes; these changes are similar to those of oocytes matured in vivo. The reduction in the number of cortical granules requires germinal vesicle breakdown, since it is prevented by dibutyryl cAMP, which inhibits germinal vesicle breakdown in vitro. The ability of oocytes to respond to the calcium ionophore A23187 with a reduction in the number of cortical granules is also associated with meiotic maturation and develops between 7 and 12 hr after initiation of maturation. The maturation-associated reduction in the number of cortical granules is likely to represent cortical granule exocytosis, since this reduction is accompanied by the formation of a cortical granule-free domain and a conversion of ZP2 to ZP2f when the oocytes are matured in vitro in serum-free medium; this zona pellucida modification occurs following fertilization and is thought to be due to cortical granule exocytosis. In contrast, the loss of cortical granules and development of the cortical granule-free domain of oocytes matured in vitro in the presence of serum is not accompanied by the modification of ZP2. The inhibitory effect of serum on the ZP2 modification may afford in vivo a physiological mechanism to prevent a precocious modification of the zona pellucida that could result in a premature block to polyspermy and hence inhibit fertilization.
Cognition in Schizophrenia Does Working Memory Work

Recent research suggests that disturbances in social and occupational functioning in individuals with schizophrenia may be more influenced by the severity of cognitive deficits than by the severity of symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. In this article, I review evidence that one component of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is a deficit in working memory, associated with disturbances in the dopamine system in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. I suggest that although the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia include working memory dysfunction, because they arise from a disturbance in executive control processes (e.g., the representation and maintenance of context), they extend to a range of cognitive domains. Finally, I discuss the need for further research on the ways in which contextual processing deficits may influence other aspects of this illness, including emotional processing.
Integrated metabolic regulation during acute rest states in man, similarity to fasting: a biochemical hypothesis.

Abstract Many physiologic changes have been described in association with acute rest states in man. In particular, among metabolic changes, there occur marked decrease of forearm respiratory quotient, increased forearm venous beta-hydroxybutyric acid, decreased forearm lactate generation, and decreased red cell glycolysis. One primary hypothesis of metabolic control that is capable of interrelating these metabolic changes is that in peripheral tissue there is an overall shift of substrate away from glucose toward increased fatty acid beta-oxidation, such as occurs in fasting. since regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism is central to several major disorders, such a putative shift of metabolic control and its mechanism may have many basic and clinical implications, including, especially, slowing of biological aging.
Cytochemical studies on deuterated green algae.

S>Distinct differences were demonstrated in the morphology and in the amounts and distribution of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in deuterated green algae as compared to ordinary algae. Cytochemical methods used in the study are described. Possible reasons for the differences found are discussed. (C.H.)
A bacteriophage-induced 5-methyldeoxycytidine 5′-monophosphate kinase

Bacteriophage XP-12-infected Xanthomonas oryzae have been found to be a source of a kinase preparation which converts m5dCMP to m5dCDP and then to m5dCTP using ATP as the phosphate donor. Optimal formation of the triphosphate required the presence of creatine phosphate and creatine kinase. In the presence of dGTP, dTTP and dATP, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA polymerase catalyzed the incorporation of m5dCTP into DNA just as efficiently as that of dCTP. Neither dTMP nor dCMP served as substrate for the m5dCMP monophosphate kinase. Analogous preparations from uninfected X. oryzae were unable to phosphorylate m5dCMP.
Performance modeling of a closed loop material handling system

Abstract An integrated manufacturing system consisting of a set of work stations, a loading and an unloading station linked by a closed loop material handling system is considered. Each work station has a set of machines and a limited local storage, is capable of processing workpieces belonging to the same family of parts, and is connected to an unloading station. Each workpiece requires only one stage of operation, which may receive it from either one of the work stations. The workpieces enter the system at the loading station, recirculate along the material handling system until they are processed by one of the work stations, and then leave the system through the appropriate unloading stations. The asymptotic performance of the above system is modeled by a queueing network model. Each work station is modeled by a G/M/ S/K queueing system with generally distributed interarrival times, Markovian processing times, S machines, and a local storage of size K . The flows of workpieces inside the system are approximated by a two parameter method. Furthermore, two parametric methodologies are suggested to control the congestion along the material handling system. Finally, numerical results are provided and approximation outcomes are compared against those from a simulation study.
Plant Reproductive Genomics at the Plant and Animal Genome Conference

Exciting advances in our understanding of plantreproductive biology are being spurred both bynew research on established model systems andby the emergence of new models. Moreover, com-parative analyses are placing knowledge derivedfrom each of these systems into an evolution-ary framework and thus providing insights intothe processes responsible for the diversity offorms we see today. The number of species withlarge EST sets for ﬂoral transcriptomes is grow-ing rapidly (Figure 1;
Issues in inductive learning of domain-specific text extraction rules

Domain-specific text analysis requires a dictionary of linguistic patterns that identify references to relevant information in a text. This paper describes CRYSTAL, a fully automated tool that induces such a dictionary of text extraction rules. We discuss some key issues in developing an automatic dictionary induction system, using CRYSTAL as a concrete example. CRYSTAL derives text extraction rules from training instances and generalizes each rule as far as possible, testing the accuracy of each proposed rule on the training corpus. An error tolerance parameter allows CRYSTAL to manipulate a trade-off between recall and precision. We discuss issues involved with creating training data, defining a domain ontology, and allowing a flexible and expressive representation while designing a search control mechanism that avoids intractability.
Outside-in transobturator midurethral sling and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris.

An anatomical study on fresh cadavers was done to determine the vulnerability of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris to injury during “outside–in” transobturator sling procedures. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris was identified bilaterally in ten fresh cadavers. Transfixing needles marked the inferomedial border of the obturator foramen. The distance between the foramen border and the nerve was measured. The nerve ran medially in close approximation to the ischiopubic ramus and inferior to the obturator foramen in all specimens. In no instance did the nerve follow an aberrant course traversing the obturator foramen. The mean distance between the inferomedial border of the obturator foramen and the nerve was 9.3 mm, range 3–14 mm. When the “outside–in” technique is used, the introducer cannot come into contact with the dorsal nerve of the clitoris because the introducer would have to pass through the ischio-pubic ramus. This is not anatomically possible.
Conflicts of interest among authors of clinical practice guidelines for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background Conflict of interest (COI) is an important potential source of bias in the development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).
Exchange of water vapor between the atmosphere and surface of Mars

A model for exchange of water from the atmosphere to condensing CO2 caps is developed. The rate of water condensation in the caps is assumed to be proportional to the meridional heat flux. It follows that the amount of water condensed in the caps varies inversely with the amount of CO2 condensed. The seasonal phase of the release of water from the caps is not consistent with observed variations in the abundance of atmospheric water. Seasonal variations of atmospheric water abundance are most consistent with vapor exchange between the atmosphere and permafrost in the subtropics. Although water condensation in semipermanent caps is normally very slow, it may take place at a much faster rate at unusually high atmospheric temperatures, such as those produced by absorption of solar radiation by airborne dust.
Determinants of air cargo traffic in California

Abstract Studies on the economic impacts of air cargo traffic have been gaining traction in recent years. The slowed growth of air cargo traffic at California’s airports, however, has raised pressing questions about the determinants of air cargo traffic. Specifically, it would be useful to know how California’s air cargo traffic is affected by urban economic characteristics. Accordingly, this study estimates the socioeconomic determinants of air cargo traffic across cities in California. We construct a 7-year panel (2003–2009) using quarterly employment, wage, population, and traffic data for metro areas in the state. Our results reveal that the concentrations of both service and manufacturing employment impact the volume of outbound air cargo. Total air cargo traffic is found to grow faster than population, while the corresponding domestic traffic grows less than proportionally to city size. Wages play a significant role in determining both total and domestic air cargo movement. We provide point estimates for traffic diversion between cities, showing that 80% of air cargo traffic is diverted away from a small city located within 100 miles of a large one. Using socioeconomic and demographic forecasts prepared for California’s Department of Transportation, we also forecast metro-level total and domestic air cargo tonnage for the years 2010–2040. Our forecasts for this period indicate that California’s total (domestic) air cargo traffic will increase at an average rate of 5.9% (4.4%) per year.
The Effectiveness of Mental Practice in Improving the Performance of College Trombonists

This study examined the relative effectiveness of mental practice in improving trombone performance. The experiment involved 30 trombonists from three colleges. They were randomly assigned to one of five experimental practice conditions: (1) all physical practice, (2) all mental practice, (3) a combination of physical and mental practice, (4) mental practice with simulated slide movement, and (5) no practice (control). A short etude served as both a pre- and posttest. A one-way analysis of covariance and subsequent Scheffe's Test found three pairs of groups significantly different from each other: (1) combined practice and no practice, (2) combined practice and mental practice, and (3) physical practice and no practice. The results of the study suggest that the use of mental with physical practice can accrue many benefits for the skilled trombonist.
Native plants provide equal or better nutrition than crop plants in wildlife plantings

As a wildlife biologist, I have often wondered about the tendency of land managers toward planting nonnative species for wildlife, purportedly because of superior nutritional characteristics. Therefore, I analyzed seeds of 26 species of plants for 3 key nutritional factors: gross energy, crude protein, and crude fat. Six of the species were nonnative (including 4 common agricultural crops), whereas the other 20 were native North American plants often reported in wildlife food habits studies. Two crop plants ( Helianthus annuus L. [Asteraceae] and Glycine max (L.) Merr. [Fabaceae]), one nonnative plant ( Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. [Fabaceae]), and 7 native species had the 10 highest values of crude fat. Glycine max , along with 2 nonnative Lespedeza species and 7 native species had the greatest values of crude protein. For gross energy, Helianthus annuus and Glycine max , along with 8 native species, ranked highest. When comparing the combination of gross energy, crude fat, and crude protein for all species, 4 nonnative and 6 native species ranked highest. This study, the first to test these species with identical procedures, provides comparative evidence that supports using native plants, rather than agricultural and other nonnative species, to supply wildlife winter food.
Contribution of Orb2A Stability in Regulated Amyloid-Like Oligomerization of Drosophila Orb2

How learned experiences persist as memory for a long time is an important question. In Drosophila the persistence of memory is dependent upon amyloid-like oligomers of the Orb2 protein. However, it is not clear how the conversion of Orb2 to the amyloid-like oligomeric state is regulated. The Orb2 has two protein isoforms, and the rare Orb2A isoform is critical for oligomerization of the ubiquitous Orb2B isoform. Here, we report the discovery of a protein network comprised of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), Transducer of Erb-B2 (Tob), and Lim Kinase (LimK) that controls the abundance of Orb2A. PP2A maintains Orb2A in an unphosphorylated and unstable state, whereas Tob-LimK phosphorylates and stabilizes Orb2A. Mutation of LimK abolishes activity-dependent Orb2 oligomerization in the adult brain. Moreover, Tob-Orb2 association is modulated by neuronal activity and Tob activity in the mushroom body is required for stable memory formation. These observations suggest that the interplay between PP2A and Tob-LimK activity may dynamically regulate Orb2 amyloid-like oligomer formation and the stabilization of memories.
Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease

Background Permanent pacing (PM) in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents unique challenges—with little known about the long-term outcomes.