cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Energy-Loss Spectrum

The term “energy-loss” spectrometry implies that we are only interested in inelastic interactions, but the spectrum will also contain electrons which have not lost any energy so we need to consider elastic scattering as well. We’ll deal with three principal regions of the energy-loss spectrum: The zero-loss peak, which consists primarily of elastic forward-scattered electrons, but also contains electrons that have suffered minor (unresolvable) energy losses. The low-loss region up to an energy loss of ~50 eV contains electrons which have interacted with the weakly bound outer-shell electrons of the atoms in the specimen. Electrons in the high-loss region have interacted with the more tightly bound inner-shell or “core” electrons.
Commentary: Reactions to Bull, Bull, Garofalo, and Harris

“Grand Challenges: Preparing for the Technological Tipping Point” by Bull, Bull, Garofalo, and Harris (2002) presented a strong message about the coming age of ubiquitous computing and provided concrete evidence of the necessity for educators to be ready for this new era. The case for the inevitable explosion of computing resources in the schools is clearly made, as well as the challenges that may lie in this technological wake. The article provided concrete examples of educational amplifiers and the dangers of entrenchment, and acknowledged the didactic digital divide that can occur based upon the preparation of teachers. What the article did not address is a perhaps the greatest challenge to the successful accommodation of technological resources. For ubiquitous computing to positively impact teaching and learning, a new vision of teaching and learning—a pedagogical paradigm shift—is needed.
Girdling of early season ‘Mayfire’ nectarine trees

The effect of four times of limb girdling on fruit and tree response was examined on ‘Mayfire’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Girdling prior to Stage II of fruit growth reduced the lag phase associated with Stage II, and caused peak fruit growth rates to occur earlier in the season than on later girdled or ungirdled trees. Optimum response was obtained by girdling prior to Stage II, when fruit seed length was approximately 10 mm. Girdling at this time increased fruit weight by 22.5% and more than doubled the percentage of fruit in the largest three size categories. Maturity, measured as soluble solids concentration, was increased by 42%. Shoot extension growth was reduced only by early girdling. Leaf weight per unit area was increased, and leaf nutrient concentrations were decreased by all girdling treatments. Leaf conductance to water vapour (g,) was not affected when measured 8 days prior to and 78 days after harvest. Fifteen days after harvest, g, was decreased in all girdling treatments.
Nighttime media use in adolescents with ADHD: links to sleep problems and internalizing symptoms.

Abstract Objective This study examined nighttime media use in relation to sleep problems and anxiety/depression symptoms in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Participants were 81 adolescents (69% male) ages 13–17 with ADHD. Adolescents completed measures assessing pubertal development, nighttime media use, circadian preference, and daytime sleepiness. Both adolescents and parents completed measures of sleep duration, sleep problems, and internalizing symptoms. Results When summing across media uses (eg, social networking, playing video games, watching television), the average nighttime media use (after 9:00PM) was 5.31 h. Overall, 63% of adolescents reported obtaining less than 8 h of sleep on school nights, and this percentage rose to 77% for parent-reported sleep duration. Moreover, adolescents obtaining less sleep than recommended had more nighttime media use than those obtaining ≥8 h of nightly sleep. Controlling for age, sex, pubertal development, stimulant medication use, and ADHD symptom severity; nighttime media use was associated with shorter sleep duration and increased sleep problems across both adolescent and parent report. Media use was also associated with greater adolescent-reported anxiety and depression, and marginally associated with eveningness circadian preference and greater daytime sleepiness. In considering specific anxiety dimensions, media use was associated with greater adolescent-reported panic symptoms and parent-reported generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. Conclusions Our findings suggest that nighttime media use may contribute to sleep problems and comorbid internalizing symptoms in adolescents with ADHD, although additional studies are needed to determine causality, potential bidirectional associations, and underlying mechanisms such as using media to (mis)manage negative emotions. Media use is important to assess and monitor and may be a significant intervention target when addressing sleep and internalizing problems, and possible underlying cognitive-emotional processes in adolescents with ADHD.
Mass Spectrometry Facility Montana State University, Bozeman

CF-29 Located at Montana State University, the biomolecular Core Facilities support education and research by providing a wide range of multidisciplinary expertise, resources, and personnel. There are nine individual Cores, each focusing on a particular discipline: the Animal Resource Center, Bioinformatics, FACS, Functional Genomics, Imaging and Chemical Analysis (ICAL), Metabolomics, Microscopy, Proteomics, and TEM. The Bioinformatics Core provides training, manages computational clusters, organizes the Bioinformatics Users' Group, and provides support for genomic and proteomic analysis and computational tools. The Functional Genomics Core houses mini-fluorometers and nanodrop spectrometers; Affymetrix and slide array hybridization, scanning, and analysis equipment; and CombiMatrix arrays. Microdissection is provided via a Zeiss fluorescence-equipped microscope, PALM LMPC, and optical tweezers. The Microscopy Core provides optical and confocal microscopy with two Nikon microscopes for light and epi-fluorescent imaging and two Leica CSLMs. The confocal microscopes have multiple laser lines for excitation and a two-photon infrared laser for thicker samples. ICAL is dedicated to the characterization of materials through high resolution imaging and spectroscopy. Instrumentation includes AFM, FESEM, SEM, TOF-SIMS, X-ray powder diffraction spec, and scanning auger electron microprobe. The Metabolomics Core makes use of both NMR and MS to identify and quantify small molecule metabolites (<1000 Da) in complex biological systems, and the NMR facility is also involved in the characterization of protein structure and dynamics for larger molecules. MS and 2D-PAGE services are provided by the Proteomics Core for the analysis of proteomics, intact proteins, metabolites, and small molecules. Instruments include GCMS, MALDI with MS/MS, Agilent Chip Cube ion trap, and several high-resolution ESI-quad-TOFs. Cooperation between the Core Facilities improves efficiency and provides vertical integration for research: researchers can perform diverse experiments hands-on via open-access facilities, avoiding experiment outsourcing and the associated delays. This accelerates research and encourages researcher involvement in novel collaboratory projects.
Comparison of Secondary Topology of the LLC Converter for Photovoltaic Application

LLC converter is a popular topology for renewable energy area. Microconverter is such an application for modular photovoltaic system solution. The converter is designed with large voltage conversion ratio for the individual PV panel to dc bus connection and requires full galvanic isolation for safety. In this paper, LLC converters with active full-bridge and active voltage-doubler secondary topology are studied in comparison. Operating analysis is presented for system understanding and functionality comparison. Then performance is analyzed and supported with hardware testing verification. Overall, it validates the advantages of LLC topology in such application. In addition, it is revealed that though there are similarities in operation, the differences in the secondary topology effect the parasitic parameters in the circuitry, which have significant influences in performance for such high-efficiency circuits. The result proves that active voltage-doubler secondary LLC studied has advantages in transformer design and performance.
The invisible challenges: Gender differences among public administration faculty

Female faculty members in public service programs take on a disproportionate amount of advising and mentoring responsibilities yet are less likely to be in leadership positions at universities. Wom...
Book Review: Comparative Competition Policy: National Institutions in a Global Market

It is not surprising that scholarship relating to competition law, especially its comparative and international dimensions, has been dominated by scholars based in either law or economics. As obviously important as these two perspectives are, however, they are by themselves often too narrow to illuminate important aspects of the operation of competition law systems. Professors Bruce Doern and Stephen Wilks have tackled this deficit, bringing the perspectives and methodologies of political science to bear on global competition law issues. The volume of essays they have edited is a welcome and valuable step toward expanding the horizons of competition law and increasing our understanding of how competition law systems operate.
Identifying Toxicant-Interacting Genes Using Forward Genetic Screening in Zebrafish

Forward genetic screening is an extremely powerful method for identifying novel genes driving a broad range of phenotypes. This protocol describes the complete process for conducting a forward genetic screen in zebrafish, including mutagenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), mating, phenotypic screening, and genetic mapping.
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: the conundrum is here to stay

The most rapid growth in cannabis abuse since the 1960s, more documented in developed countries, has become more closely linked to youth culture and the age of initiation is usually lower than for other drugs. Approximately 50% of people in the USA have their first exposure of marijuana by the age of 20 years.1 It has been shown to ease chronic pain, improve sleep and relieve nausea associated with chemotherapy. However, there are also reports it can also impair cognitive development, result in dependence, exacerbate psychiatric morbidities, cause airway injury and affect fetal development when taken during pregnancy. Thus, the message seems to be ‘no gain without pain’. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) was first reported in 2004, described as a pattern of cyclic vomiting, and compulsive hot water bathing in chronic cannabis users. Cessation of cannabis use led to resolution of vomiting episodes in most patients.2 …
The Visual Pattern in the Collatz Conjecture and Proof of No Non-Trivial Cycles

We present the long sought visual pattern in the Collatz problem with the aid of a logarithmic spiral. Using this newly discovered pattern, we show that the Collatz problem is linked to primes via Jacobsthal numbers. We then prove that no non-trivial cycles exist on the spiral and by extension in the Collatz problem.
“We Are Meddling”: anti-Colonialism and the British Cold War against the Guatemalan Revolution, 1944–1954

This article reveals how the British government contested the democratic governments of Guatemala from the mid-1940s into the early 1950s. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Guatemalan R...
Less Common Rectal Tumors

While the majority of malignant rectal neoplasms are adenocarcinomas, and the majority of anal malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas, other less frequent histologic subtypes are encountered in the rectum and anus. They include carcinoid tumors, rectal lymphoma, anorectal melanoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the rectum, vascular lesions, squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum and its variants, rectal sarcomatous lesions, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the rectum, leiomyosarcoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. These less common histiotypes will undoubtedly be encountered in clinical practice and deserve mention. Due to their rarity, these tumors frequently pose a challenge with diagnosis, staging, pathology, management, and follow-up. In this chapter we will discuss tumor biology, natural history and treatment options for these rare tumors and offer a data-driven, evidence-based approach to guide their management.
What Constitutes the Costs and Advantages of Firms Investing Overseas

Different theoretical perspectives offer conflicting views regarding the sources of costs and advantages of firms investing overseas. Empirical analyses of financial services affiliates in London illustrate considerable inconsistencies with the predictions of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) theory regarding the significance of these attributes and their classification as costs or advantages. These analyses suggest that the performance consequences of the costs and advantages depend on a variety of contingencies and change significantly over time, questioning the categorical assignment of these attributes as costs or advantages in MNE theory. The findings provide a basis for adequate and nuanced strategic treatment of the costs and advantages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lasers and Electrothermal Devices

The Ho:YAG laser and RF devices are valuable tools in the wrist surgeon’s armamentarium. The advantages of the laser/RF devices include their small size and the efficiency they bring to wrist arthroscopy, as well as their ability to cauterize and precisely titrate the amount of power delivered to the operative site. This chapter reviews the physics of lasers and radio frequency devices as well as their impact on the tissues of the wrist. The use of lasers and thermal devices in wrist arthroscopy is systematically presented.
Multi-meshed tree routing for Internet MANETs

We propose a layer 2 routing and forwarding scheme called multi-meshed tree (MMT) routing for MANETs connected to Internet. The specifications for this scheme were drawn from unique features of Internet MANETs. We evaluate this scheme for joining delays experienced by mobiles, end-to-delay frame delivery delays and upstream and downstream data throughput. We present analytical and simulation models. Results presented show the superior performance of the scheme.
Federal project evaluation and intangible resources : The Tellico Dam☆

Abstract A model of resource evaluation incorporating reversibility of actions and substitutability for resource services is presented, along with associated decision criteria. The model extends and generalizes the Krutilla—Fisher procedure for evaluating unique resources. The more general technique is used to assess the official analysis of the Tellico Dam project in eastern Tennessee. In terms of measured values, the preservation option is shown to be superior to development only under extreme assumptions. The existence of substantial unmeasured preservation values in the Tellico case strengthens the environmentalist position, however, particularly since net benefits of development are apparently negative.
Can renal oncocytomas be distinguished from renal cell carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration specimens? A study of conventional smears in conjunction with ancillary studies.

BACKGROUND The reliability of using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to distinguish renal oncocytoma (RO), a benign tumor, from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which has eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, has been questionable. However, it is clinically significant, because radical nephrectomy may be avoided in patients with RO. The authors retrospectively studied the cytologic features and ancillary study findings of RO compared with findings in RCCs with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm to evaluate the reliability of FNA-based diagnosis of RO. METHODS The authors reviewed 19 tumors, including 11 ROs, three chromophobe RCCs (CRCCs), three granular variant RCCs (GRCCs), and two eosinophilic variant papillary RCCs (EPRCCs). Smears and cell blocks were prepared using either computed tomography-guided or ultrasound-guided FNA material. Surgical specimens were available for all tumors. Cytokeratin, vimentin, and Hale colloidal iron (HCI) stains were performed on all 19 tumors. Electron microscopy (EM) was available for six tumors. RESULTS Although most tumors demonstrated their classic cytologic features, the specific diagnosis using conventional smears or even core biopsies was difficult in some tumors, especially ROs, due to the overlapping cytomorphology among these tumors. Cytologic material was obtained from 10 of 11 RO specimens. Of 10 ROs, 8 original FNA-based diagnoses were oncocytic neoplasm. Immunoperoxidase studies revealed that all tumors of each type were positive for cytokeratin, whereas only GRCCs and EPRCCs were positive for vimentin. The two vimentin negative neoplasms, RO and CRCC, could be distinguished by HCI stain, which showed diffuse or focal cytoplasmic positivity in CRCCs and apical/perinuclear staining (73%) or negative staining (27%) in ROs. Ultrastructurally, cytoplasm densely packed with mitochondria was characteristic for oncocytoma. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that ROs can be distinguished reliably from RCCs on the basis of cytologic morphology combined with ancillary studies, including immunostaining with cytokeratin and vimentin antibodies and HCI stain. EM provides additional information to confirm the diagnoses. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:390–7. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGMOD workshop on Research issues in data mining and knowledge discovery

Continuous data streams arise naturally, for example, in the installations of large telecom and Internet service providers where detailed usage information (Call-Detail-Records, SNMP/RMON packet-flow data, etc.) from different parts of the underlying network needs to be continuously collected and analyzed for interesting trends. Such environments raise a critical need for effective stream-processing algorithms that can provide (typically, approximate) answers to data-analysis queries while utilizing only small space (to maintain concise stream synopses) and small processing time per stream item. In this talk, I will discuss the basic pseudo-random sketching mechanism for building stream synopses and our ongoing work that exploits sketch synopses to build an approximate SQL (multi) query processor. I will also describe our recent results on extending sketching to handle more complex forms of queries and streaming data (e.g., similarity joins over streams of XML trees), and try to identify some challenging open problems in the data-streaming area. DMKD03: 8th ACM SIGMOD Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2003 page 1 DMKD03: 8th ACM SIGMOD Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2003 page 2 A Symbolic Representation of Time Series, with Implications for Streaming Algorithms Jessica Lin Eamonn Keogh Stefano Lonardi Bill Chiu University of California Riverside Computer Science & Engineering Department Riverside, CA 92521, USA {jessica, eamonn, stelo, bill}@cs.ucr.edu
Vitamin D analogs: new therapeutic agents for secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Patients with chronic renal failure frequently develop secondary hyperparathyroidism, primarily as a result of phosphate retention and low serum 1,25(OH)2D3. Replacement therapy with calcitriol or its synthetic precursor alfacalcidol [1α(OH)D3] often produces hypercalcemia, especially when combined with calcium-based phosphate binders. In addition, the natural vitamin D compounds can exacerbate the hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure. This combined increase in calcium and phosphate has been correlated with vascular calcification leading to coronary artery disease, the most common cause of mortality in renal patients. Several vitamin D analogs have now been developed that retain the direct suppressive action of calcitriol on the parathyroid glands but have less calcemic activity, thereby offering a safer and more effective means of controlling secondary hyperparathyroidism. Maxacalcitol [22-oxa-1,25(OH)2D3] and falecalcitriol [1,25(OH)2-26,27-F6-D3] are currently available in Japan, and paricalcitol [19-nor-1,25(OH)2D2] and doxercalciferol [1α(OH)D2] are available in the US. The mechanisms by which these analogs exert their selective actions on the parathyroid glands are under investigation. The low calcemic activity of maxacalcitol has been attributed to its rapid clearance from the circulation. This prevents sustained effects on intestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption, but still allows a prolonged suppression of parathyroid hormone gene expression. The selectivity of the other analogs is achieved by distinct mechanisms. Understanding how these compounds exert their selective actions on the parathyroid glands will aid in the design of safer, more effective analogs.
Studies on Adenosine Triphosphate Transphosphorylases IX. KINETIC PROPERTIES OF THE CRYSTALLINE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE-CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE FROM CALF BRAIN

Abstract The steady state kinetics of the calf brain ATP-creatine transphosphorylase seems to be adequately expressed by a random quasi-equilibrium type of mechanism with a rate-limiting step at the interconversion of the ternary complexes and for a case without independent binding of the substrates. Values for the kinetic parameters at pH 8.8, 30°, have been deduced. The over-all equilibrium constant, calculated kinetically from the Haldane relations, agreed satisfactorily with the thermodynamic value assigned previously (Kuby and Noltmann, The enzymes, Vol. 6, 1962, p. 515). Values for Ks1 versus Ks1 (i.e. intrinsic dissociation constants of the substrate from the ternary and binary complexes, respectively) differed very significantly (e.g. for the forward reaction: Kmgatp2- and Kmgatp2- were 1.35 x 10-4 and 0.93 x 10-3 m, Kcreatine and Kcreatine were 3.7 x 10-3 m and 2.9 x 10-2 m, respectively). The possibility might then be entertained, that at pH 8.8, an enhancement in binding of the individual substrate in the ternary complex has occurred compared to the binary enzyme-substrate complex (cf. Morrison and James, Biochem. J., 97, 37 (1965)). Also, it has been tentatively concluded that ADP3- may compete with MgADP- for binding to the enzyme with a type of inhibition at high ADP0 concentrations which has been evaluated in terms of an abortive and inactive ternary complex with creatine phosphate2-, and which forms also in a random manner. The kinetic parameters have also been estimated for the calf muscle isoenzyme at pH 8.8 (and calculated for the above mechanism). Certain distinguishing kinetic features of each isoenzyme at pH 8.8 are then briefly outlined. A further comparison of the calf brain enzyme's kinetic data obtained at pH 8.8 with those obtained at pH 7.4 reveal several significant differences in the derived parameters, especially in Vmaxreverse (with a large increase), in Kcr∼p2- (with a large decrease), and in comparatively smaller (or even insignificant) decreases between respective Ks1 and Ks1 values (in which case, the brain-type enzyme seems to approach the muscle-type enzyme in its kinetic characteristics). An over-all evaluation of the data (physical, chemical, and kinetic) gathered for the calf brain ATP-creatine transphosphorylase seems to lead to the conclusion that it is susceptible to gross conformational changes as a result of environmental influences, in contrast to the more stable molecular unit to be found in the muscle-type ATP-creatine transphosphorylase.
Survivor Rongelap: Health issues and use of traditional medicine among the women of Rongelap Atoll

Normal 0 The people of Rongelap atoll have always been survivors. For centuries they survived in one of the most extreme environments in the world by making the most of the resources available to them. Life was further complicated when they were exposed to fallout from nuclear testing by the U.S. Consequently they have suffered horrible medical ailments and exile from their island home. With plans now in the works for repatriation to Rongelap atoll, safety is the first concern. We believe that the risk of consuming traditional plant-based remedies on Rongelap has been underestimated. Women and infants are particularly at risk because they utilize far more traditional remedies than the rest of the community. Some returning Rongelap Islanders may be consuming more than 60 times the number of remedies than was previously thought. We make some suggestions of ways to make the consumption of traditional remedies safe while still maintaining important cultural traditions.
Nutritional Studies of the Dermatophytes with Special Reference to Trichophyton Megnini Blanchard 1896 and Trichophyton Gallinae (Megnin 1881) Comb. Nov.

As is well known, three genera of Dermatophytes are recognized on the basis of microscopic morphology in culture; namely, Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Differentiation of species is not a great problem in the last two genera since they are few in number and sufficiently characteristic to make identification relatively simple. In the genus Trichophyton, however, a different situation exists. A large number of species has been described for this genus since the time of the original description of Trichophyton ton-surans by Malmsten in 1845 (1). At the time Sabouraud published “Les Teignes” in 1910 (2), he listed 31 species in the genus Trichophyton, basing species differentiation on the morphology of the fungus colony on a peptone-carbohydrate medium, his so-called “Milieux d'epreuve.” From time to time it has been shown that many of these were not distinct species, but merely variants or mutations of one or another of the well-recognized types. There is still some disagreement among both European and American mycologists as to the number of species they recognize, and also which ones should be regarded as variants and which should fall into synonymy.
Some Random Thoughts on Monte Carlo Electron and Photon Transport

I would like to preface my presentation with some very personal remarks, a tribute to two gentlemen. Both of them have exerted enormous impact on our field. Either of them ought to be giving this plenary session lecture. They were both enthusiastically invited, but neither could be here due to health reasons. I am sure that you would all join me in wishing them well.
A Comparison of Classifiers for Real-Time Eye Detection

We describe a system for detecting and tracking human eyes using a digital camera. The system uses the combination ofan active illumination scheme to detect eyes and an appearance-based object classifier to weed out spurious detections.We briefly describe the eye-detection mechanism and then we compare the performances of subspace Gaussian classifiers and support vector machines applied to this task.
A Holistic Framework for Nursing Time: Implications for Theory, Practice, and Research

Topic Nursing time has relevance for those who produce it, those who receive it and those who must pay for it. Though the term nursing time may be commonly used, a common understanding of the concept within the fields of nursing and healthcare administration is lacking.
Unsolicited Advice for the Obama Administration

Current handwringing about projected federal deficits is overblown. Unlike the deficits of 2001-2008, which were used largely to pay for consumption, much of the projected borrowing will pay for long- neglected infrastructure investments with high rates of return. If the alternative were to forgo those investments, our children and grandchildren would actually be richer, not poorer, if we made them with borrowed money. But they'd be much richer still in the long run if we paid for the investments with our own money. There’s actually a relatively simple and painless way to do that. Once the economy has again reached full employment, we should adopt a new tax system focused on behaviors that cause injury to others. Because taxing such behaviors curtails waste, it creates new revenue essentially out of thin air.
Efficient delivery of radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multidisciplinary approach.

BACKGROUND: Cystectomy delay >90 days after a diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) adversely affects pathologic stage and survival outcomes in patients who undergo primary surgery. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the impact of the timing of cystectomy delivery on these outcomes is uncertain. Poor communication between urologic and medical oncologists can result in cystectomy delay after systemic treatment. The authors of this report hypothesized that a delay in cystectomy delivery after NAC is associated with adverse survival outcomes. METHODS: An eligible cohort of 153 patients with MIBC received NAC and underwent radical cystectomy between 1990 and 2007. At the authors' institution, the genitourinary team strives to schedule patients for surgery at the time of initial evaluation or after their first chemotherapy cycle. Clinicopathologic characteristics, including timing of cystectomy, chemotherapy delivery, vital status, and reasons for excessive surgical delay, were analyzed retrospectively using an institutional database. A Cox proportional regression model was used to test the association between the timing of cystectomy delivery and survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up for all patients was 3.6 years. The median time to cystectomy was 16.6 weeks and 6.9 weeks from the first and last day of NAC, respectively. In multivariate analyses, the timing of cystectomy delivery from the termination of NAC did not significantly alter the risk of survival. The most common reason for cystectomy delivery beyond 10 weeks (28 patients; 18%) was procedural scheduling. CONCLUSIONS: Cystectomy delivery within 10 weeks after NAC did not compromise patient survival and, thus, provided a reasonable window for patient recovery and surgical intervention. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
EXPERIMENTAL LARGE-VOLUME HEMODILUTION.

1. Large-volume hemodilution was experimentally performed with a standardized reservoir arteriovenous fistula preparation in which intra- and extracorporeal volumes were kept constant. Vasopressors, buffers, hypothermia, and overinfusion were not employed. 2. Control studies with 10 ml/kg of various diluents revealed hemodynamic, volumetric, and biochemical stability of the experimental preparation. 3. Homologous blood exchange (100 ml/kg) with heart worm-free donors and recipients caused arterial hypotension, hepatic and pulmonary congestion, and depressed renal function. 4. All diluents tested produced hypotension and metabolic acidosis under the conditions of the experiment when used in amounts approximately equivalent to canine blood volumes. Ten per cent of the diluted animals expired from shock. 5. Blood pressure was initially better sustained with low molecular weight dextran, dextrose-Ringer's-albumin, and dextrose-Ringer's solutions, but the effect was short lived. 6. Cardiac outputs and total bl...
Multiple Forms of Phenoloxidase

SUMMARY— The phenoloxidase system in the tissues of mushrooms, potatoes, and apples was investigated using a polyacrylamide electrophoretic technique. The enzyme system was shown to exhibit the phenomenon of multiple forms. The multiple form pattern obtained was highly characteristic for each individual species and variety studied, and substrate specificity was evident. The mushroom phenoloxidase system (Agaricus campestris) was shown to consist of at least nine distinct dl-dopa-reactive multiple forms, and at least three forms reacting with I-tyrosine. Potatoes (var. Rural Russet) showed at least 11 bands of dl-dopa activity, while apples (var. Golden Delicious) had at least three multiple forms of dl-dopa activity. By introducing the “multiphase” gel electrophoretic technique a better resolution of the multiple forms was obtained. A group of closely related dl-dopa multiple forms in mushrooms had the unique ability to withstand the temperature of 70°C for one hour. Sulfite, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and other treatments affected the multiple forms differently. Each multiple form behaved as an individual entity upon repeated elutions and electrophoreses.
Induction of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA by seizures in neonatal and juvenile rat brain

Seizures have been shown to regulate neurotrophin expression in adult mammalian brain. However, there has been some controversy as to whether seizures affect neurotrophin expression in very immature brain. In the present study, we have examined the effects of seizures induced by pilocarpine following lithium pretreatment or by kainic acid on the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in developing rat brain by in situ hybridization. In adult brain, lithium/pilocarpine treatment resulted in dramatic elevations of hybridization to BDNF cRNA in neocortical and limbic brain structures. In developing brain, lithium/pilocarpine induced elevations of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus, piriform and entorhinal cortex as early as postnatal day 7 (P7). By P12, the pattern of enhanced expression was similar to that of the adult. Maximal elevations of hybridization were present 2 to 4 h following pilocarpine injection. Electrophysiological recording demonstrated that lithium/pilocarpine treatment resulted in electrographic seizures. Pretreatment with diazepam blocked the seizures as well as the elevation of BDNF mRNA. Kainic acid induced elevations of BDNF mRNA in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer, but not in other brain areas in pups as young as P7. These data indicate that seizures during the neonatal and early juvenile period of brain development induce elevated BDNF mRNA expression, and that different methods of seizure induction yield different patterns of elevations in hybridization. Furthermore, BDNF may be capable of playing a role in the development of seizure susceptibility in the immature brain.
Modeling of ancient climate from deuterium content of water in volcanic glass

Abstract The explosive nature of the eruptions that produced rhyolitic tephras resulted in the ash being distributed over large areas. This ash, within a few thousand years after deposition, incorporated relatively large amounts of environmental water (up to 3.5%) into the glass structure. This hydration water is shown to retain its original deuterium concentration through time, and because the deuterium content of precipitation has been used for climate characterization, the hydration water, which is related to ancient precipitation, can be used to investigate ancient climates. Based on the analysis of ash samples dated at 13,700, 11,200 and 8500 BP, the climate in the states of Washington and Montana may have been about 3–6°C cooler at the end of the Pleistocene or Early Holocene than the present. We observe no change in the deuterium concentration of surface waters, and hence climate, in that region post-8500 BP.
Long-term P and K applications : II. Effect on corn and soybean yields and plant P and K concentrations

Increasing emphasis on environmentally sound nutrient management requires an improved understanding of fertilizer P and K needs for profitable crop production. A 20-yr study was conducted on two glacial till soils to determine: (i) the effect of various P and K rates on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields and profitability during a 12-yr application phase and an 8-yr residual phase, and (ii) whether triennial applications of P and K produce crop yields equal to those from annual applications. Initial Bray P 1 and exchangeable K soil tests were 22 and 150 ppm, respectively, for the Webster clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls) and 10 and 228 ppm, respectively, for the Aastad clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Phosphorus and K were applied annually for 12 yr at rates of 0, 50, and 100 lb P 2 O 5 /acre and 0, 50, and 100 lb K 2 O/acre while rates of 150 lb P 2 O 5 /acre and 150 lb K 2 O/acre were applied every third year. Yields were improved by the 50-lb P 2 O 5 rate in 6 of 12 yr when the soil test P (STP) was <22 ppm for the Webster soil and in 8 of 12 yr when the STP was ≤10 ppm for the Aastad soil. Yields were not improved further by the 100-lb P 2 O 5 rate on either soil. Yields from triennial P application were similar to those from annual P application in 23 of 24 site-yr. Annual application of fertilizer K increased yield only in 3 of 24 site-yr. During the 8-yr residual period, yields were increased above the eontrol in all 15 site-yr by carryover from the 50-lb P 2 O 5 rate. Corn yields were optimized at leaf K concentrations ranging from 1.14 to 2.29%, indicating the importance of knowing nutrient uptake characteristics of hybrids when assessing the K status of corn. Economic return was generally highest with the 150-lb P 2 O 5 rate applied every third year. Results from this study indicate that most profitable long-term returns can be obtained with broadcast applications of 150 lb P 2 O 5 /acre on a triennial basis and by monitoring STP and soil test K (STK) to take advantage of residual availability.
Perpendicular magnetic recording technology at 230 Gbit/in2

Abstract A perpendicular recording system that allows areal densities beyond 200 Gbit/in 2 has been designed and tested to investigate the major challenges in perpendicular magnetic recording. The integrated write/read head has a trailing shield to improve the write head field gradient and a conventional CIP–GMR reader. The medium is a low-noise CoPtCr-based oxide medium with a CoTaZr soft underlayer. On track byte error rates at ∼ 50 Mb/s are better than 10 −4 at ∼1000 kbpi. Using a 15% off-track criterion at 10 −2 byte error rate, track densities between 200–240 ktpi are realized, yielding areal densities of 210–233 Gbit/in 2 . High-resolution magnetic force microscopy (hrMFM) has been employed to investigate the write characteristics of these heads with improved cross-track resolution. Using a quantitative analysis method, many parameters, such as transition curvature and transition width, are estimated from the hrMFM image. Significant transition curvature is found, which increases the width of the read head response to a transition, T 50 , by 2–3 nm.These results give insights into the recording physics of perpendicular recording and in particular point out improvements required for achieving even higher areal densities.
Thymic neuroendocrine tumors (paraganglioma and carcinoid tumors): a comparative immunohistochemical study of 46 cases

Twenty-two paragangliomas from different anatomical sites and 24 thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumors) were analyzed for traditional and novel immunohistochemical markers. In the paraganglioma group, there were 8 men and 14 women between the ages of 23 and 79 years (mean, 46 years). Their symptoms depended on the location of the tumor and included neck swelling and Horner syndrome for neck tumors, whereas abdominal and chest pain was present in tumors of the abdomen and mediastinum, respectively. One patient had Carney triad. In the carcinoid group, the patients were 20 men and 4 women between the ages of 25 and 78 years (mean, 48 years). These patients were symptomatic with chest pain, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. One patient presented with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Complete surgical resection was accomplished in all patients. The 46 neuroendocrine tumors were evaluated for GATA-3, pancytokeratin, thryoid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), napsin A, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin. All paragangliomas were universally positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin, but negative for pancytokeratin, TTF-1, and napsin A. GATA-3 was expressed in 12 (55%) of 22 tumors. The thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumors) were universally positive for pancytokeratin, but negative for GATA-3 and napsin A. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin were expressed in 92% and 88% of cases, respectively, and TTF-1 in 4 (17%) of 24 cases. Based on these results, we recommend that the workup of neuroendocrine tumors should include not only the conventional neuroendocrine markers and pancytokeratin but also other markers such as GATA-3 and TTF-1 in order to arrive at a better interpretation.
Production of (S)-1-Benzyl-3-diazo-2-oxopropylcarbamic Acid tert-Butyl Ester, a Diazoketone Pharmaceutical Intermediate, Employing a Small Scale Continuous Reactor

N-Boc-(1S)-benzylhydroxy-3-chloropropylamine (6) is a precursor to pharmaceutically active compounds that act as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors. It is currently being produced via a batch process which includes a homologation step with diazomethane. This article considers the challenges faced when converting a traditional batch process to a continuous flow system for the production of the key intermediate (S)-1-benzyl-3-diazo-2-oxopropylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester (4). A continuous flow reactor was designed, built, and used to carry out a two step reaction sequence: the formation of a temperature sensitive mixed anhydride intermediate (3) and the subsequent reaction of that intermediate (3) with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (8) to yield the diazoketone intermediate (4). By modifying the chemistry and maximizing the mixing and heat transfer, the batch process was successfully converted to a continuous flow process.
Ultraviolet-C Light Inactivation Kinetics of E. coli on Bologna Beef Packaged in Plastic Films

This study investigated the effects of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light as a postpackaging treatment on Escherichia coli K-12 on bologna meat packaged in polyethylene (PE), oriented polypropylene (OPP), and ClearTite® films. Findings show that PE film had the highest measured UV-C light transparency among the 15 tested films, at 76 %, followed by PP and OPP films, with 59 and 57 %, respectively. Exposure of PE film inoculated with E. coli K-12 with UV-C light resulted in a 4.6 log CFU/ml reduction after a dose of 164 mJ/cm2. Reduction of E. coli K-12 on inoculated bologna packaged in PE film was higher (1.48 log CFU/g) compared to the other films (OPP and ClearTite®) following treatment with 0.406 J/cm2 of UV-C. The surface-free energy of films was used as an indicator for changes to film surface properties. UV-C light exposure of PE, OPP, and ClearTite® films at doses in this study had no significant effect (P ≥ 0.05) on the surface properties of the treated films. This study demonstrated that treating ready-to-eat meat products, such as a bologna with UV-C light after packaging, can reduce E. coli populations by a 1.5 log cycle without negatively impacting the surface properties of plastic films.
Evidence for the production of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater by lightning during thunderstorms

Abstract Rain samples were collected sequentially from individual events at a site in Miami, Florida, USA, from April 1995 to October 1996, and analyzed for H2O2, major anions, pH, temperature, and rainfall amounts. The measurements showed that in the absence of lightning, the concentration of H2O2, like that of sulfate and other conservative constituents, either remained fairly constant or decreased as a function of time during the storms depending on whether rainout or washout process was the dominant pathway for the removal of atmospheric H2O2. However, during the course of several thunderstorms, H2O2 concentration increased significantly with time, whereas the concentration of sulfate and other conservative constituents remained fairly constant or decreased as a function of time. These observations indicate that substantial amounts of H2O2 in rainwater were produced by lightning activities during thunderstorms. Possible mechanisms are proposed here.
Low-Cost,Portable Multispectral Radiometer For Assessment Of Onset And Severity Of Foliar Disease Of Barley

AbstractA low -cost, hand -held multiband radiometer was used to measure reflected sunlight frombarley canopies with varying levels of spot blotch, a foliar disease of barley. Spectrora-diometric measurements indicated that reflection of light in the .75 - .9 pm range wassignificantly less (P = < .01) from diseased canopies than from healthy ones. Yield ofgrain from the susceptible cultivar 'Larker' was correlated positively with amount ofreflectance in the .75 - .9 pm range (P < .01). The results suggest the instrument may beuseful for the objective assessment of foliar disease and the possible development of modelsto estimate losses from foliar disease.IntroductionThe use of multiband radiometers to determine the spectral characteristics of reflectedsunlight from agricultural crop canopies has increased markedly in recent years. Portableinstruments suitable for low altitude remote sensing from tripod, truck or aircraft mountshave enabled researchers to acquire accurate calibrated spectral measurements from cropcanopies (5,6,7). Such instruments have been used to evaluate incidence and progress offoliar disease of corn (1) and wheat (2) and to differentiate between different diseases ofwheat (4). The relatively high cost of the commercially available multiband radiometersstill imposes limits on their widespread use among many reserachers however. This study wasconducted to determine if a prototype, low -cost, hand -held radiometer could provide precisespectral measurements to indicate disease onset and objectively assess the progress of spotblotch epidemics on barley. Spot blotch, caused by the fungus Cochliobolus sativus cancause severe defoliation which results in incomplete grain fill and substantial loss inyield (2).Materials and MethodsRadiometer. The multiband radiometer (Model I) initially consisted of a 5.5 X 5.5 X8 cm aluminum box which housed nine, 3- cavity interference filters (Ditric Optics Inc.)each having a half -power bandwidth of approximately 10 pm (5). The filters transmitted thewavelengths .5 - .9 pm at .05 pm intervals. Behind each filter was positioned a doubleconvex lens which imaged the plot canopy onto the surface of a cadmium sulfide photocon-ductive cell (Sylvania ECG -200). The angle of view for the optical system was 28 °. Eachof the nine photocells was calibrated in illuminance units (Lux) against a Licor Model