cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BIOLUMINESCENCE OF THE BRITTLE STAR OPHIOPSILA CALIFORNICA

The light-emitting principle of the brittle star Ophiopsila californica has been isolated and purified. It was found to be a green-fluorescent photoprotein (molecular weight 45000) which emits green light (λmax 500 nm) when H2O2 is added, independently of the presence or absence of O2. The green fluorescence (emission maximum 500 nm, excitation maximum 440 nm) spectrally coincided with the H2O2-triggered luminescence, indicating that the green fluorescent chromophore is the light-emitter of the photoprotein luminescence.
Factors contributing to physicians' selection and participation at continuing medical education activities

Descriptive survey research of 451 physicians attending seven different continuing medical education (CME) activities in 1985-1986 yielded the following information: a) the five top sources they used to identify the need for additional knowledge and/or skills were: new medical knowledge, interest in related specialty, outcome/complications of care, survey of medical cases treated, and interest in unrelated specialty; b) the top five sources used to gain additional knowledge or skills were: medical literature (journals), clinical conferences, discussion with colleagues, formalized CME courses and seminars, and formalized CME workshops. They attended an average of 3–4 formalized CME activities per year, and the ranking of factors according to level of importance in selection of formalized CME activities given by institutions/organizations with which they were not affiliated were: course topics, course location, course dates, course objectives, course faculty, recreational opportunity, sponsoring organization, and course fee.
Increased and decreased activity elicits specific morphological adaptations of the neuromuscular junction.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to compare the effects of decreased vs. increased activity on the neuromuscular system. Twenty-four young adult (7 weeks old) Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (N=8/group). Increased activity was achieved by treadmill running for up to 1 h/day. Decreased activity was induced by muscle unloading via the hindlimb suspension model. Control animals engaged in normal weight bearing and ambulatory activity. At the end of the 10 week intervention period, animals were killed and soleus muscles were removed, quickly frozen, and examined using cytofluorescent (neuromuscular junctions) and histochemical (myofibers) procedures. Pre-synaptic morphology was quantified by measuring nerve terminal branching, and post-synaptic assessment was conducted by staining acetylcholine receptors at the endplate. Myofiber profiles of solei were compiled by determining fiber size (cross-sectional area) and fiber type composition. Results show that exercise training significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced nerve terminal branching without modifying endplate size. In contrast, muscle unloading failed to influence nerve terminal branching, but significantly reduced endplate dimensions. Likely, the diminution of endplate size among unloaded myofibers was caused by the dramatic loss of size (∼60%) observed among those fibers. Both increased and decreased activity evoked reductions in the ratio of endplate area to length of nerve terminal branches, thus altering the pre- to post-synaptic relationship of neuromuscular junctions. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that both increased and decreased activity significantly remodels the neuromuscular junction, but the locus (pre- vs. post-synaptic) and nature (expansion vs. reduction) of that remodeling are specific to the form of the alteration in activity.
First Attempts Towards the Computational Simulation of Novel Stem-Cell Based Post Infarct Therapies

Cardiac disease is the most common cause of death in developed nations and affects more than 80 million American adults every year. Among cardiac diseases, myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of congestive heart failure. Due to an infarct, the loads within the heart alter and within hours a remodeling process begins as the heart attempts to optimize function given its diminished capacity. This remodeling process itself can cause inconsistent thinning and dilation leading to potential problems such as volume overloaded hypertrophy and often causes further functional deterioration.© 2008 ASME
Basal salivary oxytocin level predicts extra- but not intra-personal dimensions of emotional intelligence.

Summary A wealth of literature suggests that oxytocin is an important mediator of social cognition, but much of the research to date has relied on pharmaceutical administration methods that can raise oxytocin to artificially high levels. The present study builds upon previous work by examining whether basal oxytocin level predicts intra- and extra-personal (i.e., self- and other-focused) elements of emotional intelligence (EI), independent of shared variance with current mood. The sample included 71 healthy young adults (46 women). Assessment measures included the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test Version 2.0 (MSCEIT), the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, and the Profile of Mood States. Peripheral oxytocin levels were examined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from saliva after solid phase extraction. Oxytocin level was unrelated to TMMS scores but was positively associated with performance in the Experiential EI domain of the MSCEIT. However, total mood disturbance was positively related to MSCEIT scores. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that oxytocin level added unique variance to the prediction of MSCEIT performance beyond that of current mood. These results confirm an association between endogenous levels of oxytocin in healthy adults and a subset of EI abilities, including extra-personal emotion recognition and the channeling of emotions to enhance social proficiency.
The association between health anxiety and disgust reactions in a contamination-based behavioral approach task

Abstract Existing evidence suggests that disgust is an important affective process related to health anxiety. The present study sought to determine the contribution of health anxiety symptoms in the prediction of disgust and behavioral avoidance in a large, nonclinical sample (N=156). Regression analyses showed that overall health anxiety symptoms predicted disgust on a behavioral approach task independent of gender, negative affect, and fear of contamination. Particularly, health anxiety-related reassurance seeking was found to be uniquely associated with disgust and behavioral avoidance after controlling for the aforementioned covariates. In addition, the interaction between health anxiety and contamination fear was tested, and remained significant when controlling for gender and negative affect. These results suggest that heightened contamination fear is associated with elevated disgust reactions such that high levels of health anxiety leads even those low in contamination fear to be disgusted during a...
Improving hurricane disaster preparedness: models for optimal reallocation of hospital capacity

This research presents significant improvements to the hospital capacity planning models for hurricane disaster proposed by Paul and Batta. Firstly, we develop a model that reallocates hospital capacities taking into account the effect of casualty severity on medical care demands and travel time to hospitals on casualty outcomes. Secondly, travel time to hospitals, a key input to the model, is estimated using a stochastic simulation. Thirdly, in order to meet with challenges that arise as disaster evolves, we develop an algorithm that dynamically updates the pre-disaster plans to post-disaster reality. The algorithm evaluates prior decisions by dynamically updating the hospital status, travel times and status of the casualty clusters. We demonstrate the application of models in developing pre-disaster plans (hospital capacity and ambulance reallocation) through a case study on New Orleans. In addition, we show the application of the algorithm for post-disaster planning via illustrative examples.
Event-related brain potentials during orienting to auditory and visual stimulation in spinal cord injured humans

In intact humans, deprivation of somatosensory and kinesthetic sensations result in significant alterations in perception and information processing. There have been very few studies to discover if the loss of sensation with spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans affects perceptual operations. We hypothesized that the SCI participant would either exhibit arousal, perceptual, and information processing alterations similar to experimentally sensory deprived subjects (who provide the closest human analogue), or that the somatosensory cortex would show reorganization for the processing of other modalities of stimulation. The subjects consisted of 16 paraplegic, 13 quadriplegic, and 22 non SCI controls. Subjects received an auditory orienting task consisting of a 500 Hz tone presented 20 times each at 66, 75, 88, and 101 db and a visual orienting task incorporating light flashes of 115, 123, 131, and 140 lux presented 20 times each. EEG information processing data were recorded from C3 and C4 for 100 msec prior to and 500 msec post stimulation. Information processing variables, analyzed as event-related potentials, indicated that the somatosensory cortex of SCI groups had a flattened response to auditory stimulation. The control group had a significantly larger P2 component. We concluded that these data signified that the somatosensory cortex did not reorganize function in response to chronic deafferentation nor was the SCI subject hyperresponsive to stimulation.
A Cambrian Peak in Morphological Variation Within Trilobite Species

Morphological variation within species is a raw material subject to natural selection. However, temporal change in morphological diversity has usually been studied in terms of variation among rather than within species. The distribution of polymorphic traits in cladistic character-taxon matrices reveals that the frequency and extent of morphological variation in 982 trilobite species are greatest early in the evolution of the group: Stratigraphically old and/or phylogenetically basal taxa are significantly more variable than younger and/or more derived taxa. Through its influence on evolutionary tempo, high intraspecific variation may have played a major role in the pronounced Cambrian diversification of trilobites.
Tactual Exploration by Normal Infants

SUMMARY The age of onset for tactual exploration of the fingers, body (torso), knee, foot and penis by the fingers was determined in 100 normal infants. Exploration of the mouth, face, head, ears, nose and eyes was also studied by daily observations in the first three days of life in a second sample of 12 normal newborns, and the age of onset was recorded. The data show that the ability of the normal infant to explore by touch the various parts of his body appears to have a definite age of onset and a definite sequence. RESUME L'exploration tactile chez les nourrissons normaux L'âge de debut de l'exploration tactile des doigts, du corps (torse), du genou, du pied et du penis par les doigts a ete determine chez 100 nourrissons normaux. L'exploration par les doigts de la bouche, de la figure, de la tete, des oreilles, du nez et des yeux a ete etudiee intensivement par des observations journalieres dans les trois premiers jours de la vie chez un second echantillon de 12 nouveaux-nes normaux et l'âge de debut a ete releve. Les donnees montrent que la capacite du nourrisson normal d'explorer par le tact les differentes parties de son corps est definie dans son apparition et dans la sequence de son developpement. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Taktile Exploration normaler Sauglinge Bei 100 normalen Sauglingen wurde das Alter bestimmt, in dem sie mit der taktilen Exploration der Finger, des Korpers (Rumpf), des Knies, des Fusses und des Penis mit den Fingern beginnen. In einer zweiten Untersuchungsreihe wurde bei 12 Sauglingen durch sehr genaue tagliche Beobachtungen innerhalb der ersten drei Lebenstage der Beginn der Exploration des Mundes, Gesichtes, Kopfes, der Ohren, Nase und Augen untersucht. Die Daten zeigen, dass die Fahigkeit des normalen Sauglings, die verschiedenen Teile seines Korpers durch Beruhren zu erforschen, offenbar mit einem bestimmten Alter beginnt und in bestimmter Folge ablauft. RESUMEN Exploracion tactil en lactantes normales Se determino en 100 lactantes normales la edad de comienzo para la exploracion tactil de los dedos, cuerpo (torso), rodillas, pie y pene por medio de los dedos. La exploracion con los dedos de la boca, cara, cabeza, orejas, nariz y ojos fue estudiada intensamente con observaciones diarias en los primeros tres dias de vida en una segunda muestra de 12 recien nacidos normales anotandose la edad de comienzo. Los datos muestran que la habilidad del lactante normal para explorar por el tacto diversas partes de su cuerpo parece tener una edad definida de comienzo y de continuacion.
Parents’ and Children’s Beliefs About Peer Victimization: Attributions, Coping Responses, and Child Adjustment

This study examined how parents’ and children’s beliefs about peer victimization are related to children’s adjustment. A mediational model was proposed that addressed how adjustment is predicted by...
The interaction of flame curvature and stretch, part 2: The convex premixed flame

Abstract Premixed flames with radii of curvature of the order of the preheat zone thickness are studied with activation energy asymptotics. The flames studied are convex to the fresh mixture and the flame stretch is negative as in Bunsen burner flame tips. Solutions are found which correspond to flame speeds well in excess of the adiabatic flame speed.
Cotton-root distribution as a function of trickle irrigation emitter depth

The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv GSA 71) root system under four depths of trickle irrigation emitter. Cotton was grown on an Amarillo fine sandy loam (fine loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustalf) at Lubbock, Texas. Trickle irrigation was applied at the surface (0), 0.15, 0.3, or 0.45 m depths in amounts calculated using daily pan evaporation, crop coefficient, and crop development stage. Effects of depth of trickle irrigation were evaluated by measuring the cotton root-length density in 0.15 m increments to the 0.90 m depth at distances of 0, 0.25, and 0.5 m perpendicular to the cotton rows. The root-length distributions were not significantly (0.05%) different in the top 0.15 m when the surface irrigated treatment was compared with the 0.45 m irrigation depth treatment. Root-length densities for the 0.15 and 0.3 m treatments were not significantly different from one another nor were they different from treatments within the evaluated zones (0 to 0.3 m or 0.15 to 0.45 m). Root-length density within the 0.3 to 0.6 m zone, was not significantly different for the 0.45 m treatment compared with the surface irrigation treatment. Root-length density in the 0.6 to 0.9 m zone was not significantly different for any treatment. Emitter depth of trickle irrigation did not significantly influence the depth or distribution of cotton-root development.
How Does Teacher Quality Matter? The Effect of Teacher–Parent Partnership on Early Childhood Performance in Public and Private Schools

Abstract This study explores how teacher matters in improving early childhood performance in US kindergartens. We find that it is what teachers do rather than the credentials they hold that matters. Different from previous research on the effect of teacher quality on student achievement, this paper first rejected the common practice of using teacher credentials, such as degree levels and certificate status, to measure teacher quality in the context of early childhood education. Based on the ‘overlapping spheres’ framework, this study then examines the behavioural aspects of teachers; specifically, we focus on teacher’s role in establishing and maintaining a good teacher–parent relationship. Our findings suggest that teacher–parent interaction is a positive determinant of student performance. The behavioural aspects of teaching appear to shape the transformation from a mere ‘qualified’ teacher into a ‘quality’ teacher, and should receive more attention in future studies on teacher quality.
Analysis of an end-to-end proportional bandwidth allocation algorithm

In this paper, we present a new proportional bandwidth allocation scheme along with its analysis. The novel approach of this scheme is that it is purely end-to-end, it does not require any processing by the network, it is adaptive to changing network conditions, it has minimum oscillations, and it works even when sources have different end-to-end propagation delays. This scheme is a function of an Adaptive Rate-Based (ARB) congestion control algorithm that is designed to support best-effort traffic for which the proportional bandwidth allocation function is very desirable. We will briefly describe the ARB algorithm. We then analyze the behavior of the bottleneck queue, the settings of the ARB parameters and their effects on the behavior. This analysis will lead us to two conditions that, when they are satisfied, will provide proportional bandwidth allocation among the sources that are controlled by the ARB algorithm. We will show what parameters and how they can be controlled in order to achieve the proportional bandwidth allocation. Simulation will be used to validate our analysis.
Mechanism of corticotropin action in rat adrenal cells I. The effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis and of microfilament formation on corticosterone synthesis

The contributions of protein synthesis and formation of microtubules and microfilaments to corticotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cell suspensions has been assessed by use of a series of inhibitors to each function. Five inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide, puromycin, blastocidin S, anisomycin, and trichodermin) each exhibited time-dependent inhibition of corticotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis. For the first 30 min, steroidogenesis was more extensively inhibited than protein synthesis, after which the effectiveness of the inhibitors diminished on steroidogenesis but not on protein synthesis. The reversal effect was not observed at high levels of inhibitors. One inhibitor of microfilament formation (cytochalasin B) and four inhibitors of microtubule formation (colchicine, podophyllotoxin, vinblastine sulfate and griseofulvin) inhibited steroidogenesis without inhibiting protein synthesis and without any reversal effect with prolonged incubation. The actions of all ten inhibitors were shown to be fully reversible. Cell superfusion of adrenal cells showed that the decay of steroidogenesis upon addition of all the protein synthesis inhibitors was similar to decay upon removal of corticotropin from the medium (t1/2 = 4--6 min). Recoveries from inhibition upon removal of the inhibitors were similar to each other and comparable to initial corticotropin stimulation of the cells (lag of 3--5 min, t1/2=7--9 min). Similar kinetics of inhibition and recovery were observed for vinblastine sulfate while a direct inhibition of cytochrome P-450scc by aminoglutethimide was complete within 1 min and was rapidly reversed. Injection of each inhibitor (all classes) into hypophysectomized rats inhibited the elevation of plasma corticosterone by corticotropin. The extent of cholesterol combination with cytochrome P-450scc in adrenal mitochondria isolated from these rats was also decreased by all of the inhibitors. Decreases in plasma corticosterone correlated directly with decreases in cholesterol combination with cytochrome P-450scc (r=0.94). It is concluded that protein synthesis and steroidogenesis must be intimately coupled probably due to the requirement of a labile protein for cholesterol transport to cytochrome P-450scc. An involvement of microtubules and microfilaments in this process is clearly indicated.
Moving target acquisition through state uncertainty minimization

This work addresses the task of a mobile sensor platform searching for a moving target. We show that minimizing the entropy of the probability distribution of the target state estimate can result in a control input for the mobile sensor that acquires the target in less iterations than an exhaustive search. We also show that this approach can be used to track the target after it is acquired. We apply a particle filter framework to estimate the state of the target and propose an information-based cost function to optimize as part of a control law for the mobile sensor. We include simulation results to illustrate the performance of our approach.
Surgery Is the Best Option for Intractable Unilateral Mesial Temporal Epilepsy

JAMA Epilepsy Surgery for Pharmacoresistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Decision Analysis Hyunmi Choi, MD, MS; Randall L. Sell, ScD; Leslie Lenert, MD, MS; Peter Muennig, MD, MPH; Robert R. Goodman, MD, PhD; Frank G. Gilliam, MD, MPH; John B. Wong, MD Context: Patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy have increased mortality compared with the general population, but patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy who meet criteria for surgery and who become seizure-free after anterior temporal lobe resection have reduced excess mortality vs those with persistent seizures. Objective: To quantify the potential survival benefit of anterior temporal lobe resection for patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy vs continued medical management. Design: Monte Carlo simulation model that incorporates possible surgical complications and seizure status, with 10 000 runs. The model was populated with health-related quality-of-life data obtained directly from patients and data from the medical literature. Insufficient data were available to assess gamma-knife radiosurgery or vagal nerve stimulation. Main Outcome Measures: Life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy. Results: Compared with medical management, anterior temporal lobe resection for a 35-year-old patient with an epileptogenic zone identified in the anterior temporal lobe would increase survival by 5.0 years (95% CI, 2.1-9.2) with surgery preferred in 100% of the simulations. Anterior temporal lobe resection would increase quality-adjusted life expectancy by 7.5 quality-adjusted life-years (95%, CI, −0.8 to 17.4) with surgery preferred in 96.5% of the simulations, primarily due to increased years spent without disabling seizures, thereby reducing seizure-related excess mortality and improving quality of life. The results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: The decision analysis model suggests that on average anterior temporal lobe resection should provide substantial gains in life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy for surgically eligible patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy compared with medical management. JAMA. 2008;300(21):2497-2505.
Trends in Hospitalizations and Outcomes for Acute Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke, 1999–2011

Background—During the past decade, efforts focused intensely on improving the quality of care for people with, or at risk for, cardiovascular disease and stroke. We sought to quantify the changes in hospitalization rates and outcomes during this period. Methods and Results—We used national Medicare data to identify all Fee-for-Service patients ≥65 years of age who were hospitalized with unstable angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and all other conditions from 1999 through 2011 (2010 for 1-year mortality). For each condition, we examined trends in adjusted rates of hospitalization per patient-year and, for each hospitalization, rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, and 1-year mortality overall and by demographic subgroups and regions. Rates of adjusted hospitalization declined for cardiovascular conditions (38.0% for 2011 compared with 1999 [95% confidence interval (CI), 37.2–38.8] for myocardial infarction, 83.8% [95% CI, 83.3–84.4] for unstable angina, 30.5% [95% CI, ...
Identifying the Pose Between a Head Mounted Display and a Head Pose Sensor

Head mounted displays (HMDs) are common hardware in a virtual reality environment. Sensors are commonly installed on the helmet to provide information about where the operator is looking. If the operator rotates the helmet, the virtual scene should rotate correspondingly. If the point of rotation (POR) of the operator’s head differs from the POR used to transform the image, the display may behave in bizarre ways. In “enhanced reality” and similar applications the virtual scene must also accurately correspond to the real world. When the virtual scene must accurately correspond to a real scene, it becomes necessary to accurately match the virtual display to the real world. A method for automatically collecting data to align these scenes is described and demonstrated in this paper. A theoretical basis for the method and experimental data are presented. Results indicate that the underlying assumptions of the theory are reasonable and that the errors in the method are reasonable.
Accounting for variability in mother-child play

In this article, I highlight contrasting perspectives in the study of mother–child play. One contrast emerges as we use the lens offered by anthropology as opposed to the more commonly used lens of psychology. A second contrast is apparent from descriptions of childhood in the ethnographic record compared to observations of children in the upper strata of modern society. Psychologists and advocates who adopt their perspective view mother–child play—from infancy—as both necessary for normal development and an unlimited good. Its self-evident value should be impressed on those who are unenlightened. Anthropologists frequently note the absence of mother–child play and, equally important, provide culturally nuanced explanations for why this is so. Psychologists see mother–child play as natural; anthropologists see it as cultural. I conclude by questioning the wholesale exportation of a culture-specific child-rearing strategy that may be quite incongruent with native belief and practice.
A biomechanical comparison of EndoButton versus suture anchor repair of distal biceps tendon injuries

The purpose of this study was to compare suture anchor and EndoButton repair of distal biceps injuries in a human bone-tendon model. Right and left arm repairs were alternately performed with either the EndoButton or 2 single-loaded 5-mm suture anchors. Each construct was cyclically loaded by use of a servohydraulic materials testing machine. Initial and final displacements were recorded. All repairs were then loaded to ultimate failure. Ten millimeters of displacement was designated the clinical failure point. The EndoButton group had more stiffness than the suture anchor group during initial cyclic loading (P = .01). There were no differences in final displacement measured after cyclic loading (2.06 mm for suture anchors and 2.58 mm for EndoButton). The EndoButton group had a 16% greater ultimate tensile load than the suture anchor group (274.77 N vs 230.06 N). The EndoButton group also had a 16% higher load to clinical failure (249.95 N vs 209.56 N). These differences were not statistically significant. The EndoButton and suture anchors provide comparable fixation strength for the repair and rehabilitation of distal biceps tendon ruptures.
Redesigning spider webs: Stickiness, capture area and the evolution of modern orb-webs

An orb-web’s ability to capture insects is enhanced by both increased capture area and increased stickiness per capture area. As spider size limits the amount of material that an orb-weaver can invest in the sticky prey capture threads of its web, these two strategies are in conXict. The origin of modern orb-weaving spiders of the large superfamily Araneoidea was associated with the origin of adhesive capture threads. These threads achieve their stickiness at a greater material economy than do the primitive cribellar capture threads found in orb-webs produced by the superfamily Deinopoidea. Consequently, araneoid orb-weavers have a greater amount of stickiness at their disposal. A comparison of orb-webs produced by these sister clades shows that araneoids expend this stickiness in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that increased stickiness per capture area is favoured over increased capture area. Araneoid orb-webs have, relative to spider weight, smaller capture areas than deinopoid orb-webs and, relative to web capture area, greater total stickinesses than deinopoid orb-webs. The stickiness per capture area of araneoid orb-webs is greater than that of deinopoid orb-webs and the spacing of capture thread spirals in araneoid orb-webs is equal to or less than that in deinopoid orb-webs. Thus, araneoid orb-webs are better equipped than deinopoid orb-webs to retain insects that strike the web. This increases the ability of araneoid spiders to subdue ensnared insects before they escape from the web and may favour the capture of larger prey.
Poly-3-Hydroxyalkanoates containing unsaturated repeating units produced by pseudomonas oleovorans

Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) containing repeating units with terminal alkene substituents at the 3-position were produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans grown with either 7-octeneoic acid [OA()] alone, or 10-undeceneoic acid [UND()] alone, or mixtures of UND() and either nonanoic acid (NA) or octanoic acid (OA). For the latter, the biomass and PHA yields decreased as the fraction of UND() increased in the mixed carbon substrates. Essentially all of the repeating units in the PHA obtained from cells grown with UND() alone contained terminal alkene groups, including 3-hydroxy-10-undeceneoate, 3-hydroxy-8-noneneoate, and 3-hydroxy-6-hepteneoate units, but less than half of the units in the PHA from OA() had alkene substituents. The PHAs obtained from cells grown with various mixtures of UND() and either OA or NA were random copolymers, and the fraction of units with alkene substituents in these polymers increased in proportion to the fraction of UND() in the mixed carbon substrates. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An optimal resource scheduler for continuous display of structured video objects

A structured video consists of a collection of background objects, characters, spatial and temporal constructs, and rendering features. Assuming a platform consisting of a fixed amount of memory and a magnetic disk drive, this study presents a resource scheduler for the continuous display of structured video that minimizes both the latency observed by a display and its required amount of memory.
VERTICAL MIGRATION OF THE OPOSSUM SHRIMP, NEOMYSIS AMERICANA SMITH1

Neomysis americana is rarely taken in a plankton net during the day, its normal habitat being on the bottom or immediately above it. N. americana undergoes a regular diurnal vertical migration which often includes a midnight sinking and a dawn rise. Fluctuations in the diurnal cycle are dependent upon the time of year and the number of hours the animals have spent in the dark. Light was found to be the most important single factor responsible for the migration. During their ascent, the mysids were located in areas of the water column where light intensities varied from 5 × 10‒1 to 1 × 10‒3 ft-c; by the time morning surface light intensity values had reached 5 × 10‒1 ft-c, the animals had descended to lower levels. Mature animals migrated only during the spawning season while immature and young forms migrated throughout most of the year. An increase in migrational tendencies was noted from August through January with the peak occurring in January.
Amorphous Silicon Thickness Effect on Formation of Silicon Nanostructures by Aluminum-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

This paper reports the studies of amorphous silicon (a-Si) thickness on the formation of aligned silicon nanostructures (ASiNSs) produced by aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited a-Si. By varying a-Si thickness, the authors not only show that the thickness of an a-Si film has a significant impact on the formation of the ASiNS but also demonstrate that self-assembly is one of mechanisms that control the growth of such ASiNSs. This paper, for the first time, demonstrates that one can use AIC of a-Si to grow very straight-shaped ASiNS.
Mucosal Immune System of the Human Genital Tract

In contrast to the pronounced dominance of secretory IgA over other immunoglobulin isotypes in human saliva, tears, milk, and gastrointestinal fluids, secretions of both female and male genital tracts contain more IgG than secretory IgA. Both IgG and IgA are derived, to a variable degree, from the systemic immunoglobulin pool as well as from local synthesis. The origin of IgG- and IgA-plasma cell precursors destined for the genital tract is unknown, but indirect evidence suggests that mucosal inductive sites localized in the rectum, small intestine, and especially in the nasal cavity contribute such precursors to the female genital tract. Several studies indicated that intranasal immunization of various species, including humans, was efficient at inducing antigen-specific antibody responses in the female genital tract; however, whether this route is also effective in males has not been explored.
Recognizing New Opportunities: Reconceptualizing Policy Advocacy in Everyday Organizational Practice

Policy advocacy is a concept that is of both practical and historical importance to the profession of social work. To keep up with developments in how advocacy is practiced at the ground level, however, social work research on advocacy needs to expand in scope. Changes in government contracting and public management practices have reshaped the opportunity structure for policy advocacy, incentivizing a kind of advocacy that is routine, professionalized, and collaborative. At the same time, these practices have raised questions about democratic representation and the degree to which social work advocacy adequately reflects client concerns. This article presents a model for how policy advocacy can be usefully reconceptualized to account for changes in the policy and funding environment and concludes by suggesting ways that social work research and theory can better reflect practice realities.
C-type natriuretic peptide induces human colonic myofibroblast relaxation.

Intestinal response to injury requires coordinated regulation of the tension exerted by subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEM). However, the signals governing relaxation of intestinal SEM have not been...
Association Between Resistance to Bt Cotton and Cadherin Genotype in Pink Bollworm

Abstract Two strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), each derived in 1997 from a different field population, were selected for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1Ac in the laboratory. One strain (MOV97-R) originated from Mohave Valley in western Arizona; the other strain (SAF97-R) was from Safford in eastern Arizona. Relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, Cry1Ac resistance ratios were 1700 for MOV97-R and 520 for SAF97-R. For the two resistant strains, larval survival did not differ between non-Bt cotton and transgenic cotton producing Cry1Ac. In contrast, larval survival on Bt cotton was 0% for the two unselected parent strains from which the resistant strains were derived. Previously identified resistance (r) alleles of a cadherin gene (BtR) occurred in both resistant strains: r1 and r3 in MOV97-R, and r1 and r2 in SAF97-R. The frequency of individuals carrying two r alleles (rr) was 1.0 in the two resistant strains and 0.02 in each of the two unselected par...
Reducing the Energy Cost of Irregular Code Bases in Soft Processor Systems

This paper describes an architecture and FPGA synthesis tool chain for building specialized, energy-saving coprocessors called Irregular Code Energy Reducers (ICERs) for a wide range of unmodified C programs. FPGAs are increasingly used to build large-scale systems, and many large software systems contain relatively little code that is amenable to automatic, semi-automatic, or even manual parallelization. Whereas accelerator approaches have traditionally achieved energy benefits as a side effect from increasing performance via parallel execution, ICERs aim to achieve energy gains even on code with little exploitable parallelism. Traditional approaches to automatically generating accelerators from existing software rely on inferring parallel execution from serial code, so they face the same code analysis challenges as parallelizing compilers. In contrast, because the ICER approach targets energy rather than performance, it easily scales to large, irregular applications that are poor candidates for traditional acceleration. Our results show that, compared to a baseline system with soft processor cores, ICERs can reduce energy consumption by up to 9.5x for the code they target and 2.8x for whole applications.
Hormonal factors and the risk of invasive ovarian cancer: a population-based case-control study.

Abstract Objective To examine the influence of hormone-related factors on the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer). Design Population-based case–control study using in-person interviews. Setting Academic department of preventive medicine. Patient(s) Four hundred seventy-seven ovarian cancer patients and 660 controls. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Numbers of and ages at births, oral contraceptive use, and use of menopausal hormone therapy. Result(s) Compared with nulliparous women, women whose only (last) birth was after age 35 years had an estimated 51% (95% confidence interval: 21%–70%) reduction in risk. If this birth occurred earlier, the reduction in risk was progressively less. Additional (earlier) births reduced the risk further. Oral contraceptive use also reduced risk. Increased body mass index increased risk, but this effect was confined to localized disease and is likely to be a diagnostic bias, as a consequence of other problems associated with being overweight and in itself having no etiological significance. Conclusion(s) If the major protective effect of a late birth can be confirmed, our most challenging task will be to understand the mechanism to develop a chemoprevention approach to exploit this finding.
Protective Fabrics: A Comparison of Laboratory Methods for Evaluating Thermal Protective Performance in Convective/Radiant Exposures

Two laboratory methods used to evaluate the ability of fabrics to provide protective insulation against high intensity thermal exposures are compared. These procedures are ASTM D4108-82, a method that uses a single laboratory gas burner as the heat source, and a more versatile method that combines two gas burners and quartz heaters to provide a different mixture of radiant and convective heat. Comparisons are based on a series of tests made on a large group of specialized fabrics that might be used in the construction of protective apparel. Among the fabrics tested are samples made with flame resistant cotton, rayon, and wool, fabrics from glass and ceramic fibers, and fabrics from polyaramids, cross-linked phenolics, modacrylics, polybenzimidazole, and stabilized acrylic fibers. Differences in materials comparisons caused by the test procedure are discussed, especially the difference made by the balance of radiant to convective energy provided by the heat sources. Correlations are made with fiber and fab...
Design of a small animal MR compatible PET scanner

Using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements we have designed a small-animal MRI-compatible PET (McPET) scanner for simultaneous PET imaging and MRI of mice and rats in vivo. The scanner consists of one ring of 480 LSO (Lu/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/) crystals arranged in three layers, with 160 crystals per layer. The crystal dimensions are 2/spl times/3/spl times/7.5 mm/sup 3/. This was based on a target resolution of 215 mm and simulations showing that a depth of 7.5 mm avoided significant depth-of-interaction effects across the desired field of view. The system diameter of 11.2 cm is large enough to accommodate the animal positioned inside a stereotactic frame. Each crystal is coupled through 2-mm diameter optical fibers to multi-channel photomultiplier tubes which reside outside the main magnetic field. Through 50 cm of optical fiber, a photopeak is clearly seen and the measured energy resolution is 25%. Prototype optical fiber connectors have been tested to increase the flexibility of the system and result in a light loss of only 6%. The proposed system has adequate resolution and sensitivity for a number of applications with small animals and is the first practical device for simultaneous in-vivo imaging with PET and MRI.
Generating Linked Data by Inferring the Semantics of Tables

Vast amounts of information is encoded in structured tables found in documents, on the Web, and in spreadsheets or databases. Integrating or searching over this information benets from understanding its intended meaning. Evidence for a table’s meaning can be found in its column headers, cell values, implicit relations between columns, caption and surrounding text but also requires general and domain-specic background knowledge. We represent a table’s meaning by mapping columns to classes in an appropriate ontology, linking cell values to literal constants, implied measurements, or entities in the linked data cloud (existing or new) and discovering or and identifying relations between columns. We describe techniques grounded in graphical models and probabilistic reasoning to infer meaning (semantics) associated with a table. Using background knowledge from the Linked Open Data cloud, we jointly infer the semantics of column headers, table cell values (e.g.,strings and numbers) and relations between columns and represent the inferred meaning as graph of RDF triples. We motivate the value of this approach using tables from the medical domain, discussing some of the challenges presented by these tables and describing techniques to tackle them.
PERSPECTIVE: The World's Top Innovation Management Scholars and Their Social Capital*

Using 959 articles reflecting the work of 1,179 scholars, this study ranks the world’s top scholars in innovation management (IM) on the basis of the number of research articles published across 14 top academic journals in technology and innovation management, marketing, and management between 1990 and 2004. Twenty-three scholars have at least eight articles in this period. Michael Song has the most (31), followed by Robert Cooper, Roger Calantone, William Souder, and Elko Kleinschmidt, who have published at least 17 articles in the 15-year period. Surprisingly, the list of schools that either trained or currently employ these top scholars is quite different from Linton’s (2004) recent ranking of the top business schools in the management of technology. Guided by social capital theory, the present study analyzes the embeddedness characteristics of IM scholars to determine the extent to which social capital explains scholarly productivity. A current controversy in the social capital literature is the embeddedness characteristics that create social capital. On the one hand, the closure perspective argues that social capital results from strong relational ties with others in a dense, local neighborhood of actors who are relatively disconnected from others. On the other hand, the brokerage perspective argues that social capital is created when actors have relational ties that span these dense, local neighborhoods. The findings in the present study support both perspectives. Furthermore, the results suggest that strategic orientation is a contingency variable that clarifies the conditions in which closure- or brokerage-based embeddedness is appropriate. Specifically, scholars pursuing an entrepreneurial publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the brokerage perspective of social capital creation, whereas scholars pursuing a focused publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the closure perspective of social capital creation. The results have implications for both the IM scholar community and the social capital literature. Whether IM scholars are pursuing an entrepreneurial strategy that capitalizes on emergent knowledge across various theories and perspectives or pursuing a focused strategy by concentrating on gaining deep understanding of a specific stream of research, there are many avenues and opportunities for improving publication performance through the formation of new social capital. Finally, the empirical support for the contingency variable strategic orientation is consistent with recent speculation that both perspectives are important and suggests that future work should focus on further identification and clarification of contingency factors associated with them.
Uncooperative localization improves attack performance in Underwater Acoustic Networks

Underwa ter Acoustic Networks (UANs) have become a focus of interest for emerging scientific research and military applications. Recent work has shown that performance of existing security attacks are sensitive to network topology. In this paper, we utilize the mobility of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to discover the topology of UANs by monitoring the broadcast patterns of geographic routing protocols. In this way, a mobile attacker can take advantage ofthe geographic information used in UANs to improve attack performance. We evaluate our approach in Aqua-Sim and results show that attack performance of jamming is significantly improved. Index Terms-Underwater Acoustic Networks, Localization, Security, Network Discovery
Intracellular control of developmental and regenerative axon growth

Axon growth is a highly regulated process that requires stimulating signals from extracellular factors. The extracellular signals are then transduced to regulate coordinately gene expression and local axon assembly. Growth factors, especially neurotrophins that act via receptor tyrosine kinases, have been heavily studied as extracellular factors that stimulate axon growth. Downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, recent studies have suggested that phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) regulates local assembly of axonal cytoskeleton, especially microtubules, via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and multiple microtubule binding proteins. The role of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in regulation of local axon assembly is less clear, but may involve the regulation of local protein translation. Gene expression during axon growth is regulated by transcription factors, among which cyclic AMP response element binding protein and nuclear factors of activated T-cells (NFATs) are known to be required for neurotrophin (NT)-induced axon extension. In addition to growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules and neuronal activity contribute importantly to control axon growth. Increasingly, evidence suggests that these influences act to enhance growth via coordinating with growth factor signalling. Finally, evidence is emerging that developmental versus regenerative axon growth may be mediated by distinct signalling pathways, both at the level of gene transcription and at the level of local axon assembly.