cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fertilizer Nitrogen Management

ABSTRACT Nitrogen fertilizer supply is the primary nutrient limitation for both total world food supply and protein content. Unfortunately N fertilizer can also be a major contributor of N to ground water supplies if managed improperly. “Proper use” of N fertilizer involves accurate assessment of need before application. This in turn requires accurate judgement of yield goal and precise soil sampling and analysis. This paper describes how to choose a yield goal and how to sample fields precisely. Choice of fertilizer source depends on economics and the crop situation. Timing of N application to match the point of maximum uptake by the plant is vital to maximizing uptake by plants and minimizing ground water contamination. Nitrogen management obviously has been well researched and adequate technology exists to minimize the negative effects of fertilizer N on our environment. The critical concern is applying this knowledge. Most “mismanagement” of N fertilizer has occurred in the developed nations and so one can expect that as affluence increases in developing nations the problem of ground water contamination with N will increase. Since there is little economic incentive to be cautions with N fertilizer, and little chance this situation will change in the near future, we must appeal to the farmer's sense of citizenship in relation to environmental protection. New and clever uses of mass media techniques to create new public awareness of the problem may be one way to communicate the concern. All persons involved - - farmers, N suppliers and agronomists need to be convinced that we have a serious problem that we must address now.
Vitamin B12 deficiency mimicking acute leukemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause extensive hematologic alterations such as pancytopenia, macrocytosis, hypersegmentation of neutrophils, and hypercellular bone marrow with blastic differentiation. These dysplastic changes can sometimes be so profound that they mimic myelodysplastic syndromes or even acute leukemia, leading to extensive workup and aggressive treatment measures. We present a patient who was referred to our tertiary care medical center for treatment of suspected acute myeloid leukemia on the basis of peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy findings, and induction chemotherapy was considered. However, the patient was found to have vitamin B12 deficiency, with improvement in pancytopenia and blastic changes with parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation. This highlights the importance of recognizing that dysplastic changes in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency could be misleading.
From Open Access to Maximal Access

This chapter describes the success of the Open Access movement and points to the next frontier for those who work with digitized materials in libraries and archives, as the pursuit of Maximal Access. By focusing deliberately on wider global audiences of potential users, and how they might be engaged, Cohen imagines a new era where an ever expanding public might be active participants in curating and utilizing our digitized wealth.
A guide to measuring phagosomal dynamics

Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism for immunity and homeostasis, performed by a subset of cells known as phagocytes. Upon target engulfment, de novo formation of specialized compartments termed phagosomes takes place. Phagosomes then undergo a series of fusion and fission events as they interact with the endolysosomal system and other organelles, in a dynamic process known as phagosome maturation. Because phagocytes play a key role in tissue patrolling and immune surveillance, phagosome maturation is associated with signaling pathways that link phagocytosis to antigen presentation and the development of adaptive immune responses. In addition, and depending on the nature of the cargo, phagosome integrity may be compromised, triggering additional cellular mechanisms including inflammation and autophagy. Upon completion of maturation, phagosomes enter a recently described phase: phagosome resolution, where catabolites from degraded cargo are metabolized, phagosomes are resorbed, and vesicles of phagosomal origin are recycled. Finally, phagocytes return to homeostasis and become ready for a new round of phagocytosis. Altogether, phagosome maturation and resolution encompass a series of dynamic events and organelle crosstalk that can be measured by biochemical, imaging, photoluminescence, cytometric, and immune-based assays that will be described in this guide.
Posterior parietal cortex contributions to cross-modal brain plasticity upon sensory loss

Sensory loss causes compensatory behavior, like echolocation upon vision loss or improved visual motion detection upon deafness. This is enabled by recruitment of the deprived cortical area by the intact senses. Such cross-modal plasticity can however hamper rehabilitation via sensory substitution devices. To steer rehabilitation towards the desired outcome for the patient, having control over the cross-modal take-over is essential. Evidence accumulates to support a role for the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in multimodal plasticity. This area shows increased activity after sensory loss, keeping similar functions but driven by other senses. Patient-specific factors like stress, social situation, age and attention, have a significant influence on the PPC and on cross-modal plasticity. We propose that understanding the response of the PPC to sensory loss and context is extremely important for determining the best possible implant-based therapies, and that mouse research holds potential to help unraveling the underlying anatomical, cellular and neuromodulatory mechanisms.
Image-based Contact Detection and Static Force Estimation on Steerable RFA Catheters

Real-time force estimation is crucial for robot-assisted radio frequency ablation procedures to perform safe and effective treatment. This study proposes an image-based method for real-time force estimation on steerable catheters. To this end, first a planar mechanical model of the catheter with an unknown contact force with the endocardium was developed. Afterward, an inverse solution schema based on the deformed shape of the catheter was proposed and verified. To validate the proposed method, finite element simulation was used to obtain the deformed shape of a typical catheter with 0.5–5 N contact force. The results of the proposed image-based force estimation were in fair agreement with reference values. The absolute estimation error was less than 5% for all forces and the goodness-of-fit between estimation and reference was $R^{2}\,= 0.97$. The proposed method was in compliance with the accuracy and speed requirements for robot-assisted cardiac ablation procedures.
A century of decoupling size and structure of urban spaces in the United States

Most cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time. Urban spaces across the United States have developed similarly between 1910 and 2010 by most metrics, however, shape- and structure-related characteristics have developed along more complex trajectories, according to data-driven statistical analyses
An inexpensive, versatile, compact, programmable temperature controller and thermocycler for simultaneous analysis and visualization within a microscope

Microfluidic Lab on a Chip (LOC) devices are key enabling technologies for research and industry due to their compact size, which increases the number of integrated operations while decreasing reagent use. Common operations within these devices such as chemical and biological reactions, cell growth, or kinetic measurements often require temperature control. Commercial temperature controllers are constrained by cost, complexity, size, and especially versatility for use in a broad range of applications. Small companies and research groups need temperature control systems that are more accessible, which have a wide applicability. This work describes the fabrication and validation of an inexpensive, modular, compact, and user-friendly temperature control system that functions within a microscope. This system provides precise temperature acquisition and control during imaging of any arbitrary sample which complies with the size of a microscope slide. The system includes two parts. The first part is a compact and washable Device Holder that is fabricated from high-temperature resistant material and can fit securely inside a microscope stage. The second part is a robust Control Device that incorporates all the necessary components to program the temperature settings on the device and to output temperature data. The system can achieve heating and cooling times between 50 °C and 100 °C of 32 s and 101 s, respectively. A Bluetooth enabled smartphone application has been developed for real-time data visualization. The utility of the temperature control system was shown by monitoring rhodamine B fluorescence in a microfluidic device over a range of temperatures, and by performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) within a microscope. This temperature control system could potentially impact a broad scope of applications that require simultaneous imaging and temperature control.
Launching Smart Selective Jamming Attacks in WirelessHART Networks

As a leading industrial wireless standard, WirelessHART has been widely implemented to build wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSANs) in industrial facilities, such as oil refineries, chemical plants, and factories. For instance, 54,835 WSANs that implement the WirelessHART standard have been deployed globally by Emerson process management, a WirelessHART network supplier, to support process automation. While the existing research to improve industrial WSANs focuses mainly on enhancing network performance, the security aspects have not been given enough attention. We have identified a new threat to WirelessHART networks, namely smart selective jamming attacks, where the attacker first cracks the channel usage, routes, and parameter configuration of the victim network and then jams the transmissions of interest on their specific communication channels in their specific time slots, which makes the attacks energy efficient and hardly detectable. In this paper, we present this severe, stealthy threat by demonstrating the step-by-step attack process on a 50-node network that runs a publicly accessible WirelessHART implementation. Experimental results show that the smart selective jamming attacks significantly reduce the network reliability without triggering network updates.
Consistency of faecal scoring using two canine faecal scoring systems

Objective To determine the agreement of canine faecal scoring between individuals with different levels of experience using two available faecal scoring systems. Materials and methods Naturally-voided, undisturbed bowel movements from 126 dogs were evaluated by veterinarians (n = 3) and members of the lay public (n = 126) within 15 minutes of defecation. Each participant was provided a copy of the Purina and Waltham faecal scoring charts in order to characterise the faeces. Agreement between veterinarians and lay people was assessed with kappa statistics, Bland-Altman analysis and visualised with Bland-Altman plots. Results Variable levels of consistency were observed in assessing faecal form among individuals with varying degrees of experience. Fair to substantial agreement existed between individual veterinarians scoring the same bowel movement (kappa statistic ranging from 0.40 to 0.77 on the Purina Scale and 0.54 to 0.61 on the Waltham Scale), while the agreement scores between the veterinarian and the lay public was fair (kappa statistic of 0.38 on the Purina Scale and 0.34 on the Waltham Scale). Disagreement in faecal scores occurred more frequently with lay people versus veterinarians. Clinical significance The consistency of faecal scoring improved based on the level of experience with the highest agreement consistently noted between veterinarians. In all comparisons, there was inconsistency in faecal scoring which might have implications for veterinarians managing diarrhoeic canine patients. Further studies are needed to better investigate how faecal scoring can be optimised for use in clinical and research settings.
Isolated pyosalpinx in a pre-teen with bicornuate uterus

Abstract Pyosalpinx is a condition usually seen in a sexually active female. In literature, only a few cases have been reported in a virginal girl presenting with pyosalpinx. Herein we report a case of an 11-year-old virginal girl with pyosalpinx treated by laparoscopic drainage and antibiotics.
Foundations of form and function: A synthesis‐based curriculum for introductory‐level organismal biology

First‐year majors organismal biology courses are frequently taught as survey courses that promote memorization rather than synthesis of biological concepts. To address the shortcomings of this approach, we redesigned the organismal portion of our introductory biology curriculum to create a “Foundations of Form and Function” course. Foundations of Form and Function introduces different organismal forms and focuses on the relationship between those forms and the execution of key physiological functions. Goals of our new course include the following: developing student recognition of common characteristics that unite living organisms as well as features that distinguish taxonomic groups, facilitating student understanding of how organisms accomplish similar functions through different forms, and reinforcing course themes with independent student research. In this paper, we describe course learning outcomes, organization, content, assessment, and laboratory activities. We also present student perspectives and outcomes of our course design based on data from four years of student evaluations. Finally, we explain how we modified our course to meet remote learning and social‐distancing challenges presented by the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the germinating black eye pea (Vigna unguiculata: II. The synthesis and maturation of ribosomes in the later stages of germination

1. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D both inhibit protein synthesis in the axes of 62-h germinated plantlets. Actinomycin D does not inhibit the amino acid incorporation in the cotyledons which normally occurs at a lower rate than in the axes. 2. 32P-labeling experiments show that (a) the synthesis of complete ribosomes ceases sometime between 30 and 40 h after germination and (b) that this synthesis has still not resumed by 72 h. 3. During these stages, the newly transcribed rRNA is associated with cytoplasmic particles which resemble the heavier and the lighter ribosomal subunits with respect to their RNA components, but which sediment significantly more slowly on sucrose gradients than do the normal subunits. 4. On sucrose density gradients the radioactivity profile of RNA isolated from the ribosomes reveals two peaks which show a slightly lower density than the normal 28-S and 18-S rRNA. 5. Both 5-S RNA and tRNA are synthesized during these stages. The newly synthesized 5-S RNA is exclusively located in the heavier subunit but neither the heavier nor the lighter subunit contains any radioactive tRNA. 6. The particles containing the newly synthesized RNA are slowly transformed into mature monomeric ribosomes, apparently without undergoing prior degradation, indicating that these are probably the precursor to normal ribosomes. 7. Actinomycin D does not prevent the transformation of the precursor particles into mature ribosomal subunits but it inhibits their conversion into monomeric ribosomes. The maturation of the precursor particles into normal ribosomal subunits is completely blocked by cycloheximide. These results suggest that the maturation of the particles involves their transformation into mature ribosomal subunits which are joined to form the monomeric ribosomes, presumably, subsequent to their entrance into polyribosomes.
A stochastic dominance approach to risk analysis of computer systems

Auditors and systems analysts are increasingly called upon to determine the impact of a disaster striking the computer system. Current risk analysis methods rely on some variation of expected value analysis. The expected value method suffers from serious drawbacks in this application because probabilities of disaster are difficult to estimate and the loss distributions are likely to be highly skewed. This article presents an improved methodology for dealing with EDP risk analysis and contingency planning. It is based on the concept of stochastic dominance and it provides a more accurate comparison of the various contingency plans by dealing with estimates of the entire loss distribution. This methodology also focuses on the differences between contingency plans, rather than on the cause of the disaster. The application of this methodology is illustrated for the case of a hypothetical medium-sized bank using aggregated data.
Measurement of CESR emittance and search for dynamic effects

We have developed techniques that allow simultaneous measurements of the spatial size of the luminous region and the angular spread of the e/sup +/e/sup -/-/spl rarr//spl mu//sup +/p/sup -/ events from the CLEO interaction point of the Cornell Electron-Positron Storage Ring, CESR. These techniques take advantage of the small and well understood resolution of the CLEO tracking system. We use these measurements to extract the horizontal beta, horizontal emittance and the vertical emittance as functions of specific luminosity.
Genetic and epigenetic variation in the lineage specification of regulatory T cells

The immune system protects the body from infection. Key to this protection is the ability to mount an immune response that is sufficient to deal with the threat, but is not so large that the damage it causes to the body exceeds its immediate benefit. Immune cells called regulatory T cells (or Treg cells for short) help to shut down the immune response after a threat has been successfully destroyed. They also prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells, a phenomenon known as autoimmunity. All cells in the body carry the same set of genes, but the activity of these genes varies between cell types to enable the cells to perform their different jobs. This is possible because our DNA contains regions called regulatory elements that can control the expression of particular genes. These regions can be activated in specific types of cells, which results in specific chemical modifications to DNA that only affect gene activity in those cells. The DNA sequences of these regulatory elements vary between individuals. This ‘genetic variation’ can lead to differences in the chemical modifications that occur to DNA, which is known as epigenetic variation. This means that Treg cells in one person may work in a different way to those in another individual, which could make some individuals more susceptible to autoimmune diseases than others. However, it was not clear how much genetic and epigenetic variation exists in Treg cells. Here, Arvey et al. examined Treg and other immune cells from human and mouse donors. The experiments show that some of the epigenetic modifications present in many individuals only in Treg cells, which indicates that they may be important for the activity of the Treg cells. Unexpectedly, most of the epigenetic modifications were specific to either mice or humans, but Arvey et al. identified a core set of genes that had been modified only in Treg cells in both species. In the human cells, Arvey et al. also identified genetic differences in regulatory elements that are associated with autoimmune diseases. Arvey et al.'s findings suggest that a small set of regulatory elements are crucial to the role of Treg cells in the immune system. Furthermore, genetic variation in these elements can lead to epigenetic changes in Treg cells that contribute to autoimmune diseases in humans. Further study may lead to the development of new treatments for these diseases.
Erosive Wear Testing

Fluid-induced erosion, single and multiphase flow induced, is considered according to the various phenomena involved. The basic damage mechanisms are considered and described. The various types of erosion testing devices are described and compared.
Oral History: A Pragmatic Approach to Improving Life Satisfaction of Elders

This study evaluated the impact of oral history interviews on life satisfaction of older adults who were interviewed by college students enrolled in a gerontology course. Using an experimental, pretest–posttest design, baseline life satisfaction scores of elders in the intervention group were compared to those in the control group immediately following three one-hour oral history interviews (posttest) and again 10 weeks later (retest). At posttest, no differences in life satisfaction were found between groups, but differences approached statistical significance at the 10-week retest indicating that, over time, oral history interviews may contribute to improved quality of life among elders.
The role of orbital ultrasonography in distinguishing papilledema from pseudopapilledema.

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of orbital ultrasonography in distinguishing papilledema from pseudopapilledema in adult patients. The records of all adult patients referred to the neuro-ophthalmology service who underwent orbital ultrasonography for the evaluation of suspected papilledema were reviewed. The details of history, ophthalmologic examination, and results of ancillary testing including orbital ultrasonography, MRI, and lumbar puncture were recorded. Results of orbital ultrasonography were correlated with the final diagnosis of papilledema or pseudopapilledema on the basis of the clinical impression of the neuro-ophthalmologist. Ultrasound was considered positive when the optic nerve sheath diameter was ≥3.3 mm along with a positive 30° test. The sensitivity of orbital ultrasonography for detection of papilledema was 90% (CI: 80.2–99.3%) and the specificity in detecting pseudopapilledema was 79% (CI: 67.7–90.7%). Orbital ultrasonography is a rapid and noninvasive test that is highly sensitive, but less specific in differentiating papilledema from pseudopapilledema in adult patients, and can be useful in guiding further management of patients in whom the diagnosis is initially uncertain.
Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities

Petroleum and mineral exploration and extraction, hydroelectric development, atmospheric transport of contaminants, timber harvesting and tourism are increasing worldwide, especially in the Arctic. This development may adversely affect populations of reindeer/caribou (Rangifer tarandus) which are the basis of subsistence economies for northern indigenous peoples. Our purpose is to present a survey of the literature that has investigated the response of reindeer/caribou to human activities. Individuals and groups of reindeer/caribou: 1) move away from point sources of disturbance; 2) increase activity and energy expenditure near disturbance; 3) delay crossing or fail to cross linear structures; 4) shift away from areas of extensive and intensive development; and 5) are killed by collisions with vehicles and by hunting along roads. Cows and calves during the calving season are the most easily disturbed group. Bulls in general and all reindeer/caribou during insect harassment are least likely to avoid development areas. Estimation of the proportion of a population that is exposed to disturbance and the implications of this exposure to annual energy budgets, survival and productivity of reindeer/caribou has received little attention. Future advances in understanding the implications of human disturbance to reindeer/caribou will require cumulative effects assessment at annual, population and regional scales. Although some level of cumulative effect is likely, clear separation of cumulative effects of development from natural variation in caribou habitat use and demography will be difficult.
Image intensifier-based intravenous volume tomographic angiography imaging: animal studies

An image intensifier-based rotational volume tomographic digital angiography (VTDA) imaging system has been constructed. The system consists of an x-ray tube and an image intensifier that are separately mounted on a gantry. This system uses an image intensifier coupled to a charge coupled device (CCD) camera as a two-dimensional (2D) detector so that a set of 2D projections can be acquired for a direct three- dimensional (3D) reconstruction. This paper presents the results of the preliminary animal studies using the volume tomographic angiography system with intravenous (IV) injections. The results from the animal studies demonstrate that VTDA only needs a single IV injection of contrast and volume scanning to provide adequate image contrast and resolution for quantitative assessment of vascular anatomy.
Phenotypic screens as a renewed approach for drug discovery

The significant reduction in the number of newly approved drugs in the past decade has been partially attributed to failures in discovery and validation of new targets. Evaluation of recently approved new drugs has revealed that the number of approved drugs discovered through phenotypic screens, an original drug screening paradigm, has exceeded those discovered through the molecular target-based approach. Phenotypic screening is thus gaining new momentum in drug discovery with the hope that this approach may revitalize drug discovery and improve the success rate of drug approval through the discovery of viable lead compounds and identification of novel drug targets.
Cardioprotective effects of red wine and vodka in a model of endothelial dysfunction.

Abstract Background Moderate alcohol consumption is largely believed to be cardioprotective, while red wine is hypothesized to offer benefit in part due to the proangiogenic and antioxidant properties of polyphenols. We investigated the cardiovascular effects of both red wine and vodka in a swine model of endothelial dysfunction. Methods Twenty-seven male Yorkshire swine fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet were divided into three groups and received either no alcohol (Control), red wine, or vodka. After 7 wk, myocardial perfusion was measured, and ventricular tissue was analyzed for microvascular reactivity and immunohistochemical studies. Results There were no differences in myocardial perfusion, in arteriolar or capillary density, or in VEGF expression among groups. Total protein oxidation as well as expression of superoxide dismutase-1 and -2 and NADPH oxidase was decreased in both treatment groups compared to controls. Endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation, however, was significantly improved only in the red wine–supplemented group. Conclusions Supplementation with both red wine and vodka decreased oxidative stress by several measures, implicating the effects of ethanol in reducing oxidative stress in the myocardium. However, it was only in the red wine–supplemented group that an improvement in microvessel function was observed. This suggests that a component of red wine, independent of ethanol, possibly a polyphenol such as resveratrol, may confer cardioprotection by normalizing endothelial dysfunction induced by an atherogenic diet.
An application of discrete-event simulation to on-line control and scheduling in flexible manufacturing

The on-line control and scheduling of flexible manufacturing systems has been a major interest in the production research area since these systems first appeared. In this paper, a scheduling algorithm is described which employs discrete simulation in combination with straightforward part dispatching rules in a dynamic fashion. The result is that, instead of scheduling being planned ahead of time and then being applied to a rapidly changing system, a dispatching rule is determined for each short period just before the implementation time occurs. In the long run, the algorithm combines various dispatching rules in response to the dynamic status of the system. The algorithm is described in detail. The efficacy of the algorithm is discussed and demonstrated on a prototype system.
“Worst Case” Aerosol Testing Parameters: I. Sodium Chloride and Dioctyl Phthalate Aerosol Filter Efficiency as a Function of Particle Size and Flow Rate

The efficiency of filter media is dependent on the characteristics of the challenge aerosol and the filter's construction. Challenge aerosol Parameters, Such as Particle Size, density, shape, electrical charge, and flow rate, are influential in determining the filter's efficiency. In this regard, a so-called “worst case” set of conditions has been proposed for testing respirator filter efficiency in order to ensure wearer protection. Data collected on various types of filters (dust and mist; dust, fume, and mist; paint, lacquer, and enamel mist; and high efficiency) challenged with a worst case-type sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol are presented. The particle size of maximum penetration varies as a function of filter type and was 99.97% at worst case testing conditions, but the worst case count efficiencies for dust and mist; dust, fume and mist; and paint, lacquer and enamel mi...
On the Dislocation Theory of Plastic Deformation

A detailed study has been made of the lattice imperfections which are assumed to account for plastic deformation. Calculations of the strain energy associated with these dislocations have been made in the following cases: a dislocation in a uniform shear stress, two dislocations in an infinite medium, and a dislocation near a surface. The force acting on a dislocation is found by taking the gradient of the strain energy. A force is found which tends to attract dislocations toward the surface of a specimen. It is shown that about twice as much energy is required to produce a certain amount of slip inside a solid as is required to produce the same amount of slip at the surface. The energy required to produce a dislocation is found to be several electron volts per atomic plane, the exact amount depending on where it is located and how it was produced. Finally the energy stored in a material during work hardening is calculated by assuming that the dislocations are arranged in a regular two-dimensional lattice in the material. The density of dislocations found for severely work hardened material agrees with the predictions of other investigators. Numerical values found for the energy stored during work hardening are in agreement with experiment.
Equipment for studying the behavior of refractory materials at high temperatures

Equipment has been designed and tested which will enable the investigations and experimental work on the behavior of refractories at high temperatures to be extended (determining spalling reistance, heating rate, firing up to 2400°C, investigating iron-oxide diffusion into basic refractories, etc).
Effect of class-interval size on entropy

The value of Shannon entropy for a given set of data depends on the class interval chosen to compute the relative frequency of each class. For three data sets, expressed in dimensional as well as nondimensional form, the entropy value was computed for different class-interval sizes. Entropy was found to decrease with increasing class interval as well as with increasing sampling interval. It is suggested that these intervals should be selected with care.
Abiotic versus biotic drivers of ocean pH variation under fast sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

Ocean acidification is expected to have a major effect on the marine carbonate system over the next century, particularly in high latitude seas. Less appreciated is natural environmental variation within these systems, particularly in terms of pH, and how this natural variation may inform laboratory experiments. In this study, we deployed sensor-equipped moorings at 20 m depths at three locations in McMurdo Sound, comprising deep (bottom depth>200 m: Hut Point Peninsula) and shallow environments (bottom depth ∼25 m: Cape Evans and New Harbor). Our sensors recorded high-frequency variation in pH (Hut Point and Cape Evans only), tide (Cape Evans and New Harbor), and water mass properties (temperature and salinity) during spring and early summer 2011. These collective observations showed that (1) pH differed spatially both in terms of mean pH (Cape Evans: 8.009±0.015; Hut Point: 8.020±0.007) and range of pH (Cape Evans: 0.090; Hut Point: 0.036), and (2) pH was not related to the mixing of two water masses, suggesting that the observed pH variation is likely not driven by this abiotic process. Given the large daily fluctuation in pH at Cape Evans, we developed a simple mechanistic model to explore the potential for biotic processes – in this case algal photosynthesis – to increase pH by fixing carbon from the water column. For this model, we incorporated published photosynthetic parameters for the three dominant algal functional groups found at Cape Evans (benthic fleshy red macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, and sea ice algal communities) to estimate oxygen produced/carbon fixed from the water column underneath fast sea ice and the resulting pH change. These results suggest that biotic processes may be a primary driver of pH variation observed under fast sea ice at Cape Evans and potentially at other shallow sites in McMurdo Sound.
A history of the history of programming languages

"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."---Isaac Newton, in a letter to Robert Hooke, Feb. 15, 1676
Bioremediation studies at a northern California Superfund site

Abstract Laboratory analysis of land treatment of wood preservative contaminated soils was performed as part of an investigation of remediation alternatives for an EPA Superfund site. Experimental procedure involved 6 different site soils with different supplementary nutrients placed in lined steel boxes, 6′ × 12′ × 5′ deep, and analyzed for among other things creosote pentachlorophenol acclimated and total bacteria populations, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) with both single and multiple loadings. The best overall percentage reduction occurred where there were moderate initial constituent concentrations and the highest level of manure.
A Cosmological Measurement of the Sum of the Neutrino masses with Precision CMB Observations

This proceedings article presents a brief summary of the talk presented at the NOW2010 conference. I discussed the measurement of the sum of neutrino masses in cosmology. In particular, I suggested that the lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a strong probe of the neutrino masses as the mass fluctuations responsible for lensing of the CMB are primarily at linear scales and at redshifts of 2 to 3. A first, direct measurement of the angular power spectrum of the projected lensing potential out to the last scattering surface has been achieved with WMAP 7-year cosmological data leading to the amplitude of the mass fluctuations to be 0.97 ± 0.47 in the flat-LCDM cosmological model. Efficient algorithms to extract the lensing signal in the CMB is now available from the literature. In future, all-sky 5 to 10 arcminute scale CMB experiments have the highest potential to extract the neutrino masses. With Planck, the sum of the neutrino masses can be constrained down to 0.15 eV, while with an experiment such as EPIC, this can be improved to 0.047 eV at the 95% confidence level. At such a sensitivity level, a measurement of the sum of the neutrino mass should be feasible given the existing oscillation experiments that suggest a mass sum at or above this level in both inverted and normal mass hierachies.
Perceived mental workload, trust, and acceptance resulting from exposure to advisory and incentive based intelligent speed adaptation systems

Abstract A 2010 field operational test completed in the United States (US) used an advisory level Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) system coupled with a modest cash incentive to reduce speeding. Each participant drove an instrumented vehicle for a four week period in a naturalistic setting, with the beginning week and final week being baseline periods. The ISA system and incentive were activated for some participants, depending on assignment to experimental conditions, during the middle two weeks of the trials. Driving with the systems, particularly the incentive component, led to a significant reduction in the percentage of time speeding over the posted limit (these results are reported elsewhere). At the end of each week of driving, participants provided ratings of perceived mental workload and completed a “Trust and Acceptance” rating scale after experiencing the incentive and speed warning systems. This paper documents the results of the workload and trust data. As expected, the incentive condition was associated with increased mental demand, temporal demand, frustration, and effort. Unexpectedly, the speed warning did not reduce mental workload of drivers in the incentive condition compared with the incentive only condition. Also counter to our predictions, drivers who experienced the warning without the incentive did not indicate increased mental demand or temporal demand. Trust and acceptance ratings were generally positive for both systems, although the auditory component of the warning was rated unfavorably. Participants who experienced the incentive system rated the speed warning system as less trustworthy than participants who did not experience the incentive, and this finding may partially explain the lack of a reduction in mental workload for participants in the incentive + warning compared with the incentive only condition.
Tumor lysis pancreatitis

Rapid tumor lysis may produce acute complications including systemic metabolic disturbances and hemorrhage in sites involved by tumor. We have observed two cases of acute pancreatitis induced by the lysis of lymphoma that involved the pancreas. This previously unreported cause of pancreatitis must be added to the list of potential complications associated with effective cancer chemotherapy.
Visualization: the look of reality

The need to understand behavior, be it of objects, systems, or organisms, bred the need to simulate it visually, which has been in turn the prime catalyst in the use of computer graphics. A 1987 National Science Foundation report helped give the term "visualization" a place in the computing lexicon, and by now the field has generated a multibillion-dollar industry in software, hardware, and related equipment. Visualization is the process of making visible what is hard or impossible to see in the physical world. It therefore embraces the display of volumetric data and representations of fields and mathematical phenomena, plus distributed visual processing the use of animation (to add the dimensions of time and motion to a subject), and the mating of visualization capabilities with software for such tasks as finite-element analysis. The author discusses visualization and its benefits and applications. >
Effects of Fermentation and Storage on the Concentration of Orotic Acid and Uric Acid in Skim Milk

Skim milk (SM) and skim milk yogurt (SMY) were produced and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the presence of two organic acids–orotic acid (OA) and uric acid (UA). The concentration of OA in SM and SMY at 0 days was 106.2 and 46.1 ppm, respectively. After fermentation OA concentration was 56% lower (P <0.05) in SMY than in nonfermented SM. UA content of SM and SMY at 0 days was 23.3 and 20.1 ppm, respectively. Unlike OA, the UA contents were not significantly altered after fermentation. No significant differences were detected in the concentrations of OA and UA when values of SM and SMY of 0 days were compared with those after 3 days storage.
State and regional differences in U.S. infant homicide rates in relation to sociocultural characteristics of the states

Infant homicide rates for the United States from 1960 to 1980 were examinedto determine if the etiological pattern associated with adult homicides also applies to homicide of infants. Although the rates for males and for nonwhites are higher than for females and whites, in other respects the infant rates did not follow the adult pattern. The rates for infants did not increase betweeen 1960 and 1980, and no significant correlations were found with 22 variables which explain a large percentage of the state-to-state variation in adult homicide. Consequently, criminal justice and public health policies based on the etiology of adult homicide may not apply to infant homicides. Language: en
Isolation, purification, and properties of mammalian and avian liver and yeast fatty acid synthetase acyl carrier proteins.

Abstract Acyl carrier proteins were isolated from rat, human, pigeon, and chicken liver and yeast fatty acid synthetase complexes. These proteins were separated from the other proteins of subunit I of each complex by ultrafiltration after dialysis of subunit I for 3 h against low ionic strength buffer [Qureshi et al. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60 , 158–165]. Subunit I of each fatty acid synthetase was previously separated from subunit II by affinity chromatography on Sepharose ϵ-aminocaproyl pantetheine and subsequent sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The separated acyl carrier proteins were then subjected to gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column. The proteins obtained from each fatty acid synthetase were homogeneous with respect to size and charge on gel filtration, paper and disc gel electrophoresis, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The physical properties and the ability to accept acetyl and malonyl groups from acetyl- and malonyl-CoA in the presence of transacylase were similar to those of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein. These proteins ranged in molecular weight from 7500 to 10,000. Each of the acyl carrier proteins showed the presence of β-alanine and each yielded acetyl- and malonyl-A 1 and A 2 peptic peptides, thus indicating the presence of a 4′-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group in each. They differed somewhat from each other in amino acid composition, but each had a high number of negatively charged (aspartate and glutamate) amino acid residues.
Statistical mechanics and phase transitions in clustering.

A new approach to clustering based on statistical physics is presented. The problem is formulated as fuzzy clustering and the association probability distribution is obtained by maximizing the entropy at a given average variance. The corresponding Lagrange multiplier is related to the ``temperature'' and motivates a deterministic annealing process where the free energy is minimized at each temperature. Critical temperatures are derived for phase transitions when existing clusters split. It is a hierarchical clustering estimating the most probable cluster parameters at various average variances.
A compact high-resolution isobar separator for the CARIBU project

Abstract A compact high-resolution isobar separator for the CARIBU project at Argonne National Laboratory has been designed. It has a first-order mass resolution of 22,400:1, and a >95% transmission for the 50 keV low-emittance beam from a gas catcher–cooler combination.
Useful Lessons from Body Surface Mapping

Useful Lessons from Body Surface Mapping. Body surface potential maps (BSMs) depict the time varying distribution of cardiac potentials on the entire surface of the torso. Hundreds of studies have shown that BSMs contain more diagnostic and prognostic information than can be elicited from the 12-lead ECG. Despite these advantages, body surface mapping has not become a routinely used clinical method. One reason is that visual examination and sophisticated analysis of BSMs do not permit inferring the sequence of excitation and repolarization in the heart with a sufficient degree of certainty and detail. These limitations can be partially overcome by implementing inverse procedures that reconstruct epicardial potentials, isochrones, and ECGs from body surface measurements. Furthermore, ongoing experimental work and simulation studies show that a great deal of information about intramural events can be elicited from measured or reconstructed epicardial potential distributions. Interpreting epicardial data in terms of deep activity requires extensive knowledge of the architecture of myocardial fibers, their anisotropic properties, and the role of rotational anisotropy in affecting propagation and the associated potential fields.
3-dimensional model predictions for the upwind building trial of thorney island phase II

Abstract This short contribution is concerned with three dimensional computer predictions of dense gas dispersion in obstructed flows. A brief review is given of the current status of 3D computer modelling, with special reference to the inclusion of turbulence effects. There follows a description of the computer program HEAVYGAS which was used to produce the predictions which form the main part of the paper. After some discussion of the results and comparison with data provided at one point near the building, the paper concludes with recommendations for future improvements in 3D hydrodynamic heavy gas computer codes.
Allied Health Accreditation Faces Major Changes

FROM a national perspective, the past 2 years have been an unsettling time in higher education accreditation, both for accrediting bodies and for educational institutions. Tensions generated by groups critical of current accreditation practices have been exacerbated by a general climate of dissatisfaction with higher education, expressed by members of the public who invest in education and by elected officials seeking greater accountability. The expectations for higher education have effected major upheavals in accreditation systems, higher education, and other associations and groups involved in accrediting activities. These upheavals compelled swift and positive action and energized the accrediting community to examine the effectiveness of its system. Since 1991, when the Advisory Committee on Accreditation and Institutional Eligibility of the US Secretary of Education deferred renewal of recognition for a regional accrediting commission, other accrediting bodies—national, regional, institutional, and specialized— have become the focus of negative publicity that reflects a variety of
Synthesizing research in multicultural teacher education: Findings and issues for evaluation of cultural diversity

Issues for program evaluation are raised through an analysis of previous integrative research in multicultural teacher education.