cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the best treatment for acute calcium channel blocker overdose

When it was introduced in the United States in 1982, verapamil was a welcome new drug for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia, and it and other calcium channel blockers soon found wide use in managing hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and migraine headache. Unfortunately, before long it was apparent that these wonder drugs had a dark side: profound cardiotoxic effects in overdose, with a narrow gap between therapeutic and toxic doses. Calcium antagonists affect every aspect of the cardiac “plumbing” system: they can abolish sinus node activity and atrioventricular conduction, depress the force of cardiac contraction, and slacken vascular tone, making them a “triple threat” to cardiac output and vital organ perfusion. Although the number of cases reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers has decreased in recent years, calcium channel blockers still account for more than 2,000 hospitalizations reported to the centers each year, and in 2011, 90 patients experienced major outcomes and 26 died. An acute calcium channel blocker overdose sends a chill up the spine of most toxicologists because we know how difficult it can be to treat these patients. A small dose can mean big problems, and children with suspected ingestion of even a single tablet of some calcium channel blockers may require ICU observation for up to 24 hours. Ingestion of a modified-release preparation (SR, XL, etc) can delay onset and prolong duration of symptoms, and these tablets are too big to be sucked out with even a hefty orogastric tube. To prevent systemic absorption after a massive overdose means early, aggressive administration of charcoal and whole bowel irrigation, if these measures can be started early before calcium channel blocker–induced ileus occurs. It is not surprising that a poisoning this serious would be the subject of numerous articles in the medical literature, with a long list of potential interventions for calcium channel blocker– induced shock, including calcium, glucagon, various catecholamines, amrinone, sodium bicarbonate, insulin, and lipid emulsion. We know a fair amount about some of these drugs according to animal studies and human case reports, but c
Global Environmental Change and International Governance

No knowledgeable observer anticipates the emergence of a world government during the foreseeable future; many would find such a development unappealing, even if it were feasible. Yet the growing salience of policy issues arising in connection with global environmental changes — like ozone layer depletion, global warming and the loss of biodiversity — has already stimulated a surge of interest in responses featuring agreements that call for sustained international co-operation. This has led in turn to a proliferation of efforts to form new international regimes or, more broadly, international institutions to prevent or control the impacts of global environmental changes.
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA in the small intestine of suckling and adult rats

The presence and cellular localization of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA in the small intestine of suckling and adult rats was studied. A sensitive reverse transcription (RT) competitive-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed IGF-I gene expression in both age groups. Adult tissue contained 3-fold higher levels of IGF-I mRNA in comparison with sucklings. Using an in situ hybridization technique, IGF-I transcripts were localized mainly in enterocytes and goblet cells in the intestinal crypts of adult rats. By using this technique, IGF-I mRNA was not detected in jejunum of 12-day-old rats.
Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms

Recent findings have indicated that dietary calcium, vitamin D and folate can modulate and inhibit colon carcinogenesis. Supporting evidence has been obtained from a wide variety of preclinical experimental studies, epidemiological findings and a few human clinical trials. Important molecular events and cellular actions of these micronutrients that contribute to their tumour-modulating effects are discussed. They include a complex series of signalling events that affect the structural and functional organization of colon cells.
Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Evaluation of Hematological and Immunological Effects of PCB Exposure on Turtles

Concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Aroclor 1260, and 26 congeners were measured in liver, fat, and eggs of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) collected from ponds near or on the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP), Kentucky, USA. Concentrations of total PCBs (wet mass) ranged from 0.002 to 0.480 mg/kg, 0.028 to 0.839 mg/kg, and 0.001 to 0.011 mg/kg in liver, fat, and eggs, respectively. Concentrations of Arochlor 1260 did not exceed 0.430, 0.419, and 0.007 mg/kg in liver, fat, and eggs, respectively. Exposure to PCBs in red-eared sliders collected from the PGDP is characterized by low concentrations of moderately chlorinated mono-ortho and di-ortho congeners (PCB 153, 180, and 118). Although PCB concentrations measured in the current study were low, chronic exposure to PCBs may have altered hematology and immunity of the turtles examined. Total white blood cell count and number of heterophils were negatively correlated with concentrations of total PCBs and Arochlor 1260, respectively. However, disease and other contaminants in the study area may influence the results. Because little is known regarding the influence of PCBs on hematology and immune function in turtles, additional study is needed to better evaluate results observed in the current study.
9-Oxodec-trans-2-enoic acid and Myrmica queen extracts tested for influence on brood in Myrmica

Abstract Synthetic 9-oxodecenoic acid, one of the pheromones of Apis mellifera L., has been tested on brood growth in the ant Myrmica. It showed limited activity but only in situations in which the normal queens stimulate rather than suppress. It did not inhibit oviposition by workers. Ingestion in food was not necessary. Myrmica queen heads crushed in ethanol gave suppressive, and mandibular glands in paraffin oil gave stimulatory effects. These results indicate that the suppressive and stimulatory roles of the queen may depend on different mechanisms and employ different pheromones: the former a volatile or unstable substance from the head (perhaps the mandibular gland), the latter a substance (probably 9-oxodecenoic acid) from the mandibular glands.
The Excremental Vision and the Study of Religion: An Afterword

Gary Lease often deployed a Swiftian "excremental vision" to upend the liberal pretensions of "religion" and religious studies. However, this essay argues that there is far more to say about the relationship between religion and defecation. Indeed, the inescapable fact of human excrement should be viewed as an under-utilized site for academic theorizing about the power of "religion."
Evolution of the NMC Data Assimilation System: September 1978–January 1982

Abstract The evolution of the NMC global data assimilation system in the period 1978–81 is presented. The improvements include revisions to the analysis programs and the replacement of the initialization and the prediction model. Data are analyzed over a finer analysis grid, are scrutinized by a more thorough “buddy cheek,” and are subject to a multivariate wind relationship. The impact of the changes upon the wind analysis is examined with respect to the case of 1200 GMT, 21 October 1979. The system changes concurrent with the addition of the spectral prediction model are noted. Experimental evidence demonstrates the superiority of the spectral system with respect to the gridpoint system previously in use.
Neonatal exposure to technical methoxychlor alters pregnancy outcome in female mice

Abstract This study was designed to determine the ability of female mice who were exposed neonatally to the pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) to mate, ovulate, and become pregnant upon reaching sexual maturity. One-day-old female mice (5 to 8/group) were exposed daily by intraperitoneal (ip) injection for 14 d to either sesame oil or 10 μg estradiol-17β or 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg MXC suspended in sesame oil. The MXC exposures corresponded to 14 to 71, 68 to 357, or 135 to 714 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Three months later, female mice were placed with proven breeder males and checked daily for vaginal plugs. Mated female mice were sacrificed 18 d after the appearance of a vaginal plug to evaluate pregnancy. Uteri were examined for the presence of living fetuses and/or resorption sites. Ovaries were removed and prepared for histologic evaluation and tabulation of corpora lutea. All mice from all three MXC-treated groups did in fact mate, in comparison with only one of those exposed neonatally to estradiol. Increasing the dose of MXC produced a decreased number of pregnant animals at 18 d following mating. The mean number of live fetuses/litter was reduced in the 0.5 and 1.0 mg MXC-treated groups. Corpora lutea were significantly reduced in ovaries from only the 1.0 mg MXC group and the estradiol group. No effects of treatment were seen at 0.1 mg MXC. It is concluded that neonatal exposure to MXC does not interfere with mating. Instead, significant alterations are seen in initiating and/or maintaining pregnancy. The deleterious effects on pregnancy may be due to the influence of neonatal MXC treatments on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis as well as on possible alteration of the uterine environment.
Archosaurian respiration and the pelvic girdle aspiration breathing of crocodyliforms

Birds and crocodylians, the only living archosaurs, are generally believed to employ pelvic girdle movements as a component of their respiratory mechanism. This in turn provides a phylogenetic basis for inferring that extinct archosaurs, including dinosaurs, also used pelvic girdle breathing. I examined lung ventilation through cineradiography (high-speed X-ray filming) and observed that alligators indeed rotate the pubis to increase tidal volume, but did not observe pelvic girdle movement contributing to lung ventilation in guinea fowl, emus or tinamous, despite extensive soft-tissue motion. Re-examination of fossil archosaurs reveals that pubic rotation evolved in basal crocodyliforms and that pelvic girdle breathing is not a general archosaurian mechanism. The appearance of pelvic aspiration in crocodyliforms is a striking example of the ability of amniotes to increase gas exchange or circumvent constraints on respiration through the evolution of novel accessory breathing mechanisms.
Carbon dioxide output and mating in adult cabbage looper moths exposed to discrete light régimes

Abstract Carbon dioxide discharge and the number of spermatophores transferred were recorded from populations of adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, maintained under various wavelengths and intensities of light. Nocturnal CO2 output was enhanced by retaining 1 per cent of the diurnal intensity of near-u.v. and blue lights during the scotophase. However, addition of
A narrative of absence: monumental synagogue architecture in late nineteenth-century Amsterdam

This article examines synagogue building and synagogue architecture in Amsterdam during the second half of the nineteenth century. The Dutch capital, known in local parlance as “Mokum,” took a very different path than other European capitals. While Jewish communities across Europe initiated massive building plans, the Amsterdam Jewish community reverted to building small and modest hevra synagogues (independent prayer group synagogues) and refrained from constructing a monumental house of worship. There are multiple reasons why this happened: among others, the persistent poverty among the large working class population, the small Jewish elite, a communal priority given to providing poor relief rather than initiating new building programs, the presence of two large seventeenth-century synagogues in the center of the Jewish neighborhood, and a general disinterest in creating an “architecture of emancipation.” This article presents an analysis of the Dutch case and places it within the larger context of European synagogue architecture. It also takes a close look at the Gerard Dou synagogue which was inaugurated in 1892, a hevra synagogue built in the Dutch neo-Renaissance style.
Validity of Physical Activity Measures in Individuals After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Objective To determine the concurrent criterion-related validity of 2 activity monitors in comparison with the criterion method of indirect calorimetry in older adults after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Design Validation study. Setting Subjects completed 9 increasingly demanding daily activities in a research laboratory; each activity was performed for 7 minutes, for a total of 80 minutes, while the activity monitors and criterion method were used concurrently. Participants Subjects (N=21, 67% women) had a mean age ± SD of 68±7 years and a body mass index of 29±4. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Energy expenditure (in kcal/min) measured by accelerometer-based and multisensor-based monitors and by a criterion method. Validity was assessed by the paired t test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots comparing the measurements from the activity monitors with those of the criterion method. Results Measurements from the accelerometer-based monitor were significantly lower than those of the criterion method across all walking and nonwalking activities. The underestimations ranged from 40% to 100%. The accelerometer-based monitor demonstrated small to moderate agreement compared with the criterion method (ICCs from 0 to .38). Measurements from the multisensor-based monitor were significantly lower than those of the criterion method during several nonwalking activities; yet, the differences were minor (2%–19%). Measurements from the multisensor-based monitor during walking activities were not different compared with the criterion method. The multisensor-based monitor demonstrated moderate to excellent agreement with the criterion method (ICCs from .48 to .81). Conclusions The multisensor-based monitor showed better criterion-related validity than the accelerometer-based monitor and should be considered as a tool to measure physical activity in individuals after TKA.
Zinc deficiency: effect on brain of the suckling rat.

Extract: The effect of zinc deficiency on the brain of the suckling rat was studied by feeding a zinc-deficient (Zn-) diet to dams from parturition and measuring the in vivo uptake of 3H-thymidine by brain DNA and the 35S uptake by brain protein as well as the brain lipid composition of their pups. These results were compared with similar data obtained on pups nursed by pair-fed (PF) and ad libitum-fed control dams which had been given zinc in addition to the diet. The specific activities (SA) of DNA and protein were decreased in the brains and livers of the pups nursed by the zinc-deficient dams compared with pups nursed by dams pair-fed with the zinc-deficient dams and hence semistarved (SA of brain DNA: Zn- = 5.90 versus PF = 11.36; SA of liver DNA: Zn- = 5.16 versus PF = 15.8; SA of brain protein: Zn- = 50.20 versus PF = 85.30; SA of liver protein: Zn- = 56.02 versus PF = 79.20). On the other hand, similar concentrations of DNA, RNA, and protein were present in their brains as well as their livers. The concentrations of total lipid were decreased in the brains of the deficient pups compared with the controls (Zn- = 0.215 versus PF = 0.309 mg/mg of brain), while the concentrations of brain phospholipid and the brain fatty acid patterns were similar. Zinc deficiency has thus been shown to impair DNA and protein synthesis in brain of the suckling rat as it has previously been shown to do in other tissues including liver and epiphyseal plate. Speculation: Zinc is essential for synthesis of nucleic acids and protein. In individuals with protiencalorie malnutrition, an associated zinc deficiency may compound the effects of protein deprivation by impairing utilization of the limited protein available. Zinc deficiency in the human may thus contribute to the impaired brain growth reported to occur in infants with protein-calorie malnutrition.
The observation of stress effects during the high temperature oxidation of iron

Electron microscopy has been used to characterize the stress effects which occur during the oxidation of iron in the temperature range 400–700° C. Spalling and de-cohesion of the outer hematite (α-Fe2O3) layer is often observed, and analysis of the resulting scrolled oxide indicates a strong compressive stress gradient. In contrast, tensile cracks are frequently seen in the magnetite (Fe3O4) layer, while the underlying wustite (Fe1−xO) and the iron substrate are apparently able to accommodate the stresses to some extent by plastic deformation. The Pilling-Bedworth model can adequately be applied at the α-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 interface since anion diffusion occurs in the hematite. However, since cation diffusion is dominant in the other oxides, it is suggested that the anion volume ratio can be applied to the Fe3O4-Fe1−xO interface where the anion sublattice remains unchanged, in order to predict the stress state.
High speed solenoid control techniques

Some specialized power control strategies and electronic drive circuits available to enhance solenoid performance, together with a discussion on the relative merits of each, are presented. The operating principles of the solenoid are examined, and some insight is given as to the areas where it is possible to benefit from power control techniques. Digital solutions to the equations governing solenoid operation are presented, allowing quick evaluation of the various control techniques. A dual-level control scheme is shown to greatly improve the performance characteristics of the solenoid, as a force producer. The improvements may be concentrated in one or more areas (speed, stroke, force, or actuator size) depending on the application. >
Fabrication and characterization of Er-doped ZnO films grown by pulsed E-beam deposition

Erbium-doped ZnO thin films with nano-size grains were grown on silicon substrate by pulsed e-beam deposition. The luminescence provides evidence that the Er ions have been incorporated inside the crystalline ZnO grains in film.
Emerging Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery

Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. Through a more thorough understanding of perioperative genomics and the evolving role of early biomarkers of AKI, the authors seek to improve meaningful outcomes among cardiac surgery patients. In this review, the focus will be on advances in risk stratification, evolving definitions and improving early diagnosis of AKI, identification of effective individualized therapies, and future directions.
Inference of integrated surface, curve and junction descriptions from sparse 3D data

We address the problem of inferring integrated high-level descriptions such as surfaces, 3D curves, and junctions from a sparse point set. For precise localization, we propose a noniterative cooperative algorithm in which surfaces, curves, and junctions work together. Initial estimates are computed based on the work by Guy and Medioni (1997), where each point in the given sparse and possibly noisy point set is convolved with a predefined vector mask to produce dense saliency maps. These maps serve as input to our novel extremal surface and curve algorithms for initial surface and curve extraction. These initial features are refined and integrated by using excitatory and inhibitory fields. Consequently, intersecting surfaces (resp. curves) are fused precisely at their intersection curves (resp. junctions). Results on several synthetic as well as real data sets are presented.
Case control study of the geographic variability of exposure to disinfectant byproducts and risk for rectal cancer

Levels of byproducts that result from the disinfection of drinking water vary within a water distribution system. This prompted us to question whether the risk for rectal cancer also varies, depending upon one's long term geographic location within the system. Such a geographic distribution in rectal cancer risk would follow naturally from an association between level of byproduct and rectal cancer risk. We assess the effects of estimated geographic variability in exposure to some of the components of the trihalomethane group of disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) on the odds ratios and probabilities for rectal cancer in white males in a case control study of 128 cases and 253 controls, conducted in Monroe County, Western New York State, U.S.A. The study was designed around health data initially collected at the University at Buffalo (Department of Social and Preventative Medicine) as part of the Upstate New York Diet Study, and trihalomethane (THM) data collected from a separate independent study of THMs conducted by Monroe County Department of Health. Case participants were chosen from hospital pathology records. The controls are disease-free white males between 35–90 years old, living in Monroe County, and chosen from control groups for studies from cancer of five other (unrelated) sites. Using a combination of case control methodology and spatial analysis, the spatial patterns of THMs and individual measures of tap water consumption provide estimates of the effects of ingestion of specific amounts of some DBPs on rectal cancer risk. Trihalomethane (THM) data were used to spatially interpolate levels at the taps of cases and controls, and odds ratios were estimated using logistic regression to assess the effects of estimated THM exposure dose on cancer risk, adjusting for alcohol, dietary beta carotene intake, tap water intake, and total caloric intake. Trihalomethane levels varied spatially within the county; although risk for rectal cancer did not increase with total level of trihalomethanes, increasing levels of the component bromoform (measured in ug/day) did correspond with an increase in odds ratios (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.25 – 2.74) for rectal cancer. The highest quartiles of estimated consumption of bromoform (1.69–15.43 ug/day) led to increased risk for rectal cancer (OR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.22–4.39). Two other THMs were marginally associated with an increase in risk – chlorodibromomethane (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.00–3.19) and bromodichloromethane (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.00–1.32). Levels of THMs in the water distribution system exhibited spatial variation that was partially due to variation in water age. We also observed a geographic pattern of increased risk of rectal cancer in areas with the highest levels of bromoform in the county.
Patterns of Program Evaluation Practice Among Members of the Evaluation Research Society and Evaluation Network

Using stratified random sampling of the membership directories of the Evaluation Network and the Evaluation Research Society, we surveyed the practices of program evaluators. Those practices factored into four patterns—academic evaluation, stakeholder service evaluation, decision-driven evaluation, and outcome evaluation. The patterns were differentially related to such factors as disciplinary background, organizational setting, and evaluation theory.
A study bipolar phototransistor action existing in CMOS process triggered by a laser beam used in a C-AFM system

A beam bounce technique in a conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) system is usually used to enable the probe head to measure extremely small movements of the cantilever as it is moved across the surface of the sample. However, the laser beam used for the beam bounce also gives rise to the photoelectric effect while we are measuring electrical characteristics of a device. The photoelectric effect occurring in NMOSFETs caused by a laser beam used in the C-AFM system has been reported [1]. In this study, the photoelectric effect occurring in PMOSFETs will be discussed. An example that an invisible implant defect in a PMOSFET was successfully identified using the C-AFM based on the measured electrical characteristics and the bipolar phototransistor action models will also be introduced.
Protection against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Death by Fluoroquinolones

Because fluoroquinolones have an immunomodulatory effect on cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human monocytes, we examined the effect of fluoroquinolones on the survival of mice injected with a lethal dose of LPS. Trovafloxacin (100 mg/kg), ciprofloxacin (250 mg/kg), and tosufloxacin (100 mg/kg) protected 75% (P = 0.0001), 25% (P = 0.002), and 50% (P = 0.002), respectively, of mice against death. The fluoroquinolones significantly reduced serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in LPS-treated mice. The protective effects of fluoroquinolones in LPS-induced shock in mice may also occur in humans.
The simultaneous binding of two double-stranded DNA molecules by Escherichia coli RecA protein

We have characterized the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding properties of RecA protein, using an assay based on changes in the fluorescence of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-dsDNA complexes. Here we use fluorescence, nitrocellulose filter-binding, and DNase I-sensitivity assays to demonstrate the binding of two duplex DNA molecules by the RecA protein filament. We previously established that the binding stoichiometry for the RecA protein-dsDNA complex is three base-pairs per RecA protein monomer, in the presence of ATP. In the presence of ATPgammaS, however, the binding stoichiometry depends on the MgCl2 concentration. The stoichiometry is 3 bp per monomer at low MgCl2 concentrations, but changes to 6 bp per monomer at higher MgCl2 concentrations, with the transition occurring at approximately 5 mM MgCl2. Above this MgCl2 concentration, the dsDNA within the RecA nucleoprotein complex becomes uncharacteristically sensitive to DNase I digestion. For these reasons we suggest that, at the elevated MgCl2 conditions, the RecA-dsDNA nucleoprotein filament can bind a second equivalent of dsDNA. These results demonstrate that RecA protein has the capacity to bind two dsDNA molecules, and they suggest that RecA or RecA-like proteins may effect homologous recognition between intact DNA duplexes.
Steam treatment reduces the skin microflora population on deheaded and eviscerated whole catfish

This study tested the efficacy of steam exposures for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s on reducing skin microflora of whole deheaded and eviscerated catfish. Microbiological analyses of skin were performed after treatment and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days of storage at 4°C. Catfish skin samples were examined for total (APC), coliform (CPC), and psychrotrophic (PPC) plate counts. Results indicated that as steam treatment duration increased greater reduction of catfish skin microflora was achieved. Mean bacterial counts determined on steam-treated catfish skins were significantly (P<0·05) lower than controls at all sample times. Steam treatment for 120 s was the most effective treatment modality, with APC, PPC and CPC lower than control by 2·3, 3·5 and 3·4 log cfu cm−2after 4 days of storage at 4°C. Skin APC and CPC were reduced below the limit of detection (1·8 log cfu cm−2) following a 30-s exposure, and remained at this level until day 4 of storage at 4°C. Skin PPC were reduced by 2 log cfu cm−2following 120-s steam exposure. Steam application to whole deheaded eviscerated catfish may prove useful to sanitize catfish skin prior to further processing into valuable consumer products.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha regulates proliferation in a mouse intestinal cell line

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a prominent cytokine in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, yet its effects on the intestinal epithelium remain poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the action of TNF-alpha on intestinal cell proliferation. METHODS: Young adult mouse colon cells were studied under nontransformed conditions with epidermal growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, or serum in the presence or absence of TNF-alpha and cell numbers determined. The expression and independent actions of the 55-kilodalton TNF-alpha R1 and 75-kilodalton TNF-alpha R2 receptors were studied by immunologic methods. RESULTS: TNF-alpha stimulated proliferation at 0.1 and 1 ng/mL and inhibited proliferation at 100 and 1000 ng/mL without altering cell viability. TNF-alpha inhibited the mitogenic effect of growth factors and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. TNF- alpha R1 receptor agonist antibody inhibited proliferation, whereas a TNF-alpha R2 receptor-blocking antibody prevented the proliferative effect of low-dose TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha displays a novel influence on intestinal cell growth, stimulating proliferation at physiological concentrations and inhibiting proliferation at pathological concentrations. The regulation of intestinal cell mitogenesis by TNF-alpha seems to be mediated differentially by the two TNF-alpha receptors, with the TNF-alpha R1 receptor inhibiting proliferation and the TNF-alpha R2 receptor promoting proliferation. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1231-40)
The Interpersonal Relationship Resolution Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study:

This article reports the results from a study conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Interpersonal Relationship Resolution Scale (IRRS). The IRRS is an instrument intended to measure relational violations and forgiveness with regard to interpersonal injury. Internal consistency coefficients and discriminant validity were explored. Similar to previous studies, the findings of this study suggest that the IRRS is generally reliable and valid. Some inconsistencies in reliability results between this study and other research are discussed, and suggestions for future research to explore these inconsistencies are provided.
Minorities and Democratization

We analyze the process of democratization in a polity with groups that are divided along ethnic as well as economic lines. We show that: (i) the presence of ethnic minorities, in general, makes peaceful democratic transitions less likely; (ii) minorities suffer from discriminatory policies less in democracies with intermediate levels of income inequality; and (iii) in new democracies with low levels of income inequality, politics is divided along ethnic lines, and at greater levels of inequality economic cleavages predominate.
MARICULTURE IN ESTUARINE OIL-PIPELINE CANALS IN LOUISIANA1

A study was initiated to determine the suitability of utilizing some of the thousands of hectares of estuarine oil-pipeline canals in Louisiana for mariculture purposes. Channel catfish (Ictaluruspunctatus), pompano (Trachinotuscarolinus), and white shrimp (Penaeussetiferus) were selected as test animals. Preliminary catfish culture results are reported here. Channel catfish stocked in a 2.55 ha brackish-water oil-field pipeline canal averaged 323 g after 6 months. Growth rates, water quality, and pathogenic organisms remained within acceptable parameters. Predation, overbank flooding, and harvesting were the most obvious problems, and are addressed separately.
Locational differences in heavy metals and metalloids in Pacific Blue Mussels Mytilus [edulis] trossulus from Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Increasingly there is a need to implement biomonitoring plans that can be sustained cost-effectively, focusing on single widespread (or closely-related species) in different parts of the world to detect exposure, potential damage to the organisms themselves, and risk to their consumers, including humans. Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis and its relatives) have been widely used for environmental monitoring. One successful program that has achieved great coverage in time and space is "Mussel Watch", and related programs exist in several regions. In this paper we use the Pacific Blue Mussel Mytilus [edulis] trossulus collected from five locations on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain to examine five heavy metals and two metalloids, to test for locational differences as a function of anthropogenic activities, and to consider potential human health risks. Until the late 1990s Adak hosted a large U.S. military base, with multiple areas of contamination, some of which have been remediated. In June 2004 we identified four presumably human-impacted sites and a presumed unimpacted reference site, the latter on Clam Lagoon Beach, about 3 km from former military activity. No single site had the highest level of more than two metals, and the reference site had the highest levels of chromium and manganese. We subsequently found historic records of a former landfill within 1 km of the reference site. All of the locational differences were less than an order of magnitude, the greatest difference between the highest and lowest values being 4.5 times for lead. The highest correlations were between mercury and arsenic, mercury and lead, arsenic and lead, and chromium and manganese. Shell length was a better indicator of metals' levels than soft body weight, but the relationships were weak. There was no significant correlation between body size or weight with arsenic, lead, or selenium levels. There is substantial comparative data on these metals in mussels. Our results from Adak are generally within the range of mean values reported in the literature, except for the consistently elevated levels of chromium.
Geomorphic – Biotic Interactions on Beach Foreshores In Estuaries

This review of research on estuarine beaches in the USAexamines the linkages between geomorphology and biota and impacts of shore protection strategies. The effects of timing and frequency of storms, wave processes, and tidal range on morphologic response, sediment activation, infiltration and exfiltration of water through the foreshore, and litter distribution on the surface are evaluated along with the impacts of human adjustments, including bulkhead construction and beach nourishment. The effects of these factors on faunal activity are illustrated by evaluating the suitability of beaches as spawning areas for horseshoe crab egg production and the resulting effect on migratory shorebirds. Future research is recommended to: 1) time biological sampling to episodic storm events to evaluate impacts of habitat modification; 2) identify spatial differences in the dimensions of the low tide terrace that control the dynamics and biological functions on the foreshore above it; 3) design biological sampling plans according to geomorphic process regimes rather than static morphologic features on the beach; 4) standardize sampling locations to facilitate comparison among different sites; 5) conduct simultaneous studies of sediment activation by waves and by fauna; 6) determine the role of litter on faunal community structure and function; 7) conduct detailed physical and biological studies at bulkheads to determine the significance of position on the intertidal profile; and 8) determine the significance of nourishing a beach with fill material significantly different from native materials.
The Relationship of Protein Metabolism to Antibody Production and Resistance to Infection

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the relationship of protein metabolism to antibody production and resistance to infection. The particular feature that differentiates acquired from natural resistance is the antibody mechanism. The protein nature of antibodies is now generally accepted because analytical, ultracentrifugal, and electrophoretic measurements all show highly purified antibodies to be typical proteins. If antibodies are specifically modified plasma globulins, a prolonged inadequacy of protein intake severe enough to cause a marked depletion of the protein reserves should also lessen the capacity of the antibody-producing tissues to synthesize specific antibody. A lessened antibody output is caused by severe protein deficiency and a depletion of the protein reserves; repletion of these reserves should restore the capacity of the antibody-producing tissues to form antibody. Protein repletion may affect both the protein reserves and the antibody-producing tissues whose structural and functional integrity may have been impaired by severe and prolonged starvation. Thus, the phagocytic cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow require a constant supply of amino acids and other nutrient materials.
Divergence times, historical biogeography, and shifts in speciation rates of Myrtales

We examine the eudicot order Myrtales, a clade with strong Gondwanan representation for most of its families. Although previous phylogenetic studies greatly improved our understanding of intergeneric and interspecific relationships within the order, our understanding of inter-familial relationships still remains unresolved; hence, we also lack a robust time-calibrated chronogram to address hypotheses (e.g., biogeography and diversification rates) that have implicit time assumptions. Six loci (rbcL, ndhF, matK, matR, 18S, and 26S) were amplified and sequenced for 102 taxa across Myrtales for phylogenetic reconstruction and ten fossil priors were utilized to produce a chronogram in BEAST. Combretaceae is identified as the sister clade to all remaining families with moderate support, and within the latter clade, two strongly supported groups are seen: (1) Onagraceae+Lythraceae, and (2) Melastomataceae+the Crypteroniaceae, Alzateaceae, Penaeaceae clade along with Myrtaceae+Vochysiaceae. Divergence time estimates suggest Myrtales diverged from Geraniales ∼124Mya during the Aptian of the Early Cretaceous. The crown date for Myrtales is estimated at ∼116Mya (Albian-Aptian). BioGeoBEARS showed significant improvement in the likelihood score when the "jump dispersal" parameter was added. South America and/or Africa are implicated as important ancestral areas in all deeper nodes. BAMM analyses indicate that the best configuration included three significant shifts in diversification rates within Myrtales: near the crown of Melastomataceae (∼67-64Mya), along the stem of subfamily Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae; ∼75Mya), and along the stem of tribe Combreteae (Combretaceae; ∼50-45Mya). Issues with conducting diversification analyses more generally are examined in the context of scale, taxon sampling, and larger sets of phylogenetic trees.
Open Problems in Grid Labeling

(1990). Open Problems in Grid Labeling. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 133-135.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AFTER LEFT ATRIAL AND LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE MODIFICATION

The post-operative anatomy after left atrial (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA) surgery may be highly variable. We aim to classify the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) appearance of patients with prior surgical LAA modification. Our institution's cardiac surgery database was cross-referenced
Exploration of the Skills of Improving Intervention Method Effect for the Public Opinion Leaders (POL)

Objective To explore how to improve public opinion leaders (POL) intervention methods in our country to apply skills.Methods A total of 8 individual commercials were taken as the research subjects,who once used public opinion leaders (POL) intervention method to carry out the venereal disease AIDS preventing project.Four were taken as the intervention market,and the other four were the control market.Qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied to investigate the eight markets.After intervention,comparison was made on the core information of the opinion leader communication project,and the opinion leader participation in promoting the individual and industrial and commercial units' risk behaviors.Results Individual commercial units as the intervention market of carrying out public opinion leaders (POL) grasped the core information and changed dangerous behaviors remarkably better than those as the control market.Conclusion The public opinion leader intervention method is an effective intervention method,especially in correcting risk behaviors.Improving the influence of public opinion leaders and their participation,and vigorously promoting the core information transmission are the most important skills in the application of the methods to improve the effect of intervention.
Bernoulli Trials and Its Limiting Cases

The emphasis until this chapter has been upon continuous random variables. Most discrete RV’s may, anyhow, be described as a Dirac limit of corresponding continuous RV’s (Sect. 3.12). But, now we want to consider a situation which is intrinsically discrete and has many applications to the world around us. This is the situation of repeated trials.
The point of coupling of energy storage to marine/offshore electrical networks

The current usage of the term “hybrid electric power”, when referring to electrical networks installed on offshore and marine assets refers to the coupling of energy transformation systems (ETS) that utilize different technologies to exchange energy with the electrical network. An ETS is composed of an energy transformation device (ETD) and if necessary an energy converter that is utilized to match the electrical characteristics of the ETD to those of the electrical network; the converter facilitates the exchange of energy between the ETD and the electrical network at the required rate. An ETS may also be known as a source if it capable of supplying net positive energy to the electrical network for consumption by the loads. Energy exchange between the electrical network and the ETD may be unidirectional or bi-directional. Bi-directional energy exchange implies that the ETD has energy absorption capability. Energy absorption can manifest itself most economically with energy storage capability, alternately it may manifest itself as the ability to dissipate energy. Not all ETS that have energy storage capability may operate bi-directionally. Unidirectional ETS's include the “traditional generators” utilizing combustion based diesel engine, gas turbine or boiler + steam turbine prime movers as well as “alternate ETS” such as fuel cells and primary batteries that also have energy storage capability. Unidirectional ETS such as wind turbine generators and solar energy do not have energy storage capability as we commonly understand it. Bi-directional ETD's include secondary batteries, capacitors and flywheels. Hybrid electric power systems offer the opportunity to improve safety, reliability, operational efficiency and reduce fuel rate, environmental footprint and maintenance costs when compared to traditional electrical power systems.
Plasma free reversible and irreversible microfluidic bonding

We demonstrate a facile, plasma free process to fabricate both reversibly and irreversibly sealed microfluidic chips using a PDMS-based adhesive polymer mixture. This is a versatile method that is compatible with current PDMS microfluidics processes. It allows for easier fabrication of multilayer microfluidic devices and is compatible with micropatterning of proteins for cell culturing. When combined with our Shrinky-Dink microfluidic prototyping, complete microfluidic device fabrication can be performed without the need for any capital equipment, making microfluidics accessible to the classroom.
Introduction to Topological Quantum Matter & Quantum Computation

What is "topological" about topological quantum states? How many types of topological quantum phases are there? What is a zero-energy Majorana mode, how can it be realized in a solid state system, and how can it be used as a platform for topological quantum computation? What is quantum computation and what makes it different from classical computation? Addressing these and other related questions, Introduction to Topological Quantum Matter & Quantum Computation provides an introduction to and a synthesis of a fascinating and rapidly expanding research field emerging at the crossroads of condensed matter physics, mathematics, and computer science. Providing the big picture, this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers entering this field as it allows for the fruitful transfer of paradigms and ideas amongst different areas, and includes many specific examples to help the reader understand abstract and sometimes challenging concepts. It explores the topological quantum world beyond the well-known topological insulators and superconductors and emphasizes the deep connections with quantum computation. It addresses key principles behind the classification of topological quantum phases and relevant mathematical concepts and discusses models of interacting and noninteracting topological systems, such as the torric code and the p-wave superconductor. The book also covers the basic properties of anyons, and aspects concerning the realization of topological states in solid state structures and cold atom systems. Quantum computation is also presented using a broad perspective, which includes fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, such as Bell's theorem, basic concepts in the theory of computation, such as computational models and computational complexity, examples of quantum algorithms, and elements of classical and quantum information theory.
Antisense Transcription Associated with microRNA Target mRNAs

Here, we review recent progress on understanding the biological significance and pervasiveness of transitivity (RNA silencing phenomena) associated with miRNAs in plants and comparisons with parallels in animals. The importance of RNA surveillance and splicing machineries in miRNA biogenesis as it relates to substrate availability for RNA interference (RNAi) is discussed. We summarize a meta-analysis of deep-sequencing datasets that reveals a novel case base substitution of miRNAs in Arabidopsis that results in perfect matches to their targets that spawn siRNAs. We discuss current models for RNAi triggers by miRNAs and the potential involvement of RNA editases, Dicers, and Argonautes. We conclude with some speculation on the role of transposon silencing in rice contributing to evolution of a class of miRNAs with predicted targets in 3′-UTRs, which may serve to assemble adaptive stress response networks and reveal a conserved mechanistic link between animal and plant miRNA function and transitivity.
Northern distribution limits of Trachylepis vittata and the locally apparent lack of polymorphism

Attention is drawn to the overlooked occurrence of the Bridled skink in relatively northern provinces of central Turkey. Zoogeographical issues are discussed and ecological implications of living at high elevations are compared to those of lowland conditions. The apparent lack of uniform and bilineata colour pattern morphs, viz. the absence of polymorphism is indicated.
Feedforward Controllers for Perfect Tracking that does not Invert Plant Zeros Outside the Unit Disc

Abstract In this paper we look at synthesizing feedforward controllers for the explicit purpose of assuring perfect tracking (in the absence of plant uncertainty) of a prespecified class of time varying signals. Proposed is a technique that cancels all the closed loop poles and only the minimum phase zeros. The non-minimum phase zeros are not cancelled but are taken into account in a unique way. These results complement the notion of zero phase error tracking (ZPET) introduced by Tomizuka (1987). The essential point of ZPET is to try and make the overall gain approximately equal to 1 over a desired frequency range while maintaining the overall phase at 0° for all frequencies. While in ZPET the desired output can be an arbitrary time signal the method proposed here relies on the fact that the function to be tracked is known apriori. A complete formulation of the problem in the discrete time domain for the perfect model case is given. Also formulated is a robust version of the problem statement. The latter is accomplished by embedding the controller synthesis in a standard two degree of freedom configuration
The Invented and Propagated Theories in the Origin of Mathematical Sciences

One discovers at least three main developments that have forced many into the habit of looking outside Bharat (India) for the origin of everything and accepting the idea that anything truly great in India was introduced by foreigners.