cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous multislice imaging in dynamic cardiac MRI at 7T using parallel transmission.

Purpose Cardiac MRI at 7T suffers from contrast heterogeneity that can be mitigated with parallel transmission (pTX) and, when performed during breath-hold, from a limited number of slices that can be multiplied with multiband (MB) radiofrequency pulses by simultaneous excitation of multiple slices (SMS). The goal of this study was to apply both approaches simultaneously. Methods Using a 16-channel transmit/receive body coil, pTX SMS was applied with/without CAIPIRINHA with a modified gradient echo cine sequence. Different calibration schemes were investigated for the slice-GRAPPA reconstruction kernels as a function of the cardiac cycle. Results Excellent slice separation for MB = 2 was achieved with CAIPIRINHA, with slice leakage values below 3% for 99% of all voxels. A critical finding of this study was the variation of the MB leakage factor in the heart by as much as 30% throughout the cardiac cycle, which was reduced greatly when reconstruction kernels were calibrated on multiple cardiac phases. Acceptable results were still obtained when applying further acceleration with MB = 3 in combination with in-plane GRAPPA. In one case, two-spoke pulses were compared with one-spoke pulses, resulting as expected in improved homogeneity. Conclusion pTX SMS imaging at 7T can address contrast heterogeneity while allowing larger slice coverage in cardiac MRI performed under breath-hold. Magn Reson Med 77:1010-1020, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Endotoxin-induced release of colony-stimulating activity in man.

SummarySix healthy adult volunteers were injected intravenously with Pseudomonas endotoxin (Piromen) to determine effects on serum colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Serum was assayed with a double-layer agar cloning technique using normal human bone marrow as the target cell preparation. A marked increase in serum CSA was noted after endotoxin administration lasting up to 180 min. The colonies formed in response to postendo-toxin serum were smaller than those seen with leukocyte feeder layers but were otherwise morphologically normal. These studies suggest that granulopoietic humoral factors may be modulated in man by endotoxin administration.The authors thank Lisken Byers, Judy Price and Ann Sullivan for excellent technical assistance.
All Thulium Fiber CPA System with 107 fs Pulse Duration and 42 nm Bandwidth

107 fs pulses were generated in a tunable Raman amplifier with energies up to 8.5 nJ at 70 MHz. Pulses were temporal stretched and amplified to 120 nJ with a spectral width of 42 nm.
Notes on Ecpantheria (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)

Some time ago I published a sort of revision of this genus[1][1] based mainly on the South American material. That revision largely passed over the North American records, because of a number of cruxes. Most of these have now been cleared up, and the present note is primarily on the Nearctic species. [1]: #fn-1
Probing Gas–Liquid Interfacial Dynamics by Helium Evaporation from Hydrocarbon Liquids and Jet Fuels

We have monitored the speeds of evaporating helium atoms dissolved in liquid octane, isooctane, 1-methylnaphthalene, dodecane, squalane, ethylene glycol, and two jet fuels. In all cases, the average kinetic energies of the evaporating He atoms exceed the Maxwellian value of 2RT. The energies roughly track solvent surface tensions; this correlation may reflect the tighter packing and attractions of interfacial solvent molecules that restrict the gaps through which He atoms escape. Mixtures of dodecane, squalane, and 1-methylnaphthalene generate He evaporation energies that lie between the pure liquid values. We find, however, that He atoms evaporate from pure 1-methylnaphthalene with kinetic energies lower than expected based on its high surface tension, perhaps because the sideways packing of the aromatic rings provides more direct channels for the escaping He atoms. Additionally, He evaporates from two complex fuel mixtures, Jet A and JP-8, with nearly identical energies, implying that the extra additive...
Cultivation legacies in soils after rehabilitation seeding in the Great Basin, USA

ABSTRACTIntegration of knowledge regarding impacts of historical cultivation on soils for restoration planning is limited even though these legacies can affect land productivity and future land uses for decades. Old fields are often actively transformed through restoration, afforestation, or rehabilitation seeding. Rehabilitation seeding with the introduced perennial grass crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) was employed on approximately 2 million hectares in the western United States, including old fields in the Great Basin desert region. Seeding continues to be the primary treatment in restoration today, yet a minimal amount is known regarding how the underlying cultivation legacies affect these soils over the long term. We studied sites where rehabilitation seedings overlapped old fields and adjacent noncultivated land to compare soil properties including soil texture, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and C:N ratios. Because these sites were identical in all aspects except former culti...
Epidemic Surveillance after the Elimination of Filariasis in Guangdong Province

Objective To understand the trends of endemic situation after the elimination of filariasis in Guangdong province.Method Parasitological and serological methods were used to examine if there still remained infectious source in those areas.Follow up observations on the former microfilaremia cases in the former endemic areas were conducted.Result From 2001 to 2006,blood examination were made on 12267 people in the areas which were suspected as residual epidemic and 4390 floating population in the focus areas.No microfilaremia case was found.In the follow up examinations for 1087 former microfilaremia cases in 6 counties,no positive case was found.In 2004,2125 individuals of the floating population in Dongguan city were diagnosed for filariasis by ELISA and one person was positive.And this one showed a negative result in blood examination.The chronic filariasis patients were investigated in 35 counties,with a positive rate of 0.04%.Conclusion With the implementation of the interference of the infection source,the elimination of filariasis is achieved and the number of filariasis cases remains consistently low in Guangdong.
Renegotiation-Safe Protocols.

We consider a model of renegotiation in extensive-form games: when it is player i’s turn to move, i can “renegotiate” the equilibrium by suggesting new strategies for all players for the remainder of the game. This renegotiation is successful if it improves i’s utility, and cannot itself be renegotiated at a later round in the game. Although not all finite games have renegotiation-safe strategies, natural classes of games do. We argue that renegotiation-safety captures rationality in the context of cryptographic protocols in a more meaningful way than traditional solution concepts. We also present protocols for the task of secret sharing that are renegotiation-safe assuming the existence of two non-negotiating players; additionally, we show that such protocols require the existence of at least one non-negotiating player. ∗Pass is supported in part by a Microsoft Research Faculty Fellowship, NSF CAREER Award CCF-0746990, AFOSR Award FA9550-08-1-0197, and BSF Grant 2006317. †shelat is supported in part by a Microsoft Research Faculty Fellowship and an NSF CAREER Award CNS-0845811.
Region Growing Selection Technique for Dense Volume Visualization

Selection is a fundamental task in volume visualization as it is often the first step for manipulation and analysis tasks. The presented work describes and investigates a novel 3-Dimensional (3D) selection technique for dense clouds of points. This technique solves issues with current selection techniques employed in such applications by allowing users to select similar regions of datasets without requiring prior knowledge about the structures within the data, thus bypassing occlusion and high density. We designed a prototype and experimented on large dense volumetric datasets. The preliminary results of our performance evaluation and the user-simulated test show encouraging results and indicate in which environments this technique could have high potential.
Abstract IA06: Spatial systems biology of cancer

Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer; October 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA International efforts have now defined the genomic landscapes of most major human cancer types. The genomic landscape of breast cancer is particularly well described in several recent publications. The high level view of this disease suggests a remarkable level of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, the presence of a few recurrent and many rare genomic aberrations and substantial genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity. The challenge now is to understand how these aberrations and tumor extrinsic influences from the microenvironment collaborate to deregulate aspects of cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, senescence, motility and multiscale architecture that include cancer progression and response to therapy. To this end, the OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine has deployed a suite of measurement technologies that enable high throughput assessment of changes in these endpoints to siRNA knockdown of genes found by the TCGA and international genomics efforts to be aberrant and/or involved in regulatory networks that are associated with differentiation subtype and/or differential response to therapy. These studies have revealed both recurrent and rare aberrations that strongly influence these endpoints as well as a range of molecular architectures that influence aspects of receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. This presentation will summarize the results of the siRNA knockdown experiments and focus on the concept that analysis of the architectural features influenced by genomic and epigenomic abnormalities will suggest new therapeutic approaches. Illustrative examples of architectural features revealed using advanced imaging approaches that suggest new approaches to the design of RTK targeted therapies include (a) Ras/Raf multimers associated with signal transduction, (b) actin associated microfilaments involved in ERBB2 signal transduction, and (c) intratumor heterogeneity in differentiation status that influences responses to a range of kinase inhibitors. Citation Format: Joe Gray. Spatial systems biology of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
Demographic Aspects of the Distribution of Income among Families: Recent Trends in the United States

Family income is the dominant component of the size distribution of income among a country’s population. As of March 1970, families accounted for 185 million out of a total population of the United States of 205 million — the rest being unattached persons and the institutional population.1 And if the family is defined, as it is in the basic source used here, as ‘a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption and residing together’ [see S-III, p. 8], it is the unit that makes most decisions relating to employment, other sources of income and the disposition of income received — and is therefore the relevant recipient unit in the analysis of the size distribution of income. But this means that differences and changes in the structure of family units have direct bearing upon the income distribution.
Communicative development from birth

Communicative development is located in interaction rather than a particular developing individual. This course of interactive change, beginning at birth, is described by three general but distinct...
Review: A City for Children: Women, Architecture, and the Charitable Landscapes of Oakland, 1850–1950, by Marta Gutman

Marta Gutman A City for Children: Women, Architecture, and the Charitable Landscapes of Oakland, 1850–1950 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014, 454 pp., 130 b/w illus. $45 (cloth), ISBN 9780226311289 Apart from its origins during the California Gold Rush, Oakland was similar to other small American cities during the mid-nineteenth century. In step with the rest of the nation, California was becoming industrialized and urbanized. The state's progress relied heavily on immigrant labor, but white Protestants resented the presence of the Chinese, Irish Catholics, and African Americans who built the infrastructure needed for growth. Immigrants and blacks lived in the worst parts of the cities they helped create, and their children suffered the consequences. Municipal governments had neither the inclination nor the budgets to fund the necessary services, so women volunteers filled the void. In A City for Children , Marta Gutman explores how charitable institutions housed in repurposed buildings attempted to replace “damaged” childhoods with “good” ones. She documents in meticulous detail the buildings and spaces that the women of Oakland created in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to take care of kids. Children of working mothers needed places to learn and play, and children who had lost one or both parents needed shelter. Working through voluntary associations, middle-class Protestant and Catholic women transformed existing buildings into nurseries and kindergartens, orphan asylums, schools, playgrounds, and a settlement house. These institutions constituted the “charitable landscapes” (note the plural) mentioned in the subtitle. A map on page 26 locating sixteen such places in Oakland around 1910 is one of 130 illustrations of children, buildings, and floor plans that enrich the book. Gutman relies on archived oral histories, fieldwork, and personal interviews to reveal …
Ethanol-induced contractions in cerebral arteries: role of tyrosine and mitogen-activated protein kinases.

Background and Purpose —The relationship between alcohol consumption and stroke appears complex; moderate ingestion is associated with reduced stroke risk, while heavy intake is associated with increased stroke risk. Ethanol has been shown both experimentally and epidemiologically to induce hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, which are associated with cerebral vasoconstriction. Ethanol is known to induce contraction in isolated cerebral arteries and intact microvessels from diverse mammalian animals. The relationships between ethanol-induced contractions in cerebral arteries, intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), tyrosine kinases (including the src family), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were investigated in the present study. Methods —Cerebral arterial muscle tension and [Ca2+]i were quantified by an isometric contraction technique and direct visualization of Ca2+ in single cells. Results —Ethanol induces concentration-dependent contractions in intact canine basilar arteries, which are attenuated significantly by pretreatment of the arteries with low concentrations of an antagonist of protein tyrosine kinases (genistein); an src homology 2 (SH2) domain inhibitor peptide; a highly specific antagonist of p38 MAPK (SB-203580); a potent, selective antagonist of MEK1/MEK2 (U0126); and a selective antagonist of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) (PD-98059). IC50 levels obtained for these 5 antagonists are consistent with reported K i values for these tyrosine kinase, MAPK, and MAPKK antagonists. Ethanol induces transient and sustained increases in [Ca2+]i in primary single smooth muscle cells from canine basilar arteries, which are markedly attenuated in the presence of genistein, an SH2 domain inhibitor peptide, SB-203580, U0126, and PD-98059. Several specific antagonists of known endogenously formed vasoconstrictors do not inhibit or attenuate either the ethanol-induced contractions or the elevation of [Ca2+]i. Conclusions —The present study suggests that activation of protein tyrosine kinases (including the src family) and MAPK appear to play important roles in the ethanol-induced contractions and the elevation of [Ca2+]i in smooth muscle cells from canine basilar arteries. The results could be used to suggest that selective antagonists of protein tyrosine kinases and MAPK may be useful both prophylactically and therapeutically in alcohol-induced strokes.
Proximal tubule glutamine synthetase expression is necessary for the normal response to dietary protein restriction

Dietary protein restriction has multiple benefits in kidney disease. Because protein intake is a major determinant of endogenous acid production, it is important that net acid excretion changes in ...
An introduction to reproducing kernel hilbert spaces and why they are so useful

Abstract We review some of the basic facts about reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS), and the solution of optimization problems in RKHS, These facts provide some clues to how useful RKHS-based methods can be in curve fitting, function estimation, model description, model fitting and ill-posed inverse problems. A number of references are made to mostly older works of the author, colleagues and former students - not an attempt at a balanced review of the literature. The growth of the further development and application of RKHS based methods is demonstrated in the other papers in the invited Session INV-2 of this 13th IFAC Symposium on System Identification (SYSID-2003), and elsewhere in SISID-2003. A recent advanced google search for "reproducing kernel" turned up over 4400 entries.
Decreasing hazards of Alzheimer's disease with the use of antidepressants: mitigating the risk of depression and apolipoprotein E

Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, manifesting in clinically observable deficits in memory, thinking, and behavior that disproportionately affects older adults. Susceptibility genes, such as apolipoprotein e4, have long been associated with an increased risk of AD diagnosis. Studies have shown associations between depression and increased risk of AD development. Furthermore, findings from previous investigations suggest mixed effects in the use of psychotropic medication in older adults. The hypothesis for this study is that antidepressant use modifies the increased hazard of depression or such that a non-significant hazard will result with respect to eventual AD development. Methods Utilizing data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, we examined evaluations of 11,443 cognitively intact participants. Survival analysis was used to explore relationships between depression, apolipoprotein E, AD diagnosis, and antidepressant use. Results An analytical sample of 8732 participants with normal cognition was examined. Among users of antidepressant medication, the hazard, in most cases, was no longer statistically significant. One generic medication showed protective benefits for users (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between recent depression (n = 2083; p < 0.001), lifetime depression (n = 2068; p < 0.05), and e4 carrier status (n = 2470; p < 0.001) and AD development. Conclusions The findings suggest that a mechanism related to antidepressant use may reduce the hazard of eventual AD. Furthermore, the findings reinforce the association between depression, apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4, and AD diagnosis. This study contributes to the emerging literature exploring interventions aimed at decreasing the risk of AD by targeting potentially modifiable psychosocial risk factors such as depression. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountable Care Organizations’ Payments to Physicians: Patients Should Have the Right to Know

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' claim that patients should have the right to know about payments made by accountable care organizations to physicians in America as of 2017, and it mentions physician payment arrangements involving health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the country. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the nation's Medicare health insurance program are assessed, along with incentives in medicine.
Feasibility of a healthcare system-based tetralogy of Fallot patient registry.

Background Patient-reported outcomes and epidemiological studies in adults with tetralogy of Fallot are lacking. Recruitment and longitudinal follow-up investigation across institutions is particularly challenging. Objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of recruiting adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot for a patient-reported outcomes study, describe challenges for recruitment, and create an interactive, online tetralogy of Fallot registry. Methods Adult patients living with tetralogy of Fallot, aged 18–58 years, at the University of North Carolina were identified using diagnosis code query. A survey was designed to collect demographics, symptoms, history, and birth mother information. Recruitment was attempted by phone (Part I, n=20) or by email (Part II, n=20). Data analysis included thematic grouping of recruitment challenges and descriptive statistics. Feasibility threshold was 75% for recruitment and for data fields completed per patient. Results In Part I, 60% (12/20) were successfully contacted and eight (40%) were enrolled. Demographics and birth mother information were obtained for all enrolled patients. In Part II, 70% (14/20) were successfully contacted; 30% (6/20) enrolled and completed all data fields linked to REDCap database; the median time for survey completion was 8 minutes. Half of the patients had cardiac operations/procedures performed at more than one hospital. Automatic electronic data entry from the online survey was uncomplicated. Conclusions Although recruitment (54%) fell below our feasibility threshold, enrolled individuals were willing to complete phone or online surveys. Incorrect contact information, privacy concerns, and patient-reported time constraints were challenges for recruitment. Creating an online survey and linked database is technically feasible and efficient for patient-reported outcomes research.
Cyborg Pride: Self-Design in e-NABLE

The e-NABLE community is a global, distributed, loosely coordinated effort to design, produce, and deliver upper-limb assistive technology to those in need. e-NABLE's volunteers are often 3D-printing enthusiasts who are driven to use their skills to improve the lives of others. Volunteers provide the devices they produce to recipients around the world; these recipients are mainly children, but some are adults as well. While e-NABLE and its participants have received much attention from the media, little has been written about the experiences of the e-NABLE device users themselves. In this paper, we document the experiences of one user of an e-NABLE hand, detailing in a first-person account the journey from a recipient to an active participant and advocate for self-efficacy.
Acute high-fat diet upregulates glutamatergic signaling in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Obesity is associated with dysregulation of vagal neurocircuits controlling gastric functions, including food intake and energy balance. In the short term, however, caloric intake is regulated homeostatically although the precise mechanisms responsible are unknown. The present study examined the effects of acute high-fat diet (HFD) on glutamatergic neurotransmission within central vagal neurocircuits and its effects on gastric motility. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control or HFD diet (14% or 60% kcal from fat, respectively) for 3-5 days. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings and brainstem application of antagonists were used to assess the effects of acute HFD on glutamatergic transmission to dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons and subsequent alterations in gastric tone and motility. After becoming hyperphagic initially, caloric balance was restored after 3 days following HFD exposure. In control rats, the non- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), but not the NMDA receptor antagonist, amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5), significantly decreased excitatory synaptic currents and action potential firing rate in gastric-projecting DMV neurons. In contrast, both AP5 and DNQX decreased excitatory synaptic transmission and action potential firing in acute HFD neurons. When microinjected into the brainstem, AP5, but not DNQX, decreased gastric motility and tone in acute HFD rats only. These results suggest that acute HFD upregulates NMDA receptor-mediated currents, increasing DMV neuronal excitability and activating the vagal efferent cholinergic pathway, thus increasing gastric tone and motility. Although such neuroplasticity may be a persistent adaptation to the initial exposure to HFD, it may also be an important mechanism in homeostatic regulation of energy balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vagal neurocircuits are critical to the regulation of gastric functions, including satiation and food intake. Acute high-fat diet upregulates glutamatergic signaling within central vagal neurocircuits via activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, increasing vagal efferent drive to the stomach. Although it is possible that such neuroplasticity is a persistent adaptation to initial exposure to the high-fat diet, it may also play a role in the homeostatic control of feeding.
Non-Hispanic Black-White disparities in pain and pain management among newly admitted nursing home residents with cancer

Background Racial disparities in pain management persist across health care settings and likely extend into nursing homes. No recent studies have evaluated racial disparities in pain management among residents with cancer in nursing homes at time of admission. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared reported pain and pain management between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black newly admitted nursing home residents with cancer (n=342,920) using the de-identified Minimum Data Set version 3.0. Pain management strategies included the use of scheduled analgesics, pro re nata analgesics, and non-pharmacological methods. Presence of pain was based on self-report when residents were able, and staff report when unable. Robust Poisson models provided estimates of adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% CIs for reported pain and pain management strategies. Results Among nursing home residents with cancer, ~60% reported pain with non-Hispanic Blacks less likely to have both self-reported pain (aPR [Black versus White]: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99) and staff-reported pain (aPR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93) documentation compared with Non-Hispanic Whites. While most residents received some pharmacologic pain management, Blacks were less likely to receive any compared with Whites (Blacks: 66.6%, Whites: 71.1%; aPR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), consistent with differences in receipt of non-pharmacologic treatments (Blacks: 25.8%, Whites: 34.0%; aPR: 0.98, 95 CI%: 0.96-0.99). Conclusion Less pain was reported for Black compared with White nursing home residents and White residents subsequently received more frequent pain management at admission. The extent to which unequal reporting and management of pain persists in nursing homes should be further explored.
Association between injection in public places and HIV/HCV risk behavior among people who use drugs in Ukraine.

Abstract Background In Eastern Europe and Central Asia new HIV infections occur at a high rate among people who inject drugs (PWID). Injection risk behavior may be associated with injecting in public places. However, there is a lack of studies exploring this association in Ukraine, which has an HIV prevalence 21–42% among PWID. Methods Data came from a baseline survey of PWID recruited to participate in a behavioral HIV prevention intervention. The association between HIV/HCV injection risk behavior and place of injection (private vs. public) was assessed using multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance estimate. Results Most of the sample was male (73%), > 30 years (56%), and reported opioids as their drug of choice (55%). One in six participants (15.8%, n = 57) reported using a syringe after somebody, and 70% (n = 253) reported injecting in public places within last 30-days. In the adjusted model, injection risk behavior was associated with injecting in public places (PrR: 4.24, 95% CI: 1.76–10.20), unstable housing situation (PrR: 2.46, 95% CI:1.26-4.83), higher than secondary education (PrR:1.82, 95%CI:1.04-3.16), injecting with a sex partner day (PrR:2.13, 95% CI:1.28-3.56), and injecting with a stranger (PrR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.93–2.31). Conclusions Injecting in a public place is associated with increased prevalence of risky behavior. Therefore, understanding and addressing place-based context should be part of the national strategy to fight HIV and HCV in Ukraine. National programs would benefit from expanding models to include contextual and structural determinants of health.
Osteoarthritis of the Upper Extremity

Osteoarthritis of the upper extremity is very common in older individuals. Symptoms can range widely even amongst those with similar radiographic findings. Physical examination and radiographic findings are key to diagnosis.
Language and interaction: applying sociolinguistics to social network analysis

In recent years social network analysis, influenced by relational sociology, has taken a cultural turn. One result has been a growing interest in the cultural, and not just structural, aspects of social networks. And yet, while relational literature conceptualizes network ties as being interactionally constructed through cultural processes, relationalist inspired quantitative network analysts have rarely made face-to-face interaction a focus of study. More often, these scholars have adopted an interpretive approach and examined the network structure of cultural forms and belief systems. This article argues that network analysis is missing an opportunity to study procedural aspects of culture by taking advantage of our growing ability to collect and analyze streaming data of face-to-face interaction. To productively do so, however, network studies of interaction can apply ideas from sociolinguistics related to the context and style of communication in order to capture cultural aspects of interaction.
Elucidating the Metabolism of Plant Terpene Volatiles: Alternative Tools for Engineering Plant Defenses?

Plants produce a diversity of volatile organic compounds that have important ecological functions. When emitted from plants upon herbivore damage, volatiles serve as direct defense compounds or attract natural enemies of herbivores, a response known as “indirect defense.” Terpene metabolites constitute a predominant group of plant volatiles with recognized function in plant defense. The possibility of developing alternative pest control strategies based on these natural defenses has fueled novel attempts to metabolically engineer volatile emissions and enhance their effectiveness in plant defense. We address recent advances in this area with an emphasis on homoterpene volatiles. We show that the Arabidopsis model serves as an important resource, which provides molecular and genetic tools to investigate and manipulate the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes, especially homoterpenes, and to decipher their roles in plant defense responses.
Posttranslational Modification of Vaccinia Virus Proteins

The major features of the replication cycle of vaccinia virus (W) are outlined in Fig. 1 (Moss 1974). For the sake of this discussion, note that expression of the viral genetic program can be subdivided into two distinct major phases, early and late, which are delineated by replication of the viral DNA molecule. Prior to DNA synthesis, early VV genes, representing about one-half of the viral genetic potential, are transcribed by enzymes and factors present within the incoming virion into distinct 5′-capped/3′-polyadenylated mRNAs, which encode a variety of enzymatic activities including those involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication. Once the W early genes have been expressed, the core particle disintegrates, liberating the viral DNA which is then replicated within large cytoplasmic inclusion bodies known as “virosomes” or “virus factories”. The virosome, which consists of large aggregates of viral protein and catenated VV DNA, is also the site of subsequent assembly of immature viral particles. Concomitant with the onset of viral DNA replication, the transcription of early genes is attenuated and the expression of VV late genes is initiated. VV late RNAs have two unique structural features, namely, no distinct 3′-ends and the presence of a short (30 nt) 5′-poly(A) leader (Weir and Moss 1984; Schwer et al. 1987.
Curvature of Surfaces

Let S be an n-surfacc in ℝ n +1, oriented by the unit normal vcctor field N, and let p ∈ S. The Weingarten map L p : S p → S p , defined by L p (v) = − ∇vN for v ∈ S p , measures the turning of the normal as one moves in S through p with various velocities v. Thus L p measures the way S curves in ℝ n +1 at p. For n = 1, we have seen that L p is just multiplication by a number K(p) the curvature of S at p. We shall now analyze L p when n > 1.
Location-based services: criteria for adoption and solution deployment

This chapter provides an overview of location-based services and insight into the pivotal importance of location-sensitivity to the success of wireless data services. This chapter argues that mass-market adoption of wireless data services will only occur if these services enhance productivity and/or convenience for end-users; transforming novelty into a "must-have." It is the author's view that m-commerce is inextricably linked to location and that the incorporation of location-sensitivity will transform these transactions into a relevant, personalized and actionable experience for the user, thereby encouraging the kind of uptake required to fulfill market potential and bring revenue to carriers. The author will provide examples of location-sensitive wireless data servces in consumer and enterprise environments. A specific case study showcasing a next generation solution jointly developed by TargaSys, a division of Fiat Auto and Autodesk Location Services will describe key elements of a successful model for location-based services. Future directions, revenue models, and key technology enablers for successful deployment will also be discussed.
Rewards and Creativity

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the conflict between researchers and theorists trained in the behaviorist tradition and those espousing a more social psychological viewpoint. This chapter expands on some of the issues raised in these exchanges and focuses, in particular, on the impact of reward on creativity. Research evidence from investigations of the impact of expected reward has led to the understanding that it is the perception of a task as the means to an end that is the crucial element for creativity decrements in task engagement. Over the years, investigators employing variations on this same basic research methodology have found that the promise of reward is not the only extrinsic constraint that can undermine intrinsic task motivation and, as a consequence, creativity of performance. In fact, a number of environmental factors can often lead to decrements in intrinsic motivation. Expected reward, expected evaluation, competition, restricted choice, surveillance, and time limits have each been demonstrated to decrease intrinsic interest and creativity. Yet of all the killers of motivation on the list, none has received more research attention than expected reward. People are highly complex organisms and rewards are not delivered in vacuums, however. As a group, social psychologists have come to realize these facts. Researchers trained in behaviorism were also at one time attempting to incorporate the complexities of the human condition into their model. It is time that contemporary behaviorists renew the effort to move in this direction.
Work-in-Progress: RWS - A Roulette Wheel Scheduler for Preventing Execution Pattern Leakage

Many real-time systems are safety-critical, where reliability is crucial. Under traditional scheduling mechanism, the execution patterns of the tasks on such system can be easily derived from side-channel attacks, such that attackers can launch short high-priority tasks at critical instants which may cause deadline miss for high-critical tasks. In order to protect the system from such kind of attacks, this paper proposes the roulette wheel scheduler (RWS) to randomize the task execution pattern. Under RWS, probabilities will be assigned to each task at predefined scheduling points, and the choice for execution is randomized, such that the execution pattern is no longer fixed. We formalize the concept of schedule entropy the additional safety provided by any randomized scheduler. It is used to measure the amount of uncertainty introduced by the new scheduler.
Handheld Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) has enabled in vivo visualization and enhanced understanding of retinal structure and function. Current generation AOSLOs have a large footprint and are mainly limited to imaging cooperative adult subjects. To extend the application of AOSLO to new patient populations, we have designed, to the best of our knowledge, the first portable handheld AOSLO (HAOSLO) system. By incorporating a novel computational wavefront sensorless AO algorithm and custom optics, we have miniaturized our HAOSLO to weigh less than 200 g. HAOSLO imaged the cones closest to the fovea with a handheld probe in adults and captured, to the best of our knowledge, the first AO-enhanced image of cones in infants.
Investigation of fatigue in steel sign-support structures under diurnal temperature changes

Abstract Use of Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs) has significantly increased in roadway networks, owing to their unique capability to guide the traffic in real time. As a result, the structural performance assessment of the overhead trusses that hold DMSs has received a growing attention to ensure public safety and avoid traffic congestion. Despite the importance of this category of structures, there are only a few relevant studies available in the literature. The potential contribution of thermal stresses to damage, particularly in the joints of overhead truss structures, was among the critical aspects that had remained largely unknown. This was the motivation of the current study as the damage induced by temperature fluctuations can become significant, especially in the regions that experience large diurnal temperature changes. In the current study, two overhead DMS-support structures located in Iowa are selected for instrumentation and long-term monitoring. An array of vibrating-wire gauges are installed on these two DMS-support structures to understand the effects of diurnal temperature changes. Further to the analysis of collected field data, finite-element modeling is performed to evaluate the possibility of fatigue-induced damage. Based on the results obtained from this study, the DMS-support structures under consideration are found to provide a satisfactory performance under thermal loads. This strongly supports the recent transition from aluminum to steel overhead truss structures to avoid vulnerability to diurnal temperature changes.
A Synchronized Current-Comparator-Based Power Bridge for Calibrating Analog Merging Units

A synchronized current-comparator-based power bridge for calibrating analog merging units at power frequencies of 60 Hz and 50 Hz is described. Analog merging units take analog signals from instrument transformers, convert them into digital form, pack the sampled values into Ethernet frames conforming to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE specification and stream the frames to other equipment in a digital substation for further processing. Since the sampled values are used for protection and metering, the merging units need to be calibrated. The expanded uncertainties ${(k=2)}$ of the described calibration system are estimated to be better than ${30 \mu}\text{A}/\text{A}$ for magnitude and ${60\ \mu}\text{rad}$ for phase.
Reprint of: Human papillomavirus infection and its role in the pathogenesis of anal cancer

Abstract The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing among both men and women in the general population since the 1970s, and is more common among women than men. Like cervical cancer, anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is preceded by a precursor lesion, anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) that may take decades to progress to anal cancer. Groups at particularly high risk of anal cancer include immunosuppressed individuals, particularly those with HIV infection, men who have sex with men (MSM), and women with a history of cervical or vulvar HSIL or cancer. HIV-infected MSM constitute the group at highest risk. Once established, HPV may transform the anal epithelium by causing genomic instability, manifest histologically as HSIL. The events associated with progression from HSIL to cancer are poorly understood. Studies are currently in progress to determine whether treatment of anal HSIL reduces the risk of cancer among HIV-infected men and women, and to define the molecular events associated with progression from HSIL to cancer.
Stochastic Process Models for Describing Computer Simulator Output

Recall from Chap. 1 that \(\boldsymbol{x}\) denotes a generic input to our computer simulator and \(y(\boldsymbol{x})\) denotes the associated output. This chapter will introduce several classes of random function models for \(y(\boldsymbol{x})\) that will serve as the core building blocks for the interpolators, experimental designs, calibration, and tuning methodologies that will be introduced in later chapters. The reason that the random function approach is so useful is that accurate prediction based on black box computer simulator output requires a rich class of \(y(\boldsymbol{x})\) options when only a minimal amount might be known about the output function. Indeed, regression mean modeling of simulator output is usually based on a rather arbitrarily selected parametric form.
Abstract A043: Bypass kinase pathways lead to acquired CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer

Cyclin dependent kinase-4/6 (CDK4/6) kinase inhibitors have shown clinical benefit in treatment of solid tumor types, including breast cancer. However, resistance is common, and the underpinning mechanisms of action are not well understood. Given the dependence of CDK4/6 inhibitors on retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) function for activity, this class of agents may be particularly effective in tumor types for which RB loss is infrequent or occurs late in tumor progression. Here, models of acquired palbociclib resistance were generated in early-stage, RB-positive cancers, wherein it was shown that acquired palbociclib resistance resulted in cross-resistance to other CDK4/6 inhibitors under clinical testing. Furthermore, cells showing acquired resistance exhibited aggressive in vitro and in vivo phenotypes without genetic loss of RB or RB pathway members, including enhanced proliferative capacity, migratory potential, and characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further analyses through integration of RNA sequencing and phospho-proteomics identified activation of the MAPK signaling pathway as a mediator of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, capable of bypassing CDK4/6 activity. However, this altered kinase dependence resulted in sensitization to MEK inhibitors, suggestive of new clinical opportunities in CDK4/6-resistant tumors. In sum, the studies herein not only identify activation of the MAPK pathway as capable of bypassing the CDK4/6 requirement and promoting aggressive tumor characteristics, but also nominate MEK inhibitors as potential mechanisms to treat or prevent CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance. Citation Format: Renee de Leeuw, Christopher M. McNair, Matthew J. Schiewer, Neermala P. Neupane, Michael A. Augello, Zhen Li, Larry Cheng, Akihiro Yoshida, J. Alan Diehl, E Starr Hazard, Sean M. McCourtney, Gary Hardiman, Maha H. Hussain, Justin M. Drake, Wm. Kevin Kelly, Karen E. Knudsen. Bypass kinase pathways lead to acquired CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr A043.
Worries About Discontinuing Buprenorphine Treatment: Scale Development and Clinical Correlates.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite the benefits of maintenance buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), many individuals report an interest in discontinuing the medication, while also expressing worries about tapering. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of worries about buprenorphine discontinuation ("Off Bupe") and determine the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these worries. METHODS Between May 2017 and May 2018, we surveyed adults in an outpatient primary care buprenorphine program (n = 138). Reliability and validity of the Off Bupe measure were examined. RESULTS Participants averaged 39 years of age, 54% were male, average duration of buprenorphine was 189 weeks and 85.5% reported eventually wanting to discontinue buprenorphine, although fewer than 10% were actively tapering. We derived two scales, withdrawal symptom worry (10 items, ɑ = 0.94) and relapse worry (7 items, ɑ = 0.88). Worry about symptoms was positively associated with current buprenorphine dose (P = 0.016), physical discomfort avoidance (P < 0.001), and inversely associated with self-efficacy to quit buprenorphine (P < 0.001) and distress tolerance (P < 0.001). Worry about opioid relapse was associated positively with age (P = 0.019), current buprenorphine dose (P = 0.004), physical discomfort avoidance (P < 0.001), and impulsivity (P = 0.002), and inversely associated with self-efficacy to quit buprenorphine (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Psychometric evaluation of the "Off Bupe" scale demonstrated its content and construct validity and internal reliability. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The scale might help individuals with OUD and their providers identify concerns about discontinuing buprenorphine. (Am J Addict 2019;28:270-276).
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 5. [1]Benzothieno[2,3‐c]naphtho[2,1‐f]‐quinoline and [1]benzothieno[2,3‐c]naphtho[1,2‐g]quinoline

Two previously unknown heterocyclic ring systems, namely, [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[2,1-f]quinoline (4) and [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[1,2-g]quinoline (5) were synthesized via photocyclization of 3-chloro-(2-phenanthryl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (8) followed by chlorination and dechlorination. The total assignment of their 1 H- and 13 C-nmr spectra was determined by utilizing inverse-detected HMQC and HMBC two-dimensional nmr spectroscopic methods