cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity of Stress Signaling

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the key stress signals in various cellular compartments and focuses on current knowledge of the sensing mechanisms. The mitochondria are a crucial center for stress detection and processing of stress signals arising in other cellular compartments. Mitochondria activate apoptosis in response to external signals or stresses detected within the mitochondrion. The p53 in the cytosol can localize to the mitochondria and instigate apoptosis. Metabolic and other stresses, such as ionizing and some types of ultraviolet (UV) radiation may increase the mitochondrial reactive nitrogen species (ROS) production rate beyond the detoxification capacity. Elevated metabolic activity increases electron leakage from complex I and subsequent ROS production. The ER is where secretory proteins are processed, a variety of posttranslational modifications are made, and it is the site of intracellular Ca 2+ storage. Stresses affecting Ca 2+ levels or the redox balance are the most notable ER stress signals that impact protein folding. Ca 2+ is essential for a number of enzymes, including some involved in protein processing. Signal transduction can occur through precise protein to protein relays, or through less specific mechanisms where the concentration of a molecule is changed and sensors respond to the change in concentration gradient. The archetypical protein based method for conveying a highly specific signal is through phosphorelays where proteins pass a phosphate through a transduction pathway. Protein modification is a major mechanism for stress signal propagation within the cell and other methods that proteins use for passing messages includes acetylation, ISGylation, nitrosylation, ROS generation, and sumolyation.
Management of PSA Recurrences After Radical Prostatectomy

Despite advances in the care of prostate cancer, a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level remains a common dilemma for men who undergo radical prostatectomy (RP). If caught when the PSA is low, the majority of patients will experience long-term recurrence-free survival with salvage radiotherapy (SRT). However, epidemiologic data demonstrate that not all men with a rising PSA after RP would progress to metastatic disease if left untreated, and population-based studies suggest overtreatment in this population. Herein we review controversies in the definition of biochemical recurrence (BCR), in the role of novel imaging technologies for detection and treatment of BCR after RP, and the treatment options available to men who experience BCR.
Neutron-Induced Fission

The discovery of fission and the subsequent successful construction of nuclear reactors opened up a whole new area of the nuclear chart. Hundreds of medium-mass neutron-rich isotopes were discovered among fission fragments. Very short-lived isotopes came into reach with the development of online mass separators in the 1970s. The discovery of these fragments produced in reactors as well as at accelerator facilities are described.
Use and Underlying Reasons for Duty Hour Flexibility in the Flexibility in Duty Hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) Trial

Background The Flexibility in Duty Hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) Trial randomly assigned surgical residency programs to either standard duty hour policies or flexible policies that eliminated caps on shift lengths and time off between shifts. Our objectives were to assess adherence to duty hour requirements in the Standard Policy arm and examine how often and why duty hour flexibility was used in the Flexible Policy arm. Study Design A total of 3,795 residents in the FIRST trial completed a survey in January 2016 (response rate >95%) that asked how often and why they exceeded current standard duty hour limits in both study arms. Results Flexible Policy interns worked more than 16 hours continuously at least once in a month more frequently than Standard Policy residents (86% vs 37.8%). Flexible Policy residents worked more than 28 hours once in a month more frequently than Standard Policy residents (PGY1: 64% vs 2.9%; PGY2 to 3: 62.4% vs 41.9%; PGY4 to 5: 52.2% vs 36.6%), but this occurred most frequently only 1 to 2 times per month. Although residents reported working more than 80 hours in a week 3 or more times in the most recent month more frequently under Flexible Policy vs Standard Policy (19.9% vs 16.2%), the difference was driven by interns (30.9% vs 19.6%), and there were no significant differences in exceeding 80 hours among PGY2 to 5 residents. The most common reasons reported for extending duty hours were facilitating care transitions (76.6%), stabilizing critically ill patients (70.7%), performing routine responsibilities (67.9%), and operating on patients known to the trainee (62.0%). Conclusions There were differences in duty hours worked by residents in the Flexible vs Standard Policy arms of the FIRST trial, but it appeared that residents generally used the flexibility for patient care and educational opportunities selectively.
Low-dose dihydrotestosterone drives metabolic dysfunction via cytosolic and nuclear hepatic androgen receptor mechanisms

Androgen excess in women is associated with metabolic dysfunction (e.g., obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes) and reproductive dysfunction (e.g., polycystic ovaries, amenorrhea, dysregulated gonadotropin release, and infertility). We sought to identify the effects of androgen excess on glucose metabolic dysfunction and the specific mechanisms of action by which androgens are inducing pathology. We developed a mouse model that displayed pathophysiological serum androgen levels with normal body mass/composition to ensure that the phenotypes were directly from androgens and not an indirect consequence of obesity. We performed reproductive tests, metabolic tests, and hormonal assays. Livers were isolated and examined via molecular, biochemical, and histological analysis. Additionally, a low-dose dihydrotestosterone (DHT) cell model using H2.35 mouse hepatocytes was developed to study androgen effects on hepatic insulin signaling. DHT mice demonstrated impaired estrous cyclicity; few corpora lutea in the ovaries; glucose, insulin, and pyruvate intolerance; and lowered hepatic insulin action. Mechanistically, DHT increased hepatic androgen-receptor binding to phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-p85, resulting in dissociation of PI3K-p85 from PI3K-p110, leading to reduced PI3K activity and decreased p-AKT and, thus, lowered insulin action. DHT increased gluconeogenesis via direct transcriptional regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes and coactivators. The hepatocyte model recapitulated the in vivo findings. The DHT-induced hepatocyte insulin resistance was reversed by the androgen-receptor antagonist, flutamide. These findings present a phenotype (i.e., impaired glucose tolerance and disrupted glucose metabolism) in a lean hyperandrogenemia model (low-dose DHT) and data to support 2 molecular mechanisms that help drive androgen-induced impaired glucose metabolism.
Long-Term Activity Forecasting Using First-Person Vision

Long-term activity forecasting deals with the problem of predicting how an agent will complete a full activity, defined as a continuous trajectory and a discrete sequence of sub-actions. While previous data-driven methods only dealt with forecasting 2D trajectories, we present a method that leverages common sense prior knowledge and minimal data. In order to forecast the trajectories, we learn a policy function that maps from states to actions the agent should perform next. Through the use of deep reinforcement learning, our method is able to learn a highly non-linear mapping from agent states to actions. We develop the first forecasting framework that uses ego-centric video input, which is an optimal vantage point for understanding human activities over large spaces. Given an annotated first person video sequence for the activity, we construct a 3D point cloud of the environment and activity paths through 3D space. Based on a limited number of examples, we use reinforcement learning to derive a policy for the entire environment, even for areas that have never been visited during the demonstrated examples. We explore the use of deep reinforcement learning to recover a direct mapping from environmental features to best action. Our approach makes it possible to combine a high dimensional continuous state (namely the local point could density surrounding the agent) with a discrete state portion (action stage of an activity) into a single state for behavior forecasting. The result is a policy that generalizes very well from only a few activity samples. We validate our approach on our First-Person Office Behavior Dataset and show that our method of encoding more prior knowledge leads to an increase in forecasting accuracy. We also demonstrate that the deep reinforcement learning approach is able to achieve higher forecasting accuracy than the traditional alternatives.
Impact and Application of Nutraceuticals on Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer Development

Chronic inflammation has been shown to contribute to several diseases including colorectal cancer, which is the third leading death cancer in the world. During the past several decades, scientific research on biology of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer has been raised to become a mainstream of biomedical investigation and pharmaceutical development. Due to the important role played by inflammation in common diseases, attempting to prevent or treat them by suppressing the cellular and chemical mediators is an active area of medical research. Most of the prevailing approaches include steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immune selective anti-inflammatory derivatives are fraught with side effects. There is an urgent need for an alternative, effective, and well-tolerated treatment with negative side effects, such as the natural compound therapy. Healthy diet includes low intake of carbohydrates and fats (high percentage of unsaturated fat), high intake of fruits and vegetables, and more physical excises. Moreover, bioactive compounds in food or diet, nutrients, are essential for the prevention of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer from in vitro cells and in vivo animal models, and loss of nutrients can lead to more serious illness. The mediators and signaling pathways of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer have been alleviated by the interaction with bioactive food components, which play a crucial role in the development, treatment or prevention of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer.
Analysis of the Promoter-Catalyst interaction between Mn and Rh by Transmission Electron Microscopy

In the hope of optimizing the Fischer-Tropsch mechanism to produce cleaner ethanol, the catalyst- promoter interaction between rhodium and manganese was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Three samples were analyzed on a carbon nanotube (CNT) substrate with 3 wt% rhodium (3%Rh/CNT), 1% manganese with 3 wt% rhodium (1%Mn/3% Rh/CNT), and 2% manganese with 3 wt% rhodium (2% Mn/3% Rh/CNT). The average particle size were found to be (1.9 ± 0.6) nm, (2.1 ± 0.5) nm, and (3.2 ± 0.6) nm, respectively. An increase in particle size indicates that the rhodium and manganese are interacting. The lattice parameter for rhodium were also determined to be (4.1 ± 0.1) A, (4.2 ± 0.1) A, and (3.8 ± 0.1) A, respectively. The decrease in lattice parameter in the 2%Mn/3%Rh/CNT sample was most likely due to a change in the crystal structure of the rhodium particles as a result of the interaction between the manganese and rhodium.
Environmental Monitoring for Smart Cities

This paper presents an innovative, multidisciplinary, and cost-effective ecosystem of ICT solutions able to collect, process, and distribute geo-referenced information about the influence of pollution and micro-climatic conditions on the quality of life in Smart Cities. The system has been developed and experimentally evaluated in the framework of the research project Smart Healthy Environment, co-funded by the Tuscany Region (Italy). Specifically, an innovative monitoring network has been developed, constituted by fixed and mobile sensor nodes, which provided comparable measurements in stationary and mobile conditions. In addition, sensor data have been enriched with those generated by citizens through the use of a dedicated mobile application, exploiting participatory sensing and mobile social network paradigms.
Mundos em construção: design [projeto], gerenciamento e a reforma da cultura organizacional

A insercao do pensamento do design [ design thinking ] e mesmo do design na gestao das organizacoes se encontra em uma fase bem inicial. Ate aqui, a maioria das pesquisas e aplicacoes do design se concentrou em investigar atitudes, habilidades, metodos e tecnicas. Estes atributos foram aplicados a questoes taticas relativas ao desenvolvimento de produtos e servicos, a questoes das operacoes organizacionais e a problemas de visao e estrategia das organizacoes. Mas existe uma premissa que distingue o design como pratica de gestao entre as outras escolas de gestao adotadas ao longo do seculo passado. Esse principio destaca a qualidade da experiencia oferecida a todos aqueles atendidos pelas organizacoes, tenham fins lucrativos ou nao, ou, ainda, sejam elas organizacoes governamentais. Essa movimentacao do design em meio a area da gestao e como servico para a gestao tem por objetivo reformar a cultura organizacional. Trata-se da atividade ser rentavel para as organizacoes, ao melhorar a vida dos individuos, mas tambem serve a proposito mais profundo. Em seu melhor aspecto, o design busca inserir inovacoes – as vezes inovacoes radicais – em organizacoes que devem adaptar-se a novas circunstâncias da competicao economica, da expectativa social e da compreensao da cultura. Este e o desafio antecipado decadas atras pelo famoso designer George Nelson, quando o uso tatico do design visando o desenvolvimento de produtos era o centro das atencoes. Essa sua nova extensao se aprofunda na cultura organizacional e oferece a possibilidade de gerar consequencias significativas.
Spectrophotometry of Artemisia tridentata to Quantitatively Determine Subspecies

Abstract Ecological restoration is predicated on our abilities to discern plant taxa. Taxonomic identification is a first step in ensuring that plants are appropriately adapted to the site. An example of the need to identify taxonomic differences comes from big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). This species is composed of three predominant subspecies occupying distinct environmental niches, but overlap and hybridization are common in ecotones. Restoration of A. tridentata largely occurs using wildland collected seed, but there is uncertainty in the identification of subspecies or mix of subspecies from seed collections. Laboratory techniques that can determine subspecies composition would be desirable to ensure that subspecies match the restoration site environment. In this study, we use spectrophotometry to quantify chemical differences in the water-soluble compound, coumarin. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana showed distinct differences among A.t. tridentata and wyomingensis . No UV absorbance differences were detected between A.t. tridentata and wyomingensis . Analyses of samples from > 600 plants growing in two common gardens showed that UV absorbance was unaffected by environment. Moreover, plant tissues (leaves and seed chaff) explained only a small amount of the variance. UV fluorescence of water-eluted plant tissue has been used for many years to indicate A.t. vaseyana; however, interpretation has been subjective. Use of spectrophotometry to acquire UV absorbance provides empirical results that can be used in seed testing laboratories using the seed chaff present with the seed to certify A. tridentata subspecies composition. On the basis of our methods, UV absorbance values A.t. vaseyana and values > 3.1 would indicate either A.t. tridentata or wyomingensis . UV absorbance values between 2.7 and 3.1 would indicate a mixture of A.t. vaseyana and the other two subspecies.
Initial Imaging for Pediatric Renal Tumors: An Opportunity for Improvement

Purpose: Current Children’s Oncology Group studies on renal malignancy focus on minimizing treatment side effects with a goal of decreasing long-term complications. In this series we evaluate the patterns of initial imaging in children with renal tumors.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of 122 patients treated for renal tumors at our institution between 2005 and 2016. Ideal imaging was defined as cross-sectional imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis in a single setting without any additional ionizing radiation exposing scans.Results: Median patient age was 33.5 months (range 1 to 195). A total of 101 patients (83%) were initially evaluated elsewhere and subsequently referred to oncology (67.2%) for further evaluation. Before treatment 58 patients (47.5%) underwent imaging that was obtained in an ideal manner. Compared to those undergoing ideal imaging, median additional radiation exposure was 2.31 mSv (range 0.9 to 11.5), 3.08 mSv (0.6 to 11.7) and 5.1 mSv (1.2 to 16) in patien...
Detection of relationships among multi-modal brain imaging meta-features via information flow.

Abstract Background Neuroscientists and clinical researchers are awash in data from an ever-growing number of imaging and other bio-behavioral modalities. This flow of brain imaging data, taken under resting and various task conditions, combines with available cognitive measures, behavioral information, genetic data plus other potentially salient biomedical and environmental information to create a rich but diffuse data landscape. The conditions being studied with brain imaging data are often extremely complex and it is common for researchers to employ more than one imaging, behavioral or biological data modality (e.g., genetics) in their investigations. While the field has advanced significantly in its approach to multimodal data, the vast majority of studies still ignore joint information among two or more features or modalities. New method We propose an intuitive framework based on conditional probabilities for understanding information exchange between features in what we are calling a feature meta-space; that is, a space consisting of many individual featurae spaces. Features can have any dimension and can be drawn from any data source or modality. No a priori assumptions are made about the functional form (e.g., linear, polynomial, exponential) of captured inter-feature relationships. Results We demonstrate the framework’s ability to identify relationships between disparate features of varying dimensionality by applying it to a large multi-site, multi-modal clinical dataset, balance between schizophrenia patients and controls. In our application it exposes both expected (previously observed) relationships, and novel relationships rarely considered investigated by clinical researchers. Comparison with existing method(s) To the best of our knowledge there is not presently a comparably efficient way to capture relationships of indeterminate functional form between features of arbitrary dimension and type. We are introducing this method as an initial foray into a space that remains relatively underpopulated. Conclusions The framework we propose is powerful, intuitive and very efficiently provides a high-level overview of a massive data space. In our application it exposes both expected relationships and relationships very rarely considered worth investigating by clinical researchers.
Polarimetric Observations of Chaff Using the WSR-88D Network

AbstractChaff is a radar countermeasure typically used by military branches in training exercises around the United States. Chaff within view of the S-band WSR-88D radars can appear prominently on radar users displays. Knowledge of chaff characteristics is useful for radar users to discriminate between chaff and weather echoes and for automated algorithms to do the same. The WSR-88D network provides dual-polarimetric capabilities across the United States, leading to the collection of a large database of chaff cases. This database is analyzed to determine the characteristics of chaff in terms of the reflectivity factor and polarimetric variables on large scales. Particular focus is given to the dynamics of differential reflectivity (ZDR) in chaff and its dependence on height. Contrary to radar data observations of chaff for a single event, this study is able to reveal a repeatable and new pattern of radar chaff observations. A discussion regarding the observed characteristics is presented, and hypotheses f...
Transcatheter valvular interventions in 2017: some things old, some things new!

Purpose of reviewTranscatheter valvular interventions have changed the landscape of valvular therapies. We examine some studies on transcatheter valvular interventions published in the year 2017 to better understand their implications on clinical practice and future research.Recent findingsFindings
Gottfried S. Fraenkel: An Appreciation

In examining the corpus of G. S. Fraenkel’s achievement, one is struck by the breadth of his subject matter as well as his mastery of the experimental method. It is to honor this diversity of interest that we have bound together in this volume two symposia of very different thematic content. However, even these titles, insect nutrition and endocrinology, hardly indicate the range of his effort, which encompasses such other areas as invertebrate behavior, coordination of function, temperature adaptation and host selection. Mindful of this large number of very different subjects, we might well derive some interesting insights from an examination of his scientific life and the contexts in which his various contributions were made.
The Temperature Dependence of the Viscosity of Liquid Metals

(1962). The Temperature Dependence of the Viscosity of Liquid Metals. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 436-439.
Parity-time-symmetric plasmonic metamaterials

We theoretically investigate the optical properties of parity-time ($\mathcal{PT}$)-symmetric three-dimensional metamaterials composed of strongly coupled planar plasmonic waveguides. By tuning the loss-gain balance, we show how the initially isotropic material becomes both asymmetric and unidirectional. Investigation of the band structure near the material's exceptional point reveals several interesting optical properties, including double negative refraction, Bloch power oscillations, unidirectional invisibility, and reflection and transmission coefficients that are simultaneously equal to or greater than unity. The highly tunable optical dispersion of $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric metamaterials provides a foundation for designing an unconventional class of three-dimensional bulk synthetic media, with applications ranging from lossless subdiffraction-limited optical lenses to nonreciprocal nanophotonic devices.
Prolonged use of a diaphragm and toxic shock syndrome

A case report is presented that involves the extended use of a contraceptive diaphragm and illustrates the problems in promptly establishing a clinical diagnosis of staphylococcal toxin syndrome. A 27-year old woman 2 months postpartum was admitted to the hospital after 24 hours of fever shaking chills sweats nausea and vomiting and diminished urine output. She had been unable to remove a new coil spring diaphragm used for the 1st time since parturition for 3-1/2 days before admission. On the day of admission the diaphragm was removed with some difficulty. A purulent foul-smelling vaginal discharge at the time the diaphragm was extracted was noted. She was lactating and had had no menses since conception. Her past medical history was unremarkable except for mitral valve prolapse. Evaluation at the time of admission was remarkable for a pulse rate of 120 beats/minute and orthostatic lightheadness. The blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg when the patient was supine and fell less than 15 mm Hg systolic when she was seated. The white blood cell count was 17000 with 63% segmented and 33% juvenile polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The sedimentation rate was 45 mm/hour. Multiple cultures of vagina throat urine and blood were obtained. Vigorous intravenous fluid and electrolyte therapy was administered and the patient was initially begun on ampicillin and tobramycin. Shortly after the appearance of the rash staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was suspected and the ampicillin was changed to oxacillin. The rash and strawberry tongue faded within 24 hours and she became normotensive and afebrile by the 2nd hospital day. She was changed to oral dicloxacillin as the only antibiotic on the 4th hospital day after the culture results were confirmed. At the time of discharge on the 6th hospital day desquamation of the skin on the palms and soles had started and continued for another 7-10 days. A 10 day course of dicloxacillin was completed. Follow-up vaginal cervical and pharyngeal cultures 3 and 5 months later contained no S. aureus. The patient had resumed menstruation but was not using tampons or a diaphragm. Increased vigilance for the potential dangers of using vaginal occulusive devices when the lower genital tract is colonized by S. aureus is necessary.
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP)

ESSENTIAL STEPS 1. Verify side of surgery! 2. Supine position, general anesthesia, arms tucked, and Foley catheter. 3. Trendelenburg position. 4. Make skin incision for the first trocar (10–12 mm) at the umbilicus. If the patient is tall, adjust you incision inferiorly so that you will clear the posterior sheath. 5. Open the anterior rectus sheath on the ipsilateral side and retract the muscle laterally to expose the posterior rectus sheath. 6. Insert finger over the posterior rectus sheath and develop space. 7. Insert a transparent balloon-tipped trocar or other device into this space directed toward the pubic symphysis. 8. Place laparoscope in the trocar and inflate the balloon under direct vision to create the extraperitoneal space. Deflate balloon and start CO 2 insufflation of the preperitoneal space. Alternatively, start CO 2 insufflation and create the space with the laparoscope itself using blunt dissection.
Synergetic Induction of NGF With Diazoxide and Erythropoietin Attenuates Spinal Cord Ischemic Injury

Abstract Background Paraplegia remains a significant complication of thoracoabdominal aortic intervention. We previously reported that diazoxide (DZ), enhances the neuroprotective efficacy of erythropoietin (EPO). We hypothesized that DZ and EPO combined treatment attenuates spinal cord ischemic injury through upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF). Methods DZ (pretreatment) was given to adult male C57/BL6 mice by oral gavage and EPO (before surgery) was intraperitoneally injected 32 h after administration of DZ. Spinal cords were harvested 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after injection of EPO. NGF expression was analyzed by western blot. After determining the optimal time, NGF expression was compared between DZ (pretreatment) + EPO (before surgery), DZ + PBS, PBS + EPO, and PBS + PBS (ischemic control). Four groups were studied to compare the motor function after ischemia: DZ + EPO (n = 11), ischemic control (n = 9), DZ + EPO + tropomyosin receptor kinase A receptor inhibitor (n = 9), and sham (without cross-clamp, n = 4). Spinal cord ischemia was induced by a 4-min thoracic aortic cross-clamp. Functional scoring (Basso Mouse Score) was done at 12-h intervals until 48 h, and spinal cords were harvested for evaluation of NGF expression and histological changes. Results NGF expression was significantly upregulated 4 h after administration of EPO. At 4 h after injection of EPO, NGF expression in the DZ + EPO group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. DZ + EPO significantly preserved motor function compared with all other groups. At 48 h after reperfusion, the level of NGF expression in the DZ + EPO group, was significantly higher than in all other groups. Conclusions DZ + EPO attenuates spinal cord ischemic injury through upregulation of NGF. Better understanding of this mechanism may serve to further prevent ischemic complications for aortic intervention.
Analysis of racial differences in histologic subtype and survival in renal cell carcinoma at an urban academic cancer center.

e16571Background: Black patientswithrenal cell carcinoma (RCC) have a unique distribution of histological subtypes and historic worse survival compared to white patients. Little is known about RCC ...
Referee Engagement and Officiating Accuracy in a College-Level Volleyball Sport Education Season

This study investigated university students’ levels of engagement and accuracy of officiating volleyball during their first Sport Education season. The participants in this study included 20 students (12 male, 8 female) enrolled in a beginner volleyball activity course. The volleyball Sport Education season included 21 lessons that lasted 75 min each. All season gameplay was video recorded and data were collected so that we could determine student engagement and officiating accuracy for every referee throughout the season. A series of paired-samples t tests examined changes over time, and bivariate correlations examined the relationships among engagement and officiating decision variables at preseason and during the formal competition. The results of this study indicated a significant increase in active engagement of officials from preseason to the formal competition phase with the corresponding decrease in passive engagement. Furthermore, while there were no significant differences in the accuracy of some officiating decisions over time, the overall officiating accuracy significantly increased from preseason to formal competition. The levels of engagement were related to the complexity of officiating calls and to an overall accuracy. Officiating competency needs to be intentionally developed during Sport Education, and teachers should allocate ample time for students to practice and improve their officiating abilities, because officiating serves as an important integral part of this pedagogical model. Subscribe to TPE
The body in the library, or a blood meridian

Downstairs in the lounge, by the third pillar from the left, there sits an old lady with a sweet, placid, spinsterish face and a mind that has plumbed the depths of human iniquity and taken it all ...
Hearing on the battlefield: The challenge of protecting hearing while enabling the mission

The auditory sense plays a critical role in human performance on the battlefield. Effective verbal communication is key to the success of all military operations, the ability to detect and localize sounds in the immediate environment is critical for supporting situation awareness, and the ability to identify sound sources is required for labeling items and events as hostile or friendly. However, operational environments tend to be extremely noisy, and most warfighters are regularly exposed to hazardous noise levels, necessitating the use of hearing protection to reduce the chance of experiencing temporary or permanent hearing loss. Unfortunately, the use of hearing protection can have a deleterious effect on communication, sound source identification, and overall situation awareness. For this reason, operators often choose to perform all, or part, of their mission without the appropriate hearing protection in place. In order to protect warfighters’ hearing, appropriate hearing protection needs to be selected that will provide enough protection from the expected hazardous sounds, while also enabling the hearing-critical tasks that are required for the mission. This presents a great challenge for those who make the decisions on what hearing protection to prescribe.The auditory sense plays a critical role in human performance on the battlefield. Effective verbal communication is key to the success of all military operations, the ability to detect and localize sounds in the immediate environment is critical for supporting situation awareness, and the ability to identify sound sources is required for labeling items and events as hostile or friendly. However, operational environments tend to be extremely noisy, and most warfighters are regularly exposed to hazardous noise levels, necessitating the use of hearing protection to reduce the chance of experiencing temporary or permanent hearing loss. Unfortunately, the use of hearing protection can have a deleterious effect on communication, sound source identification, and overall situation awareness. For this reason, operators often choose to perform all, or part, of their mission without the appropriate hearing protection in place. In order to protect warfighters’ hearing, appropriate hearing protection needs to be selec...
Experiences and Knowledge of US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Services, Research, and Education: Results From a National Survey of Veterans.

Objective This study examined (1) sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial characteristics associated with using the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system as a primary health care provider; (2) veterans' experience and knowledge of VA clinical services, research, and education; and (3) veteran characteristics associated with VA experience and knowledge. Design A nationally representative survey was conducted in 2018; eligibility criteria for participation were adults aged 18 years or older, currently living in the United States, and having served on active duty in the US military. Setting The survey was conducted online using large national survey panels. Participants A sample of 1002 veterans across 49 states participated. Main outcome measures The survey assessed experience and knowledge of majority of VA clinical services, research, and education. Results One-quarter of the total sample reported that the VA was their primary health care provider. Among veterans who had ever used VA health care, the majority (68%) reported overall high satisfaction with VA health care but also agreed with "privatizing parts of the VA" (70%). The majority (51%-73%) of veterans reported knowledge of major VA clinical services, with the exception of comprehensive management for chronic pain (24%) and treatment of opioid use disorders (31%). One-quarter to one-half also reported knowledge of several VA research and education centers. Less than 10% of veterans reported having ever used a VA mobile app. Conclusions The US veterans generally reported positive experiences and good knowledge of VA services and resources. Greater awareness of available VA services for chronic pain and opioid use disorders, as well as VA mobile apps, may help promote more comprehensive care in this population.
Neuronal identity specification in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans harbors a small compact nervous system of 302 neurons, falling into 118 morphologically distinct neuron classes. The lineage and morphology of each neuron type has been described in exquisite detail and molecular identity marker exists for virtually all neurons in the form of fluorescent reporter transgene. The ability to “phenotype” neurons at high resolution combined with the amenability of C. elegans to genetic mutant analysis has made the C. elegans nervous system a prime model system to elucidate the nature of the gene regulatory programs that specify neuronal identity.
Structure of Semigroup Rings (Survey)

We consider the problem of constructing the resolution of semigroup rings to study their structure. We construct the resolutions of some classes of semigroup rings and derive formulae for their Betti Numbers and Hilbert Functions. We give only the statements of theorems. The proofs can be found in the published articles that are cited. All of the results are from joint works of the author with P. Gimenez and I. Sengupta.
Microtubules Enhance Mesoscale Effective Diffusivity in the Crowded Metaphase Cytoplasm.

Summary Mesoscale macromolecular complexes and organelles, tens to hundreds of nanometers in size, crowd the eukaryotic cytoplasm. It is therefore unclear how mesoscale particles remain sufficiently mobile to regulate dynamic processes such as cell division. Here, we study mobility across dividing cells that contain densely packed, dynamic microtubules, comprising the metaphase spindle. In dividing human cells, we tracked 40 nm genetically encoded multimeric nanoparticles (GEMs), whose sizes are commensurate with the inter-filament spacing in metaphase spindles. Unexpectedly, the effective diffusivity of GEMs was similar inside the dense metaphase spindle and the surrounding cytoplasm. Eliminating microtubules or perturbing their polymerization dynamics decreased diffusivity by ~30%, suggesting that microtubule polymerization enhances random displacements to amplify diffusive-like motion. Our results suggest that microtubules effectively fluidize the mitotic cytoplasm to equalize mesoscale mobility across a densely packed, dynamic, non-uniform environment, thus spatially maintaining a key biophysical parameter that impacts biochemistry, ranging from metabolism to the nucleation of cytoskeletal filaments.
Review of energy efficiency in controlled environment agriculture

Abstract Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) applications, such as vertical farms and plant factories, have the potential to shift food production to be close to urban centers helping meet demands of large populations as well as achieving global climate goals. Growing crops in controlled environments has proven to be feasible for several applications, however, most involve energy intensive processes. The review analysis presented in this paper seeks to overview current CEA practices as well as potential energy efficiency technologies that can enhance the sustainability and the profitability of the indoor farming industry. Specifically, the paper reviews various CEA techniques, optimal indoor growing environments, successful case studies, and recommended energy systems research. The review analysis indicates that changes to a facility's envelope, HVAC, lighting, and incorporation of distributed generation technology can reduce consumption of electricity up to 75% in several CEA case studies. Future research into controls, dehumidification, lighting, and crop variety are vital for a wider adoption of CEA applications.
Brief of Amici Curiae Professors of Foreign Relations Law, United States v. California II

This second amicus brief of Professors of Foreign Relations Law was filed with the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California in United States v. California, a case challenging the constitutionality of California’s cap-and-trade agreement with Quebec. The brief was written by Professor William S. Dodge and was joined in addition by Professors Sarah H. Cleveland, Evan J. Criddle, Kristina Daugirdas, Jean Galbraith, Michael J. Glennon, Monica Hakimi, Sharmila L. Murthy, John T. Parry, Michael D. Ramsey, Robert D. Sloan, David L. Sloss, Peter J. Spiro, and Beth Van Schaack. The brief notes that the executive branch’s invocation of the one voice doctrine is misleading. The text of the Constitution, historical practice, and recent Supreme Court decisions all refute the notion that the President’s voice must be the only voice in the United States with respect to matters affecting foreign affairs. The brief goes on to argue that the District Court should reject the executive’s claims of field preemption because California is addressing a traditional state responsibility and its claims of conflict preemption because there is no clear conflict with any express federal policy.
Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 7.

Noel H. Holmgren & Patricia K. Holmgren. 2017. Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 7. Potpourri: History, Authors, Artists, Collectors, Beardtongues, Glossary, Indices. (ISBN-13: 978-0-89327-546-4, hbk). The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York 10458, U.S.A. (Orders: nybgpress.org). $119.00 US, 312 pp., 7 3/4" x 11".
[40] Steroid hydroxylations catalyzed by cytochrome P-450

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to describe steroid hydroxylations catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Steroid hormones are hydroxylated in the liver by a microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. This process precedes excretion of steroids in bile and urine and serves to inactivate the hormones and make them more water soluble. In some cases, hydroxylation of steroid hormones in the liver may also result in biologically active metabolites with specific physiological functions. The reason that steroid hormones are natural substrates for the microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme systems, they offer certain advantages in biochemical studies on liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. In conclusion, the use of steroid hormones as substrates in experimental work involving liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 is encouraged owing to the unique possibilities to obtain detailed and clear information on catalytic specificity of cytochrome P-450 preparations.
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821–94)

This article outlines the life and career of Hermann von Helmholtz in order to illuminate his influence on the nascent social sciences, above all on psychology. In doing so, it indicates how Helmholtz's major contribution to developing the Law of Conservation of Energy helped inspire social and economic thinkers to conceive of individual human bodies and society at large in terms of energy. Moreover, it indicates how his work on determining the velocity of nerve impulses, other measuring work in physiological acoustics and optics, and his leading role in the nativist–empiricist controversy, contributed to the rise of experimental psychology. It stresses his use of instruments and the measuring process in making the sciences (here especially physiology and psychology) ever more rigorous disciplines. Finally, it indicates how his work and name were admired (if not always emulated) by several young luminaries of social science around the turn of the twentieth century.
Co-occurrence of Klinefelter Syndrome and Tourettism: a case report (P3.029)

Introduction Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a complex childhood-onset movement disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics, often associated with comorbidities such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)1. The genetic basis is poorly understood and is likely complex and modified by environmental factors1. Klinefelter syndrome, genetically XXY, classically manifests with tall stature, infertility, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and infertility, and has been associated with tremor2 and ADHD3 in case reports, but not typically with tics. We describe a case of patient with a concomitant diagnosis of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) and Tourettism. Case description A 20-year old male with genetic diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome was referred for evaluation of tics. His motor tics began at 4-years-old with repetitive eye fluttering, progressing over the years to a constellation of uncontrollable movements including painful head jerking, limb flailing, kicking, and vocalizations including humming, nose clearing, shouts, and specific words. The tics were preceded by an urge, were temporarily suppressible, and demonstrated rebound if suppressed (video). He also suffered from ADHD, which impaired his school performance. There was no family history of tics or ADHD. Discussion KS is characterized by the presence of an additional X chromosome, leading to a 47XXY karyotype4. It has been associated with delay in speech development, learning disabilities, and also with psychiatric comorbidities including ADHD and bipolar disorder3. Endocrine and neuropsychological changes in the KS phenotype are thought to be related to the additional genetic information contained within the extra chromosome X4. X-linked diseases, such as Fragile-X, have been associated with tremors, and, less commonly, associated with tics5. KS in particular has been associated with an essential tremor-like syndrome in a recent case series2. To our knowledge, this is the first case of KS with associated tics/ Tourettism, and we highlight this interesting co-occurrence. Disclosure: Dr. Brito De Almeida has nothing to disclose. Dr. Okun has received royalty payments from Demos, Humana, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, and Cambridge. Dr. Okun has received research support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the National Parkinson Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, the Smallwo Dr. Malaty has received personal compensation for activities with Prime-CME as a speaker.
Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss

Decomposition of plant material is a complex process that requiresinteraction among a diversity of microorganisms whose presence and activity issubject to regulation by a wide range of environmental factors. Analysis ofextracellular enzyme activity (EEA) provides a way to relate the functionalorganization of microdecomposer communities to environmental variables. In thisstudy, we examined EEA in relation to litter composition and nitrogendeposition. Mesh bags containing senescent leaves of Quercusborealis (red oak), Acer rubrum (red maple) andCornus florida (flowering dogwood) were placed on forestfloor plots in southeastern New York. One-third of the plots were sprayedmonthly with distilled water. The other plots were sprayed monthly withNH4NO3 solution at dose rates equivalent to 2 or 8 g N m−2 y−1. Mass loss, litter composition, fungal mass, and the activities ofeight enzymes were measured on 13 dates for each litter type. Dogwood wasfollowed for one year, maple for two, oak for three. For each litter type andtreatment, enzymatic turnover activities were calculated from regressions of LN(%mass remaining) vs. cumulative activity. The decomposition of dogwood litterwas more efficient than that of maple and oak. Maple litter had the lowestfungal mass and required the most enzymatic work to decompose, even though itsmass loss rate was twice that of oak. Across litter types, N amendment reducedapparent enzymatic efficiencies and shifted EEA away from N acquisition andtoward P acquisition, and away from polyphenol oxidation and towardpolysaccharide hydrolysis. The effect of these shifts on decomposition ratevaried with litter composition: dogwood was stimulated, oak was inhibited andmaple showed mixed effects. The results show that relatively small shifts intheactivity of one or two critical enzymes can significantly alter decompositionrates.
Rapid software development in a database framework — A case study

Several researchers have recently considered a database support to enhance the process of programming. Yet there are very few, if at all, working models which could prove that the idea is sound. This paper presents an example of a software system prototyped in Prolog. Within one language system there was a provision to develop a database of structured objects (e.g., parse trees), to create a natural language interface and to write a semi-compiler. The experiences convince us that software prototyping in Prolog is unusually rapid. Much of the conveniences are due to the database and specification organized programming which is inherent to Prolog. Further enhancement will come from the use of database tools like error recovery, concurrency control, integrity constraint, etc. Prolog thus offers potentials for software development environments far beyond the existing ones.
Archaea in Soil Habitats

Soil and the Biosphere An Overview of Archaea in Soil Groups of Soil Archaea Nonculture-Based Approaches to Microbial Sampling Uncultured Soil Archaea Keywords: archaea; halophilic archaea; rhizosphere and archaea; soil archaea; soils