cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient plasma shielding effects during pulsed laser ablation of materials

The absorption of laser energy by the plasma during pulsed laser deposition of thin films has been analyzed theoretically. The amount of laser energy absorbed in the plasma termed as the “plasma shielding factor” is a function of the incident laser wavelength, and time dependent plasma dimensions and electron density. Due to time varying parameters, a quantitative analysis of the plasma absorption is difficult. A model which takes into account the absorption of laser energy by the plasma has been developed. In this model, the time-dependent plasma dimension is replaced by the time dependent ablation depth. Using simulated absorption coefficient values, the ablation characteristics of silicon and high Tc superconductors are computed and compared with experimental results. The plasma shielding factor was found to vary approximately linearly with absorbed laser energy. The calculations also showed that the plasma shielding was strongly dependent on the laser fluence but varies very weakly with the simulated plasma absorption coefficient values. Experimental results on plume shielding showed good agreement with the calculations.
Item Response Theory–Based Approaches for Computing Minimum Passing Scores From an Angoff-Based Standard-Setting Study

Even when the scoring of an examination is based on item response theory (IRT), standard-setting methods seldom use this information directly when determining the minimum passing score (MPS) for an examination from an Angoff-based standard-setting study. Often, when IRT scoring is used, the MPS value for a test is converted to an IRT-based theta ability estimate by using the test characteristic curve. The purpose of this study is to investigate some approaches to determining the MPS from an Angoff-based standard-setting study when the test questions have been calibrated using IRT methods. Although the methods studied appear to converge on the same cut score, the cut scores derived from the IRT-based approaches are all within one standard error of the Angoff-based MPS value.
QTLs for Plant Height and Heading Date in Rice Under Two Nitrogen Levels

Abstract A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the super hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cross between XQZB and R9308 was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height (PH) and heading date (HD) under low and normal nitrogen conditions. Under both nitrogen levels, 9 QTLs for PH were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, and 8 QTLs for HD were mapped on chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Another 4 QTLs were responsible for the differences of PH and HD between the 2 nitrogen levels. A single QTL explained 5.68–18.40% of the phenotypic variation. Two pleiotropic QTLs with high contributions to the phenotypic variations were located near RM5436 on chromosome 7 and between RM5556 and RM310 on chromosome 8, on which the positive alleles originated from R9308. One QTL for HD difference and one QTL for PH difference were involved in the intervals RM5916-RM166 on chromosome 2 and RM2366-RM5767 on chromosome 8, respectively. Both loci were inferred to directly contribute to nitrogen use efficiency in rice.
Manganese Nodules: Thorium-230: Protactinium-231 Ratios

The Th(230): Pa(231) activity ratio in 7 of 11 manganese nodules is less than 10.8, the theoretical production ratio of activities in the ocean. This finding indicates difierential accumulation of these nuclides in authigenic deposits of manganese-iron oxide.
Within- and between-session consistency of electromyographic temporal patterns of walking in non-disabled older adults

Abstract This study examined the inter-cycle and between-session reliability of EMG temporal patterns during walking in older adults. Twenty subjects, 50–78 years of age, walked at three speeds in two sessions. Burst duration and onset latency of the tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles for ten gait cycles were calculated for each session. EMG patterns were consistent within and between sessions; however, slow walking generated more inter-cycle variability than self-selected or fast walking. Similar inter-cycle variability in both sessions suggests no practice effect. A single session using self-selected or fast walking may provide reliable EMG values in older adults.
Identification of Nonlinear Controls in a Developmental Model of Motor Speech in Hearing and Deaf Children.

Summary.-A simple quantitative model for speech development is proposed. The model is developed from observations of two systems, one that of normal hearing children and the other that of those who suffer from congenital profound deafness. Comparison of the two systems provides clues to the type of controls needed to produce normal speech. The possible nonlinear controls which may be used during the development of both the suprasegmental and segmental aspects of speech are identified. The linguistic components of speech are ignored. The interdependence of perceprual systems during developmental phases is taken into account and the importance of the associative cortex in speech-motor control is formulated. Deaf persons may employ the tnctile system in developing speech; the distinctive unit of code is called a tacheme. In the past, studies of speech recognition and speech production were directed toward assisting the deaf. The prevailing ideas of psychoacoustic processing of speech were based on the presumption that, when assisted by hearing aids, the deaf process speech in a basically identical manner to the hearing (Wallenfeis, 1969; Ling & Doehring, 1969; Risberg, 1969). Acquisition of detailed understanding of psychoacoustics and interdependence of the perceptual system has received little attention (Nickerson & Stevens, 1973; Pickett, 1981). Entire educational philosophies have been based on this premise. These philosophies have been shown to be quite inadequate when dealing with students with profound hearing loss. These failures have prompted researchers to question this concept and to suggest that persons who are congenitally profoundly hearing impaired (also called congenitally deaf in the text) may be using an entirely different method of processing auditory information to that used by normal hearing or partially hearing-impaired persons (Erber, 1974; Willemain & Lee, 1972; Tomlinson-Keasey & Kelly, 1978). Recently a developmental speech model based on observational information was proposed (Waldron, 1977a, 1977b, 1980). Identification and parameterextraction approaches used in modern system studies (Eykoff; 1974) were applied to the problem of speech development. This conceptual model qualitatively predicts behavior that fits a variety of comparative data which have been gathered during the linguistic development of young hearing and congenitally profoundly hearing-impaired children. In this paper the proposed model is further refined by utilizing standard parameter and state-estimation techniques
Approximation of sojourn-times via maximal couplings: motif frequency distributions.

Sojourn-times provide a versatile framework to assess the statistical significance of motifs in genome-wide searches even under non-Markovian background models. However, the large state spaces encountered in genomic sequence analyses make the exact calculation of sojourn-time distributions computationally intractable in long sequences. Here, we use coupling and analytic combinatoric techniques to approximate these distributions in the general setting of Polish state spaces, which encompass discrete state spaces. Our approximations are accompanied with explicit, easy to compute, error bounds for total variation distance. Broadly speaking, if $${\mathsf{T}}_n$$ is the random number of times a Markov chain visits a certain subset $${\mathsf{T}}$$ of states in its first $$n$$ transitions, then we can usually approximate the distribution of $${\mathsf{T}}_n$$ for $$n$$ of order $$(1-\alpha )^{-m}$$ , where $$m$$ is the largest integer for which the exact distribution of $${\mathsf{T}}_m$$ is accessible and $$0\le \alpha \le 1$$ is an ergodicity coefficient associated with the probability transition kernel of the chain. This gives access to approximations of sojourn-times in the intermediate regime where $$n$$ is perhaps too large for exact calculations, but too small to rely on Normal approximations or stationarity assumptions underlying Poisson and compound Poisson approximations. As proof of concept, we approximate the distribution of the number of matches with a motif in promoter regions of C. elegans. Mathematical properties of the proposed ergodicity coefficients and connections with additive functionals of homogeneous Markov chains as well as ergodicity of non-homogeneous Markov chains are also explored.
Comment on observation of two-photon decay in n-p capture

It is shown that nonorthogonality of S=J=1 nucleon-nucleon wave functions is probably not a valid explanation of the disagreement between the theoretical and experimental values for the cross section for np$Yields$d$gamma$$gamma$. (AIP)
Quantum chemical investigation of a dinuclear iridium porphyrin and its dipositive π-cation biradical

Abstract Quantum chemical calculations at both HF/6-31G and B3LYP/6-31G levels have been performed on a dinuclear iridium porphyrin and its dipositive π-cation biradical. The dimer consists of two units of an iridium octaethylporphyrin (OEP) ring with an axial chlorine and a bridging ligand, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), and has the formula of [(OEP)IrCl]2dppe. Geometric parameters and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance from the theoretical calculations and the X-ray crystallographic determinations have been compared for the neutral dimer. With few exceptions, the optimized geometric parameters, in general, agree well with X-ray crystallographic analysis. However, comparisons between the theoretical calculations and the experimental values reveal that some of the calculated bond lengths are more reasonable for a specific type of bond than those observed. The calculated 1H chemical shifts are in good agreement with values obtained from experiment. In addition, theoretical calculations on the structure of the dipositive π-cation biradical, {[(OEP )IrCl]2dppe}2+, have been conducted. Unlike other cofacial π-cation dimers, the bond length alternation around the central 16-membered C12N4 ring is not predicted to exist in this dipositive π-cation biradical. The natural population analysis of the neutral and the biradical dimers at both levels suggests that the bonding between the iridium and the porphyrin is more covalent than ionic.
[3H]Inositol trisphosphate specific binding in two brain regions of long and short sleep mice

Abstract The present investigation determined the binding characteristics of the radiolabeled second messenger, [3H]In(1,4,5)P3, in cerebral cortical and cerebellar membrane fragments from ethanol sensitive (LS) and resistant (SS) mice. The data demonstrated that in the two brain regions examined, LS and SS mouse lines do not differ with regard to their maximal receptor binding capacities or dissociation constants for [3H]In(1,4,5)P3. Moreover, [3H]In(1,4,5)P3 specific binding in cerebellum is inhibited in the presence of ethanol to the same extent in both mouse lines. It is concluded that the differential behavior and cerebellar sensitivities to ethanol previously observed in these mouse lines do not reflect differences in [3H]In(1,4,5)P3 receptor binding characteristics of the brain regions examined.
O(N)-symmetric Wess-Zumino-type models

Some peculiar features of an O(N)-symmetric Wess-Zumino model in four dimensions have recently been pointed out and traced to the lack of asymptotic freedom of the theory. Our first remark is that in the large-N limit supersymmetric nonasymptotically free field theories are, however, perfectly consistent as low-energy effective theories, i.e., well below the Landau-ghost region. Moreover, we comment on the nonexistence of ultraviolet-stable fixed points of the renormalization group in such theories.
Effective Leadership Behavior: What We Know and What Questions Need More Attention

Executive Overview Extensive research on leadership behavior during the past half century has yielded many different behavior taxonomies and a lack of clear results about effective behaviors. One purpose of this article is to describe what has been learned about effective leadership behavior in organizations. A hierarchical taxonomy with four meta-categories and 15 specific component behaviors was used to interpret results in the diverse and extensive literature and to identify conditions that influence the effectiveness of these behaviors. Limitations and potential extensions of the hierarchical taxonomy are discussed, and suggestions for improving research on effective leadership behavior are provided.
Multiple Scalp Lesions in a Patient with Keratitis, Ichthyosis and Deafness Syndrome Mimicking Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma on 18F-FDG PET/CT

We report the case of a 17-year-old girl with keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndrome. As a complication of her KID syndrome she developed squamous cell carcinoma at the left index finger. Additional clinical features were multiple soft tissue lesions over the scalp mimicking metastatic disease on 18F-FDG PET/CT. To our knowledge, this is the first case report about the uptake pattern of KID syndrome associated skin lesions on whole body PET/CT with 18F-FDG.
Retirement migration counties in the southeastern United States: geographic demographic and economic correlates.

This article is a brief empirical attempt to identify rural areas in the Southeast United States that have consistently attracted older migrants since 1950 and to ascertain the social, demographic, and geographic characteristics of these areas of destination that differentiate them from otherwise (initially) similar areas. These counties are followed over the successive censuses from 1950 through 1990, identifying those that have consistently experienced elderly in-migration at a rate substantially greater than the overall level. These retirement counties are concentrated in Florida, on the fringes of or adjacent to metropolitan areas or in mountain and coastal locations. The article presents regression analysis of geographic, demographic, and economic/structural correlates of migration. This analysis suggests that retirees are attracted to coastal locations whose existing populations have consistently achieved some measure of prosperity and are not dissimilar from the retirees themselves.
An Equalizing Network for Carrier-Type Feedback Control Systems

Lag type compensation of a speed regulating system may be used to reduce the steady state error. The analysis of an active, high Q, RLC circuit shows that it permits lag compensation of carrier-type feedback control systems through direct operation on the system actuating signal. The use of this circuit in an instrument type velocity servo reduces the steady-state error by a factor of at least 30.
Trends in Parent-Reported Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among Children Using Special Education Services

Objective:This report describes trends in health conditions reported by parents as the limitations leading to special education services for their children.Methods:Data are reported for children ages 6–17 (N=182,998) surveyed in households in the 2001–2012 National Health Interview Survey.Results:Between 2001 and 2012, the overall percentage of U.S. children ages 6–17 who were receiving special education services increased from 7.2% to 8.7%. Between 2001 and 2012, the leading causes of activity limitations among children receiving special education services included emotional or behavioral problems, which increased from 36% to 43%; speech problems, which increased from 16% to 22%; and learning disability, which decreased from 41% to 27%. There were no significant trends in any of the other conditions considered as possible sources of activity limitations.Conclusions:Emotional and behavioral problems have become the most frequently reported source of activity limitations among children receiving special ed...
Principals as knowledge managers in partner schools

Today's school leaders are searching for a way to give value to and effectively manage a school's intangible assets to create a more holistic picture of student success. Schools establish partnerships with community organizations towards this end and to ultimately impact student learning. Utilizing the framework of principals as knowledge managers, this paper describes how school principals involved in a university partnership developed a tool to manage and intentionally utilize the intangible assets of the school–university partnership to increase student learning. Included are examples of how the tool was applied and suggestions for adapting the tool to any school partnership.
Kinematic analysis of a three degrees of freedom in-parallel actuated manipulator

The dynamic analysis of a three-degrees-of-freedom in-parallel actuated manipulator is presented. The equations of motion have been formulated in joint-space using the Lagrangian approach. The analysis provides the solution to predict the forces required to actuate the links so that the manipulator follows a predetermined trajectory. A dynamic simulation program illustrates the influence of the link dynamics on the actuating force required. An example of tracing a helical path is chosen to illustrate the dynamic simulation and to show that the Cartesian position of the moving platform may be controlled at a sacrifice of orientation freedoms. The dynamic analysis provides a basis for future theoretical research to develop the control scheme, for experimental research to estimate the inertia parameters, and for design optimization of the prototype manipulator. >
Antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-1 expression is upregulated in Alzheimer’s brain

Background The human β-defensins (hBDs) are a highly conserved family of cationic antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides expressed primarily by epithelial cells in response to invasion by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. To date, the most studied members of this family of peptides are hBD-1, -2, and -3. Expression of hBD-1 and -2 has been demonstrated previously in cultured microglia and astrocytes of both mouse and human brain. Unlike inducible hBD-2 and -3, hBD-1 is constitutively expressed and is not generally upregulated by proinflammatory factors. In this study, we investigated whether hBDs, as active components of the innate immune response, are affected by pathological events in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. We assessed the expression of hBD-1, -2, and -3 in tissue obtained at autopsy from AD and age-matched control brains.
Hurricane Katrina: African American Children's Perceptions of Race, Class, and Government Involvement Amid a National Crisis

The devastation associated with Hurricane Katrina raised several issues related to race, class, and the government in the United States. We examined African American children’s (a) knowledge of demographic characteristics of the victims, (b) beliefs about the role of race and class biases in the delayed relief efforts, and (c) views of the role and effectiveness of the government in response to the disaster. Overall, results indicated that older African American children were less likely to attribute the delayed relief to individual culpability, and slightly more likely to attribute it to racial discrimination, than were younger African American children. All youth believed in a strong, but nuanced, role of the government, but younger children were more likely to rate it as effective. Among those children who had discussed the disaster with a parent, children’s attributions for the delayed relief were associated with their political views. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina sparked a large national debate about race, class, and the role of the government in the United States. As is well documented, approximately 150,000 people were stranded in New Orleans without sufficient aid for one week (Castellano, Ussery, & Gruntfest, 2006). Largely because of the
Datapoints: Use of information technology by psychiatrists and other medical providers.

1261 T landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Crossing the Quality Chasm (1), concluded that information technology (IT) “must play a central role in the design of health care systems if a substantial improvement in health care quality is to be achieved.” There are concerns that psychiatry may lag behind other medical fields in adopting IT (2). To further investigate this issue, I used data from the 2004–2005 Community Tracking Study (CTS) Physician Survey to compare adoption of IT, including some of the applications highlighted by the IOM report, by psychiatrists and other medical providers. The 2004–2005 survey involved 6,628 nonfederal U.S. physicians, of which 3,291 primary care physicians, 1,674 other medical specialists, and 367 psychiatrists were included in these analyses. The frequency of use of the different IT applications was compared across these groups while adjusting for survey sampling weights. To minimize type I error resulting from multiple testing and clustering, a conservative significance level (p<.001) was used to judge statistical significance. There was an overall tendency for psychiatrists to use fewer IT applications compared with other providers (Figure 1). In bivariate logistic regression analyses, the differences between psychiatrists and primary care physicians were statistically significant for exchanging clinical data and images with hospitals and laboratories (odds ratio [OR]=.27), obtaining information about treatment alternatives or guidelines (OR=.54), and generating reminders about preventive services (OR=.40). In multivariate analyses adjusting for type of practice and years in practice, the difference in data and image exchange remained statistically significant. The differences between psychiatrists and other medical specialists reached significance for exchanging data and images with hospitals and laboratories (OR=.16); obtaining information about treatment alternatives or guidelines (OR=.40); obtaining information on formularies (OR= .53); accessing patient notes, medication or problem lists (OR=.34); and exchanging data and images with other physicians (OR=.31). In multivariate analyses, all the differences except for obtaining information on formularies remained statistically significant. These data confirm concerns about Use of Information Technology by Psychiatrists and Other Medical Providers
Some design aspects of the Ariel III v.h.f. communications system

Some design aspects of the Ariel HI v.h.f. communications system are described with particular emphasis on the measures taken to enhance reliability. Throughout the design and development of the satellite common-user electronics equipment, component and circuit redundancy techniques have been employed wherever practicable in order to achieve the maximum degree of reliability. These redundancy techniques can be applied to low-frequency circuits without serious degradation of performance; at v.h.f., however, the techniques create intolerable difficulties.The command receiver, transmitter, and other units comprising the v.h.f. system were designed for maximum reliability, using redundancy techniques wherever possible. In addition to these measures, a stand-by transmitter was incorporated. The implications of this major modificationin terms of its improvement to overall reliability, and its effect upon the command system is discussed. As a common aerial system was used for the command receiver, and the telemetry transmitter, sufficient isolation of the transmitter was required to maintain the command receiver sensitivity. A solution adopted for this purpose is mentioned and this is followed by a general description of the command system, telemetry link and constructional techniques. Operational results since launch are included.
Improved robust multiuser detection in non-Gaussian channels

A new technique is proposed for robust multiuser detection in the presence of non-Gaussian ambient noise. This method is based on minimizing a certain cost function (e.g., the Huber penalty function) over a discrete set of candidate user bit vectors. The set of candidate points are chosen based on the so-called "slowest-descent search." starting from the estimate closest to the unconstrained minimizer of the cost function and along mutually orthogonal directions where this cost function grows the slowest. Simulation results show that this new technique offers substantial performance improvement over the previously proposed robust multiuser detectors with little attendant increase in computational complexity.
Optical matrices of lenticular polyindicial schematic eyes

The optical matrices for modified schematic eyes are derived. The primary modification is to replace the usual isoindicial or bi-indicial crystalline lens with a polyindicial lens so as to more closely approximate the living human lens. Further modifications are made to simulate the accommodated state. The use of optical matrices to solve an optometric problem is demonstrated.
Mental Causation, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Multiple Realization

We next trace implications of the detailed example from Chapter Two for two prominent issues in current philosophy of mind and one increasingly prominent area of current neuroscience. Reduction is central to all three. The first philosophical issue—the problem of mental causation—questions whether or how mental properties can exert causal effects on behavior. The second philosophical issue—the multiple realization argument—is widely thought to be one of two decisive arguments against the reduction of mind to brain or psychology to neuroscience. 1 We saw in the previous chapter that “reductionism” is alive and well in current cellular and molecular neuroscience. Now we’ll see whether that reduction-in-practice and its results carry helpful implications for issues that have attracted serious philosophical attention. The scientific issue concerns the status of cognitive neuroscience vis-a-vis the discipline’s cellular and molecular core. How do studies involving, e.g., neuron population dynamics or specific activations across neural regions, relate to ones exemplified by our detailed example from the previous chapter?
Glucocorticoids Relieve Collectin-Driven Suppression of Apoptotic Cell Uptake in Murine Alveolar Macrophages through Downregulation of SIRPα

The lung environment actively inhibits apoptotic cell (AC) uptake by alveolar macrophages (AMos) via lung collectin signaling through signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα). Even brief glucocorticoid (GC) treatment during maturation of human blood monocyte-derived or murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (Mos) increases their AC uptake. Whether GCs similarly impact differentiated tissue Mos and the mechanisms for this rapid response are unknown and important to define, given the widespread therapeutic use of inhaled GCs. We found that the GC fluticasone rapidly and dose-dependently increased AC uptake by murine AMos without a requirement for protein synthesis. Fluticasone rapidly suppressed AMo expression of SIRPα mRNA and surface protein, and also activated a more delayed, translation-dependent upregulation of AC recognition receptors that was not required for the early increase in AC uptake. Consistent with a role for SIRPα suppression in rapid GC action, murine peritoneal Mos that had not been exposed to lung collectins showed delayed, but not rapid, increase in AC uptake. However, pretreatment of peritoneal Mos with the lung collectin surfactant protein D inhibited AC uptake, and fluticasone treatment rapidly reversed this inhibition. Thus, GCs act not only by upregulating AC recognition receptors during Mo maturation but also via a novel rapid downregulation of SIRPα expression by differentiated tissue Mos. Release of AMos from inhibition of AC uptake by lung collectins may, in part, explain the beneficial role of inhaled GCs in inflammatory lung diseases, especially emphysema, in which there is both increased lung parenchymal cell apoptosis and defective AC uptake by AMos.
Upper bounds on the rate of convergence of truncated stochastic infinite-dimensional differential systems with H -regular noise

The rate of H-convergence of truncations of stochastic infinite-dimensional systems with nonrandom, local Lipschitz-continuous operators A,B and G acting on a separable Hilbert space H, where is studied. For this purpose, some new kind of monotonicity conditions on those operators and an existing H-series expansion of the Wiener process W are exploited. The rate of convergence is expressed in terms of the converging series-remainder , where are the eigenvalues of the covariance operator Q of W. An application to the approximation of semilinear stochastic partial differential equations with cubic-type of nonlinearity is given too.
Formation of 7-dehydrocholesterol-containing membrane rafts in vitro and in vivo, with relevance to the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a recessive disease typified by 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) accumulation and depletion of cholesterol. Because cholesterol is a primary component of detergent-resistant membrane domains ("rafts"), we examined the compatibility of 7DHC with raft formation. Liposomes containing bovine brain phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and either cholesterol, 7DHC, or coprostanol (the latter being incompatible with raft formation) were prepared. 7DHC was indistinguishable from cholesterol in its ability to become incorporated into membrane rafts, as judged by physical and chemical criteria, whereas coprostanol did not form rafts. The in vivo compatibility of 7DHC with raft formation was evaluated in brains of rats treated with trans-1,4-bis(2-dichlorobenzylamino-ethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY9944), which mimics the SLOS biochemical defect. 7DHC/cholesterol ratios in rafts and whole brains from AY9944-treated rats were similar, indicating comparable efficiency of 7DHC and cholesterol incorporation into brain rafts. In contrast, dolichol (a nonsterol isoprenoid incompatible with raft formation) was greatly depleted in brain rafts relative to whole brain. Although brain raft fractions prepared from AY9944-treated and control rats yielded similar sterol-protein ratios, their gel electrophoresis profiles exhibited multiple differences, suggesting that altered raft sterol composition perturbs raft protein content. These results are discussed in the context of the SLOS phenotype, particularly with regard to the associated central nervous system defects.
Haptoglobin Phenotype, Preeclampsia Risk and the Efficacy of Vitamin C and E Supplementation to Prevent Preeclampsia in a Racially Diverse Population

Haptoglobin's (Hp) antioxidant and pro-angiogenic properties differ between the 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 phenotypes. Hp phenotype affects cardiovascular disease risk and treatment response to antioxidant vitamins in some non-pregnant populations. We previously demonstrated that preeclampsia risk was doubled in white Hp 2-1 women, compared to Hp 1-1 women. Our objectives were to determine whether we could reproduce this finding in a larger cohort, and to determine whether Hp phenotype influences lack of efficacy of antioxidant vitamins in preventing preeclampsia and serious complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH). This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in which 10,154 low-risk women received daily vitamin C and E, or placebo, from 9-16 weeks gestation until delivery. Hp phenotype was determined in the study prediction cohort (n = 2,393) and a case-control cohort (703 cases, 1,406 controls). The primary outcome was severe PAH, or mild or severe PAH with elevated liver enzymes, elevated serum creatinine, thrombocytopenia, eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, medically indicated preterm birth or perinatal death. Preeclampsia was a secondary outcome. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression. Sampling weights were used to reduce bias from an overrepresentation of women with preeclampsia or the primary outcome. There was no relationship between Hp phenotype and the primary outcome or preeclampsia in Hispanic, white/other or black women. Vitamin supplementation did not reduce the risk of the primary outcome or preeclampsia in women of any phenotype. Supplementation increased preeclampsia risk (odds ratio 3.30; 95% confidence interval 1.61-6.82, p<0.01) in Hispanic Hp 2-2 women. Hp phenotype does not influence preeclampsia risk, or identify a subset of women who may benefit from vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent preeclampsia.
Problems with the Knowledge-Based Explanation of Memory and Development

This article is a critique of the claim that knowledge alone can account for the variance of memory and development. There are two parts: a brief historical sketch of the movement towards a knowledge-based view of memory and development and a discussion of some of its problems. The problems discussed are the equivocal nature of much of the data cited to support the knowledge-based view, the evidence that suggests that domain independent strategies influence memory and development, and the evidence for a domain independent tool of developmental import. Finally, the implications of these problems as they relate to theories of memory and development are discussed.
Life After Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia: A Case Report of a Patient 30 Months After Diagnosis and Review of the Literature

Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a rare histologic interstitial pneumonia pattern recently described in the literature with fewer than 120 cases published. AFOP is often difficult to diagnose and may be mistaken for other pulmonary disorders such as interstitial pneumonias or pneumonitides. Patients often present with vague symptoms of cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, fatigue, and occasionally respiratory failure. Radiological findings show diffuse patchy opacities and ground glass appearance of the lungs. On histologic examination, intra-alveolar fibrin balls are observed. We discuss a case of a man who presented with hemoptysis and dyspnea and whose open lung biopsy revealed AFOP. We will describe the presentation, diagnosis, and post-discharge course, and review the current literature. There are only 4 cases which have reported the patients' course of disease after 1 year, the longest being 2 years. To our knowledge, this is the only case of AFOP in the literature that describes the course of a patient more than 2 years after the diagnosis of AFOP, and is the most comprehensive review of the current literature.
Possibilities for Students At-Risk: Schools as Sites for Personal Transformation

This qualitative study furthers educational theory and research related to resilience and personal transformation. It develops connections between existing educational resilience research and change theories, and it utilizes these bodies of scholarship to propose a theory of personal transformation. Based on interviews with students who were successful in university after either not graduating from high school or graduating from non-academic high school programs, a metaphor of a Mobius strip is developed to hypothesize a theory of transformation as a means of understanding the students’ journeys. Keywords : education; equity in education; resilience
Advantages of the Planar Streak Camera in Picosecond Recording

Availability of picosecond and sub-picosecond light pulses from lasers has opened entirely new fields of study of picosecond phenomena. In spite of new, ultra-fast, channelplate oscilloscopes and fast detectors, the only recording system capable of yielding the picosecond temporal history of one spatial dimension remains the ultra-fast streak camera. Streak cameras with fiberoptics inputs are capable of normalizing and.recording a variety of optical signals with bandwidths far exceeding any present or projected oscilloscope.
The multidrug transporter MATE1 sequesters OCs within an intracellular compartment that has no influence on OC secretion in renal proximal tubules

Secretion of organic cations (OCs) across renal proximal tubules (RPTs) involves basolateral OC transporter (OCT)2-mediated uptake from the blood followed by apical multidrug and toxin extruder (MATE)1/2-mediated efflux into the tubule filtrate. Whereas OCT2 supports electrogenic OC uniport, MATE is an OC/H(+) exchanger. As assessed by epifluorescence microscopy, cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that stably expressed human MATE1 accumulated the fluorescent OC N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[methyl(7-nitrobenzo[c][l,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium (NBD-MTMA) in the cytoplasm and in a smaller, punctate compartment; accumulation in human OCT2-expressing cells was largely restricted to the cytoplasm. A second intracellular compartment was also evident in the multicompartmental kinetics of efflux of the prototypic OC [(3)H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) from MATE1-expressing CHO cells. Punctate accumulation of NBD-MTMA was markedly reduced by coexposure of MATE1-expressing cells with 5 μM bafilomycin (BAF), an inhibitor of V-type H(+)-ATPase, and accumulation of [(3)H]MPP and [(3)H]NBD-MTMA was reduced by >30% by coexposure with 5 μM BAF. BAF had no effect on the initial rate of MATE1-mediated uptake of NBD-MTMA, suggesting that the influence of BAF was a secondary effect involving inhibition of V-type H(+)-ATPase. The accumulation of [(3)H]MPP by isolated single nonperfused rabbit RPTs was also reduced >30% by coexposure to 5 μM BAF, suggesting that the native expression in RPTs of MATE protein within endosomes can increase steady-state OC accumulation. However, the rate of [(3)H]MPP secretion by isolated single perfused rabbit RPTs was not affected by 5 μM BAF, suggesting that vesicles loaded with OCs(+) are not likely to recycle into the apical plasma membrane at a rate sufficient to provide a parallel pathway for OC secretion.
Mixed aortic valve disease: midterm outcome and predictors of adverse events

Aims The aim of this article is to determine freedom from adverse events (AE) defined as symptoms, aortic valve replacement (AVR), or death in the mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) population. Methods and results We reviewed patients with moderate/severe MAVD followed at Mayo Clinic from 1994–2013. Only asymptomatic patients with normal ejection fraction and trileaflet aortic valve were included. Cox proportional-hazard models and Kaplan–Meier method were used. We identified 213 patients with moderate/severe MAVD; mean age was 69 years (±11) and 67% were males. An AE endpoint was reached in 172 patients, and 69% of these AEs occurred in moderate MAVD (peak velocity of 3–3.9 m/s). Mean follow-up was 10.1 ± 3 years, and mean time to AE was 2.9 ± 2.1 years. A mechanical prosthesis was implanted in 71/151 (47%), and 54/151 (36%) had concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aorta replacement during AVR. Early surgical mortality was 0.7%. Freedom from AE endpoint was 42% [confidence interval (CI) 39–45%] and 30% (CI 27–33%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Predictors of AE were peak aortic velocity [hazard ratio (HR) 2.73; CI 1.97–2.84, P < 0.0001] for every 1 m/s difference and having severe stenosis or severe regurgitation at presentation (HR 2.58; CI 2.01–4.44, P = 0.001). Conclusion Moderate MAVD had high rate of AEs comparable to severe isolated aortic stenosis and should be followed as such. Patients with severe MAVD should be evaluated at least every 6 months because half of them will become symptomatic and require AVR within 1 year.
Anesthesia for cosmetic facial surgery.

Office-based surgery is not new. Ralph Waters, MD, ran the Downtown Clinic in Sioux City, Iowa, in 1919. Considerable cost advantages as well as patient privacy issues are most responsible for the modern rise in office-based surgery. Because third-party payers do not routinely cover these procedures, the office-based suite is an increasingly more common site for cosmetic facial surgery than is either the hospital or ambulatory surgery center (ASC). The allure of instant remunerative gratification for elective cosmetic facial surgery is nearly as overpowering today as was the 'Song of the Sirens' to Homer's Odysseus of yesterday. Rather than fill our ears with wax to resist the temptation, knowledge is the answer to the lure. Armed with the knowledge of what constitutes a safe environment, the types of commonly performed elective cosmetic facial surgeries, patient selection and preparation, as well as anesthetic considerations unique to the office-based suite, it is unlikely that the anesthesiologist will crash upon these enticing rocks.
CCl4 poisoning II: Serum enzymes, free fatty acids and liver pathology; effects of phenoxybenzamine and phenergan.

SummarySerum FFA were decreased by CCl4 and increased by phenoxybenzamine. When phenoxybenzamine and CCl4 were administered together, the effects appeared to be additive. Phenoxybenzamine was ineffective in protecting the liver from damage caused by vapor exposure to CCl4. Phenergan reduced hepatic necrosis and serum activity of a liver mitochondrial enzyme, glutamic dehydrogenase. Lipophillic staining was increased while serum activities of liver supernatant enzymes were not decreased consistently. These data suggest a possible mitochondrial locus of action for Phenergan.
Periodical Appearance of Korscheltellus gracilis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) has a 2-yr life cycle, with numbers of emerging adults in odd and even years differing by one to two orders of magnitude. Results from starch-gel electrophoresis of allozymes suggest that the odd- and even-year broods from Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont, may be the same population, with little genetic differentiation. Distribution maps of field collections and museum records show periodical abundance at the vast majority of localities, thus refuting hypotheses of recent colonization and natural abiotic catastrophe. Available evidence for competition, parasitism, and pathogens as agents of periodical abundance in K. gracilis is discussed.
Effect of Naproxen Prophylaxis on Heterotopic Ossification Following Hip Arthroscopy: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication of hip arthroscopy. Our objective was to determine the effect of postoperative naproxen therapy on the development of HO following arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement. Methods: Between August 2011 and April 2013, 108 eligible patients were enrolled and randomized to take naproxen or a placebo for three weeks postoperatively. Radiographs were made at routine follow-up visits for one year following surgery. The primary outcome measure was the development of HO, as classified with the Brooker criteria and two-dimensional measurements on radiographs made at least seventy-five days postoperatively (average, 322 days). The primary analysis, performed with a Fisher exact test, compared the proportion of subjects with HO between the treatment and control groups. A single a priori interim analysis was planned at the midpoint of the study. Results: Our data safety and monitoring board stopped this study when the interim analysis showed that the stopping criterion had been met for demonstration of efficacy of the naproxen intervention. The prevalence of HO was 46% (twenty-two of the forty-eight in the final analysis) in the placebo group versus 4% (two of forty-eight) in the naproxen group (p < 0.001). Medication compliance was 69% overall, but it did not differ between the naproxen and placebo groups. Minor adverse reactions to the study medications were reported in 42% of the patients taking naproxen versus 35% of those taking the placebo (p = 0.45). Conclusions: In this trial, prophylaxis with naproxen was effective in reducing the prevalence of HO without medication-related morbidity. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Monitoring Results of Health Literacy among Rural Residents in Shunyi District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the awareness of health literacy among rural residents in Shunyi District of Beijing City,and investigate the effect of health education.[Methods]Cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 2 villages in this district.The unified questionnaire designed by Beijing Municipal Health Education Institute was adopted for household survey.[Results]The major health knowledge awareness of rural residents raised from 68.5% before intervention(Year 2008) to 77.6% after intervention(Year 2009);the major formation rate of health behavior raised from 57.9% to 65.2%;major health skills did not improved obviously.[Conclusion]The implementation of health education can effectively improve the major health knowledge awareness and major formation rate of health behaviors.It is necessary to explore effective health education interventions so as to improve health-related skills.
Analysis of Current Situation of Human Resources for Expanded Program of Immunization in Huanggang City

Objective To investigate current situation of human resources for expanded program of immunization( EPI) in Huanggang city to provide reference for specialists troop construction and scientific configuration of human resources. Method Totally 11 county- level and higher level centers for diseases control and prevention( CDC) were organized to fill unified investigation forms,and subsequence statistical analysis was performed. Result There were total 955 EPI workers with the ratio of staff to population of 12. 9 per thousand. The high- level title,the intermediate title,the primary title and the group without title accounted for 2. 93%,44. 40%,48. 06% and 4. 61% respectively. For education,the postgraduate and bachelor diploma record,the college diploma record,the technical diploma and no degrees accounted for 4. 50%,36. 34%,55. 18% and 3. 98% respectively. For age,more than 40 years,30- 40 years and less than 30 years accounted for 41. 89%,43. 87% and 14. 24% respectively. Those who had work experience for more than 10 years,5- 10 years,3- 5 years and less than 3 years accounted for 37.91%,20. 73%,20. 42% and 20. 94% respectively. Conclusion Current situation of human resources in Huanggang city cannot meet the demands and advancements tendency for EPI. The health administrative departments should strengthen macroscopic management,carry on the proper regulation and reasonable configuration under the present conditions,so as to meet the requirements of newly EPI.
The Mass Media in Non-material Cultural Heritage and the Positive Role

This article from the mass media and non-material cultural heritage content,mode of transmission of intangible cultural heritage,there are problems starting the mass media in full recognition of non-material cultural heritage protection work played a positive social function and social responsibility,while Anshan,Liaoning Province Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County of the intangible cultural heritage protection as a case,focusing on the mass media in non-material cultural heritage and the positive role to play.
Surgical aspects of pulmonary aspergillosis.

Twenty-one cases of pulmonary aspergillosis managed surgically over a 13 year period in the Missouri State Chest Hospital were reviewed. Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (52 per cent) but were mostly manageable by conservative measures. There was one postoperative hospital death due to respiratory failure. With the lack of an effective and safe antifungal drug, resection is the treatment of choice for suitable candidates. In conclusion, some guidelines were drawn for the management of patients with this disease.