cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multivariable Prediction Model for Mortality in Individuals Admitted for Heart Failure

Objectives To derive and validate a 30‐day mortality clinical prediction rule for heart failure based on admission data and prior healthcare usage. A secondary objective was to determine the discriminatory function for mortality at 1 and 2 years. Design Observational cohort. Setting Veterans Affairs inpatient medical centers (n=124). Participants The derivation (2010–12; n=36,021) and validation (2013–15; n=30,364) cohorts included randomly selected veterans admitted for HF exacerbation (mean age 71±11; 98% male). Measurements The primary outcome was 30‐day mortality. Secondary outcomes were 1‐ and 2‐year mortality. Candidate variables were drawn from electronic medical records. Discriminatory function was measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Thirteen risk factors were identified: age, ejection fraction, mean arterial pressure, pulse, brain natriuretic peptide, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, more than 7 inpatient days in the past year, metastatic disease, and prior palliative care. The model stratified participants into low‐ (1%), intermediate‐ (2%), high‐ (5%), and very high‐ (15%) mortality risk groups (C‐statistic=0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.71–0.74). These findings were confirmed in the validation cohort (C‐statistic=0.70, 95% CI=0.68–0.71). Subgroup analysis of age strata confirmed model discrimination. Conclusion This simple prediction rule allows clinicians to risk‐stratify individuals on admission for HF using characteristics captured in electronic medical record systems. The identification of high‐risk groups allows individuals to be targeted for discussion of goals and treatment.
Electron thermal confinement in a partially stochastic magnetic structure

Using a high-repetition-rate Thomson scattering diagnostic, we observe a peak in electron temperature Te coinciding with the location of a large magnetic island in the Madison Symmetric Torus. Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of this quasi-single helicity plasma indicates that smaller adjacent islands overlap with and destroy the large island flux surfaces. The estimated stochastic electron thermal conductivity ( ≈30 m2/s) is consistent with the conductivity inferred from the observed Te gradient and ohmic heating power. Island-shaped Te peaks can result from partially stochastic magnetic islands.Using a high-repetition-rate Thomson scattering diagnostic, we observe a peak in electron temperature Te coinciding with the location of a large magnetic island in the Madison Symmetric Torus. Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of this quasi-single helicity plasma indicates that smaller adjacent islands overlap with and destroy the large island flux surfaces. The estimated stochastic electron thermal conductivity ( ≈30 m2/s) is consistent with the conductivity inferred from the observed Te gradient and ohmic heating power. Island-shaped Te peaks can result from partially stochastic magnetic islands.
A Dedication to Krogh-Moe: His Contribution to the Understanding of Borate Glasses

Our friend and colleague Jan Krogh-Moe left, after his untimely death in 1975, 92 publications, which have been collected and preserved for the glass community by Urnes et al. (1975) and are reproduced here. A large portion of this work was concerned with the clarification of the structure of crystalline and vitreous B2O3 and borates. As an introduction to the Conference on Boron in Glasses which was intended to become a memorial to Krogh-Moe’s work an attempt is made to assess his contribution to the topic of our discussion.
Clinical Speech Syndromes and the Developing Brain

This chapter discusses the clinical speech syndromes. The developmental motor speech disorders include developmental dysarthria, developmental anarthria, and developmental apraxia of speech. Developmental dysarthria is by far the most common of the motor speech disorders and is most frequently seen in children with cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is primarily a movement disorder caused by damage to the immature brain. The three major clinical syndromes of cerebral palsy are spasticity, athetosis, and ataxia. Most cerebral palsied children present multiple disabilities in addition to their motor disorder. Next to cerebral palsy, childhood muscular dystrophy is the most common motor disorder in children. Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is the largest subgroup of the childhood dystrophies. The diagnosis of early neurologic injury is dependent on a total pediatric neurologic examination that usually includes an assessment of the primitive reflexes of the first year of life. Absent or highly persistent reflexes are usually indicative of abnormality.
Effect of extrusion on the ileal and fecal digestibilities of lysine in yellow corn in diets for young pigs.

Forty crossbred barrows (initial avg BW of 20 kg) were fitted with T-cannulas to determine the effects of extrusion of yellow corn on lysine digestibility. A basal corn-cornstarch-soybean meal diet was formulated to contain .55% lysine. Extruded corn (EC), non-extruded corn (C) and L-Lysine-HCl (LLH) replaced cornstarch in the basal diet to provide total dietary lysine levels of .60, .65 and .70% lysine for each lysine source. Diet intake was 5.5% of BW. Treatments were arranged as a 3 x 3 factorial with the basal diet as an extra dietary treatment. Apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine were greater (P less than .05) for diets with added LLH than for diets containing EC or C, which were similar (P greater than .05). Apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities and retention of nitrogen (N) as a percentage of N absorbed or consumed were greater (P less than .05) for diets containing LLH than for those containing EC or C, which were not different (P greater than .05). Plasma urea N levels were also lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed diets containing LLH than for pigs fed EC or C. Fecal DE and ME as a percentage of GE were greater (P less than .05) in diets containing EC than in those containing C. In summary, extrusion improved (P less than .05) energy utilization but did not affect the utilization of lysine or N in corn by pigs. However, lysine and N utilization were greater (P less than .05) in diets supplemented with LLH compared with EC or C.
2.9 Cellular Automata in Geomorphology

Cellular automata (CA) are a discrete computational approach to simulating geomorphic forms and processes. This chapter begins by describing the development and structure of the CA modeling framework, discusses how this modeling system relates to other modeling systems in geomorphology, and analyzes the historical incorporation of CA approaches into geomorphology. After highlighting these CA uses in geomorphology, this chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CA modeling, looks into more detail on the issues of implementing CA models, and closes with an elaboration on the place of CA modeling in the scientific nature of geomorphology. CA have become an important part of geomorphic simulation for a variety of reasons. First, it is an extremely flexible modeling approach, allowing many different types of rules and representations to be coupled. Second, CA allow geomorphologists to choose the level of reality to be represented, from abstract toy models to highly realistic and massive CAs. Third, the normal geomorphic CA model is highly map-like, and its inputs and outputs are common maps and map-like information. This simple map-like raster CA representation also makes it quite simple and straightforward for integration with many computer platforms and software, such as geographic information systems, general mathematical solution software, or image processing software. Today, CAs are the archetype models for several geomorphic systems, and they are common in almost every branch of the geomorphic science.
Messenger RNAs for Neuropeptides in Primary Sensory Neurons of the Petrosal Ganglion in Rat

Arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are essential for reflex regulation of arterial pressure and blood gases. Sensory information from arterial baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and arterial chemoreceptors of the carotid body reaches the brain via primary sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the petrosal ganglion. The central site of termination for most petrosal ganglion cells is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the dorsal medulla. Because of the vital role these primary sensory afferents play in autonomic regulation, it is important to identify potential neurotransmitter molecules in these cells.
Towards a scaled-up T cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay in 3D cell culture using microscopy

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems with tumor spheroids are being adopted for research on the antitumor activity of drug treatments and cytotoxic T cells. Analysis of the cytotoxic effect on 3D tumor cultures within a 3D scaffold, such as collagen, is challenging. Image-based approaches often use confocal microscopy, which greatly limits the sample size of tumor spheroids that can be assayed. We explored a system where tumor spheroids growing in a collagen gel within a microfluidics chip can be treated with drugs or co-cultured with T cells. We attempted to adapt the system to measure the death of cells in the tumor spheroids directly in the microfluidics chip via automated widefield fluorescence microscopy. We were able to successfully measure drug-induced cytotoxicity in tumor spheroids, but had difficulties extending the system to measure T cell-mediated tumor killing.
Sustainability research in business-to-business markets: An agenda for inquiry

Abstract Corporate interest in the topic of sustainability has increased in prominence. Most of the research on sustainability has a business-to-consumer focus, with limited research emphasizing sustainability in the context of business-to-business marketing. The paper examines research on sustainability, published in the journal Industrial Marketing Management, where thirty-eight articles have appeared in the past twenty-seven years, the majority on supply-chain research. Research on sustainability in business-to-business markets is sparse, and some of the fundamental research questions in this area have gone unaddressed. This paper addresses three interrelated research issues associated with sustainability in business-to-business markets. First, what research is available to researchers and practitioners? Second, what framework can be used to examine sustainability research in business-to-business markets? Third, what subareas of sustainability research need focus and deeper examination, and what are the associated research questions? Overall, the findings from this paper suggest the need for additional research in the area because of its substantial implications for theory, research, and practice.
Entropy zero area preserving diffeomorphisms of S2

In this paper we formulate and prove a structure theorem for area preserving diffeomorphisms of genus zero surfaces with zero entropy and at least three periodic points. As one application we relate the existence of faithful actions of a finite index subgroup of the mapping class group of a closed surface Ug on S 2 by area preserving diffeomorphisms to the existence of finite index subgroups of bounded mapping class groups MCG.S;@S/ with nontrivial first cohomology. In another application we show that the rotation number is defined and continuous at every point of a zero entropy area preserving diffeomorphism of the annulus. 37C05, 37C85
What is the most appropriate way to define a 3D waist level

A modern way of collecting body measurements is through 3Dbody scanners. However, it is challenging to define the right measurement locations in a 3D environment. Waist girth is a key body measurement and is hard to define on a 3D body model following existing manual body measurement standards. The purpose of this research is to explore some commonly used waist definitions and analyze them to see which one provides the best and most consistent results. Four waist definitions were selected and labeled on sample scans from the Size USA database. The researcher then evaluated each location and marked the level that best represented the real waist level. It was found that the Center-b/w-bust-hips was the most effective way to find the waist level on a 3D model. However, a new 3D waist definition with better performance is demanded.
Assessment of Magnet status and Textbook Outcomes among medicare beneficiaries undergoing hepato-pancreatic surgery for cancer.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between hospital Magnet status recognition and postoperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery remains ill-defined. We sought to characterize Textbook Outcome (TO) rates among patients undergoing (HP) surgery for cancer in Magnet versus non-Magnet centers. METHODS: Medicare beneficiaries undergoing HP surgery between 2015 and 2017 were identified. The association of postoperative TO (no complications/extended length-of-stay/90-day mortality/90-day readmission) with Magnet designation was examined after adjusting for competing risk factors. RESULTS: Among 10,997 patients, 21.3% (n = 2337) patients underwent surgery at Magnet hospitals (non-Magnet centers: 78.7%, n = 8660). On multivariable analysis, patients undergoing HP surgery had comparable odds of achieving a TO at Magnet versus non-Magnet hospitals (hepatectomy: odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.17; pancreatectomy-OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74-1.06). Patients treated at hospitals with a high nurse-to-bed ratio had higher odds of achieving a TO irrespective of whether they received surgery at Magnet (high vs. low nurse-to-bed ratio; OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.01-1.89) or non-Magnet centers (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.10-1.45). Similarly, hospital HP volume was strongly associated with higher odds of TO following HP surgery in both Magnet (Leapfrog compliant vs. noncompliant; OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.44) and non-Magnet centers (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.11-1.26). CONCLUSION: Hospital Magnet designation was not an independent factor of superior outcomes after HP surgery. Rather, hospital-level factors such as nurse-to-bed ratio and HP procedural volume drove outcomes.
A Computer-Based Instrument Control and Data Acquisition System for a Quadrupole Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Instrument

The development of Quadrupole spectrometer based SIMS (QSIMS) has been relatively slow compared to the large benefits it offers in the surface analysis field due to several related factors. First, the quadrupole spectrometer has been most carefully characterized in the field of organic analysis and fears of spectrometer and detector contamination were present at the start of the development of QSIMS. Second, electrostatic energy selectors for low energy secondary ions had to be developed through much trial and error. Third, sample surface charge effects had to be better understood in order to allow insulating specimens to be properly analyzed. Fourth, good primary ion sources free of beam contamination problems had to be devised. Finally, data systems that could properly take advantage of the wealth of data available in a SIMS spectrum had to be developed.
Touch-induced regulation of expression of the calmodulin-related TCH genes and thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Plant development is a complex biological process, especially because it is unusually plastic and can be dramatically altered depending on environmental conditions (Walbot, 1985). Plasticity of development is thought to be particularly important for sessile organisms because it allows adaptation to inescapable environmental stresses. An understanding of how the environment affects plant growth is essential to the study of plant development.
Chapter 5 Self-Assembly as an Engineering Concept across Size Scales

Abstract In this chapter we focus on systems made via self-assembly in the micrometer range or larger. Self-assembly at these size scales is important because although technological advances in the electronics industry continue to enable smaller, faster, cheaper, and more integrated systems, efforts in the area of integration have faced significant challenges in constructing 3D structures or building heterogeneous systems made of parts from incompatible microfabrication processes. Robotic “pick-and-place” techniques are currently used to integrate devices from many types of processes, but the ability to efficiently handle individual parts diminishes as the size scale of the components decreases below about 300 μm. Self-assembly is an attractive solution to overcome current integration limitations. Two micrometer-scale self-assembly systems are reviewed here: the first investigates the incorporation of single crystal silicon components, including single crystal silicon field effect transistors (FETs), on flexible plastic substrates for the construction of large area electronic systems, and the second system explores an avenue for future construction of three-dimensional silicon computing structures. The results from the first system include the electrical characterization of a self-assembled logic inverter, and the self-assembly of approximately 10,000 single crystal silicon elements in 25 minutes, each element measuring 100 μm in diameter.
On optimal synchronous and asynchronous track fusion

In practice, multisensor systems use dissimilar sensors that may have different data rates. Such sensors may also have inherent delays due to multitasking as well as communication delays between the sensor platform and a remote central processing site. Track fusion algorithms are presented that are valid for asynchronous sensors (the sensors have different data rates and different delays) as well as synchronous sensors (all of the sensors take measurements at the same time and the same rate with no delays). The asynchronous track fusion problem is formulated and solved first. Then the synchronous track fusion problem is obtained as a special case of the asynchronous one. Finally, using simulated target tracks, the performance of the asynchronous track fusion (ASTF) algorithm is analyzed and compared to an existing track fusion algorithm. Different sensor data rates and communication delays are used in the simulations. It is found that the ASTF algorithm outperforms its counterpart and is able to handle relatively large communication delays. The results presented set the foundation for deriving optimal track fusion algorithms when taking into account realistic constraints such as sensors with different data rates and different communication and/or processing delays. The results can also be used as a benchmark to evaluate existing suboptimal track fusion algorithms.
Rabbit chondrocytes maintained in serum-free medium: I. Synthesis and secretion of hydrodynamically-small proteoglycans☆

Abstract The biosynthesis of sulfated proteoglycan in vitro by rabbit articular chondrocytes in first passage monolayer culture maintained in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or in serum-free conditions was compared. Neosynthesized proteoglycan in the culture medium in the most dense fraction of an associative CsCl density gradient (fraction dAl) declined with increasing time under serum-free conditions, but not when cells were maintained in the presence of serum. After one day, the major peak of incorporated 35 SO 4 in medium fraction dAl eluted as a retarded peak ( K rmav 0.28 ) on Sepharose CL-2B, whether cells were maintained under serum-free or serum-containing conditions. The hydrodynamic size of proteoglycan monomer fraction dAlDl obtained after one day of exposure to serum-free culture media was smaller than dAlDl from serum-containing cultures. The hydrodynamic size of dAlDl obtained from serum-free culture media became even progressively smaller after 2 and 3 days' exposure to these conditions. Hydrodynamically small sulfated proteoglycans were identified in the cell-associated dAlDl fraction as early as one day after switching chondrocytes from serum-containing to serum-free medium. Culture medium fraction dAlDl from serum-free culture medium aggregated poorly when incubated with human hyaluronic acid (HA) in the presence of bovine link protein or when dialysed against bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan aggregate. Proteoglycan monomer from serum-containing medium reaggregated more efficiently under both conditions. No change in the size of glycosaminoglycan chains was seen in the smaller proteoglycan subpopulations, nor was there any indication of marked changes in the glycosaminoglycan types.
Dielectric and magnetic properties of Fe- and Nb-doped CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12

Detailed studies of the properties of ceramic ${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ (CCTO) have clarified the physics of this interesting material and revealed several features not reported before. The dielectric relaxational properties of CCTO are explained in terms of a capacitive-layer model, as for an inhomogeneous semiconductor, consisting of semiconducting grains and insulating grain boundaries as also concluded by others. The kinetics of the main [low-temperature $(T)$] relaxation reveal that two different thermally activated processes in CCTO grains control the dynamics. A likely candidate defect responsible for the two processes is the oxygen vacancy which is a double donor. A higher-$T$ relaxation is determined by grain boundary conduction. Both Nb and Fe doping lowered both the apparent dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and the dielectric loss, but increased Fe doping led to more dramatic effects. At 3 at. % Fe doping, the anomalous ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(T)$ response was removed, making the CCTO an intrinsic, very-low-loss dielectric. The intrinsic ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\ensuremath{\simeq}75)$ and its $T$ dependence are measured and shown to be largely determined by a low-lying soft TO phonon. At low $T$, cubic CCTO transforms into an antiferromagnetic phase at ${T}_{N}=25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. ${T}_{N}$ is essentially independent of Nb doping (up to 4 at. %) and of hydrostatic pressure (up to $\ensuremath{\sim}7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$), but decreases significantly with Fe doping. Analysis of the high-$T$ dependence of the magnetic susceptibility provided insight into the role of Fe as a dopant. Finally, an ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{T})$ anomaly associated with the onset of antiferromagnetic order has been discovered, providing evidence for coupling between the polarization and sublattice magnetization. The possible origin of this coupling is discussed.
Immunosuppressive effects of Centipeda periodontii: selective cytotoxicity for lymphocytes and monocytes.

Abstract We have examined soluble sonic extracts prepared from several strains of Centipeda periodontii for their ability to alter human lymphocyte function. These organisms were isolated from subgingival plaque of patients with periodontal disease. We found that sonicates from several, but not all, strains of C. periodontii caused a dose-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and formalinized Staphylococcus aureus. Inhibition was associated with a concomitant decrease in cell viability assessed by trypan blue exclusion, 51Cr release, and electron microscopy. The maximal number of dead cells was observed 20 to 24 h after exposure to the sonic extract. Susceptible cells include human lymphocytes (both B and T), monocytes, and erythrocytes, whereas polymorphonuclear cells, murine L-929 fibroblasts, and sheep erythrocytes were not affected. Preliminary characterization of the cytotoxic activity indicates that it is heat labile and trypsin sensitive and has an Mr of 60,000. It has been proposed that impaired host defense may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The data presented in this paper suggest that immunosuppression (local or systemic or both) could be initiated by C. periodontii. This immunosuppression may alter the nature and consequences of host-parasite interactions, thereby enhancing the pathogenicity of C. periodontii itself or some other opportunistic organism.
Association of asthma with obesity among adolescents exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between asthma diagnosis and obesity among adolescents exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Methods: The sample included 28 807 adolescents (13–17 years old) from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) (2011–2012). Study design: The NSCH is a US cross-sectional telephone survey that included at least one child between the ages of 0 and 17 years residing at a household during the time of the interview. Descriptive statistics were used to describe sample characteristics and assess the prevalence of asthma among adolescents with obesity exposed to ETS. Logistic regression models were built to assess the effect of obesity on asthma diagnosis within the context of ETS exposure. Results: The prevalence of asthma among adolescents was 10.4% and the obesity was 13.2%. Adolescents with obesity exposed to ETS within the home were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to have an asthma diagnosis (23%) compared with non-obese...
A survey of perceptron circuit complexity results

This paper surveys many circuit complexity results for networks of perceptrons, focusing on those presented over the last ten years. The first part reviews general theoretical results, while the second part is more practical, comparing nine different constructive solutions for the addition of two binary numbers.
Transcription of Ehrlichia chaffeensis Genes Is Accomplished by RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme Containing either Sigma 32 or Sigma 70

Bacterial gene transcription is initiated by RNA polymerase containing a sigma factor. To understand gene regulation in Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an important tick-transmitted rickettsiae responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis, we initiated studies evaluating the transcriptional machinery of several genes of this organism. We mapped the transcription start sites of 10 genes and evaluated promoters of five genes (groE, dnaK, hup, p28-Omp14 and p28-Omp19 genes). We report here that the RNA polymerase binding elements of E. chaffeensis gene promoters are highly homologous for its only two transcription regulators, sigma 32 and sigma 70, and that gene expression is accomplished by either of the transcription regulators. RNA analysis revealed that although transcripts for both sigma 32 and sigma 70 are upregulated during the early replicative stage, their expression patterns remained similar for the entire replication cycle. We further present evidence demonstrating that the organism’s -35 motifs are essential to transcription initiations. The data suggest that E. chaffeensis gene regulation has evolved to support the organism’s growth, possibly to facilitate its intraphagosomal growth. Considering the limited availability of genetic tools, this study offers a novel alternative in defining gene regulation in E. chaffeensis and other related intracellular pathogens.
Impact of capsule endoscopy on management of inflammatory bowel disease: a single tertiary care center experience.

Background: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is performed to assess inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to define the results of CE in subtypes of IBD and to determine whether CE results in management changes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all CEs for IBD at a tertiary care center from 2003–2009. Descriptive statistics were used to compare IBD-specific medications, surgeries, and imaging studies in the 3 months prior and 3 months after CE. Results: Of 907 CEs performed from 2003–2009, 128 were for an indication of symptomatic IBD and 124 capsules left the stomach (86 for Crohn's disease [CD], 15 for indeterminate colitis [IC], 23 for pouchitis). Only 22.1% of CEs done for CD were normal, as compared to 53.3% for IC and 34.8% for pouchitis. Severe findings in CD consisted of multiple aphthae/ulcers (22.1%), stenosis (8.1%), and stenosis with immediate retention (17.4%). In CD, 61.6% had a change in medication in the 3 months after the CE, with 39.5% initiating a new IBD medication, most commonly budesonide or corticosteroids. In the 3 months following CE, 12.8% of patients with CD underwent surgery. Severe findings on CE in patients with CD, as compared to no/minimal findings, resulted in significant differences in medication changes (73.2% versus 51.1%, P = 0.04), addition of medications (58.5% versus 22.2%, P < 0.01), and surgeries (21.9% versus 4.4%, P = 0.01). Conclusions: CE results in management changes in the majority of cases of symptomatic IBD, regardless of the subtype of IBD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Consumer Choice and Use of Multiple Information Sources for Automobile Purchases

People consult various sources, including the Internet, to search for information before purchasing an automobile. We develop an econometric model for a consumer's time allocation over multiple information sources. The process of searching is viewed as a formal choice problem in which the consumer attempts to choose the amount of search from multiple sources to maximize the benefit of purchase net of search cost. Observed data on time allocation over representative sources are postulated to arise from this optimizing behavior, and the proposed econometric model is calibrated to four waves of survey data from buyers of new automobiles, covering purchases made in 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005. Consistent with the requirement that buyers must complete the transaction and obtain delivery at dealerships, we find that, on average, the baseline preference for sources is the highest for dealer-related activities. However, we also find that the share of time devoted to the Internet increases considerably with overall search time. In particular, we find that more educated buyers under age 40 who search extensively are likely to rely heavily on the Internet in their search. This indicates that the Internet has become the key medium for manufacturers and dealers who are targeting younger, more educated buyers.
Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance Part of a Spectrum of Dysfunction in Orthostatic Cardiovascular Homeostasis

Chronic orthostatic intolerance (COI, also known as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) is a disorder that most frequently affects young women (female-to-male ratio, 4:1).1 Presenting symptoms include lightheadedness, palpitations, fatigue, blurred vision, dizziness, exercise intolerance, chest discomfort, cognitive impairment, and occasionally syncope.1 2 These symptoms usually occur after upright posture is assumed and are associated with rapid development of tachycardia. Heart rate increases by >30 bpm or exceeds 120 bpm. There is usually only a modest, if any, fall in blood pressure. Indeed, symptoms frequently occur in the absence of any blood pressure reduction and even in the setting of an increase in blood pressure on standing.2 3 The cause of COI is unknown. The onset of the disorder is often predated by a recent viral infection.1 2 Associated conditions include mitral valve prolapse, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue.4 Proposed pathophysiological characteristics include abnormalities in sudomotor function3 and excessive gravitational pooling caused by impaired venous tone.5 It is generally accepted that autonomic dysfunction is a hallmark of this disorder. Autonomic dysfunction is often perceived as a black box of nebulous disorders, often not easily differentiated from variants of normality. There is a substantial incidence of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses. These difficulties are compounded by the heterogeneity of disease states in patients with orthostatic symptoms, spontaneous fluctuations in disease severity, and nonuniformity in nomenclature of disease classification. Inconsistencies in nosology complicate the study and delineation of pathophysiological mechanisms. These considerations are particularly applicable to studies of orthostatic intolerance. Our insights into disorders of orthostatic homeostasis have been enhanced by the advent of tilt table testing.6 This allows simulation of standing, in carefully monitored and controlled conditions. The dynamic interplay between postural changes, hemodynamic responses, and symptoms can therefore be followed closely. In addition …
Fast, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography.

The absolute need to improve the separating power of liquid chromatography, especially for multi-constituent biological samples, is becoming increasingly evident. In response, over the past few years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC). Just as 1DLC is preferred to 1DGC based on its compatibility with biological materials we believe that ultimately 2DLC will be preferred to the much more highly developed 2DGC for such samples. The huge advantage of 2D chromatographic techniques over 1D methods is inherent in the tremendous potential increase in peak capacity (resolving power). This is especially true of comprehensive 2D chromatography wherein it is possible, under ideal conditions, to obtain a total peak capacity equal to the product of the peak capacities of the first and second dimension separations. However, the very long timescale (typically several hours to tens of hours) of comprehensive 2DLC is clearly its chief drawback. Recent advances in the use of higher temperatures to speed up isocratic and gradient elution liquid chromatography have been used to decrease the time needed to do the second dimension LC separation of 2DLC to about 20 s for a full gradient elution run. Thus, fast, high temperature LC is becoming a very promising technique. Peak capacities of over 2000 and rates of peak capacity production of nearly 1 peak/s have been achieved. In consequence, many real samples showing more than 200 peaks with signal to noise ratios of better than 10:1 have been run in total times of under 30 min. This report is not intended to be a comprehensive review of 2DLC, but is deliberately focused on the issues involved in doing fast 2DLC by means of elevating the column temperature; however, many issues of broader applicability will be discussed.
Honey bee social immunity and Colony Collapse Disorder

(2011). Honey bee social immunity and Colony Collapse Disorder. Journal of Apicultural Research: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 87-88.
Do learning handicaps and headache cluster

Children who are brought to medical attention because of frequently recurring or disabling headaches appear to have an increased prevalence of learning handicaps. Some of this increase might reflect Berkson's principle—the selection bias of an overrepresentation of patients with two disorders. Consideration is given to five models that show a relationship between learning handicap and headache. Two of the models are dismissed as too simple. Studies are needed to determine whether learning handicap and headache are indeed associated, and, if so, how. Clinicians are advised not to wait until these studies have been completed before implementing therapeutic programs that might prove helpful to those children with both headache and learning handicap. (J Child Neurol 1986;1:372-377)
Investigation of defect generation and annihilation in IGZO TFTs during practical stress conditions: illumination and electrical bias

This investigation elucidates the influence of standalone-bias stress and standalone-illumination stress, and their combinatory effect on indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). Each phenomenon associated with illumination (wavelengths of 410, 467, 532 and 632 nm) and bias (Vg = ±20 V; Vd = 0, 20 V) stresses is categorized individually. Wavelengths below 532 nm are responsible for ionized vacancy creation, carrier generation and interface state creation while only gate stresses of +20 V create excessive charge trap states. Failure conditions are identified as gate stresses of −20 V with 410 nm illumination. An improvement in the Ion/Ioff ratio from 106 to 107 is due to increased charge contribution for on currents, and trapping of holes at the intermetallic dielectric near the source–channel junction in the off region. Upon stress removal TFTs exhibit incomplete recovery due to slow trapping of excited carriers from dielectric layers and inability created by the passivation layer to absorb oxygen for vacancy regeneration. The low-temperature fabrication and optimized post-fabrication anneal have created reduced defect and vacancy densities that make the IGZO TFTs more stable than the previous generation TFTs.
Development of Professional Identity Through Socialization in Graduate School

Abstract Professional identity is one outcome of successful socialization. The purpose of this study was to understand how socialization in graduate programs contributes to the development of professional identity for new professionals in student affairs. Via survey, we found significant relationships between program qualities, standards, activities, and experiences and measures of professional identity. Out-of-class experiences were perceived to have a stronger influence than in-class experiences. Implications for graduate preparation programs and supervisors are discussed.
Studies on dopa decarboxylase inhibitors in vivo by use of C14-carboxyl-labeled dopa.

SummaryA study has been made on the effects of some compounds on inhibition of decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in vivo. A new rapid and simple method for determination of the inhibition has been developed which yields satisfactory results in intact unanesthetized mice. C14-carboxyl-labeled dopa is injected and the respiratory C14O2 trapped in a phenethylamine solution containing fluorophore. Radioactivity is then counted directly in a liquid scintillation counter. The most active decarboxylase inhibitors of the compounds tested are dl-α-hydrazino-α-methyl,3,4-dihydroxyphenylbutyric acid and N(3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-methylhydrazine. Their inhibitory action is approximately 40 times higher than, e.g., that of l-α-methyldopa.
Motivation-by challenge for teaching control systems

An unconventional, motivation-by challenge approach is reported for teaching entry-level control courses. This approach recognizes the difference between passive learning and active learning, and therefore emphasizes motivating entry-level students with a pilot design project that is woven into lectures from beginning to end. >
Computer simulation of non-Gaussian multiple wind pressure time series

The paper presents a technique for generating artificial multiple wind pressure time series with strong cross correlations in fluctuating features. The technique, for given multiple target time series, simulates an identical shape of sample auto- and cross-spectra of target signals in records of calculated artificial signals and has great flexibility in controlling non-Gaussian distributional properties while preserving the auto- and cross-spectra. The technique utilizes the unique properties of the Fourier phases in Fourier representation of time series in connection to non-Gaussian fluctuating feature generation and the phase shift relations in connection to simulating cross correlations of multiple target signals.
Differential expression of g1, cyclins during human placentogenesis

Cyclins are proteins that support the progression of cell-cycle stages in proliferating cells. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the cyclin genes is involved in the regulation of normal human trophoblast proliferation. The presence and cellular localization of four G1 cyclins D1, D2, D3 and E, were determined by immunohistochemistry. This analysis indicated that cyclins E and D3 are the predominant cyclins in villous trophoblast. D2 was present only within the villous core, in fetal macrophages. Positive immunoreactivity for cyclin D1 was strongest in second and third trimester placentae, in the cells lining the intravillous vessels with additional reactivity in extravillous cytotrophoblasts. Because cyclin E protein was present in a greater percentage of cells than those that are dividing, Western blot analysis was performed to validate the fidelity of the immunohistochemistry data. The results of the Western analysis revealed that two forms of cyclin E protein of the appropriate size were present. Data collected from this study suggest that within the trophoblast lineage, cyclins D3 and E are important cell cycle regulatory proteins, and further, that cyclin E may function in trophoblast terminal differentiation as well.
Bimeasures and their integral extensions

The object of this paper is to motivate three papers byM. Morse andW. Transue, which will presently appear, where the Authors will lay the foundations of a general theory of C-bimeasures and their integral extensions.
Function spaces and product topologies on powers of spaces

Abstract A study is made of two classes of product topologies on powers of spaces: the general box product topologies, and the general uniform product topologies. Some examples are given and some results are shown about the properties of these general product spaces. This is applied to show that certain spaces of continuous functions with the fine topology are homeomorphic to box product spaces, and certain spaces of continuous functions with the uniform topology are homeomorphic to uniform product spaces.
Adsorption rates of phospholipid vesicles to the air/water interface at temperatures near the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition

Abstract The adsorption rate of phospholipid vesicles has been determined as a function of temperature about the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition. An 8.4:1 molar ratio of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine:1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol was used to prepare a unimodal dispersion of large vesicles (mean diameter = 220 nm). Through thermal analysis, this phospholipid mixture was found to undergo the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition at 39.8°C. While the mixture was stirred vesicles were injected into the bulk phase, and the resulting change in the surface pressure was determined as a function of time. At temperatures below the onset of the phase transition, a very slow and an apparently linear change in surface pressure was observed. At the phase transition and above, the change in surface pressure with time was more rapid and could be described by a monoexponential function. The fitted adsorption rate constants increased dramatically at the phase transition and then further increased at temperatures above the phase transition. Although these results reinforce the supposition that rapid adsorption occurs with lipids in the liquid crystalline state, there is no indication that enhanced fluctuations associated with the phase transition influence the adsorption rate.
Toxicity of metals to chick embryos

A comparative index to the embryopathic effects of a number of metals which may appear as trace contaminants in avian food sources is given. Chicken eggs (White Plymouth Rock strain) were treated by yolk injection with sodium arsenite, sodium selenate and chloride salts of cadmium, lead, mercury, methyl mercury and zinc immediately prior to incubation. Eggs were positioned horizontally for 24 hr before injection, allowing the embryonic blastodisc to orient away from the point of needle entry. The test aliquot was deposited in a needle track extending through the diameter of each egg yolk, thus facilitating the uniform distribution of the toxicant. Percent survival was determined as hatchability in experimental populations/hatchability of controls. Survival rates at a concentration of 0.001 ppM were 64-66% for selenium, arsenic and cadmium at the same concentration, survival rates were 74-83 percent for lead, methyl mercury, inorganic mercury, and zinc. All metals produced appreciable percentages of teratogenic survivors when administered at or above their TL/sub 50/ concentrations. The greatest percentages of defective survivors were always at the highest test concentrations which permitted survival, ranging from 0.5 ppM for selenium and arsenic to 10.0 ppM for mercury and zinc. (MFB)
Adsorption of selected environmentally important metals by poultry manure-based granular activated carbons †‡

Water quality and public health impacts of mass produced poultry manure have prompted the need for viable conversion and reuse solutions. Conversion of poultry manure to value-added granular activated carbons for environmental remediation can be such a solution. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of poultry manure-based carbons for the adsorption of selected metal ions (copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc) from solutions containing individual ions or the four metal ions present together. Adsorption properties for poultry manure-based carbons were compared with those of two commercial carbons, PUR RF and Minotaur, and carbons from three traditional precursors, coal, coconut and wood. Pelletized samples were pyrolyzed at 700 °C for 1 h followed by 800 °C steam activation at 1, 3 and 5 mL min - 1 water flow rate, for 30 and 45 min, under nitrogen. The carbon's ability to adsorb the metals was influenced by the activation strategy, increasing for longer activation times and higher water flow rates, in the presence of a single metal solution. Saturation conditions were achieved at 20 mM and, at 5 mM, almost all metal ion in solution was adsorbed, except for nickel. Carbons showed similar affinity towards copper, cadmium and zinc, individually. However, when in competition, at SmM of each metal, manure-based carbons showed a preference for Cu 2 + followed by Zn 2 + and Cd 2 + . Poultry manure-based carbons outperformed all reference carbons and PUR RF, and, except for Ni 2 + , Minotaur was also outperformed. Experiments showed that the highest removal rate in a competition situation was obtained for broiler-cake carbon activated for 45min at 3 mL min - 1 , with 93.1%, 50.9% and 85.2% for copper, cadmium and zinc ions, respectively. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation Criteria to Evaluate Resistance Factors for Axial Load Capacity of Drilled Shafts

Reliability-based analyses are presented for calibration of the resistance factor for axially loaded drilled shafts with eight interpretation criteria. A database of 26 drilled shafts representing the typical design practice in Louisiana was created for statistical reliability analyses. Predictions of load-settlement curves of drilled shafts from soil borings were determined by using the FHWA design method (O'Neill and Reese method) via the SHAFT computer program. Interpreted predicted and measured drilled shaft axial nominal resistances were determined through use of eight criteria. Measured drilled shaft axial nominal resistances were determined from either Osterberg cell tests or conventional top-down static load tests. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the predicted total drilled shaft nominal axial resistance with the measured nominal resistance interpreted by using eight criteria. Results show that the selected design method underestimates the measured drilled shaft resistance for all e...
Improvement Research on the Anti-Vibration Means of Conductors Based on the Energy Balance Method

In view of the defects in the traditional aeolian vibration damping method for transmission line that repeated tests have to be undertaken in addition to the method's marked error, this article analyzed the calculating method for conductor anti-vibration test using the energy balance method, and improved the test method for self-damping characteristic and the design method for arrangement damped wire; improving design efficiency and accuracy. Laboratory simulation test which was carried out in connection with the actual engineering parameters verified the strong applicability of the improved method in vibration damping design.