cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Their Voices: Barriers to HIV Testing among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men Remain

Background: HIV testing continues to be a major priority for addressing the epidemic among young Black men who have sex with men (BMSM). Methods: This study explored barriers to HIV testing uptake, and recommendations for motivating HIV testing uptake among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) aged 18 to 30. BMSM (N = 36) were recruited through flyers and social media for six focus groups. Results: From the perspectives and experiences of young BMSM, participants recommended that information be included in HIV testing messages that would help young BMSM do self HIV-risk appraisals. Particularly, participants recommended that more knowledge about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and the role of PrEP in safer-sex practices be provided. This information is important to help those untested, or who infrequently test, better understand their risk and need for testing. Likewise, participants recommended that more information about a person being undetectable and the risk of condomless sex with an HIV negative sex partner; this information will be helpful for both the HIV negative and HIV positive sex partner for making safer sex decisions. Participants also recommended that interventions should focus on more than drug use as risk; the risk posed by the use of alcohol before and during sex deserves attention among young BMSM. Conclusions: These findings may inform new HIV testing interventions being tailored for young BMSM. The interventions should also consider revisiting street-based peer-outreach approaches for those young BMSM with limited access to social media campaigns due to limited access or infrequent use of social media.
Increasing incidence of duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: Incidental discovery of indolent disease?

Background There has been a marked increase in the recognized incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Studies have often combined duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (D-NETs) with other small bowel GEP-NETs. As a result, the natural history and clinical ramifications of these D-NETs is poorly understood. Methods Patients diagnosed with duodenal “carcinoid” tumors from 1983 to 2010 were identified in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results tumor registry. Results A total of 1,258 patients were identified. The mean age was 64 years. The majority of patients were male (55.6%), white (55.6%), and had stage I disease (66.2%). Patients meeting inclusion criteria were divided into 2 cohorts: (i) era 1 patients diagnosed with GEP-NETs from 1983 to 2005, and (ii) era 2 those diagnosed from 2005 to 2010. There was a clear increase in the incidence rate of D-NETs from 0.27 per 100,000 in 1983 to 1.1 per 100,000 in 2010 ( P P P = .05); however, multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage but not era was associated with disease-specific survival. Conclusion Prognosis for D-NETs, in contrast with other small bowel NETs, is excellent. There has been a steady increase in the recognized incidence of D-NETs, coincident with the migration to earlier disease stage and improved disease-specific survival.
Summation of the second meeting of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of North America (DPSG-NA).

This second meeting of the DPSG-NA focused on Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. It began, appropriately, in the first session by looking at the placenta.
Cyclooxygenase 2 in infiltrating inflammatory cells in injured nerve is universally up-regulated following various types of peripheral nerve injury

We previously reported the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in injured sciatic nerve of rats with partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) and the reversal of PSNL-elicited tactile allodynia by local injection of the COX inhibitor ketorolac [Eur J Neurosci 15 (2002) 1037]. We further asked whether COX2 up-regulation in injured nerve is a universal phenomenon following various types of nerve injury. In the current study, we observed that abundant COX2 immunoreactive (IR) cell profiles appeared in injured nerves of rats following spinal nerve ligation (SNL), chronic constriction injury (CCI) and complete sciatic nerve transection. Most COX2-IR cells were identified as infiltrating macrophages. Partial injury induced greater COX2 up-regulation than complete injury. COX2 up-regulation reached a peak at 2-4 weeks, evidently declined by 3 months and disappeared by 7 months postlesion. These findings suggest that up-regulation of COX2 in injured nerve is a common event during the initial several months after nerve injury. We observed that local ketorolac-elicited anti-allodynia was closely associated with the abundance of COX2-IR cells in injured nerve, varying with the type of injury and time after injury. The anti-allodynia lasted the longest when local ketorolac was given 2-4 weeks after PSNL, CCI and SNL. The duration of local ketorolac's anti-allodynia was the longest in CCI rats, which also exhibited the most abundant COX2 up-regulation. Local ketorolac's anti-allodynia lasted much shorter when given 2-3 months after lesion. Local ketorolac failed to induce anti-allodynia 7 months after lesion, a time when COX2-IR cells completely disappeared from the injured nerve except a few cells at the injury site. Our data strongly suggest that during the initial several months after nerve injury, peripherally over-produced prostaglandins play an important role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain.
RNA gains a new function: a mediator of neurodegeneration

Over the past couple of years, it has become evident that some males carrying the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) premutation, typically viewed to be normal, in fact manifest a neurodegenerative disease with ataxia and tremor. FMR1 premutation alleles uniquely produce FMR1 transcripts with an elongated CGG repeat, leading to the hypothesis that premutant transcripts cause the neurodegenerative disease in carriers. Recently Jin et al. demonstrated, in Drosophila, that FMR1 premutation RNA causes neurodegeneration. These data show RNA can induce neurodegeneration and provide strong evidence that FMR1 RNA mediates the neurodegeneration in human premutation carriers.
Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing

Demonstrates the usefulness of combining retail market segmentation with competitive analysis as a very effective method to understand the dynamics of retail markets and to analyse strategic options for supermarket chains. Attempts to advance the market segmentation research by narrowing the gap between the academically oriented research on segmentation and the practical application of segmentation research. Applies the recommended methodology to a largescale investigation and discusses the empirical findings along with strategic implications for supermarket retail chain organizations.
Fracional–Fringe Holographic Plasma Interferometry

Holographic interferometry can be applied to plasmas whose density results in shifts of less than one fringe by superposing the small shifts on an arbitrarily shaped and positioned background fringe pattern. The sensitivity of holographic interferometry is thereby increased to that of conventional interferometry, while the inherent advantages of holography are retained. The background fringes also simplify detection of the spurious phase changes that can arise in holography from motions of the apparatus.
Stimulating Instruction in Social Studies.

To promote content literacy, students have to be actively involved. This article focuses on strategies that stimulate student interest by involving them with the content during pre-reading, during-reading and post-reading activities. these processes provide students with optimal opportunities for comprehension. The authors recommend the use of a variety of materials to supplement the social studies text, recoginizing, however, that the text, because of its breadth of knowledge will always play an important role. The three instructional activities delineated reinforce the idea that social studies learning is promoted through literacy, just as language acts learning is developed through the social studies. All of the strategies include a form of graphic organizer. They are examples of ways teaches can adapt instruction to promote student interest in social studies. Social studies doesn't have to be boring!
Platonic Love: Dasein's Urge toward Being

Comparaison entre la conception platonicienne de l'amour developpee dans le «Banquet» et dans le «Phedre», d'une part, et la conception heideggerienne du Dasein, defini par son impulsion vers l'etre meme, dans les «Fondements de la philosophie», d'autre part. Examinant les trois etapes de l'amour chez Platon qui sont: 1) la rencontre d'une belle personne, 2) la relation sexuelle, 3) le ressouvenir, l'A. montre que l'interpretation de Heidegger procede a une demythologisation de la doctrine de la rememoration des Idees chez Platon a partir du concept technologique de production (Hervor-bringen)
Stopping speech suppresses the task-irrelevant hand

Some situations require one to quickly stop an initiated response. Recent evidence suggests that rapid stopping engages a mechanism that has diffuse effects on the motor system. For example, stopping the hand dampens the excitability of the task-irrelevant leg. However, it is unclear whether this 'global suppression' could apply across wider motor modalities. Here we tested whether stopping speech leads to suppression of the task-irrelevant hand. We used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the primary motor cortex with concurrent electromyography from the hand. We found that when speech was successfully stopped the motor evoked potential from the task-irrelevant hand was significantly reduced compared to when the participant failed to stop speaking, or responded on non stop signal trials, or compared to baseline. This shows that when speech is quickly stopped, there is a broad suppression across the motor system. This has implications for the neural basis of speech control and stuttering.
Obtaining organ donation: Who should ask?

Objective: To assess the impact of a decoupled presentation of the option of organ donation by an organ procurement organization representative on organ donation rates. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: A tertiary care university medical center. Subjects: Patients declared dead by neurologic criteria during the 2-year period January 1, 1992, through December 31, 1993. Intervention: The addition, for the calendar year 1993, of an institutionally dedicated organ procurement organization representative to present the option of organ donation with use of the technique of decoupling. Results: The rate of donation increased from 38% to 59% with the addition of an institutionally dedicated organ procurement organization representative and the routine use of decoupling. Conclusions: When a dedicated representative from the local organ procurement organization, rather than the physician, presents the option of donation and decouples the discussion of death by neurologic criteria from the presentation of the option of donation, the rate of donation significantly increases.
Transplantation of azaserine-induced carcinomas of pancreas in rats.

Summary Two pancreatic adenocarcinomas which had been induced in Wistar/Lewis rats by azaserine treatment were transplanted into rats of the same strain by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of minced tumor. Subsequently, we have serially transplanted into non-radiated recipients. Transplanted tumors have maintained evidence of acinar cell differentiation including the presence of zymogen granules in tumors studied by electron microscopy, and of lipase, amylase and trypsin activity in the supernatant of tumor homogenates. Histologically, the tumors vary from poorly differentiated solid carcinomas to well differentiated variants which form acini. Transplanted tumors are locally invasive and have metastasized to lung and liver in some recipients.
Francesco Petrarca and the Parameters of Historical Research

Although scholars in the first two generations of humanism wrote the histories drawing heavily on ancient Roman sources, Petrarca was the first humanist historian to focuses on the history of ancient Roma. Because he was also the earliest to approach ancient Romans as historically conditioned human beings, he was able to see the achievements of the Romans in historical perspective. At the same time he was unable to separate mythology from history and acknowledged the effect of divine and diabolical forces on the course of human events.
Sonographic appearance of extra‐axial fluid collections in the infant: Further observations

Extra-axial fluid collections were identified in six infants by transfontanelle cranial sonography. Confirmatory computer tomography (CT) scans were performed following the sonograms in five of these patients. These extra-axial fluid collections were varied in appearance and could be divided into two types depending on their sonographic characteristics. The first group consisted of large, usually concave anechoic collections and the second of small extra-axial fluid collections best seen in the interhemispheric fissure. The large collections were easily identified using a routine 5 MHz transducer system. The smaller collections were not well visualized with a 5 MHz system and required a 7.5 MHz transducer to identify the fluid in the interhemispheric fissure. Additionally, the lateral extent of these small collections could not be visualized through the anterior fontanelle using either transducer and CT was required for definitive evaluation of their lateral extent. Indexing Words: Ultrasound · Brain, ultrasound · Subdural hematoma · Hygroma.
Honor and Honesty in the Academy – A Wonderful Example

Earlier this week, I received a surprising email and encountered an admirable instance of academic honesty. An author wrote to tell me that he wished to withdraw his manuscript from consideration in the journal of Innovative Higher Education because he had just learned that one part of his research had not been covered by the appropriate IRB approval, through an oversight in the submission process. He said that for “ethical reasons” he would need to withdraw the manuscript. He went on to apologize for using “your valuable time and resources.” He hopes to straighten the problem out soon. In over a decade of serving as the editor of Innovative Higher Education, this is the first instance that I have encountered of this type of action after a manuscript has been accepted with “revise and resubmit.” Considering the pressure to publish, especially for those faculty members trying to progress through the ranks, the need to withdraw a manuscript would be especially disappointing, as even the most limited research studies require large investments of time and resources. What a wonderful role model of academic honor this faculty member must be to his students! He clearly, as is said in the vernacular, “walks the walk.” In my recent role as Vice Provost for Academic Affairs, one of my duties was to hear student appeals on cases of academic dishonesty. The University of Georgia has a highly structured process to consider allegations of academic dishonesty involving students including facilitated discussions, continued discussions with an academic honesty panel, and a multiple violations review board (http://ovpi.uga.edu/academic-honesty). Faculty and students are recruited or volunteer to serve on panels to consider the cases with the options of dismissing the case or assigning appropriate sanctions. Only a limited number of cases reached the Office of the Provost; and my role was to review the entire file and listen to any recordings of formal proceedings either to dismiss, uphold, or modify the sanctions. After reviewing the files, an unsettled feeling generally came over me. I wanted to understand clearly the facts and the reasoning that led to the outcome. As a mother (thankfully my sons have graduated from college) and as a faculty member, I wanted to understand all sides of the story. Of course, there is no way to identify a student whomay be engaged in a pattern of dishonest behavior from the foolish student who took his or her first short-cut. Hopefully, the cases served as teachable moments for most of the transgressors. Perhaps being “caught” at the course level and experiencing the humiliation and associated punishment will prevent Innov High Educ (2014) 39:347–348 DOI 10.1007/s10755-014-9305-4
GLD-3, a Bicaudal-C Homolog that Inhibits FBF to Control Germline Sex Determination in C. elegans

The FBF RNA binding proteins control multiple aspects of C. elegans germline development, including sex determination. FBF promotes the oocyte fate at the expense of spermatogenesis by binding a regulatory element in the fem-3 3'UTR and repressing this sex-determining gene. Here we report the discovery of GLD-3, a Bicaudal-C homolog and cytoplasmic protein that physically interacts with FBF. Using RNAi and a gld-3 deletion mutant, we show that GLD-3 promotes the sperm fate, a sex determination effect opposite to that of FBF. By epistasis analysis, GLD-3 acts upstream of FBF, and, in a yeast three-hybrid assay, GLD-3 interferes specifically with FBF binding to the fem-3 3'UTR. We propose that GLD-3 binds FBF and thereby inhibits its repression of target mRNAs.
A coupled electrochemical–geochemical model of corrosion for mild steel in high-pressure CO2–saline environments

Abstract Wellbore systems are designed to isolate fluids in the subsurface and are typically engineered for a 30–50 year service life. In the geologic sequestration of CO 2 , wellbores will have to perform for 100s of years. As a consequence, one of the key questions in the viability of sequestration is whether long-term wellbore integrity is feasible in the high-salinity, high-CO 2 fluids likely to be present in CO 2 storage reservoirs. Isolation in wellbores is usually accomplished by a combination of Portland cement and steel. In this study, we focus on predicting the corrosion rate of steel under typical CO 2 sequestration conditions. We have developed a mechanistic model for predicting corrosion rates of mild steel used in most wellbore systems. The model includes an aqueous geochemistry and an electrochemistry module. The water chemistry module uses the Pitzer formulation for activity and Duan et al.’s (2006) model for CO 2 solubility. The electrochemical module accounts for both mass transfer processes and electrochemical kinetics. The electrochemistry includes the primary oxidation reaction (the dissolution of iron) and the primary reduction reactions (the formation of H 2 gas from carbonic acid, hydrogen ion, and/or water). At high CO 2 pressures, the dominant corrosion reaction is Fe + 2H 2 CO 3 = Fe 2+ + 2HCO 3 − + H 2 (g) and is driven by CO 2 solubility rather than solution acidity. This result shows that typical buffering reactions between dissolved CO 2 and minerals (e.g., carbonates) will not significantly reduce corrosion rates in contrast to many mineral reaction rates that are strongly dependent on pH. For similar reasons, high salinity solutions reduce corrosion rates significantly mainly due to the “salting-out” effect of reduced CO 2 solubility. For example, an increase in salinity from 5 to 20 wt% salt results in a 50% reduction in corrosion rate as confirmed in our experiments. Numerical simulations are tabulated that provide predicted rates of corrosion in wellbore environments over a wide range of temperature, partial pressure of CO 2 and salt concentration.
Is deep vein thrombosis surveillance warranted in high-risk trauma patients?

BACKGROUND : Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been reported to occur in 20% to 40% of high-risk trauma patients if no prophylaxis is used. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of DVT and utility of a screening program in a high-risk group of trauma patients for whom routine DVT prophylaxis was utilized. PATIENTS AND METHODS : Of 3,154 trauma admissions over a 20-month period, 343 patients (10.9%) identified as high risk based on established criteria (prolonged bed rest, Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 7, spinal injury, lower extremity or pelvic fracture) were placed on a prospective surveillance protocol using color-flow duplex scanning and received thromboembolic prophylaxis. RESULTS : Twenty-three thromboembolic complications occurred, including 20 DVTs (5.8%) and 3 pulmonary emboli ([PE]1%). Univariate analysis showed that the risk of DVT was related to age (52.6 + 19.9 years versus 38.1 + 18.5 ; P = 0.001), a longer hospital stay (31.4 versus 17.8 days ; P = 0.001), or the presence of spinal fracture (12.6% versus 3.5% ; P = 0.01). Discriminant function analysis revealed that length of stay, intensive care unit days, age, and GCS allowed correct classification of those who did not develop DVT in 97% of cases but was only correct in 15% of cases in predicting those who would develop DVT. Injury severity score (ISS) was not predictive in this multivariate analysis. Seventeen (85%) DVTs were unsuspected clinically. Study patients received an average of 3.5 studies at an overall charge of $313,330 to detect 17 clinically unsuspected DVTs (5%). This represents about 5% of the total bed charges for these patients, or $18,000 per DVT. CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that standard use of DVT prophylaxis in a high-risk trauma population leads to a low incidence of DVT and that a screening protocol is effective in detecting unsuspected DVTs. Use of a surveillance protocol, however, may reduce but will not eliminate the incidence of pulmonary emboli in this patient population
A Research Agenda for Humanistic Psychotherapy in the 21st Century

Efficacy and effectiveness research are described as complementary paradigms by which to study the average response of a group of clients to psychotherapy. Client-focused research, a relatively new approach to studying psychotherapy outcome, is described and advocated as a paradigm that provides both complementary and unique information in that it focuses on individual client response to psychotherapy. Clinical applications of client-focused research are discussed as a means of providing a framework that could potentially be used by researchers and clinicians to evaluate and enhance the effects of humanistic psychotherapy. Suggestions as to how humanistic psychotherapists can utilize client-focused methodology in routine clinical practice are made.
LARGE OPEN COVERS AND A POLARIZED PARTITION RELATION

Abstract We show that a strengthened form of a property of Roth-berger implies that a certain polarized partition relation holds for the ω-covers of a space and that this partition relation implies a strengthened form of a property of Menger.
ARRHYTHMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND THROMBOLYSIS

Ninety percent of patients with acute myocardial infarction have some cardiac rhythm abnormality, and approximately twenty-five percent have cardiac conduction disturbance within 24 hours following infarct onset. Almost any rhythm disturbance can be associated with acute myocardial infarction, including bradyarrhythmias, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and atrioventricular block. With the advent of thrombolytic therapy, it was found that some rhythm disturbances in patients with acute myocardial infarction may be related to successful coronary artery reperfusion. This article addresses the role and treatment of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances that complicate the course of patients with acute infarction and thrombolysis.
Building robot systems to interact with people in real environments

Interacting with people poses a unique challenge for robots. While issues such as safety are well known, issues such as appearance and intuitive human-robot interfaces are also critical to success. The American Association for Ar- tificial Intelligence Robot Competition has encouraged the development of robots that interact with people through com- petitions, challenges, and exhibitions. This paper describes the robot systems developed for eleven different events over eight years from 1998-2005 and examines the factors that led to both successes and failures. The primary lesson is that simplicity and robustness in sensing, behavior, and human- robot interactions helps to counteract the uncertainty caused by people.
Possible roles of near UV light in the cataractous process.

Abstract Decrease in the in vitro uptake of 14C-AA's by the dogfish lens cortex and in their incorporation into its proteins occurred as a result of lens incubation in a near UV light chamber. Alterations in capsular and fiber cell membrane permeability resulting from near UV irradiation seemed to be the cause of this change. A decreased rate of formation of all soluble lens proteins in maturing mouse lenses also occurred between 16 and 43 weeks of near UV exposure. In addition, the rate of accumulation of lens insoluble proteins was stimulated by near UV exposure for the same length of time. Quantitative changes in the distribution of ten specific soluble proteins were noted. Qualitative changes in sulfonated insoluble lens proteins were also found. The results support the idea that age-related cataractous changes in the lens are accelerated by near UV light.
Europe's Second Logistic

Economists have discovered or invented recurrent patterns in the movement of prices, output, etc., to which they have given such names as Kitchin, Juglar, and Kuznets cycles, secular trends, and Kondratieffs or long waves. The term logistic is used here, not in its precise mathematical sense, but as a convenient expression to designate a long-period surge-not cycle-of economic growth. During the past millennium Europe has experienced three such surges, averaging two to three centuries in duration, and may be entering a fourth. (This is, of course, an empirical observation, and somewhat impressionistic at that. There are no compelling theoretical reasons to believe that the character and periodicity of the fourth logistic will resemble the first three. In fact, it requires considerable acuity to discern the similarities in these.) A logistic consists of two phases, not necessarily of equal duration: first a phase of accelerating growth, followed by a phase of deceleration. Thus far Europe's logistics have been separated by an interval (variable in duration) of relative stagnation or even contraction. A case can be made for a logistic in the Mediterranean world in the first two centuries of the Christian era (perhaps beginning in the century before); and the Merovingian era in France may have experienced a minor one as well, although the evidence is much too sparse and unreliable to be convincing. One can, however, speak with some confidence of the first European logistic as having begun sometime in the eleventh century (probably the first half), reaching a peak in the thirteenth, and petering out in the fourteenthsharply punctuated by the Great Plague of 1348-50. There followed for most (though not all) of Europe a century of stagnation and/or contraction. Europe's Second Logistic got underway about the middle of the fifteenth century, allowing for regional variation in timing according to local
Current issues in the management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children

Summary Objective To review and summarize recent challenges in the microbiology and treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS), one of the most common infectious diseases in the pediatric community. Methods A review of recent medical literature from 1990 to 2006 was acquired using the National Library of Medicine's PUBMED database. Results Multiple mechanisms of penicillin resistance have been identified: porin channel blockage, β-lactamase production, and changes in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Other factors affecting treatment efficacy include the role of normal nasopharyngeal flora, such as alpha-streptococci. The more widely documented shift in the causative pathogens of acute otitis media (AOM) following the release of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has also been documented in two studies of ABS in children. Conclusions Treatment of ABS in children is complicated by a number of emerging changes in pathogen resistance patterns. These include β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance (BLNAR) and multi-drug resistance, bacterial interference, and geographic data. These phenomena are likely to impact the treatment of URIs. Appropriate diagnosis and differentiation from viral sinusitis is essential prior to initiating therapy. Clinician education about these emerging issues remains an important strategy in diagnosing and treating ABS in children. This includes an understanding of known patient adherence to antibiotic therapy, such as taste, tolerability, dosing schedule, therapy duration, and patient preference. Clinicians should review judicious ABS treatment approaches that employ agents with documented efficacy against implicated pathogens.
Evaluation of the filter pack for long-duration sampling of ambient air

Abstract A 14-week filter pack (FP) sampler evaluation field study was conducted at a site near Bondville, IL to investigate the impact of weekly sampling duration. Simultaneous samples were collected using collocated filter packs (FP) from two independent air quality monitoring networks (CASTNet and Acid-MODES) and using duplicate annular denuder systems (ADS). Precision estimates for most of the measured species are similar for weekly ADS and composited FPs. There is generally good agreement between the weekly CASTNet FP results aggregated from weekly daytime and weekly nighttime samples and those aggregated from daily 24 h Acid-MODES samples; although SO2 is the exception, and CASTNet concentrations are higher than Acid-MODES. Comparison of weekly ADS results with composited weekly FP results from CASTNet shows good agreement for SO2-4. With the exception of the two weeks where the FP exceeded the ADS, both HNO3 and the sum of particulate and gaseous NO-3 show good agreement. The FP often provides good estimates of HNO3, but when used to sample atmospheres that have experienced substantial photochemical reactivity, FP HNO3 determinations using nylon filters may be biased high. It is suggested that HNO2 or some other oxidized nitrogen compound can accumulate on a regional scale and may interfere with the FP determination of HNO3. FP particulate NO-3 results are in fair agreement with the ADS. Since FP SO2 results are biased low by 12–20%, SO2 concentration in the CASTNet data archive should be adjusted upward. Nylon presents problems as a sampling medium in terms of SO2 recovery and specificity for HNO3. Additional comparative sampler evaluation studies are recommended at several sites over each season to permit comprehensive assessment of the concentrations of atmospheric trace constituents archived by CASTNet.
On the continuity of mean flow between the Scotian Shelf and the Middle Atlantic Bight

Abstract Oxygen-isotope tracer data combined with results from two linear barotropic coastal models are used to argue that the observed equatorward mean alongshelf flow in the Middle Atlantic Bight is a downstream extension of the mean alongshelf flow over the Scotian Shelf. Qualitative agreement between model results and observations supports the concept that the alongshelf pressure gradient associated with the mean alongshelf flow in the Middle Atlantic Bight has an upstream or downstream and not an offshelf origin. The role of the local large-scale general circulation is apparently to help keep the shelf water on the shelf rather than to drive the shelf mean flow.
Suspension modeling and optimization using finite element analysis

A finite element based optimization software Altair OptiStruct is used to optimize the design of suspensions in hard disk drives. Topology optimization, topography optimization and combinations of both techniques are used to optimize a contact start-stop suspension with respect to torsion, bending and sway mode frequencies. The suspension, gimbal, slider and airbearing are modeled. The airbearing is modeled with linear springs to represent stiffness in the z-direction, pitch and roll. Modal analysis is compared to experimental resonance data to verify the model. The results show that improvements of more than 50% can be achieved with respect to increasing sway or torsional modes.
Acceptability of Reduced Sodium in Breads, Cottage Cheese, and Pickles

Salt was reduced in cottage cheese and white and whole wheat breads. Commercial dill and sweet pickles with reduced salt were also included. Acceptability of these foods was determined. Salt in bread was reduced 50% of the normal level with no significant effect on overall desirability. Cottage cheese with lower levels of salt was affected by salt content or contrast effect. No significant differences in mean scores for reduced sodium pickles were observed. Sodium and potassium content was determined by flame photometry. Reducing the salt content of foods alters the Na:K ratio.
Regulatory aspects of chloroplast growth in leaves ofXanthium pensylvanicum and etiolated red kidney bean seedling leaves

The average chloroplast size was studied as a function of leaf growth in leaves of cocklebur (Xanthium, pensylvanicum) and the primary leaves of 9-day old seedlings of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Diameters of chloroplasts were measured in crude tissue homogenates with the aid of a fluorescence microscope. Chlorophyll content of the leaves was determined spectrophotometrically in acetone extracts. For cocklebur, data are presented to show the relationship of average chloroplast diameter to morphological age of leaves (Leaf Plastochron Index) and are discussed in relation to the available leaf growth analyses. In bean, the increase in chloroplast diameter in response to illumination of etiolated leaves of various size was studied as a function of the duration of continuous illumination. The size of the etiolated bean leaves was varied experimentally by exposing the seedlings in darkness to low energy red light. Average diameter of the chloroplasts was found to be related to the size of leaf lamina. In both cocklebur and bean, a definite relationship of chloroplast size to leaf area and morphological age was established. The observed patterns of chloroplast size increase are interpreted to be a reflection of the integration of growth at three levels of organization: the leaf, its cells and the chloroplasts.
Effects of Divalent Cations, Trypsin, and Phospholipases on the Passive Permeability to Sodium of Inside‐Out Vesicles From Human Red Cells

Inside-out vesicles (IOV) were prepared from human red blood cells. Steady-state uptake of 23Na was observed to generally follow an exponential time course with a rate constant of 1.57 +/- 0.09 h-1 (SE). One week of cold storage (0-4 degrees C) increased the rate constant to 2.50 +/- 0.12 h-1 (SE). Mg2+, Ca2+, or Sr2+ decreased the rate of 22Na uptake with no observable differences between the three divalent cations when tested at concentrations of 50 microM. Mg2+ was shown to decrease the rate of 22Na uptake at concentrations as low as 5 microM with maximal effect at 50 to 100 microM. The decrease in rate of 22Na uptake induced by Mg2+ could be enhanced by exposure of IOV to Mg2+ for longer periods of time. Trypsin treatment of OIV increased the rate of uptake of 22Na and was dependent on the concentration of trypsin added between 5 to 25 micrograms/ml (treated for 5 min at 25 degrees C). The ability of Mg2+ (50 microM) to decrease the rate of 22Na uptake was still observed after maximal trypsin treatment. Phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C treatment of IOV increased the rate of 22Na uptake and was dependent on the amount of phospholipase A2 (0.1 to 1.0 units/ml) or phospholipase C (0.25 to 2.5 units/ml) added (treated for 5 min at 25 degrees C). After phospholipase A2 treatment, the observed decrease in the rate of 22Na uptake induced by Mg2+ (50 microM) was generally greater than controls. After phospholipase C treatment, the observed decrease in rate of 22Na uptake induced by Mg2+ (50 microM) was less or absent when compared with controls. Phospholipase C treatment was less effective in preventing the Mg2+ effect the longer IOV were exposed to Mg2+. The results suggest that Mg2+ binds to phospholipid headgroups to reduce Na permeability perhaps by inducing a change in bilayer structure or phospholipid association.
In search of the power of whiteness: A genealogical exploration of negotiated racial identities in America's ethnic past

In this essay, the authors explore some of the relational, intersectional, and contextual dimensions of negotiated racial identities. By employing a genealogical method of analysis that looks at three key cases (Anastasie Desarzant, Homer Plessy, and Suzie Phipps), they investigate how various historically‐situated communities in Louisiana have dealt with some of the contradictions, multiplicities and tensions of racial and ethnic identity formation. They then apply these insights in an analysis of issues relating to colorblindness versus color consciousness and commentaries on contemporary examples of how negotiated identities might affect various present‐day publics, debates, and politics.
A longitudinal evaluation of hands-free speech-based navigation during dictation

Despite a reported recognition accuracy rate of 98%, speech recognition technologies have yet to be widely adopted by computer users. When considering hands-free use of speech-based solutions, as is the case for individuals with physical impairments that interfere with the use of traditional solutions such as a mouse, the considerable time required to complete basic navigation tasks presents a significant barrier to adoption. Several solutions were proposed to improve navigation efficiency based on the results of a previous study. In the current study, a longitudinal experiment was conducted to investigate the process by which users learn to use hands-free speech-based navigation in the context of large vocabulary, continuous dictation tasks as well the efficacy of the proposed solutions. Due to the influence initial interactions have on the adoption of speech-based solutions, the current study focused on these critical, initial, interactions of individuals with no prior experience using speech-based dictation solutions. Our results confirm the efficacy of the solutions proposed earlier while providing valuable insights into the strategies users employ when using speech-based navigation commands as well as design decisions that can influence these patterns.
Sequential Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Sampling in Humans: 24-Hour Melatonin Measurements in Normal Subjects and after Peripheral Sympathectomy

Simultaneous measurements of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) melatonin and urinary excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin were performed in four normal volunteers and one patient before and after upper thoracic sympathectomy for the control of essential hyperhidrosis. For normal individuals, hourly 24-h melatonin concentrations in plasma and CSF exhibited similar profiles, with low levels during the day and high levels at night. Peak plasma levels varied from 122–660 pmol/L, and the peak CSF levels from 94–355 pmol/L. The onset of the nocturnal increase in melatonin did not occur at the same time for each individual. Urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin levels also exhibited a daily rhythm, with peak excretion at night. The individual with the lowest nocturnal levels of circulating melatonin also had the lowest excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin. In the patient with hyperhidrosis, a prominent melatonin rhythm was observed preoperatively in the CSF and plasma. After bilateral T1-T2 ganglionectomy, however, melatonin leve...
Effect of residual side chain blocking groups and side chain charge on polypeptide conformation in aqueous solution.

The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of poly-L-lysine and poly-L-glutamic acid has been investigated in the presence of a small percent of side-chain blocking groups. The blocking groups benzyl, methyl, and carbobenzoxy show qualitatively similar effects. Less than five mole percent of aromatic blocking groups alters the CD spectrum. Consequently, unsuspected blocking groups may account for the variation observed in CD spectra of these polymers. A weak CD band at 235–240 nm was observed for the disordered unblocked polymer even in the absence of electrolyte. Viscosity data indicate that in salt-free solutions these chains at neutral pH still behave as random coils though with reduced conformational freedom, in contrast to some polyelectrolytes which behave as rigid rods in the absence of electrolyte. The viscosity data bring into question the relevance of isolated molecule conformational calculations to experimental CD spectra.
A hybrid proactive-adaptive communication strategy for quasi-decentralized MPC of nonlinear process networks

In this paper, a hybrid proactive-adaptive communication strategy for quasi-decentralized MPC of nonlinear process networks is presented. The objective is to enforce the desired closed-loop stability and performance properties while reducing the cross communication between the different subsystems. The local MPC controllers are initially designed based on sampled-data distributed bounded Lyapunov-based controllers, and their closed-loop stability and performance properties are characterized in terms of local (subsystem-specific) and global (plant-wide) thresholds. A hybrid communication strategy with a proactive and adaptive components is then devised to meet the control and communication objectives at the local and plant-wide levels. In both components, each subsystem uses the stability and performance thresholds to forecast the future evolution of the state and then decide whether to establish or suspend communication with the rest of the plant. A simulated chemical process network is used to illustrate the implementation of the developed approach.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Outbreak and its Incubation Period: Is it Short or Long?

Objectives The aim of this study is to determine the incubation period of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), which creates several outbreaks in a year in South Korea.
Recurrent childhood lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical and cytokinetic studies of cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate for maintenance of second hematologic remission

Fifty-six children with acute lymphocytic leukemic (ALL) who had initial marrow relapses during continuation chemotherapy were retreated with vincristine and prednisone. By one month, 36 of 56 (64%) were again in hematologic remission. Twelve of the remaining 20 achieved marrow remissions with additional therapy. Thus, 48 of 56 patients (85%) achieved second marrow remissions. Continuation therapy consisted of weekly cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), 150 mg/m2, and methotrexate (MTX), 40 mg/m2. Patients were randomly selected to receive the drugs simultaneously or sequentially (48 hours apart) to evaluate the theoretical advantage of scheduling Ara-C before MTX. In 13 children, drug-induced changes in DNA-synthetic activity were documented before reinduction of remission by determining tritiated thymidine and deoxyuridine labeling indices, autoradiographically, in marrow samples obtained at 0, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after a dose of Ara-C and MTX. Neither clinical nor cytokinetic results supported the sequential schedule. The duration of second remissions among 25 patients treated with simultaneous Ara-C and MTX (median = 56 days) did not differ significantly from that of 22 sequentially treated patients (median = 65 days). Moreover, there was no convincing cytokinetic evidence for partial synchronization of the mitotic cycle of leukemia blasts following Ara-C administration. Instead, the labeling indices showed extensive variability from patient to patient, and, in the simultaneously treated group, the drug-induced suppression of lymphoblast labeling was unexpectedly brief, possibly due to relative drug resistance. We conclude that, while reinduction of a second remission in ALL is comparatively easy, effective maintenance treatment for these remissions remains a difficult therapeutic problem. Combinations of Ara-C and MTX, under the conditions of this study, failed to interfere effectively with leukemic cell replication as evidenced by both cytokinetic studies and end results. Cancer 42:2521–2528, 1978.
Effects of litter quality and microarthropods on N dynamics and retention of exogenous 15N in decomposing litter

Surface additions of (15NH4)2SO4 were used to measure the immobilization and subsequent movement of exogenous N added to two litter types of contrasting quality (Cornus florida and Quercus prinus). Litterbaskets were used to measure the litter mass loss and N dynamics and to follow the movement of the 15N label through litter, F layer, and soil pools. Half of the litterbaskets of each species were treated with naphthalene to reduce microarthropod densities. The faster decomposing C. florida litter maintained a higher excess atom % 15N, and a greater relative concentration of the labeled input (μg 15N g−1) than did Q. prinus litter. In both litter types the excess atom % 15N, relative concentration (μg 15N g−1), and absolute amount of label recovered in the litter declined over time. This occurred during a period of net accumulation of total litter N, implying simultaneous release of the initial input and immobilization of N from other sources. The concentration of 15N in the soil increased over time, while the F layer apparently acted as an intermediary in the transfer of 15N from litter to soil. Naphthalene effectively reduced microarthropod numbers in all horizons of the litterbaskets and significantly reduced the decay rates of Q. prinus, but not C. florida litter. Naphthalene did not appear to affect total N dynamics in the litter. However, with all horizons taken together, the naphthalene-treated litterbaskets retained more total 15N than the control litterbaskets. Naphthalene also changed the vertical distribution of 15N within litterbaskets, so that the litter retained less of the 15N-labeled input and the F layer and soil horizons retained more of the labeled input than in control litterbaskets. Our major conclusions are: (1) the N pool of decomposing litter is dynamic, with simultaneous N release and immobilization activating N turnover even during the net accumulation phase; (2) litter quality is an important determinant of immobilization and retention of exogenous N inputs and, therefore, turnover of the litter N pool; and (3) microarthropod activity can significantly affect the incorporation and retention of exogenous N inputs in decomposing litter, although these changes are apparently not reflected in net N accumulation or release during the 1st year of decomposition. However, the naphthalene may have affected microbially mediated N dynamics and this possibility needs to be considered in interpreting the results.
Prisons and Rural Pennsylvania Communities: Exploring the Health of the Relationship and the Possibility of Improvement

This article is part of a larger study that sought to measure community satisfaction with and perceptions about the economic impact of state correctional facilities located within four rural commun...
Liposome accumulation in regions of experimental myocardial infarction

The uptake of liposomes bearing positive, negative, or no net charge on their membrane and containing a radioactive tracer, [99mTc]diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, was studied in 12 intact dogs 24 hours after the induction of myocardial infarction, and compared to the relative regional myocardial blood flow determined from radioactive microspheres. Positively charged and neutral liposomes concentrate in infarcted regions against a flow gradient, while negative liposomes are passively distributed according to regional blood flow. Because positively charged and neutral lipisomes concentrate in infarct areas and have the ability to incorporate pharmacologic agents in their aqueous or lipid phase, they may serve as vehicles for drug delivery to infarct zones of low flow.