cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone during pregnancy in the rat.

Groups of mated and nonmated female rats were decapitated at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 hours on the day of estrus. In the mated animals, these times corresponded to 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours respectively following coitus. Serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined in both groups by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels in mated rats were elevated (p < 0.05) during the entire 16- hour period following coitus, whereas increases in LH were noted for only the first 8 hours. Variation in the levels of FSH did not permit a meaningful conclusion regarding release of this hormone following mating. Additional female rats were mated, and day 1 of pregnancy was designated the day sperm were found in the vaginal lavage. Groups of animals were killed at daily intervals until term (day 23) and blood was collected for gonadotropin assays. Levels of gonadotropins in serum throughout gestation were generally less than those observed during...
A Phenomenological Model for the Reset Mechanism of Metal Oxide RRAM

The reset mechanism of metal oxide RRAM has been attributed to oxygen ion migration assisted by Joule heating. Here, we present a phenomenological model to provide a unified explanation for both the unipolar and bipolar resistive switching mechanisms. Numerical simulation results reveal that the switching mode is determined by the electrode/oxide interface property. Without/with an interfacial barrier, unipolar/bipolar switching behavior is obtained. This model combines the previous thermal dissolution model and ion migration model and thus can explain many experimental observations such as the electrode-material-dependent switching polarity and the voltage-time dilemma between fast switching and long retention.
Violent Victimization and Women's Mental and Physical Health: Evidence from a National Sample

This study employs a sample of 7,700 women drawn from the Survey of Violence and Threats of Violence AgainstWomen and Men in the United States 1994 to 1996 to test hypotheses regarding the effects of violent victimization on women's mental and physical health. Violent victimization consisted of physical and sexual assaults, the lifecourse stage in which victimization first occurred, and the nature of the victimoffender relationship. Outcome variables were depressive symptomatology, concern for current safety, self-assessed health, and the occurrence of heavy episodic drinking. Findings suggested that physical and sexual-assault victimization had only modest effects on health outcomes, with the severity of physical assault having the most consistent association with poor health. The victim-offender relationship appeared most important for depressive symptomatology, with more symptoms being reported when the offender was someone known to the victim. No evidence was found that assaults first occurring in, sa...
Description of a complete Liopropoma larva from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and its comparison with L. fasciatum and L. longilepis (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae)

A postflexion 18.5-mm Liopropoma larva, with entire dorsal fin filaments, was dip-netted at night at the surface in the Gulf of California (Mexico). The second and third dorsal spine filaments were both unusually elongate. The second spine was about ten times the body length, with twelve heavily pigmented swellings or vanes connected by a soft, flexible filamentous section that tends to coil, resembling the siphosome of a siphonophore. Morphometrics of the larva were similar to adult L. fasciatum, especially the head length, snout length, interorbital width, length of the caudal peduncle, and pelvic spine length. The depth of the caudal peduncle was similar to L. longilepis. The fresh specimen had orange chromatophores over most of the body. After preservation, melanophores were present only over the cranium, tip of the lower jaw, the eye, and in the elongated dorsal filaments. Other described Liopropoma larvae are compared and discussed. Se recolecto una larva de Liopropoma en post flexion de 18.5 mm, con todos los filamentos de la aleta dorsal, con una red de cuchara en la superficie durante la noche, en el Golfo de California (Mexico). Los filamentos de la segunda y tercera espinas dorsales se observaron inusualmente alargados. La segunda espina midio cerca de diez veces la longitud del cuerpo, con doce hinchazones (o veletas) densamente pigmentadas y conectadas por una seccion filamentosa, suave y flexible que tendio a embobinarse, parecida al sifosoma de un sifonoforo. La morfometria de la larva fue similar a la de adultos de L. fasciatum, especialmente la longitud de la cabeza, la longitud del hocico, el ancho interorbital, la longitud del pedunculo caudal y la longitud de la espina pelvica. La altura del pedunculo caudal fue similar al de L. longilepis. El especimen fresco presento cromatoforos anaranjados sobre la mayor parte del cuerpo. Despues de su preservacion, se observaron melanoforos sobre el craneo, la punta de la mandibula, el ojo y en los filamentos dorsales alargados. Se comparan y discuten otras larvas de Liopropoma.
Plate Tectonics in the Caribbean

Freeland and Dietz1 have presented a speculative geological history of the Caribbean using plate tectonic theory, and simultaneously Dickinson2 suggested that two types of plate convergence may be distinguished by examining sedimentary and tectonic evidence. Geological data from the Caribbean support much of the proposed geological history but differ in significant details. On the other hand, the Caribbean seems to fit rather well the Dickinson distinction between plate convergence types.
Observation of anticorrelation in incoherent thermal light fields

We wish to report a recent experimental observation of anticorrelation from first-order and second-order incoherent thermal fields in the joint photodetection of two independent photodetectors. In the view of classical theory, the nontrivial second-order correlation of thermal light is caused by the statistical correlation of intensity fluctuations, which can be observed only from first-order coherent thermal radiations. What is the physical cause of this observed anticorrelation, then?.
Structural Art and the Example of Félix Candela

Engineers believe correctly that they are crucial to the nation but usually remain anonymous technicians in the public mind. This misunderstanding is based on three misconceptions that engineers have, which in turn have molded the public’s perceptions and understandings. While the deep problem is the same for each major branch—civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical—we shall focus here on our own civil engineering profession. First is the misconception that engineering is applied science—that scientists discover new things and engineers take those things and apply them. While this does on occasion help, as a general principle it is historically incorrect. Second is the misconception that the fundamentals of engineering are mathematics and science—that students must study such subjects at a high level to then move to engineering science and finally to engineering itself. While math and science form one part of engineering education, the study of exemplary engineering ideas and works are at least as essential a foundation for engineering education. Third is the misconception that elegance in structural engineering is the province of architects, while engineers ensure that it will stand; only architects can make it a work of art. This argument is contradicted by the most talented structural engineers over the past 200 years whose motivation included appearance along with efficiency and economy. Each misconception is reflected in our own profession, which often seems to have little interest in the recent history of engineering and therefore tends to see engineering as the work of teams of technologists and committees of experts. In short, the neglect of history has the direct effect of dehumanizing modern engineering. There are already some structural engineering professors who sense that missing and critical part of engineering education and are trying to address the misconceptions, which brings us to a most recent illustration: the present Candela project, which has three parts—a college course, a book, and an exhibition. This project grows out of an introductory engineering course first taught at Princeton University beginning in 1974 and enrolling more students than any other engineering course ever offered at Princeton. Through the example of the Candela project, this article illustrates an effective and inspiring way to teach structural engineering not only to engineers, but to anyone interested in learning about our built environment. We use Candela’s “voice” and example to 1 illustrate the central ideas to such teaching, 2 describe the highest achievement possible for a structural engineer becoming a structural artist , and 3 discuss the challenges for the structural engineer practitioner and academic.
Duke FEL storage ring light sources and applications

Abstract In this paper we present the status of the Duke UV FEL (Free Electron Laser) storage ring, ring based light sources, and a related multi-disciplinary application program. Using the OK-4 optical klystron system, we have demonstrated tunable spontaneous radiation from the near Infrared (IR) to UV, coherent laser radiation from 345 to 413 nm, and Compton back-scattered linearly polarized γ-ray radiation from 3 to 16 MeV. We report the progress made in developing new light source capabilities. We also report user interface development for a pilot application program organized to utilize various ring driven sources. We discuss future upgrades and additions to the ring based sources.
Science Classroom Discussion as Scientific Argumentation: A Study of Conceptually Rich (and Poor) Student Talk

One way to frame science classroom discussion is to engage students in scientific argumentation, an important discourse format within science aimed at coordinating empirical evidence and scientific theory. Framing discussion as scientific argumentation gives clear priority to contributions that are sustained by evidence. We question whether this priority is conducive to conceptually rich student talk (talk in which students elaborate key concepts and causal mechanisms). Coding transcripts of six middle school classrooms engaged in whole-class scientific argumentation, we identified whether student conversations about a physical science concept incorporated arguments that were supported by evidence and whether the same conversations amounted to conceptually rich talk. Rich talk and evidence-supported arguments rarely occurred together in the same conversation. In a detailed analysis of selected conversations, we argue that the priority given to evidence within scientific argumentation incurs constraints on...
Finite-size effects and shock fluctuations in the asymmetric simple-exclusion process.

We consider a system of particles on a lattice of L sites, set on a circle, evolving according to the asymmetric simple-exclusion process, i.e., particles jump independently to empty neighboring sites on the right (left) with rate p (rate 1-p), 1/2p\ensuremath{\le}1. We study the nonequilibrium stationary states of the system, when the translation invariance is broken by the insertion of a blockage between (say) sites L and 1; this reduces the rates at which particles jump across the bond by a factor r, 0r1. For fixed overall density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{avg}}$ and r\ensuremath{\lesssim}(1-\ensuremath{\Vert}2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{avg}}$-1\ensuremath{\Vert})/(1+\ensuremath{\Vert}2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{avg}}$-1\ensuremath{\Vert}), this causes the system to segregate into two regions with densities ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{2}$=1-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{1}$, where the densities depend only on r and p, with the two regions separated by a well-defined sharp interface. This corresponds to the shock front described macroscopically in a uniform system by the Burgers equation. We find that fluctuations of the shock position about its average value grow like ${\mathit{L}}^{1/2}$ or ${\mathit{L}}^{1/3}$, depending upon whether particle-hole symmetry exists. This corresponds to the growth in time of ${\mathit{t}}^{1/2}$ and ${\mathit{t}}^{1/3}$ of the displacement of a shock front from the position predicted by the solution of the Burgers equation in a system without a blockage and provides an alternative method for studying such fluctuations.
Recent developments in the application of the influence function method for ground movement predictions in the U.S.

Abstract The influence function method has been applied to calculate ground deformations caused by underground mining. A bell-shaped Gaussian function was utilized to develop two formulations one for regular and one for irregular excavation parcels, which can calculate various deformation indices including subsidence, horizontal displacements, horizontal strains, slope and curvature. Empirical subsidence parameters have been developed to facilitate the application of the method to various mining and geological conditions, although site-specific parameters can also be utilized. Comparisons between measured and predicted subsidence and strain values are presented for different case studies, and demonstrate the applicability of the influence function formulation for predicting surface deformations in U.S. coalfields.
D=2+1 super ISO(2, 1) gauge theory and its equivalence to D=2+1 supergravity

Abstract The D=2 + 1 super ISO(2, 1) gauge theory is constructed. It is exactly soluble at classical and quantum levels and is equivalent to D=2 + 1 minimal supergravity on shell.
UN NATURAL HISTORY: WARD'S GLASS CASES

IN 1829, NATHANIEL bagshaw ward buried a sphinx moth chrysalis in some soil - he called it "mould" - in a closed glass bottle. While he waited to observe the insect's metamorphosis, his attention shifted to something quite unintended and unexpected: a tiny fern and a few blades of grass emerged in the mould and continued to grow without the addition of more water to the bottle. Thanks to this diminutive event, an unsuccessful gardener was empowered, and his frustrated desire was liberated into a genesis story of radical potential in the least forgiving of circumstances. N. B. Ward (1791-1868) was a doctor among the docklands near Wellclose Square, Whitechapel, London, a dark and poisonous place throughout the 1820s, 30s and 40s. Having inherited a medical practice from his father, Ward lived and worked among those whose health was every day at risk from the very air they breathed; he saw both the horticultural and the human cost of filthy air. As he explained in his single book-length work on the subject, On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases, his own house was "surrounded by numerous manufactories and enveloped in their smoke"; moreover, a nearby black ash manufactory on the Thames "stunted or blasted altogether the vegetation to a third of a mile away in the prevailing direction of the wind" (Ward 25 and 16-17). Unable to garden in such conditions despite years of effort, Ward learned from the fern in the bottle that he had by accident established a better environment: a glass box with a tight-fitting lid, or as he called it, a closely glazed case. All greenhouses are designed to protect plants from the outside air, but this miniature structure was tightly closed in order to contain its own atmosphere, its own weather: a garden enclosed within its own protective crystal. The Wardian case, as it is still called, thereby escaped the degraded nature surrounding it in every Victorian city and industrial town. An enthusiastic naturalist from early adolescence - at thirteen he had explored the flora of Jamaica - Ward's frustrations as doctor, collector, and gardener in Wellclose Square led him to the principle of the closely glazed case and the self-sustenance of the plants within it, a scientific discovery breath giving as well as breathtaking, "simple and yet beautiful," (Ward, appended letter, unpaginated) profound in its implications and benefits across the globe, yet as intimate as the breath of clean air on which all terrestrial life depends. As I will demonstrate, however, the atmosphere within Ward's glass cases was not as easy to establish in cultural understanding as in horticultural technique. The exact difference between Ward's
Low Energy Intake and Low Diet Quality on the Weekend Among US Schoolchildren

The absence of school meals on the weekend might adversely affect children's weekend eating and have implications for their health. We used one weekday and one weekend day of dietary recall data for 2376 schoolchildren in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2003–2008) to estimate the prevalence of low energy intake and low diet quality and to examine their associations with financial and food resources. Low energy intake was equally prevalent on weekdays and weekend days (13.6% and 14.9%), as was low dietary quality (16.9% and 21.4%), and both were unrelated to measures of financial and food resources. Dietary recall data provided no evidence that a lack of school meals on the weekend was adversely related to dietary intake among school children.
Modeling integrative, multiple issue bargaining

Integrative, multiple issue bargaining can be expected to characterize many decision making situations in marketing. In this paper we present a mathematical model specifically appropriate to such negotiations. The central features of the model are: i the close relation of the structure of the model to integrative, multiple issue bargaining, ii the importance of the reference point as a determinant of the final outcome, and iii the property of the solution which implies that the balance of overall power is maintained at the final outcome. The equivalence of this model to an axiomatic model of cooperative bargaining is also shown. Regarding the model's predictive ability, results of the reported multiple issue bargaining experiment provide initial support.
The hydrology of Piermont Marsh, a reference for tidal marsh restoration in the Hudson river estuary, New York

Abstract The topography, hydroperiod, water table, and selected edaphic characteristics are described for Piermont Marsh, an irregularly flooded tidal marsh in the Hudson River Estuary, New York, USA. Despite variations in microtopography, overall the marsh is flat, and although the observations were conducted at a high point in the Estuary's 18.6 year metonic cycle, its surface was only inundated 10–12 times a month. Observations of spatial differences in the saturated hydraulic conductivity and surface infiltration rates are also discussed. ‘Edge’ portions of the marsh are characterized by a slightly higher, more uniform, more structured, less organic, and less hydrologically conductive substrate than found in the marsh interior. Preferential flow is facilitated by macropores in the creekbank wall. The water table is close to the marsh surface for a lesser percentage of the lunar month in the marsh ‘edge’ when compared to the interior, where it is almost always within 10 cm of the surface. The extent to which the spatial variability of these hydrologic characteristics determines the marsh's ability to provide various ecosystem services is also discussed and the implications of these observations on tidal marsh restoration efforts briefly presented.
A new approach to the calculation of thermodynamics and structure for classical one-dimensional systems with pairwise additive potentials in an external field

A new approximation scheme has been derived for the classical statistical mechanics of one-dimensional systems with pairwise additive potentials in an external field. It enables both the thermodynamic functions and the static correlation functions to be obtained. The analysis depends on combining the recurrence relation of Baxter (1964, 1965) with an extension of the analysis of functional differential equations started by Volterra (1930).
INTERVIEW WITH DAVID CASS

David Cass is undoubtedly one of the central contributors to modern dynamic economics. His fundamental contributions include work on optimal growth problems, overlapping-generations models, sunspot equilibria, and general equilibrium models with incomplete markets. His research has shaped in profound ways the manner in which we do both micro- and macroeconomics. From laying the foundations of real business-cycle theory via the Cass-Koopmans model, to providing us with general tools and techniques to analyze dynamic economic models, to furthering our understanding of monetary economics, to making fundamental contributions to the economics of extrinsic uncertainty, Cass's work has played a major part in the development of much of modern macroeconomic theory. In addition to being a first-class scholar, Cass is also truly his own man and a free spirit of the highest order.In this interview, we tried to gain some insights into the story of David Cass and his approach to economic theory. Also, given the title as well as the intended readership of Macroeconomic Dynamics, we made a real effort to get him to discuss modern macroeconomics and the influence his work has had on its development. We edited out some parts of the discussion in the interests of space, but what remains is essentially unedited. As most readers will know, David Cass has collaborated extensively with Karl Shell over the years. We talked to Shell a few weeks after talking to Cass, and that interview is scheduled to appear in a future issue.We met with Dave in his office at the University of Pennsylvania's Economics Department just before noon. Amid the boxes and piles of articles, books and CD's, he sat in his standard jeans and T-shirt, looking about as disheveled as he usually does. We chatted there for a while, went out and continued over lunch, and then returned to complete the interview several hours later. It was an unseasonably warm day in February, and Friday the 13th to be exact. That is traditionally an unlucky day, but one that turned out in this case to be a real treat, at least for us! We hope that you get as much out of this conversation with Dave as we did.
Paradise Valley Community College

This chapter provides a glimpse of student affairs assessment at Paradise Valley Community College including a specific example of assessment, tips to implementing assessment at your institution, and barriers encountered when implementing the process at Paradise Valley Community College.
NASA budget set

Although the fiscal 1984 budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was signed into law in July, the agency only recently distributed the appropriated funds to various programs. Unlike the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration budgets (Eos, September 13, 1983, p. 548), NASA had its budget signed into law well before the fiscal year began on October 1. Here is a summary of the appropriations for NASA and how the agency plans to distribute the funds.
Tracing the politics of changing postwar research practices: the export of ‘American’ radioisotopes to European biologists

Abstract This paper examines the US Atomic Energy Commission’s radioisotope distribution program, established in 1946, which employed the uranium piles built for the wartime bomb project to produce specific radioisotopes for use in scientific investigation and medical therapy. As soon as the program was announced, requests from researchers began pouring into the Commission’s office. During the first year of the program alone over 1000 radioisotope shipments were sent out. The numerous requests that came from scientists outside the United States, however, sparked a political debate about whether the Commission should or even could export radioisotopes. This controversy manifested the tension between the aims of the Marshall Plan and growing US national security concerns after World War II. Proponents of international circulation of radioisotopes emphasized the political and scientific value of collaborating with European scientists, especially biomedical researchers. In the end, radioisotopes were shipped from the Commission’s Oak Ridge facility to many laboratories in England and continental Europe, where they were used in biochemical research on animals, plants, and microbes. However, the issue of radioisotope export continued to draw political fire in the United States, even after the establishment of national atomic energy facilities elsewhere.
Some autonomic correlates of serial learning

Summary Some previous studies of the relationship between autonomic activity and sensory-motor performance tasks using repeated measurements on the same S have reported a curvilinear inverted U relationship. The present study was undertaken to determine the nature of the relationship between verbal serial learning and autonomic activity (GSR and heart rate), using a repeated-measurements design. This design made it possible to observe the relationship for each S and to evaluate individual differences in the type of relationship. Five S s were run for 28 to 36 days. A curvilinear function in the form of an inverted U was found in three S s between performance and one or more measures of autonomic activity. Linear functions were found in the remaining two S s. Some implications of the results are discussed.
Kleihauer-Betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma

Background:In maternal trauma, the Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test has traditionally been used to detect transplacental hemorrhage (TPH), so that Rh-negative women could receive appropriate Rh immune prophylaxis. Reasoning that the magnitude of TPH would reflect uterine injury, we evaluated Kleihauer-Betk
INHIBITION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONEINDUCED PATHOLOGIC CHANGES BY ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND CORTISONE

DESPITE recent advances in the treatment of the collagen diseases in man, their pathogenesis remains obscure. Pathologic lesions strikingly similar to those found in humans have been produced in animals by a wide variety of technics (1–21). Selye has claimed the production of typical lesions in animals following the administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) (1–7), lyophilized anterior pituitary (LAP) (6, 8), compound S of Reichstein (10) and growth hormone (11, 12). He has concluded (7) that the collagen disorders in man result from a maladaptation to stress in which adrenocortical hyperactivity occurs, in response to excessive stimulation by the anterior pituitay. On the other hand, studies in this laboratory (22, 23) indicate that the administration of DCA to the rat induces a relative state of adrenocortical insufficiency by inhibiting the output of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and by antagonizing, at a target-cell level, the action of the ACTH-induced secretion of the adrena...
Private Members' Bills in the UK Parliament: Is There an ‘Electoral Connection’?

Private Members' Bills are a small but significant part of the UK parliament's legislative work. Many are proposed but few pass into law. This article argues that Private Members' legislation has a broad analogy to constituency service behaviour. In making legislative proposals MPs can cast themselves as active and caring representatives and, in consequence, MPs who make proposals receive a small but significant increase in vote share. This electoral connection also prompts MPs from more marginal seats to be more active in proposing Private Members' Bills.
Mechanisms of atomic and molecular recombination and collision-induced dissociation

Abstract Despite some evidence to the contrary, current chemical kinetics textbooks assume that atomic and molecular recombination and collision-induced dissociation (CID) occur only via sequences of two-body collisions. In this work an approximate quantum method all mechanisms simultaneously and on equal footing is used to calculate cross sections for the reaction Ne2 + H ⇌ Ne + Ne + H. The results provide the first clear quantum evidence that direct three-body as well as sequential two-body collision mechanisms do contribute significantly to recombination and CID.
Surface area ratios. III. A stereological method for estimating relative changes in average hepatocytes.

Stereological information seems to be most interpretable, with respect to experimental changes, when related to an average cell. Current methods for obtaining an average cell volume essentially consist of dividing an aggregate volume of cells by the number of nuclei therein, assuming one nucleus per cell (Loud, ′68). Hepatocytes represent a somewhat special case, however, in that some are binucleated. Since the number of hepatocytes in one cm3 of tissue is less than the number of hepatocyte nuclei in the same cm3, dividing the hepatocytic volume by the number of nuclei gives only an average “mononuclear” hepatocyte. Such an estimate creates two interpretation difficulties: (1) the volume of an average mononuclear hepatocyte is less than that of an average hepatocyte; and (2) changes in the proportion of binucleated cells may compromise the “relative comparisons” for which the method was originally intended. The purpose of this study is to describe a new approach that can avoid these difficulties altogether, and then to assess the errors associated with the average mononuclear hepatocyte estimates. This was accomplished by combining a surface area ratio method, which can detect average cell changes without being influenced by binucleated cells, with the method of Loud (′68), which is affected as described above. The experimental model was the rat liver (n = 20) recovering for 3 days from 5 daily injections of sodium phenobarbital (100 mg/kg). The results indicate that changes in the average cell volumes for the two methods have similar slopes, but by not accounting for binucleated cells, the average mononuclear hepatocyte reference overestimates average hepatocytic volume changes by 63.1%. Similarly, the mononuclear hepatocyte reference overestimates changes in the surface areas of the ER by 32.1% (range = 26.1% to 39.1%), the SER by 21.6% (range = 14.3 to 30.1%), and the RER by 65.1% (range = 54.6% to 76.4%).
Effects of food restriction on the periodicity of corticosteroids in plasma and on monoamine concentrations in discrete brain nuclei

Abstract The concentrations of plasma corticosteroids and of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in microdissected brain regions were measured at 08.00, 12.00 and 20.00 h in male rats fed ad libitum and in rats whose food intake was restricted to 09.30–11.30 h. In ad libitum fed animals, plasma corticosteroids were lowest at 08.00 and highest at 20.00 h. As demonstrated previously, restriction of food availability was associated with appearance of a peak in corticosteroids at 08.00 h. In ad libitum fed animals, serotonin and dopamine concentrations in the median eminence were higher at 20.00 than at 08.00 h. Restriction of food availability significantly decreased the levels of these neurotransmitters at 20.00 h. In the paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, and hippocampus of ad libitum fed animals, serotonin levels were lower at 20.00 than at 08.00 or 12.00 h. In food-shifted animals, this pattern was reversed so that lowest levels of serotonin occured at 08.00 and markedly elevated levels were observed at 12.00 and 20.00 h. No changes were noted in norepinephrine content of the median eminence or paraventricular nucleus of ad libitum fed or food restricted animals. These results indicate that the shift in the periodicity of corticosteroid secretion produced by a restricted feeding regime is accompanied by changes in the periodicity of neurotransmitter concentrations in specific regions of the brain, and that such patterns are dissimilar in different regions.
Regional zooarchaeology and global change: Problems and potentials

Abstract Zooarchaeology is a potentially critical tool for the reconstruction of past regional landscapes. The sub‐field is increasingly being asked to contribute to long‐term studies of human interaction with the environment associated with national and international investigations of past and future global change. Inter‐site comparison of animal bone collections (archaeofaunas) is central to such regional approaches. However, zooarchaeologists have identified many factors of deposition, attrition, recovery and analysis that might appear to make such comparisons problematic. Using selected examples drawn from the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic, this paper suggests that, while inter‐site comparison is not a trivial problem, it may be possible to compare animal bone collections effectively if we carefully match our research questions to our data resources.
Religious Orientation, Religious Affiliation, and Boundary Maintenance: The Case of Polygamy

The role of religious orientation in group boundary maintenance was explored in the context of Fundamentalist Mormon polygamy. A sample of 2330 Protestants, Catholics, Mormons, Fundamentalist (polygamous) Mormons, and religious “nones” responded to a series of questions regarding sexuality, polygamy, religious orientation, religious doubt, and whether Mormons are considered Christian. Regression analyses indicate that attitudes regarding polygamy are predicted by attitudes toward alternative sexual practices for all groups except for Fundamentalist Mormons. Religious doubt, and considering Mormons to be Christian, were associated with relatively more favorable views toward polygamy. Intrinsic religious orientation was negatively correlated with polygamy attitudes, but this relationship reversed once conservative views toward sexuality were taken into account. The results are consistent with the view that alternative sexual and marital arrangements may generate differential treatment because of their impli...
Inflammation and changes in cytokine levels in neurological feline infectious peritonitis

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive, fatal, predominantly Arthus-type immune-mediated disease that is triggered when cats are infected with a mutant enteric coronavirus. The disease presents variably with multiple organ failure, seizures, generalized effusion, or shock. Neurological FIP is clinically and pathologically more homogeneous than systemic 'wet' or 'dry' FIP; thus, comparison of cytokine profiles from cats with neurological FIP, wet FIP, and non-FIP neurological disease may provide insight into some baseline characteristics relating to the immunopathogenesis of neurological FIP. This study characterizes inflammation and changes in cytokines in the brain tissue of FIP-affected cats. Cellular infiltrates in cats with FIP included lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils. IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, and RANTES showed no upregulation in the brains of control cats, moderate upregulation in neurological FIP cats, and very high upregulation in generalized FIP cats. Transcription of IFN-gamma appeared upregulated in cats with systemic FIP and slightly downregulated in neurological FIP. In most cytokines tested, variance was extremely high in generalized FIP and much less in neurological FIP. Principal components analysis was performed in order to find the least number of 'components' that would summarize the cytokine profiles in cats with neurological FIP. A large component of the variance (91.7%) was accounted for by levels of IL-6, MIP-1 alpha, and RANTES. These findings provide new insight into the immunopathogenesis of FIP and suggest targets for immune therapy of this disease.
Critical appraisal of physical rehabilitation measures after osteoporotic vertebral fracture

Osteoporosis is asymptomatic until fracture occurs. Fracture of the vertebral bodies can be "silent" and is diagnosed incidentally on radiographic visualization. The occurrence of spontaneous vertebral fracture in an otherwise healthy individual is considered pathognomonic of spinal osteoporosis. Osteoporotic vertebral fractures and kyphotic posture are no longer disorders about which nothing can be done. Resistive training exercises can decrease the risk of vertebral fractures. Proprioception generated within joints, ligaments, and muscles contributes to awareness of the relative orientation of functional units of the spine at rest and in motion. This is fundamental to posture, balance, and locomotion. Proprioception reeducation can be utilized for improving posture and balance. The focus of this review is rehabilitative measures for management of vertebral fractures.
The role of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Our view of microglia has dramatically changed in the last decade. From cells being “silent” in the healthy brain, microglia have emerged to be actively involved in several brain physiological functions, including adult hippocampal neurogenesis, cognitive and behavioral function. In light of recent discoveries revealing a role of microglia as important effectors of neuronal circuit reorganization, considerable attention has been focused on how microglia and hippocampal neurogenesis could be an interdependent phenomenon. In this review the role of microglia in the adult hippocampal neurogenesis under physiological condition will be discussed.
On the masses and lifetimes of unstable particles

Apparent ambiguities of definitions of masses and lifetimes of unstable particles that depend either on the introduction of unperturbed Hamiltonians and their eigenstates, or on an assumed correspondence between resonances and elementary fields, are noted. TheS-matrix definition is unambiguous; the positions of poles in the first unphysical sheets are given by the zeros of the Fredholm denominator function, which is a function only of an appropriate center-of-mass energy. The mass and lifetime of a particle are consequently independent of the variables of the scattering process or of the particular process to which the particle contributes. The invariance of the Fredholm denominator under charge conjugation, which is a consequence of CPT invariance, ensures the equality of masses and lifetimes of relatively conjugate antiparticles. Unstable particles are closely akin to stable ones; by the factorization of the residues of unstable-particle poles, unstable-particle scattering functions quite analogous to ordinary scattering functions can be unambiguously defined. Like ordinary scattering functions they are defined only on the mass shell, the fixed masses of the unstable particles being well-defined complex numbers. The needed factorizability of the residue is an immediate consequence of Fredholm’s second theorem. The continuation, by means of unitarity, through the multiparticle physical cuts onto unphysical sheets is discussed.
Quantitative assessment of left ventricular wall motion by two-dimensional echocardiography: Validation during reversible ischemia in the conscious dog

Abstract This study was designed to test the accuracy of echocardiographic radial shortening measurements during variable degrees of regional dysfunction produced by 14 transient (≤10 min) coronary occlusions (8 left anterior descending coronary artery, 6 left circumflex coronary artery) Followed by up to 24 h of reperfusion in chronically instrumented conscious dogs. Independent measurement of regional myocardial thickening was obtained using epicardial pulsed Doppler probes and served as a standard for comparison. Radial shortening fraction was derived from two-dimensional short-axis views along 12 equidistant radii. Six reference systems from the epicardial and endocardial centers of geometry (centroids) in a fixed or a floating position were explored. In the ischemic zone, percent thickening fraction averaged 22 ± 5% at baseline, decreased to −4 ± 4% during occlusion and gradually returned to baseline values after reperfusion. Percent change in radial shortening correlated significant by with percent change in thickening fraction in the ischemic zone. The worst correlation was seen with the Heating endocardial centroid (τ = 0.68), and the best was observed with the epicardial Heating reference (r = 0.91). Moreover, the epicardial floating reference provided narrower 95% confidence limits of radial shortening and less heterogeneity among radii than did fixed reference systems. Thus, compared with an independent standard, echocardiographic measurement of radial shortening from the short axis provided recognition of discrete grades of regional dysfunction induced by transient reversible ischemia. This technique may be amenable for serial assessment of regional function after interventions on the ischemic myocardium.
Overexpression of BMP-2 modulates morphology, growth, and gene expression in osteoblastic cells

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) play a pivotal role in growth and differentiation of osteoblastic lineage cells. BMPs are potent stimulators of bone formation in various animal models. To understand the mechanism of BMP action in bone cells, we have investigated the effects of overexpression of the BMP-2 gene on proliferation and differentiation of UMR-106 rat osteosarcoma cells. A stable UMR-106 cell line overexpressing the BMP-2 gene was established by transfection of cells using a mammalian expression vector harboring human BMP-2 cDNA followed by G418 selection. After introduction of the BMP-2 gene, UMR-106 cells appeared more spindle-shaped in morphology compared to the predominantly cuboidal appearance of the parental cells. Overexpression of BMP-2 markedly inhibited proliferation as measured by cell counting and [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation assays. Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from cells overexpressing BMP-2 exhibited a less supportive effect on proliferation of UMR cells than did ECM derived from parental cells. Furthermore, cell–cell communication through gap junctions was reduced more than 50% as determined by nondisruptive fluorescent dye transfer assays. Overexpression of BMP-2 significantly stimulated expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase genes, indicating its role in osteoblastic differentiation. There was little effect on osteopontin gene expression.
Observations and Modeling of Infrared and Millimeter Molecular Lines Towards GL2591

We have observed C2H2 and HCN rovibrational transitions near 13 µm in absorption against GL2591. We also have observed rotational transitions at 0.6-3 mm of CS, HCN, H2CO, and HCO+. Analysis of the rotational lines, which arise in the extended cloud around the source, shows that no single density model can explain all the data. Models with density and temperature gradients do much better; in particular models with n (r) ∝ r-1.5 can reproduce the observed pattern of emission line strengths. The abundances show significant depletion compared to models of gas-phase chemistry. The rovibrational data were analyzed in comparison to the absorption line analysis of CO by Mitchell et al. (1989). Our data are consistent with the C2H2 and HCN absorption arising in the same warm (200 K) and hot (1010 K) components seen in CO, but we see little evidence for the cold (38 K) component seen in CO. The rovibrational lines from higher states (J ≥ 21) indicate that the hot HCN deviates from LTE, leading to a density of about 3 x 107 cm-3. Comparison of the two data sets shows that the rovibrational absorption of HCN, rather than arising in the extended envelope, must come from a region with a small angular extent. A model in which early-time gas phase abundances are preserved on grain mantles and released at high temperature can explain the data.
The role of cross-fostering in sign language studies of chimpanzees

In cross-fostering, the young of one species are reared by adults of another. In our cross-fostering laboratory, two-way communication by means of American Sign Language (ASL) brought the rearing conditions for chimpanzees much closer to those of human children than was possible in earlier studies. At the same time, ASL provided a means by which chimpanzees could express their intelligence in ways that permit closer comparisons with human children.
Systemic mastocytosis: Bone marrow pathology, classification, and current therapies

Mast cell disease (MCD) is characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells (MC) in one or more organs. The diagnosis of systemic MCD is most commonly established by a th
Muon capture on the proton and deuteron

By measuring the lifetime of the negative muon in pure protium (1H), the MuCap experiment determines the rate of muon capture on the proton, from which the proton’s pseudoscalar coupling g p may be inferred. A precision of 15% for g p has been published; this is a step along the way to a goal of 7%. This coupling can be calculated precisely from heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory and therefore permits a test of QCD’s chiral symmetry. Meanwhile, the MuSun experiment is in its final design stage; it will measure the rate of muon capture on the deuteron using a similar technique. This process can be related through pionless effective field theory and chiral perturbation theory to other two-nucleon reactions of astrophysical interest, including proton-proton fusion and deuteron breakup.
Des-tyrosine -γ-endorphin and haloperidol: Behavioral and biochemical differentiation

Abstract Des-tyrosine -γ-endorphin and haloperidol were found to produce markedly different response profiles in the rat. Behavioral tests used included response to amphetamine and apormorphine challenge, assessment of catalepsy using the vertical grid and horizontal bar, and characterization of exploratory behavior in a multicompartment chamber. In addition, the effect of these agents on caudate synaptosomal dopamine formation was determined. These data are not consistent with the previous report that des-tyrosine -γ-endorphin is a haloperidol-like neuroleptic (6).
Bernoulli equation and the competition of elastic and inertial pressures in the potential flow of a second-order fluid

Abstract A Bernoulli equation for potential flow of a second order fluid is derived. This equation is used to form an expression for normal extensional stresses at points of stagnation, in which elastic and inertial pressures compete.
High Tc dual phase Ag-YBa2Cu3O7−x composites prepared by selective laser sintering and infiltration

Bulk porous samples of YBa2Cu3O7−x were made from powders by selective laser sintering, a near-net-shape forming technology requiring no part-specific tooling. The porous parts were densified by infiltrating silver into the pores, resulting in a dense, dual-phase superconducting composite. The laser-processing parameters were varied to obtain the optimum microstructure. The laser-sintered parts required oxygen annealing after infiltration to restore the orthorhombic, superconducting structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Tc measurements indicated that some impurity phases were present in samples processed under aggressive laser conditions.
Non-vacuum electroplated al for n-side electrode in Si solar cells

This paper reports Al electroplating on a Si substrate using a room-temperature ionic liquid for the metallization of Si solar cells. The ionic liquid electrolyte was prepared by mixing anhydrous AlCl 3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate ([EMIM]AlCl 4 ). The plating process was carried out in a dry nitrogen box. A sacrificial Al anode was employed, making the electrolyte reusable for many deposition runs. The sheet resistance of the Al deposits was investigated to reveal the effects of pre-bake conditions, deposition temperature, and post-deposition annealing conditions. It was found that dense and adherent Al deposits with low electrical resistivity can be obtained directly on Si substrates over a wide range of temperatures using galvanostic deposition. The resistivity of the Al deposits was in the high 10−6 Ω-cm range, similar to that of screen-printed Ag. The maximum process temperature for electroplated Al was 350°C. An all-Al Si solar cell, with an electroplated Al front electrode and a screen-printed Al back electrode, has been demonstrated, and its optimization and characterization will be reported soon.