cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new look at the two-mode problem

Abstract This paper considers the second-best policy problem that arises when auto travel is priced below its marginal cost and there is a substitute mass transit mode. We analyze the problem by combining a model of a rail line based on Kraus and Yoshida (J. Urban Econ. 51 (2002) 170) with the highway bottleneck model. The model involves a transit authority which optimizes, in addition to the fare, two dimensions of transit capacity. These are (1) the number of train units serving the route and (2) the capacity of an individual train unit. Under a very weak condition, second-best optimality involves expanding both dimensions of transit capacity. The larger percentage effect is on train capacity.
Min-cut partitioning with functional replication for technology-mapped circuits using minimum area overhead

Logic replication is known to be an effective technique to reduce the number of cut nets in partitioned circuits. A new replication model called functional replication is particularly useful for partitioning technology-mapped circuits. Functional replication differs from traditional replication because it considers the functional dependency of the different output signals of a logic cell on its input signals. Functional replication can lead to a higher reduction in the number of cut nets than traditional replication. In this paper, we give the first theoretical treatment of the min-cut partitioning problem with functional replication. We present a novel two-phase algorithm to compute a min-cut bipartition of a technology-mapped circuit with functional replication using a minimum amount of area overhead. Additionally, we show that our algorithm can be applied to improve the solution produced by any area-constrained functional replication partitioning heuristic.
Dark stars and boosted dark matter annihilation rates

Dark stars (DSs) may constitute the first phase of stellar evolution, powered by dark matter (DM) annihilation. We investigate here the properties of DSs, assuming that the DM particle has the properties required for explaining the excess positron and electron signals in the cosmic rays detected by the PAMELA and FERMI satellites. Any possible DM interpretation of these signals will require exotic DM candidates, with annihilation cross-sections a few orders of magnitude higher than the canonical value required for correct thermal relic abundance for weakly interacting DM candidates; additionally, in most models, the annihilation must be preferentially to leptons. Secondly, we study the dependence of DS properties on the concentration parameter of the initial DM density profile of the halos where the first stars are formed. We restrict our study to the DM in the star due to simple (versus extended) adiabatic contraction and minimal (versus extended) capture; this simple study is sufficient to illustrate dependence on the cross-section and concentration parameter. Our basic results are that the final stellar properties, once the star enters the main sequence, are always roughly the same, regardless of the value of the boosted annihilation or concentration parameter in the range between c=2 and c=5: stellar mass , luminosity and lifetime ~106?years (for the minimal DM models considered here; additional DM would lead to more massive DSs). However, the lifetime, final mass and final luminosity of the DSs show some dependence on the boost factor and concentration parameter, as discussed in this paper.
Describing and Identifying the Complete Set of Target MOTAD Solutions

In recent articles Tauer; and Watts, Held, and Helmers proposed Target MOTAD as a model for computing stochastically efficient mixtures of risky alternatives. The model has both intuitive and theoretical appeal. The target return concept provides the intuitive appeal. Theoretical appeal is provided by Tauer's proof that all unique Target MOTAD solutions are members of the second-degree stochastic dominance (SSD) efficient set. Tauer used data from an example in Anderson, Dillon, and Hardaker (pp. 209-10) to demonstrate Target MOTAD. A few of the many possible Target MOTAD solutions were presented. Tauer speculated that all SSDefficient solutions could be obtained by computing the solutions (frontiers) associated with all possible target return (T) levels. It is obviously not practical to do this directly because the number of possible target levels is infinite. Even if it were possible, this approach will not yield all SSD-efficient solutions for every problem.' It would, however, identify all Target MOTAD solutions.
Loss aversion, presidential responsibility, and midterm congressional elections

Abstract I explore a behavioral model of political participation, first introduced by Quattrone, G., Tversky, A. [1988. Contrasting rational and psychological analyses of political choice. American Political Science Review 82 (3), 719–736.] , based on the primitives of prospect theory, as defined by Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. [1979. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263–291.] . The model offers an alternative explanation for why the President's party tends to lose seats in midterm congressional elections. The model is examined empirically and compared against competing explanations for the “midterm phenomenon”.
The attributional responses of young female athletes after winning, tying, and losing.

Abstract This study examined the attributions of young female athletes (N = 163) for their personal and their team's performance after winning, tying, and losing a competitive soccer game. Players' attributions were made to the internal factors of ability and effort and to the external factors of opponent difficulty and luck. It was proposed that the opportunities for tying and losing players to make self-protecting external ascriptions would be limited by situational constraints operating in competitive sport that reduce the plausibility and acceptability of such defensive responses. Overall, the findings provided support for this situational constraint notion. Additionally, the results of this field study with young female soccer players generally were consistent with the findings of a previous study involving young male soccer players, suggesting that game outcome has a similar impact on the attributional responses of girls and boys.
Activity and Structure of Perovskites as Diesel Reforming Catalysts for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Recent progress in developing perovskite materials as more cost-effective catalysts in autothermal reforming (ATR) of diesel fuel to hydrogen-rich reformate for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application is reported. Perovskite-type metal oxides with B sites partially exchanged by ruthenium were prepared and evaluated under ATR reaction conditions. The hydrogen yield, reforming efficiency, and COx selectivity of these catalysts were investigated using diesel surrogate fuel with 50 ppm sulfur. The catalyst performances have approached or exceeded a benchmark, high-cost rhodium-based material. In parallel with the reactivity study, we also investigated the physical properties of B-site doped perovskites and their impact on the reforming performance using various characterization techniques such as BET, X-ray powder diffraction, temperature programmable reduction, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We found that ruthenium is highly dispersed into perovskite lattice and its redox behavior is directly associated with reforming activity.
Optimal Constellations for the Low-SNR Noncoherent MIMO Block Rayleigh-Fading Channel

Reliable communication over the discrete-input/continuous-output noncoherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh block-fading channel is considered when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per degree of freedom is low. Two key problems are posed and solved to obtain the optimum discrete input. In both problems, the average and peak power per space-time slot of the input constellation are constrained. In the first one, the peak power to average power ratio (PPAPR) of the input constellation is held fixed, while in the second problem, the peak power is fixed independently of the average power. In the first PPAPR-constrained problem, the mutual information, which grows as O(SNR2), is maximized up to second order in SNR. In the second peak-constrained problem, where the mutual information behaves as O(SNR), the structure of constellations that are optimal up to first order, or equivalently, that minimize energy per bit, are explicitly characterized. Furthermore, among constellations that are first-order optimal, those that maximize the mutual information up to second order, or equivalently, the wideband slope, are characterized. In both PPAPR-constrained and peak-constrained problems, the optimal constellations are obtained in closed form as solutions to nonconvex optimizations, and interestingly, they are found to be identical. Due to its special structure, the common solution is referred to as space-time orthogonal rank one modulation, or STORM. In both problems, it is seen that STORM provides a sharp characterization of the behavior of noncoherent MIMO capacity.
Polarization phase-based method for material classification and object recognition in computer vision

A robust and accurate polarization phase-based technique for material classification is presented. The novelty of this technique is three-fold In (i) its theoretical development, (ii) its application, and, (iii) its experimental implementation. The concept of phase of polarization of a light wave is introduced to computer vision for discrimination between materials according to their intrinsic electrical conductivity, such as distinguishing conducting metals, and poorly-conducting dielectrics. Previous work has used intensity, color and polarization component ratios. This new method is based on the physical principle that metals retard orthogonal components of light upon reflection while dielectrics do not. This method has significant complementary advantages with respect to existing techniques, is computationally efficient, and can be easily implemented with existing imaging technology. Experiments for real circuit board inspection, non-conductive and conductive glass, and, outdoor object recognition have been performed to demonstrate its accuracy and potential capabilities.
Ownership Restrictions and Stock Prices: Evidence from Chinese Markets

In this paper, I test a one-period capital asset pricing model (CAPM) under share ownership restrictions to explain differences in prices and expected excess returns between the classes of shares that can be bought and traded by domestic and foreign investors, respectively, in the Chinese stock markets. I find that cross-sectional variability in the spread between the expected domestic and foreign share excess returns is related to differences in individual shares' market betas. The empirical results are by and large consistent with the CAPM. After the betas are controlled for, idiosyncratic variance and firm size have no effect.
Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

More than a decade ago, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was recognized as a major cause of death in children with advanced CKD. This observation has sparked the publication of multiple studies assessing cardiovascular risk, mechanisms of disease, and early markers of CVD in this population. Similar to adults, children with CKD have an extremely high prevalence of traditional and uremia-related CVD risk factors. Early markers of cardiomyopathy, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction, and early markers of atherosclerosis, such as increased carotid artery intima-media thickness, carotid arterial wall stiffness, and coronary artery calcification, are frequently present in these children, especially those on maintenance dialysis. As a population without preexisting symptomatic cardiac disease, children with CKD potentially receive significant benefit from aggressive attempts to prevent and treat CVD. Early CKD, before needing dialysis, is the optimal time to both identify modifiable risk factors and intervene in an effort to avert future CVD. Slowing the progression of CKD, avoiding long-term dialysis and, if possible, conducting preemptive transplantation may represent the best strategies to decrease the risk of premature cardiac disease and death in children with CKD.
Compensation of Propagation Distortions Using Coherent Optical Adaptive Techniques (COAT)

Coherent Optical Adaptive Techniques offer promising solutions to problems of phase distortions occurring in optical systems or produced by the atmosphere. A review of several basic COAT system concepts is presented along with a discussion of the basic hardware components required to implement such systems. Experimental and computer simulation results are presented that graphically demonstrate the ability of COAT systems to compensate propagation distortions in both imaging and transmitted-beam applications.
Water Resources Management: A New Policy for a Sustainable Future

This is abstracted from a Keynote Address delivered at the VIIIth World Congress on Water Resources in Cairo on November 22, 1994. Dr. Serageldin is Vice President for Environmentally Sustainable Development and Chairman of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research at the World Bank. Since joining the bank in 1972, he has designed and managed a broad array of poverty-focused projects in developing countries. He was educated at Cairo University and Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D. Please note that the source for all graphs, charts, tables, and figurers is the World Bank, unless otherwise noted
Temporary Restraints To Overcome Steric Obstacles: An Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Mycalamide B

Restrain and Release: An efficient synthesis of mycalamide B is reported. The synthetic route features (a) a one-pot Mukaiyama–Michael/epoxidation sequence to introduce three of the stereocenters found in the natural product, (b) an intramolecular isocyanate trapping to produce a rigid 10-membered cyclic carbamate, and (c) the selective opening of the cyclic carbamate to reveal the fully constructed natural product.
Joint Spatial–Temporal Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks

In a wireless system with opportunistic spectrum sharing, secondary users equipped with cognitive radios attempt to access a radio spectrum that is not being used by the primary licensed users. On a given frequency channel, a secondary user can perform spectrum sensing to determine spatial or temporal opportunities for spectrum reuse. Whereas most prior works address either spatial or temporal sensing in isolation, we propose a joint spatial-temporal spectrum-sensing scheme that exploits information from spatial sensing to improve the performance of temporal sensing. We quantify the performance benefit of the joint spatial-temporal scheme over pure spatial sensing and pure temporal sensing based on counting-rule and linear quadratic (LQ) detectors. Finally, we analyze a multilevel quantization feedback scheme that can improve the performance of temporal sensing based on counting-rule detectors.
Patterns of Mobile Device Use by Caregivers and Children During Meals in Fast Food Restaurants

AND OBJECTIVES: Mobile devices are a ubiquitous part of American life, yet how families use this technology has not been studied. We aimed to describe naturalistic patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children to generate hypotheses about its effects on caregiver-child interaction. METHODS: Using nonparticipant observational methods, we observed 55 caregivers eating with 1 or more young children in fast food restau-
[4+2+2] Cycloaddition catalyzed by a new cationic rhodium–bisphosphine monooxide complex

A rhodium–BozPHOS based complex is reported. This complex is competent in catalyzing the [4+2+2] cycloisomerization of cyclooctatrienes in moderate to good yields. The X-ray crystal structure of this complex is reported, along with formation of both bicyclic and tricyclic cyclooctatrienes.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF MISSILE TERMINAL GUIDANCE

A new guidance law, which combines pursuit guidance and proportional navigation is proposed. This guidance law depends on two parameters that determine the relative importance of pursuit guidance and proportional navigation. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear equations of motion suggest that the parameters of this law can be chosen to reduce the peak value of the missile acceleration. When the engagement ends in a tail chase, and linearization is valid, the linearized equations of motion lead to a confluent hypergeometric equation. This equation is solved in closed form, in the general case where the target performs maneuvers such that its heading angle is a polynomial function of time. The analytic solution based on linearization and the numerical simulation of the nonlinear equations show good agreement.
Do modular products lead to modular organizations

The tacit assumption that increased product modularity is associated with advantageous increases in organizational modularity underlies much of the literature on modularity. Previous empirical investigations of this assumption, few in number, have faced numerous confounding factors and generated conflicting results. I build a causal model for the relationship between product and organizational modularity, which I test using a distinctive empirical setting that controls for confounding factors present in previous studies. I find support for only part of the assumed relationship, showing that modularity is a more multifaceted concept than previously recognized. In particular, increased product modularity enhances reconfigurability of organizations more quickly than it allows firms to move activities out of hierarchy. The paper contributes to the emerging stream of research that focuses on the previously underappreciated costs of designing and maintaining a modular organization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOES DUAL SOURCING LOWER PROCUREMENT COSTS

U.S. defense policy encourages the use of dual sourcing to reduce government procurement costs, but recent theoretical work raises doubts about the benefits of this policy. I study the determinants of dual sourcing and its effects on government procurement costs using a panel dataset of tactical missiles. I find dual sourcing is not driven by failures to reduce costs; instead, it is used more often after incumbent suppliers demonstrate quality control problems, and in settings where tacit collusion is likely to be difficult. After correcting for selection bias, dual sourcing is found to reduce government procurement costs significantly.
Skew Management of NBTI Impacted Gated Clock Trees

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) has emerged as the dominant failure mechanism for PMOS devices in nanometer integrated circuit (IC) designs, thus limiting their lifetime. There are several existing research works that mitigate impact of NBTI on gate delay and reliability. However, its impact on one of the most important components of modern IC design-the clock tree-has not been researched enough. Clock gating impacts the extent of NBTI-induced VTH degradation of clock buffers leading to nonuniform NBTI degradation and, thus, increased clock skew. In this paper, we propose a practical design-time technique of modifying the clock gating implementation by selecting NAND or NOR gate as output stage of integrated clock gating cells with the objective of minimizing NBTI-induced clock skew. This selection intelligently modulates the signal probability and delay equations of clock signal paths with no extra hardware penalty. We formulate the skew minimization problem as an integer linear program which determines the optimal NAND or NOR assignment of clock gating buffer. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method as the NBTI-induced clock skew is reduced by more than 74% compared to the traditional method. The impact of voltage and temperature variation on the proposed technique was analyzed and we observed reduced but still significant reduction in clock skew under variation as compared to the traditional clock gating technique.
Policy Monitor Regulation and Progress under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

The management of air quality in the United States has evolved into a sophisticated array of rules, strategies, and initiatives since the landmark Clean Air Act (CAA) legislation of 1970 and the subsequent creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In particular, the CAA Amendments of 1990 introduced several new programs that have substantially reshaped the nation's approach to air pollution control. This article describes the 1990 CAA Amendments, regulations issued by EPA following their passage, progress made in air quality management in the nearly twenty years since their enactment, and the likely future direction of U.S. air quality management programs at the federal level.
Agro-manufactured Export Prices, Wages and Unemployment

This paper estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages, employment and unemployment in Argentina, a country with positive net agricultural exports and high unemployment rates. In the estimation of these wage and unemployment responses, the empirical model allows for individual labor supply responses and for adjustment costs in labor demand. The findings show that a 10 percent increase in the price of agricultural exports would cause an increase in the Argentine employment probability of 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points. Further, the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points (by almost 10 percent). Expected wages would increase by 10.3 percent, an effect that is mostly driven by higher employment probabilities. This indicates that the bulk of the impacts of trade reforms originates in household responses in the presence of adjustment costs, and that failure to account for them may lead to significant biases in the welfare evaluation of trade policy.
A GIM mechanism from extra dimensions

We explore how to protect extra dimensional models from large avor changing neutral currents by using bulk and brane avor symmetries. We show that a GIM mechanism can be built in to warped space models such as Randall-Sundrum or composite Higgs models if avor mixing is introduced via UV brane kinetic mixings for right handed quarks. We give a realistic implementation both for a model with minimal avor violation and one with next-to-minimal avor violation. The latter does not suer from a CP problem. We consider some of the existing experimental constraints on these models implied by precision electroweak tests.
Second Order Factor Analysis: Confirmatory

Confirmatory second-order factor analysis could be conceptualized as a further factor analysis of the results of an initial factor analysis of some observed variables. Specifically, the initial or first-order factor means, variances, and covariances are re-analyzed into more general or abstracted variables. For pedagogical reasons, this approach is initially developed via first- and second-order multivariate multiple regression analyses using measured or observed variables. Next by analogy, the approach is extended to latent variates or unobserved factors. Throughout this article, an illustration is presented using Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities, Horn and Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligences, and Spearmen's General Intelligence. Lastly, this second-order factor analysis was extended to multiple populations. Keywords: first- and second-order factor analyses; intelligence measures; measured and latent variables; multiple linear regression
Shear-driven upwelling induced by lateral viscosity variations and asthenospheric shear: A mechanism for intraplate volcanism

Abstract Volcanism occurring away from ridges and subduction zones does not have an obvious plate tectonic explanation, but instead must arise from sub-lithospheric processes that generate upwelling flow and decompression melting. Several convective processes, such as mantle plumes, convective instability, edge-driven convection, and Richter rolls, produce upwelling via the action of gravity on density heterogeneities in the mantle. Here we investigate an alternative mechanism, the shear-driven upwelling (SDU), which instead generates upwelling solely through the action of asthenospheric shear flow on viscosity heterogeneity. Using a numerical flow model, we examine the effect of viscosity heterogeneity on viscous shear flow induced within an asthenospheric layer. We demonstrate that for certain geometries and viscosity ratios, circulatory flow develops within a “cavity” or “step” embedded into the lithospheric base, or within a low-viscosity “pocket” embedded within the asthenospheric layer. For asthenosphere shearing at 5 cm/yr, we estimate that SDU can produce upwelling rates of up to ∼0.2 cm/yr within a continental rift, ∼0.5 cm/yr along the vertical edge of a craton, or ∼1.0 cm/yr within a “pocket” of low-viscosity asthenosphere. In the last case, the pocket must feature an aspect ratio of more than 5, occupy ∼20–60% of the asthenosphere's thickness, and be at least 100 times less viscous than the surrounding asthenosphere. Such viscosity heterogeneity may be associated with thermal, chemical, melting, volatile, or grain-size anomalies, and is consistent with tomographic constraints on asthenospheric variability. We estimate that SDU may generate up to 2.5 km/Myr of melt that is potentially eruptible as surface volcanism; this is faster than eruption rates observed at some locations of continental basaltic volcanism. We conclude that SDU could provide an explanation for intraplate volcanism occurring above rapidly shearing asthenosphere, for example in the Basin and Range region of North America.
Highly stereoselective and efficient synthesis of ω-heterofunctional di- and trienoic esters for Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction via alkyne hydrozirconation and Pd-catalyzed alkenylation

Abstract In situ OH metalation with i Bu 2 AlH and hydrozirconation with HZrCp 2 Cl of HOCH 2 C CH, ( E )-HOCH 2 CH CHC CH, and HOCH 2 C CCH 3 followed by Pd-catalyzed alkenyl–alkenyl coupling with ( E )-BrCH CHCO 2 Et and ( E )-BrCH C(Me)CO 2 Et using PEPPSI-IPr ( 7 ) as a catalyst provides a highly efficient and selective (⩾98% all- E ) route to ω-hydroxy di- and trienoic acid esters ( 1a – 6a ). The corresponding phosphonate esters ( 1c – 4c ) of ⩾98% isomeric purity can be obtained via conventional bromination–phosphonation in >80% yields. As expected, their carbonyl olefination is ca. 85–90% E -selective with alkyl aldehydes but ⩾98% E -selective with PhCHO and some α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under the conditions used.
Generalized degrees of freedom for network-coded cognitive interference channel

We study a two-user cognitive interference channel (CIC) where one of the transmitters (primary) has knowledge of a linear combination (over an appropriate finite-field) of the two information messages. We refer to this channel model as Network-Coded CIC, since the linear combination may be the result of some linear network coding scheme implemented in the backbone wired network. In this paper, we characterize the generalized degrees of freedom (GDoF) for the Gaussian Network-Coded CIC. For achievability, we use the novel Precoded Compute-and-Forward (PCoF) and Dirty Paper Coding (DPC), based on nested lattice codes. Through the GDoF characterization, we show that knowing “mixed data” (a linear combination of the information messages) provides an unbounded spectral efficiency gain over the classical CIC counterpart, if the ratio (in dB) of signal-to-noise (SNR) to interference-to-noise (INR) is larger than ceratin threshold. For example, when SNR = INR, the Network-Coded cognition yields a 100% gain over the classical Gaussian CIC.
Government, Effectiveness, Performance and Local Property Values

Abstract We offer a practical measure of local government effectiveness in the provision of public services relating service expenditures to aggregate property value. Building on the work of Brueckner (1979, 1982, 1983) and Henderson (1990, 1995) we present an aggregate property value maximization model where levels of local public services are capitalized into aggregate property values. Using data for Wisconsin municipalities we demonstrate that service expenditure levels, and simultaneously corresponding taxation levels, are suboptimal and should be increased. The aggregate property value maximization test suggests that local public services in Wisconsin are consistently under-provided. By monitoring local property values officials can objectively measure if public services are being provided in an optimal manner.
Selective Intramolecular C ? H Amination through the Metalloradical Activation of Azides: Synthesis of 1,3‐Diamines under Neutral and Nonoxidative Conditions

A wide range of sulfamoyl azides smoothly undergoes Co-catalyzed intramolecular C—H amination to give thiadiazine derivatives, e.g. (II), (IV) or (VI), in excellent yields.
Who Works for Piece Rates and Why

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS I DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES L!!NIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY. WORKING PAPER NO. 627 WHO WORKS FOR PIECE RATES AND WHY by D. Kate Rubin Jeffrey M. Perloff GIANNINI FOUNDATION OF I\GRICUI.TURAI. ECONOMICS !.JBI'W'tY ~N J. 61992 California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics June, 1992
The McKean–Vlasov Equation in Finite Volume

We study the McKean–Vlasov equation on the finite tori of length scale L in d-dimensions. We derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a phase transition, which are based on the criteria first uncovered in Gates and Penrose (Commun. Math. Phys. 17:194–209, 1970) and Kirkwood and Monroe (J. Chem. Phys. 9:514–526, 1941). Therein and in subsequent works, one finds indications pointing to critical transitions at a particular model dependent value, θ ♯ of the interaction parameter. We show that the uniform density (which may be interpreted as the liquid phase) is dynamically stable for θ<θ ♯ and prove, abstractly, that a critical transition must occur at θ=θ ♯ . However for this system we show that under generic conditions—L large, d≥2 and isotropic interactions—the phase transition is in fact discontinuous and occurs at some $\theta_{\text{T}}<\theta^{\sharp }$ . Finally, for H-stable, bounded interactions with discontinuous transitions we show that, with suitable scaling, the $\theta_{\text{T}}(L)$ tend to a definitive non-trivial limit as L→∞.
Titanium(III) Reagents in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Glycal and C-Glycoside Synthesis

Abstract Titanocene(III) chloride and zirconcene(III) chloride are effective and mild reagents for radical generation in organic synthesis. In carbohydrate chemistry, these species are useful for the conversion of glycosyl halides to glycals, and for the stereospecific preparation of C -glycosides. In all cases, the 1-glycosyl radical is an active intermediate, generated by reaction of carbohydrate substrates with the organometallic.
Fault tolerant Boolean satisfiability

A δ-model is a satisfying assignment of a Boolean formula for which any small alteration, such as a single bit flip, can be repaired by flips to some small number of other bits, yielding a new satisfying assignment. These satisfying assignments represent robust solutions to optimization problems (e.g., scheduling) where it is possible to recover from unforeseen events (e.g., a resource becoming unavailable). The concept of δ-models was introduced by Ginsberg, Parkes, and Roy (1998), where it was proved that finding δ-models for general Boolean formulas is NP-complete. In this paper, we extend that result by studying the complexity of finding δ-models for classes of Boolean formulas which are known to have polynomial time satisfiability solvers. In particular, we examine 2-SAT, Horn-SAT, Affine-SAT, dual-Horn-SAT, 0-valid and 1-valid SAT. We see a wide variation in the complexity of finding δ-models, e.g., while 2-SAT and Affine-SAT have polynomial time tests for δ-models, testing whether a Horn-SAT formula has one is NP-complete.
Catalytic, Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐anti‐Diols by Asymmetric Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis

An enantioselective method for the synthesis of 1,2-anti-diols has been developed. A cyclometalated chiral-at-ruthenium complex catalyzes the asymmetric ring-opening/cross-metathesis of dioxygenated cyclobutenes, thus resulting in functionally rich synthetic building blocks. Syntheses of the insect pheromone (+)-endo-brevicomin and monosaccharide ribose demonstrate the synthetic utility of the 1,2-anti-diol fragments generated in the title reaction.
Formation of Yttrium Barium Cuprate Powder at Low Temperatures

Yttrium barium cuprate can be formed at temperatures below 800°C from mixed oxides and carbonate if a low-oxygen-pressure atmosphere is used. This eliminates the formation of a high-oxygen-content nonsuperconducting phase which has been previously shown to form at lower temperatures. Reaction of barium carbonate and the oxides of copper and yttrium at temperatures as low as 750°C in reducing atmospheres is shown to form tetragonal YBa2Cu3Ox with x about 6. This compound can then be oxidized by cooling in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain the desired x value of about 7.
Evolution of supermassive stars as a pathway to black hole formation

Supermassive stars, with masses ≳10 6 M ⊙ , are possible progenitors of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. Because of their short nuclear burning time-scales, such objects can be formed only when matter is able to accumulate at a rate exceeding ~ 1 M ⊙ yr -1 . Here we revisit the structure and evolution of rotationally stabilized supermassive stars, taking into account their continuous accumulation of mass and their thermal relaxation. We show that the outer layers of a supermassive star are not thermally relaxed during much of the star's main-sequence lifetime. As a result, they do not resemble n = 3 polytropes, as assumed in previous literature, but rather consist of convective (polytropic) cores surrounded by convectively stable envelopes that contain most of the mass. We compute the structures of these envelopes, in which the equation of state obeys P/ρ 4/3 ∝ M 2/3 (R), where M(R) is the mass enclosed within radius R. By matching the envelope solutions to convective cores, we calculate the core mass as a function of time. We estimate the initial black hole masses formed as a result of core-collapse, and their subsequent growth via accretion from the bloated envelopes ('quasi-stars') that result. The seed black holes formed in this way could have typical masses in the range ~10 4 -10 5 M ⊙ , considerably larger than the remnants thought to be left by the demise of Population III stars. Supermassive black holes therefore could have been seeded during an epoch of rapid infall considerably later than the era of Population III star formation.
Criteria for Homotopic Maps to be So Along Monotone Homotopies

The state spaces of machines admit the structure of time. A homotopy theory respecting this additional structure can detect machine behavior unseen by classical homotopy theory. In an attempt to bootstrap classical tools into the world of abstract spacetime, we identify criteria for classically homotopic, monotone maps of pospaces to future homotope, or homotope along homotopies monotone in both coordinates, to a common map. We show that consequently, a hypercontinuous lattice equipped with its Lawson topology is future contractible, or contractible along a future homotopy, if its underlying space has connected CW type.
The role of embodied intention in early lexical acquisition

We examine the influence of inferring interlocutors' referential intentions from their body movements at the early stage of lexical acquisition. By testing human participants and comparing their performances in different learning conditions, we find that those embodied intentions facilitate both word discovery and word-meaning association. In light of empirical findings, the main part of this article presents a computational model that can identify the sound patterns of individual words from continuous speech, using nonlinguistic contextual information, and employ body movements as deictic references to discover word-meaning associations. To our knowledge, this work is the first model of word learning that not only learns lexical items from raw multisensory signals to closely resemble infant language development from natural environments, but also explores the computational role of social cognitive skills in lexical acquisition.
Effect of gastric bypass on gastric secretion

Gastric bypass as a 90 per cent gastric exclusion operation was used in 393 patients with massive obesity to limit food intake. Stomal ulcer has occurred in 1.8 per cent of such patients or one ulcer per 140 man years of observation. The studies of indwelling fundic pH and of gastric acid secretion from the excluded stomach indicate that acid secretion is reduced after gastric bypass but that the acid, unbuffered by food in the excluded stomach, results in a lowered gastrin secretion after a meal. Thus, gastric bypass in inhibitory to acid secretion in most morbidly obese patients who do not have known acid peptic disease.
Strichartz estimates for Dirichlet-wave equations in two dimensions with applications

We establish the Strauss conjecture for nontrapping obstacles when the spatial dimension n is two. As pointed out in [7] this case is more subtle than n = 3 or 4 due to the fact that the arguments of the first two authors [11], Burq [1] and Metcalfe [9] showing that local Strichartz estimates for obstactles imply global ones require that the Sobolev index, γ, equal 1/2 when n = 2. We overcome this difficulty by interpolating between energy estimates (γ = 0) and ones for γ = 1 2 that are generalizations of Minkowski space estimates of Fang and the third author [4], [5], the second author [12] and Sterbenz [14].
Emergent Spacetime from Modular Motives

The program of constructing spacetime geometry from string theoretic modular forms is extended to Calabi-Yau varieties of dimensions three and four, as well as higher rank motives. Modular forms on the worldsheet can be constructed from the geometry of spacetime by computing the L–functions associated to omega motives of Calabi-Yau varieties, generated by their holomorphic n−forms via Galois representations. The modular forms that emerge in this way are related to characters of the underlying rational conformal field theory. The converse problem of constructing space from string theory proceeds in the class of diagonal theories by determining the motives associated to modular forms in the category of pure motives with complex multiplication. The emerging picture suggests that the L–function can be viewed as defining a map between the geometric category of motives and the category of conformal field theories on the worldsheet.
An agent, not a mole: Assessing the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy

This paper argues in favor of four criteria for assessing the performance of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) within the Executive Office of the US President: trying to killing bad ideas (and sometimes succeeding), mobilizing expertise and confidence to support crisis response, identifying new issues and developing presidential policy initiatives, and catalyzing and coordinating multi-agency science and technology activities, especially in response to presidential goals. These criteria are illustrated with episodes from OSTP’s history. They place OSTP in a variety of roles, ranging from disinterested broker of expertise to policy entrepreneur, but always as an agent of the President. Although a full assessment using these criteria may not be feasible due to data limitations, their identification is nonetheless valuable in order to spark scholarly debate and further research and to support planning by OSTP staff and their interlocutors inside and outside of government.
Assemblies of conjugated polymers: Intermolecular and intramolecular effects on the photophysical properties of conjugated polymers

Conjugated polymers are emerging materials for electronic applications due to the tunability of their properties through variation of their chemical structure. Their applications, which currently include light-emitting diodes (LEDs), field effect transistors (FETs), plastic lasers, batteries, and sensors, are expanding to many new areas. The two critical parameters that determine the function of conjugated polymer-based devices are chemical structure and nanostructure of a conjugated polymer in the solid state. While the physical properties of iso- lated polymers are primarily controlled by their chemical structure, these properties are dras- tically altered in the solid state due to electronic coupling between polymer chains as deter- mined by their interpolymer packing and conformation. However, the development of effective and precise methods for controlling the nanostructure of polymers in the solid state has been limited because polymers often fail to assemble into organized structures due to their amorphous character and large molecular weight. In this review, recent developments of organizing methods of conjugated polymers and the conformation and interpolymer interaction effects on the photophysical properties of con- jugated polymers are summarized. ASSEMBLY METHODS OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Structural control of polymers in the solid state is a challenging task. The amorphous character com- bined with the large molecular weight prevent polymers from organizing into a controlled structure by conventional film preparation methods such as the spin-cast and drop-cast methods. The organization of conventional polymers has been achieved by special methods such as self-assembly, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, and order-disorder transition of block copolymers. These methods are now being exploited to organize conjugated polymers in the solid state.
Crystal sets and scarf-pin radios: gender, technology and the construction of American radio listening in the 1920s

The transformation of radio in the 1920s from amateur wireless into broadcasting reopened questions of the gender of radio, just as the suffrage movement had succeeded with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. Wireless had been an overwhelmingly male hobby. But radio manufacturers and broadcasters made explicit efforts to feminize radio, moving it from a masculine technical sphere to a domestic sphere. The domestication of radio has been documented in the USA and elsewhere. Before they were successful, however, there was a period in the mid-1920s when various discourses explored radio's gender. This article focuses on this previously unexamined moment of exploration. The discourses can be read in the several radio magazines which sprouted in the early 1920s with the birth of broadcasting. They included not only feminists, but also male mainstream writers, advertisers and cartoonists who `played' with gender categories in this period. Among these diverse voices are representations of gender sameness an...
Modeling security-relevant data semantics

The use of an extended data model which represents both integrity and secrecy aspects of data is demonstrated. This Semantic Data Model for Security (SDMS) provides a technique that assists domain experts, security officers, and database designers in first understanding their security requirements, and then translating them into a good database design. Identifying security requirements at this semantic level provides the basis for analyzing the security requirements and the database design for inference and signaling vulnerabilities. Another contribution is a comprehensive taxonomy of security-relevant data semantics that must be captured and understood to implement a multilevel secure automated information system. >
Transcriptional Reversion of Cardiac Myocyte Fate During Mammalian Cardiac Regeneration

Rationale:Neonatal mice have the capacity to regenerate their hearts in response to injury, but this potential is lost after the first week of life. The transcriptional changes that underpin mammalian cardiac regeneration have not been fully characterized at the molecular level. Objective:The objectives of our study were to determine whether myocytes revert the transcriptional phenotype to a less differentiated state during regeneration and to systematically interrogate the transcriptional data to identify and validate potential regulators of this process. Methods and Results:We derived a core transcriptional signature of injury-induced cardiac myocyte (CM) regeneration in mouse by comparing global transcriptional programs in a dynamic model of in vitro and in vivo CM differentiation, in vitro CM explant model, as well as a neonatal heart resection model. The regenerating mouse heart revealed a transcriptional reversion of CM differentiation processes, including reactivation of latent developmental progra...
Brauer groups and crepant resolutions

Abstract We suggest a twisted version of the categorical McKay correspondence and prove several results related to it.
The response of the Southern Hemispheric eddy‐driven jet to future changes in shortwave radiation in CMIP5

A strong relationship is found between changes in the meridional gradient of absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR) and Southern Hemispheric jet shifts in 21st century climate simulations of CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) coupled models. The relationship is such that models with increases in the meridional ASR gradient around the southern midlatitudes, and therefore increases in midlatitude baroclinicity, tend to produce a larger poleward jet shift. The ASR changes are shown to be dominated by changes in cloud properties, with sea ice declines playing a secondary role. We demonstrate that the ASR changes are the cause, and not the result, of the intermodel differences in jet response by comparing coupled simulations with experiments in which sea surface temperature increases are prescribed. Our results highlight the importance of reducing the uncertainty in cloud feedbacks in order to constrain future circulation changes.
Synchrotron Radiation Applications in Medical Research

Over the past two decades there has been a phenomenal growth in the number of dedicated synchrotron radiation facilities and a corresponding growth in the number of applications in both basic and applied sciences. The high flux and brightness, tunable beams, time structure and polarization of synchrotron radiation provide an ideal x-ray source for many applications in the medical sciences. There is a dual aspect to the field of medical applications of synchrotron radiation. First there are the important in-vitro programs such as structural biology, x-ray microscopy, and radiation cell biology. Second there are the programs that are ultimately targeted at in-vivo applications. The present status of synchrotron coronary angiography, bronchography, multiple energy computed tomography, mammography and radiation therapy programs at laboratories around the world is reviewed.