cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusive, Electrostatic and Gravitational Deposition of Suspensions in the Entrance of a Parallel Channel,

Abstract A numerical investigation of the mechanics of deposition in a parallel channel from the channel inlet to a distance of 7 channel depths has been made under the combined influences of diffusion, electricity and gravitation. A mathematical model has been developed for the deposition process restricted to laminar flow of dilute suspensions in electrical and gravitational fields with surface adhesions. The results show that the gravity flow parameter affects the rate of deposition on the walls of the channel algon with the electrostatic charge parameters which also alters the deposition process quite appreciably.
Management of work in progress in relational information systems

In many complex applications, there is a need to manage work-in-progress. Typically, this requires that each user has a private and non-volatile workspace, in which multiple pieces of work are finished and stored before it is appropriate for these data changes to be made globally accessible to other users. These requirements reflect current work practices in paper-based systems, which ensure security, persistence, privacy and accountability for work-in-progress. This paper describes a technique for implementing work-in-progress that requires no extensions to existing relational database management systems. The semantics of private workspace and work-in-progress are implemented by augmenting the database schema and modifying query and update operations against this augmented schema.
Behavioral tempo in pre-school boys and girls

Abstract Pre-school children were observed individually during spontaneous play. Observational notes were coded into categories, which focussed on several measures of timing and occurrences of behavioral shifts between activities. Boys were found to engage in significantly more activities per unit time, spend less time in their most preferred activity, and interrupt what they were doing four times more frequently than the girls. Boys also spent significantly more time watching other children. Several other measures also revealed sex differences, such as mode of play, type of activity and physical assault.
A regional study of mantle velocity variations beneath eastern Australia and the southwestern Pacific using short-period recordings of P, S, PcP, ScP and ScS waves produced by Tongan deep earthquakes

Abstract Deep earthquakes located in the Tonga-Kermadec region produce exceptionally clear and sharp short-period P, S, PcP, ScP, and ScS phases which are recorded at many stations at distances of less than 60°. The data used in this study are produced by short-period stations located in oceanic-type regions (Fiji and New Caledonia), a mobile continental region (eastern Australia) and a shield region (central Australia). Differential travel-time residuals of the above phases at these stations are investigated to determine the contribution to the differential residuals from: (1) the upper part of the mantle (S-P residuals); (2) the core-to-station portion of the mantle (ScS-ScP residuals); and (3) the hypocenter-to core portion of the mantle (ScP-PcP residuals). The use of differential travel-time residuals considerably reduces near-station effects and effects due to inaccurate determination of the source parameters, and hence the results can be interpreted as due to variations along the propagation paths. The results show that (S-P) residuals from phases traveling along event-to-station paths are about 7 s smaller at the shield station than at the oceanic stations. This correlation with surface tectonic environments is equally strong for the (ScS-ScP) residuals, with the shield/oceanic station difference being about 4 s. Moreover, the data suggest that this correlation between differential residuals and surface tectonic environments is caused by variations in shear velocity within the upper part of the mantle. However, the data cannot uniquely resolve the required depth of these variations within the mantle. For example, if the shear velocity variations extend to a depth of 400 km beneath the recording stations, then the average shear velocity difference between shield- and oceanic-type environments is about 4%. However, if the variations extend only to a depth of 200 km, this difference is more than 8%. (ScP-PcP) and (ScS-PcS) residuals vary from about +1 to about +4 s at the different stations, apparently because of compressional velocity variations in the mantle along the Pc path. If the variation in compressional velocity within the mantle below a depth of about 600 km is about 10% and occurs near the source region, these results suggest that, in the vicinity of deep earthquake zones, variations in compressional velocity extend to a depth of about 1000 km. However, these results can equally be explained by a 1% variation in compressional velocity, evenly distributed along the entire Pc path. An estimate of Q determined from the observed predominant frequency of ScS waves, as recorded at the shield station, suggests that the average 〈Qs〉 of the mantle beneath about 600 km is about 1050 at frequencies of about 1 Hz.
Selective dry etch process for step and flash imprint lithography

In order for Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL) to be considered a viable printing technology to produce sub-100nm geometries, a reliable pattern transfer etch process needs to be established. Unlike optical lithography processes, imprinting features via S-FIL creates a residual layer of several hundred angstroms thick, which requires a break-through etch prior to etching the transfer layer. Of greater concern is the etch barrier used as the imaging layer for S-FIL technology. The incorporated silicon content is limited to approximately nine percent, and the formulation is geared toward achieving mechanical properties for the imprinting process. As a result, typical oxygen-based plasmas used for transferring more conventional bi-layer structures are not compatible with the current S-FIL resist stack. A reducing chemistry using ammonia (NH"3) plasma has been developed in providing a selective etch process for pattern transfer using S-FIL technology. The development of this NH"3-based process was a key enabler in the fabrication of the world's first surface acoustic wave filters patterned via S-FIL technology.
Molecular Oxygen Activation and Proton Transfer Mechanisms in Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase Catalysis

The CYP51 lanosterol 14α-demethylases are evolutionarily ancient enzymes ubiquitously distributed throughout the biological domains. The experimental X-ray crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) CYP51 is the first of an enzyme capable of catalyzing inert C−C bond cleavage. Amino acid sequence comparisons of CYP51 family members with other members of the CYP superfamily reveal the almost universally conserved “acid-alcohol” pair, putatively involved in proton transport and O2 activation, is replaced with a His-Thr dyad. In this study, extended molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations (QM/MM) are applied to characterize reactive oxygen intermediates and to unravel mechanisms of O2 activation vis-a-vis proton transport for this important enzyme. MD confirms stable His259δH+-Thr260OH−O2 (Mtb numbering) hydrogen bonding early in the simulations, suggesting these amino acids could function similarly to the Asp251-Thr252 pair in CYP101. QM/M...
One- and two-step contributions to the 90Zr(p,n)90Nb cross section at 0 degrees.

Within a multiple collision theory based on the eikonal approximation we study the $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$(p,n${)}^{90}$Nb 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} cross section at 200 MeV incident proton energy. Both the one- and two-step contributions are calculated and compared to the experimental inclusive cross section. Good agreement between theory and experiment is found. Possible implications for the ``missing Gamow-Teller strength'' are discussed.
Shock-initiated ignition in methane-propane mixtures

Abstract An experimental and modeling study of the preignition oxidation of methane and its sensitization by propane is reported. The ignition delay times were measured behind reflected shock waves at two different locations along the shock tube in 9.5% CH4-19.0% O2-Ar mixtures with 0.19, 0.475, 0.95, and 1.9% C3H8 added. The experiments were performed at a nearly constant density of approximately 2 × 10−5 mol/cm3 over a temperature range of 1300–1600K. A computer model, composed of 140 reactions and 34 species, was able to predict the experimental results obtained in this and earlier studies. The model was subjected to a sensitivity analysis, which was performed using the saturated-design technique. The oxidation of methane during the induction period was found to proceed through three distinct phases: initiation, oxidation of CH3 by O2, and oxidation of CH3 by HO2. The sensitization by propane was found to be primarily determined by the decomposition of the propane molecule.
Six ways of seeing the elephant: the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review six different ways that have been used to “see the elephant” that constitutes the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The proportions of women in positions of power and authority, leader preferences, leader stereotypes, attitudes toward women as leaders, linkages of leadership theories to gender stereotypes, and sex differences in leader behaviour and effectiveness are reviewed.Findings – The managerial playing field continues to be tilted in favor of men and behaviours associated with the masculine gender stereotype, a phenomenon that occurs despite what leadership theories and field evidence would suggest.Research limitations/implications – Future research should continue to track trends in proportions, preferences, stereotypes, attitudes, behaviour, and effectiveness pertaining to the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership. Scholars should not limit themselves in the kinds of research methods they apply to this ...
Passive and active microrheology with optical tweezers

Efforts at understanding the behaviour of complex materials at the micro scale have led to the development of many microrheological techniques capable of probing viscoelastic behaviour. Among these, optical tweezers have been extensively developed for biophysical applications: they offer several advantages over traditional techniques, and can be employed in both passive and active microrheology. In this report, we outline several methods that can be used with optical tweezers to measure the microrheological behaviour of materials such as glycerol, methylcellulose solutions, actin matrices, and cellular membranes. In addition, we quantify the effect that the index of refraction of the solution has on the stiffness of the optical trap. Our results indicate that optical tweezers force microscopy is a versatile tool for the exploration of viscoelastic behaviour in a range of substrates at the micro scale.
Heat transfer—a review of 1983 literature

Synthese des travaux publies et bibliographie mondiale sur le transfert de chaleur pour l'annee 1983
Hippocratic Medicine and the Greek Body Image

This study investigates the changes in the body image that occurred in the crucial cultural transformations that took place at the outset of Western rational thought in the transition from Archaic age to Classical age Greece. It does so from the delimited perspective that is offered by the group of medical writings known as the Hippocratic Corpus (specifically works on prognostics, dietetics, and surgery) that were contemporary with the early Classical age, but it also suggests parallel changes occurring in other cultural realms. The body images for that period are found to be diverse but yet all colored by the general transition from a ritual and praxis based experience of the world to one tempered by contemplative and dogmatic speculation. General observations are also made upon the use of the “body image” as a means of historical analysis in periods of cultural transformation.
Core-hole effects on the B K edge in MgB2

The projected density of states (DOS) for the ground and excited states of boron in MgB2 has been calculated using the augmented plane wave plus local orbital method. The core-hole interaction is found to have a significant effect on the B pxpy states, but has little effect on the more metallic B pz states. The unoccupied B pxpy DOS near the Fermi level decreases as a function of core-hole strength. Comparisons with experimental electron energy loss spectra of the B K edge show that a simulation with half a core hole provides the best approximation to the final states in MgB2.
Meta-Analysis of Factor Structure Studies

AbstractThe importance of replication is widely recognized in several research traditions. Empirical synthesis of seemingly diverse results may be particularly important when factor structure similarities are being evaluated because apparent differences in findings may be an artifact of different locations of factor axes, even though variable positions in factor space may be virtually identical. The present study empirically evaluated the comparability of seven sets of factor structures reported in previous research with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Results indicate that the inventory’s primary factors were reproduced in the studies, although the Masculine scale was somewhat less invariant than its Feminine counterpart. Thus, the results support the validity of this androgyny measure across several variations in sample types. The study represents a heuristic example of a methodology for the meta-analysis of factor structure studies.
Intermittent home treatment of status and clusters of seizures.

Summary: Clinical trials in children and adults indicate that the intermittent oral or rectal administration of diazepam is an effective and safe alternative for the acute management of recurrent paroxysmal disorders. Prompt home treatment of dangerous or upsetting relapses can prevent the morbid effects of prolonged seizures and offer the patients and their families a sense of control over the illness.
The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum

IN the spectra of the gaseous nebulae several very strong lines are found which have not been duplicated in any terrestrial source. Many lines of evidence point to the fact that the lines are emitted by an element of low atomic weight. Since the spectra of the light elements, as excited in terrestrial sources, are well known, this leads to the conclusion that there must be some condition, presumably low density, which exists in the nebulae, that causes additional lines to be emitted.
An Engineering Review of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Technologies

Senile aortic stenosis (AS), the narrowing and progressive dysfunction of the valve between the heart and the aorta, is the most common structural heart disease in the elderly, with an estimated increase in prevalence from approximately 38.7 million in 2008 to 88.5 million by 2050. The indications for conventional open aortic valve replacement (AVR) utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass remains the standard of care with excellent results. However, physicians remain reluctant to recommend AVR for elderly patients or those considered very high risk. The advent of transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI, transfemoral, and transapical) represents a tremendous advance in our ability to treat high-risk patients with severe AS. By avoiding the risks associated with aortic cross-clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass, it provides a treatment alternative for patients deemed too high risk for conventional AVR. However, this technology is still in the initial stages of clinical use and thus several design challenges and opportunities for improvements in the engineering concepts exist. This paper reviews the outcomes of the two TAVI technologies currently in wide clinical use, the Edwards Sapien® Valve (ESV) and the Medtronic CoreValve® (MCV) and discusses potential improvements in the current design.
A Model for Effective Thermal Conductivity of Unrestructured Sphere-Pac Fuel

A two-dimensional finite difference method is presented to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of sphere-pac fuel in its initial configuration. This method employs an approach using progre...
Effects of hydrocortisone and electric footshock on mouse brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity and tyrosine levels

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and levels of tyrosine were measured in whole brains from mice subjected to brief electric foot shock or to single or multiple injections of hydrocortisone acetate (HCA; 20 mg/kg). Adult brain tyrosine levels showed a rapid increase after either foot shock or a single injection of HCA; TH activity was also rapidly increased by foot shock but not by HCA. Multiple injections of HCA over three days increased brain TH activity in neonatal mice, but had no effect in adults. These results suggest that glucocorticoid hormone may have a regulatory influence on brain TH during the neonatal period, and that the hormone may also affect brain tyrosine. The acute effect of foot shock stress on brain TH activity is not a glucocorticoid-mediated event, but can be interpreted as enzyme activation due to neural stimulation.
Kinetics of the reaction of Ni(II) and acetylacetone

Abstract The rate of reaction of Ni(II) ion and acetylacetone to form monoacetylacetonate nickel(II) ion was studied conductometrically by a stop-flow method. The solvents consisted of several mixtures of water in 2-propanol ranging from 9·85 to 14·45 per cent water by weight. The temperatures in this study were 8·96°C, 0·00°C and −10·25°C. The rate of formation of the monoacetylacetonate nickel(II) ion was found to be first order with respect to both nickel ion concentration and the concentration of the enol tautomer of acetylacetone, hence second order overall. Hydrogen ion initially present in concentration up to 5 × 10−4 M had no apparent effect on the initial rate of reaction. The initial rate was also shown to be independent of the ionic strenght. In all solvents employed, the rate of first complex formation was complicated from the outset of reaction by the reversible nature of the process. Small changes in the dielectric constant of the solvent system were seen to have a large effect on the rate of formation of the complex. The log of the second order rate constant was found to be a linear function of 1 D in the range of dielectric constant of 33−22. Below this range, the plot shows a very rapidly increasing slope attributable to changes in the co-ordination sphere of Ni(II). The energy of activation in any solvent of fixed composition, (Ea)c, was mathematically separated into two components, energy of activation at constant dielectric, (Ea)D, and energy of activation at constant temperature, (Ea)T. The relationship: (Ea)C = (Ea)T + (Ea)D appears to hold at dielectric constant above 25.
The effect of presearch experience on the success of naive (end‐user) searches

Quatorze etudiants diplomes ont ete convies a mener sur DIALOG une recherche dans des index automatises dans leur discipline: la communication de masse. Mais sept d'entre eux ont prolonge cette recherche dans les index imprimes; tandis que les sept autres l'on fait preceder d'une recherche dans les index imprimes. Il semblerait que le couple recherche/electronique/recherche manuelle donne les resultats les plus satisfaisants
Cryopreservation of the Germplasm of Animals Used in Biological and Medical Research: Importance, Impact, Status, and Future Directions

Molecular genetics and developmental biology have created thousands of new strains of laboratory animals, including rodents, Drosophila, and zebrafish. This process will accelerate. A decreasing fraction can be maintained as breeding colonies; hence, the others will be lost irretrievably unless their germplasm can be cryopreserved. Because of the increasingly critical role of cryopreservation, and because of wide differences in the success with which various forms of germplasm can be cryopreserved in various species, the National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources held a workshop on April 10-11, 2007, titled "Achieving High-Throughput Repositories for Biomedical Germplasm Preservation." The species of concern were mouse, rat, domestic swine, rhesus monkey, and zebrafish. Our review/commentary has several purposes. The first is to summarize the status of the cryopreservation of germplasm from these species as assessed in the workshop. The second is to discuss the nature of the major underlying problems when survivals are poor or highly variable and possible ways of addressing them. Third is to emphasize the importance of a balance between fundamental and applied research in the process. Finally, we assess and comment on the factors to be considered in transferring from a base of scientific information to maximally cost-effective processes for the preservation of this germplasm in repositories. With respect to the first purpose, we discuss the three methods of preservation in use: slow equilibrium freezing, rapid nonequilibrium vitrification, and the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection to achieve fertilization with sperm rendered nonviable by other preservation treatments. With respect to the last purpose, we comment on and concur with the workshop's recommendations that cryopreservation largely be conducted by large, centralized repositories, and that both sperm (low front-end but high rederivation costs) and embryos (high front-end but modest rederivation costs) be preserved.
Identification of Cellular Proteins Interacting with Equine Infectious Anemia Virus S2 Protein

The macrophage-tropic lentivirus, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), encodes the small auxiliary protein S2 from a short open reading frame that overlaps the amino terminus of env EIAV S2 is dispensable for virus replication in cultured cells but is required for disease production. S2 is approximately 7 kDa and has no overall amino acid sequence homology to other cellular or viral proteins. Therefore it is likely that S2 plays a role as an adaptor protein. To further investigate S2 function we performed a yeast-2-hybrid screen to identify cellular proteins that interact with EIAV S2. The screen identified two human cellular proteins, amplified in osteosarcoma (OS-9) and proteasome 26S ATPase subunit 3 (PSMC3) that interact with S2. The equine homologues of these proteins were cloned and their interactions with S2 confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation assays. We identified two OS-9 isoforms that interact with S2 and a third splice variant that does not, indicating a region of OS-9 apparently required for the S2 interaction. The roles of these cellular proteins during EIAV infection have not been determined.
Incorporation of [6-3H] glucose into lipid, protein, RNA and DNA of slices of differentiating rat cerebral cortex.

— An assay in vitro utilizing [6−3H)glucose as precursor for synthesis of lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA was developed for incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex. The developmental changes in synthesis of macromolecules were followed during differentiation of rat cerebral cortex. The incorporation of glucose into lipids and proteins decreased 10-fold in incubated slices of cerebral cortex during progression from foetal to adult ages. In contrast, the specific radioactivities of RNA and DNA in incubated slices increased from the values at 3 days prepartum to peaks at 2–4 weeks postpartum.
Extremal Dependence: Internet Traffic Applications

ABSTRACT For bivariate heavy tailed data, the extremes may carry distinctive dependence information not seen from moderate values. For example, a large value in one component may help cause a large value in the other. This is the idea behind the notion of extremal dependence. We discuss ways to detect and measure extremal dependence. We apply the techniques discussed to internet data and conclude that for files transferred, file size and throughput (the inferred rate at which the file is transferred) exhibit extremal independence.
Suppressor cells and IgA deficiency.

Abstract Regulator cell function and terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes in six patients with selective IgA deficiency were evaluated. Suppression of IgA synthesis was determined by in vitro pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cell cultures in which IgA-deficient and control lymphocytes were cocultured for 7 days. IgA synthesis was measured by double antibody radioimmunoassay in culture supernatants. Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from all six patients with selective IgA deficiency were found to synthesize significantly smaller amounts of IgA following pokeweed stimulation than did the normal controls. Cocultures of IgA and control lymphocytes revealed a significant inhibition of expected IgA synthesis in three of the six patients. Concomitant control lymphocyte cocultures showed little or no inhibition. These results suggest the presence of suppressor cells for IgA synthesis in a subpopulation of patients with selective IgA deficiency.
Two-phase anaerobic digestion of high-metal-content municipal-industrial sludge

Abstract This paper presents the development of an innovative two-phase methane fermentation process that provided a mesophilic methane yield of about 0·5 SCM/kg VS (8 SCF/lb VS) added from digestion of a municipal-industrial sludge at a system hydraulic residence time (HRT) of about 6 days compared with a yield of 0·22–0·31 SCM/kg VS (3·5–5·0 SCF/lb VS) added obtained from single-stage conventional ‘high-rate’ digesters operated at HRTs of 10–20 days. This innovative process has substantive beneficial impact on the production of net energy and availability of surplus digester methane.
Determination of the soil pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer

Abstract The objective of this paper was to investigate the pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer using a pressure sensing mat under laboratory conditions. The investigation was conducted under (1) constrained conditions using cylindrical split pipe molds and (2) unconstrained conditions using a soil box. These tests were conducted in Capay clay and Yolo loam soil containing two different moisture conditions and two compaction levels. In the constrained tests, a maximum radial pressure of 111 kPa was observed in the Capay clay soil with 3.4–4.3% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 2040 kPa) when using the 41 mm diameter split pipe mold. These pressure levels decreased to 82 and 22 kPa, respectively, when 65 and 88 mm diameter molds were used. In both the Capay clay and Yolo loam tests, the average radial pressure and average cone index values showed similar trends. In the unconstrained tests, a maximum pressure of 9.0 kPa was observed in the Capay clay with 4.5% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 550 kPa) at a horizontal distance of 25.4 mm from the vertical axis of the cone penetrometer and minimum pressure levels in the range of 0.2–0.3 kPa when the horizontal distance of the penetrometer was in the range of 56.8–66 mm. The pressure levels are much smaller than the ones obtained in the constrained tests and may suggest that the pressure distribution under field conditions is small at a distance of 25.4 mm or higher from the tip of the cone. The experimental data were statistically analyzed to identify significant factors. The results of the analysis for the constrained test indicated that the mold diameter and number of blows significantly increased the pressure readings within the soil mass. Increasing the mold diameter led to a decrease in the average radial pressure and increasing the number of blows contributed to an increase in the average radial pressure. In the unconstrained test, the average radial pressure distribution at a given point were significantly influenced by the horizontal distance of the point from the vertical axis passing through the center of the penetrometer shaft, soil type, and soil moisture content. Higher pressure values were obtained in the Capay clay tests compared to the Yolo loam tests. In all cases, the pressure levels were greater for the drier soil than for the moist soil.
Semiautomatic readout for stage coordinates for multiple microscope systems

Abstract A system (HAREM) has been designed and constructed, with which one can semiautomatically record X , Y and Z coordinates from several microscopes on a single magnetic tape recorder, for subsequent computer processing. Coordinates are recorded with a precision of 2 μm and transcription errors have been eliminated. The coordinate position of the microscope stage is also visually displayed. The system has been installed on six Leitz Ortholux microscopes used for scanning nuclear research emulsions.
3 MW Solid Rotating Target Design

A rotating solid target design concept is being developed for potential use at the second SNS target station (STS). A long pulse beam (∼1 ms) at 1.3 GeV and 20 Hz is planned with power levels at or above 1 MW. Since the long pulse may give future opportunities for higher power, this study is looking at 3 MW to compare the performance of a solid rotating target to a mercury target. Unlike the case for stationary solid targets at such powers this study indicates that a rotating solid target, when used with large coupled hydrogen moderators, has neutronic performance equal to or better than that with a mercury target, and the solid target has a greatly increased lifetime. Design studies have investigated water cooled tungsten targets with tantalum cladding approximately 1.2 m in diameter, and 70 mm thick. Operating temperatures are low (<150 °C) with mid-plane, top and bottom surface cooling. In case of cooling system failure, the diameter gives enough surface area to remove the decay heat by radiation to the surrounding reflector assemblies while keeping the peak temperatures below approximately 700 °C. This temperature should mitigate potential loss of coolant accidents and subsequent steam, tungsten interaction which has a threshold of approximately 800 °C. Design layouts for the sealing systems and potential target station concepts have been developed.
Altered brain activation during response inhibition in obstructive sleep apnea.

This study examined response inhibition during a Go-NoGo task in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Fourteen OSA patients and 14 controls were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Compared to Controls, the OSA group showed more false positives (error of commission) during the NoGo trials with decreased brain activation in the left postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and inferior parietal lobe, as well as right insula and putamen. This is consistent with previous findings of impaired performance and decreased brain activation in OSA patients during a working memory task, suggesting that compromised brain function in response to cognitive challenges may underlie some of the cognitive deficits seen in patients with OSA.
Acoustics of Aircraft Engine-Duct Systems

Noise generated in aircraft engines is usually suppressed by acoustically treating the engine ducts. The optimization of this treatment requires an understanding of the transmission and attenuation of the acoustic waves. A critical review is presented of the state of the art regarding methods of determining the transmission and attenuation parameters and the effect on these parameters of (1) acoustic properties of liners, (2) the mean velocity, including uniform and shear profiles and nonparallel flow, (3) axial and transverse temperature gradients, (4) slowly and abruptly varying cross sections, and (5) finite-amplitude waves and nonlinear duct liners.
The effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio vulgaris) on the liver mixed-function oxidase system

A model system to detect the toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was explored. Using the liver S-10 fraction, the effect of PAs on aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase was examined. PAs were toxic to the aminopyrine N-demethylase enzyme system while exerting no toxicity on the aniline hydroxylase enzyme system.
Pushing the Intuitions behind Moral Internalism

Moral Internalism proposes a necessary link between judging that an action is right/wrong and being motivated to perform/avoid that action. Internalism is central to many arguments within ethics, including the claim that moral judgments are not beliefs, and the claim that certain types of moral skepticism are incoherent. However, most of the basis for accepting Internalism rests on intuitions that have recently been called into question by empirical work. This paper further investigates the intuitions behind Internalism. Three experiments show not only that these intuitions are not widespread, but that they are significantly influenced by normative evaluations of the situation in question. These results are taken to undermine Internalist intuitions, and contribute to the growing body of evidence showing that normative evaluations influence supposedly non-normative judgments.
Mechanical degradation of glass fibers during compounding with polypropylene

The objective was to study the fiber length degradation during compounding of glass fiber with polypropylene. The effect of parameters such as viscosity, total work, concentration on fiber length and dispersion was studied using an automatic particle size analyzer. The length degradation is most severe during the very first stage of the process, i.e., when fiber bundles are being filamentized. The mode of glass fiber incorporation into the melt (fiber addition to the molten resin versus to polypropylene powder prior to compounding) was found to have no effect on the final fiber length. Matrix resin viscosity affects the fiber length significantly. Concentration dependencies of fiber length for different times of compounding suggest that the degradation results from both fiber-fiber and fiber-melt interactions.
Expandable metal stent placement for benign colorectal obstruction: outcomes for 23 cases

Background Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are an established treatment for palliation of malignant colorectal strictures and as a bridge to surgery for acute malignant colonic obstruction. Patients with benign colonic strictures may benefit from stent placement, but little data exist for this indication.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

Background—Fat inflammation may play an important role in comorbidities associated with obesity such as atherosclerosis. Methods and Results—To first establish feasibility of fat transplantation, epididymal fat pads were harvested from wild-type C57BL/6J mice and transplanted into leptin-deficient (Lep ob/ob ) mice. Fat transplantation produced physiological leptin levels and prevented obesity and infertility in Lep ob/ob mice. However, the transplanted fat depots were associated with chronically increased macrophage infiltration with characteristics identical to those observed in fat harvested from obese animals. The inflammation in transplanted adipose depots was regulated by the same factors that have been implicated in endogenous fat inflammation such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. To determine whether this inflamed adipose depot could affect vascular disease in mice, epididymal fat depots were transplanted into atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E–deficient ApoE / mice. Plasma from ApoE / mice receiving fat transplants contained increased leptin, resistin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 compared with plasma from sham-operated ApoE / mice. Furthermore, mice transplanted with visceral fat developed significantly more atherosclerosis compared with sham-operated animals, whereas transplants with subcutaneous fat did not affect atherosclerosis despite a similar degree of fat inflammation. Treatment of transplanted ApoE / mice with pioglitazone decreased macrophage content of the transplanted visceral fat pad and reduced plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Importantly, pioglitazone also reduced atherosclerosis triggered by inflammatory visceral fat but had no protective effect on atherosclerosis in the absence of the visceral fat transplantation. Conclusions—Our results indicate that visceral adipose-related inflammation accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Drugs such as thiazolidinediones might be a useful strategy to specifically attenuate the vascular disease induced by visceral inflammatory fat. (Circulation. 2008;117:798-805.)
CONSISTENCY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF SPONTANEOUS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY AND EYE MOVEMENTS.

Spontaneous autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (GSR) was recorded during rest, and frequency of horizontal eye movements was recorded during the viewing of two different dot patterns by 14 Ss....
Remaining large grasslands may not be sufficient to prevent grassland bird declines

Abstract Grassland birds are in steep decline throughout many regions of the world. In North America, even some common species have declined by >50% over the last few decades. Declines in grassland bird populations have generally been attributed to widespread agricultural conversion of grasslands; more than 80% of North American grasslands have been converted to agriculture and other land uses, for example. Remaining large grasslands should thus be especially important to the conservation of grassland birds. The Flint Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma (USA) preserves the largest intact tallgrass prairie (∼2 million ha) left in the world. The Flint Hills supports a major cattle industry, however, and therefore experiences widespread grazing and frequent burning. We assessed the regional population status of three grassland birds that are considered the core of the avian community in this region (Dickcissel, Spiza americana ; Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum ; Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna ). Our approach is founded on a demographic analysis that additionally explores how to model variability in empirically derived estimates of reproductive success across a large heterogeneous landscape, which ultimately requires the translation of demographic data from local (plot) to regional scales. We found that none of these species is demographically viable at a regional scale under realistic assumptions, with estimated population declines of 3–29%/year and a likelihood of regional viability of 0–45% over the two years of study. Current land-management practices may thus be exacerbating grassland bird declines by degrading habitat in even large grassland remnants. Habitat area is thus no guarantee of population viability in landscapes managed predominantly for agricultural or livestock production.
Randomized Trial of a Hypnosis Intervention for Treatment of Hot Flashes Among Breast Cancer Survivors

Purpose Hot flashes are a significant problem for many breast cancer survivors. Hot flashes can cause discomfort, disrupted sleep, anxiety, and decreased quality of life. A well-tolerated and effective mind-body treatment for hot flashes would be of great value. On the basis of previous case studies, this study was developed to evaluate the effect of a hypnosis intervention for hot flashes. Patients and Methods Sixty female breast cancer survivors with hot flashes were randomly assigned to receive hypnosis intervention (five weekly sessions) or no treatment. Eligible patients had to have a history of primary breast cancer without evidence of detectable disease and 14 or more weekly hot flashes for at least 1 month. The major outcome measure was a bivariate construct that represented hot flash frequency and hot flash score, which was analyzed by a classic sums and differences comparison. Secondary outcome measures were self-reports of interference of hot flashes on daily activities. Results Fifty-one rando...
Supporting cystic fibrosis disease management during adolescence: the role of family and friends

Background Successful management of a complex disease, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), requires support from family and friends; however, few studies have examined social support in adolescents with CF.
Microsphere Measurement of Intrarenal Circulation of the Dog

Distribution of cortical blood flow was measured in the dog by a technique based on radionuclide-labeled microspheres. Initially it was necessary to test possible pitfalls of this technique. Completeness of trapping in the kidney, the effect on renal function, and the notion that microsphere distribution reflects blood flow distribution in the kidney cortex were studied. Renal vein blood contained less than 0.2% of the microspheres (16.8µ diameter) found in the renal artery after an aortic injection. No impairment of C PAH (control 167±4; postinjection 179±31 ml/min), C In (control 39.3%6; postinjection 37.6±2 ml/min), and T m glucose (control 90.8±13; postinjection 102±24) was found using doses adequate to measure renal blood flow (5 mg/injection x 4 injections). After 4 injections of 50 mg each significant impairment of renal function was observed. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was determined during hemorrhagic hypotension. 169 Yb-labeled microspheres were injected into the root of the aorta before, and 85 Sr-labeled microspheres after, acute hemorrhage. Radioactivity was measured in the outer two thirds and inner one third of kidney slices. Tissue blood flow was calculated and expressed as the ratio of outer cortex to inner cortex counts. Renal blood flow was redistributed to the inner cortex after hemorrhage (ratio before, 3.00; after 1.30, P 133 Xe washout. The first component of the washout technique correlated fairly well with total cortical flow but it was not possible to match the second component with any single anatomical area of the kidney. Limitations of the 133 Xe washout are discussed.
The failure response of the human cervical facet capsular ligament during facet joint retraction

Studies implicate the cervical facet joint and its capsule as a primary anatomical site of injury during whiplash exposures to the neck. Although the facet joint is known to undergo stretch as the superior vertebra is retracted relative to the inferior vertebra during the whiplash kinematic, the response of the facet capsular ligament and its microstructure during failure in joint retraction is unknown. Polarized light imaging and vector correlation analysis were used to measure the collagen fiber alignment in the human capsular ligament, together with traditional mechanical metrics, during joint retraction sufficient to induce ligament failure. Anomalous fiber realignment occurs at 2.9571.66 mm of displacement, which is not different from the displacement when the ligament first yields (2.7771.55 mm), but is significantly lower (p¼0.016) than the displacement at tissue failure (5.4071.65 mm). The maximum principal strain at the first detection of anomalous fiber realignment (0.6670.39) also is significantly lower (p¼ 0.046) than the strain at failure (1.3970.64), but is not different from the strains at yield or partial failure. The onset of collagen fiber realignment determined in this study corresponds to the ligament’s yielding and supports assertions that the facet capsule can undergo tissue injury during joint retraction. Further, such microstructural responses may indicate tissue damage in the absence of rupture.
Selenate partitioning in field-situated constructed wetland mesocosms

We performed a Se mass balance on field-situated, small-scale (mesocosm) wetlands receiving synthetic drainage water containing 82–89 μg l−1 Se as selenate. Over two experiments (summer and winter-spring), we examined three ecosystem types (Typha angustifolia L.; Polypogon monspeliensis [L.] Desf.; and unplanted controls); three retention times (2.4, 4.8 and 7.6 days); and two sulfate levels (5 and 20 mM). Both vegetated treatments removed ∼40% of the Se mass versus ∼23% removal by the controls in experiment 1. In experiment 2, higher retention times resulted in greater % Se mass removals (24 vs. 66%), and lower effluent Se concentrations (82 vs. 57 μg l−1 Se); however, daily Se mass removal rates (μg m−2 day−1) were similar across the threefold variation in RT, illustrating that higher RTs serve to decrease effluent concentration, not Se mass load. Unexpectedly, lower sulfate concentrations had no effect on Se removal. The sum of the total effluent, sediment, and vegetation Se masses averaged 3–18% less than the total influent Se mass. These minor shortfalls likely result from Se volatilization. The mesocosms performed similarly to reports of larger wetlands from the literature and may be a useful approach for optimizing the design of field-scale wetlands.
The Social Construction of Love

What does it mean to love someone? In particular, does it mean the same thing across time and space, or does its meaning change with context? Is the emotional experience of love, regardless of how people define love, always the same, or does the experience of love vary with context? In this article, we argue for a social-constructionist view of love, according to which both the definition and the emotional experience of love are contextually bound. We review both the social history and the psychological backdrop of love, concluding that we can understand love only in terms of cultural conceptions of (a) the beloved, (b) the feelings that accompany love, (c) the thoughts that accompany love, and (d) the actions, or the relations one has with the beloved.
Plasmacytoma manifesting as recurrent cellulitis and hematic cyst of the orbit.

Purpose To describe a patient with recurrent periorbital cellulitis and orbital blood cyst as the initial manifestation of primary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Methods The chart, imaging studies, and histopathologic examination results and literature on the subject were reviewed. Results Orbital surgery disclosed a hematic cyst along with a solitary plasma cell tumor. Conclusions Periorbital cellulitis and pain can be a manifestation of a plasma cell tumor. Bleeding may occur within a necrotic orbital tumor.
Associations of supermarket accessibility with obesity and fruit and vegetable consumption in the conterminous United States

Limited access to supermarkets may reduce consumption of healthy foods, resulting in poor nutrition and increased prevalence of obesity. Most studies have focused on accessibility of supermarkets in specific urban settings or localized rural communities. Less is known, however, about how supermarket accessibility is associated with obesity and healthy diet at the national level and how these associations differ in urban versus rural settings. We analyzed data on obesity and fruit and vegetable (F/V) consumption from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2000-2006 at the county level. We used 2006 Census Zip Code Business Patterns data to compute population-weighted mean distance to supermarket at the county level for different sizes of supermarket. Multilevel logistic regression models were developed to test whether population-weighted mean distance to supermarket was associated with both obesity and F/V consumption and to determine whether these relationships varied for urban (metropolitan) versus rural (nonmetropolitan) areas. Distance to supermarket was greater in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas. The odds of obesity increased and odds of consuming F/V five times or more per day decreased as distance to supermarket increased in metropolitan areas for most store size categories. In nonmetropolitan areas, however, distance to supermarket had no associations with obesity or F/V consumption for all supermarket size categories. Obesity prevalence increased and F/V consumption decreased with increasing distance to supermarket in metropolitan areas, but not in nonmetropolitan areas. These results suggest that there may be a threshold distance in nonmetropolitan areas beyond which distance to supermarket no longer impacts obesity and F/V consumption. In addition, obesity and food environments in nonmetropolitan areas are likely driven by a more complex set of social, cultural, and physical factors than a single measure of supermarket accessibility. Future research should attempt to more precisely quantify the availability and affordability of foods in nonmetropolitan areas and consider alternative sources of healthy foods besides supermarkets.