cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYCOBILIPROTEINS: COMPARISON OF SOLUTION AND SINGLE CRYSTAL FLUORESCENCE FOR C-PHYCOCYANIN AND B-PHYCOERYTHRIN*

— Trimeric and hexameric solution forms of C-phycocyanin (CPC) from the cyanophyte Agme-nellum quadruplicatum have been isolated and their spectral properties compared to those obtained from single crystals. Although the absorbance peak of a suspension of small C-phycocyanin crystals is red-shifted only 7 nm relative to the solution forms, the single crystal fluorescence is red-shifted 60 nm relative to the solution forms. The crystal fluorescence spectrum exhibits a single peak at LDmax= 708 nm when excited at 514.5 or 530.9 nm and two peaks (LDmax= 661 and 708 nm) when excitation occurs at 568.2 nm. Fluorescence depolarization measurements indicate that extensive energy transfer could occur for both solution and crystal forms with the latter being dependent upon the relative orientation of the crystal with respect to the excitation dipole. Similar results were obtained with B-phycoerythrin (BPE) from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum where the single crystal fluorescence is red-shifted =50nm relative to the solution spectra with two peaks (LDmax= 583 and 617 nm) observed whose relative intensities are dependent on the excitation wavelength (LDmax– 514.5 and 530.9 nm). Single crystal fluorescent lifetimes exhibited considerable shortening relative to that observed for the solution forms. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the possible relationships of the crystalline structures to the assembly forms present within phycobilisomes.
1739: History, self, and other in Afsharid Iran and Mughal India

(1998). 1739: History, self, and other in Afsharid Iran and Mughal India. Iranian Studies: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 207-217.
Synthesis of anthracyclines via a claisen-diels-alder sequence

Abstract Naphthalene 16 , a key intermediate for the synthesis of nogalamycin, was prepared in a six step sequence in 25% overall yield. The key step was a tandem Claisen-Diels-Alder sequence wherein the B- and C-rings were introduced in a single step. The naphthalene subunit was introduced by selenenylation of a β-diketone.
Liver, Heart and Adrenal Weights of Broilers Reared Under Constant Temperatures

Abstract GARREN and Shaffner (1952, 1956) exposed New Hampshire chicks to 6.7°C. for periods up to 4 weeks starting at 7 weeks of age and found the adrenals larger and the bursa and spleen smaller than in birds at room temperature. Wolford and Ringer (1962) used Single Comb White Leghorn hens and exposed them to 1.7°C. for short periods and concluded that adrenal weights appear to be unreliable as stress indicators in the mature hens. Francis et al. (1967) reared three strains of Single Comb White Leghorn males at 15, 182 and 2,215 meters above sea level and concluded this significantly affected relative heart weight. A study was conducted to determine the development of broilers reared under various constant temperatures from 1 to 56 days of age as measured by liver, heart, and adrenal weights. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Immediately after hatching, 120 commercial broiler chicks were placed in each of four environmental…
Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase by phosphorylase kinase

Abstract Skeletal muscle glycogen a4-synthase (EC 2.4.1.11) has been purified free of all synthase kinase and phosphatase activities by chromatography on a Glc-N-6-P-Sepharose affinity column and then on a phosphocellulose column. This preparation of glycogen synthase was tested as a substrate for purified skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase (ATP:phosphorylase-b phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.38). Phosphorylase kinase (1-10 microgram/ml or 0.03-0.3 microM) catalyzes rapid phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (4.5 microM) associated with conversion of the active a form to the less active b form. In the reaction, greater than 95% of the 32P incorporation from [gamma-32P]ATP goes into the synthase subunit almost exclusively in the trypsin-insensitive region which is responsible for synthase a-to-b conversion. Synthase phosphorylation or inactivations catalyzed by phosphorylase kinase is blocked by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, is ATP dependent, is 10-fold more rapid at pH 8.6 than at pH 6.8, and is increased 10-fold by prior activation of the phosphorylase kinase with MgATP and cyclic AMP. With activated phosphorylase kinase at pH 8.2 the apparent Km and Vmax are approximately 70 microM and 4 mumol/min per mg with glycogen synthase and 70 microM and 9 mumol/min per mg with phosphorylase as substrate. It is concluded that glycogen synthase is a substrate in vitro for phosphorylase kinase, a Ca2+-dependent enzyme. The possible physiological significance of this reaction is discussed.
Temptation, Resolutions, and Regret

AbstractDiscussion of temptation has figured prominently in recent debates concerning instrumental rationality. In light of some particularly interesting cases in which giving in to temptation involves acting in accordance with one’s current evaluative rankings, two lines of thought have been developed: one appeals to the possibility of deviating from a well-grounded resolution, and the other appeals to the possibility of being insufficiently responsive to the prospect of future regret. But the current appeals to resolutions and regret and some of the verdicts provided face some serious challenges. Building on recent work concerning instrumental rationality, and delving into some important complications concerning human psychology, I revisit the relevant cases of temptation and analyze them in a way that puts resolutions, rational failure, and regret in their proper places. In the process, I highlight and explain the significance of the neglected fact that resolutions can introduce effective anchor points...
DENSITY-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF ANTS ON SELECTION FOR BUMBLE BEE POLLINATION IN POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM

Mutualisms are commonly exploited by cheater species that usurp rewards without providing reciprocal benefits. Yet most studies of selection between mutualist partners ignore interactions with third species and consequently overlook the impact of cheaters on evolution in the mutualism. Here, we explicitly investigate how the abundance of nectar-thieving ants (cheaters) influences selection in a pollination mutualism between bumble bees and the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. As suggested in past work with this species, bumble bees accounted for most of the seed production (78% ± 6% [mean ± SE]) in our high tundra study population and, in the absence of ants, exerted strong selection for large flowers. We tested for indirect effects of ant abundance on seed set through bumble bee pollination services (pollen delivery and pollen export) and a direct effect through flower damage. Ants reduced seed set per flower by 20% via flower damage. As ant density increased within experimental patches, the rate of flower damage rose, but pollen delivery and export did not vary significantly, showing that indirect effects of increased cheater abundance on pollinator service are negligible in this system. To address how ants affect selection for plant participation in the pollination mutualism we tested the impact of ant abundance on selection for bumble bee-mediated pollination. Results show that the impact of ants on fitness (seed set) accruing under bumble bee pollination is density dependent in P. viscosum. Selection for bumble bee pollination declined with increasing ant abundance in experimental patches, as predicted if cheaters constrain fitness returns of mutualist partner services. We also examined how ant abundance influences selection on flower size, a key component of plant investment in bumble bee pollination. We predicted that direct effects of ants would constrain bumble bee selection for large flowers. However, selection on flower size was significantly positive over a wide range of ant abundance (20–80% of plants visited by ants daily). Although high cheater abundance reduces the fitness returns of bumble bee pollination, it does not completely eliminate selection for bumble bee attraction in P. viscosum.
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of liquids and solutions

This contribution is a short overview of some of the highlights in the application of density functional based ab initio molecular dynamics methods to aqueous liquids and their chemistry. Recent progress in the study of liquid water at neutral and finite pH is discussed in some detail, such as the first principles computation of the molecular dipole moment in the liquid and the equilibrium constant for auto-dissociation. Also mentioned are some recent simulations of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions. We conclude with an outlook for the near future.
Psi Particles and Dyons

A hypothetical magnetic model of matter provides a natural setting for the newly discovered psi particles. This supplements a phenomenological description of such particles that had appeared prior to their experimental recognition.
Residential time-of-use kilowatthour meter

Abstract To extend time-of-use (TOU) load management from industrial to residential users, a low-cost meter with capabilities similar to industrial TOU meters is required. A design study uncovered many opportunities for reducing cost and adding capabilities. For example, efficient software allowed the use of a low-cost four-bit CMOS microcontroller, and the low-power CMOS circuits allowed the use of either a non-rechargeable 10-year life battery or a ‘supercapacitor’ for reserve power during outages. New capabilities included the recording of date and duration of the longest outage and a security scheme to foil tampering. Prototype residential TOU meters were developed and tested. In 1984, the cost of materials for the prototype was approximately U.S. $35 each for a quantity of 5000 and is expected to be significantly lower for production quantities.
Technical problems develop in Mars satellite instruments

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has developed technical problems in two of its six science instruments, NASA announced on 7 February. The Mars Climate Sounder, which maps the distribution of temperature, ice clouds, and dust in the planet's atmosphere, has been temporarily stowed while scientists investigate why the instrument occasionally skips steps and puts the field of view slightly out of position. The problem first appeared in December and a fix seemed to work, but the problem reappeared in mid-January. Scientists are also investigating a problem with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera, MRO's main imager. In late November, noise in the form of bad pixels developed in one of the camera's 14 detector pairs, and six other detectors have since developed the problem. Though the effect on overall image quality is small, scientists are worried that the problem could worsen.
Laser-Assisted Chemical And Morphological Modification Of Metallic Substrates

The synthesis of silicon nitride surface layers on metal substrates by laser-activated deposition of organometallic precursors has been demonstrated. Advantages of this technique include high deposition rates, constancy of composition, and avoidance of toxic or pyrophor ic reactants. The uniform morphology surface layers of up to 20μm thickness contained 2000 A diameter particles of amorphous silicon nitride. Auger electron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy revealed there to be oxygen contamination at the surface. Attainment of a uniform morphology required a specific set of processing conditions. The presence of residual Si-CH 3 bonds within the layers was shown to be reduced by subsequent laser heating. Suggestions are made for obtaining Si3N4 layers of improved purity, also for extending this approach by using a variety of organometallic precursors to obtain SiC and Si0 2 layers.
Metallurgical and low-temperature electronic properties of M 1 − x U x Pd 3 ( M = Sc , Y, La) alloys

In this paper, we compare the metallurgical and low-temperature electronic properties of the pseudo-binary alloy systems ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ to gain insight into the nature of the non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior observed in these systems at low temperatures. Our results show that both the ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ systems exhibit similar NFL behavior, in spite of significant differences in their metallurgical properties. This comparison provides strong evidence that the NFL behavior is an intrinsic property, and not an extrinsic property driven by metallurgical disorder. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray-diffraction measurements revealed that the U in the ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ system is inhomogeneously distributed on the micron length scale, while the U in the ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ system is nearly homogeneously distributed. However, low-temperature measurements of the electronic specific heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}{=C}_{p}/T,$ magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi},$ and electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ show that the compounds ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{U}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{U}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ exhibit the following NFL behavior with nearly the same Kondo temperature ${(T}_{K}):$ ${C}_{p}/T\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}{(1/T}_{K})\mathrm{ln}{(T/T}_{K}),$ $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\propto}1\ensuremath{-}{(T/T}_{K}{)}^{1/2},$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}1\ensuremath{-}{(T/T}_{K}).$ We also report on the metallurgical properties of the related systems ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}.$
CELL DIVISION AND FILAMENT FORMATION IN THE DESMID BAMBUSINA BREBISSONII (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Cell division and semicell expansion in the filamentous desmid Bambusina brebissonii Kutz. were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Interphase cells are typical of desmids, containing a full complement of organelles and a cell wall penetrated by complex pores, but the cells lack a well-defined median constriction. Cell division involves an open spindle and the centripetal growth of a primary septum formed by the fusion of small, dark-staining vesicles probably derived from dictyosomes. Telophase nuclei are separated by a system of interzonal microtubules and numerous large, lighter-staining vesicles also derived from the dictyosomes. Following cell division, an elaborate replicate cross wall is formed which consists of both primary and secondary wall layers. During semicell expansion, a portion of the primary wall splits apart as the new semicells evaginate and expand to their full size. The primary wall stops splitting at a thick ring of secondary wall material leaving the cells united by the remaining common layer of primary wall. When semicell expansion is completed, the primary wall is not shed from the lateral walls of the new semicells, and pores through both primary and secondary wall layers begin to produce sheath material. However, pores in the end walls of cells do not function unless the filament is broken. The intact primary wall between cells and the absence of sheath production between cells comprise the mechanism serving to hold the cells of Bambusina brebissonii together in long filaments.
Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s

X\/HEN the reality of events runs counter to the moral imperative of an era, reasonable men join fanatics in rejecting quiet argument and compromise for more vigorous action. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 marked such an occasion. Long uneasy with the drift and thrust of public action, antislavery men had been alarmed by the threat and then the reality of Texas annexation and war with Mexico. The hopes which the Wilmot Proviso and the Free Soil party had momentarily raised were rudely dashed by the Compromise of 1850. In the decade which followed, both antislavery political moderates and Garrisonian radicals evolved a new style. Openly defying government, deliberately and persistently breaking the law, and explicitly tolerating violence, they desperately searched for a new tactic to embrace and achieve their aims. Abolition had always been radical. From the adoption of immediate and uncompensated emancipation and the organization of the American AntiSlavery Society in 1833, subgroups continually emerged going beyond majority opinion within the antislavery societies and demanding ever more extreme programs. By 1840, Garrisonian perfectionism and multi-reform millenialism had driven both orthodox clericals and Liberty party supporters from the American Anti-Slavery Society's ranks. But the rump did not long remain coherent. During the 1840s, it too shattered and divided over the issues of "coming out" and disunion. By the late 1830s ultra-Garrisonians had developed a strong anticlerical and apolitical position. They had sought to purge churches of fellowship-
Representation, simulation and control of manufacturing process with different forms of uncertainties

This paper suggests a new methodology for effectively describing and analyzing manufacturing processes with uncertainties. Uncertain information in the form of variance and vagueness are captured using probability distribution and fuzzy logic. The captured uncertainties are incorporated into a new Petri Net model referred to as Fuzzy colored Petri Net with stochastic time delay (FCPN-std). Through FCPN-std, general manufacturing uncertainties such as unclear operation rules, unfixed resource plan and processing time variances can be incorporated. This paper focuses on how FCPN-std model is generated and simulated for analyzing system performances. The procedure is illustrated using an example process. The main advantages of FCPN-std model are in the ability to capture and analyze manufacturing uncertainties, and provide an opportunity to improve process performance in the presence of uncertainties. These characteristics help modelers design exactly manufacturing process without approximations/ignorance and guide how manufacturing process can be improved through incorporated information.
Role of Arginine-82 in fast proton release during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle: A time-resolved FT-IR study of purple membranes containing 15N-labeled arginine

Arginine-82 has long been recognized as an important residue in bacteriorhodopsin (bR), because its mutation usually results in loss of fast H+ release, an important step in the normal light-induced H+ transport mechanism. To help to clarify the structural changes in Arg-82 associated with the H+-release step, we have measured time-resolved FT-IR difference spectra of wild-type bR containing either natural-abundance isotopes (14N-Arg-bR) or all seven arginines selectively and uniformly labeled with 15N at the two η-nitrogens (15N-Arg-bR). Comparison of the spectra from the two isotopic variants shows that a 1556 cm-1 vibrational difference band due to the M photocycle intermediate of 14N-Arg-bR loses substantial intensity in 15N-Arg-bR. However, this isotope-sensitive arginine vibrational difference band is only observed at pH 7 and not at pH 4 where fast H+ release is blocked. These observations support the earlier conclusion, based on site-directed mutagenesis and chemical labeling, that a strong C−N st...
Experimental realization of phase-conjugate optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate phase-conjugate optical coherence tomography (PC-OCT) using a classical source of phase-sensitive cross-correlated beams to achieve measurement improvements shared by quantum OCT (Q-OCT): a factor-of-2 enhancement in axial resolution and even-order dispersion cancellation. Compared with coincidence counting used in Q-OCT, PC-OCT employs standard photodetection that results in much faster data acquisitions. This work belongs to a new class of classical techniques inspired by quantum methods that have advantages once thought to be exclusively quantum mechanical.
Adaptive distributed filtering in multicoordinated systems

The direct estimation of optimal steady-state gain in the single filtering process introduced by B. Carew et al. (1973) is extended to multicoordinated systems, and the distributed optimal steady-state gains are directly estimated for adaptive distributed filtering. The correlation method using distributed innovation processes is used. The algorithm assumes little prior information about the unknown covariances and adaptively changes the weights to best integrate the distributed estimates obtained in local filtering processes. The term best is used in the sense that the result of the adaptive distributed filtering is as close to that of the optimal distributed filtering as possible. >
Adherence to Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common medical disorder 1 characterized by recurrent episodes of either complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) upper airway collapse and obstruction during sleep. These episodes of obstruction are associated with recurrent oxyhemoglobin desaturations and arousals from sleep. Recent literature clearly shows that OSAHS is associated with significant clinical sequelae including excessive daytime sleepiness, 2 decreased quality of life, 3 metabolic abnormalities 4,5 and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 6,7 Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the mainstay of therapy for moderateto-severe OSAHS. PAP therapy works primarily by mechanically splinting the upper airway, preventing the soft tissues from collapsing. By this mechanism, PAP effectively eliminates apneas and hypopneas, decreases recurrent arousals, and normalizes oxygen saturation. Evolving evidence suggests that PAP treatment leads to improvement in the sequelae of OSAHS. 6,8–10 Nevertheless adherence to the prescribed treatment has been less than ideal and is a major challenge for sleep specialists and primary providers. Currently, PAP devices commonly used for OSAHS come in three modalities: continuous PAP (CPAP), bilevel PAP (BPAP), and automatic self-adjusting PAP (APAP). CPAP devices generate a fixed continuous pressure during inspiration and expiration. In BPAP, the pressure alternates between a fixed inspiratory and lower expiratory level during the respiratory cycle. In APAP, the pressure changes throughout the night in response to changes in airflow, respiratory events, and snoring. This article will discuss the scope of the problem with compliance to PAP therapy and highlight recent research on the interventions to improve adherence with PAP. The words adherence and compliance will be used interchangeably in this article.
Static two-player evasion-interrogation games with uncertainty

We consider electromagnetic evasion-interrogation games wherein the evader can use ferroelectric material coatings to attempt to avoid detection while the interrogator can manipulate the interrogating frequencies (wave numbers) and angles of incidence of the interrogating inputs to enhance detection and identification. The resulting problems are formulated as two player games in which one player wishes to minimize the reflected signal while the other wishes to maximize it. Simple deterministic strategies are easily defeated and hence the players must introduce uncertainty to disguise their intentions and confuse their opponent. Mathematically, the resulting game is carried out over spaces of probability measures which in many cases are appropriately metrized using the Prohorov metric.
Quantitative analysis of risk sensitivity in honeybees (Apis mellifera) with variability in concentration and amount of reward.

Free-flying honeybees (Apis mellifera) were trained in a series of experiments designed to look for evidence of risk sensitivity in foraging for sucrose solution. The suitability of the choice method used was established in 3 preliminary experiments with differences in concentration, amount, and probability of reward. Of 5 subsequent experiments in which 2 alternatives provided the same mean concentration of sucrose solution with different variance, 3 showed risk indifference, and 2 showed risk aversion (preference for consistent reward). Of 2 final experiments in which the alternatives provided the same mean amount of sucrose solution with different variance, both showed risk aversion. Performance could be simulated quantitatively with a simple choice model developed by P. A. Couvillon and M. E. Bitterman (1991) to account for the results of a wide range of previous experiments on discriminativ e learning in honeybees.
Variability in Light-Use Efficiency for Gross Primary Productivity on Great Plains Grasslands

Gross primary productivity (GPP) often is estimated at regional and global scales by multiplying the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by the plant canopy (PARa) by light-use efficiency (e g ; GPP/PARa). Mass flux techniques are being used to calculate e g . Flux-based estimates of e g depend partly on how PAR absorption by plants is modeled as a function of leaf area index (LAI). We used CO2 flux measurements from three native grasslands in the Great Plains of USA to determine how varying the value of the radiation extinction coefficient (k) that is used to calculate PARa from LAI affected variability in estimates of e g for each week. The slope of linear GPP–PARa regression, an index of e g , differed significantly among the 18 site-years of data, indicating that inter-annual differences in e g contributed to the overall variability in e g values. GPP–PARa slopes differed among years and sites regardless of whether k was assigned a fixed value or varied as an exponential function of LAI. Permitting k to change with LAI reduced overall variability in e g , reduced the slope of a negative linear regression between seasonal means of e g and potential evapotranspiration (PET), and clarified the contribution of inter-annual differences in precipitation to variation in e g . Our results imply that greater attention be given to defining dynamics of the k coefficient for ecosystems with low LAI and that PET and precipitation be used to constrain the e g values employed in light-use efficiency algorithms to calculate GPP for Great Plains grasslands.
Aerobic fitness attenuates the metabolic syndrome score in normal-weight, at-risk-for-overweight, and overweight children.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine the combined influence of aerobic fitness and BMI on the metabolic syndrome score in children. METHODS. A total of 375 children (193 girls and 182 boys) aged 7 to 9 years were categorized as being normal weight, at risk for overweight, and overweight on the basis of BMI and aerobic fitness (high or low based on median split) via a submaximal physical working capacity test. Participants were cross-tabulated into 6 BMI fitness categories. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance, mean arterial pressure, and waist circumference were used to create a continuous metabolic syndrome score. RESULTS. Both BMI and fitness were associated with the metabolic syndrome score. In general, the metabolic syndrome score increased across the cross-tabulated groups with the normal-weight, high-fit group possessing the lowest metabolic syndrome score and the overweight, unfit group possessing the highest metabolic syndrome score. Children who were at risk for overweight and had high fitness had a lower metabolic syndrome score compared with those at-risk-for-overweight, less-fit children, and the score was similar to that of the less-fit, normal-weight children. Furthermore, a high fitness level resulted in a lower metabolic syndrome score in overweight children compared with overweight children with low fitness. CONCLUSIONS. High fitness levels modified the impact that BMI had on the metabolic syndrome score in children. Increasing a child9s fitness level could be one method for reducing the risk of obesity-related comorbidities.
Alice through Looking Glass after Looking Glass: The Mathematics of Mirrors and Kaleidoscopes

1. ALICE AND THE MIRRORS. Let us imagine that Lewis Carroll stopped condensing determinants long enough to write a third Alice book called Alice Through Looking Glass After Looking Glass. The book opens with Alice in her chamber in front of a peculiar cone-shaped arrangement of three looking glasses. She steps through one of the looking glasses and finds herself in a new virtual chamber that looks almost like her own. On closer examination she discovers that she is now left-handed and her books are all written backward. There are also virtual mirrors in this chamber. Stepping through one of them, she continues her exploration and passes through many virtual chambers until, to her great relief, she suddenly finds herself back in her own real chamber, just in time for tea. Eager to have new adventures, Alice wonders how many different ways the mirrors could be arranged so that she could have other trips through the looking glasses and still return the same day for tea. Alice’s problem was solved (for all dimensions) by H. S. M. Coxeter [4], who classified all possible systems of n mirrors in n-dimensional Euclidean space whose reflections generate a finite group of orthogonal matrices. In this paper we describe Coxeter’s results, emphasizing the connection with kaleidoscopes. The mathematical tools involved are some linear algebra (including determinants), basic group theory, and a bit of graph theory. We also give plans for three-dimensional kaleidoscopes that exhibit the symmetries of the three types of Platonic solids. The mathematics of kaleidoscopes in n dimensions is the study of those finite groups of orthogonal n × n real matrices that are generated by reflection matrices. These groups appeared in many parts of mathematics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in connection with geometry, invariant theory, and Lie groups, especially in the work of W. Killing, E. Cartan, and H. Weyl [8]. As abstract groups, almost all of them turn out to be very familiar: dihedral groups, the symmetric group of all permutations, the group of all signed permutations, and the group of all evenlysigned permutations. There are also six exceptional groups that occur in dimensions three to eight.
Data Resource Profile: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is a national surveillance system that has been assessing the health and nutritional status of Koreans since 1998. Based on the National Health Promotion Act, the surveys have been conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). This nationally representative cross-sectional survey includes approximately 10 000 individuals each year as a survey sample and collects information on socioeconomic status, health-related behaviours, quality of life, healthcare utilization, anthropometric measures, biochemical and clinical profiles for non-communicable diseases and dietary intakes with three component surveys: health interview, health examination and nutrition survey. The health interview and health examination are conducted by trained staff members, including physicians, medical technicians and health interviewers, at a mobile examination centre, and dieticians' visits to the homes of the study participants are followed up. KNHANES provides statistics for health-related policies in Korea, which also serve as the research infrastructure for studies on risk factors and diseases by supporting over 500 publications. KCDC has also supported researchers in Korea by providing annual workshops for data users. KCDC has published the Korea Health Statistics each year, and microdata are publicly available through the KNHANES website (http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr).
Variability in date of prostate cancer diagnosis: a comparison of cancer registry, pathology report, and electronic health data sources

Abstract Purpose The date of cancer diagnosis is a critical data element for clinical care and research. Because this date can be abstracted from various data sources, its comparability from source to source is unclear. This study compared the date of diagnosis from multiple sources within the same population of prostate cancer patients. Methods We linked cancer registry, pathology report, and electronic health data sources from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health data systems for a cohort of 22,666 members diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2000 and 2010. The magnitude and direction of the differences in date of diagnosis were assessed for each date pairwise comparison. We reviewed 454 medical records to determine reasons for date discrepancies. Results Among the date pairwise comparisons, differences in date of diagnosis spanned from 9.6 years earlier to 10 years later than each other. However, the overall median difference ranged from 1 to 16 days, thus suggesting that the vast majority of the date differences were small. Chart review results identified major categories of date discrepancies. Conclusions These data demonstrate variability in date of diagnosis across these data sources. This variability may have implications for epidemiologic estimates or patient identification in research studies using different data sources.
Longitudinal Achievement Effects of Multiyear Summer School: Evidence From the Teach Baltimore Randomized Field Trial:

Employing a randomized field trial, this 3-year study explored the effects of a multiyear summer school program in preventing the cumulative effect of summer learning losses and promoting longitudinal achievement growth, for a total treatment group of 438 students from high-poverty schools. Longitudinal outcomes for the participants were contrasted to those for 248 children randomized into a no-treatment control condition. Multilevel growth models revealed no intention-to-treat effects of assignment to the multiyear summer school program. However, student attendance patterns at the voluntary program were variable across the 3 years that the intervention was offered. Maximum likelihood mixture models, which estimated the effects of the treatment for compliers, revealed statistically significant effects on learning across all three literacy domains tested for those students who attended the Summer Academy at an above average rate across two or more of the three summers that it was offered. Relative to their...
A new, versatile, direct-current helium atmospheric-pressure glow discharge

A novel direct current glow discharge sustained in helium at atmospheric pressure has been developed. Current–voltage behavior and spectroscopic characteristics strongly suggest that the system operates in the glow regime, in spite of the high pressure. The diffuse and extremely stable discharge is typically operated within a voltage range of 300–900 volts (in the current-controlled mode) and at currents ranging over tens to hundreds of milliamps. Spatially resolved spectroscopic measurements of some selected species are presented. Rotational temperature profiles were calculated using the OH emission spectrum, yielding values in the positive column ranging from 1300 to 1600 K.
On Raptor Codes

We introduce a construction of raptor codes to be used over symmetric channels. An important property of the proposed scheme is that unlike the previous construction of raptor codes, it allows to design codes that are approaching the capacity of the underlying channel in a rate-compatible way. We also show that for finite-length codes, the proposed construction outperforms the previous constructions of raptor codes.
Structural activation of Mad2 in the mitotic spindle checkpoint: the two-state Mad2 model versus the Mad2 template model

The inheritance of a normal assortment of chromosomes during each cell division relies on a cell-cycle surveillance system called the mitotic spindle checkpoint. The existence of sister chromatids that do not achieve proper bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle in a cell activates this checkpoint, which inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) and delays the onset of anaphase. The mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (Mad2) spindle checkpoint protein inhibits APC/C through binding to its mitotic-specific activator, Cdc20. Binding of Mad2 to Cdc20 involves a large conformational change of Mad2 and requires the Mad1–Mad2 interaction in vivo. Two related but distinct models of Mad1-assisted activation of Mad2, the “two-state Mad2” and the “Mad2 template” models, have been proposed. I review the recent structural, biochemical, and cell biological data on Mad2, discuss the differences between the two models, and propose experiments that test their key principles.
Chaos, Order, and Collaboration: Toward a Feminist Conceptualization of Edgework

Stephen Lyng’s concept of edgework represents a crucial shift in understanding particular kinds of risk taking, as intrinsically and phenomenologically rewarding. Although it has been widely and usefully used since then, scholars have observed limitations in its applicability across class, race, and gender lines. A good deal of recent work has endeavored to address this problem. However, a critical feminist perspective reveals the levels on which this issue is not merely one of scope but a paradigmatic issue. I offer a deconstruction of the edgework concept in order to illustrate this, and an expansion of the model in order to render it more applicable for a wider range of thrill-seeking behaviors. Drawing on four years of ethnographic field work in an SM (sadomasochism) community, I provide an empirical example of the applicability of this amendment for the study of voluntary risk taking across gender boundaries.
The antiviral effector IFITM3 disrupts intracellular cholesterol homeostasis to block viral entry

Vesicle-membrane-protein-associated protein A (VAPA) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) regulate intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, which is required for many virus infections. During entry, viruses or virus-containing vesicles can fuse with endosomal membranes to mediate the cytosolic release of virions, and alterations in endosomal cholesterol can inhibit this invasion step. We show that the antiviral effector protein interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) interacts with VAPA and prevents its association with OSBP, thereby disrupting intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and inhibiting viral entry. By altering VAPA-OSBP function, IFITM3 induces a marked accumulation of cholesterol in multivesicular bodies and late endosomes, which inhibits the fusion of intraluminal virion-containing vesicles with endosomal membranes and thereby blocks virus release into the cytosol. Consequently, ectopic expression or depletion of the VAPA gene profoundly affects IFITM3-mediated inhibition of viral entry. Thus, IFITM3 disrupts intracellular cholesterol homeostasis to block viral entry, further underscoring the importance of cholesterol in virus infection.
Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind

In 2001 and 2003, the Bush administration engineered two enormous tax cuts primarily benefiting very wealthy taxpayers. Most Americans supported these tax cuts. I argue that they did so not because they were indifferent to economic inequality, but because they largely failed to connect inequality and public policy. Three out of every four people polled said that the difference in incomes between rich people and poor people has increased in the past 20 years, and most of them added that that is a bad thing—but most of those people still supported the regressive 2001 Bush tax cut and the even more regressive repeal of the estate tax. Several manifestly relevant considerations had negligible or seemingly perverse effects on these policy views, including assessments of the wastefulness of government spending and desires for additional spending on a variety of government programs. Support for the Bush tax cuts was strongly shaped by people’s attitudes about their own tax burdens, but virtually unaffected by their attitudes about the tax burden of the rich—even in the case of the estate tax, which only affects the wealthiest one or two percent of taxpayers. Public opinion in this instance was ill informed, insensitive to some of the most important implications of the tax cuts, and largely disconnected from (or misconnected to) a variety of relevant values and material interests.
COLLECTION OF THREE BACTERIAL AEROSOLS BY RESPIRATOR AND SURGICAL MASK FILTERS UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF FLOW AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

A variety of respirator filters and surgical masks were challenged with three aerosolized bacteria: Mycobacterium abscessus (M.a.) (a rod), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.e.) (a sphere), and Bacillus subtilis (B.s.) (a rod). Tests were conducted at two flow rates (45 and 85 l./min) and two humidity levels (30 and 70%). Aerosols were measured with a total-particle, direct-reading, spectrometer and a viable particle cascade impactor. Measurements up- and downstream of the filter or mask were used in determining aerosol penetration; respirator or surgical mask fit was not evaluated. Bioaerosol penetration measured with two aerosol sampling instruments was found to correlate. Additionally, bioaerosol test parameters were evaluated with respect to their effect on penetration. Increasing flow resulted in increased penetration of all organisms while an increase in relative humidity did not exert a consistent effect on all organisms. Of the respirators approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), filter efficiency was as expected with dust/mist respirators having the lowest and HEPA filters the highest efficiency. Surgical masks were the least efficient of all filters tested; these are not certified by NIOSH. Bioaerosol penetration was compared to that of a polystyrene latex sphere (PSL) aerosol. Penetration of the test aerosols was predicted on the basis of particle aerodynamic diameter and was expected to be in this order: PSL > M.a. > S.e. = B.s. The PSL aerosol was the most penetrating, as predicted. However, results showed that B.s. was more penetrating than S.e. The aerodynamic diameter may not be the best parameter for predicting aerosol penetration of non-spherical particles in these filters.
Proliferative and transcriptional identity of distinct classes of neural precursors in the mammalian olfactory epithelium.

Neural precursors in the developing olfactory epithelium (OE) give rise to three major neuronal classes – olfactory receptor (ORNs), vomeronasal (VRNs) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Nevertheless, the molecular and proliferative identities of these precursors are largely unknown. We characterized two precursor classes in the olfactory epithelium (OE) shortly after it becomes a distinct tissue at midgestation in the mouse: slowly dividing self-renewing precursors that express Meis1/2 at high levels, and rapidly dividing neurogenic precursors that express high levels of Sox2 and Ascl1. Precursors expressing high levels of Meis genes primarily reside in the lateral OE, whereas precursors expressing high levels of Sox2 and Ascl1 primarily reside in the medial OE. Fgf8 maintains these expression signatures and proliferative identities. Using electroporation in the wild-type embryonic OE in vitro as well as Fgf8, Sox2 and Ascl1 mutant mice in vivo, we found that Sox2 dose and Meis1 – independent of Pbx co-factors – regulate Ascl1 expression and the transition from lateral to medial precursor state. Thus, we have identified proliferative characteristics and a dose-dependent transcriptional network that define distinct OE precursors: medial precursors that are most probably transit amplifying neurogenic progenitors for ORNs, VRNs and GnRH neurons, and lateral precursors that include multi-potent self-renewing OE neural stem cells.
Bridging the gap: Answering the need for nursing faculty

Abstract Delaware Technical & Community College's Associate Degree Nursing Program has made strides to combat the nursing shortage by increasing their admission rates by 40%. This expansion called for additional full-time nursing instructors; however, resources were limited. This inspired the Department Chair of Nursing to conceptualize a bridge faculty position. Using Betty Neuman's systems theory as a conceptual framework, bridge faculty were successfully integrated into an existing faculty structure.
Design of the oxygen and substrate pathways. II. Defining the upper limits of carbohydrate and fat oxidation.

This paper quantifies maximal flows of carbohydrates and lipids through the pathways supplying the mitochondria. Maximal flow rates are the main functional parameter used in testing the principle of symmorphosis, which states that structural capacities are quantitatively matched to functional demand. Only under rate-limiting conditions will all of the structural capacity be used. Dogs and goats were compared to obtain large differences in absolute rates. We exercised the animals for long enough to reach steady-state O2 and CO2 exchange rates at intensities eliciting 40%, 60% and 85% of the maximal rate of oxygen consumption (MO2max). We then calculated rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation from the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed (the respiratory exchange ratio). The dog9s Mo2max was more than twice that of the goat (6517 versus 3026 mumol O2 kg-1 min-1). We found the same pattern of fuel selection as a function of exercise intensity in both species, and it appears to be general to mammals. Maximal rates of fat oxidation were reached at 40% exercise intensity, where 77% of the energy was supplied by fat. As exercise intensity increased, all additional energy was supplied by carbohydrates. We conclude that the partitioning of fuel supply to the fat and carbohydrate pathways follows the same pattern in both dogs and goats.
13C metabolic flux analysis in neurons utilizing a model that accounts for hexose phosphate recycling within the pentose phosphate pathway

Glycolysis, mitochondrial substrate oxidation, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) are critical for neuronal bioenergetics and oxidation-reduction homeostasis, but quantitating their fluxes remains challenging, especially when processes such as hexose phosphate (i.e., glucose/fructose-6-phosphate) recycling in the PPP are considered. A hexose phosphate recycling model was developed which exploited the rates of glucose consumption, lactate production, and mitochondrial respiration to infer fluxes through the major glucose consuming pathways of adherent cerebellar granule neurons by replicating [(13)C]lactate labeling from metabolism of [1,2-(13)C2]glucose. Flux calculations were predicated on a steady-state system with reactions having known stoichiometries and carbon atom transitions. Non-oxidative PPP activity and consequent hexose phosphate recycling, as well as pyruvate production by cytoplasmic malic enzyme, were optimized by the model and found to account for 28 ± 2% and 7.7 ± 0.2% of hexose phosphate and pyruvate labeling, respectively. From the resulting fluxes, 52 ± 6% of glucose was metabolized by glycolysis, compared to 19 ± 2% by the combined oxidative/non-oxidative pentose cycle that allows for hexose phosphate recycling, and 29 ± 8% by the combined oxidative PPP/de novo nucleotide synthesis reactions. By extension, 62 ± 6% of glucose was converted to pyruvate, the metabolism of which resulted in 16 ± 1% of glucose oxidized by mitochondria and 46 ± 6% exported as lactate. The results indicate a surprisingly high proportion of glucose utilized by the pentose cycle and the reactions synthesizing nucleotides, and exported as lactate. While the in vitro conditions to which the neurons were exposed (high glucose, no lactate or other exogenous substrates) limit extrapolating these results to the in vivo state, the approach provides a means of assessing a number of metabolic fluxes within the context of hexose phosphate recycling in the PPP from a minimal set of measurements.