cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Military Courts and the All Writs Act

When it comes to the role of the federal courts in the federal system, few statutes play as significant a role — or are as routinely misunderstood — as the All Writs Act. It is the All Writs Act that rounds Article III’s sharp jurisdictional edges by investing courts of such limited subject-matter jurisdiction with a species of common-law authority; as Justice Stevens has explained, “The Act was, and is, necessary because federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction having only those powers expressly granted by Congress, and the statute provides these courts with the procedural tools — the various historic common-law writs — necessary for them to exercise their limited jurisdiction.”Although the All Writs Act applies on its terms to “all courts established by Act of Congress,” two recent opinions in high-profile military justice cases have rejected the power of military courts to issue relief that is routinely available from civilian courts under the All Writs Act. In the Bradley Manning court-martial proceedings, for example, the highest court in the military justice system — the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) — held that it lacked the authority under the All Writs Act to issue extraordinary relief to protect the First Amendment right of public access to criminal trials identified by the Supreme Court in Richmond Newspapers and its progeny. Similar reasoning was also offered by one of the judges of the Court of Military Commission Review (CMCR), in explaining why the CMCR lacked jurisdiction to provide analogous relief in the context of the military commission trial of the 9/11 defendants.It is easy enough to identify the analytical errors common to these two opinions, but in addition to doing so, this short essay argues that there is more behind such analysis than a mere misreading of precedent. Ultimately, both CAAF’s decision in the Manning case and Judge Silliman’s concurrence in the CMCR’s 9/11 proceedings have at their core a misplaced and outdated understanding of both the military justice system’s exceptionalism and its relationship to the civilian courts. As I conclude, the understanding common to these two opinions has the ironic — and surely unintended — effect of weakening arguments for a separate system of military justice insofar as such crabbed understandings of the All Writs Act only bolster the need for increased Article III oversight of the military justice system through actions for collateral review.
‘My Maisters, Wher is Your Harts?’: American Privacy Rights and Electronic Social Communications in Historical Context

In the American conception, privacy inheres in the individual – it is not a grant of the government. I suggest that the development of a right to privacy in the American system usually begins with a popular ethic’s creation of a flawed legislative protection. This flawed law then serves as a signal to the courts of the people's expectations. The courts are then given the opportunity to ratify the expectation by defining the right. The two types of protection are philosophically and practically distinct; a positivist proscription functions in a different way than a judicial ethic, and is of necessity more susceptible to fracture and breach, as the citizen is bound to the specific prohibition, not the overarching principle. I begin with a brief exploration of the “first principles” of the right to privacy, and then trace the historical evolution of the right through the dialectic of positive law and judicial ethic. In the second section, I examine the current statutory scheme for electronic privacy as both positive law and dialectical signal to the courts, and contrast the protections of the mails of two centuries ago with the protection accorded modern social networking sites.
Insect Parasites Associated with Diptera Developing in Bovine Dung Pats on Central Missouri Pastures

Field studies were conducted from 1980 through 1982 to determine the insect parasites associated with immature Diptera developing in bovine dung pats on central Missouri pastures. Fourteen species of Diptera were recovered, along with 12 species of insect parasites. Fifty-four host-parasite associations were noted; 34 of these have not been recorded previously. The major host species were nonpest sepsids, anthomyiids, muscids, and sarcophagids. The relationship to parasitic mortality of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), and the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, is discussed.
EFFECTS OF HYPERTONIC MANNITOL ON RENAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE.

Summary and conclusionsThe renal hemodynamic effects of mannitol were studied in dogs by infusing one kidney in situ with a controlled sinusoidal flow pump, observing changes in pressure, and calculating changes in renal vascular resistance. Intravenous infusions of hypertonic mannitol consistently resulted in diminished renal vascular resistance, both before and after blockade of renal nerves and autonomic ganglia. Decreased renal vascular resistance was also addition of mannitol, dextran, and after addition of mannitol, dextran, or saline into the renal perfusion circuit. When hind limb vascular resistance was measured, it too was decreased by intravenous mannitol. These decreases in vascular resistance correlated with diminished hematocrits of the perfusion fluids. In cross circulation experiments in which whole blood from a donor dog which had received mannitol or dextran intravenously was used as the renal perfusion fluid in the recipient dog, decreased renal vascular resistance was observed. However...
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Black and Dingy Cutworms in Midwest Field Crops

Larval populations of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the dingy cutworm, Feltia ducens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were sampled in field crops in Missouri during the spring of 1978 and 1979. Dingy cutworms were captured in March, April, and May, whereas black cutworms were present only in May and June. Aggregation indices indicated that both dingy and black cutworms were random (Poisson) in distribution. No significant correlations between the abundance of black cutworms and the density and cover of several weeds species were detected.
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A HAT STIFFENED PANEL BY RESPONSE SURFACE TECHNIQUES

This paper describes a design study for the structural optimization of a typical bay of a blended wing body transport. A hat stiffened laminated composite shell concept is used in the design. The geometry of the design is determined with the PANDA2 program, but due to the presence of varying axial loads, a more accurate analysis procedure is needed. This is obtained by combining the STAGS finite element analysis program with response surface approximations for the stresses and the buckling loads. This design procedure results in weight savings of more than 30 percent, albeit at the expense of a more complex design. The response surface approximations allow easy coupling of the structural analysis program with the optimization program in the easily accessible Microsoft EXCEL spreadsheet program. The response surface procedure also allows the optimization to be carried out with a reasonable number of analyses. In particular, it allows combining a large number of inexpensive beamanalysis stress calculations with a small number of the more accurate STAGS analyses.
Kennedy and the Prisons—Moral Exhortation andTechnical Fastidiousness

Justice Anthony Kennedy has been notable and controversial for his views on American criminal justice, especially in the area of sentencing. Most of the controversy is associated with his majority opinions in capital punishment cases, where he has boldly drawn Eighth Amendment lines to carve out types of crimes and criminals as categorically off-limits to the death penalty. In those cases, Justice Kennedy starkly rebuts the retributivist and utilitarian jurisprudential rationales proffered for the sentences he is declaring unconstitutional. At the same time, one particular opinion, concurring in Harmelin v. Michigan, might suggest that his passion against cruel and unusual punishment is limited to the death penalty. There, he set a legal standard that has made it difficult, if not impossible, to challenge noncapital sentences as unconstitutionally disproportionate precisely because he was loath to second-guess the proffered jurisprudential rationales for exceptionally long prison sentences. Thus, where he has denounced punishments, he has done so in broad constitutional terms, infused with moral and philosophical principles; where he has resisted Eighth Amendment claims, he has done so according to notions of respect and deference toward legislative power to set punishment terms.
iPersea: Towards Improving the Sybil-Resilience of Social DHT

Abstract P2P systems are highly susceptible to Sybil attacks, in which an attacker creates a large number of identities and uses them to control a substantial fraction of the system. Persea is the most recent approach towards designing a social network based Sybil-resistant DHT. Unlike prior Sybil-resistant P2P systems based on social networks, Persea does not rely on two key assumptions: (i) that the social network is fast mixing, and (ii) that there is a small ratio of attack edges to honest peers. Both assumptions have been shown to be unreliable in real social networks. The hierarchical distribution of node IDs in Persea confines a large attacker botnet to a considerably smaller region of the ID space than in a normal P2P system and its replication mechanism lets a peer to retrieve the desired results even if a given region is occupied by attackers. However, Persea system suffers from certain limitations, since it cannot handle the scenario, where the malicious target returns an incorrect result instead of just ignoring the lookup request. In this paper, we address this major limitation of Persea through a Sybil detection mechanism built on top of Persea system, which accommodates inspection lookup, a specially designed lookup scheme to detect the Sybil nodes based on their responses to the lookup query. We design a scheme to filter those detected Sybils to ensure the participation of honest nodes on the lookup path during regular DHT lookup. Since the malicious nodes are opt-out from the lookup path in our system, they cannot return any incorrect result during regular lookup. We evaluate our system in simulations with social network datasets and the results show that catster, the largest network in our simulation with 149,700 nodes and 5,449,275 edges, gains 100% lookup success rate, even when the number of attack edges is equal to the number of benign peers in the network.
Extracellular ATP and adenosine cause apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells

ATP acts as an intracellular energy source and an extracellular signaling molecule. We report that extracellular ATP causes apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, as assessed by morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA degradation. We investigated the mechanism of this effect using release of tritiated soluble DNA as a marker for apoptosis. We conclude that the metabolite adenosine is responsible for the apoptotic effect of ATP, since nucleotides that can be degraded to adenosine, as well as adenosine itself, cause DNA damage, whereas nonmetabolizable ATP analogs and uridine 5'-triphosphate are inactive. Furthermore, the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor alpha, beta-methylene-ADP blocks ATP-induced DNA fragmentation. The adenosine receptor agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine does not cause DNA fragmentation, and adenosine receptor antagonists do not block adenosine-induced apoptosis. However, the nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole prevents extracellular ATP-induced DNA cleavage. These findings indicate that ATP- and adenosine-mediated apoptosis are mediated via intracellular events rather than through cell surface receptor(s). The adenosine metabolites inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine do not cause apoptosis. The adenosine analogs 3-deazaadenosine and MDL-28842, which are not metabolized and are S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors, also cause DNA fragmentation. Therefore, we speculate that extracellular ATP and adenosine cause apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells by altering methylation reactions that require S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. We speculate that ATP released from cells undergoing cytolysis or degranulation may cause endothelial cell death. Endothelial cell apoptosis may be important in acute vascular injury or in limiting angiogenesis.
The Postwar Gold Standard

The radical economic policy changes of 1924 did not affect the compromises implicit in the formal alliance made between the political establishments of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais in 1922. In May 1925, Antonio Carlos went to Sao Paulo as the government’s envoy and settled the terms of the presidential succession. As the natural outcome, Washington Luis, former Governor of Sao Paulo, was appointed as the government’s — and the only — presidential candidate in the March 1926 elections, and this was confirmed without much ado at the regional parties’ convention in September.1
Capital change and stability when dividends convey signals

Abstract As shown in the previous literature, a change in the dividend-payout ratio can signal a change in the expected net-revenue. It can also affect capital expansion via its effect on retention. Optimal control theory is used to compute equity maximizing capital-expansion rules when dividends signal revenues. The conditions under which the signaling function can both (1) convey correct signals as to future revenue, and (2) lead to a stable equilibrium, are derived. As in Miller and Rock (1985) , this stable equilibrium, which is more properly derived here in continuous time, violates the classical equality of internal rate of return with the cost of capital, and the difference is shown to be calculable. Practical time paths for dividends and capital are suggested for various signaling regimes. In addition, strong implications for the direction of empirical signaling research are suggested.
Translating biomarkers from research to clinical use in pediatric neurocritical care: focus on traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest.

Purpose of review Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cardiac arrest are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Improved diagnosis and outcome prognostication using validated biomarkers could allow clinicians to better tailor therapies for optimal efficacy. Recent findings Contemporary investigation has yielded plentiful biomarker candidates of central nervous system (CNS) injury, including macromolecules, genetic, inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic biomarkers. Biomarkers have yet to be validated and translated into bedside point-of-care or cost-effective and efficient laboratory tests. Validation testing should consider developmental status, injury mechanism, and time trajectory with patient-centered outcomes. Summary Recent investigation of biomarkers of CNS injury may soon improve diagnosis, management, and prognostication in children with traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest.
A Low Cost System for Detecting Fog Events and Triggering an Active Fog Water Collector

A simple method of activating the Caltech Active Strand Cloud-water Collector (CASCC) is described. This system detected the onset of wet deposition events associated with the advection of marine stratus clouds using an optical rain sensor (ORS) and a standard passive fog collector (SFC) in combination with a relative humidity threshold. The system was deployed on a rooftop between May 10 and September 20, 2016 (134 days) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, six km from Pacific Ocean, at 240 m elevation. Twenty-nine fog water samples (daily mean volume = 174 ± 71 mL) were collected for the purposes of quantifying the concentration of monomethylmercury (MMHg) and its possible marine origins. For 20 days during the study, a visibility sensor (VS) was collocated with the ORS and both sensors detected 7 fog events. The ORS detected 2 additional marine stratus drizzle events missed by the VS. The start time of the events detected by the ORS was delayed relative to the onset of visibility reduction in 6 of 7 events by 4.5 ± 3.3 hours. Low wind speeds at night at this location limited the wet deposition to the SFC. Average CASCC sampling time during these events was 6.2 ± 2.8 hours and 4 liquid samples were obtained (80 to > 275 mL). As a comparison, fog water collections at UCSC during the fog seasons of 2014 and 2015 yielded 35 and 12 samples, respectively using a trigger based on relative humidity (RH) and sampling times of > 12 h per day. The main benefit of triggering with the ORS in 2016 was to cut in half the sampling time without loss of sample collection volume. Mean MMHg concentrations between the 3 years were not significantly different suggesting that the SFC/ORS triggering system is appropriate for use at multiple fog collection sites simultaneously.
Rapid methods for radionuclide contaminant transport in nuclear fuel cycle simulation

Abstract Nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste disposal decisions are technologically coupled. However, current nuclear fuel cycle simulators lack dynamic repository performance analysis due to the computational burden of high-fidelity hydrolgic contaminant transport models. The Cyder disposal environment and repository module was developed to fill this gap. It implements medium-fidelity hydrologic radionuclide transport models to support assessment appropriate for fuel cycle simulation in the Cyclus fuel cycle simulator. Rapid modeling of hundreds of discrete waste packages in a geologic environment is enabled within this module by a suite of four closed form models for advective, dispersive, coupled, and idealized contaminant transport: a Degradation Rate model, a Mixed Cell model, a Lumped Parameter model, and a 1-D Permeable Porous Medium model. A summary of the Cyder module, its timestepping algorithm, and the mathematical models implemented within it are presented. Additionally, parametric demonstrations simulations performed with Cyder are presented and shown to demonstrate functional agreement with parametric simulations conducted in a standalone hydrologic transport model, the Clay Generic Disposal System Model developed by the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy.
Reliable and automatic composition of language extensions to C: the ableC extensible language framework

This paper describes an extensible language framework, ableC, that allows programmers to import new, domain-specific, independently-developed language features into their programming language, in this case C. Most importantly, this framework ensures that the language extensions will automatically compose to form a working translator that does not terminate abnormally. This is possible due to two modular analyses that extension developers can apply to their language extension to check its composability. Specifically, these ensure that the composed concrete syntax specification is non-ambiguous and the composed attribute grammar specifying the semantics is well-defined. This assurance and the expressiveness of the supported extensions is a distinguishing characteristic of the approach. The paper describes a number of techniques for specifying a host language, in this case C at the C11 standard, to make it more amenable to language extension. These include techniques that make additional extensions pass these modular analyses, refactorings of the host language to support a wider range of extensions, and the addition of semantic extension points to support, for example, operator overloading and non-local code transformations.
The Region Unknotting Game

Motivated by rcent work by A. Shimizu on a newly discovered unknotting operation and inspired by previous work on knot games, we introduce the Region Unknotting Game. We play the game on several ty...
Technoeconomic Analysis of Alternative Pathways of Isopropanol Production

Isopropanol is a widely used solvent and chemical. The growing demand for isopropanol, the declining supply of typical feedstocks for manufacturing isopropanol, and the increasing prices necessitat...
Average Structures of Alkali and Plagioclase Feldspars: Systematics and Applications

The structural systematics of alkali and plagioclase feldspars and the details of their various space group symmetries are reviewed in relation to A-cation chemistry and Al,Si content, to A1,Si order-disorder, and to temperature. Pseudosymmetry and the site nomenclature arising from it are described in the context of displacive and diffusive phase transformations. The relation between real structures (which may involve doubled unit cells, antiphase domains, and elaborate superstructures, as well as spinodal and submicroscopic exsolution textures and resuloing strained phases) and average structures is established. The average structure concept involves “projecting” the steric details of the real structure onto the Cī albite or C2/m sanidine cell which contain only one A-cation site and 4 or 2 symmetrically nonequivalent tetrahedral sites,respectively. Thus an intensely complex ‘e’-plagioclase or a Pī or transitional anorthite (with c ~ 14.2 A) may be reduced to a simplified, “average” structural model which has its primary usefulness in establishing an understanding of the variation of easily measured metric parameters and optical properties.
Educational resources and student achievement: Evidence from the Save Harmless provision in New York State

Abstract A long-standing debate in the economics of education literature is whether increasing educational resources moves the needle on student achievement. Education finance reformers advocate delivering extra resources to disadvantaged school districts to close academic achievement gaps, but their efforts are subject to criticism from skeptics who believe that extra resources do not actually improve performance. This study leverages variation in per-pupil expenditures from a specific provision of the state aid formula in New York State that allows districts to maintain prior levels of total state aid even as their student enrollment declines. We uncover achievement gains of approximately 0.047 standard deviations in math and 0.042 standard deviations in English corresponding to $1000 in additional per-pupil spending. This study strengthens the case that school resources matter, and that sustained financial investments can help districts maintain and improve quality of public education.
The Frontiers of Democracy

As the effects of climate change become increasingly disruptive in this century, the democratic nations of the world will face heightened stress from extreme weather, flooding, droughts, and mass migrations. If democratic governments respond to these challenges by embracing nationalism, they will weaken the universal principle of human rights upon which democracy is founded, thus eroding the strength of democracy within their own borders. Conversely, if democratic societies foster greater political integration with other democracies around the world, they will be in a far better position to face the transnational challenges posed by climate change.
Abstract 633: Macrophage SR-BI Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Modulation of Autophagy via VPS34/Belclin-1 Pathway

Background: Autophagy modulates vascular cell lipid metabolism, lipid droplet turnover, foam cell formation, cell survival and death, and inflammation. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) def...
Inactivation of airborne viruses using a packed bed non-thermal plasma reactor

Outbreaks of airborne infectious diseases such as measles or severe acute respiratory syndrome can cause significant public alarm. Where ventilation systems facilitate disease transmission to humans or animals, there exists a need for control measures that provide effective protection while imposing minimal pressure differential. In the present study, viral aerosols in an airstream were subjected to non-thermal plasma (NTP) exposure within a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Comparisons of plaque assays before and after NTP treatment found exponentially increasing inactivation of aerosolized MS2 phage with increasing applied voltage. At 30 kV and an air flow rate of 170 standard liters per minute, a greater than 2.3 log reduction of infective virus was achieved across the reactor. This reduction represented ~2 log of the MS2 inactivated and ~0.35 log physically removed in the packed bed. Increasing the air flow rate from 170 to 330 liters per minute did not significantly impact virus inactivation effectiveness. Activated carbon-based ozone filters greatly reduced residual ozone, in some cases down to background levels, while adding less than 20 Pa pressure differential to the 45 Pa differential pressure across the packed bed at the flow rate of 170 standard liters per minute.
Flexible Tests for USDA Report Announcement Effects in Futures Markets

The value of USDA reports in commodity futures markets has been intensively researched, but statistical hypothesis tests have been limited by the sheer number of reports and the consequent need to limit parameters to be estimated. This has led most tests of USDA report announcement effects to be based on single coefficients for each report series. We relax the implicit assumption that a report series has a constant impact on futures price volatility or returns in two ways in order to introduce more flexible tests for announcement effects. First, we introduce a time trend into the impact of announcements on futures price volatility to determine if USDA reports are becoming more or less influential over time. Then we allow each report to have a different impact on futures price returns using Theil‐Goldberger mixed estimation. The results show that many, but not all, USDA reports have significant effects on corn and soybean futures market returns or volatility.
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the molecular impact.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbance. Approximately 5.5 million people in the United States live with AD, most of whom are over the age of 65 with two-thirds being woman. There have been major advancements over the last decade or so in the understanding of AD neuropathological changes and genetic involvement. However, studies of sex impact in AD have not been adequately integrated into the investigation of disease development and progression. It becomes indispensable to acknowledge in both basic science and clinical research studies the importance of understanding sex-specific differences in AD pathophysiology and pathogenesis, which could guide future effort in the discovery of novel targets for AD. Here, we review the latest and most relevant literature on this topic, highlighting the importance of understanding sex dimorphism from a molecular perspective and its association to clinical trial design and development in AD research field.
Atomically Dispersed Rh Active Sites on Oxide Supports with Controlled Acidity for Gas-Phase Halide-Free Methanol Carbonylation to Acetic Acid

Acetic acid (AA) is an important bulk commodity chemical produced primarily via methanol carbonylation using homogeneous organometallic catalysts in liquid phase reactors with halides that participate in each catalytic turnover. Here we report a heterogeneous, halide-free, gas-phase process for methanol carbonylation to AA using a catalyst consisting of atomically dispersed rhodium (Rh) active sites on an acidic support. It is demonstrated that active site pairs consisting of atomically dispersed Rh and support acid sites enable highly selective AA production, whereas Rh clusters drive methanol decomposition to CO and CO2. Through a comparison of methanol carbonylation over atomically dispersed Rh species on γ-Al2O3, ZrO2, and Na-modified ZrO2, it was identified that by decreasing the concentration of acidic sites, the production of byproduct dimethyl ether could be minimized. After the acidity of the support was tuned by depositing 5 wt % Na on ZrO2 that contained atomically dispersed Rh, AA selectivity ...
Phenomenology of Impulsive Aggression and Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Abstract Anger is a common human emotion and, consequently, many behavioral disorders show some elevation in levels of anger and corresponding aggression that is secondary to the focus of that disorder. However, when excessive levels of anger and aggression are the core pathology, then IED is appropriate diagnosis. A disorder of primary aggression, IED is defined by excessive/disproportionate aggressive acts either in the form of frequent minor aggression (i.e., twice a week for 3 months or more) or more severe, damaging acts of aggression that can occur less frequently (i.e., three or more times a year), though most individuals with IED will show both over their lifetime. Research shows that IED is common (~ 3%–4%), persistent (typically beginning in adolescence and continuing throughout much of adulthood), and highly impairing across most domains of functioning. Though highly comorbid, IED tends to precede other psychiatric diagnoses. IED occurs in both men and women, though slightly more often in men, across racial and ethnic groups. Aggressive outbursts in IED are differentiated by their extreme level of anger, rage, and lack of subjective control, as well as the strong negative (and to some extent positive) feeling after the outbursts. This feeling of dyscontrol is also reflected in several cognitive-affective deficits among those with IED including hostile attributional biases, poor emotion regulation, and increased impulsivity when experiencing negative affect. However, unlike psychopathy, those with IED demonstrate a normal capacity for empathy, and despite the common symptom of aggression, the two disorders are not highly comorbid. In sum, IED is a distinct and common disorder of primary aggression that is poorly understood (or even known) by much of the public as well as by many practitioners, resulting in the undertreatment of this serious disorder.
Adrenocortical nodularity in relation to coronary fibroplasia

The aging adrenal gland undergoes progressive structural changes. These are readily visible at autopsy, although of overly small size to visualize by clinical instrumentation. In the preliminary series of forensic autopsies reported here, the aging features of the adrenal gland were found to correlate with coronary atheroma, and with generalized intimai fibroplasia. The results provisionally place the adrenal cortex into the picture of accelerated aging of arteries, and of their disposition to atheroma.
From Preservice to Practice: Expectations of/in the Secondary ELA Classroom

The paper explores how preservice ELA teachers’ expectations of teaching compare to the reality of their experiences during the first year of teaching. The authors consider common concerns of beginning ELA teachers and their implications for teacher self-efficacy. The paper is informed by narrative research, which provides practical and specific insights into the lived experiences of participants. The first data set consists of reflective writings on a self-identified topic connected to ELA teaching and/or learning throughout the semester. Two, one-hour individual interviews conducted during the first year of teaching form the second data set. The paper provides empirical insights about how preservice experiences inform ELA teachers’ expectations of first-year teaching and their development of self-efficacy. Their two major concerns – classroom management and building rapport – identified their fears and insecurities about managing disruptive students and establishing connections with students. These struggles offer a connection between expectations, experiences and self-efficacy. Likewise, they point to the need for teacher education to address preservice teachers’ self-efficacy as a way to support their successful entry into the classroom. The paper includes implications for the development of increased opportunities to study and experience critical concerns of the profession. Such learning experiences offer preservice teachers meaningful opportunities to engage with experiential learning, applied practice and critical reflection before their first year in the field. The paper fulfills an identified need to study how differences between expectation and reality can be difficult for beginning ELA teachers to reconcile, a disconnect that lends itself to considerations of teachers’ self-efficacy.
Characterization of a Novel CD8 + B Cell Subset in Monkeys Tolerant of Heart Allografts

Purpose We have previously reported that transient mixed hematopoietic chimerism induced via donor bone marrow transplantation can achieve tolerance to cardiac allografts in non-human primates (NHPs). The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency and properties of a unique subset of CD8+ B cells, recently identified in our laboratory, in tolerant monkeys. Methods Cynomolgus Macaques underwent organ transplantation followed by injection of donor bone marrow cells with mixed chimerism conditioning consisting of 3Gy TBI, 7Gy thymic irradiation, anti-thymocyte globulin, and a short course of anti-CD154 mAb and CyA therapy. The frequencies of different B cell subsets were measured in the peripheral blood of ten monkeys pre- and post-transplantation. In addition, PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood of two tolerant animals (recipients of heart plus kidney or heart plus thymus cotransplants) 847 and 274 days post-bone marrow and FACS-sorted into five groups: T cells (CD3+), whole B cells (CD20+), mature B cells (CD20+CD8−CD27+), naive B cells (CD20+CD8−CD27−), and newly identified CD8+ B cells (CD20+CD8+). mRNA was extracted from lysates of each cell population and sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq 500. Results During the reconstitution phase of the conditioning protocol, CD8+ B cells exhibited a phenotype reminiscent of transitional B cells (CD20+CD27−IgMhiCD38hi) and the percentage of these cells among peripheral B cells was much higher than that observed in naive animals (23.4% vs 2.5% respectively; p Conclusion The prevalence of CD8+ B cells expressing genes involved in regulatory immunity after bone marrow transplantation suggests that these cells may play a role in tolerance induction to heart allografts in NHPs. Work is in progress to further characterize these novel cells.
Intentional removal of erroneously deployed coronary stents: A case series and review of the literature.

Most reports of stent retrieval involve undeployed, embolized stents. While the retrieval of fully deployed stents has been sporadically reported, most of these were not intentional. The feasibility and safety of intentional retrieval of fully deployed, but erroneously placed stents have not been well described. We report four cases of successful, intentional stent retrieval for stents placed erroneously in an aorto-ostial position. The stents were retrieved at varying times after deployment, ranging from immediately to up to 5 years. In all cases, stents were retrieved successfully with no complication. We conclude that the intentional retrieval of fully deployed, but erroneously placed stents is feasible and safe when stenting involved an aorto-ostial location.
Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Addiction

Studies on the predictors of substance use disorders have typically focused on psychosocial predictors, whereas the neurobiological predictors are still being elucidated. While psychosocial predictors such as peer influences and personality measures may be considered robust predictors of drug use, understanding neurobiological associations is crucial to uncovering biomarkers, which inform mechanistic models of addiction and treatment options. This review briefly surveys key psychosocial findings and focuses on the predictors of drug use identified from genetic and neuroimaging research. Special attention is given to cannabis use in adolescence, as cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance, and adults with substance use disorders are likely to have initiated drug use in adolescence. This chapter concludes with a commentary on the future directions for substance use prediction studies.
In Search of the Optimal Atmospheric River Index for US Precipitation: A Multifactorial Analysis

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) affect surface hydrometeorology in the US West Coast and Midwest. We systematically sought optimal AR indices for expressing surface precipitation impacts within the Atmosp...
Corticostriatal Circuit Models of Cognitive Impairments Induced by Fetal Exposure to Alcohol.

Abstract The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder includes a group of diseases caused by fetal alcohol exposure (FAE). Patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder display heterogeneous socioemotional and cognitive deficits, particularly in the domain of executive function, that share symptoms with other neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the availability of several preclinical models, the developmental brain defects causally linked to behavioral deficits induced by FAE remain poorly understood. Here, we first review the effects of FAE on corticostriatal development and its impact on both corticostriatal pathway function and cognitive abilities. We propose three non–mutually exclusive circuit models of corticostriatal dysfunctions to account for some of the FAE-induced cognitive deficits. One model posits that associative-sensorimotor imbalance causes hyper goal-directed behavior, and a second model implies that alteration of prefrontal-striatal behavioral suppression circuits results in loss of behavioral inhibition. A third model suggests that local striatal circuit deficits affect striatal neuronal ensemble function to impair action selection and performance. Finally, we discuss how preclinical approaches applied to these circuit models could offer potential rescue strategies for executive function deficits in patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Racialized authenticity: South Asian migrant women in the ethnic beauty market:

Over the last two decades, ethnic beauty markets in Los Angeles have grown rapidly as cultural commodification soars alongside the growth of migrant workers in the global city. The South Asian beau...
Robust Segmentation of Cell Nuclei in 3-D Microscopy Images

Accurate segmentation of 3-D cell nuclei in microscopy images is essential for the study of nuclear organization, gene expression, and cell morphodynamics. Current image segmentation methods are challenged by the complexity and variability of microscopy images and often over-segment or under-segment the cell nuclei. Thus, there is a need to improve segmentation accuracy and reliability, as well as the level of automation. In this paper, we propose a new automated algorithm for robust segmentation of 3-D cell nuclei using the concepts of random walk, graph theory, and mathematical morphology as the foundation. Like other segmentation algorithms, we first use a seed detection/marker extraction algorithm to find a seed voxel for each individual cell nucleus. Next, using the concept of random walk on a graph we find the probability of all the pixels in the 3-D image to reach the seed pixels of each nucleus identified by the seed detection algorithm. We then generate a 3-D response image by combining these probabilities for each voxel and use the marker controlled watershed transform on this response image to obtain an initial segmentation of the cell nuclei. Finally, we apply local region-based active contours to obtain final segmentation of the cell nuclei. The advantage of using such an approach is that it is capable of accurately segmenting highly textured cells having inhomogeneous intensities and varying shapes and sizes. The proposed algorithm was compared with three other automated nucleus segmentation algorithms for segmentation accuracy using overlap measure, Tanimoto index, Rand index, F-score, and Hausdorff distance measure. Quantitative and qualitative results show that our algorithm provides improved segmentation accuracy compared to existing algorithms.
The Problem of Justice: Tradition and Law in the Coast Salish World

Contents: List of Illustrations List of Tables Series Editors' Introduction Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Foreground 2. Background 3. Upper Skagit Justice 4. The Sto:lo Nation 5. An Intertribal Justice Discussion 6. The South Island Justice Project 7. Conclusion Series Editors' Afterword References Index
The purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid methylase from rat spleen.

Abstract An enzyme has been prepared from rat spleen which catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to cytosine moieties in DNA. This enzyme, which has been purified about 200-fold from the crude homogenate, differs from the known bacterial methylases in several ways, the most important of which is its apparent ability to methylate homologous DNA. The effect of heat denaturation upon the ability of DNA to accept methyl groups depends upon the source of the DNA. S-Adenosylethionine could not replace S-adenosylmethionine as a donor of ethyl groups in place of methyl groups.
Autonomy and the Ethical Status of Comprehensive Education.

On grounds of autonomy, is comprehensive education — an approach to education that attempts to facilitate the acceptance of certain beliefs and ways of life as being correct, and refuses to sympathetically expose students to contrary beliefs and ways of life — ethically suspect? Recently, Bryan R. Warnick has argued that it is. In this essay, Adam D. Bailey critically evaluates Warnick's argument, and contends that it is unsuccessful. In particular, he argues that Warnick's argument from necessity does not succeed. Bailey then addresses a potential response to his critique of Warnick's argument — that of developing an argument from facilitation rather than necessity — and argues that, contrary to the argument from necessity, the argument from facilitation does provide support for the claim that comprehensive education is ethically suspect. However, Bailey attempts to show that even granting the facilitation argument, it is plausible to hold that, on grounds of autonomy, comprehensive education need not be seen as ethically suspect.
A method for in situ absolute DD yield calibration of neutron time-of-flight detectors on OMEGA using CR-39-based proton detectors

Neutron time of flight (nTOF) detectors are used routinely to measure the absolute DD neutron yield at OMEGA. To check the DD yield calibration of these detectors, originally calibrated using indium activation systems, which in turn were cross-calibrated to NOVA nTOF detectors in the early 1990s, a direct in situ calibration method using CR-39 range filter proton detectors has been successfully developed. By measuring DD neutron and proton yields from a series of exploding pusher implosions at OMEGA, a yield calibration coefficient of 1.09 ± 0.02 (relative to the previous coefficient) was determined for the 3m nTOF detector. In addition, comparison of these and other shots indicates that significant reduction in charged particle flux anisotropies is achieved when bang time occurs significantly (on the order of 500 ps) after the trailing edge of the laser pulse. This is an important observation as the main source of the yield calibration error is due to particle anisotropies caused by field effects. The results indicate that the CR-39-nTOF in situ calibration method can serve as a valuable technique for calibrating and reducing the uncertainty in the DD absolute yield calibration of nTOF detector systems on OMEGA, the National Ignition Facility, and laser megajoule.
Chronic staphylococcal stomatitis resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, with evidence of local immune response. Report of a case apparently precipitated by toothbrushing trauma.

Abstract Described is a case of chronic staphylococcal stomatitis, apparently precipitated by toothbrushing, which persisted for almost 6 months. The implicated organism, Staphylococcus aureus , was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to erythromycin. Recovery finally occurred after antibiotic therapy combined with surgical excision of some small persistent ulcers. The sera from a paired set of blood specimens failed to show a significant agglutinating titer, but the samples of saliva collected at the same times gave evidence of specific secretory IgA and showed relatively high agglutinating titer.
HDAC7 regulates apoptosis in developing thymocytes.

Central immune tolerance is established in the thymus for T cells via a complex selection process that involves interactions between CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Cells that express antigen receptors interacting strongly with self peptide MHC complexes are deleted from the repertoire via activation-induced apoptosis, a process termed negative selection. Cells that express an appropriate signal are positively selected and mature into single positive naive T cells, either CD4 or CD8 positive. The balance between positive and negative selection is thought to play a critical role in the elimination of self-reactive clones and in the establishment of central immune tolerance. We have recently reported that HDAC7, a class II histone deacetylase, is highly expressed in CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes. HDAC7 inhibits Nur77 expression, an orphan receptor involved in antigen-induced cell death and in negative selection. The inhibitory effect of HDAC7 on the Nur77 promoter is mediated via the transcription factor MEF2D. During T cell receptor activation, HDAC7 is exported from the nucleus leading to the derepression of Nur77 expression and the induction of apoptosis. These observations define HDAC7 as a regulator of Nur77 and apoptosis in developing thymocytes and indicate that HDAC7 is likely to play an important role in the control of central immune tolerance.
Localization and characterization of a heparin binding domain peptide of human von Willebrand factor

Human von Willebrand factor, a plasma glycoprotein which plays a critical role in regulating hemostasis, binds heparin, but the physiological importance and mode of this interaction is poorly understood. Using the motif of an amino acid sequence of a consensus heparin binding synthetic peptide, a 23-residue sequence (Tyr565-Ala587) of human von Willebrand factor was identified that retains the consensus motif and binds heparin with affinity comparable with native von Willebrand factor and the consensus peptide. In a fluid phase binding assay, the Tyr565-Ala587 peptide competed effectively with von Willebrand factor for binding heparin. Synthesis and testing of peptides overlapping Tyr565-Ala587, as well as adjacent cationic regions, showed this core sequence to be the optimal linear binding domain. Far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrometry of the Tyr565-Ala587 peptide suggested that the peptide undergoes conformational change upon binding heparin. The Tyr565-Ala587 peptide thus encompasses part (or all) of a functionally important heparin binding domain of von Willebrand factor. Further study of this and related peptides may be useful for exploring how heparin may influence von Willebrand factor-mediated platelet hemostasis.