cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcein as a fluorescent iron chemosensor for the determination of low molecular weight iron in biological fluids.

The fluorescence quenching of calcein (CA) is not iron specific and results in a negative calibration curve. In the present study, deferoxamine (DFO), a strong iron chelator, was used to regenerate the fluorescence quenched by iron. Therefore, the differences in fluorescence reading of the same sample with or without addition of DFO are positively and specifically proportional to the amounts of iron. We found that the same iron species but different anions (e.g. ferric sulfate or ferric citrate) differed in CA fluorescence quenching, so did the same anions but different iron (e.g. ferrous or ferric sulfates). Excessive amounts of citrate competed with CA for iron and citrate could be removed by barium precipitation. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the sensitivity of the fluorescent CA assay is 0.02 microM of iron, at least 10 times more sensitive than the colorimetric assays. Sera from 6 healthy subjects were tested for low molecular weight (LMW) chelator bound iron in the filtrates of 10 kDa nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL). The LMW iron was marginally detectable in the normal sera. However, increased levels of LMW iron were obtained at higher transferrin (Tf) saturation (1.64-2.54 microM range at 80% Tf saturation, 2.77-3.15 microM range at 100% Tf saturation and 3.09-3.39 microM range at 120% Tf saturation). The application of the assay was further demonstrated in the filtrates of human liver HepG2 and human lung epithelial A549 cells treated with iron or iron-containing dusts.
Substrate recognition by the Yersinia type III protein secretion machinery

Type III secretion is the designation given to those protein secretion pathways, primarily in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, whose secretion machinery components share an amino acid sequence homology to components of the flagellar basal body. In Yersinia spp., these secretion machineries inject virulence proteins called Yops into the cytosol of target macrophages in an effort to evade phagocytic killing. To date, a clear mechanism by which Yops are recognized by the type III secretion machinery has not been elucidated. Unlike most, if not all, previously characterized protein sorting pathways, the information that identifies Yops as substrates for secretion seems not to be wholly encoded within the Yop peptide sequence. In fact, it appears that at least some of this information is contained within yop mRNAs. This review summarizes recent observations that have been made in this unusual field and proposes models by which proteins may be initiated into this pathway.
A switching control strategy for magnetic bearings with a state-dependent bias

In this paper, we address the problem of controlling an active magnetic bearing (AMB) with reduced ohmic power loss. We consider an AMB system operated with only a single, opposing electromagnet active at any given time. A switching strategy is first described for the AMB mode of operation. A control/biasing strategy is then proposed which introduces a smart bias flux in the nonlinear control law. The bias is smart in the sense that it is a function of the rotor states, and varies on-line in a manner that reduces AMB power losses and avoids control singularities, without affecting the closed-loop stability. General conditions on the functional form of the bias are provided along with a specific bias design. A simulation study illustrates the performance of the proposed smart-bias controller in comparison to a standard, fixed-bias controller.
Emission Lines: Sign of a New Energy Source?

In addition to the occurrence of emission line regions coexistent with extended radio sources which have been discussed at this Symposium, this phenomenon has been observed earlier in 3C277.3 (Miley et al. 1981) and in Centaurus A (Graham and Price 1981). This gas has been detected only in the Fanaroff and Riley “Class I” radio sources. Data concerning this class of object suggest that outflow from the nucleus is proceeding at transonic or subsonic speeds and this correlation has led to the suggestion (De Young 1981) that the origin of the emission line gas arises from entrainment of the interstellar medium into the ejected material.
Macroevolutionary diversity of amniote limb proportions predicted by developmental interactions

Mammals, birds, and reptiles exhibit a remarkable diversity of limb proportions. These evolved differences are thought to reflect selection for biomechanical, postural, and locomotor requirements primarily acting on independent variation in later fetal and postnatal segmental growth. However, earlier conserved developmental events also have the potential to impact the evolvability of limb proportions by limiting or biasing initial variation among segments. Notably, proximo-distal patterning of the amniote limb through activation–inhibition dynamics predicts that initial proportions of segments should exhibit both tradeoffs between stylopod and autopod and a diagnostic reduction in variance of the zeugopod. Here it is demonstrated that this developmental “design rule” predicts patterns of macroevolutionary diversity despite the effects of variation in segmental growth over ontogeny, lineage-specific differences in phylogenetic history, or functional adaptation. These results provide critical comparative evidence of a conserved Turing-like mechanism in proximo-distal limb segmentation, and suggest that development has played a previously unrecognized role in the evolvability of limb proportions in a wide range of amniote taxa. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 420–427, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central Nervous System Control of Nutrient Homeostasis

The sections in this article are: 1 Central Nervous System Control of Food Intake and Body Weight 1.1 History 1.2 Set-Point Hypothesis 1.3 Control of Food Intake 1.4 Neuropeptides as Satiety Factors 1.5 Neuropeptides That Increase Meal Size 1.6 Central Neural Circuits and Aminergic Transmitters 1.7 Afferent Inputs to Hypothalamus Related to Feeding 2 Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis 2.1 Overview 2.2 Overnight Fast 2.3 Plasma Glucose Regulation During Meals 2.4 Plasma Glucose Regulation During Exercise 2.5 Stress Hyperglycemia 2.6 Central Mechanisms for Glucose Sensing and Regulation 2.7 CNS Effects of Neuropeptides on Plasma Glucose 3 Neuroendocrine Effector Organs for Metabolic Regulation 3.1 Endocrine Pancreas 3.2 Liver 3.3 Adipose Tissue 3.4 Skeletal Muscle 4 Conclusions
What Is CTE?: Practitioners Struggle to Define Their Field in the United States

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to capture the perspectives of 13 mastersâ€™ students, who are also practitioners in Career and Technical Education (CTE), regarding how they conceive of the field. A few recurring themes emerged: (a) transitional identity as the field tries to distance itself from the stigma of vocational education; (b) purpose of CTE reflecting the tension between narrow and broad preparation for work; and (c) perspectives on new directions in the field viewing CTE as an integral component of education for all students aligned with calls for more rigorous integration of academic and CTE. Curricular recommendations for CTE graduate programs are articulated, including implications to develop coherent and shared consensus regarding the purpose and mission of the field to provide programmatic direction and vision.
“He Would Kill Me With His Penis”: Genocidal Rape in Rwanda as a State Crime

Only recently have critical criminologists begun a systematic exploration of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity as state crimes (Kramer and Michalowski 2005; Mullins and Rothe 2008; Haveman and Smeulers 2008). This paper contributes to that growing literature through examining the nature and dynamics of sexual violence as it occurred during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. It draws upon empirical examination of events depicted in transcripts of trials held before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It qualitatively examines the role of leaders in producing mass sexual assaults. It explores how sexual mutilations were more intense expressions of what the genocide’s local leaders hoped to accomplish through the use of rape in the event. It also explores long-term results of victimization for survivors. Finally, this paper then uses an integrated theory of state crime (see Mullins and Rothe 2008; Rothe and Mullins 2006, 2008a) to illuminate the causal forces at play on multiple levels of analysis in producing the sexual violence specifically within the broader genocide.
Treatment of Chondral Defects in the Athlete's Knee

Purpose To determine which surgical technique(s) has improved outcomes and enables athletes to return to their preinjury level of sports and which patient and defect factors significantly affect outcomes after cartilage repair or restoration. Methods We conducted a search of multiple medical databases, evaluating studies of articular cartilage repair in athletes. Results We identified 11 studies for inclusion (658 subjects). Only 1 randomized clinical trial was identified. All other studies were prospective cohorts, case-control studies, or case series reporting results after either microfracture or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) or osteoarticular transplantation (OATS). Eight different clinical outcomes measures were used. Better clinical outcomes were observed after ACI and OATS versus microfracture. Results after microfracture tended to deteriorate with time. The overall rate of return to preinjury level of sports was 66%. The timing of return to the preinjury level of sports was fastest after OATS and slowest after ACI. Defect size of less than 2 cm 2 , preoperative duration of symptoms of less than 18 months, no prior surgical treatment, younger patient age, and higher preinjury and postsurgical level of sports all correlated with improved outcomes after cartilage repair, especially ACI. Results after microfracture were worse with larger defects. The rate of return to sports was generally lower after microfracture versus ACI or OATS, and if a patient was able to return to sports, performance was diminished as well. Conclusions Management of chondral defects in the athlete is complex and multifactorial. There is little high-level evidence to support one procedure over another, although good short-term and midterm outcomes with a fair rate of return to preinjury level of sports can be achieved with cartilage repair and restoration in the athlete. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Influences of antibiotics on plantlet regeneration via organogenesis in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.)

Three antibiotics ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefotaxime were evaluated for their effects on induction, growth, and differentiation of organogenic calli, as well as rooting of regenerated shoots of three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes. Of the antibiotics administered, cefotaxime maximally increased the frequency of callus formation and growth rate of organogenic calli, carbenicillin maximally increased the frequency of shoot regeneration and the average number of adventitious shoots per piece of organogenic callus, ampicillin maximally decreased the rooting frequency of regenerated shoots and mean number of roots per regenerated shoot, in comparison with antibiotic-free media. Compared with the control, ampicillin minimally increased the frequency of callus formation, cefotaxime minimally increased the frequency of shoot regeneration, and carbenicillin minimally decreased the rooting frequency of regenerated shoots in three loblolly pine genotypes tested. All three antibiotics increased the frequencies of callus formation and shoot regeneration, and reduced the rooting frequency of regenerated shoots suggested that the establishment of an efficientAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine need to select a suitable antibiotic. This investigation could be useful for optimizing genetic transformation of conifers.
Queens versus workers: sex-ratio conflict in eusocial Hymenoptera

Abstract Studies of sex-ratio conflict in the eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) have provided the most rigorous tests of kin selection theory. The hymenopteran haplodiploid system of sex determination generally renders workers more closely related to their sisters than to their brothers, whereas queens are equally related to their sons and daughters. Kin selection theory therefore predicts that resource allocation into male or female reproductives is a source of queen–worker (i.e. parent–offspring) conflict. Under the traditional assumption of worker control, sex ratios should evolve towards female bias, shifting away from the optimum of the queen, an even sex ratio. Three decades of research on sex-ratio conflict largely supported worker control, but recent studies have revealed queen-controlled sex ratios even in societies previously thought to operate under worker control. Recent studies have further documented that queen–worker sex-ratio conflict is modulated by other within-colony conflicts, such as those over colony growth or worker reproduction. Shared-control, multiconflict models are now needed to encompass the dynamic balance between queen and worker power over the colony sex ratio.
Planetary nebulae in planetary and binary systems

The problem of the survival of a low-mass secondary orbiting a primary that becomes a planetary nebula is studied. The values of the mass of the primary are 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0M ⊙; the values of the mass of the secondary 0.001M ⊙, 0.01M ⊙ and 0.1M ⊡. The orbital decay and mass of the secondary due to accretion and gravitational drag in the common envelope are presented. The possible application of the results to V471 Tau, UU Sge, WZ Sge and the Sun-Jupiter system are discussed.
Run-Up and Decay of Plane Poiseuille Flow

An incompressible Newtonian or Maxwellian fluid is contained between two stationary parallel plates. The velocity in the fluid is calculated, which results from the application at some instant of a uniform pressure gradient which is subsequently held constant.
PHLDA1 expression is controlled by an estrogen receptor-NFκB-miR-181 regulatory loop and is essential for formation of ER+ mammospheres

Crosstalk between estrogen receptor (ER) and the inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway in ER+ breast cancers may contribute to a more aggressive phenotype. PHLDA1 (Pleckstrin Homology-Like Domain, Family A, member 1), one target gene of ER-NFκB crosstalk, has been implicated in cell survival and stem cell properties. 17β-estradiol (E2), acting through ERα, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, acting through NFκB, increase the nascent transcript and PHLDA1 mRNA stability, indicating both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of PHLDA1 expression. We show that PHLDA1 is a direct target of miR-181 and that mature miR-181a and b, as well as their host gene, are synergistically down-regulated by E2 and TNFα, also in an ER and NFκB-dependent manner. Thus, ER and NFκB work together to up-regulate PHLDA1 directly through enhanced transcription and indirectly through repression of miR-181a and b. Previous studies have suggested that PHLDA1 may be a stem cell marker in the human intestine that contributes to tumorigenesis. Our findings that PHLDA1 is up-regulated in mammospheres (MS) of ER+ breast cancer cells and that PHLDA1 knockdown impairs both MS formation and the expansion of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive population, suggest that PHLDA1 may play a similar role in breast cancer cells. Up-regulation of PHLDA1 in MS is largely dependent on the NFκB pathway, with down-regulated miR-181 expression a contributing factor. Over-expression of miR-181 phenocopied PHLDA1 knockdown and significantly impaired MS formation, which was reversed, in part, by protection of the PHLDA1 3′UTR or overexpression of PHLDA1 lacking the 3′UTR. Furthermore, we find that elevated PHLDA1 expression is associated with a higher risk of distant metastasis in ER+ breast cancer patients. Altogether, these data suggest that high PHLDA1 expression is controlled through an ER-NFκB-miR-181 regulatory axis and may contribute to a poor clinical outcome in patients with ER+ breast tumors by enhancing stem-like properties in these tumors.
The Mirror of Language: The Debate on Bilingualism

* Introduction * Bilingualism and Intelligence * Childhood Bilingualism * The Bilingual Mind * How Children Learn a Second Language * How Adults Learn a Second Language * Bilingualism in Society * Bilingual Education * Reflections on Bilingualism
The nonlinear organization of the affricate

This paper proposes that affricates are composed of [-cont] and [+cont] specifications which are unordered at underlying representation and throughout the phonological derivation, although they are ordered phonetically. Previous autosegmental treatments of the affricate, which include this ordering as part of underlying representation, can handle edge effects, which are cases where rules refer to only the adjacent value of [cont]. But the ordered representation cannot account for anti-edge effects: those rules which involve the nonadjacent value of [cont]. Moreover, it predicts that ordering of the gestures is a possible phonological contrast, but this is incorrect, as no language has [+cont][−cont] single segments. As predicted by the unordered representation, all apparent cases of phonological edge effects can simply be stated as rules referring to a value of [cont]; all rules which show true edge effects occur after the values are phonetically ordered.
Improvement in specificity of ultrasonography for diagnosis of breast tumors by means of artificial intelligence

A set of ultrasonograms of lesions from 200 patients between the ages of 14 and 93 years who underwent mammography followed by ultrasonographic examination and excisional biopsy has been studied with computer vision techniques to improve the ultrasonographic specificity of the diagnosis. Selected features representing the texture of the lesion were calculated and then classified by an artificial neural network. This network was biased toward correctly classifying all the malignant cases at the expense of some misclassification of the benign cases. The network diagnosed the malignant cases with 100% sensitivity and 40% specificity (compared with 0% specificity for the radiologists diagnosing the same set of cases in the breast imaging setting), and tests performed with a leave-one-out technique indicate that the network will generalize well to new cases. This suggests that methods based on neural network classification of texture features show promise for potentially decreasing the number of unnecessary biopsies by a significant amount in patients with sonographically identifiable lesions.
The Phantom Burster Model for Pancreatic β-Cells

Pancreatic beta-cells exhibit bursting oscillations with a wide range of periods. Whereas periods in isolated cells are generally either a few seconds or a few minutes, in intact islets of Langerhans they are intermediate (10-60 s). We develop a mathematical model for beta-cell electrical activity capable of generating this wide range of bursting oscillations. Unlike previous models, bursting is driven by the interaction of two slow processes, one with a relatively small time constant (1-5 s) and the other with a much larger time constant (1-2 min). Bursting on the intermediate time scale is generated without need for a slow process having an intermediate time constant, hence phantom bursting. The model suggests that isolated cells exhibiting a fast pattern may nonetheless possess slower processes that can be brought out by injecting suitable exogenous currents. Guided by this, we devise an experimental protocol using the dynamic clamp technique that reliably elicits islet-like, medium period oscillations from isolated cells. Finally, we show that strong electrical coupling between a fast burster and a slow burster can produce synchronized medium bursting, suggesting that islets may be composed of cells that are intrinsically either fast or slow, with few or none that are intrinsically medium.
Optimization of High-Performance DNA Sequencing on Short Microfabricated Electrophoretic Devices

We have examined the parametric performance of short microfabricated electrophoresis devices that operate with a replaceable linear poly(acrylamide) (LPA) solution for the application of DNA sequencing. A systematic study is presented of the dependence of selectivity, separation efficiency, and resolution of sequencing fragments on buffer composition, LPA concentration, LPA composition, microdevice temperature, electric field, and device length. A specific optimization is made for DNA sequencing on 11.5-cm devices. Using a separation matrix composed of 3.0% (w/w) 10 MDa plus 1.0% (w/w) 50 kDa LPA, elevated microdevice temperature (50 °C), and 200 V/cm, high-speed DNA sequencing of 580 bases on standard M13mp18 was obtained in only 18 min with a base-calling accuracy of 98.5%. Read lengths of 640 bases at 98.5% accuracy were achieved in ∼30 min by reducing the electric field strength to 125 V/cm. We believe that this constitutes matrix-limited performance for microdevices of this length using LPA sieving m...
A case study bearing on the origin and propagation of 2- to 6-second microseisms

A study of microseisms recorded at seven east-coastal and island stations for the hurricane of September 1–13, 1950, helps define the factors involved in the generation and propagation of storm microseisms. This study indicates (1) generation is poor over ocean areas characterized by uniform crustal thickness, and is very efficient over regions of strong thickness gradients; (2) efficient propagation seems limited to the crustal layer in which generation occurs. Further, a theory of microseism generation is proposed which involves the energy of waves breaking at sea as the exciting factor.
Regulation of neocortical interneuron development and the implications for neurodevelopmental disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders typically have complex endophenotypes, which can include abnormalities in neuronal excitability, processing of complex information, as well as behaviors such as anxiety and social interactions. Converging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that altered interneuron development may underlie part of the pathophysiological process of such disorders. Consistent with this, mice with abnormal hepatocyte growth factor signaling exhibit disturbances in the development of specific interneuron subclasses that are paralleled by seizure activity and a complex behavioral phenotype. Mutations in molecules that regulate different aspects of interneuron development could provide the heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility that, when combined with environmental disturbances, results in a phenotypic spectrum that serves as the hallmark pathophysiology for autism, mental retardation, schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Layer assignment for reliable system-on-package

The routing environment for the new emerging mixed-signal System-on-Package (SOP) technology is more advanced than that of the conventional PCB or MCM technology -- pins are located at all layers of SOP packaging substrate rather than the top-most layer only. We propose a new interconnect-centric layer assignment algorithm named LA-SOP that handles arbitrary routing topologies and produces near optimal results. The contribution of this work is threefold: (i) modeling of the SOP routing resource, (ii) formulation of the new SOP layer assignment problem, and (iii) development of a fast and novel algorithm that considers the various design constraints unique to SOP. We review various approaches for the PCB, IC and MCM algorithms and investigate their applicability to the SOP model. Our related experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm LA-SOP.
Serum Bicarbonate Levels and the Progression of Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study

Background Animal models of kidney disease have linked metabolic acidosis with renal damage. The role of low serum bicarbonate levels in kidney disease progression in humans has not been studied. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Adults visiting a medical clinic in the Bronx, NY, from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2003, were included in the study (n = 5,422) and followed up until June 30, 2007. Predictor Serum bicarbonate level. Outcomes Kidney disease progression was defined as either a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by 50% or reaching an eGFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (n = 337). Measurements Patients' baseline demographics, comorbid conditions, laboratory data, and socioeconomic status were recorded. Serial outpatient serum creatinine levels were collected (median, 5 measurements/person). Results Mean age was 52 years, 69% were women, 45% were African American, 31% were Hispanic, 21% had diabetes mellitus, 41% had hypertension, and 9% had a baseline eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Kidney disease progressed as defined in 337 patients (6.2%). Compared with the reference group (bicarbonate level, 25 to 26 mEq/L), hazard ratios for progression after adjustment for potential confounders were 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 2.09) for bicarbonate levels of 22 mEq/L or less, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.35) for 23 to 24 mEq/L, and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.55) for 27 mEq/L or greater (global P for inclusion of serum bicarbonate level in the model=0.01). These results were similar using different definitions of the outcome (eGFR decrease of 30%, 1,288 outcomes [24%]; or doubling of serum creatinine level, 268 outcomes [4.9%]). Limitations Data used in the study were collected for clinical, not research, purposes. Conclusions Low serum bicarbonate level is associated with progression of kidney disease independent of baseline eGFR and other clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this relationship and evaluate the efficacy of alkali supplements for slowing progression.
Low-Angle Regional Unconformities: ABSTRACT

Brief periods of erosion without concurrent structural deformation have produced low-angle regional unconformities. These unconformities may provide the environment for stratigraphic traps where hydrocarbons accumulate within the truncated beds. However, the slight amount of erosional stripping (a few feet per mile) and the absence of significant changes in the lithology make the detection of these low-angle regional unconformities difficult. The chances of recognizing and delineating them seem to depend, at least in part, on the selection of a datum. Low-angle regional unconformities are common in the Western Canada basin. Only three were selected as examples, because they occur in a sequence generally considered to be one continuous depositional unit: (1) beneath the Mississippian Debolt, (2) beneath the Devonian Calmar, and (3) beneath the Devonian Ireton Formations. Slight variations in local rates of subsidence effect continuous changes in the direction of the depositional dip. These changes from formation to formation generally are minor. When sedimentation resumes after an hiatus, its new depositional dip represents the cumulative shift in regional tilt gradually introduced during the absence of deposition. The new dip direction in many cases relocated individual members of a sedimentary cycle, more especially the occurrence of sand lenses in a clastic province or of reef build-ups in a carbonate-shale sequence. End_of_Article - Last_Page 635------------
Resolution Analysis of $N$ -Ocular Imaging Systems With Tilted Image Sensors

In this paper, we present an N-ocular imaging system with tilted image sensors to improve the depth resolution for objects under fixed system resource constraints. A nonplanar arrangement of image sensors enables one to improve the system performance due to the increase in the common field of view (FOV). We analyze the depth resolution based on the two point sources resolution criterion as a function of sensing parameters such as the number of cameras, the number of pixels, parallax, pixel size, and focal length. We carry out Monte Carlo simulations in the analysis. The results indicate that the proposed method may improve the common FOV zone and thus provide improved depth resolution for N -ocular imaging system when the objects are not very far from the sensors.
Raman lasing with a cold atom gain medium in a high-finesse optical cavity.

We demonstrate a Raman laser using cold $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms as the gain medium in a high-finesse optical cavity. We observe robust continuous wave lasing in the atypical regime where single atoms can considerably affect the cavity field. Consequently, we discover unusual lasing threshold behavior in the system causing jumps in lasing power, and propose a model to explain the effect. We also measure the intermode laser linewidth, and observe values as low as 80 Hz. The tunable gain properties of this laser suggest multiple directions for future research.
Magmatic evidence for Neogene lithospheric evolution of the central Andean “flat-slab” between 30°S and 32°S

Abstract Geochemical data from Andean Miocene magmas erupted through the now volcanically-inactive “flat-slab” between 30°S to 32°S, coupled with geological and geophysical data, illuminate details on magmatic and continental lithospheric evolution over a progressively shallowing subduction zone. Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic and trace-element data show that Main Cordilleran, Precordilleran and Pampean magmas were contaminated in both the mantle and crust, and that the nature of the contaminants varied in time and space, reflecting tectonic events. Contaminants included both “enriched” (high LIL-element, high Sr and Pb, and low Nd isotopic ratios) and “depleted” (low LILE-element, low Sr and Pb, and high Nd isotopic ratios) types. In the western region, Main Cordilleran earlier Miocene lavas had contaminants with less “enriched” signatures than later Miocene lavas. Progressive “enrichment” is attributed to: (a) increasing amounts of sediment and tectonically eroded crust being subducted into the mantle wedge; and (b) contamination in a thickening Main Cordilleran lower crust whose composition was progressively “enriched”. This “enrichment” occurred through addition of upper crust by an intracrustal mixing process driven by a propagating wedge tip associated with westward wedging, heating and deformation of crust from beneath the shortening Precordillera thrust belt to the east. Further east, magmas erupted through back-arc crust have more “depleted” signatures. Those erupted in the central part through the evolving Precordilleran thrust belt were contaminated by an older, thinner Grenville (∼ 1100 Ma) basement whose “depleted” signature is unique among Central Andean terranes. Late Miocene Pocho lavas erupted further east in conjunction with uplift of the Sierras Pampeanas show “enrichment” through time. Arguably, these magmas could contain a component mechanically removed from the base of the thinning continental lithosphere to the west, and progressively incorporated into the convecting asthenosphere. First-order mass balance calculations comparing the lithospheric geometry proposed for 20 Ma with that today suggests that ∼ 60% of the lithosphere within 600 km of the trench at 20 Ma has been lost. This lithospheric loss is required to accommodate simultaneous shallowing of the oceanic slab, and thickening and shortening of the crust. Continental lithosphere recycled into the asthenosphere could contribute to the sources of the “enriched” EM1 and EM2 mantle components in oceanic island basalts.
Detecting Targets from a Moving Vehicle with a Head-Mounted Display and Sound Localization

Abstract : The effect of indirect vision systems on target detection and recognition is of interest to designers of future combat vehicles. In a field study, eight participants detected and identified pop-up' targets on an outdoor experimental facility from a stationary and a moving vehicle while using a head-mounted display (HMD) and direct viewing as a control, with and without sound localization. A head-slaved camera mounted on top of the vehicle provided the image to the HMD. With sound localization provided by localized auditory cueing, the computer-controlled audio tones (intermittent at a 0.5-second interval) appeared to originate from the location of the target. The results are that more targets were detected with direct viewing than with the HMD and from the stationary position than the moving vehicle. Although more targets were detected with direct viewing from the stationary vehicle without cueing, sound localization improved target detection in all other treatments. Similar comments apply to identification from the stationary position; however, fewer targets were identified from the moving vehicle with sound localization than without. The advantages of auditory cueing for target detection may have been limited by the choice of an intermittent tone for sound localization and the restricted search sector used in the experiment. Ratings of task attention loading show that increased attention was needed for the detection task with sound localization, especially with the HMD. This is also true for the identification task. Workload test battery ratings show a significant increase in perceived workload with the HMD as compared to the direct vision. A test of situational awareness shows significant effects with decreasing trends in perceived stability and familiarity and an increased need to concentrate when one is using the HMD in the moving vehicle.
The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective

The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective. Edited by Lee Ann Banaszak. Rowman & Littlefield. 2006. 272 pp. $72.00 cloth, $27.95 paper.Despite its considerable successes, the U.S. women's movement has frequently been seen as a disappointment from a global perspective. For instance, in their analysis of global women's movements' influence on the major multinationals, Robert O'Brien and colleagues state that “in the case of the US women's movement, even though it is the largest and most powerful women's movement in the world, its focus is squarely domestic, not international” (Contesting Global Governance, 2000, p. 53). Similarly, in a chapter in the current volume, Joyce Gelb points out that, although the United States has been a standard-bearer in regard to gender equity policy, a “politics of insularity” has sometimes prevented the movement from achieving new gains (p. 177).
Timing of the Δ10,12-Δ11,13 Double Bond Migration During Ansamitocin Biosynthesis in Actinosynnema pretiosum

The timing of introduction of the unusually placed Δ11,13 diene system in ansamitocin (AP) biosynthesis was probed by synthesizing optically active potential tri- and tetraketide intermediates as their SNAC thioesters. An AP-nonproducing mutant Actinosynnema pretiosum was complemented by the R enantiomer of the triketide and by the tetraketide with rearranged double bonds, but not by the tetraketide carrying the double bonds in conjugation to the thioester function. The results show that the double bonds are installed in their final positions during processing of the nascent polyketide on module 3 of the asm PKS and that KS4 of the PKS acts as a gatekeeper which accepts only a tetraketide with shifted double bonds as substrate for further processing.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 166

Abstract Nuclear structure data for mass 166 nuclei are compiled, and adopted level and gamma-ray properties are presented. The adopted values are based on all data received before May 1974. All published data received between May and August 1974 have also been considered in arriving at adopted values.
Multivendor nuclear medicine PACS provide fully digital clinical operation at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital

In an effort to improve patient care while considering cost-effectiveness, we developed a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), which combines imaging cameras, computers and other peripheral equipment from multiple nuclear medicine vectors. The PACS provides fully-digital clinical operation which includes acquisition and automatic organization of patient data, distribution of the data to all networked units inside the department and other remote locations, digital analysis and quantitation of images, digital diagnostic reading of image studies and permanent data archival with the ability for fast retrieval. The PACS enabled us to significantly reduce the amount of film used, and we are currently proceeding with implementing a film-less laboratory. Hard copies are produced on paper or transparent sheets for non-digitally connected parts of the hospital. The PACS provides full-digital operation which is faster, more reliable, better organized and managed, and overall more efficient than a conventional film-based operation. In this paper, the integration of the various PACS components from multiple vendors is reviewed, and the impact of PACS, with its advantages and limitations on our clinical operation is analyzed.
Sino-Cuban Relations during the Early Years of the Castro Regime, 1959-1966

China's relations with Cuba in the first half of the 1960s—when the Sino-Soviet split was rapidly intensifying—were important to both Beijing and Havana as well as to the world Communist movement. The Sino-Cuban relationship during this period moved from one of intimate comradeship to deterioration and finally a bitter separation. Although Fidel Castro's ties with Mao Zedong survived the immediate start of the Sino-Soviet rift, Castro's dependence on the Soviet Union ultimately doomed his courtship of China. Castro's vehemently anti-Chinese speech in March 1966 marked the end of Sino-Cuban amity. The Sino-Cuban case sheds valuable light on the tensions that bedeviled the international Communist movement after the Sino-Soviet divide flared to the surface.
Strength, Ductility, and Fracture Mode of Ternary FeAl Alloys

Iron aluminides with the composition Fe-45Al-5X-0.2B-0.1Zr (at. %), where X stands for the first row transition metals Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, were examined at room temperature with respect to their strength, ductility, environmental sensitivity, and fracture mode. The extruded materials were annealed at 1273 K to produce similar grain sizes and subsequently at 673 K to reduce the amount of quenched in vacancies. All alloys were essentially single phase. Their solid solution strengthening was found to correlate with the atomic size misfit derived from the lattice parameters. The “binary” alloy Fe-45Al-0.2B-0.1Zr exhibited predominantly transgranular fracture. Ternary alloying additons with atomic numbers less than that of Fe tended to enhance intergranular fracture, whereas those with atomic numbers higher than that of Fe favored substantial amounts of transgranular fracture. Tensile testing in a partial pressure of dry oxygen increased the ductilities of the ternary alloys only slightly, whereas the ductility of the binary alloy increased from about 8 to about 19%. The ductilities in air correlated inversely with the yield strength. However, those alloys exhibiting substantial amounts of transgranular fracture always showed higher ductilities than those fracturing intergranularly. We interpret our fracture results in terms of yield strengths and ternary element site occupations.
Architecture and emulator in ad hoc network for providing P2P type SIP_VoIP services

Provision of SIP-based, connection-oriented services can give rise to a variety of applications in an ad hoc network. Although there have been many studies on ad hoc networks, they have not sufficiently focused on the evaluation of SIP services. This paper proposes a MANET emulator architecture and local multipath routing suitable for SIP services. We have built a SIP_MANET emulator and confirmed the correct operation of a SIP_VoIP call. We confirmed that the proposed routing method has a high path retaining probability.
The automating skeletal and muscular mechanisms of the avian wing (Aves)

The avian wing possesses the ability to synchronize flexion or extension of the elbow and wrist joints automatically. Skeletal and muscular mechanisms are involved in generating this phenomenon. The “drawing-parallels” action of the radius and ulna coordinates the movements of the forearm with the carpus. Movement of the radius along the length of the forearm isnot dependent on the shape disparity between the dorsal and ventral condyles of the humerus, nor is it generated by the shape of the dorsal condyle itself. Instead, shifting of the radius toward the wrist occurs during humeroulnar flexion when the radius, being pushed by muscles toward the ulna, is deflected off theIncisura radialis toward the wrist. Movement of the radius toward the elbow occurs during the latter stages of humeroulnar extension when, as the dorsal condyle of the humerus and the articular surface of the ulna's dorsal cup roll apart, the radius gets pulled by the humerus and its ligaments away from the wrist. Synchronization of the forearm with the manus is accomplished by twojoint muscles and tendons.M. extensor metacarpi radialis and the propatagial tendons act to extend the manus in unison with the forearm, whileM. extensor metacarpi ulnaris helps these limb segments flex simultaneously.M. flexor carpi ulnaris, in collaboration with the “drawing-parallels” mechanisms, flexes the carpus automatically when the elbow is flexed, thereby circumducting the manus from the plane of the wing toward the body. In a living bird, these skeletal and muscular coordinating mechanisms may function to automate the internal kinematics of the wing during flapping flight. A mechanized wing may also greatly facilitate the initial flight of fledgling birds. The coordinating mechanisms of the wing can be detected in a bird's osteology, thereby providing researchers with a new avenue by which to gauge the flight capabilities of avian fossil taxa.
State, Territory, and Identity Formation in the Postwar Berlins, 1945–1989

In the moder system of nation-states, most, if not all, large human cultural groups base part of their claim to an integrated identity on residence in a territorially defined home and a culturally delineated nation (see, e.g., Anderson 1983; Hobsbawm 1990; Smith 1986). As Sahlins (1988:234-263) shows for Spain and France, at least since the early 19th century, the modern state has based its juridical definition of sovereignty on defining and enforcing its "social and territorial boundaries," with political control, or creation of the center, being secondary and derivative. This tie to homeland or territorially circumscribed space, on the one hand, and to a unified culture or nation, on the other, has been extremely problematic in the construction of the identities of German-speaking peoples residing in geographical units that have been called, successively, Wilhelmine Germany, Weimar Republic, Third Reich, Allied occupied territories, German Democratic Republic, and Federal Republic of Germany. Particularly troublesome for this century's Berlin residents has been the notion of Heimat (home). Both world wars resulted in shifts in physical boundaries and massive population movements. Indeed, the peculiar solution of the Allies in their 1945 Potsdam Accord was to deconstruct any semblance of the unity of culture, state, and nation: they divided the nation territorially and ideologically, displaced large parts of the population, and opened for contestation the physical boundaries of the home. Berlin became the site and symbol of this "answer," which was then reinscribed in varied forms by the two new German states when they established themselves in 1949.' During the Cold War, these two statesautonomous, asymmetrical mirror images of one another-competed for legitimacy in signifying and representing the nation. They were involved in what Hegel (1953) called a "struggle to the death": seeking recognition (Anerkennung) of self without having to recognize the other in turn. Although publicly denouncing and threatening to overcome the social and territorial other, they were, in fact, intent on producing cultural difference-for the production of different nations was a precondition for their claim to legitimate statehood! This struggle was nowhere more transparent than in the divided Berlin, what I have elsewhere referred
Microstructure, microchemistry, and coercivity in Sm–Co–Cu and Pr–Co–Cu 1:5 alloys

Abstract The microstructure and microchemistry of Cu-substituted SmCo 5 - and PrCo 5 -based cast alloys have been investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and nanoprobe energy dispersive spectroscopy. Nanoscale precipitates with the hexagonal crystal structure have been observed in the Cu-substituted 1:5 alloys. Results suggest that the coercivity of Cu-substituted 1:5 alloys depends on both the Cu content of the 1:5 matrix phase and the crystal structure of the precipitates.
Education, income and alcohol misuse: a stress process model

This study applies stress process theory to study and explain the negative association between socioeconomic status (SES) and alcohol misuse. SES is theorized to reduce alcohol misuse by reducing exposure to stressors and increasing access to resources. The National Co-Morbidity panel sample (N = 4,979) interviewed in 1990–1992 and 2000–2002 are analyzed to estimate direct and indirect pathways between SES and alcohol misuse over time via stressors and resources. Higher education and income predict decreased alcohol misuse via internal and external locus of control. External locus of control is associated with increased alcohol intake over time, whereas internal locus of control is associated with a lower likelihood of developing future alcohol-related disorders. Income is also associated with increased alcohol misuse via religiosity, which is more common among people of low income, and protects against alcohol misuse. SES is negatively associated with alcohol misuse because low SES increases people’s perceptions that their lives are determined by luck, and reduces their sense of personal control. However, low income has a countervailing negative influence on alcohol misuse via its association with religiosity.
Stochastic Bounds and Dependence Properties of Survival Times in a Multicomponent Shock Model

Consider a system that consists of several components. Shocks arrive according to a counting process (which may be non-homogeneous and with correlated interarrival times) and each shock may simultaneously destroy a subset of the components. Shock models of this type arise naturally in reliability modeling in dynamic environments. Due to correlated shock arrivals, individual component lifetimes are statistically dependent, which makes the explicit evaluation of the joint distribution intractable. To facilitate the development of easily computable tight bounds and good approximations, an analytic analysis of the dependence structure of the system is needed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general framework for studying the correlation structure of shock models in the setup of a multivariate, correlated counting process and to systematically develop upper and lower bounds for its joint component lifetime distribution and survival functions. The thrust of the approach is the interplay between a newly developed notion, majorization with respect to weighted trees, and various stochastic dependence orders, especially orthant dependence orders of random vectors and orthant dependence orders of stochastic processes. It is shown that the dependence nature of the joint lifetime is inherited from spatial dependence and temporal dependence; that is, dependence among various components due to simultaneous arrivals and dependence over different time instants introduced by the shock arrival process. The two types of dependency are investigated separately and their joint impact on the performance of the system is analyzed. The results are used to develop computable bounds for the statistics of the joint component lifetimes, which are tighter than the product-form bounds under certain conditions. The shock model with a non-homogeneous Poisson arrival process is studied as an illustrative example. The result is also applicable to the cumulative damage model with multivariate shock arrival processes.