cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restitutionary Disgorgement as a Moral Compass for Breach of Contract

A quiet revolution is underway. A new rule proposed in the forthcoming Restatement (Third) of Restitution seeks to deter conscious wrongdoers from retaining profits from "opportunistic" breaches of contract. The proposed disgorgement remedy for defendant's opportunistic breach of contract will have fundamental consequences for contract theory and practice. This contractual remedy is gain-based rather than compensatory. Restitutionary disgorgement, rooted in unjust enrichment, may shift the conventional paradigm of contract law. This article examines whether a restitutionary disgorgement remedy for certain breaches of contract is compatible with traditional contract principles such as Justice Holmes's choice principle. Recall his oft-repeated declaration, "The duty to keep a contract at common law means a prediction that you must pay damages if you do not keep it, - nothing else." Disgorgement calls for certain value choices, including moral blameworthiness and promise-keeping. Furthermore, the underlying rationale for disgorgement is in tension with efficient breach theory. This article assesses whether disgorgement can coexist with conventional contract theories, and, if not, whether disgorgement's values should be preferred. Ultimately, restitutionary disgorgement for opportunistic breach of contract is a promising development for contract law and restitutionary theory. There is, however, room for further refinement before the ink is dry on the pending Restatement.
NIF and science

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will have many uses besides its primary mission in the US Department of Energy's Stockpile Stewardship Program. It will provide a broad array of applications to basic science, and will also play an important role in the development of commercial fusion energy.
Rate-matched regenerating code in hostile networks

Regenerating code is a class of code very suitable for distributed storage systems, which can maintain optimal bandwidth and storage space. Two types of important regenerating code have been constructed: the minimum storage regeneration (MSR) code and the minimum bandwidth regeneration (MBR) code. However, in hostile networks where adversaries can compromise storage nodes, the storage capacity of the network can be significantly affected. In this paper, we propose a rate-matched MSR code that can combat against this kind of adversaries in hostile networks. We optimize the code parameters for given system requirements. Our comprehensive analysis shows that our code can detect and correct malicious nodes with higher storage efficiency compared to the normal error correction MSR code.
Trade-Size and Price Clustering: The Case of Short Sales

Short sellers are informed (Diamond and Verrecchia, 1987, Aitken et al., 1998, and Diether, Lee, and Werner, 2007) and the information contained in short sales is driven by larger short-sale sizes (Boehmer, Jones, and Zhang, 2008). We examine whether short sales cluster on round prices and round trade sizes. Our findings show that short sellers prefer round sizes and round prices less than non-short traders, which provides evidence that short sellers are less concerned with negotiation costs, cognitive processing costs, and the costs of revealing information to the market. Further, we find evidence suggesting that size and price rounding decisions are not correlated on the NYSE and are negatively correlated for our Nasdaq sample. Unrounded short-sales are more informed than rounded short sales and large unrounded short sales are the most informed as they are able to predict the greatest negative intraday returns.
Recent developments in Cr{sup 2+}-doped II-VI compound lasers

Transition-metal-doped zinc chalcogenide crystals have recently been investigated as potential mid-IR lasers. Tetrahedrally-coordinated Cr{sup 2+} ions are especially attractive as lasants on account of high luminescence quantum yields for emission in the 2000-3000 nm range. {sup 5}E radiative lifetimes and emission cross sections are respectively {approximately}10 {mu}sec and {approximately}10{sup -18} cm{sup 2}. The associated absorption band peaked at {approximately}1800 nm enables laser-diode pumping of the Cr{sup 2+} systems. Laser demonstrations with ZnS:Cr and ZnSe:Cr (using a MgF{sub 2}:Co{sup 2+} laser pump source) gave slope efficiencies up to 30%. Excited-state-absorption losses appear small, and passive losses dominate. Tuning experiments with a birefringent filter evidence a tuning range covering at least 2280 - 2530 nm. Cr-doped laser samples can be produced by Bridgman growth, seeded physical vapor transport, or diffusion doping.
In computers we trust

Computing systems are finding their way into increasingly sensitive roles and settings and for these and other uses, we need computers we can trust. The author states that unless we begin to teach our students how to build trustworthy computing systems, viewing trust in an enlarged way, and use that broad perspective to help frame the underlying technical issues, we can't expect those students to go forth and build those systems. Until we begin a broader dialog with those who are impacted by computing - indeed, immersed in computing - and yet aren't viewed as traditional stakeholders in the dialog, we'll continue to build systems that impact them negatively without appreciating our actions' consequences. It's about time for a new engagement on the trust issue. To develop computer systems we can trust, we'll need a broader social appreciation of the dimensions and limitations of trust in technology. And we need to begin to take control of those limitations' implications, rather than blindly building and deploying systems that simply can't rise to the standards of trust that their roles would seem to demand.
Substrate hydrolysis by α-chymotrypsin under single-turnover conditions: The analysis of multi-stage biochemical kinetic processes by curve-stripping procedures

Abstract 1. 1. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by α-chymotrypsin under single-turnover conditions does not follow strict second-order kinetics. 2. 2. Analysis indicates that the results may be interpreted in terms of either a reversible second-order followed by a first-order process, or two consecutive first-order processes. 3. 3. It is demonstrated quantitatively that under very general conditions it is not possible to distinguish between the 2 mechanisms by a process of curve-stripping. The relevance of this conclusion to biochemical kinetics studies is considered, and a procedure to resolve ambiguous situations suggested.
Clinical impact of sample interference on intensive insulin therapy in severely burned patients: a pilot study.

Severely burned patients benefit from intensive insulin therapy (IIT) for tight glycemic control (TGC). The authors evaluated the clinical impact of automatic correction of hematocrit and ascorbic acid interference for bedside glucose monitoring performance in critically ill burn patients. The performance of two point-of-care glucose monitoring systems (GMSs): 1) GMS1, an autocorrecting device, and 2) GMS2, a noncorrecting device were compared. Sixty remnant arterial blood samples were collected in a prospective observational study to evaluate hematocrit and ascorbic acid effects on GMS1 vs GMS2 accuracy paired against a plasma glucose reference. Next, we enrolled 12 patients in a pilot randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive IIT targeting a TGC interval of 111 to 151 mg/dl and guided by either GMS1 or GMS2. GMS bias, mean insulin rate, and glycemic variability were calculated. In the prospective study, GMS1 results were similar to plasma glucose results (mean bias, -0.75 [4.0] mg/dl; n = 60; P = .214). GMS2 results significantly differed from paired plasma glucose results (mean bias, -5.66 [18.7] mg/dl; n = 60; P = .048). Ascorbic acid therapy elicited significant GMS2 performance bias (29.2 [27.2]; P < .001). Randomized controlled trial results reported lower mean bias (P < .001), glycemic variability (P < .05), mean insulin rate (P < .001), and frequency of hypoglycemia (P < .001) in the GMS1 group than in the GMS2 group. Anemia and high-dose ascorbic acid therapy negatively impact GMS accuracy and TGC in burn patients. Automatic correction of confounding factors improves glycemic control. Further studies are warranted to determine outcomes associated with accurate glucose monitoring during IIT.
The Rutgers University Campus‐Wide Information System

Times are changing. There was a day when you would walk to the corner store for the morning newspaper, to catch up on the events of the previous day. Maybe all you had was do is retrieve the paper from the flower bed in your front yard to find out last night's box scores of your favorite team. Then, of course, there was the college student who would spend countless hours at the library researching information needed for class tomorrow. Or maybe you just wanted to know the weather forecast.
The integration of genomic and structural information in the development of high affinity plasmepsin inhibitors

Abstract The plasmepsins are key enzymes in the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasites responsible for malaria. Since plasmepsin inhibition leads to parasite death, these enzymes have been acknowledged to be important targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. The development of effective plasmepsin inhibitors, however, is compounded by their genomic diversity which gives rise not to a unique target for drug development but to a family of closely related targets. Successful drugs will have to inhibit not one but several related enzymes with high affinity. Structure-based drug design against heterogeneous targets requires a departure from the classic ‘lock-and-key’ paradigm that leads to the development of conformationally constrained molecules aimed at a single target. Drug molecules designed along those principles are usually rigid and unable to adapt to target variations arising from naturally occurring genetic polymorphisms or drug-induced resistant mutations. Heterogeneous targets need adaptive drug molecules, characterised by the presence of flexible elements at specific locations that sustain a viable binding affinity against existing or expected polymorphisms. Adaptive ligands have characteristic thermodynamic signatures that distinguish them from their rigid counterparts. This realisation has led to the development of rigorous thermodynamic design guidelines that take advantage of correlations between the structure of lead compounds and the enthalpic and entropic components of the binding affinity. In this paper, we discuss the application of the thermodynamic approach to the development of high affinity (Ki ∼ pM) plasmepsin inhibitors. In particular, a family of allophenylnorstatine-based compounds is evaluated for their potential to inhibit a wide spectrum of plasmepsins.
Deiters cells tread a narrow path--the Deiters cells-basilar membrane junction.

Deiters cells extend from the basilar membrane to the reticular lamina and, together with pillar cells and outer hair cells, structurally define the micro-architecture of the organ of Corti. Studying vibrotome sections of the mouse organ of Corti with confocal and scanning electron microscopy we found that the basal pole of every Deiters cell, independently of their position in the organ of Corti and along the cochlear spiral, attached to the basilar membrane within a 15.1 ± 0.3 μm-wide stripe running the length of the cochlear spiral adjacent to the row of outer pillar cells. All Deiters cells' basal poles had similar diameter and general morphology, and distributed on the stripe in a precise arrangement with a center-to-center distance of 7.1 ± 0.3 μm between neighbor cells of the same row and 5.9 ± 0.4 μm for neighbor cells in adjacent rows. Complete detachment of Deiters cells revealed an elliptical imprint on the top surface of the basilar membrane consisting of a smaller central structure with a very smooth surface surrounded by a rougher area, suggesting the presence of two different anchoring junctions. These previously unidentified morphological features of Deiters cells could be critical for the mechanical response of the organ of Corti.
Attenuation of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Superinduction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Background—Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a mediator in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its functional properties have been conflicting. We investigated whether NO has a protective role against I/R injury. Methods and Results—Using endothelial NO synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice, inducible NOS KO mice, the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and the NOS inhibitor N-iminoethyl-l-ornithine (L-NIO), we performed studies of isolated perfused hearts subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia followed by reperfusion. After 60 minutes of reperfusion, nitrite levels in the coronary effluent in the SNAP and eNOS KO groups were significantly elevated compared with other groups. Immunoblot and immunohistochemistry showed that iNOS was markedly induced in the eNOS KO hearts. Under spontaneous beating conditions during reperfusion, increased NO activity was correlated with a prevention of the hyperdynamic contractile response and enhanced myocardial protection, as evidenced by ...
The Influence of Peptioe Structure on the Retention of Small Chain Peptides on Reverse Stationary Phases

Abstract Several characteristic structural features of peptides were considered in a study on the retention of small chain peptides on C8 and polystyrene-divinylbenzene reverse stationary phases. These include the effects of subunit nonpolar, polar, acidic, and basic side chains, the influence of the location (terminal or interior) of a nonpolar subunit in the peptide chain, effects of two or more nonpolar subunits and their location (terminal or interior) in the peptide chain, and the effect of two chiral centers and their location (terminal and/or interior) in the peptide chain. LC data, which were collected in an acidic, zwitterion pH, and basic mobile phase where possible, indicated that location of the side chains in the peptide relative to the terminal charge sites is also an important factor in determining peptide retention. Peptides with side chains containing acidic or basic groups were studied as a function of mobile phase pH. Whether these groups are ionized or not and their location relative t...
Experimental Group B Streptococcal Endocarditis Treated with Penicillin G versus Ceftizoxime

Aortic valve endocarditis due to a penicillin G (PNC) and ceftizoxime (CZ)-sensitive group B streptococcus (GBS) was induced in 72 rabbits. Animals received either procaine PNC (300 mg/kg per day) or
Penile angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers

Purpose. Two cases of penile angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angio-tensin II receptor blockers are reported. Summary. The first case of penile angioe-dema involved a 68-year-old man who arrived at the emergency department (ED) with a 2–12-hour history of penile swelling occurring three days after initiation of irbesartan in addition to longstanding lisinopril therapy. All parts of the physical examination were normal, except for the genital examination. The patient’s penis was edematous at midshaft only and was nontender with normal skin coloring. The edema was nonpitting and limited to the skin. The patient was instructed to stop taking both lisinopril and irbesartan, and symptoms resolved within 48 hours with supportive care alone. In the second case, a 48-year-old man arrived at the ED complaining of penile swelling over the previous two days. Enalapril had been initiated one month before his arrival at the ED. The patient’s penis was nontender and edematous at midshaft. The edema was nonpitting and limited to the skin. The patient was instructed to stop taking enalapril, given oral prednisone 60 mg, and asked to continue his prednisone for five days after discharge. The swelling resolved within two days of stopping enalapril, and he had no further episodes of penile swelling. Neither patient was rechallenged with the offending medications. Conclusion. Penile angioedema was reported in two patients. The first case involved a patient receiving both lisinopril and irbesartan. The second patient was receiving enalapril only.
Precise Scanning Calorimeter for Studying Thermal Properties of Biological Macromolecules in Dilute Solution

A precise scanning calorimeter for studying the heat capacity of liquids in a broad temperature range has been developed. By its design and capabilities this calorimeter is the first of a new generation for this type of instrument. This new scanning calorimeter operates differentially, is equipped with a pair of gold capillary cells and semiconductor sensors, and is able to scan up and down in temperature at user-selected rates. This instrument is completely operated by an integrated computer which also provides a full thermodynamic analysis of the results. Its construction does not involve the use of organic compounds, thus eliminating a source of baseline noise that has affected previous calorimeters. The operational temperature range of the instrument can be varied between 0 and 120 degrees C. The gold capillary cells (operational volume 0.8 ml) minimize temperature gradients in the heated/cooled liquid sample and permit easy washing and reloading without air bubbles. These features are crucial for the accuracy of difference heat capacity measurements and determination of the absolute value of the partial heat capacity of solute molecules. The measurements can be performed under an excess constant pressure (up to 3 atm) to prevent formation of gas bubbles and boiling of aqueous solutions above 100 degrees C. The noise level of the recorded heating/cooling power difference is below 50 x 10(-9) W (i.e., below 10 ncal/s) with a response half-time of 5 s. The reproducibility of the baseline without refilling the capillary cells is on the order of 0.5 x 10(-6) W. Reproducibility of the baseline upon refilling the cell is of the same order of magnitude. This provides an accuracy in difference heat capacity determination on the order of 10 mu cal/degrees Kml at a heating rate of 1 degree K/min.
A computer-based dental diagnostic case simulation (DDS) system.

Abstract The Dental Diagnostic Simulation (DDS) System is designed to generate basic dental case studies for presentation in an interactive, computerized fashion. A case so generated is organized into information gathering and diagnosis sections with six potential areas of inquiry and ten potential stages of diagnosis available for incorporation in the case. To develop such a case, a case author need only supply patient responses to questions, state laboratory test results, and identify correct diagnoses as outlined in a Case Author Workbook . Program generation facilities (macros) of DDS are then used to produce the program code with respect to the outlined case.
Sampling errors in statistical models of tropical cyclone motion: A comparison of predictor screening and EOF techniques

Abstract Statistical model significance, sampling and forecast errors are compared between linear regression models developed from preselected and ordered Empirical Orthogonal Function (ROF) predictors and those selected by a forward stepwise screening technique. As a particular application, grid-point height prodictors are used to forecast tropical storm displacements in a storm-heading oriented coordinate system. Critical correlations for model significance and upper bounds on expected sampling errors are derived from a Monte Carlo method. It is found that dependence among predictors selected by screening reduces expected sampling errors below those for the same number of independent screened predictors. For the given application, expected forecast errors for screened predictors are only slightly greater than those for EOFs.
EFFECTS OF OZONE TREATMENT ON MICROFLORA OF POULTRY MEAT

Opzone was produced using a Welsbach ozonator and measured by an iodometric titration method. Microbiological characteristics of ozone treated and air treated control samples were studied. Ozone treated broiler parts had consistently lower microbial counts than the control parts during the entire refrigerated observation period. Using log total microbial counts of 7.0 cm2 as a spoilage criterion, broiler parts treated with ozone had extended shelf-lives for 2.4 days. Ozone treated samples contained about 52.7% gram-positive cocci, while the air treated control samples had 39.6% gram-positive cocci. Air treated control samples had 22.4% gram-negative rods while the ozone treated samples had only 12.7% gram-negative rods. Studies using microflora from spoiled poultry meat have also demonstrated that ozone treatment preferentially destroyed gram-negative rod-type organisms.
Exact confidence intervals for channelized Hotelling observer performance

Task-based assessments of image quality constitute a rigorous, principled approach to the evaluation of imaging system performance. To conduct such assessments, it has been recognized that mathematical model observers are very useful, particularly for purposes of imaging system development and optimization. One type of model observer that has been widely applied in the medical imaging community is the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO). In the present work, we address the need for reliable confidence interval estimators of CHO performance. Specifically, we observe that a procedure proposed by Reiser for interval estimation of the Mahalanobis distance can be applied to obtain confidence intervals for CHO performance. In addition, we find that these intervals are well-defined with theoretically-exact coverage probabilities, which is a new result not proved by Reiser. The confidence intervals are tested with Monte Carlo simulation and demonstrated with an example comparing x-ray CT reconstruction strategies.
583 CONTINUOUS (C) VS. INTERMITTENT (I) NASOGASTRIC (N/G) FEEDING IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS

583 CONTINUOUS (C) VS. INTERMITTENT (I) NASOGASTRIC (N/G) FEEDING IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS
A correction factor for one-dimensional heat transfer coefficients around a horizontal tube in a fluidized bed

A stainless steel heat transfer tube was placed into a cold bubbling fluidized bed and temperature data at points on the tube circumference were captured by using miniature thermocouples. These instantaneously measured boundary temperatures were used to evaluate one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer coefficients by solving transient 1D and 2D heat conduction equations across the tube numerically. In previous research, comparison between 1D and 2D transient, as well as average, heat transfer coefficients were demonstrated. Due to the significant difference between 1D and 2D heat transfer coefficients, a need for a correction factor was emphasized. In this research, further analysis is accomplished to show the physical nature of this difference. The studies showed that the differences between 1D and 2D heat transfer coefficients around the horizontal heat transfer tube originated largely from an approximately steady state heat flux produced by nonuniform surface temperatures. Based on an analytical study, a correction factor was developed to correct 1D heat transfer coefficients around the heat transfer tube in bubbling fluidized bed.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 phosphorylation of Hip regulates internalization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4

Regulation of the magnitude, duration, and localization of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling responses is controlled by desensitization, internalization, and downregulation of the activated receptor. Desensitization is initiated by the phosphorylation of the activated receptor by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and the binding of the adaptor protein arrestin. In addition to phosphorylating activated GPCRs, GRKs have been shown to phosphorylate a variety of additional substrates. An in vitro screen for novel GRK substrates revealed Hsp70 interacting protein (Hip) as a substrate. GRK5, but not GRK2, bound to and stoichiometrically phosphorylated Hip in vitro. The primary binding domain of GRK5 was mapped to residues 303-319 on Hip, while the major site of phosphorylation was identified to be Ser-346. GRK5 also bound to and phosphorylated Hip on Ser-346 in cells. While Hip was previously implicated in chemokine receptor trafficking, we found that the phosphorylation of Ser-346 was required for proper agonist-induced internalization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Taken together, Hip has been identified as a novel substrate of GRK5 in vitro and in cells, and phosphorylation of Hip by GRK5 plays a role in modulating CXCR4 internalization.
Selecting the Right Correlation Measure for Binary Data

Finding the most interesting correlations among items is essential for problems in many commercial, medical, and scientific domains. Although there are numerous measures available for evaluating correlations, different correlation measures provide drastically different results. Piatetsky-Shapiro provided three mandatory properties for any reasonable correlation measure, and Tan et al. proposed several properties to categorize correlation measures; however, it is still hard for users to choose the desirable correlation measures according to their needs. In order to solve this problem, we explore the effectiveness problem in three ways. First, we propose two desirable properties and two optional properties for correlation measure selection and study the property satisfaction for different correlation measures. Second, we study different techniques to adjust correlation measures and propose two new correlation measures: the Simplified χ2 with Continuity Correction and the Simplified χ2 with Support. Third, we analyze the upper and lower bounds of different measures and categorize them by the bound differences. Combining these three directions, we provide guidelines for users to choose the proper measure according to their needs.
Introduction to stochastic computing and its challenges

We give a short overview of stochastic computing (SC) and its uses. SC computes with randomized bit-streams that loosely resemble the neural spike trains of the brain. Its key feature is the use of low-cost and low-power logic elements to implement complex numerical operations in a highly error-tolerant fashion. These advantages must be weighed against SC's inherently slow computing speed and low precision. Although studied sporadically since its invention in the 1960s, SC has regained interest recently as potentially suited to some emerging nanotechnologies, and to applications such as ECC decoding and biomedical image processing. However, a number of major challenges must be overcome if this potential is to be fully realized.
Computed radiography for the radiological technologist

CR has emerged as a general imaging technology for successful imaging of the chest, abdominal, musculoskeletal, and pediatric anatomy. For the general radiographer, CR is both celebrated and scorned for its complex function, and requires thorough ongoing training for the technologists to produce consistently high image quality. Digital radiography's unique separation of detector, display, and archive add a flexibility over screen-film technology for moving, storing, printing, and viewing plain radiographic images. CR technology is now a viable solution for those wishing to embrace the electronic and digital revolution in medicine. Although the system has less spatial resolution than screen-film technology, the strength of postacquisition image processing to enhance pathology and view obscured anatomy makes CR imaging attractive to technologists and radiologists. CR is a new modality for the general radiographer that, when put into the hands of a well-trained technologist, produces images of beautiful diagnostic quality.
Middle Ear Cholesteatoma Treated with a Mastoidectomy: A Systematic Review of the Measures Used

ObjectivesThe inconsistent measures used to report outcomes after mastoidectomy to treat cholesteatoma make it impossible for clinicians to compare results and apply them appropriately to patient c...
Models of Care for Late-Life Depression of the Medically Ill: Examples from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Stroke

Depression worsens most treatment outcomes in medically ill older adults. Chronic medical illnesses weaken and demoralize patients and compromise their ability to adhere to treatments requiring consistency and effort. Acute medical illnesses create a psychosocial storm that finds patients and their ecosystem unprepared. We describe two intervention models that can be used to target and personalize treatment in depressed, chronically, or acutely medically ill older adults. The Personalized Adherence Intervention for Depression and COPD (PID-C) is a model intervention for depressed patients with chronic medical illnesses. It targets patient-specific barriers to treatment engagement and aims to shift the balance in favor of treatment participation. PID-C led to higher remission rates of depression, reduction in depressive symptoms, and reduction in dyspnea-related disability. The addition of problem-solving training enables patients to use resources available to them and hopefully improve their outcomes. Ecosystem-focused therapy (EFT) is a model intervention for depression developing in the context of an acute medical event. It was developed for patients with poststroke depression (PSD) and targets five areas, part of the "psychosocial storm" originating from the patient's sudden disability and the resulting change in the patient's needs and family's life. A preliminary study suggests that EFT is feasible and efficacious in reducing depressive symptoms and signs and disability in PSD.
5 Pain in childhood rheumatic arthritis

Pain is a major symptom in chronic inflammatory arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis and affects the health status of arthritis patients negatively. There has been much debate about the role of pain in juvenile chronic arthritis and this review deals with the controversies about this subject. Pain in children is best understood as a multifactorial concept in which pain is the result of somatosensory, behavioural and environmental factors. The role of the different factors contributing to pain will be assessed with special reference to mechanisms relevant to children with chronic pain, the various instruments to measure pain, such as visual analogue scales and algometry, and the treatment of chronic pain in juvenile chronic arthritis. For a true understanding of chronic pain in children, these multidimensional assessments should be integrated into a biobehavioural model, by means of which a better understanding should lead to new therapeutic interventions for one of the most common symptoms of rheumatic diseases in childhood: pain.
Instrumentation for video-rate near-infrared diffuse optical tomography

This article describes the design, rationale, and system performance of a rapid imaging near-infrared diffuse optical tomography system that is capable of collecting tomographic measurements at video rate. Data-acquisition speed of 35frames∕s is achieved by spectral encoding of the sources, followed by spectral decoding of all detection channels in parallel in a spectrometer and using charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based detection. The combination of spectral decoding of the source lights horizontally in a spectrometer and spatial separation of the detector positions vertically at the entrance slit provides separate data for the entire set of source-detector pairs which can be acquired at the frame rate of the CCD camera. The described system features eight sources at an overall 785nm center band with an average of 1.25nm spacing in wavelength and eight detectors evenly deployed in a 27mm array designed for imaging with small animal tissues. The system performs with localization error of 2.5mm, and absorptio...
The effect of structural and demographic change on urban residential segregation

The factors responsible for observed increases in urban residential segregation by race in the United States during the 1960s are examined. Changes in residential segregation between 1960 and 1970 are decomposed to identify both changes resulting from the structural parameters of the segregation model used and changes resulting from socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the metropolitan area. The results suggest that potential declines in segregation resulting from black gains in the labor market are negated by black population growth and continued suburbanization.
Multiple-zone ventilation and temperature control of a single-duct VAV system using model predictive strategy

Abstract Conventional ventilation control schemes for VAV systems cannot achieve acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). Ventilation control at the zone level is one of key factors affecting IAQ and also impacts thermal control. This paper proposes a multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) controller to control temperature and ventilation of multiple zones in a building with a model predictive control (MPC) strategy. The controller follows the ventilation rate procedure of ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and meets its ventilation requirements. Simulation-based experiments under four types of typical weather conditions are conducted to evaluate the controller's performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the controller is capable of maintaining ventilation air requirements and temperature of multiple zones.
The classification of a protein from its primary sequence using functional and structural-specific PSSMs in quantitative measurement

In principle, the amino acid sequence of a protein contains structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics [1]. Investigation of these characteristics using computational methods provides a powerful resource. However, these methods have limitations in their ability to annotate the characteristics of proteins accurately [2]. In an attempt to overcome this drawback, we have developed a unified computational pipeline, called the Gestalt Domain Detection Algorithm Basic Local Alignment Tool (GDDA-BLAST), for measuring the structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics of a protein [3]. The performance of GDDA-BLAST is better than those of other method such as SAM and psi-BLAST in homology detection.
Nanocluster formation and stabilization fundamental studies: investigating "solvent-only" stabilization en route to discovering stabilization by the traditionally weakly coordinating anion BF4- plus high dielectric constant solvents.

The nanocluster literature contains a wide variety of nanocluster stabilizing agents. In addition to the plethora of putative stabilizing additives, 12 claims appear of “solvent-only” stabilization of transition-metal nanoclustersa hypothesis that is tested for the first time as part of the present studies. When the two main modes of nanocluster stabilization, electrostatic and steric are considered, “solvent-only” stabilization can only be steric (i.e., is not electrostatic). Solvent-only stabilization would, therefore, require that a strongly coordinated, perhaps even kinetically nonlabile, solvent be present on the nanocluster surface. Hence, an investigation has been conducted into potential sources for the stabilization of prototype Ir(0)n transition-metal nanoclusters prepared from [(1,5-COD)Ir(CH3CN)2][BF4] in five different solvents, with a special focus on the formulation and testing of alternative hypotheses regarding the true source of the nanocluster stabilization in putative solvent-only stab...
Early Flakes from Sozudai, Japan: Are They Man-Made?

Some archeologists consider the lowest component of the Sozudai site to be evidence of a human occupation of southern Japan during the early Wurm period. Others deny that the Sozudai objects are artifacts. With separate test procedures, flakes in the Sozudai assemblage were identified and compared to the standard developed by A. S. Barnes. These procedures indicate that flakes in the Sozudai assemblage are of human origin.
Anti-invasive and anti-adhesive activities of a recombinant disintegrin, r-viridistatin 2, derived from the Prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis)

Snake venom disintegrins inhibit platelet aggregation and have anti-cancer activities. In this study, we report the cloning, expression, and functional activities of a recombinant disintegrin, r-viridistatin 2 (GenBank ID: JQ071899), from the Prairie rattlesnake. r-Viridistatin 2 was tested for anti-invasive and anti-adhesive activities against six different cancer cell lines (human urinary bladder carcinoma (T24), human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080), human skin melanoma (SK-Mel-28), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and murine skin melanoma (B16F10)). r-Viridistatin 2 shares 96% and 64% amino acid identity with two other Prairie rattlesnake medium-sized disintegrins, viridin and viridistatin, respectively. r-Viridistatin 2 was able to inhibit adhesion of T24, SK-MEL-28, HT-1080, CaCo-2 and MDA-MB-231 to various extracellular matrix proteins with different affinities. r-Viridistatin 2 decreased the ability of T24 and SK-MEL-28 cells to migrate by 62 and 96% respectively, after 24 h of incubation and the invasion of T24, SK-MEL-28, HT-1080 and MDA-MB-231 cells were inhibited by 80, 85, 65 and 64% respectively, through a reconstituted basement membrane using a modified Boyden chamber. Finally, r-viridistatin 2 effectively inhibited lung colonization of murine melanoma cells in BALB/c mice by 71%, suggesting that r-viridistatin 2 could be a potent anti-cancer agent in vivo.
Response to low cardiac output: developmental differences in metabolism during oxygen deficit and recovery in lambs.

When cardiac output is critically lowered, whole body O2 consumption decreases and an O2 deficit accumulates. With restoration of cardiac output, an excess 02 consumption is expected in order to "repay" some or all of the O2 deficit. We tested the hypothesis that young lambs, with higher resting O2 consumption, cardiac output and growth rates than older lambs, would repay less of their 02 deficit because they have a higher proportion of nonessential metabolism. We reduced cardiac output acutely by inflating a Foley catheter in the right atrium of spontaneously breathing, sedated lambs at ages 2 (n = 5) and 8 (n = 5) wk. Each lamb was studied with low cardiac output periods of 30 and 60 min on different days. Aortic and pulmonary artery blood pressures, gases, and O2 sat- urations, venous Hb, and arterial lactate concentrations were measured every 10 min during baseline, low output, and 60 min of recovery. Oxygen consumption was moni- tored continuously. Oxygen deficit and excess O2 of recov- ery were calculated from the time integral of the difference between O2 consumption at baseline and during the re- spective study period. The average percent decreases in cardiac output (66.4 and 64.6%) and 02 consumption (38.1 and 35.1%) were similar in the 2- and 8-wk groups, re- spectively. There was no consistent relation between 02 deficit and O2 repayment in either age group. However, on average the 2-wk group repaid a significantly lower per- centage (3 f 16%, mean f SEM) than 8-wk-olds (76 k 29%). Moreover, lactate increased linearly with time and O2 deficit in both age groups, but lactate accumulated at a significantly lower rate in the 2-wk as compared to the 8- wk group for comparable deficits. We speculate that, dur- ing periods of very low cardiac output, 2-wk-old lambs not only decrease O2 consumption, but also decrease metabolic demands, possibly by suppressing nonessential metabo- lism. This results in fewer energy stores that need to be replenished during recovery. This is a potential mechanism for the greater tolerance of young animals to hypoxic stresses. (Pediatr Res 26: 180-187, 1989)
Enteral macronutrients abolish high blood alcohol levels in chronic alcoholic rats

Abstract Rats fed the Lieber-DeCarli 36% alcohol diet ad libitum exhibit alcoholemia. Since 36% of carbohydrate (CHO) calories in the control diet are replaced with alcohol, the alcoholic rats ingest low levels of CHO. Furthermore, alcoholic rats ingest 40–50% less calories when compared to rats fed the control diet ad libitum. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of providing marginal additional energy on blood alcohol levels (BAL) in alcoholic rats. Four groups of rats implanted with intragastric cannulae were allowed to ingest orally the alcohol diet ad libitum, and either water (two control groups, one each for CHO and protein) or additional calories, as either maltose-dextrin or casein, were continously infused through the cannulae. All four groups of rats consumed similar amounts of alcohol; however, water-infused rats exhibited high BAL. The BAL in the two nutrient-infused groups were insignificant. These data demonstrate that BAL can be regulated by nutritional means in rats consuming doses of alcohol high enough to cause alcoholemia.
Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances fine motor control of the hemiparetic ankle: implications for rehabilitation

We set out to answer two questions with this study: 1. Can stroke patients improve voluntary control of their paretic ankle by practising a visuo-motor ankle-tracking task? 2. Are practice effects enhanced with non-invasive brain stimulation? A carefully selected sample of chronic stroke patients able to perform the experimental task attended three data collection sessions. Facilitatory transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied in a random order over the lower limb primary motor cortex of the lesioned hemisphere or the non-lesioned hemisphere or sham stimulation was delivered over the lesioned hemisphere. In each session, tDCS was applied as patients practiced tracking a sinusoidal waveform for 15 min using dorsiflexion–plantarflexion movements of their paretic ankle. The difference in tracking error prior to, and after, the 15 min of practice was calculated. A practice effect was revealed following sham stimulation, and this effect was enhanced with tDCS applied over the lesioned hemisphere. The practice effect observed following sham stimulation was eliminated by tDCS applied over the non-lesioned hemisphere. The study provides the first evidence that non-invasive brain stimulation applied to the lesioned motor cortex of moderate- to well-recovered stroke patients enhances voluntary control of the paretic ankle. The results provide a basis for examining whether this enhanced ankle control can be induced in patients with greater impairments and whether enhanced control of a single or multiple lower limb joints improves hemiparetic gait patterns.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: A Standard of Care Survey

Purpose:To determine the current standard of care in the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with particular regard to topical chemotherapeutic agents including mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and interferon-α2b.Methods:A mail survey of the 325 physician members of the Ocular Microbio
Tracheal Granulation Tissue: A Study of Bacteriology

• We prospectively examined 19 patients (21 laryngotracheal reconstructions) over a 6-month period to evaluate the bacteriology of granulation tissue present at the time of Teflon stent removal and at the first laryngoscopy several weeks later. The most frequently recovered isolates were viridans streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nonhemolytic Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. All but one positive culture were polymicrobial. The amount of tissue did not correlate with the duration of stenting and the amount of granulation tissue and number of organisms decreased after stent removal. Further prospective study of the most appropriate antimicrobial therapy is needed. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:538-541)
Response of gastric fundus to rectal distension in healthy persons.

We aimed to record fundic motor activity in man using the barostat to ascertain if fundic motility is affected by rectal distension. The distal ends of two barostat tubes were placed in the gastric fundus and rectum in 10 healthy volunteers. The gastric bag was first inflated to a constant pressure level that recorded phasic motor activity as changes in volume of the air-filled bag. Baseline motor activity was recorded before, during, and after a 15-min period of constant rectal distension that was clearly perceived by all subjects but was not painful. In all subjects, continuous phasic volume changes, reflecting fundic motor activity, were recorded at a rate of 1–3/min. During rectal distension, a consistent change in mean contractile force of these phasic volume events was not detected; a decrease of more than 30% occurred in only three subjects. We conclude that fundic phasic volume changes are recordable by the barostat, but these are not substantially inhibited by rectal distension.
Novel transient phenomena in heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract The interaction between transferred-electron effect and base widening under transient conditions in III–V heterojunction bipolar transistors is considered. Modification of the collector field profile with an n + doping spike is shown to cause a time delay for the onset of Kirk effect creating conditions for the inception of charge instabilities. Numerical simulations suggest the possibility of sustainable intrinsic current oscillations in properly engineered bipolar transistor structures.
Increasing Dietary Fat Elicits Similar Changes in Fat Oxidation and Markers of Muscle Oxidative Capacity in Lean and Obese Humans

In lean humans, increasing dietary fat intake causes an increase in whole-body fat oxidation and changes in genes that regulate fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, but whether this occurs in obese humans is not known. We compared changes in whole-body fat oxidation and markers of muscle oxidative capacity differ in lean (LN) and obese (OB) adults exposed to a 2-day high-fat (HF) diet. Ten LN (BMI = 22.5±2.5 kg/m2, age = 30±8 yrs) and nine OB (BMI = 35.9±4.93 kg/m2, 38±5 yrs, Mean±SD) were studied in a room calorimeter for 24hr while consuming isocaloric low-fat (LF, 20% of energy) and HF (50% of energy) diets. A muscle biopsy was obtained the next morning following an overnight fast. 24h respiratory quotient (RQ) did not significantly differ between groups (LN: 0.91±0.01; OB: 0.92±0.01) during LF, and similarly decreased during HF in LN (0.86±0.01) and OB (0.85±0.01). The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and the fatty acid transporter CD36 increased in both LN and OB during HF. No other changes in mRNA or protein were observed. However, in both LN and OB, the amounts of acetylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1-α (PGC1-α) significantly decreased and phosphorylated 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) significantly increased. In response to an isoenergetic increase in dietary fat, whole-body fat oxidation similarly increases in LN and OB, in association with a shift towards oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, suggesting that the ability to adapt to an acute increase in dietary fat is not impaired in obesity.
Arc Welding in Argon Gas

During the course of the extensive research in arc welding being conducted at Lehigh University under joint sponsorship of the A.I.E.E. and several other organizations, apparatus for experimental welding at atmospheric pressure in controlled pure gas atmospheres has been designed and constructed. Tests in argon gas reveal 3 phenomena not previously associated with the welding arc: (1) the impossibility of maintaining a stable arc in highly purified argon under ordinary conditions; (2) the absence of all crater formation under pure iron in pure argon; and (3) the absence of all observable ``pinch effect'' accompanying the detachment of the globules from the electrode wire.