cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of Optical Jets in Galaxies

New, deep images of galaxies reported in various catalogs to have optical jets show that most are not jets, but tidal features, polar rings, or superpositions. From those objects that do seem to represent nuclear ejecta, criteria of brightness relative to the parent galaxy, width, and location have been derived, which should produce much purer samples of optical jets. Jet-like features in ESO 0610-23, UGC 3995, and NGC 1598 are described. Finally, a new search of the SRC IIIa-J survey is described, which was intended to incorporate the new criteria and provide a large sample of optically selected jets for detailed study.
Assessment of Bone Health in the Young Athlete

Assessment of bone health in the young athlete requires a detailed history, comprehensive physical examination, and targeted investigative studies. Imaging modalities currently available are all only surrogate measures for assessing fracture risk, and each method has advantages and limitations. For clinical use, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remains the preferred method because of its availability, precision, and low dose of radiation. However, DXA measures two-dimensional areal bone mineral density (aBMD), not three-dimensional volumetric BMD (vBMD), and underestimates true BMD in small subjects. When DXA is used in athletes younger than 20 years of age, Z-scores should be used instead of T-scores, and the diagnosis of osteoporosis should not be made on bone densitometry criteria alone. Fracture rate depends not only on bone mass and density, but also on geometry, microstructure, and strength. High resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) measures three-dimensional vBMD of an extremity and can also evaluate bone geometry, microarchitecture and strength. Use of HR-pQCT, while currently still limited to research, shows great promise for clinical use, especially in athletes who are more likely to sustain a fracture of an extremity than of the spine or hip. Markers of bone formation and resorption can be used to assess dynamic changes in bone health in response to specific interventions.
Abstract 4999: Identifying intercellular phenotypic stability factors for a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) are crucial for embryonic development, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Cells need not undergo full EMT or MET, rather they can maintain stably a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotype and thus exhibit collective cell migration, forming clusters of circulating tumor cells - the primary drivers of metastasis. Mechanisms enabling cells to exhibit a hybrid E/M phenotype stably remain elusive. Here, using an integrated experimental-computational approach, we identify ‘phenotypic stability factors9 (PSFs) that can stabilize a hybrid E/M phenotype by mediating cell-cell communication through Notch signaling pathway. Our mathematical model predicts that Numb or Numb-like (Numbl) can inhibit a full EMT and stabilize a hybrid E/M phenotype. This prediction is validated by the observation that knockdown of Numb in stably hybrid E/M cells H1975 results in a full EMT, thereby indicating that Numb behaves as a PSF. Generalizing the mathematical model to a multi-cell level, Numb is predicted to alter the balance of hybrid E/M versus mesenchymal cells in clusters, potentially resulting in a higher tumor-initiation ability. Our model also suggests another PSF – Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) – that couples both to EMT and Notch signaling, and stabilizes a hybrid E/M phenotype too. Intriguingly, Nrf2 levels are maximally observed in a hybrid E/M phenotype as compared to purely epithelial or mesenchymal phenotypes. Finally, high levels of Numb or Nrf2 also correlate with a worse survival in multiple independent cancer datasets, strengthening the association of a hybrid E/M phenotype with increased cancer aggressiveness. Citation Format: Mohit Kumar Jolly, Federico Bocci, Satyendra C. Tripathi, Mitzi Aguilar, Samir M. Hanash, Herbert Levine, Jose N. Onuchic. Identifying intercellular phenotypic stability factors for a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4999.
The Duties of Documentary in a Post-Truth Society

Documentary filmmakers have been telling stories since Nanook of the North (Robert J. Flaherty 1922). What is relatively new is a particular self-consciousness about storytelling as a craft. Documentary filmmakers today read screenwriting manuals, study dramatic works and deliberately borrow strategies from fiction films. Even those with experimental leanings frequently describe their work in terms of stories. This tendency, for the most part, seems harmless enough: it is simply an appeal to audience interests. However, it has disturbing resonance with another form of self-conscious storytelling that has recently taken root in the culture: fake news. On the surface, fake news and documentary storytelling do different things and stem from different impulses. Still, beneath the surface, it is quite possible that both reflect a growing disregard for truth in the wider culture—a supposed phenomenon that pundits have labelled “post-truth.”
Numerical Calibration of a Low-Speed sUAS Flush Air Data System

AbstractA method using computational fluid dynamics to numerically calibrate a flush air data system is presented. A small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) has been equipped with a flush air data sy...
Abstract P196: Hot Yoga and Hypertension: Exploration of a Novel Lifestyle Intervention

The practice of hot yoga is becoming widespread as marked by a growing number of yoga studios offering classes in heated rooms ranging in temperature from 27 to 41°C. Previous research has shown re...
Comparison of two fetoscopic open neural tube defect repair techniques: single- vs three-layer closure.

OBJECTIVES We reported previously on an exteriorized-uterus fetoscopic repair for open neural tube defect (ONTD) using a single-layer closure (SLC) technique. However, because SLC was associated with a high rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage at birth, we developed a three-layer closure (3LC) technique comprising a bovine collagen patch, a myofascial layer and a skin layer. The aims of this study were to compare SLC and 3LC in terms of intraoperative, postoperative and obstetric outcomes, as well as short-term neonatal neurologic and non-neurologic outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, from 32 consecutive SLC controls and 18 consecutive 3LC cases, that underwent exteriorized-uterus two-port fetoscopic repair of ONTD at our center, between April 2014 and December 2018. All patients satisfied the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) criteria. Obstetric, maternal, fetal and early neonatal outcomes were compared between the SLC and 3LC groups. RESULTS Maternal demographics and mean gestational age (GA) at fetal surgery (25.0 ± 0.7 vs 25.0 ± 0.5 weeks' gestation; P = 0.96), and at delivery (36.5 ± 3.5 vs 37.6 ± 3.0 weeks; P = 0.14), were similar between the SLC and 3LC groups, respectively. The rate of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) < 37 weeks (28% vs 29%; P = 0.9), mean GA at PPROM (32.3 ± 3.4 vs 32.7 ± 1.9 weeks; P = 0.83) and rate of vaginal delivery (50% vs 47%; P = 0.84) were similar for the SLC vs 3LC groups, respectively. In pregnancies that had SLC compared with those that had 3LC, there was a significantly higher incidence of CSF leakage at birth (8/32 (25%) vs 0/17 (0%); P = 0.02) and a significantly lower rate of reversal of hindbrain herniation at 6 weeks postoperatively (18/30 (60%) vs 14/15 (93%); P = 0.02). The rate of infants that met the MOMS criteria for shunt placement or died before 12 months of age (23/31 (74%) vs 7/12 (58%); P = 0.31) and those that required treatment for hydrocephalus by 12 months (15/32 (47%) vs 4/12 (33%); P = 0.42) were similar between the SLC and 3LC groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared to SLC, 3LC preserves the fetal and obstetric benefits of fetoscopic repair and shows improved rates of CSF leakage and reversal of hindbrain herniation at 6 weeks postoperatively. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Quantification of Cell Adhesion Strength using Energy Dissipation from Quartz Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring

We propose a mechanical model that describes the energy dissipation process in the probing of cell adhesion using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The model considers the QCM-D disk as a harmonic oscillator and the friction between the disk and the cell is modeled as molecular bond rupturing and the fluidic slip at the interface. The bond formation and rupture events are governed by relative motion between the sensor disk and the cell membrane. We consider this interaction as the main energy dissipation channel for the oscillator, as the dynamic molecular bond rupture and the viscous damping of the trapped liquid at the cell/disk interfacial layer contribute to the most energy loss during the harmonic oscillation. The energy loss due to the frictional slip of the stress fiber/cytoplasm is insignificant compared with the bond rupture. At high bond number conditions, the energy dissipation will be dominated by the bond rupture events at the focal adhesion, and bond number and the size of focal adhesion are linearly related to the energy dissipation factors. These findings can serve as an analytical tool for QCM-D based cell adhesion assays.
Stimulus presentation versus stimulus removal in the Good Behavior Game

The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is an effective intervention to reduce disruptive behavior. The GBG typically involves immediate stimulus presentation (e.g.., delivery of a token) following disruptions; however, experimenters have also removed tokens contingent upon disruptions. In the present study, we compared the effects of the GBG-stimulus presentation (P) and GBG-stimulus removal (R) on levels of disruptions in a 2nd-grade general education classroom. In addition, we measured student prompts, teacher praise and correctives, and student and teacher preference. The GBG-P and GBG-R versions of the game were similarly effective in reducing disruptions. However, the teacher chose to implement the GBG-R and the majority of students reported a preference for the GBG-R.
The First 60 Days: Physical Therapy in a Neurosurgical Center Converted Into a COVID-19 Center in Brazil

Objective The purpose of this case report was to describe the role of physical therapists in a neurosurgical center that was converted into a COVID-19 center for critically ill patients. Methods (case description) On March 16, 2020, the state government of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, determined that a neurosurgical center with 44 ICU beds equipped with mechanical ventilators should immediately transfer all patients with neurological conditions to other institutions and prepare for patients who were critically ill with COVID-19. The staff, including physical therapists, were trained to handle patients with COVID-19, many of whom were developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with complex and multifactorial ventilatory support needs. Adjustments were made to the physical therapy routine and protocols. Following the stabilization of patients' respiratory condition, physical therapist interventions focused on restoring physical function. Results A total of 116 confirmed COVID-19 cases were treated from March 17 to May 17, 2020. Sixty percent were men (70) and 40% were women (46), with a median age of 59 years. Eighty-nine percent (103) underwent mechanical ventilation during hospitalization, of which 11% (11) were successfully extubated. Thirty percent (31) of patients underwent tracheostomy, and 26% of those (8) were successfully decannulated. Of the total patients, 57 patients died (mortality rate of 49%), 4 (3%) were transferred to another institution, 23 (20%) were discharged home, and 32 (28%) continued to be hospitalized. Conclusion Physical therapists in the ICU can facilitate care for critical events such as intubation, patient positioning, ventilatory adjustments, extubation, and functional training. Impact The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of physical therapists, specifically in the care of patients who are critically ill with COVID-19. The availability and expertise of physical therapists in the ICU are important for managing critical events such as intubation, patient positioning, ventilatory adjustments, extubation, and functional training.
Defining and Constituting NGOs

This chapter claims that contemporary civil society is an effect of discursive practices and speech acts. Involving CSOs to governance settings can be understood as performative practices. These practices, speech acts, and performative actions are contextualized within scientific theories and the new governance reforms. When scholars and practitioners talk about civil society, they do not use an objective meaning of civil society existing independently of their perceptions or beliefs. Nor can they create a meaning of civil society only by merely pointing out some organizations and say, “These are civil society organizations.” In contrast to objective (natural) and purely subjective meanings of civil society, interpretive theories claim that any concept of civil society does not have a meaning outside of the discursive practice or discursive field within which it is situated and mobilized. Civil society discourse entails social scientific theories and is embedded in political programs, which define and constitute a distinct understanding of civil society and organizational forms and subjectivities.
Update on the Ares V to support heavy lift for U.S. space exploration policy

Abstract When NASA's Ares V cargo launch vehicle (Fig. 1) begins flying late next decade, its capabilities will significantly exceed the 1960s-era Saturn V. It will send more crew and cargo to more places on the lunar surface than Apollo and provide ongoing support to a permanent lunar outpost that will open the Moon to greater exploration, science and adventure than ever before. Moreover, it will restore the United States’ heavy-lift capability, which can support human and robotic exploration for decades to come. Ares V remains in a pre-design analysis cycle stage pending a planned Authority to Proceed (ATP) in late 2010. Ares V benefits from the decision to draw from heritage hardware and its commonality with the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which completed its preliminary design review (PDR) in September 2008. Most of the work on Ares V to date has been focused on refining the vehicle design through a variety of internal studies. This paper will provide background information on the Ares V evolution, emphasizing the vehicle configuration as it exists today.
Good neighbors or good prisoners? Non-uniformed staff beliefs about incarcerated people influence prison social climate:

We analyzed results from semi-structured interviews and participant observation with educators, clinical staff, and administrators who worked at nearly 100 different correctional facilities central...
Structure Determination of Inactive-State GPCRs with a Universal Nanobody

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has widened the field of structure-based drug discovery by allowing for routine determination of membrane protein structures previously intractable. However, despite representing one of the largest classes of therapeutic targets, most inactive-state G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have remained inaccessible for cryo-EM because their small size and membrane-embedded nature impedes projection alignment for high-resolution map reconstructions. Here we demonstrate that a camelid single-chain antibody (nanobody) recognizing a grafted intracellular loop can be used to obtain cryo-EM structures of different inactive-state GPCRs at resolutions comparable or better than those obtained by X-ray crystallography. Using this approach, we obtained the structure of human neurotensin 1 receptor (NTSR1) bound to antagonist SR48692, of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) bound to the clinical antagonist alvimopan, as well as the structure of the previously uncharacterized somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) in the apo state; each of these structures yields novel insights into ligand binding and specificity. We expect this rapid, straightforward approach to facilitate the broad structural exploration of GPCR inactive states without the need for extensive engineering and crystallization.
Clinical decision support systems use in Wisconsin.

Context: Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are becoming increasingly common in medical practice. Objective: To assess utilization, level of interest, and potential barriers to implementation of CDSS among physicians providing inpatient care in Wisconsin. Design and Participants: A Web-based survey consisting of 20 questions e-mailed to 5783 members of the Wisconsin Medical Society. Results: Of those contacted, 496 (9%) responded and 356 (72%) were eligible for the survey. According to 38% of respondents, CDSS were in place in their facility; less than a third were computer-based. Few existing users of CDSS reported being dissatisfied (2%) although 38% of the respondents were unfamiliar with CDSS or their use in medical practice. Most (79%) described themselves as receptive to new decision support tools, though the most commonly anticipated barrier to implementation was physician acceptance. Conclusions: CDSS are used in limited capacity in Wisconsin and existing systems are not likely to be computer-based. Despite physicians expressing a generally favorable interest in CDSS, a knowledge gap persists.
On the Reflective Nature of the Spring Kernel

The Spring Kernel is a research oriented kernel designed to form the basis of a flexible, real-time operating system for complex, next generation, real-time applications. The Spring Kernel is being implemented in stages on a network of 68020 and 68030 based multiprocessors called SpringNet. Version 1 of the Kernel is now operational. While much has already been written on the Spring Kernel [10,11,12,4], the purpose of this invited paper is to combine ideas found in separate papers and presents them with a different emphasis. In particular, in Section 2.1 we categorize real-time systems to clearly indicate the difficulty in building such systems. Since most real-time systems aspire to being predictable, we discuss exactly what predictability means for such systems. We show that it is important to fully understand the implications of predictability and to not over estimate its value. In Section 2.2 we discuss how the notion of predictability can likely be achieved by an integrated approach to designing and building next generation hard real-time systems. Much of Section 2 is taken from [16]. In Section 3 we review the main ideas found in the Spring Kernel. Much of the material found in Section 3 is from [12]. In Section 4 we discuss the reflective nature of the Kernel providing the emphasis that has not appeared in previous papers. By reflection is meant the ability of the Kernel to maintain and act on information concerning the application, the environment, and the Kernel itself. This includes identifying what information is to be used, how to monitor this information, and how to dynamically adapt the system. Section 5 makes summary remarks.
Memorable outpatient teaching: The sum of many teachable moments.

At first glance, it was yet another case of a patient with abdominal pain scheduled to see a resident in a primary care clinic. A 66-year-old healthy suburban housewife presented with a one-day his...
A portable battery powered electrochemical detection circuit with a 1000 volt CE power supply for microchip capillaries

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection (ECD) is an attractive combination for a miniaturized portable instrument. Capillaries and integrated detection electrodes can be fabricated accurately and at low cost using microfabrication processes. Precise sample injection and electrode alignment issues are addressed via interconnecting capillaries and patterned electrodes respectively. However, to fully realize the portability offered by microfabricated devices, a portable battery powered ECD circuit and HV CE power supply is developed. The ECD circuit and HV CE power supply are each constructed on 3"/spl times/4" PCBs including batteries. The detection circuit has adjustable gain, applied electrode voltage, and current offset. The CE power supply contains one positive and one negative voltage source. Each voltage source is filtered, regulated, adjustable from 250 VDC to 1 kVDC, and can source up to 400 /spl mu/A. Both the power supply and detection circuit are connected to a portable computer using LabView software for control and data acquisition. A capillary biasing method using the negative voltage source for injection and the positive voltage source for separation is also presented. This method simplifies detection and capillary current measurement circuits and requires minimal interface circuitry. The CE power supply performance is evaluated with electrical tests and a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) experiment. The detection circuit is tested by performing dopamine and catechol ECD experiments. Results show the successful injection, separation, and electrochemical detection of analytes using microchip capillaries.
The Future of European Archival Education

Although it may be premature to talk about a "European" archivist, the training of European archivists is a necessary precondition for the future of increasing harmonization within Europe. Some first steps towards a common European training have been instituted during the past thirty years under the auspices of the International Council on Archives and through the efforts of individual national archives services. The author proposes a model curriculum for a common approach to archival education and discusses current cooperative efforts in archival education within Europe.
Truncated TrkB: beyond a dominant negative receptor.

Abstract BDNF activates trkB receptors to regulate neuronal survival, differentiation, and proliferation. Mutations in the BDNF gene, altered BDNF expression, and altered trkB expression are associated with degenerative and psychiatric disorders. The full-length trkB receptor (trkB.tk + ) undergoes autophosphorylation to activate intracellular signaling pathways. The truncated trkB receptor (trkB.t1) is abundantly expressed in the brain but lacks the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain. TrkB.t1 is a dominant-negative receptor that inhibits trkB.tk + signaling. While this is an important function of trkB.t1, it is only one of its many functions. TrkB.t1 sequesters and translocate BDNF, induces filopodia and neurite outgrowth, stimulates intracellular signaling cascades, regulates Rho GTPase signaling, and modifies cytoskeletal structures. TrkB.t1 is an active signaling molecule with regulatory effects on neurons and astrocytes.
The Legacy of Margaret Cavendish

By all accounts Margaret Cavendish occupies a unique but difacult to deane position as a critic of early modern experimental philosophy. As a woman of prominence by both birth and marriage, she obtained a certain degree of access to the leading intellects of her day; and consequently, she has been often portrayed as an intellectual insider. She is said to have dined with Gassendi, Descartes, and Hobbes, the latter for whom her husband was patron. Yet her works, as audacious as they sometimes are, depict their author as defensive, isolated, and struggling to overcome barriers of education, language, and gender. At times she is compelled to squelch rumors of plagiarism and defend her works as her own. Even her friendly critics tend to be glib about the fruits of her pen. Despite her literary and philosophical works being widely ignored and more often rejected as incoherent than relevant when reviewed by her contemporaries, the past three decades have witnessed a revival of interest in her scholarship and the birth of new narratives concerning her intellectual importance. Until recently Cavendish’s work generated little attention by historians of philosophy and literature. Perhaps ironically, the Duchess’s literary rep-
Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates.

PURPOSE: The action spectrum of ultraviolet radiation mainly responsible for melanoma induction is unknown, but evidence suggests it could be ultraviolet A (UVA), which has a different geographic distribution than ultraviolet B (UVB). This study assessed whether melanoma mortality rates are more closely related to the global distribution of UVA or UVB. METHODS: UVA and UVB radiation and age-adjusted melanoma mortality rates were obtained for all 45 countries reporting cancer data to the World Health Organization. Stratospheric ozone data were obtained from NASA satellites. Average population skin pigmentation was obtained from skin reflectometry measurements. RESULTS: Paradoxically, melanoma mortality rates decreased with increasing UVB in men (r = −0.48, p < 0.001), and women (r = −0.57, p < 0.001), and with increasing UVA in both sexes. By contrast, rates were positively associated with increasing UVA/UVB ratio in men (r = + 0.49, p < 0.001) and women (r = + 0.55, p < 0.001). After multiple adjustment that included controlling for skin pigmentation, only UVA was associated with melanoma mortality rates in men (p < 0.02) with a suggestive but non-significant trend present in women (p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: UVA radiation was associated with melanoma mortality rates after controlling for UVB and average pigmentation. The results require confirmation in observational studies.
A combined electron microscopic—microangiographic methodology for cerebrovascular studies

A combination methodology is introduced which permits sequential observation of the same tissue by microangiographic and electron microscopic techniques. Three-dimensional vascular patterns can be elucidated with specific vascular features of interest accurately identified and isolated for detailed electron microscopic analysis. Perfusion with a fixative providing good ultrastructural preservation is followed by a short vascular flush and subsequent perfusion with radiographic contrast medium in aqueous gelatin solution. Gelling of the medium, effected by reentry of aldehyde fixatives into vessel lumina, retains it in vessels both during subsequent slicing for microangiography and processing for electron microscopy. Specific vascular features are identifiable by gross or light microscopic examination of the high-resolution microangiographic plates and the corresponding areas removed from the Epon-embedded slices for observation by electron microscopy. The differential filling of the vascular bed permits discrimination of arterial from venous segments.
Endovascular Management of Venous Thrombotic and Occlusive Diseases of the Lower Extremities

Acute complications of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities include pulmonary embolism and venous ischemia. Delayed complications include a spectrum of debilitating symptoms referred to as postthrombotic syndrome (PST). Anticoagulation therapy is recognized as the mainstay of therapy in acute DVT. However, there are few data to suggest any major beneficial effect on PTS, which is thought to be mediated by valve damage and/or occlusive chronic thrombus and venous scarring. Endovascular catheter-directed thrombolysis techniques with pharmacologic thrombolytic agents, used alone or in combination with mechanical thrombectomy devices, have been proven highly effective in clearing acute DVT, which may allow the preservation of venous valve function and prevention of subsequent venous occlusive disease. Definitive management of underlying anatomic occlusive abnormalities can also be undertaken.
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (adenoacanthoma): A clinicopathologic study of 155 patients

The lesions of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma develop in exposed areas, particularly about the head and neck regions in persons with fair skin who spend considerable time outside. The microsocopic features consist of invasion of the corium by proliferating atypical epithelial cells forming an adenoid pattern. The adenoid structure is usually composed of a single peripheral layer of cohesive cuboidal epithelial cells, and toward the center of the lobule there is acantholysis with formation of lumina containing dyskeratotic cells. The precursor stages of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma are classified histopathologically as senile keratosis with acantholysis. The most frequent histologic site of origin in this material was from the upper part of the pilary outer root sheath but some arose from the epidermis. Mucin associated with the adenoid structure showed identical histochemical reactions to those of mucin occurring in the pilary sheath and epidermis (hyaluronic acid) and differed from those of mucin seen in sweat glands (sialomucin). Among 155 patients having 213 lesions of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma there was metastasis in 3 patients (to regional lymph nodes in 2 and to regional lymph nodes and to lung in 1) and direct extension in 2 patients, which led to the death of the 5 patients. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
The distribution of 10nm filaments and microtubules in endothelial cells during mitosis: Double-label immunofluorescence study

I have used fluorescence microscopy and antibodies to 10nm filaments and tubulin labelled with contrasting fluorochromes to compare the distribution of these proteins in endothelial cells during cell division. During interphase the two filament systems have entirely different distributions: The bulk of the 10nm filaments form a ring that surrounds the cell center and nucleus and remains parallel to the substrate, while the microtubules radiate from the cell center to the cell's border. When the mitotic spindle replaces the radial microtubule pattern in mitosis, the spindle poles remain within--and in close proximity to--the ring of 10nm filaments. This was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed the ring and centrioles in the same plane separated by a distance of 300-400 nm.
An attributional analysis of personal and interpersonal motivation for collaborative projects.

Attribution theory provides a framework for examining personal and interpersonal motivation for collaborative projects. Undergraduates were asked to read vignettes concerning student dyads engaged in collaborative projects. The vignettes systematically varied on outcome of the project, student self-ability, student self-effort, partner ability, and partner effort. Participants responded to Likert items measuring personal affect of shame, guilt, and pride; interpersonal affect of pity, anger, and gratitude; and expectations for performance on future projects. Ability and effort attributions were expected to lead to different emotional consequences and future expectations, because they differ on the dimensions of controllability and stability. Overall, student motivation was tied more closely to effort than ability. Specific results are discussed within the framework of attribution theory.
Purification and Properties of 2,3‐Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphatase‐Mutase from Erythrocytes of Day‐Old Chicks

1 Large quantities of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate accumulate in the red blood cells of the chick embryo during the week prior to hatching; the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate then abruptly decreases to very small amounts within a few days after hatching. 2 The enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase was purified from the red blood cells of the day old chick. The elution profiles for bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase were identical upon gradient elution from columns of hydroxylapatite and diethylaminoethylcellulose and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. At each stage of purification the ratio of phosphatase to mutase activity was the same. It was concluded that, just as in the human erythrocyte, both bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities in chick erythrocytes reside on one protein. 3 Bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase has a pH of optimal activity of 7.0. Its activity is stimulated by 2-phosphoglycolate, phosphoenolpyruvate, bisulfite and dithionite and is inhibited by 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, inorganic pyrophosphate and phytic acid. These properties are very similar to those described for bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase purified from human erythrocytes. 4 The purified bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase-mutase contained 3-phosphoglycerate mutase activity. Although the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase and 3-phosphoglycerate mutase activities were nearly equal in the purified enzyme, this protein accounts for a maximum of only 6% of the 3-phosphoglycerate mutase activity in these cells. 5 The total activity of the bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase in the erythrocytes was measured at intervals during development of the embryo, in the young chick, and in the mature chicken. Its activity increases during the time of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate accumulation. The enzyme activity decreases gradually from its maximum in the two-day-old chick (1.67 μmol h−1 g hemoglobin−1) and by 27 days it has fallen nearly to the levels seen in the adult chicken (0.11 μmol h−1 g hemoglobin−1). 6 The factors which might be involved in inducing the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate accumulation and degradation in the late chick embryo and young chick are discussed. It is concluded that this system is very similar to that found in the erythrocytes of man.
Nociceptive characteristics of tumor necrosis factor-α in naive and tumor-bearing mice

A nociceptive role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in naive mice and in mice with fibrosarcoma tumor-induced primary hyperalgesia was investigated. The presence of TNF-alpha mRNA was confirmed in tumor site homogenates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and examination of TNF-alpha protein levels in tumor-bearing mice indicated a significantly higher concentration of this cytokine in tumor microperfusates and tumor site homogenates compared with that obtained from a similar site on the contralateral limb or in naive mice. Intraplantar injection of TNF-alpha into naive or fibrosarcoma tumor-bearing mice induced mechanical hypersensitivity, as measured by withdrawal responses evoked by von Frey monofilaments. This hypersensitivity suggests that TNF-alpha can excite or sensitize primary afferent fibers to mechanical stimulation in both naive and tumor-bearing mice. In addition, the hyperalgesia produced by TNF-alpha was completely eliminated when the injected TNF-alpha was pre-incubated with the soluble receptor antagonist TNFR:Fc. Importantly, pre-implantation systemic as well as post-implantation intra-tumor injection of TNFR:Fc partially blocked the mechanical hyperalgesia, indicating that local production of TNF-alpha may contribute to tumor-induced nociception.
Toward chromatographic analysis of interacting protein networks

Protein complexes, collectively referred to as the cellular interactome, appear to play a major role in cellular regulation. At present it is thought that the interactome could be composed of hundreds of protein assemblies. The objective of the work described here was to examine the prospect that chromatographic methods widely used in the preparative isolation of native proteins could be incorporated into global proteomics methods in such a way that the primary structure of protein complexes of sufficient stability to survive chromatography could be recognized along with their participation in protein complexes. Because wide differences in sizes are a unique feature of protein complexes, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was incorporated into all the fractionation strategies examined. Anion-exchange chromatography (AEC) and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (HIC) were also examined because of the broad utility that these methods have shown in the preparation of proteins with native structure. Slightly more than a third of all proteins identified in yeast lysates were found to elute from SEC, AEC, and HIC columns with an apparent molecular weight much higher than that predicted from their parent gene. These results were interpreted to mean that these proteins were migrating through columns as components of protein complexes. Based on studies with multidimensional SEC → RPLC (reversed-phase liquid chromatography), AEC → SEC, and HIC → SEC systems, it was concluded that recognition of proteins in complexes could be easily incorporated into multidimensional chromatographic methods for global proteomics when at least one of the fractionation dimensions included SEC of native proteins.
Fixed-length lossy compression in the finite blocklength regime: Gaussian source

For an i.i.d. Gaussian source with variance σ2, we show that it is necessary to spend ½ ln σ2/d + 1/□2n Q−1(e) + O (ln n/n) nats per sample in order to reproduce n source samples within mean-square error d with probability at least 1 — e, where Q−1 (·) is the inverse of the standard Gaussian complementary cdf. The first-order term is the rate-distortion function of the Gaussian source, while the second-order term measures its stochastic variability. We derive new achievability and converse bounds that are valid at any blocklength and show that the second-order approximation is tightly wedged between them, thus providing a concise and accurate approximation of the minimum achievable source coding rate at a given fixed blocklength (unless the blocklength is very small).
Differential effects of STAT proteins on growth hormone-mediated IGF-I gene expression

Growth hormone (GH) plays a key role regulating somatic growth and in controlling metabolism and other physiological processes in humans and other animal species. GH acts by binding to the extracellular part of its transmembrane receptor, leading to induction of multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways that culminate in changes in gene and protein expression. A key agent in GH-stimulated growth is the latent transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5B, one of four STAT proteins induced by the GH receptor in cultured cells and in vivo. As shown by genetic and biochemical studies, GH-activated STAT5B promotes transcription of the gene encoding the critical growth peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and natural null mutations of STAT5B in humans lead to growth failure accompanied by diminished IGF-I expression. Here we have examined the possibility that other GH-activated STATs can enhance IGF-I gene transcription, and thus potentially contribute to GH-regulated somatic growth. We find that human STAT5A is nearly identical to STAT5B in its biochemical and functional responses to GH but that STAT1 and STAT3 show a weaker profile of in vitro binding to STAT DNA elements from the IGF-I gene than STAT5B, and are less potent inducers of gene transcription through these elements. Taken together, our results offer a molecular explanation for why STAT5B is a key in vivo mediator of GH-activated IGF-I gene transcription and thus of GH-regulated somatic growth.
In VitroTranscripts from Cloned cDNAs of the Lettuce Infectious Yellows Closterovirus Bipartite Genomic RNAs Are Competent for Replication inNicotiana benthamianaProtoplasts

Full-length cloned cDNAs of lettuce infectious yellows closterovirus (LIYV) RNAs 1 and 2 were constructed and fused to the bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase promoter. To assess RNA replication, Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts were inoculated with LIYV virion RNAs and LIYV cDNA-derived in vitro transcripts. Analysis of protoplasts inoculated with LIYV virion RNAs or capped (m7GpppG) in vitro transcripts from LIYV RNA 1 and 2 cDNAs showed accumulation of LIYV genomic and putative subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs), synthesis of LIYV coat protein, and formation of LIYV virions. Furthermore, protoplasts inoculated with only capped in vitro transcripts from LIYV RNA 1 cDNA showed accumulation of LIYV RNA 1 and its putative sgRNA, indicating that LIYV RNA 1 can replicate in the absence of LIYV RNA 2. Conversely, accumulation of LIYV RNA 2 was not detectable in protoplasts inoculated with only LIYV RNA 2 cDNA-derived capped in vitro transcripts. These data demonstrate that LIYV genomic RNAs are competent for replication in mesophyll protoplasts and that infectious in vitro transcripts can be derived from the cloned cDNAs of a closterovirus genome.
The electrodeposition of rhenium species at the sub-monolayer level on a platinum electrode and its effect on formic acid electrooxidation

Abstract The electrodeposition of oxygenated rhenium species from ReO − 4 acid solutions on polycrystalline Pt electrodes has been investigated. Results suggest that ReO 2 at sub-monolayer levels is probably involved as adsorbed species. Electrocatalytic effects observed in HCOOH electrooxidation can be interpreted on the basis that ReO 2 may act as a third-body catalyst, preventing or eliminating the strongly bound intermediates that poison the electrode, as well as a bi-functional catalyst facilitating the existence of oxygen-containing species such as OH radicals formed during its oxidation to ReO − 4 .
Evaluation of residual curvature in two-point bent glass fibers

Abstract In the presence of water vapor, oxide glasses exhibit faster surface stress relaxation than bulk stress relaxation at a temperature below the glass transition temperature. When surface stress relaxation takes place in a glass under an applied stress, surface residual stress can develop upon the release of the applied stress. This phenomenon can be explored by studying the permanent bending of a fiber that is observed when a fiber is heat-treated in air under a bending load, and subsequently released from the bending load. Simple and accurate methods to evaluate the residual curvature in a bent fiber from two-point bending treatments were developed and applied to the bending of SiO2 glass optical fibers.
Interpersonal variables affecting attributions of defensiveness

Two studies explored interpersonal factors influencing attributions of defensiveness. In Experiment 1, 22 pairs of undergraduate participants interviewed one another regarding their “worst failure.” Participants’ self- and other-attributions of defensiveness following the interview did not differ significantly, indicating the absence of a self-serving bias. In Experiment 2, 48 participants, assigned to one of three conditions, were interviewed by the experimenter about their “worst failure.” Those who received “extremely defensive” ratings from a fictitious psychologist produced significantly higher self-ratings of defensiveness (p<.0001) than did participants who simply completed self-ratings following the interview or who watched a videotape of the interview prior to completing self-ratings of their interview behavior. A new model of psychological defense is presented, which can account for these results.
Acute Renal Failure During Cephalothin Therapy

Acute renal failure occurred in five patients during cephalothin sodium therapy. Two of the patients had rashes and two had eosinophilia, but none had fever correlated with cephalothin therapy. The lack of other apparent causes and the temporal relation of the renal insufficiency with the initiation and later withdrawal of the drug suggest cephalothin as the cause. The pathogenesis is not certain. Renal tissue was available in only one case, and that tissue was 60 days remote from the cephalothin therapy. A chronic, nonspecific interstitial nephritis was present. ( JAMA 229:679-682, 1974)
Homoerythrina alkaloids of Phelline comosa

Abstract Six alkaloids have been isolated from the heartwood of Phelline comosa . The six homoerythrina alkaloids were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Two of the alkaloids have been identified as 2α-hydroxy-comosivine and 2α-hydroxy-dyshomerythrine.
The influence of partial panmixia on neutral models of spatial variation.

Abstract Partial panmixia can be regarded as the limiting case of long-distance migration. The effect of incorporating partial panmixia into neutral models of geographical variation is investigated. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into randomly mating colonies that exchange gametes independently of genotype. The gametes fuse wholly at random, including self-fertilization. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the analysis is restricted to a single locus; every allele mutates to new alleles at the same rate. Introducing some panmixia intensifies sufficiently weak migration. A general formula is derived for the migration effective population number, N e , and N e is evaluated explicitly in a number of models with nonconservative migration. Usually, N e increases as the panmictic rate, b , increases; in particular, this result holds for two demes, and generically if the underlying migration is either sufficiently weak or panmixia is sufficiently strong. However, in an analytic model, there exists an open set of parameters for which N e decreases as b increases. Migration is conservative in the island and circular-habitat models, which are studied in detail. In the former, including some panmixia simply alters the underlying migration rate, increasing (decreasing) it if it is less (greater) than the panmictic value. For the circular habitat, the probability of identity in allelic state at equilibrium is calculated in a nonlocal, continuous-space, continuous-time approximation. In both models, by an efficient, general method, the expected homozygosity, effective number of alleles, and differentiation of gene frequencies are evaluated and discussed; their monotonicity properties with respect to all the parameters are determined; and in the model of infinitely many sites, the mean coalescence times and nucleotide diversities are studied similarly. For the probability of identity at equilibrium in the unbounded stepping-stone model in arbitrarily many dimensions, introducing some panmixia merely replaces the mutation rate by a larger parameter. If the average probability of identity is initially zero, as for identity by descent, then the same conclusion holds for all time.
Statistical Analysis Of Holographic Fringe Formation And Localization

Holographic fringe formation and localization are studied using statistical optics in terms of speckle movement and average speckle size. The concept is useful in the application of holospeckle interferometry studies such as three dimensional crack tip deformation measurement.
An active-site peptide from human triose phosphate isomerase.

Abstract Chloroacetol phosphate totally inactivates human triose phosphate isomerase by the selective modification of a single residue per catalytic subunit. The stability of the protein-reagent bond and the analogies of this active-site modification to those described previously for isomerases from other species indicate that inactivation results from the esterification of an essential glutamyl γ-carboxylate. From peptide maps and their autoradiograms, we conclude that the primary structure adjacent to the glutamyl residue is the same as or similar to that found in triose phosphate isomerases from rabbit and chicken muscle and from yeast.
Double-frequency dye lasers with a continuously variable power ratio

Abstract Two designs are presented for independently tunable double-frequency dye lasers with continuously variable power ratio. Each incorporates a translatable dye cell and two tuning elements (gratings or mirrors) intercepting an expanded beam inside the laser cavity. The power ratio can be set at any desired value, regardless of relative positions of the two frequencies within the dye tuning range. The designs are easily modified to generate more than two independently tunable frequencies.