cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frictional properties of Hartley guinea pig knees with and without proteolytic disruption of the articular surfaces.

Summary Objective To apply a pendulum technique to detect changes in the coefficient of friction of the articular cartilage of the intact guinea pig tibiofemoral joint after proteolytic disruption. Design Twenty-two hind limbs were obtained from 11 3-month old Hartley guinea pigs. Twenty knees were block-randomized to one of two treatment groups receiving injections of: (1) α-chymotrypsin (to disrupt the superficial layer of the articular surface) or (2) saline (sham; to control for the effects of the intra-articular injection). The legs were mounted in a pendulum where the knee served as the fulcrum. The decay in pendulum amplitude as a function of oscillation number was first recorded and the coefficient of friction of the joint was determined from these data before injection. Ten microliters of either isotonic saline or 1Unit/μL α-chymotrypsin was then injected into the intra-articular joint space and incubated for 2h. The pendulum test was repeated. Changes in the coefficient of friction between the sham and α-chymotrypsin joints were compared. One additional pair of knees was used for histological study of the effects of the injections. Results Treatment with α-chymotrypsin significantly increased the coefficient of friction of the guinea pig knee by 74% while sham treatment decreased it by 8%. Histological sections using Gomori trichrome stain verified that the lamina splendens was damaged following treatment with α-chymotrypsin and not following saline treatment. Conclusions Treatment with α-chymotrypsin induces mild cartilage surface damage and increases the coefficient of friction in the Hartley guinea pig knee.
The effect of salinity on the osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of the rock shrimps, Sicyonia brevirostris and Sicyonia dorsalis

Abstract 1. 1. When S. brevirostris and S. dorsalis are exposed to diluted seawater, the osmotic, sodium, and chloride concentrations of the hemolymph fall with the concentration of the seawater. 2. 2. The hemolymph of both species is slightly hyperosmotic and hyperionic with respect to sodium and chloride in diluted seawater. 3. 3. In undiluted seawater (37–38‰), the hemolymph is slightly hypoosmotic and hypoionic with respect to sodium and chloride. 4. 4. In their responses to dilution, S. brevirostris and S. dorsalia more closely resemble poikilosmotic crustaceans than euryhaline penaeidean shrimp.
Uchi/Soto in Japan: A Global Turn

This essay presents a method for reconsidering identities linked to place and the rhetoric used to construct them. Drawing from Jane Bachnik's “uchi/soto dynamic” and Kaori Chino's study of Tang-dynasty Chinese art's place in early Japanese regional identity, it introduces a theory of inside-outside positionalities for engaging the meaning-making potential within tropes of inside-outside, foreign-local, and traditional-modern. This theory building is followed by a reading of the “invented tradition” (Hobsbawm) of the Japanese Christmas cake, one of many symbols constituting post-war Japanese identity. The Christmas cake gains its significance simultaneously through overt reference to a supposed foreign origin and from less overt citation of older Japanese traditions—while marked as coming from “outside” local culture, the Christmas cake has strong local meanings specific to Japan, meanings unfamiliar in the cake's supposed place of origin. While this essay focuses on meaning-making in Japan, inside-outsid...
Noninvasive, optoacoustic monitoring of cerebral venous blood oxygenation in newborns

Cerebral ischemia after birth and during labor is a major cause of death and severe complications such as cerebral palsy. In the USA alone, cerebral palsy results in permanent disability of 10,000 newborns per year and approximately 500,000 of the total population. Currently, no technology is capable of direct monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in newborns. This study proposes the use of an optoacoustic technique for noninvasive cerebral ischemia monitoring by probing the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), a large central cerebral vein. We developed and built a multi-wavelength, near-infrared optoacoustic system suitable for noninvasive monitoring of cerebral ischemia in newborns with normal weight (NBW), low birth-weight (LBW, 1500 - 2499 g) and very low birth-weight (VLBW, < 1500 g). The system was capable of detecting SSS signals through the open anterior and posterior fontanelles as well as through the skull. We tested the system in NBW, LBW, and VLBW newborns (weight range: from 675 g to 3,000 g) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. We performed single and continuous measurements of the SSS blood oxygenation. The data acquisition, processing and analysis software developed by our group provided real-time, absolute SSS blood oxygenation measurements. The SSS blood oxygenation ranged from 60% to 80%. Optoacoustic monitoring of the SSS blood oxygenation provides valuable information because adequate cerebral oxygenation would suggest that no therapy was necessary; conversely, evidence of cerebral ischemia would prompt therapy to increase cerebral blood flow.
How can quantum mechanics of material evolution be possible? Symmetry and symmetry-breaking in protobiological evolution.

Material self-assembly as a self-organizing process is always accompanied by symmetry-breaking in the material configuration. Self-sequencing of amino acids during their thermal polymerization has lost a certain property of permutation symmetry that was observed in the mixture of free amino acids. The evolutionary precursor state is more symmetrical about its internal material configuration and more degenerate due to the multitude of the indistinguishable individuals. The evolution proceeds in the direction along which the degeneracy in the internal states dissolves owing to the symmetry-breaking originating in material flow equilibrium of open material aggregates. Protobiological information is latent in the material system which is highly symmetrical and highly degenerate in its internal states. Evolution of matter is an endogenous process in which the earlier symmetric property is lost and less degenerate states are approached. Quantum-mechanically, the generation of protobiological information is due to the symmetry-breaking of the Hamiltonian originating in the interaction with the exterior through material flow, in contrast to the Schrodinger equation which preserves a symmetry and the associated invariants.
Neuronal differentiation in cultures of murine neural crest. II. Development of capsaicin-sensitive neurons

A subset of neurons differentiating in cultures of mammalian neural crest cells express a sensitivity to the excitotoxin, capsaicin. The properties of the capsaicin-sensitive neurons in the neural crest cultures are similar to those reported for authentic sensory neurons. For example, the application of capsaicin results in a large, rapid depolarization of capsaicin-sensitive neurons. Capsaicin-sensitive neurons were also detected by the influx of cobalt ions. The development of capsaicin sensitivity in neural crest cultures was dependent on time in culture and on the presence of NGF. A major difference between the crest-derived capsaicin-sensitive neurons and authentic sensory neurons was the simultaneous expression of immunoreactivity for ChAT/TH/CGRP by the former neurons. These experiments indicate that a specific physiological property of authentic sensory neurons is expressed by neurons differentiating from the neural crest in vitro.
The Pig and the Skyscraper: Chicago: A History of Our Future

Marco D'Eramo. Translated by Graeme Thomson. Foreword by Mike Davis. London: Verso, 2002. xiii and 472 pp., maps, photos., notes, biblio., and index. $30.00 cloth (ISBN 1859846246). First published...
Dendritic cell-based vaccination against cancer

Vaccination against infectious agents represents a success of immunology, although many infectious diseases still evade the immune system, including chronic infections, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV. Further progress is expected through rational design based on increased understanding of how the immune system works, and how the induction of protective immunity is regulated. The same principle applies to cancer vaccines, particularly because cancer is a chronic disease. Owing to their capacity to regulate cellular and humoral immunity, dendritic cells are increasingly used as vaccines; the immunogenicity of antigens delivered on dendritic cells has been shown in cancer patients. A better understanding of how dendritic cells regulate immune responses would allow clinicians to exploit them better to induce effective immunity against cancer.
Measuring Outcomes following Bariatric Surgery: Weight Loss Parameters, Improvement in Co-morbid Conditions, Change in Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction

Restrictive and particularly malabsorptive bariatric operations achieve significant sustained weight loss. Results from different operations have been difficult to compare. The aims of this review are: 1) to indicate the limitations of outcomes reported as weight-related parameters; 2) to document some of the patient characteristics that impact weight loss; 3) to assess the literature documenting improvement in obesity-related medical conditions; and 4) to review studies that quantitate changes in health-related quality of life (QoL). Weight-related parameters such as body mass index and % excess weight inconsistently correlate with body fat. Direct determination of body fat with bioelectric impedance may offer more reliable outcome parameters. Patient characteristics such as gender, age, weight, body mass index, ethnicity, race and socioeconomic status affect weight loss following bariatric operations. Improvements in co-morbid conditions are poorly documented in many studies. Standardized instruments that assess health-related QoL have shown differing values. SF-36 has given inconsistent results following bariatric operations. Both BAROS and IWQoL-Lite have demonstrated significant improvements after surgery. Bariatric surgeons have rarely used patient satisfaction as an outcome parameter. This review suggests that bariatric operations should be judged by change in fat mass or fat mass index, improvement in obesity-related medical conditions, change in health-related QoL as judged by standardized instruments, and level of patient satisfaction. In addition, surgeons should characterize their study population and report outcomes for sub-populations.
Exact linearizations of input-output systems

The problem of transforming non-linear systems to linear systems is receiving much attention in the literature. In this paper, we present necessary and sufficient conditions such that a non-linear control system with output can be equivalent to a linear control system with linear output that is controllable and observable. The conditions depend on certain Lie derivatives of the output and can be verified in a finite number of steps. For simplicity, we consider only the single input/single output case.
Outline of a second-order theory of turbulent pipe flow.

Turbulent pipe flow is commonly described in terms of a law of the wall and a law of the wake, which match with one another in a region of overlap. This suggests that the flow ought to be analyzed with singular perturbation methods; the main features of an approach based on these methods are explored in this paper. The crucial part of the analysis is the second-order flow in the wall layer. Because of the lack of other reliable information, the equation governing second-order effects in the wall layer is solved by analogy with the firstorder flow in the wall layer of boundary layers with zero wall stress. Taking the secondorder solution into account, the slope of the logarithmic velocity profile is 2.95-4.4R+~, where /?_}_ = ruT/v and r is the pipe radius. A friction law with second-order corrections is also presented.
Activity of purified NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase at modulator and substrate concentrations approximating conditions in mitochondria.

Abstract The kinetic parameters of NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from bovine heart were examined at levels of substrates and effectors approximating the concentrations reported for isolated intact heart mitochondria in different respiratory states. The effect of chaing ADP ATP ratios (with total adenine nucleotides constant at 8 mmol/L) on enzyme activity was measured at constant concentrations of the substrates magnesium d -isocitrate (0.10 mmol/L) and NAD+ (3.0 mmol/L), the positive effector magnesium citrate (1.0 mmol/L) and the negative effector NADPH (1.5 mmol/L) at pH 7.4. Enzyme activity increased with increasing ADP ATP ratios as a result of activation by rising ADP concentrations and not due to decreasing inhibition by falling levels of ATP. Increasing ADP decreased the inhibition by NADPH, and this effect was enhanced by magnesium citrate and by free Ca2+. In incubation media containing all of the above effectors, the S0.5 for enhancement of activity by free Ca2+ was 10 to 20 μmol/L at ratios of total ADP/total ATP between 2.0 and 0.1. This value is in the range of intramitochondrial concentrations of free Ca2+,1 but it is appreciably larger than S0.5 of Ca2+ (0.6 to 1 μmol/L) for the enhancement of ADP activation, which was determined in the absence of other effectors.2,3 When both the NAD + NADH and the ADP ATP ratios were decreased, a further decline in activity was found. The effect of the decreasing NAD + NADH ratio was due to inhibition by NADH (apparent I0.5 = 0.23 ± 0.03 mmol/L) since NAD+ was saturating over the range examined.
An invariant relation between changing over and reinforcement.

Although concurrent schedules may arrange reinforcers irregularly, relatively large numbers of reinforcers are obtained when an animal changes from one schedule to the other. This paper proposes a quantitative relation that predicts the proportion of reinforcers obtained when an animal is working on a schedule and the proportion when the animal changes over to a schedule. Basically the relation states that the number of reinforcers obtained while an animal works on a schedule varies directly with the relative amount of time spent working on that schedule; and the number of reinforcers obtained when an animal changes to a schedule varies directly with the relative amount of time spent on the alternate schedule. An important aspect of this relation is that when relative reinforcement rates are less than .50, more reinforcers are obtained just after an animal changes to a schedule than at all other times when this schedule is engaged. Data obtained both from a stat-bird and a live pigeon were in close agreement with the quantitative predictions. The relation between changing over and reinforcement held across several procedural changes that included changes in relative reinforcement rate, changes from independent to interdependent scheduling procedures, and changes in the variable-interval reinforcement distributions. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of the local distribution of reinforcement on responding. The local reinforcement distribution can affect local response rates and affects the resulting matching relation. This arrangement has implications for explanations of choice.
Hypertension and Dementia

The negative impact of hypertension on cognitive function was already hinted at in the 1960s in a study on psychomotor speed of air traffic controllers and pilots and has received extensive confirmation during the following decades.1 Thus, hypertension has been associated with a wide variety of cognitive deficits, including reduced abstract reasoning (executive dysfunction), impaired memory, attention deficit, and slowing of mental processing speed.1,2 Indeed, hypertension is a leading cause of vascular cognitive impairment, a term that includes all cognitive deficits attributable to vascular factors.3 The most extreme case of vascular cognitive impairment is vascular dementia, in which multiple cognitive domains are affected, with a negative impact on the activities of daily living. Increasing evidence also suggests that hypertension is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), highlighting its participation in all major causes of cognitive impairment.4,5 In the past 3 years (2011–2013), several articles published in Hypertension have provided new insight into the link between high blood pressure and dementia. These articles will be briefly discussed, highlighting their contribution to current concepts of pathobiology, prevention, and treatment of the end-organ damage to the brain inflicted by hypertension. Although it is well established that hypertension impairs cognition, one of the key issues still unsettled concerns the temporal relationships between blood pressure elevation and cognitive decline. On the one hand, cross-sectional studies indicated that individuals with dementia have lower blood pressure, challenging the involvement of hypertension.6 On the other hand, longitudinal studies, in which patient were followed for decades, revealed that individuals who develop dementia have a history of high blood pressure earlier in life.6,7 The effect is independent of other cardiovascular risk factors or comorbidities and is observed in both men and women. In this context, Joas et …
Updated estimates of the selenomethionine content of NIST wheat reference materials by GC–IDMS

Updated estimates of the selenomethionine content of four NIST wheat reference materials have been obtained by use of a revised gas chromatography–stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometric method. The revised method makes use of digestion with methanesulfonic acid, which enables more complete recovery of endogenous selenomethionine than was previously achieved by overnight denaturing treatment in 0.1 mol L−1 HCl. The NIST wheat reference materials each contain approximately 55% of their total Se content as selenomethionine. Information about forms of Se in reference materials adds value to these materials in Se speciation studies. Estimates of selenomethionine content are also provided for other wheat samples, including several grown under conditions of exposure to high Se levels. These samples also contain approximately 55% of their total Se content as selenomethionine. The consistent level of 55% of total selenium occurring in the form of selenomethionine when the total selenium content varies by a factor of 500 is suggestive of an active mechanism of incorporation of selenium into wheat grain.
Discovering the secrets of DNA

Sophisticated software tools are becoming increasingly important in helping biologists understand how nature operates. Symbolic pattern-recognition and artificial-intelligence methodologies are contributing to the development of such software.
Retrocyclins and their activity against HIV-1.

Primate theta-defensins are physically distinguished as the only known fully-cyclic peptides of animal origin. Humans do not produce theta-defensin peptides due to a premature stop codon present in the signal sequence of all six theta-defensin pseudogenes. Instead, since the putative coding regions of human theta-defensin pseudogenes have remained remarkably intact, their corresponding peptides, called “retrocyclins”, have been recreated using solid-phase synthetic approaches. Retrocyclins exhibit an exceptional therapeutic index both as inhibitors of HIV-1 entry and as bactericidal agents, which makes retrocyclins promising candidates for further development as topical microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. This review presents the evolution, antiretroviral mechanism of action, and potential clinical applications of retrocyclins to prevent sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Woman to woman: Building solidarity in African American female comedy

Professional female comedians frequently face harassment from male fellow performers and from male audience members who take a sexist attitude, essentializing women as psychologically and temperamentally unsuited to the profession of comedy. This paper examines a strategy that African American female comedians employ to overcome the obstacles they face in performing before mixed gender African American audiences. While implementing features that emphasize their African American and female identity, the comedians direct their performances toward women in the audience, employing features and practices comparable to those researchers associate with close female friends in conversation. Intensive use of a strategy that includes taking stances such as confidence sharing and using gendered terms to directly address female audience members establishes solidarity with the women who are listening. Having a large portion of the audience as allies discourages the occurrence of sexist harassment.
50 HICH RISK NEONATAL FOLLOW-UP IN A COMMUNITY SETTING

The community hospital that functions as a level three referral center for neonatal intensive care is the optimal setting for long term follow-up studies of sick neonates. The Regional Newborn Extension Program was started at Monmouth Medical Center in 1977 with the objective of early identification and intervention of neurodevelopmental disabilities in a population of high risk newborns discharged from the Intensive Care Unit. With the support of the Crippled Children's Program and The Division of Maternal and Child Health in New Jersey, full multidisciplined (neurologic, ophthalmologic, orthopedic and psychologic) evaluations were performed on 220 patients in 1977, without charge. This model program hopes to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of neonatal follow up care and to ultimately include follow up as an integral part of hospital services for the high risk infants. By using all of the available community agencies and reporting data promptly after each examination at three month intervals to local pediatricians in a two county area, the Extension Program has become a medical resource to the entire community, as well as a vehicle for clinical research and epidemiological studies.
Ground zero dermatology

September 11, 2001, started as a normal day. I arrived at my office a bit before 9 am. My first patient was waiting to be seen. Then things changed. My medical assistant ran into the office stating that she saw a plane hit the World Trade Center as she was walking from the subway. At first I thought of course, it must be a small plane—and that it was an accident. Then, a minute later, the whole building shook: an explosion. The second plane had just hit. We were under attack. I sent my patient out to go to safety, and when our building was evacuated, I ran to the subway while watching the smoking towers. By the time I got off the subway, the towers had fallen.
Biphasic Effects of Moderate Drinking on Prolactin During Lactation

Background Contrary to popular lore that encourages women to drink alcohol as an aid to lactation, we previously showed that alcohol consumption disrupted lactational performance and the hormonal milieu of the lactating mother in the short term.
"Flirting" with death: fantasies of a critically ill woman.

Abstract This report is based on the TAT stories of a woman hospitalized for cancer. The stories are analyzed with particular attention to material suggesting that the fantasy of Death as a Lover, dating back to antiquity, continues to live in the unconscious. The Liebestod motif in this unmarried woman follows upon a theme of disappointment in men, especially the father. It is suggested that as the patient faces the possible termination of life, she personifies death and libidinizes their encounter. The man in the death-fantasy appears to be an idealized version of the oedipal object.
Efficient coding of wavelet trees and its applications in image coding

We propose in this paper a novel lossless tree coding algorithm. The technique is a direct extension of the bisection method, the simplest case of the complexity reduction method proposed recently by Kieffer and Yang, that has been used for lossless data string coding. A reduction rule is used to obtain the irreducible representation of a tree, and this irreducible tree is entropy-coded instead of the input tree itself. This reduction is reversible, and the original tree can be fully recovered from its irreducible representation. More specifically, we search for equivalent subtrees from top to bottom. When equivalent subtrees are found, a special symbol is appended to the value of the root node of the first equivalent subtree, and the root node of the second subtree is assigned to the index which points to the first subtree, an all other nodes in the second subtrees are removed. This procedure is repeated until it cannot be reduced further. This yields the irreducible tree or irreducible representation of the original tree. The proposed method can effectively remove the redundancy in an image, and results in more efficient compression. It is proved that when the tree size approaches infinity, the proposed method offers the optimal compression performance. It is generally more efficient in practice than direct coding of the input tree. The proposed method can be directly applied to code wavelet trees in non-iterative wavelet-based image coding schemes. A modified method is also proposed for coding wavelet zerotrees in embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) image coding. Although its coding efficiency is slightly reduced, the modified version maintains exact control of bit rate and the scalability of the bit stream in EZW coding.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of pterostilbene on melanoma alone and in synergy with inositol hexaphosphate

Abstract Background Pterostilbene and inositol-6-phosphate (IP6) have been shown to inhibit melanoma growth in vitro. However, pterostilbene's mechanism of action has not been clearly demonstrated. We aimed to further investigate the mechanism of action for pterostilbene and to determine whether combination treatment with IP6 produced synergistic growth inhibition. Methods Melanoma cells were treated with increasing doses of pterostilbene, IP6, or combinations thereof. Cell viability was measured at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours using a MTT assay. Caspase activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Pterostilbene inhibits melanoma growth in vitro in association with increased effector caspase activity. Combination treatment with inositol hexaphosphate produces synergistic growth inhibition, greater than either treatment alone. Conclusions Pterostilbene produces caspase-dependent apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. Combination treatment with IP6 produces synergistic growth inhibition. Both compounds have significant potential for a therapeutic role in the treatment of melanoma.
Elevated Plasma High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Asian Indians Living in the United States

Proinflammatory state may contribute to the excessive prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease observed in populations originating from the Indian subcontinent (Asian Indians). This study was conducted to evaluate whether nondiabetic Asian Indian men living in the United States manifest a proinflammatory state when compared with Caucasians of similar age and body fat content. We also compared the relationships between plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of low-grade inflammation, and various parameters of body composition and fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in Asian Indians and Caucasians. For this purpose, plasma hs-CRP, oral glucose tolerance test, and anthropometric measurements were conducted in 82 Asian Indian men and 55 Caucasian men of similar age. The two groups had similar body fat content and truncal skinfolds thickness. Asian Indians had higher insulin areas under the curve during oral glucose tolerance tests, indicating a greater insulin resis...
The effect of liquid crystal structure on the rheological properties of nitrocellulose-dimethylacetamide solutions

Solutions of Pyro grade nitrocellulose (NC) in dimethyl acetamide (DMA), containing between 42.5% and 60% NC (w/w), have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and polarised light microscopy. The results showed that NC forms a lyotropic liquid crystal structure in DMA. A transition from the liquid crystal phase to an isotropic phase occurred over the temperature range 27 °C to 67 °C, and the enthalpy of transition increased with NC concentration. Rheological properties were determined using an extrusion rheometer with a slit die. The solutions were shown to have a yield stress for flow which increased with increasing NC concentration. The solutions were also found to be thixotropic.
Equivalent time sampling techniques performance in a high accuracy localization system

Summary form only given. The limited GPS coverage to outdoors and the need for more accurate and precise tracking system propelled the research for indoor localization systems. Research is focused on developing efficient systems to work in the challenging indoor environment. Hospitals and manufacturing facilities backgrounds are full of tremendous amount of multipath interference which made the use of UWB technology more appealing. Precise localization has numerous applications: surgical navigation, machine inspection, gait analysis, etc. At the University of Tennessee, we built an UWB system that achieves a 3D dynamic accuracy of 5-6 mm (C. Zhang, M. Kuhn, B. Merkl, A. Fathy, M. Mahfouz, “Real-time non-coherent UWB positioning radar with millimeter range accuracy: theory and experiment,” in IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 58(1), 2010, pp. 9-20).The developed system is comprised of a 300ps smooth pulse generator with a 3 GHz bandwidth, and a sub-sampler of a 100 GSPS equivalent time sampling rate. Equivalent time sampling can be implemented using either an external sampling clock with slightly different frequency than the pulse repetition rate of the received signal; so the samples are slightly shifted from one period to another; or, we use an onboard delay line chip to shift the sampling clock once at each period. The delay line chip approach is simpler to implement, but it significantly affects the performance. Experiments showed that the delay line chips are not accurate enough for our mm-accuracy goal. The delay line chip has delays that are not linear which imposes numerous challenges as we run tag localization. The first method has demonstrated much higher accuracy. The implementation of the first method and a new scheme to speed up subsampling by a factor of 10 will be presented. The system was used in multiple localizations experiments and it doesn't show the nonlinearities presented in delay line chip system. However the first system requires more complicated circuitry to synthesis the correct frequency shift.
VAS Sounding Images of Atmospheric Stability Parameters

Abstract Local forecasts often rely upon the extrapolation of trends seen in images of clouds from the GOES satellite. This work presents correspondingly high resolution images of atmospheric soundings calculated from the VAS radiometer on GOES. These VAS sounding images vividly depict moisture and stability conditions in preconvective regions, as though GOES were observing the United States with “stability detectors” instead of infrared detectors at 1–3 h intervals and 60 km horizontal resolution. False color images are presented for VAS-derived precipitable water and lifted index fields during two midsummer days that contain a wide variety of preconvective and convective conditions. Since each sounding image requires only 5 min to calculate with an automated regression algorithm on a minicomputer, it should be possible to process VAS data operationally for real-time objective analysis of potential convective instabilities.
TWO DIFFERENT CYSTEINE SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE SAME α1(I) CB6 PEPTIDE OF THE α1(I) COLLAGEN CHAIN PRODUCE A LETHAL AND A MILD FORM OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

Various structural defects of collagen type I have been established in OI and molecular heterogeneity is reflected by clinical variability. We recently reported a cysteine substitution in the C-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide α1(I) CB6 of a newborn with lethal OI arisen by new mutation in one of the α1(I) collagen genes (Steinmann et al., J.Biol.Chem.259:11129, 1984). At that time we speculated, and later confirmed that a cysteine was substituted for a glycine, residue 988 of the helical portion, as a result of a single base change (Cohn et al., in prep.). We now report that in another patient and his mother with mild OI (Nicholls et al., Brit.Med.J. 288:112, 1984) half of their α1(I) chains also contain a cysteine in the α1(I) CB6 peptide as determined by CNBr mapping on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in SDS. In contrast to the 1st patient, production, secretion, intracellular degradation, posttranslational modification and helix stability of the collagen were normal. Since the stability of the collagen helix strictly depends on the presence of glycine in every third position, we conclude that in the patient with lethal OI the cysteine substitution in the glycine position impairs triple-helix formation and stability for sterical reasons, whereas in the two patients with mild OI cysteine is substituted for an amino acid in the X or Y position of one of the repeating Gly-X-Y triplets. How this latter structural anomaly produces the mild phenotype is unknown at present.
A rotating diffusion chamber for C14O2 determination as applied to inhibitor studies on mouse mast cell tumor histidine decarboxylase

Abstract A convenient, reliable, and efficient method for the estimation of histidine decarboxylase was developed. This method, which employs CO 2 formation, was compared with methods utilizing histamine formation. The difficulties of measuring histidine decarboxylase by estimating the histamine formed are discussed. By measuring the radioactive CO 2 , liberated by enzymic decarboxylation of histidine-1-C 14 , various compounds were studied for their inhibitor action.
Stylet Penetration Behaviors of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Four Ipomoea spp. Infected or Noninfected with Sweet Potato Potyviruses

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is an efficient vector of potyviruses in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.). These potyviruses also infect members of the morning glory family Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennstedt and Ipomoea hederacea Jacqin commonly found within or around sweet potato fields. Infection of sweet potato with potyviruses increases the intrinsic rate of increase of M. persicae. Thus, from the epidemiological stand point, virus infection can modify vector population dynamics, and therefore increase virus spread. To better understand this, stylet penetration behaviors of M. persicae on virus infected and noninfected sweet potato cvs. 'Beauregard' and 'Evangeline', as well as morning glory plants I. cordatotriloba and I. hederacea were monitored. Stylet penetration behaviors associated with nonpersistent virus transmission such as time to first intracellular puncture (potential drop), number of potential drops, duration of potential drop, duration of potential drop subphase II-3, and number of potential drops with subphase II-3 pulses were significantly increased on virus-infected compared with noninfected Beauregard, but greatly reduced on virus-infected compared with noninfected I. hederacea plants. Stylet penetration behaviors associated with host acceptance such as reduced nonprobing duration and nonprobing events were greater on virus-infected compared with noninfected Beauregard plants. In contrast, on Evangeline, I. cordatotriloba and I. hederacea stylet penetration behaviors by M. persicae indicate it had less preference for virus-infected compared with noninfected plants.
Encoding of Timing in the Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei of Vertebrates

Neurons that convey timing of acoustic information in the brain stem of vertebrates have a consistent pattern of anatomical and biophysical specializations. Large synaptic currents produce rapid voltage changes in neurons with low input resistances in the physiological voltage range. In some cells, large synaptic currents are activated through calyceal terminals, while in others, large synaptic currents are activated by the synchronous firing of many inputs through small terminals. Neurotransmitter acts mainly through glutamatergic receptors of the AMPA subtype, whose kinetics are more rapid than in nonauditory neurons.Two interacting voltage-sensitive conductances are of critical functional importance in these cells. Both are activated by small voltage changes away from rest. A mixed cation conductance, Ih, is activated by hyperpolarization. A low-threshold K+ conductance is activated by depolarization. These conductances make synaptic potentials rapid, make firing sensitive to the rate of rise of synaptic excitation, and prevent repetitive firing.Timing information is essential for localizing sound sources and for interpreting the temporal patterns of natural sounds. How timing information is fed through these pathways has already provided insight into how sounds are localized by vertebrates, but much less is known about how these pathways contribute to the interpretation of environmental sounds, including speech. Therein lies the exciting future of this work.
Ammonia intoxication and hyperpolarizing postsynaptic inhibition

Abstract Systemic ammonia intoxication abolished the hyperpolarizing action of postsynaptic inhibition in the CNS at tissue concentrations of NH 4 + which are sufficient to produce the earliest signs of encephalopathy. Therefore, the action of NH 4 + on hyperpolarizing postsynaptic inhibition has to be considered as the cause, or as a contributing cause, of the encephalopathy due to systemic ammonia intoxication.
Unsettled indications for coronary angiography

Coronary angiography is the accepted standard for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The large number of coronary angiograms performed yearly (estimated at 100 per 100,000 population in the United States in 1980[1]) suggests that many physicians maintain liberal indications for coronary arteriography in coronary artery disease. Recently, with the addition of intracoronary thrombolysis and angioplasty, these numbers have increased and coronary arteriography has advanced from a diagnostic procedure into the realm of interventional cardiology. Few would argue with the need for coronary arteriography in patients with intractable symptoms receiving maximal medical therapy in whom coronary artery bypass grafting is contemplated or in the symptomatic patient in whom the diagnosis is unclear. However, these account for only a small percent of patients with significant coronary artery disease. In the remaining patients, the indications for coronary arteriography are unresolved. Should all patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergo angiography or should it be restricted to patients who, by noninvasive testing, have suspected multivessel or left main coronary involvement? This editorial briefly reviews the data on prognosis for patients in the different clinical subsets of coronary artery disease and comments on the impact of noninvasive studies and newer modalities of treatment (percutaneous angioplasty and intracoronary thrombolysis) on the indications for coronary arteriography.
Determination of the Σ + Magnetic Moment Using the Reaction K − + p → Σ + + π − at 1.15 BeV/ c

A sample of 52 $\ensuremath{\Sigma}p$ decays satisfying hydrogen-like production kinematics yields ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}}=+3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\overline{P}=\ensuremath{-}0.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ relative to ${\stackrel{^}{P}}_{K}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$. The effect of all magnetic field components along the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ path has been included, as well as that of the c.m. decay angle on detection efficiency. The measurement of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}}$ can be averaged with an earlier result to give ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}}=+3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, consistent with the prediction by SU(3).
Software simulation as a tool for usable product design

A design exercise performed by human factors specialists is described. In this exercise a front-of-screen simulation of the Interactive Chart Utility was written before a working prototype was available in order to draft and test a series of on-line instructional (HELP) panels for incorporation into the final product. Trials were run in which the keyboard activity and utterances of naive subjects were recorded for later action replay, before and after redrafting the simulation. Three objective measures to detect the resulting improvement are considered, and the most robust identified.
Molecular basis for Proline- and Arginine-Rich Peptide inhibition of proteasome

PR39, a naturally occurring and cell-permeable proline- and arginine-rich peptide, blocks the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (IkappaBalpha), thereby attenuating inflammation. It is a noncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of 20S proteasome. To identify its basis of action, we used solution NMR spectroscopy and mutational analyses of the active fragment, PR11, which identified amino acids required for human 20S proteasome inhibiting activity. We then examined PR11-mediated changes in the expression of nuclear factor kappaB-dependent genes in situ. The results provide prerequisites for proteasome inhibition by proline- and arginine-rich peptides, providing a powerful new tool to investigate inflammatory processes. These findings offer new leads in developing drugs to treat heart diseases or stroke.
Work Authority in Industry: The Happy Demise of the Ideal Type

Recent dramatic changes in the social and political organization of Eastern Europe and what was the Soviet Union have led to a widespread reformulation of certain generic terms that have long plagued comparative scholarship. Similarly, with the destruction of the monolithic Berlin Wall has come the imperative to deconstruct monolithic terms, such as communism or traditionalism, which have often obfuscated difference and negated geographical and historical specificity. In this essay, and in the spirit of laying to rest the ghost of the ideal type, I compare the work and authority relations in Chinese and Soviet factories in the 1960s and 1970s. When the differing variables that coalesced to form distinctive patterns of labor relations in these two countries during those years are more clearly understood, it will be possible to discuss the current patterns of change with greater accuracy. In addition, when the essentially structuralist constraints of an overarching communist type are loosened, it is also possible to reintroduce actors into the dialectic and to enrich the comparison with finer social and historical detail. Recent scholarship on work authority in Chinese industry has focused on a distinctive tradition of labor relations perceived and presented by many Western academics as undisputably communist in method and style. Andrew Walder, for example, distinguishes this tradition from earlier models of totalitarian control and group theory by stressing the positive incentives offered for political loyalty. More important, he claims that this demand for political loyalty has created a system of reciprocity in which management and workers are bound to each other. The leadership must cultivate and reward loyal individuals or "activists", while conversely, those same individuals must exchange political loyalty for the economic goods offered by the factory leadership. According to Walder, activists play a key role in the communist factory organization. He categorizes them as generally young, with strong connections to Party organizations. They are closely linked to the factory leadership and eager to perform extra duties and difficult or menial work without pay. Their political loyalty is complete and vociferous, and they are ready and
Varietal differences in phenolic content and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of onions

Epidemiological studies have indicated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk for the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Phytochemicals, including phenolics and flavonoids, are suggested to be the major bioactive compounds contributing to the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Onions are a major source of dietary flavonoids; however, there may exist varietal differences in composition, concentration, and beneficial activities. To characterize these differences, shallots and 10 onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties commonly available in the United States (Western Yellow, Northern Red, New York Bold, Western White, Peruvian Sweet, Empire Sweet, Mexico, Texas 1015, Imperial Valley Sweet, and Vidalia) were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Shallots contained the highest total phenolic content (114.7 ± 10.0 mg/100 g of sample) among the varieties tested, with a...
Incidence, mass and variety of plastics ingested by Laysan (Phoebastria immutabilis) and Black-footed Albatrosses (P. nigripes) recovered as by-catch in the North Pacific Ocean

Abstract Laysan Albatrosses ( Phoebastria immutabilis ) and Black-footed Albatrosses ( P. nigripes ) ingest plastic debris, as evidenced by studies showing plastic in the digestive contents of their chicks, but there is little documentation of the frequency and amount of ingested plastics carried in foraging adults. In this study, we quantify plastics among the digestive contents of 18 Laysan Albatrosses and 29 Black-footed Albatrosses collected as by-catch in the North Pacific Ocean. We found ingested plastic in 30 of the 47 birds examined, with Laysan Albatrosses exhibiting a greater frequency of plastic ingestion (83.3% n = 18) than Black-footed Albatrosses (51.7% n = 29) ( X 2 = 4.8, df = 1, P = 0.03). Though the mass of ingested plastic in both species (mean ± SD = 0.463 g ± 1.447) was lower than previously noted among albatross chicks, the high frequency of ingested plastic we found in this study suggests that long-term effects, e.g. absorption of contaminants from plastics, may be of concern throughout the population.
Nogo-A knockdown inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced activation of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in cardiomyocytes

Programmed cell death of cardiomyocytes following myocardial ischemia increases biomechanical stress on the remaining myocardium, leading to myocardial dysfunction that may result in congestive heart failure or sudden death. Nogo-A is well characterized as a potent inhibitor of axonal regeneration and plasticity in the central nervous system, however, the role of Nogo-A in non-nervous tissues is essentially unknown. In this study, Nogo-A expression was shown to be significantly increased in cardiac tissue from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and from patients who have experienced an ischemic event. Nogo-A expression was clearly associated with cardiomyocytes in culture and was localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum. In agreement with the findings from human tissue, Nogo-A expression was significantly increased in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Knockdown of Nogo-A in cardiomyocytes markedly attenuated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis, as indicated by the significant reduction of DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine translocation, and caspase-3 cleavage, by a mechanism involving the preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential, the inhibition of ROS accumulation, and the improvement of intracellular calcium regulation. Together, these data demonstrate that knockdown of Nogo-A may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent the loss of cardiomyocytes following ischemic/hypoxic injury.