cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structurally integrated organic light-emitting device (OLED)-based multianalyte sensing through analyte-oxidase interactions

The development of a compact structurally integrated platform for detection of multianalytes that consume oxygen in the presence of specific oxidase enzymes is described. The detection is based on monitoring the photoluminescence (PL) intensity or lifetime of a sensing element based on the oxygen sensitive dye Pt octaethyl porphyrin (PtOEP). The excitation source for the PL is an array of individually addressable green OLED pixels. The analytes are gas- phase and dissolved oxygen, glucose, lactate, and alcohol. The sensing element for each analyte includes a layer of PtOEP-doped polystyrene, whose PL lifetime decreases with increasing O 2 level, and a film or solution containing the oxidase enzyme specific to the analyte. Each sensing element is associated with two addressable ~2x2 mm 2 OLED pixels. The operation and performance metrics of the sensor under various conditions are described and discussed.
Studies in cerebral circulation. Methods for the qualitative and quantitative study of human cerebral blood vessels

Abstract Injection of 138 normal and pathologic human brains has led to the development of standardized methods for the comprehensive study of cerebral blood vessels. A device for the rapid parallel sectioning of the whole human brain at 1 to 5 mm. is described. Modified x-ray techniques are presented which provide for the stereoscopic study of intracerebral arteries and veins without destruction of the specimen or alteration of staining properties. Procedures for the quantitative study of capillary angioarchitecture in normal and pathologic brains are presented, and methods for the differential study of vascularity in absolute terms are described. Preliminary observations are used as illustrations.
Long-Term Hydrological Impacts of Land Use/Land Cover Change From 1984 to 2010 in the Little River Watershed, Tennessee

Assessing long-term hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change is of critical importance for land use planning and water resource management. The Little River Watershed, Tennessee, is an important watershed supporting drinking water and recreational activities within and around the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the Unites States. However, the potential hydrological impacts of LULC change, especially urbanization in recent decades, are not quantified. This paper assessed the long-term impacts of LULC change on streamflow and non-point source pollution using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and a detailed LULC record from 1984 to 2010. The SWAT was first calibrated and validated using observed streamflowin 2010 and then simulated using different LULC patterns in 1984-2010 to quantify the long-term hydrological impacts caused by the LULC change. Simulated results indicated a minor 3% increase in streamflow for the whole watershed from 1984 to 2010, but with a distinct spatial pattern. The increase in streamflow is closely related to urban development. Almost no streamflow increase occurred in the upper watershed within the national park, whereas >10% increase occurred in the lower watershed, especially in areas close to cities. Model simulation also suggested 34.6% reduction in sediment and about 10% reduction in nutrient loads from 1984 to 2010, closely related to the decrease in agricultural land. However, without calibration and validation, the simulated reduction in the sediment and nutrient loads may be problematic because SWAT mainly simulates the static LULC patterns, whereas LULC transitions, such as construction phases, may generate more sediment and nutrient loads. In addition, the simulation also did not account for the sediment and nutrients generated from stream bank erosion.
The role of human capital in economic growth : the case of Spain

This study constructs an index of human capital for the Spanish labor force over the past two decades and projects it over the next decade on the basis of likely demographic developments. The methodology considers both educational attainment resulting from formal schooling and improvements in workers` productivity resulting from experience, or learning by doing. Furthermore, it allows for the fact that people with higher education accumulate human capital through learning by doing at a faster pace than less educated workers or, in other words, that the full returns to formal schooling are realized with a lag of many years. Using this index, a growth accounting exercise is conducted to estimate the impact of human capital accumulation on economic growth over the past two decades. Finally, potential output growth is projected over the next few years, taking into account the impact of human capital accumulation.
Role of the cerebellum in movement control and adaptation

Three recent discoveries have substantially improved our knowledge of cerebellar function. First, the forelimb regions of the interpositus nuclei specialize in control of one particular limb movement, reach to grasp. Second, a new model indicates that vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation requires neural changes in both the cerebellum and the brainstem. Finally, the caudal fastigial nucleus uses both short- and long-term influences to maintain saccade accuracy.
Trends in Intermediate Spanish Texts.

T HIS ARTICLE presents a survey of second-year Spanish texts for college, based on a sample of such books published in the present decade. Like the previous article on elementary manuals,2 it does not review any text in detail, but rather aims at characterizing what is taught in intermediate courses, on the basis of the materials published for this level. The texts have been chosen so as to have a selection representative of different approaches and methods, and inclusion or non-inclusion of any specific book should not be interpreted as a judgment on its pedagogical value. In as much as feasible, I have avoided singling out for criticism some texts but not others in which the same shortcomings could be found, and reference to specific texts is meant to serve as exemplification. Some comments may strike the reader as too general, but this is a consequence of the scope of the article, implied in its title.3
Electronic Band Structure, Fermi Surface, and Magnetic Properties of Palladium Metal

The electronic energy bands of Pd metal have been determined using the nonrelativistic A.P.W. method. The Fermi surface, which consists of two hole surfaces and a compensating electron surface, agrees very well with the de Haas‐van Alphen data of Vuillemin and Priestly. The electron surface is centered at Γ and contains approximately 0.3 electrons per Pd atom. One hole surface consists of a small pocket centered at X. The other hole surface is open along the [100] directions in agreement with galvanomagnetic measurements. The Fermi energy lies slightly above a maximum in the calculated density of states N (E) as expected from studies of dilute alloys. Using the computed N (EF) we obtain an electronic contribution to the specific heat which is only about half the observed value, indicating an electron‐phonon enhancement typical for d‐band metals. The computed paramagnetic susceptibility χ(T) is much smaller than the experimental value, emphasizing the importance of exchange in markedly enhancing χ(T), part...
Using Coaching to Enhance the Effects of Behavioral Feedback to Managers

A field experiment was conducted to assess whether coaching would enhance the effectiveness of a feedback workshop for store managers in a regional supermarket chain. The experimental group of managers received individual coaching several weeks after attending a feedback workshop. The control group of managers also attended a feedback workshop but did not receive the follow-up coaching. Each manager’s use of proactive influence tactics was rated by subordinates (department managers) before the interventions and several months afterward. Coaching significantly increased the use of collaboration with subordinates, but results for the other three “core” tactics were mixed. Likely reasons for the lack of stronger results are identified, and implications for practice are discussed.
Dimensionality and size effects in simple metals.

A detailed discussion of quantum-size effects and the dimensionality in simple (s-p bonded) metals is presented by using aluminum as a prototype. The density of states, work function, surface energy, surface relaxation, and subband energies are calculated for films of varying thicknesses. Oscillatory variations of various physical properties correlate well with the surface charge density which itself varies with the film thickness. All calculations are performed using the self-consistent pseudopotential method and the planarly averaged one-dimensional potential generated from it. Total-energy calculations and forces on various atomic planes lead to important conclusions about surface relaxation.
Novel photolabile protecting group for carbonyl compounds.

A novel type of photo-protecting group for carbonyl compounds is described. The protecting group is readily accessed in one step from commercially available material. Installation of the protecting group upon the carbonyl compounds is achieved in excellent yields. The carbonyl compounds in their protected form are remarkably stable under various conditions and can be released photochemically in high efficiency.
The Chaperone Protein BiP Binds to a Mutant Prion Protein and Mediates Its Degradation by the Proteasome

Familial prion diseases are thought to result from a change in structure of the mutant prion protein (PrP), which takes a pathogenic conformation. We have examined the role of molecular chaperones in the folding of normal and mutant PrP Q217R (PrP217) in transfected neuroblastoma cells. In a previous report we showed that, although most of the PrP217 forms escape the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system and aggregate in post-Golgi compartments, a significant proportion of PrP217 retains the C-terminal glycosylphosphatidyl inositol signal peptide (PrP32), and does not exit the endoplasmic reticulum (Singh, N., Zanusso, G., Chen, S. G., Fujioka, H., Richardson, S., Gambetti, P., and Petersen, R. B. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28461–28470). We have now studied the folding and turnover of PrP32 to understand the mechanism by which abnormal PrP forms cause cellular toxicity in our cell culture model and in the human brain carrying the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease Q217R mutation. In this report, we show that PrP32 remains associated with the chaperone BiP for an abnormally prolonged period of time and is degraded by the proteasomal pathway. This study is the first demonstration that BiP is chaperoning the folding of PrP and plays a role in maintaining the quality control in the PrP maturation pathway. Our data provide new insight into the diverse pathways of mutant PrP metabolism and neurotoxicity.
Kir 4.1 channel expression in neuroblastoma×glioma hybrid NG108-15 cell line

To study a possible involvement of inwardly rectifying K+ 4.1 (Kir 4. 1) channels in neural cell development, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to assess expression of Kir 4.1 channels in proliferating and differentiated NG108-15 cells. RT-PCR revealed co-expression of Kir 4.1 and rat ether-a-go-go-related gene (R-ERG) mRNAs in both proliferating and differentiated cells. The relative Kir 4.1 mRNA concentration increased markedly as cells progressed from undifferentiated to differentiated cells. Kir 4.1-immunoreactivity was barely detectable in undifferentiated cells, but clearly detected in differentiated cells, indicating that Kir 4.1 gene and protein expressions are developmentally regulated. However, corresponding Kir 4.1 current could not be detected in differentiated cells using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. The 'silent' channel/receptor, often found in tumor cells, may carry genetic defects, which prevent functional expression of the channel. NG108-15 may serve as unique model for studying the relationship between the expression of an ion channel gene and the electrophysiological phenotype it encodes.
Term early-onset neonatal seizures : obstetric characteristics, etiologic classifications, and perinatal care

Objective To describe obstetric characteristics and etiologic classifications and assess perinatal care in term neonates with early-onset seizures. Methods We performed a retrospective review of neonatal and obstetric records of neonates delivered at term with a diagnosis of early-onset seizures between January 1981 and December 1992 at Long Beach Memorial Medical Center. Data regarding obstetric characteristics and etiologic classifications of the seizures were abstracted from the medical records. Lack of antepartum testing in high-risk patients, delayed intervention with nonreassuring antepartum or intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns, birth trauma, and failure to use prophylactic antibiotics or treat infection were the criteria used for identifying seizures that were potentially preventable. Results Forty term neonates had early-onset seizures out of 60,712 live births (0.07%). These seizures were attributed to hypoxic events in 15 neonates (37.5%), cerebral malformations in seven (17.5%), cerebral infarcts in seven (17.5%), intracranial hemorrhage in five (12.5%), infection in three, and an unknown etiology in three. Twenty-three neonates had 5-minute Apgar scores of 7 or greater (cerebral malformations excluded). Seven of these neonates (30%) had cerebral infarcts. A review of all records identified nine cases (22.5%) of the early-onset seizures as potentially preventable. Conculsion The majority of the term early-onset neonatal seizures identified did not appear to be preventable. Many of the neonates with 5-minute Apgar scores of 7 or greater had cerebral infarcts.
Touch & talk: contextualizing remote touch for affective interaction

Touch is a unique channel in affect conveyance. A significant aspect of this uniqueness is that the relation of touch to affect is immediate, without the need for symbolic encoding and decoding. However, most pioneering research work in developing remote touch technologies, result in the use of touch as a symbolic channel either by design or user decision. We present a review of relevant psychological and sociological literature of touch and propose a model of immediacy of the touch channel for conveyance of affect. We posit that the strategic provision of contextualizing channels will liberate touch to assume its role in affect conveyance. Armed with this analysis, we propose two design guidelines: first, the touch channel needs to be coupled with other communication channels to clarify its meaning; second, encourage the use touch as an immediate channel by not assigning any symbolic meaning to touch interactions. We proceed to describe our haptic interface design based on these guidelines. Our in-lab experiment shows that remote touch reinforces the meaning of a symbolic channel reducing sadness significantly and showing a trend to reduce general negative mood and to reinforce joviality.
Cell Wall and Membrane-Associated Exo-β-d-Glucanases from Developing Maize Seedlings

A β-d-glucan exohydrolase was purified from the cell walls of developing maize (Zea mays L.) shoots. The cell wall enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes the non-reducing terminal glucosyl residue from (1→3)-β-d-glucans, but also hydrolyzes (1→2)-, (1→6)-, and (1→4)-β-d-glucosyl units in decreasing order of activity. Polyclonal antisera raised against the purified exo-β-d-glucanase (ExGase) were used to select partial-length cDNA clones, and the complete sequence of 622 amino acid residues was deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the cDNA and a full-length genomic clone. Northern gel-blot analysis revealed what appeared to be a single transcript, but three distinct polypeptides were detected in immunogel-blot analyses of the ExGases extracted from growing coleoptiles. Two polypeptides appear in the cell wall, where one polypeptide is constitutive, and the second appears at the time of the maximum rate of elongation and reaches peak activity after elongation has ceased. The appearance of the second polypeptide coincides with the disappearance of the mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan, whose accumulation is associated with cell elongation in grasses. The third polypeptide of the ExGase is an extrinsic protein associated with the exterior surface of the plasma membrane. Although the activity of the membrane-associated ExGase is highest against (1→3)-β-d-glucans, the activity against (1→4)-β-d-glucan linkages is severely attenuated and, therefore, the enzyme is unlikely to be involved with turnover of the (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan. We propose three potential functions for this novel ExGase at the membrane-wall interface.
World at work: soldiering.

Hazards of the job and measures to protect workers Professional, modern armies have characteristics which set them apart from other occupations. These affect both volunteer and conscripted forces. The soldiers who comprise an army are able to use controlled force in a disciplined way with the accepted understanding that death or injury to themselves, as well as others, may result. This may happen not only during combat but also in situations such as military training, terrorist attacks, and humanitarian operations. Armies, as institutions, usually have strong concepts of duty to a nation or similar organisation. As such, there is an underlying sense of service and loyalty to the community. There is also tremendous loyalty among members of an army to each other because they must work as a team to survive and be successful. Armies recruit their soldiers in many ways, which reflect the social and cultural histories of their countries. Currently, there are increasing numbers of females in many modern armies, although not always in the fighting forces. Many armies have a varied ethnic composition. Both gender and ethnicity and the resulting cultural attitudes need to be integrated into a common ethos for an army to function well. …
Synergistic Antitumor Activity of Irinotecan in Combination with 5-Fluorouracil in Rats Bearing Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Role of Drug Sequence and Dose

The basis for current clinical trials in the treatment of colorectal cancer with the combination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) with or without leucovorin (LV) is their proven activity as single agents, their different mechanisms of action, and lack of CPT-11 cross-resistance to previous FUra/LV treatment. The role of drug dose and administration sequence in this combination was studied in vivo using a rat colon tumor model (Ward colon carcinoma); we administered CPT-11 and FUra by i.v. push once a week for four consecutive weeks (weekly x 4), a clinically relevant schedule. The maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of CPT-11 and FUra administered as single agents were 100 mg/kg/week for both agents. Three different combination administration sequences were evaluated: (a) CPT-11 administered simultaneously with FUra (sequence I); (b) FUra administered 24 h before CPT-11 (sequence II); and (c) CPT-11 administered 24 h before FUra (sequence III). When combining the two drugs at 50% of their respective MTD, the antitumor efficacy was sequence dependent with 62, 38, and 95% complete tumor regression rate for sequences I, II, and III, respectively. For sequences I and II, dose escalation to 75% of the MTD for each drug was paralleled by reversible host toxicity with no significant increase in the antitumor activity of the combination. With sequence III, however, the combination was lethal in 100% of treated animals when the doses of both drugs were at 75% of the MTD or higher. With the sequential combination of CPT-11 followed 24 h later by FUra (sequence III), the high complete tumor regression rate (cure) could be maintained, even when the dose of CPT-11 was reduced to 12.5% of the MTD as long as the doses of FUra was kept at 50 -75 % of the MTD. The data demonstrate that the antitumor activity and toxicity of combining CPT-11 with FUra is highly sequence dependent and that a sequence of CPT-11 preceding FUra is superior with a significant increase in the therapeutic index over the other sequences tested. In addition, the data also demonstrate that toxicity associated with high dose of CPT-11 can be eliminated without loss of the antitumor efficacy by reducing the dose of CPT-11 to at least 50% of its MTD, whereas the dose of FUra is kept at 50-75 % of its MTD.
TECHNOLOGY, TIME, AND SPACE OR WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE PRESENT? A STUDY OF THE CULTURE OF A DISTANCE EDUCATION CLASS

Qualitative research methods were used to analyze a three-hour (48 contact hours) distance education course. Analysis suggests that strong teaching skills and classroom management skills were necessary to conduct the course. Far-site independence of movement, talk, and turn taking required special give and take between students and the instructor. Modifications of ordinary class behavior on the part of students and the instructor were noted. In addition, the ramifications of separation by time and space between instructors and students were discussed. Technologies allow communication across time and space but this separation becomes an artifact of some emerging technologies. Is separation in time and space a problematic phenomenon? An important question may be: What, if anything, does it mean to be physically present?
Physics and imaging for targeting of oligometastases

Oligometastases refer to metastases that are limited in number and location and are amenable to regional treatment. The majority of these metastases appear in the brain, lung, liver, and bone. Although the focus of interest in the past within radiation oncology has been on the treatment of intracranial metastases, there has been growing interest in extracranial sites such as the liver and lung. This is largely because of the rapid development of targeting techniques for oligometastases such as intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy, which has made it possible to deliver single or a few fractions of high-dose radiation treatments, highly conformal to the target. The clinical decision to use radiation to treat oligometastases is based on both radiobiological and physics considerations. The radiobiological considerations involve improvement of treatment schema for time, dose, and volume. Areas of interests are hypofractionation, tumor and normal tissue tolerance, and hypoxia. The physics considerations for oligometastases treatment are focused mainly on ensuring treatment accuracy and precision. This article discusses the physics and imaging aspects involved in each step of the radiation treatment process for oligometastases, including target definition, treatment simulation, treatment planning, pretreatment target localization, radiation delivery, treatment verification, and treatment evaluation.
The Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability in Stratospheric Temperatures and Links to the Brewer–Dobson Circulation: An Analysis of MSU and SSU Data

Previous studies have shown that lower-stratosphere temperatures display a near-perfect cancellation between tropical and extratropical latitudes on both annual and interannual time scales. The out-of-phase relationship between tropical and high-latitude lower-stratospheric temperatures is a consequence of variability in the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC). In this study, the signal of the BDC in stratospheric temperature variability is examined throughout the depth of the stratosphere using data from the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU). While the BDC has a seemingly modest signal in the annual cycle in zonal-mean temperatures in the mid- and upper stratosphere, it has a pronounced signal in the month-to-month and interannual variability. Tropical and extratropical temperatures are significantly negatively correlated in all SSU channels on interannual time scales, suggesting that variations in wave driving are a major factor controlling globalscale temperature variability not only in the lower stratosphere (as shown in previous studies), but also in the mid- and upper stratosphere. The out-of-phase relationship between tropical and high latitudes peaks at all levels during the cold-season months: December‐March in the Northern Hemisphere and July‐October in the Southern Hemisphere. In the upper stratosphere, the out-of-phase relationship with high-latitude temperatures extends beyond the tropics and well into the extratropics of the opposite hemisphere. The seasonal cycle in stratospheric temperatures follows the annual march of insolation at all levels and latitudes exceptinthe mid- to upper tropical stratosphere, where it is dominated by the semiannual oscillation. Midto upper-stratospheric temperatures also exhibit a distinct but small semiannual cycle at extratropical latitudes.
Thyroidectomy Outcomes: A National Perspective

ObjectivesDescribe trends and outcomes of patients undergoing thyroidectomy.Study Design and SettingRetrospective search of national inpatient database.Subjects and MethodsThe Nationwide Inpatient ...
Molecular Population Genetics and Evolution of Drosophila Meiosis Genes

While many functional elements of the meiotic process are well characterized in model organisms, the genetic basis of most of the natural phenotypic variation observed in meiotic pathways has not been determined. To begin to address this issue, we characterized patterns of polymorphism and divergence in the protein-coding regions of 33 genes across 31 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and 6 lines of Drosophila simulans. We sequenced genes known to be involved in chromosome segregation, recombination, DNA repair, and related heterochromatin binding. As expected, we found several of the genes to be highly conserved, consistent with purifying selection. However, a subset of genes showed patterns of polymorphism and divergence typical of other types of natural selection. Moreover, several intriguing differences between the two Drosophila lineages were evident: along the D. simulans lineage we consistently found evidence of adaptive protein evolution, whereas along the D. melanogaster lineage several loci exhibited patterns consistent with the maintenance of protein variation.
Collector optimization in advanced SiGe HBT technologies

With the advancement of the fT/fMAX performance scaling of SiGe HBTs the breakdown voltage (BVCBO/BVCEO) reduces commensurately, causing design related concerns. It is important, therefore, that multiple fT/BVCEO devices be offered in the RF technologies to meet the varying needs of the communication products. Unlike the GaAs technologies, the SiGe BiCMOS technologies are capable of integrating various flavors of fT/BVCEO SiGe HBT devices at a technology node. In this work, we investigate the tradeoff in fT-BVCEO for advanced SiGe HBTs by various collector optimization schemes such as, subcollector dopant species and concentration, epilayer thickness, SIC and other layout techniques.
Numerical modeling of polycrystalline CdTe and CIS solar cells

Polycrystalline CdTe and CuInSe/sub 2/ are excellent candidates for stable, efficient and low cost solar cells. Numerical modeling can aid the analysis of device operation and can be used as a design aid. A ZnO/thin-CdS/CuInSe/sub 2/ solar cell is modeled using ADEPT and the effect of the property of the Cu-poor layer near the CdS interface on cell performance is examined. The effect of a nonideal back contact, as well as the influence of the grain properties of a CdS/CdTe solar cell is investigated using one and two dimensional device simulation. >
Validation process and component analysis in semantic mediation

Both of decision input and element analysis play crucial roles in component-based design. In the past decade, much of the validation process have been massively implemented by group decision. In this research, we take the output from group decision and extend the focus of the methods and techniques to component analysis by using semantic mediation techniques in supporting the enterprise integration and ontology interoperability. We believe, both human interactive and semantic mediation analysis follow the nature of business in pre-design stage, and semantic mediation in supporting component analysis is crucial in early stage of enterprise integration. Our proposal mainly argues that semantic mediation need to impact components first and push semantics strategy directly into the micro process to be synthesized into the service layer and this is the main objective of component analysis.
Regulatory Divergence in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans , a Genomewide Analysis of Allele-Specific Expression

Species-specific regulation of gene expression contributes to the development and maintenance of reproductive isolation and to species differences in ecologically important traits. A better understanding of the evolutionary forces that shape regulatory variation and divergence can be developed by comparing expression differences among species and interspecific hybrids. Once expression differences are identified, the underlying genetics of regulatory variation or divergence can be explored. With the goal of associating cis and/or trans components of regulatory divergence with differences in gene expression, overall and allele-specific expression levels were assayed genomewide in female adult heads of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and their F1 hybrids. A greater proportion of cis differences than trans differences were identified for genes expressed in heads and, in accordance with previous studies, cis differences also explained a larger number of species differences in overall expression level. Regulatory divergence was found to be prevalent among genes associated with defense, olfaction, and among genes downstream of the Drosophila sex determination hierarchy. In addition, two genes, with critical roles in sex determination and micro RNA processing, Sxl and loqs, were identified as misexpressed in hybrid female heads, potentially contributing to hybrid incompatibility.
Design and Operation of a Comprehensive Breast Care Center

For several decades breast cancer diagnosis through screening mammography has been considered the gold standard for women and their breast health. The latest technology, along with multimodality imaging approach, open dialogue with staff and patients, and practical reproducible methods of operation, should be incorporated in order to achieve and maintain the highest level of patient care needed for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. The location and design of a comprehensive breast care center comes with several considerations; building capacity, handicapped accessibility, and HIPAA compliance are just a few that need attention. Operational aspects such as services offered, equipment, and staff requirements are important considerations. An efficiently functioning breast care center is a necessity for providing exceptional patient care through diagnostic imaging and testing. This chapter will discuss the planning, designing, and physical setup of a breast center, as well as daily operations and scheduling that offer ideal patient navigation through the appointment.
Uncertainty Relationship Analysis for Multi-Parametric Programming in Optimization

Uncertainties exist at all levels of the industrial design and manufacturing. Hitherto, all the studies that handle multi-parametric programming (mp-LP, mp-QP, mp-NLP, mp-MILP, and mp-MINLP) treat uncertainties to be independent of each other; while under some circumstances, there might exist some kinds of quantitative relationship among them. There is still a lack of research studies on the relationship between these uncertainties, which can help simply the complexity of multi-parametric optimization problems in terms of reducing the dimension of uncertainty space or the region of uncertainty space.
Electrostatically actuated resonant microcantilever beam in CMOS technology for the detection of chemical weapons

The design, fabrication, and testing of a resonant cantilever beam in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is presented in this paper. The resonant cantilever beam is a gas-sensing device capable of monitoring hazardous vapors and gases at trace concentrations. The new design of the cantilever beam described here includes interdigitated fingers for electrostatic actuation and a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge design to read out the deflection signal. The reference resistors of the Wheatstone bridge are fabricated on auxiliary beams that are immediately adjacent to the actuated device. The whole device is fabricated using a 0.6-/spl mu/m, three-metal, double-poly CMOS process, combined with subsequent micromachining steps. A custom polymer layer is applied to the surface of the microcantilever beam to enhance its sorptivity to a chemical nerve agent. Exposing the sensor with the nerve agent simulant dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), provided a demonstrated detection at a concentration of 20 ppb or 0.1 mg/m/sup 3/. These initial promising results were attained with a relatively simple design, fabricated in standard CMOS, which could offer an inexpensive option for mass production of a miniature chemical detector, which contains on chip electronics integrated to the cantilever beam.
Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPION) for treating orthopedic and biofilm infections

As with all surgical procedures, implantation comes with the added risk of infection. The inability of antibacterial therapy to treat persistent infection demonstrates the need for a more advanced therapeutic approach. The goal of this proposal is, for the first time, to use superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) to treat infection on biomedical devices. The hypothesis of this study is that SPION could be used as a modular tool for comprehensive infection treatment including disease targeting, infection control, and therapy feedback.
Testing for inherited susceptibility to breast cancer: a survey of informed consent forms for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing

The identification of genetic mutations linked to breast cancer has made it possible to test for the genetic predisposition to this disease. However, though this test may provide certain benefits, there are also potential risks involved with the testing process, including social and economic considerations. In light of these potential risks, we sought to determine what information individuals are receiving in the informed decision making process. To learn the minimal amount of information the actual testees receive, we obtained 10 informed consent forms from seven different testing facilities. These testing centers include the major sources of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing in the United States at this time. We analyzed the content of these forms by developing content categories and scoring them appropriately. We found all ten forms discussed in varying ways and to varying degrees the purpose of genetic testing, limitations of the test, implications of both positive and negative results, and confidentiality procedures; most, but not all, addressed various psychological and insurance risks. Overall, the forms demonstrated substantial variation in content and organization, underlining the need for more discussion and research on the purpose, nature, and effectiveness of informed consent forms for this type of genetic test.
Effects of inelasticity on the apparent depth and detectability of seismic discontinuities in the mantle

[1] Accurate determination of parameters about seismic discontinuities in the earth, such as their depth, existence, and strength, provides critical information about the physical and chemical states and dynamics of the earth's interior. Unfortunately, those parameters can be strongly affected by factors that are not related to the discontinuities. We use synthetic seismograms to estimate the influence of one of those factors, inelasticity, on the apparent depth and detectability of the 410- and 660- kilometer discontinuities obtained from stacking P-to-S converted phases (PdS). Our results show that when PdS travels through a zone with lower-than-normal Q values, the observed depth of discontinuities could be tens of kilometers deeper than the real value, and the stacking amplitudes and consequently the detectability and apparent strength are greatly reduced. This study demonstrates the importance of taking Q structure into account when seismologically detected discontinuity parameters are interpreted.
User-Oriented Two-Dimensional Measure of Effectiveness for the Evaluation of Transport and Dispersion Models

Abstract A two-dimensional measure of effectiveness for comparing hazardous material transport and dispersion model predictions and field observations has been developed. This measure is used for comparing predictions and observations paired in space and time, and the components of this measure—overprediction, or false-positive fraction, and underprediction, or false-negative fraction—can illuminate strengths and weaknesses of a model in ways that many one-dimensional measures cannot. Comparisons of predictions of short-range field observations are used to illustrate features of this measure of effectiveness, including its computation based on dosages or based on a dosage threshold of interest. With this user-oriented measure of effectiveness, statistically significant resolution of transport and dispersion model performance differences as a function of downwind range and meteorological stability category grouping, as well as between different models, is described. Evaluation of probabilistic prediction o...
Legislating for Solar Access: A Guide and Model Ordinance

Solar energy development is an increasingly attractive way to diversify a community’s energy portfolio, stimulate job creation, reduce pressure on electricity grids, and protect natural resources. Recognizing the potential benefits of solar power, state and local governments across the United States have introduced net metering programs, tax credits, subsidies, renewable portfolio standards, and countless other policies in recent years to promote solar energy within their boundaries. The growing popularity of solar energy has also increased the demand for laws that adequately protect solar energy systems from shading by neighbors. Such laws, commonly known as solar access laws, can reduce one source of uncertainty associated with installing solar energy systems on privately-owned property and can thereby encourage greater overall investment in distributed solar energy development. Fortunately, compared to most other forms of solar energy legislation, solar access laws are inexpensive to adopt and administer. This Guide and its accompanying Model Solar Access Ordinance seek to educate local government officials about solar access laws and to assist them in adopting such laws within their respective jurisdictions. Building upon existing research by Solar ABCs and others, this Guide shows how solar access ordinances can be a low-cost way for local governments to better promote distributed solar energy.
Experiences with the design and construction of wideband spectral line and pulsar instrumentation with CASPER hardware and software: The Digital Backend System

NRAO recently designed and built a universal backend system for the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory's (SHAO) 65 meter radio telescope which was constructed near the city of Shanghai, China. The machine, called the Digital Backend System (DIBAS), was created from the design of the VErsatile GBT Astronomical Spectrometer (VEGAS) by adding nine incoherent pulsar search modes and eight coherent dedispersion timing modes to complement the 29 VEGAS spectral line modes. Together these modes cover all of the anticipated science requirements for the 65 meter except for VLBI.
Contractures Caused by Tenotomy and by Tetanus Toxin.

The term, contracture, is here used to designate a state of permanent shortening of a muscle which persists after section of the motor nerve or after death of the animal. Since under these conditions no nerve impulses can reach the muscle it is obvious that when once developed this sort of shortening is independent of the nervous system and is due to a more or less permanent alteration of the muscle. These contractures develop too quickly to be due to fibrosis and histological sections show no increase in connective tissue. The muscle fibers themselves have acquired a new and shorter length.When a resting muscle is made to support a moderate load it undergoes in addition to the elastic stretch, which disappears promptly when the load is removed, also a more or less permanent elongation (Nachdehnung of Blix,1 permanent deformation of Langelaan2). In the contractures caused by tendon section and by tetanus toxin the elasticity remains approximately normal but the resistance to permanent elongation is greatl...
An Aldol-Based Build/Couple/Pair Strategy for the Synthesis of Medium- and Large-Sized Rings: Discovery of Macrocyclic Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

An aldol-based build/couple/pair (B/C/P) strategy was applied to generate a collection of stereochemically and skeletally diverse small molecules. In the build phase, a series of asymmetric syn- and anti-aldol reactions were performed to produce four stereoisomers of a Boc-protected γ-amino acid. In addition, both stereoisomers of O-PMB-protected alaninol were generated to provide a chiral amine coupling partner. In the couple step, eight stereoisomeric amides were synthesized by coupling the chiral acid and amine building blocks. The amides were subsequently reduced to generate the corresponding secondary amines. In the pair phase, three different reactions were employed to enable intramolecular ring-forming processes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr), Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM). Despite some stereochemical dependencies, the ring-forming reactions were optimized to proceed with good to excellent yields, providing a variety of skeletons ranging in size from 8- ...
HgCdTe(211)B Grown on CdTe(211)B/ZnTe(211)B/Si(211) by MBE

We present preliminary results on HgCdTe(211)B layers grown on CdTe(211)B/ZnTe(211)B/Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. As-grown layers show excellent n-type characteristics as measured by Hall effect. Hall mibilities higher than 1×10 cm2/v-s have been measured at 40K for Cd composition ∼24% with doping level ∼ 3×1015 cm−3. Obtained RHEED patterns during the growth shows very smooth surface morphology.
Five Miles Away, a World Apart: One City, Two Schools, and the Story of Educational Opportunity in Modern Americaby James E. Ryan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 400 pp. $29.95.

The purpose of this book, Five Miles Away, a World Apart, reflected in the book’s division into three sections, is to describe past, present, and future efforts to achieve educational opportunity. Ryan uses two high schools throughout the book to depict the effects of larger legal and policy trends that, as the title suggests, occur in close proximity to one another but on opposite sides of the line dividing the Richmond City Schools from one of its suburban neighbors, Henrico County. Today it is commonly assumed that the Supreme Court’s day as a desegregation champion is over. Though written by a constitutional law scholar and beginning with a detailed analysis of its development, this book acknowledges this reality by describing both the law and politics—and the relationship between the two—that shaped the course of desegregation and persist in limiting some students’ access to equal opportunity. Ryan makes it clear in the introduction that he believes school integration is the best strategy for pursuing equal educational opportunity, yet notes how “unfashionable” this strategy appears to be today (14). He also carefully explains what he means by this, a wise decision given the decades of politicizing desegregation. Ryan believes that integration remains important for two primary reasons: (1) the quality of education students receive in middle-class integrated schools and, (2) politically, it links the fate of those without much political power to those that do have power, increasing the ability to make schools responsive to families. Ironically for a law professor, Ryan also believes that integration via courts is not necessarily best to pursue. Instead, Ryan is quite cognizant of the limitations of the legal system in pursuing equal opportunity, and particularly less sanguine about its role moving forward. Yet, unlike other commentators, most notably Gerald Rosenberg (1991), Ryan doesn’t think this is necessarily
Sol-gel route to oxygen ion conductors in thin film form

The Bi{sub 2}VO{sub 5.5} and doped Bi{sub 2}V{sub 0.9}Cu{sub 0.1}O{sub 5.5-{delta}} (Bimevox) materials are reported to have extremely high oxide ion conductivity. To date, all preparations have involved a solid state route or coprecipitation as a powder. Various attempts at sol-gel preparative route are discussed. Our intent is to use sol-gel chemistry to prepare Bi{sub 2}V{sub 5.5} and its (Cu stabilized) high-temperature/high-conductivity phases as thin films for study both of conductivity properties and potential use in catalytic/oxygen transport applications in partial oxidation reactors.
Do You See What I See? Using Ethograms to Observe Animal Behavior

The process of exploration and the methods that scientists use to conduct research are fundamental to science education. In this activity, authentic scientific practices are used to develop hypotheses to explain the natural world. Students observe grass shrimp in aquaria and construct an ethogram, which is a compilation of the observable behaviors an animal exhibits. They then conduct an experiment, just as real scientists would, to determine how changes in the environment alter shrimp behavior. This activity is designed for a fourth-grade science class and allows students to experience the excitement of observing a live organism while learning about scientific inquiry, and also reinforces quantification and graphing skills. “Do You See What I See” covers Next Generation Science Standards and addresses the science and engineering practices of engaging in argument from evidence.
Studies on the physiology of the white blood cell; the glycogen content of leukocytes in leukemia and polycythemia.

The technic of determining glycogen in isolated white blood cells was applied to the study of the different types of leukemia and of polycythemia, in order to obtain information on the physiology of the white blood cell. From this study it is concluded that the granulated leukocyte is the only carrier of glycogen in whole blood. The "reducing substances" in lymphocytes and blast cells are not considered as true glycogen. The glycogen content of wet white blood cells in the rabbit amounts to about 1 per cent. In the human being a range of from 0.17 to 0.67 per cent was calculated. In disease higher percentages occur, in polycythemia up to 1.64 per cent and in glycogen storage disease up to 3.05 per cent. The glycogen concentration of normal white blood cells is within the same range as that of the striated muscle. I acknowledge with gratitude my indebtedness to Dr. William Dameshek for giving me the opportunity of analyzing the blood of some of the patients studied. Miss M. H. Campbell, Miss H. A. Clark, and Miss L. M. Garofalo have aided in carrying out many of the blood counts.