cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The type I interferon receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of the CrkL adaptor protein.

Abstract Interferon (IFN) α induces rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of the Src homology 2/Src homology 3 (SH2/SH3)-containing CrkL adaptor protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Such phosphorylation is most likely regulated by the Type I interferon receptor (IFNR)-associated Tyk-2 kinase, as suggested by the detection of Type I IFN-dependent tyrosine kinase activity in anti-CrkL immunoprecipitates and the IFNα-dependent association of CrkL with Tyk-2 in intact cells. Two other Type I IFNs, IFNβ and IFNω, also induce tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkL, suggesting that the protein is involved in the signaling pathways of several different Type I IFNs. In the IFNα-sensitive U-266 and Daudi cell lines, CrkL interacts via its N terminus SH3 domain with the guanine exchange factor C3G that regulates activation of Rap-1, a small G-protein that exhibits tumor suppressor activity. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkL links the functional Type I IFNR complex to the C3G-Rap-1 signaling cascade that mediates growth inhibitory responses.
Keeping trade fair: governance challenges in the fair trade coffee initiative†

Fair trade has gained attention as an innovative market-based mechanism for addressing social and environmental problems exacerbated by conventional global markets. Yet such initiatives are also regulatory mechanisms that establish voluntary alternative arrangements for governing production, commercialization and consumption of global commodities. Based on a recent study of fair trade coffee experiences in Latin America, this paper explores the changes that fair trade represents in governance of the coffee commodity chain. It argues that fair trade coffee governance is shaped both by formal organizational arrangements for coordination and control and, less formally, by the social and political relations embedded in fair trade's commodity chain. Fair trade's alternative governance arrangements represent one of the initiative's major accomplishments but also pose some of its most significant challenges for the future. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Continental scientific drilling

Deep Observation and Sampling of the Earth's Continental Crust, Inc. (DOSECC), held its annual board and corporation meetings March 2–3 in Chandler, Ariz. DOSECC is the university consortium, supported by the National Science Foundation, that plans, coordinates and implements U.S. continental scientific drilling. Actions taken at the meetings will enable DOSECC to continue to provide scientific and engineering support for NSF-approved drilling projects and to participate in coordinated continental scientific drilling program (CSDP) activities of NSF, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy. To facilitate development of a truly national CSDP, DOSECC member representatives unanimously agreed to broaden the consortium membership to include nonuniversity entities of the Earth sciences community from private industry, state geological surveys, and government and national laboratories. Interested parties can obtain information on Affiliate Membership from DOSECC's Washington office (1755 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036-2102, tel. 202-234-2100).
Effects of adjuvants on bovine humoral and cellular responses to hypodermin A

Hypodermin A, a serine protease of the first-instar larva of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), when formulated with complete Freund's adjuvant and administered to naive calves, will elicit protective immunity defined by an increase in in vivo larval mortality. This study evaluated two veterinary acceptable adjuvants, alhydrogel and amphigen (alone and in combination), for suitability as an adjuvant for hypodermin A. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is not an acceptable adjuvant for use because of adverse reactions at the injection site. The veterinary acceptable adjuvants were not as effective as CFA in inducing an antibody response as detected in the peripheral circulation. Of the adjuvants evaluated, the mixture of alhydrogel and amphigen induced the highest serum antibody response to hypodermin A. All adjuvants evaluated induced comparable immediate-type skin test responses, and the mixture of alhydrogel and amphigen was most comparable with CFA in terms of delayed-type skin reaction and resultant cellular infiltration at the reaction site. Although the mixture of alhydrogel and amphigen, when compared with CFA, did not elicit comparable levels of responsiveness in all parameters tested, the overall performance of the mixture suggests it to be worthy of further efficacy investigation in a vaccine formulation with hypodermin A.
Correlated AFM and NanoSIMS imaging to probe cholesterol-induced changes in phase behavior and non-ideal mixing in ternary lipid membranes

Abstract Cholesterol is believed to be an important component in compositionally distinct lipid domains in the cellular plasma membrane, which are referred to as lipid rafts. Insight into how cholesterol influences the interactions that contribute to plasma membrane organization can be acquired from model lipid membranes. Here we characterize the lipid mixing and phase behavior exhibited by 15N-dilaurolyphosphatidycholine (15N-DLPC)/deuterated distearoylphosphatiylcholine (D70-DSPC) membranes with various amounts of cholesterol (0, 3, 7, 15 or 19 mol%) at room temperature. The microstructures and compositions of individual membrane domains were determined by imaging the same membrane locations with both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) performed with a Cameca NanoSIMS 50. As the cholesterol composition increased from 0 to 19 mol%, the circular ordered domains became more elongated, and the amount of 15N-DLPC in the gel-phase domains remained constant at 6–7 mol%. Individual and micron-sized clusters of nanoscopic domains enriched in D70-DSPC were abundant in the 19 mol% cholesterol membrane. AFM imaging showed that these lipid domains had irregular borders, indicating that they were gel-phase domains, and not non-ideally mixed lipid clusters or nanoscopic liquid-ordered domains.
Quality changes in australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) subjected to multiple freezing-thawing cycles

The influence of repeated freezing-thawing (F/T, six cycles) treatment on Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) muscle quality was investigated. For each F/T cycle, five raw tails were analyzed for lipid oxidation, proteolysis, and thermal stability, and another five tails were cooked to determine cooking yield and tenderness (shear). Lipid oxidation occurred during repeated F/T treatment, as evidenced by a marked TBARS increase, i.e., from 0.070 mg/kg (fresh) to 1.201 mg/kg (cycle 6). While F/T induced small proteolytic and thermal stability changes, it caused a major loss in cooking yield as well as in tenderness of meat. The results showed an overall susceptibility of the main quality traits of red claw muscle to F/T abuses. Thus, to retain good eating qualities, red claw tails should not be subjected to more than three F/T cycles.
Reflecting on teaching through reflective service-learning: a pedagogical journey

This paper describes the process of developing a revising service-learning component in an undergraduate psychology and family consumer science course through a reflective process of continual modification. Service-learning can be an effective pedagogical tool if it involves reflection, but facilitating student reflection can be challenging. Reflection upon student learning drove continual modification of the service-learning component over the course of five semesters. Lessons learned from this process, illustrated by excerpts from student course evaluations and reflection papers, are outlined and related suggestions for teachers and researchers interested in service-learning are included.
Using K’NEX to Understand and Teach Concepts in Movement Biomechanics

In order to analyze the kinematics or model the dynamics of human motion, one must be able to abstract from the intricate anatomy of the body the mechanical linkages and kinematic constraints which best approximate the joints of the body. Given the number and complexity of joints in the human body, this abstraction can be a challenging task, especially for students. While rotations about a single degree of freedom are easy to grasp, rotations about multiple DOF, which occur commonly throughout the body (e.g. shoulder, wrist, ankle, etc.) are anything but trivial. Likewise, the kinematics or dynamics of mechanical linkages such as the upper or lower limb quickly become unwieldy. To deal with these challenges, students learn to use tools from mechanics and robotics (body- and space-fixed reference frames, transformations, generalized coordinates, etc.), but these concepts can themselves be challenging and certainly take time to learn.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice

Abstract The chemo-stimulatory role of the male hair-pencils in the courtship behaviour of the Queen butterfly has been quantified experimentally in the natural habitat. Approximately 600 individuals were studied. Courtship success is substantially reduced either by removal of the male hair-pencils or by blocking the chemoreceptors on the female antennae. However, mating occasionally occurs with either of these experimental modifications. Two of the three major types of perforated sensilla (the long, curved pegs and the coeloconic sense organs) can be completely blocked without reducing courtship success. Therefore the widely distributed short, thin-walled sensilla alone are capable of receiving the male sex pheromone. Approximately 1000 to 1500 of these sensilla (i.e. about 5 per cent of the total) must be exposed for normal courtship success. It is possible that the female also produces an odour which is important to the male in courtship.
Microcystins and two new micropeptin cyanopeptides produced by unprecedented Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in North Carolina's Cape Fear River

The Cape Fear River is the largest river system in North Carolina. It is heavily used as a source of drinking water for humans and livestock as well as a source of irrigation water for crops, and production water for industry. It also serves as a major fishery for both commercial and recreational use. In recent years, possibly related to increased eutrophication of the river, massive blooms of cyanobacteria, identified as Microcystis aeruginosa have been observed. Bloom samples collected in 2009 and 2012 were chemically analyzed to determine if they contained cyanobacterial toxins known as microcystins. Both blooms were found to produce microcystins in high yields. Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Recent biological studies have also shown a host of other potentially harmful effects of low level microcystin exposure. Detailed chemical analysis of these blooms led us to discover that these blooms produce an additional family of cyanobacterial peptides know as the micropeptins, including two new members named micropeptins 1106 and 1120. The biological activities of these new molecules have not yet been determined, although protease activity has been well documented for this peptide group. These data indicate a need for thorough monitoring of toxin levels especially during bloom events in addition to additional biological testing of other cyanopeptides present in blooms.
Use of laser capture microdissection to map hepatitis C virus-positive hepatocytes in human liver

Background & Aims Hepatitis C virus (HCV) predominantly infects hepatocytes, but many hepatocytes are not infected; studies have shown that HCV antigens cluster within the liver. We investigated spatial distribution and determinants of HCV replication in human liver samples. Methods We analyzed liver samples from 4 patients with chronic HCV infection (genotype 1, Metavir scores 0–1) to estimate the proportion of infected hepatocytes and the amount of HCV viral RNA (vRNA) per cell. Single-cell laser capture microdissection was used to capture more than 1000 hepatocytes in grids, to preserve geometric relationships. HCV vRNA and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) messenger RNA (the transcript of an interferon-stimulated gene) were measured in the same hepatocytes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and assembled in maps to identify areas of high and low HCV replication. Results Patients' serum levels of HCV RNA ranged from 6.87 to 7.40 log 10 IU/mL; the proportion of HCV-infected hepatocytes per person ranged from 21% to 45%, and the level of vRNA ranged from 1 to 50 IU/hepatocyte. Infection was not random; we identified clustering of HCV-positive hepatocytes using infected-neighbor analysis ( P k th nearest neighbor compared with random distributions, obtained by bootstrap simulations ( P Conclusions We used single-cell laser capture and high-resolution analysis to show that in human liver HCV infects hepatocytes in nonrandom clusters, whereas expression of antiviral molecules is scattered among hepatocytes. These findings show that quantitative single-cell RNA measurements can be used to estimate the abundance of HCV vRNA per infected human hepatocyte and are consistent with cell–cell propagation of infection in the absence of clustered IFITM3.
The Mechanism Study on the Catalytic Synthesis of 2,6‐Dimethylphenol from KA‐Oil and Methanol over Magnesium Oxide Catalysts

Catalytic synthesis of 2,6-dimethylphenol from KA-oil (a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) and methanol was achieved by using magnesium oxide-supported chromium oxide catalysts in one step. At higher conversion (> 90%), dimethylphenol was formed in high yield (>60 %). The activity of Cr/MgO catalysts depended on the concentration of chromium. The yield of 2,6-dimethylphenol was also affected by the composition of the ratio of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone in KA-oil. Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone reacting with methanol under the same conditions indicated that pure cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone is less reactive than their mixture, KA-oil. The adsorption properties of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone on the surface of Cr/MgO determined by FT-IR spectroscopy suggest that cyclohexanone is easily reduced to cyclohexanol by the hydrogen which formed in the reaction, and then further reacted with methanol to form 2,6-dimethyphenol.
Genetic Correlation between Corn Performance in Organic and Conventional Production Systems

Cultivars bred under conventional production systems may not be optimum for organic production systems. Our objective was to determine if, on the basis of quantitative genetic parameters, separate corn (Zea mays L.) breeding programs are needed for organic and conventional production systems. Testcrosses of 119 intermated B73 x Mo17 recombinant inbreds were evaluated in organic and conventional systems in both Waseca and Lamberton, MN, in 2006. Differences in trait means between the two production systems were significant for grain moisture, plant height, and ear height but not significant for grain yield, root lodging, stalk lodging, and stay green. The organic system led to a smaller testcross genetic variance for grain yield and higher testcross genetic variances for all other traits. The organic system led to a lower heritability for grain yield and a higher heritability for root lodging, stay green, and ear height. Genetic correlations for performance in the two production systems were 0.84 for grain yield; greater than 0.90 for grain moisture, plant height, and ear height; and about 0.50 for root lodging and stay green. The predicted ratio between the correlated response and direct response to selection in the organic system was near 1.0 for grain yield and moisture and considerably less than 1.0 for other traits. These results suggest that high-yielding cultivars for organic systems can be developed largely by screening conventional inbreds and hybrids for their performance under organic systems.
Basicity of the Amino Groups of the Aminoglycoside Amikacin Using Capillary Electrophoresis and Coupled CE−MS−MS Techniques

This paper describes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE), and coupled CE and mass spectrometric techniques, to measure the values of the pKa of the amino groups of the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin and of its acetylated derivatives. These values of pKa (8.4, 6.7, 9.7, 8.4) were determined by measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of the molecules as a function of pH; they are within 0.7 unit of certain values reported in the literature (by 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopies) but resolved ambiguities left by these earlier studies. The range of values of pKa of amino groups also indicates the complex dependence of the acidity of a functional group (and thus the extent of ionization at a specified value of pH) on the molecular environment of that group.
Luminescence probing of organically modified sol-gel thin films for sensing applications

A comprehensive study of the luminescence quenching behavior of ruthenium(II)-tris-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline perchlorate dissolved in various sol-gel matrices was performed. Thin films of submicron thickness were formed by depositing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) gel solutions, organically modified with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), onto glass slides using conventional spin-coating methods. Systematic changes in composition were conducted to examine the structural properties of the sol-gel silicate thin films for possible use in fluorescence sensing applications. Luminescence quenching in the presence of oxygen was analyzed as a function of varying sol-gel composition. Modeling techniques were employed to determine the best exponential decay curve fit of different thin film samples. The degree of luminescence quenching was found to be greatest in the polar TEOS thin films. However, whereas cracking was prevalent in the pure TEOS thin films, certain levels of organic modification with non-polar MTMS prevented cracking while maintaining a high degree of fluorescence quenching. These organically modified sol-gel thin films appear to be the most suitable for fluorescence-based oxygen sensing applications.
Evaluation of the importance of Lagrangian canopy turbulence formulations in a soil–plant–atmosphere model

Abstract The suitability of using K-theory to describe turbulent transfer within plant canopies was evaluated with field measurements and simulations of a detailed soil–plant–atmosphere model (Cupid). Simulated results with both K-theory and an analytical Lagrangian theory (L-theory) implemented in Cupid were evaluated against Bowen-ratio energy balance measurements and the temperature profiles in potato canopies. There was no difference between K- and L-theory in terms of simulating E, H and CO2 fluxes over the canopy. The model slightly underestimated measured E by 3–8%; the comparison of H contained much scatter and the model slightly overestimated CO2 flux. When the model was tested by simulating temperature and vapor pressure profiles within the canopy, the difference between the K- and L-theory was much smaller than the difference between each theory and the measurements. From simulated temperature profiles, the near-field correction provided by using L-theory seemed to be significant in canopies where the foliage is concentrated in the upper part, but appeared unnecessary for foliage distributed throughout the canopy depth. The major difference between K- and L-theory was in simulations of canopy radiometric temperature; with foliage distributed through out the depth of the canopy, K-theory consistently predicted higher canopy radiometric temperatures than L-theory by 2–8 °C, depending on leaf area index. More systematic study is required to determine if K-theory or L-theory is inadequate for remote sensing of radiometric temperature of canopies.
Fractal Analysis of Michelson Doppler Imager Magnetograms: A Contribution to the Study of the Formation of Solar Active Regions

In this paper a fractal analysis of active regions observed by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument on the SOHO spacecraft is performed. The purpose of such an analysis is to study the shape of these magnetic regions via their fractal dimension, which characterizes their complexity, and to deduce some information on the processes that led to their formation. Both full disk and high-resolution MDI magnetograms are used and the fractal dimensions using the perimeter/area relation (d1) and the linear size/area relation (d2) are calculated. A statistical analysis of the estimate of a fractal dimension is performed, as well as that of the influence of noise on it. The fractal dimension for a range of sizes is calculated. The fractal dimension d1 is found to increase with the area of the active regions (from 1.48 for supergranular size structures to 1.68 for the largest structures). The fractal dimension d2 also increases with the area of the active regions (from 1.78 to 1.94). The fractal dimension d1 decreases with the magnetic threshold for moderate sizes and increases for the largest structures. The high-resolution results match those of full disk magnetograms when the images are degraded. This fractal analysis is performed in relation to the size distribution properties: the two analyses provide complementary information. Then some models of active regions very similar to those of Wentzel & Seiden are introduced to interpret the observations in terms of a percolation process at the bottom of the convective zone and diffusion at the surface. These models lead to structures that are more complex than the observed structures.
Studies of human skeletal muscle mitochondria

Abstract Homogenization of minces of human skeletal muscle by glass beads in a CO2-cooled mechanical shaker facilitates control of temperature and degree of homogenization. This results in larger yields of mitochondria with excellent biochemical characteristics in contrast to previous preparations of such mitochondria that showed evidence of damage and contamination. Human skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated by this technique exhibit the properties of mitochondria isolated from other, more readily homogenized tissues. This study establishes the characteristics of normal human skeletal muscle mitochondria and these can now be used for comparison with mitochondria isolated in a variety of diseases that affect muscle.
Blood Flow: A Mediator of Ovarian Function

Historically, hormones from the adenohypophysis have been shown to be important in regulating the corpus luteum of mammals. However, complete understanding of the interactions between the adenohypophyseal hormones and other endocrinological and physiological factors which control luteal function has remained elusive. The relationships between the gonadotropic hormones and the physiological activity of the ovaries have been the subject of several recent reviews (Ross et al., 1970; Vande Wide et al., 1970; Niswender et al., 1972; Hansel et al., 1973; Midgley et al., 1973; and Nalbandov, 1973). In all of these reviews LU has been implicated as the endocrine factor primarily responsible for the control of luteal function. Yet, when endogenous levels of LU and progesterone are quantified throughout the reproductive cycle in women (Midgley and Jaffe, 1966; Ross et al., 1967), monkeys (Neill et al., 1967; Niswender and Spies, 1973), rats (Gay et al., 1970), sheep (Niswender et al., 1968; Niswender, 1974), pigs (Niswender et al., 1970; Henricks et al., 1972; Wilfinger et al., 1973) or cattle (Henricks et al., 1970; Swanson and Hafs, 1970; Hansel and Echternkamp, 1972) levels of LU are at their nadir when secretion of progesterone is maximal. These findings are difficult to interpret if LU is the hormone responsible for regulation of luteal function. The situation is even more confusing when one considers that LU stimulates the synthesis of progesterone when incubated with slices of human (Savard et al., 1965;Marsh and LeMaire, 1974), bovine (Savard et al., 1965; Marsh et at., 1966; Armstrong and Black, 1966), ovine (Kaltenbach et al., 1967) or porcine (Cook et al., 1967) luteal tissue in vitro. Additionally, LH
Viscous Relaxation and Non‐Arrhenius Behavior in B2O3

Ultrasonic shear and longitudinal measurements were made in Bz03 from 650° to 1000° C. From these data both the shear and volume relaxation time spectra were determined. The spectra had the same temperature dependence, although the volume spectrum was always broader than the shear spectrum. The shear relaxation process can be represented by a single relaxation time above 800° C in the region where the shear viscosity is Arrhenius. Both processes exhibit an increasingly broad distribution of relaxation times in the non-Arrhenius region. The temperature dependence of the shear spectrum was analyzed in terms of a distribution of activation energies. A surprising conclusion of this study is that activation energies at low temperatures are smaller than the activation energy in the Arrhenius region.
Are the Parts as Good as the Whole? A Meta-Analysis of Component Treatment Studies

Objective Component studies compare standard treatments to treatments with added components or dismantled components. A previous meta-analysis (Ahn & Wampold, 2001) failed to find any differences in outcome between treatments with more components and those with fewer components, leading the authors to conclude that common factors and not specific ingredients account for therapeutic change. Method The current random effects model meta-analysis of psychotherapy component studies conducted between 1980 and 2010 included more than 3 times as many studies as Ahn and Wampold's (2001) meta-analysis (k = 66). Unlike the previous meta-analysis, this study conducted separate meta-analyses for additive and dismantling studies and also examined treatment outcomes at follow-up. Results For the dismantling studies, there were no significant differences between the full treatments and the dismantled treatments. For the additive studies, the treatment with the added component yielded a small, but significant, effect at completion (d = 0.14) and a slightly larger effect at follow-up (d = 0.28), but only for the specific problems that were targeted for treatment. Despite the diversity of populations studied, problems treated, and treatments examined, there was little heterogeneity among the results of these studies. Conclusion These findings suggest that added specific ingredients may contribute modestly to treatment outcomes.
Flow‐induced structure and rheology of a triblock copolymer

Linear viscoelastic properties are found to be a sensitive measure of flow-induced structural changes in a block copolymer. Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) with 26% polystyrene (PS) forms a macrostructure in the quiescent state with grains of the order of 1–10 μm. Within each grain, phase separation gives rise to a regular two-phase microstructure with cylindrical PS domains with radius of the order of 200 A. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear (γ = 4.5) at temperatures between 139 and 181°C was applied to after the grain structure with the objectives of removing the discontinuities at the grain boundaries and of aligning the domains into a continuous ultrastructure. The SBS behaved like a solid (tan δ 1) after shear modification. This change expressed itself in the removal of the long relaxation times from the linear viscoelastic spectrum; the intermediate and low relaxation times were not affected by the shear modification. The viscoelastic spectrum slowly recovered during annealing with recovery times of the order of the longest relaxation time of the quiescent structure. Birefringence studies showed that the SBS did not recover into its original grain structure but into a highly oriented domain structure. The discontinuities at the grain boundaries could not be removed completely.
Estimation of gene frequencies in the mn system.

Summary. Negro and Caucasian samples typed with anti-M, N, S, s, M1, Us, Hu, He, Sj, and Tm indicate at least 14 and perhaps more than 26 alleles at the MNS locus, for which a notation is proposed. Gene frequencies are estimated by maximum likelihood, using the ALLTYPE computer program. The methodology, uses, and limitations of such estimates are discussed. There is a clear distinction between idiomorphs (with frequencies less than 0.01), many alternative sets of which can account for the rare phenotypes with or without typing errors, and polymorphs (alleles with frequencies between 0.01 and 0.99) which cannot fail to be recognized in a large sample. Idiomorphs require confirmatory family studies.
Persistent Effects of Short-term, High Exposure to Chlorine Gas on Physiology and Growth of Pinus ponderosa andPseudotsuga menziesii

Following a single acute exposure to chlorine gas, persistent eAects on epicuticular waxes, cuticular transpiration, tree growth and mortality were studied in foliage of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii for three growing seasons. Chlorine gas exposure caused foliar injury to both exposed foliage and foliage that flushed after exposure (P 5 0.05). The tendency to form films of water rather than droplets was greater in directly exposed foliage (P 5 0.001). Rates of cuticular transpiration were higher for directly and indirectly exposed foliage of Pinus ponderosa up to 1 year after exposure and up to 6 months after exposure for directly exposed Pseudotsuga menziesii (P 5 0.001), after which P. menziesii needles defoliated. Total water content (TWC) and relative water content were significantly correlated with foliar injury (P 5 0.05). TWC was lower for directly exposed foliage up to 1 year after exposure (P 5 0.001). There was no persistent negative eAect on Fv/Fm ratios after 1 year. Exposure to chlorine gas did not aAect needle length or annual shoot increment growth, but exposure was correlated with increased bud production. Needle longevity of foliage that flushed 2 months after exposure was reduced significantly (P 5 0.001). Annual stem increment growth for both species decreased over at least three growing seasons following chlorine gas exposure (P 5 0.001), and depended on distance from the spill site. Cone production was lower for exposed Pinus ponderosa trees compared to controls (P 5 0.05), and tree mortality was higher within approx. 50 m of the release site for Pseudotsuga menziesii. Growth responses for both conifers agreed well with predicted patterns of carbon allocation after defoliation caused by chlorine gas exposure. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company
Packaging of Brome Mosaic Virus Subgenomic RNA Is Functionally Coupled to Replication-Dependent Transcription and Translation of Coat Protein

In Brome mosaic virus (BMV), genomic RNA1 (gB1) and RNA2 (gB2), encoding the replication factors, are packaged into two separate virions, whereas genomic RNA3 (gB3) and its subgenomic coat protein (CP) mRNA (sgB4) are copackaged into a third virion. In vitro assembly assays performed between a series of deletion variants of sgB4 and wild-type (wt) CP subunits demonstrated that packaging of sgB4 is independent of sequences encoding the CP open reading frame. To confirm these observations in vivo and to unravel the mechanism of sgB4 copackaging, an Agrobacterium-mediated transient in vivo expression system (P. Annamalai and A. L. N. Rao, Virology 338:96‐111, 2005) that effectively uncouples replication from packaging was used. Cultures of agrotransformants, engineered to express sgB4 and CP subunits either transiently (sgB4 Trans and CP Trans ) or in replication-dependent transcription and translation when complemented with gB1 and gB2 (sgB4 Rep and CP Rep ), were mixed in all four pair-wise combinations and infiltrated to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves to systematically evaluate requirements regulating sgB4 packaging. The data revealed that (i) in the absence of replication, packaging was nonspecific, since transiently expressed CP subunits efficiently packaged ubiquitous cellular RNA as well as transiently expressed sgB4 and its deletion variants; (ii) induction of viral replication increased specificity of RNA packaging; and most importantly, (iii) efficient packaging of sgB4, reminiscent of the wt scenario, is functionally coupled not only to its transcription via replication but also to translation of CP from replication-derived mRNA, a mechanism that appears to be conserved among positive-strand RNA viruses of plants (this study), animals (flock house virus), and humans (poliovirus).
Non-uniform backlighting computation for high dynamic range displays

In recent years, non-uniform LED based backlighting techniques have been used to build display prototypes and products with extremely high dynamic range, thus making possible to show video content with very high fidelity. These displays have two modulation channels: a low resolution LED layer that provides non-uniform backlighting, and a high resolution LCD front panel for color. Unfortunately, displaying an HDR image on such screens is not straightforward because the lower resolution of the LED layer and the cross-talk between LEDs make not possible to individually control the output of each pixel. Using the wrong backlighting results in low image quality and may even lead to visual artifacts such as false contouring and visible LED patterns. In this paper, we characterize the LED/LCD display using a general model and formulate the backlighting computation as an optimization problem. We further propose an iterative algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Compared to existing methods, our model is more precise and provides better image quality on the same display device.
Selecting tree species for testing climate change migration hypotheses using forest inventory data

The lack of objective tree species lists hinders the assessment of climate change effects on tree species distributions. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate criteria for selecting tree species used in large-scale tree migration monitoring efforts. The results of this study indicate that tree migration conclusions are highly dependant on the species selected for examination. It was found that tree species’ median latitudes or forecasted future areas provided objective criteria for development of species lists for migration hypothesis testing with the latter being insensitive to simulation error. Furthermore, only 10–15 of the top species, in terms of high median latitudes or loss in forecasted future area, are needed to maximize the sensitivity of a migration index. The use of such criteria in this study indicated a northward shift of sensitive tree populations of 27 km. It is suggested that examining species only the most likely to migrate serves as an objective starting point for migration detection. In contrast, the inclusion of all tree species commonly observed in large-scale forest inventories can obfuscate migration detection with tree species that have little ecological reason to immediately migrate in a changing climate.
Twofold Mur's first-order ABC in the FDTD method

In this paper, it is shown that the reflection error of Mur's first-order absorbing boundary condition (ABC) can be canceled effectively by applying the ABC twice to an electromagnetic (EM) field on two diagonally neighboring nodes on the x-t, y-t and t-t planes. Following this idea, we have developed a twofold Mur's first-order ABC (TMFABC), which is efficient to absorb both propagative and evanescent EM waves and very convenient for implementation to multilayered structures. TMFABC improves Mur's first-order ABC more effectively at lower frequencies. This is very important because most energy of a high-speed pulse is concentrated at lower frequencies.
Induction of labor versus expectant management for women with a prior cesarean delivery

Objective Previous studies of induction of labor in the setting of trial of labor after cesarean have compared women undergoing trial of labor after cesarean to those undergoing spontaneous labor. However, the clinically relevant comparison is to those undergoing expectant management. The objective of this study was to compare obstetric outcomes between women undergoing induction of labor and those undergoing expectant management ≥39 weeks of gestation. Study Design This was a secondary analysis of data from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Cesarean Registry that included women with singleton gestations at a gestational age of ≥39 weeks and a history of 1 low transverse cesarean delivery. Outcomes of induction at 39, 40, and 41 weeks were compared to expectant management beyond each gestational age period using univariable and multivariable analyses. Women with scheduled repeat cesarean deliveries done for the indication of prior cesarean delivery were excluded from the analysis. Results In all, 12,676 women were eligible for analysis. The rate of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) was higher among women undergoing induction of labor at 39 weeks compared to expectant management (73.8% vs 61.3%, P P = .006, respectively). In multivariable analysis, induction of labor at 39 weeks remained associated with a significantly higher chance of VBAC and uterine rupture (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.67; and odds ratio, 2.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–6.12, respectively). Conclusion Induction of labor at 39 weeks, when compared to expectant management, was associated with a higher chance of VBAC but also of uterine rupture.
Single Bovine Enamel Particles Examined by Electron Optics

Whole enamel scrapings from teeth of embryonic calves have been separated by density gradient centrifugation in organic solvents into fractions (1.6 < p < 2.4 g/cm3) representing progressive stages of mineral phase maturation. Single enamel particles or their small aggregates from such fractions were examined by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and high-spatial-resolution electron probe micro-analysis. The electron optical methods demonstrated the presence of poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite as the only detectable solid phase in all fractions. Octacalcium phosphate and brushite were not identified in the fractions. Changes in electron diffraction patterns were indicative of a progressive increase in apatite crystallinity with enamel maturation. Molar Ca/P ratios were found to range from 1.48 to 1.70, with a higher mean value obtained for lower-density fractions (p < 2.0 g/cm3). Lower-density fractions contained some particles with high ratios (~2.0-4.0) and a non-uniform distributi...
Detection of mule deer Odocoileus hemionus fawning areas by fusing multiphenomenological data

In the past, gathering data to support research in the biological sciences has traditionally required that people be on site, despite any ecological vulnerability of such sites. Within the last 50 years, the advent of extremely sensitive instrumentation, such as satellite imagery and synthetic aperture radar, has permitted the collection of data from many miles away. This is referred to as “remote sensing.” The primary hypothesis of this paper is that remote sensing may eliminate much of the potential harm caused by traditional field methods for determining ecologically sensitive areas, specifically fawning sites. This study utilized mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus , in Fort Carson, Colorado, as a surrogate species for endangered ungulates. We used Landsat5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, vegetation indices, and digital elevation models to explore the advantages and challenges of using remote sensing to assess habitat and landscape use by mule deer. We conducted a maximum likelihood supervised classification in order to characterize fawning sites (determined by GPS-collar outputs) through the use of Landsat5TM imagery. The null-hypothesis testing method showed that multiphenomenological data is highly significant (z-scores > 5) for identifying fawning sites on a regional scale.
SA1 and RA Receptive Fields, Response Variability, and Population Responses Mapped with a Probe Array

SA1 and RA receptive fields, response variability, and population responses mapped with a probe array. Twenty-four slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) and 26 rapidly adapting (RA) cutaneous mechanorecepti...
Nonlinear Models and Methods

In a mathematical model the attributes or characteristics of the system being modeled appear as parameters. A model of groundwater flow, for example, would very likely use hydraulic conductivity to characterize the soil or rock medium. Similarly, social science gravity models usually contain distance raised to some power which is interpreted as the “friction of distance” or some other property of space. Clearly, for a model to be used in simulation, parameter values must be assigned. When this is done, a correspondence is established between the model and a particular physical setting or social/economic situation. This paper is concerned with methods by which this correspondence can be established for one class of models. Another paper (Willmott, this volume) discusses ways to analyze the degree of correspondence between a model and the phenomena it purports to represent.
Hospitality and Tourism Education and Industry Certifications

This exploratory study investigated hospitality educators’ perceptions and use of industry-related certifications in hospitality education. Overall, respondents believed that certifications are important for their students, but their perceptions of the benefits and value of certifications varied. Results include information on educators’ views about the types of certifications offered; beliefs regarding the reasons to earn certifications; and beliefs about how certifications relate to their own students, schools, and countries. Educators’ insights into some of the possible issues involving certification are also provided. Suggestions are made for enhancing the use of certifications in hospitality education, and limitations and ideas for further research are presented.
Congressman Ryan’s Budget Plans, Which Governor Romney Called 'Marvelous,' on Matters Other than Medicare and Social Security: An Excerpt from the Book: The Obama vs. Romney Debate on Economic Growth: A Citizen’s Guide to the Issues

The following excerpt is from Chapter 16, which deals with the Great Deficit Debate of The Obama vs. Ryan Economic Debate. The excerpt discusses the budget proposals dealing with matters other than Medicare and Social Security put forth by Congressman Ryan, the Deficit Commission, and President Obama. The approaches of these three to Medicare and Social Security are discussed in Chapter 17 and are the subject of an excerpt entitled The Romney-Ryan Position on Medicare and Their 500 and 700 Billion Dollar Claim Re Obamacare. Among other things, the excerpt discusses an analysis of the independent Congressional Budget Office (CBO) of the budgetary impact of the Ryan Proposal on spending for (1) Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), which provide health insurance for low income adults and children, and (2) discretionary spending (i.e., spending on things other than Social Security and Medicare). The CBO projects that the Ryan Proposal would dramatically reduce this spending. On the revenue side, the Tax Policy Center projects that Congressman Ryan’s proposal to reduce tax rates would on average reduce the tax liabilities of those with more that $1 million by $265,000, while reducing the tax liabilities of middle income taxpayers by approximately $1,000. As discussed in Chapter 18, Governor Romney’s tax proposals would have a similar effect. President Obama and the Deficit Commission have dramatically different proposals than those proposed by Congressman Ryan. Newt Gingrich has called the Ryan Proposals “radical” and “right wing social engineering.”
Blood Pressure and Intellectual Functioning in Late Midlife

To determine how much change in cognitive performance can be attributed to blood pressure status, 103 adults were assessed on two occasions approximately 11 years apart. Subjects' ages ranged from 49 to 63 years on the second occasion. Regression analyses were performed to determine how much variance in change in performance on the Digit Span, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Digit Symbol tests was accounted for by blood pressure status. Time 1 and Time 2 diastolic blood pressure, and change in hypertension medication significantly predicted Time 2 performance on the Digit Span Forward test even after Time 1 test performance, age, education, and gender were accounted for. The results further confirm the importance of assessing health functioning when studying age-related changes in cognitive performance.
Explaining Third World Democracies

tutes the area where the most crucial contemporary tests of democratic politics are taking place, so students of comparative politics should naturally focus their attention on this area. Studying democracy in the Third World poses a distinct set of intellectual problems. The most fundamental, perhaps, is establishing some frame of reference for analyzing a familiar Western idea in circumstances that lie outside the historical experience of the West. Rescuing discussions of comparative politics from the dangers of ethnocentrism is no easy task, however. One serious intellectual fault that Western scholars continue to fall prey to is the posture of triumphalism. At first glance, triumphalism paints an intellectually ambitious vision of progress that appeals to an optimistic faith in the possibilities for improving the human condition. On reflection, however, triumphalism obscures rather than enlightens. It reduces the study of politics to a simple matter of describing how others copy their experiences from a single master plan of history. Moreover, it narrows the scope of discourse to the point of denying the possibility of multiple inspirations for the values that underlie all human communities.
Violence: Religious, Theological, Ontological The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict by William T. Cavanaugh Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009:

Violence may be productively understood as a secularized theological concept. Doing so challenges claims that secularism is necessary to prevent religious violence, and it also challenges claims for a Christian triumphalist alternative. William Cavanaugh’s embrace of such a triumphalism is called into question when his genealogical method is interrogated in light of the Foucaultian genealogical project.