cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the stability of mandibular setback procedures with rigid fixation

The postsurgical changes associated with sagittal ramus osteotomy and mandibular setback stabilized with rigid fixation were evaluated. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 25 individuals (11 males and 14 females) with a mean age of 23.4 years were evaluated presurgery, immediate postsurgery, and after a follow-up period of 7 to 42 months. The mean amount of surgical setback was 5.1 ± 3.0 mm and the mean amount of postsurgical anterior movement was 0.51 ± 1.04 mm, representing a 10% relapse of the original surgical correction. The postsurgical relapse of the mandible was not found to be related to the amount of surgical movement. Sixteen of the 18 cases that demonstrated anterior relapse moved forward between 0.5 and 1.5 mm. The amount of relapse was consistent and statistically significant (P<.05), but small enough that it was not considered to be clinically significant. The findings of this study indicate that mandibular setback with a sagittal ramus osteotomy and its stabilization with rigid fixation appears to be a stable clinical procedure.
Implications of demographic changes for urban policy and planning.

The author examines ways in which demographic change shapes urban planning and policy in the United States. She focuses on changing family and household structure immigration and demographic aging. (ANNOTATION)
Hemodynamic Effects of Edrophonium Chloride (Tensilon) Infusion

The hemodynamic effects of a 10 mg bolus of edrophonium chloride followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute, were determined in unanesthetized patients with significant myocardial disease. The effect on heart rate of the drug was negated by studying a group of nine patients with complete heart block and permanently implanted ventricular pacemakers. After the 10 mg bolus, two of the nine patients experienced dizziness, nausea and abdominal cramps associated with a mild decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. There was no significant change in cardiac index, mean blood pressure, brachial artery upstroke time, corrected ejection time, or left ventricular systolic ejection time. This study demonstrated that the continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute of edrophonium chloride following a 10 mg loading dose, had no significant effect on myocardial function.
Effect of the front surface field (a-Si: H) on the spectral response of thin films heterojunctions solar cells

The present paper accounts for a simulation study carried out to determine and optimize the effect of the high---low junction emitter front surface field (FSF) of thin heterojunction solar cell $$\text {n}^{+}$$n+(a-Si: H)/n(SiGe)/p(Si)). A theoretical model describing the behavior of heterojunction $$\text {n}^{+}$$n+---n---p type solar cells has been proposed. Besides, the expression of the photovoltaic equations allowing for the obtention of the optimal quantum efficiency of the solar cells based on the suggested model has been given. The effects of the a-Si:H-layer thickness and Ge fraction are discussed, using the computed results. The main role of an FSF layer is to reduce the effect of front surface recombination and the enhancement of light-generated free carriers' collection. This is primarily responsible for the increase of the spectral response compared with the conventional solar cell. This is achieved by the drastic reduction of the effective recombination at the emitter upper boundary and the optimum value of $$\text {n}^{+}$$n+ layer thicknesses (a-Si:H) is about 2 nm.
Diagenesis and Sr isotopic evolution of seawater using data from DSDP 590B and 575

New Sr isotopic and concentration analyses of bulk carbonate and porewaters from a carbonate-rich Miocene section sampled at DSDP Site 575 are reported and used, along with our earlier data from a section of similar age at DSDP Site 590B, in a numerical model to determine for each site the rate of Sr exchange during diagenesis and the degree to which this amount of exchange has shifted the87Sr86Sr of the bulk carbonate from the ratio each increment of sediment had when first deposited. Despite the fact that the two sites have very different water depth (4536 m at 575 vs. 1299 m at 590B), different sedimentation rate ( ∼ 10 m/My at 575 vs. ∼ 40 m/My at 590B), and significantly different porewater Sr2+ gradients, we find that the rate of Sr exchange as a function of sediment age is almost indistinguishable between the two sites. The rate of Sr exchange determined at the two sites is such that the resulting shift in bulk carbonate87Sr86Sr due to diagenesis is small compared to the total range of87Sr86Sr values measured, but large compared to the analytical uncertainty of the individual isotopic ratio measurements. By taking this shift into account we reconstruct the original87Sr86Sr of each increment of carbonate sampled, which when plotted as a function of age becomes our best estimate of the Sr isotopic evolution of seawater. Because Sr is very well mixed in the ocean, at any given time there is a single worldwide value of seawater87Sr86Sr. Therefore, if we are quantitatively accounting for the effect Sr exchange, we should find the same seawater evolution curve regardless of what DSDP Site is used. When we compare the observed bulk carbonate87Sr86Sr vs. age at the two sites they are seen to differ by amounts that are sometimes large compared to the analytical uncertainties of the measurements. However, when these data are corrected for the post-depositional Sr isotopic shifts predicted by our diagenetic model, we find almost perfect agreement. This agreement suggests that we have made a realistic determination of the rate of Sr exchange and its consequences in terms of shifting the87Sr86Sr of the bulk carbonate, and more importantly, that Sr isotopes can be used to correlate marine sediments with an accuracy comparable to the very small analytical uncertainties of modern isotopic measurements.
Application of the real space dynamic renormalization group method to the one-dimensional spin-exchange model

We apply the real space dynamic renormalization group method to the one-dimensional spin-exchange kinetic Ising model. We show that the conservation of magnetization property of this model is preserved directly under renormalization. We also demonstrate that one can derive recursion relations for the space-and time-dependent correlation functions and that the iterated solutions of these recursion relations lead to the appropriate hydrodynamic forms in the small-wavenumber and -frequency regime.
Cervicothoracic myelopathy in conradi-hunermann disease: MRI diagnosis

A 10-year-old boy with Conradi-Hunermann disease diagnosed at birth who developed progressive myelopathy is presented. Despite the many descriptions of Conradi-Hunermann disease in infants and young children, long-term follow-up of this disease is rarely reported. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) played a critical role in the diagnosis of this patient's rare neurological dysfunction by demonstrating bony deformity and associated cord compression at the cervicothoracic junction. This area is often difficult to evaluate by conventional radiographic techniques.
A comparison of sarcoplasmic reticulum function in fast and slow skeletal muscle using crude homogenate and isolated vesicles

Abstract Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (FSR) were isolated from relatively homogeneous muscle samples representative of type I, IIA, and IIB fibers and Ca 2+ uptake (V max and total capacity) determined. Crude homogenates of these same fiber populations were also assayed for Ca 2+ uptake and the results compared to the FSR values. Both techniques produced qualitatively similar results and demonstrated distinct fiber type differences in both the rate and extent of Ca 2+ uptake. The results obtained support the contention that the crude homogenate technique accurately reflects the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Psychosocial influences on female 'protection' among cynomolgus macaques.

Abstract We evaluated atherosclerosis (coronary artery, aortic and carotid bifurcation), plasma lipids, and blood pressure in 15 male and 23 female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In addition, female social behavior and ovarian function were monitored. The females lived in stable (unmanipulated) or unstable (periodically altered composition) social groups while males lived in stable groupings. All animals were fed for 30 months an atherogenic diet which resulted in moderate hyperlipoproteinemia (median total plasma cholesterol = 275 mg/dl). Socially dominant females had less extensive and severe coronary artery atherosclerosis than males or socially subordinate females; atherosclerosis extent and severity were similar in these latter two groups. Importantly, dominant females also had regular ovarian function and relatively small adrenal glands while subordinate females had impaired ovarian function (increased frequency of anovulatory cycles and luteal phase deficiencies) and relatively large adrenal glands. The dominant and subordinate females did not differ in plasma lipids. These results suggest that female ‘protection’ from coronary artery atherosclerosis may be influenced as much by behavioral and hormonal characteristics as by plasma lipids. Among other findings, males had more extensive atherosclerotic lesions at the carotid bifurcations than females. In addition, males had lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and higher blood pressures than females. The gender difference in extent of atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation was unrelated to social factors or plasma lipids; it may have been due, in part, to the higher blood pressures of the males.
Cardioprotection requires taking out the trash

Autophagy is a critical cellular housekeeping process that is essential for removal of damaged or unwanted organelles and protein aggregates. Under conditions of starvation, it is also a mechanism to break down proteins to generate amino acids for synthesis of new and more urgently needed proteins. In the heart, autophagy is upregulated by starvation, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, exercise, and ischemic preconditioning, the latter a well-known potent cardioprotective phenomenon. The observation that upregulation of autophagy confers protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and inhibition of autophagy is associated with a loss of cardioprotection conferred by pharmacological conditioning suggests that the pathway plays a key role in enhancing the heart’s tolerance to ischemia. While many of the antecedent signaling pathways of preconditioning are well-defined, the mechanisms by which preconditioning and autophagy converge to protect the heart are unknown. In this review we discuss mechanisms that potentially underlie the linkage between cardioprotection and autophagy in the heart.
Cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in human spermatogenesis.

Electron microscopic examination of normal human testicular tissue revealed annulate lamellae (AL) in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes and spermatids. AL of primary spermatocytes are encountered in the perinuclear region, parallel to the nuclear envelope and form single or multiple membranous profiles containing numerous annuli (500–600 A in diameter) frequently associated with a fibrillar electron dense material. Spermatids contain numerous layers of AL either continuous with the nuclear envelope and caudal to the acrosome or peripherally positioned in the cytoplasm. Individual lamellae possess terminal dilations and display continuities with the endoplasmic reticulum. The interlamellar space in spermatid AL is entirely filled with a fine granular electron dense material. Additionally, the break-down of AL in spermatozoan residual bodies is indicated by a dilation of AL cisternae to form vacuoles following the dissolution of pore complexes.
Portable trap carries particles 5000 kilometers

Electrons suspended in a Penning trap were transported more than 5000 km, all the way across the continental United States. The magnetic field was provided by a persistent superconducting solenoid at 4.7 T which was not connected to any source of power during travel. The electric field was produced using ordinary 9 V batteries. A good vacuum, expected to be sufficient to keep antiprotons stored indefinitely, was maintained within the trap by keeping it at 4 K. Portable traps are of interest for experiments which require small numbers of antiprotons for precise studies, for acceleration to energies not available at the LEAR antiproton source, for experiments with large immovable detectors, and for possible medical applications. The portable apparatus is so similar to that used to contain low energy antiprotons, that the trip demonstrates the feasibility of transporting cold antiprotons over large distances in portable traps.
Comparison of 13C spin-lattice relaxation times in phospholipid vesicles and multilayers

Summary Spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1 's) for chain carbons of phospholipids in vesicle and multilayer models for biological membranes have been compared. The similarity of the results in the two systems suggest that unlike proton spin-spin relaxation times, 13 C T 1 's depend on a chain motion which is quite independent of the size or shape of a lipid bilayer. A β-coupled isomerization of C−C bonds is suggested as a motion having this property.
EMBRYONIC RENAL INJURY: A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN FETAL MALNUTRITION

Chick embryo metabolism was monitored in a radlorespirometer where O2 consumption, CO2 production and 14CO2 from C-labeled proline, glutamate, aspartate and arginine was measured continuously during development. At nine days of development chemically dissimilar nephrotoxins (spermine, Na2 Cr2 O7, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether) were inoculated into the air sac which resulted in a temporary change in respiratory quotient from 0.71 to 0.85. At 18 days injured embryos consumed oxygen equal to that of a 14 day embryo and were 30-35% smaller in weight. Embryos with renal injury but matched with controls in terms of O2. utilization had a profound decrease in ability to metabolize the 14C-labeled substrates. Decreased ability to metabolize 14C-labeled proline was associated with decreased collagen formation. At 18 days there was pulmonary hypoplasia with sparce mesenchyme maturation but little residual evidence of renal injury that could be observed at ten days. It is suggested that renal injury during early fetal development may alter renal gluconeogenesis in addition to interfering with pathways essential for collagen formation, thereby contributing to fetal malnutrition and pulmonary hypoplasia. Supported by N.I.H. Grant HD08864.
Separation of diastereomers of methylphosphonate dinucleotides

Abstract A chiral derivatizing agent, 1-menthyl chloroformate, has been used as a 3′-OH blocking group to facilitate the resolution of diastereomers of methylphosphonate dinucleotides by silica gel column chromatography.
Fatigue crack propagation in ARALL® LAMINATES: Measurement of the effect of crack-tip shielding from crack bridging

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation behavior has been examined in a 2024-T3 aluminum alloy/aramid-fiber epoxy 3 2 laminated composite, ARALL®-2 LAMINATE, with the objective of quantitatively evaluating the primary mechanisms of crack-tip shielding. Based on metallographic and crack-path sectioning and in situ compliance measurements, it is confirmed that the vastly superior (longitudinal) fatigue crack growth resistance of the laminate is primarily associated with extensive crack bridging from unbroken aramid fibers in the wake of the crack, with a smaller contribution from crack closure due to the wedging of fracture-surface asperities. The bridging phenomenon, which results in a local (near-tip) reduction in the maximum stress intensity (Kmax) in the cycle, is shown to rely on controlled delamination, created by weak interfacial bonding between fibers and the epoxy matrix, which acts to limit fiber breakage. By progressively removing material from the crack wake, the length of the “bridging zone” behind the crack tip is found to be as large as 3–5 mm. Using a novel compliance-measurement scheme to evaluate the local reduction in Kmax from bridging and the local increase in Kmin from closure, an effective stress-intensity range (ΔKeff), experienced at the crack tip, is estimated and shown to provide excellent agreement in normalizing seemingly non-unique crack propagation data presented in the literature in terms of the nominal (applied) stress intensity (ΔK).
Normal catch-up growth in rats severely food-restricted prior to lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus: the first 48 hours.

Abstract Following a brief period of ad lib (AL) feeding, 45-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were either fed AL or food-restricted (REST) for 21 days to 50% of the intake of the AL rats. At this time, some AL and some REST rats received electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL), whereas other AL and REST rats were sham-operated (CON). Following this, all rats were refed (REF) AL and killed two days later. At this time, DMNL-REST+REF and DMNL-AL weighed as much as CON-REST+REF and CON-AL, whereas the body weight of the DMNL-AL group began to separate from the CON-AL group; carcass lipid and protein were normal among the groups. DMNL-AL laid down more % lipid and % protein/g food eaten than CON-AL; this was not the case in the REST+REF groups. DMNL-AL were hypophagic vs. CON-AL, but DMNL-REST+REF ate as much as CON-REST+REF. Compared to DMNL-AL, DMNL-REST+REF increased their food intake more than four-fold and also utilized food energy more efficiently than DMNL-AL rats. Epididymal fat pads and kidneys were smaller in REST+REF vs. AL groups, irrespective of brain manipulation. Plasma glucose and growth hormone were normal among the groups, but plasma insulin concentrations were higher in REST+REF DMNL and CON groups vs. DMNL-AL and CON-AL, respectively. Glucose incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and CO 2 and liver lipid was elevated in REST-REF groups vs. respective AL groups. DMNL rats are capable of marshaling mechanisms for catch-up growth as early as two days after lesion production following severe body weight restriction. DMNL rats are fully capable of increasing their food intake immediately after lesion production. Evidently, their hypophagia under ad lib feeding conditions is not due to the loss of a feeding system, but rather may be a stratagem to decrease their body weight to a new set point.
Validity of the social avoidance and distress and fear of negative evaluation scales

Abstract The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE), two commonly accepted measures of social anxiety, were administered to a large group of patients diagnosed as having Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks, Agoraphobia without Panic Attacks, Social Phobia, Simple Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. On the SAD and FNE, social phobies did not differ significantly from the other major anxiety disorders, with the exception of simple phobies. Performance on the SAD and FNE was significantly correlated with measures of anxiety, depression and general emotional distress. The lack of discriminative validity of the SAD and FNE is discussed.
The dangers of ‘splicing and dicing’: on the use of chimeric transcriptional activators in vitro

Chimeric transcription factors composed of heterologous DNA-binding and activation domains are often used to study the regulation of gene expression. The fact that such preparations also contain molecules in which only one of the two domains is functional is often overlooked, but a surprisingly small proportion of inactive domains could cause serious problems in the interpretation of quantitative data.
Risk of head and neck squamous cell cancer and death in patients with Fanconi anemia who did and did not receive transplants

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) is currently the only therapy that can restore normal hematopoiesis in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA). Patients with FA have a high baseline risk of squamous cell cancers (SCCs) of the head, neck, and esophagus, and SCT conditioning may increase SCC incidence. We evaluated the risks of SCC and death in 145 patients with FA in the North American Survey (NAS) cohort who did not receive transplants, and 117 patients with FA in the Hopital Saint Louis (SLH) cohort who did receive transplants. The age-specific hazard of SCC was 4.4-fold higher in patients who received transplants than in those who did not (P = .003), and SCCs occurred at significantly younger ages in the former (respective medians, 18 and 33 years, P = .004). Survival after SCC was similarly poor in both cohorts (P = .135, median, 13 months). The hazard of SCC increased at a greater than linear rate, to 4.4% per year by age 40 in NAS and 4.7% per year by 10 years after transplant in SLH. In SLH, the hazard of non-SCC death was biphasic, declining significantly (P = .004) from 7.1% per month during the first 6 months after transplant to 0.13% per month (1.6% per year) after the first year. Acute and chronic graft-versus-host diseases were significant SCC risk factors. Adverse event rates in these cohorts provide historical control rates to assess emerging therapies for FA.
Antibody-secreting cells in the central nervous system in an animal model of MS: Phenotype, association with disability, and in vitro production of antibody

Abstract Little is known about antibody production within the central nervous system, called intrathecal antibody production (ITAbP). Mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyocarditis virus (TMEV) develop an immune-mediated demyelinating disease(TMEV-IDD), characterized by progressive weakness associated with robust ITAbP, CNS inflammation and demyelination. TMEV-IDD represents an excellent model of human multiple sclerosis (MS), especially its progressive disability. The mechanism of the weakness in this disease is unknown but there is considerable evidence that it is immune-mediated. Our hypothesis was that the disability in the model is induced by robust ITAbP by antibody-secreting cells(ASCs) in the CNS. We further hypothesized that these ASCs are predominantly CD138+ plasma cells, driven by the persistence of virus at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as high levels of B-cell activating factor (BAFF). In order to test these hypotheses we infected mice with TMEV, and correlated measures of ITAbP with disability. Measures of ITAbP were ELISpot and IgG gene expression, while disability was tested by Rotarod. We found that disability was highly correlated with ITAbP, assayed by number of CNS ASCs as well as amount of IgG mRNA. CNS ASCs were primarily CD138+, and produced high levels of IgG enriched for reactivity to TMEV. There were high levels of BAFF production in the CNS, but these levels were only minimally higher in infected mice than in uninfected controls. TMEV and IgG RNA were distributed throughout the spinal cord. These data are the first demonstrating that ITAbP is highly correlated with disability in TMEV infection, an excellent model of human MS. Our data raise the possibility that ITAbP contributes significantly to disability, both in this model and in MS.
Multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy of pathological remodeling in vascular anatomy and function

We have developed multi-parametric PAM for simultaneous quantification of vascular anatomy, sO 2 , and blood flow at the microscopic level in vivo. This innovation opens a new avenue in the mechanistic study of vascular remodeling in cancer and ischemia.
APC/β-catenin-rich complexes at membrane protrusions regulate mammary tumor cell migration and mesenchymal morphology

The APC tumor suppressor is mutated or downregulated in many tumor types, and is prominently localized to punctate clusters at protrusion tips in migratory cells, such as in astrocytes where it has been implicated in directed cell motility. Although APC loss is considered an initiating event in colorectal cancer, for example, it is less clear what role APC plays in tumor cell motility and whether loss of APC might be an important promoter of tumor progression in addition to initiation. The localization of APC and β-catenin was analyzed in multiple cell lines, including non-transformed epithelial lines treated with a proteasome inhibitor or TGFβ to induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as several breast cancer lines, by immunofluorescence. APC expression was knocked down in 4T07 mammary tumor cells using lentiviral-mediated delivery of APC-specific short-hairpin (sh) RNAs, and assessed using quantitative (q) reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR and western blotting. Tumor cell motility was analyzed by performing wound-filling assays, and morphology via immunofluorescence (IF) and phase-contrast microscopy. Additionally, proliferation was measured using BrdU incorporation, and TCF reporter assays were performed to determine β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcriptional activity. APC/β-catenin-rich complexes were observed at protrusion ends of migratory epithelial cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor or when EMT has been induced and in tumor cells with a mesenchymal, spindle-like morphology. 4T07 tumor cells with reduced APC levels were significantly less motile and had a more rounded morphology; yet, they did not differ significantly in proliferation or β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we found that APC/β-catenin-rich complexes at protrusion ends were dependent upon an intact microtubule cytoskeleton. These findings indicate that membrane protrusions with APC/β-catenin-containing puncta control the migratory potential and mesenchymal morphology of mammary tumor cells and suggest that APC loss during later stages of tumor progression might impact tumor cell dissemination or colonization.
Some Robust-Type D-Optimal Designs in Polynomial Regression

Abstract Consider a polynomial regression situation on an interval and also a robustness-type formulation of Stigler's. A technique involving canonical moments is discussed and some explicit solutions are given.
Review and Evaluation of Using R-C Thermal Modeling of Cooling Load Prediction for HVAC System Control Purpose

Heating and cooling loads which are compensated by heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, are the main reason for energy uses in buildings. Energy utilized by HVAC system accounts for two-thirds of a building’s total energy consumption. Excessive energy is consumed when HVAC systems fail to operate as intended. This is often due to several factors such as inappropriate monitoring and control strategy, lack of understanding of the dynamics of thermal loads, and system complexity. Amidst several models, estimation of cooling load using Resistance Capacitance (RC) models have proved to provide more robust and accurate estimates of the building load based on measured data but the use of this method is not without challenges. This study aims to highlight common challenges associated with implementation of the RC method for thermal modeling of cooling load. Past and current research have handled some of the challenges by introducing simplifying assumptions which if not adequately selected can lead to significant deviation between model performance and measured data. Without proper understanding of the challenges, engineers may not be able to place a high degree of confidence in load calculation methods and the computer implementations that they use.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Hyperglycemia in malnourished children with dehydrating gastroenteritis.

Fifty patients with grade III and IV malnutrition with diarrhoeal dehydration were studied. Hyperglycemia was present in 5 cases at admission. Serum sodium levels were normal in all of them except one case who had hyponatremia. Blood sugar levels were normal in all the cases after rhydration with ORS. Possible mechanisms in pathogenesis of hyperglycemia are discussed.
Effect of Antioxidant Solubility and Concentration on Discoloration of Beef Vertebrae Marrow during Display

: Two experiments were conducted to assess the role of aqueous- and lipid-based antioxidants in preventing or limiting beef lumbar vertebrae marrow discoloration. In experiment 1, lumbar vertebrae (n= 8 replications) were treated with either 0%, 1.5%, or 2.5% (wt/wt) of ascorbic acid or ascorbate-6-palmitate. Vertebrae color (visual and L*a*b*) was evaluated during 5 d of display at 1 °C in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 80% oxygen/20% carbon dioxide). Ascorbic acid treatments minimized (P < 0.05) discoloration compared with ascorbate-6-palmitate. In experiment 2, lumbar vertebrae (n= 8 replications) were treated with 0, 0.06 M, or 0.10 M ascorbic acid and ascorbate-6-palmitate, packaged in high-oxygen MAP, and displayed for 5 d (1 °C). During display, vertebrae treated with ascorbic acid had a redder color (P < 0.05) than those treated with ascorbate-6-palmitate, and both treatments were redder (P < 0.05) than untreated controls. To better understand the mechanism of beef bone marrow discoloration, future work might address the hydrophobic antioxidants' lack of effectiveness and the potential localization of components responsible for bone discoloration within the aqueous phase of erythropoietic marrow.
An evaluation of the excited state absorption spectrum of Ru(bpy)32+ in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions

Abstract Three pulsed laser techniques have been used to evaluate the absorption spectrum of ★Ru(bpy) 3 2+ in H 2 O, CH 3 CN and H 2 O/CH 3 CN mixtures: complete conversion of the ground state, energy transfer to anthracene, and benzophenone actinometry. The three techniques give reliable and reproducible values of ϵ 450 =4.6(±0.4) × 10 3 M −1 cm −1 , independent of the solution medium. The ground state spectrum is virtually the same in H 2 O and CH 3 CN with ϵ 452 = 1.46 × 10 4 M −1 cm −1 ; the value of ϵ 450 , the difference in the ϵ values of the excited and the ground states at 450 nm, is −1.0(±0.09)×10 4 M − cm −1 . Ru(bpy) 3 2+ can serve as a reliable actinometer for the 532 nm frequency doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser line and, with appropriate corrections for the inner filter effect, for the 355 nm frequency tripled line.
Growth and Characterization of Barium Oxide Nanoclusters on YSZ(111)

Barium oxide (BaO) was grown on a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate by oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have confirmed that BaO grows as clusters on YSZ(111). During and following growth under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, we found BaO remained in single phase. When exposed to ambient conditions, the clusters transformed to BaCO3 and/or Ba(OH)2 H2O. However, in a few attempts of BaO growth, XRD results show a fairly single-phase cubic BaO with a lattice constant of 0.5418(1) nm. XPS results show that exposing BaO clusters to ambient conditions resulted in the formation of BaCO3 on the surface and partly Ba(OH)2 throughout the bulk. On the basis of the observations, it is concluded that the BaO nanoclusters grown on YSZ(111) are highly reactive in ambient conditions.
The diskyrmion solution in the ω-stabilized model

Abstract Some properties of the baryon-number-two topological chiral solitons are studied. The product approximation for two interacting chiral solitons is found to be inapplicable in the case of the chiral solitons stabilized by vector mesons.
The importance of amplitude modulation in nonlinear interactions between electrons and large amplitude whistler waves

Abstract The effects of amplitude modulation on nonlinear interactions between a parallel propagating whistler wave and electrons in a dipole field are investigated in this work using a test particle code. Here we first use the test particle simulation to validate a previous single-wave nonlinear theory. Then we adopt a simple two-wave model to represent the recently observed amplitude modulation of a whistler wave field. By varying the frequency spacing between the two waves, we investigate the effects of different modulation frequencies on the nonlinear interactions. We demonstrate that when the resonance overlap condition is satisfied, the resulting change in the electron pitch angle and energy could be very different from what has been predicted by ideal single-wave nonlinear theories. Using a previously observed probability distribution of the subpacket modulation frequency of a chorus event, we obtain the probability distribution of different types of electron response. Our results indicate that the observed subpacket distribution produces particle responses in both non-overlapping and overlapping regimes. Our results suggest that the observed amplitude modulation should be considered when quantitatively treating interactions between electrons and recently observed large amplitude whistler waves or chorus waves.
Evidence of a Pronounced Activity Cycle in the Solar Twin 18 Scorpii

The star 18 Scorpii (HD 146233, HR 6060) is currently regarded as the nearest solar twin. We have been observing this star on our solar-stellar spectrograph program since 1995. In this Letter we present our Ca K observations of 18 Sco through 2000 July. The data show a pronounced rise that suggests 18 Sco has a well-defined activity cycle that reached an apparent minimum in 1998 and showed a rapid rise through the most recent of our year 2000 data. Comparison with contemporaneous solar data, obtained with the same instrument, suggests that the activity cycle of 18 Sco may be of greater amplitude than the Sun's and that its overall chromospheric activity level is noticeably greater than the Sun's. This excellent solar photometric twin therefore may be a less perfect spectroscopic twin.
Gap domain wall fermions

I demonstrate that the chiral properties of domain wall fermions (DWF) in the large to intermediate lattice spacing regime of QCD, 1 to 2 GeV, are significantly improved by adding to the action two standard Wilson fermions with supercritical mass equal to the negative DWF five-dimensional mass. Using quenched DWF simulations I show that the eigenvalue spectrum of the transfer matrix Hamiltonian develops a substantial gap and that the residual mass decreases appreciatively. Furthermore, I confirm that local topology changing remains active and that the hadron spectrum of the added Wilson fermions is above the lattice cutoff and therefore is irrelevant. I argue that this result should also hold for dynamical DWF and furthermore that it should improve the chiral properties of related fermion methods.
RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The process of resource utilization by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. The quantitative relationship of attacking parent adult D. frontalis as a function of the normalized infested bole height is described by the model y = Ax(1−x)eBx. Greatest attack density occurs at the mid-bole of the tree and tapers toward the top and bottom. Gallery length (and hence eggs)/100 cm2 was independent of attack density. The relationship between gallery length (or eggs) per parent adult and parent adult density is described by the exponential decay curve y = AeBx, indicating that gallery length and egg population density are controlled by a density dependent compensatory feedback process operating instantaneously. Further support for the mechanism was obtained by analyzing the gallery length per parent adult at different locations on the infested bole. The relationship is described by the model y = [AeBx]/[x(1−x)] and indicates that gallery construction and egg population per attacking beetle increase in the upper and basal portion of the bole. The result is a uniform amount of food and space per individual of the developing population.
Characteristics of an electron-beam rocket pellet accelerator

A proof-of-principle electron-beam pellet accelerator has been developed and used for accelerating hydrogen and deuterium pellets. An intact hydrogen pellet was accelerated to a speed of 460 m/s by an electron beam of 13.5 keV, 0.3 A, and 2 ms. The maximum speed is limited by the acceleration path length (0.4 m) and pellet integrity. Experimental data have been collected for several hundred hydrogen pellets, which were accelerated by electron beams with parameters of voltage up to 16 kV, current up to 0.4 A, and pulse length up to 10 ms. Preliminary results reveal that the measured burn velocity increases roughly with the square of the beam voltage, as the theoretical model predicts. The final pellet velocity is proportional to the exhaust velocity, which increases with the beam power. To reach the high exhaust velocity needed for accelerating pellets to >1000 m/s, a new electron gun, with its cathode indirectly heated by a graphic heater and an electron beam, is being developed to increase beam current and power. A rocket casing or shell around the pellet has been designed and developed to increase pellet strength and improve the electron-rocket coupling efficiency. The characteristics of this pellet accelerator, including new improvements, are presented. >
Female mate choice plasticity is affected by the interaction between male density and female age in a field cricket

Female mate choices influence the strength and direction of evolution by sexual selection. Such choices are often plastic, changing in response to changes in environmental (e.g. predator abundance or conspecific density) and internal (e.g. female age) conditions. Although these factors can interact naturally, the effects of such interactions are only beginning to be studied. We used female variable field crickets, Gryllus lineaticeps, to examine how female age and perceived male density interact to affect the plasticity of an aspect of female mate choice: female choosiness. Female choosiness is a measure of female responses to male traits that deviate from the female's preferred male trait; the more choosy a female is, the weaker her response will be to male traits that deviate from the preferred value. We exposed females to either a high or a low male-calling density environment, then tested them at one of three ages. We assessed female choosiness by measuring the female's response to low-quality male song: females spending less time near the low-quality song were deemed more choosy. We found that the interaction between female age and perceived male density significantly affected female responses. Young females were the most plastic, showing significantly more choosiness in the high male density environment compared to the low male density environment. Intermediate and old females showed less plasticity and intermediate choosiness. Our results suggest that in populations in which most females are young, sexual selection may be strongest at high male densities.
Cardiovascular and Renal Regulation by the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor: The AT2 Receptor Comes of Age

The renin-angiotensin system is a coordinated hormonal cascade of major importance in cardiovascular and renal regulation. The principle effector of this system is the octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II), which acts at 2 cell membrane receptors, AT1 and AT2. The majority of the actions of Ang II have been demonstrated to be mediated by the AT1 receptor, including growth promotion, vasoconstriction, antinatriuresis, aldosterone secretion, salt appetite, thirst, sympathetic outflow and inhibition of renin biosynthesis, and secretion.1 The AT2 receptor has been less well understood. Past studies, however, clearly demonstrated that the AT2 receptor mediates cellular differentiation and growth, opposing the actions of Ang II through the AT1 receptor.2 Studies in the mid to late 1990s demonstrated that AT2 receptor stimulation engenders an autacoid vasodilator cascade composed of bradykinin (BK), nitric oxide (NO), and guanosine cyclic 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP).3–5 This discovery turned attention to the possibility that the AT2 receptor may mediate vasodilation, opposing the vasoconstrictor actions of Ang II at the AT1 receptor.6 Parallel cell signaling studies indicated that the AT2 receptor is G-protein–coupled (through Giα) and that receptor stimulation is accompanied by an increase in phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and an inhibition of MAP kinase enzymes (p42 and p44) composing the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2). AT2 receptor-mediated inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway opposed the actions of Ang II, resulting in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation via the AT1 receptor.1,2,6,7 Work during the late 1990s through 2002 suggested that the AT2 receptor might serve as a vasodilator counterforce to the AT1 receptor.2,6,7 However, vasorelaxation was difficult to elicit in some experimental models, attributed to the relatively low level of AT2 receptor vascular expression compared with that of the …
Theological dynamics of Paulo Freire's educational theory: an essay to assist the work of Catholic educators

Paulo Freire's educational theory is world widely acclaimed and recognised for its intrinsic humanism. Here I will present a lesser known face of Freire that I claim is as important as his humanist inspiration: his Catholic background. As a first step, I will present some aspects of Freire's religious experience. Then, I will highlight two aspects of his educational theory showing the connections with his Christian background: the theology of communion in relation to his concept of humanity and the application of the theological virtues as the basis for his concept of dialogue, which, as was shown, are the bases of his educational theory. Finally, I will explore some aspects of the ecclesiology that he was taught and which he later criticised. This research fills not only a gap in Freire's interpretation, but it is also a source of motivation for Catholic educators; those who educate from their beliefs.
Electrode Structures for Integration of Ferroelectric or High Dielectric Constant Films in Semiconductor Devices

The preparation of ferroelectric and high-dielectric perovskite materials, which is performed at high temperatures in oxidizing environments, imposes strong limitations on the choice of suitable electrode materials which can be used for integration of these materials with semiconductor devices. Because of the complex compositions of the perovskites and of some of the electrode materials the two can interact and result in the deterioration of the structures. The electrode materials have, therefore, to be used often in combination with suitable barriers which block diffusion of the elements of the perovskite and of the Si device and prevent interactions between the components. These requirements can result in complex, multilayered electrode/barrier structures that can affect the crystallization of the perovskite material and its electrical properties as well as the perovskite properties during subsequent processing steps (e.g. in forming gas anneals). The present paper will review the different electrode/barrier structures that have been proposed for integration of ferroelectric thin films with semiconductor devices and discuss their effects on the properties of ferroelectric and high-dielectric materials.
Small-bore hypervelocity electromagnetic launcher research facility

A small-bore hypervelocity electromagnetic launcher laboratory research facility was developed. A 2 g projectile was launched to a velocity in excess of 3.5 km/s. This turn-key laboratory includes a 1 cm, square-bore railgun with a helium-gas preaccelerator; a modular 328 kJ capacitor bank; a fiber-optically linked programmable logic controller (PLC)-based control system with a graphical operator interface; a computer-automated measurement and control (CAMAC)-based data acquisition system with current, magnetic, and projectile position diagnostics; and a flight range which provides in-flight velocity measurements and safely stops, and contains the projectile. The control system is designed to fire the preaccelerator and, upon receipt of an optical trigger signal, fire the capacitor bank modules simultaneously or in a staggered mode. During initial testing, armature separation and stalling were observed which limited the overall performance of the system. Changes in pulse shape and bore materials significantly improved the performance of the system. >
Dental Caries and Tetracycline-stained Dentition in an American Indian Population

Complaints of enamel defects in American Indian children residing on the St. Regis reservation in New York State prompted an epidemiological study. The results of that study, reported earlier (Rebich et al., 1983), indicated that over one-fifth of the American Indian children had discoloration of the dentition due to ingestion of tetracycline during the years of tooth formation. These data also provided an ideal opportunity to examine the link between tetracycline staining and caries which has been postulated by previous authors. American Indian children, ages 7-18, were found to have a higher caries experience than other children and a lower rate of dental service utilization, as evidenced by the filled component of the DMFS index (FS/DMFS). Within the American Indian population, however, no indication was found of any association between tetracycline staining and dental caries.
Electrical and optical feedback in an InGaAs/InP light-amplifying optical switch (LAOS)

A circuit model for optical and electrical feedback has been developed to investigate the cause of negative differential resistance (NDR) switching in a series connected heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) light-emitting diode (LED) device. The model considers optical feedback from the light generated in the LED, electrical feedback from the holes thermally emitted over the LED cladding layer, nonlinear gain of the HPT, the Early effect, and leakage resistance. The analysis shows that either electrical or optical feedback can be the dominant cause for the NDR, depending upon their relative strengths. The NDR observed in the devices was caused primarily by electrical feedback since the optical feedback is weak. For low input power, avalanche breakdown appears to initiate the NDR in the devices although avalanching alone cannot cause NDR. >
Predictors of control over time among poor, inner-city, children with asthma

Abstract Rationale The 1997 NAEPP Asthma Guidelines state that children, irrespective of severity, should achieve satisfactory control, e.g. minimal current signs and symptoms. This study aims to identify predictors of improvement in Control for children enrolled in a Pediatric Asthma Chronic Care Model (PACCM) trial. Methods Four urban Community Health Centers (CHC) completed a prospective, controlled, year-long trial of the PACCM. PACCM at all sites included an asthma registry, outreach, practitioner education, standardized visit sheet and quarterly asthma visits to primary care practitioners, combined with either web-based, patient linked decision support or group feedback. Control (excellent to very poor) was assessed at each visit and defined as: Excellent Control is the absence of symptoms, Good Control is equivalent to mild intermittent asthma, Fair, Poor and Very Poor Control equate to mild, moderate and severe persistent symptoms, respectively. Results 196 primarily Hispanic (73%), 10.56 year old males (55%), with baseline Severity of Mild Intermittent (46%), Mild Persistent (31%), Moderate Persistent (21%), Severe Persistent (2%) and baseline Control of Excellent (40%), Good (16%), Fair (17%), Poor (14%) and Very Poor (5%) attended all visits. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that significant predictors of improvement in Control (transformed to an interval scale using Rasch modeling) over time were baseline age (eta 2 =0.02), severity (eta 2 =0.055) and trigger exposure (eta 2 =0.087), feedback type (eta 2 =0.039). Conclusions Irrespective of the kind of practitioner feedback provided, exposure to the Pediatric Asthma Chronic Care Model results in improvement in symptom control even for those children with more severe asthma and exposure to triggers at baseline.