cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dbar D* and D*bar D* molecules

The discovery of the X(3872) in the 3πJ/ψ mode is compelling evidence for its molecular nature. A successful prediction of this decay mode and other predictions concerning D* and D** molecules are reviewed.
Plantar Flexion-Induced Entrapment of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery in a Teenaged Cross-Country Runner

Background Symptomatic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremity rarely affects young adults and, when present, typically has a nonatherosclerotic etiology. Anatomical variants have manifested as symptomatic foot ischemia in four cases in the literature. We describe the case of a 17-year-old girl presenting with foot pain upon plantar flexion due to dynamic dorsalis pedis (DP) artery entrapment by fibrous bands and the extensor hallucis brevis (EHB) tendon. Methods The patient was a 17-year-old girl who presented with right foot pain upon plantar flexion, which resolved upon returning to the neutral position. The potential site of compression was identified on MRI where the DP artery ran deep to the EHB tendon near the first and second tarsometatarsal joints. On diagnostic arteriogram, there was notching of the dorsalis pedis over the talus bone. The dorsalis pedis Doppler signal was obliterated upon plantar flexion. A longitudinal incision was made over the artery in the area of compression. The flexor retinaculum was incised. Abnormal fibrous bands were identified, which were lysed anterior to the artery. The EHB tendon was released and transferred distally to the extensor hallucis longus tendon. Results A completion angiogram showed a persistently patent dorsalis pedis artery with plantar flexion. She was discharged one day postoperatively without issues. On follow-up, the patient was ambulatory with complete resolution of her pain. Arterial duplex demonstrated normal velocities through the dorsalis pedis in all positions. Conclusions Symptomatic peripheral artery disease is a rare presentation in young adults and is usually due to nonatherosclerotic pathophysiology. We present a rare case of dorsalis pedis artery entrapment syndrome. Given the mechanical nature of obstruction, surgical correction was an effective treatment.
DNA Extraction from Plant Leaves Using a Microneedle Patch

Isolation of high-quality DNA from infected plant specimens is an essential step for the molecular detection of plant pathogens. However, DNA isolation from plant cells surrounded by rigid polysaccharide cell walls involves complicated steps and requires benchtop laboratory equipment. As a result, plant DNA extraction is currently confined to well-equipped laboratories and sample preparation has become one of the major hurdles for on-site molecular detection of plant pathogens. To overcome this hurdle, a simple DNA extraction method from plant leaf tissues has been developed. A microneedle (MN) patch made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can isolate plant or pathogenic DNA from different plant species within a minute. During DNA extraction, the polymeric MN patch penetrates into plant leaf tissues and breaks rigid plant cell walls to isolate intracellular DNA. The extracted DNA is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifiable without additional purification. This minimally invasive method has successfully extracted Phytophthora infestans DNA from infected tomato leaves. Moreover, the MN patch could be used to isolate DNA from other plant pathogens directly in the field. Thus, it has great potential to become a rapid, on-site sample preparation technique for plant pathogen detection. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: Microneedle patch-based DNA extraction Support Protocol 1: Microneedle patch fabrication Support Protocol 2: Real-time PCR amplification of microneedle patch extracted DNA.
In Preparation for Outdoor Pharming: Griffithsin Can Be Expressed in Nicotiana excelsiana and Retains Activity After Storage as Silage.

Griffithsin is an algae-derived lectin with strong anti-viral activity against HIV and a positive safety profile. Multiple clinical studies are investigating griffithsin’s utility as topical HIV microbicide. HIV microbicides are an extremely cost-sensitive market and plant-based griffithsin protein expression has the potential to meet those demands. The griffithsin product used in the clinic has been expressed and purified in N. benthamiana, using a TMV-based viral vector system, Geneware ®. Outdoor pharming of biopharmaceuticals would further alleviate startup costs for biotechnology firms and may allow broader product accessibility. Therefore, this study assessed expression in a hybrid tobacco line, N. excelsiana, that is susceptible to TMV-based viral vectors and can be grown outdoors. In addition to using this hybrid line we expand on methods for in planta storage of griffithsin in leafy plants by ensiling kilogram quantities of griffithsin. The ensiling process allows year-round biomanufacturing, minimal environmental-controlled storage, and reduces the industry need for multiple growth areas to maintain multi-product manufacturing of plant-based pharmaceuticals. This study shows that griffithsin can be expressed in N. excelsiana and is stable, recoverable, and active from ensiled tissue. These studies can pave the way for future plant-based pharmaceuticals to be expressed and stored in this manner.
An Exploration of LGBTQ+ Community Members’ Positive Perceptions of LGBTQ+ Culture:

Although a large body of literature addresses sexual and gender identity development, little research has focused on definitions, conceptualization, and identification with LGBTQ+ culture. Fourteen...
Isometric Families of Kähler Structures

The present study is motivated by the classical problem, loosely stated, of determining and describing, for any given family of complex analytic structures on a fixed, underlying real manifold, which subfamily consists of algebraic manifolds. This problem, which is probably inaccessible in its full generality, even when correctly stated with its missing qualifications, is treated here in a very restricted case, where each of the complex structures of the families under consideration admits a Kahler metric, such that the complex manifolds of the same family are isometric (though not complex analytically, in general). Clearly, this situation is highly restrictive compared to the general problem; however the information that one can extract from the two typical classes of such isometric families that can occur provides some interesting results on the global structure of some moduli spaces of nonalgebraic varieties, such as the K3-surfaces, the complex tori, and a special type of 2n-dimensional, rational affine variety.
Critical analysis of lymph node examination in patients undergoing curative‐intent resection for adrenocortical carcinoma

BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor and the role of lymph node dissection remains ill-defined. This study evaluates the effect of nodal examination on prognosis and survival in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of ACC. METHODS The National Cancer Database (2004-2015) was queried for patients undergoing margin-negative resection for ACC. Patients with distant metastases, neoadjuvant therapy, multivisceral resection and T4 tumors were excluded. RESULTS Among 897 patients, 147 (16.4%) had lymph nodes examined. Factors associated with lymph node examination included increasing tumor size (P < .001), extra-adrenal extension (P < .001), open operation (P < .001), and resection at an academic facility (P = .003). Lymph node metastasis was significantly associated with extra-adrenal tumor extension (P = .04). Lymph node harvest, regardless of the number of nodes examined, was not associated with a survival benefit. Median overall survival was incrementally worse with increasing number of positive lymph nodes (88.2 months for N0, 34.9 months for 1-3 positive nodes, and 15.6 months for ≥4 positive nodes, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Lymph node harvest and lymph node metastasis were associated with more advanced tumors. Although nodal harvest did not offer a survival advantage, stratifying the nodal staging classification may provide important prognostic information.
Cell growth dilutes the cell cycle inhibitor Rb to trigger cell division

Cell size is fundamental to cell physiology. For example, cell size determines the spatial scale of organelles and intracellular transport and thereby affects biosynthesis. Although some genes that affect mammalian cell size have been identified, the molecular mechanisms through which cell growth drives cell division have remained elusive. We show that cell growth during the G1 phase of the cell division cycle dilutes the cell cycle inhibitor Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) to trigger division in human cells. RB overexpression increased cell size and G1 duration, whereas RB deletion decreased cell size and removed the inverse correlation between cell size at birth and the duration of the G1 phase. Thus, Rb dilution through cell growth in G1 provides one of the long-sought molecular mechanisms that promotes cell size homeostasis.
The Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Experience with COVID-19: An Initial Multi-Center, Multi-Organ Case Series

BACKGROUND: The clinical course of COVID-19 in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients remains ambiguous Though preliminary experiences with adult transplant recipients have been published, literature centered on the pediatric population is limited We herein report a multi-center, multi-organ cohort analysis of COVID-19 positive transplant recipients ≤ 18 years at time of transplant METHODS: Data were collected via institutions' respective electronic medical record systems Local review boards approved this cross-institutional study RESULTS: Among 5 transplant centers, 26 patients (62% male) were reviewed with a median age of 8 years 6 were heart recipients, 8 kidney, 10 liver, and 2 lung Presenting symptoms included cough (n=12 (46%)), fever (n=9 (35%)), dry/sore throat (n=3 (12%)), rhinorrhea (n=3 (12%)), anosmia (n=2 (8%)), chest pain (n=2 (8%)), diarrhea (n=2 (8%)), dyspnea (n=1 (4%)), and headache (n=1 (4%)) Six patients (23%) were asymptomatic No patient required supplemental oxygen, intubation, or ECMO Eight patients (31%) were hospitalized at time of diagnosis, 3 of whom were already admitted for unrelated problems Post-transplant immunosuppression was reduced for only 2 patients (8%) All symptomatic patients recovered within 7 days CONCLUSIONS: Our multi-institutional experience suggests the prognoses of pediatric transplant recipients infected with COVID-19 may mirror those of immunocompetent children, with infrequent hospitalization and minimal treatment, if any, required
Coupling of plasmon modes in graphene microstructures

A variety of different graphene plasmonic structures and devices have been proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Plasmon modes in graphene microstructures interact strongly via the depolarization fields. An accurate quantitative description of the coupling between plasmon modes is required for designing and understanding complex plasmonic devices. Drawing inspiration from microphotonics, we present a coupled-mode theory for graphene plasmonics, in which the plasmon eigenmodes of a coupled system are expressed in terms of the plasmon eigenmodes of its uncoupled sub-systems. The coupled-mode theory enables accurate computation of the coupling between the plasmon modes and of the resulting dynamics. We compare theory with experiments performed on the plasmon modes in coupled arrays of graphene strips. In experiments, we tune the coupling by changing the spacing between the graphene strips in the array. Our results show that the coupling parameters obtained from the coupled-mode theory and the plasmon frequency changes resulting from this coupling agree very well with experiments. The work presented here provides a framework for designing and understanding coupled graphene plasmonic structures.
Radio interferometric tests of general relativity

Since VLBI techniques produce a microarcsecond positional accuracy of celestial objects, tests of GR using radio sources as probes of a gravitational field have been made. We present the results from two recent tests using the VLBA: in 2005, the measurement of the classical solar deflection; and in 2002, the measurement of the retarded gravitational deflection associated with Jupiter. The deflection experiment measured γ to an accuracy of 3 × 10−4; the Jupiter experiment measured the retarded term to 20% accuracy. The controversy over the interpretation of the retarded term is summarized.
What Is a "Racial Health Disparity"? Five Analytic Traditions.

What exactly is a "racial health disparity"? This article explores five lenses that have been used to answer that question. It contends that racial health disparities have been presented-by both academic researchers and those outside of it-as problems of five varieties: of biology, of behavior, of place, of stress, of policy. It also argues that a sixth tradition exploring class-and its connection to race, racism, and health-has been underdeveloped. I examine each of these conceptions of racial disparities in turn. Baked into each interpretive prism is a set of assumptions about the mechanisms that produce disparities: a story, in other words, about where racial health disparities come from. Discursive boundaries set the parameters for policy debate, determining what is and is not included in proposed solutions. How one sees a racial health disparity, then, determines the strategies a society advocates-or ignores-for their elimination. I end by briefly discussing problems in the larger research ecosystem that dictates how racial health disparities are studied.
Fabrication Tolerant Interferometric Subsystems for Large- Scale Photonic Integration

We demonstrate a novel inverse-design methodology for on-chip interferometric subsystems robust to fabrication variability.
Field Testing of Genetically Engineered Rhizobia

With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, our understanding of the biology of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis has significantly improved and paved the way for genetic manipulation of the microsymbiont for enhancing its agronomic performance. There are several reports of genetic modification of rhizobial strains that have been field tested in different parts of the world. By the turn of the century, there is no doubt that several strains of genetically engineered Rhizobium will be commercialized. At the same time, controversial issues related to the deliberate or planned release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) have been debated both in the scientific domain, and public domain. It is important to make sure that the introduced strains do not present a significant risk of causing deleterious effects on the environment. The regulatory policies require researchers to carry out extensive monitoring of the introduced GEMS to prevent any adverse effect on the environment, and also minimize the spread of the introduced genetic trait among non-target organisms. This exercise has evolved into a specialized branch of research known as “risk assessment.” Risk assessment requires that risks, real and potential be identified, then be contained or managed, if not totally eliminated. Risk assessment takes us back to basics of microbial ecology.
Quantitative roadmap of holographic media performance

For holographic photopolymer media, the “formula limit” concept enables facile calculation of the fraction of writing chemistry that is usefully patterned, and the fraction that is wasted. This provides a quantitative context to compare the performance of a diverse range of media formulations from the literature, using only information already reported in the original works. Finally, this analysis is extended to estimate the scope of achievable future performance improvements.
Essential Idioms in English—A New Revised Edition. Robert J. Dixon

Donohue, John W. 1972. Paulo Freire: philosopher of adult education. America 127(6): 167-170. Elias, John L. 1974. A comparison and critical evaluation of the social and educational thought of Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich: with a particular emphasis upon the religious inspiration of their thought. Ed. D. dissertation, Temple University. Freire, Paulo. 1970a. Cultural action for freedom. Monograph Series Number 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Educational Review and Center for the Study of Development and Social Change. Freire, Paulo. 1970b. Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.
Optimal Hankel-Norm Approximation and H∞-Minimization

The notion of the Hankel norm was briefly introduced in Sects. 1.5.3 and 2.3.3. By a fundamental result of Nehari (to be discussed later), it will be shown in this chapter that the Hankel norm provides a meaningful measurement for functions which are essentially bounded on the unit circle |z| = 1. However, since the Hankel norm of any H∞function is zero, in contrast to the L P norms on |z| = 1, it is only a “semi-norm” in the sense that any two functions in L∞ (|z| = 1) with the same singular part have identical Hankel norms. In other words, in applying the Hankel norm, one has to take into account that an additive H∞ function must be determined by using a different method. This is not a serious draw-back in general. For instance, with the exception of an additive constant h0, the transfer function of a causal SISO linear system has zero analytic part. Since h0, can be easily determined and is really not very important, the Hankel norm is a very useful measurement for the study of causal linear systems. Indeed, as we have seen in Chap. 2, if the system is realizable in the sense that its transfer function is rational, then it is stable if and only if the Hankel norm of the transfer function has finite value. Moreover, the importance of this norm in the study of systems theory is apparent due to the fact that the best Hankelnorm (strictly proper) rational approximant with prescribed degree to the transfer function of a stable linear system along with the exact error of approximation can be described analytically. Important applications of best Hankel-norm approximation include system reduction, digital filter design, etc. This elegant analytical description is a fundamental result of the previously cited work (see Sect. 2.3.3) of Adamjan, Arov, and Krein [1971, 1978], usually known as the AAK approach. We will give a detailed constructive proof of the AAK theorem for finite-rank and real Hankel matrices in this chapter. A proof of the AAK’s general theorem is much more complicated and its discussion will be delayed to the next chapter. Two important applications, namely, system reduction and H∞ minimization for SISO systems, will be discussed in this chapter. The study of the matrix-valued setting of the AAK theorem for MIMO systems will be delayed to Chap. 6.
General scheme for analyzing running times of parallel evolutionary algorithms

We present new methods for the running time analysis of parallel evolutionary algorithms with spatially structured populations. These methods are applied to estimate the speed-up gained by parallelization in pseudo-Boolean optimization. The possible speed-up increases with the density of the topology. Surprisingly, even sparse topologies like ring graphs lead to a significant speed-up for many functions while not increasing the total number of function evaluations. We also give practical hints towards choosing the minimum number of processors that gives an optimal speed-up.
Mass Arbitration and Democratic Legitimacy

This Essay reviews Margaret Jane Radin’s dazzling new book, Boilerplate. Radin makes two central claims about the widespread use of adhesion contracts. First, she argues that the heavy saturation of fine print causes “normative degradation”: the erosion of contract law’s bedrock requirement of consent. Second, and more provocatively, she contends that the lockstep use of standard forms permits private actors to override the public laws and thus causes “democratic degradation.” The Essay argues that Radin’s democratic degradation thesis is particularly compelling in the context of consumer and employment arbitration. Spurred on by the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), companies use their dominion over adhesive provisions to alter procedural rules on a massive scale. The issue of whether these terms are consensual is hotly contested. Yet no matter one’s view of fine print generally, the Court’s separability doctrine — a legal fiction that allows arbitrators to decide the very question of whether an arbitration clause is valid — drives a wedge between arbitration and contractual consent. Finally, after years of denying that arbitration affects substantive rights, in cases such as AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, the Court is shunting plaintiffs to an extrajudicial forum even when there is no dispute that doing so will deprive them of any remedy. Thus, through the expedient of printed or electronic words, corporations do precisely what Radin says: they “delete rights that are granted through democratic processes” (p. 16).
Packet marking based cooperative attack response service for effectively handling suspicious traffic

The security vulnerabilities in a network environment and their corresponding countermeasures have become more critical issues than ever. Although many researchers and vendors have introduced powerful mechanisms such as Intrusion Detection System (IDS) or Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) for network security, the packet-based decision is not always correct, especially when those systems are involved in network traffics across multiple organizations under different security policies. In fact, some legitimate (normal) network traffics produce a similar pattern to that of malicious traffics such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and vice versa. We call those traffics suspicious. Suspicious traffic cannot be clearly designated as malicious or normal traffic. Since traditional IDS or IPS approaches make a simple binary decision (i.e., allow or reject) based on pre-defined rules, there is a high possibility that suspicious/legitimate packets are rejected or suspicious/malicious packets are allowed. To enhance the quality of service in a network environment, we propose in this paper a Packet Marking-Based Cooperative Attack Response Service (pm-CARS) that is able to effectively deal with suspicious network traffic. pm-CARS nodes cooperate with each other by using packet-marking. These pm-CARS nodes mark suspicious packets instead of dropping them. All the marked packets are forwarded to the next node using a low priority of service designation, which indicates the drop probability is very high. Our pm-CARS includes two schemes: abnormal IP address detection and abnormal excess traffic detection schemes. Our pm-CARS can reduce the false-positive rate and can protect the quality of service for innocent traffic from attacks. Finally, we simulate our ideas in a network environment and discuss the evaluation results.
Chapter 48 Information Networks in Dynamic Agrarian Economies

Abstract Over the past 50 years, people living in developing countries have gained access to technologies, such as high yielding agricultural seed varieties and modern medicine, that have the potential to dramatically alter the quality of their lives. Although the adoption of these technologies has increased wealth and lowered mortality in many parts of the world, their uptake has been uneven. The traditional explanation for the observed differences in the response to new opportunities, across and within countries, is based on heterogeneity in the population. An alternative explanation, which has grown in popularity in recent years is based on the idea that individuals are often uncertain about the returns from a new technology. For example, farmers might not know the (expected) yield that will be obtained from a new and uncertain technology and young mothers might be concerned about the side effects from a new contraceptive. In these circumstances, a neighbor's decision to use a new technology indicates that she must have received a favorable signal about its quality and her subsequent experience with it serves as an additional source of information. Because information must flow sequentially from one neighbor to the next, social learning provides a natural explanation for the gradual diffusion of new technology even in a homogeneous population. Social learning can also explain the wide variation in the response to external interventions across otherwise identical communities, simply as a consequence of the randomness in the information signals that they received. Recent research described in this chapter indicates that social learning can play an important role in the adoption of new agricultural technology, the fertility transition, and investments in health and education in developing countries.
Hydrogen bonding: part 78. Ab initio molecular orbital study of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in choline and betaine and their compounds with HF and H2O

Abstract We previously prepared several compounds of the zwitterions [(CH 3 ) 3 NCH 2 CH 2 O] 0 (deprotonated choline, herein named cholaine) and [(CH 3 ) 3 NCH 2 CO 2 ] 0 (betaine) and proposed structures based on infrared spectroscopy. We now examine these compounds with use of ab initio molecular orbital methods to further elucidate possible structure. These calculations demonstrate that: (1) cholaine and betaine both have internal CHO hydrogen bonds, and these are retained in some form in all other compounds. (2) Cholaine hydrate and hydrofluoride and betaine hydrofluoride monomers have covalent three-center hydrogen bonds between H 2 O or HF and negative zwitterion oxygen, and additional CHX hydrogen bonds to H 2 O oxygen or HF fluorine. (3) Cholaine monohydrate and cholaine hydrofluoride monohydrate form dimers of C i symmetry which contain planar C 2 h (H 2 O·O) 2 and (HOH·F) 2 clusters. (4) Cholaine hydrofluoride forms head-to-tail dimers bound by intermolecular CHX hydrogen bonds; this arrangement could lead to extended linear structures in the solid state. (5) Betaine hydrofluoride, in contrast, forms a tightly bound discrete dimeric unit in which two molecules join in a head-to-head manner held together by five intermolecular hydrogen bonds and by the mutual proximities of negative fluorides to positive nitrogens.
Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data

Abstract Consider drawing a sample of ‘n’ experimental units where each unit is observed over ‘T’ time periods. Are the draws independent? A test statistic introduced by Breusch and Pagan (1980) is one measure used to quantify the amount of cross-sectional correlation. It is effective when T is large relative to n and, as shown by Breusch and Pagan, has desirable asymptotic (in T) properties. In this paper, we consider the case often encountered in the analysis of panel data, where n is large relative to T. Here, the Breusch and Pagan statistic does not enjoy the same desirable asymptotic (in n) properties. In fact, we show that the asymptotic distribution depends on the parent population even under the hypothesis of no cross-sectional correlations. Thus, we introduce a distribution-free statistic that does not have this drawback. Asymptotic properties of the new statistic are established, when the data are drawn from identical distributions and when the statistic is evaluated using residuals from a complex model. Both the Breusch and Pagan statistic and the new statistic are shown to be members of a more general family. By considering this generalization, finite-sample properties of members of the family are easily established. Further, it turns out that a statistic introduced by Friedman (1937) is another special case of this family.
Selectivity Coefficient of Lysine for Strong Cation-Exchange Resins of the Ammonium Form

The selectivity coefficients of both the mono- and divalent forms of lysine for cation-exchange resins of the ammonium form were measured on the basis of the mass action law, and found to increase with decreasing divinylbenzene (DVB) content and also to increase with increasing temperature, while they remained constant in the concentration range of 0.05 to 0.6 mol/1 at equilibrium. The signs of both the enthalpy and entropy changes for the ion-exchange are positive in this system. The selectivity coefficient for the monovalent form is well expressed by Gregor’s model including the contribution of differences in the molar volume and osmotic pressure, and the results for the divalent form suggest the contribution of the change in the conformation of water which reflects both the positive entropy and enthalpy changes.
HMMSTR: a hidden Markov model for local sequence-structure correlations in proteins.

We describe a hidden Markov model, HMMSTR, for general protein sequence based on the I-sites library of sequence-structure motifs. Unlike the linear hidden Markov models used to model individual protein families, HMMSTR has a highly branched topology and captures recurrent local features of protein sequences and structures that transcend protein family boundaries. The model extends the I-sites library by describing the adjacencies of different sequence-structure motifs as observed in the protein database and, by representing overlapping motifs in a much more compact form, achieves a great reduction in parameters. The HMM attributes a considerably higher probability to coding sequence than does an equivalent dipeptide model, predicts secondary structure with an accuracy of 74.3 %, backbone torsion angles better than any previously reported method and the structural context of beta strands and turns with an accuracy that should be useful for tertiary structure prediction.
Vomiting in small animal medicine - an overview of causes and treatment

Veterinary nurses in practice play an important role in triaging cases of vomiting, so it is essential for them to have a good understanding of the causes of vomiting, the appropriate advice to give worried owners, the treatment options available, how a diagnosis may be achieved and what prescribed medications help.
Validation of central line–associated bloodstream infection data in a voluntary reporting state: New Mexico

Background In New Mexico, voluntary submission of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance data via the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) began in July 2008. Validation of CLABSI data is necessary to ensure quality, accuracy, and reliability of surveillance efforts. Methods We conducted a retrospective medical record review of 123 individuals with positive blood cultures who were admitted to adult intensive care units (ICU) at 6 New Mexico hospitals between November 2009 and March 2010. Blinded reviews were conducted independently by pairs of reviewers using standardized data collection instruments. Findings were compared between reviewers and with NHSN data. Discordant cases were reviewed and reconciled with hospital infection preventionists. Results Initially, 118 individuals were identified for medical record review. Seven ICU CLABSI events were identified by the reviewers. Data submitted to the NHSN revealed 8 ICU CLABSI events, 5 of which had not been identified for medical record review and 3 of which had been determined by reviewers to not be ICU CLABSI cases. Comparison of final case determinations for all 123 individuals with NHSN data resulted in a sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 96.5% for ICU CLABSI surveillance. Conclusions There is need for ongoing quality improvement and validation processes to ensure accurate NHSN data.
Writing Clinical Investigator's Brochures on Drugs for a Pharmaceutical Company

A clinical investigator's brochure is a summary of the preclinical and clinical information about a drug that is about to enter clinical trials. It serves to update clinical investigators on the possible benefits, risks, and areas of uncertainty still left to be studied. The writer of the clinical investigator's brochure can create a streamlined, succinct, and easily readable document by using a format that closely parallels the research and the development history of the drug, as follows: 1) Introduction, 2) Chemistry, 3) Pharmacy, 4) Animal Pharmacology, 5) Animal Toxicology, 6) Anunal Pharmaco-kinetics, 7) Clinical Experience, 8) Possible Risks and Precautions, and 9) Bibliography. In this article, the author explains what information is needed in each of these sections and suggests ways to avoid redundancy
The validity of the "mother" and "father" cards of the Rorschach.

(1963). The Validity of the “Mother” and “Father” Cards of the Rorschach. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 114-121.
The murine fork head gene Foxn2 is expressed in craniofacial, limb, CNS and somitic tissues during embryogenesis

The fork head domain-containing gene family (Fox) comprises over 20 members in mammals and is defined by a conserved 110 amino-acid motif containing a winged helix structure DNA-binding domain. The members of this gene family have been implicated as key regulators of embryogenesis, cell cycling, cell lineage restriction and cancer. The Foxn2 gene (Ches1) is expressed in postgastrulation embryos in multiple tissues that serve as important signaling centers as well as end-stage-differentiated cell types that arise from different germ layers of the developing embryo. The dynamic and specific expression of Foxn2 during embryonic development suggest multiple independent roles for Foxn2 function during gestation.
Lateralized Changes in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Performance of Verbal and Facial Recognition Tasks: Correlations with Performance and “Effort”☆☆☆★

Functional neuroimaging has been used to investigate neural substrates of mnemonic processes, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measures have been sensitive to activation with memory tasks. Studies of memory with two-dimensional 133Xenon clearance techniques found that word and face recognition tasks produced contralateral CBF changes in mid-temporal cortical regions. This study replicated the activation paradigm, expanding to the three-dimensional resolution of positron emission tomography (PET). Word and face recognition, and a control baseline task were administered to 19 healthy right-handed volunteers (11 men, 8 women) during successive 10 min PET 15O-water measures of CBF. Quantitative CBF rates were calculated with the arterial input function and the equilibrium model. Redistributions of blood flow were compared across tasks-using both absolute and relative (region/ whole brain) CBF. Replicating the 133Xenon clearance findings, CBF was "appropriately" lateralized during task performance (left-right for words > left-right for faces) in the mid-temporal region. Contrary to predictions, the recognition tasks did not activate expected mesolimbic or prefrontal areas. The task-induced CBF changes also correlated with performance. Bilateral CBF in mid-temporal and parahippocampal gyrus regions of interest correlated with the ability to correctly identify word targets (sensitivity). Left-lateralized CBF in the amygdala and hippocampus correlated with better word sensitivity as well as specificity (ability to correctly reject foils). Complementally, right-lateralized CBF in the parahippocampal gyrus correlated with better face specificity performance. In addition, left-lateralized CBF in the amygdala and right-lateralized CBF in the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus correlated with "mental effort" indices (task performance relative to basal ability) for word and face memory tasks, respectively. Thus, whereas this recognition task showed the expected lateralized increase in the mid-temporal region and not in frontal and limbic areas, lateralized activation in some of these areas was associated with better performance. Exploratory analyses on other regions showed lateralized changes in one additional temporal region, the occipital-temporal, and several limbic regions.
Interaction between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and calcium supplementation affecting bone and fat mass

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown wide biologically beneficial effects, such as anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, and antiobesity effects. However, the effects of CLA on total body ash, reflective of bone mineral content, have not been consistent. We hypothesized that the inconsistency of the CLA effect on ash may be linked to interaction between CLA and dietary calcium levels. Thus, we investigated the effects of CLA on body ash in conjunction with various calcium levels. Male ICR mice were fed three different levels of calcium (0.01, 0.5, and 1%) with or without 0.5% CLA for 4 weeks for Experiment 1 and separate CLA isomers at 0.22% level with 1% calcium in Experiment 2. CLA feeding reduced body fat regardless of dietary calcium level, whereas CLA supplementation increased body ash compared to control only in animals fed the 1% calcium. In Experiment 2 it was confirmed that this observation was associated with the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer, but not with the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. CLA administration with 1% dietary calcium significantly improved total ash percent (%) in femurs, confirming that CLA has the potential to be used to improve bone mass.
Acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease Background Ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in dialysis patients, with 22% of cardiac deaths attributed to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Few data exist on survival of dialysis patients after AMI. Methods The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) database of 627,983 patients was used to examine outcomes of dialysis patients hospitalized from 1977 to 1995 for AMI. Long-term survival was estimated by life-table method and independent predictors of survival were examined in a comorbidity-adjusted Cox model. In preliminary analyses we examined the utilization of thrombolytic therapy for AMI in 1991 to 1995 and separately analyzed outcomes of dialysis patients hospitalized 1977 to 1994 at our own institution. Results There were 34,189 dialysis patients with AMI. The in-hospital death was 26%. The all-cause mortality was 59% at one year and 73% at two years. The one- and two-year cardiac mortality was 41% and 52%, respectively. Patients with AMI 1990 to 1995 (vs. 1977 to 1984) had decreased mortality with RR (relative risk) 0.87 (0.83, 0.90). There were 16,063 patients with AMI 1991 to 1995 receiving no reperfusion therapy, and only 95 patients received intravenous thrombolytics, of whom 16 received concurrent coronary revascularization. At our institution, the in-hospital death for 113 dialysis patients with AMI was 29% (52% mortality for transmural MI, 16% mortality for nontransmural MI). Conclusion We conclude that dialysis patients with AMI suffer dismal long-term survival. Based on preliminary data, thrombolytic therapy appears to be under-utilized in dialysis patients with AMI in the United States.
The cycling and oxidation pathways of organic carbon in a shallow estuary along the Texas Gulf Coast

Abstract The cycling and oxidation pathways of organic carbon were investigated at a single shallow water estuarine site in Trinity Bay, Texas, the uppermost lobe of Galveston Bay, during November 2000. Radio-isotopes were used to estimate sediment mixing and accumulation rates, and benthic chamber and pore water measurements were used to determine sediment-water exchange fluxes of oxygen, nutrients and metals, and infer carbon oxidation rates. Using 7 Be and 234 Th XS , the sediment-mixing coefficient ( D b ) was 4.3 ± 1.8 cm 2 y −1 , a value that lies at the lower limit for marine environments, indicating that mixing was not important in these sediments at this time. Sediment accumulation rates ( S a ), estimated using 137 Cs and 210 Pb XS , were 0.16 ± 0.02 g cm −2 y −1 . The supply rate of organic carbon to the sediment-water interface was 30 ± 3.9 mmol C m −2 d −1 , of which ∼10% or 2.9 ± 0.44 mmol C m −2 d −1 was lost from the system through burial below the 1-cm thick surface mixed layer. Measured fluxes of O 2 were 26 ± 3.8 mmol m −2 d −1 and equated to a carbon oxidation rate of 20 ± 3.3 mmol C m −2 d −1 , which is an upper limit due to the potential for oxidation of additional reduced species. Using organic carbon gradients in the surface mixed layer, carbon oxidation was estimated at 2.6 ± 1.1 mmol C m −2 d −1 . Independent estimates made using pore water concentration gradients of ammonium and C:N stoichiometry, equaled 2.8 ± 0.46 mmol C m −2 d −1 . The flux of DOC out of the sediments (DOC efflux ) was 5.6 ± 1.3 mmol C m −2 d −1 . In general, while mass balance was achieved indicating the sediments were at steady state during this time, changes in environmental conditions within the bay and the surrounding area, mean this conclusion might not always hold. These results show that the majority of carbon oxidation occurred at the sediment-water interface, via O 2 reduction. This likely results from the high frequency of sediment resuspension events combined with the shallow sediment mixing zone, leaving anaerobic oxidants responsible for only ∼10–15% of the carbon oxidized in these sediments.
Procreation, Production, and Protection: Male-Female Balance in Early Israel

In recent years there has been a growing reawakening to the necessity for dealing with ancient Israel as a community, as a social entity the concerns of which are reflected-sometimes dimly and other times sharplyin the writings of the Hebrew Bible. Decades have passed since Max Weber first established the value of a social history of Israel with its accompanying insights into the socio-economic factors affecting various aspects of Israel's emergence and development. While political and literary factors continue to be seen as important in understanding the biblical period, patterns of social organization and of economic realities have become accentuated in the search for a comprehensive picture of Israelite life and beliefs (e.g., Mendenhall, 1962; Gottwald and Frick, 1976; Gottwald, 1979).1 Emerging from the absorbing but limiting concerns of theological or historical or literary studies, the quest for penetration into the mystery of Israelite beginnings and survivals has benefited from a great variety of twentieth-century scholarship produced by the social sciences, sociology and anthropology in particular. Descriptions of groups such as tribes, with their class and family subdivisions and their characteristic uses of leadership and available resources, have been enormously helpful in allowing
Of Race, Prison, and Perception: Seeking to Account for Racially Divergent Views on the Relative Severity of Sanctions

Several studies have found that offenders do not always perceive prison to be a harsher sanction than community-based punishments. Moreover, the literature shows that white offenders tend to estimate prison to be relatively more severe than do black offenders. The present study develops and tests eight possible explanations for the observed racial gap in perceptions. Relying on survey data from inmates in a large urban jail to establish sentencing preferences for black and white inmates, multivariate analyses show that the racial gap was attenuated but not eliminated by the explanations. This persistent racial difference in opinions of sanction severity is consistent with differential perceptions of criminal justice system fairness and merits additional research. The race gap has implications for theories on the effects of incarceration as well as sentencing practice.
Discriminative properties of shock-correlated reinforcement in an operant context

A two-choice discrete operant procedure was devised for the study of shock-correlated reinforcement effects in rats. In the presence of one auditory stimulus, responding on one response lever was reinforced with food; with another auditory stimulus, responding on a second lever was reinforced. It was found that discrimination performance of one group, relative to appropriate control groups, was facilitated when electric shock was correlated with reinforcement on one lever and not on the other. Further, relative discrimination levels were found to be higher on the lever correlated with the shock than on the alternate lever. The significance of the results for operant within-S studies and for a mediational theory of shock-correlated reinforcement was discussed.
Semiclassical spectra of gauge fields

Abstract We study the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues of the Schrodinger operator with a vector potential on a compact manifold, as Planck's constant tends to zero. We obtain estimates in terms of periodic trajectories of Wong's flow which are uniform in the “charge” parameter.
Remodeling of Human Coronary Arteries Undergoing Coronary Angioplasty or Atherectomy

Background Recently, long-term constriction of the vessel has been suggested as an alternative mechanism of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Methods and Results To understand remodeling of human coronary arteries undergoing coronary angioplasty or atherectomy, serial intravascular ultrasonographic examinations were performed at preintervention and postintervention examinations and at 24 hours, 1 month, and 6 months. Complete serial data were obtained in 61 lesions (balloon angioplasty, 35 lesions; directional atherectomy, 26 lesions). Lumen area improved from 6.81±2.24 mm2 after intervention to 8.22±2.79 mm2 at 1 month (P=.0001) and decreased to 4.88±2.86 mm2 at 6 months (P=.0001). Vessel area enlarged from 17.32±5.35 mm2 after intervention to 19.39±5.33 mm2 at 1 month (P=.0001) and decreased to 16.33±5.54 mm2 at 6 months (P=.0001). Plaque+media area increased significantly from postintervention examination to 24 hours (10.51±4.38 versus 10.96±4.49 mm2, P=.0008) and from 24 hours to 6 months (10.96±...
Auditory input to the pedunculopontine nucleus: II. Unit responses

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in sleep-wake control, arousal responses, and motor functions. The PPN also has been implicated in the generation of the P1 middle-latency auditory-evoked potential. The present study was undertaken to determine the nature of the responsiveness of single neurons in and around the PPN following auditory stimulation. Somatosensory responsiveness also was tested in some cells. These results demonstrate a) the presence of a significant proportion of PPN neurons that respond to auditory click stimuli; b) two populations of neurons showing either low threshold/short latency/low habituation or high threshold/longer latency/high habituation; c) the responses of longer latency neurons precede the onset and peak of depth- and vertex-recorded middle-latency auditory-evoked potentials; d) thresholds of longer latency neurons similar to the threshold for wave A in the intact cat, the P13 potential in the intact rat, or the startle reflex; and e) convergent somatosensory and auditory responses at a similar latency in a number of PPN neurons. These findings suggest that neurons in and around the PPN may participate in auditory and somatosensory information processing related to arousal, and may contribute to the manifestation of the P1 auditory middle-latency evoked potential.