cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maker of Modern China: The Story of Sun Yat-sen

Dr. Sun Yat-sen was born in a farming village in Hsiang Shan Hsien, in the Province of Kwangtung, in 1866—2 years after the ending of the great Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) and 222 years after the Manchus entered China and founded the Ching dynasty (1644).
Adipose Tissue Growth and Cellularity: Changes in Bovine Adipocyte Size and Number

Forty crossbred steers of similar birth date and fed the same growing-finishing diet were used to study adipocyte changes in six fat depots during growth from 11 to 19 mo of age. Steers were slaughtered at 2-mo intervals. Adipose tissue samples were obtained from kidney, mesenteric and brisket fat and subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular fat from the 10th to 12th rib section. The osmium tetroxide fixation technique was used for determination of cell size and number. Except for three brisket fat samples, distributions of adipocyte diameters from six different fat depots were monophasic during the age range considered in this study. At 17 mo of age, the mean adipocyte diameter, in decreasing order, was: kidney fat greater than mesenteric greater than subcutaneous greater than intermuscular greater than intramuscular greater than brisket fat. Fat deposition during growth to 19 mo of age occurred mainly by hypertrophy of adipocytes. An apparent cell hyperplasia occurred in the intramuscular fat depot from 11 to 15 mo and in the brisket fat depot after 15 mo of age. Based on cellularity characteristics, evidence exists to classify intramuscular and brisket fat depots as late-developing ones. Cell number/gram of intramuscular adipose tissue was a better predictor of marbling score than was fat cell diameter.
A Two-Step Load Disaggregation Algorithm for Quasi-static Time-series Analysis on Actual Distribution Feeders

This paper focuses on developing a two-step load disaggregation method for conducting quasi-static time-series analysis using actual distribution feeder data. This can help utilities conduct power flow studies using smart meter measurements to assess the impact of high penetration of distributed energy resources. In the first step, load profiles of residential and commercial buildings obtained from smart meter data are used to match the load profile at the feeder head. This step will determine the number of residential and commercial loads on the feeder. The second step is to allocate the selected load profiles to each load node based on its transformer rating. This allows each load node to have its own load profile and the aggregation of those nodal load profiles matches closely to the metered feeder load shape at the substation. This algorithm is validated using smart meter data and the SCADA data of a real feeder. We compared the performance of the proposed method with the traditional load allocation method (i.e. use the feeder load shape for all subsequent load nodes scaling by the transformer capacities) when conducting quasi-static power flow studies. Results show that the proposed algorithm matches the utility data well and the obtained voltage profiles reveal more voltage dynamics than using the conventional load allocation method.
A compact, high-accuracy Cas9 with a dinucleotide PAM for in vivo genome editing

Summary CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has transformed biotechnology and therapeutics. However, in vivo applications of some Cas9s are hindered by large size (limiting delivery by adeno-associated virus [AAV] vectors), off-target editing, or complex protospacer-adjacent motifs (PAMs) that restrict the density of recognition sequences in target DNA. Here, we exploited natural variation in the PAM-interacting domains (PIDs) of closely related Cas9s to identify a compact ortholog from Neisseria meningitidis—Nme2Cas9—that recognizes a simple dinucleotide PAM (N4CC) that provides for high target site density. All-in-one AAV delivery of Nme2Cas9 with a guide RNA targeting Pcsk9 in adult mouse liver produces efficient genome editing and reduced serum cholesterol with exceptionally high specificity. We further expand our single-AAV platform to pre-implanted zygotes for streamlined generation of genome-edited mice. Nme2Cas9 combines all-in-one AAV compatibility, exceptional editing accuracy within cells, and high target site density for in vivo genome editing applications.
Effectual application development on digital platforms

The development of novel software applications on digital platforms differs radically from traditional software development. In this position paper, we posit that software development managers and teams face unique challenges in platform environments and require new development approaches to be successful. While traditional software development approaches have focused on achieving application-market match, platform-based applications must also achieve application-platform match, application-market match, value propositions exceeding platform’s core value propositions, and novelty. We argue that these desired properties support a new vision of the software development team as entrepreneurs. To support this positioning insight, we discuss the limitations of existing software development approaches and introduce an innovative approach for application development on digital platforms that is grounded in the theory of effectuation from the field of entrepreneurship. We investigate an existing application development environment (Apache Cordova) on digital platforms to see if the concepts of effectuation are present. The preliminary findings provide support for the promise of effectual development methods. We conclude with a call for innovative effectual methods of software development on digital platforms and an accompanying research agenda.
A New Method for Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrothiophenes

A variety of substituted 3-acyltetrahydrothiophenes can be prepared with high stereoselectivity in 50−70% yield by acid-promoted condensation of mercapto allylic alcohols 1 (X = S) with aldehydes a...
TCT-129 Age Stratified Analysis for Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Alcohol Septal Ablation or Septal Myectomy

Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) and septal myectomy (SM) are the standard therapeutic interventions for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). There is limited published data evaluating outcomes of alcohol septal ablation by patient age stratification. We queried the National Readmission Database for
Atmospheric respiratory CO2 efflux by aquatic suspended particle-bound microbial communities: A laboratory experimental study.

Abstract Natural sources of atmospheric CO2 are of increasing interest as possible contributors to global climate warming. This study documents the amount of respiratory CO2 contributed by microbial communities associated with suspended particulates in aquatic water columns. Microcosms containing three different sources of water (pond freshwater, NY East River estuary and Hudson River estuary) were used to experimentally determine the atmospheric respiratory CO2 released from particle-associated microbes. Two different approaches were used. In the first, finely powdered dried cereal leaves (alfalfa) were added to each of the three microcosms as a consistent source of particulate organic matter (POM). In the second, only Hudson River estuary water samples were used with natural densities of POM. Respiration rates associated with two sizes of particles were assessed: 1) ≥ 200 μm and 2) ≥ 50 μm but less than 200 μm. The total respiration rate for the three microcosms with cereal leaf POM ranged from 5.09 to 14.87 μmol CO2 min−1 L−1. Of this, the amount contributed by larger particulates was in the range of 55–63%; and for smaller particulates ranged from 18 to 32 %. Data for microcosms containing water from the Hudson River estuary, with natural particulates, was as follows: total respiration ranged from ∼3 μmol CO2 min−1 L−1 to ∼3.73 μmol CO2 min−1 L−1. Larger particulates contributed approximately 40% of total respiration, and that of smaller particulates was substantially less (4–5% of total). Overall, these results indicate that microbial communities associated with particulates in the water column (especially larger particulates) may contribute substantial amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Control of Quadrotors Using the Hopf Fibration on SO (3).

Geometric, coordinate-free approaches are widely used to control quadrotors on the special Euclidean group (SE(3)). These approaches rely on the construction of an element of the special orthogonal group (SO(3)) from a desired thrust vector direction which lies on a sphere (\(S^2\)) and a desired yaw angle which lies on a circle (\(S^1\)). The Hairy Ball Theorem can be applied to show that any construction of this type has to be discontinuous or degenerate somewhere. We propose a new geometric control algorithm based on the Hopf fibration, which allows us to place the point of discontinuity as far away from the hover configuration as possible and further than existing approaches. We then use multiple maps from \(S^2\times S^1\) to SO(3) to be able to control the quadrotor through any position and orientation. The proposed Hopf Fibration Control Algorithm (HFCA) is compared to existing geometric control algorithms in experiments and simulation. The HFCA employs multiple charts to allow the quadrotor to execute arbitrary dynamically feasible trajectories on SE(3), including those through configurations in which the vehicle is inverted.
Thoracolumbar spinal fractures associated with ground level falls in the elderly: An analysis of 254,486 emergency department visits.

Abstract Study design retrospective. Objectives To investigate the epidemiology of elderly (age ≥65 years) patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) in the United States with thoracolumbar (TL) fractures after ground level falls. Methods Using the National Emergency Department Sample database, we queried all ED visits in the United States from 2009 through 2012 of elderly patients who presented after ground level falls. We identified patients who sustained TL fractures with and without neurological injury. Resulting data was used to analyze the fracture prevalence, ED and patient characteristics, associated injuries, treatment patterns, inpatient mortality, and hospital charges. Results Of the 6,654,526 ED visits in the elderly for ground level falls, 254,486 (3.8%) were associated with a diagnosis of TL fracture. 39% patients had multiple injuries, and upper extremity fractures were the most common associated injuries. Overall, 55.6% were admitted to the hospital. Of those, 77.7% were treated non-operatively, 20.4% were treated with cement augmentation alone, 1.5% were treated with spinal fusion surgery, and 0.4% were treated with spinal decompression alone. The overall rate of inpatient mortality was 2.14%. Conclusions This investigation evaluated the epidemiology of elderly patients who presented to the ED in the United States with TL fractures after ground level falls. The study demonstrated a rather high incidence of TL fractures in this patient cohort. As a result, it is important for ED physicians and orthopaedic surgeons to be highly suspicious of TL fractures in elderly patients who sustain low energy trauma. With the continued aging of the population and rising health care costs, future effort ought to focus on fall prevention and increased surveillance for TL injuries in the elderly.
CHAPTER 3 – Glycolysis

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the energetics of glycolysis, enzymes of the glycolytic cycle, factors influencing glycolysis, and comparative biochemistry of glycolysis. In general, the term glycolysis is conventionally used to describe the reaction sequence involved in the anaerobic fragmentation of sugars in the cell. All hormones exert a direct or indirect effect on carbohydrate metabolism in the animal body; what the precise mechanisms are is still a matter of conjecture. The chapter presents recent work on the biochemical action of insulin, the pituitary extracts, the adrenocortical and medulla hormones, and the thyroid. Distribution studies indicate the universality of the enzyme systems.
A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts

Primary economical deposits of rare-earth elements (REEs) are exhausting all over the world, and it has become necessary to find new sources and methods for their extraction. In addition, increasing the application of REEs in modern technological society has increased its demand globally. One of the important movements to compensate for the future shortages of critical metals is the recovery of REEs from recyclable materials. This paper presents a review of the classification and extraction methods, as well as general applications of REEs with emphasis on secondary sources such as coal and coal byproducts, iron ore tailings, apatite, and phosphate byproducts. An overview of the current state of knowledge on the various methods of REE beneficiation and extraction is covered. These methods include physical separation, as well as hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical techniques. The application of these REE extraction techniques for enhanced recovery has been driven primarily by the unique industrial application of these important elements. This paper further explores the existing and potential environmental challenges associated with REE extraction. The authors have presented a wide array of literature, in-depth discussion of the subject, and a succinct summary of processes and relevant case studies.
Strategies to manage weight during the holiday season among US adults: A descriptive study from the National Weight Control Registry

Background Holidays are challenging for weight control and are consistently associated with weight gain. Managing holiday weight gain may be especially difficult for individuals with higher body weight or a history of overweight/obesity. The current study evaluated how individuals with a history of successful weight loss plan for the holiday season and how the use of weight control strategies was associated with weight change. Methods A subgroup of participants in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) were asked to complete a survey before (November) and after the holidays (January). At pre-holiday, participants reported height, weight, and weight goals for the holiday season (lose, maintain, minimize gains, or gain), and selected the top three weight control strategies they planned to use (from a list of 18). Post-holiday, participants reported weight and how often (frequently, infrequently, or not at all) they used each of the 18 strategies throughout the holidays. Results Individuals who completed both surveys were included in the analysis (n = 683; 69% female, 93% white, 54.6 years [SD: 13.2], 26.9 kg/m2 [SD: 5.5]). Pre-holiday, 64% of participants were currently trying to lose weight. Only 35% of the sample wanted to continue losing weight during the holiday season. The most common strategies individuals planned to use during the holiday season were evidence based (maintaining exercise, monitoring portions, tracking foods, and self-weighing). Participants gained 0.66 kg (SD: 1.85) from pre- to post-holiday and reported using an average of 12/18 strategies. A greater number of strategies were associated with less weight gain (F[1, 670] = 4.28, p = 0.04). Daily self-weighing (p = 0.03) and prioritizing food choices (p = 0.02) were individually associated with less weight gain. Discussion Participants in the NWCR entered the holiday season with a variety of goals for their weight and used many different strategies to control their weight. Having a wider range of strategies may be helpful to navigate the challenges to weight control during the holidays.
The ultimate theoretical error on γ from B → DK decays

The angle γ of the standard CKM unitarity triangle can be determined from B → DK decays with a very small irreducible theoretical error, which is only due to second order electroweak corrections. We study these contributions and estimate that their impact on the γ determination is to introduce a shift |δγ| ≲ $ \mathcal{O}\left( {1{0^{-7 }}} \right) $ , well below any present or planned future experiment.
A Case of Pharyngeal-Cervical-Brachial Variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome With Bilateral Glossopharyngeal Paralysis

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rapidly evolving autoimmune inflammatory disease of the peripheral nerves. It classically presents with progressive symmetrical ascending muscle weakness and hyporeflexia. The pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (PCB) variant is a rare variant of GBS that is characterized by axonal rather than demyelinating neuropathy and presents with rapidly progressive oropharyngeal (facial palsy, dysarthria) and cervicobrachial weakness, associated upper limb weakness, and hyporeflexia. Because it is rare, the PCB variant of GBS is unfamiliar to many neurologists and it is often misdiagnosed as stroke, myasthenia gravis, or botulism. The prevalence of this variant is estimated to be about 3% of all GBS patients. We describe the only known case presentation of the PCB variant of GBS that presents with bilateral glossopharyngeal paralysis. A 39-year-old African American female presented with progressive oropharyngeal and cervicobrachial weakness along with bilateral glossopharyngeal paralysis. The patient was diagnosed based on clinical suspicion, presentation, and serum ganglioside antibodies.
Transient Simulations With a Large Penetration of Converter-Interfaced Generation: Scientific Computing Challenges And Opportunities

Current trends in energy systems point to renewable energy sources (RESs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) becoming prevalent in power system operations. As of writing this article, the United States has more than 37 GW of utility-scale solar capacity and an additional 112 GW under development. With the rapidly declining capital costs of many of these technologies, we can expect significant deployments in the coming years.
Potency testing for a recombinant protein vaccine early in clinical development: Lessons from the Schistosoma mansoni Tetraspanin 2 vaccine.

Abstract Introduction As a primary stability-indicating parameter, potency should be strategically evaluated during each phase of vaccine development. Herein, we present potency testing during the early clinical development of the Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) Tetraspanin-2 vaccine formulated on Alhydrogel (Sm-TSP-2/Al). As Sm-TSP-2/Al does not induce sterilizing immunity against its target pathogen (Sm) in animal models, potency is measured by “serological substitution”, a method that can add significant variation to the potency metric, especially when used in a compliance (or ‘single data point’) approach. Methods Potency data were analyzed using the compliance approach to determine if two clinical lots of Sm-TSP-2/Al retained potency over 84 and 36 months post-release, respectively. These same data were also analyzed by: i) least-squares regression with a joinpoint regression analysis; ii) control charting of stability slopes; and iii) bootstrap modeling. Nested-regression and bootstrapping were used to compare the potency of the first (#11-69F-003) and second (#1975) clinical lots of Sm-TSP-2/Al. Results Despite significant variability in the immune assay, both clinical lots of Sm-TSP-2/Al remained potent for 84 and 36 months, respectively, in all four statistical approaches. The first lot of Sm-TSP-2/Al showed a gain in potency starting at 36 months post-release as captured by joinpoint regression. The two clinical lots of Sm-TSP-2/Al had comparable long-term potency. Conclusion While a compliance approach can monitor the long-term stability of Sm-TSP-2/Al, it risks putting this critical stability-indicating parameter out of specification with each time point tested due to statistical multiplicity. Alternative statistical methods, such as joinpoint regression or bootstrapping, do not have this limitation and offer even more precise estimations of potency, with the added benefit of also providing predictive analytics. Nested regression and bootstrapping were shown to be a viable alternatives for lot-to-lot comparisons of the stability of Sm-TSP-2/Al. Instructions for implementing both these potency testing approaches are provided.
Real time canopy density estimation using ultrasonic envelope signals in the orchard and vineyard

We develop a system to estimate the crop density using ultrasound sensors.The signal obtained is highly correlated with the growing season.Results show that the signal has similar values on both sides of the row.The system is sensitive enough to detect hailstorm effects on the canopy. This paper proposes a real-time method, based on an array of ultrasonic sensors, to estimate canopy density in apple orchards and vineyards. This estimation could be used as a reference to adjust the canopy spraying machine parameters with the aim of improving deposition and avoiding drift. Two sets of experiments were carried out, the first one using a single ultrasound sensor in a greenhouse to determine the signal behavior and adjust the algorithms. The second set of experiments were conducted in the orchard and vineyard, under real working conditions. Results show that the signal obtained is highly correlated with the growing season and it has similar values on both sides of the row, with an error of 14.1% in vineyards and 3.8% in apple trees and it is sensitive enough to detect hailstorm effects on the canopy.
Modeling Users' Mobile App Privacy Preferences: Restoring Usability in a Sea of Permission Settings

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of identifying a small set of privacy profiles as a way of helping users manage their mobile app privacy preferences. Our analysis does not limit itself to looking at permissions people feel comfortable granting to an app. Instead it relies on static code analysis to determine the purpose for which an app requests each of its permissions, distinguishing for instance between apps relying on particular permissions to deliver their core functionality and apps requesting these permissions to share information with advertising networks or social networks. Using privacy preferences that reflect people’s comfort with the purpose for which different apps request their permissions, we use clustering techniques to identify privacy profiles. A major contribution of this work is to show that, while people’s mobile app privacy preferences are diverse, it is possible to identify a small number of privacy profiles that collectively do a good job at capturing these diverse preferences.
The George E. Brown, Jr., Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES): Reducing the Impact of EQs and Tsunamis

The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) is a network of 14 advanced laboratories (https://nees.org/sites-mainpage/laboratories) connected by a state-of-the-art cyberinfrastructure that fosters collaboration in research and education (https://nees.org/). In its ninth-year of operations, over 400 multi-year, multi-investigator projects have been completed or are in progress in NEES, yielding many advances in earthquake engineering and a wealth of valuable experimental data. The NEES platform for collaboration, NEEShub, provides convenient access to the NEES central data repository (Project Warehouse) and hosts a range of tools for data visualization, analysis, computational simulation, education, collaboration and hosts a rich set of resources aimed at disseminating new earthquake engineering knowledge to the profession as well as educating the next generation of researchers and practitioners. In this paper, brief descriptions of some of the many research, outreach, information technology, and educational accomplishments of NEES are given.
Spatial patterns of Mexican pine-oak forests under different recent fire regimes

Patterns of spatial arrangement, tree density, and species composition were compared in three unharvested pine-oak forests under different recent fire regimes: (1) an uninterrupted frequent fire regime, (2) fire exclusion, and (3) fire exclusion followed by the return of fire. Regeneration was dense and highly aggregated at all sites but the frequent-fire overstory was random to uniform in spatial distribution and relatively open while the fire-excluded sites had clumped overstory trees with a high density of smaller trees. Dominance by sprouting species was greatest at the fire-excluded sites. Mortality was spatially aggregated at all sites, consistent both with thinning by fire and density-dependent mortality, but competitive self-thinning appeared insufficient to counteract the increased tree density without fire. The return of fire after 29 years of exclusion reduced tree density but left overstory trees aggregated and led to vigorous oak and alder sprouting. Frequent fire disturbance is considered essential to maintain open pine forests; fire exclusion with or without subsequent fire appears to lead to denser forests dominated by smaller trees of sprouting species.
Demographics and Subjective Response

Abstract This paper uses demographic variables in order to analyze the subjective responses of consumers. In specific, subjective consumer evaluations regarding a tourism destination are analyzed. In doing so, the concerns of the contemporary humanistic research stream of modern consumer research are combined with more traditional quantitative research techniques. Using this hybrid model, the paper demonstrates that the United States' and the Canadian sides of Niagara Falls are distinctive and that each attracts visitors who possess a different demographic profile. The United States' side is more attractive to upscale tourists with higher levels of education, and is a more family-oriented region than the Canadian side.
Coupon face value: Its impact on coupon redemptions, brand sales, and brand profitability

Abstract Although much research has examined the impact of coupons on redemption rates, incremental sales, and market share, only a few studies have addressed the impact of coupons on brand profitability. One possible reason is lack of readily available profitability data. In the absence of such data, researchers have used managerial judgments (Neslin and Shoemaker, 1983) and experiments (Chapman, 1986) to investigate the profitability of coupons. We propose an integrative framework for evaluating the impact of coupon face value on brand profitability and implement it by using readily available scanner data. The research reveals that when a manufacturer optimizes the market-level profitability from a coupon program, profit for individual chains in the market could be suboptimal.
Inference guiding in propositional knowledge bases

When initial data are not sufficient to accomplish inference in a knowledgedbased system, more information may be needed. The task of inference guiding or questiondasking in that situation is to select missing information to confirm. We present an inference guiding method for propositional knowledgedbased systems. Our computational experiments show that the new method is significantly better than the methods currently used in many knowledgedbased systems.
Increased marine sediment suspension and fluxes following an earthquake

Earthquakes are commonly cited as one possible triggering mechanism for turbidity flows—dense sediment–water plumes that can transport large volumes of sediment great distances down slope—in both marine and lacustrine settings1,2,3,4,5,6. Heezen and Ewing1 were the first to make such a suggestion, attributing breaks in a sea-floor telephone cable in the North Atlantic Ocean to turbidity flows generated by the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake. Anumber of workers have consequently used sedimentary turbidite records to reconstruct the earthquake histories of various regions2,7,8. Here we present direct observations of a seismically induced turbidity flow. Measurements of light scattering and sediment fluxes in the Cariaco basin indicate that the earthquake that occurred along the coast of northern Venezuela on 9 July 1997 resulted in considerable downslope displacement of sediments—probably >105 tonnes into the deep part of the basin. In such a seismically active region, this mechanism of sediment transport may be responsible for a significant component of the long-term sediment accumulation in the basin. Furthermore, this process may result in the sequestration in deep sea sediments of large amounts of carbon initially deposited at shallow depths.
Enhancing recognition of lesions in radiographic images using perceptual feedback

When radiologists search a medical x-ray image for an abnor- mality, their eyes often fixate and refixate the true target, dwelling on it for prolonged times, often without recognizing that they have discovered the object of search. Monitoring the eye position of the radiologist pro- vides the x and y coordinates of the dwelling location. This location can be superimposed on the image and dynamically fed back to the radiolo- gist for reevaluation. When this is done, the probability of recognizing and reporting an abnormality is shown to be enhanced significantly. An increase of 20% in observer performance is observed for radiologists searching chest images for tumors after receiving perceptual feedback compared to a second look without perceptual feedback. The true- positive rate increased and the false-positive rate decreased. Perceptual feedback represents a potentially significant technique for enhancing le- sion recognition in radiology. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation En- gineers. (S0091-3286(98)00203-7) Subject terms: observer performance; visual dwell; perceptual feedback; lesion recognition.
NKT cells act through third party bone marrow-derived cells to suppress NK cell activity in the liver and exacerbate hepatic melanoma metastases

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults and liver metastasis is the leading cause of death in UM patients. We have previously shown that NKT cell-deficient mice develop significantly fewer liver metastases from intraocular melanomas than do wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we examine the interplay between liver NKT cells and NK cells in resistance to liver metastases from intraocular melanomas. NKT cell-deficient CD1d(-/-) mice and WT C57BL/6 mice treated with anti-CD1d antibody developed significantly fewer liver metastases than WT mice following either intraocular or intrasplenic injection of B16LS9 melanoma cells. The increased number of metastases in WT mice was associated with reduced liver NK cytotoxicity and decreased production of IFN-γ. However, liver NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity was identical in non-tumor bearing NKT cell-deficient mice and WT mice, indicating that liver metastases were crucial for the suppression of liver NK cells. Depressed liver NK cytotoxicity in WT mice was associated with production of IL-10 by bone marrow-derived liver cells that were neither Kupffer cells nor myeloid-derived suppressor cells and by increased IL-10 receptor expression on liver NK cells. IL-10(-/-) mice had significantly fewer liver metastases than WT mice, but were not significantly different from NKT cell-deficient mice. Thus, development of melanoma liver metastases is associated with upregulation of IL-10 in the liver and an elevated expression of IL-10 receptor on liver NK cells. This impairment of liver NK activity is NKT cell-dependent and only occurs in hosts with melanoma liver metastases.
Limit shapes, real and imagined

We are surrounded by random surfaces. In fact, every shape around us is random on a sufficiently small scale. The definite shapes that we perceive are manifestations of the law of large numbers that makes averages much larger than the fluctuations around them. Same law is at work e.g. with a balloon floating through the air. Our eyes trace out a smooth trajectory while air molecules hit the balloon randomly from all directions. Can mathematical physics link the microscopic dynamics to the resulting macroscopic shape, say, for objects of inorganic natural origin ? The endless variety of snowflake shapes produced by commonplace water under ordinary conditions illustrates how challenging this question is. Yet, at or near equilibrium a successful theory explaining the macroscopic shape from the microscopic laws may be developed. It requires deep and powerful mathematics that we can only begin to explore it the course of 3 lectures. In turn, it impacts areas of mathematics that may seem very distant from equilibrium crystals or liquid droplets. Mathematics and physics are full of random geometric objects, especially when surveyed with a trained eye. In dealing with them, the experience and intuition acquired in the study of equilibrium crystals can be very valuable.
Digest: In re Farm Raised Salmon Cases

Plaintiffs filed a class and representative action alleging that grocery stores violated state law by selling farm-raised salmon without disclosing that it is artificially colored.2 Plaintiffs alleged potential health risks from the consumption of these additives used to make farmed salmon look like wild salmon, that federal and state laws required labeling disclosing their use, and that failure to disclose caused consumers to believe farmed salmon is wild salmon. 3 Plaintiffs brought four causes of action: (1) violation of the unfair competition law (UCL) (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code, section 17200 et seq.); (2) unfair or deceptive trade practices under the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA) (Cal. Civ. Code, section 1750 et seq.); (3) violation of the false advertising law (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code, section 17500 et seq.; and ( 4) negligent misrepresentation.
Liver endothelium mediates the uptake of iron-transferrin complex by hepatocytes

Abstract We have previously shown that in the liver, transferrin (TF) receptors are limited to endothelial cells, and hepatocytes and Kupffer cells do not have TF receptors. To study the transport of iron into hepatocytes, we fractionated liver cell suspensions into endothelium and hepatocyte fractions. At 4 °C liver (but not umbilical cord) endothelium bound Fe-TF with a saturable kinetics. At 37 °C, the endothelial uptake was followed by its gradual release. Transendothelial transport of TF was visually demonstrated by perfusion of liver using colloidal gold-labeled TF. The released Fe-TF acquired the potential for binding to fresh target hepatocytes and binding was not inhibited by excess cold TF but was inhibitable by asialofetuin, suggesting galactosyl receptors and not TF receptors as a recognition mechanism. Isoelectrofocusing of the supernate after preincubation for 90 min at 37 °C with endothelial cells, demonstrated the presence of a newly generated band which co-migrated with asialotransferrin. We conclude that Fe-TF is initially removed by liver endothelium where it is modified probably by desialation to expose the galactosyl residues of the glycoproteins. The modified molecule is subsequently released and recognized by hepatocytes through a TF receptor-independent mechanism which may involve galactosyl receptors of hepatocytes. The findings indicate a key role for endothelium in the transport of Fe-TF into the liver and may suggest a physiological function for galactosyl receptors on hepatocyte surface.
Absence of "original antigenic sin" in autoimmunity provides an unforeseen platform for immune therapy.

In this issue of The Journal of Experimental Medicine , Tuohy et al. study the spreading of the autoimmune response to myelin antigens in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its likely human counterpart, multiple sclerosis (MS) (([1][1])). They demonstrate that as disease develops in
Steganalysis of recorded speech

Digital audio provides a suitable cover for high-throughput steganography. At 16 bits per sample and sampled at a rate of 44,100 Hz, digital audio has the bit-rate to support large messages. In addition, audio is often transient and unpredictable, facilitating the hiding of messages. Using an approach similar to our universal image steganalysis, we show that hidden messages alter the underlying statistics of audio signals. Our statistical model begins by building a linear basis that captures certain statistical properties of audio signals. A low-dimensional statistical feature vector is extracted from this basis representation and used by a non-linear support vector machine for classification. We show the efficacy of this approach on LSB embedding and Hide4PGP. While no explicit assumptions about the content of the audio are made, our technique has been developed and tested on high-quality recorded speech.
The chick retinal melatonin receptor revisited: localization and modulation of agonist binding with guanine nucleotides

Abstract The chick retinal melatonin receptor was localized to the inner plexiform layer using 2-125I-melatonin and in vitro autoradiographic techniques. This receptor was of high affinity (Kd19.8 pM) and specificity and showed guanine nucleotide modulation of agonist binding . It thus behaves similarly to other recently characterized high affinity melatonin receptors.
Statistically optimized PR-QMF design

A multivariable optimization problem is set to design 2-band PR-QMFs in this paper. The energy compaction, aliasing energy, step response, zero-mean high-pass filter, uncorrelated subband signals, constrained nonlinearity of the phase-response, and the given input statistics are simultaneously considered in the proposed optimal filter design technique. A set of optimal PR-QMF solutions and their optimization criteria along with their energy compaction performance are given for comparison. This approach of PR-QMF design leads to an input driven adaptive subband filter bank structure. It is expected that these optimal filters outperform the well-known fixed PR-QMFs in the literature for image and video coding applications.
A bis(pyrazolyl)borate complex of silicon(IV)

Abstract The first pyrazolylborate complex of silicon, [Ph2B(pz)2]2SiCl2, has been prepared via the reaction of K[Ph2B(pz)2] with SiCl4. The structure of this complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligand behaves in a bidentate fashion and the silicon adopts a distorted octahedral geometry.
Measurement of mobility distributions for vesicles by electrophoretic NMR

High-resolution electrophoretic NMR (ENMR) resolves NMR spectra of mixtures on the basis of the electrophoretic mobilities of contributing ions ( 1-4). This method is particularly convenient for the study of supramolecular systems, e.g., microemulsions, micelles, and vesicles. These systems tend to give large signals because of the large number of nuclei involved, the relatively long nuclear relaxation times, and the small mass diffusion coefficients. They are also polydisperse, and one of the aims of current research is to determine size and charge distributions for such particles. In this Communication we report the direct determination of velocity distributions for phospholipid vesicles in electric fields by a type of ENMR experiment previously suggested but not demonstrated (2). These vesicles consist of a single phospholipid bilayer in the form of a spherical shell that encloses an aqueous region ( 5). The ENMR experiments monitor both phospholipid protons in the bilayer and protons in entrapped molecules. Signals from water and from small molecules external to the vesicles are easily quenched by magnetic field gradients because of the large diffusion coefficients. The preliminary experiments reported here make use of the STE-ENMR sequence shown in Fig. 1 rather than the standard ENMR spin-echo sequence because T, b T2 for protons in the bilayer and because signals from entrapped molecules are degraded by the effects of J modulation (3). The new feature in this experiment is that 2D ENMR spectra are produced by Fourier transformations with respect to t2 and Edc rather than t2 and t I as in previously reported 2D NMR (2). The matched gradient pulses g, and g3 have areas G6, where G is the amplitude of the magnetic field gradient and 6 is the duration; and the gradient pulse gz in the time interval tl may be introduced to eliminate interference from the primary echo ( PE) and the secondary echoes ( SE lSE3). In the experiments described here it was more convenient to filter out unwanted coherence pathways by phase-cycling methods. The single-quantum coherence-transfer pathways for the stimulated-echo experiment are displayed in Ref. (6) with the exception of SE2 where p = 0 + 0 + + 1 + 1. Many different phase-cycling schemes are satisfactory. For sample I (described below) we cycled all three RF pulses with N,,* = 2 and ZV3 = 4 in the notation of Ref. (6) to eliminate PE, SEl-SE3, and various multiquantum pathways, while for sample II we cycled only RF pulse 3 with i’V3 = 4 to eliminate SE 1 -SE3 and experienced no problems.
Down-Regulation of Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis by a T Cell Hybridoma

T cell hybridoma cell lines were generated by somatic cell fusion of BW 5147 myeloma cells and splenic cells from mice suppressed for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Two cell lines were characterize
Affect, Religion, and Unconscious Processes

After a brief review of the central and organizing role of affect in both personality and religion, the bridge between psychoanalytic and contemporary cognitive perspectives of the unconscious is investigated, with a special focus on an affectively based experiential component as outlined in Epstein’s (1973, 1993, 1994) Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) model. Four basic needs postulated by CEST are applied to religious experience: the need to manage pleasure and pain, the need for a coherent conceptual system, the need for self-esteem, and the need for relatedness. The last of these four needs is explored in detail from an object relations perspective that expands Freud’s religion-as-illusion concept. It is maintained that an object relations approach contributes much to an understanding of a process-oriented spirituality, though it cannot appropriately speak to religious truth claims.
Amino terminal sequence of the bacteriophage T5-coded gene A2 protein

Abstract The first twenty-eight amino acid residues from the amino terminal of the T5 phage-coded gene A2 protein were determined. Some evidence is presented which suggests the existence of two forms of the protein; one in the cytoplasm which may have a signal sequence and another form present in the outer membrane. The amino terminal A2 protein sequence shows some sequence homology to the amino terminal region of the T4 phage-coded gene 32 protein. Finally it is important to note that residues ten through twenty-one of the A2 protein are amino acids with low ambiguity codons which should facilitate in the DNA sequencing of the A2 gene.
Okadaic Acid Stimulates Glucose Transport in Rat Adipocytes by Increasing the Externalization Rate Constant of GLUT4 Recycling

GLUT4, the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter isoform in rat adipocytes, rapidly recycles between the cell surface and an intracellular pool with two first order rate constants, one for internalization (kin) and the other for externalization (kex). Insulin decreases kin by 2.8-fold and increases kex by 3.3-fold, thus increasing the steady-state cell surface GLUT4 level by approximately 8-fold (Jhun, B. H., Rampal, A. L., Liu, H., Lachaal, M., and Jung, C.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17710-17715). To gain an insight into the biochemical mechanisms that modulate these rate constants, we studied the effects upon them of okadaic acid (OKA), a phosphatase inhibitor that exerts a insulin-like effect on glucose transport in adipocytes. OKA stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport maximally 3.1-fold and increased the cell surface GLUT4 level 3.4-fold. When adipocytes were pulse-labeled with an impermeant, covalently reactive glucose analog, [3H]1,3-bis-(3-deoxy-D-glucopyranose-3-yloxy)-2-propyl 4-benzoylbenzoate, and the time course of labeled GLUT4 recycling was followed, the kex was found to increase 2.8-fold upon maximal stimulation by OKA, whereas the kin remained unchanged within experimental error. These findings demonstrate that OKA mimics the insulin effect on only GLUT4 externalization and suggest that insulin stimulates GLUT4 externalization by increasing the phosphorylation state of a serine/threonine phosphoprotein, probably by inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 or 2A.
The Performance of Roll‐Up Initial Public Offerings

Roll‐up initial public offerings (IPOs) create a company to consolidate a number of smaller companies in a fragmented industry. The company that results has limited operational experience and must combine several small and diverse companies. These characteristics may increase the uncertainty of the offer. We find that roll‐up IPOs have higher initial returns than traditional IPOs, implying additional uncertainty. Additionally, roll‐up IPOs do not perform as poorly as other IPOs over the long run. This may be due to benefits from economies of scale and a higher degree of monopoly power.
Variation with State of the Optical Properties of Potassium and Caesium

The optical constants of potassium and caesium were determined for the solid and liquid states. Observations were made at temperatures above and below the melting points of the metals. The glass cell containing the alkali mirror was heated by means of a small electrical oven enclosing the mirror and containing suitable apertures for the incident and reflected light rays. The method of observation was that employed in previous investigations.The optical constants were computed by means of Drude’s equations. When the metal changed from the solid to the liquid state, it was found that the angle of azimuth of restored plane polarization, as well as the phase difference of the components of the light vector parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence, changed by only a small amount. After due allowance for the effects of strains in the glass cells, it was concluded that the optical properties of the liquid alkali surface are closely identical with those of the solid alkali surface.
Dislocation motion in phonon liquids

The motion of dislocations through a phonon liquid can be expected to shed vortices because the estimated Reynolds number is in the appropriate range. The stresses produced by vortex shedding are ample to cause cross-gliding of screw dislocations and thereby deformation hardening. As the phonon number density decreases with decreasing temperature, the Reynolds number is expected to increase, and therefore the deformation-hardening rate increases. This may account for the rise in the flow stresses of body-centered cubic metals at low temperatures.
Tagging-via-substrate strategy for probing O-GlcNAc modified proteins.

Identification of proteins bearing a specific post-translational modification would imply functions of the modification. Proteomic analysis of post-translationally modified proteins is usually challenging due to high complexity and wide dynamic range, as well as unavailability of efficient methods to enrich the proteins of interest. Here, we report a strategy for the detection, isolation, and profiling of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modified proteins, which involves three steps: metabolic labeling of cells with an unnatural GlcNAc analogue, peracetylated azido-GlcNAc; chemoselective conjugation of azido-GlcNAc modified proteins via the Staudinger ligation, which is specific between phosphine and azide, using a biotinylated phosphine capture reagent; and detection and affinity purification of the resulting conjugated O-GlcNAc modified proteins. Since the approach relies on a tag (azide) in the substrate, we designated it the tagging-via-substrate (TAS) strategy. A similar strategy was used pre...