cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Career Conveyor Belt: How Internships Lead to Unequal Labor Market Outcomes among College Graduates

Progressing quickly from school to work is an indicator of early career success for college graduates. Recent research shows that inter-institutional connections between elite universities and prestigious employers easily move students at these schools into a select few firms. Prior research has yet to fully address whether students at non-elite colleges have differential access to connections between their colleges and potential employers. Drawing on 176 longitudinal interviews with students across four majors, I track 91 seniors who have all completed internships as they graduate and enter the labor market. In doing so, I document the inter-institutional connections through which employers recruit some students for internships that often lead directly to permanent employment opportunities, a process I call the career conveyor belt. Career conveyor belt internships have procedures in place to hire some, or all, of their interns immediately following graduation. Students that must find their own internships rarely end up in career conveyor belt internships, and they often spend 3–6 months job-searching after school ends before finding full-time work. Analysis reveals that college major plays a critical role in determining which students access career conveyor belt internships. These findings suggest students’ differential access to inter-institutional connections between schools and employers produce unequal labor market outcomes between college graduates by major.
Novel repurposing of a Laerdal Airway trainer to simulate aerosolisation

COVID-19 has claimed over 200 000 lives in the USA and put healthcare workers at risk. Healthcare workers have an increased exposure risk from aerosol-generating procedures such as endotracheal intubation. New barrier designs such as the acrylic box and horizontal plastic drape have emerged to reduce exposure to airborne particles. Particle generating models are needed to test aerosol generating procedure (AGP) barrier designs. To achieve this, an aerosol model that generates a visible and measurable increase in particles which SARS-CoV-2 could travel on and that can also be intubated was created. The model was created using a Laerdal Airway Management Trainer (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) combined with a nebuliser and Ambu bag-valve resuscitator (Ambu, Columbia, Maryland, USA). Nebulised Glo Germ (Glo Germ, Moab, Utah, USA) dissolved in saline solution was moved through the tubing and out of the mannequin’s mouth with compression of the Ambu bag. This nebulisation was visualised under ultraviolet light and the quantity of particles between 0.3 and 10.0 μm was measured with a particle counter. Nebulisation was visible exiting the mouth of the mannequin. Nebulised Glo Germ was visualised under ultraviolet light moving in the ambient air. Particles in the size range of 0.3–0.5 µm increased by 20-fold and 1–10 µm increased by 10 252%. SARS-CoV-2 can travel on aerosol and droplet particles and particle generating models are needed to visualise and measure exposure areas and the path particles take during AGPs. We used existing medical and simulation supplies to create a particle simulator.
Protection of cognitive impairment in older adults through non-pharmacological interventions

Assessing the healthy cognitive aging within social work, gerontology, and other related health fields has been raised over the years. This scoping review examines the potential protective effects ...
A New Strategy Towards Evaluating Individual Moral Capacities

The study of ethics has treated human beings as rational since the Enlightenment, with thinkers like Immanuel Kant founding whole traditions on the connection between the rational and the moral. This paper seeks to transfer the learnings of behavioral economics about human irrationality and apply and explore it in moral philosophy. To explore such a connection, morality must lose its preeminence in analysis, and instead must be objectified so as to ensure fair evaluation. This paper explains how "rationality" is not a universal concept, and instead is a set of tools that allow for the solving of certain types of problems in specific circumstances. The logical conclusion of this fact is that the ability to solve a certain type of moral problem is a result of luck and luck alone.
Active targets for the study of nuclei far from stability

Abstract Weakly bound nuclear systems can be considered to represent a good testing-ground of our understanding of non-perturbative quantum systems. Reactions leading to bound and unbound states in systems with very unbalanced neutron-to-proton ratios are used to understand the properties of these systems. Radioactive beams with energies from below the Coulomb barrier up to several hundreds MeV/nucleon are now available, and with these beams, a broad variety of studies of nuclei near the drip-line can be performed. To compensate for the low intensity of secondary beams as compared to primary beams, thick targets and high efficiency detection is necessary. In this context, a new generation of detectors was developed, called active target detectors: the detector gas is used as target, and the determination of the reaction vertex in three dimensions allows for good resolution even with thick targets. The reaction products can be measured over essentially 4 π . The physics explored with these detectors together with the technology developed will be described.
Adaptive Control Using Neural Networks

This paper exploits the adaptive transformational or mapping capabilities of neural networks in the design of a neural controller for dynamic systems. The controller makes no assumptions on the dynamics of the plant, only weak assumptions on the structures of the plant. Several controller architectures are presented with simulations demonstrating their ability to compensate unstable, non-linear, or time-varying systems.
Treasures from a Golden Age

Brain and Visual Perception The Story of a 25-Year Collaboration. By David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel . Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. 737 pp. $49.50, £29.99. ISBN 0-19-517618-9. The authors survey their long-running and rewarding research on the brain and its development through a collection of papers they published between 1958 and 1983 accompanied by an overall introduction, comments on each paper, and a final summary.
Software reuse and competition: Consumer preferences in a software component market

Research on software reuse has traditionally focused on reuse among employees within the same organization. In contrast, our research investigates consumer preferences in a software component market with multiple producers and consumers of software components. We propose that empirically studying competition in software component markets is crucial to discovering success factors for improving software reuse. To facilitate such research, we have developed an experimental market laboratory called SofTrades we report here the results of two empirical studies made possible by this environment. Our results support some existing reuse maxims, such as the concept that consumers prefer to reuse components that are general and flexible. Other established reuse beliefs are not supported by our results, such as the expectation that consumers will prefer objects with unique, complex features. Overall, the research reported here strongly supports the claim that the practice of exploring software reuse activity within real or artificial software component markets produces unique insights into how we can improve software reuse.
Genetic, Biochemical, and Cross-Resistance Studies with Mutants of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Resistant to the Anticancer Drugs, VM-26 and VP16-213

The effects of the anticancer drugs 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene β-d-glucoside and 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene β-d-glucoside on the growth and viability of Chinese hamster ovary cells have been examined. Stable mutants which are from 4- to 12-fold more resistant to these drugs ( VpmR mutants) are obtained in a single selection step in Chinese hamster ovary cells at a frequency of between 0.2 × 10-6 and 0.5 × 10-6. However, treatment of cells with the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (300 µg/ml for 20 hr) increased the frequency of resistant mutants by about 20- to 30-fold in different experiments. The two VpmR mutants which have been studied in detail exhibited significantly increased cross-resistance to a number of anticancer drugs and other compounds, including actinomycin D, Adriamycin, bruceantin, chromomycin A3, colchicine, daunomycin, ellipticine, ethidium bromide, 5-fluorouracil, ftorafur, mithramycin, puromycin, and vinblastine. However, the level of resistance of these mutants towards several podophyllotoxin derivatives (namely, podophyllotoxin, 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin, and podophyllotoxin β-d-glucoside) and a number of other anticancer drugs, namely, 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine, chlorambucil, hexamethylmelamine, hydroxyurea, maytansine, methotrexate, methylglyoxal (bis)guanylhydrazone, mitomycin C, and taxol, was found to be unaltered. Interestingly, the sensitivity of the above mutant cell lines toward a number of other anticancer drugs, namely, bleomycin, cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II), and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, was found to be enhanced in comparison to the parental cells. The mutant cell lines showed reduced uptake of [3H]daunomycin in comparison to the sensitive cells, and this result, together with the cross-resistance of the mutants to unrelated drugs, indicates that the genetic lesion in these mutants is most probably affecting the membrane permeability of various drugs. In cell hybrids formed between the resistant and the sensitive cells, the drug-resistant phenotype of both of the above mutants behaved in a codominant manner. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene β-d-glucoside and 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene β-d-glucoside.
A comparison of the normal and superconducting state properties of Pr(Os1-xRux)4Sb12 and Pr1-xNdxOs4Sb12

Abstract We report the results of recent electrical resistivity measurements on the two pseudoternary systems Pr ( Os 1 - x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12 and Pr 1 - x Nd x Os 4 Sb 12 , which show the evolution of superconductivity (SC) and the high field ordered phase (HFOP) with respect to the substituent concentration. In Pr ( Os 1 - x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12 , there appears to be competition between unconventional and conventional SC, whereas in Pr 1 - x Nd x Os 4 Sb 12 , there is competition between SC and ferromagnetism (FM). Features in the electrical resistivity related to the HFOP disappear for x ⩾ 0.1 in Pr ( Os 1 - x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12 , and persist up to at least x ∼ 0.5 in Pr 1 - x Nd x Os 4 Sb 12 .
VITAL STATISTICS ON OKLAHOMA POLITICS

This section of Oklahoma Politics presents Oklahoma political data of interest to teachers and scholars. Here we examine the results of a survey of candidates for the state legislature conducted by the Carl Albert Center at the University of Oklahoma. The principle investigators are Gary Copeland, Jonathan Mott, and J. David Rausch. The survey was conducted as part of an on-going project with a primary interest in how and when term limitations begin to influence the decisions and career calculations of the politically ambitious in our state. Conducted in the Fall of 1992, the survey respondents were among the first group of candidates who ran for state legislative office knowing that they would be affected by term limitations.
The SWIFT AGN and Cluster Survey I: Number Counts of AGN and Galaxy Clusters

The Swift AGN and Cluster Survey (SACS) uses 125 deg^2 of Swift XRT serendipitous fields with variable depths surrounding gamma-ray bursts to provide a medium depth (4e-15 erg/s/cm^2) and area survey filling the gap between deep, narrow Chandra/XMM-Newton surveys and wide, shallow ROSAT surveys. Here we present a catalog of 22,563 point sources and 442 extended sources and examine the number counts of the AGN and galaxy cluster populations. SACS provides excellent constraints on the AGN number counts at the bright end with negligible uncertainties due to cosmic variance, and these constraints are consistent with previous measurements. We use Wise mid-infrared (MIR) colors to classify the sources. For AGN we can roughly separate the point sources into MIR-red and MIR-blue AGN, finding roughly equal numbers of each type in the soft X-ray band (0.5-2 keV), but fewer MIR-blue sources in the hard X-ray band (2-8 keV). The cluster number counts, with 5% uncertainties from cosmic variance, are also consistent with previous surveys but span a much larger continuous flux range. Deep optical or IR follow-up observations of this cluster sample will significantly increase the number of higher redshift (z > 0.5) X-ray-selected clusters.
Theory of Strategic Action for Public Policy

Strategic scenarios, concepts that assist business managers in developing market interventions, represent the action component of strategic management. In some fields of public policy (especially n...
Krypton Difluoride: Preparation and Handling

Krypton difluoride was prepared by irradiation of krypton and fluorine in an electron beam (1.5 Mev) at -150°C. The compound is a white crystalline solid, stable only at temperatures below about -30°C.
The role of apoptosis in the normal aging brain, skeletal muscle, and heart.

: During aging, there is a significant loss of some postmitotic cells, for example, cardiac and skeletal myocytes. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction with age may trigger increased apoptosis, and this may explain this increase in cell loss. However, it is still unknown if apoptosis plays an important role in normal aging. In vitro it has been shown that several mitochondrial proteins can influence apoptosis, depending on factors such as the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular redox status. It remains possible that mitochondrial dysfunction due to chronic oxidative stress with age is a cause of apoptosis in vivo. This cell loss may be due to mitochondrial-triggered apoptosis caused by age-associated increases in oxidant production or increased activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Results from our laboratory and others are reviewed that relate to apoptosis in the normal aging of the brain cortex, heart, and skeletal muscle. Particular attention is paid to the role of cytochrome c release from mitochondria and alterations in the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, Bax and Bcl-2, respectively. Our results demonstrate that a tissue-specific adaptation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio occurs with age and may directly influence the release of cytochrome c.
Efficient, Automatic Model Order Determination and Model Generation for Tabulated S-parameters

This paper presents an efficient model order determination and accurate model generation algorithm from measured or simulated s-parameters. Based on the vector fitting algorithm for rational approximation, the proposed algorithm efficiently determines the model order and provides good initial poles to the vector fitting algorithm, resulting in faster generation of more accurate rational approximations. Consequently, the passivity of the rational approximations are improved.
Parallel solution of the shallow water equations using an explicit finite difference algorithm

Abstract The shallow water equations are widely used to study the dynamics of an incompressible, barotropic fluid in the hydrostatic approximation. This paper describes the implementation, on the lCAP (loosely Coupled Array of Processors) architecture, of the numerical simulation of the circulation in a barotropic basin, obtained by solution of a system of shallow water equations using a finite difference algorithm. The goal of this work is to analyze the parallel performance of an explicit finite difference scheme on a coarse grain parallel machine, and provide data for predicting the parallel efficiency of similar numerical schemes on other machines.
Paraganglioma of urinary bladder wall

A classic case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is presented. The history of headaches and palpitations during micturition is the result of sudden release of catecholamines into the general circulation. The diagnosis using selective arteriography as well as the medical and surgical management are described.
Effect of chronic pitressin administration on electrolyte excretion in normal dogs and in dogs with experimental ascites.

MANY attempts have been made to determine the effect of posterior pituitary extract on electrolyte excretion. Conflicting reports have appeared and conclusive data on the action of pitressin on the renal tubular transport of electrolytes in the dog are lacking. The present studies were undertaken to determine the effect of chronic pitressin administration on electrolyte excretion in normal dogs and in dogs with ascites produced by constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava. The relation of the changes in electrolyte excretion to adrenocortical function in animals with ascites has been evaluated by injection of pitressin in adrenalectomized dogs with thoracic inferior caval constriction. methods After a control period of 2–3 weeks, pitressin tannate in oil (PTO) was administered in doses of 1–2.5 units twice daily to 1) two normal dogs (dogs 1 and 2), 2) two dogs with thoracic inferior vena cava constriction,
Technological assessment of distributed generation systems operation during extreme events

This paper explores key technical characteristics of distributed generation systems that influence their operation during extreme events, such as natural disasters. In order to assess availability, the study follows a quantitative approach based on minimal cut set theory and Markov chains and processes. Availability models both for distributed generation sources depending on lifelines and for renewable energy sources are summarized. The importance of diverse power sources and the need for local energy storage are commented in order to address the variable output of renewable energy sources and the dependency on lifelines. The relevance of multi-port power converter topologies and bidirectional power flow is also explained. The manuscript continues with a description of relevant standards, such as IEEE 1547, and explains the effect that these standards, control needs, and the islanding prevention techniques have on residential distributed generation systems. Alternative configurations to conventional grid-tied inverters are commented. The discussion presented in this paper is supported by circuit prototypes experiments and by practical empirical observations from damage assessments and from a microgrid Sendai, Japan which was operating when the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami affected this area of Japan.
Superconducting bolometers: high-Tc and low-Tc

A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting detectors and mixers for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high-Tc superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. The next report describes measurements of the thermal boundary resistance between YBCO films and various substrates. This resistance is much larger than expected from the acoustic impedance mismatch model and gives a thermal time constant in the nanosecond range for typical YBCO films. Reports are also included on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high-Tc bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer. The properties of a low-Tc microbolometer are also described. The last reports describe accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasi-particle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tolerance to ethanol and cross-tolerance to pentobarbital by isolated hearts from chronic alcoholic rats.

The effects of ethanol and pentobarbital on the function of isolated working hearts from control and ethanol-fed male Long-Evans rats were studied. Hearts from ethanol-fed animals (38% of calories; 10–12 months) exhibited functional tolerance to the cardiodepressive effects of 18–71 mM ethanol in the perfusing medium. Lett ventricular systolic pressure, peak relaxation rate, isovolumic pressure indexes, peak aortic flow rate, cardiac output, and stroke work of the control hearts were depressed to a greater extent than were those indexes of the alcoholic rat hearts during exposure to ethanol in vitro. Differences in the functional responses of controls and alcoholics were not the result of differences in energetics; myocardial O2 consumption, O2 supply-to-utilization ratio, and external work efficiency changed similarly in both groups of hearts during perfusion with ethanol. Cross-tolerance of the alcoholic rat hearts to the in vitro cardiodepressive effects of pentobarbital was also apparent. Peak rate of left ventricular pressure development, peak aortic flow rate, isovolumic pressure indexes, and cardiac output of the control rat hearts were significantly lower than those indexes of the alcoholic rat hearts during perfusion with 0.5 MM pentobarbital. In addition, four of the seven control hearts could not be paced during pentobarbital perfusion using 3V electrical pulses; the pacing voltage had to be raised and right ventricular pacing used to maintain stable function of those hearts at a 321 beats/min pacing rate. Myocardial O2 consumption and O2 supply-to-utilization ratios of control and alcoholic rat hearts were similar, but external work efficiency was slightly higher in the alcoholics than in controls during pentobarbital perfusion. The data indicate that chronic ethanol consumption confers tolerance to ethanol and cross-tolerance to pentobarbital which can be detected in whole heart function in an in vitro setting.
On entropy and absorbed thermal energy in biomass; a biologist's perspective

Abstract The randomness, probability, organization, and information that are attributed to a greater or lesser entropy of substances are all perceptual manifestations of the same basic phenomenon, which is the absorption of thermal energy. Entropy is a mathematical function not having a physical reality characteristic of material bodies, but when multiplied by the temperature for which the entropy has been calculated the product becomes the quantity of thermal energy that must be absorbed for a substance to exist at that temperature above absolute zero. For the standard temperature, T 0 S 0 = Q 0 . The advantage of visualizing entropy in this respect is discussed, and the suggestion made that the equation Δ G 0 = Δ H 0 − Δ Q 0 is a useful and, perhaps, more understandable form of the Gibbs free-energy equation. The distinction is made between changes in absorbed (entropic) thermal energy (Δ Q 0 ) and exergonic thermal energy (Δ G 0 th ), resulting from the conversion of non-thermal free energy into heat), the sum of which is the enthalpy change (Δ H 0 ) of the closed systems being considered, i.e. Δ H 0 = Δ G 0 th + Δ Q 0 .
Glutaminase‐free asparaginase from vibrio succinogenes: An antilymphoma enzyme lacking hepatotoxicity

Successful treatment of neoplastic disease has been impeded by the lack of therapeutic agents which specifically destroy tumor cells. Enzymes which selectively deplete substrates required by tumor cells, but not by normal tissue, could improve therapeutic indices dramatically. Presently, microbial asparaginases are used clinically for treating acute lymphocytic leukemia. While these enzymes should destroy neoplastic cells and spare normal tissues, their use is accompanied by many toxic effects and immunosuppression. The administration of Escherichia coli or Erwinia carotovora asparaginase depletes circulating glutamine as well as asparagine. It has been suggested that this glutaminase activity may be responsible for the observed toxicities. We have isolated a glutaminase-free asparaginase from Vibrio succinogenes with potent antilymphoma activity. Previously, we demonstrated that administration of Vibrio asparaginase does not cause the immunosuppression of humoral or cell-mediated responses associated with treatment by other microbial enzymes. In the present communication we have evaluated the hepatotoxic effects of different asparaginases since liver damage is the major toxicity associated with treatment by these microbial enzymes. BALB/c mice treated with 50 IU of E. coli asparaginase daily for 4 days exhibited diffuse microfatty infiltration within hepatocytes throughout the liver. Cross-sections of liver from V. succinogenes asparaginase-treated mice appeared normal as compared to specimens from control animals. Quantitation of the total amount of extractable lipid from the livers of E. coli asparaginase-treated animals indicated a 45% and 127% increase in lipid concentration as compared to controls after 4 and 5 days of treatment, respectively. The Vibrio enzyme did not cause a change in extractable lipid concentration as compared to control animals. Plasma antithrombin III activity and albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations all decreased in E. coli asparaginase-treated mice, confirming hepatotoxicity. No modifications in plasma proteins were observed in mice treated with asparaginase from V. succinogenes. The plasma lipids did decrease minimally but only the levels of cholesterol were shown to be statistically significant from those of controls. The data strongly support the concept that specific asparagine depletion is not significantly hepatotoxic. More importantly, the asparaginase from V. succinogenes may serve as a potent antileukemic agent without causing damage to normal tissues.
Biomarkers of inflammation in cattle determining the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Myers, M. J., Scott, M. L., Deaver, C. M., Farrell, D. E., Yancy, H. F. Biomarkers of inflammation in cattle determining the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.33, 1–8. The impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in bovine whole blood (WB) cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined, using the blood from six Holstein dairy cattle in various stages of lactation. Peak production of PGE2 occurred 24 h after LPS stimulation but did not result in detectable concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2). The NSAID indomethacin, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and 4-[5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzene sulfonamide (PTPBS; celecoxib analogue), along with dexamethasone, were all equally effective in reducing the concentration of PGE2 in the bovine WB culture supernatants. Bradykinin exhibited peak supernatant concentrations 1 h after LPS stimulation. Dexamethasone and the NSAID used in this study were equally effective at inhibiting bradykinin production. Peak induction of COX-2 mRNA occurred 3 h post-LPS stimulation. However, neither dexamethasone nor any of the NSAID used in this study altered COX-2 mRNA concentrations. In contrast, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and PTPBS reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) mRNA concentration. These results demonstrate that bovine blood cells respond to NSAID therapy like other mammalian cells with respect to inhibition of PGE2 production and suppression of TNF mRNA induction, but do not inhibit induction of COX-2 mRNA.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization of Langmuir−Blodgett Films of (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis((2-benzyloxy)ethoxy)phthalocyaninato)copper and Its Metal-free Analogue

Spectroscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical, and scanning probe microscopic characterization of thin films of (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis((2-benzyloxy)ethoxy)phthalocyaninato)copper...
On decoupling, series expansions, and tail behavior of chaos processes

Some important aspects of chaos random variables such as decoupling, an almost sure representation (a Karhunen-Loeve expansion) and integrability are discussed here, the first being a tool for, and the third as a consequence of, the second. The main goal in this note is to learn about the structure of the limit laws ofU-processes.
Satellite Attitude Determination: Digital Sensing and On-Board Processing

The determination of the aspect or orientation of spin stabilized satellites is vital for the correct interpretation of scientific measurements made on these spacecraft. Aspect information is collected optically from the sun, moon and earth. Little channel capacity is generally available for telemetry of this information. Therefore, completely digital low power aspect sensing and on-board information processing systems have been built and flown on various satellites. Some interesting results of aspect measurements on Explorer XII showed an unexpected increase in spin rate due to solar pressure, and on Explorer XIV an erratic precession history.
Comparison of X-Ray Diffraction, Chemical (Phosphoric Acid), and Dispersion Staining Methods for the Determination of Quartz in Dust

Abstract One hundred and twenty-three dust samples from a variety of sampling instruments were analyzed chemically and by a phase contrast dispersion staining method. Some 40 of these were also analyzed by x-ray diffraction. A high degree of correlation exists among the three methods of analysis for quartz except in the case of samples having a large percentage of the quartz content contained in the small particle size range. The x-ray diffraction method was found to yield values higher than the hot phosphoric acid method for samples having small average particle diameters. The microscopic technique is recommended, particularly for field applications.
Rat brain cannabinoid receptors are N-linked glycosylated proteins

To study the N-linked glycosylation properties of the CB1 receptor, rat brain membranes were treated with exo- and endoglycosidases. For visualizing CB1 receptors, an antipeptide antibody was raised against the N-terminal 14 amino acids and used to specifically detect the protein by Western blotting. We found that the apparent molecular weight of mature CB1 receptors was 64 kDa. Treatment of membranes with endoglycosidase F shifted the 64 kDa band to the 59 kDa and 53 kDa bands. The latter is consistent with the calculated molecular weight of deglycosylated CB1 receptors. Treatment of membranes with endoglycosidase H and alpha-mannosidase partially shifted the 64 kDa band to 53 kDa band, indicating a portion of the oligosaccharides was of the high mannose type. These data confirmed that the CB1 receptors in brain are N-linked glycoproteins with heterogeneous carbohydrate composition. Among three potential N-linked glycosylation sites on the N-terminus of the CB1 receptor, only two sites are actually glycosylated.
Retardation Coefficients of Nonionic Organic Compounds Determined by Batch and Column Techniques

Batch and column techniques were utilized to determine retardation coefficients of two nonionic organic compounds: benzene and dimethylphthalate. Three sandy soil materials with medium to high organic C content were used as sorbents. Batch data consistently overestimated retardation coefficients of the two compounds. Several previously reported factors that may cause discrepancy between the two techniques were experimentally investigated. Sorption nonsingolarity, sorption nonequilibrium, presence of immobile water regions in the column, and reduction in particle spacing in the column were eliminated as the cause of this discrepancy. Loss of sorbent from the column is unlikely to be the cause of the discrepancy. Although rapidly mixed batch tubes are subjected to soil abrasion, it causes no apparent impact on the value of sorption distribution coefficients. Batch isotherms at two solids concentrations were identical, indicating that differences in solids concentration between batch and column setup is not a significant factor. This was also confirmed by a column study. Sorption nonlinearity was found to have a minor impact. Column residence time had a major impact on one of the cases studied, but no effect on the other cases. When column residence time was accounted for, some differences in sorption distribution coefficients, which seemed to be independent of the organic C content. were noticed. In this study, all previously suggested causes for the discrepancy between batch- and column-determined retardation coefficients were investigated and rejected. It remains unclear why the values determined by the two techniques were different.
Quantitative predictions for the chemiosmotic uptake of auxin.

1. The predictions of a general kinetic model for the chemiosmotic uptake of auxin and other weak acids are compared with experimental results for the auxin indoleacetic acid. The proposed mechanism involves diffusional flux of undissociated acid, a saturable, voltage-sensitive flux of anion (A-), and a carrier-mediated symport of H+ and A-, all operating in parallel. During much of uptake, the electrochemical gradients are such that the net symport and the net anion flux are in opposition: the symport contributes more to influx; the anion path, to efflux. The voltage-sensitive flux of A- therefore constitutes a “leak”. 2. The presence of a symport, whose carrier can distribute across the membrane in response to the internal and external concentrations of auxin, can speed the rate of uptake, but does not by itself alter the accumulation of auxin at equilibrium. 3. The accumulation ratio at equilibrium is less at low concentrations of auxin than at higher concentrations, indicating the presence of a saturable anion path. The concentration dependence of the transition depends on several factors, and is not a reliable indicator of the A--carrier binding constant. 4. Observed uptake near neutral pH appears larger than is consistent with a voltage-sensitive anion flux being the only carrier-mediated path across the membrane. This observation provides indirect evidence for the presence of an auxin-proton symport in addition to a saturable A- carrier. 5. The change in kinetics of uptake of [3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), observed as the total concentration of IAA is raised from 0.1 to 100 μM, is consistent with either (i) a symport that saturates at low concentrations, or (ii) activation of an A- efflux by intermediate concentrations of auxin. 6. The data on the concentration dependence of uptake of auxin are not consistent with a multi-proton symport.
CHEMOTAXONOMY AS AN AID IN DIFFERENTIATING WOOD OF EASTERN AND WESTERN WHITE PINE

A B S T R A C T Heartwoods from Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) and Pinus monticola (western white pine), which are difficult to distinguish anatomically, can be separated, with about 95% accuracy, by subjecting their acetone extracts to simple paper chromatography. Basically, this differentiation is possible because the relative proportions of certain flavanones vary in the two species, and when these are treated with the chromogenic spray, distinguishing colors are produced at different rates of speed. With P. strobus, the characteristic yellowish-orange spot results from higher percentages of cryptostrobin and strobobanksin, while the pinkish-red spot, typical of P. monticola extract, is due to a preponderance of pinocembrin. THE STRUCTURAL similarities in the woods of the closely related Pinus strobus L., eastern white pine, and Pinus monticola Dougl., western white pine, make their separation difficult and inconclusive when only the usual techniques of the wood anatomists are used. Anatomical differences that have been described for these 2 species, such as those given by Matzke and Hulbary (1942), are generally not consistent enough to allow specific identification to be made with much degree of confidence. A classical chemotaxonomic study on pine heartwoods by paper chromatography, and by isolation methods carried out by Lindstedt (1950, 1951), and Lindstedt and Misiorny (1951b), revealed that chemically they are also very similar. They contained in common a series of 9 polyphenols with stilbene and flavonoid nuclei, but P. strobus appeared to have one or two additional members. Preliminary repetition of Lindstedt's work showed that detection on paper chromatograms of the orange-yellow spot (Lindstedt and Misiorny, 1951a) produced by the pigment strobobanksin (characteristic of P. strobus) is very difficult, because it has RF values only slightly less than those of the red spot of ever-present pinocembrin. In fact it was never clearly distinguished in the present research. This seemed to preclude development of a simple test based on the presence or absence of strobobanksin. Further study of the one-dimensional chromatograms showed, however, that it was possible to distinguish a red shade from a yellow-orange shade as the colors developed after spraying in the general region occupied by strobobanksin (3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-6 or 8-methylflavanone), cryptostrobin (5, 7-dihydroxy-8-methylflavanone, which produces a yellow-orange color), and pinocembrin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavanone).
Leadership: Developing a research agenda for academic libraries

Abstract The number of books and journal articles on leadership is large and constantly increasing. Those writings might advance or evaluate different theories and test their application in different settings. The purpose of this article is to stimulate the amount and type of research on the topic appearing in the literature of library and information science. The research discussed is grouped around a conceptual model, one that captures managerial leadership in the information professions.
Organizing knowledge in the knowledge development cycle

The main aim of the paper is to examine some of the strategies that can be matched to increase the effectiveness of the knowledge development cycle. In manufacturing and operational works, the effectiveness of different organizing strategies to enhance the quality of manufacturing processes and products is well established. In knowledge works, however, we lack such frameworks. Unlike manufacturing and operational processes, knowledge development processes are often chaotic, unstructured, and unsystematic, resulting in intangible products. Therefore, the principles of manufacturing strategies cannot be applied in the knowledge development cycle. In knowledge works, organizing strategies should be defined and initiated based on knowledge development phases (e.g. knowledge creation, knowledge adoption, knowledge distribution, and knowledge review and revision). Each phase, in the knowledge development cycle, needs to be evaluated in context of its characteristics on repetition, standardization, reliability, and specifications.
A Behavioral Examination of Mead's View of Role‐Taking

According to Mead, self appears as individuals take the role of others toward their own gestures. In two investigations, the hand movements of subjects were observed as they verbalized different commands specifying hand or head movement to another person. The first investigation explored the possibility of directly observing and recording instances of role-taking. In the second, the visual accessibility between experimental subjects was varied in order to assess its effect on the frequency of overt role-taking. Results indicate that the process of role-taking is amenable to direct observation; and, furthermore, that overt role-taking decreases as visual accessibility increases.
Are activated T cells regulators of bone metabolism in children with Crohn disease

Objectives To test the hypothesis that circulating activated T cells may release cytokines that decrease bone turnover in children with Crohn disease. Study design Newly diagnosed Crohn disease and healthy controls of similar age were compared for bone age, bone mineral content and density, markers of bone remodeling, and serum concentration and in vitro T-cell production of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), interferon (INF)-γ, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Results Newly diagnosed children with Crohn disease (n = 23) had similar bone mineral density (BMD) z-scores and body mass index as the controls (n = 40). Biochemical markers of bone remodeling indicated a state of low bone turnover in the Crohn disease patients compared with controls. Serum OPG (pmol/L; mean ± SD, median) was higher (4.24 ± 1.74, 3.98 vs 3.38 ± 0.83, 3.41; P Conclusions The newly diagnosed children with Crohn disease exhibited reduced bone remodeling, possibly due to T-cell INF-γ and OPG.
Dimensionality of coping: factor stability using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire.

This study presents convergent support for the use of five empirically constructed factors from the “Ways of Coping Questionnaire.” Five coping factors were congruent with the factors reported in a study conducted by Folkman and Lazarus in 1985. The results support a concept of coping as defined by the factors, for student populations. Researchers need to explore different coping contexts to facilitate research and increase our knowledge of coping processes.
Using a laser aureole to study aerosols

Aerosol optical scattering experiments are often large, expensive, and provide poor control of dust uniformity and size distribution. The size distribution of such suspended atmospheric aerosols varies rapidly in time, since larger particles settle quickly. Even in large chambers, 10 micron particles settle in tens of seconds. We describe lab-scale experiments with stable particle distributions. A viscous colloidal solution can stabilize the particles for sufficient time to measure optical scattering properties. Colloids with different concentrations or size distributions enable nearly time independent studies of prepared distributions. We perform laser aureole scattering from a colloid containing a few percent by volume of Arizona Road Dust (ARD) in mineral oil and glycerin, and 1-micron polystyrene spheres in water. We discuss aureole analysis, the differences expected in scattering properties due to the index of refraction of the mineral oil medium versus air, and the impact of non-spherical shape on the scattering. This research demonstrates that particles suspended in a viscous medium can be used to simulate aerosol optical scattering in air, while enabling signal averaging, offering reproducibility, and easing problems resulting from parameter variations in studies of dust properties.
Mechanical Simulation of Human Chewing Motions

To study the cause of dental attrition frequently found among primitive peoples, a cam-actuated, motor-driven device that could simulate human chewing motions was built. Casts of the dentition could be mounted in this machine and worn down by moderate pressures during chewing action.
A Transdermor with Reentrant Capability

A device is described which permits transducer insertion through the skin. A continuous teflon loop is used for the entrant tube which does not require bonding.
Image detail enhancement using a dictionary technique

We present a novel approach to detail enhancement using a dictionary-based technique. For each low-resolution input image patch, we seek a sparse representation from an over-complete dictionary and use that to estimate the high-resolution patch. We modify an existing dictionary-based super-resolution method in several ways to achieve enhancement of fine detail without introduction of new artifacts. These modifications include adaptive enhancement of reconstructed detail patches based on edge analysis to avoid halo artifacts and using an adaptive regularization term to enable noise suppression while enhancing detail. We compare with state-of-the-art methods and show better results in terms of enhancement with suppression of noise.
Commissural mitral regurgitation detected by abnormal blood flow pattern in the left atrial appendage

An 86-year-old man with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis underwent an aortic valve replacement. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed during the surgery and demonstrated mild mitral regurgitation (MR). The patient's symptoms persisted despite surgery, and subsequent TEE demonstrated prolapse of the posteromedial commissural leaflet, with evidence of a severe, very eccentric MR jet which was directed laterally and superiorly. The jet was almost missed in most imaging planes and could finally be exposed by withdrawing the probe to the level of the aortic valve and left atrial appendage.
Synthesis of Organic Compounds by High-Energy Electrons

Comparative study of ionizing radiation and electric discharges on organic compounds - methane, ammonia and water
A scholarly work commitment in practice

The scientist-practitioner training philosophy has a strong connection with the field of Counselling Psychology. Although many practitioners are committed to this model of training while completing their graduate education, the professional identity is not always easy to actualize in the workplace. The author discusses how she has maintained her scientist-practitioner identity in practice settings and how doing so has enhanced her work. *This article is based on a symposium paper entitled “Keeping research alive: A practitioner's view”, presented at the 112th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, 28 July–2 August 2004.
Patterns of Responding on a Balloon Analogue Task Reveal Individual Differences in Overall Risk-Taking: Choice Between Guaranteed and Uncertain Cash

We explored the utility of analyzing within- and between-balloon response patterns on a balloon analogue task (BAT) in relation to overall risk scores, and to a choice between a small guaranteed cash reward and an uncertain reward of the same expected value. Young adults (n = 61) played a BAT, and then were offered a choice between $5 in cash and betting to win $0 to $15. Between groups, pumping was differentially influenced by explosions and by the number of successive unexploded balloons, with risk takers responding increasingly on successive balloons after an explosion. Within-balloons, risk takers showed a characteristic pattern of constant high rate, while non-risk takers showed a characteristic variable lower rate. Overall, results show that the higher number of pumps and explosions that characterize risk takers at a molar level, result from particular forms of adaptation to the positive and negative outcomes of choices seen at a molecular level.