cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Routine rapid HIV testing in hospitals: another opportunity for hospitalists to improve care.

BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends routinely offering HIV testing to inpatients at hospitals with an HIV seroprevalence rate of greater than 1% or an AIDS diagnosis rate of greater than 1.0 per 1000 discharges. This recommendation has not been widely adopted, perhaps because of one of several barriers: the cost of implementing a counseling and testing program; the logistics of HIV counseling and testing on a hospital ward particularly with respect to privacy; concern about the follow-up of HIV test results necessitating patients to return after discharge; and the cultural mindset of screening as an outpatient modality complicated by the fear of raising the possibility of HIV testing and therefore eliciting a negative reaction from a patient who has not requested it. PURPOSE This article focuses on these barriers and some possible solutions, emphasizing the role of FDA-approved rapid HIV tests, which may decrease follow-up issues for HIV testing programs. It also considers hospitalists, given their frontline status and ability to coordinate the multidisciplinary services and systemwide approach required to implement such a program, as leaders in this area. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:106–112. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine
Building collective capacity: New challenges for management-focused evaluation

Abstract A crucial dimension of the Generations of Hope program model is concerned with developing the capacity of a small community of neighbors to arrest and reverse the socio-emotional drift of children in State care. It is important to specify how this actually is accomplished so that evaluation can inform management decisions, but conventional formulations of process and outcome are not adequate to deal with the complexity involved. This paper introduces some new constructs and analytic techniques designed to track this complexity and model the subtler effects of a novel approach to programming.
Molecular Liquid Model and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Silicon and Germanium

The atomic and electronic structure of amorphous Si and Ge are investigated by the molecular liquid model (MLM). The theoretical structure factor is calculated using simple parameters — nearest neighbor distance, packing density, and coordination number. The electronic density of states obtained with the MLM structure factor, and nonlocal energy dependent pseudopotential in second order perturbation theory, show good agreement with experimental and other theoretical results. Die atomare und elektronische Struktur von amorphem Si und Ge wird mit dem Molekulflussigkeitsmodell (MLM) untersucht. Der theoretische Strukturfaktor wird mit drei einfachen Parametern — dem Abstand nachster Nachbarn, der Packungsdichte und der Koordinationszahl — berechnet. Die mit dem MLM-Strukturfaktor erhaltene elektrische Zustandsdichte und das mit Storungsrechnung zweiter Ordnung bestimmte nichtlokale energieabhangige Pseudopotential zeigen gute Ubereinstimmung mit experimentellen und anderen theoretischen Ergebnissen.
The Paper River Revisited: A Common Property Externality Exercise

Abstract The author describes a modified version of the Paper River exercise that appeared in this journal in the Spring 1999 issue. The original game was designed to illustrate the application of the Coase theorem for solving an externality problem. In the Paper River, pairs of students share a single productive resource: small pieces of paper. At question is who has the rights to the paper. The author presents a modified version of the game that retains many of the same elements from the original, but the students work in groups rather than in pairs. Doing so increases the transaction costs associated with negotiating a solution. In addition, the productive resource is common property, so property rights are difficult to establish. These difficulties make a Coasian solution more difficult but make the simulation more realistic.
Spectral transforms of measures and orthogonal polynomials on regions

Abstract We discuss Szegő-type strong asymptotics for polynomials orthogonal over a region bounded by an analytic curve, and find necessary conditions for such asymptotics to hold on an interior neighborhood of the curve. We also prove that this property is not destroyed when the measure is perturbed by multiplication by a rational function and the addition of point masses.
Gross nitrogen transformation rates in soil at a surface coal mine site reclaimed for prime farmland use

Abstract Organic wastes were used to increase N fertility at a surface mine reclamation site, with the ultimate goal to stimulate microbial activity and improve the reclaimed soil's chemical and physical properties. Gross N transformation rates are indicators of microbial activity but are undocumented in such reconstructed ecosystems. We measured gross nitrification, N mineralization and N immobilization in waste-amended and unamended soil using 15 N pool dilution techniques. Measurements were made in June, July and November 1993 at the reclamation site in western Kentucky, and compared to net N transformation rates. The premise that organic waste amendment stimulates microbial activity in reclaimed soils was supported by the data. Gross N mineralization, nitrification and immobilization rates were as much as 4.5 times greater in waste-amended soil than unamended soil. Gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and gross NH 4 + and NO 3 − immobilization rates were significantly greater than net rates in waste-amended and unamended soil. There was net immobilization of NH 4 + and NO 3 − in waste-amended soil, whereas there was net N mineralization in unamended soil. This was consistent with using substrates containing high C-to-N ratios. Reclamation practices created soil environments in which gross N transformation rates were of the same magnitude as those measured for less disturbed soil ecosystems.
Sideband generators for submillimeter-wave applications

Sideband generation is a method for producing tunable sources in the far IR frequency range by mixing a tunable microwave source with a fixed laser source to produce tunable sidebands. A 36 element array of planar Schottky diodes was used to mix the output of a CO2 pumped laser at 1.6 THz with a 1-20 GHz microwave source to generate 5.9 (mu) W of DSB power for a conversion efficiency of 28 dB. The array produces sidebands by modulating the amplitude of the laser with a low duty cycle and no matching network which is not the optimal condition. For unmatched conditions at 180 degree phase modulation by a square wave with a 50 percent duty cycle will provide 4 dB SB conversion efficiency. This can be implemented by resonating an inductor with a varactor to obtain a short circuit and then modulating away form resonance for an open circuit. A proof of principle demonstration was implemented in waveguide at 80 GHz which resulted in 9 dB conversion efficiency for sinusoidal phase modulation and about 3 GHz bandwidth. This technique will be attempted at 1.6 THz in waveguide.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Broadband parametric wavelength conversion at 1 μm with large mode area fibers

Fiber-optic parametric wavelength conversion (PWC) below the zero-dispersion wavelength of silica is typically constrained by the requirement of a small, tightly confined mode with anomalous dispersion to achieve phase matching. This limits the ability to power scale PWC at arbitrary wavelengths. However, the constraint is lifted for higher-order modes. We demonstrate PWC in the 1 μm band via degenerate four-wave mixing pumped in a large effective area (>600 μm2) LP0,7 mode of a double-clad fiber. We obtain up to 25% conversion in to the Stokes line with 0.5 ns pump pulses, corresponding to ∼20 kW peak power at the converted wavelength.
On the discriminability of hROIs, human visually selected regions-of-interest

Many studies have tried to answer an important question: is it possible to predict human visually selected regions-of-interest (hROIs)? hROIs are defined as the loci of eye fixations and they can be analyzed by their spatial distribution over the visual stimulus and their temporal ordering. We used a simplified set of geometrical spatial kernels and linear filter models as bottom-up conspicuity operators that produce algorithmically selected regions-of-interest, aROIs. As a direct approach we measured the ability of these aROIs to predict human scanpaths. The level of prediction is measured by two similarity indices: Sp for spatial similarity and Ss for temporal ordering similarity. At the same time we assessed the discriminability of the hROI loci, in terms of conspicuity, with respect to non-selected (not of interest) regions of an image. We prove that this discrimination is possible and further correlates with the positional similarity index Sp. Other human scanpath experimental conditions are presented in parsing diagrams and discussed. A general top–down/bottom–up scanpath model is finally formulated.
The effects of reinforcement on perseverative speech in a mildly retarded boy

Abstract Differential reinforcement was used (pennies and praise) to modify perseverative speech in a 7-yr-old mildly retarded boy. The subject quite frequently followed appropriate verbalizations with repetitive, unintelligible speech. In 30 20-min sessions perseverative speech was virtually eliminated by differentially reinforcing periods free of such speech. An experimental analysis of the behavior clearly demonstrated the functional control established over the behavior by the reinforcement procedure. The results are discussed in terms of paradigms for modifying inappropriate speech in retarded subjects as well as of their theoretical implications for perseverative behavior in retardates.
Preservation or use A contingent valuation study of wilderness designation in Utah

Evidence of strong opposition to wilderness proposals in Utah suggested that the non-market value of retaining those areas in multiple use management might be significant. A contingent value analysis of both supporters and opponents of the two major proposals for wilderness designation in Utah indicated that there existed significant non-market willingness to pay on the part of opponents, and that standard contingent valuation practice which does not explicitly consider these values could lead to a mis-estimation of aggregate willingness to pay.
Measuring physical function in community-dwelling older persons : a comparison of self-administered, interviewer-administered, and performance-based measures

PURPOSE: To compare two self-administered, one interviewer-administered, and one performance-based measure of physical function in community-based older persons. METHODS: Eighty-three subjects were recruited from meal sites, senior recreation centers, and senior housing units for a comprehensive geriatric assessment program. At the time of screening, study participants self-administered the Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ) and were administered the Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Older Americans Resources and Services Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL) instruments by interview. Participants also completed the Physical Performance Test (PPT) and were given the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 to self-administer on site or at home and return by mail. RESULTS: All 83 subjects completed FSQ, Katz ADL, OARS-IADL, and PPT; 72 returned SF-36 forms. Correlations between the two self-administered physical function measures (FSQ and SF-36) were higher than between self-administered and interviewer-assessed (ADL and OARS-IADL) or performance-based (PPT) measures. When assessed for construct validity, the self-administered, OARS, and PPT measures had comparable correlations with role limitations as a result of physical health problems, but relationships between physical functional status measures and other SF-36 measures of health were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: The relationships between commonly used self-administered, interviewer-administered, and performance-based measures of physical function were inconsistent and weak, suggesting that these instruments are not measuring the same construct.
The scope, accessability and history of presidential papers

Abstract Presidential documents are divided into four broad categories: Public; executively controlled; official; and personal. The article examines the scope and accessability of the papers, during and after the President's term of office, in relation to the Congress, the courts, and various sectors of the public. The impact of executive privilege and the Freedom of Information Act is studied as it relates to the flow of presidential information. The prospects for future accessability, storage and retrieval are noted, and a chronological history of presidential papers is provided.
TRH influences the pterin cofactor- and time-dependent instabilities of rat raphe tryptophan hydroxylase activity assessed under far-from-equilibrium conditions.

Systematic effects on the dynamics of rat raphe tryptophan hydroxylase were observed in the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone under the far-from-equilibrium conditions of a kinetic scattering paradigm. The peptide reduced the amplitude of velocity fluctuations across fine-grained increases in cofactor or time and induced rare, high-amplitude irregularities suggesting phase transitions at relatively long wavelengths. Respectively, these two effects of the neuropeptide resemble the statistical changes observed in the same enzyme system in the presence of the lithium ion and the tricyclic antidepressant chlorimipramine under comparable assay conditions. Neither the subtleties of control dynamics nor their responses to the peptide were demonstrable under the saturating conditions of Michaelis-Menten or allosteric kinetics. These findings have possible implications for neurotransmitter regulation in view of the most current information about dynamical interactions among proteins, peptides, and ion ligands in aqueous environment.
A neuroanatomic model for depression.

Abstract 1. 1. Emotion and mood, once thought to be governed solely by the limbic system of the brain, now are thought to be influenced by numerous nonlimbic central nervous system structures as well. 2. 2. The present review discusses several important brain structures and neuroanatomic pathways thought to be involved in affect and mood disorders, including the amygdala, frontal neocortex, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia, and the monoamine systems. 3. 3. The authors propose a specific neuroanatomic model for depression that emphasizes that a distributed system of extensively interconnected CNS structures mediates emotion and affect.
Flexible polymeric rib waveguide with self-align couplers system

The authors report a polymeric based rib waveguide with U shape self-align fiber couplers system using a simple micromolding process with SU8 as a molding material and polydimethysiloxane as a waveguide material. The material is used for its good optical transparency, low surface tension, biocompatibility, and durability. Furthermore, the material is highly formable. This unique fabrication molding technique provides a means of keeping the material and manufacturing costs to a minimum. The self-align fiber couplers system also proves a fast and simple means of light coupling. The flexible nature of the waveguide material makes this process ideal for a potential wearable optical sensor.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Shot Peening Process and Residual Stress Generation: Effects of Particle Impact Speed and Impinging Angle

Shot peening is a well-known surface finishing process that is often applied to enhance the residual stress distribution in the component surfaces. In this study, we carry out a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study to investigate the single particle shot peening process on the (100) silicon surface at nano scale. The MD simulation enables in-situ observation and analysis of complex material deformation mechanisms in the presences of ultra-high strain rate, such as stress distribution, dislocation propagation, and particle/workpiece interface interaction. Three levels of shot speed (i.e., 200, 500, and 800 m/s) and three levels of impinging angle (i.e., 30°, 60°, and 90°) are configured in the simulation. It is found that higher shot speeds result in deeper depths of residual indentation, deeper penetration depths of residual stress below surface, and higher magnitude of maximum compressive stress. The residual stress distributions underneath the shot-peened surfaces exhibit strong anisotropic manner. Residual stress only concentrates in the area along the impact direction; and the decrease of impact angle results in shallower penetration of residual stress.© 2014 ASME
Designing checkers for programs that run in parallel

Program correctness for parallel programs is an even more problematic issue than for serial programs. We extend the theory of program result checking to parallel programs, and find general techniques for designing such result checkers that work for many basic problems in parallel computation. These result checkers are simple to program and are more efficient than the actual computation of the result. For example, sorting, multiplication, parity, the all-pairs shortest-path problem and majority all have constant depth result checkers, and the result checkers for all but the last problem use a linear number of processors. We show that there are P-complete problems (evaluating straight-line programs, linear programming) that have very fast, even constant depth, result checkers.
Controlling micellar structure of amphiphilic charged triblock copolymers in dilute solution via coassembly with organic counterions of different spacer lengths

Micelle structures from the assembly of poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(methyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PAA-b-PMA-b-PS) triblock copolymers in mixed tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water solution, includin...
Synthesis of isotopically labeled arachidonic acids to probe the reaction mechanism of prostaglandin H synthase

Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 in the cyclooxygenase reaction. The first step of the mechanism has been proposed to involve abstraction of the pro-S hydrogen atom from C13 to generate a pentadienyl radical spanning C11−C15. We report here the synthesis of six site-specifically deuterated arachidonic acids to investigate the structure of the radical intermediate. The preparation of these compounds was achieved using a divergent scheme that involved one advanced intermediate for all targets. The synthetic design introduced the label late in the routes and allowed the utilization of common synthetic intermediates in the preparation of various targets. Both 13(R)- and 13(S)-deuterium-labeled arachidonic acids were synthesized in high enantiomeric purity as deduced from soybean lipoxygenase assays and mass spectrometric analysis of the resulting enzymatic products. Each synthetic compound was reacted under anaerobic conditions with the wide sing...
Large scale off-track betting systems

While legal off-track betting in North America has only been active since April 1970 (in New York), it has been available to Australians since 1966, following the installation of telephone betting in the state of Victoria.
The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment Study. I: Rationale and content.

This article presents the rationale and content of a current study that seeks to improve methods to identify children at high risk to dental caries. It summarizes the results of the development of a 12-factor, preliminary caries prediction model based on data derived from the National Preventive Demonstration Program. Despite data limitations, the model produced a sensitivity of .5 and specificity of .8 for four-year caries increment prediction in first- and fifth-grade children. Data on a number of additional potential predictors are being collected in two sites to expand and improve the existing model. These factors are identified.
Low-level mercury, omega-3 index and neurobehavioral outcomes in an adult US coastal population

Neurodevelopmental effects of omega-3 fatty acids and mercury from fish consumption have been characterized in children. In contrast, neurobehavioral outcomes associated with fish are not well studied in adults. This study of avid seafood consumers on Long Island (NY, USA) sought to define associations between mercury, seafood consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and neurobehavioral outcomes. A computer-based test system was used to assess neurobehavioral function. Blood total Hg (Hg) and omega-3 index were measured in 199 adult avid seafood eaters, who also completed the neurobehavioral assessment and an extensive food and fish frequency and demographic questionnaire. For most of the outcomes considered, neither Hg nor omega-3 index was associated with neurobehavioral outcomes after adjustment for key confounding variables. Fish consumption, however, was associated with decreased odds of both self-reported fatigue (OR 0.85; 95 % CI 0.72, 1.01) and a constellation of neurologic symptoms (OR 0.79; 95 % CI 0.66, 0.96). Results from our study provide little evidence that omega-3 fatty acids or Hg is associated with cognitive function in adult avid seafood consumers. Larger studies are needed to confirm our finding of associations between fish consumption and decreased self-reported fatigue and neurologic impairment.
Simulations of driven overdamped frictionless hard spheres

Abstract We introduce an event-driven simulation scheme for overdamped dynamics of frictionless hard spheres subjected to external forces, neglecting hydrodynamic interactions. Our event-driven approach is based on an exact equation of motion which relates the driving force to the resulting velocities through the geometric information characterizing the underlying network of contacts between the hard spheres. Our method allows for a robust extraction of the instantaneous coordination of the particles as well as contact force statistics and dynamics, under any chosen driving force, in addition to shear flow and compression. It can also be used for generating high-precision jammed packings under shear, compression, or both. We present a number of additional applications of our method.
Oscillatory bedload transport: Data review and simple formulation

Abstract This review displays over 700 rates of sediment transport by oscillatory flow from 20 sources. Sediments include fine sands to pebbles, both of quartz and of lightweight materials, and the transport rates in water range over seven orders of magnitude. Most data are average gross (to and fro) bedload rates collinear with laboratory flow over a horizontal sediment bed, although other situations with net transport, suspended load, or oblique field waves are considered. As peak flow velocity nears twice the threshold velocity for sediment motion, bedload appears to be fully developed and the transport rate is near that given by a simple formula including flow frequency and peak velocity, and sediment size and density. At lesser peak velocities, bedload rates are markedly smaller and distinctly different regimes of sediment mobilization and transport may be identified.
Extremal integral representations

Abstract Let X be a closed bounded convex subset with the Radon-Nikodym property of a Banach space. For tight Borel probability measures μ, v on X , define μ ≺ v iff there is a dilation T on X such that T ( μ ) = v . Then, for every x ϵ X , there is a measure μ on X which is maximal in the partial order ≺ and which has barycenter x . If X is separable, then μ (ex X ) = 1 for all maximal measures μ. In general, a maximal measure need not be “on” ex X in this strong sense. If X is weakly compact, then a maximal measure is “on” ex X in the looser sense that μ ( B ) = 1 for all weak Baire sets B ⊇ ex X .
Differential response dynamics of corticothalamic glutamatergic synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus and thalamic reticular nucleus

The corticothalamic feedback pathway provides excitatory synaptic input to both the thalamic reticular nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. We studied excitatory postsynaptic currents elicited from corticothalamic stimulation in the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus to compare the response of these neurons to stimulation of their common input pathway. Using whole cell patch clamp recordings in ferret thalamic slices, we compared single excitatory postsynaptic current decay kinetics, presynaptic glutamate release dynamics through paired pulse facilitation and responses to corticothalamic train stimulation. We found that single thalamic reticular nucleus excitatory postsynaptic currents were significantly sharper than lateral geniculate nucleus responses. The mean thalamic reticular nucleus excitatory postsynaptic current decay constant (tau) was 4.9+/-0.5 ms, while the mean lateral geniculate nucleus excitatory postsynaptic current tau value was 11.8+/-0.8 ms. Presynaptic release dynamics as measured by responses to paired stimuli were conserved between the thalamic reticular nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus. However, facilitating responses to train stimulation were markedly different between nuclei. Lateral geniculate nucleus responses showed proportionately larger facilitation (reaching 842.9 +/- 76.4% of excitatory postsynaptic current 1 amplitude) than thalamic reticular nucleus responses (reaching 223.1 +/- 44.0% of excitatory postsynaptic current 1 amplitude). These data indicate that while the corticothalamic pathway produces excitatory postsynaptic currents in both the thalamic reticular nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus, other factors uniquely affect the functional integration of the inputs in each nucleus.
Steroids XXVII. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of 4,6β-dimethyl-4-aza-5α-cholestane

6 β -Methyl-4-aza-5 α -cholestane (VII) and 4,6 β -dimethyl-4-aza-5 α -cholestane (VIII) were synthesized from 6 α -methyl-4-cholesten-3-one (III) via a sequence of reactions which included ( a ) ozonization of III to obtain 6 α -methyl-3,5-seco-4-norcholestan-5-on-3-oic acid (IV), ( b ) condensation of IV with ammonium hydroxide to yield 6-methyl-4-aza-5-cholesten-3-one (V), ( c ) hydrogenation of V to 6 β -methyl-4-aza-5 α -cholestan-3-one (VI), ( d ) lithium aluminum hydride reduction of VI to VII, and ( e ) a Leuckhart methylation of VII to obtain VIII. Compounds VII and VIII possess antibacterial and antifungal properties, but are less active than 4-methyl-4-aza-5 α -cholestane (I), a homolog without a 6 β -methyl substituent.
Production of O− from CO2 by dissociative electron attachment

Dissociative electron attachment cross-section measurements for the production of O(-) from CO2 are performed using a crossed target-beam - electron-beam collision geometry and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The relative flow technique is used in determining the absolute values of the cross sections. The attachment energies corresponding to the five cross-section maxima are given. They are 4.4 + or - 0.1, 8.2 + or - 0.1, 13.0 + or - 0.2, 16.9 + or - 0.2, and 19.4 + or 0.2 eV. Also given are the cross sections at these maxima: 1.43 x 10 to the -19th sq cm, 4.48 x 10 to the -19th sq cm, 8.1 x 10 to the -21st sq cm, 8.1 x 10 to the -21st sq cm, and 1.2 x 10 to the -20th sq cm, respectively.
Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus: roles in fetal development

The lactogenic hormones prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogen circulate in human fetal plasma during mid and late gestation. To explore potential roles for the lactogens in fetal development, we examined the cellular distribution and changes in expression of PRL receptors (PRLRs) during ontogeny, and the metabolic effects of PRL signalling and PRLR dysregulation. PRLRs are expressed in diverse tissues of the human fetus by 7.5 weeks of gestation. In fetal bone, adrenal gland and lung, the receptor is expressed first in mesenchymal cells and subsequently in maturing chondrocytes, adrenocortical cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells. That the lactogens play roles in fetal chondrogenesis is suggested by studies in PRLR-deficient mice, which show a delayed ossification of the calvarium. In the central nervous system, the PRLR is detected initially in periventricular neuroepithelium and later in mature neurons of the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb. Finally, in the pancreas, the PRLR is detected first in exocrine tissue and ductal epithelium. Later in gestation and in the postnatal period, PRLRs predominate in pancreatic β-cells. The lactogens regulate β-cell proliferation and insulin production in pancreatic islets, and the insulin secretory response to glucose is blunted in PRLR-deficient mice. These observations suggest roles for the lactogens in pancreatic development and function during pregnancy and postnatal life.
Computer-Interactive Data Analysis

First Steps One or Two Samples Multiple Comparisons Straight-Line Data Multiple Regression Two-Way Anova Categorical Data Epidemiologic Data Multivariate Data 1 Multivariate Data 2 Appendices Index.
Synthesis and SAR optimization of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones as poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 inhibitors.

Abstract We have demonstrated that quinazolin-4(3 H )-one, a nicotinamide (NI) mimic with PARP-1 inhibitory activity in the high micromolar range (IC 50 = 5.75 μM) could be transformed into highly active derivatives with only marginal increase in molecular weight. Convenient one to two synthetic steps allowed us to explore extensive SAR at the 2-, and 5- through 8-positions of the quinazolin-4(3 H )-one scaffold. Substitutions at the 2- and 8-positions were found to be most favorable for improved PARP-1 inhibition. The amino group at 8-position resulted in compound 22 with an IC 50 value of 0.76 μM. Combination of the 8-amino substituent with an additional methyl substituent at the 2-position provided the most potent compound 31 [8-amino-2-methylquinazolin-4(3 H )-one, IC 50 = 0.4 μM] in the present study. Compound 31 inhibited the proliferation of Brca1 -deficient cells with an IC 50 value of 49.0 μM and displayed >10-fold selectivity over wild type counterparts. Binding models of these derivatives within the active site of PARP-1 have further supported the SAR data and will be useful for future lead optimization efforts.
Multiple view geometry and the L/sub /spl infin//-norm

This paper presents a new framework for solving geometric structure and motion problems based on L/sub /spl infin//-norm. Instead of using the common sum-of-squares cost-function, that is, the L/sub /spl infin//-norm, the model-fitting errors are measured using the L/sub /spl infin//-norm. Unlike traditional methods based on L/sub 2/ our framework allows for efficient computation of global estimates. We show that a variety of structure and motion problems, for example, triangulation, camera resectioning and homography estimation can be recast as a quasiconvex optimization problem within this framework. These problems can be efficiently solved using second order cone programming (SOCP) which is a standard technique in convex optimization. The proposed solutions have been validated on real data in different settings with small and large dimensions and with excellent performance.
MAKING INTERACTIVE PRODUCTS COME ALIVE

Interactive products include all of the new computerized vending, service, and consumer products such as video games, automatic tellers, and telecommunications shopping systems. Human factors researchers and other behavioral scientists who study these machines seek to make them more “user friendly.” Most of their research, however, is aimed at making them less uncomfortable and less difficult to use. In contrast, this paper describes a paradigm for making these machines more stimulating and fun to use. A case study is provided which describes how this paradigm was applied in the design of a teaching machine, the “Talking Typewriter,” a forerunner of Texas Instrument's successful “Speak 'N Spell” and today's educational software packages.
Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum -specific cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C. parvum infection

Susceptibility or resistance to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with the ability of mice to produce characteristic panels of cytokines in response to infection. Both adult healing and nonhealing mouse models of cryptosporidiosis were used to study the cell-mediated immune response during the course of C. parvum infection. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes from both mouse models were proliferated after ex vivo re-stimulation with C. parvum sporozoite antigen. Study of the cytokine profile from the supernatant of proliferated MLN cells revealed that healing mice produced greater levels of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and moderate amounts of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) cytokines throughout the course of infection. Whereas, MLN cells from nonhealing mice produced no IFN-γ, low levels of IL-2 and IL-4, and higher levels of IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines. These results suggest that the capacity to produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, rather than the presence of Th2 cytokines alone, determines the effective immune response against C. parvum infection.
Multiple drug abuse involving nonopiate, nonalcoholic substances. II. Physical damage, long-term psychological effects and treatment approaches and success.

A review of the literature of multiple drug abuse involving two or more drug categories where at least one is a nonopiate, nonalcoholic substance (MDA-NONA) suggested the possibility that sedative-hypnotics were the culpable agent for neuropsychological deficits in this group. Individually, amphetamines and hallucinogens, primarily LSD, have been associated with long-term psychological disturbance. While many abusers of these drugs who develop psychoses have been documented to be emotionally disturbed prior to drug usage, indicating that the drug exacerbated a prepsychotic condition, other abusers have no such history, indicating a drug-induced psychosis. Current treatment approaches appear to be ineffective for MDA-NONA abusers, as indicated by poor retention rates and relapse to drug use.
1994 Special Issue: A neural model of timed response learning in the cerebellum

A spectral timing model is developed to explain how the cerebellum learns adaptively timed responses during the rabbit's conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR). The model posits two learning sites that respectively enable conditioned excitation and timed disinhibition of the response. Long-term potentiation of mossy fiber pathways projecting to interpositus nucleus cells allows conditioned excitation of the response's adaptive gain. Long-term depression of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellar cortex allows learning of an adaptively timed reduction in Purkinje cell inhibition of the same nuclear cells. A spectrum of partially timed responses summate to generate an accurately timed population response. In agreement with physiological data, the model Purkinje cell activity decreases in the interval following the onset of the conditioned stimulus, and nuclear cell responses match conditioned response (CR) topography. The model reproduces key behavioral features of the NMR. including the properties that CR peak amplitude occurs at the unconditioned stimulus (US) onset: a discrete CR peak shift occurs with a change in interstimulus interval (ISI) between conditioned stimulus (CS) and US; mixed training at two different ISIs produces a double-peaked CR; CR acquisition and rate of responding depend unimodally on the ISI; CR onset latency decreases during training; and maladaptively timed, small-amplitude CRs result from ablation of cerebellar cortex.
Sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of a snow indentation model

Abstract Quantification of the mechanical behavior of snow in response to loading is of importance in vehicle-terrain interaction studies. Snow, like other engineering materials, may be studied using indentation tests. However, unlike engineered materials with targeted and repeatable material properties, snow is a naturally-occurring, heterogeneous material whose mechanical properties display a statistical distribution. This study accounts for the statistical nature of snow behavior that is calculated from the pressure-sinkage curves from indentation tests. Recent developments in the field of statistics were used in conjunction with experimental results to calibrate, validate, and study the sensitivity of the plasticity-based snow indentation model. It was found that for material properties, in the semi-infinite zone of indentation, the cohesion has the largest influence on indentation pressure, followed by one of the the hardening coefficients. In the finite depth zone, the friction angle has the largest influence on the indentation pressure. A Bayesian metamodel was developed, and model parameters were calibrated by maximizing a Gaussian likelihood function. The calibrated model was validated using three local and global confidence-interval based metrics with good results.
Mechanics of Bimaterial Interface: Shear Deformable Split Bilayer Beam Theory and Fracture

A novel split beam model is introduced to account for the local effects at the crack tip of bi-material interface by modeling a bi-layer composite beam as two separate shear deformable beams bonded perfectly along their interface. In comparisons with analytical two-dimensional continuum solutions and finite element analysis, better agreements are achieved for the present model, which is capable of capturing the local deformation at the crack tip in contrast to the conventional composite beam theory. New solutions of two important issues of cracked beams, i.e., local buckling and interface fracture, are then presented based on the proposed split bi-layer shear deformable beam model. Local buckling load of a delaminated beam considering the root rotation at the delamination tip is first obtained. By considering the root rotation at the crack tip, the buckling load is lower than the existing solution neglecting the local deformation at the delamination tip. New expressions of energy release rate and stress intensity factor considering the transverse shear effect are obtained by the solution of local deformation based on the novel split beam model, of which several new terms associated with the transverse shear force are present, and they represent an improved solution compared to the one from the classical beam model. Two specimens are analysed with the present model, and the corresponding refined fracture parameters are provided, which are in better agreement with finite element analysis compared to the available classical solutions.
A chip-scale universal detector for electrophoresis based on backscattering interferometry

An on-chip detector based on backscatter interferometry has been developed to perform sub-nanoliter volume refractive index measurements. The detection system consists of a simple, folded optical train based on the interaction of a laser beam and an etched channel in a silica (glass) plate. This etched channel is composed of two radii joined by a flat portion which define a curved surface in the shape of a half cylinder in a silica (glass) plate. The backscattered light from the channel takes on the form of a high contrast interference pattern that contains information related to the bulk properties of the fluid located within the probe volume. Positional changes of the interference pattern extrema (fringes) allow for the determination of refractive index changes at the 10(-6) level in a detection volume of 188 x 10(-12) L. Under capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions, the injected mass detection limits for small molecules with little native absorption ranges from 530 fmol (0.18 ng) for sucrose to 720 fmol (0.43 nanograms) for raffinose. Fluorescein was also used to evaluate the technique for universal CE and under further optimized conditions can be quantified at the 150 microM level. Separation performance for the solutes tested ranged from about 2300 to 15,500 plates or 61,000 to 400,000 N m-1. The results presented here indicate there is potential for using the simple optical train of backscattering interferometry for on-chip universal solute analysis.
Transition of laser cooling between standard and Raman optical lattices

Reduced-period optical lattices based on Raman transitions allow for sub-Doppler laser cooling. An important parameter of this Raman optical lattice is the frequency difference ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{d}}$ between two virtual energy levels involved in the atom-field interaction scheme. In this work, we use experimental time-of-flight data and quantum simulations to characterize laser cooling in the Raman lattice as a function of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{d}}$. Two different domains of laser cooling are identified. For small ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{d}}$, atoms are cooled due to a well-known mechanism that also occurs in standard optical lattices. For large ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{d}}$, atoms are cooled based on Raman transitions. We study the transition between the two domains of laser cooling in detail.
The Factor Structure of the Barriers to Treatment Participation Scale (BTPS): Implications for Future Barriers Scale Development

Untreated mental disorder is a major problem, and barriers to care are not well understood. Four hundred and sixty-two mothers bringing children to community mental health centers reported barriers on the BTPS. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the first split-half sample to identify factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the remaining half sample using structural equation modeling. EFA revealed two factors measuring “treatment expectations” and “external demands.” CFA revealed good model fit for this two-factor solution. This analysis contributes to ongoing empirical validation of barriers measures in community settings, emphasizing the development of a short, community applicable measure.
Insulin-degrading neutral cysteine proteinase activity of adipose tissue and liver of nondiabetic, streptozotocin-diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats

Abstract The activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme neutral cysteine proteinase (EC 3.4.22.11, insulinase) was studied in adipose tissue and in liver of nondiabetic, streptozotocindiabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Proteinase activity was found to be significantly decreased during diabetes and was restored to near normal levels in both tissues following insulin treatment. The insulin-mediated increase of proteinase activity in both tissues was partially or completely blocked by actinomycin D (an inhibitor of RNA synthesis) and by cyclohexamide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis). Kinetic analysis showed that the changes in proteinase activity of both liver and adipose tissues were accompanied by a change in V max (i.e., maximal enzyme activity) without a change in K m (i.e., substrate affinity). These data indicate that insulin functions as an inducer for neutral cysteine proteinase in both tissues. These alterations in the proteinase activity paralleled the alterations in the activity of a second insulin-degrading enzyme, glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in adipose tissue (this paper) and in liver (previously published papers) under the same physiological conditions.
Use of tendency models and their uncertainty in the design of state estimators for batch reactors

Tendency models have been successful in the modeling and optimization of batch reactor processes where a detailed understanding based on fundamental principles and detailed kinetic studies is not available. The evolutionary nature of the Tendency modeling algorithm has proven useful in updating the process model between batches, as new process data or insight become available. But optimization is not the only task that can be undertaken with a Tendency model. In this work, the use of Tendency models in the design of state estimators to estimate reactor concentrations is investigated. The primary goal is to use the knowledge of the uncertainty in the Tendency model (which, by its nature, is an approximate model) to tune an extended Kalman filter. Two examples are presented to illustrate that even though Tendency models can feature a significant amount of uncertainty, they can be used successfully in state estimators.
Predictive Factors for Surgery Among Patients with Pancreatic Cysts in the Absence of High-Risk Features for Malignancy

Background Without a reliable biopsy technique for pancreatic cysts, consensus-based guidelines are used to guide surgical utilization. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the proportion of operations performed outside of these guidelines.
HIV-1 frameshift efficiency is primarily determined by the stability of base pairs positioned at the mRNA entrance channel of the ribosome

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires a programmed −1 ribosomal frameshift for Pol gene expression. The HIV frameshift site consists of a heptanucleotide slippery sequence (UUUUUUA) followed by a spacer region and a downstream RNA stem–loop structure. Here we investigate the role of the RNA structure in promoting the −1 frameshift. The stem–loop was systematically altered to decouple the contributions of local and overall thermodynamic stability towards frameshift efficiency. No correlation between overall stability and frameshift efficiency is observed. In contrast, there is a strong correlation between frameshift efficiency and the local thermodynamic stability of the first 3–4 bp in the stem–loop, which are predicted to reside at the opening of the mRNA entrance channel when the ribosome is paused at the slippery site. Insertion or deletions in the spacer region appear to correspondingly change the identity of the base pairs encountered 8 nt downstream of the slippery site. Finally, the role of the surrounding genomic secondary structure was investigated and found to have a modest impact on frameshift efficiency, consistent with the hypothesis that the genomic secondary structure attenuates frameshifting by affecting the overall rate of translation.
Spiritual Seeking, Narcissism, and Psychotherapy: How Are They Related?

This study used data from a long-term longitudinal study of men and women to examine the relations among spirituality, narcissism, and psychotherapy. The findings indicated that in late adulthood (age late 60s/mid 70s) spirituality was related to autonomous or healthy narcissism but was unrelated to willful (overt) or hypersensitive (covert) narcissism, two pathological forms of the construct. Autonomy in early adulthood (age 30s) was a significant predictor of spirituality in late adulthood (a time interval of close to 40 years) and this relation was mediated by involvement in psychotherapy in midlife. Autonomy was related positively, and hypersensitivity was related negatively, to concern for the welfare of future generations. These findings are discussed in light of current concerns about the social implications of the therapeutic culture.
Land Use Change Patterns by Location with Respect to a Reservoir

Much research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area. The general hypothesis of this study is that the spatial patterns of land use change are influenced by economic characteristics of the reservoir and reservoir area. Several hypotheses concerning the effects of relative location on a peninsula are tested using analysis of variance. The data used for the analysis is based on Lake Cumberland, a reservoir in southern Kentucky. The analysis indicates that there exists significant patterns of land use change around the lake and on peninsulas.