cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Coupling Losses Between Light Emitting Diodes and Low-Loss Optical Fibers

We have investigated the problem of coupling light emitting diodes to contemporary low-loss multimode optical fibers (NA ~ 0.14) for optical communications. We have calculated the maximum coupled light power and the coupling efficiencies for a disk geometry and a strip geometry with and without a lens. In our calculations, we assumed that the homostructure LED has a radiance of 30 W/sr cm(2) and requires an electrical power input JV or 2 x 10(4) W/cm(2). In the disk geometry without a lens, the maximum coupled light power of 36 microW can be achieved. With a lens the LED junction area can be reduced so that the coupled light power of 31 microW, which is 0.1% of the input electric power, is possible. In the strip geometry with a lens a coupled light power of 260 microW is achievable.
Psychophysiological reactions to two levels of voluntary hyperventilation in panic disorder.

Abstract Panic disorder (PD) patients usually react with more self-reported distress to voluntary hyperventilation (HV) than do comparison groups. Less consistently PD patients manifest physiological differences such as more irregular breathing and slower normalization of lowered end-tidal p CO 2 after HV. To test whether physiological differences before, during, or after HV would be more evident after more intense HV, we designed a study in which 16 PD patients and 16 non-anxious controls hyperventilated for 3 min to 25 mmHg, and another 19 PD patients and another 17 controls to 20 mmHg. Patients reacted to HV to 20 mmHg but not to 25 mmHg with more self-reported symptoms than controls. However, at neither HV intensity were previous findings of irregular breathing and slow normalization of p CO 2 replicated. In general, differences between patients and controls in response to HV were in the cognitive-language rather than in the physiological realm.
Hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopropane on oxygen-modified Mo(111): The appearance of acid sites

Catalytic evidence for oxide formation on the Mo(111) surface has been obtained using methylcyclopropane (MCP) hydrogenolysis as a probe reaction. These results have been correlated with physical measurements made on the O/Mo system. Oxide formation on Mo has been studied previously by monitoring surface polarizability using XPS of physisorbed xenon. The results from this study concluded that oxide begins to form at 1 × 1015 atoms/cm2 and is essentially completely formed by 1.4 × 1015 atoms/cm2. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopropane to i-C4H10, n-C4H10, C3H8, C2H6, and CH4 has been investigated over initially clean Mo(111) surfaces, surfaces chemically modified by oxygen coverages of 0–2 × 1015 atoms/cm2 and Mo02. Catalyst preparation was performed in UHV with surface characterization by LEED and Auger. Hydrogenolysis at 1 atm pressure (5 Torr MCP, 755 Torr H) was monitored by gas chromatography. MCP can undergo single hydrogenolysis by either a metallic or a Lewis/Bronsted acid mechanism depending upon the chemical state of Mo. The metallic function of the catalyst dominated at oxygen coverages of 1 × 1015 atoms/cm2, the i-C4H10, rate fell to zero. At a coverage of 1.5 × 1015 atoms /cm2, the acidic function of the catalyst began to dominate, and the n-C4H10 rate increased by a factor of five. At this coverage n-C4H10 was the sole single hydrogenolysis product. No double hydrogenolysis occurred on surfaces with high O coverage. Thus the catalytic results, which indicated Lewis/Bronsted acid sites were formed at an O coverage of 1.5 × 1015 atoms/cm2, agreed well with the XPS measurements which have shown that oxide was completely formed at 1.4 × 1015 atoms /cm2.
Political Feasibility and Investment in Economic Transformations

The paper characterizes the feasibility of economic transformation as requiring the simultaneous attainment of macroeconomic stability, political support, and adequate private investment. Macroeconomic stability is defined as fiscal balance; political feasibility is related to the income gains and losses of different population groups; and private investment is linked to public "infrastructure" investment. The analysis illustrates that attainment of the multiple requirements for successful transformation may necessitate a "big push" with external financial and technical assistance. It also emphasizes the importance of the productivity gains achieved when workers are induced to make occupational choices consistent with their comparative advantages.
Fabrication of a 1200 kg Ingot of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy for the DIII-D Radiative Divertor Program

Vanadium chromium titanium alloys are attractive materials for fusion reactors because of their high temperature capability and their potential for low neutron active and rapid activation decay. A V-4Cr-4Ti alloy has been selected in the U.S. as the current leading candidate vanadium alloy for future use in fusion reactor structural applications. General Atomics (GA), in conjunction with the Department of Energy`s (DOE) DIII-D Program, is carrying out a plan for the utilization of this vanadium alloy in the DIII-D tokamak. The plan will culminate in the fabrication, installation, and operation of a V-4Ti alloy structure in the DIII-D Radiative Divertor (RD) upgrade. The deployment of vanadium alloy will provide a meaningful step in the development and technology acceptance of this advanced material for future fusion power devices. Under a GA contract and material specification, an industrial scale 1200 kg heat (ingot) of a V-4Cr-4Ti alloy has been produced and converted into product forms by Wah Chang of Albany, Oregon (WCA). To assure the proper control of minor and trace impurities which affect the mechanical and activation behavior of this vanadium alloy, selected lots of raw vanadium base metal were processed by aluminothermic reduction of high purity vanadium oxide, and were then electron beam melted into two high purity vanadium ingots. The ingots were then consolidated with high purity Cr and Ti, and double vacuum-arc melted to obtain a 1200 kg V-4Cr-4Ti alloy ingot. Several billets were extruded from the ingot, and were then fabricated into plate, sheet, and rod at WCA. Tubing was subsequently processed from plate material. The chemistry and fabrication procedures for the product forms were specified on the basis of experience and knowledge gained from DOE Fusion Materials Program studies on previous laboratory scale heats and a large scale ingot (500 kg)
Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn

Efficient and accurate evaluation of the newborn who has ambiguous genitalia is required to provide appropriate medical therapy and assuage parental anxiety. Genital ambiguity usually is due to virilization of genetic females or undervirilization of genetic males who have normal gonads. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common condition leading to inappropriate virilization in females. Defects in testosterone production, metabolism, or peripheral action can lead to ambiguous genitalia in males. In any condition involving ambiguous genitalia or question of sex assignment, a karyotype should be obtained within 24 hours of delivery. Parents should be apprised of the situation in a professional manner with the appropriate level of detail; sex assignment should be withheld until sufficient data are gathered to make an accurate diagnosis. Families can be counseled with the latest available information and resources to make the best decisions for their individual situations.
Economic Impact of New York's Great Lakes Sport Fisheries☆

Abstract New York State has worked diligently during the past eight years to plan and establish a salmonid sport fishery on Lakes Erie and Ontario that would provide the kind of recreational opportunities enjoyed by upper Great Lakes residents on Lake Michigan, and one that would have similar positive conomic impacts on coastal communities. Although New York's Great Lakes salmonid fisheries are still in their developmental stages, these fisheries have been popular with the state's anglers, and notable economic impacts have already been discerned.
A Behavioral Systems Analysis of Behavior Analysis as a Scientific System

Behavioral systems analyses typically address organizational problems in business and industry. However, to the extent that a behavioral system is an entity comprised of interdependent elements formed by individuals interacting toward a common goal, a scientific enterprise constitutes a behavioral system to which a behavioral systems analysis may apply. This article outlines the characteristics of behavior analysis as a scientific system, such that it may be conceptualized and evaluated by way of a behavioral systems analysis. Our aim in subjecting this enterprise to a behavioral systems analysis is to achieve a furtherance of its mission. In pursuit of this aim, we suggest actions that behavior analysis might take to increase its share of the psychological market, sustain its veracity, and assure its long-term success.
The Chandra 3C Snapshot Surveys

The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the only X-ray facility with sub arcsec resolution, permitting detailed studies of radio galaxies and quasars. We review a short list of projects contributing to our goal of obtaining Chandra observations of all 3C extragalactic sources. Radio source samples, unlike most surveys at other wavelengths, should be completely unbiased with respect to viewing angle: the radio lobes are sign posts indicating the location of AGN (obscured or unobscured nuclei). The X-ray data allow us to estimate excess absorption towards nuclei, to find new examples of X-ray emission from jet knots and hotspots, and to isolate sources in clusters of galaxies together with signatures of feedback (e.g. cavities in the ICM). This work is supported by NASA grants GO1-12125A and GO2-13115X.
An activated carbon substrate surface for laser desorption mass spectrometry

A method to obtain laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of organic compounds by depositing sample solutions onto a carbon substrate surface is demonstrated. The substrate consists of a thin layer of activated carbon particles immobilized on an aluminum support. In common with the porous carbon suspension samples used in previous “surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization” (SALDI) work, the mass spectra contain only a few “matrix” background ion peaks, minimizing interference with analyte ion peaks. The presence of glycerol ensured that the ion signals were stable over hundreds of laser shots. In addition, the carbon substrate surface has several advantages over the suspension samples. The use of a very thin layer of carbon significantly improves the sensitivity. Detection limits range from attomoles for crystal violet to femtomoles for bradykinin. Very little sample preparation is required as the analyte solution is simply pipetted onto the substrate surface and glycerol added. When using an alternate sample deposition method, a mass resolution for bradykinin of 1800 is achieved in linear time-of-flight mode. This is close to the resolution limit set by the detector system and above instrument specification for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra.
Soft-charging operation of switched-capacitor DC-DC converters with an inductive load

Switched-capacitor (SC) converters are becoming a strong candidate for high power density converters. Traditionally, these SC converters have suffered from two main problems: capacitor charge transfer loss and lossy output voltage regulation. This paper proposes a hybrid SC converter topology that addresses both problems simultaneously. The proposed topology adds a single small inductor to the SC converter and compares favorably in terms of efficiency and power density to both SC converters and buck converters. Unlike SC converters, it can maintain its efficiency for output voltages that are lower than the nominal value determined by the topology. A discrete prototype with a large step-down ratio of over 8-to-1 and a power rating of 30 W has been designed and built to demonstrate the potential of the hybrid converter.
Pion-nucleon phase shifts and pion-nucleus scattering

It is shown that, contrary to a recent suggestion, pion-nucleus scattering is not likely to distinguish among different $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ phase shift sets which are in agreement with the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ data.
Lead Exposure from Backyard Chicken Eggs: A Public Health Risk?

Although the USA has made significant strides in reducing lead exposure, new and emerging sources are raising cause for public concern. Recent reports of finding lead in eggs from chickens raised in urban gardens has highlighted the need to consider the potential health risks of consuming eggs from backyard chickens. Following the detection of 0.33 μg/g lead in the edible portion of eggs submitted for lead analysis from a backyard chicken owner, further investigation was conducted to determine the source and extent of lead exposure in the flock. Several birds, almost two dozen eggs, and environmental samples were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory for further testing. Lead was detected in the blood, liver, kidney, and bone at varying concentrations in all birds but was not detected in the muscle tissue. All egg shells contained detectable amounts of lead, while only a little over half of the edible portion of the eggs contained lead. The detected concentrations in the edible portion approached or exceeded the recommended threshold of lead consumption per day that should not be exceeded by young children if a child consumed one average-sized egg. Peeling paint from a wooded structure adjacent to the flock’s coop was the likely lead source containing 3,700 μg/g lead. Thus, removal of the chickens from the source and periodic testing of eggs for lead were recommended. This case illustrates the need for consumers and health care workers to be aware of potential sources for lead exposure such as backyard chickens.
Surface modification of UHSPE fibers through allylamine plasma deposition. II. Effect on fiber and fiber/epoxy interface

The surface of ultra-high strength polyethylene (UHSPE) fibers was modified using allylamine plasma deposition to improve their adhesion to epoxy resins. Allylamine plasma polymerization was investigated at different power inputs and polymerization times. The adhesion of treated fibers to epoxy resin was studied by single-fiber, pull-out tests. A special silicon rubber mold was developed to embed the single fiber in epoxy resin. The results show that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) increased by a factor of 2 to 3 after allylamine plasma treatments. The greatest improvement, by a factor of 3.25, was obtained at 30 W for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to study the surface topography of fibers pulled from the epoxy resin. In most cases, it was observed that pull-out failure occurred at the interface, as evidenced from clean fiber surfaces. In a few cases, however, fibrils were peeled from fibers. The fiber strength decreased, but initial modulus increased after the plasma treatments. The decrease in fiber strength was insignificant for treatments at a lower power input, but was significant at higher power inputs. Treatment time, however, had no significant effect on fiber strength.
Regulation of mixed lineage kinase 3 is required for Neurofibromatosis-2-mediated growth suppression in human cancer

The Neurofibromatosis-2 (NF2) tumor suppressor merlin negatively regulates cell proliferation in numerous cell types. We have previously shown that the NF2 protein (merlin/schwannomin) associates with mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase that is required for the proliferation of normal and neoplastic cells. In this study, we show that merlin inhibits MLK3 activity, as well as the activation of its downstream effectors, B-Raf, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The ability of merlin to regulate MLK3 activity requires a direct association between MLK3 and residues in the C-terminal region of merlin. Merlin integrates Rho GTPase family signaling with MAPK activity by inhibiting the binding between MLK3 and its upstream activator, Cdc42. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MLK3 is required for merlin-mediated suppression of cell proliferation and invasion. Collectively, these results establish merlin as a potent inhibitor of MLK3, ERK and JNK activation in cancer, and provide a mechanistic link between deregulated MAPK and Rho GTPase signaling in NF2 growth control.
Can Endoscopic Ultrasound Predict Early Rectal Cancers That Can Be Resected Endoscopically? A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Rectal cancers that are confined to the mucosa (T0) can be resected endoscopically. This can help the patient avoid transabdominal surgery. The published data on accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to predict T0 stage of rectal cancers has been varied. To evaluate the accuracy of EUS in T0 staging of rectal cancers. Only EUS studies confirmed by surgery were selected. T0 was defined as tumor confined to the mucosa. Articles were searched in Medline, PubMed, and CENTRAL. Pooling was conducted by both the fixed-effects model and random-effects model. An initial search identified 3,360 reference articles. Of these, 339 relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Eleven studies (N = 1,791) which met the inclusion criteria were included in this analysis. Pooled sensitivity of EUS in diagnosing T0 was 97.3% (95% CI: 93.7–99.1). EUS had a pooled specificity of 96.3% (95% CI: 95.3–97.2). The positive likelihood ratio of EUS was 21.9 (95% CI: 16.3–29.7) and negative likelihood ratio was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04–0.15). All the pooled estimates, calculated by fixed and random effect models, were similar. The P-value for Chi-squared heterogeneity for all the pooled accuracy estimates was >0.10. EUS has excellent sensitivity and specificity, this helps accurately diagnose T0 stage of rectal cancers. Over the past two decades, the sensitivity and specificity of EUS to diagnose T0 stage of rectal cancers has remained high. This can help physicians offer endoscopic treatment to these patients, therefore EUS should be strongly considered for staging of early rectal cancers.
The development of eggs produced by the female-sterile mutant almondex of Drosophila melanogaster.

The embryological development of the eggs laid by the sex-linked recessive female-sterile mutant almondex (amx) of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed by use of both living and sectioned material. The mating amx ♀ × amx ♂ is lethal to all embryos. Advanced but abnormal development occurs. Development is normal until shortly after the time of maximal germ band extension. The principal anomalies involve derivatives of the ectoderm and somatic mesoderm; both dorsal closure and head involution are impaired. The mating amx ♀ × non-amx (+) ♂ produces a similar pattern of damage in male (amx/Y) embryos, none of which hatch. In female (amx/+) embryos, however, there is an amelioration of development, although the pattern of damage is still so severe that most embryos succumb. A few female offspring and occasional non-disjunctional non-mutant (XO) male offspring survive to the adult stage; these adult progeny frequently have defects of the thorax and abdominal sternites. These results can be explained by assuming that the cytoplasm of eggs produced by amx females is deficient for some material that is necessary for normal development. It is suggested that either an inherent structural defect in the presumptive ectoderm or some metabolic defect to which the ectoderm is particularly susceptible may underlie the morphological defects found in the progeny from amx females.
Impact of outcomes research on the management of vascular surgery patients

Vascular surgery has traditionally relied on prospective, randomized clinical trials, case-control series from single institutions of excellence, and case studies to guide clinical decision-making. However, the use of a number of new clinical research tools has allowed the vascular surgeon to more critically assess the indications for particular operations, the costs of various procedures from both a monetary and quality-of-life standpoint, and the "real world" outcomes that can be expected from practitioners across the United States, not just from centers of excellence. Decision analysis with modeling of cohorts with desired characteristics and vascular disease has allowed for the objective determination of procedural cost-effectiveness and evaluation of patient quality-of-life issues surrounding vascular procedures. The use of large national administrative databases has yielded important information concerning factors associated with improved outcomes after several vascular procedures across the entire United States, especially after relatively uncommon operations, such as thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Administrative data have also enabled us to learn that access to various new endovascular procedures is somewhat limited, especially for the uninsured or poor. Hospital and surgeon volume, as a surrogate marker for quality, has been directly correlated with lower morbidity and mortality as well as differences in perioperative complications after multiple vascular procedures. A certificate of added qualification in General Vascular Surgery has also been shown to improve outcomes in patients undergoing vascular procedures. Finally, pioneered by the Veteran's Affairs administration and championed by the American College of Surgeons, prospectively collected data (National Surgery Quality Improvement Program) from the Veteran's Affairs and private sector hospitals is providing high-quality, risk-adjusted feedback about multiple vascular procedures to the hospital and the individual practitioner. Importantly, the body of literature generated using these new clinical research tools is being monitored by insurers and patients, as well as by the surgeons providing the care. This ultimately will have a direct impact on practice and referral patterns. It is therefore mandatory that vascular surgeons understand these new tools so that we can police our own practices before others, such as insurance companies and hospital administrators, do it for us.
Additional approximations to the distribution of a structural coefficient estimator for the case of two included endogenous variables

Four new approximations t o the exact distribution of the two-stage l e a s t squares estimator of astructuralcoefficient for the case of two included endogeneous variables are introduced and compared with the others in the literatur e . Two of the new approximations are based on the Pearson distribution and are found to be adequate throughout the parameter space. A normal approximation using exact moments and an approximation based on the saddlepoint method (Holly and Phillips,1979) are found to be poor for a wide range of parameter values.
The frequency of pain after endodontic procedures

A critical summary of Nixdorf DR, Moana-Filho EJ, Law AS, McGuire LA, Hodges JS, John MT. Frequency of persistent tooth pain after root canal therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2010;36(2):224–230.
Soviet National Income and Product in 1937 Part II: Ruble Prices and the Valuation Problem

I. Introduction, 408. — II. Soviet prices compared with "real" costs, 413. — III. Wages and retail prices, 420. — IV. Collective farm incomes, 424. — V. The Soviet national product in terms of adjusted rubles, 425. — VI. Ruble versus dollar valuation of Soviet national income, 434. — VII. Observations, 438.
Electronic commerce virtual laboratory

Website security is essential for successful e-commerce ventures, but the vital "how-to" components of security are often lacking in academic courses. This paper describes our attempt to instill an awareness of security concerns and techniques by having the students develop an Artist eXchange website, a social networking site that permits the posting and sharing of pictures, music, and text, including an end-user rating system. The six-homework set progresses through HTML, JavaScript, PHP, MySQL, file uploads, and security testing. An innovative feature is that each assignment is evaluated via automated testing, which guides the student toward detecting and correcting mistakes, especially with regard to common attack vectors.
Extremum-seeking-based fluctuation mitigation by E×B actuation in HELCAT

We investigate active control of fluctuations via manipulation of flow profiles in a magnetized laboratory plasma device (HELCAT). Fluctuations and particle transport are monitored by electrostatic probes, and E×B flow profiles controlled via biased ring electrodes. A non-model-based optimization algorithm is implemented to seek control inputs that minimize a cost function related to the fluctuation amplitude. The algorithm is also able to identify radial poloidal flow profiles associated with specific levels of RMS fluctuations.
Dorsomorphin, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of BMP Signaling, Promotes Cardiomyogenesis in Embryonic Stem Cells

Background: Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells, which have the capacity to give rise to all tissue types in the body, show great promise as a versatile source of cells for regenerative therapy. However, the basic mechanisms of lineage specification of pluripotent stem cells are largely unknown, and generating sufficient quantities of desired cell types remains a formidable challenge. Small molecules, particularly those that modulate key developmental pathways like the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling cascade, hold promise as tools to study in vitro lineage specification and to direct differentiation of stem cells toward particular cell types. Methodology/ Principal Findings: We describe the use of dorsomorphin, a selective small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling, to induce myocardial differentiation in mouse ES cells. Cardiac induction is very robust, increasing the yield of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes by at least 20 fold. Dorsomorphin, unlike the endogenous BMP antagonist Noggin, robustly induces cardiomyogenesis when treatment is limited to the initial 24-hours of ES cell differentiation. QuantitativePCR analyses of differentiating ES cells indicate that pharmacological inhibition of BMP signaling during the early critical stage promotes the development of the cardiomyocyte lineage, but reduces the differentiation of endothelial, smooth muscle, and hematopoietic cells. Conclusions/ Significance: Administration of a selective small molecule BMP inhibitor during the initial stages of ES cell differentiation substantially promotes the differentiation of primitive pluripotent cells toward the cardiomyocytic lineage, apparently at the expense of other mesodermal lineages. Small molecule modulators of developmental pathways like dorsomorphin could become versatile pharmacological tools for stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Prestige centrality-based functional outlier detection in gene expression analysis

Motivation: Traditional gene expression analysis techniques capture an average gene expression state across sample replicates. However, the average signal across replicates will not capture activated gene networks in different states across replicates. For example, if a particular gene expression network is activated within a subset or all sample replicates, yet the activation state across the sample replicates differs by the specific genes activated in each replicate, the activation of this network will be washed out by averaging across replicates. This situation is likely to occur in single cell gene expression experiments or in noisy experimental settings where a small sub-population of cells contributes to the gene expression signature of interest. Results and Implementation: In this light, we developed a novel network-based approach which considers gene expression within each replicate across its entire gene expression profile, and identifies outliers across replicates. The power of this method is demonstrated by its ability to enrich for distant metastasis related genes derived from noisy expression data of CD44+CD24-/low tumor initiating cells. Contact:[email protected]; [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Scale Space Analysis by Stabilized Inverse Diffusion Equations

We introduce a family of first-order multi-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with discontinuous right-hand sides and demonstrate their applicability in image processing. An equation belonging to this family is an inverse diffusion everywhere except at local extrema, where some stabilization is introduced. For this reason, we call these equations “stabilized inverse diffusion equations” (“SIDEs”). A SIDE in one spatial dimension may be interpreted as a limiting case of a semi-discretized Perona-Malik equation [3, 4]. In an experimental section, SIDEs are shown to suppress noise while sharpening edges present in the input signal. Their application to image segmentation is demonstrated.
Using a Scripted Data Entry Process to Transfer Legacy Immunization Data While Transitioning Between Electronic Medical Record Systems

Background: Transitioning between Electronic Medical Records (EMR) can result in patient data being stranded in legacy systems with subsequent failure to provide appropriate patient care. Manual chart abstraction is labor intensive, error-prone, and difficult to institute for immunizations on a systems level in a timely fashion. Objectives: We sought to transfer immunization data from two of our health system’s soon to be replaced EMRs to the future EMR using a single process instead of separate interfaces for each facility. Methods: We used scripted data entry, a process where a computer automates manual data entry, to insert data into the future EMR. Using the Center for Disease Control’s CVX immunization codes we developed a bridge between immunization identifiers within our system’s EMRs. We performed a two-step process evaluation of the data transfer using automated data comparison and manual chart review. Results: We completed the data migration from two facilities in 16.8 hours with no data loss or corruption. We successfully populated the future EMR with 99.16% of our legacy immunization data – 500,906 records – just prior to our EMR transition date. A subset of immunizations, first recognized during clinical care, had not originally been extracted from the legacy systems. Once identified, this data – 1,695 records – was migrated using the same process with minimal additional effort. Conclusions: Scripted data entry for immunizations is more accurate than published estimates for manual data entry and we completed our data transfer in 1.2% of the total time we predicted for manual data entry. Performing this process before EMR conversion helped identify obstacles to data migration. Drawing upon this work, we will reuse this process for other healthcare facilities in our health system as they transition to the future EMR. Citation: Michel J, Hsiao A, Fenick A. Using a scripted data entry process to transfer legacy immunization data while transitioning between electronic medical record systems. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 284–298 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-11-RA-0096
The need for department policies regarding student computer usage in engineering and technology

A case is made for developing departmental policies for student literacy and usage of computers. It is noted that in today's environment the appropriate way to fulfil desired comprehensive computer educational objectives spans a major portion of the curriculum in both engineering and technology. In addition, such policies avoid excessive task repetition in courses, while assuring the maintenance of overall program objectives. A summary of major computer-education objectives is provided. The impact on both faculty and facilities is considered. >
Maximally confined silicon microphotonic modulators and switches

We demonstrate a 4 mum silicon microdisk modulator with a reverse-biased, vertical p-n junction. The modulator demonstrates a power consumption of 85 fJ/bit at a data rate of 10 Gb/s, 3.5 V drive, BER<10-12, and without signal pre-emphasis. High-speed silicon bandpass switches are constructed from pairs of modulators.
A Comparison of Multispectral Transforms

This research compares the results of five multispectral transforms applied to images of carbonized scrolls to determine which transform creates the best readable image. These transforms are vector quantization with principal components analysis, noise subspace projection, interference-and-noise-adjusted principal components analysis, convex cone analysis, and penalized discriminant analysis with principal components analysis. One approach to interference-and-noise-adjusted principal components analysis called signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio-based principal components analysis had the highest readability score according to a subjective judgment of 30 randomly selected individuals. However, convex cone analysis created a resultant image with the highest signal-to-noise ratio.
Career Aspirations of Non-Managerial Women: Adjustment and Adaptation

This study addresses career aspirations and planning among non-managerial women. Results indicate career goals often are adapted to meet other life circumstances; and that family responsibilities, job security, and organizational support systems influence career success and satisfaction. Recommendations for organizationally based career initiatives focused on women in non-managerial positions are provided.
A signal detection system based on Dempster-Shafer theory and comparison to fuzzy detection

This paper describes a signal detection algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer theory. The detector combines evidence provided by multiple waveform features and explicitly considers uncertainty in the detection decision. The detector classifies waveforms as including a signal, not including a signal, or being uncertain, in which case no conclusion regarding presence or absence of a signal is drawn. The probability numbers required in the Dempster-Shafer formulation are defined as piecewise linear functions that can be described by two parameters, and the effects of these parameters on detector performance, using simulated data, are compared to Bayesian detection and to a fuzzy signal detector that also considers uncertainty. The performance of the Dempster-Shafer and fuzzy detectors shows similar dependence on the parameters, although, if parameters are adjusted so that the number of correctly classified waveforms are equal, the Dempster-Shafer detector has more uncertain classifications and fewer errors than the fuzzy detector, providing superior performance. The Dempster-Shafer detector incorporates a different type of uncertainty than the fuzzy detector, which may contribute to this difference in performance. The difference may also reflect the different mathematical operations used.
Psychosocial correlates of sun-protective practices of preschool staff toward their students

The skin cancer rate in the US has been increasing faster than that for other cancers. Most skin cancers are related to sun exposure and the majority of exposure occurs before adulthood. Thus, children are an important target group to study and preschools can be useful avenues for delivering sun-protection messages. The current study examines the behaviors of preschool staff in protecting students from sun exposure and investigates factors related to sunprotective practice. Preschool staff (n 245) were surveyed about their sun-protective practices toward students as the cross-sectional baseline measurement for a larger project. The primary aim of this study was to investigate correlates of staff’s sun-protective behavior toward students. A theoretical model of psychosocial constructs that combined components of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory was evaluated using structural equation modeling. Self-efficacy and perceived norms were the strongest correlates of behavior. A hypothesized link between expectancy and behavior was not supported. The roles of self-efficacy and perceived norms
Arteriolar Occlusion Causes Independent Cellular Responses in Endothelium and Smooth Muscle

Objectives:To test the hypothesis that arteriolar occlusion causes different cellular changes in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Methods:Cheek pouch arterioles (resting diameter 41 ± 2 µm) of anesthetized hamsters were occluded briefly (<60 seconds) either upstream or downstream from an observation site. Changes in membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of the endothelial or smooth muscle cells were determined by using fluorescence microscopy (ratiometric analysis). Results:The pressure in the occluded segment decreased by 17.4 ± 2.6 cm H2O during upstream occlusion and increased by 16.8 ± 6 cm H2O during downstream occlusion (n= 5). Upstream occlusion caused vasoconstriction of the occluded segment by 2.4 ± 0.4 µm, whereas downstream occlusion produced brief vasodilatation by 1.1 ± 0.2 µm. The endothelial cells hyperpolarized during upstream or downstream occlusion (ratio change: 2.26 ± 0.24% and 2.39 ± 0.42%, respectively; p< 0.01, n= 5). There were no changes in endot...
Comparative effects of catecholamines in cardiac tamponade: experimental and clinical studies.

Abstract In experimental cardiac tamponade, catecholamines improve hemodynamic variables. To determine whether hemodynamic changes result in increased blood flow to critical organs, tamponade was produced in nine spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dogs. Infusion of dopamine, isoproterenol or norepinephrine doubled cardiac output, but only norepinephrine increased mean arterial pressure. All catecholamines increased blood flow to the myocardium, but not to the brain or kidney. Isoproterenol caused a significant decrease in the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio, which was shown to be due to tachycardia. To determine whether catecholamines increase cardiac output and mean arterial pressure in patients with tamponade, eight patients with tamponade due to neoplasms were studied before therapeutic pericardiocentesis. Cardiac output increased only 50 percent with dopamine and isoproterenol and not at all with norepinephrine. Cardiac filling pressure did not decrease with isoproterenol or dopamine, as in experimental tamponade. Only norepinephrine increased mean arterial pressure. Thus, although catecholamines improve hemodynamics in experimental tamponade, the heart is the only critical organ to which blood flow is improved. The hemodynamic benefits of catecholamine administration to patients may be more limited than previous experimental studies have suggested.
Anorexia Induction by the Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) Is Mediated by the Release of the Gut Satiety Hormone Peptide YY

Consumption of deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin known to commonly contaminate grain-based foods, suppresses growth of experimental animals, thus raising concerns over its potential to adversely affect young children. Although this growth impairment is believed to result from anorexia, the initiating mechanisms for appetite suppression remain unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DON induces the release of satiety hormones and that this response corresponds to the toxin's anorectic action. Acute ip exposure to DON had no effect on plasma glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin, amylin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, or ghrelin; however, the toxin was found to robustly elevate peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK). Specifically, ip exposure to DON at 1 and 5mg/kg bw induced PYY by up to 2.5-fold and CCK by up to 4.1-fold. These responses peaked within 15-120 min and lasted up to 120 min (CCK) and 240 min (PPY), corresponding with depressed rates of food intake. Direct administration of exogenous PYY or CCK similarly caused reduced food intake. Food intake experiments using the NPY2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 and the CCK1A receptor antagonist devazepide, individually, suggested that PYY mediated DON-induced anorexia but CCK did not. Orolingual exposure to DON induced plasma PYY and CCK elevation and anorexia comparable with that observed for ip exposure. Taken together, these findings suggest that PYY might be one critical mediator of DON-induced anorexia and, ultimately, growth suppression.
Public Financing in Developing and Transition Countries

The widespread adoption of fiscal decentralization laws during the past 25 years can be mostly tracked to economic efficiency gains and nation-building objectives. Subnational governments (SNGs) in industrialized countries account for about twice the share of total government expenditures as in developing countries. Transition countries also assign more expenditure responsibilities to SNGs than do the developing countries. There has been little growth in the SNG expenditure or tax shares over the past three decades. We confirm the basic hypotheses that the SNG expenditure share is significantly higher in countries with higher incomes, larger populations, and a lower degree of corruption.
SPECTRAL WAVE ATTENUATION BY BOTTOM FRICTION: THEORY

Based on the linearized form of the boundary layer equations and a simple eddy viscosity formulation of shear stress, the turbulent bottom boundary layer flow is obtained for a wave motion specified by its directional spectrum. Closure is obtained by requiring the solution to reduce, in the limit, to that of a simple harmonic wave. The resulting dissipation is obtained in spectral form with a single friction factor determined from knowledge of the bottom roughness and an equivalent monochromatic wave having the same root-mean-square near-bottom orbital velocity and excursion amplitude as the specified wave spectrum. The total spectral dissipation rate is obtained by integration and compared with the average dissipation obtained from a model considering the statistics of individual waves defined by their maximum orbital velocity and zero-crossing period. The agreement between the two different evaluations of total spectral dissipation supports the validity of the spectral dissipation model.
Minimalism and Expressivism

There has been a great deal of discussion in the recent philosophical literature of the relationship between the minimalist theory of truth and the expressivist metaethical theory. One group of philosophers contends that minimalism and expressivism are compatible, the other group contends that such theories are incompatible. Following Simon Blackburn (manuscript), I will call the former position ‘compatibilism’ and the latter position‘incompatiblism.’ Even those compatibilist philosophers who hold that there is no conflict or tension between these two theories—minimalism and expressivism—typically think that some revision of minimalism is required to accommodate expressivism. The claim that there is such an incompatibility, I will argue, is based on a misunderstanding of the historical roots of expressivism, the motivations behind the expressivist theory, and the essential commitments of expressivism. I will present an account of the expressivist theory that is clearly consistent with minimalism.
Distribution of Certain Enzymes in the Brain of Pigeon

Summary and ConclusionsHistochemical methods were used to demonstrate the presence of alkaline and acid phosphatase, phos-phamidase, and cholinesterase in the brain of pigeons. It was found that there are marked differences in the enzyme contents of various structures in the brain. This observation corroborates the concept of biochemical differences between different parts or different functional and anatomical systems that has evolved from the work of a number of investigators.‡ The use of histochemical methods makes possible the more detailed study of the aChemoarchitectonics” of the vertebrate brain which will be of interest when correlated with the cyto-, myelo- and angioarchitectonics.
Flow-cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Atypical mitoses are associated with DNA aneuploidy.

Flow-cytometric studies have demonstrated that DNA aneuploidy and proliferative activity are independent prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma. The authors performed flow-cytometric analysis of the nuclear DNA content of 46 fresh endometrial adenocarcinomas to investigate tumor DNA ploidy and cell-cycle kinetics in relation to histologic features with known prognostic significance, mitotic activity (assessed quantitatively), and clinical features suggestive of hyperestrogenism. Thirty-five tumors (76%) were DNA-diploid, and 11 (24%) were DNA-aneuploid. DNA aneuploidy correlated significantly with two histologic features: high cytologic grade (P < .027) and five or more atypical mitoses per 50 high-power fields (P < .001). The presence of one or more atypical mitosis per 50 high-power fields, evaluated independent of DNA ploidy, was associated with stage III or IV tumors (P < .015). A low proliferative index correlated with tumors with grade 1 architecture (P < .006) and grade 1 or 2 cytology (P < .017); a high proliferative index correlated with vascular invasion by tumor (P < .027). DNA ploidy and proliferative activity did not correlate with any feature indicative of estrogenic status including age, parity, menopausal status, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, exogenous estrogen use, or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, in endometrial adenocarcinoma, estrogenic status does not correlate with DNA ploidy or proliferative activity; proliferative activity correlates with tumor grade; and atypical mitoses appear to be highly associated with both DNA aneuploidy and advanced tumor stage, and as such, may identify tumors with a poor prognosis.
Blood Preservation Solutions Containing Adenine, Phosphate, and Guanosine.∗

SummaryBlood from the donor was drawn into 5 successive bottles, each containing varying amounts of citrate, heparin, glucose, phosphate, adenine, guanosine, and ino-sine. The blood was stored under blood bank conditions for up to 6 weeks and samples were aseptically withdrawn at intervals for column chromatographic assay of ATP and nucleo-tide adenine (AMP + ADP + ATP). Phosphate was important in maintaining ATP and nucleotide adenine but at least 5 mM (final concentration in collected blood) was required. Adenine (0.5 mM) was as effective as phosphate, and the effect of the two was additive. Heparin, especially in the presence of phosphate, was not markedly superior to citrate in its effect on red cell metabolism. Citrate could be used at half the concentration in ACD without apparent clotting. Guanosine (0.5 mM) was definitely beneficial at 6 weeks, although without much apparent effect at 3 weeks. Inosine did not improve results in 4 weeks and was not tested at 6 weeks.