cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmentation and discounting in affective reactions to upward and downward social comparisons

Two studies were conducted to investigate how the related attributes of a comparison target influence affective reactions to both upward and downward social comparisons. Participants received false feedback on an intelligence test and then were given information about an ostensible other's performance who had performed either better or worse than the participant. The age of the comparison other was manipulated such that she was younger, the same age, or older than the participant. Consistent with the related attributes perspective, a younger comparison other led to relatively low levels of positive affect regardless of feedback condition; however, the results for the older comparison others were less clear. Differential reactions to same age and older comparisons were limited to failure conditions.
The archeology of modern human origins

Two competing hypotheses have long dominated specialist thinking on modern human origins. The first posits that modern people emerged in a limited area and spread from there to replace archaic people elsewhere. Proponents of this view currently favor Africa as the modern human birthplace.1–5 The second suggests that the evolution of modern humans was not geographically restricted, but invlved substantial continuity between archaic and modern populations in all major regions of the occupied world.6–7 Based solely on the fossil record, both hypotheses are equally defensible, but the spread-and-replationships scenario is far more strongly supported by burgeoning data on the genetic relationships and diversity of living humans.8–16 These data impy that there was a common ancestor for all living humans in Africa between 280,000 and 140,000 year ago, and that Neanderthals and other archaic humans who inhabited Eurasia during the same interval contributed few, if any, genes to living peiple. I argue here that the spread-and-replacement hypothesis is also more compatible with a third line of evidence: the spread-and-replacement hypothesis is also more compatible with a third line of evidence: the archeological record for human behavioral evolution.
A Theory of Isobaric Analog Resonances

A theory of analog resonances is reviewed which makes use of projection operators. The Hilbert space is divided into three parts: a continuum or open-channel space, an analog-state space, and a compound space. The phenomena are discussed in terms of the dynamical coupling of these spaces. The parameterization of the $T$ matrix is discussed in detail, and equations are presented for various cross sections. The commutator [$H$, ${T}_{\ensuremath{-}}$], where ${T}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ is the isospin-lowering operator, plays an important role in the theory, and the various terms which contribute to this commutator are discussed. The energy splitting of the isospin multiplet, i.e., the Coulomb displacement energy, is discussed in detail. The importance of the analog resonance phenomena for the extraction of spectroscopic information is stressed, and it is shown how such information may be obtained. Various processes which contribute to the escape amplitude of the analog state are classified, and some numerical estimates are given. For several regions of the Periodic Table, graphs are presented for the various theoretical escape amplitudes, continuum energy shifts, asymmetry phases, and optical phase shifts, etc. Spectroscopic factors are calculated and compared with those obtained in other experiments.
A model of premarital coitus and contraceptive behavior among female adolescents

At the most general level, I seek to model female adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior in terms of the social context in which it occurs. Drawing on emerging theoretical literature pertaining to social exchange theory and changes in the social positions of women (and men) and also on existing substantive literature, I apply these notions to adolescent sexuality and contraceptive usage. The reviews of the literature reveal a number of inconsistencies among those factors (variables) advanced to explain both the prevalence and frequency of premarital coitus and contraceptive employment. Furthermore, as there is a paucity of well-developed theoretical models that might explain these inconsistencies, what is needed is an additional study that seeks to examine the net effects of those variables used in the literature to explain variations in female premarital coitus and contraceptive use. The present formulation is a two-stage causal model that can be used to estimate the impact of these variables on premarital coital behavior (stage 1) and subsequent contraceptive usage (stage 2). These models, and a concomitant set of hypotheses, take into account an array of the more significant sociological and social psychological variables as far as the prediction of the two phenomena in question are concerned. These models may be useful in guiding future research as they graphically display the relationships between these sets of variables within the context of a more general theory of human behavior.
Effects of Growth Conditions on Carbon Utilization and Organic By‐Product Formation in B. subtilis

The effects of growth rate and substrate concentration on cellular metabolism of glucose was studied with cultures of B. subtilis 168. Application of chemostat culture techniques allowed for the observation of each growth condition independent of the other. The relative flux of carbon through biosynthetic and non-biosynthetic pathways was determined by monitoring cell density and distribution of extracellular side products in active cultures. A metabolic shift of glucose utilization pathways was observed in cell cultures grown at dilution rates greater than 0.36 hr−1 or with glucose feed levels exceeding 10 gll. The predominant side products detected by HPLC analysis were acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, and acetoin. The patterns of side product formation were analyzed in relation to the applied growth conditions.
A place for emotion in critical study

We might reasonably expect considerable differences in the way Oatley and Scheff treat emotion, coming as they do from different disciplines; however, there is remarkable similarity not only in their approaches, but also in their conclusions. Both works seem to have as their unspoken grail the making of a contribution toward the solution of the problem of agency, referred to variously as motivation or human action. Whether this project was intentional or not, taken together, these authors have reduced a daunt ing task to something believably manageable. In some respects the possibility of agency is the paradigmatic conun drum. It involves consideration of many philosophical problems central to a variety of disciplines and requires facility in each of them. For instance, we must consider the agent, embodiment, action, free will, knowledge, social understanding, purposiveness, and language along with a plethora of other related issues. Neither Scheff nor Oatley openly discusses any of these philosophical problems. This speaks well of their focused style, but it remains for others to show how their respective accounts of action are related to these philosophical problems. Scheff, for his part, explicitly claims to be offering a "new kind of sociology" based on an "underlying conception of human nature quite different from those current in the social sciences," and Oatley is un abashedly Aristotelian. So, without Scheff s full blown view of human nature, we cannot say whether the traditional rendering of these philosophi cal questions applies to his account, and if Oatley is strictly Aristotelian, we, more or less, already know the position he is likely to take in response
Age-Matched, Case-Controlled Comparison of Clinical Indicators for Development of Entropion and Ectropion

Purpose. To analyze the clinical findings associated with involutional entropion and ectropion and compare them to each other and to age-matched controls. Methods. Prospective, age-matched cohort study involving 30 lids with involutional entropion, 30 lids with involutional ectropion, and 52 age-matched control lids. Results. The statistically significant differences associated with both the entropion and ectropion groups compared to the control group were presence of a retractor dehiscence, presence of a “white line,” occurrence of orbital fat prolapse in the cul-de-sac, decreased lower lid excursion, increased lid laxity by the snapback test, and an increased lower lid distraction. Entropion also differed from the control group with an increased lid crease height and decreased lateral canthal excursion. Statistically significant differences associated with entropion compared to ectropion were presence of a retractor dehiscence, decreased lateral canthal excursion, and less laxity in the snapback test. Conclusion. Entropic and ectropic lids demonstrate clinically and statistically significant anatomical and functional differences from normal, age-matched lids. Many clinical findings associated with entropion are also present in ectropion. Entropion is more likely to develop with a pronounced retractor deficiency. Ectropion is more likely to develop with diminished elasticity as measured by the snapback test.
Gravimetric Electrochemical Voltage Spectroscopy: In Situ Mass Measurements during Electrochemical Doping of the Conducting Polymer Polypyrrole

A new technique is described for direct measurement of mass changes of a conducting polymer electrode during electrochemical cycling. A quartz microbalance is used, with one of its contacts serving as the working electrode. Its high sensitivity permits resolution of mass changes less than 100 ng/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The results demonstrate that on reduction of poly(pyrrole perchlorate), charge compensation is achieved by diffusion of the lithium cation into the polymer and not the perchlorate anion into solution.
Studies on Congenital Hereditary Cataract and Microphthalmia of the Miniature Schnauzer Dog

Hereditary cataract in dogs occurs as an autosomal recessive trait. The opacity is primarily in the lens nucleus and posterior cortex. The affected animals also have other ocular abnormalities such as microphthalmia. To understand the genetic basis of this disorder, we have analyzed leukocyte DNA from affected and normal dogs for possible mutations in the homeobox containing gene and myotonic dystrophy locus. The results show that there are no signs of microdeletion, insertion, point mutation and rearrangements in these loci. Although these observations cannot completely rule out the possibility of point mutations, they suggest that the above loci are unlikely to be associated with the disease.
Improving thin-film crystalline silicon solar cell efficiencies with photonic crystals

Most photovoltaic (solar) cells are made from crystalline silicon (c-Si), which has an indirect band gap. This gives rise to weak absorption of one-third of usable solar photons. Therefore, improved light trapping schemes are needed, particularly for c-Si thin film solar cells. Here, a photonic crystal-based light-trapping approach is analyzed and compared to previous approaches. For a solar cell made of a 2 µm thin film of c-Si and a 6 bilayer distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) in the back, power generation can be enhanced by a relative amount of 24.0% by adding a 1D grating, 26.3% by replacing the DBR with a six-period triangular photonic crystal made of air holes in silicon, 31.3% by a DBR plus 2D grating, and 26.5% by replacing it with an eight-period inverse opal photonic crystal.
Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine as discriminative stimuli

Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine are narcotic antagonists that also have analgesic activity of their own. the present investigation compared the stimulus properties of these three drugs in rats. Each drug was used as a discriminative stimulus for a separate group of rats. Depression of one lever resulted in food reinforcement following the administration of drug, and the opposite lever was reinforced after saline. Each drug readily acquired control of discriminated responding. The specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone, which antagonizes many of the effects of pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine, also antagonized the discrimination of these drugs. Stimulus generalization tests to each other narcotic antagonist, d-amphetamine, morphine, and LSD, showed that each narcotic antagonist has highly specific stimulus properties. Clear generalization occurred only to pentazocine and cyclazocine in the nalorphine-saline group, but neither cyclazocine nor pentazocine generalized to nalorphine.
Adolescent secondary amenorrhea: Association with hypothalamic hypothyroidism

In adolescent girls, secondary amenorrhea can result from a variety of physiologic and psychologic disturbances. Previous reports associating amenorrhea and primary hypothyroidism have not distinguished between the alternative etiologic roles of thyroxine deficiency and hyperprolactinemia. We have evaluated two girls with secondary amenorrhea who had clinical and chemical evidence of hypothyroidism. Both had low basal T 4 values (0.8 and 3.8 μg/dl), calculated free T 4 (0.1 and 0.7 ng/dl), and T 3 (51 and 81 ng/dl). Both had undetectable basal TSH with normal TSH response to TRH. Basal FSH and LH values were normal, as was the response to LHRH. Basal prolactin levels were 6 and 14 ng/ml, respectively, and both girls had growth hormone responses of ≥15 ng/ml in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Pituitary-adrenal function and reserve were also normal. In neither patient was there any historical, physical, or laboratory features compatible with anorexia nervosa. After treatment with 1-thyroxine, both girls had a resumption in menses. These two adolescent girls thus appear to have isolated hypothalamic hypothyroidism. The associated secondary amenorrhea demonstrates that thyroid deficiency alone, without hyperprolactinemia, can interfere with normal hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function.
Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of Purified G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Using Genetically-Encoded Unnatural Amino Acids

The introduction of unique chemical groups into proteins by means of site-directed mutagenesis with unnatural amino acids has numerous applications in protein engineering and functional studies. We first introduced p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine (Acp) or p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Azp) into the prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin at specific sites. We employed an amber codon suppression system where the mutant opsin gene was co-expressed with the appropriate orthogonal pair of engineered tRNA and amino-acyl tRNA synthetase. We then used hydrazone (hydrazide) or Staudinger-Bertozzi (phosphine) ligation chemistry for the keto group (in Acp) or azido group (in Azp), respectively, to link a fluorophore at various solvent accessible sites in rhodopsin. In side-by-side comparisons of the two chemical ligation chemistries, which were carried out under physiological conditions where receptor function is maintained, we conclude that the azido group serves as a more satisfactory chemical handle than the keto moiety. The fully-functional fluorescently-labeled receptor should prove useful for kinetic studies of ligand-receptor interaction.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Diffusion and reaction of epoxy and amine in polysulfone studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: experimental results

Abstract Multi-component diffusion of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy and an aliphatic diamine, bis( p -aminocyclohexyl)methane (PACM 20) into amorphous polysulfone (PSU) using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) technique has been studied. Results indicated that the diffusion of the larger epoxy molecule in polysulfone occurred more quickly when diffusing in the presence of the amine. This behavior and slight deviation of the experimental data from classical Fickian kinetics for amine diffusion into polysulfone were attributed to a finite amount of polysulfone swelling. The diffusion of a model end-capped (non-reactive) epoxy into a polysulfone film saturated with amine was studied to quantify the effect of the amine-induced polysulfone swelling on the diffusivity of the second component. In the DGEBA/PACM 20 system, simultaneous diffusion and reaction in PSU was quantified. Reaction rates in the PSU did not significantly deviate from intrinsic reaction rates of the bulk material. SEM studies of etched epoxy–amine–PSU interphases reveal a semi-interpenetrating network of cured epoxy–amine ranging from 0.6 to 2.4 μm, depending on the processing temperature. The formation of this interphase structure is the primary method of load transfer between these dissimilar materials. This work demonstrates the diffusion, subsequent reaction, and final phase separation as the mechanism for interphase formation in the polysulfone/epoxy-amine system studied.
The analysis of organolithium compounds

Abstract A large number of organic halides was used in the double titration method of analysis for organolithium compounds. I,2-Dibromoethane has been found to give a satisfactory analysis for alkyllithium compounds and phenyllithium. Titration employing the dibromoethane is recommended for general analytical use, although I,I,2-tribromoethane probably gives a slightly more accurate analysis for fresh preparations of phenyl- and methyllithium. The use of allyl bromide in titrations of n -butyllithium in diethyl ether and hexane was also found to afford reliable results.
Gauge theory in the adiabatic approximation.

I apply the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to a gauge theory and show how to reconcile it with gauge invariance. Wave functionals used in the adiabatic approximation necessarily break gauge invariance, but this symmetry can be restored after exploiting a novel local symmetry related to transformations of the Berry phase. I then give sufficient conditions for gauge invariance of the adiabatic approximation for the Hamiltonian. As an example I construct a (3+1)-dimensional Abelian theory with unusual propagation characteristics, corresponding to one gauge-invariant ``massive'' and one ``massless'' mode.
Magnetic resonance force microscopy — the quest for a molecular structure microscope

Is it possible to build a microscope that can look below surfaces and image molecules and materials with atomic resolution in three dimensions? Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an attempt to address this ambitious goal. We describe the basic principles of MRFM, with an emphasis on the detection of small ensembles of nuclear spins. As part of this work, we have developed magnetic tips that produce field gradients in excess of 1.4 million tesla per meter (14 gauss per nanometer), developed improved methods for manipulating nuclear spins and implemented a method of mitigating spin noise in statistically polarized spin ensembles. Prospects and challenges of extending MRFM to single nuclear spins will also be discussed.
Interaction of bacterial ribosomes with bentonite

Abstract 1. The interaction of ribosomes with bentonite has been studied to better determine conditions under which the clay can be used with ribonucleoproteins. 2. It was observed that appreciable quantities of ribosomes bind to bentonite at 1 · 10−2 M Mg2+, but not at lower divalent cation concentrations. Bound ribosomes could be released by lowering the Mg2+ concentration. 3. To examine the chromatographic behavior of ribosomes on bentonite, columns of the clay embedded in agar were prepared. Ribosomes were adsorbed to the columns at a Mg2+ concentration of 1 · 10−2 M, and a number of nucleoprotein peaks eluted as the concentration of Mg2+ was progressively lowered. The recovered material was characterized and found to be deficient in protein. 4. Bentonite-agar can specifically bind aminoacyl-tRNA's as part of a polynucleotide-ribosome complex, and the partial purification of phenylalanyl-tRNA by this procedure, is described.
Glial Alkalinization Detected In Vivo by 1H‐15N Heteronuclear Multiple‐Quantum Coherence‐Transfer NMR in Severely Hyperammonemic Rat

Brain [5-15N] glutamine amide protons were selectively observed in vivo by 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence-transfer NMR in spontaneously breathing, severely hyperammonemic rats during intravenous [15N]ammonium acetate infusion and the subsequent recovery period. The linewidth of brain [5-15N]-glutamine amide proton Hz increased from 36 +/- 2 Hz at 3.4 h to 58 +/- 6 Hz after 5.7 h of infusion, a net increase of 22 +/- 6 Hz. Concomitantly, brain ammonia concentration increased from 1.7 to 3.5 +/- 0.2 mumol/g and the rat progressed from grade III to grade IV encephalopathy. On recovery to grade III and decrease of brain ammonia concentration to 1.3 mumol/g, the linewidth returned to 37 +/- 2 Hz. In aqueous solution, [5-15N]glutamine amide proton Hz underwent a 17-Hz linebroadening when pH was raised from 7.1 to 7.5 at 37 degrees C, due to the increased rate of base-catalyzed exchange with water proton. Hence, linebroadening is a sensitive measure of changing intracellular pH. The 22-Hz linebroadening observed in vivo in severely hyperammonemic grade IV rats strongly suggests that the intracellular pH increases from 7.1 to about 7.4-7.5 in astrocytes where glutamine is synthesized and mainly stored. Probable mechanisms for the ammonia-induced alkalinization and decreased intraglial buffering capacity, as well as implications of the result for pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, are discussed.
Predicting risk of complications with gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence and predictors of risk for operative complications, conversions to laparotomy, and postoperative admissions after laparoscopic procedures. Methods: We obtained demographic information on and medical histories of a consecutive series of 843 women who underwent laparoscopic surgery for all procedures other than tubal ligation at Brigham and Women’s Hospital during 1994. All major complications after surgery were recorded. Major operative complications were defined as bowel, bladder, ureter, or vascular injuries or significant abdominal wall or other internal bleeding. Categorical analysis was used to compare differences in the rates of operative complications, conversions to laparotomy, and postoperative admissions after laparoscopy. We also estimated the influence of medical history and specific laparoscopic procedures on the risk of adverse complications after surgery. Results: Operative complications and conversion to laparotomy occurred in 1.9% and 4.7% of laparoscopic procedures, respectively. Complications included four bowel, two bladder, one ureteral, two vascular, and five abdominal wall injuries. There were 165 patients (19.6%) admitted postoperatively. Aside from the type of operative procedure, increasing age was the most important predictor of complications. Relative to all other operative procedures, women treated for endometriosis or ovarian cystectomy had generally low rates of operative complications, conversions to laparotomy, and postoperative admissions. In contrast, 12.5% of women undergoing laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy experienced operative injuries or abdominal bleeding and 90% were hospitalized postoperatively. Conclusion: Serious operative complications after gynecologic laparoscopy were rare in this patient population. The more complex laparoscopic procedures resulted in proportionately greater rates of operative complications, conversions to laparotomy, and postoperative admissions to the hospital.
Annual-Perennial Plant Relationships and Species Selection for Desert Restoration

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace (open areas) microsites in North America’s Mojave Desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between interspaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that: (1) With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. (2) Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. (3) Distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.
Slip Prediction Accuracy and Bias of the SATRA STM 603 Whole Shoe Tester

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the SATRA STM 603 whole shoe tester to predict slip potential using EN ISO 13287 test parameters. A secondary purpose was to determine whether altering EN ISO 13287 test parameters improves slip prediction accuracy and assessment bias. The utilized coefficient of friction and kinematic data were recorded for 34 healthy adults. Each subject ambulated across water-contaminated porcelain tile, and the slip outcomes were recorded. Available friction testing was performed with the SATRA STM 603 using EN ISO 13287 test parameters and 44 permutations of EN ISO 13287 test parameters that varied with respect to normal force, sliding velocity, and shoe contact angle. Results revealed that the EN ISO 13287 model exhibited positive coefficient-of-friction assessment bias (0.132) and predicted only 35 % of slip events. Modifying EN ISO 13287 test parameters decreased assessment bias (0.000) and increased slip prediction accuracy to 74 % of slip events.
Social Network Data Mining Using Natural Language Processing and Density Based Clustering

There is a growing need to make sense of all the raw data available on the Internet, hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the capabilities of data mining algorithms applied to social networks. We propose a system to mine public Twitter data for information relevant to obesity and health as an initial case study. This paper details the findings of our project and critiques the use of social networks for data mining purposes.
The role of hypothermia and drowning in commercial fishing deaths in Alaska, 1990-2002

Objectives. To describe the patterns associated with cold-water immersion and drowning in commercial fishermen in Alaska from 1990 through 2002. Study Design. This is a retrospective study using data from the Alaska Occupational Surveillance System (AOISS), a database with records from all occupational mortalities occurring in Alaska from 1990 on. Methods. We extracted and analyzed all records describing deaths from drowning or hypothermia to commercial fishermen in Alaska from 1990 through 2002 that were registered within AOISS. We also used a subset of records from AOISS to compare use of Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) between the target population and survivors of fatal events. Results. There were 228 deaths resulting from cold-water immersion and subsequent drowning in the target population for the time period studied. Victims were far less likely to have used PFDs than were survivors of events where cold-water drowning occurred. Conclusion. The strong protective association seen with the use of PFDs, particularly immersion suits, in surviving cold-water events indicates that many of the events that led to deaths in the target population could well have been survivable. Keywords: Cold-water immersion, Drowning, Commercial Fishermen
Serotonin and hallucinogens

This brief review traces the serotonin (5-HT) hypothesis of the action of hallucinogenic drugs from the early 1950 s to the present day. There is now converging evidence from biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies that the two major classes of psychedelic hallucinogens, the indoleamines (e.g., LSD) and the phenethylamines (e.g., mescaline), have a common site of action as partial agonists at 5-HT2A and other 5-HT2 receptors in the central nervous system. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the cerebral cortex are among the regions where hallucinogens have prominent effects through their actions upon a 5-HT2A receptors. Recently, we have observed a novel effect of hallucinogens—a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated enhancement of nonsynchronous, late components of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials at apical dendrites of layer V cortical pyramidal cells. We propose that an effect of hallucinogens upon glutamatergic transmission in the cerebral cortex may be responsible for the higher-level cognitive, perceptual, and affective distortions produced by these drugs.
Robust ellipse and spheroid fitting

Ellipse and ellipsoid fitting has been extensively researched and has broad applications. Traditional ellipse fitting methods provide accurate estimation of ellipse parameters in the case of low noise. However, their performance is compromised when the noise level or the ellipse eccentricity are high. In this paper, an algorithm based on the geometric definition of an ellipse/spheroid (a special class of ellipsoid) is proposed. It performs well in high-noise, and high-eccentricity cases. The efficacy of the new algorithm is demonstrated through simulations.
An evaluation of experimental practices for abatement of residential lead-based paint: report on a pilot project.

In this pilot study, we prospectively evaluated experimental practices for abating lead-based paint in six dwellings. These experimental abatements were based upon a new approach to abatement which reflects current understanding of low-level lead toxicity in children and the role of lead-contaminated dust as an important contributor to children's total body burden. Our previous study of traditional abatement practices in Baltimore showed them to be inadequate for reducing lead in both house dust and children's blood. Our experimental abatements resulted in significant reductions in house dust-lead levels (PbD) which persisted during 6–9 months of followup. Geometric mean PbD at floors, window sills, and window wells were respectively 5.6, 49.6, and 316.7 mg/m2 at preabatement, and respectively 0.6, 4.4, and 10.8 mg/m2 at 6–9 months. Experimental abatements involved (1) treatment of lead-painted surfaces above and below 4 ft from the floor, including interior and exterior components of windows; (2) sealing or covering of wooden floors; (3) procedures for containment of dust during abatement; and (4) a final cleanup using a high-efficiency particle air (HEPA) vacuum. We recommend that more research be done to further evaluate and compare the long-term efficacy of these and other abatement methodologies.
On the oscillation of an n th-order nonlinear neutral delay differential equation

Abstract The authors consider the n th-order nonlinear neutral delay differential equation [ y ( t )+ P ( t ) y ( g ( t ))] ( n ) + δQ ( t ) f ( y ( h ( t )))=0, where n ⩾1, Q ( t )⩾0 and δ =±1. They give sufficient conditions for solutions to either oscillate or converge to zero.
Loss of heterozygosity in 8p is associated with microinvasion in colorectal carcinoma

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) from the short arm of chromosome 8 is frequent in a variety of malignancies, suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in this region. Previous studies suggested that this deletion may correlate with higher clinicopathologic stages in colorectal cancer, but others did not support this finding; in part, this difficulty is due to the low heterozygosity of the RFLP markers that were used. Here we report on a preliminary investigation in which we used highly informative microsatellite markers to determine whether deletions of 8p are correlated with poor prognostic features. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 15 patients was analyzed with a panel of three microsatellite markers that are known to be sites of frequent LOH. Fourteen of the 15 cases were informative with at least one marker, and 7 showed LOH. Analysis of clinical features showed that there was no relation of 8p LOH with patient age or tumor stage, grade, location, or pattern of growth. However, a statistically significant correlation was seen between LOH and lymphatic, vascular, or perineural microinvasion (Fisher exact test, P = 0.01). This histologic feature is known to be a stage-independent indicator of prognosis. Our data suggest that 8p LOH may be associated with poor outcome and demonstrate the utility of these microsatellite markers for its detection.
Energy‐band structure and charge distribution for BaC6

An ab initio self-consistent calculation has been carried out for the electronic properties of BaC6. Energy bands and charge densities are presented for BaC6 and compared with those of LiC6. The results show that the band originating from Ba states has a mixture of s and d character and the d component hybridizes appreciably with the π bands of graphite. The Fermi level intersects this band as well as the graphite π bands, giving rise to a complicated Fermi surface with several types of carriers. Depending on the type of volumetric partitioning, the charge transfer from Ba to graphite layers is determined to be between 0.7 and 1.0 electron per Ba atom. The calculated results are consistent with available transport and optical measurements.
Pierre Duhem, the History and Philosophy of Physics, and the Teaching of Physics

The distinguished physicist and historian and philosopher of science Pierre Duhem (1861–1916) not only taught physics, but also worked out in his Aim and Structure of Physical Theory a philosophical analysis of physics. Duhem's analysis offers important suggestions about how physics progresses and also how physics should be taught. This essay suggests what advice Duhem would give persons involved in physics teaching about how physics should be presented. In particular, it discusses Duhem's insightful critique of what he called the Newtonian method.
Probable case of Binder syndrome in a skeleton from Quarai, New Mexico

Binder syndrome (maxillonasal dysplasia) is a not uncommon disorder reported in the clinical literature and is characterized by hypoplastic development of the midface. An extensive review of the paleopathology literature did not reveal any examples of Binder syndrome. In this paper, a probable case of Binder syndrome in a female skeleton, 16-17 years at age of death, from Quarai, New Mexico (ca. AD 1375-1450) is presented. This case was identified during standard documentation prior to repatriation at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The skull of this individual (381243) exhibits unusual facial features, including an underdeveloped midface, flattened glabella, absent nasal spine, and apparent alveolar prognathism, in addition to a vertebral anomaly. All of these characteristics are consistent with skeletal dysmorphologies associated with Binder syndrome. Measurements of the Quarai skull are compared with published data on Binder patients and normal control groups in order to quantify the nature of the observed morphology. Univariate analysis of craniometric/cephalometric data provides further support for a diagnosis of Binder syndrome, as critical measurements on the Quarai skull are consistent with those reported in Binder patients and significantly different from those reported for normal control groups. In addition to presenting a probable prehistoric case of Binder syndrome, this paper demonstrates the applicability of using direct comparisons of clinical data to help identify unusual conditions in skeletal remains.
Analysis of wormhole intrusion attacks in MANETS

Wormhole refers to an attack on MANET routing protocols in which colluding nodes create an illusion that two remote regions of a MANET are directly connected through nodes that appear to be neighbors but are actually distant from one another. Our focus in this paper is a particular form of the wormhole attack called the self-contained in-band wormhole. In this paper we analyze the criterion for successful wormhole attack on a MANET. Based on results collected from a Qualnet simulation, we evaluate the likelihood of such an attack. We further classify the wormhole scenarios into successful, unsuccessful, doubtful, interesting, and uninteresting. We also define wormhole strength and observe that the detection ratio of the technique proposed in varies with wormhole strength as well as with the network topology. The simulation statistics also show that the wormholes having higher strength have a higher detection ratio as compared to the ones with lower strength.
Observational Distinguishability of Databases with Object Identity

We will examine the problem of distinguishing between database instances and values in models which incorporate object-identities and recursive data-structures. We will show that the notion of observational distinguishability is intricately linked to the languages available for querying a database. In particular we will show that, given a simple query language incorporating a test for equality of object-identities, database instances are indistinguishable if they are isomorphic, and that, in a language without any operators on objectidentities, database instances are indistinguishable if a bisimilarity relation holds between them. Further, such a bisimulation relation may be computed on values, but doing so requires the ability to recurse over all the object-identities in an instance. We will then show that systems of keys give rise to observational distinguishability relations which lie between these two extremes. We show that a system of keys satisfying certain restrictions provides us with an efficient means of comparing values, while avoiding the need to compare object identities directly. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-95-20. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/227 Observational Distinguishability of Databases with Object Identity ' MS-CIS-95-20 Logic and Computation 91
Ability of Broilers to Resist Heat Following Neonatal Exposure to High Environmental Temperature

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine whether heat exposure of neonatal broilers had any effect on their growout performance or on their mortality during heat exposure later in life. Broiler chicks, 5 or 6 d old, were exposed to 36.1 C for 24 h in environmental chambers. At 47 d in Trial 1 and at 42 d in Trial 2, the broilers were exposed to 37.8 C for 6.5 h in Trial 1 and 8 h in Trial 2. Early heat exposure did not influence resistance to later heat exposure as measured by mortality. Also, early heat exposure did not affect body weight gain, feed efficiency, or growout mortality.
A mutant viral RNA promoter with an altered conformation retains efficient recognition by a viral RNA replicase through a solution-exposed adenine.

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) genomic minus-strand RNA synthesis requires an RNA motif named stem-loop C (SLC). An NMR-derived solution structure of SLC was reported by Kim et al. (Nature Struc Biol, 2000, 7:415‐423) to contain three replicase-recognition elements, the most important of which is a stable stem with a terminal trinucleotide loop, 59AUA39. The 59-most adenine of the triloop is rigidly fixed to the stem helix by interactions that require the 39-most adenine, which is called a clamped adenine motif. However, a change of the 39 adenine to guanine (59AUG39) unexpectedly directed RNA synthesis at 130% of wild type (Kim et al., Nature Struc Biol, 2000, 7:415‐423). To understand how RNA with the AUG mutation maintains interaction with the BMV replicase, we used NMR and other biophysical techniques to elucidate the solution conformation of a 13-nt RNA containing the AUG triloop, called S-AUG. We found that S-AUG has a drastically different loop conformation in comparison to the wild type, as evidenced by an unusual
ETANA-ADD: an interactive tool for integrating archaeological DL collections

ETANA-DL is an archaeology digital library built based on the principles of Open Digital Libraries. A key challenge addressed in ETANA-DL is integration of new archaeological sites. To enable archaeologists to build OAI data providers for easy integration, we developed an interactive software tool for database-to-XML generation, schema mapping, and global archive generation. This tool greatly enhances our ability to build new Open Archives. We tested the tool with data from the Umm el-Jimal site.
Structural studies of a yeast quaternary transcription-initiation complex

A 96.7 kDa quaternary transcription-factor complex consisting of the conserved core domains of yeast TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB and TATA-box DNA has been assembled from purified components. Crystals of the complex were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. Native data sets were collected at synchrotron sources. Crystal form I belongs to space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 173.2, c = 164.1 A, and diffracts to 2.5 A resolution, but contains substoichiometric amounts of TFIIB. Crystal form II was assembled with a longer piece of DNA than that used for form I crystals and contains the complete quaternary complex. These crystals belong to space group P4212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 141.7, c = 112.0 A, and diffract to 3.6 A resolution.
Formulas for the impulse response of a digital filter with an arbitrary piecewise-linear frequency response

Simple formulas are derived for the impulse response of a digital filter with an arbitrary piecewise-linear frequency response. These are generalizations of a formula given in Oppenheim and Schafer (1989), and are useful in designing linear-phase FIR filters by the "windowing" method. >
Demographic profile of older adults using wheeled mobility devices

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of wheeled mobility devices differed with respect to age, gender, residential setting, and health-related factors among older adults. A total of 723 adults ageing 60 and older are representing three cohorts, from nursing homes, the Center for Assistive Technology, and the wheelchair registry from the Human Engineering Research Laboratories. Wheeled mobility devices were classified into three main groups: manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs, and scooters. Our results found factors including age, gender, diagnosis, and living settings to be associated with differences in use of manual versus powered mobility devices. Differences in use were also noted for subtypes of manual (depot, standard, and customized) and powered (scooter, standard, and customized) mobility devices, on demographic, living arrangements, and health-related factors. Consideration of demographic, health-related, and environmental factors during the prescription process may help clinicians identify the most appropriate mobility device for the user.
THE MURIDS: SURVEILLANCE AND COLLABORATION

The A. suggests that the path to accommodation of Amadu Bamba and the Murids may have been less long and tortuous than the standard literature suggests. The conventional historiography makes the entire period (1895-1912) of Bamba's exile, in three different locations, into a time of opposition, followed by a rather intensive collaboration (1912-27) from the founder's return to Baol until his death. The A. argues that the pattern of relationship - a simultaneous combination of close surveillance by the French, constant communication between the two sides, and collaboration in the economic development of the peanut basin - was established by the early twentieth century and remained consistent for the rest of Bamba's life. He suggests that this pattern was also applied to the other marabouts and brotherhoods, and that it originated to a large extent in changes in practice in the colonial administration. The Government General of French West Africa had more resources, confidence and knowledge than its predecessor in Senegal. It also developed, in the form of its plan to take over Mauritania, a new model of relations between Muslim authorities and European rule. Bamba's ability to survive the harsh years of exile and the effort to break his spirit, along with the pedagogy which he developed and refined over the years, gave him and his order a kind of protection from accusations of collaboration. His survival enabled the Murids to pursue accommodation with increasing intensity. The accommodation which he and his followers developed with the colonial administration put the seal on a new practice of relations between Muslim and colonial authorities.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Thinopyrum and wheat- Thinopyrum translocated chromosomes in a wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploid

The wheat--Thinopyrum amphiploid 'Agrotriticum # 3425' (AT 3425), which is highly resistant to Cephalosporium stripe, was identified to carry seven pairs of Thinopyrum chromosomes, three pairs of wheat--Thinopyrum translocated chromosomes and 18 pairs of wheat chromosomes. Fluorescence genomic in situ hybridization (FGISH), C-banding, sequential C-banding and FGISH, and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were used to characterize and identify the chromosomes. The Thinopyrum chromosomes in AT 3425 were designated as T1 through T7 based on their C-banding patterns. The FGISH and C-banding patterns of mitotic chromosomes in AT 3425 and meiotic chromosomes in the hybrid between AT 3425 and wheat cultivar 'Chinese Spring' (CS) revealed that wheat chromosomes 1D, 2B and 3D were involved in the three wheat-Thinopyrum chromosome translocations designated as (W-T)1, (W-T)2, and (W-T)3 respectively. The analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in single seeds of AT 3425 confirmed the involvement of wheat chromosome 1D in the translocation (W-T)1. The designations 1DSuu.1DL-1TL, 2BSuu.2BL-2TL and 3DSuu.3DL-3TL were suggested for the wheat--Thinopyrum translocated chromosomes (W-T)1, (W-T)2 and (W-T)3 in AT 3425 respectively.
The effect of paroxetine on thiothixene pharmacokinetics.

SUMMARY Objective: In this study healthy volunteers received thiothixene with and without a 3-day pretreatment with paroxetine to determine if paroxetine decreased the clearance of thiothixene. Method: Ten healthy medication-free volunteers (4 women and 6 men, mean age 38&12 years) were randomized to receive a single 20 mg oral dose of thiothixene on two separate occasions. On one occasion thiothixene was given concurrently, and following 3 days of pre-treatment with oral paroxetine (20 mg/day). On the other occasion thiothixene was given without paroxetine pretreatment. The two study days were separated by a minimum period of 2 weeks. On both study days, after the administration of thiothixene, 10 ml blood samples were collected over the next 72 h. Results: None of the pharmacokinetic parameters of thiothixene were significantly altered by a 3-day treatment with paroxetine. Discussion: It is likely that the CYP2D6 isoenzyme is not responsible for a high proportion of thiothixene clearance, but one cannot exclude the possibility that a longer paroxetine pretreatment might have caused some inhibition of thiothixene clearance.