cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Russian Wheat Aphid Pest Intensity Across the Great Plains

ABSTRACT Wheat, the most important cereal crop in the Northern Hemisphere, is at-risk for an approximate 10% reduction in worldwide production because of animal pests. The potential economic impact of cereal crop pests has resulted in substantial research efforts into the understanding of pest agroecosystems and development of pest management strategy. Management strategy is informed frequently by models that describe the population dynamics of important crop pests and because of the economic impact of these pests, many models have been developed. Yet, limited effort has ensued to compare and contrast models for their strategic applicability and quality. One of the most damaging pests of wheat in North America is the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). Eighteen D. noxia population dynamic models were developed from the literature to describe pest intensity. The strongest models quantified the negative effects of fall and spring precipitation on aphid intensity, and the positive effects assoc...
Short-term mechanical ventilation increases airway reactivity in rat pups.

We used a rat pup model to delineate whether mechanical ventilation of ≤4 h duration in the absence of supplemental oxygen contributes to the development of airway hyperreactivity. Eight-day-old rat pups were assigned to unventilated normoxic controls, ventilated under normoxic conditions, ventilated under hyperoxic conditions (100% O2), or unventilated hyperoxic groups (>95% O2). After each intervention, they were returned to their mothers. On d 10 of life, all animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated to measure pulmonary function. Total lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were measured in response to increasing intravenous doses of methacholine (0.03–1 μg/g) by head-out body plethysmography. Injection of methacholine caused a dose-dependent increase in RL and decrease in Cdyn. The response of both RL and Cdyn to methacholine was significantly potentiated by prior exposure to mechanical ventilation when compared with unventilated normoxic controls. The addition of hyperoxia to mechanical ventilation did not further potentiate responses to methacholine. Mechanical ventilation did not alter lung myosin or the number of inflammatory cells in airways of room air ventilated versus unventilated control animals. We conclude that a brief period of mechanical ventilation in rat pups increases airway reactivity 48 h after such exposure in the presence as well as absence of hyperoxic exposure. This represents a potentially important model to investigate the mechanisms involved in airway hyperreactivity induced by neonatal lung injury.
Pattern of normal age-related regional differences in white matter microstructure is modified by vascular risk.

Abstract Even successful aging is associated with regional brain shrinkage and deterioration of the cerebral white matter. Aging also brings about an increase in vascular risk, and vascular impairment may be a potential mechanism behind the observed patterns of aging. The goals of this study were to characterize the normal age differences in white matter integrity in several brain regions across the adult life span and to assess the modifying effect of vascular risk on the observed pattern of regional white matter integrity. We estimated fractional anisotropy and diffusivity of white matter in nine cerebral regions of interest in 77 healthy adults (19–84 years old). There was a widespread reduction of white matter anisotropy with age, and prefrontal and occipital regions evidenced the greatest age-related differences. Diffusivity increased with age, and the magnitude of age differences increased beginning with the middle of the fifth decade. Vascular risk factors modified age differences in white matter integrity. Clinically diagnosed and treated arterial hypertension was associated with reduced white matter anisotropy and increased diffusivity beyond the effects of age. In the normotensive participants, elevation of arterial pulse pressure (a surrogate of arterial stiffness) was linked to deterioration of the white matter integrity in the frontal regions. Although the causal role of vascular risk in brain aging is unclear, the observed pattern of effects suggests that vascular risk may drive the expansion of age-related white matter damage from anterior to posterior regions.
Standard Duals of Operator Bimodules

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the notion of standard duals of operator bimodules. They coincide with the standard duals of operator spaces when the operator bimodules are nothing more than operator spaces. Using the Haagerup tensor product of operator sesquimodules and operator bimodules, we give a representation for the standard duals of operator bimodules in terms of the operator space standard duals. We also study the problem whether an operator bimodule is completely isometrically embedded in its second standard dual and its connection with the behavior of the adjoint operation. In addition, we also find out the standard dual of a direct limit of a sequence of operator bimodules.
Long and short term trends in vessel conditioning of TFTR

Abstract We have investigated trends in the conditioning of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) vacuum vessel during the May 1984 to April 1985 run period. The initial conditioning of the vessel, consisting of glow discharge cleaning (GDC) and pulse discharge cleaning (PDC) in concert with a 150°C vessel bakeout, is necessary to assure plasma operation after atmospheric venting. A long term conditioning process, ascribed to limiter conditioning, effectively improves operational conditions during the course of the run. Over several thousand high power plasma discharges, the improvement was documented by using standard parameter (fiducial) plasma discharges. Several techniques demonstrated short term improvements in vessel conditioning during this time period, including: Cr gettering and programming the plasma position relative to the limiter contact area.
Genetic analysis of streptomycinresistance and -dependence in Chlamydomonas.

Three non-chromosomal and two chromosomal genes which influence resistance to streptomycin are described. Each of the non-chromosomal factors,sr-500,sr-1500, andsd, exhibits uniparental inheritance, with all progeny receiving the factor when it is carried by the parent of mating-typeplus, and none when it is carried by the mating-typeminus parent. The streptomycin-dependence factor,sd, shows zygotic dominance when contributed by the mating-typeplus parent, but not when coming from the mating-typeminus parent, indicating that the uniparental transmission results from events occurring within the zygote early in maturation and well before meiosis. The chromosomal geneA interacts both with chromosomal and non-chromosomal genes at the biochemical level, but does not alter their patterns of inheritance.
NEURON SCATTERING STUDIES OF THE MAGNETIC FLUCTUATIONS IN YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Neutron scattering measurements were made on the spin fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O7-delta for different oxygen doping levels. Incommensurability is clearly observed for oxygen concentrations of 6.6 and 6.7 and is suggested for the 6.93. Measurements of the resonance for the O-6.6 concentration show that it exists in a broadened and less intense form at temperatures much higher than T-c. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electron microscopic, observations on the vascular barrier in the cortex of the thymus of the mouse.

The thymus of newborn and young adult mice of the DBA strain was studied under the electron microscope after fixation in osmium tetroxide and embedding in araldite. In most of the animals several intravenous doses of Thorotrast were administered within 24 or 48 hours of thymectomy. The fine vessels in the cortex of the thymus appear unusually competent. Their endothelium is complete, their basement membrane broad, and their wall further increased by adventitial cells and extracellular tissue. The epithelial reticular cell is the most peripheral adventitial element of these vessels. It extends slender processes which encircle the vessel and, by similar processes, surrounds individual or clusters of perivascular lymphocytes. This cell is disposed to mediate influences passing between cortical lymphocytes and the blood. By cytoplasmic processes of the endothelium and the adventitial reticular cells a cellular pathway from the lumen to the outside of the these vessels is established. In smaller vessels, moreover, the adventitial enclosure by reticular cells is incomplete. After intravenous injection thorium dioxide may be found in the vessel wall and, to a limited degree, in the surrounding tissue. These vessels resemble both the fine vessels in the central nervous system where a blood-brain barrier is present, and the terminal arterial vessels in the spleen.
Diabetes Risk Associated with Use of Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Risperidone in Veterans Health Administration Patients with Schizophrenia

To evaluate risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes associated with use of selected antipsychotic agents, the authors conducted a new-user cohort study in a national sample of US Veterans Health Administration patients with schizophrenia (and no preexisting diabetes). The authors studied 15,767 patients who initiated use of olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol in 1999–2001 after at least 3 months with no antipsychotic prescriptions. Patients were followed for just over 1 year. New-onset diabetes was identified through diagnostic codes and prescriptions for diabetes medication. In Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for potential confounders, with patients initiating haloperidol use designated the reference group, diabetes risk was increased equally with new use of olanzapine (hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 2.19), risperidone (HR ¼ 1.60, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.14), or quetiapine (HR ¼ 1.67, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.76). Diabetes risks were higher in patients under age 50 years. When data were reanalyzed with prevalent-user cohorts and matched case-control designs, results were similar, with slightly less elevated risk estimates. Assuming that the observed associations are causal, approximately one third of new cases of diabetes may be attributed to use of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine in patients taking these medications. Prescribers should be mindful of diabetes risks when treating patients with schizophrenia. antipsychotic agents; case-control studies; cohort studies; diabetes mellitus; pharmacoepidemiology; schizophrenia; veterans
Holding Power of Orthopedic Screws Comparison of Self‐tapped and Pre‐tapped Screws in Foal Bone

Comparison was made of the holding power of orthopedic screws inserted self-tapped or after pre-tapping in foal bone. Third metacarpal and metatarsal bones were used. Comparative trials were made between screws inserted at the same site in the corresponding bones from the contralateral limbs of the same foal. A MTS servohydraulic tensile testing machine was used to perform screw pullouts at a displacement rate of 19 mm/sec. The 5.5 mm cortical screws had significantly greater holding power than 6.5 mm cancellous screws when both were inserted self-tapped (p = 0.0056). Pre-tapped insertion of 5.5 mm screws produced a significantly greater holding power than self-tapped insertion of 5.5 mm screws (p = 0.018). Pre-tapped insertion of 6.5 mm screws produced a significantly greater holding power than self-tapped insertion of 6.5 mm screws (p = 0.0000). In internal fixation of fractures in foals, insertion of 5.5 mm and 6.5 mm screws pre-tapped in metaphyseal bone is recommended because it produces greater holding power than self-tapped insertion.
Stability analysis of two-dimensional nonlinear systems using Lyapunov's second method

In the present paper, the second method of Lyapunov is utilized to establish sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the trivial solution of nonlinear, shift-invariant 2-D (two-dimensional) systems described by the Fornasini-Marchesini second state-space model (1976, 1978) which are endowed with saturation type nonlinearities. The Lyapunov stability concepts are introduced for 2-D systems. Results for the global asymptotic stability of the null solution of 2-D Fornasini-Marchesini second model with saturation type nonlinearities are established. Several classes of Lyapunov functions are used in establishing the present results including vector norms and the quadratic form. When the quadratic form Lyapunov functions are used, the present results involve necessary and sufficient conditions under which positive definite matrices can be used to generate Lyapunov functions for the 2-D nonlinear systems considered herein.
Norepinephrine in Septic Shock: Renewed Interest in an Old Drug

Vasopressors are the mainstay after fluids in the hemodynamic support of patients with septic shock. Although dopamine is commonly used in this situation, it is sometimes ineffective. Because of its potential adverse vasoconstrictive effects, norepinephrine usually has been chosen only when all other drugs have failed in septic shock. However, several recent reports have suggested a beneficial effect of norepinephrine, often in doses higher than those commonly used. Specifically, these studies in 77 patients showed that norepinephrine effectively elevates blood pressure and increases systemic vascular resistance without decreasing cardiac output. Renal function in these patients appears to be maintained. Information on oxygen transport is variable; however, the mortality from sepsis remains high at between 17 and 50 percent. Until more information becomes available, norepinephrine appears to be a useful drug in maintaining blood pressure in patients with septic shock, but higher than usual doses may be needed.
Initial studies on sperm cryopreservation of a live-bearing fish, the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri

Swordtails and platyfish of the genus Xiphophorus are valuable models for biomedical research and are also commercially raised as ornamental fish valued by aquarists. While research use and commercial interest increases yearly in these fish, cryopreservation of sperm is unexplored in this genus. Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes characterized by small body sizes, limited sperm volumes, and internal fertilization, an atypical reproductive mode for fish. These attributes make research involving cryopreservation of Xiphophorus germplasm challenging. To explore methods for sperm cryopreservation, this study evaluated the effect of different loading volumes of sperm suspension in 0.25-ml French straws, different dilution ratios of sperm to extender, an osmolality range of extender without cryoprotectant and with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant, and short-term storage at room temperature and 4 degrees C after thawing. No significant difference in sperm motility due to straw loading volume was observed after thawing. Sperm motility was observed to decrease with increasing dilution. The osmolality of Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) without cryoprotectant in which the highest sperm motility (67%) was observed was 320 +/- 3 mOsm/kg, which was also the osmolality of X. helleri blood plasma. When cryopreserved with 10% DMSO, however, the highest motilities within 10 min after thawing were observed with HBSS in the range of 240-300 mOsm/kg. Sperm suspended in HBSS at 320 mOsm/kg with a dilution factor of 100 maintained motility for 24h at room temperature, but persisted for 10 days when stored at 4 degrees C. These results provided the first evidence that cryopreservation may be applied to conservation of genetic resources in live-bearing fishes.
A natural language oriented XML knowledge representation for medical documents

The XML medical knowledge representation (XMKR) is not a coding system, rather it is a medical knowledge system that tags the different manifestations of codified medical knowledge as they appear in text documents and models different medical systems appearing in text documents. The XMKR tagged documents can be viewed in different styles according to the needs of users.
Mechanical ventilation in the acute respiratory distress syndrome * 2006

Given the joint potential for the ventilator to offer life support or extend the severity and duration of the illness, the machine settings for the ventilatory cycle are of unquestioned importance. How best to achieve the appropriate tradeoff, however, remains a topic of active debate. The currently available clinical database appears compatible with the highly consistent scientific body of information that addresses ventilator usage in the setting of acute lung injury. Unfortunately, most efforts to conduct clinical trials to inform clinical practice have been severely hampered, however, by imprecise definitions and protocols that lack mechanistic sophistication. In this paper, clinical trials of lung protection are reviewed and the insights gained are used to propose general guidelines for ventilatory management as well as a suggested management sequence for patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Change point estimation in multi-subject fMRI studies.

Most statistical analyses of fMRI data assume that the nature, timing and duration of the psychological processes being studied are known. However, in many areas of psychological inquiry, it is hard to specify this information a priori. Examples include studies of drug uptake, emotional states or experiments with a sustained stimulus. In this paper we assume that the timing of a subject's activation onset and duration are random variables drawn from unknown population distributions. We propose a technique for estimating these distributions assuming no functional form, and allowing for the possibility that some subjects may show no response. We illustrate how these distributions can be used to approximate the probability that a voxel/region is activated as a function of time. Further a procedure is discussed that uses a hidden Markov random field model to cluster voxels based on characteristics of their onset, duration, and anatomical location. These methods are applied to an fMRI study (n = 24) of state anxiety, and are well suited for investigating individual differences in state-related changes in fMRI activity and other measures.
Nonrepeatable radial and axial runout of 5 1/4" disk drive spindles

Radial and axial nonrepeatable runout of a 5-1/4-in disk drive spindle is investigated in the time and frequency domain using statistical analysis. The runout is measured using high-resolution capacitance probes, and the correlation between radial and axial nonrepeatable runout is determined. In addition, the relation between nonrepeatable runout and bearing design parameters is investigated. >
Effects of temperature and strain rate on the tensile behavior of unfilled and talc-filled polypropylene. Part I: Experiments

The tensile behavior of unfilled and 40 w% talc-filled polypropylene has been determined at four different temperatures (21.5, 50, 75 and 100°C) and three different strain rates (0.05, 0.5 and 5 min -1 ). Experimental results showed that both unfilled and talc-filled polypropylenes were sensitive to strain rate and temperature. Stress-strain curves of both materials were nonlinear even at relatively low strains. The addition of talc to polypropylene increased the elastic modulus, but the yield strength and yield strain were reduced. The temperature and strain rate sensitivities of these materials were also different. An energy-activated, rate sensitive Eyring equation was used to predict the yield strength of both materials. It is shown that both activation volume and activation of energy increased with the addition of talc in polypropylene.
Custom design of facility layouts for multiproduct facilities using layout modules

The functional, flowline and cellular layouts are traditional facility layouts that have been discussed extensively in the literature. However, due to the large variety of parts usually produced in jobshops, none of these layouts by themselves provide a satisfactory layout solution. This paper introduces a new idea in layout design that decomposes a layout into a network of "layout modules." Each module has a unique material-flow pattern, which, in some cases, corresponds to that of one of the traditional layouts. The use of layout modules allows for a single facility to have different types of layout configurations designed for different portions of its material-flow network. This paper introduces a systematic method for implementation of this design approach and demonstrates its application using a sample of routings obtained from industry.
Hydrocortisone enhances and inhibits hyaluronate synthesis in a human dermal equivalent

We have previously reported Human dermal fibroblasts cultured under serum-free conditions without the use of a three dimensional scaffold produce an organized extracellular matrix in vitro. This matrix bears marked resemblance to the human dermis and is capable of producing large amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA, hyaluronate). We have investigated the effect of the hormone hydrocortisone in differing concentrations on the behavior of human dermal fibroblasts cultured in vitro. We find that low concentrations of hydrocortisone enhance hyaluronate synthesis, while higher concentrations inhibit HA synthesis. A detailed extracellular matrix characterization of the cultured constructs will be presented.
Satellite estimates of evapotranspiration on the 100-m pixel scale

Estimating crop evapotranspiration (Et) from satellite observations has proven to be challenging task, because the single "snapshot" images routinely obtained from high-spatial-resolution satellites do not provide enough temporal information. A new two-step approach (called disaggregated-ALEXI or DisALEXI) has been developed to combine the high temporal resolution of GOES with the high spatial resolution of Landsat to estimate crop Et on the 20-100-m scale without using any local observations. The first step uses surface brightness-temperature-change measurements about four hours apart in the morning from the GOES satellite to estimate average Et on the scale of about 5 km with an algorithm known as ALEXI. The second step disaggregates the GOES 5-km Et estimates by using high-spatial-resolution images of vegetation-index and surface temperature, such as from aircraft or Landsat, to produce 30-m maps of crop Et. Preliminary evaluations suggest that crop remote Et estimates agree within 15 to 50% of surface measurements, where the 50% error is on a small flux (150 W m/sup -2/). The DisALEXI approach will be useful for adjusting parameters or updating calibrations of high-spatial-resolution models used for management decisions in precision farming, because no local measurements are necessary, and spatial patterns will be determined with high precision even if the absolute accuracy may only be 30%.
Controlling human fixed-interval performance with fixed-ratio responding or differential reinforcement of low-rate responding in mixed schedules

Low response rates and postreinforcement pauses occurred under an FI schedule when a DRL schedule and the FI schedule operated in alternation. High constant FI responding (no pauses) occurred when FR and FI schedules alternated. These results were similar to previous ones which were obtained when FR or DRL responding occurred prior to exposure to an FI schedule.
Sketch Maps and Qualitative GIS: Using Cartographies of Individual Spatial Narratives in Geographic Research

Mental and sketch maps have a long tradition in modern geography. Little theoretical and methodological distinction has been made, however, between different hand mapping approaches. Mental maps emerged from behavioral geography of the spatial science tradition as a technique to understand human behaviors based on peoples’ perceptions of their spatial environment. More recently, sketch maps have been used in participatory and qualitative geographic information systems (QGIS) to develop cartographies of group and individual spatial narratives. They are a tool that helps achieve QGIS's objectives of collecting unique spatial data of individual experiences, visualizing socio-spatial processes, breaking down particular barriers of positionality in research, and developing new uses of GIS. Two case studies illustrate the use of sketch maps in research, including a project examining job accessibility among working poor individuals and a study of the experiences of fear and safety in public spaces among lesbian,...
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS & CASE STUDIES: Public Knowledge and Wastewater Management: A Case in San Francisco

Contemporary wastewater management requires greater engagement of the public for reasons beneficial to both the public and wastewater managers. Such engagement, however, is contingent upon the public's requisite knowledge of the wastewater system, and significant factors work against the public's ability or willingness to understand the system. Using data from four focus groups, and representative data from a survey of 803 households in a major urban wastewater system, this study measures residents' level of knowledge about the wastewater system. While a majority of respondents could accurately identify the sources of wastewater that enter the sewers and actually are treated, few could identify any other important aspects of the system or any actual problems it is currently facing. Their lack of knowledge implies their potential participation in wastewater management issues is limited, which in turn limits the wastewater managers' abilities to leverage public support or meet public preferences for the wastewater system. These results emphasize the need for wastewater managers to communicate with their communities in ways meaningful to them in order to reap the benefits of public engagement. Environmental Practice 12:328–341 (2010)
Social Class And Structures Of Feeling In Women’s Childhood Memories Of Clothing, Food, And Leisure

Sociological and autobiographical accounts of working-class life suggest that emotions are one important component of social class identification. In this article, the author invokes Raymond Williams’ concept, “structures of feeling,” to explain how something as private and individual as emotions can be linked to one collective identity, social class. She examines the childhood memories of twenty-seven women from working-class and middle-class backgrounds for evidence of structures of feeling. Women’s childhood memories of clothing norm violations, encountering new food, and threatening situations revealed patterned emotional responses that varied by social class. The author argues that these patterns are evidence of class-based structures of feeling manifesting on an individual level.
Medication management in primary and secondary schools: assessing the practices and opinions of pediatricians.

OBJECTIVES 1)To assess the awareness of pediatricians regarding the potential problems caused by children taking their medications before or during school hours 2) To identify the types of interventions pediatricians use to manage these issues 3)To assess the views of pediatricians regarding how well the process of medication management is handled by the schools that their patients attend. METHODS Thirty-five pediatricians completed a questionnaire inquiring about their prescribing habits for children under the age of 18, their views on the possible effects medications may have on children while at school, and what they do to minimize problems that may be associated with taking or being under the influence of medications while at school. RESULTS The largest group of responding physicians (42.9%; n = 15) selected “Somewhat Common” when asked how common it is that they prescribe medications that must be used before or during school hours. The majority of responding pediatricians surveyed (62%; n = 21) belie...
AMPA receptor activation of area postrema neurons

This study reports on the effects of activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors on area postrema neuron cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). In 140 of 242 area postrema neurons isolated fro...
Vocalizations of Some Cheirogaleid Prosimians Evaluated in a Phylogenetic Context

Acoustic communication is a widespread mode of information exchange in many social animals, including primates. Social animals may live in highly gregarious groups, or may alternatively spend most of their day in solitude, interacting with only a few individuals (Charles-Dominique, 1978). For small nocturnal primates which tend to forage solitarily and encounter each other infrequently, acoustic signals may play a particularly important role in maintaining and regulating their social relationships.
High vascular and airway pressures increase interstitial protein mRNA expression in isolated rat lungs.

Parker, James C., Ellen C. Breen, and John B. West.High vascular and airway pressures increase interstitial protein mRNA expression in isolated rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1697–1705, 1997.—...
Predictors of shoulder dystocia at the time of operative vaginal delivery

Background It remains uncertain whether clinical factors known prior to delivery can predict which women are more likely to experience shoulder dystocia in the setting of operative vaginal delivery. Objective We sought to identify whether shoulder dystocia can be accurately predicted among women undergoing an operative vaginal delivery. Study Design This was a case-control study of women undergoing a low or outlet operative vaginal delivery from 2005 through 2014 in a single tertiary care center. Cases were defined as women who experienced a shoulder dystocia at the time of operative vaginal delivery. Controls consisted of women without a shoulder dystocia at the time of operative vaginal delivery. Variables previously identified to be associated with shoulder dystocia that could be known prior to delivery were abstracted from the medical records. Bivariable analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors independently associated with shoulder dystocia. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created to evaluate the predictive value of the model for shoulder dystocia. Results Of the 4080 women who met inclusion criteria, shoulder dystocia occurred in 162 (4.0%) women. In bivariable analysis, maternal age, parity, body mass index, diabetes, chorioamnionitis, arrest disorder as an indication for an operative vaginal delivery, vacuum use, and estimated fetal weight >4 kg were significantly associated with shoulder dystocia. In multivariable analysis, parity, diabetes, chorioamnionitis, arrest disorder as an indication for operative vaginal delivery, vacuum use, and estimated fetal weight >4 kg remained independently associated with shoulder dystocia. The area under the curve for the generated receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.77), demonstrating only a modest ability to predict shoulder dystocia before performing an operative vaginal delivery. Conclusion While risk factors for shoulder dystocia at the time of operative vaginal delivery can be identified, reliable prediction of shoulder dystocia in this setting cannot be attained.
Case 71: Why So Sleepy?

It is late at night. You are on call and taking over a case from one of your colleagues. The case is a correction of scoliosis in a 16-year-old girl. The operation has been going for 8 h. The anesthesiologist gives you a detailed account of the anesthetic, which includes nitrous oxide in oxygen and isoflurane 1–1.5 %. Fortunately it has been uneventful and the blood loss has been only 500 ml. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits. They have about an hour left. You check the anesthesia machine which is a Drager Apollo anesthesia workstation. You find everything in order. The anesthesiologist leaves but tells you that he is glad he is leaving, as he is very sleepy.
Lysolecithin Metabolism by Human Platelets

Human platelets incubated with 32P lysolecithin convert this compound to platelet lecithin and the water-soluble product glycerylphosphorylcholine. Lecithin synthesis from lysolecithin by intact platelets has a pH optimum of 9, whereas platelet homogenates show a pH optimum of 7.5 for the same reaction. Conversion of lysolecithin to platelet lecithin takes place by direct acylation of lysolecithin with free fatty acid. Addition of thrombin or ADP to the incubation medium has no effect on lysolecithin acylation or breakdown and does not affect the degradation of 14C choline-labeled platelet lecithin. Polystyrene particles stimulate lecithin synthesis and lysolecithin breakdown to glycerylphosphorylcholine by intact platelets but have no effect when added to platelet homogenates. By converting lysolecithin to lecithin, platelets add 2% to their lecithin content in 1 hr.
ACOUSTIC COUPLING OF TWIN JETS FROM SINGLE-BEVELED NOZZLES

A shock containing jet from even the simplest geometric configuration such as the circular nozzle, is rich in its flow features and mechanisms, and poses considerable challenge to its physical understanding and prediction. The problem is further complicated when two shock-containing jets are located in close vicinity. It has been shown in the past that such jets can interact, leading to acoustic characteristics of the resultant composite jet being significantly different from either individual jet and such interactions have become known as “jet coupling”. Although there is significant information available in the literature on coupling of axisymmetric jets as well as twodimensional (rectangular) jets of uniform geometry, in single and twin configurations, there is very little information on the coupling of jets from nozzles of complex geometry. Jets emanating from such nonuniform nozzles can also potentially couple, and, similar to the coupling phenomena observed in uniform exit rectangular jets, lead to very high fluctuating pressures in the internozzle regions that could lead to fatigue damage of the aircraft structure. In addition, jets with non-uniform exits exhibit spanwise modes that are substantially more complex than jets with uniform exits, due to the additional presence of spanwise oblique modes in non-uniform jets, that are absent in uniform geometries. The work presented in this paper was motivated by the need to understand the characteristics of the coupling between two such complex jets, with respect to how it affects the nearfield physics. The nozzles used in this experimental study were two dimensional with a single beveled exit geometry and an aspect ratio of 6.6. The twin jets were set up in a way that the beveled surfaces faced each other, forming a ‘V’-shape in the internozzle region. Experimental data was collected to obtain the directivity of the coupling modes in the azimuthal and horizontal planes and the broadband noise directivity was computed in the vertical plane. The variation of the instability modes along the downstream axial direction was also studied using both the linear and
Monitoring results of lead and cadmium in soil of the rural field of Renhe District of Panzhihua City from 2011-2012

[Objective]To understand the pollution situation of lead and cadmium in farmland soil,and provide scientific basis for pollution control.[Methods]According to the requirements of " The technical plan of rural environmental health monitoring project in Sichuan Province ".There were 40 field soil samples were detected within the jurisdiction of 40 administrative villages in 10 townships during 2011-2012.The evaluation basis was " Environmental quality standard for soil"(GB 15618-1995).[Results] Lead content of the all soil samples were qualified.The cadmium content in 20 samples of soil were all over the standard and the average value was 4.12 mg / kg in 2011.The highest exceeded the standard 7.7 times.In 2012 only 1 soil sample exceeded the standard,10 exceeded the natural background,9 were lower than the natural background.[Conclusion]The pollution range of cadmium in farmland soil is wide and severe in Renhe District.The exploitation of mineral resources may be the key factors leading to pollution.Strengthening the monitoring and comprehensive management should be done to eliminate the hazards of cadmium pollution as soon as possible.
Effect analysis of the supplementary immunization activity of polio vaccine in Qingyuan city in 2013

Objective In order to do a good job of children against polio vaccine immunization and maintain the polio-free in Qingyuan district.Methods Collecting data for supplementary immunization of polio vaccine in Jan.2013 and evaluating the immune situation.Results During the polio vaccine supplementary immunization,reported coverage and assessed coverage rate reached 95% or more,whether local children or floating children,there are zero dose of children among all age groups,under one year of age group(96.56%);In zero dose of floating children(4.77%),significantly higher than that of proportion of local children(2.65%).Conclusion Rate of vaccination of the supplementary immunization has met the requirement in implementation plan.However,we should strengthen measures to find leaking and to make up to vaccinate the work for children of took zero-dose and migrant children especially those who under one-year-old,so that we could improve the polio vaccination rates,eliminate zero from the crows and maintain the polio-free.
Does Time to Work Limit Time to Play?: Estimating a Time Allocation Model for High School Students by Household Income

To understand how high school students substitute time between human capital building activities, we use data from the 2003-2014 waves of the American Time Use Survey to estimate the causal effect of work time on extracurricular time. Our paper estimates heterogeneous effects by household income to test whether low-income students, who may be more likely to work during high school to supplement household income, are more likely to substitute time away from extracurriculars. We find that working has a negative effect on the likelihood of and minutes engaged in extracurriculars, though the effect is primarily due to engagement in work rather than minutes worked. While students in lower income households are less likely to engage in extracurriculars, we find no evidence of heterogeneous effects of working on extracurriculars by income. These findings are important for policy makers and school administrators who are promoting after school activities, as well as those who are interested in understanding the full impact of high school employment.
Characterization of tritium breeding ratio and energy multiplication factor of lithium-based ternary alloys in IFE blankets

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) developed an inertial fusion energy (IFE) chamber concept that uses liquid lithium as the tritium breeder and primary coolant. Lithium metal has multiple benefits including high tritium breeding capability and excellent heat transfer properties. Nevertheless, lithium highly reacts with air and water to create an alkali metal fire. As a result, LLNL is now conducting research and development to identify lithium-based ternary alloys that will keep the favorable attributes of lithium while reducing the chemical reactivity and fire hazards. 3-D Monte Carlo calculations of a simplified model of the laser IFE reactor were performed for the assessment of two characteristics: tritium breeding ratio (TBR) that is the ratio of tritium produced in the system to tritium consumed, and the fusion energy multiplication factor (EMF) that is the ratio of the total power deposited in the blanket and other regions outside the IFE chamber by neutrons, gammas, and alpha particles to the fusion power. The TBR and EMF were calculated for each ternary combination as a function of the alloy composition varying the atomic percent of each element in the mixture from 0 to 100% by increments of 5%. Mixtures that guarantee a TBR of at least 1.02 and an EMF of at least 1.10 were considered viable. It was found that (1) alloys containing bismuth or lead offer the wider range of acceptable compositions; (2) ternary alloys made of lithium, with either lead or bismuth, and a third element of zinc, strontium, barium, or copper can reduce the lithium concentration below 20%. In evaluating the overall performance of the blanket coolant, it is important to maintain the lithium concentration at a minimum to reduce chemical reactivity in lithium.
Gynecological surgery from the Hippocratics to the fall of the Roman Empire.

The article aimes to explore advances in the Greco-Roman gynecological surgery with particular emphasis on the Roman Empire. The development and improvement of the Roman surgical instrumentarium occurred in tandem with surgical advances, gynecological as well as general. It might therefore be said that the approach taken in this paper is one based on material culture. Key words : Gynecology – Surgical Strumentaria – Ancient medicine
Biological and Genetic Factors in Human Development

The human species has a tremendous potential for adaptation, a potential accompanied by the promise of great diversity across its individuals. Human development, from the moment of conception, is influenced by a multitude of factors including genetic heritage, interaction with the physical and social environment, and personal biological and psychological limitations. Individual reactions and responses to these factors insure that no child is quite like another. The differences between most children are relatively small, well in the range of what is considered normal.
Wagner and the early nineteenth-century theatre

For Wagner, the arts had a heroic purpose. His belief in theatre and music as agencies that allow us to free ourselves from the circumscriptive and corrupting conditions of everyday living was the overriding intellectual preoccupation of his life and the central concern of his major theoretical and critical writings. His vision of theatre's power to transform audiences grew from his impatience with the all-prevailing mediocrity he discovered in the smaller German opera companies where he began his career as a conductor in the 1830s. It was intensified by his stay in Paris, when he came to the conclusion that the most influential theatre in Europe was dominated by routine, egotistical display, shallowness, and indifference to artistic worth. What he saw in Paris was theatre devoted solely to commercial gain; what he came to envision was theatre released from all financial obligation, a place where individuals could achieve freedom by seeing works that led them to understand how they are part of a natural community, a community of the folk. This conception of theatre germinated during his years in Dresden and came to maturity in the great essays written during his first years of exile in Switzerland. THEATRE AND FREEDOM Wagner's critique of contemporary opera underwent few modifications in his lifetime. In his earliest essays, we find him complaining that artists have lost touch with their public, that no one knows how to give life to the voice of the folk on stage, and that librettists cannot instill their works with a poetry that provides the dramatic figures with an “organic core of life.”
Tandem Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation (AHPCT) for High-Risk Hodgkin Lymphoma: Mature Results of a Prospective Trial

Abstract 1990 The efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and AHPCT is inferior for Hodgkin lymphoma patients (pts) with high-risk features, commonly defined as primary induction failure (PIF) or early relapse (within 1 year of achieving remission). Phase II studies have suggested that tandem courses of HDC with AHPCT may improve transplant outcomes. We therefore evaluated this approach in a single-center, prospective, phase II study. The primary endpoint of the trial was relapse-free survival (RFS). The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis included 42 subjects with PIF or early relapse (within 1 year) who signed consent, of whom 37 underwent both transplants in 2002–2010 (3 were denied insurance coverage for tandem AHPCT, 1 had inadequate HPC harvest, and 1 withdrew). These subjects were compared retrospectively with 96 control pts who met eligibility criteria for the trial and underwent a single AHPCT from 1995–2009. HPC mobilization was with etoposide/filgrastim in all tandem AHPCT subjects, and in 55% of controls. Tandem pts received melphalan 150 mg/m2 with AHPCT. After a median of 52 days, tandem pts then received CBV (N=30) or busulfan, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide (BuCyVP; N=7, due to carmustine shortage) with AHPCT. Controls received BuCyVP (N=95) or CBV (N=1) with AHPCT. There were no clinically significant baseline differences between the tandem and control groups. With a median 54 months follow-up at the time of analysis among tandem AHPCT survivors, 23 tandem pts and 47 controls were alive at the time of analysis. Causes of death among tandem AHPCT recipients included relapse (N=13), pulmonary (N=1), secondary malignancy (N=3), other (N=2). For controls, causes of death included relapse (N=37), pulmonary (N=2), secondary malignancy (N=2), other (N=8). Among tandem pts who received both transplants, 100-day mortality did not occur; there were 7 deaths within 100 days post AHPCT among controls (P=0.09). Median RFS was 15.5 months for tandem pts and 26.3 months for controls (P=0.28). Median overall survival (OS) was 54.9 months for tandem pts vs. 73.1 months for controls (P=0.76). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with survival included race (non-Caucasian vs. Caucasian, HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.30–5.54, P=0.008), extent of prior chemotherapy (per 1 regimen increase, HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.71–3.77, P 10 cm vs. In conclusion, tandem AHPCT provides no demonstrable advantage over a single course of HDC with AHPCT in our analysis. More effective treatments are needed for pts with high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly ethnic minorities or those with bulky disease at transplant. Transplant outcomes suffered with additional lines of therapy before AHPCT, as shown in other published studies; thus, AHPCT should be prioritized over other interventions whenever feasible, at the time of induction failure or first relapse. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A broadband, compact 140–170GHz double side-band receiver in 90nm SiGe technology

This paper reports the design and characterization results of a broadband, compact 140–170 GHz Double Side-Band (DSB) receiver fabricated in a 90nm SiGe process. The design is based on a balanced Gilbert cell, with on-chip integrated LO and RF baluns and an IF Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA). The receiver exhibits up to 7dB conversion gain with an RF bandwidth extending beyond the frequency range of 140–170 GHz. The measured single sided 1dB and 3dB IF bandwidths are 10 GHz and 16 GHz respectively, making this circuit useful for block down-conversion of broadband communication signals or high resolution radar applications. A maximum output power of 0dBm is measured, with an output 1dB compression point of −4dBm. The conversion gain of the receiver can be varied by as much as 6dB through the integrated VGA, thus enabling equalization of the frequency response. The DSB mixer is simulated to have a noise figure of 10dB+/−0.5dB across the operation frequency band, which is comparable to noise performance that could be achieved from integrating a low noise amplifier (LNA) in the front-end. The chip consumes 40mA from a 3.4V supply and requires 3 dBm of LO power. It occupies a compact area of 0.6mm×0.15mm excluding pads, which favors further integration into receiver arrays.