cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regression Analysis Of Zernike Polynomials

In evaluating the performance of a mirror by interferometric methods, a standard procedure used by the optical engineer is to obtain the optical path difference (OPD) map from the fringes of the interferogram and to express the differences in terms of a least squares fit of the classical Zernike polynomials. Since the Zernike polynomials represent the aberrations inherent in the optics, the engineer can determine whether or not the optics will meet performance requirements and if not, what measures need to be taken to reduce the aberrations. This paper examines the least squares fitting process from a statistical point of view and points out the necessary steps and precautions which must be taken to ensure that the analysis rests on a firm foundation so that the conclusions drawn by the optical engineer are warranted. The fitting process is examined from the standpoint of statistical linear regression theory and the following concepts and ideas are introduced: 1) How to determine whether the fit is a good fit and what to do about outliers. 2) Whether the underlying assumptions of normality and constant variance have been met, and, if not, what should be done. 3) How to compute confidence intervals 4) What do the correlation and covariance matrices tell us. 5) How to look at the information contained in the residuals and how to detect influential observations. Regression analysis has proved to be a powerful tool in other fields and there is every reason to believe it can make a significant contribution to optical engineering.
On non‐parametric and generalized tests for the two‐sample problem with location and scale change alternatives

Various tests have been proposed for the two-sample problem when the alternative is more general than a simple shift in location: non-parametric tests; O'Brien's generalized t and rank sum tests; and other tests related to the t. We show that the generalized tests are directly related to non-parametric tests proposed by Lepage. As a result, we obtain a wider, more flexible class of O'Brien-type procedures which inherit the level robustness property of non-parametric tests. We have also computed the tests' empirical sizes and powers under several models. The non-parametric procedures and the related O'Brien-type tests are valid and yield good power in the settings investigated. They are preferable to the t-test and related procedures whose type I errors differ noticeably from nominal size for skewed and long-tailed distributions.
Vascular dysfunction in hyperglycemia: is protein kinase C the culprit?

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling is involved in angiogenesis, vascular contractility, and cardiac hypertrophy. Mice lacking a functional FGF2 gene (FGF2−/−) are hypotensive, but the primary physiological role of FGF2 in cardiovascular homeostasis remained unknown. Using a chicken FGF2 (cFGF2) transgene under control of the Wnt-1 promotor, we selectively re-expressed FGF2 in the developing nervous system of FGF2−/− (transgenic FGF2 mutant) embryos. Expression of the cFGF2 transgene in the developing nervous system, including its autonomic region, was limited to the period between embryonic day 9.5 and 14.5. Significantly, no FGF2 re-expression was detected in developing heart and blood vessels. Pharmacological analysis revealed a normalization of the blood pressure response to isoproterenol-induced vasodilation in adult transgenic FGF2 mutant mice. In addition, the hypotensive phenotype was rescued in 1 line (of 2) transgenic FGF2 mutant adult mice having expressed higher levels of cFGF2 protein...
It’s in the sample: The effects of sample size and sample diversity on the breadth of inductive generalization

Developmental studies have provided mixed evidence with regard to the question of whether children consider sample size and sample diversity in their inductive generalizations. Results from four experiments with 105 undergraduates, 105 school-age children (M = 7.2 years), and 105 preschoolers (M = 4.9 years) showed that preschoolers made a higher rate of projections from large samples than from small samples when samples were diverse (Experiments 1 and 3) but not when samples were homogeneous (Experiment 4) and not when the task required a choice between two samples (Experiment 2). Furthermore, when a property occurred in large and diverse samples, preschoolers exhibited a broad pattern of projection, generalizing the property to items from categories not represented in the evidence. In contrast, adults followed a normative pattern of induction and never attributed properties to items from categories not represented in the evidence. School-age children showed a mixed pattern of results.
AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC with over 100 GHz f/sub T/ and low microwave noise

High performance AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with 0.12 /spl mu/m gate-length have been fabricated on an insulating SiC substrate. The devices exhibited an extrinsic transconductance of 217 mS/mm and current drive capability as high as 1.19 A/mm. The threshold voltage of the devices was -5.5 V. For AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with the same gate-length, a record high unity current gain cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) of 101 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency (f/sub max/) of 155 GHz were measured at V/sub ds/=16.5 V and V/sub gs/=5.0 V. The microwave noise performances of the devices were characterized from 2 to 18 GHz at different drain biases and drain currents. At a drain bias of 10 V and a gate bias of -4.8 V, the devices exhibited a minimum noise figure (NF/sub min/) of 0.53 dB and an associated gain (G/sub a/) of 12.1 dB at 8 GHz. Also, at a fixed drain bias of 10 V with the drain current swept, the lowest NF/sub min/ of 0.72 dB at 12 GHz was obtained at I/sub ds/=100 mA/mm and a peak G, of 10.59 dB at 12 GHz was obtained at I/sub ds/=150 mA/mm. With the drain current held at 114 mA/mm and drain bias swept, the lowest NF/sub min/ of 0.42 dB and 0.77 dB were obtained at V/sub ds/=8 V at 8 GHz and 12 GHz, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the best microwave noise performances of any GaN-based FETs ever reported.
Position and vibration sensations: functions of the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts?

Clinical evidence is presented which establishes for the first time that position and vibration sensations may be carried in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts. We present a patient who incurred a spinal cord infarction eight months prior to death that caused a Brown-Sequard syndrome with loss of position and vibration senses in the right lower extremity. The infarction spared the right fasciculus gracilis and thus supports the recent observations in human beings (and animals) that conscious proprioception is not a function of the dorsal columns. The vibratory and position losses were best correlated with the portion of the lesion involving the right dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Arguments are furnished based on physiological experiments in animals that conscious proprioception may be carried by Morin's spinocervicothalamic pathway, which forms part of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract in the spinal cord.
Optical heterodyne accelerometry: passively stabilized, fully balanced velocity interferometer system for any reflector

We formalize the physics of an optical heterodyne accelerometer that allows measurement of low and high velocities from material surfaces under high strain. The proposed apparatus incorporates currently common optical velocimetry techniques used in shock physics, with interferometric techniques developed to self-stabilize and passively balance interferometers in quantum cryptography. The result is a robust telecom-fiber-based velocimetry system insensitive to modal and frequency dispersion that should work well in the presence of decoherent scattering processes, such as from ejecta clouds and shocked surfaces.
Schedule Flexibility, Family Friendly Policies and Absence*

Using establishment data, we show a strong association between flexible schedules and reduced absence rates even after controlling for other family friendly policies also thought to reduce absence. The evidence suggests that the other polices, financial support for caregivers and family leave for caregivers, play a weaker role in explaining absence. The primacy of the role of schedule flexibility remains in a variety of robustness exercises including an effort to account for endogeneity. The size of the influence also shows heterogeneity as it emerges as larger in female dominated workplaces. The estimates help to inform current policy deliberations.
What are Textons

Textons refer to fundamental micro-structures in natural images (and videos) and are considered as the atoms of pre-attentive human visual perception (Julesz, 1981). Unfortunately, the word "texton" remains a vague concept in the literature for lack of a good mathematical model. In this article, we first present a three-level generative image model for learning textons from texture images. In this model, an image is a superposition of a number of image bases selected from an over-complete dictionary including various Gabor and Laplacian of Gaussian functions at various locations, scales, and orientations. These image bases are, in turn, generated by a smaller number of texton elements, selected from a dictionary of textons. By analogy to the waveform-phoneme-word hierarchy in speech, the pixel-base-texton hierarchy presents an increasingly abstract visual description and leads to dimension reduction and variable decoupling. By fitting the generative model to observed images, we can learn the texton dictionary as parameters of the generative model. Then the paper proceeds to study the geometric, dynamic, and photometric structures of the texton representation by further extending the generative model to account for motion and illumination variations. (1) For the geometric structures, a texton consists of a number of image bases with deformable spatial configurations. The geometric structures are learned from static texture images. (2) For the dynamic structures, the motion of a texton is characterized by a Markov chain model in time which sometimes can switch geometric configurations during the movement. We call the moving textons as "motons". The dynamic models are learned using the trajectories of the textons inferred from video sequence. (3) For photometric structures, a texton represents the set of images of a 3D surface element under varying illuminations and is called a "lighton" in this paper. We adopt an illumination-cone representation where a lighton is a texton triplet. For a given light source, a lighton image is generated as a linear sum of the three texton bases. We present a sequence of experiments for learning the geometric, dynamic, and photometric structures from images and videos, and we also present some comparison studies with K-mean clustering, sparse coding, independent component analysis, and transformed component analysis. We shall discuss how general textons can be learned from generic natural images.
A 14-bit 125 MS/s IF/RF sampling pipelined A/D converter

This paper describes a 14-bit, 125 MS/s IF/RF sampling pipelined A/D converter (ADC) that is implemented in a 0.35 mum BiCMOS process. The ADC has an input switched buffer and 11 pipeline stages. The sample-and-hold circuit is integrated in the first pipeline stage, which removes the need for a dedicated sample-and-hold amplifier. Measured results on silicon indicate the highest performance to date (in SNR, SFDR, DNL and INL) at this sample rate and over the whole input frequency range up to 500 MHz. The ADC achieves a DNL of less than 0.2 LSB and INL of less than 0.5 LSB. The SNR is 75 dB below Nyquist, 73 dB at 300 MHz, and 72 dB at 400 MHz. The SFDR is 100 dB below Nyquist, 89 dB at 300 MHz, and 82 dB at 400 MHz. This is also the first ADC to achieve 14-bit level performance for input signal frequencies up to 500 MHz and to have a jitter of only 50 fs
Restriction-Modification Systems and Chromosomal Rearrangements in Mycoplasmas

The restriction-modification (R-M) systems are so named because of their ability to degrade foreign DNA (restrict viral infection) and to methylate (modify) unmethylated and hemimethylated DNA. They were discovered as genetic elements that determined the susceptibility of E. coli and S. typhimurium to phage infection in a strain-dependent manner, with bacteriophage plaquing efficiency being reduced upon infection of a heterologous host strain (2). At the time of writing, 3154 R-M enzymes, many with overlapping DNA recognition specificities, have been catalogued in the restriction enzyme database (REBASE) (65). R-M systems are ubiquitous and arose early in prokaryotic evolution
An ultra-Wideband uniplanar antenna for UWB systems

The development of a new compact uniplanar antenna operating from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems is presented. The antenna overcomes potential problems caused by the coupling between the feed and antenna and meets the requirements for UWB applications, such as ultra-wide bandwidth, reasonable efficiency, satisfactory radiation properties, and linear phase characteristics. It occupies only 1.2 in times 1.4 in on a Duroid substrate having 0.025-in thickness and relative dielectric constant of 10.2. The antenna has excellent time-domain performance particularly crucial for UWB time-domain impulse applications. Its planar structure facilitates integration with printed-circuit UWB transmitters and receivers.
Reuse of Power Plant Cooling Water for Irrigation

: Current water quality policies in California require disposal of saline blowdown waters from power plants in sealed evaporation ponds to avoid degradation of ground waters. This policy highlights the conflict between increased energy demands, increasing scarcity of water, and environmental priorities. Saline blowdown waters can be used for the irrigation of salt tolerant crops, albeit with some reduction in yields. The results of experiments intended to specify these yield reductions are reported. If such irrigation is carefully managed, the soil profile can be used to store residual salts and ground water degradation will be avoided, provided that irrigation ceases before the salts are leached to the ground water. An analysis of discharge below a carefully managed irrigation project shows that the downward movement of salts below the root zone is no worse than with conventional methods of disposal. Thus, irrigation reuse with blowdown water is shown to be a viable means of saline water disposal while maintaining existing standards of ground water quality protection. Further analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of such irrigation reuse by showing that it is significantly less costly than the evaporation pond alternative.
“Bog or God” in A Clockwork Orange

(2003). “Bog or God” in A Clockwork Orange. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 51-54.
The prevalence of rat allergen in inner-city homes and its relationship to sensitization and asthma morbidity

Abstract Background: Rat allergen has proved to be an important cause of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the occupational setting. The prevalence and significance of rat allergen in homes has not been studied. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rat allergen in the homes of inner-city children with asthma and to examine the relationship between rat allergen exposure, sensitization, and asthma morbidity. Methods: We developed a new monoclonal-based ELISA to determine the prevalence of rat allergen in dust samples from inner-city homes of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study population. Home characteristics were evaluated to detect variables that were associated with the presence of rat allergen. Data were also analyzed to assess the relationship between the presence of rat allergen, sensitization, and asthma morbidity. Results: Thirty-three percent of inner-city homes had detectable rat allergen (Rat n 1). The presence of rat allergen was associated with reported rat and mouse infestation, as well as evidence of mouse infestation on home inspection. Twenty-one percent of the participants were sensitized to rat allergen; however, sensitization was not more common when rat allergen was found in the home. The number of hospitalizations, unscheduled medical visits, and days with slowed activity because of asthma were significantly increased in those individuals who were both sensitized and exposed to rat allergen. Conclusions: Rat allergen sensitization and exposure are associated with increased asthma morbidity in inner-city children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:346-52.)
Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Response Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Expressed by a Vaccine Candidate

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) are the first and second leading viral agents of severe respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. Vaccines are not available, and an RSV vaccine is particularly needed. A live attenuated chimeric recombinant bovine/human PIV3 (rB/HPIV3) vector expressing the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein from an added gene has been under development as a bivalent vaccine against RSV and HPIV3. Previous clinical evaluation of this vaccine candidate suggested that increased genetic stability and immunogenicity of the RSV F insert were needed. This was investigated in the present study. RSV F expression was enhanced 5-fold by codon optimization and by modifying the amino acid sequence to be identical to that of an early passage of the original clinical isolate. This conferred a hypofusogenic phenotype that presumably reflects the original isolate. We then compared vectors expressing stabilized prefusion and postfusion versions of RSV F. In a hamster model, prefusion F induced increased quantity and quality of RSV-neutralizing serum antibodies and increased protection against wild-type (wt) RSV challenge. In contrast, a vector expressing the postfusion F was less immunogenic and protective. The genetic stability of the RSV F insert was high and was not affected by enhanced expression or the prefusion or postfusion conformation of RSV F. These studies provide an improved version of the previously well-tolerated rB/HPIV3-RSV F vaccine candidate that induces a superior RSV-neutralizing serum antibody response. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) are two major causes of pediatric pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The rB/HPIV3 vector expressing RSV F protein is a candidate bivalent live vaccine against HPIV3 and RSV. Previous clinical evaluation indicated the need to increase the immunogenicity and genetic stability of the RSV F insert. Here, we increased RSV F expression by codon optimization and by modifying the RSV F amino acid sequence to conform to that of an early passage of the original isolate. This resulted in a hypofusogenic phenotype, which likely represents the original phenotype before adaptation to cell culture. We also included stabilized versions of prefusion and postfusion RSV F protein. Prefusion RSV F induced a larger quantity and higher quality of RSV-neutralizing serum antibodies and was highly protective. This provides an improved candidate for further clinical evaluation.
Targeted Transseptal Access for MitraClip Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Targeted transseptal puncture remains the most critical initial part of the overall MitraClip procedure. Care and attention must be implemented for patient safety in choosing the optimal puncture site. A consistent and step-by-step methodical approach is recommended. As experienced operators are targeting more complex and nontraditional pathologic conditions, use of adjunctive tools and maneuvers (outlined in this review) are paramount to achieving successful targeted transseptal access and ultimately procedural success.
HIV Latency and Reactivation: Role in Neuropathogenesis

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) over the past 25 years has become a chronic disease in the developed world that is treatable by antiretroviral therapy but is incapable of being eradicated due to a subpopulation of cells that escape the immune system and therapies and become latently infected. This chapter discusses molecular mechanisms surrounding the development of latency, both pre- and post-integration of the proviral genome and the maintenance of latency, including the role of nucleotide levels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), levels of certain host transcription factors (NF-κB and NFAT) as well as viral proteins (Vif and Tat), and the chromatin architecture. Also discussed are the cellular reservoirs involved in latency, including the memory CD4+ T cells, which have been proposed as one of the main latent cellular reservoirs, the monocyte–macrophage cell lineage and its role in both HIV-1 latency in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and CNS, and other cells of the CNS such as the microglial cells and the astrocytes. Finally, the role of latency in neuropathogenesis and reseeding of the peripheral blood from these viral reservoirs are discussed.
Frequency of cutis laxa-like clinical features and elastolysis in scleromyxedema: a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 19 patients with scleromyxedema.

Background Cutis laxa-like features were observed in a subset of patients with scleromyxedema. Given this observation, clinical and histopathologic features of scleromyxedema were reviewed in correlation with elastic tissue staining. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and histopathologic features from patients with scleromyxedema seen at our institution from 1992 through 2013. We also evaluated available skin biopsies with an elastin stain and assessed whether dermal elastin fibers were diminished in density or were fragmented (or both). Results Nineteen patients with scleromyxedema and 34 skin biopsies were identified. Alcian blue (mucin) stain was used to grade mucin deposition as weakly positive (24%), positive (44%) and markedly positive (32%). Eight patients (42%) had clinical findings of cutis laxa, which were often observed in conjunction with areas of papular eruption or induration. Elastic tissue fibers were normal in 9 of 34 skin specimens (26%), 18 of 34 specimens (53%) had diminished elastic fiber density and 7 of 34 (21%) had markedly decreased density. The elastic tissue was fragmented in 25 specimens (74%). Conclusions A cutis laxa-like clinical presentation and decreased elastic tissue density on skin biopsy were consistent findings. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists should be aware of these previously unreported clinical and histopathologic findings.
Developing global citizenship: Service learning and groupwork in an undergraduate seminar

This article explores an attempt to develop global citizenship through a service-learning experience that placed undergraduate students in community organizations that serve refugee populations. It begins with a discussion of the importance of civic engagement in higher education and how service learning, as a pedagogical method, can advance the goals of civic engagement and community building. It discusses how groupwork in class, with service providers, and with refugees led to increased civic awareness and transformed student dispositions toward diverse community groups.
Development and randomized trial evaluation of a novel computer-delivered anxiety sensitivity intervention

Abstract Objective Anxiety disorders contribute substantially to the overall public health burden of psychopathology. Anxiety sensitivity (AS), a fear of anxiety related sensations, is one of the few known malleable risk factors for anxiety pathology. Previous AS reduction treatments have utilized highly trained clinicians. A completely-computerized AS treatment would reduce costs and increase dissemination possibilities. Cognitive bias modification for interpretation biases (CBM-I) interventions have shown clinically significant reductions in anxiety symptoms. Another emerging literature focused on learning has shown context-shifting tasks can greatly increase learning without adding logistical burden to an intervention. The current study evaluated a CBM-I for AS that utilized a context-shifting task to deliver twice the treatment dose of extant interventions. Design Single-site randomized controlled trial. Participants completed an intervention appointment, as well as one-week and one-month follow-up assessments. Participants Individuals with elevated levels of AS. Intervention Single-session computer-delivered CBM-I for AS. Results Results indicate that the CBM-I for AS was successful in reducing overall AS (62% post-intervention) and these reductions were maintained through one-month post-intervention (64%). Results also revealed that individuals in the active condition reported significantly less incidents of panic responding to a physiological straw-breathing challenge and that change in interpretation bias significantly mediated the relationship between treatment condition and post-treatment AS reductions. Conclusions Taken together, the results show that the current CBM-I intervention was strong in terms of immediate and one-month AS reductions. Given its brevity, low cost, low stigma and portability, this intervention could have substantial impact on reducing the burden of anxiety disorders.
A Six-Year-Old Girl with Turner's Syndrome and Proteinuria

A 6-year-old girl with Turner's syndrome presented with recent onset of proteinuria and pedal edema. There was no history of arthritis, fever, or abdominal pain. A physical examination revealed the stigmata of Turner's syndrome, hepatomegaly, and pedal edema. The urine contained 4+ protein without red blood cells or casts, and the BUN and creatinine were mildly elevated. The serum lipids were normal. An excretory urogram showed bilaterally enlarged, smooth kidneys without calyceal distortion. Because the proteinuria failed to respond after 1 month of steroid therapy, a diagnostic procedure was performed.
Deep Acoustic Applications

Because cold-water coral ecosystems exist at relatively inaccessible depths of 500–1,000 m, only a limited number of accurate maps have been produced for this resource. This chapter describes a combined acoustic survey approach used to acquire high-spatial resolution (up to 0.5 m) maps from two cold-water coral sites in the Straits of Florida. The approach consists of reconnaissance surveys using hull-mounted multi-beam systems, followed by deployment of multi-beam and side-scan sonar systems on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The wide swath of the reconnaissance survey tools permitted coverage of large areas, producing coarse (20 and 50 m) resolution maps that identified coral-building mounds larger than 2,600 m2. Areas of interest identified using the reconnaissance tools were then surveyed with the AUV platform, which resolved cold-water coral fields at 0.5–3 m resolution. The AUV maps detected mounds as small as 81 m2 and revealed fine-scale coral ridges up to 20 m high that were not resolved by the reconnaissance maps. The AUV maps, and other remotely acquired data, were ground-truthed with submersible dives to produce an integrated, geo-referenced dataset. Spatial and quantitative analyses were applied to this dataset in order to characterize the morphology and distribution of coral-building features in each surveyed site. In the Miami Terrace site, where corals build low-relief ridges, a habitat classification map and spatial analyses show that coral patches preferentially grow on and along the northern sides of the ridges. A southward flowing bottom current, measured by the AUV, dictates the observed asymmetrical coral distribution. In the site on the lower slope of Great Bahama Bank, where corals form individual mounds, morphometric analyses show a lack of correlation between bottom current regime and mound morphology. Results from these analyses indicate that the two cold-water coral sites in the Straits of Florida are highly variable in terms of coral distribution, spatial parameters, and current regime. Given its high-resolution, the approach presented here is ideal for determining the biophysical processes that underlie these and other remote, fragile ecosystems. Assessment and monitoring of coral distribution and mound abundance based on geophysical data is crucial for managing cold-water coral habitats and is an important research priority.
Vulnerable broom crowberry ( Corema conradii ) benefits from ant seed dispersal in coastal US heathlands

Ant seed dispersal is a globally important mutualism that occurs in over 10,000 plant species. Relatively little research has been conducted on ant seed dispersal of Corema conradii (broom crowberry), a key constituent of globally threatened coastal heathland ecosystems where fire is part of the disturbance regime. We conducted field studies at Cape Cod National Seashore, MA, USA to better understand the fruiting biology of C. conradii and to explore the benefits of ant seed dispersal. We identified how C. conradii fruit is displayed to foraging ants, determined the ant species that disperse C. conradii fruit, and quantified the distance that ants disperse fruit. We hypothesized that ants would disperse fruit away from C. conradii parent plants that become burn footprints following fire, to ensure seed dispersal to suitable germination sites, where we expected to find higher seedling establishment. We recorded eight ant species dispersing the fruit of C. conradii an average distance of 136 cm (±10.45) (range: 7–641 cm). Two ant species, Aphaenogaster treatae and Formica dolosa, dispersed 60 % of fruit in fruit-baiting experiments, suggesting they may function as primary dispersers in this system. Ants dispersed fruit outside the burn footprints 82 % of the time, and seedlings occurred outside the burn footprints 90 % of the time. Our results suggest that ant seed dispersal confers important reproductive benefits to C. conradii by directing seed dispersal sufficient distances away from parent plants onto suitable substrates for germination after intense, episodic fires.
X-ray diffraction and electron microscope studies of the molecular structure of biological membranes

Biological membranes are thin, sheet-like structures composed of a well-defined but usually heterogeneous mixture of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Studies aimed at understanding the structural basis of membrane function focus on obtaining images of each membrane component at the highest possible resolution and on determining the spatial relationships among the components in the intact membrane. Detailed structural studies usually require chemically homogeneous specimens which exhibit a high degree of spatial order. For this reason, most membranes in their native state are not satisfactory subjects for high resolution structural studies.
What developers want and need from program analysis: an empirical study

Program Analysis has been a rich and fruitful field of research for many decades, and countless high quality program analysis tools have been produced by academia. Though there are some well-known examples of tools that have found their way into routine use by practitioners, a common challenge faced by researchers is knowing how to achieve broad and lasting adoption of their tools. In an effort to understand what makes a program analyzer most attractive to developers, we mounted a multi-method investigation at Microsoft. Through interviews and surveys of developers as well as analysis of defect data, we provide insight and answers to four high level research questions that can help researchers design program analyzers meeting the needs of software developers. First, we explore what barriers hinder the adoption of program analyzers, like poorly expressed warning messages. Second, we shed light on what functionality developers want from analyzers, including the types of code issues that developers care about. Next, we answer what non-functional characteristics an analyzer should have to be widely used, how the analyzer should fit into the development process, and how its results should be reported. Finally, we investigate defects in one of Microsoft's flagship software services, to understand what types of code issues are most important to minimize, potentially through program analysis.
High-frequency epidural stimulation across the respiratory cycle evokes phrenic short-term potentiation after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury

Previous studies reported that high-frequency epidural stimulation (HF-ES) activates the diaphragm following acute spinal transection. This study examined HF-ES and phrenic motor output following s...
In Situ Methylene Capping: A General Strategy for Efficient Stereoretentive Catalytic Olefin Metathesis. The Concept, Methodological Implications, and Applications to Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds

In situ methylene capping is introduced as a practical and broadly applicable strategy that can expand the scope of catalyst-controlled stereoselective olefin metathesis considerably. By incorporation of commercially available Z-butene together with robust and readily accessible Ru-based dithiolate catalysts developed in these laboratories, a large variety of transformations can be made to proceed with terminal alkenes, without the need for a priori synthesis of a stereochemically defined disubstituted olefin. Reactions thus proceed with significantly higher efficiency and Z selectivity as compared to when other Ru-, Mo-, or W-based complexes are utilized. Cross-metathesis with olefins that contain a carboxylic acid, an aldehyde, an allylic alcohol, an aryl olefin, an α substituent, or amino acid residues was carried out to generate the desired products in 47–88% yield and 90:10 to >98:2 Z:E selectivity. Transformations were equally efficient and stereoselective with a ∼70:30 Z-:E-butene mixture, which is...
Chapter 21 – Calbindin-D28K and Calbindin-D9K and the Epithelial Calcium Channels TRPV5 and TRPV6

We once viewed calbindin-D 28K and calbindin-D 9K as exclusively vitamin D-dependent proteins. It is now evident that the calbindins are not under the exclusive regulatory control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Calbindin-D 28K and calbindin-D 9K are present in many different tissues and may serve many different functions. Accordingly, the regulation of these calcium-binding proteins is varied and quite complex. The calcium-selective epithelial calcium channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 and 6 (TRPV5 and TRPV6), are colocalized with calbindin in the kidney and intestine, respectively. Studies in TRPV5 knockout (KO) mice have indicated that TRPV5 is important for renal calcium reabsorption. Calbindin-D 28K interacts with TRPV5 and regulates its activity, suggesting a role for calbindin-D 28K as a modulator of calcium influx. Studies using calbindin-D 9k and TRPV6 KO mice suggest that in the KO mice there is compensation by another calcium channel or protein and that other factors involved in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated intestinal calcium absorption remain to be identified.
Albedo matters: Understanding runaway albedo variations on Pluto

Abstract The data returned from NASA’s New Horizons reconnaissance of the Pluto system show striking albedo variations from polar to equatorial latitudes as well as sharp longitudinal boundaries. Pluto has a high obliquity (currently 119°) that varies by 23° over a period of less than 3 million years. This variation, combined with its regressing longitude of perihelion (360° over 3.7 million years), creates epochs of “Super Seasons” where one pole is pointed at the Sun at perihelion, thereby experiencing a short, relatively warm summer followed by its longest possible period of winter darkness. In contrast, the other pole experiences a much longer, less intense summer and a short winter season. We use a simple volatile sublimation and deposition model to explore the relationship between albedo variations, latitude, and volatile sublimation and deposition for the current epoch as well as historical epochs during which Pluto experienced these “Super Seasons.” Our investigation quantitatively shows that Pluto’s geometry creates the potential for runaway albedo and volatile variations, particularly in the equatorial region, which can sustain stark longitudinal contrasts like the ones we see between Tombaugh Regio and the informally named Cthulhu Regio.
Co-Morbid Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Interictal Quality of Life Determinants in Refractory Epilepsy: A Pilot Study (P03.129)

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether co-morbid OSA is associated with depressed mood, cognitive impairment, and antiepileptic drug adverse effects in refractory epilepsy. BACKGROUND: Co-morbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase seizures. However, the impact of OSA on interictal quality of life determinants is unknown. DESIGN/METHODS: Subjects aged 18-60 with refractory primary generalized or partial epilepsy (1 or more seizures per month) without co-morbid cognitive, psychiatric, or medical disorders were recruited. All subjects completed a sleep apnea questionnaire (SA-SDQ), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Adverse Events Profile (AEP), Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), CNS Vitals Signs Neurocognitive Index (NCI), Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31), and overnight oximetry studies. Linear regression analyses were performed utilizing JMP. RESULTS: 26 subjects (13 women) with a mean age of 32.8 (range 18-57) participated. 17 had partial epilepsy, 5 were unclassified, and 4 had primary generalized epilepsy syndromes, with a mean duration of 14.8 years (range 1-47 years) and a mean of 6.5 seizures/month (range 1-30 years, sd= 8.6). Mean SA-SDQ scores were 22.9 (range 13-37, SD=7.6), with 5 (19%) subjects scoring above gender specified SA-SDQ cut-offs for epilepsy patients. ODI mean was 2.35/hour (range 0-13.8/hour, sd=3.08), with 5 abnormal studies. Adverse Event Profile (AEP) scores were associated with SA-SDQ scores (F=6.8 p=0.02). ESS scores trended toward association with higher AEP scores (F=3.7, p=0.06), while PSQI scores were associated with higher AED load (F=4.4, p=0.04) but not SA-SDQ scores or ODI (p=0.51 and 0.91, respectively). Lower QOLIE-31 scores were associated with higher AEP (F=8.6, p=0.007) and ZDS (F=11.0, p=0.003) scores, but not seizure frequency (p=0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Co-morbid OSA may contribute to sensitivity to antiepileptic drug adverse effects. Sleepiness in epilepsy appears more related to antiepileptic drug adverse effects than OSA symptoms. Ongoing enrollment and analyses are planned to clarify these possible associations. Supported by: CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR000135 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Disclosure: Dr. St. Louis has receieved personal compensation for activities with Inspire, Inc. for serving as a member of Adverse Events Adjudication Committee. Dr. Enke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shepard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dresow has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dueffert has nothing to disclose.
Smart Devices Threats, Vulnerabilities and Malware Detection Approaches: A Survey

In recent times, malware detection mechanism systems of mobile smart devices are getting growing concentration from researchers. With the quick expansion of malwares found in mobile devices, preventing the secrecy of mobile users is incredibly imperative and necessary. Intrusion detection systems are programming devices that consequently assemble information, dissect it and recognize such occurrences. These systems advanced to intrusion aversion systems (IPS) including extra counteractive action capacities. In Intrusion detection systems, accuracy rate plays a significant role in measuring the effectiveness of an approach. One of the motivations of this study is to increase the true positive as well as reducing the false-positive rates beyond other studies.
Together Forever: Bacterial–Viral Interactions in Infection and Immunity

Most viruses first encounter host cells at mucosal surfaces, which are typically colonized by a complex ecosystem of microbes collectively referred to as the microbiota. Recent studies demonstrate the microbiota plays an important role in mediating host–viral interactions and determining the outcomes of these encounters. This review outlines recently described examples of how bacteria and viruses impact each other particularly during infectious processes. Mechanistically, these effects can be broadly categorized as reflecting direct bacterial–viral interactions and/or involving microbial impacts upon innate and/or adaptive immunity.
Using Clinical Indicators to Reduce Perianesthesia Recovery Time Following Outpatient Tonsillectomy.

Objective:To determine whether we could reduce the time that patients undergoing tonsillectomy are observed postoperatively without decreasing the quality of care, which would eliminate the unneces...
Alcohol as muse.

The first half of the twentieth century saw a veritable epidemic of alcoholism among famous American writers. Novelists, short story writers, poets, and dramatists were afflicted with alcoholism in...
Population, Economic Development, and Poverty

Assessing the consequences of population on the pace and process of economic growth is one of the oldest themes in the literature on economics. These assessments have varied enormously over time, spanning the highly pessimistic to the outright optimistic. A systematic review of the major studies in this literature represents a useful way to organize a survey of the consequences of demographic change. Such an approach places the population debates in perspective, and it infuses a healthy dose of caution in appraising current debates. Specifically, how have the ‘bottom-line’ appraisals of the consequences of demographic change on development changed over time; why have they changed; what are the most recent contributions to this literature; and what are the major uncertainties in these assessments that need to be resolved by future research?
Deconstructung Design for Marketing: Tools for Accessing the Design Process

The fields of marketing and design share many common interests. In particular, marketers incorporate aesthetics to enhance the visual appeal of products and services in an effort to communicate more effectively with consumers. This essay serves to deconstruct the culture of design by emphasizing design process over a set of principles. Visual principles have limited use when applied outside the context of designing. The author, therefore, delves deeper into design and offers a set of tools that provide access and insight into the inner workings of design. These tools are intended to assist marketers in their effort to participate in design rather than spectate.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) constitutes ∼1% of all stroke presentations Occurs at any age, but incidence peaks in the neonatal period and in the third decade Estimated annual incidence: adults, three to four cases per million; children or neonates, seven cases per million Female-to-male ratio: 1.5–5 to 1
Estimation of electronic waste using optimized multivariate grey models.

Abstract Rapid and revolutionary changes in technology and rising demand for consumer electronics have led to staggering rates of accumulation of electrical and electronic equipment waste, viz., WEEE or e-waste. Consequently, e-waste has become one of the fastest growing municipal solid waste streams in the United States making its efficient management crucial in supporting the efforts to create and sustain green cities. Accurate estimations on the amount of e-waste might help in increasing the efficiency of waste collection, recycling and disposal operations that have become more complicated and unpredictable. Early work focusing on prediction of e-waste generation includes a wide range of methodologies. Among these, grey forecasting models have drawn attention due to their capability to provide meaningful results with relatively small-sized or limited data. The performance of grey models heavily rely on their parameters. The purpose of this study is to present a novel forecasting technique for e-waste predictions with multiple inputs in presence of limited historical data. The proposed nonlinear grey Bernoulli model with convolution integral NBGMC(1,n) improved by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) demonstrates superior accuracy over alternative forecasting models. The proposed model and its findings are delineated with the help of a case study utilizing Washington State e-waste data. The results indicate that population density has a major impact on the generated e-waste followed by household income level. The findings also show that the e-waste generation forms a saturated distribution in Washington State. These results can help decision makers plan for more effective reverse logistics infrastructures that would ensure proper collection, recycling and disposal of e-waste.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients over age 65 with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

6529 Background: ASCT represents a potentially curative approach for AML and MDS, diseases that primarily affects patients in 7th and 8th decade of life. Here, we report outcomes of patients older ...
Forgotten publics: considering disabled perspectives in responsible research and innovation

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in healthcare requires a more substantial engagement with disability theory and disabled stakeholders to counteract histories of disenfranchisement in scie...
Parental stress, food parenting practices and child snack intake during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented disruptions to the lives of families. This study aimed to investigate the impact of pandemic-associated stress on food parenting practices including interactions surrounding snacks, and child diet. METHODS: Parents (N = 318) of 2-12-year old children completed a cross-sectional online survey assessing current COVID-19-specific stress, pre-COVID-19 stress, financial stress (e.g. food insecurity), food parenting practices, and child snack intake frequency. Structural Equation Modeling was used to model simultaneous paths of relationships and test direct and indirect effects. RESULTS: Stress, including financial hardship, was higher compared with before the crisis. The majority of children had regular mealtimes and irregular snack times. Higher COVID-19-specific stress was associated with more non-nutritive use of food and snacks (e.g. emotional and instrumental feeding), but also more structure and positive interactions (e.g. eating with or engaging with child around mealtimes). Higher COVID-19-specific stress was also associated with greater child intake frequency of sweet and savory snacks, with some evidence for mediation by snack parenting practices. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic may be linked to child snack intake with potential impacts on child obesity risk, and suggest several modifiable points of intervention within the family context.
Bank lending and interest on excess reserves: An empirical investigation

Abstract This paper econometrically tests for effects on bank lending of the Federal Reserve’s policy of paying interest on excess reserves (IOER). Following the 2008 financial crisis, US banks decreased their loan allocations and increased holdings of excess reserves. A model of bank asset allocation shows that when the rate of IOER is higher than other short-term rates, banks will switch from zero excess reserves to a regime with higher excess reserves and lower lending. Using a sample of panel data on US banks from 2000 through 2018, we find evidence of a switch to a positive excess reserve regime in the post-crisis period. Controlling for market interest rates, loan demand, and economic activity, we find that IOER accounts for the majority of the decline in bank lending after the financial crisis.
Parents Outcomes of Parent-Mediated Intervention for Toddlers With Autism:

Parent-mediated intervention can enhance parents’ competence in supporting parent–child social interactions. Research and current policy have highlighted the importance of building family capacity ...