cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of particle inception and growth during α-pinene ozonolysis

A flow-tube reactor was used to study the formation of particles from α-pinene ozonation. Particle phase products formed within the first 3−22 s of reaction were analyzed on-line using a scanning mobility particle sizer and two particle mass spectrometers. The first, a photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer (PIAMS), was used to determine the molecular composition of nascent particles between 30 and 50 nm in diameter. The second, a nano-aerosol mass spectrometer (NAMS), was used to determine the elemental composition of individual particles from 50 nm to below 10 nm in diameter. Molecular composition measurements with PIAMS confirm that both the stabilized Criegee intermediate and hydroperoxide channels of α-pinene ozonolysis are operative. However, these channels alone cannot explain the high oxygen content of the particles measured with NAMS. The carbon-to-oxygen mole ratios of suspected nucleating agents are in the range of 2.25−4.0, while the measured ratios are from 1.9 for 9 nm particles to 2.5 an...
Neural modulation of immunity: conditioning phenomena and the adaptability of lymphoid cells.

The behavioral conditioning of alterations in the immune response is one pillar supporting the growing edifice of central nervous system (CNS) modulation of immunity. The mechanisms underlying such conditioning phenomena are not understood. In this communication, we attempt to develop a theoretical position based on the concept of phenotypic and functional adaptability of lymphoid cells. We propose that these cells can learn to associate responsiveness to antigens and to other “immunoactive” agents, with responsiveness to signals originating in the CNS delivered via neuroendocrine or autonomic nervous channels. Neural/endocrine signals act on the immune system in conjunction with immunological stimuli, in a way that leads to “storage” of the association (memory) of these two kinds of stimuli in the immune system rather than in the brain.
The Gulf Coast oil spill: Extending the theory of image restoration discourse to the realm of social media and beyond petroleum

Abstract The explosion of Transocean's Deepwater Horizon, an oil-rig licensed to BP, set in motion a chain of unfortunate events that led to BP's ruptured oil well disgorging millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Since the spill, the corporate image of BP has been severely challenged. The company has used many strategies to preserve and restore the corporate image, and has sought means to mitigate the intensity of the ongoing threat to individuals, businesses, and a delicate ecosystem. Among these means are interacting with individuals and interest groups through social media channels. Benoit's (1995) theory of image restoration discourse posits various strategies corporations use to restore their image during a crisis. The BP crisis presents an opportunity to extend the theories of image restoration to the realm of social media. Results of a content analysis showed that corrective action was the dominant image restoration strategy employed by BP in their Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Flickr pages. A high presence of negative emotions revealed that corrective action was not an effective means of swaying public opinion in favor of BP's efforts. Dominant themes in all four social media channels and audience comments in terms of dominant issues and emotions on Facebook and YouTube were also analyzed.
STRUCTURES OF THE CU(I) AND CU(II) FORMS OF AMINE OXIDASES FROM X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to define the copper-site structures in both the resting (oxidized) and dithionite-reduced states of amine oxidases from bovine plasma, porcine plasma, porcine kidney, pea seedlings, and the gram-positive bacterium Arthrobacter P1. The Cu(II) EXAFS data are consistent with four first-shell N,O scatterers (three of which are imidazoles) at a distance of 1.98−2.00 A for all five amine oxidases. These scatterers are assigned as the equatorial ligands. Because the raw Cu(II) EXAFS data are essentially identical for all the enzymes examined, the crystallographically defined Cu(II) sites of the pea seedling and E. coli amine oxidases are excellent models for the copper sites in the mammalian enzymes. Analysis of the K-edges and EXAFS data for the reduced amine oxidases indicates that the Cu(I) sites are three-coordinate, with at least two imidazoles; the range for the bond distances among the reduced enzymes is 1.94−1.99 A. Therefore, the results are consistent with a...
Modeling Autonomous Systems

Middleware designed to describe sensing, control, and computational communications of components within unmanned systems enables the creation of clean interfaces between the low-level mechanics of such systems and the higher-level logic designed to control them. This paper presents a modeling environment with a domain-specific ontology for autonomous systems, capable of generating software necessary for intercomputer communications according to existing autonomous systems middleware standards. Metamodels are used to specify the domain-specific modeling language to model the messages used, the interfaces between components, and some of the functionality of the components that transmit and receive messages. The generated code supports the high data rates expected in autonomous systems that use lossy message compression. Tests for the messaging infrastructure are also generated for the messages. Also, using this research, this code generation process can be extended to any component-based platform with a sim...
The two faces of organizational information

Abstract Organizational information, i.e. “facts” given and taken, and inferences drawn and established by participants within an organizational situation, may be examined in terms of its import to the relationship between an organization and its environment. A “locus” for organizational information is established in which information is classified as: (a) either inner- or other-directed: (b) either internally- or externally-based ; and (c) either self- or other-referencing . Examples of organizational information in each of the eight possible categories are readily identified. Much, if not most, organizational information is probably best regarded as “two-faced”, i.e. as the product of inner- and other-directed needs taken together. For this reason, the basis, or justification of any item of organizational information is often obscure. This is seen to have consequences for organizational self-learning and self-delusion, and for the maintenance of organizational credibility and organizational secrets.
Regional variation of divorce in Germany

The correlates of provincial divorce rates in Germany in 1996 were marriage rates, birth rates, population density, and formerly East versus West Germany.
Identification of the pollen determinant of S-RNase-mediated self-incompatibility

Many flowering plants have adopted self-incompatibility mechanisms to prevent inbreeding and promote out-crosses1. In the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, two separate genes at the highly polymorphic S-locus control self-incompatibility interactions: the S-RNase gene encodes the pistil determinant and the previously unidentified S-gene encodes the pollen determinant2,3,4. S-RNases interact with pollen S-allele products to inhibit the growth of self-pollen tubes in the style. Pollen-expressed F-box genes showing allelic sequence polymorphism have recently been identified near to the S-RNase gene in members of the Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae5,6,7,8; but until now have not been directly shown to encode the pollen determinant. Here we report the identification and characterization of PiSLF, an S-locus F-box gene of Petunia inflata (Solanaceae). We show that transformation of S1S1, S1S2 and S2S3 plants with the S2-allele of PiSLF causes breakdown of their pollen function in self-incompatibility. This breakdown of pollen function is consistent with ‘competitive interaction’, in which pollen carrying two different pollen S-alleles fails to function in self-incompatibility1,9,10. We conclude that PiSLF encodes the pollen self-incompatibility determinant.
Is Sperm Ultrastructure Useful in Polychaete Systematics? An Example Using 20 Species of the Fabriciinae (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)

The utility of sperm morphology in the systematics of polychaetes has been questioned in the past. This doubt stems from a problem with methodology, not with sperm morphology. It is argued that sperm characters used in combination with other morphological features have utility at various hierarchical levels. As a test of this proposition males in species from each of the following 10 fabriciin genera: Augeneriella, Fabricia, Fabriciola, Fahricinuda, Manayunkia, Novafabricia, Parafabricia, Pseudofabricia, Pseudofabriciola and an undescribed new Genus A (Fitzhugh et al., in preparation), were examined in order to provide new characters for phylogenetic systematic studies. All species were found to have a dorsal sperm duct running beneath the faecal groove of the thoracic region. No sabellin sabellids or serpulids have this duct. The above Fabriciinae have spermatids developing in large clusters of several hundred cells. Serpulids and sabellins nearly always have sperm developing in tetrads or small groups. Fabriciins studied also have a sperm structure distinct from the Sabellinae and the Serpulidae. Proposed synapomorphies for the members of the Fabriciinae, based on sperm structure, include (1) a thick glycocalyx over the plasma membrane; (2) a distinctive nuclear projection, with an anterior thickening of the nuclear membrane; (3) a thickened. spiraling ridge of nuclear membrane; (4) an extra-axonemal sheath and (5) a unique sheath of mitochondrial material in the midpiece. Within the sub-family there were differences among species in sperm structure. This variability involves acrosome morphology; the structure of the sperm nucleus and nuclear projection; the spiral of thickened nuclear membrane; the structure of the extra-axonemal sheath; the mitochondrial sheath. The monophyly of the Fabriciinae (sensu Fitzhugh, 1991, 1993) is well supported by this analysis. The status of Caobangia is still unresolved and a close examination of this genus is warranted.
Behavioural responses to visual stimuli by the snail Littorina irrorata

Abstract The visual capabilities of gastropod molluses and most other invertebrates possessing structurally simple eyes are poorly known. We studied vision in untrained marsh periwinkles (Littorina irrorata) in the laboratory, using oriented movements toward test shapes as the response measure. This intertidal species is active when exposed at low tide, both during the day and at night, and it travels vertically on plant stems with a tidal rhythm. In detection tests, the estimated response threshold for a single vertical bar was 0.9°, while the response threshold for an equal-size horizontal bar was 2.4° or 3.7°, depending on bar position. Snails detected a 5°-wide bar in 4.3 1x of light and a 40°-wide square having about 95% reflectance (‘off-white’) on a white (100% nominal reflectance) background in 2800 1x. Discrimination tests revealed a strong preference for vertical bars over both diagonal and horizontal bars of the same width, but no preferences in several other situations. Various factors suggest that L. irrorata may see better than most other gastropods.
18O isotope shift effect in the 31P-NMR spectra of the terminal phosphate groups of ADP and ATP: A reinvestigation

Abstract The 18O isotope-induced chemical shift on the 31P resonance of the terminal phosphate groups of adenosine 5′-triphosphate and adenosine 5′-diphosphate was found to be 0.0206 ppm per 18O in a bridge position, and 0.0226 ppm per 18O in a nonbridge position.
Quality of supportive care for patients with advanced cancer in a VA medical center.

Abstract Purpose: Using the Assessing Symptoms Side Effects and Indicators of Supportive Treatment (ASSIST) quality indicators (QIs), we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of care provided in our institution to patients diagnosed with advanced cancer in 2006. Methods: Patients diagnosed with a Stage IV solid tumor were identified from the hospital's cancer registry. Using data abstracted from medical records, care was assessed using 41 explicit QIs. Mean percent adherence to QIs was calculated overall, as well as across five clinical domains: (1) Pain, (2) Depression and Psychosocial Distress, (3) Dyspnea, (4) Treatment Toxicity, (5) Other Symptoms, and (6) Information and Care Planning. Results: The study cohort (n = 118) was almost all male (2% female) and mean age was 65.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.9 years). The most common cancers were lung and head and neck cancer (23% each); 17% had prostate cancer; 13% had colorectal cancer; and the rest (24%) had breast, esophageal, stomach...
Acid-reducing agents in infants and children: friend or foe?

pliancewith clinical protocols onweekends? Are there active clinicalprotocols?Onweekends, is thereadifference in theperformance of operational processes such as rounds, huddles, problemescalation, order communication,medicationdistribution, and supplymanagement? Are there reliablemethods for these operational processes (ie, have they been consciously developed and documented?) Are they followed by everyone? On weekends and weekdays? Are they owned by someone responsible for assuring compliance?And if so, is the owner present or represented 24 hours a day 7 days aweek all year round? If all of this were so, I would posit that the resultinghospital environmentwouldhave less ambiguity, less anxiety, and improved patient outcomes at a lower cost, all because of the reduction in the waste of variation. Is that so wrong? My fatherwas a luckyman.Hewas amember of the greatest generation; liveda longand fruitful life; andat theend,had the love, care, andprotectionofhiswifeandchildren.Thatprotectionwas definitely required in the hospital, sad to say. The absence of reliablemethods, thepoor communication among clinicians and staff, and the lack of urgency to continuously advancemyfather’scarewerewearing,at timesscary,andmost of all unnecessary. His lengths of stay were longer than clinically necessary, especiallywhenaweekendwas involved.His experience focused my resolve to help improve hospital environments through thedevelopment and implementationof reliablemethods. But it also reinforced the importance of the advice I give toall family and friendswho find themselveshospital inpatients: get out as fast as you can.Oneday, I hope that advice can change.
Enhancement of coherent acoustic phonons in InGaN multiple quantum wells

Enhancement of coherent zone folded longitudinal acoustic phonon (ZFLAP) oscillations at terahertz frequencies was demonstrated in InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) by using wavelength degenerate time resolved differential transmission spectroscopy. Screening of the piezoelectric field in InGaN MQWs by photogenerated carriers upon femtosecond pulse excitation gave rise to terahertz ZFLAPs, which were monitored at the Brillouin zone center in the transmission geometry. MQWs composed of 10 pairs In x Ga 1-x N wells and In 0.03 Ga 0.97 N barriers provided coherent phonon frequencies of 0.69-0.80 THz depending on the period of MQWs. Dependences of ZFLAP amplitude on excitation density and wavelength were also investigated. Possibility of achieving phonon cavity, incorporating a MQW placed between two AlN/GaN phonon mirrors designed to exhibit large acoustic gaps at the zone center, was also explored.
Trailer Parks as Hotbeds of Crime: Fact or Fiction?

Studies of how physical environments contribute to crime are both numerous and revered. Relative to these studies is the perception that subsidized public housing (housing reserved for low income residents) has been viewed as being disproportionately criminogenic. Researchers, however, have historically ignored other housing types frequented by low income residents, but not normally subsidized through public programs. This research examined crime frequencies and patterns in both subsidized public housing units and trailer parks, and compared both locations to income-similar residential areas. Findings indicate that trailer parks are not “hotbeds of crime” are actually lower in some types of crime than their subsidized low-income housing counterparts. Keywords: public housing and crime, trailer parks, calls for service, low income housing, subsidized housing.
Change and Stability in Self-Esteem between Late Childhood and Early Adolescence:

Our purpose was to examine indices of change and stability in self-esteem between late childhood and early adolescence. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was administered to 70 children at approximately age 9 and again at age 14. Analyses of the longitudinal data revealed significant (p < .05) increases in general measures of self-esteem as well as in specific subscales of the Self-Esteem Inventory. Significant test-retest correlation coefficients also attested to the relative stability of self-esteem measures across the five year age span. The findings contribute to the composite of recent longitudinal research indicating systematic increases in self-esteem throughout adolescence.
NECROTIZING PROPERTIES OF HUMAN BLOOD FOLLOWING INCUBATION WITH AUTOLOGOUS PANCREATIC SECRETIONS.

Summary A highly toxic digestion product evolves during incubation of canine blood with either trypsin or pure pancreatic secretions obtained from dogs. Introduction of the digestate into the pancreatic ducts of dogs produces severe vascular and parenchymal necrosis. The present observations indicate that a similar toxic product is produced when human pancreatic secretions are incubated with either autologous or homologous human blood in vitro. Injection of the digestate into the canine pancreas produced necrotizing pancreatitis whereas human pancreatic juice alone produced a less severe inflammatory response. The reactions of the human digestate both in the dog pancreas and dog skin were similar to those previously reported for dog blood and pure lyophilized trypsin. These findings suggest a possible etiologic relationship between the serosanguineous enzyme-rich extravasate which is present in many cases of acute pancreatitis and the development of vascular and parenchymatous necrosis which is associated with the more severe lethal forms of the disease.
Social and semantic network analysis of chat logs

Multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs) allow many users to explore the environment and interact with other users as they learn new content and share their knowledge with others. The semi-synchronous communicative interaction within these learning environments is typically text-based Internet relay chat (IRC). IRC data is stored in the form of chatlogs and can generate a large volume of data, posing a difficulty for researchers looking to evaluate learning in the interaction by analyzing and interpreting the patterns of communication structure and related content. This paper describes procedures for the measurement and visualization of chat-based communicative interaction in MUVEs. Methods are offered for structural analysis via social networks, and content analysis via semantic networks. Measuring and visualizing social and semantic networks allows for a window into the structure of learning communities, and also provides for a large cache of analytics to explore individual learning outcomes and group interaction in any virtual interaction. A case study on a learning based MUVE, SRI's Tapped-In community, is used to elaborate analytic methods.
Genetic Dissection of the Physiological Role of Skeletal Muscle in Metabolic Syndrome

The primary deficiency underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance, in which insulin-responsive peripheral tissues fail to maintain glucose homeostasis. Because skeletal muscle is the major site for insulin-induced glucose uptake, impairments in skeletal muscle’s insulin responsiveness play a major role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. For example, skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes patients and their offspring exhibit reduced ratios of slow oxidative muscle. These observations suggest the possibility of applying muscle remodeling to recover insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Skeletal muscle is highly adaptive to external stimulations such as exercise; however, in practice it is often not practical or possible to enforce the necessary intensity to obtain measurable benefits to the metabolic syndrome patient population. Therefore, identifying molecular targets for inducing muscle remodeling would provide new approaches to treat metabolic syndrome. In this review, the physiological properties of skeletal muscle, genetic analysis of metabolic syndrome in human populations and model organisms, and genetically engineered mouse models will be discussed in regard to the prospect of applying skeletal muscle remodeling as possible therapy for metabolic syndrome.
Quality standards with exogenously distributed quality

Abstract This paper finds optimal quality standards under the assumptions of an exogenous quality distribution and costly information. A monopolist sets standards such that each standard is equal to the expected quality between the next highest and next lowest standard.
Extracting references between text and charts via crowdsourcing

News articles, reports, blog posts and academic papers often include graphical charts that serve to visually reinforce arguments presented in the text. To help readers better understand the relation between the text and the chart, we present a crowdsourcing pipeline to extract the references between them. Specifically, we give crowd workers paragraph-chart pairs and ask them to select text phrases as well as the corresponding visual marks in the chart. We then apply automated clustering and merging techniques to unify the references generated by multiple workers into a single set. Comparing the crowdsourced references to a set of gold standard references using a distance measure based on the F1 score, we find that the average distance between the raw set of references produced by a single worker and the gold standard is 0.54 (out of a max of 1.0). When we apply clustering and merging techniques the average distance between the unified set of references and the gold standard reduces to 0.39; an improvement of 27%. We conclude with an interactive document viewing application that uses the extracted references; readers can select phrases in the text and the system highlights the related marks in the chart.
Epolones: Novel Sesquiterpene-Tropolones from Fungus OS-F69284 That Induce Erythropoietin in Human Cells

In the course of our screening for small molecule modulators of erythropoietin gene expression, two novel sesquiterpene tropolones and pycnidone were isolated from a culture of OS-F69284 (ATCC 74390). Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies and chemical reactions. These compounds induced erythropoietin gene expression 5-fold at a concentration of 1−1.6 μM.
Discrimination between buried metallic mines and metallic clutter using signal energy and exponential decay rates

An algorithm based on Bayesian probability theory is developed to discriminate buried metallic landmines from buried metallic clutter. A binary hypothesis problem is formed using the two hypotheses that the buried object is either a mine-like object or a clutter-like object. The received signal under both hypotheses is modeled as a target function, which is a delayed decaying exponential, plus Gaussian noise. The target functions contain the target's decay rate and coupling strength information. The coupling strength manifests itself as the point where the buried target's response reasons comes out of amplifier saturation. A target with a large coupling strength will fall out of saturation much later in time that a target with a low coupling strength. The decay rate for each buried object is extracted using a differential-corrections routine. The decay rate and fallout time are considered random variables with known distributions under each hypothesis. The distribution for the mine decay rates and fallout times are calculated from four separate measurements taken in a calibration area. The distribution of decay rates and fallout times for all objects in a blind grid is also estimated.
Construction and performance of 2m × 4m wire spark chambers☆

The construction and performance of wire spark chambers having an active area of 2.0 x 4.0 m/sup 2/, and a wire spacing of 1 mm are described. Two pairs of shift register readout planes provide two independent gaps per chamber. Preliminary testing with cosmic rays indicates fwhm resolution of one wire spacing. (auth)
Isospin effects upon the decay of highly excited nuclear states

It is proposed that T< states which strongly mix with analog states to give states of mixed isospin results in the enhancement of the probability of proton decay from highly excited nuclear states. Such considerations are shown to explain the anomalies observed in the (p, np) reactions.
A Novel Family-Based Intervention Trial to Improve Heart Health: FIT Heart Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background— Family members of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be at increased risk due to shared genes and lifestyle. Hospitalization of a family member with CVD may represent a “mot...
The well-designed child

This article is inspired by recent psychological studies confirming that a child is not born a blank slate but has important innate capabilities. An important part of the ''learning'' required to deal with the three-dimensional world of objects, processes, and other beings was done by evolution. Each child need not do this learning itself. By the 1950s there were already proposals to advance artificial intelligence by building a child machine that would learn from experience just as a human child does. What innate knowledge the child machine should be equipped with was ignored. I suppose the child machine was supposed to be a blank slate. Whatever innate knowledge a human baby may possess, we are interested in a well-designed that has all we can give it. To some extent, this paper is an exercise in wishful thinking. The innate mental structure that equips a child to interact successfully with the world includes more than the universal grammar of linguistic syntax postulated by Noam Chomsky. The world itself has structures, and nature has evolved brains with ways of recognizing them and representing information about them. For example, objects continue to exist when not being perceived, and children (and dogs) are very likely ''designed'' to interpret sensory inputs in terms of such persistent objects. Moreover, objects usually move continuously, passing through intermediate points, and perceiving motion that way may also be innate. What a child learns about the world is based on its innate mental structure. This article concerns designing adequate mental structures including a language of thought. This designer stance applies to designing robots, but we also hope it will help understand universal human mental structures. We consider what structures would be useful and how the innateness of a few of the structures might be tested experimentally in humans and animals. In the course of its existence we'll want our robot child to change. Some of the changes will be development, others learning. However, this article mainly takes a static view, because we don't know how to treat growth and development and can do only a little with learning.
Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anemia Associated With CKD in Elderly

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inadequate production of erythropoietin by the failing kidneys leads to decreased stimulation of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBCs). Anemia of CKD develops early and worsens with progressive renal insufficiency. Although over 40% of patients with CKD are anemic, anemia in this population is underrecognized and undertreated. Of considerable importance, anemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with higher rates of hospitalization and mortality. Despite the availability of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins (ESPs) to stimulate RBC production in CKD patients, approximately three fourths of patients initiating dialysis have a hemoglobin 2 , hemoglobin should be checked. The anemia is diagnosed when the hemoglobin is 12 and/or folate, iron deficiency, blood loss, inflammation, malignancy, and aluminum intoxication. After other causes of anemia have been excluded, CKD is the most likely etiology, and it should be treated with an ESP. Currently, epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa are the only 2 ESPs approved for use in the United States. Extended dosing of ESP has potential advantages for the patient and may also improve resource utilization. Consequently, both agents have been tested for dosing at extended intervals. Adequate iron stores—defined as transferrin saturation >20% and ferritin >100 mg—as well as ESP administration are needed to produce an appropriate increase in hemoglobin. Poor response to treatment with ESP can be due to many factors, including presence of iron deficiency, inflammation, continued blood loss, and hemoglobinopathy.
Roles of bacterial regulators in the symbiosis between Vibrio fischeri and Euprymna scolopes.

to camouflage itself from predators. In this chapter, we will give an overview of the early events in establishing the symbiosis and describe associated developmental changes triggered in each organism by the interaction. We will then discuss bacterial regulators and, where known, the traits they control that are necessary for a productive interaction between
Ethanol vehicle cold start improvement when using a hydrogen supplemented E85 fuel

Ethanol vehicles present a significant cold starting problem. Below 11/spl deg/C, ethanol will not form a rich enough fuel vapor-air mixture to support combustion. The addition of 15% gasoline helps to alleviate this problem, by allowing the vehicle to start primarily on the vaporized gasoline compounds. This approach does not completely eliminate the problem while substantially worsening cold start emissions. Supplementing E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) with hydrogen improves cold starting significantly. An effort was made to determine the minimum amount of hydrogen which could be used to supplement E85 and which would suffice in providing acceptable cold start performance. This was accomplished by experimental injection of pure hydrogen into the intake stream of a dedicated E85 fuelled vehicle. The minimum acceptable level of hydrogen was found to be 8% by volume at cold start conditions of -4/spl deg/C (25/spl deg/F). Initial work on an E85 hydrogen reformation technologies is also reported.
A thrust plate of ophiolitic rocks in the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California

In the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California, a regional thrust fault separates metasedimentary rocks of the Late Jurassic Galice Formation from an overlying plate of older ophiolitic rocks. The ophiolite consists of a basal sheet of ultramafic tectonite overlain and intruded by a heterogeneous mafic complex that in turn is overlain by metabasaltic and metasedimentary rocks. Field relations indicate that the ophiolite is polygenetic, with a major temporal hiatus separating the tectonitic ultramafic rocks and the associated mafic rocks. Mineral assemblages and textures in the ultramafic rocks suggest high-temperature recrystallization and penetrative deformation. In contrast, diabase and diabase breccia, the most abundant constituents of the mafic complex, are nonschistose rocks metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies. Contacts between ultramafic rocks and rocks of the mafic complex are fault contacts, intrusive contacts, or both. Mafic rocks occur in the ultramafic rocks as diabase dikes with chilled margins and as tectonic inclusions. Piecemeal growth of the ophiolite is also indicated by minor features: scarce jackstraw-textured talc-olivine rocks in tectonitic peridotite, cognate xenoliths of gabbro and olivine clinopyroxenite in diabase, and scattered dikes of intermediate composition in both ultramafic and mafic rocks. Field aspects of the ophiolite appear more compatible with a primitive island-arc setting than with a spreading oceanic ridge or marginal-basin model. The temporal relations between the ultramafic and mafic rocks, the presence of pyroclastic breccias, and the character of associated epiclastic rocks support this hypothesis. On the basis of this interpretation, the tectonic history of this segment of the Klamath Mountains during late Paleozoic to Jurassic time was dominated by island-arc genesis and westward extensional rifting. The ultimate collapse of this system occurred during the Late Jurassic (Nevadan orogeny) when the Galice Formation (Jurassic island arc and associated sedimentary basin) was thrust beneath the Preston Peak ophiolite, a Permian-Triassic remnant arc.
Deciding without Data

Introduction. Physician decisions drive most of the increases in health care expenditures, yet virtually no published literature has sought to understand the types of evidence used by physicians as they make decisions in real time. Methods. Ten pediatric cardiologists recorded every clinically significant decision made during procedures, test interpretation, or delivery of inpatient and outpatient care during 5 full days and 5 half days of care delivery. The basis for each decision was assigned to one of 10 predetermined categories, ranging from arbitrary and anecdotal, to various qualities of published studies, to parental preference and avoiding a lawsuit. Results. During the 7.5 days, 1188 decisions (158/day) were made. Almost 80% of decisions were deemed by the physicians to have no basis in any prior published data and fewer than 3% of decisions were based on a study specific to the question at hand. Conclusions. In this pilot study, physicians were unable to cite a formal evidence source for most of their real-time clinical decision making, including those that consumed medical resources. Novel approaches to building an evidence base produced from real-time clinical decisions may be essential for health care reform based on data.
Stress, menopause and vulnerability for psychiatric illness

Remarkable advances in molecular neuro-biology, genomics and functional brain imaging are now leading to major advances in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, and these advances will incr...
TELOMERASE ACTIVATOR1 Induces Telomerase Activity and Potentiates Responses to Auxin in Arabidopsis

Telomerase activity is highly regulated, abundant in rapidly dividing cells and reproductive organs, but undetectable in most other differentiated tissues. Little is known about mechanisms that regulate telomerase. Here, we used a biochemical assay to screen activation-tagged lines of Arabidopsis thaliana for mutants that ectopically express this enzyme in their leaves. In one such mutant, a previously uncharacterized zinc-finger protein we designate TELOMERASE ACTIVATOR1 (TAC1) is overexpressed and induces telomerase in fully differentiated leaves without stimulating progression through the cell cycle. Reducing endogenous concentrations of auxin in the mutant blocks the ability of TAC1 to induce telomerase. This result, along with other phenotypes of the mutant, such as the ability of cells to grow in culture without exogenous auxin and increased sensitivity of primary root growth to exogenous auxin, indicates that TAC1 not only is part of the previously reported link between auxin and telomerase expression but also potentiates other classic responses to this phytohormone.
Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis: An Exploratory Case-Control Study

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate potential risk factors for desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV), a rare but severe form of vaginitis. We are aware of no other controlled studies of DIV. METHODS: We conducted a case control study comparing DIV cases (n = 47), identified from the Wayne State University Vaginitis Clinic, to friend controls. For some variables, cases were also compared to 1432 women participating in a random digit dialing survey. RESULTS: Most cases reported that their last episode of DIV caused at least some pain (76.9%) and worry (73.1%). Cases were more likely than either friend or population controls to report (ORs from population controls) a history of vulvovaginal candidiasis (OR = 4.40, 95% CI 2.24, 8.65), bacterial vaginosis (OR = 25.58, 95% CI 15.91, 41.15), or pelvic inflammatory disease (OR = 16.90, 95% CI 8.26, 34.55); use of oral contraceptives (OR = 4.91, 95% CI 2.11, 11.43); use of hormone replacement therapy (OR = 4.74, 95% CI 2.69, 8.37); and laparoscopic procedures (OR = 22.24, 95% CI 11.46, 42.69). CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should be conducted to explain the association with fertility surgeries, hormone usage, and other urogenital conditions; to clarify the timing of these associations; and to identify other factors related to DIV.
A Benchmark Experimental Database for Multiphase Combustion Model Input and Validation

Experimental data were obtained for the purpose of validating multiphase combustion models and submodels. A reference spray combustor was fabricated to permit well-defined input and boundary conditions, enabling measurements to characterize the fuel spray, combustion air, wall temperatures, gas temperatures, and species concentrations. The level of complexity of the reference spray combustor is consistent with a benchmark case in which the level of coupling between the flow field and the remaining physics (e.g., chemical reactions, heat transfer) is not as extensive as in the complete system, but is also not insignificant. The characteristics (i.e., size, velocity, volume flux, etc.) of the methanol fuel spray were determined using phase Doppler interferometry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the species concentrations in the reactor emissions, and the conversion of methanol in the reactor. Thermocouple measurements provide gas temperature data at the reactor exit. Particle image velocimetry was used to characterize the inlet combustion air, and also to provide validation data farther downstream. © 2002 by The Combustion Institute
The Effect of Police Contact Does Official Intervention Result in Deviance Amplification

Current police policies are based on assumptions that proactive policing strategies will not only deter crime but will also improve police–community relations. Deterrence theorists argue that general and specific deterrence can be achieved through such policing strategies. Labeling proponents, however, maintain that juveniles stopped and/or arrested by the police, rather than be deterred, will actually engage in more delinquency as a result of this contact. Research to date has provided mixed evidence. The current study seeks to inform this debate by examining the effect of being stopped or arrested on subsequent delinquent behavior and attitudes. Relying on three waves of data from a multisite sample of youth, we use propensity score matching to control for preexisting differences among youth who have and have not experienced police contact. Our findings reveal that being stopped or arrested not only increases future delinquency but also amplifies deviant attitudes.
Neural Correlates of Stress- and Food Cue–Induced Food Craving in Obesity: Association with insulin levels

OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with alterations in corticolimbic-striatal brain regions involved in food motivation and reward. Stress and the presence of food cues may each motivate eating and engage corticolimibic-striatal neurocircuitry. It is unknown how these factors interact to influence brain responses and whether these interactions are influenced by obesity, insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that obese individuals would show greater responses in corticolimbic-striatal neurocircuitry after exposure to stress and food cues and that brain activations would correlate with subjective food craving, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting insulin levels were assessed in obese and lean subjects who were exposed to individualized stress and favorite-food cues during functional MRI. RESULTS Obese, but not lean, individuals exhibited increased activation in striatal, insular, and hypothalamic regions during exposure to favorite-food and stress cues. In obese but not lean individuals, food craving, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels correlated positively with neural activity in corticolimbic-striatal brain regions during favorite-food and stress cues. The relationship between insulin resistance and food craving in obese individuals was mediated by activity in motivation-reward regions including the striatum, insula, and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that obese, but not lean, individuals exhibit increased corticolimbic-striatal activation in response to favorite-food and stress cues and that these brain responses mediate the relationship between HOMA-IR and food craving. Improving insulin sensitivity and in turn reducing corticolimbic-striatal reactivity to food cues and stress may diminish food craving and affect eating behavior in obesity.
Detection and prediction of concentrations of neurotransmitters using voltammetry and pattern recognition

Neurotransmitters (NTs) are substances in the brain which are responsible for the transmission of neurological impulses. Changes in their concentrations are associated with numerous behavioral and physiological processes and neurological disorders. As opposed to the traditional chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis, using electrochemical sensors is a fast and inexpensive way to determine concentrations of NTs. In this study we measure the combination of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (SE) with glassy carbon electrodes and differential pulse voltammetry. The major challenge using this method is to differentiate between different NTs, since the signal obtained from the electrode represents the interactive effect of both NTs present. We address this problem through methods of pattern recognition which relate the voltammetric measurements provided by the sensor to the concentration of individual NTs. Two methods of pattern recognition were applied (PCR and PLS-regression). The best rates of correct classification for the validation sets ranged at 42–62% (DA) and 33–50% (SE). When the ranges for correct prediction were extended to include one level above and below the true concentration level, the rates values ranged at 81–91% (DA) and 91–100%(SE). These findings suggest that pattern recognition can be used to model the interaction between different neurotransmitters to predict actual concentrations of neurotransmitters using voltammetry.
The Current State of Supply Chain Management in Brazil

Over the last few decades, the concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM), whose main goal of achieving simultaneous cost reduction throughout the supply chain and a perceived increase in value of the product/service, has emerged worldwide as one of the most promising areas of business management. The main objective of this chapter is to present to the international audience a broad panorama of the current situation of SCM in Brazil, such that the reader can increase his/her knowledge concerning some key issues that characterize and/or influence it. Both positive and negative issues are described and analysed from a macro perspective. Additionally, this chapter highlights some cases of successful implementation of SCM practices in Brazil. Due to the scope and contemporaneous nature of the theme, the research design uses an exploratory approach with reference to some case studies. Most data reported in the text were obtained as part of a broader ongoing research project on the identification and analysis of best SCM practices currently implemented in Brazil. Additionally, a framework was developed with the aim of illustrating the logic of the development of the chapter. The text points out that Brazil contains many positive aspects for successful SCM, but some negative issues still remain to be addressed, so that the country can manage its supply chains more effectively, and most of these negative issues are the responsibility of government.
Can Carotid Angiography Be Performed by Vascular Surgeons? A Critical Evaluation of Indications, Technique, and Results

The purpose of this report is to examine the contemporary indications for diagnostic carotid arteriography and evaluate its utility and safety when performed by vascular surgeons. The records of all patients having selective carotid arteriography from September 2000 through March 2002 at our institution were reviewed. One hundred sixty-four consecutive patients had selective arteriography of the extracranial carotid arteries for the following indications: hemispheric symptoms with stenosis 80% by duplex) internal carotid stenosis (9.8%), ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion (7.1%), bilateral high-grade internal carotid artery stenoses (7.1%), vertebral-basilar ischemia (7.0%), contralateral internal carotid occlusion (5.4%), duplex ultrasound from a nonaccredited vascular laboratory (3.3%), and evaluation of nonatherosclerotic carotid disease (3.3%). There were no transient ischemic attacks, strokes, or deaths related to the index procedure. Selective angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries remains an important adjunct in the evaluation of patients with carotid disease. This procedure can be performed safely by vascular surgeons.
Lower-Status Participation and Influence:Task Structure Matters

Status hierarchies readily form in groups and, once established, limit lower-status group members’ opportunities for contributing to and influencing group decisions. Recent findings, however, suggest that the type of task on which a group works may allow lower-status individuals to break through power and prestige orders in a cooperative way while conflicting with ideas of their higher-status group members. In this article, we review a research program that investigates how task structure relates to status and influence in small groups. In one experiment, using groups of three female students as participants, we found that open-structured tasks allow lower-status group members to participate, receive positive evaluations, and improve their status more than closed-structured tasks. In a second experiment, using groups of two female students and a female experimenter as participants, we found that open-structured tasks and lower-status confederates foster more divergent thinking and indirect influence than closed-structured tasks and higher-status sources. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how immediate problem-solving environments contribute to status change and influence in small groups.