cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Rat Skin Tissue with Varying Blood Glucose Levels

We have performed in vivo measurements of near-infrared rat skin absorption in the 4000−5000-cm-1 spectral range (2.0−2.5-μm wavelength) during a glucose clamp experiment in order to identify the presence of glucose-specific spectral information. Spectra were collected during an initial 3-h period where the animal's blood glucose concentration was held at its normal value. The blood glucose level was then increased above 30 mM by venous infusion of glucose and held for 2 h, after which it was allowed to return to normal. Spectra were recorded continuously during the procedure and are analyzed to identify spectral changes associated with changes in glucose concentration. Because the change in absorbance due to an increase in glucose concentration is small compared to changes due to other variations (e.g., the thickness of the skin sample), a simple subtraction of absorbance spectra from the hyperglycemic and euglycemic phases is not instructive. Instead, a set of principal components is established from th...
Total Capital and Economic Growth

In contrast to the official estimates of gross private domestic investment and associated capital stocks prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the author presents estimates of total investment and capital, human and nonhuman, tangible and nontangible, by all sectors of the U.S. economy. Total investment is 3.1 times the BEA estimate in 1929, rising to 4.1 times in 1990. It accounts for almost half of adjusted GDP in the latter year. As hypothesized, real total capital stocks rise at about the same 2.9 percent average annual rate as real gross domestic product 1929–90, 0.1 percentage points more in the total economy and 0.2 points less in the predominant business sector. Increases in nontangible capital (mainly education, training, health, and research and development—“R&D”-) largely explain the growth in total tangible factor (capital) productivity in the whole economy. Nontangible, human capital has grown relatively faster in the business sector than in the entire economy, helping to explain its more rapid productivity advance. The author recommends that when BEA shifts to the U.N. standard system of accounts, it include nontangible and human tangible investments and capital in “satellite” accounts, as well as tangible investments for all sectors in the core accounts. This will greatly facilitate the analysis of economic growth.
Cooling in QCD Spectroscopy

We test the cooling algorithm with gluonic and staggered hadronic spectroscopy on SU (3) gauge field configurations generated with two flavors of staggered dynamical fermions.
An empirical test of the institutionalist view on income inequality: Economic growth within the United States

The relationship between income inequality and economic growth within the US is analyzed using state level data. Income inequality in the US since 1960 is described. A two-step causal model is employed to test the institutionalist contention that income inequality leads to socio-political instability, which has a negative impact on economic progress. The empirical results offer support for the institutionalist view.
Chemical bonding of hydrogen molecules to transition metal complexes

Abstract An overview of the recently discovered binding of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) to transition metal complexes is given. Emphasis is placed on the features which distinguish non-classical metal-dihydrogen bonding from classical atomic metal-hydride systems. Crystallographic and spectroscopic data (IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), inelastic neutron scattering) and theoretical aspects are discussed. The subtle factors which influence cleavage of bound H 2 to hydride are identified and examples are given demonstrating that a compound containing a dihydrogen “pair” can exist in facile equilibrium with the “isomeric” compound derived from it containing two separated hydrides. Metal-H 2 systems show a uniquely rich dynamic behavior, including rotation of the side-on bonded H 2 . The relatively low energy barrier to rotation is studied experimentally by inelastic neutron scattering and theoretically by ab initio methods, in relation to the bonding model for M-H 2 . Quantum mechanical tunneling and exchange processes are identified for bound dihydrogen and certain trihydride systems.
Ball Packings with Periodic Constraints

We call a periodic ball packing in $$d$$d-dimensional Euclidean space periodically (resp. strictly) jammed with respect to a period lattice $$\varLambda $$? if there are no nontrivial motions of the balls that preserve $$\varLambda $$? (resp. that maintain some period with smaller or equal volume). In particular, we call a packing consistently periodically jammed (resp. consistently strictly jammed) if it is periodically (resp. strictly) jammed on every one of its periods. After extending a well-known bar framework and stress condition to strict jamming, we prove that a packing with period $$\varLambda $$? is consistently strictly jammed if and only if it is strictly jammed with respect to $$\varLambda $$? and consistently periodically jammed. We next extend a result about rigid unit mode spectra in crystallography to characterize periodic jamming on sublattices. After that, we prove that there are finitely many strictly jammed packings of $$m$$m unit balls and other similar results. An interesting example shows that the size of the first sublattice on which a packing is first periodically unjammed is not bounded. Finally, we find an example of a consistently periodically jammed packing of low density $$\delta = \frac{4 \pi }{6 \sqrt{3} + 11} + \varepsilon \approx 0.59$$?=4?63+11+??0.59, where $$\varepsilon $$? is an arbitrarily small positive number. Throughout the paper, the statements for the closely related notions of periodic infinitesimal rigidity and affine infinitesimal rigidity for tensegrity frameworks are also given.
HELICOPTER NOISE: STATE-OF-THE-ART

This paper reviews helicopter external noise with particular emphasis on the noise due to helicopter main and tail rotors. The bases for annoyance and audibility are discussed. Sources of rotor noise include steady, periodic, and random loads on the rotor blades, as well as volume displacement and nonlinear aerodynamic effects at high blade Mach numbers. Either main or tail rotors can be dominant noise sources at various frequencies and observer positions.
A remote processing system for the APT language

With the advent of time shared computers and the development of remote terminals capable of providing fast access to these computers, it became evident that processors could be developed to greatly increase the efficiency of an N/C part programmer. In general, a majority of the errors which occur in the processing of N/C programs are errors of syntax, and these errors cause nearly as much loss of time in processing as the more complex arithmetic errors. Therefore, any system which could provide a partial or complete interactive APT processing capability would be a valuable aid in reducing processing time. A system has been devised whereby a part programmer can sit at a remote console (teletype, etc.), and directly communicate with the computer. This system can produce output for immediate display or for punching onto a tape. Such a system requires a highly specialized processor which can accept APT language statements, check each statement for detailed errors in syntax, and then perform the necessary computations needed to produce an N/C output tape.
Gravitational Stirring in Planetary Debris Disks

We describe gravitational stirring models of planetary debris disks using a new multiannulus planetesimal evolution code. The current code includes gravitational stirring and dynamical friction; future studies will include coagulation, fragmentation, Poynting-Robertson drag, and other physical processes. We use the results of our calculations to investigate the physical conditions required for small bodies in a planetesimal disk to reach the shattering velocity and begin a collisional cascade. Our results demonstrate that disks composed primarily of bodies with a single size will not undergo a collisional cascade that produces small dust grains at 30–150 AU on timescales of 1 Gyr or smaller. Disks with a size distribution of bodies reach conditions necessary for a collisional cascade in 10 Myr to 1 Gyr if the disk is at least as massive as a minimum mass solar nebula and if the disk contains objects with radii of 500 km or larger. The estimated ~500 Myr survival time for these disks is close to the median age of ~400 Myr derived for nearby stars with dusty disks.
NUMERICAL PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL/ACOUSTIC SYSTEMS*

ABSTRACT A methodology that accounts for structural variability in the acoustic response of structural/acoustic systems is presented. The new methodology integrates an advanced mean value first-order probabilistic method with finite element analysis (FEA) and boundary element analysis (BEA) in order to compute the probabilistic acoustic response of a structural/acoustic system subjected to a deterministic excitation. The advanced mean value (AMV) method is used to evaluate the probabilistic response from a linear response surface that is corrected for higher-order terms. FEA and BEA are combined for computing the performance function (i.e., acoustic response) each time that it is requested by the AMV algorithm. The AMV/FEA/BEA methodology is used to illustrate the difference between the probabilistic response of a system and the equivalent deterministic simulation through examples. The interaction between the distinct acoustic normal modes and the structural normal modes that shift due to structural varia...
Information Quality and Options

Microstructure researchers have long understood that information quality has an effect on price formation in the underlying asset market. However, option researchers have largely ignored the fact that information quality might also impact the options market. This article characterizes the nature of the impact by showing how option prices and implied volatility levels are related to the forward looking information quality path. This result follows from a noisy rational expectations model that abandons the normal distribution in favor of the gamma distribution, but maintains the standard assumption of exponential utility. Thus the new model bridges the gap between the microstructure literature that relies so heavily on the normal-exponential framework, and the options literature that relies exclusively on models that are consistent with the limited liability of stock prices. The model's tractability allows for a robustness check against the standard framework and provides a viable setting for analyzing the empirical implications of information quality for the options market. (JEL D8, Gl)
Carbon Formation on Supported Metal Catalysts

The potential for carbon formation exists in any system in which hydrocarbons undergo thermal decomposition. It is well known that certain metals can increase the carbon yield by catalyzing the growth of both filamentous and graphitic types of deposit. The highest catalytic activity for carbon deposition is exhibited by the ferromagnetic metals and in particular, iron. We have used a combination of controlled atmosphere and high resolution electron microscopy techniques to study the formation of the various types of carbon on metal surfaces. In this paper the emphasis is placed on the fundamental aspects surrounding the growth of filamentous carbon. The qualitative and quantitative data obtained from these studies have enable us to develop a mechanism for the growth of filamentous carbon and also provided insights into methods of inhibiting the growth of this form of carbon. Continuous observation of many filamentous carbon growth sequences has shown that both the addition of a second metal to the catalyst and also the strength of the metal-support interaction can have a profound effect on the mode by which carbon filaments grow.
RHEX in the mix of erythropoietin signaling molecules.

![Figure][1] Insight from Hal Broxmeyer Erythropoietin (EPO) is of immense practical clinical utility in the treatment of anemia, and insight into EPO-regulated signaling pathways may reveal new targets for the treatment of dysregulated erythropoiesis. While significant headway has been
On asymptotic dimension of countable Abelian groups

Abstract We compute the asymptotic dimension of the rationals given with an invariant proper metric. We also show that a countable torsion Abelian group taken with an invariant proper metric has asymptotic dimension zero.
NEW RESULTS FROM ACCELERATOR NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS

This paper presents an overview of recent results from accelerator based neutrino experiments. We also review the status of experiments which are being planned for the near future. While most emphasis and interest of late is on neutrino oscillation experiments, we discuss non-oscillation experiments which will produce important results on cross sections.
A method for managing evidential reasoning in a hierarchical hypothesis space

Although informal models of evidential reasoning have been successfully applied in automated reasoning systems, it is generally difficult to define the range of their applicability. In addition, they have not provided a basis for consistent management of evidence bearing on hypotheses that are related hierarchically. The Dempster–Shafer (D-S) theory of evidence is appealing because it does suggest a coherent approach for dealing with such relationships. However, the theory’s complexity and potential for computational inefficiency have tended to discourage its use in reasoning systems. In this paper we describe the central elements of the D-S theory, basing our exposition on simple examples drawn from the field of medicine. We then demonstrate the relevance of the D-S theory to a familiar expert-system domain, namely the bacterial-organism identification problem that lies at the heart of the mycin system. Finally, we present a new adaptation of the D-S approach that achieves computational efficiency while permitting the management of evidential reasoning within an abstraction hierarchy
Accretion of the Archean Slave province

Continental rift models have long been applied to the Archean Slave province of northwestern Canada. A reassessment of these models shows them to be incompatible with observed geological relations and suggests that contractional tectonic models may be more appropriate than extensional ones. Regions composed of different rock suites (e.g., orthogneisses vs. mafic volcanics) are separated by high-strain zones recording large displacements. It is proposed that the high-strain zones separate four distinct terranes that have been juxtaposed during collisional orogenesis. From west to east, these include the Anton terrane, interpreted as an Archean microcontinent; the Sleepy Dragon terrane, possibly an exhumed more eastern part of the Anton terrane; the Contwoyto terrane, a westward-verging fold and thrust belt containing tectonic slivers of greenstone volcanics; and the Hackett River volcanic terrane, interpreted as an Archean island arc. The Contwoyto and Hackett River terranes represent a paired accretionary prism and island-arc system that formed above an east-dipping subduction zone. These collided with the Anton microcontinent, producing a basement nappe, expressed as the Sleepy Dragon terrane, during the main accretion event within the Slave province. The whole tectonic assemblage was intruded by late-kinematic to postkinematic granitoids.
Torsion and supersymmetry breaking

We identify the auxiliary fields in the hypermultiplets of type IIB string theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold, using a combination of worldsheet and supergravity techniques. The SUSY-breaking squark and gaugino masses in type IIB models depend on these auxiliary fields, which parametrize deformations away from a pure Calabi-Yau compactification to one with NS-NS 3-form flux and SU(3) × SU(3) structure. Worldsheet arguments show that such compactifications are generically globally nongeometric. Our results, combined with earlier results for type IIA compactifications, imply that these deformations are the mirrors of NS-NS 3-form flux, in accord with work from the supergravity point of view. Using the worldsheet current algebra, we explain why mirror symmetry may continue to hold in the presence of fluxes breaking the symmetries (e.g., (2,2) SUSY) on which mirror symmetry is typically taken to depend. Finally, we give evidence that nonperturbative worldsheet effects (such as worldsheet instantons) provide important corrections to the supergravity picture in the presence of auxiliary fields for Kahler moduli.
A hybrid fingerprint matcher

Abstract Most fingerprint matching systems rely on the distribution of minutiae on the fingertip to represent and match fingerprints. While the ridge flow pattern is generally used for classifying fingerprints, it is seldom used for matching. This paper describes a hybrid fingerprint matching scheme that uses both minutiae and ridge flow information to represent and match fingerprints. A set of 8 Gabor filters, whose spatial frequencies correspond to the average inter-ridge spacing in fingerprints, is used to capture the ridge strength at equally spaced orientations. A square tessellation of the filtered images is then used to construct an eight-dimensional feature map, called the ridge feature map. The ridge feature map along with the minutiae set of a fingerprint image is used for matching purposes. The proposed technique has the following features: (i) the entire image is taken into account while constructing the ridge feature map; (ii) minutiae matching is used to determine the translation and rotation parameters relating the query and the template images for ridge feature map extraction; (iii) filtering and ridge feature map extraction are implemented in the frequency domain thereby speeding up the matching process; (iv) filtered query images are catched to greatly increase the one-to-many matching speed. The hybrid matcher performs better than a minutiae-based fingerprint matching system. The genuine accept rate of the hybrid matcher is observed to be ∼10% higher than that of a minutiae-based system at low FAR values. Fingerprint verification (one-to-one matching) using the hybrid matcher on a Pentium III, 800 MHz system takes ∼1.4 s , while fingerprint identification (one-to-many matching) involving 1000 templates takes ∼0.2 s per match.
The pot calling the kettle black? A comparison of measures of current tobacco use

Researchers often use the discrepancy between self-reported and biochemically assessed active smoking status to argue that self-reported smoking status is not reliable, ignoring the limitations of biochemically assessed measures and treating it as the gold standard in their comparisons. Here, we employ econometric techniques to compare the accuracy of self-reported and biochemically assessed current tobacco use, taking into account measurement errors with both methods. Our approach allows estimating and comparing the sensitivity and specificity of each measure without directly observing true smoking status. The results, robust to several alternative specifications, suggest that there is no clear reason to think that one measure dominates the other in accuracy.
Multiple vertex coverings by specified induced subgraphs

Given graphs H1,…, Hk, let f(H1,…, Hk) be the minimum order of a graph G such that for each i, the induced copies of Hi in G cover V(G). We prove constructively that f(H1, H2) ≤ 2(n(H1) + n(H2) - 2); equality holds when H1 = $\overline{H}$2 = Kn. We prove that f(H1, $\overline{K}$n) = n + 2√δ(H1)n + O(1) as n → ∞. We also determine f(K1, m -1, $\overline{K}$n) exactly. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 34: 180–190, 2000
Discovery of a 115 Day Orbital Period in the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source NGC 5408 X-1

We report the detection of a 115 day periodicity in SWIFT/XRT monitoring data from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 5408 X-1. Our o ngoing campaign samples its X-ray flux approximately twice weekly and has now achieved a temporal baseline of ti 485 days. Periodogram ana lysis reveals a significant periodicity with a period of 115.5 +/- 4 days. The modulation is detected with a significance of 3.2 x 10(exp -4) . The fractional modulation amplitude decreases with increasing e nergy, ranging from 0.13 +/- 0.02 above 1 keV to 0.24 +/- 0.02 below 1 keV. The shape of the profile evolves as well, becoming less sharply peaked at higher energies. The periodogram analysis is consistent wi th a periodic process, however, continued monitoring is required to c onfirm the coherent nature of the modulation. Spectral analysis indic ates that NGC 5408 X-1 can reach 0.3 - 10 keV luminosities of approxi mately 2 x 10 40 ergs/s . We suggest that, like the 62 day period of the ULX in M82 (X41.4-1-60), the periodicity detected in NGC 5408 X-1 represents the orbital period of the black hole binary containing the ULX. If this is true then the secondary can only be a giant or super giant star.
Improved human zygote development in a modified Ham's F10 medium in vitro.

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the effect of modified Ham's F10 media with and without glucose, hypoxanthine, phosphate, and transition metals (MM) on human embryo development.
Iron-Catalyzed Carbometalation of Propargylic and Homopropargylic Alcohols

Nucleophilic addition to alkynes represents an attractive approach to the synthesis of olefins. Obstacles to this strategy include the low reactivity of alkynes toward many organometallic reagents and difficulties associated with controlling the regioselectivity of addition. Here we demonstrate that Fe(III) salts are effective precatalysts for the carbometalation of alkynes. Primary and secondary propargylic and homopropargylic alcohols react with alkyl and aryl Grignard reagents to provide Z-allylic and -homoallylic alcohols as single stereo and regioisomers. Alkylation and arylation occur distal to the alcohol. Common oxygen protecting groups and tertiary nitrogens are tolerated. The intermediate vinyl magnesium or iron species can be trapped with a variety of electrophiles including aldehydes, allyl bromide, and N-bromosuccinimide. Diyne substrates undergo an unusual addition/cyclization reaction to generate cyclic dienes. A brief discussion of mechanism is included.
The use of wave filter design in Kalman filter state estimation of the automatic steering problem of a tanker in a seaway

The problem of automatic steering control of a large tanker in a seaway is formulated within the framework of linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control theory. Wave disturbances are characterized by shaping filters, and Kalman filters are designed using these disturbance noise models. LQG controllers are designed to minimize a performance criterion commonly thought to be representative of propulsion losses due to steering. Performance of the controllers is determined by simulation results, which apply for deep water and are based on data from scale model tests.
The role of outgassing in surface flashover under vacuum

Results of high-speed electrical and optical diagnostics are used as a basis to discuss a new surface flashover model. Outgassing, caused by electron stimulated desorption, is found to play a crucial role in the temporal flashover development. Dielectric unipolar surface flashover under vacuum is experimentally characterized by a three-phase development, which covers a current range from 10/sup -4/ A to 100 A. Phase one comprises a fast (several nanoseconds) buildup of a saturated secondary electron avalanche reaching current levels of 10 to 100 mA. Phase two is associated with a slow current amplification reaching currents in the Ampere level within typically 100 ns. The final phase is characterized by a fast current rise up to the impedance-limited current on the order of 100 A. The development during phase two and three is described by a zero-dimensional model, where electron-induced outgassing leads to a Townsend-like gas discharge above the surface. This is supported by time-resolved spectroscopy that reveals the existence of excited atomic hydrogen and ionic carbon before the final phase. The feedback mechanism toward a self-sustained discharge is due to space charge leading to an enhanced field emission from the cathode. A priori unknown model parameters, such as outgassing rate and gas density buildup above the surface, are determined by fitting calculated results to experimental data. The significance of outgassing is also discussed with a view to microwave surface flashover.
Energy measurements from betatron oscillations

In the Stanford Linear Collider the electron beam is accelerated from 1 to 50 GeV in a distance of 3 km. The energy is measured and corrected at the end with an energy feedback loop. There are no bends within the linear accelerator, so no intermediate energy measurements are made. Errors in the energy profile due to misphasing of the RF, or to calibration errors in the klystrons RF outputs are difficult to detect. Since the total betatron phase advance down the accelerator is about 30 X 2 pi , an energy error of a few percent can cause a large error in the total phase advance. This will degrade the performance of autosteering programs. A diagnostic program which generates and measures several betatron oscillations in the accelerator has been developed. >
Invention under uncertainty and the threat of ex post entry

Abstract This article proposes a theoretical framework for studying the invention of new products when demand is uncertain. In this framework, under general conditions, the threat of ex post entry by a competitor can deter invention ex ante. Asymmetric market power in the ex post market exacerbates the problem. The implications of these general results are examined in a series of examples that represent important markets in the computer industry. The first is a model that shows how an operating system monopolist, by its mere presence, can deter the invention of complements, to its own detriment as well as that of society. The implications of policies such as patent protection, price regulation, and mandatory divestiture are considered. Three additional examples consider the ability of a monopolist in one market to commit to bundling an unrelated product, a pair of horizontally differentiated firms that can add a new feature to their products, and a platform leader that can be challenged in its base market by the supplier of a complementary product.
Food Protection for Sale

This article tests the Protection for Sale (PFS) model using detailed data from U.S. food processing industries from 1978 to 1992 under alternative import demand specifications. All empirical results support the PFS model predictions and previous empirical work qualitatively. Although welfare weights are very sensitive to import demand specification, a surprising result is that we obtain weights between 2.6 and 3.6 for domestic welfare using import slopes or elasticities derived from domestic demand and supply functions. In contrast, results based on import slopes or elasticities from directly specified import demands (including the Armington model) yield the usual, unrealistically large estimates for the domestic welfare weight. We contend that the latter empirical paradox arises mainly because the explanatory variables tend to be extremely large for industries with low import ratios and/or low estimated elasticities or slopes resulting from relatively volatile import prices. The results with derived import parameters point to a much stronger role of campaign contributions within the PFS model than previously found. They also suggest that the commonly-used Armington estimates may not be appropriate for estimating the PFS model.
Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco

Do erms become more efficient after becoming exporters? Do exporters generate positive externalities for domestically oriented producers? In this paper we tackle these questions by analyzing the causal links between exporting and productivity using plant-level data. We look for evidence that erms’cost processes change after theybreak into foreign markets. We end that relatively efficient erms become exporters; however, in most industries, erms’ costs are not affected by previous exporting activities. So the well-documented positiveassociation between exporting and efficiency is explained by the self-selection of the moreefficient erms intothe exportmarket. Wealsoend some evidence of positive regional externalities.
Preparation and reactions of cyclic allylic higher order cyanocuprates

Abstract Treatment of cyclic allylic stannanes with MeLi followed by CuCN affords the corresponding allylic cuprates which deliver the cycloalkenyl moiety to a variety of organic substrates.
How Ordinary Consumers Make Complex Economic Decisions: Financial Literacy and Retirement Readiness

This paper explores who is financially literate, whether people accurately perceive their own economic decision-making skills, and where these skills come from. Self-assessed and objective measures of financial literacy can be linked to consumers’ efforts to plan for retirement in the American Life Panel, and causal relationships with retirement planning examined by exploiting information about respondent financial knowledge acquired in school. Results show that those with more advanced financial knowledge are those more likely to be retirement-ready.
Investment under Uncertainty and Dynamic Adjustment in the Finnish Pork Industry

byKyosti S. Pietola and Robert J. MyersMay 1998Paper prepared for a selected paper session at the Annual Meeting of the American AgriculturalEconomics Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, August, 1998. This research was financed jointly byAgricultural Economics Research Institute in Finland, the Academy of Finland, and the FinnishCultural Foundation. We also knowledge the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station for itssupport of this research.Authors are Agricultural Economist, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland,and Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, EastLansing.Copyright 1998 by Kyosti S. Pietola and Robert J. Myers. All rights reserved. Readers may makeverbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that thiscopyright notice appears on all such copies.
Surgical Experience with Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma in a Single Korean Tertiary Medical Center

Purpose This is a report of the surgical treatment and prognosis of retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS) in Koreans. Materials and methods Nineteen patients treated for RPLS between July 1, 1984, and March 31, 2009, were included. Patient demographics, histopathologic subtypes, survival rate, disease recurrence rate and interval, and adjuvant therapy were reviewed and analyzed. Results Of the 19 patients diagnosed with RPLS, 26.3% presented with well-differentiated RPLS, 10.5% with dedifferentiated RPLS, 15.8% with myxoid/round cell type, and 47.4% with mixed-type liposarcoma. The mean follow-up period was 66.8 months (range, 6 to 165 months). Primary RPLS was treated in 17 patients. Nine patients (52.9%) had recurrent disease, and recurrence developed at a mean of 47.7 months after primary or repeated surgical treatment. The overall survival rate was 84.2% during a mean follow-up of 66.8 months. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 86.9%, and the 10-year survival rate was 69.5%. The recurrence interval was significantly shorter in recurrent RPLS cases (p=0.023). The mean growth rate of locally recurrent tumors was 0.34 cm per month. Conclusions The survival rates reported here were higher than in previous studies. Locally recurrent tumors presented with a low growth rate, which may have contributed to the relatively high survival rate. A high prevalence of mixed-type RPLS was also noted, and its cause and prognosis require further research.
Critical Role of 18F-Labeled Fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the Management of Patients with Arthroplasty

The most frequent complications after arthroplasty are aseptic loosening and infection. It is often difficult to differentiate aseptic loosening from infection. The management of these two distinct clinical identities is quite different, however. Treatment of aseptic loosening usually requires one-step revision surgery, whereas treatment of infection requires antimicrobial therapy for an extended period before inserting a new prosthesis. Infection associated with arthroplasty is a serious complication and should be treated adequately before proceeding with a surgical intervention. PET with 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been proposed as an accurate technique for evaluating painful arthroplasty. This review addresses the applications of FDG-PET in such clinical settings. In addition, the potential of PET in the assessing the viability of bone grafts in revision arthroplasty is discussed.
Further Analyses of Genetic Association Between GRM8 and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Among Young Adults

Objective:The gene GRM8, a metabotropic glutamate receptor, has emerged as a gene of interest for its possible role in the development of alcohol dependence, with evidence of association with an electrophysiological endophenotype and level of response to alcohol as well as suggestive evidence of association with alcohol dependence.Method:The present study further investigated the association between GRM8 and alcohol dependence symptom counts among young adults using a new sample of individuals collected as part of the prospective sample (ages 18–26 years; N = 842) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA).Results:Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with alcohol dependence in European Americans using the Nyholt corrected p value of .007: rs886003 (β = -.212, p = .0002) and rs17862325 (β = -.234, p < .0001), but not in African Americans, likely because of the lower power to detect association in this group.Conclusions:These results further implicate the ...
A Schmidt route to 1-azabicyclo[x.y.0]alkanes: a comparison of carbocation stabilizing groups

Abstract The intramolecular Schmidt reactions of tertiary alkyl, tertiary benzylic, tertiary propargylic, and tertiary allylic carbocations with tethered azides are reported. Using product analysis and deuterium labeling studies, the role of cation rearrangement prior to Schmidt reaction is reported.
Short character sums for composite moduli

We establish new estimates on short character sums for arbitrary composite moduli with small prime factors. Our main result improves on the Graham-Ringrose bound for square-free moduli and also on the result due to Gallagher and Iwaniec when the core q′ = Π p|q p of the modulus q satisfies log q′ ∼ log q. Some applications to zero free regions of Dirichlet L-functions and the Polya and Vinogradov inequalities are indicated.
Atmospheric amplitude spectra in an absorption region

Amplitude spectra in the vicinity of the 60-GHz molecular oxygen resonant line are interpreted as a superposition of an absorption mechanism plus a scattering mechanism. Also, a simple derivation for the amplitude and phase spectra in the limit of small fluctuation frequencies is given.
Required cavity HOM deQing calculated from probability estimates of coupled bunch instabilities in the APS ring

A method of determining the deQing requirement of individual cavity higher-order modes (HOM) for a multi-cavity RF system is presented and applied to the APS ring. Since HOM resonator frequency values are to some degree uncertain, the HOM frequencies should be regarded as random variables in predicting the stability of the coupled bunch beam modes. A Monte Carlo simulation provides a histogram of the growth rates from which one obtains an estimate of the probability of instability. The damping of each HOM type is determined such that the damping effort is economized, i.e. no single HOM dominates the specified growth rate histogram. >
Computational foundations of basic recursive function theory

Abstract The theory of computability, or basic recursive function theory as it is often called, is usually motivated and developed using Church's thesis. Here we show that there is an alternative computability theory in which some of the basic results on unsolvability become more absolute, results on completeness become simpler, and many of the central concepts become more abstract. In this approach computations are viewed as mathematical objects, and theorems in recursion theory may be classified according to which axioms of computation are needed to prove them. The theory is about typed functions over the natural numbers, and it includes theorems showing that there are unsolvable problems in this setting independent of the existence of indexings. The unsolvability results are interpreted to show that the partial function concept, so important in computer science, serves to distinguish between classical and constructive type theories (in a different way than does the decidability concept as expressed in the law of excluded middle). The implications of these ideas for the logical foundations of computer science are discussed, particularly in the context of recent interest in using constructive type theory in programming.
Damage-mitigating control of mechanical structures: experimental verification of the concept

The concept of damage-mitigating control is built upon the two disciplines of control systems and mechanics of materials, and its goal is to achieve optimized trade-off between the system performance and structural durability of the plant under control. Simulation studies have shown a substantial reduction in the damage accumulation in the critical components of a rocket engine with no significant loss of performance. This paper reports experimental verification of the damage-mitigating control concept on a laboratory testbed which is a two-degree-of-freedom mechanical system excited by a computer-controlled shaker table. Test results demonstrate: (i) the important feature of optimized damage-mitigating control by extending fatigue life up to three and one half times with no significant performance degradation; and (ii) close agreement between the analytical prediction of damage and experimental observations.
High-precision floating-point arithmetic in scientific computation

IEEE 64-bit floating-point arithmetic is sufficient for most scientific applications, but a rapidly growing body of scientific computing applications requires a higher level of numeric precision. Software packages have yielded interesting scientific results that suggest numeric precision in scientific computations could be as important to program design as algorithms and data structures.
Solution-based synthetic strategies for one-dimensional metal-containing nanostructures.

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoribbons, have attracted significant attention stemming from the plethora of interesting size-dependent and, more importantly, structure-related properties resulting from confinement effects. In particular, the novel properties of 1D nanostructures of metals and metal oxides (binary and ternary) render them as prime candidates for a wide range of applications including the fabrication of nanoscale devices associated with solar cells, energy storage, fuel cells, molecular computing and information storage, medical imaging, diagnosis and detection, drug delivery, sensors and catalysis. Thus, it has been simultaneously necessary and critical to create synthetic protocols for the production of these materials which not only are reliable and reproducible, but also can generate compositionally pure, monodisperse, highly crystalline products of a desired 1D morphology. Solution-based methodologies have demonstrated significant advantages over other approaches, as they are facile, simple, flexible, ‘green’ by nature, and can be applied to a wide range of nanomaterials with diverse chemical compositions. Moreover, these methods can often be scaled so as to produce large quantities of products which are advantageous from an applications' standpoint. Herein, we present synthetic advances associated with solution-based approaches. Specifically solvothermal/hydrothermal, molten salt, electrospinning, template-directed, solution/one-pot, and sol–gel methodologies are discussed with the primary goal of achieving the reproducible synthesis of 1D motifs of metals, binary metal oxides, and ternary metal oxide systems.
Qualitative environmental health research: an analysis of the literature, 1991-2008

Qualitative research uses nonnumeric data to understand people's opinions, motives, understanding, and beliefs about events or phenomena. In this analysis, I report the use of qualitative methods and data in the study of the relationship between environmental exposures and human health. A primary search for peer-reviewed journal articles dated from 1991 through 2008 included the following three terms: qualitative, environ*, and health. Searches resulted in 3,155 records. Data were extracted and findings of articles analyzed to determine where and by whom qualitative environmental health research is conducted and published, the types of methods and analyses used in qualitative studies of environmental health, and the types of information qualitative data contribute to environmental health. The results highlight a diversity of disciplines and techniques among researchers who used qualitative methods to study environmental health. Nearly all of the studies identified increased scientific understanding of lay perceptions of environmental health exposures. This analysis demonstrates the potential of qualitative data to improve understanding of complex exposure pathways, including the influence of social factors on environmental health, and health outcomes.
The Arctic vortex in March 2011: a dynamical perspective

Despite the record ozone loss observed in March 2011, dynamical conditions in the Arctic stratosphere were unusual but not unprecedented. Weak planetary wave driving in February preceded cold anomalies in t he polar lower stratosphere in March and a relatively late breakup of the Arctic vortex in April. La Nina conditions and the westerly phas e of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) were observed in March 201 1. Though these conditions are generally associated with a stronger vortex in mid-winter, the respective cold anomalies do not persist t hrough March. Therefore, the La Nina and QBO-westerly conditions cannot explain the observed cold anomalies in March 2011. In contrast, po sitive sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific may ha ve contributed to the unusually weak tropospheric wave driving and s trong Arctic vortex in late winter 2011.
A test of the hypothesis that oxalate secretion produces proximal tubule crystallization in primary hyperoxaluria type I

The sequence of events by which primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) causes renal failure is unclear. We hypothesize that proximal tubule (PT) is vulnerable because oxalate secretion raises calcium oxalate (CaOx) supersaturation (SS) there, leading to crystal formation and cellular injury. We studied cortical and papillary biopsies from two PH1 patients with preserved renal function, and seven native kidneys removed from four patients at the time of transplant, after short-term (2) or longer term (2) dialysis. In these patients, and another five PH1 patients without renal failure, we calculated oxalate secretion, and estimated PT CaOx SS. Plasma oxalate was elevated in all PH1 patients and inverse to creatinine clearance. Renal secretion of oxalate was present in all PH1 but rare in controls. PT CaOx SS was >1 in all nonpyridoxine-responsive PH1 before transplant and most marked in patients who developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). PT from PH1 with preserved renal function had birefringent crystals, confirming the presence of CaOx SS, but had no evidence of cortical inflammation or scarring by histopathology or hyaluronan staining. PH1 with short ESRD showed CaOx deposition and hyaluronan staining particularly at the corticomedullary junction in distal PT while cortical collecting ducts were spared. Longer ESRD showed widespread cortical CaOx, and in both groups papillary tissue had marked intratubular CaOx deposits and fibrosis. CaOx SS in PT causes CaOx crystal formation, and CaOx deposition in distal PT appears to be associated with ESRD. Minimizing PT CaOx SS may be important for preserving renal function in PH1.
Shape recovery from robot contour-tracking with force feedback

A process for shape recovery from robot contour-tracking operations with force feedback is described. Shape recovery is an important task for self-teaching robots and for exploratory operations in unknown environments. An algorithm which directs a position controlled robot around an unknown planar contour using the steady-state contact force information is described. A compensation process is explored for purposes of planar shape recovery. It is found through experimentation that the joint compliance is most conveniently compensated for in practice. Improvements in the shapes recovered from robot contouring are seen with the compensations. Experimental details and difficulties are also discussed. >
A numerical pattern synthesis algorithm for arrays

A simple numerical technique for synthesizing array patterns with low sidelobes is described. Unlike classical approaches to this problem, such as the Dolph-Chebyshev method, the technique described is not limited to uniformly spaced linear arrays of isotropic elements. It can be used with an arbitrary collection of elements. The underlying approach is to assume that the given array elements are used as elements of an adaptive array. The main beam is steered in the desired direction by choosing the steering vector for that direction. To reduce sidelobes, a large number of interfering signals is assumed to be incident on the array from the sidelobe region. The power of this method is that it can handle design problems not treatable by any analytical method. This is illustrated for a 33-element linear array of nonuniformly spaced dipoles of varying length, with the axis of each dipole oriented in a different direction. >
Single-event upset in highly scaled commercial silicon-on-insulator PowerPC microprocessors

Single-event upset effects from heavy ions are measured for Motorola and IBM silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microprocessors with different feature sizes and core voltages. The results are compared with results for similar devices with bulk substrates. The cross sections of the SOI processors are lower than their bulk counterparts, but the threshold is about the same, even though the charge collections depth is more than an order of magnitude smaller in the SOI devices. The scaling of the cross section with reduction of feature size and core voltage dependence for SOI microprocessors is discussed.
Russia: Grasping the Reality of Nuclear Terror:

Radical separatists based in the North Caucasus have the motive and are seeking the means to commit an act of nuclear terrorism as well as allies to help them carry it out. Their proximity to insufficiently secured Russian nuclear facilities and their contents makes the prospect of nuclear terror in Russia very real. This article assesses the magnitude of this threat, considers possible attack scenarios, and suggests ways to reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic attack on Russian soil.
Whence the odd-even staggering in nuclear binding?

We explore the systematics of odd-even mass staggering with a view to identifying the physical mechanisms responsible. The BCS pairing and mean-field contributions have A - and number parity dependences which can help disentangle the different contributions. This motivates the two-term parametrization c1 + c2/A as a theoretically based alternative to the inverse-power form traditionally used to fit odd-even mass differences. Assuming that the A -dependence of the BCS pairing is weak, we find that mean-field contributions are dominant below mass number A ∼ 40 while BCS pairing dominates in heavier nuclei.