cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with parallel first-dimension sampling and second-dimension separation—application to the quantitative analysis of furanocoumarins in apiaceous vegetables

Various implementations of two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography are increasingly being developed and applied to the analysis of complex materials, including those encountered in the analysis of foods, beverages, and nutraceuticals. Previously, we introduced the concept of selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (sLC × LC) as a hybrid between the more conventional, but extreme opposite sampling modes of heartcutting (LC–LC) and fully comprehensive (LC × LC) 2D separation. The sLC × LC approach breaks the link between first dimension (1D) sampling time and second dimension (2D) analysis time that is faced in LC × LC and allows very rapid (as low as 1 s) sampling of highly efficient 1D separations, while at the same time allowing efficient 2D separations on the timescale of tens of seconds. In this paper, we improve upon our previous sLC × LC work by demonstrating the ability to perform the processes of 1D sampling and 2D separation in parallel. This significantly improves the flexibility of the technique and allows targeted analysis of analytes that elute close together in time in the 1D separation. To demonstrate the value of this added capability, we have developed a sLC × LC method using multi-wavelength ultraviolet absorbance detection for the quantitative analysis of six target furanocoumarin compounds in extracts of celery, parsley, and parsnips. We show that 2D separations of 1D effluent containing the target compounds of interest reveal the presence of unanticipated interferent peaks that would otherwise compromise the quantitative accuracy of the method. We also demonstrate the application of the chemometric method iterative key set factor analysis with alternating least-squares to sLC × LC to mathematically resolve target compounds that are only slightly separated chromatographically but not sufficiently resolved for accurate quantitation.
General Impossibility to Prescribe Diffusion for a Geminate Pair in a Central Force Field and Peculiarities of Geminate Dynamics in Ionic Liquids

Given the difficulty of obtaining analytical solutions for the diffusion of interacting geminate pairs of (ion) radicals in liquids, it is common, following the original treatment of Mozumder, to "prescribe" this diffusion. A demonstration is given that such a prescription is impossible for any interaction potential other than the Coulomb potential. This demonstration suggests the inadequacy of this common approach to modeling geminate pair and spur dynamics in the largest emerging class of organic solvents: room-temperature ionic liquids.
PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY EVALUATION OF CHEST PAIN – ARE WE MEETING PEDIATRICIANS' EXPECTATIONS?

Pediatric chest pain is a frequent concern leading to pediatric cardiology evaluation. We sought to understand pediatricians' referral patterns and expectations for pediatric cardiology consultation. We surveyed pediatricians, who are members of an independent alliance of private practices in
Cathinone affects dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in vivo as measured by changes in metabolites and synthesis in four forebrain regions in the rat.

Cathinone is an active ingredient in the leaves of the Khat shrub. Cathinone affects behavior, neurochemistry and electrophysiology in a manner similar to the stimulants amphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate. The present study extended these studies by evaluating the effects of (+/-)cathinone on dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing neurons in several regions of the rat brain in vivo. An index of the rate of synthesis of DA and 5-HT in vivo was determined in the nuclei caudatus putamen (CP), accumbens (NA), amygdaloideus centralis (AC), septi lateralis (SL), preopticus pars suprachiasmatica (PSCN) and dorsomedialis (hypothalami; DMN) of male rats (175-225 g) by measuring the concentration of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after the administration of NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg, i.p.) an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Concentrations of DA, 5-HT and their major metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), respectively, were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to an electrochemical detector. Cathinone decreased levels of DOPAC in a time- and dose-related manner in the caudatus putamen, accumbens, amygdaloideus centralis and septi lateralis with the peak effect occurring 30-60 min after a dose of 6 mg/kg (i.p.). Cathinone had no effect on DOPAC in the preopticus pars suprachiasmatica or dorsomedialis (hypothalami). The drug also decreased the accumulation of DOPA in the caudatus putamen, accumbens, amygdaloideus centralis and septi lateralis, but in the preopticus pars suprachiasmatica and dorsomedialis (hypothalami), there was no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The four approaches to monetary reform: A critique

approval of the idea itself (for example, by K e y n e s ) , is undoubtedly sound. It seems preferable, however, to point to some theoretical weaknesses instead of repeating the empirical argument. On the legitimate assumption that the exceptional hoarding qualities of money originate in its exceptional liquidity, one can easily detect a fatal theoretical weakness of the entire proposition, for the simple truth is that the decisive reason for money's liouidity rests on the fact that money is, after all, the generally acceptable medium of payment. Hence, to make substantial inroads into money's hoarding qualities would be tantamount to tampering with one of its major functions, if not with both of them (general standard of value). Secondly, it is a known fact that 4 It is only fair to point out that S imons (op. eit.) recommends the adoption of this norm merely as an ultimate "ideal" depending on the eventual and presumably gradual achievement of the second prong of his attack, namely the already mentioned elimination of rigidities in the financial as well as commodityand factor price structures of the economy. For the immediate future, and on a transitional basis, he suggests adoption of a stable money value as a guide for monetary policy, in view of the difficulties which the secular deflationary consequences of the constant money-stock norm would entail in the presence of creditor-debtor relations, fixed income contracts and fixed or rigid commodity prices. Generally speaking, S i m o n s' proposal is one of the best exemplifications of over-lappings and blendings of thought expressed in our list of approaches. This blending is particularly in evidence as regards his treatment of the debt phenomenon, i. e., his sharp distinction between long-term and short-term debt. His misgivings about the former arise from the angle of rigidities in the financial structure, whereas his opposition to short-term debt is basically directed against the prevailing powers of the commercial banking system to create (and destroy) such debt in the form of bank loans. Since this process amounts to variations in the total money supply, it can easily be seen that this suggested reform here belongs in the money-supply category.
Tissue distribution of meperidine following percutaneous absorption as its hydrochloride salt in vivo

AbstractWith the hairless (hr-1/hr-1) mouse as an experimental model for human skin, the percutaneous absorption of meperidine hydrochloride in vivo was demonstrated following topical application of the drug in concentrated aqueous solution. The tissue distribution of the drug was studied and compared to the distribution following administration of the drug by intra-peritoneal injection. Following percutaneous absorption, mean blood and liver concentrations of meperidine increased up to 4 hr and started to decline by 6 hr while the mean concentrations in brain, heart, and lung had increased by 6 hr. In contrast, after intraperitoneal administration of meperidine hydrochloride, mean tissue concentrations rapidly declined after the first hour. While mean meperidine concentrations in all tissues at 1 hr after intraperitoneal administration were consistently higher than those after percutaneous absorption, by 6 hr the concentrations in blood and solid tissues after percutaneous absorption were uniformly highe...
The histologic diagnosis of intraepithelial pagetoid neoplasms

Abstract The histologic differential diagnosis of entities characterized by large, pale-staining cells scattered throughout the epidermis most commonly includes Paget's disease (mammary and extramammary), squamous cell carcinoma in-situ (Bowen's disease), and melanoma in-situ. Paget's disease is the cytologie and architectural prototype for this "pagetoid" pattern. Entities that less commonly demonstrate this histologic pagetoid pattern include sebaceous gland carcinoma, pagetoid dyskeratosis, epidermotropic metastatic carcinomas, pagetoid reticulosis, mycosis fungoides, trabecular cell carcinoma, clonal seborrheic keratosis, and hidroacanthoma simplex. In many cases these entities can be differentiated on clinical and histologic grounds using routine hematoxylin and eosin stains. Difficult cases can sometimes be differentiated using histochemical stains to demonstrate the presence or absence of cellular products such as melanin or sialomucin. However, these histochemical stains are often inconclusive or difficult to interpret in difficult cases. The advent of the immunoperoxidase technique has provided a diagnostic tool that is both more sensitive and specific than standard histochemical stains in differentiating this group of intraepithelial neoplasms. Immunohistochemistry has also resolved the nature and histogenesis of the Paget's cell, a point of controversy since its description. This review will focus on the histologie, histochemical, and immunoperoxidase evaluation of difficult intraepithelial tumors that demonstrate a pagetoid growth pattern.
Historical Ecology in Beringia: The South Land Bridge Coast at St. Paul Island

A 14-m core of lake sediments from St. Paul Island yields a long environmental history of the south coast of the Bering land bridge. Tritium assay demonstrates that sands in the bottom 8 m of deposit are injected with modern water, suggesting that a radiocarbon anomaly is the result of modern carbon introduced in groundwater. The remaining radiocarbon chronology, coupled with a time-stratigraphic pollen-zone boundary suggests that the record penetrates to the mid-Wisconsin interstadial. Pollen percentage data, Picea pollen influx, and pollen species lists allow reconstruction of the land bridge vegetation, which was tundra, without shrubs or trees, with bare ground, and comparable to Bering land bridge tundras found further north. There was no coastal mild or wet strip. Plant associations comparable to those of the modern Aleutians or Pribilofs probably did not exist along the land bridge coast and the region was probably not suitable for breeding by fur seals and other marine mammals. A cold, dry, continental air-mass system reached to the coast itself. The south land bridge coast did not offer an environment to aboriginal human populations that was significantly milder than that of the land bridge plains to the north. At about 11,000 yr B.P. the Wisconsin dry climate was replaced by a regimen comparable to that at the modern tree line of the interior, and this climate in turn was replaced with the modern system at about 9500 yr B.P. Climatic change was independent of fluctuating sea level.
Ciprofloxacin-induced acute psychosis

Ciprofloxacin, one of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics, has become one of the most widely prescribed antimicrobial agents. It is generally well tolerated with a low incidence of side effects, which are mild in nature. There is a distinct incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse effects, which include psychotic reactions. We describe a case of a woman who experienced an acute psychosis secondary to ciprofloxacin administration, which resolved on cessation of therapy. All urologists should be aware of this problem and be familiar with the recommendations for ciprofloxacin use in patients with underlying neuropsychiatric problems.
Applications in sustainable production

Abstract In conventional solution culture, differences in boron (B) concentration among plant parts and in distribution over time are often confounded with declining B supply. Using a B‐buffered solution system which maintained solutions at values that ranged from deficient to adequate, we examined B uptake and distribution in canola (Brassica napus L.) at 3 growth stages: 10 and 22 days after transplanting (DAT) and at early flowering (55 DAT). Boron concentrations in shoots and roots increased strongly with increasing solution B concentrations up to 1–2 μM B and then more weakly with increases in solution B above 2 μM B. At deficient to marginal external B concentrations, stems had higher B concentrations than leaf blades on Days 10 and 22 but not at adequate external B concentrations. In petioles, B concentration remained unchanged from Day 22 to 55 in most B treatments. With increasing external B concentrations, relative B content increased in leaf blades, decreased in roots, and generally remained un...
Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectors

Needle-free liquid jet injectors have been used for more than 50 years for parenteral delivery of vaccines and drugs. Although excellent bioavailability has been reported for a number of drugs, occasional pain and bruising have limited wide acceptance of jet injectors. This article reviews jet injectors with respect to their current clinical applications, emerging applications, mechanistic understanding and future prospects.
WE-A-108-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (THERAPY) — A Real-Time Applicator Position Monitoring System (RAPS) for Intracavitary High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To develop a real‐time applicator position monitoring system (RAPS) for intracavitary brachytherapy using an infrared camera and reflective markers. Methods: 3D imaging‐guided brachytherapy requires high accuracy of applicator localization; however, applicator displacement can happen during patient transfer for imaging and treatment delivery. No continuous applicator position monitoring system is currently available. The RAPS system was developed for continuous applicator position monitoring without additional radiation dose to patients. The RAPS system includes an infrared camera, reflective markers, an infrared illuminator, and image processing software. After reflective markers are firmly attached to the applicator and patient body, applicator displacement are measured by computing the relative change in distance between the markers. The reflective markers are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible, suitable for MRI‐guided conformal HDR brachytherapy paradigm. In our prototype, a Microsoft Kinect sensor with a resolution of 640 by 480 was used as an infrared camera. A phantom study was carried out to compare RAPS' measurements with known displacements ranging from −15 mm to +15mm. A reproducibility test was also conducted. Results: The RAPS can achieve 4 frames per second using a laptop with Intel Core 2 dual CPU. When the pixel size was 0.95 mm, the difference between RAPS' measurements and known shifts ranged from 0 to 0.8 mm, with the mean value of 0.1 mm and a standard deviation of 0.44 mm. The system reproducibility was within 0.6 mm after 10 reposition trials. At SAD of 60 cm, 7 cm camera position uncertainty in vertical direction introduced 1.0 mm measurement uncertainty. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of a real‐time infrared camera based brachytherapy applicator monitoring system. Less than 1mm accuracy was achieved when using an off‐the‐shelf low resolution infrared camera.
A two-leveled symbiotic evolutionary algorithm for clustering problems

Because of its unsupervised nature, clustering is one of the most challenging problems, considered as a NP-hard grouping problem. Recently, several evolutionary algorithms (EAs) for clustering problems have been presented because of their efficiency for solving the NP-hard problems with high degree of complexity. Most previous EA-based algorithms, however, have dealt with the clustering problems given the number of clusters (K) in advance. Although some researchers have suggested the EA-based algorithms for unknown K clustering, they still have some drawbacks to search efficiently due to their huge search space. This paper proposes the two-leveled symbiotic evolutionary clustering algorithm (TSECA), which is a variant of coevolutionary algorithm for unknown K clustering problems. The clustering problems considered in this paper can be divided into two sub-problems: finding the number of clusters and grouping the data into these clusters. The two-leveled framework of TSECA and genetic elements suitable for each sub-problem are proposed. In addition, a neighborhood-based evolutionary strategy is employed to maintain the population diversity. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with some popular evolutionary algorithms using the real-life and simulated synthetic data sets. Experimental results show that TSECA produces more compact clusters as well as the accurate number of clusters.
Design and Evolution of a Miniature Bcl-2 Binding Protein.

A major challenge for chemical biologists lies in the design of potent and selective ligands for protein surfaces. Here a protein grafting and evolution strategy is used to discover highly potent and specific miniature protein ligands for human Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL . Miniature proteins could be used to dissect, modulate, or analyze a single protein function, irrespective of the other functions the protein may regulate within the proteome.
Exploitation of control parallelism in data parallel algorithms

This paper considers the matrix decomposition A=LDL/sup T/, as a vehicle to explore the improvement in performance obtainable through the execution of multiple streams of control on SIMD architectures. Several methods for partitioning the SIMD array are considered. Architectural support for and feasibility of using control parallelism in SIMD algorithms is briefly considered. Techniques for converting the extracted control parallelism into increased performance are illustrated via their application to the example algorithm. Analytical expressions for execution times are expressed in terms of execution times of the constituent operations. Experimental results for the various partitioning schemes based on execution traces are also presented. Timings based on MasPar MP-2 operations and extrapolated from experimental data are used to compare the various control parallel versions of the algorithm and the traditional SIMD counterpart. >
Aging Effects of As-deposited and Passivated Cobalt Slanted Columnar Thin Films

Aging effects of as-deposited and passivated slanted columnar thin films from cobalt determined by generalized ellipsometry within the visible spectral region are reported. Slanted columnar thin films have been grown by glancing angle electron beam deposition and sub-sequently coated with Al2O3 by an atomic layer deposition process. An anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium approximation developed for highly ordered three dimensional metal nanostructures is employed to analyze spectroscopic Mueller matrix ellipsometry data. Our model approach allows for determination of biaxial optical and structural properties as well as fractions of multiple film constituents. While the optical properties of the uncoated film change over time, the alumina passivation layer prevents oxidation in air and therefore aging effects; however, it affects the intrinsic bulk-like Co optical properties.
Intermittent phototherapy in the treatment of jaundice in the premature infant

A controlled trial of the use of intermittent phototherapy for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants is reported. Periods of illumination of (1) 15 minutes light on, 15 minutes light off, (2) 15 minutes on, 30 minutes off, and (3) 15 minutes on, 60 minutes off are as effective as is continuous illumination. A comparison with previous trials of intermittent phototherapy is made and differences in results are explained using as a model the action of light on bilirubin.
Enhancing Delphi research: methods and results.

Background. The Delphi method provides an opportunity for experts (panelists) to communicate their opinions and knowledge anonymously about a complex problem, to see how their evaluation of the issue aligns with others, and to change their opinions, if desired, after reconsideration of the findings of the group's work. Delphi studies have the potential to provide valuable information, yet few researchers have taken further steps to support or refine their findings. Without this step there is a potential threat to the applicability, or external validity, of the results. Aims. The purpose of this article is to present an argument for further inquiry to enhance and support Delphi findings, and specific approaches to this will be considered. Methods. Methods to enhance, expand, or refine Delphi study findings are described. Mixed method design within a Delphi study on midwifery practice is described, and a follow-up narrative study to examine the findings is presented. Findings. Selected results from the follow up narrative study are presented to convey how the narrative data clarified the Delphi findings. Together, the studies provide a more robust depiction of midwifery practice, process, and outcomes. Although there were similarities to the dimensions identified previously, there was a more dynamic focus and explanation of the interaction between the midwife, the woman who had received midwifery care, and the health care system. Study limitations. Lack of diversity in the sample and the midwives’ familiarity with the author's past research represent a potential threat to the findings. Prolonged interviews and multiple narratives were gathered in an effort to control for this. Conclusion. Delphi studies are research exercises conducted by a panel of experts. Designing studies to further enhance, clarify, or refine their findings from the context of practice holds promise for their ability to influence clinical care.
Psychometric Properties of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale and the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in Older Women

OBJECTIVES: To compare the psychometric properties of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) and the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFE). DESIGN: Secondary analysis using baseline and 12-week data from a randomized, controlled trial on fall prevention. SETTING: Upper Midwest metropolitan area with assessments conducted in participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS: Population-based sample of 272 noninstitutionalized female Medicare beneficiaries aged 70 and older at risk of falling. MEASUREMENTS: Participants self-administered the ABC, SAFE, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Survey. During a home visit, a nurse practitioner administered the Berg Balance Test and Timed Up and Go, measured gait speed, and asked about falls and chronic illnesses. RESULTS: Baseline internal consistency measured using Cronbach alpha was 0.95 for the ABC and 0.82 for the SAFE. Baseline concurrent validity between the ABC and SAFE measured using a correlation coefficient was -0.65 (P<.001). ABC and SAFE scores were significantly correlated at baseline with physical performance tests and self-reported health status. The ABC had stronger baseline correlations than the SAFE with most measures. Neither instrument demonstrated responsiveness to change at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: The ABC and SAFE demonstrated strong internal-consistency reliability and validity when self-administered. The ABC had stronger associations with physical functioning and may be more appropriate for studies focused on improving physical function. Both instruments demonstrated ceiling effects, which may explain the lack of responsiveness to change in relatively nonfrail older women. Instruments sensitive to measuring lower levels of fear of falling are needed to capture the full range of this phenomenon in this population.
Thomas Pynchon: A Brief Chronology

A chronology of known facts concerning the life and writings of American writer Thomas Pynchon, author of the novels V., The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow, Vineland, and Mason & Dixon. It covers the years 1937 through 2006, and is presented in lieu of a biography, since very little is known concerning his personal life. Special attention is paid to published works and professional relationships, and to ascertaining exact and consistent dates of publications, awards, events, and appearances.The information in this brief chronology was compiled from published sources, including The New York Times, the Washington Post, various booksellers' catalogs, and other online sources. Dates have been independently verified whenever possible. Gerald Howard's recent article, "Pynchon From A to V," in Bookforum, Summer 2005, has been extremely informative and helpful.This chronology is intended as a teaching aid or "learning object" for teachers and students of literature. It is modelled on the chronology style developed by The Library of America under the guidance of the late Hanna M. ("Gila") Bercovitch. Contains links to several standard Thomas Pynchon websites. Length is approximately 1,600 words.
Weiwei: A Simple Unsupervised Latent Semantics based Approach for Sentence Similarity

The Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) shared task (Agirre et al., 2012) computes the degree of semantic equivalence between two sentences. We show that a simple unsupervised latent semantics based approach, Weighted Textual Matrix Factorization that only exploits bag-of-words features, can outperform most systems for this task. The key to the approach is to carefully handle missing words that are not in the sentence, and thus rendering it superior to Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Our system ranks 20 out of 89 systems according to the official evaluation metric for the task, Pearson correlation, and it ranks 10/89 and 19/89 in the other two evaluation metrics employed by the organizers.
Flexible integrated photonics: where materials, mechanics and optics meet [Invited]

While the vast majority of integrated photonic devices are traditionally fabricated on rigid substrates, photonic integration of both passive and active photonic devices on flexible polymer substrates has been demonstrated in recent years, and its applications in imaging, sensing and optical interconnects are being actively pursued. This paper presents an overview of the emerging field of mechanically flexible photonics, where we examine material processing and mechanical design rationales dictated by application-specific optical functionalities. The examples include semiconductor nanomembranes which serve as the key enabling material for hybrid inorganic-organic flexible active photonics, and monolithically integrated passive photonic structures fabricated from semiconductors, polymers, or amorphous materials. Technical challenges and further research opportunities related to materials engineering and device integration on flexible substrates are also discussed.
Immunotherapy for Recalcitrant Warts in Children Using Intralesional Mumps or Candida Antigens

Intralesional injection of mumps and Candida skin test antigens has been shown to be effective in the treatment of warts. Warts are generally difficult to treat in children. To determine the efficacy of intralesional skin test antigen injection for the treatment of resistant warts in children, we treated 47 pediatric patients with one or more warts with intralesional injection of mumps or Candida skin test antigen into one wart. Twenty-two patients (47%) with resistant warts experienced complete resolution of treated warts. An average of 3.78 treatments were necessary. An additional 34% of children had a greater than 25% improvement in their warts. Sixty-eight percent of subjects with more than one wart also noted at least partial resolution (greater than 25% resolution) of untreated warts at distant sites, with 34% experiencing complete resolution. We concluded that intralesional injection of skin test antigens is an effective therapy for children who have recalcitrant, nongenital, cutaneous warts.
Synthesis and biodistribution of new radiolabeled high-affinity choline transporter inhibitors [11C]hemicholinium-3 and [18F]hemicholinium-3

The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) system is an attractive target for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers to probe brain, cardiac, and cancer diseases. An efficient and convenient synthesis of new radiolabeled CHT1 inhibitors [(11)C]hemicholinium-3 and [(18)F]hemicholinium-3 by solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique using a cation-exchange CM Sep-Pak cartridge has been well developed. The preliminary evaluation of both tracers through biodistribution studies in 9L-glioma rats has been performed, and the uptakes in the heart and tumor were observed, while very low brain uptake was seen.
Competition policy, collusion, and tacit collusion

In this paper, I pursue three goals. The first is to model collusion in a way that is distinct from noncooperative collusion. The second and third are to develop a particular specification of a standard model of noncooperative collusion that permits explicit solution for equilibrium outputs and reversion thresholds and to extend this analysis to allow for a deterrence-based competition policy that investigates conduct based on observed high prices (investigation thresholds).
FERMENTATION OF CASAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Microorganisms were isolated from traditionally fermented cassava from Cameroon and from fermented cassava in the laboratory. These isolates were examined for their abilities to produce gari flavor. Cassava fermentation was mainly due to lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus sp. and to a lesser degree Streptococcus sp. were responsible for the acid production and gari flavor development.
Overview of the COCORP 40°N Transect, western United States: The fabric of an orogenic belt

The COCORP 40°N Transect of the Cordillera of the western United States crosses tectonic features ranging in age from Proterozoic to Recent and provides an acoustic cross-section of a complex orogen affected by extension, compression, magmatism, and terrane accretion. The key features of the transect, centered on the Basin and Range Province, include (1) asymmetric seismic fabrics in the Basin and Range, including west-dipping reflections in the eastern part of the province and predominantly subhorizontal ones in the west; (2) a pronounced reflection Moho at 30 ± 2 km and locally as deep as 34 km in the Basin and Range with no clear sub-Mono reflections; and (3) complex-dipping reflections and diffractions locally as deep as 48 km in the Colorado Plateau and Sierra Nevada. The eastern part of the transect, shot above known and inferred Precambrian crystalline basement, probably records features related to the entire history of the orogen, locally perhaps as old as 1800 Ma. In this region, major paleotectonic features probably controlled subsequent structural development. In title western half of the transect, however, most reflectors are probably no older than Mesozoic. Within the Basin and Range Province, there appears to be a strong Cenozoic overprint that is characterized by asymmetric half-grabens, low-angle normal faults, and a pervasive subhorizontal system of reflections in the lower crust; no one model of intracontinental extension is universally applicable. Processes that produce or are accompanied by thermal anomalies (magmatism, enhanced ductility, and extension) appear to be essential in developing a highly layered lower crust.
Verifying the correctness of FPGA logic synthesis algorithms

Though verification is significantly easier for FPGA-based digital systems than for ASIC or full-custom hardware, there are nonetheless many places for errors to occur.In this paper we discuss the verification problem for FPGAs and describe several methods for verifying end-to-end correctness of synthesis algorithms, a particularly complex portion of the CAD flow. Though the primary contribution of this paper is the analysis of the overall problem, we also give an algorithm for the automatic generation of test-vectors for simulation using information from the synthesis tool, and describe a second testing method that generates purposefully difficult designs in combination with input vectors to test them. We will show the validity of these methods by standard metrics such as simulation node-coverage and through the ability for the method to locate forced errors introduced by the synthesis tool.
Automatic boundary detection on cardiac magnetic resonance image sequences for four dimensional visualization of the left ventricle

The authors describe a knowledge-based system for detecting the interior and exterior boundaries of the left ventricle (LV) from time-varying cross-sectional images of the beating heart obtained noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The system automatically classifies and measures cardiac function through estimates of LV wall thickness, wall motion, etc. The system is knowledge based and it makes use of Dempster-Shafer theory to manage the knowledge. This theory is also used to control the flow of system information for more efficient use of limited computational resources and memory space. >
The Teenage Brain: Adolescents and Alcohol

The high levels of alcohol consumption characteristic of adolescence may be in part biologically based, given that elevated consumption levels are evident during this developmental transition in other mammalian species as well. Studies conducted using a simple animal model of adolescence in the rat have shown adolescents to be more sensitive than adults to social facilitatory and rewarding effects of alcohol but less sensitive to numerous alcohol effects that may serve as cues to limit intake. These age-specific alcohol sensitivities appear related to differential rates of development of neural systems underlying different alcohol effects, as well as to an ontogenetic decline in rapid brain compensations to alcohol, termed acute tolerance. In contrast, these adolescent-typical sensitivities to alcohol do not appear to be notably influenced by pubertal increases in gonadal hormones. Although data are sparse, there are hints that similar alcohol sensitivities may be seen in human adolescents, with this developmentally decreased sensitivity to alcohol's intoxicating effects possibly exacerbated by genetic vulnerabilities also characterized by an insensitivity to alcohol intoxication, thereby perhaps permitting especially high levels of alcohol consumption among vulnerable youths.
Evaluating the Impact of Public Health Notification Duke Clopidogrel Experience

Background— Provider and public health interventions in the late 2006 sought to change the duration of clopidogrel use after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. We evaluated whether public health interventions were associated with changes in patient-reported clopidogrel use among DES patients. Methods and Results— We used interrupted time analyses to evaluate trends in duration of patient-reported clopidogrel use before, during, and after public and provider interventions. We included patients with significant coronary artery disease receiving an intracoronary stent between April 2004 and December 2007 at a single tertiary care center. The center supplemented national and regulatory messaging regarding the role of clopidogrel after DES implantation with direct-to-patient and to-their-provider notifications in December 2006. The combination of public and provider direct notification was associated with significant changes in the percent of DES patients reporting clopidogrel use at 6 months (16.55% increase, P =0.010) and 12 months (15.33% increase, P =0.004), but no change at 24-month follow-up (4.64, P =0.295). During the same period, there was no change in the percent of bare-metal stent patients reporting clopidogrel use at 6-month (−3.73%, 0.654), 12-month (−5.98%, P =0.389), and 24-month follow-up (−5.16, P =0.708). Although mortality rates through 24 months seemed to decrease between the pre- and postintervention periods, these changes were not significant (DES, P =0.086; bare-metal stent, P =0.296). Conclusions— The combination of national scientific and regulatory messaging supplemented by local, personal communications to DES patients and their primary healthcare providers was associated with a significant increase in patient-reported clopidogrel use.
Radiation resistant amorphous–all aromatic polyarylene ether sulfones: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties

The synthesis and characterization of amorphous, aromatic, polyaryl ethers has been investigated. Detailed synthesis procedures are provided. The main thrust of these activities was to synthesize polymers which could serve as castable amorphous matrix resins for carbonfiber composites and which would be highly resistant to radiation degradation. It was important that these polymers not contain any aliphatic groups in order to contrast their behavior with the commercially available Bisphenol-A polysulfones. The approach taken was to synthesize a series of statistical or random copolymers derived from hydroquinone and biphenol together with 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. In order to produce copolymers of high molecular weight, modified techniques were developed which utilized potassium carbonate as a weak base and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as the aprotic dipolar solvent. Detailed procedures are provided in this paper for the synthesis of high molecular weight copolymers of this type. In addition, stress-strain, dynamic mechanical properties and preliminary electron beam (e-beam) degradation studies are reported significantly. Improved mechanical property retention after e-beam exposure was observed with the all aromatic polyether sulfones.
A Lagrangian Study of Precipitation-Driven Downdrafts*

Precipitation-driven downdrafts are an important component of deep convective systems. They stabilize the atmosphere by injecting relatively cold and dry air into the boundary layer. They have also been invoked as responsible for balancing surface latent and sensible heat fluxes in the heat and moisture budget of tropical boundary layers. This study is focused on precipitation-driven downdrafts and basic aspects of their dynamics in a case of radiative‐convective equilibrium. Using Lagrangian particle tracking, it is shown that such downdrafts have very low initial heights, with most parcels originating within 1.5km from the surface. The tracking is also used to compute the contribution of downdrafts to the flux of moist static energy at the top of the boundary layer, and it is found that this is on the same order of magnitude as the contribution due to convective updrafts, but much smaller than that due to turbulent mixing across the boundary layer top in the environment. Furthermore, considering the mechanisms driving the downdrafts, it is shown that the work done by rain evaporation is less than half that done by condensate loading.
Scientific Approaches to Animal Consciousness1

In a marked departure from past inhibitions about scientific consideration of conscious mental states in animals, the other papers in this symposium review a variety of evidence about what the content of animal consciousness is likely to be. Although fully convincing evidence is not yet available, there are promising opportunities to reduce our current ignorance of what life is like, subjectively, for various animals. For example, recent neurophysiological experiments provide objective evidence about what monkeys are, and are not, conscious of. Versatility of behavior when animals cope with novel and unpredictable challenges strongly suggests simple conscious thinking about alternative actions. Finally, animal communication provides direct and objective, though incomplete and imperfect, evidence about some of their conscious thoughts and feelings.
Landmark mapping from unbiased observations

The starting point of any Smart City approach is knowing what is in the city and the location of city assets. We propose a general, automated approach to inventorying and monitoring outdoor city infrastructure using common sensors: namely a GPS, IMU, and camera. The presented mapping algorithm operates in the mobile sensing paradigm, using observations from a moving vehicle to construct a map of landmark location estimates whose uncertainty decreases linearly with the number of observations, robust to both translational and angular error to first order. The algorithm is adaptable to many applications given an appropriate image classifier. We apply our algorithm to automatically locate and inventory city streetlights and demonstrate its performance using both numerical simulation and field experiments.
Personality and Status Attainment: A Micropolitics Perspective

In the current chapter, we review research on personality and status attainment. We find that extraversion, trait dominance, neuroticism, and self-monitoring consistently predict status attainment across diverse contexts. Conscientiousness and narcissism can also facilitate status attainment, but their effects appear to be more context dependent. Some evidence suggested openness to experience could predict status, though this evidence was somewhat weaker. Agreeableness was found not to predict status attainment. To explain these findings, we use a recently proposed Micropolitics theory of status-organizing processes (Anderson and Kennedy, Research on managing groups and teams, Vol. 15, pp. 49–80, 2012), which argues that an individual’s status is a product of both a group’s judgments of which individuals deserve higher status, and of the individual’s motivation and ability to seek higher status. That is, individuals jockey for status by striving to enhance their value to the group in the eyes of others.
Impact of Spanish-Speaking Media technologies on Latino University Studentsâ€™ Bicultural Identity Development

This study explores the impact of ethnic media on Latino university studentsâ€™ bicultural identity development in a predominantly English-speaking society. Twenty Latino university students who are currently involved in either graduate or undergraduate education in a South Texas Higher education Institution responded to survey relating to the topic of inquiry. A third part was interviewed. Findings suggested that Latino university students hold positive attitudes toward using Spanish ethnic media in their daily lives. In particular,, the participants perceived ethnic media as an important tool for (1) retrieving ethnic cultural values and sources, (2) developing a strong sense of belonging, (3) reinforcing Spanish language skills, (4) communicating with in-group and family members, (5) interacting with mainstream society, and (6) functioning in both heritage and mainstream cultures. Recommendations and implications for bilingual and dual-language education are discussed.
Influence of Pavement Condition Data Variability on Network-Level Maintenance Decision

This study evaluated the impacts of data variability on pavement performance evaluation and maintenance planning. Three methods were used to quantify the variability of data. For pavement roughness and rut depth, the ratio of the difference between two wheelpaths over the sum value was used to quantify the data variation. For distress data, Monte Carlo simulation was used to quantify the error in distress extent, and the transition matrices were used to quantify the error in distress severity classification. An evaluation framework was proposed to investigate the influence of data variability on maintenance planning. The analysis results indicate that roughness for state routes exhibited a larger variation than that for Interstates. Pavement surface on the left wheelpath generally was smoother than that on the right path, regardless of route type. In regard to distress severity, the accuracy of distress extent at a low severity level had little influence on the overall distress index, while the accuracy o...
Possible Products of the End-On Addition of N3-to N5+and Their Stability

The recent synthesis of N5+[AsF6]- suggests the addition of N5+ and N3- as a possible route to N8. Because homoleptic polynitrogen compounds with more than three nitrogen atoms are nearly unknown and generally not very stable, we investigated possible products of this addition reaction. We also computed transition states for various interconversions and dissociative reactions to assess the stability of the addition products. Seven structures are minima at the B3LYP/aug-cc-PVDZ and MBPT(2)/aug-cc-pVDZ levels of theory: Five diazidyldiazenes and two diazidylaminonitrenes or N3−N5 complexes. Gibbs free energies based on CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ single-point calculations strongly suggest that only four of the diazidyldiazene structures are minima at higher levels of theory. We show that CCSD(T) produces good energies for molecules with some multireference character using DIP-STEOM-CCSD. In diazidyldiazenes, the loss of N2 from one of the azidyl end groups is as likely as the loss of both azidyl groups. Isolation ...
Using Water Clouds for Lidar Calibration

Water clouds are feasible calibration targets. The accuracy of the method is linked to the understanding about multiple scattering. Here, a highly accurate relation between multiple scattering factor and the measured depolarization ratios is established.
A Life in Civil Rights

I have lived a life in which I have often been involved in public debates and controversies, but not as a public intellectual whose ideas were embraced by the White House or celebrated by the New York Review of Books. Mine has been a very different kind of experience that could be characterized more as an against-the-grain persistence in digging into some fundamental questions of social inequality that were fashionable a half century ago but were abandoned by most Americans with influence and power. I am convinced that we have no viable policies in place that will produce a healthy and successful society as our vast racial transition continues. My research has convinced me that there are much better answers.
Sonia Sanchez: Will and Spirit

Dynamic: the word immediately describes Sonia Sanchez and her art. Petite, attractive, her diminutive size, like that of actress Vinie Burrows, seems to acquire physical volume on stage. Born to Wilson L. and the late Lena (Jones) Driver on September 9, 1934, in Birmingham, Alabama, Sanchez was named Wilsonia after her father who had wanted a boy. She has an older sister, Patricia. Her half-brother, Wilson S. Driver, Jr., about whom she is writing, died in 1981. At the age of nine, Sanchez moved to New York, where she attended elementary school, junior high, and George Washington High School. She was graduated from Hunter College in 1955. Selected for a poetry workshop, she studied at New York University with Louise Bogan, for whom she has the highest respect. Her daughter, Anita Sanchez, product of an early marriage, was born on May 24, 1957. The twin sons, Morani Meusi ("Black Warrior" in Swahili) and Mungu Meusi ("Black God") were born on January 26, 1968. Sanchez has taught at several colleges, including San Francisco State (1967-69); University of Pittsburgh (1969-70); Rutgers University (197071); Manhattan Community College (1971-73; Amherst College (197376). At Temple University, where she has been teaching since 1977, currently as Associate Professor, her courses include creative writing, Black Literature, and Women's Studies. She has taught at Graterford Prison as part of a community writing program since fall 1980. In our, interview, April 1, 1981, at the Statler Hilton, New York, where she was staying for the Fifth Annual Conference of the National Council for Black Studies, she discussed her love of teaching: