cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supercoiled circular DNA of an insect granulosis virus.

Abstract The DNA of the granulosis virus of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was characterized by physical chemical and electron microscopic techniques. Twenty-five percent of the DNA extracted from purified virus was isolated as supercoiled circular molecules. The remaining 75% consisted of relaxed circular molecules. These molecular forms were indicated by the production of two radioactive bands during sedimentation of 3H-labeled granulosis virus DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients or in equilibrium density gradients of neutral cesium chloride/propidium iodide. Electron microscopic visualization of the DNA that banded at the higher density in the latter gradients revealed supercoiled structures whereas that of DNA that banded at the lower density demonstrated relaxed circular molecules. The superhelical molecules were converted to relaxed circles by treatment with pancreatic DNase. The molecular weight of the viral DNA was calculated to be 81 × 106 by sedimentation in neutral sucrose and 78 × 106 by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose. The molecular weight estimated from length measurements in electron micrographs was 76 × 106. The buoyant density of the granulosis virus DNA was 1.703 g/cm3 and that of its insect host DNA was 1.697 g/cm3. Equilibrium sedimentation in cesium chloride and thermal denaturation indicated G + C contents of 44% and 39% for the viral and host DNA, respectively.
Late-Wisconsin marine environments of the Champlain Valley (New York, Quebec)

Abstract The Champlain Sea occupied the Champlain Valley from about 12,500 to 10,000 yr BP. Following an initial maximum limit of inundation, isostatic crustal rebound caused the sea's gradual regression, which is documented by the parallel alignment of tilted shoreline features at successively low elevations along a north-south profile. Two new radiocarbon shell dates, 11,665 ± 175 (QC 200), elevation 95 m, and 10,300 ± 180 (QC 199), elevation 47 m, date early and late Champlain Sea deposits, respectively. From the elevation (ASL) and invertebrate fauna of littoral deposits, three environmentally distinct phases of the sea were recognized. Early Champlain Sea Transitional phase deposits at high elevations are characterized by a mixed association of fresh and euryhaline marine ostracodes. Frigid-subfrigid climates and fluctuating salinities of this period possibly reflect intermixing of the fresh waters of Lake Vermont with incoming marine waters. Hiatella arctica phase faunas indicate similar climatic conditions but significantly higher salinities (polyhaline). Deposits from the final phase of the sea, the Mya arenaria phase, were found at low elevations just above the present level of Lake Champlain. A predominantly cold-temperate, mesohaline fauna characterizes this period. The influences of Lake Algonquin drainage, warm Gulf Stream water and perhaps the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet are discussed as possible causes for the observed faunal and environmental changes.
The determination of trace elements in aqueous media without preconcentration using a cryogenic hollow-cathode ion source

The glow discharge in a hollow cathode containing 20–50 μl of an aqueous sample held at liquid-nitrogen temperature is used as a source of ions in a double-focussing mass spectrometer. The device was tested with nine solutions containing an aggregate of seventy elements. Seven elements (F, P, S, Sc, Mn, Ni, and Ta) could not be determined because of interferences. The remainder of the elements could be determined at various detection limits ranging from sub-ng ml−1 to μg ml−1. Mercury (32 pg) could be detected in 20 μl of water in the presence of Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U, and Al.
Properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index in children with anxiety disorders: Autonomic and nonautonomic factors.

This study examined the item properties, factor structure, and convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of items on the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). A large sample of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders (N = 228) was administered semistructured clinical interviews and self-report measures of anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, and depression. Overall, the CASI was found to exhibit good convergent and discriminant properties in relation to clinician-rated panic and generalized anxiety severity, respectively. Results identified a subset of items (autonomic items) that demonstrated psychometric properties superior to the full scale, in both child (7 to 11 years) and adolescent (12 to 17 years) subsamples. The findings point to strategies for continued investigation regarding the clinical assessment of AS in children and adolescents.
Dissection of Glutathionylspermidine Synthetase/Amidase from Escherichia coli into Autonomously Folding and Functional Synthetase and Amidase Domains

The bifunctional glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase from Escherichia coli catalyzes both the ATP-dependent formation of an amide bond between N1 of spermidine (N-(3-amino)propyl-1, 4-diaminobutane) and the glycine carboxylate of glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) and the opposing hydrolysis of this amide bond (Bollinger, J. M., Jr., Kwon, D. S., Huisman, G. W., Kolter, R., and Walsh, C. T. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14031-14041). In our previous work describing its initial characterization, we proposed that the 619-amino acid (70 kDa) protein might possess separate amidase (N-terminal) and synthetase (C-terminal) domains. In the present study, we have confirmed this hypothesis by expression of independently folding and functional amidase and synthetase modules. A fragment containing the C-terminal 431 amino acids (50 kDa) has synthetase activity only, with steady-state kinetic parameters similar to the full-length protein. A fragment containing the N-terminal 225 amino acids (25 kDa) has amidase activity only and is significantly activated relative to the full-length protein for hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine analogs. This observation suggests that the amidase activity in the full-length protein is negatively autoregulated. The amidase active site catalyzes hydrolysis of amide and ester derivatives of glutathione (e.g. glutathione ethyl ester and glutathione amide) but lacks activity toward acetylspermidine (N1 and N8) and acetylspermine (N1), indicating that glutathione provides the primary recognition determinants for glutathionylspermidine amide bond cleavage. No metal ion is required for the amidase activity. A tetrahedral phosphonate analogue of glutathionylspermidine, designed as a mimic of the proposed tetrahedral intermediate for either reaction, inhibits the synthetase activity (Ki approximately 10 microM) but does not inhibit the amidase activity.
Ion bombardment-induced decomposition of Li and Ba sulfates and carbonates studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Radiation damage to the surfaces of lithium and barium sulfates and carbonates under 4 ke V Ar + bombardment has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Damage is readily observed at a dose of 1 × 10 16 ions cm −2 with saturation occurring over the range 2–8 × 10 17 ions cm −2 . Both valence and core level XPS spectra indicate that, at the saturation dose, the basic sulfate and carbonate structures remain along with decomposition products. Both sulfur and carbon are preferentially lost from all four compounds and oxygen is preferentially lost from both Li compounds but not from the Ba compounds as a result of bombardment. The major decomposition products are the metal oxides with smaller quantities of carbides, sulfides, and SO n x − ( n = 3,2,1) species.
Eurysterols A and B, cytotoxic and antifungal steroidal sulfates from a marine sponge of the genus Euryspongia.

Two new steroidal sulfates, eurysterols A (1) and B (2), were isolated from an undescribed marine sponge of the genus Euryspongia collected in Palau. The structures of the new compounds were assign...
γ-Secretase Exists on the Plasma Membrane as an Intact Complex That Accepts Substrates and Effects Intramembrane Cleavage *

Research on Alzheimer's disease led to the identification of a novel proteolytic mechanism in all metazoans, the presenilin/gamma-secretase complex. This unique intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl protease is required for the normal processing of Notch, Jagged, beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), E-cadherin, and many other receptor-like proteins. We recently provided indirect evidence of gamma-secretase activity at the cell surface in HeLa cells following inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here, we directly identify and isolate gamma-secretase as an intact complex (Presenilin, Nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2) from the plasma membrane, both in overexpressing cell lines and endogenously. Inhibition of its proteolytic activity allowed cell surface gamma-secretase to be captured in association with its plasma membrane-localized APP substrates (C83 and C99). Moreover, non-denaturing isolation of the intact enzyme complex revealed that cell surface gamma-secretase can specifically generate amyloid beta-protein from an APP substrate and similarly cleave a Notch substrate. These data directly establish the proteolytic function of gamma-secretase on the plasma membrane, independent of a hypothesized substrate trafficking role. We conclude that presenilin/gamma-secretase exists as a mature complex at the cell surface, where it interacts with and can cleave its substrates, consistent with an essential function in processing many adhesion molecules and receptors required for cell-cell interaction or intercellular signaling.
Evaluation of histochemical methods for the detection of intracytoplasmic mucin in serous effusions.

Evaluation of histochemical methods for the detection of intracytoplasmic mucin in serous effusions We have studied 25 serous effusions containing definitive morphologic evidence of adenocarcinoma to evaluate the ability of two mucin stains (Mayer's mucicarmine, D-PAS) to detect intracytoplasmic mucin in both cytologic (cytospin) and corresponding histological (cell block) preparations. Mucicarmine stain was positive in six of 25 (24%) cytospins and 13 of 25 (52%) cell blocks. D-PAS was positive in 19 of 25 (76%) cytospins and 20 of 25 (80%) cell blocks. Eight cases were identified which showed mucicarmine positivity in the cell block but not the corresponding cytospin; prolonging incubation time resulted in a positive mucicarmine in cytospin preparations for seven of these cases. We conclude that: (i) D-PAS is a more sensitive stain for the detection of intracytoplasmic mucin in all preparations; (ii) mucicarmine shows preferential staining for cell blocks; (iii) alterations in the staining protocol may permit mucin detection by mucicarmine staining in cytologic preparations in a significant number of cases.
Waves and fluctuations in the jovian magnetosphere

The dynamics of the jovian magnetosphere are dominated by the mass loading of the 10 torus. Sulfur dioxide and possibly other gases such as hydrogen are sputtered from 10 and are ionized. These ions in turn are accelerated by the corotational electric field. The hot torus moves slowly outward and then ever more rapidly until reconnection releases the ions down the tail. The outward transport is far from steady. Near 10 are intense ion cyclotron waves. As observed by Galileo these waves weakened rapidly on the side of 10 closest to Jupiter. Beyond 10 10 radii (RI,) at periods less than 150s there were no discernable waves above the instrument noise level. On the side of 10 away from Jupiter the 10 cyclotron waves disappeared at about 20 Rr,, and the noise level in the torus reached values almost as low as those inside the 10 orbit. However, as the radial distance increased so did the noise levels. The noise levels from 0.01 to 0.1 Hz are about 2 orders of magnitude greater at 7.7 RJ than inside the 10 orbit at 5.5 RJ. The noise appears to be due to steps in the magnetic field strength and direction perhaps due to the interchange of tubes of flux with differing plasma content. The transverse power spectral density is greater than the compressional power in this region. The next region in which we have observations is the orbit of Europa and beyond. At frequencies of about 1 Hz the waves are more strongly compressional than transverse in the equatorial regions and more transverse than compressional off the equator. The outer edge of the dipolar region is about 24 RJ. The noise just inside this distance is quite variable from rotation to rotation. Outside this distance in the magnetodisk the field crossing the current sheet varies significantly from orbit to orbit as if the magnetodisk were globally unstable. Beyond about 40 Rr the location of the current sheet oscillates with a period of about 10 minutes. Beyond 50 RJ the plasma enters a regime of
ONLINE TRAVEL TIME ESTIMATION WITHOUT VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION

A new approach is presented to the estimation of travel times (in real time) on arterials on the basis of second-by-second data from detectors that count vehicles. Unlike most approaches, which attempt to track individual vehicles as they move throughout the network, the proposed approach tracks clusters, or platoons, of vehicles. This approach offers several advantages over existing methods and provides good travel time estimates for arterial networks. Although other methods of estimating travel times have varying degrees of success, they each suffer from limitations ranging from processing, equipment, and infrastructure requirements to personnel cost for probe vehicles, sociopolitical issues of surveillance, and the perceived loss of privacy. The proposed method attempts to overcome some of these limitations. Because existing detection and controller infrastructure is used, additional equipment is not required. Second-by-second detector data are used to identify platoons of vehicles but not individual vehicles. The platoons, and not individual vehicles, are then tracked as they travel from upstream detectors to downstream detectors on a route segment, producing travel time estimates for this segment. In addition, since the proposed method captures the aggregate flow of vehicles, it should better measure the central tendencies of the driver population and current traffic conditions as reflected by travel times at the prevailing congestion levels.
Resistance mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against phagosomal copper overload

Summary Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important bacterial pathogen with an extremely slow growth rate, an unusual outer membrane of very low permeability and a cunning ability to survive inside the human host despite a potent immune response. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to acquire essential nutrients while still preserving its natural resistance to toxic compounds. In this regard, copper homeostasis mechanisms are particularly interesting, because copper is an important element for bacterial growth, but copper overload is toxic. In M. tuberculosis at least two enzymes require copper as a cofactor: the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase SodC and the cytochrome c oxidase which is essential for growth in vitro. Mutants of M. tuberculosis lacking the copper metallothionein MymT, the efflux pump CtpV and the membrane protein MctB are more susceptible to copper indicating that these proteins are part of a multipronged system to balance intracellular copper levels. Recent evidence showed that part of copper toxicity is a reversible damage of Fe–S clusters of dehydratases and the displacement of other divalent cations such as zinc and manganese as cofactors in proteins. There is accumulating evidence that macrophages use copper to poison bacteria trapped inside phagosomes. Here, we review the rapidly increasing knowledge about copper homeostasis in M. tuberculosis and contrast those with similar mechanisms in Escherichia coli. These findings reveal an intricate interplay between the host which aims to overload the phagosome with copper and M. tuberculosis which utilizes several mechanisms to reduce the toxic effects of excess copper.
30-Gb/s 90-nm CMOS-driven equalized multimode optical link.

Abstract: We report an 850-nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)-based optical link that achieves a new record in speed. The laser driver and receiver ICs are fabricated in standard 90-nm bulk CMOS, and the optoelectronic devices are commercial components. Operation at 30 Gb/s with a bit-error rate < 10−12 is achieved, representing to the authors’ knowledge the highest speed reported to date for a CMOS-based full optical link. Transmitter feed-forward equalization is shown to improve maximum data rate from 25 to 30 Gb/s, timing margin by 17% at 23.5 Gb/s, and receiver sensitivity by 4 dB at 23.5 Gb/s.
Ammonite shell shape covaries with facies and hydrodynamics: Iterative evolution as a response to changes in basinal environment

Shell shape varies within many ammonoid species, and some ammonoid lineages appear to have evolved in concert with changes in their environment. We report variation within an Upper Cretaceous ammonoid species that correlates with facies differences and is consistent with a hydrodynamic explanation. In the Turner Sandy Member of the Carlile Shale (Turonian) of South Dakota and Wyoming, more compressed morphs of Scaphites whitfieldi Cobban are found in nearshore sandy facies, whereas more depressed morphs occur in offshore muds. We measured drag forces on models of juvenile and adult shells that differed in lateral compression of the shell. Plots of drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number indicate that thinner, more compressed morphs swam more efficiently at higher velocities and depressed morphs swam more efficiently at low velocities. Higher swimming velocities may be essential for life in nearshore sandy environments, which have higher ambient current velocities. Shelled cephalopods swim most efficiently at low swimming speeds; therefore, lower velocity, more energetically economical swimming should be preferred in more quiescent offshore settings. An analysis of power consumption supports this interpretation. Correlated changes in shell compression and environmental factors, here observed within a species, have been documented in numerous ammonite lineages. These iterative evolutionary changes within lineages may be similarly explained by selection for shell morphologies appropriate to environments that fluctuate cyclically with sea level.
A Partnership of Projects: Becoming an Elementary Professional Development School

(1999). A Partnership of Projects: Becoming an Elementary Professional Development School. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 74, No. 3-4, pp. 42-57.
Identifying protein complexes in AP-MS data with negative evidence via soft Markov clustering

Protein complexes are key units to discover protein mechanism. Traditional protein complex identification methods adopt a soft (overlapping) network clustering algorithm on protein-protein interaction network and predict the clusters as protein complexes. Recently, the AP-MS technique and the scoring method can measure the co-complex relationship among proteins. Unlike traditional PPI networks, AP-MS can provide negative evidence which indicates which proteins are unlikely to be in the same protein complex. However, most of existing network clustering algorithms cannot utilize this negative similarity score. In this paper, we propose a soft network clustering algorithm, SR-MCL-N, which can take into account negative similarity scores. SR-MCL-N is a variation of a previous algorithm, SR-MCL, which is a network clustering algorithm based on the transition flow. Additionally, since the scoring approach we use produces a dense similarity matrix, a sparsification technique is adopted on the similarity matrix. Based on the gold standard CYC2008 and GO terms, we first show that the sparsification can not only speed up SR-MCL-N, but also let SR-MCL-N generate more accurate clusters. SR-MCL-N is then compared against SR-MCL and a hierarchical algorithm which also considers negative similarity score. The results indicate that our algorithm outperforms others since SR-MCL-N not only generates overlapped clusters but also additionally takes negative similarity score into account.
Distribution of paralytic shellfish poison among Pyrrhophyta

Using the mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), the distribution of toxicity among 23 dinoflagellate species was studied. Special consideration was given to red-tide-forming species and to those species previously implicated as causative organisms in paralytic shellfish poisoning. Among those investigated were ten marine species of the genus Gonyaulax, previously known to contain three toxic species. The presence of PSP was detected only in Gonyaulax species of the section Catenella. The amount of toxin varied in different species, ranging from 0.05 to 24 pg/cell. The amount of toxin per cell also varied with the phase of growth (exponential or stationary) in the New England red-tide species, G. tamarensis var. excavata Braarud.
GEL ADSORPTION PROCESSING FOR WASTE SOLIDIFICATION IN 'NZP' CERAMICS.

Simulated PW-4b waste solution along with Na additive was mixed with Zr-P-O gel, dried and then fired to form the desired sodium zirconium phosphate, NaZr2 (PO4) 3 [NZP] ceramic. NZP and monazite were the only phases produced upon firing at 900°C with 10 to 40% of PW-4b mixed with the gel. CsZr2(PO4) 3 which is isostructural with NZP was also identified when fired under reducing conditions. The -200 mesh powders of these waste forms prepared under reducing conditions showed excellent leach resistance under hydrothermal conditions. Alternatively, PW-4b and Three Mile Island (TMI) wastes were adsorbed on Zr-P-O gel in a column. The gel was dried, pelletized and fired to form the desired [NZP] ceramic. Cesium was found to be selective on the Zr-P-O gel because no breakthrough of Cs was detected up to 38 column volumes of TMI waste. Thus, it is possible to use a tailored gel to sorb Cs and/or Sr from accident waste water and then fired the bed to form the [NZP] ceramic below 1000°C. The main advantages of the gel adsorption process are its simplicity and its enormous compositional flexibility.
Antiwindup compensator synthesis for systems with saturating actuators

Synthesizes nonlinear output feedback dynamic compensators for plants with saturating actuators. The authors' approach is direct in the sense that it accounts for the saturation nonlinearity throughout the design procedure as distinct from traditional design techniques that first obtain a linear controller for the "unsaturated" plant and then employ controller modification. Whereas most nonlinear controller synthesis techniques require full-state-feedback availability, the authors utilize fixed-structure techniques for output feedback compensation while specifying the structure and order of the controller. In the full-order case the controller gains are given by LQG-type Riccati equations that account for the saturation nonlinearity. >
Providing Fault-Tolerant Ad hoc Routing Service in Adversarial Environments

Most existing designs of ad hoc networks are based on the assumption of non-adversarial environments, where each node in the network is cooperative and well-behaved. When misbehaving nodes exist in the network, the performance of current routing protocols degrades significantly. Since ad hoc networks, consisting of autonomous nodes, are open and distributed in nature, maintaining a fault-free network environment is extremely difficult and expensive. In this paper, we propose a new routing service named best-effort fault-tolerant routing (BFTR). The design goal of BFTR is to provide packet routing service with high delivery ratio and low overhead in presence of misbehaving nodes. Instead of judging whether a path is good or bad, i.e., whether it contains any misbehaving node, BFTR evaluates the routing feasibility of a path by its end-to-end performance (e.g. packet delivery ratio and delay). By continuously observing the routing performance, BFTR dynamically routes packets via the most feasible path. BFTR provides an efficient and uniform solution for a broad range of node misbehaviors with very few security assumptions. The BFTR algorithm is evaluated through both analysis and extensive simulations. The results show that BFTR greatly improves the ad hoc routing performance in the presence of misbehaving nodes.
Caregiver Status: A Potential Risk Factor for Extreme Self-Neglect

Background Family caregivers are known to be at risk for physical illness and emotional distress caused by the extreme demands of the caregiving task. Objective The authors present the case of a middle-aged, well-educated woman with advanced endometrial cancer, the symptoms of which she had ignored over an extended period of time because of her family obligations. Method The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy and was evaluated for depression and subsequent delirium. Results The patient was informed about her poor prognosis and was transferred to a skilled nursing facility. Discussion The authors conclude that the caretaking responsibility, along with a low-grade depression, contributed to her delayed presentation and treatment.
Very long-term survival following resection for pancreatic cancer is not explained by commonly mutated genes: results of whole-exome sequencing analysis

Purpose: The median survival following surgical resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently Experimental Design: We sequenced the exomes of eight PDACs from patients who survived ≥10 years. On the basis of the results of the exomic analysis, targeted sequencing of selected genes was performed in a series of 27 additional PDACs from VLTSs. Results: KRAS mutations were identified in 33 of 35 cancers (94%) from VLTSs and represented the most prevalent alteration in our cohort. TP53 , SMAD4 , and CDKN2A mutations occurred in 69%, 26%, and 17%, respectively. Mutations in RNF43 , which have been previously associated with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, were identified in four of the 35 cancers (11%). Taken together, our data show no difference in somatic mutations in carcinomas from VLTSs compared with available data from PDACs unselected for survival. Comparison of clinicopathologic features between VLTSs and a matching control group demonstrated that younger age, earlier stage, well/moderate grade of differentiation, and negative resection margins were associated with VLTS. However, more advanced stage, poor grade, or nodal disease did not preclude long-term survival. Conclusion: Our results suggest that in most patients, somatic mutations in commonly mutated genes are unlikely to be the primary determinant of very long-term survival following surgical resection of PDAC. Clin Cancer Res; 1–7. ©2015 AACR.
Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas; findings on magnetic resonance imaging with pathological, surgical, and clinical correlation

Pancreatic cysts are increasingly being identified by cross-sectional imaging studies. Pancreatic cystic lesions comprise a spectrum of underlying pathologies ranging from benign and pre-malignant lesions to frank malignancies. Magnetic resonance imaging with cholangiopancreatography is a non-invasive imaging modality used for the characterization of cystic pancreatic lesions. This article will review the most common pancreatic cystic neoplasms and the utility of MR imaging in the characterization of these cysts.
A Pilot Survey of β2-Agonist Inhaler Availability for Children With Asthma During Organized Sporting Events

Cardona I, D'Alonzo GE Jr, Becker J. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 2004;92:340–343 Nearly 90% of asthmatic patients experience exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). This study investigated the level of preparedness for EIB in suburban children involved in recreational sports. Five hundred seventy-nine children ≤12 old who were enrolled in a community sports league in Pennsylvania were …
Applying the silver‐tube introduction method for thermal conversion elemental analyses and a new δ2H value for NBS 22 oil

The delta(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) value of total hydrogen of the international measurement standard NBS 22 oil was determined by a new method of sealing water in silver tubes for use in a thermal conversion elemental analysis (TC/EA) reduction unit. The isotopic fractionation of water due to evaporation is virtually non-existent in this silver-tube method. A new value for the delta(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) of NBS 22 oil, calibrated with isotopic reference waters, was determined to be -116.9 +/- 0.8 per thousand (1sigma and n = 31).
Squalene and cholestanol in normal rabbit aorta

Abstract Squalene and cholestanol were isolated from normal rabbit aortic tissue, identified and quantitatively determined. The concentration of squalene and cholestanol was 4.5 and 7.7 mg respectively, in 100 g of dry, delipidized tissue.
Using tertiary storage in video-on-demand servers

Video-on-demand is a new entertainment service that will soon be widely available. A small amount of material is very popular, while large amounts of material are viewed less frequently. This skew can be exploited by using a storage hierarchy, storing the less frequently viewed videos in lower-cost tertiary storage. This paper studies the use of tertiary storage for videos. Tertiary storage devices such as optical disks and magnetic tapes can be used to a) deliver data directly to viewers, or b) to stage data to disk for viewing. Analysis of these modes yields guidelines for server design. Examining device characteristics, workload characteristics, and cost, the two modes are compared to each other and to playing from disk. The data placement decision depends on the fraction of time a stream of a video is active. At current costs, videos having an active stream less than a third of the time should reside on tertiary storage. When a tertiary library has a much higher data rate than the video rate, videos should be staged disk for playing. Otherwise, they should be played directly from tertiary store.
Proctitis following stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Background Proctitis after radiation therapy for prostate cancer remains an ongoing clinical challenge and critical quality of life issue. SBRT could minimize rectal toxicity by reducing the volume of rectum receiving high radiation doses and offers the potential radiobiologic benefits of hypofractionation. This study sought to evaluate the incidence and severity of proctitis following SBRT for prostate cancer.
Incident Light Measurement

The distribution and intensity of light incident upon a surface point or in a scene affects the amount of reflected radiance to the camera and more generally the appearance of objects. Knowledge of the incident light can aid in shape recovery through photometric analysis techniques such as shape-from-shading and photometric stereo, or may be used in reducing appearance variation caused by lighting. Various methods have been used for measurement of incident light. Different from algorithms for illumination estimation, incident light measurement does not infer lighting from indirect scene cues such as shading, but rather obtains direct observations of the light sources.
Tristis Amor: an unpublished verse love letter from Lady Elizabeth Dacre Howard to Sir Anthony Cooke

This article brings to light a previously unknown Latin epistolary love poem, written by Lady Elizabeth Dacre-Howard, third wife of the fourth Duke of Norfolk, and addressed to Sir Anthony Cooke, tutor to Edward VI, and father of the Cooke sisters. Its physical context contained within Elizabeth Dacre's 1561 Thynne edition of Chaucer demonstrates a Catholic woman's ownership of Chaucer's works, but also indicates the private nature of the verse. The poem references Ovid's Heroides, Valerius Maximus, and contains an explicit Martial epigram, highlighting Dacre's classical education; it is thus no surprise that she writes in Latin, even though contemporary women seem rarely to do so. The rhetorical skill and tenderness of tone suggest a woman lamenting an absent lover, here, unusually, named as Anthony Cooke. Whether this poem represents a real love affair or an exercise in composition, it heralds a new author in the history of English women's literature – a female author who knew her own mind and was herself the mother of remarkable Catholic noblewomen and thence a major aristocratic dynasty.
THE RELATION OF THE MENINGES AND CHOROID PLEXUS TO POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION

Among the mechanisms which defend the body from infection with the virus of poliomyelitis is the meningeal-choroid plexus complex, which normally is capable of excluding the circulating virus from the central nervous organs. The complex plays a part also in preventing infection from virus present upon the nasal mucosa. Aseptic fluids which irritate, inflame, or even slightly alter the integrity of the meninges and choroid plexus diminish or remove their protective function. Normal monkey or horse serum, isotonic salt solution, and Ringer's and Locke's solutions, when injected into the meninges, promote infection with the virus of poliomyelitis introduced into the blood, the nose, or the subcutaneous tissues. Simple lumbar puncture and the withdrawal and return of the cerebrospinal fluid in normal monkeys, hemorrhage having been absolutely avoided, do not promote infection with virus injected into the blood; while the replacement of the cerebrospinal fluid of one monkey with that of another does in some instances lead to infection. Simple lumbar puncture attended with even very slight hemorrhage opens the way for the passage of the virus from the blood into the central nervous tissues, and thus promotes infection. Hence, changes in the structure or function of the meningealchoroid plexus complex, too slight to be detected by chemical and cellular changes in the cerebrospinal fluid or by morphological alterations, suffice to diminish in an essential manner its protective powers. Of all the irritant fluids tested, immune serum alone injected into the meninges is not succeeded by infection from the virus introduced into the blood. The protective property of the immune serum is capable of overcoming the promoting action of normal monkey and horse serum and the other irritants mentioned. The importance first of the meningeal-choroid plexus complex in preventing infection with the virus of poliomyelitis, and next of immune serum in offsetting the disadvantages and dangers arising from defects in the mechanism is apparent, as is the bearing of the experiments reported on the serum therapy of epidemic poliomyelitis.
The role of metacognition, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative problem orientation in children's worry.

Background: Although worry is common in children, empirical models of worry remain largely untested in youth. A small number of studies have established preliminary links between cognitive variables and worry in children younger than 12 years old. These cognitive variables include positive and negative beliefs about worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and problem orientation. Aims: The current study examined these variables concurrently and their association with worry. We also examined the extent to which intolerance of uncertainty mediated the association between worry and beliefs about worry. Method: Eighty elementary school children aged 8 to 12 years completed a battery of self-report measures. Results: As a group, the cognitive variables significantly predicted worry scores; negative beliefs about worry was the only significant individual predictor. As a group, the four cognitive variables discriminated clinical from nonclinical levels of worry; positive beliefs about worry and intolerance of uncertainty were the only significant individual predictors. Finally, intolerance of uncertainty mediated the association between worry and both positive and negative beliefs about worry. Conclusions: Components of a cognitive model of worry are largely applicable to children. Negative beliefs about worry were associated with worry across the continuum, while intolerance of uncertainty and positive beliefs about worry were more strongly associated with clinical levels of worry. Intolerance of uncertainty accounted for as ignif icant portion of the association between metacognition and worry and may be a particularly effective target for treatment. Further implications for conceptual models and treatment interventions are discussed.
Substrate Inhibition of Beta-Lactamases, a Method for Predicting Enzymatic Stability of Cephalosporins

Selected cephalosporins, including cefamandole, cephaloridine, cephaloglycin, and cefoxitin, were examined for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of and act as substrates for beta-lactamases produced by Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus. Enzyme inhibition was determined by Michaelis-Menten kinetic measurements and by a spot plate assay using a chromogenic substrate (Glaxo compound 87/312). These two methods provide comparable estimates of kinetic parameters. Inhibition of beta-lactamase, as measured by these two methods, was generally found to correlate with resistance to hydrolysis and is proposed as a preliminary method of assessing susceptibility of cephalosporins to beta-lactamase hydrolysis. Four 7-alphaOCH(3), 7-alphaH cephalosporin analogue pairs were also examined. The presence of the 7-alphaOCH(3) substituent invariably resulted in reduced susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, regardless of the other C7 substituent. The 7-alphaOCH(3) compounds were also better inhibitors than were their 7-alphaH analogues, with the exception that 7-alphaOCH(3) compounds having C7 adipic acid substituents were less inhibitory to the S. aureus enzyme than were the corresponding 7-alphaH analogues. Response of these two enzymes to 7-alphaOCH(3) and 7-alphaH cephalosporins suggests that beta-lactamase hydrolysis of these compounds involves attack at the alpha side of the betalactam ring.
Statistical performance verification for an autonomous rotorcraft

We present an approach to verifying the performance of an intelligent control algorithm for which traditional, deterministic verification is not feasible. Our approach is based on statistical learning theory. We develop a classifier based on simulation data to partition the potential operating region of a system under control (here an autonomous helicopter) into acceptable and unacceptable subregions. Statistical learning theory results can then be used to estimate the "generalization" performance of the classifier, providing rigorous bounds on the expected performance. A neural-network-based controller is used to demonstrate the methodology, the outcome of which is an analytical characterization of a "safe" set of maximum velocity and acceleration values under which particular helicopter maneuvers can be reliably executed with acceptable performance.
Morphometrics and allometry in the trophically polymorphic cichlid fish, Cichlasoma citrinellum: Alternative adaptations and ontogenetic changes in shape

The Neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma citrinellum exhibits a distinct trophic polymorphism in the structure of its pharyngeal jaws. Fish have either strong, sturdy molariform pharyngeal jaws or weak papilliform jaws. Intermediate forms are rare among adults. Ontogenetically, however, all fish start as papilliform morphs. Differences in morphology and allometry between morphs in external measurements (25 measurements) and measurements of the lower pharyngeal jaws (nine measurements) were analysed using a multivariate morphometric approach. The ontogenetic growth trajectories for the pharyngeal jaws of the respective morphs start to diverge early in ontogeny and therefore seem to preclude the existence of adult intermediate morphs. The isometric growth of the tooth diameter in molariform morphs (in relation to standard length), versus its relatively retarded (negatively allometric) growth in the papilliform morph, is the main cause for the development of distinct trophic morphs in pharyngeal-jaw morphology. At approximately 50 mm standard length, both pharyngeal morphs can be discerned clearly. In this study only larger fish of determined pharyngeal-jaw morphology were considered (n= 30 for molariform morphs, n= 31 for papilliform morphs). External morphology differs between morphs as well, but less perceptibly. Principal-components analyses revealed that only a few measures load highly on PC2 and therefore account for most of the differences between the two trophic morphs in the shape of the external morphology. Molariform morphs have blunter, shorter snouts, larger eyes and deeper, shorter bodies than papilliform morphs. The two external morphologies resemble other known limnetic and benthic body shapes of polymorphic species of fishes, and are believed to enhance the ecological separation of the two pharyngeal-jaw morphs. Evolutionary implications of ontogenetic changes and adult differences in morphology and trophic polymorphism are manifold. The alternative adaptations in this polymorphic species will decrease intraspecific competition by differential niche utilization and habitat choice, thus allowing for larger population sizes. Alternative adaptations may eventually lead to genetic isolation and possibly speciation of the two trophic morphs.
A Male-Specific Fatty Acid ω-Hydroxylase, SXE1, Is Necessary for Efficient Male Mating in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila, sexual differentiation, physiology, and behavior are thought to be mediated by numerous male- and female-specific effector genes whose expression is controlled by sex-specifically expressed transcriptional regulators. One such downstream effector gene, sex-specific enzyme 1 (sxe1, cyp4d21), has been identified in a screen for genes with sex-biased expression in the head. Sxe1 was also identified in another screen as a circadian regulated gene. Here, we analyzed the spatial and temporal regulation of sxe1 and identified a function for this gene in male courtship. We show that male-specific transcriptional regulator DSXM and the clock genes are necessary for cycling of sxe1 mRNA during the diurnal cycle. Similar to sxe1 mRNA, expression of SXE1 protein oscillates in a diurnal fashion, with highest protein levels occurring around midnight. SXE1 protein expression is restricted to nonneuronal cells associated with diverse sensory bristles of both the chemo- and mechanosensory systems. Suppression or knockout of sxe1 significantly reduces mating success throughout the diurnal cycle. Finally, the metabolomic profile of wild-type and sxe1 mutant males revealed that sxe1 likely functions as a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, suggesting that male courtship and mating success is mediated by small compounds generated by this enzyme.
Nanowire and Nanotube Materials Prepared from Polymer Fiber Templates

The preparation of well-defined nanomaterials using template methods is well established in the materials literature including porous ceramics, open-framework layered structures and porous membranes. In an effort to prepare thermally and electrically conductive nanowire and nanotube materials, we have recently prepared carbon tubes using polymer fibers produced from an electrostatic, non-mechanical “electrospinning” process as templates. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fibers with average diameter of 150–200 nm were initially fabricated as core materials. The fibers were subsequently coated with a thin layer (20∼50 nm) of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) by in-situ polymerization. Upon high temperature (1000 °C) treatment under inert atmosphere, the PMMA core fibers decomposed completely, followed by carbonization of the PPy wall. The structure of the carbon tubes subsequently produced was demonstrated by SEM and TEM. The carbon tubes were analyzed by infrared, elemental analysis and electron diffraction. The results show that the tubes are largely carbon with a small amount of nitrogen and a relatively low crystallinity.
observations of high—frequency scattered energy associated with the core PhasePKKP

Stacks of global seismic network data reveal emergent high—frequency (∼1 Hz) energy extending back from the PKKPc caustic at 72° to a distance of about 60°. The arrival's emergent onset, long duration (∼150 s), apparent slowness, and proximity to the core phase PKKP indicate a deep scattering origin. However, the amplitude and timing of the observations are difficult to explain with simple models of PKKP scattering.
The Influence of Nonequilibrium Distribution on Room-Temperature Lasing Spectra in Quantum-Dash Lasers

We demonstrate the effect of nonequilibrium carrier distribution in a self-assembled InAs-InAlGaAs quantum-dash-in-well semiconductor lasers on InP substrate. The progressive changes of electroluminescence spectrum with increasing injections show the presence of localized photon reabsorption and lasing action from different dash ensembles at room temperature as opposed to that obtained in typical self-assembled quantum-dot lasers only at low temperature below 100 K.
Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness

John Matsusaka raises important questions about the methodology we used in earlier work to assess the impact of the initiative process (Camobreco 1998; Lascher, Hagen, and Rochlin 1996). Statistical tools applied routinely can nevertheless be applied thoughtlessly, and Matsusaka's uncommon attention to the fit between method and substance merits careful consideration. We ourselves have benefited from thinking the issues through, and we are pleased to have this opportunity to make more explicit the underpinnings of our work. In the end, however, we believe that the criticism is off the mark and that our conclusions stand. The data and methods we have used are perfectly suited to test the null hypothesis to which we applied them: government policy is no more responsive to the electorate's preferences in states where ballot initiatives are permitted than in states where they are not. Our purpose in this note is to sketch our reasoning in more detail. Like Matsusaka, we conclude with some observations about the accumulated evidence on the value of ballot initiatives.
Confessions of a Legal Writing Instructor

I have taught legal writing, legal analysis, legal method, and lawyering skills for thirteen years at five law schools now. At the meat market in Washington, the chairperson of a hiring committee once asked me the standard question about my scholarly interests. Then he noticed my resume. I did not graduate from an elite law school, and I had been a legal writing teacher at four New York-area law schools after working for a litigation firm in Connecticut. I watched him process who I was. Then there was an uncomfortable moment when I realized that he thought that the hiring committee had made a mistake and called the wrong candidate in for an interview. He asked me, euphemistically perhaps, what my career goals were. I was living in my mother’s home in Connecticut at that time so that my two children could attend decent schools in a town that I could not otherwise afford to live in. My wife had recently returned to school. My job as a legal writing instructor was capped by a policy limiting instructors to three years’ duration at the prestigious school where regular faculty made, literally, three to four times my salary. And I desperately needed a job.
Empirical Evidence for Domain Name Performance

This paper provides the first large-scale empirical evidence of the association between specific properties of internet domain names and website performance. We analyze over one million internet domain names, linking their phonological and morphological attributes to the realized demand for their associated websites. We test hypotheses related to how the names sound, how they look, their ease of recall, and the likelihood that they will be typed correctly. We find that certain attributes of names are associated meaningfully and significantly with the demand realized by a website. The websites with the highest demand have names that are short, include dictionary words, avoid punctuation symbols, and use numerals. The use of phonemes associated with disgust is negatively associated with performance for most websites, but positively associated with performance for adult sites. Some of these results from the on-line world are likely to hold off line, while some are not. These findings can be used in conjunction with other criteria as part of the selection process for names.