cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testes and Hypophyses in Gassed Male Rats

Conclusions1. The combined testis and epididymis weight in rats is reduced about half after 50 or more one hour exposures to illuminating gas. The number of spermatozoa is greatly decreased and motility in the few viable sperm is impaired. 2. The hypophyses of gassed male rats become highly basophilic and many vacuolated castrate cells appear. 3. The gonadotropic hormone content of the hypophyses of gassed rats is increased.
Studies on the functional role of tintinnids in the Southern California Bight. III. Grazing impact of natural assemblages

Tintinnids were identified and enumerated in samples from 100 stations in the Southern California Bight. Spring and summer samples were collected at weekly intervals at 3 locations off La Jolla, California (USA) in 1967. Samples were also taken at considerably wider spatial and temporal intervals during 4 cruises in the fall and winter of 1974–1975. Ninety-one species of tintinnids were identified, comprising assemblages ranging in density to over 18x106 tintinnids m-3. Previously published accounts of the feeding rates and behavior of tintinnids were then applied to this tintinnid assemblage in order to estimate their impact on the flow of carbon through the planktonic food web. Generally, for both surveys, less than 4% of the daily primary production was consumed by the observed tintinnid stocks, although at 14 stations calculated ingestion by tintinnids exceeded 10% and at 4 stations it exceeded 20% of the measured daily primary production. Other ciliates in the 1967 samples were, combined, approximately as abundant as the tintinnids; if their grazing rates were comparable, the consumption by the total ciliate assemblage would be double that of the tintinnids alone. The high tintinnid growth efficiencies previously observed (Heinbokel, 1978a) and the relatively high efficiency with which tintinnids can be grazed by larger consumers suggest that relatively little of the energy and material fixed by the nanno-phytoplankton may be lost to the larger consumers by the insertion of a ciliate “extra link” into the food chain.
On Prielipp's Problem on Signed Sums ofkth Powers

Abstract In this paper we consider the representation of and integer, n , in the form[formula]where m is a positive integer, depending on n and the e i are all either ± the particular choices of the e i depending on n and m . Among other things we prove such a representation always exists; in fact, infinitely many exist. The proof is algorithmic, so that a polynomial time method of finding the representation is presented. We get asymptotic estimates for the minimal value of m , in each of the cases (a) k fixed and n grows to infinity and (b) n fixed and k grows to infinity. A number of related problems and conjectures are also presented.
Dynamic Monopoly with Nondurable Goods

Abstract A nondurable good monopolist who posts a single price will generally achieve an inefficient outcome. But is it possible that the monopolist would achieve efficiency by repeatedly posting prices before delivery? If buyers recognize the effect of current purchases on future prices, then, under complementary ideal conditions, the answer is yes. On the other hand, traditional concerns about monopoly are viable if the seller bears a small cost per buyer of market reopening. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D42, L12.
National survey of exercise stress testing facilities.

This report surveys the method, volume, protocol, criteria for a positive test, and complications of 518,448 exercise stress tests at 1,375 centers. Exercise test capacity was estimated at 2,147,450. An even distribution of bicycle, Master and treadmill testing was seen by regions within the country. The majority were using the Bruce protocol. The S-T segment depression of .5 mm was considered positive by 4.6 percent; 1.0 mm by 75.4 percent; 1.5 mm by 14.0 percent, and 2.0 mm or greater by 11.9 percent of the centers. Complications were 3.58 infarctions, 4.78 serious arrhythmias, and 0.5 deaths per 10,000 tests. Total of all complications was 8.86 per 10,000 tests. We conclude that exercise stress testing has increased with office-based testing undergoing the greatest expansion. This has been associated with few complications and greater safety.
Dynamics of ion transport in a bio-derived ionic transistor

Biological processes and electromechanical function in ionic polymers share ion transport as the fundamental processes for sensing, actuation and energy harvesting. Inspired by the similarity in protein-bound cell membranes and polypyrrole membrane (an ionic polymer), our group is developing a hybrid device that provides the template for integrating biology and electronics. The integrated device, referred to as a bio-derived ionic transistor (BIT), consists of a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) formed on a polypyrrole membrane and has two inputs that regulates the output of the device. This proceedings article will discuss the constructional features of proposed actuator, fabrication procedure of a prototype actuator and discuss a modeling framework for analyzing the dynamics of the ionic response.
Ontogenic profile of seizures evoked by the beta-carboline DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate) in rats

Abstract The beta-carboline, methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM), is a potent chemoconvulsant. While it has been utilized in adult rodents, it has not been previously examined for effects across postnatal development. DMCM is a negative allosteric modulator of benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA A receptors, receptor subtypes that are particularly enriched in limbic brain regions. This raises the possibility that DMCM may be particularly effective at evoking forebrain seizures, which is a challenge in neonatal animals due to the relative immaturity of the forebrain seizure network. The ability to selectebrain seizures is desirable when screening for drugs to use in temporal lobe epilepsy, which is characterized by seizures within the forebrain (limbic) network. To determine the profile of DMCM action across development, we examined the dose-dependent ability of DMCM to induce seizures in rats at P7, P10, P13, P14, P21 and in adulthood. We found that the highest sensitivity to DMCM occurred in P10, P13, and P14 rats. The lowest sensitivity occurred in P21 rats. Neonatal (P7) and adult (P60+) rats displayed moderate sensitivity. With moderate (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) doses of DMCM, we were able to reliably evoke limbic motor seizures without tonic–clonic components in animals as young as P7. These data support the utility of DMCM in assessing seizure threshold during development and raise the possibility for future exploration of DMCM as an agent to screen anticonvulsant drugs during the postnatal period.
Haematopoietic stem cells require a highly regulated protein synthesis rate

Many aspects of cellular physiology remain unstudied in somatic stem cells. For example, there are almost no data on protein synthesis in any somatic stem cell. We found that the amount of protein synthesized per hour in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vivo was lower than in most other haematopoietic cells, even if we controlled for differences in cell cycle status or forced HSCs to undergo self-renewing divisions. Reduced ribosome function in Rpl24Bst/+ mice further reduced protein synthesis in HSCs and impaired HSC function. Pten deletion increased protein synthesis in HSCs but also reduced HSC function. Rpl24Bst/+ cell-autonomously rescued the effects of Pten deletion in HSCs, blocking the increase in protein synthesis, restoring HSC function, and delaying leukaemogenesis. Pten deficiency thus depletes HSCs and promotes leukaemia partly by increasing protein synthesis. Either increased or decreased protein synthesis impairs HSC function.
Effect of processing conditions on the yield and failure response of an aliphatic polyketone terpolymer

The effect of processing conditions on the yield and failure behavior of an aliphatic polyketone terpolymer was studied. Testing and characterization were performed on samples that were extruded in the form of hollow cylinders. We performed the extrusion process at different shear rates and at different cooling rates to assess the effect that process conditions had on the polymer properties. We performed biaxial testing on the samples to characterize the failure envelopes, including the ductile–brittle transition condition for each process condition. The effect of shear rate was negligible, whereas the cooling rate significantly affected the failure behavior. To explain these differences in behavior, we performed characterization via differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and residual stress measurements. A broad glass transition was found for all samples at temperatures higher than previously reported for this material. Alteration of the processing conditions did not influence the crystalline phase (percentage crystallinity, crystalline orientation, crystallite size, etc.). A change in spherulitic structure was also observed with altered cooling rate and is suggested to have contributed to the change in failure behavior. Residual stresses also affected the behavior of all samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 318–334, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10334
Growth of Brucella abortus in macrophages from resistant and susceptible mouse strains

C57Bl/10 mice have a superior ability to control chronic infections with virulent strains of the intracellular bacteria Brucella abortus compared with BALB/c mice. While a number of differences in the cytokines produced by lymphocytes following infection of these two strains of mice have been shown, macrophages have not been evaluated for their role in conveying relative resistance. The importance of macrophages in control of brucella infections is demonstrated by the observations that intracellular survival of various strains of B. abortus directly correlates with their virulence in vivo, and the ability of macrophages to control brucellae in vitro has been shown to correlate with a brucella-resistant phenotype in ruminants. While both BALB/c and C57Bl are Nramp-susceptible mouse strains, additional differences in macrophage function outside of the Nramp1 gene effects could influence susceptibility to brucellosis. The studies conducted here comparing the ability of macrophages from C57Bl/10 and BALB/c mice indicate that the macrophages from resistant mice did not control intracellular growth of B. abortus strain 2308 more efficiently than those from the susceptible mice, either in the absence of, or following, interferon-gamma activation or iron supplementation. A number of different conditions for culturing macrophages were evaluated to rule out the influence of antibiotics on the conclusions drawn from the results.
Electrodes with covalently attached monolayers

We have used cyclic and second-harmonic ac voltammetry to study solution and solid state electrochemical reactions on metal oxide surfaces chemically modified with silyl derivatives of the type SnO2/Si(CH2)3NH(CH2)xNR1R2. The R groups studied include pyrazoline derivatives, tetrathiafulvalene, and ferrocene. Electrode effects on solution redox reactions involving phenothiazine and benzoquinone have also been compared using both platinum electrodes and the chemically modified electrodes. The results from the various approaches used consistently indicate that the redox reactions are slower on modified as opposed to unmodified electrode surfaces.
Suicide Among Social Workers: A Research Note

Occupations have been a relatively neglected risk factor in the etiology of suicide. Client-oriented occupations are often thought to contribute to suicide by increasing psychological stress. The present study tests this thesis for the case of social work. Data were collected from 21 reporting states in the year of 1990. Controls are introduced for possible covariates of social work including gender, race, region, age, and marital status. The results of a preliminary logistic regression analysis found that being a social worker increased the odds of death by suicide by 55.6%, compared to the rest of the working age population. However, when controls for other occupations were incorporated into the analysis, social workers were no longer at elevated odds of death by suicide relative to other professional-managerial occupations. The psychological resources and training of social workers may act as buffers against occupational stress. Being Caucasian, male, younger, and being non-married all increased the odds of death by suicide.
Regulation of polyoma virus early transcription in transformed cells by large T-antigen.

Abstract We have studied the regulation of polyoma early gene transcription by viral large T-antigen in three rat cell lines transformed by the is-a polyoma mutant (producing a thermolabile T-antigen), that contain a single nontandem insertion of viral DNA, including an intact early region. The viral integration of these lines is stable and the cells do not produce detectable amounts of free viral DNA at either permissive (33°) or non-permissive temperature (39.5°) for large T-antigen function. In temperature shift experiments two of the three cell lines showed a 5- to 10-fold increase in the steady state levels of early mRNAs following growth at 39.5°, while in the third line the increase was about threefold. A polyoma-transformed cell line not capable of encoding a functional large T-antigen did not show this temperature effect, even though the early viral promoter appeared to be functional. The increase observed was very similar to that detected in mouse cell cultures lytically infected by polyoma is-a virus following temperature shiftup, whereas wild-type infected cells failed to show this increase. Thus the results obtained strongly suggest that transcription of integrated viral DNA in polyoma-transformed cells is regulated by the early viral promoter and large T-antigen in a manner indistinguishable from lytic infection. The implication of these findings with respect to the evolution of polyoma-transformed cells in vitro is also discussed.
Methods of graph searching for border detection in image sequences with applications to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Automated border detection using graph searching principles has been shown useful for many biomedical imaging applications. Unfortunately, in an often unpredictable subset of images, automated border detection methods may fail. Most current edge detection methods fail to take into account the added information available in a temporal or spatial sequence of images that are commonly available in biomedical image applications. To utilize this information the authors extended their previously reported single frame graph searching method to include data from a sequence. The authors' method transforms the three-dimensional surface definition problem in a sequence of images into a two-dimensional problem so that traditional graph searching algorithms may be used. Additionally, the authors developed a more efficient method of searching the three-dimensional data set using heuristic search techniques which vastly improve execution time by relaxing the optimality criteria. The authors have applied both methods to detect myocardial borders in computer simulated images as well as in short-axis magnetic resonance images of the human heart. Preliminary results show that the new multiple image methods may be more robust in certain circumstances when compared to a single frame method and that the heuristic search techniques may reduce analysis times without compromising robustness. >
From flatland to the fourth dimension.

If this title evokes space travel rather than radiology, there is a parallel. How far we can go is in both cases limited by the effect of radiation on the human body. Thirty years ago, radiology emerged from the flatland of 2D imaging when CT provided routine imaging with 3D spatial resolution.
Nonlinear thermal convection with finite conducting boundaries

Finite-amplitude thermal convection in a horizontal layer with finite conducting boundaries is investigated. The nonlinear steady problem is solved by a perturbation technique, and the preferred mode of convection is determined by a stability analysis. Square cells are found to be the preferred form of convection in a semi-infinite three-dimensional region Ω in the (γb,γt, P)-space (γb and γt are the ratios of the thermal conductivities of the lower and upper boundaries to that of the fluid and P is the Prandtl number). Two-dimensional rolls are found to be the preferred convection pattern outside Ω. The dependence on γb, γt and P of the heat transported by convection is computed for the various solutions analysed in the paper.
Growth inhibition by adenosine 3',5-monophosphate derivatives does not require 3',5' phosphodiester linkage

Analogs of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) inhibit the growth of cultured cell lines. The effects of 8-bromo- and N6-butyryl-substituted analogs of cyclic and noncyclic AMP on six cell lines were examined and were equally inhibitory. Variant cell lines with altered cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase were more resistant to both cyclic and noncyclic nucleotides. We conclude that growth inhibition by analogs of cyclic AMP (i) does not require a 3',5' phosphodiester bond and (ii) may be mediated by a pathway involving endogenous cyclic AMP.
A Comparison of aggregation behavior in aqueous humic acids

The ability of six humic acids (HAs) to form pseudomicellar structures in aqueous solution was evaluated by five techniques: size exclusion chromatography; pyrene fluorescence enhancement; the pyrene I1/I3 ratio; the cloud point of dilute HA solutions; and the fluorescence anisotropy of HAs. Soil HAs were found to aggregate most easily, both on microscopic and macroscopic scales. The formation of amphiphilic structures was chiefly related to HA-solvent interactions: highly solvated HAs aggregated poorly, while a lignite derived material underwent intermolecular, rather than intramolecular, rearrangements. A newly discovered algal HA was found to have minimal aggregative properties.
The reliability of portable fixed dynamometry during hip and knee strength assessments.

Context: Insufficient lower extremity strength may be a risk factor for lower extremity injuries such as noncontact anterior cruciate ligament tears. Therefore, clinicians need reliable instruments to assess strength deficiencies. Objective: To assess the intrarater, interrater, intrasession, and intersession reliability of a portable fixed dynamometer in measuring the strength of the hip and knee musculature. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Three raters (A, B, C) participated in this 2-phase study. Raters A and B tested 11 healthy college graduate students (2 men, 9 women) in phase 1. Raters A and C tested 26 healthy college undergraduate students (7 men, 19 women) in phase 2. Main Outcome Measure(s): The dependent variables for the study were hip adductor, hip abductor, hip flexor, hip extensor, hip internal rotator, hip external rotator, knee flexor, and knee extensor peak force. Results: The phase 1 intrasession intraclass correlation coefficients for sessions 1, 2, and 3 ranged from 0.88 to 0.99 (SEM 5 0.08–3.02 N), 0.85 to 0.99 (SEM 5 0.26–3.88 N), and 0.92 to 0.96 (SEM 5 0.52–2.76 N), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.57 to 0.95 (SEM 5 1.72– 13.15 N) for phase 1 intersession values, 0.70 to 0.94 (SEM 5 1.42–9.20 N) for phase 2 intrarater reliability values, and 0.69 to 0.88 (SEM 5 1.20–8.50 N) for phase 2 interrater values. Conclusions: The portable fixed dynamometer showed good to high intrasession and intersession reliability values for hip and knee strength. Intrarater and interrater reliability were fair to high, except for hip internal rotation, which showed poor reliability.
The Impact of Project Managers’ Communication Competencies: Validation and Extension of a Research Model for Virtuality, Satisfaction, and Productivity on Project Teams:

Current research continues to establish the importance of communication in the management of projects. However, little is known about the behavioral aspects of project managers’ communication compe...
Displaced Teacher and State Priorities in a High-Stakes Accountability Context

Although previous research suggests that teachers align their instruction to testing demands in the context of high-stakes accountability programs, few studies examine how the policy plays out in the classroom using sustained observations. This research, based on ethnographic case studies of two teachers' classrooms and interviews with 13 teachers at five middle schools, illuminates how high-stakes testing narrows the curricula and displaces teachers' priorities for their students, priorities such as developing personal appreciation for literature and communication and collaboration skills, as well as “writing like a real writer writes.” These findings are noteworthy given that many of the teachers' priorities intersect with state standards.
Dietary energy density predicts women's weight change over 6 y

Background Dietary energy density (ED) is positively associated with energy intake, but little is known about long-term effects on weight change.
Management of Women Who Have a Genetic Predisposition for Breast Cancer

The management of women who have a genetic predisposition for breast cancer requires careful planning. Women who have BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations are at increased risk for breast cancer and for other cancers as well, particularly ovarian cancer. Screening, prophlyactic surgery, and chemoprevention are commonly utilized strategies in the management of these patients, and women may choose more than one of these strategies. No randomized prospective trials have assessed the impact of these strategies specifically in mutaiton carriers. All patients should be informed that screening, prophylactic surgery, and chemoprevention have the potential for harm as well as benefit.
A new characterization of scientific theories

First, I discuss the older "theory-centered" and the more recent semantic conception of scientific theories. I argue that these two perspectives are nothing more than terminological variants of one another. I then offer a new theory-centered view of scientific theories. I argue that this new view captures the insights had by each of these earlier views, that it's closer to how scientists think about their own theories, and that it better accommodates the phenomenon of inconsistent scientific theories.
Sterol-Rich Plasma Membrane Domains in Fungi

Concepts regarding the eukaryotic plasma membrane have been evolving in light of growing evidence that it is segregated into distinct lateral domains known as lipid rafts. These sterol- and sphingolipid-rich raft domains are thought to play important roles in dynamic processes, including protein
Clutter in Electronic Medical Records Examining Its Performance and Attentional Costs Using Eye Tracking

Objective:The objective was to use eye tracking to trace the underlying changes in attention allocation associated with the performance effects of clutter, stress, and task difficulty in visual search and noticing tasks.Background:Clutter can degrade performance in complex domains, yet more needs to be known about the associated changes in attention allocation, particularly in the presence of stress and for different tasks. Frequently used and relatively simple eye tracking metrics do not effectively capture the various effects of clutter, which is critical for comprehensively analyzing clutter and developing targeted, real-time countermeasures.Method:Electronic medical records (EMRs) were chosen as the application domain for this research. Clutter, stress, and task difficulty were manipulated, and physicians’ performance on search and noticing tasks was recorded. Several eye tracking metrics were used to trace attention allocation throughout those tasks, and subjective data were gathered via a debriefing...
Chancroid Epidemiology in New Orleans Men

Epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic data were collected from 299 men with nonsyphilitic genital ulcer disease. One hundred eighteen (39%) were culture-positive for Haemophilus ducreyi, 57 (19%) were culture-positive for herpes simplex virus, and 124 (41%) were culture-negative. Patients with chancroid were significantly more likely than those with genital herpes to have been frequent users of alcohol (44% vs. 23%, P = .006). They were also more likely recently to have used cocaine (25% vs. 9%, P = .013), had sex with a prostitute (17% vs. 5%, P = .035), traded drugs for sex (16% vs. 2%, P = .005), and had a sex partner who used drugs (38% vs. 13%, P = .001). Culture-negative patients were similar to chancroid patients with respect to most epidemiologic risk factors. Despite the epidemiologic similarities, the clinical features of culture-negative ulcers resembled those of culture-proven herpes ulcers more closely than they did those of culture-proven chancroid ulcers. These data establish a link between chancroid in the United States and the use of crack cocaine.
Computational investigation of blast survivability and off-road performance of an up-armoured high-mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle

Since ballistic and blast survivability and off-road handling and stability of military vehicles, such as the high-mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), are two critical vehicle performance aspects, they both (including the delicate balance between them) have to be considered when a new vehicle is being designed or an existing vehicle retrofitted (e.g. up- armoured). Finite-element-based transient non-linear dynamics and multi-body longitudinal dynamics computational analyses were employed in the present work to address the following two specific aspects respectively of the performance of an HMMWV: firstly, the ability of the vehicle to survive detonation of a landmine shallow buried into sand underneath the right wheel of the vehicle and, secondly, the ability of the vehicle to withstand a simple straight-line brake manoeuvre during off-road travel without compromising its stability and safety of its occupants. Within the first analysis, the kinematic and structural responses (including large- scale rotation and deformation, buckling, plastic yielding, failure initiation, fracture, and fragmentation) of the HMMWV to the detonation of a landmine were analysed computationally using the general-purpose transient non-linear dynamics analysis software ABAQUS/Explicit. The second analysis was carried out using Simpack, a general purpose multi-body dynamics program, and the main purpose of this analysis was to address the vehicle stability during the off-road travel. The same sand model was used in both types of analysis. Finally, the computational results obtained are compared with general field-test observations and data in order to judge the physical soundness and fidelity of the present approach.
Developmental continuity? Crawling, cruising, and walking

This research examined developmental continuity between “cruising” (moving sideways holding onto furniture for support) and walking. Because cruising and walking involve locomotion in an upright posture, researchers have assumed that cruising is functionally related to walking. Study 1 showed that most infants crawl and cruise concurrently prior to walking, amassing several weeks of experience with both skills. Study 2 showed that cruising infants perceive affordances for locomotion over an adjustable gap in a handrail used for manual support, but despite weeks of cruising experience, cruisers are largely oblivious to the dangers of gaps in the floor beneath their feet. Study 3 replicated the floor-gap findings for infants taking their first independent walking steps, and showed that new walkers also misperceive affordances for locomoting between gaps in a handrail. The findings suggest that weeks of cruising do not teach infants a basic fact about walking: the necessity of a floor to support their body. Moreover, this research demonstrated that developmental milestones that are temporally contiguous and structurally similar might have important functional discontinuities.
Nature of the Gap Phenomenon in Man

The atrioventricular (AV) gap phenomenon occurs when the effective refractory period of a distal site is longer than the functional refractory period of a proximal site and when closely coupled stimuli are delayed enough at the proximal site to allow distal site recovery. According to previous studies, in type 1 gap, the distal site of block is distal to the His bundle (ventricular specialized conduction system) and the proximal site of block is in the AV node. In type 2 gap, both the proximal and the distal sites of conduction block are within the ventricular specialized conduction system. Using His bundle recordings and atrial extra-stimulus techniques in man, we observed three previously undescribed types of gaps between (1) the AV node (distal) and the atrium (proximal), (2) the His bundle (distal) and the AV node (proximal), and (3) the ventricular specialized conduction system or a bundle branch (distal) and the His bundle (proximal). The delays at the His bundle in the second and third types of gaps seen in this study were demonstrated as splitting of His bundle potentials. Gaps between the AV node or the His bundle and the ventricular specialized conduction system were more easily demonstrated at long cycle lengths, but gaps between the atrium and the AV node were more easily demonstrated at short cycle lengths. Therefore, the previous subdivision of gaps into two types is an oversimplification, because gaps can occur between multiple sites in the conduction system. The gap phenomenon may be potentiated by both long and short cycle lengths; long cycle lengths increase the effective refractory period of a distal site, e.g., the His bundle and the ventricular specialized conduction system, and the short cycle lengths decrease the functional refractory period of a proximal site, e.g., the atrium and the AV node.
Steps toward a cognitive-behavioral model of relaxation

The prevailing model of relaxation posits a generalized state of reduced arousal, a position inconsistent with much relaxation research and clinical practice. This paper proposes an alternative model based on cognitive-behavioral principles. It hypothesizes that relaxation training has three effects: (a) reduced arousal, (b) development of cognitive skills of focusing, passivity, and receptivity, and (c) acquisition of increasingly abstract and differentiated cognitive structures supportive of relaxation. According to this perspective, different approaches to relaxation are not interchangeable but have quite different effects. Clinical implications are discussed.
Cognitive effects of dopamine depletion in the context of diminished acetylcholine signaling capacity in mice

A subset of patients with Parkinson’s disease acquires a debilitating dementia characterized by severe cognitive impairments (i.e. Parkinson’s disease dementia; PDD). Brains from PDD patients show extensive cholinergic loss as well as dopamine (DA) depletion. We used a mutant mouse model to directly test whether combined cholinergic and DA depletion leads to a cognitive profile resembling PDD. Mice carrying heterozygous deletion of the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHTHET) show reduced levels of acetylcholine throughout the brain. We achieved bilateral DA depletion in CHTHET and wild-type (WT) littermates via intra-striatal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or used vehicle as control. Executive function and memory were evaluated using rodent versions of cognitive tasks commonly used with human subjects: the set-shifting task and spatial and novel-object recognition paradigms. Our studies revealed impaired acquisition of attentional set in the set-shifting paradigm in WT-6OHDA and CHTHET-vehicle mice that was exacerbated in the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. The object recognition test following a 24-hour delay was also impaired in CHTHET-6OHDA mice compared with all other groups. Treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors physostigmine (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) and donepezil (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) reversed the impaired object recognition of the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. Our data demonstrate an exacerbated cognitive phenotype with dual ACh and DA depletion as compared with either insult alone, with traits analogous to those observed in PDD patients. The results suggest that combined loss of DA and ACh could be sufficient for pathogenesis of specific cognitive deficits in PDD.
Striking A Balance: Female Correctional Officers, Gender Role Stereotypes, and Male Prisons*

This paper examines the strategies developed by female correctional officers to circumvent interactional and organizational barriers to advancement in the traditionally-male work organization of the men's prison. Data for the analysis are drawn from interviews with female officers and other staff in a state department of corrections located in the western United States. In a dramaturgical-like fashion, female officers seeking to advance must moderate–strike a balance–between a series of countervailing negative sex role stereotypes. However, regardless of their success in presenting a “balanced” image at work, female officers experienced stress from their responsibility of accommodating to this predominantly male work environment.
Femoral approach to lead extraction.

Femoral Extraction Laser and radiofrequency energy–assisted lead extraction has greatly facilitated this complex procedure. Although success rates are high, in some instances alternate methods of extraction are required. In this review, we discuss techniques for femoral extraction of implanted leads and retained fragments. The major tools available, including commonly used snares and delivery tools, are discussed. We briefly describe combined internal jugular and femoral venous extraction approaches, as well as complimentary utilization of more than one technique via the femoral vein. Animated and procedural sequences are included to help the reader visualize the key components of these techniques.
Expanded Markers of Success in Introductory University Physics

As part of our Physics Education Research Group efforts to transform the physics instruction at Florida International University (FIU), we have focused attention on how to assess the reforms we implement. In this paper, we argue that the physics education community should expand the ways that it measures students' success beyond grades and conceptual inventory scores to include assessments of students' participation in a learning community and changes in their attitudes. We present case studies of three introductory undergraduate physics students' increasing participation in the physics learning community at FIU, which is a large, urban, Hispanic-serving institution. In previous work, we have reported gains in conceptual learning and attitudes about learning science in those students enrolled in the introductory courses at FIU taught with Modeling Instruction, which operates in a collaborative learning environment [Brewe, E., Kramer, L., & O'Brien, G. (2009). Modeling instruction: Positive attitudinal shi...
Low-Threshold Calcium Currents in Central Nervous System Neurons

The low-threshold calcium current, or T current, has recently been demonstrated with voltage-clamp recordings in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) neurons. It is especially prominent in the soma and dendrites of neurons with robust calcium-dependent burst firing behaviors such as thalamic relay neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Single-channel and macroscopic current behavior have been carefully investigated and kinetic schemes devised to completely describe the activation and inactivation processes. The kinetic properties of T current lead to activation of low-threshold spikes subsequent to transient membrane hyperpolarizations. Putative functional roles for T current include generation of low-threshold spikes that lead to burst firing, promotion of intrinsic oscillatory behavior, boosting of calcium entry, and synaptic potentiation.
Disconnected minds, open minds: White matter correlates of high Openness support a dimensional model of psychosis

An important goal in individual differences research is to develop a deeper understanding of how the brain produces adaptive traits and to examine how such adaptation may become disrupted or dysfunctional. Psychotic-spectrum disorders are one of the most prevalent and well-researched mental illnesses, and increasing attention is being paid to identifying endophenotypes in dimensional models of psychotic spectrum illnesses. Openness is the Big Five personality trait domain that appears most related to the positive symptoms of psychosis; we examined the white matter correlates of Openness in 145 healthy men and women. Findings support our hypothesis that the white matter correlates of Openness overlap substantially with the white matter connectivity patterns typically seen in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These findings provide biological support for the notion that the genetic liability to psychosis is shared across the population, is evident in brain structure, and manifests as normal personality variation at subclinical levels.
Biology and Life History of the Snail-Killing Flies Belonging to the Genus Sciomyza Fallen (Diptera, Sciomyzidae)

All known larvae of Sciomyza species are efficient killers of terrestrial snails of the family Succineidae. Life histories are given in considerable detail for S. aristalis (Coq.) and S. simplex Fallen. The larva of the former is very closely associated in a parasitoid manner with Succinea ovalis Say, a common woodland snail of the northeastern states. The larva of S. simplex is probably more predaceous in its habits, as it readily attacks and destroys several individuals of Oxyloma snails. Some biological-ecological information is presented for S. dryomyzina Zett., but the exact relationships with the snail host are unknown for this and for the fourth Nearctie species, S. varia (Coq.). Keys are given to the adults, and to eggs, third-instar larvae, and puparia of the species for which they are known.
Female Entrepreneurship and Alternative Career Advancement Inside the Firm

Using unique data on mutual funds and hedge funds founded between 1979 and 2005, I assess gender differences in the pursuit of new ventures. Although women transition to entrepreneurship at lower r...
The Metamorphism of Deeper Crust in the Dabie Mountains: as Evidenced by the Study of Granulites near Huilanshan, Luotian

The granulite facies rocks own a wide scattered distribution within the Dabie complex.The late Archean to early Proterozoic intermediate to mafic granulites from Huilanshan and Huantuling, Luo tian County are composed of the following mineral assemblages respectively: 1. Grt + Opx1 + Bi + Kfs + Pl (An20) (intermediate ); 2. Grt +Hbl +Opx+Cpx +Pl (An40) +Ilm (mafic ). The peak granulite factes metamorphic conditions: P is 0. 89-- 1. 04GPa, T is 750--850℃ (intermediate rocks) and P is 0-- 1. 2GPa, T is 771--951℃ (mafic). The depth of their formation is estimated as more than 30 km. Reaction textures including Crd+Qrz symplectites between Grt and Opx and Crd+Bt symplectites penetrating garnet in intermediate granulite suggest that the texture may have been formed via the decompressional retrograde reaction.These symplectites are independent on the regional foliation.The decompressional retrograde metamorphism is esti mated at T=710℃,P=0.68GPa which indicates a nearly adiabatic uplift.Apparentle,the exposed granulite from the deeper source has a long residence history in the lower crust.The uplift and exuhumation is caused by tectonic events of later stage.
Analysis of monitoring results of pupils HBsAg in qilihe district from 2006 to 2009

Objective:To understand pupils hepatitis B virus infection in Qilihe district from 2006 to 2009, for the relevant departments to develop effective prevention measures to provide a scientific basis.Methods:GICA note(GICA) and other methods for detection of HBsAg.Results:2006-2009 urban-positive rates were 0.48%,0.44%,0.33% and 0.51%.Conclusion:The primary Qilihe District HBsAg positive rate of hepatitis B in general slightly increased area to strengthen primary prevention efforts to reduce hepatitis B infection also need to be further strengthened.
Measuring Gas Exchange of Plants in the Wet Tropics

Nearly all types of gas-exchange devices produce accurate results given adequate precautions, but devices differ greatly in expense, portability, range of parameters measured, sample handling capacity, and experience required for accurate measurements. No single device represents the best solution for all gas-exchange problems.
Survey on swarm intelligence based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: An extensive study

Swarm Intelligence techniques have been widely used in the science and engineer domains such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It is a relatively novel and promising field, focusing on the adaptation of collective behaviors of various natural creatures like ants, fish, birds, and honey bees, and a large number of routing protocols for WSNs have been developed according to the inspiration from the foraging behaviors of these species. In this paper, we first discuss the general principle of swarm intelligence and survey the research efforts on these SI based protocols according to various promising meta-heuristics. In the second part of the paper, we present the properties of termite colony optimization and fission-fusion social structure based spider monkey optimization based clustering in WSNs. Last, we conclude the paper with a comparative analysis, pointing out the fundamental issues and potential future directions.
Interventions that May Increase Cerebral Blood Flow

The logic of treating vascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline in aging individuals has already shown some success in preliminary population-based studies. This strategy is based on the fact that most persons at age 60 already show about 20 % less cerebral blood flow than at age 20, and adding an extra burden to this blood flow drop via conditions known to reduce brain perfusion will likely accelerate cognitive failure. However, by treating or managing vascular risk factors (Figs. 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3), considerable help in preventing the cerebral blood flow to drop to a critical level may be able to be forestalled. But, what happens when treating or managing vascular risk factors does not work?
A Real-Time Image Processing Language?

Real-time image processing is widely used in multi-media systems, virtual reality and simulation, and remote command and control. Unfortunately, there is no standard language to support image processing in a real-time framework. Moreover, it is unwise to assume that other real-time programming languages can support the specialized needs of image processing.
Diversity and Dance: Exploring the Therapeutic Implications of World Dance

ABSTRACTThis phenomenological study examined the potential power of world dance as a therapeutic tool. The lived experiences of adult females (N = 16) were explored to understand the purposive essence of dance and subsequent benefits to mental health. Findings revealed 15 themes in total: 11 themes highlighted potential benefits of world dance, such as social support and stress relief, and four themes noted potential obstacles to using world dance as a therapeutic tool, such as access or finances. Implications for using world dance within creative counseling practice are provided.
Destruction of Food Spoilage, Indicator and Pathogenic Organisms by Various Germicides in Solution and on a Stainless Steel Surface1

Representative food spoilage, indicator, and pathogenic organisms were exposed to newly developed imported iodophors and widely used representative domestic germicides that included iodophors. The organisms used in these experiments included Salmonella derby, Escherichia coli, yeast of the genus Candida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus lactis, and spore of Bacillus licheniformis. Results of the germicide experiments showed generally similar effectiveness by iodophor and hypochlorite. Both were superior to the quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) when used at much lower concentrations (12.5 and 25 for the halogens and 50 and 200 ppm for the QAC). The iodophors exhibited a consistently greater rate of destruction of yeast cells than the hypochlorite when low concentrations of germicide were used. A procedure to more closely simulate actual use of germicides in food and dairy industries also was employed in this study. Special polished metal strips were inoculated with organisms a...
Soil Moisture Data Assimilation

Soil moisture plays an important role in the global to regional water and energy cycle, as it controls the partitioning of water and radiation into runoff, evaporation and infiltration at the land-atmosphere interface. Soil moisture information can be obtained through in situ observations, land surface models and remote-sensing retrievals. This chapter reviews the capability of land data assimilation systems to merge observations (either in situ or remotely sensed) with the spatially and temporally complete information from land surface models, in order to provide an improved dynamic representation of surface and root-zone soil moisture . Among the different data assimilation techniques, the ensemble Kalman Filter and variational methods are becoming the methods of choice for large-scale soil moisture data assimilation . The improvement in soil moisture estimation via data assimilation largely depends on the quality of the land surface model meteorological forcings. Since precipitation is the major driver for soil moisture, uncertainty in precipitation affects the efficiency of assimilating soil moisture observations most profoundly. Data assimilation systems have also been demonstrated to be extremely valuable for downscaling coarser resolution satellite brightness temperature observations in order to produce higher resolution soil moisture estimates. Skill metrics for evaluating the improvement in soil moisture estimates via land data assimilation is also maturing. Besides biases and root mean square errors, common metrics to evaluate data assimilation are the anomaly correlation coefficient, the exceedance and uncertainty ratios and rank histograms.
Improving the Success of Reentry Programs: Identifying the Impact of Service–Need Fit on Recidivism

Returning citizens face significant barriers to reintegration after incarceration, yet evidence for the effectiveness of reentry programs is limited. A possible explanation is the lack of specificity in matching services to individuals’ unique risk and need profiles. To assess the impact of this “service–need fit” on both self-reported and official recidivism, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) evaluation using propensity score modeling and logistic regression. Increased fit was significantly associated with reduced recidivism for both types of outcome. We also found that fewer than half of the participants received the services they said they needed. Our findings are based on self-reported needs and services rather than clinical risk assessments. However, service–need fit appears to be an important determinant of successful reentry. Future research should focus on optimizing the combination and tailoring of services and integrating p...