cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics Between High School Cross-Country and Young Adult Recreational Runners.

# Background While previous research has assessed running kinematics for age-related differences that could increase the risk of a running-related injury, none of these studies have included high school aged runners or assessed running kinematics using 2-dimensional video analysis. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare sagittal plane kinematics during treadmill running in high school cross-country and young adult recreational runners using 2-dimensional motion analysis techniques. # Methods Twenty-five high school cross-country runners (13 women, 12 men) and 25 young adult recreational runners (12 women, 13 men) consented to participate in this study. Reflective markers were placed on each lower extremity over multiple anatomical landmarks. After a five-minute acclimation period in which the participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred running speed, video data were recorded at 240 frames per second for all participants while they continued to run on the treadmill. # Results There were no significant differences between left and right extremities. The young adult recreational runners exhibited significantly greater vertical excursion of the center of mass (*t* = 4.64, p = .0001) compared to the high school runners. There was no significant difference between the two age groups regarding the six other sagittal plane variables. # Conclusions The young adult recreational runners demonstrated an increased center-of-mass vertical excursion in comparison to high school cross-country runners. In addition, the results obtained in this study for kinematic variables using 2-dimensional motion analysis were similar to previously reported studies using 3-dimensional motion analysis, demonstrating that 2-dimensional motion analysis could be used for analyzing sagittal plane running kinematics in clinical settings. # Level of Evidence 4, Controlled laboratory study
Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: Elucidating Radical Cation Mechanisms and the Interplay between Cyclization and Second Oxidation Steps

Anodic olefin coupling reactions generate new bonds and ring skeletons through a net two electron process that reverses the polarity of a known, electron-rich functional group. While much of the early work on the mechanism of these reactions focused on the initial oxidation and cyclization steps of the process, the second oxidation step also plays a central role in determining the success of the reaction. Evidence supporting this observation is presented, along with evidence that optimization of this second oxidation step is not enough to pull a poor cyclization to the desired product. Successful cyclization reactions require optimization of both processes.
Nonlinear Functional Network Connectivity In Resting fMRI Data

In this work, we focus on explicitly nonlinear relationships in functional networks. We introduce a technique using normalized mutual information (MI), that calculates the nonlinear correlation between different brain regions. We demonstrate our proposed approach using simulated data, then apply it to a dataset previously studied in (Damaraju et al., 2014). This resting-state fMRI data included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We first decomposed these data using group independent component analysis (ICA) and yielded 47 functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. Our analysis showed a modularized 2 nonlinear relationship among brain functional networks that was particularly noticeable in the sensory and visual cortex. Interestingly, the modularity appears both meaningful and distinct from that revealed by the linear approach. Group analysis identified significant differences in nonlinear dependencies between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls particularly in visual cortex, with controls showing more nonlinearity in most cases. Certain domains, including cognitive control, and default mode, appeared much less nonlinear, whereas links between the visual and other domains showed evidence of substantial nonlinear and modular properties. Overall, these results suggest that quantifying nonlinear dependencies of functional connectivity may provide a complementary and potentially important tool for studying brain function by exposing relevant variation that is typically ignored. Further, we propose a method that captures both linear and nonlinear effects in a 9boosted9 approach. This method increases the sensitivity to group differences in comparison to the standard linear approach, at the cost of being unable to separate linear and nonlinear effects.
Assessment and Patterns of Early Cognitive Function in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (5321)

Objective: To determine assessment feasibility and patterns associated with post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) early cognitive changes. Background: The association between ICH and long-term cognitive decline has been well established. However, little is known regarding early assessment feasibility and patterns associated with early cognitive changes. Design/Methods: Primary ICH patients were enrolled and followed for 90-days post-discharge. Cognitive status was assessed by trained study staff using the short telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) during inpatient stay and at day-90. The short telephone MoCA is an abbreviated 12-point MoCA that has been validated in stroke patients. We used descriptive statistics and regression models to describe feasibility and determine factors and patterns associated with cognitive performance as assessed by MoCA. Results: Of the patients in which assessment was attempted, 314 (32.11%) were able to complete inpatient MoCA (n= 978) and 245 (33.61%) completed day-90 (n= 729). In our cohort, extraventricular drain placement (p= 0.009), higher ICH score (p= 0.001), higher NIHSS score (p= 0.008), lower GCS score (p= 0.013), history of hypertension (p= 0.008), and lower premorbid modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (p= 0.013) were independently associated with poorer acute cognitive performance as indicated by inpatient MoCA. In addition, the average MoCA score significantly increased by 1.02 points (p= 0.0001) by day-90 in our matched patient population (n= 161). Day-90 cognitive performance was also directly associated with both quality of life (as assessed by EuroQoL-5D) and functional status (as determined by mRS). Conclusions: Cognitive assessment in ICH patients using the short telephone MoCA is feasible in approximately one third of ICH patients during inpatient stay and at day-90. While association with long-term cognitive decline has been established, our data indicates cognitive improvement within the first 90-days post-ICH. Further investigation is warranted to determine best practices for establishing post-ICH baseline cognitive status. Disclosure: Dr. Meeks has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bambhroliya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alex has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chapman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vahidy has nothing to disclose.
Predictors of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction After Conventional Repair for Patients with Interrupted Aortic Arch or Coarctation of the Aorta, Combined with Ventricular Septal Defect: A Single-Center Experience.

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) affects survival and reoperation rates after surgical treatment of patients with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) or coarctation of the aorta (CoA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD). The aim of the study was to determine predictors of LVOTO and to evaluate the relationship between aortic valve (AoV) morphology and the re-intervention rate. Retrospective review of patients, who underwent a conventional repair for IAA/CoA with VSD at a tertiary referral center between 1996 and 2017. The preoperative demographic data as well as pre- and post-operative echocardiographic parameters and re-interventions were reviewed. In the median follow-up of 8.3 years (range of 6.15–10.27) 5 patients (11.9%) from a total of 47 patients included in the study presented with a significant LVOTO. Four of them required reoperation after median period of 2.3 years (range of 0.3–7.9) after the initial surgery. Multivariable logistic regression identified AoV z-score (OR 0.44, p = 0.017) as predictor of LVOTO. The mean AoV z-score before the primary repair was significantly smaller in those with LVOTO as compared to those with unobstructed flow from the LV (− 3.58 ± 1.96 vs. − 1.44 ± 1.55; p = 0.0016). At 1-year follow-up, both groups showed an increase in the AoV z-score (p = 0.98). The re-intervention rate after primary repair (both surgical procedures and percutaneous interventions), either for LVOTO or reCoA, was higher in patients with AoV z-score ≤ − 3 (p = 0.007 vs. p = 0.46) and those, whose aortic annulus was less or equal than patient’s weight (kg) + 1.5 mm as compared to those with larger aortic annulus (p = 0.03 vs. p = 0.16). In patients after surgical treatment of IAA/CoA with VSD, the AoV z-score at diagnosis is a significant risk factor for reoperation for LVOTO. With age, AoV growth and z-score improvement is expected. Small AoV at diagnosis is correlated with increased rate of re-intervention for LVOTO and reCoA.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in the Protein Biochemistry Lab: From Characterization of Cell Cycle Regulators to the Quest for Novel Antibiotics

For decades, direct covalent analysis was the only way to get the full primary structure of a protein, a tedious task involving several digests and exhaustive analysis [1]. More recently, this process has been accelerated by the use of limited sequence information to assist in cloning of the corresponding genes [2, 3]. Cloned DNA can be readily analyzed and the entire protein primary structure deduced. With a large number of genes sequenced and repositories rapidly expanding [4, 5], partial protein sequences have also allowed, with increasing frequency, matching biological function (or regulation) to a specific database entry [6, 7, 8]. The focus of protein sequencing has therefore again shifted to questions of protein associations in the cell. After discovery of one or more components of a functional complex (in signal transduction, cell cycle and differentiation, and vesicle targeting, among other processes), the question typically arises with which other proteins they might interact [9, 10, 11]. Since many of the targets are only available in minute quantities, it is imperative that analytical studies be carried out at the highest levels of sensitivity. Such pioneering applications challenge scientists and engineers, and drive technical developments. Frequently, multi-analytical approaches are taken to maximize accuracy. In this regard, it has been long foretold that mass spectrometry would attain a very prominent role in the protein chemistry lab.
Infection of B Cell-Deficient Mice with CDC 1551, a Clinical Isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Delay in Dissemination and Development of Lung Pathology

Long-term survival of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent upon IFN-gamma and T cells, but events in early phases of the immune response are not well understood. In this study, we describe a role for B cells during early immune responses to infection with a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis (CDC 1551). Following a low-dose infection with M. tuberculosis CDC 1551, similar numbers of bacteria were detected in the lungs of both B cell knockout (IgH 6-, BKO) and C57BL/6J (wild-type) mice. However, despite comparable bacterial loads in the lungs, less severe pulmonary granuloma formation and delayed dissemination of bacteria from lungs to peripheral organs were observed in BKO mice. BKO mice reconstituted with naive B cells, but not those given M. tuberculosis-specific Abs, before infection developed pulmonary granulomas and dissemination patterns similar to wild-type animals. Further analysis of lung cell populations revealed greater numbers of lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in wild-type and reconstituted mice than in BKO mice. Thus, less severe lesion formation and delayed dissemination of bacteria found in BKO mice were dependent on B cells, not Abs, and were associated with altered cellular infiltrate to the lungs. These observations demonstrate an important, previously unappreciated, role for B cells during early immune responses to M. tuberculosis infections.
Convex Risk Minimization to Infer Networks from probabilistic diffusion data at multiple scales

SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered) is a general and widely-used diffusion model that can model the diffusion in different contexts such as idea spreading and disease propagation. Here, we tackle the problem of inferring graph edges if we can only observe a SEIR diffusion process spreading over the nodes of a graph. This problem is of importance in the common case where node states can be estimated with less cost than the edges can be found. Some applications include inferring a contact network from disease spread data, inferring a reference network from idea spreading, or estimating influenza diffusion rates between U.S. states. We improve upon the existing approaches for this problem in three ways: (1) we assume we are provided only with the probabilistic information about the state of each node which may also be undersampled or incomplete; (2) we present a more general framework that better uses trace data to model edge non-existence under SEIR model; (3) we can infer the network at both micro and macro scales. Experiments on both real and synthetic data show that our method is accurate under these challenging cases at multiple scales, and it performs consistently better than the existing methods. For instance, we can infer a high school human contact network at microscale by tracking influenza diffusion almost 10% better than the existing methods as well as the estimated networks closely mimick the full range of properties of the true network. We also estimated the strength of the influenza diffusion between and inside the U.S. states from Google Flu Trends data at macroscale. Estimated rates are correlated with the human transportation rates between the states to a certain degree, and we gain interesting insight into the influenza diffusion in U.S. such as the importance of the less populous states in epidemics as well as the asymmetric influenza diffusion between U.S. states.
Congenital hemihypertrophy. Review of the literature and report of a case with special emphasis on oral manifestations.

Since its original description by Meckel in 1822, approximately 135 cases of congenital hemihypertrophy have been reported. Other names under which the condition has been noted include Curtius syndrome, Steiner syndrome, hemigigantism, hemimacrosomia, and partial gigantism. Congenital hemihypertrophy may range from enlargement of a single digit to an entire half of the body. Single or multiple systems may be involved and the condition may be segmented, unilateral, or crossed. Special emphasis on the oral findings in this condition is warranted since many of the distinguishing features of congenital hemihypertrophy are manifested in the orofacial region. The unilateral hypertrophic enlargement of the teeth, alveolar bone, tongue, and oral mucosa, all of which end abruptly at the midline, may aid in establishing a diagnosis of congenital hemihypertrophy.
A complex array of double-stranded and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins mediates induction of the ovalbumin gene by steroid hormones

Abstract The transcriptional induction of the chicken ovalbumin gene by steroid hormones is abolished by inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide, suggesting that a labile protein mediates this process. A steroid-dependent regulatory element (SDRE) has been identified in the 5'-flanking region of the gene between -900 and -780 that is required for induction by steroids. Additional transfection experiments limit the 5'-border of the SDRE to the region between -892 and -864. To investigate whether any of the proteins binding to the SDRE are affected by estrogen or cycloheximide, protein binding was investigated using DNase I and exonuclease III footprinting and gel mobility shift assays. These experiments demonstrate that labile proteins bind to the sequences between -900 and -860 and between -810 and -820. Four oviduct nuclear proteins, including one of the labile proteins, binding to the SDRE prefer single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a sequence-specific manner. The binding activity of three of these ssDNA-binding proteins is increased in oviduct nuclear protein extracts from estrogen-treated chicks. These data suggest that induction of the ovalbumin gene is mediated by a complex collection of ssDNA- and double-stranded DNA-binding proteins whose activities are in turn regulated by their short half-lives or by estrogen.
Nonurolithic Causes of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction

Urolithiasis is the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction prompting patients to urgently seek medical attention. Other etiologies capable of causing upper urinary obstruction are less common but may present similarly to stones. Healthcare providers must be aware of less common causes of obstruction to expedite proper patient evaluation and treatment. Etiologies other than stones often have a more chronic presentation and clues to making the correct diagnosis can often found by taking a thorough patient history. Causes of upper urinary tract obstruction other than stones will be described and the initial treatment for each condition outlined in this chapter.
Nonlinear development of instabilities in supersonic vortex sheets I. The basic kink modes

Abstract Classical linearized stability analysis predicts (neutral) stability of supersonic vortex sheets for compressible flow with normalized Mach numbers, M > √2, while recent detailed numerical simulations by Woodward indicate the nonlinear development of instabilities for M > √2 through the development and interaction of propagating kink modes in the slip-stream. These kink modes are discontinuities in the slip-stream bracked by shock waves and rarefaction waves which grow self-similarly in time. In this paper, the apparent paradox is resolved by developing appropriate small amplitude high frequency nonlinear time-dependent asymptotic perturbed solutions which yield the response to a very small amplitude nonlinear planar sound wave incident on the vortex sheet. The analysis leads to three specific angles of incidence depending on M > √2 where nonlinear resonance occurs. For these three special resonant angles of incidence the perturbation expansions automatically yield simplified equations. These equations involve an appropriate Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the perturbed vortex sheet location; the derivative of the solution of this Hamilton-Jacobi equation provides boundary data for two nonlinear Burgers transport equations for the sound wave emanating from the two sides of the vortex sheet. These equations are readily solved exactly and lead to the quantitative time-dependent nonlinear development of three different types of kink modes with a structure similar to that observed by Woodward.
Symmetric Functions and Random Partitions

These axe notes from the lectures I gave at the NATO ASI “Symmetric Functions 2001” at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge (June 25 — July 6, 2001). Their goal is an informal introduction to asymptotic combinatorics related to partitions
A Quantum Theory of the Mind-Brain Interface

Advances in science often unify conceptually things previously thought to be unconnected. Thus Newtonian mechanics unified our understanding of stellar and terrestial motions, and Maxwell’s theory unified our understanding of electromagnetic phenomena and light. Einstein’s special theory of relativity unified our concepts of space and time, and his general theory unified our conceptions of spacetime and gravity. My thesis here is that the integration of consciousness into science requires considering together two outstanding fundamental problems in contemporary science, namely the problem of the connection between mind and brain, and the problem of measurement in quantum theory.
An Investigation of Women’s Early Career Experiences in the Textile and Apparel Industries

The experiences of female graduates of textile and apparel programs in the early stages of their industry careers were examined using two methods: (1) a questionnaire completed by textile and apparel companies, and (2) interviews with women employed in industry jobs for < 5 years. The questionnaire results revealed that the number of female employees was highest in wage/staff and midlevel positions and the number of male employees was highest in salaried and high-level positions. Interview data showed that participants had a high level of job satisfaction and valued the knowledge gained by acquiring a degree in textiles and apparel. About half of the participants found their first full-time job through internships. Others said that informal networking led to their first job. Participants stressed the importance of understanding “politics” in the workplace. Those in smaller companies reported assuming greater responsibilities and having more freedom to make decisions.
A New Kuznetsian Dynamic: The Knowledge Economy and Income Inequality in the United States, 1917–2008

The rise of the knowledge economy resulted in higher levels of income inequality in the United States and forced many to question the Kuznets Inverted-U hypothesis. However, this study argues that the establishment of a knowledge economy does not negate the importance of employment shifts for income inequality. Instead, the expansion of knowledge employment alters the major sectors that are responsible for the overall distribution of income. To this end, this article presents the key argument that the current service–knowledge transition impacts income inequality trends, of today, in a way that is similar to the agricultural–industrial transition, of the past. According to the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity regressions, the agricultural–industrial transition returns stronger associations with income inequality in the United States before 1950. The agricultural–industrial transition's impact diminishes thereafter as the service–knowledge transition shares a more robust association with income inequality after 1980.
Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects

BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
In Vivo Complementation of Complex I by the Yeast Ndi1 Enzyme POSSIBLE APPLICATION FOR TREATMENT OF PARKINSON DISEASE

Recent studies suggest that dysfunction of the NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is associated with a number of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease. We have shown previously that the single subunit rotenone-insensitive NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (Ndi1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria can restore NADH oxidation in complex I-deficient mammalian cells. The Ndi1 enzyme is insensitive to complex I inhibitors such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, known as a metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To test the possible use of the NDI1 gene as a therapeutic agent in vivo, we chose a mouse model of Parkinson disease. The NDI1-recombinant adeno-associated virus particles (rAAV-NDI1) were injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of mice. The animals were then subjected to treatment with MPTP. The degree of neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system was assessed immunohistochemically through the analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. It was evident that the substantia nigra neurons on the side used for injection of rAAV-NDI1 retained a high level of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, and the ipsilateral striatum exhibited significantly less denervation than the contralateral striatum. Furthermore, striatal concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites in the hemisphere that received rAAV-NDI1 were substantially higher than those of the untreated hemisphere, reaching more than 50% of the normal levels. These results indicate that the expressed Ndi1 protein elicits resistance to MPTP-induced neuronal injury. The present study is the first successful demonstration of complementation of complex I by the Ndi1 enzyme in animals.
Dosing strategy to allow continued therapy with daptomycin after asymptomatic increases in creatine kinase levels

Purpose A case series in which a novel dosing strategy for managing mild, asymptomatic creatine kinase (CK) increases associated with daptomycin therapy is presented. Summary Eight patients received a mean daptomycin dosage of 7.75 mg/kg/day for a median duration of 42 days. Seven of the eight patients were being treated for a bone and joint infection, and all but one had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . All patients had asymptomatic increases in CK concentrations during daptomycin therapy (peak range, 400–1200 IU/L). A single daptomycin dose was withheld from each patient, and therapy was resumed 24 hours later, most often at the same dosage. The elevated CK values in these patients resolved, and all patients were able to complete daptomycin therapy without further increases in CK elevations. These findings indicate that withholding one dose of daptomycin during treatment may allow patients with asymptomatic, elevated CK concentrations to continue therapy with CK level normalization. Although the mechanism of daptomycin-mediated muscle injury is not fully understood, a reduction in daptomycin exposure via a one-dose cessation of therapy may allow for physiological restoration of sarcolemma membrane integrity that may be disrupted by daptomycin in individuals exhibiting CK elevation. Conclusion A single daptomycin dose was withheld from eight patients with asymptomatic increases in serum CK concentrations, then daptomycin therapy was resumed 24 hours later, most often at the previous dosage. The CK concentrations returned to normal, and all patients were able to complete daptomycin therapy without further increases in CK concentrations.
The spleen: Diagnosis of splenic diseases using radiolabeled tracers

The coupling of hematologic data with radionuclide studies of the spleen has provided information as to the functioning of the organ in a variety of disease states. The major radionuclide studies have been presented in terms of the type of information derivable and the various conditions that can result in fairly similar image presentations. By utilizing the imaging results in conjunction with other available data, a more coherent view emerges of the role of the spleen.
Castration decreases olfactory bulb norepinephrine in male rats but not hamsters.

Summary Norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were measured in the olfactory bulbs and olfactory cortex of male albino rats and golden hamsters sacrificed 13–16 days after castration or sham surgery. Castration significantly decreased NE concentrations in the olfactory bulbs of rats but not hamsters. Castration had no significant influence on NE levels in the olfactory cortex of either species. Regional brain weights were not influenced by surgery, and previous olfactory exposure had no significant effect on any variable measured. The decrease in rat olfactory bulb NE levels may be involved in castration-induced changes in preferences for conspecific odors.
Utilization of screening mammography in New Hampshire: a population-based assessment.

BACKGROUND The objective of screening mammography is to identify breast carcinoma early, which requires routine screening. Although self-report data indicate that screening utilization is high, the results of this population-based assessment indicated that utilization is lower than reported previously. METHODS The authors compared New Hampshire population data from the 2000 Census with clinical encounter data for the corresponding time obtained from the New Hampshire Mammography Network, a mammography registry that captures approximately 90% of the mammograms performed in participating New Hampshire facilities. RESULTS The results showed that approximately 36% of New Hampshire women either never had a mammogram or had not had a mammogram in > 27 months (irregular screenees), and older women (80 yrs and older) were less likely to be screened (79% unscreened/underscreened) compared with younger women (ages 40–69 yrs; 28–32% unscreened/underscreened). Of the screened women, 44% were adhering to an interval of 14 months, and 21% were adhering within 15 months and 26 months. The remaining 35% of the women had 1 or 2 mammograms and did not return within 27 months. CONCLUSIONS Routine mammography screening may be occurring less often than believed when survey data alone are used. An important, compelling concern is the reason women had one or two mammograms only and then did not return for additional screening. This area deserves additional research. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The relationship between product and international diversification: the effects of short-run constraints and endogeneity

We examine the relationship between growth along the product and international dimension in the short run. We argue that while the presence of fungible intangible resources and economies of scope may create opportunities for a firm to expand along both dimensions, the effect of short- run constraints may lead to a trade-off and a negative association between the two dimensions. In addition, we suggest that rather than being independent, decisions concerning the extent of growth along the two dimensions are likely to be made simultaneously and endogenously by firms after taking into consideration the availability of various resources. We test these propositions by observing a sample of 1,299 firms over the period of 1993–1997. Our results show strong evidence of endogeneity and a negative association between growth along the two dimensions. These findings provide important support for theories of firm growth that have long held that firms are limited in the number of opportunities they can exploit in the short run by various constraints. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of stillbirth from occupational and residential exposures.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the risk of stillbirth from 12 residential and occupational maternal exposures during pregnancy. METHODS: Stillbirths and neonatal deaths in 1984 within 24 hours of birth from 10 California counties were identified from death certificates. Controls were randomly selected from live births born in 1984 and frequency matched to cases by maternal age and county. Data sources included vital statistics and a self-administered postal questionnaire. Logistic regression and proportional hazards modelling were performed; the proportional hazards considered the truncated opportunity for exposure among cases. Special focus was given to two cause of deaths groups: congenital anomalies (12% of deaths) and complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (37% of deaths). RESULTS: Occupational exposure to pesticides during the first two months of gestation was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0 to 5.9), and during the first and second trimesters with stillbirths due to all causes of death (risk ratios (RR) 1.3-1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) and stillbirths due to complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (RR 1.6-1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3). Occupational exposure to video display terminals in the third trimester was found to have a modest inverse association with stillbirths (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6, 0.9). Home pesticide exposure was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to pesticides, especially during early pregnancy, had a clear positive association with stillbirths regardless of cause of death. Methodologically, this study of stillbirths is unique in its analysis of specific causes of death and use of time specific exposure windows.
A HIGH-RESOLUTION EULER SOLVER

In an earlier paper, an O(N) method for the computation of stationary solutions to the Euler equations of inviscid compressible gas dynamics has been described. The method is a variant of the multigrid technique and is able to provide good convergence rates for first-order upwind discretisations even in the case of alignment, the flow being aligned with the grid. Here we discuss the application of this scheme to higherorder discretisations. Two-level analysis for the linear constant-coefficient case has shown that it is difficult or impossible to obtain uniformly good convergence rates for a higher-order scheme, due to waves perpendicular to stream lines. The defect correction technique suffers from the same problem. However, convergence to a point where the residual of the total error (the sum of the iteration error and the discretisation error) is of the order of the truncation error can be obtained in about 7 defect correction cycles, according to estimates for the linear constant-coefficient equations. Here this result is explored for the nonlinear case by some illustrative numerical experiments. b
The Health Consequences of Relocation among the Aged in the Community.

A review of the literature of health consequences of relocation among the aged indicates that there may be substantial differences due to (a) the type of housing environment the individual enters and (b) the degree of voluntarism associated with the move. Recognizing the need for research on this subject among the aged moving within the community at large, this study utilizes longitudinal data from a national sample of older people to examine how moving affects health. Using several measures of health status, the findings indicate that moving adversely affects the health and daily functioning of older people in the community. In addition, the deleterious effects of moving on personal health exist whether the move is voluntary or involuntary. Based on the review of the literature and the findings of this study, it is suggested that the benign effects of older people's moving into senior housing facilities is due to the prevalence of physical and social supports in such settings.
Challenges in building partner capacity: Civil–military relations in the United States and new democracies

The main emphasis in US security assistance is ‘building partner capacity’. To understand prospects for building capacity implies knowledge of the security sector, including the armed forces and also national police and intelligence agencies. The scholarly sub-discipline that should be useful for analysis of a nation's use of armed forces is civil–military relations as it ostensibly directs attention to when and how civilians choose to utilize their nation's armed forces. The goal in this article is to further refine the field of civil–military relations by focusing attention on two main concepts – democratic civilian control and strategy – and discussing their relevance in the context of building partner capacity.
Completely passive natural convection

We show that a unique, nontrivial, natural convection state exists under the Boussinesq approximation and completely passive boundary conditions.
Effects of spatially heterogeneous porosity on matrix diffusion as investigated by X-ray absorption imaging

Abstract High-resolution X-ray absorption imaging was used to investigate the effects of spatially heterogeneous porosity on matrix diffusion. Experiments were performed on four, centimeter-scale slabs of Culebra dolomite taken from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site. These tests involved the diffusion of potassium iodide into a single edge of each brine-saturated rock slab, while X-ray absorption imaging was used to measure the two-dimensional relative concentration distribution at different times during the experiment. X-ray imaging was also used to measure the heterogeneous, two-dimensional porosity distribution of each rock slab. The resulting high-resolution data provide unique insight into the spatially varying diffusion characteristics of each heterogeneous rock sample, which traditional methods such as through-diffusion experiments cannot. In these tests, significant variations in the diffusion coefficient were calculated over the relatively small length (centimeter) and time scales (months) investigated. Results also indicated that these variations were related to the heterogeneous porosity characteristics of each rock sample. Not only were the diffusion coefficients found to depend on the magnitude of the porosity but also on its spatial distribution. Specifically, the geometry, position, and orientation of the heterogeneous porosity features populating each rock slab appeared to influence the diffusion characteristics.
Generalized Energy and Potential Enstrophy Conserving Finite Difference Schemes for the Shallow Water Equations

The conditions under which finite difference schemes for the shallow water equations can conserve both total energy and potential enstrophy are considered. A method of deriving such schemes using operator formalism is developed. Several such schemes are derived for the A-, B- and C-grids. The derived schemes include second-order schemes and pseudo-fourth-order schemes. The simplest B-grid pseudo-fourth-order schemes are presented.
An Introduction to Modern Matrix Methods and Statistics

The singular value decomposition of a matrix and the Moore-Penrose inverse of a matrix play significant roles in mathematical statistics. In the statistical areas of analysis of variance, regression, and ridge regression these two matrix characteristics are used to treat the development, properties, and computations. Even the one standard statistical computer package, SAS, that includes a generalized inverse routine (in its PROC MATRIX) states it is based on the singular value decomposition of a matrix. In the early 1970's the research on this subject yielded several texts that treat the mathematics and its application to statistics in some depth and detail. Among these are Albert (1972), Ben-Israel and Greville (1974), Graybill (1976), Lawson and Hanson (1974), Pringle and Raynor (1971), Rao and Mitra (1971), Rao (1975), Schmidt (1976), and Searle (1971). Generally, however, considerable linear algebra is required before the mathematics is related to statistical use. Since the statistics teacher, and possibly the practitioner, may find useful a concise derivation of the matrix and statistical relationships, this article is written. Two properties of matrices beyond such basic ones as products and inverses are required. The first is that if A is n x p of rank r then it can be factored as BC, in which B is n x r of full column rank and C is r x p of full row rank. Also, for any symmetric matrix A there is an orthogonal matrix P such that P'AP is diagonal. Factoring A into BC is discussed in Rao (1975) and Searle (1966). It is also easily shown from the row reduction form of A, as developed by Noble (1969). That is, a nonsingular matrix E will exist such that EA is in row echelon form. It will then be possible to multiply on the right by a nonsingular matrix F so that EAF= (I ?). Writing E= (B :R) and F1 = (c), one has A = BC, which is the required factorization. Diagonalization of a symmetric matrix by an orthogonal matrix is treated by Noble (1969), Rao (1975), and Theil (1971). Noble shows for a real matrix A that an orthogonal matrix P will exist such that P'AP is diagonal if and only if A satisfies the expression A 'A = AA', a condition that obviously holds if A is symmetric.
Surface form Memory in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys by Laser Shock Indentation

An indentation-planarization method for NiTi shape memory alloys has been developed that produces a robust surface topographical memory effect that we call "surface form memory", or SFM. Surface form memory entails reversible transitions between one surface form (flat) and another (say, wavy) that occur on changing temperature. These transitions are cyclically stable and exhibit very high mechanical energy density. Our previous study has demonstrated SFM transitions in NiTi alloys derived from quasistatic (i.e., low strain rate) spherical indents, as well as other geometries. Here, we report on experiments using confined laser ablation to indent a similar martensitic NiTi substrate, but in the dynamical regime (very high strain rate). As in the quasistatic case, subsurface plastic strain gradients are created via martensite twinning reactions, and later by dislocation-mediated slip. The resulting defects and stress fields support the two-way shape memory effect underlying SFM. In the dynamical case however, relative cyclic two-way displacements are found to be significantly larger, when normalized to the initial indent depth, than is the case with quasistatic indentation. This confers certain processing and boundary condition advantages. Analysis of the shock dynamics is found to be consistent with the observed surface displacements.
OT3-01-19: Phase II Study of Topical Imiquimod and Weekly Abraxane for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Cutaneous Metastases.

Background Breast cancer (BC) cutaneous lesions present as local chest wall recurrence or as isolated sites of metastatic disease. The treatment of cutaneous lesions is challenging and includes chest wall resection, local radiation therapy, and/or salvage chemotherapy which is not curative, associated with significant morbidity, and results in overall response rates of 20–30%. Thus, investigation of novel treatment strategies is warranted. This study incorporates multimodality treatment with topical imiquimod, a TLR-7agonist which generates an immune signal similar to that of pathogenic bacteria and Abraxane, a conventional systemic chemotherapy with potential immunostimulatory effects. Combined, these two agents provide local and systemic strategies which are potentially synergistic; and more effective than as single-agents in treating and controlling cutaneous disease. Trial design: A Phase II single arm, non-randomized study. Patients will be sequentially enrolled and receive a maximum of 3 treatment cycles. A treatment cycle consists of topical imiquimod daily to target lesions for 4 days/week for 4 weeks in addition to Abraxane on Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Toxicity will be evaluated weekly during treatment then monthly for four months. Defined lesions are assessed at baseline and monthly. Skin biopsies are obtained pre and post treatment for histologic analysis and RT-PCR analysis of a 7 IFN-related gene signature previously associated with tumor inhibition. Immunity to BC antigens and serum TGF-β levels are also evaluated. Aims: To evaluate the safety and anti-tumor effects of chemoimmunotherapy with topical imiquimod and Abraxane. Eligibility criteria: Patients with progressive or relapsed BC after standard therapy who 1) have measurable cutaneous metastatic lesions, 2) are at least 7 days from last chemotherapy, 30 days from local radiotherapy and/or systemic steroids, 3) have adequate blood counts and 4) no history of active autoimmune disease. Bisphosphonates, trastuzumab, and/or hormonal therapy is allowed. Statistical methods: Antitumor activity of target lesions will be assessed per modified WHO criteria. Complete response (CR)-complete clearance of lesions; Partial response (PR) ≥ 50% decrease in lesion size; Stable disease (SD) Accrual: 10 patients received treatment with a target accrual of 15. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-01-19.
Listening to the Land: Passing the Baton in the Sustainability Relay

Listening to the Land:Passing the Baton in the Sustainability Relay DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i2_box
Collaboration among Small, Community-Based Organizations: Strategies and Challenges in Turbulent Environments

Because of shifts in funding resources and calls for mandated cooperation, small community-based organizations are increasingly engaging in collaborative partnerships. This article focuses on how well collaboration works in practice for small community-based organizations. Existing research suggests that small community-based organizations, because of their informal organizational structures and adapttability, can develop highly effective partnerships. However, such organizations are largely inexperienced at implementing formal partnerships with other groups, leading to a potential for significant conflict. The article presents the case study of three small community-based organizations and illustrates the rather unexpected result that even with high degrees of interagency conflict, collaboration can result in highly effective programmatic outcomes.
Tools of Deliberation: Exploring the Complexity of Learning to Lead Elementary Civics Discussions

Abstract Deliberative discussions are grounded in particular conceptions of democracy and are intensely difficult to learn to lead. This study uses a sociocultural lens to examine the cases of two elementary school teachers as they worked to foster deliberation in their classrooms. Speech code theory is used to uncover conceptual tools the teachers used as they appropriated the practical tools of deliberation. The practical tools of deliberation seemed to magnify existing (and sometimes conflicting) conceptual tools rather than facilitate the creation of new ones. The study suggests that learning to lead deliberative discussions requires continual attention to both the theory and the form of deliberation. Teachers might productively observe their own developing understanding of deliberation by examining how their students appropriate the practical tools of deliberation.
Cysteine digestive proteinases in Coleoptera

Abstract 1. 1. Proteinase activity from midguts of larvae and adult beetles representing several major coleopteran families was optimal at mildly acidic pH. 2. 2. In many beetles, thiol-reducing agents stimulated proteolysis of [ 3 H]methemoglobin, while alkylating agents strongly inhibited it. 3. 3. E-64, a specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, was a potent inhibitor in most species. 4. 4. In larvae of red flour beetle ( Tribolium castaneum ), Mexican bean beetle ( Epilachna varivestis ), and cowpea weevil ( Callosobruchus maculatus ), the pH of gut contents was in the range 5–7 and exhibited a negative (reducing) redox potential. 5. 5. These observations suggest that cysteine proteinases are commonly used as digestive enzymes in the Coleoptera.