cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Field of Risk Communication

The 40th Anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis presents an apt time to step back and review the field of risk communication. In this review, we first evaluate recent debates over the field's current state and future directions. Our takeaway is that efforts to settle on a single, generic version of what constitutes risk communication will be less productive than an open-minded exploration of the multiple forms that comprise today's vibrant interdisciplinary field. We then review a selection of prominent cognitive, cultural, and social risk communication scholarship appearing in the published literature since 2010. Studies on trust in risk communication messengers continued to figure prominently, while new research directions emerged on the opportunities and critical challenges of enhancing transparency and using social media. Research on message attributes explored how conceptual insights particularly relating to framing, affective and emotional responses, and uncertainty might be operationalized to improve message effectiveness. Studies consistently demonstrated the importance of evaluation and how varying single attributes alone is unlikely to achieve desired results. Research on risk communication audiences advanced on risk perception and multiway engagement with notable interest in personal factors such as gender, race, age, and political orientation. We conclude by arguing that the field's interdisciplinary tradition should be further nurtured to drive the next evolutionary phase of risk communication research.
An exploratory study on helium mobility in amorphous and crystallized bulk metallic glasses

Abstract Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 and Cu60Zr20Hf10Ti10 amorphous and crystallized bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were implanted at room temperature by 150 keV 3He+ ions to fluences of 2 × 1015 cm-2 and 5 × 1015 cm-2, producing peak implanted He concentrations of ~1,100 and 3,500 appm, respectively. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) performed on post-implantation annealed samples at various temperatures between 250 and 600 °C (~0.30 to 0.75 of the absolute melting temperature Tm of the BMGs) revealed no appreciable He migration. Complementary thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) on as-implanted samples, which involved in situ annealing, showed appreciable He release only at temperatures higher than ~700 °C (~0.76-0.90 Tm) in all the samples. Half or more of the implanted He did not desorb up to the maximum investigated TDS annealing temperature of 770 °C (~0.85-0.97 Tm). The lack of pronounced He diffusion up to 600 °C as observed from the NRA and TDS data was attributed to He trapping in free volume sites present in the BMGs, which seems to play a similar role to vacancies in crystalline materials. It was also observed that in both the amorphous and crystallized forms of the Zr BMG, the sample implanted to the lower fluence released more He as compared to the sample implanted with a higher fluence. The crystalline forms of both the Cu and Zr BMGs released more He as compared to their amorphous counterparts.
Bandits in Matching Markets: Ideas and Proposals for Peer Lending.

Motivated by recent applications of sequential decision making in matching markets, in this paper we attempt at formulating and abstracting market designs for P2P lending. We describe a paradigm to set the stage for how peer to peer investments can be conceived from a matching market perspective, especially when both borrower and lender preferences are respected. We model these specialized markets as an optimization problem and consider different utilities for agents on both sides of the market while also understanding the impact of equitable allocations to borrowers. We devise a technique based on sequential decision making that allow the lenders to adjust their choices based on the dynamics of uncertainty from competition over time and that also impacts the rewards in return for their investments. Using simulated experiments we show the dynamics of the regret based on the optimal borrower-lender matching and find that the lender regret depends on the initial preferences set by the lenders which could affect their learning over decision making steps.
Kinetic Study on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose in an Open, Inhibition-Free System.

Due to the complexity of cellulases and the requirement of enzyme adsorption on cellulose prior to reactions, it is difficult to evaluate their reaction with a general mechanistic scheme. Neverthel...
Moving the Needle on Racial Disparity: COVID-19 Vaccine Trust and Hesitancy

Health equity has grown in prominence during the pandemic. Racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and vaccine hesitancy (differences up to 26%) have generated concerns, research, and interventions with less-than-satisfactory results. Two longitudinal national surveys in the U.S. revealed previously overlooked patterns in the changes of COVID-19 vaccination intention across race/ethnicity. While White vaccine acceptance bounced back to the March 2020 level (65%) a year later, minority (except Asians) responses continued to lag and fluctuated with greater volatility. Though Hispanics' refusal aligned more with Blacks, the ratio of Hispanics willing to vaccinate was similar to Whites, even intermittently went above. Further, the magnitude and direction of changes varied by race at specific times (e.g., launch of Operation Warp Speed, reports of high vaccine efficacy in clinical trials or FDA approval), indicating subgroups react differently to events and thus require timely identification of driving factors for dynamic communications to encourage uptake. We also briefly reviewed the historical background of distrust in medicine and health authorities, including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that led to the Belmont Report regulating human subject research and severe adverse reactions from the 1976 mass vaccination against the H1N1 swine flu. These examples, perpetuating inequity in the present healthcare system, and logistical barriers illustrate the contextual complexity and importance of instilling confidence in vaccines among the minority population.
Superior Beings: They May Be Undecidable

It is now time to summarize the copious results that game theory yields when superior beings confront ordinary beings in games (see Appendix). I wish to reiterate that these theoretical results are just that—conceptual guides for thinking about certain religious-theological-philosophical questions but not scientific findings supported by any kind of empirical evidence, even if couched in mathematical language. As I recapitulate the effects of SB’s powers in games, I shall use them as a springboard to discuss what I identified as the “central question” in the first sentence of the Preface of this book: “If there existed a superior being who possessed the supernatural qualities of omniscience, omnipotence, immortality, and incomprehensibility, how would he/she act differently from us, and would these differences be knowable?”
Flexibility of serine protease in nonaqueous solvent

Publisher Summary The protease family of enzymes has long generated considerable interest because of their role in peptide degradation and possibly peptide synthesis. Although many distinct families of serine proteases seem to exist, the two best studied ones are chymotrypsin and subtilisin. In organic solvents, serine proteases are promising catalysts for organic synthesis and the preparation of unusual polymers. Several studies have been reported on serine proteases in aqueous media but only little is known about the dynamics of serine proteases in on-aqueous solvents. This chapter reports the results from a molecular dynamics simulation of the serine protease γ-chymotrypsin (γ-CT) in hexane. The active site of chymotrypsin contains the “catalytic triad” that consists of Ser-His-Asp. γ-CT suspended in nearly anhydrous solvents has been found to be catalytically active. For proteins to retain their activity in anhydrous solvents, some water molecules are required to be present. These “essential waters” have been suggested to function as a molecular lubricant for the protein. Hexane, having a dielectric constant of 1.89, is a suitable nonaqueous solvent for enzymatic reactions. The low dielectric constant of hexane allows it to not compete with the protein for the essential water and allows enzymes to retain their catalytic activity. γ-CT in hexane is thus an ideal system to further explore the effect of non-aqueous solution on protein structure, function, and dynamics. Studies have shown that both hydration and the placement of “essential” water molecules affect the root-mean-square (RMS) deviation, but not RMS fluctuation, of the protein when placed in a non-aqueous environment. As hydration increases, the structural similarities of the protein to the crystal structure increases.
The Radon Transform on Two-Point Homogeneous Spaces

Let X be a complete Riemannian manifold, x a point in X and X x the tangent space to X at x. Let Exp x denote the mapping of X x into X given by Exp x (u) = g u (1), where t → g u (t) is the geodesic in X through x with tangent vector u at x = g u (0).
KSR1 multiprocessor: analysis of latency hiding techniques in a sparse solver

This paper analyzes and evaluates some novel latency hiding features of the KSR1 multiprocessor: prefetch and poststore instructions and automatic updates. As a case study, the authors analyze the performance of an iterative sparse solver which generates irregular communications. They show that automatic updates significantly reduce the amount of communication. Although prefetch and poststore instructions reduce the coherence miss ratios, they do not significantly improve the sparse solver performance due to the overhead in executing these instructions. >
Footprint for an International City: Transportation and Redevelopment

The international city is a complex phenomenon is a constant state of change. By one estimate, there are now 300 "city-regions" with populations of 1 million or greater and at least 20 city-regions with populations of 10 million or greater. This article examines the phenomenon of the emerging international city by looking at selected examples where cities link transportation with significant redevelopment activities and examining the current and future trends in the redevelopment of the international city. A critical aspect of this examination is an assessment of the sustainability of current and planned transportation, and redevelopment activity under way in international cities.
The Effect of Advertorial Format and Copy Length on Attitudes of Female (Target) and Male (Non-Target) Audiences

The use of promotional messages that resemble editorial content is a longstanding practice in advertising, occurring in all major media, from advertorials in newspapers and magazines, to infomercials on television, to, most recently, digital “native” advertising on the internet. However, we have arguably never experienced as much growth in these advertising-editorial “hybrid” messages, as they are sometimes called (Balasubramanian 1994) as we have in recent years, as their use in existing media has grown while new forms have emerged with new media.
Saturation numbers for families of graph subdivisions

For a family of graphs, a graph G is -saturated if G contains no member of as a subgraph, but for any edge in , contains some member of as a subgraph. The minimum number of edges in an -saturated graph of order n is denoted *. A subdivision of a graph H, or an H-subdivision, is a graph G obtained from H by replacing the edges of H with internally disjoint paths of arbitrary length. We let denote the family of H-subdivisions, including H itself. In this paper, we study when H is one of or , obtaining several exact results and bounds. In particular, we determine exactly for and show for n sufficiently large that there exists a constant such that *. For we show that will suffice, and that this can be improved slightly depending on the value of *. We also give an upper bound on for all t and show that *. This provides an interesting contrast to a 1937 result of Wagner (Math Ann, 114 (1937), 570–590), who showed that edge-maximal graphs without a K5-minor have at least edges. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Research supported in part by UCD GK12 project, NSF award no. 0742434. The author acknowledges support of the National Science Foundation through a fellowship funded by the grant “EMSW21-MCTP: Research Experience for Graduate Students” (NSF DMS 08-38434).)
Programmed Cell Death in Plants.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological cell death process involved in the selective elimination of unwanted cells (Ellis et al., 1991). In animals, these unwanted cells include those that have served temporary functions, such as tadpole tail cells at metamorphosis; cells that are overproduced, such as vertebrate neurons; cells that are unwanted or present in inappropriate positions, such as cells between the developing digits and Mullerian duct cells required in females but not males; and cells that die during the process of cell specialization, such as keratinocytes at the surface of the skin (Jacobsen et al., 1997). PCD in specific cell types can also give rise to disease. These cell types include helper T cells, which undergo PCD in AIDS, and selected brain neurons, which die during Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Lou Gehrig’s disease (Duke et al., 1996). Thus, PCD plays an important role in cell and tissue homeostasis and specialization, tissue sculpting, and disease. PCD in Caenorhabditis elegans and other animals depends on the induction and action of specific genes that bring about the controlled disassembly of a cell (Wadewitz and Lockshin, 1988; Ellis et al., 1991). This disassembly involves the condensation, shrinkage, and fragmentation of the cytoplasm and nucleus and the fragmentation of the nuclear DNA into -50-kb and, in some cases, -0.14-kb pieces that represent oligonucleosomes (Cohen, 1993; Eastman et al., 1994). These DNA fragments can be detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) of DNA 3’-OH groups in sections of cells (Gavrieli et al., 1992). When PCD features marginalization of the chromatin in the nucleus, breakage of the cytoplasm and nucleus into small, sealed packets, and processing and fragmentation of the DNA at nucleosome linker sites, the process is termed apoptosis (Cohen, 1993). However, not all PCD involves all of these changes (Schwartz et al., 1993). Many of the proteins responsible for PCD in animal cells have now been identified. Proteases of the interleukin-1 pconverting enzyme (ICE) family bring about cell condensation and shrinkage (Martin and Green, 1995), and endonucleases cause the fragmentation of nuclear DNA (Eastman et al., 1994). The basic leucine zipper transcription factor ces-2 (for
Coupled Finite-Volume Model for 2D Surface and 3D Subsurface Flows

Surface-subsurface interactions are an intrinsic component of the hydrologic response within a watershed; therefore, hydrologic modeling tools should consider these interactions to provide reliable predictions, especially during rainfall-runoff processes. This paper presents a fully implicit coupled model designed for hydrologic evaluation in wetlands, agricultural fields, etc. The model uses the depth-averaged two-dimensional (2D) diffusion wave equation for shallow surface water flow, and the three-dimensional (3D) mixed-form Richards equation for variably saturated subsurface flow. The interactions between surface and subsurface flows are considered via infiltration in dynamic equilibrium. A general framework for coupling the surface and subsurface flow equations is adopted, based on the continuity conditions of pressure head and exchange flux rather than the traditional conductance concept. The diffusion wave surface water equation is used as an upper boundary condition for the initial-boundary value ...
SU‐E‐T‐18: GATE Monte Carlo Simulation in a Cloud Computing Environment

Purpose: The GEANT4‐based GATE is a unique and powerful Monte Carlo (MC) platform, which provides a single code library allowing the simulation of several specific applications, e.g. PET, SPECT, CT, internal and external radiotherapy, and hadron therapy. However, its lengthy computing time hinders its routine use in the clinic. Reducing its computing time is therefore of great importance. Thus, a commercial cloud compute service is well suited for GATE MC simulation, both in terms of cost and efficiency. This study achieves a reliable and efficient execution of GATE MC simulation and provides execution frameworks to end‐users. Methods: The GATE software was ported on a commercial compute cloud environment — Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Simulation data was initially loaded onto the master node, and then distributed among independent worker nodes. The filed output from EC2 was sent down to the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). The results were finally aggregated on the local computer for display and data analysis. The distributed implementation was executed using a photon beam interacting in a 40 cm by 40 cm by 40 cm water phantom and a four‐head SPECT imaging as benchmarks. Results: A cloud computing environment led to increased calculation speed for the cases implemented in this study. The speed increase scaled approximately linearly with the number of nodes used for computing. The output of the cloud‐based GATE MC simulation was identical to that produced by the single‐threaded implementation, and was resilient to hardware failure, indicating the reliability of the cloud computing platform. The user‐friendliness offered by the workflow implementation does not introduce significant overhead. Conclusion: A cloud computing infrastructure has been established for GATE MC simulation. It substantially improves the speed of simulation, and makes rapid MC simulation for imaging/radiotherapy application possible.
Endovascular foreign body retrieval.

Objective The number of endovascular procedures performed is increasing exponentially as technology improves. A serious complication of endovascular therapy is loss of a foreign body in the vasculature. We reviewed our experience and evaluated the cause, management, and outcomes of intravascular foreign body (IVFB) misplacement. Methods We completed a retrospective review of patients who underwent endovascular retrieval of IVFBs between 2005 and 2010. Patients were identified by current procedural terminology code or by our hospital's risk management team. Patients undergoing routine endovascular retrieval of temporary vena cava filters were excluded. Results Twenty-seven IVFBs were identified in 26 patients. Twenty patients were asymptomatic (76.9%). Six patients were symptomatic (22.2%) with either pain (n = 4) or abnormal physical findings (n = 2). There were 13 (48.1%) catheter fragments, six (22.2%) guidewires, five (18.5%) inferior vena cava (IVC) filter (embolisms), two (7.4%) stents, and one (3.7%) sheath fragment. There were five (15.6%) embolizations of an IVFB into the right heart, three (9.4%) into a pulmonary artery, eight (25%) into the vena cava, eight (25%) into peripheral veins, five (15.6%) into peripheral arteries, one (3.1%) into a coronary artery, one (3.1%) into a hepatic vein, and one (3.1%) into adjacent soft tissue. The mechanism of endovascular loss was device fracture in 16 (59.3%) cases, loss of control in six cases (22.2%), migration in four (14.8%) cases, and incorrect device deployment in one case (3.7%). The probable cause of foreign body loss was technical error in eight (29.6%) cases. In three cases, IVFB retrieval was not attempted. The misplacement and retrieval were completed during the same procedure in 13 (48%) cases. Twenty-four endovascular retrievals were performed. Fifteen (62.5%) procedures used a snare to remove the IVFB and two (8.2%) used balloon catheters. Three IVFBs could not be removed and two cases were converted to open procedures. Technical success was achieved in 19/24 cases (79.2%). There were no immediate complications related to the retrieval of the IVFB; however, there was a single late complication of pulmonary embolism after failed endovascular retrieval (1/24, 4.2%). Thirty-day survival was 100%. Conclusions Intravascular foreign bodies are a serious complication of endovascular therapy that can be minimized with proper device selection and deployment. When an intravascular foreign body is identified, endovascular retrieval should be attempted due to its high success rate and minimal morbidity.
Energetic Effects of Multiple Hydrogen Bonds. Implications for Enzymatic Catalysis

The rate enhancements obtained by enzymes often require greater than 20 kcal/mol of stabilization that is specific to the transition state. Inspection of active sites suggests that enzymes often use multiple interactions with substrate groups undergoing charge rearrangement to help provide this preferential stabilization. We have analyzed the deprotonation, in DMSO, of benzoic acids with one or two hydrogen bond donating substituents ortho to the carboxylic acid. This provides a model for the ability of multiple hydrogen bonds to facilitate reactions at enzymatic active sites. The simplicity of this model has allowed the energetic contributions of the hydrogen bonds to be isolated and assessed quantitatively. It was found that one and two hydrogen bonds from the hydroxyl group(s) ortho to the carboxyl group provide specific stabilization of the carboxylate relative to the carboxylic acid by 7.9 and 14.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The energetic contribution of the two hydrogen bonds is nearly additive. This p...
Environmental conditions affecting the strength of induced resistance against mites in cotton.

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were raised on cotton plants that had been damaged by a previous bout of mite feeding (T. turkestani) and on control plants that were previously not exposed to mites. The effect of induced plant responses upon mite populations was variable ranging from a 4-fold reduction in population growth to no difference at all. The strength of induced resistance was greatest when the population growth of mites was low for other, unknown, reasons. When mite population growth on control plants was great, the effects of induced resistance were diminished.Mite population growth was inversely related to levels of initial damage caused by previous feeding. There was no evidence of a damage threshold that needed to be exceeded before induced resistance became effective. Increased levels of initial damage were not associated with morphological changes in the plants.
Modeling of Micro/Nano-Particle Dissolution During Reflow of Lead-Free Composite Solders

The ever increasing miniaturization of electronic devices has pressed the need to find the alternate solders that can deliver the necessary strength and reliability of the solder joints. In this view the development of composite solders has become the focus for many researchers in recent years. This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate the dissolution behavior of metal particles in composite solders during reflow process. The mathematical model is based on basic mass diffusion process and involves the actual physical properties of various species (particle, IMC, solder etc) of the system. Thermal effects and related thermodynamic constraints together with the non-equilibrium interface kinetics of dissolving micro and nano-size particles are also considered. The growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) and terminal size of embedded particles for various reflow conditions are analyzed using the model. Dissolution behavior of micro-size Cu particles in lead-free, Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloy solder was studied. The end particle size and the thickness of the IMC layer around the particles are presented for various initial particle sizes and reflow conditions. Effects of initial copper content in Sn-Ag-Cu alloy solder and the interface reaction kinetics on the dissolution of copper particles and growth of intermetallic compound are also investigated. Results of the model show the interesting behavior of micron-size particle dissolution in liquid solders. The reaction kinetics at the IMC/solder interface was seen to play an important role in the dissolution of copper particles.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Properties of electrical contacts on bulk and epitaxial n-type ZnO

The electrical properties of several metal contacts to n-type ZnO (0001) were studied. The ZnO samples consisted of bulk single-crystal material, epitaxial layers on sapphire grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and polycrystalline thin films on sapphire obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Ohmic and rectifying contacts were observed dependent upon both the metal material and the ZnO surface. Ohmic contacts were characterized using the circular transmission line method (c-TLM), where contact resistivity was found to be in the range of 10−4−10−5 Ω-cm2. Schottky behavior was observed using Ag contacts exhibiting varying leakage current and breakdown voltage dependent on the polarity of the ZnO surface.
From elongator tRNA to initiator tRNA.

We show that the two most important properties needed for a tRNA to function in initiation in Escherichia coli are its ability to be formylated and its ability to bind to the ribosomal P site. This conclusion is based on conversion of two different elongator tRNAs to ones that can act as initiators in E. coli. We transplanted the features unique to E. coli and eubacterial initiator tRNAs to E. coli elongator methionine tRNA (tRNA(Met)) along with an anticodon sequence change and analyzed their activities in initiation in E. coli. Introduction of a C1.A72 mismatch at the end of the acceptor stem of tRNA(Met), which generates the minimal features necessary for formylation, produces a tRNA with very low activity in initiation. Subsequent introduction of three consecutive G.C base pairs at the bottom of the anticodon stem, which is necessary for ribosomal P site binding, produces a tRNA with significant activity in initiation. Furthermore, introduction of the features necessary for formylation and for ribosomal P site binding into E. coli elongator glutamine tRNA produces a tRNA that initiates protein synthesis in E. coli.
FRUIT QUALITY OF “D’ANJOU” PEARS AFTER BIN STORAGE AND LATE-SEASON PACKING

Scald and decay control are problems associated with the long-term storage of "D'Anjou" pears. In this 3-year study, D'Anjou pears were treated with combinations of fungicides (Scholar [fludioxinil], Penbotec [pyrimethanil] and Mertect [thiabendazole]), and antiscald agents (ethoxyquin [ETH] and diphenylamine [DPA]). Little decay was evident with or without the use of fungicides, but scald was a major problem after long-term bin storage. ETH reduced scald incidence, but stimulated the severity of phytotoxicity. However, when fruits were evaluated by quality control personnel, phytotoxicity did not represent a major issue. ETH treatment enhanced sensory scores for finish and pedicel condition, improving fruit grade. In this study, scald control was better with ETH than DPH. However, DPH did produce acceptable scald control even though it aggravated phytotoxicity. D'Anjou pears packed in boxes with ETH and Cu paper wraps developed less decay and scald than pears in polyethylene bags.
F-Actin reassembly during focal adhesion impacts single cell mechanics and nanoscale membrane structure

Focal adhesions play an important role in cell spreading, migration, and overall mechanical integrity. The relationship of cell structural and mechanical properties was investigated in the context of focal adhesion processes. Combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was utilized to measure single cell mechanics, in correlation with cellular morphology and membrane structures at a nanometer scale. Characteristic stages of focal adhesion were verified via confocal fluorescent studies, which confirmed three representative F-actin assemblies, actin dot, filaments network, and long and aligned fibrous bundles at cytoskeleton. Force-deformation profiles of living cells were measured at the single cell level, and displayed as a function of height deformation, relative height deformation and relative volume deformation. As focal adhesion progresses, single cell compression profiles indicate that both membrane and cytoskeleton stiffen, while spreading increases especially from focal complex to focal adhesion. Correspondingly, AFM imaging reveals morphological geometries of spherical cap, spreading with polygon boundaries, and elongated or polarized spreading. Membrane features are dominated by protrusions of 41–207 nm tall, short rods with 1–6 μm in length and 10.2–80.0 nm in height, and long fibrous features of 31–246 nm tall, respectively. The protrusion is attributed to local membrane folding, and the rod and fibrous features are consistent with bilayer decorating over the F-actin assemblies. Taken collectively, the reassembly of F-actin during focal adhesion formation is most likely responsible for the changes in cellular mechanics, spreading morphology, and membrane structural features.
Geochemical and NdSrPb isotopic composition of Alleghanian granites of the southern Appalachians: Origin, tectonic setting, and source characterization

Abstract We report major element, trace element, and Nd and Sr isotopic ratios for 35 samples of Late Mississippian-Early Permian Alleghanian granites that intrude the Carolina terrane, Eastern slate belt, Inner Piedmont, and Kiokee belt of the southern Appalachians. Major element compositions indicate that most plutons are high-potassium (K2O ≥ 4%) metaluminous granites. Initial eNd, depleted mantle model ages, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, respectively, of the plutons range from −8.2 to −3.4, 940–1020 Ma, and 0.70642–0.72798 for the Inner Piedmont; −2.3 to +2.0, 660–1130 Ma, and 0.70421–0.71035 for the Kiokee belt; −2.7 to +2.4, 660–870 Ma, and 0.70353–0.70816 for the Eastern slate belt; and −6.7 to +1.9, 690–1140 Ma, and 0.70391–0.70739 for the Carolina terrane. The chemical and isotopic data are most consistent with formation of the granites by anatexis of continental crust, rather than derivation from a depleted mantle source. Rocks of the Carolina terrane have eNd(300 Ma) values and Pb isotopic ratios indistinguishable from those of most Alleghanian granites, suggesting it is a likely source. Some Alleghanian granites within the Carolina terrane require a more evolved source than exposed Carolina terrane rocks, suggesting that evolved crust, possibly Grenville basement, occurs structurally below or within the terrane. The chemical and isotopic compositions of granites intruding the Kiokee belt, Eastern slate belt, and Carolina terrane are similar, suggesting that these terranes are geochemically similar. In contrast, Alleghanian granites within the Inner Piedmont have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios, indicating that their sources are isotopically more evolved. The virtual absence of Alleghanian plutons with mafic-intermediate compositions, and the lack of geographic trends in chemical and isotopic composition across the orogen, makes a subduction origin for the granites unlikely. The consistency of the geochemical data with a crustal anatectic origin of the granites, together with the observation that they intruded synchronously with Alleghanian thrusting in the Valley and Ridge Province, suggests strongly that they are collisional in origin. The crustal heating events that produced the granites might have been caused by delamination of mantle lithosphere during collision of Laurentia with Gondwana [1,2]. Alternatively, adequate heating may have occurred by crustal thickening during emplacement of thrust sheets [3].
New chiral ferrocenylamine sulfide and selenide ligands: preparation, characterization and their palladium and platinum complexes as catalysts for selective hydrogenation

Abstract A series of new ferrocenylamine sulfides and selenides, ( R , S )-(C 5 H 3 -1-CHMeNMe 2 -2-ER)Fe(C 5 H 4 ER), (E = S; R = Me, Ph, Bz, 4-tolyl and 4-chlorophenyl and E = Se; R = Ph and 4-chlorophenyl) have been prepared by the lithiation of ( R )- N ,N-dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, first in the presence of ether and then TMEDA followed by reaction with the appropriate disulfides or diselenides. These compounds react with (PhCN) 2 MCl 2 , M  Pd, Pt to form new heterobimetallic complexes, ( R , S )-(C 5 H 4 -ER)Fe(C 5 H 3 -1-CHMeNMe 2 -2-ER)MCl 2 , (E = S, Se; R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr [1], Ph, Bz, 4-tolyl and 4-chlorophenyl; M = Pd, Pt). The following techniques were used for characterization: 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. The possible structure for the bimetallic complexes is discussed. The palladium ferrocenyl complexes are effective catalysts for selective hydrogenation of dienes to monoenes under homogeneous conditions.
The Anthropologist as Criminal Justice Policy Analyst

My pathway into the world of criminal justice probably represents the antithesis of all the good advice to be found in job search guides and graduate programs. Circumstance, economic necessity, and job search frustration landed me in that world, but I soon came to think that there may be no better training for criminal justice policy analysis and formulation than an anthropology degree.
91 EFFECTS OF IMP DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITION ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HL-60 PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIC CELLS

91 EFFECTS OF IMP DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITION ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HL-60 PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIC CELLS
Wide field-of-view Talbot grid-based microscopy for multicolor fluorescence imaging.

The capability to perform multicolor, wide field-of-view (FOV) fluorescence microscopy imaging is important in screening and pathology applications. We developed a microscopic slide-imaging system that can achieve multicolor, wide FOV, fluorescence imaging based on the Talbot effect. In this system, a light-spot grid generated by the Talbot effect illuminates the sample. By tilting the excitation beam, the Talbot-focused spot scans across the sample. The images are reconstructed by collecting the fluorescence emissions that correspond to each focused spot with a relay optics arrangement. The prototype system achieved an FOV of 12 × 10 mm^2 at an acquisition time as fast as 23 s for one fluorescence channel. The resolution is fundamentally limited by spot size, with a demonstrated full-width at half-maximum spot diameter of 1.2 μm. The prototype was used to nimage green fluorescent beads, double-stained human breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells, Giardia lamblia cysts, and the Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. This imaging method is scalable and simple for implementation of high-speed wide FOV fluorescence microscopy.
NH2-terminal sequences of DNA-, heparin-, and gelatin-binding tryptic fragments from human plasma fibronectin.

Abstract NH2-terminal sequence analysis was performed on subregions of human plasma fibronectin including 24,000-dalton (24K) DNA-binding, 29,000-dalton (29K) gelatin-binding, and 18,000-dalton (18K) heparin-binding tryptic fragments. These fragments were obtained from fibronectin after extensive trypsin digestion followed by sequential affinity purification on gelatin-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, and DNA-cellulose columns. The gelatin-binding fragment was further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and the DNA-binding and heparin-binding fragments were further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The 29K fragment had the following NH2-terminal sequence: AlaAlaValTyrGlnProGlnProHisProGlnProPro (Pro)TyrGlyHis HisValThrAsp(His)(Thr)ValValTyrGly(Ser) ?(Ser)?-Lys. The NH2-terminal sequence of a 50K, gelatin-binding, subtilisin fragment by L. I. Gold, A. Garcia-Pardo, B. Prangione, E. C. Franklin, and E. Pearlstein (1979, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA76, 4803–4807) is identical to positions 3–19 (with the exception of some ambiguity at position 14) of the 29K fragment. These data strongly suggest that the 29K tryptic fragment is included in the 50K subtilisin fragment, and that subtilisin cleaves fibronectin between the Ala2Val3 residues of the 29K tryptic fragment. The 18K heparin-binding fragment had the following NH2-terminal sequence: (Glu)AlaProGlnProHisCysIleSerLysTyrIle LeuTyrTrpAspProLysAsnSerValGly?(Pro) LysGluAla?(Val)(Pro). The 29K gelatin-binding and 18K heparin-binding fragments have proline-rich NH2-terminal sequences suggesting that they may have arisen from protease-sensitive, random coil regions of fibronectin corresponding to interdomain regions preceding macromolecular-binding domains. Both of these fragments contain the identical sequence ProGlnProHis, a sequence which may be repeated in other interdomain regions of fibronectin. The 24K DNA-binding fragment has the following NH2-terminal sequence: SerAspThrValProSerProCysAspLeuGlnPhe ValGluValThrAspVal LysValThrIleMetTrpThrProProGluSerAla ValThrGlyTyrArgVal AspValCysProValAsnLeuProGlyGluHisGly Gln(Cys)LeuProIleSer. The sequence of positions 9–22 are homologous to positions 15–28 of the α chain of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. The homology observed suggests that this stretch of amino acids may be a DNA-binding site.
Abnormal functional development of sympathetic nerve terminal-smooth muscle complex in neonatal spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract In neonatal and young adult SH and WK rats, maturation of a functional unit consisting of sympathetic nerve terminals and smooth muscle (levator palpebrae) was assessed in vivo by measuring the contractile response to tyramine, an agent which releases endogenous norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. Responses in SH are comparable to WK at 5–6 days postnatally, smaller from the 8th through 19th day and larger in young adults (41–46 days old). Results indicate that functional maturation of the nerve terminal-smooth muscle complex is retarded in SH relative to WK during the 2nd and 3rd postnatal weeks. It is suggested that retardation in the neonatal SH rat is an expression of a genetic defect in the growth of the complex and that the enhanced response in young adult SH is a consequence of the neonatal abnormality.
Empty sella syndrome in an adolescent

Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition in which the sella turcica is partially or completely filled with cerebrospinal fluid resulting in a displacement of the normal pituitary. The condition is more common and benign in adults, although associated endocrine abnormalities have been reported. In children and adolescents, the syndrome is rare (27 reported cases), and the clinical picture is much less benign, with an increase in familial incidence, associated skeletal disorders, and endocrine abnormalities. Definitive diagnosis can be made by CT scan of the head. Our case report is of an adolescent who appeared clinically to have growth retardation and normal endocrine function. The CT scan of the head was compatible with ESS. Further follow-up showed improved growth rate. Although our patient did not appear to have symptoms related to ESS, based on the literature we agree that this syndrome is much less benign in children and adolescents than in adults.
Magnetic-Field-Induced Assemblies of Cobalt Nanoparticles

Under the influence of a 0.05 T magnetic field, 15-nm diameter cobalt nanoparticles covered with surfactants in a colloidal solution assemble into highly constrained linear chains along the direction of the magnetic field. The magnetic-field-induced (MFI) chains become floppy after removal of the field, folding into three-dimensional (3D) coiled structures upon gentle agitation. The 3D structures are broken into smaller units with vigorous agitation. The nanoparticles redisperse into the solvent upon ultrasonic agitation. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the morphologies of the nanoparticle assemblies at various stages of this reversible process. The hysteresis loops and zero-field cooled/field cooled (ZFC/FC) curves reveal the interparticle coupling in the assemblies. MFI assembly provides a powerful tool to manipulate magnetic nanoparticles.
An assessment of the life time biosynthesis potential of the male boll weevil

Abstract The four monoterpene compounds [1, (+)- cis -2-isopropenyl-1-methycyclobutaneethanol; II, ( Z )-3,3-dimethyl-Δ 1, β -cyclohexaneethanol; III, ( Z )-3,3-dimethyl-Δ 1, α -cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, ( E )-3,3-dimethyl-Δ 1, α -cyclohexaneacetaldehyde] which comprise the pheromone of the male boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis , were determined daily throughout the lifespan of the insect by GLC analysis of the whole body and the frass. The total content of the components in the male is never greater than 210 ng, the average content in the frass produced during 1 day is 1268 ng, and the lifetime production is at least 40,000 ng. The ratio of the four components in frass is 6 : 6 : 2 : 1/I : II : III : IV. None of the four components was found in females, but female frass contained traces in three instances. These data can be used to compare the potential attractancy of insects from various geographical areas, at different seasons, in different nutritional states, and after chemosterilization. Such differences in potential insect attractiveness could be crucial to effective large-scale control programmes.
Effect of exercise on chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy

Abstract To assess the effect of daily physical exercise alone on the onset and development of muscle weakness found in chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy, two separate exercise trials composed of 20 or 30 successive opportunities to right when placed in the supine position were conducted. The effects of exercise on the physically ability/disability were measured by a flip-test procedure administered to each exercised and unexercised animal every 5 days and at a time separate from the exercise procedure. The flip test consisted of giving each animal five successive opportunities to right after having been placed on its back. Blood samples were drawn weekly and assayed for plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities. Unexercised dystrophic chickens were found to reach a peak of physical ability as quantitated by the flip test at approximately day 23 ex ovo . Subsequently, a progressive decrease in flipping ability was observed. The dystrophic chickens which were exercised daily exhibited a temporary, yet significant improvement in righting ability to Day 48 ex ovo . Also, exercise elicited small but consistent increases in plasma CPK activities compared to the unexercised control values. Regular physical exercise alone was found to alter some of the measurable symptoms of avian muscular dystrophy. To evaluate the singular effect of drug treatment in dystrophic animals, we recommend that the periodic testing for physical improvement be at a time separate from drug administration and devoid of the influence of exercise.
Multi-objective optimization for turning processes using neural network modeling and dynamic-neighborhood particle swarm optimization

In this paper, we introduce a procedure to formulate and solve optimization problems for multiple and conflicting objectives that may exist in turning processes. Advanced turning processes, such as hard turning, demand the use of advanced tools with specially prepared cutting edges. It is also evident from a large number of experimental works that the tool geometry and selected machining parameters have complex relations with the tool life and the roughness and integrity of the finished surfaces. The non-linear relations between the machining parameters including tool geometry and the performance measure of interest can be obtained by neural networks using experimental data. The neural network models can be used in defining objective functions. In this study, dynamic-neighborhood particle swarm optimization (DN-PSO) methodology is used to handle multi-objective optimization problems existing in turning process planning. The objective is to obtain a group of optimal process parameters for each of three different case studies presented in this paper. The case studies considered in this study are: minimizing surface roughness values and maximizing the productivity, maximizing tool life and material removal rate, and minimizing machining induced stresses on the surface and minimizing surface roughness. The optimum cutting conditions for each case study can be selected from calculated Pareto-optimal fronts by the user according to production planning requirements. The results indicate that the proposed methodology which makes use of dynamic-neighborhood particle swarm approach for solving the multi-objective optimization problems with conflicting objectives is both effective and efficient, and can be utilized in solving complex turning optimization problems and adds intelligence in production planning process.
In-Row Subsoiling and Potassium Placement Effects on Root Growth and Potassium Content of Cotton

One method of correcting K deficiencies in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is by in-row deep placement of K fertilizer. At present, the mechanisms involved in cotton yield response to deep placement of K have not been elucidated. A field study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate root development and dry matter yield of cotton as affected by in-row subsoiling and placement of K fertilizer. The experiment was located in central Alabama on a Norfolk fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). Five treatments were compared: (i) check, without in-row subsoiling; (ii) check, with in-row subsoiling; (iii) 84 kg K ha −1 surface-applied, without in-row subsoiling; (iv) 84 kg K ha −1 surface-applied, with in-row subsoiling; and (v) 84 kg K ha −1 deep-placed, in-row [...]
La sous‐évaluation du temps de travail et le raisonnement moral chez les vérificateurs: laboratoire expérimental*

Resume. L'auteur propose l'utilisation de la theorie du raisonnement moral a titre de determinant valide de la sous-evaluation du temps de verification. En recourant a la methodologie du laboratoire experimental aupres d'un echantillon de 88 verificateurs d'un cabinet national d'experts-comptables, l'auteur a observe une sous-evaluation reelle du temps de travail dans une tâche de verification. Les resultats obtenus demontrent que la sous-evaluation est reliee de faαon systematique au niveau de raisonnement moral du verificateur, mesure a l'aide du test de jugement moral de Rest (Defining Issues Test ou DIT). Les participants dont les resultats au DIT etaient relativement faibles sont ceux qui sous-evaluaient le plus le temps de travail. Les resultats demontrent egalement que bien que l'insuffisance du temps alloue ait une incidence sur le comportement, la pression a l'uniformite est le facteur qui influe le plus sur la sous-evaluation. En somme, l'etude qui suit contribue de trois faαons importantes aux ecrits touchant la verification et la psychologie. Premierement, elle etablit l'importance du fait que la pression a l'uniformite est un antecedent de la sous-evaluation. Deuxiemement, elle montre que le raisonnement moral du verificateur explique le comportement reel de sous-evaluation dans le contexte de pressions liees au travail. Troisiemement, elle revele une sous-evaluation marquee en contexte de simulation de la verification.