cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo quantitation of intratumoral radioisotope uptake using micro-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography.

This study was undertaken to determine the ability of micro-single photon emission computed tomography (micro-SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) to accurately quantitate intratumoral radioisotope uptake in vivo and to compare these measurements with planar imaging and micro-SPECT imaging alone. Human pancreatic cancer xenografts were established in 10 mice. Intratumoral radioisotope uptake was achieved via intratumoral injection of an attenuated measles virus vector expressing the NIS gene (MV-NIS). On various days after MV-NIS injection, 123I planar and micro-SPECT/CT imaging was performed. Tumor activity was determined by dose calibrator measurements and region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis. Agreement and reproducibility of tumor activity measurements were assessed by Bland–Altman plots and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Intratumoral radioisotope uptake was detected in all mice. Scatterplots demonstrate strong agreement (CCC = 0.93) between micro-SPECT/CT ROI image analysis and dose calibrator tumor activity measurements. The differences between dose calibrator activity measurements and those obtained with ROI image analysis of micro-SPECT alone and planar imaging are less accurate and more variable (CCC = 0.84 and 0.78, respectively). Micro-SPECT/CT can be used to accurately quantify intratumoral radioisotope uptake in vivo and is more reliable than planar or micro-SPECT imaging alone.
Complex distributions of residual stress and strain in the mouse left ventricle: experimental and theoretical models.

Most soft biological tissues, including ventricular myocardium, are not stress free when all external loads are removed. Residual stress has implications for mechanical performance of the heart, and may be an indicator of patterns of regional growth and remodeling. Cross-sectional rings of arrested ventricles opened up when a radial cut was made (initial mean opening angles were 64 ± 17°), but further circumferential cuts revealed the presence of additional residual stresses in the tissue with further opening of the rings. In normal mouse hearts, the inner half of a short-axis ring opened more than the outer half, and this change was dependent on apex–base location. At the apex the inner section vs. outer section opening angles were 226 ± 47° vs. 89 ± 28°, while at the base the same two angles were 160 ± 30° vs. 123 ± 35°. A simple theoretical cylindrical shell model with incompressible hyperelastic material properties was used to model the experimental deformations based on the cutting experiments. The model predicts different residual stress fields depending on the nature of the opening after the circumferential cut (which is done after the conventional radial cut). The observed opening angles were consistent with steep stress gradients near the endocardium compared with those predicted if the first cut was assumed to relieve all residual stresses. These results imply a more complex distribution of residual stress and strain in ventricular myocardium than previously thought.
Designing channel incentives to overcome reseller rejection

As more and more products are distributed through independent channel resellers, suppliers find it increasingly difficult to craft highly motivational incentive packages. Instead, many suppliers' product lines are neglected by resellers in deference to more compatible incentive offers. This paper studies the many aspects of incentive rejection and incentive compatibility and prescribes a four-step, theory-based process to help suppliers craft attractive incentive programs. The process involves identifying resellers' performance needs, recognizing how each need suggests a different basis for incentive rejection, and designing an incentive package such that the incentives support specific reseller needs. Also, unique channel conditions are considered.
Determination of Lactose and Sucrose Contents of Ice Cream Mix via Enzymatic‐Cryoscopic Methodology

A simple method was developed for determining the lactose and sucrose contents of ice cream mix. The method is based on measuring the freezing point depression resulting from incubating samples with invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). Sucrose and lactose concentrations are determined separately with each determination requiring 50 units of enzyme and 2 hr of incubation at 37°C. A standard curve for lactose determination was obtained using ice cream mixes containing various amounts of sucrose and corn syrup solids (R2= 0.996, C.V. = 1.2%). A standard curve for sucrose determination was obtained using ice cream mixes containing various amounts of lactose and corn syrup solids (R2= 0.996, C.V. = 1.9%).
Waterfowl management on grass-sage stock ponds

We studied waterfowl use of grass-sage stock ponds in north-central Wyoming during the 1988 and 1989 breeding seasons. Dabbling ducks, particularly mallards, were the most common breeders. Indicated breeding pair density averaged 2.7 pairs/ha of wetland surface, while brood density averaged 1.0 brood/ha of wetland surface. Waterfowl use and productivity were greatest on large (> 3 ha), clear, deep ponds with grass shorelines and abundant submergent macrophytes. Pair use was positively correlated with water clarity, pond area, and macroinvertebrate diversity. Brood use was related to macroinvertebrate diversity, pond depth, and Shoreline Development Index. We recommend management priority be given to ponds that are deeper than 1 m to provide more water that is clear so macrophytes can be established. Macroivertebrates should be artificially introduced into ponds. Fencing should be used to improve ponds for waterfowl use and brood rearing.
PROLONGED HYPOGLYCEMIA IN RESPONSE TO INTRAVENOUS TOLBUTAMIDE IN A PATIENT WITH LAENNEC'S CIRRHOSIS AND SEVERE MALNUTRITION.

A malnourished patient with Laennec's cirrhosis, who had had a sympathectomy, had symptoms of hypoglycemia, moderate signs, symptoms and chemical evidence of hepatic insufficiency, a prolonged hypoglycemic response to tolbutamide and a normal hyperglycemic response to glucagon. An erroneous diagnosis of insulinoma was made. The serum insulin levels before and after tolbutamide were not abnormally elevated, nor was there an abnormally rapid rate of disappearance of the blood glucose after the rapid intravenous infusion of 50% glucose. The patient's history suggests that tolbutamide may cause prolonged hypoglycemia in patients with, hepatic insufficiency, inanition, or after sympathectomy, as well as in patients with insulinoma. Simultaneous serum insulin assays after tolbutamide administration may prove to be useful in differentiating hypoglycemia due to insulinoma from that due to hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, or other causes.
Retrospective analysis for knowledge-based idea generation of new artifacts

In this article idea processors are studied as creativity supporting systems. Two related reviews are presented. The first review examines some aspects of idea processors and compares them with some existing work from AI research community. The second review is concerned with using retrospective analysis for technical invention (particularly the invention of artifacts). Retrospective analysis not only opens new opportunities for knowledge-based approaches in idea generation, but also offers new mechanisms to deal with some problems faced by idea processors using object-oriented features. To illustrate our new approach of idea generation, we also provide a brief sketch of our project which uses a Prolog program to implement some key ideas presented in this article.
Multiple Size Group Modeling of Polydispersed Bubbly Flow in the Mold: An Analysis of Turbulence and Interfacial Force Models

An inhomogeneous Multiple Size Group (MUSIG) model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian approach has been developed to describe the polydispersed bubbly flow inside the continuous-casting mold. A laboratory scale mold has been simulated using four different turbulence closure models (modified k − ɛ, RNG k − ɛ, k − ω, and SST) with the purpose of critically comparing their predictions of bubble Sauter mean diameter distribution with previous experimental data. Furthermore, the influences of all the interfacial momentum transfer terms including drag force, lift force, virtual mass force, wall lubrication force, and turbulent dispersion force are investigated. The breakup and coalescence effects of the bubbles are modeled according to the bubble breakup by the impact of turbulent eddies while for bubble coalescence by the random collisions driven by turbulence and wake entrainment. It has been found that the modified k − ɛ model shows better agreement than other models in predicting the bubble Sauter mean diameter profiles. Further, simulations have also been performed to understand the sensitivity of different interfacial forces. The appropriate drag force coefficient, lift force coefficient, virtual mass force coefficient, and turbulent dispersion force coefficient are chosen in accordance with measurements of water model experiments. However, the wall lubrication force does not have much effect on the current polydispersed bubbly flow system. Finally, the MUSIG model is then used to estimate the argon bubble diameter in the molten steel of the mold. The argon bubble Sauter mean diameter generated in molten steel is predicted to be larger than air bubbles in water for the similar conditions.
NATURAL CONVECTION WITHIN A SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE HUMAN EYE

A finite difference solution for steady natural convective flow within the human eye, modelled as a sphere with a specified temperature distribution over its surface, has been obtained. The stream function—vorticity formulation of the equations of motion for the unsteady axisymmetric flow is used; interest lying in the final steady solution. Forward differences are used for the time derivatives and second‐order central differences for the space derivatives. The alternating direction implicit method is used for solution of the discretization equations. Local one‐dimensional grid adaptation is used to resolve the steep gradients in some regions of the flow at large Rayleigh numbers. The break‐up into multi‐cellular flow is found at high Rayleigh numbers. Results identify regions of stagnant fluid in locations similar to those of blind spots in the eye.
Analysis of mode locking by synchronous pumping of a gain medium with long decay time.

Analytical expressions are given to describe the pulse characteristics and the mode-locking regime for the synchronously pumped laser with a radiative lifetime ≫ cavity round-trip time.
Mechanics of disordered solids. II. Percolation on elastic networks with bond-bending forces.

Bond and site percolation on two- and three-dimensional (3D) elastic and superelastic percolation networks with central and bond-bending (BB) forces are studied. We calculate the force distribution and show that, depending on the relative contributions of the central and BB forces, its shape can be unimodal or bimodal, both near and away from the percolation threshold ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The Poisson ratios of various 2D and 3D, isotropic and anisotropic BB models are calculated and are shown to take on negative values near ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$. Several experimental realizations of this peculiar property are given. We then analyze various experimental data on elastic and rheological properties of gel polymers near ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The scaling laws for elastic properties of gel polmers near ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and their associated critical exponents f are divided into two groups. In one group are physical gels in which the contribution of BB forces to the elastic energy dominates that of central forces (CF's), and their scaling properties are described by the BB model, with f\ensuremath{\simeq}3.75. In the second group are chemical gels in most of which CF's are dominant, with f\ensuremath{\simeq}2.1. The scaling laws for the viscosity of a gelling solution near the gel point can also be divided into two groups. In one group are gelling solutions that are close to the Zimm regime. We propose that the scaling properties of the viscosity of such gels is analogous to the shear modulus of a static superelastic percolation network that diverges, as ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is approached from below, with an exponent \ensuremath{\tau}=\ensuremath{\nu}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{p}}$/2\ensuremath{\simeq}0.68 in 3D, where \ensuremath{\nu} and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{p}}$ are the critical exponents of the correlation length and the strength of percolation networks, respectively. In the second group are gelling solutions that are close to the Rouse limit. We propose that the scaling law for the divergence of the viscosity of such gels is the same as that of the shear modulus of a dynamic superelastic percolation network, with \ensuremath{\tau}'=2\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.35 in 3D.
Homeownership among single Vietnamese American adults

This paper explored factors contributing to homeownership among single Vietnamese American adults aged 25–64 using the 1980, 1990, and 2000 census data. The data were stratified into two subsamples based on age (25–49 and 50–64). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify which of the 10 selected variables had statistically significant association with homeownership in each age group across the three censuses. The results revealed that among single Vietnamese Americans adults there was a healthy trend of changes in homeownership throughout these three decades of resettlement. Two factors that had somewhat consistent measures of association with homeownership were personal income and number of siblings. Despite the limited variation in sample sizes for the older single adults aged 50–64, this study provided some valuable preliminary insights into the homeownership of one of the newly established immigrant communities in the United States. The results highlight the role of economic achievement a...
Incorporating Electronic Media into Medical Student Education

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to define the current use of information technology in radiology tutorials for medical students. Materials and Methods The authors conducted a Web-based survey of directors of medical school courses in radiology. The survey dealt with the details of the courses and the use of computers and the Web during the courses. Results There were 48 responses. Most radiology courses were elective (73%) and were offered monthly. Most institutions (79%) had picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) available or were completely filmless. The teaching case presentations, however, often included film images displayed on a view box or by an overhead projector. Computers dedicated to student use were uncommon (28%). The Web was used infrequently as a teaching resource, and a Web site was not available in most courses. Computer technical support was variable and usually provided by the course director. Course directors at institutions with PACS were more likely to use digital technology for case presentations and more likely to use the Web for teaching purposes. Conclusion Despite the widespread use of digital technology and PACS in the field of radiology, digital technology is underused in radiology courses. However, departments with PACS tend to use digital technology more frequently in education than do departments without PACS.
Who's on the greenway: Socioeconomic, demographic, and locational characteristics of greenway users

In response to continued public concern sparked by the loss of open space and greenbelts around American cities, greenways have gained nationwide popularity as a land conservation strategy. This study examines the socioeconomic, demographic, and locational characteristics of greenway users. Three hundred twenty users on four trails of the Capital Area Greenway System in Raleigh, North Carolina, were surveyed. The Raleigh system is extensive, providing 43.7 km (27 mi) of trails, thus allowing examination of greenway use in a variety of settings. The survey findings indicated that most patrons were drawn from within an 8.05-km (5-mi) radius of the greenway. The typical Capital Area Greenway user is a white female between the age of 16 and 34 with no children. Socioeconomically, greenway users are employed, well-educated, and have above average incomes. A disproportionate share of greenway visitors belong to an environmental group.
A Tale of Two Communication Modes: When Rational and Experiential Processing Systems Encounter Statistical and Anecdotal Depictions of Threat

Cognitive-experiential self-theory proposes that individuals use two systems to process information, a highly conscious and analytical rational system and a preconscious, intuitive experiential system. These two systems operate in parallel and synchronistically but sometimes one may dominate the other. Findings from several experiments demonstrate that when information about threatening phenomena are presented in statistical or graphical form and require cognitive judgments, the rational system exerts primary influence in determining the nature of the judgment. Those who are skilled at and favor analytical thinking tend to minimize the seriousness of the threat. When exposed to emotionally evocative, anecdotal accounts of threatening events, both experientiality and rationality are related to the amount of apprehension individuals report. The experiential system may act to promote greater apprehension among highly rational individuals while at the same time dampen apprehension among low rationals.
Cardiogenic Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells Streamlined Through a Conserved SDF-1/VEGF/BMP2 Integrated Network

Background Pluripotent stem cells produce tissue-specific lineages through programmed acquisition of sequential gene expression patterns that function as a blueprint for organ formation. As embryonic stem cells respond concomitantly to diverse signaling pathways during differentiation, extraction of a pro-cardiogenic network would offer a roadmap to streamline cardiac progenitor output. Methods and Results To resolve gene ontology priorities within precursor transcriptomes, cardiogenic subpopulations were here generated according to either growth factor guidance or stage-specific biomarker sorting. Innate expression profiles were independently delineated through unbiased systems biology mapping, and cross-referenced to filter transcriptional noise unmasking a conserved progenitor motif (55 up- and 233 down-regulated genes). The streamlined pool of 288 genes organized into a core biological network that prioritized the “Cardiovascular Development” function. Recursive in silico deconvolution of the cardiogenic neighborhood and associated canonical signaling pathways identified a combination of integrated axes, CXCR4/SDF-1, Flk-1/VEGF and BMP2r/BMP2, predicted to synchronize cardiac specification. In vitro targeting of the resolved triad in embryoid bodies accelerated expression of Nkx2.5, Mef2C and cardiac-MHC, enhanced beating activity, and augmented cardiogenic yield. Conclusions Transcriptome-wide dissection of a conserved progenitor profile thus revealed functional highways that coordinate cardiogenic maturation from a pluripotent ground state. Validating the bioinformatics algorithm established a strategy to rationally modulate cell fate, and optimize stem cell-derived cardiogenesis.
High-grade atypical epithelial cells in pancreatic mucinous cysts are a more accurate predictor of malignancy than "positive" cytology.

BACKGROUND: The Sendai guidelines for risk assessment of malignancy in patients with mucinous cysts lists "positive" cytology as a high-risk feature. In the current study, the authors hypothesized that a cytological threshold of high-grade atypical epithelial cells (AEC) is a more accurate predictor of malignancy. METHODS: The clinical, radiological, and cytological data of 112 patients with histologically confirmed mucinous cysts of the pancreas were reviewed. Cytology slides were blindly reviewed and cells were classified as benign, AEC, or malignant. On histology, neoplasms were grouped as benign (low-grade and moderate dysplasia) and malignant (high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma). RESULTS: There were 92 patients with an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and 20 with a mucinous cystic neoplasm; 39 were malignant and 73 were benign (42 with low-grade dysplasia and 31 with moderate dysplasia). Only 28% (11 of 39) of the malignant cysts were cytologically malignant with a sensitivity of 29%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 75%. AEC detected 17 additional cancers (44% of all malignant cysts; 16% more than detected on the basis of "positive" cytology). By using AEC as a surgical triage threshold, the sensitivity was 72%, the specificity was 85%, and the accuracy was 80%, with similar values for small (</= 3 cm) branch duct IPMN. Nine of 73 (12%) benign cysts were identified with AEC, 4 of which had moderate dysplasia. AEC had a positive predictive value of 87% for the detection of a mucinous cyst with moderate dysplasia or worse. CONCLUSIONS: AEC are a more accurate predictor of malignancy than "positive" cytology in aspirates of pancreatic mucinous cysts, including small branch duct IPMN. AEC warrant a "suspicious" interpretation for appropriate surgical triage.
Risk factors for coronary heart disease mortality among persons with diabetes

Although coronary heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes, the risk factors for coronary heart disease have not been well established for this population. The authors performed a case-control analysis by using data from two large population-based surveys. Cases of persons who died of coronary heart disease were identified from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, and controls were taken from behavioral risk factor surveys conducted in 35 states in 1988. Diabetic women younger than 55 years with no other risk factors for coronary heart disease had a 16-fold higher risk of dying from coronary heart disease than did women without diabetes. About one-third of younger women who died of coronary heart disease had diabetes. Diabetic men less than 45 years old with no other risk factors for coronary heart disease had an eightfold higher risk of coronary heart disease mortality. Among older white men and women, diabetes increased the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease about twofold. In younger diabetics, current cigarette smoking was associated with a 50% increase in risk, and high blood pressure increased the risk more than threefold. In the older age group, risk factors for coronary heart disease mortality were similar among those with and those without diabetes: Cigarette smoking and high blood pressure each were associated with about a twofold increase in risk. Diabetes is a particularly strong risk factor for mortality from coronary heart disease in young adults. Smoking and blood pressure control represent major opportunities to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease among persons with diabetes.
Risk of lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory bowel disease with a subsequent diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has been reported. There is concern that the risk of developing lymphoma will rise with increasing use of immune modifier therapy. We determined the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in an U.S. population-based inception cohort, and evaluated the association between inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma in our referral practice. METHODS: The records of all incidence cases of inflammatory bowel disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1950 and 1993 were reviewed for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Standardized incidence ratios (observed/expected) were used to estimate relative risk. In addition, the clinical features and outcomes of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma seen at Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: Among 454 county residents diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, a single non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurred in a patient with Crohn’s disease. No cases were seen with ulcerative colitis. The estimated relative risk of lymphoma was 2.4 in Crohn’s disease (95% confidence interval, 0.1–13), 0 in ulcerative colitis (0–6), and 1.0 in inflammatory bowel disease overall (0.03–6). Between 1976 and June 1997, 61 patients with inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma (approximately 0.41%) were seen in the referral practice. In four patients with Crohn’s disease (13%), potential neoplastic risk factors were identified—therapeutic radiation in 1, and use of purine analogs in 3 (median length of use, 11 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our population-based cohort study demonstrated that the absolute risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma remains quite small (0.01% per person-year). This risk may not exceed that in the general population. In our referral practice, immune modifier therapy could be potentially implicated in only 5% of cases of lymphoma occurring in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease.
SELF‐DISCLOSURE AS A RELATIONSHIP DISENGAGEMENT STRATEGY: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION

Interactants are strategic goal seekers in their interpersonal communication. However, to date, research has concentrated almost exclusively on the communicative strategies by which actors achieve a goal of relationship initiation. Relationship disengagement occupies an important motivational force, as well. This study initiated exploration of the communicative strategies by which actors disengage their relationships, focusing in particular on the verbal strategy of self-disclosure. Undergraduate volunteers were exposed to one of four hypothetical scenarios: Respondent Intent (Maintain or Disengage) and Other's Intent (Maintain or Disengage). Twenty Likert-type items of willingness to self-disclose on a variety of topics constituted the dependent measures and were clustered into three primary factors. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that respondents were less willing to self-disclose when they desired to disengage the relationship.
Volume-controlled surface fairing

Surface fairing is a central geometry processing tool, routinely used for denoising and smoothing applications---see [Botsch et al. 2006], Chap. 7 for an overview of the extensive literature on the subject. A notorious shortcoming of basic fairing schemes is volume shrinkage. Existing remedies often suffer from sensitivity to choice of parameters [Taubin 1995], are subject to unnatural global effects [Hermosillo et al. 1999], or resort to higher-order, computationally intensive surface evolutions [Bobenko and Schroder 2005]. Instead, we propose a simple, efficient and unconditionally stable smoothing scheme that implements a locally volume-controlled flow, with near preservation of volume. Our approach directly modifies the implicit fairing scheme [Desbrun et al. 1999], but it can be used to build volume control into any other surface flow.
Minimum and maximum propagation frequencies for internal gravity waves

[1] Estimates of the effects of vorticity, baroclinicity, and rate of strain on the minimum and maximum propagation frequencies of gravity waves are given using a general dispersion relation for internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean. Rotating the coordinate axes to eliminate from the dispersion relation cross terms in the wavenumber makes it much easier to determine the minimum and maximum frequencies for which gravity waves can propagate. Corrections to the minimum frequency from breakdown of the WKB approximation are included.
Urethral calculi managed with transurethral Holmium laser ablation.

Abstract In situ Holmium laser lithotripsy is a safe, effective procedure for the treatment of impacted urethral stones. This procedure can be performed transurethrally as an outpatient with minimal tissue trauma and render patients stone free. The authors utilized this procedure in 2 patients whose anatomy did not allow the calculi to be manipulated into the urinary bladder in a retrograde manner. Because of its successful use elsewhere in the urinary tract, we believe that Holmium laser lithotripsy may be the treatment of choice for impacted urethral stones. J Pediatr Surg 36:E16. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Observation of diffuse steaks in Au-Fe alloys utilizing synchrotron radiation

In order to fully understand the magnetic behavior of Au-Fe alloys, it is necessary to understand both the magnetic structure and the local atomic arrangements exhibited by them. For this alloy system any heat treatment involving quenching from the solid solution phase field will produce something other than a perfect binary solid solution for all but the lowest Fe concentrations. The goal of the present work was to determine the dimensions of the diffuse streaks by means of a quantitative x-ray diffraction technique using monochromatic synchrotron radiation. For a Au-18at.%Fe single crystal examined by a quantitative x-ray diffraction technique, the presence of diffuse streaks has been confirmed. The slightly higher intensities at the special points are believed to be caused by the intersection of four linking streaks rather than to superlattice peaks. The diffuse intensity pattern can be explained by the model of platelets along /420/ planes as originally proposed by Dartyge et al. The average size of the platelets is estimated to be 1.6 nm. Because of the abrupt ending of the diffuse streaks it is concluded that the platelets are at least two atomic layers thick. The results for a Au-10.7at.%Fe single crystal are lessmore » clear.« less
The Experiences of Selected Mentors: A Cross-cultural Examination of the Dyadic Relationship in School-based Mentoring

To address comprehensive program services that are self-sustaining and systemic in nature, school counselors and educational leaders have increasingly implemented school-based mentoring to impact student and school success. In this qualitative case study, we examined the experiences of 11 selected mentors and their respective dyadic relationships in school-based mentoring with at-risk elementary school students to understand ways mentors might better form closer dyadic bonds yielding longer mentoring relationships. Four metathemes emerged: (a) encouragement, (b) relating style, (c) time and presence, and (d) language nuances. Specific components within these metathemes increased both synergy in the dyad and satisfaction for the mentors. Ethnic and cultural dyad characteristics are discussed and presented via proposed effective practices for cross-cultural, cross-age mentoring.
Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response in peripherally myelin-deficient mice.

The integrity of the myelin sheath is important for normal electrophysiological function and survival of neurons that make up the auditory nerve. It is hypothesized that myelin deficiency of the auditory nerve may change the electrophysiologic characteristics of the auditory system, especially the temporal properties. In this study, the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) was systematically evaluated in TrJ and Po-DT-A mice. Both of these mice have a deficit of their peripheral myelin. Correlation between the EABR and degree of myelin deficiency was also evaluated. The EABR in both strains of poorly myelinated mice exhibited prolonged latency, decreased amplitude, elevated threshold of wave I evoked by short-duration stimuli (20 μs/phase). A 2-pulse stimulation paradigm was used to evaluate refractory properties. Myelin-deficient mice exhibited slower recovery from the refractory state than controls. Long-duration stimuli (4 ms/phase) were used to assess integration properties. Myelin-deficient mice demonstrated prolonged wave I latency and more gradual latency changes with current level. Myelin thickness showed a strong correlation with EABR threshold for short-duration stimulation (r = −0.784), maximum wave I latency (r = −0.778) and the time constant of the wave I latency-current level function (r = −0.736) for long-duration stimulation and normalized wave I recovery functions (r = −0.718). These findings suggest that EABR measurement may be a promising tool to assess the electrically stimulated properties of auditory neurons, particularly related to the status of myelin sheath.
Addendum to “a comparison of heuristics for a school bus scheduling problem”

Abstract Given a group of one or more schools, each with a specific arrival time window, and the bus routes serving these schools, the problem is to create an optimum set of combinations of routes to be served by a single bus, where optimality is defined in terms of fleet size and deadhead travel distance. We present the results of a computational study comparing ten heuristics, adapted from procedures which have appeared in the literature, on a set of 30 test problems derived from actual school data. This study is a follow on to that reported in Graham and Nuttle (1986).
Fatigue and its risk factors in cancer patients who seek emergency care.

Abstract Cancer patients visiting the emergency center (EC) are seldom assessed or treated for severe fatigue, a common symptom in sick patients due to acute medical conditions arising from cancer and cancer treatment. We provide a profile of cancer-related fatigue within the EC setting. Using a single-item screening tool derived from the Brief Fatigue Inventory, 928 patients (636 with solid tumors, 292 with hematological malignancies) triaged in the EC of a tertiary cancer center rated their fatigue at its worst in the last 24hours. Patient demographic and clinical factors were retrospectively reviewed from medical records. The chief complaints of patients seeking emergency care included fever, pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, dyspnea, fatigue, and bleeding. More than half (54%) reported severe fatigue (seven or higher on a 0–10 scale) upon EC admission. Moderate to severe pain was highly associated with fatigue severity. Patients with severe fatigue were more likely to be unstable and unable to go home after EC care. In multivariate logistic regression analysis for severe fatigue, the significant risk factors for patients with solid tumors included dizziness (odds ratio [OR]=3.59), severe pain (OR=1.98), poor performance status (OR=1.81), and being female (OR=1.56). Dyspnea was significantly associated with severe fatigue in patients with hematological malignancies (OR=4.74). Although fatigue was not the major reason for an ER visit, single-item fatigue-severity screening demonstrated highly prevalent severe fatigue in sicker EC cancer patients and in those patients who also suffered from other symptoms.
Level structure of 99Tc by inelastic scattering and proton stripping

Abstract The 98Mo(3He, d)99Tc and 99Tc(d, d') reactions have been used to study the levels of of 99Tc. Spin-parity assignments are made for nearly all states below 1.5 MeV excitation. Strong j-dependence is noted for l = 1 transitions in the proton stripping reaction, making possible several new spin assignments. The inelastic scattering data on 99Tc are compared to similar data on 98Mo, and are found to be in agreement with a coupling scheme based on a shell model with good seniority.
Neutron Damage in Ge(Hp) Coaxial Detectors

We report energy resolution, capacitance, and depletion voltage transients in neutron damaged coaxial Ge(HP) detectors fabricated from n-type and p-type germanium. The disordered region model for fast neutron degradation of germanium detectors was supported by 1) the large trapping cross sections observed (~ 10-11 cm2), 2) changes in the steady state charge on the traps over four decades of induced current density, and 3) the inability of the isolated defect hypothesis to self-consistently account for the ratio of thermal emission of holes in liquid nitrogen to liquid argon cooled detectors. The results of in-cryostat annealing of these detectors are reported.
National trends in pediatric blunt spleen and liver injury management and potential benefits of an abbreviated bed rest protocol.

Abstract Purpose Recent reports suggest that an abbreviated bed rest protocol (ABRP) may safely reduce length of stay (LOS) and resource utilization in pediatric blunt spleen and liver injury (BSLI) patients. This study evaluates national temporal trends in BLSI management and estimates national reduction in LOS using an ABRP. Methods Pediatric patients ( Results 22,153 patients were identified. Over the study period, operative rates for spleen and liver injuries and overall mortality significantly declined: LOS = 3.1 days (± 1.6) and 2.7 days (± 1.9) for spleen and liver, respectively. If APSA guidelines were followed, the rates were LOS = 3.7 days (± 1.1) and 3.4 days (± 0.7), respectively. Application of the ABRP would result in LOS = 1.3 days (± 0.5) for all BSLI patients. An ABRP could potentially save 1.7 hospital days/patient or 36,964 patient hospital days nationally. Conclusion Our study confirms a significant national decrease in operative intervention and overall mortality in patients with BSLI. Additionally, it appears that a shorter observation period than the APSA guidelines is being utilized. The implementation of ABRP holds potential in further reducing LOS and resource utilization.
Regioselective competitive adsorption of water and organic vapor mixtures on pristine single-walled carbon nanotube bundles.

Sequential adsorption of water and organic vapor mixtures onto single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles is studied experimentally and by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation to elucidate the distinct interactions between select adsorbates and the nanoporous structure of SWNTs. Experimental adsorption isotherms on SWNT bundles for hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, and toluene individually mixed in carrier gases that were nearly saturated with water vapor are compared with the GCMC-simulated isotherms for hexane, as a representative organic, on the external surface of the heterogeneous SWNT bundles. From the nearly perfect overlap between the experimental and simulated isotherms, it is concluded that until near saturation only the internal pore volume of pristine SWNT bundles fills with water. The adsorption of water vapor on the peripheral surface of the bundles remains insignificant, if not negligible, in comparison to the adsorption of water in the internal volume of the bundles. Thi...
Gribov's reggeon calculus and high-energy elastic proton-proton scattering☆

Abstract We demonstrate that the change of slope at t ⋍ − 0.1 ( GeV /c) 2 and the dip at t ⋍ − 1,4 ( GeV /c) 2 , observed in the recent ISR proton-proton elastic-scattering data, can both be simultaneously explained within the framework of Gribov's reggeon calculus for the pomeron.
Virus nature of infectious pancreatic necrosis in trout.

SummaryA filterable, heat labile agent has been found in salmonid fishes with presumptively diagnosed and histologically confirmed infectious pancreatic necrosis. In presence of penicillin, strepto...
Signs in the Workplaces Semiotics and Human Performance Technology

Semiotics, or the study of signs, has much to offer the field of performance technology. In this paper, we examine the process of analysis and illustrate how semiotic theory can inform the way a performance problem is approached, analyzed, and understood. We argue that a semiotic approach to analysis can reveal meanings that would otherwise remain hidden and which can provide valuable information for the design of appropriate interventions. Semiotics is not so much a new theory of performance technology as much as it provides “value added” to current Human Performance Technology processes.
Some methodological and training/funding perspectives on the future of personality research

Abstract This article provides some methodological and training/funding perspectives on the future of personality research. Traditional correlational approaches to personality data have been useful, but approaches that address the data in new ways (e.g., mean structure, variance structure) permit researchers to ask interesting new research questions, particularly of short- and long-term longitudinal data. Advances and issues in the measurement of personality dimensions, types, situations, and biological markers are considered. Given the shrinkage of training programs in personality, new approaches to training are proposed to take advantage of resources across universities. Finally, some potential unanticipated costs for core personality research of the increased emphasis on grant funding at many universities are considered.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: ready to be tested in vivo

While dendritic cells (DCs) are best known for their capacity to initiate specific immune responses, more recent findings show that DCs are essential in controlling not only central but also peripheral tolerance, and that they are closely linked to innate immunity. Such distinct functions can only
2-Deoxy-d-glucose inhibition of herpes simplex virus type-1 receptor expression

Abstract Growth of HEp-2 cells in 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2-DOG) supplemented media decreased the cells' binding capacity for herpes simplex virus type-1 KOS (HSV-1) but not vesicular stomatitis virus. HEp-2 cells tolerated up to 30 mM 2-DOG, but 2-DOG was toxic for Vero cells over 2 mM. The reduction in binding was maintained for at least 24 h even after careful removal of the inhibitor and growth in normal media. Complete regeneration of the receptor sites on HEp-2 cells was observed 8 h after mild trypsinization of cells grown in either normal or the 2-DOG supplemented media. Specific glycoprotein characteristics of the HSV-1 binding site were indicated by its inactivation upon trypsinization (0.1 mg per 5 × 10 5 cells for 30 s) and blocking by wheat germ agglutinin but not limulin. These results suggest that 2-DOG inhibits the proper expression of cell surface glycoprotein HSV-1 receptor sites on HEp-2 cells.
β‐cyclodextrin reduces bioavailability of orally administered [3H]benzo[a]pyrene in the rat

The excretion and plasma kinetics of total radioactivity were studied following single oral administration of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene after multiple oral administration of β‐cyclodextrin at 0, 5, 50, or 500 mg/kg/day. The AUC and Cmax values in male and female rats following administration of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene in combination with 5 to 500 mg/kg β‐cyclodextrin were considerably lower than that in rats administered [3H]benzo[a]pyrene alone. At all dose levels of β‐cyclodextrin, the excretion of total radioactivity was almost entirely via feces, with <2% recovered in urine, demonstrating either that absorption of the orally administered dose was low or that, for any absorbed material, biliary excretion was the main route of excretion. However, following administration of vehicle, up to 5% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine, suggesting that absorption may have been reduced by the presence of β‐cyclodextrin in the intestine. At all dose levels of β‐cyclodextrin, there was minimal retention of radioactivity in the carcase at the end of the collection period. β‐Cyclodextrin did not affect the apparent terminal half‐life of radioactivity. Therefore, the reduced systemic exposure of rats to radioactivity in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin is likely related to a reduced oral bioavailability. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 94:114–119, 2005
Nuclear Hearts and Minds

The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy. By Jacques E. C. Hymans Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 273 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-85076-2), $29.99 paper (ISBN: 0-521-61625-5). Nuclear proliferation is one of the most profound security challenges of the twenty-first century. Jacques Hymans' The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation takes on this issue with an innovative, interdisciplinary approach that centers the study of nuclear proliferation on the hearts and minds of leaders. The book combines a sophisticated theoretical framework and multimethod research design with a rich set of case studies. This is one of those rare academic works published at the very time that it can be most beneficial to both the discipline and the policy arena. Hymans effectively argues that decisions to develop, or not to develop, nuclear weapons are “revolutionary,” subjective, and made by leaders who are conscious that their decisions involve the ultimate weapon. To systematize the study of proliferation at the individual level of analysis, Hymans creates a typology of “national identity conceptions.” He defines a national identity conception as “an individual's understanding of the nation's identity—his or her sense of what the nation naturally stands for and how high it naturally stands, in comparison to others in the international arena” (pp. 12–13). Hymans adds that these identity conceptions derive from “a set of deep-seated, essentially unfalsifiable beliefs about the ‘true’ nature of the nation,” which are developed through comparison and contrast with “key comparison others” (p. 13). National identity conceptions are measured along two dimensions (solidarity and status) that reflect leaders' beliefs about the …
Motor deficits correlate with resting state motor network connectivity in patients with brain tumours

While a tumour in or abutting primary motor cortex leads to motor weakness, how tumours elsewhere in the frontal or parietal lobes affect functional connectivity in a weak patient is less clear. We hypothesized that diminished functional connectivity in a distributed network of motor centres would correlate with motor weakness in subjects with brain masses. Furthermore, we hypothesized that interhemispheric connections would be most vulnerable to subtle disruptions in functional connectivity. We used task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity to probe motor networks in control subjects and patients with brain tumours ( n = 22). Using a control dataset, we developed a method for automated detection of key nodes in the motor network, including the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor area and superior parietal lobule, based on the anatomic location of the hand-motor knob in the primary motor cortex. We then calculated functional connectivity between motor network nodes in control subjects, as well as patients with and without brain masses. We used this information to construct weighted, undirected graphs, which were then compared to variables of interest, including performance on a motor task, the grooved pegboard. Strong connectivity was observed within the identified motor networks between all nodes bilaterally, and especially between the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area. Reduced connectivity was observed in subjects with motor weakness versus subjects with normal strength ( P < 0.001). This difference was driven mostly by decreases in interhemispheric connectivity between the primary motor cortices ( P < 0.05) and between the left primary motor cortex and the right premotor area ( P < 0.05), as well as other premotor area connections. In the subjects without motor weakness, however, performance on the grooved pegboard did not relate to interhemispheric connectivity, but rather was inversely correlated with connectivity between the left premotor area and left supplementary motor area, for both the left and the right hands ( P < 0.01). Finally, two subjects who experienced severe weakness following surgery for their brain tumours were followed longitudinally, and the subject who recovered showed reconstitution of her motor network at follow-up. The subject who was persistently weak did not reconstitute his motor network. Motor weakness in subjects with brain tumours that do not involve primary motor structures is associated with decreased connectivity within motor functional networks, particularly interhemispheric connections. Motor networks become weaker as the subjects become weaker, and may become strong again during motor recovery. * Abbreviations : PMA : premotor area PMC : premotor cortex SMA : supplementary motor area SPL : superior parietal lobule