cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular structure-reactivity relationships in n-butane oxidation over bulk VPO and supported vanadia catalysts: Lessons for molecular engineering of new selective catalysts for alkane oxidation

The present study addresses the nature of the promoter effect in the bulk VPO and supported vanadia catalysts. No correlation was found between the electronegativity of the promoter or oxide support cation and the catalytic properties of these two catalytic systems. The enhancement of surface acidity had a beneficial effect on both the rate of n-butane oxidation and selectivity to maleic anhydride over the bulk VPO and supported vanadia catalysts. These findings suggested that the activation of n-butane on both the bulk and supported vanadia catalysts may require both a redox and an acid site. The results of the present study further demonstrate that the supported vanadia catalysts represent a suitable model for bulk VPO catalysts.
132-P: COMPARISON OF DNA QUALITY, CONCENTRATION AND PROCESSING TIMES USING MAXWELL® 16 AND MAXWELL® CSC AUTOMATED NUCLEIC ACID EXTRACTION SYSTEMS

Aim The United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has issued draft guidance stating that extraction systems for molecular diagnostic use must be designed and manufactured under cGMP, and labeled as Clinical Sample Concentrators (CSC). Promega Corporation is introducing a new Maxwell ® system and reagent kit for the extraction of genomic DNA from human whole blood, that is designed and manufactured in compliance with this directive. Many laboratories may wish to transition from the legacy Maxwell ® 16 to the Maxwell ® CSC due to the FDA draft guidance. To aid customers in making this transition, Promega has done an extensive comparison of DNA yield, purity, and customer workflow between the Maxwell ® CSC with the Maxwell ® CSC Blood kit and the Maxwell ® 16 and Maxwell ® 16 LEV Blood kit. Methods Human blood samples were evaluated for: DNA concentration, total yield, and purity with a spectrophotometer. Results Samples processed on the Maxwell ® 16 and the Maxwell ® CSC yielded comparable total yields, concentrations, and purity as measured by A 260 /A 280. The Maxwell ® CSC showed equal or better purity values as measured by A 260 /A 230 when compared to the Maxwell ® 16. Maxwell® CSC boasts an improved workflow primarily driven by shorter instrument run time and simplified user interface. Conclusions Laboratories that wish to transition to the Maxwell ® CSC will find the same great performance they have seen on the Maxwell ® 16 with human blood collected in EDTA, heparin, and citrate tubes but with an improvement in workflow and ease of use, and reporting functionality. Maxwell ® CSC is manufactured in compliance with the FDA directives regarding Clinical Sample Concentrators and thus gives laboratories a compliant choice for genomic DNA purification from human whole blood samples. Cowan: Promega Corporation: Employee. Franz: Promega Corporation: Employee. Newton: Promega Corporation: Employee. Cameron: Promega Corporation: Employee. McCombs: Promega Corporation: Employee.
Novel construction methods of quaternion orthogonal designs based on complex orthogonal designs

Quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) are considered the foundation of orthogonal space time polarization block codes (OSTPBCs). OSTPBCs benefit from orthogonal polarizations and orthogonal space and time block coding simultaneously to enhance the capacity of wireless communication systems. To exploit these advantages of OSTPBCs, this paper explores two generalized construction techniques of QODs, where the first one is based on symmetric-paired designs while the second technique maps the complex orthogonal designs (CODs) to QODs directly. With these schemes, QODs for any number of transmit antennas can be constructed. Moreover, a low-complexity maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder for the proposed construction techniques has been presented that provides optimal decoupled decoding with phenomenal complexity reduction. Simulation results show that the diversity order of the first QOD construction is higher than the second design given the number of transmit antennas are same.
Impeding Access to Quality Education: Culture, Gender, and Funding

This chapter addresses the topic of access to a quality education. It argues that a quality education not only implies having appropriate books, curricula, and skilled teachers, but also safe learning environments that are able to foster the growth of healthy students and communities. In fragile societies and post-conflict settings, access to quality education is often given less priority relative to other issues such as infrastructure rebuilding and the implementation of peace agreements. This chapter posits that cultural practices, gender issues, and funding mechanisms impede access to quality education and these problem areas should be given a high priority in the post-conflict reconstruction process. It discusses cultural practices as they relate to access to quality education as well as how they relate to gender. The inclusion of women in peace processes and how their inclusion is connected with access to quality education will also be addressed. Lastly, funding is examined as a key determinant of educational access to demonstrate how a lack of it can feed into identity, racial, and ethnic contestation and harm communities recovering from violence. India, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Pakistan, Afghanistan, Liberia, Rwanda, and South Africa are examined as case studies.
Switch to Ticagrelor in critical limb ischemia antiplatelet study (STT-CLIPS).

Abstract Objective To investigate platelet reactivity in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) after switching from clopidogrel to ticagrelor. Background High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) is highly prevalent in patients with CLI treated with clopidogrel. The effect of ticagrelor in patients with CLI is not known, however. Methods We performed P2Y12 platelet receptor inhibition studies (VASP and VerifyNow) in 50 patients with CLI. Tests were performed before and 6 ± 1 h after daily 75 mg clopidogrel dose. Patients were then switched to ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily for two weeks and platelet assays repeated. Patients were divided based on VerifyNow P2Y12 reaction units (PRU). Group 1: HPR defined as PRU ≥ 208 and Group 2: Appropriate platelet inhibition (API), PRU Results After two weeks of uninterrupted antiplatelet therapy, mean PRU results were 173 PRU and 71 PRU at baseline (p 50% was found in 42% of clopidogrel and 2% of ticagrelor treated patients. Conclusions Among patients with CLI, ticagrelor achieved greater platelet inhibition than clopidogrel during maintenance treatment and at 6 h after daily dosing. High on-treatment platelet reactivity to clopidogrel in patients with CLI can be overcome by switching to ticagrelor.
Impact of subsurface water on structural performance of inundated flexible pavements

The assessment of the structural performance of inundated pavements is crucial to reduce the induced damage in the aftermath of flooding. The objective of this study is to present a simplified approach to investigate the impact of different subsurface water levels on the performance of pavement structures. The flooded conditions and subsequent water recession were simulated by slowly lowering the subsurface water from the pavement surface down in depth. A hydrostatic water pressure distribution was assigned above and below the water level for different cross sections with different subgrade types. Layer Elastic Analysis was performed to predict the surface deflection, stresses and strains at the bottom of asphalt layer and at the top of subgrade layer to evaluate the impact of saturated and unsaturated pavements. Finally, the influence depth for subsurface water level at which the road can withstand traffic with zero to minimum deterioration was discussed given the pavement structure and soil type...
Aspirin did not prevent pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation

Source Citation CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group. CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among ...
Modeling sensitivity of imaging spectrometer data to carbon dioxide and methane plumes

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) are the two primary anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributing to positive radiative forcing that causes global warming. Plumes emitted from point sources such as power plants (CO 2 ) and fossil fuel production (CH 4 ) may be detectable using high spectral and spatial resolution airborne imaging spectrometer data. We used the MODTRAN radiative transfer model to simulate changes in reflected solar radiance caused by increasing CO 2 or CH 4 concentration within a 500 m layer at the base of the atmosphere. Radiance residuals were calculated for varying surface reflectance, solar zenith angle, and column water vapor concentration. Radiance residuals were compared to noise equivalent delta radiance (NEdL) for the Classic (10 nm spectral resolution) and Next Generation (5 nm spectral resolution) Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensors. Detection of a CO 2 plume emitted by a fossil fuel power plant is demonstrated using AVIRIS Classic data.
PayPal — Globales Zahlungssystem mit Kompetenz für lokale Zahlungsmärkte

Mitte der Neunzigerjahre ist die Zahlungslandschaft in den USA gepragt durch den Gebrauch von Bargeld, Schecks und Kreditkarten. Diese stellen sich jedoch schnell als nur bedingt geeignet fur den Handel im Internet heraus. Der Postversand von Bargeld und Schecks erfordert einen hohen Vertrauensvorschuss, der bei der hohen Intransparenz des Marktes und seiner Teilnehmer in den seltensten Fallen vorhanden ist. Auch die Verbreitung der Kreditkarte bei Zahlvorgangen im Online-Handel erfordert viel Vertrauen auf Seiten der Kaufer. Der Boom des Online-Handels machte schlieslich neue, dem Medium entsprechende und den Anspruchen der Nutzer angepasste Zahlungssysteme erforderlich. Sicherheit, Geschwindigkeit und einfache Handhabung sind die entscheidenden Determinanten der Systeme, die den Erfolg des Online-Handels unterstutzen. Insbesondere fur die Abwicklung kleinerer Betrage und den Handel zwischen Privatpersonen erweisen sich die gangigen Zahlungsmittel als ungeeignet. Gleichzeitig entstehen Mitte der der Neunziger Jahre Online-Marktplatze wie eBay, bei denen der Handel zwischen Privatpersonen im Mittelpunkt steht. Hier fiel die Kreditkarte zudem als Zahlungsmittel weitgehend aus, denn Privatpersonen und kleine Handler erhalten von den Banken in der Regel nicht die Moglichkeit, Kreditkarten direkt zu akzeptieren. Die Zahlungslandschaft in den USA stand vor einem Umbruch.
Overview of Clinical Research Study Designs Using Examples From the Swallowing Literature

Study designs have numerous advantages and disadvantages that must be considered when addressing a research question, hypothesis, and objective. These include but are not limited to cost, feasibili...
Capillary barriers improve reclamation in drastically disturbed semiarid shrubland

ABSTRACTSoils in arid climates affected by drastic disturbance do not recover without reclamation efforts, and saline-sodic conditions caused by development activities are especially problematic. To improve reclamation success, we created seeded depressions that held three types of sand capillary barriers in October 2013. Sand was placed above (mulch), below (capillary barrier), and encompassing (dual barrier) seeded native soil at ridge and depression sites near Wamsutter, WY, representative of natural gas extraction areas. We compared grass growth, salinity, and moisture among the treatments and under depressions without sand amendments (pit) and plots seeded by standard procedures (control). At the ridge site, the mulch treatment supported 249 stems m−2 in the seeded patches surviving to August 2014, compared with 110 and 89 stems m−2 in the pit and lower barrier treatments, respectively, less than 50 stems m−2 in the dual barrier treatments, and none in the control. The dual barrier and mulch treatmen...
Apiaceous vegetable intake modulates expression of DNA damage response genes and microRNA in the rat colon

Abstract We examined chemo-preventive mechanisms of apiaceous vegetable intake against 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Rats fed either a purified diet, or purified diet supplemented with 21% apiaceous vegetables (API), were injected with PhIP after 6 d of feeding and colons harvested 24 h later. There was a trend for increased colonic mRNA expression of P-glycoprotein, a PhIP efflux transporter. No DNA damage response genes were up-regulated by API but 13 of these genes were down-regulated, compared to the positive control group, which may have been due to formation of fewer PhIP-DNA adducts. In colonic miRNA profiling, 11 out of 421 miRNAs were modulated in the API group, 3 of which target 19 mRNAs involved in cancer signaling pathways. API increased miR-19a, which targets Ccnd1, a potential oncogene responsible for G1-S cell cycle progression. In conclusion, apiaceous vegetable intake may be chemopreventive through modification of miRNA expression as well as P-glycoprotein expression in colon.
450 × 580 µm2 Pixel incorporating TX and coherent RX in CMOS for mm-wave active imaging using a single reflector

A transceiver pixel for active imaging incorporating a transmitter (TX) and a coherent receiver (RX) is demonstrated in 65 nm CMOS at 260 GHz. The pixel occupies an area of 450 × 580µm2 and is the first demonstration of pixels incorporating a TX and a coherent RX which are smaller than λ/2 × λ/2. The pixel exhibits −21.3 dBm total radiated power and −79.5 dBm sensitivity at a 1 kHz noise bandwidth. This sensitivity is about 10 dB better than the state-of-the-art pixel with only a coherent RX. The pixel consumes 18.7 mW of DC power.
The teaching well: Experience, education and counselling.

Wellness classes based on Eastern and Western philosophical concepts were offered to graduate level counselling students as a means of helping them to integrate and clarify their views on counselling. Through experiential activities, students learned to more fully activate inner creative resources for an enhanced sense of wholeness. The concepts and methods learned have practical application to counselling.
A dynamic dual isotope radionuclear method of quantifying penile blood flow.

AbstractA new radionuclear method of quantifying arterial and venous blood flow of the penis is described. The technique is based on the simultaneous recording of the change in blood volume and venous outflow in the flaccid and erect states, which is produced pharmacologically. The change in penile blood volume is determined by measuring the change in the technetium-labeled red blood cell activity with time. Venous outflow is recorded with a xenon washout technique. The isotope data are used to compute arterial and venous flows with a complex computerized mathematical formula. Three basic blood flow patterns have been noted that distinguish normal patients from those with arterial insufficiency and venous leakage. The study is relatively easy and noninvasive to perform, and it appears to quantify penile blood flow accurately.
Spinwellen in Ferromagneten mit indirektem Austausch

We consider a lattice of localized, ferromagnetically ordered spins, exchange-inter-acting with a simple conduction band and give a unified theory of the elementary spin excitations. Spinwaves of the Heisenberg-model type and collective spinwaves, characteristic of a Fermigas with repulsive interactions, are coupled and give rise to an acoustical branch of predominantly localized and an optical branch of predominantly collective character which should appear in the infrared. In its most idealized version the model needs only three parameter: effective massm ⋆, interband exchange energy $$\tilde J$$ and effective electron-electron repulsion $$\tilde v$$ to describe this entire spectrum.
Diet and the Colonic Environment: Measuring the Response of Human Colonic Bacteria to Changes in the Host’s Diet

As dietary fiber passes through the human colon, a substantial portion of it is digested by the resident bacteria (Van Soest, 1978; Ehle et al., 1982). Clearly, this digestion by bacteria alters the structure of the fiber itself. It is also possible that dietary fiber affects the bacteria in turn by changing both the metabolic activities and the species composition of the colonic microflora. The question of how and to what extent fiber in the diet affects the colonic microflora is an important one because the metabolic activities of these bacteria largely determine the physicochemical environment of the colon.
Understanding the Milk Microbiota

The milk microbiota is an intriguing area of research because milk with no bacterial growth in culture was long thought to be sterile. Recent DNA sequencing techniques have been developed that do not require bacteria to be culturable, and DNA from new bacteria have been reported in milk from dairy cow mammary glands with or without mastitis. Methodologies and results vary among research groups, and not enough is known about the milk microbiota for the results to be used for diagnosis or prognosis of mastitis.
Use of Dewey Decimal Classification by Academic Libraries in the United States

Nearly 25 years have elapsed since the last comprehensive measure of the percentage of academic libraries that employ the Dewey and Library of Congress systems of classification. To provide updated...
Ultrafast diagnostics of augmented filament ablation

High intensity ultrafast near-IR laser induced filaments in air possess very precise characteristics. Each filament is controlled in spatial extent by the non-linear optical processes that are responsible for their formation. The spatial extent of the filament has a Townesian profile comprising a central high intensity region of ~ 400 μm full width, surrounded by a lower intensity peripheral field extending out several millimeters that maintains the long term propagation stability of the filament. The energy content within each filament is clamped by the threshold power needed for its establishment, for ~100 fs pulses this is ~3GW. Energy greater than this results in either the formation of additional filaments or is dispersed into the peripheral field and is diffracted out of the beam. Thus each filament carries a finite energy. Nonetheless, light filaments are an effective way of propagating over large distances extremely high power densities (< 1013 W/cm2), several orders of magnitude higher than the ablation threshold of nearly all materials. The level of ablation of solid surfaces is however limited by the maximum energy (few mJ) carried in each filament. In the present study we make detailed measurements of the ablation of GaAs, examining both the plasma interaction and the resulting material ablation. In addition we probe the use of additional nanosecond infrared laser light focused on the surface concurrently with the filament at intensities. We observe significantly increased filament initiated ablation when followed by lower intensity nanosecond radiation. Ultrafast radiometric studies of the plasma evolution provides new understandings of this augmented ablation process.
Nanoscale crystallographic characterization of nanoporous catalyst by TKD

Abstract To better understand the structure-reactivity relationships of self-supported nanoporous catalysts, a nanoscale characterization of the materials is required. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD), or transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is a recent technique used to analyze the grain crystallography and morphology of thin films and nanometer-scale materials. Using a conventional EBSD detector in a FIB-SEM instrument, we investigate nanoporous gold (npAu) samples with ligament size in the 50–70 nm range. Grains with diameters below 50 nm can be clearly resolved, but also well-defined grain boundaries extending over 3 to 4 pixels, proving the high resolution of the method. The presence of contaminations during sample preparation by FIB milling is also discussed. The results provide deeper insight than conventional EBSD technique can alone.
A “Natural Death”: The Political Battlefield of Infections and Migrant Children’s Bodies

Before September 2018, no child had died in United States Border Patrol custody in a decade. Since then, 7 detained children have died in the past 10 months. Migrant children's bodies have become the latest political battlefield, and these children have been caught in the crossfire. This piece focuses on the recent deaths of several migrant children from overwhelming infections in United States detainment centers. The circumstances surrounding these illnesses bring to the fore concerns about the care of these children, suggesting infectious disease outbreaks in these detainment centers, delays in bringing children to medical attention, and inadequate medical expertise in their care. There is an urgent need for advocacy by clinicians and professional societies to resolve this crisis.
Hyaluronic Acid for Pre-auricular Area

This chapter reviews the current marketplace offerings of hyaluronic acid gels that are FDA indicated for volume restoration in the pre-auricular area. Included in this discussion are the structural composition and product specifics for various materials. Additionally, we review methods, techniques, and clinical follow-up for pre-auricular rejuvenation. Lastly, we review contraindications and side effects that providers and patients should be aware of prior to use of hyaluronic acid. After reading this section, providers should feel better prepared to utilize this class of products in patients requesting corrective cosmetic concerns in the pre-auricular area.
The ethics of aesthetics: Stigma, information, and the politics of electronic ankle monitor design

At present, the politics of digital tools are predominantly discussed in terms of the data they collect, analyze, and circulate. Through my analysis of electronic ankle monitors’ visual characteris...
Noninvasive Hemodynamic Assessment of Shock Severity and Mortality Risk Prediction in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to define the 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic hemodynamics associated with each Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) sta...
Truth, Justification, and Knowledge in the Epistemology of Adjudication

The Shanghai conference reflects a surge in interest in the application of epistemology to the understanding of adjudication and specifically the enterprise represented by “fact-finding” at trial.
Robustness of deep learning segmentation of cardiac substructures in noncontrast computed tomography for breast cancer radiotherapy.

Purpose To develop and evaluate deep learning based auto-segmentation of cardiac substructures from non-contrast planning computed tomography (CT) images in patients undergoing breast cancer radiotherapy and to investigate the algorithm sensitivity to out-of-distribution data such as CT image artifacts. Methods Nine substructures including Aortic Valve (AV), Left Anterior Descending (LAD), Tricuspid Valve (TV), Mitral Valve (MV), Pulmonic Valve (PV), Right Atrium (RA), Right Ventricle (RV), Left Atrium (LA) and Left Ventricle (LV) were manually delineated by a radiation oncologist on non-contrast CT images of 129 patients with breast cancer; among them 90 were considered in-distribution data, also named 'clean' data. The image/label pairs of 60 subjects were used to train a 3D deep neural network while the remaining 30 were used for testing. The rest of the 39 patients were considered out-of-distribution ('outlier') data which were used to test robustness. Random rigid transformations were used to augment the dataset during training. We investigated multiple loss functions, including Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Cross-entropy (CE), Euclidean loss as well as the variation and combinations of these, data augmentation, and network size on overall performance and sensitivity to image artifacts due to infrequent events such as the presence of implanted devices. The predicted label maps were compared to the ground truth labels via DSC and mean and 90th percentile symmetric surface distance (90th -SSD). Results When using modified Dice combined with cross-entropy (MD-CE) as the loss function, the algorithm achieved a mean DSC = 0.79±0.07 for chambers and a mean DSC = 0.39±0.10 for smaller substructures (valves and LAD). The mean and 90th -SSD for chambers was 2.7±1.4 mm and 6.5±2.8 mm and was 4.1±1.7 mm and 8.6±3.2 mm for smaller substructures. Models with MD-CE, Dice-CE, MD, and weighted CE loss had highest performance, and were statistically similar. Data augmentation did not affect model performances on both clean and outlier data and model robustness was susceptible to network size. For a certain type of outlier data, robustness can be improved via incorporating them into the training process. The execution time for segmenting each patient was on average 2.1s. Conclusions A deep neural network provides a fast and accurate segmentation of large cardiac substructures in non-contrast CT images. Model robustness to two types of clinically common outlier data were investigated and potential approaches to improve them were explored. Evaluation of clinical acceptability and integration into clinical workflow are pending. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Structure of the antitumor protein neocarzinostatin: Purification, amino acid composition, disulfide reduction, and isolation and composition of tryptic peptides☆

Abstract The antitumor protein neocarzinostatin has been purified by repeated CM-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. The protein possesses 109 amino acid residues in a single chain, crosslinked by two disulfide bonds. Reduction and S -alkylation could not be accomplished in aqueous solution and required the use of dithiothreitol in liquid ammonia, followed by treatment with alkyl chloride. Tryptic digestion of (tetra- S -carboxymethyl)neocarzinostatin afforded five tryptic fragments which were fractionated by preparative paper chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis, purified by Sephadex gel filtration and characterized by amino acid and amino end-group analysis. The total number of amino acid residues of these fragments account for the 109 residues of neocarzinostatin.
Market Implications of Regulatory Form in the Electric Utility Industry: An Assessment of Incentive Regulation

In this study, we investigate whether incentive regulation (IR) is associated with improvements infirm performance. We also examine the effect of IR type on the information contents of earnings and cash flows. The empirical analysis uses price-to-book ratio, earnings, and cash flows as the empirical proxies of firm performance. The analysis also controls for the potential effects of firm size and regulatory climate on the results. We find that firms operating under IR exhibit improvements in each of the performance metrics. It is shown that the information contents of earnings and cashflows for the price-to-book ratio are higher for IR than for non-IR firms, after controlling for the effects affirm size and regulatory climate. The results also reveal that variation in IR type is associated with differences in the information contents of earnings and cash flows. We also find that, prior to the introduction of IR, the performances of IR and non-IR firms are not fundamentally different.
Community as a mechanism for transcending wellbeing at the individual, social, and ecological levels

Community wellbeing, from a field theoretical perspective, derives from the interaction of three core elements reflecting different levels and units of analysis – individual, social, and ecological. These facets of community, and their related concepts, come together in a powerful way to shape relationships, opportunities for agency, and local adaptive capacities that lead to wellbeing. Unfortunately, much of the extant community literature moves across and among these three dimensions without regard to how efforts at one level impact another. The literature lacks a theoretical framework that links the individual, social, and ecological levels of wellbeing and community into a coherent whole. Here, we conducted a meta-study of data drawn from within the field theoretical approach to community literature and included a series of theoretical papers, books, journal articles, and community studies spanning from 1959 to 2013. We found that community, from a field theoretical view, contributes to and impacts we...
Further Results on the Stability of a Thick Elastic Plate Under Thrust

The stability of the critical state for flexural buckling of a plate of incompressible isotropic elastic material with arbitrary strain-energy function is studied. Most of the analysis is carried out without restriction on the magnitude of the aspect ratio of the plate. However, the final result is limited to the case when the aspect ratio is such that terms of fourth degree in it may be neglected in comparison with terms of zero degree.
Ventilatory Responses to Acute and Chronic Hypoxia

The sections in this article are: 1 Ventilatory Responses to Acute Hypoxia 1.1 Mechanisms of Ventilatory Changes during Acute Hypoxia 2 Ventilatory Acclimatization to Short-Term Hypoxia 2.1 Historical Perspective 2.2 Time Course 2.3 Variation 3 Mechanisms of Short-Term Accumatization to Hypoxia 3.1 Role of Medullary Chemoreceptors 3.2 Role of Peripheral Chemoreceptors 3.3 Possible Mechanisms for Increased Carotid Body Sensitivity during Short-Term Acclimatization 3.4 Role of the Central Nervous System 3.5 Ventilation, Metabolic Rate, and Lung Mechanics 4 Deacclimatization Following Acclimatization to Short-Term Hypoxia 5 Ventilation and Ventilatory Control in Long-Term Hypoxia 5.1 Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Long-term Hypoxia 6 Effects of Hypoxia on Breathing During Sleep 6.1 Sleep at Sea Level 6.2 Sleep during Hypoxia 6.3 Changes in Breathing during Sleep at Sea Level 6.4 Changes in Breathing during Sleep at High Altitude 7 Benefits and Shortcomings of Breathing Changes During Hypoxia
A channel resolvability perspective on stealth communications

We analyze the problem of stealth communication and low probability of detection from the perspective of channel resolvability. We show that stealth communication over discrete memoryless channels and additive white Gaussian noise channels is possible without secret key as soon as the legitimate receiver's channel is “better” than the warden's channel, which generalizes previously known results to a much larger class of channels. The underlying technical problem that we solve is how to develop concentration inequalities for “low weight” sequences; the crux of our approach is to define modified “typical sets” that are amenable to concentration inequalities.
Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: Showing the way or leading us astray?

The indolent nature of Alzheimer's disease, coupled with burgeoning interest in a "presymptomatic" stage of disease, has motivated efforts to identify, validate, and exploit surrogate disease markers for trials of disease-modifying or preventive strategies. Many of these efforts have been productive, and biomarkers are now routinely applied in selection of study subjects and evaluation of outcomes in clinical trials. On the other hand, biomarkers also have the capacity to lead to bad therapeutic outcomes when they determine "go- no go" decisions in early drug development. This paper reviews several reports of biomarker studies which illustrate the great potential, for both good and ill, of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.
Nature of the Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase Digitalis Complex IV. EVIDENCE THAT SODIUM-POTASSIUM COMPETITION MODULATES THE RATE OF OUABAIN INTERACTION WITH (Na+ + K+) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE DURING ENZYME CATALYSIS

Abstract Estimates of initial binding rates for [3H]ouabain interaction with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were obtained in the presence of ATP, magnesium, sodium, and potassium by using short assay times at 30°. The reactions were terminated by the rapid addition of excess unlabeled ouabain; this did not appear to displace bound [3H]ouabain during subsequent treatment of the suspensions (prior to assay). Initial binding rates were directly proportional to drug concentrations between 0.2 and 2.0 µm [3H]ouabain (30°). When assays were carried out for longer periods in the presence of at least 0.2 µm [3H]ouabain, the rates adhered to pseudo-first order kinetics. Maximal (i.e. at infinite sodium concentration) second order rate constants were 2.2 x 104 s-1 m-1 at 30° and 4.3 x 104 s-1 m-1 at 37°. Hill analyses (plots) for sodium (constant potassium), potassium (constant sodium) and sodium plus potassium (sodium/potassium = 10) activation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase suggested that ouabain increased the dissociation constant (K0.5) for potassium but had no effect on K0.5 for sodium. Changes in K0.5 for sodium plus potassium activation were less than for potassium, which suggested that sodium modulates ouabain-potassium antagonism during turnover of the enzyme. In the presence of ATP and magnesium, sodium increased and potassium decreased the rate of [3H]ouabain interaction. Kinetic analyses of [3H]ouabain binding rates suggested that sodium and potassium compete for a common site; dissociation constants for sodium and potassium at 37° were 13.7 mm and 0.213 mm, respectively. This relationship predicted the sensitivity (i.e. in terms of inhibition of enzyme activity) of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to ouabain in the presence of MgCl2, Tris-ATP, and various sodium and potassium concentrations. The relationship did not apply at sodium concentrations less than 10 mm in the presence of 10 mm potassium, which suggested that the validity of the model requires interaction of other cation-binding sites with sodium. The competitive relationship between sodium and potassium may modulate cardiac glycoside interaction with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.
Community control or control of the community? the case of the community mental health center

This paper analyzes the powerful professional and social forces arrayed against community control. True community control is seen to be in danger of being compromised and co-opted by the mental health establishment. A radical and untried proposition, the implementation of community control, awaits broader institutional and political reform.
The effects of labeling children gifted: A review of the literature

This paper overviews the negative and positive effects on children being labeled gifted. The research suggests that most children view being labeled gifted in positive fashion. Future areas for research on the effects of labeling children gifted are presented.
Analysis of apoptosis by cytometry using TUNEL assay

Activation of endonucleases that cleave chromosomal DNA preferentially at internucleosomal sections is a hallmark of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation revealed by the presence of a multitude of DNA strand breaks, therefore, is considered to be the gold standard for identification apoptotic cells. Several variants of the methodology that is based on fluorochrome-labeling of 3'-OH termini of DNA strand breaks in situ with the use of exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), commonly defined as the TUNEL assay, have been developed by us. This Chapter describes the variant based on strand breaks labeling with Br-dUTP that is subsequently detected immunocytochemically with Br-dUAb. Compared with other TUNEL variants the Br-dU-labeling assay offers the greatest sensitivity in detecting DNA breaks. Described also are modifications of the protocol that allow one to use other than Br-dUTP fluorochrome-tagged deoxynucleotides to label DNA breaks. Concurrent staining of DNA with propidium or 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and multiparameter analysis of cells by flow- or laser scanning cytometry enables one to correlate induction of apoptosis with the cell cycle phase.
Intrinsic diameter dependent degradation of single-wall carbon nanotubes from ion irradiation

Abstract The structural response of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin-films to ion irradiation has been systematically studied with increasing fluence between 5 × 1012 and 1 × 1015 (150 keV 11B+)/cm2 as a function of SWCNT diameter distribution. SEM analysis reveals that the SWCNT morphology remains intact after radiation exposure. The optical absorbance intensity decreases with increasing fluence, and near complete suppression is observed at approximately 2.5 × 1014 (11B+)/cm2, resulting in an equivalent reduction in signal intensity for resonant Raman spectroscopy. Changes observed in the optical response with increasing fluence demonstrate that defective SWCNTs behave similarly to other strongly doped or physically shortened SWCNTs. The Raman D/G′ increases with fluence for all samples, yet the magnitude of increase is strongly dependent on the SWCNT diameter distribution. The diameter dependence stems from differences in the SWCNT mass per unit length, which is incorporated into an inter-vacancy length (Lv) model that describes the radiation-induced changes. Ultimately, all SWCNT data converge to show an equivalent change in D/G′ at a corresponding Lv, even though the fluence required to achieve a particular Lv varies with SWCNT diameter. Thus, the radiation-induced changes in SWCNTs are intrinsically linked to their diameter, representing a fundamental property unique to this class of nanomaterials.
Coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 7 Tesla: a quantitative comparison with results at 3 Tesla

Methods Eight healthy adult subjects (mean age 23 ± 3 years, 5 men) underwent vector ECG-triggered, navigator gated and corrected free-breathing 3D MRA of the RCA at 7 T and 3 T. At 7 T a quadrature loop-pair (two 15 cm elements) was constructed, and the 2D selective respiratory navigator was localized at the lung-heart interface. At 3 T, a commercial 6-element cardiac receive array was used with body-coil transmit. A 3D segmented k-space gradient echo technique was combined with spectrally selective adiabatic inversion-recovery magnetization fat saturation. At 3 T, coronary MRA were obtained with the navigator localized at the lung-heart interface and at the lung-liver interface, respectively. The scan parameters at both field strengths were as similar as possible (Table 1). The S/N in the bloodpool of the aortic root near the RCA offspring, coronary vessel length, vessel sharpness, acquisition time and navigator efficiency were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. For visualization, reformatting with the 'Soapbubble'-tool was utilized.
A finite element method for two‐dimensional water‐wave problems

In this paper, the authors treat the free-surface waves generated by a moving disturbance with a constant speed in water of finite and constant depth. Specifically, the case when the disturbance is moving with the critical speed is investigated. The water is assumed inviscid and its motion irrotational. The surface tension is neglected. It is well-known that the linear theory breaks down when a disturbance is moving with the critical speed. As a remedy to overcome the invalid linear theory, approximate non-linear theories have been applied with success in the past, i.e. Boussinesq and Korteweg de Vries equations, for example. In the present paper, the authors describe a finite element method applied to the non-linear water-wave problems in two dimensions. The present numerical method solves the exact non-linear formulation in the scope of potential theory without any additional assumptions on the magnitude of the disturbances. The present numerical results are compared with those obtained by other approximate non-linear theories. Also presented are the discussions on the validity of the existing approximate theories applied to two types of the disturbances, i.e. the bottom bump and the pressure patch on the free-surface at the critical speed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Custom design of metabolism.

Two new approaches, RNA-enzyme fusions immobilized onto a surface and artificial RNA switches, could transform metabolic pathway engineering.
Design choices for complex APL

This is the third and last paper in a series discussing the major design choices for APL to handle complex numbers. These papers are intended to stimulate a discussion in the APL community before the first implementation of complex numbers in APL renders such a discussion academic.
Mining email social networks in Postgres

Open Source Software (OSS) projects provide a unique opportunity to gather and analyze publicly available historical data. The Postgres SQL server, for example, has over seven years of recorded development and communication activity. We mined data from both the source code repository and the mailing list archives to examine the relationship between communication and development in Postgres. Along the way, we had to deal with the difficult challenge of resolving email aliases. We used a number of social network analysis measures and statistical techniques to analyze this data. We present our findings in this paper.
Full length article: Redundant residue number system based space-time block codes

In this paper, we propose a novel application of Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) codes to Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) design. Based on the so-called ''Direct Mapping'' and ''Indirect Mapping'' schemes, the link between residues and complex signal constellations is optimized. We derive upper bounds on the codeword error probability of RRNS-STBC and characterize its achievable diversity gain assuming maximum likelihood decoding (MLD). The knowledge of apriori probabilities of residues is utilized to implement a probability based Distance-Aware Direct Mapping scheme. Using simulation results, we demonstrate that the Distance-Aware Direct Mapping scheme provides performance gain, relative to a traditional direct mapping scheme, that increases with decreasing code rate.
Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging‐MCI‐AD continuum

The cholinergic denervation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides the rationale for treatments with anticholinesterases. The presence of this cholinergic lesion is solidly established in advanced AD. Whether it also exists in early disease remains unsettled. This question was addressed with thioflavin-S histofluorescence to identify neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and two tau antibodies (AT8, Alz-50) to identify pre-tangle cytopathology in the nucleus basalis, the source of cortical cholinergic innervation. Methods for the concurrent visualization of tauopathy and choline acetyltransferase were used to determine if the cytopathology was selectively located within cholinergic neurons. Five elderly index cases who had died at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early AD were identified by longitudinal neuropsychological and behavioral assessments. They were compared to 7 age-matched cognitively normal subjects. NFT and AT8 (or Alz-50) immunostaining in cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons existed even in the cognitively normal subjects. The percentage of tauopathy-containing nucleus basalis neurons was greater in the cognitively impaired and showed a significant correlation with memory scores obtained 1-18 months prior to death. These results show that cytopathology in cortical cholinergic pathways is a very early event in the course of the continuum that leads from advanced age to MCI and AD.
APPARENT MASS AND ABSORBED POWER DURING EXPOSURE TO WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION AND REPEATED SHOCKS

Exposure to mechanical shocks might pose a greater health risk than exposure to continuous vibration. Previous studies have investigated subjective responses, muscle activity or transmission of vibration to the spine or head during shock. If there is a difference between biomechanic responses of the seated body to shocks when compared to continuous vibration, then this may indicate a more, or less, hazardous vibration waveform. This paper presents measurements of apparent mass and absorbed power during exposure to random vibration, repeated shocks and combinations of shocks and random vibration. Eleven male and 13 female subjects were exposed to 15 vibration conditions generated using an electro-dynamic shaker. Subjects were exposed to five 20 s acceleration waveforms with nominally identical power spectra (random vibration, equally spaced shocks, unequally spaced shocks, random combined with equally spaced shocks, random combined with unequally spaced shocks) at each of 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 m/s2r.m.s. The general shapes of the apparent mass or absorbed power curves were not affected by stimulus type, indicating that the biomechanical response of the body is fundamentally the same when exposed to shocks or random vibration. Two non-linear effects were observed: apparent mass resonance frequencies were slightly higher for exposure to shocks; apparent mass and absorbed power resonance frequencies decreased with increases in vibration magnitude for each stimulus type. It is concluded that the two non-linear mechanisms operate simultaneously: a stiffening effect during exposure to shocks and a softening effect as vibration magnitudes increase. Total absorbed powers were greatest for shock stimuli and least for random vibration.
Circular representation of human cortical networks for subject and population-level connectomic visualization

Cortical network architecture has predominantly been investigated visually using graph theory representations. In the context of human connectomics, such representations are not however always satisfactory because canonical methods for vertex–edge relationship representation do not always offer optimal insight regarding functional and structural neural connectivity. This article introduces an innovative framework for the depiction of human connectomics by employing a circular visualization method which is highly suitable to the exploration of central nervous system architecture. This type of representation, which we name a ‘connectogram’, has the capability of classifying neuroconnectivity relationships intuitively and elegantly. A multimodal protocol for MRI/DTI neuroimaging data acquisition is here combined with automatic image segmentation to (1) extract cortical and non-cortical anatomical structures, (2) calculate associated volumetrics and morphometrics, and (3) determine patient-specific connectivity profiles to generate subject-level and population-level connectograms. The scalability of our approach is demonstrated for a population of 50 adults. Two essential advantages of the connectogram are (1) the enormous potential for mapping and analyzing the human connectome, and (2) the unconstrained ability to expand and extend this analysis framework to the investigation of clinical populations and animal models.
MassBuilt: effectiveness of an apprenticeship site-based smoking cessation intervention for unionized building trades workers

Objective Blue-collar workers are difficult to reach and less likely to successfully quit smoking. The objective of this study was to test a training site-based smoking cessation intervention.
Asymptotic behavior at the boundary of a semiconductor device in two space dimensions

We study the analytic properties of the solution to a system of elliptic-parabolic equations simulating a semiconductor device. We describe the optimal regularity of the solution and its asymptotic behavior at the singular points of the problem.