cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National ICT Policies and Development: A Stage Model and Stakeholder Theory Perspective

While there is a fairly robust literature on information and communications technology ICT national policy, there are missing elements in the existing research. First, nation states at different stages of development are generally not considered in terms of what kind of ICT national policy is optimal. Second, a stakeholder perspective on the creation and implementation of the policy is typically absent. This theoretical paper attempts to fill these gaps by combining the idea of nations at different stages of development with stakeholder theory. The authors also integrate past thinking and research about information technology transfer, i.e., ICT outcomes, into a Stage-Stakeholder Model of ICT Policy. Directions for future research are proposed.
Assessment of the Mineralocorticoid Activity of 18-Hydroxy-ll-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) in the Isolated Toad Bladder

1. The stimulatory effect of 18- hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) on active sodium transport was assessed by measuring the short-circuit current (sec) of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad. The sec pattern recorded with 18-OH-DOC administration was identical with that of other mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 9α-fluorocortisol although the magnitude of response was not as great. 2. The affinity of 18-OH-DOC for the mineralocorticoid receptor of the toad bladder was estimated by its dissociation constant to be 1/7 that of either aldosterone or 9a-fluorocortisol and approximately equal to cortisol. 3. Substitutions at either the C-18 and/or C-21 position of the corticosteroid molecule can modify or eliminate stimulatory effect on active sodium transport. (Endocrinology 89: 353, 1971)
Lightning, Death and the Avenging Spirits: Bori Values in a Muslim World

Il y a encore une vingtaine d'annees, la region de l'Awera dans le sud du Niger etait en proie a des pratiques magiques. Les habitants y repondaient par des rites de protection contre les sorts jetes par les sorciers. Ces pratiques remontent a la periode pre-islamique et aujourd'hui, si elles n'ont plus cours, c'est essentiellement a cause de la vague d'islamisation qui a deferle dans cette region ces dernieres annees. Ceux qui craignent toujours les sorciers pratiquent le bori, culte de possession ayant pour origine un culte naturel indigene, mais ils sont minoritaires au sein des villages
Symmetry of embedded genus 1 helicoids

In this article, we use the Lopez-Ros deformation to show that any embedded genus 1 helicoid (or “genus-one helicoid”) must be symmetric with respect to rotation by 180° around a normal line. This partially answers a conjecture of Bobenko. We also show that this symmetry holds for an embedded genus k helicoid Σ, provided that the underlying conformal structure of Σ is hyperelliptic.
A Decision - Directed Adaptive Tracker

In the design of a tracking filter for air traffic control (ATC) applications, a maneuvering aircraft can be modelled by a linear system with random noise accelerations. A Kalman filter tracker, designed on the basis of a variance chosen according to the distribution of the potential maneuver accelerations, will maintain track during maneuvers and provide some improvement in position accuracy. However, during those portions of the flight path where the aircraft is not maneuvering, the tracking accuracy will not be as good as if no acceleration noise had been allowed in the tracking filter. In this paper, statistical decision theory is used to derive an optimal test for detecting the aircraft maneuver; a more practical suboptimal test is then deduced from the optimal test. As long as no maneuver is declared, a simpler filter, based on a constant-velocity model, is used to track the aircraft. When a maneuver is detected, the tracker is reinitialized using stored data, up-dated to the present time, and then normal tracking is resumed as new data arrives. In essence, the tracker performs on the basis of a piecewise linear model in which the breakpoints are defined on-line using the maneuver detector. Simulation results show that there is a significant improvement in tracking capability using the decision-directed adaptive tracker.
Opportunities for the Dairy Industry in Nutritional Research

I t is a privilege to consider with you the importance of the National Dairy Council program of support of research and the opportunities for the dairy industry in nutrition research. I am sometimes asked why it is necessary continuously to pursue nutritional research? Or why do we not merely apply all the knowledge we now have? The implication of such questions is that we might call a moratorium on further research and address our efforts to application. Such questions stem from a lack of understanding of the dimensions of nutrition and nutritional science in the 1970's. Changes and developments constantly occur through application of science and technology and must be considered on every hand yes, even in relation to the unique food, mill~. Milk is, indeed, a unique food in that it is the one food produced by the mammalian organism specifically to nourish its young in the early days of life. It is a historical fact that it is a suitable food for such purposes during the early months. And, of course, we use and modify it in many ways so that it is subject to changes similar to those that affect various other important biological foodstuffs. Furthermore, as medical science has advanced we recognize a need even to modify conventional foods in certain rare cases of metabolic disorders that require individualized management. Within the past two decades there has been identified a very wide variety of these relatively rare conditions, so-called metabolic or genetic disorders or "inborn errors of metabolism . . . . . Further understanding through research will enable us to utilize more fully nutritionally, designed products to protect the health of these members of our society.
Transgenic Mice Neutrophils in Increased Susceptibility To Acute Lung Injury- Implications for Sickle Acute Chest Syndrome † 767

Transgenic Mice Neutrophils in Increased Susceptibility To Acute Lung Injury- Implications for Sickle Acute Chest Syndrome † 767
Evidence for nonrigid HCCN

Rotational transitions from seven low‐lying vibrational states of HCCN and five low‐lying vibrational states of DCCN have been detected in the frequency range from 100 to 400 GHz with a sensitive millimeter‐wave spectrometer. The CCH bending states ν5±1, 2ν5±2, and 3ν5±3, and the CCN bending state ν4±1 have been assigned. In addition, transitions from three vibrational states in HCCN and one in DCCN with zero orbital angular momentum (l) were also detected. These states in all likelihood originate from the three lowest l=0 excited states, i.e., (ν4+ν5)−0, (ν4+ν5)+0, and 2ν05. Analysis of the high‐accuracy millimeter‐wave frequency data establishes that HCCN is not a near‐rigid bent molecule and intensity measurements confirm that the CCH bending states are much lower in energy than in typical well‐behaved linear molecules. The low barrier to linearity in HCCN and DCCN of ∼235 cm−1, estimated from intensity measurements and the ab initio calculations of Malmquist et al. [Theor. Chim. Acta 73, 155 (1988)], ...
X-ray astronomy from the space shuttle

Abstract A wide variety of new X-ray instrumentation is being proposed to attack an even wider variety of astrophysical problems. It includes general-purpose instruments which, with further development and testing, may someday be part of the complement of an orbiting “observatory” facility, such as AXAF. Other instruments promise significant and often necessary advantages for a narrower range of problems. The testing and development of all of these ideas, and in particular finding an efficient way to employ the latter class to make the observations for which they are intended, pose dilemmas for which the Space Shuttle potentially offers solutions. A discussion of possible modes for using the Shuttle and a brief sampling of new instrumentation ideas are presented.
Transection of Crossed Olivo-Cochlear Bundle and Auditory Brain Stem Responses in the Cat

The effects of transection of the crossed olivo-cochlear bundle (COCB) on auditory brain stem responses (ABR) were investigated in the cat. The threshold, the amplitude and the peak latency of waves I-1V, and interpeak latencies were compared before and after transection of the COCB. No significant change was found in these parameters of ABR after elimination of the COCB.
Monetary asset quality and substitutability

Abstract This paper utilizes a user-cost-dependent direct utility function to estimate elasticities of substitution (ES) between monetary assets. Unlike other ES studies, the generalized Fechner-Thurstone (GFT) utility function employed incorporates changes in monetary asset quality. The ES results show low substitutability between assets. These estimates have important implications for simple summation in forming monetary aggregates and for policy transmission through the liabilities issued by financial intermediaries.
Chandrasekhar equations for infinite dimensional systems. II. Unbounded input and output case

A set of equations known as Chandrasekhar equations arising in the linear quadratic optimal control problem is considered. In this paper, we consider the linear time-invariant system defined in Hilbert spaces involving unbounded input and output operators. For a general class of such systems, the Chandrasekhar equations are derived and the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the results of their solutions established.
An unusual presentation of canine distemper virus infection in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

A 4.5-year-old, male castrated ferret was examined with a 27-day history of severe pruritus, generalized erythema and scaling. Skin scrapings and a trichogram were negative for mites and dermatophyte organisms. A fungal culture of hair samples was negative. The ferret was treated presumptively for scabies and secondary bacterial and yeast infection with selamectin, enrofloxacin, fluconazole, diphenhydramine and a miconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo. The ferret showed mild improvement in clinical signs over the subsequent 3 weeks, but was inappetent and required supportive feeding and subcutaneous fluids by the owner. The ferret was then examined on an emergency basis at the end of 3 weeks (53 days following initial signs of illness) for severe blood loss from a haematoma over the interscapular region, hypotension and shock. The owners elected euthanasia due to a poor prognosis and deteriorating condition. On post-mortem examination intraepithelial canine distemper viral inclusions were identified systemically, and abundant canine distemper virus antigen was identified with immunohistochemical staining. It is important to note the prolonged course of disease along with the absence of respiratory and neurological signs because this differs from the classic presentation of canine distemper virus infection in ferrets. Canine distemper virus should remain a clinical suspicion for ferrets with skin lesions that do not respond to appropriate therapy, even in animals that were previously vaccinated.
REGIONAL PATTERNS OF DECOMPOSITION AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION RATES IN THE U.S. GREAT PLAINS

Warmer regions generally exhibit greater rates of soil respiration and organic matter decomposition than colder regions. In the Great Plains of the United States, soil organic matter declines from the northern part of the region to the south, suggesting greater decomposition rates in areas with warmer temperatures. Our study used a regional data set of aboveground net primary production, soil organic carbon, soil texture, and climate to evaluate the environmental controls over areal patterns in decomposition rates, (k; expressed as grams per year per gram of initial mass), throughout the U.S. Great Plains. We conducted multiple regression analyses of steady-state k with respect to mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and percentage soil clay content to examine both the combined and individual effects of these independent variables on regional decomposition rates. Our results indicated that precipitation contributes more than either temperature or soil texture to areal patterns of decomposition rates in the U.S. Great Plains, explaining >30% of the areal variability in k. Decomposition rates increased with increasing precipitation and with decreasing soil clay content. Temperature explained <8% of the regional variability in k. Ancillary analyses that related temperature and aboveground net primary production in the region indicated that plant productivity declines with increasing temperatures. This suggests that the reduction in soil organic matter to the south in the U.S. Great Plains may be due to reduced plant inputs rather than to increases in decomposition rates. The response of decomposition to temperature is probably constrained by moisture in this water-limited region. Therefore, changes in decomposition rates resulting from temperature dynamics are likely to be minimal unless they are accompanied by sufficient changes in precipitation.
A Preliminary Pharmacognostical Study of Ten Nigerian Plants

A preliminary pharmacognostical study was made on ten Nigerian plants. This study consisted of the taxonomic study of the plants; the phytochemical screening and testing for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids; and the use of thin layer chromatography further to separate certain constituents of the plants. The latter was found to give rapid, reproducible separations which could be used to supplement the usual methods for the identification of subsequent collections of a given plant.
Grammatical transformations and speed of understanding

This study tested an hypothesis that the hearer of a complex sentence must transform that sentence into the underlying kernel sentence before understanding it, and hence that speed of understanding a sentence would vary with the number and nature of the transformations separating it from its kernel. Descriptive sentences of varying grammatical form were presented to Ss who were asked to verify them, and the speed of verification was taken as an index of speed of understanding. Active sentences were found to be verified faster than passive, affirmative faster than negative, and true faster than false. The true-false variable was found to interact with the affirmative-negative, indicating that the latter difference is not simply syntactical. The consistency of the results with the hypothesis was noteworthy, but transformational complexity was confounded with frequency and length.
Evaluating Retrieval Models through Histogram Analysis

We present a novel approach for efficiently evaluating the performance of retrieval models and introduce two evaluation metrics: Distributional Overlap (DO), which compares the clustering of scores of relevant and non-relevant documents, and Histogram Slope Analysis (HSA), which examines the log of the empirical distributions of relevant and non-relevant documents. Unlike rank evaluation metrics such as mean average precision (MAP) and normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG), DO and HSA only require calculating model scores of queries and a fixed sample of relevant and non-relevant documents rather than scoring the entire collection, even implicitly by means of an inverted index. In experimental meta-evaluations, we find that HSA achieves high correlation with MAP and NDCG on a monolingual and a cross-language document similarity task; on four ad-hoc web retrieval tasks; and on an analysis of ten TREC tasks from the past ten years. In addition, when evaluating latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) models on document similarity tasks, HSA achieves better correlation with MAP and NCDG than perplexity, an intrinsic metric widely used with topic models.
Far infrared studies of hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids—II. The n-alkyl acids, propanoic to undecanoic

Abstract Far infrared spectra of the series of n-alkyl acids from propanoic to undecanoic were obtained in both the liquid and solid states. The hydrogen bond stretching vibration of the liquid acids has been observed and assigned. From the solid state spectra it was possible not only to assign the hydrogen bond stretching, and hydrogen bond twisting vibrations, but also to differentiate these vibrations from the C-C torsion frequencies. By use of both mid and far infrared data, these acids were shown to be hydrogen bonded cyclic dimers in both liquid and solid states.
Retrieving topological information from the phase-field description of geometric evolution

Phase field and diffuse interface are popular methods for the modeling and simulations of evolving interfaces. They do not track the interface explicitly, and are insensitive to topological events. In some areas of applications, detecting and controlling topological change may be important. In this talk, we discuss some recent works with current and former colleagues at Penn State (C. Liu, R. Ryham, and X. Wang) on the development of effective formula for retrieving topological information within the phase field framework. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco, Brazil

When the Portuguese Inquisition officially began in the year 1536, Brazil inhabited only the extreme margins of the Portuguese Empire and elicited little concern from the Inquisitors in Lisbon. Royal authority only became permanently established in 1549 in the person of Tome de Sousa as governor-general of Brazil. The establishment of ecclesiastical authority over Brazil occurred about the same time through the padroado real, or royal patronage. The Order of Christ (whose grand master was the king himself) and the Mesa da Consciencia e Ordens administered the royal patronage in the colony. The Church in Brazil remained directly subordinate to the archbishopric of Funchal on Madeira until the first diocese was established in Bahia in 1551. Pernambuco did not become a diocese until 1676 when Bahia became an archbishopric. Throughout the entire colonial period Bahia remained the only archbishopric in Brazil, although six bishoprics were eventually established. For Pernambuco, this meant that until 1676 the highest local ecclesiastical officials were the vicars general, the rectors of the Jesuit College, and the priors of the Benedictine, Franciscan, and Carmelite convents.
Enantioselective Direct-Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Imines Catalyzed by Copper(I)pybox Complex in Water and in Toluene

Highly enantioselective direct alkyne-imine additions catalyzed by Cu(I)OTf and Evan's pybox ligands were developed in water and in toluene. The process is simple and provides a diverse range of propargylic amine in high ee and good yield.
Evaluation of Release Rates of Dursban From Polyvinyl Chloride Formulations

Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine release rates of Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) from selected polyvinylchloride (PVC) formulations into water over 8- and 9-week testing periods. Dursban was impregnated into PVC pellets in concentrations ranging from 10 to 40%. Formulations were prepared by varying the basic polymer resin, plasticizer, and the amount of each. One series of tests used 14C-labeled Dursban. Release rates on nonradioactive formulations were determined using electron-capture gas chiomatography, while radioactive formulations were evaluated by liquid scintillation counting. Results indicate that Dursban is slowly released from PVC formulations under static laboratory conditions. Varying the PVC resin or plasticizer had little effect on the release rate or residues of Dursban maintained in water.
Abstract LB-148: Depletion of myeloid derived suppressor cells in pancreatric cancer results in decreased tumor growth

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is a highly aggressive and chemo-resistant malignancy with a median survival of only 6 months. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been implicated in the immune suppression and growth of several malignancies. MDSC are highly prevalent in the tumor microenvironment, and represent a potential therapeutic target. Here, we assess the tumor-promoting ability of MDSC in a model of PA and explore MDSC targeting strategies using ZA, a drug known to inhibit MDSC. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were inoculated in the right flank with 100,000 or 50,000 of the syngeneic PA line, Pan02. Tumor volume was determined by standard calculation using caliper measurements. Mice were treated with Gemcitabine 20mg/kg Qwk IP and/or ZA 1ug QOD SQ once tumors were palpable. Analysis for MDSC accumulation was determined in the tumor, spleen and bone marrow of mice at sacrifice using flow cytometry for standard markers of MDSC (CD45, CD11b, Gr1, Ly6G, and Ly6C). MDSC prevalence is expressed as a percentage of total leukocytes (CD45+). Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric student's t-test. Results: MDSC are up regulated in the spleen and bone marrow of mice with flank injected Pan02 compared to non-tumor bearing mice. MDSC accumulate over time and increase in number until 4 weeks post-inoculation (CD45 + 11b+Gr1+, Bone Marrow: 26.06% 42.04%, spleen 1.07% 7.18%, p=0.0021). Treatment of tumor bearing mice with ZA decreases tumor associated MDSC (CD45+11b+Gr1+: 50.36 29.38; CD45+11b+Ly6G+: 49.45 30.47) and tumor volume (2.45 1.71 p=0.034). ZA also works in concert with Gemcitabine to decrease MDSC (Gr1 +: 50.36 39.38; Ly6G+: 49.45 37.28;) and tumor volume (2.45 1.02, p=0.0011). Conclusion: MDSC play an integral role in the development of PA. Depletion of MDSC by ZA results in significantly smaller tumors and can be added to the standard chemotherapeutic regimen (Gemcitabine) successfully. The addition of ZA to Gemcitabine represents an attractive and innovative regimen to improve the treatment of this deadly malignancy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-148.
Systematics of nuclear matter properties in a non-linear relativistic field theory

Abstract The properties of symmetric nuclear matter are investigated in a phenomenological non-linear relativistic field theory of nuclear matter. A mean field approximation is made. We find that the equation of state over a considerable density range is determined by the nuclear matter compressibility modulus. A family of equations of state is considered that fit all known bulk properties of nuclear matter, including the energy dependence of the optical potential. The importance of non-Yukawa type nuclear interactions is discussed.
Use of ultrasound to monitor prenatal growth and development in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The increasing use of non-human primates to study fetal development and neonatal management has necessitated the availability of fetuses of known gestational history. In this study, prenatal development and growth were investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using ultrasound. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for monitoring prenatal growth and development in common marmosets, (2) to determine if litter size influences prenatal growth trajectories, and (3) to assess growth discordancy among litter mates. Fifty pregnancies were monitored longitudinally using real-time abdominal sonography. During each examination the number of fetuses was recorded, and crown-rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were measured. The results indicate that ultrasound is a reliable method for observation of gross morphological changes during prenatal development in this species. Measures of CRL and BPD taken early in gestation using ultrasound were in agreement with those from gross specimens. Triplets were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than twins for both BPD and CRL. No significant relationship was found between litter size and within litter variation in CRL or BPD. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of prenatal growth and development in C. jacchus. The observations from this study will be of use for determining approximate gestational age of fetuses, as well as providing guidelines for routine monitoring of pregnancy in this species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A pulse generator using nonlinear magnetic cores

INCREASING EMPHASIS on the reliability of the components used in electronic equipment has resulted in the increased use of solid-state devices such as transistors and nonlinear magnetic cores. These devices have been used to replace limited life items, such as hydrogen thyratrons, electron tubes, etc. The pulse generator presented here is an example of the application of nonlinear magnetic cores to improve the reliability of a radar system modulator.
Affordance-Based Control of Visually Guided Action

The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast existing theoretical approaches to understanding the visual guidance of action and to introduce a new approach. The focus is on tasks, such as steering, braking, and intercepting, that are (more or less) continuously guided on the basis of visual information. The prominent approach, information-based control, captures important aspects of behavior but is incompatible with the theory of affordances, a core principle of the ecological approach. Information-based control also fails to capture how actors behave in ways that take the limits of their action capabilities into account. I attempt to resolve these problems by introducing a new approach, affordance-based control, which asserts that a primary function of vision is to allow actors to see the world in terms of what they can and cannot do. Affordance-based control captures the tight coupling between information in optic flow and movement that is characteristic of visually guided action but also provid...
Optimal foreign trade for the price-insensitive soviet-type economy

Abstract For a centrally planned economy in which the planners do not substitute among goods, either in production or consumption, in response to changes in relative prices, the short-run offer curve is in general backward-bending, and the planners will be indifferent as to whether the country is “small” or “large” in world markets as long as it faces an elastic foreign offer curve. The Soviet Union is found to have a backward-sloping offer curve in trade with the Western market economies. This suggests that systematic Soviet manipulation of this trade in order to earn monopoly profits is unlikely.
An Experimentally Confirmed Resource Planning Model of Services Under Production Function Uncertainties

The way in which service firms transform inputs into outputs is typically uncertain or unknown. Consequently decision makers, at best, can only make estimates of the underlying production function. The purpose of this study is to offer policy recommendations to service providers and to examine experimentally the sensitivity of estimates of production functions. The primary result of this study is a foundation for modeling manpower planning decisions for co-produced services when production functions are mis-estimated and/or mis-specified.
Melt rheology of highly branched polymers

Abstract The melt rheology of star-branched polybutadienes with 270 branches has been studied. Although the short-time relaxation of these polymers appears comparable to that of star polymers with 4 to 18 arms with the same arm length, their long-time relaxation is considerably retarded. As a consequence the zero-shear melt viscosity and the zero-shear recoverable compliance are much increased. A small increase in the plateu modulus is also observed. The terminal zone behavior is compatible with a constraint release mechanism, but the part of the star polymers that is effectively involved cannot be identified.
Multiband Luminescence in Boron Nitride

Boron nitride can be excited to luminesce by (1) alternating electric fields, (2) ultraviolet photons, or (3) cathode rays. The luminescence, in all cases, has a complex emission spectrum, extending from approximately 2950 A to 6500 A. The relative intensities of the bands in the fine structure are affected by current density with cathode-ray excitation, and by the energy (frequency) of the photons with ultraviolet excitation. The maximum of the photoluminescence emission intensity with temperature occurs at about 875\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with the luminescence emission intensity falling to 50% of the maximum value at approximately 1375\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.Correspondence of known infrared absorption bands with energy differences in the fine structure in the luminescence suggest vibrational origins for the fine structure. The identities of the excited electronic states have not yet been ascertained, although these may be due to exciton states, impurity states, or surface states.
Use of a cardiocerebral-protective drug cocktail prior to countershock in a porcine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation.

Abstract Objectives: This was the third study in a series exploring whether the use of combination pharmacotherapy with delayed countershock would produce higher rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and one-hour survival when compared with standard advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) therapy in prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF). Methods: Twenty-four female, mixed-breed, domestic swine (ranging in mass from 22 to 25 kg) were used in this prospective, blinded, randomized, experimental trial. Animals were sedated (ketamine/xylazine), anesthetized (alpha-chloralose), paralyzed (pancuronium), mechanically ventilated with room air, and monitored with electrocardiography, arterial pressure, and Swan–Ganz catheters. VF was induced with a 3 s, 60 Hz, 100 mA transthoracic shock, and remained untreated for 8 min. One minute of basic life support followed (standardized by use of a mechanical device). At 9 min, animals were treated with one of three regimes: Group 1, cardiocerebral-protective cocktail (antioxidant U-74389G (3.0 mg/kg), epinephrine (0.2 mg/kg), lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg), bretylium (5.0 mg/kg), magnesium (2.0 g), and propranolol (1.0 mg)); Group 2, magnesium (2.0 g); and Group 3, standard ACLS. Groups 1 and 2 received drugs at minute nine (first countershock at minute 11), while Group 3 received first countershock at minute nine. Data were analyzed with two-tailed Fisher's exact tests. Results: ROSC was achieved in Group 1, 7/7 (100%); Group 2, 3/9 (33%, P versus Group 1=0.01); and Group 3, 3/8 (38%; P versus Group 1=0.02). One-hour survival was attained in Group 1, 7/7 (100%); Group 2, 3/9 (33%; P versus Group 1=0.01), and Group 3, 1/8 (13%; P versus Group 1=0.001). Conclusions: Combination pharmacotherapy with a cardiocerebral-protective drug cocktail prior to countershock produced superior rates of ROSC and one-hour survival when compared with singular drug therapy (Group 2) and standard ACLS (Group 3) in this porcine model of prolonged VF.
Gender Differences in Productivity Research Specialization as a Missing Link

Since 1984, when Cole and Zuckerman referred to gender differences in productivity among academic scientists as a puzzle, sociologists have sought to explain these differences by incorporating primarily institutional-level factors. In addition to these factors, the author contends that an undertheorized and heretofore unmeasured concept—the extent of research specialization—can also help explain the process by which gender affects research productivity. Although some researchers have examined areas of specialization, the extent of research specialization has been completely neglected in studies of academic careers. Using a probability sample of academics in two disciplines (sociology and linguistics), primary data collection, and simultaneous equation modeling, the author finds that the extent of research specialization is a critical intervening variable: Women specialize less than men and thereby lose out on an important means of increasing their productivity.
Intermodulation improvement by appropriate channel allocations

Intermodulation interferences of multicarrier signals can be reduced at the expense of increased bandwidth if the signal carriers are arranged in appropriate frequency plans. The paper investigates in detail the trade-off between bandwidth and intermodulation interference. The results are presented in tabular form.
Estimation of fractional sky cover from broadband shortwave radiometer measurements

[1] We outline a methodology for estimating fractional sky cover for an effective 160° field of view from an analysis of surface measurements of downwelling total and diffuse shortwave (SW) irradiance. The data are screened for optically thicker overcast cases, after which an empirically derived formulation is used to estimate the fractional sky cover for the remaining data. The retrieved fractional sky cover time series is then evaluated to mitigate times of anomalous behavior caused by the thick overcast screening. The resultant sky cover estimates show a high degree of repeatability given nominally well maintained and operated radiometer systems and the use of the Long and Ackerman (2000) methodology for estimating the clear-sky total and diffuse SW. Thus the resultant fractional sky-cover estimates appear to be fairly independent of the particular climate regime and model of radiometers used, at least for the climate regimes we have tested so far. The sky-cover estimates agree to better than 10% root mean square sky cover amount with sky imager retrievals and human observations, which is as good as the agreement between sky imaging systems and observers themselves. As such, this methodology becomes a powerful tool for satellite and model validations and climatological analyses including the study of trends in cloud amount. Analysis shows that the technique also produces realistic frequency distributions, showing that the continental midlatitude regimes included in the study are typified by clear-sky occurring about 1/3 of the time, overcast about 1/3 of the time, and partly cloudy skies to varying extent occurring the remaining 1/3 of the time. By contrast, the tropical western Pacific oceanic regime during the Nauru99 field experiment exhibits far more frequent occurrence of partly cloudy skies, with sky cover amounts of 20% to 50% occurring about half the time.
Antiretroviral therapy adherence in a sample of men with low socioeconomic status: The role of task-specific treatment self-efficacy.

Disparities continue to persist in HIV care and treatment outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities, men who have sex with men (MSM), and individuals with low socioeconomic status. Much research has identified treatment self-efficacy as a key factor in antiretroviral therapy adherence and subsequent treatment outcomes. Few studies, however, have elaborated on these links and their potential in reducing HIV treatment disparities by examining the role of task-specific types of treatment self-efficacy. In this study, we examined the effect of four types of task-specific treatment self-efficacy on antiretroviral adherence among patients in a predominantly racial/ethnic minority sample of HIV-seropositive MSM with low socioeconomic status. We grouped participants by duration of treatment to determine whether certain types of self-efficacy were more salient based on treatment experience. We found that participants with optimal adherence tended to have higher levels of task-specific self-efficacy related to medica...
Facile decoration of Au nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide surfaces via a one-step chemical functionalization approach

A facile way to fabricate functionalized and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was reported by introducing the dual-function reagent N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (TSPD), in which (i) the amine functional groups of the organosilane can effectively restore the π bonds of the GO; and (ii) the silanol parts react with the hydroxyl groups of GO and subsequently cross-link to form a monolayer on the graphene surface. The exposed amine groups of the functionalized GO could effectively template the Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) assembly on the graphene surface with high density and good dispersity. TEM images indicate that AuNPs retained their original size and were well-anchored on the graphene surfaces with an average inter-particle distance of 15 nm. The resultant graphene sheets decorated by AuNPs has the capability of sensing single molecules on its surface, e.g., Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), through the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
A multi-dimensional, analytical model for counter-current water imbibition into gas-saturated matrix blocks

Abstract This paper presents multi-dimensional analytical models for counter-current water imbibition into a gas-saturated rectilinear matrix blocks and into finite-sized cylindrical matrix blocks. The models are developed by matching the water imbibition rate determined from Darcy's law, where the driving force is capillary pressure, to the instantaneous change in water saturation in the matrix block, determined from a material balance. The basic assumption in the models is that water imbibes in a piston-like manner. 1-D and 2-D experiments were performed to validate the models. The experiments showed that the piston-like assumption of water into a gas saturated matrix block is reasonable and the predictions by the models compare favorably with the experimental data.
What can lotteries do for education

England's new School Admissions Code endorses the use of lotteries to admit students to oversubscribed schools. Is this endorsement wise? This article argues that lotteries make decision-making without regard to reasons possible. This sanitizing effect is desirable in order to protect against bad reasons. This effect could make at least four distinct contributions to school admission arrangements.The most important of these contributions is the ability of lotteries to ensure impartiality , an essential component of justice.Whether these contributions justify resort to admission by lottery, however, depends upon the circumstances under which admission must take place, and these circumstances are likely to be controversial in real-life cases.
Potassium effects on activated-carbon-supported iron catalysts for fischer-tropsch synthesis

The effect of potassium on the activity, selectivity, and distribution of products (hydrocarbons and oxygenates) was studied over iron catalysts supported on activated carbon (AC) for Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS). This is part of a wider study on the incremental effects of components (including the support) of a multicomponent (Fe−Cu−Mo−K/AC) FTS catalyst. The range of potassium loading used was 0−2 wt %. A fixed-bed reactor was used under the conditions of 260−300 °C, 300 psig, and 3 Nl/g cat/h, using syngas with a H2/CO molar feed ratio of 0.9. Both FTS and water−gas shift activities increase after the addition of 0.9 wt % potassium, whereas an opposite trend is observed with the addition of 2 wt % potassium. This is shown to be the result of interaction between the decrease of both the activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponental factor (k0) with the amount of potassium promoter added. Detectable hydrocarbons up to C34 and oxygenates up to C5 are formed on the Fe/AC catalysts with or without potass...
Analysis of the microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein chorionic gonadotropin with high-performance capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heteromeric glycoprotein hormone with a molecular mass of ca. 38 000. The carbohydrate side chains terminate with sialic acid and account for roughly 30% of the mass of the hormone. Glycoforms of hCG have been routinely identified with conventional methods of isoelectric focusing or chromatofocusing and exhibit varied bioactivity. In the present report, high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was used to separate the glycoforms of hCG and its subunits. Optimal conditions for obtaining near-baseline resolution of the glycoforms were 25 mM borate, pH 8.8 containing 5 mM diaminopropane. The samples were separated in a 100 cm fused-silica capillary with an internal diameter of 50 μm at 25 kV and 28°C. In its native form, hCG migrated in less than 50 min as 8 distinct, highly resolved peaks. In the absence of diaminopropane, hCG migrated as a single, broad peak. When analyzed individually, the α subunit separated into four peaks and the β subunit resolved as seven peaks. The two subunits could also be separated when the heterodimer was incubated in 0.25% trifluoroacetic acid for 1 h prior to injection into the capillary. To illustrate the potential clinical application of this technique, four different sources of hCG were analyzed. The number of different isoforms was constant among the four samples; however, the relative concentration (amounts) of the isoforms varied. These results illustrate the potential utility of HPCE in the clinical diagnostic analysis of hCG microheterogeneity.
Should we adopt the Dutch version of ACT? Commentary on "FACT: a Dutch version of ACT".

‘‘FACT:A Dutch Version of ACT’’ Gary R. Bond, Ph.D.Robert E. Drake, M.D., Ph.D. Van Veldhuizen’s article challenges the flexibility of assertive community treatment (ACT), the most influential community-based intervention for individuals with severe mental illness, and proposes a Dutch alternative, termed function assertive community treatment (FACT). Controversy is healthy in science, and serious alternative viewpoints to referred wisdom should be welcomed. FACT provides a well-articulated model, bolstered by preliminary experiences suggesting that it is not only feasible but also well received by clinicians. Moreover, ACT has been modified only minimally (e.g., by adding supported employment and integrated dual disorders interventions) over the past 30 years, even as the rest of the service system and other societal factors have changed dramatically. Scientific disagreements should of course be resolved by data rather than by opinions, but let us highlight some of the key questions to be answered. For the moment, leave aside the possibility that FACT may be uniquely and possibly solely suited for the Netherlands inasmuch as several features of the Dutch mental health system, such as better funding and more lenient hospitalization policies, differ from the U.S. system.
RELATION BETWEEN TIME SPENT IN DAYCARE AND EXPLORATORY BEHAVIORS IN 9-MONTH-OLD INFANTS

The associations between the amount of time spent in daycare and exploratory and problem-solving behaviors were examined in 32 9-month-old infants. Regression analyses showed that the amount of time spent in daycare was predictive of increased exploratory behaviors and more efficient problem-solving behaviors in 9-month-old infants after the effects of SES, parental education and quality of the daycare center were statistically controlled. In addition, both quantity and quality of exploratory behavior was related to more successful problem-solving ability. These findings, in conjunction with other findings on the effects of center-based care on infant development, suggest that time spent in daycare can enhance rather than impair cognitive development if the quality of the daycare is high.
Uptake, localization, and retention of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in rat gonadotrophs.

Abstract Uptake and retention of GnRH by pituitary was compared to that of GnRH-ethylamide (GnRH-EA) and D-Ala6-GnRH-ethylamide (D-Ala6-GnRH-EA) to determine if differences in these parameters might partially account for the increased biopotency of these superactive analogs. Ovariectomized estrogen/progesterone-treated rats were given an intracarotid injection of either 125I-labeled GnRH, -GnRH-EA, or -D-Ala6-GnRH-EA. Maximum uptake occurred at 2 min for GnRH (8000 cpm/pit), 5 min for GnRH-EA (10000 cpm/pit) and 45 min for D-Ala6 -GnRH-EA (24 000 cpm/pit). Thereafter pituitary content decreased out to 1, 2 and 4 h, resp. Specific uptake of all 3 peptides was shown autoradiographically to be restricted only to immunostained gonadotrophs with the silver grains being localized intracellularly at all time points studied. Serum concentrations of LH increased in response to all 3 peptides in proportion to their uptake and did not begin to decrease until after maximum uptake of each peptide had occurred. Thus, the extent of uptake and length of retention of these peptides in the pituitary correlate well with their relative biopotencies, D-Ala6-GnRH-EA > GnRH-EA > GnRH.
Chronic Performance of a Transvenous Steroid Pacing Lead Used as an Epi‐Intramyocardial Electrode

Excessive surface fibrosis or fat limits effective electrode insertion in patients requiring epicardial pacing. We present chronic performance of a modified transvenous steroid lead used as an epi-intramyocardial electrode in a patient following repair of a univentricular heart after failure of both standard and steroid-eluting epicardial leads. Low implant threshold values remained stable during a 3-year postimplant interval demonstrating an effective and innovative approach to epicardial pacing.
Spectroscopic and electronic structure studies of the trinuclear Cu cluster active site of the multicopper oxidase laccase: nature of its coordination unsaturation.

Laccase is a multicopper oxidase that contains four Cu ions, one type 1 (T1), one type 2 (T2), and a coupled binuclear type 3 Cu pair (T3). The T2 and T3 centers form a trinuclear Cu cluster that is the active site for O2 reduction to H2O. A combination of spectroscopic and DFT studies on a derivative where the T1 Cu has been replaced by a spectroscopically innocent Hg2+ ion has led to a detailed geometric and electronic structure description of the resting trinuclear Cu cluster, complementing crystallographic results. The nature of the T2 Cu ligation has been elucidated; this site is three-coordinate with two histidines and a hydroxide over its functional pH range (stabilized by a large inductive effect, cluster charge, and a hydrogen-bonding network). Both the T2 and T3 Cu centers have open coordination positions oriented toward the center of the cluster. DFT calculations show that the negative protein pocket (four conserved Asp/Glu residues within 12 A) and the dielectric of the protein play important ...
Andean Archaeological History and the Popular Press

The only available published reports on many archaeological sites in theAndes often are found solely in the popular press, in the daily or weekly papers of the local region where the sites occur, or in the science and culture sections of the larger dailies in departmental or national capitals. Dog-eared, faded xeroxes are passed from one generation of students to the next. Each serious scholar has a few dozen of these articles. which contain the only stratigraphic photo, the new lost stela, the diagnostic elements of the newly defined style, to be found no where else.
Confessions of an Archaeological Tour Guide

This article examines the contradictions, responsibilities and opportunities that inhere when the authenticity of the tourist experience results at least in part from having an archaeologist guide. It is argued that archaeologists are always participants in tourism, through the visions of the past they offer in even the most scholarly of papers, that make their way to tourists and tour guides through a wealth of secondary literature. It is argued that, even if most are not aware of it, archaeologists are engaged with the cultural heritage industry and it would be irresponsible to try to step aside. It is argued that archaeologists should take responsible action in light of the undeniable influence of archaeologists in defining the routes and meanings of site tours.