cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endometriosis: Treatment Strategies

Endometriosis is often a perplexing medical condition for both the physician and the patient. Accordingly, development of treatment strategies based on the needs of the individual patient is highly desirable. Although endometriosis has been part of the clinical practice for almost a century, many questions remain relating to the relationship between endometriosis and infertility as well as endometriosis and pelvic pain. Endometriosis is a disease of reproductive-age women, and it is now well recognized that a genetic susceptibility appears probable. The prevalence in the general population has never been clearly established. Factors to consider in management include the age and reproductive desires of the patient, the stage of the disease, and, most importantly, the symptoms. Therapeutic options include no treatment, medical therapy, surgery, or combination therapy. Oral contraceptives, androgenic agents, progestins, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have all been used successfully, although at the present time, the latter preparations are the most popular medical therapy for endometriosis. Leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, and nafarelin acetate are all effective agents. Surgical therapy is appropriate, especially for advanced stages of the disease. Laparoscopy is an effective surgical approach with the goal of excision of visible endometriosis in a hemostatic fashion. Since endometriosis is a chronic condition, it is not uncommon for recurrences to occur. While endometriosis remains an enigmatic disease, the introduction of new pharmacologic agents, such as GnRH analogs and newer endoscopic methods of surgical treatment, have facilitated and improved the overall management of this disease.
Towards a combined method of web usability testing: an assessment of the complementary advantages of lab testing, pre-session assignments, and online usability services

Lab-based testing is one of the key methods employed for evaluating web site usability. Yet the artificial conditions of the setting, including surveillance and stylized tasks, can distort user behavior and limit the data that can be obtained. This paper reports on the effectiveness of this standard method compared against two complementary methods which involve more natural, user-driven evaluation contexts, namely, pre-session homework assignments and online usability testing. Using illustrations from recent studies of online shopping sites we detail the advantages and limitations of each method and claim that employing them in combination could improve the quantity and quality of findings. We then propose that future work should focus on optimizing this combined method through sequencing, so that one evaluation approach would inform the design of subsequently used ones.
ATP-ase as an in_vitro Inhibitor of Surface Factor in the Blood-Clotting Mechanism.

SummaryAs little as 5 μg/ml ATP-ase, at pH 7.0, shows a significant inhibitory effect on surface factor (SF or activation product) in vitro. ATP-ase does not inhibit thrombin, tissue thromboplastin, thrombokinase, trypsin, stypven, factors IX, VIII, × or V. The specific anti-SF effect of ATP-ase cannot be related to ATP or ADP. It may be significant in vivo, since platelets are a source of ATP-ase (thrombosthenine), and active SF is present in the platelet plasmatic atmosphere.
Activity of the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling–3 Promoter in Human Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The Janus kinase (JAKs)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway is controlled by a classical feedback loop through suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS/JAB/SSI). Suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins are induced rapidly by activated STATs upon phosphorylation and act to block the cytokine signal. Abnormalities of the JAK/STAT pathway are associated with cancer. Recently, we cloned the functional 5' promoter region of the human SOCS-3 gene and showed that this region is highly conserved in murine and rat SOCS-3 promoters. In addition, we found that the wild type SOCS-3 promoter construct has significantly greater activity in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines than in normal cells in accordance with STAT3 deregulation in these cells. Furthermore, we have confirmed that frequent hypermethylation of the functional SOCS-3 promoter correlates with its transcription silencing in NSCLC cell lines and primary lung cancer tissue samples. Restoration of SOCS-3 in lung cancer cells in which SOCS-3 has been methylation-silenced induces apoptosis and suppresses growth. Therefore, methylation silencing of SOCS-3 may be used as a marker for early detection of NSCLC. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 therapy may be useful for the treatment of lung cancer.
Generation of methionine and leucine-enkephalin from precursor molecules by cation-sensitive neutral endopeptidase of bovine pituitary.

Highly purified preparations of cation-sensitive neutral endopeptidase, from bovine pituitary, and also rabbit brain, generate methionine-enkephalin, from α-endorphin, a peptide containing the amino acid sequence 61–76 of β-lipotropin (β-LPH),★ The enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of the Leu-Thr bond in the synthetic peptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr-2-naphthylamide with the release of leucine-enkephalin and Thr-2-naphthylamide. Neither Met- nor Leu-enkephalin are degraded. The data indicate that the presence of a free N-terminal group of tyrosine inhibits the further degradation of Leu- and Met-enkephalin by the endopeptidase. It is suggested that cation-sensitive neutral endopeptidase is one of the enzymes capable of generating Met- and Leu-enkephalin in, vivo.
Sampling and analytical methods for phosphine--a review

An overview of sampling and analysis of phospine with an emphasis on industrial hygiene is presented. Recent advances in solid sorbents behavior allow these devices to be used followed by gas chromatographic analysis Sampling with filter paper — AgNO3 and colorimetric analysis remains a reliable technique. A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of analytical (gas chromatography, chromogenic, colorimetric and electrochemical) and sampling (impregnated papers, solid sorbents, bubblers and evacuated cylinder) techniques is made.
Computational study of coolant flow of liquid hydrogen through an externally heated duct

The computational modeling of the two-dimensional flow of liquid hydrogen coolant within the leading edge of the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) engine structure is described. The model includes consideration of the effects of the variable thermophysical properties of hydrogen, axial conduction within the leading-edge material, and the coupling of the energy and momentum equations in the flow. The reduced Navier-Stokes equations are solved by parabolic marching of the discretized finite difference equations down the coolant passage. The importance of the consideration of the above factors was demonstrated as the calculated temperatures agreed with those predicted by earlier empirical methods for moderate heat transfers, but differed for the heat transfer magnitudes of interest. The form of the expression of the solid/fluid interface condition was found to be an important factor in determining the accuracy and speed of convergence of the algorithm. The ability of the hydrogen coolant system to cool the incident heat load was found to be marginal: moderately increased incident heat loads would exceed the capabilities of the modeled system. Parametric studies were done to show the relative importance of the temperature, pressure, and velocity of the coolant fluid on the cooling capabilities of the system.
Lamellar bodies of the turtle epidermis.

Lamellar bodies of the turtle epidermis previously called vesicular bodies were studied by high resolution electron microscopy and the fate of their content was followed during the keratinization process. Within the electron-dense component 25–30 A lamellae were resolved, indicating that differentiating turtle epidermal cells form a lamellar substance that is stored in the cytoplasm in membrane-bound vacuoles. Lamellae of comparable dimensions were seen both within and between horny cells, revealing that some of the lamellar material is retained while some is released into the intercellular space during keratinization. It is postulated that the lamellar substance contains polar lipids and ultimately forms a part of the protective system of the organism.
RSVP: Classroom Oral Interview Procedure.

Designed as a proficiency measure, the ACTFL/ETS Oral Interview requires modification order to be used in the classroom. The global ratings must give way to a classroom-oriented scale; the evaluation must yield information useful to both student and instructor; the content must reflect the material under current study; and the test procedure must make allowances for student anxieties. The “RSVP” pilot here described uses a modified OI procedure, easily administered, with a forced mode scale reflecting a descending hierarchy among the four skills tested: Response, Structure, Vocabulary, and Pronunciation.
Spectroscopic remote sensing of non-structural carbohydrates in forest canopies

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are products of photosynthesis, and leaf NSC concentration may be a prognostic indicator of climate-change tolerance in woody plants. However, measurement of leaf NSC is prohibitively labor intensive, especially in tropical forests, where foliage is difficult to access and where NSC concentrations vary enormously by species and across environments. Imaging spectroscopy may allow quantitative mapping of leaf NSC, but this possibility remains unproven. We tested the accuracy of NSC remote sensing at leaf, canopy and stand levels using visible-to-shortwave infrared (VSWIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques. Leaf-level analyses demonstrated the high precision (R2 = 0.69–0.73) and accuracy (%RMSE = 13%–14%) of NSC estimates in 6136 live samples taken from 4222 forest canopy species worldwide. The leaf spectral data were combined with a radiative transfer model to simulate the role of canopy structural variability, which led to a reduction in the precision and accuracy of leaf NSC estimation (R2 = 0.56; %RMSE = 16%). Application of the approach to 79 one-hectare plots in Amazonia using the Carnegie Airborne Observatory VSWIR spectrometer indicated the good precision and accuracy of leaf NSC estimates at the forest stand level (R2 = 0.49; %RMSE = 9.1%). Spectral analyses indicated strong contributions of the shortwave-IR (1300–2500 nm) region to leaf NSC determination at all scales. We conclude that leaf NSC can be remotely sensed, opening doors to monitoring forest canopy physiological responses to environmental stress and climate change.
GPU accelerated MIMO ultrasonic imaging using propagation and back-propagation method

In this paper, we develop efficient hardware implementation strategies and methods for wave based multiple input multiple output ultrasonic tomographic imaging using Graphic Processing Units. By exploiting the underlying parallelism of the iterative image reconstruction algorithm, we test different Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) kernel configurations in order to measure the changes in the processing time of our algorithm. By examining the imaging speed and the resulting image quality, we develop an optimal kernel configuration that maximizes the throughput of the CUDA implementation for the ultrasonic imaging method. The results show an improvement by a factor of 80 when compared to the C/C++ version of the algorithm, and by a factor of 515 when compared to the MATLAB version while achieving high quality tomographic images.
Social approval and helping

An experiment was conducted to examine the role played by social approval as an incentive for helping behavior. After filling out the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, 95 female undergraduates were asked to make donations to a research fund under either public or private conditions. The following predictions, derived from social learning theory, were supported: (a) more money is donated under public conditions than under private conditions (p < .01), (b) more money is donated by individuals high in need for approval than those low in need for approval (p < .05), and (c) the effect of need for approval on donating is greater under public conditions than under private conditions (p < .05).
Improving cardiac rhythm with a biological pacemaker

Electronic device therapies, including implantable pacemakers and defibrillators, have revolutionized the management of cardiovascular disease ( 1 ). For example, patients with certain slow cardiac rhythms (bradycardia) can experience exercise intolerance, easy fatigability, or circulatory collapse. Given that currently available drugs cannot safely and sustainably elevate heart rate, the only proven treatment for symptomatic bradycardia is permanent pacemaker implantation. Contemporary electronic pacemakers have an extended battery life, contain leads that minimize inflammation and scarring, and possess advanced algorithms to contend with heart rate elevations during exercise. These features allow pacemakers to improve longevity and quality of life in patients who require them. But electronic pacemakers cannot recapitulate all aspects of the endogenous sinoatrial node, the dominant pacemaker in the uninjured heart. In this regard, a recent study by Hu et al. ( 2 ) demonstrates the feasibility of a somatic cell reprogramming strategy for creating a biological pacemaker in a large animal preclinical model, raising prospects for clinical translation.
VPAC2 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2) receptor deficient mice develop exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with increased Th1/Th17 and reduced Th2/Treg responses

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two structurally-related neuropeptides with widespread expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although these peptides have been repeatedly shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory actions when administered in animal models of inflammatory disease, mice deficient in VIP and PACAP were recently shown to exhibit different phenotypes (ameliorated and exacerbated, respectively) in response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Therefore, elucidating what are the specific immunoregulatory roles played by each of their receptor subtypes (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1) is critical. In this study, we found that mice with a genetic deletion of VIPR2, encoding the VPAC2 receptor, exhibited exacerbated (MOG35-55)-induced EAE compared to wild type mice, characterized by enhanced clinical and histopathological features, increased proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ (Th1), and IL-17 (Th17)) and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, and IL-4 (Th2)) in the CNS and lymph nodes. Moreover, the abundance and proliferative index of lymph node, thymus and CNS CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs were strikingly reduced in VPAC2-deficient mice with EAE. Finally, the in vitro suppressive activity of lymph node and splenic Tregs from VPAC2-deficient mice was impaired. Overall, our results demonstrate critical protective roles for PACAP and the VPAC2 receptor against autoimmunity, promoting the expansion and maintenance of the Treg pool.
syn-Stereoselective Epoxidation of Allylic Ethers Using CF3CO3H.

Abstract Good syn -stereoselectivity is observed in the epoxidation of allylic silyl ethers with CF3CO3H, indicating a new type of hydrogen-bonded transition state.
Noninvasive radiologic imaging of the large intestine: a valuable complement to optical colonoscopy.

Purpose of reviewRadiologic imaging of the large intestine continues to evolve and expand the potential for noninvasive diagnosis. The aim of this review is to provide an update on current and emerging clinical capabilities for a variety of radiologic diagnostic imaging tools for evaluating the colo
Adsorption of N,N-Diethyldodecanamide at the Air-Water Interface.

The adsorption of N,N-diethyldodecanamide (DEDA) at the air–water interface has been determined at 24°C by surface tension measurements. At monolayer saturation each molecule has a surface area, depending on the equation of state assumed, of about 41.2–45.6 A2, comparable to that observed for sodium dodecyl sulfate and other somewhat similar surfactants. Micellization of DEDA appears not to occur below its aqueous saturation concentration of 1.4 × 10−5 M. At saturation the surface tension is lowered to 37 dyn cm−1, and the standard free energy of adsorption is about −46.5 kJ mol−1. The surface adsorption deviates slightly from the Szyszkowski–Langmuir surface equation of state at coverages below 50%, and a two-state adsorption mechanism proposed by Lunkenheimer and Hirte appears to best account for this deviation.
POPREG I: A simulation of population regulation among the Maring of New Guinea

Self-regulation of human populations has been proposed by various authors, despite the fact that no biological or cultural mechanisms have ever been established. POPREG I, a computer simulation of ritual warfare among the Tsembaga Maring of New Guinea, demonstrates that the self-regulatory mechanism proposed by Rappaport (1968) ignores the demographic consequences of external variables. When the effects of epidemics are taken into account, the regulatory nature of the ritual cycle becomes suspect. Future research in anthropological demography requires careful analysis of both internal and external variables; POPREG I provides the basis for a synthetic model of population dynamics in human societies.
Optimum Performance of Electron Beam Driven Magnetohydrodynamic Generators for Scramjet Inlet Control

This paper is devoted to the analysis and optimization of magnetohydrodynamic control of forebody flow compression and shock incidence in scramjet-powered vehicles that would fly at Mach 5-8. The short (about 30 cm long) magnetohydrodynamic region is created by placing a magnetic coil with B-field strength of several Tesla inside the forebody and ionizing the cold air flow by high-energy electron beams propagating along the magnetic field lines. The Faraday current flowing in the spanwise direction is presumed to be collected with electrodes that are mounted on sidewalls. The purpose of the magnetohydrodynamic device is to restore a shock-on-lip condition at Mach 8 for a vehicle geometry designed for Mach 5, while operating in self-powered mode (the magnetohydrodynamic generated electricity is enough to power the ionizing beams). Location and spatial dimensions of the magnetohydrodynamic region, beam-generated ionization profiles, magnetic field strength, and the magnet size are varied to maximize performance and reduce the magnet size. Two-dimensional inviscid steady-state flow equations are solved jointly with equations describing electron beam-induced ionization profiles, plasma kinetics, vibrational relaxation, and magnetohydrodynamic effects. The model predicts an interesting phenomenon of electric current reversal due to the nonuniformity of velocity, magnetic field, and conductivity in the magnetohydrodynamic region. Vibrational nonequilibrium effects are found to be substantial. Overall, the modeling shows that a considerable reduction in magnet size is possible with the optimum choice of parameters.
POLYNOMIAL INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL LINKS

Properties of polynomial invariants Δi for oriented virtual links are established. The effects of taking mirror images and reversing orientation of the link diagram are described. The relationship between Δ0(u,v) and an invariant of F. Jaeger, L. Kauffman, H. Saleur and J. Sawollek is discussed.
Incompressible Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region of a Rectangular Duct

Incompressible laminar flow in entrance region of rectangular duct allowing direct computation of eigenvalues
Family matters: effect of host plant variation in chemical and mechanical defenses on a sequestering specialist herbivore.

Insect herbivores contend with various plant traits that are presumed to function as feeding deterrents. Paradoxically, some specialist insect herbivores might benefit from some of these plant traits, for example by sequestering plant chemical defenses that herbivores then use as their own defense against natural enemies. Larvae of the butterfly species Battus philenor (L.) (Papilionidae) sequester toxic alkaloids (aristolochic acids) from their Aristolochia host plants, rendering larvae and adults unpalatable to a broad range of predators. We studied the importance of two putative defensive traits in Aristolochia erecta: leaf toughness and aristolochic acid content, and we examined the effect of intra- and interplant chemical variation on the chemical phenotype of B. philenor larvae. It has been proposed that genetic variation for sequestration ability is “invisible to natural selection” because intra- and interindividual variation in host-plant chemistry will largely eliminate a role for herbivore genetic variation in determining an herbivore’s chemical phenotype. We found substantial intra- and interplant variation in leaf toughness and in the aristolochic acid chemistry in A. erecta. Based on field observations and laboratory experiments, we showed that first-instar larvae preferentially fed on less tough, younger leaves and avoided tougher, older leaves, and we found no evidence that aristolochic acid content influenced first-instar larval foraging. We found that the majority of variation in the amount of aristolochic acid sequestered by larvae was explained by larval family, not by host-plant aristolochic acid content. Heritable variation for sequestration is the predominant determinant of larval, and likely adult, chemical phenotype. This study shows that for these highly specialized herbivores that sequester chemical defenses, traits that offer mechanical resistance, such as leaf toughness, might be more important determinants of early-instar larval foraging behavior and development compared to plant chemical defenses.
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE ON BIODIVERSITY

As a result of the concern and debate about the impacts of intensive aquaculture development on biodiversity, semi-intensive aquaculture is being considered as an alternative. Although the biophysical impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity have been examined, there is only limited understanding of the social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity, and especially the impacts of the shift from intensive to semi-intensive systems. The purposes of this article are twofold: (1) to identify and discuss the social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity, and (2) to examine the impacts while moving from intensive to semi-intensive systems. After discussing the findings of our study, we provide some recommendations as to how to minimize social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity by moving to a lower intensity aquaculture system. The integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems, stakeholder involvement in management, and well defined basic rights are aquaculture system...
Cardiac imaging training in radiology residency programs: a survey of radiology chief residents.

Rationale and Objectives Comprehensive training in cardiac imaging during radiology residency is imperative if radiologists are to maintain a significant role in this rapidly growing field. In this study, radiology chief residents were surveyed to assess the current status of cardiac imaging training in radiology residency programs. The responses to this survey may be helpful in understanding current trends in cardiac imaging training and how such training can be improved in the future. Materials and Methods Chief residents at accredited radiology residency programs were sent an e-mail with a link to a 17-question Web-based survey. The survey assessed the organization of cardiac imaging training in each residency program, imaging modalities incorporated into cardiac imaging training, the role of residents on cardiac imaging rotations, and attitudes of residents about their cardiac imaging training and the future of cardiac imaging. Results Responses were obtained from 52 of 112 (46%) programs. Seventy-one percent had at least one dedicated cardiac imaging rotation during their residencies. Fifty-two percent and 62% of respondents reported Conclusions The majority of residency programs represented in this survey had at least one dedicated cardiac imaging rotation for their residents. Most of these programs had few cardiac imaging–related conferences and lectures per year. Although most chief residents believed that cardiac imaging training is important, only a minority felt that they currently received adequate training in cardiac imaging.
When terrorism hits home: Domestic newspaper coverage of the 1998 and 2002 terror attacks in Kenya

Analyzing newspaper coverage of the 1998 Nairobi and 2002 Mombasa terrorist attacks by the Nairobi Daily Nation and East African Standard finds that generalizations from Western sources, such as newsworthiness criteria and coverage of government officials and terrorists, appear similar in Kenyan media, although interpretation of the attacks were colored by a “developing world” perspective in some respects. Terrorists also ironically are more prominent in subsequent attacks, although perhaps only when they fail to inflict heavy damage and casualties. The second attack also brought far more criticism on the Kenyan government, which may have implications for similar events in other countries. Adhabu ya kaburi aijau maiti (The corpse knows the torment of the grave). —Swahili proverb
Identifiability of time-dependent linear systems

Abstract This paper establishes a direct method for determining the identifiability of time-dependent linear systems. Contrary to most other results on identifiability, we do not require system controllability. We apply this method to a specific example and show that a time-dependent system may be identifiable on a finite interval without being identifiable on a longer time interval.
Rapid assessment and selection of engineered equipment suppliers

Abstract This paper describes the development and implementation of a decision support system to aid the selection of engineered equipment suppliers in the early stages of capital projects. Procurement of equipment is a complex process, which requires the evaluation of multiple suppliers against project targets. Analysis is usually performed manually, is time consuming, and certain tradeoffs may be overlooked. A consistent and applicable tool to support procurement decisions has been missing. The results of this research take significant steps to fill this gap. The system integrates historical data, market assessment, and bid information to aid commercial assessment and recommendation of suppliers. The supplier selection module uses the Aspiration Interactive Method (AIM) to analyze the information. Results of two selection cases were compared against firms' recommendations. The system enables rapid evaluation and comparison of several supply alternatives, thereby improving the consistency and quality of commercial analysis in the early phases of projects.
Linking agricultural production and human nutrition

The adequacy of nutritional status in a population depends on an effective food and agricultural sector. The development of agriculture in relation to nutrition has occurred in 3 phases: 1) improving yield to provide adequate energy from food, 2) improving efficiency of production to diversify the sources of nutrients in the food supply, and 3) targeted efforts to improve the nutritional profile of foods that will help lower the risk of disease and promote health. Success in maintaining yield and efficiency while improving the ability of the food supply to provide good nutrition will require a multi-discipline effort of nutrition, food, plant and animal scientists in order that the most effective strategies are targeted. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Coupled plastic flow and phase transformation under compression of materials in a diamond anvil cell: Effects of transformation kinetics and yield strength

The large-strain problem on phase transformations (PTs) under compression in a diamond anvil cell is studied in detail using the finite-element method. The combined effect of transformation kinetics and ratios of the yield strengths of low- and high-pressure phases is examined. Some experimental phenomena (e.g., plateaus in pressure distribution and plastic flow to the center of a sample) are reproduced. Results are applied to interpretation of experimental data and characterization of strain-induced PTs.
Event-related brain potentials in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy.

Abstract 1. 1. As impairment of attention has long been recognized as a clinical feature of depression, we undertook to evaluate in depressed subjects and controls a feature of the event-related brain potentials (ERP) the N100 wave which has been linked to attentional processes. 2. 2. This study involved collection of EEG data in an “auditory oddball” ERP paradigm in 9 depressed subjects prior to and following a course of 6 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments, as well as 11 controls. Concurrent Hamilton depression rating scales provided a measure of symptomatic severity. 3. 3. Pretreatment N100 amplitude was significantly lower in the depressed group while N100 latency was greater than among controls, with treatment differences from control values disappeared. Further a robust correlation (r = 0.85 p ≤ .0038) emerged between N100 amplitude (increased amplitude being lower) and severity of depression. 4. 4. Those results provide evidence for a physiological attentional disturbance in depression and suggest that certain features of this disturbance relate directly to symptom severity.
Base change trace identity forU(3)

An identity of trace formulae which appears in the theory of base change forU(3) is proven for arbitrary matching functions, under no restriction on any component. The method requires no detailed analysis of weighted orbital integrals, or of orbital integrals of singular classes.
Asymmetrically permeable membrane channels in cell junction

Asymmetric membrane junctions were formed in culture by pairing two cell types which, in their respective homologous junctions, have cell-cell channels of different permselectivities. The channels in the asymmetric junction, presumably made of unequal channel precursors, displayed directional permselectivity; fluorescent labeled glutamic acid (700 daltons), but not smaller and less polar permeant molecules, traversed the junction more readily in one direction than in the other. The favored direction was the one where the permeant passed first through the cell membrane that would have the less restrictive channels in a homologous junction. This directional selectivity requires no electric field across the junction and is thus distinct from a rectifying junction. The physiological potential of such directional molecular sieving for partitioning communication between tissue cells of different function and developmental fate are discussed.
Measurements in Quantitative Research: How to Select and Report on Research Instruments

Measures exist to numerically represent degrees of attributes. Quantitative research is based on measurement and is conducted in a systematic, controlled manner. These measures enable researchers to perform statistical tests, analyze differences between groups, and determine the effectiveness of treatments. If something is not measurable, it cannot be tested.
Fiber flax in oregon

Russia, Poland and the Baltic countries account for about 90% of the world’s production of fiber flax, and prior to 1940, 90% of the raw fiber used in the United States was imported from Europe. Today domestic production in the Willamette Valley of Oregon represents a $3 million dollar industry.
Rurality and Labor Process Autonomy: The Question of Subsumption in the Waged Labor of Domestic Service

This article examines the experiences of baomu in the Mao era and in the post-Mao era China. While baomu conducted their work in the form of wage labor and have been subjected to similar structural...
Risk of Neoplastic Change in Ileal Pouches in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Introduction Neoplastic change in ileal reservoirs after proctocolectomy has been reported in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. We aim to determine the incidence and progression of neoplastic change in the ileal pouch of familial adenomatous polyposis patients at our institution.
Optimising coordinated multi-team volunteer scheduling: a combined constraint programming and goal programming approach

Volunteer scheduling is often more difficult than other types of labour scheduling because the non-compulsory nature of such work requires organisations to respect many more preferences and constraints. Furthermore, there is very little existing research in this type of scheduling. In this paper, we describe a software system based on constraint programming (CP) and goal programming (GP) we developed to enable a volunteer-run church to schedule its weekly operations. Multiple volunteer teams operate each week within this organisation, and each team has a required number of weekly volunteers. Each team has its own scheduling objective: either to maximise the amount of time each worker has off or to maximise worker participation. Conflicts between jobs and workers must also be prevented in addition to respecting several types of worker preferences. We develop a CP–GP approach for solving this problem and discuss the computational results obtained.
Evidence for a chloroplast specific tyrosyl tRNA degrading activity

Abstract A ribonuclease which degrades two of the four tyrosyl-tRNA isoaccepting species from green soybean cotyledons appears to be located on or in chloroplasts. Furthermore, the enzyme appears to be specific for the two chloroplastic tyrosyl-tRNAs (tRNA3&4Tyr). The initial product of the nuclease reaction is about the size of a half-molecule. The deacylated product is not recognized by its original cognate synthetase. As estimated by fractionation on Sephadex G-150, the nuclease has a molecular weight greater than 60,000 daltons. The physiological function of the nuclease has not been determined.
Just and unjust wars. Michael Walzer. basic books, New York, 1977.

(1978). Just and unjust wars. Michael Walzer. basic books, New York, 1977. Australian Outlook: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 357-363.
New directions in covert malware modeling which exploit white-listing

Zero-day attacks - especially those that hide the attack exploit by using code obfuscation and encryption - remain a formidable challenge to existing network defenses. Many techniques have been developed that can address known attacks and similar new attacks that may arise in the future. Some methods, like Earlybird and Polygraph, focus on string-based content prevalence in payloads; others focus on the presence of particular I386 instructions, e.g., Sigfree counts the number of ldquousefulrdquo instructions in each request. For both types of systems, a white-listing mechanism, in which some strings or instructions are regarded as innocuous, is necessary to avoid a high false positive rate associated with common content such as URL addresses and peer-to-peer traffic. In this paper, we explore a more sophisticated attack model that not only makes malcode payloads look like nominal ones, but which is also assumed to be both aware of and exploitative of the white-listing itself in forming a Trojan mechanism. In other words, the malware attempts to embed its malcode into the prevalent content that is normally white-listed. If the malcode is encrypted, the attacker will also attempt to obfuscate its plain-text decryption code as much as possible. Both current string-based and instructionbased systems will likely fail to detect such attacks. We propose a comprehensive IDS model in the paper and discuss some potential defensive mechanisms against such attack.
Nonlinear controller design for input-constrained, multivariable processes

Nonlinear control laws are presented for input-constrained, multiple-input, multiple-output processes, whether their delay-free part is minimum or nonminimum phase. This study addresses the nonlinear control of input-constrained processes by exploiting the connections between model-predictive control and input-output linearization. The continuous-time control laws involve the solution of constrained optimization problems online. They minimize the error between controlled outputs and their reference trajectories, subject to the input constraints. Their application and performance are illustrated using numerical simulation of two chemical reactors that exhibit nonminimum-phase behavior.
Determination of pregnancy and estimation of litter size in gilts based on concentration of estrone glucuronide and estradiol glucuronide in plasma

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of estradiol glucuronide (E2G), and estrone glucuronide (E1G) in the blood of gilts after mating (Day 0). Blood samples were taken from 20 mated gilts at weekly intervals from Day 14 to Day 34 and analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for concentration of E2G and E1G. The concentrations of both hormones rose from about Day 19 to a peak at Day 26 and then declined. The concentration of E2G rose to 1700 pg ml−1 and E1G rose to 8000 pg ml−1 at Day 26. Eleven mated gilts in a second study were bled on Days 20, 22, and 24 and plasma analyzed for E2G and E1G. At slaughter on Days 29–35, gilts with more than 100 pg ml−1 of E2G or more than 1000 pg ml−1 of E1G on Day 20 or later were pregnant. In a third study, 31 gilts were bled at 48 h intervals from Day 20 to 28 and plasma was analyzed for concentration of E2G and E1G. All gilts with over 100 pg ml−1 of E2G and 30 of 31 with over 1000 pg ml−1 of E1G were pregnant when killed at Days 30–35. When gilts were classified according to the concentration of E2G at Day 20, 86% of gilts with over 200 pg ml−1 had eight fetuses or more and at Day 24, 77% of gilts with over 1100 pg ml−1 had eight or more fetuses. When gilts were sorted on the basis of over 1500 pg ml−1 on Day 20 and on Day 22 for over 3400 pg ml−1 of E1G, the percentages of correct classification for eight or more fetuses were 87% and 81% respectively. Concentration of E2G or E1G from Day 20 to 28 after mating can be used to detect pregnancy and estimate litter size at the time of analysis.
Production of IL-1β by bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to chemotherapeutic drugs: synergistic effects of doxorubicin and vincristine

Cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, especially when used in combination, are widely employed to treat a variety of cancers in patients but often lead to serious symptoms that negatively affect physical functioning and quality of life. There is compelling evidence that implicates cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced inflammation in the etiology of these symptoms. Because IL-1β plays a central role as an initiator cytokine in immune responses, we compared doxorubicin, a drug known to induce IL-1β production, with ten other commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic drugs in their ability to lead to processing and secretion of IL-1β by primary mouse macrophages. Seven of them (melphalan, cisplatin, vincristine, etoposide, paclitaxel, methotrexate, and cytarabine) caused the production of IL-1β in cells pretreated with lipopolysaccharide. When delivered in combination with doxorubicin, one of the drugs, vincristine, was also capable of synergistically activating the NLRP3-dependent inflammasome and increasing expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1. The absence of TNF-α and IL-1 signaling caused a partial reduction in the production of mature IL-1β. Three small-molecule inhibitors known to suppress activity of kinases situated upstream of mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs) inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1 when doxorubicin and vincristine were used singly or together, so specific kinase inhibitors may be useful in reducing inflammation in patients receiving chemotherapy.
Associations Between Proactive and Reactive Aggression, Parenting Styles, and Externalizing Symptomatology in Children Admitted to a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit

Childhood aggression often precedes more costly problem behavior that may result in psychiatric hospitalization. Further understanding of the link between proactive and reactive functions of aggression and psy- chiatric problems would be useful for refining current prevention efforts and ultimately help reduce the number of hospitalizations. The current study examined parenting styles, gender, and age as potential moderators of the link between the proactive and reactive functions of physical aggression and more severe externalizing symptomatology (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptomatology). Participants included 392 children ages 6-12 years of age (M = 9.4, SD = 1.9) ad- mitted consecutively to a psychiatric inpatient facility. Results indicated that both proactive and reactive aggres- sion were associated with both ODD and CD symptoms. However, parenting styles were most influential on the association between proactive aggression and ODD symptoms for females and older children. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Application of NIR and MIR spectroscopy in quality control of potato chips.

Abstract The feasibility of developing a technique for rapid monitoring of potato chip quality by using infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was investigated. Spectra of 15 commercial potato chips were collected by using an integrating sphere (near-infrared, NIR) or attenuated total reflectance (mid-infrared, ATR-MIR) accessories. Oil from potato chips was extracted with a carver press and spectra were collected by using a temperature controlled ATR accessory. The moisture and fat content were analyzed with reference methods AOAC #984.25 and AOAC #963.15, respectively. The spectral data were analyzed by partial least squares regression (PLSR) and calibration models generated. Fat content ranged from 18 to 45%, and moisture content ranged from 1.2 to 4%. Correlation coefficient ( r ) for moisture was >0.97 with standard error of cross validation (SECV) r > 0.96 and SECV trans fatty acids at 967 cm −1 . A fast, simple and accurate method to evaluate potato chip quality was developed by using infrared spectroscopy.
Bioconjugation of D‐glucuronic acid sodium salt to well‐defined primary amine‐containing homopolymers and block copolymers

The synthesis of well-defined carboxylic acid-functionalized glycopolymers prepared via one-step postpolymerization modification of poly(N-[3-aminopropyl] methacrylamide) (PAPMA), a water-soluble primary amine methacrylamide, in aqueous medium is demonstrated. PAPMA was first polymerized via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in aqueous buffer using 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate as the chain transfer agent and 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (V-501) as the initiator at 70 °C. The resulting well-defined PAPMA was then conjugated with D-glucuronic acid sodium salt through reductive amination in alkaline medium (pH 8.5) at 45 °C. The successful bioconjugation was proven through proton (1H) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis, which indicated near quantitative conversion. A similar bioconjugation reaction was conducted with poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEMA) and poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate-b-poly(N-[2-hydroxypropyl]methacrylamide) (PAEMA-b-PHPMA). For the PAEMA homopolymers and block copolymers, however, lower conversion was obtained, most likely because of degradation reactions of PAEMA in alkaline medium. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3052–3061, 2010
Adsorption of cesium from spent nuclear fuel basin water

Batch equilibrium and kinetic measurements were performed for Cs+ exchange in silicotitanate zeolite (Ionsiv® TIE-96) at 30 and 60 °C. The Langmuir isotherm equation provided a good fit of the equilibrium data. The heats of exchange reaction between Cs+ in the aqueous solution and Na+ in the zeolite structure were derived from the equilibrium data. The results indicate that the exchange mechanism is different from that of physical adsorption on heterogeneous materials. The apparent diffusion coefficients and activation energy were derived from the kinetic data and the values obtained for inter-diffusion of Cs+ and Na+ cations in the zeolite structure were 1.33 . 10-12 and 1.04 . 10-12 cm2 . s-1 at 30 and 60 °C, respectively. The activation energy for Cs+ was 1.7 kcal/mol, suggesting that the Cs+ cation can access easily all the sites in the zeolite framework. Thus, the exchange of Cs+ with Na+ in the zeolite was not hindered by ion-sieve effects.
Roentgen alchemy: Part II

Abstract Part I of this article considered the early historical evolution of electrical science from the discovery of electricity, magnetism, and the vacuum up to the contributions of Crookes and Lenard leading to Roentgen's discovery of x-rays. The development of carly x-ray apparatus and its refinement was discussed, with emphasis on the development of the so-called x-ray machine, which consisted of the induction coil, the electrolytic interrupter, and the rheostat. Part I also contained a complete bibliography.
State, Anti‐State, and Indigenous Entitles: Reflections Upon a Páez Resguardo and the New Colombian Constitution

Colombia's new Constitution includes far-reaching legislation that for the first time in that nation's history affirms the multi-eth-nic character of its population. This document explicitly recognizes indigenous peoples' rights to distinctive socio-cultural, political and economic organization on territory the state pledges to recognize as Indigenous Territorial Entities ETIs. This artide explores the complex and contradictory situation the constitutional reforms pose for Colombia' s indigenous peoples nationfrom the vantage of a Paez community (Cauca Province, southwestern Colombia), its history of resistance to the Colombian state, and contemporary attempts by members of this community to utilize agricultural development, both legal and illegal, as a means of economic survival
Polymeric alkenoxy amino acid surfactants: II. Chiral separations of β‐blockers with multiple stereogenic centers

Two amino acid-based (leucine and isoleucine) alkenoxy micelle polymers were employed in this study for the separation of multichiral center-bearing b-blockers, nadolol and labetalol. These polymers include polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-Lleucinate (poly-L-SUCL) and polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-isoleucinate (polyL-SUCIL). Detailed synthesis and characterization were reported in our previous paper [26]. It was found that poly-L-SUCIL gives better chiral separation than poly-L-SUCL for both nadolol and labetalol isomers. The use of 50–100 mM poly-L-SUCIL as a single chiral selector provided separation of four and three isomers of labetalol and nadolol, respectively. Further optimization in separation of both enantiomeric pairs of nadolol and labetalol was achieved by evaluation of type and concentration of organic solvents, capillary temperature as well type and concentration of cyclodextrins. A synergistic approach, using a combination of poly-L-SUCIL and sulfated b-CD (S-b-CD) was evaluated and it showed dramatic separation for enantiomeric pairs of nadolol. On the other hand for labetalol enantiomers, separation was slightly decreased or remain unaffected using the dual chiral selector system. Finally, simultaneous separation of both nadolol and labetalol enantiomers was achieved in a single run using 25 mM poly-L-SUCIL and 5% w/v of S-b-CD in less then 35 min highlighting the importance of high-throughput chiral analysis.