cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIM-Lite detection of habitable planets in P-type binary-planetary systems

Close binary stars like spectroscopic binaries create a completely different environment than single stars for the evolution of a protoplanetary disk. Dynamical interactions between one star and protoplanets in such systems provide more challenges for theorists to model giant planet migration and formation of multiple planets. For habitable planets the majority of host stars are in binary star systems. So far only a small amount of Jupiter-size planets have been discovered in binary stars, whose minimum separations are 20 AU and the median value is about 1000 AU (because of difficulties in radial velocity measurements). The SIM Lite mission, a space-based astrometric observatory, has a unique capability to detect habitable planets in binary star systems. This work analyzed responses of the optical system to the field stop for companion stars and demonstrated that SIM Lite can observe exoplanets in visual binaries with small angular separations. In particular we investigated the issues for the search for terrestrial planets in P-type binary-planetary systems, where the planets move around both stars in a relatively distant orbit.
Inclusive production of Λ 0 hyperons by 300-GeV protons: A dependence

Inclusive production of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ hyperons by 300-GeV protons has been measured at fixed production angles in the laboratory between 0 and 9 mrad and laboratory momenta from 65 to 300 GeV/c. Three different solid targets were used: beryllium, copper, and lead. The $A$ dependence of the data is suggestive of a collision model in which the hadron loses energy and gains transverse momentum as it leaves the nucleus. The experimental results are compared to such a model, and the implications are discussed.
Lava discharge rates determined from TanDEM-X imagery from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i

The ability to measure the discharge rate of lava during a volcanic eruption is of fundamental importance to tracking eruptive activity and associated hazards. While there are many means of measuring the volume rate of extruded lava, differencing of digital elevation models (DEMs) has provided exceptional results at volcanoes around the world. Topographic data derived from TanDEM-X synthetic aperture radar imagery span lava emplacement at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, in 2011-2013. Differences between sequential TanDEM-X-derived DEMs reveal the four-dimensional evolution of Kilauea's lava flow field, which increased in thickness by up to 30 meters during that span. The volume and area of the lava flow field at each time step can be used to determine the average discharge rate of lava. During 2012, when all lava was erupted on land, the discharge rate was about half the volcano's long-term average. No other measure of lava effusion was available at Kilauea in 2012, demonstrating the importance of TanDEM-X DEM differences for volcano monitoring and hazards assessment.
The relationship between intravascular volume expansion and natriuresis in developing puppies

The role played by the relative degree of expansion of the intravascular and extravascular compartments in limiting the natriuretic response of fluid-loaded developing animals was determined in 1-, 2-, 3- and 6-wk-old puppies. Volume expansion was induced by infusing either isotonic saline, 10% body weight or isoncotic albumin in saline 5% body weight, and measurements of glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, fractional excretion of sodium, and plasma volume were made. Each expansion procedure resulted in an increase in the absolute excretion of sodium at all ages (P less than 0.001). The greatest natriuretic effect was observed in the 3-wk-old puppies, the average of the two solutions being 19, 30, 70, and 28 muEq/min/kg in the 1, 2, 3, and 6-wk-old animals, respectively. The difference in natriuresis among the age groups was due predominantly to differences in the magnitude of the increase in fractional excretion of sodium. At all ages, a greater absolute excretion of sodium was encountered during volume expansion with saline than observed with albumin (P less than 0.05). The intravascular volume increased by a similar % at all ages (P greater than 0.1), and saline and albumin yielded equivalent degrees of intravascular expansion (approximately 50%). The results demonstrate that age-related changes in natriuretic response to volume expansion cannot be attributed to differences in either the degree of expansion or the distribution of the load. In addition, the observations indicate that the mechanism underlying the difference between the response to isotonic saline and isoncotic albumin in saline is already operative at birth, and that it is independent of nephron heterogeneity since the proportion of superficial nephrons must have changed during the period of nephrogenesis. The collecting duct, which is sensitive to both isotonic saline and isoncotic albumin, is likely to be responsible for the parallel development of the renal response to these two methods of intravascular volume expansion.
Pretreatment of pectic wastewater from orange canning by soft-rot Erwinia carotovora

Abstract Erwinia carotovora FERM P-7576, a soft-rot pathogen screened for biochemical pulping, was used to dispose of pectic wastewater discharged from orange canning factories as a pretreatment for an activated sludge process. Twelve-hour bacterial pretreatment made it possible to reduce COD and total uronic acids by 10% and 84%, respectively, with supplementation of some nutrients (N, P, and K) and keeping DO constant. Enzymatic pretreatment using crude enzyme from this strain degraded almost all the pectic substances in this waste to the level of tetramers and pentamers within 24 h. These pretreatment was found to provide more rapid decomposition of the chemically very resistant pectic substances than other chemical, physical, or biological methods.
Fos family members successively occupy the tyrosine hydroxylase gene AP-1 site after nerve growth factor or epidermal growth factor stimulation and can repress transcription.

Nerve growth factor induces the neuronal-like differentiation of PC12 cells, and epidermal growth factor promotes PC12 viability and is weakly mitogenic. Despite these differences, both growth factors induce indistinguishable patterns of transient delayed transcription of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and the expression of proteins encoded by Fos gene family members. Thus, TH expression is sensitive to signaling pathways common to these two growth factors. We show that c-fos and fosB successively occupy an AP-1 site-like element of the TH promoter after nerve growth factor treatment. Furthermore, under conditions of transient transfection, Fos family proteins may synergize with c-jun to transrepress TH gene transcription through the TH-fat-specific element. We show that the target of repression is the AP-1 site-like element that lies within the TH-fat-specific element. We demonstrate that this site is also a major positive acting site for TH control. These results suggest a model in which the long te...
A three-dimensional animation system for seismic response of multistory structures

A three-dimensional animation system has been developed for visualizing the dynamic response of multistory structures subjected to earthquake excitations, using the IRIX operating system and implemented in Graphics Library (GL) Windows and ANSI C programming language. The animation system includes three-dimensional multistory frames with flexible floors. The input can be any accelerogram data (ground acceleration record) due to any real or artificial earthquake. The user of the system can select the input parameters of the structure, such as the number of bays, stories, bay width, story height, etc., and view their effect on the dynamic behavior of the structure. Sample outputs are presented for two irregular high-rise building structures. The graphics interface is linked to the dynamic analysis program. It computes the required displacements to be inputted back into the graphics interface which plots the deflected profile of the structure dynamically. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 313–321, 1997
Refining the ADHD phenotype using affected sibling pair families

Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) is a highly heritable behavioral disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Detection of susceptibility genes underlying ADHD may benefit from refinement of the ADHD phenotype into components that reflect more specific gene to behavior pathways and through the reduction of etiological heterogeneity. Using affected sibling pair (ASP) families, we are examining familial clustering of ADHD symptoms, neurocognitive task performance, and the occurrence of comorbid conditions to attempt to refine the phenotype and/or identify clinical features that may be used to stratify ADHD subjects to reduce etiological heterogeneity.
Experiments on the periodic instability of buoyant plumes and pool fires

Abstract An experimental study of buoyant propane diffusion flames was undertaken to identify the mechanism responsible for the periodic oscillations near the source of these flames. This phenomenon, often referred to as “puffing” in the literature, exhibits itself as quasi-periodic oscillations of the diffusion flame front near the axisymmetric source of a fire with formation of large scale flaming vortical structures. Experimental diagnostics primarily involved flow visualization, velocity, and pressure measurements under a variety of experimental conditions. First, the behavior of buoyant, noncombusting plumes originating from 0.10- and 0.30-m-diameter sources was investigated with either isothermal helium or high temperature combustion products as the buoyant fluid. It was found that the helium plumes exhibited puffing at both scales with puffing frequencies similar to the flames scaling with D −1 2 . The plumes of hot combustion products on the 0.30-m-diameter burner were highly turbulent and puffing was very weak compared with the flames that were generated upon ignition of the latter hot gas plume of vitiated combustion products. Second, effects of heat release were studied by dilution of fuel with a noncombustible gas. It was found that puffing persisted as long as a diffusion flame was sustained by the fuel stream, although its intensity diminished with increasing dilution. Third, effects of disturbances both internal and external to the flame were studied. These experiments strongly suggest that there exists a coupling of the flame front motion near the burner surface with the downstream development of large-scale flaming structures. Based on the reported experiments, a puffing mechanism is suggested. The puffing mechanism involves (1) acceleration of buoyant plume gas in stagnant surroundings resulting in formation of a toroidal vortical structure within one burner diameter above its surface, (2) the decaying influence of the toroidal vortex on the flame surface near the burner lip as it convects upward, and (3) the accumulation of buoyant gas inside the flame envelope and its buoyant acceleration to form the next vortical structure. The scaling of puffing frequency with the burner diameter is connected to the convection speed of toroidal vortices within one diameter height above the burner surface as it was shown with the use of a simple kinematic model.
Ancient chemoreceptors retain their flexibility

Bacterial and archaeal microbes possess a wide array of surface-deployed receptors for monitoring their chemical and physical surroundings. Particularly prominent among microbial chemoreceptors are the so-called methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), which sense changes in the cell's chemical environment and generate intracellular signals that control the organism's pattern of locomotion or gene expression. MCPs have long been known to mediate attractant-seeking and repellent-avoiding behaviors in Escherichia coli and other motile microbes, but more recently, MCPs have also been shown to regulate complex developmental programs, such as fruiting body formation (1). The sequenced microbial genomes contain thousands of MCP genes, so it seems likely that evolution has put these versatile chemical sensors to other uses as well. In this issue of PNAS, Alexander and Zhulin (2) describe an insightful structure-guided analysis of MCP sequences that reveals common architectural features conserved over the long evolutionary history of these chemoreceptors. Their work provides important new clues to the molecular signaling mechanism(s) of these remarkable molecules.
Novel Metabolic Markers for the Risk of Diabetes Development in American Indians

OBJECTIVE To identify novel metabolic markers for diabetes development in American Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using an untargeted high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we conducted metabolomics analysis of study participants who developed incident diabetes ( n = 133) and those who did not ( n = 298) from 2,117 normoglycemic American Indians followed for an average of 5.5 years in the Strong Heart Family Study. Relative abundances of metabolites were quantified in baseline fasting plasma of all 431 participants. Prospective association of each metabolite with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) was examined using logistic regression adjusting for established diabetes risk factors. RESULTS Seven metabolites (five known and two unknown) significantly predict the risk of T2D. Notably, one metabolite matching 2-hydroxybiphenyl was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas four metabolites matching PC (22:6/20:4), (3S)-7-hydroxy-2′,3′,4′,5′,8-pentamethoxyisoflavan, or tetrapeptides were significantly associated with decreased risk of diabetes. A multimarker score comprising all seven metabolites significantly improved risk prediction beyond established diabetes risk factors including BMI, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that these newly detected metabolites may represent novel prognostic markers of T2D in American Indians, a group suffering from a disproportionately high rate of T2D.
Resistance to extinction following discrimination and nondiscrimination training with intermittent reinforcement

The present study explored the effect of intermittent reinforcement on the hypothesized relationship between discrimination training and extinction. In two replications with 18 albino rats each, two groups received discrimination training and one group received nondiscrimination training. Contrary to previous findings, in the first replication, the nondiscrimination group was more resistant to extinction than either discrimination group. In the second replication, there was no difference between any group in resistance to extinction.
Tri­phenyl­(propyl)­phospho­nium bromide

At 102 K, the propyl group of the title compound, C21H22BrP, is in the extended conformation. The phenyl rings are in the propeller configuration usually found in this family of tri­phenyl­phospho­nium compounds.
The Distribution Patterns of Biatrial Myxomas

Biatrial myxomas are extremely rare, and by 1970 only three of eight attempts at removal had been successful. Another successful removal, the difficulty of establishing the biatrial nature of a myxoma by echocardiography, and a summary of the distribution patterns of biatrial myxomas are presented here. In more than 50% of patients, both pedicles grew into separate atrial chambers from a common location in the atrial septum. The surgical implications are discussed.
Motivational Responses to Natural and Drug Rewards in Rats with Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesions: An Animal Model of Dual Diagnosis Schizophrenia☆

The high prevalence of substance use disorders in schizophrenia relative to the general population and other psychiatric diagnoses could result from developmental neuropathology in hippocampal and cortical structures that underlie schizophrenia. In this study, we tested the effects of neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions on instrumental behavior reinforced by sucrose pellets and intravenous cocaine injections. Lesioned rats acquired sucrose self-administration faster than sham-lesioned rats, but rates of extinction were not altered. Lesioned rats also responded at higher rates during acquisition of cocaine self-administration, and tended to acquire self-administration faster. Higher response rates reflected perseveration of responding during the post-injection “time-out” periods, and a greater incidence of binge-like cocaine intake, which persisted even after cocaine self-administration stabilized. In contrast to sucrose, extinction from cocaine self-administration was prolonged in lesioned rats, and reinstatement of cocaine seeking induced by cocaine priming increased compared with shams. These results suggest that neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions facilitate instrumental learning for both natural and drug rewards, and reduce inhibitory control over cocaine taking while promoting cocaine seeking and relapse after withdrawal. The findings are discussed in terms of possible developmental or direct effects of the lesions, and both positive reinforcement (substance use vulnerability as a primary disease symptom) and negative reinforcement (self-medication) theories of substance use comorbidity in schizophrenia.
Exact event-driven implementation for recurrent networks of stochastic perfect integrate-and-fire neurons

In vivo cortical recording reveals that indirectly driven neural assemblies can produce reliable and temporally precise spiking patterns in response to stereotyped stimulation. This suggests that despite being fundamentally noisy, the collective activity of neurons conveys information through temporal coding. Stochastic integrate-and-fire models delineate a natural theoretical framework to study the interplay of intrinsic neural noise and spike timing precision. However, there are inherent difficulties in simulating their networks' dynamics in silico with standard numerical discretization schemes. Indeed, the well-posedness of the evolution of such networks requires temporally ordering every neuronal interaction, whereas the order of interactions is highly sensitive to the random variability of spiking times. Here, we answer these issues for perfect stochastic integrate-and-fire neurons by designing an exact event-driven algorithm for the simulation of recurrent networks, with delayed Dirac-like interactions. In addition to being exact from the mathematical standpoint, our proposed method is highly efficient numerically. We envision that our algorithm is especially indicated for studying the emergence of polychronized motifs in networks evolving under spike-timing-dependent plasticity with intrinsic noise.
Forest Regeneration from Pasture in the Dry Tropics of Panama: Effects of Cattle, Exotic Grass, and Forested Riparia

We currently have the opportunity to restore one of the most threatened tropical ecosystems on the Pacific coast of Panama as a consequence of land use change. Factors that influence succession must be understood in order to capitalize on natural regeneration mechanisms. In this study, we determined the effects of exotic grass removal, cattle removal, proximity to forested riparian zones, and topography (upslope vs. downslope) on the initial stages of forest regeneration from pasture in a dry tropical region. After 3 years, basal area, stem density, and species richness of plants (trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs) were significantly and positively affected by exclusion of cattle, presence of exotic grass (no herbicide application), and presence of adjacent forested riparian zones (p < 0.01). Interactions between factors were not significant. Cattle foraged and stomped on vegetation, whereas herbicide application, although effectively removing grass, also killed tree and shrub sprouts, the major source of regrowth. Proximity to forested riparian zones had the greatest effect on species diversity. Shannon’s index for diversity (H) equaled 3.23 in plots adjacent to forested riparian zones as compared to 2.78 in plots not associated with these areas. Our recommendations during the early stages of forest succession are to (1) exclude cattle, (2) make site-specific decisions about herbicide application based on the presence or absence of forested riparia and prevalence of coppicing, and (3) actively conserve and protect riparian zones, which function as a critical source of diverse propagules.
Ontimemeasure: a scalable framework for scheduling active measurements

In order to satisfy and maintain service level agreements (SLAs), which demand high network availability and good network health, ISPs have started instrumenting their networks with network measurement infrastructures (NMIs) that are composed of dedicated measurement servers. Active measurements are frequently used in NMIs to regularly monitor network health and analyze the experience of end-user application traffic traversing the network. However, active measurements initiated by measurement servers need to be regulated. Unregulated active measurement traffic can cause an unpredictable negative impact on the actual application traffic. Also, running simultaneous conflicting active measurements on measurement servers could result in misleading reports of network performance. In this paper, we describe our active measurements scheduling framework called "OnTimeMeasure" that allows ISPs to regulate the amount of active measurement traffic injected into the network and also prevents conflicts in ongoing active measurements between measurement servers. OnTimeMeasure provides a simple scripting language interface to specify various measurement requirements such as physical topology of measurement server clusters, periodicity of the measurements, and properties of measurement tools. For a given measurement requirements script, OnTimeMeasure uses an efficient heuristic bin-packing algorithm to generate measurement timetables for orchestrating active measurements for a network involving multiple measurement servers, each hosting multiple measurement tools.
Woody debris stocks and fluxes during succession in a dry tropical forest

Abstract In Southern Mexico, shifting cultivation is creating a mosaic of agricultural lands, secondary forests, and disturbed mature forests (montanas). Increased land-use change, due to population and market pressures has changed the structure and function of these forests. This study investigates the stocks and fluxes of woody debris during the course of secondary succession. We inventoried fine (≥1.8 cm to ≤10 cm diameter) and coarse woody debris (≥10 cm diameter) stocks in 28 stands. In a subset of montanas and secondary forest fallows, we monitored inputs and decomposition over a 2-year period. Total woody debris stocks were largest in montanas (37.46 Mg/ha) and in the first year after clearing (milpa, 51.62 Mg/ha). Woody debris was 22% of the total aboveground biomass in montanas and 88% in milpas. Although stocks were highly variable in secondary forest, coarse woody debris stocks were roughly three times larger than fine woody debris stocks. Coarse woody debris stocks decreased following cultivation for 10–15 years, until inputs exceeded losses to decomposition. Inputs were higher in montana (0.91 Mg ha −1 year −1 ) than in secondary forest (0.11 Mg ha −1 year −1 ). Coarse woody debris inputs were higher during the dry season, while fine woody debris inputs tended to be higher during the wet season. Decomposition varied significantly among tree species, with decomposition rate constants from 0.124 to 0.643 year −1 for coarse woody debris and 0.368–0.857 year −1 for fine woody debris. In young forests, when woody debris stocks are largest, cultivation history is the most important factor in predicting stocks of woody debris. As forest age increases woody debris processes, both inputs and decomposition, become increasingly important factors in regulating woody debris stocks, and therefore age is a better predictor of woody debris stocks in older forests.
Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations

We evaluate the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas obtained by high- volume hydraulic fracturing from shale formations, focusing on methane emissions. Natural gas is composed largely of methane, and 3.6% to 7.9% of the methane from shale-gas production escapes to the atmosphere in venting and leaks over the life- time of a well. These methane emissions are at least 30% more than and perhaps more than twice as great as those from conventional gas. The higher emissions from shale gas occur at the time wells are hydraulically fractured—as methane escapes from flow-back return fluids—and during drill out following the fracturing. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential that is far greater than that of carbon dioxide, particularly over the time horizon of the first few decades following emission. Methane contributes substantially to the greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas on shorter time scales, dominating it on a 20-year time horizon. The footprint for shale gas is greater than that for conventional gas or oil when viewed on any time horizon, but particularly so over 20 years. Compared to coal, the footprint of shale gas is at least 20% greater and perhaps more than twice as great on the 20-year horizon and is comparable when compared over 100 years.
Nest-Site Fidelity and Dispersal of Gyrfalcons Estimated by Noninvasive Genetic Sampling

Abstract. We used feathers from adult Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) molted in breeding territories and blood samples from nestlings to document nest-site fidelity and dispersal of breeding adults and juveniles at three areas 100– 350 km apart in Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 2003–2007. We used genotypes from seven polymorphic microsatellite loci that provided a mean probability of identity of 0.91 × 10-5. Breeding Gyrfalcons were highly faithful to study area and territory; we documented no dispersals of breeding birds among study areas and only one dispersal between territories. But their fidelity to nest sites was low; 22% of birds returned to the same nest site the following year. Distance among alternate nests within a territory averaged 750 m and was similar for both sexes. Mean tenure in a territory was 2.8 years, similar for both sexes, and distributed bimodally with peaks at 1 and 4 years. Mean annual turnover rate at the Ingakslugwat Hills (Volcanoes) study area was 20%. We detect...
Integrating work experiences into teaching

Purpose – Management educators are criticized for not maximizing the use of students' work experiences in the classroom. This paper aims to demonstrate how knowledge gained from work experiences can be organized into a teaching taxonomy and transformed into teaching strategies. The exemplar of learning to think strategically is used to illustrate the process.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reframes how teaching taxonomies can be developed and how teaching strategies that use work experiences can be created.Findings – The paper finds that knowledge gained from work experiences and the associated learning methods that created that knowledge, can be matched to required domain knowledge to form a teaching taxonomy and to develop teaching strategies.Practical implications – The paper presents a way to develop a teaching taxonomy that assists management educators in selecting teaching strategies that both use students' work experiences and are specific to the content to be learned.Originality/value – Th...
Bovine cardiac troponin T is not accurately quantified with a common human clinical immunoassay.

The detection of myocardial injury in cattle caused by the ingestion of cardiotoxic compounds or cardiac diseases would be facilitated by the availability of a rapid and specific quantitative serum assay for cardiac troponins. Therefore, the accuracy of the only cardiac troponin T (cTnT) immunoassay to receive approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for the measurement of cTnT in human serum was evaluated to quantify the protein in bovine serum. Recovery experiments were performed by the addition of purified bovine cTnT to normal bovine serum. Cardiac troponin T was quantified using an immunoassay commonly used for the measurement of cTnT in human serum. The immunoassay demonstrated a well correlated (r = 0.99) and linear dose-dependent response to bovine cTnT but with poor accuracy (slope = 0.024; 95% CI = 0.018 to 0.030). The mean recovery of bovine cTnT was 2.4% across a concentration range of 10 ng/ml to 1,000 ng/ml. These studies demonstrate that a commonly used immunoassay for the measuremen...
Post-exposure administration of diazepam combined with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition stops seizures and modulates neuroinflammation in a murine model of acute TETS intoxication.

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is a potent convulsant poison for which there is currently no approved antidote. The convulsant action of TETS is thought to be mediated by inhibition of type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) function. We, therefore, investigated the effects of post-exposure administration of diazepam, a GABAAR positive allosteric modulator, on seizure activity, death and neuroinflammation in adult male Swiss mice injected with a lethal dose of TETS (0.15 mg/kg, ip). Administration of a high dose of diazepam (5 mg/kg, ip) immediately following the second clonic seizure (approximately 20 min post-TETS injection) effectively prevented progression to tonic seizures and death. However, this treatment did not prevent persistent reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation, as determined by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity and microglial cell morphology. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects and to increase survival in mice intoxicated with other GABAAR antagonists. The sEH inhibitor TUPS (1 mg/kg, ip) administered immediately after the second clonic seizure did not protect TETS-intoxicated animals from tonic seizures or death. Combined administration of diazepam (5 mg/kg, ip) and TUPS (1 mg/kg, ip, starting 1 h after diazepam and repeated every 24 h) prevented TETS-induced lethality and influenced signs of neuroinflammation in some brain regions. Significantly decreased microglial activation and enhanced reactive astrogliosis were observed in the hippocampus, with no changes in the cortex. Combining an agent that targets specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms with a traditional antiseizure drug may enhance treatment outcome in TETS intoxication.
The case for a unified extensible data-centric mobility infrastructure

We present a unified, extensible data-centric mobility infrastructure based on declarative networks and composable distributed views over network, router, and host state. Declarative networks are a recent innovation for building extensible network architectures using declarative languages. The data-centric approach both improves flexibility over existing solutions, and is extensible to meet the demands of future mobile applications and services. We demonstrate the flexibility of distributed queries used in declarative networks by specifying and implementing mobile services, e.g., overlay-based solutions for host mobility, customizable routing, service discovery and composition, and location-based services. A prototype based on the P2 declarative networking system has been implemented, with which we evaluated two overlay-based mobility schemes (ROAM and DHARMA).
Medication Reconciliation Effect on Prolonged Inpatient Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

Background:While medication reconciliation (MR) has been shown to reduce medication errors by limiting errors of transcription, omission, and duplicate therapy, its Impact on the provision of unnecessary prophylaxis is largely unknown.Objective:To determine the effect of MR on the incidence of prolonged stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) across the continuum of care from hospital admission to discharge as well as evaluate clinical conditions associated with prolonged SURMethods:This retrospective study assessed patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and had SUP initiated. Patients were excluded if they were receiving gastroprotective therapy prior to ICU admission, were being treated for an acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or died. The need for SUP was determined using risk factors adapted from evidence-based guidelines developed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. The use of SUP was assessed upon transfer from the ICU to a non-ICU setting and at hospital discharge. Re...
Survival of Murine Norovirus, Tulane Virus, and Hepatitis A Virus on Alfalfa Seeds and Sprouts during Storage and Germination

Human norovirus (huNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been involved in several produce-associated outbreaks and identified as major food-borne viral etiologies. In this study, the survival of huNoV surrogates (murine norovirus [MNV] and Tulane virus [TV]) and HAV was investigated on alfalfa seeds during storage and postgermination. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with MNV, TV, or HAV with titers of 6.46 ± 0.06 log PFU/g, 3.87 ± 0.38 log PFU/g, or 7.01 ± 0.07 log 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50)/g, respectively. Inoculated seeds were stored for up to 50 days at 22°C and sampled during that storage period on days 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15. Following storage, virus presence was monitored over a 1-week germination period. Viruses remained infectious after 50 days, with titers of 1.61 ± 0.19 log PFU/g, 0.85 ± 0.21 log PFU/g, and 3.43 ± 0.21 log TCID50/g for MNV, TV, and HAV, respectively. HAV demonstrated greater persistence than MNV and TV, without a statistically significant reduction over 20 days (<1 log TCID50/g); however, relatively high levels of genomic copies of all viruses persisted over the testing time period. Low titers of viruses were found on sprouts and were located in all tissues as well as in sprout-spent water sampled on days 1, 3, and 6 following seed planting. Results revealed the persistence of viruses in seeds for a prolonged period of time, and perhaps of greater importance these data suggest the ease of which virus may transfer from seeds to sprouts and spent water during germination. These findings highlight the importance of sanitation and prevention procedures before and during germination.
Gambling for Gatorade: risk-sensitive decision making for fluid rewards in humans

Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses, while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species.
The cultural transmission of courtship patterns in cowbirds, Molothrus ater.

In this study, I tested whether the courtship behaviours that facilitate patterns of assortative pairing and mating could be culturally transmitted across generations of brown-headed cowbirds. In an earlier study, I housed a first generation of young South Dakota cowbirds in one of two cultural backgrounds: (1) with adult social models from the same population; or, (2) with adult social models from a behaviourally distinct Indiana population. During the breeding season, the first cultural generation of South Dakota cowbirds paired and mated assortatively based upon their cultural backgrounds. In the present study, I tested whether these courtship patterns could be culturally transmitted to a second generation of young South Dakota cowbirds. Serving as adult social models for birds of the second cultural generation were the first cultural generation of South Dakota birds from the previous study. During their first breeding season, the birds of the second cultural generation paired assortatively by cultural background at roughly a 3:1 ratio. In addition to the pairing data, the behavioural responses of females to the vocalizations of males indicated the influence of cultural backgrounds. This experimental demonstration of the cultural transmission of courtship patterns points to the importance of social environments as mechanisms whereby behavioural systems are inherited from one generation of animals to the next.
A robust approach to employee skill and knowledge development

Purpose – To explain and demonstrate an interactive approach to skill development and knowledge attainment that may serve varied purposes for employee learning and development.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains in detail and demonstrates the process of skill charting. Skill charting is an interactive, constructivist approach to learning. The process, as a training design, is contrasted with a more traditional training design to demonstrate how performance was improved.Findings – Team leaders trained with skill charting performed more effectively, in general, with regard to several performance behaviors than did a comparable group of team leaders trained with other methods. The findings support the efficacy of skill charting as a process.Practical implications – The skill charting process as presented in this paper adds to the tool‐box of the professional trainer, the human resources specialist, and managers. The process, as a sequence of events, offers a template for a variety of employee de...
Remembering Pragmatic Inferences

After hearing that ‘the flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books,’ people often remember having heard that the shelf broke–an inference that is not logically necessitated by the statement. Indeed, when asked to choose which word was heard—weakened or broke—people often mistakenly choose broke, a pragmatic inference, as having been heard (McDermott & Chan, 2006). On what basis are these decisions made? The present study explored the subjective experience accompanying memory for pragmatic inferences with remember/know/guess classifications (Gardiner & Java, 1991; Tulving, 1985). The phenomenological experiences accompanying such false memories were indistinguishable from those of true memories. The dual process signal detection account proposed by Wixted and Stretch (2004) provides a framework for understanding our results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Model of the Arena of PA-Theory: Bogey Man, Doctor's Bag and/or Artist's Medium

(2004). A Model of the Arena of PA-Theory: Bogey Man, Doctor's Bag and/or Artist's Medium. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 46-78.
Annual Surgeon Volume and Patient Outcomes Following Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Inguinal Hernia Repairs.

Abstract Purpose: Data on laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repairs (TEP-IHRs) suggest that approximately 250 operations are needed to gain mastery, but the annual volume required to maintain high-quality outcomes is unknown. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of every patient undergoing a TEP-IHR at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from 1995 to 2011. Analysis focused on the annual volume of 21 staff surgeons and their specific patient outcomes broken up into three groups: Group 1 (G1) (n = 1 surgeon) performed >30 repairs per year; Group 2 (G2) (n = 3 surgeons), 15–30 repairs; and Group 3 (G3) (n = 17), G2 > G3) was associated with improved outcomes as shown by the respective rates for intra- (1%, 2.6%, and 5.6%) and postoperative (13%, 27%, and 36%) complications, need for overnight stay (17...
AS ESTRUTURAS DA POLÍTICA GLOBAL NA EJA: PROPOSTA TEÓRICA DE UM MODELO DE INTERPRETAÇÃO

Este artigo se estrutura em duas partes. Na primeira parte ressalta perspectivas inovadoras no campo da educacao internacional comparada que teoricamente ou metodologicamente capturam a dimensao global de politicas que atravessam lugares materiais e ideacionais, questoes sociais e politicas, e interatuam com agenciadores, conceitos e tecnologias. Na segunda parte propoe um recorte original para estudar as estruturas das politicas globais na EJA que esta baseada nessas perspectivas inovadoras, mas tambem e uma tentativa de superar suas limitacoes. De acordo com esse recorte, uma estrutura de politicas globais pode ser apreendida teoricamente por quatro categorias relacionais, cada uma incorpora ambas as instâncias que frequentemente sao assumidas como dicotomicas.Assim, propoe-se aqui um modelo de interpretacao teorica para o estudo da politica global na EJA.
Convergent Balancing Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide in Drosophila

Genes of the immune system often evolve rapidly and adaptively, presumably driven by antagonistic interactions with pathogens [1-4]. Those genes encoding secreted antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), however, have failed to exhibit conventional signatures of strong adaptive evolution, especially in arthropods (e.g., [5, 6]) and often segregate for null alleles and gene deletions [3, 4, 7, 8]. Furthermore, quantitative genetic studies have failed to associate naturally occurring polymorphism in AMP genes with variation in resistance to infection [9-11]. Both the lack of signatures of positive selection in AMPs and lack of association between genotype and immune phenotypes have yielded an interpretation that AMP genes evolve under relaxed evolutionary constraint, with enough functional redundancy that variation in, or even loss of, any particular peptide would have little effect on overall resistance [12, 13]. In stark contrast to the current paradigm, we identified a naturally occurring amino acid polymorphism in the AMP Diptericin that is highly predictive of resistance to bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster [13]. The identical amino acid polymorphism arose in parallel in the sister species D. simulans, by independent mutation with equivalent phenotypic effect. Convergent substitutions at the same amino acid residue have evolved at least five times across the Drosophila genus. We hypothesize that the alternative alleles are maintained by balancing selection through context-dependent or fluctuating selection. This pattern of evolution appears to be common in AMPs but is invisible to conventional screens for adaptive evolution that are predicated on elevated rates of amino acid divergence.
The Selection and Education of Laser Patients

Several measures can affect the likelihood of optimal treatment results and patient satisfaction. First, a suitable candidate must be selected. As with many cosmetic procedures, unreasonable expectations, body dysmorphic disorder, relevant psychiatric illness, and chronic dissatisfaction with prior physicians are concerning factors. Additionally, patient dissatisfaction is frequent following treatment of minor complaints or those for which reliable, efficacious treatments are not available. Tanned patients or patients of color are at risk for dyschromia, and treatment may need to be delayed or modified accordingly.
Der neue V8-Dieselmotor für Land Rover

Nachdem im Fruhjahr 2004 der 2,7-l-TDV6-Dieselmotor fur Jaguar, Land Rover und PSA in Produktion gegangen ist, hat Ford nun einen 3,6-l-V8-Dieselmotor fur Land Rover entwickelt. Er wird zunachst im Range Rover und im Range Rover Sport eingefuhrt. Die Platzierung im Premium-Markt-Segment ist gleichbedeutend mit hochsten Anforderungen bezuglich aller Attribute des Motors. Spezifische Leistung, Drehmoment sowie die Motorakustik mussen hohe Anspruche erfullen. Entsprechend den Land Rover-spezifischen Anforderungen ist der Motor voll gelandefahig und kann in allen Markten der Welt eingesetzt werden. Der Motor erfullt die Euro-4-Emissionswerte und wird mit geregeltem Partikelfilter verfugbar sein.
Structural analysis of isomeric europium(III) chelates of NB-DOTMA.

Water exchange in lanthanide(III) chelates is a key parameter in developing more effective MRI contrast agents. Our own efforts to optimize water exchange have focused on isolating single coordination geometries of LnDOTA-type chelates (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate.) This isolation may be achieved by appropriately substituting the ligand framework to freeze-out the conformational exchange processes that interconvert coordination geometries. When a single nitrobenzyl substituent is used to “lock” the conformation of the macrocyclic ring, two regioisomeric chelates may be produced; the substituent may be alternatively located on the corner or the side of the ring. Here, we unambiguously demonstrate this regioisomerism by examining the COSY spectra of some conformationally locked Eu3+ chelates. This exercise also demonstrated that diastereoisomeric chelates arising from racemization of chiral centers during the ligand synthesis, recently discounted as the origin of multiple iso...
Effect of stress on diurnal fluctuations in eosinophils of the laboratory mouse.

SummaryThe well known diurnal fluctuation in the number of circulating eosinophils in mice was maintained in animals exposed to continuous cold. It is suggested that a diurnal cycle of activity is responsible for this variation and that the nocturnal activity, acting as a stress, elicits increased activity from the adrenal cortex which is already responding to the stress of cold.