cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-event upset in commercial silicon-on-insulator PowerPC microprocessors

Single-event upset effects from heavy ions and protons are measured for Motorola and IBM silicon-on-insulator (SOT) microprocessors, and compared with results for similar devices with bulk substrates. The cross sections of the SOI processors are lower than their bulk counterparts, but the threshold is about the same, even though the charge collection depth is more than an order of magnitude smaller in the SOI devices.
Preparation of Eosinates and Giemsa Stains of Low Azure B Content from Hot Acid Dichromate Oxidized Commercial Medicinal Methylene Blue

Hot acid potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) oxidation acts stoichiometrically on methylene blue to produce azure B with 1/2 mol per mol methylene blue, and azure A with 2/2 mol per mol methylene blue. For methylene blue to azure B the milliequivalency is 306.577 mg for 1 g of methylene blue. Proportionally lower amounts of K2Cr2O7 yield less azure B.Assuming that certified methylene blue was a relatively pure substance, two lots of methylene blue, CA-39 and LA-51, were oxidized 15 min at 100 C in 10 g amounts in 600 ml 0.1 M H2SO4, neutralized with NaHCOs, and prepared as chlorides and eosinates. Lot CA-39 (batch 109) azure B 75.5%, methylene blue 24.5%, gave excellent stains with 120 mg chloride/600 mg eosinate (the Roe et al 1940, 1941 proportion), better at 160/600 (the Giemsa 1902 ratio) and inferior at 200 mg chloride/600 mg eosinate. Lot CA-39 with methylene blue added at 200 mg per 1 g eosinate gave inferior results at 12% azure B/88% methylene blue ratios, excellent at 14.5% azure B and above. With lo...
Novel targets in esophageal and gastric cancer: beyond antiangiogenesis

Cancers of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction and esophagus are a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In Western countries, adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and proximal stomach have been increasing in frequency more rapidly than other malignancies. The majority of newly diagnosed patients present with advanced disease and the overall survival remains dismal at approximately 10% at 5 years. Better understanding of tumor biology has led to the development of promising novel therapeutic strategies. There is therefore increasing optimism that some of these approaches will improve the outcomes in these increasingly common cancers. Given the success of antiangiogenesis as a therapeutic strategy in various types of cancer, there are ongoing efforts to investigate the utility of other targeted therapies in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers. This review will focus on novel therapeutic targets other than angiogenesis and provide a rationale for the further clinical evaluation of these agents in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract cancers.
Effect of electroporation conditions on cell viability of Frankia EuI1c

The feasibility of electrotransformation of Frankia strain Eul1c was investigated. Cell viability decreased as the capacitance of the electrical pulse increased. The addition of 10% glycerol to the electroporation buffer increased cell viability rates. At a fixed capacitance, cell viability was voltage-dependent and resistance-dependent. Electroporation with a high capacitance was mutagenic and produced antibiotic-resistant cells. Electroporation of Frankia strain EANlpec chromosomal DNA into strain EuI1c generated several colonies that were resistant to lincomycin or kasugamycin.
The Long-Term Negative Impacts of Managerial Career Interruptions: A Longitudinal Study of Men and Women MBAs

As downsizing continues to be part of corporate life, this study seeks to determine the long-term impact of career interruptions on income and career satisfaction. Longitudinal data were collected from men and women MBAs who were surveyed three times over a 13-year period. Traditionally, the model of a successful managerial career involved a steady climb up a corporate ladder, and interruptions resulted in penalties. As employment gaps have become fairly commonfor managers, the negative career stigma may be diminishing. However, the findings from the study suggest that the penalties persist. MBAswith career interruptions earned less than those continuously employed, even 25 years after the interruption. Career interruptions were detrimental to career satisfaction only for men. The findings have implications for managers and organizations.
Determination of total and partially extractable solid-bound element concentrations using collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and their significance in environmental studies

Determination of solid-bound element concentrations is an important initial step in environmental studies especially for assessment of contamination level, and of origin, relative mobility, and fate of contaminants. This study revealed that a relatively new collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is a potent tool for determining total and partially extractable solid-bound element (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb) concentrations in a complex matrix solution containing HF and/or HCl. Six different extraction methods commonly used for environmental monitoring studies were tested for their bias and variability using estuarine and marine standard reference materials. Microwave-assisted methods based on concentrated [HNO₃] or [HNO₃ + HF (4:1)] and [HNO₃ + HF + HCl (10:3:2)] were applied for determining pseudo-total and total element concentrations, respectively. Dilute-acids (1 M HNO₃, 1 M HCl, and 0.5 M HCl) were utilized in single-step partial extraction protocols. Except the 0.5 M HCl cold-extraction method which was performed at room temperature, other partial extraction protocols used microwave-digestion. This study demonstrated that the use of microwave-assisted methods in studies aimed at determining the non-residual, non-specific extractable fractions of elements in solid environmental samples may result in overestimation, and thus needs to be re-examined. We believe that the cold extraction method will play a significant role in future environmental monitoring studies. Nevertheless, results of the cold extraction method not accompanied with total element concentrations have limited value, as the amount of extraction may vary significantly with the nature (origin) of the elements, and with the types of the samples. Therefore, we suggest combining microwave-assisted total digestion and 0.5 M HCl cold-extraction methods as a relatively cost- and time-effective, environmentally sound screening procedure for routine environmental monitoring programs involving a large number of samples from diverse geological and anthropogenic settings.
Binding of Lectins to the Cell Surface of Trypanosoma cruzi

SYNOPSIS. Differences in the composition and distribution of cell membrane carbohydrates were demonstrated in the 3 life cycle forms of 3 Trypanosoma cruzi strains by using lectins with different specificities. The results suggest that lectin binding may be useful in characterization of the parasite strains.
Structural equation modeling: Back to basics.

Major technological advances incorporated into structural equation modeling (SEM) computer programs now make it possible for practitioners who are basically unfamiliar with the purposes and limitations of SEM to use this tool within their research contexts. The current move by program developers to market more user friendly software packages is a welcomed trend in the social and behavioral science research community. The quest to simplify the data analysis step in the research process has—at least with regard to SEM—created a situation that allows practitioners to apply SEM but forgetting, knowingly ignoring, or most dangerously, being ignorant of some basic philosophical and statistical issues that must be addressed before sound SEM analyses should be conducted. This article focuses on some of the almost forgotten topics taken here from each step in the SEM process: model conceptualization, identification and parameter estimation, and data‐model fit assessment and model modification. The main objective i...
The Influence of School Choice Policy on Active School Commuting: A Case Study of a Middle-Sized School District in Oregon:

School choice policy has implications for school travel as it allows students to attend schools farther from their residence than their neighborhood schools. This paper uses a case study from Oregon to investigate how school choice affects parents' school travel decision making and the degree to which school choice affects children's walking or biking to school. The research shows that school choice is associated with lengthened school travel distance and parents' greater willingness to drive their children to school even within a short distance. The research suggests that school choice could hinder the effectiveness of such programs as Safe Routes to School.
Renal response to electrical stimulation in the septum and diencephalon of rabbits.

The septum and diencephalon were electrically stimulated with stereotaxically placed bipolar, concentric electrodes in pentobarbital anesthetized rabbits with one kidney acutely denervated. Transient changes (30-60 seconds) in renal blood flow and urine flow were estimated with electromagnetic flowmeters and drop recorders and persistent changes (20-30 minutes) by clearance techniques. Hypothalamic stimulation, particularly in the perifornical region, caused increased blood pressure, reflex bradycardia (blocked by atropine), and intense renal vasoconstriction in the innervated kidney with a latency of about 2 seconds. In the denervated kidney renal blood flow increased with the rise in blood pressure but after 10-15 seconds decreased, possibly in response to catecholamines released from the adrenal glands. Clearance studies during hypothalamic stimulation showed persistent decreases in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, maximal tubular transport of glucose and paraaminohippurate, and water and electrolyte excretion in the innervated kidney. The parallel decreases in the maximum tubular transport of glucose and glomerular filtration rate suggest nephron closure rather than flow redistribution as the major component of the response. Ventral thalamic and septal stimulation decreased blood pressure and renal blood flow in the denervated kidney to about the same extent. Ventral thalamic stimulation also decreased renal blood flow in the innervated kidney whereas septal stimulation transiently increased renal blood flow, suggesting inhibition of existing sympathetic vasoconstriction (not blocked by atropine). In clearance studies, effects of septal stimulation on the intact kidney (relative to the denervated kidney) were similar to the effects of acute denervation and consistent with redistribution of intrarenal blood flow.
A multilayer nanophotonic interconnection network for on-chip many-core communications

Multi-core chips or chip multiprocessors (CMPs) are becoming the de facto architecture for scaling up performance and taking advantage of the increasing transistor count on the chip within reasonable power consumption levels. The projected increase in the number of cores in future CMPs is putting stringent demands on the design of the on-chip network (or network-on-chip, NOC). Nanophotonic interconnects have recently emerged as a viable alternate technology solution for the design of NOC because of their higher communication bandwidth, much reduced power consumption and wiring simplification. Several photonic NOC approaches have recently been proposed. A common feature of almost all of these approaches is the integration of the entire optical network onto a single silicon waveguide layer. However, keeping the entire network on a single layer has a serious implication for power losses and design complexity due to the large amount of waveguide crossings. In this paper, we propose MPNOC: a multilayer photonic networks-on-chip. MP-NOC combines the recent advances in silicon photonics and three-dimensional (3D) stacking technology with architectural innovations in an integrated architecture that provides ample bandwidth, low latency, and energy efficient on-chip communications for future CMPs. Simulation results show MPNOC can achieve 81.92 TFLOP/s peak bandwidth and an energy savings up to 23% compared to other proposed planar photonic NOC architectures.
Clinical review: Adolescent anovulation: maturational mechanisms and implications.

Context: Adolescents are at high risk for menstrual dysfunction. The diagnosis of anovulatory disorders that may have long-term health consequences is too often delayed. Evidence Acquisition: A review of the literature in English was conducted, and data were summarized and integrated from the author's perspective. Main Findings: Normal adolescent anovulation causes only minor menstrual cycle irregularity: most cycles range from 21–45 days, even in the first postmenarcheal year, 90% by the fourth year. Approximately half of symptomatic menstrual irregularity is due to neuroendocrine immaturity, and half is associated with increased androgen levels. The former is manifest as aluteal or short/deficient luteal phase cycles and usually resolves spontaneously. The latter seems related to polycystic ovary syndrome because adolescent androgen levels are associated with adult androgens and ovulatory dysfunction, but data are sparse. Obesity causes hyperandrogenemia and, via unclear mechanisms, seems to suppress LH...
Association of Personal and Workplace Characteristics with Health, Comfort And Odor: A Survey of 3948 Office Workers in Three Buildings

A questionnaire on health symptoms, workplace conditions, and perceived indoor air quality was administered to 3948 employees of the Environmental Protection Agency in Washington, DC in the winter of 1989. The main goal was to determine the personal or workplace characteristics associated with health symptoms. A principal components analysis of 32 health symptoms identified 12 health factors. Each factor was generally associated with a particular body system (eyes, nose, throat, chest, central nervous system, etc.). The 12 health factors were regressed linearly on the 50-100 personal, workplace, and spatial characteristics identified from the questionnaire and building blueprints. Significant variables (p < 0.01) were included in a second logistic regression to determine a final model. Eleven variables were associated with multiple health factors. The main workplace variables were dust and glare. Personal characteristics of importance were mold allergies and sensitivity to chemicals. Among women, lack of a college degree was an important factor. Air quality factors of importance included hot stuffy air and dry air: The odor of paint and other chemicals, and the odor of cosmetics were also associated with four or more of the health factors. Two measures of stress – heavy workload and conflicting demands – were also associated with several health factors.
Integrated QOS management for disk I/O

We address the problem of providing different levels of performance guarantees or quality-of-service (QOS) for disk I/O. We classify disk requests into three categories based on the provided level of service. We propose an integrated scheme that provides different levels of performance guarantees in a single system. The proposed method uses admission control and bandwidth allocation to isolate the different categories of requests and appropriate disk scheduling to achieve the desired performance goals. It is shown that the proposed method achieves the performance goals of individual requests while allowing seek optimizations at the disk. In particular, it is shown that the proposed scheme for integrated QOS management at disk, provides significantly better performance than SCAN.
Discrete-event diagnostics of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems

We consider a typical commercial building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with its primary equipment that conditions the medium of energy transport (water) and air handling system (AHS) that conditions the air supplied to the occupied space whose temperature is maintained. The components, such as valves, dampers, controllers, pumps, boilers, etc., are modeled for their normal and failure mode operations in the framework of discrete event systems. The DIAGNOSER diagnostic methodology of Sampath et al. (1995, 1996) is applied to describe their combined behavior. The diagnosers are built and used to analyze the diagnosibility of failures for different sets of available sensors.
Low-frequency noise in ambipolar carbon nanotube transistors.

Low-frequency noise measurements on individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors exhibiting ambipolar characteristics have been carried out. With a polymer electrolyte as gate medium, low-frequency noise can be monitored in both p- and n-channel operation of the same nanotube under the same chemical environment. 1/f noise in the p-channel of polymer electrolyte gated nanotube transistor is similar to that of back gate operation. However, most devices exhibit significantly larger noise amplitude in the n-channel operation that has a distinct dependence on the threshold voltage. A nonuniform energy distribution of carrier trapping/scattering sites is considered to explain these observations.
Perioperative Celecoxib Decreases Opioid Use in Patients Undergoing Testicular Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial

Purpose: We evaluated the effect of daily perioperative celecoxib on patient reported pain control and opioid use after testicular surgery.Materials and Methods: Men scheduled to undergo elective outpatient microsurgical testicular sperm extraction were prospectively randomized to receive 200 mg celecoxib or placebo twice daily, which was initiated the night before surgery and continued for 6 days thereafter. Using an 11-point visual analog scale, participants self-reported the postoperative pain level and acetaminophen/hydrocodone use for supplemental pain control. We compared differences in pain scores and opioid use between the 2 patient groups using the Student t test with p <0.05 considered significant.Results: At 1-year interim analysis 35 of 78 eligible participants (45%) had returned the study questionnaire, of whom 34 were included in the final analysis. Of the 34 patients the 16 who received celecoxib had significantly lower postoperative opioid use than those on placebo (6 vs 16 pills, p = 0.02...
A Reassessment of the Effect of Activated Notch1 on CD4 and CD8 T Cell Development

The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in the early steps of T cell development and in the generation of T cell tumors, but its role in the CD4 vs CD8 lineage decision is controversial. Notch1 is not essential for CD4 or CD8 T cell development; however, there are suggestions that multiple Notch family members may act in a redundant fashion during thymic development. In theory, expressing a constitutively activated form of Notch in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes could provide clues about the normal role of Notch in developing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Unfortunately, two different studies of transgenic mice expressing activated forms of Notch1 (Notch1IC) led to conflicting conclusions. In this study, we re-examine the effect of the two Notch1IC transgenes on thymocyte development. We find that both Notch1IC transgenic lines display a decrease in CD4 single positive (SP) thymocytes and a corresponding increase in CD8 SP thymocytes. The enhanced development of CD8 SP thymocytes is dependent on either class I or II MHC. Thus, data from two different Notch1IC transgenic lines indicate that Notch activity promotes CD8 and inhibits CD4 SP development. We suggest that the discrepancies in previous reports of Notch1IC transgenic mice are due to differences in the propensity of the two different transgenic lines to develop tumors.
Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis

We have used a photochemical reaction in vivo to induce reproducible thrombosis leading to cerebral infarction in rats. After the intravenous injection of rose bengal, a potent photosensitizing dye, an ischemic lesion was formed by irradiating the left parietal convexity of the exposed skull for 20 minutes with green light (560 nm) from a filtered xenon arc lamp. Animals were allowed to survive from 30 minutes to 15 days after irradiation. Early microscopic alterations within the irradiated zone included the formation of thrombotic plugs and adjacent red blood cell stasis within pial and parenchymal vessels. Scanning electron microscopy revealed frequent platelet aggregates adhering to the vascular endothelium, often resulting in vascular occlusion. Carbon-black brain perfusion demonstrated that occlusion of vascular channels progressed after irradiation and was complete within 4 hours. Histopathological examination at 1, 5, and 15 days revealed that the associated infarct evolved reproducibly through several characteristic stages, including a phase of massive macrophage infiltration. Although cerebral infarction in this model is initiated by thrombosis of small blood vessels, the fact that the main pathological features of stroke are consistently reproduced should permit its use in assessing treatment regimens. Further, the capability of producing infarction in preselected cortical regions may facilitate the study of behavioral, functional, and structural consequences of acute and chronic stroke.
Introduction to a Forum on Individual Differences in Accounting Behavior

his issue of The Accounting Review features two related archival studies, both accepted independently by different editors, on the influence of individual managers on different behaviors that are of interest to accountants. Bamber et al. 2010 focus on the effects of ndividual managers on several properties of management earnings forecasts. Dyreng et al. 2010 ocus on the effects of individual managers on tax-avoidance strategies. Although they examine ifferent aspects of management behavior, both studies adapt a technique developed by Bertrand nd Schoar 2003 that tracks managers across different firms, thereby disentangling manager ffects from firm effects. From my perspective, both as an editor and as a behavioral experimentalist, a prominent ontribution of these two studies is that they help to narrow the gap that too often exists between rchival accounting research and so-called “behavioral” accounting research that we typically ssociate with experiments. For example, Bamber et al. 2010 draw, in part, on a review article by irst et al. 2008 regarding management earnings forecasts, which in turn integrates both archival nd experimental research perspectives. Indeed, I have often wondered why we tend to associate he adjective “behavioral” with experimental research, although I suppose the emergence of “beavioral finance” as a mainstream archival research area has made inroads in reinforcing that both nance and accounting are ultimately involved with human behavior, reflecting human informaion processing limitations, biases, and idiosyncrasies also see Shleifer 2000 . More fundamentally, Bamber et al. 2010 and Dyreng et al. 2010 remind us that firms do ot make decisions. Rather, people make decisions, and those decisions are shaped by the personlities of those involved. From a research perspective, one is tempted to build on that premise by dentifying characteristics such as gender, education, ethnicity, military service, and a host of other easures that might influence manager styles. On this point, however, I found it of considerable nterest that, notwithstanding the spirited attempt in both studies to identify such characteristics, diosyncratic variation appears to dominate the variation that can be nicely categorized by meaurable forces that shape manager personalities. In the final analysis, it would appear that managers, like other humans, are richly varied, such hat the noise term in regressions involving “firm” behavior will likely continue to be larger than esearchers would like to see. I applaud the authors of both studies in this forum for helping us to eer inside the noise term in what seems to be the beginnings of a fruitful avenue for future ccounting research of archival, experimental, and other varieties.
Interconnect Technologies for Heterogeneous 3D Integration : CMOS and MEMS

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) market is a rapidly growing market with a wide range of devices. Most of these devices require an interaction with an electronic circuit, and with the increasing number of high performance MEMS devices that are being introduced, a demand for integrating CMOS and MEMS using high-density and low-parasitic interconnects have also been on the rise. Unfortunately, conventional methods of integrating CMOS with MEMS cannot provide the high density and low-parasitic interconnections required by modern high performance MEMS devices, and at the same time provide the flexibility required to accommodate new devices that are made using new materials and highly innovative fabrication processes. Heterogeneous 3D integration of MEMS and CMOS has the potential to provide both the performance and the integration flexibility; however there are two interconnect challenges that need to be addressed. This paper outlines the details of these interconnect challenges and introduces two interconnect technologies, Mechanically Flexible Interconnects (MFI) and Through-Silicon Via (TSV), developed specifically to address these challenges.
A nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the yellowstriped armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) was isolated and characterized from a field-collected, fourth-instar yellowstriped armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenee, in Boone County, Missouri. The LC50 value of this virus was determined to be 0.42 occlusion bodies (OB)/mm2 for first instar and 7.0 OB/mm2 for third instar. Heliothis zea (Boddie), S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae were not susceptible to this MNPV. Mortality was observed in Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) larvae challenged with high concentrations; however, no occlusion bodies were observed in or recovered from tissue of survivors or cadavers, and liquefaction of cadavers did not occur. This MNPV appears to be specific for S. ornithogalli ; further studies against other Spodoptera species may be justified.
Efficient target geolocation by highly uncertain small air vehicles

Geolocation of a ground object or target of interest from live video is a common task required of small and micro unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs and MAVs) in surveillance and rescue applications. However, such vehicles commonly carry low-cost and light-weight sensors providing poor bandwidth and accuracy whose contribution to observations is nonlinear, resulting in poor geolocation performance by standard techniques. This paper proposes the application of an efficient over-parameterized state representation to the problem of geolocation that is able to handle large, time-varying, and non-Gaussian sensor error to produce better geolocation estimates than typical approaches and which provides computing and communication benefits in applications such as predictive control and distributed collaboration. We evaluate our filter on real flight data, demonstrating its ability to efficiently produce a solution with tight confidence bounds given highly uncertain data.
Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract.

In the past decade, interest by the general public in the use of herbal dietary supplements has risen exponentially. As throughout history, individuals are now turning to the use of “natural” therapies for the prevention, treatment and cure of almost every ailment and aging malady imaginable... often without substantial proof of safety or efficacy. One of the most popular herbal supplements is Ginkgo biloba extract, taken for its perceived “memory enhancing” properties. Given the inordinate popularity, growing use, and substantial number of pharmaceutical products containing G. biloba, coupled with demands for product safety and “hard evidence,” science has followed this trend closely with an ever-expanding body of pharmacological and clinical data on such preparations. Claims that standardized G. biloba extract (EGb 761) can modulate the cellular environment of an organism under both physiological and stress conditions may be attributed to its multivalent or totipotent properties, and can now be substantiated by the availability of modern molecular techniques. As opposed to pharmacologically manufactured or synthetic drugs, which provide a single target for a single receptor as the mechanism of action, EGb 761 is able to up- or down-regulate signaling pathways, gene transcription, cellular metabolism, etc., and thus assist in the regulation of the general physiological status of the cell and/or organism in response to stressors posed by both intracellular and extracellular conditions. Presumably, this is one of the biggest advantages of using natural products for the prevention and treatment of infirmity, as well as the maintenance of health in an organism.
Provable improvements on branch testing

This paper compares the fault-detecting ability of several software test data adequacy criteria. It has previously been shown that if C/sub 1/ properly covers C/sub 2/, then C/sub 1/ is guaranteed to be better at detecting faults than C/sub 2/, in the following sense: a test suite selected by independent random selection of one test case from each subdomain induced by C/sub 1/ is at least as likely to detect a fault as a test suite similarly selected using C/sub 2/. In contrast, if C/sub 1/ subsumes but does not properly cover C/sub 2/, this is not necessarily the case. These results are used to compare a number of criteria, including several that have been proposed as stronger alternatives to branch testing. We compare the relative fault-detecting ability of data flow testing, mutation testing, and the condition-coverage techniques, to branch testing, showing that most of the criteria examined are guaranteed to be better than branch testing according to two probabilistic measures. We also show that there are criteria that can sometimes be poorer at detecting faults than substantially less expensive criteria. >
Electrically Enhanced Percutaneous Delivery Of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Using Electric Pulses and a DC Potential¶

Abstract Selectivity of photodynamic therapy can be improved with localized photosensitizer delivery, but topical administration is restricted by poor diffusion across the stratum corneum. We used electric pulses to increase transdermal transport of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor to the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). ALA-filled electrodes were attached to the surface of excised porcine skin or the dorsal surface of mice. Pulses were administered and, in some in vivo cases, a continuous DC potential (6 V) was concomitantly applied. For in vitro 14C ALA penetration, 10 μm layers parallel to the stratum corneum were assayed by liquid scintillation analysis, and 10 μm cross sections were examined autoradiographically. As the electrical dose (voltage × frequency × pulse width × treatment duration) increased, there was an increase in penetration depth. In vivo delivery was assayed by measuring the fluorescence of PpIX in skin samples. A greater than two-fold enhancement of PpIX production w...
On the Instability of Ekman Boundary Flow

Abstract The stability of the two-dimensional boundary flow produced in a rotating tank with small inflow is investigated by means of perturbation analysis. The resulting differential eigenvalue problem is solved numerically both for the complete set of equations and for a truncated set (the Orr-Sommerfeld equation) shown by Stuart and Barcilon to be valid in the limit of large Reynolds number R. Both solutions exhibit instability, with a critical R of about 55 for the complete solution and 93 for the truncated set, where R is based on the boundary scale depth and the relative velocity of the fluid distant from the boundary. Stationary waves become unstable for R > 115. These values are to be compared with Faller's observed value of R ≈ 125 for nearly stationary waves. The difference between theory and observation is discussed and largely rationalized as being due to the difficulty of observing moving waves with Faller's method. The effect of the terms neglected in Stuart's analysis is shown to lead to a ...
Toward a theory of variation in the organization of the word reading system

The strategy underlying most computational models of word reading is to specify the organization of the reading system—its architecture and the processes and representations it employs—and to demonstrate that this organization would give rise to the behavior observed in word reading tasks. This approach fails to adequately address the variation in reading behavior observed across and within linguistic communities. Only computational models that incorporate learning can fully account for variation in organization. However, even extant learning models (e.g., the triangle model) must be extended if they are to fully account for variation in organization. The challenges associated with extending theories in this way are discussed.
Before-school and after-school childcare and children's risk of obesity.

Summary Background In the USA, half of children are regularly cared for before or after school by someone other than a parent. Objective Describe the relationship between childcare arrangements and obesity among school-aged children. Methods Data are from the fifth-grade wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Cohort 1998–1999, a nationally representative study of US children who were in kindergarten in 1998–1999 or first grade in 1999, collected in spring 2004 (analytic sample = 9617). We estimated survey-adjusted logistic regression models to examine the association between childcare arrangements before and after school and obesity. Results The prevalence of obesity was highest among fifth graders who received care from multiple sources and lowest among children who received care from adults not related to them in either the child's or the caregiver's home [29.9%, 95% confidence interval {CI}: 18.7%, 44.3%; and 17.3%, 95% CI: 12.1%, 24.0%]. Childcare arrangement was not an independent risk factor for obesity for most children. However, Hispanic children who were cared for by a person who was not a relative had significantly higher odds of obesity compared with non-Hispanics in similar care arrangements (odds ratio: 5.11, 95% CI: 2.00, 13.06). Conclusion Type of childcare before or after school was not an independent risk factor for obesity in most fifth graders, but implications of childcare for Hispanic children should be explored further.
Regulatory Science and Drug Approval for Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

lcoholic hepatitis (AH) and nonalcoholic steatoheApatitis (NASH) are 2 major causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. While AH is a major cause of liver-related hospitalizations, NASH is projected to surpass hepatitis C virus infection as the leading etiology of endstage liver disease requiring liver transplantation. NASH is also the leading etiology driving the burden of hepatocellular cancer. Despite their obvious public health relevance, there are currently no drugs approved for either condition. Therefore, there is a need to consider the barriers that have contributed to this situation and the potential pathways to overcome such barriers to bring effective therapies for these conditions to afflicted individuals (Table 1).
Potentiometric microdetermination of catechol in the presence of its isomers using a lead-ion selective electrode

Catechol was determined on the microscale by potentiometric titration with lead nitrate. Solutions were buffered to pH 9.5 with borate buffer. Emf's were monitored with a lead ion-selective electrode and a single junction reference electrode. Up to an eightfold excess of hydroquinone or resorcinol can be tolerated.
ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY IN A SOCIAL NETWORK: RECRUITING INVESTORS INTO THE NAIROBI STOCK EXCHANGE

Despite low incomes, weak property rights, and low levels of financial literacy, the number of domestic investors in Kenya’s Nairobi Stock Exchange increased ten-fold to 1.3 million between 2006 an...
Mechanism Analysis of Influence of Soluble Salt Ions on Strength of Salt-rich Cement-soil

Through laboratory test of cement-soil's unconfined compressive strength,the in-fluence of Mg2+,Cl-and SO2-4 content on the strength of salt-rich cement soil was explored,and the process and mechanism of causing the increase of salt-rich cement-soil's strength were studied through X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).The research results show that Mg2+,Cl-and SO2-4 have negative influence on cement-soil's strength and the higher the ion content is,the greater the negative effect is;Mg2+,Cl-and SO2-4 not only change cement-soil's micro-structure,but also restrain the formation of C-S-H and C-A-H,which result in the decrease of cement-soil's strength.
Treatment of cervical cancer. A randomized study of operation and radiation.

Abstract One hundred patients with invasive cervical cancer of all stages were randomly divided into two groups. One of these was treated by means of radical operation and the other with radiation therapy. Immediate method failure, the inability to complete therapy by the method in question, was considerably higher in the operative group. However, longer term results were more nearly equal in the two. Patients whose disease could not be definitively treated by operation had less than 1 chance in 3 of it being arrested by means of irradiation. Long-term complications were not a factor in either group. It is concluded that some degree of selection must be made in order to offer each patient the best chance for survival at the least risk. Optimal treatment of cervical malignancy requires the availability of both operative and radiologic skilis.
Adhesion Signaling Through Integrins

Tumor cell interactions with the local microenvironment influence a range of cellular activities. A ubiquitous and important ";signal"; for tumor cells is the surrounding protein stroma, the extracellular matrix (ECM). This protein network varies in composition and structure throughout the body and within tissues, having a profound effect on the cells interacting with it. Input from these proteins regulates normal and tumor cell functions including adhesion, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation.
The Plasticity of Mature Oligodendrocytes: A Role for Substratum in Phenotype Expression

During development in the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLG) extend processes that invest axons and generate myelin (Peters et. al., 1976). This period is marked by a rapid synthesis of myelin specific proteins (Benjamins, 1984) and lipids (Morell and Toews, 1984). Having made myelin, OLG must then maintain it and in order to do so they continue to synthesize myelin components but at basal levels. The fact that isolated OLG maintained in culture express myelinogenic properties (Mirsky et. al., 1980; Szuchet et. al., 1980) makes them a suitable model for probing the signals that control myelin assembly. We have maintained oligodendrocytes isolated from post-myelination brains in culture under two sets of conditions: a) Non — attached. To achieve this, oligodendrocytes are seeded into tissue culture plates where they form floating clusters. Biochemically, morphologically and ultrastructurally they resemble freshly isolated cells. We call these cells B3.f OLG. B3 for band III oligodendrocytes; f for floating; (Szuchet et. al., 1980). Routinely we keep B3.f OLG for 4–5 days, but extending this time to 16 days does not alter the metabolism of the cells, nor is there any obvious change in morphology (Szuchet and Yim, 1984; Yim et. al., 1986). b) Attached. When B3.f OLG (after 4 to 5 days in vitro) are transferred to polylysine coated plates, they adhere within 24h and develop a profuse network of processes. We refer to these cells as B3.fA OLG (A for adherent). We have maintained B3.fA OLG for 120 days with better than 98% purity as assessed by immuno-cytochemical criteria (Fig. 1).
Incentives: Equilibrium, Efficiency, and Asymmetric Information

A successful institution, whether large or small, must coordinate the activities of its individual members. In this book, I examine the incentives at work in a wide range of institutions, to see how—and how well—coordination is achieved by informing and motivating individual decision makers. Incentives work well when they result in a high level of individual welfare generally. This is problematic because each individual acts to maximize his or her individual payoff, regardless of the implications for the welfare of others. In other words, we examine incentives to determine the extent to which they prevent the pursuit of self-interest from being self-defeating. We look at an entire economy, as well as a single firm in that economy. Even two-person institutions receive attention: a car owner and a mechanic hired to repair the car, for instance. In all cases, a satisfactory outcome requires coordination among the participants, and coordination requires information transmission and motiv ation , as shown in Table 1.1. The individual members of the institution cannot do their part unless they receive information telling them what their roles are. In the case of a market economy, much of the vital information is transmitted by prices. In a wide range of situations, the consumer's budget constraint and the firm's profit motive give the respective decision maker the incentive to use the information embodied in prices in a way that enhances the welfare of all households.
Abstract 265: Perioperative Silent Myocardial Ischemia, the Use of Blood Transfusions and Their Associations With Long-Term Mortality Following Peripheral Vascular Surgery

Objective Thrombotic and bleeding complications during the perioperative period are a major concern during the postoperative period. However, the relationship between perioperative myocardial necrosis and major bleeding with long-term mortality is uncertain. Methods In a retrospective study, we analyzed data from 289 consecutive patients during a one-year period between 2009-2010 who underwent open major vascular surgery (carotid endarterectomy, above/below knee amputation, open aneurysm repair, extremity bypass, and embolectomy). Myocardial necrosis was defined as any cardiac troponin T value ≥ 0.1 ng/ml and major bleeding was defined as requiring ≥2 units of blood within 24 hours of the operation. Lower threshold cutoffs (troponin >0.04 ng/ml and any transfusion) were also investigated. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Results During a mean follow-up period of 1.8 years, there were 46 deaths (15.9%). Myocardial necrosis and major bleeding occurred in 25.2% and 14.9% of subjects, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease, both myocardial necrosis (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.82-9.87) and major bleeding (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.28-5.46) were associated with long-term death. Similarly, lower threshold cutoffs of troponin >0.04 ng/ml and any transfusion independently predicted a 6.27-fold and a 6.44-fold increase in long-term mortality (p Conclusions Perioperative myocardial necrosis and major bleeding, even at low cutoff levels, are independent and complementary predictors of long-term mortality following major vascular surgery.
Spatially and Sequentially Heterogeneous Discounts of Distressed Property Values in Cuyahoga County, Ohio

AbstractOne of the most persistent public policy debates is over the aftermath of the foreclosure crisis and its continuing impact on housing markets. Distressed properties – including foreclosure and real estate-owned properties – tend to be sold at much lower prices than nearby comparable properties, often pulling down both surrounding property values and neighborhood morale. Recent findings show that these discounts for distressed properties are associated with various factors, but three important dimensions of these discounts remain relatively unexplored. First among these is the degree of variation in these discounts, even within the same regional market. Second is how discounts vary through the typical sequence of the distressed property transaction cycle. The final factor is the nature by which discounts vary according to the market participants – are the buyers/sellers individuals or institutions? This study examines these major factors affecting discounts, and estimates the spatially and sequenti...
SUPOR Q: A BOUNDARY PROBLEM SOLVER FOR ODE's

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a boundary problem solver for ODEs. It highlights the combination of the powerful techniques used by SUPORT with a linearization process to form a solver for nonlinear boundary value problems. Preliminary results in this direction have been compiled with a code called SUPOR Q . The technique of interest for solving the linear two-point boundary value problem is to combine reduced superposition with an orthonormalization process. If the spectral width of the eigenvalue spectrum of F is extremely large, it is impossible to maintain linear independence of the computed initial value solutions over the complete interval [ a , b ] if this interval length is at all large. In this case, simple superposition will fail and it becomes necessary to use other techniques such as an orthonormalization procedure. Each time the solutions begin to lose their linear independence numerically, they are reorthonormalized before integration proceeds.
Developing a Leadership Platform: Using and Understanding the Professional Standards for Educational Leaders

This chapter serves as a guide to developing your leadership platform. What do you believe in? What do you stand for? Questions like these will serve as your roadmap for creating your unique leadership platform. The ten Professional Standards for Educational Leaders are explained as they relate to leadership actions. Activities are included to help the reader develop a leadership platform.
Lowest perceived exertion in the late morning due to effects of the endogenous circadian system.

There are daily variations in the rate of perceived exertion (RPE)1 2 during exercise, with lower RPE in the beginning of the night compared with the early morning. We studied whether RPE is affected by the internal circadian system while controlling for any effects of behavioural patterns, including sleep, activity and meals. Ten healthy adults (six females, aged 52±2 years (mean±SEM)) participated in a forced desynchrony protocol in dim light where all behaviours were evenly spread across the circadian cycle (figure 1A).3 After a normal night of sleep and baseline testing, participants underwent 10 recurring 5-hours 20-min of ‘behavioural cycles’ of 2-hours 40-min of sleep opportunities and 2-hours 40-min of standardised waking episodes.3 Approximately 1 hour after each sleep episode, participants performed mild intensity cycle ergometer exercise for …
Hidden Markov Model Symbol Recognition for Sketch-Based Interfaces.

A central challenge for sketch-based interfaces is robust symbol recognition. Artifacts such as sketching style, pixelized symbol representation and affine transformations are just a few of the problems. Temporal pattern recognition through Hidden Markov Models (HMM) can be used to recognize and distinguish symbols as pixel-driven gestures. The key challenges of such a system are the type and amount of necessary pre-processing, feature extraction, HMM parameter selection and optional post processing. In this paper, we describe a recognition strategy based on HMMs and include recognition results on twelve sketched symbols. In addition, we have successfully applied this methodology to a PDA sketch-based interface to control a team of robots. The symbol recognition component is used to identify sketched formations and issue commands that drive the behavior of the robot team.