cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the 3He Permeability of DT-Filled Fused Silica Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Targets to Study the Effects of 3He on Neutron Emission During Implosion

A set of laser implosion experiments were conducted at the OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) to study the effect of 3 He concentration in DT-filled target shells on fusion yield in ICF implosions.. Eleven laser fusion shells consisting of 1100-μm diameter, hollow, fused silica spheres with 4.6 to 4.7-μm-thick walls were loaded with 520 kPa of deuterium-tritium (DT) and then with 3 He (101.3 or 520 kPa). The 3 He permeabilities of the shells were determined by measuring the pressure rate of rise into a system with known volume. A mathematical method was developed that relied on the experimental fill pressure and time, and the rate of rise data to solve differential equations using MathCAD to simultaneously calculate 3 He permeability and initial 3 He partial pressure inside the shell. Because of the high permeation rate for 3 He out of the shells compared to that for DT gas, shells had to be recharged with 3 He immediately before being laser imploded or "shot" at LLE. The 3 He partial pressure in each individual shell at shot time was calculated from the measured 3 He permeability. Two different partial pressures of 3 He inside the shell were shown to reduce neutron and gamma yields during implosion.
Constraints on mantle source compositions imposed by phosphorus and the rare-earth elements

Our major conclusions are that the strong correlation of P2O5 and light REE abundances in basalts does not (a) require residual apatite or whitlockite during partial melting, or (b) imply that P2O5 and REE-rich magmas are derived from more refractory sources than the source of magmas with lower P2O5 and REE contents.
Vapor Locking as a Limitation to the Stability of Composite Conductors Cooled By Boiling Helium

Recently Wilson and Walters [1] suggested that it seemed “worthwhile to investigate stagnant two-phase cooling.” Their suggestion was based on the assumption that “gas is free to vent but no new liquid enters the zone during the pulse.” Subsequent experiments by Iwasa et al [2] showed that in narrow channels the gas did not vent freely but expelled liquid instead. Were new liquid not to enter and were no gas to vent at all, the helium would then have only about one-seventh the energy-absorbing capacity as supposed by Wilson and Walters (because of the sevenfold volume expansion upon vaporization). Once the channel is filled with vapor, for all practical purposes, heat transfer stops. If recovery is to occur, it must occur before this happens.
Perturbation Methods in Atmospheric Flight Mechanics

The classical scalar perturbations of flight mechanics are compared with total vector perturbations. A component perturbation method is introduced which is the generalization of the classical technique, and is valid for all coordinate systems. This method, together with a new tensor formalism, is used to derive the general perturbation equations of atmospheric flight mechanics. These equations hold for any unsteady flight regime and are expressed in a tensor form, invariant under time-dependent coordinate transformations. The perturbation equations of all flight vehicles such as aircraft, missiles, shells, and Magnus rotors, are universally represented by these techniques.
Actinic cheilitis: a treatment review

All other factors being equal, the presence of actinic cheilitis, a pre-invasive malignant lesion of the lips, doubles the risk of squamous cell carcinoma developing in this anatomic area. Various forms of local ablation,immunomodulation and surgical extirpation have been proposed as therapeutic interventions. This paper critically evaluates the available medical literature to highlight the evidence-based strength of each recommended therapy for actinic cheilitis. Vermilionectomy remains the gold standard for efficacy; trichloroacetic acid application is easy and convenient, but the least efficacious overall.
Surges along the Honolulu coast from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami

[1] The 2011 Tohoku earthquake of Mw9.0 generated a massive tsunami that devastated communities along the northeastern Japan coasts and damaged coastal infrastructure across the Pacific. A nearshore observatory in Honolulu recorded clear signals of the surface elevation and flow velocity at 12 m water depth, where adjacent harbors and marinas experienced persistent hazardous surges. The measurements allow validation of numerical model results, which in turn reveal complex oscillation and flow patterns due to resonance over the insular shelf and reef system. The computed wave amplitude and flow speed increase from 0.4 m and 0.1 m/s at the 100-m depth contour to 1.6 m at the shore and 3.3 m/s near an entrance to Honolulu Harbor. Although resonance of the tsunami along the Hawaiian Islands produced the strongest surface signal at 42 min period, standing waves with periods 16 min or shorter, which are able to form nodes on the reefs, are the main driving force of the nearshore currents.
A low cost monolithic accelerometer

The ADXL50, a complete scaled and temperature-compensated surface micromachined accelerometer with an output voltage proportional to acceleration with full-scale measurement range of +or-50 g and unpowered shock survival at 2000 g, is designed for crash detection in second-generation automotive air bag systems. A digitally activated self-test electrostatically deflects a functional beam so that a -50-g acceleration is indicated. An uncommitted amplifier, with rail-to-rail output range, allows rescaling and offsetting of the raw output signal. Capacitors can be introduced in the gain network surrounding the uncommitted amplifier so that two poles of low-pass filters are possible without the addition of off-chip active circuitry. Measured performance results for the ADXL50 are summarized. >
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas: 201 patients

OBJECTIVE: This single-institution study examined the outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas has been associated with decreased morbidity and mortality and, in some centers, 5-year survival rates in excess of 20%. METHODS: Two hundred one patients with pathologically verified adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1970 and 1994 were analyzed (the last 100 resections were performed between March 1991 and April 1994). This is the largest single-institution experience reported to date. RESULTS: The overall postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 5%, but has been 0.7% for the last 149 patients. The actuarial 5-year survival for all 201 patients was 21%, with a median survival of 15.5 months. There were 11 5-year survivors. Patients resected with negative margins (curative resections: n = 143) had an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 26%, with a median survival of 18 months, whereas those with positive margins (palliative resections; n = 58) fared significantly worse, with an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 8% and a median survival of 10 months (p < 0.0001). Survival has improved significantly from decade to decade (p < 0.002), with the 3-year actuarial survival of 14% in the 1970s, 21% in the 1980s, and 36% in the 1990s. Factors significantly favoring long-term survival by univariate analyses included tumor diameter < 3 cm, negative nodal status, diploid tumor DNA content, tumor S phase fraction < 18%, pylorus-preserving resection, < 800 mL intraoperative blood loss, < 2 units of blood transfused, negative resection margins, and use of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Multivariate analyses indicated the strongest predictors of long-term survival were diploid tumor DNA content, tumor diameter < 3 cm, negative nodal status, negative resection margins, and decade of resection. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy is improving. Aspects of tumor biology, such as DNA content, tumor diameter, nodal status and margin status, are the strongest predictors of outcome.
The fabrication of high aspect ratio carbon nanotube arrays by direct laser interference patterning

High aspect ratio periodic carbon nanotube arrays were fabricated using direct laser interference patterning with a frequency tripled Nd:YAG (YAG: yttrium aluminium garnet) laser (λ = 355 nm) emitting 10 ns laser pulses. The depth of the fabricated arrays could be adjusted by controlling the number of laser pulses. Application of successive laser pulses (10–20) induced pattern distortion, resulting in the formation of conical organized arrays. The number of laser pulses necessary to produce this distortion is proportional to the spatial period of the interference pattern. Raman spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the chemical form of the carbon nanotubes was preserved after patterning.
Mapping of QTL for Resistance to White Mold Disease in Common Bean

White mold (WM), incited by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a serious disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). However, plant breeders have had very limited success in developing resistant (R) cultivars. Molecular markers linked to genes for R to WM may improve selection for R. The objective was to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for partial physiological resistance (PPR), partial field resistance (PFR), porosity over the furrow (POF), and plant height (PH) in a linkage map by means of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross 'PC-50' (R) x XAN-159 (susceptible). The parents and RILs were inoculated in two separate greenhouse experiments for each isolate and were also infected naturally in the field. Significant correlations (0.39, 0.47) were found for the WM reactions in the greenhouse and field. Nine candidate QTL were found affecting PPR isolate 152 (comparison-wise P < 0.05) with strong evidence (genome-wise P < 0.01) for three QTL on linkage groups (LGs) 4, 7, and 8, based on composite interval mapping analysis. Candidate QTL affecting PPR to isolate 279 were found on LGs 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 with very strong evidence (genome-wise P < 0.001) for a QTL linked to the C locus for seedcoat pattern. Seven candidate QTL for PFR were observed on LGs 4, 7, 8, and 11. Six of the seven candidate QTL for PFR were found in the same locations as QTL for PPR. However, two of the seven genomic regions were associated with PFR and POF that may contribute to disease avoidance.
A nugget-based test collection construction paradigm

The problem of building test collections is central to the development of information retrieval systems such as search engines. Starting with a few relevant "nuggets" of information manually extracted from existing TREC corpora, we implement and test a methodology that finds and correctly assesses the vast majority of relevant documents found by TREC assessors - as well as up to four times more additional relevant documents. Our methodology produces highly accurate test collections that hold the promise of addressing the issues of scalability, reusability, and applicability.
Femtosecond dynamics of the forbidden carotenoid S1 state in light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria observed after two-photon excitation.

Abstract Time-resolved excited-state absorption intensities after direct two-photon excitation of the carotenoid S1 state are reported for light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria. Direct excitation of the carotenoid S1 state enables the measurement of subsequent dynamics on a fs time scale without interference from higher excited states, such as the optically allowed S2 state or the recently discovered dark state situated between S1 and S2. The lifetimes of the carotenoid S1 states in the B800-B850 complex and B800-B820 complex of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila are 7 ± 0.5 ps and 6 ± 0.5 ps, respectively, and in the light-harvesting complex 2 of Rhodobacter sphaeroides ≈1.9 ± 0.5 ps. These results explain the differences in the carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer efficiency after S2 excitation. In Rps. acidophila the carotenoid S1 to bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer is found to be quite inefficient (φET1 <28%) whereas in Rb. sphaeroides this energy transfer is very efficient (φET1 ≈80%). The results are rationalized by calculations of the ensemble averaged time constants. We find that the Car S1 → B800 electronic energy transfer (EET) pathway (≈85%) dominates over Car S1 → B850 EET (≈15%) in Rb. sphaeroides, whereas in Rps. acidophila the Car S1 → B850 EET (≈60%) is more efficient than the Car S1 → B800 EET (≈40%). The individual electronic couplings for the Car S1 → BChl energy transfer are estimated to be approximately 5–26 cm−1. A major contribution to the difference between the energy transfer efficiencies can be explained by different Car S1 energy gaps in the two species.
Eliciting and Measuring Children's Anger in the Context of Their Peer Interactions: Ethical Considerations and Practical Guidelines

Ecologically valid procedures for eliciting and measuring children's anger are needed to enhance researchers' theories of children's emotional competence and to guide intervention efforts aimed at reactive aggression. The purpose of this article is to describe a laboratory-based game-playing procedure that has been used successfully to elicit and measure children's anger across observational, physiological, and self-report channels. Steps taken to ensure that participants are treated ethically and fairly are discussed. The article highlights recently published data that emphasize the importance of provoking and assessing children's anger across multiple channels using laboratory-based procedures. Finally, it presents preliminary data that suggests that the safeguards taken to protect children were successful in making both children and their parents feel well treated and comfortable.
Toward the Solution Synthesis of the Tetrahedral Au20 Cluster

We report the observation in solution of the recently discovered tetrahedral Au20 cluster coordinated with eight PPh3 (Ph = phenyl) ligands. The composition and molecular weight of the Au20(PPh3)8 complex were confirmed by the isotopic pattern and accurate mass measurement of its doubly charged cation using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A collision-induced dissociation experiment showed that four PPh3 ligands can be easily removed from Au20(PPh3)82+, resulting in a highly stable Au20(PPh3)42+ ion. This observation is consistent with the tetrahedral Au20, in which the four apex sites are expected to bond to the PPh3 ligands strongly, and is confirmed by theoretical calculations that predict a highly stable Au20(PH3)4 complex with Au−PH3 bond energies of ∼1 eV. The current experimental and theoretical observations suggest that large quantities of ligand-stabilized tetrahedral Au20 can be obtained, opening the door for exploring its anticipated novel chemical, optical, and catalytic properties.
The prevalence of 22 self-harm behaviors in a consecutive sample of obstetrics/gynecology outpatients.

BACKGROUND: While a number of previous studies have examined limited forms of self-harm behavior, such as suicidal ideation/attempts/completions, or one specific behavior such as cutting or burning oneself(most frequently in psychiatric populations), few studies have examined the lifetime prevalence of multiple self-harm behaviors in a single non-psychiatric population and no study has done so among obstetrics/gynecology outpatients. METHOD: Using a cross-sectional consecutive sample of 370 women presenting to an obstetrics/gynecology outpatient clinic and a self-report survey methodology, we examined the lifetime prevalence of 22 self-harm behaviors. RESULTS: In this sample, the most frequently self-reported self-harm behaviors were: engaged in emotionally abusive relationships (24.7%), abused alcohol (22.0%), been promiscuous (21.0%), attempted suicide (18.3%), and tortured self with self-defeating thoughts (16.7%). Four of these preceding behaviors were also the most commonly reported 5 of 22 behaviors in 3 previous studies of self-harm behavior in different clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the most frequently reported lifetime self-harm behaviors are relatively common across various non-psychiatric clinical populations of adults, albeit in different proportions, with some exceptions (i.e., suicide attempts in the present sample). Language: en
Thermally Activated Charge Hopping Transport Studies in a Σ-Conjugated Polymer

Time of flight (TOF) and thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements were performed on poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS), poly(ethyl-p-methoxyphenylsilane) (PMeOPhEtS) and poly(ethylphenylsilane) (PEtPhS), to study the mechanism of interchain charge hopping transport. The value of the hole mobility at a given electric field and temperature varied with the substituent side groups. The activation energies, which were assigned to the hopping transport, ranged between 0.1-0.3eV and were dependent on the applied electric field. The nature of this dependence also varied with the substituent side groups. In the TSC spectra, a well defined current peak was observed in the temperature range between 100K-160K. The peak temperature was dependent both on the electric field and the heating rate. For a constant electric field and heating rate it was also dependent on the side groups, in a manner which was consistent with the results obtained by TOF. When the samples were exposed to high doses of UV radiation, a secondary peak at ∽180K was observed, which was attributed to surface defect sites produced by the UV exposure.
Managing and Quantifying Grace? Reverend Robert G. Howes, the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and the Origins of "Pastoral Planning"

By the mid-1960s, American dioceses were beginning to be overwhelmed by the complexity of the administrative problems facing them as inner cities and suburbs alike transformed under demographic, economic, and political pressures. This essay argues that the development of pastoral planning in the early 1970s emerged from valiant if doomed 1960s attempts to reduce these problems to quantifiable – and therefore manageable – proportions. The term "planning" came to represent the possibility of naming, and therefore potentially solving, the problem. Robert G. Howes, a priest-planner, was one of the key figures in promoting this idea. His work at Catholic University, as an author and speaker, and in the Archdiocese of Baltimore provides a window into the appeal as well as the limitations of "planning" for stressed diocesan administrators.
Layer by Layer Reconstruction Methods for the Earth Resistivity from Direct Current Measurements

Several methods for reconstructing the resistivity profile of a layered laterally homogeneous earth from direct current measurements are described. These methods recover the resistivity of the earth layer by layer in a recursive way, and require a very small amount of computational effort. They are obtained by transforming the inverse resistivity problem into an equivalent inverse scattering problem, and by applying efficient signal processing algorithms such as the Schur, fast Cholesky or Levinson recursions to the transformed problem. These algorithms operate on a layer stripping or layer accumulation principle, and are shown to be related to previous reconstruction techniques of Pekeris, Koefoed, Kunetz and Rocroi, and others.
Cost-Effective Sulfur Control Strategies for the Great Plains Gasification Project

The Great Plains gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota, uses 14 Lurgi gasifiers to produce 152x10/sup 6/ scf/d (4.1x10/sup 6/ Nm/sup 3//d) of pipeline-quality gas from lignite. Since start-up in mid-1984, the plant has provided a serious challenge to the reliable operation of the Stretford sulfur recovery system. To address this challenge, over forty options for mitigating sulfur emissions were evaluated on an economic and technical basis, beginning at the emissions source (the stack) and working back through the plant. Although this study was directed toward providing a timely solution to the sulfur dioxide emissions problem, the status and opportunities for a number of emerging technologies were brought into focus. This evaluation is detailed here by the authors.
Type I interferons promote cross-priming: more functions for old cytokines.

Dendritic cells require a special 'license' to present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells. Such permission may be provided by type I interferons during viral infections.
A Dual-Buffer Titration Method for Lime Requirement of Acid Minesoils

A lime requirement test termed the dual-buffer titration (DBT) was developed for acid minesoils occurring in Pennsylvania. The DBT uses two buffers to stoichiometrically account for contributions of hydrogen ions (H⁺) to soil acidity to pH 7.0, including those from the hydrolysis of Al. The first buffer lowers the soil pH to 3.17 to dissolve Al-OH polymers, amorphous coatings, and interlayer species. The second buffer raises the pH to approximately 8.2, titrating the exchangeable Al³⁺ and other hydrolyzed species to neutralized forms. Lastly, a titration of the buffers-soil mixture with standardized base to pH 8.2 provides a direct measure of the lime requirement. For comparison, a 5-month CaCO₃ incubation of 31 soils was also determined. The results by the two methods were highly correlated (r = 0.92) for 24 samples and statistically the same at a probability level of 0.001. Contribution from The Pennsylvania Agric. Exp. Stn., University Park, PA 16802. Authorized for publication on 14 Apr. 1987 as Paper no. 7652 in the Journal Series.
Using vegetation health indices and partial least squares method for estimation of corn yield

In this paper the possibility of predicting corn yield by the use of real time acquired satellite data from the Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor and Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was investigated. To test the methodology in practice, 23 years (1982-2004) of AVHRR data together with official corn yield statistics of Haskell County, Kansas, USA, were used for model development and validation. The AVHRR reflectances in the visible and thermal bands, extracted from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NESDIS archive, were transformed into Vegetation Health (VH) Indices (Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI)). The PLS method was used to construct a model relating corn yield anomaly with VH indices. Independent model verification showed that the error of corn yield prediction in Haskell County, Kansas, USA, was less than 6%. For several reasons this approach could have excellent potential as a commercial application: satellite data are inexpensive, easily available and yield estimates can be known two to three months before harvest has been completed.
Interactions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors in an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, and the potential for selection mosaics

Geographic selection mosaics, in which species exert different evolutionary impacts on each other in different environments, may drive diversification in coevolving species. We studied the potential for geographic selection mosaics in plant-mycorrhizal interactions by testing whether the interaction between bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) and one of its common ectomycorrhizal fungi (Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller and Dodge) varies in outcome, when different combinations of plant and fungal genotypes are tested under a range of different abiotic and biotic conditions. We used a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment to test the main and interactive effects of plant lineage (two maternal seed families), fungal lineage (two spore collections), soil type (lab mix or field soil), and non-mycorrhizal microbes (with or without) on the performance of plants and fungi. Ecological outcomes, as assessed by plant and fungal performance, varied widely across experimental environments, including interactions between plant or fungal lineages and soil environmental factors. These results show the potential for selection mosaics in plant-mycorrhizal interactions, and indicate that these interactions are likely to coevolve in different ways in different environments, even when initially the genotypes of the interacting species are the same across all environments. Hence, selection mosaics may be equally as effective as genetic differences among populations in driving divergent coevolution among populations of interacting species.
A continuous adjoint approach to design optimization in cavitating flow using a barotropic model

Abstract A continuous adjoint method is developed for design optimization in multiphase flow based on a homogeneous multiphase mixture model. The mixture model consists of variable-density mass and momentum equations and uses a barotropic equation of state for the density that depends on only the local static pressure and the vapor pressure of the liquid. In that case, the primary equations are homogeneous, and a conventional hybrid multistage explicit method based on central differencing and second- and fourth-order scalar artificial dissipation can be applied to solve both the primary and adjoint systems. Results are presented for both surface- and volume-based vapor minimization cost functions for a two-dimensional cavitating hydrofoil in which the geometry is parameterized using B-splines. The cost function gradients computed using the adjoint method are shown to compare well with gradients computed using the complex-step method.
A framework for surface reconstruction from 3D contours

Abstract In many applications, such as computer vision, medical imaging, and image gneration, surface data is available in the form of two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) contours. Reconstruction of the surface integrates this information into a three-dimensional format. In this paper, we have developed a surface reconstruction framework which consists of the following three subproblems: (i) 3D contour segmentation; (ii) segment matching; (iii) parametric surface formation. Our framework is based on a syntactic criterion which incorporates the local shapes on the contours in reconstructing the surface. First, we decompose the contours into sets of 3D curve segments so that each curve segment represent a local shape on a contour. Then, we find the curve segments on all the contours with similar shape characteristics. Finally, we reconstruct parametric surfaces between the similar curve segments by appropriately blending them.
Treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer: recent progress and future directions

Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a common, largely preventable malignancy seen almost exclusively in smokers. Since the late 1960s, it has been recognized that SCLC is a systemic process that is not curable with surgery or thoracic radiotherapy alone. Accordingly, these patients are typically treated with combination chemotherapy irrespective of stage at diagnosis. Unfortunately, patients with extensive stage disease are rarely cured, even with aggressive treatment. On the other hand, patients with limited-stage disease sometimes experience long-term progression-free survival with chemotherapy with or without thoracic radiotherapy. Of the more than 40 000 cases of SCLC that will be diagnosed in the United States in 1992, approximately 25–50% will have limited-stage disease. Thus, as many as 20 000 patients have a potentially curable malignancy. Definite progress has been made in the treatment of limited-stage SCLC.
Dissident Views of the Sociological Craft

It is the different modes of research procedure rather than formal theoretical orientations which splits American sociology and social psychology into conflicting "schools". True, defenses of and attacks upon the theoretical underpinnings of "structural-functionalism", "symbolical interactionism", and several psychologistic approaches contribute a number of contentious papers each year. But these debates appear to have little effect on the research practices of the vast majority of working sociological researchers who can justifiably be described as eclectic in their systems of explanation and generalisation. On the other hand, when sociologists and social psychologists select their modes of data collection, processing, and analysis, they are much more likely to place themselves in one of the contending schools which sees its research practices as the more valid or more useful and points out the deficiences of its rivals.
Is discounting the answer to declining occupancies

Abstract Room rates in United States hotels and lodgings rose rapidly prior to the present recession. Growth has now slowed and demand for rooms has slackened. However rate cutting is not necessarily the answer to the problem of low occupancy, and some industry leaders are concerned that it may prove detrimental to the long term good of the industry. The real test of any pricing policy is whether it will bring new demand to the industry. Operators should base their pricing policies on sound market research and a thorough understanding of the economics of price changes, rather than on intuitive judgements of what the market will bear.
Application of a Liquid Crystal Light Valve (LCLV) in a Coherent Optical Correlator

The Hughes Aircraft Corporation (HAC) LCLV has been used in a Vander Lugt type optical correlator designed for target tracking. The important characteristics of the LCLV for this application are resolution, sensitivity, and response time. The results of measuring these characteristics for two LCLV's are reported.
Creating and criticizing theory

Abstract F. W. Vondracek, R. M. Lerner, and J. E. Schulenberg ( Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1983, 23 , 179–202) criticize the vocational literature for failing to “follow acceptable scientific procedures for building a theory” and for failing to attend to important methodological and substantive developments. It is argued here that no single acceptable process for creating theory exists and three strategies useful for developing a theory are illustrated: immerse yourself in data, pick a specific set of results to explain, and try to resolve inconsistencies in the literature. Three criteria for evaluating theories and criticisms of them are discussed: comprehensiveness (content value), accuracy (truth value), and clarity (form). The paper by Vondracek et al. is examined from this perspective and is shown to lack the specificity, clarity, and accuracy necessary to be an effective guide to better vocational research or theory.
Clinical severity does not reliably predict quality of life in women with alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, or androgenic alopecia

Background Hair loss may significantly impact an individual's self-image, and studies indicate that patients with both clinically apparent and clinically imperceptible hair loss may have significantly decreased quality of life (QoL). Moreover, clinical severity of hair loss does not necessarily predict impact on QoL. Objective The aim of this study was to assess QoL in patients (n = 104) with alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, and androgenic alopecia, and to compare QoL with hair loss severity (HLS) as independently rated by both patient and dermatologist. Methods Questionnaires and clinical assessment tools were used to assess HLS, and QoL was measured by completion of Skindex-16. Results Overall, patients rated their hair loss as more severe than the dermatologist, and the patient's HLS rating more strongly correlated with QoL than the dermatologist's rating. Clinical assessment of HLS did not reliably predict the patient's QoL, nor did it predict the patient's perception of HLS. Limitations A convenience sample was recruited from a referral clinic and Skindex-16 has not been validated for use in women's alopecia disorders. Conclusion These findings indicate dermatologists should address these psychosocial and QoL issues when treating patients with alopecia.
Effect of amino acid levels on matrix vesicle formation by epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture

The effect of varying the amino acid concentrations of the culture medium on matrix vesicle formation was studied in primary cultures of chicken epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Decreasing the levels of free amino acids in the culture medium to levels of one-half, one quarter, and one eighth of the values normally present in DME caused a progressive decline in matrix vesicle (MV) formation. Increasing the level in the culture medium of those amino acids that are enriched in extracellular fluid (ECF) of growth plate cartilage significantly increased formation of matrix vesicles (MV), as assayed by the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities present in high-speed sediments from spent culture media. However, adjusting the levels of all amino acids to match those of the ECF produced the greatest stimulation of MV formation. Of the amino acids that are notably enriched in ECF, glutamate (GLU), alanine (ALA), serine (SER), asparagine (ASN), and taurine (TAU) individually enhanced MV production, whereas proline (PRO), glycine (GLY), and aspartate (ASP) had essentially no effect. The simple combination of ECF levels of ALA and GLU resulted in a stimulation of MV formation equal to that observed when the eight aforementioned amino acids were elevated to ECF levels. Other combinations of ASP and GLY, or of TAU, SER, and ASN showed some stimulation, but at a lower level. Increasing the amino acid concentrations, alone or in combination, also increased the levels of cellular AP, and to a lesser extent cellular protein. While increases in cellular AP were generally correlated with increased formation of AP-rich MV, this was not uniformly true. These results indicate that in addition to hormones and growth factors, nutritional factors such as the levels of amino acids are also critical for normal phenotypic expression, growth, and matrix formation by epiphyseal chondrocytes.
Hereditary variations in monoamine oxidase as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brainstem. Recent studies suggest that several genes may have a role in determining individual susceptibility to this disease, and the degradative enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been implicated in the disease process. Wide differences in activity levels for both forms of this enzyme (MAO-A and MAO-B) exist in the human population, and levels of both are genetically determined. Here we have compared the frequency of haplotypes at the MAOA and MAOB loci on the X chromosome in 91 male patients with PD and 129 male controls. Alleles were marked using two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), a (GT)n repeat in the MAOA locus, and a (GT)n repeat in the MAOB locus. One particular haplotype marked by the RFLP's at MAOA was three times more frequent in patients with PD as compared with controls, and the overall distribution of these alleles was significantly different (p = 0.03) between these two groups. Another MAOA haplotype was about threefold more common in controls than in patients with PD (p = 0.005). No associations were observed between individual MAOB alleles and the disease state, but the frequency distribution for all alleles was significantly different in the two populations (p = 0.046). These findings support the idea that the MAO genes may be among the hereditary factors that influence susceptibility of individuals to PD.
THE USE OF FMEA IN PROCESS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is well-known as a useful tool in the design process. It is used by some engineers as part of process characterization studies. Yet FMEA is virtually ignored in most process quality improvement paradigms. We suggest its use in quality improvement programs and indicate where it belongs and how it can be applied.
Scaling and the pre-asymptotic behavior of the condition of high order finite element stiffness matrices

Abstract Scaling is a simple transformation designed to reduce the condition of the global stiffness matrix K formed by the finite element method. The effectiveness of scaling depends on the problem; that is, on the order of differentiation in the nodal values, the physical dimensions of the elements, and the order of the boundary value problem. High order elements exhibit an optimistic pre-asymptotic behavior.
Prehospital Behavioral Emergencies and Crisis Response.

By Dwight A. Polk, MSW, NREMT-P and Jeffrey T. Mitchell, PhD, CTSSudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009, 295 pages (softcover)Historically, behavioral issues in emergency medical services...
Acousto-optic tunable filters for infrared imaging

Sensing from space requires the development of hyperspectral imagers operating in the two atmospheric window regions (3-5 μm and 8-12 μm) in the infrared region. At the Army Research Laboratory we are developing hyperspectral imagers operating in these two regions based on using acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs). Research is going on in the growth of new acousto-optic materials-mercurous halides (Hg2Cl2 and Hg2Br2) and tellurium (Te) for development of AOTF cells. We have developed a hyperspectral imager using a tellurium dioxide (TeO2) AOTF with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled indium antimonide (InSb) 256×256 focal plane array (FPA) that covers 2-4.5 μm region and another imager using a thallium arsenic selenide (TAS) AOTF with liquid-nitrogen-cooled mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) 256×256 FPA to cover 7.8-9.8 μm region. Each of these imagers has been integrated on a tripod-mountable platform with an appropriate optical train. Control of RF electronics, and image acquisition and storage operations are carried out under full computer-control with a user-friendly interface. We will discuss the progress in material development and present imaging results.
Mothering Role Identity and Competence Among Parenting and Pregnant Homeless Adolescents

Abstract This qualitative study explored seven homeless adolescent mothers’ perceptions of their identity and competence in the role of mother through semi‐structured interviews using the Occupational Performance History Interview‐II (OPHI‐II). Participants, aged 14–21, were from one shelter in the Midwestern United States. Data analysis, using constant comparative methods and a peer team, revealed the concepts of identity and competence in the mother role. The identity construct was further delineated into the following themes: a) developmental influences on the mother role identity, b) role choice, c) importance of the mother role, and d) desired future as mother. The competence construct revealed three specific themes: a) personal performance standards for the mother role, b) fulfilling role expectations, and c) working towards goals. The results of this study suggest that developmental factors, family demographics and relationships are the primary shaping forces on homeless adolescent mothers’ percept...
Climate change and energy options : decision making in the midst of uncertainty

Understanding the world's natural systems, and how our own activities may be affecting those systems, are crucial for the long-term well-being of our society and of all the inhabitants of this world. One of the most complex of these is the global climate system. The nature and extent of significant alterations to the global climate system due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), resulting from human activity such as energy production and manufacturing processes, is still the subject of considerable uncertainty and, indeed, controversy. However, the possible consequent effects on ecological systems and human society may be of such profound gravity, that continuing research into the causes and effects of climate change, and development of viable technology solutions for mitigation of these effects, are essential. Understanding the global climate system, determining how our activities may be influencing it, and taking responsible actions to protect it for future generations, may be among the greatest challenges that humanity has ever faced.
Prognostic Implications of Left Ventricular Function During Exercise in Asymptomatic Patients with Aortic Regurgitation

Few data are available that address the prognostic implications of the response of the left ventricle (LV) to exercise in asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) who have normal resting LV function. Thirty-one such patients were contacted two to seven years after rest and exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Eleven had had significant cardiovascular events. Event-free survival at forty-eight months was 64%. Ten of eleven events occurred in 21 patients with decline in ejection fraction (EF), but the magnitude of decline did not further separate the group with regard to prognosis. Eight events (73% of total events) occurred in the 11 patients (35% of total patients) with an EF during exercise of 0.55 or less. The short and intermediate outlook for asymptomatic patients with AR and normal resting LV function is good regardless of the response of the EF to exercise, but an exercise EF less than or equal to 0.55 does identify a relatively high-risk subset for deterioration beyond twenty-four months.
The effects of low dietary zinc in copper-deficient rats fed high fructose diet

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether low dietary zinc will ameliorate the severity of copper deficiency when a high-fructose, copper-deficient diet is fed. Four groups of weanling male rats were fed high-fructose diets containing adequate (6 μg/g) or deficient (0.6 μg/g) copper and adequate (32 μg/g) or low (8 μg/g) zinc, for 5 weeks. The ratio of zinc to copper in the diets varied from 1.3–53.3. Regardless of dietary zinc levels, rats fed the copper-deficient diets exhibited hypertrophy of the liver, heart, and testes, and atrophy of the pancreas. In addition, two rats died of the deficiency. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were also elevated in rats fed the copper-deficient diets at both zinc levels. The data show that low dietary zinc in a copper-deficient diet cannot ameliorate the signs associated with copper deficiency.
Liquid Crystals Derived from Semifluorinated Alkoxybenzoyl Hydrazines

A variety of liquid crystals with semifluorinated tails including 4-alkoxybenzoic acids (1d–h), 4-alkoxybenzoyl hydrazines (2d–h), and N,N′-bis(4-alkoxybenzoyl) hydrazines (3d–m) have been synthesized, and their properties are compared with their perhydrogenated analogs. Semifluorination in compounds 1d–h suppressed nematic phases, and semifluorinated compounds 2d–h exhibit mesogenic behavior where none is found in their perhydrogenated counterparts. Compounds 3a–c with perhydrogenated chains display Cub and SmC phases. Introduction of one semifluorinated chain, 3d–h suppresses the Cub phase but induces a SmA phase, with lower melting but higher clearing temperatures compared to compounds with two semifluorinated chains, 3i–m. The mesogenic properties of some selected binary mixtures of these compounds 3a–d and some lateral fluoro substituted N,N′-bis (4-alkoxybenzoyl) hydrazines 7–9 are also discussed.
Extinguishment of burning wood charcoal surfaces

Experimental data of the rates of extinguishment of wood charcoal combustion are presented for various water application rates and air flow conditions. The experimental configuration consists of burning the top end of vertically positioned charcoal cylinders in a vertical stagnation air flow field. Experimental techniques for introducing, and measuring, moisture into the airstream are also presented.
Planning market development in high-tech firms

Abstract This paper examines alternative growth strategies for high-technology firms. Using an expanded growth strategy matrix, the paper presents the proposition that the high failure rate among hightech firms and products is a result of their failure to realize that they are no longer competing in a high-tech market environment, and the need to develop markets. Drawing examples from recent high-tech strategic failures, the paper shows that the market environment of these firms is not high-tech, and that the failures result from a lack of traditional business-to-business market development.
Elementary particle states based on the Clifford algebra C 7

The lepton isodoublet (e−,v e ), the “bare” nucleon isodoublet (n,p), and their antiparticles are shown to constitute a basis of the irreducible representation of the Clifford algebraC7. The excited states of these doublets, i.e., (μ−,ν μ ), (τ−,ν τ ),..., and (s0,c+),(b0,t+) are generated by the products (e−,v e )⊗a and (n,p)⊗a, wherea≡2−1/2(e−e++v e v e ) has the same quantum numbers as the photon state. The bare baryonss, c, b, t carry the strangeness, charm, bottom, and top quantum numbers. These lepton and bare baryon states are in one-to-one correspondence with the integrally charged colored Han-Nambu quarks, and generate all the observedsu(3) andsu(4) hadron multiplets.
Computer Technology and the Nutrition Support Professional: Make It Work For You!

Healthcare professionals caring for patients receiving enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) are faced with the need to develop and expand their technologic skills. Patients and their caregivers are finding information from the Internet that healthcare professionals are then tasked with evaluating for accuracy and veracity. Healthcare professionals themselves must be able to rapidly find information to answer clinical questions that arise during daily practice. Information-seeking skills must be well developed in order to find information from the Internet, as well as in the professional literature. Such skills include the ability to formulate a search strategy that limits extraneous results as much as possible yet ensures that relevant results are not missed.In addition, electronic health records are being implemented in many facilities now, with a national goal of an electronic health record in place by 2014. Clinicians must be involved with implementation at all stages, including planning, purchasing, ...
Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice Lacking Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55

TNF-α (TNF) is produced primarily from macrophages and promotes numerous inflammatory reactions associated with atherosclerosis including the induction of vascular adhesion molecules and the recruitment and proliferation of monocyte/macrophages. There are two receptors known to elicit TNF responses, termed p55 and p75. Since p55 is thought to play the primary role in inflammatory processes, we postulated that the absence of p55 in mice would protect against atherosclerosis. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice lacking p55 had aortic sinus lesion sizes 2.3-fold larger than C57BL/6 wild type mice when fed an atherogenic diet (37,123 ± 3485 μm2 versus 16, 688 ± 2887 μm2, respectively, p
Two types of philosophical discourse in the first Russian translations of Plato, the eighteenth century, AD

The opposition of Novikov's Masonic journal style (1777–1779) and that of the edition of Plato by Sidorovsky and Pakhomov (1780–1785) may be considered as an early representation of the same two trends of structuring discourse inherent in the existence of the different varieties of the Russian literary language. In this area, there was an opposition of the two possible styles, archaistic and innovative, as it became evident later in the language of literature. The degree of the relative transparency of the language in the translations of Plato's dialogs printed in Novikov's Morning Light is of the conversational type meant for a larger audience. On the contrary, a three-volume book of Plato's translations by Sidorovsky and Pakhomov suffered from the exaggerated features of the highly elevated style based on the sacred Old Church Slavonic language used in the official service of the Russian Orthodox Church.