cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Middle East: Changing from External Arbiter to Regional Player

Relative to other regions of the world, the Middle East attracts a disproportionately large part of America’s foreign policy attention, presenting successive presidents with some of their most enduring challenges. Rarely, if ever, do new presidents inherit a clean slate for launching new policy initiatives in this region, and the options facing President Barack Obama from the start of his administration were no exception to this general rule. More than ever since January 2009, pursuing the interests of the United States in the Middle East – above all, confronting the rise of Iran as a dominant regional power and its illicit nuclear activities, securing the Persian Gulf region as a major source of America’s and the world’s energy and protecting Israel as a key international ally while trying to broker a resolution to the Israeli– Palestinian conflict – has been complicated by the continuing presence of US forces in Iraq and the interrelated nature of sub-state and intra-state relations within the region. Relations between the United States and Israel have already begun to adjust to a new post-Bush era, in which the first steps undertaken by the Obama administration have been neither successful nor warmly received by the Israeli public.1 Changes both within the United States (above all the advent of the new pro-Israeli and pro-peace lobby J-Street, which takes a different stance from AIPAC, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee) and in the rightleaning configurations of Israeli politics make longer-term prognoses of where this relationship will go particularly hard to make so early in the Obama presidency. Yet we can be confident that it will not remain a static relationship, despite the stresses already encountered in forging any kind of bilateral consensus over how to re-engage the peace process and, in turn, to normalize Israel’s relations with the rest of the region. However, US relations with Israel always take a different form from US relations with the Arab and Muslim states of the Middle East. In assessing the challenges and changes the Obama administration faces in this region, the focus in this chapter is principally on the dynamics of the broader Arab and
Pole placement for separable 2-D systems

The pole placement problem for a class of 2-D linear systems using state feedback is considered. The open-loop and desired closed-loop characteristic polynomials are considered to be separable. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the pole placement problem for 2-D systems are given. An algorithm for finding the state feedback matrix is presented. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the technique. >
Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat.

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 s...
Diffuse Cortical Projection Systems: Anatomical Organization and Role in Cortical Function

The sections in this article are: 1 An Overview of Diffuse Cortical Projection Systems 1.1 Thalamocortical Diffuse Projection Systems 1.2 Claustrocortical Projection 1.3 Amygdalocortical Projection 1.4 Magnocellular Basal Nucleus-Cortical Projection 1.5 Hypothalamocortical Projection Systems 1.6 Mesocortical Projection System 1.7 Locus Coeruleus-Cortical Projection 1.8 Raphe-Cortical Projection 1.9 Pontocortical Projection Systems 2 Conclusions 2.1 Is the Concept of a Nonspecific Cortical Projection System Still Useful? 2.2 Synthesis: Role of Brain Stem, Hypothalamic, and Basal Forebrain Diffuse Cortical Projection Systems in Cortical Function
Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Black Women and White Women: Similarities and Differences

To further explore whether breast cancer risk factors are the same for black women and white women, the authors investigated several biologic, cultural, and social factors in a 1980-1982 case-control study of non-Hispanic black subjects (490 cases, 485 controls) and non-Hispanic white subjects (3,934 cases, 3,901 controls) aged 20-54 years. Logistic regression analyses indicated that blacks and whites shared four risk factors at a comparable magnitude (age at first full-term birth, parity, surgical menopause, and history of benign breast disease). For two observed risk factors, the magnitude (breast feeding) and pattern (family history of breast cancer) of the relation were different in blacks and whites. The relative risks of breast cancer among black women who had first-degree relatives (odds ratio (OR) = 1.61) and second-degree relatives (OR = 1.71) with breast cancer were similar, whereas the relative risk among white women who had first-degree relatives (OR = 2.16) was distinctly larger than for those who had second-degree relatives (OR = 1.44) with breast cancer. The relation of early age at menarche appeared negligible for blacks although significant for whites aged 12 and under (OR = 1.26). The results also indicated that natural menopause, oral contraceptive use, and cigarette smoking may have different, and more complex, relations to breast cancer among blacks and whites.
Antineoplastic agents. 520. Isolation and structure of irciniastatins A and B from the Indo-Pacific marine sponge Ircinia ramosa.

The Indo-Pacific marine sponge Ircinia ramosa has been found to contain two powerful (GI50 from 0.001 to <0.0001 μg/mL) murine and human cancer cell growth inhibitors. Both were isolated (10-3−10-4% yields) by cancer cell line bioassay-guided techniques and named irciniastatins A (1) and B (2). Structural elucidation by a combination of spectral analyses, primarily high resolution mass and 2D-NMR (principally APT, HMQC, HMBC, and ROESY) spectroscopy, revealed the unusual structures 1 and 2.
A fluorescence-based method for analyzing retinoic acid in biological samples

Retinoic acid (RA) modulates the rates of transcription of numerous genes and thus plays key roles in multiple biological processes and is used in therapy of a number of diseases. However, RA therapy is often confounded by toxicity, raising the need for methodologies for its ready quantitation in biological samples. We describe a fluorescence-based method for quantitating RA that takes advantage of the high affinity and selectivity of the intracellular lipid-binding protein termed CRABP-I and CRABP-II and that uses them as RA sensors. L28C CRABP mutants were generated, and the inserted cysteine was covalently labeled with an environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe. The label was introduced into a region of the protein that undergoes a conformational shift on ligation. Consequently, RA binding resulted in distinct changes in the fluorescence of the protein-bound probe, allowing direct quantitation of RA. We show that the method can be used to monitor the biosynthesis of RA from its precursor retinal in cultured mammalian cells as well as the detection of exogenous RA in serum. The assay provides ease of use and sensitivity that enable quantitation of RA in biological samples of limited size, and it should prove to be useful in a variety of research and clinical applications.
Ester-hydrolysing Activity of Urokinase Preparations

NITROPHENYL esters have proved to be very useful in examining hydrolytic enzymes1,2. The usually rapid rate of hydrolysis can be conveniently followed by the production of nitrophenolate ion which itself is measured by an increased absorption at 400 mµ. These esters appear to be hydrolysed at the same ‘active sites’ of the enzymes which are involved in the catalytic process with other synthetic or natural substrates3–6. Furthermore, when examining the effect of a given enzyme on a series of nitrophenyl esters with different substitutions in the acid portions, a pattern of specificity emerges which is fully comparable with that obtained with more conventional substrates5,7.
Layer Performance Recovery After Feeding Amino Acid-deficient Diets

Three hundred and twenty Hy-Line W36O commercial laying hens, 39 weeks of age, were used to determine the sequence and the length of time needed for hens to recover performance characteristics after an eight-week period under graded levels of threonine deficiency. Eight experimental diets with Thr levels ranging from 0.35 to 0.53% were randomly fed with eight replicates of five hens each. After the previous experiment, the hens were fed a control diet (0.53% Thr) for a four-week period. Feed consumption (FC), energy intake (EI), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), and body weight (BW) were evaluated. All performance characteristics were impaired on Thr deficient diets. The recovery sequence order was FC and EI; EP, EW and EM, and finally BW, with the length of time of two, three, and four weeks, respectively. The data indicated that an amino acid deficiency does not cause permanent damage to the reproductive system of the hens.
Effects and After-effects on Planarians of Reversals of the Horizontal Magnetic Vector

THE freshwater planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, was investigated at Evanston, Illinois, to learn whether it, displayed orientational responses to abrupt experimental reversals of the horizontal vector of magnetism comparable with responses recently reported for marine mud-snails, Nassarius obsoletus, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts1. The study of the planarians extended over the period from April 12 to September 25, 1962, which included nearly 6 synodic months.
Inferring what the student knows in one-to-one tutoring: The role of student questions and answers

Abstract We analyzed 44 one-to-one tutoring sessions in which undergraduates were tutored by graduate students on troublesome topics in research methods. The primary goal of this research was to determine the relationship between measures of student achievement and measures of student questions and answers. First, our results indicated that the quality of students' answers were the most reliable source for inferring student understanding. Second, the quality of the students' questions was only a marginal indicator of student understanding. And third, students' answers to tutors' comprehension-gauging questions (e.g., Do you understand?) proved to be very misleading in regard to student understanding.
Intramolecular protodesilylation of allyl silanes: 1,3- and 1,4-asymmetric induction

Abstract Protonation of allylsilanes containing a basic site occurs with intramolecular proton transfer and concomitant remote asymmetric induction.
Adoption of Surgical Site Infection Prevention Policies in California Hospitals

confirmed diagnosis of VAP. Material collection for microbiological analysis was done within the first 24 hours after beginning treatment or after changing antibiotics. Microbiological specimens included suction catheter aspirate of tracheal secretions and FOB-guided BAL fluid (BALF) in a distal airway. All patients included in our study had been empirically treated with antibiotics according to a standard protocol.
Prevention of the pathophysiologic effects of acceleration in humans: fundamentals and historic perspectives

The deleterious effects of high-G environments and their relevance to the development of anti-G suits are examined. The history of efforts to protect fighter pilots against these effects is recounted. The discussion covers the discovery of cerebral anoxic reserve time, the limited power and consequent restricted sustained G capabilities of propeller-driven fighter planes, the use of M-1-type positive respiratory pressure muscular straining maneuvers, the development of more effective G suits after World War II, the pathophysiologic limitations of protection against G/sub z/ acceleration by external garments, the development of a premonitory G-LOC (loss of consciousness) warning system based on real-time monitoring of arterial opacity pulses within the ear, development of a horizontal prone position couch with a fiber-optic, video-assisted omnidirectional pilot surveillance system, physiological and anatomical considerations, and practical aspects (bodily comfort, field of view, etc.) of a prone cockpit position for fighter pilots. >
Ideology and Organization in the Qing Empire

This article considers an essay on provincial government written by the Yongzheng Emperor of China shortly after his ascension to the throne in 1723. The essay treats provincial governors’ role in personnel, financial and military matters and the problems of China’s southwest. It reflects the emperor’s dissatisfaction with policies in each of these areas, which were all to be the focus of reforming efforts during his reign. But perhaps more important, it expresses the Emperor’s new concern with the value of administrative efficacy. The essay argues that this was a fundamental innovation in the political theology of the Chinese state. Although practical ideas for reform often came from governors themselves, who were closer to the problems than the Emperor and more familiar with the details of solution, imperial leadership created a climate in which reform ideas would be welcomed and implemented.
Use of aldehydes other than formaldehyde in THPOH/ammonia flame‐retardant finishes for cotton

Several aldehydes have been tested as substitutes for the lachrymator formaldehyde in the THPOH/ammonia process. Aldehydes such as acetaldehyde or butyraldehyde promote rapid polymer formation without being incorporated into the finish. Chloral is incorporated to a limited extent, but the finish is sensitive to base. To gain further insight into the polymer-forming process, the reactions of THP and its aldehyde derivatives with ammonia have been investigated in vitro. There is evidence that THP acts as a difunctional reagent, regardless of the aldehyde, forming a linear polymer with a single phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen atom in each repeating unit.
A Cornucopia of Research, Discussion, and Debate

This comprehensive handbook provides an overview of the key developments in a variety oflabor market contexts and in the analyses of these that have occurred during the two decades since the publication of the 1981 volume Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets. A distinguished roster of authors (sociologists as well as economists) examines the interplay between social institutions and markets in producing important outcomes for producers of goods and services, for their organizations' owners, and for their customers. For example, the authors investigate how social institutions such as unions, business organizations, and the government interact with labor, product, political, and capital markets to produce a variety of labor market outcomes, widening income inequality, career paths, and changing employment relationships.
Characterization of a yeast phase specific protein from a fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum.

We have characterized an unusual yeast phase specific protein from Histoplasma capsulatum. The protein, which we have called protein 6, is produced by the yeast cells which have been derepressed for sulfite reductase, and it can account for more than 40% of the total extract protein. Synthesis of both sulfite reductase and protein 6 is subject to cysteine repression. However, sulfite reductase activity is maximal in logarithmically growing cells whereas protein 6 is synthesized de novo and accumulated by stationary phase cells. The following are the major physicochemical properties of protein 6: (1) the native protein has a molecular weight of about 15 000; (2) electrophoresis on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel yielded a single band with a molecular weight 7600; (3) protein 6 is capable of reducing the dye, nitroblue tetrazolium, and cytochrome c, a properly that has been found to be shared by a number of trypsin inhibitors, and (4) the molecule is negatively charge and is relatively resistant to proteolysis. The amino acid composition of protein 6 has been determined.
The prevalence and correlates of fatigue in older cancer patients.

Abstract Purpose: to assess the prevalence and correlates of fatigue in cancer patients aged 60 and older during outpatient treatment with chemotherapy or pamidronate. Patient and Methods: seventy-seven consecutive cancer patients with different toumours age 60+ served by the senior adult oncology program of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, were enrolled in the study. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age >−60 years; (2) histological diagnosis of malignancy; (3) no major psychiatric or neurological disorder that could interfere with the competition of the measures; (4) ability to understand and to speak English. Assessment included cognition, function, depression and fatigue. The instruments included geriatric depression scale, mini mental state examination and fatigue symptom inventory. The study used a cross-sectional design. Results: Fifty-six patients (72.7%) reported fatigue at the time of the assessment; seventy-six patients (99%) in the past week. Forty patients (52%) rated their average fatigue as greater than 5. Forty-two patients (54%) reported that they felt fatigue all seven days, for any part of the day in the week before the assessment. Sixty five (84%) patients rated fatigue as interfering with their general level of activity. The fatigue disruptiveness was higher for women than for man ( P P ⩾0.33). A significant positive correlation between depressive symptoms and fatigue severity ( r =0.29, P r =0.44, P r =−0.30, P r =−0.28, P r =0.29, P Conclusion: Fatigue is a common symptom of older cancer patients treated with antineoplastic medical treatment. Female patient showed higher fatigue disruptiveness than male. In this study a positive correlation between depression and fatigue, and a negative correlation between haemoglobin and fatigue, were recorded.
Effects of potassium chloride on sexual behavior and the cortical EEG in the ovariectomized rat.

Abstract The facilitation of lordosis behavior by the cortical application of KCl has been confirmed. Ovariectomized female rats were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) for 3 days and then a 15% KCl solution was put into permanent cannulae resting on the cortical dura. Sexual behavior tests were performed 15, 30, 60 and 90 min and 24 hr after KCl application and a lordosis quotient (LQ) was obtained from each 10-mount test. There was a significant increase in the LQ 15 min after KCl application to levels which approached those seen after priming with both EB and progesterone. Although lordosis behavior was facilitated, no EEG changes were found following KCl application in 7 of 9 rats, but there was marked depression of the amplitude of the cortical EEG in the remaining 2. It is concluded that KCl application, a treatment which produces functional decortication by inducing spreading depression, suppresses a cortical inhibitory system for lordosis behavior.
Probing the metabolic aberrations underlying mutant huntingtin toxicity in yeast and assessing their degree of preservation in humans and mice.

Metabolomics is a powerful multiparameter tool for evaluating phenotypic traits associated with disease processes. We have used 1H NMR metabolome profiling to characterize metabolic aberrations in a yeast model of Huntington’s disease that are attributable to the mutant huntingtin protein’s gain-of-toxic-function effects. A group of 11 metabolites (alanine, acetate, galactose, glutamine, glycerol, histidine, proline, succinate, threonine, trehalose, and valine) exhibited significant concentration changes in yeast expressing the N-terminal fragment of a mutant human huntingtin gene. Correspondence analysis was used to compare results from our yeast model to data reported from transgenic mice expressing a mutant huntingtin gene fragment and Huntington’s disease patients. This technique enabled us to identify a variety of both model-specific (pertaining to a single species) and conserved (observed in multiple species) biomarkers related to mutant huntingtin’s toxicity. Among the 59 metabolites identified, fo...
GFP expression in Drosophila tissues: time requirements for formation of a fluorescent product.

Abstract We analyzed the acquisition of fluorescence of a GFP fusion protein expressed from gene constructs designed to regulate either the time of translation of the protein or the time of gene transcription. Both gene constructs expressed a fusion protein with wild-type GFP appended to the N-terminus of the Bicoid (Bcd) transcription factor. One gene construct, P[gfp-bcd] expressed an mRNA that was initially translated at the time of egg deposition. GFP–Bcd fluorescence could first be detected in anterior nuclei in the embryo at syncytial blastoderm stage, within 1.5–2.5 h after translation commenced. The second gene construct, P[hs-gfp-bcd], utilized thehsp70promoter to regulate the induction of gene expression. In larval salivary glands, GFP–Bcd fluorescence could first be detected in nuclei after a 40-min recovery period following a 10-min heat shock induction of gene expression. These estimates of the time required for the acquisition of a fluorescent GFP product inDrosophilatissues are less than suggested by previously published reports.
Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Abstract: Nutrition Informatics

Abstract As valued members and decision makers of the health care team, registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, practice in a wide variety of settings from corporate wellness to the intensive care unit. Each of these work settings has unique information needs, but all require that dietetics practitioners have immediate access to accurate information. Successful dietetics practice in today's rapidly changing environment requires skills in finding, evaluating, and sharing accurate food and nutrition information. The term informatics is used to describe the science of managing, storing, and communicating information. While not required for informatics practice, use of computers greatly facilitates management of large amounts of information. Health informatics focuses on the application of information science within the health care arena. The field of health informatics includes medical, nursing, pharmacy, dental, public health, and now nutrition informatics. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, are now creating nutrition informatics as a new area of dietetics practice. Current use of informatics in health care includes electronic health records, outcomes research, and knowledge acquisition.
Selection of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation for the Remediation of Oil Spilled on Beaches1

ABSTRACT Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the fate of fertilizers proposed for application to the Alaska shoreline in support of the Alaskan Oil Spill EPA Bioremediation Project. Fertilizer application is thought to provide indigenous organisms with nutrients that appear to be limited on ocean beaches. The experiments were developed strictly to test the durability, release rates, and application procedures of a variety of fertilizer types. The effects of tidal movement on a beach were simulated by two separate conditions, static and dynamic. The static condition represented periods when the beach material was under water and turbulence was at a minimum. This condition was simulated in the laboratory by submerging the nutrient in a beaker of simulated seawater (with or without beach material, depending on the nutrients being tested). These experiments ran continuously over a three-month period, with water exchanges according to a planned schedule. Nutrient concentrations were measured in the ...
Vibrational Characteristics of Bone Fracture and Fracture Repair: Application to Excised Rat Femur

Background. The vibrational characteristics of any object are directly dependent on the physical properties of that object. Therefore, changing the physical properties of an object will cause the object to adopt changed natural frequencies. A fracture in a bone results in the loss of mechanical stability of the bone. This change in mechanical properties of a bone should result in a change of the resonant frequencies of that bone. A vibrational method for bone evaluation has been introduced. Method of approach. This method uses the radiation force of focused amplitude-modulated ultrasound to exert a vibrating force directly, and remotely, on a bone. The vibration frequency is varied in the range of interest to induce resonances in the bone. The resulting bone motion is recorded and the resonance frequencies are determined. Experiments are conducted on excised rat femurs and resonance frequencies of intact, fractured, and bonded (simulating healed) bones are measured. Results. The experiments demonstrate that changes in the resonance frequency are indicative of bone fracture and healing, i.e., the fractured bone exhibits a lower resonance frequency than the intact bone, and the resonance frequency of the bonded bone approaches that of the intact bone. Conclusion. It is concluded that the proposed radiation force method may be used as a remote and noninvasive tool for monitoring bone fracture and healing process, and the use of focused ultrasound enables one to selectively evaluate individual bones.
Forms of exclusion in child custody law

Abstract This article examines how and to what degree child custody law curtails contact with children by parents who exhibit socially undesirable behavior. It briefly reviews the historical development of custody law, noting the ways in which changing social judgments have shaped legal doctrine. Current custody law is then examined from the same perspective, revealing that similar forces continue to affect the content, form, and consequences of child custody law. Finally, the article identifies increasing normative pressures, supported by recent findings from the behavioral sciences, that favor maintaining a child's contact with its natural family. The article concludes that the degree to which this development will effectively supplant more traditional efforts to ostracize some family members remains to be seen.
Multivariate receptor models—current practice and future trends

Multivariate receptor models have been applied to the analysis of air quality data for sometime. However, solving the general mixture problem is important in several other fields. This paper looks at the panoply of these models with a view of identifying common challenges and projecting future developments. The challenges common to all fields are: (1) the need for better and less subjective methods to estimate the number of factors to include in the model; (2) better documentation of the algorithms in the open literature; and (3) user-friendly software to enlarge the user community. Future trends will likely center on the development of models based on self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) and constrained weighted least squares methods such as positive matrix factorization.
Phosphorylation of endogenous substrates by the protein kinases of the larval brain of Manduca sexta

Abstract The larval brain of Manduca sexta yields three prominent proteins ( M r = 52,000, 42,000 and 25,000 ), the in vitro phosphorylation of which are markedly stimulated by cAMP ( K a = 3−5 × 10 −7 M). No measurable differences in the rate of phosphorylation of these proteins by protein kinase was noted through 7 days of the fifth larval instar. The protein kinase inhibitor specific for the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the phosphorylation of these three proteins. The major phosphoprotein detected in brain homogenates is a 62 kDa polypeptide and its phosphorylation is apparently independent of cyclic nucleotides and Ca 2+ /calmodulin. All of the protein kinase substrates are dependent upon Mg 2+ for maximal phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of the 42 and 25 kDa substrates was stimulated by exogenous Ca 2+ and calmodulin, and was blocked by both the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine and the Ca 2+ chelating agent, EGTA.
Stress analysis using anatomically realistic coronary tree

Plaque rupture with superimposed thrombosis is the main cause of the acute coronary syndromes of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Endothelial disruption leading to plaque rupture may relate to mechanical fatigue associated with cyclic flexion of plaques. A novel method is proposed to assess stress and strain distribution using the finite element(FE)analysis and in vivo patient-specific dynamic 3D coronary arterial tree reconstruction from cine angiographic images. The local stresses were calculated on the diseased arterial wall which was modeled as consisting of a central fibrotic cap subjected to the cyclic flexion from cardiac contraction. Various parameters characterizing the plaque were chosen including vessel diameter, percentage narrowing, and lesion length. According to the FEA simulations, the results show that the smaller vessel diameter, greater percentage narrowing, and/or larger lesion size may result in higher stress on the plaque cap, with the vessel diameter as the dominant factor.
Evaluation of immunomodulatory chemicals: Alteration of macrophage function in vitro

Abstract In an effort to develop a useful screening procedure for detecting potential modulators of macrophage function, 25 chemicals were tested for their ability to alter the nonspecific phagocytosis and killing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages (PM). Parallel studies monitored PM viability so as to distinguish between effective modulation of phagocytic function and changes due solely to cytotoxicity. Dextran sulfate, ι-carrageenan, λ-carrageenan, dipropyltin dichloride, and di- n -octyltin dichloride, at concentrations which did not produce overt toxicity, significantly reduced the percentage of PM capable of ingesting yeast. The carrageenans also decreased the average number of yeast ingested per PM, while increasing the ability of PM to kill yeast. Microbicidal activity was suppressed in PM treated with indomethacin and dextran sulfate. Di- n -octyltin dichloride and dextran sulfate diminished the adherence of PM, whereas levamisole enhanced PM adherence. Vanillin, propyl gallate, lead acetate, hydrocortisone 21-phosphate, and hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate decreased the percentage of PM capable of ingesting yeast, but not below 50% of the control. Gallic acid, methyl paraben, mercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, nickel chloride, chromic chloride, dimethyltin dichloride, diethyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dichloride, tetra- n -octyltin, gibberellic acid, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine did not alter PM phagocytic function at noncytotoxic doses. The results indicate that chemicals can be grouped into three broad categories as either ineffective, weak modulators, or effective modulators of PM function.
Excitations in randomly diluted antiferromagnets

Results for the zero-temperature spin-wave stiffness, frequency-wavevector response functions and density of states for a randomly diluted, two sub-lattice antiferromagnet on a body-centred cubic lattice are presented for various impurity concentrations. The authors (1972, 73, 75) extend and employ a path type of CPA originally used by Brouers and associates, for studying random electronic systems and later developed by Theumann and Tahir-Kheli (1975) for treating site random ferromagnets. The results are compared with those given by an exact Monte Carlo computer simulation study by Holcomb and Harris (1975). Considering the fact that the authors' is a single-site CPA, the agreement between these results is found to be good. At low impurity concentrations, the authors have evaluated appropriate perturbation theory T-matrices such that all magnetic excitations are removed from non-magnetic sites and find an exact agreement with them. Whenever possible, they have also compared these results with those given by Holcomb's CPA and find the overall quality of the results to be somewhat superior.
A MODEL CALCULATION OF THE NELSON CURVES FOR HYDROGEN ATTACK

Abstract A void growth model has been applied to hydrogen attack of plain carbon structural steels, and to calculation of the Nelson curves. The driving force for void growth is the methane pressure, which is not assumed to be constant, arising from the interaction between carbon and hydrogen at void surfaces. Grain boundary diffusion and creep are considered as growth processes, and void-void interactions are treated in an appropriate way. Growth by grain boundary diffusion is most important in the early stage, but creep becomes the dominant process as the void grows. Creep is the important process for most combinations of temperature, hydrogen pressure, and exposure time. Incorporation of a failure criterion allowed a model calculation of the Nelson curves for incipient hydrogen attack. The curves were quite sensitive to the void density, but not the initial void size. With reasonable values selected for the model parameters, a semi-quantitative agreement with expirical Nelson curves was established.
Cytochrome oxidase staining in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat

Cytochrome oxidase staining was used as a marker of metabolic activity in neural elements in the rat major pelvic ganglion. Many neurons in the ventral pole of the ganglion have little cytochrome oxidase activity, while neurons in other locations show gradations in staining intensity. Punctate staining around principal neurons may represent preganglionic terminals, since it was greatly reduced after denervation of the ganglion. Image analysis was used to compare neuronal size to staining intensity. There was a negative correlation between cell size and staining intensity; the largest neurons were only lightly stained for cytochrome oxidase, while the medium and the small neurons showed a full range of metabolic activity. To study metabolic activity of an identified neuronal population, the seminal vesicles were injected with a retrograde tracer. The largest seminal vesicles neurons (1500 to 3200 microns2) had low enzyme activity, whereas the majority of neurons to this organ were smaller with gradations in staining. These results are indicative of the metabolic activity of the autonomic innervation to various pelvic tissues. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry should prove valuable in assessing the demands placed on autonomic ganglia in differing functional and dysfunctional states.
Word Naming and Usage Scores for a Sample of Yiddish-English Bilinguals.

the bilingual performance of a sample of Yiddish-English speakers in New York City. The methods employed have been adapted from those used by Cooper' and Cooper and Greenfield2 with Puerto Rican bilinguals. Their adaptation for Jewish bilinguals should be of importance for researchers studying Jewish populations in various parts of the world in terms of their distance-proximity to co-territorial populations.
CORTIJO DE SEVI AS LIEU DE MÉMOIRE: THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF SABBATAI SEVI'S HOUSE

Recently the international media and academia have paid significant attention to the remains of a three-storey structure in Izmir, Turkey. The cause of all this interest is that the derelict building, located in the city's former Jewish quarter in the Kemeralti neighbourhood, was thought by many to be the birthplace of Sabbatai Sevi (1626–1676). This building has been one of the central “memory” sites for the “open secret” Donme beliefs and practices. The discussion has, by and large, revolved around three major questions: (a) whether or not the house was indeed Sevi's family residence; (b) whether or not the site has served as an actual place of residence or pilgrimage in the intervening centuries; and (c) assuming that the building is indeed proven to have belonged to Sevi, how should it be understood and valued? This article claims that the building was indeed one of the houses in which Sabbatai Sevi lived, and that it has been subsequently used by his followers and sympathizers, who transformed it int...
Teaching counselling skills to medical students

Abstract The teaching of counselling skills at the Medical College of Winsconsin has been based on the assumption that virtually every verbal response in a counselling interaction falls into one of five categories: evaluative, hostile, reassuring, probing, or understanding. Our program for first-year medical students involves weekly counselling contacts at the bedside for each student, with faculty supervision provided in small groups. Immediately before and after the course in patient counselling, 102 first-year medical students were administered the Counselling Situation. Test. This test was made up of 35 typical counselling incidents in which a patient's comment to the physician and five possible responses were presented. In each test item the possible physician responses included an evaluative response, a hostile response, a reassuring response, a probing response, and an understanding response. Since this test might reflect primarily the student's ability to recognize an understanding response, two groups of eight students each were asked to tape record their first and last interviews in the course, in order to determine whether they were actually using more understanding responses. Our findings indicate that, based upon differences between pre0 and post-test scores (on both the pencil-and-paper test and a sample of recorded interviews), students not only can recognize understanding responses, but also can use them in actual counselling interviews with patients.
The 'Third Man' Argument and Plato's Theory of Forms1

T HE 'Third Man'-argument (Parmenides 132ai-b2) is oneof themost controversial passages in Plato's dialogues. In recent years a number of new interpretations of this argument have appeared.z These interpretations were designed to bring to bear upon the Platonic text the logical rigour and analytic acumen which are characteristic of contemporary philosophy. Allegedly implicit premisses have been brought to light with the help of symbolic logic, and attempts have been made to relate the argument to the problem of change vs. constancy in Plato's metaphysical position. Though these interpretations contain much that is stimulating, each of them seems to have the shortcoming of representing Plato as fairly simple-minded philosophically,3 and of locating the complexity of thought in logical structure.4 Such accounts ascribe to Plato the kind of argument which is not typical of what we encounter in the dialogues. For in most of his writings Plato emphasizes philosophical depth, rather than formal complexity. Thus it is more plausible to suppose that the passage under consideration is fairly simple in its deductive form, and that it poses problems with serious metaphysical implications. Such, at any rate, is the contention of the interpretation presented here. If correct, this interpretation indicates a need to reexamine the dialogues in ways rarely if ever attempted before. For according to the account presented here, in the middle period dialogues5 we find not one but five different conceptions of what are known as Plato's Forms, and part of the difficulty of the 'Third Man'-argument is that it does
Framework for Creating Digital Representations of Structural Components Using Computational Intelligence Techniques

A framework for creating a digital representation of physical structural components is investigated. A model updating scheme used with an artificial neural network to map updating parameters to the error observed between simulated experimental data and an analytical model of a turbine-engine fan blade. The simulated experimental airfoil has as-manufactured geometric deviations from the nominal, design-intent geometry on which the analytical model is based. The manufacturing geometric deviations are reduced through principal component analysis, where the scores of the principal components are the unknown updating parameters. A range of acceptable scores is used to devise a design of computer experiments that provides training and testing data for the neural network. This training data is composed of principal component scores as inputs. The outputs are the calculated errors between the analytical and experimental predictions of modal properties and frequency-response functions. Minimizing these errors will...
Dan Stanlislawski, 1903–1997

(1998). Dan Stanlislawski, 1903–1997. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 699-705.
Transition management-a structured perspective

The various major models of transition management are presented and compared. They are organized into three distinct categories, based on their prescribed transition increment size, management structure, or method for influencing change in employees. Factors affecting the choice of a model are also provided. Through the careful selection of an appropriate method from each category, it is proposed that a hybrid transition structure has a better chance of success than the utilization of any one method. >
Tests appropriate for the prenatal diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia

A fetus ‘at-risk’ for ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) was monitored prenatally by several approaches which, in concert, might yield information of diagnostic value: measurement of amniotic fluid AFP levels; the clastogenic potential of ‘at-risk’ amniotic fluid; and cytogenic evaluation of fetal amniocytes. All three parameters proved negative and normality, based primarily on the chromosomal study of fetal cells, was therefore presumed. This conclusion was confirmed shortly after birth by normal serum AFP levels and the lack of increased spontaneous or clastogen-induced chromosome breakage in the infant's cells. Based on previous observations from four normal and one affected fetus, the coordination of these techniques provides adequate methodology for the antenatal assessment of the phenotypes associated with A-T.
De la financiarisation

Resume. L'implosion de Wall Street en 2007–2009 et la recession mondiale qu'elle a entrainee ont donne un role central a la relation entre la finance et l'economie. Les gouvernements, les agences internationales et les experts n'avaient pas pris conscience des risques accrus decoulant de la dereglementation du secteur financier. L'auteur decrit les couts enormes qui en ont resulte– destruction massive d'emplois et baisse probable de la richesse et de la croissance publiques, imposant un reequilibrage des budgets en raison de l'adoption de programmes massifs de relance et de renflouement. Il analyse plus precisement l'impact des incitations monetaires influant sur la recherche du profit en rapport avec les decisions qui ont provoque la crise. Il prone enfin l'adoption de reformes radicales des institutions afin de relier la finance et l'economie reelle.
International evidence of temporary and permanent stock-price innovations: a multivariate approach

The existence, size, and dynamic effect of temporary and permanent stock-price innovations has been a prominent issue in financial economics. Previous univariate and multivariate studies find that temporary innovations exist, but they do not yield a consensus regarding the size and dynamic effect of the temporary and permanent stock-price innovations. Real interest rates are intrinsically related to real stock prices through standard present-value models. This note applies Blanchard and Quah's (American Economic Review, 79, 665-673, 1989) bivariate, structural VAR model to monthly real stock returns and real interest rates from six major international financial markets including the US. Using 12 monthly VAR lags in order to capture annual variation in stock prices, this model finds a dramatic range in the size and dynamic effect of temporary and permanent stock-price innovations across the six international financial markets.
Teacher‐researcher relationships in the study of teaching and teacher education

Over the past several years there has been a virtual explosion over the types of questions that are being asked about teaching and teacher education and, consequently, in the ways in which answers to these questions are sought. This shift, in turn, has decisively changed roles and relationships among teachers and researchers in both the conduct of inquiry and the structures for linking research and practice. Indeed, in an increasing number of instances, a distinction between researcher and teacher is irrelevant as teachers become researchers (see Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1993). In this article, we examine the nature of this basic change in teacherresearcher relationships and explore some of the central issues raised by this development. In particular, we focus on issues related to (a) the equalization of participants' roles in the research process and (b) the control of how data are interpreted and used. To do this, we first trace briefly the character of the underlying shift that has taken place in the study of teaching and teacher education and enumerate some of the underlying themes that appear to be prompting this movement. Throughout, our concern is less with explicating that nature of competing approaches to inquiry than it is with understanding the effects of various approaches on teachers, researchers, and the ways in which these two communities interact.
Personal changes, dispositional optimism, and psychological adjustment to bone marrow transplantation

We investigated the number and direction of personal changes experienced by long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and the relationships of those changes and dispositional optimism to psychological adjustment (current and future life satisfaction and mood). Surveys were returned by 86.0% (N = 135) of all eligible long-term survivors; respondents primarily were young males who were 6 to 149 months post-BMT. Subjects reported more positive changes in the relationship and existential/psychological domains and more negative changes in the physical health domain; there was no difference on the plans/activities domain. Negative changes were more strongly related to adjustment than were positive changes. The number of negative changes reported was significantly related to current and future life satisfaction and negative mood after controlling for demographic and illness variables and dispositional optimism. The interaction term for negative and positive changes was significantly related to future life satisfaction after controlling for all other variables.
Can rituximab replace splenectomy in immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Aim Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by premature platelet destruction. Standard practice is to initiate treatment with corticosteroids, followed by splenectomy. Most published literature for responses from rituximab is in patients with chronic refractory ITP, who have failed multiple prior treatments, including splenectomy. We therefore decided to analyze our patient population with ITP who had been treated with rituximab, mainly as a second line treatment regimen prior to splenectomy.
Tandem mass spectrometry characteristics of silver-cationized polystyrenes: backbone degradation via free radical chemistry.

The [M + Ag]+ ions of polystyrene (PS) oligomers are formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and their fragmentation characteristics are determined by tandem mass spectrometry experiments in a quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of [M + Ag]+ starts with random homolytic CC bond cleavages in the PS chain, which generate radical ions carrying either the initiating (an•, bn•) or the terminating (yn•, zn•) chain end and primary (an•, yn•) or benzylic (bn•, zn•) radical centers. The fragments ultimately observed arise by consecutive, radical-induced dissociations. The primary radical ions mainly decompose by monomer evaporation and, to a lesser extent, by β-H• loss. The benzylic radical ions primarily decompose by 1,5-H rearrangement (backbiting) followed by β C−C bond scissions; this pathway leads to either closed-shell fragments with CH2 end groups, internal fragments with 2−3 repeat units, or truncated benzylic bn•/zn• radical ions that can ...