cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime predictions for resin-based composites using cyclic and dynamic fatigue.

Because dental restorative materials undergo fatigue in use, testing is often performed in the laboratory to evaluate material responses to cyclic loading. The purpose of this study was to compare the lifetime predictions resulting from two methods of fatigue testing: dynamic and cyclic fatigue. Model composites were made in which one variable was the presence of a silanizing agent, and specimens tested in 4-point flexure. Cyclic fatigue was carried out at a frequency of 5 Hz, while dynamic fatigue testing spanned seven decades of stress rate application. Data were reduced and the crack propagation parameters for each material were calculated from both sets of fatigue data. These parameters were then used to calculate an equivalent static tensile stress for a 5-year survival time. The 5-year survival stresses predicted by dynamic fatigue data were approximately twice those predicted by cyclic fatigue data. In the absence of filler particle silanization, the survival stress was reduced by half. Aging in a water-ethanol solution reduced the survival stresses by a factor of four to five. Cyclic fatigue is a more conservative means of predicting lifetimes of resin-based composites.
Using live FRET imaging to reveal early protein-protein interactions during T cell activation.

The emerging challenge for proteomics in general and lymphocyte biology in particular is to understand protein-protein interactions in the dynamic context of the living cell. Particularly interesting are the molecular dynamics of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex and other immunoreceptors in immune synapses. Fluorescence (or Forster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is one of the few techniques that are capable of giving dynamic information about the nanometer-range proximity between molecules, as opposed to simply the subcellular co-localization that is provided by fluorescence microscopy. Spectral changes in fluorescence intensity and down modulation of donor lifetime are the basis for rapidly developing approaches to real-time FRET imaging. With two-photon excitation, FRET can now be extended to in vivo imaging.
Targeting of Two Arabidopsis H+-ATPase Isoforms to the Plasma Membrane

More than 11 different P-type H+-ATPases have been identified in Arabidopsis by DNA cloning. The subcellular localization for individual members of this proton pump family has not been previously determined. We show by membrane fractionation and immunocytology that a subfamily of immunologically related P-type H+-ATPases, including isoforms AHA2 and AHA3, are primarily localized to the plasma membrane. To verify that AHA2 and AHA3 are both targeted to the plasma membrane, we added epitope tags to their C-terminal ends and expressed them in transgenic plants. Both tagged isoforms localized to the plasma membrane, as indicated by aqueous two-phase partitioning and sucrose density gradients. In contrast, a truncated AHA2 (residues 1–193) did not, indicating that the first two transmembrane domains alone are not sufficient for plasma membrane localization. Two epitope tags were evaluated: c-myc, a short, 11-amino acid sequence, and [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS), a 68-kD protein. The c-myc tag is recommended for its sensitivity and specific immunodetection. GUS worked well as an epitope tag when transgenes were expressed at relatively high levels (e.g. with AHA2-GUS944); however, evidence suggests that GUS activity may be inhibited when a GUS domain is tethered to an H+-ATPase complex. Nevertheless, the apparent ability to localize a GUS protein to the plasma membrane indicates that a P-type H+-ATPase can be used as a delivery vehicle to target large, soluble proteins to the plasma membrane.
Heavy Metal Ion Clusters

DURING the past several years increasing attention has been devoted to studies of the properties of gaseous metal ions. This is a result of an interest in their behaviour in the atmosphere1, as well as the realization that the information obtained for the gaseous metal ion complexes provides a bridge between solution and gas phase chemistry2. In this article we report the results of our recent work on the clustering of water vapour on lead ions. Radioactive lead, as well as other major progeny ions of radon and thoron, is present in both the troposphere and the upper atmosphere. The chemistry of these ions immediately after their formation from decay processes is important in determining their subsequent attachment to aerosols. This information is relevant in uranium mines and in the upper atmosphere where knowledge of their distribution leads to a better understanding of atmospheric mixing processes3.
A charge change in an evolutionarily-conserved region of the myosin globular head prevents myosin and thick filament accumulation in Drosophila.

Abstract We have determined the molecular lesion in Mhc 9 , a homozygous-viable mutant of the Drosophila muscle myosin heavy chain gene. This mutation is in an adult-specific alternative exon (exon 9a) which encodes a portion of the myosin head that is highly conserved among both cytoplasmic and muscle myosin of all organisms. The mutation results in a charge change in the evolutionarily invariant amino acid residue 482. The phenotype of the homozygous mutant is identical to that of an organism having a stop codon within alternative exon 9a, i.e. lack of thick filaments in the indirect flight muscles and a greatly reduced number of thick filaments in the small cells of the jump muscles. This phenotype correlates with the known expression pattern of exon 9a. Genetic, biochemical and ultrastructural analyses show that the failure to accumulate thick filaments in the mutant is not a result of aberrant interactions with thin filaments and that the mutant myosin heavy chain does not poison assembly of wild-type thick filament. Our results, in conjunction with recent structural and mutant studies by others, indicate that residue 482 is important for generating ATPase activity and for myosin stability in muscle.
2D axisymmetric analysis of SRM ignition transient

To analyze ignition transient of Space Shuttle solid rocket motor, a transient two-dimensional numerical model based on turbulent compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized coordinate system was developed. One-dimensional numerical models (Peretz et al., 1973; Han, 1992; Pardue and Han, 1992) with empirical correlations data obtained from steady turbulent boundary layer flows agrees reasonably well with test rocket data by adjusting a few parameters. However, a 1D model can not provide a physical insight into the complex multidimensional thermal fields and flowfields in the chamber and the converging-diverging rocket nozzle. As an interim step, a 2D model was developed and compared with test data. A modified version of SIMPLE algorithm was used for the numerical model, and the standard k-epsilon model with a wall function was used for turbulence closure. Transient flowfields and thermal fields in the combustion chamber and the attached nozzle were obtained for a selected rocket geometry and propellant. Transient behaviors of the flow and thermal fields were analyzed, and were found to be in good agreement with physical expectations.
The effects of a response cost treatment tactic on hyperactive children

Abstract In a pilot study, a multielement design was used to assess the effectiveness of a response cost procedure on a 7-year-old child's hyperactive behavior and academic performance across days. The procedure was effective in reducing off-task behavior and in increasing academic assignment completion. In Experiment 2, three strategies were compared to a no-treatment baseline in treating an 8-year-old hyperactive child: drug (Ritalin) alone, response cost alone, and drug plus response cost. The cost program alone and the cost program combined with medication were effective in reducing off-task behavior and in increasing academic performance. In both studies, the procedure was viewed by the teachers as practical and effective for use in a classroom setting. The subjects liked the cost system and believed that they completed more academic work when it was operative.
Hydrodynamics and sediment transport in a southeast Florida tidal inlet

A three-dimensional ocean circulation model is used to investigate the hydrodynamics of a tidal inlet and deltas system in Southeast Florida, and to understand the consequences for suspended and bedload sediment transport patterns. The model reproduces observed tidal currents and provides insight about residual currents caused by spatial asymmetries in the inlet throat and tidal deltas during ebb and flood flows. A particle-tracking approach for suspended and bedload sediment transport is used to simulate deposition patterns for different particle sizes. The simulation results qualitatively correlate with the distribution of sediment characteristics within the tidal inlet and deltas system and demonstrate sensitivity to the choice of advection velocities (e.g., near-bottom versus depth-averaged) and regions of sediment origin. Furthermore, the distinction between suspended and bedload transport as a function of particle size indicates significant differences in deposition patterns and their potential connection to geomorphologic features of the tidal inlet and deltas system.
EFFECT OF THE CASTING SOLUTION COMPOSITION ON PORE SIZE AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RESULTING AROMATIC POLYAMIDE MEMBRANES

Abstract The control of average pore size and pore size distribution on the surface of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes of aromatic polyamide (PA) material was studied by properly adjusting the composition of casting solutions which consisted of polymer—solvent, dimethylacetamide (DMA) —nonsolvent (swelling agent), calcium chloride. The average size and the distribution of the network and aggregate. pores were related to the size of the supermolecular polymer aggregates present in the casting solutions, which was changed by changing the concentration of polymer and nonsolvent/polymer ratio in the casting solutions. It has been found that the nonsolvent swelling agent additive plays a dual function of increasing the aggregate size and inducing the flux of gelation media into the film during the gelation step in the membrane making process.
The effect of OPC optical and resist model parameters on the model accuracy, run time, and stability

Performing model based optical proximity correction (MB-OPC) is an essential step in the production of advanced integrated circuits manufactured with optical lithography technology. The accuracy of these models highly depends on the experimental data used in the model development and on the appropriate selection of the model parameters. The optical and resist model parameters selected during model build have a significant impact on the OPC model accuracy, run time, and stability. In order to avoid excessively high run times as well as ensure acceptable results, a compromise must be made between OPC run time and model accuracy. The modeling engineer has to optimize the necessary model parameters in order to find a good trade-off that achieves acceptable accuracy with reasonable run time. In this paper, we investigate the effect of some selected optical and resist model parameters on the OPC model accuracy, run time, and stability.
Desorption induced by multiple electronic transitions.

A new mechanism is introduced to describe desorption from surfaces under conditions of strong electronic excitation. When repetitive excitations occur within the relaxation time for the adsorbate-surface vibration, the process of desorption induced by multiple electronic transitions may provide an enhancement of orders of magnitude over a single-excitation mechanism. This generalization of the classic Menzel-Gomer-Redhead picture encompasses within one formalism both single-excitation processes and a thermal limit. The mechanism may be operative in desorption by femtosecond laser pulses.
Boolean dynamics of genetic regulatory networks inferred from microarray time series data

Motivation: Methods available for the inference of genetic regulatory networks strive to produce a single network, usually by optimizing some quantity to fit the experimental observations. In this article we investigate the possibility that multiple networks can be inferred, all resulting in similar dynamics. This idea is motivated by theoretical work which suggests that biological networks are robust and adaptable to change, and that the overall behavior of a genetic regulatory network might be captured in terms of dynamical basins of attraction. Results: We have developed and implemented a method for inferring genetic regulatory networks for time series microarray data. Our method first clusters and discretizes the gene expression data using k-means and support vector regression. We then enumerate Boolean activation–inhibition networks to match the discretized data. Finally, the dynamics of the Boolean networks are examined. We have tested our method on two immunology microarray datasets: an IL-2-stimulated T cell response dataset and a LPS-stimulated macrophage response dataset. In both cases, we discovered that many networks matched the data, and that most of these networks had similar dynamics. Contact: jfaulon@sandia.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
NEW REMAINS OF SPHAGESAURUS HUENEI (CROCODYLOMORPHA: MESOEUCROCODYLIA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF BRAZIL

Abstract Recent discovery of an almost complete skull of Sphagesaurus huenei, a previously poorly known form from the Late Cretaceous of southern Brazil, shows unexpected morphology for a crocodyliform, including an extreme heterodonty with small lower incisors, large upper caniniforms, and reversed triangle-like postcanines; edentulous anterior region of premaxilla; and maxilla with posterior wall over the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestra. The postcanine teeth have extensive wear facets, implying an alternate unilateral occlusion and suggesting the presence of both lateral and fore-aft movement of the jaw. These characteristics appear unique within the crocodyliform lineage, showing that feeding diversity was wider than thought in this clade. The phylogenetic relationships of Sphagesaurus huenei are evaluated through a parsimony analysis. Sphagesaurus lies within a monophyletic group formed by Cretaceous and Tertiary taxa traditionally referred as notosuchians and sebecosuchians. Interestingly,...
Data Consistency in Multiple Source Documents Findings From Homicide Incidents in the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003-2004

Data from the 2003-2004 National Violent Death Reporting System were used to compare consistency of homicide variables across multiple source documents. The NVDRS integrates death certificate, coroner/medical examiner and law enforcement data. Included in this analysis are 5,737 homicide incidents. Variables include victim demographics, manner of death, autopsy and pregnancy status, place, date and location of injury/death, and suspected use of alcohol. Demographic variables matched from lows of 70.9% for marital status to 99.9% for race. Injury/death variables matched from 72.6% for date of injury to 99.5% for state of injury. Situational variables ranged from 75.6% for suspected alcohol use to 97.5% for pregnancy status. Overall, data collected across multiple source documents matched at greater than 70%; however inconsistencies have implications for analyzing data from systems with multiple source documents. Understanding and mitigating data mismatches will increase the consistency of data on which vio...
Measurements of γ-carboxyglutamate and circulating osteocalcin in normal children and adults

We have measured serum osteocalcin by radioimmunoassay, and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) by Dowex-1 chromatography in healthy adults and children. Circulating osteocalcin is 6.8 +/- 0.5 and 5.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml in adult males (n = 25) and females (n = 26), respectively. Values are higher in children (n = 26), ranging from 25-30 ng/ml in a 1-year-old and declining to the adult level at puberty. The ratio of urinary Gla/creatinine as a function of age parallels the pattern of serum osteocalcin. Free Gla ranges from a high of 150 +/- 20 mumol Gla/g creatinine in infants (n = 17), decreasing until puberty at which time the excretion stabilizes at 44 +/- 4 mumol Gla/g creatinine (n = 27). The greater amounts of circulating osteocalcin and urinary Gla most likely reflect synthesis of osteocalcin during growth. With epiphyseal closure, levels decline and, in the adult, probably represent normal bone remodelling.
Oxygen-ion beam polishing of a 5-cm-diameter diamond film.

A 5-cm diameter, 1-μm (peak to valley) rough diamond film has been polished to optical quality by an oxygen–ion beam. The rms and peak-to-valley roughness values of the polished surface have been lowered to 5.5 and 55.4 nm, respectively. Reactive ion beam polishing provides a low-temperature (140°C), noncontact, and precisely controllable approach to improving the surface quality of diamond films. This progress is essential to the use of diamond coatings in optical applications.
Global stabilization of an enlarged class of cascade nonlinear systems

We present a new approach to design controllers for global asymptotic stabilization of cascade and feedforward nonlinear systems. First we give conditions for global stability and construct a continuously differentiable Lyapunov function for a class of uncontrolled cascade systems. We use this Lyapunov function to design globally asymptotically stabilizing feedback laws for controlled cascade systems and, by applying the method recursively, for feedforward systems.
Ring v. Arizona: Who decides death?

In the United States, the right to a jury trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The Sixth Amendment states, in part, “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.” The U.S. Supreme Court has also held that the “Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt of every element of the crime with which he is charged.” In Walton v. Arizona, the U.S. Supreme Court held that an Arizona statute permitting a judge to determine whether the death penalty should be imposed on a capital defendant did not violate the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee to a trial by jury. In particular, the Court found that aggravating factors necessary to impose the death penalty were not elements of the offense and instead served as circumstances for consideration by a judge when deciding between the penalties of life imprisonment or death. In contrast, the Court held in Apprendi v. New Jersey, that a judge could not make findings that would increase a defendant’s sentence beyond the maximum, because that was comparable with an additional conviction. In Apprendi, the defendant was convicted of second-degree possession of a firearm, an offense carrying a maximum penalty of 10 years under New Jersey law. The sentencing judge found that Apprendi’s crime was racially motivated and therefore under New Jersey law triggered the application of a hate crime enhancement. The trial judge sentenced Apprendi to 12 years, two years over the maximum sentence that the jury could impose but for the hate crime enhancement. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Apprendi’s sentence violated his right to a jury determination that he was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of each element of the crime with which he was charged. The Court noted, “If a State makes an increase in a defendant’s authorized punishment contingent on the finding of a fact, that fact—no matter how the State labels it—must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt” (Ref. 3, pp 482–83). The Apprendi Court appreciated that a conflict could be found between its holdings in Apprendi and Walton, but stated that the rulings could be reconciled. The key distinction was that the Arizona statutory scheme that was at issue in Walton provided that a conviction of first-degree murder carried a maximum sentence of death. The Court stated:
The impact of formal diabetes education on the preventive health practices and behaviors of persons with type 2 diabetes

Background. Diabetes-related morbidity and mortality are primarily attributable to complications such as heart disease, stroke, lower extremity amputation, kidney disease, blindness, and visual impairment, many of which potentially can be delayed or prevented. Methods. We examined the association of diabetes self-management education (DSME) with preventive health practices and behaviors among 22,682 persons with type 2 diabetes using data from the 2001 and 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). BRFSS is an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged z18 years. Results. Approximately 48% of all adults with type 2 diabetes had never attended a DSME course. Among both diabetic persons who used insulin and those who did not, persons who received DSME were significantly more likely than those who had not received training to be physically active, to have received an annual dilated eye exam and flu vaccine, to have received a pneumococcal vaccine, to have checked their blood sugar daily, and to have had a physician or other health professional check their feet for sores or irritations and their hemoglobin A1C level in the past year. Conclusions. These data indicate the importance of DSME in the promotion of health practices that could prevent or delay potential diabetes complications among persons with type 2 diabetes. Published by Elsevier Inc.
The Parasitic Hymenoptera: Specialists in Population Regulation

In June 1922, Hearst Hall, the women's gymnasium on the Berkeley Campus of the University of California, burned to the ground. The heat therefrom caused the deaths of three fine specimens of Monterey Cypress growing nearby, thus setting the stage for a local episode in the interaction between a wood-wasp of the genus Sirex and a parasitic wasp of the genus Ibalia. This particular host-parasite interaction is a widespread one of very ancient origin. The 1922 episode of this interaction was manifested as soon as the three dead cypress trees lhad attained a condition which was particularly attractive to the females of Sirex and the females of Ibalia. The larvae of Sirex burrow in and feed upon the timber of coniferous trees; the larvae of Ibalia live parasitically within the Sirex larvae and ultimately destroy them.
Along-strike variability of thrust fault vergence

The 3D kinematic evolution of thrust systems, in which vergence changes along strike, is poorly understood. This study uses 3D seismic data from Big Piney-LaBarge field, Wyoming, to examine the geometry and kinematics of two faults at the leading edge of the Hogsback thrust sheet, the frontal thrust of the Late Cretaceous Sevier fold-thrust belt. These thrusts lie along strike of each another and share an east-vergent detachment within the Cretaceous Baxter Shale. The two thrusts verge in opposite directions: The southern thrust verges eastward forming a frontal ramp consistent with major thrusts of the Sevier belt, whereas the northern thrust verges westward to form a type 1 triangle zone with the Hogsback thrust. The thrusts have strike lengths of 5 km (3.1 mi) and 8 km (5.0 mi), respectively, and they are separated by a transfer zone of less than 0.5 km (0.3 mi) wide. Strata in the transfer zone appear to be relatively undeformed, but reflections are less coherent here, which suggests small offsets unresolved by the seismic survey. Retrodeformable cross sections and a structure contour map on the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group indicate that shortening varies along strike, with a pronounced minimum at the transfer zone and greater shortening across the northern, west-vergent thrust (610 m [2000 ft]) than across the southern, east-vergent thrust (230 m [755 ft]). Mapping of these thrusts suggests that they propagated laterally toward each other to form a type 1 antithetic fault linkage in the transfer zone. Spatial patterns expressed in seismic attributes in and near the detachment horizon, which include waveform classification and spectral decomposition, suggest that stratigraphic variations may have pinned the detachment, thus localizing the transfer zone. Thickness variations in the thrust sheet also may have influenced the thrust geometry. Our study provides an analog for analysis of similar complex contractional belts around the world.
Hidden Paths from Morality to Cooperation: Moral Judgments Promote Trust and Trustworthiness

Classic sociological solutions to cooperation problems were rooted in the moral judgments group members make about one another’s behaviors, but more recent research on prosocial behaviors has largely ignored this foundational work. Here, we extend theoretical accounts of the social effect of moral judgments. Where scholars have emphasized the roles of moral judgments in clarifying moral boundaries and punishing deviants, we present two less intuitive paths from moral judgments to social behavior. We argue that those who engage in moral judgments subsequently act more morally. Further, we argue that group members anticipate the more moral behavior of judges, trusting them more under situations of risk and uncertainty. We thus establish paths from moral judgments to the primary foundations of voluntary cooperation: trust and trustworthiness . The results of three experiments support the predicted effects: Participants randomly assigned to make moral judgments were more trustworthy in subsequent interactions (Study 1). A follow-up experiment sought to clarify the underlying mechanism, showing that making moral judgments led individuals to view themselves as more moral (Study 2). Finally, audience members anticipated the greater trustworthiness of moral judges (Study 3).
Transgenic approaches to study wing color pattern development in Lepidoptera

The extremely diverse lepidopteran wing patterns make useful models to study the evolution of development and the molecular changes that enable it. Until now, the implication of candidate genes in the differentiation of color patterns has relied primarily on correlational evidence, i.e., gene expression patterns in a developing wing mapping closely to the adult color pattern. The use of transgenic techniques in the Lepidoptera, including the manipulation of gene expression, will finally allow researchers to test hypotheses of gene function at various levels of the patterning hierarchy, from signaling ligands and transcription factors to pigment enzymes. Here we present an overview of transgenic techniques employed in lepidopteran systems and highlight areas where current and future research will provide exciting opportunities to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of morphological evolution.
Robust stabilizability of linear time-invariant plants

In this paper, we address the topic of (robust) pointwise stabilizability of families of linear time-invariant (LTI) plants arising from unstructured modeling uncertainty. The results presented here extend some earlier work reported in [9], and show that there is no advantage in using general nonlinear time-varying (NLTV) controllers over LTI ones for certain problems of (robust) pointwise stabilization.
Onion essential oil chemistry. Cis-and trans-2-mercapto-3,4-dimethyl 2,3-dihydrothiophene from pyrolysis of bis(1-propenyl) disulfide

Abstract Heating the onion oil component bis(1-propenyl) disulfide gives cis/ -and trans -2-mercapto-3,4-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene which can lose H 2 S upon further heating giving 3,4-dimethylthiophene. A dithio-Claisen rearrangement is proposed for the key step.
Transonic Low-Reynolds Number Airfoils

Airfoils operating in the unexplored high-Mach—low-Reynolds number regime are computationally investigated. The motivations are 1) quantificatio n of achievable airfoil performance levels; 2) quantificatio n of parameter sensitivities which impact vehicle sizing; 3) identification of possible shortcomings in the computational methods employed; and 4) identification of test data required for adequate validation of the airfoil designs and performance prediction methods. The investigation centers on candidate airfoils developed for proposed ultrahigh altitude aircraft (UHAA) having both a high-ceiling and a long-range requirement. Computational studies indicate that 35-km ceiling performance at M — 0.60, Re — 200,000 hinges on the effective use of transonic flow to enhance transition and reduce separation-bubble losses. The separation bubbles become associated with large lambda shock structures at the highest tolerable Mach numbers. Airfoil performance predictions are parameterized by quantities dependent only on altitude and vehicle characteristics, and independent of flight trim conditions. For the airfoils designed, no flaps are necessary to achieve nearly optimal performance at both 35-km ceiling conditions as well as lower 15-25-km altitudes where long-range cruise would occur. Variation in airfoil thickness between 11-15% has surprisingly little impact on aerodynamic performance.
Cell Surface Organization of the Erythropoietin Receptor Complex Differs Depending on its Mode of Activation

During erythroid development erythropoietin (EPO) binds specifically to a receptor primarily present on committed erythroid progenitors, stimulating mitogenic, survival, and differentiative growth response pathways. Other modes of erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) activation, such as interaction with the env gene Friend virus envelope glycoprotein (F-gp55) of spleen focus-forming virus or specific mutations in the extracellular domain of the EPO-R, give rise to pathological consequences, in vivo and EPO-independent proliferation and differentiation of cultured cells. Activating extracellular receptor mutations result in covalently linked receptor homodimers. These observations and others have led to the proposal that EPO activates the EPO-R by inducing dimer formation on the cell surface. It has been assumed that F-gp55 also induces dimer formation of the EPO-R; however, clear evidence of this is lacking. In addition, EPO and F-gp55 stimulation of the EPO-R elicit different biological responses. To probe whether the cell surface EPO-R is structurally different with these activators, we contrasted the cell surface EPO-R complex formed following receptor activation by EPO, F-gp55, and mutations in the extracellular domain of the receptor. Our results indicate that cell surface forms of activated EPO-R differ, as judged by their differential association with F-gp55 and pattern of associated cell surface proteins. Interestingly, we find that the env gene of an anemic strain of Friend virus, Rauscher virus envelope glycoprotein, does not interact with the EPO-R at the cell surface. Thus, the mode of Rauscher virus envelope glycoprotein-induced erythroblastosis may be distinct from F-gp55-induced erythroblastosis and possibly not involve the EPO-R.
Multiple melting endotherms of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Poly(elhylene terephthalate) samples were isothermally crystallized from the melt on a differential scanning calorimeter. Subsequent fusion showed three endotherms under many crystallization conditions. These three peaks are attributed to melting of crystallites formed daring primary and secondary crystallization processes and to fusion of crystals formed during recrystallizatlon during the melting scan.
Dust, volcanic ash, and the evolution of the South Pacific Gyre through the Cenozoic

We examine the 0–100 Ma paleoceanographic record retained in pelagic clay from the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) by analyzing 47 major, trace, and rare earth elements in bulk sediment in 206 samples from seven sites drilled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329. We use multivariate statistical analyses (Q-mode factor analysis and multiple linear regression) of the geochemical data to construct a model of bulk pelagic clay composition and mass accumulation rates (MAR) of six end-members, (post-Archean average Australian shale, rhyolite, basalt, Fe-Mn-oxyhydroxides, apatite, and excess Si). Integrating the results with Co-based age models at Sites U1365, U1366, U1369, and U1370, we link changes in MAR of these components to global oceanographic, terrestrial, and climatic transformations through the Cenozoic. Our results track the spatial extent (thousands of kilometers) of dust deposition in the SPG during the aridification of Australia. Dispersed ash is a significant component of the pelagic clay, often comprising >50% by mass, and records episodes of Southern Hemisphere volcanism. Because both are transported by wind, the correlation of dust and ash MAR depends on the site's latitude and suggests meridional shifts in the position of atmospheric circulation cells. The hydrothermal MARs provide evidence for rapid deposition from the Osbourn Trough spreading ridge before it went extinct. Excess Si MARs show that the abrupt increase in siliceous productivity observed at Site U1371 also extended at least as far north as Sites U1369 and U1370, suggesting large-scale reorganizations of oceanic Si distributions ~10–8 Ma in the southern SPG.
Accounting for “Racism”: Responses to Political Predicaments in Two States

How do people explain their behavior in socially unacceptable political situations? Exploring this question will give us insight into how the public responds to and frames collective decisions regarding controversial topics. We analyze accounts of the outcomes of racially sensitive statewide referenda in two states to understand the public responses to such political predicaments. Distinguishing four broad categories of these accounts—denials, justifications, excuses, and confessions—we find some clear-cut differences in their use between proponents and opponents of the ballot measures. These results have implications for political thought and dialogue regarding politically-sensitive issues and other heated policy issues. We also discuss how the different account dynamics in these two cases presaged subsequent political developments in these states, which might provide insights into why some such cases continue to be fiercely contested while others fade from public debate.
Relational Closeness and Production of Excuses in Events of Failure

According to Weiner's motivational model of attribution, a person failing to perform an expected action will often respond by producing excuses to account for the behavior. These excuses can be assessed along three dimensions of locus (internal/external), control (controllable/uncontrollable), and stability (stable/unstable). A person responsible for a failure is more likely to produce a perceived “good” excuse (external, uncontrollable, unstable) than a “bad” one (internal, controllable, and stable); however, the research upon which this finding is based has only been tested with participants lacking prior relationships. As such, our understanding of this phenomenon could be blurred. In this study, participants (224 women, 174 men, Mage = 19.6 yr) were apportioned into relationally close and distant conditions and asked to produce an excuse for a failure in which they were the causal element. Three dependent variables of locus, control, and stability were tested. As predicted, participants in the distant...
Potential health hazards of pornography consumption as viewed by psychiatric nurses

Adverse effects of pornography consumption (PC) have been identified from over 150 empirical studies conducted since 1970. Yet, the practice literature of psychiatric nurses does not address the health risks of PC. This study determines the perceptions of psychiatric nurses (n = 194) with regard to PC effects. A significant majority of psychiatric nurses agreed (72%) that there are potential adverse effects to PC, that there are risks for preadult consumers of pornography (78% agreement), and that PC risks need to be addressed by their profession (68% agreement). Agreement lends support for expanding nurses' knowledge concerning PC.
Trust: the unwritten cost of white-collar crime

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically assess the theorized importance of trust and resource removal following white-collar crime. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies are conducted using data from the Washington Post and ABC News Poll following the savings and loan scandal and the dotcom bust. The first examines trust in corporate contexts, and the second examines direct resource withdrawal from financial institutions. Findings – Results of a series of logistic regressions suggest that trust is impacted by high-profile white-collar crime. Models 1 and 2 find evidence that trust is a strong predictor of belief in investing in a given industry. Models 3 and 4 provide evidence that high-profile trust breaches lead to resource withdrawal, adding to the economic damages incurred directly from white-collar crime. Social implications – This study provides evidence that white-collar crime can create much larger financial consequences than immediate losses. Originality/value – Despite consider...
Effect of deformation on ThO2 particle morphology in W-1 Wt Pct ThO2 materials

The distribution and deformation characteristics of ThO2 particles during processing from powder to wire have been investigated in a W-1 wt pct ThO2 material. The results indicate that larger thoria particles (>1 μm) deform concomitantly with the matrix to cigar-shaped particles and then fracture into segments as deformation of the matrix continues. Smaller particles remain relatively spherical and are not deformed. The net effect of this process is to superpose a nonuniform distribution of large particle segments on a background of small, undeformed, uniformly distributed particles. The consequences of this change in thoria dispersion morphology in reference to work hardening, recrystallization, and fracture of tungsten-thoria materials are discussed. In addition, some conclusions are drawn as to the origin of the large, deformable thoria particles and the effect of different processing modes on the resultant dispersion morphology.
HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVEL AS A MODERATOR OF ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS AND SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS

This study examined the influence of household income level on associations between common chronic health conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma) and probable serious mental illness (SMI). Data from the 2011 New York City Community Health Survey (N = 8,792) were examined using logistic regression modeling, including interaction terms or models stratified by household income to determine whether there was effect modification. Associations between chronic conditions and probable SMI varied across household income levels. Specifically, there was a significant interaction between diabetes and household income on probable SMI. In stratified models, asthma was associated with probable SMI only among individuals from poor households (< 100% federal poverty), whereas diabetes was associated with probable SMI only among those from middle-income households (200% to < 400% federal poverty). The findings highlight the mental health needs of individuals with chronic health conditions. Efforts to integrate physical and mental health services in community settings may be crucial for those from poor and middle-income households.
The “Cadillac Tax” on Health Benefits in the United States Will Hit the Middle Class Hardest Refuting the Myth That Health Benefit Tax Subsidies Are Regressive

U.S. employment-based health benefits are exempt from income and payroll taxes, an exemption that provided tax subsidies of $326.2 billion in 2015. Both liberal and conservative economists have den...
The equivalence between surface roughness and an absorbing layer on the surface

Random roughness of an optical surface reduces its specular reflectance and transmittance by scattering light. This reduction can be modeled using an absorbing layer on the surface. If a Drude effective-medium approximation is used for the layer index, the layer with a thickness twice the RMS roughness of the surface correctly models the scattered light.
The Use of Qualitative Methods in Research on Older Families

This paper argues that qualitative methods are especially appropriate for studying older families because they are better suited than survey data for conceptualizing interdependence. It further argues that the current availability of data from large-scale surveys has led family researchers down the wrong path if the interdependence of family members is to be recognized and explored in research. The absence of clearcut rules for conducting and presenting the products of qualitative research is suggested as a virtue rather than the drawback it is often presumed to be.
Deformities of Long Bones after Osteomyelitis of Metaphyses in Infants and Children

Eighteen children with osteomyelitis of the metaphysis of the long bone were studied at the Fukuoka Children's Hospital from 1980 to 1988. Nine children presented deformity of the affected long bone following osteomyelitis. The deformity caused by the damage to the growth plate often proceeded with growth. In some cases, the deformities were produced by the epiphyseal necrosis and overgrowth of bones without the damage to the growth plate.
Vicarious trauma and vicarious posttraumatic growth among substance abuse treatment providers.

Background: Practitioners working with clients who have experienced trauma are vulnerable to experiencing both vicarious trauma and vicarious posttraumatic growth (PTG). A survey was conducted in w...
Forefoot pain in the athlete.

Pain in the forefoot is a common occurrence in the athletic population. Generally, the symptoms are a result of overuse. Initial treatment strategy is to modify both exercise and shoewear. Specific diagnosis is the key to proper treatment.
Media Messages, Self-Identity, and Race Relations: Reader Evaluations of Newsmagazine Coverage of the 1995 Million Man March

A critical cultural analysis of African Americans readers' evaluations of mainstream news magazine coverage of the 1995 Million Man March. Discussion of emergent themes regarding attitudes about the march and the media’s role in framing issues regarding race relations. Results provide insight into how African Americans interpret media messages with respect to self-identity and cultural awareness.
Examination of the placenta

A one-minute examination of the placenta performed in the delivery room provides information that may be important to the care of both mother and infant. The findings of this assessment should be documented in the delivery records. During the examination, the size, shape, consistency and completeness of the placenta should be determined, and the presence of accessory lobes, placental infarcts, hemorrhage, tumors and nodules should be noted. The umbilical cord should be assessed for length, insertion, number of vessels, thromboses, knots and the presence of Wharton's jelly. The color, luster and odor of the fetal membranes should be evaluated, and the membranes should be examined for the presence of large (velamentous) vessels. Tissue may be retained because of abnormal lobation of the placenta or because of placenta accreta, placenta increta or placenta percreta. Numerous common and uncommon findings of the placenta, umbilical cord and membranes are associated with abnormal fetal development and perinatal morbidity. The placenta should be submitted for pathologic evaluation if an abnormality is detected or certain indications are present.
Effect of protein source and lasalocid on nitrogen digestibility and growth by ruminants.

Protein supplements having either a high (soybean meal, SBM) or low (escape protein, EP) extent of ruminal N degradability with or without lasalocid (L) were evaluated in digestion and growth trials. The SBM supplement included soybean meal while EP was a combination of dehydrated alfalfa and distillers dried grains. Nitrogen digestibility of SBM supplements was consistently higher than EP supplements when evaluated with two lamb trials. Digestibility of N was improved 8% in trial one (64.9 vs 60.3%) and 27% in trial two (66.3 vs 52.3%) with SBM vs EP. The addition of L to the supplements improved N digestibility by 6% in trial one (64.5 vs 60.6%) and 13% in trial two (62.9 vs 55.7%). No interactions between protein source and L were measured in either trial. Dry matter digestibility was not changed by protein source or L in either trial. Rumen propionate was increased and acetate to propionate ratio decreased when L was fed. Plasma urea N was lower over a 24 h sampling period when lambs were fed EP supplements compared with SBM supplements (11.07 vs 16.44 mg/100 ml); however, L did not appear to consistently alter the values. When steers were supplemented with the same protein sources during a 105-d winter pasture trial daily gains were not affected (P greater than .10) by either protein source or L (.429, .495, .476 and .514 kg/d for SBM, SBM+L, EP and EP+L, respectively) although numerically there did not appear to be main effect improvements due to EP and L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recurrence Relations for Powers

In this chapter we shall study the solution of equations of the form $${x^p} = N$$ where N is a given number, 0<N< 1, and p is a real number, \({1 \over 2},{1 \over 3}, - 1\), for instance. We shall discuss various sequences x n whose limit is the solution sought and whose terms are defined by recurrence relations, usually of the form $${x_{n + 1}} = f\left( {{x_n}} \right)$$ where f is a polynomial, or the ratio of two polynomials. We shall be interested mainly in the relative rates of convergence of the sequences. In Chapter 4 we shall discuss the general equation $$F\left( x \right) = 0$$ and Newton’s Method, discussed there in general terms, provides a single source for the schemes studied in this chapter.
Performance of Baffled Chute with 90° Bend

The effects of a 90° bend on scour and splash in a baffled chute have been studied in a 1:12 model. The model design followed recommended United States Bureau of Reclamation practice except for the square bend. Various combinations of guide vanes and bend floor elevations were examined in 12-ft and 24-ft (3.7-m and 7.3m) wide chutes carrying 40 cfs/ft (3.7 m³/s/m). The simplest, plain, square bend caused 2.3 ft (0.7 m) more scour depth than does a standard, straight chute. The additional scour may be eliminated by using guide vanes or lowering the bend floor. Sever splash beyond the bend and lower chute walls may require slope protection.