cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metatranscriptomics reveals overall active bacterial composition in caries lesions

Background : Identifying the microbial species in caries lesions is instrumental to determine the etiology of dental caries. However, a significant proportion of bacteria in carious lesions have not been cultured, and the use of molecular methods has been limited to DNA-based approaches, which detect both active and inactive or dead microorganisms. Objective : To identify the RNA-based, metabolically active bacterial composition of caries lesions at different stages of disease progression in order to provide a list of potential etiological agents of tooth decay. Design : Non-cavitated enamel caries lesions ( n =15) and dentin caries lesions samples ( n =12) were collected from 13 individuals. RNA was extracted and cDNA was constructed, which was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting 780 bp polymerase chain reaction products were pyrosequenced using Titanium-plus chemistry, and the sequences obtained were used to determine the bacterial composition. Results : A mean of 4,900 sequences of the 16S rRNA gene with an average read length of 661 bp was obtained per sample, giving a comprehensive view of the active bacterial communities in caries lesions. Estimates of bacterial diversity indicate that the microbiota of cavities is highly complex, each sample containing between 70 and 400 metabolically active species. The composition of these bacterial consortia varied among individuals and between caries lesions of the same individuals. In addition, enamel and dentin lesions had a different bacterial makeup. Lactobacilli were found almost exclusively in dentin cavities. Streptococci accounted for 40% of the total active community in enamel caries, and 20% in dentin caries. However, Streptococcus mutans represented only 0.02–0.73% of the total bacterial community. Conclusions : The data indicate that the etiology of dental caries is tissue dependent and that the disease has a clear polymicrobial origin. The low proportion of mutans streptococci detected confirms that they are a minority and questions its importance as the main etiological agent of tooth decay. Future experimental work should be performed to confirm the cariogenicity of the identified bacteria. Keywords : 16S rRNA; pyrosequencing; Streptococcus mutans; polymicrobial disease; tissue-dependent hypothesis; caries etiology (Published: 24 October 2014) Citation: Journal of Oral Microbiology 2014, 6 : 25443 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v6.25443
Spin dephasing in drift-dominated semiconductor spintronics devices

A spin-transport model is employed to study the effects of spin dephasing induced by diffusion-driven transit-time uncertainty through semiconductor spintronic devices where drift is the dominant transport mechanism. It is found that in the ohmic regime, dephasing is independent of transit length and determined primarily by voltage drop across the spin-transport region. The effects of voltage and temperature predicted by the model are compared to experimental results from a $350\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-thick silicon spin-transport device using derived mathematical expressions of spin dephasing.
Principles of equivalence, Eotvos experiments, and gravitational red-shift experiments - The free fall of electromagnetic systems to post-post-Coulombian order

Free fall in an external static gravitational field of a composite test body consisting of electromagnetically interacting charged particles is analyzed using the TH-epsilon-mu formalism developed by Lightman and Lee (1973). The Lightman and Lee calculation that was carried out to 'post-Coulombian' order is extended to 'post-post-Coulombian' order, and violations of the weak equivalence principle are found which result from the magnetostatic self-energy of the test body. The current generation of Eotvos experiments is shown to test the cited formalism at first order in the external gravitational potential to an accuracy of 4 by 10 to the -10th power for electrostatic energies and 6 by 10 to the -6th power for magnetostatic energies. It is concluded that although the formalism can be tested to an accuracy of 0.04 for electrostatic energies at second order in the gravitational potential, a significant second-order test for magnetostatic energies would require Eotvos experiments accurate to better than one part in 10 to the 15th power.
Synthesis of methanethial S-oxide (sulfine) and alkanethial S,S-dioxides by fluorodesilylation. Stereochemistry of their cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adducts

Abstract Fluorodesilylation of trimethylsilylmethanesulfinyl chloride 4 in the presence of cyclopentadiene gives 2-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene endo -2-oxide, 5 ; in a like manner 1-trimethylsilylalkanesulfonic anhydrides afford endo - and exo -3-alkyl-2-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene 2,2-dioxides, with the endo isomer predominating. Sulfine and alkyl sulfenes are invoked.
Chronic sodium depletion suppresses the area postrema pressor pathway.

Abstract Sodium depletion in dogs is known to affect both the renin-angiotensin as well as the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of this dietary regime upon the area postrema pressor pathway, as evaluated by the cardiovascular responses to centrally acting angiotensin II, has not been determined previously. With this in mind, male mongrel dogs were maintained on Either a normal or a sodium restricted diet supplemented with furosemide and dose-response curves for intravertebral and intravenous angiotensin II (range: 1–20 ng/kg/min) were obtained. Sodium depletion results in not only a blunted intravenous pressor response to angiotensin II but also the abolition of the centrally mediated pressor responses mediated by the area postrema. Because accumulating evidence indicates that in sodium depleted dogs sympathetic nerve activity is reduced while central noradrenergic inhibitory activity is increased the reduced effects of angiotensin II upon the central sympathetically mediated pressor response may in part be related to decreases in sympathetic nerve activity.
Multiple chromophore species in phytochrome.

— Buffered aqueous solutions of pure phytochrome, when irradiated at 730 nm, had a main absorption band at about 660 nm and a shoulder or secondary band at 580–600 nm. When irradiated at 660 nm, these absorption bands bleached and a pair of bands at 670 and 725–730 nm appeared. When 660 nm irradiated samples were placed in the dark the 730 nm absorption slowly bleached and the 670 nm absorption band shifted to 660 nm. The kinetics of the bleaching indicated that two populations of PFR existed initially. These two populations decayed by first order kinetics with k's of 4.8 × 10-4 sec-1 and 3.1 × 10--5 sec-1at 25°. While the bleaching of PFR was occumng, the appearance of the 660 nm and 580–600 nm absorption bands characteristic of PR took place. The kinetics of the increase in the 580 and 660 nm absorption bands indicated that it was arising from two populations of reactants by two first order reactions with k's of 6.4 × 10-4 sec-1 and 3.1 × 10-5sec-1 at 25°. When the sodium chloride concentration of the solvent was changed the proportions of the kinetically different populations were altered. In some conditions, especially in the presence of air. reversible but non-reciprocal changes in the four absorption bands were observed. These effects were evident after the lapse of many hours in the dark. When native phytochrome was treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate all absorption bands but the 580–600 nm absorption band were bleached and photoreversibility was lost. When native phytochrome was treated with glutaraldehyde, the 730 nm absorption band was bleached but photoreversibility was retained. It was concluded that at least four species of chromophore exist in phytochrome with absorption maxima at 580, 660, 670 and 730 nm. Each chromophore is capable of being bleached by appropriate irradiation or in the dark by chemical reactions rather than photochemical reactions. The reactions are probably coupled redox reactions between the 580–660 nm pair and the 670–730 pair of chromophores. Discrepancies observed in the reciprocity of the absorption changes in these paired bands are probably due to various degrees of uncoupling and secondarily to the redox potential of the solvent when such uncoupling occurs.
TECHNICAL NOTE---A Comparison of Bertrand and Cournot Profits in Oligopolies with Differentiated Products

We compare equilibrium profits of Bertrand (price) and Cournot (quantity) competition in oligopolies with an arbitrary number of nonsymmetric firms offering differentiated substitutable products under an affine demand function. We provide a precise characterization of the profit relationship in terms of (1) the number of firms, (2) their relative quality and cost differences, and (3) the competition intensity, defined as the maxiumum absolute value of total change in competitors' demand over change in own demand due to a unit change in own price. We first examine the case where firms have the same demand sensitivity to own price and the same demand sensitivity to competitor prices but different cost and quality parameters. For this case, we prove that the total profit of the industry under Cournot competition is at least as high as the total profit under Bertrand competition if the number of firms is less than 28 or if the competition intensity is less than 0.909 or if the differences in quality and cost competitiveness between firms are small. We also prove that for each firm, the profit achieved under Cournot competition is at least as high as the profit achieved under Bertrand competition if the number of firms is less than eight or if the competition intensity is less than 0.739. We then provide numerical and analytical results that qualitatively support the same conclusions for general affine demand functions with variable demand sensitivities to prices.
Quenched lattice QCD at finite isospin density and related theories

We study quenched QCD at finite chemical potential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$ for the third component of isospin and quenched two-color QCD at finite chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ for quark number. In contrast with the quenched approximation to QCD at finite quark-number chemical potential, the quenched approximations to these theories behave similarly to the full theories. The reason is that these theories have real positive fermion determinants. In both of these theories there is some critical chemical potential above which the charge coupled to the chemical potential is spontaneously broken. In each case, the transition appears to be second order. We study the scaling properties near the critical point using scaling functions suggested by effective (chiral) Lagrangians and find evidence for scaling with mean-field critical exponents in each case. The subtleties associated with observing the critical scaling of these theories are discussed.
Electronic and structural properties of biazulene, terazulene, and polyazulene isomers

Facile graph theoretical MO solutions are demonstrated. The dihedral angles between the azulene units at the bridging bond in biazulenes were determined by MM2 calculations. Polyazulenes are predicted to be conductive only via the polaron mechanism. Polaron conduction in 1,3- and 2,6-polyazulene is qualitatively predicted to be more facile than in 4,8- and 5,7-polyazulene. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1993 At-Sea Evaluation of ECDIS

The electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) is a navigation tool that superimposes electronic chart, ship's position, and radar information on one display. The purpose of the test described in this paper was to compare baseline performance (i.e., a mariner using traditional techniques of a paper chart, radar/automated radar plotting aid (ARPA), and visual piloting) and performance with ECDIS. Evaluation criteria included safety of navigation, reduction of navigation workload, mariner comfort with chart features and navigation functions, and integration of radar features. Results indicated that when using ECDIS with radar overlay, the average workload was the lowest, leaving more time for collision avoidance. The mariners reported close agreement with the features and functions required by the International Maritime Organization/International Hydrographic Organization (IMO/IHO) Draft Performance Standard for ECDIS. Statistical analyses performed showed navigational method, visibility, and the presence of a radar overlay to be the most significant factors for improving navigational performance.
Influence of sputtering atmosphere on crystallinity and crystal orientation of AlN thin films deposited on polycrystalline MoSi2 substrates

Highly oriented AlN thin films have been deposited on polycrystalline MoSi2 substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The total sputtering pressure and the nitrogen concentration in the sputtering gas had a significant influence on the crystallinity and crystal orientation of the films. The film deposited at a sputtering pressure of 0.6 Pa and a nitrogen concentration of 20% indicated high crystallinity, high c-axis orientation (σ=3.1°) and very low surface roughness (Ra=0.7 nm). The crystallinity, crystal orientation, composition and morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The nitrogen concentration hardly had an effect on the composition of the films; however, it had a great influence on the shape of the fine grains constituting the films. The shape of the grains drastically changed from triangular pyramids of various sizes to uniform fine grains with increasing nitrogen concentration. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
A tree classification of algorithms for Toeplitz and related equations including generalized Levinson and doubling type algoritms

A survey of several methods for matrix inversion currently used in linear estimation is presented. The algorithms considered belong to two classes: order recursive and function recursive. For each class a tree representation of the performed operations helps in classifying the various algorithms. Novel stochastic derivations and interpretations of the update equations are introduced that provide new insights into the structure of these procedures.
iWarp: a 100-MOPS, LIW microprocessor for multicomputers

An architecture that efficiently supports both message-passing and systolic communications in one system is presented. This architecture incorporates a variety of innovative features unifying both computational power and communications flexibility in one VLSI component, the iWarp microprocessor. The message-based communication model is discussed, and an overview of the architecture is given. Two principle iWarp components, called the communication agent and the computation agent, and the register file they share are described. The efficiencies of word-level communication are examined. The software development environment is also described. >
Correlated transport of FQHE quasiparticles in a double-antidot system

We have calculated the linear conductance associated with the tunneling of individual quasiparticles of primary quantum Hall liquids with filling factors v = 1/(2m + 1) through a system of two antidots in series. On-site Coulomb interaction simulates Fermi exclusion and makes the quasiparticle dynamics similar to that of tunneling electrons. The liquid edges serve as the quasiparticle reservoirs, and also create the dissipation mechanism for tunneling between the antidots. In the regime of strong dissipation, the conductance should exhibit resonant peaks of unusual form and a width proportional to the quasiparticle interaction energy U. In the weakly damped regime, the shape of the resonant conductance peaks reflects coherent tunnel coupling of the antidots. The Luttinger-liquid singularity in the rates of quasiparticle tunneling to and from the liquid edges manifests itself as an additional weak resonant structure in the conductance curves.
Current status of calcium channel blockers

chairman, Department of Medicine, and professor of epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of MedicinelMontefim-e Medical Center, Brow, New York. He is a clinical cardiologist with a research interest in cardiovascular pharmacology and has written and cow&ten 7full-length te,xts on this subject and more than 400 original articles, reviews, and book chapters, including 4 monographs for Current Problems in Cardiology. Dr. Frishman has been a principal and coprincipal investigator of the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly (SHEPI trial (Drug Selection Committee), Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial (Drug Selection Commit&, Asymptomatic Coronary Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) trial (Drug Selection Committee), and the Brow Longitudinal Aging Study. Currently he is the coprincipal investigator at the Einstein/Mont&we clinical trials site for the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study and the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treahnent to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Dr. Frishman is past recipient of the Teacher Scholar Award of the American Heart Association, the Preventive Cardiology Academic Award of the National Institutes of Health, and the McKeen Cattell Award from the American College of Clinical Pharmacology.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Lowers the CD14 Content of Monocytes

Marked elevation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) has been demonstrated clinically following injury and in sepsis. While alterations in the monocyte binding site (CD14) for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) complex have been noted with exposure to LPS, immune complexes, gamma-interferon, and IL-4, it is not known whether TGF-beta 1 can alter CD14 expression. To study the effect of TGF-beta 1 on monocyte CD14 expression, human leukocytes were isolated from healthy donors with discontinuous gradient centrifugation and incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 and 24 hr with increasing doses of purified human platelet TGF-beta 1. Monocytes were immunofluorescently stained with monoclonal antibodies recognizing CD14 and CD16. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. At 2 hr, 50 ng/ml TGF-beta 1 significantly lowered CD14 expression (51%, P = 0.043). At 24 hr, there was no significant difference between cells stimulated by TGF-beta 1 and control cells. To confirm that TGF-beta 1 was active at 24 hr, we examined levels of CD16. CD16 expression was increased by 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta 1. These observations suggest that high physiologic concentrations of TGF-beta 1 cause early monocyte suppression of CD14. Thus, CD14 may be marker for the transition of monocytes to macrophages and TGF-beta 1 may be responsible for the down-regulation of CD14 expression observed in monocytes obtained from septic patients.
Estimates of additive genetic effects, maternal effects, specific combining ability, maternal heterosis, and egg cytoplasm effects for cold tolerance in Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

. Cold tolerances of Auburn University-Egypt and Auburn University-Ivory Coast strains of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and their F1. F2, and backcross hybrids were analysed by multiple regression to estimate strain additive genetic effects, strain maternal effects, specific combining ability (individual heterosis), maternal heterosis, and strain egg cytoplasm effects for cold tolerance. The Egypt strain was more cold tolerant than the Ivory Coast strain. Cold tolerance of F1 hybrids was intermediate between those of the parental strains. Heterosis for cold tolerances of F1, F2, and backcross hybrids was -1.39%, -0.83%, and -2.08% respectively. Additive genetic effects had the greatest effect on cold tolerance; Egypt genes for cold tolerance were superior to Ivory Coast genes for cold tolerance. Regressions for specific combining ability and maternal heterosis were small and were not different from zero, which explains why F1, F2, and backcross hybrids exhibited no hybrid vigour for cold tolerance. Cold tolerance in O. niloticus is controlled by additive rather than by dominance genetic variance; consequently, selection is the breeding technique that should be used to maximize cold tolerance. Regressions were used to predict cold tolerances of all possible Egypt-Ivory Coast hybrids. Predicted cold tolerances suggested that no possible Egypt-Ivory Coast hybrid would be more cold tolerant than the Egypt strain.
Analysis of the single-fiber-composite test to measure the mechanical properties of metal-ceramic interfaces

Abstract Tensile stress-strain curves for a metal-ceramic single fiber composite show load drops associated with every fiber break. Each curve exhibits a limited number of load drops that are characteristic of the level of the fiber-matrix bonding. A detailed analysis of these stress-strain curves gives the following results: (a) the magnitude of the load drops depends not only on the fiber strength but also on the work-hardening behavior of the metal matrix and the length of the shear relaxation zone at the interface; (b) the distribution of the magnitude of the load drops is determined by the random truncation of the shear relaxation length as part of the fiber fragmentation process; (c) the first load drop can be systematically used to determine the in situ Weibull strength statistics and a scaling law for the ceramic fiber; (d) the slope of the reloading portion immediately after a load drop is proportional to the fundamental work-hardening rate of the metal; (e) the interfacial (yield) shear strength of the metal-ceramic interface is described in terms of the total number of load drops and the magnitude of the first load drop. These results are applied to the case of copper-sapphire and copper-niobium-sapphire interfaces. An interlayer of niobium, approx. 30 nm thick, increases the interfacial shear strength by a factor of two. The interfacial shear strengths determined in the present study are lower by an order of magnitude compared to the values obtained with the thin film multiple cracking technique. This difference is explained by different mechanisms of shear relaxation at the interface after fracture of the ceramic phase.
Reflections on Quantitative Fiscal Conditionality in African PRGF-Supported Programs

We survey quantitative fiscal conditionality in selected sub-Saharan African PRGF-supported programs, and assess the conditionality against some possible benchmarks and best practices. While noting many caveats, the paper suggests some possible scope for further attuning of this conditionality to countries' specific macro-fiscal situations. The paper also offers some suggestions on how quantitative fiscal conditionality might be further enhanced.
Anesthetic efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate, metomidate and eugenol: Effects on plasma cortisol concentration and neutrophil function in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820)

Abstract Anesthetic efficacy, plasma cortisol concentration, and two parameters of neutrophil function (oxidative burst and degranulation of primary granules) were compared among three anesthetics in the fathead minnow: tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222), metomidate hydrochloride (MTMD), and eugenol (EUG). The optimum anesthetic concentration was determined as: MS 222 75 mg L− 1, EUG 30 mg L− 1 and MTMD 4 mg L− 1. Handling and crowding stress was induced in fish with (SA) and without (S) anesthetic. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured at 0, 30, 90, and 240 min after stress and found to increase at 30 min post-stress in S and SA MS 222 groups, but not in SA MTMD and SA EUG groups. To test the effects of different anesthetics on neutrophil function, fish were divided into a baseline control group, a group exposed to handling and crowding stress (S) and a stressed anesthetized group (SA). Fish were assayed for neutrophil function before and after stress (24 h, 72 h and 7 days). The degranulation of neutrophil primary granules was measured as exocytosis of myeloperoxidase (MPO) using 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine as a substrate. Degranulation of primary granules was decreased to 60–75% of non-stressed control in stressed and fish treated with MS 222, and was not affected when MTMD and EUG were used. The degranulation of primary granules proved to be a useful assay for measuring the effects of stress on neutrophil function in fish. Eugenol and metomidate prevented stress-induced decrease of neutrophil function while MS 222 did not.
Generalized synchronization of chaos via linear transformations

Generalized synchronization (GS) of two chaotic systems is a generalization of identical synchronization. Usually, the manifold of GS is much more complex than the driven system and the driving system. In this paper, we study a special case of GS in which the synchronization manifold is linear (linear GS for short). In a theorem, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a linear GS can be achieved between two chaotic systems. In particular, we study the linear GS of two Chua's circuits.
Effects of Particle Size, Gas Temperature and Metal Temperature on High Pressure Turbine Deposition in Land Based Gas Turbines From Various Synfuels

Four series of tests were performed in an accelerated deposition test facility to study the independent effects of particle size, gas temperature, and metal temperature on ash deposits from two candidate power turbine synfuels. The facility matches the gas temperature and velocity of modern first stage high pressure turbine vanes while accelerating the deposition process. This is done by matching the net throughput of particulate out of the combustor with that experienced by a modern power turbine. In the first series of tests, four different size particles were studied by seeding a natural-gas combustor with finely-ground coal ash particulate. The entrained ash particles were accelerated to a combustor exit flow Mach number of 0.25 before impinging on a thermal barrier coated (TBC) target coupon at 1183°C. Particle size was found to have a significant effect on capture efficiency with larger particles causing significant TBC spallation during a 4-hour accelerated test. In the second series of tests, different gas temperatures were studied while the facility maintained a constant exit velocity of 170m/s (Mach = 0.23–0.26). Coal ash with a mass mean diameter of 3 μm was used. Particle deposition rate was found to decrease with decreasing gas temperature. The threshold gas temperature for deposition was approximately 960°C. In the third and fourth test series impingement cooling was applied to the backside of the target coupon to simulate internal vane cooling. Ground coal and petcoke ash particulates were used for the two tests respectively. Capture efficiency was reduced with increasing massflow of coolant air, however at low levels of cooling the deposits attached more tenaciously to the TBC layer. Post exposure analyses of the third test series (scanning electron microscopy and x-ray spectroscopy) show decreasing TBC damage with increased cooling levels. Implications for the power generation goal of fuel flexibility are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Plasma dipyridamole concentrations after two different dosage regimens in patients.

: Twenty patients received dipyridamole by two different dosage regimens yielding a total daily dose of 150 mg, either as 50 mg three times a day or 75 mg twice a day. The rationale for comparing these two regimens is that dipyridamole is usually given three times a day, but recent studies have revealed a final elimination half-life of the drug of about half a day. Based on drug cumulation during chronic dosing, the final half-life of dipyridamole observed in this study also averaged about half a day. The 75 mg b.i.d. regimen did not result in lower trough concentrations than the 50 mg t.i.d. regimen. There was wide interpatient variability in observed plasma dipyridamole concentrations for both regimens, averaging about 10-fold. These results suggest that dipyridamole could be administered twice a day and that dipyridamole levels should be monitored in clinical studies on the antithrombotic effect of the drug.
The President's Partner: The First Lady in the Twentieth Century

Introduction The White Housekeepers: Social Hostesses and Ceremonial Presences--Florence Harding, Grace Coolidge, Bess Truman, Mamie Eisenhower The Emerging Spokeswomen--Lou Hoover, Jacqueline Kennedy, Pat Nixon Political Surrogates and Independent Advocates--Eleanor Roosevelt Political Surrogates and Independent Advocates--Lady Bird Johnson Political Surrogates and Independent Advocates--Betty Ford Political Surrogates and Independent Advocates--Rosalynn Carter A First Lady in Transition--Nancy Reagan Conclusions Bibliographic Notes Index
Community reaction: from blogs to Facebook

Online social media is all pervasive in this digitally connected world. It provides a great platform to share information and news, and have public discussions on these topics. These interactions happen on owned-sites as well as on earned social media. But it is reasonable to hypothesize that the communities on the various platforms will engage differently. We explore this hypothesis using data collected from a blog as well as their Facebook page. We observe significant differences between the blog and Facebook as two mediums. First, we see how the topic of the post leads to differences in how posts are received on the two mediums. We next characterize the distribution of the time to comments, displaying how blog and Facebook differ. Finally, we describe how the sentiment of posts and popular entities differ across mediums. In conclusion, reactions across the two mediums are so diverse that it calls for different strategies across different social mediums, we provide our recommendations towards this goal.
Analysis and testing of biological stains--the Biological Stain Commission Procedures.

(2002). Analysis and testing of biological stains-- The Biological Stain Commission Procedures. Biotechnic & Histochemistry: Vol. 77, No. 5-6, pp. 237-275.
SEARCH FOR NEUTRAL BOSONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

In this talk, I will describe results on 1,220 electron pairs produced from a 207Pb beam at 160A GeV in a nuclear experiment EMU 11 conducted at the CERN SPS. These electron pairs were produced at a distance of more than 50 μm from the primary interactions, which eliminates contamination due to Dalitz pairs. Results on electron pairs with invariant mass Q ranging between 1 and 100 MeV and life-time τ between 10−15 s and 10−12 s were analyzed. After subtracting background pairs from the materialization of photons and from the decays of π0 to photons from the data, they exhibit an enhancement at low mass Q = 6 – 20 MeV with narrow peaks at 7 ± 1 MeV, 19 ± 1 MeV and τ ≤ 10−13s.
The fate of the invertebrate collections of the North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853–1856

In 1852 the United States Congress appropriated $125,000 for "building or pur­ chase of suitable vessels and for prosecuting a survey and reconnaissance for naval and commercial purposes of such parts of Behring Straits of the North Pacific Ocean, and the China Seas, as are frequented by American whale-ships, and by trading vessels in their routes between the United States and China" (Smithsonian Insti­ tution Annual Report, 1854: 89). This expedition became known as the North Pacific Exploring Expedition and was commanded by Cadwallader Ringgold, who had commanded one of the vessels in the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 (also known as the Wilkes Expedition). Second in command was Lieutenant John Rodgers, who had worked with the Coast Survey for several years and was known to be sympathetic to the needs of science. William Stimpson (1832—1872), one of America's foremost invertebrate zool­ ogists, was selected to be chief zoologist of the expedition. Stimpson oversaw a scientific corps that made immense collections of natural history specimens, all of which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, the official repository for all speci­ mens collected on United States government expeditions. These collections, which totalled over 100 cubic feet in the original boxes and bales, included the following numbers of species: 846 vertebrates, 400 insects, 980 crustaceans, 200 annelids, 2,359 mollusks, and 400 radiates. It was estimated that over half of the species collected were undescribed (Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1856: 53). This account deals primarily with the fate of the crustaceans collected during the expedition. Stimpson was placed in charge of the publication of the results of the expedition, and he arrived at the Smithsonian in 1856 to begin this task. Many scientists agreed to produce the reports dealing with their specialties. Stimpson agreed to work on all of the invertebrates except the Mollusca, which were assigned to A. A. Gould (Johnson, 1964). Work continued on the reports until the project was terminated at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Many of the reports, including Stimpson's, were completed, but were never published. Stimpson remained at the Smithsonian as curator of the invertebrate collections until 1865 when he left to become Secretary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. While there he maintained his close relationship with Spencer F. Baird and the Smithsonian, and continued to work on several monographs treating the Crustacea.
Resistance training lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in overweight and obese older adults.

Objective: To compare exercise-induced oxidative stress and levels of homocysteine and cholesterol in normal-weight and overweight older adults after resistance exercise (RX). Research Methods and Procedures: This interventional study was conducted at a wellness center. Forty-nine older adults (age range, 60 to 72 years) were stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 normal weight, ≥25 kg/m2 overweight/obese) and then randomly assigned to either a control non-exercise group or an RX group. The RX group completed a 6-month training program. Exercise-induced lipid hydroperoxides (PEROXs) and thiobarbituric-reactive acid substances, homocysteine, lipoprotein a, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after the 6-month RX program. Results: PEROXs and thiobarbituric-reactive acid substances were lower in both the overweight/obese and normal-weight RX-trained groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Homocysteine levels were lower in both overweight/obese and normal-weight RX groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Lipoprotein a, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not different in normal-weight and overweight/obese groups before or after RX. The change in muscle strength was correlated with homocysteine at 6 months (r = −0.452, p < 0.05), whereas the change in PEROXs was correlated with the change in body fat (r = −0.329). Discussion: To our knowledge, these data are the first to show that RX reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress and homocysteine regardless of adiposity, indicating that this protection can be afforded in an older, overweight/obese population as effectively as in healthy older adults. These data suggest that RX may afford some protection against emerging cardiovascular risk factors using a mode of exercise that supports body weight.
Toward a revised urban managerialism: local managers and community development block grants

Abstract Geographers have recently noted the need for a theoretically informed institutionalist analysis. In response to this call, this paper begins to resuscitate the urban managerialist theoretical perspective by recasting the concept within a framework which incorporates structure/agency influences. This is accomplished by extending the social constructionist thesis of Mickey Lauria and Lawrence Knopp to the realm of managerial inquiry. With a focus on the Community Development Block Grant Program in 1985, the paper demonstrates that structural properties embedded in institutions are both end products and shapers of everyday managerial practices. The results suggest that managers constantly reproduce/rearrange institutional structure, the result of evolving managerial values meeting structural rules and resources. Far from being fixed or permanent, institutional structure reflects the ongoing interaction of organizational arrangements and individual practices.
Developmental changes in neural corticosteroid receptor binding capacity in altricial nestlings

Altricial nestlings typically do not show an adrenocortical response during the early post-hatch period. This may be a result of an immature hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or an enhanced control of the axis by negative feedback. To examine whether the dampened adrenocortical response is due to higher receptor densities in hypothalamus and hippocampus, the major sites for negative feedback and tonic inhibition, we explored the ontogenetic changes in glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) binding capacities in the brain of white-crowned sparrow nestlings. During the 10-day nestling period, MR binding capacity decreased with age, whereas GR capacity was not affected. In addition, this overall decline in MR levels was driven entirely by a decline in cerebellar MR. No age-related changes were observed in hippocampal or hypothalamic areas. Our findings suggest that enhanced negative feedback does not play a major role in the attenuated adrenocortical responses seen in white-crowned sparrow nestlings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 853–861, 2010
Across bacterial phyla, distantly-related genomes with similar genomic GC content have similar patterns of amino acid usage.

The GC content of bacterial genomes ranges from 16% to 75% and wide ranges of genomic GC content are observed within many bacterial phyla, including both Gram negative and Gram positive phyla. Thus, divergent genomic GC content has evolved repeatedly in widely separated bacterial taxa. Since genomic GC content influences codon usage, we examined codon usage patterns and predicted protein amino acid content as a function of genomic GC content within eight different phyla or classes of bacteria. We found that similar patterns of codon usage and protein amino acid content have evolved independently in all eight groups of bacteria. For example, in each group, use of amino acids encoded by GC-rich codons increased by approximately 1% for each 10% increase in genomic GC content, while the use of amino acids encoded by AT-rich codons decreased by a similar amount. This consistency within every phylum and class studied led us to conclude that GC content appears to be the primary determinant of the codon and amino acid usage patterns observed in bacterial genomes. These results also indicate that selection for translational efficiency of highly expressed genes is constrained by the genomic parameters associated with the GC content of the host genome.
Comparison of two measures of association in two‐way contingency tables

Stuart's (1953) measure of association in contingency tables, tC, based on Kendall's (1962) t, is compared with Goodman and Kruskal's (1954, 1959, 1963, 1972) measure G. First, it is proved that |G| ≥ |tC|; and then it is shown that the upper bound for the asymptotic variance of G is not necessarily always smaller than the upper bound for the asymptotic variance of tC. It is proved, however, that the upper bound for the coefficient of variation of G cannot be larger in absolute value than the upper bound for the coefficient of variation of tC. The asymptotic variance of tC is also derived and hence we obtain an upper bound for this asymptotic variance which is sharper than Stuart's (1953) upper bound.
Multiple myeloma after cardiac transplantation: An unusual form of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Published reports of posttransplant myeloma are extremely uncommon (three cases); to the best of our knowledge there have been no reported cases in cardiac transplant recipients. We are also unaware of any report of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome studies in posttransplant myeloma. We report here the case of a 48-year-old man who developed multiple myeloma 1.5 years after cardiac transplantation. The results of a serum analysis were consistent with past EBV infection. Biopsy of a skull lesion showed a monomorphous population of malignant immature plasma cells that showed monotypic cytoplasmic staining with antibodies to lambda light chains. A monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both EBER-1 in situ hybridization and EBNA-1 PCR were negative for the EBV genome. Cyclosporin withdrawal was followed by transient clinical and biological improvement, but the tumor later progressed and eventually stabilized in response to treatment with dexamethasone alone. This case illustrates that posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLPDs) encompass not only EBV-positive but also EBV-negative cases and not only lymphomas but also myelomas.
Roof plate-dependent patterning of the vertebrate dorsal central nervous system

In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), diverse cellular types are generated in response to inductive signals provided by specialized cellular groups that act as organizing centers. The roof plate is a critical dorsal signaling center that occupies the dorsal midline of the developing CNS along its entire anterior-posterior axis. During caudal neural tube development, the roof plate produces proteins of the Bmp and Wnt families controlling proliferation, specification, migration, and axon guidance of adjacent dorsal interneurons. Although primarily investigated in the developing spinal cord, a growing number of studies indicate that roof plate-derived signals are also critical for the patterning of dorsal structures in more rostral regions of CNS including the hindbrain, diencephalon and telencephalon. In this review, we discuss recent progress towards understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of roof plate-dependent patterning of the dorsal CNS.
Relations for the N − N * Weak Form Factors from Current Algebra in the Infinite-Momentum Limit

The nucleon matrix elements of an "$\mathrm{SU}(2)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(2)$" subalgebra of ${U}_{6}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{U}_{6}$ are considered in the infinite-momentum, nonzero-momentum-transfer limit. Only the $N$ and ${N}^{*}$ intermediate states are retained. In this approximation we reproduce the results of the dispersive approach while also obtaining Oehme's equation which was derived for the zero-momentum-transfer case.
Prolonged daily exposure to IV cocaine results in tolerance to its stimulant effects

We have previously shown that 1 h, but not 6 h, of daily access to i.v. cocaine induces a sensitized response to i.v. cocaine challenge after 14 days of withdrawal. Here we tried to replicate these results using an i.p. cocaine challenge and adding a group of animals that had 1 h daily access to cocaine, but maintained levels of administration comparable to that of saline animals (i.e. a Coc group). Since addiction-associated neuroadaptations are particularly long lasting, we also tested the response to cocaine challenge after a longer withdrawal period of 60 days. Rats had daily access to i.v. self-administered saline or cocaine for 1 h (Coc1h), or to cocaine for 6 h (Coc6h) over 8 days. Subsequently, after 14 days of withdrawal only Coc animals showed a sensitized locomotor response to cocaine challenge administered i.p. After 60 days of withdrawal, i.p. cocaine failed to produce a sensitized response in Coc1h animals and produced a tolerant response in Coc6h animals. The present data support the notion that 6 h of daily access to cocaine leads to different neuroadaptations than those resulting from 1 h of daily access to the drug. In addition, these data further demonstrate a dissociation between sensitization and addiction to cocaine.
Black Football Players on a Predominantly White College Campus: Psychosocial and Emotional Realities of the Black College Athlete Experience

Black student-athletes have been the focus of study regarding academic and psychosocial adjustment to college since the 1960s. Although recent literature generally reports higher graduation rates f...
PENILE TRAUMA: AN ETIOLOGIC FACTOR IN PEYRONIE'S DISEASE AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: It has been postulated that trauma to either the partially or fully erect penis is a potential cause of Peyronie's disease. In addition, it has been proposed that engaging in sexual relations with a partial erection due to mild impotence is a risk factor for the development of Peyronie's disease. This study was performed to determine whether patients with either Peyronie's disease or non-Peyronie's disease impotence had an increased rate of penile trauma compared with potent controls.Materials and Methods: We mailed surveys to 207 men who had been seen for management of Peyronie's disease, 250 impotent men without Peyronie's disease, and 275 age-matched urologic patients without a history of either impotence or Peyronie's disease. The survey inquired whether the individual had a history of penile trauma to the flaccid or erect phallus or injury during sexual intercourse. In addition, patients were questioned whether they had been engaging in sexual relations with a partial erection.Result...
Chronic nutrient enrichment increases prevalence and severity of coral disease and bleaching.

Nutrient loading is one of the strongest drivers of marine habitat degradation. Yet, the link between nutrients and disease epizootics in marine organisms is often tenuous and supported only by correlative data. Here, we present experimental evidence that chronic nutrient exposure leads to increases in both disease prevalence and severity and coral bleaching in scleractinian corals, the major habitat-forming organisms in tropical reefs. Over 3 years, from June 2009 to June 2012, we continuously exposed areas of a coral reef to elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. At the termination of the enrichment, we surveyed over 1200 scleractinian corals for signs of disease or bleaching. Siderastrea siderea corals within enrichment plots had a twofold increase in both the prevalence and severity of disease compared with corals in unenriched control plots. In addition, elevated nutrient loading increased coral bleaching; Agaricia spp. of corals exposed to nutrients suffered a 3.5-fold increase in bleaching frequency relative to control corals, providing empirical support for a hypothesized link between nutrient loading and bleaching-induced coral declines. However, 1 year later, after nutrient enrichment had been terminated for 10 months, there were no differences in coral disease or coral bleaching prevalence between the previously enriched and control treatments. Given that our experimental enrichments were well within the ranges of ambient nutrient concentrations found on many degraded reefs worldwide, these data provide strong empirical support to the idea that coastal nutrient loading is one of the major factors contributing to the increasing levels of both coral disease and coral bleaching. Yet, these data also suggest that simple improvements to water quality may be an effective way to mitigate some coral disease epizootics and the corresponding loss of coral cover in the future.
Effects of enhanced chromatic nonlinearity during the AGS /spl gamma//sub t/-jump

The /spl gamma//sub t/-jump designed to reduce the bunch self-field mismatch and intensity loss during the AGS transition crossing can cause significant orbit and lattice distortions and dramatically enhance chromatic nonlinear effects. Employing a low-intensity, small emittance proton bunch crossing transition with the /spl gamma//sub t/-jump quadrupoles excited, we found that the nonlinear momentum-compaction factor /spl alpha//sub 1/ increases from 2.2 to about 90 in the presence of the /spl gamma//sub t/-jump. On the other hand, this enhancement can be effectively suppressed by properly exciting the chromaticity sextupoles, reducing /spl alpha//sub 1/ from 90 to 16. The experimental measurement agrees well with computer simulations using MAD and TIBETAN.