cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ortho-quinones generated by aldo-keto reductases induce CYP1A1 via nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Procarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) induce their own metabolism and activation by binding to the cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which then translocates to the nucleus and activates CYP1A1 gene transcription via xenobiotic response elements (XREs). Although the AhR demonstrates a strict specificity for planar aromatics, nonplanar (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene also induced CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 cells over a delayed timecourse (approximately 6-12 h), suggesting a requirement for (+/-)trans-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene metabolism. Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) inhibitors blocked this effect, suggesting that benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione (BPQ), a planar PAH o-quinone generated by AKRs, was the downstream inducer. BPQ was found to be a potent and rapid inducer of CYP1A1, with an EC50 value in HepG2 cells identical to that of the parent benzo(a)pyrene. BPQ was a more potent inducer of CYP1A1 when compared with the 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-benzo(a)pyrene-diones. Multiple PAH o-quinones caused induction of CYP1A1, demonstrating that this was a general property of AKR-generated PAH o-quinones. HepG2-101L cells stably transfected with a XRE-luciferase construct showed that BPQ activated CYP1A1 transcription via a XRE-dependent mechanism. BPQ failed to induce CYP1A1 in AhR-deficient and AhR nuclear translocator-deficient murine hepatoma cell lines and confirmed that induction of CYP1A1 was AhR and AhR nuclear translocator-dependent. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated the specific appearance of BPQ-activated AhR in the nucleus, and immunofluorescence studies confirmed that BPQ mediated nuclear translocation of the AhR. Classical bifunctional inducers elevate CYP1A1 expression via a XRE and are subsequently converted by CYP1A1 to electrophiles that induce phase II enzymes via an electrophilic response element/antioxidant response element PAH o-quinones represent a novel class of bifunctional inducer because they are electrophiles produced by phase II enzymes that simultaneously induce phase I enzymes via a XRE and phase II enzymes via a electrophilic response element/antioxidant response element (see also M. E. Burczynski et al., Cancer Res., 59: 607-614, 1999). This study shows that the AhR provides the only known mechanism by which genotoxic PAH o-quinones generated in the cytosol can be targeted to the nucleus with specificity.
The effect of multipath on the detection of symbol-rate spectral lines by delay and multiply receivers

The effect of a secondary path signal on the detectability of the symbol rate spectral line of a binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK) signal by a delay and multiply receiver is investigated. The measure of detectability used is the rate line signal-to-noise ratio. The parameters that define the secondary path signal are initially modeled as deterministic quantities; the phase of the secondary path signal is then taken to be a random variable independent and uniform on (0, 2 pi ). It is found that, with deterministic path parameters, the presence of a secondary path can seriously affect the detectability of BPSK rate lines. When the phase is taken to be uniform on (0, 2 pi ) over the receiver observation time, then the delay and multiply receiver performs as if no multipath is present. In this case, a noncoherent power addition of the primary and secondary path signals occurs. >
Identification of a binding motif specific to HNF4 by comparative analysis of multiple nuclear receptors

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene expression by binding specific DNA sequences consisting of AG[G/T]TCA or AGAACA half site motifs in a variety of configurations. However, those motifs/configurations alone do not adequately explain the diversity of NR function in vivo. Here, a systematic examination of DNA binding specificity by protein-binding microarrays (PBMs) of three closely related human NRs--HNF4α, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and COUPTF2--reveals an HNF4-specific binding motif (H4-SBM), xxxxCAAAGTCCA, as well as a previously unrecognized polarity in the classical DR1 motif (AGGTCAxAGGTCA) for HNF4α, RXRα and COUPTF2 homodimers. ChIP-seq data indicate that the H4-SBM is uniquely bound by HNF4α but not 10 other NRs in vivo, while NRs PXR, FXRα, Rev-Erbα appear to bind adjacent to H4-SBMs. HNF4-specific DNA recognition and transactivation are mediated by residues Asp69 and Arg76 in the DNA-binding domain; this combination of amino acids is unique to HNF4 among all human NRs. Expression profiling and ChIP data predict ≈ 100 new human HNF4α target genes with an H4-SBM site, including several Co-enzyme A-related genes and genes with links to disease. These results provide important new insights into NR DNA binding.
Selling home: Corporate stadium names and the destruction of commemoration

Abstract A city's primary benefits from professional sports franchises are civic pride and identification with its teams. The stadium or arena, as the physical “memory place”; for teams, has historically been named to commemorate the relationship among the team, the city, and the fans. This paper chronicles the rise in corporate naming and argues that sacrificing the commemorative name of a sports venue for a paid corporate name alters the identity statements of memory places, abbreviates the narrative about a city and its teams, and threatens the idyllic illusions about sports that fans have long chosen to maintain. As corporate naming spreads beyond sports, the substitution of commercialization for commemoration presents a growing threat to public memory places of many kinds.
Characterization of a Chlamydia psittaci DNA Binding Protein (EUO) Synthesized during the Early and Middle Phases of the Developmental Cycle

ABSTRACT The EUO gene (for early upstream open reading frame) ofChlamydia psittaci was previously found to be transcribed better at 1 than at 24 h postinfection. We found that the EUO gene encodes a minor protein that is expressed within 1 h of infection of host cells with C. psittaci 6BC but that protein quantity peaks during the logarithmic growth phase of reticulate bodies (RBs), declines late in the infection (after 20 h) when RBs reorganize into elementary bodies (EBs), and is absent in infectious EBs. EUO protein lacks homology to known proteins but does contain a putative helix-turn-helix motif. We found that recombinant EUO binds to DNA in vitro with a relatively broad specificity. Using the bp −200 to +67 promoter region of the cysteine-rich envelope protein (crp) operon as a model, we show that EUO protein preferentially binds to AT-rich sequences and protects crpDNA from DNase I from approximately bp −60 to −9. We also found that native EUO protein in extracts of RBs binds to the promoter region of the crp operon, demonstrating that the DNA binding property of EUO protein is not an artifact of recombinant methods. Although EUO protein appears to bind to the crp operon with high affinity in vitro (Kd of about 15 nM), it is not known whether the protein binds the crp DNA in vivo.
Quantitative Trait Loci With Age-Specific Effects on Fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster

Life-history theory and evolutionary theories of aging assume the existence of alleles with age-specific effects on fitness. While various studies have documented age-related changes in the genetic contribution to variation in fitness components, we know very little about the underlying genetic architecture of such changes. We used a set of recombinant inbred lines to map and characterize the effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster females at 1 and 4 weeks of age. We identified one QTL on the second chromosome and one or two QTL affecting fecundity on the third chromosome, but these QTL affected fecundity only at 1 week of age. There was more genetic variation for fecundity at 4 weeks of age than at 1 week of age and there was no genetic correlation between early and late-age fecundity. These results suggest that different loci contribute to the variation in fecundity as the organism ages. Our data provide support for the mutation accumulation theory of aging as applied to reproductive senescence. Comparing the results from this study with our previous work on life-span QTL, we also find evidence that antagonistic pleiotropy may contribute to the genetic basis of senescence in these lines as well.
BOOKMATCH: Scaffolding Book Selection for Independent Reading

This yearlong classroom action research project examined the independent reading experiences of 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old learners in a multiage classroom setting. The purpose of this study was to determine what effect modeling of book-selection strategies had on students' choice of texts for independent reading. These selection strategies were introduced as an instructional tool called BOOKMATCH, an acronym in which each letter stands for a criterion for students to think about when choosing books for independent reading. To further scaffold students, each criterion offers additional support questions. Inherent in BOOKMATCH is the understanding that no two readers are the same and that, when matching students to books for independent reading time, different criteria for each reader need to be considered. Data were collected before and after the implementation of BOOKMATCH. Data included whole-group brainstorming, selection-criteria surveys, reading-attitude surveys, reading logs, interviews, and field notes from conferences. Results show that BOOKMATCH presented a snapshot of every student's selection process, produced an independent reading book-selection system without the use of levels, promoted literacy learners' self-awareness, and naturally guided instruction for independent reading.
Experimental rhinovirus challenges in adults with mild asthma: response to infection in relation to IgE.

Background: Although most children and young adults with asthma are atopic, exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with viral respiratory tract infections, especially those caused by rhinovirus (HRV). Objective: Young atopic adults with mild asthma were evaluated before and during an experimental HRV infection to test the hypothesis that airway inflammation before virus inoculation may be a risk factor for an adverse response to HRV. Methods: Experimental HRV infections were evaluated in 16 allergic volunteers with mild asthma and 9 nonatopic control patients (age, 18 to 30 years). Before virus inoculation, each participant was screened with tests for lung function, prick skin tests for sensitization to common aeroallergens, measurements of total serum IgE, and serum neutralizing antibody to rhinovirus-16 (the serotype used for inoculation). The response to infection was monitored for 21 days by using symptom diary cards, tests for lung function, and markers of airway inflammation in nasal washes, blood, and expired air. Results: During the infection, asthmatic patients had cumulative upper and lower respiratory tract symptom scores that were significantly greater over the course of 21 days than scores from the control patients. At baseline, the asthmatic patients also had increased sensitivity to methacholine and significantly lower values for FEV 1 (percent predicted) than the control patients (geometric mean and intraquartile values: 87% [79% to 91%] for the asthmatic patients and 101% [90% to 104%] for the control patients, P 200 ng/mL), and augmented levels of expired nitric oxide at baseline and during peak cold symptoms. In contrast, levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 in nasal wash supernatants from the asthmatic patients with high IgE were diminished, both at baseline and during the infection. Conclusions: The reduced lung function and increased markers of inflammation observed before virus inoculation in the asthmatic patients who had high levels of total serum IgE may be risk factors for an adverse response to infections with HRV.
Does Print Size Matter for Reading? A Review of Findings from Vision Science and Typography

The size and shape of printed symbols determine the legibility of text. In this paper, we focus on print size because of its crucial role in understanding reading performance and its significance in the history and contemporary practice of typography. We present evidence supporting the hypothesis that the distribution of print sizes in historical and contemporary publications falls within the psychophysically defined range of fluent print size--the range over which text can be read at maximum speed. The fluent range extends over a factor of 10 in angular print size (x-height) from approximately 0.2° to 2°. Assuming a standard reading distance of 40 cm (16 inches), the corresponding physical x-heights are 1.4 mm (4 points) and 14 mm (40 points). We provide new data on the distributions of print sizes in published books and newspapers and in typefounders' specimens, and consider factors influencing these distributions. We discuss theoretical concepts from vision science concerning visual size coding that help inform our understanding of historical and modern typographical practices. While economic, social, technological, and artistic factors influence type design and selection, we conclude that properties of human visual processing play a dominant role in constraining the distribution of print sizes in common use.
The ecology and evolution of patience in two New World monkeys

Decision making often involves choosing between small, short-term rewards and large, long-term rewards. All animals, humans included, discount future rewards—the present value of delayed rewards is viewed as less than the value of immediate rewards. Despite its ubiquity, there exists considerable but unexplained variation between species in their capacity to wait for rewards—that is, to exert patience or self-control. Using two closely related primates—common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)—we uncover a variable that may explain differences in how species discount future rewards. Both species faced a self-control paradigm in which individuals chose between taking an immediate small reward and waiting a variable amount of time for a large reward. Under these conditions, marmosets waited significantly longer for food than tamarins. This difference cannot be explained by life history, social behaviour or brain size. It can, however, be explained by feeding ecology: marmosets rely on gum, a food product acquired by waiting for exudate to flow from trees, whereas tamarins feed on insects, a food product requiring impulsive action. Foraging ecology, therefore, may provide a selective pressure for the evolution of self-control.
Interactive Discourse: Influence of Problem Context Panel Chair's Introduction

The purpose of the special parasession on "Interactive Man/Machine Discourse" is to discuss some critical issues in the design of (computer-based) interactive natural language processing systems. This panel will be addressing the question of how the purpose of the interaction, or "problem context" affects what is said and how it is interpreted. Each of the panel members brings a different orientation toward the study of language to this question. My hope is that looking at the question from these different perspectives will expose issues critical to the study of language in general, and to the construction of computer systems that can co~nunicate with people in particular. Of course, the issue of the influence of "problem context" is separable from the issue of how one might get a computer system to take into account the effects of this context (and, yes, even whether that is possible). My hope is that those on the panel who are concerned with the construction of computer-based natural language processing systems will address some of the issues of "how" and that all of the panelists will consider the prior questions of what effects there are and what general principles underlie how the "problem context" influences a dialogue. ples. There is no taxonomy of function (as I've used the word). How might such a taxonomy be constructed and used?
NF-κB/p50 and NF-κB/c-Rel differentially regulate the activity of the 3′αE-hsl,2 enhancer in normal murine B cells in an activation-dependent manner

The enhancer complex located 3 to the CHα gene in the IgH locus (3αE) may regulate B cell function through its ability to act as a locus control region. Multiple, functionally relevant NF-κB binding sites are located within the 3αE. NF-κB subunits, especially p50 and c-Rel, have also been shown to play critical and differential roles in regulating B cell proliferation, Ig secretion, germline CH transcription and Ig class switching. Thus, NF-κB could regulate B cell function in part through modulation of 3αE activity. In this study we determined whether p50 and/or c-Rel regulate 3αE activity in normal murine B cells and whether this depends on the nature of the B cell activator. For this purpose, we crossed p50- and c-Rel-deficient mice with mice that are transgenic for a 3αE-hsl,2-human β-globin reporter gene, and established p50 ‐/‐ or c-Rel ‐/‐ mice homozygous for the enhancer transgene. We show, using optimal stimulating conditions, that p50 selectively augments 3α E-hsl,2 activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells, whereas c-Rel is required for optimal 3αE-hs1,2 induction in B cells activated through CD40.
A Tool for the Accumulation and Evaluation of Multimodal Research

A surge of interest exists in multimodal research and interfaces. This is due, at least in part, to an exponential increase in the amount and type of information that can be presented to a user. When a great deal of information is presented via a single sensory modality, it can exceed the operator's capacity to manage the information efficiently, generating cognitive overload. As a consequence, the user's performance becomes susceptible to slower response times, loss of situational awareness, faulty decision making, and execution errors. Researchers and designers have responded to these issues with the development and application of multimodal information displays. The cross-disciplinary flavor of multimodal applications presents a challenge to the accumulation, evaluation, and dissemination of relevant research. We describe the development of a taxonomy for the evaluation and comparison of multimodal display research studies, and the implementation of the taxonomy into a database: the Multimodal Query System (MQueS).
Synthesis and properties of thienopyrrole based heteroacenes – indolodibenzothienopyrrole and dicarbazolodithienopyrrole

We report the syntheses and properties of thienopyrrole based unsymmetrical and extended heteroacenes, which are isoelectronic with heptacene (30π) and nonacene (38π), respectively. Optical and electrochemical properties of these seven and nine rings fused systems are studied. The optoelectronic properties of the syn and anti-isomers of the unsymmetrical heteroacenes are also compared. The influence of the position of the heteroatoms in the fused corona, upon the optical and electrochemical properties, is rationalized based on the contributions from the benzenoid vs. quinonoid-type structures of these molecules.
Synthesis and polymerization of p‐(p′‐vinylbenzoyl)‐peroxybenzoic acid tert‐butylester: A monomer containing a photodissociable radical source

In a previous report we have shown that efficiently photodecomposable, but thermally stable, peresters can be made from a compound that contains both a triplet photosensitizer functionality and a perester group. This fundamental approach has been extended to make a novel vinyl monomer containing a triplet sensitizer and a perester group. Thus, the monomer p-vinylbenzoyl-p-tert-butyl perbenzoate (VBPE) has been synthesized and polymerized by normal procedures without loss of perester activity. The resulting polymer perester can be used as an efficient photolabile radical source by irradiating at the λmax of the benzophenone carbonyl moiety. The homopolymer (PVBPE) and copolymers with other monomers, such as styrene, could be photocrosslinked with high efficiency. Copolymers of VBPE and styrene containing low percentages of VBPE have been used to initiate graft chains of poly(methyl methacrylate) by irradiating a solution of the copolymer in methyl methacrylate at 366 nm.
Testosterone increases the muscle protein synthesis rate but does not affect very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism in obese premenopausal women

Men and women with hyperandrogenemia have a more proatherogenic plasma lipid profile [e.g., greater triglyceride (TG) and total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lower high-density lipopr...
Dependence of vessel area accuracy and precision as a function of MR imaging parameters and boundary detection algorithm.

Purpose To determine the appropriate image acquisition parameters for an accurate measurement of vessel cross-sectional area from MR angiography (MRA) images. Materials and Methods A series of images with different vessel cross-sectional areas, resolutions, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were simulated and validated experimentally. Dynamic programming (DP) was employed to determine the accuracy and precision of the vessel cross-sectional area as a function of vessel size, sampling matrix, acquisition time, and postprocessing parameters such as zooming and bias correction. Results We show that there is an optimal value of λ (the ratio of vessel diameter to resolution) for a given intrinsic SNR that yields the most accurate and precise area measurement. Specifically, when the SNR is ≥10:1, this value of λ is 8 and yields a cross-sectional area error of <5% with a zoom factor of ≥2. Conclusion The predicted ideal result of λ = 8 is within reach with current technology to image vessels such as the carotid artery or aorta. It is possible to determine the ideal resolution that minimizes errors in the measurement of the vessel cross-sectional area for a given SNR, processing algorithm, and vessel of interest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1226–1234. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unveiling the transport

Traditional application programming interfaces for transport protocols make a virtue of hiding most internal per-connection state. We argue that this information-hiding precludes many potentially useful application features and performance optimizations. We advocate a disciplined, portable, and secure interface that gives applications both "get" and "set" access to transport connection state.
Revenue-sharing in decentralised assembly systems

In this paper, we study a decentralised supply chain with assembled products or jointly sold products. With the revenue-sharing contract, the assembler orders the parts from the independent suppliers based on the announced revenue-sharing rates and then assembles the final product. The involved parties pursue their own profits. Two-stage Stackelberg game is used to help formulate the model. We show the allocation rule of the revenue-sharing rates among the assembler and suppliers, the profits of the assembler and suppliers in both of fixed and variable transfer cost rates, respectively, and the conditions for the supply chain to be coordinated if the transfer cost rate is variable.
Chronic kidney disease: Reductions in FGF-23 levels associated with improved outcomes.

Elevated levels of fibrobast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) are associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with kidney disease. A secondary analysis of the EVOLVE trial reports that cinacalcet-induced reductions in FGF-23 were associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on dialysis.
Myristate exchange in glycolipid A and VSG of African trypanosomes.

The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of T. brucei is anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor which is unique in that its fatty acids are exclusively myristate (a fourteen carbon saturated fatty acid). We showed that the myristate is added to the GPI precursor in a remodeling reaction involving deacylation and reacylation. We now demonstrate that trypanosomes have a second pathway of myristoylation for GPI anchors that we call «myristate exchange»which is distinct from the fatty acid remodeling pathway. We propose that this is an exchange of [ 3 H]myristate into both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of glycolipid A, which already contains myristate,and have demonstrated this using inhibitors and a variety of other methods
The Ubiquity of Intuitive Change Judgments

The humorist and social commentator James Thurber once wrote that we have changed so much that new fairy tales are needed to reflect the modern age. In his pointed revision of “Little Red Riding Hood,” the little protagonist no longer cowers in the corner and depends on her wits when confronted by the wolf; instead, Little Red Riding Hood now there is a new moral to the story: it’s not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be.
Structure of Human Carboxypeptidase N (Kininase I)

Carboxypeptidase N (CPN) is an enzyme of many actions and, unfortunately, many names. Although it was discovered in human plasma in 1961 as an inactivator of kinins, (hence the name kninase I), it was stated later that “The current surge of interest in kinin metabolism almost two decades after the discovery of kininase I.… does pose the potential for renaming the enzyme with the disovery of each additional substrate” (1). The additional names of CPN range from Protaminase to anaphylatoxin inactivator to creatinine kinase convertase. Research on CPN started with a simple experiment; that is the inactivation of bradykinin by human plasma, determined in bioassay. However, this kininase turned out to be a very complex plasma protein. CPN liberates the C-terminal basic amino acid, arginine or lysine, of proteins and peptides such as kinins, anaphyla-toxins, enkephalin hexapeptides (2,3), fibrinopeptides (1) and protamine (A). It is very likely synthesized in the liver, as conditions which decrease or increase the synthesis of plasma proteins in the liver also affect the levels of CPN in plasma (1). In addition, hog liver homogenates contain an unstable Mr = 45,000 carboxypeptidase (corresponding to the lower mol. wt. subunit of CPN) and the microsomal-ribosomal fraction contains an unstable carboxypeptidase of Mr = 280,000 (1). Plasma membranes of many cell types in diverse tissues such as placenta, blood vessels, lung or kidney or in endothelial cells and fibroblasts in culture contain another carboxypeptidase, named carboxypeptidase M, which also cleaves basic C-terminal amino acids (2,3,5,6). This is a membrane-bound enzyme while CPN is in plasma. Most of the other properties of carboxypeptidase N and M also differ such as mol. wt., kinetics of substrate hydrolysis, and solubility. They do not cross-react with antisera raised to the other enzyme. (R.A. Skidgel, R.M. Davis, and F. Tan, submitted).
OSAS in craniofacial syndromes: an unsolved problem

Although the incidence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) in craniofacial syndromes is high, it is often not recognized and thus not treated. In order to study the diagnostics and treatment options for these patients, we studied a group of 72 patients treated in our hospital for Apert, Crouzon, or Pfeiffer syndrome, and compared our findings with the literature. There appears to be agreement on polysomnography (PSG) and airway endoscopy as the main diagnostic options, but therapies are very diverse. Early diagnostics and prompt therapy will prevent serious complications.
Exploration of an Electroactive Polymer as an Actuator for Microrobotics

The development of lightweight low power consumption actuators is critical to the development of micro-robotics. Electroactive Polymers (EAP), i.e. Nafion N-117, meet these requirements. In the actuation of an EAP, the current does not remain constant over time. The development of a circuit model of current draw over time to best predict a current dynamic has been explored. While the material mimics a parallel plate capacitor, it has been found that capacitance plays no role in achieving steady state current levels. This development is critical to understanding and developing the material as an actuator.
Is the science of positive intentional change a science of objective moral values

I examine whether Wilson et al.'s argument for a science of positive intentional change constitutes an argument for a science of objective moral values. Drawing from their discussion, I present four reasons for thinking that it may be and some considerations on why it may not be. Concluding, I seek help from the authors.
Analysis on blood lipid level in three residential districts of Shanghai in year 2002

[Objective]By understanding the prevalence of abnormal blood lipids level,borderline high cholesterol level,hypercholesterolemia,hypertriglyceridemia,low density lipoproteinemia and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia among the residents,to offer a scientific evidence for further research and formulation of tactics for prevention and cure of abnormal blood lipids level.[Methods]A stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling survey was performed to know the present situation of blood lipids level among the residents and the standard of the Ministry of Public Health on abnormal lipid profile was used to estimate the lipid profiles in Shanghai.[Results](1) The prevalence of abnormal blood lipids level among the residents in Shanghai was 11.96%.It was 12.85% among man,11.12% among women,11.79% in the urban area,and 12.29% in the suburb.The abnormal rate increaseds with age.The highest groups was in 40 years and over age groups in the urban area males and suburb men and women.But the urban women of 60-years and over age group had the highest prevalence;(2) The prevalence rate of borderline high cholesterolemia was 2.88%,it was higher among woman than among man,higher in the urban than in the suburb area..Difference was not significant between the 30 years old age groups and the 60 years old groups in the city;(3) The prevalence of various types of abnormalities were: hypercholesterolemia was 2.47%(higher among women than among men,higher in the urban area than in the suburb,aged 60 years and over groups had the largest percentage),hypertriglyceridemia was 5.74%(it was higher in the urban area than in the suburb,the 40,60 years old age groups had the largest percentage),low densiby lipoproteinemia was 5.35%(it was higher in the suburb than in the urban),mixed hyperlipoproteinemia was 1.32%(60 years old age groups had the largest percentage).[Conclusion]The prevalence of abnormal blood lipids level among the residents in Shanghai was 11.96%.Difference was not significant between male and female or urban area and suburb.The prevalence rate increases significantly by age.The 40 years and over age groups had the highest prevalence;(2) Prevalence rate of borderline hypercholesterolemia among young and middle-aged man in the city showed ascending trend.
On the Design of English Class in CLC 4th Edition

The thesis discusses and analyses English Class in CLC 4th Edition,and puts forward the improving suggestions about them.
Asthma: analysis of intubated patients over a one-year period.

Mortality rates for asthma have increased significantly since 1980. During a 12-month period (1990) at the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, six asthma patients required intubation. Contributing factors to intubation were steroid dependence, atopy, beta-agonist overuse, infection, non-compliance, adverse drug reaction, and undertreatment with steroids.
Institutions and National Development: A Comparative Study

Revisamos la literatura teorica y empirica que condujo al “viraje institucional” en la economia del desarrollo. Los sociologos dieron la bienvenida a este viraje como una reivindicacion de sus propias ideas, pero obviaron dos problemas fundamentales en la literatura economica. Primero, fallos al definir las instituciones en forma rigurosa y distinguirlas de las organizaciones reales que subyacen a las instituciones; segundo, la tendencia a utilizar la nacion como unidad de analisis olvidando sus diferencias internas. Respondemos a estas limitaciones a traves de un estudio comparativo de veintinueve instituciones en America Latina y Europa del Sur. Utilizando el metodo de Analisis Cualitativo Comparado (QCA), examinamos la combinacion de causas que producen organizaciones institucionalmente adecuadas y capaces de contribuir al desarrollo. Discutimos las diferencias halladas tanto entre paises como entre organizaciones. Finalmente examinamos las implicaciones del complejo conjunto de factores que conducen a instituciones desarrollistas en este grupo de paises.
Regiospecific synthesis of aromatic compounds via organometallic intermediates: II. 1,3,5-(Trimethylmetal(IV))benzene compounds

Abstract Sequential metal-halogen exchange reactions between n-C4H9Li and 1,3,5-tribromobenzene and reaction at each step with (CH3)3MIVCl (MIV  Si, Ge, Sn) has provided a 1,3,5-(trimethylmetal(IV))benzene compound. This class of compounds can be synthesized either through a step-wise procedure, where the various intermediates are isolated, or in a continuous metal-halogen exchange process without isolation of various intermediates.
Magnetic flux and strain effects on electron transport in a linear array of nanoscopic rings

Electron transport through a linear array of nanoscopic rings with six quantum dot sites per ring is investigated in the presence of an external magnetic flux producing an Aharonov-Bohm phase shift effect. A tight-binding model is employed to analytically calculate the transmission as a function of electron energy, external flux, and inter-site coupling parameters. Current vs. voltage relationships of the ring system are computed using a standard scattering theory of transport and shown to modulate between semiconductor and ohmic characteristics. System parameters are adjusted in order to study the effects of a longitudinal strain on the transmission properties of the linear multiple-ring array. Longitudinal strain is modeled with a Slater-Koster type theory and is demonstrated to affect the transmission properties primarily by narrowing the transmission bands and opening up additional bandgaps in the band structure. In addition, a universal resonant transmission condition as a function of flux is extended to show that the application of strain causes the resonant transmission peaks to converge towards one-half of a flux quantum.
Spin-Projected Matrix Product States: Versatile Tool for Strongly Correlated Systems

We present a new wave function ansatz that combines the strengths of spin projection with the language of matrix product states (MPS) and matrix product operators (MPO) as used in the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG). Specifically, spin-projected matrix product states (SP-MPS) are constructed as |ΨSP‐MPS(N,S,M)⟩=PS|ΨMPS(N,M)⟩, where PS is the spin projector for total spin S and |ΨMPS(N,M)⟩ is an MPS wave function with a given particle number N and spin projection M. This new ansatz possesses several attractive features: (1) It provides a much simpler route to achieve spin adaptation (i.e., to create eigenfunctions of Ŝ2) compared to explicitly incorporating the non-Abelian SU(2) symmetry into the MPS. In particular, since the underlying state |ΨMPS(N,M)⟩ in the SP-MPS uses only Abelian symmetries, one does not need the singlet embedding scheme for nonsinglet states, as normally employed in spin-adapted DMRG, to achieve a single consistent variationally optimized state. (2) Due to the use of |ΨM...
B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma arising in treated plasma cell myeloma: A rare second malignancy

Abstract Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is a neoplasm of plasma cells, end-stage post germinal center B cells, which shows a variable clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to aggressive; the nature of the disease is generally progressive. Rarely, leukemia arises treated plasma cell myeloma. Acute myeloid leukemia/Myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS) is most common, but rare cases of B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) have been described. The diagnosis of transformation or secondary B-ALL is supported by ancillary studies such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies. Once the diagnosis of a B-ALL is made, consideration should is given as to whether the malignancy is a clonally related transformation of the original PCM or treatment related second leukemia. We present a case of B-ALL after PCM which does not appear to show a clonal relationship with the original PCM suggesting a treatment related B-ALL.
Chemical Analysis of Fermentable Sugars and Secondary Products in 23 Sweet Sorghum Cultivars

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a heat- and drought-tolerant crop that has promise to supplement corn (Zea mays L.) for biofuel production from fermentable sugars (for sweet cultivars) and lignocellulosic biomass. Quantitative relationships are lacking to predict the accumulation of primary (stem sugars) and secondary (organic acids, phenolics, and inorganic species) products that could either expand (as the value-added product) or limit (as the fermentation inhibitor) the market value of a cultivar. Five male (Atlas, Chinese, Dale, Isidomba, N98) and three female (N109B, N110B, and N111B) inbred lines and their hybrids (23 cultivars total) were planted on a Tifton loamy sand in April, May, and June of 2015 in a triplicate split-plot design and were harvested at the hard-dough maturity stage. Stalk juices were analyzed for sugar (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and organic acid (citrate, oxalate, and cis- and trans-aconitic acid) concentrations, Brix, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total organic...
Viscoelastic properties of α-keratin fibers in hair.

Abstract Considerable viscoelasticity and strain-rate sensitivity are a characteristic of α-keratin fibers, which can be considered a biopolymer. The understanding of viscoelasticity is an important part of the knowledge of the overall mechanical properties of these biological materials. Here, horse and human hairs are examined to analyze the sources of this response. The dynamic mechanical response of α-keratin fibers over a range of frequencies and temperatures is analyzed using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The α-keratin fibers behave more elastically at higher frequencies while they become more viscous at higher temperatures. A glass transition temperature of ∼55 °C is identified. The stress relaxation behavior of α-keratin fibers at two strains, 0.02 and 0.25, is established and fit to a constitutive equation based on the Maxwell-Wiechert model. The constitutive equation is further compared to the experimental results within the elastic region and a good agreement is obtained. The two relaxation constants, 14 s and 359 s for horse hair and 11 s and 207 s for human hair, are related to two hierarchical levels of relaxation: the amorphous matrix-intermediate filament interfaces, for the short term, and the cellular components for the long term. Results of the creep test also provide important knowledge on the uncoiling and phase transformation of the α-helical structure as hair is uniaxially stretched. SEM results show that horse hair has a rougher surface morphology and damaged cuticles. It also exhibits a lower strain-rate sensitivity of 0.05 compared to that of 0.11 for human hair. After the horse and human hairs are chemically treated and the disulfide bonds are cleaved, they exhibit a similar strain-rate sensitivity of ∼0.05. FTIR results confirms that the human hair is more sensitive to the –S–S– cleavage, resulting in an increase of cysteic acid content. Therefore, the disulfide bonds in the matrix are experimentally identified as one source of the strain-rate sensitivity and viscoelasticity in α-keratin fibers. Statement of significance Hair has outstanding mechanical strength which is equivalent to metals on a density-normalized basis. It possesses, in addition to the strength, a large ductility that is enabled by either the unfolding of the alpha helices and/or the transformation of these helices to beta sheets. We identify the deformation and failure mechanisms and connect them to the hierarchical structure, with emphasis on the significant viscoelasticity of these unique biological materials.
Wealthy Hubs and Poor Chains: Constellations in the U.S. Urban Migration System

Flows of people connect cities into complex systems. Urban systems research focuses primarily on creating economic models that explain movement between cities (whether people, telecommunications, goods or money), and more recently, finding strongly and weakly-connected regions. However, geometrically graphing the dependency between cities within a large network may reveal the roles of small and peripheral city agents in the system to show which cities switch regions from year to year, which medium-sized cities serve as collectors for large cities, and how the network is configured when connected by wealthy or deprived agents.
Client dependence: A boon or bane for vendor innovation? A competitive mediation framework in IT outsourcing

Abstract Information technology (IT) outsourcing has grown in volume and in importance since the 1990s. Clients and vendors are becoming more interdependent in a complex collaborative setting. Client dependence, however, happens to be a double-edged sword with respect to vendor performance. In this study, we build a competitive mediation model, which explores both the bright and the dark sides of client dependence for vendor innovation based on relationship marketing and resource dependence as our theoretical lenses. We further analyze the role of vendor size as a moderator. On the one hand, our results demonstrate that client dependence has a positive effect, mediated by relationship satisfaction, on vendor innovation. On the other hand, client dependence also has a direct negative effect on vendor innovation. Vendor size seems to play an interesting moderating role where it attenuates the direct negative effect of client dependence; but it does not affect the positive mediating effect of relationship satisfaction. This research highlights dual theoretical routes that expose opposing effects of client dependence on vendor innovation. The findings also provide practitioners with implications regarding how to maximize benefits and yet minimize the obstacles from dependency in a dyadic outsourcing relationship.
Towards an Integrated QR Code Biosensor: Light-Driven Sample Acquisition and Bacterial Cellulose Paper Substrate

This paper addresses two key challenges toward an integrated forward error-correcting biosensor based on our previously reported self-assembled quick-response (QR) code. The first challenge involves the choice of the paper substrate for printing and self-assembling the QR code. We have compared four different substrates that includes regular printing paper, Whatman filter paper, nitrocellulose membrane and lab synthesized bacterial cellulose. We report that out of the four substrates bacterial cellulose outperforms the others in terms of probe (gold nanorods) and ink retention capability. The second challenge involves remote activation of the analyte sampling and the QR code self-assembly process. In this paper, we use light as a trigger signal and a graphite layer as a light-absorbing material. The resulting change in temperature due to infrared absorption leads to a temperature gradient that then exerts a diffusive force driving the analyte toward the regions of self-assembly. The working principle has been verified in this paper using assembled biosensor prototypes where we demonstrate higher sample flow rate due to light induced thermal gradients.
The Constitution and the Trump Travel Ban

Since President Trump took office, his administration has issued a number of variations of what has become known as the “travel ban,” an order that temporarily banned the entry of aliens from a number of predominantly Muslim countries. Focusing on anti-Muslim statements that Trump made during the presidential campaign, opponents of the ban and a number of lower federal courts have argued that the imposition of the travel ban violates the First Amendment. This article, which will appear in a forthcoming symposium on immigration law that will be published in the Lewis and Clark Law Review, contends that these arguments are without merit.
Mechanically tunable conductive interpenetrating network hydrogels that mimic the elastic moduli of biological tissue.

Conductive and stretchable materials that match the elastic moduli of biological tissue (0.5–500 kPa) are desired for enhanced interfacial and mechanical stability. Compared with inorganic and dry polymeric conductors, hydrogels made with conducting polymers are promising soft electrode materials due to their high water content. Nevertheless, most conducting polymer-based hydrogels sacrifice electronic performance to obtain useful mechanical properties. Here we report a method that overcomes this limitation using two interpenetrating hydrogel networks, one of which is formed by the gelation of the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. Due to the connectivity of the PEDOT:PSS network, conductivities up to 23 S m−1 are achieved, a record for stretchable PEDOT:PSS-based hydrogels. Meanwhile, the low concentration of PEDOT:PSS enables orthogonal control over the composite mechanical properties using a secondary polymer network. We demonstrate tunability of the elastic modulus over three biologically relevant orders of magnitude without compromising stretchability ( > 100%) or conductivity ( > 10 S m−1).
Some Methods for the Analysis of Event Sequence Data from Multiple Respondents

The analysis of sequence data poses a great challenge; existing methods for the comparison of sequences take what theoretical grounding they have from other fields (most importantly, genetics). We ...
Live versus artificial bait influences on walleye (Sander vitreus) angler effort and catch rates on Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1993 - 2015

Abstract Walleye (Sander vitreus) support harvest-oriented fisheries that are generally assumed to be self-regulating, but many walleye populations have declined over time. Regulations (i.e., length or bag limits, closed seasons) commonly used to manage walleye primarily restrict angler effort and exploitation as opposed to influencing catch rates. We evaluated walleye angler compulsory creel survey data from Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin during 1993–2015 to test whether bait type (i.e., live versus artificial) influenced walleye angler effort, probability of a catching a walleye, total catch, catch rates (hereafter, catch per unit effort (CPUE)), and catchability. The number of walleye anglers that used live bait was significantly higher (26,250) than those that used artificial bait (2414). Angler effort differed significantly by bait type (mean live 3.4 ± 0.04 SE and mean artificial 2.9 ± 0.1 SE hrs/trip). The use of live bait, the use of a guide, angler effort, walleye density, and month significantly influenced the probability of a catching a walleye and the abundance of catch. CPUE was highest in April-May and declined into the summer. CPUE and catchability (q) were significantly higher for live bait anglers (CPUE mean 0.44 ± 0.04 SE fish/hr; q mean 0.02 ± 0.002 SE) compared to artificial bait walleye anglers (CPUE mean 0.19 ± 0.03 SE fish/hr; q mean 0.008 ± 0.002 SE). Our results suggest that angler catchability of walleye in Escanaba Lake was dependent on bait type. A live bait restriction may be a viable tool for reducing exploitation in open-access walleye fisheries during population rehabilitation efforts while maintaining angling opportunities.