cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the gut lymphatic system in multiple organ failure.

The central concept of this review is that gut-derived factors contained primarily in the mesenteric lymph rather than the portal blood contribute to distant organ injury. This hypothesis is supported by recent studies indicating that division of the mesenteric lymphatic ducts prevents lung injury after hemorrhagic shock and significantly ameliorates lung injury after thermal injury. The mechanism of hemorrhagic shock-induced lung injury appears to be through mesenteric lymph-induced activation of neutrophils and activation/injury of endothelial cells. This notion is supported by in vitro studies indicating that mesenteric lymph, but not portal vein plasma, collected after a nonlethal episode of hemorrhagic shock activates neutrophils, increases endothelial cell monolayer permeability, and can even cause endothelial cell death. This concept that gut-derived factors contained primarily in the mesenteric lymph rather than the portal system potentiate the development of distant organ (lung) injury, if correct, would help clarify several important issues. First, because the lung is the first organ exposed to mesenteric lymph (i.e., mesenteric lymph enters the subclavian via the thoracic duct), it would help explain the clinical observation of why the lung is generally the first organ to fail in severely injured patients. Second, this gut lymphatic hypothesis would provide new information on the pathophysiology of gut-induced lung injury. Finally, it would help explain the discordant results between experimental and some clinical studies on the role of gut injury and loss of gut barrier function in the development of a systemic inflammatory state and distant organ injury.
Functional and morphologic evidence of the presence of tissue-plasminogen activator in vascular nerves: implications for a neurologic control of vessel wall fibrinolysis and rigidity.

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is expressed by hypothalamic and peripheral sympathetic neurons. The sympathetic axons that permeate artery walls have not been investigated as possible sources of intramural t-PA. The plasmin produced by such a system would locally activate both fibrinolysis and matrix metalloproteinases that regulate arterial collagen turnover. To assess this neural t-PA production, we investigated the capacity of rat cervical sympathetic ganglion neurons to synthesize and release t-PA, and the expression of the enzyme in carotid artery and the iris-choroid microvascular tissues that receive the ganglion axon distribution. Functional studies confirmed that (i) the ganglion neuron cell bodies synthesize t-PA mRNA, (ii) cultured ganglion carotid artery and iris-choroid microvascular explants predominantly release t-PA rather than urokinase, (iii) microvascular tissues release ∼20 times more t-PA per milligram than carotid explants (which accords with the higher innervation density of small vessels), and (iv) removal of the endothelium did not cause major reductions in the t-PA release from carotid and microvascular explants. Immunolocalization studies then confirmed a strong expression of the enzyme within the ganglion axons, the carotid adventitia that receives these axons, and the predominantly sympathetic axon terminals in the iris-choroid microvasculature. These data indicate the existence of a previously undescribed system for the delivery of neural t-PA to vessel walls. The intramural production of plasmin induced by this system represents a novel principle for the regulation of arterial matrix flexibility, especially in the media of densely innervated small arteries and resistance arterioles involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, hypertension, and vascular aging. Thus, the data suggest an important new interface between neuroscience and vascular biology that merits further exploration. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:443–453, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rayleigh wave interaction with inhomogeneities—Part II: The buried cavity and inclusion

The elastodynamic interaction between an explosively generated Rayleigh pulse and a buried imperfection such as a cavity or an inclusion in a half plane is investigated. Dynamic photoelasticity was employed to obtain full field information for data analysis. Measurements of the stress distribution along the free boundary of the half plane and the cavity and along the cavity/inclusion interface have been made. Results show that fractures occur for shallow as well as for deeper burial depths initiating from the cavity boundary.
A new model for open sharing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's opencourseware initiative makes a difference.

Imagine a fledgling biology instructor at a university in the developing world. Heading into her first semester of teaching, she is armed with nothing but her college degree, some old notebooks, and—if she is lucky—a late-edition textbook. Forging a curriculum that is both current and engaging for her students could be a daunting challenge.
Forming impressions of personality: The effect of the initial impression

Personality differences in impression formation were investigated as a function of initial impression, or response dispositions. Ss emitting positive or negative traits in describing a generalized “other” (PI and NI Ss, respectively) rated likeability of persons described by sets of favorable (H) or unfavorable (L) traits of varying set size. As predicted by a model of information integration in which an impression is a weighted average of trait components and an initial impression, PI rated both H and L trait sets more positively than did NI. The prediction that personality differences would diminish with increased set size was not supported. It was suggested that redundancy is an important factor in determining the effect of increased information on personality differences in impression formation.
Pulmonary reactions to monosodium glutamate

Since the first report of bronchoconstriction provoked by ingestion of a meal containing monosodium glutamatc (MSG) in 1981, many studies have been performed to define the role of MSG in asthma. These studies have employed a variety of methodologies, and their results have led to different conclusions. In an effort to resolve these differences I used the Paperchase computerized database system to identify all references in the medical literature (English language) to MSG and asthma between 1966 and November 1991. These citations were reviewed with particular attention to 1) prevalence of MSG-associated asthma, 2) selection of subjects, 3) protocol design. 4) dosing of MSG, and 5) time course of the reaction. A total of 29 cases of alleged MSG provoked asthma appear in the medieal literature. In subjects not selected for a history of food reactions, the incidence of MSG-induced bronchospasm is less than 5%. There is only one report of MSG-induced bronchospasm in a double-blind controlled challenge. The remainder of the cases are anecdotal reports or single-blind challenges performed primarily in patients selected for a prior history of reactions to MSG or other food substances. There is no clear evidence to support the concept of a threshold dose for this reaction. The latency between ingestion of MSG and development of bronchospasm is reported to be between 30 min and 12 h. In vitro data suggest there is no direct effect of MSG on bronchial smooth muscle. While MSG may precipitate bronchospasm in a small group of selected patients, this association remains to be validated in double-blind placebo controlled studies.
Factors affecting the induction of DT-diaphorase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Abstract The compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), a toxic contaminant in some preparations of chlorinated phenols, is a potent inducer of a number of enzymes including rat liver DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2). The present study has shown that the induction of DT-diaphorase by TCDD is prevented by prior administration of actinomycin-D. In addition, it has been shown that administration of TCDD brings about an increase in NADPH-diaphorase activity in a number of extrahepatic tissues of the rat. In contrast to the rat, the adult male guinea pig, the species most sensitive to the toxic effects of TCDD, exhibits little or no increase in DT-diaphorase activity in various tissues in response to TCDD administration. The compound 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (OCDD) is much less toxic than TCDD. OCDD was also shown to be much less potent as an inducer of rat liver DT-diaphorase than TCDD.
Suppression of Ca2+ syntillas increases spontaneous exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells

A central concept in the physiology of neurosecretion is that a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels due to Ca2+ influx elicits exocytosis. Here, we examine the effect on spontaneous exocytosis of a rise in focal cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of ryanodine receptors (RYRs) due to release from internal stores in the form of Ca2+ syntillas. Ca2+ syntillas are focal cytosolic transients mediated by RYRs, which we first found in hypothalamic magnocellular neuronal terminals. (scintilla, Latin for spark; found in nerve terminals, normally synaptic structures.) We have also observed Ca2+ syntillas in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. Here, we examine the effect of Ca2+ syntillas on exocytosis in chromaffin cells. In such a study on elicited exocytosis, there are two sources of Ca2+: one due to influx from the cell exterior through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and that due to release from intracellular stores. To eliminate complications arising from Ca2+ influx, we have examined spontaneous exocytosis where influx is not activated. We report here that decreasing syntillas leads to an increase in spontaneous exocytosis measured amperometrically. Two independent lines of experimentation each lead to this conclusion. In one case, release from stores was blocked by ryanodine; in another, stores were partially emptied using thapsigargin plus caffeine, after which syntillas were decreased. We conclude that Ca2+ syntillas act to inhibit spontaneous exocytosis, and we propose a simple model to account quantitatively for this action of syntillas.
Dislocation structure of Ni-20Cr-2ThO2 after high temperature deformation

Abstract The development of the dislocation structure during high temperature deformation of coarse grained polycrystalline Ni-20Cr-2ThO2 has been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The samples were deformed in compression at temperatures of 700, 900 and 1100°C. The stress and strain dependencies of the subgrain size, L, and of the density of free dislocations, ρ, which are not associated with subgrain boundaries, were measured. While ρ reaches an almost constant value after ϵ = 0.15 (T = 900°C, σ = 145 MPa), the development of a steady state subgrain size in the entire volume of the samples requires larger plastic strains. The stress dependencies of ρ and L which have developed after strains of 0.15–0.30 are similar to those for single phase metals and can be described by L ~ σ−1ρ ~ σ1.6. The observation that the stress dependence of the deformation rate for dispersion strengthened metals is large and increases with decreasing stress is often attributed to the existence of a threshold stress which has to be overcome before plastic deformation can occur. Studies of the ThO2 particle distribution showed that the threshold stress probably does not coincide with the Orowan stress in the present case. The observation that the dislocations, subgrain boundaries and twin boundaries, present in the as received material are very stable during annealing, suggests that these structural features might to the threshold stress.
Detection of casein messenger RNA in hormone-dependent mammary cancer by molecular hybridisation

Detection of casein messenger RNA in hormone-dependent mammary cancer by molecular hybridisation
Relationship Between Blood Alcohol Concentration and Observable Symptoms of Intoxication in Patients Presenting to an Emergency Department

Aims: Clinical and medico-legal decisions often require knowledge of alcohol impairment that is not necessarily revealed by an individual's appearance, and in turn, may not necessarily reflect level of blood alcohol. This study compares clinical signs and symptoms with measured and estimated blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Method: Individuals (n = 384) perceived to be under the influence of alcohol at presentation to an emergency department were assessed by physicians and nurses for clinical features of alcohol intoxication (alcohol symptom checklist, ASC), who were asked to estimate the patient's BAC. Relation to measured BACs was assessed by correlation. RESULTS: BACs ranged from 0 to 418 mg/100 ml. The correlation between the estimated BAC and measured BAC was r = 0.513. Measured BAC correlated with ASC r = 0.250. In subjects without a history of chronic drinking (n = 134) there was a better (P Language: en
an inventory of specifications for wind measuring instruments

Wind measurements have been made for many years for numerous applications, with instruments that represent the simple and the complex, but only in this century has any real progress been made in understanding the dynamic characteristics of vanes for direction and cups for speed. In recent years the continuing interest in turbulence, diffusion, and air pollution has resulted in more instruments and better performance specifications with documented test data. The variety of devices available makes it essential that an investigator match the instrument characteristics to the application, and, as can be seen from an up-to-date survey of sensor specifications, there is a need for standardizing the terminology of performance tests for wind sensors.
Three-dimensional inverted photonic grating with engineerable refractive indices for broadband antireflection of terahertz waves.

Reduction of reflection is of great importance in optical spectroscopy to reduce interference and increase throughput. Here we demonstrate a three-dimensional inverted photonic grating device design using only one material—silicon. Enhanced transmission compared to planar silicon wafers is observed from 0.2THz to over 7.3THz for a device with a 15µm period, which covers most of the terahertz band, and its relative 3dB bandwidth (δf/fc) is a noteworthy 116.3%. Moreover, the device is polarization independent and can perform up to a large incident angle.
Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12.

Objective: A case–control study was conducted among a population of multiethnic women identified from clinics on Oahu, Hawaii between 1992 and 1996 to explore the relationship between diet and cervical dysplasia. Methods: Two-hundred and fourteen women with biopsy-confirmed high and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL) and 271 controls were identified. Exfoliated cervical cells were collected for HPV DNA testing. Surveys were administered to assess non-dietary risk factors and intake of nutrients from over 250 specific food items as well as nutritional supplements. Results: Riboflavin and thiamin from food sources, vitamin B12 supplements, and total (food and supplements) folate displayed inverse, dose-responsive associations with high-grade SIL (HSIL). Riboflavin from food sources and total folate also demonstrated inverse, dose-responsive associations with low-grade SIL (LSIL). The odds ratios for LSIL and HSIL were reduced by 50–90% for the highest compared to the lowest levels of intake of these nutrients. A number of major food sources of these vitamins, including all types of breads, bran cereal, and fruit juice, also demonstrated inverse associations with HSIL. There was some evidence that the increased risk of HSIL associated with low nutrient intake was most pronounced among drinkers and smokers. Conclusions: This investigation provides evidence that thiamin, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B12 may play a protective role in cervical carcinogenesis.
Cataloguing the geometry of the human coronary arteries: a potential tool for predicting risk of coronary artery disease.

Abstract Background The non-uniform distribution of atherosclerosis in the human vasculature suggests that local fluid dynamics or wall mechanics may be involved in atherogenesis. Thus certain aspects of vascular geometry, which mediates both fluid dynamics and wall mechanics, might be risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. Cataloguing the geometry of normal human coronary arteries and its variability is a first step toward identifying specific geometric features that increase vascular susceptibility to the disease. Methods Images of angiographically normal coronary arteries, including 32 left anterior descending (LAD) and 35 right coronary arteries (RCA), were acquired by clinical biplane cineangiography from 52 patients. The vessel axes in end diastole were reconstructed and geometric parameters that included measures of curvature, torsion and tortuosity were quantified for the proximal, middle and distal segments of the arteries. Results Statistical analysis shows that (1) in the LAD, curvature, torsion and tortuosity are generally highest in the distal portion, (2) in the RCA, these parameters are smallest in the middle segment, (3) the LAD exhibits significant higher torsion than the RCA ( P 80% of the variability of coronary arterial geometry can be expressed in terms of two factors, one dominated by the curvature measures and tortuosity, and the other emphasizing the torsion parameters. Conclusions This study has comprehensively documented the normal arterial geometry of the LAD and RCA in end diastole. This information may be used to guide the identification of geometric features that might be atherogenic risk factors.
Inactivation of MED-1 elements in the TATA-less, initiator-less mouse thymidylate synthase promoter has no effect on promoter strength or the complex pattern of transcriptional start sites.

The mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) promoter is a member of a family of promoters that lack a TATA box as well as an initiator element and that initiate transcription at many sites over a broad initiation window. An element (MED-1) downstream of the initiation window of almost all promoters of this family has been proposed to be important for promoter activity, as well as for multiple start site utilization. Two consensus MED-1 elements are located downstream of the initiation window of the TS promoter. To determine the role of the MED-1 elements in the TS promoter, one or both elements were inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis and the effects on promoter function were determined. We found that inactivation of the MED-1 elements had no measurable effect on promoter strength, the boundaries of the initiation window, or the pattern of transcriptional start sites. Furthermore, inactivation of the elements did not affect the ability of the TS promoter to direct S phase-specific expression of the gene in growth-stimulated cells. We conclude that the MED-1 element does not play a significant role in TS promoter function and therefore is not an essential component of all TATA-less promoters with complex transcriptional initiation patterns. J. Cell. Biochem. 73:90-96, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Particle Scale Heat Transfer Analysis in Rotary Kiln

Rotary furnaces have multiple applications including calcination, pyrolysis, carburization, drying, etc. Heat transfer through granular media in rotary kilns is a complex phenomenon and plays an important role in the thermal efficiency of rotary furnaces. Thorough mixing of particles in a rotary kiln determines the bed temperature uniformity. Hence it is essential to understand the particle scale heat transfer modes through which the granular media temperature changes. In this study, numerical simulations are performed using coupled Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze heat transfer in a non-reacting rotary kiln. The microscopic models of particle-particle, particle-fluid, particle-surface and fluid-surface heat transfer are used in the analysis. The heat transfer simulations are validated against experimental data. The effect of particle cascading on the bed temperature is measured and contributions from various modes of particle scale heat transfer mechanisms are reported. Particles are heated near the rotary kiln walls by convection heat transfer as they pass through the thermal boundary layer of the heated fluid. These particles are transported to the center of the kiln where they transfer heat to the cooler particles in the core of the kiln and back to the cooler fluid at the center of the kiln. It is found that 90% of the heat transferred to particles from the kiln walls is a result of convection heat transfer, whereas only 10% of the total heat transfer is due to conduction from the kiln walls.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Interfacial Flaw Evolution of Coatings Under Severe Thermal and Pressure Transients

The effects of severe thermal and pressure transients on coated substrates with indentation-induced, blister defects were analyzed by experimental and finite element methods. Cohesive zone properties evaluated in a previous study were first used in an implicit indentation simulation. Indentation simulation results then served as the initial conditions for explicit modeling of interfacial flaw evolution due to the already determined thermal and pressure transients that included interstitial pressure in the defect. The thermal structural model was used to assess the transient thermal- and stress-states and the propensity for fracture related damage and evolution while undergoing severe convective heating and pressure loading analogous to gun tube conditions. Results illustrated the overall benefits of the in-phase applied pressure in terms of suppressing crack growth except when delayed interstitial loading was considered. Thermal capacitance was also studied and it was found that crack growth decreased significantly with higher specific heat and demonstrates the potential importance of coating thermophysical properties.
Variations in DNA subtype, antifungal susceptibility, and slime production among clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis

Candida parapsilosis is an important nosocomial pathogen that can proliferate in high concentrations of glucose and form biofilms on prosthetic materials. We investigated the genotypic diversity, slime production, and antifungal susceptibility among 60 isolates of C. parapsilosis from 44 patients and 10 patient care providers from five different medical centers. Molecular typing was performed using macrorestriction digest profiles with BssHII followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (REAG) and by electrophoretic karyotyping (EK). Slime production was evaluated by growing the organisms in Sabouraud broth with 8% glucose and examining the walls of the tubes for the presence of an adherent slime layer. Antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole was determined using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards proposed standard methods. Overall 28 different DNA types were identified by REAG and EK methods. MIC90 values ranged from 0.12 microgram/ml for itraconazole to 1.0 microgram/ml for fluconazole and amphotericin B. Sixty-five percent of the isolates produced slime: 37% were moderately to strongly positive, 28% were weakly positive, and 35% were negative. Overall, 83% of blood and catheter isolates were slime positive versus 53% of isolates from all other sites (P < 0.05). These data underscore the genetic diversity and susceptibility of C. parapsilosis to antifungal agents. Slime production may be important in enabling C. parapsilosis to cause catheter-related bloodstream infections.
PERCEPTION OF ANXIETY AND EXPECTATIONS OF PERFORMANCE

The purpose of this study was to examine expectations of performance and the directionality of anxiety. Directionality refers to the facilitative or debilitative aspects of anxiety. Subjects were 91 athletes competing in soccer, swimming, and track and field. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with an added Facilitative/Debilitative scale and Expectation of Performance scale was employed. Analysis showed that athletes with lower scores on cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher scores on self-confidence perceived their anxiety as more facilitative of performance. These athletes also had significantly higher scores on the Expectation of Performance scale.
Reliability Hazards of Silver-Aluminum Substrate Bonds in MOS Devices

Reliability of Aluminum wires bonded ultrasonically to silver metallization in cerdips was investigated, using a novel technique of in situ resistance measurement at high temperatures in controlled atmosphere. The failure mechanism in dry air was found to be due to selective oxidation of the Ag-Al alloy and activation energies were measured for various atmospheres. Moisture was shown to decrease the activation energy.
Has submarine groundwater discharge been overlooked as a source of mercury to coastal waters

We measured the mercury (Hg) in groundwater, aquifer sediments, and surface water in Waquoit Bay (Massachusetts) and found that this toxic metal (range: <3.2−262 pM) was being released within the subterranean estuary, with similarly high levels (range: 18−256 pM) found in the surface waters of the bay. None of the dissolved species (DOC, chloride, and Fe) normally observed to influence Hg partitioning correlated well with the observed Hg concentrations. It was hypothesized that this was in part due to the variable loading in time and space of Hg onto the aquifer sands in combination with the seasonality of groundwater flow through the aquifer. Aquifer sediment samples from the study site ranged from <1 to 12.5 pmol of Hg/g of sediment, suggesting log Kd values on the order of 1. We hypothesize that this was due to the low organic carbon content typical of the aquifer sediments. Last, it was estimated that submarine groundwater discharge supplied 0.47−1.9 nmol of Hg m-2 day-1 to the bay, which is an orde...
What life after default? Time horizons and the outcome of the Argentine debt restructuring deal

ABSTRACT Although a recurrent phenomenon, sovereign debt restructurings following defaults on debt obligations do not engender today the exact same dynamics they did in the past. On the one hand, prevalent reputational models have overestimated the costs of default in terms of access to new credit. On the other hand, debtors' restructuring strategies have been underestimated in the face of anticipated constraints on developing countries' policy autonomy believed to flow from financial globalization. By focusing on the latest Argentine debt restructuring (the largest and most complex in history to date), I find that the outcome of sovereign debt restructurings in terms of credit (re)access are much less contingent on market punishments based on reputations than on the short-term nature of financial incentives in the bond industry as well as on international lending cycles. Time horizons play a crucial role in how debtors take advantage of different creditors' incentives to participate in a restructuring. A...
Martian atmospheric water vapor observations: 1972–1974 apparition

Results are reported for 469 photoelectric spectral scans of the Doppler-shifted Martian water lines (at 8197.704 and 8176.975 A), which were obtained during the 1972-74 apparition with an echelle-coude scanner mounted on a 107-in. telescope. These observations covered almost an entire Martian year and were made in three ways: pole to pole on the central meridian, parallel to the equator at various latitudes, and parallel to the terminator at various positions between the limb and the terminator. Previous observations of Martian water vapor are reviewed, and the data-reduction procedures used in the present study are described in detail. The major conclusions are: (1) both seasonal and diurnal variations seem to be controlled by insolation rather than by local topography relative to the 6.1-mb surface; (2) there was a slight negative correlation with elevation, but this improved during seasons of greater water content; (3) the planetwide abundance is low during both equinoctical periods; (4) the maximum abundance occurs at about 40 deg latitude in each hemisphere after solstice; and (5) during the 'drier' seasons near the equinoxes, the atmospheric water vapor content changes by a factor of 2 to 3 over a diurnal cycle with the maximum near local noon.
Jets and Photons

This Letter applies the concept of ``jets,'' as constructed from calorimeter cell four-vectors, to jets composed (primarily) of photons (or leptons). Thus jets become a superset of both traditional objects such as QCD jets, photons, and electrons, and more unconventional objects such as photon jets and electron jets, defined as collinear photons and electrons, respectively. Since standard objects such as single photons become a subset of jets in this approach, standard jet substructure techniques are incorporated into the photon finder toolbox. Using a (reasonably) realistic calorimeter model we demonstrate that, for a single photon identification efficiency of 80% or above, the use of jet substructure techniques reduces the number of QCD jets faking photons by factors of 2.5 to 4. Depending on the topology of the photon jets, the substructure variables reduce the number of photon jets faking single photons by factors of 10 to ${10}^{3}$ at a single photon identification efficiency of 80%.
An experimental approach to the mechanism of scaphoid waist fractures

Fractures through the waist of the scaphoid were produced experimentally by application of static loads to fresh cadaver specimens. Fractures occurred only when the wrist was in 95° to 100° of dorsiflexion and when the radial portion of the palm received the major part of the load. Definition of these loading conditions allowed us to perform a mathematical analysis of the forces about the scaphoid. The analysis showed that the palmar capsular structures supporting the scaphoid waist were lax when fractures occurred and that the articular surface between the radius and scaphoid bore compressive loads four times greater than the load applied to the palm. This placed the proximal pole of the scaphoid in a vise between the radius and capitate. Fractures predictably occurred at the edge of the vise where the waist of the scaphoid was unsupported. Fractures of the waist of the scaphoid occur as a result of bending loads applied over the distal pole of the scaphoid which is unsupported by the palmar capsule. If these fractures occur while the radial palmar capsule is lax, then tension in this structure should cause malposition of the bony fragments. From this study it appears that the best anatomic reduction of most scaphoid fractures will be obtained when the wrist is placed in such a position that there is laxity in the radial-palmar capsular ligaments, i.e., the wrist in slight palmar flexion and slight radial deviation.
The case for SIMO random access in multi-antenna multi-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we demonstrate that multiple concurrent asynchronous and uncoordinated Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) transmissions can successfully take place even though the respective receivers do not explicitly null out interfering signals. Hence, we propose simple modifications to the widely deployed IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) to enable multiple non-spatially-isolated SIMO sender-receiver pairs to share the medium. Namely, we propose to increase the physical carrier sense threshold, disable virtual carrier sensing, and enable message-in-message packet detection. We use experiments to show that while increasing the peak transmission rate, spatial multiplexing schemes such as those employed by the IEEE 802.11n are highly non-robust to asynchronous and uncoordinated interferers. In contrast, we show that the proposed multi-flow SIMO MAC scheme alleviates the severe unfairness resulting from uncoordinated transmissions in 802.11 multi-hop networks. We analytically compute the optimal carrier sense threshold based on different network performance objectives for a given node density and number of receive antennas.
Reproducibility of a Multi-Stage Near Maximal Treadmill Test for Exercise Tolerance in Angina Pectoris

A retrospective analysis was made of the reproducibility of a treadmill exercise tolerance test performed on patients with angina pectoris to an end point of moderately severe (3+) angina. One hundred and forty tests (70 pairs) in 63 patients were found to meet criteria for inclusion in the study. In 30 patients a comparison of the first test the patient had ever had with a subsequent test revealed a significantly poorer performance on the first test; mean differences ± one standard error of the mean between the first test and the subsequent tests were 0.90 ± 0.20 min of walking from the start of the test to the onset of angina, 2.3 ± 0.33 total min of walking, and 5.8 ± 0.86 "exercise units" attained at the end point of "3+" angina. In 40 patients a comparison of two tests, neither of which was the patients' first test, revealed no significant differences in performance; mean differences between the two tests were 0.20 ± 0.23 min of walking at the onset of angina, 0.11 ± 0.07 min of walking and 0.18 ± 0....
Scale Development: Heterosexist Attitudes in Women's Collegiate Athletics

Homophobia and heterosexism in women's athletics have been studied extensively using a qualitative approach. Limited research from a quantitative approach has been conducted in the area and none with a sport-specific instrument. The purpose of the current study was to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure heterosexist attitudes in women's collegiate athletics based on the tripartite model of attitudes (Zanna & Rempel, 1988). A panel of experts analyzed a pool of 40 items for item-content related validity. Two samples of collegiate female athletes completed the second and third versions of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport–Lesbian questionnaire. Initial evidence of construct validity was found for a 14-item measure of heterosexist attitudes with four subscales: (1) Cognitive/Affective, (2) Language Behaviors, (3) Inclusion Behaviors, and (4) Avoidance of the Lesbian Label. Composite reliability of the four subscales ranged from .64 to .84.
Rule based joins in heterogeneous databases

Abstract In this paper, the problem of computing joins in heterogeneous databases is analyzed. Rules are combined with a probabilistic framework to resolve the data heterogeneity problem. The Entity join operator is defined to identify and join records across databases. Certain amount of uncertainty is associated with this Entity join model due to the possibility of wrong matches. While the rule based approach captures the data semantics, the probabilistic framework models the uncertainty and provides a formal measure of accuracy of the Entity join. Representing the values of mismatched attributes presents a difficult problem because the true value of the attribute cannot be identified from the various conflicting values. Probabilistic partial values are used to represent these attribute values so that user preferences and reliability of the data can be taken into account.
Filtering Drifter Trajectories Sampled at Submesoscale Resolution

In this paper, a variational method for removing positioning errors (PEs) from drifter trajectories is proposed. The technique is based on the assumption of statistical independence of the PEs and drifter accelerations. The method provides a realistic approximation to the probability density function of the accelerations while keeping the difference between the filtered and observed trajectories within the error bars of the positioning noise. Performance of the method is demonstrated in application to real data acquired during the Grand Lagrangian Deployment (GLAD) experiment in the Northern Gulf of Mexico in 2012.
Nano-patterning of an iCVD polymer, followed by covalent attachment of QDs

Abstract A novel method for processing sub-50 nm structures by using carbon nanotube (CNT) masks and integrating quantum dots (QDs) on patterned polymer substrates has been established. Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMa) was prepared by the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) method, an alternative to spin-on deposition. The sub-50 nm PSMa polymer patterns were prepared by low energy oxygen plasma etching by using CNTs as the masks. The water soluble, amine-functionalized QDs underwent the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction with the PSMa containing anhydride functional groups. This integration method was designed to incorporate high performance QDs on inexpensive, lightweight flexible substrates.
Race, Gender Role Attitudes and Support for Feminism

nism. Most early research centered on the attitudes of white women, leaving a gap in our understanding of black gender attitudes and feminism. Studies based on surveys conducted in the early 1970s reported greater support for feminist positions and organizations among black women than among their white counterparts (Freeman 1975; Campbell, Converse and Rodgers 1976; Fulenwider 1980). These results are consistent with deprivation theories of social movements. Ransford and Miller (1983) argued that black women should be more supportive of feminist positions because they were comparatively disadvantaged on two status hierarchies--race and gender. Shingles (1986) claimed that the double status disadvantage of black women should result in greater group consciousness, and found some support for this hypothesis. Other writers (Almquist 1979; Hershey 1978) noted that black women were more likely than whites to be heads of households, had more decision-making authority when married, and were more likely to provide a significant proportion of family income than white women, so the actual gender roles of black women differed substantially from those of white women. The logic of these analyses was that because black women regularly encountered role expectations of strength, independence, and labor force participation, they could be expected to be more supportive of feminism. Despite these theoretical expectations, empirical research to date has shown mixed results. Ransford and Miller (1983) did not find black women to be more supportive of gender equality than white women. Sigelman and Welch (1984) reported no significant differences between black and white women in their willingness to vote for a woman
Exchange Rate Effects on the Relationship between FDI and Trade in the U.S. Food Processing Industry

The effect of exchange rates on international trade and, more specifically, on agricultural trade flows has been documented by several studies.' Most studies agree that an appreciation (depreciation) in the value of the U.S. dollar hurts (helps) U.S. agricultural exports. An appreciation of the U.S. dollar raises the cost of U.S. products to foreign buyers and reduces their purchases.2 Although neglected early on, the effect of exchange rate risk as measured by its volatility on trade flows was also found to be negative (Arize, Pick). Parallel to this literature were the devel-
Social Integration, Social Rank, and Processes of Interaction

The relationships between patterns of social interaction and informal status observed in a recent field study of whitecollar work groups in a complex organization seem to contradict some conclusions reached in an earlier study. This paper presents an attempt to reconcile these apparently conflicting findings by refining the theoretical conceptions underlying the earlier interpretation.
The mechanism of fixation prevention and "dissociation" learning with chlordiazepoxide.

This experiment investigated the possibility that chlordiazepoxide (CDP) has unique properties that account for state dependent learning, and prevention of conflict-induced behavior fixations.
Scalar field propagators in the microcanonical ensemble

The real-time thermal propagator of the canonical ensemble is shown to be the Laplace transform of a propagator which is an esemble average over states with fixed energy {ital E}. This microcanonical propagator is temperature independent. The Boltzmann factor exp(-{beta}{ital E}) in the Laplace transform produces the temperature dependence of the canonical thermal propagator. The singularity structure of the microcanonical propagator is investigated and an explicit perturbation calculation is performed in order to elucidate the origin of temperature-dependent masses. {copyright} 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Antenatal Dexamethasone Administration Increases Fetal Lung DNA Synthesis and RNA and Protein Content in Nitrofen-Induced Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Rats

Antenatal glucocorticoids treatment has been shown to correct pulmonary immaturity. The thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is incorporated into S-phase cells and used as a marker of DNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on DNA synthesis and RNA and protein content in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rats to better understand the effect of antenatal glucocorticoids on CDH lung. The CDH model was induced in pregnant rats using nitrofen. Dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg) was given on d 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation (term = 22 d). BrdU was administered 1 h before fetuses were killed on d 21, and detected by immunohistochemistry. DNA synthesis was evaluated by percentage of BrdU-incorporated nuclei (BrdU labeling index). Total RNA and soluble protein were extracted from another set of left lungs to measure RNA and protein content. BrdU labeling index and total RNA content were significantly decreased in CDH lung compared with control rats. Antenatal dexamethasone treatment significantly increased BrdU labeling index and RNA and protein content in the left CDH lung. Our findings of decreased DNA synthesis and decreased RNA and protein content in CDH lung suggest that lung growth and development are suppressed in hypoplastic CDH lung. Increased DNA synthesis and increased RNA and protein content in dexamethasone-treated CDH lung suggest that antenatal glucocorticoids may accelerate fetal lung growth and development in CDH.
Wavy wall solutions of the Euler equations

Resolution numerique des equations d'Euler pour un ecoulement compressible non visqueux sur une paroi ondulee sinusoidale d'amplitude arbitraire
Thin-film magnesium as a sacrificial and biodegradable material

This work reports the study of ebeam-deposited thin-film magnesium (Mg) as a sacrificial and a biodegradable material. We have tested etchants including diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl), saline, and culture medium. Both vertical etching method and channel undercut method are used to characterize the Mg etching properties. The initial results confirm that thin-film Mg is a promising dual sacrificial and biodegradable material. In addition, an etching model, which fits accurately the etching length vs. time over a wide range of HCl concentrations (0.02-1M) is developed. This model is based on diffusion and a combined first-and-second order chemical reaction mechanism.
Effect of Iron Fortification on Quality of Cheddar Cheese. 2. Effects of Aging and Fluorescent Light on Pilot Scale Cheeses

Abstract Based on previously successful iron fortification of 1-kg batches of Cheddar cheese, we studied the effect of fortification on cheese aging and shelf-life. Five 12-kg batches of Cheddar were made: an unfortified control cheese and cheese fortified with Fe-casein, Fe-polyphosphate-whey protein, Fe-whey protein, or FeCl 3 . The respective iron levels and recoveries of fortified cheeses were 40, 39, 39, and 42 mg/kg cheese, and 69, 68, 65, and 70%. All cheeses had similar low thiobarbituric acid numbers up to 12 mo of aging. Trained panelists detected less oxidized off-flavor in the control and Fe-whey protein cheeses at 15 d but did not detect any differences among the cheeses thereafter. They judged superior the cheese flavor for Fe-polyphosphate-whey protein, FeCl 3 , and Fe-whey protein cheeses at 1 mo and for Fe-casein cheese at 9 mo, but did not detect differences among the cheeses at 15 d or 4, 7, or 12 mo. A panel of 66 lay people did not detect differences in texture among the cheeses, but judged Fe-casein and control cheeses to have better cheese flavor. Fluorescent lighting slightly increased thiobarbituric acid numbers the same degree in all cheeses. Overall, quality of iron-fortified cheese was as good as unfortified cheese.
MicroRNA-203 regulates caveolin-1 in breast tissue during caloric restriction

Caloric restriction has been shown to increase lifespan in several organisms and to delay onset of age-related diseases. The transcriptional response to caloric restriction has been studied for mRNAs, while the microRNA signature following caloric restriction remains unexplored. Here, we characterize the microRNA expression in mouse breast tissue before and after caloric restriction, reporting several changes in the microRNA expression profile. In particular, miR-203 is found to be highly induced by caloric restriction, and we demonstrate that caveolin-1 as well as p63 are direct targets of miR-203 in vivo during caloric restriction. Using tissue culture models, we suggest that this regulation is important in both mouse and human. In conclusion, we show that the microRNA response induced by caloric restriction can regulate important factors in processes such as longevity and aging and is an integral and important component of the cellular response to caloric restriction.
Chernoff's dual axiom, revealed preference and weak rational choice functions

Abstract A new and a weaker concept of rationalizability is introduced and its implications on the properties of individual choice are investigated. Especially, (i) it is shown that a property of choice functions, called Chernoff's dual axiom in this paper, plays a crucial role for the rationality of choice, and (ii) weakening the concept of rationalizability facilitates characterization of revealed preference relations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cross-Bridged Cyclams and Pendant-Armed Derivatives and Structural Studies of Their Copper(II) Complexes

A series of 1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane ligands, including the parent compound, N,N‘-dialkyl variants, and the first N,N‘-di-pendant-arm derivatives have been synthesized by a short, efficient, and conceptually novel approach. Their copper(II) complexes have been prepared, and four of these were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. In all four complexes, the cross-bridged tetraamine ligand was found to be cis-folded, coordinating the metal cation within its molecular cleft using all four nitrogen lone pairs. Geometries intermediate between idealized square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal coordination were found for three of the complexes, whereas a distorted octahedral copper coordination was found for the complex of a di-pendant-arm cross-bridged cyclam.
Using demographic data for ambulatory health care planning: a dental health practice management model.

The use of sociodemographic data in planning ambulatory health services is discussed and illustrated. Five global indices are identified as important for establishing contours of need within local community areas: social class, population heterogeneity, resident mobility, family organization, and general stress factors, Knowledge of sociodemographic distributions within a given community can serve as an adjunct for rational decision making in planning and placement of ambulatory health care services. It can also establish a means for evaluating whether extant health services reach their intended targets via comparisons to the social demography of patients receiving care in private practices or public clinics. Such analyses are germane to ambulatory health care practitioners in both the public and private sector.