cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of volcanic aerosols on global climate

Abstract The surface temperature decrease after major volcanic eruptions has been demonstrated by a number of groups to be the order of a few tenths of a degree. At first, the stratospheric aerosol is usually restricted to a narrow range of latitudes, and the volcanically induced temperature decrease is found to be nonuniform over the surface of the earth. In fact, because of the differential cooling of land and ocean there should always be volcanically induced temperature gradients. These temperature gradients will induce a redistribution of air mass and anomalous sea level pressure gradients, anomalous winds and anomalous climate on a global scale. In this paper, a hypothesis is presented which assumes that volcanic aerosols, by reducing the solar radiation, induces surface temperature gradients and sea level pressure gradients between the land and the oceans. Since cooling of the land occurs before the oceans, there will be, at first, an increase of sea level pressure over land relative to the oceans. Conservation of total air mass on a global scale requires the sea level pressure over the ocean to be reduced. Because the majority of the land area is in the Northern Hemisphere, the volcanically induced cooling will transfer air mass from the oceanic anticyclones in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere to the continents and especially to southern Eurasia. The anomalous sea level pressure pattern (SLP) which would be obtained — higher SLP over southern Eurasia and lower SLP over the southern oceans — is very close to the pattern, first named by Sir Gilbert Walker, called the negative phase of the Southern Oscillation. The positive phase of the Southern Oscillation can occur when no volcanic aerosols are present and the stratosphere is clear. Then the additional radiation and heating of the land increases the transfer of air mass from the Northern Hemisphere land mass to the world's oceans (the positive phase of the global Southern Oscillation). In this paper, it will be shown that this hypothesis has the potential to explain the observed association between low-latitude volcanic aerosols and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. It also has the potential to explain why El Chichon's eruption induced a very strong El Nino compared to the weaker El Nino events induced by the eruptions of Agung and Krakatau. It also explains why almost all monsoon countries experience below-normal precipitation just prior to the maximum of the El Nino warming. The hypothesis also has the potential to explain why low- and high-latitude aerosols will affect the global climate system differently. This hypothesis represents a return to the ideas of Sir Gilbert Walker, who first defined the Southern Oscillation as a global-scale anomaly rather than an index between just two stations.
FLUORESCENCE CONCENTRATION IMMUNOASSAY FOR RAPID DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. IN CHICKEN RINSE WATER

A total of 215 freshly processed post-chill whole chicken carcasses were assessed for Campylobacter spp. contamination by a fluorescence concentration immunoassay (FCIA) procedure. Whole chicken carcasses were sampled with low volume water rinses from which 5 ml portions were enriched with brucella enrichment broth with or without oxyrase supplement in a test tube enrichment system. After a 24h stationary incubation at 42C, each sample was assayed using a FCIA procedure for the presence or absence of campylobacters. The FCIA procedure indicated Campylobacter spp. contamination in 84% of carcasses using oxyrase supplemented enrichment, while only 47% of the chicken carcasses were positive from nonsupplemented enrichment. The corresponding incidence rates detected by culture method were 92% and 87% for oxyrase supplemented and unsupplemented samples, respectively. The FCIA procedure can be completed in less than 1 h with 48 samples including a positive and a negative control assayed on one plate. In summary, the test tube oxyrase-supplemented stationary enrichment system followed by the use of the FCIA procedure was found to be an effective, rapid method for the detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken rinse water.
Crown dimensions of deciduous teeth from prehistoric India.

Mean mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters are presented for deciduous teeth from the important Chalcolithic site of Inamgaon (1400–700 B.C.), a prehistoric farming community on the Deccan Plateau of western India. The deciduous teeth from Inamgaon are consistently larger than deciduous teeth of modern populations of European descent and smaller than the deciduous teeth of modern Australian aboriginals. Comparative data for prehistoric deciduous teeth are rare, especially for populations of southern Asia. The deciduous teeth of Mesolithic Europeans are comparable in size to certain dimensions of the Inamgaon teeth, and a small sample of deciduous teeth from the Iron Age site of Pomparippu (Sri Lanka) exhibits larger anterior teeth and smaller molar teeth than does the sample from Inamgaon.
Epithelial cell production and mucosal morphology in colonic obstruction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal course of changes in epithelial cell production and mucosal morphology following ligation of the rat's ascending colon. Control animals were sham ligated with a loose tie of suture, and ligated and control rats were pair fed after surgery. Between the 12th and 24th postoperative h, crypt mitotic and [3H] thymidine labelling indices in the obstructed colon increased to a level 75% greater than values obtained from unoperated rats. This response was accompanied by gains in the proportion of crypt cells engaged in the division cycle. By 72 h, the numbers of cells per total crypt length and crypt circumference were increased by 40 and 47%, respectively. In addition, morphometrical measurements revealed that crypt cell size in the obstructed colon was significantly greater than control value at 72 h. Colonic ligation had relatively minor effects on cell production and villus and crypt cell number in the terminal ileum. Contrasted with the obstructed bowel, proliferative indices distal to the ligature and in the ileum and colon of control rats diminished rapidly after surgery. Thus, limitation of the hyperproliferative response to the intestine immediately proximal to the ligature strongly suggests that the proliferative stimulus in colonic obstruction is local in action.
Habroneuron Standley, a little-known genus of Mexican Rubiaceae.

Lindenia radicans is found to be conspecific withHabroneuron mexicanum; the combinationH. radicans is made. Monotypic and known from only two Oaxacan collections,Habroneuron exhibits an unusual leaf venation, which is described and illustrated. A relationship with the tribe Rondeletieae is suggested.
Teacher and TA Ratings of Preschoolers’ Externalizing Behavior Agreement and Associations With Observed Classroom Behavior

The present study investigated teachers’ and teacher aides’ (TAs) agreement in their ratings of preschoolers’ externalizing behavior and their associations with observed classroom behavior for a sample of children at risk of developing a disruptive behavior disorder. One hundred twenty-two teachers rated 360 students’ externalizing behavior in the first month of school, and within the next 6 weeks, children were observed in their classroom. Results indicated that teacher and TA reports were moderately correlated, teacher-rated severity of oppositional defiant disorder behaviors was related to agreement, and teacher/TA agreement did not predict observed externalizing behavior. In general, using teacher and TA ratings together versus a single informant’s rating did not provide a better estimate of information gathered from observational measures. Results demonstrate the importance of gathering observations and rating scales when evaluating preschoolers’ externalizing problems. Future work should explore fac...
LINGUISTIC GEOMETRY: METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES

This paper reports new results of research on techniques for the search for the optimal (suboptimal) operation of complex control systems, first of all, robotic systems. In order to discover the inner, domain-independent properties of human expert heuristics, which were successful in a certain class of complex control systems, we develop a formal theory, the so-called linguistic geometry. This research includes the development of syntactic tools for knowledge representation and reasoning about large-scale hierarchical complex systems. It relies on the formalization of search heuristics of the highly skilled human experts, which allow decomposition of a complex system into a hierarchy of subsystems, and, thus, solve intractable problems reducing the search. The hierarchy of subsystems is represented as a hierarchy of formal attribute languages. This paper includes an informal survey of the linguistic geometry; major formal issues on the languages of trajectories, trajectory networks, and network transforma...
Imputation and quality control steps for combining multiple genome-wide datasets

The electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics (eMERGE) network brings together DNA biobanks linked to electronic health records (EHRs) from multiple institutions. Approximately 52,000 DNA samples from distinct individuals have been genotyped using genome-wide SNP arrays across the nine sites of the network. The eMERGE Coordinating Center and the Genomics Workgroup developed a pipeline to impute and merge genomic data across the different SNP arrays to maximize sample size and power to detect associations with a variety of clinical endpoints. The 1000 Genomes cosmopolitan reference panel was used for imputation. Imputation results were evaluated using the following metrics: accuracy of imputation, allelic R2 (estimated correlation between the imputed and true genotypes), and the relationship between allelic R2 and minor allele frequency. Computation time and memory resources required by two different software packages (BEAGLE and IMPUTE2) were also evaluated. A number of challenges were encountered due to the complexity of using two different imputation software packages, multiple ancestral populations, and many different genotyping platforms. We present lessons learned and describe the pipeline implemented here to impute and merge genomic data sets. The eMERGE imputed dataset will serve as a valuable resource for discovery, leveraging the clinical data that can be mined from the EHR.
Production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola grown on soy molasses as substrate

Sophorolipids (SLs) were produced from Candida bombicola using soy molasses and oleic acid as co-substrates. The purified SLs were obtained at 21 g l−1 and were 97% in lactone form. The major SL constituent (81% relative abundance) of the product mixture contains an oleoyl chain. The surface properties of the SLs obtained from the soy molasses/oleic acid fermentation had minimum surface-tension values of 37 mN m−1 (pH 6) and 38 mN m−1 (pH 9), and critical micelle concentration values of 6 mg l−1 (pH 6) and 13 mg l−1 (pH 9).
Antimyelin antibody in multiple sclerosis: no change during immunosuppression

We studied retrospectively levels of antimyelin antibody in a group of 13 multiple sclerosis patients who underwent a clinical trial of long-term, high dose (2.0-4.5 mg/kg/day) azathiaprine therapy. In apparent contrast with collagen vascular disease associated with antitissue antibody, azathiaprine therapy was not associated with significant change in titres of antimyelin antibody. Variation of titre of antimyelin antibody in apparent association with disease activity continued during therapy. No significant changes occurred in levels of serum immunoglobulins.
Violentization Theory and Genocide

The purpose of this article is to use Lonnie Athens’ violentization theory to explain the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides. These two case studies are used to compare and contrast how the brutalization, defiance, violent dominance engagements, and virulency stages emerged prior to and during the genocides. Using published texts such as interviews with perpetrators, human rights reports, and court transcripts, qualitative content analysis is employed to test the fit between violentization theory and the two case studies. The results demonstrate that violentization theory is consistent with the data and provides an explanation of how the genocides developed and were enacted. Similarities and differences between Rwanda and Bosnia are described to explain how the perpetrators went through the violentization process, and an additional stage is added to illustrate extreme violence. Suggestions for further research using this model are provided.
Age of Pullet Effects on Hatching Time, Egg Weight and Hatchability

Abstract Egg weight, hatching time, and hatchability of young pullet eggs were measured in lines selected for fast and slow hatching times and a control. Eggs were collected from three hatches four weeks apart and from four age groups of pullets each differing from the next age by three weeks. Line effects were significant for hatching time and the fast line had significantly smaller egg weight. No difference was observed between lines for hatchability. Significant linear effects of the age groups of the pullets were observed for all three traits and significant quadratic effects were noted for hatching time. As age of pullet increased, hatching time declined and egg weight and hatchability increased. There were significant linear by linear interactions between hatch and age for all traits, because the youngest age groups changed at a faster rate over hatches than did the older age groups. The interaction between selected lines and age groups was not significant for any trait. This result indicates that the genetic differences in hatch time obtained in these lines by selection are genetically uncorrelated with the hatch time differences resulting from age differences, and neither are related to early hatchability. Selection for hatching time reduced the hatching time of the eggs laid by young pullets, but did not increase the hatchability of their eggs.
3. Modification of oleic acid during fixation of Amoebae by osmium tetroxide.

Abstract 1. 1. Amoebae (Acanthamoeba sp.) were fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide exactly as for electron microscopy. The fixed cells were extracted with ethanol and the lipids in the extract and residue were separately trans-esterified in 0.5 N sodium methoxide. The fatty acid methyl esters were then separated and identified by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography. 2. 2. All of the unsaturated fatty acids, that normally account for about 85% of the total fatty acids, were destroyed by osmium tetroxide. At least 40% of the oleic acid (the major fatty acid of Acanthamoeba) was recovered as bis(methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate)osmate. No methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate was found. 3. 3. Thus, it seems most likely that during fixation of biological material with osmium tetroxide unsaturated fatty acids are converted to stable glycol osmates.
Effect of actinomycin D on early axial development in chick embryos.

A study was made of the uptake of actinomycin D, 3H-thymidine, and 3H-uridine in the axial regions of 11- to 13-somite chick embryos cultured in vitro. Actinomycin D was taken up into all regions of embryos, with significantly more actinomycin D per cell in the axial region, including the node and unsegmented axial mesoderm (the lower axis). Demonstrable effects on RNA synthesis were restricted to tissue in the lower axial region. However, inhibition of DNA synthesis was seen in tissues of the upper axis already segmented, as well as in the lower axis. The differential response of the embryonic axis to actinomycin D is considered to be based on a greater demand for cells in the unsegmented and nodal region. Actinomycin D inhibited RNA synthesis, thereby inhibited DNA synthesis and cell division, and reduced availability of cells for growth and development. The paucity of cells in the node and unsegmented axial mesoderm restricted the formation of new somites and the laying down of new nerve cord and notochordal tissue. The upper axial region was not permanently affected.
Investigation of wavelength calibration for an echelle cross-dispersion spectrometer

The effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the positions of spectral lines on a two-dimensional focal plane were investigated. When environmental conditions change, a spectral line can move in both the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions. To characterize these changes, a position-shift vector for each spectral line was defined, and its magnitude in the horizontal Δλx and vertical Δλy directions determined as temperature (T) and relative humidity were systematically varied over a range of 24–34 °C and 31–51%, respectively. Spectral lines were examined that spanned a range from 250–570 nm. Overall, Δλx declines with increasing ambient temperature, whereas Δλy becomes larger. A change in relative humidity does not influence Δλx, but raises Δλy in an almost linear fashion. Both Δλx and Δλy were found to change with wavelength non-linearly. Position-shift equations involving Δλx and λ show they are related to the grating constants and the incident angle α of the echelle, and these involving Δλx and T are governed by the wavelength of a spectral line, the grating constant, the focal length of the spectrometer, thermal expansion coefficients of the grating and spectrometer, the ambient temperature and the diffraction angle of the echelle.
The Systematic Errors of a Time-Division Power Converter under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Conditions

Systematic errors of an astable multivibrator based time-division active power converter are analyzed. Results of a computer simulation for sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal input signals are compared with test measurements of a standard converter. The paper shows that a conversion error of the power converter can be estimated from the harmonic content of the input waveforms.
Emerging tools for microbial diagnosis, surveillance, and discovery.

This chapter provides a review of methods and perspectives for pathogen surveillance and discovery, and discusses the challenges in proving a causal relationship between the presence of a candidate organism and disease. To illustrate the complexity of pursuing pathogen discovery research, examples from the authors' own work that are intended to provide insights into the process that leads to the selection of particular strategies have been included. Although this chapter focuses on molecular methods for pathogen surveillance and discovery, the importance of clinicians, for both humans and animals, as well as experimentalists with expertise in pathology, serology, and culture techniques is emphasized. Mass spectrometry is an intriguing approach to pathogen discovery; however, potential problems include mutations in flora that alter spectra without clinical correlation, the requirement for establishment of large libraries of spectra representing flora of thousands of organisms propagated in vitro and isolated in vivo, and the difficulties associated with extending this technology to viruses, where disease may occur without robust protein expression and pathogenicity may be correlated with single base substitutions. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a syndrome wherein honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies inexplicably lose the majority of their adult workers. The observation that CCD is transmissible through reuse of equipment from affected colonies, and that such transmission can be broken by irradiation of the equipment before use, is consistent with a role for an infectious agent in the pathogenesis of CCD.
Culture and Categorization in a Turn‐of‐the‐Century Barcelona Elite

Social scientists who have examined elites generally have focused on patterns of domination that can be analyzed through material bases, whether these are conceptualized as the control of economic resources, the manipulation of organizations, or the appropriation of symbolic goods, styles, and knowledge. This last process, as an approach to the relationship of power and culture in the constitution of elites, often overshadows an even deeper vision of the cultural processes fundamental to the construction of symbolic domination: the ways in which elites develop and disseminate categorizations of valued goods, roles or actions. An examination of the categorizations of elite thought and action ultimately must be fundamental to any understanding of group formation, cohesion and domination. As Susan Gal has noted, "authorized or hegemonic linguistic practices are not simply forms, they also carry cultural definitions of social life that serve the interests of dominant classes. Indeed, dominant groups are themselves shaped and constrained by such conceptions" (1989:348). Such a realization allows important insights into elites, culture and power, which this essay explores with reference to materials drawn from 19thand 20th-century Barcelona. The emergence of new economic power holders in industrializing Barcelona and the subsequent coalescence of these families with aristocratic rentiers in the 20th-century city entailed the meshing of complex processes of social identification, culture and control. New wealth from expanding realms of finance, industry and trade did not in itself constitute either a structure or a consciousness of unity among those who controlled it. Indeed, major urban families had long competed with each other for power, and internecine rivalries were intrinsic to business as well as social life. It is impossible, therefore, to understand the formation of this elite without discussing the ideological development that interpreted and sustained political and economic domination. Hence, we must look carefully at the emergent elite appropriation of "culture" and the meaning of elite models of it within urban life. Earlier work on Barcelona elites has examined unifying beliefs and values by which upper classes expressed themselves as a part of their ideological domination of the city as a whole (Amelang 1986; McDonogh 1986a and b; Muniesa 1986; Vicens Vives 1958). This paper reflects upon these studies, as well as the results of more recent research, from the complementary vantage of elite manip-
Using the triangle inequality to reduce the number of comparisons required for similarity-based retrieval

Dissimilarity measures, the basis of similarity-based retrieval, can be viewed as a distance and a similarity-based search as a nearest neighbor search. Though there has been extensive research on data structures and search methods to support nearest-neighbor searching, these indexing and dimension-reduction methods are generally not applicable to non-coordinate data and non-Euclidean distance measures. In this paper we reexamine and extend previous work of other researchers on best match searching based on the triangle inequality. These methods can be used to organize both non-coordinate data and non-Euclidean metric similarity measures. The effectiveness of the indexes depends on the actual dimensionality of the feature set, data, and similarity metric used. We show that these methods provide significant performance improvements and may be of practical value in real-world databases.
A methodology for drop performance prediction and application for design optimization of chip scale packages

As handheld electronic products are more prone to being dropped during useful life, package to board interconnect reliability has become a major concern for these products. This has prompted the industry to evaluate the drop performance of CSP packages while mounted on printed wiring boards using board level drop testing. Although a new board level test method has been standardized through JEDEC (JESD22-B 111), characterization tests take quite a long time to complete, extending the design cycle. This paper proposes a method to compare and evaluate the drop performance through simulations at the design stage. A global-local approach is used to first determine the dynamic response of the board during drop and then to translate it into stresses and strain energy density in solder joints and intermetallic layers. The dynamic response of the board is validated by using data from actual board level testing as per JEDEC standard. The solder joint and intermetallic stresses are then related to drop to failure test data to derive a prediction model. The method is then applied to quantify the effect of package design parameters on the drop performance. Factors considered include material set, thickness of various material layers, pad size, and ball size. The same factors were tested in board level drop to further validate the prediction model. Experiments were also conducted to quantify the effects of package ball pad finish on the drop performance through board level testing according to JESD22-B111. The results indicate that the drop performance can be increased by a factor of 4 or more by changing package design and material variables.
Deterrence in the Workplace: Perceived Certainty, Perceived Severity, and Employee Theft

The phenomenon of employee theft is examined empirically, utilizing a deterrence paradigm. Employees selected randomly from three different industry sectors and metropolitan areas were asked to self-report their involvement in a number of property theft activities within the employment setting. Using a weighted least-squares logit regression analysis, the study found that the perception of both the certainty and severity of organizational sanctions were related to employee theft. Males reported more theft than did females, but contrary to previous research, no gender/certainty or gender/severity interactions were observed. The best-fit model did, however, contain two significant first-order interactions: age/certainty and age/severity. These interactions strongly suggest that younger employees are not as deterrable as their older peers, especially under conditions of both high certainty and high severity of punishment. While a number of possible explanations might account for differential deterrability according to age, a commitment to or stakes in conformity explanation is proposed.
Effects of a short duration, high dose contact improvisation dance workshop on Parkinson disease: a pilot study.

Summary Objectives This study explored the feasibility and possible benefits of contact improvisation (CI) as an exercise intervention for individuals with PD. Design This was an uncontrolled pilot study. Intervention Eleven people with PD (H&Y = 2.4 ± 0.4) participated in a workshop of 10 1.5-h CI classes over 2 weeks, dancing with previously trained student CI dancers. Main outcome measures Measures of disease severity, balance, functional mobility, and gait were compared 1 week before and after the workshop. Results Participants demonstrated improvements on the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale—Motor Subsection and Berg balance scores, along with increased swing and decreased stance percentages during walking. Backward step length also increased. Participants expressed a high level of enjoyment and interest in taking future CI classes. Conclusions This pilot study supports the feasibility of CI as an intervention to address mobility limitations associated with PD.
MicroRNA 33 Regulates Glucose Metabolism

Metabolic diseases are characterized by the failure of regulatory genes or proteins to effectively orchestrate specific pathways involved in the control of many biological processes. In addition to the classical regulators, recent discoveries have shown the remarkable role of small noncoding RNAs (microRNAs [miRNAs]) in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this regard, we have recently demonstrated that miR-33a and miR33b, intronic miRNAs located within the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) genes, regulate lipid metabolism in concert with their host genes. Here, we show that miR-33b also cooperates with SREBP1 in regulating glucose metabolism by targeting phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), key regulatory enzymes of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Overexpression of miR-33b in human hepatic cells inhibits PCK1 and G6PC expression, leading to a significant reduction of glucose production. Importantly, hepatic SREBP1c/miR-33b levels correlate inversely with the expression of PCK1 and G6PC upon glucose infusion in rhesus monkeys. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-33b works in concert with its host gene to ensure a fine-tuned regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, highlighting the clinical potential of miR-33a/b as novel therapeutic targets for a range of metabolic diseases.
Feasibility of Osteoporosis Screening by Dual-Energy Radiographic Absorptiometry of the Phalanx

Abstract A new dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry–based technique is presented as a cost-effective method for mass osteoporosis screening. Designed for use in a dental health care setting, we propose a method and device for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment using the middle phalanx of the 3rd digit as our anatomical measurement site. Our 2-staged project includes the development of the prototype to carry out the measurement and the execution of a small pilot study to determine the efficacy of the method and device. Fifty subjects from the general adult population (age range: 25–82yr), wherein 10 normal subjects (5 females and 5 males) and 40 target group subjects (30 females and 10 males) who were at risk for osteoporosis (as assessed qualitatively through questionnaire responses) were evaluated with our method. The BMD values obtained from the normal and target groups were significantly different ( p
Hypoxemia in the absence of blood loss upregulates iNOS expression and activity in macrophages

Regional hypoxia, associated with hemorrhage, is thought to induce a variety of alterations in immune cell function, including upregulation of macrophage-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expr...
The Life History Interview Method: Applications to Intervention Development

There is an urgent need to develop and test health promotion strategies that both address health disparities and elucidate the full impact of social, cultural, economic, institutional, and political elements on people's lives. Qualitative research methods, such as life history interviewing, are well suited to exploring these factors. Qualitative methods are also helpful for preparing field staff to implement a social contextual approach to health promotion. This article reports results and application of findings of life history interviews conducted as part of intervention planning for the Harvard Cancer Prevention Program Project, "Cancer Prevention in Working-Class, Multi-Ethnic Populations." The salient themes that emerged from interviews with a multi-ethnic, purposive sample are centered on six construct domains: immigration and social status, social support, stress, food, physical activity, and occupational health. Insights gained from thematic analysis of the interviews were integrated throughout intervention and materials development processes.
Changes in Autonomic Nervous System Activity are Associated with Changes in Sexual Function in Women with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

INTRODUCTION: Women with histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) have higher rates of sexual difficulties, as well as high sympathetic nervous system response to sexual stimuli. AIM: The study aims to examine whether treatment-related changes in autonomic balance, as indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), were associated with changes in sexual arousal and orgasm function. METHODS: In study 1, we measured HRV while writing a sexual essay in 42 healthy, sexually functional women without any history of sexual trauma. These data, along with demographics, were used to develop HRV norms equations. In study 2, 136 women with a history of CSA were randomized to one of three active expressive writing treatments that focused on their trauma, sexuality, or daily life (control condition). We recorded HRV while writing a sexual essay at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 2-week, and 1- and 6-month follow-ups; we also calculated the expected HRV for each participant based on the norms equations from study 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures used were HRV, Female Sexual Function Index, Sexual Satisfaction Scale-Women. RESULTS: The difference between expected and observed HRV decreased over time, indicating that, posttreatment, CSA survivors displayed HRV closer to the expected HRV of a demographics-matched woman with no history of sexual trauma. Also, over time, participants whose HRV became less dysregulated showed the biggest gains in sexual arousal and orgasm function. These effects were consistent across condition. CONCLUSIONS: Treatments that reduce autonomic imbalance may improve sexual well-being among CSA populations. Lorenz TK, Harte CB, and Meston CM. Changes in autonomic nervous system activity are associated with changes in sexual function in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Sex Med **;**:**-**. Language: en
Tricuspid Valve Prolapse Diagnosed by Echocardiogram

A patient in whom tricuspid valve prolapse was suggested by echocardiogram and confirmed by subsequent cineangiography is presented. The problems in making this diagnosis employing right atrial pressure tracings and right ventriculography are noted. A further role for echocardiography is substantiated.
Sex and Occupational Socialization among Prison Guards: A Longitudinal Study

The degree and direction of attitudinal change among prison guards across their careers is a question relevant to both prison theory and policy. This study reports how punitive and aggressive attitudes of male and female prison guards changed over the first critical six months on the job. Male guards became more, and female guards became less, punitive and aggressive. Explanations for these divergent trends are presented.
Discontinuity Preserving Filtering over Analytic Manifolds

Discontinuity preserving filtering of images is an important low-level vision task. With the development of new imaging techniques like diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), where the data does not lie in a vector space, previous methods like the original mean shift are not applicable. In this paper, we use the nonlinear mean shift algorithm to develop filtering methods for data lying on analytic manifolds. We work out the computational details of using mean shift on Symn +, the manifold of n times n symmetric positive definite matrices. We apply our algorithm to chromatic noise filtering, which requires mean shift over the Grassmann manifold G3,1, and obtain better results then standard mean shift filtering. We also use our method for DTI filtering, which requires smoothing over Sym3 +.
Treatment Outcome in Relation to Visual Imagery, Suggestibility, Transference, and Creativity

The rapidly proliferating development of treatment procedures utilizing visual imagery is an index of the excitement being generated by its return from ostracism. This excitement is a welcome quickening of the pulse in the growing malaise of psychotherapy research. To wit, it does not make any difference what you do, just do it convincingly (Frank, 1979), and be enthusiastic (Shapiro and Morris, 1978). Simpler yet, just put everyone on a waiting list (Bergin and Lambert, 1978). Unfortunately, visual imagery methods are sufficiently varied as to obscure what it is about them that warrants the excitement and interest. To aid my own thinking, I have ordered these by classifying them into four disparate categories: guided imagery, behavior modification, active imagination and spontaneous visual imagery, which I call emergent uncovering psychotherapy. In guided imagery, the client is given standard scenes as stimuli with the purpose of symbolically addressing ignored parts of the self, archetypes and recurrent problems in living. By artful manipulation of the client’s imagery, these sources of emotional difficulty can be ameliorated or resolved symbolically. It is an absorbing, creative interaction between both participants. In behavior modification (systematic desensitization, implosive and flooding methods, modeling, rehearsal, covert conditioning), visual imagery is used as a means to interfere with undesirable stimulus-response or antecedent-consequent relationships.
Quantification of uncertainties of future climate change: Challenges and applications

Increasing societal concerns regarding the potential deleterious effects of future climate change have galvanized efforts to manage the problem both through reduction of greenhouse gases (mitigation) and through development of plans to reduce the impacts of climate change that cannot be avoided (adaptation). These critical activities require making decisions under conditions of considerable uncertainty regarding future conditions in physical and human systems. As the focus on providing information about future climate for taking actions to cope with climate change, the science of uncertainty of climate change will develop more and more with the needs of decision makers in mind.
A 15-Year-Old Boy With Trisomy 21 and Postoperative Weakness

Four days following resection of a scrotal lipoma, a 15-year-old boy with trisomy 21 presented to the emergency department with somnolence, pain, and paucity of speech with right hand and face weakness. Thescrotal lipomaresectionhadbeenperformedundergeneralanesthesiawithoutcomplications.Hewassomnolent immediately followingtheprocedure,andhadnotspokensince the day after the procedure. Hewas taking acetaminophen and 10 mg of oxycodone every 4 hours. Rightsided hand and face weakness developed 2 days after theprocedure.Hismedicalhistorywassignificant for trisomy21,withmild cognitivedelayandbaselinedysarthria, butnoaphasia.Hehadbeenselfsufficient with daily activities. Intheemergencydepartment,hisexaminationwassignificant foratemperatureof38.1°C and significant scrotal swelling and pain. The neurologic examination was remarkable for somnolence, right hemineglect, right facial droopwith right handweakness, right patellar hyperreflexia, andmutism, althoughheattempted touse sign language.His laboratory values showed a white blood cell count of 6.8 × 103/μL (to convert to × 109/L, multiply by 0.001), platelet countof248×103/μL (to convert to × 109/L,multiplyby 1), hematocrit level of 30.9% (to convert to proportion of 1.0,multiply by 0.01), hemoglobin level of 10.2 g/dL (toconvert togramsper liter,multiplyby1)withanormaldifferential, activatedpartial thromboplastin time of 40 seconds, fibrinogen level of 678mg/dL (to convert to grams per liter, divide by 100), and normal urinalysis results. He received naloxone, after which his alertness improved, he could say his name, and he could follow commands well. The right face and hand weakness persisted, and he was unable to walk independently. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed (Figure 1). Quiz at jamapediatrics.com Figure 1.Digital magnetic resonance imaging showing hyperintense T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal in the left frontal periventricular white matter, without hemorrhage or mass effect.
Compression Deformation of Clay Green Body for Traditional Ceramics

A uniaxial compression test was carried out to investigate deformation behavior of clay green body for wet-pressing. Green bodies containing 25-35 mass% water were prepared from Hara gairome clay and distilled water. The samples were formed into column having various dimensions (20mmφ×30mmh, 20mmφ×15mmh, 20mmφ×10mmh, 33mmφ×10mmh) and were largely deformed by compression under a compression rate of 1.0mm·s-1. When the stress-strain curves were converted to the stress-diameter/height curves according to the plastic deformation theory, the yield points and the linear relationships between stress and diameter/height were observed, which were well represented by a plastic deformation equation of uniaxial compression under full-surface-sticking, since the ratio of the slope of the line over the yield point were close to 0.19. The yield points increased with decreasing water content. The sticking was due to the adhesion between the steel die and the samples. In conclusion, it is found that the compression deformation of clay green body can be well characterized by using a uniaxial compression test.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electron Donor–Acceptor Platinum(II) Complexes Composed of N,N-Diphenylpyridineamine and Triphenylamine Ligands

The synthesis and electronic properties of a series of platinum(II) complexes composed of electron-donor and electron-acceptor components as potential photovoltaic materials is reported. The complexes are composed of triphenylamines (TPA) and pyridine-derivatized TPAs as the electron-donating components, and alkynyl derivatives of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and cyclopentadithiophenone as the electron acceptors. The complexes containing the pyridine-derivatized ligands were prepared to examine the effect that direct coordination of a heteroatom-modified TPA may have on the electronic properties of donor–acceptor (D–A) complexes. Four complexes composed of meta- and para- pyridine-derivatized TPAs were prepared, and their electronic properties were compared with three structurally similar complexes composed of TPA, as well as with purely organic D–A compounds. Data collected from UV–vis and cyclic voltammetry show minor differences on the properties of the complexes containing the pyridine-derivatized ligands w...
H1NMR ina-Si

Results of pulsed NMR studies of hydrogen in $a$-Si: H prepared at several laboratories by glow discharge of silane are presented. The origins of the two $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ NMR lines seen in almost all samples of $a$-Si: H are discussed. Solid-echo measurements are presented which indicate that these two components are due to spatially isolated groups of protons. We attribute the narrow line to protons slightly clustered in the bulk of the material and the broad line to protons distributed on internal surfaces. The spin-lattice relaxation time shows a minimum at $T\ensuremath{\approx}30$ K which is interpreted as due to relaxation via spin diffusion to a small number of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules acting as relaxation centers. Annealing results suggest that all the hydrogen molecules are trapped in very similar sites.
Spontaneous Membrane-Translocating Peptides by Orthogonal High-throughput Screening

Combinatorial peptide chemistry and orthogonal high-throughput screening were used to select peptides that spontaneously translocate across synthetic lipid bilayer membranes without permeabilization. A conserved sequence motif was identified that contains several cationic residues in conserved positions in an otherwise hydrophobic sequence. This 9-residue motif rapidly translocates across synthetic multibilayer vesicles and into cells while carrying a large polar dye as a “cargo” moiety. The extraordinary ability of this family of peptides to spontaneously translocate across bilayers without an energy source of any kind is distinctly different from the behavior of the well-known, highly cationic cell-penetrating peptides, such as the HIV tat peptide, which do not translocate across synthetic bilayers, and enter cells mostly by active endocytosis. Peptides that translocate spontaneously across membranes have the potential to transform the field of drug design by enabling the delivery of otherwise membrane-...
Barriers and Facilitators to Adoption of a Lay-Delivered Community-Based Strength Training Program for Women in Rural Areas

ABSTRACTBackground: Limited access to fitness programs for rural older adults make lay or volunteer delivery approaches potentially desirable to extend reach. However, factors affecting adoption of such approaches are not well explored. Purpose: This study sought to identify barriers and facilitators affecting adoption of a volunteer lay delivery approach for the community-based StrongWomen strength training program conducted through rural county Extension offices. Methods: Educators implementing the program, identified as adopters (n = 6) and nonadopters (n = 13) of the lay delivery approach, participated in semistructured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and coded. The socialecological model (SEM) as an organizing framework revealed barriers and facilitators at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and community levels. Results: Barriers included lack of appropriate facilities, limited time, passive leader recruitment approaches, volunteer training proximity, and perceived lack o...
Nicotine stimulates collagen type I expression in lung via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Tobacco-related chronic lung diseases are characterized by alterations in lung architecture leading to decreased lung function. Knowledge of the exact mechanisms involved in tobacco-induced tissue remodeling and inflammation remains incomplete. We hypothesize that nicotine stimulates the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to relative changes in lung matrix composition, which may affect immune cells entering the lung after injury. Pulmonary fibroblasts from wildtype and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout (α7KO) mice were exposed to nicotine and examined for collagen type 1 mRNA and protein expression. Testing the potential role on immune cell function, pulmonary fibroblasts were retained in culture for 120 h. The fibroblasts were eliminated by osmotic lysis and the remaining matrix-coated dishes were washed thoroughly. U937 cells were incubated on the matrix-coated dishes for 24 h followed by evaluation of IL-1β gene expression. Wildtype or α7KO C57BL/6 mice (female, 8–12 weeks) were fed normal diet and exposed to nicotine in their drinking water (100 μg/ml) for 8-12weeks. Lungs were processed for mRNA, protein, and histology. Statistical significance was determined at p ≤ .05 by two-tailed test or 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest. We found that nicotine stimulated collagen type I mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner and up to 72 h in primary lung fibroblasts. The stimulatory effect of nicotine was inhibited in α7KO primary lung fibroblasts. Testing the potential role of these events on immune cell function, U937 monocytic cells were cultured atop matrices derived from nicotine-treated lung fibroblasts. These cells expressed more IL-1β than those cultured atop matrices derived from untreated fibroblasts, and antibodies against the α2β1 collagen integrin receptor inhibited the effect. Nicotine also stimulated fibroblast proliferation via MEK-1/ERK, unveiling a potentially amplifying pathway. In vivo, nicotine increased collagen type I expression was detected in wildtype, but not in α7KO mice. Wildtype mice showed increased collagen staining in lung, primarily around the airways. These observations suggest that nicotine stimulates fibroblast proliferation and their expression of collagen type I through α7 nAChRs, thereby altering the relative composition of the lung matrix without impacting the overall lung architecture; this may influence inflammatory responses after injury.