cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle formulation and in vitro efficacy testing of the mitoNEET ligand NL-1 for drug delivery in a brain endothelial model of ischemic reperfusion-injury.

Abstract Ischemic reperfusion injury after a stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability due to neuronal loss and tissue damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in the reperfusion-injury sequelae, and offers an attractive drug target. Mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant apoptotic cascade are among the primary mechanisms of neuronal death following ischemia and reperfusion injury. Here we optimized a nanoparticle formulation for the mitoNEET ligand NL-1, to target mitochondrial dysfunction post ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury. NL-1, a hydrophobic drug, was formulated using PLGA polymers with a particle size and entrapment efficiency of 123.9 ± 17.1 nm and 59.7 ± 10.1%, respectively. The formulation was characterized for physical state of NL-1, in vitro release, uptake and nanoparticle localization. A near complete uptake of nanoparticles was found to occur by three hours, with the process being energy-dependent and occurring via caveolar mediated endocytosis. The fluorescent nanoparticles were found to localize in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. An in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model to mimic IR was employed for in vitro efficacy testing in murine brain vascular endothelium cells (bEND.3 cells). Efficacy studies showed that both NL-1 and the nanoparticles loaded with NL-1 had a protective activity against peroxide generation, and displayed improved cellular viability, as seen via reduction in cellular apoptosis. Finally, PLGA nanoparticles were found to have a non-toxic profile in vitro, and were found to be safe for intravenous administration. This study lays the preliminary work for potential use of mitoNEET as a target and NL-1 as a therapeutic for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.
"Medulloepithelioma, An Embryonal Tumor of the Central Nervous System, the Eye and the Optic Nerve: Review of the Clinical Behavior, Cytogenetic and Molecular Characteristics"

Medulloepitheliomas (MEPLs) are rare embryonal tumors characterized by histological features that resemble those of the neural tube, the embryonic precursor to the Central Nervous System
The Effective Moduli of Layered Media— A New Look at an Old Problem

A layered medium is one of the few composite geometries for which one can ascertain exact closed-form expressions for the effective elastic moduli relating the average stress and strain. The method of solution follows from the observation that under homogeneous loading three of the six stress components and three of the six strain components are constant from layer to layer. The other six stress and strain components can then be calculated in each layer, and by averaging over the composite, the effective moduli can be determined for an arbitrary number of anisotropic, parallel layers (e.g., Pagano, 1974). The general procedure is developed here in a coordinate-invariant manner using Hill’s (1972) concept of the interior and exterior parts of second-order tensors. Two limiting types of layers can be described quite simply in this formalism: sets of aligned weak joints are treated as thin, compliant layers, and conversely, planar stiffeners are modeled as thin but very stiff layers. The net effect of adding weak joints or stiffeners is to increase the overall compliance or stiffness, respectively, by an amount that depends only upon the mechanical properties of the added thin layers. It is shown that a dilute concentration of aligned penny-shaped cracks in an isotropic medium is equivalent in effect to a set of weak joints with the same alignment. The Poisson ratio of the equivalent isotropic joints turns out to be strictly less than —1, independent of crack concentration, and therefore the equivalent layer corresponds to an unrealistic material. The general results on the effective properties are used to generate useful formulas for determining the thermoelastic moduli of fiber reinforced multi-ply laminates.
Tensions and Caring in Teacher Education: A Self-Study on Teaching in Difficult Moments

Teacher educators who seek to advance social justice perspectives and promote equity-oriented dispositions often engage with challenging and controversial issues relevant to schooling, the lives of...
Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes for Major Pathologies of the Forefoot, Midfoot, Hindfoot, and Achilles Using PROMIS:

Background:Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a newly developed patient-reported outcome that has been validated for the general foot and ankle population and has ...
Types of instructional strategies and their effect on Preparation for Future Learning in differentiation

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between instruction conditions and performance on direct application and transfer problems using Calculus 1 content. Eighty-one participants were assigned to either the ICalCulus (ICalC) group or Tell & Practice (TP) group. Results from Bayesian one-way ANCOVAs indicate that participants in the ICalC group outperformed the TP group on further Preparation for Future Learning (PFL) tasks from the delayed post-test in the second session. Bayesian repeated measures ANCOVAs showed cross-over interaction effects between time and the group condition for both PFL and further PFL, which indicates the stronger retention effect of the ICalC strategy. The findings of this study suggest directions for potential future studies to design more effective instructional strategies to facilitate PFL.
Contextually Guided Convolutional Neural Networks for Learning Most Transferable Representations.

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), trained extensively on very large labeled datasets, learn to recognize inferentially powerful features in their input patterns and represent efficiently their objective content. Such objectivity of their internal representations enables deep CNNs to readily transfer and successfully apply these representations to new classification tasks. Deep CNNs develop their internal representations through a challenging process of error backpropagation-based supervised training. In contrast, deep neural networks of the cerebral cortex develop their even more powerful internal representations in an unsupervised process, apparently guided at a local level by contextual information. Implementing such local contextual guidance principles in a single-layer CNN architecture, we propose an efficient algorithm for developing broad-purpose representations (i.e., representations transferable to new tasks without additional training) in shallow CNNs trained on limited-size datasets. A contextually guided CNN (CG-CNN) is trained on groups of neighboring image patches picked at random image locations in the dataset. Such neighboring patches are likely to have a common context and therefore are treated for the purposes of training as belonging to the same class. Across multiple iterations of such training on different context-sharing groups of image patches, CNN features that are optimized in one iteration are then transferred to the next iteration for further optimization, etc. In this process, CNN features acquire higher pluripotency, or inferential utility for any arbitrary classification task, which we quantify as a transfer utility. In our application to natural images, we find that CG-CNN features show the same, if not higher, transfer utility and classification accuracy as comparable transferable features in the first CNN layer of the well-known deep networks.
Microbiologic Etiology and Infant Factors Associated with Early Onset Neonatal Bacteremia at the Mount Sinai Hospital

Background/Rationale: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is often acquired through vertical transmission and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. The etiology of neonatal sepsis has changed over time, and the intrapartum management of women at risk for infection has been shown to improve neonatal outcomes. Hypothesis or Research Question: To identify the microbiologic etiology of organisms causing EOS and evaluate the impact of maternal illness, labor and delivery practices, and postnatal factors on EOS rates at Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH). Study Design/Methods: An IRB approved descriptive retrospective chart review of cases of EOS in infants less than 7 days of age at MSH from 2015–2018 was conducted. A total of 41 infants were identified. Clinical charts were reviewed and classified into two groups based on age at time of presentation: very early onset sepsis (VEOS) (age days 0–2) and delayed early onset sepsis (DEOS) (age days 3–7). Corresponding maternal charts were also reviewed to identify obstetric risk factors and whether at-risk mothers received appropriate intrapartum prophylaxis. Results: In the VEOS group, 41% of cases were caused by Group B Streptococcus (GBS), 30% by E.coli, and 18% by other Streptococci. In the DEOS group, 33% of cases were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 27% E.coli, and 20% S. aureus. There were no cases of GBS among the DEOS group. On average, VEOS occurred in term infants (37.40 ± 4.41 weeks) with a normal weight (2840 ± 88g), while DEOS occurred in preterm infants (30.74 ± 6.08 weeks) with a low birth weight (1550 ± 104g). 36.4% of GBS isolates demonstrated resistance to clindamycin. E.coli isolates demonstrated resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam (66.7%), co-trimoxazole (41.7%), and gentamicin (35%). No extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E.coli isolates were found in the VEOS or DEOS groups. Within the GBS EOS cases, 63.6% of infants who developed GBS EOS were born to women with a documented GBS negative screening test. Conclusions/Future Plans: The microbiologic etiology of VEOS and DEOS varied, with GBS only identified in the VEOS group and E.coli common in both the VEOS and DEOS groups. The failure to identify GBS colonization in women who give birth to infants that develop GBS EOS requires further exploration. Our study demonstrates the need for both strategies to reduce the risk of E.coli EOS among preterm, low birth weight neonates, as well as further investigation into E.coli EOS resistance patterns.
Runtime Monitors for Markov Decision Processes

We investigate the problem of monitoring partially observable systems with nondeterministic and probabilistic dynamics. In such systems, every state may be associated with a risk, e.g., the probability of an imminent crash. During runtime, we obtain partial information about the system state in form of observations. The monitor uses this information to estimate the risk of the (unobservable) current system state. Our results are threefold. First, we show that extensions of state estimation approaches do not scale due the combination of nondeterminism and probabilities. While exploiting a geometric interpretation of the state estimates improves the practical runtime, this cannot prevent an exponential memory blowup. Second, we present a tractable algorithm based on model checking conditional reachability probabilities. Third, we provide prototypical implementations and manifest the applicability of our algorithms to a range of benchmarks. The results highlight the possibilities and boundaries of our novel algorithms.
Parallel Wiring Using a Single Intravascular Ultrasound Catheter with Double Rapid Exchange Lumens Technique for Chronic Total Occlusions in Peripheral Artery Disease.

Purpose:To describe a parallel wiring using a single intravascular ultrasound catheter with double rapid exchange lumens (PASSABLE) technique for peripheral CTOs.Technique:The technique is demonstr...
Some Interesting Issues in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics, Both in the Continuum and in Numerical Simulation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some issues in incompressible fluid dynamics, both in the continuum and in numerical simulation. One of the principle themes considered is the common, simple, and convenient mathematical model of a fluid that states that the mass conservation law is one that requires the fluid to be incompressible everywhere and for all time. It is found that the process of differentiating the constraint equation can have far-reaching consequences, especially while discussing the semi-discrete form of the NS equations through differential-algebraic equations. The PPE provides the hope of separating the velocity calculation from the pressure calculation. Boundary situations other than impenetrable, no-slip walls, or specified inflow velocities occur quite frequently, perhaps most often in flow-thru domains in which part of the boundary sees fluid leaving the domain. It is found that the Kinney model invokes a discrete time approximation and introduces vortex sheets to reduce the spurious slip velocity to zero.
On Legislating Morals: The Symbolic Process of Designating Deviance

T IS BY NOW a commonplace of the social sciences to say that one man's moral turpitude is another man's innocent pleasure. Although policing and judicial agencies of our society designate behavior as wrong, immoral, and illegal every day, we are well aware that such designation is by no means either inherent in human nature or common to all societies in all historical periods. Official and legal judgments of deviance show all the characteristics of cultural relativity. What is crime today may well have been goodness yesterday; what is applauded in New York City is decried on the prairies. Legislatures, police agencies, and courts all operate, however, by designating some behavior as deviant, immoral, and unsanctioned. In this Article we are concerned with how such designations or norms, arise, are maintained, and undergo change. Our effort is less to understand the actions of the deviant than to shed light on those who define his behavior as punishable and prohibited. This Article focuses on one kind of deviance designation: "disinterested indignation"--hostility directed against a norm violator despite the absence of direct or personal damage to the norm upholder and designator. The norm upholder's righteous hostility leads him to define the deviant as immoral. Intense legal and public reactions to homosexuals, prostitutes, drug addicts, gamblers, and abortionists represent the outlawing of certain behavior despite the absence of a "victim" or damage to specific and direct interest of others. Political radicalism, murder, theft, and the list of usual crimes may all be interpreted as threats to the life and property of citizens. Designation of the acts mentioned above as "crimes" cannot be explained on the same basis.
The Design and Evolution of the MPI-2 C++ Interface

The original specification for the Message Passing Interface (MPI) included language bindings for C and Fortran 77. C++ programs that used MPI were thus required to use the C bindings. With MPI-2, a C++ interface for all of MPI is specified. In this paper, we describe the design of the C++ interface for MPI and provide some of the history and motivations behind the design decisions.
Economics of Leniency Program

The article is devoted to explaining economic background as well as evaluation of opportunities, risks and expected results for leniency program within the context of Russian antimonopoly law changes. It describes the main idea of the said program, the set of questions to be resolved in the process of designing and implementing the program of reducing punishment of cartel participants in exchange for cooperation with antimonopoly bodies.
The sucrose transporter family in Populus: the importance of a tonoplast PtaSUT4 to biomass and carbon partitioning

Plasma membrane, proton-coupled Group II sucrose symporters (SUT) mediate apoplastic phloem loading and sucrose efflux from source leaves in Arabidopsis and agricultural crop species that have been studied to date. We now report that the most abundantly expressed SUT isoform in Populus tremula×alba, PtaSUT4, is a tonoplast (Group IV) symporter. PtaSUT4 transcripts were readily detected in conducting as well as mesophyll cells in stems and source leaves. In comparison, Group II orthologs PtaSUT1 and PtaSUT3 were very weakly expressed in leaves. Both Group II and Group IV SUT genes were expressed in secondary stem xylem of Populus. Transgenic poplars with RNAi-suppressed PtaSUT4 exhibited increased leaf-to-stem biomass ratios, elevated sucrose content in source leaves and stems, and altered phenylpropanoid metabolism. Transcript abundance of several carbohydrate-active enzymes and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases was also altered in transgenic source leaves. Nitrogen-limitation led to a down-regulation of vacuolar invertases in all plants, which resulted in an augmentation of sucrose pooling and hexose depletion in source leaves and secondary xylem of the transgenic plants. These results are consistent with a major role for PtaSUT4 in orchestrating the intracellular partitioning, and consequently, the efflux of sucrose from source leaves and the utilization of sucrose by lateral and terminal sinks. Our findings also support the idea that PtaSUT4 modulates sucrose efflux and utilization in concert with plant N-status.
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF AL+(C2H4)(O2) CLUSTERS

Abstract We report on the photodissociation spectroscopy of the weakly-bound complex Al+(C2H4)(O2). Continuum molecular absorption bands are observed in the 218–290 nm spectral region and are assigned to the photoinduced metal-to-ethylene charge-transfer process. Al+ is the dominant photofragment observed at all wavelengths. Two minor chemical dissociation channels are also observed resulting in AlOH+ and AlCH2+ reactive photoproducts. Our experimental investigations are supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations using the Gaussian '94 package.
Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification

Ocean iron fertilization has been proposed as a method to mitigate anthropogenic climate change, and there is continued commercial interest in using iron fertilization to generate carbon credits. It has been further speculated that ocean iron fertilization could help mitigate ocean acidification. Here, using a global ocean carbon cycle model, we performed idealized ocean iron fertilization simulations to place an upper bound on the effect of iron fertilization on atmospheric CO2 and ocean acidification. Under the IPCC A2 CO2 emission scenario, at year 2100 the model simulates an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 965 ppm with the mean surface ocean pH 0.44 units less than its pre-industrial value of 8.18. A globally sustained ocean iron fertilization could not diminish CO2 concentrations below 833 ppm or reduce the mean surface ocean pH change to less than 0.38 units. This maximum of 0.06 unit mitigation in surface pH change by the end of this century is achieved at the cost of storing more anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean interior, furthering acidifying the deep-ocean. If the amount of net carbon storage in the deep ocean by iron fertilization produces an equivalent amount of emission credits, ocean iron fertilization further acidifies the deep ocean without conferring any chemical benefit to the surface ocean.
Predictors and Consequences of Gender Typicality: The Mediating Role of Communality

Considerable work has shown the benefits for psychological health of being gender typed (i.e., perceiving oneself in ways that are consistent with one’s sex). Nevertheless, little is known about the reasons for the link. In two studies of young adults (total N = 673), we studied (1) the ways in which gender typing is predicted from gender-related interests and personal qualities, and (2) links between gender typing and adjustment (self-esteem and negative emotionality). In the first study, gender typicality was positively predicted by a variety of gender-related characteristics and by communal traits, a female-typed characteristic; gender typicality was also positively associated with adjustment. To clarify the role of communality in predicting gender typicality and its link with adjustment, we conducted a follow-up study examining both gender typicality and “university typicality.” Gender typicality was again predicted by gender-related characteristics and communality, and associated with adjustment. Further, university typicality was also predicted by communality and associated with adjustment. Mediation analyses showed that feelings of communality were partly responsible for the links between gender/university typicality and adjustment. Thus, the psychological benefits suggested to accrue from gender typicality may not be specific to gender, but rather may reflect the benefits of normativity in general. These findings were discussed in relation to the broader literature on the relation between identity and adjustment.
Information Monopoly and Commitment in Intermediary-Firm Relationships

A bank may use the private information that it acquires through monitoring to hold up borrowers. This “information monopoly” of the bank may inefficiently distort the borrower’s investment decisions in environments where moral hazard is prevalent. The paper analyses how this problem is resolved within bank-firm relationships. In the benchmark case when the bank can contractually commit to future actions, the optimal contract turns out to be ambiguous in nature. When commitment contracts cannot be written, firms have an incentive to develop multiple banking relationships in order to decrease the “inside” banks’ bargaining power. However, with costly monitoring, this may defeat the initial purpose for contracting with a financial intermediary, namely information production. The paper argues that when contractual commitment is not feasible, bank size may serve as an alternative commitment device that prevents the bank from holding up borrowers in the future.
FAUST: a vision-based neural network multimap pattern recognition architecture

A new architecture is presented for multi-map, self-organizing pattern recognition which allows concurrent massively parallel learning of features using different maps for each feature type. The method used is similar to the multi-map structures known to exist in the vertebrate sensory cortex. The learning used to update memory locations uses a feed-forward mechanism and is self-organizing. The architecture is described by the acronym FAUST (Feed-forward Association Using Symmetrical Triggering). As a demonstration of the effectiveness of FAUST, a character recognition, fingerprint classification, and forms recognition programs have been constructed on a massively parallel compute. The character recognition program can perform 99% accurate character recognition on medium-quality machine printed digits at a speed of 2.4 ms/digit, and 88% recognition on multiple-writer handprint with a 2.3% substitutional error rate. The form recognition program can achieve 94% accuracy on complex forms. The fingerprint classification program classifies 93% of fingerprints correctly with 10% rejection rate. All of the calculations were performed on an Active Memory Technology DAP 510.
Glutaminyl‐tRNA synthetase: from genetics to molecular recognition

Accurately aminoacylated tRNAs are an a priori requirement for translation of the genetic code. They are synthesized by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases which select both the correct amino acid and tRNA from a total of more than 400 possible combinations. Genetic, biochemical and structural studies have begun to reveal the mechanisms by which this specificity is achieved by Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS). Sequence-specific interactions between GlnRS and tRNA(Gln) determine both the accuracy of tRNA selection and the efficiency of aminoacylation. Thus, amino acid recognition is tRNA-dependent. Consequently, while a noncognate tRNA may be recognized by GlnRS, the resulting tRNA-enzyme complex displays a considerably reduced affinity for glutamine compared to wild-type. This mechanism now provides a ready explanation as to why the majority of tRNA mischarging events, including those originally described over 25 years ago for GlnRS, impair cellular viability only to a limited degree.
Detection of carcinogenic exposures by urinalysis: Induction of cell-mediated immunity

Studies were undertaken to determine whether urine collected from rats during the 24 h following exposure to the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) contained substances which would induce specific antitumor immunity. The evaluation for such components was carried out by administering the test and control urine to young male adult Fisher F344 inbred rats and then establishing the animals' antitumor cell-mediated immunity (CMI) at a 14-day post-exposure interval. The CMI was measured by determining the injury and destruction inflicted upon cultured X-ray-induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma target cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from the animals exposed to the urine. A significantly increased CMI was found to be induced by the urine collected from the chemically exposed rats, thus suggesting the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic components. In addition, exposure through the levels of CMI that were induced, with an approximate threshold detection limit of 100 microgram (1.7 mumol)/kg body weight (100 ppb) to the chemical. These preliminary findings suggest that such immune measurements might serve as a basis for the development of a rapid and inexpensive bioassay for monitoring population exposures to carcinogenic substances.
Reliability and Validity of a Daily Diary for Premenstrual Syndrome

Daily ratings of symptoms are essential to confirm a diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The 17-item Daily Symptom Report (DSR) is relatively brief and appropriate for clinical and primary care settings. We report the reliability, factor structure and relationships with other standard mood measures of the DSR as a measure of PMS. The sample includes 170 women who sought medical treatment for severe PMS and a non-clinical comparison group of 54 healthy women in the same age range. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.92 for the premenstrual DSR scores, indicating very high internal consistency for the 17 symptoms. Factor analysis yielded four factors describing mood, behavioral items, pain, and physical symptoms. In the PMS sample, there were moderate correlations between the DSR and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Profile of Mood States, and the Premenstrual Assessment Form. The moderate correlations of the DSR with other standard symptom measures add to the evidence that PMS overlaps with other mood disorders at the premenstrual time but is not simply a brief depression or a truncated anxiety disorder.
An examination of the synergy of pain and PTSD on quality of life: Additive or multiplicative effects?

Abstract Although models have been proposed to explain common factors that maintain comorbid pain and PTSD [Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21: 857–77], the exact nature of the relationship between these two conditions and their impact on quality of life (QOL) is unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the unique and interactive effects of PTSD and pain on role functioning and life satisfaction – two important domains of QOL. The study utilized a help-seeking sample of motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors whose accidents resulted in symptoms of comorbid PTSD and pain ( N = 192). Hierarchical regression models were used to examine the relationship between four PTSD symptom clusters, pain, and the interaction of each cluster and pain on role functioning and life satisfaction separately. Results of these analyses revealed a significant interaction of pain and emotional numbing on role functioning, suggesting a multiplicative effect on this domain of QOL. Decomposition of this interaction revealed a negative association between numbing and functioning at low levels of pain but no relationship at higher levels. A marginal interaction of pain and hyperarousal also was noted for life satisfaction. Decomposition of the interaction effect revealed a marginal association between hyperarousal and decreased satisfaction only at high levels of pain. A main effect of emotional numbing on decreased life satisfaction also was observed in this model, suggesting a unique influence of numbing. The results of the current research indicate that the synergistic relationship of pain and PTSD may vary across domains of QOL.
Calcium arterial stimulation venous sampling for preoperative localization of occult insulinomas

Learning Objectives (1) To review the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of insulinomas, (2) to discuss the indications and advantages of intra-arterial calcium-stimulated venous sampling (ASVS) vs. portal venous sampling and imaging for preoperative diagnosis of occult insulinomas, (3) to discuss the physiologic rationale of ASVS, technique, and result interpretation. Background Insulinomas cause symptomatic hypoglycemia and are the most common islet cell tumors. Surgical resection is curative. Preoperative localization of an insulinoma is a prerequisite of successful surgical resection. Cross-sectional imaging modalities unreliably detect insulinomas less than 2 cm in size. ASVS is a highly sensitive test for localizing such occult insulinomas. Administration of calcium gluconate into the arterial supply of normal beta cells causes insulin release. The insulin surge from beta cells of an insulinoma is much greater allowing for tumor localization based on site of arterial injection. In the setting of multifocal pancreatic lesions, ASVS can also be used to identify the region that is hormonally most active prior to the resection. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details ASVS is performed in a fasting state. Arteries supplying the pancreas are selected and calcium gluconate is injected. Blood samples are obtained from hepatic veins simultaneously with each injection and evaluated for insulin levels. Location of the insulinoma is determined based on increase in the hepatic venous insulin levels corresponding to the pancreatic arterial territory stimulated. We will discuss the diagnostic algorithm, illustrate the ASVS technique in detail, and interpret the test results. We will also explain the physiologic rationale of the test, angiographic findings of insulinoma and potential use of cone beam CT scan in optimizing localization and identification. Conclusion and/or Teaching Points ASVS is the most accurate method to localize occult insulinomas preoperatively. Familiarity with this technique has the potential to improve clinical outcomes after surgical resection.
Gender‐Related Differences of Hyaluronic Acid Distribution in the Human Vocal Fold

Objective To quantify the distribution of hyaluronic acid (HA) within the normal human vocal fold and evaluate gender- and age-related differences. Study Design Prospective, cross-sectional study by age and gender groups using cadaveric vocal folds to study hyaluronic acid differences. Methods Twenty-five vocal fold halves obtained at autopsy were evaluated from nine adult male (age range, 34–52 y), seven adult female (age range, 21–41 y), four geriatric male (age range, 65–77 y), and five geriatric female (age range 65–82 y) subjects. Midmembranous vocal fold sections were stained for HA using the Muller-Mowry colloidal iron (acid mucopolysaccharide) stain with and without hyaluronidase. Digital imaging software was used to quantify the distribution of HA across the lamina propria at the vocal fold edge from superficial (subepithelial) to deep (vocalis muscle). Results A significant gender difference (P = .03) was noted in distribution when controlled for age. Combined, male subjects had a relatively constant distribution pattern throughout the depth of lamina propria. Female subjects showed relatively less HA in the first 15% of depth (most superficial) but showed more HA in the deeper 40% to 100% (toward vocalis muscle) than in male subjects. Conclusions Important clinical implications may be extrapolated from our findings. First, relatively less HA in the most superficial area implies less protection from vibratory trauma and overuse and may explain in part why more female than male patients have phonotrauma to phonotraumatic lesions. Second, evaluating the distribution of HA in the normal human vocal fold allows more direction in our application of HA as a therapeutic lamina propria substitute in patients with voice disorders.
Effect of CO2 and NH3 on bioconvection: Patterns in Tetrahymena cultures

Abstract Tetrahymena cultures forming bioconvection patterns were induced by CO2 and NH3 to accelerate the motion of their convection cells. Large channels formed between convection cells were shown to contain the penetrating gas. The gases are shown to inhibit organism motility and it is argued that such inhibition generates channel formation by causing a density overload of bioconvective pattern columns. As a result of this overload these columns of organisms precipitate before reaching the normal column junction or node thereby replacing the node with an open channel down which gas diffusion is enhanced.
Teaching Writing Skills to Counseling Students for Clinical Competence and Professional Advocacy

Counselors’ writing skills influence their ability to advocate for clients, for the profession, and for themselves. We recommend counselor educators help counselor trainees develop this important skill using a multilayered approach including (a) using a Writing in the Disciplines (WID) approach to teach the core CACREP areas, (b) recognizing and promoting writing as a clinical competency, (c) connecting writing skills with client advocacy efforts, and (d) emphasizing the development of writing skills in continuing education.
Stimulus selectivity and response latency in putative inhibitory and excitatory neurons of the primate inferior temporal cortex

The cerebral cortex is composed of many distinct classes of neurons. Numerous studies have demonstrated corresponding differences in neuronal properties across cell types, but these comparisons hav...
Consumer reaction to crowding for extended service encounters

– Much of the research on crowding in a service context has focused on customer reaction to crowding in a retail setting. This paper seeks to examine the effect of consumer goals on consumers' reactions to crowding for extended service encounters., – The authors used a 2 (Crowding: crowded or not crowded) × 2 (Goal: utilitarian or hedonic) × 2 (Service level: bad or good) factorial, between‐subjects design to test hypotheses. Service level and tolerance for crowding were entered as control variables. A service encounter in a casual restaurant was used as the service setting in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to a written scenario describing an experience in a restaurant. They were then shown a photograph depicting the interior of the restaurant., – Consumption goal moderates the effect of perceived crowding on satisfaction. Significantly lower satisfaction ratings are associated with a crowded service environment when the primary consumption goal for the service experience is utilitarian, rather than hedonic, in nature. Furthermore, regardless of the consumption goal, crowding negatively impacts positive in‐store behaviors (i.e. desire to spend more money and time at the restaurant)., – The study was limited to one extended service setting. Future research across other extended service settings is needed establish the generalizability of the findings., – The study has implications for the design of the service facility and the application of demand‐shifting revenue management strategies., – The paper extends the literature on shopping motivations to extended service settings by examining the effect of consumer goals on consumers' reactions to crowding, specifically consumer satisfaction with, and consumer behaviors within, the extended service encounter.
Late Mitral Valve Opening in Aortic Regurgitation

#{176}Fromthe Department of Medicine, Louisiana State Urnversity School of Medicine, Shreveport. 0 #{176}Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief, Cardiology Section. Reprint requests: Dr. Glasser, Louisiana Sta*e University Medical Cente?, Shreveport 71130 ventricular hypertrophy. The brachial artery blood pressure was 140/40 mm Hg, while the popliteal artery pressure was 170/80 mm Hg. A grade 3/6 decrescendo diastolic murmur was heard along the left sternal border, as well ai the right sternal border, where it was louder. An apical early and middiastolic rumble was also present. Echocardiographic evaluation of the patient’s mitral valve ( Fig 1 ) demonstrated marked “fizzing” of the anterior leaflet, which remained relatively closed through most of diastole and finally opened fully with a prominent echocardiographic “a” wave.
The Utility of Meteor Bursts for Intermittent Radio Communication

It has been suggested that the transient vhf signal produced by meteor ionization be used for communication, and several groups have been investigating this possibility. Analysis of the meteor bursts measured on the 49.8-mc transmissions from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Sterling, Va., implies that useful intermittent communication can be achieved. Transmission experiments in a 100-kc band have not realized the theoretical capacity of the signal, mostly because of multipath propagation. About half of the meteor bursts observed are unaffected by this distortion, however, so that a useful system of this bandwidth may yet be possible.
Three rods on a ring and the triangular billiard

We demonstrate the equoivalence of two seemingly disparate dynamical systems. One consits of three hard rods sliding along a frictionless ring and making elastic collisions. The other consists of one ball moving on a frictionless triangular table with elastic rails. Several applications of this result are discussed.
Banking Struture and the National Capital Market, 1869–1914

We examine (1) why, when a national capital market developed in the United States, regional interest rate differentials existed and seemed to narrow toward 1900, and (2) the changing patterns of banking behavior in the post-Civil War period. We show that a national capital market was established early (1870s), and regional rate differentials were a response to variations and changes in the interest sensitivity of business loan demand. Bank structure was characterized by monopoly, but it declined because of increasing sophistication of business financing decisions, which became more sensitive to open market rates (in particular the stock market) and to loan rates themselves.
Polarization State of Silicon Raman Lasers Dictated by Non-Degenerate Two-Photon Absorption

In this paper, we demonstrate the polarization state of the silicon Raman lasers dictated by the non-degenerate two-photon absorption (TPA) process. We measure that the lasing in silicon waveguides can be achieved when pump and signal have linear and orthogonal polarization states relative to each other or circular polarization states. Pump-signal TPA increases the loss inside the resonator significantly and does not allow lasing when they have collinear polarization states. We measure the average lasing threshold power to be 12.5 mW for orthogonal polarization states and it is increased by 12% (to 14 mW) by adjusting the pump-signal polarization states to circular polarization. Experimental results reveal that the degenerate TPA will mitigate the higher order Raman lasing in silicon waveguides for wavelengths below 2 mum because of non-degenerate TPA process
Does Value-Based Purchasing Enhance Quality of Care and Patient Outcomes in the ICU?

As health care expenditures increase, payers, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, are moving away from reimbursement based on types and volume of services to an emphasis on quality of provided care, an approach called value-based purchasing (VBP). Because it is tied to reimbursement, VBP creates economic motivation to measure and improve care. VBP is proceeding without high-level evidence supporting its effectiveness in improving health care quality. Rising health care costs, however, make VBP an attractive approach for curtailing costs and emphasizing improved quality, and VBP is likely to become a more prevalent mechanism of reimbursement for providers and facilities.
Risk Management of Contract Portfolios in IT Services: The Profit-at-Risk Approach

Information technology (IT) services providers are exposed to exogenous risks faced by the industry as a whole, and endogenous risks from their current portfolio of IT contracts. This exposure may lead to cost overruns or legal responsibility for service-level breeches. Providers can leverage information about their risk positions implied by their IT services contract portfolios to gain strategic advantage over their competitors. We build theory in support of a new construct, profit-at-risk, for evaluating the trade-offs between contract profitability and service-level risk, stemming from financial economics theory and models. We simulate an IT services contract portfolio, and show how managers can reduce organizational risk by forgoing profit-maximizing contracts in lieu of more conservative service-level agreements, yet still achieve high returns. Our approach provides decision support for ex ante contract evaluation and negotiation, and a means to conduct ex post efficiency evaluation. It also aligns IT service management with best practices in financial management.
Senescent impairment in synergistic cytokine pathways that provide rapid cardioprotection in the rat heart.

Pretreatment of rodent hearts with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)–AB decreases myocardial injury after coronary occlusion. However, PDGF-AB cardioprotection is diminished in older animals, suggesting that downstream elements mediating and/or synergizing the actions of PDGF-AB may be limited in aging cardiac vasculature. In vitro PDGF-AB induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (Ang)-2 expression in 4-mo-old rat cardiac endothelial cells, but not in 24-mo-old heart cells. In vivo injection of young hearts with PDGF-AB increased densities of microvessels staining for VEGF and its receptor, Flk-1, and Ang-2 and its receptor, Tie-2, as well as PDGF receptor (PDGFR)–α. In older hearts, PDGF-AB–mediated induction was primarily limited to PDGFR-α. Studies in a murine cardiac transplantation model demonstrated that synergist interactions of PDGF-AB plus VEGF plus Ang-2 (PVA) provided an immediate restoration of senescent cardiac vascular function. Moreover, PVA injection in young rat hearts, but not PDGF-AB alone or other cytokine combinations, at the time of coronary occlusion suppressed acute myocardial cell death by >50%. However, PVA also reduced the extent of myocardial infarction with an age-associated cardioprotective benefit (4-mo-old with 45% reduction vs. 24-mo-old with 24%; P < 0.05). These studies showed that synergistic cytokine pathways augmenting the actions of PDGF-AB are limited in older hearts, suggesting that strategies based on these interactions may provide age-dependent clinical cardiovascular benefit.
Cocaine and development: mechanisms of fetal toxicity and neonatal consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure

As cocaine use during pregnancy has become increasingly recognized, there also has been increased concern about the toxic and teratogenic properties of cocaine on the fetus. A significant literature exists describing the adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes associated with in utero cocaine exposure. However, specific causality by cocaine on outcome in the human is difficult to ascertain because of multiple confounding variables associated with substance abuse including social factors and polydrug use as well as difficulty in confirming timing, dose and frequency of cocaine exposure. Most literature suggests that prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with developmental risk to the fetus. What is currently unknown is the extent of risk, the additive and/or synergistic factors contributing to cocaine's toxicity and the reversibility of the injury. In this paper we review the pharmacologic properties of cocaine as related to a model of mechanisms for developmental injury secondary to cocaine exposure and the published literature on the adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes associated with cocaine use during pregnancy. Specific attention has been focused on the structural, neurobehavioral and respiratory control teratogenesis.
Divide and Conquer or Divide and Concede: How Do States Respond to Internally Divided Separatists?

Why do states make concessions to some self-determination movements but not others? This article explores the role of the internal characteristics of these movements, demonstrating that their internal structures play a major role in determining which groups get concessions. Using new data on the structure of self-determination movements and the concessions they receive, I evaluate whether states respond to internally divided movements by trying to “divide and conquer” or “divide and concede.” Consistent with the latter approach, I find that internally divided movements receive concessions at a much higher rate than unitary ones and that the more divided the movement is the more likely it is to receive concessions. Yet, concessions to unitary movements appear to work better to settle these disputes. This suggests that states use concessions not only as a tool to resolve disputes, but also as part of the bargaining process.
Emotional intelligence in the operating room: analysis from the Boston Marathon bombing.

Introduction: The Boston Marathon terrorist bombing that occurred on April 15, 2013 illustrates the importance of a cohesive, efficient management for the operating room and perioperative services. Conceptually, emotional intelligence (EI) is a form of social intelligence used by individuals in leadership positions to monitor the feelings and emotions of their team while implementing a strategic plan. Objective: To describe the experience of caring for victims of the bombing at a large tertiary care center and provide examples demonstrating the importance of EI and its role in the management of patient flow and overall care. Methods: A retrospective review of trauma data was performed. Data regarding patient flow, treatment types, treatment times, and outcomes were gathered from the hospital’s electronic tracking system and subsequently analyzed. Analyses were performed to aggregate the data, identify trends, and describe the medical care. Results: Immediately following the bombing, a total of 35 patients were brought to the emergency department (ED) with injuries requiring immediate medical attention. 10 of these patients went directly to the operating room on arrival to the hospital. The first victim was in an operating room within 21 minutes after arrival to the ED. Conclusion: The application of EI in managerial decisions helped to ensure smooth transitions for victims throughout all stages of their perioperative care. EI provided the fundamental groundwork that allowed the operating room manager and nurse leaders to establish the calm and coordinated leadership that facilitated patient care and teamwork.