cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sparsity-driven passive tracking of underwater acoustic sources

Tracking underwater acoustic sources using passive sonar is a challenging task due to the complex interactions that acoustic signals undergo as they propagate through the undersea environment. Notwithstanding these challenges, methods for tracking acoustic sources, which assume that acoustic environmental information is available, have been proposed. These methods are challenged by their high computational complexity and often do not exploit the temporal structure inherent to the tracking problem. This work proposes a sparsity-driven approach for tracking broadband acoustic sources. Source location maps (SLMs), one per frequency, are sequentially estimated while capturing the temporal dependance between successive SLMs. Coherence across the SLMs' support is enforced to guarantee that the source-location estimates are independent of frequency. An iterative solver based on the proximal gradient method is developed to construct the SLMs. Numerical examples on real data illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Origins of Hydrothermal Ores

The formation of industrially important ore deposits has been studied for over a century, but much remains to be learned about the detailed chemical and physical processes involved. In their research commentary, Barnes and Rose discuss results reported in the same issue by [ AudA©tat et al .][1] in which a laser was used to drill into fluid inclusions in rock; the fluid was then analyzed with a mass spectrometer. The method yields unique experimental data that can be used to evaluate current models of ore deposit formation. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5359/2091
Mark Canuel, Justice, Dissent, and the Sublime

Review by Mark Schoenfield (Vanderbilt University) of Mark Canuel, Justice, Dissent, and the Sublime . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. Pp. 175. $49.95. ISBN 9781421405872.
Biodistribution and function of extracellular miRNA-155 in mice

Circulating miRNAs can be found in extracellular vesicles (EV) and could be involved in intercellular communication. Here, we report the biodistribution of EV associated miR-155 using miR-155 KO mouse model. Administration of exosomes loaded with synthetic miR-155 mimic into miR-155 KO mice resulted in a rapid accumulation and clearance of miR-155 in the plasma with subsequent distribution in the liver, adipose tissue, lung, muscle and kidney (highest to lowest, respectively). miR-155 expression was detected in isolated hepatocytes and liver mononuclear cells of recipient KO mice suggesting its cellular uptake. In vitro, exosome-mediated restoration of miR-155 in Kupffer cells from miR-155 deficient mice augmented their LPS-induced MCP1 mRNA increase. The systemic delivery of wild type plasma to miR-155 KO mice also resulted in a rapid accumulation of miR-155 in the circulation and distribution to the liver and adipose tissue. In summary, our results demonstrate tissue biodistribution and biologic function of EV-associated miR-155.
ACUTE, FATAL CORONARY INSUFFICIENCY

Any person with disease of the coronary arteries may die suddenly. By sudden cardiac death is meant cessation of the heart beat within a few minutes after the onset of acute failure and at a moment when its occurrence was not anticipated. The event does not permit of more precise definition. In a recent compilation of statistics, Hamman 1 found that 91 per cent of sudden deaths from natural causes result from diseases of the cardiovascular system, and that of deaths from sudden heart failure 65 per cent are due to disorders of the coronary arteries. In a majority of instances, disease of the coronary arteries may be recognized clinically. Occasionally, no symptoms or signs are present. More often, when an unexpected attack as of pain or pulmonary edema appears to be the first evidence of disturbance, it is found on more careful inquiry that previous complaints of discomfort were
Automated operator placement in distributed Data Stream Management Systems subject to user constraints

Traditional distributed Data Stream Management Systems assign query operators to sites by optimizing for some criterion such as query throughput, or network delay. The work presented in this paper begins to augment this traditional operator placement technique by allowing the user issuing a continuous query to specify a variety of constraints — including collocation, upstream/downstream, and tag- or attribute-based constraints — controlling operator placement within the query network. Given a set of constraints, operators, and sites; four strategies are presented for optimizing the operator placement. An optimal brute force algorithm is presented first for smaller cases, followed by linear programming, constraint satisfaction, and local search strategies. The four methods are compared for speed, accuracy, and efficiency, with constraint satisfaction performing the best, and allowing assignments to be adapted on the fly by the DDSMS.
NMR studies of structure and conformation in some highly substituted cyclohexenes I. Synthesis and proton NMR studies

Abstract The syntheses and characterizations of the phenyl and α-naphthyl analogs of 3-aryl-1,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohex-l-ene and -6-ene are reported. A detailed study of the proton NMR spectra of these compounds was made and it was found that the spectra were sufficient for the conformational analysis of the synthesized compounds. Despite the presence of two sp2 carbons in the cyclohexene ring system, the aromatic moieties remained strictly in an axial or pseudoaxial disposition. This was borne out by the high degree of resolution of small four-bond “W” couplings between methylene protons and by the observation of large high-field shifts of methyl groups across from the aromatic ring substituent. In the case of the α-naphthyl analogs, it was possible to determine the aromatic ring orientation by observing its diamagnetic ring current effects on the nonaromatic protons of the molecules.
Relaxation of rat gastrointestinal smooth muscle by parathyroid hormone.

In this study we investigated whether parathyroid hormone (PTH) can produce relaxation of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle as it has been reported to do for vascular and uterine smooth muscle. Muscle tissue preparations from rat stomach, duodenum, ileum, or colon were mounted in a 37°C tissue bath and perfused with oxygenated medium. Changes in isometric tension were recorded with a force-displacement transducer connected to a polygraph. Decreases in either resting tension or agonist-induced tension (0.5–1.0 μ M acetylcholine or carbachol) were observed within 1–2 min of PTH addition and were reversible upon removal of the peptide. All GI regions tested were responsive to PTH. Synthetic rPTH-(1–34) (0.1–100 nM) produced a dose-dependent relaxation of both fundic (ED50 = 5.2 nM) and colonic (ED50 = 2.5 nM) muscle strips. At 100 nM, a 90% decrease in fundic tension and a 70% decrease in colonic tension were seen. At 100 nM, bPTH-(1–34), but not bPTH-(7–34) or rat calcitonin gene-related peptide, also was effective in relaxing fundic or colonic muscle. Similarly, in the fundic muscle, 500 nM bPTH-(3–34) alone was ineffective, but it inhibited the effect of 5 nM rPTH-(1–34) when both peptides were tested in combination. Likewise, 100 nM bPTH-(3–34) also inhibited the relaxation induced by 5, 10, or 100 nM bPTH-(1–34). The results show PTH to be highly effective in nanomolar concentrations in causing relaxation of GI smooth muscle. The findings suggests that rat GI smooth muscle possesses receptors for PTH and indicate a potential role for PTH or PTH-related peptides in GI motility.
Sex between men and boys in classical Greece: was it education for citizenship or child abuse?

For most of the past two thousand years no one would discuss Greek pederasty directly, and the innumerable references in ancient literature to erotic relationships between men and boys were ignored...
Noncovalent Interaction of α2-Antiplasmin with Fibrin(ogen): Localization of α2-Antiplasmin-Binding Sites

Covalent incorporation (cross-linking) of plasmin inhibitor α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) into fibrin clots increases their resistance to fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that α2-AP may also interact noncovalently with fibrin prior to its covalent cross-linking. To test this hypothesis, we studied binding of α2-AP to fibrin(ogen) and its fragments by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance. The experiments revealed that α2-AP binds to polymeric fibrin and surface-adsorbed fibrin(ogen), while no binding was observed with fibrinogen in solution. To localize the α2-AP-binding sites, we studied the interaction of α2-AP with the fibrin(ogen)-derived D1, D-D, and E3 fragments, and the recombinant αC region and its constituents, αC connector and αC domain and its subdomains, which together encompass practically the whole fibrin(ogen) molecule. In the ELISA, α2-AP bound to immobilized D1, D-D, αC region, αC domain, and its C-terminal subdomain. The binding was Lys-independent and was not ...
NIR/CCD Raman spectroscopy: second battle of a revolution

NIR/CCD Raman spectroscopy: second battle of a revolution?Richard L. McCreeryDepartment of Chemistry, The Ohio State University120 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210ABSTRACTA variety of conceptual and technological advances made during the 1980's have greatlyincreased the attractiveness of Raman spectroscopy for broad applications. These include fiberoptic sampling, FTRaman. CCD detectors, and single monochromators.
Thiazolidinediones Could Improve Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Premature Coronary Heart Disease in HIV-Infected Patients

The use of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) protease inhibitors as part of the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is associated with atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, all of which contribute to premature coronary heart disease. These abnormalities appear to be associated with an increase in cardiovascular events in HIV-infected patients. Beneficial metabolic effects of anti-diabetic agents used in HIV-infected patients have been reported. The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new group of antidiabetic drugs, may modulate the proliferative and inflammatory cascades involved in atherosclerosis. Thus, an increasing totality of evidence suggests that TZDs may represent a unique and powerful research tool to find a common denominator underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic cardiovascular risk factors associated with HIV infection.
Identification and Characterization of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor with Similarity to the Metazoan Transcription Factor ELL

ELL family transcription factors activate the rate of transcript elongation by suppressing transient pausing by RNA polymerase II at many sites along the DNA. ELL-associated factors 1 and 2 (EAF1 and EAF2) bind stably to ELL family members and act as strong positive regulators of their transcription activities. Orthologs of ELL and EAF have been identified in metazoa, but it has been unclear whether such RNA polymerase II elongation factors are utilized in lower eukaryotes. Using bioinformatic and biochemical approaches, we have identified a new Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA polymerase II elongation factor that is composed of two subunits designated SpELL and SpEAF, which share weak sequence similarity with members of the metazoan ELL and EAF families. Like mammalian ELL-EAF, SpELL-SpEAF stimulates RNA polymerase II transcription elongation and pyrophosphorolysis. In addition, like many yeast RNA polymerase II elongation factors, deletion of the SpELL gene renders S. pombe sensitive to the drug 6-azauracil. Finally, phylogenetic analyses suggest that the SpELL and SpEAF proteins are evolutionarily conserved in many fungi but not in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Computer Assisted Mosaic Array Test Station (CAMAT)

An automatic test station for infrared focal plane arrays and multiplexers has been developed by Honeywell EOD. The Computer Aided Mosaic Array Test station (CAMAT) has characterized arrays of 64x128 and is capable of handling arrays of 256x256 and larger. Data rates up to 5 MHz and dynamic ranges of up to 16 bits can be measured. A modular approach is used in both hardware and software. Data acquisition and focal plane drive equipment are custom built while signal processing and display is done by commercial hardware. The software is menu driven and includes data acquisition, statistics, FFT, and graphics output modules in addition to standard sensitivity calculations. A test procedure editor allows for simple development of customized test procedures.
Efficient analysis of a class of microstrip antennas using the characteristic basis function method (CBFM)

This paper presents a novel approach for the efficient solution of a class of microstrip antennas using the newly introduced characteristic basis functions (CBFs) in conjunction with the method of moments (MoM). The CBFs are special types of high-level basis functions, defined over domains that encompass a relatively large number of conventional subdomain basis functions, for example, triangular patches or rooftops. The advantages of applying the CBF method (CBFM) are illustrated by several representative examples, and the accuracy as well as the computation time are compared to those of conventional direct computation. It is demonstrated that the use of CBFs can result in significant savings in computation time, with little or no compromise in the accuracy of the solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 456–464, 2003
The effect of nitrogen deficiency on the concentration of caffeoylquinic acids and scopolin in tobacco.

Abstract Roots, stems, and leaves of tobacco plants grown on complete and on nitrogen-deficient nutrient solutions were each analyzed quantitatively for content of scopolin and of chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and 4- O -caffeoylquinic acids. Increases in scopolin and chlorogenic acid concentrations were found in the nitrogen-deficient leaves, stems, and roots as compared to corresponding parts of control plants. These increases correlated approximately with the time of first observable deficiency symptoms.
Atrial septal defect. A study of intracardiac shunts, ventricular outputs, and pulmonary pressure gradient

Abstract Patients with atrial septal defect provide an unusual opportunity for the study of certain problems connected with the regulation of cardiac output and the hemodynamics of the pulmonary circulation. It is frequently possible to pass a catheter through the septal defect into the venous side of the pulmonary circulation. Blood samples and pressure determinations from this site extend the significance of the usual observations which can be made in the course of an intracardiac catheterization. It is possible to determine the pressure gradient through the pulmonary vascular tree, to estimate the right and left ventricular outputs, to estimate the magnitude and direction of intracardiac shunts, and to observe changes in some of these quantities as a result of exercise or other stimuli. This paper reports observations on four patients with atrial septal defect in whom it was possible to catheterize pulmonary veins.
Auger parameter of hafnium in elemental hafnium and in hafnium oxide

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to determine the Auger parameters in elemental hafnium and in hafnium oxide (HfO2). The zirconium Lα line has been used as a source of excitation to study the 3d core levels of hafnium, the 1s core level of oxygen, and the X-ray excited MNN Auger region of hafnium and KVV Auger region of oxygen. The Auger parameters for hafnium and oxygen have been determined from these spectral data. In case of oxygen, the Auger parameter has been compared with the corresponding value in water. The change in the Auger parameter is observed to be negative for hafnium and positive for oxygen. We have shown that the opposite signs of the Auger parameters in binary systems can be utilized to determine the direction of charge transfer between the constituents. This is consistent with the chemical shift due to charge transfer. This chemical shift in the core level has been evaluated by subtracting the relaxation shift from the experimentally observed core level shift. It is found to be positive for the 3d5/2 core level of hafnium in the oxide indicating a charge transfer from hafnium to oxygen in the oxide. The observations are consistent with Pauling’s electronegativity criterion.
Modeling of NO formation in premixed, high-pressure methane flames

Abstract The Sandia steady, laminar, one-dimensional, premixed flame code is used to investigate NO formation in a series of lean-premixed CH 4 /O 2 /N 2 laminar flames at pressures of 1–14.6 atm. Two different chemical kinetic mechanisms are evaluated in this study. The first mechanism, originally proposed by Glarborg et al. and then modified by Drake and Blint (GMK-DB), is an older mechanism that has previously been shown to be superior to other early mechanisms when making quantitative predictions of NO concentration in lean, high-pressure laminar flames. The second mechanism is the newer GRI mechanism version 2.11. The modeling results for both mechanisms are compared to laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of NO concentration in the postflame region of a series of flat, laminar, lean (0.5 ≤ φ ≤ 0.8), premixed flames (N 2 /O 2 dilution ratio of 2.2) stabilized on a water-cooled McKenna burner. The GRI mechanism, despite uniformly underpredicting NO formation in these flames, is shown to produce better qualitative agreement under these conditions than the GMK-DB mechanism. The study is then extended to a wider range of equivalence ratios (0.6 ≤ φ ≤ 1.6) at an N 2 /O 2 dilution ratio of 3.1. The results demonstrate that the GRI mechanism is not yet suitable for the quantitative prediction of NO concentrations in rich, premixed flames.
Uptake of transferrin-bound zinc by human lymphocytes.

Abstract Uptake of transferrin-bound zinc was stimulated in phytohemagglutinin-treated human lymphocytes as compared to untreated lymphocytes. Stimulation of zinc uptake depended upon the concentration of phytohemagglutinin and was maximal for the first hour after addition of phytohemagglutinin to lymphocyte cultures. Thereafter, increased zinc uptake declined until approximately basal levels were reached 5 hr after addition of phytohemagglutinin. Stimulation of zinc uptake was insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, but was decreased by KCN, actinomycin D, aurin tricarboxylic acid, and by lowering the incubation temperature. Two compounds, NaF and poly- l -ornithine, were found to markedly increase zinc uptake over that seen with only phytohemagglutinin. Additionally, compounds known to increase cellular levels of cyclic AMP, such as epinephrine, histamine, serotonin, glucagon, and prostaglandin E 1 , as well as 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, also increased uptake of transferrin-bound zinc by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.
Modular data storage with Anvil

Databases have achieved orders-of-magnitude performance improvements by changing the layout of stored data -- for instance, by arranging data in columns or compressing it before storage. These improvements have been implemented in monolithic new engines, however, making it difficult to experiment with feature combinations or extensions. We present Anvil, a modular and extensible toolkit for building database back ends. Anvil's storage modules, called dTables, have much finer granularity than prior work. For example, some dTables specialize in writing data, while others provide optimized read-only formats. This specialization makes both kinds of dTable simple to write and understand. Unifying dTables implement more comprehensive functionality by layering over other dTables -- for instance, building a read/write store from read-only tables and a writable journal, or building a general-purpose store from optimized special-purpose stores. The dTable design leads to a flexible system powerful enough to implement many database storage layouts. Our prototype implementation of Anvil performs up to 5.5 times faster than an existing B-tree-based database back end on conventional workloads, and can easily be customized for further gains on specific data and workloads.
Galápagos Flora: Fernandina (Narborough) Caldera before Recent Volcanic Event

A collection of 25 flowering plants was made from the inner cone of Fernandina crater. The distribution, relationships and dispersal mechanisms of these species are considered in the light of recent physical changes resulting from volcanic activity.
Are Some Emotions Marked "Whites Only"? Racialized Feeling Rules in Professional Workplaces

Much of the research on emotion work in organizations has focused on the ways in which emotional per- formance reproduces gender inequality. Yet, most of these studies overlook the racial character of professional workplaces and how emotion work is experienced by racial/ethnic minorities. In this article, I examine how the normative feeling rules that guide emotional performance in professional workplaces are racialized rather than neutral or objective criteria. Based on 25 semistructured interviews with black professionals, contend that feeling rules have different implications for black workers and ultimately reinforce racial difference. This research contributes to the sociological literature on emotion work by further developing the racial components of emotional performance. Keywords: feeling rules, emotion work, race, black professionals, tokenism.
Dofetilide: a new pure class III antiarrhythmic agent.

Abstract Background Although there are a variety of antiarrhythmic agents used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of flutter, each drug has drawbacks, and room exists for new pharmacologic agents. Dofetilide, a pure class III agent, has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for therapy of these arrhythmias and is reviewed. Methods Data for dofetilide, published in full or in abstract form, were reviewed, concentrating on the properties related to its efficacy for the therapy of supraventricular arrhythmias. Results Results from animal and human studies indicate that dofetilide, a renally excreted drug, has pure class III properties related to blockade of the delayed rectifier potassium current. It is effective for the therapy of atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter, and has no demonstrable negative inotropic effect. Despite an incidence of torsades de pointes of approximately 2% in patients with impaired ventricular function, dofetilide exhibited no association with an increased mortality rate when studied in a large series of patients with a reduced ejection fraction. Conclusions Dofetilide's electrophysiologic and clinical profiles suggest that it will be safe and clinically useful for the termination and prevention of atrial fibrillation or flutter, even in patients with impaired ventricular function. (Am Heart J 2000;140:697-706.)
Dietary pyridoxine and the susceptibility to limbic motor seizures in rats

Abstract Dietary pyridoxine (PN) deficiency in adult female rats produced a 32% decrease in hippocampal γ-aminobutyric acid content, measured by a radioreceptor assay. No spontaneous seizures were observed in pyridoxine-deficient animals, but the seizure latency after a systemic kainic acid challenge decreased by 35%. The results suggest that (i) latency is a useful measure of limbic seizure susceptibility; (ii) this susceptibility can be manipulated by diet; and (iii) in adults pyridoxine-dependent mechanisms normally participate in preventing, rather than initiating, limbic seizures.
Neutral Beam Injectors for the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program: Progress and Prognosis for the Future

The attainment of economic, safe fusion power has been described as the most sophisticated scientific problem ever attacked by mankind. The goal of the magnetic fusion program is to develop and demonstrate pure fusion central electric power stations for commercial applications. Neutral beam heating systems are a basic component of the tokamak and mirror experimental fusion plasma confinement devices. The development and application of multimegawatt neutral beam heating systems for PLT, PDX, ISX, TFTR, Doublet-III and MFTF experiments and a plan for developing higher power, longer pulse length, more efficient systems for future application is presented.
What factors predict a favorable outcome in young children with disseminated neuroblastoma

What factors predict a favorable outcome in young children with disseminated neuroblastoma?
The design of an electronic self-regulation skill notebook for the development of meta-cognitive strategies and self-assessment in digital game-based learning environments

Since the introduction of lantern slides in the early 1900s, educators have sought to enhance the teaching and learning process through the use of technology. We have pursued television, film, overhead projectors, computer-based instruction, and distance education. Yet, each of these technologies has failed to produce significant learning gains. In fact, over 50 years of research have shown that the effectiveness of a technology-based instructional tool is due to the instructional strategies employed, not the technology itself [Clark, 1983, 2001; Russell, 2001]. The current trend in education towards the use of serious games and Web 2.0 resources are flawed with the same optimism as early technologies. This does not dissuade us from searching for instructional environments that provide sound instructional strategies along with an interface engaging to learners. However, the advanced affordances in game-based environments allow for large-scale implementations of very effective instructional strategies, such as situated problem-based scenarios. This advantage, combined with the ability to engage today's learners, makes game-based learning environments an instructional technology with great promise.
Doppler Imaging of the Onset of Turbulent Convection

We demonstrate that large rectangular fluid layers have several essentially time-independent convective states above the critical Rayleigh number ${R}_{c}$ in which the rolls align perpendicular to all lateral boundaries. The pattern is hence splayed and contains defects. Using real-time laser Doppler imaging, we show that the onset of time dependence at ${R}_{1}\ensuremath{\cong}5{R}_{c}$ arises from a structural instability of the rolls which can be suppressed by a local heat source.
Glucocorticoid Dependence of Fetal Lung Maturation in Vitro

Earlier studies of the fetal lung in tissue culture have led to the conclusion that its maturation is autonomous. We have studied the role of the small amount of cortisol supplied by the serum routinely added to culture media. It was observed that 28-day-old fetal rabbit lung cells continued to grow and differentiate in culture medium supplemented with 10% calf serum (2.2 X 10(-8) M cortisol). However, when these cells were propagated in medium supplemented with calf serum which was charcoal stripped or from adrenalectomized animals, growth and differentiation were prevented (<1 X 10(-12) M cortisol). The addition of cortixol (1 X 10(-10) to 1 X 10(-5) M) to such media restored the ability of these cells to grow and differentiate in culture. Other classes of steroid hormones failed to restore such activity even with a 10-fold excess of cortisol. We conclude that maturation of the 28-day-old fetal rabbit lung in vitro is dependent upon the presence of cortisol.
A preliminary survey of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Japan

We conducted a survey of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among 16 805 Escherichia coli and 9794 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates recovered from 196 separate medical institutions during the period January 1997 to January 1998. Using the criteria for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxyimino-cephalosporins of ≥8 μg ml−1 and confirmation by double-disk test, we detected 15 E. coli and 34 K. pneumoniae isolates producing ESBLs. Genotypes of ESBLs determined by PCR with type-specific primers included one TEM-derived and 24 SHV-derived ESBLs, in addition to 24 Toho-1-type ESBLs, one of the major types of ESBLs reported in Japan. Nucleotide sequence analysis of SHV-specific PCR products revealed that SHV-12 was the dominant type of SHV-derived ESBL. In addition, we also identified TEM-26 and SHV-2. This is the first report characterizing TEM- and SHV-derived ESBLs in Japan.
Toxicity of divinylbenzene-55 for B6C3F1 mice in a two-week inhalation study

Divinylbenzene (DVB) is a crosslinking monomer used primarily for copolymerization with styrene to produce ion-exchange resins. The toxicity of inhaled DVB was investigated because of the potential for worker exposure and the structural similarity of DVB to styrene, a potential carcinogen. Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 25, 50, or 75 ppm DVB for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 weeks. Six mice/sex/dose group were killed after 3, 5, and 10 exposures and six mice/sex in the 75 ppm group were killed 7 days after 10 exposures. The most severe effects occurred in the nasal cavity and liver, with less severe effects occurring in the kidneys. In the nasal cavity olfactory epithelium acute necrosis and inflammation were present at early time points followed by regeneration, architectural reorganization, and focal respiratory metaplasia by 7 days after the last exposure. Olfactory epithelial changes were concentration-dependent with extensive involvement at 75 ppm and peripheral sparing at 25 ppm. There was also necrosis and regeneration of olfactory-associated Bowman's glands as well as the lateral nasal (Steno's) glands. Hepatocellular centrilobular (CL) necrosis was observed only in the 75 ppm dose group and was similar to that caused by styrene. A time-dependent progression was observed, characterized by CL degeneration after 1 exposure, necrosis after 3 and 5 exposures, and chronic inflammation with CL karyomegaly after 10 exposures and 7 days after the 10th exposure. Hepatic GSH levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In the kidneys, transient tubular damage was observed in some male mice exposed to 75 ppm, and appeared to be a response to DVB-induced tubular epithelial injury.
Assessing the ecological and economic benefits of a no-take marine reserve

The management of marine resources is often impeded by a lack of models to integrate ecological and economic information on exploited populations. We used available biological and economic data for an overexploited population of the leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) to study if closing parts of the population to fishing would allow sustainable use and maximum economic benefits. Our results suggest that fishing should be closed in all spawning areas and in at least 50% of the adjacent areas. High non-consumptive benefits would be achieved with large closures because the abundance of the leopard groupers, which is an important attribute for SCUBA divers, would increase. In a no-take reserve, the welfare gains of divers seemingly could compensate for losses incurred by fishers if parts of their fishing grounds are closed. An adaptive management scheme could provide a way to incorporate newly available information into management decisions for the no-take reserve.
Optical Properties of Whole Blood

The optical properties of whole blood are presented for the argon ion laser (488 nm) and He-Ne laser (633 nm) wavelengths. Applying the inverse adding-doubling (IAD) method, the absorption and scattering coefficients and scattering anisotropy coefficient of blood have been determined from the measurements of total diffusive reflectance and transmittance obtained by an integrating sphere at 488 nm. The scattering anisotropy coefficient obtained from the IAD method has been compared with that obtained independently by the goniometric measurements. The index of refraction of blood has been measured by the conventional minimum deviation method using an equilateral hollow quartz prism at 633 nm.
Site-Specific Labeling of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Ribosomes

The eukaryotic ribosome has more structural and functional complexity than lower organisms, yet has been the target of fewer biophysical studies. This is due to the difficulties with site specific labeling of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells and lysates. But the recent atomic resolution yeast ribosome structure and cryo-EM studies have resulted in renewed interest in the biophysical mechanisms of eukaryotic translation. We have explored the use of γ-PNA that can potentially bind to solvent exposed and phylogenetically variable sites in functional yeast ribosomal subunits: 60S and 40S. This method of labeling can be further exploited to label other sites on the yeast ribosomes and potentially a wide range of native eukaryotic ribosomes.
Platelet marginal bands: not so marginal

Much has been learned about the dynamics of platelet biogenesis. However, the dynamics of the cytoskeletal engine in live platelets have not been thoroughly investigated until recently. In this issue of Blood , a report by Patel-Hett and colleagues, led by Joseph Italiano, focuses on platelet
The relationship between digital perfusion pressure and hoof lamellar blood flow in isoflurane-anesthetized horses

Digital perfusion pressure (DPP) equals mean arterial pressure (MAP) at the hoof coronet minus digital interstitial pressure (DIP) within the hoof. To test whether lamellar blood flow (LBF) changes proportionately to DPP, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in six horses to target a MAP of 60 mmHg. Arterial, venous, and hoof interstitial pressures were measured in each pelvic limb. LBF was measured using fluorescent microspheres during dobutamine infusions targeting either 60 (low), 80 (medium), or 100 (high) mmHg MAP. Following euthanasia, hoof lamina was collected for microsphere isolation. To reduce intra-individual variability, medium and high pressures and flows were divided by their respective low pressure and flow baseline values, yielding indexed variables of ΔLBF and ΔDPP. The ΔLBF correlated negatively with the ΔDPP. We conclude that LBF was not solely determined by passive pressure-flow relationships and that systemic hypertension may not effectively increase dermal LBF in horses.
Environmental management of oak wilt disease in central texas

Oak wilt disease, for which there is no known cure, is one of the most destructive tree killers in the United States today. This analysis reports on the patterns of disease transmission, along with the methods of treatment used to suppress the severity of the pathogen's attack on trees in central Texas. The practical problems inherent in the linkage between people and their relationship with this environmental disorder are addressed. The environmental controls implemented have application to other areas of the United States and western Europe, where tree species are subject to infections.
Germs and Jim Crow: The Impact of Microbiology on Public Health Policies in Progressive Era American South

Race proved not merely a disadvantage in securing access to prompt and appropriate medical care, but often became a life and death issue for blacks in the American South during the early decades of the twentieth century. This article investigates the impact some of the new academic disciplines such as anthropology, evolutionary biology, racially based pathology and genetics had in promoting scientific racism. The disproportionately high morbidity and mortality rates among blacks were seen as a consequence of inherent racial deficiencies that rendered any attempt to ameliorate their situation as futile. While the belief in a different pathology in blacks initially deterred most health officials from taking any action, advances in medicine and microbiology, in particular the germ theory, stirred a variety of responses out of sheer self preservation, as fears among whites at the first sign of an epidemic initiated sporadic and limited actions. Ironically, in an era of deepening scientific racism, public health initiatives based on a better understanding of disease causing microorganisms, gradually improved black health. However, some public health measures were hijacked by eugenicists and racists and, rather than addressing the ill health of blacks, public health policy complied with the new laws of heredity by promoting drastic measures such as involuntary sterilization or even abortion. This further complicated the strained relationship between southern blacks and health care professionals and effected ongoing distrust towards public healthcare services.
Changes in the management of severely Rh-immunized patients.

Abstract Since July 1, 1978, we have instituted the following changes in the management of severely Rh-immunized patients: (1) serial amniotic fluid optical density (ΔOD 450 ) values and real-time ultrasound scanning beginning at 21 weeks' gestation, (2) fetal transfusion as early as the twenty-third week, (3) ultrasound surveillance during and after intrauterine transfusions, and (4) planned premature delivery with neonatal exchange transfusions for selected cases between 29 to 32 weeks and for all patients after 32 weeks' gestation. The perinatal survival rate (83.8%) in 37 isoimmunized pregnancies managed with this regimen was significantly higher (p
The effect of nerve growth factor on cholinergic cells in primary fetal striatal cultures: characterization by in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization using 35S-labeled antisense oligonucleotide probes for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors was employed to monitor the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cholinergic cells in mixed neuronal-glial striatal brain cultures prepared from E16/E17 rat embryos. In cultures treated with NGF, cells reactive to the ChAT oligonucleotide probe were significantly larger than cells in untreated cultures. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of silver grains over reactive cells in cultures exposed for 9-10 days to exogeneous NGF. Similar results were obtained with an oligonucleotide probe specific for m2 muscarinic receptors: in NGF-treated cultures, cells reactive to the m2 receptor probe were significantly larger and had more silver grains than cells from non-treated cultures. On the other hand, no significant effect of NGF on cell size or on the number of grains was observed for cells reactive to an m1 muscarinic receptor probe. These results demonstrate that NGF specifically increases the transcription of genes (ChAT and m2 muscarinic receptor) the expression of which is associated with cholinergic neurons, promoting the growth of this particular type of neuron.
Amino acid composition of β-caseins from the milks of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cows: A comparative study

Abstract 1. 1. β-Caseins B ( Bos taurus ), B Z and D ( Bos indicus ) were examined for amino acid composition. 2. 2. B Z differs from B in content of several neutral amino acids and possibly glutamic acid, as well as in tryptic “fingerprints”. 3. 3. β-D differs from B Z notably in content of arginine (+1), lysine (+1) and histidine (−1), but also in one additional residue each of threonine, serine and alanine. 4. 4. β-D (like β-C, Bos taurus ) lacks 1–2 residues of phosphorus as compared with B. 5. 5. It is likely that β-C ( Bos taurus ), itself, occurs as polymorphs.
Measurements described in a paper by Blackman, Blanchard, Benane, and House are statistically invalid

Blackman et al. [1994] describe an experiment that purports to show that weak 45 Hz magnetic fields inhibit the growth of neurites from PC-12 cells treated with a growth stimulation factor. I present a statistical analysis of the data in that paper that shows that the data were corrupted in some way; hence, the results are invalid.
ABO blood group is associated with response to inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with respiratory failure.

Background Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) reduces death or need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). However, the response to iNO is variable and only 50–60% of infants demonstrate a response to iNO. It is not known why only some infants respond to iNO. Adults and children with blood groups B or AB do not respond as well to iNO as those with blood groups O/A.
Arboricity and bipartite subgraph listing algorithms

Abstract In graphs of bounded arboricity, the total complexity of all maximal complete bipartite subgraphs is O(n). We described a linear time algorithm to list such subgraphs. The arboricity bound is necessary: for any constant k and any n there exists an n-vertex graph with O(n) edges and ( n log n) k maximal complete bipartite subgraphs Kk,l.
Sexual Behavior and Guilt among Women: A Cross-Generational Comparison.

This paper reports the results of a study of the relationship between guilt and sexual behavior among 45 married women. The age breakdown of the subjects included 60 and above, 40 to 50, and 20 to 30, with 15 women included in each age category. A negative relationship was found between the age of subjects and the extent of sexual behavior while a positive relationship existed between age and sexual guilt. The younger women's sexual behavior scores were higher than both the middle and older (statistically significant) women. Scores indicated less guilt associated with sexual behavior for the younger women than for the middle-aged and older (statistically significant) women.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Characteristics of respiratory and catheter-related infections

Abstract Over a 20-year period, 40 nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were isolated from 6259 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients (0.64%), of which 28 were considered to have probable or definite infection (0.44%). Only 3 of 15 lower respiratory isolates obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and/or biopsy; (Mycobacterium avium complex [n = 2] and M. gordonae [n = 1]) caused definite or probable lower respiratory tract disease, whereas 12 of 15 were considered to cause possible lower respiratory tract disease according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions. The median time to diagnosis was 251 days following HSCT. All 3 patients with definite NTM disease were successfully treated with 3 antimicrobials for several months. Twenty-three patients had catheter-related infections, including exit site infection (n = 5), tunnel infection (n = 7), and catheter-related bacteremia (n = 11). All were caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. The median time to diagnosis was 61 days following HSCT. All patients with catheter-related infections were successfully treated with an average of 2 antibiotics for a median of 3 weeks for exit site infection and 6 weeks for tunnel infection and catheter-related bacteremia. Soft tissue debridement was performed in all cases with tunnel infection. The catheter was removed in 21 of 23 patients with catheter-related infections. Two additional patients were diagnosed, one with lymphadenitis and one with skin lesion, due to NTM. In conclusion, NTM infections are infrequent in HSCT recipients and carry a good clinical prognosis. In the majority of lower NTM respiratory isolates obtained by BAL, a pathogenic role could not be established. However, lower respiratory tract disease can occur late after HSCT and should be considered if patients fail to respond to the treatment of concomitant infections or if evidence of tissue infection or concomitant bacteremia is present. Therapy should be performed with 2 to 3 antimicrobials, guided by antimicrobial susceptibilities, with additional surgical debridement in patients with tunnel infection. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(4):361-9.
Pulse length dependence of laser conditioning and bulk damage in KD 2 PO 4

An experimental technique has been developed to measure the damage density ρ(Φ) variation with fluence from scatter maps of bulk damage sites in plates of KD2PO4 (DKDP) crystals combined with calibrated images of the damaging beam's spatial profile. Unconditioned bulk damage in tripler-cut DKDP crystals has been studied using 351 nm (3ω) light at pulse lengths of 0.055, 0.091, 0.30, 0.86, 2.6, and 10 ns. It is found that there is less scatter due to damage at fixed fluence for longer pulse lengths. The results also show that for all the pulse lengths the scatter due to damage is a strong function of the damaging fluence. It is determined that the pulse length scaling for bulk damage scatter in unconditioned DKDP material varies as τ0.24±0.05 over two orders of magnitude of pulse lengths. The effectiveness of 3ω laser conditioning at pulse lengths of 0.055, 0.096, 0.30, 0.86, 3.5, and 23 ns is analyzed in term of damage density ρ(Φ) at 3ω, 2.6 ns. The 860 ps conditioning to a peak irradiance of 7 GW/cm2 had the best performance under 3ω, 2.6 ns testing. It is shown that the optimal conditioning pulse length appears to lies in the range from 0.3 to 1 ns with a low sensitivity of 0.5 J/cm2/ns to the exact pulse length.
Energy Flow in Euphausia pacifica

To understand relationships within food webs in the sea, with an eye to predicting and perhaps ultimately improving the efficiency of the production of commercially important species, we must understand the energetics of the lower elements of the food web. Energy flow more accurately represents the significance of a species in a community than either the numbers or the biomass of the species1. Euphausiids (class Crustacea) are pelagic filter-feeders of world-wide distribution which serve as forage for a wide variety of marine animals, including whales2 and salmon3. Euphausia pacifica Hansen, the principal species in the North Pacific, often represents the largest biomass of the macroplankton in the subarctic and transitional water masses4. The species is a vertical migrant, inhabiting depths of roughly 100–500 m during the day and ascending to surface waters at night4. It is exposed to water temperatures of about 5°–15° C off Oregon (depending upon season and depth of migration); 10° C is the approximate average5. Day length varies off Oregon from about 8 h in winter to 16 h in summer, so that the time spent in waters of different temperature varies seasonally6.
Incidence of age-related cataract over a 10-year interval: the Beaver Dam Eye Study

Abstract Objective or purpose To describe the cumulative incidence of age-related cataracts and cataract surgery over a 10-year interval. Design Prospective epidemiologic study. Participants Persons 43 to 86 years of age participating in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (n = 4926 at baseline, 2764 for baseline, 5-year and 10-year follow-ups). Methods Questionnaires and examinations were performed according to standardized protocols in a clinic setting in the town of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Lens photographs were obtained with specially modified cameras and were graded according to codified rules by trained graders. Main outcome measures Nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts and cataract surgery. Results In right eyes, incident nuclear cataract occurred in 19.4%, cortical cataract in 17.4%, posterior subcapsular cataract in 6.1%, and cataract surgery in 10.8%. Incidence increased for all end points with age. Women had significantly higher incidences of nuclear cataract and cataract surgery than men. Time trends seem to be influencing the incidence of cataract surgery. Conclusions Age-related cataracts are common events in aging. Age-specific cataract surgery incidence seems to be increasing.