cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mild generalization of Eisenstein’s criterion

We state and prove a mild generalization of Eisenstein’s Criterion for a polynomial to be irreducible, correcting an error that Eisenstein made himself. Eisenstein originally stated and proved the irreducibility criterion we now name after him in [2]. Both his statement and proof are virtually identical to how we would formulate them today. In that paper Eisenstein was actually concerned with the lemniscate, where the relevant question was irreducibility of polynomials with coefficients in the Gaussian integers, rather than in the ordinary integers, but, as he observed, the statement and proof are identical in either case. Indeed, in [2], he applied his citerion to show that, for a prime p, the p-th cyclotomic polynomial Φp(x) = (xp −1)/(x−1) is irreducible. He used the same trick we still use today, observing that his criterion applies to the polynomial Φp(x + 1). The first proof of the irreducibility of Φp(x) had been given by Gauss [4, Article 341], with a simpler proof having been given by Kronecker [5], but Eisenstein’s proof was simpler still. Also, as Eisenstein observed, Gauss’s and Kronecker’s proofs used particular properties of p-th roots of 1, and so only could be applied to Φp(x), while his criterion applies far more generally. (Actually, Schonemann had given an irreducibility criterion in [6] that is easily seen to be equivalent to Eisenstein’s criterion, and had used it to prove the irreducibility of Φp(x), but this had evidently been overlooked by Eisenstein; for a discussion of this see [1].) Eisenstein then went on to remark that the proof of his criterion goes through to show the following more general result: Let f (x) = anx + . . .+a0 be any primitive polynomial with integer coefficients and suppose there is a prime p such that p does not divide an, p divides ai for i = 0, . . . ,n− 1, and for some k with 0 ≤ k ≤ n− 1, p2 does not divide ak. Then f (x) is irreducible (in Z[x]). However, this claim is false, as we see from the following factorization, valid for any k ≥ 1 and any m ≥ 0: (xk + p)(xk+m +(p2 − p)xm + p) = x2k+m + p2xk+m +(p3 − p2)xm + pxk + p2. The point of this note is to establish a correct result along these lines. Theorem 1. Let f (x) = anx + . . . + a0 ∈ Z[x] be a polynomial and suppose there is a prime p such that p does not divide an, p divides ai for i = 0, . . . ,n− 1, and for some k with 0 ≤ k ≤ n−1, p2 does not divide ak. Let k0 be the smallest such value of k. If f (x) = g(x)h(x), a factorization in Z[x], then min(deg(g(x)),deg(h(x))) ≤ k0. In particular, for a primitive polynomial f (x), if k0 = 0 then f (x) is irreducible, and if k0 = 1 and f (x) does not have a root in Q, then f (x) is irreducible. Proof. Suppose we have a factorization f (x) = g(x)h(x). Let g(x) have degree d0 and h(x) have degree e0. Let d be the smallest power of x whose coefficient in g(x) is not divisible by 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 12E05, Secondary 01A55.
Basic characteristics and realization of production system control

This paper analyzes the issues involved in developing an intelligent production control system. It describes the basic characteristics of a production control system and an effective design methodology to realize the production control functions. Petri net, subsystem and hierarchical control concepts are applied to a computer integrated material handling system (MHS). Some communication and interface requirements of the MHS are also considered in this paper. The control system solution is illustrated with an actual MHS operation case which indicates that a truly flexible and integrated production system can be realized with a Petri net operation model and a hierarchical control structure. The significance of this work is related to the different operation testing and evaluation requirements encountered in manufacturing.
Development of Relationships between Safety and Congestion for Urban Freeways

The development of relationships between safety and congestion is documented; traffic volume, speed, and crash data by 15-min periods for urban freeways in the areas of Seattle, Washington, and Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, were used. The safety-congestion relationships were developed to provide a basis for estimating the safety effects of design treatments intended to reduce nonrecurrent congestion and increase travel time reliability. The relationships were developed with traffic volume and speed data from detectors in individual lanes for 564 urban freeway segments during study periods of up to 3 years. Traffic crash records were obtained for the same time periods as the volume and speed data. The U-shaped relationship between crash rate per million vehicle miles of travel and traffic density (the level-of-service measure for freeways) was found, with the highest crash rates at low and high traffic densities and the lowest crash rates in the middle range of traffic densities. The high crash rates ...
Discordant effect of aspirin and indomethacin on intestinal tumor burden inApcMin/+ mice

Epidemiologic and animal studies indicate that sustained use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a chemopreventive effect against the incidence of colorectal neoplasia and subsequent mortality. We previously demonstrated that sulindac significantly reduces intestinal tumor load in ApcMin/+mice and the tumor regression was not necessarily correlated with prostaglandin biosynthesis. In the present study, we further investigate the relationship of NSAID treatment and tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+mouse model. We demonstrate that indomethacin (9 ppm) is a very potent chemopreventive agent, reducing tumor load by 85% and significantly inhibiting basal and ex vivo prostaglandin formation (P< 0.006 and P< 0.0001, respectively). Aspirin (400 ppm) has a similar impact on reducing prostaglandin levels, but in contrast to indomethacin, is uneffective in reducing the tumor load. The data indicate a discordance between the impact of different NSAIDs on tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+mice.
Evolution of the Heme Peroxidases of Culicidae (Diptera)

Phylogenetic analysis of heme peroxidases (HPXs) of Culicidae and other insects revealed six highly conserved ancient HPX lineages, each of which originated by gene duplication prior to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Hemimetabola and Holmetabola. In addition, culicid HPX7 and HPX12 arose by gene duplication after the MRCA of Culicidae and Drosophilidae, while HPX2 orthologs were not found in any other order analyzed except Diptera. Within Diptera, HPX2, HPX7, and HPX12 were relatively poorly conserved at the amino acid level in comparison to the six ancient lineages. The genome of Anopheles gambiae included genes ecoding five proteins (HPX10, HPX11, HPX13, HXP14, and HPX15) without ortholgs in other genomes analyzed. Overall, gene expression patterns did not seem to reflect phylogenetic relationships, but genes that evolved rapidly at the amino acid sequence level tended to have divergent expression patterns as well. The uniquely high level of duplication of HPXs in A. gambiae may have played a role in coevolution with malaria parasites.
Hidden carbon in Earth’s inner core revealed by shear softening in dense Fe7C3

Earth’s inner core is known to consist of crystalline iron alloyed with a small amount of nickel and lighter elements, but the shear wave (S wave) travels through the inner core at about half the speed expected for most iron-rich alloys under relevant pressures. The anomalously low S-wave velocity (v_S) has been attributed to the presence of liquid, hence questioning the solidity of the inner core. Here we report new experimental data up to core pressures on iron carbide Fe_7C_3, a candidate component of the inner core, showing that its sound velocities dropped significantly near the end of a pressure-induced spin-pairing transition, which took place gradually between 10 GPa and 53 GPa. Following the transition, the sound velocities increased with density at an exceptionally low rate. Extrapolating the data to the inner core pressure and accounting for the temperature effect, we found that low-spin Fe_7C_3 can reproduce the observed v_S of the inner core, thus eliminating the need to invoke partial melting or a postulated large temperature effect. The model of a carbon-rich inner core may be consistent with existing constraints on the Earth's carbon budget and would imply that as much as two thirds of the planet's carbon is hidden in its center sphere.
Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction and Refractoriness

The AV node is ideally suited to act as a weigh station between atrium and ventricle. It is believed that the latter function is achieved by virtue of nodal conduction being dependent on slow channel conduction probably carried by calcium currents. The AV nodal structure allows for encouragement of decremental conduction but also allows for two or more pathways or collection of cells which may trigger reentrant arrhythmias.
Anticipated mobility and its archaeological signature: A case study of Folsom retooling strategies

Abstract This essay highlights the value of anticipated mobility for untangling variability in prehistoric stone tool manufacture. To do so, it explores the organization of weaponry production at a series of Folsom campsites via the highly visible archaeological signature of Folsom fluting. A model of weaponry replacement based on deep planning and anticipation of needs is proposed, according to which Folsom hunters commonly replace their projectile points as they wear down, break or are lost, but on fewer occasions engage in the mass production of fluted points. This technological organization is consistent with a highly mobile way of life in which advanced planning buffers the risk associated with limited or stochastic access to good quality lithic raw materials. The model is then put to the test at the Lindenmeier site in northern Colorado. The spatial patterning of fluting activities in two discrete areas of the site demonstrates contrasting strategies of point manufacture: conservation versus gearing up (creation of a surplus). It is argued that these patterns represent distinct facets of a single technological organization.
Constructivism, nativism, and explanatory adequacy

Constructivism is the most recent in a long line of failed attempts to discredit nativism. It seeks support from true (but irrelevant) facts, wastes its energy on straw men, and jumps logical gaps; but its greatest weakness lies in its failure to match nativism's explanation of a wide range of disparate phenomena, particularly in language acquisition.
Constrained reaction volume approach for studying chemical kinetics behind reflected shock waves

Abstract We report a constrained-reaction-volume strategy for conducting kinetics experiments behind reflected shock waves, achieved in the present work by staged filling in a shock tube. Using hydrogen–oxygen ignition experiments as an example, we demonstrate that this strategy eliminates the possibility of non-localized (remote) ignition in shock tubes. Furthermore, we show that this same strategy can also effectively eliminate or minimize pressure changes due to combustion heat release, thereby enabling quantitative modeling of the kinetics throughout the combustion event using a simple assumption of specified pressure and enthalpy. We measure temperature and OH radical time-histories during ethylene–oxygen combustion behind reflected shock waves in a constrained reaction volume and verify that the results can be accurately modeled using a detailed mechanism and a specified pressure and enthalpy constraint.
Automatic synthesis of cooperative multi-agent systems

In this paper, the cooperative tasking and automatic controller synthesis problem for multi-agent systems are investigated. It is assumed that the global specification is given as regular languages while the multi-agent system is modeled as a concurrent discrete-event system defined by a collection of finite automata that interact with each other. A top-down and iterative design approach is pursued and the basic idea is to divide-and-conquer. First, the global specification is decomposed into subtasks with respect to each individual agents event sets. Then, a local supervisor is automatically synthesized for each agent respectively using learning based approaches. Thirdly, we use the assume-guarantee reasoning to check whether the collective behaviors of the local controlled agents can satisfy the global specification. Once the checking fails, a counterexample is generated and used to modify the task decomposition and the automatic synthesis process repeats. It is proved that the iterative process converges and a correctness of the design process is guaranteed. Finally, the design process is illustrated through a robot cooperative tasking example.
Real-Time Computer for First-and Second-Order Wiener Kernels

This correspondence describes the design and application of an instrument which computes real-time estimates of first- and second-order Wiener kernels. The instrument performs the appropriate correlations between the measured response and a ternary conversion of the white-noise stimulus. An example application is described for a study of the human electroretinogram.
Simulation of an Irrigation Tank for Modernization

A digital simulation model of a tank irrigation system is used to quantify the effects of adopting various modernization scenarios available for improved water management. Out of ten different modernization scenarios considered, the scenario incorporating modifications to the sill level of the sluices, and in the conveyance efficiency with improved catchment, yields the greatest water savings when compared with the baseline conditions. The policy options therefore suggest that lining of the main canals is one of the modernization options which offers a fairly large scope. There is also potential for substantially augmenting the carrying capacity of the tank by desilting it.
Wie kommt es zur Geburt aus Beckenendlage

Die alteren und neueren Theorien uber das Zustandekommen der Beckenendlage am Schwangerschaftsende werden besprochen. Die Theorie von der „Asthenia in utero“ konnte durch Variationsreihen mit Neugeborenen gleicher Rohrer-Indices nicht bestatigt werden. Eine einfach zu handhabende Korrelationstafel zur Ermittlung gleicher Rohrer-Indices bei Neugeborenen wird angegeben. Als ursachliche Faktoren fur die Geburt aus Beckenendlage sind anzusehen: Mis-bildungen der Frucht; Misbildungen der Gebarmutter; Fruhgeburt; die langsrichtende Kraft der Schwangerschaftswehen; straffe Bauchdecken Erstgebarender, vornehmlich alter Erstgebarender; Oligohydramnie; zunehmende Korperfulle der Frucht mit steigendem Gewicht; Erschlaffung des Cervixbandapparates bei Mehrgebarenden. Hat die Frucht in Beckenendlage einen bestimmten Entwicklungsgrad uberschritten, der einen Lagewechsel nicht mehr zulast, so mus sie spater zwangslaufig auch aus Beckenendlage geboren werden.
Identification of a new member of the steroid receptor super-family by cloning and sequence analysis

Summary We have isolated a human testis complementary DNA clone on the basis of homology to the DNA binding domain of steroid receptors. Expression of this complementary DNA, which we call TR2, produces a 52 kd DNA binding protein that does not bind significantly to any known steroids. Northern blot analysis has shown that TR2 mRNA is about 2.5 kilobases (kb) and is relatively abundant in androgen-sensitive organs, such as ventral prostate and seminal vesicle. Dot blot hybridization indicates that TR2 mRNA levels increased after castration of rats, and this increase is reversed by 5α-dihydrotestosterone injection. This evidence suggests that TR2 mRNA levels are negatively controlled by androgen in the rat ventral prostate.
The use of importance sampling techniques to improve the efficiency of photon tracking in emission tomography simulations

Monte Carlo simulations are widely used to study the transmission and scattering of γ rays. Use of this method for simulations of emission tomographs suffers from geometric inefficiency resulting from the low solid angle of acceptance of most tomograph designs. We have applied several importance sampling techniques—stratification, forced detection, and weight control through Russian roulette and splitting—to increase the computational efficiency of the Monte Carlo method 10‐ to 300‐fold. A description of these techniques, their validation, and sample performance results are given. Application of importance sampling methods makes it practical to study photon scattering in heterogeneous attenuators on workstations and minicomputers.
Bragg Crystal Spectroscopy And The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

Bragg crystal spectroscopy has been used to study solar X-ray emission since the early 1960's. Studies of non-solar celestial X-ray emitters, however, require special techniques in order to achieve the requisite sensitivity. We review some of the Bragg spectrometers (all of which use concentration to reduce the geometric area of the detector) which have been proposed in the last 15 years, with special emphasis on two classes of spectrometers which are used in combination with grazing incidence telescopes: objective crystal spectrometers and focal plane crystal spectrometers. A special case of the latter class are focal plane spectrometers which operate in the Johann mode (the crystal is curved so as to intercept the diverging X-ray beam at a nearly constant Bragg angle, and refocuses the X-ray beam onto an imaging detector). The Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility is such a device. We review the techniques which have been developed at MIT and by our colleagues at the Goddard Space Flight Center (Hakim et al. this volume) for achieving high spectral resolving powers (E/AE) for the BCS diffractors. Two techniques which we have studied, and which we find to be effective for decreasing AE, are a) the use of an exponential spiral crystal shape and b) placement of the imaging detector in an out-of-focus mode. Both of these minimize the line-broadening caused by the Johann geometry. The resolving power of the BCS exceeds 2000 at some energies; DES 1 eV over a large range of energies. The BCS achieves sensitivity adequate for the study of X-ray spectra for z 1000 cosmic X-ray sources.
Interactive monitoring portal for fusion simulations

Abstract The Center for Simulation of RF Wave Interactions with Magnetohydrodynamics (SWIM) Project is a proto-Fusion Simulation Program (FSP) whose goal is to study high-performance fusion plasmas and perform comprehensive simulations that are essential to the development of fusion. SWIM team members are geographically distributed and utilize distributed supercomputers for computational simulations. Due to the highly distributed computational work environment, the SWIM team has the difficulty of monitoring code runs and discovering historical runs. To alleviate this difficulty a web-based monitoring portal has been developed and deployed. The monitoring portal tracks the progress of simulations and automatically collects metadata in real-time. This capability helps scientists to effectively utilize precious computer resources. Furthermore, the portal provides a web-based interface for post-run analysis, such as visualizing the results, logging the user comments, and rating the simulation quality. The user interface provides rapid discovery capability via multi-field searching and sorting. The development of the monitoring portal used open source software, such as Python, Django, MySQL, and Apache. It uses MDSplus for data management, Memcached for data caches, and OpenID for single sign-on security. This paper describes the software architecture, related technologies and deployment experiences of the monitoring portal.
Microstructure of melt-spun Nd-Fe-B magnequench magnets

Abstract An electron microscopy characterization of the melt-spun MAGNEQUENCH magnets shows that the best magnetic properties are obtained in materials with a two-phase microstructure where 20–30 nm size Nd 2 Fe 14 B grains are completely surrounded by a 1–2 nm thick amorphous film of Nd rich and B deficient phase. It is shown that this phase acts as a pinning site for the magnetic domain walls.
The electrical properties improving of ITO films on cholesteric liquid crystal layer by using two-steps deposition process

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films have been deposited at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering and grown on a cholesteric liquid crystal (Ch-LC) layers. The surface morphology and electrical properties of ITO thin films was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, 3-dimension microscope and four-point prober. In a systematic study, the enhancement of electrical properties of ITO films was achieved by a novel two-steps deposition process. In addition, it was apparent that the surface roughness of ITO films deposited on Ch-LC layers by two-steps process was improved as well. A surface roughness of 0.509 µm and a sheet resistance of 87.98 ohm/sq has been obtained by two steps process.
ANALYZING CORRELATIONS OF THREE TYPES IN SELECTED LINES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER THAT HAVE EVOLVED STABLE EXTREME GEOTACTIC PERFORMANCE

The behavior-genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster with geotactic performance as the phenotype is an ideal model system with which to investigate the complex relations between heredity and behavior. As part of a long-term, 38-year study, we report 4 experiments that identify and analyze trait correlations in the selected high- and low-geotaxis lines. We performed F2 correlational analyses and backcrosses to examine 3 types of correlations: (a) genotype-genotype (alcohol dehydrogenase [Adh]-amylase [Amy]), (b) genotype-phenotype (Adh and Amy-geotaxis), and (c) phenotype-phenotype (mate preference-geotaxis). Only the Adh-geotaxis correlation survived meiosis and reappeared in the F2 generation, which indicates a genotype-phenotype correlation, whereas the others did not. The importance of hybrid correlational analysis to the behavior-genetic analysis of a species is discussed.
Building a Culture That Encourages Strategic Thinking

The ability to think strategically is critical for leaders and managers at multiple organizational levels. Specific work experiences can contribute to the development of an individual’s strategic thinking ability. Culture, among other organizational factors, can either encourage or limit those contributions. Leaders, as culture constructors and transformers, can act to maximize the relationship between organizational culture and the process of learning to think strategically. A cadre of formal training, developmental activities, and self-directed learning initiatives can provide leaders with the skills to enhance the strategic thinking of those they lead.
Contact Damage of Dental Multilayers: Viscous Deformation and Fatigue Mechanisms

This paper presents the results of recent experimental and finite element studies of contact damage in model dental multilayered systems with equivalent elastic properties to those of crown/join/dentin layers that are found in dental restorations. Subsurface radial cracks are observed to form after Hertzian indentation fatigue loading. In order to explain the possible failure mechanisms, the viscous deformation of the foundation (dentinlike ceramic filled polymer) and epoxy join layers are measured. Finite element and analytical models are then developed in an effort to explain the observed contact-induced deformation of the composite multilayered system. Our results suggest that: viscous deformation of the join and foundation layers can give rise to increased tensile stresses in the top elastic layers (glass or zirconia); defects at the bottom of the top layers (induced by grinding steps before crown attachment) are also shown to promote ratcheting phenomena that can lead to stress build-up in the top layers; and viscous flow of the cement can cause the subcritical crack growth in the dental ceramics.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1836769#
Resolution of a conjecture of Andrews and Lewis involving cranks of partitions

Andrews and Lewis have conjectured that the sign of the number of partitions of n with crank congruent to 0 mod 3, minus the number of partitions of n with crank congruent to 1 mod 3, is determined by the congruence class of n mod 3 apart from a finite number of specific exceptions. We prove this by using the circle method to approximate the value of this difference to great enough accuracy to determine its sign for all sufficiently large n.
Duration discrimination of acoustically defined intervals in the 1- to 8-sec range

This experiment indicates how one’s ability to distinguish between two acoustically defined durations, differing by .4 sec, diminishes as the shorter duration is increased from 1 to 8 sec. This effect is interpreted with a model in which one’s “subjective temporal estimate” is a random variable whose variance is directly proportional to the actual stimulus duration, the constant of proportionality being about 6 msec2 /sec.
Confocal microscopy of F-actin distribution in Xenopus oocytes

We have used rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and confocal microscopy to examine the organisation of filamentous actin (F-actin) during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. F-actin was restricted to a thin shell in the cortex of oogonia and post-mitotic oocytes less than 35 microns in diameter. In oocytes with diameters of 35-50 microns, F-actin was observed in three cellular domains: in the cortex, in the germinal vesicle (GV) and in a network of cytoplasmic cables. Initially, actin cables were sparsely distributed in the cytoplasm, with no evidence of discrete organising centres. In larger stage I oocytes, a dense network of actin cables extended throughout the cytoplasm, linking the GV and mitochondrial mass to the cortical actin shell. Apart from the F-actin associated with the mitochondrial mass, no evidence of a polarised distribution of F-actin was apparent in stage I oocytes. F-actin was observed also in the cortex and the GV of stage VI oocytes, and a network of cytoplasmic cables surrounded the GV. Cytoplasmic actin cables extended from the GV to the animal cortex, and formed a three-dimensional network surrounding clusters of yolk platelets in the vegetal cytoplasm. Finally, disruption of F-actin in stage VI oocytes with cytochalasin resulted in distortion and apparent rotation of the GV in the animal hemisphere, suggesting that actin plays a role in maintaining the polarised organisation of amphibian oocytes.
Normativity without artifice

To ascribe a telos is to ascribe a norm or standard of performance. That fact underwrites the plausibility of, say, teleological theories of mind. Teleosemantics, for example, relies on the normative character of teleology to solve the problem of “intentional inexistence”: a misrepresentation is just a malfunction. If the teleological ascriptions of such theories to natural systems, e.g., the neurological structures of the brain, are to be literally true, then it must be literally true that norms can exist independent of intentional and psychological agency. Davies, for one, has argued that such norms are impossible within a naturalistic worldview. Consequently, teleological theories of mind, for example, cannot be literally true. I will show, however, that the truth conditions on normative statements do not presuppose intentional and psychological agency and, further, that a selectional regime is one naturalistic mechanism that satisfies those truth conditions. Norms, then, exist in the world independent of intentional and psychological agency.
Comments on "Further improvements in digitizing continuous-time filters"

This correspondence points out that an algorithm proposed by C. Wan and A.M. Schneider (see ibid., vol.45, no.3, p.533-42, March 1997) as a new digitizing method is, in fact, an extension of the linear interpolation design. Unlike previously published extensions, which incorporate the interpolation step into the s- to z-domain mapping step, this algorithm cascades the interpolator and the analog filter. Original design formulas derived for a rigorous comparison support the assertion that the above algorithm yields less accurate results than the other interpolation designs.
Network attacks and countermeasures

As the Internet becomes more mature and a part of our daily life, technologies used to provide continuous services of the Internet under all circumstances become more crucial. Collectively, these technologies ensure that resources are always available and stable. Since network attack is very easy to deploy and has very low cost, it has become the main reason of network instability and is the most challenge of current network security professionals. In this paper, we have studied the factors that cause network instability and investigated the potential countermeasures that enhance network security. We have proposed a framework to indicate the requirements of future queue management algorithm design.
Database-friendly random projections

A classic result of Johnson and Lindenstrauss asserts that any set of n points in d-dimensional Euclidean space can be embedded into k-dimensional Euclidean space where k is logarithmic in n and independent of d so that all pairwise distances are maintained within an arbitrarily small factor. All known constructions of such embeddings involve projecting the n points onto a random k-dimensional hyperplane. We give a novel construction of the embedding, suitable for database applications, which amounts to computing a simple aggregate over k random attribute partitions.
TASK3 and its role in neuro and systemic oncogenesis.

To the editor: I read with interest the recent article by Meuth et al. [1] about the impact of TASK3 functionality on glioma cell death. The past few years have seen a rapid increase in the understanding of TASK3 and their potential role in not just neuro-oncogenesis but systemic oncogenesis as well. For instance, over-expression of TASK3 has been reported in a number of systemic malignancies. Kim et al. [2] in a recent study of TASK3 expression in individuals with colorectal cancer reported that half of the patients with stage D cancers were immuno-positive for TASK3 while nearly 30% of those with stage A cancer were immunopositive for TASK3. Similarly, Mu et al. [3] in another recent study have reported that TASK3 is over expressed in nearly 44% of breast cancers. TASK3 may also have a role in the pathogenesis of malignant melanomas [4]. Pei et al. [5] in a recent study have even reported a point mutation G95E that decreases the oncogenic potential secondary to TASK3. Recent studies suggest that TASK3 may also be involved in the development of cerebellar neurons [6]. Holter et al. [7] in a recent study have even reported that TASK3 mutations may be involved in the evolution of absence seizures. Clearly, TASK3 has a major role to play in neuro-oncogenesis as well as in the pathogenesis of systemic cancers. Further studies are needed to identify agents that might regulate TASK3 function and thus may be used as potential anti carcinogenic agents in the management of malignancies such as gliomas.
Torture in U.S. Prisons

Since 1975, I have served as a human rights advocate on behalf of people in prison throughout the country. I coordinate the Prison Watch Project for the American Friends Service Committee in Newark...
Transonic flow about lifting wing-body combinations

Calculations for transonic flow about wing-body combinations at angles of attack of the order of the body thickness-to-length ratio are presented. These calculations show that lift can alter the flow drastically at near-sonic speeds in this angle-of-attack range so that the area rule must be modified. This effect of lift is explained from simple physical considerations. The computational procedure is based on slender-wing theory and a two-variable method of relaxation solution. A small perturbation analysis is used to show that this simple procedure is adequate for these transonic wing-body flow fields.
Hybridization between Helianthus divaricatus and H. microcephalus

Helianthus divaricatus andH. microcephalus are common diploid perennial sunflowers of eastern North America. They are occasionally found in mixed populations, and when the habitat is sufficiently disturbed, extensive hybrid swarms may result. There is little doubt that such swarms are actually the result of hybridization, since the artificial hybrid has been produced, and is comparable to the natural hybrids. The type specimen ofH. glaucus apparently represents a hybrid of this combination. The artificial hybrids show little sterility, and meiosis is essentially normal. This would permit introgression to occur in nature, and the analysis of natural populations suggests that it does occur to a limited extent. The genetic barriers are poorly developed in these species, and are difficult to justify as species on this basis alone. However morphological, ecological, and geographical differences seem to be sufficient to warrant the recognition of the two parental types as species.
The Effects of Indent Residual Stresses on Mixed Mode Cyclic Crack Growth Driving Forces for Bearing Inner Rings

Cas de la bague interieure d'un palier de roulement. Influence des contraintes residuelles creees par une identation sur les efforts cycliques en mode mixte determinant la propagation des fissures
Automatically deriving pointer reference expressions from binary code for memory dump analysis

Given a crash dump or a kernel memory snapshot, it is often desirable to have a capability that can traverse its pointers to locate the root cause of the crash, or check their integrity to detect the control flow hijacks. To achieve this, one key challenge lies in how to locate where the pointers are. While locating a pointer usually requires the data structure knowledge of the corresponding program, an important advance made by this work is that we show a technique of extracting address-independent data reference expressions for pointers through dynamic binary analysis. This novel pointer reference expression encodes how a pointer is accessed through the combination of a base address (usually a global variable) with certain offset and further pointer dereferences. We have applied our techniques to OS kernels, and our experimental results with a number of real world kernel malware show that we can correctly identify the hijacked kernel function pointers by locating them using the extracted pointer reference expressions when only given a memory snapshot.
Effect of acute exercise stress in cardiac hypertrophy. II. Quantitative ultrastructural changes in the myocardial cell

Stereological techniques were used to determine quantitatively the changes in subcellular organelles in the hypertrophied swine heart. Hypertrophy was induced by aortic stenosis. In addition, the animals were stressed by exercising twice weekly on a treadmill for 30 days. The controls were normal animals which were neither exercised nor had aortic stenosis. Tissue samples from the left ventricle and interventricular septum were processed for electron microscopy. Relative volumes of myofibrils, mitochondria, transverse tubular system (T-system), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and clear intracellular space (ICS) were measured. Significant differences in the volumes of all the components except the T-system were found between experimental and control animals in the epicardial and endocardial regions of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. Mitochondria and myofibrils were significantly decreased in the exercise stressed hypertrophied hearts as reported in ischemia, while SR and ICS were significantly increased. These findings suggest that ischemic injury occurs in all regions of the hypertrophied heart wall subjected to acute exercise stress, not solely the endocardial region as previous qualitative studies suggested.
Tree cellulose 13 C/ 12 C isotope ratios and climatic change

Because tree cellulose is formed from carbon acquired through photosynthesis, its 13C/12C isotope ratio reflects that of atmospheric CO2. Fractionation changes related to photosynthetic reactions also influence 13C/12C values, and an offset between atmospheric and tree cellulose isotope ratios results. Here, we measured the pre-1850 cellulose 13C/12C isotope ratios of 19 North American coniferous trees and found a strong dependency of the ratios on latitude. Relative humidity and perhaps temperature appear to be important for this relationship. Assuming climate change to be the dominant factor influencing pre-1850 tree cellulose isotope ratios, we compare a 2,000-yr-long record of 13C/12C isotope change with existing records of ice acidity and temperature1. When accepting a lag in 13C/12C response to climatic change of 70 to 90 yr, correlation coefficients of 0.8 are found for the 1100–1850 interval.
III. Chronic muscle pain syndromes: an overview

This introduction reviews the current classification of chronic muscular pain conditions and the evidence leading to the conclusion that several of the current diagnostic categories may be simply v...
Physical criteria for distinguishing sandy tsunami and storm deposits using modern examples

Abstract Modern subaerial sand beds deposited by major tsunamis and hurricanes were compared at trench, transect, and sub-regional spatial scales to evaluate which attributes are most useful for distinguishing the two types of deposits. Physical criteria that may be diagnostic include: sediment composition, textures and grading, types and organization of stratification, thickness, geometry, and landscape conformity. Published reports of Pacific Ocean tsunami impacts and our field observations suggest that sandy tsunami deposits are generally 30 cm thick, generally extend The distinctions between tsunami and storm deposits are related to differences in the hydrodynamics and sediment-sorting processes during transport. Tsunami deposition results from a few high-velocity, long-period waves that entrain sediment from the shoreface, beach, and landward erosion zone. Tsunamis can have flow depths greater than 10 m, transport sediment primarily in suspension, and distribute the load over a broad region where sediment falls out of suspension when flow decelerates. In contrast, storm inundation generally is gradual and prolonged, consisting of many waves that erode beaches and dunes with no significant overland return flow until after the main flooding. Storm flow depths are commonly
Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods by oriented attachment using EDTA modifier: a novel approach towards 1D nanostructure development

The synthesis of TiO2 nanorods with anatase structure has been achieved from the necking of truncated nanoparticles by oriented attachment using titanium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelated complex as a molecular precursor. The preparation was carried out under mild conditions using a simple solvothermal process. The influence of EDTA over the growth of nanocrystallites and the various other factors which contribute to the development of 1D TiO2 nanostructure are investigated. At a relatively lower temperature, titania nanopowders are obtained, and the anatase phase crystallization is verified by wide angle X-ray diffraction. The evolution of rod-shaped TiO2 with tapered edges has been confirmed by transmission electron micrographs. The well aligned lattice fringes of TiO2 nanorod towards [001] direction is investigated by HRTEM. The SEM images show the surface configuration of overall aggregates of titania crystallites consisted of primary particles which are densely packed in an orderly texture. The moderate shift in the absorption band towards higher energy region of the absorption spectrum confirms the weak carrier confinement effect in the sample.
Update on the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly prevalent, underdiagnosed, and undertreated chronic lung disease. Early and appropriate treatment may help modify the course of the disease with respect to exacerbation timing and frequency, quality of life, and mortality. Steady progress continues to be made in understanding the disease pathogenesis and treatment modalities, and there is some evidence that outcomes are improving.
Relationship with instructor and other variables influencing student evaluations of instruction

This study examined some of the factors which influence college students’ evaluations of their instructors. Data were collected from 557 students enrolled in a basic speech communication course. Overall, a student's relationship with the instructor was the best predictor of the student's evaluation of the instructor. This study lends partial support to the idea that students evaluate male and female instructors differently. The variables examined in this study were better predictors of student evaluation of female than male instructors.
Cytosol androgen receptor from kidney of normal and testicular feminized (Tfm) mice.

Abstract Steroid binding has been studied in cytoplasmic extracts of normal mouse kidney, an androgen sensitive organ, and of kidney from mice affected with testicular feminization ( Tfm mutant) that have inherited androgen resistance. Macromolecules that bind 3 H-5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT, the presumed active androgen in most testosterone target organs) and sediment in glycerol gradient at 8–9S can be observed in cytosol from kidney of mice of different sex, age, and hormonal history. The 8–9S component from normal females is heat labile, pronase sensitive, and dissociated by high salt to a lower molecular weight entity. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K d ) for the DHT-receptor complex is 1.4 × 10 −9 M, and there are about 1500 binding sites per testosterone-sensitive kidney proximal tubule cell. Cytosol from Tfm /Y  animals also shows a sharp peak of 3 H-DHT-binding activity at 8–9S. The Tfm protein, however, has reduced affinity for DHT and binds only 10–25% as much 3 H-DHT as wild-type receptor at 3 H-DHT concentrations from 5 × 10 −11 M to 1.2 × 10 −8 M. Scatchard analysis, and studies involving competition with unlabeled steroids, relative binding of various androgens, and dissociation of the 3 H-DHT-binding protein complex after extensive dialysis have led to the conclusion that Tfm kidney contains very little, if any, androgen receptor with properties similar to that found in normal kidney.
Sequential Bayesian estimation with censored data

In this paper, a new framework for sequential Bayesian estimation in a sensor network by using both the received data and the information conveyed by missing data due to per-sensor censoring is proposed. In this framework, each local sensor maintains a Kalman Filter (KF) and the Fusion Center (FC) runs a particle filter (PF) to track the system state. Informative measurements are selected by the per-sensor censoring process executed at the sensors at each time. Though the less informative measurements are not sent to the FC, their absence still conveys some information, and the proposed scheme exploits such information from the missing message to achieve better inference performance. Numerical examples are provided to support the theoretical results.
Embryonic chick myosin heavy chain mRNA is poly(A)

The presence of a 3’-OH polyadenylate terminus (poly(A) tail) is a characteristic feature of a large proportion of eukaryotic messenger RNAs [ 11. A notable exception to this feature are post-fertilization histone mRNAs [2], while other poly(A)RNAs coding for specific proteins have been observed in a large number of cell types [3--S]. The shortening of the poly(A) tail during the utilization of mRNA in the cytoplasm may result in the heterogeneous lengths of poly(A) tracts found on the mRNAs [6]. The function of poly(A) tails in mRNA metabolism or translation is not known, although a number of different hypotheses have been presented which include mRNA stability, mRNA translatability, mRNA storage in mRNPs, and mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [7]. Since poly(A) tails were first discovered [8] their existence has been used for the isolation of mRNAs, utilizing oligo d(T)-cellulose or poly(U) Sepharose as a ligand for the poly(A) tract. The existence of poly(A) tails on myosin heavy chain mRNA (MHC-mRNA) has been the subject of conflicting reports. In cases where MHC-mRNA has been reported to contain poly(A) tails, the estimates of the poly(A) length have ranged from a very short poly(A) tail [9,10] to a very long poly(A) tail [ 111. A number of laboratories have routinely utilized the presence of the poly(A) tail to isolate and quantitate MHC-mRNA as a marker to study molecular controls during myoblast differentiation [12-l 71. In the present report we present evidence that in both the embryonic chick and in chick muscle cell culture the MHC-mRNA contains a poly(A) tail of heterogeneous length which, however, is sufficiently long to permit quantitative isolation by phenol extraction and oligo d(T)-cellulose chromatography. Little or no poly(A)MHC-mRNA is detectable by translation assay or hybridization to cDNA.
LATENT CURVE ANALYSIS

As a method for representing development, latent trait theory is presented in terms of a statistical model containing individual parameters and a structure on both the first and second moments of the random variables reflecting growth. Maximum likelihood parameter estimates and associated asymptotic tests follow directly. These procedures may be viewed as an alternative to standard repeated measures ANOVA and to first-order auto-regressive methods. As formulated, the model encompasses cohort sequential designs and allow for period or practice effects. A numerical illustration using data initially collected by Nesselroade and Baltes is presented.
PERTURB: A program for calculating vibrational energies by generalized algebraic quantization

Abstract We describe PERTURB, a special purpose algebraic manipulation program which calculates vibrational eigenvalues in coupled oscillator systems. PERTURB implements the method of generalized algebraic quantization (AQ), in which Van Vleck perturbation theory is formulated in a mock phase space. The phase space formulation enables quantum and classical perturbation theory to be treated on the same footing, and allows the systematic calculation of corrections to classical perturbation results in powers of h . Generalized AQ is a powerful and efficient technique for calculating semiclassical vibrational energy levels. In many cases, including just the first correction to classical perturbation theory yields highly accurate energies.
Autonomous selection of PDE inpainting techniques vs. exemplar inpainting techniques for void fill of high resolution digital surface models

High resolution Digital Surface Models (DSMs) may contain voids (missing data) due to the data collection process used to obtain the DSM, inclement weather conditions, low returns, system errors/malfunctions for various collection platforms, and other factors. DSM voids are also created during bare earth processing where culture and vegetation features have been extracted. The Harris LiteSiteTM Toolkit handles these void regions in DSMs via two novel techniques. We use both partial differential equations (PDEs) and exemplar based inpainting techniques to accurately fill voids. The PDE technique has its origin in fluid dynamics and heat equations (a particular subset of partial differential equations). The exemplar technique has its origin in texture analysis and image processing. Each technique is optimally suited for different input conditions. The PDE technique works better where the area to be void filled does not have disproportionately high frequency data in the neighborhood of the boundary of the void. Conversely, the exemplar based technique is better suited for high frequency areas. Both are autonomous with respect to detecting and repairing void regions. We describe a cohesive autonomous solution that dynamically selects the best technique as each void is being repaired.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.