cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postoperative day one: a high risk period for respiratory events.

Abstract Background In 2001, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations released Pain Management Standards that has led to an increased focus on pain control. Since then the Institute for Safe Medication Practices has noted that overaggressive pain management has led to increases in oversedation and fatal respiratory depression. One of our previous studies found that postoperative patients may be reaching dangerously high levels of sedation as a result of pain management. Our hypothesis is that postoperative patients who have a respiratory event caused by analgesic use are more likely to have that event in the first postoperative day. Methods We performed a retrospective case-control analysis identifying 62 postoperative patients who had a respiratory event. A respiratory event was defined as respiratory depression caused by narcotic use in the postoperative period that was reversed by naloxone. Sixty-two postoperative patients with no such event were chosen randomly and frequency matched based on surgical procedure and diagnosis-related group. Risk factors for an event were identified. Results Of the cases, 77.4% had a respiratory event in the first 24 hours postoperatively. Significant risk factors for an event were as follows: 65 years of age or older, having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, having 1 or more comorbidities, and being placed on hydromorphone. Conclusions The first 24 hours after surgery represents a high-risk period for a respiratory event as a result of narcotic use. The realization of this risk can lead to the implementation of standards to increase patient safety in the first postoperative day.
The Kernel Estimate of a Regression Function in Likelihood-Based Models

Abstract Smoothing splines have a penalized likelihood motivation (Good and Gaskins 1971) allowing direct application to nonparametric regression in likelihood-based models. The notion of a weighted likelihood for the nonparametric kernel estimation of a regression function is proposed, generalizing the local likelihood theory of Tibshirani and Hastie (1987). Let the data be of the form (xi, Yi ) (i = 1, …, n), where xi ∈ [0, 1] d are lattice points and the Yi are independent random variables from a family of distributions with parameter λi = g(xi ), with g having continuous partial derivatives of order k ≥ 2. The goal is to arrive at a nonparametric estimate λ o of λ o = g(xo ) for a fixed point xo ∈ [0, 1] d. We consider the estimator λ o that maximizes the weighted likelihood function W(λ) = Σ n i=1 W[(xo – xi )/b] log f(Yi :λ), with f the density of Yi, W a symmetric kernel with compact support, and b the bandwidth that controls the degree of smoothing. Sufficient conditions for consistency and asympt...
Adult growth hormone replacement: current understanding.

Abstract Initial studies of growth hormone (GH) replacement in adults used weight- and surface area-based dosing regimes extrapolated from paediatric practice. Much of the beneficial effects were pharmacological rather than physiological. Furthermore, weight-based dosing regimens resulted in lower overall doses in females who require approximately threefold greater GH secretion in health to maintain a similar insulin-like growth factor-I level to males. This inequality of dosing explains studies reporting that males respond more efficaciously to GH replacement. Recent studies individualising GH doses to normalize serum insulin-like growth factor-I level have shown a similar spectra of beneficial effects to earlier weight-based studies; however, the degree of these effects on biological sequelea was reduced. Using this individualised dosing regimen, both genders responded equally to GH replacement for most biological end-points. The effect of GH replacement on bone mineral content is complex, and is dependent on the onset of GH deficiency, age of the patient and dosing regimen. GH is increasingly recognized as being intricately involved in regulation of surrogate markers of vascular risk and endothelial dysfunction, replacement of which normalises these indices. Definitive data on the effect of GH on mortality is awaited. Studies of 5–10 years duration suggest that beneficial effects of GH are maintained long-term. A depot preparation of GH is currently under investigation and, if proven to be efficacious and safe, might be a more acceptable therapy to a proportion of patients.
Heat transport along an oscillating flat plate

Several recent papers have examined the transport of heat between a hot and cold fluid reservoir when the two reservoirs are connected to each other by an array of open-ended pipes and when the fluid within these pipes is set into sinusoidal axial oscillations. This new heat transfer mode involves the periodic interaction of axial convection with radial heat conduction between the fluid core and Stokes boundary layer formed by the oscillations and can lead to effective axial conductivities orders of magnitude larger than achievable by axial conduction in the absence of oscillations. An interesting property of this heat transfer method is that there is no convective mass exchange between the fluid displacement within the tubes is less than the tube length and the flow remains laminar. In the above studies the oscillations responsible for the enhanced heat transfer are due to a periodic pressure gradient produced by moving pistons or membrances located within the fluid reservoirs. It is the purpose of the present note to show that the same enhanced heat transfer process can occur along rigid walls bounded by a viscous fluid-solid interface, and a longitudinal temperature gradient is present. In particular, the authors examine the problem ofmore » thermal pumping existing in the classical Stokes problem of a sinusoidally oscillating flat plate immersed within a viscous fluid of infinite extent. A constant-temperature gradient is superimposed on the fluid parallel to the plate surface and in the direction of the plate motion. As will be seen, this leads to a large longitudinal heat flux within a relatively narrow boundary layer region next to the plate. The thickness of this layer, containing 99 percent of the time-averaged thermal flux, is found to be no more than 3.754 of the Stokes viscous boundary layer thickness and for low Prandtl number fluids, such as liquid metals, can become considerably less than one Stokes layer thickness.« less
Rat embryonic palatal shelves respond to TCDD in organ culture.

Abstract TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin), a highly toxic environmental contaminant, is teratogenic in mice, inducing cleft palate (CP) and hydronephrosis at doses which are not overtly maternally or embryo toxic. Palatal shelves of embryonic mice respond to TCDD, both in vivo and in organ culture, with altered differentiation of medial epithelial cells. By contrast, in the rat TCDD produces substantial maternal, embryonic, and fetal toxicity, including fetal lethality, with few malformations. In this study the possible effects of maternal toxicity on induction of cleft palate were eliminated by exposure of embryonic rat palatal shelves in organ culture. The shelves were examined for specific TCDD-induced alterations in differentiation of the medial cells. On Gestation Day (GD) 14 or 15 palatal shelves from embryonic F344 rats were placed in organ culture for 2 to 3 days (IMEM:F12 medium, 5% FBS, 0.1% DMSO) containing 0, 1 × 10 −8 , 1 × 10 −9 , 1 × 10 −10 , or 5 × 10 −11 m TCDD. The medial epithelial peridermal cells degenerated on shelves exposed to control media or 5 × 10 −11 m TCDD. Exposure to 10 −10 , 10 −9 , and 10 −8 m TCDD inhibited this degeneration in 20, 36, and 60% of the shelves, respectively, and was statistically significant at the two highest doses. A normally occurring decrease in [ 3 H]TdR incorporation was inhibited in some GD 15 shelves cultured with 10 −10 and 10 −9 m TCDD. The medial cells of TCDD-exposed shelves continued to express high levels of immunohistochemically detected EGF receptors. The altered differentiation of rat medial epithelium is similar to that reported for TCDD-exposed mouse medial cells in vivo and in vitro . However, in order to obtain these responses, the cultured rat shelves require much higher concentrations of TCDD than the mouse shelves. Thus TCDD induces the same effects at a cellular level in medial epithelium of rats and mice, but cleft palate is not seen in rats because the level required to produce the cellular effects would result in maternal and embryonic toxicity including fetal lethality.
Optimal Parameter and Uncertainty Estimation of a Land Surface Model: Sensitivity to Parameter Ranges and Model Complexities

Most previous land-surface model calibration studies have defined global ranges for their parameters to search for optimal parameter sets. Little work has been conducted to study the impacts of realistic versus global ranges as well as model complexities on the calibration and uncertainty estimates. The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate these impacts by employing Bayesian Stochastic Inversion (BSI) to the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM). The CHASM was designed to explore the general aspects of land-surface energy balance representation within a common modeling framework that can be run from a simple energy balance formulation to a complex mosaic type structure. The BSI is an uncertainty estimation technique based on Bayes theorem, importance sampling, and very fast simulated annealing. The model forcing data and surface flux data were collected at seven sites representing a wide range of climate and vegetation conditions. For each site, four experiments were performed with simple and complex CHASM formulations as well as realistic and global parameter ranges. Twenty eight experiments were conducted and 50 000 parameter sets were used for each run. The results show that the use of global and realistic ranges gives similar simulations for both modes for most sites, but the global ranges tend to produce some unreasonable optimal parameter values. Comparison of simple and complex modes shows that the simple mode has more parameters with unreasonable optimal values. Use of parameter ranges and model complexities have significant impacts on frequency distribution of parameters, marginal posterior probability density functions, and estimates of uncertainty of simulated sensible and latent heat fluxes. Comparison between model complexity and parameter ranges shows that the former has more significant impacts on parameter and uncertainty estimations.
Characterization of rat pseudogenes for enhancer factor I subunit A: ripping provides clues to the evolution of the EFIA/dbpB/YB-1 multigene family.

Abstract Genomic Southern blot analysis of rat EFI A (gene encoding enhancer factor I subunit A) reveals a complex band pattern when cDNA subfragment probes are used. Screening a rat genomic library with a rat EFI A cDNA probe yields two different processed EFI A pseudogenes, designated rat ΨEFI A #( 2 3 ) and #( 4 7 ) , in addition to two other dif but less extensively characterized clones. ΨEFI A #( 4 7 ) has no open reading frame (ORF) sequences. ΨEFI A #( 2 3 ) contains two ORFs (83 and 178 codons), the products of which (if expressed) might be negative-acting EFI A transcription factors. Located nearly 0.6kb upstream from ΨEFI A #( 2 3 ) is a perfect 69-bp dinucleotide (CT) tandem repeat, a sequence element associated with other isolated pseudogenes. Additionally, the 3′ end of this processed gene is interrupted by an unusual retroposon, an inverted dimeric B J-like short interspersed repetitive element ( SINE ). The isolation of several independent clones of the same EFI A processed pseudogenes indicates that they comprise a significant component of the rat EFI A copy multiplicity. The phenomenon of repeat induced point mutagenesis (ripping) at rat EFI A pseudogene CpG doublets occurs at a frequency at least 6.5 times higher than predicted from random mutagenesis. This is consonant with the proposal that ripping may be the mechanism which inactivates the ectopic recombination potential of the rat EFI A pseudogenes.
Large Dentigerous Cyst of the Maxilla near the Maxillary Sinus: Report of Case

A swelling of the left side of the face of a 13-year-old boy involved the maxillary mucobuccal fold. After clinical, laboratory, and radiographic examinations, a dentigerous cyst was diagnosed.
Ultrahigh-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blunts postprandial glucose after a breakfast meal in women.

Objective: To determine the effects of two water-soluble dietary fibers, ultrahigh-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (UHV-HPMC, nonfermentable) and psyllium fiber (fermentable), on postprandial glucose and second meal effects.Methods: In a single-blind crossover design, 12 healthy adult subjects were given standardized, premeasured breakfast and lunch meals with either 4 g of the fiber supplements or a placebo. Blood glucose was measured with a continuous blood glucose monitoring system (DexCom Seven Plus, San Diego, CA).Results: Subjects consuming UHV-HPMC had significantly (p < 0.05) lower blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) 2 hours after breakfast than those receiving a placebo. Subjects consuming psyllium also tended to have lower glucose levels than the placebo group. Peak glucose concentration following breakfast was significantly (p < 0.01) less with UHV-HPMC when compared with the placebo. No significant differences in AUC or peak glucose concentration between treatments following the se...
The Dark Side of Computing: SRI International and the Study of Computer Crime

From the perspective of an information security researcher and consultant who studied crime for 40 years, this brief history of computer crime delves into study methods and presents findings from many years of National Science Foundation and US department of justice grant-supported research and business support at SRI International
Inequities in Coverage of Preventive Child Health Interventions: The Rural Drinking Water Supply Program and the Universal Immunization Program in Rajasthan, India

Objectives. I assessed whether the Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (RDWSP) and the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) have achieved equitable coverage in Rajasthan, India, and explored program characteristics that affect equitable coverage of preventive health interventions. Methods. A total of 2460 children presenting at 12 primary health facilities in one district of Rajasthan were enrolled and classified into economic quartiles based on possession of assets. Immunization coverage and prime source of drinking water were compared across quartiles. Results. A higher access to piped water by wealthier families (P<.001) was compensated by higher access to hand pumps by poorer families (P<.001), resulting in equal access to a safe source (P=.9). Immunization coverage was inequitable, favoring the wealthier children (P<.001). Conclusions. The RDWSP has achieved equitable coverage, while UIP coverage remains highly inequitable. Programs can make coverage more equitable by formulating explicit objectives to ensure physical access to all, promoting the intervention's demand by the poor, and enhancing the support and monitoring of frontline workers who deliver these interventions.
The reactions of phosphorus(III) halides with β-diketiminato ligands

Abstract Reactions of the lithium or sodium salt, [HC(CMeNDipp)2]M (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylbenzene, M = Li or Na), with PBr3 or PCl3 affords a series of phosphenium cations that were characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. Solid-state analysis reveals that for compounds 1 and 2, C–H activation of the ligand occurs and the phosphorus is bound to a nitrogen and carbon atom of the ligand. Compound 3 exhibits the more traditional nitrogen chelation of the ligand to the phosphorus atom.
Considerations for community-based research with African American women.

Although community-based research is intended to be culturally sensitive, more advanced consideration of the impact of race, gender, and class is needed for health disparity research involving women of color. Research processes must permit the simultaneous disclosures of the racial, gender, and class identities among women of color that are assumed and imposed.The authoritative knowledge that women of color have about their lives and their health should form the basis for collaboration between researchers and study participants. The dissemination of research findings to study participants, and dialogue on those findings, is imperative for the development of sustainable interventions.
Abstract P6-06-05: RadiotypeDx: Identification and validation of a radiation sensitivity signature in human breast cancer

Purpose: An unmet clinical need in breast cancer (BC) management is the identification of which patients will respond to radiation therapy (RT). We hypothesized that the integration of post-RT clonogenic survival data with gene expression data across a large spectrum of BC cell lines would generate a BC-specific RT sensitivity signature predictive for RT response in BC patients and allow identification of patients with tumors refractive to conventional therapy. Methods: Using clonogenic survival assays, we identified the range of surviving fraction (SF) after 2 Gy of RT across 21 BC cell lines. Using SF as a continuous variable, the RT sensitivity score (RSS) was correlated to gene expression using a Spearman correlation method on an individual gene basis. Genes were selected for the signature based on positive or negative correlation with a p-value Results: Clonogenic survival identifies a range of radiation sensitivity in human BCC lines (SF 77%-17%) with no significant correlation (r value Conclusion: In this study, we derive a human BC-specific RT sensitivity signature (RadiotypeDx) with biologic relevance from preclinical studies and validate this signature for prediction of recurrence in an independent clinical dataset. The signature is not correlated to the intrinsic subtypes of human breast cancer and thus provides useful information beyond traditional breast cancer subtyping. By identifying patients with tumors refractory to standard RT, this signature has the potential to allow for personalization of radiotherapy, particularly in patients for whom treatment intensification is needed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-06-05.
Actin dynamics is rapidly regulated by the PTEN and PIP2 signaling pathways leading to myocyte hypertrophy

Mature cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated, and the heart has limited capacity to replace lost myocytes. Thus adaptation of myocyte size plays an important role in the determination of cardiac function. The hypothesis tested is that regulation of the dynamic exchange of actin leads to cardiac hypertrophy. ANG II was used as a hypertrophic stimulant in mouse heart and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) in culture for assessment of a mechanism for regulation of actin dynamics by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Actin dynamics in NRVMs rapidly increased in a PIP2-dependent manner, measured by imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). A significant increase in PIP2 levels was found by immunoblotting in both adult mouse heart tissue and cultured NRVMs. Inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in NRVMs markedly blunted ANG II-induced increases in actin dynamics, the PIP2 level, and cell size. Furthermore, PTEN activity was dramatically upregulated in ANG II-treated NRVMs but downregulated when PTEN inhibitors were used. The time course of the rise in the PIP2 level was inversely related to the fall in the PIP3 level, which was significant by 30 min in ANG II-treated NRVMs. However, significant translocation of PTEN to the plasma membrane occurred by 10 min, suggesting a crucial initial step for PTEN for the cellular responses to ANG II. In conclusion, PTEN and PIP2 signaling may play an important role in myocyte hypertrophy by the regulation of actin filament dynamics, which is induced by ANG II stimulation.
The effect of heat transfer coefficient on thermal residual stresses in spray deposited materials

In many rapid solidification processes, such as splat cooling, melt-spinning, and spray atomization and deposition, the transfer of thermal energy from the melt or deposited material to a cold substrate is very important, because it determines cooling rate, which in turn determines the properties of the fabricated materials. It is, therefore, essential to understand and quantify the thermal interaction between a melt or deposited material and a substrate during melt spreading and cooling, melt solidification, and solid cooling. The thermal contact is generally quantified by a heat transfer coefficient h, which is defined as the ratio of heat flux over the temperature difference across the interface between the melt or deposited material and the substrate. Since the cooling rate of a melt or deposited material during processing is a direct function of h, the residual stresses that develop in the fabricated material are expected to be influenced significantly by the variation of h. However, most recent studies of thermal residual stresses in deposited materials assumed a constant value of h for their modeling. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of heat transfer coefficient variation on thermal residual stresses in a spray deposited material usingmore » thermo-elastoplastic finite element method.« less
Evidence for inhibitory SH groups in the thiol activated K:Cl cotransporter of low K sheep red blood cells.

The monofunctional thiol reagents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) stimulate ouabain resistant (OR) electroneutral K:Cl cotransport in LK sheep red blood cells at low, but not at high concentrations. Diamide (DM), on the other hand, only stimulates OR K:Cl flux (Lauf, P.K., J. Memb. Biol. 101: 179–188, 1988). The DM stimulated K:Cl cotransport was decreased toward the control value prior to DM stimulation when NEM or MMTS were added, subsequently. The inhibitory effect was dependent on the compound's concentration and exposure time and, in the case of MMTS, was reversed upon addition of dithiothreitol (DTT). The inhibition was more prominent when NEM treatment was performed at pH 8.0 and disappeared at pH 6.0. In contrast the NEM stimulatory effect was most effective when the pH of NEM treatment was 6.0 (Bauer, J. & Lauf, P.K., J. Memb. Biol. 73: 257–261, 1983). The results suggest the existence of additional, however, inhibitory thiol groups in the already thiol-activated K:Cl cotransporter, with a different pKa value and a lower affinity for NEM or MMTS as compared to the stimulatory thiol groups. Like the activating thiols, the inhibitory sulfhydryls appeared to be inaccessible to non-penetrating thiol reagents and hence, must be located deeper within the red cell membrane.
Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate for monitoring controlled-release lidocaine in plasma

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay using fluorescence detection for quantifying lidocaine levels in plasma (in the ng/ml range) was developed. This novel HPLC assay has made possible the simultaneous monitoring of lidocaine levels in coronary and peripheral plasma obtained after myocardial controlled-release matrix administration (0.92 mg/kg during 4 h) in the arrhythmic dog. The method employed extracts the drug from plasma using 1-chlorobutane and a subsequent derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate in acetonitrile at 110°C. The derivative was chromatographed on a C18 reversed-phase column and measured with fluorescence detection (excitation 254 nm, emission 313 nm). N-Methylephedrine was found to be suitable as an internal standard, post-derivatization. The derivatization product of lidocaine was identified and characterized by mass spectral analysis. It was found to have a unique and reproducible dicarbamate structure, which was stable for at least three days at room temperature. The method was tested with human plasma as well as on dog plasma. Analytical recoveries were 88.6 ± 3.6 and 77.4 ± 3.0% (mean ± S.E.), respectively, at levels ranging from 25 to 200 ng/ml. The lower detection limit was 1 ng/ml lidocaine. In conclusion, this rapid and convenient analysis was found to be suitable for the bioavailability pharmacokinetic assessment of lidocaine following low-dose regional drug administration.
Profiling software complexity

This paper deals with a new perspective on complexity metrics and their uses during the testing phase of software development. In keeping with traditional viewpoints, the complexity of a code fragment is assumed to be correlated with its error-proneness or its maintenance difficulty, so that the higher the complexity, the more likely the existence of errors. While the theories advocated here are applicable to any procedural language, the prototype version currently under development is based on Ada.
Post-Adoption Support Groups: Strategies for Addressing Marital Issues

Married couples who adopt older children from foster care, especially children with special needs, can often face unique marital stressors. This article explores strategies for strengthening marria...
Adolescents as Health Agents and Consumers: Results of A Pilot Study of the Health and Health-Related Behaviors of Adolescents Living in a High-Poverty Urban Neighborhood

Although there is a considerable literature on how adolescents make decisions which lead to risky behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, drug use) and adversely affect the health and well-being of youth, little is known about the routine behaviors youth engage in which influence their health (e.g., having permanent teeth extracted, discontinuing antibiotics prematurely, delaying or going without treatment of subacute illnesses and minor injuries) and concomitantly the factors which influence these behaviors. In an effort to begin to fill this gap, we have undertaken a study of routine health behaviors and the factors which bear on them in adolescents from a high-poverty urban neighborhood. In this article, we present the results of the pilot phase of the study in which we documented the behavior of 10 adolescents from Camden, New Jersey, the fifth poorest city in the United States, and explored with them their perceptions of the decisions they made and the factors that gave rise to them. We found that participants had an insufficient understanding of their health problems and consequences of their health actions, problems in understanding and being understood by health care professionals, and reluctance to involve parents in routine health care decisions. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to improving the health of vulnerable youth.
Representations for homomorphisms

Abstract Five different solutions to the problem of finding empirical meanings for the algebraically useful technique of homomorphisms in blockmodeling are described. They are the Lorrain-White, Pattison, Wu, modified Wu, and Bonacich approaches. All of them are designed to give meaning to a homomorphism in terms of characteristics of the relational matrices producing a semigroup, but they emphasize different aspects of the data. The Lorrain-White approach assumes that sets of relations are alternative expressions of an “underlying” relation. The Pattison and Bonacich approaches assume an underlying “clique” structure of structurally equivalent individuals. The Wu approaches assume that there is an “elite” set of individuals whose relational patterns define the homomorphism.
Rate of recurrence of preterm premature rupture of membranes in consecutive pregnancies

The reported incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes ranges between 1% and 2% of all pregnancies. The rate of recurrence is poorly defined. The goal of this study was to establish the frequency of recurrence in a high-risk referral practice. Over a 5-year period we identified 121 patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes who had a minimum of two consecutive pregnancies under our care, resulting in a total of 255 pregnancies for analysis. Recurrent preterm premature rupture of membranes occurred in 39 of 121 patients, for a rate of 32.2% (95% confidence interval, 23.9 +/- 40.5). We were unable to demonstrate an association between the estimated gestational age at the time of rupture in the index pregnancy, latency period, interval between pregnancies, and the probability of repeat preterm premature rupture of membranes in the next pregnancy. We conclude that patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes should be counseled regarding the significant risk of recurrence and need to have close follow-up in their subsequent pregnancies.
The Beta-Spectra of Cu 64 as a Test of the Fermi Theory

The momentum spectra of the negatrons and positrons emitted by ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ have been measured with high resolution under such conditions that the usual distortions resulting from source thickness and backing, scattering, and finite counter window are completely negligible for almost the entire range of energies. Whereas the Fermi theory predicts the correct distribution for the high energy region, it is found that there are more negatrons and positrons than are predicted by the theory at low energies. The shapes of the spectra and the fact that no nuclear gamma-rays are observed preclude the possibility that they are complex spectra. Deviation from the Fermi theory occurs for energies below 0.270 Mev for the positrons and for energies below 0.190 Mev for the negatrons.Incidental to these measurements, the end-point energies have been determined as 0.657\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 Mev for the positrons and 0.571\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 Mev for the negatrons. The ratio of the total number of electrons to positrons is 2.0.
A Proton-Shuttle Reaction Mechanism for Histone Deacetylase 8 and the Catalytic Role of Metal Ions

Zinc-dependent histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) catalyzes the removal of acetyl moieties from histone tails, and is critically involved in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. The detailed knowledge of its catalytic process is of high importance since it has been established as a most promising target for the development of new antitumor drugs. By employing Born−Oppenheimer ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations and umbrella sampling, a state-of-the-art approach to simulate enzyme reactions, we have provided further evidence against the originally proposed general acid−base catalytic pair mechanism for Zinc-dependent histone deacetylases. Instead, our results indicated that HDAC8 employs a proton-shuttle catalytic mechanism, in which a neutral His143 first serves as the general base to accept a proton from the zinc-bound water molecule in the initial rate-determining nucleophilic attack step, and then shuttles it to the amide nitrogen atom to facilitate the cleavage of the amide bond. ...
The Effects of Floor Roughness on Shoe-Floor Friction Adhesion and Hysteresis

Slip and fall accidents are a major source of occupational accidents. The coefficient of friction (CoF) that is required for gait is approximately 0.2. Floor roughness has been demonstrated to affect the available CoF. Building on this knowledge, this research aims to investigate the effect of changing floor roughness on two components of friction: adhesion and hysteresis. The experiments were carried out using a custom developed pin-on-disk type tribometer. Two common types of rubber shoe material, with Shore A hardness 50 and 95, were slid over ceramic tiles that were prepared to different roughness levels. The tiles were abraded using aluminum oxide media (commonly called “sand blasting”). Three levels of roughness were achieved, measured using the average peak height (Rz) with a stylus profilometer: 16.6 μm, 24.3 μm, and 34.6 μm. The experiments were conducted at 0.01 m sec-1 at a contact pressure of 266.1 kPa under ambient conditions to specifically examine the role of adhesion and hysteresis in the absence of hydrodynamic effects. The coefficient of friction was recorded without lubricant (dry) and lubricated with: 2% detergent solution, canola oil, and SAE 75W140 gear oil. Hysteresis was measured with SAE 75W140 because the high lubricity of the gear oil minimizes adhesion. Adhesion in dry and wet conditions was measured by subtracting the hysteresis from the coefficient of friction. Hysteresis was found to increase from 0.101 to 0.358 for the hard rubber and from 0.269 to 0.611 for the soft rubber when floor roughness was increased from 16.6 μm and 34.6 μm. Higher roughness was also associated with a decrease in dry adhesion from 0.651 to 0.277 for the hard rubber and from 0.435 to 0.041 for the soft rubber. Wet adhesion decreased from 0.285 to 0.049 for soft rubber on detergent. Canola oil, for both hard and soft, and detergent combined with hard rubber did not make a significant difference in the adhesion available. Hysteresis, which is a more robust form of friction in the presence of fluids, was found to be positively correlated with floor roughness while adhesion was negatively correlated with roughness. This indicates that increased floor friction is associated with better floor slip-resistance in the presence of fluids. Abrasively blasting floor tiles to increase the roughness of the floor surface, may lead to improved boundary lubrication friction, particularly when accompanied by soft shoe materials.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Navigating in a complex nursing world

The recent findings emerging from the new science of complexity are altering our view of unpredicted behavior. In many cases, natural laws hidden deep within the complex processes of healthcare systems may be exerting a powerful influence over our ability to control outcomes. The author explores the concept of complexity and how nurse administrators may use these new theories to navigate through an increasingly unpredictable world.
Incidental Minimal Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia on Core Needle Biopsy: Correlation With Findings on Follow-up Excision

IntroductionAtypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), often an incidental finding in breast core biopsies, is largely considered to be a risk factor for carcinoma rather than a direct precursor. However, management of ALH is controversial. We review our experience with incidental minimal ALH on core biops
Orbital Integrals on Symmetric Spaces and Spherical Characters

Abstract In the first section of this paper we obtain an asymptotic expansion near semi-simple elements of orbital integrals μ x ( f ) of C c ∞ -functions f on symmetric spaces G / H . Here G is a reductive p -adic group, and H is the group of fixed points of an involution σ on G . This extends the germ expansion of J. Shalika and M.-F. Vigneras in the group case. The main part of the paper studies examples of groups G with involution σ, which have the property that the spherical characters associated with their spherical admissible representations are not identically zero on the regular set of G / H . These include G = GL ( n + m ), H = GL ( n )× GL ( m ) for n = m =1 or 2, and n =1, m ≥3. More general results had been obtained by J. Sekiguchi in the case of real symmetric spaces, generalizing Harish-Chandra's work in the group case, over archimedean and non-archimedean fields. Our interest is in the p -adic case. There the techniques are entirely different from Sekiguchi's. In fact we use the recent work of J. Hakim and C. Rader and S. Rallis who showed that the spherical character is smooth on the regular set, and has asymptotic expansion in terms of Fourier transforms of invariant distributions on the nilpotent cone, as found by Harish-Chandra in the group case. Our study of the nonvanishing of some spherical characters uses a construction of an explicit basis of the space of invariant distributions on the nilpotent cone. This is done on regularizing spherical orbital integrals, and taking suitable linear combinations. This local work is motivated by concrete applications to the theory of Deligne-Kazhdan lifting of spherical automorphic representations. In some other examples, concerning G = GL (3 n ) and H = GL ( n )× GL (2 n ), and G = O (3, 2), H = O (2, 2), we explicitly construct invariant distributions on the nilpotent cone which are equal to their Fourier transform. Such examples do not exist in Harish-Chandra's group case. In the last two sections, following Harish-Chandra's simple proof in the group case, we show that μ x ( f ) is locally constant on the regular set of x , uniformly in f , in some cases. Following D. Kazhdan's proof of his density theorem we show that an f which annihilates all spherical characters has μ x ( f )=0 on the regular elliptic set.
MPP+ induced SH-SY5Y apoptosis is potentiated by cyclosporin A and inhibited by aristolochic acid.

In experiments investigating the role of the mitochondrial transition pore (MTP) in apoptosis induced by the Parkinsonism producing toxin N-methyl pyridinium ion (MPP+), we attempted to block possible MTP opening with cyclosporin A (CSA) alone or in combination with the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor aristolochic acid (ARA). Paradoxically, CSA potentiated rather than inhibited MPP+ induced apoptosis. Aristolochic acid alone inhibited MPP+ induced apoptosis at 24 h but did not alter mitochondrial effects of MPP+, suggesting that ARA inhibits MPP+ induced apoptosis downstream of the initiation event. ARA may prove to be another useful tool for understanding apoptosis.
Measurement of the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy with a single Doppler radar

The Doppler radar velocity azimuth display (VAD) technique for obtaining first and second moments of radial wind velocities is expanded to third-moment calculations. By scanning at an elevation angle of 50.8°, terms of the third-moment equation can be reduced to yield the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaace% WG3bGbauaaceWGXbGbauaaaaaaaa!3807!\[\overline {w'q'} \]. The technique has been applied to summertime radar measurements of the convective boundary layer in Illinois. Resulting vertical profiles of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaace% WG3bGbauaaceWGXbGbauaaaaaaaa!3807!\[\overline {w'q'} \] follow the expected shape, and the magnitudes compare well with those of aircraft measurements in previous studies.
Nutritional and functional biology of exudate-feeding ants

Feeding extensively on plant exudates and honeydews, many tropical arboreal ant species exhibit δ15N values characteristic of herbivores. Consistent with hypothesized herbivory, these taxa behave in feeding assays as though more N-deprived than are strictly carnivorous ants. However, to an as yet uncertain degree, relationships with N-upgrading and/or recycling microsymbionts may lower isotopic ratios, making ants appear to be more herbivorous than they actually are. Nutritional (N) contributions from microsymbionts have been inferred for a variety of ant taxa based on intracellular or extracellular associations between ants and bacteria. However, stronger and more specific inferences are possible when variability in microsymbiont locations within the digestive system is considered in the context of taxonomic variability in ant diets and digestive anatomy. Diets of exudate feeders may vary predictably in ratios of usable carbohydrates (CHOs) to N, depending on the extent to which they tend melezitose-producing Homoptera. Status of the peritrophic membrane, proventricular structure, and number and placement of Malpighian tubules can be interpreted as traits contributing to supply of N and/or CHOs to microsymbionts. In general, a more integrative understanding of ant diets, digestive anatomy, and associated microsymbionts helps to set out specific hypotheses to be tested experimentally and (where possible) in a phylogenetic context.
Treatment Decisions and Conservation of Tooth Structure

New technology is becoming available to help establish an early diagnosis of incipient and hidden pit and fissure caries, and microdentistry techniques are being developed to follow the principles of minimal intervention. Following the accurate diagnosis of suspected lesions, early intervention can be in the form of chemotherapeutics to promote remineralization or conservative intervention to minimize tooth structure loss. Patient risk factors should have a role in developing and individualized treatment program. The life cycle of a restored molar is used in this article to illustrate the long-term value of early diagnosis, preventive therapy, and conservative intervention to preserve tooth structure and to extend the retention of healthy teeth.
A rare example of three abundant conformers in one retro model of the cisplatin-DNA d(GpG) intrastrand cross link. Unambiguous evidence that guanine O6 to carrier amine ligand hydrogen bonding is not important. possible effect of the Lippard base pair step adjacent to the lesion on carrier ligand hydrogen bonding in DNA adducts.

Guanine O6 to carrier ligand hydrogen bonding is a central feature of many hypotheses advanced to explain the anticancer activity of cis-type anticancer drugs, cis-PtA2X2 (A2 = diamine or two amines). Early structural evidence suggested that cis-Pt(NH3)2(d(GpG)) (the cross-link model for the key cisplatin−DNA adduct) and other cis-PtA2(d(GpG)) adducts exist exclusively or mainly as the HH1 conformer with head-to-head (HH) bases. The dynamic motion of the d(GpG) in these adducts is too rapid to permit definitive characterization of both the conformation and the H-bonding. Hence, we use retro models having A2 ligands designed to slow the motion. Here, we employ Me2ppz (N,N‘-dimethylpiperazine), which lacks NH groups. Me2ppz is unique in having sp3 N-methyl groups directly in the coordination plane, allowing the coexistence of multiple conformers but hindering dynamic motion in Me2ppzPt(d(GpG)) and Me2ppzPt(GpG) retro models. Dynamic processes are decreased enough in Me2ppzPt(d(GpG)) to permit HPLC separatio...
Anomalous Attractive Interactions in Polypropylene Blends

Some new results on thermodynamic interactions in blends of model polyolefins are reported, including more examples of the anomalous attraction found earlier for polyisobutylene (PIB) blends. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data demonstrate a significant suppression of concentration fluctuations in two polypropylene (PP) blends, meaning a net attraction between components relative to the pure liquid states and corresponding to negative values of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter X . As in the PIB blends, the temperature dependencies indicate LCST phase behavior but with much higher critical temperatures for the PP blends. The two PP blends with net attraction also differ from PIB blends in that all their components behave conventionally (net repulsion, positive X ) in blends with other species. The other five PP blends in the study exhibit net repulsion but a wide range of mixing behavior, regular to highly irregular, depending on the second species.
Nucleosome Depleted Region In Promoter Improves Robustness In Gene Expression

Nucleosomes assembled onto promoters are critical for eukaryotic transcription regulation. Recent genome wide mapping of nucleosome positioning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that many promoters have nucleosome depleted region (NDR) that contains the transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBS), presumably to provide access for the factors. However, the necessity and advantage of this configuration is not well understood. We perturbed the relative position between TFBS and nucleosomes on two G1/S cell-cycle regulated promoters, and used time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to probe their transcriptional activity in individual cells through multiple cell cycles. We find that although localization of TFBSs to NDR is not required for transcription activation, it significantly reduces variability in expression between cell cycles. TFBSs localized to NDR activate transcription in every cell cycle with high reliability. In contrast, when the same TFBSs are located within positioned nucleosomes, activation was bimodal: nearly fully active in some cell cycles, and essentially undetectable in others. Interestingly, this “on/off” transcription pattern displays short-term “memory”, or epigenic inheritance, from the previous mother cell cycle. Furthermore, the probability of “on/off” cycles could be affected by varying the TF concentration and nucleosome acetylation level. Our results have significant implications for the function and evolution of NDR, and for the relationship between the chromatin structure on promoters and the reliability of gene expression.
Contribution of Defect Dragging to Dislocation Damping. I. Theory

The contribution of dragging of point defects attached to dislocation lines, to dislocation damping, to elastic modulus, and to logarithmic decrement, is developed. It is shown that the dragging leads to an initial increase in decrement in a suitable frequency range, determined by other related parameters: dislocation loop length, line tension, and damping constants. The theory predicts a dependence on frequency of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in contrast to the Koehler-Granato-L\"ucke (KGL) frequency dependence of $\ensuremath{\omega}$, explaining the failure of previous experiments to confirm the KGL theory. In a similar manner, the generally accepted dependences on point-defect density are shown to be incorrect at lower frequencies, below a few kHz in copper. For example, it is shown that the dislocation decrement should be proportional to the two-thirds power of the modulus defect, rather than proportional to the square of the modulus defect as previously expected, at large point-defect densities on dislocation lines.
Effect of Landau level mixing on the effective interaction between electrons in the fractional quantum Hall regime

We compute the effect of Landau-level mixing on the effective two-body and three-body pseudopotentials for electrons in the lowest and second Landau levels. We find that the resulting effective three-body interaction is attractive in the lowest relative angular momentum channel. The renormalization of the two-body pseudopotentials also shows interesting structure. We comment on the implications for the v = 5/2 fractional quantum Hall state.
What's your excuse for Foley use?

He that is good for making excuses is seldom good for anything else.Benjamin FranklinEfforts to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) are underway worldwide.1–4 Reducing indwelling urinary catheter (or ‘Foley’) use is a key component of most prevention initiatives, which makes sense given the evidence showing its effectiveness in reducing CAUTI rates.5 Such an approach, however, requires a specific focus on promoting the use of appropriate indications for a Foley at the time of insertion and throughout the duration of catheterisation. Unfortunately, data show substantial variability in both interpreting and applying such indications.6 The article by Murphy and colleagues7 uses robust qualitative methods to provide insights into decision-making about Foley insertion, including indications for use and the clinical context. This focus corresponds with what we and others have characterised as the socio-adaptive aspects of CAUTI prevention, including behaviour change and unit culture, as compared with the technical components, such as urinary catheter reminders or stop orders.8 Murphy et al 's work supports the use of certain strategies to promote more appropriate Foley use, such as better education about and availability of alternatives, including bladder scanning and external catheters (referred to as urinary sheaths in the paper). It also reinforces current wisdom about …