cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bromodomain and extraterminal inhibition blocks tumor progression and promotes differentiation in neuroblastoma

Background MYCN amplification is a key molecular hallmark of high-risk neuroblastoma. Previously considered an “undruggable” target, MYCN transcription can be disrupted by inhibiting the bromodomain and the extraterminal (BET) domain family of proteins that regulates MYCN transcription epigenetically. JQ1 is a potent, small-molecule BET inhibitor that induces cell-cycle arrest and initiates apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Here, we sought to validate the antitumorigenic effects of JQ1 in neuroblastoma and to evaluate whether blocking N-myc expression with JQ1 promotes neural differentiation. Methods We determined the effects in vitro of JQ1 treatment on human neuroblastoma cell growth in both monolayer and sphere-forming conditions. Subcutaneous neuroblastoma xenografts were used for an in vivo study. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the effects on neural differentiation and stem cell markers. Results JQ1 treatment blocked neuroblastoma cell growth in both monolayer and sphere-forming conditions; JQ1 also attenuated the growth of neuroblastoma xenograft in athymic nude mice. Neurofilament expression was enhanced with JQ1 treatment, indicating that JQ1 induces neuronal differentiation. Sphere forming conditions resulted in increased expression of multiple stem cell markers; these effects were reversed with JQ1 treatment. Conclusion BET inhibition attenuates progression and promotes neural differentiation of neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo in mice, providing insight into potential clinical applications of BET inhibitors in the treatment of patients with neuroblastoma.
Organic Pollutants in the Environment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is an extremely complex mixture of organic substances, which is the most abundant form of organic carbon in the earth's surficial environment. It is also a reactive material that plays an important role in controlling contaminant fate and transport. Its complexity, though, hampers the study of its interaction mechanisms with contaminants. Through its ability to selectively excite and observe nuclei such as 1H, 13C, and 19F, NMR has the potential to provide information that is capable of describing the specific interactions of a contaminant with NOM as well as identify and characterize contaminant transformation products. This review summarizes recent advances in solution- and solid-state NMRs that have explored this topic. Recent progress applying multidimensional and multipulse sequences is discussed. Keywords: NMR; NOM; contaminant; pesticide; review; covalent interactions; noncovalent interactions; structure; metabolite; sorption
Honouring ESL students' lived experiences in school learning with multiliteracies pedagogy

The increased presence of technology in school communities and children's lives poses a challenge to traditional teaching and learning tools. The present case study examines ways in which a classroom teacher, Marnie, conceptualised the use of a multiliteracies pedagogy (MLS) and a multimodal approach to elicit the lived experiences of her English as a Second Language students. Marnie's pedagogical approach was used to enhance her students' understanding of a novel with themes centred around life and death. The findings indicated that through her intentional implementation of pedagogical steps within the MLS framework, such as situated practice and overt instruction, the students were able to critically frame the content used in the creation of their digital photostory project and, as a result, have a transformative learning experience. This article has a two-fold approach: sharing of the digital storytelling project of students' experiences alongside a description of Marnie's instructional practice throug...
Abnormalities in Expression of Structural, Barrier and Differentiation Related Proteins, and Chondroitin Sulfate in Feline and Human Interstitial Cystitis

Purpose: We analyzed the urothelium of cats diagnosed with feline interstitial cystitis to determine whether abnormalities in protein expression patterns could be detected and whether the expression pattern was similar to that in patients with human interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. The proteins analyzed are involved in cell adhesion and barrier function, comprise the glycosaminoglycan layer or are differentiation markers.Materials and Methods: Formalin fixed biopsies from 8 cats with feline interstitial cystitis and from 7 healthy control cats were labeled by immunohistochemistry and scored with a modified version of a system previously used for human samples. Cluster analysis was performed to investigate relationships between markers and samples.Results: Of the feline interstitial cystitis bladders 89% showed abnormal protein expression and chondroitin sulfate patterns while only 27% of normal tissues showed slight abnormalities. Abnormalities were found in most feline interstitial cystitis s...
Integrated team design

The purpose of the United States Military Academy at West Point is to provide the nation with leaders of character who serve the common defense. In helping to prepare these future leaders for their service to the nation and to the US Army, the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science is chartered to provide a five-course electrical engineering sequence. The purpose of this sequence is to have cadets learn the engineering thought process that culminates with solving an engineering design problem. In addition, the department provides instruction for an ABET-accredited major in electrical engineering. As part of this program, cadets participate in a comprehensive capstone design project. This paper details a unique Military Academy program that provides an integrated design experience for students from both the core engineering sequence and the electrical engineering majors' program. By bringing both groups of electrical engineering students together into a single team to accomplish a significant design effort, substantial experience is gained by all. This integrated team approach has proven to be a positive learning experience for both groups, as well as for majors from other disciplines in a design team effort.
Analysis of nonequilibrium double tunnel junctions

The double tunnel junction M1-S2-M3 consists of generator and detector tunnel junctions with a common electrode S2. The quantity R 2(E), the time rate of change of the quasiparticle distribution function (produced by the generator current), is calculated for each branch of the excitation spectrum in S2. The rates of change of the quasiparticle number density \.n 2, the particle branch imbalance \.Q 2, and the distribution function branch imbalance \.Q 2 *are also calculated. The detector excess current-voltage characteristic δI dvs. V d is calculated for arbitrary excess distributions δf < (E) and δf >(E) in S2. Computed characteristics are obtained assuming square distributions of appropriate amplitudes for δf <and δf >; these characteristics show a zero-voltage current δI d(0) and asymmetric structure at eVd = ±(Δ2 + Δ2) and eVd = ±(eVg − Δ1 ± Δ3). The square distributions are only approximate; the actual distributions would produce additional structure at eVd = ±(eVg + Δ1 ± Δ3). The results are discussed for M1 and M3 either normal or superconducting.
Effects of preexisting voids on electromigration failure of flip chip solder bumps

For the first time, the effects of preexisting voids inside the flip chip solder bump and at the interface of bump/underbump metallization (UBM) are considered on electromigration-induced failures to provide a mechanistic understanding on solder bump electrical reliability. Local peaks of current density due to preexisting voids supported by high operating temperature and temperature gradients and gradients of mechanical stress result in inhomogeneous drift of metal atoms, which leads to the formation of hillocks and more microvoids or large voids in the bump or the bump interfaces. The voids decrease the cross-section of the solder contact, which increases local current density and local resistance. This expected positive feedback cycle can eventually lead to the so-called electromigration failure. In the meantime, the increased volume of the extruded hillocks under electromigration can lead to circuit shorts between neighboring bumps, where the distance becomes closer and closer. A stochastic approach is employed to quantify the effects of various preexisting voids. It is found that preexisting voids at the interface of solder bump/UBM is more prone to growth during electromigration and therefore, a much shorter lifetime of the bump. Voids inside the bump can also speed up the failure of the solder bump and their effects depend on their location, size and total volume fraction. The simulation results can be applied for the reliable design of flip chip solder bumps by modifying the design rule with the consideration of the effects of preexisting voids.
Interactions of a Toxic Estuarine Dinoflagellate with Microbial Predators and Prey

Summary The toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida (gen.et.sp.nov.) targets finfish and shellfish prey, and is a causative agent of major fish kills in representative estuaries of the southeastern United States.Live fish or their fresh tissues stimulate toxicity and gamete production and fusion, which usually occurs within a benthic or floating gelatinous mass.After fish death, remaining gametes revert to asexual, nontoxic zoospores that thrive in nutrient-enriched waters with flagellated algal prey.In the absence of fish, transformations among nontoxic flagellated, amoeboid and encysted stages in the dinoflagellate's complex life cycle are influenced by the availability of microbial prey (bacteria, algae, and microfauna including p1'otozoan ciliates and rotifers.Three potential microbial predators of P.piscicida were identified, although one was subject to attack especially by larger amoeboid stages.The ubiquitous occurrence of flagellated and amoeboid stages in the water column and sediments of warm temperate/subtropical waters, and their voracious phagotrophy on bacterial, algal and microfaunal prey, pOint to a major role of toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellates in the structure and function of estuarine microbial food webs.
Seasonally Changing Patterns of Lake-Effect Snowfall in Western Lower Michigan

Abstract A shift in the area of maximum lake-effect snowfafl—toward Lake Michigan from an early season inland location between November and January and a return inland by March—over western lower Michigan was investigated for the period from November 1965 through March 1971. The seasonal pattern for all areas of western lower Michigan was similar, but the inland displacement of early- and late-season snowfall was nearly twice as great in the northwest section. Lake-snow days were identified and daily maps analyzed to determine the axis of maximum snowfall the displacement from the lakeshore was measured along three traverses, one each in southwest, west-central and northwest lower Michigan. Temperature differences between the lake water and air at the 850 mb level and geostrophic winds at the surface, 850, 700 and 500 mb levels were calculated over mid-Lake Michigan, and observed winds for Green Bay, Wisc., and Flint, Mich., were determined for each lake-snow day. The degree of inland displacement of lake...
Attitude and Power Analysis of Two-Node Multitethered Coulomb Structures

The tethered coulomb structure is a novel approach to generating a large deployable and reconfigurable, nearrigid space structure. This concept uses electrostatic forces to repel a three-dimensional formation of spacecraft nodes interconnected through fine low-mass tethers. The tethered coulomb structure rotational stiffness characteristics are quantified through numerical analysis of the tethered coulomb structure node attitudes. With a two-node configuration, the rejection of angular rotation disturbances up to 50 deg = min is computed. The maximum absolute angular deflection is reduced as much as 75% by using a triple tether over a single tether. Furthermore, the triple-tether setup can provide full three-dimensional stiffness, even for a two-node system. Variationsintetheredcoulombstructurenodalparametersshowthatlowinertianodeswithwidetetherattachments significantly increase the rotational stiffness. With applications targeted for geosynchronous Earth orbit, results show that the differential gravity gradient forces have minimal effect on relative nodal attitudes. In addition, representative geosynchronous Earth orbit plasma conditions are modeled to demonstrate that plasma partial shielding has minimal effect on structure inflation under coulomb forces. Charging a tethered coulomb structure to negativepotentialsisadvantageous,inthatonlywattlevelsofpowerarerequiredtomaintainquasi-rigidformations.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care one year after the 9/11 attacks

Abstract Objective To screen for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in primary care patients 7–16 months after 9/11 attacks and to examine its comorbidity, clinical presentation and relationships with mental health treatment and service utilization. Method A systematic sample (n=930) of adult primary care patients who were seeking primary care at an urban general medicine clinic were interviewed using the PTSD Checklist: the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) Patient Health Questionnaire and the Medical Outcome Study 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Health care utilization data were obtained by a cross linkage to the administrative computerized database. Results Prevalence estimates of current 9/11-related probable PTSD ranged from 4.7% (based on a cutoff PCL-C score of 50 and over) to 10.2% (based on the DSM-IV criteria). A comorbid mental disorder was more common among patients with PTSD than patients without PTSD (80% vs. 30%). Patients with PTSD were more functionally impaired and reported increased use of mental health medication as compared to patients without PTSD (70% vs. 18%). Among patients with PTSD there was no increase in hospital and emergency room (ER) admissions or outpatient care during the first year after the attacks. Conclusions In an urban general medicine setting, 1 year after 9/11, the frequency of probable PTSD appears to be common and clinically significant. These results suggest an unmet need for mental health care in this clinical population and are especially important in view of available treatments for PTSD.
Achieving quality and equity through inclusive education in an era of high-stakes testing

While great progress has been made by the international community to promote inclusive education for all children, regardless of race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender or disability, many countries still continue to marginalize and exclude students in educational systems across the globe. High-stakes assessments in market-driven economies have increased exclusionary practices. Using international databases and research studies, this paper provides evidence of the poor performance of high-stakes assessment policies, particularly in the United States. The authors analyse and compare the key assumptions and consequences of a market-based system of education with those of a system that is based upon the principles of inclusive education through a school-community model and examples from Europe and Latin America. These models demonstrate that the twin goals of quality and equity can be achieved within a system that addresses educational policy and practices more broadly than market-based reforms. Conclusions call for policy-makers to respond to the discrimination and exclusion of various populations around the world by considering the impact of current educational models and the potential they have to support genuinely inclusive education for everyone.
Secretin in the Rat Hypothalamo-Pituitary System: Localization, Identification and Characterization

Secretin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) has been identified and characterized in the pituitary of the rat. The concentration in the neurointermediate lobe is about 45 fold higher than the concentration of SLI observed in the anterior lobe. Transections of the pituitary stalk of the rat caused a significant depletion of SLI in the neurointermediate lobe without affecting the content in the anterior lobe. In view of the relatively high concentration of SLI reported to occur in the hypothalamus, it appears that there may be a secretinergic pathway between the brain and the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary.
CHK1 levels correlate with sensitization to pemetrexed by CHK1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Abstract Objective Overexpression of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is associated with poorer patient outcome and therapeutic resistance in multiple tumor models. Inhibition of CHK1 has been proposed as a strategy to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents, especially in p53-deficient tumors. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a novel CHK1 inhibitor, MK-8776, in combination with pemetrexed (PMX) on cell proliferation and survival in a panel of p53 mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Methods We examined CHK1 expression in 442 resected lung adenocarcinoma specimens using Affymetrix U133A gene expression arrays. We correlated CHK1 mRNA expression with patient survival, tumor differentiation and genomic complexity. We evaluated CHK1 levels in NSCLC cell lines and identified four p53 mutant cell lines with variable CHK1 expression (H1993, H23, H1437 and H1299) based on publicly available gene expression data. We confirmed differential CHK1 mRNA and CHK1 protein levels by qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western Blot analysis (WB) and immunohistochemistry. We examined cell line sensitization to PMX in response to CHK1 inhibition with MK-8776 using WST-1 and clonogenic survival assays. Results We found that elevated CHK1 expression in primary lung adenocarcinomas correlates with poor tumor differentiation and significantly worse patient survival. Tumors with elevated CHK1 mRNA levels have a higher number of gene mutations and DNA copy number gain or amplifications. CHK1 inhibition by MK-8776 enhances sensitivity of NSCLC cell lines to PMX. CHK1 mRNA and protein expression are variable among NSCLC cell lines, and cells expressing higher levels of CHK1 protein are more sensitive to the CHK1 inhibition by MK-8776 as compared to low CHK1 expressing cells. Conclusions These findings suggest that CHK1 levels may not only serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in surgically-resected lung adenocarcinomas, but could also be a predictive marker for CHK1 inhibitor sensitivity, pending in vivo and clinical confirmation.
Clinical responses of head & neck tumors to radiation therapy by NIR spectroscopy

The aim is to evaluate the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy for predicting early tumor response to radiation therapy in patients with neck tumors. The results suggest a correlation between tumor oxygenation and clinical outcome.
Highly convergent enantioselective route to trichothecenes

Abstract Total synthesis of (+)−15-hydroxytrichotech-9,12-diene (4) has been accomplished in 16 steps and in 5.5% overall yield from the optically active β-hydroxyester 9. Creation of the vicinal quaternary centers resulted from a highly enantio- and diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen ester-enolate rearrangement.
Glomerulonephritis associated with endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Glomerulonephritis is becoming an increasingly well-recognized complication of infections with a variety of different microbial organisms. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a slow growing gram negative bacterium which is a rare cause of infective endocarditis. We describe a patient with mitral valve prolapse syndrome who, in spite of penicillin prophylaxis for a dental procedure, developed endocarditis with this organism, and had associated immune complex glomerulonephritis.
Critical evaluation of photomask needs for competing 65-nm node RET options

A comprehensive set of numerical, mask pattern operators is developed and applied for the purpose of understanding photomask fabrication tolerances supporting aggressive, optical lithography resolution enhancement. Using these numerical operators, the content and fidelity of the photomask is systematically degraded and wafer level results predicted using experimentally calibrated simulation. The concept of a mask sensitivity matrix is introduced and used as a bridge to full Monte Carlo analysis of photomask fabrication errors. A statistical approach to analyze mask defect tolerances for resolution enhancement options is presented within the same numerical framework. Such methodical and detailed analysis of mask construction parameters is a vital step toward understanding the complex interaction between mask quality and printed image and hence the delivery of 65 nm node lithography capability.
Emerging role of transplantation for primary liver cancers

Liver transplantation (LT) has been utilized in the treatment of primary hepatic malignancy for decades. Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) remains the most common malignant condition treated with LT, with almost 400 such transplants performed annually in the US. Refinement in the selection criteria for LT in patients with HCC has led to survival rates similar to those for LT in nonmalignant conditions. Excellent results have also been reported following LT for select patients with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and hepatoblastoma. Patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated with LT have generally faired poorly, with survival rates far below that of LT for nonmalignant conditions. Improved survival has recently been reported following LT for cholangiocarcinoma in highly select patients treated with aggressive neoadjuvant therapy. The future utility of LT in the treatment of malignancy will be influenced by several factors, including a profound organ donor shortage faced worldwide; increasing prevalence of hepatitis C, HCC and cirrhosis; and the evolution of live donor liver transplantation.
Multilayer phase-diffraction gratings modeled as a structure in three dimensions

X-ray phase diffraction gratings can be designed to behave in a fashion similar to blazed gratings, directing the majority of the energy into certain desired orders. They should be easy to fabricate using conventional semiconductor production technology, and offer advantages in design flexibility and efficiency over conventional amplitude grating or blazed grating structures. As a multilayered structure, a phase grating has structure in depth as well as across the surface. Most theoretical analyses in the literature treat the embedded structure through simplifying approximations or assumptions. We will discuss a model which treats the embedded structure explicitly using the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral in the Fraunhofer diffraction limit. This approach produces a set of equations which are identical to the result for an amplitude diffraction grating except for an additional factor which depends on the phase relationships of the various surfaces in the multilayer stack.
Current concepts in the evaluation, diagnosis and management of acute infectious diarrhea.

Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of enteric diseases, acute infectious diarrhea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infection is the most common cause of acute diarrhea. Some causes of infectious diarrhea also result in serious long-term sequelae such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome and malnutrition. A better understanding of bacterial pathogenesis has grown increasingly important because of the emergence of new pathogens and the growing problems of resistance among enteric pathogens and other enteric flora. Non-antimicrobial approaches to therapy have become increasingly important with the emergence of serious antimicrobial resistance, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, new understanding of how intestinal bacteria cause disease is revealing that enteric infections might trigger damage to epithelial cells or the intestinal barrier, or disrupt intestinal barrier and absorptive function (without necessarily causing overt diarrhea); thus, enteric infections might be far more important as emerging causes of malnutrition than has been previously appreciated. Therefore, diarrhea is both a cause and an effect of malnutrition. Treatment in most cases of bacterial and viral diseases consists of correcting fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance by oral or parenteral rehydration. Prevention of enteric illness by virtue of improved hygiene and provision of sanitation and water treatment is impractical in most developing countries, where morbidity and mortality rates are highest. For this reason, development of vaccines against the most important gastrointestinal infections remains a high priority.
Evaluation of methods to reduce formaldehyde levels of cadavers in the dissection laboratory

Dissection of conventionally embalmed cadavers exposes students, staff, and faculty to formaldehyde, a probable carcinogen. Therefore, prudent practices should seek to minimize formaldehyde exposure. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available chemicals, InfuTrace and Perfect Solution, for their effectiveness in reducing ambient formaldehyde levels. Four cadavers embalmed conventionally with formaldehyde and/or with the above agents were compared for their formaldehyde levels under conditions that strictly controlled for air circulation and for locations and methods of testing, and during activities that simulated student dissecting. For InfuTrace, one cadaver was reinfused with InfuTrace after initial standard perfusion with formaldehyde; a second cadaver had InfuTrace injected into the thoracic and abdominal body cavities after formaldehyde perfusion. For Perfect Solution, the product was used for embalming a third cadaver in lieu of formaldehyde. For a control, a fourth cadaver was embalmed with the standard formaldehyde solution. Testing of personal and ambient room air samples and of fluid obtained from the cadavers was performed and analyzed in a blinded fashion. Results indicated that both Perfect Solution, substituted for standard formaldehyde embalming, and InfuTrace infused through the vasculature after formaldehyde embalming, resulted in lower concentrations of formaldehyde than embalming with formaldehyde solution alone or in combination with body cavity injection of InfuTrace. These differences in formaldehyde concentrations are consistent across measuring methods, for example, of room air, of breathing zone air during cadaver handling and dissection, and of liquid samples obtained from the cadavers. Perfect Solution yielded suboptimum fixation and a different texture, color, and smell than the formaldehyde treatments.
Managing electromagnetic fields from residential electrode grounding systems: a predecision analysis.

Several epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with health effects, including leukemia and brain cancer, but the research is still inconclusive. In particular, no clear causal mechanism has been identified by which EMFs may promote cancers. Nevertheless, the concerns raised by the positive epidemiological studies have led to increasing efforts to reduce EMFs from a number of sources. One source of EMFs are home grounding systems that are connected through water pipes in homes to water mains. This paper analyzes whether home owners who are concerned about electromagnetic fields exposure from home grounding systems should take any action to reduce fields. Assuming that the grounding system produces elevated magnetic fields (e.g., 2-3 mG or higher), this study investigates several readily available alternatives and evaluates them with respect to five criteria: risk reduction, cost, fire risk increase, worker risk, and electrical shock risk. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence about an EMF-cancer relationship, this study uses a parameterized approach that makes conditional estimates of health risk depending on future research outcomes and on the nature of the EMF/health effects relationship. This type of analysis, which is called predecision analysis because of its preliminary nature, is therefore highly dependent on a set of assumptions. Nevertheless, this predecision analysis had some fairly clear results. First, waiting for more research or taking a fairly inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow) seem to be the main contenders for the best decision for many different assumptions and parameters. Second, the choice between these two actions is very sensitive to variations in assumptions and parameters. Homeowners who accept the base-case assumptions and parameters of this study should prefer to wait. If any of the base-case parameters are changed to more pessimistic estimates or if psychological concerns (like worry and regret) are considered, then the best action is to insulate the pipe to reduce the current flow through the water pipes.
TRINETR: An architecture for collaborative intrusion detection and knowledge-based alert evaluation

Current reactive and standalone network security products are not capable of withstanding the onslaught of diversified network threats. As a result, a new security paradigm, where integrated security devices or systems collaborate closely to achieve enhanced protection and provide multi-layer defenses is emerging. In this paper, we present the design of a collaborative architecture for multiple intrusion detection systems to work together to detect real-time network intrusions. The detection is made more efficient and effective by using collaborative intelligent agents, relevant knowledge base and combination of multiple detection sensors. The architecture is composed of three parts: Collaborative Alert Aggregation, Knowledge-based Alert Evaluation and Alert Correlation. The architecture is aimed at reducing the alert overload by correlating results from multiple sensors to generate condensed views, reducing false positives by integrating network and host system information into the evaluation process and correlating events based on logical relations to generate global and synthesized alert report. The architecture is designed as a layer above intrusion detection for post-detection alert analysis and security actions. The first two parts of the architecture have been implemented and the implementation results are presented in this paper.
Three-Quarter Prone Approach to the Pineal-Tentorial Region

A three-quarter prone, operative approach to the pineal region is described: the three-quarter prone, operated-side-down position. This approach avoids the disadvantages of the approaches from other directions to this region and provides a comfortable position for the surgeon and assistant, minimal retraction of the parietal-occipital lobe, and access to the third ventricle, pineal region, midbrain, and superior vermis.
An Enterprise Software Architecture for the Green Bank Telescope (GBT)

The enterprise architecture presents a view of how software utilities and applications are related to one another under unifying rules and principles of development. By constructing an enterprise architecture, an organization will be able to manage the components of its systems within a solid conceptual framework. This largely prevents duplication of effort, focuses the organization on its core technical competencies, and ultimately makes software more maintainable. In the beginning of 2003, several prominent challenges faced software development at the GBT. The telescope was not easily configurable, and observing often presented a challenge, particularly to new users. High priority projects required new experimental developments on short time scales. Migration paths were required for applications which had proven difficult to maintain. In order to solve these challenges, an enterprise architecture was created, consisting of five layers: 1) the telescope control system, and the raw data produced during an observation, 2) Low-level Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in C++, for managing interactions with the telescope control system and its data, 3) High-Level APIs in Python, which can be used by astronomers or software developers to create custom applications, 4) Application Components in Python, which can be either standalone applications or plug-in modules to applications, and 5) Application Management Systems in Python, which package application components for use by a particular user group (astronomers, engineers or operators) in terms of resource configurations. This presentation describes how these layers combine to make the GBT easier to use, while concurrently making the software easier to develop and maintain.
Current status and future challenges of tympanoplasty

Four decades after the introduction of tympanoplasty, the goal of achieving stable and long-term hearing improvement after tympanoplasty surgery for chronic otitis media continues to be elusive. In this review, we focus on the current status of our understanding of the mechanics and pathology of the middle ear after tympanoplasty surgery. We also analyze some problems and challenges faced by clinicians and basic scientists in the quest for improved postoperative hearing results.
A study of cultural and environmental factors on the yield of Vitis rotundifolia

Abstract The base population of Vitis rotundifolia Michx., cultivar ‘Hunt’, known as muscadine grape in the southeastern regions of the United States, was established in 1945 at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton and trained to a 2-wire trellis system. An experiment to investigate irrigation-fertilizer effects on annual grape yield began in 1978 and continued until 1985. Grape yield increased from 1978 to 1983, with the exception of 1980, but decreased severely in 1984 and 1985. The annual yield of non-irrigated plants fertilized with 1.4 kg/plant of a 10N-4P-8K analysis fertilizer was not significantly different from the annual yield of irrigated plants with 0.9 kg/plant fertilizer. Date of harvest was related to maximum temperatures during bloom and fruit development. Variation of the annual yield over time indicated alternate bearing with non-irrigated plants, but not with irrigated plants. The number of spurs on the south side of the plant had more influence on yield than that on the northern side.
A case of tuberculous hepatitis and its biological reactions.

Summary A 14-year old boy the syniptoms of whose disease suggested an acute liver abscess. Laparotoniy was therefore performed. Macroscopic examiuation as well as biopsy proved dissemiiiated tuberculosis of the liver. Tlie following are some interesting points from the examination of this case: 1. A positive blood culture for Koch's bacillus. 2. Negative tuberculin reaction even in a potency of 1:100. It was only after streptomycin treatment that a positive reaction was obtained, but still it wm not a strong positive reaction (++). 3. Tlie high sedimentation rate of erythrocytes. Certain points of view are given about the iniportance of the progress of these biological findings. This case was treated with streptomycin. The total dosage administered was 45 grams. As a result the patient's temperature dropped and his liver symptoms were relieved. The patient's condition has since been normal to the present time.
Proximal ligand electron donation and reactivity of the cytochrome P450 ferric-peroxo anion.

CYP125 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes sequential oxidation of the cholesterol side-chain terminal methyl group to the alcohol, aldehyde, and finally acid. Here, we demonstrate that CYP125 simultaneously catalyzes the formation of five other products, all of which result from deformylation of the sterol side chain. The aldehyde intermediate is shown to be the precursor of both the conventional acid metabolite and the five deformylation products. The acid arises by protonation of the ferric-peroxo anion species and formation of the ferryl-oxene species, also known as Compound I, followed by hydrogen abstraction and oxygen transfer. The deformylation products arise by addition of the same ferric-peroxo anion to the aldehyde intermediate to give a peroxyhemiacetal that leads to C-C bond cleavage. This bifurcation of the catalytic sequence has allowed us to examine the effect of electron donation by the proximal ligand on the properties of the ferric-peroxo anion. Replacement of the cysteine thiolate iron ligand by a selenocysteine results in UV-vis, EPR, and resonance Raman spectral changes indicative of an increased electron donation from the proximal selenolate ligand to the iron. Analysis of the product distribution in the reaction of the selenocysteine substituted enzyme reveals a gain in the formation of the acid (Compound I pathway) at the expense of deformylation products. These observations are consistent with an increase in the pKa of the ferric-peroxo anion, which favors its protonation and therefore Compound I formation.
The Catalog Archive Server Database Management System

The multiterabyte Sloan Digital Sky Survey's (SDSS's) catalog data is stored in a commercial relational database management system with SQL query access and a built-in query optimizer. The SDSS catalog archive server adds advanced data mining features to the DBMS to provide fast online access to the data.
An analysis of the terminal concentrator concept for solar central receiver systems

Abstract One of the most interesting approaches to the large scale development of solar energy for electric power production is the Central Receiver System Concept. The Central Receiver System contains a large number of individually guided heliostats that reflect sunlight towards a central receiver high above the field of heliostats. The system resembles a giant Fresnel mirror and provides a substantial concentration of the solar beam. If high concentration is desired, a terminal concentrator may be included. The terminal concentrator is a device designed to increase the concentration of solar flux reflected from the collector field. Our study depends on two assumptions: (1) the beam width formula for the reflected beams and (2) the uniformly bright collector field which is a gross simplification allowing us to deal with the terminal concentrator. We obtained the necessary design relations, including a lower bound for the rim angle φm, the average fraction reflected ƒ (φ m ) , a radiative stagnation temperature for the aperature, and the concentration ratios. The temperature and concentration ratio curves determine the optimum rim angle φm for each of several designs. When designed to provide maximum concentration, the terminal concentrator becomes excessively large. Consequently, we consider a design which produces 90 per cent of the maximum concentration and reduces the size of the conical reflector by 5–6 times. The effectiveness of this compromise design permits us to conclude that a practical terminal concentrator of the conical variety can almost double the concentration without any appreciable loss of total power. There will be losses due to reflectivity but not due to beam spillage because of the reduced aperture. The terminal concentrator will be economically desirable for small central receiver systems if it is cheaper than the incremental cost of the heliostat field due to the additional focusing required to produce the same concentration.
The effect of spreading depression on the consolidation of learning

Abstrad-The consolidation of an interhemispherically transferred avoidance response was studied using spreading depression to control transfer and consolidation times. Transmission of the learning required 3 min. The length of time following transfer when consolidation could be disturbed varied with the duration of spreading depression, from 3 min to 2 hr. The effect appears not to be due to disruption of neural firing, but to the cortical potential change caused by spreading depression since a pulsating cathodal current (8.5 pA/mms) passed through medial (but not anterior, lateral, or posterior) cortex can abolish retention. It is suggested that the consolidation process may require electrical potential gradients in the cortex and that it is disturbed bv agents which decrease or reverse them.
Organization and funding of sheep research and extension in the United States — from research to practice

Abstract The generation of sheep research results and the transfer of these results into practice on sheep farms in the U.S. is accomplished through the cooperative funding of sheep research and extension by Federal, state, and local governments and the complete integration of the extension service and research scientists within Land Grant Universities. Over $40 million is spent annually on 800 to 1000 sheep research projects conducted at United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service stations and at Land Grant Universities. State Sheep Extension Specialists and County Extension Agents interact directly with research scientists and assist sheep producers in the transfer of research results into practice. Sheep producers provide few funds for sheep research, but through their national organization, the American Sheep Industry Association, support valuable educational functions and influence sheep research and extension activities conducted by public institutions. However, sheep research receives the smallest amount of funding of any of the livestock sectors — only 47% as much as poultry which receives the second lowest amount of funding and 24% as much as beef cattle which receives the largest amount of funding. As a result, fewer scientists are involved in sheep research at each institution than in research with other livestock species, and some important areas of research are not addressed. By necessity, several informal arrangements of sharing scientific expertise among institutions in different states have evolved between sheep scientists, but there is now a need to formalize such arrangements in order to gain the most benefit out of limited sheep research and extension resources.
Molecular mechanisms of ethylene regulation of gene transcription

Ethylene-regulated gene transcription has been studied in the context of plant defense, carnation flower petal senescence, and tomato fruit ripening. This review summarizes what is known about the molecular mechanisms of this process. Activation of plant defense genes in response to ethylene involves a promoter element called the GCC box, which interacts with ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (EREBPs). Genes expressed in response to ethylene during petal senescence and fruit ripening use different promoter elements. For fruit ripening genes, two cooperative promoter elements are required for ethylene-responsive transcription. DNA-binding proteins of carnation and tomato that interact with ethylene-responsive promoter elements have been studied, and in some cases cDNAs encoding such proteins have been isolated. The immediate goal of this work is to determine which DNA-binding proteins are involved in mediating ethylene-responsive gene transcription, and how they interact with other components of the ethylene signaling pathway. This work will lead to a more complete understanding of ethylene signal transduction.
Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before the age of thirty-one. I. Survival, causes of death, and complications

In 307 patients with diabetes mellitus, developed prior to 1933 and before age 31 it was demonstrated that: (1) frequent contact with a specialized diabetes clinic from an early stage of the disease; (2) a good quality of “metabolic control”; (3) a low insulin dose; (4) a body weight of 10% less than ideal; and (5) a mean blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, all had significantly beneficial effects upon the survival. It was also found that patients domiciled in Copenhagen had a significantly better prognosis than patients domiciled outside Copenhagen. Frequent contact with a diabetes centre was accompanied by an appreciable decrease in disabling late diabetic complications.
A system for the direct co-culture of endothelium on smooth muscle cells

The development of a functional, adherent endothelium is one of the major factors limiting the successful development of tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs). The adhesion and function of endothelial cells (ECs) on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are poorly understood. The goal of this research was to optimize conditions for the direct culture of endothelium on SMCs, and to develop an initial assessment of co-culture on EC function. The co-culture consisted of a culture substrate, a basal adhesion protein, a layer of porcine SMCs, a medial adhesion protein, and a layer of porcine ECs. Conditions that led to successful co-culture were: a polystyrene culture substrate, a quiescent state for SMCs, subconfluent density for SMC seeding and confluent density for EC seeding, and fibronectin (FN) for the basal adhesion protein. EC adhesion was not enhanced by addition of FN, collagen I, collagen IV or laminin (LN) to the medial layer. 3-D image reconstruction by confocal microscopy indicated that SMCs did not migrate over ECs and the cells were present in two distinct layers. Co-cultures could be consistently maintained for as long as 10 days. After exposure to 5 dyne/cm(2) for 7.5 h, ECs remained adherent to SMCs. PECAM staining indicated junction formation between ECs, but at a lower level than that observed with EC monocultures. Co-culturing ECs with SMCs did not change the growth rate of ECs, but EC DiI-Ac-LDL uptake was increased. Thus, a confluent and adherent layer of endothelium can be directly cultured on quiescent SMCs.
Changes in the nucleotides of the cross-striated muscle after freezing.

Abstract In the contracture that follows freezing and thawing cross-striated muscle, there is a very rapid splitting of ATP accompanied by an instantaneous deamination. In a few minutes all the available adenosine is converted into inosine. The final product is IMP.
Heavy Flags Undergo Spontaneous Oscillations in Flowing Water

By immersing a compliant yet self-supporting sheet into flowing water, we study a heavy, streamlined, and elastic body interacting with a fluid. We find that above a critical flow velocity a sheet aligned with the flow begins to flap with a Strouhal frequency consistent with animal locomotion. This transition is subcritical. Our results agree qualitatively with a simple fluid dynamical model that predicts linear instability at a critical flow speed. Both experiment and theory emphasize the importance of body inertia in overcoming the stabilizing effects of finite rigidity and fluid drag.
A model university curriculum in tourism

Abstract Graduate training in tourism is a relative newcomer to the academic world, yet it has already generated much discussion. Following the article by Theuns and Rasheed on the selection of tertiary level courses in tourism in developing countries (Tourism Management March 1983) another focus on education is provided in this issue. The following contributions by Robert McIntosh, Professor of Tourism at Michigan State University, and Ingrid van Weenen and Elwood Shafer, both of George Washington University, are concerned with the structure and content of training courses open to students wishing to make a career in the tourism industry. Although dealing with training at different levels—graduate and undergraduate—both papers emphasize the need to concentrate on marketing and communication skills.