cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent Review of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Death in TRIBUTE (Paclitaxel and Carboplatin with or without Concurrent Erlotinib) in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction A rare but serious complication of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is a lung injury syndrome commonly referred to as a drug-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD). It has a typical clinical presentation of rapidly progressive acute or subacute dyspnea and a histopathology of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The incidence, severity, and risk factors for EGFR TKI-induced ILD remain poorly understood. Whether concurrent chemotherapy increases its risk is also unclear. The primary focus of this blinded review was to determine the incidence of ILD leading to death in 1059 TRIBUTE patients randomized to chemotherapy plus erlotinib or placebo. Methods All fatal serious adverse events (SAEs) were reviewed by an independent three-person panel composed of a medical oncologist, radiologist, and pulmonologist not associated with the study and without knowledge of treatment assignment. Fatal respiratory SAEs were identified and assigned to one of four potential attributions: progressive cancer, concurrent illness, drug-induced ILD, or other toxicities not related to ILD. Each panel member first made an independent assignation; then each case was discussed jointly. If needed, consensus was reached by vote. Results Fatal SAEs were reported in 80 of 1059 patients (7.6%): 53 of 526 patients on erlotinib (10.1%) and 27 of 533 on placebo (5.1%) (p Conclusions This independent blinded analysis of the TRIBUTE study identified fatal ILD in 0.6% of cases treated with the combination of erlotinib plus chemotherapy, possibly higher than previous reports of EGFR TKIs alone in the non-Japanese population. Fatal ILD alone does not fully account for the imbalance in fatal SAEs observed in TRIBUTE. EGFR TKI-induced fatal ILD typically presents with acute or subacute dyspnea with rapid progression and a typical histopathology of diffuse alveolar damage both consistent with the acute respiratory distress syndrome, but can also be associated with a histopathology of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Further studies designed to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and risk factors for ILD are needed.
The Effects of Gender Composition and Task Structure on Small Group Interaction

It was hypothesized that gender composition variations and task structure would significantly interact to affect communicative behavior in small groups. Groups of college-aged men and women were composed to vary in the number of men and women serving as group members. Each group was assigned to complete two tasks: One task was a highly structured ranking assignment; the other task was a human relations case study with relatively low outcome structure. Results of Interaction Process Analysis data obtained during group discussion supported the hypothesized interaction onlyfor dominance acts of giving suggestions. Small groups composed solely of men were significantly higher in this category under structured task conditions, whereas groups composed predominantly of men were significantly lower in dominance acts under unstructured task conditions. Two subsidiary hypotheses concerning the separate effects of composition and task variables were partially supported. Results are discussed in regard to make situat...
A New Approach to Electrical Engineering Laboratories

A short analysis of the purposes and achievements of electrical engineering laboratories is given. As a result of this analysis, the conclusion is drawn that laboratories, as presently conceived, fail to accomplish their objectives. The new approach proposed is to limit the objectives as well as the laboratory time, which would result in an advanced electrical measurements course with an associated laboratory to demonstrate the lecture material.
Rapid determination of cell volume density in mammalian cell suspensions.

Abstract Cell volume density was shown to be a useful growth parameter to monitor both single cell and aggregate suspension cultures. A method is described to quickly and easily measure this parameter using the length of a cell pellet in a conical hematocrit tube. The tubes were prepared by sealing the small end of disposable micropipet tips, and for seven cell lines growth within the range from 0.1 to 5 ml/liter was reproducible with an average ± 5.6% SD. Good agreement was obtained for population doubling times determined from cell volume density, DNA concentration, and, where possible, cell number density.
Improving research at universities to benefit the poultry industry

SUMMARY This paper is a synopsis of the research portion of the National Extension Workshop conducted at the 98th annual meeting of PSA. This workshop provided an overview of the direct impact land grant universities have on the poultry industry. Several members from across the poultry industry and allied industries provided their views on topics pertaining to improving university research to better benefit the industry as a whole. Among the topics discussed were the benefits of industry advisory committees, the source(s) of monetary support for university research, the industry’s need for both applied and basic research, and the usefulness of the Midwest Poultry Consortium.
Integration of the Fido explosives detector onto the PackBot EOD UGV

The digital, modular architecture of the iRobot PackBot EOD has been exploited to integrate an explosives vapor detector. This expands the usefulness of the UGV from its core EOD role to checkpoint vehicle inspections and facility clearing. From initial tests to deployment and training in Iraq and subsequent user feedback, we present the trials and tribulations of this effort from the perspective of the engineers that traveled to Baghdad.
A Comparison of the Factor Structure of Rotter's Internality-Externality Scale in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Young Mothers

Summary Fifty-one disadvantaged mothers and 57 randomly selected more advantaged mothers were given Rotter's Internality-Externality Scale. The test results were factor analyzed, then subjected to a Procrustes transformation to test how closely the obtained factor structure fit that obtained by Herbert Mirels using data from female undergraduates. The advantaged mothers closely approximated Mirels' structure, showing the personal control and sociopolitical control factors Mirels had found. The disadvantaged mothers showed no consistent, easily interpretable factor structure. The applicability of the two factor notion to disadvantaged young women is questioned. Differences in answering the items by the two groups were analyzed and discussed.
Risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms during and after hypertensive hypervolemic therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive hypervolemic therapy for vasospasm is widely practiced. It is not clear, however, whether the use of hypertension and hypervolemia as a treatment for vasospasm risks hemorrhage from an unsecured, unruptured aneurysm. METHODS: From 1991 to 2000, the neurovascular unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital treated 1908 aneurysms, of which 966 were ruptured. Forty patients with ruptured aneurysms had unsecured, unruptured aneurysms and underwent hypertensive hypervolemic therapy for vasospasm. Hypertension was induced by intravenously administered phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine, and hypervolemia was achieved by intravenously administered crystalloid and colloid solutions. The 24-hour mean arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the 24-hour mean central venous pressure were calculated on the basis of hourly measurements during hypertensive hypervolemic treatment. RESULTS: The 40 study patients harbored 124 aneurysms, of which 51 aneurysms were treated (clipping, 37; coiling, 14) by the time hypertensive hypervolemic therapy began, leaving 73 unsecured aneurysms at risk. The mean size of the unsecured aneurysms was 4.45 mm. Nineteen patients were treated with mild hypertension (SBP, 140-180 mmHg), 12 patients were treated with moderate hypertension (SBP, 180-200 mmHg), and 9 patients were treated with severe hypertension (SBP, >200 mmHg). The 24-hour mean SBP readings were 166.81 +/- 8.19, 187.57 +/- 5.79, and 204.01 +/- 3.75 mmHg for the mild, moderate, and severe hypertension groups, respectively. The mean central venous pressure was 10.43 +/- 3.89 mmHg. The mean course of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy was 7.25 days, and therapy began on mean post-subarachnoid hemorrhage Day 6.73. Twenty-eight aneurysms were eventually treated in later procedures (clipping, 25; coiling, 3). The mean interval to treatment was 6.93 months. In a treatment and follow-up period of 121.75 aneurysm-years of risk, there was no instance of hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and hypervolemia do not seem to increase the risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms in the acute setting or in their short-term natural history.
Magnetic properties of the neptunium monopnictides

The magnetic properties of the neptunium monopnictides, NpN, NpP, NpAs, and NpSb, have been examined by a variety of experimental techniques. All compounds have the NaCl structure. The present paper reports the results of magnetization, M\"ossbauer, electrical-resistivity, neutron-diffraction, and lattice-parameter (x-ray) measurements between 1.5 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on polycrystalline samples prepared in this laboratory. Particular emphasis is placed on both the complementary information obtained by the different techniques, and how this helps to elucidate the microscopic magnetic behavior. Neptunium nitride is ferromagnetic with ${T}_{C}=87$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Neptunium phosphide orders antiferromagnetically at 130 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with an incommensurate magnetic structure. At 74 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the magnetic structure becomes commensurate with the lattice (repeat distance 3.0 unit cells) and at lower temperatures tends to form a 3+, 3- sequence. A complete solution for the magnetic structure at low temperature is obtained by combining the neutron and M\"ossbauer results. Neptunium arsenide becomes antiferromagnetic at ${T}_{N}=175$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At \ensuremath{\sim} 160 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the high-temperature 4+, 4- structure transforms to the type-I arrangement (simple +,- sequence). The crystal lattice of NpAs becomes tetragonal at ${T}_{N}$, exhibits a first-order transition to cubic symmetry at 142 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and remains cubic at lower temperatures. The electrical resistivity increases by an order of magnitude on cooling from 142 to 141 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Neptunium antimonide is a type-I antiferromagnet with ${T}_{N}=207$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The variation of the ordered moments ($\frac{1.4{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}{\mathrm{Np}}$ in NpN to $\frac{2.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}{\mathrm{Np}}$ in NpSb), paramagnetic effective moment ($\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{2.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}{\mathrm{Np}}$), and the M\"ossbauer parameters (hyperfine field, quadrupole interaction, and isomer shift) all suggest a trend toward ${\mathrm{Np}}^{3+}$, $5{f}^{4}$ free-ion behavior in progressing from the nitride to the antimonide.
Resting Heart Rate is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Mortality: The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project In Industry

In a prospective cohort study, associations of resting heart rate with risk of coronary, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality in age-specific cohorts of black and white men and women were examined over 22 years of follow-up. Participants were employees from 84 companies and organizations in the Chicago, Illinois, area who volunteered for a screening examination. Participants included 9,706 men aged 18-39 years, 7,760 men aged 40-59 years, 1,321 men aged 60-74 years, 6,928 women aged 18-39 years, 6,915 women aged 40-59 years, and 1,151 women aged 60-74 years at the baseline examination in 1967-1973. Vital status was ascertained through 1992. For fatal coronary disease, multivariate-adjusted relative risks associated with a 12 beats per minute higher heart rate (one standard deviation) were as follows: for men aged 18-39 years, relative risk (RR) = 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.48); for men aged 40-59 years, RR = 1.13 (95% CI 1.05-1.21); for men aged 60-74 years, RR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.89-1.12); for women aged 40-59 years, RR = 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.36); and for women aged 60-74 years, RR = 1.16 (95% CI 0.99-1.37). Corresponding risks for all fatal cardiovascular diseases were similar to those for coronary death alone. Deaths from cancer were significantly associated with heart rate in men and women aged 40-59 years. All-cause mortality was associated with higher heart rate in men aged 18-39 years (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.20), men aged 40-59 years (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.21), and women aged 40-59 years (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.27). Heart rate was not associated with mortality in women aged 18-39 years. In summary, heart rate was a risk factor for mortality from coronary disease, all cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in younger men and in middle-aged men and women, and for cancer mortality in middle-aged men and women.
Water in the Earth's Mantle: Melting Curves of Basalt-Water and Basalt-Water-Carbon Dioxide

At depths below about 45 kilometers in the earth, the presence of high proportions of carbon dioxide does not significantly affect the temperature of the beginning of melting of basalt-water compositions. Water must be present only in trace amounts in the solid part of the silicate mantle if it contains appreciable proportions of basaltic composition.
The Geoscience Laser Altimetry/Ranging System

The Geoscience Laser Altimetry/Ranging System (GLARS) is a planned highly precise laser distance-measuring system to be used for geoscience measurements requiring extremely accurate geodetic observations from a space platform. The system combines the attributes of a pointable laser ranging system making observations to retroreflectors placed on the ground with those of a nadir-looking laser altimeter making height observations to ground, ice sheet, and oceanic surfaces. In the ranging mode, centimeter-level precise baseline and station coordinate determinations will be made on grids consisting of 100 to 200 targets separated by distances from a few tens of kilometers to about 1000 km. These measurements will be used for studies of seismic zone crustal deformations and tectonic plate motions. Ranging measurements will also be made to a coarser, but globally distributed, array of retroreflectors for both precise geodetic and orbit determination applications. In the altimetric mode, relative height determinations will be obtained with approximately decimeter vertical precision and 70-100-m horizontal resolution. Altimetric profiles consisting of nearly contiguous spots will be available when the system is operated at 40 pulses per second. The height data will be used to study surface topography and roughness, ice sheet and lava flow thickness, and ocean dynamics. Waveform digitization will provide a measure of the vertical extent of topography within each footprint.
Culture and Memory

The problem of specifying the ways in which culture influences cognitive processes is discussed using the relation between culture and memory as a special case. Beginning with scattered suggestions from the anthropological and psychological literature, a research strategy combining ethnolinguistic and experimental psychological techniques is described. Mnemonic performance is shown to depend upon a host of situational (cultural) factors which must be systematically explored in order to determine culture-memory relations.
Lexical imposition: Old Norse vocabulary in Scottish Gaelic

A population of Norse settlers in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland eventually shifted from Old Norse to the contemporary Gaelic of the established community. Although little direct evidence of the sociolinguistic conditions of the contact situation exists, an unusual sound pattern found among the words transferred from Old Norse into Scottish Gaelic suggests that an unexpectedly large number of words beginning with /s/+[stop] clusters were transferred under Norse-speaker agency (viaimposition) rather than under Gaelic-speaker agency (viaborrowing).
Model-Based Data Analysis for Thin-Film Thermal Conductivity Measurement Using Microelectrothermal Test Structures

We present a new method for measuring thermal conductivities of films with nanoscale thickness. The method combines a microelectrothermal test structure with a finite-element-based data analysis procedure. The test device consists of two serpentine nickel structures, which serve as resistive heaters and resistance temperature detectors, on top of the sample. The sample is supported by a silicon nitride membrane. Analytical solution of the heat flow is infeasible, making interpretation of the data difficult. To address this, we use a finite-element model of the test structure, and apply nonlinear least-squares estimation to extract the desired material parameter values. The approach permits simultaneous extraction of multiple parameters. We demonstrate our technique by simultaneously obtaining the thermal conductivity of a 280 μm by 80 μm by 140 nm thick aluminum sample and the 360 μm by 160 μm by 180 nm thick silicon nitride support membrane. The thermal conductivity measured for the silicon nitride thin film is 2.1 W/mK, in agreement with reported values for films of this thickness. The thermal conductivity of the Al thin film is found to be 94 W/mK—significantly lower than reported bulk values, and consistent both with reported trends for thin metallic films and with values obtained using electrical resistivity measurements and the Wiedemann-Franz law.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Functional Heterogeneity and Convergence in the Right Temporoparietal Junction

The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) is engaged by tasks that manipulate biological motion processing, Theory of Mind attributions, and attention reorienting. The proximityof activations elicited by these tasks raisesthe question of whether these tasks share common cognitive component processes that are subserved by common neural substrates. Here, we used highresolution whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging in a within-subjects design to determine whether these tasks activate common regions of the rTPJ. Each participant was presented with the 3 tasks in the same imaging session. In a wholebrain analysis, we found that only the right and left TPJs were activated by all 3 tasks. Multivoxel pattern analysis revealed that the regions of overlap could still discriminate the 3 tasks. Notably, we found significant cross-task classification in the right TPJ, which suggests a shared neural process between the 3 tasks. Taken together, these results support prior studies that have indicated functional heterogeneity within the rTPJ but also suggest a convergence of function within a region of overlap. These results also call for further investigation into the nature of the function subserved in this overlap region.
Flame Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fleece Fabric: Part IV-Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids:

Most cotton fleece fabrics are not able to meet the federal flammability standard for general apparel (16 CFR 1610). In this research, we applied three carboxylic acids, i.e., succinic acid (SUA), malic acid (MLA), and tartaric acid (TTA), as flame retardant finishing systems for cotton fleece. We found that all three acids are able to esterify cotton in the presence of sodium hypophosphite as the catalyst, and SUA is the most reactive and the most hydrolysis-resistant when it is bound to cotton. The a-hydroxyl group with both MLA and TTA appears to hinder esterification and to facilitate hydrolysis for MLA and TTA bound to cotton. All three bifunctional carboxylic acids are effective in reducing the flammability of cotton fleece from ‘Class 3’ to ‘Class 1’. The micro-scale combustion calorimetry data reveal that SUA reduces cotton flammability by reducing its peak heat-release rate and heat-release capacity. The cotton fleece treated with SUA also has the highest bursting-strength retention and the least fabric yellowing.
Pancreatic triglyceride lipase deficiency minimally affects dietary fat absorption but dramatically decreases dietary cholesterol absorption in mice.

This study generated pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL)-null mice to test the hypothesis that PTL-mediated hydrolysis of dietary triglyceride is necessary for efficient dietary cholesterol absorption. The PTL – / – mice grew normally and displayed similar body weight as their PTL + / + littermates. Plasma lipid levels between animals of various PTL genotypes were similar when they were maintained on either a basal low fat diet or a western-type high fat/high cholesterol diet. Although the lack of a functional PTL delayed fat absorption during the initial hour of feeding a bolus load of olive oil containing [3H]triolein and [14C]cholesterol, the rate of [3H]triolein absorption was similar between PTL + / + and PTL – / – mice after the initial 1-h period. Importantly, comparison of fecal fat content revealed similar overall fat absorption efficiency between PTL + / + and PTL – / – mice. In contrast, the PTL – / – mice displayed significant decrease in both the rate and the amount of cholesterol absorbed after a single meal. The plasma appearance of [14C]cholesterol was found to be 75% lower (p
Superdestructibility: A dual to Laver's indestructibility

After small forcing, any <κ-closed forcing will destroy the supercompactness and even the strong compactness of κ.
Congenital anomalies: Treatment options based on amniotic fluid-derived stem cells

Over the past decade, amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have emerged as a novel, experimental approach for the treatment of a wide variety of congenital anomalies diagnosed either in utero or postnatally. There are a number of unique properties of amniotic fluid stem cells that have allowed it to become a major research focus. These include the relative ease of accessing amniotic fluid cells in a minimally invasive fashion by amniocentesis as well as the relatively rich population of progenitor cells obtained from a small aliquot of fluid. Mesenchymal stem cells, c-kit positive stem cells, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells have all been derived from human amniotic fluid in recent years. This article gives a pediatric surgeon’s perspective on amniotic fluid stem cell therapy for the management of congenital anomalies. The current status in the use of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells, particularly as they relate as substrates in tissue engineering-based applications, is described in various animal models. A roadmap for further study and eventual clinical application is also proposed.
Regulation of EGF signaling by cell polarity in MDCK kidney epithelial cells.

Although the presence of a dominant basolateral sorting signal ensures that the majority of newly synthesized epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors are delivered directly to the basolateral surface in polarized epithelial cells, a fraction of the receptors are also delivered to the apical surface. Similar to most basolateral membrane proteins, the EGF receptor has an additional signal(s) that selectively targets molecules lacking a dominant basolateral signal to the apical surface. Although the physiological relevance of signal hierarchy is not known, alternative targeting may occur in different epithelial cell types or during development. The goal of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of membrane domain location on EGF receptor function, focusing on EGF-induced MAP kinase signaling and DNA synthesis. Whereas ligand responsiveness was restricted to the basolateral domain in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing a normal complement of receptors, apical ligand was effective if apical receptor density was increased by overexpression of an exogenous wild-type human gene. Unexpectedly, cells expressing apically localized, cytoplasmically truncated receptors, which behave as dominant negative mutations in other cell types, were also responsive to apical EGF. The cytoplasmically truncated molecules appear to have at least two effects: first, to increase the local concentration of ligand at the apical cell surface; and second, to facilitate activation of the relatively few native EGF receptors normally located at the apical surface. These results indicate that cell context is a critical determinant of receptor mutant protein phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 181:330–341, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Finding the Flapper: A Historiographical Look at Image and Attitude

In 1920 with the publication of his first novel This Side of Paradise, the struggling, young, and hopelessly romantic writer, F. Scott Fitzgerald, first introduced the American public to the flapper. Though he never used the term ‘flapper’ until his later works, scholars credit Fitzgerald with creating, or at the very least, popularizing her. Stubborn, precocious, beautiful, young, unconventional, and often times dangerous, Fitzgerald’s characterization would become the definition of the flapper – the image the average American conjured up when he or she heard the word. Like a whirlwind, she raced onto the scene and completely changed the landscape of female and male interaction and redefined the feminine ideal. Although successful in her immersion into American culture, the flapper as persona grata was ephemeral. Throughout the 1920s the flapper dominated the tabloids, movies and even serious scholarship. By the 1930s, however, her name and her public appearance dwindled and, prior to the American emergence into the Second World War, finally disappeared altogether.
On-duty and Off-duty: Employee Right to Privacy and Employer’s Right to Control in the Private Sector

The changing legal landscape of the right of the employer to control and monitor employee behavior is examined. Two distinct areas are defined: behavioral monitoring and behavioral restrictions. Relevant statutory laws and the developing common law are discussed. We also examine potential employee reactions to such policies by evaluating the reactions of graduate students to six employer policies including weight restrictions, grooming requirements, use of GPS locators, drug testing, ban on off-duty smoking, and email and internet monitoring. Students responded to these policies by determining the reasonable interest of the employer in the behaviors being monitored or controlled and the manner in which policies were implemented. Their comments suggest that employees may accept some level of monitoring or behavioral restrictions if the employer can make a convincing social account of the need for a policy. Additionally, the policy must be clearly communicated and properly implemented. However, restrictions on off-duty behavior were typically poorly received with the exception of illegal drug use.
A periodic table for black hole orbits

Understanding the dynamics around rotating black holes is imperative to the success of future gravitational wave observatories. Although integrable in principle, test-particle orbits in the Kerr spacetime can also be elaborate, and while they have been studied extensively, classifying their general properties has been a challenge. This is the first in a series of papers that adopts a dynamical systems approach to the study of Kerr orbits, beginning with equatorial orbits. We define a taxonomy of orbits that hinges on a correspondence between periodic orbits and rational numbers. The taxonomy defines the entire dynamics, including aperiodic motion, since every orbit is in or near the periodic set. A remarkable implication of this periodic orbit taxonomy is that the simple precessing ellipse familiar from planetary orbits is not allowed in the strong-field regime. Instead, eccentric orbits trace out precessions of multileaf clovers in the final stages of inspiral. Furthermore, for any black hole, there is some point in the strong-field regime past which zoom-whirl behavior becomes unavoidable. Finally, we sketch the potential application of the taxonomy to problems of astrophysical interest, in particular its utility for computationally intensive gravitational wave calculations.
THE IMPACT OF THE SPORT OF BICYCLE RIDING ON SAFETY LAW

On Wednesday, a gentleman, who stated he came from Thornhill in Dunfries, was placed at the Gorbels public bar, charged with riding along the pavement on a velocipede to the obstruction of the passage, and with having, by so doing, thrown over a child. … The child who was thrown down had not sustained any injury, and under the circumstances, the offender was only fined 5 shillings. Glasgow Argus, June 9, 1842- arguably the first court decision applying safety law to the bicycle.
An experimental study of flow patterns in polymer fluids in the reservoir of a capillary rheometer

Abstract Flow patterns in the reservoir of a capillary rheometer have been measured for several different polymer fluids including low density and high density polyethylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, nylon 66, polybutadiene and a polyisobutylene solution. Measurements have also been made on glycerine. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the theory of viscoelastic fluids and the dependence of the flow patterns upon the Weissenberg number is considered.
Overcoming T cell-mediated immunopathology to achieve safe RSV vaccination.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. Premature infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly exhibit an increased risk for the development of severe disease after RSV infection. Currently, there is not a safe and effective RSV vaccine available, partly due to our incomplete understanding of how severe immunopathology was induced following RSV infection of children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. Much of our current understanding of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease can be attributed to the establishment of multiple mouse models of RSV vaccination. Studies analyzing the RSV-specific immune response in mice have clearly demonstrated that both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells contribute to RSV-induced immunopathology. In this review, we will focus our discussion on data generated from the mouse models of RSV immunization that have advanced our understanding of how virus-specific T cells mediate immunopathology...
The role of cytochrome b6 in cyclic electron transport: Evidence for an energy-coupling site in the pathway of cytochrome b6 oxidation in spinach chloroplasts

Abstract The problem of selecting reference wavelengths appropriate for the study of reductive and oxidative absorbance changes in cytochromes b6 and ƒ is discussed. Action spectra for cytochrome b-563 photoreduction are consistent with this cytochrome functioning in a System I cyclic pathway, but do not exclude the possibility that the cytochrome might also have another function in a DCMU-sensitive pathway connected with Photosystem II. The dark oxidation of photoreduced cytochrome b-563 is inhibited by the quinone analog 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropylbenzoquinone (DBMIB), and restored by subsequent addition of plastoquinone. Diaminodurol causes a partial reduction of cytochrome b-563 in the dark. The photooxidation of diaminodurol-reduced cytochrome b-563 by System I is stimulated by addition of NH4Cl or ADP, and under the same conditions cytochrome ƒ becomes more reduced. The increase in the amplitude of cytochrome b-563 photooxidation caused by addition of NH4Cl is suppressed by the quinone analog DBMIB. The rate and amplitude of the photooxidation of dithionite-reduced cytochrome b6 are also stimulated by addition of NH4Cl, and this photooxidation is also inhibited by DBMIB. It is concluded that in the absence of added cofactors of cyclic electron transport the pathway of cytochrome b-563 oxidation includes plastoquinone and the coupling site between plastoquinone and cytochrome ƒ. In the presence of DBMIB, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) restores the dark oxidation of photoreduced cytochrome b-563 and also causes a decrease in the amplitude of cytochrome ƒ photooxidation. When DCMU is substituted for DBMIB, PMS has no effect on the amplitude of cytochrome ƒ photooxidation. It is concluded that in cyclic phosphorylation one function of PMS is to transfer electrons from cytochrome b6 to System I either through the plastoquinone-cytochrome ƒ coupling site or in the presence of DBMIB through a bypass of this site.
First report of fusarium wilt of strawberry caused by Fusarium oxysporum in South Carolina.

During October 2011, wilted and dead strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Albion) plants from two commercial fields in South Carolina were sent to the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic in Pendleton, SC. Symptoms consisted of wilting and chlorosis of foliage, scorch and dieback of older leaves, and stunting of plants. Internal vascular and cortical tissues of plant crowns showed a distinct reddish brown discoloration. To isolate the causal agent, necrotic crown tissue selected from two symptomatic plants from one location and four symptomatic plants from the other were placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and on quarter strength acidified PDA (QPDA). Colonies with light purple mycelia and beige or orange reverse colony colors developed on APDA after 5 days of incubation at 25°C. Colonies on QPDA were light purple. Morphology, growth, and development of macroconidia and microconida were consistent with descriptions of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend emend. Snyder & Hansen (3). Genomic DNA fro...
Biomass, rubber, and resin yield potentials of new guayule germplasm

Abstract Substantial improvement in rubber yield must be made in order to establish guayule as a reliable source of natural rubber. Selection among heterogeneous apomictic polyploids was used to improve rubber yield in a relatively short period of time. In a replicated test, 24 new selections and four old varieties were planted to examine the yield potential of the new selections and to determine the optimum age at which guayule plants may be harvested. Plants were harvested at the age of 21, 33, and 45 months and were analyzed for rubber content, resin content, and dry matter. Rubber content ranged from 2·2 to 7·68%; resin content varied from 4·04 to 8·41%; and dry biomass yield ranged from 5623 to 15860 kg ha−1 year−1. Annual yields averaged 325–908 kg of rubber, 310–1307 kg of resin, and 615–2135 kg in rubber plus resin. New selections produced 40–127% more rubber than the old check varieties, which suggests that selection among apomictic plants for increased rubber yield has been successful. The various total yields of all entries increased by age. The annual rubber yield, however, was found to be genotype dependent with some genotypes giving their highest annual rubber yield at the age of 21 months. Such genotypes may play a crucial role in guayule commercialization.
‘What a setting for a mystery’: Yaddo, the Yaddo records, and the memory of place

‘Yaddo’, recalled composer Aaron Copland, ‘became so much a part of my life that I tend to forget how strange the name sounds to those not familiar with it.’ By its very delineation, vagary of purpose, and posture of cloistered withdrawal, Yaddo is defined by a meticulously cultivated and carefully guarded tradition of community and cultural identity; one that was carefully preserved (and, in turn was informed by) the formation of an archive. My point of query centers on the particular consequences of the bond between historical trace and physical place being severed (as perhaps it always must be) when the very materiality that informs an institution’s ‘memory’ is irrevocably distanced.
Identities and Social-Psychological Well-Being among African American College Students

Abstract This study investigates African American college students to show the impact of role, social, and personal identities on social-psychological well-being, and compares the relationship between identity processes and academic achievement for black and white college students attending a large, urban, predominantly white public university. The findings confirm that student, ethnic, and personal identities influence self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-authenticity, but that relationships vary both in direction and strength. Turning to our comparison of black and white college students, the findings do not support claims that black students' self-esteem is less dependent than whites' on getting good grades or that black students' academic identity is less important to their self-esteem than it is for white students.
Elevated shear zone loading rate during an earthquake cluster in eastern California

We compare geodetic velocity to geologic fault slip rates to show that tectonic loading was doubled across the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) during a cluster of major earthquake activity. New slip rates are presented for six dextral faults that compose the ECSZ in the central Mojave Desert. These rates were determined from displaced alluvial fans dated with cosmogenic 10 Be and from a displaced lava flow dated with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar. We find that the sum geologic Mojave ECSZ slip rate, ≤6.2 ± 1.9 mm/yr, is only half the present-day geodetically measured velocity of 12 ± 2 mm/yr. These rates account for cumulative fault slip and geodetic observations that span the 60-km-wide shear zone; therefore this difference cannot be attributed to postseismic relaxation. Redistribution of tectonic loading over the earthquake cycle at a regional scale suggests that earthquake clustering may be enhanced via feedback with weakening of ductile shear zones.
Neurological Disturbance in a Phenylketonic Child after Discontinuation of Dietary Treatment

SUMMARY Signs of moderately severe spastic diplegia appeared in a 14-year-old late-treated phenyl-ketonuric boy 13 months after dietary restrictions were lifted. The literature contains reports of untreated phenylketonuric patients developing demyelinating conditions in later childhood. The possible implications of relaxing the diet in early- and late-treated cases of phenylketonuria are discussed. RESUME Perturbation neurologique apparaissant chez un enfant phenylcetonurique apres suppression du traitement dietetique Des signes d'une diplegie spastique d'intensite moderee sont apparus chez un garcon de 14 ans, traite tardivement pour phenylcetonurie, 13 mois apres que la restriction dietetique de l'ingestion de phenylalanine ait ete interrompue. La litterature indique des cas de sujets atteints de phenylcetonurie non traites ayant presente des demyelinisations a la fin de l'enfance. Les consequences neurologiques possibles d'une interruption dietetique dans les cas traites precocement ou tardivement sont discutees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Auftreten neurologischer Symptome bei einem Kind mit Phenylketonurie nach Absetzen der Diat Bei einem 14 jahrigen Jungen, der spat wegen einer Phenylketonurie behandelt worden war, traten 13 Monate nach dem Absetzen der Phenylalanin armen Diat Zeichen einer masig schweren spastischen Diplegie auf. In der Literatur finden sich Berichte uber unbehandelte Patienten mit Phenylketonurie, die im spateren Kindesalter demyelinisierende Prozesse entwickelten. Es schliest sich eine Diskussuon an uber die moglichen Folgen der Diatlockerung bei fruh und spat behandelten Fallen. RESUMEN Alteracion neurologica que aparece en el nino fenilcetoniirico despues de interrumpir el tratamiento dietetico Signos de una diplegia espastica ligeramente severa aparecieron en un nino de 14 anos de edad que habia sido tratado ultimamente por una fenilcetonuria. Aparecieron 13 meses despues de haber discontinuado la dieta restrictiva de fenilalamina. La literatura contiene aportaciones de pacientes no tratados con fenilcetonuria que desarrollaron condiciones dc desmielinizacion en la infancia mas adelantada. Se discuten las implicaciones neurologicas debidas a la relajacion de la dieta en los casos tratados precozmente y tardiamente.
Acute renal failure in a patient with AIDS: histoplasmosis-induced granulomatous interstitial nephritis.

Abstract Although the most frequent cause of acute renal failure (ARF) in patients with AIDS is acute tubular necrosis (ATN) secondary to ischemic renal injury from septicemia, a spectrum of causes may result in ARF in these patients. We report a patient with AIDS who developed ARF and was found to have granulomatous interstitial nephritis as a result of disseminated histoplasmosis. Histoplasma capsulatum was seen in the interstitium of the kidney on renal biopsy. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and itraconazole. Although he continues to require hemodialysis 3 months after his initial presentation, his other presenting symptoms have resolved with antifungal therapy. We also discuss the literature on disseminated histoplasmosis and renal failure. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jul;32(2):E3)
Endomorphisms of Partially Ordered Sets

It is shown that every partially ordered set with n elements admits an endomorphism with an image of a size at least n1/7 but smaller than n. We also prove that there exists a partially ordered set with n elements such that each of its non-trivial endomorphisms has an image of size O((n log n)1/3).
Non‐locality on the Cheap? A New Problem for Counterfactual Analyses of Causation

Let Locality be the claim that there is no action at a distance. What is actionat-distance? That, it turns out, is a difficult question, but here is a plausible sufficient condition (SC): we have a case of it if we have a cause, at least one of whose effects is not connected to it via any spatiotemporally continuous causal chain. (Later, I'll explain why I say only "if", and not "only if".) I do not think Locality is a necessary truth. But if it is false at a world, then that tells us something very interesting about that world, and about that world's laws.
Lead encephalopathy: Symptoms of a cerebellar mass lesion and obstructive hydrocephalus

The neurologic signs and symptoms of lead intoxication are quite varied. We review a case of lead poisoning in a 9-month-old child who presented clinically and radiographically with a posterior fossa mass effect and obstructive hydrocephalus. The predominance of edema of the cerebellum sufficient to achieve obstruction of the ventricular system represents a particularly unusual presentation of this disease process. Review of the literature for similar cases of lead encephalopathy is included.
A versatile test for equality of two survival functions based on weighted differences of Kaplan–Meier curves

With censored event time observations, the logrank test is the most popular tool for testing the equality of two underlying survival distributions. Although this test is asymptotically distribution free, it may not be powerful when the proportional hazards assumption is violated. Various other novel testing procedures have been proposed, which generally are derived by assuming a class of specific alternative hypotheses with respect to the hazard functions. The test considered by Pepe and Fleming (1989) is based on a linear combination of weighted differences of the two Kaplan-Meier curves over time and is a natural tool to assess the difference of two survival functions directly. In this article, we take a similar approach but choose weights that are proportional to the observed standardized difference of the estimated survival curves at each time point. The new proposal automatically makes weighting adjustments empirically. The new test statistic is aimed at a one-sided general alternative hypothesis and is distributed with a short right tail under the null hypothesis but with a heavy tail under the alternative. The results from extensive numerical studies demonstrate that the new procedure performs well under various general alternatives with a caution of a minor inflation of the type I error rate when the sample size is small or the number of observed events is small. The survival data from a recent cancer comparative study are utilized for illustrating the implementation of the process.
Service Design and Operations Strategy Formulation in Multicultural Markets

Abstract Businesses that service multicultural customer segments face unique challenges in developing the appropriate service strategy. While the strategic implications of expanding services from a domestic market to an international location have been well documented, multicultural customer segments at one location is a unique problem that has largely been neglected by researchers. This paper attempts to fill this gap by presenting a conceptual framework and method for determining the extent of service product and process attribute standardization versus customization in these settings. The paper presents an approach for modeling the preferences of different cultural segments, evaluating the differences between the segments and determining the appropriate service strategy for service providers. We evaluate the effects of competitors adopting their revenue maximizing strategy both independently of each other and simultaneously while assuming the size of the market is viewed as a zero sum game. In an actual application at an international airport terminal, one food-service vendor implemented the suggested operations strategy and the result was a significant revenue gain over the previous year’s sales during the same period. The method has valuable implications for managers when developing strategies for delivering a service to multicultural customer segments.
Effects of yeast or water soluble vitamins in experimental pancreatic diabetes.

SINCE YEAST CELLS metabolize glucose very actively,it has long been supposed that yeast might contain substances of value in the treatment of diabetes. Beneficial effects from oral administration of yeast to diabetics were reported even before the present century, but they may simply have indicated that a patient with diabetes and vitamin deficiency shows some improvement if the latter condition alone is treated. Lusk (1931) commented that the enzymes of yeast could not be absorbed. From various sources including yeast, Collip (1923) prepared extracts which, when given subcutaneously, lowered the blood sugar of normal rabbits and depancreatized dogs, and also controlled glycosuria in the latter test animal. He postulated the existence in plants of an insulin-like hormone, which he called glucokinin. Other investigators found similarities between the effects of insulin and B-complex upon protein metabolism, and even chemical identity of insulin and “vitamin B” was seriously considered.
Being there for my baby: early responses of HIV-infected mothers with an HIV-exposed infant.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the early responses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive mothers to the birth of an HIV-exposed infant during the first 8 months of life. Method This descriptive, qualitative study was part of a larger prospective longitudinal study of HIV-exposed infants born to HIV-infected women. Participants in the present study were 26 HIV-positive biologic mothers recruited from one of two Southeastern tertiary pediatric infectious disease clinics where infants were being monitored to determine their HIV status. Results “Being there for my baby” was the central theme that captured the critical importance of the baby in the lives of these mothers. Three sub-themes characterized their stories: (a) giving the baby a chance, (b) taking care of the baby, and (c) parenting as a reason to live. Discussion Pediatric nurse practitioners have the unique opportunity to use the mother-infant relationship as a medium for health care delivery. They are a critical source of support for infants and their caregivers during the first year of life. They can assess the development of trust and attachment between infants and caregivers and implement a plan to strengthen family support and resources to provide a physically and emotionally secure environment.