cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary Concentrations of Ketoconazole and Fluconazole: Implications for Drug Efficacy in Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Candidiasis

Objective:To determine whether salivary concentrations of ketoconazole and fluconazole may explain the apparent disparity between in vitro activity and clinical efficacy observed with these drugs.Design:Healthy subjects received a single oral dose of ketoconazole 400 mg or fluconazole 100 mg in a randomized, crossover fashion. Saliva was collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours. Blood samples were obtained at 2 and 24 hours. Salivary concentrations and plasma concentrations for each drug were determined by HPLC. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing was determined in triplicate on 6 clinical isolates of Candida albicans, and times over the median MIC values were calculated.Participants:Eight subjects completed the study.Results:The mean (± SD) peak salivary concentration for ketoconazole was 0.119 ± 0.050 pg/mL at 3 hours; no subject had a detectable ketoconazole salivary concentration at 24 hours. At 2 and 24 hours, mean ketoconazole plasma concentrations were 7.64 ± 3.87 and 0.11 ± 0.05 μg/...
The Epidemiology of Learning Disorders

Impaired learning skills result in a serious loss of human potential and are particularly significant in our modern, technologically dominated society. The same basic epidemiologic methods which have proved of value in controlling disease and solving other social problems are applied to the study of disorders in learning.
Review: New Approaches to Medieval Architecture by Robert Bork, William Clark, Abby McGehee

Robert Bork, William Clark, and Abby McGehee, editors. New Approaches to Medieval Architecture AVISTA Studies in the History of Medieval Technology, Science, and Art, Volume 8. Farnham, England, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011, 258 pp., 66 b/w illus. $119.95 (cloth), ISBN 9781409422280. New Approaches to Medieval Architecture bears a somewhat misleading title, as the methodologies employed by the authors are not new in the broad sense of the term; most papers included in this collection—drawn from conference presentations at the International Medieval Congress between 2007 and 2009—could be described as positivist, relying on site-oriented, object-based examination. But if the methods themselves are not entirely new, the problems to which they are applied—and the means by which they are applied—stretch the boundaries of the field, questioning standard truths and opening exciting directions of exploration. The authors, who include both emerging and senior scholars, demonstrate how fresh eyes and new technology can upend even the most deeply-entrenched conclusions. The editors organized the papers under four headings: master narratives of the field, patronage and institutional context, workshop practices, and new technology. Nicola Camerlenghi begins part one with “The Longue Duree and the Life of Buildings,” questioning our emphasis on a building’s moment of conception as the moment deserving study. He instead introduces the idea of four-dimensional study to medieval buildings, noting that time-based study can reveal changing attitudes about the past, the effects of the past on the present, and the lasting significance of sites or structures. His work is followed by that of Vasileios Marinis, who challenges the notion that liturgical function determined form in the ground plans of Byzantine churches, suggesting instead a more complex scenario accounting not only for function but for convenience, aesthetics, practicality, and change at each site. Next, Ellen Shortell convincingly reinterprets documentary sources for the construction of Saint-Quentin’s Gothic choir and supports her position with an analysis of the stained glass, concluding that Saint-Quentin, usually described as an imitative offshoot of Chartres, is instead its contemporary. Along the way, Shortell highlights the difficulty of using assumptions about an …
The Conic Sections

This chapter presents the concepts of graphing parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. It discusses four special types of graphs and their associated equations. The four types of graphs are called parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. They are called conic sections because each can be found by slicing a cone with a plan. There are many applications associated with conic sections. The planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. Many of the comets that come in contact with the gravitational field surrounding the earth travel in parabolic or hyperbolic paths. Flashlight and searchlight mirrors have elliptical or parabolic shapes because of the way surfaces with those shapes reflect light. The arches of many bridges are in the shape of parabolas. Objects fired into the air travel in parabolic paths. The equations associated with these graphs are all second-degree equations in two variables. The chapter also presents a discussion on the second-degree inequalities and second-degree systems.
Recovery property of double-network hydrogel containing mussel-inspired adhesive moiety and nano-silicate.

Although double network (DN) hydrogels are extremly tough, they are irreversibly softened during large strain deformation. We incorporated a mussel-inspired adhesive moiety, catechol, and a synthetic nano-silicate, LAPONITE®, into DN to examine the effect of strong, reversible crosslinks on the DN's ability to recover its mechanical properties during successive loading cycles. The introduction of catechol and LAPONITE® drastically increased the compressive strength and toughness of DN without compromising the compliance of the hydrogel. After 2 hours of recovery at room temperature, the nanocomposite DN hydrogel recovered over 95 and 82% of its strain energy and hysteresis, respectively, during the successive compressive loading to a strain of 0.5. Both equilibrium swelling and oscillatory rheometry data confirmed that there were minimal changes in the network crosslinking density and stiffness after large strain compressive deformation, indicating that mechanical loading did not result in irreversible structural damage. Strong catechol–LAPONITE® interactions can be repeatedly broken and reformed to dissipate fracture energy and enable the recovery of DN hydrogels.
High rates of extra‐pair paternity in a socially monogamous beetle with biparental care

1. Nest construction and paternity assurance are predicted to favour biparental care in insects. The horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus) is a socially monogamous beetle with biparental care that breeds in decaying logs. The genetic mating system of the horned passalus was investigated to determine if paternity assurance is likely to drive the evolution or maintenance of paternal care in this system. Parental time budgets were also examined to better understand the types and frequencies of behaviours performed by parents. 2. Genotyping-by-sequencing revealed high levels of extra-pair paternity, with 54.8% of offspring sired by extra-pair males and 70% of nests containing extra-pair young. 3. More heterozygous social males were cuckolded less than more homozygous social males. Extra-pair mating, however, seems unlikely to increase offspring genetic diversity as extra-pair offspring were not more heterozygous than within-pair offspring, and average brood heterozygosity did not increase with higher rates of extra-pair paternity. 4. Behavioural observations demonstrated that parents spent on average 46.5% of their time processing the decaying wood resource for larval offspring. Because resource processing is a by-product of feeding and provides shareable benefits for all larvae in the brood, this form of paternal care could be favoured despite low paternity.
I Am Am I

Clothing is our second skin and suggests both intimacy and protection simultaneously. As our second skin, clothing is often seen as a projection of who we are or want to be. Within my creative research I am interested in the relationships between two larger ideas such as these dichotomies between clothing and identity. An additional connection that is examined in this piece is the desire to share, confess or expose oneself, yet anonymously.
Three-dimensional integration in silicon electronics

As silicon electronics reaches length scales of 100 to 10 nm, device densities of 10/sup 9/ to 10/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/, interconnect densities of 10/sup 10/ to 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/, and applications across the spectrum of digital, analog, and mixed-signal domain, a number of key issues arise related to maintaining the improvement in performance, cost, power, and designability. Three-dimensional integration incorporating planar transistors offers interesting new directions for continuing improvements. Adaptive modifications of the planar transistors offer higher scalability and functionality, higher vertical interconnectivity in between device planes can reduce interconnect delays, higher programmability using configurable elements can provide efficient signal and energy flow, higher digital-analog isolation using ground-planes can provide cross-talk improvements for mixed-signal applications, and a power-aware design can allow control of temperature and power dissipation.
Social Interdependence and Decision Making

When we think about social interdependence and decision making we often tend to think about game theory in contrast to decision theory. Game theory, after all, is the analysis of decision making and strategic planning in environments that are not neutral or indifferent to our goals and actions. These environments consist of others who have their own plans, intentions, and strategies, and of others with whom we must effectively cope to be effective decision makers. Game theory is limited, however, in that is normally begins with assumptions about the preferences of the persons involved, about what the persons know about each other, and about the form of the interdependence that exists among the participants. It does not deal with the problem of how the preferences came about in the first place, for example, or the conditions under which people will opt to change the nature of their interdependence. These two issues are the two foci of this chapter.
N-Polar GaN Cap MISHEMT With Record Power Density Exceeding 6.5 W/mm at 94 GHz

A novel N-Polar GaN cap (MIS)high electron mobility transistor demonstrating record 6.7-W/mm power density with an associated power-added efficiency of 14.4% at 94 GHz is presented. This state-of-the-art power performance is enabled by utilizing the inherent polarization fields of N-Polar GaN in combination with a 47.5-nm in situ GaN cap layer to simultaneously mitigate dispersion and improve access region conductivity. These excellent results build upon past work through the use of optimized device dimensions and a transition from a sapphire to a substrate for reduced self-heating.
Optical sensor for determining concentration of glucose in water

We report a new sensor mechanism for detecting the concentration of glucose dissolved in water. The sensor consists of an incandescent lamp and two identical phototransistors placed behind two differing optical filters of 950 and 470 nm. This allows the amount of light reflected from the sample at these two different bands to be measured and analyzed. A transparent tube was placed in front of the sensor and the difference in the amount of reflected light for each wavelength was measured at different concentrations of glucose dissolved in water. The output for each phototransistor increases linearly with the concentration of glucose in water. For the 950 nm band, the sensor sensitivity is 0.814 μV/dL and for the 470 nm band, it is 1.64 μV/dL· The cross sensitivity of the sensor to salt was also measured and was 1.39 μV/dL. We are extending these studies to non-intrusively measure glucose levels in human blood.
A Dual-Identity Model of Responses to Deviance in Online Groups: Integrating Social Identity Theory and Expectancy Violations Theory

Several theories have sought to address responses to normatively deviant behavior, but have done so with a focus either on group-level or on individual-level behavior. Yet, due to some characteristics of online contexts, identities can be salient at both a group and/or individual level, creating a more complex set of influences on responding to deviance. We explore responses to online communicative deviance by integrating social identity approaches (a group-level perspective) and expectancy violations theory (an individual-level perspective). Social identity emphasizes the role of group identification in responding to deviance, especially relevant in anonymous online contexts, while expectancy violations theory notes how individuals respond to ambiguous deviance through assessing the reward value of the deviant.
THE USE OF CLEAN SURFACES TO PREVENT THROMBOSIS

Ever since members of this Surgical Service discovered a fingerprint in thrombus on the surface of a prosthetic heart valve removed because of infection, it has been obvious that contamination in prosthetic devices represented a real hazard. Now prosthetic devices are packaged in Class A and Class B rooms with very low incidence of foreign particles per cubic foot of air flow. The most recent technique provides for packaging of ultra clean devices. This “no-touch” technique enables the surgeon to successfully implant a prosthetic heart valve eliminating human contact. The concept is simple, functional, inexpensive and extremely useful both practically and conceptually.
Site program update: Evaluation of waste stabilized by the soliditech SITE technology

The Soliditech technology demonstration was conducted at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion Chemicals Superfund Site in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Contamination at this site includes PCBs, lead (with various other metals), and oil and grease. The Soliditech process mixes the waste material with proprietary additives, pozzolanic materials, and water, in a batch mixer. Technical criteria used to evaluate its effectiveness include (1) short-term extraction and engineering tests; (2) long-term extraction and leaching tests; (3) petrographic examination; and (4) structural integrity observations. Three different waste types-contaminated soil, waste filter cake material, and oily sludge-and a sand blank were treated. Fourteen cubic yards of treated waste monoliths, and nearly 300 cast cylindrical mold samples were produced. Neither PCBs nor volatile organic compounds were detected in the TCLP extracts of treated wastes. Significantly reduced amounts of metals were detected in the TCLP, EP, BET, and ANS 16.1 extracts of treated wastes compared to untreated. Low concentrations of phenols and cresols were detected in post-treatment TCLP extracts. The pH of treated waste was near 12. Unconfined compressive strength of treated wastes was high; permeability was very low. Weight loss after wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles was very low. Portland cement contributed several metals to the treatedmore » waste. Physical stability of treated wastes was high. Data from all extraction and leaching tests showed negligible release of contaminants. Phenols and cresols appeared to be formed during the stabilization reactions. Morphologic observations confirmed changes in physical stability of large blocks of treated waste over time.« less
Recent Advances in Gun Propellant Development: From Molecules to Materials

The development of gun propellants from 2010 to 2016 has been a broad endeavor. Researchers worldwide have examined every facet of energetic materials involved with gun propulsion in efforts to improve both safety and performance. They have looked at individual molecules to maximize energy content, as well as revisiting past molecules and improving upon their original properties. A great deal of effort has gone towards understanding and producing energetic nano-materials. Co-crystallization of energetic materials has also emerged as a promising new methodology to prepare energetics. Processing modifications to the propellant material have shown improvements in burn rate modification. Charge consolidation has seen a resurgence and novel gun concepts have both lead to significant improvements in muzzle velocity at the prototype level. Virtually every aspect of a gun propellant has been examined and improved upon.
Almond ingestion contributes to improved cardiovascular health in sedentary older adults participating in a walking intervention: A pilot study

Abstract A small pilot study was conducted to assess synergy between almond ingestion and a walking intervention on cardiovascular health in sedentary adults. Participants (n = 12) followed an 8-week walking protocol (target: 10,000 steps/day), and for study weeks 6–8, participants were randomly assigned to almonds (ALM, 70 g/d) or an isocaloric control butter spread (CON). Protocol adherence was verified by plasma vitamin E measurement. Participant step count increased 23% from baseline levels for weeks 3–5 (p = .015) and remained ≥9800 steps/day for the study duration. Although improvements in cardiovascular health were not demonstrated by the walking protocol alone, total and LDL cholesterol were reduced in the ALM group only during study weeks 6–8 (−6 to −10%; p
Abstract 19343: Adipose Tissue Renin Angiotensin System in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Role of Intermittent Hypoxia

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive nocturnal intermittent hypoxia and is independently associated with cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. The r...
The CubeSat Radiometer Radio Frequency Interference Technology (CubeRRT) validation mission: Performance and development of the Digital Backend technology

In this paper we discuss the design and development of the Radiometer Digital Backend (RDB) of the CubeSat Radiometer Radio Frequency Interference Technology (CubeRRT) validation mission. We present a brief introduction of the mission and the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) detection and mitigation algorithm. The digital backend developed for the CubeSat is presented. The digital backend has unique capabilities of taking in wide bandwidths of up to 1GHz and can perform on-board complex operations to detect and filter out RFI in real-time. We present a few initial results of the backend spectrometer leading to full-system integration and test.
Accounting Measurement for Leaders: MBA - Level Accounting - Course Framework, Teaching Notes & Syllabus

Accounting with its arcane language and rules is a subject often feared and reviled by MBA students. While the process of producing accounting information might indeed contribute to this reputation, framed differently, MBA students easily see the role accounting plays in achieving strategic goals and managing stakeholder tensions. MBA students are expected to be future business leaders, not accountants. Using this assumption to design the course results in less emphasis on computation and more emphasis on the consequences that choices made in the process of accounting measurement have on strategic direction, stakeholder commitments and performance expectations. Students then understand that accounting is a measurement system that lays the foundation for enlightened decision making. Teaching Future Business Leaders, Not Accountants: Developing MBA students into business leaders requires students to learn how individual decisions are linked and impact the larger environment in which the organization operates. In accounting, this premise shifts the topics and tone of the course from primarily information production to how accounting information impacts decision makers and stakeholders. In this accounting course, we adopted a new theme, 'What should be measured and how should it be measured'. It turns the course focus from rules, to the tools leaders need to manage a complex organization. At its heart, accounting centers on measurement, whether that be the measurement of historical transactions or the measurement of future opportunities. With all that we can measure, it is important to assess what should be measured and how it should be measured to assess performance and progress towards strategic goals. In designing the course around this theme, we need to answer the question, 'What is it that business leaders need to know about measurement?' Another theme that is repeated in the course is that leaders need to have a clear understanding that a new measurement is a strategic fit. Often managers get excited about a new measurement system, such as the balanced scorecard, but do not take the time to understand why it is needed for their organization at this point in time. This leads to adoption of new systems that are not embraced by the organization, leading to wasted time and resources, not to mention lost opportunities. Students often suggest a new set of measures in projects or cases and it is necessary to continually demand that they justify them. More is not better when it comes to measurement.
History, Important Milestones, and the Future

This chapter is designed to briefly review some of the important history of Wilson’s disease, including a list of what I consider to be the most important historical milestones. We will then end with a section on what I consider to be the most important future challenges and needs in Wilson’s disease, primarily with an eye toward improving patient recognition, diagnosis, and management.
The Ethics of Gene Patenting

Is it ethical to patent human genes and gene sequences? Like many questions about what is ethically permissible or impermissible, this query has layers of complexity. These include fundamental questions about what should and should not be patentable from an ethical perspective, as well as what is or is not patentable under existing patent laws. A second layer of legal questions asks whether existing patent laws are adequate to address the somewhat unique ethical concerns raised by patenting human genes. A related inquiry looks into differences in these laws in different countries. Even if current patent laws can be interpreted to allow gene patenting (Looney, 1994, pp. 231–272, Resnik, 1997, pp. 43–61) we can always pose an ethical challenge to an existing law. The United States and European countries have so far taken divergent approaches to gene patenting. The biotechnology industry in the U.S. is aggressively seeking patents for its “discoveries” or “inventions” whereas countries in the European Union have steadfastly resisted the patenting of human genes (Looney, 1994). The European Parliament has voted several times against gene patenting in the past few years.
Naïve T-cell Deficits at Diagnosis and after Chemotherapy Impair Cell Therapy Potential in Pediatric Cancers.

Translational data on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell trials indicate that the presence of naive T cells in the premanufacture product is important to clinical response and persistence. In anticipation of developing CAR trials for other tumors, we investigated the T-cell distribution from children with solid tumors and lymphomas at diagnosis and after every cycle of chemotherapy. We found that patients with T cells enriched for naive and stem central memory cells expanded well in vitro, but the majority of tumor types showed chemotherapy-related depletion of early lineage cells with a corresponding decline in successful ex vivo stimulation response. Unexpectedly, many pediatric patients with solid tumors had low numbers of naive T cells prior to any therapy. These data indicate the ex vivo manufacture of CAR T cells may need to be customized based on the nature of T cells available in each disease type. SIGNIFICANCE: Cumulative chemotherapy cycles deplete naive T cells in many pediatric cancer regimens, reducing expansion potential associated with successful adoptive cellular therapies. Naive T-cell deficits can be seen at diagnosis as well, implying immune deficits that exist prior to chemotherapy, which may also affect the development of immune-based therapies.See related commentary by Leick and Maus, p. 466.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 453.
Moving and Transforming Care of One of the Largest Southwest Archaeological Collections: The Museum of Indian Arts and Culture's Move to the Center for New Mexico Archaeology

Abstract After over two decades of planning and five years of conserving, packing, and moving, the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture has finished the first two phases of the largest move of archaeological artifacts in the museum's history and quite possibly in the American Southwest. Framed within the historical background of evolving collection storage over many decades, the Archaeological Research Collections were moved from the Laboratory of Anthropology and another off-site storage location to a new state of the art off-site facility at the Center for New Mexico Archaeology (CNMA). Decisions that eased the overall move, including issues resulting from the move and how they were remedied, are discussed. Overall, this particular collections move demonstrates the capabilities that a small staff can have if given enough time, volunteers, and grant resources.
Precise Coordination of 3-dimensional Rotational Kinematics by Ventral Tegmental Area GABAergic Neurons

The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a midbrain region implicated in a variety of motivated behaviors. However, the function of VTA GABAergic (Vgat+) neurons remains poorly understood. Here, using 3D motion capture, in vivo electrophysiology and calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we demonstrate a novel function of VTA GABAergic neurons. We found three distinct populations of neurons, each representing head angle about a principal axis of rotation: pitch, roll, and yaw. For each axis, opponent cell groups were found that increase firing when the head moves in one direction, and decrease firing in the opposite direction. Selective excitation and inhibition of VTA GABAergic neurons generate opposite rotational movements. The relationship between these neurons and head angle is degraded only at the time of reward consumption, at which point all head-angle related neuronal subpopulations show indistinguishable reward-related responses. Thus, VTA GABAergic projection neurons serve a critical role in the control of rotational kinematics while pursuing a moving target. This general-purpose steering function can guide animals toward desired spatial targets in any motivated behavior.
Species richness and community composition of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along an elevational gradient in southeast Peru

ABSTRACT A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.
In situ damage precursor detection in fiber reinforced composites using anthracene-based mechanophore

A pioneering approach to in situ damage precursor detection in fiber reinforced polymer composites is developed using anthracene-based stress-sensitive mechanophore material. In this research, the anthracene-based mechanophore, which emits ultraviolet (UV) excited fluorescence on chemical bond breakage under the influence of external mechanical loads, is effectually used as a nanoscale damage sensor. Dimeric 9-anthracene carboxylic acid (Di-AC) is synthesized and incorporated into glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites through a hand layup process. A quasi-static uniaxial tensile load is applied to the specimens, and UV excited fluorescence from the activated Di-AC mechanophore during the tensile loading tests is captured through UV camera. The results indicate that the activation of Di-AC starts at a very early stage in the tests (≈0.33% strain for single-ply and ≈0.5% strain for three-ply laminate specimens) and exhibits a linear increase prior to failure (≈1.6% strain for single-ply and ≈2.28% strain for three-ply laminate specimens). Nonlinear optical response is captured when the specimen is close to failure. The mechanophore response to interlaminar damage is also investigated using composite specimens with induced delamination. The potential of anthracene-based mechanophore for early damage detection as well as barely visible damage detection in GFRP is successfully demonstrated.
The multitude beyond measure: Building a common stupor

In response to contagion, competing and contradictory movements emerge that engender openness to new modes of life and reactionary defenses of old ones, that acknowledge mutual dependency and vulne...
The Relationship between Language Control, Semantic Control and Nonverbal Control

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between language control, semantic control, and nonverbal control in bilingual aphasia. Twelve bilingual adults with aphasia (BPWA) and 20 age-matched bilingual adults (AMBA) completed a language control task, semantic control task, and nonverbal control task, each designed to examine resistance to distractor interference. AMBA and BPWA exhibited significant effects of control on all tasks. To examine efficiency of control, conflict magnitudes for each task and group were analyzed. Findings revealed that AMBA exhibited larger conflict magnitudes on the semantic control task and nonverbal control task compared to the language control task, whereas BPWA exhibited no difference in conflict magnitudes between the language control task and semantic control task. Further analysis revealed that BPWA semantic control conflict magnitude was smaller than AMBA semantic control conflict magnitude. Taken together, these findings suggest that BPWA present with diminished effects of semantic control. In the final analysis, conflict magnitudes across tasks were correlated. For AMBA, semantic control and nonverbal control conflict magnitudes were significantly correlated, suggesting that these two types of control are related. For BPWA, language control and nonverbal control conflict magnitudes were significantly correlated; however, this finding may capture effects of domain general cognitive control as a function of increased cognitive load, rather than domain general cognitive control as a function of language control.
A Comparative Study of Technologies for Wayside Energy Storage in DC Rail Transportation Systems

In this work, a battery energy storage system (BESS), a supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS), and a hybrid of BESS-SCESS (HESS), have been investigated for application in DC rail transportation. These storage technologies recuperate regenerative braking energy from the trains, which facilitates energy saving and peak power reduction of the substations that power the transit system. The sizes of these technologies have been determined by following a two step process, in which the first step comprises development of detailed mathematical model that is optimized to reduce the total investment cost corresponding to certain percentage of energy saving. In the second step, the sizes obtained from mathematical modeling, are simulated by developing a comprehensive simulation model of the transit system, ESS and ESS management system (EMS) in MATLAB/Simulink. The mathematical model provides initial sizes in a large search space, while the dynamic simulation highlights practical system limitations that impose bounds on the cost-effective recovery of regenerative braking energy.
Commish Pens Support for Legalized Sports Gambling

Discussion of NBA Commissioner Adam Silver's New York Times op-ed in support of the legalization of sports gambling.
Retrolental Fibroplasia: Pathogenesis of Late Stages

The late stages in retrolental fibroplasia have been described by several authors from the clinical point of view. They have been classified as: Grade IV — Entailing vessel tortuosity in the posterior pole, equatorial retinal folds and partial detachment of the retina. Grade V — Total and organized retinal detachment with fibrovascular proliferation Since there is not a great deal to be found on the description of the pathogenic mechanism in the late stages of the disease, the different forms of retinopathy are to be classified according to their location and proliferative degree. The premature newborn eye shows mesenchymal tissue which develops in the shunt area posterior to the ora serrata. The tissue proliferates and gradually contracts, producing traction on the adjacent retina. The proliferation area can be differently located pre-equatorially, equatorially and post-equatorially, probably depending upon the time of oxygen exposure. The more premature the newborn, the more posteriorly is the shunt area located.
A “Slow” Homotetrameric Kinesin-related Motor Protein Purified from Drosophila Embryos

Abstract Pan-kinesin peptide antibodies (Cole, D. G., Cande, W. Z., Baskin, R. J., Skoufias, D. A., Hogan, C. J., and Scholey, J. M. (1992) J. Cell Sci. 101, 291-301; Sawin, K. E., Mitchinson, T. J., and Wordeman, L. G. (1992) J. Cell Sci. 101, 303-313) were used to identify and isolate kinesin-related proteins (KRPs) from Drosophila melanogaster embryonic cytosol. These KRPs cosedimented with microtubules (MTs) polymerized from cytosol treated with AMP-PNP (adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate), and one of them, KRP130, was further purified from ATP eluates of the embryonic MTs. Purified KRP130 behaves as a homotetrameric complex composed of four 130-kDa polypeptide subunits which displays a "slow" plus-end directed motor activity capable of moving single MTs at 0.04 +/- 0.01 microns/s. The 130-kDa subunit of KRP130 was tested for reactivity with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that are specific for various members of the kinesin superfamily. Results indicate that the KRP130 subunit is related to Xenopus Eg5 (Sawin, K. E., Le Guellec, K. L., Philippe, M., Mitchinson, T. J. (1992) Nature 359, 540-543), a member of the BimC subfamily of kinesins. Therefore, KRP130 appears to be the first Drosophila KRP, and the first member of the BimC subfamily in any organism, to be purified from native tissue as a multimeric motor complex.
Metastable States of Highly Excited Heavy Ions

Highly stripped heavy ions (i.e. systems with high nuclear charge but a small number of electrons) are of interest from several viewpoints. One reason is that the relativistic magnetic interactions such as the spin-orbit, spin-other-orbit and spin-spin interactions are considerably stronger in these ions than in nearly neutral isoelectronic ions. This situation sometimes allows “forbidden” processes to be experimentally observable, even though the rates for these processes are still very small compared to those for “allowed” processes. A number of recent experiments1 involving the radiative decay of metastable states of highly stripped ions have advanced our knowledge of atomic structure through a comparison of radiative decay rate measurements with theory. It is also possible to study metastable states in simple heavy ions which do not decay radiatively, but by the autoionization processes instead. Our recent work2 concerns the study of such states.
The crust and mantle of Mars

Clues to the history of Mars are recorded in the chemistry and structure of the planet's crust and mantle. The mantle is the rocky, interior region of the planet that transports heat generated during accretion and subsequent core formation. The crust formed by melting of the upper mantle, and has been shaped and re-distributed by impact, volcanism, mantle flow and erosion. Observations point to a dynamically active interior in the early phases of martian history, followed by a rapid fall-off in heat transport that significantly influenced the geological, geophysical and geochemical evolution of the planet, including the history of water and climate.
Distinct energetics and closing pathways for DNA polymerase β with 8-oxoG template and different incoming nucleotides

8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a common oxidative lesion frequently encountered by DNA polymerases such as the repair enzyme DNA polymerase β (pol β). To interpret in atomic and energetic detail how pol β processes 8-oxoG, we apply transition path sampling to delineate closing pathways of pol β 8-oxoG complexes with dC TP and dA TP incoming nucleotides and compare the results to those of the nonlesioned G:dC TP and G:dA TPanalogues. Our analyses show that the closing pathways of the 8-oxoG complexes are different from one another and from the nonlesioned analogues in terms of the individual transition states along each pathway, associated energies, and the stability of each pathway's closed state relative to the corresponding open state. In particular, the closed-to-open state stability difference in each system establishes a hierarchy of stability (from high to low) as G:C > 8-oxoG:C > 8-oxoG:A > G:A, corresponding to -3, -2, 2, 9 kBT, respectively. This hierarchy of closed state stability parallels the experimentally observed processing efficiencies for the four pairs. Network models based on the calculated rate constants in each pathway indicate that the closed species are more populated than the open species for 8-oxoG:dC TP, whereas the opposite is true for 8-oxoG:dA TP. These results suggest that the lower insertion efficiency (larger Km) for dA TP compared to dC TP opposite 8-oxoG is caused by a less stable closed-form of pol β, destabilized by unfavorable interactions between Tyr271 and the mispair. This stability of the closed vs. open form can also explain the higher insertion efficiency for 8-oxoG:dA TP compared to the nonlesioned G:dA TP pair, which also has a higher overall conformational barrier. Our study offers atomic details of the complexes at different states, in addition to helping interpret the different insertion efficiencies of dA TP and dC TP opposite 8-oxoG and G.
Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of Complex Wide-Necked Bifurcation Cerebral Aneurysms Using the “Waffle Cone” Technique: A Review of Ten Consecutive Cases

Endovascular treatment of complex, wide-necked bifurcation cerebral aneurysms is challenging. Intra/extra-aneurysmal stent placement, the “waffle cone” technique, has the advantage of using a single stent to prevent coil herniation without the need to deliver the stent to the efferent vessel. The published data on the use of this technique is limited. We present our initial and follow-up experience with the waffle cone stent-assisted coiling (SAC) of aneurysms to evaluate the durability of the technique. We retrospectively identified ten consecutive patients who underwent SAC of an aneurysm using the waffle cone technique from July 2009 to March 2011. Clinical and angiographic outcomes after initial treatment and follow-up were evaluated. Raymond Class I or II occlusion of the aneurysm was achieved in all cases with the waffle cone technique. No intraoperative aneurysm rupture was noted. The parent arteries were patent at procedure completion. Clinical follow-up in nine patients (median 12.9 months) revealed no aneurysm rupture. Two patients had a transient embolic ischemic attack at 18 hours and three months after treatment, respectively. Catheter angiography or MRA at six-month follow-up demonstrated persistent occlusions of aneurysms in seven out of eight patients. Another patient had stable aneurysm occlusion at three-month follow-up study. Our experience in the small series suggests the waffle cone technique could be performed on complex, wide-necked aneurysms with relative safety, and it allowed satisfactory occlusions of the aneurysms at six months in most cases.
Robust Kernel-Based Tracking using Optimal Control

Although more efficient in computation compared to other tracking approaches such as particle filtering, the kernel-based tracking suffers from the "singularity" problem which makes the tracking unstable and even completely fail. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to handle this problem by enhancing the tracker's observability. In particular, we formulate object tracking as an inverse problem, thus unifying the existing kernel-based tracking approaches into a consistent theoretical framework. By exploiting the observability theory, we explicitly give the criterion for kernel design and constraint selection. Moreover, we extend the kernel-based approach by including the state dynamics and thus form a state-space model. The use of observability theory is also extended for dynamics estimation and evaluation. We rely on an optimal observer for state estimation as a solution to video tracking. The performance of the proposed approach has been demonstrated on both synthetic and real-world video data and compared to other kernel-based tracking approaches.
Resistance Risk Management in HIV Therapy Switching with Explicit Quiescent T-Cell Modeling

Abstract Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has proven remarkably effective in controlling the development of HIV. However, drug resistance may compromise these benefits. During the use of HAART, drug-resistant strains can develop and become the dominant species. Because the number of independent treatment regimens is limited, once resistance to all available drug classes arises, the patient will die. Drug resistance is therefore a critical problem for HIV treatment. In this paper, we explicitly model one known reservoir compartment, the quiescent infected CD4+ T cells, and explore the effects of this reservoir on a drug-switching strategy designed to minimize the further development of drug-resistant virus.
Atomization and combustion of canola methyl ester biofuel spray

Abstract The spray atomization and combustion characteristics of canola methyl ester (CME) biofuel are compared to those of petroleum based No. 2 diesel fuel in this paper. The spray flame was contained in an optically accessible combustor which was operated at atmospheric pressure with a co-flow of heated air. Fuel was delivered through a swirl-type air-blast atomizer with an injector orifice diameter of 300 μm. A two-component phase Doppler particle analyzer was used to measure the spray droplet size, axial velocity, and radial velocity distributions. Radial and axial distributions of NO, CO, CO2 and O2 concentrations were also obtained. Axial and radial distributions of flame temperature were recorded with a Pt–Pt/13%Rh (type R) thermocouple. The volumetric flow rates of fuel, atomization air and co-flow air were kept constant for both fuels. The droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) at the nozzle exit for CME biofuel spray was smaller than that of the No. 2 diesel fuel spray, implying faster vaporization rates for the former. The flame temperature decreased more rapidly for the CME biofuel spray flame than for the No. 2 diesel fuel spray flame in both axial and radial directions. CME biofuel spray flames produced lower in-flame NO and CO peak concentrations than No. 2 diesel fuel spray flames.
Isolate selection and ecological speciation.

The products of ecological speciation rarely engage in wholesale hybridization with their progenitors, because the ecological barriers between them are unusually strong. This strength may simply be the result of directional selection, or they may arise from the differential survival of incipient species with the strongest barriers. A case is made for the latter. Those incipient species most similar in niche space to their progenitors would be most subject to hybridization with them. This would lead to a reduction in population growth and/or mongrelization of their gene pools associated with such, and ultimately the demise of the derivative. The most ecologically divergent derivatives would suffer less from this process referred to as isolate selection, and have the greatest chance of becoming a thriving new species. Long-distance hybridization has been demonstrated in crop and wild populations. The incidence of long-distance hybridization is inversely correlated with population size. The ecological derivatives struggling to invade new habitats would be especially vulnerable to hybridization.
Multitasking in high-speed interconnection systems

Abstract This paper focuses on high-speed connection-oriented communication among high-end multitasking systems. This environment is characterized by very high interconnection bandwidth and by large, variable size data blocks. The HIPPI standard is being designed to provide a base for communication in such an environment. Multitasking in members of the system complex requires multiple source buffers for the interconnection system, an unusual feature of connection-oriented communication that requires special consideration in the design and performance evaluation. We define two connection management policies, the centralized and the broadcast policy and two service disciplines, the ALL discipline and the FIFO discipline. We then develop analytic models that can represent the salient features of such interconnection systems, including, the management policy, the service discipline and the number of buffers. The models are validated by comparing their results to results from simulations. The models are then used to evaluate the impact of the connection management policies, the service disciplines, and the number of buffers on the performance of these interconnection systems.
Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion in rats

Bupropion is a novel, non-tricyclic antidepressant with a primary pharmacological action of monoamine uptake inhibition. The drug resembles a psychostimulant in terms of its neurochemical and behavioural profiles in vivo, but it does not reliably produce stimulant-like effects in humans at clinically prescribed doses. Bupropion binds with modest selectivity to the dopamine transporter, but its behavioural effects have often been attributed to its inhibition of norepinephrine uptake. This experiment examines monoaminergic involvement in the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion. Rats were trained to press one lever when injected i.p. with bupropion (17.0 mg/kg), and another lever when injected with saline. In substitution tests, dose-response curves were obtained for several monoamine uptake inhibitors. Nine of ten dopamine uptake blockers fully substituted for bupropion; the exception, indatraline (LU 19-005), partially substituted (71% bupropion-appropriate responding). Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake blockers (zimelidine and nisoxetine, respectively) produced negligible or limited substitution, and the anti-muscarinic dopamine uptake blocker benztropine produced limited partial substitution. A series of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor agonists were also tested: only the D2-like agonist RU 24213 fully substituted; three other D2-like agonists and four D1-like agonists partially substituted (50% < drug responding < 80%). Antagonism of the discriminative effects of bupropion was obtained with a D1- and a D2-like dopamine antagonist. The results demonstrate strong similarities with those obtained using other dopamine uptake inhibitors as training drugs, and support the view that the behavioural effects of bupropion are primarily mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms.