cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programmable Mechanical Properties from a Worm Jaw-Derived Biopolymer through Hierarchical Ion Exposure.

Mechanisms of biomaterial sclerotization in natural systems promise new insights into how the mechanical properties of engineered materials may be dynamically modulated. One such example involves the proteinaceous jaw of the marine sandworm, Nereis virens. Previously, the mechanical properties of the N. virens jaw were shown to be modulated by Zn binding, a property that was proposed to be enabled by the presence of the histidine-rich jaw protein, Nvjp-1. Here we demonstrate the creation of Nvjp-1-based hydrogels and show that progressive sclerotization of these hydrogels can be accomplished with hierarchical exposure to metal cations and anions. Divalent Zn cations are capable of reversibly sclerotizing the hydrogels through the formation of coordinate cross-links, an effect that is shown to be remarkably specific for Zn. Additionally, the degree of Zn-induced sclerotization is strongly influenced by the identity of the anion present in the hydrogel. Thus, the viscoelastic properties of Nvjp-1 hydrogels ...
Resurrection of PARP Inhibitors in Breast Cancer

PARP enzymes are essential for DNA damage repair. Cancers with defective homologous recombination DNA repair, such has BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutated breast cancers, are targets for PARP inhibitors (PARPi) through the exploitation of synthetic lethality. A number of PARPi are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in breast cancer, with olaparib and talazoparib having demonstrated superior efficacy compared with standard chemotherapy in advanced germline BRCA-mutated cancer. This review describes the biological rationale for PARPi and presents the accumulating data on PARPi use in breast cancer.
Profiles of classroom activity settings associated with Head Start children's receptive vocabulary

Abstract Using a series of data from the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES), nationally representative datasets of Head Start classrooms and children collected in the 2000s, we explored (1) classroom profiles of the proportion of time spent in four types of activity settings in Head Start classrooms, (2) differences in teacher and classroom characteristics among the profiles, and (3) how the profiles were associated with children's end-of-year academic outcomes. Latent Profile Analyses indicated three classroom profiles: High Child Selected (HCS), High Whole Group, and Small Group/Balanced. Teachers in HCS had the least developmentally inappropriate beliefs, and children in HCS classrooms showed the highest receptive vocabulary skills at the end of the school year; no differences among profiles in literacy and math skills were found. Findings suggest that more time spent in child-selected activities, relative to teacher-directed activities, has the potential to benefit vocabulary development without hampering literacy or math development.
UAS based 3D shoreline change detection of Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse ONA after Hurricane Irma

ABSTRACTThe shoreline along the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse Outstanding Natural Area (ONA) located in Jupiter, FL, USA, has been impacted by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors over the yea...
Application of Results

In this concluding chapter the concepts developed for describing cross sections and rate constants are applied to a few of the problem areas discussed in Chapter 1. This discussion, being consistent with the rest of the text, is not intended to be a state-of-the art presentation on each topic and the ideas presented are, for the most part, well established. Further, the cross-section models used are quite simple. In the previous chapters the relationship between the simple and more accurate models for cross sections have been considered. Therefore, the reader should have a feel for the kinds of errors introduced by the choice of cross-section model and is encouraged to include improved estimates. Care should be taken that the increased complexity caused by using a more accurate approximation for cross section is warranted by the correctness of the description of the physical problem. In the following no statement is implied about this. I have only chosen models which lend themselves to either analytic solutions for the problem or to simplifying the presentation. This merely follows the lead of a number of authors who have made wide use of simple cross-sectional forms in discussing, for example, complex radiation transport problems. In many other cases I have simply taken results for certain rate constants generally used in the literature without further discussion, particularly for processes considered in Chapter 5.
La evolución de un school leader: A case study

As American children grow more culturally and linguistically diverse, many teachers, school leaders, researchers, and policy makers are implementing bilingual instruction as a means to assist these...
Virial-based Berendsen barostat on GPUs using AMOEBA in Tinker-OpenMM

Abstract The Tinker-OpenMM package for AMOEBA molecular dynamics on GPU has long been limited to the Monte Carlo barostat due to the lack of virial calculation. In this paper, we report the calculation of the internal virial for the AMOEBA forcefield. This constitutes the first GPU implementation of a polarizable internal virial. This is followed by the implementation of the Berendsen barostat into Tinker-OpenMM as a demonstration of the capability of Tinker-OpenMM to calculate the virial with sufficient accuracy to enable pressure control. These additions enable the further improvement of Tinker-OpenMM to include a wide range of virial-based barostat algorithms.
Routine Activities, Criminal Opportunities, Crime and Crime Prevention

A theoretical framework focused on crime as a function of situation-specific opportunity emerged in the field of criminology in the latter part of the twentieth century. This framework consists of several overlapping yet distinct theories, including routine activities theory. Though routine activities theory is perhaps most notable, a number of other perspectives emphasizing situational opportunity were developed around the same time as the initial explication of routine activities theory. Today, the overlap in these distinct theoretical statements is widely recognized, and they are thus increasingly treated in an integrative fashion, so as to create a more general crime opportunity perspective.
Aproximación a la institucionalización de la sociología en Bolivia. Un estudio sobre el Instituto de Sociología Boliviana (Isbo)

At the beginning of the 21st century, Bolivia attempted to make the university an “object of knowledge”; although this was not possible, those efforts are expressed in some publications. A historical perspective is also lacking, since the few studies carried out cover only up to 1930. In this context, the article addresses the ups and downs of the institutionalization of sociology as a discipline, in its research and education dimensions, which was caught up in the tension among intellectual and political projects, competition among areas, and financial difficulties. In Bolivia, there are currently five undergraduate sociology programs, the first of which was created in 1967 at the Universidad Mayor de San Andres (umsa), in La Paz, and the last, 2006 at the Universidad de San Francisco Xavier (USFX), in Chuquisaca. The Instituto de Sociologia Boliviana (Isbo) of usfx, created in 1940, is taken as object of this study, in order to describe and analyze the main factors involved in the emergence and development of sociology. The critical discussion of the topic is based on the debate over institution and institutionalization in the field of university education, which dates back to classical authors like Durkheim, but focuses mainly on the contributions of Foucault, Bourdieu, Kuhn, and Laudan, insofar as the institutionalization of research and education models is a social, political, and mental or symbolic process, which allows for the link with the idea of traditions —instead of paradigms— that presuppose the establishment of a logical, practical, and mental temporality. For this reason and to avoid the risks of a certain systemic functionalism that plagues institutional knowledge, we introduced the ideas of conflict and tension into the analysis. The methodology is based on primary and secondary data. With respect to primary data, which are the main part of the project, a documentary review was carried out in the university archives referring to Isbo, including correspondence and reports, among others. The objective was to combine genealogical and institutional analysis based on information regarding Isbo, as a theoretical-methodological tool for discursive argumentation on institutionalization, as has been done in other cases in Latin America.
On the Interplay Between Ocean Color Data Quality and Data Quantity: Impacts of Quality Control Flags

Nearly all calibration/validation activities for the satellite ocean color missions have focused on data quality to produce data products of the highest quality (i.e., science quality) for climate-related research. Little attention, however, has been paid to data quantity, particularly on how data quality control during data processing impacts downstream data quality and data quantity. In this letter, we attempt to fill this knowledge gap using measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP). For this sensor, the same level-1B data are processed independently using different quality control methods by NASA and NOAA, respectively, allowing for an in-depth evaluation of the interplay between data quantity and quality. The results indicate that the methods to identify stray light and sun glint are the two primary quality control procedures affecting data quantity, where the criteria for flagging pixels “contaminated” by stray light and sun glint may be relaxed in the NASA ocean color data processing to increase data quantity without compromising data quality.
Forensic genetic investigation of human skeletal remains recovered from the La Belle shipwreck

In 1995, the historical shipwreck of La Belle was discovered off the coast of Texas. One partial human skeleton was recovered from alongside cargo in the rear portion of the ship; a second (complete) skeleton was found atop coiled anchor rope in the bow. In late 2015, comprehensive forensic genetic testing began on multiple samplings from each set of remains. For the partial skeleton recovered from the ship's rear cargo area, results were obtained for 26/27 Y-STRs using traditional CE; with MPS technology, results were obtained for 18/24 Y-STRs, 56/56 ancestry-informative SNPs (aiSNPs), 22/22 phenotype-informative SNPs (piSNPs), 22/27 autosomal STRs, 4/7 X-STRs, and 94/94 identity-informative SNPs (iiSNPs). For the complete skeleton of the second individual, results were obtained for 7/17 Y-STRs using traditional CE; with MPS technology, results were obtained for 5/24 Y-STRs, 49/56 aiSNPs, 18/22 piSNPs, 15/27 autosomal STRs, 1/7 X-STRs, and 66/94 iiSNPs. Biogeographic ancestry for each set of skeletal remains was predicted using the ancestry feature and metapopulation tool of the Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD), Haplogroup Predictor, and the Forensic Research/Reference on Genetics knowledge base (FROG-kb). Phenotype prediction was performed using piSNP data and the HIrisplex eye color and hair color DNA phenotyping webtool. mtDNA whole genome sequencing also was performed successfully. This study highlights the sensitivity of current forensic laboratory methods in recovering DNA from historical and archaeological human remains. Using advanced sequencing technology provided by MiSeq™ FGx (Verogen) and Ion S5™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific) instrumentation, degraded skeletal remains can be characterized using a panel of diverse and highly informative markers, producing data which can be useful in both forensic and genealogical investigations.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz's Syndrome as a Possible Cause of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Case Report.

Based on the known carrier frequency of Smith–Lemli–Opitz's syndrome (SLOS), the prevalence of this disease should be significantly higher than what is observed in the population. This may be due to a higher rate of pregnancy loss in affected embryos. Here, we present the case of a couple who underwent expanded carrier screening (ECS) after experiencing three first trimester pregnancy losses. Both parents were found to be carriers of SLOS mutations, and DNA analysis of the fetal remains of the third loss revealed the aborted fetus had inherited both the maternal and paternal mutations. This suggests SLOS as a reason for this patient's recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and therefore, ECS should be considered as part of the RPL work-up.
Select Stabilization of a Tumor-Suppressive PP2A Heterotrimer

In cancer, suppression of protein phosphatases, such as protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), that normally counteract kinases, contributes to aberrant signaling. Leonard et al. recently demonstrated that a novel small-molecule activator of PP2A, DT-061, selectively stabilizes a specific PP2A holoenzyme responsible for dephosphorylating critical oncogenic targets, including MYC. The 3.6-A cryo-electron microscopy map of the heterotrimer assembly provides insight into the druggable structure of PP2A, guiding future phosphatase therapeutics.
Fatores condicionantes da (in)satisfação docente no curso de educação física da faculdade La Salle Lucas do Rio Verde

Satisfaction or dissatisfaction at work, including teaching, influences satisfaction or dissatisfaction in one's life, behavior, health, and directly in the motivation and quality of the work performed. According to what the teacher seeks and what really finds in the course of your job, the teacher may express satisfaction, dissatisfaction, professional fulfillment, motivation to continue or give up, and even get sick. Thus, the question that directed the present research was: What are the main conditioning factors of the professional (in) satisfaction of the teachers of the Physical Education Course at the La Salle Lucas College of Lucas Rio Verde MT? In general, we sought to find out what are the main factors conditioning the professional (in) satisfaction of these teachers. The subjects were 09 teachers of the referred Course, working in the three ongoing classes of the 1st semester / 2018, who answered a questionnaire previously prepared according to the research objectives. It was found that the teachers work in an institution and course that contribute to their satisfaction and personal and professional achievement. Even if at some points they are dissatisfied, the factors that promote satisfaction stand out and allow them to still be enchanted by their chosen profession and to assume it with commitment, concern and responsibility.
Critical Race Theory at 20

The year 2009 marks the twentieth anniversary of the first Critical Race Theory (CRT) workshop. On July 8, 1989, more than twenty scholars "who were interested in defining and elaborating on the lived reality of race, and who were open to the aspiration of developing theory" gathered together at a workshop in Madison, Wisconsin. The 1989 workshop, which was spearheaded by Kimberl Crenshaw and organized by her, Neil Gotanda, and Stephanie Phillips, also included as its participants Anita Allen, Taunya Banks, Derrick Bell, Kevin Brown, Paulette Caldwell, John Calmore, Harlon Dalton, Richard Delgado, Linda Greene, Trina Grillo, Isabelle Gunning, Angela Harris, Mari Matsuda, Teresa Miller, Philip T. Nash, Elizabeth Patterson, Benita Ramsey, Robert Suggs, Kendall Thomas, and Patricia Williams.
Successful management of sirolimus toxicity in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient using automated red blood cell exchange

Background Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ rejection prophylaxis in solid-organ transplantation, graft-vs-host disease prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and as an immune modulator for patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and vascular malformations. Sirolimus has a narrow therapeutic index with potential severe side effects, including hypertension, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Case report We report a case of a 19-year-old woman with severe sickle cell disease who underwent a matched unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, whose course was complicated by sirolimus toxicity. This case was challenging because sirolimus has no specific antidote, is largely bound to red blood cells (RBCs), has a high distribution volume, and cannot be removed by dialysis or plasmapheresis. Result Due to the concern for toxicity, we looked into possibilities for rapid sirolimus clearance using automated RBC exchange. The treatment was effective in decreasing blood sirolimus levels within the therapeutic ranges. Conclusion The use of RBC exchange is potentially safe and effective in the management of a case of sirolimus toxicity.
Spontaneous Solar Syngas Production Driven by Energetically Favorable Wastewater Microbial Anodes

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction to syngas is an attractive strategy for solar to fuel conversion, however, the high overpotential, inadequate selectivity, and high cost call for alternative solutions. Here we demonstrate a hybrid microbial photoelectrochemical (MPEC) system which contains a microbial anode capable of oxidizing free waste organics in wastewater and reducing the oxidation potential by 1.1 V, compared to abiotic water oxidation on PEC anode. Moreover, the MPEC employs a power management circuit (PMC) to enable several low-energy producing reactions operated in the same solution medium to conquer high-overpotential reactions. The nanowire silicon photocathode integrated with a selective single-atom Nickel catalyst (Si NW/Ni SA) achieved up to ~80% Faradaic efficiency for CO generation with a highly tunable CO:H2 generation ratio (0.1 to 6.8). When the bioanode couple with the Si NW/Ni SA, up to 1.1 mA cm−2 spontaneous photocurrent density can be accomplished for syngas generation.
Human Milk Hormone Intake in the First Month of Life and Physical Growth Outcomes in Preterm Infants

Context Human milk contains hormones that regulate metabolism. Extrauterine growth restriction remains common among preterm infants, but the effect of ingesting milk hormones on preterm infant growth is poorly understood. Objective To quantify associations of longitudinal exposure to leptin, adiponectin, and insulin in milk with physical growth of preterm infants. Design/methods In 50 preterm neonates (median gestational age 29.4 weeks), we sampled maternal milk on day of life 7, 14, 21, and 28 and measured hormone levels in whole milk by ELISA. Milk leptin levels were available for a subset of 18 infants. We calculated milk hormone doses by multiplying the hormone level by the milk volume ingested on each day and estimated the area under the curve (AUC) to reflect longitudinal exposure. We analyzed associations of milk hormone exposure with growth outcomes in generalized estimated equations. Main outcome measures Weight gain velocity and z-scores in weight, length, head circumference, and BMI at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Results Higher leptin intake was associated with greater weight gain [2.17g/kg/day (95% C.I. 1.31, 3.02)] and weight Z-score at 36 weeks' PMA [0.30 (0.08, 0.53) higher Z-score per tertile]. Higher adiponectin intake was associated with greater length Z-score [0.41 (0.13, 0.69)], however, this association was nullified after adjustment of protein and calorie intake. Higher adiponectin was associated with smaller head circumference Z-score [-0.36 (-0.64, -0.07)]. Insulin was not associated with growth outcomes. Conclusions Milk leptin and adiponectin exposures may affect growth of preterm infants. The long-term effects of milk hormones warrant further investigation.
Insubordinate Spaces: Improvisation and Accompaniment for Social Justice: Barbara Tomlinson and George Lipsitz, (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2019, 271 pages, $27)

There is a growing effort among scholars to overcome Euro- and US-centric theoretical outlooks, by engaging with epistemologies of the South. Tomlinson’s and Lipsitz’s book is an excellent illustra...
Introducing the rhetoric of narratives with Barack Obama’s Of Thee I Sing

This single-class activity is designed to introduce concepts of rhetoric, narrative, and public memory to students and to help them recognize the persuasive structure of narratives, particularly as...
Metabolic Risk and Depression among Elderly Mexican Americans: The Roles of Nativity Status.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship be­tween metabolic risk (MR) and depression in a sample of older Mexican Americans and examine whether the association differs by age at migration. Methods: Longitudinal study using data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (HEPESE) (N=807, mean age = 84.3). The analytical sample was compiled from wave 6 (2007) to wave 7 (2010-2011) of HEPESE. Random-effect logistic regression examined the association between MR and depression and tested the model stratified by nativity status and age at migration. Results: MR was associated with higher odds of depression for US-born Mexican Americans after controlling for potential confounders. Similarly, among Mexican Americans who migrated before age 20, MR was associated with higher odds of depres­sion. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of age at migration when evalu­ating the health of foreign-born Mexican Americans from a life-course perspective. Particularly among Mexican Americans who migrated before age 20, those with MR were more vulnerable to depression than their counterparts without MR. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):243-252; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.243
Defining and Measuring Meditation-Related Adverse Effects in Mindfulness-Based Programs:

Research on the adverse effects of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) has been sparse and hindered by methodological imprecision. The 44-item Meditation Experiences Interview (MedEx-I) was used by a...
Similar performance of Brasfield and Wisconsin scoring systems in young children with cystic fibrosis

To assess the severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF), scoring systems based on chest radiographs (CXRs), CT and MRI have been used extensively, although primarily in research settings rather than for clinical purposes. It has recently been shown that those based on CXRs (primarily the Brasfield and Wisconsin systems) are as sensitive and valid as those based on CT. The reproducibility and correlation of both systems to pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were recently investigated and were found to be statistically identical. However, the relative performance of these systems has not been specifically assessed in children younger than 5 years old with mild lung disease, a critical age range in which PFTs is rarely performed. To investigate and compare the performance of the Brasfield and Wisconsin systems in children 0-5 years old with predominantly mild lung disease. Fifty-five patients 0-5 years old with 105 CXRs were included in the study. Given that the goal was to compare system performance in mild disease, only the first two CXRs from each patient were included (all but five patients had two images). When only one image was available in the target age range, it only was included. Agreement between the Brasfield and Wisconsin systems was assessed using a 2X2 contingency table assuming binary classification of CF lung disease using CXR scoring systems (mild vs. non-mild). In the absence of PFTs or another external gold standard for comparison, the Wisconsin system was used as an arbitrary gold standard against which the Brasfield was compared. Correlation between the two systems was assessed via a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for repeated measures. Scores were rated as mild or non-mild based on published numerical cutoffs for each system. The systems agreed on 89/105 (85%) and disagreed on 16/105 (15%) of the CXRs. Agreement between the two systems was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Relative sensitivity and specificity of the Brasfield system (which since using the Wisconsin as the gold standard reflects relative agreement rather than absolute performance of the Brasfield) was also fairly high (85% and 84%, respectively). Relatively high correlation between the two systems was also estimated (r = 0.72). The current study, powered to find at least a mild correlation between the two systems, confirms the Brasfield and Wisconsin systems are in agreement when assessing CF lung disease even in patients younger than 5 years of age with predominantly mild disease.
A Theory of the Firm in Imperfect Competition Using a Relative Measure (Market Share) and the Entire Marketing Mix

Conventional microeconomic theory focuses on price as a determinant of demand and uses absolutes. The purpose in writing this paper is to present a theory of the firm that is more realistic because it uses all elements of the marketing mix and further uses relative measures such as market share which more readily recognize competitive relationships.
Overview of Rough Surface Scattering

All real surfaces are rough, the roughness being relative to the interrogating wavelength λ for any physical situation. We confine our discussion here to acoustic and electromagnetic problems, and limit the surface description to vertical height h and one or two horizontal scales L. Practical problems in manufacturing or measuring surfaces can include and often completely depend upon topics such as ripples, polishing marks, and behavior of surface extrema. We thus limit our consideration to acoustic and electromagnetic scattering from surfaces with vertical scales kh (k = 2π/λ)) and horizontal scales kL or tangent scales h/L. This is broad enough to discuss scattering from sea surfaces, terrain, atomic systems, and nanoscale roughness, as well as both deterministic and random problems characterizing the surface behavior.
Verarbeitung von Kohlenstoff-Multifilamentgarn zu CFK — Halbzeug

Die Aufgabe, Multifilament-Kohlenstoffasergarne zu CFK-Halbzeug (Prepreg) zu verarbeiten, machte die Bearbeitung folgender Problemkreise erforderlich: Herstellung und Eigenschaftsoptimierung von MultifilamentKohlenstoffasern. Ausbreitung und Vergleichmasigung der Multifilamentgarne furr die Prepregherstellung. Formulierung von nichttoxischen, physiologisch unbedenklichen Polyesterharzsystemen. Ubertragung der Niederfilament-Kohlenstoffaser-Prepregtechnik auf die Multifilament-Kohlenstoffasern. Werkstoff- bzw. Halbzeugcharackterisierung der auf Basis von Epoxid-, Polyester- und Polyimidharz hergestellten Multif ilamentgarn-Prepregs. Belieferung der Automobilindustrie mit Testlaminaten unter Verwendung von Multifilament-Kohlenstoffasern furr Vergleichsuntersuchungen.
The Canine Orthopedic Index. Step 1: Devising the items.

Objective To develop questions for an owner-completed outcome assessment instrument for dogs with orthopedic disease. Study Design Focus groups, key-informant interviews, surveys. Sample Population Owners of dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Audio recorded focus groups were transcribed. Descriptive statistics around discussed topics were calculated. A list of frequently discussed behaviors underwent discrimination and frequency endorsement analysis and was circulated for refinement among veterinarians experienced in treating dogs with orthopedic disease. The final list of behaviors was transformed into a series of questions and organized as the preliminary instrument for testing in further studies. Results Owners (n = 27) participated in 4 focus groups. Based on the frequency of comments generated during focus groups and key-informant interviews, 30 behaviors were further screened by discrimination analysis and endorsement frequency in an additional cohort of 60 owners. No behaviors were classified as “good” for discriminating between front and hind limb disease so a single, non-limb-specific instrument was developed. Four behaviors had an endorsement frequency ≤33% and were not considered further for inclusion in the preliminary instrument. Twenty-one questions associated with the remaining behaviors were used to create the preliminary Canine Orthopedic Index (COI) for psychometric testing in further studies. Conclusions A 21-question owner-completed COI was successfully developed in preparation for psychometric testing studies.
RESEARCH ETHICS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: EXPLORING A MODEL FOR INDIVIDUAL SUCCESS

The Johns Hopkins-Fogarty African Bioethics Training Program (FABTP) has offered a fully-funded, one-year, non-degree training opportunity in research ethics to health professionals, ethics committee members, scholars, journalists and scientists from countries across sub-Saharan Africa. In the first 9 years of operation, 28 trainees from 13 African countries have trained with FABTP. Any capacity building investment requires periodic critical evaluation of the impact that training dollars produce. In this paper we describe and evaluate FABTP and the efforts of its trainees. Our data show that since 2001, the 28 former FABTP trainees have authored or co-authored 105 new bioethics-related publications; were awarded 33 bioethics-related grants; played key roles on 78 bioethics-related research studies; and participated in 198 bioethics workshops or conferences. Over the past nine years, trainees have collectively taught 48 separate courses related to bioethics and have given 170 presentations on various topics in the field. Many former trainees have pursued and completed doctoral degrees in bioethics; some have become editorial board members for bioethics journals. Female trainees were, on average, less experienced at matriculation and produced fewer post-training outputs than their male counterparts. More comprehensive studies are needed to determine the relationships between age, sex, previous experience and training program outputs.
Field‐based insights to the evolution of specialization: plasticity and fitness across habitats in a specialist/generalist species pair

Factors promoting the evolution of specialists versus generalists have been little studied in ecological context. In a large-scale comparative field experiment, we studied genotypes from naturally evolved populations of a closely related generalist/specialist species pair (Polygonum persicaria and P. hydropiper), reciprocally transplanting replicates of multiple lines into open and partially shaded sites where the species naturally co-occur. We measured relative fitness, individual plasticity, herbivory, and genetic variance expressed in the contrasting light habitats at both low and high densities. Fitness data confirmed that the putative specialist out-performed the generalist in only one environment, the favorable full sun/low-density environment to which it is largely restricted in nature, while the generalist had higher lifetime reproduction in both canopy and dense neighbor shade. The generalist, P. persicaria, also expressed greater adaptive plasticity for biomass allocation and leaf size in shaded conditions than the specialist. We found no evidence that the ecological specialization of P. hydropiper reflects either genetically based fitness trade-offs or maintenance costs of plasticity, two types of genetic constraint often invoked to prevent the evolution of broadly adaptive genotypes. However, the patterns of fitness variance and herbivore damage revealed how release from herbivory in a new range can cause an introduced species to evolve as a specialist in that range, a surprising finding with important implications for invasion biology. Patterns of fitness variance between and within sites are also consistent with a possible role for the process of mutation accumulation (in this case, mutations affecting shade-expressed phenotypes) in the evolution and/or maintenance of specialization in P. hydropiper.
Seed arrival under different genera of trees in a neotropical pasture

Trees in pastures attract seed dispersers, leading to increased seed arrival under their canopies and more rapid regrowth around them. The characteristics that make some trees better `recruitment foci' than others, however, are poorly understood. In a neotropical pasture, we examined the arrival of seeds to open areas and underneath four genera of trees that varied in canopy architecture and type of fruit produced: Ficus trees had dense canopies and fleshy fruits, Pentaclethra trees had dense canopies and dry fruits, Cecropia trees had sparse canopies and fleshy fruits, and Cordia trees had sparse canopies and dry fruits. We found that all trees received more seeds than open pasture, probably because trees provided seed dispersers with better perches, protection from predators, nesting sites, etc. Among the tree genera, more seeds arrived under trees that produced fleshy fruits than trees that did not. This occured even during periods when trees were not fruiting (i.e., non-fruiting Ficus and Cecropia trees received more seeds than Cordia or Pentaclethra trees). Seed dispersers may periodically check Ficus and Cecropia trees for fruits, or they may become familiar with these trees while feeding and thereafter use them for other reasons. Height of trees had a slight positive effect on seed arrival, possibly because taller trees offered more protection from predators. Canopy architecture and distance to forest edge did not significantly affect seed arrival. This study demonstrates that trees in general are potentially important recruitment foci, but that different types of trees vary in the kind of recruitment that they foster in pastures.
Beyond superscalar RISC, what next? An almost unbiased view

In the coming decade, unceasing demand for more processing power should drive microprocessor performance growth rates to nearly those of the past decade. Operating frequencies of 4 GHz and then approaching 10 GHz may be reached in 15 years as process geometries shrink well below 0.15 /spl mu/m. New microprocessor performance strategies will be required to fill the gap as gate performance fails to scale, wire delays begin to dominate cycle times, and superscalar parallelism approaches its limit. A new set of design dynamics for microprocessors and instruction set architectures (ISAs) will come about as physical, logical, and practical limits are encountered while new machine-independent languages, including Java, reduce or eliminate many conventional constraints on ISAs and their associated microarchitectures. Some of the sometimes conflicting trends emerging are discussed.
Patterns of co‐occurrence of stream insects and an examination of a causal mechanism: ecological checkerboard or habitat checkerboard?

. 1. Non-random patterns of species co-occurrences among habitats and the underlying mechanisms responsible for these patterns are fundamental to ecological research. Fewer co-occurrences than expected from a random null model are often interpreted as indicating that communities are structured by negative biotic interactions (ecological checkerboards) or by abiotic factors (habitat checkerboards). The difficulty has often been determining the dominant causative mechanism(s) behind these patterns. 2. In the current study, we examine patterns of insect co-occurrence in 23 low-gradient, sandy-bottom coastal streams of the Gulf of Mexico. Focusing our attention on five commonly collected orders in these sites, we ask two fundamental questions about the community: (i) Are patterns of insect co-occurrence non-random? (ii) If these patterns are non-random, are they consistent with the expectations of a community structured largely by abiotic conditions, biotic conditions (e.g. species interaction) or both? 3. Using a series of null models, we found a strong pattern of negative co-occurrence (segregation) for both genera and species when all stream sites were considered. When we partially controlled for the influence of abiotic conditions by examining a subset of streams with similar abiotic conditions, both species and genera showed a very significant pattern of aggregation. These results therefore suggest that abiotic conditions act as a strong filter, influencing the patterns of co-occurrence for both genera and species. 4. Comparisons of co-occurrence patterns between the species-level and genus-level analyses suggested similar degrees of segregation. Thus, no compelling evidence of competition influencing insect distributions among streams was found.
A Growing Problem: Acetabular Fractures in the Elderly and the Combined Hip Procedure

Acetabular fractures in the elderly are most frequently the result of low-energy trauma and present unique management challenges to orthopedic surgeons. Evaluation and treatment should be performed in a multidisciplinary fashion with early involvement of internal medicine subspecialists and geriatricians. Distinct fracture patterns and pre-existing osteoarthritis and osteoporosis necessitate careful preoperative planning. The role of total hip arthroplasty should also be considered when surgical treatment is indicated. The outcomes of acetabular fractures in the elderly have improved, but complications remain higher and results less satisfactory than in younger individuals. The lack of randomized controlled trials has limited the ability to establish an evidence-based treatment algorithm.
Integrin Beta 1 Suppresses Multilayering of a Simple Epithelium

Epithelia are classified as either simple, a single cell layer thick, or stratified (multilayered). Stratified epithelia arise from simple epithelia during development, and transcription factor p63 functions as a key positive regulator of epidermal stratification. Here we show that deletion of integrin beta 1 (Itgb1) in the developing mouse airway epithelium abrogates airway branching and converts this monolayer epithelium into a multilayer epithelium with more than 10 extra layers. Mutant lung epithelial cells change mitotic spindle orientation to seed outer layers, and cells in different layers become molecularly and functionally distinct, hallmarks of normal stratification. However, mutant lung epithelial cells do not activate p63 and do not switch to the stratified keratin profile of epidermal cells. These data, together with previous data implicating Itgb1 in regulation of epidermal stratification, suggest that the simple-versus-stratified developmental decision may involve not only stratification inducers like p63 but suppressors like Itgb1 that prevent simple epithelia from inappropriately activating key steps in the stratification program.
An appraisal of radioiodination methods for peptide mapping.

Abstract The primary structures of similar proteins are frequently compared by assessing the homology of peptides cleaved from the proteins by enzymic or chemical means. Several methods have been described to adapt peptide mapping procedures to microgram quantities of protein, and some of these were tested. The radioiodine method of Bray and Brownlee ((1973) Anal. Biochem. 55 , 213) was studied in detail. Several modifications of this method are described; these include enzymic oxidation, iodination prior to electrophoresis, and an improved procedure for the recovery of proteins from polyacrylamide gels.
Voltammetric methods of sulfate ion analysis in natural waters

Abstract Sulfate anion can be measured in waters of widely varying salinity by polarography and amperometry. Polarography is the preferred method because it allows for measurement of sulfate in the 50-ppm range. The polarographic method is rapid, precise, and can be adapted for smaller sample volumes by simple modification of the sample preparation. We report a precision of 0.17% on I.A.P.S.O. standard seawater and 0.90% on 50-ppm samples. Amperometry requires more time overall for analyses because it is a titrimetric method, but it also is a precise technique (0.28% on I.A.P.S.O. standard seawater). Both techniques do not require any unusual sample preparation and are easily performed in most laboratories.
Resistance and cross-resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and spinosad in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has developed resistance to many insecticides used for its control, recently including imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid compound. Other neonicotinoids are now being deployed to control this pest. A key point in the strategies of resistance management is the monitoring of resistance and cross-resistance. In the summer of 2003, imidacloprid-resistant adult Colorado potato beetles collected from Long Island, New York, USA were bioassayed using topical applications of imidacloprid and nine other neonicotinoids. Compared to a standard susceptible strain, the Long Island beetles showed 309-fold resistance to imidacloprid, and lower levels of cross-resistance to all other neonicotinoids, despite these never having been used in the field, i.e., 59-fold to dinotefuran, 33-fold to clothianidin, 29-fold to acetamiprid, 28-fold to N-methylimidacloprid, 25-fold to thiacloprid, 15-fold to thiamethoxam, 10-fold to nitenpyram, but less than 2-fold to nicotine. In injection bioassays, high resistance to imidacloprid was also found (116-fold). Piperonyl butoxide partially suppressed resistance to imidacloprid, but the resistance level was still over 100-fold, indicating that other mechanisms were primarily responsible for resistance. Low levels of resistance (8- to 10-fold) were found to the nicotinic activator, spinosad, in an imidacloprid-resistant strain collected from the same field in 2004. The cross-resistance seen with all the neonicotinoids tested suggests that the rotation of imidacloprid with other neonicotinoids may not be an effective long-term resistance management strategy. Rotation with spinosad also carries some risk, but it is unlikely that spinosad resistance in this case is mechanistically related to that for the neonicotinoids.
An Approach to Land-Use and Transportation Planning That Facilitates City and Region Cooperation:

This paper presents a new approach to land-use planning and transportation planning that provides regional planners with a means to achieve their goals without infringing upon local autonomy. The approach focuses on facilitating cooperation between city and regional planners. This is accomplished through two sequential stages: (1) the regional-planning stage and (2) the city-planning stage. In both stages, land-use planning and transportation planning are cast as multi-objective design problems and solved with agenetic algorithm. An example of the approach is presented using data fora medium-sized metropolitan region and a conurbation within it
A Genomic Screen in Yeast Reveals Novel Aspects of Nonstop mRNA Metabolism

Nonstop mRNA decay, a specific mRNA surveillance pathway, rapidly degrades transcripts that lack in-frame stop codons. The cytoplasmic exosome, a complex of 3′–5′ exoribonucleases involved in RNA degradation and processing events, degrades nonstop transcripts. To further understand how nonstop mRNAs are recognized and degraded, we performed a genomewide screen for nonessential genes that are required for nonstop mRNA decay. We identified 16 genes that affect the expression of two different nonstop reporters. Most of these genes affected the stability of a nonstop mRNA reporter. Additionally, three mutations that affected nonstop gene expression without stabilizing nonstop mRNA levels implicated the proteasome. This finding not only suggested that the proteasome may degrade proteins encoded by nonstop mRNAs, but also supported previous observations that rapid decay of nonstop mRNAs cannot fully explain the lack of the encoded proteins. Further, we show that the proteasome and Ski7p affected expression of nonstop reporter genes independently of each other. In addition, our results implicate inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate as an inhibitor of nonstop mRNA decay.
Metallic species developed during decomposition of nitrocellulose under high pressure at elevated temperature

Abstract In the present work we have performed a controlled study of nitrocellulose (up to 13% nitrogen content) at high pressure and elevated temperature aimed at understanding the chemical decomposition process in this material under relatively slow kinetic conditions. We have found that during the course of thermal decomposition a highly conducting species is developed. This is presumably a consequence of the scission of covalent bonds and breaking-up of long polymeric chains favoring a high molar concentration of short diradical chain fragments with a strong concentration of unsatisfied valence spins or dangling bonds. We have also observed a minimum resistance turning point subsequent to the range of increasing conductivity which appears to be associated with a bond reconstruction process that develops a black carbonaceous end product.
The (Re)Source of Creativity: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Dr. Seuss’s You’re Only Old Once!

In this article, I use Sigmund Freud’s “Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming” to provide an explanation for the creativity of Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss. Freud suggests that creative writing is a substitutionary form of play that is (1) related to the present in that the writing is the product of some current activity or happening; (2) linked to a past (usually infantile) experience of the fulfillment of a wish; and (3) representative of a vision of the future where the current wish is fulfilled. In his essay, Freud did not interpret any particular piece of creative writing in light of an author’s personal experience to validate his theory. He offered, rather, abstract speculations. In this article, I do focus on a particular piece of creative writing in light of an author’s personal experience; I offer a psychoanalytic reading of Geisel’s You’re Only Old Once! In doing so, I emphasize the resourcefulness of Geisel in that Geisel used creative writing in the present to come to terms with the past and to give himself a better future. In conclusion, I go beyond noting Geisel’s practical strategies of resourcefulness by offering a theological reflection on what the spirit of Geisel’s creativity might mean for pastors.
Scalability and performance of computational structures for real-time order promising

This paper analyzes the scalability and performance of computational structures used in an order promising method designed for discrete build-to-order environments facing dynamic order arrivals. Main-memory database technology and supporting index structures are exploited to improve scalability of this data-intensive procedure so that orders can be promised in real time for industrial-sized systems. Two index structures, a linear structure and a tree structure, are compared. The tree structure improves response times and also has higher scalability at the expense of larger memory requirements compared to the linear structure. Performance of the method is evaluated under two manufacturing scenarios: a tandem line and an assembly shop. Computational results obtained from large-scale simulation studies of realistic systems with 60 resources show the method to be robust. Accuracy of the method in terms of median absolute lateness surpasses that of due date assignment methods previously examined in the literature.
Maternal choline supplementation: a nutritional approach for improving offspring health?

The modulatory role of choline on the fetal epigenome and the impact of in utero choline supply on fetal programming and health are of great interest. Studies in animals and/or humans suggest that maternal choline supplementation during pregnancy benefits important physiologic systems such as offspring cognitive function, response to stress, and cerebral inhibition. Because alterations in offspring phenotype frequently coincide with epigenetic modifications and changes in gene expression, maternal choline supplementation may be a nutritional strategy to improve lifelong health of the child. Future studies are warranted to elucidate further the effect of choline on the fetal epigenome and to determine the level of maternal choline intake required for optimal offspring physiologic function.