cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LAND USE, WATER CHEMISTRY, AQUATIC VEGETATION, AND ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SHALLOW LAKES

Landscape-lake interactions, including anthropogenic effects in modern hu- man-dominated landscapes, are essential elements of our understanding of aquatic com- munity ecology. This study links land use (six categories) to the aquatic environment (30 water chemistry, lake morphology, and vegetation variables) and to zooplankton community richness (32 common taxa) and composition in 73 small and shallow lakes of southeastern Wisconsin, USA. The sites differed most according to two environmental variables (prin- cipal components analysis (PCA) ordination): the presence/absence of riparian vegetation and the water source (whether ground or atmospheric). Shallow lakes in different land use categories (reference, urban, and agricultural) differed significantly in terms of the two major environmental variables, especially presence of riparian and aquatic vegetation. Reference sites were characterized by the most vegetation and the highest zooplankton richness. Agricultural sites with wide riparian vegetative buffer strips (>30 m) had sig- nificantly more zooplankton taxa than agricultural lakes with narrow buffer strips. A non- metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of zooplankton community composition suggested a single community among land use categories, with some variation related to vegetation and the water source. The first NMS axis was correlated with PCA1 axis (veg- etation) and with zooplankton taxon richness, and the second axis was correlated with PCA2 (water source). The third axis was not strongly correlated with any of the measured en- vironmental factors, suggesting that an unmeasured factor related to disturbance was also important in determining taxon composition. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that zooplankton community structure (taxon richness and composition) is indirectly associated with land use, via the effect of land use on vegetation and the hydrological continuum.
Digital government research in academia

Digital government projects are bringing together researchers from the technical and social sciences to participate in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaborations that have the potential for making a broad and significant impact. We suspect that two distinct clusters are emerging in DG research: new IT tools for solving government problems on the one hand and, on the other, understanding sociotechnical systems with a focus on governance processes. These clusters are evident in this special issue's articles: three focus on new IT tools for government problems, and one addresses the implementation issues of a public Web portal.
Differences in bone turnover and intact PTH levels between African American and Caucasian patients with end-stage renal disease.

Differences in bone turnover and intact PTH levels between African American and Caucasian patients with end-stage renal disease. Background Evidence derived from healthy subjects suggests that African Americans have higher serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and decreased bone responsiveness to PTH than Caucasians. African American patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) also have higher serum PTH than Caucasians. Studies that correlate intact PTH (iPTH) levels with bone turnover in ESRD patients were performed in a predominantly Caucasian population. Methods In this study, serum iPTH and bone histomorphometric data were analyzed for racial differences in 76 ESRD patients (Caucasian = 48, African Americans=28). Bone turnover was determined by histomorphometric measurement of activation frequency in all patients. Results Age, duration of dialysis, and calcium and phosphorus levels were similar between the two groups. iPTH levels (pg/mL; mean ± SE) were significantly higher in the African American group (534 ± 79 vs. 270 ± 46, P P r = 0.60, P r = 0.22, P = NS in African Americans. The mean PTH level in African American patients with histologic findings of low bone turnover was 460 ± 115 vs. 168 ± 41 in Caucasian patients with similar bone turnover ( P Conclusion There is no correlation between iPTH and bone turnover in African Americans with ESRD. A substantial number of African American patients with low bone turnover have very high serum PTH levels. Bone histomorphometric results reveal differences in remodeling dynamics and responses to PTH between African American and Caucasian patients. Further studies utilizing newer PTH measurement assays are needed to better delineate the correlation between PTH and bone turnover in the various racial groups.
Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide (CGRP) and Migraine

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has long been postulated to play an integral role in the pathophysiology of migraine. While clinical findings are consistent with such a role, the specific pathogenic mechanisms of CGRP in migraine have remained speculative until recently. Through advances in molecular neuroscience, the pathogenic mechanisms of CGRP in migraine have begun to be elucidated. This paper discusses the hypothesized role of CGRP in migraine and reviews recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of this neuropeptide in migraine pathophysiology. Studies in cultured trigeminal neurons demonstrate that CGRP is released from trigeminal ganglia cells, that CGRP transcription is increased under conditions mimicking neurogenic inflammation, that migraine pharmacotherapies can both reduce CGRP release and inhibit CGRP transcription, and that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an endogenous inflammatory mediator implicated in migraine, can stimulate CGRP transcription. Together, the results suggest that, in migraine, activation of trigeminal nerves release CGRP and other peptides that cause the release of proinflammatory mediators. These mediators further increase CGRP synthesis and release over hours to days in correspondence with the 4- to 72-hour duration of a typical migraine episode. The increased CGRP synthesis and release might be mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, which, in turn, can be modulated by endogenous inflammatory substances such as TNF-α and affected by drugs such as sumatriptan.
Silicon epitaxy in nanoscale for photovoltaic applications

Nanostructures provide novel opportunities of studying epitaxy in nano/mesoscale and on nonplanar substrates. Epitaxial growth of silicon (Si) on the surfaces of Si nanowires along radial direction is a promising way to prepare radial p-(i)-n junction in nanoscale for optoelectronic devices. Comprehensive studies of Si radial epitaxy in micro/nanoscale reveal that morphological evolution and size-dependent radial shell growth rate for undoped and doped Si radial shells. Single crystalline Si radial p-i-n junction wire arrays were utilized to fabricate photovoltaic (PV) devices. The PV devices exhibited the photoconversion efficiency of 10%, the short-circuit current density of 39 mA/cm 2 , and the open-circuit voltage of 0.52 V, respectively.
The effect of surface energy on the heat transfer enhancement of paraffin wax/carbon foam composites

The influence of carbon foam surface energy on heat transfer through paraffin wax/carbon foam composite was investigated. Carbon foam samples were surface treated and their corresponding surface energy values were measured. A theoretical model was formulated to analyze the mass of paraffin wax absorbed for both pristine and surface activated carbon foam samples based on the concept foam wettability. An experimental study was carried out for heating of the wax/carbon foam composite samples to study the phase change heat transfer due to the melting of wax within the foam matrices. The above studies showed that a greater mass of wax was absorbed within the activated carbon foam samples as compared to the pristine sample which can be due to their greater wettability. This resulted in an improvement in heat transfer rate for the activated samples. The total energy storage rate for the activated composite samples was compared with the pristine sample for the same heating duration and an enhancement of more than 18% was observed for the two activated samples. These studies revealed that the surface energy of carbon foams can play an important role in improving the overall thermal performance of wax/carbon foam composites.
Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with histopathology in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C).

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an asymptomatic cardiac disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the right ventricular myocardium and often results in sudden cardiac death. ARVD/C diagnosis includes the assessment of fatty infiltration, which can be achieved noninvasively with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The standard CMR protocol places the signal-generating coil directly on the anterior chest wall and produces a nonspecific high intensity signal that obscures the high signal from fatty infiltration. The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing the coil-to-chest distance would improve identification of fatty infiltration. Thoraces from seven embalmed cadavers were imaged on a conventional 1.5 Tesla CMR scanner using the control protocol and an experimental protocol, with a 6 cm coil-to-chest distance. A representative axial MR image and corresponding gross section of the heart were analyzed in each case. Fatty infiltration was graded in a blinded fashion on the MR images with independent histopathologic assessment. In five of the seven cases, the experimental protocol provided a correlation between CMR and histopathology that was as good as or better than the control protocol. The experimental protocol was also better in preventing false positive diagnosis in cases of minimal infiltration. Thus, the experimental protocol showed a stronger correlation with histopathology than did the control protocol. Increasing the distance between the anterior surface coil and chest wall may improve classification of presence or absence of fatty infiltration in the right ventricular myocardium, potentially improving the noninvasive detection of ARVD/C with CMR. Clin. Anat. 19:44–50, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Logical truth in modal languages: reply to Nelson and Zalta

Does general validity or real world validity better represent the intuitive notion of logical truth for sentential modal languages with an actuality connective? In (Philosophical Studies 130:436–459, 2006) I argued in favor of general validity, and I criticized the arguments of Zalta (Journal of Philosophy 85:57–74, 1988) for real world validity. But in Nelson and Zalta (Philosophical Studies 157:153–162, 2012) Michael Nelson and Edward Zalta criticize my arguments and claim to have established the superiority of real world validity. Section 1 of the present paper introduces the problem and sets out the basic issues. In Sect. 2 I consider three of Nelson and Zalta’s arguments and find all of them deficient. In Sect. 3 I note that Nelson and Zalta direct much of their criticism at a phrase (‘true at a world from the point of view of some distinct world as actual’) I used only inessentially in Hanson (Philosophical Studies 130:436–459, 2006), and that their account of the philosophical foundations of modal semantics leaves them ill equipped to account for the plausibility of modal logics weaker than S5. Along the way I make several general suggestions for ways in which philosophical discussions of logical matters–especially, but not limited to, discussions of truth and logical truth for languages containing modal and indexical terms–might be facilitated and made more productive.
Space and time-frequency couplings in ultrashort laser pulses and their rigorous relations

We present rigorous study of space-time/frequency couplings in ultrashort-pulses. We use representations in various domains, identify couplings in each domain and derive explicit relations between different couplings. Our formalism provides very intuitive understanding of ultrashort-pulses.
Buserelin in a superovulatory regimen for Holstein cows. I. Pituitary and ovarian hormone response in an experimental herd

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with frequent blood sampling in standard superovulatory regimens using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF) to study the effects of the gonadotropin releasing hormone analog, Buserelin, on changes in FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P 4 ) and estradiol (E 2 ). In Experiment I, Buserelin (20 μg) was administered to a total of 28 dry Holsteins. One group was treated with Buserelin 36 and 60 h after PGF administration, a second group was treated 60 h after PGF, and a third group served as the controls. In Experiment II, 30 dry Holsteins received Buserelin (10 μg). One group was treated 48 h after PGF, a second group at 54 h after PGF, a third group 24 h after estrus was first observed and a fourth group was a control. The general pattern of a decrease in P 4 following PGF, an increase in E 2 , the onset of estrus, an LH peak, and finally, an increase in P 4 in superovulated cows was observed. Buserelin consistently produced a sharp LH peak at 36 h when given 36 h after PGF. At later intervals, it produced either a major or minor peak depending upon whether a spontaneous LH peak had already occurred. There was too much individual cow variation in the interval from PGF to a spontaneous LH peak to consistently induce a uniform LH peak, except when Buserelin was given 36 h after PGF, which may be early for normal oocyte maturation. There was no treatment effect on FSH, and embryo recovery rate was unaffected by treatment (P>0.05).
Ukrainian political parties and foreign policy in election campaigns: Parliamentary elections of 1998 and 2002

Abstract The foreign policy agendas of Ukrainian political parties participating in parliamentary elections are among the important factors of influence on Ukrainians voting in favor or against. There is a positive correlation between the preferences of Ukrainian voters and the foreign policy orientations of the political parties as expressed in their electoral platforms. Even if it is not likely that in general foreign policy plays a dominant role in the average citizen's voting decisions, it is, nevertheless, very relevant in the context of Ukrainian politics. In this article it is demonstrated that the use of foreign policy issues is a part of the overall electoral strategy of Ukrainian political parties.
The organization of a multilist-type associative memory

The use of an addressable memory for an associative memory provides a flexibility which it is more difficult to achieve with a memory having associative features built into the hardware. One way to do this is to organize the information in the multilist structure which is the subject of this paper. This scheme has other advantages, such as very high efficiency of information retrieval in large and complex files, which can now be performed in real time.
Effect of herpes simplex virus type-1 on growth of oral cancer in an immunocompetent, orthotopic mouse model

Herpes simplex virus type-1 has been proposed as an agent for the treatment of oral cancer. Experiments were designed to test its effectiveness in an animal model that had a high level of similarity to the human disease. The mouse oral cancer cell line, AT-84, was implanted at an orthotopic site--the base of the tongue--into syngeneic, immunocompetent C3H mice. As expected, tumors invaded the musculature of the tongue, eroded the mandible, and metastasized to the lungs. To obtain a suitable strain of HSV-1 for therapy we screened 17 fresh clinical isolates and selected one that grew to a high titer in vitro. The mouse tumors were then treated by injection of HSV-1 at a titer of 10(9) plaque-forming units/milliliter. To prolong the anti-tumor effect some mice were also given cyclophosphamide, hydrocortisone, or a second injection of virus. To find the importance of bystander killing of tumor cells, some mice were given virus with ganciclovir. A reduction in tumor volume for a limited period was seen after treatment by HSV-1, and was increased by a second injection of virus or by the administration of cyclophosphamide. Ganciclovir negated the anti-tumor effect. Virus was detectable in the tumors for up to 7 days, and loss of virus coincided with the time at which growth of tumors resumed. The mortality of the mice varied up to around 50%. It appears that (1) a non-attenuated strain of HSV-1 can inhibit the growth of an aggressive malignant oral tumor, but only to a limited extent and (2) inhibition depends on the ability of the virus to replicate in the tumor. It is suggested that mutations in the virus will be necessary to prevent mortality, but must be designed carefully so as not to reduce the virulence of the virus.
The constitution of matter: Existence of thermodynamics for systems composed of electrons and nuclei

We establish the existence of the infinite volume (thermodynamic) limit for the free energy density of a system of charged particles, e.g., electrons and nuclei. These particles, which are the elementary constituents of macroscopic matter, interact via Coulomb forces. The long range nature of this interaction necessitates the use of new methods for proving the existence of the limit. It is shown that the limit function has all the convexity (stability) properties required by macroscopic thermodynamics. For electrically neutral systems, the limit functions is domain-shape independent, while for systems having a net charge the thermodynamic free energy density is shape dependent in conformity with the well-known formula of classical electrostatics. The analysis is based on the statistical mechanics ensemble formalism of Gibbs and may be either classical or quantum mechanical. The equivalence of the microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles is demonstrated.
A Venturi microregulator array module for distributed pressure control

Pressure-driven flow control systems are a critical component in many microfluidic devices. Compartmentalization of this functionality into a stand-alone module possessing a simple interface would allow reduction of the number of pneumatic interconnects required for fluidic control. Ideally, such a module would also be sufficiently compact for implementation in portable platforms. In our current work, we show the feasibility of using a modular array of Venturi pressure microregulators for coordinated droplet manipulation. The arrayed microregulators share a single pressure input and are capable of outputting electronically controlled pressures that can be independently set between ±1.3 kPa. Because the Venturi microregulator operates by thermal perturbation of a choked gas flow, this output range corresponds to a temperature variation between 20 and 95°C. Using the array, we demonstrate loading, splitting, merging, and independent movement of multiple droplets in a valveless microchannel network.
Temperature dependence of sound attenuation in impure metals.

Temperature dependence of the sound-attenuation coefficient in an impure metal arising from inelastic electron scattering is investigated. We consider the electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions, as well as the electron-magnon interaction in a ferromagnetic metal, as processes of inelastic electron scattering. The interference effects between inelastic electron scattering and the elastic electron-impurity scattering, together with the weak-localization effect, are taken into account.
Mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon adsorption on soil

(…) In this study, the sources of DOC adsorption on two proposed waste-site soils are defined, and the chemical mechanisms operative during the adsorption process are specified. Adsorption isotherms for the two soils determined at constant pH, ionic strength (I), and temperature indicated that DOC adsorption increased with increasing soil profile depth. Different adsorption capacities were exhibited by the two soils, however, which was related to their contrasting indigenous organic matter contents and mineralogies. (…)
The Feeling Word Game: A Tool for Both Teaching and Therapy.

Learning to identify, label, and share feelings is an important ingredient of healthy personal, social, and family functioning. The Feeling Word Game provides a lively, creative context for these tasks. The game consists of 110 colorful cards, each of which displays an emotional descriptor. Divided into two levels of difficulty, the cards can be used in a variety of therapeutic ways with individuals, couples, groups, and families. A creative counselor need not be limited by the six variations of play that are suggested in the game bag; innovative variations are encouraged.
The ALog: Inexpensive, Open‐Source, Automated Data Collection in the Field

A consistent problem in field measurements is that they are often too sparse, too infrequent, and too expensive. These are, of course, connected: scientific budgets are being squeezed at the same time as we increasingly recognize nonlinear interactions and nonlocal phenomena that defy simple statistics in our understanding of nature. While some advances in data logging technology have been made, by and large, automated field data collection still involves heavy, expensive equipment that is programmed in proprietary languages and connects primarily to branded sensors that can cost several times the amount of a generic equivalent.
Ambulatory pulse oximetry as a clinical aid for the diagnosis and treatment response of radiation pneumonitis

Abstract Purpose Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is a clinical diagnosis, with no single best method of detection currently available. This study evaluated whether a decline between resting (rPO) and ambulatory (aPO) pulse oximetry (PO) levels after concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) can serve as a clinical aid in diagnosing and evaluating treatment response of grade 2-3 RP. Methods and materials Between March 2007 and November 2013, rPO and aPO values were obtained from 55 patients immediately after definitive thoracic RT and at each subsequent visit, for up to 4 visits. Median values of the decline from rPO to aPO were compared between those with and without subsequent RP. A logistic regression model was used to determine an association between a drop in PO and, independently, clinically defined RP. Results RP was identified in 19 of 55 patients, with a median time to diagnosis of 56 days after RT. Twelve patients (22%) were diagnosed with grade 2 RP and 7 (13%) with grade 3 RP. According to a Wilcoxon rank sum test, the median calculated drop between rPO and aPO was greater in RP patients than in those without RP (median 4.21 and 1.01, respectively; P P =.0014). After initiation of treatment with a corticosteroid, the mean difference in PO drop was compared with patients' baselines and demonstrated a statistically significant improvement, with peak PO value recovery after 2 weeks of corticosteroid therapy ( P =.0001). Conclusions Patients diagnosed with RP demonstrated an early, measurable drop between rPO and aPO that was detected at or before diagnosis. Consequent recovery in PO followed treatment with corticosteroids. PO measurements are cost-effective and readily available, and they can be a valuable tool to aid in diagnosing RP and gauging treatment response.
Effect of Catheter-Based Renal Denervation on Morning and Nocturnal Blood Pressure Insights From SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan

Abstract— High nighttime and early morning blood pressure (BP) have been associated with greater risk for cardiovascular events than high clinic or daytime BP. BP is typically highest in the rising hours, when morning activities typically begin. We examined the effect of renal denervation on morning (6:00–8:59 AM), daytime (9:00 AM–8:59 PM), and nighttime (1:00–5:59 AM) ambulatory BP. Patient data from 2 prospective, randomized controlled trials of patients with treatment-resistant, uncontrolled hypertension, one conducted in a US population (Renal Denervation in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension [SYMPLICITY HTN-3]) and the other in a Japanese population (SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan [HTN-Japan]), were analyzed. Patients in SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and HTN-Japan were prescribed a similar number of baseline antihypertensive medications (5.2±1.4 versus 4.9±1.6, P =0.28), but the classes prescribed and changes in prescription varied by study. Among patients treated with renal denervation, although the number of ablation treatments were similar in both studies (11.2±2.8 versus 11.5±1.9, P =0.55), patients in SYMPLICITY HTN-3 were less likely to receive at least 1 four-quadrant ablation treatment (25% versus 82%, P P P =0.02) but not daytime systolic BP (−7.2±16.2 versus −6.4±18.6 mm Hg, P =0.67). This same trend was observed in the pooled analysis with HTN-Japan. Reduction of BP during these high-risk periods might provide cardiovascular protection in drug-resistant hypertensive patients, although this will need to be proved in future randomized trials. Clinical trial registration— URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifiers: NCT01418261 (SYMPLICITY HTN-3) and NCT01644604 (HTN-Japan).
Max-plus eigenvector representations for solution of nonlinear H/sub /spl infin// problems: basic concepts

The H/sub /spl infin// problem for a nonlinear system is considered. The corresponding dynamic programming equation is a fully nonlinear, first-order, steady-state partial differential equation (PDE), possessing a term which is quadratic in the gradient. The solutions are typically nonsmooth, and further, there is nonuniqueness among the class of viscosity solutions. In the case where one tests a feedback control to see if it yields an H/sub /spl infin// controller, the PDE is a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. In the case where the "optimal" feedback control is being determined as well, the problem takes the form of a differential game, and the PDE is, in general, an Isaacs equation. The computation of the solution of a nonlinear, steady-state, first-order PDE is typically quite difficult. In this paper, we develop an entirely new class of methods for obtaining the "correct" solution of such PDEs. These methods are based on the linearity of the associated semigroup over the max-plus (or, in some cases, min-plus) algebra. In particular, solution of the PDE is reduced to solution of a max-plus (or min-plus) eigenvector problem for known unique eigenvalue 0 (the max-plus multiplicative identity). It is demonstrated that the eigenvector is unique, and that the power method converges to it. An example is included.
Analytical solutions to two matrix Riemann-Hilbert problems

Two matrix Riemann-Hilbert problems derived from boundary-value problems in the kinetic theory of gases are solved analytically.
Barriers to Integration in the Mississippi Delta: Could Charter Schools Be the New Vehicle for Desegregation?

This study explored the barriers to educational integration in the rural Mississippi Delta region. In Delta County, 1 students have generally been divided between a black public school and an all white private academy. An earlier study (Eckes, 2005) revealed that white parents in Delta County chose not to send their students to the traditional public school because they perceived greater discipline problems, less challenging academics, and fewer extracurricular opportunities ("the barriers"). The black parents, however, were choosing not to send their children to the private academy because it did not, in fact, offer greater educational opportunity. Black parents contended that the three articulated barriers were actually euphemisms for racism. In this current case study, the researcher sought to learn whether a new high-performing charter school, where the three harriers were not present, would encourage racial integration in Delta County. Specifically, the new public charter school offered parents a third option in addition to the private academy and public school. Through interviews and observations, the current case study explored whether the barriers articulated by white parents in the earlier study were simply rhetoric. The current study found that white parents were still not choosing the charter school, even though no barriers were present.
The Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study: design and baseline characteristics of participants

Background: The evidence for a potential benefit of antioxidant vitamins and folic acid in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention is derived from laboratory, clinical, and observational epidemiological studies but remains inconclusive. Large-scale randomized trials with clinical end points are necessary to minimize confounding and provide unbiased estimates of the balance of benefits and risks, yet data from such trials are scarce, especially among women. Methods: The Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study (WACS) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing whether antioxidant vitamins and a folic acid/vitamin B6/vitamin B12 combination prevent future cardiovascular events among women with preexisting CVD or ≥3 CVD risk factors. This paper describes the design of the trial and baseline characteristics of participants, evaluates the success of randomization, and addresses the generalizability of future findings. Results: In a factorial design, 8171 U.S. female health professionals age...
Una Vida Sana!: An interprofessional service-learning outreach project in an underserved Latino population

Abstract Service-learning has become a required or strongly encouraged component in many health care professional curricula; however, interprofessional patient-care service-learning opportunities may be limited. Una Vida Sana ! (UVS) was developed as a service-learning project aimed to meet a community need in the local Latino population while also providing an authentic service-learning opportunity for health care professional students. The service-learning project was developed and implemented in collaboration with many community partners, including the Office of Multicultural Affairs, an interpreter training program, a free clinic, a Spanish lay health promoter program, and faith-based organizations. Health screenings (including blood glucose, blood pressure, and body mass index) and education, event site selections, event flow, student trainings, and the free clinic referral process were developed and implemented as a part of the project. Community participant screening data, student hours, and student perceptions were tracked during the outreach events for the first year of the project. A total of 45 health care professional students completed 225 hours of service-learning while screening 130 participants during four events. The majority of participants were Latino, with 62% having at least one abnormal screening value, and 10% referred to the partnering free clinic. Themes from student feedback indicated learning about working with an underserved community and interpreters.
Extra-articular reconstructive surgery for combined anterolateral-anteronnedial rotatory instability:

The knees of 14 patients (12 male and 2 female) were treated surgically by extra-articular reconstruction for combined an terolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Healing and re habilitation required approximately 8 months after the opera tions. Only after adequate rehabilitation, including return of full confidence, were the patients released to full activity (al though contact sports are not recommended). Of the group, 12 patients returned for follow-up evaluations and one returned a questionnaire. One patient was lost to follow-up. One patient did not return to full activity because in the 3rd month post operatively, he stepped in a hole while jogging, reinjured his knee, and refused further surgery. The functional improvement in this series by our extra-articular procedure (a combination of an anteromedial capsulorrhaphy and pes transfer medially with Ellison's modification of an iliotibial band rerouting and partial biceps advancement laterally) compares favorably with the reported anterior cru...
Building a Caring Client Relationship and Creating a Quilt: A Parallel and Metaphorical Process

The process of designing a quilt became a metaphor of developing a caring relationship for a nursing student as she came to understand caring theory and its application to practice. A clinical experience combined with reflective journaling and aesthetic expression in the form of a quilt gave the student a way of understanding and concretizing a relationship. With quilts representing comfort, warmth, and expression, the student saw a parallel with the nursing profession with its essence in caring. Houses are the main visual element in the quilt because house or home is important to the human spirit and was a key issue in this caring relationship. The 10 houses illustrate Jean Watson’s carative factors and the role Watson’s theoretical perspective played in the caring relationship. The human-like figures, the caring spirits, represent the nursing profession, and the colored squares symbolize the energy of caring.
Physical habitat attribute mediates biotic resistance to non-indigenous species invasion

A soft-shelled non-indigenous clam, Nuttallia obscurata, has invaded coastal soft-sediment habitats of the northeastern Pacific. In a survey of 35 sites within the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA, Nuttallia was found almost exclusively in sandy substrates, higher in the intertidal than most native clams (>1 m above mean lower low water). The distinctive distribution of Nuttallia suggested that tidal height and sediment composition may be important physical factors that control its refuge availability, regulating its exposure to predation and ultimately the success of its invasion. I tethered Nuttallia for 24 h in the high intertidal where it is typically found and in the low intertidal at an elevation where it was never found. Clams restrained to the surface suffered high mortality from crab predation at both tidal heights, whereas control clams with unrestricted burrowing movement exhibited high mortality rates only in the low intertidal. In a second experiment, I transplanted sediment within and between the two intertidal heights to measure effects of tidal height and sediment type on survival and burial depth of Nuttallia. At both tidal heights all clams placed on mud-cobble substrate, naturally common in the low intertidal, suffered high mortality rates (>60% in 24 h). Nuttallia on loosely packed sand substrate, naturally found in the upper intertidal, survived much better, however, because they buried deeper than in the tightly packed mud. Caged control clams at both tidal heights suffered no mortality. Apparently native predators are mitigating community level impacts of an invader by excluding Nuttallia completely from some beaches with improper sediment characteristics or relegating it in others to a zone not often inhabited by native species, thereby reducing potential competitive interactions. These findings show that a physical habitat characteristic can mediate biotic resistance to an invader and thus control invasion success and community-level impacts. Generally, such physical-biological interactions may explain some of the reported site-to-site variability in invasion success, as well as the patchy distribution of many soft-sediment infaunal species.
A real-time neural system for color constancy

A neural network approach to the problem of color constancy is presented. Various algorithms based on Land's retinex theory are discussed with respect to neurobiological parallels, computational efficiency, and suitability for VLSI implementation. The efficiency of one algorithm is improved by the application of resistive grids and is tested in computer simulations; the simulations make clear the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithm. A novel extension to the algorithm is developed to address its weaknesses. An electronic system that is based on the original algorithm and that operates at video rates was built using subthreshold analog CMOS VLSI resistive grids. The system displays color constancy abilities and qualitatively mimics aspects of human color perception. >
Voting Power in Federal Systems: Spain as a Case Study

Spain occupies a prominent position in the teaching of comparative politics. It is a paradigmatic example of a successful transition to and consolidation of democracy, as well as an intriguing study in constitutional development, federalism, and a host of other topics. I have found that it is particularly useful when discussing electoral systems and representation.
Nonlinear evolution of small disturbances into roll waves in an inclined open channel

This paper concerns the asymptotic behaviour (for the limiting case of small amplitudes) of small disturbances as they evolve in time to produce the quasi-steady pattern of roll waves first discussed by Dressler in 1949. Roll waves exist if F, the undisturbed Froude number (dimensionless speed) of the flow, exceeds 2, and consist of a periodic pattern of bores separating two special continuous solutions of the governing equations in a uniformly translating frame. The mathematical problem is rather interesting as solutions of the linearized equations are unstable for F > 2. Thus, it is crucial to account for the cumulative effect of small nonlinearities to obtain a correct description of the flow over long times. We concentrate on the weakly unstable problem (0 < F - 2 < 1) and use multiple scale expansions to derive the dominant evolution equation that governs the solution behaviour for long times. This turns out to be an integro-partial differential equation of first order that we solve numerically in conjunction with the jump condition that follows from the exact bore conditions. We present asymptotic and numerical results for periodic as well as isolated initial disturbances, and show that our theory predicts the solution accurately for both the transient and quasi-steady phases.
The physical principles of Doppler and spectral analysis

The Doppler effect provides an ultrasonic method for the detection of echoes from moving structures, particularly flowing blood. In its most simple form, the continuous wave Doppler offers velocity information without depth resolution and is therefore used mainly for the examination of superficial structures. The pulsed Doppler, in combination with real-time imaging, provides a more flexible tool for the interrogation of selected sites in an ultrasound image for motion and flow. The recent development of Doppler flow imaging, in which limited Doppler information is displayed over an entire ultrasound image, usually in color and in real-time, promises to secure the association between Doppler and conventional ultrasound imaging techniques. Spectral analysis permits features of the Doppler signal to be identified which are associated with hemodynamic phenomena, such as flow disturbance and wave reflection. In addition, it allows the quantitative application of Doppler to the estimation of such physiological variables as velocity, flow rate, and pressure difference.
Teaching A Robot By Hand Motion

The use of special gloves fltqed with sensors Is now emerglng as a new man-machlne Interface method. Such devlces can also be useful In controlling robot manlpulators. Glove sensors provlde a convenlent m ethod for recurdlng operator hand trajectorles as Well as grasping polnts and pressure. When the robot is equipped with a multiflngered grasplng device, the use of a glove yields a natural teaching mechanlsm. This paper dlscusses the glove as a robot teaching tool and presents an educational experlment In the guldance ot a robot manlpulator by operator hand motlon.
Binding of Serum Mannan Binding Lectin to a Cell Integrity-Defective Cryptococcus neoformans ccr4Δ Mutant

Mannan binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune mediator belonging to the collectin family known to bind to the surfaces of many viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, pathogenic strains of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans are resistant to MBL binding. To dissect the mechanism of cryptococcal resistance to MBL, we compared MBL binding to an encapsulated wild-type strain, an encapsulated ccr4Delta mutant defective in cell integrity, and an acapsular cap60Delta strain. No MBL binding was detected on wild-type C. neoformans. In contrast, the ccr4Delta mutant bound MBL to the cell wall, predominantly at the ends of enlarged buds, whereas the acapsular strain bound MBL only at the bud neck and bud scars. In addition, the ccr4Delta mutant was sensitive to the cell wall-active antifungal caspofungin and other cell wall stress inducers, and its virulence was reduced in a mouse model of cryptococcosis. Interestingly, treatment of wild-type cells with caspofungin also increased MBL binding to C. neoformans. These results suggest that both the presence of capsule and wild-type cell wall architecture preclude MBL binding to C. neoformans.
Site-Specific Recombination Using PhiC31 Integrase

The integrase from phage φC31 of Streptomyces bacteria is an attractive recombinase for use in generating transgenic organisms and developing gene and cell therapeutic strategies. In nature, φC31 integrase mediates integration by interacting with specific sites in the phage and bacterial genomes. When applied to eukaryotes, φC31 integrase provides efficient unidirectional recombination between its own attB and attP sites or between an attB site on an incoming plasmid and a native genomic pseudo attP site that resembles attP. To date, the φC31 system has been used to generate stable transgenic organisms from multiple species, including plants, insects, and vertebrates. The features of the φC31 system also make it particularly amenable to therapeutic strategies. φC31 integrase has been used in potential therapies for numerous genetic diseases including hemophila, muscular dystrophy, and skin disorders. Additionally, the φC31 system has recently been used to modify human embryonic stem cells and to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. The φC31 system can also be combined with other recombinases to create advanced genome engineering strategies. In the future, the use of φC31 integrase may facilitate the development of new gene and cell therapies, as well as the generation of targeted transgenic organisms.
Comparative Analysis of Packet and Trigger Waves Originating from a Finite Wavelength Instability

The finite wavelength instability generates trigger and packet waves in an extended three-variable Brusselator-type model. The trigger waves account for experimentally observed stacking (shock) structures and acceleration of oncoming waves before collision observed in the Belousov−Zhabotinsky system. Packet waves exhibit specular reflection from surfaces. The mouth of a narrow tube connected to a broader region acts as a semitransparent mirror for packet waves leaving the tube, with a coefficient of transparency that depends on the tube radius.
Do medical cannabis laws encourage cannabis use

Medical cannabis is a contentious issue in the United States, with many fearing that introduction of state laws will increase use among the general population. The present study examined whether the introduction of such laws affects the level of cannabis use among arrestees and emergency department patients. Using the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring system, data from adult arrestees for the period 1995-2002 were examined in three cities in California (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose), one city in Colorado (Denver), and one city in Oregon (Portland). Data were also analysed for juvenile arrestees in two of the California cities and Portland. Data on emergency department patients from the Drug Abuse Warning Network for the period 1994-2002 were examined in three metropolitan areas in California (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco), one in Colorado (Denver), and one in Washington State (Seattle). The analysis followed an interrupted time-series design. No statistically significant pre-law versus post-law differences were found in any of the ADAM or DAWN sites. Thus, consistent with other studies of the liberalization of cannabis laws, medical cannabis laws do not appear to increase use of the drug. One reason for this might be that relatively few individuals are registered medical cannabis patients or caregivers. In addition, use of the drug by those already sick might "de-glamorise" it and thereby do little to encourage use among others.
Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: an investigation of positional and event-type differences

OBJECTIVE: There exists a need to better understand the biomechanical forces associated with head impacts in American football. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not differences in head accelerations existed between different player positions and different event types in collegiate football. We also sought to identify whether or not any associations existed between high-magnitude impacts and location of head impacts. METHODS: We conducted a prospective field study in which accelerometers were embedded in the football helmets of 72 collegiate football players. Linear accelerations of all head impacts sustained over the course of the 2005 and 2006 National Collegiate Athletic Association football seasons were collected. One-way analyses of variance and chi tests of association assessed positional, event type, and location of head impact differences. RESULTS: Football players consistently sustained head impacts between 21 and 23 g. Positional differences were identified within our sample. Impacts sustained during helmets-only practices were greater than those sustained in games or scrimmages. There was an association between position and high-magnitude impacts, as well as between high-magnitude impacts and location of head impact, with the likelihood of impacts to the top of the head much higher than those to the front, back, left, and right sides. CONCLUSION: Less than 0.35% of impacts exceeding theoretical injury thresholds resulted in concussion. More injury data are required before any theoretical thresholds for injury can be confirmed. Coaches and sports medicine professionals should recognize that head impacts sustained in helmets-only practices are as severe as games or scrimmages; there seem to be no "light" days for football players. Language: en
Flexible Backup Supply and the Management of Lead‐Time Uncertainty

We consider replenishment decisions for a constant rate demand environment from a supplier with uncertain lead times. We study the potential use of a flexible backup supplier as an emergency response to accurate lead-time information arriving at (or close after) the beginning of the demand interval and well after an original order with the stochastic lead-time supplier has been placed. The emergency response decisions involve whether to order and how much from the flexible backup supplier, with the objective of minimizing the cost of meeting demand. We derive the optimal emergency-response policy and clearly outline its implications on the optimized safety lead time of the original order placement and on the cost of meeting demand. We examine the impact on the use of the flexible backup supplier of factors like the arrival time of accurate lead-time information and the response lead time of the backup supplier. We further study the potential benefits of the use of the flexible backup supplier in a dual role: as one of the two suppliers in a redundant supply system assigned to originally meet the demand and as an emergency response to later-arriving lead-time information. Our numerical studies illustrate the benefits from the use of the flexible backup supplier as an emergency response, but for reasonable purchase premiums and short lead times of flexible backup supply options, their use in a dual (regular and emergency response) role often leads to improved performance over safety lead-time single and uncertain lead-time supplier-replenishment strategies. The benefits of the backup supply options are accentuated the higher the lead-time uncertainty of the stochastic lead-time supplier is.