cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic youth at high risk for developing bipolar disorder.

Objective: To determine if divalproex sodium was superior to placebo in the treatment of symptomatic youths who suffer from a bipolar spectrum disorder and who also have a parent with a diagnosis of a bipolar illness. Method: Youths, ages 5 to 17 years, meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) or cyclothymia who also had at least 1 biological parent with bipolar illness were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive treatment with either divalproex sodium or placebo for up to 5 years. Study participation ended if the subject required additional clinical intervention, if the patient developed treatment-related adverse events, or if the participant was not adherent with study procedures. The primary outcome measure was time to study discontinuation for any reason. The study was conducted from August 1997 to April 2003. Results: Fifty-six youths with a mean (SD) age of 10.7 (3.1) years were randomly assigned and received either divalproex sodium (N = 29) or placebo (N = 27). In spite of statistical power of 80% to detect hazard ratios of 2.2 or larger, the treatment groups did not significantly differ in survival time for discontinuation for any reason (p = .93) or discontinuation due to a mood event (p = .55). Changes in mood symptom ratings and psychosocial functioning from baseline to study discontinuation did not differ between groups (most significant p >.14). However, both groups did show improvements in mood symptoms and psychosocial functioning over time (all p values <.002). One patient, from the placebo group, ended study participation due to an adverse event. Conclusion: These results suggest that, although well tolerated, divalproex sodium does not produce clinically meaningful improvements in the treatment of symptomatic youths suffering from either bipolar NOS or cyclothymia who are at genetic risk for developing bipolar disorder.
Seed dispersal by specialist versus generalist foragers: the plant's perspective

I examined the seed dispersal ecology of the stem parasitic plant, desert mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum, Viscaceae), with the objectives of (1) determining the relative effectiveness of specialist and generalist foragers for seed dispersal, (2) determining the extent to which desert mistletoe fruiting characteristics correspond to those predicted for plants attracting specialist versus generalist foragers, and (3) examining the potential consequences of the observed dispersal strategy for mistletoe reproduction. Three species of birds, phainopepla, Gila woodpecker, and northern mockingbird, fed on desert mistletoe at my study site. The specialist, phainopepla, was the most abundant and the most likely to perch in host species, where defecated seeds had a greater probability of lodging in a site suitable for establishment. Gila woodpeckers, although abundant, spent little time in host plants, thus dooming most of the seeds they consumed. Mockingbirds may disperse a small number of seeds, but were abundant enough to consume only a small portion of the available fruits. As expected for plants attracting specialist frugivores, mistletoes produced fruits throughout the 6-month season in which phainopeplas reside in the Sonoran desert. Contrary to expectation, numbers of fruits produced far exceeded the amount that could be consumed by the frugivores at my study site. Fruit crop size was positively related to absolute fruit removal, but not to proportional removal at the scale of the entire study site. However, crop size was positively related to proportional removal within the neighborhood of mistletoes occupying an individual host tree. Frugivores were attracted to infected hosts; host attractiveness increased, although proportional removal of fruit declined, with number of female mistletoes. The observed dispersal ecology of desert mistletoe suggests the likelihood of increasingly clumped distributions of mistletoe plants, as more and more seeds are deposited on previously infected hosts, and increased density of mistletoes attract ever more visits by birds. I observed no decline in vigor, in terms of fruit production, within the levels of infestation at my study site. The seed dispersal strategy of desert mistletoe thus includes aspects of that expected both for plants dependent on specialists and those dependent on generalists. Fruits are available through the entire season to maintain the specialist. Production far exceeds that expected, but serves to attract the specialist within a neighborhood of vigorously fruiting conspecifics.
Sampling Characteristics of Enclosure Fish Traps

Abstract Traps that enclose quickly a known area of water, enclosure traps, appear to be effective devices for sampling small fishes in shallow marshes. Three trap designs, a 1-m2 drop trap, a 1-m2 throw trap, and a 2.25-m2 throw trap, were compared. The drop trap was inferior in sampling accuracy and precision and in ease of use. The two throw traps had similar sampling characteristics, but the larger, 2.25-m2, trap required a larger field crew and more time to sample a unit area than did the smaller throw trap. The precision of the 1-m2 throw trap in the Everglades was such that 20 or fewer samples were required in nearly 75% of the sampling situations. The trap had an accuracy of about 73% of true fish density. It showed no bias against particular fish species, but a bias against fish larger than 20 mm occurred in one of three tests. Their precision, accuracy, and logistical efficiency make small throw traps useful for some studies of fishes in shallow marshes.
Multicast transport protocols: a survey and taxonomy

Network support for multicast has triggered the development of group communication applications such as multipoint data dissemination and multiparty conferencing tools. To support these applications, several multicast transport protocols have been proposed and implemented. Multicast transport protocols have been an area of active research for the past couple of years. This article summarizes the activities in this work-in-progress area by surveying several multicast transport protocols. It also presents a taxonomy to classify the surveyed protocols according to several distinct features, discusses the rationale behind the protocol's design decisions, and presents some current research-issues in multicast protocol design.
INO80 Facilitates Pluripotency Gene Activation in Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal, Reprogramming, and Blastocyst Development

The master transcription factors play integral roles in the pluripotency transcription circuitry of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). How they selectively activate expression of the pluripotency network while simultaneously repressing genes involved in differentiation is not fully understood. Here, we define a requirement for the INO80 complex, a SWI/SNF family chromatin remodeler, in ESC self-renewal, somatic cell reprogramming, and blastocyst development. We show that Ino80, the chromatin remodeling ATPase, co-occupies pluripotency gene promoters with the master transcription factors, and its occupancy is dependent on OCT4 and WDR5. At the pluripotency genes, Ino80 maintains an open chromatin architecture and licenses recruitment of Mediator and RNA polymerase II for gene activation. Our data reveal an essential role for INO80 in the expression of the pluripotency network and illustrate the coordination among chromatin remodeler, transcription factor, and histone-modifying enzyme in the regulation of the pluripotent state.
Effect of hafnium incorporation on the crystallization and mechanical behavior of a Zr-based bulk amorphous alloy

Abstract The crystallization and mechanical behavior of a hafnium-containing bulk amorphous alloy (Hf28.35Zr28.35Cu15.3Ni12.5Nb5.0Al10.0Y0.5) was investigated and compared with a Hf-free alloy (Zr56.7Cu15.3Ni12.5Nb5.0Al10.0Y0.5) to understand the role of hafnium. Although the overall behavior of both alloys has similarities both in the as-received and heat-treated states, details of the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties are influenced by the incorporation of hafnium. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results for the hafnium-containing alloy showed a glass transition at 440 °C and three exothermic peaks at 511, 559, 664 °C which correspond to primary and secondary crystallization. The increase in glass transition and the first crystallization temperature, compared to the Hf-free alloy, indicates stabilization of the amorphous state. Samples were heat-treated at various temperatures to examine the crystallization of various intermetallic phases. The phases were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the sizes varied between 100 and 200 nm, as observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), for samples heat-treated at 700 and 800 °C. The Vickers microhardness increased with heat-treatment from 5.2 to 7.2 GPa. Quasi-static compression tests showed decrease in failure stresses from 1843 MPa (as-received) to 994 MPa (heat-treated at 535 °C). The failure stress increased to 1661 MPa for the sample heat-treated at 800 °C, similar to the Hf-free alloy. Fracture morphologies changed from typical vein-type in as-received samples to smooth facets in heat-treated samples indicating embrittlement. Failure mechanism changes from shear banding in the as-received amorphous samples to void formation and coalescence in the heat-treated samples.
WHAT ARE VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES, AND WHAT CAN THEY REALLY DO?.

Vessel traffic services, referred to as VTS systems, are being used in many ports and waterways worldwide as a means to reduce operational and environmental risk in marine transportation. These objectives are achieved principally by providing information, rather than by following the aviation model of traffic control. Recent tanker accidents that caused major pollution incidents have precipitated public calls for expansion of VTS operations, including direct traffic control. This paper describes VTS operational concepts from the perspective of a former VTS director and provides a model for implementing VTS systems. It also examines the applicability and feasibility of passive and active measures that can be used by shore-based traffic regulators to prevent marine incidents and accidents in varying operational situations.
Anomalous Hardening of Submicron Porous Silver at High Strain Rates

Microscratch hardness measurements were conducted on porous silver membranes using a sphero-conical Rockwell indenter over a strain rate range of 10 -1 -10 + 4 s -1 . At high strain rates, the porous silver has a strain-rate sensitivity of hardness that is enhanced in comparison to its dense counterpart. The enhancement is found to increase for strain rates greater than 10 +2 s -1 wherein strain rate exponents are measured as high as 0.25. The increase appears attributable to the free volume available for deformation within the porous structure. This result represents up to a five-fold increase in the exponent value in comparison to tensile tests conducted at strain rates less than 10 -1 s -1 .
First report of the aberrant association of branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on blue crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA

. This is the first article of branchiobdellidans on blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, in Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA. The ectosymbionts consisted of sympatric populations of Cambarincola mesochoreus and Cambarincola pamelae living on the ventral body surface and in the gill chambers of blue crabs. The occurrence of branchiobdellidans in the upper bay region was documented at ten sites during August and late September 2003. Branchiobdellidans were found on blue crabs following a rainy summer when salinity levels fell below 3 ppt. The blue crabs move into the freshwater estuaries during the summer, where they enter the habitats of crayfishes; however, the mechanism of transfer from one crustacean host to another is not known.
On Saint-Venant¿s principle in the dynamics of elastic beams

Abstract In dynamics, Saint-Venant’s principle of exponential decay of stress resulting from a self-equilibrating load is not valid. For a beam type structure, a self-equilibrated load may penetrate well inside the beam. Although this effect has been known for a long time, at least since Lamb’s paper [Proc. Roy. Soc. Lon. Ser. A 93 (1916) 114], it was not clear how to characterize it quantitatively. In this paper we propose a “probabilistic approach” to evaluate the magnitude of the penetrating stress state. The key point is that, in engineering problems, the distribution of the self-equilibrated load is usually not known. By assigning to the self-equilibrated load some probabilistic measure one can find probabilistic characteristics of the penetrating stress state. We develop this reasoning for the simplest case: longitudinal vibrations of a two-dimensional semi-infinite, elastic isotropic homogeneous strip, excited by a periodic load at the end. We show the frequency range where Saint-Venant’s principle can be used with good accuracy, and thus, one-dimensional classical beam theory still can be applied. We characterize also the increase in this range which is achieved in the refined plate theory proposed by Berdichevsky and Le [J. Appl. Math. Mech. (PMM) 42 (1) (1978) 140].
p53-inducible DHRS3 Is an Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Associated with Lipid Droplet Accumulation *

The transcription factor p53 plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis as it relates to cellular growth, proliferation, and metabolism. In an effort to identify novel p53 target genes, a microarray approach was utilized to identify DHRS3 (also known as retSDR1) as a robust candidate gene. DHRS3 is a highly conserved member of the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily with a reported role in lipid and retinoid metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that DHRS3 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that is shuttled to the ER via an N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum targeting signal. One important function of the ER is synthesis of neutral lipids that are packaged into lipid droplets whose biogenesis occurs from ER-derived membranes. DHRS3 is enriched at focal points of lipid droplet budding where it also localizes to the phospholipid monolayer of ER-derived lipid droplets. p53 promotes lipid droplet accumulation in a manner consistent with DHRS3 enrichment in the ER. As a p53 target gene, the observations of Dhrs3 location and potential function provide novel insight into an unexpected role for p53 in lipid droplet dynamics with implications in cancer cell metabolism and obesity.
A Modified Working Set Paging Algorithm

The working set paging algorithm is known to be highly efficient, yet has the disadvantage that during changes of locality large numbers of pages are accumulated in memory Unnecessarily. The author proposes a modification of the working set algorithm called the damped working set(DWS)algorithm which resists sudden expansion of working set size and exhibits far greater stability in the number of page frames-allocated to an active process. Program address traces are analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the DWS algorithm.
Biomass yield, nitrogen response, and nutrient uptake of perennial bioenergy grasses in North Carolina

Abstract Although perennial grasses show considerable potential as candidates for lignocellulosic bioenergy production, these crops exhibit considerable variation in regional adaptability and yield. Giant miscanthus ( Miscanthus × giganteus Greef & Deuter), Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. ‘Gracillimus’ and MH2006, plume grass ( Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.), ravenna grass ( Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.), switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L. ‘Alamo’), and giant reed ( Arundo donax L.) field plots were established in 2008, treated with four nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 34, 67, 134 kg ha −1 y −1 ), and harvested annually in winter from 2008 to 2011. Giant reed, ‘Gracillimus’, switchgrass, MH2006, giant miscanthus and ravenna grass at the Mountain site produced mean dry matter yields of 22.8, 21.3, 20.9, 19.3, 18.4, and 10.0 Mg ha −1 y− 1 , respectively (averaged over the last two years). Dry matter yields at the Coastal site for giant reed, giant miscanthus, switchgrass, ravenna grass, and ‘Gracillimus’ were 27.4, 20.8, 20.1, 14.3, and 9.4 Mg ha −1 y −1 , respectively (averaged over the last two years). Increasing N rates up to 134 kg N ha −1 did not have a consistent significant effect on biomass production. High yields coupled with high mortality for plume grass at both sites indicates its potential as a bioenergy crop and need for continued improvement. Overall, the perennial grasses in this study had low nutrient removal, although giant reed and plume grass often removed significantly more N, P, K and S compared with Miscanthus spp. and switchgrass. Our results indicate that giant reed, giant miscanthus, and switchgrass are productive bioenergy crops across geographic regions of North Carolina.
Constructing verified and reliable communications processing systems

A comprehensive methodology that has been developed for constructing verifiably reliable and secure computing systems is summarized. The methodology can be applied to many different kinds of systems, but is specifically oriented toward communications processing systems. The methodology is a system of methods for attaining total system reliability and is based on constructing verified software and highly reliable hardware. The methodology has been formulated by bringing a diversity of advanced research concepts to bear on the real problems of communications systems. This has led to the development and integration of* program specification methods* program proof methods* program validation methods* a program design language* a program design system* hardware designs to support verified software* hardware reliability analysis and enhancement methods into a coherent methodology for constructing verifiably reliable and secure systems. The methodology has been successfully applied to the experimental design of a secure message switching system structured as a packet-switched computer network.
Complex cooperative functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans shape nervous system development in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The development of the nervous system is a complex process requiring the integration of numerous molecular cues to form functional circuits. Many cues are regulated by heparan sulfates, a class of linear glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides. These sugars contain distinct modification patterns that regulate protein–protein interactions. Misexpressing the homolog of KAL-1/anosmin-1, a neural cell adhesion molecule mutant in Kallmann syndrome, in Caenorhabditis elegans causes a highly penetrant, heparan sulfate–dependent axonal branching phenotype in AIY interneurons. In an extended forward genetic screen for modifiers of this phenotype, we identified alleles in new as well as previously identified genes involved in HS biosynthesis and modification, namely the xylosyltransferase sqv-6, the HS-6-O-sulfotransferase hst-6, and the HS-3-O-sulfotransferase hst-3.2. Cell-specific rescue experiments showed that different HS biosynthetic and modification enzymes can be provided cell-nonautonomously by different tissues to allow kal-1-dependent branching of AIY. In addition, we show that heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins that carry the heparan sulfate chains act genetically in a highly redundant fashion to mediate kal-1-dependent branching in AIY neurons. Specifically, lon-2/glypican and unc-52/perlecan act in parallel genetic pathways and display synergistic interactions with sdn-1/syndecan to mediate kal-1 function. Because all of these heparan sulfate core proteins have been shown to act in different tissues, these studies indicate that KAL-1/anosmin-1 requires heparan sulfate with distinct modification patterns of different cellular origin for function. Our results support a model in which a three-dimensional scaffold of heparan sulfate mediates KAL-1/anosmin-1 and intercellular communication through complex and cooperative interactions. In addition, the genes we have identified could contribute to the etiology of Kallmann syndrome in humans.
A Catholic perspective on organ sales.

In this article, I address the issue of the sale of human organs and the moral implications of a market in human organs under the aegis of Christian Bioethics. I argue that moral issues of this kind cannot be adequately addressed from the point of view of moral frameworks which point exclusively to procedural norms. Rather, a moral perspective must embody some substantive norms derived from a particular content-full moral or theological perspective. The substantive norms to which I appeal in this article are those of Roman Catholicism. The most important sources cited include the works of Pius XII (1956) and the works of John Paul II (1985 and 1991). The conclusion reached is that not only is it morally permissible for Catholics to participate in a market in organ sales but it may also be prudent public policy.
Garnering Grantee Buy-In on a National Cross-Site Evaluation: The Case of ConnectHIV:

Grantees on national projects are often required by their funders to take part in evaluation activities. While the requirement can encourage compliance, grantees can feel overburdened and disempowered with their evaluation experience. Evaluators in a national cross-site evaluation utilized multiple strategies for obtaining buy-in of participating grantees: (1) an initial evaluation needs assessment to foster a collaborative partnership and inform a plan for capacity building; (2) an ‘evaluation summit’ to facilitate input on the evaluation framework and cross-site measures, encourage relationship-building and evaluation ownership; (3) an Evaluation Advisory Committee to further on-going input and negotiations on evaluation methods and measures; (4) tailored and timely evaluation technical assistance to build capacity and promote peer exchange; and (5) integration of technology (PDAs) to alleviate data collection burden and improve data quality. Use of these methods increased overall grantee trust in the e...
Catatonia on the consultation-liaison service: a replication study.

Objective:The aim of this study is to identify the frequency, presentation, identification, treatment recommendations and outcome of patients with catatonia in the general hospital setting.Method:All patients seen on a consultation-liaison (C-L) service over a six-month period were screened prospectively for catatonic disorders. Research and DSM-IV criteria for catatonic disorder were applied. Treatment and outcome were naturalistic.Results:Five (1.6%) of 297 patients met restrictive criteria for catatonic disorder. Data were extracted from medical charts. Case reports are presented to reflect the diagnosis and treatment. Extensive medical treatment was required in most cases and most had an unfavorable outcome.Conclusion:Catatonia is infrequent but underrecognized in medical-surgical settings. The C-L clinician should screen for catatonic signs in order to diagnose and treat patients with the catatonic disorders.
On Learning to Trust the Unexpected: Toward a Systematic Apologetic for Evolvable Hardware

Evolvable hardware (EH) has been described as a composition of reconfigurable hardware and a learning algorithm that optimizes configurations according to predefined operational requirements. EH, to be most effective, requires its users to surrender significant amounts of design authority to an automated process. Even though EH has shown significant promise in creating novel designs, working engineers often show reluctance in relying on them. Understanding the causes of such reluctance is a necessary step toward constructing cogent arguments for the adoption of EH methods in practice. In this paper, we attempt to examine some of the roots of observed reluctance and construct some preliminary arguments to counter it
Segmental anatomy of cerebellar arteries: a proposed nomenclature. Laboratory investigation.

Object The conceptual division of intracranial arteries into segments provides a better understanding of their courses and a useful working vocabulary. Segmental anatomy of cerebral arteries is commonly cited by a numerical nomenclature, but an analogous nomenclature for cerebellar arteries has not been described. In this report, the microsurgical anatomy of the cerebellar arteries is reviewed, and a numbering system for cerebellar arteries is proposed. Methods Cerebellar arteries were designated by the first letter of the artery's name in lowercase letters, distinguishing them from cerebral arteries with the same first letter of the artery's name. Segmental anatomy was numbered in ascending order from proximal to distal segments. Results The superior cerebellar artery was divided into 4 segments: s1, anterior pontomesencephalic segment; s2, lateral pontomesencephalic segment; s3, cerebellomesencephalic segment; and s4, cortical segment. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery was divided into 4 segments:...
Weekly Topotecan: An Alternative to Topotecan's Standard Daily × 5 Schedule?

Relapsed ovarian cancer and small cell lung cancer are frequently treated with topotecan (Hycamtin ® ), for which the standard dose and schedule are 1.5 mg/m 2 daily for five consecutive days every 3 weeks. Clinical experience has shown that this dose and schedule may be too toxic for some patients, especially those who have been heavily pretreated with platinum-based therapeutics, and it has been suggested that starting doses of topotecan be reduced to 1.01.25 mg/m 2 /d. Recently, multiple clinical trials have begun to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary antitumor activity of an alternative schedule based on weekly administration of topotecan. The potential benefits of weekly administration include not only reduced toxicity without significant compromise of antitumor activity, but also greater patient convenience and quality of life and greater potential for developing new topotecan-containing combination therapies. This report reviews the rationale for a weekly schedule, as well as a growing base of emerging clinical data. These preliminary data suggest that weekly topotecan is active; further evaluations are planned to confirm the activity and therapeutic index and to determine optimal dosing of a weekly schedule. The Oncologist 2002;7:324-330
How should sperm antibody tests be used clinically

: Immunoglobulin-specific assays are currently available for detection of patients with antibody-mediated infertility. Care must be taken in insuring that the correct immunoglobulin class is assayed, the assay is directed to the possible interaction of antibodies and sperm in the male or female genital tract, and the antigen employed will not detect antibodies against antigens not found on the plasma membrane of living sperm.
Motivation and Concerns for Online Sport Consumption

The purpose of this study was to propose and test a conceptual model of online sport consumption motivation and concerns when using the Internet for sport information and shopping. The proposed model is based on current conceptualization of motivation and concerns when using the Internet. The proposed model consists of five types of motivation (i.e., convenience, information, diversion, socializa tion, and economic) and four types of concern (i.e., security and privacy, delivery, product quality, and customer service). To test this model, the scale of motivation for online sport consumption was developed. A structural equation model test with a convenience sample of 222 sports participants supported the conceptualization of motivation and concerns. Motivation positively influenced sport fans’ actual usage of sport-related Web sites, but no significant path coefficient was found from concerns to motivation and actual usage. Given these results, implications for future research and practice are discussed. The Internet is a rapidly growing medium for shopping and information
Basic principles of thermal dosimetry and thermal thresholds for tissue damage from hyperthermia

This paper is one of several in this Special Issue of the International Journal of Hyperthermia that discusses the current state of knowledge about the human health risks of hyperthermia. This special issue emanated from a workshop sponsored by the World Health Organization in the Spring of 2002 on this topic. It is anticipated that these papers will help to establish guidelines for human exposure to conditions leading to hyperthermia. This comprehensive review of the literature makes it clear that much more work needs to be done to clarify what the thresholds for thermal damage are in humans. This review summarizes the basic principles that govern the relationships between thermal exposure (temperature and time of exposure) and thermal damage, with an emphasis on normal tissue effects. Methods for converting one time-temperature combination to a time at a standardized temperature are provided as well as a detailed discussion about the underlying assumptions that go into these calculations. There are few in vivo papers examining the type and extent of damage that occurs in the lower temperature range for hyperthermic exposures (e.g. 39-42 degrees C). Therefore, it is clear that estimation of thermal dose to effect at these thermal exposures is less precise in that temperature range. In addition, there are virtually no data that directly relate to the thermal sensitivity of human tissues. Thus, establishment of guidelines for human exposure based on the data provided must be done with significant caution. There is detailed review and presentation of thermal thresholds for tissue damage (based on what is detectable in vivo). The data are normalized using thermal dosimetric concepts. Tables are included in an Appendix Database which compile published data for thresholds of thermal damage in a variety of tissues and species. This database is available by request (contact MWD or PJH), but not included in this manuscript for brevity. All of the studies reported are for single acute thermal exposures. Except for brain function and physiology (as detailed in this issue by Sharma et al) one notes the critical lack of publications examining effects of chronic thermal exposures as might be encountered in occupational hazards. This review also does not include information on the embryo, which is covered in detail elsewhere in this volume (see article by Edwards et al.) as well as in a recent review on this subject, which focuses on thermal dose.
Involvement of folic acid in the synthesis of membrane-associated nucleotide sugars by normal and transformed mouse fibroblasts

A plasma-membrane-containing fraction isolated from Swiss mouse (3T3) fibroblasts was found to contain uridine diphosphate sugars and methyl-uridine diphosphate (mUDP) sugars. The synthesis of the mUDP sugars by membrane preparations of normal and transformed 3T3 cells occurred from the intrinsic membrane uridine-diphosphate sugars + methylenetetrahydrofolic acid. Compared to the normal 3T3 cells, the synthesis of mUDP sugars by the transformed 3T3 cells was reduced by 49%. It is proposed that the plasma-membrane-associated mUDP sugars may be essential for normal cell growth.
Formation of a Neurosensory Organ by Epithelial Cell Slithering

Epithelial cells are normally stably anchored, maintaining their relative positions and association with the basement membrane. Developmental rearrangements occur through cell intercalation, and cells can delaminate during epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and metastasis. We mapped the formation of lung neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), innervated clusters of neuroendocrine/neurosensory cells within the bronchial epithelium, revealing a targeted mode of cell migration that we named "slithering," in which cells transiently lose epithelial character but remain associated with the membrane while traversing neighboring epithelial cells to reach cluster sites. Immunostaining, lineage tracing, clonal analysis, and live imaging showed that NEB progenitors, initially distributed randomly, downregulate adhesion and polarity proteins, crawling over and between neighboring cells to converge at diametrically opposed positions at bronchial branchpoints, where they reestablish epithelial structure and express neuroendocrine genes. There is little accompanying progenitor proliferation or apoptosis. Activation of the slithering program may explain why lung cancers arising from neuroendocrine cells are highly metastatic.
Aspartame consumption: lack of effects on neural function

Food additives have rarely been examined using neurochemical methodology for their effect on the nervous system. Often the blood-brain barrier was assumed to provide impenetrable protection, and effects on the brain were undetectable from animal behavior or brain histopathology studies. However, direct or indirect influences of nutritional elements on processes in the central nervous system can be significant, although sometimes subtle, just as nutritional deficiencies can have significant effects. Aspartame is unusual in that its possible central nervous system effects have been studied extensively-all food additives should undergo such rigorous testing. The recent studies are reviewed here. Aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester) is a sweetener that is now in wide and frequent use. It was discovered by chance over 25 years ago and was first used as a food additive 13 years ago. Numerous studies have been made on various aspects of this compound, and the extensive literature includes observations on its absorption, metabolism, taste, structural analogs, effects on nutrition, etc. Much of the literature was summarized and discussed in the book Aspartame, ~ published in 1984. Because of the continuing interest and the large number of reports, additional reviews of aspartame studies have been published, -~ " and a recent book discusses many aspects of the effects of phenylalanine (including aspartame-derived phenylalanine) on the nervous system2 Several reviewers have raised concerns in regard to potential or anecdotal interactions? " Although brain function is well protected from the influence of nutritional variations, as demonstrated by the tolerance of the brain to the diversity of the human diet, it has become increasingly evident that it is necessary to examine the effects
The employment interview: A review of current studies and directions for future research

Abstract The employment interview continues to be a prevalent device used by organizations and a popular topic of study among researchers. In fact, over 100 new articles have been published since Posthuma, Morgeson and Campion's [Posthuma, R. A., Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2002). Beyond employment interview validity: A comprehensive narrative review of recent research and trends over time. Personnel Psychology, 55, 1–81] review that are selectively examined and critiqued. During this timeframe, three main areas that have received considerable research attention are discussed: (1) understanding why “structured” interviews predict, (2) examining the constructs interviews may measure, and (3) investigating the applicant and interview factors that may affect the interview process. Despite advances made in our knowledge of employment interviews, numerous ideas for future research are advanced. Three key areas that deserve immediate research attention are: (1) establishing a common model and measurement of interview structure, (2) focusing on what constructs could be or are best measured, and (3) formulating consistent definitions, labeling and measurement of applicant factors. In this way, employment interview research can be advanced.
Neutral Antibodies to the TSH Receptor Are Present in Graves’ Disease and Regulate Selective Signaling Cascades

TSH receptor (TSHR) antibodies (Abs) may be stimulating, blocking, or neutral in their functional influences and are found in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, especially Graves' disease (GD). Stimulators are known to activate the thyroid epithelial cells via both Gs- and Gq-coupled signaling pathways, whereas blockers inhibit the action of TSH and may act as weak agonists. However, TSHR neutral Abs do not block TSH binding and are unable to induce cAMP via Gsα. The importance of such neutral Abs in GD remains unclear because their functional consequence has been assumed to be zero. We hypothesized that: 1) neutral TSHR Abs are more common to GD than generally recognized; 2) they may induce distinct signaling imprints at the TSHR not seen with TSH itself; and 3) these signaling events may alter cellular function. To evaluate these hypotheses, we first confirmed the presence of neutral TSHR Abs in sera from patients with GD and then, using mouse and hamster neutral TSHR monoclonal Abs (N-mAbs) performed detailed signaling studies, including a proteomic Ab array, with rat thyrocytes (FRTL-5) as targets. This allowed us to examine a battery of signaling cascades and their downstream effectors. Neutral TSHR Abs were indeed frequently present in sera from patients with GD. Sixteen of 27 patients (59%) had detectable neutral TSHR Abs by competition assay with N-mAbs. On examining signaling cascades, we found that N-mAbs induced signal transduction, primarily via the protein kinase A II cascade. In addition to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3K/Akt, N-mAbs, unlike TSH, had the ability to exclusively activate the mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 S6K, nuclear factor-κB, and MAPK-ERK1/2/p38α signaling cascades and their downstream effectors p90 ribosomal kinase/MAPK-interacting kinase-1/mitogen and stress-activated kinase-1 and N-mAbs activated all forms of protein kinase C isozymes. To define the downstream effector mechanisms produced by these signaling cascades, cytokine production, proliferation, and apoptosis in thyrocytes were investigated. Although N-mAbs produced less cytokines and proliferation compared with TSH, they had the distinction of inducing thyroid cell apoptosis under the experimental conditions used. When dissecting out possible mechanisms of apoptosis, we found that activation of multiple oxidative stress markers was the primary mechanism orchestrating the death signals. Therefore, using oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, N-mAbs may be capable of exacerbating the autoimmune response in GD via apoptotic cells inducing antigen-driven mechanisms. This may help explain the inflammatory nature of this common disorder.
Electronic Properties of Modified CuGaSe2 Solar Cells

We report on the electronic properties of the state-of the art surface-modified CuGaSe2 solar cells. We compare between the 10.2%-efficient surface-modified and the 9.53%-efficient unmodified CuGaSe2 solar cells. We examined our cells using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and drive level capacitance profiling (DLCP). The DLTS data for the modified CGS exhibits minority traps with activation energies ranging from Ec — 0.3 to Ec — 0.6 eV, whereas that for the pure CGS exhibits minority traps with activation energies ranging from Ec — 0.06 to Ec — 0.1 eV (where Ec is the energy of electrons at the conduction band minimum). While varying the filling pulse duration, we observed the gradual increase in the amplitude of the DLTS signal for these states until it apparently saturates at a pulse duration of ˜1s for the 10.2% cell, and 0.05 s for the 9.53% cell. Increasing the duration of the filling pulse also results in broadening of the DLTS signals and shifting of the maximum of these signals towards lower temperature, whereas the high-temperature sides coincide. Using a model that allows us to distinguish between bandlike states and localized ones based on the dependence of the shape of their DLTS-signal on the filling-pulse duration, we relate the electron trap to bandlike states. The DLCP data shows that the 10.2% cell has a lower carrier concentration, a more uniform defect density profile, a larger depletion width, and a higher drift collection length for photo-generated carriers as compared to our 9.53% CuGaSe2 cell. We also recorded the transient capacitance versus time and found that the 10.2% has responded differently compared with the 9.53% one. The transient capacitance decay curves for these two cells are different.
Preexisting High Frequencies of Memory CD8+ T Cells Favor Rapid Memory Differentiation and Preservation of Proliferative Potential upon Boosting

Summary Memory CD8 + T cell quantity and quality determine protective efficacy against reinfection. Heterologous prime boost vaccination minimizes contraction of anamnestic effectors and maximizes memory CD8 + T cell quantity but reportedly erodes proliferative potential and protective efficacy. This study exploited heterologous prime boost vaccination to discover parameters regulating effector CD8 + T cell contraction and memory differentiation. When abundant memory T cells were established, boosting induced only 5–8 cell divisions, unusually rapid memory T cell differentiation as measured by phenotype and mitochondrial bioenergetic function, long-lived survival of 50% of effector T cells, and preservation of proliferative potential. Conversely, boosting in situations of low memory CD8 + T cell frequencies induced many cell divisions, increased contraction of effector cells, and caused senescence, low mitochondrial membrane potential, and poorly protective memory. Thus, anamnestic memory T cell differentiation is flexible, and abundant quantity can be achieved while maximizing protective efficacy and preserving proliferative potential.
Structural equations and causation

Structural equations have become increasingly popular in recent years as tools for understanding causation. But standard structural equations approaches to causation face deep problems. The most philosophically interesting of these consists in their failure to incorporate a distinction between default states of an object or system, and deviations therefrom. Exploring this problem, and how to fix it, helps to illuminate the central role this distinction plays in our causal thinking.
Lipid synovial effusion unique occurrence in systemic lupus erythematosus

A patient who had systemic lupus erythematosus developed an acute synovitis symptomatically resembling septic arthritis: however, the synovial effusion was chylous, a unique occurrence. Significant differences, quantitatively and qualitatively, between the lipids of the blood and those of the synovial fluid suggested the possibility of synthesis of the lipids in synovial tissues.
Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus

This article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similarities and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. The authors posit that the primary difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is the focus of the leader. The transformational leader's focus is directed toward the organization, and his or her behavior builds follower commitment toward organizational objectives, while the servant leader's focus is on the followers, and the achievement of organizational objectives is a subordinate outcome. The extent to which the leader is able to shift the primary focus of leadership from the organization to the follower is the distinguishing factor in classifying leaders as either transformational or servant leaders. This article also looks at the next stage of developmental issues in servant leadership, such as the challenges facing empirical investigation and measurement, and the changes that are occurring in current thinking about the servant leadership approach. Ultimately, the case is made that although different, both transformational leadership and servant leadership offer the conceptual framework for dynamic leadership.
College Preparation and Participation: Reports from Individuals Who Have Speech and Mobility Disabilities

In this qualitative research study, nine individuals with mobility and speech disabilities reported on their experiences preparing for and participating in postsecondary education. Topics discussed include choosing a college, support from mentors and family members, self-determination, accessibility and accommodations, academic and social aspects of college, current activities and outcomes.
Psychoanalytic conceptions of the meaning of work.

(1965). Psychoanalytic Conceptions of the Meaning of Work. Psychiatry: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 324-333.
THE EARTH'S GASEOUS HYDROSPHERE AS A NATURAL RESOURCE

Consideration is given to the desirability of regarding the water vapor of the atmosphere as a resource for the extraction of fresh liquid water by artificial means. One method for doing this, previously proposed by the writers, is analyzed from the standpoint of simple dynamic calculations, using actual meteorological data taken in the Middle East and the Gulf of Mexico. Various problems and design features of the scheme are discussed in the light of climatological factors and of meteorological physics. The necessity of much preliminary study is stressed, in order to increase the probability of success of an initial experimental unit. Due to the importance of cost considerations, ways of decreasing the minimum necessary size of the device proposed are considered for incorporation as design features. In effect the method may be looked upon as the generation by artificial means of a captive and controlled miniature rainstorm. In certain special arrangements it may also be regarded as a means for the desalinization of sea water.
Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for the Treatment of venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer: A Review of the Literature

Objective: To evaluate the literature on use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer for the first 3-6 months of anticoagulant therapy. Data Sources: A preliminary literature search of PubMed (1966-May 2009) was performed, using the MeSH database when possible, with the terms venous thromboembolism, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, neoplasm, vitamin K antagonist, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All studies published in English with data describing the safety and/or efficacy of LMWH in subjects with cancer for the first 3-6 months of anticoagulant therapy for VTE were included. Data Synthesis: Five studies that met the above criteria were identified. When compared with vitamin K antagonists, LMWH therapy decreased recurrent VTE in subjects with cancer. Many of these studies had important limitations, including open-label design, relatively short duration, ineffective LMWH dosing, and small sample size. Conclusions: The studies analyzed support the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines' recommendation for the use of LMWH for the first 3-6 months of anticoagulant therapy for VTE in patients with cancer. Specifically, in clinical trials, tinzaparin and dalteparin have demonstrated increased efficacy compared with vitamin K antagonists.
Upregulation of inositol transport mediates inositol accumulation in hyperosmolar brain cells

Attempts to understand brain volume regulation have been greatly hampered by the structural complexity of the mammalian central nervous system, indicating a need for the investigation of cultured b...
Christodemocracy Is Illiberal Because It Assumes Collective Consequences for Individual Behavior

A Christodemocratic nation-state assumes a covenant relationship with the Christian God. America, in particular, is exceptional because God played an active role in its founding. The toleration of sin threatens to provoke divine retribution. So, not only is the role of the state to enact Christian morality, the responsibilities of its leaders is to protect the nation from the collective consequences of sin.