cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiolabeled sentinel node biopsy: collaborative trial with the National Cancer Institute.

The objective of this study was to maximize the success rate of sentinel node (SN) localization in breast cancer patients with the tracer that demonstrated the highest initial success during a preliminary evaluation. Altogether, 145 patients with operable invasive breast cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes were studied. Technetium 99m (99mTc)-sulfur colloid was injected into the breast parenchyma surrounding the invasive cancer or the biopsy cavity. Variable volumes of tracer, amounts of 99mTc, and duration of time between injection and surgery were evaluated. A hand-held gamma detector was used at surgery to locate and guide resection of all radioactive sentinel nodes (SNs), including those that were extraaxillary. A conventional lymphadenectomy was then performed in all cases. Based on previous studies, unfiltered sulfur colloid provided a higher success rate of SN identification than the other tracer types. Further evaluation with 99mTc-sulfur colloid demonstrated that increased volume increased the success rate of SN identification. An injection volume of 8 ml resulted in a success rate of 98%. SNs were not exclusively located in the axilla: In 8.6% of cases SNs were removed from an internal mammary location. The overall accuracy of patients with SNs resected was 98.4%, and the false-negative rate was 4.4%. It was concluded that (1) unfiltered 99mTc-sulfur colloid at a volume of 8 ml resulted in a high success rate for SN identification; (2) a significant number of the SNs were extraaxillary in location; and (3) the accuracy of the SNs for determining whether regional metastases had occurred was high. The U.S. National Cancer Institute is funding a randomized phase III clinical trial to evaluate SN resection compared to conventional axillary lymphadenectomy in clinical node-negative breast cancer patients. Major endpoints of this trial include long-term regional control and survival.
Rapid processing of low-cost, high-efficiency silicon solar cells

Rapid and potentially low-cost processing techniques are analyzed and applied toward the fabrication of high-efficiency Si solar cells. (i) A technology that can simultaneously form the phosphorus emitter, boron BSF, andin situ oxide in a single high-temperature furnace step or: simultaneously diffused, textured, and AR coated process (STAR) is presented. (ii) A high quality screen-printed (SP) contact methodology is developed that results in fill factors of 0·785–0·790 on monocrystalline Si. (iii) Aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) formation is studied in detail to establish the process conditions that result in optimal BSF action. (iv) Screen-printing of Al conductor paste and rapid thermal processing (RTP) are integrated into the BSF procedure, and effective recombination velocities (S eff) as low as 200 cm/s are demonstrated on 2·3 Ω-cm Si with this rapid thermal processing of screen-printed contacts, Al alloyed BSF processes. (v) A novel passivation scheme consisting of a dielectric stack (plasma silicon nitride on top of a rapid thermal oxide) is developed to reduce the surface recombination velocity (S) to ≈ 10 cm/s at the 1·3 Ω-cm Si surface. The important feature of this stack passivation scheme is its ability to withstand a high-temperature anneal (700–850°C) without degradation in surface recombination velocity. This feature is critical for most current commercial processes that utilize SP contact firing. (vi) Finally, the individual processes are integrated to form high-efficiency, manufacturable devices. Solar cell efficiencies of 17% and >19% are achieved on FZ Si with SP and evaporated (photolithography) contacts, respectively.
A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part II: Application and Evaluation in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model

Abstract A new combined local and nonlocal closure atmospheric boundary layer model called the Asymmetric Convective Model, version 2, (ACM2) was described and tested in one-dimensional form and was compared with large-eddy simulations and field data in Part I. Herein, the incorporation of the ACM2 into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is described. Model simulations using the MM5 with the ACM2 are made for the summer of 2004 and evaluated through comparison with surface meteorological measurements, rawinsonde profile measurements, and observed planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights derived from radar wind profilers. Overall model performance is as good as or better than similar MM5 evaluation studies. The MM5 simulations with the ACM2 compare particularly well to PBL heights derived from radar wind profilers during the afternoon hours. The ACM2 is designed to simulate the vertical mixing of any modeled quantity realistically for both meteorological models and ...
Superior ion-exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts for selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen

Fe-ZSM-5 showed the best catalytic performance (nearly 100% N2 yield) and resistance to water vapor for selective catalytic oxidation of NH3 to N2 at a high gas hourly space velocity (2.3 × 105 h−1) among transition-metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) ion-exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts.
The credit crunch: Part II [Wireless Investor]

Innovation of any sort brings a combination of benefits and dangers. The goal of individuals, organizations, and society as a whole is to reap the benefits and control the dangers. With respect to technical innovation (i.e., advances in science and engineering) the situation is fairly clear. There is a possibility of nuclear, biological, or environmental disasters. These dangers are regulated by nation states using mechanisms that are fairly effective. Financial innovations also bring benefits and dangers. The potential for financial disasters exists, and the dangers need to be regulated. Unfortunately, some of the dangers are not well understood. Other dangers are regulated either ineffectively or not at all. The possibility for serious and widespread economic crises exists. A severe credit crunch is currently underway and has the potential to become a full-blown crisis. If a financial disaster occurs its epicenter will probably be in the United States but its impact will be felt everywhere. This column presents the first of two articles on this situation.
Error Estimation in Wind Fields Derived from Dual-Doppler Radar Measurement

Abstract Variance in horizontal and vertical winds are predicted when these components are computed from dual-Doppler velocity measurements combined with terminal velocity estimates and the continuity equation. Errors in horizontal wind magnitude and direction are shown to be functions of wind direction and speed as well as spatial location. Vertical wind could be estimated with errors less than a few meters per second up to altitudes near 14 km over a region 4d × 4d, where 2d is the radar separation. Vertical wind variance at high altitudes is related to accumulation of errors due to the integration of the continuity equation. The cause of wind variance is assumed to be uncertainty in mean Doppler velocity estimates produced by spectrum broadening mechanisms (e.g., shear, turbulence). Two interpolation methods, used to estimate Doppler velocity at common grid locations, are compared and their contribution to Doppler velocity variance reduction is calculated. Terminal velocity variance has been related to...
In Vitro Activity of Sodium Fusidate Against Anaerobic Bacteria

The microtiter broth dilution method was employed to determine the in vitro susceptibility of 525 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria to sodium fusidate. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of sodium fusidate ranged from ≤0.06 to 1.0 μg/ml for 155 strains of anaerobic gram-positive rods and 130 strains of anaerobic gram-positive cocci. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from ≤0.06 to 32 μg/ml were observed for 240 strains of anaerobic gram-negative rods. Among the latter group a minimal inhibitory concentration of 16 μg/ml or greater was encountered with 16% of 45 Bacteroides fragilis strains, 19% of 32 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , and all 7 strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum . Minimal inhibitory concentrations for Veillonella parvula , the only gram-negative coccus tested, ranged from 0.5 to 8.0 μg/ml.
Generalized convolutions on R with applications to financial modeling

We present the theory and applications for generalized convolutions on the real line. We discuss generalized stable distributions and their use in modeling financial assets returns.
A theory of the aerodynamics of the supersonic splitline gimbaled nozzle.

8 Rabinovitch, B., "Regression rates and the kinetics of polymer degradation," Proceedings of the Tench Symposium (International) on Combustion (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1965), pp. 1395-1404. 9 Smoot, L. D. and Price, C. F., "Regression rates of nonmetalized hybrid fuel systems," AIAA J. 3, 1408-1413 (1965). 10 Smoot, L. D. and Price, C. F., "Regression rates of metalized hybrid fuel systems," AIAA J. 4, 910-915 (1966). 11 Marxman, G. A., "Boundary layer combustion in propulsion," Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Berkeley, California (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., August 1966). 12 Marxman, G. A., Wooldridge, C. E., and Muzzy, R. J., "Investigation of fundamental phenomena in hybrid propulsion (U)," United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., Vol. I (U), Final Tech. Kept., Contract NOw 64-0659-c (November 1965). 13 Urbanek, R. and Mertens, J., "Investigation of fundamental phenomena in hybrid propulsion (U)," United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., Vol. II (C), Final Tech. Kept., Contract NOw 64-0659-c (November 1965). 14 Wooldridge, C. E. and Bae, W. E., "The comprehensive design of practical hybrid propulsion systems," paper presented at the ICRPG/AIAA Solid Propulsion Conference, Washington, D. C. (July, 1966). 15 Marxman, G. A. and Gilbert, M., "Turbulent boundary layer combustion in the hybrid rocket," Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1963), pp. 371-383. 16 Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, (McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 1955), Chap. XXI, p. 430. 17 Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtiss, C F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1954), Chap. 11, p. 694. 18 Searle, H. L., "Measurement of radiant heat transfer to the fuel grain surface in a hybrid rocket using thin film resistance thermometers," Aeronautical Engineer's Thesis, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. (1966). 19 Bonin, J. H., et al., "Design study of a hybrid hover motor (U)," Lockheed Propulsion Co., Redlands, Calif., Final Rept., Vol. 1 (C), Contract NAS 7-143 (January 1964). 20 Stang, P. L., et al., "Advanced throttling concepts," United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., Rept. 2073, Quarterly Technical Report I (DDC AD-349 911)-(1964). 21 Smoot, L. D., Price, C. F., and Mihlfeith, C. M., "The pressure dependence of hybrid fuel regression rates," AIAA Preprint 66-113 (January 1966). 22 Kosdon, F. and Williams, F. A., "Pressure dependence of nonmetalized hybrid fuel regression rates" (to be published in AIAA J. 5 (1967)).
Effect of ACTH, α-MSH, and β-Lipotropin on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in the Rabbit

Studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of synthetic 1–24 adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), bovine alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and ovine beta lipotropin (β-LPH) on plasma calcium and phosphate in rabbits. Equimolar concentrations of these hormones were infused intravenously in intact and thyroidectomized animals. In addition, ACTH was similarly administered to adrenalectomized rabbits. ACTH, α-MSH, and β-LPH all lowered plasma calcium and raised plasma phosphate. These changes were not prevented by prior thyroidectomy. ACTH was equally effective in inducing hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the absence of the adrenal glands, while adrenalectomy alone raised plasma calcium. From these findings we have concluded that 1) ACTH, α-MSH, and β-LPH affect phosphate as well as calcium metabolism; 2) these hormones do not act by releasing calcitonin; and 3) ACTH exerts its hypocalcemic-hyperphosphatemic effect, at least in part, independently of its trophic action on the adrenal glands. (...
Channel regulation. Ion channel control by tyrosine phosphorylation

Recent results implicate tyrosine phosphorylation in the control of ion channels and neuronal modulation.
Infectious mononucleosis with acute urinary retention

Abstract The second case of infectious mononucleosis presenting as acute urinary retention is reported. A discussion of the signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings in infectious mononucleosis is presented as well as a review of the literature pertaining to urologic complications of this disease.
The internal structures and the relative rotation rates of Uranus and Neptune

An analysis of the difference between the interior structures of Uranus and Neptune is presented, based on models which fit the observed mass, radius, and gravitational moments for the assumed rotation periods of these planets. If Uranus and Neptune are assumed to be as similar in internal structure as they are in mass and radius, the rotation period for Neptune must be shorter than that for Uranus. It is suggested that the true rotation period is given by Neptune's oblateness, while the photometric period corresponds to the motion of Rossby waves in the upper atmosphere.
Mothers of chronically ill children and perceptions of environmental variables.

Environment plays a critical role in supporting families, but the influence of the environment on families with a chronically ill child has remained relatively unexplored. This paper presents a study that examined the role of the environment in families with a chronically ill child. This study, using a secondary analysis of two existing data bases (Holaday & Turner-Henson, 1991; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980), examined the influence of selected environmental factors on mothers' perceptions of the environment as supportive, resourceful, safe, and accessible. A presentation of the study findings, as well as implications for nursing practice, is presented.
Reduction Reaction by Porphyrin-Based Catalysts for Fuel Cells

In 2007, the field of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by porphyrins was partially reviewed by Y. Kiros. The new development reported under the current review is the effect of surface state (composition) on porphyrin’s activity toward oxygen reduction in fuel cells, and the highlight of the analogue of fuel cell cathode activity and the oxygen reduction activity in nature. This field also needs a fresh look vs. its overall importance. The porphyrins themselves are moderate oxygen reduction catalysts, and their activity needs to be enhanced. In perspectives of fuel cells, the methods that are practiced and reviewed here are the use of carbon and gold support, pyrolysis and co-deposition with transition metal oxides. Reasons for the porphyrin enhancements and catalysis have been scrutinized. Although great progress has been achieved, there are still some challenges ahead (concerning the ORR mechanism on porphyrins and the activity and stability enhancement for porphyrins to meet practical applications). Therefore, exploring ORR mechanisms on porphyrin, the continuation of the characterization efforts and enhancing porphyrins catalytic performance (a paper in preparation from this group), as well achieving better catalyst durability, are major focuses for fuel cell research in the future.
Arrangements in unitary and orthogonal geometry over finite fields

Abstract Let V be an n -dimensional vector space over F q . Let Φ be a Hermitian form with respect to an automorphism σ with σ 2 = 1. If σ = 1 assume that q is odd. Let A be the arrangement of hyperplanes of V which are non-isotropic with respect to Φ, and let L be the intersection lattice of A . We prove that the characteristic polynomial of L has n − v roots 1, q ,…, q n − v − 1 where v is the Witt index of Φ.
pH-induced modification of NAD and NADH solutions detected by Raman spectroscopy

Analysis of the Raman spectra of NAD and NADH indicates that the intensity characteristic of a band at ˜ 1400 cm−1, assigned to the nicotinamide ring vibrations, demonstrates interactive effects correlated with conformational changes of NAD in basic phosphate solutions and NADH in acid phosphate solutions. The Raman lines of these dinucleotides are discussed with respect to the spectra of the individual bases and previous Raman studies of nucleotides. The data reported provide the groundwork for future application of the Raman technique to NAD and NADH reactions.
Detection of Conflicts and Inconsistencies in Taxonomy-Based Authorization Policies

The values of data elements stored in biomedical databases often draw from biomedical ontologies. Authorization rules can be defined on these ontologies to control access to sensitive and private data elements in such databases. Authorization rules may be specified by different authorities at different times for various purposes. Since such policy rules can conflict with each other, access to sensitive information may inadvertently be allowed. Another problem in biomedical data protection is inference attacks, in which a user who has legitimate access to some data elements is able to infer information related to other data elements. We propose and evaluate two strategies, one for detecting policy inconsistencies to avoid potential inference attacks and the other for detecting policy conflicts.
The peak effect, summation problem, and magnetic history in a superconducting Nb-38 at.% Hf alloy

Abstract Fluxoid pinning has been re-examined in the model system Nb-38 at.% Hf which contains small coherent or semi-coherent normal precipitates as the major pinning centres. Since the growth of the precipitates has been found to be a coarsening reaction, the pinning strength of the system could be continuously increased by increasing the precipitate size without accompanying changes in the fundamental superconductivity parameters T c and HC2. Peaks in volume pinning force, F p, developed on ageing. The temperature dependence of these peaks in F p indicated that the pinning mechanism was not a simple matching of fluxoid lattice and precipitate spacing. The scaling laws were not observed. Large magnetic history effects were observed, the occurrence of which appears to be related to the relative ‘softness’ of the fluxoid lattice. The results of the superconducting and microstructural data are compared with summation models. Plots of the specific pinning force, Q, versus the elementary interaction force, f...
Decomposition of lupine biomass by soil microorganisms in developing mount St. Helens' pyroclastic soils

Abstract Legumes like Lupinus lepidus and L. latifolius affect soil C and N concentrations and microbial activity in Mount St. Helens' pyroclastic deposits. Concentrations of total Kjeldahl-N (TKN), total organic-C (TOC) and water soluble-C (H2OC) were measured in soil from under live L. lepidus (LULE), live L. latifolius (LULA) and dead L. lepidus (DEAD), and in bare soil (BARE). Soil microbial biomass-C estimated by substrate-induced respiration (SIR-C), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and C and N mineralization from lupine biomass-amended and non-amended soils were also estimated. The greatest concentrations of TKN, TOC and SIR-C were observed near the surface. In surface soil (0–5 cm), LULA soil contained the highest concentrations of TKN, TOC and SIR-C followed by DEAD, LULE and BARE plant-soil types, respectively. The concentrations of H2OC were relatively constant among different plant-soil types and depths. Changes in qCO2 with depth varied with plant-soil type. While TOC was strongly and linearly correlated with TKN, the relationship between SIR-C and both TKN and TOC was curvilinear and suggested a carrying capacity for SIR-C of about 400 kg microbial biomass-C ha−1. In an incubation study, the patterns of cumulative net respiration were similar to those observed for TKN and TOC (i.e. LULA > DEAD > LULE > BARE). Soils amended with L. latifolius biomass had a higher rate of net N mineralization than soils amended with L. lepidus biomass. Low amounts of TOC, TKN and soluble C, together with zero net N mineralization in some amended soils, suggest that microbial communities in Mount St. Helens' soils are N limited. Competition for inorganic-N between microorganisms and plants may thus be an important controlling mechanism for succession.
Comparative stabilities of ampicillin and hetacillin in aqueous solution

Ampicillin and hetacillin in aqueous solution showed distinctive chemical alterations within 1 day. Ampicillin formed polymers which were separated according to molecular size by gel filtration on columns of an acrylamide gel. Hetacillin exhibited a rapid generation of a substance with a characteristic absorbance at 317 nm. This material was probably a penicillenic acid. A mechanism for these reactions is suggested.
Monte Carlo Bohmian Dynamics from Trajectory Stability Properties

It is shown that the quantum force in the Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics can be related to the stability properties of the given trajectory. In turn, the evolution of the stability properties is governed by higher order derivatives of the quantum potential, leading to an infinite hierarchy of coupled differential equations whose solution specifies completely all aspects of the dynamics. Neglecting derivatives of the quantum potential beyond a certain order allows truncation of the hierarchy, leading to approximate Bohmian trajectories. Use of the method in conjunction with Bohmian initial value formulations [ J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 60] gives rise to simple position-space representations of observables or time correlation functions. These are analogous to approximate quasiclassical expressions based on the Wigner or Husimi phase space density but involve lower dimensional integrals with smoother integrands and avoid the costly evaluation of phase space transforms. The lowest-order version of the truncated hierarchy can capture large corrections to classical mechanical treatments and yields (with fewer trajectories) results that are somewhat more accurate than those based on quasiclassical phase space treatments.
Effect of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate with dimethyl-sulfoxide on southern pine beetle (Col., Scolytidae) development: results of initial field tests

Initial field tests on the effects of an aqueous formulation of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (Vapam® 2 ) and dimethyl-sulfoxide treated trees on southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) brood production reveal that beetle emergence and ratios of increase are reduced in trees receiving 5.0 ml or more of the material per treatment site. Doses of 3.0 ml or less appear to increase brood production. Lesions produced in treated trees persist for several years and appear to have detrimental effects on beetle brood production even when colonization takes place up to 28 months after treatment. Although southern pine beetle brood is adversely affected by the treatment, there is little or no detrimental effect on total numbers of predators, parasitoids and other xylophilus insects
From Chasm to Conversation: Bridging Divides in Research on Adolescent Literacies

This essay book review of the Handbook of Adolescent Literacy Research and Meeting the Challenge of Adolescent Literacy: Research We Have, Research We Need is framed as an argument for dialogism and understanding across differences in the field of adolescent literacy. We focus on the contents of the two volumes by considering three key issues: sponsorship, identity, and agency. We conclude by offering possibilities for understanding the field of adolescent literacy research as a conversational domain. يتم وضع مراجعة الكتابين البحثية هذه وهما دليل الكتاب لأبحاث تعلم القراءة والكتابة الخاصة بالمراهقين والكتاب مواجهة تحدي تعلم المراهقين: الأبحاث لدينا والأبحاث التي نحتاج إليها في إطار حجة بالحوار والتفاهم عبر الاختلافات في مجال تعلم المراهقين القراءة والكتابة. إذ أننا نركز على محتويات الكتابين من حيث ثلاث مسائل رئيسية: وهي التكفل والهوية والتمكين. وننتهي بتقديم احتمالات لفهم مجال أبحاث تعلم المراهقين القراءة والكتابة كمجال مثير للجدل. 本文评论《青少年读写文化研究手册》与《迎接青少年读写文化的挑战：我们有什么研究、我们需要什么研究》这两本书，幷建议在青少年读写领域中提倡对话主义，及从各种差异中寻求相互理解。本文作者就这两本书的内容，考量三个重点：倡议者身分、身分认同及行动性。在结论中，作者提出把青少年读写文化研究理解为对话式的研究领域的可行性。 Cette revue des deux essais Manuel de la recherche sur la litteratie des adolescents et Relever les defis de la litteratie des adolescents: les recherches que nous avons, les recherches qu'il nous faudrait est structuree comme un argumentaire en faveur d'un dialogue et d'une comprehension des differences dans le champ de la litteratie des adolescents. Nous nous centrons sur le contenu des deux ouvrages sous trois angles: le financement, l'identite, l'organisation. Nous concluons en ouvrant des perspectives pour comprendre le champ de la recherche sur la litteratie des adolescents en tant que lieu d'echanges. Читателям представлен обзор двух книг Руководство для исследователей подростковой грамотности; и Как справиться с трудностями, возникающими при обучении подростков: исследования, которые есть, и исследования, которые нужны. В этом обзоре-эссе представлены доводы в пользу диалога ученых, который приведет к более глубокому взаимопониманию между всеми, кто работает на ниве подростковой грамотности. Содержание обеих книг рассматривается в трех ключевых аспектах: Кто финансирует исследования? Кто исследует? Как исследует? В заключение мы описываем, как можно перевести исследования подростковой грамотности в поле конструктивных обсуждений. Este ensayo sobre los textos Handbook of Adolescent Literacy Research y Meeting the Challenge of Adolescent Literacy: Research We Have, Research We Need se presenta como un argumento a favor del dialogo y la comprension de las diferencias en el campo de la alfabetizacion de adolescentes. Examinamos el contenido de ambos textos manteniendo presente tres temas importantes: el patrocinio, la identidad y la mediacion. Al final ofrecemos posibilidades para considerar este campo de investigacion como area de conversacion.
Seasonal Drought in the Greater Horn of Africa and Its Recent Increase during the March–May Long Rains

AbstractThis paper provides a review of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions that are associated with meteorological drought on the seasonal time scale in the Greater Horn of Africa (the region 10°S–15°N, 30°–52°E). New findings regarding a post-1998 increase in drought frequency during the March–May (MAM) “long rains” are also reported. The period 1950–2010 is emphasized, although rainfall and SST data from 1901–2010 are used to place the recent long rains decline in a multidecadal context. For the latter case, climate model simulations and isolated basin SST experiments are also utilized.Climatologically, rainfall exhibits a unimodal June–August (JJA) maximum in west-central Ethiopia with a generally bimodal [MAM and October–December (OND) maxima] distribution in locations to the south and east. Emphasis will be on these three seasons. SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans show the strongest association with drought during OND in locations having a bimod...
Assessment of developmental toxicity: neuropsychological batteries.

Assessment of change in behavioral functioning in children as a function of neurotoxicity is not a trivial undertaking. Psychological tests, widely (though erroneously) considered to be the "gold s...
Effects of hydralazine on cardiac performance in infants receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

To determine the effects of afterload reduction on cardiac performance during partial cardiopulmonary bypass, we administered hydralazine to infants who were either normotensive (n=11) or hypertensive (n=12) 1 hour after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was begun. Load-dependent and load-independent measures of cardiac performance and indexes of cerebral blood flow were measured. Infants in both groups had similar weight, heart rate, blood pressure, and inotropic support before ECMO. Shortening fraction was normal in both groups before ECMO (47±11% vs 49±10%; p ≥0.05), decreased during ECMO (31±18% vs 39±12%; p ≥0.05), and did not change after administration of hydralazine (31±12% vs 37±8%; p ≥0.05). Cardiac output was normal in both groups before ECMO (176±71 vs 157±72 ml/kg per minute; p ≥0.05), decreased during ECMO (120±80 vs 105±64 ml/kg per minute; p ≥0.05), and did not change after hydralazine administration. Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, an index of contractility (circumference per second), was normal in both groups before ECMO (1.96±0.57 vs 1.90±0.43 circ/sec; p ≥0.05), decreased during ECMO (1.18±0.83 vs 1.56±0.58 circ/sec; p ≥0.05), and did not change after hydralazine administration. The relationship between velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and wall stress was similar in both groups before ECMO, during ECMO, and after hydralazine administration. The cerebral blood flow resistance index was similar in both groups before ECMO (0.70±0.16 vs 0.70±0.20; p ≥0.05), decreased during ECMO (0.45±0.13 vs 0.43±0.09; p ≥0.05), and did not change after administration of hydralazine. We conclude that hydralazine does not improve cardiac performance during ECMO.
Lipid modified polyelectrolyte microcapsules with controlled diffusion

The lipid coating introduced directly on (polystyrene sulfonate/polyallylamine hydrochloride)5 polyelectrolyte microcapsule surfaces significantly reduces the permeability of capsule walls estimated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
Design of a natural laminar flow wing for a transonic corporate transport

Two- and three-dimensional computational methods were used to design a wing for a transonic corporate transport that had significant runs of laminar flow on both upper and lower wing surfaces at the cruise condition. The airfoil was derived from a low-speed laminar-flow section. The contour was systematically modified based on results from a two-dimensional transonic code to give favorable pressure gradients to 50-percent chord on the upper surface and 65-percent chord on the lower surface. Three-dimensional transonic codes were used to determine the wing twist and to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of the complete configuration at various flight conditions. A leading-edge modification for improved stall characteristics was also designed. The theoretical pressure distributions for the final airfoil correlated well with results from wind-tunnel tests.
Arterial PaCO2 during chronic hyperthermia in sheep.

This study was undertaken to determine if the decrease in PaCO2 and the concomitant increase in pHa seen during acute (less than 24 h) hyperthermia in all mammals was modified when the hyperthermia was maintained for periods longer than 1 day. Catheters were placed in the descending aortas of anesthetized ewes (pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, i.v.). After recovery from the surgery, arterial blood samples were drawn daily during a 7 day control period and an 8 day period of continuous hyperthermia. In all animals PaCO2 decreased and remained low during the entire hyperthermic period. PaCO2 (torr) and Tr (degrees C) were inversely correlated by the equation: PaCO2 = - 6.08 Tr + 267.8 (r = 0.84). There was an initial alkalosis with hyperthermia, however pH tended to decrease after the fifth day of hyperthermia. Calculated bicarbonate decreased during hyperthermia. The evidence suggested that when body temperature was increased in sheep, PaCO2 was maintained at a lower value. The low PaCO2 value was maintained independent of changes in pHa.
Fractal transmission in a hybrid RF and wireless optical link: a reliable way to beam bandwidth in a 3D-global grid

Radio Frequency (RF) communications are generally reliable and well understood but cannot support emerging data rate needs unless they use a large portion of the precious radio spectrum. Free Space Optical (FSO) communications offer enormous data rates but operate much more at the mercy of the environment. The perennial limitations of FSO communications are manifested in the channel attributes of scintillation (optical turbulence) and path obscurations. Both phenomena reduce the availability of the optical channel to support reliable communications. Since RF paths are relatively immune to the same phenomenology, combining the attributes of a high data rate but bursty link (FSO) with the attributes of a low data rate (by comparison) but reliable link (RF) could yield attributes better than either one alone: high availability with high data rates. This paper is based on a recently devised system that uses ultra-short pulses of laser light that provide greater bandwidth and improved reliability over conventional optical wireless links. The approach uses a technique called "Fractal Modulation", which is a form of Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM), to produce wavelets that can co-exist in a signal channel without interference, and provide frequency and time diversity, concurrently. By sending the same message at several different rates (multi-rate), one can get through adverse weather conditions. Also, in this paper we investigate channel equalization and channel coding for such a multi-rate communications scenario. As for the equalization, we considered a MMSE linear equalization after photo-detection. For the channel coding, we have used Fountain Codes, a new class of erasure correction codes, in concatenation with an inner convolutional code. We argue that for a parallel multi-rate system Fountain coding is a flexible method for receiving data from multiple streams.
Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B in Pregnancy

The management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during pregnancy remains a challenge and involves various aspects of maternal–fetal care. Despite the standard immunoprophylaxis, a significant portion of infants born to highly viremic mothers remain infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Emerging data suggest that antiviral therapy in the third trimester can prevent immunoprophylaxis failure. To minimize fetal exposure to antiviral agents, antiviral therapy during pregnancy should be reserved for mothers with advanced disease or who are at risk for hepatic decompensation. Current safety data suggest that lamivudine, telbivudine, or tenofovir may be used during pregnancy. However, the timing in initiating antiviral therapy requires careful assessment of risks and benefit. The authors provide a systematic review of the features of HBV during pregnancy, risk factors for vertical transmission, and evidence-based data on antiviral use during pregnancy. They propose an algorithm to assess the need of antiviral treatment and monitor mothers with CHB.
Manufacturing Employment Change in the American Midwest, 1977–86:

In this paper, the changing pattern of manufacturing employment within the American Midwest for 1977–86 is examined as a function of four hypothesized trends in the US space-economy: national decline of industries concentrated in the Midwest; interregional shift in the focus of production within the USA; intraregional shift in the focus of production within the Midwest; and demetropolitanization of manufacturing. The degree to which each of these processes affects manufacturing employment change is treated here entirely as an empirical question and is examined by using an extended probabilistic shift-share model along the lines suggested by Theil and Gosh, and Knudsen and Barff. Results of the analysis indicate that change in manufacturing employment within the Midwest can be accounted for by interregional shift, intraregional shift, and the national decline of industries concentrated in the region, in that order. Once these other factors are accounted for, demetropolitanization of manufacturing played on...
Notes on Roman Jakobson's culture of scholarship

Abstract Although Roman Jakobson came to Prague as an employee of the Soviet Mission of the Red Cross - that is, as a diplomat - scholarship did not cease to interest him, and he very much hoped that his stay in Czechoslovakia would bring him together with local linguists. It was to this end that he brought with him a letter of recommendation from the hand of the renowned Russian philologist, A. A. Saxmatov (1864–1920). The letter was brief, but strong: Most esteemed colleague: 1 This letter may reach you through our gifted young scholar, Roman Osipovic Jakobson. I appeal to you strongly to give him encouragement abroad. He is a linguist on whom we place great hopes. […] (From Toman 1994: 38)
Amorphous silicon crystallization and polysilicon thin film transistors on SiO2 passivated steel foil substrates

Abstract We formed polycrystalline silicon films on SiO2 passivated steel substrates by the furnace annealing of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) at temperatures of 600–950°C. With the high temperature tolerance of steel substrates, the shortest crystallization was done at 950°C for 20 s. Thin film transistors were fabricated using these materials in two ways: (1) deposited source/drain, non-self-aligned process, (2) ion-implanted source/drain, self-aligned process. In both cases, the electron linear mobility was larger than 10 cm2/V s, the OFF current was ∼1 nA, and the ON current to OFF current ratio was >105. Furthermore, we introduced integrated circuit fabrication technology by using thermal oxidation for making the gate dielectric. The thermal oxidation was done at 950°C in dry oxygen for 40 min. The transistors with thermal gate oxide showed no significant difference from the transistors with deposited oxide. The successful introduction of an important IC process brings us closer to a high-performance transistor technology on unbreakable, flexible, steel substrates.
RESONANT STATES AND ORDER-PARAMETER SUPPRESSION NEAR POINTLIKE IMPURITIES IN D-WAVE SUPERCONDUCTORS

We examine the role of order-parameter suppression in the development of low-energy peaks (i.e., resonances) in the tunneling density of states near a non-magnetic impurity in a d-wave superconductor. Without order-parameter suppression, the zero-energy resonance appears only in the unitary (i.e., strong impurity) limit. However, suppression makes the resonance appear even when the impurity is much weaker. To model this situation, we make the physical hypothesis that the order parameter is reduced whenever one electron of a Cooper pair encounters the impurity, a hypothesis that retains the exact solvability of the problem. In this way, we determine that suppression of the order parameter drives the effective strength of the impurity towards the unitary limit. We determine the order-parameter reduction variationally, and show that the ratios between the main energy scales--the band width and superconducting gap--strongly affect this reduction and, in consequence, the position and width of the resonance.
Wideband impedance-matched integrated optoelectronic transmitter

ABSTRACT A GaAs/GaAlAsintegrated optoelectronic transmitterhas been developed for wideband operation at 1 to4 GHz. This transmittercombines a GaAS/GaA1AS single-quantum-well (SQW) ridge-waveguide laserwith a GaAs MESFET driver circuit The single-stage driver circuit has an rfgain of9 dB and is impedance matched to both the low resistance laserload and the 50 fl microwaveinput by using reactive MMIC components. This design results in a nearly flat frequency response in the band of interest Acombination of both laser and MMIC fabrication processes has been used to realize the transmitter in the vertically integratedMOVPE-grown material. 1. INTRODUCTION Monolithically integratedoptoelectronic transmittershavedemonstratedvery high speedoperauonandcanbeusedin microwave-modulatedopticallinks orhigh-speeddigital interconnects. Small-signal analog modulation frequencies of3 to6GHz and digitalmodulation rates as high as 10 Gb/s have been reported.15 By combining these transmitters with integrated receivers and optical
Sterilization by gamma radiation impairs the tensile fatigue life of cortical bone by two orders of magnitude

Cortical bone grafts are utilized frequently for skeletal reconstruction, spinal fusion and tumor surgery. Due to its efficacy and convenience terminal sterilization by gamma radiation is often essential to minimize disease transmission and infection. However, the impairment in the material properties of bone tissue secondary to gamma radiation sterilization is a concern since the mechanical functionality of a bone graft is of primary importance. While the extent of this impairment is well investigated for monotonic loading conditions, there does not seem to exist any information on the effects of gamma radiation sterilization on cortical bone's fatigue properties, the physiologically relevant mode of loading. In this study we investigated the degradation in the high-cycle and low-cycle tensile fatigue lives of cortical bone tissue secondary to gamma radiation sterilization at a dose of 36.4 kGy which approximately falls in the higher end of the standard dose range used in tissue banking. The high-cycle and the low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted under load control at initial strain levels of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Monotonic tensile tests were also conducted to compare the impairment of fatigue properties with the impairment of monotonic properties. Results demonstrated that the impairment in both the high-cycle and the low-cycle fatigue lives were two orders of magnitude following sterilization, a change much more pronounced than that observed for monotonic loading. In conclusion, the results suggest that the impairment of the mechanical function of gamma radiation sterilized allografts is even worse in fatigue than monotonically. Therefore, grafts should be designed to minimize functional strains and avoid stress raisers to prevent premature fatigue failures.
Binding of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins to ganglioside GT1b and derivatives thereof

The ability of fragments derived from botulinum neurotoxin (BTx) serotype A to bind to GT1b-coated plastic wells was investigated and compared with the binding characteristics of the parent ∼ 150-kDa protein. Although the ∼50-kDa light chain of BTxA had a marginal binding capacity, the predominant adherence to GT1b-coated wells was exhibited by the ∼ 50-kDa carboxy-terminal half of the ∼ 100-kDa heavy chain of BTxA; the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain lacked the ability to bind. Binding to GT1b by BTxA and its fragments was compared with that of tetanus neurotoxin (TTx) and the carboxy-terminal half of its heavy chain. Binding of BTxA and the C-terminal half of the heavy chain was optimal in buffers of low ionic strength (μ≤ 0.04 and 0.06, respectively), whereas the heavy chain bound GT1b best at μ≤ 0.10. TTx and the ∼ 50-kDa C-terminal half of its ∼ 100-kDa heavy chain bound GT1b at ionic strengths similar to those of BTxA. Comparison of the binding of BTx serotypes A, B, and E to GT1b (using conditions that were found to be optimal for binding by BTxA) indicated differences in the interaction of the three serotypes with GT1b. Compared with BTxA, adherence to GT1b by serotypes B and E was reduced by ∼60 and ∼90%, respectively. Determination of the IC50 values for GT1b derivatives (molar concentration needed to reduce toxin binding to GT1b by 50%) indicated that (a) the carboxyl moiety of the sialosyl residues is recognized by BTxA and TTx, (b) the lipid segment of GT1b enhances BTxA and TTx binding, and (c) the N-acetyl groups and C(8)-C(9) on the sialosyl residues are not essential components of the binding site for BTxA and TTx.
The semi-empirical approach to band structure

Abstract A review of the k·p approach to band structure will be given. An effective Hamiltonian for the cell-periodic part of the Bloch function consists of diagonal elements corresponding to the band energies at k = 0 and off diagonal elements of ( h m ) k·p connecting the bands and causing mutual repulsion unless symmetry forbids interaction. When ( h m ) k·p is small compared to the energy separation between bands, second order perturbation theory can be used to obtain effective masses. E vs. k2 expressions involve a small number of parameters which are determined by experiments such as cyclotron resonance. Perturbation theory can be improved upon by treating strongly interacting bands exactly and subsequently handling weak interactions by perturbation theory. Such a procedure inevitably increases the number of parameters to be determined. Optical band gap measurements are needed for this extension. In addition, absolute optical absorption determines momentum matrix elements between bands. The feasibility of using such an approach to determine band structure empirically throughout the zone will be examined. In addition to k.p, there are less important k dependent terms which must be considered in some cases. The linear k terms at k =0 in the III–V compounds are an example. The inclusion of exchange terms in the one particle Schroedinger equation introduces modifications in the above treatment. The interband matrix elements determining the effective mass contain contributions from both momentum and exchange terms, whereas optical absorption involves only the momentum matrix element. Exchange terms contribute first order perturbation corrections to the effective mass. Estimates of exchange effects indicate that they are small. The symmetry approach of LSputtinger may serve to indicate inadequacies of the one particle viewpoint.
Double-Hole-Mediated Coupling of Dopants and Its Impact on Band Gap Engineering in TiO 2

A double-hole-mediated coupling of dopants is unraveled and confirmed in TiO2 by density-functional theory calculations. We find that when a dopant complex on neighboring oxygen sites in TiO2 has net two holes, the holes will strongly couple to each other through significant lattice relaxation. The coupling results in the formation of fully filled impurity bands lying above the valence band of TiO2, leading to a much more effective band gap reduction than that induced by monodoping or conventional donor-acceptor codoping. Our results suggest a new path for semiconductor band gap engineering.
Statistics of extreme values of a first-order Markov normal process: An exact result

Abstract To study the effect of autocorrelation on extreme values, exact distributions for the maximum, second-highest, third-highest and fourth highest values of a first-order Markov normal process have been derived. It was found that a high positive autocorrelation (≳ 0.7 at lag 1) significantly lowers the values of the extremes and near-extremes while increasing their variability. The means, medians and modes, together with their deviations, for several autocorrelation values and several numbers of observations are presented. Comparison with the asymptotic extreme-value distributions was made, and finally the existing guideline for determining the O 3 design values is discussed.
Selection diversity for interference alignment systems

This paper explores the use of selection diversity for interference alignment systems. Multiple distinct alignment modes exist for certain types of interference network. By selecting the best alignment mode to support the signal-to-noise rate (SNR) of the worst user, a diversity gain improvement can be observed. This paper shows that in a 3-user double-antenna interference channel, a system switching between two alignment modes achieves a diversity gain of 2 in the fixed-rate regime and the maximum degree-of-freedom (DoF) gain of 3 in the variable-rate regime. Consequently, we disprove a previous feasibility condition for diversity in alignment systems, which requires a trade-off between the DoF gain and the diversity gain.