cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stromal Regulation of Neoplastic Development: Age-Dependent Normalization of Neoplastic Mammary Cells by Mammary Stroma

There is mounting evidence that the stroma plays a crucial role in mammary gland carcinogenesis. Here, we report that mammary gland stroma from mature and multiparous rats prevents neoplastic development and encourages normal ductal growth of grafted epithelial cancer cells. Fifty thousand epithelial cancer cells were injected into the cleared fat pads of virgin hosts at 24, 52, 80, and 150 days of age and of hosts that had undergone two cycles of pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Six months after inoculation, tumor incidence was 75%, 100%, 50%, and 18.2% in 24-, 52-, 80-, and 150-day-old virgin rats, respectively, and 0% in the twice-parous animals. Most remarkably, these neoplastic cells appeared to form normal ducts in all hosts—Ha-ras-1 mutation served as a marker to identify the tumor origin of the outgrowths. The tumor development pattern suggests a parallel to the phenomenon of age- and reproductive state-dependent susceptibility and resistance to chemical carcinogens. As susceptibility to carcinogenesis decreases, the ability of the stroma to reprogram neoplastic epithelial cells increases. Thus, the neoplastic phenotype is context-dependent, and it therefore offers the intriguing possibility that the process of carcinogenesis is amenable to normalization or cure once the mechanisms of stroma-mediated normalization are elucidated and manipulated.
Survivors of Suicide; Victims Left Behind An Overview

(1990). Survivors of Suicide; Victims Left Behind An Overview. TACD Journal: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 55-67.
Material Atmospheres: Theorising Recent Shifts in Interior Visualisation

Much like Walter Benjamin's analysis of the Parisian arcades during the interwar years of the early 20th century, emerging methods of seeing interior spaces reveal a deeper gaze into the contextual, material, and phenomenological conditions that produce more nuanced visions of interiority. A collective consciousness surrounding these constructed narratives is reflected in charged associations with the most salient imperatives of our time—globalisation, resource depletion, ecological degradation, and political instability—as well as their corresponding effects on the built environment. These visual provocations have incrementally percolated up to embody an expanding field of design activism for educators, theorists, practitioners, and students. How do these avant-garde techniques operate? What do they reveal about socio-political, economic, and consumptive forces shaping the global built environment? How do these speculative methods offer more critical ways to communicate dynamic conditions?
Persistent Knee Pain in an Adolescent Athlete

MN is a 14 year old avid cross country runner, speed skater and skier who presented to orthopedic clinic after an episode of significant pain, stiffness and swelling during skiing. Knee aspiration was performed and imaging ordered. He had a prior history of several months of intermittent activity related knee pain and swelling but had participated in cross-country in the Fall. There had been no episodes of significant trauma and his episodes of knee pain and swelling tended to resolve will …
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Transport

This chapter uses the example of automated driving to highlight key ethical issues in the use of artificial intelligence in transport. These include the tension between technological solutions and policy solutions; the consequences of safety expectations; the complex choice between human authority and computer authority; and power dynamics among individuals, governments, and companies. The chapter begins with the foundational relationship between ethics and transport more generally and concludes with a focus on the trustworthiness of the companies developing and deploying automated motor vehicles (referred to colloquially as autonomous or driverless cars) and other advanced technologies.
Comparison of international normalized ratio determined by point-of-care to standard laboratory testing before and after reversal of heparin in cardiac surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare point-of-care (POC) of international normalized ratio to laboratory-derived values before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, with the primary aim of evaluating for any change in the relationship between the tests. METHODS This is a prospective observational study with 50 patients undergoing cardiac surgery enrolled. The International normalized ratio measured at two time points, precardiopulmonary bypass and after heparin reversal with protamine using both POC i-STAT and standard laboratory analysis for both time points. A difference of 0.2 between tests at either time point was considered clinically significant based on previous literature. A paired t test was used to test for a changing or statistically significant mean difference between tests. At both time points values were categorized into absolute difference of more than 0.2 or less than 0.2, and a Fisher's exact test was used to determine if an association existed between heparin reversal and a difference more than 0.2. Bland-Altman plots were also evaluated for agreement. RESULTS A statistically and clinically significant mean difference [0.09 vs. 0.25, difference -0.163 95% confidence interval (-0.25, -0.08), P = 0.003] was seen between the laboratory and POC tests when pre and postheparin reversal samples were compared. A significantly greater number of patients had a clinically relevant difference between the tests post compared with pre (four patients vs. 18 patients, P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis of the difference compared with the means, showed significant correlation suggesting the presence of a proportional bias (pre r = 0.488, P = <0.01, post r = 0.571, P = <0.01). CONCLUSION Clinically significant differences exist between POC and laboratory testing of international normalized ratio after heparin reversal during cardiac surgery. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03267823.
Behind the Scenes: Care Coordination Time in an Outpatient Pediatric Palliative Oncology Clinic.

Background: Integrated pediatric palliative oncology (PPO) outpatient models are emerging to assist oncologists, children, and families throughout their course with cancer. Significant time is devo...
Intermodal tuning behavior of an etalon tuned slm tea-co 2 laser

Interference fringes produced by an extra-cavity wedged etalon and recorded with a 128-element pyroelectric detector array have been used to study the mode structure and fine-tuning behavior of a TEA-CO 2 laser, which is tuned with a diffraction grating and a temperature controlled intracavity etalon (1). The TEA-CO 2 laser can be tuned over a range of about ± 2 GHz centered on each of its strong emission lines, and its longitudinal mode spacing is ∼120 MHz. The wedge and detector array provide an experimental resolution of a few 10's of MHz so that the intermode spacing of the laser can be probed in several well-resolved steps. As the temperature of the intracavity etalon is changed, the fine-scale tuning curve of the laser is a staircase function, with a series of flat (nearly constant frequency) segments separated by sharp jumps to the next longitudinal mode frequency. Oscilloscope traces recorded with a photon drag detector show the laser pulses to alternate, as the frequency scan proceeds, between pure single longitudinal mode structure and a small admixture of a second longitudinal mode. These results will be discussed in the context of the development of a high-power multi-atmosphere continuously-tunable SLM CO 2 laser (2).
Leucocytosis and Stroke in a Lung Cancer Patient.

Significant leucocytosis in the setting of an underlying malignancy may be attributed to several causes and is not uncommon; however, extreme leucocytosis (>50×109 cells/l) and hypereosinophilia is less common and may represent a paraneoplastic syndrome. The underlying mechanism is thought to be bone marrow stimulation by tumour-produced cytokines, most notably interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This paraneoplastic syndrome is likely reflective of extensive disease and dissemination, and options for treatment are limited but include tumour resection, corticosteroids and hydroxyurea. In this report, we discuss an unusual case of known stage III lung adenocarcinoma presenting with an ischaemic stroke and extreme leucocytosis and hypereosinophilia. Learning points To illustrate an unusual presentation of progression of non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma.To highlight the prognostic significance of extreme leucocytosis and hypereosinophilia in patients with an underlying malignancy.
Phase II Study of the WEE1 Inhibitor Adavosertib in Recurrent Uterine Serous Carcinoma.

PURPOSEUterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a distinct histologic subtype of endometrial cancer, with molecular characteristics suggesting frequent cell-cycle dysregulation paired with a high level of...
Lend Me Your Ear

Communication is key to human experience. Evolution enabled living things to pick up vibrations in air to make sense of what is happening around them and to proactively produce such vibrations in order to interact with others. Humans have taken this gift of sound recognition and synthesis to the next level by combining it with language and music, resulting in conversations, songs, symphonies, lectures, debates, and movie dialogues.
Transformación digital y museos sin fronteras. Una evaluación de siete museos de la ciudad de Lima en tiempos de pandemia

The research was descriptive. Had like objective, know the usage levels about digital technologies of seven importants museums of Lima city. Were considered two thechnological dimensions. One that was called digital technologies in situ, because its are within the fisical space of museum, and the other dimension called digital technologies via remote, wich are, give access from the space outside the museum. Also show a short theoretical framework, that describe how the liquid society diluted in plenty digital revolution. The hypothesis indicate a low level about the usage of digital technologies in the museums of Historic Center of Lima. The results were moderate, showing frugality by museums in cumthe usage of digital technologies. In conclusion, in the most importante museums of Lima city, exist digital gaps yet for remedy. The economy is a limiting factor in the digitization of museums and exist yet reticences and lethargy to board the digital transformation.
A Quantitative Evaluation of Functional Recovery after Traumatic Lower Extremity Salvage.

ABSTRACT Introduction Soft tissue reconstruction is a routine component of lower extremity trauma care and focus is increasingly being directed towards understanding functional outcomes. This study aims to quantify functional recovery and identify variables associated with functional outcomes of patients who undergo traumatic limb salvage. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients with lower extremity traumatic injuries requiring vascularized soft tissue reconstruction at a Level 1 trauma center between July 2007-December 2015. Postoperatively, patients were administered the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2) and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) questionnaires by telephone. Demographics, perioperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis. Results Forty-two patients with 42 flaps and a mean of 12.7 months follow up were included in the study. Limb salvage was successful in 38 patients (90.5%). Patients ≥ 40 years old had significantly worse SF-36v2 scores in physical functioning (P ≤0.01) and mental health (P ≤0.05) than their younger counterparts. Patients who had pre-existing hypertension demonstrated significantly lower physical functioning (P ≤0.01). Role limitation due to emotional health was significantly lower in patients who were female (P ≤0.01) or required revision surgery (P ≤0.01). The mean LEFS score was 37.7 ± 18.5. Conclusions Patients exhibited poor functional outcomes following major limb trauma with attempted limb salvage based on two validated patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs). Patient characteristics should be considered in evaluating candidates for reconstruction to optimize outcomes and to effectively counsel patients on their functional prognosis.
The Acheulean workshop of la Noira (France, 700 ka) in the European technological context

Abstract The prehistoric site of la Noira, located in the Cher Valley, a tributary of the Loire River in the center of France, has yielded a lithic assemblage composed of large bifacial tools, cores and flakes. The archaeological level, lying on the Tertiary lacustrine limestone bedrock, was covered and fossilized by a 6 m-thick fluvial sandy formation. The mean age value of ESR dates obtained on bleached fluvial quartz grains sampled in the sandy levels covering the archeological level is 665 ± 55 ka, confirming the antiquity of the archaeological assemblage. ESR dates and the technical characteristics of the assemblage suggest that it is among the oldest sites with bifacial technology in Western Europe. Since 2011, following geological and geochronological studies, the archaeological level has been excavated over a surface of about 100 m2. The aim of this paper is to provide new data on the lithic assemblage and to place the lithic patterns of the site in the European technological framework. La Noira is a workshop site, belonging to a key-period of time with the earliest evidence of the bifacial technology in Europe (as for instance levels P–Q of Arago in France or Notarchirico in Italy) contemporaneous with 800–500 ka sites without bifacial technology, such as Happisburgh, Pakefield in England or Isernia in Italy. This phase predates the wide-scale dissemination of the bifacial technology all over Western Europe from the MIS 12. Technological comparisons between these assemblages and a discussion of the diversity of assemblages and technological features point to early episodic arrivals of new traditions in Europe against a background of earlier traditions.
Interaction between a Mg17Al12 precipitate and \(\{ 10\bar 12\} \) twin boundary in magnesium alloys

Interactions between Mg17Al12 precipitates and \(\{ 10\bar 12\} \) twin boundaries (TBs) in magnesium were studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The results obtained agree well with experimental observations in which precipitates can be entirely engulfed by \(\{ 10\bar 12\} \) twins without being sheared. Structural analysis of the TBs in the atomic scale shows that the TBs are extremely incoherent during twin growth and highly deviate from the \(\{ 10\bar 12\}\) twinning plane as previously observed in a number of experiments. The simulation studies indicate that \(\{ 10\bar 12\} \) twinning was accomplished solely by atomic shuffling that converts the parent lattice to the twin lattice without involving twinning dislocations, resulting in zero shear strain at the TBs.
Use of isotopic transient methods for mechanistic analysis of ethylene hydroformylation over 4 wt% Rh/SiO2 catalyst

Abstract The transient responses of deuterated ethylene, ethane, and propionaldehyde to a deuterium pulse during ethylene hydroformylation have been studied on 4 wt% Rh/SiO2 at 0.1 MPa and 483 to 573 K. This study shows the complexity of the deuterated product formation from the deuterium pulse. The deuterated ethylene/ethane responses overlapped at all temperatures, indicating that rapid H/D exchange and alkyl hydrogenation take place on the catalyst surface consistent with the Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism. The d1- and d2-propionaldehyde responses exhibited a two-hump response to the D2 pulse, indicating two distinguishable deuteration pathways contributing to their formation. Activation energy for the production of deuterated propionaldehyde was found to be directly proportional to the number of deuterium atoms in the final product. This isotope effect supports a previous study which suggests acyl hydrogenation to be the rate-limiting step.
Institutional Admissions Policies in Higher Education: A Widening Participation Perspective.

Purpose – This article analyses how higher education institutions (HEIs) have responded to government policy to increase the participation rates of students from lower social classes through their admissions policies.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses documentary evidence and interviews with institutional policy makers to examine HEI admissions policies and the rationale underpinning them.Findings – This research found that admissions policies owed more to the nature of demand than attempts to widen participation. Old universities tend to ask for high A‐level grades and were sceptical about the value of vocational qualifications, but demonstrated a willingness to be more flexible where there was a low demand for courses. Less prestigious institutions tend to recruit more students from working class backgrounds because of the markets they were able to recruit in rather than because of their widening participation policies.Research limitations/implications – Whilst this study is based on a small...
Improved measurement of the d̄/ū asymmetry in the nucleon sea

Measurements of the ratio of Drell-Yan yields from an $800 \mathrm{GeV}/c$ proton beam incident on liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets are reported. Approximately 360 000 Drell-Yan muon pairs remained after all cuts on the data. From these data, the ratio of down antiquark $(\overline{d})$ to up $(\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{})$ antiquark distributions in the proton sea is determined over a wide range in Bjorken-$x.$ These results confirm previous measurements by E866 and extend them to lower x. From these data, $(\overline{d}\ensuremath{-}\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{})$ and $\ensuremath{\int}(\overline{d}\ensuremath{-}\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{})dx$ are evaluated for $0.015lxl0.35.$ These results are compared with parametrizations of various parton distribution functions, models and experimental results from NA51, NMC and HERMES.
Moral Rights and Open Licensing

This paper will first discuss the moral rights legislation in various jurisdictions. It will then provide a short overview of open licensing on the Internet. Finally, it will analyze whether open licensing (particularly the Creative Commons scheme) is capable of providing meaningful protection of an author’s moral rights, and what alternatives or complements to Creative Commons might exist.
Clinical dilemmas in palliative care for HIV infection.

In several respects, palliative care in late HIV disease tends to differ from that in other terminal diseases such as cancer, and special difficulties arise in alleviation of pain and suffering. The following story is illustrative: The case of Dona Dona, age 33, is the widow of Ed, who was diagnosed with HIV when incarcerated in 1991 for possession of marijuana. Almost at the same time, Dona was admitted to hospital with pneumonia which proved to be tuberculous. Not until she was discharged did she discover that she was infected with HIV, acquired from her husband, an intravenous drug user. Both Ed and Dona were started on zidovudine, the only anti-HIV drug then readily available. Ed soon developed Pneumocystis pneumonia and candida oesophagitis, complicated by anaemia due to the zidovudine. When new drugs for HIV became available, Ed and Dona were switched to these. Ed developed AIDS-related dementia, becoming paranoid and abusing Dona mentally and physically. She filed for divorce but continued to look after him until he died in 1995. Within two months of his death, Dona developed ataxia and a right-sided paralysis from what proved to be a central nervous system lymphoma—a condition that at that time was expected to cause death within 90 days. Three weeks after this diagnosis the first protease inhibitors were released, and she has been on triple therapy for over 4 years. She now has neuropathy, lipodystrophy, abnormal cervical smears and hearing loss, and has been in hospice care for 4 years. However, her brain lymphoma has regressed and recently, for the first time, she had a ‘negative viral load’.
Paracloacal glands of Alligator mississippiensis: A histological and histochemical study

The histology of the paracloacal ‘musk’ glands of adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) is described. The gland is a single secretory sac with a single duct and a central lumen partially occluded by a central, cylindrical conglomerate of cells and secretion product. The capsule of the gland consists of an outer layer of smooth muscle and an inner layer of connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibres. Septa carrying blood vessels radiate from the connective tissue layer of the capsule to the border of the central conglomerate. Parenchymal cells containing lipid droplets enlarge from the periphery to the centre of the gland. Secretions formed by degeneration of cells in the central cylinder are concentrated near the secretory duct. Histochemical tests indicate lipids but not mucopolysaccharides in the glandular exudate.
Genome Sequences of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 4b Variant Strains Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Sources.

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes strains that show a novel PCR serotyping profile (IVb-v1) have been reported recently. Here, we announce the draft genome sequences of five L. monocytogenes IVb-v1 strains isolated from the United States and Australia that harbor a 6.3-kb DNA cassette characteristic of serotype 1/2a strains.
Mescaline increases startle responding equally in normal and raphe-lesioned rats

Abstract To test the possible involvement of serotonin-containing cells of the midbrain in mediating the effects of mescaline on startle responding, electrolytic lesions were made in either the dorsal or median raphe nucleus in rats. Decreases in either striatal or hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity confirmed the effectiveness of the lesions. One week later, startle was measured in response to 30 air-puff stimuli for each rat. Median, but not dorsal, raphe lesions increased startle magnitudes throughout the test session. The following day each group was divided into matched halves and were given 60 trials, 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 10 mg/kg mescaline. Despite the large differences in baseline startle among the groups, mescaline produced comparable 25% increases in startle magnitudes in both sham-and raphe-lesioned animals. This results fails to support the hypothesis that increased startle responding produced by mescaline is mediated by the midbrain raphe nuclei.
The Housing Life-Cycle and the Transition from Renting to Owning a Home in the United States: A Multistate Analysis

In this paper the concepts of the housing life-cycle and housing occupancy patterns in the United States are examined. The focus is on the move from renting to owning a home in the young adult years of life. Data from the national American Housing Survey, for the years 1974–1983, are combined with the techniques of multistate demography to produce housing life summary statistics and rates of movement by age. Parameterized curves are fitted to the empirical age-rate schedules and exogenous variables used to explain variation in the parameters related to young adults. Three simple, projection scenarios are also examined. The results indicate the importance of life-cycle factors and economic conditions in the shift from renting to owning a home.
Intruder and bands in Re and Ir nuclei

Abstract Experimental aligned angular momenta, band-crossing frequencies, and relative transition rates are systematically analyzed for a series of Re and Ir isotopes. Configuration-dependent nuclear shapes associated with the occupation of the π i 13 2 , π h 9 2 , π h 11 2 , and π d 5 2 configurations are especially emphasized in the discussion. It is found that the π i 13 2 orbit has a strong, positive-β 2 driving effect on the nuclear shape, while the driving force of the π h 9 2 orbit is minimized when the Fermi level is close to this orbit. The gradual alignment gains observed in bands built on the π h 11 2 and π d 5 2 configurations could be associated with ν i 13 2 crossings brought low in rotational frequency by smaller β 2 and/or more negative γ values.
Energetic costs and thermoregulation in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups: the importance of behavioral strategies for thermal balance in furred marine mammals.

Abstract Behavioral thermoregulation represents an important strategy for reducing energetic costs in thermally challenging environments, particularly among terrestrial vertebrates. Because of the cryptic lifestyle of aquatic species, the energetic benefits of such behaviors in marine endotherms have been much more difficult to demonstrate. In this study, I examined the importance of behavioral thermoregulation in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pup, a small-bodied endotherm that spends prolonged periods at sea. The thermal neutral zones of three weaned male northern fur seal pups (body mass range = 11.8–12.8 kg) were determined by measuring resting metabolic rate using open-flow respirometry at water temperatures ranging from 2.5° to 25.0°C. Metabolic rate averaged mL O2 kg−1 min−1 for pups resting within their thermal neutral zone; lower critical temperature was , approximately 8°C higher than the coldest sea surface temperatures encountered in northern Pacific waters. To determine whether b...
Effects of temperature on the visually evoked tectal potential and brightness perception in goldfish

Abstract In the first series of experiments measurements were made of the implicit time of the first negative wave of the VETP, at 30°, 25° and 20°C. Implicit time increased with decreasing temperature, and the stimulus intensities required to maintain a criterion implicit time at the different temperatures were calculated. In the second series of experiments subjects were trained at 30°C, to respond, in an operant-conditioning situation, to a particular luminance of light, and not to respond to six other luminances. They were then run in extinction to the same set of stimuli, at either 25° or 20°C. The peaks of these generalization gradients were at the training luminance, suggesting that there was no change in the scale of perceived brightness. The psychphysical results are discussed in relation to the fact that temperature produces significant changes in the characteristics of the visually evoked tectal response, and some implications for a neural code for brightness are considered.
Ensuring Tomorrow's Literacy: A Shared Responsibility

A review of research on reading and writing shows that an increase in understanding of the cognitive processes involved in reading and writing can improve teachers' effectiveness. Forty-eight state...
Developmental and regional differences in nitric oxide synthase activity and blood flow in the sheep brain.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) participates in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter release and as a second messenger of glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. Developmental differences in NOS activity have been described in the rat, but not in a species with longer gestation and a larger, lobulated brain at birth. We assayed NOS activity by conversion of [14C]L-arginine to [14C]L-citrulline in 50-mg tissue samples from eight brain regions in sheep at 70, 92, 110, and 135 days gestation (term = 145 days); newborns (<7 days); and adults to test the hypothesis that NOS activity in the brain is developmentally regulated from midgestation through adulthood and matures along the neuroaxis in parallel with the known development of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. Three patterns of maturation of NOS activity were evident: increasing to or exceeding adult levels before 70 days gestation in the thalamus, cerebellum, and medulla; increasing to adult levels between 70 and 92 days in the ...
New concepts in the pathology of congenital lung malformations

Focal developmental malformations of the lung are a heterogeneous group of lesions that display a variety of features. They often are thought to be quite distinct entities, but there is considerable overlap among these lesions. Both standard nomenclature and common usage do not identify clearly the components of these lesions in a distinctive fashion. A classification based on pathologic features is presented. A malformation sequence based on airway obstruction during development is proposed as a unifying pathogenetic mechanism for some seemingly unrelated lesions.
Risk Factors for Syndesmotic and Medial Ankle Sprain: Role of Sex, Sport, and Level of Competition

Background: Syndesmotic and medial ankle sprains constitute up to 15% of all ankle sprains in athletic populations and can result in significant time lost to injury and long-term disability.Purpose: The objective of this study was to estimate the rate of syndesmotic and medial ankle sprain injuries and identify risk factors associated with these injuries within the physically active cadet population at the United States Military Academy (USMA).Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: The Cadet Illness and Injury Tracking System (CIITS) database at USMA was queried for all ankle injuries between 2005 and 2009. Sex, level of competition, and exposure to sport were among risk factors analyzed.Results: Among 20 336 person-years, 1206 cadets sustained ankle sprain. Syndesmotic (6.7%) and medial (5.1%) ankle sprains had an incidence rate (IR) of 4.8 and 3.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with women, men were 3 times more likely to experience medial ankle sprain (IR ratio [IRR] 3....
Correlation of scanning-tunneling-microscope image profiles and charge-density-wave amplitudes

Scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) studies of 4Hb-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ and 4Hb-${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ at 4.2 K show systematic correlation between the charge-density-wave (CDW) amplitude and the STM deflection. The 4Hb phases have both weak and strong CDW's in the trigonal prismatic and octahedral sandwiches, respectively. Scans on opposite faces of the same cleave allow a comparison of the STM response to the two types of CDW.
Effects of dietary antioxidants on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production

The hypothesis that pentane is an in vivo product of lipid peroxidation was confirmed by a study of the effects of a nonbiological antioxidant on pentane production in rats fed a diet deficient in vitamin E and supplemented with 0.01% N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD). Seven rats were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet starting at 3 wk of age. After 5 wk, 0.01% DPPD was added to the diets of three rats (group DPPD) while the diet of the other four rats remained unchanged (group OE). Within 2 wk of the diet change, rats in group DPPD exhaled 65% less pentane than rats of the same age in group OE. After 5 wk of being fed the DPPD-supplemented diet, rats in group DPPD were again fed the basal vitamin E-deficient diet; within 3 wk, these rats produced pentane levels similar to those of rats in group OE. The effects of vitamin E depletion and repletion on in vivo lipid peroxidation in rats were also studied. Three groups of three rats each were initially fed a vitamin E-deficient diet starting at 3 wk of age. After 8, 8, and 5 wk of being fed this diet, the three groups were fed diets supplemented with 3.3 (group 0→3.3E), 11 (group 0→11 E), and 200 (group 200E) i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet, respectively. Another group of three rats (group 11 E) was fed a diet supplemented with 11 i.u. vitamin E/kg starting at 3 wk of age for the duration of the study. There were significant decreases in pentane production by rat groups 0→3.3E, 0→11E, and 200E within 2 wk of the change to the vitamin E-supplemented diets. After about 5 wk of being fed their respective vitamin E-supplemented diets, pentane breath levels had stabilized. Breath pentane levels were inversely proportional to the log of dietary vitamin E concentration.
Defining a Rational Approach to Screening for Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Patients

Screening for coronary artery disease or for other forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a superficially attractive idea that has been proposed by many cardiovascular experts. However, guidelines panels that employ medical outcomes and evaluation of a full range of benefits, risks, and harms of screening have repeatedly advised against the adoption of screening programs for CVDs. In this commentary, we discuss the limitations of the predictive capacity of selected cardiovascular screening tools. Possible harms and risks of screening tools are also discussed, and the conclusion is reached that available evidence does not provide support for adoption of a strategy of routine screening of asymptomatic people for CVD with available testing tools or devices. More evidence is needed to justify a policy of screening for CVD.
Hyporheic temperature dynamics and heat exchange near channel-spanning logs

[1] The flow of river water around large woody debris (LWD) creates pressure gradients along the riverbed that drive river-groundwater mixing, or hyporheic exchange, and heat transport within the hyporheic zone. We quantify hyporheic fluid and heat exchange induced by current interaction with channel-spanning logs using two approaches: laboratory flume experiments and numerical simulations that link turbulent open-channel fluid flow, porous fluid flow, and heat transport. Flume and numerical experiments show that logs produce a characteristic diel temperature pattern within sediment that shifts with log blockage ratio (a fraction of the channel depth blocked by the log), channel Froude number, and sediment permeability. Upstream of a log, downwelling water transports the river's diel thermal signal deep into the sediment. Downstream, upwelling water from shallow flow paths has a thermal signal similar to the surface water, while upwelling water from deep flow paths forms a wedge of buffered (low-amplitude) temperatures. Since most hyporheic water emerges from shallow flow paths, upwelling water has limited potential to buffer surface water temperature. Because of historic channel clearing practices, modern rivers have unnaturally low densities of LWD. A key implication is that LWD removal has contributed to thermal homogenization and potential degradation of hyporheic habitats. LWD reintroduction is a promising strategy to improve vertical connectivity in rivers and increase thermal patchiness within the hyporheic zone. However, hyporheic exchange near LWD may not impact diel surface water temperatures at the reach scale.
Comprehensive modeling and stability analysis of biomass generation

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources being used widely for power generation. This paper presents an effort to develop a comprehensive model for a biomass based generation system. The research objectives include mathematical modeling, stability studies, and sensitivity analysis using MATLAB/Simulink. A mathematical model for the gas turbine has been developed and transient stability has been carried out for small test case system. Maximum rotor speed deviation, oscillation duration, rotor angle, and mechanical power have been taken as stability indicators in this study. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system to the changes of gas turbine parameters has been investigated under balanced and unbalanced fault scenarios.
The first ionization potential of ethyl radical by photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The first ionization band of ethyl radical has been observed in a photoelectron spectrometer. The adiabatic and vertical IP's are 8.30 ± 0.02 cV and 8.55 ± 0.02 eV, respectively, and the heat of formation of C 2 H + 5 is calculated to be 217.1 ± 1.1 kcal/mol. Our data are in good agreement with previous results. The evidence for significant geometry differences between the radical and the ion is discussed.
The tuna‐dolphin controversy in the eastern pacific ocean: Biological, economic, and political impacts

Since 1959 several million dolphins have been killed in the purse‐seine fishery for tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Through combined efforts of the nations whose vessels participate in this fishery, annual dolphin mortality in the fishery was reduced from about 350,000 animals during the 1960s to about 15,000 animals in 1992. In 1993 10 nations implemented an international program to progressively reduce this mortality even further, with a goal of eventually eliminating it. During 1993, the first year of the program, it appears that dolphin mortality will be less than 4000 animals. An alternative program, which would impose a moratorium on fishing for tunas associated with dolphins beginning in 1994, has been proposed. Controversy concerning the practicality and effects of the two programs centers around the morality of fishing for tunas associated with dolphins and the biological, economic, and political impacts of each program.
Measurement of a Markov jump process: When is it too costly?

The problem of scheduling measurements of a continuous-time finite-state Markov jump process is considered. This model is relevant to determining the optimal frequency for performing medical exams, inventories, polls, and for many other applications. Unlike the LQG case, where the Kalman filter gain is independent of the measured signals, for this system, the optimal measurement schedule depends on the actual measurements obtained. The feedback rule for generating a measurement schedule is optimized to trade-off between uncertainty about the state of the system and the cost of measurement. Analysis of this trade-off leads to the determination of a critical cost-per-observation above which measurements are too costly, and the best policy is never to observe the system.
1.06 μm All-fiber Gyroscope With Noise Subtraction

There is great interest in using fiber superfluorescent sources in fiber gyroscopes as a replacement for semiconductor superluminescent diodes (SLD's). Potential benefits include higher available power, better wavelength stability with temperature, and improved lifetime. Multicore Nd:fibers1 pumped by a laser diode array offer high output powers in a single mode core, but are susceptible to lasing due to feedback2. This type of diode laser pumped source has been successfully employed in a fiber gyroscope using a backward pumping scheme to avoid feedback3. We report a fiber gyro using a similar source, but are able to forward pump it with the use of an optical isolator. The gyro utilizes all spliced fiber components after the source fiber. Excess noise4,5 has been an issue with fiber broadband sources due to their somewhat narrower (compared to SLD's) emission spectrum. We demonstrate an intensity noise subtraction scheme which is successful in removing most of the excess noise.
The structural basis for electrotonic coupling in the avian ciliary ganglion. A study with thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing.

Each ‘ciliary’ neurone in the ciliary ganglion of adult birds receives its innervation from a single myelinated fibre of the oculomotor nerve by means of a dual mode of synaptic action, electrical and chemical. The preganglionic fibre branches repeatedly around the postganglionic axon but the extracellular compartment is large. The preterminal fibres, most of which are unmyelinated, end with large boutons on the axon hillock, a few on short dendrites and on the portion of the perikaryon of the ciliary neurone from which the axon emerges. This synaptic apparatus is enveloped by a glial sheath, mainly consisting of satellite cell bodies and loose myelin lamellae. The nonsynaptic portion of the ciliary perikaryon is covered by a sheath consisting mainly of compact myelin. The ciliary neurone has an initial axon segment like that of C.N.S. neurones.
Liquid and ice water and glycerol/water glasses compared by infrared spectroscopy from 295 to 12 K

Infrared absorption spectra for liquid and ice H2O and D2O and for protonated and deuterated glycerol/water glasses are compared in the spectral range of 1000−4000 cm-1 and the temperature range of 295−12 K. As temperature decreases, the absorbance bands of the OH and OD stretching modes of glycerol/water solution shift to lower frequency and the band intensifies and narrows. The center of the absorption band for OH stretch for glycerol/D2O/H2O solution (60/32/8 v/v) is at 3364 cm-1 at 295 K and at 3277 cm-1 at 25 K. The full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of the band is 259 cm-1 at 295 K and 186 cm-1 at 25 K. The width of the OH stretch band for D2O that is doped with H2O is 193 cm-1 in liquid (295 K) and 24 cm-1 in ice (12 K). The broader width for the OH stretch at 12 K for glycerol/water relative to that seen in ice is consistent with inhomogeneous broadening due to the glassy nature of glycerol/water solutions. The HOH and DOD bending (scissoring) bands for water in glycerol shift to higher frequency, ...
Historical influences on the use of assessment methods in counseling psychology

Abstract This paper considers the effects of four historical influences on the use of assessment methods in counseling psychology: the vocational guidance, psychometric, mental hygiene, and Rogerian counseling/psychotherapy traditions. Each historical influence is examined, and some of the implications each influence has had on our current use of or manner in approaching assessment methods are considered.
Michael Overfield — Maritime Archaeologist

(2009). Michael Overfield — Maritime Archaeologist. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: Vol. 11, Conserving Marine Cultural Heritage, pp. 3-4.
Kinetic Study of the Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Ionically Functionalized Cyclooctatetraenes

The ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of alkylammonium and sulfonate functionalized cyclooctatetraenes (RCOT, R = CH2CH2SO3TMA or CH2CH2NMe3OTf, OTf = CF3SO3- , TMA = Me4N+) with the well-defined tungsten catalyst WCH(o-C6H4OMe)(NC6H5)[OCCH3(CF3)2]2(THF) (THF = tetrahydrofuran) were investigated. The polymerizations exhibited first-order decay in monomer concentration and slow initiation relative to propagation, and for COTCH2CH2SO3TMA where studies were possible, molecular weights largely independent of the extent of the reaction and initial reaction conditions. The central kinetic feature was the observation of a pseudo-first-order rate constant inversely proportional to the initial monomer concentration, suggesting some form of inhibition. Furthermore, the polymerization of COTCH2CH2NMe3OTf is inhibited by the addition of TBAOTf (TBA = Bu4N+). The apparent inhibition is discussed in terms of the potential for ion pairing or anion coordination to the catalyst center.
Completely uncoupled and perfectly coupled gene expression in repressible systems.

Two forms of extreme coupling have been documented for the regulation of gene expression in repressible systems governed by a regulator protein. The first form, complete uncoupling, is distinguished by a constant level of regulator protein. The second form, perfect coupling, is distinguished by a level of regulator protein that varies coordinately with the level of the regulated enzyme. To determine how these two forms of coupling influence the performance of a system, so that we might predict the conditions under which each evolves through natural selection, we have used a mathematical approach to compare systems with complete uncoupling and perfect coupling. Our comparisons, which are controlled so that alternative systems are free from irrelevant differences, are based on a priori criteria that are related to various aspects of a system’s performance, such as temporal responsiveness. By examining the influence of physical constraints that are related to the subunit structure of regulatory proteins and that limit the cooperativity of regulatory interactions, we have extended an early theory of gene circuitry for repressible systems. We obtain new results and testable predictions that can be summarized as follows. For typical systems with a low gain, performance is better with perfect coupling than with complete uncoupling if the mode of regulation is negative and better with complete uncoupling than with perfect coupling if the mode of regulation is positive. For systems with a high gain, these preferred forms of coupling are prevented by the physical constraints on cooperativity, and other forms of coupling can be expected. Tests of our predictions are illustrated by using data available in the literature.
Time-lapse photographic studies of cockroach hemocyte migrations in vitro☆

Abstract Cell migrations of the hemocytes of Periplaneta americana L. are described in vitro with time-lapse photography. In vivo injections of cockroach Ringer or water (25 μl/insect) was employed to eliminate most coagulation and cell lysis. Migrating hemocytes were fanshaped with a flattened leading edge with movements averaging 1.7 μm/min. In vivo vinblastine injections did not affect hemocyte migrations, although early metaphase configurations (up to 10%) accumulated in treated cell populations.
Structural and functional analysis of the par region of the pSC101 plasmid

Three distinct segments (the partition-related, or PR segments) within the 370 bp par region of pSC101 have been shown by deletion analysis to be involved in partitioning of the plasmid to daughter cells. The two lateral segments are direct repeats, each of which potentially can pair with an inverted repeat located between them to form a hairpin-loop structure. Deletion of either lateral segment, together with the middle segment, results in plasmid instability (the Par- phenotype). Deletion of one PR segment yields a stable plasmid that nevertheless shows reduced ability to compete with a coexisting wild-type derivative of the same replicon (the Cmp- phenotype). Deletion of all three segments results in a rate of plasmid loss far in excess of that predicted from the observed copy number of the plasmid. Analysis of the segregation properties of these mutants and of temperature-sensitive and high copy number derivatives of the pSC101 replicon suggests a model in which the par function allows the nonreplicating plasmids of the intracellular pool to be counted as individual molecules, and to be distributed evenly to daughter cells. In the absence of par, the multicopy pool of plasmids behaves as a single segregation unit.
Phase degradation characteristics of programmed AAPSM defects with automatic inspection tool sensitivity

Accurate defect characterization is becoming increasingly more important with the increased implementation of AAPSM applications. Quartz bump/divot defectivity adds a third dimension to the historical definition of photomask defects that included only size and transmission. This new dimension is phase . Past studies have suggested that significant phase degradation occurs even at smaller defect sizes. This characterization is tied closely with the defect capture capability of photomask inspection. Inspection tool sensitivity to phase defects is increasingly important for at least two reasons: the danger of catastrophic defects printing on the wafer, and the newness of these types of defects to the photomask-making community at large. This experiment utilizes two distinct forms of defect characterization -- SEM sizing and surface profilometry. Programmed defect test masks were manufactured for phase shifting properties at both 248nm and 193nm exposure wavelengths. The defects were etched at multiple depths resulting in a variety of phase angle errors. This study will examine the effects of phase degradation on smaller defects along with defect capture from automatic inspection tools.