cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Order SNP Combinations Associated with Complex Diseases: Efficient Discovery, Statistical Power and Functional Interactions

There has been increased interest in discovering combinations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are strongly associated with a phenotype even if each SNP has little individual effect. Efficient approaches have been proposed for searching two-locus combinations from genome-wide datasets. However, for high-order combinations, existing methods either adopt a brute-force search which only handles a small number of SNPs (up to few hundreds), or use heuristic search that may miss informative combinations. In addition, existing approaches lack statistical power because of the use of statistics with high degrees-of-freedom and the huge number of hypotheses tested during combinatorial search. Due to these challenges, functional interactions in high-order combinations have not been systematically explored. We leverage discriminative-pattern-mining algorithms from the data-mining community to search for high-order combinations in case-control datasets. The substantially improved efficiency and scalability demonstrated on synthetic and real datasets with several thousands of SNPs allows the study of several important mathematical and statistical properties of SNP combinations with order as high as eleven. We further explore functional interactions in high-order combinations and reveal a general connection between the increase in discriminative power of a combination over its subsets and the functional coherence among the genes comprising the combination, supported by multiple datasets. Finally, we study several significant high-order combinations discovered from a lung-cancer dataset and a kidney-transplant-rejection dataset in detail to provide novel insights on the complex diseases. Interestingly, many of these associations involve combinations of common variations that occur in small fractions of population. Thus, our approach is an alternative methodology for exploring the genetics of rare diseases for which the current focus is on individually rare variations.
Precision measurement of the double quantum transition 32S12−32D52 in hydrogen

Abstract By observing the 3 2 S 1 2 (F =0) – 3 2 D 5 2 (F = 2) double quantum transition in a fast beam of atomic hydrogen, we have found for the 3 2 S 1 2 – 3 2 D 5 2 interval the value 4013.152± 0.098 MHz, in satisfactory agreement with QED theory.
A revised geophysical model function for the advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) at NOAA/NESDIS

The current ASCAT winds retrieval is based on the CMOD5.n geophysical model function (GMF) with the ASCAT wind data processor developed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Recent validation of ASCAT wind retrieval reveals that high wind retrievals were underestimated as being compared to the operational QuikSCAT scatterometer. The goal in this paper is to improve ASCAT wind retrievals at high winds. In this paper we map the radar backscatter (σ 0 ) as a function of extreme wind conditions as measured by an airborne scatterometer and adjusted the isotropic term in CMOD5.n to follow the aircraft GMF trend. The geophysical model QuikSCAT wind inputs are improved for σ 0 that calculated from QuikSCAT wind inputs are improved for σ 0 approximately > −15 dB and in very good agreement with the ASCAT σ 0 measurement. The wind retrieval validations show wind speed rms error is improved at approximately wind speed > 12 m/s and example mean wind composite from two winter seasons shows significant in detection of storm-force winds.
Pulsed Laser Spectroscopic Study of the Photoisomerization of Azo Labels at Three Different Locations on a Polystyrene Chain

Azobenzene chromophores have been incorporated as molecular labels at three specific sites on a polystyrene chain: the chain end, the chain center, or as the side group. Trans * cis photoisomerization kinetic behavior of azo labela has been studied both in dilute solution and in the glassy state at 20 "C, using nanosecond pulsed laser spectroscopy, which reduced the measurement time to only 2 s. In dilute solution, a small difference in the label's photoisomerization behavior has been observed at different sites of the chain; the end label can photoisomerize a little faster than the center label or the side label. A much greater difference is observed in the glassy state, especially between the end label and the center label, mainly due to the free volume differences in the vicinity of each label. Assuming that in the glassy state, only a certain fraction of the label can isomerize with the same rate as in dilute solution, only 8% of the center label is found to photoisomerize while about 45% of the chain end or the side group photoisomerizes at 20 "C. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the theoretical predictions based on the free volume size distribution theory of Robertson, which was applied to meet the photoisomerization requirement of the azobenzene label. This theory predicts that 23% of the azo label can isomerize at 20 OC. In view of the packing differences and the resulting free volume differences in the chain end vs. the chain center, the relationships between the theoretical value and the experimental values seem reasonable. We recently utilized azobenzene chromophores as, mo- lecular labels in the main chains of amorphous poly- urethanes and found that the photoisomerization of such azo labels is very sensitive to the volume changes taking place within the solid film.' While photoisomerization in dilute solution occurs by a single rate process, its initial portion in the solid films may be fitted by two separate rate processes. The first is as fast as in dilute solution and is followed by a slower one. The fractional amount of the fast process decreases with physical aging but increases with temperature, plasticization, or glassy deformation.lb We suggested that this fraction may be proportional to the number of regions where local free volumes are greater than a critical size necessary for the photoisomerization of the azobenzene group. The azo chromophores in our previous study were attached in the main chain of the amorphous polymers but their location was not specific. In this study, we have incorporated azo chromophores at
CONCENTRATION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN RAT, PORCINE AND HUMAN PITUITARY TISSUE1

The development of an accurate and sensitive method for the assay of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), namely, the adrenal ascorbic acid-depletion method of Sayers, Sayers and Woodbury (1948), has made possible the quantitative determintaion of the concentration of this trophin in pituitary tissue. The adenohypophyses of three species—rat, hog and human—have been analyzed in this regard. methods and mateeials Technicfor Quantitative Extraction of ACTH from Pituitary Tissue. During the initial phases of this study, extracts of anterior pituitary were prepared by grinding or homogenizing the fresh tissue in cold 0.9 per cent NaCl solution made alkaline to 0.01 N with NaOH. The technic is similar to those described in the literature for the measurement of pituitary gonadotrophic hormone potency. When pituitaries from a large number of control groups of rats were extracted by this method and found to vary widely in ACTH content, the technic of grinding or homogenizing fresh tissue was abandoned as unsatisf...
Identification of novel regions of altered DNA copy number in small cell lung tumors

Identification of the genetic alterations that occur in tumors is an important approach to understanding tumorigenesis. We have used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), a novel molecular cytogenetic method, to identify the gross DNA copy number changes that commonly occur in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We analyzed ten SCLC tumors (seven primary tumors and three metastases) from eight patients. We found frequent increases in DNA copy number on chromosome arms Sp, 8q, 3q, and Xq and frequent decreases in copy number on chromosome arms 3p. 17p, Sq, 8p, 13q, and 4p. The increase in copy number at 8q24 (MYC) and decreases at 17p 13 (TP53), 13q 14 (RB), and 3p have previously been identified in SCLC with other methods. Many of the other regions in which we detected common copy number changes have not been reported to be regions of common alteration in SCLC tumors. Comparison of copy number changes between a primary tumor and a metastasis from the same patient showed that they were more closely related to each other than to any of the other tumors. The results of direct CGH analysis of SCLC tumors reported here confirm the existence of copy number changes that we identified previously by using cell lines. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TEASING, DISPUTING, AND PLAYING Cross-Gender Interactions and Space Utilization among First and Third Graders

This article explores and compares cross-gender interactions of first and third graders in one child care center. Three prevalent forms of interaction are discussed: teasing, disputing, and playing. The author argues that these three forms of interaction are related to the use of space: Teasing often occurs when space is constricted, disputing is often the result of invaded space, and playing requires shared space and varying levels of cooperation. By focusing on the relationship between space and interaction, important power asymmetries appear. Since boys are more likely to initiate invasions and more likely to determine the rules and terms of the play, they maintain a greater amount of power and control.
Masks and Mumming in the Nordic Area

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2007 Pages: 840 Publisher: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien for Svensk Folkkultur ISBN: 978-91-85352-70-8 (hard cover).
Alleviating intra-flow and inter-flow contentions for reliable service in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we focus on the problems from interaction between the congestion of traffic flows and the MAC layer contentions for reliable service, say TCP traffic. We first characterize the interaction as infra-flow contention and inter-flow contention and illustrate their severe impact on the performance of MANET. Then we propose a novel distributed scheme combining both flow control and media access control to alleviate these two kinds of contentions. The key idea is to differentiate packet transmissions. More specifically, better transmission opportunities are assigned to urgent or backlogged packets, which may be those just received by the downstream nodes or those accumulated at the congested nodes. By doing so, our scheme can promptly and smoothly forward each packet to the destination without incurring explosive increase in the number of control packets at the MAC layer or excessive queueing delay. Extensive simulations in ns-2 demonstrate that our scheme can greatly reduce the MAC layer contention and collision and improve the end-to-end throughput of TCP traffic.
Promoting gold nanocatalysts in solvent-free selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols

A trace amount of metal carbonate, acetate or borate significantly boosts gold nanocatalysts in selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols under mild solvent-free conditions.
Proteolytic Cleavage of VP1-2 Is Required for Release of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 DNA into the Nucleus

In this report we propose a model in which after the herpes simplex virus (HSV) capsid docks at the nuclear pore, the tegument protein attached to the capsid must be cleaved by a serine or a cysteine protease in order for the DNA to be released into the nucleus. In support of the model are the following results. (i) Exposure of cells at the time of or before infection to l-(tosylamido-2-phenyl) ethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a serine-cysteine protease inhibitor, prevents the release of viral DNA or expression of viral genes. TPCK does not block viral gene expression after entry of viral DNA into the nucleus. (ii) The tegument protein VP1-2, the product of the U(L)36 gene, is cleaved shortly after the entry of the HSV 1 (HSV-1) virion into the cell. (iii) The proteolytic cleavage of VP1-2 does not occur in cells that are infected with HSV-1 under conditions that prevent the release of the viral DNA into the nucleus. (iv) The proteolytic cleavage of VP1-2 occurs only after the capsid is attached to the nuclear pore. Thus, TPCK prevented the release of HSV-1 DNA into the nucleus when added to medium 1 hour after infection with tsB7 at 39.5 degrees C followed by a shift down to the permissive temperature. The ts lesion maps in the U(L)36 gene. At the nonpermissive temperature, the capsids accumulate at the nuclear pore but the DNA is not released into the nucleus.
Mining mutually dependent patterns for system management

In some domains, such as isolating problems in computer networks and discovering stock market irregularities, there is more interest in patterns consisting of infrequent, but highly correlated items rather than patterns that occur frequently (as defined by minsup, the minimum support level). We describe m-pattern, a new pattern that is defined in terms of minp, the minimum probability of mutual dependence of items in the pattern. We show that all infrequent m-pattern can be discovered by an efficient algorithm that makes use of: (1) a linear algorithm to qualify an m-pattern; (2) an effective technique for candidate pruning based on a necessary condition for the presence of an m-pattern; and (3) a level-wise search for m-pattern discovery (which is possible because m-patterns are downward closed). Further, we consider frequent m-patterns, which are defined in terms of both minp and minsup. Using synthetic data, we study the scalability of our algorithm. Then, we apply our algorithm to data from a production computer network both to show the m-patterns present and to contrast with frequent patterns. We show that when minp=0, our algorithm is equivalent to finding frequent patterns. However, with a larger minp, our algorithm yields a modest number of highly correlated items, which makes it possible to mine for infrequent but highly correlated itemsets. To date, many actionable m-patterns have been discovered in production systems.
Mass deaths and serial predation: Comparative taphonomic studies of modern large mammal death sites

Abstract Longitudinal studies of bone sites in Africa and Canada indicate that both mass death sites and sites of serial predation share many significant characteristics, such as dense bone deposits, representation of multiple taxa, presence of different degrees of gnaw-damage and different weathering stages, and concise spatial areas containing the bones. Surface densities of bone range from 1 per 3m2 in a mass death site to 1 per 125 m2 in a site where serial predation accounted for all bones. The average number of bones per represented individual ranges from a low of about seven elements per animal, to a high of about 20, with no difference between mass death and cumulative death sites.
The advantages of triangular and tetrahedral edge elements for electromagnetic modeling with the finite-element method

In this paper, we examine the numerical dispersion properties of the tetrahedral edge element in comparison to other edge and nodal elements. For all nodal elements as well as hexahedral edge elements, the phase error is always either positive or negative for waves propagating at any incidence angle, which means that the error accumulates as the wave propagates from element to element. This effect can produce large errors for electrically large geometries. On the other hand, the tetrahedral edge elements can produce either a negative or positive phase error, depending on the direction of propagation through the element. For an unstructured mesh, phase cancellation occurs since the orientation of the tetrahedral elements are arbitrary. Because of the cancellation, the numerical dispersion error is very low for meshes composed of well-shaped tetrahedral edge elements. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate this point.
Distilled sensing : selective sampling for sparse signal recovery

A selective sampling procedure called distilled sensing (DS) is proposed, and shown to be an efiective method for recovering sparse signals in noise. Based on the notion that it is often easier to rule out locations that do not contain signal than it is to directly identify non-zero signal components, DS is a sequential method that systematically focuses sensing resources towards the signal subspace. This adaptivity in sensing results in rather surprising gains in sparse signal recovery| dramatically weaker sparse signals can be recovered using DS compared with conventional non-adaptive sensing procedures.
The Role of Preservice Teachers in Developing Metacognitive Awareness Strategies in an Urban Language Arts Writing High School Classroom.

The study used a qualitative approach to examine the development of metacognitive awareness strategies among student writers. The purposes of the study were to determine the indices of metacognitive awareness strategies used by students, the role of preservice teachers, and the relevance of instructional strategies. Participants were preservice teachers and high school students. Data collection included field notes, writing samples, reports, surveys, portfolios, and evaluations. The study results indicated the following: 1. Students' self-perceptions as writers change; 2. metacognitive awareness development occurs over time; 3. Metacognitive awareness development occurs differently among students; and 4. Varied teaching approaches yield effective writing instruction.
Images of China's Social Structure: The Changing Perspectives of Canton Students

Based on documentation and in-depth interviews with 14 emigrants from China; this study traces changing perceptions of China's social structure by different urban social groups. Each group adopted a perspective that best served its own interests. In the fifties and sixties these images did not necessarily coincide with—but nonetheless were within—the bounds of the image propagated by the Chinese authorities. During and since the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, a new perception of society has been formulated particularly by people from the former middle classes: the issue centers on whether a new bureaucratic class has emerged in China. The article closes with a discussion of the authorities' recent attempts to redefine popular images of the social structure in response to a changed social reality and China's eagerness to modernize.
Wall Street Women: Engendering Global Finance in the Manhattan Landscape

The first generation of women on Wall Street has negotiated shifting gender roles from the fifties to the present, a period of transformation in global financial markets and business as well. Over much of this period, these women increasingly used city places—federal buildings, the stock exchange—to promote women's upward mobility on Wall Street. In this article, I focus on how two women's networks—The Financial Women's Association and the Women's Campaign Fund (now Forum)—deployed many tactics of visibility, including organizing events celebrating women's accomplishments in male dominated industries, using the press, and more recently incorporating feminist performance artist's autobiographical storytelling. The article traces the ways the women's networks shifted the sites of their spatial tactics in the eighties, from downtown financial spaces to more “democratic” professional-managerial spaces throughout Manhattan. It also illuminates the ways the networks have increasingly incorporated tenets of liberal feminism into their events.
Characteristics of output voltage and current of integrated nanogenerators

Owing to the anisotropic property and small output signals of the piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) and the influence of the measurement system and environment, identification of the true signal generated by the NG is critical. We have developed three criteria: Schottky behavior test, switching-polarity tests, and linear superposition of current and voltage tests. The 11 tests can effectively rule out the system artifacts, whose sign does not change with the switching measurement polarity, and random signals, which might change signs but cannot consistently add up or cancel out under designed connection configurations. This study establishes the standards for designing and scale up of integrated nanogenerators.
A Fast Sequencing Bipolar Energy Discharge System for the Beam Bumper Magnet in the Zero Gradient Synchrotron

An energy discharge system has been constructed which permits repetitive pulses spaced 30 ms apart or greater to the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) beam bumper magnet. To allow beam bumping to either side of the equilibrium orbit, each pulse is independent in polarity and magnitude. Two pulses per machine cycle are provided, but the system is being expanded to five. The system consists of the beam bumper magnet time-sharing two independent energy storage subsystems each containing two series ignitrons, one for each polarity and two crowbar ignitrons, one for each polarity. A logic system automatically triggers the crowbar associated with a given subsystem. An early crowbar trigger can be used which shunts the coil well before peak current occurs reducing the peak current on a given pulse. Each subsystem contains a 2 A, 14 kV power supply and 450 ?F of capacitance. The beam bumper magnet has a 4-turn coil which may be connected either in parallel or series. The inductance for one turn is 1.6 ?H. The beam may be targeted or extracted in less than 20 ?s or as long as several hundred ?s, depending on the choice of C and L. If exceptionally long times are needed, the subsystems may be interconnected causing all capacitors to be in parallel.
How Profitable Is Capital Structure Arbitrage

The article examines the risk and return of capital structure arbitrage, which exploits the mispricing between a company’s credit default swap (CDS) spread and equity price. The analysis uses the CreditGrades benchmark model, a convergence-type trading strategy, and 135,759 daily CDS spreads on 261 North American obligors. At the level of individual trades, substantial losses can occur as a result of the low correlation between the CDS spread and the equity price. An equally weighted portfolio of all trades, however, produced Sharpe ratios similar to those for other fixed-income arbitrage strategies and hedge fund industry benchmarks.
Programming, Grouping, and Acceleration in Rural School Districts: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices

The development of gifted education programs is influenced by the characteristics of communities, values of residents, constraints that work against change and forces that impel change. The levels and types of programming offered to gifted students in rural and urban school districts were compared in this study. Rural and school districts were compared in this study. Rural and urban districts were also compared on their uses of ability grouping in regular education programs and academic acceleration. The results of the study revealed that rural school districts are less apt to use ability grouping or academic acceleration to provide a developed range of options for gifted and talented students. Sporadic extracurricular activities tend to play more important roles in rural programs. Factors that influence the nature and quality of education of gifted and talented students in rural areas are discussed.
Criteria of Structural Geology and Rock Mechanics for the Storage of Heated Compressed Air in Aquifers

Criteria of Structural Geology and Rock Mechanics for the Storage of Heated Compressed Air in Aquifers. Studies have been in progress since 1977 to estabblish criteria for suitable sites for storage of compressed air in porous, permeable rocks, and to identify geological parameters to be monitored in operating installations. At present, field tests are being undertaken to bridge the gap between laboratory and operating conditions.
Oral administration of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors impairs GPVI-mediated platelet function

The Tec family kinase Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) plays an important signaling role downstream of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs in hematopoietic cells. Mutations in Btk are involved in impaired B-cell maturation in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Btk has been investigated for its role in platelet activation via activation of the effector protein phospholipase Cγ2 downstream of the platelet membrane glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Because of its role in hematopoietic cell signaling, Btk has become a target in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma; the covalent Btk inhibitor ibrutinib was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of these conditions. Antihemostatic events have been reported in some patients taking ibrutinib, although the mechanism of these events remains unknown. We sought to determine the effects of Btk inhibition on platelet function in a series of in vitro studies of platelet activation, spreading, and aggregation. Our results show that irreversible inhibition of Btk with two ibrutinib analogs in vitro decreased human platelet activation, phosphorylation of Btk, P-selectin exposure, spreading on fibrinogen, and aggregation under shear flow conditions. Short-term studies of ibrutinib analogs administered in vivo also showed abrogation of platelet aggregation in vitro, but without measurable effects on plasma clotting times or on bleeding in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of Btk significantly decreased GPVI-mediated platelet activation, spreading, and aggregation in vitro; however, prolonged bleeding was not observed in a model of bleeding.
The in vitro effect of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time.

The in vitro effect of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time was studied using plasma from normal subjects. It was found that there is a log-dose response to heparin which is quite variable from subject to subject. A single subject was studied on five occasions in a 2-month interval; all of this subject’s response patterns to heparin were similar.
Dreams and Dementia: A Laboratory Exploration of Dream Recall and Dream Content in Chronic Brain Syndrome Patients

Seventeen (seven mild and ten severe) chronic brain syndrome patients were tested in the sleep laboratory for dream recall and content. The mildly organic patients had 57 per cent recall while the severely organic patients had 35 per cent recall. We also studied four aged severely organic patients. These patients showed a recall rate of 8 per cent.The difference between the recall rates in mildly and severely organic middle-aged patients was not statistically significant. The difference between the recall rates of the aged severely organic patients and either or both of the middle-aged groups was statistically significant (p < .001).In addition, we found dream content differences between the mildy and severely organic middle-aged groups and between the combined group and normal young men.
LOW FREQUENCY OF t HAPLOTYPES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HOUSE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS DOMESTICUS).

t haplotypes are a naturally occurring, autosomal, meiotic-drive system found on chromosome 17 of the house mouse. They show non-Mendelian transmission from heterozygous +/t males, such that 90% or more of the male's offspring inherit the t-bearing chromosome. Although they are expected to become rapidly fixed, surveys of natural populations typically report low overall frequencies of only ~15-25% +/t heterozygotes. Generally, such studies of t haplotypes in wild populations have sampled only small numbers of individuals due to the need to genotype mice by breeding, thus we have conducted a large survey of wild mice, Mus musculus domesticus, using DNA markers to examine the frequency and distribution of t haplotypes in natural populations. The overall frequency of +/t heterozygotes from our entire sample was 0.062, which is much lower than all previous estimates of t haplotype frequency. t haplotypes were patchily distributed and rare, and were present in only 46% of the populations we sampled. There were no significant sex-specific differences in the frequency of t haplotypes. Our data suggest that the frequency of +/t heterozygotes in independent populations varies with respect to population size and stability: t haplotypes were at low frequency in all large, relatively persistent populations, whereas they were at more variable, and often higher, frequencies in small, temporally unstable populations. The extinction and recolonization of many of the smaller populations may contribute to the greater variation in t haplotype frequency observed, and small populations may be important reservoirs of t haplotypes in the wild. The highest frequencies of t haplotypes were obtained from populations with semilethal, or complementing lethal, t haplotypes, where t/t homozygous mice were present.
Conclusion: The Classical Arguments Defeated

In the previous three chapters, I have explored the problem of auxiliary assumptions (PoA)—difficulties for empirical survival arguments that originate from the auxiliary assumption requirement (AAR)—first broached in §7.3.2, further discussed in §8.2.1, and systematically developed throughout Chapter 9. In Chapter 8, I argued that AAR generates problems for Bayesian survival arguments by negatively impacting both the prior probability and the explanatory power of the survival hypothesis. In Chapter 10, I explored the latter in considerable detail by examining how the appeal to living-agent psi (LAP) poses a challenge to the ostensible explanatory power of the survival hypothesis. My argument drew heavily on the implications of AAR, as AAR significantly alters the landscape of the traditional counter-explanation or CE-challenge.
Beyond Citizen Journalism: Weigelgate, JournoList, and the Shifting Media Ecology of America

This paper uses the events surrounding and reactions to blogger/journalist David Weigel’s dismissal from the Washington Post to explore three themes in the rapidly media ecology of the United States. First, the Weigelgate episode was rooted in conflicting interpretations of the journalist’s proper role, and in contested definitions of who counts as a “real” journalist as opposed to a “blogger” or “citizen journalist.” Second, the central role played by the JournoList backchannel listserv provides a rare window to study a class of communications channel that has received scant attention in the literature. Backchannel lists allow networked publics to create their own semi-formal institutions, mimicking the formal communications channels used within well-known formal organizations. Their technical architecture makes them near-impossible to study, yet the Weigelgate episode emphasizes the important role they play in the networked public sphere. Finally, Weigelgate points to the continual blurring of the public and private sphere, raising normative concerns for the future of journalism and various other social practices.
Mapping and Role of the CD8 + T Cell Response During Primary Zika Virus Infection in Mice.

Summary CD8 + T cells may play a dual role in protection against and pathogenesis of flaviviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). We evaluated the CD8 + T cell response in ZIKV-infected LysMCre + IFNAR fl/fl C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice lacking the type I interferon receptor in a subset of myeloid cells. In total, 26 and 15 CD8 + T cell-reactive peptides for ZIKV African (MR766) and Asian (FSS13025) lineage strains, respectively, were identified and validated. CD8 + T cells from infected mice were polyfunctional and mediated cytotoxicity. Adoptive transfer of ZIKV-immune CD8 + T cells reduced viral burdens, whereas their depletion led to higher tissue burdens, and CD8 −/− mice displayed higher mortality with ZIKV infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD8 + T cells protect against ZIKV infection. Further, this study provides a T cell competent mouse model for investigating ZIKV-specific T cell responses.
Management control in a distributed computing environment

This paper reviews the basic topological forms that make up a distributed computing system, two methodologies of databases and the application set, with a view to briefing management on how to control this complex system efficiently.
Carbon Monoxide as a Hazard of Polar Exploration

PETER FREUCHEN, speaking from his long experience in the Arctic, has said recently that “only when modern times came in did the exploration of the Polar regions begin to amount to anything real. The invention of the Primus stove did more than anything else. After that came the dog sledge.” Certainly modern polar explorers have a great advantage in the hot food and ample supply of drinking water that the Primus stove affords.
Epilepsy in the Elderly: Risk Factors and Management Approaches

Epilepsy, particularly new onset, disproportionately affects the elderly at high rates. We summarize the literature on etiologic risk factors and the evidence behind medical and surgical treatments for geriatric epilepsy. Incident epilepsy in the elderly is most commonly focal onset resulting from structural brain disease. Levetiracetam was well tolerated and as effective as older medications for new onset seizures. Small studies on epilepsy surgery show favorable outcomes in older patients; however, surgery may be associated with an increased risk of cognitive deficits and complications. Further studies are needed to examine the utility of newer antiepileptic medications in the elderly. In particular, the selection of a good surgical candidate in this age group requires more detailed investigation.
BLUE LIGHT PHOTORECEPTORS -BEYOND PHOTOTROPINS AND CRYPTOCHROMES

and these have led to the discovery of photoreceptors distinct from the more thoroughly studied phototropins and cryptochromes. Similarly, the pursuit of the biology of photoresponses in Euglena and circadian regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis has led to the discovery of photoreceptor proteins. This chapter will focus on the identification of a novel class of LOV-domain associated photoreceptors first identified in Neurospora in which the light response directly acts to modulate the transcriptional activation potential of the WC-1 protein. This principal blue light photoreceptor was identified in 2002 (Froehlich et al., 2002; He et al., 2002), and the identity of this protein highlighted the LOV protein domain already associated with blue light photoreception in some plants. In addition, the simultaneous emergence of the complete genomic sequence of Neurospora has allowed the identification of additional putative photoreceptors (Galagan et al., 2003; Borkovich et al., 2004). This chapter will begin with a brief history of the discovery of blue light photoreception in fungi and then go on to describe the spectrum of light regulated processes and finally on to the nature of the known and suspected photoreceptors. It will close with a brief overview of photoreceptors from photosynthetic eukaryotes that also use the LOV domain for perception of blue light.
Rational design of a hexameric protein assembly stabilized by metal chelation

Protein-based self-assembled nanostructures hold tremendous promise as smart materials. One strategy to control the assembly of individual protein modules takes advantage of the directionality and high affinity bonding afforded by metal chelation. Here, we describe the use of 2,2'-bipyridine units (Bpy) as side chains to template the assembly of large structures (MW approx. 35 000 Da) in a metal-dependent manner. The structures are trimers of independently folded 3-helix bundles, and are held together by 2 Me(Bpy)3 complexes. The assemblies are stable to thermal denaturation, and are more than 90% helical at 90°C. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that one of the 2 possible (Bpy)3 enantiomers is favored over the other. Because of the sequence pliability of the starting peptides, these constructs could find use to organize functional groups at controlled positions within a supramolecular assembly.
Evaluation of spin in the abstracts of otolaryngology randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE Spin, the misrepresentation and distortion of research findings, has been shown to affect clinical decision making. Spin has been found in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in various fields of medicine, but no study has tested for the presence of spin in otolaryngology RCTs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the abstracts of RCTs found in the otolaryngology literature for spin. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, we analyzed the abstracts of RCTs for spin using a pilot-tested form. Double data extraction was performed by two blinded authors, and discrepancies were resolved using mutual discussion. RESULTS Out of the 534 PubMed citations retrieved by our search string, 162 parallel-group RCTs with clearly defined primary and secondary endpoints were identified. Further analysis identified 47 trials with nonsignificant primary outcomes, which were then evaluated for spin. Spin was identified in 33 of the 47 (70%) abstracts. Spin was found in the results sections of 25 (53%) of the included abstracts and was found in the conclusion section of 27 (57%) of the abstracts. Spin was not present in the titles of any of the included studies. CONCLUSION Spin was common in our sample of otolaryngology RCTs. Spin may potentially create false impressions about the true validity of a drug or intervention. Further research needs to test for potential clinical implications of spin in the otolaryngology literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 2018.
Health care access and glycemic control in youth and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in South Carolina.

Affordability and geographic accessibility are key health care access characteristics. We used data from 481 youth and young adults (YYA) with diabetes (389 type 1, 92 type 2) to understand the association between health care access and glycemic control as measured by HbA1c values. In multivariate models, YYA with state or federal health insurance had HbA1c percentage values 0.68 higher (P = 0.0025) than the privately insured, and those without insurance 1.34 higher (P < 0.0001). Not having a routine diabetes care provider was associated with a 0.51 higher HbA1c (P = 0.048) compared to having specialist care, but HbA1c did not differ significantly (P = 0.069) between primary vs specialty care. Distance to utilized provider was not associated with HbA1c among YYA with a provider (P = 0.11). These findings underscore the central role of health insurance and indicate a need to better understand the root causes of poorer glycemic control in YYA with state/federal insurance.
Innate Immune Signaling Organelles Display Natural and Programmable Signaling Flexibility

The signaling organelles of the innate immune system consist of oligomeric protein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). Examples of SMOCs include myddosomes and inflammasomes, which respectively induce transcription-dependent and -independent inflammatory responses. The common use of oligomeric structures as signaling platforms suggests multifunctionality, but each SMOC has a singular biochemically defined function. Here, we report that the myddosome is a multifunctional organizing center. In addition to promoting inflammatory transcription factor activation, the myddosome drives the rapid induction of glycolysis. We identify the kinase TBK1 as a myddosome component that promotes glycolysis, but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Synthetic immunology approaches further diversified SMOC activities, as we created interferon- or necroptosis-inducing myddosomes, inflammasomes that induce interferon responses instead of pyroptosis, and a SMOC-like nanomachine that induces interferon expression in response to a chemical ligand. These discoveries demonstrate the flexibility of immune signaling organelles, which permits the design of user-defined innate immune responses.
First-principles analysis of the optoelectronic properties of defective gallium nitride (Conference Presentation)

III-Nitrides form a class of wide bandgap semiconductors that have broad applications in optoelectronics technology due to their relatively large band gap, high carrier drift velocity and high breakdown voltage. In particular, GaN and its alloys are promising as component materials in solid-state lighting, radio-frequency, and power electronics. However, these materials generally grow with high defect densities, which can substantially degrade their electronic and optical properties. Therefore, an accurate and detailed knowledge of the influence of defects on their electronic structure will be central to the design of new high-performance materials. Here, we take a density functional theory (DFT) and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) approach to describe the excited-states of defective GaN. Utilizing MBPT within the GW/BSE approximation, we develop an approach to systematically identify defects, and their associated trap state energies. For a +1 charged nitrogen vacancy within bulk GaN, the predicted bandstructure indicates that this particular defect results in the formation of shallow defect states with trap state energies near the band edges. However, analysis of the electron-hole correlation function reveals that the low-energy excitations are comprised of a mixed bulk-like and defect-like character with significant exciton binding energies (~ 0.1 eV). We discuss the implications of these defect-induced-states for the electron transport and optical properties of GaN.
Clusters and links in Asian intellectual property law

Intellectual property developments in Asia are dynamic, distinct and diverse. There are also significant complexities within both the region and in each individual country. To help advance research and understanding in this area, this chapter underscores the insights provided by two pairs of analytical concepts. The first pair covers divergences and convergences. It aims to shed light on the similarities and differences in intellectual property regimes in Asia. It also explains why intellectual property laws have been developed the way they did. The second pair concerns clusters and links. Instead of asking why similarities and differences exist, countries are clustered together to provide a more systematic and meaningful comparison. Through a discussion of links, this chapter also reminds us that these clusters do not stand alone. Instead, they interact with each other and with intellectual property regimes outside Asia. Taken together, these two pairs of analytical concepts serve an additional goal. It reflects the duality — or the yin and yang — inherent in Asian societies and the highly uneven development both within Asia and inside each Asian country. Although observers have been understandably uncomfortable with this duality, there is no easy way to present intellectual property developments in Asia without their complexities.
Hospitalization outcomes of people who use drugs: One size does not fit all.

Abstract People with opioid use disorder (OUD) have worse hospital outcomes and higher healthcare costs. There are rising reports of people with OUD also using other classes of drugs, however patterns of substance use have not been evaluated for differential effects on hospital outcomes. We performed a data-analysis of the Healthcare Utilization Project's National Readmissions Database, examining the effects of patterns of substance use, age, gender, and diagnosis on the outcomes of Against Medical Advice (AMA) discharges and 30-day readmissions. About one-third of the patients with OUD who were admitted to the hospital had at least one additional substance use disorder (SUD). Thirteen percent of persons with OUD were discharged AMA, and 12% were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Compared to people with OUD alone, people who used stimulants had increased odds of AMA discharge (aOR 1.83 (CI 1.73, 1.96)) and 30-day readmission (aOR 1.30 (95% CI 1.23, 1.37)). Multiple concomitant substance use disorders were associated with increased odds of AMA discharge and 30-day readmission. Conclusions: People with OUD have high rates of both AMA discharges and 30 day-readmissions, and there is a layered effect of increasing co-occurring SUDs leading to worse hospitalization outcomes. The heterogeneity of drug use patterns needs to be considered when developing strategies to improve health care outcomes for people with substance use disorder.
What can be done to impact respiratory inhaler misuse: exploring the problem, reasons, and solutions

Respiratory inhalers, when used correctly, provide critical treatments for managing pulmonary conditions. However, many patients misuse inhalers, negatively affecting disease control, quality of li...
A Novel Intimate Partner Violence Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation

Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent problem with profound health consequences. Research suggests that internal medicine (IM) residents are unprepared to screen for and addre...
The Left in the United States and the Decline of the Socialist Party of America, 1934–1935

In the early years of the Great Depression, the American Socialist Party (sp) attracted left-wing youth and intellectuals at the same time that it faced the challenges of distinguishing itself from the Democratic Party of Franklin D. Roosevelt. By 1936, as its right-wing historic leadership (the “Old Guard”) left the sp and many of the more left-wing members of the sp had decamped, the party dwindled to a shell of its former strength. This article examines the internal struggles within the sp between the Old Guard and the left-wing “Militant” groupings and analyzes how the groups to the left of the sp reacted, particularly the pro-Moscow Communist Party and the supporters of Trotsky and Bukharin who were organized into two smaller groups, the Communist Party (Opposition) and Workers Party.
Revisiting MM's Tax Correction Model: A Comparative Static Analysis of Shareholder Tax Gains

This paper revisits MM's now famous tax correction paper to show that the debt tax gains available to shareholders using MM's tax correction model are smaller than previously believed. Based on results from comparative static analysis using MM's tax correction model and benchmark valuation model, I find that: (1) tax gains on debt interest deductions available to shareholders are smaller than previously believed, and (2) shareholders' tax gains yield an interior optimal capital structure, as opposed to the well-known all-debt corner solution. In this regard, the firm's tax gain can be decomposed into two parts: (1) shareholders' tax gain, and (2) increased debt capacity due to the lower after-tax cost of debt. These new results help to overcome some long-standing criticisms of the tradeoff theory rooted in MM's tax correction model. The main conclusion from these findings is that MM's tax correction model should play a greater role in corporate capital structure pedagogy and policy than ascribed by conventional wisdom.
Associations Among Perceived Parent and Peer Support, Self-Esteem, and Cancer-Related Worry in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Purpose: Cancer-related worry is common among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors, and is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes. Thus, it is crucial to identify possible modif...
What Matters More in Board Independence? Form or Substance?

Prior studies show uncertain associations between board independence and firm performance. We propose a novel measure of board independence and argue that influential CEO-directors (ICDs), those with higher compensation than the appointing firm’s CEO, are more independent of appointing firm’s top management. Controlling for conventional measures of board independence, we show that ICDs are effective monitors who help appointing firms by improving CEO pay-performance sensitivities. Through improved managerial incentives, ICDs have a significantly positive impact on long-term firm performance. In contrast, uninfluential CEO-directors are ineffective monitors whom presence on the board is either inconsequential or even detrimental to the firm.