cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Geriatric Anesthesiology to Practitioners, Residents, and Medical Students

Care of the geriatric patient will continue to grow in importance as the geriatric proportion of the population continues to grow. The increasing life expectancy in the United States and improvements in medical care allow expansion of surgical procedures into populations once considered too unstable or frail to recover from the stress of surgery. Geriatric patients undergo the same range of surgical procedures as younger patients. Some procedures, such as cataract surgery or prostate resection, may be performed more frequently in the geriatric patient. Virtually every medical provider will need to have a thorough understanding of the needs, complications, and changes in the elderly. Thus, education in geriatric anesthesia is essential.
Averaging Trials Versus Averaging Trial Peaks: Impact on Study Outcomes

Gait data are commonly presented as an average of many trials or as an average across participants. Discrete data points (eg, maxima or minima) are identified and used as dependent variables in subsequent statistical analyses. However, the approach used for obtaining average data from multiple trials is inconsistent and unclear in the biomechanics literature. This study compared the statistical outcomes of averaging peaks from multiple trials versus identifying a single peak from an average profile. A series of paired-samples t tests were used to determine whether there were differences in average dependent variables from these 2 methods. Identifying a peak value from the average profile resulted in significantly smaller magnitudes of dependent variables than when peaks from multiple trials were averaged. Disagreement between the 2 methods was due to temporal differences in trial peak locations. Sine curves generated in MATLAB confirmed this misrepresentation of trial peaks in the average profile when a phase shift was introduced. Based on these results, averaging individual trial peaks represents the actual data better than choosing a peak from an average trial profile.
Cardiomyopathy in the Potential Kidney Transplant Candidate

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is an independent risk factor for development of cardiomyopathy even after controlling for coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Congestive heart failure, both systolic and diastolic, in patients with end-stage renal disease is a poor prognostic marker with over 80% of patients dying within 3 years of the diagnosis. The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathy is thought to be a complex with multiple traditional risk factors (such as volume overload, hypertension, anemia) and nontraditional risk factors (such uremic toxin, inflammation, oxidative stress) being implicated. The current treatment approach is centered on treating both, the cardiomyopathy, and chronic kidney disease using guideline directed treatment algorithms focused on treating pressure and volume overload, anemia, secondary parathyroidism, and uremia. The field of transplant in patients with both congestive heart failure and end-stage renal disease is evolving. In the absence of genetic conditions or systemic infiltrative disease, most patients with isolated diastolic congestive heart failure may be listed for kidney transplantation. The work up of patients with systolic dysfunction is controversial due to a perceived high-risk candidacy. Consensus is lacking whether these patients should be listed for single organ or double organ heart/kidney transplantation. Although a majority of systolic heart failure patients will have improvement in their ejection fraction after kidney transplantation, a subset of patients has high mortality. The survival disadvantage is driven by patients who fail to improve their ejection fraction ﻿after kidney transplantation, suggesting a need for prospective trials to identify these patients.
Is There a ‘Right to Try’ Experimental Therapies? Ethical Criteria for Selecting Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy to Receive Nusinersen in an Expanded Access Program

Expanded access programs (EAPs) allow manufacturers to distribute an investigational product outside the usual setting of a clinical trial under certain specified conditions. A unique feature of su...
Development of a Pigment-Based Whole-Cell Zinc Biosensor for Human Serum

Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) are a critical global health concern, in part due to logistical difficulties in assessing population micronutrient status. Whole-cell biosensors offer a unique opportunity to address this issue, with the potential to move sample analysis from centralized, resource-intensive clinics to minimal-resource, on-site measurement. Here, we present a proof-of-concept whole-cell biosensor in Escherichia coli for detecting zinc, a micronutrient for which deficiencies are a significant public health burden. Importantly, the whole-cell biosensor produces readouts (pigments) that are visible to the naked eye, mitigating the need for measurement equipment and thus increasing feasibility for sensor field-friendliness and affordability at a global scale. Two zinc-responsive promoter/transcription factor systems are used to differentially control production of three distinctly colored pigments in response to zinc levels in culture. We demonstrate strategies for tuning ...
Study of multi-proofing's technology on smart meter in the area of maritime climate

Electrochemical reaction is the reason of smart meters failure under maritime climate coastal southeastern China. In order to ensure the smart meter runs reliable and stable under this kind of environment, the paper researches three anti-technology based on an analysis of the electrochemical reaction principle, combined with the specific circumstances of meter. In this paper, it analysis the core of three anti-technology theoretically firstly, and then designs experiments and analyses results of the test which verified three anti-technology can improve stability and reliability of smart meters. At the end of the paper, it gives practical suggestion of three anti-technology in smart meters.
Composite Aircraft Structures

In late 1975, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initiated a program aimed at accelerating the development of selected technologies that showed promise for substantial improvements in the fuel efficiency of commercial transport aircraft. This program is called the Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) program and consists of six technology development programs. These programs are: Engine component improvement, advanced energy efficient engines, advanced turboprops, aerodynamics and active controls, laminar flow control, and composite structures. A description of the overall program content can be found in references (1) and (2). This paper will describe the status of the composite structure development programs with particular emphasis on design.
Levels of combatant control and the patterns of non-incumbent/insurgent violence experienced by civilians living in Sunni-Arab communities in Iraq (2004-2009).

ABSTRACTThis study explores how one social-structural variable, control over Sunni–Arab communities during the Iraq civil war, affected the types of violence used by insurgent/non-government actors...
21st Century Airlines: Connecting the Dots

In 21st Century Airlines: Connecting the Dots, Nawal Taneja addresses the challenges and opportunities facing the airline industry as it tries to innovate and create products and services that are radically different by ‘connecting the dots’ at four key levels: recognizing the implications of global events, improving cross-functional collaboration within the organization, working more closely with the travel chain, and providing much higher engagements with connectors within the social networks. The book synthesizes insights gained from the experience of non-traditional businesses, such as Uber, that have no physical assets and that focus on scalability through platforms, as well as traditional businesses, such as Mercedes-Benz, that are transitioning from operators of physical assets to adapt to the on-demand and sharing economies. These insights show pragmatically that digitizing airline businesses would require digital mind-sets, digital technologies, digital strategies, and digital workplaces to explore new frontiers in value for both customers and airlines. Moreover, forward-thinking airlines need to consider working with bimodal organizational structures, in which one group optimizes current business models (network, fleet, and schedule planning, as well as revenue management) while a second group explores innovative ways to add digital features to physical products to provide a consistent experience throughout the journey. The book is written for all senior-level practitioners of airlines and related businesses worldwide, as well as senior-level government policymakers.
Multivalent activation of GLP-1 and sulfonylurea receptors modulates β-cell second-messenger signaling and insulin secretion.

Linking two pharmacophores that bind different cell surface receptors into a single molecule can enhance cell-targeting specificity to cells that express the complementary receptor pair. In this re...
Time Is of the Essence: Nursing Educational Tool on the Administration of STAT Antibiotics for Febrile Neutropenic Patients in a Transplant and Cellular Therapy Setting

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Hematopoietic stem cell recipient patients are at particularly high risk for severe infections, often experiencing neutropenia for extended periods of time before engraftment. It's well documented that administering antibiotics urgently to the febrile neutropenic is critical to prevent sepsis, reducing mortality. Currently, the expectation at our institution is to administer all STAT ordered antibiotics within a 60 minute timeframe from the final order entry. This time point has presented as a challenge due to an array of factors across disciplines. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Over a period of 7 months the compliance rate for administering STAT antibiotics on the hematology/oncology transplant unit was low, prompting the need for more detailed nursing education to increase adherence to existing stands of practice. There are many variables that may contribute to a delay in administration. Common delays include limited communication with providers, difficulty in drawing blood cultures, inadequate intravenous access, locating the drug, prescribed doses not stocked on the unit, and confusion over the decision of which drug to administer first. The objective was to create an easy to read educational tool addressing common nursing challenges in administering STAT antimicrobials. The tool serves as a guide to direct the nurse through the entire process from the initial assessment of a fever through administration of the drug. Key points were consolidated into one document using the "ABCs" mnemonic as an easy to remember format. Information such as the number of blood cultures needed, managing line access issues, or other potential delays are addressed and clarified. The sheet also emphasizes the importance of communicating with the provider on the patient's condition and what factors are causing delays of administering the drug. The tool reviews the importance of accurate documentation and entering an incident report if there are delays for quality improvement. Nurses were educated on this tool during change of shift huddles and were given the opportunity to review the material on their own and sign an accountability roster. No nursing practices were changed as a result of this education, however nursing processes were tightened. Findings & Interpretation In summary, providing nursing a consolidated educational handout has proven beneficial by heightening awareness of our rates of timely antibiotic administration, the importance of administering antibiotics within the 60 minute timeframe, and serves as a quick resource in time sensitive situations. Anecdotally, nursing reports increased confidence in their knowledge of resources and management of administering antimicrobials in febrile neutropenic patients. Discussion & Implications Ongoing evaluation of progress includes review of data at monthly unit patient safety meetings and identification of opportunities for improvement.
Effects of European Partial Control of U.S. Finns:: Evidence from Partial Acquisitions

To Ihe extent hat European partial control of U.S.  i s can enhance the performance, partial European acquisitions should cause a favorable share price response for U.S. targets. We fmd Ihat U.S. targets partially acquired by European fums experience a favorable share price response at Ule time of Lhe announcement. However, Ulere is no evidence of long-term valuation effects to these targets beyond Ihe immediate share price response. Thus, partial European control does not appear to have a major long-lerm impact on U.S. cowrate performance.
Abstract WMP76: Sexually Dimorphic Response to Stroke of miR-181a and miR-200c in Aged Mice

Background: Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease with age-dependent sex differences in incidence, prevalence, and outcome. Delineating the molecular mechanisms that determine sexual dimorphism in...
A Rationale for Developing a Nationally Competitive National Debate Tournament Oriented Program

This essay argues that NDT policy debate remains a viable option for those establishing a debate program. NDT debate is a specialized form of deliberative argument, distinct from, and complementary...
Incorporating Computer Programming & Data Science into a Guided Inquiry-Based Undergraduate Ecology Lab

The biological sciences are becoming increasingly reliant on computer science and associated technologies to quickly and efficiently analyze and interpret complex data sets. Introducing students to data analysis techniques is a critical part of their development as well-rounded, scientifically literate citizens. As part of a collaborative effort between the Biology and Computer Science departments at William & Mary, we sought to develop laboratory exercises that would introduce basic ideas of data analysis while also exposing students to Python, a commonly used computer programming language. We accomplished this by developing exercises within the interactive Jupyter Notebook platform, an open-source application that allows Python code to be written and executed as discrete blocks in real time. Students used the developed Jupyter Notebook to analyze data collected as part of a multiweek ecology field experiment aimed at determining the effect of white-tailed deer on aspects of biological diversity. These inquiry-based laboratory exercises generated scientifically relevant data and gave students a chance to experience and participate in ongoing scientific research while demonstrating the utility of computer science in the scientific process.
Prionailurus rubiginosus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831), the smallest felid at nearly one-half the size of a domestic cat, is commonly called the rusty-spotted cat. One of five species in the genus Prionailurus, it is found in wet or dry deciduous forests as well as scrubby grasslands throughout Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal's western Terai. Habitat loss, road accidents, and the spread of agricultural cultivation are considered major threats throughout its range. Rare in captivity and museum collections, it is considered “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, with the Indian population listed under Appendix I and the Sri Lankan and Nepali populations listed with all Felidae under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Surprising New Players in Glia-Neuron Crosstalk: Role in CNS Regeneration.

Glia-neuron interactions underlie a number of homeostatic processes in the brain. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Li et al. (2020) demonstrate that the regeneration of central nervous system axons is accelerated through modulation of neuronal GABA-B receptor activity by metabolic energy intermediaries released from glia.
Is it the Kids or the Schedule?: The Incremental Effect of Families and Flexible Scheduling on Perceived Career Success

Flexible work arrangements (FWAs) are widely offered in public accounting as a tool to retain valued professional staff. Previous research has shown that participants in FWAs are perceived to be less likely to succeed in their careers in public accounting than individuals in public accounting who do not participate in FWAs (Cohen and Single, 2001). Research has also documented an increasing backlash against family–friendly policies in the workplace as placing unfair burdens on individuals without children. Building directly on a previous study in this journal (Cohen and Single, 2001), this study addresses the issue of whether the documented perceptions toward FWA participants are the result of electing to take part in the FWA or the result of bias against employees with children. The research questions are addressed in a 3 × 2 experimental setting in which we manipulate FWA participation, along with family status and gender of a hypothetical manager in a public accounting firm. Our findings indicate that FWA participants are viewed as less likely to advance and as less committed than individuals without children or individuals who had children but who were not taking part in a FWA. Male FWA participants are viewed as less likely to succeed than female FWA participants. This effect appears to arise from a perception that FWA participants are willing to make sacrifices in their careers to accommodate family needs and thus may not be as committed to making the sacrifices perceived as necessary to meet the rigorous demands of the public accounting environment. This raises the ethical question of what could be done to change the culture in public accounting to foster a substantive support system for individuals who want to balance a family and a career.
Dental Home Prevalence Among Children with Medicaid in the Bronx, New York

The concept of a ‘dental home’ is analogous to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) concept of a ‘medical home...
Birth Order and Parental Experience in Monkeys and Man

Publisher Summary In the case of unwanted pregnancy in young parents, the firstborn is said to be frequently neglected or rejected or the parents are said to overcompensate because of guilt. However, the mother who has waited a long time for her first child allegedly smothers her only offspring with excessive love. This chapter presents a review of the human birth order literature, emphasizing methodological difficulties, and to propose the use of nonhuman primates as one possible way to avoid such difficulties. It reviews the facts on the relation between achievement and birth order. Firstborns have been described as being more inward directed than their siblings. This manifests itself in the expression of more guilt, less outward aggression, more fear, and more stubbornness than their younger siblings.
Mode of action of mycotoxins and related compounds.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mode of action of mycotoxins and related compounds. Mycotoxin is a convenient generic term to describe the toxic substances formed during the growth of fungi. In contrast to the bacterial toxins which are mainly proteins with antigenic properties, the mycotoxins encompass a considerable variety of fungal secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. In considering the effect of mycotoxins on the animal's body, it is important to distinguish between “mycotoxicosis” and “mycosis.” Mycotoxicosis is used, in general, to describe the action of mycotoxin(s) and is frequently mediated through a number of organs, notably the liver, kidney, lung, and nervous system. On the other hand, mycosis refers to a generalized invasion of living tissue(s) by growing fungi. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis are an especially significant problem for human and animal health, because under certain conditions, foodstuffs can provide a favorable medium for fungus growth and toxin production.
The golgi bodies in the erythrocytes ofIchthyophis glutinosus

The interest in the Golgi bodies in the erythrocytes of vertebrates may be said to commence from 1914 when cowdry expressed a doubt regarding the occurrence of these structures in the red blood-corpuscles though he admitted the presence of mitochondria. Since then a number of efforts have been made to investigate Me Dole content in Mese highly specialise.d cefis Me vertebrate body. In 1925 Brambell and Bhattacharya, reported the occurrence of the Golgi bodies in the Sauropsida, taking as examples, Gallus bankiva, Testudo graca, Trionyx hurum and Uromastic hardwicki.
Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning

As language learners begin to analyze morphologically complex words, they face the problem of projecting underlying representations from the morphophonemic alternations that they observe. Research on learnability in Optimality Theory has started to address this problem, and this article deals with one aspect of it. When alternation data tell the learner that some surface [B]s are derived from underlying /A/s, the learner will under certain conditions generalize by deriving all [B]s, even nonalternating ones, from /A/s. An adequate learning theory must therefore incorporate a procedure that allows nonalternating [B]s to take a «free ride» on the /A/ → [B] unfaithful map.
A Grap Optimization Problem in Virtual Colonoscopy

This paper studies a graph optimization problem occurring in virtual colonoscopy, which concerns finding the central path of a colon model created from helical computed tomography (CT) image data. The central path is an essential aid for navigating through complex anatomy such as colon. Recently, Ge et al. [GSZ+] devised an efficient method for finding the central path of a colon. The method first generates colon data from a helical CT data volume by image segmentation. It then generates a 3D skeleton of the colon. In the ideal situation, namely, if the skeleton does not contain branches, the skeleton will be the desired central path. However, almost always the skeleton contains extra branches caused by holes in the colon model, which are artifacts produced during image segmentation. To remove false branches, we formulate a graph optimization problem and justify that the solution of the optimization problem represents the accurate central path of a colon. We then provide an efficient algorithm for solving the problem.
New Ocean Winds Satellite Mission to Probe Hurricanes and Tropical Convection

AbstractThe Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a new NASA earth science mission scheduled to be launched in 2016 that focuses on tropical cyclones (TCs) and tropical convection. The mission’s two primary objectives are the measurement of ocean surface wind speed with sufficient temporal resolution to resolve short-time-scale processes such as the rapid intensification phase of TC development and the ability of the surface measurements to penetrate through the extremely high precipitation rates typically encountered in the TC inner core. The mission’s goal is to support significant improvements in our ability to forecast TC track, intensity, and storm surge through better observations and, ultimately, better understanding of inner-core processes. CYGNSS meets its temporal sampling objective by deploying a constellation of eight satellites. Its ability to see through heavy precipitation is enabled by its operation as a bistatic radar using low-frequency GPS signals. The mission will depl...
Diet-induced obesity causes insulin resistance in mouse brown adipose tissue.

Objective Diet-induced obesity (DIO) causes several pathophysiological changes in adipose tissue. Increased inflammation reduces white adipose tissue (WAT) insulin sensitivity and contributes to the development of diabetes. However, little is known about how DIO alters the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ that consumes calories by β3-adrenergic receptor (AR)-mediated thermogenesis and helps regulate energy balance. Methods To test the effects of DIO on BAT, we fed 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). After 16 additional weeks, we measured body fat, WAT, and BAT mRNA expression, glucose tolerance, and rates of glucose uptake in response to insulin and the β3-AR agonist mirabegron. Results Compared with NCD, HFD increased body fat and impaired glucose tolerance. Both WAT and BAT had higher mRNA levels of markers of inflammation, including TNFα and F4/80. Insulin signaling in BAT and WAT was reduced, with decreased Akt phosphorylation. Diet-normalized BAT glucose uptake rates were lower in response to mirabegron. Conclusions These results support a model in which DIO leads to BAT inflammation and insulin resistance, leading to a broader impairment of BAT function.
Integrating real-time vision and manipulation

Describes a system that integrates real-time computer vision with a sensorless gripper to provide closed-loop feedback control for grasping and manipulation tasks. Many hand-eye coordination skills can be thought of as sensory control loops, where specialized reasoning has been embodied as a feedback or control path in the loop's construction. Our framework captures the essence of these hand-eye coordination skills in simple visual control primitives, which are a key component of the software integration. The primitives use a simple visual tracking and correspondence scheme to provide real-time feedback control in the presence of imprecise camera calibrations. Experimental results are shown for the positioning task of locating, picking up and inserting a bolt into a nut under visual control. Results are also presented for the visual control of a bolt tightening task.
The Non-Topological Soliton Bag Model

Static, boundary condition bag models1have had considerable success in reproducing the spectra and properties of low-lying hadronic states involving light quarks. This is especially true of hybrid models, such as the Cloudy Bag Model2(CBM), which incorporate pions as an elementary field in order to restore PCAC.
Canonical restricted mixed-polarity exclusive sums of products

The concept of canonical restricted mixed polarity (CRMP) exclusive sum of products (ESOP) forms is introduced. It includes the inconsistent canonical Reed-Muller and generalized Reed-Muller forms as special cases. The set of CRMP forms is included in the set of ESOP expressions. An attempt to characterize minimal CRMP forms for completely specified Boolean functions is presented, as well as an attempt to gain insight into the complexity of computation needed to find such a form. Some fundamental properties unique to CRMPs are proved. It is also proved that the upper bound on the number of terms in the CRMP form is smaller than that in the conventional normal forms and is equal to that of the ESOPs. A theorem providing a lower bound on the number of CRMP terms is also given. These results prove the validity of the CRMP concept. An efficient generic heuristic algorithm to find the CRMP form is presented. >
Fine-grained, dynamic user customization of operating systems

Application performance can be improved by customizing the operating system kernel at run time. Inserting application code directly into the kernel avoids the costly protection-domain switches required in traditional interprocess communications. Our design for a customizable operating system structures the kernel as a set of object-oriented frameworks. The user can then perform fine-grained customization by subclassing kernel classes and inserting objects into the kernel. User code is written in a safe, object-oriented language (Sun's Java), which is interpreted or dynamically compiled in the kernel. Objects in the kernel, regardless of their origin, interact with each other seamlessly through ordinary object invocation. This extension technique has the advantage that a user can build directly on top of kernel frameworks using object invocation just as if the user were a system implementor without compromising system safety.
Chromatographic separation and characterization of coal-derived asphaltenes

Abstract Coal-derived asphaltenes from five major demonstration processes in the United States (Synthoil, HRI H-Coal, FMC-COED, PAMCO SRC, and Catalytic Inc. SRC) have been separated by a simple, rapid chromatographic procedure, on silica gel, into a limited number of acid/neutral and basic fractions which contain high concentrations of major functional groups. Analytical, molecular weight, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods have been used to deduce features of the microstructures of these asphaltenes. They usually have number-average MWs in the 400–550 range, and are made up of cata-systems of small ring number (3–5), with 30–50% of the available aromatic edge atoms occupied by substituents, and joined by naphthenic, methylenic or etheric bridges. Chemical and instrumental methods were used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the composition of the functional groups OH, NH, and N. The fraction of O as OH ranges from 0.59 to 0.83, and of N as NH from 0.53 to 0.74. The macrostructure of asphaltene crystallites was studied by X-ray diffraction methods and average dimensions deduced from an assumed model. The nature of the association between asphaltene molecules was studied by electron spin resonance; if charge-transfer interactions are present, they appear not to be significant as binding forces between the asphaltene molecules or nuclei.
Interference with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-catalyzed DNA chain elongation by the 5'-triphosphate of the carbocyclic analog of 2'-deoxyguanosine.

In an effort to better understand features in nucleotide analogs that result in the inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, we have evaluated this enzyme with the 5′-triphosphate of the carbocyclic analog of 2′-deoxyguanosine (CdG-TP). CdG-TP was a reasonably potent competitive inhibitor of the incorporation of dGTP into DNA by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using either a RNA or DNA template (Ki, 1 μM). CdG-TP was a good substrate for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase on both templates, but the DNA chain was poorly extended beyond the incorporation of CdG. These results indicate that substitution of ribose with a cyclopentane ring in nucleotides is not well tolerated by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
A prostate-derived cDNA that is mapped to human chromosome 19 encodes a novel protein

Abstract The epithelial cells of prostate gland secrete various secretory products that play an important role in the growth and differentiation of prostate gland. These secretory products have also been implicated in neuroendocrine differentiation of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate malignancy. We have cloned a prostate-derived cDNA encoding a novel protein with a predicted molecular weight of 78 kDa (P78), and precisely mapped the cDNA sequence to chromosome 19. The P78 gene has a complex genomic structure with 18 exons and 17 introns. The P78 contains two conserved structural domains with limited similarity to domain D of synapsin I. The P78 mRNA was expressed in various human cell lines. Western blot analysis using antibody specific for the P78 revealed the presence of the P78 protein in the prostate cancer cell lines with much lower level in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines compared to that in a primary prostate cancer cell line.
Response to Holloway and Szmukler

(2003). Response to Holloway and Szmukler. Journal of Mental Health: Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 449-450.
Assessment of risk factors for oral leukoplakia in West Virginia

– Objective: To assess risk factors associated with oral leukoplakia in a US population with high use of smoked tobacco and smokeless tobacco. Methods: The RJ Gorlin Leukoplakia Tissue Registry was used to identify individuals with oral leukoplakia in West Virginia, USA. This case–control study consisted of 90 cases with oral leukoplakia and 78 controls with periapical cysts. Univariate–univariable (one dependent variable and one independent variable) and univariate–multivariable (one dependent variable and multiple independent variables) logistic regression modeling quantified the association between oral leukoplakia and potential explanatory variables. Results: Unadjusted measures of association indicate that those with oral leukoplakia were more likely to be older [odds ratio of crude: ORCrude=2.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45–5.11], more likely to currently use smokeless tobacco (ORCrude=3.16; 95% CI: 1.10–9.07), and more likely to currently use snuff (ORCrude=8.32; 95% CI: 1.83–37.80). Individuals currently using smokeless tobacco or currently using snuff were more likely to have oral leukoplakia [adjusted odds ratio, ORAdj=9.21 and 30.08; 95% CI: 1.49–57.00 and 2.67–338.48, respectively], after simultaneously adjusting for age, gender, currently using smoked tobacco, currently using alcohol daily, and dental prostheses use. Conclusions: Generalizability is an issue when studying risk factors associated with oral leukoplakia because of geographical variations in the composition of smokeless tobacco (i.e. betel, lime, ash, and N-nitrosamines) and cultural variations in the use of tobacco (i.e. reverse smoking). Snuff was the main smokeless tobacco product currently used in West Virginia, and was strongly associated with oral leukoplakia, after adjusting for potential explanatory variables.
After the fall: Political whitewashing, professional posturing, and personal refashioning in the postwar career of Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer.

ABSTRACT Despite the numerous books and articles preoccupied with the formidable legitimizing role and unethical medical transgressions of the German human geneticist Otmar von Verschuer (1896–1969) during the Third Reich, scholars have neglected to focus on his career trajectory during the postwar period, especially in the years after he received the first chair of genetics on German soil in 1951. While an examination of von Verschuer's trials, tribulations, and ultimate triumph in post‐1945 West Germany is fascinating in its own right, it also raises broader historical issues. First, it lays bare the professional posturing of German biomedical scientists as they attempted to retake control over their once tainted fields of research when Cold War realities opened a window of opportunity for them. Second, it reveals the fine line between adherence to professional ethics and disciplinary solidarity when scientists were faced with a potential outside threat to their profession. Finally, such an analysis dem...
Retrievals of aerosol single-scattering albedo and effective aerosol layer height for biomass-burning smoke: Synergy derived from ``A-Train'' sensors

[1] In this paper, we present results from a new algorithm which provides aerosol layer height (ALH) as well as single-scattering albedo (SSA) for biomass-burning smoke aerosols by merging measurements from three of the “A-Train” satellite sensors: MODIS, OMI, and CALIOP. This algorithm has been applied successfully to biomass burning episodes over North America and Southeast Asia, and the corresponding SSA retrievals show good agreement with those from the AERONET. Furthermore, by combining ALH information from CALIOP with the retrieved SSA, extended information of ALH over wide areas can be obtained outside the CALIPSO track. Even when CALIPSO data are not available, this algorithm will still allow for the separation of aerosols residing within the boundary layer from those elevated in the free troposphere by combining only MODIS and OMI data. Results from this study will provide a better understanding of the height of smoke layers generated from biomass burning and thus improve aerosol models and the prediction of smoke aerosol transport.
Ferreting out correlations from trajectory data

Thermally driven materials characterized by complex energy landscapes, such as proteins, exhibit motions on a broad range of space and time scales. Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to extract modes of motion from protein trajectory data that correspond to coherent, functional motions. In this work, two other methods, maximum covariance analysis (MCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) are formulated in a way appropriate to analyze protein trajectory data. Both methods partition the coordinates used to describe the system into two sets (two measurement domains) and inquire as to the correlations that may exist between them. MCA and CCA provide rotations of the original coordinate system that successively maximize the covariance (MCA) or correlation (CCA) between modes of each measurement domain under suitable constraint conditions. We provide a common framework based on the singular value decomposition of appropriate matrices to derive MCA and CCA. The differences between and strengths and weaknesses of MCA and CCA are discussed and illustrated. The application presented here examines the correlation between the backbone and side chain of the peptide met-enkephalin as it fluctuates between open conformations, found in solution, to closed conformations appropriate to when it is bound to its receptor. Difficulties with PCA carried out in Cartesian coordinates are found and motivate a formulation in terms of dihedral angles for the backbone atoms and selected atom distances for the side chains. These internal coordinates are a more reliable basis for all the methods explored here. MCA uncovers a correlation between combinations of several backbone dihedral angles and selected side chain atom distances of met-enkephalin. It could be used to suggest residues and dihedral angles to focus on to favor specific side chain conformers. These methods could be applied to proteins with domains that, when they rearrange upon ligand binding, may have correlated functional motions or, for multi-subunit proteins, may exhibit correlated subunit motions.
Amidates as Leaving Groups: Structure/Reactivity Correlation of the Hydroxide-Dependent E1cB-like Breakdown of Carbinolamides in Aqueous Solution

The kinetic study of the aqueous reaction, between pH 10 and 14, of eight N-(hydroxymethyl)benzamide derivatives in water at 25 °C, I = 1.0 M (KCl), has been performed. In all cases, the reaction proceeds via a specific-base-catalyzed deprotonation of the hydroxyl group followed by rate-limiting breakdown of the alkoxide to form aldehyde and amidate (E1cB-like). Such a mechanism was supported by the lack of general buffer catalysis and the first-order dependence of the rate of reaction at low hydroxide concentrations and the transition to zero-order dependence on hydroxide at high concentration. A ρ-value of 0.67 was found for the Hammett correlation between the maximum rate for the hydroxide independent breakdown of the deprotonated carbinolamide (k1) and the substituent on the aromatic ring of the title compounds. Conversely, the substituents on the aromatic ring of the amide portion of the carbinolamide had only a small effect on the Ka of the hydroxyl group indicating that the amide group does not str...
An unusual cause of venous hypertension after dialysis access creation.

Venous hypertension after creation of arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous shunt occurs in approximately 10-15% of patients (Kojecky et al., Biomed Papers, 2002;146:77-79; Criado et al., Ann Vasc Surg 1994;8:530-535). Its etiology is commonly stenosis and/or thrombosis of the central venous system secondary to previous catheterization with subsequent development of venous hypertension after the arteriovenous connection is made. Treatment strategies often involve venography to determine the site of venous stenosis and/or occlusion centrally and subsequent endovascular recanalization of the stenotic or occluded veins. In this article, we report a case of venous hypertension in a 76-year-old man who presented with a swollen arm after placement of an arteriovenous fistula. In this circumstance, venography revealed extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein at the level of the first rib, the anatomic abnormality seen in venous thoracic outlet syndrome. In this report, we describe surgical and endovascular management of this patient, and review the literature on the causes of central vein stenosis discovered after creation of dialysis access.
Marital interventions for depression: Empirical foundation and future prospects

Abstract There is a robust association between marital adjustment and depressive symptoms, and many scholars identify marital discord as a cause of depression. Outcome research shows that marital interventions are effective for increasing marital adjustment and that they may have considerable potential both in the treatment of episodes of depression and in the prevention of depressive symptomatology. To encourage further development of marital interventions for depression, a model is offered that incorporates individual difference and development perspectives.
Cognition in behavior therapy: Agreements and differences

The issue of cognition has often been divisive among behavior therapists. Typically the debate has centered around the causal status of cognition. Cognitive psychologists have argued for the causal efficacy of cognition, while behavior analysts have argued against it. These disputes are not entirely empirical matters. In part, they reflect irreconcilable differences at the level of theory and philosophy. Such differences may make theoretical integration impossible. However, in this paper we examine the potential for reconciliation of the cognitive and behavioral wings of behavior therapy when the issue of cognition is approached as a shared content area, rather than at the level of theory and philosophy. Behavior therapy has always been comprised of very diverse theoretical positions. Historically they found common ground around a set of shared values centered on an empirical science of clinical work. We will argue that this core of shared values still exists, and that even controversial topics can provide an arena for reconciliation when we focus on the core values that initially brought us together.
Lithographic antennas at visible frequencies.

The response of antenna-coupled thin-film Ni – NiO – Ni diodes to 633-nm helium – neon laser radiation is investigated. Although these detectors and their integrated dipole antennas are optimized for the detection of mid-infrared radiation, a polarization dependence of the measured response to visible radiation is observed. The strongest signals are measured for the polarization parallel to the dipole antenna axis, which demonstrates antenna operation of the device in the visible in addition to the expected thermal and photoelectric effects. The connection structure of the diode also resonates and contributes to the polarization-dependent signal. The receiving area of the dipole antenna is approximately 2 mm 2 .  1999 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 040.0040, 040.1880, 040.3060, 230.3990, 230.5440.
Co-evolution of bulges and black holes

In the present-day universe, the global properties of bulges and early-type galaxies correlate with the mass of their central black holes, indicating a connection between galaxy evolution and nuclear activity. Understanding the origin of this relation is a major challenge for cosmological models. Using Keck spectra and HST images, we present direct measurements of the correlations between black hole mass and host spheroid luminosity and velocity dispersion at z=0.36, showing that the relations evolved significantly in the past 4 billion years. It appears that black holes of a few 10 M completed their growth before their host galaxies, and that the current scaling relations are only the final point of the co-evolution of galaxies and black holes.
Exposure, Agency, Perceived Threat, and Guilt as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans

Using a sample of 289 Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, this study examined the contributions of combat exposure, agency, perceived threat, and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Regression analyses indicated the four variables (together with demographic variables) accounted for 79% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Guilt was the most important predictor. In addition, guilt mediated between exposure and PTSD symptoms, perceived threat and PTSD symptoms, and agency and PTSD symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed.
ALPHA DECAY TO VIBRATIONAL STATES

A coincidence apparatus was developed that permits the measurement of energies and intensities of rare alpha groups leading to excited states of the product nucleus. It proved possible to measure transitions with intensities as low as 10/sup -8/, and the technique was used to characterize vibrational states. The energies, relative abundances, and multipole orders of the gamma ray and conversion electron transitions that de-excite the levels populated by these weak alpha branchings can be determined, and these lead to assignments of spin and parity for the levels. Excited states with spin and parity 0/sup +/ were confirmed in the energy level spectrum of Th/sup 230/, U/sup 234/, Pu/sup 238/, and Pu/sup 240/. A corresponding state was observed at 780 kev in the energy level spectrum of U/sup 235/ and was given the assignment 1/2/sup +/. The reduced alpha transition probabilities to states of this type were found generally to be about an order of magnitude smaller than the theoretical value for unhindered alpha decay. The characterization of these levels simply as beta vibrations appears to be inadequate in that there are distinct differences in the modes of de-excitation for the different nuclides. (auth)
Intracellular recording of rapid light-evoked responses from pigment epithelium cells of the frog eye.

Abstract An intense light flash evokes an electrical response from the isolated pigment epithelium-choroid complex of the toad or frog eye. This response consists of three phases, which seem comparable to the biphasic early RP and late RP of the retinal photoreceptors. Experiments with penetrating micropipette electrodes have shown that all three phases of the response are generated by the pigment epithelium cells, with no detectable contribution from choroidal cells. Intracellular records show that the first two phases, and probably the third phase as well, invert polarity across the front membrane of the pigment cell. As the membrane is damaged by the electrode, the second phase declines and reveals the first phase. Since the second phase is more dependent than the first upon the functional integrity of the membrane, the second phase appears to be a rapid response which is generated across the cell membrane.
Side-jump effect in paramagnetic amorphous metals

A systematic study of the resistivity (\ensuremath{\rho}), the Hall coefficients (${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{H}}$), and the magnetic susceptibilities (\ensuremath{\chi}) of the Zr-based paramagnetic amorphous alloys suggests a self-consistent explanation for the frequently observed positive values of ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{H}}$ that is based on the side-jump effect. Measurements for \ensuremath{\chi}, ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{H}}$, and \ensuremath{\rho} of (${\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.64}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.36}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$ and \ensuremath{\chi} for (${\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.50}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.50}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys are presented. The odd behavior of the Hall coefficients of these alloys and the anomalous positive Hall coefficients of paramagnetic Zr-based amorphous alloys can be accounted for in terms of the enhanced spin-orbit interaction, which produces the side-jump effect.