cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location aware, dependable multicast for mobile ad hoc networks

Abstract This paper introduces dynamic source multicast (DSM), a new protocol for multi-hop wireless (i.e., ad hoc ) networks for the multicast of a data packet from a source node to a group of mobile nodes in the network. The protocol assumes that, through the use of positioning system devices, each node knows its own geographic location and the current (global) time, and it is able to efficiently spread these measures to all other nodes. When a packet is to be multicast, the source node first locally computes a snapshot of the complete network topology from the collected node measures. A Steiner (i.e., multicast) tree for the addressed multicast group is then computed locally based on the snapshot, rather than maintained in a distributed manner. The resulting Steiner tree is then optimally encoded by using its unique Pr u fer sequence and is included in the packet header as in, and extending the length of the header by no more than, the header of packets in source routing (unicast) techniques. We show that all the local computations are executed in polynomial time. More specifically, the time complexity of the local operation of finding a Steiner tree, and the encoding/decoding procedures of the related Prufer sequence, is proven to be O( n 2 ), where n is the number of nodes in the network. The protocol has been simulated in ad hoc networks with 30 and 60 nodes and with different multicast group sizes. We show that DSM delivers packets to all the nodes in a destination group in more than 90% of the cases. Furthermore, compared to flooding, DSM achieves improvements of up to 50% on multicast completion delay.
Dissenters, Managers, and Coworkers: The Process of Co-Constructing Organizational Dissent and Dissent Effectiveness

Previous research on organizational dissent has explored a number of issues, but that research has been overly focused on the dissenter while neglecting the active role of others in co-constructing...
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Dependent Recruitment of Ret into Lipid Rafts Enhances Signaling by Partitioning Ret from Proteasome-Dependent Degradation

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Ret is activated by the formation of a complex consisting of ligands such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and glycerophosphatidylinositol-anchored coreceptors termed GFRαs. During activation, Ret translocates into lipid rafts, which is critical for functional responses to GDNF. We found that Ret was rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded in sympathetic neurons when activated with GDNF, but, unlike other RTKs that are trafficked to lysosomes for degradation, Ret was degraded predominantly by the proteasome. After GDNF stimulation, the majority of ubiquitinated Ret was located outside of lipid rafts and Ret was lost predominantly from nonraft membrane domains. Consistent with the predominance of Ret degradation outside of rafts, disruption of lipid rafts in neurons did not alter either the GDNF-dependent ubiquitination or degradation of Ret. GDNF-mediated survival of sympathetic neurons was inhibited by lipid raft depletion, and this inhibitory effect of raft disruption on GDNF-mediated survival was reversed if Ret degradation was blocked via proteasome inhibition. Therefore, lipid rafts sequester Ret away from the degradation machinery located in nonraft membrane domains, such as Cbl family E3 ligases, thereby sustaining Ret signaling.
Conversational Implicature, Thought, and Communication

Abstract: Some linguistic phenomena can occur in uses of language in thought, whereas others only occur in uses of language in communication. I argue that this distinction can be used as a test for whether a linguistic phenomenon can be explained via Grice’s theory of conversational implicature (or any theory similarly based on principles governing conversation). I argue further, on the basis of this test, that conversational implicature cannot be used to explain quantifier domain restriction or apparent substitution failures involving coreferential names, but that it must be used to explain the phenomenon of referential uses of definite descriptions. I conclude with a brief discussion of the relevance of this point to the semantics/pragmatics distinction.
A Beggar in Both Worlds: A Supervisor in the Schools and the University.

A partir de son experience personnelle, l'A. decrit le role important, mais peu reconnu, que jouent les superviseurs dans le developpement professionnel des enseignants. D'abord directeur d'ecole, il orientait les enseignants au cours de leurs carrieres, ensuite professeur d'universite, il preparait les futurs enseignants
In situ ion- and electron-irradiation effects studies in transmission electron microscopes

Abstract Interfacing an ion accelerator to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows the analytical functions of TEM imaging and diffraction to be employed during ion-irradiation effects studies. The techniques and special procedures for performing quantitative TEM studies employing in situ ion and electron irradiation are summarized in the context of several irradiation-induced amorphization and irradiation-assisted crystallization studies, which illustrate the dynamics of this approach in the materials science of irradiation effects.
Cochlear blood flow in acoustic trauma.

Some normal values of cochlear blood flow rate, cochlear function (microphonic response to 277 cycles at 90 db), carotid pulse pressure and heart rate are presented along with changes due to excessive acoustic stimulation. The relation of cochlear blood flow to the oxygen demands of the cochlea is considered.
The Epimerization of Trimethylsilyl Ethers During Their Gas Chromatographic Analysis

We are grateful to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, to the National Science Foundation and to the Research Board of the University of Illinois for support of this research, to Dr. B. Willhalm for useful comments and to the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, for its hospitality (1971/72).
Thinking Outside the Box: Hospitals Promoting Employment for Formerly Incarcerated Persons

After release, many former prisoners are unemployed, which leads to lack of health insurance and a risk for worsening physical and mental illness. This commentary discusses how the exclusion of for...
Examining Hip-Hop as Culturally Relevant Pedagogy.

Culturally relevant pedagogy is a framework that conceptualizes the process of student learning as contingent upon educators’ deep understanding of students’ cultural backgrounds to co-construct knowledge and develop academic skills. Concurrently, there are a growing number of studies that explore hip-hop as a culturally relevant curriculum for urban youth of color. This work explores the potential and pitfalls of hip-hop as culturally relevant pedagogy by offering insights from two studies based in Chicago that incorporate hip-hop discourses and ideologies into curriculum and programing in and out of schools. Insights suggest that hip-hop can be a powerful tool to engage youth of color, but educators must first truly grasp students’ realities, develop strong relationships with students, families, and communities, and be committed to social justice.
Presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome of temporal lobe epilepsy

The authors analyzed 22 patients younger than 18 years of age with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) treated surgically. Patients underwent a comprehensive presurgical evaluation, including video-electroencephalogram. Fifty-five percent had a history of febrile seizures. Eighty-two percent had auraes and most exhibited oroalimentary and gestural automatisms. Contralateral dystonic posturing was present in 36% and postictal dysphasia in 54% of patients with left-sided resections. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 59% of patients. MRI revealed changes consistent with mesial temporal sclerosis in 8 (47%) of 17 patients without lesions. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) scans revealed ipsilateral temporal hypometabolism (PET-TH) in 12 (85.7%) of 14 patients. The intracarotid amobarbital procedure revealed impaired memory of the epileptogenic side in 59% of patients. Seventeen patients underwent en-bloc resections and five lesionectomies and resection of the epileptogenic area. There was no surgical morbidity or mortality. Forty-three percent had hippocampal sclerosis, 28.5% gliosis, 14% low-grade tumors, 9.5% cavernous angiomas, and 5% had no pathologic findings. Follow-up (6 months to 12 years) was available for 21 patients; 76% became seizure free, 19% had rare seizures, and 5% had a worthwhile improvement. TLE can be safely treated surgically in younger patients with excellent results. The clinical manifestations were similar to adult patients. PET-TH was present even at a younger age, suggesting that the focal functional deficits appear early in patients with medically refractory TLE, which may help in the early identification of these patients.
FINITE MODULES OVER ℤ[t, t-1]

Let Λ = ℤ[t, t-1] be the ring of Laurent polynomials over ℤ. We classify all Λ-modules M with |M| = pn, where p is a prime and n ≤ 4. Consequently, we have a classification of Alexander quandles of order pn for n ≤ 4.
Silicon carbide—;a potential material for magnetic recording sliders:

AbstractThe feasibility of using silicon carbide as a magnetic recording slider material is investigated using stiction tests with different dwell times, contact start-stop (CSS) tests and drag tests at different temperatures and humidities. The stiction and frictional properties of silicon carbide sliders are compared with standard Al2O3-TiC sliders and it is concluded that their tribological behaviour is superior to that of conventional Al2O3-TiC sliders. The results of this study show that silicon carbide is a promising material for magnetic recording sliders.
Synthesis, structure, and preparative transamination of tetrazinc carbamato complexes having the basic zinc carboxylate structure.

The series of tetranuclear zinc(II) carbamato complexes (Zn4O)(O2CR)6, (1, R = diethylamino; 2, R = piperidino; 3, R = pyrrolidino) was prepared. Complexes 2 and 3 were crystallographically characterized and shown to have the same tetrahedral Zn4O6+ core. Complex 2 crystallizes in the cubic space group I43d, a = 24.0131(5) A, V = 13846.6(5) A3, R(1976 observed reflections) = 0.0194, and GOF = 1.013. Complex 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, a = 10.3178(6) A, b = 10.6962(6) A, c = 19.5130(11) A, α = 81.9070(10)°, β = 75.4880(10)°, γ = 81.6540(10)°, V = 2050.4(2) A3, R(6141 observed reflections) = 0.0334, and GOF = 0.979. NMR spectroscopy was used to show that the (Zn4O)L6 structure was maintained in nonpolar solvents. The complexes reacted with free amine in nonpolar solvents, which resulted in facile conversion of one member of the series to another. For example, reacting 1 with a stoichiometric amount of pyrrolidine in tetrahydrofuran followed by workup resulted in the quantitative format...
Disruption of agonist and ligand activity in an AMPA glutamate receptor splice-variable domain deletion mutant.

Abstract The mechanisms by which agonists and other ligands bind ligand-gated ion channels are important determinants of function in neurotransmitter receptors. The partial agonist, kainic acid (KA) activates a less desensitized, and more robust AMPA receptor (AMPAR) current than full agonists, glutamate or AMPA. Cyclothiazide (CTZ), the allosteric modulator of AMPARs, potentiates receptor currents by inhibiting receptor desensitization resulting from agonist activation. We have constructed an AMPAR GluR1 subunit deletion mutant GluR1L3T Δ739–784 by deleting the splice-variable “flip/flop” region of the L3 domain in the wild-type receptor and compared its function to that of the wild-type GluR1 receptor and an AMPAR substitution mutant GluR1A782N. When compared to GluR1, the potency of glutamate activation of GluR1L3T was increased, in contrast to a decrease in potency of activation and reduced sensitivity to optimal concentrations of KA. Furthermore, GluR1L3T was totally insensitive to CTZ potentiation of KA and glutamate-activated currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The potency of glutamate and KA activation of GluR1A782N was not significantly different from that of the wild-type GluR1 receptor although the mutant receptor currents were more sensitive to CTZ potentiation than the wild-type receptor current. This result is an indication that glutamate and KA binding to the agonist (S1/S2) domain on AMPAR can be modulated by an expendable splice-variable region of the receptor. Moreover, the effect of the allosteric modulator, CTZ on agonist activation of AMPAR can also be modified by a non-conserved amino acid residue substitution within the splice-variable “flip/flop” region.
Electronic band structure, optical properties, and generalized susceptibility of NbO2

The electronic structure of the high-temperature rutile phase of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is studied by the linearized-augmented-plane-wave method. Potentials constructed by superposition of neutral-atom and ionic-charge densities are used to explore variability of the electronic band structure. A rigid-band scheme is shown to accurately describe optical absorption of the rutile phase of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ stabilized by the addition of 20 at.% Ti as measured by Raccah et al. Differences between the band results for rutile Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and the optical absorption measurements on the low-temperature body-centered tetragonal phase of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are attributed to band splittings induced by lattice distortion which occur at the phase transition. The static-electron response function $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ is calculated in the constant-matrix-elements approximation. In contrast to the case of isoelectronic V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, no Fermi-surface nesting features are observed, and $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ is found to be structureless in the vicinity of the point $P=(\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{2})$ which has been associated with a possible soft-mode phonon instability responsible for the lattice transformation.
The Sensitivity of Rainfall Estimation to Error Assumptions in a Bayesian Passive Microwave Retrieval Algorithm

AbstractThe Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) uses Bayesian probability theory to retrieve rainfall over the global oceans. A critical component of GPROF and most Bayes theorem–based retrieval frameworks is the specification of uncertainty in the observations being utilized to retrieve the parameter of interest. In the case of GPROF, for any sensor, uncertainties in microwave brightness temperatures (Tbs) arise from radiative transfer model errors, satellite sensor noise and/or degradation, and nonlinear, scene-dependent Tb offsets added during sensor intercalibration procedures. All mentioned sources impact sensors in a varying fashion, in part because of sensor-dependent fields of view. It is found that small errors in assumed Tb uncertainty (ranging from 0.57 K at 10 GHz to 2.29 K at 85 GHz) lead to a 3.6% change in the retrieved global-average oceanic rainfall rate, and 10%–20% (20%–40%) shifts in the pixel-level (monthly) frequency distributions for given rainfall bins. A mathematical expression de...
Microwear evidence for Plio–Pleistocene bovid diets from Makapansgat Limeworks Cave, South Africa

Abstract Makapansgat Limeworks Cave is a well-known Australopithecus africanus bearing locality that has spawned a considerable amount of paleoecological research because of its hominin component. Most recently, the paleoecology of this Plio–Pleistocene site has been studied by determining the diet and habitat of other extinct taxa, particularly the bovids. The diets of seven bovids (Aepyceros sp., Gazella vanhoepeni, Makapania broomi, Parmularius braini, Redunca darti, Tragelaphus sp. aff. T. angasii, and Tragelaphus pricei) have now been classified using taxonomic uniformitarianism, ecomorphology, stable carbon isotopes, and mesowear analysis. Here, dental microwear is applied to the same bovids for additional comparison and to further elucidate the strengths and weaknesses of each method. The different dietary proxy methods noted provide a temporal continuum, with genetic signals such as ecomorphology and taxonomic uniformitarianism indicating behavioral adaptations over geologic time, while nongenetic data such as stable carbon isotopes and mesowear reflect different aspects of average diet over extended portions of an animal's life, and dental microwear provides dietary snapshots. Microwear separated an extant baseline of ten bovid species into expected dietary categories and the Makapansgat bovids clearly fell into two groups with the same degree of separation as between extant grazers and browsers. The results indicate that a multidisciplinary approach produces a more accurate and robust reconstruction of past diets. In sum, the microwear analysis is in-line with the isotope and mesowear results, which suggest a stronger browsing component than either taxonomic uniformitarianism or ecomorphology imply.
Differential Requirement of a Motif within the Carboxyl-terminal Domain of α-Platelet-derived Growth Factor (αPDGF) Receptor for PDGF Focus Forming Activity Chemotaxis, or Growth

To determine the molecular basis for the transforming function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A in NIH/3T3 cells, we have constructed chimerae consisting of the extracellular domain of the human CSF-1R (fms) linked to the cytoplasmic domain of the αPDGF receptor (αR) containing a series of deletion or point mutations. The ability of fms/αR chimerae to mediate CSF-1-dependent anchorage-independent growth, focus formation, and chemotaxis of NIH/3T3 cells was then examined. Our results provide evidence that a domain encompassing amino acid residues 977-1024 of the αPDGFR is required for ligand-dependent focus formation, but not chemotaxis or anchorage-independent growth, and that tyrosine residues within this domain constitute the major binding site for phospholipase Cγ. Therefore, our findings suggest that: (i) the focus forming function of αPDGFR correlates well with the ability of the receptor to bind phospholipase Cγ, and (ii) the mechanism of focus formation mediated by αPDGFR may be distinguished from that required for chemotaxis or anchorage-independent growth.
West Virginia has not directed sufficient resources to treat acid mine drainage effectively

Abstract Acid mine drainage from abandoned coal mines continues to cause major problems in the State of West Virginia (in the United States), and groups of local residents are attempting to improve water quality by managing passive treatment systems. The challenges faced by these groups in obtaining effective treatment system performance are illustrated by experiences of one such group: Friends of the Cheat. As a result of pollution from abandoned coal mines, the lower Cheat River watershed is seriously degraded. West Virginia is failing watershed groups because it provides them with capital costs to initiate and manage treatment of acid mine drainage but does not provide funds for operation and maintenance activities needed for effective treatment. To compensate for the absence of funding to address routine maintenance issues, Friends of the Cheat and other groups apply for government grants to fund retrofits projects, which themselves are not supplied with operating funds. The result is a cycle of ineffective treatment and inefficient use of resources. If West Virginia is going to rely on community-based watershed groups to clean up pollution problems from abandoned coal mines, it should provide them with the resources they need to be successful.
Genetic mapping and introgression of genes of agronomic importance

Abstract The development of amplification-based molecular marker systems had led to increased use of molecular breeding technologies for crop improvement. The use of these assays in commercial breeding programs, together with the implementation of automation technologies, brings important economic benefits. The recent discovery of syntenic relationships among major crop species has resulted in enhanced transfer of genetic-based information between these species. The combination of these advances is leading to increased efficiencies in the mapping and positional cloning of important genes.
A comparison of telehealth and face-to-face presentation for school professionals supporting students with chronic illness

We compared the perceptions of school professionals who received education about students with chronic illness by videoconference (VC) or by face-to-face (FTF) presentation. Forty-five different one-hour presentations were provided by a paediatric educator to a total of 1389 subjects - 919 viewed FTF presentations and 417 viewed VC presentations. Subjects completed a 10-item survey to assess satisfaction and other perceptions, such as access and convenience of the sessions, on a 5-point Likert scale. The results for the two different modalities were compared using analysis of variance. Participants at the FTF presentations (mean 4.6, SD = 0.6) and VC presentations (mean 4.3, SD = 0.7) indicated that they were very satisfied with the instruction they received. The FTF participants were significantly more satisfied than the VC participants (P < 0.001). Similarly, comfort with the sessions, perceived preparedness, convenience and other items were also highly rated in both groups, although the FTF group rated many of these perceptions significantly higher. Regression analysis showed that the comfort level with the presentations was a predictor of satisfaction, suggesting that people might not be familiar enough with VC sessions to be comfortable and satisfied with this delivery mechanism. Nonetheless, VC delivery appears to be a viable alternative when FTF is not possible, particularly in rural areas.
Long-term results of transurethral collagen injection in men with intrinsic sphincter deficiency

Male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) secondary to intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) is a well-recognized potential complication of various forms of therapy for both benign and malignant conditions of the prostate. Short-term efficacy of collagen therapy for SUI in men has been demonstrated; however, little information exists on the long-term durability of this minimally invasive treatment modality. Herein, we present our long-term experience with transurethral collagen injection therapy in men with SUI. Sixty-eight men ages 45 to 75 years underwent collagen injection for treatment of urinary incontinence secondary to ISD. Incontinence resulted from radical prostatectomy (N = 47), external-beam radiation (8), cryotherapy (4), salvage radical prostatectomy (4), and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (5). Response was judged according to changes in the number of pads used daily and the incontinence grade. The average amount of collagen injected was 36 cc (range 8-125 cc), and the average number of treatment sessions was 5 (range 3-15). With a mean follow-up of 38 (6-46) months, 10% of the patients were cured (no pads, Grade 0 incontinence), 10% were greatly improved (> 50% decrease in pads used or improved incontinence grade), 67% had minimal to no improvement (< 50% decrease in pads used or no change in continence grade), and 13% reported worsening of their incontinence. Patients with incontinence after TURP were most likely to achieve a favorable outcome, whereas patients with incontinence after salvage prostatectomy responded poorly. Complications were minimal and included hematuria (N = 10), transient urinary retention (8), and urinary tract infection (5). Collagen injection therapy is a safe, relatively noninvasive method of treatment for ISD in male patients. However, long-term success with collagen is disappointing in all groups with the exception of men with SUI after TURP.
Promotion of hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by indole‐3‐acetic acid

Elongation of excised loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) hypocotyls was promoted by indole-3-acetic acid and the fungal metabolite, fusicoccin. Gibberellic acid, kinetin, zeatin, or zeatin-riboside were either without effect or promoted elongation only slightly. The most auxin-responsive tissue was just below the cotyledonary node, and elongation was confined to sections excised from the upper 2 cm of the hypocotyl. Indole-3-acetic acid induced elongation rates in the hypocotyl sections equal to those of intact hypocotyls when the sections were excised from young seedlings. Elongation rates decreased in intact hypocotyls before the excised tissues lost responsiveness to the auxin. Hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine is discussed in relation to hypocotyl elongation in angiosperm species.
Moments of correlation functions in the small fluctuation limit

Abstract We propose a scaling law that relates all moments of a distribution to the second moment, in the limit of small fluctuations. The scaling law is derived for the scaled multiplicity moments, Ci, and the inclusive scaled factorial moments. The scaling law is independent of the source of the correlations, as it holds whenever quantities can be expanded about their mean values in a power series. Because of this scaling, the measurement of higher moments is not an efficient means of extracting additional information from data in the small fluctuation limit. We demonstrate that the multifractal moments obey a second scaling law. Moments that obey the second scaling law are dominated by single-particle effects and thus are not valid correlation functions.
Size exclusion chromatography of microliter volumes for on-line use in low-pressure microfluidic systems.

We have developed a new cartridge format for on-line size exclusion processing in low-pressure, portable microfluidic devices. The described system allows size exclusion chromatography of microliter volumes (termed μL-SEC) to be performed with ready integration in complex protocols for continuous-flow sample processing and analysis. The refillable cartridge format was employed for the preparation of Bacillus subtilus spores lysed in the presence of a strong reducing agent. While the reducing agent is known to interfere with subsequent fluorescent labeling of the solubilized proteins, the described continuous-flow size exclusion processing allowed complete isolation of interferences from a 10-μL sample in 70 s. Following efficient labeling, the protein sample was injected and separated on-chip using gel electrophoresis. To increase the resolution, speed, and sample capacity of buffer exchange under low-pressure operation (40 psi), parameters such as the size exclusion resin, load volumes, flow rates, buffe...
General Decode-and-Forward Cooperative Relaying with Co-Channel Interference in Shadowed Nakagami Fading Channels

General multi-branch multi-hop (MBMH) cooperative diversity systems with selection decode-and-forward (DF) relays are investigated on non-identical shadowed Nakagami-m fading channels in the presence of an arbitrary number of non-identical co-channel interferers. This paper presents closed-form expressions for the outage probability, the average symbol error probability, and the probability density function of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the selection DF MBMH cooperative relaying system. The results of the paper show that outage and error performance improvements against shadowing stem from the number of branches rather than the number of hops for a fixed number of relays. The results also show that the performance of the selection DF MBMH cooperative relaying system is more vulnerable when co-channel interferers are closer to the destination than when they are closer to the relays. This analysis is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.
Quantitative microanalysis of aortic glycosaminoglycans

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are isolated from approximately 250 mg of aortic tissue by enzymatic degradation of tissue, followed by potassium acetate precipitation of GAGs. Hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate are quantitated by densitometric scanning of cellulose acetate electrophoretograms. Chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate are quantitated in separate aliquots of the aortic extract by the Morgan-Elson determination of N-acetyl hexosamines, following selective enzymatic digestions of the chondroitin sulfate isomers. In both analyses, absolute amounts of GAGs are determined by comparison with standard curves prepared simultaneously. The accuracy for this micromethod was ±0.03–±0.07 μg at the 99% confidence level for determination of the five individual GAGs in mixtures of GAGs whereas the precision was ±0.03–±0.09 μg at the 99% confidence level over the range of 2.5–50.0 μg of GAG.
Denaturation and renaturation studies of benzo[a]pyrene metabolite modified DNAs.

Evidence from absorbance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) measurements strongly suggests that adduct conformations at the binding sites are grossly different before and after thermal denaturation of (+)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]py ren e [(+)-anti-BPDE] modified DNAs. This conclusion is reached through the following observations: (1) upon melting and cooling, the (+)-anti-BPDE-modified DNA exhibits pronounced hypochromic effects with concomitant spectral red shifts for the pyrenyl absorbance; (2) the pyrenyl CD spectrum reverses sign upon thermal denaturation-renaturation; (3) the fluorescence emission spectra resulting from excitations at 353 nm (10 nm to the red of hydrolyzed and unbound anti-BPDE) exhibit enhanced intensities and spectral red shifts for the thermally denatured and cooled adducts; and (4) in contrast to the absence of a shoulder prior to melting, the postmelt adducts exhibit a prominent 355-nm maximum (evidence of stacking interactions) in the excitation spectrum when 384-387-nm emission is monitored. Studies with synthetic polynucleotides further reveal that (+)-anti-BPDE-modified poly(dG).poly(dC) exhibits the greatest nonreversible renaturation at the binding sites, possibly as a consequence of pyrenyl self-stacking. This, coupled with the previous findings that this polymer suffers the most extensive (+)-anti-BPDE modification, appears to suggest that (dG)n . (dC)n regions may be responsible for such observed effects in native DNA.
Identification of a natural cycle involving Rickettsia typhi infection of Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas from the nests of the fat dormouse (Glis glis)

In a mountainous area in the Dinaric Beech-Fir Forest of southern Slovenia, summer nests of the European fat dormouse (Glis glis) were collected. From these dormouse nests, 180 Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas were examined by polymerase chain reaction with primers for the Rickettsia citrate synthase gene. Samples from one nest yielded the expected 381 base pair DNA product. The origin of the DNA product was identified as Rickettsia typhi by AluI restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Inoculation of the triturated positive fleas into Vero cell culture resulted in the cultivation of a rickettsia which reacted with polyclonal and species-specific monoclonal antibodies for R. typhi. The widespread distribution of this sylvatic flea species in nearly all of Europe as well as in the Middle East and its presence on other mammalian and avian hosts suggests that R. typhi might exist in unrecognised enzootic cycles. Further investigations are needed to determine the extent of these cycles in Europe and the potential occurrence of human infections.
Cellular protein synthesis and inhibition of cell division are independent of butyrate-induced histone hyperacetylation

SODIUM BUTYRATE has many effects on mammalian cells—inducing the biosynthesis of new proteins1–6, changing the relative synthetic rates of specific proteins7–10, increasing various enzyme activities7,9–13, inducing morphologic changes in cultured cells9,12,14–19, and inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division14,15,20. The mechanism of these effects is not known. Sodium butyrate induces massive hyperacetylation of histone in cultured mammalian cells21 via inhibition of histone deacetylase22–24: this hyperacetylation can be mimicked to varying degrees by other salts of short-chain fatty acids22. As histones interact so intimately with DNA, and as the change in extent of histone acetylation is so great, we sought to determine whether the changes in histone modification are involved in causing the changes in synthesis of specific proteins or the cessation of DNA synthesis and cell division. In hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells, the increased amount of histone acetylation is maximal 6–12 h after administration of sodium butyrate22, and we have used two-dimensional gel techniques25 to establish whether different proteins are made during this period. Our results suggest that cellular protein synthesis and inhibition of cell division are independent of butyrate-induced hyperacetylation.
Spectroscopic study of the self-association of myosin.

Homodyne and heterodyne measurements have been made of the spectrum and intensity of laser light scattered from solutions of skeletal muscle myosin at high salt concentrations. The spectral broadening and intensity measurements are consistent with the hypothesis that a myosin monomer-dimer equilibrium exists in these solutions. Values have been calculated for molecular weight and radius of gyration of the myosin monomer, virial coefficients, and diffusion constants of both monomer and dimer, and equilibrium constant of the reaction to form dimer. Diffusion constant measurements yield an approximate length of 1481 A for the monomer and 2121 A for the dimer. The significance of these lengths is discussed in terms of the models of Huxley and Pepe for the structure of the myofilament.
An electro-hydraulic speed and load division control for constant-speed air-turbine drives

This paper presents a description and analysis of an electro-hydraulic speed and load division control for an aircraft constant-speed air-turbine drive for a 400-cps (cycles per second) 60-kva alternator. The development program was undertaken as a product improvement effort over an existing mechanical speed control system. At this writing the development program has been completed and the system is undergoing flight and qualification testing. Representative performance data, in the form of test results, are presented.
Quantitative analysis of the dendrites of sacral preganglionic neurons in the cat

Quantitative analyses were performed on the dendrites and somata of 25 electrophysiologically identified preganglionic neurons (PGN) obtained from the sacral spinal cord of the cat by intracellular injection of Neurobiotin or horseradish peroxidase. Total dendritic length and surface area were measured for each dendrite. The sizes of the stem dendrites measured at their base were positively correlated with the sizes of the entire tree and numbers of end branches. Total surface area of somata and dendrites averaged 39,138 μm2; 90.7% of that was from the dendrites. To obtain measurements of the relative contributions of PGN dendrites to specific regions of the spinal cord, the percentage of each dendrite occupying eight spinal cord regions was recorded. Sixty-three percent of the dendrites projected dorsal to their somata, whereas an average of 33.3% of dendrites were located in the white matter, most of them in the lateral and dorsolateral funiculi. The neurons within this sample formed a continuum with some neurons having a large percentage of dendrites in lamina I but little in the white matter, whereas at the other end of the continuum were cells with the reverse configuration. The intermediate neurons had dendrites in both locations. Taken together, these data indicate a heterogeneous population of PGN in the lateral band of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:56–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Positive definiteness and positive differences

Abstract A previous inequality [2] in certain context, which holds in the application to the monotonicity of correlations in classical discrete Heisenberg ferromagnets with 2-dimensional spin [3], is extended to positive definiteness of a function on a group.
Sandwich electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B based on immobilized thiolated antibodies.

Abstract A new approach for the sensitive detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is presented based upon an electrochemical enzymatic immunoassay that utilizes thiolated antibodies immobilized on a gold surface. This method relies on the use of amine- or sulfhydryl-reactive heterobifunctional cross-linkers for the introduction of 2-pyridyl-disulfide groups to the antibody. The disulfide-containing linkages are subsequently cleaved with a suitable reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), and the thiolated antibody–gold bond is covalently formed on a gold working electrode. Various cross-linking agents for immobilization of the capture antibody onto the gold electrode were investigated and compared. Factors influencing the thiolation and immobilization were investigated and optimized. The feasibility of such antibody immobilization and the subsequent sandwich enzyme immunoassay is demonstrated for the sensitive detection of SEB. The detection limit estimated from a representative dose–response curve is 1 ng/mL, corresponding to 5 pg in a 5-μL sample. Coupling the specificity of immunoassays with the sensitivity and low detection limits of electrochemical detection shows real promise for future sensing technology in enabling the development of single-use disposable devices.
First Report of Potato mop-top virus in North Dakota.

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is the type member of the genus Pomovirus. PMTV is an important pathogen of potato, causing significant economic losses in Northern Europe, North and South America, and ...
The isolation of stimulus-reinforcer associations established with multiple schedules

Multiple schedules established stimulus-reinforcer (S-SR) associations on baselines in which equal response rates and patterning were maintained in all components. Subsequently, stimuli associated with an increase in reinforcement but no change in ongoing response rate were compounded. For one experimental group, free-operant avoidance (FOA) was programmed in tone and in light while variable-interval (VI) food reinforcement was effective in their simultaneous absence (T + L). The opposite stimulus-schedule combinations were programmed for the other. Both groups remained in their VI components 85% of the session on schedule preference tests, and on a stimulus compounding test emitted approximately 1.5 times as many responses to tone-plus-light (T + L) as to tone or light alone. This is the first report of additive summation to combined discriminative stimuli associated with only an increase in reinforcement. Nondifferentially trained controls who had the same contingency effective in tone, light, and T + L-VI or FOA—showed neither preference among schedule components or summation during stimulus compounding, indicating that nonassociative stimulus factors made no contribution to either resultant in the experimental animals. Evidence supporting an algebraic combination of response and reinforcement associations is presented, and functional similarities between transfer-of-control studies and the stimulus compounding tests of the experimental groups in the present experiment are discussed.
Alteration of protein metabolism in individual identified neurons from aplysia

A search for control mechanisms governing protein metabolism in neurons from Aplysia californica has uncovered two examples of altered patterns of newly synthesized proteins: (1) The pattern of newly synthesized proteins in the R2 neuron is altered when protein synthesis occurs at elevated temperatures (22-30 degrees C as compared with 13-15 degrees C). (2) The processing of newly synthesized 12,000 dalton (12k) material to 6-9,000 dalton (6-9k) size in the R15 neuron (Strumwasser, F. and Wilson, D.F. [1976], J. Gen. Physiol., in press) can be blocked by certain ion replacements. If acetate replaces chloride in the incubation medium during the synthesis of 12k material, an early step in the processing, prior to the actual breakdown of 12k material, is blocked. Experiments with RNA-synthesis inhibitors indicate that none of the mRNAs which code for abundantly synthesized protein species in the R2 or R15 neurons have short (less than 4 hr) half-lives. This result has implications for an earlier report of regulation of protein synthesis in the R15 neuron.
Customer Needs Extraction Using Disability Simulation for Purposes of Inclusive Design

Current product design methodologies are not conducive to creating inclusive products (products that meet the needs of persons with and without disabilities). In this paper, empathic design principles and modular product design strategies are explored as part of a novel approach to inclusive design. A disability simulation suit is used to test if empathically derived customer needs from persons without disabilities can serve as a proxy for the customer needs of persons with disabilities. This data collection methodology both increases the safety and ease by which customer needs can be gathered and gives designers an empathic design experience with the products they develop. This paper presents the techniques involved in and the preliminary data regarding the collection of customer needs on known product pairs. These product pairs perform the same function, but one is designed inclusively and one is not. Prior work on module identification from customer need statements is extended to specifically address the design of inclusive products. As part of larger research, this data will be used to make generalizations about the customer needs for inclusive products within the context of modular product design to create inclusive design guidelines, which will reduce the effort and expense involved in creating inclusively designed products.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Anharmonic normal mode analysis of elastic network model improves the modeling of atomic fluctuations in protein crystal structures.

Protein conformational dynamics, despite its significant anharmonicity, has been widely explored by normal mode analysis (NMA) based on atomic or coarse-grained potential functions. To account for the anharmonic aspects of protein dynamics, this study proposes, and has performed, an anharmonic NMA (ANMA) based on the Cα-only elastic network models, which assume elastic interactions between pairs of residues whose Cα atoms or heavy atoms are within a cutoff distance. The key step of ANMA is to sample an anharmonic potential function along the directions of eigenvectors of the lowest normal modes to determine the mean-squared fluctuations along these directions. ANMA was evaluated based on the modeling of anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) from a list of 83 high-resolution protein crystal structures. Significant improvement was found in the modeling of ADPs by ANMA compared with standard NMA. Further improvement in the modeling of ADPs is attained if the interactions between a protein and its crystalline environment are taken into account. In addition, this study has determined the optimal cutoff distances for ADP modeling based on elastic network models, and these agree well with the peaks of the statistical distributions of distances between Cα atoms or heavy atoms derived from a large set of protein crystal structures.
Complexity ratings of digit strings and their pictorial analogs

In each of three experiments, one group of Ss rated complexity of short strings of decimal digits and another group rated the complexity of the pictorial analogs of the digit strings. The pictorial analog of a digit string was the dot-line graph or bar graph representing the heights of the digits in the string. The physical properties of these two types of stimuli are quite different, but the mean complexity ratings for 2-, 5- and 8-place digits and their pictorial analogs had high positive correlations. This was interpreted as evidence that the underlying code for the two types of stimuli is similar. Some evidence for the effect of digit size and size of digit differences on complexity ratings was also found.
A Comparison of Capital Structure: The Use of Debt in Investor Owned and Not-For-Profit Hospitals

According to the Trade-off Theory of Capital Structure, firms optimize their value by balancing the marginal benefits of debt with marginal costs of debt. This paper focuses on the differential use of debt financing among investor owned (IO) and not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals while controlling for important financial performance characteristics shown to influence leverage. Contrary to an earlier investigation based on a relatively small sample, the findings from this large, multi-year sample indicate NFP and IO hospitals structure their capital differently and marginal benefits and costs of debt are differentially influenced by profitability, risk, growth, and size. Investor-owned hospitals use significantly and substantially more debt than their NFP peers. The capital structure of NFP hospitals is not as sensitive to risk but more sensitive to profitability. Growth and size also have distinctly different relationships to the use of debt. As NFP hospitals grow, and asset bases get larger, the institutions use more debt. The IO hospitals use less debt as they experience growth and their size increases.
Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer

The flux footprint is the contribution, per unit emission, of each element of a surface area source to the vertical scalar flux measured at height z m ; it is equal to the vertical flux from a unit surface point source. The dependence of the flux footprint on crosswind location is shown to be identical to the crosswind concentration distribution for a unit surface point source; an analytic dispersion model is used to estimate the crosswind-integrated flux footprint. Based on the analytic dispersion model, a normalized crosswind-integrated footprint is proposed that principally depends on the single variable z/z m , where z is a measure of vertical dispersion from a surface source. The explicit dependence of the crosswind-integrated flux footprint on downwind distance, thermal stability and surface roughness is contained in the dependence of z on these variables. By also calculating the flux footprint with a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model, it is shown that the normalized flux footprint is insensitive to the analytic model assumption of a self-similar vertical concentration profile.
Secondary intraocular lens implantation after pediatric aphakia

Purpose To describe our technique for secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in aphakic children and report patient outcomes. Patients and Methods In our technique for in-the-bag IOL implantion, we used a microvitreoretinal (MVR) blade to separate the capsular leaflets for aspiration of reproliferated lens material within Soemmering's ring. When sufficient capsular opening was not possible or capsular support deemed inadequate, an IOL was implanted in the sulcus. Records of patients with secondary IOL implantation between 1999 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed with regard to intra- and postoperative complications and visual and refractive outcomes. Results A total of 50 consecutive eyes of 32 patients were evaluated. Mean age at secondary IOL implantation was 9.1 years. Of these, 26 eyes had in-the-bag IOLs and 24 had sulcus IOLs. Forty-four eyes (88%) had an AcrySof IOL (Alcon Inc, Ft. Worth, TX). The prevalence of any corneal edema (54% vs 19%, P = 0.04) and uveal inflammation >2+ (92% vs 31%, P Conclusions Eyes achieving secondary in-the-bag IOL showed less inflammation and corneal edema in the early postoperative period partly as the result of greater surgical and anatomic challenges in some eyes receiving sulcus IOL. Visual and refractive outcomes were satisfactory in eyes with secondary IOL implantation. Mean prediction error was similar for in-the-bag and sulcus IOLs.