cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-principles and direct design approaches for the control of pharmaceutical crystallization

Abstract Crystallization is the main separation and purification process for the manufacturing of drug substances. Not only does crystallization affect the efficiency of downstream operations such as filtering, drying, and formulating, the efficacy of the drug can be dependent on the final crystal form. Advances in simulation and control algorithms and process sensor technologies have enabled the development of systematic first-principles and direct design approaches for the batch control of crystallization processes. These approaches address different challenges associated with pharmaceutical crystallization control. This paper provides an overview of recent technological advances in the in situ control of pharmaceutical crystallization processes. Implementation of the first-principles and direct design approaches are compared, and their relative merits are explained. Areas of future opportunities for application of advanced control strategies in pharmaceutical crystallization are presented.
Social interaction based video recommendation: Recommending YouTube videos to facebook users

Online videos, e.g., YouTube videos, are important topics for social interactions among users of online social networking sites (OSN), e.g., Facebook. This opens up the possibility of exploiting video-related user social interaction information for better video recommendation. Towards this goal, we conduct a case study of recommending YouTube videos to Facebook users based on their social interactions. We first measure social interactions related to YouTube videos among Facebook users. We observe that the attention a video attracts on Facebook is not always well-aligned with its popularity on YouTube. Unpopular videos on YouTube can become popular on Facebook, while popular videos on YouTube often do not attract proportionally high attentions on Facebook. This finding motivates us to develop a simple top-k video recommendation algorithm that exploits user social interaction information to improve the recommendation accuracy for niche videos, that are globally unpopular, but highly relevant to a specific user or user group. Through experiments on the collected Facebook traces, we demonstrate that our recommendation algorithm significantly outperforms the YouTubepopularity based video recommendation algorithm as well as a collaborative filtering algorithm based on user similarities.
Preservation of High-Order Photon Correlations Following Frequency Up-conversion

We demonstrate an efficient approach to measure temporal correlations for near-infrared photons using frequency up-conversion and observe that photon statistics are preserved during this process. The influence of noise photons on the measurement is studied.
Facile synthesis and physical and spectral characterization of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐nitrophenol (DBNP): A potentially powerful uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation

The compound 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP), a potentially powerful uncoupler of ATP-generating oxidative phosphorylation, has been physically and spectroscopically characterized using X-ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), GC-MS spectrometry, Fourier-transformed IR (FTIR) spectrophotometry, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and FT [sup 1]H- and [sup 13]C-NMR spectroscopy. However, DBNP is not commercially available; therefore, it had to be synthesized in the laboratory prior to toxicity studies. The DBNP was prepared from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP) precursor in hexane through an electrophilic aromatic substitution process using NO[sub 2]. A collective yield of 75% was obtained by using two empirically determined end points that prevented the coprecipitation of reaction by-products and resulted in the formation of DBNP in high purity. Excessive amounts of NO[sub 2] in reaction mixtures resulted in the decomposition of preformed DBNP. With a pK[sub a] value of 6.8 and a higher degree of lipophilicity, DBNP may prove to be a stronger uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation than 2,4-dinitrophenol due to the expected enhancement of passive-diffusion kinetics across biological membranes at the physiological pH of 7.4. The present study is intended to provide analytical toxicologists, industrial hygiene monitors, and other professionals involved in chemical health and safety with a comprehensive source of basic informationmore » on the synthesis and analytical chemistry of DBNP.« less
Atomistic Modeling of Amorphous Aromatic Polybenzoxazoles

Atomistic models of two different fluorinated polybenzoxazoles, 6F-PBO and 3F-PBO, were used to simulate the amorphous structures of these polymers. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics techniques were utilized to relax the independent structures from an initial high-energy system. The relaxed model structures showed 6F-PBOs to be more coiled relative to 3F-PBO. Conformational grid search was performed on each of the repeat units to analyze the local structure of the two polymeric backbones. The torsional angles corresponding to energy minima and rotational barrier were found to vary between the 6F and 3F structure due to differences in the pendant group at the Cα carbon atom. The Hildebrand solubility parameters and elastic constants for the two different polymers were estimated from simulation. 3F-PBO is predicted to possess a higher solubility parameter and higher moduli compared to the 6F-PBO.
Heterogeneity in the muscle satellite cell population

Satellite cells, the adult stem cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration, are defined by their location between the basal lamina and the fiber sarcolemma. Increasing evidence suggests that satellite cells represent a heterogeneous population of cells with distinct embryological origin and multiple levels of biochemical and functional diversity. This review focuses on the rich diversity of the satellite cell population based on studies across species. Ultimately, a more complete characterization of the heterogeneity of satellite cells will be essential to understand the functional significance in terms of muscle growth, homeostasis, tissue repair, and aging.
Relationship of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence heterogeneity to stage of disease.

Abstract V3 envelope sequences were determined from amplified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences of uncultivated leukocytes obtained sequentially from four infected adults over the course of infection. Lower levels of sequence heterogeneity were noted in samples obtained early in HIV-1 infection, prior to CD4 depletion, than in samples obtained at later times during disease. The pattern of amino acid sequence divergence included nonrandom changes, with evidence of sequence variants arising from HIV-1 quasi-species present earlier in infection. Consensus sequences for isolates obtained early after infection from different patients demonstrated a high level of conservation with one another and a consensus sequence for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 isolates. These findings suggest that a highly restricted subset of HIV-1 quasi-species can be transmitted and can establish infection.
Initial oxidation kinetics of copper (1 1 0) film investigated by in situ UHV-TEM

Abstract Previous studies of the initial stage of oxidation on clean single crystal of Cu(1 0 0) have been extended to the case of the Cu(1 1 0) surface. The dynamic observation of the nucleation and growth of Cu oxide by means of in situ ultra high vacuum transmission electron microscopy (UHV-TEM) shows a highly enhanced oxidation rate on Cu(1 1 0) surface as compared to Cu(1 0 0). The kinetic data on the nucleation and growth of the three-dimensional oxide islands agree well with our heteroepitaxial model of surface diffusion of oxygen.
Outreach at a Public, Academic, Regional Library- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

Summary Bell Library at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi has reached beyond its walls to utilize as well as to enrich the diverse community resources in our midst. In terms of distance education library support, the purpose is to compensate libraries that support A&M-Corpus Christi students living in their locales. In terms of consortium arrangements, we have played an integral part in the creation of the Coastal Bend Health Information Network, which is a unique blend of local college/university libraries and local hospitals. We have implemented the rather novel idea of having a specialized library, specifically a hospital library, outsource its library operations to our university library. When the local Art Institute of South Texas was brought under the university's organizational umbrella, Bell Library's contribution was to provide acquisition, processing, and cataloging support for Art Institute library holdings. We have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with a “sister library” in Mexico....
A fixed point theorem for exponentially bounded groups

Abstract A fixed point property for linear actions of locally compact groups is presented. It is shown, in particular, that if G is either a finitely generated, discrete solvable group or a connected group then G has this fixed point property if, and only if, G is exponentially bounded.
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO AGGRESSIVE AND VIOLENT PATIENTS

Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral strategies and a broad range of group, family, couples, and milieu treatment approaches have been developed for the psychotherapy of aggressive and violent patients. These methods have been carried out in diverse settings ranging from hospitals and prisons to individual outpatient practices and have been applied across diverse populations including adults with mental retardation, dementia, and brain injury; children with attention deficit and conduct disorders and autism; recurrent violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder; and individuals with chronic psychotic disorders, mood disorders, or medical illnesses such as hypertension. Bridging these different strategies are the underlying principles of psychotherapy with aggressive and violent patients. These include ensuring the safety of clinician, patient, and potential victims as the foremost concern; developing a finely detailed assessment of aggressive and violent acts and of the antecedents, assumptions, and consequences that are attached to them; formulating well-defined goals and striving for clear communication to achieve consistency in the pursuit of these goals between therapist and patient, and among therapist and other clinicians, staff, and relevant family members or agencies; specifying ahead of time well-considered outcome measures to be used to gauge the effectiveness of treatment; and maintaining a healthy vigilance for countertransferential and similar reactions and a willingness to use consultation as an integral part of treatment.
Risperidone in the Treatment of Psychosis of Alzheimer Disease: Results From a Prospective Clinical Trial

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of low-dose risperidone for treating psychosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Method The authors conducted a randomized, eight-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial involving nursing home residents diagnosed with AD and psychosis. Four hundred seventy-three patients were randomly assigned to placebo (N = 238) or 1.0 to 1.5 mg risperidone per day (N = 235). Coprimary efficacy end points were: changes in scores on the Behavioral pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) Psychosis subscale and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C). Protocol-specified subgroup analyses were performed by demographics and dementia severity. Results Efficacy analysis included 416 patients. Both groups improved significantly on the BEHAVE-AD Psychosis subscale and CGI-C with no significant difference between groups. In the subgroups analyses, a statistically significant treatment by Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) interaction on the CGI-C (F [2,381] = 3.90, p=0.021) was observed with patients with more severe dementia (MMSE 2 [1] = 5.11, p=0.024). Mean risperidone dose was 1.03 ± 0.24 mg per day. All-cause discontinuation rates were 25% for both risperidone and placebo. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 74% risperidone versus 64% placebo patients, with somnolence occurring significantly more frequently with risperidone (16.2% versus 4.6%). Nine (3.8%) risperidone- and six (2.5%) placebo patients died during or within 30 days after treatment. Conclusion This trial did not confirm earlier findings in this population.
Somatic cell mapping of the genes for anti-müllerian hormone and osteonectin in cattle: identification of a new bovine syntenic group.

DNA probes from the bovine anti-Mullerian hormone and osteonectin genes were hybridized onto Southern blots containing DNAs from cow-hamster and cow-mouse hybrid somatic cell lines segregating bovine chromosomes. Bovine anti-Mullerian hormone and osteonectin loci were fully concordant with each other in 96 hybrid somatic cell lines, but were not concordant with any other bovine syntenic group described to date. As such, these two genes represent another syntenic group in cattle, bringing to 27 the number of autosomal syntenic groups identified thus far.
Waves of democratization

The term, “waves of democratization,” popularized by Huntington (1991), can be conceptualized in at least three ways: as rises in the global level of democracy, as periods of positive net transitions to democracy, and as linked sets of transitions to democracy. Each of these approaches to the concept carries distinct theoretical implications and generates somewhat different historical patterns. The three approaches are examined using four cross-national, time-series operationalizations of democracy.
Is Wikipedia usable for the blind

Today wikis are becoming increasingly widespread, and offer great benefits in a variety of collaborative environments. Therefore, to be universally valuable, wiki systems should be easy to use for anyone, regardless of ability. This paper describes obstacles that a blind user may encounter when interacting via screen reader with Wikipedia, and offers some suggestions for improving usability.
Studies of adenovirus SV40 hybrid viruses. II. Defectiveness of the hybrid particles.

E46+ virus purified by limiting dilution and plaque isolation in AGMK cells consists of a mixture of hybrid and non-hybrid virus particles. Of 102 plaque isolates obtained in HEK cells, 98 contained no detectable hybrid virus, while 4 contained a small proportion of hybrid virus. Plaque isolates from AGMK cells uniformly induced SV40 neoantigen, but when these plaque isolates were plaqued in HEK cells the progeny were again non-hybrid adenovirus. It thus appears impossible to obtain a pure line of hybrid virus. The proportion of hybrid virus produced in HEK cells fell progressively with decreasing multiplicity of infection, and plaque induction by E46+ virus in AGMK followed 2-hit kinetics, indicating that the hybrid virus particles are defective and require dual infection with non-hybrid virus for their propagation.
Heat transfer enhancement by winglet-type vortex generator arrays in compact plain-fin-and-tube heat exchangers

Abstract The potential of winglet type vortex generator (VG) arrays for air-side heat transfer enhancement is experimentally evaluated by full-scale wind-tunnel testing of a compact plain-fin-and-tube heat exchanger. The effectiveness of a 3VG alternate-tube inline array of vortex generators is compared to a single-row vortex generator design and the baseline configuration. The winglets are placed in a common-flow-up orientation for improved tube wake management. The overall heat transfer and pressure drop performance are assessed under dry-surface conditions over a Reynolds number range based on hydraulic diameter of 220 ≤ Re ≤ 960. It is found that the air-side heat transfer coefficient increases from 16.5% to 44% for the single-row winglet arrangement with an increase in pressure drop of less than 12%. For the three-row vortex generator array, the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient increases with Reynolds number from 29.9% to 68.8% with a pressure drop penalty from 26% at Re = 960 to 87.5% at Re = 220. The results indicate that vortex generator arrays can significantly enhance the performance of fin-tube heat exchangers with flow depths and fin densities typical to those used in air-cooling and refrigeration applications.
pH Induced Aggregation and Weak Gel Formation of Whey Protein Polymers

: Whey protein polymers were formed by heating (80 °C) a 4% (w/v) whey protein (WP) isolate dispersion at pH 8.0 for 15, 25, 35, 45, or 53 min. Dispersions were adjusted to pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, or 8.0 after heating and the rheological properties were determined. Viscosity increased with increased heating time and decreased pH. At pH 7.0 and 7.5, high-viscosity dispersions with pseudoplastic and thixotropic flow behavior were formed, while weak gels were formed at pH 6.0 and 6.5. The storage (elastic) and loss (viscous) moduli of pH-induced gels increased when temperature was increased from 7 °C to 25 °C, suggesting that hydrophobic forces are responsible for gelation. Key Words: weak-gels, whey proteins, polymers, gelation, functionality
Stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion does not require pancreatic hyperemia in rats. Potential cholinergic role.

Although blood flow and cholinergic tone influence gastric and salivary gland secretion, their role in pancreatic secretion is poorly defined. The purpose of the present study was: (1) to test the hypothesis that an increase in pancreatic blood flow accompanies stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion, and (2) to examine the effects of cholinergic agents on basal and stimulated blood flow using hydrogen gas clearance. Stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion (secretin 0.4, 0.8, ..6 μg/kg/hr) resulted in a significant (P<0.005) increase in secretory volume; however, pancreatic blood flow was not significantly changed, and a negative correlation between blood flow and secretion was observed. A pharmacologic dose of secretin (5.0 μg/kg/hr) resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in pancreatic blood flow, which was inhibited by atropine (5.0 μg/kg/hr) infusion. Although 2-deoxyglucose caused a significant decrease (P<0.03) in basal pancreatic blood flow, atropine had no effect on basal blood flow levels. These observations suggest that: (1) under physiologic conditions, secretin- or 2-deoxyglucose-stimulated pancreatic secretion does not require pancreatic hyperemia; (2) a pharmacologic dose of secretin does produce pancreatic hyperemia, perhaps through a local cholinergic mechanism; (3) peripheral cholinergic tone does not contribute significantly to basal pancreatic blood flow; and (4) basal pancreatic blood flow may be influenced by central mechanisms.
Sequence analysis, expression and chromosomal localization of a gene, isolated from a subtracted human retina cDNA library, that encodes an insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP2)

The metabolic functions of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II are modulated by a family of binding proteins which are present in biological fluids and are synthesized by a variety of cell types. A cDNA clone, isolated at random from a subtracted human retina library, has been identified to code for a novel IGF-binding protein (IGFBP2) by its sequence homology to the peptide sequence of IGF binding proteins purified from bovine MDBK and rat BRL-3A cells. The complete nucleotide sequence of the IGFBP2 cDNA is 1406 bp long, contains 66% G-Cs and an open reading frame of 328 amino acids with a putative signal or pro-peptide of 39 residues. The mature polypeptide of 289 amino acids has 18 cysteines, a putative ATP-binding site and an RGD tripeptide. The 1.4 kb IGFBP2 transcript is expressed in several human tissues including fetal eye and fetal brain, but not in the human lymphoblastoid cell line against which the retinal cDNA library was subtracted. In situ hybridization to sections of mouse retina localized the mRNA for IGFBP2 primarily in the outer nuclear layer of photoreceptors. Southern blot analysis of DNA from human x rodent and mouse x rodent somatic cell hybrids assigned the gene for IGFBP2 to human chromosome 2q33-qter and mouse chromosome 1 in a known conserved syntenic region.
Attainment of skill in using science processes II. Grade and task effects

Two studies were used to examine developmental and task effects in estimation problems. Time to solution data were collected on students' performance to describe their efficiency in processing information. Study One demonstrated developmental differences in speed of processing between younger students (first grade) and older students (third and sixth grade), with younger students performing at a slower rate. Study Two demonstrated that the amount of feedback information present influenced speed of processing. Results were discussed in terms of student and task characteristics and the implications of such variables for an information processing model of learning. Implications for science teaching were also discussed in terms of diagnosing learning problems and designing science curriculum.
Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk.

Background:Women who have delivered a preterm infant are at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but mechanisms for this association are not understood.Methods:In a cross-sectional study we investigated whether older women with a history of preterm birth (<37 weeks) had a higher prevalenc
Corrosion behavior of shape memory, superelastic, and nonsuperelastic nickel–titanium-based orthodontic wires at various temperatures

Abstract Objective Nickel–titanium orthodontic wires have various temperature-dependent phases. The purpose of this study was to investigate temperature-dependent corrosion characteristics of shape memory, superelastic, and nonsuperelastic orthodontic wires. Methods Four orthodontic wires were investigated: 27 and 40 °C copper Ni–Ti (superelastic and shape memory, respectively), superelastic Ni–Ti, and nonsuperelastic Nitinol Classic. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to confirm phase/temperature behavior of the wires. Sectioned halves of as-received archwires were assessed electrochemically in artificial saliva at 5, 24, 37, and 45 °C. Open circuit potential (OCP) was monitored for 2 h followed by polarization resistance and cyclic polarization tests. Results DSC results showed Nitinol was primarily martensitic-stable whereas NiTi, 27 °C CuNiTi, and 40 °C CuNiTi possessed austenite-finish temperatures of approximately 19, 21, and 38 °C. The OCP of the CuNiTi wires was significantly greater than NiTi and Nitinol but no apparent trend in values was apparent with regard to temperature or phases present. Corrosion current density ( i corr ) increased with temperature for all wires, but not all were equally influenced. The two lowest austenite-finish temperature wires (27 °C CuNiTi and NiTi) approximately tripled in i corr from 37 to 45 °C. Greater incidence of pitting was observed in the CuNiTi wires. Significance This study showed the corrosion rate of various nickel–titanium wires increase with temperature and different phases present may influence corrosion rate trends.
993 C. DIFFICILE RELATED COLITIS IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

C. difficile (CD) and its cytotoxin (C) has been demonstrated to be responsible for antimicrobial induced diarrhea (AID) and pseudomembranous colitis. We determined the incidence and manifestations of CD and C in 3 groups (Gp) of children with suspected acute or chronic AID (Gp 1), children with chronic diarrhea prior to antimicrobial therapy (Gp II) and control children without diarrhea (Gp III). Antibiotics (n of patients) used in Gp I include: lincomycin (1), clindamycin (1), ampicillin (4), amoxicillin (1), in Gp II inciude penicillin (2), metronidazole (1), amoxicillin (2), ampicillin (2), Six of 6 patients in Gp I had mild proctocolitis confirmed by rectal biopsy without pseudomembranes on proctosigmoidoscopy. All 7 patients in Gp I became asymptomatic within 6 weeks of discontinuing antimicrobial therapy except 1 patient who received oral vancomycin (V) and became asymptomatic during V therapy but diarrhea recurred after V therany with stool culture + for CD and C for up to 6 months. Children may become chronic carriers of CD; the presence of CD and C can be used to distinguish acute/chronic colitis related to antimicrobial therapy from other causes of colitis in children.
Notch シグナルにおける O-グルコース糖鎖修飾の機能

Notch シグナルは広く細胞の運命決定を制御している。このシグナル経路における新規因子の同定を目的とした遺伝学的なスクリーニングにおいて，我々は温度感受性の新規遺伝子 rumi を発見した。28-30℃ において，rumi 変異体は調べたすべての組織において本格的な Notch 表現型を示したが，18℃ においては穏やかな Notch 表現型が見られた。rumiに変異をもつ細胞において Notch 蛋白質は，細胞内，および細胞外に蓄積し，Delta に対して野生型と同程度に結合したものの，プロセシングの異常を示した。Rumi は高度に保存された CAP10 ドメインを持つ，小胞体蛋白質であった。Rumi は Notch 蛋白質の細胞外部位の EGF ドメイン中のコンセンサス配列（C1-X-S-X-P-C2）のセリン残基に O-結合型のグルコースを付加する蛋白質グルコース転移酵素であることが判明した。我々の研究により，Rumi は，小胞体において Notch 蛋白質にグルコースを付加することにより，そのフォールディングおよびトラフィッキングを全うなものとし，細胞表面における Notch シグナル伝達を制御していることが明らかとなった。本稿では，Hugo Bellen 博士のグループとの共同研究を通じて，どのように Rumi が発見されたかを紹介すると共に，Notch 蛋白質上の O-結合型糖鎖修飾の機能的な重要性について論じたい(1)。
Microbial responses to nitrogen addition in three contrasting grassland ecosystems.

The effects of global N enrichment on soil processes in grassland ecosystems have received relatively little study. We assessed microbial community response to experimental increases in N availability by measuring extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) in soils from three grasslands with contrasting edaphic and climatic characteristics: a semiarid grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA (SEV), and mesic grasslands at Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA (KNZ) and Ukulinga Research Farm, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (SAF). We hypothesized that, with N enrichment, soil microbial communities would increase C and P acquisition activity, decrease N acquisition activity, and reduce oxidative enzyme production (leading to recalcitrant soil organic matter [SOM] accumulation), and that the magnitude of response would decrease with soil age (due to higher stabilization of enzyme pools and P limitation of response). Cellulolytic activities followed the pattern predicted, increasing 35–52% in the youngest soil (SEV), 10–14% in the intermediate soil (KNZ) and remaining constant in the oldest soil (SAF). The magnitude of phosphatase response did not vary among sites. N acquisition activity response was driven by the enzyme closest to its pH optimum in each soil: i.e., leucine aminopeptidase in alkaline soil, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase in acidic soil. Oxidative enzyme activity varied widely across ecosystems, but did not decrease with N amendment at any site. Likewise, SOM and %C pools did not respond to N enrichment. Between-site variation in both soil properties and EEA exceeded any treatment response, and a large portion of EEA variability (leucine aminopeptidase and oxidative enzymes), 68% as shown by principal components analysis, was strongly related to soil pH (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). In these grassland ecosystems, soil microbial responses appear constrained by a molecular-scale (pH) edaphic factor, making potential breakdown rates of SOM resistant to N enrichment.
SH?'ITE BEGINNINGS AND SCHOLASTIC TRADITION IN JABAL 'ĀMIL IN LEBANON

La formation de l'histoire sociale et religieuse de Jabal Amil, aujourd'hui le Sud Liban, a longtemps ete recouverte de speculation et de confusion. Cet article etudie la naissance du Shīisme Twelver dans le Jabal Amil, son environnement culturel et les forces qui ont faconne sa celebre tradition erudite pendant les XVe et XVIe siecles lorsque d'importants theologiens Amilī ont defini l'utilite d'un savoir legal et doctrinal pour leur clerge et pour la societe Amilī ottomane en general, ce qui a produit la creation d'une infrastructure d'education, les 'madrasas' ou ecoles religieuses.
Improving spatial representation of global ship emissions inventories.

Ship activity patterns depicted by the International Comprehensive Ocean−Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER) data set, and their combination demonstrate different spatial and statistical sampling biases. These differences could significantly affect the accuracy of ship emissions inventories and atmospheric modeling. We demonstrate (using ICOADS) a method to improve global-proxy representativeness by trimming over-reporting vessels that mitigates sampling bias, augment the sample data set, and account for ship heterogeneity. Apparent under-reporting to ICOADS and AMVER by ships near coastlines, perhaps engaged in coastwise (short sea) shipping especially in Europe, indicates that bottom-up regional inventories may be more representative locally. Primarily due to the long time series available publicly for ICOADS data, the improved ICOADS data set may be the most appropriate global ship traffic proxy identified to date to be used for a top-down approach...
Knowledge Tracing: Modeling the Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge

This paper describes an effort to model students' changing knowledge state during skill acquisition. Students in this research are learning to write short programs with the ACT Programming Tutor (APT). APT is constructed around a production rule cognitive model of programming knowledge, called theideal student model. This model allows the tutor to solve exercises along with the student and provide assistance as necessary. As the student works, the tutor also maintains an estimate of the probability that the student has learned each of the rules in the ideal model, in a process calledknowledge tracing. The tutor presents an individualized sequence of exercises to the student based on these probability estimates until the student has ‘mastered’ each rule. The programming tutor, cognitive model and learning and performance assumptions are described. A series of studies is reviewed that examine the empirical validity of knowledge tracing and has led to modifications in the process. Currently the model is quite successful in predicting test performance. Further modifications in the modeling process are discussed that may improve performance levels.
Environmental Influences on Young Adult Weight Gain: Evidence From a Natural Experiment

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the importance of environmental influences in explaining weight gain and related behaviors among freshman college students. Methods We exploited a natural experiment that takes place on most college campuses in the United States - randomized dormitory assignments. We estimated the effects of living in dormitories with varying physical environment characteristics on weight gain and related behaviors (daily number of meals and snacks, weekly frequency of exercise) among randomly assigned freshman students. Results We found strong evidence linking weight and related behaviors to individual dormitories, as well as to specific characteristics of the dormitories. On average, students assigned to dormitories with on-site dining halls gained more weight and exhibited more behaviors consistent with weight gain during the freshman year as compared with students not assigned to such dormitories. Females in such dormitories weighed .85 kg ( p = .03) more and exercised 1.43 ( p p = .02) more meals and .38 ( p = .01) more snacks. For female students, closer proximity of the dormitory to a campus gym led to more frequent exercise (.54, p = .03), whereas living closer to central campus reduced exercise (−.97, p = .01). Conclusions Using a natural experiment to deal with the potential endogeneity of the living environment, this study found that the physical environment affects both students' weight changes and weight-related behaviors.
THE DIRECT CURRENT RESISTANCE OF NITELLA.

The electrical resistance of Nitella cells to direct current is determined in a Wheatstone bridge, using a vacuum-tube detector, and string galvanometer. Very small currents are passed through the cells, to avoid stimulation. The galvanometer record shows typical transient effects in the living cells at opening and closing of the circuit, due to the development of back E.M.F. With 1 cm. contacts of tap water, and 1 cm. between contacts the resistances of living cells are usually between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 ohms. They go as high as 3,500,000 ohms when the cells are in the best condition. The resistance falls to about 50,000 ohms immediately after killing. Leakage around the cell is small because the wall is imbibed with tap water. By measuring the resistance of the isolated wall (air-filled), and by varying the areas of contact with intact cells, the effective protoplasmic resistance is calculated. This varies from 100,000 to 700,000 ohms per square centimeter of surface, with a typical value of about 250,000 ohms per square centimeter. This high resistance represents a low permeability for most ions, since the values are nearly as high with contacts of 0.01 M NaCl, CaCl(2), LiCl, NH(4)Cl, and MgSO(4). The resistances are greatly reduced however by solutions of KCl, which is correlated with a high mobility of the K(+) ion in the protoplasm. Electrical stimulation causes a marked reduction of resistance, which may be due to exomosis of KCl.
Direct PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Aims: This paper reports a simple, rapid approach for the detection of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Methods and Results: Direct PCR (DPCR) obviates the need for the recovery of cells from the sample or DNA extraction prior to PCR. Primers specific for Stx-encoding genes stx1 and stx2 were used in DPCR for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 added to environmental water samples and milk. Conclusions: PCR reactions containing one cell yielded a DPCR product. Significance and Impact of the Study: This should provide an improved method to assess contamination of environmental and other samples by STEC and other pathogens.
The Evolution of the Determinate Ideal of Sentencing: An Illinois Case Study

The past two decades have witnessed enormous changes in state sentencing structures. While many of the fundamental tenets of the determinate sentencing reform movement have changed since the 1970s, one bedrock principle has remained constant: the belief that the sentencing power of post-conviction administrators must be curbed. Yet, in many jurisdictions, the goal of the reform movement has been frustrated as sentencing discretion has merely shifted from parole boards to prison officials. This article presents a case study from Illinois to illustrate how institutions' adaptive responses to externally imposed reforms can enlarge the gap between the rhetoric and the reality of public policy.
First-principles study of high-pressure alumina polymorphs

We investigate by first principles the structural properties and relative stability of six alumina polymorphs, namely: corundum, ${\mathrm{Rh}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (II), $\mathrm{Pbnm}$ perovskite, $R3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}c$-perovskite, $A$-type rare-earth sesquioxide, and $B$-type rare-earth sesquioxide. The compressive behavior and pressure-induced changes in the local environment of different aluminum sites are investigated in detail for corundum, ${\mathrm{Rh}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (II) and the perovskite phases, which are the predicted stable phases within the pressure range of 0--450 GPa. This information is crucial for understanding the electronic states of a ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$ color center in alumina (ruby) and the resulting intra-$d$ transitions, i.e., the ruby fluorescence. Implications of these pressure-induced phase transitions in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ to the ruby fluorescence pressure scale are discussed.
blaI and blaR1 regulate beta-lactamase and PBP 2a production in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract For Staphylococcus aureus, it is hypothesized that two genes located upstream of the beta-lactamase gene, blaZ, are required for the inducible expression of beta-lactamase. blaR1 is predicted to encode a signal-transducing membrane protein, and blaI is predicted to encode a repressor protein. These same two genes may also regulate the production of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP 2a), a protein essential for expression of methicillin resistance. To confirm that these two genes encode products that can control both beta-lactamase and PBP 2a production, blaI, blaR1, and blaZ with a 150-nucleotide deletion at the 3' end were subcloned from a 30-kb staphylococcal beta-lactamase plasmid and three beta-lactamase-negative strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were transformed with the recombinant plasmid containing that insert. The production of PBP 2a and a nonfunctional beta-lactamase was detected by fluorography and by immunoblots with polyclonal antisera directed against each of the proteins. Whereas the parent strains did not produce beta-lactamase and constitutively produced PBP 2a, PBP 2a and a truncated beta-lactamase were now inducible in the transformants. Therefore, two plasmid-derived genes regulate the production of both PBP 2a and beta-lactamase.
Root Surface Caries Subsequent to Gingivectomy in Rats Inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus (mutans) and Actinomyces viscosus

We studied the effect of oral infection with cariogenic micro-organisms on alveolar bone loss and root surface caries subsequent to gingivectomy in rats. Thirty-six rats were fed diet MIT 200 (67% sucrose); one-half, the controls, had antibiotics added to the diet. At ages 18, 19, and 21 days, the experimental group was orally infected with streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus sobrinus (mutans) 6715 and Actinomyces viscosus M-100. At age 30 days, all animals were subjected to a gingivectomy on maxillary and mandibular left quadrants. The experimental group was re-inoculated at age 36 days. Animals were killed seven weeks after surgery. Jaws were stained, and planimetric measurements of exposed root surface area and caries on lingual/palatal surfaces of 1st and 2nd molars were made from video images with a computer/digitizer. Compared with the non-operated contralateral quadrants, gingivectomy significantly increased exposed root surface area in the maxilla and in the mandible in both the control and exper...
Hydrodynamics of Quantized Shape Transitions of Lipid Domains

The time-dependent distortions of nearly circular liquid domains of lipids at the air-water interface are studied analytically by accounting for line tension and electrostatic effects in the monolayer and viscous effects in both the monolayer and subphase fluid. One driving force for the shape changes arises from the elec­trostatic repulsions between molecular dipoles. This force is opposed by a line tension that favors circular shapes. The growth rate of small amplitude disturbances is determined as a function of the distortion (azimuthal) symmetry number n , the domain radius, the dipole density difference and line tension between the lipid domain and the surrounding lipid layer, and the viscosities of the monolayer and underlying liquid. For representative parameter values, the disturbance growth rate is independent of the monolayer viscosity and depends only on the subphase viscosity.
Circular-to-rectangular transition duct flow without and with inlet swirl

Circular-to-rectangular transition ducts are used as exhaust system components of aircraft with rectangular exhaust nozzles. Often, the flow into these ducts includes a swirling velocity component remaining from the gas turbine engine. Previous transition duct studies involving detailed experimental measurements have not compared the flowfield without and with inlet swirl. The study reported in this article explored circular-to-rectangular transition duct flows without and with inlet swirl in order to document the effect of inlet swirl on the transition duct flowfield and to provide detailed duct flow data for comparison with numerical code predictions. A method was devised to develop a swirling, solid-body rotational flow with minimal associated disturbances. Coefficients based on velocities and total and static pressures measured in cross-stream planes at four axial locations within the transition duct, along with surface static pressure measurements and surface oil-film visualization, are presented and discussed for both nonswirling and swirling incoming flows. In both cases the inlet centerline Mach number was 0.35. The differences between flowfields for the two cases were striking. Two pairs of counterrotating side-wall vortices appeared in the duct flow without inlet swirl. These vortices were absent in the swirling incoming flow case.
Aggregation approximations for sensitivity analysis of multi-class queueing networks

Abstract Two methods are presented for estimating performance derivatives from simulation of multi-class queueing networks for sensitivity analysis. The methods use approximate subnetwork aggregation to reduce the problem to a single-class derivative estimation problem with which a modified infinitesimal perturbation analysis algorithm is used. The modified algorithm treats a subnetwork as though it had been aggregated, but is actually applied to the original (non-aggregated) network. The two approaches to aggregation considered represent two extensions of the idea of a Norton equivalent to non-product-form networks, one based on an exact result, the other heuristic. These are of interest beyond the particular application considered here.
Peer Involvement Advisors Improve First-Year Student Engagement and Retention.

Adam Peck describes the Peer Involvement Advising Program at Stephen F. Austin State University.
Staphylococcal Protein A as a Fusion Partner Directs Secretion of the E1α and E1β Subunits of Pea Mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase by Bacillus subtilis

Staphylococcal protein A (SPA)-based vectors were constructed to direct secretion of the E1alpha and E1beta subunits of Pisum sativum mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. These proteins were not exported when the signal peptide from levansucrase (SacBSP) was fused to their N-termini. Both SacBSP-E1alpha and SacBSP-E1beta fusion proteins were insoluble in the cytoplasm. However, when the SPA open-reading frame was inserted between SacBSP and E1alpha or E1beta, corresponding fusion proteins were secreted from the cells. The first (E) IgG-binding domain of SPA was sufficient to direct low level secretion of both fusion proteins (SacBSP-E-E1alpha and SacBSP-E-E1beta). Adding the second (D) IgG-binding domain improved extracellular protein yields 3- to 4-fold over E alone, but was not as efficient as secretion of the full-length (EDABC) SPA-fusion proteins. All constructs were based on the pUB110-derived multicopy plasmid pWB705. Separate B. subtilis strains transformed with SacBSP-E-E1alpha-His(6) or SacBSP-E1beta were cocultivated in the presence of Ni-NTA agarose. The native pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha2beta2 structure was bound to the affinity matrix, demonstrating assembly after secretion. The use of SPA as a fusion partner during expression of heterologous proteins by B. subtilis provides the basis of a versatile system that can be used to study both secretion and protein:protein interactions.
SR proteins are ‘locators’ of the RNA splicing machinery

B.R.G. and K.J.H. were supported by the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and T.M. by the NIH.
Direct simulation of unsteady axisymmetric core-annular flow with high viscosity ratio

Axisymmetric pipeline transportation of oil and water is simulated numerically as an initial value problem. The simulations succeed in predicting the spatially periodic Stokes-like waves called bamboo waves, which have been documented in experiments of Bai, Chen & Joseph (1992) for up-flow. The numerical scheme is validated against linearized stability theory for perfect core–annular flow, and weakly nonlinear saturation to travelling waves. Far from onset conditions, the fully nonlinear saturation to steady bamboo waves is achieved. As the speed is increased, the bamboo waves shorten, and peaks become more pointed. A new time-dependent bamboo wave is discovered, in which the interfacial waveform is steady, but the accompanying velocity and pressure fields are time-dependent. The appearance of vortices and the locations of the extremal values of pressure are investigated for both up- and down-flows.
Comparison Between API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 and ASME VIII Division 3 Stress Intensity Factor Solutions Used for Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Analysis of Thick Walled Cylinders

The paper discusses the differences between API 579-1/ASME FFS-1-1/ASME FFS-1 [1] and ASME Section VIII Division 3 [2] stress intensity factor solutions. In addition to this, the use of the Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) in leak before burst analysis is compared to the present Division 3 approach. The paper contains the background of both approaches and a worked example demonstrating the effect of both methods. Finally, a simplified fatigue crack growth based life time study is presented.© 2008 ASME
Linking multi-level governance to local common-pool resource theory using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis: Insights from twenty years of biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica

Abstract Understanding the relationship between multi-level institutional linkages and conditions influencing the likelihood of successful collective action has practical and theoretical relevance to sustainable local resource governance. This paper studies the relationship between multi-level linkages and local autonomy, a facilitating condition found to increase the likelihood of local successful collective action. A technique known as fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was applied to a longitudinal comparative data set. In the context of the decentralization of a protected area system in Costa Rica (1986–2006), it traced the emergence and endurance of autonomy among local institutions for biodiversity conservation. The technique illustrates which set of multi-level linkages combined in different ways, and at different points in time, to reach the same outcome (local autonomy). The findings show that a unique set of combinations of multi-level linkages led to the emergence of local autonomy among institutions for biodiversity conservation governance. In contrast, a more diverse set was associated with the endurance of local autonomy over time, suggesting that institutional diversity may play a more prominent role in the maintenance of institutional robustness than in processes of institutional emergence.
Surgical Management of Radiated Scalp in Patients with Recurrent Glioma

Patients with malignant brain tumors requiring multiple craniotomies and external beam radiotherapy are at risk of scalp wound breakdown secondary to fibrosis and radiation damage. We present three cases to illustrate the nature of the problem and the surgical approaches to scalp repair. When a bicoronal incision has been used for the initial craniotomy, the plastic repair can be performed with a bipedicle visor scalp flap and split-thickness skin graft to cover the pericranium at the donor site. When a curvilinear (U-shaped or horseshoe) flap has been used for the initial craniotomy, a single-pedicle flap may be rotated to achieve closure without tension. In anticipation of the risk of scalp wound breakdown in patients with malignant brain tumors, the planning of the operative incision for the first craniotomy needs to take into account the long-term viability of the scalp. We recommend linear scalp incisions parallel to the arterial distribution instead of the traditional curvilinear (U-shaped or horseshoe) flaps; linear incisions are less likely to break down, and in the event of breakdown, linear wounds offer better therapeutic surgical options for plastic repair.