cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Analysis of Arabidopsis Organelles and a Protein Localization Database for Facilitating Fluorescent Tagging of Full-Length Arabidopsis Proteins

Cells are organized into a complex network of subcellular compartments that are specialized for various biological functions. Subcellular location is an important attribute of protein function. To facilitate systematic elucidation of protein subcellular location, we analyzed experimentally verified protein localization data of 1,300 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins. The 1,300 experimentally verified proteins are distributed among 40 different compartments, with most of the proteins localized to four compartments: mitochondria (36%), nucleus (28%), plastid (17%), and cytosol (13.3%). About 19% of the proteins are found in multiple compartments, in which a high proportion (36.4%) is localized to both cytosol and nucleus. Characterization of the overrepresented Gene Ontology molecular functions and biological processes suggests that the Golgi apparatus and peroxisome may play more diverse functions but are involved in more specialized processes than other compartments. To support systematic empirical determination of protein subcellular localization using a technology called fluorescent tagging of full-length proteins, we developed a database and Web application to provide preselected green fluorescent protein insertion position and primer sequences for all Arabidopsis proteins to study their subcellular localization and to store experimentally verified protein localization images, videos, and their annotations of proteins generated using the fluorescent tagging of full-length proteins technology. The database can be searched, browsed, and downloaded using a Web browser at http://aztec.stanford.edu/gfp/. The software can also be downloaded from the same Web site for local installation.
Electrical potential measurements in the lower atmosphere

Lower-atmospheric potential measurements obtained in 1983 through 1985 using the Hy-wire technique are summarized in this paper. Observed values of the potential were in the range of 50-100 kV in Fairbanks, AK, compared with 100-200 kV at Wallops Island, VA. When one-hour averages are formed from the entire data set the result is a unitary variation very reminiscent of both the Carnegie curve and more recent stratospheric electric field data. A comparison with an aircraft potential measurement in the same vicinity during April 1983 demonstrates that the two techniques yield roughly similar results, except that the Hy-wire measurements were 20-30 percent lower in absolute value.
Personalization of queries in database systems

As information becomes available in increasing amounts to a wide spectrum of users, the need for a shift towards a more user-centered information access paradigm arises. We develop a personalization framework for database systems based on user profiles and identify the basic architectural modules required to support it. We define a preference model that assigns to each atomic query condition a personal degree of interest and provide a mechanism to compute the degree of interest in any complex query condition based on the degrees of interest in the constituent atomic ones. Preferences are stored in profiles. At query time, personalization proceeds in two steps: (a) preference selection and (b) preference integration into the original user query. We formulate the main personalization step, i.e. preference selection, as a graph computation problem and provide an efficient algorithm for it. We also discuss results of experimentation with a prototype query personalization system.
Asynchronous origins of ectomycorrhizal clades of Agaricales

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is the most widespread biotrophic nutritional mode in mushroom-forming fungi. ECM fungi include, though are not limited to, about 5000 described species of Agaricales from numerous, independently evolved lineages. Two central hypotheses suggest different explanations for the origin of ECM fungal diversity: (i) dual origins, initially with the Pinaceae in the Jurassic and later with angiosperms during the Late Cretaceous, and (ii) a simultaneous and convergent radiation of ECM lineages in response to cooling climate during the Palaeogene and advancing temperate ECM plant communities. Neither of these hypotheses is supported here. While we demonstrate support for asynchronous origins of ECM Agaricales, the timing of such events appears to have occurred more recently than suggested by the first hypothesis, first during the Cretaceous and later during the Palaeogene. We are also unable to reject models of rate constancy, which suggests that the diversity of ECM Agaricales is not a consequence of convergent rapid radiations following evolutionary transitions from saprotrophic to ECM habits. ECM lineages of Agaricales differ not only in age, but also in rates of diversification and rate of substitution at nuclear ribosomal RNA loci. These results question the biological uniformity of the ECM guild.
Plasma and phagosome membranes of Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Plasma membranes were isolated from the ameba Acanthamoeba castellanii by low-speed velocity centrifugation followed by equilibrium centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The isolated membranes had a high ratio of sterol to phospholipid (0.98 moles/mole) and of phospholipid to protein (0.43 mg/mg). The plasma membranes had very low concentrations of DNA, RNA, lipid inositol, and glycerides. Glycolipids and glycoproteins were enriched in the plasma membranes relative to their concentrations in the whole cell. The plasma membranes were also judged to be of high purity by the absence, or very low level, of enzymatic activities considered to be indicative of other cell membranes, and by electron microscope examination. Alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were enriched in the plasma membranes 13-fold relative to the whole homogenate and had higher specific activities in the plasma membranes than in any other cell fractions. A Mg++ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was enriched sixfold in the plasma membranes relative to the whole homogenate. The phospholipids of the plasma membranes contained more phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and less phosphatidylcholine than did the phospholipids of the whole cells. There were differences in the fatty acid compositions of corresponding phospholipids in the plasma membranes and whole cells but no difference in the ratios of total saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The membranes of phagosomes isolated from amebae that had ingested polystyrene latex had essentially the same phospholipid, sterol, and enzymatic composition as plasma membranes.
Water quality management and irrigated agriculture: potential conflicts in the Colorado River Basin

If effluent standards set by the 1922 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment are applied to irrigated farmlands, the impact of enforcement will create problems that could cause more social harm than benefit. Elimination of all external discharge, for example, will not be consistent with a social optimum based on trade-offs between water quality and a climate of table prices and productivity. The structure of American agriculture may be changed if small farms are forced to consolidate in order to meet the costs of effluent standards. Application of the law (PL 92-500) to the Colorado River Basin is examined for the effect on water allocations and salinity. Since it will not be feasible to enforce the law by requiring each farm to be monitored, farmers could elect to by-pass point sources and resort to ponding or seepage, which would lower water quality. 14 references.
Predictors of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract Data from 100 patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICDs) were analyzed to determine if clinical, angiographic and electrophysiologic variables are predictive of AICD discharge. During a median follow-up period of 18 months, 45% of patients experienced >_ 1 device discharge during a documented ventricular arrhythmia or in association with presyncope or syncope (“appropriate” AICD discharge). Univariate predictors of appropriate AICD discharge included depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.0007), inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmia at electrophysiologic study performed in the absence of antiarrhythmic drugs (p = 0.009), fewer number of extrastimuli required for induction at this study (p = 0.001), inducible sustained arrhythmia at electrophysiologic study performed on the discharge antiarrhythmic regimen (p = 0.0005) and fewer extrastimuli required for this induction (p
Wide baseline feature matching using the cross-epipolar ordering constraint

Robust feature matching across different views of the same scene taken by two cameras with wide baseline and arbitrary rotation is still an open problem. Matching based on appearance alone is unreliable, because a surface point changes its appearance depending on the viewpoint. As a result, this approach may generate "unrealizable" correspondence sets, that is, sets of pairwise correspondences that are not consistent with the epipolar geometry. We propose a novel technique, which is applicable when the epipolar lines in the two images are approximately parallel. Our algorithm only searches in the space of realizable matchings, thereby reducing the likelihood of mismatches as well as the dimension of the search domain. This approach can use any given feature descriptor with an associated distance function, and assumes no knowledge of the intrinsic parameters of the two cameras. The extension to the general case of epipoles infinite position is the object of current research.
Motor nerve terminal staining combined with catecholamine histofluorescence or immunocytochemistry

A number of excellent techniques are available to stain and characterize different types of neurons and nerve terminals. However, because these different techniques are frequently not compatible, their usefulness in determining the relationships between specific axons and neuromuscular junctions is often limited. The goal was to develop specific procedures for simultaneous visualization of different types of unmyelinated axons and motor nerve terminals in the same preparation. First we modified the formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde staining solutions of the aqueous aldehyde fluorescence technique (Faglu) to observe catecholamine containing axons in whole mount amphibian skeletal muscle. The compatibility of this modified staining solution with other histological procedures made it possible to stain both motor nerve terminals with tetrazolium salts and, in the same preparation, to observe unmyelinated axons with aldehyde-induced catecholamine histofluorescence. This same general formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde staining procedure was also used with immunocytochemical techniques to visualize fluorescent antibody stained nerves and motor nerve terminals in the same whole mount preparation.
Smoking alters the relationship between maternal zinc intake and biochemical indices of fetal zinc status

Maternal smoking impairs fetal zinc status. This study was designed to clarify the effect of smoking on the relationship between maternal zinc intake and zinc status in mother and fetus. Zinc was measured with atomic-absorption spectroscopy. Statistical analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, simple correlations, and stepwise multiple regression. The results suggest that maternal plasma zinc, red blood cell zinc, and alkaline phosphatase at term are not related to maternal zinc intake. In the nonsmoking parturient both cord-vein plasma zinc and cord-vein alkaline phosphatase activity are positively related to maternal zinc intake. In the smoking parturient there is no relationship between maternal zinc intake and fetal zinc status except for a negative relation with cord-vein plasma zinc. Relations between maternal zinc intake and placental zinc can be shown with stepwise-multiple-regression techniques. The data suggests that maternal zinc intake is related not to maternal zinc status but to fetal zinc status in a normal pregnancy. The relation is altered in the pregnancy complicated by smoking. Am J C/in Nutr 1992;55:981-4.
Preparative thin-layer and column chromatography of prostaglandins

Analytical and preparative chromatographic methods for monounsaturated prostaglandins are described. The systems were developed specifically for separation of the various hydroxy epimers of prostaglandin E1 and F1 but also offer superior separations for some of the known natural prostaglandins.
Effects of the Naturally Occurring Parasitic Nematode Chondronema passali Leidy on Lifting Strength and Captivity-Related Body Mass Patterns in the Horned Passalus Beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger) (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous among insects and well-studied, but knowledge of their full range of host effects is not complete, especially concerning their impact on physical performance of hosts. The horned passalus beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger), in the USA is frequently parasitized by Chondronema passali Leidy, a nematode that can number in the thousands within the hemocoel. We performed an experiment that examined the effects of this parasite on a key performance metric, lifting strength, which should be important during fighting. We assessed beetle lifting strength using a vertically-mounted force gauge, as well as their body mass. At the end of the experiment, we dissected the beetles to determine parasite status and gender. The average beetle (1–2 g each) lifted between 300 and 400 g during the trials. Though the final sample size of non-parasitized beetles was small (n = 8), our results showed parasitized beetles tended to lift 17% less weight than non-parasitized beetles, and thi...
Notation and Symbols

The following list, which is not complete, gives the usual meaning of the notation we have used, not without some inconsistencies, throughout this study. Under the heading Spherical Astronomy, we have also included the notation for precession, parallax, and apparent radii.
On the variational limit of a class of nonlocal functionals related to peridynamics

In this paper we study variational problems on a bounded domain for a nonlocal elastic energy of peridynamic-type which result in nonlinear systems of nonlocal equations. The well-posedness of variational problems is established via a careful study of the associated energy spaces. In the event of vanishing nonlocality we establish the convergence of the nonlocal energy to a corresponding local energy using the method of -convergence. Building upon existing techniques, we prove an Lp-compactness result (on bounded domains) based on near-boundary estimates that is used to study the variational limit of minimization problems subject to various volumetric constraints. For energy functionals in suitable forms, we find the corresponding limiting energy explicitly. As a special case, the classical Navier-Lame potential energy is realized as a limit of linearized peridynamic energy offering a rigorous connection between the nonlocal peridynamic model to classical mechanics for small uniform strain.
Sources of low-frequency ambient seafloor noise on a continental shelf

Two days of 1- to 30-Hz ambient seafloor noise recorded simultaneously by hydrophones and geophones in shallow water are correlated with identifiable sources to determine which noise sources dominated. Ambient noise levels (in decibels) between 1 and 2 Hz are linearly correlated to the logarithm of the wind speed (and/or wave height) data gathered over the ocean bottom seismometer array with an n ( f ) = 2.4 ± 0.4. This linear dependence and the observed decrease of ambient noise levels with increasing depth argue that, for high wind speeds, a linear wind speed (turbulent pressure fluctuation) source dominates other meteorological noise sources in shallow water to frequencies as low as 1 Hz. Relative ambient pressure fluctuations (in decibels) were, within measurement errors, comparable to the ambient particle velocity fluctuations at 1 to 2 Hz. Short periods of ocean bottom current activity, teleseisms, nearby drilling rig activity, nearby airgun profiling, biologic activity, and shipping raised ambient noise levels for frequencies above 2.2 Hz by at least 10 dB. In the case of the biologically induced noise, the observed absence of acoustic signals requires that the organisms actually touched the ocean bottom seismometers.
The Melancholy Saint: Jonathan Edwards's Interpretation of David Brainerd as a Model of Evangelical Spirituality

It often happens that the papers of a departed master are gathered and winnowed by a faithful disciple in search of one last harvest of truth: an act of respect mingled with a desire for reflected glory. But in Jonathan Edwards's editing of the diary of David Brainerd the elder served the younger.
Morality, Trust, and Illusion: Ethos as Relationship

Ethos as an element of persuasion is based on source credibility. Many scholars focus on ethos in terms of source characteristic attributes – whether the advocate manifests intelligence, character, and good will. I argue that there is an additional component of ethos manifested by the relationship the advocate forms with her audience, the source relational attributes. This relationship may be influenced by logos and pathos, but it persuades on an ethos level. This article explores research by legal scholars and cognitive psychologists to support the premise that the relationship between advocate and audience is a manifestation of ethos, and that the relationship has persuasive import. It then examines organizational and stylistic devices advocates may employ to establish and maintain ethos, both in terms of source characteristic and relational attributes. Finally, the article concludes with an examination of potential criticisms associated with manipulation of ethos in legal writing.
Reanalysis of the decay K L -->π 0 e + e -

The decay [ital K][sub [ital L]][r arrow][pi][sup 0][ital e][sup +][ital e][sup [minus]] is searched for as a signal of direct [Delta][ital S]=1 [ital CP] violation. We provide a thorough updating of the analysis of the three components of the decay: (1) direct [ital CP] violation, (2) [ital CP] violation through the mass matrix, and (3) [ital CP]-conserving (two photon) contributions. First the chiral calculation of the [ital K][sub [ital S]][r arrow][pi][sup 0][ital e][sup +][ital e][sup [minus]] rate, due to Ecker, Pich and, de Rafael, is updated to include recent results on the nonleptonic amplitude. Then we systematically explore the uncertainties in this method. These appear to be so large that they will obscure direct [ital CP] violation unless it is possible to measure the [ital K][sub [ital S]][r arrow][pi][sup 0][ital e][sup +][ital e][sup [minus]] rate. The [ital CP]-conserving amplitude remains somewhat uncertain, but present indications are such that there may be a sizable [ital CP]-violating asymmetry in the [ital e][sup +],[ital e][sup [minus]] energies from the interference of the [ital CP]-conserving and [ital CP]-violating amplitudes and this may potentially be useful in determining whether direct [ital CP] violation is present.
Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cattle immunity

Dairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of both metabolic and infectious diseases during the periparturient period. A major contributing factor to increased health disorders is alterations in bovine immune mechanisms. Indeed, uncontrolled inflammation is a major contributing factor and a common link among several economically important infectious and metabolic diseases including mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, and ketosis. The nutritional status of dairy cows and the metabolism of specific nutrients are critical regulators of immune cell function. There is now a greater appreciation that certain mediators of the immune system can have a reciprocal effect on the metabolism of nutrients. Thus, any disturbances in nutritional or immunological homeostasis can provide deleterious feedback loops that can further enhance health disorders, increase production losses, and decrease the availability of safe and nutritious dairy foods for a growing global population. This review will discuss the complex interactions between nutrient metabolism and immune functions in periparturient dairy cattle. Details of how either deficiencies or overexposure to macro- and micronutrients can contribute to immune dysfunction and the subsequent development of health disorders will be presented. Specifically, the ways in which altered nutrient metabolism and oxidative stress can interact to compromise the immune system in transition cows will be discussed. A better understanding of the linkages between nutrition and immunity may facilitate the design of nutritional regimens that will reduce disease susceptibility in early lactation cows.
Clutter suppression in synthetic aperture radar targets using the DFRFT and subspace methods with rank reduction

SAR based vibration estimation using discrete Fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT) analysis methods has gained attention in recent work on vibrometry. In the presence of significant clutter however, this estimation becomes challenging due to the presence of clutter induced peaks in the vibration spectra. In this paper, we incorporate rank reduction and filtering into a subspace DFRFT approach that results in significant peak enhancement along with an accompanying reduction in the associated mean square estimation errors when applied to simulated SAR and synthetic chirp data. The approach is further applied to vibration data gathered from a real GA-Lynx system and shown to produce a corresponding peak enhancement and clutter suppression in the vibration spectrum.
Angular Correlations in the Decay of Ir 192

The $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular correlation of the $(536\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta})\ensuremath{-}(604\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}+612\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ transition in ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{192}$ was measured and found to be zero. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-conversion-${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ correlation of the 604-keV-316-keV transitions in ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{192}$ was used to estimate the $\frac{E2}{M1}$ mixing ratio of the 605-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray, giving $\ensuremath{\delta}=3$.
Estimating Populations of Marine River Otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Using Radiotracer Implants

One year after the spillage of oil from the Exxon Valdez in spring 1989, we used radiotransmitters and radiotracer labels to mark river otters ( Lutra canadensis ) at Knight Island (oiled) and Esther Passage (unoiled) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Feces recovered from latrines of animals were used as “recaptures” in mark-recapture experiments to estimate the density of river otters in the two coastal study areas. Our methods were evaluated for sources of bias in estimating and comparing population sizes. There was no evidence that densities of river otters at Knight Island (oiled) were less than those at Esther Passage (unoiled) in summer 1990 or that density of river otters at Knight Island was declining. Estimates of river otters in Prince William Sound ranged from 0.28 to 0.80 animals per km of coastline. Our estimates are similar to those for marine river otters in southeastern Alaska, but bias in the different methods should be considered.
Acceptance and Use of Job Performance Aids within an Integrated Personnel Systems Approach

Job performance aids (JPAs) were developed within an integrated personnel system framework in order to determine if JPAs (1) are accepted by technicians with low and high levels of aptitude and (2) are used as a source for maintenance information during task performance. The Enlisted Personnel Individualized Career System (EPICS) is an integrated personnel systems approach with emphasis on (JPAs) that incorporates advances made in many people related research and development areas. The goals of EPICS are reduced front-end training, increased relevance of formal training through early job assignment and distributed training, individualized career advancement, and improved personnel utilization. Job design, JPAs, and training modules were the major components used to achieve the EPICS goals. Two types of JPAs were developed: (1) a completely integrated pictorial/text format in which frequent use of pictorials allows the user to focus on the pictorial and use the text to supplement the pictorial, and (2) a m...
Polypyrrole-based amperometric cation sensor with tunable sensitivity:

This article presents a novel technique to quantify the kinetics of faradaic response in polypyrrole (doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate) (PPy(DBS)) and its application in developing a cation sensor. This technique is based on the analysis of the impedance/admittance transfer function of PPy(DBS) and the representation of its reduction chronoameprometric response using system poles and residues. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the pole of the transfer function is an intrinsic quantity and the residue corresponding to the system pole is an extrinsic quantity. The residue of the system pole for a redox-step potential is dependent on the concentration of cations and is observed to have linear dependence on electrolyte concentration (R2 > 0.9). Thus, the residues can be used to accurately estimate the concentration of cations in an electrolyte solution and enables the use of PPy(DBS) as a high-precision cation sensor. The experimental investigation supporting this analysis demonstrates th...
A high-altitude balloon platform for determining exchange of carbon dioxide over agricultural landscapes

Abstract. The exchange of carbon dioxide between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is a key process in the global carbon cycle. Given emissions from fossil fuel combustion and the appropriation of net primary productivity by human activities, understanding the carbon dioxide exchange of cropland agroecosystems is critical for evaluating future trajectories of climate change. In addition, human manipulation of agroecosystems has been proposed as a technique of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via practices such as no-tillage and cover crops. We propose a novel method of measuring the exchange of carbon dioxide over croplands using a high-altitude balloon (HAB) platform. The HAB methodology measures two sequential vertical profiles of carbon dioxide mixing ratio, and the surface exchange is calculated using a fixed-mass column approach. This methodology is relatively inexpensive, does not rely on any assumptions besides spatial homogeneity (no horizontal advection) and provides data over a spatial scale between stationary flux towers and satellite-based inversion calculations. The HAB methodology was employed during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons in central Illinois, and the results are compared to satellite-based NDVI values and a flux tower located relatively near the launch site in Bondville, Illinois. These initial favorable results demonstrate the utility of the methodology for providing carbon dioxide exchange data over a large (10–100 km) spatial area. One drawback is its relatively limited temporal coverage. While recruiting citizen scientists to perform the launches could provide a more extensive dataset, the HAB methodology is not appropriate for providing estimates of net annual carbon dioxide exchange. Instead, a HAB dataset could provide an important check for upscaling flux tower results and verifying satellite-derived exchange estimates.
Awareness to recommended levels of physical activity among residents aged 18-69 years in Shanghai

Objective To understand status of awareness to recommended level of physical activity and provide evidences for further promoting participation of physical activity among residents in Shanghai. Methods Stratified random sampling method was used to enroll samples in all 18 districts in Shanghai. A total of 8548 participants aged 18-69 years were recruited and questionnaire survey was carried out by face-to-face interview. The unified questionnaire of evaluating national action for health lifestyle designed by China National Center for Disease Control and Prevention was used. The significances of rates were tested by Chi-square and associations with determinations were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results Among the residents in Shanghai,7544(89. 2%) and 3875(45. 8%) participants knew the recommended levels of"at least6000 steps of physical activity of daily life,travel,and exercising everyday"and"at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise every week". Analysis results of logistic regression showed that gender( OR = 1. 184,95% CI: 1. 030-1. 361),age( OR = 1. 136,95% CI: 1. 020-1. 264),education level( OR = 1. 143,95% CI: 1. 046-1. 249),annual household income( OR = 1. 047,95% CI: 1. 009-1. 086) and area of residence( OR = 0. 796,95% CI: 0. 697-0. 922)for the former and education level( OR = 1. 241,95% CI: 1. 174-1. 313) and area of residence( OR = 1. 473,95% CI:1. 345-1. 614) were influencing factors to awareness. Conclusion There was higher proportion of awareness to recommended level of "at least 6000 steps of physical activity of daily life,travel,and exercising everyday"compared with "at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise every week"among Shanghai residents. After adjustment for age and gender,education level and area of residence can influence awareness level of both recommended levels.
Evolutionary Genetics of Insecticide Resistance and the Effects of Chemical Rotation

Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a target pest is a form of artificial selection that leads to pesticide resistance. We studied insecticide resistance and cross-resistance to five commercial insecticides in each of six populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum . We estimated the dosage response curves for lethality in each parent population for each insecticide and found an 800-fold difference among populations in resistance to insecticides. As expected, a naive laboratory population was among the most sensitive of populations to most insecticides. We then used inbred lines derived from five of these populations to estimate the heritability ( h 2 ) of resistance for each pesticide and the genetic correlation ( r G ) of resistance among pesticides in each population. These quantitative genetic parameters allow insight into the adaptive potential of populations to further evolve insecticide resistance. Lastly, we use our estimates of the genetic variance and covariance of resistance and stochastic simulations to evaluate the efficacy of windowing as an insecticide resistance management strategy, where the application of several insecticides is rotated on a periodic basis.
High indium content homogenous InAlN layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract InAlN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy often contains a honeycomb microstructure. The honeycomb microstructure consists of 5–10 nm diameter aluminum-rich regions which are surrounded by indium-rich regions. Layers without this microstructure were previously developed for nominally lattice-matched InAlN and have been developed here for higher indium content InAlN. In this study, InAlN was grown in a nitrogen-rich environment with high indium to aluminum flux ratios at low growth temperatures. Samples were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. Atomic force microscopy showed InAlN layers grown at temperatures below 450 °C under nitrogen-rich conditions were free of droplets. InAlN films with indium contents up to 81% were grown at temperatures between 410 and 440 °C. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography showed no evidence of honeycomb microstructure for samples with indium contents of 34% and 62%. These layers are homogeneous and follow a random alloy distribution. A growth diagram for InAlN of all indium contents is reported.
Electronic spectroscopy of a cold SiO+ sample: Implications for optical pumping

Abstract The dispersed fluorescence following pulsed dye laser excitation of the B 2 Σ + -X 2 Σ + (0, 0) band of a cold sample of SiO + has been recorded and analyzed. The branching ratios for B 2 Σ + (v = 0) → X 2 Σ + (v) and B 2 Σ + (v = 0) → A 2 Π i (v) emission were determined and compared with values predicted based upon existing experimental and theoretical data. The experimentally determined branching ratios show that the B 2 Σ + (v = 0) → X 2 Σ + (v) transitions are somewhat less diagonal than predicted. The implications for laser cooling of a trapped sample of SiO + using broadband laser excitation are discussed.
When Race Matters on the Wards: Talking About Racial Health Disparities and Racism in the Clinical Setting

Abstract Introduction There is a growing body of literature illustrating the negative impact of racial bias on clinical care. Despite the growing evidence, medical schools have been slow to make ne...
Hints and Answers to Chapter Exercises

Keeping in mind that one of the profound ways to foster conceptual understanding is problem solving and trying to assist the reader with a better comprehension of the book material, we present below hints and answers to most chapter exercises.
Experimental manipulation of incubation period reveals no apparent costs of incubation in house wrens.

Fitness costs of incubation ensue whenever the trade-off between incubation and foraging leads to suboptimal incubation or decreased parental body condition. We examined the costs of incubation in a wild population of house wrens, Troglodytes aedon, by experimentally extending or decreasing the incubation period by cross-fostering eggs between nests at different stages of incubation (eggs from control nests were cross-fostered at the same stage of incubation). We determined whether parents or offspring bear the costs of incubation by measuring effects on females and offspring within the same breeding season during which the manipulation occurred, but also by evaluating potential trade-offs between current and future reproduction by monitoring return rates of experimental females and recruitment rates of offspring in subsequent breeding seasons. There was no difference in hatching or fledging success across treatments. There was also no effect of incubation duration on female size-corrected mass, and females from different treatments were equally likely to produce a second brood. Nestlings produced by control and experimental females did not differ in body mass, tarsus length or residual mass. Neither return rates of females, nor the number of offspring recruited, differed across treatments. We conclude, therefore, that although prolonged incubation entails increased energy expenditures, females are able to offset these losses while foraging, thereby mitigating the costs of incubation. This resiliency is more likely to be seen in income breeders, such as house wrens, that retain some ability to recoup energy expended in incubation, than in capital breeders that are constrained by stored energy reserves.
Squid Axon Membrane Low-Frequency Dielectric Properties

On the occasion of the 65th birthday of Dr. Kenneth S. Cole, Taylor (1965) presented a discussion of measurements of the impedance of the squid axon membrane. That discussion was mainly concerned with results obtained by Taylor and Chandler (1962) from 10 to 70 kHz, the frequency range chosen because of inaccuracies of the bridge above 100 kHz and the impedance contributed by the voltage and time-dependent ionic conductances below 5 kHz.
The Human Thermostat

The modern denizen of a suburban home with central heating and air conditioning probably has little idea of what thermodynamic feats the human body can demonstrate. While travelling in Tierra del Fuego on a bitterly cold winter’s day, Charles Darwin was astonished to see a woman, completely without clothing, nursing an infant and apparently untroubled by the cold sleet that was falling (Dibner, 1964). Geographers understand that the fires referred to in the name, Tierra del Fuego, are volcanic, and have nothing to do with the air temperature of that grand but inhospitable locale! Even today, there are societies in which people sleep exposed to the sky with little or no clothing, warmed if at all by small fires. The Australian aborigine and the Kalahari bushman are but two examples. Suffice it to say that intrepid scientists have demonstrated, by means of rectal thermometers, that the human body cools during such exposure, but extremes that would be lethal to a city dweller are tolerated as a matter of course among those who live under less temperate conditions.
Pro-poor governance in water and sanitation service delivery: evidence from Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water surveys

Aims:The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for water and sanitation seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water and access to adequate and equitable sanit...
Life, Death, and Brain Death

This chapter is primarily concerned with the issues associated with defining death and the philosophical debate on where the line between life and death should be drawn. While traditionally death has been defined as the permanent cessation of the heartbeat and respiration, modern clinical developments have forced a reevaluation of the both the concept of death in general and of brain death in particular. Future developments in cryonics and nanotechnology may require even further reappraisal of when a person is really dead. This chapter advances the philosophical position that organismal death is not an event so much as it is a process, and that life and death are not distinct binary states, but entities with degrees and gradations. Finally, it advances the notion that it is helpful to distinguish between the definition of death based on mere cessation of the heart beat and a “more substantial” form of death, such as exists following cremation (“absolutely irreversible death” or “information-theoretic death”).
Skull osteomyelitis as a rare complication of cat scratch disease

Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of cat scratch disease (CSD), is one of the most common causes of regional lymphadenitis in children. Other less common manifestations of B. henselae infection including fever of unknown origin, neuroretinitis, and osteomyelitis are being increasingly recognized. We describe a 3-year-old female with a recent history of typical CSD involving lymph nodes who developed osteomyelitis of the skull, a very rarely recognized complication of this infection.
Differential Associations of Distress Tolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity With Adolescent Internalizing Psychopathology.

Distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity may differentiate among internalizing disorders, though few studies have examined differential associations of distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity ...
Intraoperative Ultrasound Guidance for Banding of an Arteriovenous Fistula Causing High Cardiac Output Heart Failure

The creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred mode of access for hemodialysis in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). High output cardiac failure is a known but rare complication of AVF resulting from high flow volume. This case report describes the use of intraoperative ultrasound as a guide for the banding of an AVF to decrease flow volume in a patient with high cardiac output failure. The access was preserved, and a gradual decline of cardiac function before and recovery after banding is demonstrated over an 18-year period.
Cross-linked RNA Secondary Structure Analysis using Network Techniques

Abstract Next generation sequencing and biochemical cross-linking methods have been combined into powerful tools to probe RNA secondary structure. One such method, known as PARIS, has been used to produce near base-pair maps of long-range and alternative RNA structures in living cells. However, the procedure for generating these maps typically relies on laborious manual analysis. We developed an automated method for producing RNA secondary structure maps using network analysis techniques. We produced an analysis pipeline, dubbed cross-linked RNA secondary structure analysis using network techniques (CRSSANT), which automates the grouping of gapped RNA sequencing reads produced using the PARIS assay, and tests the validity of secondary structures implied by the groups. We validated the clusters and secondary structures produced by CRSSANT using manually-produced grouping maps and known secondary structures. We implemented CRSSANT in Python using the network analysis package NetworkX and RNA folding software package ViennaRNA. CRSSANT is fast and efficient, and is available as Python source code at https://github.com/ihwang/CRSSANT.
Direct Comparison of Patient-completed and Physician-completed Caprini Scores for Plastic Surgery Patients.

The Caprini Risk Assessment Model (RAM) is a validated tool for assessing perioperative risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), including risk in plastic and reconstructive surgery inpatients.1,2 Among plastic surgery patients, the Caprini score identifies extreme variability (15-fold) in postoperative VTE risk, ranging from less than 0.5% to more than 8.5%.2,3 Perhaps more importantly, the Caprini score assists plastic surgeons in making treatment decisions about patients who should and should not receive VTE chemical prophylaxis. Specifically, the Caprini score identifies plastic surgery inpatients (Caprini scores of 7–8 and >8) who have a clinically relevant (50% relative reduction, absolute risk reduction of 1.2%–4.5%) and statistically significant decrease in the VTE risk when chemical prophylaxis is provided during the inpatient stay. Based on its clinical impact, major societies such as the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the American Association of Plastic Surgeons, and the American College of Chest Physicians formally recommend individualized VTE risk stratification using the 2005 Caprini score.4–6 Risk scores are designed to optimize medical management by identifying baseline risk and guiding clinicians to make evidence-based decisions about patient care. However, risk scores can be cumbersome and time-consuming. As such, physicians may avoid using them as they are perceived to interfere with efficiency in the physician–patient interactions.7 Evaluation of risk, however, is of primary concern in modern medicine and should not be avoided simply because it can be difficult to attain. To remove the burden of risk score completion from the provider, prior studies have examined the utility of patient-completed versions of validated risk assessment tools for issues such as opioid aberrant behavior, varicose vein severity, and fall risk.8–10 Caprini et al recently published a version of the 2005 Caprini score designed to be completed by patients, instead of providers. In their initial validation study, the final version of the patient-completed Caprini score was found to have near perfect agreement on all individual questions and the overall score. The first phase of the validation study was conducted in a population of at-risk patients for deep venous thrombosis (DVT), specifically patients recruited from a DVT support group. The latter phases were conducted in a population of inpatients only. Thus, the external validity of the patient-completed form remains in question. This study’s explicit goal was to examine the ability of a general plastic surgery population to reliably and accurately identify their own Caprini risk factors, using a previously validated form.
Anatomy of Economic Excuses

The jury, speaking for the community, is viewed as an essential element of a democratic government that derives its power from the people. Further, the democratic principle of fair and equal participation in the judicial decision-making process underlies the assumption of a trial by one’s peers. Although jury service is supposed to be a right and privilege of citizenship, it is often considered a nuisance, and many people do not believe in the necessity of democratic participation in jury service.
Implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitoring device in patients with palliated congenital heart disease: Technical considerations and procedural outcomes.

Objective We describe the technical considerations of transcatheter implantation of the CardioMEMS™ HF System (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL) in adult patients with complex palliated congenital heart disease (CHD) and advanced heart failure (HF). Background Ambulatory pulmonary artery (PA) pressure monitoring with implantable hemodynamic monitors (IHMs) has been shown to reduce HF-related hospital admissions in non-CHD populations. HF is a common late cardiovascular complication in adult CHD necessitating better understanding of IHM application in this population. Methods We analyzed adults with complex CHD and advanced HF who were referred for CardioMEMS™ device implantation (2015-2018). Feasibility of device implantation, defined by successful device implantation and calibration, and procedural outcomes were evaluated. Results CardioMEMS™ was successfully implanted in all 14 adults (35.5 ± 9.2 years old, 72 ± 12 kg) with complex CHD (single ventricle/Fontan, n = 8 [57%]; d-transposition of the great arteries/atrial switch, n = 6 [43%]). The device was delivered via femoral venous access in 13 (93%) patients and implanted in the left PA in 12 (86%). A long sheath was used in 8 (57%) patients, including 5/6 with an atrial switch operation. There was one device migration that did not require retrieval. Conclusions Transcatheter implantation of an IHM is feasible in select complex adult CHD patients with advanced HF. Further studies evaluating integration of ambulatory hemodynamics and the impact on clinical care are needed. This technology has the potential to improve medical management of advanced HF in patients with Fontan and atrial switch physiologies and provide new insights into their ambulatory hemodynamics.
Bivariate Kernel Deconvolution with Panel Data

We consider estimation of the density of a multivariate response, that is not observed directly but only through measurements contaminated by additive error. Our focus is on the realistic sampling case of bivariate panel data (repeated contaminated bivariate measurements on each sample unit) with an unknown error distribution. Several factors can affect the performance of kernel deconvolution density estimators, including the choice of the kernel and the estimation approach of the unknown error distribution. As the choice of the kernel function is critically important, the class of flat-top kernels can have advantages over more commonly implemented alternatives. We describe different approaches for density estimation with multivariate panel responses, and investigate their performance through simulation. We examine competing kernel functions and describe a flat-top kernel that has not been used in deconvolution problems. Moreover, we study several nonparametric options for estimating the unknown error distribution. Finally, we also provide guidelines to the numerical implementation of kernel deconvolution in higher sampling dimensions.