cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hispanic/Latino Identity Labels: An Examination of Cultural Values and Personal Experiences

This study focuses on the relationship between cultural values and personal experiences, and Hispanics/Latinos' most frequently used identity labels. The authors hypothesized that there would be a relationship between participants' identity labels and demographics, and participants' identity label and the 5 independent variable categories: (a) physical appearance, (b) familism/collectivism, (c) ethnic pride, (d) political beliefs, and (e) discrimination. Among the results for the independent variable categories, only the relationship between political beliefs and identity label was significant. Identity label was also found to moderately predict levels of ethnic pride. In terms of demographics, significant relationships were found between identity label and earned income, first language, and language most comfortable in. Significant interaction effects were found between physical appearance and experience of discrimination, and between politicization and ethnic pride.
Wideband Analog Fiber Optic Signal Link For Use In The Space/Radiation Simulator Environment

The report describes a wideband linear response fiber optic transmission link designed to telemeter signals from a system being irradiated in a space/radiation simulator. The environment is severe: the transmitter must withstand an x-ray pulse delivering 109 rad(Si)/sec (surface dose rate), beams of 300 - 1000 KeV electrons, hard vacuum, and liquid nitrogen temperatures without degradation or even momentary upset. Radiation hardness is achieved by a combination of circuit design and high-Z shielding, including an optical fiber shield made of non-conducting lead-loaded. polyethylene. Special heat. conducting and insulating measures are employed to maintain temperature. The transmitter measures 15 x 8.5 x 9.5 am and operates on self-contained batteries. Signal bandwidth is greater than 10 KHz to 400 MHz with approximately 35 dB, of dynamic range. Signal inputs ranging from one millivolt to several volts are accommodated; four single-or double-ended inputs are provided, with remote selection. The single-fiber coupled remote control also allows adjusting input. attenuation, power and calibrator control, and verification of transmitter function. The single-mode laser used as the high frequency optical source is microwave dither-blased1 to reduce modal noise.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“Whose Second Life Is This?” How Avatar-Based Racial Cues Shape Ethno-Racial Minorities' Perception of Virtual Worlds

Abstract Research on social identity contingencies suggests that situational cues, such as a numerical representation of social identities in a given social environment, can trigger identity-associated threat for individuals whose social identity is marginalized. Given that popular virtual worlds (e.g., Second Life [SL]) are often criticized for White-avatar dominance or White bias, we examined the psychological effects of the alleged White dominance in avatar-based virtual worlds by conducting two experiments in which participants read fictitious profiles of SL resident avatars. White and non-White participants were randomly assigned to view either a set of White-dominant avatar profiles or a set of racially diverse ones. After reading the profiles, participants had an opportunity to customize avatars using the SL interface. The findings of Experiment 1 (n=59) revealed that non-White participants exposed to the White-dominant avatar profiles, when compared with those exposed to the racially diverse profi...
Using Model Complexes To Augment and Advance Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Design

The tetrahedral zinc complex [(TpPh,Me)ZnOH] (TpPh,Me = hydrotris(3,5-phenylmethylpyrazolyl)borate) was combined with 2-thenylmercaptan, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate, salicylic acid, salicylamide, thiosalicylic acid, thiosalicylamide, methyl salicylate, methyl thiosalicyliate, and 2-hydroxyacetophenone to form the corresponding [(TpPh,Me)Zn(ZBG)] complexes (ZBG = zinc-binding group). X-ray crystal structures of these complexes were obtained to determine the mode of binding for each ZBG, several of which had been previously studied with SAR by NMR (structure−activity relationship by nuclear magnetic resonance) as potential ligands for use in matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. The [(TpPh,Me)Zn(ZBG)] complexes show that hydrogen bonding and donor atom acidity have a pronounced effect on the mode of binding for this series of ligands. The results of these studies give valuable insight into how ligand protonation state and intramolecular hydrogen bonds can influence the coordination mode of metal-bindin...
Zn2SiO4 crystal growth from molten solutions fluxed with Pb2ZnSi2O7 and fluorides

Abstract Single crystals of Zn2SiO4 (willemite) in the form of hexagonal prisms several millimeters in size are grown between 1300 and 960°C by the cooling (1°C/h) of molten solutions composed of 5 Zn2SiO4 + 3 Pb2ZnSi2O7. Supplying most of the zinc as the fluoride improves crystal size and quality as do Mn and especially As. Chemical analyses and buoyancy density measurements indicate a nonstoichiometric Zn1.96Si1.04O4.04 crystal formula. Divalent Mn substitutes significantly, but not completely, for Zn to form solid solutions of the well-known and efficient green willemite phosphor. Arsenic, which increases the persistence of phosphorescence (afterglow), is incorporated into willemite crystals to a lesser degree than Mn, i.e., As has a low segregation coefficient. Little if any Pb is soluble in willemite grown this way.
Turning down the system : counter-regulatory mechanisms in bone and adaptive immunity

Major advances have been made in recent years toward the identification of transcription factors that control cell-type-specific gene expression in the skeletal and adaptive immune systems. However, the identification of factors necessary and sufficient to drive production of effector cell proteins such as matrix components and cytokines represents the first step toward understanding how cells in bone and the adaptive system achieve their highly specialized functions. Here, we provide selected examples of counter-regulatory mechanisms that serve to turn down cells involved in extracellular matrix biosynthesis and adaptive immunity at the level of the transcription factors Runx2 and nuclear factor for the activation of T cells.
A Lack of Supersensitivity to Opioid Receptor Agonists Following Chronic Spinal Opioid Receptor Antagonist Administration in the Rat

Abstract 1. 1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically tested with intrathecal (i.t.) receptor selective opioid antagonists to determine if antinociceptive supersensitivity developed to selective i.t. opioid receptor agonists. 2. 2. A subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump was used to deliver the μ-opioid receptor antagonist CTOP (0.3 nmol) or the b-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole (5.5 nmol) for 7 days. 3. 3. Following a 24 hr washout period, rats received a single i.t. dose (ED 50 ) of either DAMPGO (for CTOP-treated animals) or DPDPE (for naltrindole-treated animals) and the antinociceptive effects of the agents were tested on the tail-flick test. 4. 4. Our findings revealed that chronic spinal treatment with selective opioid receptor antagonists did not induce an antinociceptive supersensitivity to selective opioid receptor agonists. 5. 5. Perhaps this lack of supersensitivity is reflective of difficulties inherent to opioid receptor antagonists that do not possess negative intrinsic activity .
Encapsulated laccase electrodes for fuel cell cathodes

Biocatalysts are an attractive alternative to conventional noble metal catalysts for fuel cell cathodes. In principle, they combine the possibility of more efficient operation (lower intrinsic overpotential) with the benefits of renewability, selectivity and low temperature operation. In order for these benefits to be realized in a practical cathode design, however, both improved sources of suitable oxygen-reducing oxidoreductases, and improved electrode designs are required. In this paper, we discuss the preparation and performance of cathodes based on the “encapsulation” of a laccase enzyme with silica or organic polymer binders on porous carbon paper supports. We show that these electrodes are both electrochemically efficient and stable to leaching or degradation over millions of turnovers. We also show that these electrodes can be used with conventional Pt-based anodes in a direct methanol fuel cell structure.
Serotonin, social status and sex change in the bluebanded goby Lythrypnus dalli.

In a variety of vertebrates, highly aggressive individuals tend to have high social status and low serotonergic function. In the sex changing fish Lythrypnus dalli, serotonin (5-HT) may be involved as a mediator between the social environment and the reproductive system because social status is a critical cue in regulating sex change. Subordination inhibits sex change in L. dalli, and it is associated with higher serotonergic activity in other species. We tested the hypothesis that high serotonergic activity has an inhibitory effect on sex change. In a social situation permissive to sex change, we administered to the dominant female implants containing the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). In a social situation not conducive to sex change, we administered either the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist p-MPPI. After three weeks we used HPLC to measure brain levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). We also performed PCPA, p-MPPI and fluoxetine injections in size-matched pairs of females to assess its effect on dominance status. Males and newly sex changed fish showed a trend for higher levels of 5-HIAA and 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio than females. The different implants treatments did not affect the probability of sex change. Interestingly, this species does not seem to fit the pattern seen in other vertebrates where dominant individuals have lower serotonergic activity than subordinates.
A cost comparison of boundary element and finite element methods for problems of time-harmonic acoustics

Abstract The cost of obtaining solutions to problems governed by the Helmholtz equation in both interior and exterior domains by means of boundary element and finite element methods is studied and compared. The main emphasis is on the computational effort required to solve the systems of equations emanating from the two methods. Boundary element methods require fewer equations to be solved by virtue of the fact that only boundaries are discretized. These equations, however, are less structured than those of finite element methods and hence cost-effectiveness is not as clear cut as might be expected. Both direct and iterative solution techniques are examined. For interior problems finite element methods are more economical on most practical configurations. Finite elements also appear to possess a certain computational advantage on the exterior problems examined, and, in general, are definitely competitive with boundary element methods. The cost-effectiveness of the two solution strategies is examined. Some issues of equation formation are also addressed.
Fine-Grain Power Management in Manycore Processor and System-on-Chip (SoC) Designs

Circuit and design techniques for fine-grain power management in manycore System-on-Chip (SoC) are presented. Recent advances in dynamic platform control techniques to enable (1) independent voltage-frequency domains, (2) dynamic power budget allocation to various blocks depending on workload, (3) fast dynamic voltage-frequency scaling and (4) fast activation and shutdown, are described. Future challenges and opportunities for complex manycore SoC designs with wide dynamic power-performance range, including near-threshold-voltage (NTV) operation, are summarized. Future trends in multi-voltage designs with integrated voltage regulators are highlighted.
Role of exhaled breath biomarkers in environmental health science.

As a discipline of public health, environmental health science is the study of the linkage from environmental pollution sources to eventual adverse health outcome. This progression may be divided into two components, (1) “exposure assessment,” which deals with the source terms, environmental transport, human exposure routes, and internal dose, and (2) “health effects,” which deals with metabolism, cell damage, DNA changes, pathology, and onset of disease. The primary goal of understanding the linkage from source to health outcome is to provide the most effective and efficient environmental intervention methods to reduce health risk to the population. Biomarker measurements address an individual response to a common external environmental stressor. Biomarkers are substances within an individual and are subdivided into chemical markers, exogenous metabolites, endogenous response chemicals, and complex adducts (e.g., proteins, DNA). Standard biomarker measurements are performed in blood, urine, or other biol...
Volume Computation of a Levitated Aspherical Droplet From 2-D Image Information

This paper presents an image processing technique in order to predict the volume of levitated aspherical droplet. The technique is of great importance to containerless materials processing. A majority of the electromagnetic levitation techniques utilize two cameras at right angles to observe transversal and frontal view. This allows obtaining two images of the droplet at instant time. In many cases, the portion of the frontal image is missing due to the heating coil. The newly developed technique allows restoration of the missing portion of the image information. The thru image can be reconstructed by combining the recovered shapes. A special computer program is generated to simulate a normalized volume of the droplet.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Accelerated renal cyst development in deconditioned germ-free rats

Accelerated renal cyst development in deconditioned germ-free rats. The influence of environment on renal cyst growth was assessed in experiments utilizing 56 germ-free and 32 conventional male Sprague–Dawley rats fed 2% nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Among three groups of six germ-free rats allowed ad lib intake of NDGA for six weeks and deconditioned (placed into the ambient laboratory environment) at the start, at the midpoint, or not at all, cyst formation and interstitial changes (both severe) were noted only among animals deconditioned at the midpoint. Among 14 germ–free rats that were offered 0.4g NDGA daily, deconditioned after two weeks, and sacrificed 0 to 15 days thereafter, nephron dilation and thymidine uptake by renal tubular epithelium appeared within one to three days and correlated in magnitude with each other and with the duration of the contamination interval. Deconditioning, a prior period of four or more days of exposure to NDGA in the germ-free state, the duration of the contamination period, and the presence of cecal flora were identified as prerequisites to accelerated cyst formation in this model, while the dose of ingested NDGA, the presence of bacteria within the kidney, an action of bacteria on NDGA within the colon, and the type(s) of organisms colonizing the host were not. These findings provide experimental evidence that environmental circumstance can modulate the expression of renal cystic disease.
Process analytical technology (PAT): effects of instrumental and compositional variables on terahertz spectral data quality to characterize pharmaceutical materials and tablets.

Abstract The aim of this study was to use terahertz spectroscopy to characterize pharmaceutical materials and tablets, and to understand the effects of measuring conditions and compositional variability on the data quality. Tests were performed on five formulation components (theophylline, lactose, starch, Avicel, magnesium stearate) and a series of tablets composed of various concentrations of theophylline and excipients. Transmission spectra of polyethylene (PE) disks derived from each of the samples were analyzed. Three factors (component loading, component chemistry, and disk drying time) were screened as critical factors associated with the magnitude and location of THz absorbance peaks. Applying the standard sample spectra divided by PE reference spectra ratio method revealed that, to a large extent, PE was responsible for the disk drying time dependence. Direct spectral feature analysis along with mass-transfer analysis of the disk drying process revealed THz absorption peak maxima of lactose (255 cm −1 ) and water (54 and 210 cm −1 ) which is also supported by literature values for the peak maxima assignment for water. Particle scattering due to specimen and PE was found to be also partially responsible for the observed spectral intensities. The importance of THz spectroscopy was demonstrated for characterization of pharmaceutical materials and tablet.
Canine adrenocortical atrophy: review of literature and a report of two cases.

Primary adrenocortical atrophy is reported in a 3-year-old female Gordon Setter and a 2-year-old spayed female German Shepherd dog. Resume. On rapporte un cas d'atrophie adreno-corticale primaire chez une chienne Gordon Setter de trois ans et un autre chez une femelle castree de la ram Berger Allemand, âgee de deux ans. Zusammenfassung. Primare adrenocorticale Atrophie wurde bei einer dreijahrigen Gordon-Setter Hundin und einer zweijahrigen kastrierten Schaferhundin festgestellt.
Electrical responses of goldfish cerebellum, responses to parallel fibre and peduncle stimulation.

Summary Stimulation of the goldfish cerebellar peduncle resulted in three types of field potential waveforms which have been identified — on the bases of latency, contour of depth profile, and comparison with responses of other vertebrates—as antidromic Purkinje spike potentials, field potentials due to granule cell synaptic excitation by mossy fibres, and field potentials of Purkinje cell synaptic excitation by climbing fibres with some contamination due to mossy fibre stimulation. Repetitive Purkinje cell spike discharges in response to single parallel fibre shocks occurred.
"Where Does the Circle End?": Representation as a Critical Aspect of Reflection in Teaching Social and Behavioral Sciences in Medicine

Objective This paper describes a reflective learning program within a larger curriculum on behavioral and social science that makes use of close reading, written representation of experience, discussion, and textual response. This response may in turn lead to further reflection, representation, and response in a circular pattern. A unique feature of this program is that it pays attention to the representation itself as the pivotal activity within reflective learning. Using the narrative methods that are the hallmark of this program, faculty writings were analyzed to characterize the essential benefits that derive from these practices.
Robot-driven spinal epidural stimulation compared with conventional stimulation in adult spinalized rats

Epidural stimulation to trigger locomotion is a promising treatment after spinal cord injury (SCI). Continuous stimulation during locomotion is the conventional method. To improve recovery, we tested an innovative robot-driven epidural stimulation method, combined with a trunk-based neurorobotic system. The system was tested in rat, and the results were compared with the results of the neurorobotic therapy combined with the conventional epidural stimulation method. The rats had better recovery after treatment with the robot-driven epidural stimulation than conventional stimulation in our neurorobotic rehabilitation system.
A two-compartment model interacting with dynamic drugs

Abstract By combining the total cell evolution curve and a two-compartment model interacting with dynamic anti-cancer agents, the evolution of subpopulations has been analytically obtained and investigated in this work.
Haar measures on HopfC*-algebras

In this paper, we first use Markov-Kakutani's fixed point theorem to prove the existence and uniqueness of Haar measures on cocommutative HopfC *-algebras. Also we show that in the commutative case, there exists a natural one-to-one correspondence between the Haar measure on a given HopfC *-algebra and Haar measures on the associated semigroup. Finally, we show that for HopfC *-algebras with Peter-Weyl property, they have Haar measures.
Reactions of the Peroxo Intermediate of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Hydroxylase with Ethers

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) isolated from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) utilizes a carboxylate-bridged diiron center and dioxygen to catalyze the conversion of methane to methanol. Previous studies revealed that a di(μ-oxo)diiron(IV) intermediate termed Q is responsible for the catalytic activity with hydrocarbons. In addition, the peroxodiiron(III) intermediate (Hperoxo) that precedes Q formation in the catalytic cycle has been demonstrated to react with propylene, but its reactivity has not been extensively investigated. Given the burgeoning interest in the existence of multiple oxidants in metalloenzymes, a more exhaustive study of the reactivity of Hperoxo was undertaken. The kinetics of single turnover reactions of the two intermediates with ethyl vinyl ether and diethyl ether were monitored by single- and double-mixing stopped-flow optical spectroscopy. For both substrates, the rate constants for reaction with Hperoxo are greater than those for Q. An analytical model for explaining the tr...
Use of Functional Genomics to Identify Candidate Genes Underlying Human Genetic Association Studies of Vascular Diseases

Recent genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci as being associated with vascular diseases or traits and their risk factors. Many of the loci uncovered represent novel discoveries with no obvious candidate genes and molecular mechanisms, testifying to the complexity of vascular diseases. To understand the functional consequences of genetic variations and help pinpoint the underlying genes and mechanisms of common complex diseases, functional genomics that integrate genetic variations and intermediate molecular traits such as gene expression has been extensively studied in the past few years. This review summarizes the key concepts of functional genomics, the current state of the field, and its application in vascular diseases.
Checklist of the species of the aseptate gregarine families Aikinetocystidae, Diplocystidae, Allantocystidae, Schaudinnellidae, Ganymedidae, and Enterocystidae

Abstract The genera and species in six families of the eugregarine suborder Aseptatorina Chakravarty, 1960, are reviewed and the presently accepted ones are listed: Aikinetocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (two genera and two species); Diplocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and eight species); Allantocystidae tocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and one species); Schaudinnellidae Poche, 1913 (one genus and one species); Ganymedidae Huxley, 1910 (one genus and one species); and Enterocystidae Codreanu, 1940 (one genus and eight species). A list of 22 synonyms and lapsi calami is also given. Species which might be of value in the biological control of disease vectors are indicated.
Preparation of inverted plasma membrane vesicles from isolated adipocytes

Abstract Exposure of isolated rat adipocytes at 4 °C to buffers of low ionic strength induces the formation of intracellular vesicles. After gentle lysis of these cells a membrane preparation can be obtained which has properties indicating the presence of inside-out, intact plasma membrane vesicles: 1. 1. 125 I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin and 125 I-labeled insulin which are bound to the plasma membrane of intact adipocytes (as cell surface markers) prior to endovesiculation exhibit a diminished rate and extent of dissociation from the inverted vesicle preparation 2. 2. A significant proportion of the specific binding sites for 125 I-labeled insulin are inaccessible to trypsin in the inverted membrane preparation. 3. 3. The inverted membrane preparation demonstrates decreased binding of insulin, and this can be in part reversed by disruptive procedures such as sonication, digestion by phospholipase C, and treatment with Triton X-100. 4. 4. 80% of the free unbound 125 I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin and 125 I-labeled insulin which are “trapped” in the intravesicular medium during the process of endovesiculation is not lost under conditions which cause dissociation of the lectin- or hormone-membrane complex. The retarded dissociation of the 125 I-labeled insulin bound to the plasma membranes of these vesicles suggests that at 24 °C “flip-flop” of the insulin-receptor complex to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane occurs at a very slow or negligible rate. The adenylate cyclase activity of the inverted vesicle preparation exhibits a decreased sensitivity to l -epinephrine and an elevated stimulation by NaF. The relevance of these findings to current concepts of membrane asymmetry and structural organization are considered.
Circulating tumour cells are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer patients

Circulating tumour cells are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer patients
Flavin-protein interactions in flavoenzymes. Studies of FMN binding in Azotobacter flavodoxin using protein fluorescence lifetime measurements†

Summary Frequency doubling of a nitrogen laser-pumped Rhodamine G dye laser has been used to provide an excitation pulse for the measurement of the tryptophan fluorescence decay of Azotobacter flavodoxin, apoflavodoxin and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidized derivatives. The fluorescence decay of the apoprotein can be resolved into two components. The major contribution (∼95%) has a lifetime of 4 nsec; the minor emission has a decay time of 1 nsec. The holoprotein fluorescence decay is non-exponential with lifetime components close to 1 nsec. These data, along with results obtained with a series of NBS oxidized derivatives, are interpreted in terms of the presence of a highly fluorescent tryptophan in the apoprotein which is strongly quenched upon FMN binding and which probably is part of the coenzyme binding site.
The effect of amorphous selenium detector thickness on dual-energy digital breast imaging

Purpose: Contrast enhanced (CE) imaging techniques for both planar digital mammography (DM) and three-dimensional (3D) digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) applications requires x-ray photon energies higher than the k-edge of iodine (33.2 keV). As a result, x-ray tube potentials much higher (>40 kVp) than those typical for screening mammography must be utilized. Amorphous selenium (a-Se) based direct conversion flat-panel imagers (FPI) have been widely used in DM and DBT imaging systems. The a-Se layer is typically 200 μm thick with quantum detective efficiency (QDE) >87% for x-ray energies below 26 keV. However, QDE decreases substantially above this energy. To improve the object detectability of either CE-DM or CE-DBT, it may be advantageous to increase the thickness (d Se) of the a-Se layer. Increasing the d Se will improve the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) at the higher energies used in CE imaging. However, because most DBT systems are designed with partially isocentric geometries, where the gantry moves about a stationary detector, the oblique entry of x-rays will introduce additional blur to the system. The present investigation quantifies the effect of a-Se thickness on imaging performance for both CE-DM and CE-DBT, discussing the effects of improving photon absorption and blurring from oblique entry of x-rays. Methods: In this paper, a cascaded linear system model (CLSM) was used to investigate the effect of d Se on the imaging performance (i.e., MTF, NPS, and DQE) of FPI in CE-DM and CE-DBT. The results from the model are used to calculate the ideal observer signal-to-noise ratio, d′, which is used as a figure-of-merit to determine the total effect of increasing d Se for CE-DM and CE-DBT. Results: The results of the CLSM show that increasing d Se causes a substantial increase in QDE at the high energies used in CE-DM. However, at the oblique projection angles used in DBT, the increased length of penetration through a-Se introduces additional image blur. The reduced MTF and DQE at high spatial frequencies lead to reduced two-dimensional d′. These losses in projection image resolution may subsequently result in a decrease in the 3D d′, but the degree of which is largely dependent on the DBT reconstruction algorithm. For a filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm with spectral apodization and slice-thickness filters, which dominate the blur for reconstructed images at oblique angles, the effect of oblique entry of x-rays on 3D d′ is minimal. Thus, increasing d Se results in an improvement in d′ for both CE-DM and CE-DBT with typical FBP reconstruction parameters. Conclusions: Increased d Se improves CE breast imaging performance by increasing QDE of detectors at higher energies, e.g., 49 kVp. Although there is additional blur in the oblique angled projections of a DBT scan, the overall 3D d′ for DBT is not degraded because the dominant source blur at these angles results from the reconstruction filters of the employed FBP algorithm.
Improving cross-device attacks using zero-mean unit-variance normalization

Template attacks are a very powerful form of side-channel analysis. It is assumed an adversary has access to a training device, identical to the device under attack, to build a precise multivariate characterization of the side-channel emissions. The training and test devices are assumed to have identical, or at least very similar, electromagnetic emissions. Often, when evaluating the effectiveness of a template attack, training and test data are from the same-device. The effectiveness of collecting training and test data from different devices, or cross-device attacks, are evaluated here using 40 PIC microcontroller devices. When the standard template attack methodology fails to produce adequate results, each step is evaluated to identify device-dependent variations. A simple pre-processing technique, normalizing the trace means and variances from the training and test devices, is evaluated for various test data set sizes. This step improves the success key-byte extraction rate for same part number cross-device template attacks from 65.1 to 100 % and improves attacks against similar devices in the same-device family. Additionally, it is demonstrated that due to differences in device leakage, minimizing the number of distinguishing features reduces the effectiveness of cross-device attacks.
Loop coupling and field distribution in earth for horizontal positioning in VLF/ELF through-the-earth wireless mine communications

A through-the-earth (TTE) wireless communication system is the system most likely to survive after a mine disaster because its signal penetrates the earth directly and does not use wires connecting the surface and underground components. Typically, the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) antennas are vertically separated by the earth overburden in a coaxial arrangement. In this paper, we show that there are advantages to separating the Tx and Rx antennas horizontally (co-planar arrangement), hence, communicating within the mine itself, and offering the advantage of mobility for one of the antennas. In this paper, we present a two-layer model, with both Tx loop and Rx loop antennas buried at the same depth underground. The magnetic field distribution results at the Rx loop are obtained for various conditions, such as earth conductivity, conductivity contrast between two layers, and co-planar and co-axis for the same Tx and Rx separation distance, providing us with an understanding of the parameters that control the performance and a concise method to predict the performance of a co-planar TTE loop communication system.
Effects of Three Intramedullary Pinning Techniques on Proximal Pin Location and Articular Damage in the Canine Tibia

The effects of three different techniques of intramedullary (IM) pin placement on pin location and incidence of stifle joint injury were evaluated using 70 cadaver canine tibiae after mid-disphyseal osteotomy. In 50 tibiae, pins were placed retrograde in either a nondirected (group A) or a craniomedially directed fashion (group B) with 25 tibiae in each group. Pins were driven normograde (group N) in 20 tibiae. All the stifles were dissected to qualitatively evaluate pin interference with different joint structures. End-on radiographs of the tibial plateaus were used to quantitatively evaluate pin location. Interference with the caudal cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, or meniscal ligaments was not observed in any group. There was a significant association between pinning technique and incidence of involvement of the cranial cruciate ligament (P < .005), patella (P < .001), patellar ligament (P < .005), and femoral condyle (P < .01). Pin location for group A was significantly different from either other group in a cranial-caudal direction (P = .003), and was significantly different from group N in a medial-lateral direction (P = .005). No significant difference was observed between pin location for groups B and N in either plane. It was concluded that although nondirected retrograde pinning cannot be recommended, retrograde pins directed craniomedially may be an acceptable technique for the repair of proximal to mid-diaphyseal tibial fractures if care is taken to properly seat the pins.
The Synthesis of Some Mercurial Derivatives of Simple Sugars

A number of organomercurials have been produced by oxymercuration of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal followed by replacement of mercury-bound acetate with a variety of ions. Data collected in connection with investigating the structure of one of the products suggest that reductive demercuration by NaBH4 may proceed with retention of configuration of the mercury-bound carbon atom.
Biosynthesis and processing of a human precursor complement protein, pro-C3, in a hepatoma-derived cell line

A 180,000-dalton single-chain molecule (human pro-C3) is the precursor of the third component of human complement (C3), a disulfide-linked two-chain protein. The pro-C3 is converted by limited proteolysis to C3. The relationship between pro-C3 and C3 was established with the use of Hep G2, a cell line derived from a human hepatocellular carcinoma, which synthesizes at least 17 plasma proteins.
Testing Race: Civil Rights Groups, the Democratic Party, and the Politics of the Contemporary Education Reform Movement

This paper draws on a series of elite interviews to illuminate the position of the country’s major civil rights groups on the central components of the contemporary “education reform agenda.” It also analyzes the historical origins and contemporary political dynamics of the growing divide between civil rights groups and teachers unions over school reform and federal accountability policies. The two sides — both crucial members of the Democratic coalition — have long been united by the push for greater education spending but in recent years have engaged in an increasingly charged fight over school testing, accountability, choice, and teacher evaluation reforms which the teachers unions generally oppose. Many civil rights and anti-poverty group leaders believe that NCLB’s disaggregated data and accountability provisions offer an unprecedented and powerful tool in the fight for educational equity. Many in the education community, however, believe that the law — and new principal and teacher evaluation systems — unfairly hold schools and teachers responsible for resolving educational problems that have their roots elsewhere, in broader social ills like poverty. The divergent views within the Democratic party led commentator Richard Kahlenberg to write a 2008 article entitled “How the Left Can Avoid a New Education War” and the split was on public display in a clash at the Democratic National Convention in Denver in 2008 and during recent debates over federal education legislation in Congress. This paper will provide an overview of the historical relationship between the teachers unions and civil rights groups, identify the factors will have led to their growing divergence on education policy, and examine the possible consequences of this rift for the politics of education and the direction of future school reform efforts in the U.S.
Information provision before a contract is offered

This paper considers an agency model in which the agent can update the principal’s belief before the contract is offered. We identify that the agent who has a bad potential to perform the task has a small chance to receive information rent, but if he receives it, he receives a large amount. Thus, the agent may choose to provide more information that shifts the principal’s belief to the negative direction if the prior belief is optimistic.
Coherence and phase variation in coupled 2x1 photonic crystal VCSEL arrays

The coherence and phase between defects of a coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity laser array is reported. Both coherence and phase vary with current injection, and the maximum coherence occurs for in- and out-of-phase coupling.
Distention of the colon is associated with initiation of propagated contractions in children

The presence of high-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs) has been identified as a marker of colonic neuromuscular integrity. The physiologic mechanisms of HAPCs initiation have yet to be determined. Distention secondary to colonic filling has been hypothesized as physiologic initiator. The aim of this study was to study the effect of intraluminal balloon distention in the colon of children with defecatory disorders. Colonic manometry was performed with a polyethylene balloon situated at the proximal end of the catheter, which was placed in the most proximal colonic segment reached during colonoscopy. A stepwise pressure controlled distention of the balloon was performed using barostat computer (10-50 mmHg). Propagated contractions were defined as those that migrated over at least three recording sites. They were divided into HAPCs, amplitude >60 mmHg and low-amplitude propagating contractions (LAPCs), amplitude <60 mmHg. Children with spontaneous HAPCs or HAPCs after bisacodyl provocation were considered to have normal motility. Twenty children completed the study. Among the 14 children with normal colonic motility, balloon distention elicited HAPCs in four and LAPCs in 10 children. No HAPC were elicited in six children with abnormal motility and LAPCs were seen in four of them. The balloon-induced propagated contractions had similar characteristics as those occurring spontaneously and after bisacodyl provocation but the pressure needed to elicit them and their amplitude was inconsistent. These findings suggest that intraluminal distention can trigger propagated contractions in children. This mechanism of action for induction of propagated contractions is not as consistent as the motor response found in response to bisacodyl administration.
The importance of scientific debate.

The peer review of a study does not end with its publication. An important form of the post-publication peer review process is repetition of a study, which does not happen often, if at all. Another...
Spatial characteristics of selective attention in letter matching

Circular arrangements of eight letters around a central fixation point were tachisto-scopically presented. Two bar indicators appeared either simultaneously with or 80 msec before the letters, designating a pair of letters at any of four spatial separations for a same/different judgment. The subject indicated with a lever movement whether the members of the pairs were same or different. The principal concern was the effect of physical separation between target letters when all letters appeared on foveal locations of equal acuity. Reaction time (RT) varied nonmonotonically with spatial separation, with adjacent and diametrically opposite pairs being fastest. Leading indicators produced faster responses than simultaneous indicators. “Same” judgments were faster than “different” judgments. Effects of interhemispheric or intrahemispheric presentation and orientation were such that they could not account for the spacing effect, nor could peripheral effects such as masking.
Are children with type 1 diabetes consuming a healthful diet?: a review of the current evidence and strategies for dietary change.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to review the literature on usual dietary intake in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to discuss approaches to promote dietary change with potential efficacy. Methods Search strategies included a MEDLINE search for English-language articles that estimated usual dietary intake in children with T1D and a screening of the reference lists from original studies. The keywords used were diet, dietary intake, nutrition, type 1 diabetes, children, adolescents, and youth. Studies were included if they were observational, contained a sample of children with T1D, and estimated usual dietary intake. Results Nine studies fulfilled the criteria (6 US, 3 European). Of the 4 studies with a control group, 3 reported that both total fat and saturated fat intake were higher in the children with T1D. Six studies examined the percent of total calories from saturated fat; mean intake ranged from 11 to 15%, exceeding ADA recommendations (< 7%). Fruit, vegetable, and fiber intakes were low among children with T1D. No prior studies have addressed dietary change in this population. The behavior-change literature suggests that nutrition education alone is unlikely to be adequate, but that incorporation of behavioral approaches offers potential efficacy in promoting healthful dietary change. Conclusions Children with T1D are not meeting dietary guidelines, and in some areas their diets are less healthful than children without diabetes. As these dietary behaviors may affect the risk of long-term complications, the incorporation of behavioral approaches promoting healthy eating into routine clinical practice is warranted.
Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place—II: Residential districts

In the event of a short-term, large-scale toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelterin-place (SIP) may be used as an emergency response to protect public health. We modeled hypothetical releases using realistic, empirical parameters to explore how key factors influence SIP effectiveness for single-family dwellings in a residential district. Four classes of factors were evaluated in this case-study: (a) time scales associated with release duration, SIP implementation delay, and SIP termination; (b) building air-exchange rates, including air infiltration and ventilation; (c) the degree of sorption of toxic chemicals to indoor surfaces; and (d) the shape of the dose-response relationship for acute adverse health effects. Houses with lower air leakage are more effective shelters, and thus variability in the air leakage of dwellings is associated with varying degrees of SIP protection in a community. Sorption on indoor surfaces improves SIP effectiveness by lowering the peak indoor concentrations and reducing the amount of contamination in the indoor air. Nonlinear dose-response relationships imply substantial reduction in adverse health effects from lowering the peak exposure concentration. However, if the scenario is unfavorable for sheltering (e.g. sheltering in leaky houses for protection against a nonsorbing chemical with a linear dose-response), the community must implement SIP without delay and exit from shelter when it first becomes safe to do so. Otherwise, the community can be subjected to even greater risk than if they did not take shelter indoors.
TWT Equal Carrier Intermodulation Calculations

When more than one FM carrier is put through a TWT (or SSPA), the output consists of the original carriers plus intermod lines. The procedure for calculating these lines has been studied by several authors in recent years because of the rapid growth of satellite communications in which TWT's (and SSPA's) play a major role. Basically, these intermod calculations are used to design multiple carrier arrangements in a single satellite transponder so that the transponder can be filled to its capacity. Since this optimum point is usually achieved when the carriers are unequal in power, the methods derived so far have focused on this case. However, if an equal carrier case must be evaluated just once, and the number of carriers is moderately high and the intermod order is high (greater than third order), the present known methods are unsuitable. This report will present a method for solving this special case.
Silicon Particle Formation in Pyrolysis of Silane and Disilane

Silane and disilane diluted in argon and hydrogen mixtures were pyrolyzed behind incident shock waves at temperatures ranging from 900 to 2000 K, pressures from 0.2 to 0.7 atm, and total concentration from 3 × 1016 to 1 × 1017 silicon atoms per cm3. Formation of silicon particles was monitored by the attenuation of laser beams of two different wavelengths, thereby determining particle size, number density, and fractional yield. The conversion of silane and disilane into silicon particles exhibited a pronounced maximum at about 1150 K, which was found to be affected by reaction pressure, initial reactant concentration, and addition of hydrogen. Selected silicon particle samples were examined by electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the produced particles were spherical, ranging from 100 to 400 A in diameter, loosely agglomerated, and contained about 15% hydrogen on an atomic basis. A detailed chemical kinetic model was developed that describes gas-phase pyrolysis of the parent molecule and homogeneous nucleation of silicon particles by 117 elementary reactions of 42 chemical species, and coagulation of the forming particles and their growth by gas-surface deposition reactions with a method of moments. The model predictions were found to be extremely sensitive to the values of optical constants assigned to the silicon particle material.
A numerical study of vortex ring formation at the edge of a circular tube

An axisymmetric vortex-sheet model is applied to simulate an experiment of Didden (1979) in which a moving piston forces fluid from a circular tube, leading to the formation of a vortex ring. Comparison between simulation and experiment indicates that the model captures the basic features of the ring formation process. The computed results support the experimental finding that the ring trajectory and the circulation shedding rate do not behave as predicted by similarity theory for starting flow past a sharp edge. The factors responsible for the discrepancy between theory and observation are discussed.
Decentralized Optimal Control of a Class of Interconnected Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems by Using Online Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Formulation

In this paper, the direct neural dynamic programming technique is utilized to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation forward-in-time for the decentralized near optimal regulation of a class of nonlinear interconnected discrete-time systems with unknown internal subsystem and interconnection dynamics, while the input gain matrix is considered known. Even though the unknown interconnection terms are considered weak and functions of the entire state vector, the decentralized control is attempted under the assumption that only the local state vector is measurable. The decentralized nearly optimal controller design for each subsystem consists of two neural networks (NNs), an action NN that is aimed to provide a nearly optimal control signal, and a critic NN which evaluates the performance of the overall system. All NN parameters are tuned online for both the NNs. By using Lyapunov techniques it is shown that all subsystems signals are uniformly ultimately bounded and that the synthesized subsystems inputs approach their corresponding nearly optimal control inputs with bounded error. Simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the approach.