cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repressible and inducible enzymic forms of dimethylnitrosamine-demethylase.

Two enzymic forms, with different kinetic characteristics and responding in opposite ways to in vivo “enzyme inducer” pretreatment, underlie hepatic dimethylnitrosamine(DMN)-demethylase activity. Determination of the Hofstee plot of DMN-demethylase using a DMN substrate concentration range of 0.5 to 200 mM yields three intersecting line segments from which widely different Km and Vmax values may be calculated. Identically patterned Hofstee plots are obtained with rat and mouse postmitochondrial supernatant fractions, as well as with the isolated microsomes, yielding for the respective segments, similar Km values. The low-substrate-range line segment (0–4 mM) and the high-substrate-range line segment (50–200 mM) correspond, in both the rat and the mouse, to two different enzymic forms of DMN-demethylase (DMN-demethylase I and II, respectively) which have different regulatory characteristics: (A) Pretreatment of rats and mice with the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254, brings about repression of DMN-demethylase I (determined at 4 mM DMN) and induction of DMN-demethylase II (determined at 200 mM DMN); both responses are stronger in the rat than in the mouse. Kinetic experiments show that the differential responses of the two DMN-demethylases to Aroclor pretreatment are paralleled by corresponding changes in the Vmax values. (B) Pretreatment with phenobarbital represses enzyme I in both species; however, it induces enzyme II only in the rat. (C) Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene substantially represses DMN-demethylase I in the rat; however, it is ineffective to significantly influence the activity of enzymic form II in the rat and of either enzymic form in the mouse. There is no evidence that the intermediate line segment would correspond to an additional enzymic form. The genetically distinct nature of the two forms of hepatic DMN-demethylase is suggested by the substantial differences in the strain-dependence of the repressibility of enzyme I and inducibility of enzyme II in a series of 9 inbred strains of mice. The mouse lung contains only the inducible-type of DMN-demethylase; however, the ranking of inducibilities is different from the hepatic enzyme II. Beyond about 300 mM further increase of DMN concentration in the assay system brings about progressive decrease of DMN-demethylase activity owing probably to the protein denaturing ability of DMN at high concentrations.
Continuity and versatility in bird song: support for the monotony–threshold hypothesis

HARTSHORNE1,2 has proposed that a direct relationship exists between the degree of continuity and versatility in bird song. In other words, the more continuously a bird species sings (that is, the longer the song lengths relative to pauses between songs), the higher is the probability that successive songs will be different. Birds of a given species may sing with immediate variety, where successive songs are different, whereas other species tend to sing with eventual variety, where a song type is repeated many times before another is introduced; males of some species have only a single song type, and thus show a lack of variety in their singing. Hartshorne proposed that a monotony threshold exists, making singing behaviours with high continuity and low versatility too monotonous and therefore ineffective. Because Hartshorne collected information primarily by ear, his data on singing behaviours were not always accurate3; also, his philosophical approach to the aesthetics of bird song remains incompatible with the more rigorous approaches used by most biologists. His hypothesis has been further discredited by a report4 which, through quantitative analyses of data compiled for 39 species, found no significant correlation (rs = 0.20) between versatility and continuity of singing. However, because Dobson and Lemon4 used repertoire size as the measure of versatility, Hartshorne's monotony–threshold hypothesis was not actually tested, for his1,2 measure of versatility involved the sequential organisation of different songs during a singing session, not merely the total repertoire size. This is an important distinction, as Hartshorn5,23 stresses, for a species such as the Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) may have a large repertoire size but sing a song type 100 times before changing to another. Hartshorne considers such song patterning to be non-versatile5,23, whereas Dobson and Lemon rank this species as highly versatile. The purpose of this report, then, is threefold. First, because of these differences in the definition of versatility, I test Hartshorne's monotony–threshold hypothesis, using the original and some revised (see Table 1) data tabulated by Dobson and Lemon4. Second, I discuss the difficulties involved in measuring continuity and versatility among species with very different singing behaviours. Finally, I review data from wrens (Troglodytidae) which reveal a clear relationship between several different and, I feel, improved measures of continuity and versatility.
Training School Mental Health Providers to Deliver Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health difficulties experienced by youth. A well-established literature has identified cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) as the gold-standard psychosocial treatment for youth anxiety disorders. Access to CBT in community clinics is limited, but a potential venue for the provision of CBT for child anxiety disorders is the school setting. The present study examined a subset of data from a larger study in which therapists from a variety of settings, including schools, were trained in CBT for child anxiety (N = 17). The study investigated the relationship between provider- and organizational-level variables associated with training and implementation among school mental health providers. The present findings indicate a positive relationship between provider attitudes and adherence to CBT. Self-reported barriers to implementation were also identified. Integrating CBT into school mental health providers’ repertoires through training and consultation is a critical step for dissemination and implementation of empirically supported psychosocial treatments.
TU‐A‐211‐01: ACR MRI Accreditation: Process and Pitfalls

ACR MRI accreditation was initiated in 1996. Over the years, the accreditation process and requirements have evolved in order to keep pace with the rapidly changing MRI technology. This presentation will briefly review changes that have been initiated in response to the changing technology along with the evolving changes in the responsibilities of the Medical Physicist for providing advice and support for system performance, quality assurance and safety. Specific differences in the accreditation process between conventional general‐purpose MRI systems and specialty (extremity) systems used for anatomical imaging and systems used for breast imaging will be discussed. Additional requirements that have resulted from the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA), common reasons for accreditation failure and the anticipated changes and updates to the 2004 ACR MRIQuality Control Manual will also be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Review the responsibilities of the Medical Physicist in the accreditation process 2. Discuss the CMS/MIPPA accreditation requirements as of January 1, 2012. 3. Review differences in breast and specialty (extremity) system accreditation 4. Discuss common reasons for accreditation failure 5. Discuss anticipated changes and updates in the ACR MRIQuality Control Manual
Total synthesis of a fully protected palytoxin carboxylic acid

The total synthesis of a fully protected palytoxin carboxylic acid was achieved from eight building blocks. The C.22-C.23 and C.37-C.38 bonds were formed via Wittig olefination, followed by hydrogenation. The Ni(II)/Cr(II)-mediated coupling reaction was utilized for formation of the C.7-C.8 annd C.84-C.85 bonds. The TIOH-accelerated diene synthesis was applied for formation of the C.75-C.76 bond. The C.98-C.99 olefinic bond was introduced by a Wittig reaction, whereas the C.51-C.52 olefinic bond was introduced by a Horner-Emmons reaction, followed by stereoselective LiBH 4 /EuCl 3 reduction
Sensors for high-pressure, harsh combustion environments using wavelength-agile diode lasers

Practical combustors often produce a hostile environment for optical sensors, owing to elevated pressures, multiple phases, and unsteady behavior. Fortunately, new lasers and wavelength-tuning strategies have produced a class of wavelength-agile diode-laser sensors appropriate for such environments. Here, we demonstrate the extended capabilities of wavelength-agile sensors by applying a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) to monitor gas temperature and pressure in a pulse detonation engine (PDE). Using aggressive injection current modulation, the VCSEL is scanned through a 10cm −1 spectral window at megahertz rates—roughly 10 times the scanning range and 1000 times the scanning rate of a conventional diode laser. The VCSEL probes absorption line shapes of the ∼852 nm D 2 transition of atomic Cs, seeded at ∼5 ppm into the feedstock gases of a PDE. Using these line shapes, detonated-gas temperature and pressure histories, spanning 2000–4000 K and 0.5–30 atm, respectively, are recorded with microsecond time response. To facilitate similar measurements using traditional spectroscopic targets such as H 2 O near 1.4 μm, where wavelength-agile lasers are not yet commercially available, we demonstrate a novel wavelength-tuning strategy. A standard distributed-feedback diode laser is thermally cycled from −10 to +50°C (scanning the output from 1399 to 1403 nm) at kilohertz rates by pulsed heating with an auxiliary 532 nm laser. Such 4 nm scans represent a 10-fold increase in the wavelength-scanning range offered by standard current-tuning techniques. Measurements of H 2 O in a static cell at 10 atm provide the groundwork for future measurements in aeropropulsion and piston engines.
Improving Coping Skills for Self-management of Treatment Side Effects Can Reduce Antiretroviral Medication Nonadherence among People Living with HIV

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment side effects have a deleterious impact on treatment adherence, which is necessary to optimize treatment outcomes including morbidity and mortality.
BLOCH'S THEOREM IN NANOARCHITECTURES

We identify and characterize mini-Bloch-sub-bands that condense out of the low-lying states in a semiconductor's conduction band due to repetitive patterns (as in an "antidot lattice"). We discuss limits on the validity of the tight-binding approximation. One appendix touches upon the complications (actually, simplification, in the case of silicon) when the dispersion is given by a set of anisotropic mass tensors, another treats the effects of cross-sectional shape on threshhold energy level of a conduit.
Persistent HIV infection in newborns: how soon is soon enough?

Over the last few years, attention has been drawn to efforts that seek to develop a cure for HIV infection. Investigators and scientists seek to completely eradicate HIV infection (called by some a sterilizing cure), or allow patients to interrupt antiretroviral therapy (ART) without the risk of viral rebound, viral transmission, or progressive disease (known as a functional cure). This wave of interest has been spurred by anecdotes of actual cure in real patients, first in Timothy Brown [1,2], and then more recently in two additional marrow transplant patients in Boston [3], and a newborn treated hours after birth – the ‘Mississippi baby.’ [4]. However, the relatively rapid return of viremia in the Boston patients is a sobering reminder of the challenges ahead.
Characteristics of married and unmarried adolescent mothers and their partners

In a middle-class, urban-clinic sample of 275, mostly Caucasian, adolescent mothers and their partners living in Utah, three groups were identified and their psychosocial characteristics were compared. Couples married at the time of conception (N=22) enjoyed more positive responses from prospective grandparents and earned more than couples not married at the time of conception. On the other hand, these initially married youths were much more likely to be high-school dropouts, which suggests limits in their lifetime earning capacities, and they were not more likely to identify one another as sources of emotional support. Couples who married between conception and delivery (N=110) reported that prospective grandparents responded less favorably to news of the pregnancy than did relatives of the initially married couples, but while their current salaries were lower, they were much more likely to be continuing with their education. Those who married after conception also had fewer antisocial and conduct disorders than young men and women who chose to continue in a dating relationship (N=29). Overall, the couples who married after conception appeared to face less severe problems than either the initially-married couples or the steady daters.
Oral care for patients with cardiovascular disease and stroke

ABSTRACT Background The authors describe how oral disease, particularly periodontal disease, may place certain patients at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. Results Although the precise mechanisms of interaction are not clear, two biological mechanisms that may explain the relationship are presented. In addition, the authors describe the dental management issues that need to be understood in treating patients compromised by cardiovascular disease. Conclusions and Clinical Implications The patient with cardiovascular disease may present a challenge to the dental health care provider, depending on the degree of hemodynamic compromise and the stability of his or her condition.
A pharmacological evaluation of a genetically predisposed conditioned avoidance response.

SummaryIn Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi, a genetically predisposed terrestrial CAR was found to be more readily acquired, more resistant to extinction, and less susceptible to alteration by drugs than was a relatively foreign arboreal CAR. Subtoxic doses of CPZ and CDP were more selective in suppressing arboreal rather than terrestrial behavior, whereas similar equitoxic doses of MPB and PTB did not significantly depress either behavior. These results demonstrate that responses based upon behaviors included in the subject's natural repertoire are more stable and less readily altered by drugs than are responses relatively foreign to the subject's genetic predispostion.
Factors Affecting Harvests of Fishers and American Martens in Northern Michigan

ABSTRACT Harvest data (e.g., number of animals harvested, trapper effort) are an important source of information for state wildlife agencies to manage harvested furbearers. These data provide evidence to support adapting harvest regulations when necessary. Setting appropriate harvest regulations for fishers (Martes pennanti) and American martens (Martes americana) is critical, as these species often exist at low densities, are sensitive to timber-management practices and trapper-harvest, and experience some level of interspecific predation and competition in sympatric populations. We estimated effects of management (e.g., number of fishers or martens harvested per trapper per season [harvest limit], season length) and extrinsic (e.g., weather, pelt prices) factors on regulated harvests of fishers and martens in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan during 1996–2007. We used generalized linear mixed models in an information-theoretic approach (quasi-likelihood adjusted Akaike Information Criterion [QAIC]) to dis...
HYPEROSMOLAR MEDIATOR RELEASE FROM HUMAN BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS

In the airway, gastrointestinal tract, renal parenchyma, and during some clinical situations, basophils and mast cells are exposed to a hyperosmolar milieu. We have shown that hyperosmolar stimuli release pharmacologically active mediators and that the process is distinct from IgE-dependent release. Significant mast cell histamine release occurs at just above physiologic levels (360 mOsm) and reaches a maximum of 12±1% at 770 mOsm; release from basophils is significant at 560 mOsm and reaches a maximum of 45±7% at 1020 mOsm. Activation of mast cells is dependent on extracellular Ca++ but maximal release from basophils is only partially reduced in Ca++ free buffers. Hyperosmolar buffers also increase IgE-dependent histamine release synergistically (mast cells: 460 mOsm 7±1% release; 1 μg/ml anti IgE 7±1%; both 27±4%). Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) production from mast cells at 770 mOsm (69 pg/100 μ1) was not different from unstimulated cells (83 pg/100 μ1) despite significant histamine release (16% vs. 4% control). Furthermore, IgE-dependent PGD2 production (264 pg/100 μ1) was suppressed (99 pg/100 μ1) in hyperosmolar buffers (p<0.01). The distinctive activation by hyperosmolarity and its interaction with IgE-dependent activation may have important implications for airway physiology, and the management of radiocontrast anaphylactoid reactions and clinical hyperosmolarity syndromes.
Mixed gas sorption in glassy polymers: Equipment design considerations and preliminary results

Abstract A novel apparatus to measure precisely both pure and mixed gas sorption in glassy polymers is described. A method for accurate calibration and operation of the equipment is discussed, based upon complete closure of the material balance of all gaseous components in all phases. The description is accompanied by pure and mixed gas sorption equilibria measured with this equipment for the system CO 2 /C 2 H 4 /Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at 35°C. The observed reduction in sorption of individual components is explained by competition between the penetrants for the unrelaxed volume fraction in a glassy polymer. This effect is a natural consequence of the dual mode sorption model applied to mixed penetrants.
On the non-orientable genus of a 2-connected graph

Abstract In earlier works, additivity theorems for the genus and Euler genus of unions of graphs at two points have been given. In this work, the analogous result for the non-orientable genus is given. If Σ is obtained from the sphere by the addition of k >0 crosscaps, define γ(Σ) to be k . For a graph G , define γ(G) to be the least element in the set {γ(Σ) | G embeds in Σ}. Theorem . Let H 1 and H 2 be connected graphs such that H 1 ∩ H 2 consists of the isolated vertices v and w . Then, for some μ ϵ −1, 0, 1, 2, γ(H 1 ∪ H 2 ) = γ(H 1 ) + γ(H 2 ) + μ. A formula for μ is given.
Rebuttal: Shallow wide groove scratch tests do not give fracture toughness

Abstract Lin and Zhou (2013) recently showed that by using the depth of cut as a size measure, cutting forces from scratch tests on a quasibrittle material, such as rocks, followed Bažant’s simple size effect law (SEL). It was clear that LEFM applied only at deep cutting which might not be attainable. Akono et al. (2014) disagreed and contended that wide shallow groove cuts gave KIC based on an SEL that was scaled by width. We show herein that their conclusions were not supported by data and that the presence of sidewall friction on groove cuts further complicates efforts to obtain KIC.
Antarctic mixotrophic protist abundances by microscopy and molecular methods

Protists are traditionally described as either phototrophic or heterotrophic, but studies have indicated that mixotrophic species, organisms that combine both strategies, can have significant impacts on prey populations in marine microbial food webs. While estimates of active mixotroph abundances in environmental samples are determined microscopically by fluorescent particle ingestion, species identification is difficult. We developed SYBR-based qPCR strategies for three Antarctic algal species that we identified as mixotrophic. This method and traditional ingestion experiments were applied to determine the total mixotroph abundance in Antarctic water samples, to ascertain the abundance of known mixotrophic species, and to identify environmental variables that impact the distribution and abundance of these species. Despite differences in sampling locations and years, mixotroph distribution was strongly influenced by season. Environmental variables that best explained variation in the individual mixotroph species abundances included temperature, oxygen, date, fluorescence, conductivity, and latitude. Phosphate was identified as an additional explanatory variable when nutrients were included in the analysis. Utilizing culture-based grazing rates and qPCR abundances, the estimated summed impact on bacterial populations by the three mixotrophs was usually < 2% of the overall mixotrophic grazing, but in one sample, Pyramimonas was estimated to contribute up to 80% of mixotrophic grazing.
Preparation of a special species ER

Abstract This article will introduce the reader to the necessary steps needed to build the foundation for an efficient special species emergency practice. With the incorporation of new species into a practice, a clinician must consider hospital preparation, as well as housing and food accommodations. The investment of new equipment and the alteration of existing equipment will help to make the integration of special species patients into a small animal practice a success. Many of the same principles and techniques used in small animal medicine can be applied to special species medicine with careful consideration of species-specific characteristics. The incorporation and success of treating special species patients will depend on the training of the entire hospital staff from restraint and handling to telephone triage. Finally, an emergency practice that is incorporating special species will also need to invest in some essential reference material to have on hand.
A pilot study of emergency medical technicians' field assessment of intoxicated patients' need for ED care.

Abstract Objective Alcohol–intoxicated individuals account for a significant proportion of emergency department care and may be eligible for care at alternative sobering facilities. This pilot study sought to examine intermediate-level emergency medical technician (EMT) ability to identify intoxicated individuals who may be eligible for diversion to an alternative sobering facility. Methods Intermediate-level EMTs in an urban fire department completed patient assessment surveys for individual intoxicated patients between May and August 2010. Corresponding patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed for diagnosis, disposition, and blood alcohol content. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine correlates of survey response, diagnosis, and disposition; and survey sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results One hundred ninety-seven patient transports and medical records were analyzed. Emergency medical technicians indicated 139 patients (71%) needed hospital-based care, and 155 patients (79%) had a primary ethanol diagnosis. Fourteen patients (7%) were admitted to the hospital, and EMTs identified 93% of admitted patients as requiring hospital-based care. Overall sensitivity and specificity of the survey were 93% (95% confidence interval, 66.1-99.8) and 40% (95% confidence interval, 33.3-47.9), respectively. Conclusion Intermediate-level EMTs may be able to play an important role in facilitating triage of intoxicated patients to alternate sobering facilities.
The Kotow in the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793

On September 26, 1792, George Lord Viscount Macartney, the first British envoy ever to reach China, sailed from Portsmouth with a commission as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. The aims of the mission were to put Sino-British relations upon a treaty basis, redress various grievances in the existing commercial arrangements at Canton, open new ports to trade in north and central China, and, if possible, establish a permanent legation in China. As the objectives of the embassy were important and as it would establish precedents for future British missions to China, the government had planned it with care, and had placed at its head an especially competent diplomat and colonial administrator. The British were well aware that the Chinese considered foreign embassies as tribute-bearing missions and generally, if not always, demanded that the ambassador perform the kotow before the Emperor.
Diagnostic Feature Extraction From Stamping Tonnage Signals Based on Design of Experiments

Diagnostic feature extraction with consideration of interactions between variables is very important, but has been neglected in most diagnostic research. In this paper, a new feature extraction methodology is developed to consider variable interactions by using a fractional factorial design of experiments (DOE). In this methodology, features are extracted by using principal component analysis (PCA) to represent variation patterns of tonnage signals. Regression analyses are performed to model the relationship between features and process variables. Hierarchical classifiers and the cross-validation method are used for root-cause determination and diagnostic performance evaluation. A real-world example is used to illustrate the new methodology.
Postevent ventilation as a function of CO2 load during respiratory events in obstructive sleep apnea

Maintenance of eucapnia during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) requires a balance between CO2 loading during apnea and CO2 elimination. This study examines individual respiratory events and ...
The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism . By Adam Rose. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 299. $54.95.

After World War II, national homebuilding patterns changed decisively. Massive demand for housing existed after 16 years of depression and war. Postwar changes in housing finance and construction met that demand. Federal agencies guaranteed mortgages on 40 to 50 percent of all homes built in the 1950s. By 1970 half of all single-family home mortgages in the United States were federally underwritten. Builders flourished as down payments declined. They bought tracts of hundreds or thousands of acres and used new modular mass-production techniques to construct large residential subdivisions. One-quarter of the 60 million housing units of 1960 were built in the 1950s. Home owners surged from 40 to almost 70 percent of total households. America became a society where suburban home ownership was a key badge of â€œmiddle classâ€ status.
035 Leptin Plays a Key Role in the Modulation of Wound Angiogenesis

Leptin is a pleiotropic cytokine constitutively expressed in adipose tissue and upregulated by hypoxia in sites of tissue injury and in the placenta. Leptin has been demonstrated to play a role in normal and pathological wound healing and it is gene is acutely expressed in experimental wounds. Angiogenesis is among the most salient and well-documented biological actions of leptin. Therefore it was hypothesized that leptin may play in the modulation of wound neovascularization. Using a murine model of experimental wounds the modulation of wound angiogenesis was investigated by treatment of the wounds to either recombinant leptin or a neutralizing anti-leptin antibody. The parameters measured were: a)woundblood flow using laser Doppler imaging; b)vesseldensity by counting the number of CD-31 positive vessels in wound sections; c)angiogenic transcriptionalprofiling using quantitative real-time RT-PCR; and d)validation of transcriptionalprofiling by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The treatment of wounds with leptin had a marked effect in wound blood flow that was most significant at 24hours post-wounding with average increase of 55% with respect to the controls. The effect diminished significantly by 72 hours (24%) and became negligible thereafter. Leptin also accelerate wound neovascularization by 24 hours where the number of small caliber vessels averaged 30/mm2 in leptin treated vessels and 13/mm2 in the controls (n = 10; P < 0.005). However, the number of vessels measured by 72 hours not significantly different between controls and leptin-treated wounds. In addition transcriptional profiling reveled changes in gene expression of molecules related to angiogenesis such as VEGF, PlGF, Tie-1, Tie-2, Flt-1, Flk-1, FGF-2 and endothelial markers like CD-31, endoglin and eNOS. Overall, time course analysis throughout the healing process showed that leptin treatment induced an early shift in the expression of many of the analyzed transcripts. The most salient changes could be observed as early as 6 hours post-wounding and included: TSP-1 (+8.7); FLK-1(+9); Ang-2 (+18); CD31(+5.3); endoglin (+7.6); eNOS (+4.2); FGF-2 (+4.3); etc. Leptin mRNA was also significantly increased (+10) as well as the long-form of its receptor ObR-b (+9). Conversely, when wounds were exposed to anti-leptin antibodies, healing progression was impaired and changes in the transcriptional profile showed diminished expression of several genes related to wound neovascularization. Some examples by 24 hours: Endoglin(−2.5); Flk-1(−2.8); eNOS (−5.1); Ang-2 (−5.1); CD31(−3); VEGF-A (−3.6). In conclusion, leptin had and early and significant effect in modulating wound neovascularization. The effect of treatment of wounds with exogenous leptin did not elicit hypervascularization of the wound and appeared to only accelerate what appeared to be a self-limited process of wound angiogenesis. Funded by a Cedars-Sinai grant from the Skirball-Kenis Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
Adolescent Psychopathy and the Five Factor Model: Domain and Facet Analysis

Given the consideration of callousness as a specifier for Conduct Disorder in the DSM-V, it seems imperative that researchers continue to investigate this personality style in adolescents to determine both its applicability and utility. The present study examined the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI; Andershed et al. 2002) and the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised-Big 5 (IASR-B5; Trapnell and Wiggins 1990a, b) psychopathy scales in relation to the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Using a sample of adolescent offenders (N = 145), the YPI and IASR-B5 psychopathy scales showed adequate reliability and strong inverse bivariate relations with the FFM domains of Agreeableness (−A) and Conscientiousness (−C). Multivariate analyses, at the facet level, revealed that Tendermindedness (−A) and Assertiveness (+E) explained the association between FFM facets and the YPI, whereas Altruism (−A), Modesty (−A), Straightforwardness (−A), Assertiveness (+E), Warmth (−E), and Deliberation (+C) all uniquely contributed to the IASR-B5 psychopathy scale. Both measures were linked with general and violent recidivism. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in terms of the use of personality to help describe conduct problem youth and the need for future research in this important area.
Network dynamics determine the autocrine and paracrine signaling functions of TNF

A hallmark of the inflammatory response to pathogen exposure is the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that coordinates innate and adaptive immune responses by functioning in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Numerous molecular mechanisms contributing to TNF production have been identified, but how they function together in macrophages remains unclear. Here, we pursued an iterative systems biology approach to develop a quantitative understanding of the regulatory modules that control TNF mRNA synthesis and processing, mRNA half-life and translation, and protein processing and secretion. By linking the resulting model of TNF production to models of the TLR-, the TNFR-, and the NFκB signaling modules, we were able to study TNF’s functions during the inflammatory response to diverse TLR agonists. Contrary to expectation, we predicted and then experimentally confirmed that in response to lipopolysaccaride, TNF does not have an autocrine function in amplifying the NFκB response, although it plays a potent paracrine role in neighboring cells. However, in response to CpG DNA, autocrine TNF extends the duration of NFκB activity and shapes CpG-induced gene expression programs. Our systems biology approach revealed that network dynamics of MyD88 and TRIF signaling and of cytokine production and response govern the stimulus-specific autocrine and paracrine functions of TNF.
Gauging Satisfaction with the New Proposal Process in DEB and IOS at the NSF

The Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) and the Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS) at the National Science Foundation recently made three key changes to the core program review process: a new preliminary proposal requirement, a cap on the number of proposals that principal investigators (PIs) submit per cycle, and a switch to an annual deadline. We queried the scientific community on their level of satisfaction with key facets of the new system and their perception of the consequences. We received 4736 responses (a 24% response rate). Our results show that there was no qualitative difference in reported satisfaction between the PIs in DEB and IOS. The preliminary proposal requirement was viewed most favorably, and the switch to a single annual deadline elicited the most dissatisfaction. Continued monitoring of these early trends through time will be important to ensure that funds are allocated fairly in support of the best science.
Extending the dynamic range of implantable real-time neurochemical monitoring systems

In this paper, we present a low-cost, low-power integrated dynamic background subtraction scheme for wireless real-time neurochemical monitoring in freely-moving animals. We derive the theoretical dynamic range enhancement of the proposed scheme and analyze the effects that quantization noise and output swing, normalized to full scale, impose on this figure. Preliminary simulation results indicate an effective resolution of 14 bits for a swing of 2.5% full scale using a 9-bit successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a two-step conversion approach.
The Relationship of Selected Text Variables to Miscue Scores of Second Graders

Miscue scores are said to reflect an interaction between the language of a reader and the language of an author. Although reader differences in miscue patterns have been studied extensively, less is known about the influence of author language, or text characteristics, on oral reading behavior. The selection of subjects and the ANOVA design of the present study made it possible to assess the effects of accuracy level and of selected text characteristics on miscue scores. Fifty-two second-graders were selected from among 161 who read aloud two stories which differed in familiarity of vocabulary and in redundancy. The children represented specified accuracy levels of oral reading on the two stories. Findings were that contextual appropriateness and meaning loss scores were associated most strongly with accuracy level differences. Types of errors, percent of corrections, and comprehension were associated most strongly with differences in text characteristics. When interpreting miscue data, the possible influ...
Relating descriptive analysis and instrumental texture data of processed diced tomatoes

The textural properties of two varieties of tomatoes processed in duplicate by three methods (aseptic, cold-fill and hot-fill) were assessed by descriptive analysis and instrumental measurements [Kramer shear press, back extrusion and texture profile analysis (TPA)]. Sensory and instrumental data were compared and correlated using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The biplot of PLS2 with all the samples and variables explained 89% of the X variables (instrumental measurements) and 58% of the Y variables (sensory attributes). Sensory firmness was mostly explained by the instrumental firmness measurements such as the area under the curve for the Kramer and back extrusion tests. Samples were separated according to the processing method, with cold-filled samples clustered in the region where firmness variables (sensory and instrumental) were located; and hot-filled and aseptic samples grouped in the region of cohesiveness (TPA measurement), chewy (sensory) and metallic variables. These were consistent with the results from the PCA of the matrix of mean sensory texture ratings and instrumental variables across samples, run on the correlation matrix. Cluster analysis of the sensory matrix clearly classified the samples according to the processing method, whereas cluster analysis of the instrumental matrix did not. We conclude that descriptive analysis provided a more accurate account of the textural properties of diced tomatoes than the instrumental measurements we used and that PLS is the technique of choice for relating sensory and instrumental variables. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dynamic, Non-Local Role Bindings and Inferencing in a Localist Network for Natural Language Understanding

This paper introduces a means to handle the critical problem of nonlocal role-bindings in localist spreading-activation networks. Every conceptual node in the network broadcasts a stable, uniquely-identifying activation pattern, called its signature. A dynamic role-binding is created when a role's binding node has an activation that matches the bound concept's signature. Most importantly, signatures are propagated across long paths of nodes to handle the non-local role-bindings necessary for inferencing. Our localist network model, ROBIN (ROle Binding and Inferencing Network), uses signature activations to robustly represent schemata role-bindings and thus perform the inferencing, plan/goal analysis, schema instantiation, word-sense disambiguation, and dynamic re-interpretation portions of the natural language understanding process.
Conservative management of residual and recurrent lesions after carotid endarterectomy: Long-term results

Abstract Purpose: To document the natural history of residual and recurrent carotid stenoses that are initially treated without surgery, and to identify risk factors for recurrent stenosis. Methods: Review of data from a prospective carotid database with clinical and duplex follow-up. Analysis of rate of restenosis and rate of late reoperation by life table. Risk factor analysis by χ 2 and LEE-DESU statistics. Results: Three hundred forty-eight patients were available for follow-up, with 12 residual lesions (3.7%) and 22 recurrent lesions (6.6%). Rate of recurrent stenosis by life table analysis was 8.7% and 13% at 3 and 5 years. Restenosis was associated with smoking ( p = 0.04) and contralateral progression. Only 21% of patients were underwent an operation within 5 years ( p = 0.007) of restenosis developing, but eventually 10 of 22 patients required reoperation at long-term follow-up, eight for symptoms and two for progressive proximal stenoses. The late stroke rate was increased in patients who had residual or recurrent lesions compared with those who had normal duplex study results (18% vs 6%; p = 0.16) and was related to the ipsilateral artery. Conclusions: Recurrent lesions that remain asymptomatic can be managed without operation with likelihood of success in the near term (5 years). However, these patients are at increased risk of late stroke, and almost half will eventually require operation. Therefore, in good-risk patients operation for asymptomatic restenoses should be considered. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:963-72.)
The Design of Integrated Circuits to Observe Brain Activity

The ability to monitor the simultaneous electrical activity of multiple neurons in the brain enables a wide range of scientific and clinical endeavors. Recent efforts to merge miniature multielectrode neural recording arrays with integrated electronics have revealed significant circuit design challenges. Weak neural signals must be amplified and filtered using low-noise circuits placed close to the electrodes themselves, but power dissipation must strictly be limited to prevent tissue damage due to local heating. In modern recording systems with 100 or more electrodes, raw data rates of 15 Mb/s or more are easily produced. Micropower wireless telemetry circuits cannot transmit information at such high rates, so data reduction must be performed in the implanted device. In this paper, we present integrated circuits and design techniques that address the twin problems of neural signal amplification and data reduction for this severely size- and power-limited application.
InGaAs/InP MOS Single Photon Detector

The intrinsic advantage of negative feedback mechanism in InGaAs/InP based MOS-APDs for increased gain-bandwidth product is illustrated through simulation. Fabricated devices under dark conditions in Geiger mode demonstrate single photon sensitivity and suppressed intensity noise.
Narrative Discourse in Children with Early Focal Brain Injury

Children with early brain damage, unlike adult stroke victims, often go on to develop nearly normal language. However, the route and extent of their linguistic development are still unclear, as is the relationship between lesion site and patterns of delay and recovery. Here we address these questions by examining narratives from children with early brain damage. Thirty children (ages 3:7-10:10) with pre- or perinatal unilateral focal brain damage and their matched controls participated in a storytelling task. Analyses focused on linguistic proficiency and narrative competence. Overall, children with brain damage scored significantly lower than their age-matched controls on both linguistic (morphological and syntactic) indices and those targeting broader narrative qualities. Rather than indicating that children with brain damage fully catch up, these data suggest that deficits in linguistic abilities reassert themselves as children face new linguistic challenges. Interestingly, after age 5, site of lesion does not appear to be a significant factor and the delays we have witnessed do not map onto the lesion profiles observed in adults with analogous brain injuries.
A digital-background calibration technique for minimizing timing-error effects in time-interleaved ADCs

Timing errors in time-interleaved ADC's often generate undesirable spurs, and hence, degrade the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of the ADC. In this paper, a digital-background calibration technique is proposed to minimize these effects. The proposed technique is based on digital interpolation, which estimates the correct output values from the output samples that suffer from timing errors. Since this technique requires an accurate estimation of the timing errors of the individual channels, a digital-background timing-error measurement technique is also proposed. Theoretical analysis, as well as simulation results, show that the calibration technique can greatly attenuate the spurs, and the SFDR can be significantly improved by 20-60 dB, depending on the digital hardware complexity and the ratio of sampling frequency and signal frequency. The major advantage of this technique is that all the calibration processes are carried out in the background using digital circuits, and only slight modification is required on the analog part of the ADC for obtaining a background estimation of the timing errors.
Subband noise estimation for adaptive wavelet shrinkage

In this article, we present an adaptive image denoising method based on subband noise modeling. For wavelet shrinkage, choosing the threshold depends on correctly estimating the noise variance. By modeling the inter-subband noise variance with a parameterized normalized exponential function, the problem becomes identifying the maximum noise variance. Such a maximum exists in the highest decomposition level and can be estimated by locating the extreme of the first derivative of the subband variance function. The experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms peers, especially in the cases of large noise variance.
THE DEATH WAVE IN NITELLA I. APPLICATIONS OF LIKE SOLUTIONS.

The hypothesis of protoplasmic layers enables us to predict the bioelectrical behavior of the cell under a great variety of conditions. It is shown in the present paper that this is clearly the case when a death wave passes through different points in contact with unlike solutions.
Session 6 — Analog circuits using digital cells

This session presents state-of-the-art techniques for implementing analog circuits using digital cells and cell library elements.
The Impact Of Geographic Location, Industry Type, Number Of Employees And Years In Business On The Economic Success Of Minority Women Entrepreneurs

The topic of entrepreneurship is central in both scholarly and public policy discussions of minority businesses, yet few studies have examined the factors leading to economic success for minority women entrepreneurs. This paper partially addresses the oversight by analyzing Dun and Bradstreet data on businesses owned by Asian, Hispanic, Native American, Indian and Black women, focusing on the relationship between sales volume (the dependent variable) and number of employees, years in business, race and industry type (the independent variables). The results from this paper add a new dimension to this line of research, building on previous studies that document the growing significance of entrepreneurship among minority women. The results show that there is indeed an impact on sales volume by number of employees, years in business, race and industry type.
Is 'Resilience' Maladaptive? Towards an Accurate Lexicon for Climate Change Adaptation.

Climate change adaptation is a rapidly evolving field in conservation biology and includes a range of strategies from resisting to actively directing change on the landscape. The term ‘climate change resilience,’ frequently used to characterize adaptation strategies, deserves closer scrutiny because it is ambiguous, often misunderstood, and difficult to apply consistently across disciplines and spatial and temporal scales to support conservation efforts. Current definitions of resilience encompass all aspects of adaptation from resisting and absorbing change to reorganizing and transforming in response to climate change. However, many stakeholders are unfamiliar with this spectrum of definitions and assume the more common meaning of returning to a previous state after a disturbance. Climate change, however, is unrelenting and intensifying, characterized by both directional shifts in baseline conditions and increasing variability in extreme events. This ongoing change means that scientific understanding and management responses must develop concurrently, iteratively, and collaboratively, in a science-management partnership. Divergent concepts of climate change resilience impede cross-jurisdictional adaptation efforts and complicate use of adaptive management frameworks. Climate change adaptation practitioners require clear terminology to articulate management strategies and the inherent tradeoffs involved in adaptation. Language that distinguishes among strategies that seek to resist change, accommodate change, and direct change (i.e., persistence, autonomous change, and directed change) is prerequisite to clear communication about climate change adaptation goals and management intentions in conservation areas.