cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of dental spiral CT reconstruction compared with conventional radiography

【Objective】 To investigate the methodology of dental spiral CT reconstruction.【Methods】 31 patients were examined by panoramograph,HDCT and ADCT respectively,only 1.0 mm slice thickness was applied.The definition and precision of three kinds of pictures were analyzed.【Results】 DCT was superior in displaying delineation of anatomy of jaw and tooth tissue,displacement of mandibular canal and incisive canal,involved jaw cortical and tooth root when compared with orthopantomography(P 0.01).ADCT was more superior in reviewing cortical involvement and root involvement(P 0.05).【Conclusion】 Dental spiral CT reconstruction has proved to be an excellent procedure for characterizing the anatomy and dental-related abnormalities of the jaw.ADCT is better than HDCT,usually should be selected.
Nonequilibriym carrier dynamics in semiconductor microcavity lasers

Ultra short, intense pulse-excitation experiments in passive semiconductors have shown that carrier-carrier Coulomb scattering and carrier-LO phonon scattering provide very efficient relaxation processes of nonequilibrium carriers in semiconductors. In semiconductor lasers these relaxation processes have to compete with the stimulated recombination of carriers and the pump process due to carrier injection or optical excitation. Since both the pump process and the stimulated recombination of carriers are carrier-energy-selective processes (the stimulated recombination is localized at the laser energy, and the pump process is restricted to nonoccupied states), they lead to perturbations from quasi-equilibrium.
Financial distress and municipal bankruptcy: the case of prichard, alabama

Since 1934, the federal government has provided a process for municipalities to declare bankruptcy, and approximately 500 governments have done so. In recent years, an average of less than one city government declares bankruptcy each year. In this article, the authors identify five factors that contribute to financial distress for cities which, if left unattended, can lead to municipal bankruptcy. This discussion is followed by an examination of the events that led to the bankruptcy of the City of Prichard, Alabama, once a prosperous suburb of Mobile. The authors conclude that this municipal bankruptcy occurred, in large part, because Prichard failed to face the factors of financial distress identified by the authors in the years prior to filing for bankruptcy.
Calcium, Phosphate, PTH, Vitamin D and FGF-23 in Chronic Kidney Disease

In healthy individuals, kidneys play an important role in regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis through different mechanisms. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the inability to control normal mineral homeostasis, resulting in changes in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and fibroblastic growth factor FGF-23.
Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Allogeneic T Cells Mitigate Graft-Versus-Host Disease but Retain Graft-Versus-Leukemia Activity

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has curative potential for hematological malignancies, but is often associated with life-threatening complications including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity which accompanies HSCT is responsible for eradication of tumor cells and prevention of relapse. GVHD and GVL are usually associated with each other and the separation of the two activities occurs in limited circumstances. In this study, we aimed to mitigate GVHD but retain GVL through transplantation of allogeneic T cells encapsulated with bio-degradable nanoparticle materials. For the above purpose, donor T cells were encapsulated with chitosan and alginate through layer-by-layer coating using electrostatic deposition. Encapsulated donor T cells were characterized in vitro, and their ability to inhibit GVHD and retain GVL was determined in vivo after being transplanted together with non-encapsulated donor bone marrow (BM) cells in a C57BL/6 → BALB/c HSCT mouse model. We found 85.7% of donor T cells were successfully encapsulated by the above method (Fig 1A). In vitro studies showed that the encapsulation did not change the phenotype of T cells as defined through the following parameters: size, viability, proliferation, antibody binding, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity of T cells (Fig. 1B and data not shown). Mice transplanted with encapsulated allogeneic T cells exhibited less severe acute GVHD and prolonged survival (Fig. 1 C-E). The mice showed a lower GVHD score, less liver damage, a smaller CD8/CD4 T cell ratio, and a higher number of donor BM-derived cells following transplantation with encapsulated donor T cells (Fig. 1 C-E and data not shown). When this GVHD model was combined with implantation of A20 lymphoma cells, GVL of encapsulated T cells was not compromised, while GVHD was still suppressed and the mouse survival also prolonged (Figure 2). In summary, nanoencapsulation of T cells with bio-degradable materials attenuated the severity of GVHD but retained GVL, presenting a novel and potentially safer and effective approach of allogeneic HSCT for future clinical application. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Mixed transmission modes and dynamic genome evolution in an obligate animal–bacterial symbiosis

Reliable transmission of symbionts between host generations facilitates the evolution of beneficial and pathogenic associations. Although transmission mode is typically characterized as either vertical or horizontal, the prevalence of intermediate transmission modes, and their impact on symbiont genome evolution, are understudied. Here, we use population genomics to explore mixed transmission modes of chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts in the bivalve Solemya velum. Despite strong evidence for symbiont inheritance through host oocytes, whole-genome analyses revealed signatures of frequent horizontal transmission, including discordant mitochondrial-symbiont genealogies, widespread recombination and a dynamic symbiont genome structure consistent with evolutionary patterns of horizontally transmitted associations. Population-level analyses thus provide a tractable means of ascertaining the fidelity of vertical versus horizontal transmission. Our data support the strong influence horizontal transmission can have on symbiont genome evolution, and shed light on the dynamic evolutionary pressures shaping symbiotic bacterial genomes.
Kinetic analysis of the interactions between calcium ferrite and coal char for chemical looping gasification applications: Identifying reduction routes and modes of oxygen transfer

Abstract Chemical Looping Gasification (CLG) is an emerging technology that shows promise for efficient coal gasification by eliminating the need for energy intensive gas separations to achieve a non-nitrogen diluted syngas stream. Oxygen from oxygen carriers, such as CaFe2O4, are used for coal gasification in place of conventionally produced gaseous oxygen from cryogenic separation of air. These oxygen carriers are unique for their ability to selectively oxidize coal to form syngas and show limited reactivity with syngas components (H2, CO). This study was carried out to determine the kinetic model representation and parameters associated with the selective oxidation of coal derived char (Wyodak and Illinois #6) with a metal ferrite (CaFe2O4) of which are needed for advancement of the process concept. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometry, the selective oxygen release from metal ferrite in the presence of char by proximal contact was examined. The application of model fitting approaches was used to describe controlling resistances during oxygen release. A combination of the modified shrinking core model (SCM) with planar oxygen ion diffusion control and reaction order based models were applied for kinetic parameter determination. CaFe2O4 particle size plays a major role in the prevailing mode of oxygen release. Particle sizes on the range of 40–50 µm tend to favor first order kinetically controlled regimes independent of geometric and diffusion controls. The probability for oxygen ion diffusion controlling regimes increased when the particle size range of the oxygen carrier was increased up to 350 µm. Char type also impacted the prevalence of the controlling regime. Higher ranked chars react in a slower manner, limiting the gradient for oxygen ion release from the oxygen carrier. Activation energies determined for this process range from 120 to 200 kJ/mol and oxygen ion diffusion coefficients are on the order of 10−8 cm2/s. It is suggested that oxygen ion movement is regulated by lattice diffusion out of partially reduced phases (Ca2Fe2O5) and through reduced outer layers composed of CaO and Fe. The controlled movement of oxygen ions influences the rate of carbon oxidation in the char and therefore the selectivity towards partial oxidation products, which are desirable in CLG applications.
Development and evaluation of a mobile AAC: a virtual therapist and speech assistant for people with communication disabilities.

AbstractPurpose: The currently existing Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) technologies have limitations to produce the best communication rehabilitation outcomes and therefore a better solution is needed.Method: In this work, a mobile AAC app was developed based on results from research studies. Sophisticated AAC language programming, embedded training materials, and real-time communication performance reporting were integrated into the app. Two groups of study participants were recruited to participate a usability study and a preliminary feasibility study for the purpose of evaluating this mobile AAC app, respectively.Results: A tablet-based AAC app was developed to support communication rehabilitation. User studies of the app were conducted and included able-bodied individuals and people with verbal communication disabilities. All study participants agreed that the app establishes a usable alternative treatment protocol for communication rehabilitation.Conclusions: The app’s integrated fe...
Low-Drift Coherent Population Trapping Clock Based on Laser-Cooled Atoms and High-Coherence Excitation Fields

Atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT) are of great interest for portable applications, due to their high performance, low power requirements, and potential for miniaturization. Slow frequency drift, however, limits their holdover ability on long time scales. This study reports a CPT clock that minimizes long-term drift, with a fractional frequency stability of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{-13}$ over the span of an hour---ten times as good as previous CPT clocks. After successful shrinking of the laser-cooling apparatus, this clock could see commercial use, as the atoms fall just a few millimeters during a typical probe period.
Response to Thomas D. Crocker

Measuring the benefits from improved environmental quality is a formidable task, even under ordinary conditions. But at this time the difficulty is increased by the intense scrutiny given to new policy proposals. Reductions in federal expenditures on all programs make it necessary to subject estimates of gains from new programs to exceptional scrutiny for credibility and even accuracy. Thus the standards for evaluating estimates have increased; no longer can the advocate wave at gains in the “quality of life” without being subject to searching examination as to whether such “quality” is more or less than that achieved from competing medical care reimbursement plans, or secondary education loan guarantees, or expenditures on highway reconstruction. Benefits that are not measurable, in the sense that they cannot be re-estimated, might as well not exist, given that in the contest for federal program outlays that are movable from one program to another there are other programs that can show measurable and significant results.
Perineal injuries at a large urban trauma center: injury patterns and outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of this unique patient population, their clinical presentations, and outcomes. The Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Trauma Registry was used to retrospectively identify patients who sustained perineal injuries. Information included gender, age, vital signs, trauma scores, mechanisms of injury, studies performed, surgeries performed, and outcomes. Pediatric patients and injuries related to obstetric trauma were not included. Sixty-nine patients were identified between February 1, 1992 and October 31, 2005. One patient died on arrival; 85 per cent (58 of 68) were males, mean age was 30 +/- 12 years, and there was a penetrating mechanism in 56 per cent. Vital signs on admission were systolic blood pressure 119 +/- 33 mmHg, heart rate 94 +/- 27 beats/minute, and respiratory rate 20 +/- 6 breaths/min. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 13 +/- 3, Revised Trauma Score (RTS) was 7.2 +/- 1.5, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 11 +/- 12. CT scan was obtained for 23 (33%) patients. Lower extremity fractures were 35 per cent and pelvic fractures 32 per cent. The most common surgery was debridement and drainage, diversion with colostomy in five patients (7%). Overall mortality was 10 per cent. Mortality group mean scores were: GCS, 6; RTS, 5.74; and ISS, 34. The survival group mean scores were: GCS, 14; RTS, 7.7; and ISS, 8. There was a statistically significant association between mortality and GCS, RTS, and ISS scores (P < 0.001). Most patients with perineal injuries (93%) can be managed without colostomy. Associated injuries are not uncommon, particularly bony fractures. Mortality is mostly the result of exsanguination related to associated injuries.
Stan ulam and computational biology

In each the 10 years Recomb has existed as an annual conference, there has been an Ulam Lecture, beginning with the 1997 Ulam Lecture delivered in Santa Fe by Eric Lander. While intended by the conference organizers to be a less technical and more casual lecture, it is difficult for a scientist not to speak about their own science and understandably that is just what has happened. In this year's Ulam lecture I will attempt to give a sketch of the life and accomplishments of this fascinating and rather enigmatic person. At the conclusion I will try to make a few comments about the current state of computational biology.
Intraindividual sleep variability and its association with insomnia identity and poor sleep.

Abstract Objective Insomnia identity refers to the conviction that one has insomnia, which can occur independently of poor sleep. Night-to-night variability in sleep (termed intraindividual variability [IIV]) may contribute to insomnia identity yet remain undetected via conventional mean analyses. This study compared sleep IIV across four subgroups: noncomplaining good sleepers (NG), complaining poor sleepers (CP), complaining good sleepers (CG), and noncomplaining poor sleepers (NP). Methods This study analyzed 14 days of sleep diary data from 723 adults. Participants were classified according to presence/absence of a sleep complaint and presence/absence of poor sleep. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed to explore differences on five measures of sleep IIV: intraindividual standard deviation in total sleep time (iSD TST), sleep onset latency (iSD SOL), wake after sleep onset (iSD WASO), number of nightly awakenings (iSD NWAK), and sleep efficiency (iSD SE). Results MANCOVA revealed significant main effects of poor sleep, sleep complaint, and their interaction on sleep IIV. Poor sleepers exhibited greater IIV across all sleep parameters compared to good sleepers. Similarly, individuals with a sleep complaint exhibited greater IIV compared to individuals with no complaint. The interaction revealed that iSD SOL was significantly greater among CP than NP, and iSD NWAK was significantly greater among CG than NG. Conclusions Greater night-to-night variability in specific sleep parameters was present among complaining versus noncomplaining sleepers in good and poor sleep subgroups. These findings suggest certain aspects of sleep consistency may be salient for treatment-seeking individuals based on their quantitative sleep status.
Changing student attitudes and perceptions toward opioid use disorder.

Abstract Introduction: With the opioid epidemic creating a group of patients with unique health care needs, pharmacists have an opportunity to be a good resource for patients recovering from opioid use disorder (OUD). To accomplish this, it is essential that pharmacists are knowledgeable and unbiased toward this patient population. Methods: Because the curriculum in place to obtain a PharmD at Drake University does not include in-depth information on substance use disorders, study investigators offered students an opportunity to receive more intensive education. Faculty members at Drake University provided didactic and panel discussion presentations on topics such as opioid pharmacology, OUD, and treatment options. The students were assessed for their perception of knowledge and stigma before and after the summit by using a 5-point Likert scale to measure their attitudes toward 10 statements. Results: Total knowledge scores showed a significant change of 3.1, indicating an increase in perceived understand...
Expanding the spectrum of APOL1-related renal disease: de novo collapsing glomerulopathy following kidney transplant

Santoriello et al. report a series of 38 cases of de novo collapsing glomerulopathy following kidney transplant. Associations included acute rejection, viral infection, and APOL1 high-risk genotype (the latter in 9 cases). Risk factors for collapsing glomerulopathy included acute rejection, viral infection, acute vaso-occlusive disease, and an African American donor. The data are suggestive of, but do not directly establish, a role for interferon in these associations.
Perception and Cognition. Structural and Epistemic Elements

Perception is a central topic in both epistemology and philosophy of mind. This essay addresses perception from both perspectives, exploring its structure, phenomenology, and relation to belief and knowledge. Perception embodies sensory experience and in that way is phenomenologically representational; it is a response to its object(s) and in that way a source of information about what is perceived; and it is a basis of belief and knowledge and in that way enables us to navigate the world. These points are examined in relation to five dimensions of the theory of perception: the “contents” of perceptual experience; the levels of its responsiveness to its objects; the extent to which, in various forms, it may depend on conceptualizing what is perceived; its liability to influence by the perceiver’s beliefs or theoretical commitments; and its role in grounding justification and knowledge.
Hospital Charges for Urologic Surgery Episodes of Care Are Rising Despite Declining Costs

Abstract Objective To investigate the temporal relationship of hospital charges relative to recorded costs for surgical episodes of care. Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study selected individuals who underwent any of 8 index urologic surgical procedures at 392 unique institutions from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2015. For each surgical encounter, cost and charge data reported by hospitals were extracted and adjusted to 2016 US dollars. Trend analysis and multivariable logistic regression modeling were used to assess outcomes. The primary outcome was trend in median charge and cost. Secondary outcomes consisted of hospital characteristics associated with membership in the highest quartile of institutional charge-to-cost ratio. Results Cohort-level median cost per encounter trended down from $6824 in 2005 to $5586 in 2015 (P for trend Conclusion The pricing trends shown herein could indicate some success in cost-containment for surgical episodes of care, although higher hospital charges may be increasingly used to bolster reimbursement from third-party payers and to compensate for escalating costs in other areas.
Assembling Homelessness: A Posthumanist Political Ecology Approach to Urban Nature, Wildlife, and Actor-Networks

AbstractWhen humans interact with nonhuman nature in seemingly normative ways, through consumption, recreation, admiration, romanticizing, etc., an imperfect but intact binary is often perpetuated;...
Postpartum depression screening: are we doing a competent job?

Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common and severe postpartum morbidity, affecting 10%–20% of mothers within the first year of childbirth. The adverse effects of PPD, namely, prevention of mother-baby bonding and early cessation of breastfeeding, adversely affects infant growth and brain development. Studies have found that up to 50% of women with PPD go undiagnosed. Despite the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations, only a small percentage of paediatricians are currently screening for PPD. This project aimed to improve PPD screening using a validated tool to 75% in a primary care inner-city clinic serving a predominantly underserved population as per AAP recommendations. Baseline data for 40 charts of 2-month-old and 4-month-old well-child visits showed no documentation of PPD screening. The screening tool used for this project was the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), which is a validated 10-item screening questionnaire for PPD. Three Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles were implemented involving educational strategies, system-based practice improvement and stakeholder participation. Improvement seen after PDSA cycle 1 was minimal. At the end of cycle 2, 16/50 (33%) charts had documentation of screening using EPDS. At the end of cycle 3, 33/40 (82%) charts had EPDS documentation, an increase of 49% from cycle 2. There were eight in total positive PPD screenings between cycles 2 and 3. These patients were provided counselling support through a social worker and referral services through the local community mental health organisation. We achieved more than our 75% target goal for PPD screening implementation at the residency clinic, thereby increasing residents’ awareness of PPD and the importance of PPD screening. Poststudy follow-up shows that screening was maintained at a higher rate but never reached 100%.
Role of Financial Reporting and Auditing in Disciplining CEOs: Evidence from Goodwill Impairments

According to accounting and auditing standards, external auditors and management must both independently monitor goodwill balance for any impairment. Therefore, goodwill impairment may contain valuable incremental information about the CEO’s ability which the board can utilize for CEO retention decisions. Consistent with this expectation, we find goodwill impairments lead to a large jump in subsequent CEO turnover. The turnover-impairment relationship varies with CEO power, auditor quality, accounting performance, and CEO-age and the information in goodwill impairment is incremental to the announcement period stock returns. Our analyses suggest that boards utilize the negative information in goodwill impairment in one of two ways. In the more severe cases, the incumbent CEO is dismissed; in other cases, their equity compensation is reduced which suggests that retention and pay act as alternative disciplining mechanisms. Our study highlights how the intersection of financial reporting and auditing can generate valuable information in disciplining CEOs.
Physical activity and body image: Intertwined health priorities identified by transmasculine young people in a non-metropolitan area

Background: A dearth of research exists about the health behaviors of transgender young people (TYP). As we seek to learn more about transgender (trans) health, community-based participatory resear...
Maternal HIV and child anthropometric outcomes over time: an analysis of Zimbabwe demographic health surveys.

OBJECTIVES To understand the association between children's anthropometric measures and maternal HIV status in Zimbabwe and to determine whether these relationships changed over time. DESIGN Data from Demographic Health Surveys in Zimbabwe rounds 2005, 2010, and 2015 were used to conduct cross-sectional analyses of child anthropometric measures (stunting, underweight, and wasting). METHODS Using separate logistic regression models for each of the anthropometric measures, we estimated the adjusted prevalence odds ratio (OR) of stunting, underweight, and wasting in children according to maternal HIV status. Moreover, we evaluated an interaction by survey year to evaluate change over time. RESULTS Children of mothers with HIV had 32% greater odds [OR = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.5] of stunting, 27% greater odds (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.1-1.48) of underweight status and 7% greater odds (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.81-1.42) of wasting status, than children of mothers without HIV. These associations between maternal HIV status and child undernutrition did not differ by year (P > 0.05 for all interaction terms). CONCLUSION In Zimbabwe, having a mother who tested positive for HIV at the time of the survey has been associated with greater child undernutrition over the last two decades with no significant change by survey round. This emphasizes the need for continued programming to address nutritional deficiencies, sanitation, and infectious disease prevention in this high-risk population. The greatest impact of maternal HIV status has been on child stunting and underweight, associated with poor long-term child development.
Enhanced autophagy in Becn1F121A/F121A knockin mice counteracts aging-related neural stem cell exhaustion and dysfunction.

Macroautophagy/autophagy is emerging as a major pathway that regulates both aging and stem cell function. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation of autophagy with longevity; however, these studies did not directly address the consequence of altered autophagy in stem cells during aging. In this study, we used Becn1F121A/F121A knockin mice (designated as Becn1 KI mice) with the F121A allele in the autophagy gene Becn1 to investigate the consequences of enhanced autophagy in postnatal neural stem cells (NSCs) during aging. We found that increased autophagy protected NSCs from exhaustion and promoted neurogenesis in old (≥18-months-old) mice compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, although it did not affect NSCs in young (3-months-old) mice. After pharmacologically-induced elimination of proliferative cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), there was enhanced re-activation of quiescent NSCs in old Becn1 KI mice as compared to those in WT mice, with more efficient exit from quiescent status to generate proliferative cells and neuroblasts. Moreover, there was also improved maintenance and increased neuronal differentiation of NSCs isolated from the SVZ of old Becn1 KI mice in in vitro assays. Lastly, the increased neurogenesis in Becn1 KI mice was associated with better olfactory function in aged animals. Together, our results suggest a protective role of increased autophagy in aging NSCs, which may help the development of novel strategies to treat age-related neurodegeneration.
Bioterrorist Threats: What the Infectious Disease Community Should Know about Anthrax and Plague

This chapter addresses the following questions: If anthrax or plague were used as a biological weapon, what would be the expected epidemiology? What would be the clinical manifestations? How would a diagnosis be made? What is the recommended treatment? And what is the role of vaccination? Anthrax and plague are widely and appropriately considered two of the most serious potential biological weapons. A World Health Organization analysis of 1970 described the destructive capacity of anthrax and plague. Inhalational anthrax is the least common important manifestation of the naturally occurring form of this disease. A national working group called the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has published consensus guidelines on the treatment and public health management of anthrax and plague as biological weapons. Given that the chance for survival from inhalational anthrax diminishes with time after symptom onset, antibiotic prophylaxis is advised as early as possible. Secondary pneumonic plague occurs as often as 10 to 12% of the time following primary bubonic or septicemic plague. This chapter concludes by stating that it is clear that the technology supporting the development of mass casualty- producing biological weapons has existed for some time and is now becoming more accessible and less expensive. It is clear that biological weapons have the potential to cause tremendous illness and death. Thus it is evident that infectious diseases specialists and the broader biological sciences community have the responsibility to engage in the challenges posed by biological weapons.
DNA replication: Strand separation unravelled.

The DNA double helix must be separated into single strands to be duplicated. A structure of the Mcm2–7 helicase enzyme responsible for this activity yields unprecedented insight into how the process is initiated. See Article p.186 In eukaryotes, DNA replication begins with the binding of a hexameric ring of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins at regions known as replication origins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The resulting complex is dormant until the cell enters S phase, when replication occurs. This entails conversion of an MCM double hexamer into an active species, but the structure of this complex was unknown. Ning Gao and colleagues have used cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the double hexamer complex. They observe two interdigitated hexamers that have a central channel that tightly fits a DNA duplex. The orientation of the single rings suggests models in which relative movements between the two hexamers would deform the origin DNA so that other replication proteins can bind to the melted DNA double helix.
Data Driven Solid Freeform Fabrication

Abstract Prototyping requirements today, and general manufacturing requirements in the future, call for the rapid, fabrication of one-of-a-kind, structural strength parts driven directly by computer-sensible geometric data. The general class of solid freeform fabrication systems, where material is added layer by layer, have the potential to become the dominant prototyping technology in the near term, and even a key manufacturing technology in the future. This paper is concerned with the systems of the solid freeform fabrication technology, i.e., the issues that deal with getting an external geometric CAD model to drive the physical layer solidification process as directly as possible. The general systems problem is described, open questions are posed, and the state of research is given.
Couples therapy for lesbians.

Abstract Lesbian couples are similar to their heterosexual counterparts in many ways, but there are some ways in which lesbian relationships are unique. The focus here is on how couples therapists can be well informed about some key aspects of lesbian couples and their experiences, most notably their experience of homophobia, and the phenomenon of merger in the lesbian relationship. Because of the pervasive nature of homophobia, it is essential that therapists recognize that homophobia impacts lesbians and their relationships in a myriad of ways. Merger has often been viewed as a problem in lesbian relationships, but the emotional intensity of such relationships should not be misunderstood or interpreted as problematic; to do so assumes that heterosexual relationships are the norm and that relationship styles which differ from this norm are somehow aberrant (Burch, 1986). Therapists who understand these aspects of the lesbian relationship are better prepared to provide an affirmative therapy experience to...
Packaging and Multiplexing of Hierarchical Scalable Expanders

Multistage networks are important in a wide variety of applications. Expander-based networks, such as multibutterflies, are a tremendous improvement over traditional butterflies in both fault and congestion tolerance. However, multibutterflies cost at least twice as much in chips and wiring as butterflies. It is also impossible to build large multi-butterflies due to their wiring complexity.
Hamiltonicity of { K 1,4 , K 1,4 + e }-free graphs

A graph G is called {H1, H2,...,Hk}-free if G contains no induced subgraph isomorphic to any Hi, 1 ≤ i ≤ k. Let G be a 3-connected {K1,4,,K1,4 + e}-free graphs of order n ≥ 30. If δ(G)≥(n + 5)/5, then G is hamiltonian, where K1,4+e is a graph obtained by joining a pair of nonadjacent vertices in a K1,4.
Tasks, Strategies, and Cognitive Processes Associated With Navigational Map Reading: A Review Perspective*

Abstract All geographers use and may create maps in their professional activities. While perceived by some as merely tools to present spatial information, maps are actually complicated communication mechanisms. Many geographers spend tremendous amounts of time learning about verbal and written communication (how to speak, listen, read critically, and write effectively). But to many, one of the basic tools of geographic communication, the map, is a general source of unknown. Many previous papers have focused on how to create effective maps; this paper focuses on how people read and use navigation maps. Everyone completes map-reading tasks, uses (often different) strategies, and processes information through cognitive processing. Geographers may benefit from understanding how they, as well as their map-viewing public, process the information contained on their maps. This paper addresses terms and issues addressed in navigational map reading, specifically including tasks and strategies as well as the governi...
Association of Hydrogen Ion Ejection with Oxidative Phosphorylation by Mouse Liver Mitochondria

Abstract 1. A method for the determination of photophosphorylation, which involves hydrogen ion change, has been applied to the phosphorylation associated with succinate oxidation by rotenone-treated mouse liver mitochondria. The determination of hydrogen ion uptake as a measure of adenosine diphosphate phosphorylation is considered valid since (a) the hydrogen ion uptake observed following ADP addition was completely inhibited by oligomycin, and (b) the values of ΔH+:ΔADP determined by adding a known amount of ADP and measuring pH change were in good agreement with the theoretical values obtained between pH 6.5 and 8.5. 2. The Sr++:ADP coefficient calculated from the quotient of Sr++:O and ADP:O was used to calculate an ADP:O corrected for energy leaks. A higher Sr++:O ratio was obtained in the presence of oligomycin, and, by application of the Sr++:ADP quotient to this ratio, a corrected ADP:O could be obtained, which is considered to represent better the potential for oxidative phosphorylation. 3. The stochiometry of proton ejection associated with Sr++ accumulation was also determined, and in phosphate medium the value of ΔH+:ΔSr++ was 0.67. In the absence of phosphate, the ratios were markedly dependent on the concentration of Sr++ and mitochondria. The optimal ratios were observed at a low Sr++ concentration under these conditions, and were approximately 1 with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane chloride medium. With tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine buffer, the ratios were as great as 2. Acetate shifted the optimal ratio to an even lower Sr++ concentration. These data were examined on the basis of current proposed models for the translocation of ions, and it was concluded that the intramitochondrial pH plays a primary role in the regulation of respiration and cation uptake.
The interface description language: definition and use

Textbook for a graduate level software systems course or a secondary text for an upper-level undergraduate compiler construction course. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Communicating In A Multicultural Classroom: A Study Of Students Nonverbal Behavior And Attitudes Toward Faculty Attire

Economic and market globalization in the United States has engendered a multicultural learning environment that challenges both faculty and students. Diversity in the classroom is further complicated by nonverbal communication, which impacts on students attitudes toward faculty members. Because todays classrooms are changing and undergoing rapid shifts in composition, culture, and orientation, the nature of learning is also changing to be more participative, interactive, and team-oriented. To ensure that effective learning is taking place in global/multicultural classroom settings, an improved faculty-student nonverbal relationship is critically important. This study, therefore, emphasizes the importance of appropriate dress/attire in a diverse classroom setting.
Force to change large cardinal strength

This dissertation includes many theorems which show how to change large cardinal properties with forcing. I consider in detail the degrees of inaccessible cardinals (an analogue of the classical degrees of Mahlo cardinals) and provide new large cardinal definitions for degrees of inaccessible cardinals extending the hyper-inaccessible hierarchy. I showed that for every cardinal $\kappa$, and ordinal $\alpha$, if $\kappa$ is $\alpha$-inaccerssible, then there is a $\mathbb{P}$ forcing that $\kappa$ which preserves that $\alpha$-inaccessible but destorys that $\kappa$ is $(\alpha+1)$-inaccessible. I also consider Mahlo cardinals and degrees of Mahlo cardinals. I showed that for every cardinal $\kappa$, and ordinal $\alpha$, there is a notion of forcing $\mathbb{P}$ such that $\kappa$ is still $\alpha$-Mahlo in the extension, but $\kappa$ is no longer $(\alpha +1)$-Mahlo. I also show that a cardinal $\kappa$ which is Mahlo in the ground model can have every possible inaccessible degree in the forcing extension, but no longer be Mahlo there. The thesis includes a collection of results which give forcing notions which change large cardinal strength from weakly compact to weakly measurable, including some earlier work by others that fit this theme. I consider in detail measurable cardinals and Mitchell rank. I show how to change a class of measurable cardinals by forcing to an extension where all measurable cardinals above some fixed ordinal $\alpha$ have Mitchell rank below $\alpha.$ Finally, I consider supercompact cardinals, and a few theorems about strongly compact cardinals. Here, I show how to change the Mitchell rank for supercompactness for a class of cardinals.
Validity of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia in Parkinson's disease with and without cognitive impairment

Valid tools are needed to assess depression across the spectrum of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). The validity of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia (CSDD) was tested in a PD sample with a range of cognitive impairment. Psychiatric diagnoses were established according to DSM-IV-TR. Receiver operating characteristic curves tested the discriminant validity of the CSDD compared to the clinical diagnoses of major and minor depression. The curve for symptomatic depression had an area under the curve of 0.82. For the cut-off score >or= 6, sensitivity was 0.83 and specificity was 0.73; for the cut-off score >or= 8, sensitivity was 0.75 and specificity was 0.82. There was no evidence for differential measurement with respect to cognitive impairment or any other demographic or clinical variables. This study suggests that the CSDD is a valid tool for identifying depressive disorders in patients with PD across a spectrum of cognitive impairment.
O 2 ( 1 Δ) production in high pressure flowing He/O 2 plasmas: scaling and quenching

Summary form only given. Chemical oxygen-iodine lasers (COILs) achieve oscillation on the 2P1/2rarr2P3/2 transition of atomic iodine at 1.315 mum by a series of excitation transfers from O2(1Delta). In electrically excited COILs, (eCOILs) the O2(1Delta) is produced in a flowing plasma, typically He/O2, at a few to tens of Torr. Many svstem issues motivate operating eCOILs at higher pressures to obtain larger absolute densities of O2(1Delta) for a given yield and provide higher back pressure for expansion. Obtaining high yields of O2(1Delta) will require careful management of the ozone density [a quencher of O2(1Delta)], gas temperature and discharge stability. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of O2(1Delta) production in flowing plasmas sustained at moderate pressures (< 50-100 Torr). This investigation was conducted using plug-flow and 2-dimensional models. In this study, we scaled power deposition and flow rates such that if there are not second order effects, yield should be constant and absolute O2(1Delta) production should scale linearly with pressure. We found in many cases that absolute O2(1Delta) production scaled sub-linearly with pressure. Ground state and vibrationally excited ozone are found to be one of the major quenchers of O2(1Delta) and the production of O3 is a sensitive function of pressure. Gas heating per molecule increases at high pressures due to exothermic 3-body reactions which reduces O3 production, increases O3 destruction and, for certain conditions, restores yields. With increasing pressure and increasing absolute densities of atomic oxygen and pooling reactions of O2(1Delta), quenching by these species can become important in the afterglow. The yield of O2(1Delta) is also determined by discharge stability. For the geometries we investigated, discharge constriction becomes problematic at higher pressures, thereby reducing yields.
Desistance or Displacement? The Changing Patterns of Offending from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Research has devoted substantial attention to patterns of offending during the transition to early adulthood. While changes in offending rates are extensively researched, considerably less attention is devoted to shifts in the type of offending displayed during the transition to adulthood. Changes in the type of offending behavior suggest a pattern of “displacement” or shifts between various types of crime, rather than desistance from deviant behavior. In this paper, I integrate methods previously developed in stratification research and use longitudinal data from the National Survey of Youth that span the transition to adulthood to examine the extent to which desistance and displacement of deviant behavior are defining attributes of offending during the transition to early adulthood. The findings indicate that while desistance is clearly present, altering patterns of offending, or within-person displacement, rather than termination of illicit activity is most evident in the data.
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE.

Abstract 1. 1. Neuromuscular disorders may be the presenting and dominating clinical aspect of patients with malignant tumors. The neural syndromes have been described as subacute cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelopathy, peripheral neuropathy and multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Dermatomyositis, carcinomatous myopathy and, possibly, some myasthenic syndromes account for the muscular disorders. 2. 2. The clinical and pathological features of these syndromes have been analyzed and illustrative cases presented, including two patients with clinical evidence of motor neurone disease associated with Hodgkin's disease. At autopsy there was loss of anterior horn cells and tract demyelination. 3. 3. The pathogenesis of these syndromes is not understood. The paucity of cases and the variety of syndromes described makes it difficult to establish a causal relationship between the tumor and the neuromuscular disorder. The temporal relations, however, and the growing number of case reports suggest that the association is not merely fortuitous.
Radiation Exposure from CT Scans: How to Close Our Knowledge Gaps, Monitor and Safeguard Exposure—Proceedings and Recommendations of the Radiation Dose Summit, Sponsored by NIBIB, February 24–25, 2011

This article summarizes the proceedings of a portion of the Radiation Dose Summit, which was organized by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and held in Bethesda, Maryland, in February 2011. The current understandings of ways to optimize the benefit-risk ratio of computed tomography (CT) examinations are summarized and recommendations are made for priority areas of research to close existing gaps in our knowledge. The prospects of achieving a submillisievert effective dose CT examination routinely are assessed.
Modified orchiopexy: a "real dartos pocket".

Les auteurs presentent une technique modifiee de traitement chirurgical de l'ectopie testiculaire appelee «veritable poche du dartos». La methode peut etre decrite brievement comme une orchiofuniculolyse transinguinale utilisant une fixation interne de la tunique vaginale et/ou du gubernaculum testis jusqu'a la poche du dartos evagine (la paroi du dartos au niveau du septum peut egalement etre utilisee). Une incision inguino-scrotale complementaire et une cordopexie sont realisees si necessaire. Une ouverture tres etroite du facia de Colle vers le haut et au niveau de la tunique du dartos dans l'entree du scrotum vers le bas, sont des securites supplementaires contre la remontee du testicule. 82 malades furent operes selon cette nouvelle technique et les patients ont ete controles 5 a 41 mois apres l'intervention; les resultats ont ete consideres comme excellents sur le plan anatomique et cosmetique. Selon notre experience, tous les testicules non descendus avec une longueur suffisante de cordon, peuvent etre traites selon notre technique modifiee avec d'excellents resultats
A note on the use of mood's likelihood ratio test for item analyses involving 2 × 2 tables with small samples

Mood's likelihood ratio test is generally considered an unreliablex2 approximation in 2 × 2 contingency tables containing expected cell frequencies less than five. Probability values were computed for 60 such tables as part of an item analysis for two 30-item alternate forms of a measure. The rank orders of the items, from best to worst differentiators, as determined separately by Mood's test and by Fisher's exact test correlated .97 for one form and .96 for the other.
Experimental and modeling study of thermal exposure of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

An experimental apparatus designed to study firefighter safety equipment exposed to a thermal environment was developed. The apparatus consisted of an elevated temperature flow loop with the ability to heat the air stream up to 200°C. The thermal and flow conditions at the test section were characterized using thermocouples and bi-directional probes. The safety equipment examined in this study was a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), including a facepiece and an air cylinder. The SCBA facepiece was placed on a mannequin headform and coupled to a breathing simulator that was programmed with a prescribed breathing pattern. The entire SCBA assembly was placed in the test section of the flow loop for these thermal exposure experiments. Three air stream temperatures, 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, were used with the average air speed at the test section set at 1.4m/s and thermal exposure durations up to 1200 s. Measurements were made using type-K bare-bead thermocouples located in the mannequin's mouth and on the outer surface of the SCBA cylinder. The experimental results indicated that increasing the thermal exposure severity and duration increased the breathing air temperatures supplied by the SCBA. Temperatures of breathing air from the SCBA cylinder in excess of 60°C were observed over the course of the thermal exposure conditions used in most of the experiments. A mathematical model for transient heat transfer was developed to complement the thermal exposure experimental study. The model took into consideration forced convective heat transfer, quasi-steady heat conduction through the composite layers of the SCBA cylinder wall, the breathing pattern and action of the breathing simulator, and predicted air temperatures from the thermally exposed SCBA cylinder and temperatures at the outer surface of the SCBA cylinder. Model predictions agreed reasonably well with the experimental measurements.