cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of call amplitude on male spacing in choruses of barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa

The amplitude of signals has been shown to play an important role in regulating spacing in aggregations of acoustically signalling insects and amphibians. This conclusion is based primarily on experiments in which calls are played back to resident males, thereby mimicking the signals of arriving males. However, such experiments investigate only one side of the interaction between resident and arriving males. We examined the effect of the amplitude of resident calls on the spacing of arriving male barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa , by placing two speakers, one playing advertisement calls 6 dB more intense than the other, at the chorus site and beginning playback before males arrived at the chorus. Distances between the speaker and the nearest male were greater for the speaker broadcasting calls at the higher amplitude, but this effect occurred only in low-density choruses. These results, combined with theoretical considerations, raise the possibility that the immediate benefit to males of producing high-amplitude signals may differ at different chorus densities.
Towards the Application of Dynamic Growth Theory to Regions

There exists, in the theory of regional economic development, a gaping desideratum. This may be stated best in vernacular: ‘Can a region lift itself by its own bootstraps?’ Is a region, within a larger economy, capable of strictly endogenous, self-sustained growth? In 1956, a very thoughtful and stimulating debate between Douglass C. North and Charles M. Tiebout revolved around this very question.1 The uncertain outcome of that controversy was clearly due to the uncertain status of this fundamental question. North contended that the level of economic activity in a region is a multiple of that region’s export activities and thus the growth and development of a region is a function of the growth and development of its export sector. Tiebout, on the other hand, contended that this view was too simple, that other factors could in fact cause a region to grow autonomously — apart, that is, from the growth of its export sector. This issue is further confused by a rather paradoxical analogy between ‘regions’, ‘nations’, and the ‘world’ as Meyer has recently observed: ‘It is quite obvious, moreover, that an economy can exist without exports and can grow without a growth of its exports, as must be true for the world economy taken together.’2
Laser-induced thermoelastic deformation: A three-dimensional solution and its application to the ablation of biological tissue

Under certain conditions, laser light incident on a target material can induce an explosive removal of some material, a process called laser ablation. The photomechanical model of laser ablation asserts that this process is initiated when the laser-induced stresses exceed the strength of the material in question. Although one-dimensional calculations have shown that short pulsed lasers can create significant transient tensile stresses in target materials, the stresses last for only a few nanoseconds and the spatial location of the peak stresses is not consistent with experimental observations of material failure in biological tissues. Using the theory of elasticity, analytical expressions have been derived for the thermoelastic stresses and deformations in an axially symmetric three-dimensional solid body caused by the absorption of laser light. The full three-dimensional solution includes three stresses, radial, circumferential and shear, which are necessarily absent in the simple one-dimensional solution. These stresses have long-lived components that exist for eight orders of magnitude longer in time than the acoustic transients, an important point when the details of dynamic fracture are considered. Many important qualitative features are revealed including the spatial location of the peak stresses, which is more consistent with experimental observations of failure.
"Let us live for those who love us": Faith, Family, and the Contours of Manhood Among the Knights of Columbus in Late Nineteenth-Century Connecticut

In Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America, Mark Carnes contends that the popularity of fraternal secret societies in the late 19th century was a response to the extreme gender divide within Victorian society. Carnes posits that all but the highest fraternal rituals further perpetuated a gendered bifurcation of society, constructing male identities that were predicated upon men's alienation from both women in the household and from religious spheres that also carried the taint of femaleness in Victorian culture. This article explores the ideals of manhood articulated in the records and publications of the first generation of the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal organization, arguing that the commitments that followed from being immigrant Catholics muddied the supposed "separateness" of Victorian separate spheres for early Knights, embedding powerful evocations of faith and family in their fraternal rituals and rhetoric. The Knights advocated sensitive and nurturing fatherhood, sentimentalized men's emotional ties to women, and assumed a harmonious relationship between fraternalism and family. Thus, men did not escape bonds of religious and domestic attachment in Columbian fraternity, rather, they gained from it rites, rhetoric, and heroic figures that legitimated and valorized the embedded reality of their lives.
Population-based study of wake-up strokes

Objective: Previous studies have estimated that wake-up strokes comprise 8%to 28% of all ischemic strokes, but these studies were either small or not population-based. We sought to establish the proportion and event rate of wake-up strokes in a large population-based study and to compare patients who awoke with stroke symptoms with those who were awake at time of onset. Methods: First-time and recurrent ischemic strokes among residents of the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region (population 1.3 million) in 2005 were identified using International Classification of Diseases–9 codes 430–436 and verified via study physician review. Ischemic strokes in patients aged 18 years and older presenting to an emergency department were included. Baseline characteristics were ascertained, along with discharge modified Rankin Scale scores and 90-day mortality. Results: We identified 1,854 ischemic strokes presenting to an emergency department, of which 273 (14.3%) were wake-up strokes. There were no differences between wake-up strokes and all other strokes with regard to clinical features or outcomes except for minor differences in age and baseline retrospective NIH Stroke Scale score. The adjusted wake-up stroke event rate was 26.0/100,000. Of the wake-up strokes, at least 98 (35.9%) would have been eligible for thrombolysis if arrival time were not a factor. Conclusions: Within our population, approximately 14% of ischemic strokes presenting to an emergency department were wake-up strokes. Wake-up strokes cannot be distinguished from other strokes by clinical features or outcome. We estimate that approximately 58,000 patients with wake-up strokes presented to an emergency department in the United States in 2005.
Evaluation of decapsulation of the canine kidney on renal function following acute ischemia.

Previous reports have suggested that the ischemic kidney develops a compression syndrome due to intracapsular edema and that decapsulation may improve function. This report evaluates renal function in ischemic kidneys with and without decapsulation. Thirteen dogs underwent creation of a split urinary bladder and the formation of bilateral cystocutaneous fistulas for measurement of split renal function. After systemic heparinization the suprarenal aorta was crossclamped for 112 hr. One kidney underwent removal of the anterior aspect of the capsule and the other intact kidney served as the control. The animals received 1000 ml/24 hr, 0.15 N NaCl solution IV postoperatively. Urine volume, osmolarity, creatinine, and sodium were quantitated during three consecutive 24-hr periods. Seventy-two hours following the ischemic injury, the dogs were reexplored. Renal interstitial pressures were measured and renal biopsies and an intravenous pyelogram performed prior to sacrifice. Significantly greater urine volume was produced by the decapsulated kidney (302 ± 35 ml/24 hr) than by the nondecapsulated kidney (173 ± 39 ml/24 hr). Urine sodium excretion/24 hr was consistently greater from the decapsulated kidney than from the intact kidney while urine osmolarity at 72 hr from the decapsulated kidney was 584 ± 76 and from the intact kidney was 325 ± 76 mosmole/liter (P < 0.05). Renal interstitial pressures were significantly greater in the intact kidney than in the decapsulated kidney. These data suggest that release of intercapsular compression can improve renal function in the ischemic canine kidney.
The Application of the Pure Theory of Population Change to the Theory of Capital

Bohm-Bawerk's concept of capital essentially that of a fund which supports factors of production during the period of production. — The "lake and stream" analogy, 647. — A better analogy is that of a population: capital, input, output, and the average period of production corresponding to population, births, deaths, and the average length of life, 650. — An analysis of pure population theory for a stationary state, 655; for a geometrically progressive state, 657. — Input as primarily the flow of services from all factors of production, 659. — Output as primarily the flow of services to consumers, 662. — An average period of production defined, which does not go back to any "primary" factors of production, 664. — Its length is between ten and twenty years, 665. — The existence of a period of production increases the probability of price disturbances, 666. — The concept objectively vague in a system of changing prices, but not so when considered as a subjective determinant of economic behavior, 666.
Two-handed assembly sequencing

This article considers the computational complexity of automatically determining assembly sequences for mechanical products. Specifically, we address the partitioning problem: given an assembly of rigid parts, identify a proper subassembly that can be removed as a rigid object without disturbing the rest of the assembly. We examine the complexity of the partitioning problem under various types of relative motions allowed for the subassemblies. We show that when arbitrary motions are allowed to separate the two subassemblies, partitioning is NP-complete. We then describe a general framework for reasoning about assembly motions called the interference diagram. In its most general form the interference diagram yields an exponential-time algorithm to partition an assembly. However, two special cases of the interference diagram studied in this article yield polynomial-time sequencing algorithms. The first case occurs when assembly motions are restricted to single translations. The second case considers infinitesimal rigid motions in translation and rotation and yields a superset of all feasible partitionings. These two algorithms have important practical applications in assembly planning.
Two factors control meal size

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate what intragastric factors led to hunger satiety. Is it the presence of a certain amount of nutrient in the stomach that produces satiety or is it simply sheer volume? As rats drank nutrient, saline was counterinjected into the stomach in proportion. It was found that with heavy drinkers, intragastric volume alone regulated intake. With light drinkers, another factor was present as volume played a much smaller role. A second experiment in which nutrient was siphoned off as the rats drank suggests that amount of intragastric nutrient as opposed to volume alone may also play a part in meal size regulation.
MULTI-MILLION PARTICLE MOLECULAR DYNAMICS ON THE CM-5

We outline a recently developed short-range molecular dynamics (MD) algorithm for message-passing MIMD computers. Timings and performance numbers are presented for a code, SPaSM, which implements the algorithm on the Connection Machine-5 (CM-5). We demonstrate that runs with more than 108 particles are now possible on massively parallel MIMD computers. The speed of the code scales linearly with the number of processors and with the number of particles and shows 95% parallel efficiency in the speedup. Recent results from 2D simulations of fracture dynamics are also presented
Modeling Latch-Up in CMOS Integrated Circuits

Latch-up is a common problem in CMOS integrated circuits. The modeling of latch-up with circuit simulation programs is addressed in this paper. The general features of a lumped element latch-up model are discussed along with a step-by-step approach to the component determination of the model. An example is presented to show the value of the latch-up model in latch-up threshold prediction. Finally, some latch-up control methods are discussed.
Jitter and delay reduction for time sensitive elastic traffic for TCP-interactive based world wide video streaming over ABone

Interactivity in transport protocol can greatly benefit transport friendly applications generating streaming traffic. Recently we have developed the TCP interactive, which can provide event notification to the subscriber of its communication service. This is operationally state equivalent to the conventional TCP except applications can optionally subscribe, receive, and in real-time react to selected local end-point events. This simple extension opens the horizon for a spectrum of smart application level solutions to be realized for many of the current hard problems including congestion control for time sensitive elastic traffic. We have recently implemented and tested the real system on the active network (ABone) testbed for video streaming to worldwide sites. In this paper we share the performance of this system and report potential dramatic improvement in time-bounded streaming traffic.
E. H. Gombrich on Creativity: A Cognitive–Historical Case Study

E. H. Gombrich (1909–2001) was almost certainly the most broadly known art historian of the 20th century, and his scholarly work has influenced researchers in many domains. Among psychologists, Gombrich's impact has been greatest in the area of visual perception, largely through the ideas articulated in his book Art and Illusion (1960). His influence on creativity research has been far less profound, although his writings include numerous (although often indirect) discussions of fundamental aspects of creative processes. This cognitive–historical case study investigation aimed to understand how Gombrich achieved a rich, and sometimes prescient, understanding of creativity without emphasizing it as an explicit focus of his scholarship. I argue that Gombrich's cognitive style and multidisciplinary forays led him to emphasize and integrate a particular set of principles that are often underemphasized in contemporary creativity research. Gombrich's foci, on understanding individual creators, continuity with t...
Deciding Between the Common and Private Values Paradigm: An Application to Experimental Data

In the application of auction theory to the real world, practitioners must choose ex ante which of the common value or the private values paradigm applies. Since intuition may fail, some authors have proposed to decide statistically between the two models. These studies, however, did not confirm whether the tests validated the true model since field data were used. I propose to use experimental data as well as Monte-Carlo simulations to study different nonstructural rules to decide between the two paradigms. I find that regressions are inconclusive whereas a nonparametric procedure seems to be powerful and robust.
Genome-wide significant predictors of metabolites in the one-carbon metabolism pathway

Low plasma B-vitamin levels and elevated homocysteine have been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. Common variants in FUT2 on chromosome 19q13 were associated with plasma vitamin B12 levels among women in a genome-wide association study in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) NCI-Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) project. To identify additional loci associated with plasma vitamin B12, homocysteine, folate and vitamin B6 (active form pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, PLP), we conducted a meta-analysis of three GWA scans (total n = 4763, consisting of 1658 women in NHS-CGEMS, 1647 women in Framingham-SNP-Health Association Resource (SHARe) and 1458 men in SHARe). On chromosome 19q13, we confirm the association of plasma vitamin B12 with rs602662 and rs492602 (P-value = 1.83 × 10−15 and 1.30 × 10−14, respectively) in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs601338 (P = 6.92 × 10−15), the FUT2 W143X nonsense mutation. We identified additional genome-wide significant loci for plasma vitamin B12 on chromosomes 6p21 (P = 4.05 × 10−08), 10p12 (P-value=2.87 × 10−9) and 11q11 (P-value=2.25 × 10−10) in genes with biological relevance. We confirm the association of the well-studied functional candidate SNP 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) Ala222Val (dbSNP ID: rs1801133; P-value=1.27 × 10−8), on chromosome 1p36 with plasma homocysteine and identify an additional genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 9q22 (P-value=2.06 × 10−8) associated with plasma homocysteine. We also identified genome-wide associations with variants on chromosome 1p36 with plasma PLP (P-value=1.40 × 10−15). Genome-wide significant loci were not identified for plasma folate. These data reveal new biological candidates and confirm prior candidate genes for plasma homocysteine, plasma vitamin B12 and plasma PLP.
Using cost benefit analysis for enterprise resource planning project evaluation: a case for including intangibles

The paper demonstrates how cost benefit analysis can be applied to large-scale ERP projects, and that these methods can incorporate intangible benefits, e.g., user satisfaction. Detailed information on the business case utilized by a large computer manufacturer in the decision to implement the SAP system R/3 is presented. Techniques that demonstrate how intangibles may be included in the standard cost benefit analyses are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion on the state of valuing ERP projects and questions to be answered in the future.
Iron loss model for PM synchronous motors in transportation

High power AC motors are in common use in transportation such as the power-trains of electric and hybrid cars, locomotives and aircrafts. Lower power AC motors are also used in other parts of the transportation vehicles such as the compressor of an air-conditioner. Iron losses in permanent magnet synchronous machines form a larger portion of the total losses than in the induction machines and, hence, more importance should be given to the minimization of iron loss. Previously, models have been presented for the calculations of these losses but these models still rely on finite element simulations to obtain correction factors, which are substantial, to apply to the theoretically derived formulas in order to obtain good agreement with the experimental data. In this paper we point out the source of this correction factor: the neglect of excess eddy current loss component. In many cases this loss component dominates the total iron losses and need to be incorporated in the theoretical considerations. We also provide a more complete model of iron loss, which greatly reduces the need for calculating the correction factors using FEM. The use of this more complete model will result in reduced design time especially when a number of candidate designs need to be analyzed because otherwise the calculation of these correction factors using FEM would be cumbersome as these correction factors tend to be non-linear.
Exercise and the institute of medicine recommendations for nutrition

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine (IOM) recently released energy, macronutrient, and fluid recommendations, which acknowledged for the first time that active individuals have unique nutritional needs. The IOM calculated an acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrate (45%-65% of energy), protein (10%-35% of energy), and fat (20%-35% of energy; limit saturated and trans fats). These proportions provide a range broad enough to cover the macronutrient needs of most active individuals, but specific carbohydrate and protein recommendations are also typically made based on a g/kg body weight formula. These ranges are 5 to 12 g of carbohydrate/kg body weight and 1.2 to 1.8 g/kg body weight for protein depending on the level of physical activity. The IOM report also gives recommendations for the two essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (men, 14–17 g/d; women, 11-I2g/d) and linolenic acid (men, 1.6 g/d; women, I. I g/d). Baseline adequate intakes for fluid (water + other beverages) were set at 3.0 L and 2.2 L for sedentary men and women, respectively, with higher intakes needed to account for physical activity and exposure to extreme environments.
English and Identity in Asia

A common assumption is that one’s mother tongue is essentially one’s ethnocultural identity.Contact by speakers of local languages with a hegemonic language such as English is therefore seen as endangering not only the local language but also threatening the identity that speakers deem closest to them. I will argue in this paper that identifying language with identity is an oversimplification. I present societal attitudes toward English in a number of East and Southeast Asian nations and discuss the roots of those attitudes. Macro-societal attitudes towards language are, however, only one factor in the construction of ethnocultural identity in face-to-face interaction. I borrow Bucholtz and Hall’s tactics of intersubjectivity to frame my case that personal identity is constructed and negotiated by language performance in oral and literate practices and it is neither determined nor fixed by the attitudes of a society toward languages.
A Phase II Study of Weekly Paclitaxel in Elderly Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic behavior of single-agent paclitaxel given weekly to elderly patients with lung cancer. Experimental Design: Previously untreated patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer were eligible for the study if they were at least 70 years of age and had preserved organ function. Paclitaxel was administered over 1 h at a dose of 90 mg/m 2 for 6 consecutive weeks on an 8-week cycle. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel were assessed during the first and sixth week of therapy in a subgroup of eight patients. Results: A total of 35 patients (median age, 76 years; range, 70–85) were enrolled. The overall response rate was 23%. Median time to failure was 5.2 months, whereas the median survival time was 10.3 months. Survival rates after 1 and 2 years were 45 and 22%, respectively. Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (5.8%), hyperglycemia (17.6%), neuropathy (5.8%), and infection (8.8%). Two patients died from treatment-related toxicity. There was no significant difference ( P = 0.18) between the total body clearance of paclitaxel on the first (17.4 ± 2.9 liters/h/m 2 , mean ± SD) and sixth (15.8 ± 4.1 liters/h/m 2 ) week of therapy. Conclusion: Paclitaxel administered as a weekly 1-h infusion at a dose of 90 mg/m 2 is a safe and effective therapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Its pharmacokinetics in elderly patients do not appear to differ from historical data for younger patients, and there was no suggestion of a change in drug clearance after repeated weekly dosing.
High Read Stability and Low Leakage SRAM Cell Based on Data/Bitline Decoupling

Data in conventional six transistor (6T) static random access memory (SRAM) cells are vulnerable to noise due to the direct coupling of data storage nodes to the bit lines during a read operation. Lowering of supply and threshold voltages leads to a significant degradation in SRAM cell stability with the scaling of CMOS technology. The SRAM cell stability is further degraded due to the process parameter variations in deeply scaled CMOS technologies. In addition to the data stability issues, the increasing leakage energy consumption of on-chip caches is another growing concern. In this paper, a new nine transistor (9T) SRAM cell with enhanced read stability and reduced leakage power consumption is proposed.
Memento: A Health Monitoring System for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are deployed today to monitor the environment, but their own health status is relatively opaque to network administrators, in most cases. Our system, Memento, provides failure detection and symptom alerts, while being frugal in the use of energy and bandwidth. Memento has two parts: an energy-efficient protocol to deliver state summaries, and a distributed failure detector module. The failure detector is robust to packet losses, and attempts to ensure that reports of failure will not exceed a specified false positive rate. We show that distributed monitoring of a subset of well-connected neighbors using a variance-bound based failure detector achieves the lowest rate of false positives, suitable for use in practice. We evaluate our findings using an implementation for the TinyOS platform on the Mica2 motes on a 55-node network, and find that Memento achieves a 80-90% reduction in bandwidth use compared to standard data collection methods
Positive resection margins following prostatectomy: Outcomes with and without radiation

Materials/Methods: A total of 3162 patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with radical prostatectomy between 1986 and 2003 and are followed in our database. Six hundred twenty-nine of these had positive margins and complete data, which was our sample for this study. No patients had neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal or chemotherapy. All patients had at least one follow-up PSA after RP or radiation (RT). 507 patients had RP only, 41 had adjuvant radiation therapy after RP (ART) and 81 had salvage RT after RP (SRT). Patient characteristics are given in Table 1. The age range for the patients was from 40 to 79 yrs (median: 63 yrs). The median follow-up was 49 months (range: 0–196 months). Biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. The definition of biochemical relapse was two consecutive PSAs of 0.2 or one PSA 0.2 for prostatectomy, and for ART and SRT, a PSA value 0.1 above the post-radiotherapy nadir was used.
Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid‐ and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data

Recent studies using both field measurements and satellite-derived-vegetation indices have demonstrated that global warming is influencing vegetation growth and phenology. To accurately predict the future response of vegetation to climate variation, a thorough understanding of vegetation phenological cycles and their relationship to temperature and precipitation is required. In this paper, vegetation phenological transition dates identified using data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2001 are linked with MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data from the northern hemisphere between 35°N and 70°N. The results show well-defined patterns dependent on latitude, in which vegetation greenup gradually migrates northward starting in March, and dormancy spreads southward from late September. Among natural vegetation land-cover types, the growing-season length for forests is strongly correlated with variation in mean annual LST. For urban areas, the onset of greenup is 4–9 days earlier on average, and the onset of dormancy is about 2–16 days later, relative to adjacent natural vegetation. This difference (especially for urban vs. forests) is apparently related to urban heat island effects that result in both the average spring temperature and the mean annual temperature in urban areas being about 1–3°C higher relative to rural areas. The results also indicate that urban heat island effects on vegetation phenology are stronger in North America than in Europe and Asia. Finally, the onset of forest greenup at continental scales can be effectively described using a thermal time-chilling model, which can be used to infer the delay or advance of greenup onset in relation to climatic warming at global scale.
Constant-time dynamic ATM bandwidth scheduling for guaranteed and best effort services with overbooking

We present an analysis of an existing rate-based ABR scheduling algorithm described by Kline (see ATM-Forum Contribution 94-0849), and propose an enhanced rate-based round robin (RBR) scheduling algorithm for ATM switches and end systems. One of the novel aspects of RBR is that the scheduler supports available bit rate (ABR) traffic as well as guaranteed bandwidth reservations. In addition, bandwidth overbooking is allowed by the scheduler for ABR services to improve the link efficiency as recommended by most flow control schemes. Under competition, the scheduler distributes the bandwidth in a max-min fair way. Any unused reservations for guaranteed services are reallocated to ABR services. Finally, the operations performed during each scheduling cycle are constant, independent of the number of connections. Simulation results are also presented and analyzed.
Historical changes in American self-interest: State of the Union addresses 1790 to 2012.

Many psychological theories of morality suggest that satisfying our own self-interest motives and desires at the expense of others is the default condition in early childhood development, but that humans eventually learn to behave selflessly in the interest of others. Recent research examining societal increases in traits related to self-interest (e.g., narcissism) in the US finds increases in such traits over the past 30 years. The current study examined changes in self-interest from 1790 through 2012 using presidential State of the Union addresses. Self-interest (relative to interest in others) was low during the 19th century but rose after the turn of the 20th century.
InP-based single-photon detector arrays with asynchronous readout integrated circuits

We have developed and demonstrated a high-duty-cycle asynchronous InGaAsP-based photon counting detector system with near-ideal Poisson response, room-temperature operation, and nanosecond timing resolution for near-infrared applications. The detector is based on an array of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes coupled to a custom integrated circuit that provides for lossless readout via an asynchronous, nongated architecture. We present results showing Poisson response for incident photon flux rates up to 10 million photons per second and multiple photons per 3-ns timing bin.
Application of a Solvation Shell Analysis to the Diffusivity of Interstitial Species in Binary Substitutional Solutions

The application of coordination shell approaches with consideration of different types of activated complexes provides adequate description of interstitial diffusion in substitutional lattices. These models can be extended to the entire composition range. The thermodynamic models can be extended to non-random alloys like Fe-Si. However, this is not enough to account for the anomaly of C diffusion in Fe-Si.
Identification of a novel, tissue-specific ABCG2 promoter expressed in pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

ABCG2 encodes a transporter protein that is associated with multidrug-resistant phenotypes in many cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML); high levels of expression are generally associated with a poor prognosis. To better understand how expression of ABCG2 is controlled in pediatric AML, we performed a detailed analysis of the ABCG2 transcript isoforms from a variety of tissue sources, including 85 pediatric AML samples. These studies revealed a complex 5' untranslated region (UTR) with 6 novel exons and multiple splice variants. Samples from children with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML FAB-M7) not associated with Down syndrome showed uniformly higher levels of ABCG2 transcripts than samples from children with other AML subtypes. A novel 5' UTR identified 90kb upstream of the exon 2 translation initiation site was expressed only in M7 AML subtypes. An associated upstream promoter fragment was shown to be selectively expressed in megakaryoblastic leukemia cells but not in human epithelial cell lines. These findings identify a new tissue-specific ABCG2 promoter that is selectively expressed in pediatric M7 AML. We also show a relatively high incidence of ABCG2 mRNA expression in non-Down associated M7 AML, which may contribute to the relatively poor prognosis of the M7 AML subtype.
An Evaluation of a Diagnostic Wind Model (CALMET)

Abstract A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved diagnostic wind model [California Meteorological Model (CALMET)] was evaluated during a typical lake-breeze event under fair weather conditions in the Chicago region. The authors focused on the performance of CALMET in terms of simulating winds that were highly variable in space and time. The reference winds were generated by the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) assimilating system, with which CALMET results were compared. Statistical evaluations were conducted to quantify overall model differences in wind speed and direction over the domain. Below 850 m above the surface, relative differences in (layer averaged) wind speed were about 25%–40% during the simulation period; wind direction differences generally ranged from 6° to 20°. Above 850 m, the differences became larger because of the limited number of upper-air stations near the studied domain. Analyses implied th...
Bird Response to Clear Cutting in Missouri Ozark Forests

Abstract We evaluated changes in breeding bird density and shifts in territory distribution with respect to clear cutting and timber stand improvement (TSI) of even-aged stands on >300 ha experimental management units as part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project. After one harvest entry, clear cutting had positive effects on density of indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), and yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) and negative effects on density of Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), and worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). In buffer regions within 100 m of clearcuts, indigo bunting, hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), wood thrush (Hylocichila mustelina), and Kentucky warbler (Oporornis formosus) densities increased and ovenbird density decreased. Breeding bird densities did not change in interior regions >100 m from clearcuts except for a small increase for wood thrush. Breeding Acadian flycatcher and ovenbird show...
A Foodborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Involving Two Different Pathogens

On the evening of October 10, 1990, many of the 474 inmates of a state prison in Florida began to experience symptoms of gastroenteritis. An investigation included interviews with inmates, evaluation of the kitchen and food-handling practices, cultures of leftover food, stool cultures, and cultures from the nares and skin lesions of food handlers. Of the 331 inmates interviewed, 215 (65%) had diarrhea, vomiting, or both. The median incubation period was 5 hours (range, 1-41 hours). Cases with onset of illness 8 or more hours after the evening meal were more likely than those with earlier onset to have had only diarrhea without vomiting (p < 0.001). Eating turkey at the evening meal on October 10 was associated with risk of illness (relative risk = 4.8, 95% confidence interval 1.7-13.7). Cases who became ill within 8 hours of the evening meal and those who became ill later were both more likely to have eaten turkey than those who did not become ill (p < 0.001 and p < 0.007, respectively). Salmonella infantis and enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus were both isolated from samples of leftover turkey, and S. infantis was isolated from 18 of 20 stool specimens. Cultures of the anterior nares and skin lesions of food handlers grew S. aureus, but phage typing failed to link these strains to the outbreak. Improper food-handling practices contributed to the development of this outbreak. This report highlights the importance of recognizing multiple-organism outbreaks, since the authors' recommendations for prevention of more cases depended upon knowing the risks associated with the distinct organisms and the possible sources of contamination.
William C. Potter and Cristina Hansell (Eds.). The Global Politics of Combating Nuclear Terrorism: A Supply-Side Approach

This anthology examines the political aspects of reducing highly enriched uranium (HEU) to lessen the global threat of nuclear terrorism. In 2004, results of the James Martin Center for Nonprolifer...
Scanning Josephson spectroscopy on the atomic scale

Unconventional superconductors, with order parameters that are predicted to have short range spatial modulations, have held long standing interest in the field. The Josephson effect, which directly probes the strength of the pairing potential is an ideal technique to study these materials, in contrast to a majority of probes which rely on deductions made from quasiparticle measurements. The authors combine the Josephson effect with the high spatial resolution afforded by scanning tunneling microscopy to study atomic scale variations of the order parameter in a model system consisting of magnetic adatoms on a BCS superconductor. The atomic resolution achieved establishes scanning Josephson spectroscopy as a promising tool for the study of novel superconducting materials.
Nest-Site Selection and the Importance of Nest Concealment in the Black-Throated Blue Warbler

Nest-site selection of Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) was studied for two summers in a northern hardwood forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Nest placement in the shrub layer was examined to evaluate several alternative hypotheses concerning the selection of nest-site microhabitat. Nest-sites tended to be in dense patches of hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium) with denser vegetation below 1.5 m and more open vegetation between 1.5-3 m than at random points. Shrub densities at nests and at random points within hobblebush patches were, in nearly all cases, statistically indistinguishable. Nests were placed in large patches of shrubs much more often than at random points and in larger patches of hobblebush more often than at random points within hobblebush patches. Black-throated Blue Warblers placed their nest in more concealed locations compared to empty nests placed at random locations. Concealment indices of successful and depredated nests, however, were not significantly different from one another. Several reasons why this species chose particular microhabitats within the shrub layer are discussed.
Enhancements to GPR buried UXO detection using the apex-shifted hyperbolic radon tansform

This paper investigates the use of the apex-shifted hyperbolic Radon transform to improve detection of buried unexploded ordinances with ground penetrating radar (GPR). The forward transform, motivated by physical signatures generated by targets, is defined and implemented. The adjoint of the transform is derived and implemented as well. The transform and its adjoint are used to filter out responses that do not exhibit the hyperbolic structure characteristic of GPR target responses. The effectiveness of filtering off clutter via this hyperbolic Radon transform filtering procedure is demonstrated qualitatively on several examples of GPR B-scan imagery from a government-provided dataset collected at an outdoor testing site. Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the utility within a detection algorithm is given in terms of improved ROC curve performance on the same dataset.
Precipitation of Kaolinite at 25°C and 1 ATM

The 0.2–5μ particle size fraction of montmorillonite from three sources was equilibrated with various solutions at room temperature. After 3–4 yr, kaolinite was found in some of the samples that were supersaturated with respect to kaolinite, but not in any of the undersaturated samples or in the original montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction analysis of the precipitated kaolinite showed no inter-layer expansion of glycerated, oriented samples. Random powder samples indicated a poor crystal-Unity. The thermal stability of the precipitated material was indistinguishable from that of crystalline kaolinite. The electron microscope did not reveal any distinctive sizes or shapes. Equilibration behavior of several samples defined a single kaolinite solubility line at or above which kaolinite apparently begins to precipitate. The solubility line is equivalent to a standard free energy of formation (AG) of -904.2 kcal per mole of kaolinite. This represents highly crystalline kaolinite. The stability of kaolinite actually precipitated at room temperature probably depends upon precipitation conditions. Thus kaolinite stability could range from poorly crystalline up to the equivalent of the kaolinite solubility line at which initial precipitation begins.
Service Selection Approach Considering the Dynamic Change of QoS

With the high development of Web services technology,there are several features similar Web service on Internet.How to select suitable services to meet the needs of customers and generate the service composition has become one of the major issues.Based on the existing QoS service selection method is usually assumed that service provider's value is real and fixed,but the quality of services often changes in the actual operation.Therefore,the paper put forward a dynamic change of data to consider QoS service selection method.The method introduces a reliable QoS sub-periods,which can be more relevant to describe the actual operation of service.The method according to service at different time changes on the reliability of the sub-divided into different services,using redundant,under a different time period to meet the requirements to provide users with multiple options for services.Finally,a simulation experiment shows the availability and effectiveness of the method.
Whole Genome Pathway Analysis Identifies an Association of Cadmium Response Gene Loss with Copy Number Variation in Mutant p53 Bearing Uterine Endometrial Carcinomas.

Background Massive chromosomal aberrations are a signature of advanced cancer, although the factors promoting the pervasive incidence of these copy number alterations (CNAs) are poorly understood. Gatekeeper mutations, such as p53, contribute to aneuploidy, yet p53 mutant tumors do not always display CNAs. Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC) offers a unique system to begin to evaluate why some cancers acquire high CNAs while others evolve another route to oncogenesis, since about half of p53 mutant UCEC tumors have a relatively flat CNA landscape and half have 20–90% of their genome altered in copy number.
Prenatal Diagnosis of β-Thalassemia Using Multiplex Allele-Specific Amplification (MASPCR) in Chinese Families.

Combining allele-specific amplification (ASPCR) with multiplex PCR, we developed a new approach—multiplex allele-specific amplification (MASPCR) to detect five common types of β-thalassemia mutations (CD 41–42(-4bp), CD 17 A→T, CD 71–72 (+ A), −28 A→ G and IVS-2–654 C→ T) which account for approximately 80% of all β-thalassemia alleles in Chinese individuals. Using this technique, prenatal diagnoses were performed for ten pregnancies at risk for β-thalassemia. All the results were confirmed by PCR/ASO probe hybridization or DNA sequencing. This study suggests that this method is a simple, accurate approach that may further improve the prevention programs for β-thalassemia that have already dramatically lowered the birth rate of affected children in some parts of the world.
Spoofing: social commentary or effective marketing tool? Testing promotion vs. prevention message frames in college students’ fight against obesity

AbstractSpoofs parody regular advertisements in an attempt to discourage consumers from using or buying certain products. Using regulatory focus theory, the overarching question in this paper was whether spoofs (promotion vs. prevention) act as anti-consumption messages to fight obesity among college students. In Study 1, a repeated measures design was employed where participants were shown the regular ad followed by either spoof, while in Study 2, a between-subjects design was used and participants were exposed to either one of the three ads. Findings from both studies confirmed that spoofing potentially impacts brands, specifically, purchase intentions. Effectiveness of either spoof varies with respect to the presentation order of the ads and levels of anti-commercial consumer rebellion. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Social Learning and Innovation in Hunter-Gatherers

This chapter provides an introduction to social learning and innovation in hunter-gatherers, summarizes major theoretical orientations on from whom and how children learn from others, and highlights new results from chapters in the book.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including peripheral vascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure compared to the general population1,2. The absolute CV risk is estimated to be up to 2-fold increased1,2. The risk is increased because of chronic, systemic inflammation, as well as premature atherosclerosis. In addition to the risk inherent to the underlying disease, conventional risk factors are major contributors to the increase in recurrence of CVD, including dyslipidemia, hypertension (HTN), obesity, smoking, and diabetes3. In this edition of The Journal , Barber, et al report on the experience of using CV risk indicators in clinical practice4. In 2 cohorts of patients, 1 in which patients enrolled into an early RA disease clinic and the other where patients enrolled into a biologic registry, the authors report on the frequencies with which CVD indicators are assessed. These are summarized in a baseline 10-year Framingham Risk Score for those patients whose risk is identified by the Framingham Risk Score, age 30–74 years, and not taking a baseline statin. As anticipated, patients in the biologics cohort generally had more active disease, had worse functional status, were more likely to have erosive disease, and had extraarticular disease. The quality indicators assessed as CVD risk factors in the study included evidence of discussion of increased CV risk with the patient, formal CV risk assessment, assessment of smoking status and offer of smoking cessation counseling, screening for HTN and communication of HTN findings to the patient’s primary care provider, measurement of lipid profile, screening for diabetes, exercise counseling, and body mass index screening and lifestyle counseling, as well as documented attempts to reduce glucocorticoid usage and communication of the … Address correspondence to Dr. E.L. Matteson, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 200 1st St., South West, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA; E-mail: matteson.eric{at}mayo.edu