cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Model Based on Double Layer Conductivity of Laminated and Dispersed Shaly Sand

Based on the hypothesis that the laminated shale and dispersed shaly sand are parallel conduction,and the conduction theory for 3-dimensional periodic array of charged spheres immersing in electrolyte,a new generalized double layer conductivity model is proposed for laminated and dispersed shale coexisting in shaly sand.The analysis on influence factors of the model shows that the effect of cation exchange concentration QV of dispersed shale and cementation exponent on the relationship curve between formation conductivity Cl and total water saturation Swt increases as the Swt increases;whereas the effect of saturation exponent n on the Cl ～Swt curve decreases as the Swt increases in its higher range.Calculation on data of 2 sets of dispersed shaly sand samples and 1 set of artificial synthetic rock samples in laminated and dispersed shaly sand show that this model may be applied not only in dispersed shaly sand but also in laminated shaly sand,also may be applied in mixed laminated and dispersed shaly sands.
15 – Attention and Sensorimotor Integration: Mapping the Embodied Mind

Publisher Summary This chapter presents brain mapping data focusing on the neural circuitry of attentional processes and its temporal and spatial dynamics. Several neuroimaging studies of attention, mostly visuospatial, and sensorimotor integration, encompassing a variety of brain-mapping techniques that are relevant to the cognitive processes are reviewed. The spatial stimulus-response compatibility can be modulated by temporal contextual variables. A blocked presentation of stimulus–response pairs produces a larger compatibility effect than a mixed presentation of compatible and incompatible stimulus-response pairs. In the mixed presentation mode, when a stimulus–response pair is preceded by a stimulus–response pair of the same type, reaction times are faster than when two sequential stimulus–response pairs belong to different categories. The analysis of positron emission tomography data shows a significant interaction between group and spatial compatibility in the left dorsal premotor cortex. Following the pattern of reaction time data, high-frequency switchers have no compatibility effect in this region, mainly because of high activity during the compatible response condition. Functional neuroimaging data on prelearned saccades and spatial working memory, however, show strikingly similar activation of dorsal premotor areas, suggesting the shared neural mechanisms.
Type I Interferon-Mediated Induction of Antiviral Genes and Proteins Fails to Protect Cells from the Cytopathic Effects of Sendai Virus Infection

Sendai virus (SeV), a murine paramyxovirus, has been used to study the induction of type I interferon (IFN) subtypes in robust quantities. Few studies have measured whether the IFN that SeV induces actually fulfills its intended purpose of interfering with virus-mediated effects in the cells in which it is produced. We determined the effects of IFN on SeV-mediated cytopathic effects (CPE) and the ability of IFN to protect against virus infection. SeV-induced biologically active IFN resulted in Jak/STAT activation and the production of a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, these responses did not inhibit SeV replication or CPE. This observation was not due to SeV effects on canonical IFN signaling. Furthermore, pretreating cells with type I IFN and establishing an antiviral state before infection did not mediate SeV effects. Therefore, the induction of canonical IFN signaling pathways and ISGs does not always confer protection against the IFN-inducing virus. Because type I IFNs are approved to treat various infections, our findings suggest that typical markers of IFN activity may not be indicative of a protective antiviral response and should not be used alone to determine whether an antiviral state against a particular virus is achieved.
A Framework for Analyzing the Whole Body Surface Area from a Single View

We present a virtual reality (VR) framework for the analysis of whole human body surface area. Usual methods for determining the whole body surface area (WBSA) are based on well known formulae, characterized by large errors when the subject is obese, or belongs to certain subgroups. For these situations, we believe that a computer vision approach can overcome these problems and provide a better estimate of this important body indicator. Unfortunately, using machine learning techniques to design a computer vision system able to provide a new body indicator that goes beyond the use of only body weight and height, entails a long and expensive data acquisition process. A more viable solution is to use a dataset composed of virtual subjects. Generating a virtual dataset allowed us to build a population with different characteristics (obese, underweight, age, gender). However, synthetic data might differ from a real scenario, typical of the physician’s clinic. For this reason we develop a new virtual environment to facilitate the analysis of human subjects in 3D. This framework can simulate the acquisition process of a real camera, making it easy to analyze and to create training data for machine learning algorithms. With this virtual environment, we can easily simulate the real setup of a clinic, where a subject is standing in front of a camera, or may assume a different pose with respect to the camera. We use this newly designated environment to analyze the whole body surface area (WBSA). In particular, we show that we can obtain accurate WBSA estimations with just one view, virtually enabling the possibility to use inexpensive depth sensors (e.g., the Kinect) for large scale quantification of the WBSA from a single view 3D map.
Increasing velocity of wafer level reliability characterization: Novel approaches and limitations

Tremendous amounts of wafer level reliability testing is required to support transistor technology development efforts. Conventional testing takes considerable time which severely limits reliability organizations. We present two approaches that help increase data velocity for wafer level reliability measurements and discuss their current limitations.
Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted ‘heroin’

Abstract Background The US is experiencing an unprecedented opioid overdose epidemic fostered in recent years by regional contamination of the heroin supply with the fentanyl family of synthetic opioids. Since 2011 opioid-related overdose deaths in the East Coast state of Massachusetts have more than tripled, with 75% of the 1374 deaths with an available toxicology positive for fentanyl. Fentanyl is 30–50X more potent than heroin and its presence makes heroin use more unpredictable. A rapid ethnographic assessment was undertaken to understand the perceptions and experiences of people who inject drugs sold as ‘heroin' and to observe the drugs and their use. Methods A team of ethnographers conducted research in northeast Massachusetts and Nashua, New Hampshire in June 2016, performing (n=38) qualitative interviews with persons who use heroin. Results (1) The composition and appearance of heroin changed in the last four years; (2) heroin is cheaper and more widely available than before; and (3) heroin ‘types' have proliferated with several products being sold as ‘heroin'. These consisted of two types of heroin (alone), fentanyl (alone), and heroin–fentanyl combinations. In the absence of available toxicological information on retail-level heroin, our research noted a hierarchy of fentanyl discernment methods, with embodied effects considered most reliable in determining fentanyl's presence, followed by taste, solution appearance and powder color. This paper presents a new ‘heroin' typology based on users' reports. Conclusion Massachusetts' heroin has new appearances and is widely adulterated by fentanyl. Persons who use heroin are trying to discern the substances sold as heroin and their preferences for each form vary. The heroin typology presented is inexact but can be validated by correlating users' discernment with drug toxicological testing. If validated, this typology would be a valuable harm reduction tool. Further research on adaptations to heroin adulteration could reduce risks of using heroin and synthetic opioid combinations.
OR47 A novel role for antibodies to HLA and self-antigens: Induction of immuno-stimulatory exosomes

Aim Recent report from us demonstrated that lung transplant recipients who developed donor specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA and chronic rejection (Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS)) had circulating exosomes expressing donor HLA and lung self-antigens (SAgs), Collagen-V and K α 1-Tubulin, (AJT,17:474,2017). The goals of this study are to determine the role of DSA and antibodies (Abs) to SAgs in the development of exosomes and to define their immunogenicity. Methods Towards determining exosome development following ligation of antigens by Abs, an in vitro assay using human airway epithelial cells (AEC) incubated with allo-Abs to HLA (high panel reactive antibody sera) or Abs to lung SAgs was performed. After incubating AEC for 24 h, supernatants were collected for exosome isolation. Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and lack of aggregates determined using sucrose density gradient. Presence of exosome marker CD-9 and Alix, SAgs, costimulatory molecules (CD-80 & 86), HLA-class II and 20 s proteasome subunit α 3 were determined by immunoblot. Exosomes isolated from BOS patients were used for immunization of mice with or without adjuvants and immune responses determined, Abs by ELISA and SAg specific cytokines by ELISpot. Results Culture of AEC with either anti-HLA or Abs to SAgs, but not control, resulted in exosome secretion to the supernatant. Cells remained viable (>90%) at 24hrs when supernatant was collected for exosome isolation. Exosomes demonstrated markers CD-9 and Alix, lung SAgs, costimulatory molecules (CD80 & 86), HLA-class II and 20S proteasome. Immunization of mice with exosomes from BOS patients with or without adjuvant resulted in Abs to K α 1-Tubulin and Collagen-V. Splenic T cells responded to both SAgs with increased frequencies of IFN-’Y and IL17 with reduction in IL10. Conclusions Ligation of AEC by anti-HLA or anti-lung SAgs results in exosome development without cell death. Exosomes contain lung SAgs along with HLA-class II, 20S proteasome and costimulatory molecules making it highly immunogenic. Therefore, exosomes released from AEC upon binding by either de novo developed DSA or Abs to lung SAgs will augment immune responses following lung transplantation leading to rejection.
Human IL12RB1 expression is allele-biased and produces a novel IL12 response regulator

Human IL12RB1 is an autosomal gene that is essential for mycobacterial disease resistance and T cell differentiation. Using primary human tissue and PBMCs, we demonstrate that lung and T cell IL12RB1 expression is allele-biased, and the extent to which cells express one IL12RB1 allele is unaffected by activation. Furthermore following its expression the IL12RB1 pre-mRNA is processed into either IL12RB1 Isoform 1 (IL12Rβ1, a positive regulator of IL12 responsiveness) or IL12RB1 Isoform 2 (a protein of heretofore unknown function). T cells choice to process pre-mRNA into Isoform 1 or Isoform 2 is controlled by intragenic competition of IL12RB1 exon 9-10 splicing with IL12RB1 exon 9b splicing, as well as an IL12RB1 exon 9b-associated polyadenylation site. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (hnRNP H) binds near the regulated polyadenylation site, but is not required for exon 9b polyadenylation. Finally, microRNA-mediated knockdown experiments demonstrated that IL12RB1 Isoform 2 promotes T cell IL12 responses. Collectively, our data support a model wherein tissue expression of human IL12RB1 is allele-biased and produces an hnRNP H-bound pre-mRNA, the processing of which generates a novel IL12 response regulator.
Power Relations in Development Communication and Public Diplomacy: US and Chinese Practices in Afghanistan

While international development and public diplomacy can both be considered as the process of transferring resources in the pursuit of desired outcomes, they have contrasted stances in representing the interest and power of different acting organizations. Development assistance has a more overly ethical and normative purpose, whereas public diplomacy represents the interests of the acting organization and concerns policy outcomes. In this chapter, the author investigates the power relations in public diplomacy and development communication through network analysis, and unpacks the US and Chinese networks of their foreign assistance to Afghanistan. With a comparison of two resource transaction networks, the author concludes that the US aid to Afghanistan empowers contractors, while Chinese aid gives power to state-owned enterprises.
Stochastic Resonance: From Earth’s Ice Ages to Human Sensory Systems

Stochastic resonance has been studied intensively by physicists over the past decade or so. The phenomenon is seen in an extraordinarily wide variety of physical systems. More recently, researchers have asked whether stochastic resonance may be relevant to problems in sensory biology. We give a brief overview of the subject and discuss our work on single hair cells in the auditory system, where Brownian motion of hair bundles improves the mechanoelectrical transduction of extremely weak signals.
Gender-Role Conflict and Strain in Men’s Lives

Gender-role conflict and strain are part of contemporary society’s gender reevaluation. This gender reevaluation includes a critical assessment of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny as norms for optimal functioning in a rapidly changing society. Gender-role reevaluation is the process whereby men and women assess, maintain, and redefine their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors about their masculine, feminine, and androgynous roles. Gender-role reevaluation is also part of society’s concern with how the sexes interact and relate to each other. Currently, the sexes are asking questions about their gender-role definitions and how they have been emotionally affected or restricted by their socialization and sexism in their lives. From these gender reevaluations, many individuals are discovering gender-role conflicts and strains that emanate from early gender-role socialization and societal expectations related to the appropriateness of masculine and feminine roles. The reevaluation of gender roles is difficult for many to integrate into their emotional, career, and interpersonal lives and there is much struggle to incorporate new gender-role definitions without strain and conflict.
Mechanisms of genetic instability caused by (CGG)n repeats in an experimental mammalian system

We developed an experimental system for studying genome instability caused by fragile X (CGG)n repeats in mammalian cells. Our method uses a selectable cassette carrying the HyTK gene under the control of the FMR1 promoter with (CGG)n repeats in its 5' UTR, which is integrated into the unique RL5 site in murine erythroid leukemia cells. Carrier-size (CGG)n repeats markedly elevated the frequency of reporter inactivation, making cells ganciclovir resistant. These resistant clones had a unique mutational signature: a change in repeat length concurrent with mutagenesis in the reporter gene. Inactivation of genes implicated in break-induced replication, including Pold3, Pold4, Rad52, Rad51, and Smarcal1, reduced the frequency of ganciclovir-resistant clones to the baseline level that was observed in the absence of (CGG)n repeats. We propose that replication fork collapse at carrier-size (CGG)n repeats can trigger break-induced replication, which results in simultaneous repeat length changes and mutagenesis at a distance.
Context Alters Perception: The Importance of Travel in Human Rights Education

Elizabeth J. Sausele acknowledges that colleges and universities are filled with passionate students who often want to change the world. In the field of human rights, however, these good intentions can devolve into the pitfalls of the privileged seeking to “save” the less fortunate. Using a hybrid human rights areas studies course focused on Rwanda as an example, Sausele contends that the critical skill of understanding context is essential for bridging personal conceptions to the reality of the “other.” She outlines the importance of travel for providing a foundational understanding of contextual comprehension, and highlights how this can be included in curricular design. She also offers lessons learned about the essentials of traveling abroad with students and considers institutional challenges for undertaking such projects.
ACCURACY OF CARDIOINSIGHT NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING COMPARED WITH INVASIVE MAPPING FOR DETERMINING LOCATION OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS

Electrocardiographic imaging is a noninvasive way to map premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). The accuracy of Cardioinsight (Medtronic) in a clinical setting has not been rigorously validated. We included consecutive PVC/VT catheter ablation procedures
Adaptive and degenerative evolution of the S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 1-Like family in Arabidopsis thaliana .

Genome sequencing has uncovered tremendous sequence variation within and between species. In plants, in addition to large variations in genome size, a great deal of sequence polymorphism is also evident in several large multi-gene families, including those involved in the ubiquitin-26S proteasome protein degradation system. However, the biological function of this sequence variation is yet not clear. In this work, we explicitly demonstrated a single origin of retroposed Arabidopsis Skp1-Like (ASK) genes using an improved phylogenetic analysis. Taking advantage of the 1,001 genomes project, we here provide several lines of polymorphism evidence showing both adaptive and degenerative evolutionary processes in ASK genes. Yeast two-hybrid quantitative interaction assays further suggested that recent neutral changes in the ASK2 coding sequence weakened its interactions with some F-box proteins. The trend that highly polymorphic upstream regions of ASK1 yield high levels of expression implied negative expression regulation of ASK1 by an as-yet-unknown transcriptional suppression mechanism, which may contribute to the polymorphic roles of Skp1-CUL1-F-box complexes. Taken together, this study provides new evolutionary evidence to guide future functional genomic studies of SCF-mediated protein ubiquitylation.
Current Approaches and Challenges in the Molecular Therapeutic Targeting of Glioblastoma

Surgical resection continues to predominate as the primary treatment modality in glioblastoma (GBM). Effective chemotherapeutic/biologic agents capable of targeting GBM have yet to be developed in part because of the exceptionally heterogeneous nature and unique microenvironmental conditions associated with this malignant neoplasm. Temozolomide and bevacizumab represent the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved agents for primary and recurrent GBM, respectively. Given the high therapeutic resistance of GBM to current therapies, as well as the failure of bevacizumab to prolong overall survival, new therapeutic agents are urgently warranted and are now in the preclinical and clinical phases of development. Accordingly, clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, virotherapies, and tumor vaccination therapy are all under way in GBM. Herein, we review the application of current/novel therapeutics in GBM and in so doing attempt to highlight the most promising solutions to overcome current failures.
Randomized phase II trial of presurgical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with or without axitinib in prostate cancer (PCa) presenting with lymph node (LN) metastasis.

5078Background: Strategies integrating androgen targeted and locoregional therapies are being increasingly used in PCa with regional spread, but are rarely curative. Angiogenesis inhibitors delay p...
The Dance-In and the Re/production of White Corporeality

This essay examines the figure of the “dance-in,” a stand-in who dances in place of a star prior to filming, focusing on two women who acted as surrogates and dance coaches for the mid-twentieth century white film star Betty Grable: a white woman named Angie Blue and an African American woman named Marie Bryant. Bringing together film studies theories of indexicality, performance studies theories of surrogation, and critical race theories of flesh and body, I argue that the dance-in helps expose how the fiction of white corporeality as a bounded and autonomous mode of being is maintained. ERRATUM (August 27, 2020) In the article "The Dance-In and the Re/production of White Corporeality" by Anthea Kraut ( The International Journal of Screendance, Vol. 10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.18061/ijsd.v10i0.6514 ), figure 14 was not included with the published HTML version of the article due to a production error. Figure 14 has been added to the HTML version of the article.
Genome reorganization and non-linear transposition in maize

Transposable elements have long been considered as potential agents of large-scale genome reorganization by virtue of their ability to induce chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions, duplications, inversions, and reciprocal translocations. Previous researchers have shown that particular configurations of transposon termini can induce chromosome rearrangements at high frequencies. Here, we have analyzed chromosomal rearrangements derived from an unstable allele of the maize PI (pericarp color) gene. The progenitor allele contains both a full-length Ac {Activator) transposable element and a Ac terminal fragment termed j54c (fractured Ac) inserted in the second intron of the Pl-rr gene. Two rearranged alleles were derived from a classical maize ear twinned sector, and were found to contain a large inverted duplication and a corresponding deficiency. The sequences at the junctions of the rearrangement breakpoints indicate that the duplication and deletion structures were produced by a single transposition event involving Ac and/Ac termini located on sister chromatids. Because the transposition process we describe involves transposon ends located on different DNA molecules, it is termed non-linear transposition (NLT). Non-linear transposition can rapidly break and rejoin chromosomes, and thus could have played an important role in generating structural heterogeneity during genome evolution.
Birth of the American Dream: Four Immigrant Families, Nine Generations, The Middle Class Struggle

Review of: "Birth of the American Dream: Four Immigrant Families, Nine Generations, The Middle Class Struggle" by Steven C. Hull
Water-Induced Degradation of Metal/Polyimide Interfaces

The effects of deposition process conditions and post-deposition annealing on the adhesion of electron beam evaporated Cr, Ta, Nb and Cr/Cu alloys to fully cured polyimide have been evaluated by 90° peel testing and surface analysis. Auger analysis of the peel failure loci indicates a cohesive failure within the polyimide 5–20 nm from the metal interface for as-deposited and peeled samples which show peel strengths in the range from 60–80 g/mm depending on process conditions. After annealing in forming gas, degradation of peel strengths is always observed. Two modes of degradation occur following thermal processing. One mode results in the reduction of peel strengths by 25–35% to 45–55 g/mm. This is characterized, through Auger analysis, as a cohesive failure in the polyimide. A more dramatic failure results in peel strengths of 0–10 g/mm and is characterized as an interfacial failure at the metal oxide/polyimide interface. Results indicate that polyimide surface pre-treatment by RF Ar plasma creates a region of modified polyimide and metallic impurities which retard the degradation process.
“¡A Saltar!” Using movement to enhance the development of bilingualism

Recent research in the area of physical activity points to the benefits that kinesthetic activity has on learning. The use of movement during the school day has benefits for the cognitive processes...
How to reverse acetyl-aging

SIRT2 deacetylation of NLRP3 reduces inflammation and reverses age-related glucose dysregulation.
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VIII

The goal of this annual review is to provide an overview of advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in articles published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across related journals that have published papers in the broad field of Raman spectroscopy. The content is obtained from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations at the XXIV International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy in Germany in August 2014 and those featuring Raman scattering at SCIX 2014 organized by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Reno, Nevada, USA in October 2014. Coverage is also provided for topics from the conference GeoRaman 2014 held in June in St. Louis, Missouri and ECONOS 2014 held in May in Dole, France. Finally, papers published in JRS in 2013 are highlighted and arranged by topics at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. From these various perspectives, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy is a rapidly expanding field that provides sensitive photonic information of matter at the molecular level in an ever-widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial replacement therapy: Genetic counselors' experiences, knowledge, and opinions

Mitochondrial disorders affect at least 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide and are often incurable and fatal. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is an in vitro fertilization technique used to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disorders. Currently, MRT is the only approach that provides mothers who carry a pathogenic variant in their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the opportunity to have a biological child without a mitochondrial disease. MRT involves the combination of nuclear DNA from the egg of the carrier mother and the cytoplasm from an oocyte donor, which contains healthy mitochondria. While MRT was approved for use in the UK in 2015, the ban on congressional funding for research on 'heritable genetic modification' has made MRT unavailable within the US borders. This survey-based study aimed to describe genetic counselors' experience, knowledge, and opinions about MRT. Additionally, we also assessed whether genetic counselors' comfort discussing MRT with patients, and feelings about clinical use of MRT in the United States changed after providing information about MRT compared with baseline. Responses were received from 139 genetic counselors in North America. Findings indicate low awareness and knowledge about MRT among participants. However, more participants expressed comfort with discussing MRT with patients and more participants were able to form opinions about statements about MRT after they were provided with information about MRT. This study is the first to assess genetic counselors' opinions toward MRT and suggests the need for more education about novel technologies such as MRT among genetic counselors.
Wesley Hohfeld's Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning (Annotated and Edited)

Wesley Hohfeld was an important legal theorist from the early 20th century. His article, "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning," which appeared in the Yale Law Journal in 1913, is one of the most-cited law articles of all time. It has had a profound impact not only in the field of jurisprudence but also on numerous scholars, lawyers, and jurists more broadly, notably including the drafters of the Restatement (First) of Property and judges of the U.S. Supreme Court and many lower courts. Although the article was intended for students, in actuality, it has been quite difficult to parse for students and professors alike. This chapter offers an annotated and slightly condensed version of the article. Textual annotations aim to explain key paragraphs and sentences in fairly basic terms, while footnote annotations are intended for scholars wishing to take a “deep dive” into the Hohfeldian typology. Although the chapter’s analysis generally endorses Hohfeld’s assertions, in part, it also provides friendly critique. This critique, along with careful interpretation of the original text, aligns Hohfeld’s typology more closely—though not completely—with a formalist approach than previous characterizations in the legal literature, which have largely viewed the typology and Hohfeld’s work as an early foray into legal realism.
Using the self-directed search in the career construction interview

Issues related to modern and post-modern approaches to career assessment and counseling are evident in the literature, as are ideas on how to build on and combine techniques. Although Holland’s theoretical interventions can appear to conflict with career construction counseling due to their bases in modern and post-modern philosophy, respectively, we examine how aspects of the Self-Directed Search (SDS), based on Holland’s RIASEC theory, can be operationalized in relation to the principal ideas and practices in the career construction interview. We discuss how SDS items can enable clients to tell their career story and practical applications to the life-design paradigm.
Polyploidy in Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Polyploidy is defined as a cell with three or more whole genome sets and enables cell growth across the kingdoms of life. Studies in model organisms have revealed that polyploid cell growth can be required for optimal tissue repair and regeneration. In mammals, polyploid cell growth contributes to repair of many tissues, including the liver, heart, kidney, bladder, and eye, and similar strategies have been identified in Drosophila and zebrafish tissues. This review discusses the heterogeneity and versatility of polyploidy in tissue repair and regeneration. Polyploidy has been shown to restore tissue mass and maintain organ size as well as protect against oncogenic insults and genotoxic stress. Polyploid cells can also serve as a reservoir for new diploid cells in regeneration. The numerous mechanisms to generate polyploid cells provide an unlimited resource for tissues to exploit to undergo repair or regeneration.
Referral of adults with obstructive sleep apnea for surgical consultation: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.

Introduction: This systematic review provides supporting evidence for the accompanying clinical practice guideline on the referral of adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) for surgical consulta...
Molecular Mechanisms of Endocytic Sorting

During the past few years, a general consensus has been reached concerning the basic pathway of receptor-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells (Helenius et al., 1983; Hopkins, 1983; Brown et al., 1983; Mel lman et al., 1986). The basic features of this pathway include: the binding of extracellular ligands to specific receptors on the plasma membrane, the accumulation and subsequent internalization of the receptor-ligand complex in clathrin coated pits and coated vesicles, and the delivery of these complexes to endosomes -- a heterogeneous population of uncoated vesicles and associated tubules (Marsh et al., 1986) -- whose mildly acidic internal pH favors the dissociation of ligand from receptor. Newly vacated receptors then return to the cell surface to participate in subsequent rounds of ligand uptake, while ligands are generally transported to lysosomes where they are degraded. The dissociation and “sorting” of receptor from ligand in endosomes represents one of the most critical and most recently appreciated steps in the endocytic pathway. In this paper, we will review some of our recent work on the isolation and functional characterization of endosomes. In addition, we will discuss some of the properties and the cDNA cloning of a macrophage Fc receptor for IgG, the study of which has begun to provide some insight into the control of membrane traffic in endosomes at the molecular level.
Overview of Chapters

The retail industry has emerged as a fascinating choice for researchers in the field of supply chain management. It presents a vast array of stimulating challenges that have long provided the context of much of the research in the area of operations research and inventory management. However, in recent years, advances in computing capabilities and information technologies, hyper-competition in the retail industry, emergence of multiple retail formats and distribution channels, an ever increasing trend towards a globally dispersed retail network, and a better understanding of the importance of collaboration in the extended supply chain have led to a surge in academic research on topics in retail supply chain management. Many supply chain innovations (e.g., vendor managed inventory) were first conceived and successfully validated in this industry, and have since been adopted in others. Conversely, many retailers have been quick to adopt cutting edge practices that first originated in other industries.
My Doctor Made Me Crazy: Can a Medical Malpractice Plaintiff Allege Psychologocal Damages Without Making Credibility the Issue?

In civil cases that include claims of psychological damages, attorneys should not confuse what is discoverable with what is admissible. Although a defendant may discover all information contained in the psychiatric or medical records of a plaintiff, in such a case, misusing that information to prey on the predispositions or stereotypes of a fact finder is inexcusable.When an attorney seeks to embarrass a plaintiff by interjecting details of psychological difficulties rather than rebutting a damages claim - particularly in light of the evolving understanding of what it means to suffer from a mental disability - then the attorney's purpose is unacceptable. This article explores one of the last "isms" that can be used to attack the credibility and character of a witness, especially when the witness is a plaintiff in a civil case: "sanism." Courts must be vigilant in protecting the rights of plaintiffs who suffer psychological damages. Courts must also prevent attorneys from using the very harm caused by defendants in such cases from being used to attack or embarrass party opponents.
Bone scanning with99mtechnetium phosphate to assess condylar hyperplasia: Report of two cases

Condylar hyperplasia poses a problem in planning treatment because it is a self-limiting process for some but not all patients. Continued growth creates a progressive deformity that requires condylectomy, whereas an enlarged condyle can be left in place after hyperplastic growth ceases, even if ramus surgery is needed to correct asymmetry. Bone scan with 99mtechnetium phosphate can be used to assist in making the differential diagnosis. In the two patients reported here, abnormal metabolic activity revealed by bone scans supported clinical and historical evidence that the condylar hyperplasia was active and required surgical correction, including condylectomy. The two cases demonstrate different approaches to postsurgical orthodontic treatment, depending on the amount of normal growth expected.
Human Serum Teratogenicity Studies using in Vitro Cultures of Rat Embryos

Our objective is to identify those conditions that constitute reproductive risks to man. We are particularly concerned with those conditions that cannot be or have not been identified by present methodologies. These conditions constitute the majority of factors causing fetal wastages and birth defects. In our test system, we use intact rat embryos that are cultured in vitro for 2 days. During culture, embryos of the particular stage selected (9.5 days) undergo rapid growth and extensive organogenesis. In comparison to test systems involving cell cultures or bacteria, embryo cultures at present require considerable expenditures of time, skill, and supplies, but our findings to date strongly suggest that this system may have a number of distinct advantages. First, whole-embryo culture provides the test with the entire repertoire of processes involved in embryonic development. Second, whole-rat embryos can be cultured on high levels of blood serum, an advantage, since the maternal circulatory system has been shown to closely approximate the fetal milieu. Finally, they can be cultured on serum from human subjects, which provides a direct and unique evaluation of the principal organism of our concern.
Repair defect in p21WAF1/CIP1 -/- human cancer cells

p53 induction and cell cycle arrest occur following DNA damage, possibly to allow repair prior to replication. p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-interacting protein, is induced by p53 and mediates the cell cycle arrest. To investigate a role for p21 in DNA repair in vivo , we studied the expression of in vitro damaged reporter DNA transfected into p21 +/+ or -/- HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Introduction of UV-damaged or cis -platinum-damaged cytomegalovirus-driven β-galactosidase reporter DNA into tumor cells revealed a significant decrease (2–5-fold) in reporter expression in p21 -/- versus +/+ cells. In the absence of DNA damage, there was a significant increase (2–3-fold) in the number of 6-TG-resistant colonies derived from p21 -/- versus +/+ cells. Reintroduction of wild-type p21, but not a p21 C-terminal truncation mutant which lacks the proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction domain, stimulated (2–3-fold) the repair capacity of the p21-deficient cells. We conclude that p21 deficiency is associated with a defect in DNA repair, which could lead to an increased sensitivity of tumor cells to DNA damage.
STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING POSITIVE LECTURER-STUDENT RELATIONSHIP DURING COLLEGE ALGEBRA LESSONS: A CASE STUDY OF USIU

This paper sets out to establish strategic approaches that can be employed by a College Algebra lecturer in a classroom setting to develop a positive lecturer-student relationship in order to improve performance in examinations at university level. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire administered to several students who voluntarily answered them anonymously. The findings show that positive lecturer-student relations have a significant impact on the student learning process and performance in College Algebra examinations. Key words: College Algebra, pedagogy, positive lectures-student relations, classroom setting, teaching, lessons, lecturer, performance, students.
Microbial influence on erosion, grain transport and bedform genesis in sandy substrates under unidirectional flow

Interpreting the physical dynamics of ancient environments requires an understanding of how current-generated sedimentary structures, such as ripples and dunes, are created. Traditional interpretations of these structures are based on experimental flume studies of unconsolidated quartz sand, in which stepwise increases in flow velocity yield a suite of sedimentary structures analogous to those found in the rock record. Yet cyanobacteria, which were excluded from these studies, are pervasive in wet sandy environments and secrete sufficient extracellular polysaccharides to inhibit grain movement and markedly change the conditions under which sedimentary structures form. Here, the results of flume experiments using cyanobacteria-inoculated quartz sand are reported which demonstrate that microbes strongly influence the behaviour of unconsolidated sand. In medium sand, thin (ca 0AE 1t o 0 AE5 mm thick) microbial communities growing at the sediment–water interface can nearly double the flow velocity required to produce the traditional sequence of ripple fi dune fi plane-bed lamination bedforms. In some cases, these thin film-like microbial communities can inhibit the growth of ripples or dunes entirely, and instead bed shear stresses result in flip-over and rip-up structures. Thicker (ca ‡1 mm thick) microbial mats mediate terracing of erosional edges; they also, foster transport of multigrain aggregates and yield a bedform progression consisting of flipovers fi roll-ups fi rip-ups of bound sand.
Cantilever-based resonant gas sensors with integrated recesses for localized sensing layer deposition

This work presents mass-sensitive hammerhead resonators with integrated recesses as a gas-phase chemical microsensor platform. Recesses are etched into the head region of the resonator to locally deposit chemically sensitive polymers by ink-jet printing. This permits the sensing films to be confined to areas that (a) are most effective in detecting mass loading and (b) are not strained during the in-plane vibrations of the resonator. As a result of the second point, even 5-μm thick polymer coatings on resonators with a 9-12 μm silicon thickness barely affect the Q-factor in air. This translates into higher frequency stability and ultimately higher sensor resolution compared to uniformly coated devices.
Attitude control of a large flexible spacecraft using three-axis mass expulsion control.

A study of the elastic effects of large area solar arrays on attitude control of a spacecraft was conducted. It is demonstrated for sufficiently low structural frequencies that excitation of certain modes can induce instability in the pitch axis. Stiffening the arrays can eliminate the instability. However, a severe weight penalty is associated with such modification. A more efficient means of minimizing the structural interaction effects is to change the shape of the array. For stable configurations, another problem may be encountered. This is the imposition of high rates on the spacecraft bus by oscillation of the solar arrays. Since low rates are required to obtain accurate science experiment results, it is imperative that the high rate problem be resolved. This also is possible by changing the solar array configuration.
Imperfect price adjustment and the optimal assignment of monetary and fiscal policies

The paper considers the coordination of monetary and fiscal policy for a closed economy with the following properties: a Keynesian short-run, a classical steady state and serially correlated price adjustment. Given a set of plausible targets, the system is perfectly controllable in the sense of Aoki (1975) only when it is in the classical long-run equilibrium. The imperfect controllability outside the steady state is due to the inertia in the inflationary process. The paper derives a stabilization program which characterizes the optimal response of policy in light of the price adjustment mechanism. The resulting assignment of instruments is an interesting alteration of Mundell's (1962) formula.
Thermal Boundary Resistance of Thin Metal Films and Thermally Conductive Dielectric Materials

Measurement of the thermal boundary resistance by use of a non-destructive optical technique, transient thermoreflectance (TTR), is presented. A simple thermal model for the TTR is presented with a discussion of its applicability and sensitivity. A specially prepared sample series of Cr, Al, Au, and Pt on four different substrates (Si, sapphire, GaN, and AlN) were tested at room temperature and the TTR signal fitted to the thermal model. The resulting thermal boundary conductance values varied by more than a factor of three (0.71 × 108 – 2.3 × 108 W/m2 K). It was shown that the thermal boundary conductance tends to increase as the ratio of the Debye temperatures of the metal film to dielectric substrate approaches unity.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
DOCK5 and DOCK1 regulate Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell spreading and migration on collagen IV.

We observed previously that combined small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting CrkII and CrkL, known activators of guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK1, strongly inhibit Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell spreading and migration on collagen IV. DOCK1 siRNA reduced its expression >95% in Caco-2 cells but inhibited spreading much less than combined CrkII/CrkL siRNAs, suggesting that CrkII/CrkL interact with additional DOCK proteins. siRNA targeting DOCK5, a closely related DOCK1 family member, inhibited Caco-2 spreading similarly to DOCK1 siRNA, and the combined siRNAs synergistically inhibited spreading. Similar results were observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrated DOCK5 siRNA reduction of DOCK5 expression in both cell types. Combined DOCK1/DOCK5 siRNAs also inhibited Caco-2 migration and lamellipodial extension. Expression of DOCK5 cDNA, with silent mutations in the siRNA target region allowing expression simultaneously with DOCK5 siRNA, required CrkII/CrkL to restore cell spreading and DOCK5 coimmunoprecipitated with CrkII and CrkL. DOCK5 association with CrkII and CrkL was greatly reduced by mutations in their NH2-terminal SH3 domains. Expression of the DOCK5 COOH-terminal region (Met1738–Gln1870), containing potential Src homology 3 domain-binding proline-rich sites but lacking other functional regions, inhibited Caco-2 spreading and coimmunoprecipitated with CrkL. Coimmunoprecipitation of full-length DOCK5 with CrkL was strongly reduced by deletion of DOCK5 COOH-terminal amino acids 1832–1870. Green fluorescent protein-tagged DOCK5 localized to the membrane of Caco-2 cells spreading on collagen IV. In these studies, we describe human DOCK5 cloning and expression, our results indicating that, along with DOCK1, DOCK5 is an important mediator of CrkII/CrkL regulation of Caco-2 spreading and migration on collagen IV.
Hplc Assay for Phenelzine Sulfate Drug Substance and the Decomposition Product Phenethyl Alcohol Using Short Wavelength UV Detection

Abstract An HPLC procedure for the determination of phenelzine sulfate in the presence of its oxidation decomposition products expressed as phenethyl alcohol has been developed. The method uses a mobile phase consisting of 20:80 acetonitrile - 0.05 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.5) containing 0.02 M heptane sulfonic acid sodium salt, pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. through a 100 mm × 4.6 mm i. d. octadecylsilane column (5 um) with UV detection at 209 nm. As little as 0.005% decomposition of phenelzine, expressed as phenethyl alcohol (134.5 pg on column), can also be detected at 209 nm. Peak height or area versus concentration of phenelzine base is linear over the range of 7.5 to 22.5 mg (r2=0.9982 for height and 0.9991 for area; n=5). Analysis of spiked samples of phenelzine gave mean percent recoveries of 101.31 ± 0.78%. Precision of the method ranged from 0.33 − 1.42% and 0.53 − 0.85% using peak height and peak area data, respectively.