cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
«El inmortal» de Jorge Luis Borges: el yo, infinitos, absolutos y vocabularios finales

Una obra frecuentemente consultada por Jorge Luis Borges fue Matematicas e imaginacion, de E. Kasner y J. Newman, en la que se discute la teoria de los conjuntos (que es la rama de la matematica que estudia la relacion entre conjuntos), propuesta por Georg Cantor (1845-1918), y mediante la cual se crea la aritmetica transfi nita (que va mas alla de la fi nita) y se establece un sistema epistemico para representar los diversos niveles del infi nito. Asi, Cantor le asigna a esas infi nitudes la primera letra del alfabeto hebreo, el Aleph, seguido de un determinado numero, dependiendo del nivel de infinitud (Aleph-cero, Aleph-uno, etc.). Borges, de esa manera, teje varias de sus narraciones en las que se trata el tema del infi nito y del absoluto: un ejemplo de ello es la coleccion de relatos bajo el titulo El Aleph, que abre con el cuento «El inmortal» y cierra con el que le da el titulo a la coleccion. El presente ensayo tiene el proposito de estudiar «El inmortal» bajo la optica cantoriana, para hablar de un absoluto en particular: el yo, y sugerir que no es posible establecer un vocabulario fi nal o una defi nicion defi nitiva sobre el tema en cuestion. Tal imposibilidad, propone Borges, esta dada en parte por la fi nitud linguistica, mientras que por otro lado la falibilidad de la memoria juega tambien un papel crucial en todo intento de defi nicion. Sin embargo, como buen ironista, el autor a traves de «El inmortal» es capaz de proveer una redescripcion del tema mediante un lenguaje transfi nito, sin pretender establecer un vocabulario fi nal sobre la materia, sino, al contrario, tratando de resolver ciertas paradojas a las vez que revela otras, promoviendo asi el permanente dialogo entre las distintas disciplinas. Aunque el ensayo se enfoca en el analisis de «El inmortal», a fi n de desarrollar el problema propuesto, tambien estudia otros relatos contenidos en El Aleph, y utiliza un acercamiento teorico que se enmarca en la fi losofia de la lengua.
Automorphic forms constructed from Whittaker vectors

Abstract Let G be a semi-simple Lie group of split rank 1 and Γ a discrete subgroup of G of cofinite volume. If P is a percuspidal parabolic of G with unipotent radical N and if χ is a non-trivial unitary character of N such that χ ( Γ ∩ N ) = 1 then a meromorphic family of functions M( v ) on gG / G that satisfy all of the conditions in the definition of automorphic form except for the condition of moderate growth is constructed. It is shown that the principal part of M( v ) at a pole v 0 with Re v 0 ⩾ 0 is square integrable and that “essentially” all square integrable automorphic forms with non-zero χ-Fourier coefficient can be constructed using the principal parts of the M -series. For square integrable automorphic forms that are fixed under a maximal compact subgroup the proviso “essentially” can be dropped. The Fourier coefficients of the M -series are computed. A specific term in the χ-Fourier coefficient is shown to determine the structure of the singularities of the M -series. This term is related to Selberg's “Kloosterman-Zeta function.” A functional equation for the M -series is derived. For the case of SL (2, R) the results are made more explicit and a complete family of square integrable automorphic forms is constructed. Also the paper introduces the conjecture that for semi-simple Lie groups of split rank > 1 and irreducible Γ the condition of moderate growth in the definition of automorphic form is redundant. Evidence for this conjecture is given for SO ( n , 1) over a number field.
Sequence of the left end of phage 21 DNA

Kaiser, A. D. & Hogness, D. S. (1960). J. MOE. Biol. 2, 392415. Kaiser, K. & Murray, N. E. (1979). Mol. Gen. Genet. 175, 159-174. Little, J. W. & Gottesman, M. (1971). In The Bacteriophage Lambda (Hershey, A. D., ed.), pp. 371-394, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F. 6 Sambrook, J. (1982). In Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. Miller, G. & Feiss, M. (1981). Virology, 109, 379-390. Miller, H. I., Kikuchi, A,., Nash, H. A., Weisberg, R. A. & Friedman, D. I. (1979). Cold Spring Harbor Symp. &ant. Biol. 43, 1121-1126. Miller, H. I., Mozola, M. A. & Friedman, D. I. (1980). Cell, 20, 721-729. Miwa, T. & Matsubara, K. (1983). Gene, 24, 199-206. Nash, H. A. (1981). Annu. Rev. Genet. 15, 143-167. Nash, H. A. & Robertson, C. A. (1981). J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9246-9252. Parkinson, J. S. (1968). Genetics, 59, 311-325. Pfahl, M. (1981). J. Mol. BioE. 147, l-10. Pfahl, M. & Hendricks, M. (1983). J. Mol. Biol. 172, 405416. Pollock, T. J. & Nash, H. A. (1983). J. Mol. Biol. 170, l18. Sanger, F., Coulson, A. R., Hong, G. F., Hill, D. F. & Peterson, G. B. (1982). J. Mol. Biol. 162, 729-773. Shimatake, H. & Rosenberg, M. (1981). Nature (London), 292, 128-132. Siegele, D. A., Frackman, S.. Sippy, J., Momany, T., Howard, T. M., Tilley, K., Georgopoulos, C. & Feiss, M. (1983). ‘virology, 129, 484-489. Simon, M. N., Davis, R. W. & Davidson, N. (1971). In The Bacteriophage Lambda (Hershey, A. D., ed.), pp. 313-328, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. Sternberg, N., Tiemeier. I). & Enquist, I,,. (1977). Osnw, 1. 255-280. Strathern, A. & Herskowitz, I. (1975). Virology, 67, 136143. Weisberg, R. & Landy, A. (1983). In Lambda II (Hendrix, R. W., Roberts, J. W., Stahl, F. W. & Weisberg, R. W., eds), pp. 211-250, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. Wickner, R. B. (1978). Genetics, 88, 419-425. Youdarian, P., Vershon, A., Bouvier, S., Saver, R. T. & Susskind, M. (1983). Cell, 35, 777-783. Zissler, ,J., Signer, E. & Schaefer, F. (1971). In The Bacteriophage Lambda (Hershey, A. I)., ed.), pp. 455-468, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor.
K + -stimulated ATPase in purified microsomes of bullfrog oxyntic cells.

Abstract Differential centrifugation of oxyntic cell homogenates yielded microsomal fractions which contained large amounts of mitochondrial membrane. The presence of marker enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase) indicated that mitochondrial contamination of crude microsomes ranged from 20 to 60% in different preparations. A discontinuous sucrose density gradient procedure was developed for the routine preparation of purified oxyntic cell microsomes. A K + -stimulated, Mg 2+ -requiring ATPase was localized in these purified membranes and coincided with the presence of a K + -stimulated p -nitrophenylphosphatase. Na + and ouabain had no effect on the K + stimulation of the microsomal ATPase. The apparent activation constant for K + was approximately 1 mM at pH 7.5, the optimal pH for stimulation. An anion-sensitive ATPase has been widely studied in gastric microsomal preparations. We found that the basal microsomal ATPase ( i.e. without K + ) and the mitochondrial ATPase were inhibited by SCN − and enhanced by HCO 3 − , however, the K + -stimulated component of the microsomal ATPase was virtually unaffected by these anions.
The Yeast Red1 Protein Localizes to the Cores of Meiotic Chromosomes

Mutants in the meiosis-specific RED1 gene of S. cerevisiae fail to make any synaptonemal complex (SC) or any obvious precursors to the SC. Using antibodies that specifically recognize the Red1 protein, Red1 has been localized along meiotic pachytene chromosomes. Red1 also localizes to the unsynapsed axial elements present in a zip1 mutant, suggesting that Red1 is a component of the lateral elements of mature SCs. Anti-Red1 staining is confined to the cores of meiotic chromosomes and is not associated with the loops of chromatin that lie outside the SC. Analysis of the spo11 mutant demonstrates that Red1 localization does not depend upon meiotic recombination. The localization of Red1 has been compared with two other meiosisspecific components of chromosomes, Hop1 and Zip1; Zip1 serves as a marker for synapsed chromosomes. Double labeling of wild-type meiotic chromosomes with anti-Zip1 and anti-Red1 antibodies demonstrates that Red1 localizes to chromosomes both before and during pachytene. Double labeling with anti-Hop1and anti-Red1 antibodies reveals that Hop1 protein localizes only in areas that also contain Red1, and studies of Hop1 localization in a red1 null mutant demonstrate that Hop1 localization depends on Red1 function. These observations are consistent with previous genetic studies suggesting that Red1 and Hop1 directly interact. There is little or no Hop1 protein on pachytene chromosomes or in synapsed chromosomal regions.
SOME NEGLECTED ASPECTS OF THE GENERATION TASK

Looking to the future, generators will have more knowledge of language and will have to deal with inputs that are very rich in information. As a result, several problems will become more acute, including selecting what to say at the subproposition level and dealing with interaction among goals and dependencies among choices. This paper explains how these problems arise and why they are hard to handle within traditional architectures for generation. It also discusses why these issues have not been well addressed, including the current lack of demanding applications, excessive emphasis on linguistic traditions, the use of reverse engineering to determine generator inputs, and the tendency to research only one issue at a time.
Techniques for polypectomy and the problem polyp

Abstract The removal of colon polyps is the commonest therapeutic maneuver performed in the large bowel. The technique for polypectomy of small or large polyps is basically the same, with repetitive but similar actions required for larger lesions. Several steps are described that make polypectomy more efficient. These include straightening the colonoscope, placing the polyp in the correct position, keeping the snare flat on the wall during closure and aspiration of air. Bleeding can be controlled with injection of a vasoconstrictor or application of loops and clips. Not all polyps can be removed but if surgery is contemplated, injection of a surgical marker will be of assistance to the surgeon when seeking the area requiring resection.
Clinical evaluation of a new live measles vaccine derived in chick chorioallantoic membranes.

A new measles vaccine (CAM) prepared in chick chorioallantoic membranes was compared with the routinely used measles vaccine (Attenuvax, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme) prepared in chick embryo tissue culture for immunogenicity and adverse reactions in 77 children. Recipients of the CAM vaccine developed significantly ( P = 0·001) higher hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean antibody titers (83·3 v. 42·8) than did recipients of Attenuvax. CAM vaccine recipients also experienced significantly ( P
Neuropathology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 53 autopsy cases with particular emphasis on microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells

Brains from 53 autopsied acquired immune defieciency syndrome (AIDS) cases were examined with special attention to microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells, which are two histological features of AIDS encephalopathy. Twenty-four (45%) of the 53 brains had microglial nodules in varying frequency. Four of these had microglial nodules alone and the rest had other pathological changes, such as opportunistic infections, CNS lymphomas, cerebrovascular lesions, and multinucleated giant cells. Eleven (46%) of the 24 brains with microglial nodules were accompanied by cytomegalovirus infection in the brain (one case) or body (five cases), or both (five cases). However, the remaining 54% of the brains had no morphological evidence of cytomegalovirus infection either in the brain or body. Five brains had multinucleated giant cells and microglial nodules. Two of these brains had numerous multinucleated giant cells, especially in the cerebral white matter, where, in one case, a spectrum of forms included mononuclear macrophages, intermediate forms of binuclear and trinuclear cells, and multinucleated giant cells. Images suggesting cell fusion were also observed. Electron microscopic examination of this area revealed many viral particles (80–130 nm in diameter) with rod-like cores, reminiscent of HTLV-III, in the cytoplasm of one cell.
Gene Expression Profile Testing for Breast Cancer and the Use of Chemotherapy, Serious Adverse Effects, and Costs of Care

As gene expression profile (GEP) testing for breast cancer may provide additional prognostic information to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, we examined the association between GEP testing and use of chemotherapy, serious chemotherapy-related adverse effects, and total charges during the 12 months following diagnosis. Medical record review was conducted for women age 30–64 years, with incident, non-metastatic, invasive breast cancer diagnosed 2006–2008 in a large, national health plan. Of 534 patients, 25.8% received GEP testing, 68.2% received chemotherapy, and 10.5% experienced a serious chemotherapy-related adverse effect. GEP testing was most commonly used in women at moderate clinical risk of recurrence (52.0 vs. 25.0% of low-risk women and 5.5% of high-risk). Controlling for the propensity to receive GEP testing, women who had GEP were less likely to receive chemotherapy (propensity adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval 0.62, 0.39–0.99). Use of GEP was associated with more chemotherapy use among women at low risk based on clinical characteristics (OR = 42.19; CI 2.50–711.82), but less use among women with a high risk based on clinical characteristics (OR = 0.12; CI 0.03–0.47). Use of GEP was not associated with chemotherapy for the moderate risk group. There was no significant relationship between GEP use and either serious chemotherapy-associated adverse effects or total charges. While GEP testing was associated with an overall decrease in adjuvant chemotherapy, we did not find differences in serious chemotherapy-associated adverse events or charges during the 12 months following diagnosis.
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in cytomegalic neurons of human cortical dysplasia.

Objective The cortex of patients with cortical dysplasia contains several abnormal cell types. Among the dysplastic cells, cytomegalic neurons are known to be electrically hyperactive and may contribute to epileptic activity. In this study, we sought to identify molecular markers of cytomegalic neurons in focal or hemispheric cortical dysplasia and to determine whether the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is abnormally high in these cells. Methods Microarray analysis of gene expression in large dysplastic cells microdissected from cortical dysplasia surgical specimens was used to identify markers of cytomegalic neurons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of cortical sections was used to validate the microarray results and to probe the activity of mTOR in cytomegalic neurons using phospho-specific antibodies directed against known mTOR targets. Results We demonstrate that the neurofilament heavy chain is a reliable marker of cytomegalic neurons and that targets of the mTOR kinase, such as the ribosomal protein S6, eIF4G, and Akt, are hyperphosphorylated in these dysplastic neurons. Interpretation We conclude that mTOR kinase hyperactivation is a molecular mechanism underlying the development of cytomegalic neurons. This finding may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for childhood epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2006
Five-point function in the covariant formulation of the type-I superstring theory

Abstract Using the Lorentz-covariant formulation, we calculate the amplitude of the parity-conserving one-loop 5-point function. Hundreds of logarithmic terms that appear in the light-cone gauge and then cancel through intricate identities are absent from the start in the covariant approach. Other advantages of the covariant formalism are also discussed.
DISORDERS OF CHLORIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION

Experimental evidence supports the existence of a circulating substance, natriuretic hormone, which augments electrolyte excretion. Because such a hormone probably acts by inhibiting chloride reabsorption in the thick, ascending limb of the loop of Henle it would more accurately be called chloriuretic hormone. Chloriuretic hormone must have an action which resembles that of loop diuretics such as frusemide and ethacrynic acid. An excess of chloriuretic hormone could explain all the manifestations of Bartter's syndrome, whereas a deficiency could account for Gordon's syndrome. Hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism may develop in subjects who are unable to increase chloriuretic hormone concentrations appropriately in response to progressive impairment of renal function.
Reply to Joel and Tarrasch: On the relationship between testosterone, gender, financial risk aversion, and career choices

With regard to our recent paper on testosterone, financial risk aversion, and career choices in a large population of MBA students (1), there is nothing wrong in our data analyses, in our results, or in the conclusions we draw from them. Joel and Tarrasch (2) urge caution in drawing conclusions from correlational findings. We agree, and that is why, in the first sentence of the Discussion section of our paper, we stated that the results of our study suggest (rather than demonstrate) that testosterone has both organizational and activational effects on financial risk aversion and career choices. Joel and Tarrasch also maintain that the effects we report are not strong. We agree, and never claimed that they are. Given the nature of the question we addressed and the difficulty of conducting experimental hormonal manipulations in a human study with a large sample size such as ours, correlational data analyses are appropriate and can provide useful information. Moreover, given that interindividual variation in financial risk aversion and career choices is probably the result of multiple biological, social, and cultural factors, it would be surprising if the effects of testosterone were strong. Joel and Tarrasch argue that the correlation between testosterone and risk aversion or career choices may be the result of other variables that are independently correlated with both hormone concentrations and risk aversion or career choices. We acknowledged this possibility in our paper and examined some of these other variables. We are aware that behavior and environment can affect testosterone. We measured salivary testosterone concentrations before and after the subjects took the financial risk aversion test. We found that although the stress of taking the test reduced testosterone, especially in males, there was a significant positive correlation between the testosterone concentrations measured before and after the test, suggesting that individual differences in hormone concentrations were stable over time and regardless of the test. Variation in financial risk aversion and career choices was predicted by the average of the pretest and posttest testosterone concentrations, which likely reflects stable individual differences in testosterone and not the change in testosterone associated with the test. Joel and Tarrasch caution that it is wrong to assume that biological differences, such as between- or within-gender differences in testosterone concentrations, necessarily reflect innate factors. We agree, and in our paper we made no statements whatsoever regarding the origins of such differences. Stable individual differences in hormone concentrations are probably the result of multiple factors, including genetic predispositions, prenatal environmental influences, early postnatal experience, and current environment.
Cognitive, physical, sensory, and functional affordances in interaction design

In reaction to Norman's (1999) essay on misuse of the term affordance in human-computer interaction literature, this article is a concept paper affirming the importance of this powerful concept, reinforcing Norman's distinctions of terminology, and expanding on the usefulness of the concepts in terms of their application to interaction design and evaluation. We define and use four complementary types of affordance in the context of interaction design and evaluation: cognitive affordance, physical affordance, sensory affordance, and functional affordance. The terms cognitive affordance (Norman's perceived affordance) and physical affordance (Norman's real affordance) refer to parallel and equally important usability concepts for interaction design, to which sensory affordance plays a supporting role. We argue that the concept of physical affordance carries a mandatory component of utility or purposeful action (functional affordance). Finally, we provide guidelines to help designers think about how these fo...
Efficient path-integral Monte Carlo technique for ultrasmall device applications

Abstract The ability to model equilibrium electronic properties of ultrasmall devices using a path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) method is demonstrated. First, a direct sampling PIMC method and its advantages over Metropolis importance sampling PIMC methods in this application are described. Then two potential structures typical of ultrasmall devices, a single and a coupled double finite square well potential, are analyzed and the results compared to exact analytic results. The latter example demonstrates the ability to accurately resolve coupling induced energy level splittings at least as small as 2% of the nominal energy. (Lower levels of coupling were not considered.) An additional example given, for which analytic results are not available, is the analysis of a two-dimensional, infinite, periodic quantum well array. The PIMC technique described here makes way for the application of the Feynman path-integral formalism, an advantageous formalism for treating scattering processes, to the study of the electronic properties of ultrasmall devices.
Intranuclear cascade calculations of momentum transfer in light-ion collisions with complex nuclei☆☆☆

Abstract Measurements of the distribution of linear momenta transferred frrom projectile to target in intermediate-energy light-ion-induced reactions are compared with the predictions of an intranuclear cascade calculation which incorporates experimental scattering and reaction cross sections for nucleons, deuterons and alpha particles. The qualitative behavior of the calculations is consistent with many of the basis features of the experimental data.
A critical appraisal of two common “Neonatal” experimental subjects

A comparative study of 11 physiologic variables in 200 piglets and puppies during the first 7 days of life was done. Seven of 11 physiologic variables significantly changed in the 1st wk of the piglets' life. Five of 11 variables significantly changed in the first week of the puppies' life. Six of 11 variables were significantly different when the newborn piglet was compared to the newborn puppy. The rate and/or direction of 7 of 11 physiologic changes during the first day of life were significantly different when the piglet was compared to the puppy. It was concluded that there are marked physiologic differences between: the newborn piglets and the 7 day old piglet; the newborn puppy and the 7 day old puppy; the newborn piglet and the newborn puppy and the "maturation" rate of the piglet and the puppy.
Studies on the teratogenicity of anabasine in a rat model

A number of plant toxins have been shown to be teratogenic to livestock. The teratogenic action of some of these alkaloids is mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). However, for many of these alkaloids it is difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of individual alkaloids to perform teratology studies in livestock species. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine if a rat model can be utilized to characterize the teratogenic nature of individual plant toxins that are nAChR agonists. In this study, we evaluated the teratogenicity of anabasine by feeding pregnant rats anabasine-containing rodent chow from gestational day (GD) 6-21. On GD21, the dams were euthanized and the gravid uteri were removed. The gravid uteri and individual pups were weighed. The pups were evaluated for bone malformations including cleft palate and scoliosis. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the rat is not a good model to study the teratogenicity of plant toxins that are nAChR agonists. It is possible that in the rat model, anabasine administered orally via the chow may not result in sufficient reduction in fetal movement to cause the significant malformations observed in livestock species.
Operatorial factorization and symmetry of the Shapiro-Virasoro model

Abstract We present an operator formalism which exhibits factorization of the nonplanar dual model proposed first by Virasoro and generalized by Shapiro. The model is shown to contain sufficient gauge operators as well as a selection rule in order to eleminate all the ghosts. A further generalization of the model is also suggested.
Divergent stress responses to IL‐1β, nitric oxide, and tunicamycin by chondrocytes

As the only cell in cartilage responsible for matrix synthesis, the chondrocyte's viability is crucial to healthy tissue. It must tolerate stresses from both mechanical and cellular sources. This study examines the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in chondrocytes after exposure to IL-1beta, nitric oxide, or tunicamycin in order to determine whether this form of stress causes cell death. Cultures of the immortalized human juvenile costal chondrocyte cell line, C-28/I2, were treated with IL-1beta, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and tunicamycin. Increasing intracellular nitric oxide levels by SNAP treatment or inhibiting protein folding in the ER lumen by tunicamycin induced the ER stress response as evidenced by increased protein and gene expression of GADD153 as well as PERK and eIF2-alpha phosphorylation, and resulted in apoptosis. IL-1beta treatment induced PERK and eIF2-alpha phosphorylation, but not GADD153 expression or apoptosis. The ER stress signaling pathway of IL-1beta involved iNOS because blocking its expression, inhibited ER stress gene expression. Therefore, inducing the ER stress response in chondrocytes results in divergent responses depending on the agent used. Even though IL-1beta, a common proinflammatory cytokine, induces the ER stress response, it is not proapoptotic to chondrocytes. On the other hand, exposure to high levels of intracellular nitric oxide induce chondrocyte apoptosis as part of the ER stress response.
On the analytic lunar and solar perturbations of a near Earth satellite

The disturbing function of the Moon (Sun) is expanded as a sum of products of two harmonic functions, one depending on the position of the satellite and the other on the position of the Moon (Sun). The harmonic functions depending on the position of the perturbing body are developed into trigonometric series with the ecliptic elementsl, l′, F, D and Γ of the lunar theory which are nearly linear with respect to time. Perturbation of elements are in the form of trigonometric series with the ecliptic lunar elements and the equatorial elements ω and Ω of the satellite so that analytic integration is simple and the results accurate over a long period of time.
Online monitoring of Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis spore inactivation after advanced oxidation treatment

Various studies have shown that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as UV light in combination with hydrogen peroxide is an efficient process for the removal of a large variety of emerging contaminants including microorganisms. The mechanism of destruction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the enhanced formation of hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, which have a high oxidation potential. The goal of this study was to utilize in‐line advanced oxidation to inactivate microbes, and document the inactivation via an in‐line, real‐time sensor. Escherichia coli cells and Bacillus thuringiensis spores were exposed to UV/H2O2 treatment in DI water, and the online sensor BioSentry® was evaluated for its potential to monitor inactivation in real‐time. B. thuringiensis was selected as a non‐pathogenic surrogate for B. anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax and a proven biological weapon. UV radiation and UV/H2O2 exposure resulted in a >6 log10 reduction of the viable culturable counts of E. coli vegetative...
Multiperiod design optimization with SQP decomposition

Abstract This paper presents a new decomposition method for solving large scale multiperiod design problems. These problems are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems with a special block angular structure and linking variables. The proposed method, based on successive quadratic programming (SQP), uses a decoupling scheme and projects the orignal problem into a quadratic subproblem involving only the complicating variables. Using this subproblem as the main coordination step the problem in the full space is solved as a stream of independent single period problems. The key property of this method is that the computational effort scales linearly to the number of periods compared to a quadratic and cubic increase for general purpose reduced gradient and SQP methods, repectively. To illustrate this property, the method is applied to four example problems including two in multiperiod chemical process design. Its performance is superior to both MINOS and SQP in terms of computational demands, number of function evaluations and solution robustness.
Rapid equilibration of adenosine with the ATP pool of mammalian cells

Abstract A method has been developed for very rapid attainment of constant specific radioactivity of the ATP pool in mouse L cells. In a pilot experiment, cells are labelled with a low concentration of tritiated adenosine of high specific radioactivity, and the specific radioactivity of the intracellular ATP pool is measured at various times thereafter. The principal experiment consists of labelling the cells with the same low concentration of tritiated adenosine, followed by addition (2 min later) of nonradioactive adenosine, such that the spec, radioact. of the exogenous adenosine becomes equal to the spec. radioact. of the endogenous ATP, which has been predicted from the results of the pilot experiment. The method avoids the long delay in equilibration of intra- and extracellular nucleic acid precursors that ordinarily occurs. It should be widely applicable to investigations of nucleic acid metabolism in eukaryotic cells, particularly to components of low stability.
Wiener-Hopf operators and generalized analytic functions

An almost periodic generalization of H∞+C is defined and analyzed. Applications of this analysis are made to the type II∞ index theory of Wiener-Hopf operators with almost periodic symbols.
Energy efficient target tracking in a sensor network using non-myopic sensor scheduling

We propose to use non-myopic sensor scheduling to minimize the energy usage in a sensor network while maintaining a desired squared-error tracking accuracy of a target's position estimate. The network comprises of Type A sensors that collect measurements, and Type B sensors that collect, process, and schedule measurements. The target is tracked using a particle filter; only Type B sensors hold the target belief and update it with measurements. Network energy consumption is primarily due to sensing and communicating belief and measurements between sensors. To schedule a sequence of M sensing actions, the Type B sensor holding the target belief computes the minimum energy sequence that satisfies the tracking accuracy constraint M steps in the future. Scheduling is implemented efficiently by precomputing an energy tree and using a uniform-cost search. The tracking accuracy for sensor scheduling is approximated by the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that non-myopic scheduling results in significantly lower energy usage than myopic scheduling while meeting the accuracy constraint.
Recent trends in migration between core and peripheral regions in developed and advanced developing countries

The main finding of this article is that net internal migration to the core regions in the countries of the developed world, which subsided in the 1970s, increased in the 1980s, although not to the level of the 1960s. In some countries of northwest Europe there is a balance now in net flows between core and periphery. In the countries of the periphery of Europe and Japan net internal migration to the core regions increased slightly in the 1980s. Net migration flows to the periphery have completely reversed in Canada, and net flows out of the core regions of the United States have been significantly reduced. In eastern Europe, however, there is still moderate net migration to the core regions without any interruption as seen in western Europe, North America, and Japan. In South Korea and Taiwan rates of net migration to the core regions have been reduced from their high levels of the 1970s, but they are still quite high and show no clear sign of a break from the past.
Domain transfer via cross-domain analogy

Analogical learning has long been seen as a powerful way of extending the reach of one's knowledge. We present the domain transfer via analogy (DTA) method for learning new domain theories via cross-domain analogy. Our model uses analogies between pairs of textbook example problems, or worked solutions, to create a domain mapping between a familiar and a new domain. This mapping allows us to initialize a new domain theory. After this initialization, another analogy is made between the domain theories themselves, providing additional conjectures about the new domain. We present two experiments in which our model learns rotational kinematics by an analogy with translational kinematics, and vice versa. These learning rates outperform those from a version of the system that is incrementally given the correct domain theory.
Consumer Discount Rates and the Decision to Repair or Replace a Durable Product: A Sustainable Consumption Issue

America has often been labeled a "throw-away" society due to the large amount of products that could have been reused but are discarded from a typical household on a daily basis. This paper attempts to answer the question of why, when given two consumers with the same income level and socio-economic background, does one consumer choose to replace an older, malfunctioning household product while the other chooses to have the product repaired for further reuse. To help address this question an enhanced replacement model is presented and empirically tested. The replacement model has been around for some time, helping consumers and firms make capital budgeting decisions. This analysis can be extrapolated to the macro level where one economy with a higher societal discount rate might be more strongly characterized as a "throw-away society" than a similar economy with lower societal consumption discount rates.
Influence of microstructure and strain distribution on failure properties in intermetallic TiAl-based alloys

Abstract Gamma-TiAl alloys exhibit plastic strains to failure (typically in the range 1–3%) that are lower and more variable than those of conventional structural alloys. We have developed a technique to measure strains at the scale of the microstructure, and have used this technique to assess the variation in failure properties with microstructure. This technique is capable of using the grayscale information in the image of a gridded sample to obtain sub-pixel marker displacements, and can therefore accurately determine small strain values. Microstructures that exhibit large variations in local strain distribution tend to have higher variability in tensile properties, particularly tensile ductility, compared to microstructures that accumulate strain more uniformly. Local grain orientation, segregation, and phase distribution are factors influencing the strain distribution, and therefore the properties of these materials. Orientation and morphology of lamellar plates in lamellar colonies also play a role in influencing the distribution of strain.
Numerical Simulation of Diagenetic Alteration and Its Effect on Residual Gas in Tight Gas Sandstones

In this study, we numerically cemented a segmented X-ray microtomography image of a sandstone to understand changes to pore space connectivity, capillary control on gas, and water distributions, and ultimately production behavior in tight gas sandstone reservoirs. Level set method-based progressive quasi-static algorithm (a state-of-the-art direct simulation of capillarity-dominated fluid displacement) was used to find the gas/water configurations during drainage and imbibition cycles. Further, we account for gas–water interfacial tension changes using 1D burial history model based on available geologic data. We have found the displacement simulation method robust, and that diagenetic changes impart a significantly larger effect on gas trapping compared with interfacial tension changes.
Snapshots: Images of Men in the United States Colored Troops

Abstract This article considers the intertwined impact of two very different developments that emerged during the era of the American Civil War. The first concerned the invention and dissemination of new photographic technology that made it possible for ordinary citizens to sit for portraits and come away with multiple copies of new cartes de visite. The second concerned the revolutionary decision by the federal government to recruit African American men into the Union Army. As a result, in the final two years of the war uniformed African American men were having their portraits taken, and those small images began circulating among friends and family members. This speculative essay considers how these small cultural artifacts might have reflected and shaped a world in transition.
Intestinal atresia and stenosis: a review comparing its morphology.

A review of the literature on intestinal atresia of domestic animal species and humans was done. The 5 types of intestinal occlusions described in human infants are atresia type 1, atresia type 2, atresia type 3, stenosis, and the “apple peel” or “Christmas tree” deformity. The intestinal defects described in domestic animal species such as the bovine, equine and porcine are similar to those of human infants. The “T-formation”, an intestinal defect of the bovine resembling atresia type 3, and rectal stricture, an acquired intestinal defect of the porcine resembling stenosis, were described recently. Intestinal atresia is similar in several species and these similarities raise the questions as to whether the pathogenic mechanism and possibly etiologies of intestinal atresia are similar in these species.
Parents' Perceptions of Primary Care: measuring parents' experiences of pediatric primary care quality.

Objective. A measure of pediatric primary care quality that is brief, practical, reliable, and valid would be useful to patients and pediatricians, policymakers, and health system leaders. Parents have a unique perspective from which to report their experiences with their child9s primary care, and these reports may be valid indicators of pediatric primary care quality. The research objective was to develop a brief parent report of their children9s primary care, the Parent9s Perceptions of Primary Care measure (P3C), and to test its reliability and validity as a measure of pediatric primary care quality. Study Design. The P3C was based on the elements of primary care as defined by the Institute of Medicine. Pretesting of domain content and item clarity was accomplished via focus interviews. The P3C was developed in English and translated to Spanish, Vietnamese, and Tagalog. The 23-item P3C yields a total score, as well as subscale scores for continuity, access, contextual knowledge, communication, comprehensiveness, and coordination. The P3C was administered to 3371 parents of children in kindergarten through sixth grades in a large, urban school district. Principal Findings. The percentage of missing values for the overall sample was 1.88%, indicating acceptable feasibility. Range of measurement, assessed via floor and ceiling effects, was moderate to good. Cronbach9s coefficient α, an indicator of scale internal consistency reliability, was 0.95 for the P3C total scale. Factor analysis supported the subscale structure, and P3C scores were higher for children with health insurance, whose parents completed the survey in English, and who had a regular physician. P3C scores were positively related to parent reports of the child9s health-related quality of life. Conclusions. The P3C is a practical, reliable, and valid measure of parents9 reports of pediatric primary care quality. This brief measure could be used alone, or in conjunction with other measures, to enhance outcomes and evaluate the impact of systems changes on the delivery of the main elements of primary care.
Studies of learning to learn X. Nonspecific transfer effects in free-recall learning

Learning to learn in multiple-trial free recall was investigated. The experiment comprised a training and a test phase. Three methods were used in the training phase: random order of presentation and free recall (RF); constant order of presentation and free recall (CF); constant order of presentation and serial recall (CS). The method in the test phase was always RF. Consistency of output order was manipulated by instructions in both phases. Acquisition of the training lists was faster for CF and CS than for RF but practice gains were comparable for the three methods. Method of prior practice per se did not influence test-list performance; however, there was an interaction of conditions of training and instructional treatments.
Predictors of multiple arrests among homeless young adults: Gender differences

Criminological research on homeless young adults has shown that males are more often arrested for violent offenses, while females engage more frequently in self-destructive behaviors. General strain theory (GST) provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding criminal behaviors and arrest history among homeless young adults. This study examined strains and responses to strains that significantly predict the likelihood of multiple arrests and investigated how predictors of multiple arrests vary by gender. FINDINGS indicate that predictors for multiple arrests do indeed vary by gender, with exposure to the drug culture of the streets being an important variable for males, while being robbed with a weapon and drug distribution are significant predictors for females. Resilience showed an inverse relationship with multiple arrests, as did sexual assault for females. Study findings and implications for service provision are discussed.
Day 1 multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is associated with poor functional outcome and mortality in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective The epidemiology and outcomes of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) are incompletely characterized in the pediatric population due to small sample size and conflicting diagnoses of organ failure. We sought to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of early MODS in a large clinical database of PICU patients based on consensus definitions of organ failure.
Extensive Reorganization of Behavior Accompanies Ontogeny of Aggression in Male Flesh Flies

Aggression, costly in both time and energy, is often expressed by male animals in defense of valuable resources such as food or potential mates. Here we present a new insect model system for the study of aggression, the male flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, and ask whether there is an ontogeny of aggression that coincides with reproductive maturity. After establishing that reproductive maturity occurs by day 3 of age (post-eclosion), we examined the behavior of socially isolated males from different age cohorts (days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) upon introduction, in a test arena, with another male of the same age. The results show a pronounced development of aggression with age. The change from relative indifference to heightened aggression involves a profound increase in the frequency of high-intensity aggressive behaviors between days 1 and 3. Also noteworthy is an abrupt increase in the number of statistically significant transitions involving these full-contact agonistic behaviors on day 2. This elevated activity is trimmed back somewhat by day 3 and appears to maintain a stable plateau thereafter. No convincing evidence was found for escalation of aggression nor the establishment of a dominance relationship over the duration of the encounters. Despite the fact that aggressive interactions are brief, lasting only a few seconds, a major reorganization in the relative proportions of four major non-aggressive behaviors (accounting for at least 96% of the total observation time for each age cohort) accompanies the switch from low to high aggression. A series of control experiments, with single flies in the test arenas, indicates that these changes occur in the absence of the performance of aggressive behaviors. This parallel ontogeny of aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors has implications for understanding how the entire behavioral repertoire may be organized and reorganized to accommodate the needs of the organism.
Improved source, improved quality? Demand for drinking water quality in rural India

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that the expansion of improved drinking water supplies in rural India reduced household expenditure on water quality, offsetting some of the quality benefits from source protection. I estimate demand for in-home treatment using geological characteristics to predict a household's drinking water source. The probability of treatment and in particular boiling reduces by 18–27 percentage points in response to source protection, offsetting 4% of the water quality gains and saving households 0.5–1% in monthly expenditure. Behavioral choices partly counteract the water quality gains from source protection.
Is there a ring around the Sun

More than 300 years after the discovery of Saturn's rings, material rings or ring systems have been found in rapid succession around two of the major planets, Uranus1 and Jupiter2. With rings now known to exist around three of the four major planets, it is natural to assume that they also exist around Neptune. But what about the major object in the Solar System? Is the Sun itself surrounded by a ring of material? Although the planetary system already forms such a ‘ring’ system, what we have in mind here is the distinct possibility of a ring of rocky material lying no more than a few solar radii from the Sun, by analogy with the spatial configuration of the three planetary ring systems now known. We summarise here the evolutionary, physical, chemical and observational astronomical constraints that can be placed on such a hypothetical ring.
Extremely Nondegenerate 2-Photon Processes for Mid-IR Detectors and Sources

We demonstrate that highly nondegenerate 2-photon absorption in semiconductors, which is strongly enhanced over the degenerate case, allows sensitive gated Mid-IR detection and ranging. The inverse process of 2-photon emission offers potential for tunable mid-IR sources. Article not available.
Pupil Occupancy Time in Classroom Settings Across Cultures

Two primary purposes of this study were (1) to explore the conceptual and theoretical relationship between the concept of culture and that of behavior settings as described by Barker and (2) to demonstrate the applicability of ecological methods to the study of behavior cross-culturally. In this exploratory investigation, third-grade classes were studied from Apache, Papago, and Anglo groups varying along a dimension of cultural distinctiveness. Analysis of segment logs (natural habitat records of full days of classroom behavior)showed many more behavioral similarities at the molar level among the three groups than differences. Several possible interpretations of these findings are explored. Cultural differences unquestionably influenced third-grade behavior, but at molecular and global levels. Comparisons with a study done 20 years ago showed substantial stability of third-grade classroom behavior, with some shifts in teacher leadership patterns. Methodological implications are also