cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological changes in the normal and neomycin‐perfused guinea pig cochlea following chronic prosthetic implantation.

The effects of chronic prosthetic implantation and interval electrical stimulation were studied in the normal and neomycin-perfused cochlea of the guinea pig. One group of guinea pigs was implanted with a multiple-electrode prosthesis in the scala tympani. During a 4-week period, the device was stimulated for 3 hours weekly with a continuous, 1 kHz sinusoidal current of constant intensity. A second group of guinea pigs underwent identical implantation and stimulation except that cochlear perfusion with .1 M neomycin was performed at the time of implantation. Current intensities ranged from .1 to .6 mA RMS. Two complementary control groups were implanted but not stimulated. The animals were sacrificed, the cochleae were perfused with a fixative, and the temporal bones were prepared for examination under a light, transmission, or scanning electron microscope. In the electrically stimulated cochleae, degenerative changes occurred in both the inner and outer hair cells and supporting elements. A decrease was apparent in spiral ganglion cell and nerve fiber populations in areas of inner hair cell depletion and did not seem to correspond to the survival of supporting cells. The electrically active electrodes were uniformly surrounded by a connective tissue matrix and areas of immature bone. These changes occurred at all the intensities tested, and did not monotonically relate in severity to current intensity. None of the changes was apparent in the normal control ears. Morphological changes induced by the ototoxic drug neomycin were so severe is both stimulated and unstimulated cochleae that comparison was not possible; this form of pretreatment is apparently unsuitable for use in studies of electrically induced damage. It appears that in the normal animal, chronic implantation with interval electrical stimulation results in a cumulative form of sensory and neural damage histologically similar to that proceeding from chronic noise exposure as well as other ototoxic agents. Such effects should be minimized if surviving sensorineural and supporting elements in the functionally compromised cochlea are to be preserved.
Abstract 4207: CCN5/WISP-2 upregulates p27Kip1in breast cancer cell lines through AKT/FOXO3a signaling

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL CCN5 is a member of the CCN (cysteine rich 61-connective tissue growth factor-nephroblastoma-overexpressed) family of growth factors. Our studies have shown that CCN5 is mainly expressed in less aggressive human breast cancer cells (i.e., MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) and noninvasive lesion (i.e., atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ), whereas its expression is minimally detected in moderately aggressive breast cancer cell lines (i.e., SKBR-3), and it is undetected in triple negative highly aggressive breast cancer cell line (i.e., MDA-MB-231) and invasive lesion. Ectopic expression of CCN5 has been shown to inhibit tumorigenicity in MDA-MB-231-xenograft models therefore suggesting that CCN5 is an anti-invasive molecule. The objective of the present study was to determine how CCN5 overexpression affects cell-cycle progression of breast cancer cells. We found knocking down of CCN5 in non-invasive breast cancer cells significantly downregulated the expression of p27Kip1, a tumor suppressor molecule. In contrast, enforced/ectopic expression of CCN5 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and dramatically reduced proliferation of these cells. CCN5 overexpression results in increased the stability as well as the expression of p27Kip1 protein. The regulation of p27Kip1 by CCN5 is mediated through AKT/FOXO3a signaling. Collectively, the studies suggest that CCN5 exerts its anti-invasive action through the regulation of p27Kip1. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4207. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4207
Sex differences in vocal structure in a callitrichid primate, Leontopithecus rosalia

Four types of calls (long calls, chirps, chucks, and trills) from Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) were analyzed for sex differences in structure. Six or more acoustic variables were analyzed for each call type. One or more variables from each call category differed significantly between the sexes. In addition, discriminant function analyses were conducted on male vs. female data for each call type. Long calls, chirps, and chucks from males and females were quite discriminable, but trills were not. That these differences exist is surprising given that callitrichid primates are otherwise quite monomorphic in structure and behavior. Possible functions served by sex differences in call structure include group censusing or assessing the sex of transient individuals.
A study of electrical properties and microstructure of nitrogen-doped poly-SiC films deposited by LPCVD

Abstract The electrical properties and microstructure of polycrystalline 3C-SiC (poly-SiC) films were studied for different nitrogen doping concentrations. Nitrogen-doped poly-SiC films were deposited by LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapor deposition) at 900 °C and 2 Torr using 100% SiH 2 Cl 2 (35 sccm) and 5% C 2 H 2 (180 sccm) as the Si and C precursor gases, and 1% NH 3 (20–100 sccm) as the dopant source gas. The resistivity of the poly-SiC films at 30 °C decreased from 1.466 Ω cm to 0.036 Ω cm as the flow of NH 3 dopant source gas increased from 20 sccm to 100 sccm. The surface roughness and crystalline structure of the poly-SiC films did not depend on the dopant concentration. The average surface roughness was 19–21 nm, and the average surface grain size was 165 nm. In XRD spectra, poly-SiC is so highly oriented along the (1 1 1) plane at 2 θ = 35.7° that other peaks corresponding to SiC orientations are not presented. Resistance and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) measurements were carried out in the 30–450 °C temperature range. While the resistance decreased with increasing measurement temperature, the magnitude of the resistance change was much larger in the films with lower doping concentration. On the other hand, the linearity of resistance variation was better in the films with higher doping concentration. In case of poly-SiC films deposited with 20 sccm and 100 sccm 1% NH 3 , the average TCR is −2050.3 ppm/°C and −1957.0 ppm/°C, respectively.
Reactions of strong bases with vinyl fluoride formation and characterization of 1-fluorovinyl anion and the fluoride-acetylene hydrogen-bonded complex

Vinyl fluoride reacts with strong bases to afford I-fluorovinyl anion (1a) and a fluoride-acetylene cluster (1b). The former ion can be prepared independently, and cleanly, by the fluorodesilylation of 1-(trimethylsilyl) fluoroethylene. Reactions of 1a are reported, and its proton affinity is assigned (387 ± 3 kcal mol−1). Vinyl fluoride is 22 kcal mol−1 more acidic than ethylene. This unusually large substituent effect is reproduced by ab initio calculations, and can be accounted for by geometric changes which minimize the electron-electron repulsion in 1a. Computations on 2-fluorovinyl anions (1c and 1d) have also been carried out, and both ions are only slightly less stable than 1a. The cis isomer (1c) has a larger barrier for fluoride elimination and is a reasonable target for preparation.
Political Science in the South--Then and Now

During the 1930s and 1940s, "we were a profession of political scientists, but today we are a collection of individual professionals." This assessment of the status of the political science profession in the South by the president of the Southern Political Science Association was the theme of his address to the Association in November of 1988. Although the political scientists during that early period were few in number, they assessed the needs of the region and proceeded collectively to fill the voids. The article draws illustrations of this theme from three areas: teaching, research and professional development. Today political science in the South has changed from a profession featuring collaboration to one of intense competition among individuals. The shift has been caused, in part, because the size of the profession has enlarged and it has become more formalized. This concern on the part of the individual, including political scientists and administrators alike, for his or her own well being has allo...
Fat inhibits meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion after prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by indomethacin in man.

The effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin on the mechanism by which fat inhibits gastric acid secretion was studied in eight healthy men. Oral 200-mg doses of indomethacin administered 15 h and 2 h before testing is known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by 90%, as determined by prostaglandin E2 generation assay on endoscopically obtained gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. Fat-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion was evaluated by intragastric administration of 200 ml vegetable oil or glucose (control) for 30 min, followed by intragastric titration with peptone at pH5.5 for 2h. The mean acid output was significantly lower after fat (8 ± 0.2 mmol 30 min1) as compared with control (12 ± 0.5 mmol 30 min−1). The fat-induced inhibition was unaffected by indomethacin treatment, and the plasma gastrin responses were similar in all groups. It is concluded that the participation of cyclooxygenase products such as prostaglandins in the mechanisms by which fat inhibits the gastric phase of acid...
What's New in Research Instruments

The ranges of the Beckman IR-10 and IR-12 spectrophotometers ("What9s new in research instruments," 15 May, p. 894) should have been described, respectively, as 4000 to 300 cm -1 ; and 4000 to 200 cm -1 .
Capture of Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Color Inserts in TriInedlure-Baited Jackson Traps

Tests of the capture of wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were made using a commercially produced adhesive paper available in several different colors as an insert in trimedlure-baited Jackson traps. Colors tested included fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow, fluorescent light green, dark green, black, and white. These inserts were compared with the standard white inserts, which use sticky material that is manually applied. Tests were conducted in both citrus groves and coffee fields in Guatemala, and in a coffee field in Hawaii. Generally, inserts made with the fluorescent colors captured more flies than those with nonfluorescent colors. Traps with light green inserts captured a higher percentage of total flies than did traps with the standard white inserts in 3 of the 4 trials. Traps containing either yellow or orange inserts captured significantly more flies than the standard white insert in 2 of the 4 trials. Traps containing black inserts tended to catch a relatively low percentage of flies. There were differences in host species, host fruit availability, and fruit fly population levels among the various trials. These factors may influence the role of color cues in the capture of male flies by trimedlure-baited traps.
Magnetic record of Milankovitch rhythms in lithologically noncyclic marine carbonates

Rock magnetic variations record cyclicity within lithologically homogeneous basinal lime mudstones of the Lower Cretaceous San Angel Limestone, northeastern Mexico. Variations in ferromagnetic mineral concentrations, as measured by anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), occur at frequencies consistent with Milankovitch orbital rhythms. Magnetic mineral compositions, grain-size distributions, and grain shapes from digested samples are congruent with far-traveled atmospheric dust. Prevailing winds and the proximity of the Cretaceous basin to an African eolian source support the encoding of orbitally modulated changes in wind intensity or source-area aridity. ARM measurements offer great potential to calibrate the pace of depositional processes in carbonates and to investigate high-frequency orbitally driven climate change in basinal strata throughout geologic time.
Starch-Polyvinyl Alcohol Films –Effect of Various Plasticizers

Various polyols were evaluated as plasticizers for starch-polyvinyl alcohol films. Glycol glycoside, an experimental polyol made from starch and ethylene glycol, and sorbitol were highly effective plasticizers alone and in combination with small amounts of glycerol. Glycol glycoside is an especially attractive plasticizer because of its low production cost. Glucose and sucrose performed well in combination with glycerol or sorbitol. Starke-Polyvinylalkohol-Filme – Wirkung verschiedener Weichmacher. Verschiedene Polyole wurden als Weichmacher fur Starke-Polyvinylalkohol-Filme untersucht. Glykolglykosid, ein experimentell aus Starke und Ethylenglykol hergestelltes Polyol, sowie Sorbitol waren sowohl allein als auch in Kombination mit geringen Glycerinmengen hoch wirksame Weichmacher. Glykolglykosid ist wegen seiner niedrigen Herstellungskosten ein besonders attraktiver Weichmacher. Glucose und Saccharose wirkten gut in Kombination mit Glycerin oder Sorbitol.
The nominal rate of interest, the rate of return on money, and inflationary expectations

Abstract This paper offers two modifications to the standard comparative-static analysis that help explain why nominal interest rates may either over- or under-adjust to a change in inflationary expectations, even in full general equilibrium: the inclusion of the real rate of return to money balances in commodity demand functions, and the presence of differing costs of obtaining information. In brief, the first factor may explain why nominal interest rates could over-adjust to a change in inflationary expectations, while the second may substitute for real balance effects in limiting the upward adjustment of nominal rates.
Apples and oranges: ethnography and the IRB

This article outlines the trials and tribulations encountered in negotiating institutional review board approval of ethnographic research among undercover police officers and recreational drug user...
Seeing in the dark

Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science. By Tom Sorell. Routledge: 1991. Pp. 206. £35, $45.
Reduction of Armature Copper Losses The Inverted Turn Transposition for the Reduction of Losses Due to Non-uniform Current Distribution in the Armature Conductors of Large A-C. Machines

A new method of reduction of armature copper losses is described, which consists in the inversion of the conductors of a multi-turn barrel type coil at one or more places in the end portions of the coil. Previous writers have described methods of transposing the conductors in the slot and of carrying insulated strands through successive positions in successive coils, but the new method now described presents distinct points of difference in theory and in construction from any of these earlier methods. The theory of the new form of transposition is briefly described, complete formulas are presented for the most useful cases, and illustrations of its use are given.
Adaptation of video moiré techniques to undersea mapping and surface shape determination

Abstract Fixed and variable resolution video moire techniques have been used to project structured illumination in a model undersea environment and a prototype system has been developed which generates equal depth contours of undersea objects and has applications in sizing, orientation and ranging. An advantage of this system is that the entire field is continously illuminated, and the moire contours and images are formed at video rates. The spatial frequency of the structured illumination can be continously varied, providing optimal contours for a variety of object sizes. The data can be easily interpreted by eye or processed by computer to obtain surface shape, range and orientation of a known structure.
Changes in urinary bladder and kidney function in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) in response to prolactin and to freshwater transfer

Abstract The effect of ovine prolactin treatment and of acclimation to freshwater on renal hydromineral metabolism were investigated in the seawater starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Isolated urinary bladders of seawater, freshwater, and prolactin-injected seawater fish readily transport sodium and chloride but not potassium, magnesium, and calcium. As was established earlier, urinary bladders of seawater flounder show considerable mucosa-to-serosa water movement whereas prolactin treatment or freshwater acclimation markedly decreases bladder water permeability. The flounder kidney was studied by cannulating the urinary bladder in vivo. Prolactin treatment and freshwater acclimation caused increased urine production, increased sodium excretion, and decreased urine osmolarity. These changes suggest diminished fluid reabsorption resulting from decreased water permeability of the kidney tubule. Furthermore, prolactin treatment lowered urine magnesium content without affecting net renal magnesium excretion. Kidneys of freshwater flounder excreted considerably less magnesium and produced urine of lower magnesium concentration than kidneys of seawater flounders. Maximal effects were manifested 48 hrs after a single prolactin injection; thereafter, values slowly returned toward initial levels. A primary and inital action of prolactin on renal excretion in the starry flounder appears to be a decrease in water permeability of the kidney tubules and urinary bladder.
Foreign Policy Determinants: Comparing Realist and Domestic-Political Models of Foreign Policy

Systemic realist arguments of foreign policy decision-making suggest that partisan disagreement stops at the water's edge. A domestic-politics model of foreign policy decision-making posits that politics does not stop at the water's edge. Extant research on foreign policy voting in the U.S. Congress is consistent with the systemic realist argument. According to this research, partisan voting is less likely to occur on national security, or high-politics issues, than on low-politics issues. I argue that this research suffers from two flaws. First, it does not measure high-politics in accordance with systemic realist thinking. Second, the goal in addressing the water's-edge question is not to learn if a specific variable, such as high-politics, is significant, but to compare competing models. To this end, it is necessary to engage in a “three-cornered fight” and conduct a nonnested model discrimination test. After creating a new measure of high-politics, I compare a systemic realist model against a domestic...
Anyons in a magnetic field.

We study the properties of particles with fractional statistics (anyons) in a uniform magnetic field, to investigate the interplay between the statistical and physical flux. By exact solution of the two-body case, both free and with a harmonic attraction, we find a very clear example of the way in which an external field can offset the frustration caused by the statistics. These solutions also give the second virial coefficient, and hence a thermodynamic signature of the same effect. Finally, the same approach is used to study the problem of many anyons in a magnetic field, in particular the ground state and excitation spectrum.
Parallel Unrestricted MP2 Analytic Gradients Using the Distributed Data Interface

A scalable distributed-data parallel analytic gradient algorithm for unrestricted second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory is presented. Features of the implementation using the Distributed Data Interface are discussed in detail. Benchmark timing calculations on a parallel cluster system are presented for a variety of gold cluster molecules. The speedups, parallel efficiencies, and percentage parallelism for these calculations are reported.
Let-7 and miR-200 microRNAs: Guardians against pluripotency and cancer progression

Micro (mi)RNAs are emerging as important regulators of cellular differentiation, their importance underscored by the fact that they are often dysregulated during carcinogenesis. Two evolutionary conserved families, let-7 and miR-200, regulate key differentiation processes during development. Loss of let-7 in cancer results in reverse embryogenesis and dedifferentiation, and miR-200 has been identified as a powerful regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent findings have connected let-7 with stem cell maintenance and point at a connection between EMT and stem cell formation. A part of tumor progression can be viewed as a continuum of progressive dedifferentiation (EMT) with a cell at the endpoint that has stem cell-like properties. I propose that steps of this process are driven by specific changes in the expression of let-7 and miR-200 family members.
The explicitly stated rationale for the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill given by the nineteenth-century German-speaking psychiatrists

The contemporary practice of involuntary commitment to psychiatric institutions of individuals diagnosed as mentally ill is based upon practices established by psychiatrists in the nineteenth century. The justifications given by nineteenth-century German-speaking psychiatrists for involuntary commitment are considered. An examination of sixty-seven texts by German-speaking psychiatrists reveals that involuntary commitment was justified more often as benefiting the mentally ill individual than as benefiting society. Justification for involuntary commitment was made somewhat more frequently during the second part of the nineteenth century than during the first part.
Toxicokinetics of chloral hydrate in ad libitum-fed, dietary-controlled, and calorically restricted male B6C3F1 mice following short-term exposure

Chloral hydrate is widely used as a sedative in pediatric medicine and is a by-product of water chlorination and a metabolic intermediate in the biotransformation of trichloroethylene. Chloral hydrate and its major metabolite, trichloroacetic acid, induce liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice, a strain that can exhibit high rates of background liver tumor incidence, which is associated with increased body weight. This report describes the influence of diet and body weight on the acute toxicity, hepatic enzyme response, and toxickinetics of chloral hydrate as part of a larger study investigating the carcinogenicity of chloral hydrate in ad libitum-fed and dietary controlled mice. Dietary control involves moderate food restriction to maintain the test animals at an idealized body weight. Mice were dosed with chloral hydrate at 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg daily, 5 days/week, by aqueous gavage for 2 weekly dosing cycles. Three diet groups were used: ad libitum, dietary control, and 40% caloric restriction. Both dietary control and caloric restriction slightly reduced acute toxicity of high doses of chloral hydrate and potentiated the induction of hepatic enzymes associated with peroxisome proliferation. Chloral hydrate toxicokinetics were investigated using blood samples obtained by sequential tail clipping and a microscale gas chromatography technique. It was rapidly cleared from serum within 3 h of dosing. Trichloroacetate was the major metabolite in serum in all three diet groups. Although the area under the curve values for serum trichloroacetate were slightly greater in the dietary controlled and calorically restricted groups than in the ad libitum-fed groups, this increase did not appear to completely account for the potentiation of hepatic enzyme induction by dietary restriction.
On the scaling limit of loop-erased random walk excursion

We use the known convergence of loop-erased random walk to radial SLE(2) to give a new proof that the scaling limit of loop-erased random walk excursion in the upper half-plane is chordal SLE(2). Our proof relies on a version of Wilson’s algorithm for weighted graphs which is used together with a Beurling-type estimate for random walk excursion. We also establish and use the convergence of the radial SLE path to the chordal SLE path as the bulk point tends to a boundary point. In the final section we sketch how to extend our results to more general simply connected domains.
Patterns of readmission and reoperation within 90 days after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Health insurance payors harbor concerns regarding the cost of bariatric procedures that are chiefly related to early readmissions and reoperations. We have attempted to identify the avoidable causes of readmission. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the indications for short-term ( Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for morbid obesity at a tertiary care teaching hospital. The electronic medical record of the primary hospital was reviewed, as well as the electronic medical records of 9 local hospitals serving the area, allowing the incorporation of data from 35 locoregional hospitals. Results A total of 1222 consecutive patients underwent RYGB, 1051 laparoscopically. Of these 1222 patients, 173 had 252 ED visits, readmissions, and/or reoperations; 147 (58%) visits were to the primary institution and 105 (42%) occurred at a local or regional hospital. No age difference was found between the patients who underwent ED visits, hospital readmissions, or reoperations and those who did not (mean age 43 yr for both groups, P > .05). Patients who were seen in the ED, readmitted to the hospital, or underwent reoperation had had a greater body mass index (50 kg/m 2 versus 48 kg/m 2 , P = .001). On average, the readmissions occurred 27.3 days (range 2–88) postoperatively, and the mean hospital length of stay for readmitted patients was 3.3 days (range 1–16). Patients who presented for ED visits, readmission, or reoperations were more likely to have undergone open RYGB than laparoscopic RYGB ( P = .002). The P = .01). Conclusion A considerable number of patients are affected by nausea, vomiting, and dehydration, abdominal pain, and wound issues
Ladakh: Culture, History, and Development between Himalaya and Karakoram

Ladakh: Culture, History, and Development between Himalaya and Karakoram. Martin Van Beek, Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen, and Paul Pedersen, eds. Oxford: Alden Press, 1999. 414 pp., photographs, maps, index.
Cloning and characterization of the gene (rfc) encoding O-antigen polymerase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Abstract The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen polymerase is the product of the rfc gene. Loss of O-antigen polymerase activity due to mutation in rfc gives rise to a characteristic LPS phenotype known as core-plus-one or semi-rough, wherein the LPS core is capped with a single oligosaccharide unit. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) AK 1401, a derivative of strain PAO1 (serogroup O5), expresses a semi-rough LPS; this mutant phenotype was complemented by a 2.2-kb NsiI-SacI fragment of Pa PAO1 DNA. Sequence analysis of this fragment revealed a 1317-bp open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding a 438-amino-acid (aa) protein of 48 849 Da. This DNA sequence and the inferred aa sequence contain many of the features of other O-antigen polymerases, including an aberrantly low G+C content (particularly apparent in the high-G+C background of Pa), an unusual codon usage pattern, and a hydrophobicity profile indicative of a membrane protein. A 345-bp fragment internal to the ORF hybridized to genomic DNA from two of ten Pa serogroup strains examined by Southern blot; these two strains express O antigens structurally related to that of strain PAO1.
In situ crystallization of lithium disilicate glass: Effect of pressure on crystal growth rate

Crystallization of a Li2O.2SiO2 (LS2) glass subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure of 4.5 GPa and 6 GPa was investigated up to a temperature of 750 C. The density of the compressed glass is about 2% greater at 4.5 GPa than at 1 atm and, depending upon the processing temperature, up to 10% greater at 6 GPa. Crystal growth rates investigated as a function of temperature and pressure show that lithium disilicate crystal growth is an order of magnitude slower at 4.5 GPa than 1 atm resulting in a shift of +45 C (plus or minus 10 C) in the growth rate curve at high pressure compared to 1 atm condition. At 6 GPa lithium disilicate crystallization is suppressed entirely, while a new high pressure lithium metasilicate crystallizes at temperatures 95 C (plus or minus 10 C) higher than those reported for lithium disilicate crystallization at 1 atm. The decrease in crystal growth rate with increasing pressure for lithium disilicate glass up to 750 C is related to an increase in viscosity with pressure associated with fundamental changes in glass structure accommodating densification.
Selecting hierarchical facilities in a service-operations environment

Abstract This paper presents and solves a hierarchical model for the location of service facilities and further looks at the operational issues associated with managing such facilities. By the very nature of the demand they serve, service systems require that timely service be readily available to those who need it. We argue that the location–allocation of such facilities often involves several layers of service. When all of a facility’s resources are needed to meet each demand for service, and demand cannot be queued, the need for a backup unit may be required. Effective siting decisions must address both the need for a backup response facility for each demand point and a reasonable limit on each facility’s workload. The paper develops an integer linear programming model for locating facilities offering several layers of service. A Lagrangian relaxation methodology coupled with a heuristic is employed. Results of extensive computational experiments are presented to demonstrate the viability of the approach.
Speciation of chromium dyes by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed for the separation and detection of chromium species in azo dyes, Acid Blue 158 and Acid Blue 193; mainly Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The dyes were first analyzed for total metal content using ICP-MS and their stability in solution was studied by measuring their absorbance through a range of pH values. Then an isocratic chromatographic method employing reversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was developed. Applying this method to the separation of these dyes, the absolute detection limits of Acid Blue 158 and 193 were 1 and 5 ng respectively. Additionally, Acid Blue 158 did not contain any unbound chromium species. On the other hand, Acid Blue 193 contained uncomplexed and potentially bioavailable Cr(III). Acid Blue 193 did not have any toxic Cr(VI) present in the samples.
Design of a defined medium for growth ofCorynebacteriumglutamicum in which citrate facilitates iron uptake

An improved minimal medium for growth ofCorynebacteriumglutamicum has been designed. In particular,C.glutamicum's inefficiency in assimilating iron has been overcome by optimization of the synergistic effects of sodium citrate and ferrous sulfate on the growth rate.
Practical excimer laser-assisted cleaning of solid surfaces

Pulsed-laser irradiation on a solid surface induces a highly efficient surface cleaning of submicron-sized particulates and undesirable organic overcoat films. The nanosecond-pulsed UV laser irradiation, shortly after the deposition of a thin liquid film on the surface, induces rapid vaporization of the liquid film and removal of particulates (`steam cleaning'). The laser beam also causes ablative photodecomposition of organic film contaminants on the surface (`dry cleaning'). A laser cleaning tool is constructed with an aim toward practical use based on an industrial grade KrF excimer laser. The tool includes a computer-controlled laser beam scanning system and a stable liquid film deposition unit, providing a cleaning rate of over 200 cm2/min. The cleaning strategy and the physical mechanisms of the laser cleaning techniques are also studied.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neuroendocrine Carcinomas with Multiple Immunoreactive Peptides and Melanin Production

Two primary neuroendocrine skin carcinomas, one bronchial carcinoma, and one typical medullary thyroid carcinoma have been shown by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to contain two or more immunoreactive peptides as well as melanosomes and premelanosomes. Of the battery of antisera tested, somatostatin was the only material present in all four tumors; calcitonin and ACTH were present in three of the four neoplasms. Neurosecretory granules on the one hand and melanosomes on the other were more readily identifiable in separate cells. However, in at least 2 cases, individual cells were thought to contain both types of structures.Of the various explanations possible, we choose to interpret these tumors as complex neuroendocrine carcinomas comprising cellular populations capable of synchronous production of immunoreactive peptides and melanin. Since melanocytes are members of the dispersed neuroendocrine (APUD) system, these observations may not appear entirely surprising. Noteworthy, however, is th...
The Impact of Innovative Communication Technologies: Online Documentation, the Reader, and the Writer

New communication technologies, based on the computer, will change the ways in which texts are written and produced. Most of these changes will re strict the writing process. While the most noticeable innovation has been the word processor, purely electronic information will soon introduce more potent challenges into the writer's task. This movement from paper-based informa tion to electronic, or online, information requires the writer to consider interaction methods, layout features, screen functions, and the like. It also re quires a reevaluation of the reader's relation to the traditional concept of "texts" and calls into question many writing strategies.
Fermi resonance in the carbonyl band of cyclopentanone

The relative carbonyl stretching frequency shifts in the infrared spectra of cyclopentanone (CP) and O18-CP have been measured in various solvents. The plot of these shifts versus those of acetophenone shows that the doublet in the carbonyl stretching region of CP is caused by Fermi resonance and the splitting does not take place in O18-CP. In the vapor phase no doublet was observed in CP or O18-CP.
Lyme carditis: Sequential electrocardiographic changes in response to antibiotic therapy

Lyme disease is a tick-borne spirochetal infection that may involve heart. The cardiac manifestations of Lyme disease including varying degrees of atrioventricular heart block occur within weeks to months of the infecting tick bite. This report describes a 43 year-old man with Lyme carditis who presented with complete heart block. The heart block resolved with ceftriaxone therapy. Lyme carditis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients who present with new onset advanced heart block.
Anatomy of the external anal sphincter.

1. The anatomy fo the external anal sphincter has been studied in 48 adult cadaveric and surgical specimens by anatomical dissection and histological sections in three-dimensional planes. 2. The bilaminar and trilaminar concepts of external anal sphincteric anatomy are reviewed. 3. The significant anatomical differences in the anterior portion of the external sphincter compared with the lateral and posterior portion are emphasized. 4. The different configuration of the anterior part of the external sphincter in men and women is described. 5. A new terminology is proposed, ‘superficial compartment’ (subcutaneous and superficial) and ‘deep compartment’ (deep and puborectalis), on the basis of the close anatomical relationship between each of these two pairs of muscles.
Learning Systems Engineering by Teaching It

Research has been conducted to learn how systems engineers develop their expertise. One finding is that many expert systems engineers credit teaching for part of their development. This paper summarizes the overall research results and expands on this particular finding. It addresses factors related to learning by teaching and how the systems engineering community can better take advantage of this mode of learning.
Multilocus Sequence Typing for Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Salmonella Strains

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on the 16S RNA, pduF, glnA, and manB genes was developed for Salmonella, and its discriminatory ability was compared to those of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and serotyping. PFGE differentiated several strains undifferentiable by serotyping, and 78 distinct PFGE types were identified among 231 Salmonella isolates grouped into 22 serotypes and 12 strains of undetermined serotype. The strains of several PFGE types were further differentiated by MLST, which suggests that the discriminatory ability of MLST for the typing of Salmonella is better than that of serotyping and/or PFGE typing. manB-based sequence typing identified two distinct genetic clusters containing 32 of 54 (59%) clinical isolates whose manB gene sequences were analyzed. The G+C contents and Splitstree analysis of the manB, glnA, and pduF genes of Salmonella indicated that the genes differ in their evolutionary origins and that recombination played a significant role in their evolution.
Statistical power and design of focused clustering studies

Focused clustering studies investigate raised incidence of disease in the vicinity of prespecified putative sources of increased risk. The analytic power functions of three focused tests of disease clustering are defined and used to address two design issues related to focused cluster studies. The power functions provide sample sizes required to detect a given increase in relative risk and allow measurement of the effects of aggregating data when a fixed underlying cluster model is assumed. Results are illustrated on hypothetical data as well as leukaemia data from upstate New York.
Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying visual and semantic processing: Implications from “optic aphasia”

We report detailed analyses of the performance of a patient, DHY, who as a consequence of strokes in the left occipital lobe and the periventricular white matter in the region of the spleniuni, showed severely impaired naming of visual stimuli despite spared recognition of visual stimuli and spared naming in other modalities. This pattern of performance---labeled “optic aphasia”---has been previously interpreted as support for the hypothesis that there are independent semantic systems, either a visual and a verbal semantic store (Beauvois, 1982; Lhermitte & Beauvois, 1973) or a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere semantic system (Coslett & Saffran, 1989, l092), which are “disconnected” in these patients. We provide evidence that DHY shows precisely the types of performance across a variety of verbal and visual tasks that have been used to support these claims of separate semantic systems: (1) good performance in naming to definition and naming objects presented for tactile exploration (which has been interpreted as evidence of spared verbal or left hemisphere semantic processing), and (2) good performance on various “semantic” tasks that do not require naming (which has been interpreted as access to spared visual or right hemisphere semantic processing). Nevertheless, when nonverbal semantic tasks were modified such that they required access to more detailed semantic information for accurate performance, DHY was Par less accurate, indicating that she did not access complete semantic information about objects in the visual modality. We argue that these data undermine the claim that cases of optic aphasia can be explained only by proposing multiple semantic systems. We propose an alternative account for this pattern of performance, within a model of visual object naming that specifies a single, modality-independent semantic system. We show that the performance of DHY and other “optic aphasic” patients can be explained by proposing a deficit in accessing a complete, modality-independent, lexical-semantic representation from an intact stored, structural description of the object. We discuss the implications of these conclusions for claims about the neuroanatomical correlates of semantic and visual object processing.
Neuropsychological Deficits in Neuroleptic Naive Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia

Background: Medication and chronicity have complicated past attempts to characterize the neuropsychological performance of patients with schizophrenia. There have been inconsistencies regarding the pattern, selectivity, and sources of observed deficits. Our objective was to comprehensively examine neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia who had never been exposed to neuroleptic medication, and who were experiencing their first episode (FE) of psychosis. Methods: Subjects were consecutive recruitments that included 37 patients with FE schizophrenia who were never exposed to neuroleptics. These subjects were compared with 65 unmedicated, previously treated (PT) patients and 131 healthy controls. Results: The patient groups had nearly identical profiles showing generalized impairment, particularly in verbal memory and learning, attention-vigilance, and speeded visual-motor processing and attention. Verbal memory and learning accounted for most of the variance between patients and controls and removing this effect substantially attenuated all other differences. By contrast, both the FE group and PT group continued to show highly significant deficits in verbal memory and learning after controlling for attention, abstraction, and all other functions. Some functions not typically implicated in schizophrenia (spatial cognition, fine motor speed, and visual memory) were more impaired in the PT group than in the FE group. Conclusions: Verbal memory, as a primary neuropsychological deficit present early in the course of schizophrenia, implicates the left temporal-hippocampal system. Neuropsychological evaluations before treatment permit differentiation of primary deficits from changes secondary to medication or chronicity. This is essential for developing a neurobehavioral perspective on schizophrenia.
The Sum of One’s Parts? What Our Microbiomes Say About Us

We have long known that our bodies are populated by a massive number of diverse microorganisms. As advanced DNA sequencing technologies emerged, so did the ability to comprehensively define these commensals. To that end, the National Institutes of Health oversees the international Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which characterizes the microbiome in health and disease. Advancing this effort, Ding and Schloss offer an analysis of the microbiome over time, at different body sites, and in relation to our lives—past and present. Before making these associations, the authors first asked a more fundamental question: How to profile hundreds of bacterial genera so as to compare across sites, over time, and between individuals? Two models have been proposed, each associated with a different biological interpretation: partitioning around the medoid and the Dirichlet multinomial mixture. Applying both revealed the latter to be superior, suggesting that the types of bacterial communities represent clusters of relative abundance profiles, as opposed to partitioning of an abundance gradient. Armed with this analytical strategy, the authors defined multiple community types in 300 healthy adults. Serial samples were obtained from 18 body sites (15 in men) in conjunction with clinical, demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic data. The first and perhaps most intriguing finding was the association between community type and history of breastfeeding (seen in stool community types), gender (stool and skin), and education level (vaginal sites). Sampling multiple body sites revealed high correlations at similar locations such as the hard palate and saliva. Last, the authors compared communities over time and found variable stability. Stool and vaginal communities were the most stable, whereas oral communities were the least. There is a growing literature highlighting the importance of the microbiome in illness. By defining the spectrum of community types across the bodies of so many healthy individuals, Ding and Schloss provide a context for future comparisons and highlight the importance of incorporating personal history in future microbiome research. T. Ding, P. D. Schloss, Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body. Nature , published online 16 April 2014 (10.1038/nature13178). [[Full Text] ][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13178.html
Physical model evaluation of topical prodrug delivery—simultaneous transport and bioconversion of vidarabine-5′-valerate III: Permeability differences of vidarabine and n-pentanol in components of hairless mouse skin

The permeation behavior of 3H-vidarabine (3H-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine) and 14C-n-pentanol through different strata of hairless mouse skin was studied using a diffusion cell at 37° under steady-state conditions. Partition coefficients for the skin components versus 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution also were obtained. Various skin preparations including full-thickness skin, cellophane-stripped skin, and dermis membranes of different thicknesses were employed. The dermis membranes were considered to be diffusionally homogeneous, and the product of the permeability coefficient and the thickness was taken as the apparent diffusivity. The apparent diffusivities for both compounds investigated were independent of thickness. Therefore, it was concluded that the molecular diffusivity is constant throughout the dermis. Comparisons of permeability coefficients in various strata of the skin revealed that, while the stratum corneum is the major diffusional barrier, the epidermis appears to be significantly less permeable than the dermis.
Work-group and organizational support: A test of distinct dimensions

Using data from 467 members of a large firm in the United States, this paper found that perceived work-group support is a distinct construct from perceived organizational support. To reinforce the uniqueness of the constructs, the work-group and organizational support constructs exhibited meaningful, differential relationships with six of eight variables reflecting different levels of exchange relationships and commitments. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A Third of Our Youth? A Look at the Problem of High School Dropout Among Students with Mild Handicaps

This study examined the demographic characteristics, information at referral to special education, and school history while in special education of special education dropouts and graduates. The groups differed on demographic measures of handicapping condition and ethnic group membership. In addition, their school histories differed markedly in terms of attendance disruptions. Implications of these findings are discussed.