cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Division of Goods and Praising Justice for Itself in Republic II

In Republic II Glaucon assigns to Socrates the task of praising justice for itself. What it means to praise justice for itself is unclear. A new interpretation is offered on the basis of an analysis of Glaucon’s division of goods. A distinction is developed between criterial benefits, those valuable consequences of a thing which provide a standard for evaluating a thing as a good instance of its type, and fringe benefits, valuable consequences which do not provide such a standard. Socrates is expected to praise justice by describing the benefits it constitutes as a valuable activity of soul. He may also use the criterial benefits of justice but not its fringe benefits. This account of Socrates’ task is superior to those interpretations which rule out all use of valuable consequences in praising justice and to those interpretations which fail to preserve the distinction between the second and third classes of goods.
Systematic Association Studies of Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Schizophrenia: Focus on the ND5 Gene

Postmortem studies, as well as genetic association studies, have implicated mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). We conducted multistaged analysis to assess the involvement of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations in SZ. Initially, the entire mtDNA genome was sequenced in pools of DNA from SZ cases and controls (n = 180 in each group, set 1). Two polymorphisms localized to the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene demonstrated suggestive case control allele frequency differences (mtDNA 13368 G/A, p = .019 and mtDNA 13708G/A, p = .043). Hence, the ND5 gene was sequenced in individual samples from the initial panel of cases and controls. Additional subjects from another independent set of cases and controls (set 2, cases, n = 244, controls n = 508) were also sequenced individually. No significant differences in allele frequencies for mtDNA 13368 G/A, and mtDNA 13708G/A were observed. However, we identified 216 other rare variants, 53 of which were reported earlier in association studies of other mitochondrial disorders. We compared the distribution of polymorphisms in both sets of cases and controls. No significant case-control differences were observed in the smaller, first set. In the second set, cases had more variants overall (p = 0.014), as well as synonymous variants (p = 0.02), but the difference for nonsynonymous variants was not significant (p = 0.19). Screening available first-degree relatives (n = 10) revealed 10 maternally inherited variations, suggesting that not all the variants are somatic mutations. Further investigations are warranted.
Tip60 Is Required for DNA Interstrand Cross-link Repair in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway

The disease Fanconi anemia is a genome instability syndrome characterized by cellular sensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-linking agents, manifest by decreased cellular survival and chromosomal aberrations after such treatment. There are at least 13 proteins acting in the pathway, with the FANCD2 protein apparently functioning as a late term effecter in the maintenance of genome stability. We find that the chromatin remodeling protein, Tip60, interacts directly with the FANCD2 protein in a yeast two-hybrid system. This interaction has been confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization using both endogenous and epitope-tagged FANCD2 and Tip60 from human cells. The observation of decreased cellular survival after exposure to mitomycin C in normal fibroblasts depleted for Tip60 indicates a direct function in interstrand cross-link repair. The coincident function of Tip60 and FANCD2 in one pathway is supported by the finding that depletion of Tip60 in Fanconi anemia cells does not increase sensitivity to DNA cross-links. However, depletion of Tip60 did not reduce monoubiquitination of FANCD2 or its localization to nuclear foci following DNA damage. The observations indicate that Fanconi anemia proteins act in concert with chromatin remodeling functions to maintain genome stability after DNA cross-link damage.
Experimental demonstration of active control of combustion instabilities using real-time modes observation and secondary fuel injection

This paper describes theoretical and experimental inyestigations of the performance of a novel active control approach that rapidly damps detrimental combustion instabilities. Its main elements are an observer that determines the characteristics of unstable combustor modes in real time and an injector that modulates a secondary fuel injection rate at the unstable modes' frequencies. The controller is guided by Rayleigh's criterion and produces optimum damping when it generates secondary combustion process oscillations within the combustor 180° out of phase with the unstable combustor pressure oscillations. The paper describes developed open-loop approaches that determine the frequency response of the fuel injector actuator and the manner in which these results are incorporated in a closed-loop control mode to effectively and rapidly damp large amplitude rocket motor instabilities.
Multiple Pacemaker Sites in Spontaneously Active Vascular Muscle

Multiple-electrode extracellular recording was used to determine the degree to which membrane electrical activity spreads through the rat anterior mesenteric-hepatic portal vein. Glass-pore electrodes filled with physiological salt solution were placed against the isolated intact vein or longitudinal strips of vein at 1-mm intervals to record spontaneous spiking. No pressure electrode effect was found in the rat portal vein. Patterns and amplitudes of spiking indicated that spike activity was conducted for only a few millimeters. Multiple pacemaker sites and decremental conduction were found in both normal physiological solution and solution in which calcium concentration was halved or doubled and potassium concentration was doubled or tripled. An average of three or four pacemaker sites was found in all solutions. Approximate equipotential contours were constructed from a grid map of average spike amplitudes, and they showed the multiple regions of high-amplitude spiking, the nonuniform spatial decay of spike amplitude, and the shift of high-amplitude sites with time.
Articular responses to purified cartilage proteoglycans

To examine whether proteoglycans (PGs) liberated from cartilage might contribute to articular changes in arthritis, cartilage PGs were injected intraarticularly into rabbit knee joints. Twice-weekly injections of PG (2.5 mg) provoked synovial hypertrophy, synovitis, erosion of the articulating surfaces, and loss of metachromasia of the articular cartilage. These changes were accompanied by a marked elevation in the production of neutral collagenase and gelatinase by both synoviocytes and chondrocytes. The synoviocytes of experimental knee joints also produced factor(s), possibly related to interleukin-1, which provoked the activation of chondrocytes. Our data are consistent with the idea that free PG fragments mediate some of the pathophysiologic changes that occur in arthritic joints. This property may be particularly important in osteoarthritis.
T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are uncommon malignancies. The current WHO/EORTC classification recognizes 9 distinct clinicopathologic peripheral T-cell NHLs. These disorders have unique characteristics and require individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Tremendous progress has been made in recent years in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders. Specific chromosomal translocations and viral infections are now known to be associated with certain lymphomas. In this review, we describe their clinical and pathologic features. We also discuss the use of molecular studies in the diagnostic work-up of T-cell lymphomas. Because of the rarity of these disorders and the lack of well-designed clinical trials, the treatment of peripheral T-cell NHLs is often challenging. Additional studies are required to learn more about the biology of these diseases, which may lead to more optimal and possibly targeted therapies.
Reaction of ionized propene with methanol: Comparison with CH3OH2+ formation from ionized 2-methylpropanol

Methanol exchanges its hydroxyl hydrogen with deuteriums in ionized propene during the formation of protonated methanol. This exchange is attributed to the interconversion (CH 3 CH = CH 2 +. HOCH 3 ⇄ [CH 2 . CHCH 2 + H 2 OCH 3 ] in single collisions. The exchange in this ion-molecule reaction is analogous to that observed in the formation of protonated methanol from ionized 2-methylpropanol, supporting the intermediacy of ion-neutral complexes in the final step of the latter reaction. Ion-molecule reactions were studied using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer
Recreational Sports Participation is Associated with Enhanced Physical Fitness in Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between seasonal participation in recreational sports and its influence on physical fitness measures in children. A total of 44 children (20 boys and 24 girls) all in the fifth grade (11.2 ± 0.3 yr) were tested for flexibility, upper body strength, upper body power, and lower body power. Activity questionnaires examined seasonal participation rates in recreational sports. Spearman rank correlations showed significant correlations between sport participation rates and performance on selected physical fitness tests (p range between 0.34 and 0.55). Subjects participating in recreational sport programs throughout the year (fall, winter, and spring) performed significantly better in tests of upper body strength, upper body power, and lower body power than subjects who did not participate in any sport or subjects who participated in only one sport. These findings suggest that regular participation in recreational sports throughout the year may be associat...
c-Fos Phosphorylation Induced by H2O2 Prevents Proteasomal Degradation of c-Fos in Cardiomyocytes

Oxidants cause activation of the AP-1 transcription factor in cardiomyocytes. c-Fos, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor, is transiently induced by H2O2 and the induction is sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. With high percentage gel electrophoresis, multiple c-Fos bands were resolved by Western blot analyses, indicating post-translational modification of newly synthesized c-Fos protein after H2O2 exposure. Treatment of immunoprecipitated c-Fos protein with the type 2 serine/threonine phosphatase A (PP2A) and immunoblotting of c-Fos protein with antibodies against phosphorylated serine or threonine demonstrated that c-Fos was phosphorylated at serine residues. A pharmacological inhibitor of JNKs inhibited the formation of multiple c-Fos bands without affecting c-fos transcription. The proteasomal inhibitor MG132 and Proteasome Inhibitor I extended the time course of c-Fos protein elevation. An increase in ubiquitin was detectable in c-Fos protein from H2O2-treated cells. Interestingly, treating the whole cell lysates with PP2A, but not calcineurin (i.e. PP2B), resulted in disappearance of c-Fos protein and MG132 was able to prevent this loss. H2O2 caused an elevation of PP2B and total phosphatase activity. The phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, but not PP2B inhibiter cypermethrin, extended the time course of c-Fos protein elevation after H2O2 exposure. These data suggest that JNK-mediated phosphorylation of newly synthesized c-Fos protects the protein from being degraded by the proteasome. PP2B independent dephosphorylation contributes to degradation of c-Fos protein during oxidative stress response of cardiomyocytes.
Reaction rates of phenolic humus constituents and anilines during cross-coupling

Abstract Oxidative coupling processes operative in soil during the formation of stable humic materials and bound residues involving anilines and soil organic matter were studied. We examined the relationship between chemical structure and reactivity for the peroxidase-mediated coupling of potential phenolic humus constituents of plant and microbial origin. The results demonstrated that the acrylic group significantly increased the reactivity of the naturally-occurring phenolic compounds tested. These results suggested that lignin-derived phenols containing the acrylic group, e.g. ferulic acid, may be utilized preferentially during the peroxidase-mediated synthesis of humic materials in soils. We also investigated the peroxidase-mediated cross-coupling of mono-substituted anilines with various phenolic compounds. Reactivity of aniline, nitroaniline and chloroaniline was greatly enhanced in the presence of a highly-reactive electron donor such as ferulic acid. The enhanced reactivity suggested that the aniline compounds were reacting by a different mechanism than when they are present as sole electron donors. The most plausible mechanism is a secondary chemical reaction between anilines and intermediates or products produced during the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic electron donors.
1.72 A resolution refinement of the trigonal form of bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2.

The trigonal crystal structure of the recombinant bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 has been re-refined at a slightly higher resolution (1.72 A). The crystals are trigonal, space group P3121, unit-cell parameters a = b = 46.78 and c = 102.89 A and are isomorphous to the previous structure. The structure was refined to a final crystallographic R value of 19.5% (Rfree = 28.4%) using 10 531 reflections. A total of 106 solvent molecules were included in the refinement compared with the earlier refinement which contains only 85 water molecules and 8 925 reflections at 1.8 A resolution. The root-mean-square deviation from the ideal bond lengths and bond angles is considerably better in the present refinement. The active site is extended (\sim14 A) from Ala1 to the calcium. The three catalytic residues (Asp99, His48 and the catalytic water) are connected by the conserved structural water and the N-terminal Ala1 on one side, and by the calcium through an equatorial water on the other. The water molecules play a role in the activity of the enzyme PLA2. The Ala1 end of the extended active site performs the activation of the phospholipid membranes while the opposite end performs the hydrolysis of the monomeric phospholipids.
Fault effects in asynchronous sequential logic circuits

The paper demonstrates the effects of single stuck-at faults in Huffman-model asynchronous sequential logic circuits (ASLCs). The fault effects include equivalent-state redundant faults, invalid-state redundant faults and state oscillations. Equivalent-state redundant faults in ASLCs may be generated by violation of the fundamental mode constraint noncritical races or delays. On the other hand, invalid-state redundant faults are caused either by the existence of invalid states, or by improperly assigning the ‘don't-care’ terms. State oscillations are generally caused by the presence of critical races. Based on the fault effects, this paper presents a set of rules for synthe-sising oscillation-free ASLCs in the presence of faults. As far as synthesising testable ASLCs is concerned, the race-free UDC state assignment is much better than STT state assignment.
Correlation of structure with transforming activity of the P21 proteins with substitutions of L-amino acids for Gly at position 13

The effects of amino acid substitutions for Gly 13 on the structure of the transforming region (Leu 6-Gly 15) of the P21 proteins have been explored using conformational energy calculations. It has been found that the substitution of Asp for Gly at this position results in a protein capable of transforming cells into malignant ones. Proteins that contain Ser at position 13 (but no other substitutions), however, transform cells with a greatly reduced activity. The transforming peptide with Asp 13 adopts a conformation that is different from the one for the peptide from the normal protein (with Gly 12 and Gly 13) and that may result in expression of a higher energy malignancy-producing form. The Ser-containing peptide adopts as its lowest energy conformation one that is identical to that of the peptide from the normal protein, thus explaining its lack of transforming activity. From analysis of the interactions preventing the Asp 13-containing peptide from adopting the “normal” conformation, it is predicted that substitutions of amino acids with branched side chains atC β, such as Val, Ile, and Thr, should promote cell transformation. This prediction with Val has recently been confirmed in genetic experiments.
Positive aging: New images for a new age

The gerontological literature in the social sciences has typically characterized the aging process in terms of decline, degeneration, and decrepitude. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the possibility of growth, generativity, and development in the last decades of life. With the growing population of older people who enjoy increasing social, political and economic power, the willingness to accept the Dark Ages of aging has diminished; a more positive image of the aging person is invited. This paper explores the potential of gerontological inquiry to reconstruct aging in a positive mode. To illustrate the potentials, we show how a variety of research findings suggest that efforts to enhance physical health, emotional well-being, active engagement in life or meaningful relationships all work in a mutually reinforcing manner, with substantial positive consequences for aging people. To emphasize positive practices, we highlight the work being done with an approach called Appreciative Inquiry. Its impact on a large Florida health support system for elders is delineated. In addition, two case descriptions add qualitative weight to the emerging possibilities for positive aging. We conclude with a comparison of successful aging approaches to positive aging, finding common grounds, but also a significant difference in epistemological considerations.
Recurrent solutions of some autonomous equations

In a previous paper [I], the existence of periodic solutions for a class of nonlinear differential equations was established by a method which consists essentially in studying the stability properties of the Bendixson point at infinity and then applying the standard techniques of the Brouwer Fixed Theorem for nonautonomous systems and the PoincarbBendixson Theorem for 2-dimensional autonomous systems. Here, by using some theory of dynamical systems, we apply the same method to obtain recurrent solutions for n-dimensional autonomous systems. I am indebted to the referee for several helpful comments about this paper. We will need the following statement.
Top-Down Cracking in Asphalt Pavements: Causes, Effects, and Cures

A section of I-25 north of Denver was rehabilitated by cold milling the existing surface to a depth of three in. and replacing with new hot mix asphalt. The contractor received bonuses for quality and smoothness and the mixture passed both Hamburg and French LCPC rut tests. Within 1 year longitudinal cracks appeared in the pavement surface. The cracking appeared in the driving lanes of both the north and southbound directions. The severity of the cracking ranged from low to high. An investigation concluded that cracking on the project was surface initiated and caused by a number of factors. One factor was segregation observed at the bottom of the upper pavement lift that was not visible on the surface. After this so-called “top-down cracking” was discovered on this first project, other pavements began manifesting similar traits. Therefore, a statewide evaluation was conducted to determine the extent of this distress in other pavements. As a result of this study 28 sites were evaluated and of these 18 cont...
Toxicokinetic profile of swainsonine following exposure to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in naïve and previously exposed sheep.

Abstract AIM: To determine the toxicokinetic profiles of swainsonine (SW) in sheep previously (subacute) and not previously (acute) exposed to locoweed. METHODS: Twenty-nine wethers were stratified by body-weight (BW; 68.0 (SE 7.6) kg) and randomly assigned to one of six treatments. Treatments were: 0 (n=5), 0.4 (n=5), and 1.6 (n=5) mg SW/kg BW for Trial 1, and 0 (n=4), 0.2 (n=5), and 0.8 (n=5) mg SW/kg BW for Trial 2. Acute exposure in both trials included adaptation to blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) hay for 14 days and no previous exposure to locoweed (i.e. SW), followed by administration of a single oral dose of SW prepared from an extract of locoweed, in the doses described above. Subacute exposure comprised ingestion of a blue grama and locoweed (428 μg SW/g locoweed) diet for 21 days in Trial 1 and 28 days in Trial 2, followed by removal from locoweed for 5 days, then an oral dose of SW, as above. Quantities of locoweed fed in the diet were adjusted to achieve the dose rates specified for each trea...
The response of poinsettia cultivars to auxins in root promotion of stem cuttings

Abstract Terminal stem cuttings of 9 poinsettia cultivars were pretreated with auxin compounds either singly or in combination prior to rooting in both the winter and summer. The 9 cultivars responded similarly to the auxin containing chemicals with the dual treatment of a liquid dip into either Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm or Chloromone at 750 ppm followed by a powder dip with Hormodin No. 2, most effective in stimulating rooting in all cultivars studied except ‘Marble Annette Hegg’. In the winter, the combination treatment of Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm and Hormodin No. 2 significantly increased rooting over the separate application of these chemicals, whereas in the summer there was an increased benefit of dual treatment only with ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Annette Hegg Supreme’. Those cultivars such as ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Ecke White’ which produced a low number of roots and fresh weight without root promoters, responded most to auxin root promoters.
Distance matters: an exploratory analysis of the linguistic features of Flickr photo tag metadata in relation to impression management

Tags are words that users add to shared multimedia contents as metadata to facilitate better categorization and improved sharing experiences. With the burgeoning growth of shared images and videos over online social networks, a huge number of tags is being populated everyday in public or shared databases. While one major reason for tagging a photo or a video incorporates the functional needs for the organization of that shared object, people also use tags as a medium of communication for conveying their emotions to their family, friends, and other contacts. The diversity in the linguistic features of these tags demonstrates some interesting patterns that reflect different facets of human nature in managing their online impression to their social peers. This paper investigates how some linguistic features of tags associated with the Flickr photos change with the distance between the user's home location and the location where the photo is taken. In our exploratory analysis "affective" and "relativ" words and their multiplicative interaction show correlations with this distance. These initial findings help us to have a better understanding of online social phenomena related to the expression of emotions and sharing information. At the same time, this might have some indirect implications to understand the insight of impression management in online communities.
Vinblastine-induced paracrystals and unusually large microtubules (macrotubules) in rat renal cells.

Vinblastine sulfate was administered to adult rats by intravenous injections. Kidney cortex was fixed after 1, 2, or 5 hours of treatment and studied by routine transmission electron microscopy. In control animals, cells of distal convoluted tubules possessed numerous microtubules with an average diameter of 280 A. In treated animals, the microtubules of these cells were reduced in number, and paracrystalline inclusions characteristic of vinblastine treatment were common. Macrotubules (570 A average diameter) were also present and often were seen close to, or in apparent continuity with, paracrystals. Since the work of others indicates that vinblastine-induced paracrystals contain microtubular protein (tubulin), observation of continuities between paracrystals and macrotubules is interpreted as evidence that macrotubules are also composed of tubulin and that macrotubules may become incorporated into paracrystals. Unlike the ordinary microtubules of cells of the distal tubules, vinblastine-induced macrotubules exhibited cross-striations in longitudinal view and subunit structure in cross section. Macrotubules and paracrystals were also observed in cells of the proximal convoluted tubule, mesangium, glomerular endothelium, parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule, and visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule. Continuities between macrotubules and paracrystals, although relatively common in occurrence in distal tubule cells, were only rarely seen in the other kinds of cells examined.
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF RETROGRADATION IN COOKED RICE DURING STORAGE

An Instron Universal testing machine and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to investigate textural changes in cooked rice during storage. Two cells were used with the Instron for hardness measurement (Ottawa Texture Measuring System and Back Extrusion cells) and one cell for adhesion measurement (adhesion cell). During storage of cooked rice, retrogradation of the starch led to an increase in hardness as well as a decrease in the adhesion of cooked rice. Storage time, temperature and variety significantly influenced the hardness and adhesion of cooked rice. A correlation analysis between methods showed that Instron measurements OTMS and BE correlated better with a correlation coefficient of 0.978 than the two Instron methods and DSC with a correlation coefficient of 0.752.
Acinic‐cell carcinoma, papillary‐cystic variant: A diagnostic dilemma in salivary gland aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plays a pivotal role as the initial diagnostic modality of choice when dealing with salivary gland (SG) lesions. Due to the heterogeneous nature of most SG neoplasms, cytologic interpretation on FNA can be quite challenging. This is particularly valid when dealing with rare tumor types, such as the papillary-cystic variant of acinic-cell carcinoma (ACC-PCV), resulting in a high rate of false-negative cytologic diagnoses. Seven cases of ACC-PCV diagnosed on tissue resection with a prior FNA performed in cytology were studied. Material consisted of Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou stained cytologic smears, as well as hematoxylin-eosin stained cell block and histopathologic sections. In no case did the FNA performed prior to the surgical resection eventuate in a cytopathologic diagnosis of cancer. A retrospective morphologic review of the smears disclosed several characteristics common to all 7 cases, i.e., mostly tightly cohesive fragments of neoplastic epithelium seen as monolayered sheets or with a prominent papillary architecture, high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio ductal-type epithelium, cystic material and degenerated cellular debris, histiocytes, cells with squamoid and metaplastic oncocytic changes, vacuolated and pigmented histiocyte-like tumor cells, and lack of a predominant single-cell component or naked neoplastic cell nuclei. ACC-PCV represents a rare yet significant cause of false-negative results for cancer on SG aspirations. An erroneous interpretation may occur due to lack of experience in dealing with this tumor type, the rarity of published literature on ACC-PCV, and a predominantly cystic, somewhat variegated appearance of the tumor mimicking other benign and malignant SG lesions.
Effects of an educational gynecological exam on women's attitudes.

A comparative evaluative survey using a non-experimental two-group before-and-after design was used to evaluate the gynecologic educational experience provided by an urban university student-health service family-planning staff during the student's first exam at that clinic. Analysis of the attitude scores found that the initial pre-exam attitudes of the two groups were different; there was a significant increase in the experimental group's positive feelings toward the speculum and internal exams; and the positive attitude changes were no longer significant at three months post-exam.
From Authorship to Authoring: Critical Literacy, Expert Users, and Proprietary Software

Abstract This essay argues that new authoring environments fundamentally change the authorship paradigm. Four kinds of critical literacy may be useful to produce computational media that responds appropriately to the larger rhetorical context of software culture. These critical literacies include not only writing code, but also learning a range of user interfaces, participating in design practices for debugging programs, and recognizing the norms of digital labor workflows and systems of credit.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and -5 are regulated by transforming growth factor-β and retinoic acid in the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC-3

The family of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) can affect cell proliferation by modulating the availability and bioactivity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), or by mechanisms independent of IGFs. To understand better the role(s) of IGFBPs in prostate growth and malignancy, we examined the regulation of IGFBPs in PC-3 cells, a human prostatic adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line that is androgeninsensitive. Both transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and retinoic acid (RA), known inhibitors of cellular proliferation, significantly changed the IGFBP profile in PC-3 cells. In cells that were treated with transforming growth factor β-2 (TGF-β2) (0.5–10 ng/mL), IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 protein and mRNA increased in a time-and dose-dependent manner. At 10 ng/mL TGF-β, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 protein concentrations were 14- and 9-fold, respectively, over that of controls. Cells treated with Ra (0–1 μM) also showed a time- and dose-dependent increase in IGFBP-3 protein and mRNA levels. However, in contrast to TGF-β2, high concentrations of RA (1 μM) negatively regulated IGFBP-5 expression, with IGFBP-5 mRNA levels downregulated to 20% of that of the control, and protein levels were decreased by 50%. Since both TGF-β and RA increased IGFBP-3 expression and both are known to inhibit prostate cell growth, we speculate that the inhibition of growth is mediated, at least in part, by IGFBP-3.
Microhabitat Use of Two Brachylaimid Trematodes in Terrestrial Gastropod Second Intermediate Hosts

Abstract Microhabitat use of metacercariae of Panopistus pricei and Brachylaima thompsoni in 2 terrestrial gastropods, Neohelix albolabris and Webbhelix multilineata, was studied. Metacercariae of both species were found in the kidney proper, as commonly reported, but over half were located in the reflected part of the ureter (primary ureter); no metacercaria was found in the pericardium.
Amorphization of silicon carbide by carbon displacement

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to examine the possibility of amorphizing silicon carbide (SiC) by exclusively displacing C atoms. At a defect generation corresponding to 0.2 displacements per atom, the enthalpy surpasses the level of melt-quenched SiC, the density decreases by about 15%, and the radial distribution function shows a lack of long-range order. Prior to amorphization, the surviving defects are mainly C Frenkel pairs (67%), but Si Frenkel pairs (18%) and antisite defects (15%) are also present. The results indicate that SiC can be amorphized by C sublattice displacements. Chemical short-range disorder, arising mainly from Frenkel pair production, plays a significant role in the amorphization.
Calcium and the mechanical properties of soybean hypocotyl cell walls: Possible role of calcium and protons in cell-wall loosening

The role of calcium in the mechanical strength of isolated cell walls of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Wayne) hypocotyls has been investigated, using the Instron technique to measure the plastic extensibility (PEx) of methanol-boiled, bisected hypocotyl sections and epidermal strips, and atomic absorption spectroscopy to measure wall calcium. Plastic extensibility was closely correlated with the growth rate of intact soybean hypocotyls. Removal of calcium from isolated cell walls by ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or low pH increased PEx, while addition of calcium decreased PEx; both effects were reversible. The amount of calcium removed and the increase in PEx at pH 4.5 were strongly dependent upon the chelating ability of the buffer anion. There was a direct correlation between the amount of calcium removed from the wall by EGTA or acid and the increase in PEx. Removal of up to 60% of the calcium increased PEx of half-section up to two fold, but further loss of calcium caused a much greater increase in PEx. With epidermal strips, PEx increased only when calcium was reduced below a threshold. At pH 3.5, there was an additional increase in PEx after a lag of about 2 h; this additional increase may be the result of acid-induced cleavage of a different set of load-bearing bonds. We conclude that calcium bridges are part of the load-bearing bonds in soybean hypocotyl cell walls, and that breakage of these crosslinks by apoplastic acid participates in wall loosening. Acid-induced solubilization of wall calcium may be one mechanism involved in wall loosening of dicotyledonous stems.
An intraoral positioning appliance for stereotactic radiotherapy

Abstract Stereotactic radiotherapy provides the most accurate and effective therapy and protects the adjacent, normal tissues. The head must be positioned the same for all treatments. This article describes the fabrication and application of a noninvasive intraoral appliance that verifies the position of the head to deliver more accurate radiotherapy and protect the adjacent, normal tissues. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:226-28.)
HIREX: results of the mission concept study

HIREX is a suite of three complementary solar-pointed instruments that is being proposed to NASA under the NASA MIDEX announcement of opportunity. The main instrument is a 0.6m clear aperture, 240m effective focal length normal incidence XUV telescope operated at 171 angstrom, with a spatial resolution of 0.01 inch. This main telescope is complemented by two other instruments: 1) a 0.3 m context telescope that images in a wavelength range that covers the UV and XUV spectral regime, based on the TRACE design. This context telescope places the high magnification, limited field of view images created by the high resolution telescope in both spatial and temperature context. 2) A spectrometer covering the spectral range from 170-220 angstrom, based on the SERTS design.
Degeneration of the cholinergic innervation of the locus ceruleus in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-CoA: choline O -acetyltransferase: EC 2.3.1.6) (ChAT) enzyme activity and neuron density were measured in the locus ceruleus (LC) of autopsied brains of neurologically normal individuals and patients who had Alzheimer's disease. Nauron density in the LC of individuals with Alzheimer's was significantly reduced to approximately 50% of normal values. ChAT activity was also reduced by about 50%. Furthermore, the number of pigmented neurons in the LC was highly correlated with presynaptic ChAT activity. These findings were specific for the LC, since deficits in ChAT and neuron density were not found in two adrenergic brainstem nuclei (C1 and C2). We measured mitogen activity in LC extracts in order to determine whether loss of cholinergic afferents to the LC, as evidenced by loss of ChAT, was related to putative trophic factors. Mitogen activity was significantly reduced (50%) in the Alzheimer's group as compared to normals. Mitogen activity was significantly correlated with ChAT activity and the density of neurons in the LC. The loss of cholinergic nerve terminals in the LC in Alzheimer's disease may be functionally significant, since acetylcholine has important effects on LC physiology. The highly significant relationships between ChAT, neuron density and mitogen activity has important implications for our understanding of mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Power Oscillator Circuit Modeling And Redesign For The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA-II) Switch Trigger Laser

Power oscillator circuit modeling and redesign for the Particle BeamFusion Accelerator II (PBFA -II) switch trigger laserDavid L. Smith, Roy A. Hamil, Kenneth R. PrestwichGerald J. Rohwein, Guy L. Donovan, and Charles M. SchaubSandia National Laboratories, Pulsed Power Sciences DirectorateP. 0. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185AbstractThe energy output and reliability of the multi -joule, injection - locked KrF laser used totrigger the PBFA II accelerator gas switches were improved through modifications identifiedin modeling the Blumlein driver circuit for the power oscillator. A combination of theSCEPTRE1 network solver code and JASON2 electrostatic field code were used to model thelaser pulse- forming circuit in its single -channel rail gap configuration and modifiedversions with three or five discrete switches across the 1.45 -m -wide, water -insulatedtransmission line. Three regularly spaced trigatron spark gaps resulted in a moreuniformly driven laser volume with lower variations in voltages (10 %) and rise times (9 %)along its length. With the new configuration, over 3000 shots have been recorded withouta single misfire compared to an average of ^-25 shots before a prefire with the originaldesign. The gas mix and pressure had to be optimized to match a given driver pulse voltageand rise time to achieve maximum performance from the laser. We summarize the modelresults which led to our decision to change the Blumlein switch configuration.IntroductionThe laser is a KrF excimer discharge type which produces a 25 ns Full Width at Half theMaximum amplitude (FWHM) laser pulse. X -ray preionization is used to stabilize thedischarge volume, and the discharge energy is delivered from a low -impedance, water -dielectric Blumlein transmission line. The maximum laser energy measured near the laseraperture was near 4 J, but it had declined to less than 3 J due to component degradationafter thousands of shots. It was an advance in the state -of- the -art, but it did notsatisfy our reliability requirements when operated in a single pulse mode or at arepetition rate of one pulse per minute. The beam quality and output energy of the laseris strongly affected by the time of arrival of the 20 ns injection seeding pulse. Anearly or late discharge of even a portion of the laser cavity, with respect to theinjection seed, would result in a substantial reduction in the laser output energy.
Indium Phosphide Nanoneedles on Non-single Crystalline Semiconductor Surfaces

We demonstrated a route to synthesize high-quality epitaxial nanometer-scale structures on non-single crystalline semiconductor surfaces formed on amorphous substrates. We chose indium phosphide (InP) for a material of nanometer-scale structures and various hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) films for non-single crystalline semiconductor surfaces. With the presence of gold nanoparticles, the InP grew into nearly one-dimensional nanometer-scale structures, nanoneedles, with a wide base on one end and a sharp tip on the other end. The Si:H films and the prepared InP nanoneedles were studied in terms of their chemical, structural and optical properties.
The Terminator mouse is a diphtheria toxin-receptor knock-in mouse strain for rapid and efficient enrichment of desired cell lineages.

Biomedical research often requires primary cultures of specific cell types, which are challenging to obtain at high purity in a reproducible manner. Here we engineered the murine Rosa26 locus by introducing the diphtheria toxin receptor flanked by loxP sites. The resultant strain was nicknamed the Terminator mouse. This approach results in diphtheria toxin–receptor expression in all non-Cre expressing cell types, making these cells susceptible to diphtheria toxin exposure. In primary cultures of kidney cells derived from the Terminator mouse, over 99.99% of cells were dead within 72h of diphtheria toxin treatment. After crossing the Terminator with the podocin-Cre (podocyte specific) mouse or the Ggt-Cre (proximal tubule specific) mouse, diphtheria toxin treatment killed non-Cre expressing cells but spared podocytes and proximal tubule cells, respectively, enriching the primary cultures to over 99% purity, based on both western blotting and immunostaining of marker proteins. Thus, the Terminator mouse can be a useful tool to selectively and reproducibly obtain even low-abundant cell types at high quantity and purity.
Capillary array electrophoresis: an approach to high-speed high-throughput DNA sequencing

A laser-excited, confocal-fluorescence scanner is used for high-sensitivity, on-column detection of electrophoresis performed using an array of capillaries. The capabilities of this method and apparatus are illustrated by application to high-speed, high-throughput DNA sequencing. Sanger DNA sequencing fragments are separated on an array of capillaries and then distinguished by using a binary coding scheme that employs only two different fluorescently labeled dye primers to identify four sets of fragments. DNA sequencing results are presented using a 25-capillary array. This apparatus has the capability of sequencing DNA at a rate of approximately 25,000 bases/hour.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Most free-radical injury is iron-related: It is promoted by iron, hemin, holoferritin and vitamin c, and inhibited by desferoxamine and apoferritin

Iron is a double-edged sword. In moderate quantities and leashed to protein, it is an essential element in all cell metabolism and growth, but it is toxic when unleashed. Because of its ability to switch back and forth between ferrous and ferric oxidation states, iron is both a strong biological oxidant and reductant. The human diet contains a multitude of natural chemicals which are carcinogens and anticarcinogens, many of which act by generating oxygen radicals, which initiate degenerative processes related to cancer, heart disease and aging (the "oxygen radical hypothesis of aging"). Among these many dietary chemicals are many redox agents, including vitamin C and beta carotene. Free radical damage is produced primarily by the hydroxyl radical (.OH). Most of the .OH generated in vivo comes from iron-dependent reduction of H2O2. Supporting too much iron as a free radical-generating culprit in the risk of cancer, NHANES I data indicated that high body iron stores, manifested by increased transferrin saturation, are associated with an increased cancer risk. Other data shows an increased heart attack risk.
An on-line intellectual community or “MEMEX” revisited

Abstract This paper represents one individual's view of the potential impact of Computer and Information Science technology on the future of scientific and technical information transfer. However, the propositions put forth are based upon a synthesis of existing efforts tempered by what seem to be the most significant needs in the current process. The paper attempts to piece together how current efforts in abstract services, journal and book publication, word processing, computerized conferences, and information retrieval systems may ultimately evolve as a single system serving the needs of the scientific and technical community.
(Dis-)Owning the Corporation: Three Models of Employee-Shareholder Activism

This article focuses on the experimentation with shareholder activism by employee representatives in several large German corporations. I argue that these experiments are a manifestation of a new politics of solidarity that has emerged in the wake of the financialisation process in Germany. What unites the employee-shareholder activists is a strong rejection of short-term shareholder value maximisation, particularly as it affects the corporation's employees. To this end, they have created of a new form of interest organisation, the so-called employee shareholder associations (Vereine der Belegschaftsaktionare or ESAs) that have institutionalised local practices of employee-shareholder activism within German corporations. In this article, I will take a closer look at three ESAs and their activities, each representing a different type of employee-shareholder activism: a ‘front door strategy’ at Deutsche Telekom, a ‘back door strategy’ at Siemens, and ‘peeking through the window’ at TUI. This article will de...
Displaced hip fractures in children and adolescents.

The results of ten acute, displaced proximal femoral fractures in patients 14 years and under are reported. These high-risk fractures were managed with urgent open reduction and pin or screw fixation with supplemental spica casting. The exception to this protocol was in two Delbet's type IV (intertr
Distinguishing Historical from Current Problems in Clinical Reports -- Which Textual Features Help?

Determining whether a condition is historical or recent is important for accurate results in biomedicine. In this paper, we investigate four types of information found in clinical text that might be used to make this distinction. We conducted a descriptive, exploratory study using annotation on clinical reports to determine whether this temporal information is useful for classifying conditions as historical or recent. Our initial results suggest that few of these feature values can be used to predict temporal classification.
Alcohol‐Induced Inhibition of LH Secretion in Intact and Gonadectomized Male and Female Rats: Possible Mechanisms

Alcohol (EtOH) is reported to decrease gonadotropin secretion, but the mechanisms mediating these changes are not fully understood. The present study examined the ability of acutely or chronically administered EtOH to alter plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in both male and female rats, and correlated these changes with blood EtOH levels (BALs); investigated possible changes in the pituitary responsiveness of animals exposed to EtOH; and probed the role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in mediating alcohol-induced decreases in plasma LH levels. The injection of 0.5 g EtOH/kg was accompanied by significantly higher BALs in females compared with males. This dose of alcohol did not alter rectal temperature, and only significantly (p < or = 0.01) decreased plasma LH levels in female rats. These findings were not altered by removal of gonadal steroids. Administration of 2.0 g EtOH/kg was followed by BALs that were comparable in both groups of rats at the 1- and 2-hr time-points, but were significantly (p < or = 0.01) higher in females 3 hr after treatment. Rectal T measurably decreased in all rats injected with 2 g EtOH/kg, though intact females showed the greatest change. This alcohol treatment also significantly (p < or = 0.01) inhibited immunoreactive LH release in both sexes, but there were no measurable changes in FSH values at any time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mutants with changes within or near a hydrophobic region of simian virus 40 large tumor antigen are defective for binding cellular protein p53

SV40 mutants bearing either amino acid substitution or in-frame deletion/insertion mutations in a region of the gene for large T antigen encoding a stretch of hydrophobic residues were analyzed for their behavior in permissive and nonpermissive cells. One of the mutants, with an Ile(573)-Phe substitution had a phenotype indistinguishable from that of wild-type SV40. The remaining three mutants were not viable and were defective for DNA replication. In addition, they displayed a cell-type specificity with respect to transformation; namely, they transformed the mouse C3H10T1/2 cell line, although with a reduced efficiency relative to wild-type, but were unable to transform the rat REF52 cell line. None of the T antigens from the defective mutants formed a complex with the cellular protein p53, indicating that the T-antigen-p53 complex is not required for the transformation of C3H10T1/2 cells.