cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epinephrine inhibition of the electrodermal response in the cat.

Intravenous administration of epinephrine results in a dose-dependent inhibition of the peripherally evoked electrodermal response (EDR) in the cat. The magnitude of this depression of the EDR was greater when the responses were evoked by a single shock than by a train of shocks (10–12 Hz). The observation that this epinephrine-induced inhibition is antagonized by phentolamine suggests that an alpha-adrenergic mechanism is involved. It is unlikely that this effect is due primarily to the vascular actions of epinephrine because the inhibition of the EDR was much more prolonged than was the pressor action. Angiotensin was ineffective in inhibiting these responses.
Syntheses and polymerizations of some vinyl monomers containing nitro- or fluorophthalimides

4-Nitro-N-vinylphthalimide (4) was synthesized by two different procedures. Compound 4 was not polymerizable or copolymerizable by AIBN. Poly(N-vinylphthalimide) (17) was prepared and partially nitrated at 10–25°C. N,N′-(1,2-Ethanediyl)bis(4-nitrophthalimide) (15) and N,N′-(1,3-propanediyl)bis(4-nitrophthalimide) (16) were prepared by the condensation of the corresponding diamine with phthalic anhydride followed by nitration of the condensation products. 4-Nitrophthalic anhydride was prepared by the hydrolysis of 15. Four styrene-substituted phthalimide monomers were synthesized. These include N-(4-vinylphenyl)phthalimide (25a), N-(4-vinylphenyl)-3-fluorophthalimide (25b), N-(4-vinylphenyl)-3-nitrophthalimide (25c), and N-(4-vinylphenyl)-4-nitrophthalimide (25d). Monomers 25a and 25b were polymerized by freeradical initiator (AIBN), whereas monomers 25c and 25d were not polymerizable or copolymerizable by AIBN due to a strong inhibitive effect exerted by the nitrophthalimide group. Monomers 25c and 25d were cationically polymerized (BF3·OEt2). Monomer 25b and styrene were copolymerized and their reactivity ratios were r1 = 1.7 and r2 = 0.55, respectively. The prepared polymers are useful as backbone polymers for grafting living anionic polymers.
Two-Dimensional Distribution of Self-Generated Magnetic Fields near the Laser-Plasma Resonant- Interaction Region

In a beautiful recent experiment Sakagami et al. have recorded, on magnetic tape, the spatial field distribution produced in laser-plasma interaction. The standard infinite-plane theory of magnetic field produced by resonance absorption is unable to explain their experimental observations. This Letter proposes that finite geometry effects in resonance absorption produce a new magnetic field contribution which is responsible for their results.
Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor: Basic Review and Clinical Implications

EDRF is a potent, endogenous vasodilator that is produced and released from endothelial cells and subsequently causes the relaxation of VSM through the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and an increase in VSM cyclic GMP. Structurally, EDRF is likely to be NO or a related nitrogen oxide-containing compound. It is synthesized in endothelial and other cell types from L-arginine by a calcium-calmodulin and NADPH-dependent enzyme. Its action is very similar to the nitrovasodilators that act directly on VSM. EDRF is present in all vascular beds, large and small vessels, and in a wide range of species. Its role in human vascular physiology and pathophysiology is just beginning to be understood. EDRF is a potent endogenous vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation and adhesion. Its activity is impaired in hypertension and atherosclerosis, and its absence due to endothelial damage may play a role in cerebral and coronary vasospasm. It is a mediator of flow-dependent vasodilation, and its inhibition by hypoxia may contribute to the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response. Endothelial cell damage and impairment of EDRF production may also contribute to acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension. A further understanding of the chemical nature and synthetic pathways of EDRF should lead to the production of analogs and antagonists, which may play an important role in future treatments for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina, hypertension, and other vascular diseases. The recent realization that EDRF serves as the second messenger for guanylate cyclase activation and cyclic GMP production in a variety of cell types outside of the cardiovascular system, including renal and respiratory epithelium, cerebellar neurons, macrophages, and adrenocytes, suggests even broader implications. The importance of EDRF to the anesthesiologist may go beyond an understanding of its role in cardiovascular physiological and pathophysiological states. Initial studies have shown that the endothelium may play a role in mediating the vascular actions of anesthetics, and that anesthetics can inhibit the production, release, or action of EDRF. How are these interactions mediated? Are there significant differences between anesthetics with regard to their effects on EDRF? Is there a clinically significant effect of anesthetics on basal activity of EDRF, or only in response to exogenous stimulation? Conversely, it is important to determine if alterations in endothelial cell function by various disease states such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral vasospasm, and others cause changes in the vascular actions of anesthetics. The potential interactions of anesthetics with EDRF production and action in cell types other than the endothelium have not yet been explored.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Plasticity in the ipsilateral visuotectal projection persists after lesions of one nucleus isthmi in Xenopus.

Visual input has a profound effect on the development of binocular maps in the tectum of the frogXenopus laevis. Input from the ipsilateral eye, which is relayed to the tectum via the opposite nucleus isthmi, is normally in register with the retinotectal map from the contralateral eye. However, if one eye is rotated during larval stages while the other eye is left in normal orientation, then the resulting mismatched visual input induces the crossed isthmotectal axons to change their trajectories and to establish a reoriented ipsilateral visuotectal map in register with the contralateral retinotectal map. The major cue which aligns the two maps is the correlation of visually-evoked activity from the two eyes. This experiment was designed to determine whether theuncrossed isthmotectal projection is necessary to organize the map transmitted by the crossed isthmotectal axons. Each NI receives a topographic map from the tectum on the same side of the brain and therefore carries the same topographic information as the retinotectal projection, and each NI transmits that map not only to the opposite tectum but also back to the same tectum from which it received its input. Thus, the uncrossed isthmotectal axons provide each tectum with a map which is essentially topographically identical to the retinotectal map but which is slightly delayed temporally. The uncrossed isthmotectal axons therefore could provide topographic cues to the guide the alignment of the crossed isthmotectal axons as they establish the ipsilateral visuotectal map. In order to determine whether the uncrossed isthmotectal projection is an important source of topographic cues for the crossed isthmotectal axons, the right nucleus isthmi was ablated and one eye was rotated by 90°–150° in midlarval tadpoles. At 23–63 weeks post-metamorphosis, the binocular projections to the right tectum were mapped electrophysiologically. In 7 of the 8 frogs with lesions of at least 44% of the nucleus isthmi, the ipsilateral map was aligned with the contralateral map. Thus, the crossed isthmotectal fibers, which relay the ipsilateral visuotectal projection, do not require the presence of the uncrossed isthmotectal axons in order to form a map in alignment with the contralateral retinotectal projection.
Partial characterization of six chlorophyll a-protein complexes isolated from a blue-green alga by a nondetergent method.

The chlorophyll a-protein complexes of a blue-green alga, Phormidium luridum, are resolved in the absence of detergent, by the combination of a Sepharose 4B column and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, into six chlorophyll a-containing zones. These six complexes are termed here as F15, F25, F35, F40, F60, and F65, according to their appearance in the sucrose density gradient after centrifugation. The absorption spectra of these six isolated complexes are reported, as well as the fluorescence emission spectra at room temperature and liquid-nitrogen temperature. The F60 complex was enriched in Photosystem I, while the F35 and F40 complexes contained both Photosystem I and II. The F60 complex is the predominant band and accounts for about 49% of the total chlorophyll a of the cells. The extinction coefficient of this complex is determined to be 68.7 mm−1 cm−1 at 680 nm in 50 mm tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane buffer at pH 8.0. In addition, the effect of the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, on these spectra are also reported for comparison. The chemically induced difference spectra of F35, F40, and F60 complexes also indicate the presence of the reaction center, P700, of Photosystem I. These three complexes have been shown to contain P700 in a ratio of approximately one reaction center molecule per 100 light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. The simple exposure of the F60 fraction to sodium dodecyl sulfate results in an “apparent” enhancement of the P700 to chlorophyll ratio to one P700 per 51 light harvesting chlorophyll. Room temperature electron spin resonance measurements of photooxidized F60 are consistent with the presence of P700 and with the chlorophyll/ P700 ratio observed by chemical assay. The amino acid compositions of F60 and F65 complexes are studied. Gel electrophoresis patterns of these six isolated complexes are presented and are significantly different from those reported for detergent-treated chlorophyll-protein complexes.
The biology of brown algae on the Atlantic coast of Virginia. II. Petalonia fascia and Scytosiphon lomentaria

Microscopic, brown algal crusts and filaments were collected in the summer from an oyster reef on the Atlantic coast of Virginia and isolated into culture. Developmental studies showed that the isolates were microscopic stages ofPetalonia andScytosiphon. These two brown algae exist the year around in the form of either microscopic or macroscopic plants. In culture no sexual reproduction was found linking the two stages of eitherPetalonia orScytosiphon. The zoospores from the macroscopic plants ofPetalonia andScytosiphon developed directly into crusts and initials on the crusts developed directly into macroscopic plants. Culture conditions of 10 C and a 9–15 hour photoperiod stimulated the development of macrothalli in both taxa.
An evaluation of the urban renewal experience in the USA

It is now thirty years -roughly a generation -since major urban renewal legislation was enacted in the USA. This legislation was a logical outgrowth of national involvement in the related fields of housing and home finance, and of municipal efforts to improve urban living conditions by means of housing and building codes, zoning ordinances and overall city planning. Deteriorated sections of the cities had grown rapidly as a result of wide inequalities in income, fed by the infusion of poor and unskilled immigrants from domestic rural areas and from foreign countries. The great economic depression of the 1930s intensified these problems by reducing family incomes, pressing municipal finances to the brink of bankruptcy (and often beyond it) and rendering private investment cautious to the point of paralysis. World War II, which brought death and destruction on a massive scale, was met in its latter years by a resolution to avoid the cumulative mistakes of the past and to seek a body of public policy that would enable cities to be built or rebuilt in a coherent, efficient and attractive manner. Although the USA suffered no war damage, it too was swept up in the world-wide enthusiasm for post-War planning. Congressional hearings were held as early as 1944, and five years later the Housing Act of 1949, the landmark legislation in city rebuilding in the USA, was written into law.
Emerging technologies in CT- radiation dose reduction and dual-energy CT.

Part I: Strategies for Reducing Radiation exposure in Abdomen Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) CT is indispensable to the modern management of patients with variety of abdomen and pelvic diseases. Imaging of the abdominal and pelvis alone contributes up to 32% of all CT examinations. Relatively higher radiation dose delivered by abdominal and pelvis CT in comparison with other body regions, the presence of many radiosensitive organs in the field, and increased utilization of abdomen and pelvic CT have raised concerns of potential cancer risks from radiation exposure. In one series, it was shown that a single-acquisition abdomen and pelvis CT with median effective dose of 15 mSv (range, 10-20 mSv) if performed at age 3 is associated with mean lifetime cancer risk up to 20 cancers per 10,000 CT examinations, declining to 3 cancers per 10,000 CT examinations when exposed at 70 years of age. This has raised concern not only among radiologists, but also among ordering physicians and patients referred for CT examination. In this section, we provide strategies for reducing cumulative radiation dose to patients undergoing abdomen-pelvis CT examination while maintaining diagnostic image quality for the required task.
A formal functional characterization of shop floor control

Abstract Shop-floor control systems for discrete part manufacturing have been widely described by many researchers. These descriptions have led to several proposed frameworks to solve the overall shop floor control problem. Some terms commonly used to describe these frameworks include: centralized control, hierarchical control, heterarchical control, and hybrid control. However, these frameworks have not provided a formal generic vision of shop floor control. Rather, they have concentrated on specific implementations of the problem, or small classes of similar implementations. As a result, the frameworks which have been developed are applicable only to a subset of the problem domain. By contrast, a solution to the general shop floor control problem is highly desirable. It is only after the general shop floor problem is understood that such a general solution can be developed. In response to this need, this paper presents a formal functional characterization of the general shop floor control problem. Key to our functional characterization of the controller is the use of process plans as part of the control. We use a process plan representation model compatible with the ISO TC184/SC4/WG3/P11 proposed standard as part of the control input. The ISO process plan model is converted to a digraph which provide the task representation for control. In this paper, we illustrate how these digraphs provide the essential requirements for input to and for a functional characterization of shop floor control.
MT-like multi layer 48-channel polymer waveguide connector using novel passive alignment structure

We present MT-like multi-layer 48-channel and 108-channel polymer waveguide array connectors which will become important for high-channel count optical interconnect. We used a novel alignment structure for precise positioning of each waveguide core.
Fluorinated phenolates in monomeric and dimeric Co(II) compounds

Abstract Five structures of two monometallic cobalt aryloxide compounds and two bimetallic cobalt-thallium compounds with bridging fluorinated aryloxide ligands (OC 6 F 5 = OAr F , OC 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 = OAr′) are presented with magnetic susceptibility and spectroscopic characterization data. The monometallic compounds, [Co(OAr F ) 2 (DME)] 2 , 1 , and [Co(OAr′) 2 (DME)] 2 , 2 , are prepared by metathesis reactions between two equivalents of TlOAr and one of CoI 2 . The heterobimetallic compounds [Tl 2 Co(OAr F ) 4 ]·2 toluene, 3a , and [Tl 2 Co(OAr′) 4 ] 2 ·2 toluene, 4 , were prepared with a 4:1 ratio of the thallium aryloxide to CoI 2 . An unsolvated form of [Tl 2 Co(OAr F ) 4 ], 3b , was also structurally characterized. Magnetic susceptibility studies revealed that 3b is a simple, isolated high-spin Co II with Curie–Weiss behavior. Dimeric compounds 1 and 2 are also high-spin Co II but exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling, via superexchange through two μ 2 -OAr F ligands, as supported by DFT calculations. Compound 4 exhibits ferromagnetic behavior which is ascribed to the presence of μ 3 -OAr ligands, instead of μ 2 -OAr groups.
Promoting Transition Success for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Disabilities: The Value of Mentoring *

Youth with disabilities are less likely to enroll in and complete postsecondary education programs and transition to employment than their non-disabled peers, and this is especially so for those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. To help provide insight into factors influencing the transition process, a multi-site study was conducted using survey interviews, focus groups, and case studies, with a focus on CLD youth with disabilities. The importance of mentoring emerged as a consistent theme. Most participants cited informal men- tors as role models and key motivators for gaining the social, academic, and career supports needed for success. They identified the relationships of individuals who served as mentors and what they did that helped them gain fresh perspectives and take steps toward personal, academic, and career goals. The insights gained from the re- search p
Measuring the energy security implications of fossil fuel resource concentration

Abstract Economic assessments of the welfare effects of energy insecurity are typically uncertain and fail to provide clear guidance to policy makers. As a result, governments have had little analytical support to complement expert judgment in the assessment of energy security. This is likely to be inadequate when considering multiple policy goals, and in particular the intersections between energy security and climate change mitigation policies. This paper presents an alternative approach which focuses on gauging the causes of energy insecurity as a way to assist policy making. The paper focuses on the energy security implications of fossil fuel resource concentration and distinguishes between the price and physical availability components of energy insecurity. It defines two separate indexes: the energy security price index (ESPI), based on the measure of market concentration in competitive fossil fuel markets, and the energy security physical availability index (ESPAI), based on the measure of supply flexibility in regulated markets. The paper illustrates the application of ESPI and ESPAI with two case studies—France and the United Kingdom—looking at the evolution of both indexes to 2030.
Nucleation of long-range order in quenched Yukawa plasmas

We discuss the nucleation from glassy to crystalline order in quenched one-component Yukawa plasmas as studied by molecular dynamics. Rapid quenches from [ital T][ge]4[ital T][sub melt] to [ital T][le]0.5[ital T][sub melt] were studied and a range of Yukawa exponents were considered for systems with up to 10 000 particles. We report on the effect of system size on nucleation and the relevance of classical nucleation theory to the observed nonequilibrium dynamics.
Global harmonization and communications

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation about European Link 2000+ Programme based upon ATN Baseline 1 and FAA data communications program launching with FANS 1/A.
World Ethnographic Sample

THIS paper has two primary objectives: (1) to present a carefully selected sample of all the cultures known to history and ethnography, and (2) to classify each selected culture according to certain standard ethnographic categories. The sample is specifically designed to be as representative as possible of the entire known range of cultural variation, so that it may serve alike as a rough indication of the quantitative incidence of the tabulated traits among mankind as a whole, as a guide to their distribution by geographical regions and areas, and as an aid in the testing of scientific hypotheses. Regional surveys and the now somewhat outmoded world ethnographies tend to stress the distinctive features of particular culture areas without reference to universal standards of comparison. Theoretical works, on the other hand, typically emphasize the definition and illustration of crucial distinctions without recording their actual cross-cultural incidence and geographic distribution. The aim here is to combine the distributional and classificatory approaches. The tabulated data are mainly from fields in which typological classification has become relatively standardized, namely, basic economy, settlement patterns, and social and political organization. To achieve uniformity of judgment the author has read and assessed all ethnographic sources himself, with the exception of a few classroom reports done by graduate students under close supervision. Besides covering the descriptive sources in the languages which he himself can use (Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish), he has had access to a number of important sources in Chinese, Japanese, and Russian translated by the Human Relations Area Files. The most serious problem has been the selection of the sample. At one time the author believed that an adequate sample might be obtained merely by selecting a large number of cultures from a wide geographic range and avoiding excessive representation of any particular areas. A test conducted recently in a graduate class convinced him that this is not sufficient. In this test the major statistical correlations of Social Structure (Murdock 1949) were recalculated from two worldwide samples of 300 cultures each, one completely unselected and the other carefully chosen to give precisely equal representation to all the culture areas of the world. Though no startling reversals appeared, the results from the two samples differed so markedly in enough instances to demonstrate the imperative need for a much more systematic sampling procedure.
Genetic evidence that aphidicolin inhibits in vivo DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Using a genetic approach, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells sensitive (aphS) and resistant (aphR) to aphidicolin were grown in the presence or absence of various DNA polymerase inhibitors, and the newly synthesized DNA isolated from [32P]dNMP-labelled, detergent-permeabilized cells, was characterized after fractionation by gel electrophoresis. The particular aphRmutant CHO cell line used was one selected for resistance to aphidicolin and found to possess an altered DNA polymerase of the a-family. The synthesis of a 24 kb replication intermediate was inhibited in wild-type CHO cells grown in the presence of aphidicolin, whereas the synthesis of this replication intermediate was not inhibited by this drug in the mutant CHO cells or in the aphidicolin-resistant somatic cell hybrid progeny constructed by fusion of wild-type and mutant cell lines. Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), like aphidicolin, inhibited the synthesis of this 24 kb DNA replication intermediate in the wild-type CHO cells but not in the aphR mutant cells. However, carbonyldiphosphonate (COMDP) inhibited the synthesis of the 24 kb replication intermediate in both wild-type and mutant cells. N2-(p-n-Butylphenyl)-2′ deoxyguanisine-5′-triphosphate (BuPdGTP) was found to inhibit the formation of Okazaki fragments equally well in the wild-type and mutant cell lines and thus led to inhibition of synthesis of DNA intermediates in both cases. It appears that aphidicolin and ara-C both affect a common target on the DNA polymerase, which is different from that affected by COMDP in vivo. These data also show that aphidicolin, ara-C and COMDP affect the elongation activity of DNA polymerase but not the initiation activity of the enzyme during DNA replication. This is the first report of such differentiation of the DNA polymerase activities during nuclear DNA replication in mammalian cells. The method of analysis described here for replication intermediates can be used to examine the inhibitory activities of other chemicals on DNA synthesis.
Microstructure in the Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclotetrasilanes

Abstract Cyclotetrasilanes with methyl and phenyl substituents Si4MenPh8-n (n=3,4,5,6) have been prepared by dearylation of octaphenylcyclotetrasilane and subsequent nucleophilic displacement with methylmagnesium bromide. All monomers are sufficiently strained to be polymerized to high molecular weight linear polysilanes. Ring Opening Polymerization, ROP, of cyclotetrasilanes proceeds with considerable stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. Silylcuprates lead to two inversions of configuration at both the attacked Si atom and at the newly developed active center. The assignment of 29Si NMR signals for poly(methylphenylsilylene) to heterotactic (−38.5 ppm), syndiotactic (−39.0 ppm) and isotactic (−41.0 ppm) triads has been determined based on the polymerization of various mixtures of stereoisomers
Evaluating the Application of Knowledge: The Use of Restraints

The key for nurses to meet the educational requirements of regulatory institutions such as The Center for Medicare/Medicaid is in identifying whether a planned education program has changed practice. THE USE OF restraints has become a high-priority issue to assure appropriateness of treatment and protect patient rights (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS], 2006). The term restraint is defined in the literature as referring to the physical restriction of movement that may involve restraining all limbs (Jacobi, Fraser, and Coursin, 2002; Mohr, 2010). Restraints may be an intervention for children and adolescents to reduce the risk of treatment interference or to prevent abrupt discontinuation of medical devices used for diagnosis or monitoring. Restraints are also used to prevent patients from harming themselves or others (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997). The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid's requires that all clinical staff with direct patient contact have ongoing education and training in the proper and safe use of restraints. Performance improvement processes through education of staff allow for ongoing opportunities to improve care and reduce risk associated with restraint use. Commitment to patient and staff safety is a top priority for health care organizations. To comply with regulatory initiatives in reducing the use of restraints, education and training for health care workers on safe application, reassessment, documentation guidelines, and alternatives to restraint use are necessary (Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 1996). A review of the literature was conducted to uncover how other organizations have successfully implemented and evaluated restraint education and reduction programs.
The purification of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster larvae and a partial structural comparison with the form purified from adults

Abstract Two major electrophoretically distinct forms of the soluble α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase can be detected in the different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster . A protocol is presented here for the complete purification of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-3, the form found in larvae, and a modification of a previously published method for the purification of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-1 the major form found in the adult. A structural comparison of the two types revealed striking similarities, confirming earlier genetic evidence which indicated that a single structural gene codes for both forms.
Modeling Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells with kesterite and stannite phase variation

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) may exhibit both kesterite and stannite polymorphs and shows promise as an absorber layer in thin film photovoltaic solar cells to be produced at terawatt scales. This study examines the effects of CZTS polymorphism and inhomogeneous distributions of CZTS polymorphs on device characteristics under scenarios of single phase films, a sinusoidal variation between kesterite and stannite with depth, and single phase films with thin layers of the other polymorph at both interfaces. In general, stannite-only devices are predicted to have higher efficiency than kesterite-only devices and sinusoidal grading results in efficiency between those of the pure phases. However, the device performance is relatively insensitive to the wavelength of the sinusoidal grading and rather is very sensitive to the phase present at the CdS interface. Predicted AM1.5 current-voltage (J-V) curves and descriptive metrics as well as wavelength-resolved quantum efficiencies are reported for all models. Based on these results, we propose control of cation ordering in CZTSSe as a mechanism for device design using bandgap grading and interface engineering without variation of stoichiometry.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN IN VIVO ON CYTOCHROMES P4502D16 AND P450C17 IN THE GUINEA PIG ADRENAL CORTEX

Studies were performed to compare the effects of ACTH treatment in vivo on cytochromes P4502D16 and P450c17 in the guinea pig adrenal cortex. In untreated animals, CYP2D16 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression as well as xenobiotic-metabolizing activities (bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase, and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase) were far greater in the inner (zona reticularis) than the outer (zona fasciculata plus zona glomerulosa) zones of the cortex. ACTH treatment for 3 or 7 days significantly decreased the rates of xenobiotic metabolism in both the inner and outer adrenal zones. Western and Northern blot analyses revealed that adrenal CYP2D16 protein and mRNA concentrations were significantly decreased by ACTH. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on CYP2D16, ACTH treatment increased steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the adrenal inner zone, but did not affect outer zone activity. Microsomal CYP17 protein concentrations were not affected by ACTH despite increases in CYP17 mRN...
Electrochemical Studies of the Mixed-Conductor System YBa2Cu307-δ

Oxygen mobility in the system YBa2Cu307-δ (0 ≤ 8 ≤ 1) has been studied by electrochemical methods over the temperature range 500 ≤ T ≤ 800 °C. The experimental cell consisted of a pellet of YBa2Cu307-δ sandwiched between an ionically-blocking Au film electrode and an electronically-blocking yttrium-stabilized zirconia electrolyte/Pt paste electrode. The concentration of mobile oxygen ions, c(02-), and the diffusion coefficient, D, were evaluated from potential step experiments. Coulometric titration studies were used to modify the oxygen content of the oxygen deficient (δ ≥ 0) material. These electrochemically-modified samples were further characterized by magnetic susceptibility measurements to monitor the effect of changes of oxygen content on the width and position of the superconducting transītion.
Elevated dark adaptation thresholds in traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: To expand upon earlier findings of elevated dark adaptation (scotopic) thresholds in photosensitive individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods and procedures: To assess scotopic thresholds in individuals with TBI (n = 17) manifesting varying degrees of photosensitivity (mild, moderate or marked), but without retinal dysfunction, to those of non-photosensitive, visually-normal individuals (n = 21) using a hand-held dark adaptometer. Main outcomes and results: The group mean scotopic threshold for the TBI group was significantly higher than that of the visually-normal group. Over 50% (nine out of 17) of the TBI group exhibited elevated thresholds. There was no correlation between the threshold value and degree of photosensitivity. Conclusion: The elevated scotopic thresholds suggest an abnormality in cortical gain control. An anomalous adaptive response may develop due to cortical damage, thereby attenuating subjective light sensation.
The Effect of Pulsatile Flow on Intrathecal Drug Delivery in the Spinal Canal

Clinical studies have shown that drugs delivered intrathecally distribute much faster than can be accounted for by pure molecular diffusion. However, drug transport inside the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled spinal canal is poorly understood. In this study, comprehensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to quantify the effect of pulsatile CSF flow on the accelerated drug dispersion in the spinal canal. Infusion tests with a radionucleotide and fluorescent dye under stagnant and pulsatile flow conditions were conducted inside an experimental surrogate model of the human spinal canal. The tracer distributions were quantified optically and by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The experimental results show that CSF flow oscillations substantially enhance fluorescent dye and radionucleotide dispersion in the spinal canal experiment. The experimental observations were interpreted by rigorous computer simulations. To demonstrate the clinical significance, the dispersion of intrathecally infused baclofen, an anti-spasticity drug, was predicted by using patient-specific spinal data and CSF flow measurements. The computational predictions are expected to enable the rational design of intrathecal drug therapies.
Teaching bad American English: Profanity and other bad words in the liberal arts setting

L'enseignement de l'anglais americain dans les universites americaines comprend un module de langue grossiere (argot des bas-fonds, argot sexuel, termes pejoratifs...). L'A. examine les raisons et la pertinence de la presence de ce module dans le programme d'enseignement dans le contexte culturel actuel des Etats-Unis
The effect of fetal acidemia on fetal-placental vascular tone and production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine the effects of fetal acidemia on placental vascular tone and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Study Design: With use of an ex vivo placental perfusion model, the maternal and fetal circulation of two cotyledons from five human placentas were perfused for 4 hours. The fetal circulation of one cotyledon was perfused with acidemic (pH 6.90) Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), whereas the fetal circulation of the other cotyledon was perfused with physiologic (pH 7.35) HBSS. Fetal venous effluents were collected hourly, and IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cotyledon perfusion pressures were recorded every 10 minutes. Paired t tests were used to compare differences in cytokine production and perfusion pressure between the cotyledons. Results: Fetal-placental vascular perfusion pressure was consistently reduced from baseline under acidemic, but not physiologic, conditions with statistical significance achieved from 20 minutes onward ( P P P Conclusion: Fetal-placental vasodilation may be a compensatory mechanism to improve acidemic conditions. Unlike fetal hypoperfusion or fetal hyperoxia, fetal acidemia does not result in elevated placental cytokine levels. ( Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:894-7.)
Have risk factors for mortality after heart transplantation changed over time? Insights from 19 years of Cardiac Transplant Research Database study

Background The Cardiac Transplant Research Database (CTRD) collected data from 26 U.S. institutions from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2008 providing the opportunity for construction of a comprehensive multivariable model of risk for death after transplantation. We analyzed risk factors for death over 19 years of experience to determine how risk profiles have changed over time and how they interact with age. Methods A multivariable parametric hazard model for death was created for 7,015 patients entered into the CTRD. Variables collected over 19 years of experience were examined as potential risk factors and tested for interaction with date of transplantation to determine if their relative risk (RR) changed over time. Results The hazard for death post-transplant occurred in 2 phases: an early phase of acute risk lasting p = 0.04) at 60 years of age. Of the late-phase variables found to be risk factors, the RR of age, date of transplant and pulmonary vascular resistance changed with respect to transplant year. The overall risk of death dropped importantly over the study period, but the RR of all other variables remained unchanged. RR was 2.6 ( p p = 0.02). Conclusion Over 19 years, the baseline risk of death has decreased, but the specific risk factors and the magnitudes of their RR have remained unchanged. Therefore, despite advances in clinical management and improvement in overall survival, the risk profile for death after cardiac transplantation is similar to that in 1990.
Can “mind” and behavior be understood without understanding the brain?: A response to Bunge☆

As this century has progressed, the identity crisis of “psychology” has increased rather than diminished. The discipline continues to fragment, and in America most scientifically (i.e., research) oriented psychologists have deemed it advisable to split off from the American Psychological Association in order to sustain their professional identity. The American Psychological Society was recently formed to provide a home for experimentalists who have become increasingly alienated from scientifically disinterested practitioners. During the last few decades there has also been a mass exodus of biologically oriented psychologists to other disciplines, where their identity has increasingly become dissolved in the vigorous hybrid discipline of neuroscience (see Davis, Rosenzweig, Becker, & Sather, 1988). This loss, if sustained, may be the undoing of psychology as a basic science discipline, at least of the type envisioned by Bunge. Bunge has argued for a conception of psychology, based solidly on a biological foundation, with which I essentially agree, but would push even further. I am also tempted to quibble over a variety of details, especially on his lack of emphasis of innately coded brain circuits in mental organization, but would rather share a complementary viewpoint which may help further highlight why a coherent conception of psychology, as a basic bio-social science discipline, has failed to materialize. One index of how far we are from that goal is our inability to forge a consensus on the type of essential academic course load we should require from our students (at least in the United States). At the recent “Utah Conference on Graduate Education” (see “Resolutions,” A,mericun Psychologist, 1987) no core curriculum could be identified that every graduate student should be expected to master before being deemed a “psychologist.” Rather it was decided that “psychology is that which is taught by psychology faculties” (p. 1070) and that “the content of graduate education for all psychologists rests with departments and schools of psychology” (p. 1071). Thus, unlike the other sciences, “psychology” does not yet have the substance, or the shared insight to define the empirical foundations of the discipline. I would argue that it is the “shared insight” that is lacking. Although it is generally accepted that all programs should include courses in learning, as well as the biological, cognitive, affective, and social bases of behavior, in my estimation the most substantial empirical foundation for the
Synthetic studies of FR900482: Promising method to construct the bicyclic hydroxylamine hemi-ketal ring system

Abstract Intramolecular reductive amination is utilized as a key 8-membered ring-forming cyclization reaction to construct the novel bicyclic hydroxylamine hemi-ketal ring system of FR900482.
Work‐welfare programs

A variety of work-welfare program arrangements yield effective treatments. Although their effects are small, they usually are large enough to justify program costs. Nevertheless, program effects vary considerably by type of program, by state, and by target group. To learn more about the nature and sources of these variations is perhaps the next great challenge in the development and testing of work-welfare programs.
Design of a vertical magnetic recording head with large-scale models

A technique is described to aid in the design of magnetic recording heads. Large-scale models are used for the experimental optimization of recording head designs. To illustrate this technique, appropriate scaling factors are derived and then applied to the design of a vertical recording head.
Simultaneous separation and genetic typing of four short tandem repeat loci by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Genetic typing based on the four short tandem repeat (STR)_loci vWF, THO1, TPOX and CSF1PO by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection has been demonstrated. It was necessary to separate these alleles in single-stranded form and to prevent rehybridization and eliminate secondary structures. Separation under both denaturing and non-denaturing conditions is discussed. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (1.6% 8 000 000 M r ) and PEO (1.5% 600 000 M r ) were dissolved in 1 × TBE (0.54 g Tris, 0.275 g boric acid and 0.100 mmol disodium EDTA, diluted to 50 ml with deionized water), 3.5 M urea buffer was the separation matrix used for denaturing condition. A matrix composed of 1.9% 8 000 000 M r PEO and 1.8% 600 000 M r PEO in 1 × TBE was used for the non-denaturing condition. Elevated temperature was required when the separation was performed without urea. Single-base resolution was obtained in both cases. Non-denaturing electrophoresis results in faster separations. Future adaptation to multiple-capillary array systems should allow fast genotyping of large numbers of samples simultaneously.
Estrogen receptor-α mediates the detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the murine reproductive tract

Abstract It is generally believed that estrogen receptor-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in mediating the developmental effects of the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES). However, the precise role and extent to which each pathway contributes to the resulting pathologies remains unknown. We have employed the estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) mice, which lack either estrogen receptor-α (αERKO or estrogen receptor-β (βERKO), to gain insight into the contribution of each ER-dependent pathway in mediating the effects of neonatal DES exposure in the female and male reproductive tract tissues of the mouse. Estrogen receptor-α female mice exhibited complete resistance to the chronic effects of neonatal DES exposure that were obvious in exposed wild-type animals, including atrophy and epithelial squamous metaplasia in the uterus; proliferative lesions of the oviduct; and persistent cornification of the vaginal epithelium. DES-mediated reduction in uterine Hoxa10 , Hoxa11 and Wnt7a expression that occurs wild-type females during the time of exposure was also absent in αERKO females. In the male, αERKO mice exhibited complete resistance to the chronic effects of neonatal DES exposure on the prostate, including decreased androgen receptor levels, epithelial hyperplasia, and increased basal cell proliferation. Although ERβ is highly expressed in the prostate epithelium, DES-exposed βERKO males exhibited all of the effects of neonatal DES exposure that were observed in similarly exposed wild-type males. Therefore, the lack of DES-effects on gene expression and tissue differentiation in the αERKO uterus and prostate provides unequivocal evidence of an obligatory role for ERα in mediating the detrimental actions of neonatal DES exposure in the murine reproductive tract.
True Triaxial Stresses and the Brittle Fracture of Rock

This paper reviews the efforts made in the last 100 years to characterize the effect of the intermediate principal stress σ2 on brittle fracture of rocks, and on their strength criteria. The most common theories of failure in geomechanics, such as those of Coulomb, and Mohr, disregard σ2 and are typically based on triaxial testing of cylindrical rock samples subjected to equal minimum and intermediate principal stresses (σ3=σ2). However, as early as 1915 Boker conducted conventional triaxial extension tests (σ1=σ2) on the same Carrara marble tested earlier in conventional triaxial compression by von Karman that showed a different strength behavior. Efforts to incorporate the effect of σ2 on rock strength continued in the second half of the last century through the work of Nadai, Drucker and Prager, Murrell, Handin, Wiebols and Cook, and others. In 1971 Mogi designed a high-capacity true triaxial testing machine, and was the first to obtain complete true triaxial strength criteria for several rocks based on experimental data. Following his pioneering work, several other laboratories developed equipment and conducted true triaxial tests revealing the extent of σ2 effect on rock strength (e.g., Takahashi and Koide, Michelis, Smart, Wawersik). Testing equipment emulating Mogi's but considerably more compact was developed at the University of Wisconsin and used for true triaxial testing of some very strong crystalline rocks. Test results revealed three distinct compressive failure mechanisms, depending on loading mode and rock type: shear faulting resulting from extensile microcrack localization, multiple splitting along the σ1 axis, and nondilatant shear failure. The true triaxial strength criterion for the KTB amphibolite derived from such tests was used in conjunction with logged breakout dimensions to estimate the maximum horizontal in situ stress in the KTB ultra deep scientific hole.
Steroid Receptors and Nervous System Metamorphosis in Insects

During CNS metamorphosis, the ecdysteroids evoke diverse neuronal responses including remodeling, maturation, and programmed death. These responses are matched by the equally diverse expression of the
Improving situational awareness for humanitarian logistics through predictive modeling

Humanitarian aid efforts in response to natural and man-made disasters often involve complicated logistical challenges. Problems such as communication failures, damaged infrastructure, violence, looting, and corrupt officials are examples of obstacles that aid organizations face. The inability to plan relief operations during disaster situations leads to greater human suffering and wasted resources. Our team used the Global Database of Events, Location, and Tone (GDELT), a machine-coded database of international events, for all of the models described in this paper. We produced a range of predictive models for the occurrence of violence in Sudan, including time series, general logistic regression, and random forest models using both R and Apache Mahout. We also undertook a validation of the data within GDELT to confirm the event, actor, and location fields according to specific, pre-determined criteria. Our team found that, on average, 81.2 percent of the event codes in the database accurately reflected the nature of the articles. The best regression models had a mean square error (MSE) of 316.6 and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.868. The final random forest models had a MSE of 339.6 and AUC of 0.861. Using Mahout did not provide any significant advantages over R in the creation of these models.