cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineered nanomaterial transformation under oxidative environmental conditions: development of an in vitro biomimetic assay.

Once released into the environment, engineered nanomaterials may be transformed by microbially mediated redox processes altering their toxicity and fate. Little information currently exists on engineered nanomaterial transformation under environmentally relevant conditions. Here, we report the development of an in vitro biomimetic assay for investigation of nanomaterial transformation under simulated oxidative environmental conditions. The assay is based on the extracellular hydroquinone-driven Fenton’s reaction used by lignolytic fungi. We demonstrate the utility of the assay using CdSecore/ZnSshell quantum dots (QDs) functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol). QD transformation was assessed by UV−visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). QDs were readily degraded under simulated oxidative environmental conditions: the ZnS shell eroded and cadmium was rele...
Mineral fabrics analysis using a low-cost universal stage for X-ray diffractometry

A low-cost universal stage with an angular resolution of 1.8° is described below that can be mounted onto an ordinary powder X-ray diffractometer. The attachment is used to characterize the micro structure (orientation of mineral grains). Microstructures of polycrystalline materials of diverse origin (eggshell, tufa and mollusk shell) were characterized by registering the intensity of diagnostic lattice reflections for a particular mineral in three dimensional space using a polar coordinate plot (hemispherical projection). Pole figure distributions were used to decipher the potential growth mechanisms that produced the microstructures observed in these mineral aggregates.
Trypanosoma lewisi: Body weight gains and food consumption of folate-deficient rats

Abstract 1. 1. Boby-weight gains and food consumption were studied in folate-deficient rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. 2. 2. Body-weight gains in infected rats, inoculated on Day 21, and fed complete diets showed a 2–64% increase over uninfected rats; those of infected rats fed a folate-deficient diet showed an increase of 1%–60%. 3. 3. Body-weight gains in infected rats, inoculated on Day 56, and fed complete, pair-fed and deficient diets ranged up to 44%, 47% and 27% respectively. 4. 4. Irrespective of diet or day of inoculation, infected rats showed statistically significant differences in food intake when compared with uninfected controls.
Can the intertemporal budget constraint explain the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle?

Abstract We investigate the small-sample behavior of the cross-sectional saving-investment correlation when saving and investment are cointegrated over time, as is implied by the intertemporal budget constraint. The simulations show that the effect of the intertemporal budget constraint seems strong enough to explain the high correlation of saving and investment across countries (Feldstein-Horioka puzzle).
Technical aspects and clinical correlations of the serum bactericidal test.

A review of the studies using 50 % human serum as a diluent for the serum bactericidal test has shown correlations with patient outcome. Human serum used as diluent of the patient's serum appears to be essential because of high protein binding of some antibiotics. An inoculum of 10 5–106 bacteria/ml and a bactericidal criteria of 99.9 % killing are technical aspects that have gained popularity. Careful timing of serum collection for the assay is important. Neither the macrotube nor microtiter techniques are entirely satisfactory. The latter method, however, has the advantage of being more reproducible than the macrotube method, less cumbersome and requiring less serum. Preliminary guidelines for performing and interpreting the test are provided. Future research should be directed toward making the microtiter technique more sensitive for identifying antibiotic tolerance, developing effective methods to eliminate the need for human serum as a diluent and obtaining more clinical correlations.
Environmental economic dispatch in multi-area power system employing improved differential evolution with fuzzy selection

A multi-objective differential evolution technique with fuzzy selection (DEFS) is proposed.A momentum operation is also included to prevent stagnation and to create Pareto diversity.DEFS is applied to multi-area nonconvex environmental economic dispatch (MANCEED).Many complex equality and inequality constraints are considered with multi-area constraints.The DEFS performance is validated and compared with results from previous literature. In a deregulated multi-area electrical power system the objective is to determine the most economical generation dispatch strategy that could satisfy the area load demands, the tie-line limits and other operating constraints. Usually, economic dispatch (ED) deals only with the cost minimization, but minimization of emission content has also become an equally important concern due to the mandatory requirement of pollution reduction for environmental protection. Environmental economic dispatch (EED) is a complex multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem with conflicting goals. Normally a fuzzy ranking is employed to rank the large number of Pareto solutions obtained after solving a MOO problem. But in this paper the preference of the decision maker (DM) is used to guide the search and to select the population for the next generation. An improved differential evolution (DE) method is proposed where the selection operation is modified to reduce the complexity of multi-attribute decision making with the help of a fuzzy framework. Solutions are assigned a fuzzy rank on the basis of their level of satisfaction for different objectives before the population selection and then the fuzzy rank is used to select and pass on better solutions to the next generation. A well distributed Pareto-front is obtained which presents a large number of alternate trade-off solutions for the power system operator. A momentum operation is also included to prevent stagnation and to create Pareto diversity. Studies are carried out on three test cases and results obtained are found to be better than some previous literature.
Prediction of a space charge induced upper molecular mass limit towards achieving unit mass resolution in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Cyclotron phase locking arises when two ion clouds have similar mass-to-charge ratios and a sufficiently large ion population such that the relative cyclotron dynamics are dominated by the mutual Coulomb E x B drift dynamics. Once two or more ion clouds are phase locked, a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer cannot distinguish them by image current detection since the ion clouds have identical detected cyclotron frequencies. A simple analytical model, based on the assumption of rigid ion clouds, predicts that the maximum number of ions having equal charge states and closely spaced masses, which can be contained in two clouds before phase locking occurs, is proportional to their mass difference and to the square of the magnetic field strength divided by the molecular mass, Δm(B/M) 2 , and is independent of the charge state. This molecular mass dependence establishes an upper molecular mass limit for resolving closely spaced peaks due to cyclotron phase locking. The rigid ion cloud model, supported by numerical simulations, demonstrates that phase locking causes the 1 Da spacing of the isotopic envelope for large molecules to be unresolvable past a high molecular mass limit (M max ). M max is directly proportional to B and independent of the charge state for adjacent ion clouds with equal charge state. An order of magnitude estimate predicts that M max 1x10 4 (in units of Da and Tesla), independent of charge state for peaks having a 1 Da spacing. This estimate concurs with present instrumental capabilities. Full three-dimensional numerical stimulations on realistic ion clouds, which include the combined effects of internal and external ion cloud dynamics, Z-oscillation, linear dipolar excitation and trap potential anharmonicity, demonstrate the qualitative validity of the assumptions inherent in the rigid ion cloud model predictions.
Sinusoidal Variation of Inductance in a Linear Series RLC Circuit

Sinusoidal variation of inductance in a series RLC circuit is considered in a manner which generalizes previous treatments by placing the variation inside the differentiation sign, and by inclusion of dissipation. A simple relationship is established with solutions for capacitance variation. Dissipation is shown to lead to time-variable damping in a specified manner. Typical differential analyzer solutions are presented.
Do Applicants' Perceptions Matter? Investigating Reapplication Behavior Using Fairness Theory

This study used a fairness theory approach to examine a link between applicants' perceptions and their actual reapplication behavior. We suggested that applicants who do not receive job offers form ‘Would’ counterfactuals based on perceived performance and ‘Should’ counterfactuals based on two procedural justice rules (job relatedness and opportunity to perform). Participants (N=542) were applicants for a United States federal government position. After not being hired in the initial selection process, 9% of the applicants reapplied for the job the following year. We found some support for the hypothesized interactions. The job relatedness–perceived performance interaction was not significant, but the opportunity to perform–perceived performance interaction was. Opportunity to perform had a stronger influence when perceived performance was higher.
The effects of perceived co-worker involvement and supervisor support on service provider role stress, performance and job satisfaction

Abstract Clearly, retail employees affect retail performance. Yet, organizational theory shows disproportionately little interest in retail employees. This research addresses key aspects of a retail employee's work environment, or ‘climate,’ and how these perceptions influence work-related outcomes. Specifically, a causal modelling approach tests relationships among front-line service providers. Results suggest that employee perceptions of co-worker involvement and supervisory support can reduce stress and increase job satisfaction. Other results indicate a positive relationship between role conflict and job performance, a positive relationship between job performance and job satisfaction, and that job performance mediates effects of role stress on satisfaction.
The Application of Unisex Annuity Tables to Retirement Plans

Protections in pension law meant to increase women's pension income must be reevaluated in light of the increased use of defined contribution plans. One such protection is discussed: the requirement that pension plans use unisex annuity tables in calculating monthly benefits for retirees. Its usefulness is examined when applied to defined contribution plans. Legal reforms necessary to insure the use of unisex annuity tables are examined.
The founding of population genetics: Contributions of the Chetverikov school 1924–1934

Of the eighteen founders of the synthetic theory of evolution listed by G. G. Simpson in his book, The Meaning of Evolution, 1 four are Russian in origin and training: S. S, Chetverikov, N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky, N. P. Dubinin, and Th. Dobzhansky. All are significant primari ly for the same type of studies: analyses of the genetic variability of wild populations, and the development of sophisticated notions of the role of the genetic and environmenta l backgrounds in determining the expression and fitness of genes. Fur thermore , Dobzhansky's work comes later than that of the first three, and he himself was among the first to credit their work with originating many of the concepts and experimenta l approaches which he has applied so fruitfully. Thus it is especially lamentable that an informed student of evolution today in the West, though he would probably be familiar with the work of the Western founders of the synthetic theory, might well have only a vague notion of the contributions of Chetverikov, Timofeev-Resovsky, and Dubinin. This lack is perhaps natural enough: it reflects the scant t rea tment given them in the biological l i terature, which generally has only brief ment ions of their early works. And this lack in turn is to be largely explained by the unavailabil i ty of many impor tant articles published in the 1920's and 1930's in Russian, and often unavailable in most Western libraries in any language. In order to put this study in the proper perspective, it is perhaps advisable to delineate what will not be discussed. First, the Russian School made impor tant contributions to genetics which, however significant, do not bear directly on population genetics. Hence I will not discuss the contemporaneous work on position
The calcium K-line network in coronal holes

Microphotometry of calcium K-line photographs in the regions of polar coronal holes shows that the chromospheric network exterior to a hole has a slightly broader intensity distribution than that inside the hole itself, a fact which can be attributed to a greater number of bright network elements outside the hole. These bright elements presumably represent the enhanced network resulting from the dispersal of magnetic flux from old active regions, a hypothesis which is consistent with current ideas of coronal hole formation.
Parts, Partonomies, and Taxonomies.

Partonomies, such as body parts, like taxonomies, such as the animal kingdom, are hierarchical organizations of knowledge based on an asymmetric, transitive relation, part of or kind of. This article reports exploratory work on children's partonomic knowledge, and the relation between partonomic knowledge and use of taxonomic organization. Because parts are elements of both appearance and function, shared parts may facilitate the transition from classification based on perception to classification based on function. Children were more likely to group taxonomically when instances shared parts than when instances did not share parts. For adults, parts rated "good" are functionally significant as well as perceptually salient, for example, the seat of a chair. Perceptually salient parts— those affecting shape or large ones—were detected faster by younger children than were less salient parts.
Membrane studies in Huntington's disease: steady-state fluorescence studies of intact erythrocytes

Recent evidence suggests that a membrane abnormality may be present in Huntington's disease (HD), including peripheral tissues such as erythrocytes. Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on intact erythrocytes from patients with HD and from normal age- and sex-matched controls. Fluorescent probes with known specificity for certain membrane areas were used to survey membrane dynamics; these probes included fluorescamine, which binds to primary amines on the cell surface, and both 12(9)-anthroyl stearate, 12(9)AS, and 2(9)-anthroyl stearate, 2(9)AS, which insert at different depths in the hydrocarbon core of membranes. In the intact HD erythrocyte, fluorescamine revealed decreased polarization, 12(9)AS showed increased polarization, and 2(9)AS showed no difference as compared to normal erythrocytes. These studies suggest that fluorescamine, attached to primary amines of the cell surface in intact HD erythrocytes, has increased rotational mobility whereas the anthroyl moiety of 12(9)AS in the hydrocarbon interior has decreased rotational mobility. These studies thus support the concept of a membrane abnormality in HD.
Polarization photometer to measure bidirectional reflectance factor R(55∞, 0∞; 55∞, 180∞) of leaves

A polarization photometer has been developed for rapidly determining the bidirectional, polarized, and diffuse light-scattering properties of individual leaves illuminated and measured in vivo at an angle of 55° (approximately Brewster's angle) in six wavelength bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. The optical performance and data quality of the system are evaluated to estimate the magnitude of the variation in the data attributable to the instrument system and to measurement procedures. The potential to discriminate between three species of oak is demonstrated using data acquired by the polarization photometer. The instrument is being used to increase understanding of the radiation transfer process in plant canopies and specifically to determine how agronomic information of the physical and chemical processes in leaves, plants, and plant canopies is expressed in these light-scattering properties.
Future Direction and Challenges for Microelectronics Packaging Materials

The continual increasing performance of microelectronics products places a high demand on packaging technologies. This presentation will discuss the current environment, challenges, and technologies being pursued. Package technology migrations for microprocessors and communication products are described. Material needs for high thermal dissipation, high-speed signaling, and high-density interconnects are discussed. Microprocessor scaling for increased performance and reduced cost places significant challenges on power delivery and power removal due to reducing dimensions, operating voltages, and increasing power. Meeting these challenges indicates a need for advanced packaging solutions using advanced materials. New methodologies, metrologies, and materials/process technologies to address these challenges are also highlighted.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Crystals stirred up: 2. Numerical insights into the formation of the earliest crust on the Moon

[1] This is the second paper in a two-part series examining the fluid dynamics of crystal settling and flotation in the lunar magma ocean. In the first paper, we develop a direct numerical method for resolving the hydrodynamic interactions between crystals and their feedback on the flow field in magmatic liquid. In this paper, we use this computational technique to test the leading model for the formation of the earliest crust on the Moon. The anorthositic lithology of the lunar crust is thought to have been formed by the flotation of buoyant plagioclase crystals at a time when the lunar mantle was still wholly or largely molten. This model is appealing from an observational point of view, but its fluid dynamical validity is not obvious, because (1) plagioclase probably started crystallizing very late (i.e., when the magma ocean was already 80% solidified) and (2) a significant portion of the shallow lunar crust consists of almost pure plagioclase (>90 vol. %), requiring very efficient plagioclase segregation. The goal of this study is to better understand the fluid dynamical conditions that hinder or facilitate crystal settling or flotation. Our approach complements earlier studies by explicitly linking the petrological and fluid dynamical evolution and by focusing on the effect of increasing crystal fraction. We find that crystal settling was probably possible throughout the entire solidification history of the lunar magma ocean as long as crystal sizes were sufficiently large (r > 1 mm) and crystal fraction sufficiently low (ϕ < 13%).
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for medical diagnostics and biological imaging

We present recent development and applications of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology for use in medical diagnostics and biological imaging. For medical diagnostics, we use Raman-active dye-labeled DNA gene probes and nanostructured metallic substrates as SERS-active platforms. The surface-enhanced Raman gene probes can be used to detect DNA biotargets (e.g. gene sequences, bacteria and viral DNA) via hybridization to DNA sequences complementary to these probes. The SERS gene probes eliminate the need for radioactive labels and have great potential to provide both sensitivity, selectivity and label multiplexing for DNA sequencing and clinical assays. We also describe a hyperspectral surface-enhanced Raman imaging (HSERI) system that combines imaging capabilities with SERS detection to identify cellular components with high spatial and temporal resolution. The HSERI system's application to biological imaging is demonstrated using Raman dye-labeled silver nanoparticles in cellular systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In the cause of science

Jane C. Steward and Robert F. Murphy, eds. Evolution and Ecology: Essays in Social Transformation by Julian H. Steward. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. ix +406 pp. Maps, figures, references, biographical notes. $12.95.
The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population.

Population-based estimates of environmental exposures using biomarkers can be difficult to obtain for a variety of reasons, including problems with limits of detection, undersampling of key strata, time between exposure and sampling, variation across individuals, variation within individuals, and the ability to find and interpret a given biomarker. In this article, we apply statistical likelihoods, weighted sampling, and regression methods for censored data to the analysis of biomarker data. Urinary metabolites for seven phthalates, reported by Blount et al., are analyzed using these methods. In the case of the phthalates data, we assumed the underlying model to be a log-normal distribution with the mean of the distribution defined as a function of a number of demographic variables that might affect phthalate levels in individuals. Included as demographic variables were age, sex, ethnicity, residency, family income, and education level. We conducted two analyses: an unweighted analysis where phthalate distributions were estimated with changes in the means of these distributions as a function of demographic variables, and a weighted prediction for the general population in which weights were assigned for a subset of the population depending on the frequency of their demographic variables in the general U.S. population. We used statistical tests to determine whether any of the demographic variables affected mean phthalate levels. Individuals with only a high school education had higher levels of di-n-butyl phthalate than individuals with education beyond high school. Subjects who had family income less than $1,500 in the month before sampling and/or only high school education had higher levels of n-butyl benzyl phthalate levels than other groupings. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was higher in males and/or in urban populations and/or in people who had family income less than $1,500 per month. Our findings suggest that there may be significant demographic variations in exposure and/or metabolism of phthalates and that health-risk assessments for phthalate exposure in humans should consider different potential risk groups.
A comparison of discriminant function and maximum likelihood estimates of logistic coefficients for categorical-scaled data

Using a sampling experiment following an cpiderniologic study, the relative bias and relative mean square error related to the discriminant function and maximum likelihood procedures are explored. Interest was on investigating the relative estimating properties of these two approaches with respect to the specific logistic coefficients. In epidemiologic research these terms can be used as approximations to the odds ratio. Under the various conditions explored in the present paper, the maximum likelihood approach appears to be preferable when studying categorical data.
UROMUCOID CONTENT OF URINE OF NEWBORNS AND INFANTS.

Abstract Newborns excrete exceedingly little uromucoid in the urine. During the first months the excretion rate increases until it is comparable to that of adults. The total colloid excretion, as well as the subfraction containing the serum-identical proteins, has been measured for newborns and infants.
Crack band theory for fracture of concrete

A fracture theory for a heterogenous aggregate material which exhibits a gradual strain-softening due to microcracking and contains aggregate pieces that are not necessarily small compared to structural dimensions is developed. Only Mode I is considered. The fracture is modeled as a blunt smeard crack band, which is justified by the random nature of the microstructure. Simple triaxial stress-strain relations which model the strain-softening and describe the effect of gradual microcracking in the crack band are derived. It is shown that it is easier to use compliance rather than stiffness matrices and that it suffices to adjust a single diagonal term of the complicance matrix. The limiting case of this matrix for complete (continuous) cracking is shown to be identical to the inverse of the well-known stiffness matrix for a perfectly cracked material. The material fracture properties are characterized by only three parameters—fracture energy, uniaxial strength limit and width of the crack band (fracture process zone), while the strain-softening modulus is a function of these parameters. A method of determining the fracture energy from measured complete stres-strain relations is also given. Triaxial stress effects on fracture can be taken into account. The theory is verified by comparisons with numerous experimental data from the literature. Satisfactory fits of maximum load data as well as resistance curves are achieved and values of the three material parameters involved, namely the fracture energy, the strength, and the width of crack band front, are determined from test data. The optimum value of the latter width is found to be about 3 aggregate sizes, which is also justified as the minimum acceptable for a homogeneous continuum modeling. The method of implementing the theory in a finite element code is also indicated, and rules for achieving objectivity of results with regard to the analyst's choice of element size are given. Finally, a simple formula is derived to predict from the tensile strength and aggregate size the fracture energy, as well as the strain-softening modulus. A statistical analysis of the errors reveals a drastic improvement compared to the linear fracture theory as well as the strength theory. The applicability of fracture mechanics to concrete is thus solidly established.
Ammonia saturation constants for predominant species of rumen bacteria

Ammonia saturation constants were determined for representative pure cultures of predominant, anaerobic, fermentative rumen bacteria. Based on growth experiments with ammonia limited continuous cultures, average estimates for ammonia saturation constants of Bacteroides amylophillus and Bacteroides ruminicola were 10.5 and 23.5 microM ammonia-nitrogen, respectively. With ammonia-limited linear-growth cultures, the estimates for the ammonia saturation constants of B. amylophilus, B. ruminicola, and Selenomonas ruminantium were, respectively, 6, 33.5, and 18 microM ammonia nitrogen. By a third method, which involved estimation of ammonia concentration in the medium when the growth rate of ammonia-limited batch cultures reached half maximal, the ammonia saturation constant was determined for the species mentioned as well as Megaspaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Except for M. elsdenii, saturation constants of the other bacteria were less than 50 microM ammonia nitrogen. An organism with a saturation constant for ammonia of 50 microM growing in a medium containing 1 mM ammonia should achieve 95% of its maximum specific growth rate. Many of the predominant species of rumen bacteria are efficient scavengers of ammonia.
Male involvement in cardiovascular preventive healthcare in two rural Costa Rican communities.

Abstract Background Gender differences in health system usage can lead to differences in the incidence of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a pilot screening targeted towards men to evaluate gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor detection and time since last clinic visit. Methods Three evening sessions in two communities screened 148 people, mean age 47.7 years. Height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol were measured. A questionnaire on past medical history was administered. Participants with elevated measurements were referred to appropriate care. Results Men accounted for 60.1% of those screened; 65.5% of the group was overweight, and 22.3% was obese with 42.6% hypertension, 39.2% hypercholesterolemia, and 2.7% high blood glucose. Among men aged 35 to 65, 65.2% were overweight, 20.3% obese, 46.4% hypertensive, 42.0% hypercholesterolemic, and 1.5% with high blood glucose. Within the last 2 years, 53.3% of men and 9.1% of women aged 35 to 65 had not visited a doctor ( P = 0.004). Conclusions A significant portion of those screened had elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors. Given that men visited doctors significantly less frequently, efforts to involve men in prevention of cardiovascular disease within these communities are warranted.
Design tradeoffs using truncated multipliers in FIR filter implementations

This paper presents a general FIR filter architecture utilizing truncated tree multipliers for computation. The average error, maximum error, and variance of error due to truncation are derived for the proposed architecture. A novel technique that reduces the average error of the filter is presented, along with equations for computing the signal-to-noise ratio of the truncation error. A software tool written in Java is described that automatically generates structural VHDL models for specific filters based on this architecture, given parameters such as the number of taps, operand lengths, number of multipliers, and number of truncated columns. We show that a 22.5% reduction in area can be achieved for a 24-tap filter with 16-bit operands, 4 parallel multipliers, and 12 truncated columns. For this implementation, the average reduction error is only 9.18 × 10 -5 ulps, and the reduction error SNR is only 2.4 dB less than the roundoff SNR of an equivalent filter without truncation.
A Defensive Behavior of Acerentulus confinis (Berlese) (Protura: Acerentomidae)

A proturan (Acerentulus confines (Berlese)) was observed and videotaped in an encounter with a springtail (Tomocerina lamellifera (Mills)). Following repeated contacts between the two, the proturan released a sticky exudate when a leg of the springtail came in contact with the proturan's abdomen. The exudate stretched to a 1-mm length before snapping. This exudate emanated from the large gland openings on the eighth abdominal segment. Comparison with the few other videotaped examples of proturan defensive behavior suggests that the exudate is released only after repeated contact between the proturan and another organism.
Residual Stresses in Self-Curing Bone Cement During Hip Arthroplasty

Bone cements are widely used to fix prostheses into bones for joint arthroplasty. During cement curing in total hip arthroplasty, residual stresses are introduced in the cement mantle. A finite element method was developed to predict such residual stress built-up. The effects of curing history on the residual stress distribution were investigated. Results showed that the predictions of the residual stresses agreed with the experimental tests very well. The residual stress build-up was shown to depend on the curing history. By preheating the prosthesis stem prior to implantation, a desired low level residual stress at the critical interface was obtained.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Microsurgical Removal of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Basal Ganglia

Arteriovenous malformations in the basal ganglia region have been a problem in neurosurgical practice. We report six cases of deep-seated malformations fed mainly by the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery. There were no deaths in the series. Four patients returned to their previous activities, and the other two patients had persistent hemiparesis and dysphasia, present preoperatively, with worsening in one case. Both of these patients improved and are independent. We show the feasibility of satisfactory microsurgical treatment of these lesions based on the knowledge of microanatomical studies.
Sporadic E: current views and recent progress

Abstract Sporadic E (Es) and related processes are reviewed as functions of viewing system, latitude and altitude. We find that the “windshear theory”—perhaps with a small added external electric field—appears sufficient along with the tidal wind system to explain the mid-latitude layers which we refer to as tidal ion layers (TILs)—layers that have often been identified as sporadic E or as sequential sporadic E. Additionally, it has become clear that the high-latitude, altitude-narrow layers, also often identified as sporadic E, are consistently explained as being formed in appropriate large-scale convective electric field structures with the wind system playing a lesser role. Finally, we find that “true” sporadic E—an altitude-thin E region layer at an unpredictable altitude and/or an unexpected intensity—is found in a rich context of related phenomena that includes the tidal ion layers, electric-field-induced layers, HF/VHF radar quasi-periodic echoing (QPE) regions, and an apparently newly observed phenomenon descriptively termed “ion rain.” We conclude that the QPEs and “ion rain” indicate small horizontal scales and find considerable other evidence of order 10–100 km scale horizontal-structuring of layers which at least hints at an E/F region coupled-electrodynamic process, or processes. These processes apparently include instability-generated 10–100 km horizontal-scale E-fields that—we hypothesize—generate true sporadic E and the related complex layer structures (CLS) via horizontal redistribution of ions.
On Ambiguity and Organizations.

Ambiguity in the structure of decision-maker relationships is considered for the stra tegic opportunities it offers calculating actors. Ambiguity is discussed in the context of reciprocity, authority, and jurisdictional facets of relationships. The value of ambiguity as a common theme linking rational actor and system level concepts is also considered.
Heterocyst Formation in Anabaena

Heterocysts are differentiated cyanobacterial cells whose principal known function is the fixation of dinitrogen (N2), an oxygen (O2)-sensitive process, under aerobic conditions. Cyclic AMP, which plays a role in signal transduction in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes, is present in Anabaena sp., is responsive to nitrogen deprivation, and can disrupt the normal pattern of heterocyst formation. In Anabaena sp., nitrate assimilation responds rapidly to nitrogen deprivation. The contiguous genes nirA, encoding nitrite reductase; nrtA, -B, - C, and -D, encoding nitrate transport proteins; and narB, encoding nitrate reductase, are rapidly and strongly induced in response to nitrogen stepdown. The fatty acyl portion of such lipids might be expected to be generated by a fatty acid or polyketide synthase. Indeed, it was found that mutations in closely positioned genes denoted hetN and hgIB (hetM), hgIC, and hgID that encode proteins that show a potential functional relationship to such synthases resulted in a lack of heterocyst envelope glycolipids. By means of a diversity of genetic approaches, including transposon mutagenesis, complementation of mutations induced by UV light and chemicals, response to added cosmids, and site-specific mutagenesis, numerous other genes that participate in differentiation of Anabaena sp. have been identified. There may be independent regulation of the formation of the glycolipid and polysaccharide portions of the heterocyst envelope and of the (as yet little studied) maturation of the interior of the heterocyst.
Labor Market Advantages of Organizational Status: A Study of Lateral Partner Hiring by Large U.S. Law Firms

Prior research demonstrates product market advantages of organizational status but largely neglects factor market advantages. We propose that status is advantageous in labor markets because individuals generally consider employer status a nonpecuniary employment benefit. Dyadic analyses of lateral partner hiring by large U.S. law firms demonstrate two status-based advantages in employee hiring and retention. First, high-status firms are more likely than low-status ones to hire an employee from a more profitable competitor. Second, high-status firms are most likely to lose an employee to a lower-status competitor when the competitor is-atypically-more profitable. We discuss implications of these findings for individual and organizational status attainment and for the stability of industry status hierarchies.
Measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum and average mass with IceCube

Abstract Located at the South Pole, IceCube is a particle-astrophysics observatory composed of a square-kilometer surface air shower array (IceTop) and a 1.4 km deep cubic-kilometer optical Cherenkov detector array. We review results of measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum and average mass in the energy range 1 PeV to 1 EeV.
Studies on thrombin-induced platelet agglutination.

A one-stage macroscopic test for platelet agglutination was used to study the effect of thrombin and thrombin-cation mixtures on washed platelets. Conclusions regarding platelet agglutination are as follows: ( a ) Canine, bovine, or human thrombin alone does not cause agglutination of canine or human platelets. ( b ) Thrombin with calcium or magnesium causes rapid platelet agglutination. Both calcium and magnesium are active at physiologic concentrations. Divalent manganese or cadmium ions can be substituted for calcium or magnesium. ( c ) The agglutination reaction is affected but little by the species of origin of thrombin or platelets, or by variations in ionic strength or pH over a broad range. ( d ) Temperature at which the reaction is carried out is critical; optimal temperature for the test is 28°C. ( e ) Agglutination is inhibited by high ionic strength, by pH values outside the range 6.4–8.6, and by temperatures outside the range 25–28°C. High concentrations of calcium have a specific inhibitory effect. ( f ) Platelet agglutination time is as sensitive an index of thrombin concentration as is the fibrinogen clotting time. A comparison is made between divalent cations which influence platelet agglutination induced by thrombin, TAg', and TAg. A similar comparison is made of cations influencing the action of thrombin on the "substrates," fibrinogen, TAMe, and platelets.
what is culture made of

culture is surely important in human learning. but the relation between culture and psychological mechanism needs clarification in three areas: (1) all learning takes place in real time and through real-time mechanisms; (2) social correlations are just a kind of learnable correlations; and (3) the proper frame of reference for cognitive theories is the perspective of the learner.
Classroom Learning and Motivation: Clarifying and Expanding Goal Theory

This article suggests directions for future research on goal theory. It points out areas in which attention to definition of constructs and to problems in classroom implementation would strengthen the field. In addition, suggestions for use of different sampling techniques and designs and introducti
A stream processor development platform

We describe a hardware and software platform for developing streaming applications. Programmers write stream programs in high-level languages, and a set of software tools maps these programs to code that runs on a streaming hardware system. The hardware platform includes two Imagine stream processors, together providing 32 GFLOPS peak performance, and a high-speed onboard network to carry video and other data between peripherals and the Imagine processors.
A simple separable C*-algebra not isomorphic to its opposite algebra

We give an example of a simple separable C*-algebra that is not isomorphic to its opposite algebra. Our example is nonnuclear and stably finite, has real rank zero and stable rank one, and has a unique tracial state. It has trivial K 1 , and its K 0 -group is order isomorphic to a countable subgroup of R.
Effects of aging on evoked retrusive tongue actions.

Objective Tongue strength, timing, and coordination deficits may underlie age-related swallowing function. Retrusive tongue actions are likely important in retrograde bolus transport. However, age-related changes in retrusive tongue muscle contractile properties have not been identified in animal studies. Because previous studies employed whole hypoglossal nerve stimulation that activated both protrusive and retrusive tongue muscles, co-contraction may have masked retrusive muscle force decrements. The hypotheses of this study were: (1) retrusive tongue muscle contraction forces would be diminished and temporal characteristics prolonged in old rats when lateral nerves were selectively activated, and (2) greater muscle contractile forces with selective lateral branch stimulation would be found relative to whole hypoglossal nerve stimulation.
Difficult extraction of long-term central venous catheters in children—case report

Although many publications address the complications associated with insertion of long-term, indwelling central venous catheters, there are only scattered reports of problems related to their removal. We report 4 cases of pediatric patients in whom the lines could not be pulled from the vein by standard methods, requiring 2 intraperiosteal clavicle resections with venorrhaphy, 1 femoral vein exploration and reconstruction, and 1 jugular venorrhaphy. Despite their relative biocompatibility, long-term silicone lines may become fixed in the vein. The rare and unpredictable occurrence of this problem may present the surgeon with unexpected intraoperative dilemmas. Before attempting localized extraction, surgeons should consider what venue, equipment, and anesthesia support may be required to successfully remove these catheters.
Does a predatory insect contribute to the divergence between cave- and surface-adapted fish populations?

Immigrant inviability, where individuals from foreign, ecologically divergent habitats are less likely to survive, can restrict gene flow among diverging populations and result in speciation. I investigated whether a predatory aquatic insect (Belostoma sp.) selects against migrants between cave and surface populations of a fish (Poecilia mexicana). Cavefish were more susceptible to attacks in the light, whereas surface fish were more susceptible in darkness. Environmentally dependent susceptibility to attacks may thus contribute to genetic and phenotypic differentiation between the populations. This study highlights how predation—in this case in conjunction with differences in other environmental factors—can be an important driver in speciation.
Mixing Individual Incentives and Group Incentives: Best of Both Worlds or Social Dilemma?

Equity theory emphasizes making distinctions between individual contributions to teams and then recognizing these with differentiations in rewards. However, social interdependence theory emphasizes maximizing cooperation in teams by compensating members equally. Several researchers have advocated offsetting the limitations of individually based incentives and group-based incentives by mixing the two. However, the authors contend that this puts team members in a social dilemma, leading them to focus on the individually based component. The authors find that in comparison to group-based only incentives, mixed individual/group incentives lead team members to perform faster but less accurately and focus on their own taskwork to the detriment of backing up behavior.
The Phospholipid Content of Ejaculated Fowl and Turkey Spermatozoa

Chicken and turkey spermatozoal lipids were separated into acidic and non-acidic fractions by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The phospholipid composition of each fraction was examined by thin-layer chromatography, followed by phosphorus analysis. Chicken sperm phospholipid comprised 38.21% phosphatidyl choline, 9.04% phosphatidal choline, 12.62% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 8.04% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 8.28% sphingomyelin, 9.76% phosphatidyl serine, 6.5% phosphatidyl inositol, and 7.49% cardiolipin. Turkey sperm phospholipid comprised 34.15% phosphatidyl choline, 7.14% phosphatidal choline, 15.61% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.34% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 9.91% sphingomyelin, 8.83% phosphatidyl serine, 4.80% phosphatidyl inositol, and 8.22% cardiolipin.
Process synthesis and optimization of biorefinery configurations

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of cost-effective technologies for the production of biofuels. A common approach to biofuel research is to invent or improve a biochemical or thermochemical conversion step. Subsequently, other conversion and separation steps are added to form a complete biorefinery flowsheet. Because this approach is structured around a specific conversion step, it may limit the possibilities of configuring optimal and innovative biorefineries. This article proposes a novel and systematic two-stage approach to the synthesis and optimization of biorefinery configurations, given available feedstocks and desired products. In the synthesis stage, a systems-based approach is developed to create a methodical way for synthesizing integrated biorefineries. This method is referred to as “forward-backward” approach. It involves forward synthesis of biomass to possible intermediates and reverse synthesis starting with the desired products and identifying necessary species and pathways leading to them. In the optimization stage, Bellman's principle of optimality is applied to decompose the optimization problem into subproblems in which an optimal policy of available technologies is determined for every conversion step. An optimization formulation is utilized to determine the optimal configuration based on screening and connecting the optimal policies and generating the biorefinery flowsheet. A case study of alcohol-producing pathways from lignocellulosic biomass is solved to demonstrate the merits of the proposed approach. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
AN EVALUATION OF THREE SPECIES OF DIATOMS AS FOOD FOR Cancer magister LARVAE1

Diets consisting only of the diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Thalas-siosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were tested on Cancer magister larvae. Each algal species was fed singly and in combination with the others. Unfed controls died after 10 days without molting to the second stage. Those larvae receiving P. tricornutum lived only slightly longer than the starved animals and none reached second stage. S. costatum and T. pseudonana fed singly sustained the larvae 40 and 48 days and allowed development to the third and fourth stages respectively. Survival to 57 days and development into the fifth stage was reached on a diet consisting of a mixture of S. costatum and T. pseudonana. Mixing P. tricornutum with either of the other species did not improve survival beyond those used singly, and mixture of all 3 species was less beneficial than the best 2-part diet.
Sister chromatid exchange induced by short‐lived monoadducts produced by the bifunctional agents mitomycin C and 8‐methoxypsoralen

To see if DNA crosslinks are involved in the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to two bifunctional alkylating agents, mitomycin C and 8-methoxypsoralen, and their monofunctional derivatives, decarbamoyl mitomycin C and angelicin. The data indicate that monoadducts, rather than crosslinks, are responsible for SCE formation. Furthermore, all agents but angelicin produced short-lived lesions that led to SCEs in the first period of DNA replication after treatment (twin SCEs), but not in the second (single SCEs). In contrast, angelicin, like methyl methanesulfonate and N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene, produced lesions that lasted more than one cycle, indicating that several different types of DNA lesions are capable of SCE induction.