cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing electrode pore network to learn transport distortion

The central premise of porous electrodes is to make more surface area available for reactions. However, the convoluted pore network of such reactors exacerbates the transport of reacting species. Tortuosity is a measure of such transport distortion and is conventionally expressed in terms of porosity (the fraction of electrode volume occupied by liquid-filled pores). Such an approach is overly simplistic and falls short of accounting for spatial variabilities characteristic of electrode samples. These networks are defined by multiple features such as size distribution, connectivity, and pore morphology, none of which are explicitly considered in a porosity based interpretation, thus limiting predictability. We propose a recourse using a two-point correlation function that deconstructs the pore network into its essential attributes. Such a quantitative representation is mapped to the transport response of these networks. Given the explicit treatment of pore network geometry, this approach provides a consistent treatment of three-dimensionalities such as inhomogeneity and anisotropy. Three-dimensional (3D) tomograms of Li-ion battery electrodes are studied to characterize the efficacy of the proposed approach. The proposed approach is applicable to abstracting effective properties related to different transport modes in porous fluid networks.The central premise of porous electrodes is to make more surface area available for reactions. However, the convoluted pore network of such reactors exacerbates the transport of reacting species. Tortuosity is a measure of such transport distortion and is conventionally expressed in terms of porosity (the fraction of electrode volume occupied by liquid-filled pores). Such an approach is overly simplistic and falls short of accounting for spatial variabilities characteristic of electrode samples. These networks are defined by multiple features such as size distribution, connectivity, and pore morphology, none of which are explicitly considered in a porosity based interpretation, thus limiting predictability. We propose a recourse using a two-point correlation function that deconstructs the pore network into its essential attributes. Such a quantitative representation is mapped to the transport response of these networks. Given the explicit treatment of pore network geometry, this approach provides a consis...
Investigation of asphalt mixture internal structure consistency in accelerated discrete element models

Abstract The discrete element method (DEM) requires an enormous amount of computational resources when applied to asphalt mixture simulation. Reducing material modulus is recognized as an efficient method to cut down the computational cost. However, over-reduced material modulus would case unacceptable calculation errors for DEM models, and the allowable modulus reduction range is not clear. Based on the small displacement assumption in the DEM modeling, the overlap ratio between particles should be small enough to ensure efficient force transition and discrete system stability. Combining this assumption with time step determination and force-displacement law, a theoretical inference that specified a material modulus reduction range without causing an exceeded overlap ratio can be derived. To verify this theoretical inference, a three-step DEM compaction model, including gravity fall, static compaction, and gyratory compaction processes was established for asphalt mixtures. Three groups of asphalt mixtures with different mixture designs were tested both in the laboratory and in simulation. To evaluate the effects of the reduced material modulus on the internal-structure of asphalt mixture specimen under three compaction states, this study proposed 4 categories of internal-structure indexes in respect of specimen’s height, average coordination number, rotation angles of coarse aggregates, and spatial distribution of mastic particles. In the presented case, when the modulus reduction was 1/100 times, the maximum simulation error of internal-structure indexes (except the average coordinate number) was around 4% compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the model’s calculation efficiency was increased by 8–10 times depending on the mixture design.
Effect of cyclic loading on the stability of screws placed in the locking plates used to bridge segmental bone defects.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ex vivo effect of cyclic loading on the stability of screws placed in locking plates used to bridge segmental bone defects. The primary interface stability was assessed using peak reverse torque. Eighteen, 8-hole stainless-steel 4.5 mm locking plates and 4.0-mm self-tapping locking-head screws were used to stabilize 40-mm segmental defects in goat tibiae. Treatment groups included control constructs without cyclic loading (n = 6) and constructs tested to 5000 (n = 6) and 10,000 cycles (n = 6) of 600 N compressive axial loading. The insertion of all screws was standardized to 400 N-cm insertion torque. Peak reverse torque was measured immediately after screw placement (control), or after the completion of the respective loading cycles. The difference between treatment groups was compared using univariate analysis of variance. The analysis revealed a significant difference in peak reverse torque of the screws among the treatment groups (p = .000). The mean reverse torque values equaled 343.5 ± 18.3 N-cm for non-cycled controls, 303.3 ± 25.9 and 296.0 ± 42.9 N-cm after 5000 and 10,000 cycles, respectively. Among all treatment groups, screws placed in the distal bone segment tended to have lesser peak reverse torque reduction than those placed in the proximal segment and the difference was proportional to the number of cycles (p = .562; p = .255; p = .013 in control, and after 5000 and 10,000 cycles, respectively). Cyclic loading may have a negative effect on the primary stability of screws placed in locking plate constructs used to bridge segmental bone defects and could contribute to the risk of screw loosening.
YAP and TAZ maintain PROX1 expression in the developing lymphatic and lymphovenous valves in response to VEGF-C signaling

Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of digestive, immune and circulatory systems. The homeobox transcription factor PROX1 is necessary for the development of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic valves (LVs) and lymphovenous valves (LVVs). We and others previously reported a feedback loop between PROX1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) signaling. PROX1 promotes the expression of the VEGF-C receptor VEGFR3 in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In turn, VEGF-C signaling maintains PROX1 expression in LECs. However, the mechanisms of PROX1/VEGF-C feedback loop remain poorly understood. Whether VEGF-C signaling is necessary for LV and LVV development is also unknown. Here, we report for the first time that VEGF-C signaling is necessary for valve morphogenesis. We have also discovered that the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ are required to maintain PROX1 expression in LVs and LVVs in response to VEGF-C signaling. Deletion of Yap and Taz in the lymphatic vasculature of mouse embryos did not affect the formation of LVs or LVVs, but resulted in the degeneration of these structures. Our results have identified VEGF-C, YAP and TAZ as a crucial molecular pathway in valve development.
Effect of Gravitational Lensing on Measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

The Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect of a cluster of galaxies is usually measured after background radio sources are removed from the cluster field. Gravitational lensing by the cluster potential leads to a systematic deficit in the residual intensity of unresolved sources behind the cluster core relative to a control field far from the cluster center. As a result, the measured decrement in the Rayleigh-Jeans temperature of the cosmic microwave background is overestimated. We calculate the associated systematic bias that is inevitably introduced into measurements of the Hubble constant using the SZ effect. For the cluster A2218, we find that observations at 15 GHz with a beam radius of 04 and a source removal threshold of 100 μJy underestimate the Hubble constant by 7%-13%. If the profile of the gas pressure declines more steeply with radius than that of the dark matter density, then the ratio of lensing to SZ decrements increases toward the outer part of the cluster.
Substantial Similarity in Literary Infringement Cases: A Chart for Turbid Waters

The article examines the history of the Ninth Circuit's two-step test for substantial similarity in literary infringement cases, showing how a quirk in the evolution of the test has created a confusing and ineffectual body of law on the subject. It argues that the courts have underestimated the complexity of the issue and have given too much credit to their own judgment, unaided by expert input. The absence of a genuine understanding of the issue has led courts to look for substantial similarity where it cannot be found: in the individual elements of literary works. The article presents a proposed rule to re-direct the court's inquiry from the individual elements of the work, where copyright protection cannot be found, to the artistic structure of the work, where it must be found if it exists at all.
Public or private providers? U.S. women's use of reproductive health services.

CONTEXT U.S. women receive contraceptive and reproductive health services from a wide range of publicly funded and private providers. Information on trends in and on patterns of service use can help policymakers and program planners assess the adequacy of current services and plan for future improvements. METHODS Women who reported in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth that they had obtained any contraceptive or other reproductive health service in the past year were classified by their primary source of care, and the services they received, their characteristics and their primary source of care were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to test which factors predict women's use of publicly subsidized family planning clinics and of specific types of services. RESULTS The percentage of women of reproductive age who obtained family planning services increased slightly between 1988 and 1995, primarily among women aged 30 and older. Nearly one in four women who received any contraceptive care visited a publicly funded family planning clinic, as did one in three who received contraceptive counseling or sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing and treatment. Women whose primary source of reproductive care was a publicly funded family planning clinic received a wider range of services than women who visited private providers; moreover, the former were significantly more likely to report obtaining contraceptive care or STD-related care, even after the effects of their background characteristics were controlled. Young, unmarried, minority, less-educated and poor women were more likely than others to depend on publicly subsidized family planning clinics. Source of health insurance was one of the most important predictors of the use of public family planning clinics: Medicaid recipients and uninsured women were 3-4 times as likely as women with private insurance to obtain clinic care. CONCLUSIONS Publicly funded family planning clinics are an important source of contraceptive and other reproductive health care, providing millions of U.S. women with a wide range of services. Since women's need for reproductive care and for publicly subsidized care is not likely to diminish, clinics may be financially challenged in their efforts to continue delivering this broad package of services to growing numbers of uninsured or disenfranchised women.
T4 endonuclease V: Use of NMR and borohydride trapping to provide evidence for covalent enzyme-substrate imine intermediate

The experimental methodologies used in earlier studies on DNA strand breakage characterized the nature of the ends of the product DNA strands, and the experimental data are consistent with the proposed β-elimination mechanism. These interpretations implied a Schiff base (imine) intermediate in the DNA strand breakage reaction and a mechanistic parallel with the aldolase reaction. In this class of enzyme mechanisms, the formation of the protonated imine labilizes the bond from the adjacent carbon to carbon or hydrogen. These studies constituted an early demonstration of the efficacy of amino group reductive methylation coupled with biochemical and NMR experiments in elucidating the involvement of specific residues in enzyme catalysis. The methodology could be more widely applied in the investigation of enzymes utilizing Schiff base intermediates. For example, [ 13 C] formaldehyde-labeled active site amino groups may be used as spectroscopic (NMR) probes to study the structural aspects of substrate binding. Similarly, the base excision repair glycosylases use a base flipping mechanism to achieve access to the scissile base-sugar bond. 13 C-Labeled active site amines may be used as probes of this process.
FINANCIAL REVOLUTION: REPRESENTING BRITISH FINANCIAL CRISIS AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848

Punch's Mr. Dunup is indeed in an awful position. Having fled to France to escape his English creditors, he finds himself in the midst of the French Revolution of 1848. The question that he must answer – what is worse, revolution in France or bankruptcy in England? – is one that preoccupied Victorians at midcentury, when a wave of European revolutions coincided with the domestic financial crisis of 1845–48. In classic accounts of nineteenth-century Europe, 1848 is remembered as the year when a crucial contest was waged between political revolution, identified with the Continent, and capitalism, identified with Britain. According to Eric Hobsbawm, the failure of the 1848 revolutions to effect lasting political change ushered in “[t]he sudden, vast and apparently boundless expansion of the world capitalist economy”: “Political revolution retreated, industrial revolution advanced” (2). For mid-nineteenth-century Britons, however, the triumph of capitalism was by no means assured. In what follows, I look closely at how Victorian journalists and novelists imagined the British financial crisis of the 1840s after this event was given new meaning by the 1848 French Revolution. Much of this writing envisions political revolution and the capitalist economy in the same way as the Punch satirist does – not as competing ideologies of social progress but as equivalent forms of social disruption. As we will see, at midcentury, the ongoing financial crisis was routinely represented as a quasi-revolutionary upheaval: it was a mass disturbance that struck terror into the middle classes precisely by suddenly and violently toppling the nation's leading men and social institutions.
Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation

Friction and wear remain as the primary modes of mechanical energy dissipation in moving mechanical assemblies; thus, it is desirable to minimize friction in a number of applications. We demonstrate that superlubricity can be realized at engineering scale when graphene is used in combination with nanodiamond particles and diamondlike carbon (DLC). Macroscopic superlubricity originates because graphene patches at a sliding interface wrap around nanodiamonds to form nanoscrolls with reduced contact area that slide against the DLC surface, achieving an incommensurate contact and substantially reduced coefficient of friction (~0.004). Atomistic simulations elucidate the overall mechanism and mesoscopic link bridging the nanoscale mechanics and macroscopic experimental observations.
Assortment Planning: Review of Literature and Industry Practice

A retailer’s assortment is defined by the set of products carried in each store at each point in time. The goal of assortment planning is to specify an assortment that maximizes sales or gross margin subject to various constraints, such as a limited budget for purchase of products, limited shelf space for displaying products, and a variety of miscellaneous constraints such as a desire to have at least two vendors for each type of product.
Lunar spacecraft powered descent control using higher-order sliding mode techniques

Abstract Robust performance of a flight control system in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbances is of paramount importance to a successful planetary exploration program. The present research is concerned with the design of an autopilot that uses high-order sliding mode (HOSM) control principles so as to enhance the robustness properties of a lunar landing vehicle during the approach phase of powered descent. The design technique is applied to a high-fidelity simulation of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM). The design efficiently utilizes both the reaction control system (RCS) actuators and the severely rate-limited gimbal drive actuator (GDA) to effect smooth detection and compensation of sensed angular acceleration disturbances about the vehicle's control axes. The integration of a HOSM control law for the RCS effectors with a HOSM disturbance observer is shown to provide performance comparable to that of the heritage autopilot and may also avoid some difficulties encountered in the Apollo flights. Performance is maintained with the controller implemented in discrete time in the presence of a realistic vehicle and sensor model, demonstrating a unique application of sliding mode control to a complex aerospace system.
Working between two worlds: Gang intervention and street liminality:

This article analyzes ethnographic data collected from a gang intervention program to examine how former gang members use their experience to influence youth still involved in gang life. I argue that the interventionists possess a 'street liminality' that is constructed by their experiences living along the margins of both the street and conventional society. This street liminality enables the interventionists to exploit the connections they have to these two social realms, making resources accessible to barrio youth and helping them navigate criminalizing social institutions. However, they must constantly balance the interests of the youth they serve against those of the civil leaders they depend on for funding to ensure that they do not facilitate these youth's criminalization. By illustrating the processes of how street liminalty is embodied, used, and negotiated, this article discusses how we can expand our understanding of liminality and recognize its potential for working around hierarchical boundaries. Language: en
Binary computer-generated holograms

Binary computer-generated holograms are similar to interferograms with fringe patterns hardclipped by a photographic process. Therefore the fringe locations in the binary hologram can be determined by solving a grating equation. However, there are two difficulties in using this approach to make binary Fourier transform holograms. First the discrete Fourier transform provides only data at discrete sampling locations. Second, the phase angles thus calculated are given in terms of the residues of the original phase angles after multiples of 2pi rad are removed. In this paper an accurate numerical method which circumvents these two difficulties is described. Also discussed are three different techniques for storing amplitude information in the binary computer-generated holograms. The different solution methods discussed in this paper are further illustrated by a number of computer-generated holograms and their reconstructed images.
High-resolution CCD x-ray detector for microdiffraction and tomography applications

This paper reports on the charge-coupled device (CCD) x-ray detector development for imaging and diffraction applications at CHESS, the Cornell High Energy Sychrotron Source. The detector currently under test is based on the Kodak KAF-0400 chip, featuring 512 X 768 pixels at 9 micrometers square pixel size. The final version of the device will use the KAF- 1600, which has four times the active area at the same pixel size. Different x-ray detection schemes are planes to adapt the detector most efficiently to the application. For imaging at high spatial resolution the x-rays are converted to visible light by phosphors, i.e. Gd 2 O 3 S:Tb screens or CdWO 4 single-crystals. An optical lens system focuses the phosphor image onto the CCD. Typical magnification factors for the optics are 3 to 1 to 1 to 1. This detector has been designed for radiography in materials science and biology. First tests on the performance of the device showed a good spatial resolution at a dynamic range of approximately 10 bits. To comply with the needs in diffraction experiments, e.g. microbeam and surface diffraction experiments, a second type of detector will be built. The front end of this device will consist of a scintillator coupled to a fiberoptic taper. The output of the demagnifying taper is focused onto the CCD. This concept allows a very compact design, necessary for a detector to be used routinely by users of the CHESS facility.
Pre-irradiation environmental effects on radiation damage of polystyrene

Abstract The presence of oxygen as well as thermal treatment of polystyrene prior to irradiation directly affects the susceptibility to radiation damage of this scintillator base as measured by its optical density in the ultraviolet (UV). Oxygen saturated samples have greatly decreased radiation induced absorption as compared to those stored in argon and vacuum (all samples kept at STP). Heat treatment (48 hours at 70° C prior to irradiation), decreased the susceptibility to radiation damage of deoxygenated samples (stored in vacuum/argon) in the UV range compared with those kept at 25° C. On the other hand, heat treatment increased the radiation damage of those samples saturated with oxygen that were kept at 70° C (as opposed to 25° C). Permanent induced absorptions after extended recovery in air for all four permutations were comparable.
RB phosphorylation in sodium butyrate-resistant HL-60 cells: Cross-resistance to retinoic acid but not vitamin D3

To examine the potential coupling between inducible cellular changes in RB (retinoblastoma) tumor suppressor protein phosphorylation and ability to G0 growth arrest and differentiate, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells were cultured in incremental sodium butyrate (NaB) concentrations and thereby made resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of sodium butyrate, which normally induces G0 arrest and monocytic differentiation in wild type HL-60 cells. The resistant cells were also unable to differentiate in response to NaB, indicating that a regulatory function controlling both G0 growth arrest and differentiation had been affected. The induced resistance was not genetic in origin since the cells regained the ability to G0 arrest and differentiate after being recultured in medium free of sodium butyrate for only three days. The resistant cells had similar cell cycle phase durations as the original wild type cells. The resistant cells retained the ability to both G0 arrest and differentiate in response to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VD3), normally an inducer of G0 arrest and monocytic differentiation in wild type cells. However, they were cross-resistant to retinoic acid (RA), another ligand for the same steroid thyroid hormone receptor family, which induces G0 arrest and myeloid differentiation in wild type cells. The ability to G0 arrest and phenotypically differentiate in response to RA were both grossly impaired. Unlike wild type cells which undergo early down-regulation and then hypophosphorylation of the RB protein when induced to differentiate, in resistant cells, hypophosphorylation of RB in response to NaB was grossly retarded. These changes in RB protein occurred faster when the cells were treated with VD3. In contrast, the changes in RB phosphorylation occurred significantly slower when the cells were treated with RA. The results suggest a coupling between the ability to G0 growth arrest and phenotypically convert and the ability to hypophosphorylate RB. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CD19 Amplification of B Lymphocyte Ca2+ Responses A ROLE FOR Lyn SEQUESTRATION IN EXTINGUISHING NEGATIVE REGULATION

B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR) signals are regulated by CD19, with BCR-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i ) responses enhanced by CD19 co-ligation. In this study, CD19 engagement using a dimeric anti-CD19 antibody induced [Ca2+]i mobilization and significantly enhanced BCR-induced [Ca2+]i responses without a requirement for CD19/BCR co-ligation. Although simultaneous CD19 and BCR engagement significantly enhanced CD19/Lyn complex formation and [Ca2+]i responses, downstream tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 and multiple other cellular proteins was inhibited, as was SHP1 recruitment to phosphorylated CD22. CD19 overexpression also enhanced BCR-induced [Ca2+]i responses, but down-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 and multiple other cellular proteins following BCR ligation. Because CD19 and Lyn expression are genetically titrated in B cells, CD19 engagement may augment BCR-induced [Ca2+]i responses by sequestering the available pool of functional Lyn away from downstream negative regulatory proteins such as CD22. Consistent with this, simultaneous CD19 engagement did not further enhance the BCR-induced [Ca2+]i responses of Lyn- or CD22-deficient B cells. Thus, CD19 recruitment of Lyn may preferentially activate selective signaling pathways downstream of the CD19/Lyn complex to the exclusion of other downstream regulatory and effector pathways. Other receptors may also utilize a similar strategy to regulate kinase availability and downstream intermolecular signaling.
Oxidation of coordinated olefins: the reactions of Cl2 with trichloro(ehtylene)platinate(II)

Abstract The oxidation of [PtCl 3 (C 2 H 4 )]- by Cl 2 in aqueous solution, to yield CH 2 ClCH 2 OH and [PtCl 4 ] 2- , has been shown to proceed through the following sequence of steps: [PtCl 3 (C 2 H 4 )] Cl 2 Cl [PtCl 5 (CH 2 CH 2 Cl)] 2- H 2 O (HCl) [PtCl 5 (CH 2 CH 2 OH)] 2- → [PtCl 4 2- + CH 2 ClCH 2 OH Each of the steps and intermediates in this mechanistic sequence has been identified and characterized.
Seismic Vp & Vs tomography of Texas & Oklahoma with a focus on the Gulf Coast margin

Abstract The northwestern Gulf of Mexico passive margin contains an extensive record of continental collision and rifting, as well as deformation associated with orogenic events and heavy sedimentation. Seismic traveltime tomography that incorporates new data from 328 broadband seismic stations deployed throughout the region reveals features that correlate well with expected mantle structures, as well as features that have no obvious expression at the surface. Among the former are a large fast anomaly that corresponds to the southern extent of the Laurentia craton and a large slow anomaly associated with the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen. Among the latter are a slow layer that we interpret to be a shear zone at the base of the cratonic and transitional continental lithosphere, a zone that is bounded at its top and bottom by discontinuities and high levels of seismic anisotropy identified in companion receiver function and shear wave splitting studies, respectively. A high velocity body underlying the Gulf Coastal Plain may mark delaminating lower crust. If this is true it could provide indirect evidence for an elevated geotherm during the rifting process that created the Gulf of Mexico.
Implication problems for functional constraints on databases supporting complex objects

Virtually all semantic or object-oriented data models assume that objects have an identity separate from any of their parts and allow uses to define complex object types in which part values may be any other objects. In G. E. Weddell (ACM Trans. Database Systems17, No. 1 (1992), 32-64), a more general form of functional dependency is proposed for such models in which component attributes may correspond to descriptions of property paths, called path functional dependencies (PFDs). The main contribution of the reference is a sound and complete axiomatization for PFDs when databases may be infinite. However, a number of issues were left open which are resolved in this paper. We first prove that the same axiomatization remains complete if PFDs are permitted empty left-hand sides, but that this is not true if logical consequence is defined with respect to finite databases. We then prove that the implication problem for arbitrary PFDs is decidable. The proof suggests a means of characterizing an important function closure which is then used to derive an effective procedure for constructing a deterministic finite state automaton representing the closure. The procedure is further refined to efficient polynomial time algorithms for the implication problem for cases in which antecedent PFDs are a form of complex key constraint.
Explanation of the Meissner effect and prediction of a spin Meissner effect in low and high Tc superconductors

Abstract I argue that the conventional BCS–London theory of superconductivity does not explain the most fundamental property of superconductors, the Meissner effect: how is the Meissner current generated, and how is it able to defy Faraday’s law? How is its mechanical angular momentum compensated? I propose that superconductivity is impossible unless the metal expels charge from its interior towards the surface in the transition to superconductivity. As a consequence, superconductors in their ground state are predicted to possess a macroscopic electric field in their interior, as well as excess negative charge and a macroscopic spin current near the surface. The system is driven normal when the applied magnetic field is strong enough to bring the spin current to a stop. High temperature superconductivity occurs in systems that have too much negative charge.
Anisotropy and dimensional stability of biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

Anisotropy in mechanical properties, expansion coefficients, and long-term shrinkage of PET films was determined. The films ranged in thickness from 0.92 to 14 mils. Young's modulus, ultimate strength, ultimate elongation, and coefficient of thermal expansion were strongly anisotropic. This anisotropy was related to orientation in the films. Yield stress and coefficient of hygroscopic expansion were more nearly isotropic. In general, the thin films showed more anistropy than the thick films due to better in-plane orientation in the thin films.
Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolic Disease: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) represent an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. The use of LMWH has potential advantages in comparison with the use of standard unfractionated heparin (UH), including decreased binding to nonanticoagulant-related plasma proteins, greater bioavailability, longer half-life, and lower incidence of the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome. Because of the predictable anticoagulant response of when administered subcutaneously, laboratory monitoring is unnecessary, and the drug can be used to treat selected patients with venous thromboembolism in the outpatient setting. Numerous studies have shown that the treatment of venous thromboembolism with LMWH is as safe and effective as that with standard UH when both are used appropriately. Allied health personnel can easily teach most patients to self-administer LMWH subcutaneously for home use. Transition of the treatment regimen to oral warfarin anticoagulation necessitates an overlap with heparin (UH or LMWH for at least 4 to 5 days, and the international normalized ratio should ideally be 2.0 or higher for 2 consecutive days before heparin therapy is discontinued. A practical understanding of the pharmacology, risks, and benefits of LMWH in the treatment of venous thromboembolism will enhance the primary-care physician's ability to care for patients safely and costeffectively.
Effect on male mice of a gonadotropic-like factor found in milk.

Abstract 1. 1. Diets containing 20–80 per cent powdered whole milk caused a significant increase in seminal vesicle weight when fed to 22–23-day-old mice. 2. 2. This gonadotropic-like effect of milk reached a maximum in the 60 or 80 per cent milk diet groups. 3. 3. Diets containing more than 80 per cent milk usually did not produce significant organ weight changes (anti-gonadotropic effect). 4. 4. The gonadotropic response may be caused by a specific milk factor, a pituitary stimulant or a contaminant. 5. 5. The response was greater in older weanlings which suggests that a degree of pituitary maturity is necessary for this dietetic factor to produce a response.
Endocrine adjustments in a wild lemming population during the 1969 summer season.

Abstract 1. 1. Wild-caught and laboratory-reared, group-housed brown lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus) were compared regarding pituitary-adrenal and gonadal function. 2. 2. Early trapping periods yielded higher numbers of animals (for equivalent effort) than did later periods; animals which emerged from the snow in June displayed marked adrenal hypertrophy, high basal levels of adrenal steroid secretion, high pituitary ACTH content, and lower sensitivities to exogenous ACTH. 3. 3. Females were less sensitive to adrenal stimulation than were males, and had lower pituitary ACTH content; gravid females were particularly resistant to both ACTH effects and effects of climate and social pressure. 4. 4. Differential mortality of males was revealed by the trapping regimen, and this mortality was consistent with signs of stress (adrenal hyperfunction, cardiac hypertrophy and renal disease) which were more pronounced in males. 5. 5. It was concluded that both physical environmental and social environmental changes modify endocrine balance in wild lemming populations, and that the endocrine status of the population markedly affects both input and output phases of population dynamics. 6. 6. Gross pathological changes which may contribute to mortality are discussed.
An Introduction to Art: Children's Books

(1990). An Introduction to Art: Children's Books. Childhood Education: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 132-138.
Enhancing College Students' Life Skills through Project Based Learning.

This study examined whether life skills could be developed in a Project Based Learning (PBL) course. The participants were students enrolled in a graduate level PBL course. The same 35-question survey was given to students at the beginning and end of the course, and students were asked to rank their life skills using a Likert scale. Additionally, we interviewed three students in order to capture some of the student’s views on the use of PBL. A paired sample t – test revealed that there was no significant difference from survey 1 to survey 2 in time management, collaboration, and work ethic; but there was a significant difference from survey 1 to survey 2 in responsibility, problem solving, self-direction, communication, and creativity. However, on average all life skills showed an increase. The interviews also indicated that PBL allowed students to practice and develop life skills.
Sensitivity analysis of an (s,S) inventory model

We provide a sensitivity analysis of the standard periodic-review (s,S) inventory model. Under the assumption that the demand in each period is exponentially distributed, we show that the average cost of the (s,S) model is quite insensitive to the choice of D=S - s. Therefore we have extended similar sensitivity results for the (r,Q) model and the EOQ model to a special (s,S) model. Our sensitivity result also holds for the continuous-time (s,S) model if the demand is compound Poisson with exponential demand sizes.
Further theoretical results on the stability of superheavy nuclei

Abstract Theoretical results are exhibited for the stability of superheavy nuclei with 106 ≦ Z ≦ 128 and 176 ≦ N ≦ 204 with respect to various decay mechanisms. A discussion is given of the production of superheavy nuclei by heavy-ion reactions. In particular, the experimental possibilities associated with the 86 Kr beam are considered on the basis of the present calculations.
Analysis of laser-induced vascular injury using image processing and 3D reconstruction

A new method is described for the quantitative evaluation of the extent of in vitro laser- induced arterial injury with computer assisted image processing techniques and 3-D reconstruction of histologic sections. Using this approach, accurate measurements of ablated volume and thermally injured volume may be obtained, along with a detailed description of crater shape, symmetry (or lack thereof), and 3-D distribution of residual thermal injury. The reconstructed injury may be rotated to view from various angles, or zoomed to greater magnification. Examination of the total crater may provide insight into damage mechanisms, as well as provide a more accurate assessment of arterial injury which may have important implications on the long term healing response.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Voltage-controlled SAW oscillator on temperature-stable quartz substrate

The frequency of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) oscillator fabricated on the temperature-stable X 33 orientation of quartz is found to vary linearily with an applied bias voltage. The fractional frequency change per unit biasing field has a value of 9.5 × 10-12m/V. Fractional frequency changes greater than 200 ppm have been obtained.
Design of smart composite structures in the presence of uncertainties

Abstract A composite wing with spars, bulkheads and built‐in control devices is evaluate and designed using a proposed methodology for smart composite structures. The proposed design methodology is probabilistic and accounts for all naturally‐occurring uncertainties including those in constituent (fiber/matrix) material properties, fabrication variables, structure geometry and control related parameters. Probabilistic sensitivity factors are computed to identify those parameters that have the great influence on a specific structural reliability. Two performance criteria are used to demonstrate the design methodology. The first criterion requires that the actuated angle at the wing tip be bounded by upper and lower limits at a specified reliability. The second criterion requires that the probability of ply damage due to random impact load be smaller than an assigned value. The correlation between the sensitivity factors and reliability improvement is assessed. The results show that a reduction in the scatt...
Measurements of injected impurity assimilation during massive gas injection experiments in DIII-D

Impurities (H2, D2, He, Ne or Ar) injected into steady (non-disrupting) discharges with massive gas injection (MGI) are shown to mix into the plasma core dominantly via magnetohydrodynamic activity during the plasma thermal quench (TQ). Mixing efficiencies of injected impurities into the plasma core are measured to be of order 0.05?0.4. 0D modelling of the experiments is found to reproduce observed TQ and current quench durations reasonably well (typically within ?25% or so), although shutdown onset times are underestimated (by around 2?). Preliminary 0D modelling of ITER based on DIII-D mixing efficiencies suggests that MGI will work well in ITER with regard to disruption heat load and vessel force mitigation, but may not collisionally suppress runaway electrons.
Molecular Diagnostics: Past, present, and future

Molecular diagnostics (MDx) is currently a clinical reality that has its roots deep in the study of gene function, structure, and regulation. The multitude of human mutations identified in the various genetic diseases can now he assayed in the clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has facilitated the transition from the research to the clinical laboratory, however, many methods which scan and identify known mutations may not be applicable in a clinical environment. A few of these methods are discussed and one technology that is well suited for clinical use is suggested. Well-trained personnel, regulation of MDx laboratories, and automation are a few of the requirements that will carry us into the promising future of molecular diagnosis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Properties of Hematite Single Crystals. I. Magnetization Isotherms, Antiferromagnetic Susceptibility, and Weak Ferromagnetism of a Natural Crystal

Two sets of magnetization isotherms of pure natural hematite single crystals from Elba have been obtained in the temperature range from 488\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K down to liquid helium temperatures. The first set of curves, along a certain direction in the basal plane, support N\'eel's magnetic model of a superposition of a weak ferromagnetism on a normal antiferromagnetism. The second set of curves, along the ternary axis, display very unusual form. The analysis of the isotherms shows that the antiferromagnetic susceptibility-temperature curves, $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{-}T$, are in good agreement with those obtained by N\'eel and Pauthenet but the weak ferromagnetic properties are apparently contradictory to their interpretations. The spontaneous magnetization-temperature curves, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}T$, indicate that there is no isotropic ferromagnetism, and that the weak anisotropic ferromagnetism in the basal plane above transition and along the ternary axis below transition seems to have the same nature and origin. The $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{-}T$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}T$ curves show that the wide transition takes place gradually and continuously. A general magnetic model of canted antiferromagnetism with unequal sublattice moments has been proposed which explains all the experimental data satisfactorily. From the present model Haigh's data of remanent magnetization of hematite powder seems to be explained naturally.
Conditions of excitation of new waves (LITW) at nonlinear interface and diagram of wave states in the system

We have found the conditions for the excitation of all of the possible waves in a nonlinear medium with a "negative" nonlinearity, in the case when a plane wave is incident from a linear medium upon a plane surface of the nonlinear mediums. We show that these conditions depend on only two independent parameters so that all possible states of the interface can be represented in a two-dimensional diagram. This diagram consists of regions of surface waves (SW), plane waves (PW), and so-called longitudinally inhomogeneous traveling waves (LITW) which were studied recently. The diagram includes two triple points: the first one corresponds to the intersection of boundaries between regions of SW, PW, and LITW states, while the other corresponds to the formation of the hysteresis (i.e., bistable) region between PW and LITW states.
Glucose-evoked recovery of hepatic thyroxine 5′-deiodinase independent of de novo protein synthesis in fasted rat

The glucose-evoked recovery of Type I thyroxine 5′-deiodinase activity in the hepatic microsomes of fasted rat was not inhibited by either cycloheximide, puromycin or actinomycin D during 3 h after glucose feeding; however, [3H]-leucine uptake by the liver or the hepatic microsomal fraction was significantly inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin but not by actinomycin D. These results indicate that the glucose-evoked recovery of deiodinase activity may be independent of de novo protein synthesis.
The role of ambiguity tolerance in consumer perception of remanufactured products

Abstract This study examines ambiguity tolerance, perceived quality, and willingness to pay for remanufactured products. We found evidence to support a direct relationship between a consumer's tolerance for ambiguity and their willingness to pay for remanufactured products. There was also support for an indirect relationship between ambiguity tolerance and willingness to pay that is mediated through perceived quality. Extant literature often lacks an empirical justification regarding costing and quality assumptions for remanufactured products. This research provides such justification while also offering an explanation as to why consumers view remanufactured products as being of lower quality and are less willing to pay for them. Those employed in the remanufacturing industry are advised to reduce the level of ambiguity associated with their remanufacturing processes in order to command higher prices for their products in the marketplace.
Earth Satellite Observations of the Ionosphere

A number of so-called "First Generation" experiments for exploring the ionosphere with artificial earth satellite vehicles has either been carried out or is planned by the United States and the Soviet Union. The theoretical and experimental bases of these experiments are outlined and discussed, and their limitations emphasized. The first available results are from the Soviet experiments and these are discussed. Finally, a brief consideration is given to the kinds of satellite orbits desirable for ionospheric experiments.
Evaluation of Ovaprim and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Doses on Spawning Induction and Egg and Larval Quality of Pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera

Pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera, readily undergo vitellogenesis in captivity, but final oocyte maturation (FOM), ovulation, and spawning can be unpredictable. The objectives of this investigation were to assess the effects of various doses of Ovaprim® (sGnRHa [salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog] + domperidone) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on FOM, ovulation, and spawning in pigfish. Ovaprim dosages investigated were 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mL/kg, which were injected into the dorsal musculature of female pigfish. Male pigfish received one half the dosage administered to females to ensure spermiation. HCG doses of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU/kg were administered to female pigfish, with male pigfish once again receiving half the female dosage. Eggs were collected over a 72-h period postinjection and enumerated and assessed for fertilization, hatching percentage, and survival to first feeding. Eggs and larvae were photographed and a suite of morphological parameters was determined. Hormone dose evaluations with pigfish showed that the low-dose (0.25 and 0.50 mL/kg) Ovaprim treatments resulted in better spawning performance. However, superior egg and larval characteristics validate the 0.50 mL/kg dose as the preferred choice for use with pigfish. The four doses of HCG administered to pigfish performed unreliably in this study; thus, no dose recommendation could be made.
Facilitating cooperative learning in hypermedia systems

Distributed organizations as well as virtual universities need support for cooperative learning processes. This led to the new major research area computer-supported cooperative (or collaborative) learning. We propose an approach to hypermedia-based collaborative learning environments which supports a wide range of synchronous and asynchronous types of cooperative learning as well as smooth transitions between these learning modes. A framework for building such environments consisting of virtual learning rooms, learning nets, and learning protocol is presented. These concepts are implemented in the CROCODILE prototype developed at GMDIPSI.