cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low-lying 2− state in 236U

Abstract A low-lying KIπ = 22− state of 236U, first characterized in measurements of 240Pu alpha decay, has been more thoroughly studied through the electron-capture decay of 236Np. The energy of the state is 687.70 ± 0.10 keV, its half-life is 4.4 ± 0.6 nsec, and it decays by M2 and E1 transitions to members of the ground state band. It is populated with an intensity of 1.5 ± 0.3% in the decay of 236Np, and (2.1 ± 0.4) × 10−5% in the decay of 240Pu, in the latter case presumably via an alpha transition to the unobserved spin-3 member of the band. Besides having the lowest energy of any known 2− state in an even nucleus, the state is characterized by fast M2 transitions and highly hindered El transitions.
Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.
Comparison of Gaussian and Rayleigh noise models in inversion of subsurface parameters of layered rough surfaces using simulated annealing

This work addresses the noise sensitivity of the simulated annealing method in inversion of subsurface parameters of layered rough surfaces to measurement noise. We consider two different noise models and assess the noise response of the inversion algorithm for each of the models. Conclusions are made based on the calculated average and standard deviation of the output error in the retrieved model parameters.
Feeding of a well‐cooked beef diet containing a high heterocyclic amine content enhances colon and stomach carcinogenesis in 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐treated rats

Epidemiologic studies have linked the consumption of red meat and the consumption of highly browned meats containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) to increased risk of colorectal cancer or polyps. The present study determined the effects of long-term feeding of beef-containing diets with low and high levels of HCAs (in the context of a low or high beef tallow diet) on a standard 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumorigenesis protocol. Very lean beef was cooked by a variety of methods at different temperatures, and the levels of the major HCAs (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-f]pyridine) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Diets incorporating beef containing low or high levels of HCAs were fed for 12 weeks, during which DMH was administered to induce colon tumors, followed by various dietary regimens as promotional stimuli. Feeding of a beef diet high in HCAs resulted in more DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas, but only in the context of a low-fat diet. The high-HCA diets increased stomach tumors in all DMH-treated rats. An apparent interaction of high HCA with a high fat level reduced the colon tumor incidence and tumor numbers in those diets containing both factors. These results support the epidemiologic data linking well-cooked meat to increased risk for colon and stomach cancer, but the role of dietary fat level remains puzzling.
Therapeutic Interventions in Endothelial Dysfunction: Endothelium as a Target Organ

Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as the initial step in the atherosclerotic process. To date, most interventions attempting to improve endothelial dysfunction have targeted one or more of the numerous risk factors that can cause endothelial damage: hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists), hypercholesterolemia (lipid-lowering agents), cigarette smoking (cessation), sedentary lifestyle (increased physical activity), menopause (estrogen replacement therapy), and diabetes mellitus (control of associated metabolic abnormalities). Interventions targeted specifically to the endothelium remain speculative, as the precise mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction are still being elucidated. Several pharmacologic agents have been suggested to achieve vascular protection through mechanisms that go beyond their primary therapeutic (e.g., hypotensive or hypocholesterolemic) actions; examples of these are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Beneficial changes to the endothelium might result from promotion of vasorelaxation, inhibition of vasoconstriction, reduction in the production of free radicals, or other mechanisms that protect the endothelium from injury.
Update to Choosing Law Librarianship: Thoughts for People Contemplating a Career Move

This piece offers guidance to people who are considering law librarianship as a profession. They might be lawyers or librarians, thinking of career changes, or they might be just starting out. It addresses some obvious questions -- what's the pay like? what education do you need? And it also discusses some other questions that are less common but no less important -- what is the work like? what are status concerns? how do people react when you say "I'm a librarian"?
Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology

Modern cardiac anesthesia probably began with the successful anesthetic procedure for mitral commissurotomy performed by Dr. Kenneth Keown on June 10, 1948 (34). The first use of cardiopulmonary bypass occurred on May 6, 1953, paving the way for more complex surgery and thus more complicated anesthetic management for cardiac patients. The need for a distinct subspecialty of cardiac anesthesia was recognized in the early 1970s, an event that has contributed immeasurably to successful cardiac surgery. The modern cardiac anesthesiologist must be conversant with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the cardiovascular system.
Sara Lee Corporation: Unbundled Stock Units

This case involves a decision to use a new financial product instead of a stock repurchase. The case requires the student to value a complex security and decide on the cost of each alternative. An interesting feature of the case is the different ways of valuing the complex security.
Removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate from protein and peptide samples with cross‐linked [Os(dmebpy)2Cl]+/2+‐derivatized acrylamide and vinylimidazole copolymer

Rationale Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is widely used for the solubilization and denaturation of proteins, but it interferes with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), suppressing protein signals or forming adduct ions. A quick and effective clean-up technique of SDS is essential for MS analysis of proteins. Ion-exchange spin columns are commonly used for SDS removal in protein samples. Methods A bulk sample of insoluble, cross-linked [Os(dimethylbipyridine)_2Cl]^(+/2+)-derivatized poly(acrylamide)-poly(vinylimidazole) copolymer was synthesized and broken into small particles. The polymer was activated by washing with 1:1 ACN/water 50 mM triethylammonium phosphate 0.05% TFA, 0.1% TFA ACN and then 0.1% TFA water. Under acidic aqueous conditions, SDS adsorbs on the activated surfaces of the Os-complexed copolymer particles, but not the proteins and peptides in the same mixtures. Thus, the copolymer can be used to remove SDS from protein and peptide samples. The copolymer-adsorbed SDS is removed by washing with 0.1% TFA ACN, permitting re-use of the copolymer. Results Standard myoglobin and some practical protein samples from a biochemistry lab spiked with different concentrations of SDS were successfully cleaned up using this Os-copolymer for LC/MS analyses. Up to 0.2% (w/v %) of SDS can be successfully removed from those protein samples. Conclusions This Os-complexed copolymer provides a new alternative for quick cleanup of SDS from protein samples, and can serve as a new class of metal complex based anion exchanger for protein purification.
Permissive Sense and Antisense Transcription from the 5' and 3' Long Terminal Repeats of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1.

ABSTRACT Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus, and, as such, its genome becomes chromosomally integrated following infection. The resulting provirus contains identical 5′ and 3′ peripheral long terminal repeats (LTRs) containing bidirectional promoters. Antisense transcription from the 3′ LTR regulates expression of a single gene, hbz , while sense transcription from the 5′ LTR controls expression of all other viral genes, including tax . Both the HBZ and Tax proteins are implicated in the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a T-cell malignancy caused by HTLV-1 infection. However, these proteins appear to harbor opposing molecular functions, indicating that they may act independently and at different time points prior to leukemogenesis. Here, we used bidirectional reporter constructs to test whether transcriptional interference serves as a mechanism that inhibits simultaneous expression of Tax and HBZ. We found that sense transcription did not interfere with antisense transcription from the 3′ LTR and vice versa, even with strong transcription emanating from the opposing direction. Therefore, bidirectional transcription across the provirus might not restrict hbz or tax expression. Single-cell analyses revealed that antisense transcription predominates in the absence of Tax, which transactivates viral sense transcription. Interestingly, a population of Tax-expressing cells exhibited antisense but not activated sense transcription. Consistent with the ability of Tax to induce cell cycle arrest, this population was arrested in G 0 /G 1 phase. These results imply that cell cycle arrest inhibits Tax-mediated activation of sense transcription without affecting antisense transcription, which may be important for long-term viral latency. IMPORTANCE The chromosomally integrated form of the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) contains identical DNA sequences, known as long terminal repeats (LTRs), at its 5′ and 3′ ends. The LTRs modulate transcription in both forward (sense) and reverse (antisense) directions. We found that sense transcription from the 5′ LTR does not interfere with antisense transcription from the 3′ LTR, allowing viral genes encoded on opposite DNA strands to be simultaneously transcribed. Two such genes are tax and hbz , and while they are thought to function at different times during the course of infection to promote leukemogenesis of infected T cells, our results indicate that they can be simultaneously transcribed. We also found that the ability of Tax to induce cell cycle arrest inhibits its fundamental function of activating viral sense transcription but does not affect antisense transcription. This regulatory mechanism may be important for long-term HTLV-1 infection.
Quantification and fatty acid and fatty aldehyde composition of ethanolamine, choline, and serine glycerophosphatides in human cerebral grey and white matter

The quantities of ethanolamine glycerophosphatides (EGP), choline glycerophosphatides (CGP), and serine glycerophosphatides (SGP) were determined in the grey and white matter from three apparently normal adult human brains. In each locale the quantities decreased from EGP through CGP to SGP. The quantities of aldehydes in these lipids were also determined. In grey matter the aldehyde content (expressed as per cent of fatty acids plus aldehydes) of EGP, CGP, and SGP was 22, 0.3, and 0.2% respectively; while in white matter the proportions were 49, 0.8, and 13%, respectively. Palmitaldehyde, stearaldehyde, and olealdehyde made up 90% of the aldehydes found. White matter glycerophosphatides contained much more olealdehyde than those from grey matter. EGP and SGP contained much larger proportions of C20 and C22 polyenoic acids from grey matter than from white matter. CGP, on the other hand, had a similar fatty acid composition, comprised mainly of 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 acids, in each locale. The differences in fatty acid composition of these three glycerophosphatides may be related to the higher myelin content of white matter.
Reactions of the Dirhenium(II) Complexes Re(2)X(4)(dppm)(2) (X = Cl, Br; dppm = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2)) with Isocyanides. 10.(1) Synthesis and Characterization of the Complex [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(2)(CNXyl)]O(3)SCF(3) and Several Isomeric Forms of [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)(2)]Y (Y = PF(6), O(3)SCF(3)).

The reactions of the unsymmetrical, coordinatively unsaturated dirhenium(II) complexes [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)]Y (XylNC = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide; Y = O(3)SCF(3) (3a), PF(6) (3b)) with XylNC afford at least three isomeric forms of the complex cation [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)(2)](+). Two forms have very similar bis(m-halo)-bridged edge-sharing bioctahedral structures of the type [(CO)BrRe(m-Br)(2)(m-dppm)(2)Re(CNXyl)(2)]Y (Y = O(3)SCF(3) (4a/4a'), PF(6) (4b/4b')), while the third is an open bioctahedron [(XylNC)(2)BrRe(m-dppm)(2)ReBr(2)(CO)]Y (Y = O(3)SCF(3) (5a), PF(6) (5b)). While the analogous chloro complex cation [Re(2)Cl(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)(2)](+) was previously shown to exist in three isomeric forms, only one of these has been found to be structurally similar to the bromo complexes (i.e. the isomer analogous to 5a and 5b). The reaction of 3a with CO gives the salt [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(2)(CNXyl)]O(3)SCF(3) (7), in which the edge-sharing bioctahedral cation [(XylNC)BrRe(m-Br)(m-CO)(m-dppm)(2)ReBr(CO)](+) has an all-cis arrangement of pi-acceptor ligands. The Re-Re distances in the structures of 4b', 5a, and 7 are 3.0456(8), 2.3792(7), and 2.5853(13) A, respectively, and accord with formal Re-Re bond orders of 1, 3, and 2, respectively. Crystal data for [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)(2)](PF(6))(0.78)(ReO(4))(0.22).CH(2)Cl(2) (4b') at 295 K: monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with a = 19.845(4) A, b = 16.945(5) A, c = 21.759(3) A, beta = 105.856(13) degrees, V = 7038(5) A(3), and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.060 (R(w) = 0.145) for 14 245 data (F(o)(2) > 2sigma(F(o)(2))). Crystal data for [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(CNXyl)(2)]O(3)SCF(3).C(6)H(6) (5a) at 173 K: monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with a = 14.785(3) A, b = 15.289(4) A, c = 32.067(5) A, beta = 100.87(2) degrees, V=7118(5) A(3), and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.046 (R(w) = 0.055) for 6962 data (I > 3.0sigma(I)). Crystal data for [Re(2)Br(3)(m-dppm)(2)(CO)(2)(CNXyl)]O(3)SCF(3).Me(2)CHC(O)Me (7) at 295 K: monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with a = 14.951(2) A, b = 12.4180(19) A, c = 40.600(5) A, beta = 89.993(11) degrees, V = 7537(3) A(3), and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.074 (R(w) = 0.088) for 6595 data (I > 3.0sigma(I)).
Kinetics and Mechanism of Styrene Epoxidation by Chlorite: Role of Chlorine Dioxide

An investigation of the kinetics and mechanism for epoxidation of styrene and para-substituted styrenes by chlorite at 25 °C in the pH range of 5–6 is described. The proposed mechanism in water and water/acetonitrile includes seven oxidation states of chlorine (−I, 0, I, II, III, IV, and V) to account for the observed kinetics and product distributions. The model provides an unusually detailed quantitative mechanism for the complex reactions that occur in mixtures of chlorine species and organic substrates, particularly when the strong oxidant chlorite is employed. Kinetic control of the reaction is achieved by the addition of chlorine dioxide to the reaction mixture, thereby eliminating a substantial induction period observed when chlorite is used alone. The epoxidation agent is identified as chlorine dioxide, which is continually formed by the reaction of chlorite with hypochlorous acid that results from ClO produced by the epoxidation reaction. The overall stoichiometry is the result of two competing c...
Extracellular Sheaths on Hyphae of two Species of Helminthosporium

Transmission-electron micrographs indicate the presence of a well-defined extracellular sheath, approximately 0.5 μm thick, on more than 90% of hyphae of Helminthosporium victoriae on and in oat le...
Extraction and classification of moving targets in multi-sensory MAMI-1 data collection

In this work we consider the problem of extraction and classification of moving targets in wide area imagery. We use the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) airborne multi-sensor dataset, MAMI-1, for testing, wherein moving targets mostly consist of people and vehicles. The movers are extracted using a novel sparse and low-rank matrix decomposition technique. We further compare the classification performance based on SIFT, Dense SIFT, and a superpixel based feature extraction. The results show the superpixel approach as the most advantageous.
Partial penetration laser-based welding of aluminum alloy (AA 5083-H32)

Abstract Partial penetration autogenous-laser welding of an aluminum alloy ( AA 5083-H32 ) is studied. The formation of porosity and its mitigation during the autogenous-laser welding of the aluminum alloy in a thick butt-joint configuration were investigated. The influence of the process parameters (welding speed, laser power, surface treatment by cold plasma, and shielding gas) was studied by the characterization techniques. A finite element analysis was also applied to investigate the thermal history of the autogenous-laser welding process to join the aluminum alloy. The welds were characterized by an optical profilometer, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and microhardness tester. The online monitoring of the laser welding process was performed by a charged coupled device (CCD) camera. The results showed that the welds prepared by the protection of the helium as the shielding gas at a low welding speed could mitigate the porosity during the autogenous-laser welding process. The numerical study demonstrated that the peak of the temperature was occurred in the fusion zone (FZ). The heat affected zone (HAZ) has shown grain growth, formation of Al 6 (Mn,Fe), and dendritic structure. The formation of the porosity was attributed to the entrapment of the shielding gas caused by collapse of the keyhole.
Measuring the Prevalence of Problematic Respondent Behaviors among MTurk, Campus, and Community Participants.

The reliance on small samples and underpowered studies may undermine the replicability of scientific findings. Large sample sizes may be necessary to achieve adequate statistical power. Crowdsourcing sites such as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) have been regarded as an economical means for achieving larger samples. Because MTurk participants may engage in behaviors which adversely affect data quality, much recent research has focused on assessing the quality of data obtained from MTurk samples. However, participants from traditional campus- and community-based samples may also engage in behaviors which adversely affect the quality of the data that they provide. We compare an MTurk, campus, and community sample to measure how frequently participants report engaging in problematic respondent behaviors. We report evidence that suggests that participants from all samples engage in problematic respondent behaviors with comparable rates. Because statistical power is influenced by factors beyond sample size, including data integrity, methodological controls must be refined to better identify and diminish the frequency of participant engagement in problematic respondent behaviors.
Design and Anthropology

In this review, I examine the recent turn to design in anthropology in three different configurations: anthropology of design, anthropology for design, and design for anthropology. Although these three configurations represent different cuts in a complex set of relations between these two disciplines, I have chosen to discuss them together because they all represent—though not always obviously so—attempts to contend with the moral implications of humans intervening in the lives of other humans. One goal of this article is to specify and evaluate a long-standing but underarticulated regard for design and designed things in anthropology while also offering a framework for critically engaging anthropology's relationship with design in its multiple configurations.
What industrial marketers need to know now about ISO 9000 certification

Abstract The ISO certification process has been in existence for 14 years. During that time, hundreds of thousands of suppliers of mainly industrial products and services have become ISO 9000 registered. However, the adoption rate of ISO 9000 certifications in US industry has lagged that of other developed countries. This is now changing; the number of new ISO 9000 certifications being obtained annually in the US is currently higher than most other countries in the world. Concurrently, the ISO 9000 certification series recently underwent a major revision, and much has been learned about the ISO 9000 certification process over the last 14 years. Therefore, industrial marketers who have taken a wait and see approach or have decided that the process is irrelevant to their businesses may need to reconsider this decision. To assist in this process, this article reviews the former and current ISO 9000 certification process, discusses the criticisms of the program, provides information regarding costs and benefits of certification, and offers suggestions for effectively integrating certification with the marketing program.
How Informed Is Informed Consent

Abstract 2556 The informed consent process is a critical component of human subject protection in biomedical research, with the goals of informing participants of the purpose of the study, as well as the likely risks, benefits and alternatives. The signed informed consent document (ICD) is a required legal disclosure which documents that the informed consent process has taken place and provides research subjects with comprehensive information about their role in a study. Despite efforts to optimize the ICD, only limited data are available regarding the utilization of these documents by participants in biomedical research. We measured the time taken by participants, in a genetic study of hematologic traits, to review a 2833 word online ICD prior to indicating consent. ICDs were generated utilizing standard templates provided by the University of Michigan IRB with the addition of a hyperlink at word 2254 of the ICD that read “If you are reading this form, please click on this sentence”. Identification of the hyperlink, as a proxy for thorough reading of the ICD, was recorded. The study was approved by the University of Michigan IRB (IRBMED# 2005-0080.) A total of 1209 subjects were recruited from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor student population from 2/12/08 to 1/30/09. Age ranged from 14 to 35 years with a mean of 21. Standard reading speeds predicted a range of 567 to 850 seconds to read the full ICD text. The distribution of consent times was heterogeneous, heavily weighted toward times that would suggest little to no reading of the ICD. Twenty-eight percent of participants consented within ten seconds. Only 78 participants (6.4%) took longer than the minimum estimated reading time (566 seconds) to indicate consent. The hyperlink was identified by 2.2% of participants with a median reading time of 621 seconds, significantly longer than those who did not (52 seconds, p −11 ). Additionally, significant differences in consent time were noted for sex, age, and downloading of the ICD PDF file. Our results demonstrate that the majority of participants in this study (93.6%) provided consent without spending sufficient time to thoroughly read and comprehend the ICD. The 6.4% of participants with consent times greater than the minimum predicted ICD reading times is likely a significant overestimate of ICD comprehension since the consent interval recorded could also include time spent on other distracting activities. In conclusion, these observations imply that the consent by subjects to participate in this and many other low-risk studies is unlikely to have been as truly informed as originally intended by the investigators and the IRB. This lack of truly informed consent is also likely to extend beyond research studies, to include ICDs used for treatment in the routine clinical care setting. These data suggest that current ICDs, particularly for low-risk studies, may no longer serve the intended informed consent purpose and that ICD length and complexity should be reassessed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL BASED LEARNING AND PROBLEM BASED LEARNING USING SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

This study aimed to compare the mathematics learning outcomes eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 5 Pallangga Gowa taught through Discovery Learning Based Learning and Problem Based Learning Using Scientific Approach to the material opportunities. This type of research is a research experiment. The subjects were students of class VIII.A and VIII.B SMP Negeri 5 Pallangga Gowa in the second semester of the 2014/2015 school year numbered 80 people consisting of 40 people in each group. Data collected consist of data of student learning outcomes and student response data to the device and learning. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive Research data show learning outcomes of students who are taught by the teaching model of Discovery-based learning using a scientific approach is at the high category with an average of 82.42 with a standard deviation of 6.09 from the ideal score of 100. The average value of gain 0.75 with a standard deviation of 0.06 of an ideal score of 1 at the high category, and learning outcomes classical completeness of 87.5%, while the response is in the category of students with more positive with an average of 3.29. Learning outcomes of students taught by teaching model Problem-based learning using a scientific approach at the high category with an average of 87.00 with a standard deviation of 7.06 from the ideal score of 100. The average value gain of 0.82 with a standard deviation 0.07 of an ideal score of 1 at the high category, and classical completeness learning outcomes by 95%, while the response is in the category of students with more positive with an average of 3.48. Descriptive mastery learning outcomes and student response is different. Testing the hypothesis of the differences in the results of learning is done by using independent test samples t test with SPSS 20 for significant learning outcomes with a value of α = 0.05 and for normalized gain significant value to the value of α = 0.05. It can be concluded there is a difference in response and student learning outcomes are taught through discovery learning model based learning and problem based learning model study using a scientific approach in class VIII SMP Negeri 5 Pallangga
Some thoughts about the origins of Greek ethics

In this paper, I argue that several of the main issues that became a focus for classical Greek philosophy were initially framed by Homer. In particular, Homer identifies a tension between justice and individual excellence, and problematizes the connection between the heroic conception of excellence and ``eudaimonia'' (happiness). The later philosophers address the problems raised in Homer by profoundly transforming the way each of these terms was to be conceived.
‘A matter of political expediency’: Iran, Britain, South Africa and the settlement of Reza Shah's estate

ABSTRACTWhen Reza Shah, the former ruler of Iran, died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1944, he left some £110,000 in cash in his bank account and valuables and other items worth another £20,000. But he left no will; and the Union government proceeded to impose a tax amounting to over £43,000 (one-third of the total value) and to distribute the remainder among heirs as specified in Union law for persons who had died intestate. Reza Shah's son, Mohammad Reza Shah, the ruling Iranian monarch, hard up for money, fought these requirements. He claimed everything in his late father's possession was his, and that neither estate taxes nor distribution to heirs applied. A four-year battle over the estate ensued. It was eventually resolved, but only after vigorous efforts by two British ambassadors to Tehran, endeavours at the highest levels of the British government; the involvement of the South African prime minister and, finally, an act of the South African parliament. This article examines the intric...
Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in the anterior pituitary gland in health and disease.

The cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the first among the so-called "second messengers" to be described. It is conserved in most organisms and functions as a signal transducer by mediating the intracellular effects of multiple hormones and neurotransmitters. In this review, we first delineate how different members of the cAMP pathway ensure its correct compartmentalization and activity, mediate the terminal intracellular effects, and allow the crosstalk with other signaling pathways. We then focus on the pituitary gland, where cAMP exerts a crucial function by controlling the responsiveness of the cells to hypothalamic hormones, neurotransmitters and peripheral factors. We discuss the most relevant physiological functions mediated by cAMP in the different pituitary cell types, and summarize the defects affecting this pathway that have been reported in the literature. We finally discuss how a deregulated cAMP pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary disorders and how it affects the response to therapy.
Gender Differences in Atrial Fibrillation: Incidence, Mechanistic Basis of the Differences and Treatment Options

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia affecting more than 33 million people worldwide [1]. Atrial fibrillation occurs when atrial electrical remodeling (pulmonary vein triggers, multiple wavelets or rotors) initiates abnormal atrial impulses, these impulses become sustained in the face of atrial remodeling (atrial fibrosis due to factors such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, mitral valve disease and obstructive sleep apnea) [2]. Its prevalence continues to increase, reflecting an aging population as well as an increase in risk factors known to cause AF. A wealth of evidence has improved our ability to diagnose and effectively treat AF. An intriguing aspect of this common disease - gender based differences is well recognized but poorly understood. We will explore the accumulating evidence suggests that significant differences exist in incidence, pathogenesis and response to treatment between men and women in this chapter.
The Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality at Harvard: From Research to Education

We describe the formation of the Initiative on Health, Religion, and Spirituality at Harvard University including the teaching, research, and institutional efforts at both the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Harvard Medical School. A course has been offered on Religion and Public Health every second year at the School of Public Health and training programs for medical students, school of public health students, and residents are in place. Numerous students have been involved in the initiative’s research projects. The initiative has also hosted numerous seminar series and conferences on religion, spirituality and health, and numerous students have participated in these as well. Research in public health has focused on religion and population health including the protective associations between religious service attendance and longevity, suicide, and depression, along with the use of longitudinal cohort studies to establish evidence for causality. Research within medicine has focused on the role of religion, spirituality, and spiritual care in end of life settings for patients, physicians, nurses, and clergy. The future goals of the program include establishing a stronger institutional base throughout Harvard University; sustained research, teaching, and training, and permanent funding for this; and broad influence on public health and medical teaching and practice within the United States and worldwide.
Summarizing Continuous Data

Chapters 2–4 dealt with categorical data, where the measurements were qualitative in nature. Summarizing these data required frequencies, proportions and contingency tables. In this chapter we begin our study of continuous data, where the measurements we will deal with are quantitative in nature. Since this type of data consists of actual numbers, we will be able to arithmetically manipulate them (this isn’t as malicious as it sounds). However, what type of manipulation we perform depends – of course – on the type of question we’re attempting to answer, as well as the nature of the data itself.
Distal Biceps Tendon Repair—The Two-Incision, Posterior Muscle-Splitting Approach

Surgical management of acute distal biceps ruptures is a relatively successful and reproducible procedure that involves reattachment of the torn tendon to the bicipital tuberosity. Two common surgical approaches have been described. The classic technique involves both an anterior and posterior incision (2-incision) and has been the gold standard, though literature describing an anterior-only incision has also been reported. The purpose of this article is to describe the 2-incision, posterior technique with a focus on the anatomical approach and tendon fixation, while highlighting its advantages through a review of the current literature.
Therapeutic and lifestyle approaches to obesity in older persons.

Purpose of review Obesity rates worldwide continue to increase and will disproportionately affect older adults because of population aging. This review highlights recent progress pertaining to therapeutic approaches to obesity in older adults. Recent findings Caloric restriction alone improves physical function and quality of life in older adults with obesity but is associated with loss of lean mass and increases fracture risk. Adding progressive resistance training to caloric restriction attenuates loss of muscle and bone mass and increasing protein intake enhances this effect. Adding aerobic endurance training to caloric restriction further improves cardiorespiratory fitness but adding both aerobic endurance training and resistance training to caloric restriction results in the greatest improvement in overall physical function while still preserving lean mass. Future promising therapeutic interventions include testosterone, myostatin inhibitors, and bariatric surgery, but there are few studies specific to obese older adults. Summary The optimal approach toward obesity in older persons is lifestyle intervention incorporating caloric restriction and exercise consisting of aerobic endurance training and resistance training. Maintenance of adequate protein intake, calcium, and vitamin D is advisable. There is insufficient evidence specific to obese older adults to recommend testosterone or bariatric surgery at this time. Myostatin inhibitors may become a future treatment, and clinical trials are ongoing.
Climate Trauma: Toward a New Taxonomy of Trauma

Abstract The disarmingly innocuous term “climate change” expresses a psychosocial defense mechanism that prompts us to recoil when we consider the implications of climate science. When viewed hones...
Thymoma: does tumor size matter?

Prior to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8 th edition, no AJCC or Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage classification system existed for thymic tumors. Historically, several staging systems have been used including the well-known Masaoka-Koga classification, which characterizes the anatomical extent of disease with respect to the tumor capsule and neighboring or distant structures (1).
Nanocavity-enabled ultrafast generation of highly-indistinguishable photons

Indistinguishable photon emission was investigated from a quantum dot-photonic crystal resonator system for the first time. This solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamical platform produced robust and high-fidelity generation of indistinguishable photons at unprecedented rates.
How should the clinician approach imbalance in PD

Abstract Balance issues should be addressed from the time of diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) because there are balance deficits at the beginning of the disease and the patient already has an elevated risk of falling. There is strong evidence that facility-based, directed balance exercises reduce falls. In addition, there is some evidence indicating exercise may have neuroprotective effects for PD. Levodopa partially improves some aspects of balance but may also worsen some aspects. This suggests that other neurologic systems are important to balance. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) generally does not help balance although it may improve straight ahead walking and bradykinesia of the limbs. Freezing of gait responds to various physical therapy tricks and sometimes to improvement in levodopa-induced motor fluctuations. Even when unassisted walking is impossible, it is important to maintain the patients’ mobility in the home and community. This usually requires wheelchairs and other assistive devices.
Impact of changes to the Child and Adult Care Food Program on children's dietary intake in family child care homes.

Objective To estimate the impact of recent changes to the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) meal pattern on young children's diets in family child care homes (FCCHs) serving racially/ethnically diverse children. Design In a natural experimental study of thirteen CACFP-participating FCCHs, we used digital photographs taken of children's plates before and after meals matched with menus to measure children's dietary intake both prior to implementation of the new meal patterns (summer/fall of 2017) and again 1 year later (summer/fall of 2018). Generalised estimating equations tested for change in intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, 100 % juice, grain-based desserts, meat/meat alternates and milk, adjusting for clustering of observations within providers. Setting FCCHs in Boston, MA, USA. Participants Three- to 5-year-old children attending FCCHs. Results We observed 107 meals consumed by twenty-eight children at the thirteen FCCHs across an average of 2·5 (sd 1·3) d before the CACFP policy change, and 239 meals consumed by thirty-nine children across 3·8 d (sd 1·4) 1 year later. During lunch, fruit intake increased by about a third of a serving (+0·38 serving, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·73, P = 0·03), and whole grain intake increased by a half serving (+0·50 serving, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·82, P = 0·002). No changes were seen in other meal components. Conclusion Young children's dietary intake in CACFP-participating FCCHs improved following the CACFP meal pattern change, particularly for fruits and whole grains, which were targets of the new policy. Additional research should examine impacts of the changes in other child care settings, age groups and locales.
Medicare Part D Spending on Drugs Prescribed by Oncologists: Temporal Trends and Regional Variation.

PURPOSE:Drug cost is a significant factor in the ever-increasing expenditures for cancer health care.METHODS:We used Medicare Part D administrative data to explore prescribing patterns and attribut...
Injection profiling in horizontal wells using temperature warmback analysis

Horizontal wells have been used for water flooding operations for the purpose of pressure maintenance and improved oil recovery, e.g., in tight oil reservoirs. Injection profiling along the well lateral is required to determine the effectiveness of water flooding operations and to maintain high sweep efficiency. Recent improvements in downhole temperature monitoring tools allow monitoring the transient temperature along horizontal waterflooding wells at a relatively low cost. Temperature data can be analyzed to infer the injection profile along wellbore and locate high permeability regions that cause non-uniform rate distribution along the wellbore. In this work, an analytical model is developed to describe the transient temperature in the reservoir during cold fluid (water) injection via a horizontal well during injection and warmback periods. The analytical solution assumes linear flow in the reservoir and accounts for heat transfer by different mechanisms including convection, conduction, and heat gain from the surrounding impermeable strata. The inversion procedure is introduced to evaluate injection profiling using analytical solution–based type curves. Different cases are considered using a thermally coupled numerical reservoir simulator to verify the analytical approach and illustrate the potential application of the inversion technique. We show that the analytical approach introduced in this work is an efficient and robust technique to infer the injection profile along horizontal wells.
Mechanisms of Calcium Release in Skinned Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Contraction of intact skeletal muscle fibers is initiated and governed by depolarization of the sarcolemma and transverse tubules (TTs) [3,5,16,17]. This excitation signal elicits from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2 + release which activates the contractile apparatus [11,23]. However, the nature of the TT-SR junctional communication and the mechanism of SR Ca2+ release are not fully understood. The mechanically skinned fiber preparation, in which the sarcolemma has been removed completely (peeled fibers) [20] or partially (longitudinally split fibers) [12], is a rather unique preparation for the study of these critical excitation-contraction (EC) coupling steps. In mechanically skinned fibers, the environment of the TT-SR junction and the SR can be controlled and, in addition, Ca2+ fluxes readily monitored. While the earliest studies of Ca2 + release mechanisms in skinned fibers were performed on frog skeletal fibers [11,23], a peeled mammalian skeletal fiber preparation has recently been introduced [6–8]. The physiological Ca2+ release mechanism is expected to be the same in frog and mammalian skeletal fibers. However, peeled mammalian and frog fibers do not respond identically to all stimuli that elicit the release of Ca2+ [8,19]. The purpose of this chapter is to present evidence that these discrepancies may be due to varied responses to either SR volume changes or directional changes in bathing solution [K +]×[Cl-].
STUDIES ON HYPOPROTEINEMIA. I. HYPOPROTEINEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER; ITS PERSISTENCE AFTER OPERATION IN THE PRESENCE OF BODY TISSUE REPLETION

1 . The existence of hypoproteinemia in patients with gastric cancer has once again been observed. 2. The intractability of this type of hypoproteinemia in the postoperative phase to treatment with high protein diets and in the presence of positive nitrogen balance has been demonstrated. 3. Long-term studies in two patients, for 28 and 108 days respectively, suggest that the persistence of hypoproteinemia in patients with gastric cancer in positive nitrogen balance is probably not due to a marked degree of depletion of tissue protein stores alone. These patients retained more protein than would have been necessary to replenish depleted tissues. 4. It seems more likely that while such patients are capable of tissue protein synthesis, they fail to shift new protein into the blood stream. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The help of Dr. E. C. Reifenstein, Jr., in preparing the manuscript is gratefully acknowledged.
Abstract 246: Phase 1 study: Ipilimumab (anti CTLA-4) in combination with Lenalidomide in patients with advanced cancers

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Background: Ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibody potentiates an antitumor T-cell response. Lenalidomide, a derivative of thalidomide possesses immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic properties and thereby inhibits the growth of blood vessels and exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect. The potential synergistic effect of stimulating one's own immune system to attack cancer in combination with depriving further tumor growth provides rationale for combining Ipilimumab and Lenalidomide. Methods: We designed a phase I study (3+3 design) to determine the safety of Ipilimumab (1.5-3mg/kg IV q 28 days x 4) and Lenalidomide (10-25mg PO daily x 21 q 28 days) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity in advanced cancers. Endpoints included maximum tolerated (MTD), dose limiting toxicities (DLT), safety, and response per immune response criteria (iRC). Results: To date, 21 patients (men, n = 8; women, n = 13), median age 56 (19-75) years, median of 3 (0-6) prior therapies (including 3 patients with prior ipilimumab) were enrolled in 3 of 5 dose levels ranging from 1.5-3mg of Ipilimumab and Lenalidomide 10-15 mg. The MTD has not been reached yet. DLT included grade (G) 3 macular rash in 2 patients (dose levels 2 and 3) and G3 pancreatitis (dose level 2). Other G3/4 drug related toxicities included G4 hypopituitarism (n = 1) and G3 pulmonary embolism (n = 1). Of 21 treated patients, 11 (52%) patients had stable disease. The median change in size of target lesions per iRC was 13% (-44% to +86%) with 5 (24%) of patients with at least -10% shrinkage (Hodgkin lymphoma, n = 2; melanoma, n = 1; follicular thyroid carcinoma, n = 1; teratoma, n = 1) lasting for 0.9 to 12.3+ months. The median time-to-treatment failure was 2.1 months (95% CI 1.4-2.8). Conclusion: Ipilimumab and Lenalidomide have manageable side effect profile and demonstrate possible activity in patients with refractory Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, follicular thyroid cancer and teratoma. Citation Format: Divya Sakamuri, Sonia L. Betancourt Cuellar, Isabella C. Glitza, Siqing Fu, Jennifer J. Wheler, Gerald S. Falchook, Apostolia M. Tsimberidou, David S. Hong, Vivek Subbiah, Michelle A. Fanale, Maria E. Cabanillas, Funda Meric-Bernstam, Filip Janku. Phase 1 study: Ipilimumab (anti CTLA-4) in combination with Lenalidomide in patients with advanced cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 246. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-246