cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isn't a picture still worth a thousand words?

The transmission electron microscope is a valuable diagnostic and research tool that is presently underappreciated. In the area of human immunodeficiency virus research alone, it has provided critical information about viral pathogenesis and opportunistic infections and malignancies. However, because it has not always been used with care, the literature contains misinterpretations, especially as to what is a virus and what is actually a cell organelle, e.g., lysosome and Golgi vesicles. It is important to review the subject periodically to maintain its quality.
Codominant interference, antieffectors, and multitarget drugs

The insufficient selectivity of drugs is a bane of present-day therapies. This problem is significant for antibacterial drugs, difficult for antivirals, and utterly unsolved for anticancer drugs, which remain ineffective against major cancers, and in addition cause severe side effects. The problem may be solved if a therapeutic agent could have a multitarget, combinatorial selectivity, killing, or otherwise modifying, a cell if and only if it contains a predetermined set of molecular targets and lacks another predetermined set of targets. An earlier design of multitarget drugs [Varshavsky, A. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3663–3667] was confined to macromolecular reagents such as proteins, with the attendant difficulties of intracellular delivery and immunogenicity. I now propose a solution to the problem of drug selectivity that is applicable to small (≤1 kDa) drugs. Two ideas, codominant interference and antieffectors, should allow a therapeutic regimen to possess combinatorial selectivity, in which the number of positively and negatively sensed macromolecular targets can be two, three, or more. The nature of the effector and interference moieties in a multitarget drug determines its use: selective killing of cancer cells or, for example, the inhibition of a neurotransmitter-inactivating enzyme in a specific subset of the enzyme-containing cells. The in vivo effects of such drugs would be analogous to the outcomes of the Boolean operations “and,” “or,” and combinations thereof. I discuss the logic and applications of the antieffector and interference/codominance concepts, and the attendant problem of pharmacokinetics.
Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms, Bone Mineral Density, and Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Mexican–American Women

Common polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been shown to correlate with bone mineral density (BMD). However, attempts to replicate the original findings in other populations have yielded variable results. These disparities may reflect ethnic or environmental differences in the expression of the VDR effect upon BMD. We examined a relatively ethnically homogeneous group of 103 healthy postmenopausal Caucasian women of Mexican descent living in Northern California. We determined the VDR genotype and measured the BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, as well as several biochemical indices of mineral metabolism. The prevalence of the BB genotype, associated in previous studies with the lowest BMD, was 8% and highly linked to the tt genotype. Absolute and age-adjusted BMD at both hip and spine showed a trend toward lower BMD in the BB, AA, and tt genotypes, but this trend did not achieve statistical significance. There were no consistent intergroup differences in change in BMD over 2 years of follow-up, nor in mean serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, or total urinary pyridinolines. Intact parathyroid hormone concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with the AA genotype, with a trend toward higher values in those with the BB and tt genotypes as well. Our data suggest that there may be a decrease in BMD associated with the B, A, and t alleles, but the intergroup difference in BMD is 0.2–0.5 standard deviations (SD) at the lumbar spine and 0.3 SD at the femoral neck, decreases that are smaller than previously reported. Given the relatively low prevalence of the BB/tt genotype in Mexican-American Caucasians, a larger sample would be required to detect a significant association between VDR alleles and differences in BMD of the magnitude suggested by our data. We conclude that a genotype effect of this magnitude, if present, would be clinically relevant, but the impact on BMD is too small to detect with statistical significance in a study of this size.
Sensory Preference, Coating Evenness, Dustiness, and Transfer Efficiency of Electrostatically Coated Potato Chips

Barbeque, sour cream and onion, salt and vinegar, nacho cheese, and salsa seasonings were applied to potato chips at 0 and 25 kV. Sensory evaluation determined that electrostatically coated chips had better coating uniformity and were significantly preferred to nonelectrostatically coated samples. Electrostatic coating was also more even as measured by colorimetry. Particle size and evenness of coating did not significantly affect perceived flavor intensity. Electrostatic coating significantly increased transfer efficiency and decreased dust over nonelectrostatic coating. Particle size and flowability can be used to predict transfer efficiency and dustiness. Chargeability was also important for electrostatic transfer efficiency. Particle size was the most important factor overall.
An Edge-Averaged Semi-Meshless Framework for Numerical Solution of Conservation Laws

Despite the continuous improvement of technology, generation of high-quality meshes around complicated geometry remains a time consuming and even laborious task. In this paper, we propose a semi-meshless computational framework designed to reduce the difficulty in generating the necessary point connectivity for numerically solving conservation laws. The new framework is based on an analytic formulation of conservation laws in a generalized coordinate frame, in which the time derivatives of the conservative variables can be computed using a weighted average of estimates from local stencils. This formulation naturally implies a merit function for generating stencils based on point distances and the orthogonality of the generalized coordinates in the expected stencils. We applied the framework to solving the Euler equations for inviscid flow. Test cases involving airfoils showed that the new computational framework produced numerical solutions with quality similar to their finite volume counterparts.
Seasonal Development and Flight Activity of Pseudococcus comstocki in California

From 1973 through 1975, the seasonal flight activity of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstock (Kuwana), in California was monitored with sex pheromone traps. Four generations of male flight activity were detected in 1973 and 1974. Samples of leaves infested with mealybugs collected in 1974 confirmed the existence of a 4th generation. The 4th generation developed from a fraction of 3rd-generation eggs that did not enter winter diapause.
GIS analysis of depression among Twitter users

Abstract Depression is a common chronic disorder. It often goes undetected due to limited diagnosis methods and brings serious results to public and personal health. Former research detected geographic pattern for depression using questionnaires or self-reported measures of mental health, this may induce same-source bias. Recent studies use social media for depression detection but none of them examines the geographic patterns. In this paper, we apply GIS methods to social media data to provide new perspectives for public health research. We design a procedure to automatically detect depressed users in Twitter and analyze their spatial patterns using GIS technology. This method can improve diagnosis techniques for depression. It is faster at collecting data and more promptly at analyzing and providing results. Also, this method can be expanded to detect other major events in real-time, such as disease outbreaks and earthquakes.
Dialkyl carbonate-induced transesterification for analysis of fatty acids in milk.

Abstract A procedure is described whereby the alkyl esters of fatty acids may be prepared for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) by a transesterification reaction applied directly to extracts of milk. To prepare the methyl esters the milk is extracted with a reagent consisting of methanol, dimethyl carbonate, and benzene. A portion of the clear extract is made alkaline by addition of sodium methoxide and the methyl esters are formed from the chemically bound (glyceryl and steryl) fatty acids in 1–2min at room temperature. The mixture may be analyzed by GLC immediately. However, free fatty acids present are not esterified under these conditions. These may be subsequently esterified, at room temperature, by acidification of the reaction mixture. This forms the basis for a differential procedure for determination of free and chemically bound fatty acids in a mixture containing both. Fatty acid ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters may be obtained in a completely analogous manner.
Relocating the Nexus of Psychopathology and Treatment: Thoughts on the Contribution of Erich Fromm to Contemporary Psychotherapy

Erich’s Fromm’s (1946, 1955, 1976) controversial critique of modern capitalism and its effects on psychic life is in many ways more relevant now than ever. By combining social, political, economic, and psychological determinants, Fromm’s theories provide mental health clinicians with a wider and more effective conceptualization of psychopathology than does the current medical model. While some of Erich Fromm’s basic assumptions are challenged in this paper, such as his view of human nature and the extent to which western society requires radical reorganization, Fromm’s work is seen as a useful catalyst for shifting the mental health field’s current paradigm of psychopathology to a more holistic and ecological perspective. Similarities between Fromm’s ideas and the therapeutic community model of G. DeLeon (2000) are noted, and a relevant individual case study is discussed.
Recombination Luminescence from Self-Trapped Excitons in Ammonium Halide Crystals

Luminescence due to intrinsic self-trapped exciton annihilation has been observed in ammonium halide single crystals under $x$ irradiation at low temperatures. A broad emission band appears at 4.86 eV for N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Cl, 4.20 eV for N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br, and 3.74 eV for N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$I. The source of the luminescence is identified primarily through an experiment which relates the polarization of the luminescence to the orientation of self-trapped holes or ${V}_{k}$ centers. As in the alkali halides, the self-trapped exciton may be characterized as a bound pair of nearest-neighbor halide ions in an excited state. The transition in N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Cl is $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-polarized with respect to the pair axis, and its lifetime under pulsed x-ray excitation is on the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. The N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br emission band consists of two overlapping transitions. There is a fast $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-polarized component similar to that found in the chloride. The other component is $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized and has a longer lifetime of 7.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec. Comparison is made between these transitions and similar transitions previously observed in the alkali halides. It is concluded that the self-trapped exciton states are essentially the same in the two materials; in particular, a triplet state evidently initiates the long-lived emission band.
A comparison of tests for setar-type non-linearity in time series

Tests for SETAR-type non-linearity in time series have recently been proposed by Petruccelli and Davies (1986), W. S. Chan and Tong (1986), Tsay (1987), Luukkonen et al. (1988), Petruccelli (1987) and Moeanaddin and Tong (1988). In this paper we consider the relative performance of thes: tests.
Did the Sun Change Its Behaviour During the Decline of Cycle 23 and Into Cycle 24

The activity minimum between the end of cycle 23 and the beginning of cycle 24 was the longest and deepest since at least the beginning of the 20th century. This has led to speculation that the Sun is changing its behaviour. The sunspot number and 10.7-cm solar radio flux indices have traditionally been highly correlated, so a change in the relationship between them might flag at such a change. An examination of this relationship suggests a significant change in the relationship between activity in the photosphere and in the chromosphere/corona happened soon after the maximum of cycle 23 and has continued into cycle 24. However, there are indications of change as early as 1980.
Optimization of scannable latches for low energy

This paper covers a range of issues in the design of latches and flip-flops for low-power applications. First it revisits, extends, and improves the energy-performance optimization methodology, attempting to make it more formal and comprehensive. The data-switching factor and the glitching activity are taken into consideration, using a formal analytical approach, then a notion of an energy-efficient family of configurations is introduced to make the comparison of different latch styles in the energy-performance space more fair. A recently proposed methodology for balancing hardware intensity in processor pipelines is applied to latch design to facilitate the selection of the objective function for tuning transistor sizes. The power dissipation of the clock distribution is taken into account, supported by simulations of extracted netlists for multibit datapath registers. Practical issues of building a low overhead scan mechanism are considered, and the power overhead of the scannable design is analyzed. A low-power level-sensitive scan mechanism is proposed, and results of a comparative study of scannable latches are shown. The applicability of the proposed scan mechanism to a wide variety of latches is demonstrated.
Lunar pole illumination and communications maps computed from GSSR elevation data

A Digital Elevation Model of the lunar south pole was produced using Goldstone Solar System RADAR (GSSR) data obtained in 2006.12 This model has 40-meter horizontal resolution and about 5-meter relative vertical accuracy [Ref 1]. This Digital Elevation Model was used to compute average solar illumination and Earth visibility with 100 km of the lunar south pole. The elevation data were converted into local terrain horizon masks, then converted into lunar-centric latitude and longitude coordinates. The horizon masks were compared to latitude, longitude regions bounding the maximum Sun and Earth motions relative to the moon. Estimates of Earth visibility were computed by integrating the area of the region bounding the Earth's motion that was below the horizon mask. Solar illumination and other metrics were computed similarly. Proposed lunar south pole base sites were examined in detail, with the best site showing yearly solar power availability of 92% and Direct-To-Earth (DTE) communication availability of about 50%. Similar analysis of the lunar south pole used an older GSSR Digital Elevation Model with 600-meter horizontal resolution. The paper also explores using a heliostat to reduce the photovoltaic power system mass and complexity.
Measurement of back end of line thermal resistance for 3D chip stacks

The thermal resistances of thirty-nine different back end of line (BEOL) test sites consisting of four line levels and three via levels in SiCOH were measured. The measured unit resistance values ranged from 0.5 to 5.5 C-mm2/W. The percent via area was varied from 0.31 to 6.25 %, the percent line area from 17 to 67%, the configuration of the vias, the distance between vias, and the line and via pitch were also varied. The measured values were compared to results from an internally developed electromagnetic simulation tool, ChipJoule. Comparison of the simulations with measured values validated the ChipJoule tool, which can be used to simulate full BEOL structures using mask design data.
Sartorius Transposition in Extra-Anatomical Bypass Grafts

A technique for obtaining tissue coverage of extra-anatomic femoral grafts has been developed using sartorius muscle rotated medially. The technique is suitable as a primary or secondary procedure.
Structures of the N47A and E109Q mutant proteins of pyruvoyl-dependent arginine decarboxylase from Methanococcus jannaschii

Pyruvoyl-dependent arginine decarboxylase (PvlArgDC) catalyzes the first step of the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway in plants and some archaebacteria. The pyruvoyl group of PvlArgDC is generated by an internal autoserinolysis reaction at an absolutely conserved serine residue in the proenzyme, resulting in two polypeptide chains. Based on the native structure of PvlArgDC from Methanococcus jannaschii, the conserved residues Asn47 and Glu109 were proposed to be involved in the decarboxylation and autoprocessing reactions. N47A and E109Q mutant proteins were prepared and the three-dimensional structure of each protein was determined at 2.0 A resolution. The N47A and E109Q mutant proteins showed reduced decarboxylation activity compared with the wild-type PvlArgDC. These residues may also be important for the autoprocessing reaction, which utilizes a mechanism similar to that of the decarboxylation reaction.
EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE III. THE EFFECT OF STRAIN, LITTER, AND SEASON UPON THE INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE

Four strains of mice—Harvard, Schwentker, CFW (Carworth Farms), and C (National Cancer Institute)—have been kept and bred underidentical conditions over the course of a year in order to determine the effect of strain, of litter, and of season upon the incidence of diarrheal disease among the suckling mice. 1. Significant strain differences were limited to CFW mice. A consistently lower percentage of these mice were weaned in comparison to the others. 2. The effect of litter was definite and consistent: In all four strains first litters fared worse than second and third ones, while fourth and fifth litters showed the highest percentage of mice weaned. 3. The effect of season seemed clear cut only in the case of one strain CFW; the highest percentage of mice weaned were observed during the summer months and the lowest during the autumn and early winter.
Representing Spatial Subgrid-Scale Precipitation Variability in a GCM

Abstract A method for spatial disaggregation of rainfall to be used within a GCM is presented and the climate sensitivity to its parameters is assessed. The method is based on the assumption of exponential distribution of rainfall rates that are a function of the area of the GCM grid square where precipitation is occurring. When the method is applied in offline experiments, decreasing the fractional area where precipitation occurs decreases canopy interception, and, therefore, the partition of surface evaporation between leaf water evaporation and canopy transpiration. The climate, simulated using the precipitation disaggregation scheme, shows considerable changes from the simulated control climate with overall warmer and drier tropical land and warmer high-latitude continental areas. Changes in the simulated climate can be explained by direct local land–atmosphere interaction processes enhanced by regional atmospheric feedback mechanisms and remote responses to changes in tropical heating linked to diffe...
The Relative Significance of Finance Journals, Authors and Articles: An Update

We rank finance journals based on citations between 2003 and 2008 and compare those rankings with how they existed approximately 20 years earlier. Outside of the top four finance journals (Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial Studies, and Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis), Financial Management stands out as the highest ranked among journals with a broad editorial mission, while the Journal of Financial Markets, the Journal of Financial Intermediation and the Financial Analysts Journal generated the highest citation impact among finance journals that focus on a narrower set of topics. We also identify the authors and articles cited most frequently and find that approximately one third of the top-ranked authors and articles from twenty years ago still hold that distinction today.
Evaluation of On-Chip Static Interconnection Networks

This correspondence evaluates three types of static interconnection networks for VLSI implementation. The criteria of evaluation have been selected from three orthogonal aspects-physical (chip area and dissipation), computational speed (message delay and message density) and cost (chip yield, operational reliability and layout cost). The main feature of this paper is to augment the selection criteria for the interconnection networks from the classical AT2 metric and to provide results pertaining to realistic VLSI implementation.
Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl-DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling

Previous studies reported that metabolic activation of certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) resulted in binding to protein, RNA and DNA fractions. However, the formation of DNA adducts has not been demonstrated nor have methods been optimized for the detection of such adducts. In the present study we investigated activation and binding to DNA of lower chlorinated biphenyls using 32P-postlabeling. The incubation of 2-chloro-, 3-chloro-, 3,4-dichloro- and 3,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl with calf thymus DNA and liver microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, followed by oxidation with a peroxidase, produced 1-3 major adducts. Reaction of deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate with metabolites of the congeneric chlorinated biphenyls produced adducts with similar chromatographic mobility as those with DNA, suggesting that guanine was the preferential site of attack. Furthermore butanol and nuclease P1 enrichments showed different adduct recoveries, depending upon the the chlorobiphenyl. Adducts derived from incubations with monochlorobiphenyls were recovered 2- to 3-fold higher with butanol, while the recovery of di- and tri-chlorobiphenyl adducts was 5- to 7-fold higher with nuclease P1. DNA adducts formed during the metabolism of 3,4-dichlorobiphenyl were reduced by the sulfur nucleophiles, glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that reactive semiquinone(s) or quinone(s) are involved. In contrast, the addition of superoxide dismutase increased adduct formation, suggesting that the quinone metabolites are responsible for the major adducts formed. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that lower chlorinated biphenyls are metabolically activated to electrophilic quinoid species which bind to DNA.
Pathogen-driven cancers and emerging immune therapeutic strategies

Infectious agents play an etiologic role in approximately 20% of cancer cases worldwide. Eleven pathogens (seven viruses, three parasites, and one bacterium) are known to contribute to oncogenesis either directly via the expression of their protein products or indirectly via chronic inflammation. Although prevention of infection and antimicrobial treatments have helped in reducing infection rates and the incidence of associated malignancies, therapies for these cancers remain limited. The importance of immune control over malignant progression is highlighted by the fact that many cancers, particularly those induced by pathogens, occur more frequently among immunosuppressed patients as compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that can elicit a robust immune response and restore tumor detection may be a beneficial approach for treating these cancers. In addition, the study of immune escape mechanisms used by pathogens and their associated cancers may provide insight into the mechanisms of malignant transformation and improved therapies for cancer more generally.
A 10-Gb/s Reconfigurable CMOS Equalizer Employing a Transition Detector-Based Output Monitoring Technique for Band-Limited Serial Links

Limitations in data transmission caused by band limitation in broadband communication links can be improved significantly by using equalization techniques. In this paper, a reconfigurable feed-forward equalizer employing a transition detector (TD)-based calibration technique that provides a universal channel compensation solution is presented. Moreover, the newly proposed TD-based calibration technique monitors the channel output for further adjustments over time in order to provide optimum compensation in performance. The reconfigurable equalizer is implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS technology. The prototype successfully demonstrates the feasibility of the TD-based calibration technique for output monitoring
Dynamic Tests and Model Simulation of a Nose-Towed Underwater Vehicle

Simulation of underwater environmental situations for towed sensing vehicles is of increased interest to the marine engineer and to the U.S. Navy. Towed submersibles with sensing devices are used to detect underwater fixed and moving objects as well as to provide information on the properties of the sea.
Proton Flux Anisotropy in Low Earth Orbit

Proton flux anisotropy as a function of altitude in the South Atlantic Anomaly is investigated using data from the Compact Environment Anomaly Sensor (CEASE) flown onboard the tri-service experiment-5 (TSX-5) satellite from June 2000 to July 2006. In a 410 km times 1710 km, 69 degree inclination orbit, TSX-5 spanned a broad range of the low Earth orbit regime. Using measurements of total dose, integral energy flux >40 MeV and the differential flux at 40 MeV sorted into 3 degree latitude times 3 degree longitude times 50 km altitide bins and averaged over the entire mission, the components arising from eastward and westward traveling protons have been determined in areas of the SAA where CEASE detection efficiency is not compromised. For the first time, ratios of these components have been compared to predictions of east-west effect models above 400 km. There is good agreement in general with the anisotropy becoming apparent at approximately 1200 km (moving down) and increasing rapidly starting at approximately 1000 km, the magnitude and rate depending on location within the anomaly. Measurements of the differential flux at 40 MeV are compared to predictions of standard radiation belt models as a function of altitude and found to be substantially higher in magnitude than AP8, though a comprehensive survey has not yet been performed.
Living in a Different World: Acculturative Stress Among Korean American Elders

Using a sample of Korean American elders, this study examined internal mechanisms by which the level of acculturation influences mental health outcomes. We hypothesized that the impact of five domains of acculturation on mental distress (depressive symptoms and anxiety) would be mediated by individuals' subjectively appraised acculturative stress. The latter was indexed by measures of task-oriented and emotion-oriented stress. The results from structural equation modeling with 472 Korean American elders in Florida (M age = 69.9, SD = 7.04) provided support for the mediation model. Findings demonstrate that acculturation exerts an influence on mental health and that acculturative stress functions as a mediator in the linkage between the level of acculturation and mental distress. Findings suggest avenues for facilitating immigrant elders' positive adaptation and promoting their mental well-being.
General health, health conditions, and current pregnancy among U.S. women with and without chronic physical disabilities

Abstract Background Although increasing numbers of reproductive-age U.S. women with chronic physical disabilities (CPD) are becoming pregnant, little is known about their general health or comorbid health conditions. Objectives To explore general health and comorbid health conditions among women with and without CPD by current pregnancy status. Methods We analyzed responses of 47,629 civilian, noninstitutionalized women ages 18–49 from the 2006–2011 National Health Interview Surveys. The survey asks about: various movement difficulties; selected adult health conditions; self-reported general health; and current pregnancy. We identified women with CPD using responses from 8 movement difficulty questions. Results 6043 (12.7%) women report CPD. Among nondisabled women, 3.8% report current pregnancy, as do 2.0% of women with CPD. Among currently pregnant women with CPD, 29.1% report fair or poor health, compared with only 3.2% of nondisabled pregnant women. Currently pregnant women both with and without CPD are significantly less likely to report coexisting health conditions than nonpregnant women. Nonetheless, among currently pregnant women with CPD, only 24.5% report no coexisting conditions, while 28.7% report 1, 22.8% report 2, 13.2% report 3, and 10.8% report 4–6 health conditions. In a multivariable regression controlling for age category, health status, and health conditions, CPD is not statistically significantly associated with current pregnancy. Conclusions According to national survey data, it appears that pregnant women with CPD may have a complex mix of health problems and often experience fair or poor health. Better understanding the obstetrical and subspecialty needs of these women with multimorbidities requires additional investigation.
STRUCTURAL FAMILY RELATIONS: PRIMARY DYADIC ALLIANCES AND ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT*

The purposes of the present study were to (1) provide descriptive normative data on the incidence of primary dyadic relationships in non-clinical families; (2) test the hypothesis that children from a marital relationship-primary family are better adjusted than those with a primary non-marital dyad; and (3) examine sex-linked effects within both areas. A sample of late adolescent college students was interviewed concerning family relationship patterns. Males most often perceived the mother-father dyad as primary, whereas females most often reported the mother-child dyad as the primary relationship in the family. Support was obtained for the adjustment hypothesis by data from females, but not males. Girls from families with a marital dyad-primary were better adjusted than girls from families with a non-marital dyad-primary. Sex-linked effects associated with structural family relations, such as the greater salience of the marital coalition for daughters than sons, are discussed, and some clinical implications of the findings are suggested.
Classification of research efforts in dynamic/big data analytics

The recent explosion in Dynamic (a.k.a., "Big") Data Analytics1 research provides a massive amount of software capabilities, published papers, and conference proceedings that make it difficult to sift through and inter-relate it all. This paper proposes a trial classification scheme with several orthogonal dimensions of classification. These dimensions include stages of application, challenges, solution origins, specialization of technologies, purpose, ownership (business type), data processing (batch vs. streaming), and data types applied to (structured, semi-structured and unstructured). The full list of determined categories in each dimension is presented. The classification scheme is intentionally made to be not too complex, to help anyone entering the expanding world of Big Data Analytics, by helping them gain a better understanding of the applicability of various tools and capabilities that are available, and how they contrast and synergize amongst each another. Additionally, this work can help with creation of educational materials, demarcation of the domain, and encourage full research coverage in big data analytics, as well as enable discovery and articulation of common principles and solutions. The research topics used in testing this classification scheme are retrieved from the top 20 most relevant papers of Scopus online database, which is aiming to be the largest repository of the peer-reviewed literature, as well as by reviewing examples of similar past classification attempts.
The Effects of Sleep Posture and Sleep Stage on Apnea Frequency

The Apnea Plus Hypopnea Index (A + HI) of 60 male positional sleep apneics was analyzed by sleep stage to determine if positional differences are limited to NREM sleep. Differences in apnea severity by sleep position were found to persist in REM sleep and to be of equal extent to those differences found in NREM sleep, despite the fact that there is also a significant increase in the frequency of apneic events associated with REM sleep. The positional effect persists in REM sleep, making treatments to control sleep posture a viable option.
Effect of Gradient Alloying on Photoluminescence Blinking of Single CdSxSe1–x Nanocrystals

Alloyed CdSxSe1–x semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) were obtained from a one-pot synthesis at reduced temperature with moderate quantum yield. Comprehensive structural characterizations of the CdSSe NCs reveal that the NCs have gradient alloyed structure, with Cd evenly distributed over the entire NC, Se rich in the center, and S rich in the outer region. This is due to the difference in the nucleation kinetics of S and Se precursors. Optical studies at the single NC level show that the NCs have reduced photoluminescence blinking, increased “on” time fraction, and good photostability, in comparison with CdSe NCs. The incorporation of sulfur composition in the alloy NCs improves surface passivation and in turn protects the NCs from (photo)oxidation. The gradual change in the NC composition from center to outer regions creates a smooth “interface”, compared to core/shell NCs. These factors lead to reduced nonradiative rates in the NCs, improving their emitting properties.
Crystal structure of chlorido­{5,10,15,20-tetra­kis­[2-(2,2-di­methyl­propanamido)­phen­yl]porphyrinato-κ4N}iron(III)

The title compound, [Fe(C64H64N8O4)Cl], is a five-coordinate square-pyramidal porphyrin complex with a chloride ion in the axial position, being coordinated from the protected side of the porphyrin; the FeIII atom is displaced by 0.474 (5) A from the 24-atom mean plane of the porphyrin core towards the chloride. The porphyrin moiety is a `picket-fence' 5,10,15,20-tetra­kis­[2-(2,2-di­methyl­propanamido)­phen­yl]porph­yrinate (por) group. The Fe—Cl bond length is 2.221 (2) A and the Fe—N(por) bond lengths are in the range 2.043 (5)–2.063 (5) A. The supra­molecular architecture of the crystal is sustained by C—H⋯O inter­actions between the pyrrolic and phenyl H atoms of one mol­ecule and the carbonyl O atoms of the 2,2-di­methyl­propanamido groups of adjacent mol­ecules. The methyl groups of three of the four tert-butyl substituents exhibited rotational disorder over two positions. The investigated crystal was twinned by a twofold rotation about the (001) axis with a refined twin ratio of 0.4086 (16).
Rate of localization of anti-rat lung antibody.

SummaryRate of localization of anti-rat lung antibody in lungs was determined by a passive transfer method. The purified anti-lung antibody was injected into donor rats and the lung localizing activity remaining in the circulation was assayed by injecting the plasmas into groups of recipient rats. The lung localizing antibody was cleared from the circulation very rapidly, indicating that the responsible antigens must be in very close contact with the circulating blood.
Accelerated Oxidations of Polyisoprene. III. Photosensitized Oxidations in Solution

Abstract Measurements of oxygen absorption at 50° C showed methylene blue to be the most effective of several sensitizers tested. At a concentration of 0.01 mM, it gave a rate of oxidation which was about 12 times that in a control run in the light. About 1600 moles of oxygen were absorbed per mole of methylene blue. To obtain the same rate in the dark, about 100 times as much 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl-propionitrile) (AZBN) would have been required. At least in the initial stages of oxidation, this catalysis by methylene blue was not affected by addition of an oxidation inhibitor. Thus, the photosensitized oxidation is mostly a nonradical reaction.
NEUBER'S RULE ACCURACY IN PREDICTING NOTCH STRESS- STRAIN BEHAVIOR FOR SEVERAL GEOMETRIES

A numerical investigation has been undertaken to quantify the potential error in the use of Neuber’s rule in approximating stresses and strains for local stress concentration regions that undergo plastic deformation. A flat plate with an open hole, a round bar with a circumferential notch and a double-lap splice joint with three rows of pins were all modeled using finite element techniques, for two different material types. The local notch stress and strain values from the models were each compared to the notch strain values predicted using Neuber’s rule. The results show that Neuber’s approximation significantly overpredicts local strain when plasticity (0.8% to 2.0% strain) is encountered in the notch. The state of multiaxial stress in the notch region significantly affects the Neuber strain prediction error, but not in a consistent manner. Different material stress-strain curves also have an effect on the strain prediction error, but to a lesser extent. The results indicate that using finite element solutions in the place of Neuber’s rule to estimate notch strain behavior may significantly reduce the modeling error (epistemic uncertainty) of a probabilistic strain-life methodology.
Evaluation Method of the Iodized Salt Testing Quality in County-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Objective To explore the method to evaluate the quality of iodized salt testing in county-level centesr for disease of control and prevention(CDC),and evaluate the reliability of its results.Methods Seven counties in Luzhou in Sichuan province were selected as the research objects.Evaluation methods were developed according to the provincial CDC test results of iodized salt as a reference standard.Samples were collected by using stratified random sampling and detected by using Arbitration Law.The provincial and county CDC conducted synchronous detection on same salt samples.The iodized salt quality testing results was comparatively evaluated by using statistical description and statistical tests.Results The coincidence rate of the testing results compared with province's results were 17%-67%,39% in average,and the datum less than 5% of relative error was just 6%-40%,21% in average.Conclusion There is only certain rationality by means of quality evaluation on iodized salt testing results from county-level CDCs on the basis of province-level testing results,therefore,further research is needed in the future.
Large elastoplasticity under static megabar pressures: Formulation and application to compression of samples in diamond anvil cells

Abstract In high pressure research, static megabar pressures are typically produced by compression of a thin sample by two diamonds in various types of diamond anvil cells. This process is accompanied by large plastic deformation (sample thickness is reduced by a factor of 30), and finite elastic deformation of a sample and even the diamond. A thermodynamically consistent system of equations for large elastic and plastic deformation of an isotropic material obeying nonlinear elasticity and pressure dependent yield condition is formulated. The Murnaghan elasticity law and pressure-dependent J 2 plasticity are utilized. The finite-strain third-order elasticity law for cubic crystals is utilized for diamond. A computational algorithm is presented with emphasis on the stress update procedure and derivation of the consistent tangent moduli. It is implemented as a user material subroutine in the finite element code ABAQUS. Material parameters for a rhenium sample, as an example, and a diamond are calibrated based on the experimental and atomistic simulation results in the literature. The evolution of the stress and strain tensor fields in the sample and diamond is studied up to a pressure of 300 GPa. Good correspondence between numerical and experimental pressure distributions at the diamond-sample contact surface is obtained. Because there is a significant scatter of the magnitude of reported third-order single-crystal elastic moduli for diamond, their effect on strains and stresses is studied in detail. With the smaller third-order elastic moduli, the phenomenon of cupping of the diamond-sample contact surface is reproduced, which plays an important role in increasing maximum pressures for a given anvil geometry. The results provide important insight into the mechanical response in diamond anvil cells, interpretation of materials properties under extreme conditions from heterogeneous fields, and optimum design of cells for reaching the maximum static pressure in a volume sufficient for the desired measurements.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Viral Hepatitis A in Lianyungang City from 1997 to 2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis A in Lianyungang city,provide the scientific evidences for making control strategies. [Methods]The epidemic data of hepatitis A in Lianyungang city from 1997 to 2010 were statistically analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods. [Results]3 264 cases of hepatitis A were reported in Lianyungang from 1997 to 2010,and the annual average incidence rate was 5.02/lakh.The incidence of hepatitis A has been decreasing.The cases were reported in whole year,and there were two peaks which were from January to March and from July to August respectively.Most of patients were peasants,and mainly in the age group of 30~39 years old.The ratio of male to female was 2.51∶1. [Conclusion]The incidence of viral hepatitis A in Lianyungang city shows a downward trend,but it is still one of the most important infectious diseases.The comprehensive control measures which are dominated by hepatitis A vaccine can effectively reduce the incidence rate of hepatitis A.
Formation of δ-aminolevulinic Acid from Glutamic Acid in Algal Extracts: Fractionation of Activities and Biological Constraints on the RNA Requirement

The first committed step in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, leading to chlorophylls, hemes and bilins, is the formation of 6-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). In plants, algae and some bacteria, ALA is formed from glutamate by a sequence of reactions which has been localized in the plastids in plants and eukaryotic algae (1). Soluble extracts from a variety of plants and algae are capable of converting glutamate to ALA when supplemented with ATP, Mg2+, and NADPH (2–5).
Mapping the Disposal of Terrorist Bodies

In pushing a rhetorical cartography of the US and Western authorized armed drone program further, this chapter looks at the capture and kill list as well as the disposition matrix, both prominent rhetorical techniques in mapping how drone strikes are authorized to launch. Hayes also generates a map of more discourses concerning US drone pilots, as well as rhetorics of the killing of US citizens within the program. Finally, the chapter engages some resistive rhetorical technologies that help map how subjectivities within the terror wars are disrupting its circulation of violence against Muslim bodies. Specifically, Hayes begins an examination of Shura City, a city-mapping project aimed at offering a resistive space for subjects to be safe from the buzzing of the drones.
Social Capital and Bystander Behavior in Bullying: Internalizing Problems as a Barrier to Prosocial Intervention

Theory and research suggests that individuals with greater social capital (i.e., resources and benefits gained from relationships, experiences, and social interactions) may be more likely to be active, prosocial bystanders in bullying situations. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine the association of social capital (social support and social skills) with prosocial bystander behavior, and the role of internalizing problems as a potential barrier to this relation among 299 students (45.8% girls, 95% White) in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Results indicate a positive relation between social capital and prosocial bystander behavior. In addition, internalizing problems were a significant risk factor that may hinder youth-particularly girls-from engaging in defending behavior. Prosocial bystanders are an essential component to prevent and reduce bullying and further research is needed to better understand how to foster prosocial behavior in bullying situations, perhaps by utilizing social capital, related to school bullying.
Components of the Strong Markov Property

The strong Markov property of a process X at an optional time π < ∞ may be thought of as a combination of the conditional independence XT+hM-xrFT with the homogeneity for a suitable set of probability kernels. In an earlier paper, a stronger version of the latter condition was shown to imply the former property. Our present aim is to examine to what extent the two properties are in fact equivalent
Symbolic execution in algorithm design

Symbolic execution of partial algorithm descriptions is a powerful method of guiding the algorithm design process (as is borne out by studying protocols of human algorithm designers).yet the role of symbolic execution in algorithm design has not been closely examined, despite the work on symbolic execution of complete programs as an aid in the validation of software. In the control of the DESIGNER project we have developed data-flow language for representing partially designed algorithms and a process for symbolically executing data-flow configurations that can discover useful knowledge to guide design. The techniques described here contribute significantly towards our goal of building a fully automated algorithm design system.
Punishing Benevolence: The Criminalization of Homeless Feeding as an Act of State Harm

The homeless population in the United States increased substantially since the 1980s. As a result, research into homelessness and its effects, as well as policies aimed at addressing this vital social problem, have also grown. While criminologists have examined state actions to control the homeless from a critical perspective, we are not aware of any research that addresses the issue of restricting homeless feeding. Because such state actions extend the criminal justice system by criminalizing benevolent acts, restrictions on feeding the homeless are ripe for critical examination. In this article, we examine such restrictions in American cities and argue that they can be conceptualized as a form of state harm. These government practices target homeless advocates engaged in charitable work by prohibiting feeding in particular locations and/or requiring expensive permits and licenses in order to provide food. Using the theoretical framework of state crime we argue that these policies are a recent evolution of laws that target the homeless, and suggest that these polices represent a disturbing trend of policies that attempt to regulate grassroots and community efforts to combat injustice and inequality. We finish by offering new directions for research and action in order to reduce the harm incurred by these policies.
Adaptive multi-time-domain subcycling for crystal plasticity FE modeling of discrete twin evolution

Crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) models that accounts for discrete micro-twin nucleation-propagation have been recently developed for studying complex deformation behavior of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) materials (Cheng and Ghosh in Int J Plast 67:148–170, 2015, J Mech Phys Solids 99:512–538, 2016). A major difficulty with conducting high fidelity, image-based CPFE simulations of polycrystalline microstructures with explicit twin formation is the prohibitively high demands on computing time. High strain localization within fast propagating twin bands requires very fine simulation time steps and leads to enormous computational cost. To mitigate this shortcoming and improve the simulation efficiency, this paper proposes a multi-time-domain subcycling algorithm. It is based on adaptive partitioning of the evolving computational domain into twinned and untwinned domains. Based on the local deformation-rate, the algorithm accelerates simulations by adopting different time steps for each sub-domain. The sub-domains are coupled back after coarse time increments using a predictor-corrector algorithm at the interface. The subcycling-augmented CPFEM is validated with a comprehensive set of numerical tests. Significant speed-up is observed with this novel algorithm without any loss of accuracy that is advantageous for predicting twinning in polycrystalline microstructures.