cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1216 Novel Laparoscopic Simulation Platform

Video Objective With the requirement for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery certification amongst graduating OBGYN residents there has been increased interest in utilization of simulation to practice and improve laparoscopic skills. Currently FLS box trainers for practice and testing of FLS manual skills tasks are being sold. We aimed to create a low-cost, easy-to-make, and versatile laparoscopic training platform and studied its usability at our institution. Setting Academic Hospital, OBGYN Residency program Interventions A rectangular piece of sheet wood was used as a platform and a blueprint based on the official FLS box trainer dimensions was created with corresponding placement of ports and the camera on the board. A drill is used to create holes for the metal pegs with eyehooks that function as ports. Velcro is applied to the board to provide stability for FLS inserts. This model can be used for any laparoscopic set up including models for hysterectomy or colpotomy. Open design of the model allows for complex task breakdown to allow learners to master skills. Total cost of one model was $15-25 per platform and took 30 minutes to build. Conclusion A usability and acceptability survey was administered to a convenient sample of faculty and trainees. Trainees and faculty responded favorably to the model. 70% (7/10) residents and 86% (6/7) of attendings agreed the platform was easy to use. 100% (10/10) of residents and attendings (6/6) agreed the laparoscopic platform is useful for improving and practicing laparoscopic skills. 100% of attendings felt that the laparoscopic platform is useful for assessing the learners ability to perform laparoscopic skills prior to live surgery. 88% (8/9) of residents/fellows and 86% (6/7) of attendings felt that it closely simulated the feel of performing laparoscopy in live surgery. Novel laparoscopic platform model is an innovative low-cost teaching tool to add to the gynecologic surgical education armamentarium.
A Practical Approach for the Management of the Mixed Opioid Agonist-Antagonist Buprenorphine During Acute Pain and Surgery

The use of buprenorphine, a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist, for the management of chronic pain and/or opioid use disorder is increasing. As such, medical providers will more frequently encounter patients on this therapy. In this paper, we synthesize existing knowledge (derived through keyword searches using MEDLINE databases) in a novel conceptual framework for patients on buprenorphine presenting with acute pain or for those requiring surgical or invasive procedures. This framework is based on three unique domains: the patient, the features of the acute pain insult, and the environment. We discuss important considerations regarding the unique aspects of buprenorphine formulations and dosing, and we describe the importance of multidisciplinary planning and multimodal analgesic strategies. We also highlight important differences in management strategies based upon the presence or absence of opioid use disorder. All medical providers must be prepared to guide the patient on buprenorphine safely through the acute care episode, which includes adequate treatment of acute pain and avoidance of iatrogenic harm, including both short-term complications (eg, respiratory depression) and long-term complications (eg, relapse to opioid use).
Longer-term post-fire succession on Wyoming big sagebrush steppe

We assessed plant community succession following prescribed fire on ungrazed Wyoming big sagebrush steppe, eastern Oregon. Treatments were burned (Burn; September and October, 2002) and unburned (Control) sagebrush steppe. Herbaceous yield, vegetation canopy cover and density were compared between treatments after fire (2003–18). Herbaceous yield in the Burn treatment was about double the Control for most of the study period. Prior to fire, native perennials comprised 90–95% of herbaceous yield. After fire, native perennials represented 78% (range 67–93%) and exotic annuals 22% (range 7–33%) of total yield. Exotic annuals increased after fire and responded in two stages. In the first 8 years after fire, desert alyssum dominated the annual plant composition. In the last half of the study, cheatgrass co-dominated the annual component with alyssum. Sagebrush recovery was slow and we estimated sagebrush cover would return to pre-burn levels, at the earliest, in 115 years. Burning Wyoming big sagebrush steppe would be detrimental to sagebrush-obligate wildlife for an extended time period, because of lost cover and structure provided by sagebrush. The additional forage provided on burned areas may give livestock manager’s greater flexibility to rest or defer unburned habitat for wildlife species of critical concern.
12 – Fungal Interactions

Fungal interactions with animals, plants, and the geosphere are pivotal elements in the functioning of modern ecosystems. These range from recycling carbon during the decay process to the weathering of rocks, and from various types of symbiotic associations to fungi as protective agents against various types of pathogens. Fossil evidence of these interactions can take multiple forms including coprolites of various animals, direct and indirect evidence of decay patterns and parasitism, and the role of fungi as food in complex food-web ecosystems. Some of these interactions reveal the fungus responsible, while in others decay patterns, host response, and trace fossils provide information about the levels of interaction.
Patterns of Online and Offline Partnering, Partnership Characteristics, and Condomless Sex Among Adolescent Sexual Minority Males in the USA

Online partner-seeking among adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM) has been associated with condomless anal sex. Two hypotheses may explain this association: that online venues facilitate HIV transmission risk behavior more than offline venues (accentuation), or that individuals who tend to engage in these behaviors are more likely to seek partners online (self-selection). We examined these hypotheses in 700 13–18 year-old ASMM who completed the baseline survey of an effectiveness trial of an HIV prevention program in 2018–2020. The survey assessed demographic, sexual, and venue characteristics of male anal sex partnerships in the past 3 months. Many participants (83%) reported ≥ 1 online-met partner; most were met via sexual networking applications and were older than offline-met partners. Having met partners online, but not whether a particular partner was met online, was associated with greater odds of receptive condomless sex. Findings support the self-selection hypothesis, which has implications for HIV prevention in ASMM.
Differential alteration of fMRI signal variability in the ascending trigeminal somatosensory and pain modulatory pathways in migraine.

The moment-to-moment variability of resting-state brain activity has been suggested to play an active role in chronic pain. Here, we investigated the regional blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal variability (BOLDSV) and inter-regional dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in the interictal phase of migraine and its relationship with the attack severity. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 20 migraine patients and 26 healthy controls (HC). We calculated the standard deviation (SD) of the BOLD time-series at each voxel as a measure of the BOLD signal variability (BOLDSV) and performed a whole-brain voxel-wise group comparison. The brain regions showing significant group differences in BOLDSV were used to define the regions of interest (ROIs). The SD and mean of the dynamic conditional correlation between those ROIs were calculated to measure the variability and strength of the dFC. Furthermore, patients’ experimental pain thresholds and headache pain area/intensity levels during the migraine ictal-phase were assessed for clinical correlations. We found that migraineurs, compared to HCs, displayed greater BOLDSV in the ascending trigeminal spinal-thalamo-cortical pathways, including the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pulvinar/ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei of the thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and posterior insula. Conversely, migraine patients exhibited lower BOLDSV in the top-down modulatory pathways, including the dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) and inferior parietal (IPC) cortices compared to HCs. Importantly, abnormal interictal BOLDSV in the ascending trigeminal spinal-thalamo-cortical and frontoparietal pathways were associated with the patient’s headache severity and thermal pain sensitivity during the migraine attack. Migraineurs also had significantly lower variability and greater strength of dFC within the thalamo-cortical pathway (VPM-S1) than HCs. In contrast, migraine patients showed greater variability and lower strength of dFC within the frontoparietal pathway (dlPFC-IPC). Migraine is associated with alterations in temporal signal variability in the ascending trigeminal somatosensory and top-down modulatory pathways, which may explain migraine-related pain and allodynia. Contrasting patterns of time-varying connectivity within the thalamo-cortical and frontoparietal pathways could be linked to abnormal network integrity and instability for pain transmission and modulation.
Polymorphism in the ZNF804A Gene and Variation in D1 and D2/D3 Dopamine Receptor Availability in the Healthy Human Brain: A Dual Positron Emission Tomography Study.

Abstract Background The rs1344706 single nucleotide polymorphism in the ZNF804A gene has been associated with risk for psychosis in multiple genome-wide association studies, yet mechanisms underlying this association are not known. Given preclinical work suggesting an impact of ZNF804A on dopamine receptor gene transcription and clinical studies establishing dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia, we hypothesized that the ZNF804A risk single nucleotide polymorphism would be associated with variation in dopamine receptor availability in the human brain. Methods In this study, 72 healthy individuals genotyped for rs1344706 completed both [18F]fallypride and [11C]NNC-112 positron emission tomography scans to measure D2/D3 and D1 receptor availability, respectively. Genetic effects on estimates of binding potential for each ligand were tested first with canonical subject-specific striatal regions of interest analyses, followed by exploratory whole-brain voxelwise analyses to test for more localized striatal signals and for extrastriatal effects. Results Region of interest analyses revealed significantly less D2/D3 receptor availability in risk-allele homozygotes (TT) compared with non-risk allele carriers (G-allele carrier group: TG and GG) in the associative striatum and sensorimotor striatum, but no significant differences in striatal D1 receptor availability. Conclusions These data suggest that ZNF804A genotype may be meaningfully linked to dopaminergic function in the human brain. The results also may provide information to guide future studies of ZNF804A-related mechanisms of schizophrenia risk.
Disavowed Others and Ghostly Communities: George Saunders, Lincoln in the Bardo

The greatest value in Saunders’s fiction and the characteristic most devalued by privileged exceptionalists, empathy requires responsible connections to Others. Caught in a “bardo” or interim time between phases of existence, Saunders’s exceptionalist ghosts have little empathy: they have disavowed death and slavery, refused responsibility for Others, and shrunk into pettier versions of themselves. After exploring Saunders’s interpretation of historical sources on Lincoln and the Civil War, the chapter shows that coalition and community constitute not only the reward achieved through the novel’s events but also the vehicle through which the characters’ renewal is achieved. Unusual in its combination of tragedy, farcical caricature, satiric critique, and comedy, the novel expands the capacious genre of historical fiction with a comic vision of life and death.
Engineering acoustic reflections with programmable metasurfaces

Acoustic anomalous reflectors have recently drawn intense attention due to their ability to reflect impinging waves in non-specular directions. However, virtually all previously analyzed anomalous reflectors are passive structures with high spatial and/or temporal dispersion. Therefore, they are typically narrowband and unidirectional, namely they operate in the desired manner for only one direction of incidence. We discuss here a method to design quasi-omnidirectional and broadband anomalous metasurface reflectors composed of programmable non-resonant scatterers capable to manipulate the in-plane wave vector component in prescribed ways. We illustrate the method in 3D experiments in which the incident waves undergo negative reflections and show that the desired effect does not depend on the direction of incidence and has a bandwidth an order of magnitude larger than passive designs. Furthermore, we show experimentally that anomalous reflectors of various geometries can be realized by simply rearranging the active scatterers to fill-in the desired geometries as long as the periodicity of the scatterer lattice remains subwavelength. This is direct evidence that the presented metasurfaces behave like continuous materials rather than gratings or phonic crystal. The implications of this finding on the design of future sound manipulation devices will be discussed.
Acceleration-as-a-µService: A Cloud-native Monte-Carlo Option Pricing Engine on CPUs, GPUs and Disaggregated FPGAs

The evolution of cloud applications into loosely-coupled microservices opens new opportunities for hardware accelerators to improve workload performance. Existing accelerator techniques for cloud sacrifice the consolidation benefits of microservices. This paper presents CloudiFi, a framework to deploy and compare accelerators as a cloud service. We evaluate our framework in the context of a financial workload and present early results indicating up to 485 x gains in microservice response time.
The interface between experiential learning and the Internet: Ways for improving learning productivity

This paper addresses the persisting problem of stagnant productivity in the education sector and its contribution to escalating costs. An approach to improving learning productivity is proposed which emphasizes the integration of ICT, service learning, experiential learning, and cooperative learning. Thus, the fundamental theme of this paper is to link these four learning domains as a basic strategy to improve the quality and productivity of education and at the same time to reduce costs or limit cost increases. The advances in ICT and the concomitant “death of distance” greatly strengthen the potential for teachers to become facilitators to organize creative autonomous learning in diverse settings. Concrete examples are described from diverse cultural settings such as South Africa, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Chile, Japan, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Oregon. The paper concludes by offering a number of specific recommendations to improve learning productivity.
From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period

When the Nationalist and Communist hostilities intensified in October 1945, the United States became very much concerned with the situation in China which had just emerged as one of the Great Powers. After the resignation of Ambassador Patrick Hurley on November 27, 1945, President Truman appointed General George C. Marshall as his special envoy to China with ambassadorial rank. Marshall’s mission of mediation between the two hostile parties was expressed in Truman’s policy statement on China on December 15. Before the end of the year, seven Communist delegates arrived in Chungking to resume negotiations with the Government.1 Upon the proposal of the Government, the Communists agreed to accept Marshall as a mediator of their differences. Necessary arrangements were made in early January of 1946 to hold a Political Consultative Conference for the negotiation of peace.
Using Computer Animated Graphics in Science Instruction with Children

The effects of animated presentations and practice were studied in a computer-based science lesson involving fourth- and fifth-grade students. Three levels of visual elaboration (static graphics, animated graphics, and no graphics) were crossed with three levels of practice (behavioral, cognitive, and no practice). Behavioral practice consisted of traditional questioning and cognitive practice consisted of a structured simulation
Experimental determination of calcite solubility in H2O-KCl-NaCl-LiCl solutions at 700 °C and 8 kbar

Understanding the interactions between calcite and aqueous solutions is important when studying the deep carbon cycle. The present study investigates the solubility of calcite in salt-H2O fluids at 700 °C and 8 kbar. The investigated salts included NaCl, KCl, LiCl, and CsCl. All experiments were conducted in a piston cylinder apparatus. The results show that calcite solubility increases with increasing concentration of any individual salt. The data were successfully fit to simple functions of the square of salt mole fraction. At a given salt concentration, the solubility enhancement increases with decreasing salt cation size. Experiments in the fluids with mixtures of multiples of salts were used to derive simple relations that can be used to predict calcite solubility in a wide range of salt solutions at the studied conditions. The results provide a basis for extending this approach to different pressures, temperatures, and salt compositions.
A Structured Reduced Sequential Quadratic Programming andIts Application to a Shape Design Problem

The objective of this work is to solve a model one dimensional duct design problem using a particular optimization method. The design problem is formulated as an equality constrained optimization, called {\it all at once} method, so that the analysis problem is not solved until the optimal design is reached. Furthermore, the sparsity structure in the Jacobian of the linearized constraints is exploited by decomposing the variables into the design and flow parts. To achieve this, sequential quadratic programming with BFGS update for the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian function is used with the {\it variable reduction method} which preserves the structure of the Jacobian in representing the null space basis matrix. By updating the reduced Hessians of which the dimension is the number of design variables, the storage requirement for the Hessians is reduced by a large amount. In addition, the flow part of the Jacobian can be computed analytically. The algorithm with a line search globalization is described. A global and local analysis is provided with a modification of the paper by Byrd and Nocedal [Mathematical Programming 49(1991) pp 285-323] in which they analyzed a similar algorithm with the {\it orthogonal factorization method} which assumes the orthogonality of the null space basis matrix. Numerical results are obtained and compared favorably with results from the {\it black box method}, unconstrained optimization formulation.
Aminopterin, Methotrexate, Trimethoprim, and Folic Acid

This article has no abstract. Keywords: aminopterin, methotrexate, trimethoprim, and folic acid
Mega-Events: Is the Texas-Baylor game to Waco what the Super Bowl is to Houston?

This paper estimates the total sales and sales tax revenue impacts on host communities of a variety of professional and collegiate sporting events. Using 126 jurisdictions from Texas, covering every month from January, 1990 through April of 2006, the analysis finds that regular season games in the NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLB have widely disparate effects. The NBA and NFL regular season games are net losers of revenue, NHL and MLB games generate additional revenue. Collegiate regular season football games are revenue generators for small cities and towns home to D-I and D-IAA football, but cities that are home to teams from the old Southwest Conference or the new Big 12 conference do not gain revenues from home contests. The Super Bowl generated over $2 million in tax revenues for Houston, by far the largest revenue boost of any of the events in our data.
Trade Secret Prices & High-Tech Devices: How Medical Device Manufacturers are Seeking to Sustain Profits by Propertizing Prices

The law of trade secrets has taken a back seat to copyrights and patents in the explosion of scholarship on intellectual property issues over the last decade. While scholars concerned for the future of the public domain have argued forcefully and persuasively against the continuing expansion of rights - both in scope and duration - for holders of copyrights and patents, they have said little about the corresponding "creep" that has been occurring in the law of trade secrets. This article examines some of the causes and effects of that "creep" in the context of recent claims by the medical device manufacturer Guidant that the actual prices its hospital customers pay for implantable devices, including cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, are protectable as trade secrets under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act ("UTSA").
Guanxi Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Firm Creation and Development in China

Guanxi networks are critical for achieving entrepreneurial success in China. Informed by the literatures on network-based entrepreneurship and guanxi, this study used a multiple-case method to examine the development of Chinese entrepreneurs' guanxi networks in the entrepreneurial process. Data induction based on within- and cross-case analyses of six entrepreneurial firms revealed three major findings. First, guanxi network dynamics in terms of network structure, governance mechanisms, and network content change systematically across the stages of the entrepreneurship process. Second, the usefulness of guanxi ties (such as family, business associates, or government officials) is contingent on the stage of the entrepreneurial process as well as on industrial-level factors. Third, in knowledge-intensive industries, cultivating and maintaining guanxi can be achieved through knowledge and information exchange rather than traditional gift-giving or favours. The overall conclusion is that guanxi is still of paramount importance for Chinese entrepreneurs in the midst of China's transformation from a centrally planned to a socialist market economy. We propose a stage model of guanxi network development in the entrepreneurial process and discuss implications for future research.
A high performance 30 V extended drain RESURF CMOS device for VLSI intelligent power applications

For the first time, high-performance, 30 V rated high voltage CMOS Lateral DMOS (LDMOS) devices for both high-side and low-side driver applications have been demonstrated. They utilize a simple twin-well single-tank, one level metal, 2.0 /spl mu/m CMOS process to optimize both N and P channel High Voltage (HV) devices simultaneously. This employs a self-aligned, Extended Drain (ED) Reduced surface Field (RESURF) approach to realize the best performance of both N and P channel devices. 1000 /spl Aring/ gate oxide has achieved the specific on-resistance (Rsp(on)) of 0.49 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ for N-ch (7.5 pm pitch) and 1.9 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ for P-ch (8.0 /spl mu/m pitch), and avalanche breakdown voltage of 36 V for N-ch and 44 V for P-ch devices respectively. This is the best 30 V rated HV-CMOS device performance level reported for RESURF LDMOS devices. >
Natural selection and genetic variation for female resistance to harm from males

The sexual conflict hypothesis predicts that males evolve traits that exploit the higher parental investment of females, which generates selection for females to counter-evolve resistance. In Drosophila melanogaster it is now established that males harm females and that there is genetic variation among males for the degree of this harm. Genetic variation among females for resistance to harm from males, and the corresponding strength of selection on this variation, however, have not been quantified previously. Here we carryout a genome-wide screen for female resistance to harm from males. We estimate that the cost of interactions with males depresses lifetime fecundity of females by 15% (95% CI: 8.2-22.0), that genetic variation for female resistance constitutes 17% of total genetic variation for female adult fitness, and that propensity to remate in response to persistent male courtship is a major factor contributing to genetic variation for female resistance.
Increasing Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity: Effective Substance Treatment in the Adult Lesbian Population

In the United States, lesbians are the subject of discrimination due to homophobic practices. Within the realm of substance abuse, there are disparities in substance use and treatment. Literature was reviewed to assess factors that contribute to lesbian substance abuse and effective treatment modalities that provide positive outcomes for this population. Literature suggested several reasons for a lesbian's higher risk for substance abuse including social stigma, discrimination, difficulty with identity development, and obstacles in relationship acceptance by society. Literature points to the importance of cultural competency and gay affirmative substance abuse treatment practitioners when working with lesbian clients. Recommendations for substance abuse practitioners are presented.
Real-time obstacle detection and avoidance in the presence of specular surfaces using an active 3D sensor

This paper proposes a novel approach to obstacle detection and avoidance using a 3D sensor. We depart from the approach of previous researchers who use depth images from 3D sensors projected onto UV-disparity to detect obstacles. Instead, our approach relies on projecting 3D points onto the ground plane, which is estimated during a calibration step. A 2D occupancy map is then used to determine the presence of obstacles, from which translation and rotation velocities are computed to avoid the obstacles. Two innovations are introduced to overcome the limitations of the sensor: An infinite pole approach is proposed to hypothesize infinitely tall, thin obstacles when the sensor yields invalid readings, and a control strategy is adopted to turn the robot away from scenes that yield a high percentage of invalid readings. Together, these extensions enable the system to overcome the inherent limitations of the sensor. Experiments in a variety of environments, including dynamic objects, obstacles of varying heights, and dimly-lit conditions, show the ability of the system to perform robust obstacle avoidance in real time under realistic indoor conditions.
Response-Variance Tradeoffs in Adaptive Forecasting

This paper centers on what happens to an exponential smoothing forecasting system when the smoothing parameters are changed. It gives sufficient conditions under which several proposed models give numerically identical results, and notes a surprising symmetry in one basic model between the smoothing constants for the smoothed average and the smoothed trend. The paper defines smoothing-constant values that cause oscillatory behavior, discusses the difficulties caused by oscillation, and finds that commonly used values of the smoothing constants lie in a region of oscillation of varying period. It uses these results in an analytical study of the tradeoff between responsiveness and variance; some dominant choices emerge. Finally, on the basis of these results, the paper examines several sample sets of data from the literature, and discusses implications for the choice of smoothing constants in complex situations.
Generation of specific behaviors in a locust by local release into neuropil of the natural neuromodulator octopamine

The natural insect neuromodulator octopamine (OCT) was released iontophoretically into regions of neuropil in locust metathoracic ganglia. A narrowly-defined site was found on one side of the ganglion at which release caused a prolonged bout of repetitive flex-extend-flex movements of the tibia on the injected side, at a frequency of from 2-3.5 Hz. When a bout had terminated, repetition of the OCT release caused an extremely similar bout to occur, and again with further treatments, indefinitely. OCT iontophoresis at the equivalent site on the contralateral side caused the contralateral flexor to make stepping movements. Two sites were found, in each half of the ganglion, at which similar OCT release evoked a bout of flight motor activity at 10 Hz. The flight bout involved both sides synchronously and nearly equally, except for a slightly greater motor output on the injected side. Evoked bouts lasted from 20 sec to 25 min depending on the preparation and amount of OCT released. At a site in the 6th abdominal ganglion of mature female locusts OCT release suppressed ongoing rhythmic oviposition digging evoked by severing the ventral nerve cord. A number of previously undescribed DUM neurons was encountered and their dendritic patterns, which are distinctive, determined following dye injection. A hypothesis, termed the Orchestration Hypothesis is presented, which considers how modulator neurons such as locust octopaminergic neurons, might be involved in the generation of specific behaviors.
Practical guidelines to optimize effectiveness of β-blockade in patients postinfarction and in those with chronic heart failure

Abstract Antiadrenergic therapy reduces the risks of death and major morbidity in patients postinfarction and in those with chronic heart failure. Despite the common perception, these benefits are not attributable to a class effect, and clinical trials reveal evidence of specific agents that provide clinical advantages. To optimize patient outcome in the postinfarction setting, propranolol or timolol should be used in the setting of preserved ventricular function, and carvedilol should be used in patients with impaired ventricular function, with or without clinical evidence of heart failure. Patients with chronic heart failure are at lower risk of death when treated with carvedilol, which is also associated with a lower incidence of developing diabetes mellitus–related adverse events. This article reviews the scientific evidence for the hierarchy of antiadrenergic agents and addresses practical issues associated with initiation of therapy and long-term management.
NEEDED—A RETURN TO THE CLASSICS IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THEORY*

SUMMARY The economic development of underdeveloped regions involves essentially the same question as that applicable to the development of any region or country using a private enterprise system: how and to what extent should government alter the market process? The belief that governments of underdeveloped regions should not be oblivious to the growth process is well accepted, relating broadly to the argument that if the private sector could have stimulated growth without help from government, it would have done so already. Our analysis shows that the growth theories which seek to bring government into the picture are tending to violate classical economic principles. Moreover, they often ignore the differences that exist between regions. Even the pump priming basis for developing depressed areas—which emphasizes the agglomerating economies that result from initial development—is revealed to lack proper roots in fundamental theory. This paper finally contends that the main role of government in economic development is to facilitate economic activity, such as by eliminating predatory business practices, simplifying the tax base, establishing institutions conducive to entrepreneurship, and perhaps even influencing the saving-income proportions of the region.
Euphorine phylogeny: the evolution of diversity in host-utilization by parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

. 1 New data on the phylogeny of the braconid subfamily Euphorinae supports the hypothesis that parasitism of adult insects by Euphorinae originated during parasitism of Chrysomelidae, a group whose larvae are ecologically coincident with adults. 2 Evolution of the habit of attacking the adult stage opened a new adaptive zone; subsequently the Euphorinae have diversified on to a phylogenetically greater variety of hosts than any other braconid subfamily. 3 Parasitism of eumastacid grasshoppers evolved from beetle parasitism in the tribe Perilitini. 4 The tribe Euphorini shows the greatest diversity of hosts utilized. Most attack Heteroptera; however, Chrysopopthorus diversified on to adult Chrysopidae, Euphoriella on to Psocoptera, and Cryptoxilos on to Scolytidae. 5 Parasitism of bark beetles (Scolytidae) has evolved independently in three genera: Cosmophorus, Cryptoxilos and Ropalophorus. This is the most specialized form of beetle parasitism by euphorines, since it involves direct parasitism of concealed hosts. 6 Parasitism of adult hymenopterans by the tribe Syntretini may be related to attacking hosts while they are foraging at flowers. 7 The pattern of diversification in the Euphorinae indicates several adaptive radiations within host orders, as well as a history of major host-shifts between phylogenetically distantly-related host groups: Coleoptera to Orthoptera; Coleoptera to Hymenoptera; Coleoptera to Heteroptera; Heteroptera to Neuroptera, Psocoptera, and back to Coleoptera. Both the‘host taxonomy’and‘host habitat’hypotheses of host-shifting are supported. Host-shifts have involved hosts occurring in the same micro-habitat and usually having similar feeding habits. This is consistent with current theory of host-location by means of host-produced kairomones and visual cues.
Collective modes and spin waves in superfluid3He-B

Making use of a model Hamiltonian, which includes, besides the kinetic energy and the BCS-like pairing energy, the spin exchange energy as well as the dipolar interaction energy, we study theoretically the collective modes of the Balian - Werthamer state in the collisionless limit. In the absence of the dipolar interaction energy, the collective modes are classified according to their total angular momentumJ. Among 18 distinct modes, one mode withJ=0 and three modes withJ=1 are gapless. The latter modes couple with the spin fluctuation and are identified with spin wave modes. The effect of the dipolar interaction on these modes is discussed.
Particle response in a planar sudden expansion flow

Abstract Particle velocity and concentration statistics were measured in a vertically downward planar sudden expansion flow for large-eddy particle Stokes numbers (τpUo/5H) ranging from 0.5 to 7.4. Particles with Stokes numbers greater than 3 did not enter the recirculation zone, exhibited substantial attenuation of cross-stream velocity fluctuations, and had large streamwise velocity fluctuations in regions of strong velocity gradient. The smallest particles filled the recirculation zone and showed strong response to the large eddies in the flow. Phase-locked particle concentration measurements showed that these particles were centrifuged away from vortex cores and concentrated between vortices. Intermediate-size particles with Stokes numbers of 1.4 were injected intermittently into the recirculation zone as tongues of particles moving down between vortices. Particle Reynolds number was found to have negligible effect on the particle velocity statistics.
Properties of the defective phage of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The defective phage PBSX, obtained by mitomycin C induction of Bacillus subtilis 168, was purified by sucrose gradient and cesium chloride density-gradient centrifugations. Complete phage heads have a hexagonal outline (about 410 A in diameter) and long tails (approximately 1920 A in length, 185 A in diameter), with a sedimentation coefficient of 160 s and a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.375 g cm −3 . It adsorbs only to the cells of sensitive strains, resulting in a killing pattern resembling a single-hit process. There is no detectable injection of DNA from phage into bacteria. The phage DNA has a high degree of size homogeneity with a sedimentation coefficient, S 20, w 0 , of 22. CsCl density-gradient centrifugation, DNA-DNA hybridization and transformation experiments indicate that most, if not all, of the phage DNA is bacterial in origin. The similarity of killing action between PBSX and bacteriocin is discussed. Methods of estimation of the relative amount of phage are also presented.
Present Status of Fetal Electrocardiography

Fetal electrocardiography, an infant but vigorous young discipline, seems to be rapidly emerging as a useful tool for that biological research and medical practice which concerns the unborn heart. Based upon wide experience, it will be useful to survey the status of fetal electrocardiography, pointing out the possibilities as well as limitations. The significance in terms of capability for early study of the developing heart, the diagnosis of fetal life, multiple pregnancy, origins of congenital heart disease, as well as the study of intrauterine difficulties as in labor is presented and discussed in detail. On the basis of a discussion of present-day instruments and the types of "noise" encountered, it is suggested that improved low-noise amplifiers are desirable; it is suggested further that the use of averaging, correlation, and other computer-based techniques may hold substantial promise. 9152.
Mindfulness and Good Enough Sex

Mindfulness and Good Enough Sex (GES) are two of the most important new concepts in the sexuality/sex therapy field. These separate but complementary concepts promote healthy male, female and couple sexuality. A detailed case study illustrates the integrated use of mindfulness and GES, separately for both individuals and together as a couple, to promote sexual desire, function and satisfaction.
1001 Protein Kinases Redux—Towards 2000

Abstract Recent genomic analysis indicates that the number of protein kinase genes in eukaryotes may be higher than previously thought, and vertebrate genomes may contain in the vicinity of 2000. In addition to the growing protein-serine/protein-tyrosine kinase superfamily, new types of protein kinase have been discovered that operate on different structural principles. The structures of four protein-serine kinases have been solved and have revealed a common structural core containing the highly conserved residues in the catalytic domain. These structures provide insights into substrate selectivity and protein kinase activation. New regulatory principles for protein kinases have been uncovered, including phosphorylation of residues within the catalytic domain by a second protein kinase, new second messengers and specific protein inhibitors. Evidence that protein kinase cascades play an important role in signal transduction has emerged. A number of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle and transcription have been shown to require protein phosphorylation.
Adenovirus-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Expression Stimulates Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Background— Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). Although HO-1 is induced in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the biological role of HO-1 in these cells has not been completely characterized. Methods and Results— In the present study, we overexpressed HO-1 in rat aortic SMCs by generating a recombinant defective adenovirus containing the rat HO-1 gene (AdHO-1) and examined the effect on SMC proliferation. Infection of SMCs with AdHO-1 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the expression of HO-1 mRNA, protein, and activity. Infection of SMCs with AdHO-1 inhibited serum-stimulated SMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the control adenovirus expressing the green fluorescent protein failed to induce HO-1 expression and had minimal effects on SMC growth. Infection with AdHO-1 stimulated SMC apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion, as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, positive annexin V labeling, and caspase-3 activ...
Paradigm shifts, feminist phase theory, and the missing variable in women's studies curriculum transformation projects

Feminist phase theory describes the process of integrating women's studies scholarship as a series of identifiable stages, for both individuals and disciplines. Literature on the revolutionary and paradigm-shift potential of women's studies scholarship suggests important disciplinary differences in its construction, adoption, and diffusion. We reformulate feminist phase theory in paradigm shift terms, then operationalize and contrast two versions of it. Our analysis and review indicate that the missing variable in women's studies transformation projects is the participants' discipline. Data from our integration project show faculty in interpretive disciplines scoring higher on degree of integration of women's studies scholarship but not changing as a result of the project itself, while those in positivist disciplines do change but have lower absolute scores. These findings indicate a need for different integration strategies based on discipline. Empirical support for one sequential ordering in feminist phase theory argues for the importance and centrality of women-focused scholarship.
Doing masculinity: gendered challenges to replacing burley tobacco in central Kentucky

This paper offers a case study based on qualitative research in the burley tobacco region of central Kentucky, where farmers are urged to diversify away from tobacco production. “Replacing” tobacco is difficult for economic and material reasons, but also because raising tobacco is commensurate with a locally valued way of doing masculinity. The focus is on these two questions: How can the doing of work associated with tobacco production and marketing be understood as also doing a particular masculinity? What does an understanding of farm work as a simultaneous doing of gender illuminate about the challenges of diversification away from tobacco? Asking tobacco farmers to “grow something else” is also asking them to do gender differently, suggesting that the transition away from tobacco must be understood as a gendered transition. This research, focused primarily on male farmers who continue to raise tobacco, suggests the need for gendered research with women and men who have moved away from tobacco to other crops.
Frontier settlement and landlessness among hill migrants in Nepal Tarai.

Frontier migration in Nepal is analyzed with a focus on its impact on hill migrants in the Tarai region. This type of migration is defined as the move to outlying areas in search of land. Data are from a field survey and participant observations conducted in 1979-1980. The results indicate "that the ability of frontier migration and settlement to serve as a channel of upward mobility is selective and largely determined by migrants previous socioeconomic positions." (EXCERPT)
Building content dictionaries for geometric algebra in OMDoc format

This paper describes why and how to build Content Dictionaries for Geometric Algebra implemented in OMDoc format, an XML-based markup language. Geometric Algebra is a powerful and general language available for the development of mathematical physics. Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) enables one to write XML-based language to display mathematical formulae on web browsers and OpenMath makes the text semantics available by creating a series of Content Dictionaries, but no markup languages have been previously created for Geometric Algebra to interpret semantics of documentations. Open Mathematical Documentation (OMDoc) extends OpenMath by providing more features such as axiom, theorem, and proof structures. The working Content Dictionary implemented in OMDoc format for Geometric Algebra has been established. It is able to be transformed and then displayed in the Firefox web browser for instance. This research will lead to the study and design of many more various scientific fields interested in accessibilities and capabilities through the internet.
On Koetter’s Algorithm and the Computation of Error Values

In this article, we show that Koetter’s algorithm for decoding one-point codes can compute error evaluator polynomials as well. We also show that the error evaluators do not need to be computed. The updating functions used in Koetter’s algorithm can be used to compute error values instead.
Robotic Radical Trachelectomy after Supracervical Hysterectomy for Cut-Through Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Stage IIB: A Case Report

Abstract We report on a patient with a cut-through endometrial malignancy after supracervical hysterectomy treated by radical trachelectomy and staging via a robotic approach. A 58-year-old patient with incidental finding of a stage IIB G1 endometrial adenocarcinoma after a supracervical hysterectomy underwent robotic radical trachelectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, and ileal resection with anastomosis. The operative time was 360 minutes, and blood loss was 100 mL. The pathology report revealed no evidence of residual disease. The patient remains disease-free 18 months after her robotic procedure. Robotic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy appear to be feasible and safe for the treatment of endometrial malignancy discovered after supracervical hysterectomy. We suggest use of the terms partial radical trachelectomy for fertility preservation procedures and radical trachelectomy after subtotal hysterectomy for the complete radical removal of the cervix.
On laboratory simulation and the temperature dependence of the evaporation rate of brine on Mars

[1] We have determined the evaporation rate of brine under simulated martian conditions at temperatures from 0°C to −26.0°C as part of our efforts to better understand the stability of water on Mars. Correcting for the effect of water build-up in the atmosphere and the lower gravity on Mars relative to Earth we observed a factor of almost 30 decrease in evaporation, from 0.88 mm/h at ∼0°C to 0.04 mm/h at −25.0°C. The results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of Ingersoll's (1970) theoretical treatment, lending support to the theory and our procedures. Thus brine formation will increase the stability of water on Mars not only by extending the liquid temperature range, but also by considerably decreasing the evaporation rate.
The complementarity of cooperative and technological competencies: a resource-based perspective

Abstract Firms today are finding it more and more challenging to maintain a competitive advantage. This paper proposes a middle range, meso-theory that argues that valuable cooperative competencies can complement technological competencies and increase the probability of original technological innovation in dynamic and uncertain industries. Using a resource-based analysis, it is argued that above average cooperative capabilities (i.e. competencies relevant to information processing, communication, knowledge transfer, intra- and interunit coordination, the ability to develop trusting relationships, and negotiation) typically result from unique historical conditions, are ambiguous, and are socially complex. Therefore, they can be expected to provide firms with a competitive advantage that is not easily imitated or competed away.