cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of Insolubilized α-Chymotrypsin to Kinetic Studies on the Effect of Aprotic Dipolar Organic Solvents

Abstract Insolubilized α-chymotrypsin bound to porous glass gel has been prepared. The kinetic behavior of this fixed enzyme proved to be the same as that of the free enzyme. The effects of aprotic dipolar organic solvents on the kinetics of α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis were successfully studied using this insolubilized enzyme at concentrations up to 95 % v/v dioxane, taking advantage of the inability of the enzyme to aggregate. This is a considerably higher organic solvent concentration than has been achieved in homogeneous solution. The kinetic parameters of the insolubilized α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-l-tryptophan p-nitrophenyl ester and N-benzoyl-l-tyrosine p-nitroanilide in aqueous organic solvent medium were determined. The specific rate constant of the acylation step, κ2, does not depend on organic solvent concentration. However, the apparent Michaelis constant, Km, and deacylation rate constant, κ3, depend strongly on the organic solvent concentration. The data are discussed in terms of microscopic reversibility proposed previously for the mechanism of α-chymotrypsin action.
RETHINKING CHILDREN AS PROPERTY: THE TRANSITIVE FAMILY

Despite the collective view in law and social practice that it is intrinsically taboo to consider human beings as chattel, the law persists in treating children as property. Applying principles of property, this Article examines paternity disputes to explain and critique the law’s view of children as property of their parents. As evidenced in these conflicts, the Article demonstrates that legal paternity exposes a rhetoric of ownership, possession, and exchange. The law presumes that a child born to a married woman is fathered by her husband, even when irrefutable proof exists that another man fathered the child. Attempts by non-marital biological fathers to assert parental rights regularly fail, as states allow only one father to “claim” the child. This approach treats the nonmarital father as a trespasser and categorically favors the fundamental due process rights of the marital father. Analyzing these family law cases along a property framework offers a rethinking of the law’s imbalanced treatment of unmarried fathers. The law’s current approach to paternity disputes reflects a classic model of property rights and ownership rooted in static, rigid, and exclusive claims. This framework ignores the interests of children in their biological fathers while overestimating the reproductive normativity of marriage.
Immunochemical analysis of trichothecenes produced by various fusaria

The production of type A trichothecene mycotoxins by 19 Fusaria, including 12Fusarium sporotrichioides, 4F. chlamydosporum and 3F. graminearum at 15°C and 25°C over a 35-day period was analyzed by ELISA using antibodies cross-reactive with most type A trichothecenes after conversion to T-2 tetraol tetraacetate. The toxin production peaked at 20–25 days of incubation with maximum yield between 4–6 mg type A trichothecene/ml of culture medium for 5F. sporotrichioides cultures and between 1 to 2 mg/ml for 6F. sporotrichioides cultures. OneF. sporotrichioides produced 700 µg type A trichothecenes/ml of culture medium. Detectable type A trichothecene was also found in the culture extracts ofF. chlamydosporum andF. graminearum, but the yield was very low (less than 100 µg/ml). Quantitative determination of individual trichothecenes was achieved by separation of different toxin in HPLC and followed by ELISA analysis. Eight to 10 immunoreactive peaks, corresponding to various type A trichothecenes, were detected in all the fungal extracts. T-2 tetraol (T-2-4ol), 4-acetyl-T-2 tetraol (4-Ac-T-2-4ol), neosolaniol (NEOS), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin accounted for more than 85% of the total toxins. In general, low temperature was preferred for total type A trichothecene production. More T-2-4ol, 4-Ac-T-2-4ol, HT-2 and DAS were produced at 25°C. In contrast, more T-2 toxin and NEOS were produced at 15°C. Transformation of T-2 toxin and NEOS to polar metabolites such as T-2-4ol, 4-acetyl-T-2-4ol and HT-2 by various strains were observed at both temperatures after 25 days incubation.
FSR-UWB (TR-UWB without the Delay Element): Effect of Impulse Dithering and Experimental Results

Recently, we have proposed a new transmitted reference (TR) ultra-wideband (UWB) radio scheme. Rather than separating the data and reference signals by a time delay as in a standard TR-UWB system, the new scheme uses a slightly frequency-shifted reference (FSR) that is orthogonal to the data-bearing signal over the symbol interval. It has been shown in our previous work that such a FSR-UWB system that employs a regular impulse train both achieves a simpler receiver architecture and outperforms a standard TR-UWB system. However, as noted briefly in this previous work, the employment of a regular impulse train will lead to distinct lines in the spectrum of the transmitter output, and, thus, in practice, the impulse train would need to be randomly dithered. In this paper, the spectral characteristics of the FSR-UWB system are examined in detail. After demonstrating that the spectrum of the originally proposed system does indeed exhibit spectral lines, a time-hopping (TH) code is added to dither the impulse train. It is demonstrated that the the spectrum of the resulting system is the smooth spectrum desired and that there is nearly no performance loss caused by the employment of such a TH code. Finally, circuit diagrams for the implementation of the FSR-UWB system are provided, and experimental results are discussed.
A framework for incremental extensible compiler construction

Much of the research in compiler design and optimization has traditionally focused on the effectiveness and efficiency of code optimization. However, the subject of efficiency of the entire compilation process itself (as opposed to the complexity of individual analysis or optimization algorithms) remains a highly complex and less investigated topic. In this paper we present a global approach to extensible and efficient compiler design, which aims at also improving the effectiveness and efficiency of analysis and optimization capabilities. Extensibility in complex compiler systems goes well beyond modularity of design and it needs to be considered from the early stages of the design, especially the design of the Intermediate Representation (IR). One of the primary barriers to compiler pass extensibility and modularity is interference between passes caused by transformations that invalidate existing analysis information. In this paper we also present a callback system which is provided to automatically track changes to the compiler's internal representation (IR) allowing full pass reordering and an easy-to-use interface for developing lazy update incremental analysis passes. We present a new algorithm for incremental interprocedural data flow analysis and demonstrate the benefits of our design framework and our prototype compiler system. It is shown that compilation time for multiple data flow analysis algorithms can be cut in half by incrementally updating data flow analysis. Our quantitative performance analysis is based on well-known benchmarks instead of random graphs like previous works. For smaller optimizations, order of magnitude improvements have been demonstrated. Our approach also simplifies design and implementation and hides many of the intricacies of a compiler's internal structures from the developer.
The moderating effect of perceived job characteristics on the proactive personality-organizational citizenship behavior relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore relationships between proactive personality and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Moderators between these constructs are proposed in order to explain varying levels of dispositional impact on work behavior. These relationships were also tested to see whether proactive personality should be considered a strong or weak trait. Trait activation theory and social exchange theory are used to develop hypotheses. Design/methodology/approach – Data collected via a targeted sampling strategy from 178 supervisor-subordinate dyads spanning multiple industries and organizations were used. Hypotheses were tested using hierarchical linear regression. Findings – Results indicate a positive relationship exists between proactive personality and organizationally directed citizenship behaviors, and that this relationship is moderated by both job autonomy and job meaning. Originality/value – The paper is one of the first to explore the relationship between proactiv...
Defensive secretions of three species ofAcilius (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and their seasonal variations as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography

A rapid, sensitive, stable, and quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the analysis of defensive secretions obtained from the pygidial and prothoracic glands of dytiscids. Methods were developed for both normal phase (μPorasil) and reverse phase (μBondapak C18) columns. The applicability of this technique was demonstrated when defensive compounds ofAcilius semiculcatus, A. sylvanus andA. mediatus were isolated, identified, and quantitated. No major differences were found in the composition of the defensive secretions between the three species. The seasonal defensive titer ofA. semisulcatus was determined from June through October 1977. The pygidial defensive agents (benzoic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and methylp-hydroxybenzoate varied from 9.0 to 67.8 μg and exhibited a maximum in July, and a steroid from the prothoracic gland varied from 7.1 to 33.2 μg and was maximum in October.
Interstitial mononuclear infiltrates in murine α3(IV)-NC1–induced nephropathy: harbingers of renal failure?

To the Editor: Whereas the NC1 domain of α3(IV) collagen is the major target of Goodpasture autoAbs in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, DBA/1 mice immunized with α3NC1 develop massive albuminuria progressing to nephrotic syndrome. Kidney histopathology shows fine granular GBM deposition of IgG and C3, GBM thickening with “spike” reaction, subepithelial electrondense deposits, podocyte foot process effacement, but minimal glomerular inflammation1-3. These clinical and morphologic findings recapitulate human membranous nephropathy rather than anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. This unexpected phenotype may be due to a subepithelial planted antigen, consistent with the fine granular deposition of exogenous antigen in the capillary loops3. An elegant recent study comprehensively characterized tubulointerstitial infiltrates of macrophages and CD4(+) Th1 and Th17 cells in the late stages of α3NC1-induced nephropathy1. This may reflect a true autoimmune response against α3(IV) collagen occurring in all mouse (but not human) tubular basement membranes. Alternatively, mononuclear interstitial infiltrates may be secondary to nephrotic-range proteinuria. Of note, the predominant inflammatory cells in human membranous nephropathy are interstitial monocyte/macrophages and CD4(+) T cells4. Moreover, their numbers correlate with renal impairment at the time of the biopsy and progressive renal impairment over 5 years, suggesting that progression toward renal failure in membranous nephropathy may be driven mainly by cell-mediated immunity4. Future studies expanding on the findings of Hopfer et al are needed to determine whether interstitial mononuclear infiltrates are indeed harbingers of renal failure in membranous nephropathy.
The Role of Attitudes Toward White Privilege and Religious Beliefs in Predicting Social Justice Interest and Commitment

The current study examines links among attitudes toward White privilege, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment for White Christian students. Two distinct patterns of results emerged from a path analysis of 500 White Christian students. First, a willingness to confront White privilege was positively associated with the sanctification of social justice (i.e., attributing spiritual significance to working for social justice) and both were positively associated with social justice interest and commitment. Second, awareness of White privilege was negatively associated with religious conservatism, and religious conservatism was negatively associated with social justice interest. These patterns show that White privilege attitudes directly (i.e., willingness to confront White privilege) and indirectly (i.e., awareness of White privilege through religious conservatism) predicted social justice interest and commitment. Moreover, religious beliefs demonstrated opposite patterns of association with social justice interest and commitment such that the sanctification of social justice positively predicted social justice interest and commitment whereas religious conservatism negatively predicted social justice interest. Overall, findings demonstrate direct and indirect links between White privilege attitudes, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment. Limitations and implications for future community psychology research and collaboration also are discussed.
Thrombospondin mediates migration and potentiates platelet-derived growth factor-dependent migration of calf pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

A precipitating factor in the development of atherosclerotic lesions is the inappropriate migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) within the intima of the vessel wall. Focusing on the role of extracellular matrix proteins in SMC migration, we have demonstrated that thrombospondin (TSP) itself is a potent modulator of SMC motility and acts to potentiate platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated SMC migration as well. Migration of SMC to TSP was dose dependent. Interestingly, maximal SMC migration to TSP exceeded that to either PDGF or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The distal COOH terminus of TSP was shown to mediate SMC migration a5 demonstrated by complete inhibition of the response by monoclonal antibody (mAb) C6.7. Nevertheless, proteolytic fragments of TSP were not as potent as intact TSP in mediating SMC migration. Only by combining the heparin-binding domain (HBU) with the 140 kD COOH terminal fragment was SMC migration restored to levels seen with intact TSP. Based on antibody inhibition studies, an a,-containing integrin receptor, but not LY$, or a,P+, appeared to be involved in SMC migration to TSP. The coincidental expression of PDGF and TSP at sites of vascular injury and inflammation led us to evaluate the effect of suboptimal levels of TSP on SMC responsiveness to PDCF. SMC migration in response to PDGF was enhanced nearly 60% in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of TSP. This effect was specific for PDGF and dependent on the concentration of TSP with maximal potentiation obtaincd between 50-1 00 nM TSP, concentrations tenfold lower than those necessary for SMC migration to TSP itself. mAb C6.7 complctely inhibited enhancement but, as with SMC migration to TSP alone, TSP proteolytic fragments did not po effectiveness of the intact molecule. Additional experiments assessing SM tion to PDGF demonstrated that PDGF stimulated SMC motility indirectly by inducing TSP synthesis. These studies suggested that TSP functions as an autocrine motility factor to modulate SMC migration, which in conjunction with PDGF could serve to aaaravate and accelerate development of atherosclerotic lesions at "I,
RbAuUSe3, CsAuUSe3, RbAuUTe3, and CsAuUTe3: Syntheses and structure; magnetic properties of RbAuUSe3

The compounds RbAuUSe{sub 3}, CsAuUSe{sub 3}, and RbAuUTe{sub 3} were synthesized at 1073 K from the reactions of U, Au, Q, and A{sub 2}Q{sub 3} (A=Rb or Cs; Q=Se or Te). The compound CsAuUTe{sub 3} was synthesized at 1173 K from the reaction of U, Au, Te, and CsCl as a flux. These isostructural compounds crystallize in the KCuZrS{sub 3} structure type in space group Cmcm of the orthorhombic system. The structure consists of {sub i}nfinity{sup 2}[AuUQ{sub 3}{sup -}] layers that contain nearly regular UQ{sub 6} octahedra and distorted AuQ{sub 4} tetrahedra. The infinite layers are separated by bicapped trigonal prismatic A cations. The magnetic behavior of RbAuUSe{sub 3} deviates significantly from Curie-Weiss behavior at low temperatures. For T>200 K, the values of the Curie constant C and the Weiss constant theta{sub p} are 1.82(9) emu K mol{sup -1} and -3.5(2)x10{sup 2} K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment mu{sub eff} is 3.81(9) mu{sub B}. Formal oxidation states of A/Au/U/Q may be assigned as +1/+1/+4/-2, respectively. - Graphical abstract: View down [100] of the crystal structure of the isostructural AAuUQ3 (A=Rb, Cs; Q=Se, Te) compounds.
The maintenance of platelet properties during 20–24 °C storage after periods of shipment or interrupted agitation

Platelet components are continuously agitated during storage to maintain platelet quality. During shipment, it is not practical to agitate platelets. Numerous studies have investigated the influence of various periods without agitation on the in vitro and in vivo properties of platelet products. This review will examine the outcomes of these studies and consider new developments in platelet storage which might improve platelet quality after interruptions of agitation which occur during platelet shipment.
First Report on the Incidence of Mixed Infections of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Tobacco Grown in Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia

Tomato spotted wilt caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) continues to be a serious disease problem on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in the southeastern United States. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV, formerly known as TSWV-I) is an emerging virus found mostly in greenhouse production of ornamentals and is also vectored by thrips. A few years ago INSV was detected in peanut in Georgia and Texas and its occurrence appears to be increasing). Mixed infections of TSWV and INSV in tobacco have been observed within the last two years in North Carolina and Kentucky. Our objective was to sample several locations in Georgia, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia to confirm and report the presence of natural TSWV and INSV mixed infections in tobacco.
The Modality Specificity of the Slow Negative Wave

Event-related potentials were recorded in a simple reaction time task using a 3-sec interval between S1 and S2. The sensory modalities of S1 and S2 were varied across 4 conditions to yield all possible combinations of tones and flashes. A negative component which peaked between 600 and 800 msec after S1 was specific in scalp distribution to the modality of S1 but not S2. It was concluded that this negative component is a response to S1 and not related to processes associated with anticipation of S2. A slow negative shift which peaked at S2 was largest at the vertex in all conditions, suggesting its motor origin. A trend for the latter activity to be more negative in posterior recordings when S2 was visual than auditory leaves open the possibility that the terminal CNV is a combination of motor activities and anticipation of the sensory modality of S2.
The Geoarchaeology of Lake Michigan Coastal Dunes

The Geoarchaeology of Lake Michigan Coastal Dunes. By William A. Lovis, Aland F. Arbogast, and G. William Monaghan. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61186-051-1 (Pape...
Kinetic measurement of Ca2+ transport by mitochondria in situ

Mitochondria isolated from all mammalian tissues accumulate Ca” in a process which requires energy. Reports have appeared in the literature describing in vitro study of Ca” transport and Ca2+ interaction by mitochondria, as well as kinetics and energy requirements and the effect of transported Ca2+ on the metabolic functions of the cell. Only isolated reports have dealt with the ability of mitochondria to accumulate calcium in situ [l] . In this report we present quantitative information regarding the calcium buffering capaCity of mitochondria of squid axons studied in situ, and some qualitative information regarding the metabolic requirements for in situ function.
Dolomite‐rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico

Pervasive early- to late-stage dolomitization of Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group carbonates in the deep Permian Basin of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico is recorded in core samples having present-day burial depths of 1.5–7.0 km. Seven dolomite-rock textures are recognized and classified according to crystal-size distribution and crystal-boundary shape. Unimodal and polymodal planar-s (subhedral) mosaic dolomite is the most widespread type, and it replaced allochems and matrix or occurs as void-filling cement. Planar-e (euhedral) dolomite crystals line pore spaces and/or fractures, or form mosaics of medium to coarse euhedral crystals. This kind of occurrence relates to significant intercrystalline porosity. Non-planar-a (anhedral) dolomite replaced a precursor limestone/dolostone only in zones that are characterized by original high porosity and permeability. Non-planar dolomite cement (saddle dolomite) is the latest generation and is responsible for occlusion of fractures and pore space. Dolomitization is closely associated with the development of secondary porosity; dolomitization pre-and post-dates dissolution and corrosion and no secondary porosity generation is present in the associated limestones. The most common porosity types are non-fabric selective moldic and vuggy porosity and intercrystalline porosity. Up to 12% effective porosity is recorded in the deep (6477 m) Delaware basin. These porous zones are characterized by late-diagenetic coarse-crystalline dolomite, whereas the non-porous intervals are composed of dense mosaics of early-diagenetic dolomites. The distribution of dolomite rock textures indicates that porous zones were preserved as limestone until late in the diagenetic history, and were then subjected to late-stage dolomitization in a deep burial environment, resulting in coarse-crystalline porous dolomites. In addition to karst horizons at the top of the Ellenburger Group, exploration for Ellenburger Group reservoirs should consider the presence of such porous zones within other Ellenburger Group dolomites.
Record of cycling operation of the natural nuclear reactor in the Oklo/Okelobondo area in Gabon

Using selective laser extraction technique combined with sensitive ion-counting mass spectrometry, we have analyzed the isotopic structure of fission noble gases in U-free La-Ce-Sr-Ca aluminous hydroxy phosphate associated with the 2 billion yr old Oklo natural nuclear reactor. In addition to elevated abundances of fission-produced Zr, Ce, and Sr, we discovered high (up to $0.03\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}\text{ }\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}/\mathrm{g}$) concentrations of fission Xe and Kr, the largest ever observed in any natural material. The specific isotopic structure of xenon in this mineral defines a cycling operation for the reactor with 30-min active pulses separated by 2.5 h dormant periods. Thus, nature not only created conditions for self-sustained nuclear chain reactions, but also provided clues on how to retain nuclear wastes, including fission Xe and Kr, and prevent uncontrolled runaway chain reaction.
Anesthesia Awareness: Narrative Review of Psychological Sequelae, Treatment, and Incidence

Awareness during general anesthesia occurs when patients recall events or sensations during their surgeries, although the patients should have been unconscious at the time. Anesthesiologists are cognizant of this phenomenon, but few discussions occur outside the discipline. This narrative review summarizes the patient recollections, psychological sequelae, treatment and follow-up of psychological consequences, as well as incidence and etiology of awareness during general anesthesia. Recalled memories include noises, conversations, images, mental processes, feelings of pain and/or paralysis. Psychological consequences include anxiety, flashbacks, and posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Limited discussion for therapeutic treatment after an anesthesia awareness experience exists. The incidence of anesthesia awareness ranges from 0.1 to 0.2% (e.g., 1–2/1000 patients). Increased recognition of awareness during general anesthesia within the psychological/counseling community, with additional research focusing on optimal therapeutic treatment, will improve the care of these patients.
Blastular arrest and partial cleavage of frog embryos injected with actinomycin D, mitomycin C, and homologous liver macromolecules☆

Abstract Three materials—actinomycin D, mitomycin C, and the dialyzed albumin-globulin fraction of homologous adult liver ( Markert and Ursprung, 1963 )—were shown to have essentially identical developmental effects following microinjection into Rana pipiens zygotes. These effects included late blastular arrest as the most striking and characteristic effect, but also included gastrular arrest at lower doses. Although total developmental arrest before late blastula was never produced by any of these materials, all three did produce preblastular effects in the form of partial cleavage, accompanied by late blastular arrest of the cleaved portion of the embryos. The percentage of such partial blastulae, as well as the fraction of the embryonic surface uncleaved, increased progressively with increasing dose. Some two dozen other materials (drugs, enzymes, etc.) were carefully screened and showed no consistently reproducible developmental effects, with the exception of ribonuclease, two other enzyme preparations, and streptomycin. These four all produced approximately the same curious group of anomalies reflecting various forms of interference with cleavage.
Theory of Alpha for P-N-P Diffused Junction Transistors

Equations are developed for the emitter and collector currents for this type of transistor, and the resulting expressions are then used to obtain the current-gain factor. The low-frequency value of the current-gain factor and its high-frequency cutoff value are shown to depend strongly on the width of the base region, the behavior at high frequencies being better for small base width. The high-frequency behavior when used in grounded emitter applications depends more directly on the lifetime of holes in the germanium and shows only a second-order dependence on the base width; the lower the lifetime the higher the frequency cutoff value.
A mathematical theory of protoplasmic protrusions. I

The theory of cellular elongations is applied to a particular case of a spherical cell with a cylindrical protrusion under the conditions of equilibrium, and conditions for continued and arrested growth are examined.
Analysis of the Type II 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Gene in Patients with Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Premature Pubarche, and Hyperandrogenism. † 407

Mild 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (NC3βHSDD) may cause premature pubarche (PP) and adolescent hyperandrogenism (HA). To test our hypothesis, we analyzed the type II 3β-HSD gene for mutations in 7 female patients (3PP, 4HA) who fit diagnostic criteria for NC3βHSDD, including steroid hormone responses to ACTH stimulation. An additional 37 female patients (22PP, 15HA) were also studied. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) oligonucleotide primers specific for the type II 3β-HSD gene were used for single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the coding region of the gene. Of the 44 patients studied, 4 patients (Table) were heterozygous for the same conformer. Sequence analysis of this conformer showed 2 point mutations in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), C8815G and A8921G. Restriction digest of PCR amplified genomic DNA confirmed these base changes occurred on the same allele. A fifth patient had a different conformer due to heterozygosity for a missense mutation (A167V). Neither unique conformer was detected in 100 healthy controls, p <0.008 by Fischer Exact Test.
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome Associated with Sclerocornea, Aniridia, and a Chromosomal Abnormality

An infant with the features of Hallermann-Streiff syndrome also had the previously unreported ocular signs of sclerocornea, buphthalmos, congenital glaucoma, and aniridia. Chromosome analysis revealed an elongation of one of the arms of the tenth chromosome. The infant was the product of a consanguinous marriage between distant cousins and a distant cousin of the patient also had the typical features of the Hallermann-Streiff syndrome.
Time-asymmetry paradox

For a system in a nonequilibrium macrostate we may distinguish four classes of microstates: Microstates which evolve toward the equilibrium state in the forward-time direction but away from the equilibrium state in the backward-time direction, microstates which evolve away from the equilibrium state in the forward-time direction but toward the equilibrium state in the backward-time direction, microstates which evolve away from the equilibrium state in both time directions, and microstates which evolve toward the equilibrium state in both time directions. A simple system is examined, and the fraction of each of the four classes is determined. It is shown that in the thermodynamic limit all the states belong to the last of the four classes. It is also shown that a system evolving toward the equilibrium state will, with overwhelming probability, continue to evolve toward the equilibrium state.
Algorithms in FastImp: a fast and wideband impedance extraction program for complicated 3-D geometries

In this paper we describe the algorithms used in FastImp, a program for accurate analysis of wide-band electromagnetic effects in very complicated geometries of conductors. The program is based on a recently developed surface integral formulation and a precorrected-FFT accelerated iterative method, but includes a new scaling and preconditioning technique as well as a generalized grid interpolation and projection strategy. Computational results are given on a variety of integrated circuit interconnect structures to demonstrate that FastImp is robust and can accurately analyze very complicated geometries of conductors.
Extrinsic Nature of the 2.5 eV Raman Resonance in C60

Abstract We present experimental evidence that the resonance near 2.5 eV observed in the Raman excitation profile of C60 is induced by the interactions of the C60 molecule with the surrounding medium and is not to be expected in isolated molecules.
Teaching Each and All: Harnessing Dynamic Tension in School Reform

Mandated testing has highlighted the struggle between national and local advocates of school development. High schools that pursue improved test scores for all students generate different reform strategies than those schools that aim to design educational programs appropriate for each student. Innovations such as Personal Learning Plans used in Vermont high schools are shown to generate successful reform.
Relation between Refractive Index and Density of Glasses Resulting from Annealing Compared with Corresponding Relation Resulting from Compression

The change in refractive index and associated change in density of glasses on annealing has been determined by Tool, Tilton, and Saunders. The corresponding changes for the same glasses, produced by hydrostatic compression are presented here and compared with those of Tool et al. It is found that, for a given increase in density on annealing, the increase in index is greater than for the same measured increase in density on compression. The results are interpreted in terms of equations developed by Lorentz–Lorenz, Pockels, and Mueller to show, first, that in all cases, whether from annealing or compression, there is a decrease in polarizability and an increase in density (these results are in agreement with those of previous investigators) and, second, that the decrease in polarizability for a given increase in density is greater on compression than on annealing.
Use of low-dose subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease: experience with children receiving continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis.

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) for the treatment of renal anemia is well accepted. However, the lowest effective dose for subcutaneous (SC) administration has not been determined. This study documents that a dose of 50 U/kg administered three times a week was effective in 10 children (age range, 13 days to 18.6 years) receiving continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) for a period ranging from 0.25 to 23.5 months. Their hematocrit (hct) increased at an average rate of 0.26% points per day from a baseline of 19.8% ± 3.1% to a value of at least 30% after a mean of 7.4 ± 2.5 weeks of treatment. When compared with other studies, this response was more rapid than what has been observed with the same dose administered intravenously (IV). This response was similar to that seen with larger IV doses. Hypertension and functional iron deficiency were the most common complications. Two patients with previously controlled hypertension developed elevation in blood pressure that was easily controlled by oral anti hypertensives. Six patients required IV iron dextran to reestablish treatment response. A SC rhEPO dose less than 50 U/kg three times a week may be effective in children and should be investigated.
Screening for prostate cancer in high risk populations.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Black men and men with a family history of prostate cancer are at higher risk for this disease and may have an earlier age of onset. Consequently, screening at a younger age has been recommended for high risk men, however, there are limited data on actual screening results in young, high risk populations.Materials and Methods: In men 50 years old or older we compared screening results in 1,224 black men, 1,227 men with a positive family history and 63 men who were both with those of 15,964 nonblack men with no known family history. In high risk men in their forties we also evaluated the percent with abnormal screening tests, the positive predictive value of screening tests, cancer detection rates and the prognostic features of tumors detected.Results: In men 50 years old or older prostate cancer detection rates were 6.4% for controls compared with 10.3%, 10.5% and 17.5%, respectively, for the high risk groups. Among high risk men screened in their forties 8% had suspicious screening tests...
Continuous-Time Regulation of a Class of Econometric Models

An algorithm for finding a continuous-time linear analog to a discrete-time linear system is derived. It is employed in the selection of optimal economic policy, and an example using Samuelson's multiplier-accelerator model is described.
Gendered Racial Identity of Black Young Women

In order to understand the experience and identity development of Black adolescents and young women, it is important to understand the intersection of race and gender, or gendered racial identity development. The study sought to unpack aspects of social identity particularly gendered racial identity from the phenomenological perspective of participants. This study included dyadic focus groups of 17 African American young women between the ages of 15–21. Participants were asked about meaning and salience of gendered racial identity. Results suggest that gendered racial identity had greater salience for the participants as compared to the separate constructs of racial or gender identity. The participants identified with negative stereotypes and images of African American women, issues of colorism and standards of beauty. They also emphasized the importance of self-determination. Furthermore, when asked directly about the meaning of race and gender in their lives participants indicated that race and gender simultaneously influenced their perceptions of themselves. The findings that emerge from this study further the discourse regarding limitations that may occur when using single identity factor models to understand identity development among ethnic minority youth. Implications for prevention programs and areas for future research are included.
Maintenance of Healed Periodontal Pockets After a Single Episode of Root Planing

The present study evaluated the clinical stability of healed periodontal pockets over a 3 month time period to determine whether this time interval is appropriate for periodontal maintenance therapy. The clinical characteristics of 128 pockets (3-7 mm depth) distributed in 10 patients, were monitored immediately before and 4, 8 and 16 weeks after a single episode of subgingival root planing. The clinical parameters measured were: pocket depth and bleeding after probing with 15, 25 and 50 gm and manual probing, gingival margin location, clinical attachment level, and gingival and plaque indices. Oral hygiene instruction and supragingival cleaning were given at each time point. An average aggregated score for each subject and for each parameter was calculated at each time point. A repeated measure all within analysis of variance was done, and the Tukey multiple range test was used to assess the significance of differences among and between the means. The significant decreases in plaque, gingival and bleeding indices, and pocket depth as well as the significant gingival recession and gain of clinical attachment which were present at the 4 week point were maintained at 8 and 16 weeks after root planing. It was concluded that the favorable clinical changes which occur in periodontal pockets within 1 month after a single episode of subgingival root planing combined with improved oral hygiene can be maintained for an additional 3 month time period.
Ananda Chakrabarty wins a patent: biotechnology, law, and society, 1972-1980.

Article provides scholarly history of one of the seminal cases in the history of intellectual property law and biotechnology, Diamond v Chakrabarty.
Musculoskeletal imaging in physical therapist practice.

This article presents an overview of current concepts of evidence-based diagnosis using a variety of imaging modalities for a broad spectrum of musculoskeletal conditions and syndromes. There is limited but increasing evidence that physical therapists appropriately use diagnostic studies in clinical practice. Pathology revealed by diagnostic studies must be viewed in the context of the complete examination, as pathology is common in the asymptomatic population. Special diagnostic challenges are presented by patients with areas of referred pain, multiple injuries or multiple areas of pathology, neoplasms, and infections. Plain film radiographs have been overused in the clinical management of many conditions, including low back pain. Clinical decision rules provide simple evidence-based guidelines for the appropriate use of imaging studies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35:708–721.
Serum Estradiol and Prolactin Concentrations in Neonatal Female Rats Treated with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

The induction of a syndrome characterized by lack of ovulation or corpora lutea formation, and with constant vaginal estrus, following treatment of neonatal (beginning on day 6) female rats with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was confirmed. Ten daily subcutaneous injections of 10 IU (days 6–15) produced this syndrome in all of the females by 60 days of age. Serum estradiol concentrations and uterine weights were increased on day 11 after 5 injections of hCG, but neither ovarian weights nor serum prolactin levels were different from control values. After 10 injections of hCG (day 16) ovarian and uterine weights were three times control values. Serum estradiol concentrations reached peak values of 434 pg⁄ml in these animals and prolactin levels were twice those of controls. Between day 16 and day 21 ovarian weights increased nearly 3-fold in both control and hCGtreated females, but only the latter animals had increased uterine weights. Serum estradiol was lower on day 21 than on day 16, but prolactin ha...
Neuronal avalanches and coherence potentials

The mammalian cortex consists of a vast network of weakly interacting excitable cells called neurons. Neurons must synchronize their activities in order to trigger activity in neighboring neurons. Moreover, interactions must be carefully regulated to remain weak (but not too weak) such that cascades of active neuronal groups avoid explosive growth yet allow for activity propagation over long-distances. Such a balance is robustly realized for neuronal avalanches, which are defined as cortical activity cascades that follow precise power laws. In experiments, scale-invariant neuronal avalanche dynamics have been observed during spontaneous cortical activity in isolated preparations in vitro as well as in the ongoing cortical activity of awake animals and in humans. Theory, models, and experiments suggest that neuronal avalanches are the signature of brain function near criticality at which the cortex optimally responds to inputs and maximizes its information capacity. Importantly, avalanche dynamics allow for the emergence of a subset of avalanches, the coherence potentials. They emerge when the synchronization of a local neuronal group exceeds a local threshold, at which the system spawns replicas of the local group activity at distant network sites. The functional importance of coherence potentials will be discussed in the context of propagating structures, such as gliders in balanced cellular automata. Gliders constitute local population dynamics that replicate in space after a finite number of generations and are thought to provide cellular automata with universal computation. Avalanches and coherence potentials are proposed to constitute a modern framework of cortical synchronization dynamics that underlies brain function.
Cell migration from the olfactory neuroepithelium of neonatal and adult rodents

This study reports the presence of olfactory cell clusters in postnatal and adult animals within the lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa and the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb. The results obtained from mice and rats, partially or totally unilaterally bulbectomized, have been compared with observations in intact control animals. Light microscopic observation has shown that, in bulbectomized animals, the clusters are present in both experimental and normal sides and are usually associated with olfactory axon bundles. Moreover, when compared with intact animals, differences are present in terms of number of clusters and regions from where they originate. The morphological identity of the cells of the clusters with the globose basal cell of the olfactory neuroepithelium could be demonstrated with the electron microscope. By autoradiographic means, it was possible to show that they originate from the olfactory neurogenetic matrix and migrate along olfactory axon bundles. Interestingly, the migrating cells do not express olfactory marker protein. Altogether, these observations suggest that the olfactory matrix may be capable of originating neural elements other than olfactory receptor neurons.
Role of Arrestins in Endocytosis and Signaling of α2-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes

We investigated the role of arrestins in the trafficking of human α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs) and the effect of receptor trafficking on p42/p44 MAP kinase activation. α2-ARs expressed in COS-1 cells demonstrated a modest level of agonist-mediated internalization, with α2c > α2b > α2a. However, upon coexpression of arrestin-2 (β-arrestin-1) or arrestin-3 (β-arrestin-2), internalization of the α2b AR was dramatically enhanced and redistribution of receptors to clathrin coated vesicles and endosomes was observed. Internalization of the α2c AR was selectively promoted by coexpression of arrestin-3, while α2a AR internalization was only slightly stimulated by coexpression of either arrestin. Coexpression of GRK2 had no effect on the internalization of any α2-AR subtype, either in the presence or absence of arrestins. Internalization of the α2b and α2c ARs was inhibited by coexpression of dominant negative dynamin-K44A. However, α2-AR-mediated activation of either endogenous or cotransfected p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was not affected by either dynamin-K44A or arrestin-3. Moreover, activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase by endogenous epidermal growth factor, lysophosphatidic acid, and β2-adrenergic receptors was also unaltered by dynamin-K44A. In summary, our data suggest that internalization of the α2b, α2c, and to a lesser extent α2a ARs, is both arrestin- and dynamin-dependent. However, endocytosis does not appear to be required for α2-adrenergic, epidermal growth factor, lysophosphatidic acid, or β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated p42/p44 MAP kinase activation in COS-1 cells.
Disparities in alcohol use: does race matter as much as place?

Objectives National estimates of race differences in alcohol use suggest that whites are more likely to be current and binge users of alcohol. These findings fail to account for race differences in the social and environmental context where people live. This study aims to determine whether race disparities persist in alcohol use among individuals who share similar social and environmental conditions.
Getting serious : Joke → serious 'no'

L'A. s'interesse aux occurrences de la particule 'no' en tant que marqueur pragmatique dans la conversation lorsqu'elle apparait en position initiale des prises de parole. Il montre que dans ces occurrences 'no' ne correspond pas systematiquement a un marqueur de desaccord (ou une particule de refus) mais presente differentes fonctions telles que celle d'un marqueur d'acceptation par rapport a ce qui a ete enonce par l'interlocuteur au tour precedent (la reparation de troisieme position) ou celle d'un marqueur de transition entre un discours non serieux (enonce lors de la prise de parole immediatement precedente) et un discours serieux
An econometric study of tourist arrivals in Aruba and its implications.

Abstract The principal purpose of this study is to analyze econometric estimates in order to explain tourist arrivals to Aruba from the United States, The Netherlands and Venezuela. The study specified a dynamic econometric model for modeling short term as well as the long-term responses. It estimated both linear and log-linear functions, and it applied the Box–Cox statistical method to determine the appropriate functional form. The inclusion of Venezuela as a developing country permitted the comparison of the behavior of tourism demand in relatively rich and poor countries. The results indicated the extent to which cross-country behavior of demand differs with respect to changes in effective prices and exchange rates. This study can assist in the formulation of future macroeconomic policies as well as market and pricing strategies in a small or microstate economy.
Carrier wave shocking of femtosecond optical pulses.

Numerical integration of Maxwell's equations for propagation of a femtosecond pulse in a medium with linear Lorentz response and a Kerr nonlinearity shows shock formation on the underlying carrier wave prior to the envelope shock. The carrier shock is characterized by the appearance of a strong third harmonic pulse, whereas the envelope shock appears later as spectral broadening and modulation of the fundamental and higher harmonic spectral features.