cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of knowledge, strategies, and the interaction between the two in verbal analogy problem solving

Abstract An experiment was conducted to assess how accessibility to relevant knowledge would affect performance on verbal analogy problems as well as the efficacy, perception, and continuation of use of a componential strategy for solving these problems. Participants were either taught to use a componential strategy for solving verbal analogy problems or just given practice opportunities while the accessibility of relevant knowledge was manipulated and the performance and perception of the strategy was assessed. We also investigated whether variations in accessibility to relevant knowledge affected the continuance of strategy use. Results showed that knowledge accessibility affected both performance and the way in which the strategy was perceived. Participants rated the strategy as more useful, easier to use, and less effortful when their initial strategy experience involved solving analogy problems based on familiar vocabulary and relationships. Also, participants who had experience with easily accessible vocabulary and relationships were significantly more likely to choose to continue to use of the strategy on a subsequent task. It is also argued that accessibility to knowledge and strategy use play independent, as opposed to interactive, roles in determining performance.
Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

In the United States, infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, and is currently the leading cause for liver transplantation. Also, in many instances, chronic HCV infection may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of HCC is rising in the U.S., and probably will not reach its peak for another 10 or 20 years. During our earlier studies, we reported that after transfusion associated Hepatitis C in 131 patients, chronic hepatitis (CH), cirrhosis and HCC developed at a mean of 16 years, 20 years and 28 years after exposure, respectively. Also, we noted that patients who were transfused after the age of 50 years had a more rapidly progressive course in that CH, cirrhosis and HCC developed at a mean of 8.5 years, 10 years and 15 years respectively. A similar survey in 125 patients who used intravenous drugs (for 1 year or less) had similar mean progression rates as transfused patients (16 years for CH, 19 years for cirrhosis and 26 years for HCC). In our clinic population, HCC was mainly seen in patients with cirrhosis. In another longitudinal study of 112 patients who presented to our clinic with compensated cirrhosis showed that the annual incidence of decompensation was 4.4%, death from liver disease was 3.4% and development of HCC was 2.4%.
Wildrice ( Zizania L.) in North America: Genetic Resources, Conservation, and Use

Wildrice (Zizania spp.) is an annual aquatic grain, occurring naturally in shallow waters of lakes and streams. Zizania palustris is found mainly in the Great Lakes region of the USA and Canada. This species of wildrice has been harvested from natural stands for many centuries (and still is) by certain groups of Native Americans who consider it sacred. It has also been cultivated in paddies since 1950 and is still undergoing domestication as a crop. Two other species are present in North America: Z. aquatica and Z. texana. The former occurs throughout the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, Atlantic Coast, and Gulf Coast regions. The latter is endangered, being present only in a small stretch of the San Marcos River in Texas, as well as in several refugia populations. Genetic studies suggest Z. palustris has a strong syntenic relationship to Oryza sativa. Genetic diversity varies widely among and within stands but is generally high, although inbreeding is higher than expected in certain populations. A recently identified potential threat is the toxic effects of sulfide in sediments under certain conditions. Major preservation concerns include declining or disappearing stands due to hydrology issues and shoreland development, difficulty storing seeds either short term or long term, and narrow stratification and seed moisture requirements to break dormancy. There are no accessions currently being conserved in the US National Plant Germplasm System. Development of ex situ storage protocols should continue while pursuing strategic preservation and restoration of natural stands, guided by knowledge of their population genetics.
Evaluation of the role of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins F and G on viral stability and replication: implications for future vaccine design

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide and exhaustive international efforts are underway to develop a vaccine. However, vaccine development has been hindered by a legacy of vaccine-enhanced disease, poor viral immunogenicity in infants, and genetic and physical instabilities. Natural infection with RSV does not prime for enhanced disease encouraging development of live-attenuated RSV vaccines for infants; however, physical instabilities of RSV may limit vaccine development. The role of RSV strain-specific differences on viral physical stability remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated that the RSV fusion (F) surface glycoprotein is responsible for mediating significant differences in thermostability between strains A2 and A2-line19F. In this study, we performed a more comprehensive analysis to characterize the replication and physical stability of recombinant RSV A and B strains that differed only in viral attachment (G) and/or F surface glycoprotein expression. We observed significant differences in thermal stability, syncytia size, pre-fusion F incorporation and viral growth kinetics in vitro, but limited variations to pH and freeze-thaw inactivation among several tested strains. Consistent with earlier studies, A2-line19F showed significantly enhanced thermal stability over A2, but also restricted growth kinetics in both HEp2 and Vero cells. As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility to UV inactivation were observed. These studies provide the first analysis of the physical stability of multiple strains of RSV, establish a key virus strain associated with enhanced thermal stability compared to conventional lab strain A2, and further support the pivotal role RSV F plays in virus stability.
Fetal Echocardiographic Parameters and Surgical Outcomes in Congenital Left-Sided Cardiac Lesions.

This study aimed to evaluate fetal echocardiographic parameters associated with neonatal intervention and single-ventricle palliation (SVP) in fetuses with suspected left-sided cardiac lesions. Initial fetal echocardiograms (1/2002–1/2017) were interpreted by the contemporary fetal cardiologist as coarctation of the aorta (COA), left heart hypoplasia (LHH), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), mitral valve hypoplasia (MVH) ± stenosis, and aortic valve hypoplasia ± stenosis (AS). The cohort comprised 68 fetuses with suspected left-sided cardiac lesions (COA n = 15, LHH n = 9, HLHS n = 39, MVH n = 1, and AS n = 4). Smaller left ventricular (LV) length Z score, aortic valve Z score, ascending aorta Z score, and aorta/pulmonary artery ratio; left-to-right shunting at the foramen ovale; and retrograde flow in the aortic arch were associated with the need for neonatal intervention (p = 0.005–0.04). Smaller mitral valve (MV) Z score, LV length Z score, aortic valve Z score, ascending aorta Z score, aorta/pulmonary artery ratio, and LV ejection fraction, as well as higher tricuspid valve-to-MV (TV/MV) ratio, right ventricular-to-LV (RV/LV) length ratio, left-to-right shunting at the foramen ovale, abnormal pulmonary vein Doppler, absence of prograde aortic flow, and retrograde flow in the aortic arch were associated with SVP (p 1.28 was associated with SVP with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 96% (AUC 0.90, p 1.28 may be a useful threshold for identifying fetuses requiring SVP.
Characteristics of Effective School-Based, Teacher-Delivered Mental Health Services for Children:

Purpose:The increasing need for school-based mental health services has altered teachers’ involvement in mental health services.Methods:This study presents a meta-analysis from a previous systemati...
Learning with Lincoln: A teacher institute highlighting Abraham Lincoln

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) is one of many educational consortiums that house a national grant program, The Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources (TPS), formerly Adventure of the American Mind . The SIUE TPS program began serving K-12 educators in 2002 by offering various professional development opportunities to promote the use of digital primary source collections found at the Library of Congress Web site. This article will offer information and resources about a professional development initiative which highlights President Abraham Lincoln using the digital collections found at the Library of Congress Web site.
Severe preterm preeclampsia: an examination of outcomes by race.

Background Preeclampsia complicates 5% to 8% of all pregnancies. Previous studies have examined the maternal morbidity and mortality associated with preeclampsia and the expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia. However, these studies either did not comment on outcomes by race or were primarily made up of nonblack participants. Objective This study aimed to determine whether maternal morbidity associated with the expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia varied by race. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with a diagnosis of severe preterm preeclampsia at Results In this study, 275 women were included; among those women, 91 (33%) were nonblack, and 184 (67%) were black. In addition, 203 of 275 women (approximately 74%) underwent expectant management with no difference by race (75.8% of nonblack vs 72.8% of black women; P=.6). When examining maternal morbidity, 62 of the expectantly managed women (30.5%) developed the composite maternal morbidity outcome, with no difference by race (27.5% of nonblack vs 32.1% of black women; P=.5) even when adjusting for confounders such as maternal age, body mass index, and parity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.35). The median time from diagnosis to delivery (latency time) was 3 days, with no difference between the 2 groups (P=.9) and no difference in neonatal morbidity (60.9% nonblack vs 53% black; P=.3). Conclusion Within our population, there were no differences in maternal outcomes between black and nonblack women who were undergoing expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia. More research is needed to determine if the known disparities in maternal morbidity among races are due to factors beyond the antepartum management of severe preterm preeclampsia.
Investigations of a novel boundary condition approach for the accurate prediction of hypersonic oblique shocks in mesh-free Lagrangian simulations

Abstract The mesh-free Smoothed-particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method, with boundary condition and artificial viscosity modifications, is used to model oblique shock waves in inviscid, compressible (super- and hypersonic) flow. The boundary modifications include simple particle reflection at walls and the artificial viscosity modifications include a novel compression switch. It is shown the Lagrangian SPH particle method can be used to accurately capture not only the shock angle but also the jump conditions of the flow across the oblique shock, including post-shock temperature, density, pressure, Mach, and velocity. The validation shown includes compression corner angles for air, at M = 5, at 10-25 degrees—those possibly found in real hypersonic flight—as well as stretch cases of supersonic (M = 2) flow and CO2 as the working fluid.
Comparing cancer risk estimates using occupational record linkage approaches in male Florida firefighters

Background Firefighters have an increased risk of cancer, but variations in reported results could be due to differences in occupational case ascertainment. This study compares cancer risk estimates generated by identifying firefighters from their occupational title available in the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) versus identification by a linkage method between the FCDS and the Florida State Fire Marshal's Office. Methods Florida firefighter employment records (1972-2012; n = 109,009) were linked with FCDS data (1981-2014; ~3.3 million records), identifying 3760 primary cancers in male firefighters. Using the FCDS occupational data field we identified 1831 male cancer cases in those classified as firefighters, first-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers, fire inspectors, emergency medical technicians, or paramedics. Age and calendar year-adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals for firefighters versus non-firefighters were calculated for both groups. Results For skin cancers the risk estimate for FCDS-indentified firefighters was substantially lower than in the employment-record-linked firefighters (aOR = 1.06; 0.87-1.29 vs. 1.54; 1.37-1.73), but for endocrine system cancers it was greater (aOR = 2.36; 1.77-3.14 vs. 2.08; 1.71-2.53). Remaining cancer risk estimates were in the same direction for the two samples except for lymphoma (aOR = 1.10; 0.90-1.34 vs. 0.86; 0.75-0.99). Conclusion Reliance on occupational title in cancer registry records to characterize firefighter cancer risk may result in estimates that are over- or underestimated depending on cancer site. The authors recommend moving toward national linkages between cancer registries and certification or other administrative records, which are a vital resource for firefighter cancer research.
Characterization of oral and cloacal microbial communities in cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) during the time course of rehabilitation.

Microbial communities of animals play a role in health and disease, including immunocompromised conditions. In the northeastern United States, cold-stunning events often cause endangered Kemp’s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) to become stranded on beaches in autumn. These sea turtles are admitted to rehabilitation facilities when rescued alive and are presumed immunocompromised secondary to hypothermia. To better understand the role that microbes play in the health of cold-stunned sea turtles, we characterized the oral and cloacal microbiome from Kemp’s ridley turtles at multiple timepoints during rehabilitation, from admission to pre-release, by using Illumina sequencing to analyze the 16S rRNA gene. Microbial communities were distinct between body sites and among turtles that survived and those that died. We found that clinical parameters such as presence of pneumonia or values for various blood analytes did not correlate with oral or cloacal microbial community composition. We also investigated the effect of antibiotics on the microbiome during rehabilitation and prior to release and found that the type of antibiotic altered the microbial community composition, yet overall taxonomic diversity remained the same. The microbiome of cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley turtles gradually changed through the course of rehabilitation with environment, antibiotics, and disease status all playing a role in those changes and ultimately the release status of the turtles.
Alliance A071601: Phase II trial of BRAF/MEK inhibition in newly diagnosed papillary craniopharyngiomas.

2000Background: Craniopharyngiomas, a rare brain tumor along the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, can cause significant clinical sequelae. Surgery and radiation, the only effective treatments, can caus...
RAPIDIRON: Reducing Anaemia in Pregnancy in India-a 3-arm, randomized-controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of oral iron with single-dose intravenous iron in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant women and reducing low birth weight deliveries

BACKGROUND Anaemia is a worldwide problem and iron deficiency is the most common cause. In pregnancy, anaemia increases the risk of adverse maternal, foetal and neonatal outcomes. India's anaemia rate is among the highest in the world with India's National Family Health Survey indicating over 50% of pregnant women were affected by anaemia. India's Anaemia Mukt Bharat-Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative aims to reduce the prevalence of anaemia among reproductive-age women, adolescents and children by 3% per year and facilitate the achievement of a Global World Health Assembly 2025 objective to achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia among women of reproductive age. However, preliminary results of the NFHS-5 survey completed in 2020 indicate that anaemia rates are increasing in some states and these targets are unlikely to be achieved. With oral iron being the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnancy, these results are likely to be impacted by the side effects, poor adherence to tablet ingestion and low therapeutic impact of oral iron. These reports suggest a new approach to treating IDA, specifically the importance of single-dose intravenous iron infusions, may be the key to India effectively reaching its targets for anaemia reduction. METHODS This 3-arm, randomized controlled trial is powered to report two primary outcomes. The first is to assess whether a single dose of two different intravenous formulations administered early in the second trimester of pregnancy to women with moderate IDA will result in a higher percentage of participants achieving a normal for pregnancy Hb concentration at 30-34 weeks' gestation or just prior to delivery when compared to participants taking standard doses of oral iron. The second is a clinical outcome of low birth weight (LBW) (< 2500 g), with a hypothesis that the risk of LBW delivery will be lower in the intravenous iron arms when compared to the oral iron arm. DISCUSSION The RAPIDIRON trial will provide evidence to determine if a single-dose intravenous iron infusion is more effective and economically feasible in reducing IDA in pregnancy than the current standard of care. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2020/09/027730. Registered on 10 September 2020, http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=46801&EncHid=&userName=anemia%20in%20pregnancy.
Conflict and parochialism among combatants and civilians: Evidence from Ukraine

Abstract How does conflict affect prosocial and parochial preferences within a society? Our research considers the case of recent violence in Donbas, Ukraine where ethnic Russian separatists are battling the Ukrainian military. To evaluate social preferences, we utilize a non-costly dictator game with ethnic treatments among young ethnic Ukrainian male combatants and noncombatants in the eastern city of Kharkiv, which borders the Donbas region. At the onset of violence, we find no differences in how these men treat ethnic Russians in their local community compared to their own in-group. However, after a year of intense fighting with separatists in the nearby Donbas region, we find evidence of the erosion of fairness preferences and increased bias against ethnic Russians, especially among noncombatant civilians, underscoring how parochial responses to violence may extend beyond direct combat exposure mechanisms. Our results point to the short-term destabilizing effects of conflict on prosocial preferences with potential long-term consequences for entrenching parochial divisions.
Avoidance behaviors circumventing the sugar-sweetened beverages tax

Abstract Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and other types of “sin taxes” are usually introduced at the local level and on the supply side; the efficacy of such taxes is challenged by tax avoidance behavior. In this study, we evaluate the impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in Seattle, WA; Boulder, CO; Cook County, IL (Chicago); Philadelphia, PA, and two cities in the San Francisco Bay Area in California (Berkeley and Oakland). We use grocery scanner data relying on a series of difference-in-difference designs. Results show that each cent per ounce of taxes causes the price of the taxed beverages to increase in a range from 0.47 to 0.98 cents/ounce, and the sales quantity of taxed beverages to decrease in a range of 5.1–14.4%. But the efficacy of the sugar-sweetened beverage tax is undermined by two avoidance behaviors: (1) cross-border shopping avoidance, where people shop outside of the taxed area; (2) substitution avoidance, in which people switch from taxed to tax-exempt beverages that are just as high in sugar. The results from this study provide evidence that sugar-sweetened beverage taxes can be effective. However, to enhance the effectiveness of the taxes, policy makers should consider tax avoidance when developing future similar policies.
New towns for the twenty-first century: A guide to planned communities worldwide: edited by Richard Peiser and Ann Forsyth, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, US$55.00 (hardback), 600pp. 132 illus., ISBN 978-0812251913

Thousands of new towns were built in every corner of the habitable planet during the twentieth century. What have we learned from them, and not? What is the role of new towns in meeting the needs o...
Critical race self-study: an abolitionist methodology

Taking an oppositional approach to the whiteness of teacher education research, I challenge critiques of self-study in teacher education as insufficient for the fundamental transformation of teache...
Review on Noninvasive Radio-Frequency Sensing for Closed-Loop Body Health Management

In this presentation, non-invasive microwave and millimeter-wave sensing techniques are reviewed. The main discussion focuses on the needs and methods for wearables that are suitable for high-frequency electromagnetic-wave sensing in the applications of continuous, feedback-based closed-loop health management systems. First, the scheme and benefits of closed-loop health management systems, which consist sensors, actuators and wireless body networking are introduced. Current wearable sensors are limited in functionalities due to the constraints in their sensing modalities. Then high-frequency electromagnetic-wave sensing and imaging methods are reviewed. Based on spectral characteristics on reflectivity and power absorption, radar and wave scattering principles, and resonance shifts by tissue dielectric properties, these techniques enable internal interrogation of physical and biochemical variations in tissues due to health condition changes. Because of the strict physical and electrical requirements for wearable devices on body, implementing electromagnetic-wave sensing to accomplish non-invasive sensing faces technical challenges. Nonetheless, emerging designs and demonstrations manifest the advantages of microwave and millimeter-wave non-invasive sensing and promising future.
Improved Outcome from Traumatic Coma Using Ventricular CSF Drainage

The use of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and the treatment of intracranial hypertension (IH) in severe head injury remain controversial. Hyperventilation, osmotic diuretics, barbiturates and steroids may contribute to secondary cerebral hypoperfusion in the traumatized brain. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, in contrast, is thought not to contribute to ischemia and may improve cerebral blood flow. This treatment, however, has never been evaluated as the sole therapeutic modality for IH.
Integrative Properties and Design Principles of Axons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transmission line hypothesis and reviews the evidence supporting the alternative notion that axons are not necessarily designed to conduct impulses as rapidly and reliably as possible, but that they may rather function to distribute and filter neural information in the spatial and temporal domains. This alternative model, which regards axons as integrative structures, implies that not only the dendrites, perikarya, and associated synapses, but also the axon and its branches, plays a role in determining the logical infrastructure of the neuron. The classical concept of axonal function, which represents the axon as a simple transmission line, derives in large part from dimensional arguments. The chapter also describes the axon as a delay line and as a filtering system.
Targeting CGRP: A New Era for Migraine Treatment

Migraine is a highly prevalent headache disease that typically affects patients during their most productive years. Despite significant progress in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder, its treatment so far continues to depend on drugs that, in their majority, were not specifically designed for this purpose. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been indicated as playing a critical role in the central and peripheral pathways leading to a migraine attack. It is not surprising that drugs designed to specifically block its action are gaining remarkable attention from researchers in the field with, at least so far, a safe risk profile. In this article, we highlight the evolution from older traditional treatments to the innovative CGRP target drugs that are revolutionizing the way to approach this debilitating neurological disease. We provide a brief introduction on pathophysiology of migraine and details on the characteristic, function, and localization of CGRP to then focus on CGRP receptor antagonists (CGRP-RAs) and CGRP monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs).
Hypotensive effects of clonidine and chlorthalidone. Controlled clinical trial of drugs administered singly and in combination.

Abstract Thirty patients participated in a carefully controlled double-blind trial of the new hypotensive agent, clonidine. Following four weeks of placebo therapy, patients were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: clonidine alone, clonidine and chlorthalidone, or chlorthalidone alone. The dose of clonidine was increased from 300 to 1,200 mcg. per day as tolerated over a four-month period. While clonidine alone only lowered significantly systolic and diastolic blood pressures taken in the standing position, the combination consistently reduced these pressures taken in both the supine and standing positions. Systolic blood pressures taken in the supine and standing positions were lowered significantly more in patients taking the combination than in those taking either drug alone. Heart rate taken with the patient standing was reduced only with clonidine alone. Serious toxicity was not observed. One infant accidentally ingested clonidine but recovered quickly.
Fundamental Theory: The Principal Stability and Boundedness Results on Metric Spaces

We present the Principal Lyapunov and Lagrange Stability Results, including Converse Theorems for continuous dynamical systems, discrete-time dynamical systems and discontinuous dynamical systems defined on metric spaces. All results presented involve the existence of either monotonic Lyapunov functions or non-monotonic Lyapunov functions. We show that the results involving monotonic Lyapunov functions reduce to corresponding results involving non-monotonic Lyapunov functions. Furthermore, in most cases, the results involving monotonic Lyapunov functions are in general more conservative than the corresponding results involving non-monotonic Lyapunov functions.We present stability results (sufficient conditions) for uniform stability, local and global uniform asymptotic stability, local and global exponential stability, and instability of invariant sets. We also present Converse Theorems (necessary conditions) for most of the enumerated stability types. Furthermore, we present Lagrange stability results (sufficient conditions) for the uniform boundedness and the uniform ultimate boundedness of motions of dynamical systems, as well as corresponding Converse Theorems (necessary conditions).The results of this chapter constitute the fundamental theory for the entire book because most of the general results that we develop in the subsequent chapters concerning finite-dimensional systems and infinite-dimensional systems can be deduced as consequences of the results of the present chapter.
Studies on the Extended Active Site of Papain

Abstract A series of papain substrates of the type A-Val-Glu-Leu-Gly has been synthesized, in which the Glu-Leu bond is the only one cleaved by the enzyme under the conditions of these studies, and in which the nature of the A group has been varied. Estimates have been made of the apparent Km and kcat in the hydrolysis of these substrates, and the results are consistent with the view that papain possesses an extended active site. To examine the effect of changes in the A group on the interaction of papain with oligopeptides, the 6-(N-methylanilino)-2-naphthalenesulfonyl (mansyl, Mns) group was introduced as a fluorescent probe at the NH2 terminus (A = Mns, Mns-Gly, Mns-Gly-Gly). Steady state fluorescence measurements showed that neither active papain nor papain inactivated by blockage of the active site sulfhydryl group has appreciable intrinsic affinity for the mansyl group, but that the mansyl group of compounds such as Mns-Gly-Val-Glu-Leu-Gly is drawn, by peptide-protein interaction, into an environment of lower dynamic polarity. This effect was most marked with mercuripapain, and can be reversed by the addition of a specific substrate (benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester), suggesting that blockage of the active site sulfhydryl group does not prevent the binding of peptides at the extended active site of papain.
Classification of Soils

The surface of the Earth contains many different kinds of soil, each having its own unique physical and chemical characteristics. The forces acting on a building are transmitted through the foundations into the ground, where the underlying soil provides the ultimate response. Each kind of soil exhibits a different kind of response. The design of the foundations cannot be completed, nor should it even be started, until the behavior of the underlying soil has been determined.
Vitamin K and thrombosis

Vitamin K was discovered in the 1930s during cholesterol metabolism experiments in chickens. It is a fat-soluble vitamin which occurs naturally in plants as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and is produced by gram-negative bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract as menaquinone (vitamin K2). This vitamin was found to be essential for normal functioning of hemostasis. In addition, a number of clinical conditions in which vitamin K deficiency was found to be the underlying pathophysiologic problem were discovered. These conditions include hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, obstructive jaundice, and malabsorption syndromes. The importance of this vitamin has become more apparent with the discovery of the anticoagulant warfarin which is a vitamin K antagonist. There are millions of patients on this therapy for a variety of thrombogenic conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and prosthetic cardiac valves. The wide use of this narrow therapeutic index drug has resulted in significant risk for major bleeding. Vitamin K serves as one of the major reversing agent for patients over-anticoagulated with warfarin. In the past few years, research has focused on new areas of vitamin K metabolism, which include bone and endovascular metabolism; cell growth, regulation, migration, and proliferation; cell survival, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and adhesion. These new areas of research highlight the significance of vitamin K but raise new clinical questions for patients who must be maintained on long-term warfarin therapy.
Thermodynamics of hydrolysis of sugar phosphates.

Thermodynamics of the enzyme-catalyzed (alkaline phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1) hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate, mannose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, and ribulose 5-phosphate have been investigated using microcalorimetry and, for the hydrolysis of fructose 6-phosphate, chemical equilibrium measurements. Results of these measurements for the processes sugar phosphate2- (aqueous) + H2O (liquid) = sugar (aqueous) + HPO2++-(4) (aqueous) at 25 degrees C follow: delta Ho = 0.91 +/- 0.35 kJ.mol-1 and delta Cop = -48 +/- 18 J.mol-1.K-1 for glucose 6-phosphate; delta Ho = 1.40 +/- 0.31 kJ.mol-1 and delta Cop = -46 +/- 11 J.mol-1.dK-1 for mannose 6-phosphate; delta Go = -13.70 +/- 0.28 kJ.mol-1, delta Ho = -7.61 +/- 0.68 kJ.mol-1, and delta Cop = -28 +/- 42 J.mol-1.K-1 for fructose 6-phosphate; delta Ho = -5.69 +/- 0.52 kJ.mol-1 and delta Cop = -63 +/- 37 J.mol-1.K-1 for ribose 5-phosphate; and delta Ho = -12.43 +/- 0.45 kJ.mol-1 and delta Cop = -84 +/- 30 J.mol-1.K-1 for the hydrolysis of ribulose 5-phosphate. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. Estimates are made for the equilibrium constants for the hydrolysis of ribose and ribulose 5-phosphates. The effects of pH, magnesium ion concentration, and ionic strength on the thermodynamics of these reactions are considered.
Convective scale interaction : arc cloud lines and the development and evolution of deep convection

Information is used from satellite data and research aircraft data to provide new insights concerning the mesoscale development and evolution of deep convection in an atmosphere typified by weak synoptic-scale forcing. The importance of convective scale interaction in the development and evolution of deep convection is examined. This interaction is shown to manifest itself as the merger and intersection of thunderstorm outflow boundaries (arc cloud lines) with other convective lines, areas or boundaries. Using geostationary satellite visible and infrared data convective scale interaction is shown to be responsible for over 85 percent of the intense convection over the southeast U.S. by late afternoon, and a majority of that area's afternoon rainfall. The aircraft observations provided valuable information concerning critically important regions of the arc cloud line: (1) the cool outflow region, (2) the density surge line interface region; and (3) the sub-cloud region above the surge line. The observations when analyzed with rapid scan satellite data, helped in defining the arc cloud line's life cycle as 3 evolving stages.
Nonlinear Gravity Waves in a Thin Sheet of Viscous Fluid

In the study of long gravity waves of finite amplitude, the main body of the existing theories has been built upon the simplifying assumption that the viscosity is either totally negligible, or adequately described by an empirical law. To date very little systematic account of the viscosity effect has appeared that is based on the Navier-Stokes' equations of motion. Thus, in the important problems of flood waves in rivers, Chezy's formula and a variety of empirical laws of hydraulics have been used to replace the viscous stress terms, and this is the approach taken in most of the hydraulic studies on open channel flows. Among theoretical contributions along this line, one may mention the book by Stoker (1957), the works of Dressler (1949), and of Lighthill and Whitham (1955, I). Dressler developed a rigorous theory of roll waves. In particular he obtained a discontinuous periodic solution in the case of relatively large amplitudes and a continuous periodic (cnoidal) solution in the case of small amplitudes. General flood movement in long rivers has been masterfully investigated by Lighthill and Whitham (1955, I), as a type of kinematic waves. Their method of predicting the transient motion of large amplitude waves with discontinuities (or shocks) is especially noteworthy.
A 1.4V, 13.5mW, 10/100MHz 6/sup th/ order elliptic filter/VGA with DC-offset correction in 90nm CMOS [WLAN applications]

This paper presents a complete base-band chain for WLAN applications in 1.4 V 90 nm CMOS. The chain consists of a 6/sup th/ order elliptic Gm-C 10/100 MHz filter and five VGA stages. The design is DC-offset free and uses optimized transconductance for linearity and low-voltage operation. Moreover, the integrators in the filter are compensated for losses through a frequency transformation. The IIP3 is 2 dBm at 13.5 dB minimum gain, while dissipating 13.5 mW.
Treatment of Salmonella-Arizona-infected turtle eggs with terramycin and chloromycetin by the temperature-differential egg dip method.

Attempts to eliminate Salmonella and Arizona infection from newly hatched turtles were made by dipping fresh eggs in cold solutions of Terramycin and Chloromycetin at 1,000, 1,200, 1,500 and 2,000 μg per ml for either 10, 20, or 30 min. Control groups consisted of hatchlings produced from nondipped eggs or eggs dipped in chilled water. In two of the four experiments 5 to 10 eggs were blended on days 15, 30, and 45 post antibiotic dip treatment. Twenty-five to 60 hatchlings from each control or experimental dip group were held in containers and the water was tested (excretion method) for Salmonella and Arizona every 15 or 30 days for 180 to 210 days after hatching. Representative turtles were homogenized (blending method) to determine if systemic infections were present. All specimens tested were enriched in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broth. Nondipped eggs and water-dipped eggs routinely showed Salmonella and Arizona present in egg homogenate and hatchlings emerging from these eggs excreted these pathogens. Terramycin- and Chloromycetin-dipped eggs were uniformly negative for these pathogens, only if fresh eggs were dipped. Bacteriological assay of container water and whole turtle homogenate from hatchlings were negative for Salmonella and Arizona if eggs were dipped in 1,000 μg of Terramycin early in the egg laying season or if eggs were dipped in 1,500 or 2,000 μg of Terramycin per ml late in the egg laying season. The results of temperature-differential egg dip studies suggest that this is a feasible and promising method by which to eradicate Salmonella and Arizona from the turtle.
Opsonic Activity of Normal Human Cerebrospinal Fluid for Selected Bacterial Species

The opsonic activity of normal human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has not been well defined. In this study, the opsonic activity of normal CSF for laboratory and blood culture isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Hemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis was measured by a quantitative assay employing radiolabeled bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All isolates of S. aureus, except the Wood 46 strain, were opsonized in undiluted CSF (>50% uptake by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.) There was heat-stable and heat-labile opsonic activity in CSF for S. aureus. Only one blood culture isolate of E. coli was moderately well opsonized in undiluted CSF (26% uptake). None of the remaining laboratory or clinical isolates were opsonized in undiluted CSF. The S. aureus isolates were more readily opsonized in dilute normal serum than were the other bacterial species, and complement appeared to be the heat-labile opsonin in serum. However, complement may not be the heat-labile opsonin in normal CSF for S. aureus. In contrast to serum, complement C3 was not visualized on the staphylococcal cell surface by immunofluorescence microscopy and chelation of CSF did not diminish opsonic activity. This study demonstrates that normal CSF is opsonic for S. aureus but not for bacterial species that more commonly cause meningitis. These species differences in opsonic requirements may be important in the pathogenesis of meningitis.
The subcellular localization of yeast glycogen synthase is dependent upon glycogen content.

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, accumulates the storage polysaccharide glycogen in response to nutrient limitation. Glycogen synthase, the major form of which is encoded by the GSY2 ge...
Patterns of coalition formation in two games played by male tetrads.

Patterns of coalition formation and apportionment of payoffs in two negotiable tetrad games were studied. Twenty groups were studied and male players were assigned additive power weights reflecting the value of the game. Game 1 assigned 1,2,2, and 4 to the players, and Game 2 players received 1,1,1, and 3. The winning coalition received the constant stake in the game to be divided among them according to negotiated agreement. In Game 1 any triple alliance and any alliance including the high power weight could win. Likewise, any coalition including the high weight in Game 2 could claim all of the constant payoff. However, in Game 2 the triple alliance of weak players (holders of 1's) could only tie with the high power weight. In both games, if no coalition were formed, the high power weight would claim all of the payoff. On the basis of studies of triadic groups the following hypotheses were generated: In Game 1 the high power weight was expected to gain access to pair alliances more often in later than in earlier games of a ten-game series. As this inclusion increased his payoff share was expected to become approximately equal to that of his weaker ally. In Game 2, where the strong power weight could secure half of the constant payoff whether he allied or not, it was expected that the weak triple alliance would be preferred in most groups to the winning pair which included the high weight. The findings revealed that the high power weight was included in winning pair alliances as a general thing over all time periods for both experimental games. Evidence for shifts in payoff share over time for the high power weight in Game 1 was inconclusive. Although the weak triple alliance was used above chance expectancy only in Game 2, such alliances were not preferred by most groups playing the game defined by this pattern. The difficulty of negotiating triple alliances, which require a two-step negotiation, seemed to account for the general scarcity of triple alliances. The occurrence of the weak triple alliances in Game 2 rather than in Game 1 may depend on the higher activity level of the weaker players in Game 2. Activity level was assessed by comparing frequencies of first offers in each trial for the two different games. It was proposed that differential pressures are brought to bear on the different power positions in different game-situations; however, further study of the bargaining process would be needed to establish the worth of such an hypothesis.
BOREHOLE COLLECTOR FOR IN‐SITU CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATERa

. An apparatus has been designed for collection of ground-water samples in locations of limited water flow when atmospheric contamination must be avoided. The system consists of a packer outfitted with valves, a flow cell, and probes for measurement of dissolved oxygen, pH, and Eh, and is designed for installation in a 3-inch (7.6-cm) diameter borehole. The oxygen probe, which is a commercially available electrochemical device, functions accurately without water flow or oxygen consumption. The borehole collector system has been used to characterize the ground water in the Climax granite stock at the Nevada Test Site of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Double atomic-field bremsstrahlung from thick targets

Measurements of the two-photon coincidence rate from 84 keV electrons from a 109Cd source on thick targets of Ag, Au, and Pb are compared with a thick-target double atomic-field bremsstrahlung (TBD) model. Each photon energy range was 32–52 keV. The target thickness ranged from 3 to 30 mg/cm2. Results for the thick-target single-bremsstrahlung (TSB) energy spectrum for 64 keV electrons in coincidence with the 22 keV X-ray from the source will also be compared with the TSB theory.
POU-domain sequences from the flatworm Dugesia tigrina

Redundant primers matching well-conserved sequences within vertebrate and invertebrate POU genes were used in the PRC (polymerase chain reaction) to detect three different POU-domain-containing genes within the genome of the flatworm, Dugesia tigrina. Two of these genes appear to be close homologues of class-III POU genes previously identified in Dugesia japonica, while the third represents a new class-III POU gene. Nucleotide sequences encoding highly related POU domains within the two species of planaria exhibited a surprisingly poor degree of shared identity. Since only class-III POU genes have been observed to date in flatworms, these genes may represent ancestral versions of the multiple classes of POU genes that exist in vertebrates, and may play important roles in the development of metazoan nervous tissue.
Ethical Issues in Outsourcing: The Case of Contract Medical Research and the Global Pharmaceutical Industry

The outsourcing of medical research has become a strategic imperative in the global pharmaceutical industry. Spurred by the challenges of competition, the need for speed in drug development, and increasing domestic costs, pharmaceutical companies across the globe continue to outsource critical parts of their value chain activities, namely contract clinical research and drug testing, to sponsors across the globe, typically into emerging markets. While it is clear that important ethical issues arise with this practice, unraveling moral responsibility and the allocation of responsibility is not so clear, considering that contracts, by their very definition transfer responsibility from the principal to the agent. This research provides a framework for exploring some of the ethical issues, including attributions of moral responsibility associated with Contract Medical Research. Using a theory of strategic and moral behavior, the research shows that both clients and sponsors in contract research have individual and collective responsibility to ensure that due care and diligence is exercised in the performance of clinical research. The research suggests some guidelines for stakeholder action.
An introduction to NBAC's report on research involving persons with mental disorders that may affect decisionmaking capacity.

(1999). An Introduction to NBAC's report on research involving persons with mental disorders that may affect decisionmaking capacity. Accountability in Research: Vol. 7, No. 2-4, pp. 101-115.
Autoregressive representations of multivariate stationary stochastic processes

Consider a q-variate weakly stationary stochastic process {X n } with the spectral density W. The problem of autoregressive representation of {X n } or equivalently the autoregressive representation of the linear least squares predictor of X n , based on the infinite past is studied. It is shown that for every W in a large class of densities, the corresponding process has a mean convergent autoregressive representation. This class includes as special subclasses, the densities studied by Masani (1960) and Pourahmadi (1985). As a consequence it is shown that the condition W-1∈L qxq 1 or minimality of {X n } is dispensable for this problem. When W is not in this class or when W has zeros of order 2 or more, it is shown that {X n } has a mean Abel summable or mean compounded Cesaro summable autoregressive representation.
High-Accuracy Atomic-Force-Microscope Head For Dimensional Metrology

Abstract We present the design and experimental results of a high-accuracy atomic force microscope head (HAFM) to be used for dimensional metrology. HAFM uses monolithic flexures which are designed for minimum error motion. A piezoelectric stack drives the head over a range of 20 /m. HAFM uses a self-sensing AFM probe, which is operated in constant-amplitude self-resonance, for frequency-measuring microscopy. A discrete-time surface-tracking controller is implemented on a real-time FPGA board. The controller tracks the surface by maintaining a constant self-resonance period. To avoid spurious mixing, the controller's sampling is made synchronous to the self-resonance oscillations. Three capacitive displacement sensors directly measure the surface tracking motion. We have experimentally demonstrated surface tracking control with 100 Hz unity-crossover frequency, 70 degrees phase margin, and 0.12 nm RMS noise in a 100 Hz measurement bandwidth. We have also used the HAFM to measure calibration gratings and the surface of freshly cleaved sanded Mica sample.