cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a multitechnology field-programmable gate array suitable for photonic information processing

The architecture of a novel, multitechnology field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is introduced. Based on conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor VLSI technology this architecture has demonstrated the feasibility of reconfigurable and programmable hardware for prototyping photonic information processing systems. We report that this new FPGA architecture will enable the design of reconfigurable systems that incorporated technologies outside the traditional electronic domain. The smart photoreceivers monolithically integrated in the new FPGA architecture can receive optically encoded signals in parallel and process them with user programmable logic hardware.
Pavor nocturnus of proven epileptic origin.

Summary: Purpose: To evaluate the suspected epileptic origin in children with episodes masquerading as sleep terrors. Method: One such child was investigated with scalp-derived long-term monitoring (LTM), inter and ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, and an invasive LTM, followed by surgical subpial slicing of the focally discharging motor cortex. Results: The scalp-derived LTM and the SPECT scans did not localize the suspected epileptogenic focus. The invasive LTM revealed the focal onset of the ictal discharge. After the surgery, the seizures have been 90% controlled. No deficits resulted from the surgery. Conclusions: Although most nocturnal terrors (NTs) are parasomnias, in a few children their frequent episodes that masquerade as NTs have an epileptic origin. There are several features to distinguish these from common NTs or from other frontal lobe epilepsies.
The Schwinger model and its axial anomaly

The Schwinger model (quantum electrodynamics with massless fermions in one spatial dimension) is solved, supposing that space is a circle. This clarifies aspects of the usual version of the model, where space is a line, without changing the physics. The Hamiltonian formalism is used. On a circle, an abelian gauge field has one physical degree of freedom, and the gauge covariant Dirac operator, which couples the fermions to this degree of freedom, exhibits spectral flow. The relationship between the spectral flow and the axial anomaly is explained. Some variants of the Schwinger model are also discussed.
CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Members of the Maryland Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics completed a mail survey on their beliefs and counseling practices related to firearm injury prevention. Respondents were skeptical of the protective value of firearms in the home and most were supportive of gun control measures. Only a fifth believed that most families with handguns keep them inaccessible to children; however, many seemed to believe that the children at risk were in practices other than their own. Among those providing direct ambulatory care, 40% had had a patient who had been shot. Seventyfour percent believed pediatricians have a responsibility to counsel families about firearms. Only 13% believed parents would be offended if guns were included in anticipatory guidance discussions. Even so, only 30% had ever provided such counseling. Just half of the respondents agreed that they knew what to tell families about firearms. Ninety percent were very likely to counsel parents to store guns unloaded and locked up, whereas 54% were very likely to advise parents to remove guns from the home. More than two-thirds believed parents would heed their advice about storing firearms, and 30% believed parents would follow advice about having guns. Results suggest pediatricians are ready to counsel about firearm injury prevention, but are not yet doing so. Pediatrics 1992;89:902-907. 1018 J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 31:6, November 1992
Minimum Energy Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Latch-Based Subthreshold FPGA

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are an attractive option for low-power systems requiring flexible computing resources. However, the lowest power systems have yet to adopt FPGAs. Subthreshold circuit operation offers the opportunity to operate FPGAs at their minimum energy point. This paper presents data measured from an FPGA test chip fabricated in a 0.18-μm SOI process. It is shown that the test chip can function at supply voltages as low as 0.26 V without an extra supply for write assists by using latches for configuration bit storage instead of static random access memory. Investigation of the minimum energy point of the FPGA for a high-activity test pattern shows that the minimum energy point of the FPGA can be well below the threshold voltage of the transistors.
Betwixt and Between: Liminality in Beginning Teaching.

This article discusses what it means to be a beginning teacher from the perspective of four mid-career entrants to the profession. Findings from this ethnographic study suggest that regardless of preservice teacher preparation or school districts' formal induction practices, newcomers experience a dramatic threshold or liminal phase among colleagues that can be disorienting and discouraging. The “as lived” experiences of participants in this study remind us that while beginning teaching can be a fleeting phase of cultural initiation, it also can be an intensely alienating passage that dampens newcomers' enthusiasm to thrive or even remain in the profession.
Contact Transients in Simple Electric Circuits

The proper functioning of electric contacts is of great importance. Much work has been done on contacts,1,2 but comparatively little has been done on types of transient phenomena occurring at circuit break in inductive d-c circuits and their relation to contact erosion. Some work was done on transient types occurring at circuit break in telephone relay circuits by A. M. Curtis and his associates at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.3 This study dealt with transients in d-c circuits, including the fixed inductance of a relay winding and the small distributed capacity of a line wire, and embodied a study of the effect on the transient phenomena of changing the length of the line wire. The present investigation covered the variation of transients occurring for a fixed contact pair over a range of lumped inductance and lumped capacity values in a contact circuit; in addition, effects on the transients of varying the steady-state current (by steady-state current is meant the current immediately preceding circuit break), the voltage impressed on the circuit, and the circuit resistance were studied.
Development and Content of Socio-Technological Instructional Modules

This paper reports on an NSF-supported project to develop Socio-Technological Instructional Modules for use with college students. Each module or case study focuses on a particular national socio-technological problem of current and future importance.The modules were field-tested with freshmen engineering students as well as nonengineering undergraduates and continuing education students in technology and society courses. To satisfy these audiences, each module consists of a Student Reading which provides basic background information for all students. The Instructors' Guide, besides providing suggestions for using support materials such as audio-visual materials and computer programs, contains engineering or technical extensions and sociological extensions.
A comparison of health locus of control beliefs in low-back patients from the U.S. and New Zealand

In order to study differences in health control attitudes between chronic low-back patients from the U.S. and New Zealand, the Health Locus of Control (HLC) was administered to 284 consecutive admissions to pain clinics in those countries: 96 patients seen at the Auckland (New Zealand) Pain Clinic and 188 seen at the University of Virginia (U.S.) Pain Clinic. The HLC is an 11-item instrument [23] that assesses general control over health matters. Principal component factor analyses indicated 3 distinct subscales for the low back patients: (a) personal health control, (b) external health control, and (c) control by powerful others (physicians). HLC responses were analyzed with univariate analyses of variance using subscale scores as dependent measures and country and sex as independent variables. New Zealanders rated themselves as less dependent on physicians' orders (F (1,280)=3.92, P less than 0.05), and women were seen as having less personal control over their pain conditions than men (F (1,280)=6.29, P less than 0.02). The differences related to sex and country are discussed within a social learning framework. Suggestions are made for future cross-cultural research, especially related to issues of dependency on others for health control and outcomes in the treatment of chronic pain.
Autoamputation of teratoma

Abstract Objective: To describe a case of autoamputation of a benign teratoma discovered at the time of laparoscopy. Methods: A patient with severe mental retardation presented with a complex pelvic mass seen on ultrasound examination. An imaging study was originally obtained because of the possibility that she had swallowed a foreign body. The patient was unable to verbally communicate complaints; however, caregivers denied any change in behavior indicating pain or other symptoms. The patient was unable to tolerate a pelvic examination. CA 125 was normal. Operative laparoscopy revealed a 6-cm, smooth, encapsulated, white mass in the anterior cul-de-sac of the pelvis. There was no blood supply or attachment to the mass. The mass was grasped with smooth graspers and removed through the laparoscopic port. Thick, white material was expressed from the mass. Pathology revealed a benign teratoma. Results: In a 55-year-old female with a complex pelvic mass seen on ultrasound examination, an autoamputated benign teratoma was diagnosed at the time of operative laparoscopy. Conclusion: A pelvic mass may outgrow its blood supply and autoamputate, as seen in the case described previously.
Expression in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) Insect Cells of BT-R1, a Cadherin-Related Receptor from Manduca sexta for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin

The cadherin-related receptor of Manduca sexta, BT-R(1), for the Cry1A family of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins, was expressed in cultured Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells utilizing the expression vector deltaOp-gp64. Recombinant BT-R(1) was released by the Sf21 cells in soluble form into the culture medium and represents approximately 58% of total BT-R(1) produced by the cells. The soluble protein was purified by affinity chromatography using Cry1Ab toxin coupled to Sepharose 4B. The apparent molecular mass of purified soluble recombinant BT-R(1) is 195 kDa. Radiolabeled toxin bound to purified soluble BT-R(1) with a K(d) value of 1.1 nM, which is similar to that of both membrane-bound BT-R(1) in Sf21 cells and natural BT-R(1) from M. sexta larval midgut tissue. Binding of radiolabeled toxin to soluble BT-R(1) was competitively inhibited by unlabeled Cry1Ab toxin but not by other Cry toxins as was observed also for membrane-bound BT-R(1). The recombinant soluble protein was stable in culture medium for at least 3 days at 27 degrees C and for 7 days at 4 degrees C and exhibited toxin-binding properties similar to the natural protein. Apparently, neither membrane association nor the extent of glycosylation influences the binding affinity and specificity of BT-R(1). Approximately 1 mg of purified BT-R(1) was obtained per liter of insect cell culture supernatant, representing approximately 2 x 10(9) Sf21 cells.
Prosthetic joint infectionsin the elderly

Abstract Total joint arthroplasty is among the most remarkable advances in orthopaedic surgery for the elderly, enabling themto regain physical function and be free of pain. Although uncommon, infection of the prosthetic joint causes serious morbidity leading to poor functional outcome with a mortality approaching 8% in the elderly. Most infections occur through inoculation of the prosthesis at the time of implantation and are due to Gram-positive cocci, although a third of the episodes are due to Gram-negative bacilli from a secondary focus. The management presents a major clinical and therapeutic challenge due to systemic and local comorbid conditions in the elderly. Medical and surgical treatment decisions for infected joint prosthesis are complex and should be individualized in each case. Optimal nutrition is essential for a successful outcome. Adverse reactions to medications are more common in the elderly due to end organ dysfunction and drug-drug interactions.
A cell model theory of the shear viscosity of a concentrated suspension of interacting spheres in a non-Newtonian fluid

Abstract A theoretical approach to the shear viscosity of concentrated suspensions of small particles in a non-Newtonian fluid has been developed using a cell theory model involving particle-particle interaction. The cell theory of Frankel and Acrivos was first generalized to power-law fluid matrices without particle interaction. Particle-particle interaction was then taken into consideration. The theory suggests that the flow behavior of such systems at low shear rates is chiefly dependent upon non-hydrodynamics interparticle interaction such as van der Waals—London and electrostatic forces which induce flocculation and yield stresses. The flow properties at high shear rates are determined by hydrodynamics interaction essentially dependent upon particle concentration and shape.
Effect of tamoxifen on hepatic regeneration in male rats.

A number of metabolic changes within the liver occur concurrent with hepatic regeneration. These processes suggest that the administration of an antiestrogen might alter the rate of hepatic regeneration. To examine this question, male Wistar rats were treated with tamoxifen (0.1 mg/rat/day or 1.0 mg/rat/day) or vehicle for three days prior to and after partial hepatectomy, and the anatomic and biochemical process of hepatic regeneration was assessed. Tamoxifen administration caused a dose-dependent decrease in the hepatic cytosolic estrogen receptor activity and, conversely, a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic androgen receptor activity. Despite these changes in baseline hepatic sex steroid receptor status, all receptor activities were comparable between the three groups within 24 hr of partial hepatectomy. Moreover, no differences in any of the the parameters assessing hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy were evident: liver-body ratio, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and thymidine kinase activity. This lack of effect of tamoxifen treatment on hepatic regeneration suggests either that estrogens do not play a role in the modulation of liver growth after partial hepatectomy or that, once initiated, the regenerative process per sedetermines a series of events that regulate hepatocellular sex hormone receptor status independent of extrahepatic stimuli.
Information Technology Workforce Skills: Does Size Matter?

Changes in information technology (IT) services and their delivery have shifted the need for non-IT firms' (i.e., firms whose primary business is something other than providing IT goods and services) IT skills and capabilities to emphasize a business focus while integrating more outsourcing options from both domestic and global third-party providers. This paper explores how organizations of different sizes value critical IT skills and investigates firms' needs for entry-level and mid-level capabilities. The results show that smaller organizations consider more in-house hiring than their counterparts. Although desired entry-level skills differed among organizations of varying sizes, they all valued project management skills highly for mid-level IT staff.
Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia in an eight-year-old phenotypic female.

Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CLAH) was described as an invariably fatal disease in infancy manifested by severe adrenal insufficiency with lack of differentiation of the external genitalia in males. A genetic defect in cholesterol desmolase was postulated to be the site of the enzymatic block. However, Degenhart et al. demonstrated by in vitro studies that the defect may be in the cholesterol 20-hydroxylase enzyme. Urinary studies of an 8-yr-old phenotypic female with severe adrenal insufficiency who was found to have bilateral testes were performed with corticotropin stimulation. Analysis of the urines by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer revealed elevated cholesterol excretion and the absence of additional sterols. The 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were 0; 17-ketosteroids ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 mg per 24 hr. The presence of some 17-ketosteroids suggests that an alternate pathway from cholesterol to dehydroepiandrosterone without formation of C-21 compounds may exist. The absence of urinary chole...
Facility location in the presence of forbidden regions, I: Formulation and the case of Euclidean distance with one forbidden circle☆

Abstract A constrained form of the Weber problem is formulated in which no path is permitted to enter a prespecified forbidden region R of the plane. Using the calculus of variations the shortest path between two points x , y ∉ R which does not intersect R is determined. If d( x , y ) is unconstrained distance, we denote the shortes distance along a feasible path by d ( x y ) . The constrained Weber problem is, then: given points x j ∉ R and positive weights wj, j = 1,2,…,n, find a point x ∉ R such that f( x )= Σ n j=1 d( x , x j ) is a minimum. An algorithm is formulated for the solution of this problem when d( x , y ) is Euclidean distance and R is a single circular region. Numerical results are presented.
Radiation dose in Spiral CT: The relative effects of collimation and pitch

The proliferation of helical CT and thin slice protocols has motivated a reevaluation of methods for determining radiation dose. Traditional measurements may be insufficient in that computed tomography dose index(CTDI) is undefined for the case of continuous table motion which characterizes helical CT. We have measured the radiation dose using thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) under contiguous axial, contiguous helical, and noncontiguous helical scans. A device that holds tightly spaced TLDs was inserted into a 32-cm-diam Plexiglas™ (CTDI) phantom so that (1) TLDs were exposed to contiguous axial scans; (2) TLDs were exposed to a contiguous (pitch 1) helical scans, and (3) TLDs were exposed to noncontiguous (pitch >1) helical scans. The TLDs integrated exposure from both primary and scattered radiation resulting from scanning a volume of the phantom. The TLD measurements were repeated at several slice thicknesses and for pitches of 1, 1.5, and 2. For a direct comparison, conventional pencil ionization chamber measurements were made at the same slice thicknesses. Our results show that contiguous helical CT scans (pitch of 1) give approximately the same radiation dose as contiguous axial scans acquired with the same technical factors. For noncontiguous scans (pitch >1) at a given collimation,radiation dose decreases as pitch increases; specifically as 1/pitch. However, the dose remained relatively constant across collimations (±20% of the 10 mm slice dose) for both axial and helical scans. At smaller slice thicknesses, the radiation profile width (full width at half-maximum) is greater than the nominal slice thickness, which results in extended radiation overlap between slices and no net change in radiation dose compared to thicker slices. Finally, for a given table speed, radiation dose decreases when a higher pitch is used with a thinner collimation.
Critical Points and the Angle Defect

In a 1967 paper, Banchoff described a theory of critical points and curvature for polyhedra embedded in Euclidean space. For each convex cell complex K in $${\mathbb R}^n$$ , and for each linear map $$h\,:\,{\mathbb R}^n\,\rightarrow\,{\mathbb R}$$ satisfying a simple generality criterion, he defined an index for each vertex of K with respect to the map h, and showed that these indices satisfy two properties: (1) for each map h, the sum of the indices at all the vertices of K equalsχK and (2) for each vertex of K, the integral of the indices of the vertex with respect to all such linear maps equals the standard polyhedral notion of curvature of K at the vertex. In a previous paper, the author defined a different approach to curvature for arbitrary simplicial complexes, based upon a more direct generalization of the angle defect. In the present paper we present an analog of Banchoff ’s theory that works with our generalized angle defect.
Caucasian viewers' memory of black and white criminal suspects in the news

This experiment was conducted to examine Caucasian viewers' identification memory of Black and White criminal suspects featured in a newscast. Viewers watched a news story about a murder that featured a wanted poster of either an African American or a Caucasian suspect. Immediately after viewing and again 3 months later, participants identified a series of photographs, indicating the extent to which they believed each one to be the same suspect pictured in the newscast. Over time, participants who had seen the Caucasian suspect in the news story were increasingly likely mistakenly to identify African Americans. In addition, endorsement of anti-Black attitudes was associated with decreases in misidentification of Caucasian photographs and increases in misidentification of African American photographs.
Improved cost monitoring and control through the Earned Value Management System

Abstract As economic pressure and competition for budget among federal agencies has increased, there has been an increasing need for more granular data and robust management information systems. This is especially true for the execution of major civilian space programs. This need has resulted in new program management requirements being implemented in an attempt to limit cost and schedule growth. In particular, NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 7120.5D requires the implementation of an Earned Value Management System (EVMS) compliant with the requirements of American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Electronic Industries Alliance Standard 748-B. The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) program management team at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) made a decision to implement an EVMS on RBSP during Phase B—a year earlier than specified in the contractual Phase C reporting requirement as defined in the NPR. This decision was made so that the project would have the benefit of 12 months of training and hands-on implementation during Phase B. Although there were a number of technical and process hurdles encountered during Phase B and into Phase C, the system was working well when the Integrated Baseline Review (IBR) was held in August 2009. The IBR was a success because it met the review requirements. It was also clear to all IBR participants that the EVMS was providing value to the project management team. Although the IBR pointed out some areas of concern regarding process and ANSI compliance, the system had markedly improved the project's ability to monitor cost and schedule. This, in turn, allowed the project team to foresee problems in advance, formulate corrective actions, and implement course corrections without causing significant adverse impact to the project. Opponents of EVMS systems often communicate the unfavorable opinion that EVMS systems create unnecessary cost and administration. Although it is undeniable that EVMS implementation does not occur without cost, the cost is minimal in comparison to the benefits of successful implementation. This paper will focus on the implementation of EVMS on the RBSP project, explain EV processes and the implementation's cost, and analyze the benefits of EVMS to provide insight into cost/benefit considerations for other projects considering EVMS implementation. This paper will do this by focusing on the following points: (1) RBSP is the first full-up implementation of earned value management (EVM) at JHU/APL; (2) RBSP EVM started in Phase B; (3) RBSP EVM implementation has been working well in Phase C/D; (4) RBSP EVM implementation has been recognized by Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Headquarters as successful; and (5) an assessment of the benefits of EVMS to the project management team and sponsor shows that the system's benefits outweigh the cost of implementation.
Human exposures to PAHs: an eastern United States pilot study

Personal exposure monitoring for select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed as part of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Pilot Study in Baltimore, MD and in four surrounding counties (NHEXAS-Maryland). An objective of this effort was to establish environmental exposure estimates for non-scripted subpopulations involved in their normal activities. Participants, children, and adults (ages 13–84) were randomly selected from urban, suburban, and rural areas near Baltimore. Twenty-four hour PM10 sample collections (∼5.8 m3) were performed using personal environmental monitors. Monitoring was performed for 47 households and 6 sampling Cycles during 1995–1996. A total of 233 personal air samples were available from the participants with eight PAHs speciated (e.g., chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene) as well as an aggregate grouping (total carcinogenic PAHs). Results indicate that ∼50 % of the selected samples had detectable concentrations for 3 to 5 of the individual PAHs depending upon spatial setting. Noted differences were observed between exposure concentrations from individuals living in rural areas as compared to urban/suburban environments. Mean benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were observed to be 0.10 ng/m3 across the entire sampling population. This represented a value well below the World Health Organization’s 1.0 ng/m3 ambient air guideline for this PAH.
Integrating Mary Parker Follett and Public Administration

In 1991, a conference speaker mentioned that "a woman in Massachusetts" was writing a biography of Mary Parker Follett. At the time, I knew relatively little about Follett except that during the 1970s and 1980s, she was the only woman writer deemed worthy of inclusion in public administra? tion courses. She seemed to have produced nothing but a frequently anthologized essay called "The Giving of Orders." Ask MPA students today whether they have heard of Mary Parker Follett, and they are likely to know only this one essay (if that) but nothing whatsoever about the person. I have lectured to doctoral students who have never heard of her.
Soluble Transforming Growth Factor-α Is Present in the Pulmonary Edema Fluid of Patients With Acute Lung Injury

Recent in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence indicates that transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) is an important growth factor in the process of recovery and remodeling that occurs after acute lung injury. However, there are very little clinical data on TGF-α in patients with acute lung injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if TGF-α is present in biologically significant concentrations in the pulmonary edema fluid from patients with acute lung injury, and to determine if the presence of TGF-α is specific for acute lung injury by including control patients with hydrostatic edema. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, plasma and pulmonary edema fluid TGF-α levels were measured in 43 patients (34 with increased permeability edema, nine with hydrostatic edema). TGF-α was detected in 24 of 34 patients (71%) with increased permeability pulmonary edema (range, 0.035 to 2.57 ng/mL) compared with only two of nine patients with hydrostatic edema (p
Epo-EpoR signaling not required for cardiovascular or neural development

Epo-EpoR signaling is required during definitive hematopoiesis for the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. In addition to its expression in hematopoietic cells, EpoR is also expressed by endothelial cells, neural cells, and cardiac tissue. But the requirement for
Role of visual pigment properties in rod and cone phototransduction

Retinal rods and cones share a phototransduction pathway involving cyclic GMP1. Cones are typically 100 times less photosensitive than rods and their response kinetics are several times faster2, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Almost all proteins involved in phototransduction have distinct rod and cone variants. Differences in properties between rod and cone pigments have been described, such as a 10-fold shorter lifetime of the meta-II state (active conformation) of cone pigment3,4,5,6 and its higher rate of spontaneous isomerization7,8, but their contributions to the functional differences between rods and cones remain speculative. We have addressed this question by expressing human or salamander red cone pigment in Xenopus rods, and human rod pigment in Xenopus cones. Here we show that rod and cone pigments when present in the same cell produce light responses with identical amplification and kinetics, thereby ruling out any difference in their signalling properties. However, red cone pigment isomerizes spontaneously 10,000 times more frequently than rod pigment. This high spontaneous activity adapts the native cones even in darkness, making them less sensitive and kinetically faster than rods. Nevertheless, additional factors are probably involved in these differences.
Effect of rapid maxillary expansion and transpalatal arch treatment associated with deciduous canine extraction on the eruption of palatally displaced canines: A 2-center prospective study.

Introduction Our aim was to investigate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion and transpalatal arch therapy combined with deciduous canine extraction on the eruption rate of palatally displaced canines (PDCs) in patients in the late mixed dentition in a 2-center prospective study. Methods Seventy subjects were enrolled based on PDCs diagnosed on panoramic radiographs. The treatment group (TG, 40 subjects) underwent RME followed by TPA therapy and extraction of the deciduous canines. The control group (CG, 30 subjects) received no orthodontic treatment. At the start of the trial, panoramic radiographs and dental casts were compared between the TG and the CG with the Mann-Whitney U test (P Results No statistically significant difference was found for any measurement at the start of the trial between the 2 groups. The prevalence rates of eruption of the maxillary canines were 80% for the TG and 28% in the CG, a statistically significant difference (chi-square =16.26, P Conclusions Rapid maxillary expansion therapy followed by a transpalatal arch combined with extraction of the deciduous canine is effective in treating patients in the late mixed dentition with PDCs. Pretreatment variables indicating success of treatment on the eruption of PDCs were less severe sectors of displacement, prepubertal stages of skeletal maturity, and open root apices of PDCs. Several dental anomalies were associated significantly with PDCs, thus confirming the genetic etiology of this eruption disturbance.
The search for vernacular identity: Maratha temples in Maharashtra, India

The vernacular architectural tradition of Maratha temples in Maharashtra is an unexplored asset for cultural and heritage tourism. Based on a conceptual framework that is embedded in historical circumstances, this paper presents and analyses three major problems that have hampered the tourism potential of Maratha temples: viz. the lack of canonization from governments at various levels; the conflicts and contradictions of Hindu nationalism for promoting identifiable tourist attractions; and lack of infrastructure and investment to bolster the hybrid architectural identity and visual character of Maratha temples. It is suggested that the ambiguities intrinsic to Maratha temple architecture result out of disparate socio-cultural and architectural influences and create ideal circumstances for an authentic vernacular experience.
Operational Definitions of Style

It is intended that this research will set up operational definitions of style and will study the fundamental phenomenon of style. Four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, college students were asked to sort out pictures of buildings having the same style to test operational definition. The results showed that style is recognized by the common features present in pictures. The term “common features” refers to the same physical forms appearing in many design products created by a designer. In experiment 2, students were asked to sort out pictures into four resemblance scales to test the degree of style. The results showed that the degree of style is in proportion to the number of common features present. In experiment 3, an architectural historian identified a style in pictures that had various feature combinations in order to observe the measurement of style, which refers to the threshold for recognizing a style. Data showed that three features are the lower bound for style recognition. Experimen...
Why hasn't neuroprotection worked in Parkinson's disease?

Despite encouraging preclinical results, clinical trials of neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease have failed to show consistent clinical benefit. In this Viewpoint article, Karl Kieburtz and Bernard Ravina analyze the reasons behind this lack of success and draw conclusions on how to move forward.
The Development of the Global Manager: An Empirical Study on the Role of Academic International Sojourns

Student mobility is highly popular among the educational efforts directed at developing global competencies in management education. Yet, research that corroborates the assumed learning outcomes, p...
A new Purpleheart (Peltogyne, Caesalpiniaceae) from South Bahian Atlantic Forest (Brazil)

Peltogyne chrysopis, an emergent tree of Bahian Atlantic Forest notable for subsessile, globose flowers with rudimentary solid hypanthium, densely white-velutious, sepals and ovary, and planocompressed, elliptic-suborbicular fruits narrowly winged along the short seminiferous suture, is described and figured. A key to species ofPeltogyne, known from the state of Bahia is provided.
Autonomic live adaptation of virtual networked environments in a multidomain infrastructure

The trend toward cloud-based services is creating the need for large scale shared distributed infrastructures. Behind many clouds lay shared distributed infrastructures formed through the federation of many resources residing in multiple domains. Such shared infrastructures enable massive amounts of aggregated computation resources to be shared among large numbers of users. The core technologies enabling these distributed clouds are machine and network virtualization. Virtualization is the technology that enables the execution of arbitrary distributed applications on top of these increasingly popular shared physical infrastructures. In this paper, we go beyond supporting applications in the cloud and support autonomic adaptation of virtual computation environments as active, integrated entities. More specifically, driven by both dynamic availability of infrastructure resources and dynamic application resource demand, a virtual computation environment is able to automatically relocate itself across the infrastructure and scale its share of infrastructural resources. Such autonomic adaptation is transparent to both users of virtual environments and administrators of infrastructures, maintaining the look and feel of a stable, dedicated environment for the user. As our proof-of-concept, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a system called VIOLIN, which is composed of a virtual network of virtual machines capable of live migration across a multidomain physical infrastructure.
Electron impact spectroscopy of SiF4 and GeF4

Abstract Electron energy loss spectra (EELS) of SiF 4 and GeF 4 have been recorded by using incident electrons with energy of 200 eV at scattering angles of about 0–9°. The energy loss rangle of 10–30 eV covers the entire region of single-electron excitation from the five outer valence orbitals of both molecules. The spectra were obtained under conditions that favor the observation of both optically allowed and symmetry forbidden transitions. Evidence is presented for the existence of optically forbidden transitions in both molecules as well as excitations to valence as opposed to Rydberg states.
An RSSI based localization scheme for wireless sensor networks to mitigate shadowing effects

We propose a RSSI based localization scheme for wireless sensor networks that mitigates the effects of shadowing caused by obstacles that are scattered in the field of operation. The proposed scheme applies a spatial correlation mechanism to eliminate RSSI signals that are affected by obstructions. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated using simulations as well as some initial experimental results.
Dual-Rate Integration Using Partitioned Runge-Kutta Methods for Mechanical Systems with Interacting Subsystems

Abstract A framework is presented allowing dual-rate numerical integration of the equations of mechanical system dynamics to be considered as a form of Partitioned Runge-Kutta (PRK) integration. Certain coefficients of a PRK integrator are set to zero, so that Runge-Kutta integrators that constitute the PRK integrator can be made to have different numbers of stages. As a result, one Runge-Kutta integrator requires fewer function evaluations than the other does, which is a form of dual-rate integration. Well-established order of accuracy theory for PRK integrators is used to develop a rigorous methodology for designing explicit PRK dual-rate integrators. Stabilized Runge-Kutta theory developed for single-rate Runge-Kutta integrators is combined with PRK integrator theory to design PRK dual-rate integrators with the largest possible stability regions. Dual-rate PRK integrators created using these approaches are used to simulate the dynamics of vehicle systems that contain subsystems with higher frequency re...
Buckling of cracked composite columns

Abstract A crack in a structural element introduces a significant local flexibility which enhances the instability. Buckling of an edge-notched beam is studied for isotropic and anisotropic composites. The local compliance due to the presence of cracks in an anisotropic medium is formulated as a function of the crack-tip stress intensity factors and the elastic constants of the material. The general integration of the non-linear differential equations expressing the buckling model of an eccentrically loaded composite beam is derived for two different types of hinged supports ; namely freely approaching and fixed span. The effect of reducing rigidity on the load-carrying capacity and the post-buckling behavior of the beam is discussed and exemplary numerical solutions are provided. The study indicates that the instability increases with the beam slenderness and the crack length. In addition, the material anisotropy conspicuously reduces the load-carrying capacity of an externally cracked member.
A class of dynamically possible steady motions of incompressible, isotropic, simple materials

Abstract Coleman and Truesdell [1] have shown that circulation preserving homogeneous motions are dynamically possible in general incompressible, homogeneous, simple materials. Here we exhibit a class of steady motions which are not generally homogeneous and which are also dynamically possible for isotropic, incompressible, simple materials. Toward this end the invariance property of the constitutive functional for isotropic simple materials is employed in a novel and convenient manner. A discussion of each particular motion contained in the dynamically possible class is offered.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of heating from Saturn solid propellant rocket exhausts.

Heating from Saturn solid propellant S-II and S-IVB ullage motor exhausts and S-IB, S-IVB and Centaur retro motor exhaust theoretically and experimentally analyzed
DNA synthesis and induced mutations in the presence of 5-bromouracil. II. Induction of mutations.

An investigation has been carried out on the heritable changes caused by the incorporation of 5-bromouracil (BU) into the DNA of a number of amino acid-requiring derivatives of a thymineless mutant ofEscherichia coli 15. Results revealed that the number of mutations induced by the analogue was linearly related to the amount of BU incorporated into DNA. DNA replication was necessary in the presence of BU for the induction of mutations, but concomitant RNA and protein synthesis were not necessary. Induced revertants were found to arise in either one of two distinct patterns: 1. in a single burst one replication after incorporation of BU, with no further increase upon subsequent DNA replication, and 2. continually with each additional DNA replication. Based on theFreese theory, these patterns allowed tentative identification of the base pairs involved. Further, the number of DNA replications necessary for the expression of BU induced reversions was determined. It was found that a transition from A:T to G:C required two DNA replications in addition to incorporation of BU, while the transition C:G to A:T required only one. Results obtained by the use of BU were compared with results obtained using AP. It was found that the pattern of mutant induction and the number of DNA replications necessary for the expression of each mutant were the same with AP as with BU. This implied that AP preferentially replaces adenine. As the number of DNA replications necessary for the expression of BU-and AP-induced reversions was the same for each mutant tested, it was concluded that both strands of the DNA molecule were necessary to carry the genetic message. An attempt was made to synchronize the replication of DNA and, thereby to synchronize the appearance of mutations during one replication cycle. Revertants, however, occurred uniformly throughout the cycle. The results were further discussed in relation to existing models of DNA replication.
Ultrathin metals films on W(221): Structure, electronic properties and reactivity

Nanoscale pyramidal facets with (211) faces are formed when W(111) surface is covered by monolayer film of certain metals (including Pt, Pd and Au) and annealed to T ≥ 750 K. In the present work, we focus on the structure, electronic properties and reactivity of planar W(211) covered by ultrathin films of platinum and palladium. The measurements include soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and thermal desorption spectroscopy. The metal film growth and evolution during annealing has been investigated for coverages ranging from 0 to 8 monolayers. The films grow initially in a layer-by-layer mode at 300 K. LEED, Auger, and Surface Core Level Shift (SCLS) measurements reveal that for coverages of one monolayer, the films are stable up to temperatures at which desorption occurs. In contrast, at higher coverages, SCLS data indicate that surface alloys are formed upon annealing films of Pt and Pd; surface alloy formation is not seen for Au overlayers. These findings are discussed in terms of structural and electronic properties of these bimetallic systems. Relevance to catalytic properties for acetylene cyclization over PdW(211) is also discussed.
Status of Hemodialysis of Drugs in 2002

Hemodialysis is a life-sustaining chronic therapy for individuals with end stage renal disease (ESRD). It is also frequently used for days to weeks for patients with acute renal failure who are awaiting the recovery of their kidneys from the acute toxic or traumatic event. Both populations of patients often require complex pharmacotherapeutic regimens, and it is not uncommon for them to be receiving 10 or more concomitant medications. Optimization of care for these patients is dependent on the selection of the most appropriate drug as well as dosage regimen design, which accounts for the influence of hemodialysis therapy on drug disposition. During the last 10 to 15 years there have been several significant changes in the prescribed dose of dialysis and the composition and size of dialyzers available for use. Furthermore, reuse of dialyzers, which was rare in the early 1980s, is now common; it is employed with over 70% of patients with ESRD. The new synthetic dialyzers, which are now used for over 60% of ...
Behavioral differences among isogenic strains ofDrosophila mercatorum

Mating propensity in eight all-female laboratory lines was measured. The lines are completely isogenic, but each has a different past history. In all cases, mating propensity was significantly lower than in the bisexual controls; in some cases, mating speed was less by a factor of 10. Three of the four lines deriving from the same wild strain are not only different from the parent strain but also different from each other. A highly significant difference exists between two strains recently obtained by selection for parthenogenesis from the same natural population. One strain appears to produce a substance which reduces mating propensity of control females if females from the two strains are reared together in the same vial. As none of the strains was behaviorally selected prior to testing, these behaviors appear to be incidental accompaniments of the very powerful isogenizing effect of the genetic system in these parthenogenetic strains. Indeed, the data show that partial isolation from sexual reproduction can arise wholly by chance. This may have some relevance to theories of species origin which are accompanied by a strong initial founder effect.
Cohesive zone experiments for copper/mold compound delamination

As complex multi-layered packaging becomes more common in microelectronic design, delamination remains a prominent failure mechanism due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch. Numerous studies have investigated interfacial cracking in microelectronic packages. These studies commonly use classical interfacial fracture mechanics analyses, but such analyses require knowledge of starter crack size, locations, and propagation paths. Cohesive zone theory has been identified as an alternative method for modeling crack propagation and delamination without the need for a pre-existing crack. This paper presents a framework to determine mixed-mode cohesive zone parameters using experimental methods. We demonstrate this method by characterizing cohesive zone parameters for a copper/epoxy molding compound interface. Fully characterized cohesive zone elements can be placed at interfaces in finite-element models of microelectronic systems to simulate loading and failure in mixed-mode conditions.
Migration to the agricultural frontier and wealth accumulation, 1860–1870 ☆

Abstract I use a new data set of households linked between the 1860 and 1870 censuses to study frontier migration. Households that moved to the frontier to farm were more likely than non-migrants to have been poor, landless, and illiterate, and to have had young children. Also, after controlling for observable differences, migrants had below average abilities to accumulate wealth. These findings suggest fewer opportunities for migrants to accumulate wealth in non-frontier areas and a reason for their migration. Nonetheless, migrants fared well, accumulating wealth at high rates. The gains in wealth of migrants, especially those with long tenure on the frontier, suggest the extraordinary benefits of migration.
Biomass fuel supply : a methodology for determining marginal costs

Abstract Energy from biomass fuels is used in the electric utility, lumber and wood products, and paper and pulp industries. The objective of this paper is to discuss a method of constructing marginal cost curves for biomass fuel where there are multiple sources differing in availability. Most research has focused on the feasibility of a single source of fuel to supply a plant. A least-cost approach would consider wood fuel supplies from several sources. The methodology for determining the marginal cost of biomass fuel supply for a wood-fired electrical generating plant is described and an example is provided. Marginal cost curves allow decision-makers to ‘observe’ the effective cost to supply power plants. The methodology is useful because it frees feasibility studies from artificial one-source assumptions.