cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure inhibition of starfish oocyte maturation: Temporal aspects

High hydrostatic pressure reversibly inhibits 1-methylade-nine (1-MA)-induced maturation of starfish oocytes; the objective of this investigation was to describe more fully the nature of this inhibition. Oocytes incubated at atmospheric pressure following a 90-min period with 1-MA at high pressure and the removal of exogenous 1-MA immediately after the reduction in pressure failed to mature. Furthermore, the time required for germinal vesicle breakdown at atmospheric pressure in oocytes preincubated with 1-MA for 15 min at high pressure was not less than the time required for untreated control oocytes. From a comparison of the percentage of oocytes that matured when incubated at atmospheric or elevated pressure with or without ammonium (20 mM), an inhibitor of 1-MA that appears to act during an initial step of the hormone dependent period, it was found that the inhibitory action of pressure and ammonium was additive. Inhibition of oocyte maturation was reversible even after 20 hr of incubation at high pressure, but the percentage of oocytes that matured when subsequently incubated at atmospheric pressure was reduced in those oocytes incubated at the elevated pressure with 1-MA. Taken together, these results suggest that high pressure, like ammonium, inhibits an initial step in the maturational process and that oocytes incubated with 1-MA at high pressure have a reduced responsiveness to 1-MA when subsequently incubated at atmospheric pressure.
A Theory of Mountain Building

I. The crust of the Earth is continually expanding horizontally. 2. This horizontal expansion is caused chiefly by the tidal flexing of the crust. 3. The pressures caused by horizontal expansion of the Earth’s crust are relieved by folding, faulting and volcanism in zones of weakness which ultimately become zones of granitic accumulation. 4. The continual horizontal expansion of the Earth’s crust during the history of the Earth helps account for the concentration of granitic materials of the crust into continental masses.
Is there a u.s. Productivity crisis

Long-term data on U.S. productivity growth show its enormous contribution to U.S. living standards but do not confirm fears that the country is losing its manufacturing jobs to other countries. Growth in U.S. manufacturing productivity shows no downward trend; the U.S. share of world manufacturing employment is rising and, although the share of U.S. service sector jobs has increased, that in Japan has risen three times as quickly. The threats to U.S. productivity growth are mostly shorter term, for example, the federal deficit that absorbs savings which would otherwise be used to modernize and expand plant and equipment.
Scale reduction in saline water conversion

Abstract Distillation of sea water and other naturally occurring saline waters gives rise to the formation of scale deposits, causing a reduction in capacity or efficiency, or both. Several methods suggested to reduce the amount of potential scale have met with only partial success. Recently, it was found that the addition of small amounts of polymeric materials of selected molecular weight range to the sea water feed, had a remarkable effect in reducing the adverse effects of scale formation on the heat transfer surfaces. The work reported here was carried out in an attempt to establish the optimum dosage of these organic polymers (sodium polyacrylate and sodium polymethacrylate)in saline water feed, by experiments with a single effect evaporator. For batch type operations, using a synthetic sea water of 7,000 ppm total hardness as CaCO 3 and a pH of 7.5, sodium polyacrylate at a 4 ppm concentration, gave 98% scale reduction. Molecular weight of the polymer being tested was 125,000. Similar experiments with sodium polymethacrylate, molecular weight 8,000 to 10,000, with rather concentrated feed (10,400 ppm total hardness) indicated it to be effective at 100 ppm concentration. Scale reduction in this case was 92%. Three different molecular weights of each polymer were investigated for their effectiveness. Sodium polymethacrylate, having a molecular weight of 4,500, was found to be most effective as a scale preventive additive. In the case of sodium polyacrylate, both a lower molecular weight of 84,500 and a higher one of 190,000 were found to be almost equally effective. However, a molecular weight of 125,000 gave very poor results. Scale reduction was found to be only 17.1%, as compared to 69.2%, obtained with the other homologue.
Simulation of the seepage face — Limitations of a one-dimensional approach

Abstract An approximate method for determining the length of seepage faces is presented based on the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximations. Analytical solutions based on the method are developed for three idealized flow systems. It is demonstrated that the D-F based solutions represent the entire flow system inclusive of the seepage face, and that incorporation of the D-F assumptions implies a uniform discharge along the seepage face proportional to the slope of the land surface and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Seepage face lengths predicted by the D-F based solutions are compared to results from a two-dimensional finite-element model to establish error bounds under various boundary conditions. It was found that the error in prediction of seepage face length increases as either the land surface slope or the thickness-to-length ratio of the flow system increases. Additionally, discrepancies between the models were found to increase with increasing infiltration rates. The effects of radial flow were not found to significantly affect the D-F based solution. Considering the inadequate data base available to characterize most real world watersheds, numerical studies may not be warranted, and the D-F based solution of seepage face length is a reasonable approximation.
Effect of Semliki Forest virus on rabbit myxoma.

SummarySemliki Forest virus multiplied in suspended cell cultures of myxoma tissue to titers of 105.5 to 106.5 LD50 in 48 to 96 hours. In contrast to the usual 100% mortality in myxoma infection, intramuscular inoculations of mouse brain SFV combined with myxoma reduced the myxoma fatality rate to 62%. Myxoma-passed SFV and myxoma injected together intramuscularly killed only 25% of the rabbits. In rabbits that had been infected intracutaneously with myxoma virus 24 hours earlier, intramuscular injection of the 45th passage of SFV in myxoma reduced the myxoma fatality rate from 100% to 51%.
Stable Isotope Systematics of Sulfate Minerals

Stable isotope studies of sulfate minerals are especially useful for unraveling the geochemical history of geological systems. All sulfate minerals can yield sulfur and oxygen isotope data. Hydrous sulfate minerals, such as gypsum, also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for the water of hydration, and more complex sulfate minerals, such as alunite and jarosite also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data from hydroxyl sites. Applications of stable isotope data can be divided into two broad categories: geothermometry and tracer studies. The equilibrium partitioning of stable isotopes between two substances, such as the isotopes of sulfur between barite and pyrite, is a function of temperature. Studies can also use stable isotopes as a tracer to fingerprint various sources of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and to identify physical and chemical processes such as evaporation of water, mixing of waters, and reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Studies of sulfate minerals range from low-temperature surficial processes associated with the evaporation of seawater to form evaporite deposits to high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with the formation of base-and precious-metal deposits. Studies have been conducted on scales from submicroscopic chemical processes associated with the weathering of pyrite to global processes affecting the sulfur budget of the oceans. Sulfate isotope studies provide important information to investigations of energy and mineral resources, environmental geochemistry, paleoclimates, oceanography (past and present), sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes, Earth systems, geomicrobiology, and hydrology. One of the most important aspects of understanding and interpreting the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals is the complex interplay between equilibrium and kinetic chemical and isotopic processes. With few exceptions, sulfate minerals are precipitated from water or have extensively interacted with water at some time in their history. Because of this nearly ubiquitous association with water, the kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions among dissolved species and solids …
Using Time-on-Task Measurements to Understand Student Performance in a Physics Class: A Four-Year Study.

Student use of out-of-class time was measured for four years in the introductory second-semester calculus-based physics course at the University of Arkansas. Two versions of the course were presented during the time of the measurement. In both versions, the total out-of-class time a student invested in the course explained less than 1% of the variance in test average and in normalized gain on the Conceptual Survey in Electricity and Magnetism. The details of how students used their out-of-class time explained from 21% to 36% of the variance in test average and 19% to 37% of the variance in normalized gain. The amount of time spent on the course increased as the course was made more difficult, but less than would be expected based on the changes in the course. Students changed their allocation of out-of-class time based on their performance within the course as the course progressed.
REFRACTORINESS PRODUCED BY SODIUM RETAINING SUBSTANCES1

IN PREVIOUS WORK from this laboratory it was shown that repeated intravenous injections of adrenal extract lead to refractoriness to sodium retaining effects of the extract (1). The refractory state is species specific (2). After refractoriness has been developed in an adrenalectomised animal the amount of extract required for main-tenance is increased. During refractoriness the response to desoxycorticosterone is ui-diminished. Moreover it is impossible to develop refractoriness from injections of corticosterone (3). In the present work we have continued the study of sodium retaining substances and their ability to confer refractoriness. The subjects were normal adult female dogs. The care of the animals and the analytical methods have been described elsewhere (2). Materials for injection were prepared as indicated. Corticosterone was dissolved in 10% ethyl alcohol. Desoxycorticosterone was dissolved in 5% ethyl alcohol. Sodium factor precipitate was prepared by the petroleum etherethylene dicho-ride met...
Exercise training: can it improve cardiovascular health in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Exercise training is an essential component of the management of patients with type 2 diabetes Most exercise training studies of patients with diabetes have focused on glycaemic control and less on the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health. Yet there are data from a variety of studies that provide strong, albeit not perfect, evidence that exercise training should be a standard of care not only for glycaemic control but for also improving the cardiovascular system in these patients. Type 2 diabetes is associated with dysfunction and failure of various organs, especially the heart and peripheral blood vessels. Both insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction are contributing factors to the disease,1,2 as are environmental influences and genetic factors.3,4 It has also become clear that the increasing prevalence of obesity1 and a sedentary lifestyle5 are also key contributors to the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the United States and throughout the world. Two other metabolic conditions that precede the development of diabetes also have adverse effects on cardiovascular health and may also be prevented or delayed by regular exercise. Pre-diabetes is a metabolic condition that is between normal glucose homoeostasis and diabetes,6 and its prevalence in 2000 was estimated at nearly 12 million adults in the United States.7–9 The metabolic syndrome, which considerably increases the risk of developing diabetes, also stems from an underlying abnormality in insulin resistance.10–13 Although type 2 diabetes increases the risk of microvascular complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy,14,15 most diabetic patients die from macrovascular complications including coronary artery disease and stroke, with an increased risk of these conditions of 200–400%.16,17 Even before glucose concentrations reach the diagnostic threshold for diabetes, 25% of newly diagnosed patients may already have appreciable cardiovascular …
High efficiency nanotextured silicon solar cells

Abstract We report the computational modeling of forward scattering phenomena arising in Au nanoparticles array near their localized surface plasmon resonance, which by producing a strong field enhancement effect on the substrate leads to higher optical absorption and, therefore, higher efficiencies of operation. Computational calculations indicate that the ultimate efficiency of an optimized silicon nanoholes (SiNH) array texture surface in combination with the surface and bottom-of-a-trench Au nanoparticles array described herein, is 39.67%, which compares favorably with the ultimate efficiency of 31.11% for an optimized silicon nanoholes array texture surface. Furthermore, the utilization of an optimized silicon nitride antireflection coating increases the ultimate efficiency to a promising value of 41.88%, while the utilization of a single-crystal silicon layer of thickness 2.8 μm will be instrumental in drastically reducing solar cell manufacturing cost.
Subtotal colectomy for familial polyposis. A clinical series and review of the literature.

• Familial polyposis is an inherited syndrome in which untreated persons have virtually a 100% incidence of developing colon cancer. Much controversy exists over whether subtotal colectomy with ileoproctostomy is the appropriate procedure in these patients owing to the risk of subsequent cancer in the retained portion of the rectum. At Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, a group of 25 patients chose to undergo the subtotal colectomy and ileoproctostomy instead of the definitive total proctocolectomy. Of the 25 patients in this series, invasive adenocarcinoma has developed in the rectal segment in only 1 patient. This patient, the oldest in our series, had carcinoma in situ in her initial operative specimen and has done well following an abdominal perineal resection and 13 years of follow-up. Six other patients have subsequently undergone definitive resections of the rectum because of intractable benign polyps. These results compare favorably with those reported in the literature. We conclude that subtotal colectomy with ileoproctostomy is still a useful and successful mode of treatment for select patients with familial polyposis if they are followed up frequently and aggressively and if the surgeon maintains a low threshold for recommending completion proctectomy. ( Arch Surg . 1990;125:621-624)
Simultaneous consideration of user acceptability and regulatory compliance in vehicle seat design

The success of a vehicle seat is defined in large part by its acceptability to users and compliance with applicable regulations. Simultaneously satisfying both of these objectives can be challenging, and it is the goal of the designer to balance the requirements of each to optimise the design. Quantifying the many sources of variability, including that which results from human users and manufacturers, is necessary for achieving satisfactory and predictable results. Here, the relationship between meeting FMVSS 202a, a new regulation related to head restraints in the USA, and achieving user acceptability is explored as an example of a vehicle seat design scenario presenting conflicting objectives. Sources of variability in this problem are identified as originating from test manikin installers, customers, and manufacturers. The impact of variability resulting from these sources on simultaneously achieving the stated objectives is investigated.
Passage of human amyloid β-protein 1–40 across the murine blood-brain barrier

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that the amyloid β-protein present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease may be derived in part from peripheral blood. We determined that after IV injection of synthetic amyloid β-protein 1–40 (Aβ), labeled with radioactive 125 I(I-Aβ), radioactivity accumulated in the brains of mice by a nonsaturable mechanism. Radioactivity also accumulated in the brain after the IV injection of radioiodinated reverse amyloid β-protein 40-1 (I-rAβ). Capillary depletion techniques, however, showed I-Aβ to have a much greater degree of association with brain capillaries than I-rAβ. Acid precipitation of radioactivity in CSF samples and recovery from cortical homogenates suggested the presence of intact I-Aβ within the CNS after peripheral administration. HPLC analysis of cortical homogenates confirmed the presence of intact I-Aβ. Gel electrophoresis of the CSF acid precipitates and of the HPLC fractions further verified the presence of intact blood-derived I-Aβ peptide in CNS. These results suggest that endogenous bloodborne Aβ can enter the CNS after associating with the capillary endothelium to accumulate intact within the parenchymal and CSF spaces of the brain.
A UAF1-Containing Multisubunit Protein Complex Regulates the Fanconi Anemia Pathway

Summary The deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 controls the cellular levels of the DNA damage response protein Ub-FANCD2, a key protein of the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. Here we report the purification of a USP1 multisubunit protein complex from HeLa cells containing stoichiometric amounts of a WD40 repeat-containing protein, U SP1 a ssociated f actor 1 (UAF1). In vitro reconstitution of USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme activity, using either ubiquitin-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Ub-AMC) or purified monoubiquitinated FANCD2 protein as substrates, demonstrates that UAF1 functions as an activator of USP1. UAF1 binding increases the catalytic turnover (k cat ) but does not increase the affinity of the USP1 enzyme for the substrate (K M ). Moreover, we show that DNA damage results in an immediate shutoff of transcription of the USP1 gene, leading to a rapid decline in the USP1/UAF1 protein complex. Taken together, our results describe a mechanism of regulation of the deubiquitinating enzyme, USP1, and of DNA repair.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF RAT SEMINAL VESICLES

INTRODUCTION THE English anatomist, John Hunter (1786), was the first to describe he seminal vesicles of the rat. His description is as follows: “the bags are large and flat with serrated edges and lie someway within the abdomen, containing a thick ash coloured mucus, nearly the consistency of soft cheese. … ” Nearly 150 years later Moore, Hughes, and Gallagher (1930) made a detailed cytological study of this organ and demonstrated the fundamental relationship existing between the testicular hormone and the functional activity of the secretory epithelium. Recently Porter and Melampy (1952) have presented the results of a biochemical study of the composition and metabolism of this gland. This investigation deals with the effects of testosterone propionate on the structure and function of the seminal vesicles of the rat. Histochemical observations were made on basophilia, the localization of alkaline and acid phosphatases, and periodic acid-reactive carbohydrates. Furthermore
Economic prospects for new crops in the Southwestern United States

Agriculture in the Southwest is productive but expensive. High yields of traditional crops depend on extensive irrigation. As water costs increase and water availability is reduced, production of traditional crops will decline. New crops with low water use (and consequently lower yields) will be needed if agriculture is to persist in the region. The best candidates will be drought-tolerant species with high value products. Plants producing botanochemicals will probably be favored over those yielding pulp, energy, commodity foods, or fiber.
Management of colorectal-anal dysfunction

Although the majority of patients with low-grade anal incontinence and constipation should be treated medically, for some, efforts will be unsuccessful and surgical therapy will be in order. Full thickness rectal prolapse will, in all early cases, be treated surgically. This article outlines the surgical treatment options for patients with anal incontinence, rectal prolapse, and constipation. Optimal functional outcomes with surgical treatment are based on full physiologic evaluation and careful patient selection.
Comparative Study of Enzyme Polymorphism in United States and European Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Populations

Thirty-nine colonies of commercial and feral Apis mellifera L. from throughout the United States were surveyed for electrophoretic variation of enzymes known to be polymorphic in the species. These data and those from other studies on U.S. and European honey bees were analyzed to determine the population genetic effects of the bottleneck that accompanied the introduction of this Old World species into the United States. When U.S. populations are compared with those of the Old World, a loss of variation is evident in both the number of polymorphic enzymes and the number of allozymes per polymorphic locus. Evidence is presented for the existence in the United States of a feral gene pool containing an allozyme (Mdh80) common only in A. mellifera mellifera , the first European race to be introduced in the United States. The Mdh100 allozyme also was found in relatively high frequency in feral and commercial colonies and cannot be considered “diagnostic” of Africanization in New World honey bees or as a unique character of any African race of A. mellifera , unless a considerable Africanization process has already occurred in the United States.
POLICING CRIME AND DISORDER HOT SPOTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL*

Dealing with physical and social disorder to prevent serious crime has become a central strategy for policing. This study evaluates the effects of policing disorder, within a problem-oriented policing framework, at crime and disorder hot spots in Lowell, Massachusetts. Thirty-four hot spots were matched into 17 pairs, and one member of each pair was allocated to treatment conditions in a randomized block field experiment. The officers engaged “shallow” problem solving and implemented a strategy that more closely resembled a general policing disorder strategy rather than carefully designed problem-oriented policing responses. Nevertheless, the impact evaluation revealed significant reductions in crime and disorder calls for service, and systematic observations of social and physical disorder at the treatment places relative to the control places uncovered no evidence of significant crime displacement. A mediation analysis of the isolated and exhaustive causal mechanisms that comprised the strategy revealed that the strongest crime-prevention gains were generated by situational prevention strategies rather than by misdemeanor arrests or social service strategies.
uisGL: a C++ library to support graphics education

Computer graphics is an important part of the computer science curriculum [8]. The advancement of graphical user interfaces and increased hardware performance allows almost anyone to create stunning pictures using commercial software. However, we are interested in teaching computer science students how to create these software tools rather than just use them [3, 11]. Students must have a firm understanding of the underlying algorithms and how the computer renders images.Content of the introductory course has increased in complexity to allow the advanced courses to remain at the frontier of graphics research [9]. Some suggest that an introductory course should emphasize 3D rendering of realistic images [10]. Most introductory graphics courses teach the traditional graphics pipeline that includes three steps: model building, transformations and rendering [5].
Energy and environmental impacts of consumer purchases: A case study on grocery purchases

We expect this study to mark the beginning of a new field of study related to coordinating actual consumer data flows to create dynamic and interactive visualizations. This work will also contribute to research relating impacts from overall and individual product transportation.
Jarosite dissolution rates and maximum lifetimes in high salinity brines: Implications for Earth and Mars

Abstract Jarosite is a ferric sulfate salt ((K, H, Na)Fe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ) that forms in acidic, oxidizing environments on Earth and has also been observed in outcrops on Mars. High chloride concentrations within the outcrops at Meridiani Planum suggest that jarosite likely interacted with high salinity brines. This study examines jarosite dissolution in H 2 O–CaCl 2 , and H 2 O–NaCl brines (activity of water, a H 2 O=0.35 and 0.75 respectively) to determine the effects of high salinity brines and a H 2 O on jarosite dissolution rates. Within brines with a H 2 O=0.75 and 0.35, initial K-jarosite dissolution rates at 298 K decrease from log r =−9.9 to −11.6 mol m −2 s −1 , and Na-jarosite rates decrease from log r =−10.6 to −11.2 mol m −2 s −1 , respectively. In addition, K-jarosite dissolution in NaCl brine at 263 K yielded an average dissolution rate of log r =−11.6 mol m −2 s −1 . Applying a shrinking sphere model to determine 1 mm jarosite particle lifetimes extends the maximum duration of fluid alteration from lifetimes of − attack on residual Fe 3+ left on the surface of jarosite grains. If brines on Mars became highly concentrated in chlorine ions through sulfate precipitation, the dissolution rate of jarosite, and perhaps other minerals as well, could accelerate with time, shortening particle lifetimes and the inferred duration of aqueous diagenesis significantly.
NEAR spacecraft makes first‐ever landing on an asteroid

Robert Farquhar had a little extra reason to feel optimistic on February 12. The newspaper horoscope for Virgo for that day had indicated that his lucky number is five. “I thought, ‘Wait a minute, we have five burns today’” said Farquhar, mission director for the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory's (APL) NEAR Shoemaker mission.
Examining the validity of exercise guidelines for the prevention of morbidity and all-cause mortality,

Public health guidelines focus on increasing low to moderate physical activity levels in a largely sedentary population. While there is some evidence that inactivity is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, there appears to be much stronger and consistent evidence for a graded inverse relationship between physical fitness and morbidity and mortality. However, epidemiological studies investigating physical fitness have often not directly measured aerobic capacity. This calls into question the specific recommendations that assume a direct relationship between aerobic capacity and risk. Performance on some test protocols can be favorably affected by increases in strength and musculoskeletal changes, in addition to aerobic capacity. Other public health recommendations assume that the volume of training, the total amount of work, or caloric expenditure is the key stimulus for health-protective adaptations. However, there is little evidence to support this long-held axiom. A balance of resistance training and aerobic training is recommended for decreasing morbidity and mortality. A threshold theory of adaptation and training is proposed that potentially can efficiently and effectively enhance aerobic capacity and strength in minimal time.
At the risk of repeating ourselves... Publishing data replication and negative data is good practice.

Physiological Reports is off to a great start. The wonderful outcome of collaboration between two major physiological societies, The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society, its success is in no small measure due to the diligence of the members of our editorial board and the number of high‐quality submissions received. We are on our second volume and not quite a year old. We look forward to a robust 2014 with an increased presence in various social media outlets. Our goal is to keep the discipline of physiology dynamic and bring to the reader the latest ideas in physiology “whose publication will be of benefit to the community” (Wray 2013). The Editor‐in‐Chief, Deputy Editor, and Associate Editors are continuously refining the parameters of “benefit to the community”—innovative science using cutting edge technology in unraveling fundamental questions, new ideas outside of conventional thinking, modeling based on solid evidence, well‐grounded findings that are contrary to the hypotheses, and confirmatory studies of previously published work with additional nuances. The latter two, also known as negative data and replication, are often …
A Descriptive Model for End-User Acceptance of Information Centers

This study presents the results of testing a descriptive model of end-user acceptance of information centers IC. IC acceptance was defined as change in usage from IS departments to ICs and the perceived usefulness of the IC to the end-user in solving information-related problems. Questionnaires were administered to seventy four endusers in five organizations which were in the acceleration phase of IC development Alavi et al., 1987. The results support the recommendations in the IC literature that expert specialists be made available in an IC setting to consult with and assist end-users. Three additional results were found that provide explanations for end-user acceptance of ICs. First, the quality of the interface between end-users and specialists explains why making expert specialists available are important to an end-user's perception of general IC usefulness. Second, users change from an IS department to using IC support for different reasons than their general perception of IC usefulness. In addition to helpful attitudes displayed during the interface with the specialist, the user's own competence in using the IC was important. Third, the usefulness of the IC in assisting with solving a specific end-user task problem was not directly associated with the specialist expertise and availability provided by the IC. The important end-user perception relevant to solving task problems was the caring attitude of the specialist.
Exposure to ergonomic stressors in the garment industry: application and critique of job-site work analysis methods.

Recently developed work analysis techniques permit the quantitative description of job demands such as force and non-neutral postures on a continuous basis. Such characterization of workplace exposures facilitates the identification of highly stressful work elements. It is also a necessary tool for the epidemiologic study of occupational musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors. The methods were applied to the analysis of 14 garment assembly jobs, employing 151 women, among whom an elevated prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders had previously been found. The goals of the job analyses were to document the biomechanical features of the jobs and to evaluate the work analysis methods for the characterization of ergonomic exposures in an epidemiologic study. The cycle lengths of the 14 jobs ranged from 9·5 seconds to 3·4 minutes. Wrist and hand postures that were used frequently included finger pinches, wrist extension and ulnar deviation. The methods were extremely time and labour-intensi...
Comparative evaluation of two olive fruit fly parasitoids under varying abiotic conditions

Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and P. humilis (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were evaluated in California for their potential to control the invasive olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Psyttalia lounsburyi is a specialist on B. oleae while P. humilis also attacks other tephritid species. Field cage trials, conducted from 2006 to 2009, were used to compare P. lounsburyi and two populations of P. humilis (Kenya and Namibia) in California’s interior valley and coastal regions. Both parasitoid species reproduced on B. oleae in all trials. Under similar abiotic conditions, offspring production per female was higher in P. humilis than in P. lounsburyi, suggesting that host specificity by P. lounsburyi does not confer a higher efficiency on B. oleae in cultivated olives. Two abiotic factors were shown to impact parasitoid efficiency. First, adult parasitoid survival was poor during periods of high summer temperatures, common to the olive production areas in California’s interior valleys. Second, parasitism levels were lower on B. oleae larvae feeding in larger Ascolano cv. fruit than in smaller Manzanillo cv. fruit. Results are discussed relative to biological control of B. oleae in commercial olives and the usefulness of natural enemies specialized to attack fruit flies in wild olives compared with the larger cultivated olive fruit.
Fully nonlinear parabolic boundary value problems in one space dimension, I

Of concern is the parabolic equation ∂u∂t(x,t) = F (x,u,∂u∂x,∂2u∂x2) for t > 0, x ϵ [0, 1], and with the initial condition u(x, 0) = u0(x) and the nonlinear Robin boundary condition (∂u∂x)(0, t) ϵ β0(u(0, t)), (−∂udx)(1, t) ϵ β1(u(1, t)). Here β0 and β1 are maximal monotone graphs in R × R with 0 ϵ β0(0)∩β1(0). We solve it by using nonlinear semigroup theory in the space C[0, 1].
Surface adsorbates and ion-surface interactions at grazing incidence☆

Abstract The effect of adsorbate overlayers on surfaces is investigated by the scattering of a 10 keV proton beam by a nickel(100) surface at grazing incidence. The anisotropy at the surface during the electron pickup results in the orientation of the excited states and in the polarization of light emitted by the excited hydrogen atoms. The polarization of the 6563 A Balmer alpha (n = 3 → n = 2) transition is detected. The Stokes parameter S/I characterizing circular polarization and associated with an orientation in the distribution of orbital angular momentum, exhibits an oscillatory dependence in an external electric field. We are investigating the effect of overlayers on these quantum beats as a means to understand the ion-surface scattering mechanisms.
Active site comparison of mutarotase with the glucose carrier in human erythrocytes.

Abstract The relative effectiveness of a number of diphenols related in structure to phloretin as reversible inhibitors of mutarotase was compared to their known potencies as competitive glucose carrier poisons in human erythrocytes. A remarkable parallelism was found, and the results are discussed with a view of encouraging further investigations designed to determine whether this socalled mutarotase protein and the ubiquitous sugar carrier are one and the same molecule. More than 30 phenolic compounds have been used as molecular probes to partially elucidate the topography of of the active center of mutarotase.
New adaptive normalised lattice algorithm for recursive filters

A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of normalised lattice structured recursive filters. The normalised lattice can be represented in the form of CORDIC blocks by converting the reflection factors into trigonometric functions. The LMS based algorithm actually updates the arguments of these trigonometric functions, and requires fewer computations than an earlier reported algorithm.
The History Labs: Integrating Primary Source Literacy Skills into a History Survey Course

In this case study, a special collections librarian and a history instructor partner to develop a series of cumulative exercises teaching primary source literacy skills for a small history survey course. This sequence of lab sessions is implemented to improve student performance in the history survey and to test this pedagogical approach. Assessment tools such as rubrics, observation, and reflective journals revealed a clear improvement in students’ aptitude for a wide range of skills. The author discusses options for adapting the exercises to larger class environments and digital primary sources, as well as the transferability of primary source literacy skills to other academic settings.
Pile mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure

The effect of pile mixing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during dairy manure composting was determined using large flux chambers designed to completely cover replicate pilot-scale compost piles. GHG emissions from compost piles that were mixed four times during the 80 day trial were approximately 20% higher than emissions from unmixed (static) piles. For both treatments, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) accounted for 75-80%, 18-21%, and 2-4% of GHG emissions, respectively. Seventy percent of CO(2) emissions and 95% of CH(4) emissions from all piles occurred within first 23 days. By contrast, 80-95% of N(2)O emissions occurred after this period. Mixed and static piles released 2 and 1.6 kg GHG (CO(2)-Eq.) for each kg of degraded volatile solids (VS), respectively. Our results suggest that to minimize GHG emissions, farmers should store manure in undisturbed piles or delay the first mixing of compost piles for approximately 4 weeks.
Self-reference and the languages of arithmetic

I here investigate the sense in which diagonalization allows one to construct sentences that are self-referential. Truly self-referential sentences cannot be constructed in the standard language of arithmetic: There is a simple theory of truth that is intuitively inconsistent but is consistent with Peano arithmetic, as standardly formulated. True self-reference is possible only if we expand the language to include function-symbols for all primitive recursive functions. This language is therefore the natural setting for investigations of self-reference.
Development of the tris-chelated polypyridyl ruthenium (II) complex as a solid state light emitter

ABSTRACT A series of tris-chelated polypyridylruthenium(II) complex-containing polyurethanes has been synthesized and evaluatedas emitters in solid-state thin film devices. These new materials were found to give rise to luminance levels of about 200cd/rn2 with external quantum efficiencies in the 0.5-1% range. Transient capacitance and conductance measurements weremade to elucidate the origin of the slow device response times of these materials. Much faster- responding devices werefabricated by depositing a ruthenium(II) complex onto a hole-transporting layer ofpoly(p-phenylene vinylene).Keywords: light emitting polymers, ruthenium complex, thin film light emitting devices 1. INTRODUCTION The tris-chelated polypyridyl ruthenium (II) complex, as both a small molecule system and as part of a polymer chain, iswell-known for its unique ability to emit orange-red light when suitably configured in an electrochemically drivenchemiluminescence liquid cell. ' This process is often referred to as electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). Suchdevices are capable of producing high luminance levels as well as high quantum efficiencies (room temperature ECLefficiencies as high as 24% have been reported). The use of this material as a high brightness emitter in a solid-statedevice, however, has only recently been successfully demonstrated. '
General anesthetic modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Abstract Inhalational anesthetics are known to modulate various neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Recently, it is becoming abundantly clear that the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) system is an important target site of anesthetics. However, detailed mechanism of action of anesthetics on the nAChRs remained to be elucidated. We embarked on the patch-clamp analysis of anesthetic interactions with nAChRs at both whole-cell and single-channel levels. Halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibited the activity of the α4β2 nAChRs in rat cortical neurons in primary culture and in HEK cells expressing the receptors. The inhibition was observed at clinically relevant concentrations of
Third world settlement frontiers: modest population absorbers.

This study concludes that a relatively small part of the Third World's increasing populations may be absorbed in their frontiers. Throuh the 49 locations are scattered throughout that world three characteristics are emphasized: 1) these are the principal regions where studies of population absorption potential should be initiated before any new settling is undertaken, 2) the frontiers are not as convenient to areas of world population pressure as is desirable, and 3) what are mapped as areas may turn out to be a series of spots requiring considerable detailed planning at local levels. Overall there is reason for some encouragement. Frontiering could be executed now with degrees of success if proper respect is paid the complexity of the task and to previous experience. It is suggested that a contemporary planner of new settling is wiser to elect areas where the process may build on an existing minimal geographic base of settlers and transportation so as to start relatively quickly and be at least partly commercial. Frontiers these days are unlikely to take as long to develop as they did 25 or 50 years ago. Nor should they. Moreover, the drive to raise world standards of living is calling for a new order of economies and one corollary is apparent: frontiers for subsistence living have minimal value now and in the future and should be short-lived, if existent at all. But, most important, the frontiers provide the possibility of meeting a part of a burgeoning problem in a way that is familiar to the people and that could be efficient.
Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Gallium Phosphide Nanowires

Gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires were synthesized in a high yield by vapor-phase reaction of gallium vapor and phosphorus vapor at 1150 °C in a tube furnace system. The nanowires have diameters in the range of 25−100 nm and lengths of up to tens of micrometers. Twinning growth occurs in GaP nanowires, and as a result most nanowires contain a high density of twinning faults. Novel necklacelike GaP nanostructures that were formed by stringing tens of amorphous Ga−P−O microbeads upon one crystalline GaP nanowires were also found in some synthesis runs. This simple vapor-phase approach may be applied to synthesize other important group III−V compound nanowires.
Migrating fibroblasts reorient directionality by a metastable, PI3K-dependent mechanism

Mesenchymal cell migration as exhibited by fibroblasts is distinct from amoeboid cell migration and is characterized by dynamic competition among multiple protrusions, which determines directional persistence and responses to spatial cues. Localization of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is thought to play a broadly important role in cell motility, yet the context-dependent functions of this pathway have not been adequately elucidated. By mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell protrusion/retraction and PI3K signaling monitored by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that randomly migrating fibroblasts reorient polarity through PI3K-dependent branching and pivoting of protrusions. PI3K inhibition did not affect the initiation of newly branched protrusions, nor did it prevent protrusion induced by photoactivation of Rac. Rather, PI3K signaling increased after, not before, the onset of local protrusion and was required for the lateral spreading and stabilization of nascent branches. During chemotaxis, the branch experiencing the higher chemoattractant concentration was favored, and, thus, the cell reoriented so as to align with the external gradient.
National estimates of racial disparities in health status and behavioral risk factors among long-term cancer survivors and non-cancer controls.

Objective We examined racial disparities (White, African American, and other race) in health status (self-rated health, lower-body functional limitations, psychological distress, and body mass index [BMI]) and behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity) of long-term cancer survivors (≥5 years) when compared to non-cancer controls.
Unexplained Prolonged Fatigue in Primary Care

AbstractBackground: Unexplained prolonged fatigue (UPF) is one of the most common complaints in primary care. UPF is difficult to manage because of its nonspecific nature and unknown mechanism. UPF frequently frustrates health care professionals and has negative impacts on the physician-patient relationship. Although it is nonfatal, fatigue-associated functional impairments and economic consequences are substantial, negatively impacting patients' quality of life.Objectives: To evaluate current knowledge development of UPF and to help focus the direction of future investigations.Methods: A literature review was undertaken with the MEDLINE databases chosen as the primary electronic resources to retrieve the literature.Results: Current understanding of UPF is limited. Lack of consistent scientific language is a major problem. There is no consensus about the case definition of UPF even for the most widely studied chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Various sets of classification have been developed, each with sim...
Graduate Training and Initial Job Placement

This study examines the extent to which professional credentials accrued during graduate school are related to postgraduate employment. The undergraduate and graduate records, demographic characteristics, and initial job placements of 711 Ph.D. recipients from the University of California, Santa Barbara, are analyzed. We find that several aspects of graduate training (e.g., holding research assistantships) have greater influence on the initial placement of women than men. Further, coauthored publications with the mentor influence the initial placement of men and women somewhat differently. Given the importance of initial placement in determining career productivity (e.g., Long and McGinnis, 1981; Reskin, 1978). these differences may have considerable impact on professional life chances.
Time course and characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction

The time course and characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias were studied in 45 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction who received intravenous streptokinase and underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring both after admission and before discharge 8 +/- 3 days later. In 41 of the 45 patients, thrombolytic treatment resulted in reperfusion as determined by characteristic clinical signs, i.e., rapid relief of pain associated with rapid resolution of ST-segment elevation and simultaneous abrupt increase in serum creatine kinase-MB activity. During the first 24 hours after reperfusion, the prevalence of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) and couplets was nearly 100%, with an average frequency of 67 VPCs (range 1 to 1,336, median 44) and 6 couplets per hour per patient (range 1 to 97, median 4). Ninety percent of patients had an average of 8 runs of accelerated idioventricular rhythm per hour per patient (range 1 to 226, median 5) and 23% of the patients had an average of 2 runs of ventricular tachycardia per hour per patient (range 1 to 22, median 2) during the first 24 hours after reperfusion. The frequency of arrhythmias began to decrease 8 to 12 hours after reperfusion. Except for VPCs, ventricular arrhythmias were rare during the predischarge Holter study. Arrhythmias after reperfusion did not produce clinical symptoms and did not degenerate into ventricular fibrillation even though the patients were not receiving antiarrhythmic therapy. In the 4 patients without signs of reperfusion, the prevalence and frequency of all ventricular arrhythmias during the 24 hours after treatment was lower than in patients with reperfusion, and none had an accelerated idioventricular rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)