cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid transient-parametric AE analysis of histories of damage micromechanisms in composites

The problem of microdamage evolution in advanced composites is addressed in this paper. A combination of transient waveform classification and multiparametric filtering is used to extract the histories of damage evolution in a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite loaded in the fiber and transverse directions. Three characteristic AE waveforms with different amplitudes, durations, and frequency spectra are identified based on the transient analysis. The waveforms are associated with matrix cracks, fiber breaks, and longitudinal splitting in the composite. Parametric regions for the characteristic waveforms are identified in the amplitude-risetime parametric space. Multiparametric filtering is applied to extract the microdamage evolution histories. The method is expected to be advantageous for the real-time damage and fracture monitoring of composite structures.
Divergent cyclooxygenase responses to fatty acid structure and peroxide level in fish and mammalian prostaglandin H synthases

Prostanoid synthesis in mammalian tissues is regulated at the level of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) cyclooxygenase catalysis by the availability and structure of substrate fatty acid and the availability of peroxide activator. Two major PGHS isoforms, with distinct pathophysiological functions and catalytic regulation, have been characterized in mammals; a functionally homologous PGHS isoform pair has been cloned from an evolutionarily distant vertebrate, brook trout. The cyclooxygenase activities of recombinant brook trout PGHS-1 and -2 were characterized to test the generality of mammalian regulatory paradigms for substrate specificity, peroxide activation, and product shifting by aspirin. Both trout cyclooxygenases had much more restrictive substrate specificities than their mammalian counterparts, with pronounced discrimination toward arachidonate (20:4n-6) and against eicosapentaenoate (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoate (22:6n-3), the latter two prominent in trout tissue lipids. Aspirin treatment did not increase lipoxygenase-type catalysis by either trout enzyme. Both trout enzymes had higher requirements for peroxide activator than their mammalian counterparts, though the preferential peroxide activation of PGHS-2 over PGHS-1 seen in mammals was conserved in the fish enzymes. The divergence in cyclooxygenase characteristics between the trout and mammalian PGHS proteins may reflect accomodations to differences among vertebrates in tissue lipid composition and general redox state.
Long-term followup of proximal femoral allografts.

Abstract Between 1972 and 1999, the orthopaedic service at the authors' institution treated 137 patients with proximal femoral bone lesions by resection and reconstruction with frozen allografts from cadavers. The data were entered into a computer program allowing a comprehensive analysis. Thirty-eight patients had proximal femoral osteoarticular allografts, 69 had allograft-endoprosthesis composites, 22 had intercalary allografts, and eight had an allograft arthrodesis. There were 74 complications in 54 of the 137 patients with allografts, which included 26 allograft fractures (19%), 15 infections (11%), and 20 nonunions (15%). The overall success rate for the patients with these procedures was 103 of 137 (75%) at a mean followup of 7.9 years +/- 5.6 years. If the eight patients with tumor recurrences (surgical failures rather than allograft failures) are not included, the success rate is 103 of 129 (80%). Eighty-three of these patients (55%) without any allograft complications who have been treated and followed up for at least 2 years had a 92% success rate. It is concluded that although allograft reconstruction after resection of the proximal femur for patients with aggressive or malignant tumors has a high complication rate, approximately 80% of the patients have a successful outcome.
Communicating strategic intent with systemigrams: Application to the network-enabled challenge

The U.K. Ministry of Defense (MoD) has mandated the development of a network enabled capability (NEC) across all of defense, aimed at producing agile military and nonmilitary effects via a network of networks. This paper provides an overview of NEC, representing it as a complex human activity system of systems (SoS), analysis of which cannot rely on purely traditional reductionist engineering approaches, requiring instead a soft-systems engineering approach. A literature review is then provided, covering nontraditional systems methodologies of the past 25 years, highlighting the more recent trend towards multimethodological practice. The paper introduces the systemic diagram, or systemigram, conceptual model, explaining its evolution from a form of visual language to its use as an appreciative learning system in a soft-systems methodology. Using the written prose of MoD policy makers, a systemigram model is constructed which represents the NEC concept, providing a systemic visualization of its complexity and an elucidation of the key SoS attributes of emergence, hierarchy, and boundary. Finally, the NEC systemigram is used in an example storyboarding technique, demonstrating its utility as a platform for stakeholder dialog leading towards a refined model that reflects a deeper understanding of NEC strategy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10:309–322, 2007
Exchange rate pass-through and credit constraints: Firms price to market as long as they can

► The data in the paper lacks information on prices and the destination of exports. ► There are omitted variables correlated with credit sentiment that can potentially impact results. ► I sketch a few channels through which financial factors can impact pass-through.
Greater frequency of viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children as compared with their nonasthmatic siblings.

A longitudinal clinical and microbiologic surveillance was conducted from October to May, 1971–1972, on 16 children with infectious asthma and 15 of their nonasthmatic siblings. Asthmaticchildren experienced a significantly greater frequency of viral respiratory infections than did nonasthmatic ones (5.1 vs. 3.8 per subject). This increased incidence appeared to be largely the result of a greater number of rhinovirus infections. While respiratory infections of identical etiology that occurred concurrently in an asthmatic and his sibling were equivalent in severity, illnesses were longer (but not significantly so) in asthmatic children.
Ownership Incentives and Management Fraud

Abstract: Agency Theory would suggest that increased firm ownership should mitigate a manager's propensity to fraudulently divert resources for unauthorized consumption. However, most of the frauds in recent times have been committed by senior managers and/or Chief Executives who may own a significant portion of the firm. Although such management fraud has been studied extensively in the economics of crime literature as white collar crime and has been the focus of many legislative initiatives such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, the Securities Enforcement Remedies and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1995 and study teams such as the Treadway Commission (National Committee on Fraudulent Financial Reporting 1987), the assumptions behind many of these studies and legislative initiatives is that an increase in severity and certainty of ex-post penalty is an effective deterrent to financial fraud regardless of this ownership question. What separates financial fraud from other crime is that it is committed in the context of a market that is considered efficient in that it rationally anticipates and reacts to all information and uncertainty. Thus, the market is potentially able to protect itself to some extent by rationally pricing such possible behavior. Such ability to ‘self protect’ changes the nature of incentive and gain from fraud to a manager who, because of his part ownership, must face some consequences of his own fraud. In the ensuing game, though the penalty for fraud deterrence increases the cost of fraud, whether it can ensure complete honesty is a function of how efficient the legal system is and the extent of firm ownership by the manager. As the analysis of this paper shows, the question of fraudulent behavior can only be answered in conjunction with the question of the extent of ownership of the firm by the manager. The results show that increased ownership may not necessarily reduce the propensity to commit fraud. As the gain from fraud and the corresponding penalty increases, unless the gain from fraud is completely offset through the penalty, the results suggest that more and more managers may find it optimal to engage in a mixed strategy and behave fraudulently some of the time. What is more likely to be successful is the certainty of determination and application of the penalty rather than its size. These results have significant implications in countries such as those in Europe where the insider holdings vary significantly.
Network science: Luck or reason.

The concept of preferential attachment is behind the hubs and power laws seen in many networks. New results fuel an old debate about its origin, and beg the question of whether it is based on randomness or optimization. See Letter p.537 Preferential attachment is a mechanism that attempts to explain the emergence of scaling in growing networks. If new connections are preferentially established with more popular nodes in a network, then the network is scale-free. So, because 'popularity is attractive', does preferential attachment predict network evolution? This study shows that popularity is a strong force in shaping complex network structure and dynamics, but so too is similarity. The authors develop a model that increases the accuracy of network-evolution predictions by considering the trade-offs between popularity and similarity. The model accurately describes large-scale evolution of technological (Internet), social and metabolic networks, predicting the probability of new links with high precision.
Theoretical Convergence Analysis of a General Division---deletion Algorithm for Solving Global Search Problems

Presented in this paper is the prototype of a very general algorithm referred to as Division --- Deletion Algorithm (DDA) for solving the most general global search problem. Various necessary conditions, sufficient conditions, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the algorithm are proposed and analyzed. As an example of its application, we demonstrate that the convergence of a standard Hansen's interval algorithm for unconstrained global optimization simply follows from this general theory.
THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MARITAL INTERACTION RELATED TO MARITAL SATISFACTION: A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

An assessment instrument is presented for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of dyadic interaction, as well as for the daily recording of behaviors presented and omitted which influence marital satisfaction. Comparison of data from ten happy couples and from ten couples entering therapy indicated two distinct dysfunctional patterns among distressed couples, with significantly different patterns of time-together and positive/negative ratios differentiating the happy versus therapy groups. Independent behavioral recording for 14 consecutive days significantly increased husband-wife agreement on a traditional adjustment questionnaire without significantly increasing or decreasing the level of satisfaction being assessed. There was no difference between groups as to interspousal agreement on amount of time together. However, the happy couples agreed on daily quality ratings of the 72 15-minute segments significantly more often than did the distressed couples. Couples at the extremes of the happy-distressed continuum reported rewarding and punishing, respectively, in response to the partners presence, regardless of behaviors emitted. Midrange happy couples defined “pleasant” as positive behaviors presented; midrange distressed couples defined “pleasant” as negative behaviors omitted. Theoretical and clinical implications of behavioral analysis of sequential patterns are discussed.
Receivers' Apprehension and Need for Cognition

Examining the relationship between receivers' apprehension and need for cognition of 71 Florida college undergraduates indicated the two characteristics are inversely related. Findings were discussed in terms of implications for research on change of attitudes.
Analysis of speciation and niching in the multi-niche crowding GA

The multi-niche crowding genetic algorithm (MNC GA) has demonstrated its ability to maintain population diversity and stable subpopulations while allowing different species to evolve naturally in different niches of the fitness landscape. These properties are a consequence, in part, to the effect of crowding selection and worst among most similar replacement genetic operators. In this paper we take a closer look at these genetic operators and present mathematical results that show their effect on the population when used in the MNC GA. We also present some guidelines about the parameter values to use in these genetic operators to achieve the desired niching pressure during a run. We conclude with a list of unexplored avenues that might be helpful in a future analysis of the behaviour of the MNC GA.
Roles of dissolved organic matter in the speciation of mercury and methylmercury in a contaminated ecosystem in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Environmental context. Mercury (Hg) presents an environmental concern owing to its transformation to the potent neurotoxin methylmercury (CH3Hg+). The environmental factors that control bacterial methylation of mercury are poorly understood, but we know that methylmercury is bioaccumulated and biomagnified in aquatic food webs. We show that, even at low concentrations (~3 mg L–1), natural dissolved organic matter strongly complexes with ionic Hg2+ and CH3Hg+, thereby influencing biological uptake and methylation of Hg in aquatic environments. Abstract. Complexation of the mercuric ion (Hg2+) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) with organic and inorganic ligands influences mercury transformation and bioaccumulation in aquatic environments. Using aqueous geochemical modelling, we show that natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), even at low concentrations (~3 mg L–1), controls the Hg speciation by forming strong Hg-DOM and CH3Hg-DOM complexes through the reactive sulfur or thiol-like functional groups in DOM in the contaminated East Fork Poplar Creek at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Concentrations of neutral Hg(OH)2, Hg(OH)Cl, CH3HgCl, and CH3HgOH species are negligible. Of the coexisting metal ions, only Zn2+, at concentrations of 1.6–2.6 × 10–7 M, competes with Hg2+ for binding with DOM, causing decrease in Hg-DOM complexation but having little impact on CH3Hg-DOM complexation. DOM may thus play a dominant role in controlling the transformation, biological uptake, and methylation of Hg in this contaminated ecosystem.
First principles simulations of the structural and electronic properties of silicon nanowires

We report the results of first principles studies of the structural and electronic properties of hydrogen-passivated silicon nanowires with [001], [011], and [111] growth directions and diameters ranging from $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. We show that the growth direction, diameter, and surface structure all have a significant effect on the structural stability, electronic band gap, band structure, and band-edge effective masses of the nanowires. The band gap is found to decrease with increasing diameter and to be further reduced by surface reconstruction. While the electron and hole effective masses are found to depend on NW size for [001] and [111] NWs, they are almost independent of size for [011] NWs. Our results suggest the possibility of engineering the properties of nanowires by manipulating their diameter, growth direction, and surface structure. Finally, we use FEFF calculations to predict the extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra produced by the relaxed atomic structure of the NWs and show that these spectra can serve as a tool for detecting surface reconstructions on NWs.
Related subunits of NF-κB map to two distinct loci associated with translocations in leukemia, NFKB1 and NFKB2

Abstract The chromosomal locations of the human genes NFKB1 and NFKB2, which encode two alternative DNA binding subunits of the NF-κB complex, p105 and p 49 p 100 , respectively, have been determined. p105 was assigned to 4q21.1–q24 and p 49 p 100 to chromosome 10 by Southern blot analysis of panels of human/Chinese hamster cell hybrids. The locations were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and mapped with greater resolution to 4q23 and 10q24, respectively. These results demonstrate that these members of the NF-κB family are unlinked. Interestingly, p 49 p 100 as well as p105 maps to regions associated with certain types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Removing Hemicellulose from Pulps by Specific Enzymic Hydrolysis

Abstract The hemicellulose content (solubility in 18% NaOH) of a delignified mechanical aspen pulp was lowered from 23.4% to 18.2% by one-hour hydrolysis with xylanase isolated from the fungus Schizophpllum commune by fractional precipitation. After 24 h hydrolysis, the hemicellulose content was reduced further to 12.9%. The predominant hydrolysis products, xylose and xylobiose, confirmed the specificity of hydrolysis. A crude mixture of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes from the same microorganism gave glucose as the major hydrolysis product, and a pulp with higher relative hemicellulose content. Xylan-specific hydrolysis of a low-yield sulfite pulp gave only a small decrease in pentosan content.
The Negative Association of Independent Personality and Medication Adherence

Objectives: This investigation examines the association of personality factors and medication adherence among older adults. Method: The Six-Factor Personality Questionnaire was mailed to participants involved in a medication adherence investigation. Medication adherence was monitored with an electronic monitoring cap for 8 weeks for one prescribed daily medication. Results: Sixty older adults, mean age 77 years (range 67 to 93 years), returned the questionnaire (69% response rate). Stepwise regression analysis demonstrates that when age and level of education are controlled, independence predicts medication adherence. This factor demonstrates a negative relationship with adherence suggesting that higher levels of independence may be related to lower adherence to prescribed medication. The facet component self-reliance is predictive of poor medication adherence. Discussion: The finding that higher self-reliance is associated with lower adherence in an older population deserves further investigation and cli...
Propagation of a magnetic disturbance in superfluid 3HeB

Abstract A strong disturbance evoked magnetically has been observed to propagate in 3 HeB at 20.7 bar over a distance of about one centimeter.
Hedging Gas Bills with Weather Derivatives

Natural gas company managers concerned with customer satisfaction attempt to minimize the occurrence of extreme bills. Previously, only price fluctuations were addressed with derivative instruments; exchange-traded weather derivatives present a means of hedging exposure to increases in quantity of gas demanded during colder than expected winter months. We model a natural gas company’s ability to adjust for consumer sensitivity and exposure to extreme bills with the use of an optimal mix of weather derivatives and gas pricing derivatives. We find consumer exposure to extreme bills is minimized when the utility uses pricing and weather derivatives.(JEL G11, L51)
1065 CHLORAMPHENICOL KILLS H. INFLUENZA MORE RAPIDLY THAN AMPICILLIN

Although a combination of chloramphenicol (CHL) plus a penicillin is the inital therapy for H. influenza type B (H flu) meningitis, it is not known whether the combination, CHL alone, or ampicillin (AMP) alone is most effective against AMP sensitive H flu. We, therefore, studied the bactericidal effects of these agents against H flu isolated from blood or CSF of 21 infants. Cultures contained 105 CFU in 1 or 10ml Mueller-Hinton broth with supplement C. Over 90% of isolates were killed by 18h incubation with 3μg/ml CHL or 3μg/ml AMP. The median time to kill 99.99% of the inoculum was only 5.8h for 20μg/ml CHL in contrast to 17.4h for 20μg/ml AMP. The combination of 20μg/ml each CHL plus AMP produced 99.99% killing in a median time of 5.6h, indicating that AMP did not significantly retard the rapid bactericidal action of CHL. In checkerboard titrations, CHL increased the minimal bactericidal concentration of AMP 4-fold or more for 6 isolates, but AMP influenced the bactericidal effect of CHL in only one isolate. Although CHL can increase the AMP concentration required for AMP bactericidal effects, CHL has a much more rapid bactericidal action, and is as effective gravimetrlcally as AMP. Therefore, the combined use of CHL plus AMP may be more effective than AMP alone and as effective as CHL alone for H flu.
Two New Elementary Derivations of Geometric Expectation

This article presents two new elementary derivations of the expectation of the geometric distribution. I also review six existing approaches. I hope that this article will benefit instructors and students in an introductory probability course.
Desulfurization of sulfur amino acids and proteins with Raney nickel

Abstract The reaction of amino acids with Raney nickel has been carefully studied and the conditions most suitable for specificity determined. Two different grades of Raney nickel have been compared. One grade was prepared by addition of sodium borohydride to nickel acetate and the other was W 6 Raney nickel. Reaction was studied at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 at 40°. The most efficient conditions were at pH 7.0 and 40°. Cystine was completely converted to alanine in 4 min. No appreciable differences were found in the rates of the desulfurization of methionine which were extremely low. At pH 7.0 and 22° or lower, the reaction showed a high degree of specificity for cystine which was completely desulfurized in 12 min (at 22°) while methionine was essentially unchanged even after 10 h of reaction. The reaction has been applied for the specific desulfurization of cysteine (or cystine) residues in hemoglobin, lysozyme and α-lactalbumin, respectively.
Observation of the Internal Conversion Line from the 6.052-MeV Level in O 16

A search for the internal conversion line in O/sup 16/ was made. The line was found to be sharp enough to have its energy determined and its intensity estimated. The line provided a check on the theoretically predicted ratio of internal conversion to internal pair creation in the 6.052-Mev 0/sup +/ min gave no sig 0/sup +/ transition in O/sup 16/. Agreement between the experimental points and the theoretical curves was very satisfactory. (C.E.S.)
Electrostrictive stresses and breakdown of thin passive films on stainless steel

Abstract A chemomechanical model of passive film breakdown (pitting corrosion) of stainless steel undergoing anodic oxidation is presented; it also likely has validity for many other Cr-containing corrosion-resistant alloys. The model is based on several recent observations. Firstly, remarkable improvements in corrosion resistance of 316L austenitic stainless steel have been realized by low temperature interstitial hardening [1] , [2] . Secondly, as reported by Natishan et al. [3] , XPS studies of 316L stainless steel samples polarized in 0.6 M NaCl solutions at various potentials did not reveal any chloride incorporated into or chemisorbed on the passive oxide film. Also, the removal of MnS inclusions by electropolishing does not produce the same improvements in corrosion resistance as interstitial hardening, and the Cr:Fe ratio in the passive film is not enhanced by interstitial hardening [4] . Lastly, we have observed [4] that for 316L stainless steel in 0.6 M NaCl solutions, film breakdown occurs at a critical average film thickness of ≈3 nm. These observations preclude the current models of passive film breakdown, which invariably involve chloride incorporation, while the final finding suggests a chemomechanical effect. To explain these observations, we appeal to the large electric fields present during anodic oxidation which cause large electrostrictive stresses. These add to the “intrinsic” or growth stresses that inevitably accompany thin film growth. The combined stresses in turn can induce morphological instabilities—thickness fluctuations in the passive film—to reduce the strain energy density within the films. Dielectric breakdown leading to pitting corrosion can then occur in the thinnest regions of the films.
Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is continuously formed by the autoxidation of redox enzymes in aerobic cells, and it also enters from the environment, where it can be generated both by chemical processes and by the deliberate actions of competing organisms. Because H(2)O(2) is acutely toxic, bacteria elaborate scavenging enzymes to keep its intracellular concentration at nanomolar levels. Mutants that lack such enzymes grow poorly, suffer from high rates of mutagenesis, or even die. In order to understand how bacteria cope with oxidative stress, it is important to identify the key enzymes involved in H(2)O(2) degradation. Catalases and NADH peroxidase (Ahp) are primary scavengers in many bacteria, and their activities and physiological impacts have been unambiguously demonstrated through phenotypic analysis and through direct measurements of H(2)O(2) clearance in vivo. Yet a wide variety of additional enzymes have been proposed to serve similar roles: thiol peroxidase, bacterioferritin comigratory protein, glutathione peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and rubrerythrins. Each of these enzymes can degrade H(2)O(2) in vitro, but their contributions in vivo remain unclear. In this review we examine the genetic, genomic, regulatory, and biochemical evidence that each of these is a bonafide scavenger of H(2)O(2) in the cell. We also consider possible reasons that bacteria might require multiple enzymes to catalyze this process, including differences in substrate specificity, compartmentalization, cofactor requirements, kinetic optima, and enzyme stability. It is hoped that the resolution of these issues will lead to an understanding of stress resistance that is more accurate and perceptive.
The meaning of plural definites: A decision-theoretic approach

This paper has two mutually motivating goals. The empirical goal is to demonstrate that definite plurals are expressions whose interpretation requires an approach that incorporates the goals of the speaker and hearer. The theoretical goal is to contribute to the development of a mathematical model of the pragmatic reasoning involved in the interpretation of underspecified utterances. I propose a decision-theoretic approach in which alternative interpretations of underspecified expressions are built up compositionally, and the resulting interpretation is the disjunction of maximally optimal alternatives. For definite plurals, this derives the correct interpretations in a variety of linguistic and situational contexts based on pragmatic and lexical cues. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.5.3 BibTeX info
Structural models for amorphous semiconductors and insulators

Abstract The atomic structure of an idealized amorphous semiconductor or insulator is formed by the spatial repetition of one or more basic molecular units in a way that cannot be related to any known crystalline structure, or indeed with the molecular units of any periodic array. It will be shown that information on the constitution of such molecular units, can, in many cases, be obtained directly from either X-ray diffraction, or Raman scattering and infra-red absorption studies. Unfortunately, the way in which these units are linked together to form the amorphous structure cannot as yet be deduced from experiment. The generation of information of this type has relied almost entirely on comparisons of the structural characteristics of hand or computer-built models with the corresponding experimental results. The extent to which unique structural assignments are produced by this approach will be discussed. Examples will include elemental amorphous semiconductors: Ge, Si. As, Se; compounds: As 2 Se 3 , GeSe 2 , SiO 2 ; and binary alloys: Ge 1− x Se x , As 1− x Se x . Then structures range from network glasses in which all atoms are part of one covalently bonded solid, to polymeric glasses in which intertwined molecular units of long covalently bonded atomic chains are interbonded by weaker van der Waals-like forces to form the solid.
ZnT2-overexpression represses the cytotoxic effects of zinc hyper-accumulation in malignant metallothionein-null T47D breast tumor cells

Abstract Human breast tumors accumulate abnormally high levels of zinc (Zn). As a result, numerous studies have implicated Zn hyper-accumulation in the etiology of breast cancer. Zinc accumulation can be cytotoxic, therefore cells have Zn-buffering mechanisms, such as metallothioneins (MT) and vesicular sequestration, which tightly regulate Zn homeostasis. The Zn transporter ZnT2 sequesters Zn into intracellular vesicles and thus can protect cells from Zn cytotoxicity. Herein, we report that malignant breast tumor (T47D) cells do not express MT but have ∼4-fold greater Zn levels compared with non-malignant breast (MCF-10A) cells. Zinc accumulation coincided with ZnT2 over-expression and increased vesicular Zn pools. In this study, we hypothesized that ZnT2 suppression would eliminate protection from Zn accumulation and result in cytotoxicity in malignant breast tumor cells. Suppression of ZnT2 significantly increased cytoplasmic Zn pools (1.6-fold) as assessed with a Zn-responsive reporter assay containing four metal response elements (4X-MRE) fused to luciferase. Increased cytoplasmic Zn pools activated apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. We observed significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (2.3-fold), lysosomal swelling and cathepsin D leakage in ZnT2-attenuated compared with ZnT2-expressing cells. Most importantly, tumor cell viability and tumor formation were significantly decreased (∼25%) in ZnT2-attenuated cells compared with ZnT2-expressing cells. Our data indicate that ZnT2 over-expression protects malignant MT-null breast tumor cells from Zn hyper-accumulation by sequestering Zn into intracellular vesicles. Moreover, our results implicate Zn compartmentalizing mechanisms as novel targets for breast cancer therapy.
Hysteretically damped vibration absorber and an equivalent electrical circuit

As in the case of the viscously damped dynamic vibration absorber, the steady-state displacement response curves of the main system for a hysteretically damped dynamic vibration absorber also pass through two fixed points for all values of absorber-system damping. One fixed point occurs at a forcing frequency below the main system undamped natural frequency, the other above this frequency. Unlike the case for the viscously damped vibration absorber, in which optimum tuning is determined by equalizing main-system displacement amplitudes at the two fixed points, optimum tuning for the hysteretically damped system occurs for an amplitude lower at the second fixed point than at the first. A detailed numerical study is made for the case of an absorber mass magnitude equal to 20 percent of the main mass magnitude. Constant-amplitude and inertial (“frequency-squared”) harmonic force excitations are used. Optimum conditions on displacement response, velocity response and acceleration response of the main system are evaluated. An electrical dynamical analog used to simulate the steady-state behavior of the hysteretically damped dynamic vibration absorber is shown.
The dependence of optical and electrical properties of GaN nanowires on the growth temperature Paper #NA003

The optical and electrical transport of GaN nanowires grown by metal catalyzed metal organic chemical vapor deposition was investigated as a function of substrate temperature during growth. As the growth temperature increased from 800°C to 900°C the electrical conduction mechanism changed from space charge limited to ohmic transport , the nanowire resistivity dropped from ~107 ohm-cm to ~10?3 ohm-cm, and the band edge luminescence increased by more than two orders of magnitude. A strong correlation between the resistivity and the fraction of band edge luminescence for individual nanowires was observed.
Learning behavior and mixed-strategy Nash equilibria

Abstract The paper considers whether an adaptive justification, like those commonly available for non-interactive optimization models, can be found for the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. Although it is known that such a justification is frequently available for pure-strategy equilibria, it is shown that all members of a wide class of behaviorally plausible learning mechanisms must fail to converge in ‘almost all’ games in which the equilibrium involves mixed strategies. An exact formal analogy is developed, which allows these learning mechanisms to be viewed as discrete taˆtonnement processes in properly chosen competitive exchange economies. In the analogy, the instability derives from the independence of excess demand functions (except at the boundaries) from ‘own’ prices. This independence arises because of the linearity in probabilities of von Neumann-Morgenstern risk preferences, and therefore does not extend to pure-strategy equilibria in general. Thus, assuming that agents will play equilibrium strategies implicitly assumes more sophistication when the equilibrium involves mixed strategies than when it involves only pure strategies.
Kinetics of Linear Defect Formation in Gallia-Doped Rutile.

The diffusion of Ga2O3 into the surface of single crystal [001] rutile leads to the insertion of s-gallia subunits along {210} planes of the parent rutile structure. These linear defects introduce hexagonally shaped tunnels, approximately 2.5 A in diameter, normal to the [001] surface. Because these tunnels may serve as highly reactive sites for the attachment of macromolecules, we are exploring the application of these linear defects for creating nanostructures. The current work investigates the kinetics of defect formation and the factors that affect defect periodicity and orientation. Gallium oxide was applied to the surfaces of [001]-oriented TiO2 single-crystal substrates via a sol-gel spin-coating process using a gallium-containing precursor. Thermal treatments were systematically varied to obtain different defect surface structures. Defect orientation and the surface concentration of rows of defects were characterized via tapping mode atomic force microscopy.
A Public Health Nursing Model

Public health nurses are in a strategic position to maintain, promote, and protect the health of populations both now and in the future. In the changing health care environment of the 1990s, defining the expanding and evolving role of public health nursing assists in the effective utilization of public health nurses. During a time when the health care environment is emphasizing the protection and promotion of health, access to health services, and prevention of illness, it is necessary for public health nurses to be in the forefront in the changing focus to primary prevention. Therefore, a model for public health nursing is proposed to provide a framework for defining public health nursing roles and practice. A flowering tree is one symbol of public health nursing. The tree consists of seven parts symbolizing nine public health nursing concepts. This model is proposed to articulate clearly the capacity of public health nursing within today's ever-changing environment and to provide a framework for public health nursing theory, public health nursing practice, policy development, and public health research.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (Igf)-1, Free Igf-1, and Igf-2 Concentrations are Greater in African American than Caucasian Girls † 488

African American (AA) and Caucasian (C) children have many differences in body composition, including greater bone mineral density in AA. In adults, conflicting results of growth hormone secretion have been described in AA and C males and females. However, the molar ratio of IGF-1/IGF BP3 appears greater in AA than C. To examine the hypothesis that differences in IGF's may be an important determinant of racial differences in body composition during childhood, when differences in bone mineral density first become apparent, we measured IGF's and related binding proteins in 60 normal AA (N=34, age 8.6± 1.2 y) and C (N=35, age 8.6 ± 1.2 y) girls, who were matched for weight, body mass index, socioeconomic status and for Tanner breast stage, and related them to measures of body composition as determined by dual emission xray absorptiometry (DXA). AA girls had a significantly lower waist:thigh ratio (1.52 ± 0.08 vs 1.58 ± 0.09, p < 0.001), and significantly greater total body bone mineral density (0.831 ± 0.054 vs.792 ± 0.43 g/cm2, p < 0.005), IGF-1 (278.5 ± 139.7 vs 189.2 ± 85.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and free IGF-1 (9.57 ± 5.4 vs 4.0 ± 2.0 ng/mL, p < 0.01) than C girls. IGF-BP3 (3.0 ± 0.7 vs 3.3 ± 1.1), IGF-2 (256.7 ± 50.1 vs 307.7 ± 74.9), and GHBP (1279.1 ± 410.9 vs 1204.3 ± 540.4 pmol/L) were all similar in AA and C. IGF-1 and free IGF-1 concentrations were positively correlated with bone mineral content in both AA and C.
Reduction of shelf-life of dairy products by a heat-stable protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens P26

Abstract Butter, Cheddar cheese, cottage cheese, vanilla ice cream mix, and homogenized milk were manufactured from milk or components of milk containing heat-stable protease or a culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens P26 which produces this protease. Effects of protease on keeping quality were determined by comparisons to controls without protease. Comparisons were on results of the Hull test for measurable proteolysis and, also, on sensory analyses by panel evaluations. No significant differences in quality were observed on butter, ice cream mix, or milk which was repasteurized at 63C for 30min. Protease (or bacteria) was added 12h before manufacture. Proteolysis was significant in Cheddar cheese made from milk containing .94 unit of enzyme per milliliter. Flavor scores were significantly lower in cheese made from milk containing the protease than in the control cheese. The protease (.86 unit/ml) produced significant proteolysis in cottage cheese but not as much as P. fluorescens P26. Flavor was adversely affected by both treatments.
Lessons Learned From the Title IV-E Roundtable and Implications for Future Practice, Policy, and Research on Partnerships With the Children's Bureau and State Agencies

Federal Title IV-E dollars have been very beneficial to students, universities, and child welfare agencies. Many universities and child welfare agencies want to work together in partnerships to continue this relationship with the Children's Bureau for professionalizing and improving child welfare. This reflection on the case of the Title IV-E Roundtable is a brief history of one state's efforts to build an effective Title IV-E partnership, a discussion of lessons learned, and a first step in expanding the discussion about Title IV-E partnerships that has important implications for future practice, policy, and research.
The Latent Structure of Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: Is Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy a True Taxonomy?.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether life-course-persistent (LCP) and adolescence-limited (AL) antisocial behavior form distinct categories or lie along a common dimension. Method Taxometric analyses were performed on 2,175 men and women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Data (Center for Human Resource Research, 2009) with at least 1 self-reported delinquent act. The 3 externalizing factor scales from the parent-rated Behavior Problems Index (Peterson & Zill, 1986)--Antisocial, Headstrong, and Hyperactive--served as indicators in an investigation into the latent structure of LCP and AL antisocial behavior. Results All 3 taxometric procedures included in this study--mean above minus below a cut, maximum covariance, and latent mode factor analysis-produced results consistent with the conclusion that the latent structure of LCP and AL antisocial behavior is dimensional in nature. Conclusion From a conceptual standpoint, the results of this study suggest that LCP and AL antisocial behavior differ in degree (quantitative difference) rather than in kind (qualitative difference). These results have potentially important implications for theory development as well as for clinical assessment, diagnosis, and intervention.
Hepatic fibrosis in the persistently non-fatty liver of the hypophysectomized dog.

Summary1. Fibrous-tissue proliferation is shown to occur in the livers of hypophysectomized dogs. Its development was not preceded by an increase in the fat content of the liver.2. Hypothalamic damage as a cause of the fibrous-tissue proliferation was ruled out.3. The development of hepatic fibrosis in these dogs fed a diet adequate in all respects and rich in proteins suggests that hypophysectomy induces either (a) a derangement in digestion and/or absorption, or (b) an increased need for certain dietary substances essential for the maintenance of a normal liver.
DYNAMICAL SUPERSYMMETRY AND SOLUTIONS FOR PAULI HAMILTONIANS

A charged point particle interacting with a vortex in 2+1 dimensions (or the relative coordinate of two anyons) possesses a dynamical so(2, 1) symmetry that can be exploited to solve for the case when an external harmonic oscillator potential is added. Moreover, if the particle carries spin 1/2, its interaction with the vortex exhibits a dynamical spl*(2, 1) supersymmetry, which can be imported to the cases where a harmonic oscillator or an external magnetic field is present. Using this supersymmetry, the corresponding Pauli Hamiltonians can be solved algebraically.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of adalimumab for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

Purpose: The efficacy of adalimumab for the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome was investigated in a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, proof of concept study.Materials and Methods: Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome were randomized to receive a loading dose of 80 mg subcutaneous adalimumab followed by 40 mg every 2 weeks or subcutaneous placebo for 12 weeks, and outcome measures were assessed. The incidence of adverse events was also assessed.Results: Of a total of 43 patients 21 received adalimumab and 22 received placebo. Of the patients who received adalimumab, there was a statistically significant improvement demonstrated in the O'Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem Indexes (p = 0.0002), Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (p = 0.0011), Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index (p = 0.0002), and Pelvic Pain, Urgency, Frequency Symptom Scale (p = 0.0017) at 12 weeks compared to baseline. At 12 weeks 11 of 21 (53%) patients i...
Is it bullying or sexual harassment? Knowledge, attitudes, and professional development experiences of middle school staff.

BACKGROUND: This study fills a gap in the literature by examining how school staff members view bullying and sexual harassment and their role in preventing both. Given recent legislation, increasingly more attention is paid to bully prevention; however, student-on-student sexual harassment is less addressed. METHODS: Four focus groups were conducted with 32 staff members from 4 midwestern public middle schools. Questions assessed professional development opportunities on bullying and sexual harassment prevention/intervention, personal definitions of these behaviors, and their perceptions of school norms regarding such behavior. RESULTS: Staff members recalled receiving more professional development on bullying than sexual harassment. They tended to define sexual harassment as something that occurs between adults and/or adults and students and did perceive their role in enforcing a "sexual harassment-free" peer-to-peer school zone. CONCLUSION: When school administrators fail to provide professional development on both bullying and sexual harassment, staff members do not understand that sexual harassment occurs between students. Thus, they are unaware of policies to protect students from harmful experiences in educational settings and are not likely to understand their own role in preventing them. Language: en
Patterns and Risk Factors for Systemic Calcified Atherosclerosis

Objective— Complex atherosclerotic lesions contain radio-opaque calcium hydroxyapatite deposits with the degree of calcification correlating with the extent of atherosclerosis. In this study, we aim to determine the patterns of systemic atherosclerotic calcification. Methods and Results— Whole-body electron beam computed tomography scans were performed on 650 asymptomatic subjects to assess the carotid, coronary, proximal, and distal aorta and iliac vessels for atherosclerotic calcification. The mean age was 57.3 and 53% were male. Correlation patterns were similar in both genders, with the largest interbed correlations between the distal aorta and iliac vessels (r=0.51 to 0.60). The average man and woman had calcium earliest in the coronaries (younger than age 50 years) and the distal aorta (age 50 to 60), respectively. The prevalence of calcium was greater than 80% for most beds in men older than age 70 and greater than 60% in all beds for women. Approximately on third of subjects younger than 50 were f...
Expressing Islamic feminism in Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter

This article examines the presence of a strictly Qur'anic base shaping the Islamic feminism of Ramatoulaye, the narrator and main protagonist of Mariama Bâ's francophone classic So Long a Letter (1979). I argue that the widely circulated insistence by critics and readers of Bâ's epistolary style novel on the practice of Islam in West Africa, particularly in Senegal, as a syncretic presence eagerly adapting to indigenous non-Islamic beliefs and practice, has led to an overly generalized and somewhat inaccurate perception of Islam in Africa. Through my reading of some key Islamic concepts described in Bâ's novel, such as the mirath, polygamy, prayer and sunna, I situate my reading of Ramatoulaye's expression of Islamic feminism within an African and Islamic feminist reading and further position these within the cultural context of the practice of Islam in Senegal. By her ‘strategic self-positioning’, as defined by Islamic feminist Miriam Cooke, among others, within a small group of Senegalese Muslims – loca...
High-density DRAM package simulation

This paper presents the results of a two-part study to investigate the package and board-level thermo-mechanical reliability of a 2-COB/4-COB high-density multichip package for highperformance server applications. The first part of this paper presents package-level simulation performed on 2-COB/4-COB packages showed that the packages experienced very high localized stress at the active surface edge of the bottom die. This was due to a localized stiffness and thermal coefficient of expansion mismatch between the silicon die, epoxy, and mold compound. In particular, the mismatch occurred in the resin-rich region and the area of incomplete epoxy coverage. Simulation demonstrated that the model with silicon spacer die stacking technology significantly reduced stress, and was adopted as a solution to improve the package reliability performance. The second part of this paper presents results for board-level simulation conducted to understand the effect of die stacking methods (silicon spacer, epoxy, and film-over-wire) on solder joint reliability. Results indicate that conversion to the silicon spacer stack method solves package-level reliability issues at the expense of board-level solder joint reliability (SJR). This can jeopardize the ability of the product to meet customer with more stringent requirements. Therefore, a fine balance between packaging and board-level reliability must be achieved. As a follow-up to this study, a work was initiated to improve boardlevel SJR for multiple large die stack packages in order to improve the performance margin.