cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Production of Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid by Fermentation of Metabolically Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica

The omega-3 fatty acid, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5; EPA) has wide-ranging benefits in improving heart health, immune function, and mental health. Currently, the major source for EPA is from fish oil, which is subject to challenges in its availability and sustainability due to the concerns of overfishing and contamination in the ocean environment. DuPont has developed a sustainable source of the omega-3 EPA through fermentation using metabolically engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica. EPA biosynthesis and supporting pathways have been engineered to accumulate high EPA content in Yarrowia biomass under fermentation conditions. Many production strain candidates were generated in the molecular biology group, and fermentation research was conducted to (1) identify the best production strains by high throughput fermentation screening; (2) optimize the fermentation medium and process conditions for the selected production strains to achieve the highest EPA titer, rate, and yield; and (3) scale-up the developed fermentation process for commercialization. This chapter summarizes the major fermentation engineering work that has been accomplished at DuPont to achieve large-scale production of Yarrowia biomass with high EPA content. This work led to two commercial products, New Harvest™ EPA oil and Verlasso® sustainably farmed salmon.
Linking tumor glycolysis and immune evasion in cancer: Emerging concepts and therapeutic opportunities

Metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion are two hallmarks of cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is exemplified by cancer's propensity to utilize glucose at an exponential rate which in turn is linked with "aerobic glycolysis", popularly known as the "Warburg effect". Tumor glycolysis is pivotal for the efficient management of cellular bioenergetics and uninterrupted cancer growth. Mounting evidence suggests that tumor glycolysis also plays a key role in instigating immunosuppressive networks that are critical for cancer cells to escape immune surveillance ("immune evasion"). Recent data show that induction of cellular stress or metabolic dysregulation sensitize cancer cells to antitumor immune cells implying that metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion harmonize during cancer progression. However, the molecular link between these two hallmarks of cancer remains obscure. In this review the molecular intricacies of tumor glycolysis that facilitate immune evasion has been discussed in the light of recent research to explore immunotherapeutic potential of targeting cancer metabolism.
Cryotherapy – A call for further research

Cryotherapy is a common component of acute and sub-acute therapy in certain settings, but the use of cryotherapy is controversial and not well understood. The theory for cryotherapy use in an acute setting centers on decreasing secondary injury and thus total tissue damage. Opponents of this therapy cite a lack of evidence to support the use of cryotherapy and that cryotherapy delays the inflammatory processes. Neither argument has conclusive evidence to support their claims. The data to substantiate or refute the use of cryotherapy exists in the various settings that use cryotherapy on a daily basis and needs to be collected, analyzed, and discussed.
Feasibility and Validity of Printing 3D Heart Models from Rotational Angiography.

Rotational angiography (RA) has proven to be an excellent method for evaluating congenital disease (CHD) in the cardiac cath lab, permitting acquisition of 3D datasets with superior spatial resolution. This technique has not been routinely implemented for 3D printing in CHD. We describe our case series of models printed from RA and validate our technique. All patients with models printed from RA were selected. RA acquisitions from a Toshiba Infinix-I system were postprocessed and printed with a Stratasys Eden 260. Two independent observers measured 5–10 points of interest on both the RA and the 3D model. Bland Altman plot was used to compare the measurements on rotational angiography to the printed model. Models were printed from RA in 5 patients (age 2 months–1 year). Diagnoses included (a) coronary artery aneurysm, (b) Glenn shunt, (c) coarctation of the aorta, (d) tetralogy of Fallot with MAPCAs, and (e) pulmonary artery stenosis. There was no significant measurement difference between RA and the printed model (r = 0.990, p < 0.01, Bland Altman p = 0.987). There was also no significant inter-observer variability. The MAPCAs model was referenced by the surgeon intraoperatively and was accurate. Rotational angiography can generate highly accurate 3D models in congenital heart disease, including in small vascular structures. These models can be extremely useful in patient evaluation and management.
Correction to: Professional Identity and Career Calling Across Medical, Pharmacy, and Dental Students

This article was updated to delete extraneous words added to Table 1 during the production process.
G406(P) Implementation of a new paediatric early warning system in a tertiary paediatric hospital

Paediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS) aid timely recognition and response to a deteriorating child. In 2015 we identified that existing charts had substantial variability in use. Datix reporting and child death review panels identified avoidable harms resulting from inadequate monitoring and escalation. Aims We aimed to design and implement a new PEWS following Kotter’s 8-step change model to ensure inpatients have regular observations and an initial PEWS score within an hour of admission. Methods The new PEWS charts were developed following focus groups with multidisciplinary staff. We sought management level support under the national ‘Sign up to Safety’ initiative. A regional forum was developed with the involvement of the Young People’s Advisory Group and parents. Changes included a new minimum set of observations, parental concern, colour coded scoring and escalation system. The charts were piloted initially in December 2015, and fully implemented to all paediatric wards in May 2016. Changes were tested using multiple PDSA cycles. Bimonthly audits were undertaken by the Clinical Governance and Risk Department (CGARD). An education strategy included face-to-face teaching by designated PEWS champions, an e-learning module and in-situ simulation based teaching. Results Audits demonstrated sustained improvement and compliance from December 2015 to June 2017 (table 1). Improvements were seen in measures including blood pressure and our new parental concern score. Conclusion Sustained change has occurred through adaption and flexibility. The new chart is used across different local and regional sites, including intensive care. Success was due to dedicated champions and senior nursing staff with support from the CGARD. Parents played a definitive role in shaping our work. Lessons included the need to develop a champions’ network earlier and more frequent audit and feedback. We aim to develop an electronic score, continue to evaluate the escalation pathways and review unplanned PICU admissions.
Psychotherapy as an element in supported employment for persons with severe and persistent mental illness.

(1999). Psychotherapy as an Element in Supported Employment for Persons with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness. Psychiatry: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 209-221.
An evaluation of the advandx Staphylococcus aureus/CNS PNA FISH assay.

PURPOSE: A study was conducted to compare the S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™ Culture Identification Kit (AdvanDx, Woburn MA) to standard microbiology identification methods for presumptive identification of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) in positive blood cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood cultures (n=301) that signaled positive on the BacT/Alert™ 3D (bioMerieux, Durham NC) automated blood culture system and had gram-positive cocci in clusters on Gram stain were processed using standard microbiology methods and were analyzed with the S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™ assay. The S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™ assay was performed in accordance with the manufacturer9s instructions. RESULTS: Overall agreement was 96.7%. Sensitivity for S. aureus was 96.5% (83/86). Specificity for S. aureus was 100% (215/215). Sensitivity for CNS was 96.6% (201/208). Specificity for CNS was 96.8% (90/93). Three cultures reported as S. aureus were identified as CNS by S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™. Three cultures that reported only S. aureus were positive for both S. aureus and CNS by S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™. One S. viridans was identified as CNS by S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™. Seven cultures that reported CNS were negative by S. aureus/CNS PNA FISH™. CONCLUSION: When used in conjunction with Gram stain and culture the S.aureus/CNS PNA FISH™ assay may be beneficial in terms of reducing time to correct therapy, thereby decreasing mortality and costs associated with S. aureus bacteremia. ABBREVIATIONS:CNS = coagulase negative staphylococci; FISH = fluorescent in situ hybridization; PNA = peptide nucleic acid.
Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or galactosemia: ATPases and glutathione.

Purpose Experimental galactosemia and diabetes are known to result in diabetic-like retinopathy in animals, but the mechanism by which the retinopathy develops remains unclear. Defects of retinal metabolism that are common to galactosemia and diabetes are closely associated with the development of retinopathy and might play a role in the pathogenesis of the retinal disease. Methods Effects of experimental galactosemia on retinal calcium-activated ATPase [(Ca,Mg)-ATPase], sodium-potassium ATPase [(Na,K)-ATPase], glutathione, ATP, and pertinent ions have been compared with the effects of experimental diabetes in rat and dog models of diabetic retinopathy. Results Activities of (Ca,Mg)-ATPase and (Na,K)-ATPase were decreased as a result of either experimental galactosemia or diabetes in both the dog and the rat, and the decreases were accompanied by a diminution of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the retina. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity in the retina was not significantly reduced by diabetes or galactosemia, suggesting that the observed defects in (Ca,Mg)-ATPase and (Na,K)-ATPase activities were specific. The decrease of retinal GSH levels was associated with an elevated concentration of oxidized glutathione in diabetes but not in galactosemia. Retinal ATP and ion concentrations remained unaffected by experimental galactosemia or diabetes. Conclusions Comparison of two etiologically dissimilar models of diabetic retinopathy (diabetes and galactosemia) has revealed abnormalities of retinal metabolism that are shared by the two models. Further comparisons of retinal metabolism between these two models should reveal additional sequelae of hyperglycemia that are associated with, and that might play a role in, the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Appeals, Sexual Images, Visual Metaphors and Themes: Differences in Condom Print Ads across Four Continents

This study examined condom print advertisements published in four continents (Europe, Asia, North America and South America) to determine differences in emotional appeals used, the presence of sexually-charged images, the visual metaphors applied, and the themes stressed. The results obtained from a content analysis show the dominance of humor appeal and the downplaying of nakedness and sexual scenes to promote condom use. The European advertisements made greater use of sexual images. Only a few ads, mostly from Asia, used metaphors. In Europe, Asia, and North America, the enhancement of sexual pleasure was the dominant frame. In South America, the major theme focused on preventing pregnancy.
SmartNight: Turning Off the Lights on Android.

Smartphone users benefit from content with dark color schemes: increasingly common OLED displays are more power efficient the darker the display, and many users prefer a dark display for night time use. Despite these benefits, many applications and the majority of web content are drawn with white backgrounds. There are many partial solutions to darken the displayed content, but none work in all situations. Enter SmartNight, a content-aware solution to dynamically darken content on Android. By trading off content fidelity, Android with SmartNight displays content with nearly 90% lower average picture level. It is implemented in the Android framework, and requires no external support. It seamlessly incorporates existing solutions, making it a bridge between the state-of-the-art and future solutions.
Pay attention to neutrophil inclusions in pediatric patients with thrombocytopenia.

![Figure][1] A 12-month-old previously healthy boy with a recent history of viral infection was found to have worsening thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 21-78 × 109/L). Immature platelet fraction was 51% (reference range: 0-7%). Red blood cells and white blood cells were within normal
I see what you did there! Divergent collaboration and learner transitions from unproductive to productive states in open-ended inquiry

Abstract While open-ended and tinkering-based learning environments offer considerable support for developing STEM-based reasoning and collaboration skills, understanding how and when learners are engaged in productive or unproductive exploration is a pressing challenge. This is particularly true in museums where dwell times are short and visitors can enter and exit exhibits at varying times. In response, this work aimed to answer two questions: 1) How can we combine learning analytics and qualitative approaches to understand how learners move from unproductive to productive states during open-ended inquiry? 2) What role do interactions with others play in supporting participants' transitions to productive states? To answer these questions, this study examined how combining a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and interaction analysis together can reveal important elements of participants’ collaboration and exploration that would likely be lost if each method were applied in isolation. The methods were applied to visitors participating at an interactive multi-touch exhibit (named Oztoc). The application of HMM successfully captured when participants transitioned from persistent unproductive to productive states, while interaction analysis using the Divergent Collaborative Learning Mechanisms framework (DCLM) showed how specific divergent collaborative interactions supported these transitions. In particular, we reveal the role that visitors engaging in Boundary Spanning Perception and Boundary Spanning Action played in these transitions. More broadly, this work shows how designs that provide opportunities for these kinds of interactions may help learners effectively transition out of sustained states of unproductive persistence.
Gold nanoparticles for tumor detection with proton radiography: Optimizing sensitivity and determining detection limits

Proton radiography is a promising imaging technique that can be used to improve the treatment plan quality for proton therapy, by providing accurate estimates of proton stopping power. While a proton radiograph has accurate information about proton stopping power, it also has an inherently low tissue contrast for diagnostic purposes, as compared to X-ray imaging. The nature of energetic, massive protons as a radiographic probe is that they require a high-Z tracer to provide sufficient proton scatter in order to delineate target structures. Gold nanoparticles could be that ideal tracer due to a Z = 79, and their biocompatibility. Here the detection thresholds for gold-nanoparticle targeted tumors are evaluated using instantaneous, 800-MeV proton radiography, at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Data is compared against MRI data in pre-clinical mouse models with 4T1 tumors directly injected with gold nanoparticle solution. The proton radiography system is then optimized using novel collimation schemes, including a dark field proton radiographic setup, that aimed to increase sensitivity and reduce dose. Results evaluated here are extrapolated to 211-MeV proton radiographic energy, to compare against expectations at clinical treatment energies. At that lower energy, proton radiography is more sensitive to the multiple Coulomb scattering introduced by a high-Z tracer.
Synthesis of Passive Human Radio Frequency Signatures via Generative Adversarial Network

Human occupancy in an enclosed space can cause variation of the passive radio frequency (RF) spectrum. To assess the RF spectrum variation, a cognitive radio (CR) based human occupancy detection (CRHOD) method successfully determines presence of people. However, a wireless environment can be easily interfered by jamming signals or by replaying recorded samples. Hence, the knowledge of the RF environment is a critical aspect of a passive RF signals-based security monitoring system. Instead of retraining detectors with newly collected data, future systems can adapt to a new environment by predicting the RF signatures with human occupancy given the baseline spectrum of the environment measured without human occupancy. Synthesizing RF signatures of human occupancy is a challenging research area due to the lack of prior knowledge of how a human body alters the RF data. A human RF signatures generation system via conditional generative adversarial networks (GAN) is proposed in this paper to synthesize spectrum with human occupancy using the baseline spectrum at the area of interest. First, the trained human RF signatures GAN (HSGAN) model synthesizes passive RF signals with human occupancy via the baseline spectrum without human occupancy collected in the enclosed space. Second, the trained HSGAN model predicts the human RF signatures in the enclosed space at a new location using the HSGAN model trained in other locations. Lastly, the HSGAN model is quantitatively evaluated via two classifiers including a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier for the quality of the synthesized spectrum. In addition, a 99.5% correlation between synthesize human RF signatures and real human RF signatures results from the HSGAN.
State Gun-Control, Gun-Rights, and Preemptive Firearm-Related Laws Across 50 US States for 2009-2018.

Objectives. To assess state policy environments and the relationship between state gun-control, gun-rights, and preemptive firearm-related laws in the United States. Methods. In 2019 through 2020, ...
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in kidney transplant patients: A multicenter report.

7564Background: Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) is a complication of transplantation that often arises due to reactivation of the Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV). Given the rarity of th...
Comparison of Black Student Enrollment in US Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy, Medicine, and Dentistry.

Objective. Promoting equity and diversity in health care must include increasing the population of minority health care professionals. The purpose of this study was to: evaluate changes in Black professional student enrollment in schools and colleges of pharmacy, medicine, and dentistry; determine whether significant differences exist in Black professional student enrollment among these schools; and rate schools on how well Black professional student enrollment reflects state populations and compare ratings between 2010 and 2019 (for purposes of this study, professional student refers to students enrolled in Doctor of Medicine [MD], Doctor of Pharmacy [PharmD], or Doctor of Dental Medicine [DMD]/Doctor of Dental Surgery [DDS] degree programs). Methods. Enrollment data were obtained through the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Association of American Medical Colleges, and American Dental Association for fall 2010 through fall 2019. The average percentage of Black students enrolled and the rate of change over time was determined. Schools were rated on their percentage of Black students relative to the percentage of Black residents in their state. Kruskal-Wallis H test, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and chi-square tests were performed to quantify differences in enrollment and college ratings. Results. Schools of pharmacy and medicine experienced a significant increase in Black student enrollment between 2010 and 2019, but schools of dentistry did not. Pharmacy and medical schools also had significantly greater Black student enrollment in 2019 compared to dentistry. The proportion of schools of pharmacy and medicine with failing ratings decreased between 2010 and 2019. Conclusion. To facilitate improved access and limit health and health care disparities, it is important that health professions schools and colleges reflect the diversity of the patient populations they serve. Serious and intentional efforts toward diversification, inclusivity, and equity are necessary to improve Black student enrollment.
A Case of Late Onset Encephalitis Secondary to Nivolumab (2208)

Objective: To report a case of late onset autoimmune encephalitis secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) nivolumab. Background: ICI therapy is associated with a wide spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including neurologic events ranging from mild headache to potentially life-threatening encephalitis occurring in 1–3% of cases. Nivolumab is a programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor which can cause autoimmune encephalitis within few days to weeks of therapy. Design/Methods: We report a 68 year old highly functional male who developed painless hematuria and was diagnosed with Stage 4 right clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Results: Imaging revealed metastasis to the lungs and inferior vena cava prompting medical management over cytoreductive nephrectomy. He was initially treated with Sunitinib but was later switched to nivolumab due to tumor progression. He continued nivolumab for 38 cycles with gradual improvement of tumor burden. However, this was complicated by subacute onset of proximal leg weakness of 1 month duration and altered mental status of 2 days duration for which he presented to the emergency room. Neurological examination revealed comatose state with intact brainstem reflexes. Reflexes were diminished throughout with upgoing toes. Imaging of the brain and spine was unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and exhaustive serological workup for infectious and inflammatory etiologies was unremarkable. Electroencephalography showed generalized slowing with spikes concerning for ongoing seizure like activity. Paraneoplastic panel was found to be unremarkable. He initially received broad spectrum antibiotics given the suspicion for aseptic meningoencephalitis but was later treated with intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange for possible autoimmune encephalitis in the setting of nivolumab. He was subsequently treated with pulsed corticosteroids without adequate benefit. Conclusions: We discuss a case of late onset of autoimmune encephalitis secondary to nivolumab which has not been reported before. Both oncologists and neurologists need to be aware of serious but uncommon neurologic irAEs associated with ICI. Disclosure: Dr. Khosa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trikamji has nothing to disclose.
Conventionalism in Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how empirical facts function restrictively to support a unique metric geometry as the true description of physical space. The chapter focuses on the respective roles of conventions and facts in the ascription of a particular metric geometry to physical space on the basis of measurements with a rigid body. There is a discussion about the two principal problems that have been posed in connection with the formulation of the criterion of rigidity and isochronism. Differential geometry allows to metrize a given physical surface, an infinite blackboard or some portion of it, in various ways to acquire any metric geometry compatible with its topology. Thus, if such a space and a network of Cartesian coordinates on it are present, the portion above the x-axis can be metrized, which confers a hyperbolic geometry on that space, as given by the Euclidean metric.
Further studies on the properties of liver propionyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase and the specificity of holocarboxylase formation.

Abstract Several lines of evidence reported previously indicated that the reactions shown below are catalyzed by a synthetase purified from rabbit liver, but the predicted biotin-dependent 32P-labeled pyrophosphate-adenosine triphosphate exchange was found to be very slow. ATP + d-biotin (Mg++)/⇌ d-biotinyl 5'-adenylate + PPi (1) d-Biotinyl 5'-adenylate + propionyl coenzyme A apocarboxylase → propionyl-CoA holocarboxylase + AMP (2) In the present study it was found that a relatively rapid exchange reaction, dependent on the presence of Mg++ ions and the synthetase as well as biotin, occurs only if unusually high PPi concentrations are employed. The Km of PPi is 3.3 x 10-2 m, and the enzyme is not saturated by PPi concentrations approaching maximum solubility in the reaction mixture. The Km of biotin for the exchange reaction (3.6 x 10-9 m) is similar to that already known for holocarboxylase synthesis, whereas the Km of ATP for the exchange reaction (3.3 x 10-5 m) is about 50-fold greater than for holocarboxylase synthesis. This difference may be attributed to an inhibitory effect of PPi, since the Km of ATP for holocarboxylase synthesis is 2.1 x 10-5 m when PPi is included in the reaction mixture. The exchange rate under optimal conditions is slightly greater than the rate of ATP formation from d-biotinyl 5'-adenylate and PPi (reverse of Reaction 1) and is about 20 times greater than the rate of the over-all forward reaction in which biotin is covalently bound to the protein. The turnover number of the newly formed propionyl-CoA holocarboxylase is about 1280 moles of CO2 fixed per min per mole of biotin incorporated. The specificity of rabbit liver propionyl-CoA holocarboxylase synthetase, yeast acetyl-CoA holocarboxylase synthetase, and Propionibacterium shermanii holotranscarboxylase synthetase toward several apoenzymes (rat liver propionyl-CoA apocarboxylase, Commamonas terrigena β-methylcrotonyl-CoA apocarboxylase, and P. shermanii apotranscarboxylase) was determined. Significant activity was found with all synthetase-apocarboxylase combinations with the sole exception of the combination, liver synthetase-bacterial apotranscarboxylase. These results indicate broad synthetase specificity and suggest that the different apocarboxylases from diverse sources may have common structural features in the region of those lysine residues which accept biotin.
ERRATA TO NORMALIZERS OF NEST ALGEBRAS

In [1], Proposition 5 has an error. The proposition purports to show that SN , the normalizing semigroup for the nest algebra N , is closed in the strong operator topology. The proof begins with the net Tλ in SN converging strongly to T ∈ B(H). It then proceeds to (correctly) establish the first of the two criteria set forth in Theorem 2 needed to conclude that T ∈ SN . The last sentence of the proof then asserts that the second criterion can be established in a similar manner by just replacing all the operators with their adjoints. This is the problem: since the adjoint operation is not strongly continuous, we cannot assume that T ∗ λ converges strongly to T ∗, which is needed to make the analogous argument work to establish the second criterion. The following replacement for Proposition 5 fixes this, and strengthens the proposition. Since the adjoint operation is weakly continuous, we really do need only establish the first criterion, the second one following by replacing the operators involved with their adjoints.
Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage I to III breast cancer in the United States

BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and can yield clinical advantages in individuals with lower stage cancers as well. To the authors' knowledge, the extent and patterns of use of NAC remain unknown. The objective of the current study was to assess temporal trends in NAC use and to examine what clinical, demographic, and treatment site characteristics influence its use. METHODS Data from the National Cancer Data Base regarding 395,486 patients with stage I to stage III breast cancer who received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the United States from 2003 through 2011 were analyzed. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between NAC use and patient, tumor, and facility characteristics. RESULTS Overall, 17.4% of patients received NAC, including 4% of patients with stage I disease, 17.8% of patients with stage II disease, and 41.6% of patients with stage III disease. NAC use increased over time from 12.2% to 24.0%, particularly among patients with more advanced cancers. Rates increased from 12.9% to 39.3% in patients with stage IIIA, from 72.3% to 86.4% in patients with stage IIIB, and from 30.1% to 59.3% in patients with stage IIIC cancers. On multivariate analysis, patients aged <60 years, African American individuals, and those treated in academic centers were more likely to receive NAC. NAC use also varied by geographic region and was the highest in the West South Central region (21%) and lowest in the Midwest (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS Although NAC use increased between 2003 and 2011, <50% of all patients with stage III breast cancer were treated with NAC. Substantial regional and practice-related variations exist. Cancer 2015;121:2544–2552. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Multi-objective circuit quality optimization using hierarchical/adaptive fuzzy set theory approach

A new methodology based on the use of fuzzy sets theory and intended to be applied to the design of products having a number of performance requirements is outlined. Initially motivated by the intention to generalize the Taguchi methodology for off-line quality control to an arbitrary number of outputs and statistical measures, it allows the designer to specify an ordering of the performances to be optimized during the optimization process. In such a way it fits into what has become lately known as design for quality. It relies heavily on the notions of dynamically altered membership functions and aggregation procedures. It also makes strong usage of history information to guide both the search procedure in the optimization space as well as to control the dynamically altered membership function and the way they are aggregated. An example is included describing an application of the methodology to a multi-output, multistatistics OPAMP, where the authors' approach was very successful in minimizing variability and maximizing yield, results that could not be obtained by other procedures. The methodology is applicable to the generic class of design situations where the product under study has to satisfy a number of dependent or independent criteria, which can but do not need to be of statistical nature. >
Estimating genetic parameters of survival distributions: a multifactorial model.

For a number of genetically influenced illnesses, age of onset is correlated between relatives. In some cases, age of onset also serves as an index of an individual's inherited liability to an illness. Typically, survival models for age of onset distributions do not allow for these effects. We have used the gamma distribution as the basis of a model which specifies genetic variability in age of onset. Specifically, we allow the hazard frequency parameter of the gamma distribution to be a monotonic function of an individual's inherited liability to an illness. Simulations under various gamma models indicate that age of onset correlations may be strikingly different from correlations in liability. Maximum likelihood estimation procedures were used to obtain parameter estimates from simulated data sets and to determine whether it is possible to discriminate between gamma processes of different order. The results for 1,000 pairs of twins (500 monozygotic and 500 dizygotic) gave parameter estimates that were fairly accurate but that decreased in precision as the order of the gamma process increased. We discuss the effect this may have on inferences made about age of onset.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION : II. ETHER, CHLOROFORM, CHLORAL, URETHANE, LUMINAL, MAGNESIUM, CAFFEINE, STRYCHNINE, AND ATROPINE.

1. The depressant drugs which have been studied in this series of experiments were found to resemble morphine and heroine in that they depressed expiration more than inspiration, but they acted only in narcotic doses and always depressed inspiration at the same time. Ether caused a sharp expiratory rhythm, persisting until narcosis was very deep, probably a result of irritation of the air passages. Chloroform sometimes caused dyspnea, even in very deep narcosis, probably because of circulatory depression. Hydrated chloral made respiration more rapid, but shallower. Urethane usually made expiration active, often with inspiratory pauses, such as may follow vagotomy. Magnesium seemed to produce the most uniform, uncomplicated depression of all the depressants tried. Luminal resembled morphine and heroine more closely than any of the general depressants, making expiration passive without depressing inspiration, but it acted only in narcotic doses, unlike morphine and heroine. 2. Caffeine and strychnine, whenever they caused acceleration after morphine, brought back active expiration. Atropine never stimulated, and commonly acted as a synergist to morphine. 3. It is suggested that the results outlined in this and the preceding paper point to the existence of a separate central mechanism for the control of each of the phases of respiration, and that, while each responds to the same chemical stimuli, the threshold of the expiratory is higher than that of the inspiratory. Evidence is presented to indicate that if expiration remains passive a marked increase in depth of breathing may slow the rate, and a respiratory mechanism that lacks active expiration may be so inefficient that a CO(2) concentration which stimulated when expiration was active may depress when it is passive.
Cadmium-induced changes in luminal fluid pH in testis and epididymis of the rat in vivo.

The effects of a single low subcutaneous dose of cadmium chloride (CdCI2) (2.7 mg/kg body weight) on in situ pH in the rat testis and epididymis, plasma testosterone, and testis and epididymis weights were investigated in this study. Values for in situ pH in seminiferous tubules (6.97 ± 0.01), proximal caput (6.62 ± 0.01), middle caput (6.59 ± 0.01), and proximal cauda epididymidis (6.84 ± 0.01) of sham‐treated rats were significantly more acid than systemic arterial blood pH (7.41 ± 0.01). Cadmium (Cd) administration was associated with significant alkalinization of luminal fluid in seminiferous tubules (7.17 ± 0.02) and in proximal (7.02 ± 0.04) and middle caput (6.99 ± 0.03), but not in proximal cauda epididymidis (6.88 ± 0.02), after 7 d. Eleven days after Cd administration, marked alkalinization of luminal fluid was observed in all segments studied including proximal cauda epididymidis (7.21 ± 0.02). Plasma testosterone concentration in sham‐treated rats was 1.93 ± 0.30 ng/ml and was reduced signific...
Theory and Practice Tono, Yuki, Yuji Kawaguchi & Minegishi Motoko. Developmental and Crosslinguistic Perspectives in Learner Corpus Research. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012. Pp. 360. $143.00, cloth. ISBN 978–9–02720–771–5.

The article reviews the book "Developmental and Crosslinguistic Perspectives in Learner Corpus Research," by Yuki Tono, Yuji Kawaguchi, and Minegeshi Motoko.
3-Triphenylmethyl-2,4-pentanedione

The title compound, C24H22O2, exists exclusively as the keto tautomer in the crystalline state with a dihedral angle of 66.8 (2)° between the carbonyl groups. Furthermore, steric crowding produces an uncommonly long carbon–carbon bond [1.587 (3) A] linking the triphenyl­methyl and diketone moieties.
Unsteady Viscous Flow Causing Rotor-Stator Interaction in Turbines, Part 2: Simulation, Integrated Flowfield, and Interpretation

Numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the unsteady e ow physics associated with the nozzle ‐ rotorwakeinteractioninturbines.Acomparison between thepredictedand theexperimentalunsteadypressureon the blade surface presented by Lakshminarayana et al. (Lakshminarayana, B., Chernobrovkin, A., and Ristic, D., “ Unsteady Viscous Flow Causing Rotor-Stator Interaction in Turbines, Part 1: Data, Code Pressure,” Journal of Propulsion and Power , Vol. 16, No. 5, 2000, pp. 744 ‐750) shows good agreement. The predicted e owe eld also correlates well with the blade-to-blade laser Doppler velocimetry data. Results of the numerical prediction in conjunction with the experimental data have been used to gain a better understanding of the unsteady e ow physics. An assessment of the viscous and the inviscid contribution to the nozzle wake decay and the unsteady loss distribution in the rotor passage reveals the dominant effect of the viscous decay upstream of the leading edge. Inside the passage, the inviscid effects have a signie cant ine uence. The numerical solver has been able to predict mostof the features associated with theunsteady transition on a turbineblade. The predicted e ow at theoff-design conditionhasbeeninterpreted tounderstandthenatureoftheunsteadye owe eldata high negativeincidenceangle.
Localized proton NMR observation of [3-13C]lactate in stroke after [1-13C]glucose infusion.

To assess whether elevated lactate in stable stroke is being actively produced from blood glucose localized 1H NMR stimulated echo spectra were obtained from a patient in the region of a 32-day-old cortical infarct before and 60–100 min after infusion of [1-13C]glucose. Prior to the infusion the spectrum from the region of the infarct contained an elevated resonance from C3 lactate and a greatly reduced resonance from N-acetyl groups relative to an unaffected contralateral region. After the infusion two additional resonances were observed at 62 and −64 Hz relative to the unlabeled resonance of C3 lactate which were assigned on the basis of chemical shift and relative intensity to[3-13C]lactate. The [3-13C]lactate fractional enrichment in the infarct region was measured to be 32% which is within error one-half the average [1-13C]plasma glucose enrichment during the postinfusion NMR measurement. The result suggests that the stroke lactate pool was completely derived from infused glucose. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Classification and Evaluation of Coherent Synchronous Sampled-Data Telemetry Systems

This paper analyzes the various types of continuous wave and pulse modulation for the transmission of sampled data over channels perturbed by white Gaussian noise. Optimal coherent synchronous detection schemes for all the different modulation methods are shown to belong to one of two general classes: linear synchronous detection and correlation detection. The figures of merit, mean-square signal-to-error ratio and bandwidth occupancy, are determined for each system and compared.
A generalized linear model approach to designing accelerated life test experiments

Optimal experimental design practices are prominent in many applications. This paper proposes an alternate way of computing the information matrix, a key consideration in planning an accelerated life test. The generalized linear model approach allows optimal designs to be computed using iteratively weighted least-square solutions versus a maximum likelihood method. This approach is demonstrated with an assumed exponential distribution and allows the practitioner to observe the underlying structure of the optimal experimental design matrix and its relationship to important factors such as censoring and a nonlinear response function. Optimality criteria are discussed for both parameter estimation and prediction variance at an intended usage condition, which is typically outside the feasible accelerated test region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying Effects of Voids in Woven Ceramic Matrix Composites

Randomness in woven ceramic matrix composite architecture has been found to cause large variability in stiffness and strength. The inherent voids are an aspect of the architecture that may cause a significant portion of the variability. A study is undertaken to investigate the effects of many voids of random sizes and distributions. Response surface approximations were formulated based on void parameters such as area and length fractions to provide an estimate of the effective stiffness. Obtaining quantitative relationships between the properties of the voids and their effects on stiffness of ceramic matrix composites are of ultimate interest, but the exploratory study presented here starts by first modeling the effects of voids on an isotropic material. Several cases with varying void parameters were modeled which resulted in a large amount of variability of the transverse stiffness and out-of-plane shear stiffness. An investigation into a physical explanation for the stiffness degradation led to the observation that the voids need to be treated as an entity that reduces load bearing capabilities in a space larger than what the void directly occupies through a corrected length fraction or area fraction. This provides explanation as to why void volume fraction is not the only important factor to consider when computing loss of stiffness.
Measurement and prediction of trajectories and collision of droplets

Abstract This paper describes a combined experimental and numerical investigation of the interaction effects occurring in a stream of single droplets and small groups of droplets. In particular, we examine the effect of neighboring droplets on droplet drag. The paper has three parts: (1) an analysis of a droplet trajectory utilizing published drag correlations; (2) a comparison of experimental trajectories of single droplets with theoretical trajectories; and (3) an analysis of the droplet-droplet collision that occurs when trailing droplets catch up with the lead droplet. The trailing droplets catch the lead droplet because, residing in the lead droplet's wake, they experience less drag.
On the efficiency and optimality of Dixon-based resultant methods

Structural conditions on polynomial systems are developed for which the Dixon-based resultant methods often compute exact resultants. For cases when this cannot be done, the degree of the extraneous factor in the projection operator computed using the Dixon-based methods is typically minimal. A method for constructing a resultant matrix based on a combination of Sylvester-dialytic and Dixon methods is proposed. A heuristic for variable ordering for this construction often leading to exact resultants is developed.
Religious Education in a Liberal, Pluralist, Democratic State

During my academic career I have tried to answer the question, “What should the appropriate place be for religion in the public schools of a liberal, pluralistic, democratic state?” As a way of cha...
Natural killer-like function of activated T lymphocytes: differential blocking effects of monoclonal antibodies specific for a 90-kDa clonotypic structure.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody termed anti-NKTb has been generated following immunization of mice with cloned human cells (JT9) displaying natural killer (NK)-like activity. This antibody has the capacity to block cytotoxicity of the immunizing clone against several targets. In the present study, anti-NKTb was compared with a monoclonal antibody termed anti-NKTa that had previously been generated against JT9 cells and that had also been shown to block the NK-like function of these cells. The expression of a NKTb determinant, like that of NKTa, was found to be restricted to two NK active clones derived from the same individual, JT9 and JT10, both of which have the same mature T-cell phenotype (T3+, T8+, T11+). Comodulation, immunoprecipitation, and competitive binding experiments showed that both antibodies are directed to the same 90-kDa heterodimer associated with the T3 structure on the cell surface. However, cytotoxicity blocking studies suggested that NKTa and NKTb may represent functionally distinct epitopes of this 90-kDa molecule. Anti-NKTa uniformly blocked the cytotoxicity of both JT9 and JT10 cells when tested against 11 randomly selected target cell lines. In contrast, anti-NKTb totally blocked the cytotoxicity of these cloned cells against some targets (i.e., HPB-ALL, Nalm-1) but had very little effect when cytotoxicity was measured against other target cells (i.e., K562, U937, KG-1). This selective blocking effect, therefore, supports the notion that the heterodimer denned by the NKT antibodies is involved in the process of target cell recognition rather than in the cytolytic pathway of the cloned effector cells. Moreover, the unique functional effects of anti-NKTb suggest that additional levels of complexity exist in the specific recognition mechanisms of these clonal populations of NK active mature T lymphocytes.
New targets in breast cancer

In the past few years, the therapeutic strategies for breast cancer have broadened substantially beyond endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-targeted agents to include several new drugs with unique mechanism of actions including antibody–drug conjugates, inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6, histone deacetylases and the poly ADP ribose polymerase as well as immune checkpoint modulators. Novel clinical trial designs are also being implemented in the clinic to assess the therapeutic potential of targeting rare molecular abnormalities observed in breast cancers (fibroblast growth factor receptor amplification, inactivating mutations in BRCA, activating mutations in HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Kit, Akt, etc.).
Affinity Purification of Yeast Cytochrome Oxidase with Biotinylated Subunits 4, 5, or 6

Null mutants in COX4, COX5a, or COX6, which encode subunits 4, 5, and 6 of yeast cytochrome oxidase are blocked in assembly of the enzyme. The mutants are complemented by gene constructs expressing cytochrome oxidase subunits with a carboxyl terminal extension containing a biotinylation signal sequence. Spectra and enzyme activities of mitochondria from transformants expressing a biotinylated subunit indicate restoration of a functional cytochrome oxidase. Biotinylated cytochrome oxidase can be affinity-purified from mitochondrial extracts by fractionation on a monomeric avidin column. This method can be used to purify the enzyme from small amounts of starting material.
Engaging Students in the Classroom: Doing Historical Investigation

(2011). Engaging Students in the Classroom: Doing Historical Investigation. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 452-456.