cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural transplantation of cells expressing the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2

Long-term survival of grafted neural cells is a major goal of neural transplantation, but typical survival rates of grafted fetal neurons are in the range of 5–10%. Whether the death of transplanted neural cells is apoptotic or necrotic is unknown. The expression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 inhibits both apoptotic and necrotic neural cell death. In a 6-OHDA induced rat model of Parkinson's disease, Hoechst 33258 prelabelled conditionally immortalized nigral cells engineered to express bcl-2 were stereotactically transplanted into the striatum ipsilaterally to the lesioned nigrostriatal pathway. Sixteen rats received bcl-2 transfected cells, 15 received cells transfected with vector alone, and 12 received either a nondopaminergic cell line or were sham transplanted as controls. Four wk following transplantation, the rats with grafts containing bcl-2 expressing cells showed an approximately 43% decrease in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. In contrast, 12% improvement occurred in the rats with transplanted cells transfected with vector alone (p < 0.05), and no improvement occurred in sham-operated animals (p < 0.05). Histological examination showed no tumor formation. Despite the difference in behavioral effect, no clear difference in Hoechst fluorescent staining or staining for TH, GFAP was noted; therefore, it is unknown at present whether the observed effect was due to a difference in survival or to increased efficacy per surviving transplanted neural cell, or both.
A Case of Ovotestes in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus.

A hermaphroditic sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , with three ovotestes and two testes is described. Neither cleaving eggs nor embryos were found in corpore. Fertilization inter se gave normal larvae. The specimen was collected from Palos Verdes, Calif., a region which has yielded an unusually large number of hermaphroditic S. purpuratus.
Myers Briggs Type indicator personality profiles in unipolar depressed patients.

Summary: Objective: The current study was designed to compare the distribution of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality types in patients with Unipolar Depression compared to normative data.Method: The MBTI divides individuals into four dichotomous types: Extroverted and Introverted, Sensing and Intuitive, Thinking and Feeling, and fudging and Perceiving. This yields eight single-factor and sixteen four-factor types. One-hundred-thirty Unipolar Depressed patients were administered the MBTI-Form F.Results: Unipolar Depressed patients were significantly more often Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving single-factor types respectively, and Introverted-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving, and Introverted-Intuitive-Feeling-Perceiving four-factor types. The male Introverted-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving four-factor type was the most dramatically over-represented.Conclusion: The MBTI effectively discriminates a patient group with Unipolar Depression from a normative population.
Sleep quality and characteristics of college students who use prescription psychostimulants nonmedically.

Objective: Although psychostimulants have been shown to affect sleep in experimental studies, the relation between nonmedical psychostimulant use and sleep has not been examined. Our goal was to describe the sleep quality and characteristics of college students who use psychostimulant medications nonmedically. Methods: We surveyed 492 college students about their sleep quality and psychostimulant use characteristics. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); psychostimulant use and characteristics were measured via a survey developed for this study. Results: College students who self-reported current or a history of nonmedical psychostimulant use reported worse subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbance, and global PSQI scores than nonusers. The most commonly reported reason for nonmedical psychostimulant use was to improve work performance and concentration. Conclusions: These data demonstrate worse sleep quality among nonmedical psychostimulant users. The likely consequence of increased daytime sleepiness helps to confirm the known public health concern of nonmedical prescription psychostimulant use among college students.
Noise management in highly heterogeneous SoC based integrated circuits

Noise coupling is one of the most fundamental issues in the design of highly heterogeneous, robust integrated systems. A two-step noise management methodology is proposed in this paper. In the first step, a methodology is described to efficiently analyze noise coupling in large scale circuits while maintaining sufficient accuracy. The second step consists of a methodology to significantly mitigate switching noise. The first step helps determining the required signal isolation and the efficacy of the noise reduction technique proposed in the second step. The two primary noise coupling paths in hybrid systems utilizing three dimensional (3-D) integration technology are also identified.
A century of tuberculosis.

Here are the facts: during the last 100 years in the thousands of years-long history of tuberculosis, we have benefited from unquestioned scientific and clinical progress; but at the same time we have witnessed a global increase in the number of victims and a worsening of the efficacy of control manifested by a rising prevalence of drug resistance in many countries. Today, tuberculosis is relatively easy to diagnose; when the right combination of medications is made available and taken by the patient, the disease can be cured more than 95% of the time; and in certain targeted populations, the manifestations of the disease can be attenuated by vaccination and even prevented by chemotherapy. Despite these remarkable achievements, the estimated number of new cases of tuberculosis in the world during each of the last several years has steadily increased: from 8.0 million in 1997 to 8.3 million in 2000, and is expected to reach 10.2 million in 2005 (1, 2). There are more people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the world this year than ever before, and from 1997 through 2000 the number of new cases of tuberculosis and the per capita incidence worldwide rose 1.8% per year and 0.4% per year, respectively (2). Although the overall global tuberculosis situation is deteriorating, it is actually improving in some countries. In the United States, for example, the incidence of newly reported cases of tuberculosis has fallen steadily since 1992 to its lowest level ever, and in 2002 (last report) was 5.2/100,000 population (3)—a stunning public health accomplishment. Such impressive progress, however, is found only in rich (industrialized) nations, although problems remain in many of their marginalized innercity communities; moreover, the reverse is occurring in many poor (developing) countries, which is where the great majority, 86%, of the world’s total population live. And not only are these destitute regions home to 95% of all the world’s cases of active tuberculosis and 98% of the nearly 2 million deaths from the disease each year, exactly the same countries are now being ravaged by the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection—the most powerful factor ever known to favor the development of tuberculosis (4). This historical review examines the century-long paradox of tuberculosis and illustrates an important point made by others (5): the conquest of tuberculosis by medical advances alone will never occur until the prevailing global inequities of wealth and health care are corrected.
Monstrous Movements and Metaphors in Dante's Divine Comedy:

What is that ridiculous monstrosity doing, an amazing kind of deformed beauty and yet a beautiful deformity? What are the filthy apes doing there? … The monstrous centaurs? The creatures, part man and part beast?
Sideband-Operated Automatic Frequency Control for Reception of Suppressed-Carrier SSB Voice Signals

It is suggested that frequency errors in the reinserted carrier in SSB voice reception, such as result from doppler shift of the incoming signal or oscillator drift, may be corrected by an AFC arrangement utilizing the sidebands themselves. The technique depends on the fact that the loudest speech sounds are rich in harmonics of the vibration rate of the vocal cords. This harmonic spectrum can be established, essentially independently of receiver tuning, by diode rectifying the incoming sideband energy while it is at radio or intermediate frequency. The AFC compares the spectral content of the output of the normal SSB (or product) detector with that of the diode detector; it then adjusts the frequency of the reinserted carrier until frequency components of the two audio signals properly overlap. Reinserted-carrier-frequency correction may be accomplished either by a phase-locking procedure or by a control depending on frequency rather than phase difference. The latter method appears to be able to reduce deviations as large as 1 or 2 kHz by an order of magnitude or better. The technique should be applicable when one terminal of a link is a rapidly moving aircraft or satellite and when the doppler shift is unpredictable or time varying. Another application is in marine, aeronautical, or mobile radiotelephony where economic considerations prevent use of frequency standards of adequate stability. The AFC circuit could be niade compatible with AM.
Inducibility and reproducibility of ventricular arrhythmias: Therapeutic implications

Electrophysiologic studies have gained wide acceptance in clinical cardiology, particularly for the diagnosis and man• agement of patients with symptomatic ventricular tachy• cardia and survivors of sudden cardiac arrest. Clinical stud• ies have shown that the suppression of induced ventricular arrhythmias during serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing is predictive of a favorable long-term outcome (1-3). In contrast, a high recurrence of arrhythmic events and poor long-term survival are noted in patients in whom antiar• rhythmic agents do not prevent the induction of the tachy• arrhythmia (4). Of equal importance, electrophysiologic studies, in addition to having considerably enhanced our knowledge of impulse formation and transmission, have been partly responsible for ushering in new therapeutic mo• dalities that have already demonstrated a positive impact on the survival of high risk patients exposed to the specter of sudden arrhythmic death (5-7). Issues raised by evolutionary aspects of programmed electrical stimulation. Simultaneously, we have witnessed a mushrooming of new and so-called aggressive stimulation protocols for the induction of ventricular arrhythmias in the laboratory. Stimulation techniques have evolved from rel• atively simple protocols using rapid pacing (8,9), to the introduction of up to two premature stimuli during one or two ventricular pacing drives, to aggressive protocols uti• lizing up to four premature stimuli at two or more ventricular pacing drives at a current of 5 mA or more at two or more right ventricular sites, and occasionally in the left ventricle as well. These evolutionary aspects of programmed elec• trical stimulation have been a source of confusion and crit• icism. Although it is just to seek information in the name of knowledge and to counter with the words of John Milton, "Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity
Gains from Trade and Fragmentation

This paper discusses the welfare effects, on groups, countries, and the world, of fragmentation. Fragmentation here is defined as the introduction of a technology that permits a production process to be split into separate parts, with the fragments able to be done in different locations. Standard results of trade theory and the gains from trade are then examined to see what they suggest about the gains from fragmentation. The main points made are, first, that it is easy to find examples in which fragmentation hurts particular groups and countries, and even in some circumstances the world. But I also argue that fragmentation is likely to increase world income overall, and therefore that it is likely to be beneficial on average. Based on that, together with our general ignorance of what the more specific effects of fragmentation are likely to be, we should resist attempts to use policies to interfere with it.
The Preparation of Hexanitrostilbene from Hexanitrobibenzyl

The title reaction was effected by oxidation with copper(II) compounds, halogenating agents, quinones, and air or oxygen, in the last case preferably with the addition of a promoter. These procedures are all conducted in basic medium, and require a correct choice of reaction solvent.
Ambulatory Visit Rates and Antibiotic Prescribing for Children With Pneumonia, 1994–2007

BACKGROUND: The incidence of pediatric hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has declined after the widespread use of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The national incidence of outpatient visits for CAP, however, is not well established. Although no pediatric CAP treatment guidelines are available, current data support narrow-spectrum antibiotics as the first-line treatment for most patients with CAP.
Use of Protection Motivation Theory, Affect, and Barriers to Understand and Predict Adherence to Outpatient Rehabilitation

Background and Purpose: Protection motivation theory (PMT) has been used in more than 20 different health-related fields to study intentions and behavior, albeit primarily outside the area of injury rehabilitation. In order to examine and predict patient adherence behavior, this study was carried out to explore the use of PMT as a screening tool in a general sample of people with orthopedic conditions. Subjects and Methods: New patients who were more than 18 years old and who were prescribed 4 to 8 weeks of physical therapy treatment (n=229) were administered a screening tool (Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and a barriers checklist) prior to treatment. Participants’ adherence was assessed with several attendance measures and an in-clinic assessment of behavior. Statistical analyses included correlation, chi-square, multiple regression, and discriminant function analyses. Results: A variety of relationships among affect, barriers, and PMT components were evident. In-clinic behavior and attendance were influenced by affect, whereas dropout status was predicted by affect, severity, self-efficacy, and age. Discussion and Conclusion: The screening tool used in this study may assist in identifying patients who are at risk for poor adherence and provide valuable information to enhance provider-patient relationships and foster patient adherence. However, it is recommended that more research be conducted to further understand the impact of variables on patient adherence and that the screening tool be enhanced to increase its predictive ability.
NF-κB1 Inhibits NOD2-Induced Cytokine Secretion through ATF3-Dependent Mechanisms

Regulation of microbially induced cytokine secretion is critical in intestinal immune homeostasis. NOD2, the Crohn's disease-associated bacterial peptidoglycan sensor, activates the NF-κB pathway. After chronic NOD2 stimulation in human macrophages, cytokine secretion is significantly attenuated, similar to the situation in the intestinal environment. We find that NF-κB1 (p105/p50) expression is upregulated with chronic NOD2 stimulation and is required for attenuation of cytokine secretion in vitro in human macrophages and in vivo in mice. Upon chronic NOD2 stimulation, regulation of both activating (H3K4Me2 and H4Ac) and inhibitory (H3K27Me3) histone modifications was observed within cytokine gene promoters; these outcomes were NF-κB1 dependent. In addition to enhanced binding to cytokine gene promoters with chronic NOD2 stimulation, NF-κB1 bound to the promoter of the transcriptional repressor, ATF3. ATF3 was then induced and bound to cytokine gene promoters; both features were impaired upon NF-κB1 knockdown. Restoring ATF3 expression under NF-κB1 knockdown conditions restored NOD2-mediated cytokine downregulation. Finally, NF-κB1 and ATF3 cooperate with other inhibitory pathways, including IRAKM and secreted mediators, to downregulate cytokine secretion after chronic NOD2 stimulation. Therefore, we identify NF-κB1 and ATF3 as critical mechanisms through which NOD2 downregulates cytokines and contributes to intestinal immune homeostasis.
Silicoflagellate Biostratigraphic Zonation of Deep-Sea Sediments: ABSTRACT

Silicoflagellates have been recognized in land outcrops and deep-sea sediments, but they have not been accepted widely as biostratigraphic indicators. In order to evaluate their occurrences and to establish a workable biostratigraphic framework, approximately 100 deep-sea sediments were studied. These were from a broad geographic area and were of Cretaceous (Cenomanian) and the middle Eocene to Holocene ages. The samples chosen were dated by other planktonic microfossils, thus making cross correlation possible. The complete absence of silicoflagellates in the few JOIDES samples examined from the Upper Cretaceous and the lack of samples from the Paleocene through the early Eocene interval prevent a complete zonation. Three zones are recognized from the middle Eocene to the top of the Oligocene. There was a sharp decrease in the silicoflagellate population in the Oligocene. In the Miocene evolutionary diversification of taxa permits greater biostratigraphic resolution; 7 zones have been recognized. A massive extinction of silicoflagellates occurred toward the end of the Miocene, with only a few species continuing into the Holocene. The brief recurrence of Mesocena cf. elliptica at the Jaramillo event within the Matuyama Reversed Epoch both in low and middle latitudes of the Pacific marks a bio tratigraphic datum within the Pleistocene. Determining the first appearance of many Holocene taxa will add further resolution within the Quaternary interval. End_of_Article - Last_Page 365------------
Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Hurthle cell tumors are a variant of follicular cell neoplasms. The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of intraoperative frozen-section analysis for diagnosing Hurthle cell carcinoma and Hurthle cell neoplasm and to evaluate age, gender, and tumor size differences in the incidence of Hurthle cell carcinoma. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: The records of all patients undergoing thyroid surgery at Long Island Jewish Medical Center (Long Island Campus of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY) from 1990 to 2000 were reviewed. Patients were identified whose final pathological finding was Hurthle cell neoplasm or Hurthle cell carcinoma. Age at diagnosis, gender, tumor size, and correlation between frozen-section analysis and final pathological finding was determined. Results: One hundred sixteen patients had Hurthle cell tumors on final pathological finding (49 had Hurthle cell carcinoma and 67 had Hurthle cell neoplasm). Eleven of these patients had incidental papillary carcinoma. There were 24 men and 92 women. Sixty-seven percent of the men (16 of 24) and 36% of the women (33 of 92) had Hurthle cell carcinoma on final pathological finding. The mean ages for Hurthle cell neoplasm and Hurthle cell carcinoma groups were 53 (median age, 50 y) and 58 years (median age, 61 y), respectively. One hundred eleven patients had intraoperative frozen-section analysis. Of the 49 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma, 9 (19%) were diagnosed by frozen-section analysis, 36 (75%) had indeterminate frozen-section analysis, 3 (6%) were discovered to have papillary carcinoma on frozen-section analysis, and 1 did not have a frozen-section analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated that size correlated with malignancy and that gender did not (P = .0015). Conclusions: In the study population, only 19% of patients were discovered to have Hurthle cell carcinoma on frozen-section analysis. Sixty-seven percent of men with Hurthle cell neoplasm had malignancies, compared with 36% of women, and this difference was statistically significant.
Bilateral Dacrocys toceles: Characteristic Prenatal Ultrasound Appearance

Dacrocystoceles are uncommon abnormalities of the fetus and neonate, with bilateral involve ment even rarer, The information available in the ultrasound literature is limited, and diagnostic images...
International accreditation as global position taking: an empirical exploration of U.S. accreditation in Mexico

Institutional accreditation in higher education holds universities accountable through external evaluation; at the same time, accreditation constitutes an opportunity for higher education leaders to demonstrate the quality of their institutions. In an increasingly global field of higher education, in which quality practices become diffused across national boundaries, U.S. institutional accreditation has been adopted in many countries as a form of external quality assurance. This study follows an ethnographic case study approach to explore in-depth how a Mexican institution of higher education, located only a few miles away from the U.S.–Mexico border, engaged in the process of institutional accreditation with a U.S. regional accrediting agency. Four themes constitute the finding of this study: (a) Reputational value is the central motivation to pursue U.S. accreditation given that, through accreditation, the institution in Mexico became connected to internationally recognized universities; (b) despite several benefits, the accreditation process established a complex division of labor in which members of the academic staff are necessary yet distanced from decision making; (c) compliance with highly challenging—yet construed as fair—standards legitimizes both the accreditation process and the U.S. accreditor; and (d) language and translation are valuable concepts to understand the accreditation process. Together, these findings suggest that U.S. accreditation may be approached as an exercise of global position taking.
A Cumulus Parameterization Including Mass Fluxes, Convective Vertical Velocities, and Mesoscale Effects: Thermodynamic and Hydrological Aspects in a General Circulation Model

Abstract A cumulus parameterization based on mass fluxes, convective-scale vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects has been incorporated in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Most contemporary cumulus parameterizations are based on convective mass fluxes. This parameterization augments mass fluxes with convective-scale vertical velocities as a means of providing a method for incorporating cumulus microphysics using vertical velocities at physically appropriate (subgrid) scales. Convective-scale microphysics provides a key source of material for mesoscale circulations associated with deep convection, along with mesoscale in situ microphysical processes. The latter depend on simple, parameterized mesoscale dynamics. Consistent treatment of convection, microphysics, and radiation is crucial for modeling global-scale interactions involving clouds and radiation. Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects of this parameterization in integrations of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI GCM...
Complete Genome Sequence of Sulfolobus solfataricus Strain 98/2 and Evolved Derivatives

Sulfolobus solfataricus is a thermoacidophilic crenarcheote with a 3.0-Mb genome. Here, we report the genome sequence of S. solfataricus strain 98/2, along with several evolved derivatives generated through experimental microbial evolution for enhanced thermoacidophily.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity in Youths

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), once considered an illness restricted to adults, is progressively affecting more and more adolescents as population rates of obesity increase. Estimates suggest that T2D represents 20–25% of new-onset cases in adolescents and that certain ethnic or racial groups are ­disproportionately affected. Its onset during adolescence represents a serious health burden as T2D shortens life expectancy and is associated with serious medical complications. Thus, effective treatments are urgently needed for youths who face the possibility of experiencing these complications at an earlier age than their adult counterpart. Therefore, the complete characterization of the pathophysiology of the disease represents a key element for assessing its risks and determining factors.
Effect of Dielectric Selection on Sintering Behavior of LTCC

Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) is a versatile ceramic packaging technology. LTCC’s functionality and performance can be enhanced with the incorporation of passive devices such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors into the structure of the substrate. This incorporation, which eliminates surface mount solder joints is desirable for improving system reliability and allows for increased package density. Commercially available dielectrics for embedding capacitors into LTCC are limited and the incorporation of such systems into LTCC substrates poses processing challenges related to material compatibility. This paper will review multiple dielectric systems and techniques for embedding capacitors into LTCC as well as present new data related to the cofiring behavior of LTCC and custom dielectrics.
Parameterized benchmarking of parallel discrete event simulation systems: communication, computation, and memory

We introduce La-pdes, a parameterized benchmark application for measuring parallel and serial discrete event simulation (PDES) performance. Applying a holistic view of PDES system performance, La-pdes tests the performance factors of (i) the (P)DES engine in terms of event queue efficiency, synchronization mechanism, and load-balancing schemes; (ii) available hardware in terms of handling computationally intensive loads, memory size, cache hierarchy, and clock speed; and (iii) interaction with communication middleware (often MPI) through message buffering. La-pdes consists of seven scenarios for individual performance factors and an agglomerative stress evaluation scenario. The scenarios are implemented through concrete values of input parameters to La-pdes, which include number of entities and events, endtime, inter-send time distributions, computational and event load distributions, memory use distributions, cache-friendliness, and event queue sizes. We demonstrate through instrumentation that La-pdes assumptions regarding distributions are realistic and we present results of the eight scenarios on the PDES engine Simian.
A Representation for Polynomials of Several Variables

(1971). A Representation for Polynomials of Several Variables. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 45-47.
The Assessment of Obstruction in the Newborn with Unilateral Hydronephrosis by Measuring the Size of the Opposite Kidney

AbstractWe measured the size of the normal kidney opposite a unilateral hydronephrotic kidney in infants to determine if compensatory changes occurred and could be used as a diagnostic test for defining or excluding obstruction. Comparison of subgroups of neonates with unilateral hydronephrosis or multicystic renal dysplasia to normal controls demonstrated that compensatory changes do occur in the normal kidney. Normal kidneys opposite obstructed hydronephrotic kidneys requiring surgery became larger than normal for age. Normal kidneys opposite nonob- structed poorly functioning hydronephrotic kidneys whose function rapidly improved were smaller than normal for age. These changes in renal growth by the normal newborn kidney reflect renal counterbalance, which is exaggerated in this age group and which may be used to corroborate rapid changes in renal function caused by the presence or absence of obstruction. By plotting serial measurements of normal renal length on a renal growth chart, the diagnosis of o...
Sarcoma of the uterus; a report of 34 cases.

Abstract 1. 1. Thirty-four cases of sarcoma of the uterus which occurred in a 9 year period are presented. 2. 2. Sarcomas constituted 2.6 per cent of all uterine malignancies. 3. 3. Curettement established the diagnosis in 8 cases. 4. 4. Operation is the treatment of choice. 5. 5. The operative mortality was 3.8 per cent. 6. 6. Irradiation is of doubtful benefit. 7. 7. The extent of the tumor is the most important factor in prognosis. All patients in whom the sarcoma extended outside the uterus are dead. 8. 8. Earlier diagnosis may possibly increase the survival rate. 9. 9. The 5 year survival rate in this series was 26.5 per cent. 10. 10. There were no 5 year survivors in the endometrial stromal-cell and mixed-mesodermal group. 11. 11. The leiomyosarcoma arising in a fibromyoma is the most favorable type of sarcoma.
Intrathoracic sources of caudal mediastinal lymph node efferent lymph in sheep

We investigated the intrathoracic contributions to the caudal mediastinal lymph node (CMN) efferent lymph in 12 anesthetized sheep after removing possible systemic contributions from below the diaphragm. We interrupted various pathways that may send lymph to the CMN (chest wall, esophagus, lung). Because the experiment is destructive, we did the resections in various combinations and waited 1 h between steps. Base-line CMN efferent lymph flow averaged 0.90 +/- 0.52 g/15 min (mean +/- SD). Cutting the pulmonary ligaments bilaterally caused lymph flow to decrease by an average of 58%. In five sheep, cauterizing around the lung hila reduced lymph flow by 16% of base line, cauterizing along the esophagus reduced lymph flow by 18% of base line, and cauterizing along the chest wall increased lymph flow by 6% of base line. After complete isolation of the node, except for the bronchoesophageal artery, dorsal mediastinal vein, and CMN efferent duct, 14% of base-line flow remained. The lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratios did not change significantly with any procedure. Under the conditions of our experiments, approximately 74% of base-line intrathoracic CMN efferent flow comes from the lung.
Following Netting: The Cultural Ecology of Viliui Sakha Households in Post-Soviet Siberia

The transition from a communist infrastructure to a market economy presents a great challenge to indigenous agropastoralists of the former Soviet Union. Sakha (Yakut) are a Turkic-speaking people, today numbering approximately 360,000, who inhabit the Sakha Republic of northeastern Siberia, Russia. Rural Sakha practice horse and cattle breeding, a subsistence strategy brought to the northern latitudes by their southern Turkic ancestors in the fifteenth century (Ksenofontov 1992; Gogolov 1980, 1993; Forsyth 1992). Tungus, most notably Evenk, and nonagropastoralist Sakha were the reindeer-herding inhabitants of the Viliui Regions prior to colonization by Sakha agropastoralists. Today rural Evenk, Even, Yukagir, and Dolgan ethnic groups also inhabit the Sakha Republic, where they herd reindeer, hunt, fish, and forage. Viliui Sakha are located in the Viliui River watershed areas of the western Sakha Republic. Along with Sakha of the central regions, they make up the two ethnic enclaves of horse and cattle breeding Sakha, the highest latitude practicing agropastoralists in the world today. Sakha constitute the majority in the Viliui watershed, where one-third of the total Sakha population lives.
How are lung cancer risk perceptions and cigarette smoking related?—testing an accuracy hypothesis

Background: Subjective risk perception is an important theoretical construct in the field of cancer prevention and control. Although the relationship between subjective risk perception and health behaviors has been widely studied in many health contexts, the causalities and associations between the risk perception of developing lung cancer and cigarette smoking have been inconsistently reported among studies. Such inconsistency may be from discrepancies between study designs (cross-sectional versus longitudinal designs) and the three hypotheses (i.e., the behavior motivation hypothesis, the risk reappraisals hypothesis, and the accuracy hypothesis) testing different underlying associations between risk perception and cigarette-smoking behaviors. To clarify this issue, as an initial step, we examined the association between absolute and relative risk perceptions of developing lung cancer and cigarette-smoking behaviors among a large, national representative sample of 1,680 U.S. adults by testing an accuracy hypothesis (i.e., people who smoke accurately perceived a higher risk of developing lung cancer). Methods: Data from the U.S. Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were analyzed using logistic regression and multivariate linear regression to examine the associations between risk perception and cigarette-smoking behaviors among 1,680 U.S. adults. Results: Findings from this cross-sectional survey suggest that absolute and relative risk perceptions were positively and significantly correlated with having smoked >100 cigarettes during lifetime and the frequency of cigarette smoking. Only absolute risk perception was significantly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day among current smokers. Conclusions: Because both absolute and relative risk perceptions are positively related to most cigarette-smoking behaviors, this study supports the accuracy hypothesis. Moreover, absolute risk perception might be a more sensitive measurement than relative risk perception for perceived lung cancer risk. Longitudinal research is needed in the future to investigate other types of risk perception-risk behavior hypotheses—the behavior motivation and the risk reappraisals hypotheses—among nationally representative samples to further examine the causations between risk perception of obtaining lung cancer and smoking behaviors.
Characterization of the Rabbit as an In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Assess the Effects of Fibrinogenolytic Activity of Snake Venom on Coagulation

Several in vitro investigations have demonstrated that anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases have been abrogated in human plasma by modifying fibrinogen with iron (Fe) and carbon monoxide (CO) to prevent catalysis or by directly inhibiting these enzymes with CO. To translate these findings, we chose to assess the rabbit as a model of envenomation with Crotalus atrox venom. It was determined with thrombelastography that 15 times the concentration of venom noted to compromise coagulation in plasma in vitro was required to cause coagulopathy in vivo, likely secondary to venom binding to blood cells and being cleared from the circulation rapidly. Unlike human plasma, rabbit plasma pre-treated with Fe/CO was not protected from fibrinogenolysis by venom. Consequently, the administration of purified human fibrinogen (with or without Fe/CO) would be required before venom administration to rabbits. Of greater interest, venom exposed to CO had complete loss of fibrinogenolytic effect in rabbit plasma and partial loss of activity in whole blood, indicative of unbinding of CO from venom and binding to haemoglobin. Thus, venom exposed to CO could remain partially or completely inhibited in whole blood long enough for clearance from the circulation, allowing rabbits to be a useful model to test the efficacy of regional CO administration to the bite site. Future investigations are planned to test these novel approaches to attenuate venom-mediated coagulopathy in the rabbit.
Is a Fixer-Upper Actually a Downer? Homeownership, Gender, Work on the Home, and Subjective Well-being

This article investigates whether homeownership provides psychological benefits, particularly as mediated through the act of working on the dwelling. It examines whether work on the home potentiall...
Named entity identification and cyberinfrastructure

Well-established instruments such as authority files and a growing set of data structures such as CIDOC CRM, FRBRoo, and MODS provide the foundation for emerging, new digital services. While solid, these instruments alone neither capture the essential data on which traditional scholarship depends nor enable the services which we can already identify as fundamental to any eResearch, cyberinfrastructure or virtual research environment for intellectual discourse. This paper describes a general model for primary sources, entities and thematic topics, the gap between this model and emerging infrastructure, and the tasks necessary to bridge it.
Biomarkers’ Responses to Reductive Dechlorination Rates and Oxygen Stress in Bioaugmentation Culture KB-1TM

Using mRNA transcript levels for key functional enzymes as proxies for the organohalide respiration (OHR) rate, is a promising approach for monitoring bioremediation populations in situ at chlorinated solvent-contaminated field sites. However, to date, no correlations have been empirically derived for chlorinated solvent respiring, Dehalococcoides mccartyi (DMC) containing, bioaugmentation cultures. In the current study, genome-wide transcriptome and proteome data were first used to confirm the most highly expressed OHR-related enzymes in the bioaugmentation culture, KB-1TM, including several reductive dehalogenases (RDases) and a Ni-Fe hydrogenase, Hup. Different KB-1™ DMC strains could be resolved at the RNA and protein level through differences in the sequence of a common RDase (DET1545-like homologs) and differences in expression of their vinyl chloride-respiring RDases. The dominant strain expresses VcrA, whereas the minor strain utilizes BvcA. We then used quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) as a targeted approach for quantifying transcript copies in the KB-1TM consortium operated under a range of TCE respiration rates in continuously-fed, pseudo-steady-state reactors. These candidate biomarkers from KB-1TM demonstrated a variety of trends in terms of transcript abundance as a function of respiration rate over the range: 7.7 × 10−12 to 5.9 × 10−10 microelectron equivalents per cell per hour (μeeq/cell∙h). Power law trends were observed between the respiration rate and transcript abundance for the main DMC RDase (VcrA) and the hydrogenase HupL (R2 = 0.83 and 0.88, respectively), but not transcripts for 16S rRNA or three other RDases examined: TceA, BvcA or the RDase DET1545 homologs in KB1TM. Overall, HupL transcripts appear to be the most robust activity biomarker across multiple DMC strains and in mixed communities including DMC co-cultures such as KB1TM. The addition of oxygen induced cell stress that caused respiration rates to decline immediately (>95% decline within one hour). Although transcript levels did decline, they did so more slowly than the respiration rate observed (transcript decay rates between 0.02 and 0.03 per hour). Data from strain-specific probes on the pangenome array strains suggest that a minor DMC strain in KB-1™ that harbors a bvcA homolog preferentially recovered following oxygen stress relative to the dominant, vcrA-containing strain.
Penile transplantation: the US experience and institutional program set-up

Penile transplantation using vascularized composite allografts is an emerging technique to treat genital loss. In the United States, this procedure has been performed successfully at Massachusetts General Hospital in a patient who had previously undergone treatment for penile cancer. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions has developed a research protocol to perform penile transplantation in patients with genital loss secondary to trauma. The process of selecting the appropriate candidate for genitourinary (GU) vascularized composite allograft surgery is rigorous including extensive physical examination, laboratory testing, imaging and psychological evaluations. After transplantation, limiting the potential complications associated with immunosuppression is critical given that the procedure is intended to improve quality of life and is not life-saving. Ultimately, penile transplant is a surgical intervention which may have numerous applications. Optimization of the pre-operative screening process, surgical technique, and immunosuppressive protocol is required to establish this method as the standard treatment for patients with genital loss and limited reconstructive options.
Estimating South Africa’s black adult female social classes, demographic differentials and determinants

How to incorporate women into class analysis has been a topic of heated controversy. There is a growing demand in the private sector inSouth Africato provide demographic information by social class following the demise of apartheid, especially among the Black population. This study imputes social classes among Black females inSouth Africafrom survey data using the Living Standards Measure, and examines demographic differentials among the imputed classes as well as determinants of social class. The results indicate that, although Black females constituted the largest percentage (76%) of South Africa’s female population aged 15 years and above in 2007, Blacks had the smallest percentage of accomplished middle class females (22%) and highest percentage of lower class females (39%) compared to the White or Mixed populations. Some of the demographic differentials were as expected. However, the lower mortality among children born to Black lower class females compared with the mortality among children born to emerging Black middle class females was unexpected. Being a female head or acting head of household was found to be significantly and negatively associated with being in the accomplished middle class among Black females. Eric O. UDJO, research director, University of South Africa, Bureau of Market Research, Theo van Wijk Building, Gold Fields Entrance, Unisa Muckleneuk Campus, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. E-mail: udjoe@unisa.ac.za.
Right Atrial Inversion Causes Increased ANF Secretion During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

ANF is a polypeptide with important influence on blood pressure, cardiac output and sodium excretion. As the physiological stimulus for ANF release right atrial volume, i.e. right atrial distension has been demonstrated in animals [3, 4] and patients [5, 7]. Significant changes in ANF serum level have been reported during CPB [2]: after onset of CPB ANF level rises and stays elevated. During CPB RAP is very low or negative so that right atrial distension cannot account for this increase in secretion. Aim of this study was to determine if the inversion of the right atrium during CPB causes the increased release of ANF.
Environmental Pollution and Human Health in Ancient Times

Throughout human history, there have been a handful of times when major changes/transitions in human relationships with the environment occurred, and these thresholds have had major implications on health and cultural development. This article concentrates on changes in burdens of environmentally attributable diseases that accompanied the hunter-gatherer → agriculture → urbanization transitions in ancient times. The transitions mark the threshold in a gradually accelerating process – a continuum of human interference with the natural cycles that tends toward greater levels of ecological disequilibrium. A growing trend in prevalence of respiratory diseases associated with indoor air pollution from use of fuel wood is highlighted. The literary and archaeological evidence for deplorable conditions of water pollution and urban sanitation and their effect on the health of ancient populations are summarized. Ancient time can be considered an epoch for environmental refugees that were created by a confluence of environmental stress, land degradation, and desertification in the very fragile regions of the world where most of the ancient civilizations sprouted. The vulnerability to environmental shocks and susceptibility of the Mediterranean region to drought, overpopulation, and famine created the conditions for conflicts (especially for wood and mineral resources), which fed on political, tribal, or ethnic differences that presumably contributed to failed states and crashed civilizations in this region.
Understanding two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer: Challenges and paradoxes

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discuss selected two-phase flow and heat transfer issues which would have been of interest to my three recently deceased friends and colleagues: Geoffrey Hewitt, Bal Raj Sehgal and George Yadigaroglu. The main emphasis is on the importance of understanding the underlying physics for proper interpretation of experimental data and for the formulation of consistent and meaningful models at various levels of complexity.
Prior-Free Dynamic Auctions with Low Regret Buyers

We study the problem of how to repeatedly sell to a buyer running a no-regret, mean-based algorithm. Previous work [Braverman et al., 2018] shows that it is possible to design effective mechanisms in such a setting that extract almost all of the economic surplus, but these mechanisms require the buyer's values each round to be drawn independently and identically from a fixed distribution. In this work, we do away with this assumption and consider the prior-free setting where the buyer's value each round is chosen adversarially (possibly adaptively). We show that even in this prior-free setting, it is possible to extract a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation of the full economic surplus for any $\varepsilon > 0$. The number of options offered to a buyer in any round scales independently of the number of rounds $T$ and polynomially in $\varepsilon$. We show that this is optimal up to a polynomial factor; any mechanism achieving this approximation factor, even when values are drawn stochastically, requires at least $\Omega(1/\varepsilon)$ options. Finally, we examine what is possible when we constrain our mechanism to a natural auction format where overbidding is dominated. Braverman et al. [2018] show that even when values are drawn from a known stochastic distribution supported on $[1/H, 1]$, it is impossible in general to extract more than $O(\log\log H / \log H)$ of the economic surplus. We show how to achieve the same approximation factor in the prior-independent setting (where the distribution is unknown to the seller), and an approximation factor of $O(1 / \log H)$ in the prior-free setting (where the values are chosen adversarially).
Military alliances as a stabilising force: U.S. relations with South Korea and Taiwan, 1950s-1960s

Two broad and seemingly contradictory perspectives exist on U.S. alliances with South Korea and Taiwan. One focuses on how Washington carefully designed the alliances to rein in its overly warlike ...
Procedural and 1-year clinical outcomes of orbital atherectomy for treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis: A single-center, retrospective study.

Objectives We evaluated the procedural and 1-year clinical outcomes of orbital atherectomy (OA) for treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR). Background The optimal treatment for ISR remains uncertain. While rotational and laser atherectomy have been used as neointimal debulking techniques for ISR, there have been few reports on OA for ISR. Methods This is a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ISR with OA in Mount Sinai catheterization laboratory between November 2013 and January 2018. Procedural success was defined as angiographic success without in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE; the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction [MI], or target vessel revascularization). Clinical outcomes were assessed at 1 month and 12 months postprocedure. Results A total of 87 patients were included in the study. All 87 patients were treated with OA, after which 49 (56.3%) patients also received new drug-eluting stents. Angiographic success was achieved in 87 (100%) patients and procedural success was achieved in 79 (90.8%) patients. In-hospital MACE occurred in 8 (9.2%) patients, all due to periprocedural non-Q-wave MI. Acute lumen gain was 1.19 ± 0.57 mm after OA plus balloon angioplasty and 1.75 ± 0.50 mm after stent placement. MACE within 1 year occurred in 17 (19.5%) patients. Conclusions OA for ISR was performed with favorable procedural and 1-year clinical outcomes. Randomized trials are warranted to determine whether OA improves the poor prognosis of patients with ISR treated without debulking.