cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cournot game analysis on market effects of queuing energy request as demand response

A key way for the power grid to withstand increasing demand electricity and a more diverse and unpredictable mix of energy resources is to encourage demand side participation in the electricity market. Recent rulings by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) favor not only the inclusion of but also the compensation for Demand Response (DR) aggregators in the wholesale electricity market. In this paper, we study the market effects of including Green Energy Management System (GEMS), a future Demand Response (DR) program that will take advantage of operational flexibility of certain types of loads to shape demand profile. Compared to other more classical DR methods, GEMS use a new architecture that allows them to build reserves of load requests associated to specific end-uses, e.g., Electrical Vehicle charging. The load can be dispatched (by turning on appliances) to follow a desired profile, called “load modification”, when compared to the unscheduled load profile. To study the market effect of GEMS, we adopt a Cournot game model that is widely used to study the behavior of traditional generators in the wholesale electricity market. The players in the game include traditional generators, the GEMS, and the Independent System Operator (ISO). We determine the optimization approach that must be taken by the GEMS to maximize its profits. We also determine the market equilibrium conditions that must exist among the players. Our numerical results indicate that the GEMS' participation reduces the average market price of electricity.
Evidence for opioid involvement in the regulation of ovarian maturation of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator

Abstract The potential involvement of an endogenous opioid system in the regulation of ovarian development in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, was investigated in vivo. Injection of the opioid, methionine enkephalin, into female crabs significantly slowed ovarian maturation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, injection of the opioid antagonist, naloxone, produced dose-dependent ovarian maturation. These results provide the first evidence that an opioid system is involved in the control of reproduction in a crustacean. It is hypothesized that the opioid (a) stimulates release of the gonad-inhibiting hormone, (b) inhibits release of the gonad-stimulating hormone or (c) does both (a) and (b).
1062 PROTECTION BY SERUM ANTIBODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL NONTYPABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) OTITIS MEDIA (OM)

Host immune defenses appear to be important in the prevention of NTHI OM. I investigated the importance of serum antibodies in prevention of experimental OM in chinchillas. Animals infected by unilateral intrabullar inoculation with 103 cfu of NTHI strain 3245 uniformly developed acute OM. Following recovery, animals were protected against rechallenge with the homologous organism. Immunity was associated with the appearance of serum antibodies directed primarily against a 39Kd surface-exposed major outer membrane protein (OMP) as determined in a whole-cell radioimmunoprecipitation (WC-RIP) assay. Antibodies to LPS were undetectable in convalescent sera by ELISA. In a second experiment, chinchillas were immunized with killed bacteria. Pooled preimmune or immune serum from these animals was administered to a second group of animals one day prior to intrabullar bacterial challenge. 5 of 5 animals receiving preimmune serum developed OM compared to 0 of 10 animals receiving immune serum (P<.001). The immune serum pool and sera from passively immunized animals contained antibodies directed primarily against the 39Kd OMP by WC-RIP. AntiLPS antibody was detectable in the immune serum pool and in sera from passively protected animals. However, the antiLPS ELISA titer was more than 10-fold lower than the titer to the 39Kd OMP. Neither convalescent sera from infected animals nor sera from immunized animals was bactericidal. My results indicate that serum antibody is protective in experimental NTHI otitis, possibly by means of opsonic activity, and that major OMPs or LPS may be important immune targets.
Acute care for elders units produced shorter hospital stays at lower cost while maintaining patients' functional status

Acute Care for Elders Units offer enhanced care for older adults in specially designed hospital units. The care is delivered by interdisciplinary teams, which can include geriatricians, advanced practice nurses, social workers, pharmacists, and physical therapists. In a randomized controlled trial of 1,632 elderly patients, length-of-stay was significantly shorter—6.7 days per patient versus 7.3 days per patient—among those receiving care in the Acute Care for Elders Unit compared to usual care. This difference produced lower total inpatient costs—$9,477 per patient versus $10,451 per patient—while maintaining patients’ functional abilities and not increasing hospital readmission rates. The practices of Acute Care for Elders Units, and the principles they embody, can provide hospitals with effective strategies for lowering costs while preserving quality of care for hospitalized elders.
Ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber realizing space-division multiplexed ultra-long-haul transmission

Recent investigations on inter-core crosstalk of multi-core fibers and our fabricated ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber are reviewed. Crosstalk of the fabricated fiber was considered to be adequately low for ultra-long-haul transmission.
Analytical solutions for contaminant transport in streams

The importance of the effect of surface/ground water interactions on contaminant transport in streams and rivers has been greatly recognized in the last two decades. Bencala and Walters (1983) [Bencala, K.E., Walters, R.A., 1983. Simulation of solute transport in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream - a transient storage model. Water Resources Research 19 (3), 718-724.] developed a mathematical model for the transient storage zone to represent the movement of solute from main streams into stagnant zones and back to the main stream. This model calculates the concentrations of a main channel and a storage zone and the transient storage is represented by the mass exchange due to the concentration difference between the stream and the storage zone. Later, Kazezyilmaz-Alhan and Medina (2006) [Kazezyilmaz-Alhan, C.M., Medina Jr., M.A., 2006. Stream solute transport incorporating hyporheic zone processes. Journal of Hydrology 329 (1-2), 26-38.] made several improvements to this transient storage model by incorporating advection and dispersion into the hyporheic zone and representing the mass transport between the channel and hyporheic zone by mass flux terms. In this study, analytical solutions are derived for both transient storage models for the cases of continuous and finite injections of a tracer. The analytical solutions provide the researchers with computational speed in obtaining results for contaminant transport problems, and a means to check the validity of the numerical models. The analytical solutions are compared to the numerical solutions for hypothetical problems. Comparison of results shows that the numerical and analytical solutions are in very good agreement.
Can Humanitarianism Instill Good Will? American Tsunami Aid and Sri Lankan Reactions

One means of curbing anti-Americanism is to promote positive views of the United States and its people. The purpose of this study was to assess whether nearly a billion dollars pledged by the United States for tsunami aid instilled good will among Sri Lankans. Of 478 respondents, most considered both the American government (75%) and the American people (84%) to be generous. Half claimed that they liked the American people, a substantial increase over attitudes measured 2 years back, post-9/11. While fewer than half supported U.S. involvement in Iraq, the extent of this support increased significantly from post-9/11 levels, suggesting that humanitarian aid may result in broadened support for unrelated U.S. initiatives.
Cognitive self-instruction for an off-task fourth grader during independent academic tasks: A case study

Abstract The intent of this case study was to investigate the impact of a cognitive self-instruction (CSI) program upon a fourth-grade student exhibiting poor self-management skills (i.e., inability to focus attention, follow through, and finish academic seatwork assignments). The case study was conducted over a school year and involved interviews and baseline on-task ratings over 10 days during independent seatwork time, teachers' and parents' ratings on the Brown-Hammill Teacher/ Parent Rating Profile (BRP) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. The cognitive instructional program included the components of modeling, practicing, and cueing applied for 4 months. The postinstructional measures were a readministration of preinstructional instruments and follow-up interviews. Maintenance tests of the CSI strategies were conducted after 1- and 3-month delays. Near and far transfer data were collected from the art teacher (near) and the mother (far). Results indicated across-the-board facilitative effects of the CSI strategies with the exception of the home behavior, as rated by the mother. Interviews collaborated the effectiveness of the CSI intervention.
Tgfβ Signaling Directly Induces Arf Promoter Remodeling by a Mechanism Involving Smads 2/3 and p38 MAPK

We have investigated how the Arf gene product, p19Arf, is activated by Tgfβ during mouse embryo development to better understand how this important tumor suppressor is controlled. Taking advantage of new mouse models, we provide genetic evidence that Arf lies downstream of Tgfβ signaling in cells arising from the Wnt1-expressing neural crest and that the anti-proliferative effects of Tgfβ depend on Arf in vivo. Tgfβ1, -2, and -3 (but not BMP-2, another member of the Tgfβ superfamily) induce p19Arf expression in wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), and they enhance Arf promoter activity in ArflacZ/lacZ MEFs. Application of chemical inhibitors of Smad-dependent and -independent pathways show that SB431542, a Tgfβ type I receptor (TβrI) inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, impede Tgfβ2 induction of Arf. Genetic studies confirm the findings; transient knockdown of Smad2, Smad3, or p38 MAPK blunt Tgfβ2 effects, as does Cre recombinase treatment of Tgfbr2fl/fl MEFs to delete Tgfβ receptor II. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that Tgfβ rapidly induces Smads 2/3 binding and histone H3 acetylation at genomic DNA proximal to Arf exon 1β. This is followed by increased RNA polymerase II binding and progressively increased Arf primary and mature transcripts from 24 through 72 h, indicating that increased transcription contributes to p19Arf increase. Last, Arf induction by oncogenic Ras depends on p38 MAPK but is independent of TβrI activation of Smad 2. These findings add to our understanding of how developmental and tumorigenic signals control Arf expression in vivo and in cultured MEFs.
Blurring the boundaries: bringing students, faculty and business partners into mutual learning spaces

Technical writing teachers partnering with corporate clients for classroom projecs find themselves in the position of negotiating expectations and outcomes for students, corporate partners, department, faculty, administrators, potential employers, university research centers, etc. In this network of needs and influences, teachers need to maintain a safe environment where students can learn course content supplemented by the project component of the class. This Idea Market session will explore the outcome of one such industry / academic partnership at Clemson University and the lessons we learned from our experience.
Intracranial dysfunctions: stupor and coma.

Coma and stupor are pathologic neural states whose signs arise from either massive cortical or brainstem disease or toxicity. A variety of pathological processes can cause brain disease. Often one has to begin treatment before the diagnosis of the cause of the problem is made. At all stages of treatment, great care must be taken to avoid precipitating an intracranial crisis. The physiological derangements that may aid in the diagnosis include arousability, pupil reactivity, various reflexes, breathing patterns, and cardiovascular function. The treatment needs to be both specific and general; i.e., the condition itself must be treated, if possible, and the intracranial pressure must be lowered if it has been raised by the condition. Treatments for raised intracranial pressure include hyperventilation, diuretics, corticosteroids, avoidance of jugular vein compression, coughing, and any change of the position of the head and neck from normal. When sedating or anesthetizing these patients, one should avoid drugs that increase cerebral blood flow such as ketamine and inhaled anesthetics, using instead drugs that lower cerebral blood flow such as thiopental, lidocaine, and narcotics (with ventilation).
Detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations by flow cytometry: A novel process for identifying aneugenic agents

Aneuploidy plays a significant role in adverse human health conditions including birth defects, pregnancy wastage, and cancer. Currently, there is no screening method sufficiently validated that can be used routinely to identify aneugenic agents in vitro because most conventional test systems rely on the labor-intensive microscopic assessment of the aneuploid cell population. Our laboratory has recently developed a flow cytometry-based procedure for assessing numerical chromosomal aberrations in mitotic populations of lymphocytes on the basis of DNA content. Studies were conducted in 24 h treated human lymphocyte cultures to determine the sensitivity of this flow cytometry-based procedure to detect aneugenic agents. A comparison between the microscopic and the flow cytometry-based procedures for scoring polyploidy shows a strong agreement exists between the two methods. Treatments with two known aneugenic agents, griseofulvin, and paclitaxel (taxol), resulted in a dose-related increase in the mitotic index, aneuploidy, and polyploidy. In contrast, results from the treatments with two known clastogenic agents, mitomycin-C, and etoposide, show a dose-related decrease in the mitotic index with a slight increase in the frequency of hypodiploidy at concentrations that produce severe chromosomal breakage. There were no increases in hyperdiploidy and polyploidy observed. In conclusion, the reproducibility of the results obtained in this study indicates that this flow cytometry-based procedure for assessing numerical chromosomal effects in mitotic populations on the basis of DNA content is promising for the routine detection and characterization of aneugenic agents.
Mechlorethamine, procarbazine and prednisone for the treatment of resistant lymphoma in dogs

Forty-one dogs with resistant lymphoma were treated with a modified MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) protocol (MPP [mechlorethamine, procarbazine and prednisone] administered on a 21-day cycle, shortened from the 28-day MOPP cycle). The overall response rate to MPP was 34% for a median of 56 days (95% confidence interval 30-238). Seventeen percent of dogs had a complete response for a median duration of 238 days, 17% had a partial response for a median of 56 days and 32% had stable disease for a median of 24 days. Histological grade or cell morphology on cytology was associated with response. Minimal toxicity was observed with the MPP protocol, suggesting that further dose intensification or addition of another chemotherapeutic agent would be possible.
The Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of Type VII Collagen is Present at the Basement Membrane in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Abstract Recent studies showing that type VII collagen is a component of anchoring fibrils suggests that the absence of anchoring fibrils in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa may be due to a defect in the synthesis, secretion, and deposition of type VII collagen. That hypothesis is further supported by recent studies suggesting that monoclonal antibodies to type VII collagen do not react with the basement membrane in most patients. To investigate further, we examined skin from 12 patients by electron microscopy and by immunohistology and immunoelectron microscopy using a concentrated and purified monoclonal antibody to the carboxy-terminal domain of Type VII collagen. Although anchoring fibrils were not detected by electron microscopy, the results of immunohistology showed definite, but reduced, binding of the monoclonal antibody to type VII collagen at the basement membrane in a linear pattern in 11 of 12 patients. By immunoelectron microscopy, reduced deposition of anti-type VII collagen antibody was detected beneath the lamina densa. The results of this study show that the carboxyl-terminal domain of type VII collagen is synthesized, secreted, and deposited at the basement membrane zone in 11 of 12 patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and suggest that the absence of anchoring fibrils may be due either to deposition of abnormal type VII collagen, reduced levels of normal type VII collagen, defective assembly of type VII collagen into anchoring fibrils, or destruction of the collagenous domain of type VII collagen.
A K-band 5-bit digital linear phase rotator with folded transformer based ultra-compact quadrature generation

This paper presents a K-band 5-bit vector modulator phase rotator. A fully differential based on a 6-port folded transformer I/Q generation passive network generates the quadrature signals at K-band with low loss, wide bandwidth and high precision, all within an ultracompact foot-print; this makes the phase rotator design especially suitable for large-scaled high-density phased array systems. Two linear digital VGAs scale the quadrature signals to achieve the desired vector phase interpolation. As a proof-of-concept design, we implement the phase rotator in a SiGe BiCMOS process within a compact chip area of only 310 μm by 380 μm. It achieves -3 dB bandwidth of 6 GHz at the center frequency of 23.5 GHz. The maximum RMS phase error is only 2° for phase interpolation over the full 360° phase span. It consumes 4 mA from 2.5 V and the measured P 1dB and IIP 3 are -16 dBm and -5.5 dBm, respectively. Leveraging the dense phase interpolation points to calibrate undesired I/Q mismatch is also demonstrated, which shows the robustness of the design.
An Empirical Study on Wrapper-Based Feature Selection for Software Engineering Data

Software metrics give valuable information for understanding and predicting the quality of software modules, and thus it is important to select the right software metrics for building software quality classification models. In this paper we focus on wrapper-based feature (metric) selection techniques, which evaluate the merit of feature subsets based on the performance of classification models. We seek to understand the relationship between the internal learner used inside wrappers and the external learner for building the final classification model. We perform experiments using four consecutive releases of a very large telecommunications system, which include 42 software metrics (and with defect data collected for every program module). Our results demonstrate that (1) the best performance is never found when the internal and external learner match, (2)the best performance is usually found by using NB (Naive Bayes) inside the wrapper unless SVM (Support Vector Machine) is external learner, (3) LR (Logistic Regression) is often the best learner to use for building classification models regardless of which learner was used inside the wrapper.
Statistical Considerations for Analysis of Microarray Experiments

Microarray technologies enable the simultaneous interrogation of expressions from thousands of genes from a biospecimen sample taken from a patient. This large set of expressions generates a genetic profile of the patient that may be used to identify potential prognostic or predictive genes or genetic models for clinical outcomes. The aim of this article is to provide a broad overview of some of the major statistical considerations for the design and analysis of microarrays experiments conducted as correlative science studies to clinical trials. An emphasis will be placed on how the lack of understanding and improper use of statistical concepts and methods will lead to noise discovery and misinterpretation of experimental results. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 466–477
Evaluating Extension Program

Abstract Extension teaching is always confronted with the problem of evaluation since check lots cannot be run. After a job is completed, how can one tell how effective it has been? It has been necessary to depend upon a survey, and surveys are costly in time and personnel. In connection with a consumer education project we are conducting in Milwaukee, we decided to check on means of evaluating the work. Would the same degree of accuracy exist if the office personnel called a sample group by phone as one would obtain by personal interview? Use of the telephone would be simple and inexpensive. Two stores, one independent, the other a chain, were selected in two comparable neighborhoods. A questionnaire was used from which we are selecting two items: price paid for eggs and number of eggs purchased per person per week. Persons were interviewed in each store; in their homes in . . .
Antibody-dependent murine macrophage-mediated damage to Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in vitro

Abstract Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against schistosomula of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni was demonstrated using antisera from mice plus peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). PEC were divided into plastic-adherent (96% macrophages, 4% lymphocytes) and nonadherent (92% lymphocytes, 8% macrophages) cell populations. Four criteria of ADCC were used, including minimal and maximal cell attachment, and death of and uptake of trypan blue by schistosomula. Using cells from normal mice and antisera from schistosome-infected mice, macrophages adhered to, damaged the tegument and underlying structures of, and killed schistosomula when observed following 18 hr incubation. In homologous systems, the results were similar when outbred CD-1 and inbred BALB/c mice were compared, except that potency of antisera from the latter mice decreased after 6–7 weeks postinfection, whereas the opposite was true for the former strain of mice. Nonadherent cells also exhibited ADCC against schistosomula, but the potency was considerably lower than that of adherent cells. These complement-independent ADCC reactions were stage-specific for the schistosomulum in that no reactions occurred with adult worms.
Antimicrobial Resistance and R Factors in Salmonella Isolated in California (1971–1972)

Abstract The antimicrobial resistance of 2,246 strains of Salmonella isolated from humans in California was determined. Resistance to one or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents tested was found in 32% of the isolates. Salmonella typhimurium strains represented 31% of the serotypes isolated; 49% of these strains were resistant. Fifty-one percent of S. heidelberg, 42.5% of S. newport, and 40% of S. saint paul strains were resistant. Seventy-seven percent of all resistant serotypes were resistant to two or more of the antimicrobial agents tested. R factors were demonstrated in 70% of the multiply resistant strains. Resistance of the Salmonella strains to one or more of the 12 antimicrobials tested and the frequency of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin were significantly greater than resistance reported in other studies performed in this country. Chloramphenicol resistance was encountered in 33 (1.5%) of the Salmonella isolates; 19 of these were S. typhi demonstrating a pattern of resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol and carrying an R factor capable of transferring the complete pattern of resistance.
Energy relaxation to acoustic phonons in quasi-two-dimensional semiconductors

Abstract The rate of energy relaxation of warm carrier to the lattice via acoustic phonons is calculated assuming degenerate statistics. It is found that the form of the relaxation rate is relatively insensitive to the detailed form of the distribution.
The male orgasm: Pelvic contractions measured by anal probe

Pelvic muscle contractions during sexual response can be monitored conveniently by the anal probe method described. Eleven young adult male subjects were each recorded for three sessions of masturbation to orgasm. Electrical signals from an anal pressure probe were automatically digitized by computer. Orgasmic contractions were easily distinguished from voluntary contractions by the steadily increasing intervals and complete muscle relaxation between orgasmic contractions. At orgasm each subject produced a characteristic series of contractions starting abruptly at an intercontraction interval of about 0.6 seconds, and continued for 10 to 15 contractions at an increasing increment of about 0.1 second per contraction. Pressure amplitude, representing the force of contractions, increased from the beginning of the regular series to a maximum at the seventh or eighth contraction. Area under the pressure curve, reflecting muscular exertion during contraction, generally increased throughout the regular series. Each man's pattern of contractions was very similar from one session to the next and distinguished his records from others'. Individuals' patterns could be grouped into three types, based chiefly on the location of the regular contraction series within the subjective span of orgasm. The most common type was a simple series of regular contractions. It had the shortest duration and fewest contractions. The next most common pattern began with the regular series, followed by a number of irregular contractions. This type was longest in duration. One man with a third type, of intermediate duration, had a number of preliminary contractions before the series of regular contractions began in midorgasm.
Verification of a Maxwellian electron-energy distribution in the ICP

Abstract A 20-Hz frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd : YAG laser has been used to measure Thomson-scattering spectra from an inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP). The experimental data were treated with a non-linear regression curve-fitting program to determine electron temperatures and electron number densities under different plasma operating conditions. A comparison of the measured Thomson-scattering spectra with the corresponding fitted curves indicates that the electron energy distributions in the ICP are very close to Maxwellian under a wide range of sample-introduction conditions and at locations above, below, and at the tip of the “bullet”. As a result, electron temperature can be used as a meaningful fundamental parameter. The theory used in this study is briefly reviewed and the detailed experimental considerations are described.
Mucinous micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: an aggressive counterpart to conventional pure mucinous tumors

Mucinous micropapillary carcinoma of the breast, also described as "pure mucinous carcinoma with micropapillary pattern," has recently come to attention as an unusual form of invasive breast cancer exhibiting dual mucinous and micropapillary differentiation. Despite increasing awareness of this morphologic variant, its clinical significance has not yet been elucidated. Here, we present 15 additional examples of these rare tumors to highlight some important differences between mucinous micropapillary carcinoma of the breast and ordinary pure mucinous carcinomas. The key features of mucinous micropapillary carcinoma of the breast included (a) largely or entirely mucinous appearance (>90% mucinous morphology), (b) distinctive micropapillary arrangement of the neoplastic cells, (c) intermediate to high nuclear grade, (d) "hobnail" cells, and (e) frequent psammomatous calcifications. In contrast to ordinary pure mucinous carcinomas, 20% of mucinous micropapillary carcinomas of the breast were characterized by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity, and 23% were p53 positive. More than half of mucinous micropapillary carcinomas of the breast (60%) demonstrated lymphovascular invasion, sometimes extensive. Synchronous axillary lymph node metastases were detected in 33% of patients and, on 2 occasions, involved more than 10 nodes. With a median follow-up of 4.5 years, we identified 1 patient (7%) with chest wall recurrence of mucinous micropapillary carcinoma of the breast after mastectomy. We conclude that mucinous micropapillary carcinomas of the breast constitute a clinically aggressive subset of mucin-producing breast carcinomas characterized by an increased capacity for lymphatic invasion and regional lymph node metastasis, reflective of their dual phenotype. Recognition of the morphologic and biologic heterogeneity within breast cancer subtypes should allow for a more accurate classification of the individual tumors and better patient stratification for treatment.
Physiological (rapid) change of color in horned lizards

Rapid color-change in three congeneric desert lizards of diverse size was studied and compared. Using in vitro skins, the highest % skin-darkening values (15-19%) of dose-response curves for α-melanophore stimulating hormone (α-MSH) were determined for each species. In the smallest species, Phrynosoma modestum, melanophores responded to α-MSH over the broadest range, 2.5 x 10 -10 - 6.5 10 -8 M. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenoceptor agonist, was less effective than α-MSH at darkening skins, 5% in P. cornutum. Norepinephrine (NE), an α-adrenoceptor agonist, dramatically lightened α-MSH darkened skins of P solare and P modestum. Catecholamine responses were further investigated with the α-adrenoceptor blocker Dibenamine and the β-adrenoceptor blocker oxprenolol. Phrynosoma cornutum did not respond to NE. The effects of temperature on α-MSH activity were studied in vitro and in vivo. Skins in vitro darkened most rapidly in response to α-MSH at 41°, to an intermediate degree at 22°, and least at 6°C. Lizards in vivo exhibited the darkest color at 22°, lightest at 41°, and intermediate color at 6°C. A potent α-MSH receptor agonist, [Nle 4 , D-Phe 7 ]-α-MSH, was used to further study the significance of temperature on in vivo α-MSH regulation of color. Both P. cornutum and P. modestum placed on black-and-white backgrounds for twenty-four hours failed to show background matching. Diel color changes associated with thermoregulatory needs are apparently consistent with crypsis, an antipredator strategy; cool lizards darken (to increase solar thermal gain) in early morning and late afternoon when background shadows are prominent, and warm lizards lighten (to reduce solar thermal gain) at midday when the albedo of the environment is high.
Two Classes of Solar Proton Events Derived from Onset Time Analysis

We analyze onset times for 26 solar energetic (from 30 keV to 6 MeV) proton events that exhibit clear velocity dispersion, as observed by the three-dimensional Plasma and Energetic Particles experiment on the Wind spacecraft. Assuming that the particles are injected simultaneously at all energies and travel the same path length, we find two classes of proton events: (1) for the 18 class 1 events, the derived path lengths are between 1.1 and 1.3 AU, indicating that the first arriving protons travel essentially scatter-free; and (2) the eight class 2 events show longer path lengths around 2 AU. For all proton events, the observed temporally related electron events all have electron path lengths around 1.1-1.3 AU. Relative to the electron injection time at the Sun, the protons of the first class are injected ~0.5-2 hr later. Assuming these particles are accelerated by the associated coronal mass ejection (CME) shock, the protons at all energies between 0.03 and 6 MeV appear to be accelerated (or released) simultaneously high in the corona, roughly ~1-10 R☉ above the electrons. The pitch-angle distributions are observed to be similar for both classes of events, making it unlikely that propagation effects are responsible for the longer path length of class 2 events. The late proton onset times at 1 AU of class 2 are therefore more likely explained by a successively later solar release (or escape) of protons at successive lower energies. Assuming again acceleration at the CME shock, the release (or escape) of the protons of class 2 events appears to depend on energy and occur at a higher altitude for lower energies, with the most energetic protons possibly released simultaneously with the electrons.
Methods and preliminary results on enhanced boiling heat transfer in second generation microchannels

This paper reviews literature on conventional scale boiling enhancement techniques by means of reentrant cavities and discusses various avenues the knowledge obtained from that research can be used to enhance boiling in microchannels. Fabrication tech- niques developed by the Micro Thermal-Fluids Labo- ratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute together with the Advanced Microsystems Materials Laboratory at McGill University are discussed and preliminary data are given. These results demonstrate the potential for improving boiling heat transfer characteristics in mi- crochannels and introduce next generation microchannel heat transfer technology.
Image Processing and the Arithmetic Fourier Trans-form

A new Fourier technique, the Arithmetic Fourier Transform (AFT) was recently developed for signal processing. This approach is based on the number-theoretic method of Mobius inversion. The AFT needs only additions except for a small amount of multiplications by prescribed scale factors. This new algorithm is also well suited to parallel processing. And there is no accumulation of rounding errors in the AFT algorithm. In this paper, the AFT is used to compute the discrete cosine transform and is also extended to 2-D cases for image processing. A 2-D Mobius inversion formula is proved. It is then applied to the computation of Fourier coefficients of a periodic 2-D function. It is shown that the output of an array of delay-line (or transversal) filters is the Mobius transform of the input harmonic terms. The 2-D Fourier coefficients can therefore be obtained through Mobius inversion of the output the filter array.
Inter-firm sharing of process knowledge: exploring knowledge markets

Markets and communities are two modalities of knowledge exchange between firms; and this study concludes with a model that addresses the tension between the two modalities. The model resulted from an exploratory study conducted under the umbrella of a national consortium, using the methodology of participatory action research. The study involved three large multinational firms, where one firm supplied knowledge of three different processes used in product development to two other non-competitive firms outside their supply chain. The knowledge was shared within the framework of an intervention that included the following: (1) individual work with process-related course materials via the web or compact disc, followed by (2) interactive group sessions supported by videoconference facilities and led by a process expert from the supplying firm. Empirical data were gathered by interviewing participants before and after the intervention, and by observing interactive group sessions. Findings from the empirical data describe rationales for inter-firm sharing of process knowledge, which illustrate a market modality of exchange; and describe practices for effective knowledge sharing, which illustrate aspects of a community modality of exchange. The model induced from these findings compares the situational setting, constellation of meanings and associated knowledge sharing practices for both modalities of exchange: market and community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quiescence and increased adhesion after mammalian DNA transfection of human fibrosarcoma cells.

When a population of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells was transfected with a mammalian expression vector and DNA pieces representing either the human whole genome or mouse bulk cDNA, there was a transient increase in the number of adhesive cells in the population. The number of cells with increased adhesion was proportional to the amount of transfected DNA; the increase occurred at a maximal frequency of between 10(−4) and 10(−5) per cell. Increased adhesion in these cells persisted for 9–12 days, corresponding to the period of highly efficient transient transfection, and was accompanied by arrest in cell division. Transfection of non-mammalian DNAs, reduction of transfected mammalian sequence length by restriction enzyme digestion, or omission of expression vector DNA did not permit these shifts in phenotype. The effects seen suggest that expression of specific transfected mammalian DNA sequences suppresses certain phenotypic characteristics in these transformed mammalian cells.
Meniscus coating: a low-cost polymer deposition method for system-on-package (SOP) substrates

Meniscus coating is a low-cost deposition method that can be used to apply polymers in solution as thin films to the surface of electronics packaging substrates or flat panel displays. Most Roadmaps in electronics packaging project 6 to 8 /spl mu/m lines and spaces for next generation high density printed wiring board (PWB) substrates in the year 2006, which would require coating thickness of similar magnitudes for manufacturing fine lines with higher yield. Meniscus coating can be an enabling deposition method that can provide finer yet uniform coating on large area substrates which would translate to patterning finer copper traces, thereby increasing the wiring density. This paper reports preliminary results on coating thickness that can be achieved with photoresists, dielectrics, and solder masks which are the integral parts of the sequential build up multi-layer process for the system-on-package substrates.
Reconciliation: the continuing role of theory.

Abstract The author regards this lecture-event as a symbol of the rapprochements currently in process, brought about by the need to close ranks due to a period of theoretical fragmentation and decline. Just as the original breakthrough of psychoanalysis a century ago was its theory of understanding, the fate of that theory is paramount in the process of consolidation and reconciliation during the present recovery phase. Splits are caused by ideas and people. Theory has grown by steady accretion, and by a parallel subjective process frequently based on flaws and fallacies. Comings together, often in the service of survival, can be on a base as flawed as the original separations, and miss the opportunities to correct previous irrational developments in theory. The author advocates a total composite psychoanalytic theory as the common ground to unify the field and restore its previous inspirational quality.
Preparation and assay of D-erythrose 4-phosphate.

The oxidation of D-glucose 6-phosphate by lead tetraacetate in cold acetic–propionic acid produces D-erythrose 4-phosphate contaminated with a small proportion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The product is a suitable substrate for certain enzymic studies, as illustrated by its use in the assay of transaldolase and transketolase. D-Erythritol 4-phosphate may readily be obtained in high yield by reducing the crude oxidation mixture with sodium borohydride. Oxidation of D-fructose 6-phosphate with 1 mole of lead tetraacetate gives chiefly D-erythrose 4-phosphate, whereas oxidation with 2 moles produces mainly D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The stability of D-erythrose 4-phosphate under a variety of conditions was also examined.
Outcome of Chiari-associated syringomyelia after hindbrain decompression in children: analysis of 49 consecutive cases.

OBJECTIVEChiari I malformation is complicated by syringomyelia in many cases. Hindbrain decompression remains first-line surgical treatment; however, the incidence, time course, and predictors of syrinx resolution remain unclear. We set out to determine predictors of syrinx improvement after hindbra
Voter Registration and Turnout in the United States

In a democracy, voting is the most fundamental act of political participation and therefore holds a central location in the study of political behavior. One significant research tradition focuses on the relationship between registration and turnout and raises important and related questions. How do registration laws influence turnout levels? What types of people are most affected by them? What are the partisan implications of registration requirements? Spanning the late nineteenth through early twenty-first centuries, this essay places these questions in the appropriate theoretical context and then answers them.Previously Benjamin Highton was an APSA Congressional Fellow and worked for Senator Paul Wellstone on health and welfare policy. He appreciates the advice and criticism from Henry Brady, Jennifer Hochschild, Randolph Siverson, Raymond Wolfinger, and the anonymous referees for Perspectives on Politics.
Evaluation of the effect of ethanol's toxic metabolite acetaldehyde on the gastrointestinal oligopeptide transporter, PEPT1: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Background: The effects of alcohol consumption and its subsequent metabolism on drug transport, absorption and pharmacokinetics are poorly understood. This study examines the effects of the ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, on the clinically relevant drug transporter, PEPT1. The metabolism of ethanol and the following acetaldehyde formation is thought to modulate the uptake capacity of PEPT1 within the gastrointestinal tract for a variety of clinically important peptidomimetic drug compounds. Methods: Glycylsarcosine ([3H]-GlySar), a nonhydrolysable PEPT1 specific substrate was used in our studies. In vitro uptake studies were performed in the Caco-2 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-hPEPT1 cell models, measuring cellular uptake of labeled compound against increasing levels of unlabeled compound in the presence of acetaldehyde. In vivo absorption of [3H]-GlySar was measured in male Sprague–Dawley rats that were treated with oral dose of ethanol/disulfiram (5 g/kg / 100 mg/kg) for 6 days. These results were compared to control rats treated with saline, ethanol alone or disulfiram alone. Results: In vitro uptake of [3H]-GlySar in CHO-hPEPT1 cells treated with 1 mM acetaldehyde was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared to untreated controls. The uptake of [3H]-GlySar in Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with 1 mM acetaldehyde was also significantly decreased as compared to the untreated control cells. In vivo absorption of [3H]-GlySar in ethanol treated rats, as measured by AUC0–12 hours were decreased by approximately 50% versus the control rat group. Conclusion: The effects of acetaldehyde due to consumption of ethanol on the uptake and bioavailability of therapeutic drug compounds transported by the PEPT1 oligopeptide transporter have not been documented. In the present studies, we demonstrate that acetaldehyde significantly modulates PEPT1 function and, thereby, affects drug bioavailability. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of an ethanol metabolite on substrate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, rather than interactions in the liver, which is an under-represented area of research in alcohol pathophysiology.
Taste-potentiated color aversions in pigeons: Examination of CS preexposure and subsequent effects on postconditioning extinction of the taste aversion

In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of potentiation using pigeons as subjects. Half the groups were given unreinforced preexposures to the CS on 2 consecutive days before aversion training. After training, the taste aversion was extinguished in some of the groups conditioned with a colored, tasty compound. Postconditioning extinction of the taste aversion was found to attenuate potentiated color aversions. This was the case for the subjects that both were and were not preexposed to the CS. These results lend support to the summation theory of potentiation (Durlach & Rescorla, 1980) and weaken the claim that CS preexposures are necessary for obtaining such support. Alternative accounts of the data are discussed.
Gene-by-social-environment interaction (GxSE) between ADCYAP1R1 genotype and neighborhood crime predicts major depression symptoms in trauma-exposed women.

Background Few studies have explored interactions between genes and social environmental exposures (GxSEs) for trauma-related psychopathology, including symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and major depression (MD). The extant literature suggests the possibility of a GxSE between the rs2267735 variant of the ADCYAP1R1 gene and neighborhood crime. The current study aimed to explore this possibility among a predominantly African American sample of trauma-exposed women.
Effect of dietary protein on the renin-angiotensin system in subtotally nephrectomized rats

Effect of dietary protein on the renin-angiotensin system in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Dietary protein restriction improves the course of renal disease in the remnant kidney model. Dietary protein restriction can also reduce plasma renin activity in several circumstances. We examined the interaction between dietary protein and the renin-angiotensin system in subtotally nephrectomized rats (1-2/3 nephrectomy). No difference was seen in tissue renin activity in rats ingesting a high (30%) versus a low (6%) protein diet. To determine the pathophysiological role of angiotensin II in subtotally nephrectomized rats, we examined the acute renal response to an intrarenal infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist Sar 1 Gly 8 -angiotensin II (10 µg/kg/min). Only those subtotally nephrectomized animals ingesting a high protein diet exhibited a consistent improvement in glomerular permselectivity, as manifested by a 24% fall in the fractional clearance of albumin (basal 16.19 ± 3.65 × 10 -4 vs. Sar 1 Gly 8 -AII 12.26 ± 3.21 × 10 -4 ; P -4 vs. Sar 1 Gly 8 -AII 3.03 ± 0.48 × 10 -4 ; P
A new look at hardware maze routing

This paper describes a new design for a hardware accelerator to support grid-based Maze Routing. Based on the direct mapped approach of Breuer and Shamsa [3], this work refines their design to substantially reduce the hardware requirements of each processing element while at the same time adding support for mulitilayer routing and fast iterative routing. An RTL implementation has been developed for this design in VHDL, and initial results show promise for its realization using ASIC, custom, or FPGA technology.
The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety in adolescents

To evaluate a developmental psychopathology approach for understanding adolescent social anxiety, parent-reported predictors of social anxiety were examined in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. Structured diagnostic interviews were obtained from biological parents of 770 participants. Potential risk factors assessed included child characteristics: negative affect, shyness, separation anxiety disorder, and childhood chronic illness, as well as parent characteristics: major depression, panic disorder, and agoraphobia. Adolescent social anxiety was measured multiple times during high school. Findings indicate stability in social anxiety symptoms across time. Parent-reported, childhood negative affect, shyness, and chronic illness as well as parental panic disorder or agoraphobia were associated with adolescent social anxiety. Interactions were observed between parent-reported childhood shyness and gender and between parent-reported childhood shyness and parent-reported childhood chronic illness in the prediction of social anxiety. Parent-reported childhood shyness was a stronger predictor of adolescent social anxiety in females compared to males. The combined effect of subjects being positive for both parent-reported childhood shyness and parent-reported childhood chronic illness was greater than would be expected based on additive effects. This study provides support for a multifactorial and developmentally informed understanding of adolescent social anxiety.