cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantized levitation states of superconducting multiple-ring systems

The quantized levitation, trapped, and suspension states of a magnetic microsphere held in equilibrium by two fixed superconducting (SC) microrings are calculated by minimizing the free energy of the system. Each state is a discrete function of two independent fluxoid quantum numbers of the rings. When the radii of the SC rings are of the same order as the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length \ensuremath{\xi}(T), the system exhibits a small set of gravity and temperature-dependent levels. The levels of a weakly magnetized particle are sensitive functions of the gravitational field, indicating potential application as an accelerometer, and for trapping small magnetic particles in outer space or on Earth. The equilibrium states of a SC ring levitated by another SC ring are also calculated. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Preferences and person trade-offs: forcing consistency or inconsistency in health-related quality of life measures?

We consider assumptions about preferences implicit in the person trade-off exercises used to derive health-related quality of life measures for the Global and US Burden of Disease Projects. Because these methods and their results have the potential of being adopted by other researchers, a critical review of this methodology and its assumptions is warranted. Exercise participants are told that quality of life valuation is approached using two different questions to reveal logical inconsistencies in each person's responses. An inconsistency is claimed to exist if a participant's two responses violate a particular mathematical relationship, and participants are forced to modify their responses to satisfy that relationship. We demonstrate that this supposed 'logical' relationship need not hold for logically consistent, rational individuals, and we prove that the relationship will in fact hold only for a particular class of social value functions exhibiting two characteristics that may not be consistent with the preferences of some participants. These results imply that the forced modification may invalidate some responses, as it may require some participants to provide final answers that are inconsistent with their true preferences. We then discuss preference characterizations in the existing person trade-off literature, from which this relationship may have been derived.
Motivating and Assisting Adult, Online Chemistry Students: A Review of the Literature

While comprehensive texts, articles, and literature reviews presenting research in the singular arenas of motivation, help-seeking, and online science learning are relatively easy to find, syntheses and interactions between these constructs are lacking. Part I of this review addresses this knowledge gap by drawing together key research from the domains of educational psychology and adult education, addressing the constructs of motivation, self-efficacy, adult learning, and help-seeking. Part II of this review extends and applies the motivation and help-seeking discussion to the emerging and exciting field of online chemistry education. The result is a comprehensive synthesis of the strengths and limitations of the currently existing body of knowledge related to the motivation and help-seeking behaviors of adult, online chemistry students.
Exponential convergence for a periodically driven semilinear heat equation

Abstract We consider a semilinear heat equation in one space dimension, with a periodic source at the origin. We study the solution, which describes the equilibrium of this system and we prove that, as the space variable tends to infinity, the solution becomes, exponentially fast, asymptotic to a steady state. The key to the proof of this result is a Harnack type inequality, which we obtain using probabilistic ideas.
Performance evaluation of peer-to-peer Web caching systems

Peer-to-peer Web caching has attracted a great attention from the research community recently, and is one of the potential peer-to-peer applications. In this paper, we systematically examine the three orthogonal dimensions to design a peer-to-peer Web caching system, including the caching algorithm, the document lookup algorithm, and the peer granularity. In addition to the traditional URL-based caching algorithm, we also evaluate the content-based caching algorithm for both dynamic and static Web content. Four different document lookup algorithms are compared and evaluated in the context of four different peer granularities, i.e., host level, organization level, building level, and centralized. A detailed simulation, using the traces collected at a medium size education institution, is conducted for the purpose of performance evaluation. Finally, several implications derived from this analysis are also discussed.
Three-dimensional Green's functions of steady-state motion in anisotropic half-spaces and bimaterials

Three-dimensional Green's functions (GFs) of steady-state motion in linear anisotropic elastic half-space and bimaterials are derived within the framework of generalized Stroh formalism and two-dimensional Fourier transforms. The present study is limited to the subsonic case where the sextic equation has six complex eigenvalues. If the source and field points reside in the same material, the GF is expressed in two parts: a singular part that corresponds to the infinite-space GF, and a complementary part that corresponds to the reflective effects of the interface in the bimaterial case and of the free surface in the half-space case. The singular part in the physical domain is calculated analytically by applying the Radon transform and the residue theorem. If the source and field points reside in different materials (in the bimaterial case), the GF is a one-term solution. The physical counterparts of the complementary part in the half-space case and of the one-term solution in the bimaterial case are derived as a one-dimensional integral by analytically carrying out the integration along the radial direction in the Fourier-inverse transform. When the source and field points are both on the interface in the bimaterial case or on the surface in the half-space case, singularities appear in the Fourier-inverse transform of the GF. The singularities are treated explicitly using a method proposed recently by the authors. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effects of wave velocity on the stress fields, which may be of interest in various engineering problems of steady-state motion. Furthermore, these GFs are required in the steady-state boundary-integral-equation formulation of anisotropic elasticity.
Voluntarily Childless Women: Traditional or Nontraditional?.

The sex-role patterns of voluntarily childless women are reported from the results of an in-depth interview study that compared 30 childless, 29 delay (subjects who are currently childless, but plan to have children in the future), and 24 parent (subjects with their first child under the age of 2) wives and husbands, chosen on a purposive basis. Sex role is conceptualized as a complex variable composed of behavior, attitudes, and self-image, and as the interface between psychological and situational phenomena. The hypothesis tested is that the childless women are less traditional in sex-role orientation than either the delays or parents, indicating that psychological factors are more important than situational factors in distinguishing the groups. The data confirm the hypothesis. Exceptions to the findings are viewed in terms of sex-role changes.
Ab initio calculations on large molecules using molecular fragments. Preliminary investigation of ethyl chlorophyllide a and related molecules

Abstract Ab initio SCF calculations using the molecular fragment method are reported for four molecules related to chlorophyll a, i.e., free-base porphine, magnesium porphine, magnesium chlorin, and ethyl chlorophyllide a. Molecular orbital structure, the “four-orbital model”, reactivity sites, and Mg···N interactions are discussed.
Clearance of Intravitreal Fluorouracil: Normal and Aphakic Vitrectomized Eyes

Abstract The ocular pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after intravitreal administration in the rabbit are described for the first time. Following a 1 mg intravitreal injection of C-14 labeled 5-FU in the phakic nonvitrectomized eye, a peak level of 664 μg/ml is achieved which declines to 7.8 μg/ml at 24 hours. For the aphakic vitrectomized eye comparable values are 669 μg/ml at 0.1 hour and 0.21 μg/ml at 24 hours. 5-FU is cleared more than two times more rapidly in aphakic vitrectomized eyes than normal eyes during the first 12 hours following injection. Following this, when the actual concentrations are relatively low, the rate of clearance appears relatively similar for both groups of eyes. Although it is difficult to extrapolate from previous in vitro results, potentially therapeutic vitreous concentrations are present in normal rabbit eyes for up to 72 hours following a single intravitreal injection.
The relationship between longitudinal clinical course and sleep and cortisol changes in adolescent depression

This study examined the relationship between longitudinal clinical course and sleep and cortisol findings in adolescent unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD). Subjects were 28 adolescents (15.4 ± 1.3 years) systematically diagnosed with unipolar MDD and 35 group-matched normal controls who participated in EEG sleep and neuroendocrine studies. Follow-up clinical assessments were conducted 7.0 ± 0.5 years later in 94% of the original cohort. Although initial group comparisons failed to show significant differences in biologic measures, analyses incorporating clinical follow-up reveal that changes in sleep and cortisol measures are associated with differential longitudinal course. Normal controls who would develop depression after the biologic studies had shown significantly higher density of rapid eye movements (REM) and a trend for reduced REM latency compared to controls with no psychiatric disorder at follow-up. Depressed subjects with a recurrent unipolar course showed a trend towards elevated plasma cortisol near sleep onset compared to MDD subjects with no further episodes during the follow-up interval.
Complete angular distribution measurements of pp spin correlation parameters A xx , A yy , and A xz and analyzing power A y at 197.4 MeV

Measurements of $\mathrm{pp}$ spin correlation coefficients ${A}_{\mathrm{xx}},$ ${A}_{\mathrm{yy}},$ and ${A}_{\mathrm{xz}}$ and analyzing power ${A}_{y}$ for $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic scattering at 197.4 MeV over the laboratory angular range 3.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--43.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} $({\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})$ have been carried out. The typical statistical accuracy per 1$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ angle bin is better than 0.02 for the ${A}_{\mathrm{mn}}$ and better than 0.005 for ${A}_{y}.$ Systematic errors are negligible except for an overall normalization uncertainty of 2.5% for ${A}_{\mathrm{mn}}$ and 1.3% for ${A}_{y}.$ The experiment makes use of a polarized hydrogen gas target internal to a proton storage ring (IUCF Cooler) and a circulating beam of polarized protons. The target polarization is switched in sign and direction $(x,y,z)$ every 2 s by reversing a weak guide field $(\ensuremath{\approx}0.3$ mT). Scattered and recoil protons are detected in coincidence by two sets of wire chambers, by scintillators, and by silicon-strip recoil detectors placed 5 cm from the proton beam. Analysis methods and comparison to recent $\mathrm{pp}$ partial-wave analyses and $\mathrm{NN}$ potential models are described.
Roles of Neutrally Buoyant Particles in Gas-Liquid-Solid Flows

A CFD study is carried out to investigate the roles of neutrally buoyant particles in gas-liquid-solid flows in bubble columns. An Eulerian-Lagrangian model is used and the liquid flow is modeled using a volume-averaged system of governing equations, while motions of bubbles and particles are evaluated using Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Bubbles are assumed to remain spherical. Bubble-liquid interaction and particle-liquid interaction are included in the study. The drag, lift, buoyancy, and virtual mass forces are included in the discrete phase equations. Particle-particle interactions and bubble-bubble interactions are accounted for by a hard sphere model. The bubble coalescence is also included in the analysis. Neutrally buoyant particles are used in the study. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data in a previous work, and good agreement was obtained. The transient flow characteristics of a gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow and a gas-liquid two-phase flow are studied and the roles of neutrally buoyant particles are discussed. The simulations show that the transient characteristics of the flows in a bubble column are dominated by time-dependent vortices. The presence of particles can affect the characteristics of the flows and flows with particles evolve faster.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dynamic compositional modeling of pedestrian crash counts on urban roads in Connecticut

Uncovering the temporal trend in crash counts provides a good understanding of the context for pedestrian safety. With a rareness of pedestrian crashes it is impossible to investigate monthly temporal effects with an individual segment/intersection level data, thus the time dependence should be derived from the aggregated level data. Most previous studies have used annual data to investigate the differences in pedestrian crashes between different regions or countries in a given year, and/or to look at time trends of fatal pedestrian injuries annually. Use of annual data unfortunately does not provide sufficient information on patterns in time trends or seasonal effects. This paper describes statistical methods uncovering patterns in monthly pedestrian crashes aggregated on urban roads in Connecticut from January 1995 to December 2009. We investigate the temporal behavior of injury severity levels, including fatal (K), severe injury (A), evident minor injury (B), and non-evident possible injury and property damage only (C and O), as proportions of all pedestrian crashes in each month, taking into consideration effects of time trend, seasonal variations and VMT (vehicle miles traveled). This type of dependent multivariate data is characterized by positive components which sum to one, and occurs in several applications in science and engineering. We describe a dynamic framework with vector autoregressions (VAR) for modeling and predicting compositional time series. Combining these predictions with predictions from a univariate statistical model for total crash counts will then enable us to predict pedestrian crash counts with the different injury severity levels. We compare these predictions with those obtained from fitting separate univariate models to time series of crash counts at each injury severity level. We also show that the dynamic models perform better than the corresponding static models. We implement the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) approach to enable fast Bayesian posterior computation. Taking CO injury severity level as a baseline for the compositional analysis, we conclude that there was a noticeable shift in the proportion of pedestrian crashes from injury severity A to B, while the increase for injury severity K was extremely small over time. This shift to the less severe injury level (from A to B) suggests that the overall safety on urban roads in Connecticut is improving. In January and February, there was some increase in the proportions for levels A and B over the baseline, indicating a seasonal effect. We found evidence that an increase in VMT would result in a decrease of proportions over the baseline for all injury severity levels. Our dynamic model uncovered a decreasing trend in all pedestrian crash counts before April 2005, followed by a noticeable increase and a flattening out until the end of the fitting period. This appears to be largely due to the behavior of injury severity level A pedestrian crashes.
Angiotensin II increases lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and human adipose cells.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of numerous hormones recently shown to be synthesized and secreted by adipose cells. Although the function of Ang II in adipose tissue is unknown, several studies indirectly suggest that it may be involved in control of adiposity. Little is known, however, about direct actions of Ang II in adipose cells. To further investigate this issue, we first characterized the type of Ang II receptors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We then tested the hypothesis that Ang II exerted direct actions on adipocyte metabolism using both 3T3-L1 and human adipocyte models. We report here that Ang II significantly increased triglyceride content and the activities of two key lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase, FAS and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GPDH) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that these effects were mediated through the type-2 Ang II receptor. We also report that Ang II exerted similar effects in human adipose cells maintained in primary culture. Finally, we demonstrate that Ang II increased t...
Survival Estimates and Sample Size: What Can We Conclude?

Attempts to understand aging processes often involve life-span measurements from which a survival curve is constructed and model parameters estimated. The parameter estimates are then compared, and conclusions concerning the underlying biological processes are subsequently deduced, based upon the magnitude of the parameter differences. In this article we discuss the role of sample size and sample fluctuation on the parameter estimates and the profound effect that these factors may play in our arrival at meaningful biological conclusions. We then extend this discussion to examine one methodology that can help select sample sizes for specific parametric survival models.
Role of catalase and oxyR in the viable but nonculturable state of Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus has proven difficult to culture from water or shellfish during winter months, which is attributed to the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Because reactive oxygen species were found to be involved in the low temperature-induced entrance of V. vulnificus into this state, we generated an oxyR mutant which lacks catalase activity. This strain is nonculturable on solid media even at ambient temperature, due to the presence of H2O2 in such media. Low temperature incubation of the parent resulted in loss of catalase activity, making the cells H2O2 sensitive, and paralleling the loss of culturability (entry into the VBNC state). Thus, cells of V. vulnificus in the VBNC state are likely exhibiting this response to low in situ temperature and only when the artificial condition of laboratory culture is attempted are the cells nonculturable due to cold-induced loss of catalase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing direct evidence for the metabolic basis of nonculturability and the viable but nonculturable state.
A comparison of RAID storage schemes: Reliability and efficiency

In this paper, we compare the reliability and efficiency of RA ID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) schemes for disk-array storage systems. RAID 0 uses no parity at all. RAID 1 through 5 use single parity and striping. RAID 6 uses double parity. Parity involves the addition of redundant bits which are used to detect and correct errors in the original data. Striping involves the spreading of related data in chunks onto different physical disks controlled by different disk controllers in order to minimize the probability of multiple failures. Striping has the additional benefit of improving the system performance by increasing bit transfer rate. An evaluation of the various RAID schemes involves a computation of the number of additional disks needed to achieve improved reliability. The metric used to evaluate efficiency is the ratio of the width of the high reliability region to the total number of physical disks required.
Heterogeneity, polyploidy, aneusomy, and 9p deletion in human glioblastoma multiforme

The short arm of chromosome 9 is frequently deleted in malignant gliomas. We used locus-specific probes for interferon-A (IFNA) and D9S3 in combination with a chromosome 9 centromeric probe to detect genetic aberrations on a cell-by-cell basis in touch preparations of 30 glioblastomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Seven (23%) of 30 tumors had deletions in > 70% of cells; the IFNA locus was deleted in all seven, but the D9S3 locus was deleted in only five of the seven. The latter data confirm that a tumor suppressor gene on 9p relevant to glioblastoma multiforme lies between D9S3 and IFNA. Eleven tumors had deletions in 20-40% of cells, more than three standard deviations above the level in control tissues. The remaining tumors had deletions in < 20% of cells. The seven tumors with the lowest percentage of deleted cells each had more than one genetically abnormal population of cells. In total, 10 cases were of this type (i.e., aneusomic for chromosome 9). Three of these 10 tumors had hybridization patterns consistent with polyploidy.
Elevated intracranial pressure causes optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell degeneration in mice.

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel experimental system for the modulation and measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP), and to use this system to assess the impact of elevated ICP on the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in CD1 mice. This system involved surgical implantation of an infusion cannula and a radiowave based pressure monitoring probe through the skull and into the subarachnoid space. The infusion cannula was used to increase ICP, which was measured by the probe and transmitted to a nearby receiver. The system provided robust and consistent ICP waveforms, was well tolerated, and was stable over time. ICP was elevated to approximately 30 mmHg for one week, after which we assessed changes in optic nerve structure with transmission electron microscopy in cross section and RGC numbers with antibody staining in retinal flat mounts. ICP elevation resulted in optic nerve axonal loss and disorganization, as well as RGC soma loss. We conclude that the controlled manipulation of ICP in active, awake mice is possible, despite their small size. Furthermore, ICP elevation results in visual system phenotypes of optic nerve and RGC degeneration, suggesting that this model can be used to study the impact of ICP on the visual system. Potentially, this model can also be used to study the relationship between ICP and IOP, as well diseases impacted by ICP variation such as glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and the spaceflight-related visual impairment intracranial pressure syndrome.
Auto-detection micro-controller-based autonomous band wrapping system for targeted pest control

With a view toward enhancing pest control and achieving organic requirements in wine industry, development of a prototypical autonomous vehicle that automatically applies a band barrier on grapevine is detailed in this paper. A novel band wrapper mechanism is proposed in this work. The band wrapper serving as the carrier for pest control is applied by the vehicle’s six degree-of-freedom articulator real-time controlled through classical inverse kinematics. It is found in the laboratory that the automated band wrapper robot can successfully detect a rod-like object and optimally place the band wrapper on the desired location for pest control.
Doxorubicin‐Induced Cardiac Mitochondrionopathy

Abstract: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) is a potent and broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent prescribed for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including both solid tumours and leukaemias. Unfortunately, despite its broad effectiveness, long-term therapy with doxorubicin is associated with a high incidence of a cumulative and irreversible dilated cardiomyopathy. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to account for this toxicity. Although there is general consensus that doxorubicin undergoes redox cycling to generate free radicals that are responsible for mediating the various cytopathologies associated with drug exposure, the source and subcellular targets continue to be debated. This short review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating cardiac mitochondria as key intracellular targets, both as sites of generation of highly reactive free radical intermediates as well as targets for the interference with cell calcium regulation and bioenergetic failure that are hallmarks of doxorubicin-induced cardiac failure.
Prospective evaluation of newborn soft-tissue hip 'clicks' with ultrasound

Fifty infants with soft-tissue hip "clicks" persisting after age 3 months were prospectively studied by using ultrasound. All children demonstrated a stable hip examination by Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers; however, a click was palpated with abduction and adduction of the hip. Static ultrasonography demonstrated an average alpha angle of 63 degrees in uninvolved hips and 62 degrees in the clicking hips. All hips had > 50% femoral-head coverage by the acetabulum. Dynamic ultrasound examination was normal in all cases. The soft-tissue clicks were not related to instability in this series of 50 infants.
Bioprosthesis valve replacement in dogs with congenital tricuspid valve dysplasia: technique and outcome.

Abstract Objective To describe the surgical technique and report outcome of dogs undergoing bioprosthesis valve replacement for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) secondary to congenital tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD). Animals, materials and methods Twelve client-owned dogs (19–43 kg) with TVD underwent tricuspid valve replacement with a bovine pericardial or porcine aortic bioprosthesis with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. Anticoagulation with warfarin was maintained for 3 months after surgery and then discontinued. Results Ten of 12 (83.3%) dogs survived surgery and were discharged from the hospital. Seven dogs were alive with complete resolution of TR for a median period of 48 months (range 1–66 months) after surgery. Two dogs underwent euthanasia because of bioprosthesis failure due to inflammatory pannus at 10 and 13 months after surgery. Two dogs experienced valve thrombosis that was resolved by tissue plasminogen activator. One dog developed suspected endocarditis after surgery that was resolved with antibiotics. Serious cardiac complications included atrial fibrillation and flutter, right-to-left shunt through an uncorrected patent foramen ovale, complete atrioventricular block, and sudden cardiac arrest. Postoperative atrial fibrillation or flutter did not occur in 7 dogs treated prophylactically with oral amiodarone before surgery. Conclusions Curative intermediate-term outcomes are possible in dogs undergoing open tricuspid valve replacement with a bioprosthesis. Prosthesis-related complications include inflammatory pannus, thrombosis, and endocarditis. Postoperative atrial fibrillation or flutter can be reduced or prevented by prophylactic preoperative treatment with amiodarone. Several identified complications are avoidable or can be reduced with increased awareness and experience with these techniques.
ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CLOZAPINE ON THE ADRENERGIC NEURONE

1 The antipsychotic drug, clozapine, lowered noradrenaline and metaraminol (MA) concentrations in the rat heart. This action was blocked by the presence of a ganglionic blocking drug. 2 Other alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine) did not significantly lower heart amine concentrations. An inhibitor of neuronal amine uptake (desipramine) caused only a slight lowering. The combination of phentolamine and desipramine showed considerable activity, and this action was blocked by ganglionic blockade. 3 Clozapine had little or no action in blocking amine uptake, yet greatly potentiated amine release caused by the phentolamine-desipramine combination. 4 Other antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thioridazine) or other agents (propranolol, atropine) did not share this action of clozapine. 5 Ganglionic blockade markedly delayed amine release induced by reserpine administration. 6 It is suggested that clozapine may have an incomplete reserpine-like effect specifically on the adrenergic neurone, facilitating impulse-induced amine release.
The Peer Relations of Preschool Children with Communication Disorders

The peer-related social interactions of preschool-age children with communication disorders were compared to those of normally developing chronological age-mates. All children were previously unacquainted with one another and participated in a series of short-term play groups. Differences between the 2 groups emerged primarily in terms of overall social activity, as children with communication disorders engaged in fewer positive social interactions and conversed with peers less often during non-play activities. Children with communication disorders also were less successful in their social bids and appeared to be less directive with their peers. However, both groups of children exhibited similar patterns of socially competent interactions including the ability to sustain play (group play), to minimize conflict, to join others in ongoing activities, and to respond appropriately to the social bids of others. Based on peer sociometric ratings, both groups of children were equally accepted. These general patterns of similarities and differences were found in settings in which play groups consisted of all children with communication disorders (specialized settings) as well as in settings in which the play groups included both children with communication disorders and normally developing children (mainstreamed settings). However, even during the relatively brief acquaintanceship process, an analysis of peer preference patterns revealed that children with communication disorders in mainstreamed settings were less socially integrated in the play groups than normally developing children. The potential for additional difficulties in peer interactions for children with communication disorders when children become more familiar with one another and play becomes more intricate was discussed in light of interaction patterns formed during the short-term play groups.
Studies on the nucleus of candida spp

Nuclear division inCandida albicans during budding and blastospore formation is described. Classic mitotic division as it occurs in the higher ascomycetes is not seen. Instead, the semi-lunar (crescentic) chromatinic material in the nucleus increases so as to fill the nuclear vesicle, often assuming a toroid-like aspect. The nucleus then divides into two crescentic masses one of which migrates to the daughter cell. No external centriole or spindle apparatus could be observed. No chromosomes could be resolved. Nuclear division in the mold phase duplicated that found in the yeast phase. Colchicine treatment of yeast phase cells resulted in the appearance of large polynucleate and polyploid cells in one strain ofC. albicans.
Electron microscope observations on form changes in photoreceptor outer segments and their saccules in response to osmotic stress.

Isolated retinas of rats or frogs were incubated in various salt or sucrose solutions over a wide range of osmolarities and then fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide solutions of matching osmolarities. Light and electron microscope observations were concentrated on the outer segments of the intact photoreceptors. These became globular and of increasing size with increasing hypoosmolarity and irregularly linear and condensed in hyperosmotic solutions. Isoosmotic incubations of rat retinas in solutions containing potassium as the only cation also produced swelling of the outer segments when chloride or acetate was present; but swelling was less when the cation was sodium and it was not seen with either cation when the anion was methylsulfate. The effects of various metabolic and membrane poisons are also reported. The behavior of the saccules within the outer segments was equivocal. While there was a tendency toward more saccules with wider lumina with hypoosmolarity, most of the saccules were not swollen. Surprisingly, intrasaccular space was consistently enlarged in rat retinas exposed to hyperosmotic sucrose but not to salt. The saccules or their derivatives within swollen outer segments tend to maintain their intersaccule spacing and approximation to the cell membrane. It was also noted that the ciliary connectives resist swelling and that retinal Muller cells swell readily.
Behavior and characterization of residual organic compounds in wastewater used for indirect potable reuse

The scope of this study was to compare the behavior and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during soil-aquifer treatment at different field sites in Arizona and California. To determine biodegradable and residual organic carbon, biodegradability studies using batch tests and a laboratory soil-column system were examined, combined with additional examinations for further characterization (ultrafiltration, adsorption analysis). Based on this comparison, soil-columns in series seemed to be more appropriate to simulate SAT as compared to batch-tests since this test system indicated continuous structural changes of generally poorly degradable organic compounds during SAT. This ongoing change of organic matter was confirmed by field measurements indicating biodegradation as the dominant removal process for DOC during SAT. The level of residual DOC after short-term SAT was similar although wastewater treatment processes differed at the investigated sites. However, increasing source water DOC led to an increase of residual DOC. In general, source water quality, drinking water and wastewater treatment should be viewed as one system in indirect potable reuse projects.
Soil temperature derived prediction of root density in cotton

Abstract Soil temperature has a significant impact on the development of plant root systems. Root growth increases with an increase in soil temperature until an optimum is reached, with decreased growth occurring as the temperature continues to rise. Soil temperature change during the season as a result of changes in agronomic factors such as row spacing and irrigation. A model was developed to test the hypothesis that the growth of the root systems of cotton seedlings growing in controlled temperature environments coupled with information on changes in soil temperature could be used to predict the development of the root systems in the field. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv ‘Paymaster HS-26’) seedlings were grown in polyethylene growth pouches at various temperatures (10–40°C) and root development evaluated as a function of temperature. Information obtained from a field experiment where plants were grown at two irrigation levels (irrigated vs. no irrigation) and two row spacings (76 and 100 cm) was also utilized. Soil temperatures were measured at various depths and root cores were taken at the end of the experiment to determine the root length density profiles. The model was then used to determine the root development for the day the root cores were taken and compared with the actual data for each treatment. In general, the temperature driven model estimated the relative rooting density variations with depth when water was not limiting (irrigated treatment) but more closely estimated the actual values for rooting density at the various depths under dryland conditions. Root length density was also more closely estimated by the temperature model for the 100 cm row spacing compared with the 76 cm spacing (R2=0.91 and 0.71 vs. 0.91 and 0.42 for each irrigation level, respectively). The temperature modes may provide the opportunity to determine root system characteristics on a dynamic basis throughout the growing season.
Some Quark-Parton-Model Inequalities For the Neutron and Proton Inelastic Structure Functions

We summarize several inequalities for the neutron and proton inelastic structure functions ${W}_{2}(\ensuremath{\nu},{Q}^{2})$ that must be satisfied if the partons are identified with quarks. Some of these inequalities provide us with very useful constraint equations for the $P(N)$ function of the parton model. Due to lack of sufficient data, it is not certain at present if all the inequalities are satisfied. The importance of these inequalities lies in the fact that if any of them are confirmed not to satisfy the experimental data, the concept of individual quark-parton association has to be abandoned.
Heat shock protein 90-eNOS interactions mature with postnatal age in the pulmonary circulation of the piglet

Binding of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the chaperone protein, Hsp90, promotes coupled eNOS synthetic activity. Using resistance level pulmonary arteries (PRA) from 2-day-, 5- to 7-d...
Social class, age, sex, mother-daughter role relationships, and community satisfaction in a British new town

Summary This study attempted to determine if relationships exist between certain important sociodemographic variables and community satisfaction in a British new town. A randomly selected sample of 220 adult residents of a British new town were administered a questionnaire containing 60 community satisfaction items and a personal data section. A Likert scale was then constructed and used as the dependent variable in regression and tabular analyses. Significant relationships (p < .05) were found for several variables. The results were discussed in relation to the “settling-in” period subsequent to migration and urban planning policy.
The role of government in industrial innovation

Abstract U.S. attempts to foster technological innovation include recognition of the significant role played by policy makers within the federal government. This research seeks to provide all policy makers, including those directly or indirectly involved in industrial innovation, with an analytical framework for tracing and evaluating the potential impacts of Congressional legislation as well as federal agency regulations and incentives on business operations, and potentially upon industrial innovation.
Brachmann-de Lange syndrome

This report describes an infant with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome and the diagnosis of this disease in utero. It also discusses the future ability to rely on chromosome 9-associated levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) as an indicator of the disease, rather than solely relying on the phenotype of the fetus as determined during ultrasound. 3 refs., 2 figs.
A study of the charge density in ionic molecules containing F

Abstract The structure of ionic molecules containing F − is analyzed in a model calculation of He 2+ F − . We study the anisotropic charge distribution and calculate multipole fields deriving from the F − polarization by the positively charged ion. The F − polarization is expected to significantly contribute to interactions between a Rydberg electron and the ionic core in other homologous systems, such as CaF, whose electronic Rydberg states were recently calculated.
C4d deposition in allografts: current concepts and interpretation

Abstract Alloantibody responses are not prevented by the latest immunosuppressive regimens and contribute to increased early and late renal allograft graft loss. Numerous papers have set forth the clinical, pathological, and immunopathological features of acute humoral rejection, in particular the strong correlation between the presence of C4d deposition and circulating antidonor HLA class I and class II antibodies. Humoral rejection also occurs in a chronic setting, associated with chronic allograft glomerulopathy and arteriopathy. C4d deposition can also be found in stable grafts without concurrent graft pathology, a finding that may indicate accommodation. The central diagnostic criterion for humoral rejection is the demonstration of C4d in peritubular capillaries. The criteria for humoral rejection are not as widely accepted for other organs, such as the heart, lung, and pancreas, although humoral rejection, including C4d deposition, has been described. This review focuses on the practical aspects of this test, particularly as applied routinely in renal allografts since 1998 in our laboratory.
The effects of chemical modification on the adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum -infected and uninfected erythrocytes

Binding of Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes (PE) to endothelial cells is mediated by the erythrocyte-membrane protein, band 3-related adhesin. To determine its role, the binding of infected cells treated with various chemical modifiers was investigated. Binding was inhibited by a lysine modifier (4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-di-sulfonate (DIDS)) known to specifically bind to band 3, another lysine modifier (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid), a tyrosine modifier (sodium iodide in conjunction with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide) and oxidants (diamide, sodium periodate and ADP-chelated ferric ion), but binding was unaffected by the histidine modifier (diethylpyrocarbonate) and the arginine modifier (phenyl glyoxyl monohydrate). To artificially expose the band 3-related adhesin, uninfected erythrocytes were treated with acridine orange or loaded with calcium. These cells bound to C32 amelanotic melanoma cells, were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the band 3-related adhesin on PE, and the binding was inhibited by this monoclonal antibody. The binding of acridine orange-treated and calcium-loaded uninfected erythrocytes, could also be blocked by DIDS. In the case of acridine orange-treated erythrocytes, the patterns of the effects of the chemical modification on binding were consistent with that of PE except for tyrosine modification. These results demonstrate that the band 3-related adhesin, even in the absence of parasite-encoded proteins, contributes to PE adhesion.
Phosphorylation of Raf by ceramide-activated protein kinase

THE sphingomyelin pathway, initiated by hydrolysis of sphingo-myelin to ceramide and stimulation of a Ser/Thr ceramide-activated protein (CAP) kinase, mediates tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β action1–4. CAP kinase is membrane-bound and proline-directed, recognizing the minimal substrate motif Thr-Leu-Pro (ref. 5). TNF may use the sphingomyelin pathway to signal Raf1 to activate the MAP kinase cascade6–8. Evidence shows that cytoplasmic Rafl binds to GTP-ras upon cellular stimulation, is recruited to the plasma membrane, and activated9,11. How membrane-bound Rafl is activated is uncertain, but regulation of its kinase activity may involve its phosphorylation12–19. Specific Raf kinases, however, have not hitherto been identified. Here we report that CAP kinase phosphorylates Rafl on Thr 269, increasing its activity towards MEK (MAP kinase or ERK kinase). Moreover, in intact HL-60 cells, CAP kinase complexes with Rafl and, in response to TNF and ceramide analogues, phosphorylates and activates Rafl, implicating CAP kinase as a link between the TNF receptor and Rafl.
Equivalent Sine-Wave Response of Periodic Targets in Incoherent Light for Human Eye in the Presence of Stiles-Crawford Effect of the First Kind

The equivalent incoherent sine-wave response for other types of periodic targets for all transmitted spatial frequencies for human eye in the presence of Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind have been determined analytically.
Effect of annealing on contact performance and electrical properties of p-type high purity germanium single crystal

Van de Pauw Hall measurement is an effective method to characterize the properties of semiconductors, such as bulk concentration, mobility, and resistivity, all of which are used to describe the purity level in the semiconductors. However, the performance of the ohmic contacts has a direct impact on the reliability and accuracy of the results obtained from the Van de Pauw Hall measurement. In the present work, the influences of different annealing techniques on the performance of the InSn ohmic contacts have been investigated using a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) crystal sample. The results show that the preferred annealing condition is at 400 °C for 1 hour, which has provided a significant improvement of the InSn contact quality and microscopic homogenization of the impurities in the HPGe crystal. The carrier concentration, charge mobility, and resistivity of the sample annealed at 400 °C for 1 hour are 5.772×1010/cm3, 1.883×104× cm2/Vs, and 5.795×103×Ω cm at 77 K, respectively.
THE EFFECT OF THYROXIN ON THE RESPONSE OF THE THYROID GLAND TO THYROTROPIC HORMONE1

PREVIOUS STUDIES on the effect of administered thyroid hormone on the thyroid gland have revealed the fundamental fact that when an animal receives an excess of exogenous thyroid substance, its own thyroid gland is put in a resting state, characterized by a decrease i n total size, a diminution in height of thyroid epithelium and an accumulation of colloid (Herring, 1917; Cameron and Carmichael, 1920). Loeb (1929) further demonstrated that the compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland resulting from partial ablation of the thyroid gland can be entirely prevented by administering thyroid hormone. Following the discovery of the existence of a thyrotropic hormone in the anterior pituitary gland, Aron (1930), Loeb, Bassett, and Friedman (1930) and Loeser (1934), showed that in guinea pigs the simultaneous administration of thyroid hormone along with an active extract of the anterior pituitary prevented in part the usual hypertrophy of the thyroid gland which follows the injection of thy-rotropic hormone.
In situ investigation of organic ligand displacement processes on ZnO powder surface

A variety of surface processes require removal or replacement of surface-bound chemical functional groups to achieve the properties required by a specific application. In the case of ZnO powder, a number of applications require manipulation of surface-bound species including ethoxy, acetoxy, acetylacetate, or 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetate. The displacement of the surface species formed by these compounds on ZnO powder surfaces by a gas-phase reagent is described by a model that takes into account stability of surface species predicted by density functional theory and the strength of binding of the second layer on top of the first, provided by the ΔH of sublimation. This simple model is tested by infrared spectroscopy following the adsorption of one compound and its displacement by the other. A correlation between the enthalpic driving force and the percentage of the displaced species observed experimentally is found. This simple approach can be improved and generalized further to include other surface-bound species and other materials.