cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Increasing Selectivity of Foreign Aid, 1984-2002

Dollar and Levin examine the allocation of foreign aid by 41 donor agencies, bilateral and multilateral. Their policy selectivity index measures the extent to which a donor's assistance is targeted to countries with sound institutions and policies, controlling for per capita income and population. The poverty selectivity index analogously looks at how well a donor's assistance is targeted to poor countries, controlling for institutional and policy environment as measured by a World Bank index. The authors' main finding is that the same group of multilateral and bilateral aid agencies that are very policy focused are also very poverty focused. The donors that appear high up in both rankings are the World Bank's International Development Association, the International Monetary Fund's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Norway, Ireland, and the Netherlands. As a robustness check the authors alternatively use institutional quality measures independent of the World Bank and find the same pattern of selectivity. They also find that policy selectivity is a new phenomenon: in the 1984-89 period, aid overall was allocated indiscriminately without any consideration to the quality of governance, whereas in the 1990s there was a clear relationship between aid and governance (institutions and policies). This increasing selectivity of aid is good news for aid effectiveness. The bad news is that the aid agencies that the authors survey vary greatly in size. Some donors that are largest in absolute size, such as France and the United States, are not particularly selective. Japan comes in high on the policy selectivity index but far down on the poverty selectivity index, reflecting its pattern of giving large amounts of aid in Asia to countries that are well governed but in many cases not poor. This paper - a product of Development Policy, Development Economics Senior Vice Presidency - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to examine aid effectiveness.
Cognitive style and developing scientific attitudes in the SCIS classroom

Cognitive style refers to an individual's way of perceiving and processing information. Field-dependence-independence is one dimension of cognitive style. Field-dependence and field-independence respectively refer to a global in contrast to an analytical way of perceiving. Global versus analytical cognitive styles have been studied with respect to their differential influence on attitude development in ESS by Walters and Sieben (1974). The present investigator sought to examine whether a relationship existed between field-dependence-independence and scientific attitudes of sixth-grade students in SCIS. Findings indicate that such a relationship is not statistically significant.
Observing Incivility toward Coworkers and Negative Emotions: Do Gender of the Target and Observer Matter?

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between observing incivility toward coworkers and negative emotions for observers. We also examined the roles target and observer gender play in this relationship. Participants included 453 restaurant employees (68% female, 76% White) mostly from the Midwest region of the U.S. who completed an online survey assessing observed incivility toward male and female coworkers. They also completed measures of anger, demoralization, fear, and anxiety at work. Results showed that participants reported more negative emotionality when they witnessed incivility toward same-gender coworkers compared to opposite-gender coworkers; this relationship was especially pronounced for male observers for anger, fear, and anxiety, and female observers for demoralization. These findings highlight the importance of secondary gender-based mistreatment and emotions in organizational contexts.
Simple Shear Flow of Suspensions of Elastic Capsules

The simple shear flow of homogeneous suspensions of two-dimensional capsules enclosed by elastic membranes is studied in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number, in the special case where the viscosity of the fluid enclosed by the capsules is equal to the viscosity of the ambient fluid. The deformation of capsules with circular, elliptical, and biconcave unstressed shapes, and the rheological and statistical properties of their infinitely dilute and moderately dense suspensions are investigated by dynamical simulation using the method of interfacial dynamics for Stokes flow. In a preliminary investigation, the behavior of solitary capsules suspended in an infinite fluid is studied as a function of the dimensionless membrane elasticity number expressing the capsule deformability or the strength of the shear flow. It is found that a critical elasticity number above which a capsule exhibits continued elongation does not exist, and an equilibrium configuration is reached no matter how large the shear rate, in agreement with previous results for three-dimensional flow. A correspondence is established between the elasticity numbers for two- and three-dimensional flow at which the capsules undergo the same degree of deformation. Simulations of pairwise capsule interceptions reveal behavior similar to that exhibited by liquid drops with uniform surface tension. Because of strong hydrodynamic interactions in two-dimensional Stokes flow, the concept of hydrodynamic diffusivity in the limit of infinite dilution is ill-defined in the absence of fluid inertia. Dynamical simulations of doubly periodic monodisperse suspensions with up to 50 capsules distributed in each periodic cell at areal fractions of 0.25 and 0.40 provide information on the effective rheological properties of the suspension and on the nature of the statistical properties of the particle motion. The character of the flow is found to be intermediate between that of liquid drops and rigid particles, and this is attributed to the membrane deformability and to the ability of the interfaces to perform tank-treading motion. The results are compared with rheological measurements of blood flow with good agreement.
Arrested Development: Cotton and Cotton Markets in Shanghai, 1350-1843

Among students of Chinese socioeconomic history, the role of cotton and cotton products in the commercialization of late imperial China has, in some respects, received much scholarly attention. The Japanese scholar Nishijima Sadao began to study the subject as early as the 1940s. Nishijima (1947, 1976) convincingly demonstrated that in the Ming-Qing transition, Songjiang prefecture (which included Shanghai county) and its vicintiy became the center of the cotton trade in China, and this center was more closely linked with South China than with North China. Another Japanese scholar, Terada Takanobu (1958), studied the function of cotton in the urban development of Qing times and paid special attention to the cotton market in Suzhou. Among Chinese scholars, Yan Zhongping (1963), Wu Chengming (1985), Xu Xinwu (1982), Quan Hansheng (1972), Fu Yiling (1963), and, more recently, Fan Shuzhi (1990) have studied the role of cotton and cotton goods in the commercialization and urban development of China since Song times. Many of these scholars (e.g., Tanaka, 1973) have related their studies to the debate on the "sprouts of capitalism." In the West, Mark Elvin's (1973, 1977) study of rural markets and rural industries focuses on cotton and cotton goods, Kang Chao's (1977) work on China's cotton textile production gives particular attention to the improvement and spread of cotton textile technology, and Philip Huang's (1990) most recent book highlights the role of the cotton economy by terming the whole process of commercialization in the Yangzi delta during the period 1350-1850 "the cotton revolution."
Semisupervised Learning of Hyperspectral Data With Unknown Land-Cover Classes

Both supervised and semisupervised algorithms for hyperspectral data analysis typically assume that all unlabeled data belong to the same set of land-cover classes that is represented by labeled data. This is not true in general, however, since there may be new classes in the unexplored regions within an image or in areas that are geographically near but topographically distinct. This problem is more likely to occur when one attempts to build classifiers that cover wider areas; such classifiers also need to address spatial variations in acquired spectral signatures if they are to be accurate and robust. This paper presents a semisupervised spatially adaptive mixture model (SESSAMM) to identify land covers from hyperspectral images in the presence of previously unknown land-cover classes and spatial variation of spectral responses. SESSAMM uses a nonparametric Bayesian framework to apply spatially adaptive mechanisms to the mixture model with (potentially) infinitely many components. In this method, each component in the mixture has spatially adapted parameters estimated by Gaussian process regression, and spatial correlations between indicator variables are also considered. The proposed SESSAMM algorithm is applied to hyperspectral data from Botswana and from the DC Mall, where some classes are present only in the unlabeled data. SESSAMM successfully differentiates unlabeled instances of previously known classes from unknown classes and provides better results than the standard Dirichlet process mixture model and other alternatives.
A multicarrier chip-interleaved multiuser UWB system

We propose a multicarrier interleave-division multiple-access scheme for ultra-wideband wireless communications. A chip-level interleaving method at the transmitter with a simple turbo receiver is proposed to effectively suppress the frequency-selective fading and multiple-access interference. A soft frequency notching method is suggested to suppress the narrowband interference. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by both theoretic analysis and simulations. It is seen the proposed system exhibits single-user performance even under over-loaded conditions.
Struggling Reader to Struggling Reader: High School Students' Responses to a Cross-Age Tutoring Program

This qualitative study examines the perceptions and responses of struggling ninth-grade readers who are teaching reading to struggling second- and third-grade students in a cross-age tutoring program. The program was designed to overcome the entrenched, negative affective barriers that older students often bring to the required reading class by placing them in a leadership role. It also intended simultaneously to improve their vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. Results indicate that the older students developed strong mirroring relationships with their younger counterparts based on shared community strengths and norms, shifted their perspective to see themselves as increasingly competent role models, and applied their developing reading abilities as they selected and modified strategies based on the needs of their younger students. Important implications for literacy teachers include a clearer understanding of the powerful, positive attitudinal effects of a well-planned, low-cost tutoring program that provides authentic opportunities for literacy learning for all students involved.
Effects of granular pesticide formulations and soil moisture on avian exposure

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of granular carrier type, pesticide load per granule, and soil moisture on avian risk of adverse effects from granular pesticides. Bird behavior, survival, and brain and plasma cholinesterase activity were used to assess exposure. In the first experiment, silica and corncob granules formulated with fensulfothion at either 1/2 or 1/32 of the median lethal dose (LD50) were offered to captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in bands on dry soil. The corncob carrier and granules formulated with 1/2 the LD50 presented the greatest risk to birds. In the second experiment, fensulfothion was formulated on three carrier types (silica, clay, and corncob) and offered to house sparrows in bands on wet or dry soil. Overall, formulations with corncob as the carrier and dry soil conditions presented the greatest risk to birds. Wet soil conditions reduced the risk of adverse effects for all three granular carrier types, but the greatest risk reduction occurred with corncob and silica granules. Differences in adverse effects associated with various carrier types and soil moisture conditions can add complexity when assessing risk to birds from granular pesticides.
How institutional context alters social reproduction dynamics: Ethnic track placement patterns in the U.S. and Germany

Abstract How does institutional context shape the way family dynamics, especially ethnic background and parental resources, affect track placement? We contrast the track placement patterns of immigrants and ethnic majority students in two countries marked by drastic differences in the social organization of schooling. Drawing on German (GSOEP) and U.S. (NELS) data, we find that, in general, more family resources pull students from lower to higher tracks, but ethnic inequalities in these resources favor the ethnic majority groups in both countries. In addition, institutional context conditions which parental resources shape educational outcomes, and how they do so. We find that the effects of parental ties exacerbate ethnic inequalities between whites and Latinos in the U.S.; whereas in Germany, parents’ community ties play a compensatory role for immigrants, who benefit from interactions with secular and ethno-religious groups. Our findings confirm previous cross-national research, but they also highlight the need to elaborate the relationship between institutional context and ethnically specific reproduction mechanisms within countries.
Counseling Psychologists' Uses of and Opinions about Psychological Tests A Contemporary Perspective

Since counseling psychology's inception, psychological testing has traditionally been considered an integral aspect of the specialty. However, contemporary information on the testing practices of counseling psychologists is quite limited. In an effort to gather current information about counseling psychologists 'uses of and opinions about psychological tests, we sent a five-page questionnaire to 1,000 members of Division 17 (Counseling). The questionnaire assessed information on four variables: personal and professional characteristics, opinions about test usage, recommended tests to include in graduate training, and current test usage. Approximately 70%0 of the sample returned questionnaires, with 63% of them being usable. Information about the four variables evaluated by the questionnaire is presented, and implications of the psychological test data in regard to training and practice in counseling psychology are considered.
Governing solar geoengineering research as it leaves the laboratory.

One of the greatest controversies in geoengineering policy concerns the next stages of solar radiation management research, and when and how it leaves the laboratory. Citing numerous risks and concerns, a range of prominent commentators have called for field experiments to be delayed until there is formalized research governance, such as an international agreement. As a piece of pragmatic policy analysis, this paper explores the practicalities and implications of demands for ‘governance before research’. It concludes that ‘governance before research’ is a desirable goal, but that a delay in experimentation—a moratorium—would probably be an ineffective and counterproductive way to achieve it. Firstly, it is very unlikely that a moratorium could be imposed. Secondly, even if it were practicable it seems that a temporary ban on field experiments would have at best a mixed effect addressing the main risks and concerns, while blocking and stigmatizing safe research and delaying the development of good governance practices from learning by doing. The paper suggests a number of steps to ensure ‘governance before research’ that can be taken in the absence of an international agreement or national legislation, emphasizing the roles of researchers and research funders in developing and implementing good practices.
Pulsed laser deposition of oriented V2O5 thin films

We have found that by varying only the substrate temperature and oxygen pressure five different crystallographic orientations of V2O5 thin films can be grown, ranging from amorphous to highly textured crystalline. Dense, phase-pure V2O5 thin films were grown on SnO2/glass substrates and amorphous quartz substrates by pulsed laser deposition over a wide range of temperatures and oxygen pressures. The films' microstructure, crystallinity, and texturing were characterized by electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Temperature and oxygen pressure appeared to play more significant roles in the resulting crystallographic texture than did the choice of substrate. A growth map summarizes the results and delineates the temperature and O2 pressure window for growing dense, uniform, phase-pure V2O5 films.
Characterization of grooves in scratch resistance testing

For a number of polymers with different chemical structures and different properties we have determined scratch resistance and sliding wear (15 scratches along the same groove). We have measured cross section areas after scratching, namely the groove and side top-ridge areas. Nanohardness after scratching was determined using nanoindentation testing both inside and outside the scratching and sliding wear grooves. Three modes of sliding wear are seen: plowing, cutting with debris formation, and densification. The dominating mode depends on the material and is reflected in nanohardness. In polycarbonate (PC) the nanohardness inside and outside the groove are practically the same; the indenter just plows the material aside without debris formation or densification. Thus, the old measure of wear as the weight of the debris formed is not usable for PC; grooves are present but there is no loosened material. By contrast, in brittle materials such as polystyrene there is debris formation and nanohardness inside the groove decreases after 15 scratching runs. A third type of behavior is seen in polyethylene and polypropylene, namely densification caused by scratching; as a result, nanohardness inside the groove increases after 15 passes of the indenter.
Health as foreign policy: harnessing globalization for health.

SUMMARY This paper explores the importance for health promotion of the rise of public health as a foreign policy issue. Although health promotion encompassed foreign policy as part of ‘healthy public policy’, mainstream foreign policy neglected public health and health promotion’s role in it. Globalization forces health promotion, however, to address directly the relationship between public health and foreign policy. The need for ‘health as foreign policy’ is apparent from the prominence public health now has in all the basic governance functions served by foreign policy. The Secretary-General’s United Nations (UN) reform proposals demonstrate the importance of foreign policy to health promotion as a core component of public health because the proposals embed public health in each element of the SecretaryGeneral’s vision for the UN in the 21st century. The emergence of health as foreign policy presents opportunities and risks for health promotion that can be managed by emphasizing that public health constitutes an integrated public good that benefits all governance tasks served by foreign policy. Any effort to harness globalization for public health will have to make health as foreign policy a centerpiece of its ambitions, and this task is now health promotion’s burden and opportunity.
The prevalence of alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatitis C and their interaction in a tertiary care setting

Background & Aims: We examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) in patients referred to a tertiary care center and examined the interaction between ALD and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a longitudinal survival model. Methods: A total of 1611 patients with chronic liver disease referred to a tertiary care center between 1994 and 2001 were analyzed. The survival of ALD, HCV, and the combination of the 2 (ALD + HCV) was compared in cirrhotic and precirrhotic patients by using Kaplan–Meier estimates. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the independent effects of predictors on survival. Results: ALD comprised 31% of the cohort, ALD + HCV comprised 14%, HCV comprised 22%, and the rest comprised 33%. The survival of precirrhotic patients with HCV was significantly better than the survival of those with ALD (hazard ratio, 0.27; P = 0.0006) over long-term and 1-year (hazard ratio, 0.24; P = 0.016) follow-up periods. There was no difference in survival between patients with ALD and ALD + HCV (P = 0.62). In patients with cirrhosis, survival did not differ by cause; decompensated liver disease (hazard ratio, 1.67; P = 0.004) and continued alcohol abuse (hazard ratio, 2.19; P = 0.002) predicted worse survival in this group. Conclusions: ALD with HCV remains a prevalent cause of chronic liver disease in patients referred to a U.S. tertiary care center. In patients with ALD, the addition of HCV does not change survival, suggesting alcoholism is the driving force for mortality in patients coming to clinical attention. In patients with cirrhosis, ongoing excessive alcohol use and complications of end-stage liver disease drive mortality, irrespective of the underlying cause of chronic liver disease.
Democratization as a Peace Strategy

The European Union’s Security Strategy views the creation of strong and stable states as a prerequisite for international peace and stability. At the same time, the establishment of democratic regimes is seen as fundamental to achieving domestic stability and, as an extension, development. Consequently, democratization and democracy promotion can been seen as strategies that the EU seek to employ in order to achieve international peace and security. The EU seeks to establish an international democratic order through the application of conditionality. The EU does not only apply conditions to states that seek membership of the Union but also to third states, such as the countries included in the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) or countries that seek to receive financial aid and development assistance from the European Union. In so doing, the article analyzes how the policy of conditionality applies to each different case.
Endobronchial ultrasound image of lung abscess with bronchial fistulisation.

A 79 year-old ex-smoker gentleman presented for a few months history of cough and dyspnoea on exertion. He was evaluated for persistent right lower lobe mass-like density with multiple chest-computed tomography (CT) scans (Figures 1a and 1b). He also received four courses of antibiotic and he underwent flexible bronchoscopy, which revealed swelling and narrowing of the right middle lobe with purulent discharge. Cytology and cultures were negative and the diagnosis remains uncertain. The patient was then referred for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) diagnostic procedure. Flexible bronchoscopy with EBUS showed mucosal oedema with erythema of the right hilar area and purulent discharge originating from the posterior wall of the proximal right middle lobe bronchus, which was consistent with bronchial fistulisation (Figures 1c and 1d). The EBUS scope, which was positioned in the right lower lobe revealed a heterogeneous mass posteromedially with multiple cystic-like large areas of hypoechogenicity most consistent with abscesses formation (Figure 1e). Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) of this mass revealed purulent discharge and grew streptococcus mitis/oralis. Six weeks of intravenous ertapenem treatment was ineffective
Periodicity of chamber formation in chambered cephalopods: evidence from Nautilus macromphalus and Nautilus pompilius

The growth rates of ammonites and extinct nautiloids have been estimated in two ways: through analyses of shell growth lines and by analyzing the patterns of oxygen isotopic values from successive septa. In both types of studies, it has been assumed that the amount of time between successive chamber formation events is approximately constant. This assumption has never been tested with living cephalopods, however. To examine this, 10 immature Nautilus pompilius and two immature N. macrom- phalus were maintained in a surface aquarium for a period of 1 yr and periodically radiographed. The radiographs allowed direct observation of chamber formation events and apertural shell growth. During this observational period 61 separate chamber formation events were observed in the nautiluses. The time between separate chamber formation events increased in successively produced chambers, and varied from a minimum of 2-3 wk in a specimen of 45-mm shell diameter to a maximum of 13-15 wk in a specimen of 132-mm shell diameter. Unlike interval of chamber formation, which increased during ontogeny, rate of apertural shell growth showed no observable rate increase or decrease during ontogeny prior to maturity. With the onset of maturity, as marked by the shell characteristics defined by Collins et al. (1980), apertural shell growth rates dropped markedly, and ceased coincident with the removal of the last volumes of cameral liquid in the last formed, approximated chamber. Both rate of apertural shell growth and septal spacing were affected by degree of shell breakage.
Morphology of the Lesser Tuberosity and Intertubercular Groove in Patients With Arthroscopically Confirmed Subscapularis and Biceps Tendon Pathology

Purpose To evaluate for an association between the morphology of the lesser tuberosity and intertubercular groove and subscapularis tendon tears and biceps tendon pathology. Methods Sixty-six patients with arthroscopically confirmed subscapularis tendon tears were compared with 59 demographically matched control patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography arthrography examination of the shoulder. Measurements of the lesser tuberosity and intertubercular groove included maximum depth of the intertubercular groove, intertubercular groove depth at the midpoint of the glenoid, lesser tuberosity length, length from the top of the humeral head to the point of maximum depth of the intertubercular groove, length from the top of the humeral head to the top of the lesser tuberosity, and medial wall angle and depth. Results Patients with subscapularis tears showed a significantly decreased depth of the intertubercular groove at the mid glenoid ( P = .01), shorter length of the lesser tuberosity ( P = .002), and greater distance from the top of the humeral head to the top of the lesser tuberosity ( P = .02). There was a trend toward a decreased medial wall angle ( P = .07) and greater distance from the top of the humeral head to the point of maximum intertubercular groove depth ( P = .06). Patients with biceps tendon pathology showed a significantly decreased depth of the intertubercular groove at the mid glenoid ( P = .001), shorter length of the lesser tuberosity ( P = .0003), greater distance from the top of the humeral head to the top of the lesser tuberosity ( P = .01), and decreased medial wall angle ( P = .01) and depth ( P = .03). Conclusions There are several morphologic factors related to the lesser tuberosity and intertubercular groove that are associated with both subscapularis tendon tears and biceps tendon pathology. Level of Evidence Level III, case-control study.
Platelet Activating Factor Enhances Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Via PKC, Elevated Intracellular Calcium, and Modulation of Synapsin 1 Dynamics and Phosphorylation

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory phospholipid signaling molecule implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory and neurotoxicity during neuroinflammation. However, little is known about the intracellular mechanisms mediating PAF’s physiological or pathological effects on synaptic facilitation. We show here that PAF receptors are localized at the synapse. Using fluorescent reporters of presynaptic activity we show that a non-hydrolysable analog of PAF (cPAF) enhances synaptic vesicle release from individual presynaptic boutons by increasing the size or release of the readily releasable pool and the exocytosis rate of the total recycling pool. cPAF also activates previously silent boutons resulting in vesicle release from a larger number of terminals. The underlying mechanism involves elevated calcium within presynaptic boutons and protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, cPAF increases synapsin I phosphorylation at sites 1 and 3, and increases dispersion of synapsin I from the presynaptic compartment during stimulation, freeing synaptic vesicles for subsequent release. These findings provide a conceptual framework for how PAF, regardless of its cellular origin, can modulate synapses during normal and pathologic synaptic activity.
Role of Macrophages in Resistance to Murine Cytomegalovirus

The role of macrophages in protecting mice from murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was studied in Swiss, CBA/J, and C57BL/6J mice. CBA/J mice were more resistant to virus than were C57BL/6J mice at all ages tested. Prior treatment of adult Swiss mice with 60 mg of silica, a dose selectively toxic to macrophages, increased mortality due to MCMV infection. Transfer of syngeneic adult macrophages to suckling mice significantly increased their resistance to subsequent MCMV infection. Transfer of syngeneic, nonimmune adult lymphocytes to suckling mice also had a lesser but significant protective effect against subsequent MCMV challenge. In vitro infection of adult CBA/J and C57BL/6J macrophages with virulent and attenuated MCMV resulted in productive infection in only a small percentage of cells and recovery of very little virus from the extracellular fluid. Infection of CBA macrophages was no less productive than C57BL/6J nor was infection with virulent virus more productive than with attenuated virus. Histological examination of the livers of MCMV-infected CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice suggested that divergent cellular immune responses to infection might account for differences in susceptibility. It is postulated that the macrophage may facilitate the inductive phase of cellular immunity, one possible explanation for its demonstrated importance in host defenses against MCMV. Images
Transportation-1993

The Director of M.I.T.'s Project Transport takes us to the year 1993 to see what is expected to happen in the field of transportation in the next 25 years. From our vantage point in the future, we observe that the individual vehicle is still the most important mode of transport, although it is quite different from the automobile of 1968. For mass transportation there has been an attempt to upgrade conventional rail service but it has met with only moderate success, whereas the growth of the airlines has been phenomenal, as have been their problems.
Risk Pools and Retrenchment – German Reunification

On February 25, 2002, the German chancellor, Gerhard Schroder, heading a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) with the Green Party (Greens), instituted what became known as the “Hartz Commission.” Charged with the organizational restructuring of the Federal Labor Office ( Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit ), the commission presented its suggestions in August of the same year. These suggestions included several far-reaching labor market reforms, most importantly the merging of the unemployment and social assistance systems. Immediately before the federal election on September 22, 2002, Schroder announced his intention to implement the proposed reforms “one-by-one.” After a narrow win, the reelected red-green coalition initiated and eventually passed legislation to that effect. Of these so-called Hartz reforms, the merging of unemployment and social assistance was particularly consequential. For those unemployed for longer than 12 months – in Germany typically more than half of the unemployed (Duell and Vetter 2012, 2) – the reforms meant deep cuts in benefits. Arguably, the German labor market reforms are among the most significant examples of welfare state retrenchment in Western Europe. How can we understand far-reaching structural reforms of a statist welfare state in a gridlocked political system known for its Reformstau (reform backlog)? How can we make sense of the fact that a left government initiated some of the deepest cuts in welfare state benefits in the post–World War II era? In other words, what explains the Hartz reforms? In this chapter, I apply my theoretical framework to make sense of the German experience. From the perspective of my theoretical framework, German reunification can be understood as an exogenous shock, combining two risk pools (West and East Germany) into one, while maintaining the social policy arrangement of West Germany. This led to a sharp increase in risk inequality – the result of adding the high-unemployment Landers from the former East Germany to the existing West German social insurance system – and made risk pooling for a majority of West Germans much more expensive and a lot less attractive, and it eroded support for generous unemployment benefits. Risk pool and benefit generosity were out of equilibrium.
Distribution-agnostic stochastic optimal power flow for distribution grids

This paper outlines a data-driven, distributionally robust approach to solve chance-constrained AC optimal power flow problems in distribution networks. Uncertain forecasts for loads and power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered, with the goal of minimizing PV curtailment while meeting power flow and voltage regulation constraints. A data-driven approach is utilized to develop a distributionally robust conservative convex approximation of the chance-constraints; particularly, the mean and covariance matrix of the forecast errors are updated online, and leveraged to enforce voltage regulation with predetermined probability via Chebyshev-based bounds. By combining an accurate linear approximation of the AC power flow equations with the distributionally robust chance constraint reformulation, the resulting optimization problem becomes convex and computationally tractable.
Interspecific information use by army-ant–following birds

ABSTRACT Many animals use cues from other species to gather information about foraging opportunities, but engaging in such behavior requires balancing the potential benefits with the risks of increased competition. Neotropical birds that follow army ants are an appropriate system within which to study such eavesdropping behavior. Mixed-species groups of these understory birds congregate around ant swarms, where they forage on insects flushed by the ants. Obligate ant-followers have specialized behaviors to track ant swarms and may serve as information sources for facultative ant-followers. Owing to strong dominance hierarchies among species, however, the value of the information likely depends on the competitive relationship between the information provider and the eavesdropper. I investigated whether ant-following birds preferentially followed the songs of some antbird species over others, testing the prediction that the vocalizations of small (subordinate) ant-following species would attract more indivi...
The Internal Dynamics of Cooperative Learning Groups

For the past 10 years, we have been conducting a systematic program of research on the relative impact of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning experiences on such variables as achievement and relationships among students. One major focus of our research program has been to illuminate the internal processes within cooperative learning groups that mediate or moderate the relationship between cooperation and (1) productivity and (2) interpersonal attraction among students.
Theory and Method in Public Administration

Despite widespread agreement about goals of knowledge development in public administration, there is imbalance in efforts directed at these goals. The overlap between the domains of theory and prac...
Acid Chlorides as Formal Carbon Dianion Linchpin Reagents in the Aluminum Chloride-Mediated Dieckmann Cyclization of Dicarboxylic Acids

The development of acid chlorides as formal dianion linchpin reagents that enable access to cyclic 2-alkyl- and 2-acyl-1,3-alkanediones from dicarboxylic acids is described herein. Mechanistic experiments relying on 13C-labeling studies confirm the role of acid chlorides as carbon dianion linchpin reagents and have led to a revised reaction mechanism for the aluminum(III)-mediated Dieckmann cyclization of dicarboxylic acids with acid chlorides.
Synthesis and positron emission tomography (PET) study of C-11 labeled Gleevec(R) (imatinib)

1831 Objectives: PET and labeled chemotherapeutic drugs are potentially powerful tools in assessing whether the drug targets the tumor. Imatinib is a highly potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treating chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal cancer. We set out to develop and evaluate [C-11]imatinib as a tool for measuring imatinib pharmacokinetics in the cancer patient. We report here the synthesis of the precursor, nor-imatinib, and [C-11]imatinib by modification of a patent procedure (Kompella et al., 2004; Collins et al., 2003); the development of a new synthetic route to nor-imatinib and; PET studies of [C-11]imatinib pharmacokinetics in the baboon. Methods: Demethylation of imatinib was attempted with diethyl azodicarboxylate, α-chloroethylchloroformate, vinyl chloroformate, and the literature method(Collins et al., 2003) using 3-chloroperbenzoic acid(m-CPBA) and ferrous(II) sulfate. Nor-imatinib was also synthesized using new a multi-step procedure. [C-11]Imatinib was synthesized from [C-11]methyl iodide and purified by HPLC(Collins et al., 2003). [C-11]Imatinib pharmacokinetics were measured in brain and peripheral organs in the anesthetized baboon using PET. Log P, plasma protein binding(PPB) and unchanged tracer in arterial plasma were measured. Results: Imatinib was demethylated only by m-CPBA and ferrous sulfate in a 35% yield. Nor-Imatinib was also synthesized from the corresponding amine and acid in a multi-step procedure using commercially available starting materials in an overall yield of 6.8%. [C-11]Imatinib was synthesized in a radiochemical yield=69±12% (n=6), a specific activity of 1.1~1.4Ci/μmol and a radiochemical purity of >98%. Log P was 2.34±0.17 and PPB was 11.4%. [C-11]Imatinib and/or its labeled metabolites were concentrated in baboon gall bladder>>liver>spleen≈kidney>spinal cord. There was negligible brain uptake. 67% of [C-11]imatinib in plasma at 60min was parent tracer. Conclusions: A new multi-step synthetic route was developed providing a versatile means for preparing nor-imatinib and its derivatives. [C-11]Imatinib was prepared in high yield and purity. PET studies in the baboon show that [C-11]imatinib is promising PET radiotracer for measuring imatinib pharmacokinetics in cancer patients and other chemotherapeutic applications such as anti-fibrosis therapy(Yoshiji et al.,2005). Negligible brain uptake is consistent with its high molecular weight(493.6). Research Support (if any): Supported by DOE-OBER; A sample of imatinib was obtained from Novartis International AG.
Examining the Effect of Military Service on Education: The Unique Case of Hispanic Veterans.

Every year, over 20,000 Hispanics enlist in the U.S. military. Their military experiences influence their long-term educational outcomes. This exploratory study estimates the effect of military ser...
Metabolism of free and esterified cholesterol by Leydig-cell tumour mitochondria.

Abstract 1. Experiments were designed to localize intracellularly the enzymes and sterol substrates required for steroidogenesis in Leydig-cell tumours. Subcellular fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation of tumour homogenates. Both free and esterified cholesterol were associated primarily with the fractions sedimenting at 1400gav. and the lipid layer floating on the surface of the isolation tubes; they were not found in the mitochondria, where the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone occurred. 2. Hydrolysis of esterified cholesterol was required before it could be oxidized to pregnenolone. 3. An enzyme capable of hydrolysing cholesterol esters was located external to the mitochondria. 4. Mitochondria were subfractionated by allowing them to swell in 0.02m-phosphate buffer (pH7.2) and separating the inner and outer membranes by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The outer membrane, identified by its content of monoamine oxidase, contained most of the cholesterol associated with the mitochondria. The inner membrane, identified by its content of succinate dehydrogenase, contained the cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme and very little cholesterol. 5. Accumulation of sterols by the mitochondria was studied by incubating this fraction with labelled free and esterified cholesterol suspended in lipid-free bovine serum albumin. Two phases of cholesterol accumulation were observed. The first phase, requiring 10–15min, was independent of the incubation temperature, and was inhibited by the presence of bovine serum albumin in the incubation medium. The second phase of accumulation was independent of the serum albumin content of the medium but was inhibited by low incubation temperature. 6. Esterified cholesterol was not accumulated by the mitochondria after the initial rapid binding phase. 7. The findings suggest that cholesterol was not rapidly accumulated by the mitochondrial fraction in vitro and that mechanisms may be required to facilitate cholesterol transport into mitochondria in intact tumour cells during the periods in which steroidogenesis is stimulated maximally.
Combination Chemotherapy of Advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinoma

In most areas of the world the annual incidence of gastro-intestinal cancer is greater than that of any other organ system. It is estimated that 102,000 Americans will die of gastrointestinal cancer in 1975 (1).
Surface Factors in Recurrent Infection

Twelve years ago, our research was directed toward those hydrodynamic factors influencing the establishment of bacteriuria. Their importance in initiating and perpetuating infection was found in further studies, looking at midurethral pressure, spontaneous urethral peristalsis, washout of residual bacteria versus trapping, and the effects of overdistention on bladder function.
Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

This is the first of two chapters concerning linear systems and equations. We have already established the unique existence of solutions to initial value problems concerning them. However, because of their linear nature we can say much more by using the framework of the linear space.
Choice of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Modality: Parenchymal Monitor vs. Parenchymal Monitor with Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitor vs. External Ventricular Drain

A mainstay of the modern management of severe traumatic brain injury is avoidance of secondary injury by optimizing intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures. While many studies support the role of treatment of intracranial pressures (ICPs) above 20–22 mmHg, there is little consensus regarding the choice of external ventricular drain versus intraparenchymal monitor or the utility of multimodal monitoring, most notably brain tissue oxygen monitors. An external ventricular drain allows for drainage of cerebral spinal fluid in addition to measurement of intracranial pressures but is associated with greater difficulty in placement and higher complication rates. Intraparenchymal monitors are more easily inserted and have fewer complications but are without intrinsic therapeutic function and are associated with higher intracranial pressures and rates of surgical decompressions. The addition of a brain tissue oxygen monitor may prove to be an important reference that puts in context intracranial pressures and cerebral perfusion pressures. More recent technologies allow concomitant drainage of cerebral spinal fluid while monitoring intracranial pressures. Future technologies will incorporate ICP, brain tissue oxygenation, and brain temperature monitoring without the need for multiple device insertion.
Analogies, Visualization, and Mental Processing of Science Stories

(1986). Analogies, Visualization, and Mental Processing of Science Stories. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 9, Communication Yearbook 9, pp. 339-355.
Binary Decision Diagrams with Edge-Specified Reductions

Various versions of binary decision diagrams (BDDs) have been proposed in the past, differing in the reduction rule needed to give meaning to edges skipping levels. The most widely adopted, fully-reduced BDDs and zero-suppressed BDDs, excel at encoding different types of boolean functions (if the function contains subfunctions independent of one or more underlying variables, or it tends to have value zero when one of its arguments is nonzero, respectively). Recently, new classes of BDDs have been proposed that, at the cost of some additional complexity and larger memory requirements per node, exploit both cases. We introduce a new type of BDD that we believe is conceptually simpler, has small memory requirements in terms of node size, tends to result in fewer nodes, and can easily be further extended with additional reduction rules. We present a formal definition, prove canonicity, and provide experimental results to support our efficiency claims.
Stacked pile solution for axial load–settlement analysis of driven piles in multi-layered soils

The load–settlement (Q–s) response of deep foundations is influenced by the soil stiffness. One of the most common methods of installing these foundations is the process of driving, which changes t...
Renal Diuretic Delivery is Highly Variable in Hospitalized Decompensated Heart Failure Patients and Associated with Diuretic Resistance

Introduction It is often assumed that diuretic delivery to the site of action is adequate if the route of administration is intravenous (IV). Although IV administration circumvents gastrointestinal bioavailability, the diuretic must be delivered and secreted into the tubular lumen induce diuresis. In ADHF, perturbations such as reduced renal perfusion and renal dysfunction may impact delivery to the tubular site of action. Hypothesis There will be substantial between-patient heterogeneity in renal diuretic delivery across hospitalized AHDF patients receiving IV diuretics. Methods ADHF patients receiving IV diuretics at Yale New Haven Hospital underwent intensively supervised timed urine collection. Renal diuretic delivery was defined as the percentage of loop diuretic recovered unchanged in the urine in the 6h after IV diuretic administration. Results 105 patients were studied after a median 80 mg (IQR 40-160mg) IV furosemide equivalents, with a median of 30 mg (12-59 mg) of unchanged loop diuretic recovered in the urine. Thus, 37% (21-54%) reached the site of action, substantially less than that reported in normal subjects (∼50-70%, p 0.1). A modest correlation between better renal filtration (eGFR r=0.23, p=0.02; creatinine clearance r=0.33, p=0.01; Cystatin C r=-0.30, p=0.003) and higher renal diuretic delivery was noted. Renal urea handling had the strongest correlation with renal diuretic delivery (fractional excretion of urea r=0.49, p= Conclusion Large variations IV loop diuretic delivered to the tubular site of action exists between hospitalized ADHF patients, and these differences relate to the ultimate diuretic response. The strongest associated factor is renal urea handling, which captures elements of renal perfusion, filtration, and solute handling. Given that patients with poor diuretic delivery may preferentially respond to loop diuretic titration, additional research is warranted to better identify patients with poor diuretic delivery.