cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance transceiver components for defense communications and sensing

University defense funding has over the years produced a number of innovations in components for communications and sensing related to national defense needs. This paper presents an overview of research at the University of Colorado centered around improvements of microwave and millimeter-wave front ends, and its potential impact of fundamental research on future military systems. Examples include: (1) low-loss broadband passives implemented in new technologies such as micro-fabricated air coaxial transmission lines; (2) power amplifier architectures that result in increased efficiency for broadband and high peak-to-average ratio signals; (3) multi-beam antenna arrays that enable faster direction of finding algorithms by means of front-end analog processing. Other developments range from chip-scale atomic clocks with low-phase noise microwave oscillators for synchronization, to heterogeneous integration technologies for advanced phased arrays.
A Haskell compiler for signal transforms

Building a reusable, auto-tuning code generator from scratch is a challenging problem, requiring many careful design choices. We describe HSpiral, a Haskell compiler for signal transforms that builds on the foundational work of Spiral. Our design leverages many Haskell language features to ensure that our framework is reusable, flexible, and efficient. As well as describing the design of our system, we show how to extend it to support new classes of transforms, including the number-theoretic transform and a variant of the split-radix algorithm that results in reduced operation counts. We also show how to incorporate rewrite rules into our system to reproduce results from previous literature on code generation for the fast Fourier transform. Although the Spiral project demonstrated significant advances in automatic code generation, it has not been widely used by other researchers. HSpiral is freely available under an MIT-style license, and we are actively working to turn it into a tool to further both our own research goals and to serve as a foundation for other research groups' work in developing new implementations of signal transform algorithms.
Momentum-space cluster dual-fermion method

Recent years have seen the development of two types of nonlocal extensions to the single-site dynamical mean field theory. On one hand, cluster approximations, such as the dynamical cluster approximation, recover short-range momentum-dependent correlations nonperturbatively. On the other hand, diagrammatic extensions, such as the dual-fermion theory, recover long-ranged corrections perturbatively. The correct treatment of both strong short-ranged and weak long-ranged correlations within the same framework is therefore expected to lead to a quick convergence of results, and offers the potential of obtaining smooth self-energies in nonperturbative regimes of phase space. In this paper, we present an exact cluster dual-fermion method based on an expansion around the dynamical cluster approximation. Unlike previous formulations, our method does not employ a coarse-graining approximation to the interaction, which we show to be the leading source of error at high temperature, and converges to the exact result independently of the size of the underlying cluster. We illustrate the power of the method with results for the second-order cluster dual-fermion approximation to the single-particle self-energies and double occupancies.
The Stock Market's Reaction to News of Food Tampering in the United States

This study examines the stock market's reaction to food tampering incidents to calculate the cost of such incidents to shareholders. It found that a firm loses approximately US$613 million in equit...
PROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MISSION: LIFELINE PREACT-STEMI ALGORITHM TO REDUCE FALSE ACTIVATION OF THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

Cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) activation for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based on pre-hospital ECG (PHECG) has reduced door-to-balloon times, but CCL cancellations remain a challenge. Historically, the cancellation rate in Los Angeles has been ~60-70%. The AHA Mission:
Learning to Detect Features in Texture Images

Local feature detection is a fundamental task in computer vision, and hand-crafted feature detectors such as SIFT have shown success in applications including image-based localization and registration. Recent work has used features detected in texture images for precise global localization, but is limited by the performance of existing feature detectors on textures, as opposed to natural images. We propose an effective and scalable method for learning feature detectors for textures, which combines an existing "ranking" loss with an efficient fully-convolutional architecture as well as a new training-loss term that maximizes the "peakedness" of the response map. We demonstrate that our detector is more repeatable than existing methods, leading to improvements in a real-world texture-based localization application.
Micro-Feature Heat Exchanger Using Variable-Density Arrays for Near-Isothermal Cold Plate Operation

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility to selectively tune the convective heat transfer coefficient in different sections of a heat sink by varying the density of micro-features in order to minimize temperature gradients between discrete heat sources positioned along the flow path. Lifetime of power electronics is strongly correlated to the thermal management of the junction. Therefore, it is of interest to have constant junction temperatures across all devices in the array. Implementation of micro-feature enhancement on the convective side improves heat transfer due to an increase in surface area. Specific shapes such as micro hydrofoils offer a reduced pressure drop allowing for combined improvement of heat transfer and flow performance. This study presents experimental results from an array of three discrete heat source (20 × 15 mm) generating 100 W/cm2 and positioned in line along the flow path with a spacing of 10 mm between each of the sources. The heat sink was machined out of aluminum 6061 and micro-hydrofoils with a characteristic length of 500 μm were embedded in the cold plate. The cooling medium used is water at a flow rate of 3.6–13.4 g/s corresponding to a Reynolds number of 420–1575. It is demonstrated that the baseplate temperature can be maintained below 90°C and the difference between the maximum temperatures of each heat source is less than 6.7 °C at a heat flux of 100 W/cm2 and a water flow rate of 4.8 g/s.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A psychometric evaluation of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 among internet samples of adult drinkers.

Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are most commonly defined as behaviors that are used while drinking to reduce alcohol use and/or limit alcohol-related problems. Few studies have examined and quantified PBS use among non-college student populations. The purpose of the present two studies was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (PBSS-20; Treloar, Martens, & McCarthy, 2015) among internet samples of adult drinkers. In the first study, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis of the PBSS-20 with a sample (n = 360) of adult drinkers who were recruited from Mechanical Turk. We then conducted a second study that recruited adult drinkers from Mechanical Turk and randomly split the data in half. With the first split-half sample (n = 339), we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the PBSS-20 and assessed the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the subscales. With the second split-half sample (n = 338), we tested measurement invariance across gender. The results support a three-factor structure of the PBSS-20 that is similar to what has been found among college students. However, six items were dropped and two Serious Harm Reduction items loaded best onto the Manner of Drinking factor. Furthermore, two subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency and all three subscale were negatively associated with alcohol-related outcomes. Similar to college students, there was lack of measurement invariance across gender. We discuss the implications of the present findings in extending research on PBS to the more general population of U.S. adult drinkers.
Materials for optical fiber lasers: A review

Over the past two decades, fiber laser technologies have matured to such an extent that they have captured a large portion of the commercial laser marketplace. Yet, there still is a seemingly unquenchable thirst for ever greater optical power to levels where certain deleterious light-matter interactions that limit continued power scaling become significant. In the past decade or so, the industry has focused mainly on waveguide engineering to overcome many of these hurdles. However, there is an emerging body of work emphasizing the enabling role of the material. In an effort to underpin these developments, this paper reviews the relevance of the material in high power fiber laser technologies. As the durable material-of-choice for the application, the discussion will mainly be limited to silicate host glasses. The discussion presented herein follows an outward path, starting with the trivalent rare earth ions and their spectroscopic properties. The ion then is placed into a host, whose impact on the spectroscopy is reviewed. Finally, adverse interactions between the laser lightwave and the host are discussed, and novel composition glass fiber design and fabrication methodologies are presented. With deference to the symbiosis required between material and waveguide engineering in active fiber development, this review will emphasize the former. Specifically, where appropriate, materials-based paths to the enhancement of laser performance will be underscored.
Propagation of future climate conditions into hydrologic response from coastal southern California watersheds

As a biodiverse region under a Mediterranean climate with a mix of highly developed and natural watersheds, coastal Santa Barbara County (SB), located in southern California, is susceptible to the hydrologic impacts of climate change. This study investigates the potential changes in hydro-meteorological variables in this region as well as their societal and ecological implications for projected climate conditions during the twenty-first century. Daily streamflow ensembles from 135 coastal watersheds for the period 2021–2100 are developed using the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model forced with downscaled precipitation and temperature projections derived from 10 climate models in the Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project, Phase 5, and two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP, 4.5 and 8.5). Analysis of the projected ensemble precipitation and streamflow series relative to historical conditions (1961–2000) shows (i) minimal change in annual precipitation (median change within ±3%); (ii) an altered seasonal rainfall distribution with a decrease in rainfall at the beginning of the rainy season (Oct–Dec), an increase during the Jan–Mar period, and a decrease at the end of the season (Apr–Jun); (iii) increases in the magnitude and frequency of large storms (> 36 mm/day) which combined with a shorter rainy season, lead to increases in annual peak flows; and (iv) the propagation of the altered precipitation characteristics resulting in nonlinear changes in the magnitude and variability of annual maximum discharges (i.e., mean, standard deviation, skew) impacting estimated return period discharges (e.g., estimated 100-year flood discharges for the period 2061–2100 under 8.5 increase by up to 185%). While these results are specific to southern coastal California, the nature of nonlinear hydrologic response to altered precipitation characteristics underscores the value of regional studies investigating potential impacts of climate projections on streamflow dynamics.
Outcomes of Adopting Endoscopic Tympanoplasty in an Academic Teaching Hospital.

Objectives:To compare the outcomes of endoscopic versus microscopic tympanoplasty during the initial period of a surgeon adopting the new endoscopic technique and teaching the surgical approach to ...
Abstract 361: Analysis of Cardiotoxic Mechanisms Associated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ponatinib

Background: Ponatinib, a potent pan-BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) holds significant promise in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), although the potential cardiotoxicity o...
Climate preconditions the Critical Zone: Elucidating the role of subsurface fractures in the evolution of asymmetric topography

Abstract Although it has been long understood that rock properties strongly modulate the chemical and physical transformation of rock to regolith, recent studies highlight the central role of mechanical fracturing in the shallow subsurface. Competing hypotheses for how fractures co-evolve with surface processes suggest either that topographic stresses enhance or dampen the potential for fracture propagation, or alternatively suggest that fracture growth depends on the coupling between subsurface hydrology and weathering reactions. Both end-member models produce predictable and systematic spatial patterns of subsurface fracture distributions. To elucidate the processes responsible for the development of asymmetric hillslope topography and critical zone structure, we combine direct observations of subsurface fracture distributions in boreholes, indirect measures of subsurface rock properties inferred from seismic refraction surveys, and geochemical variations from subsurface samples at a small, shale-underlain catchment in central Pennsylvania. Our results reveal that seismic P-wave velocity profiles are consistent with subsurface fracture densities and zones of chemical depletion observed in boreholes, but that these distributions co-vary with hillslope aspect. Simple models of frost cracking show that, while modern climates are not conducive to subsurface segregation ice growth, asymmetric fracture distributions could have been achieved by subtle differences in aspect-related microclimates driving freeze-thaw during past periglacial climates. The spatial co-variance among fracture density, hillslope gradient, regolith depth, and regolith transport efficiency is consistent with chemo-mechanical damage arising from microclimatic conditions governing the long-term architecture of this watershed. Thus, damage driven by climate could explain the asymmetric topography observed today.
Feminist Theory and Legal Practice: A Case Study on Unemployment Compensation and the Male Norm

Drawing on the example of an unemployment compensation hearing handled in a law school clinic, I argue that a familiarity with feminist legal theory’s insights concerning the gendered effects of our legal institutions can help a legal practitioner recognize the potential for new legal arguments. The hearing challenged a policy that limited benefits to individuals seeking full-time work, a policy encompassing a “male norm” in a public benefits program originally targeted at workers complying with a “male” vision of the ideal worker.
Epidemiology and prevalence

Abstract This chapter first provides definition of nocturia, which is the complaint of waking at night to void at least once. It further defines clinically relevant nocturia being ≥2 voids per night, and severe nocturia being waking up at night to void two to three times or more. This chapter then presents results from epidemiological studies, indicating that the prevalence of nocturia is age-related, with younger adults having a lower incidence of nocturia than the elderly. The prevalence of nocturia is also gender-related, with more younger adult women than younger adult men having severe nocturia, but it is more common among elderly men than elderly women. Finally, this chapter presents epidemiological results from various countries indicating that the high prevalence rates of nocturia, especially in the elderly, are not unique to the United States, but also common in the other countries, including European Union and Asia.
Are There Alternatives to the Census

The continuous population register is used in some countries to track population composition, change, and movement. Although confidentiality is a concern with registers, the population registers are more current than a census and permit applications not possible with a census. The United States does not currently have a federal-level continuous population register, but there are both federal and state databases that function as partial population registers. These databases are administrative records, collected for one purpose but potentially useful for supplementing census data. In the 2020 Census, administrative records will be used both for data checking and for completing some item non-response. By Executive Order President Trump has ordered the Census Bureau to produce a database of voting-age citizens using federal administrative records to create a “best-citizenship” variable. Creating this database requires statistical modeling to create the estimate of citizenship and research on how to match names and addresses from the census to the administrative records. Under Title 13 this database will be confidential but will also provide state legislatures a way to redistrict based only on citizens of voting age. If successful, this database will raise the issue of whether a continuous population register would be possible for the United States.
Genomic Analysis of Diverse Members of the Fungal Genus Monosporascus Reveals Novel Lineages, Unique Genome Content and a Potential Bacterial Associate.

The genus Monosporascus represents an enigmatic group of fungi important in agriculture and widely distributed in natural arid ecosystems. Of the nine described species, two (M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides) are important pathogens on the roots of members of Cucurbitaceae in agricultural settings. The remaining seven species are capable of colonizing roots from a diverse host range without causing obvious disease symptoms. Recent molecular and culture studies have shown that members of the genus are nearly ubiquitous as root endophytes in arid environments of the Southwestern United States. Isolates have been obtained from apparently healthy roots of grasses, shrubs and herbaceous plants located in central New Mexico and other regions of the Southwest. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses reveal substantial diversity in these isolates. The New Mexico isolates include close relatives of M. cannonballus and M. ibericus, as well as isolates that represent previously unrecognized lineages. To explore evolutionary relationships within the genus and gain insights into potential ecological functions, we sequenced and assembled the genomes of three M. cannonballus isolates, one M. ibericus isolate, and six diverse New Mexico isolates. The assembled genomes were significantly larger than what is typical for the Sordariomycetes despite having predicted gene numbers similar to other members of the class. Differences in predicted genome content and organization were observed between endophytic and pathogenic lineages of Monosporascus. Several Monosporascus isolates appear to form associations with members of the bacterial genus Ralstonia (Burkholdariaceae).
Angel Investor Value Judgments and the Effects of Accounting Disclosures

Private company investors operate in unique environments. Seed equity investors, which generally include venture capitalists and angel investors, often have the particularly unusual role of becoming involved in the oversight of the investee company. This continuing involvement with the investee firm introduces conflicting interests: the desire to maximize the profit from the investment, but also the desire to maintain a positive relationship with the entrepreneur(s) (consistent with the theory of upper echelons/strategic management). We discuss in detail this unusual investment context and the role that accounting disclosures can have in this environment. We predict that accounting disclosures can influence the tradeoff between the profit motive and the relationship motive. Using 64 experienced angel investors as participants in a realistic experimental setting, we find that disclosures indicating conservatively biased accounting choice and lower account risk (variance) lead to angels increasing the valuation of the target firm and forgoing higher profits. Increasing the valuation serves to foster the relationship with the entrepreneur(s). Our findings have implications for entrepreneurs making choices about discretionary disclosures and for standard setters; we also inform theory related to overcoming anchoring.
The new role of F1Fo ATP synthase in mitochondria-mediated neurodegeneration and neuroprotection

The mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase is one of the most abundant proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which catalyzes the final step of oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi. ATP synthase uses the electrochemical gradient of protons (ΔμH+) across the mitochondrial inner membrane to synthesize ATP. Under certain pathophysiological conditions, ATP synthase can run in reverse to hydrolyze ATP and build the necessary ΔμH+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Tight coupling between these two processes, proton translocation and ATP synthesis, is achieved by the unique rotational mechanism of ATP synthase and is necessary for efficient cellular metabolism and cell survival. The uncoupling of these processes, dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, elevated levels of ROS, low matrix content of ATP in combination with other cellular malfunction trigger the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mitochondrial inner membrane. In this review we will discuss the new role of ATP synthase beyond oxidative phosphorylation. We will highlight its function as a unique regulator of cell life and death and as a key target in mitochondria-mediated neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
Effect of positional errors on the accuracy of cervical vertebrae maturation assessment using CBCT and lateral cephalograms.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of single plane and multiplane rotational errors in yaw, pitch, and roll of the head while recording the lateral cephalogram on CVM (cervical vertebrae maturity) assessment. Methods A total of 40 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and 360 lateral cephalograms were analyzed for patients with different rotations: Controls (no rotation), Y5 (yaw 5° rotation), Y10 (yaw 10° rotation), R5 (roll 5° rotation), R10 (Roll 10° rotation), P5 (pitch 5° rotation), P10 (pitch 10° rotation), YRP5 (yaw, roll, and pitch 5° rotation), and YRP10 (yaw, roll, and pitch 10° rotation). The C2, C3, and C4 concavity and their base-anterior ratio and posterior-anterior ratio were measured. In addition, maxillomandibular linear parameters, such as effective mandibular length and height, mandibular body length, effective midface length, and maxillomandibular differential, were also evaluated. Results Y5, Y10, R5, and R10 led to overestimation of CVM in comparison with controls. Multiplane rotations (YRP5 and YRP10) led to more inaccuracies in CVM measurements than single plane rotations; 10° of rotation led to more inaccuracies than 5° of rotation while recording the lateral cephalogram, irrespective of the plane. Yaw rotational errors led to an underestimation of maxillomandibular linear measurements, whereas roll rotational errors led to an overestimation of the measurements; however, there were wide individual variations in the measurements between the different rotations and controls. Conclusions Rotational errors lead to overestimation of CVM assessment. Multiplane rotations cause higher inaccuracies than single plane rotations. Increased degree of rotations while capturing the lateral cephalograms lead to more inaccuracies in CVM assessment.
TRAF6-IRF5 kinetics, TRIF, and biophysical factors drive synergistic innate responses to particle-mediated MPLA-CpG co-presentation

Innate immune responses to pathogens are driven by co-presentation of multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Combinations of PAMPs can trigger synergistic immune responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of synergy are poorly understood. Here, we used synthetic particulate carriers co-loaded with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and CpG as pathogen-like particles (PLPs) to dissect the signaling pathways responsible for dual adjuvant immune responses. PLP-based co-delivery of MPLA and CpG to GM-CSF-driven mouse bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (BM-APCs) elicited synergistic interferon-β (IFN-β) and interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) responses, which were strongly influenced by the biophysical properties of PLPs. Mechanistically, we found that MyD88 and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) were necessary for IFN-β and IL-12p70 production, while TRIF signaling was required for the synergistic response. Both the kinetics and magnitude of downstream TRAF6 and IRF5 signaling drove the synergy. These results identify the key mechanisms of synergistic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-TLR9 co-signaling in mouse BM-APCs and underscore the critical role of signaling kinetics and biophysical properties on the integrated response to combination adjuvants.
Urban aerosol chemistry at a land-water transition site during summer – Part 2: Aerosol pH and liquid water content

Abstract. Particle acidity (aerosol pH) is an important driver of atmospheric chemical processes and the resulting effects on human and environmental health. Understanding the factors that control aerosol pH is critical when enacting control strategies targeting specific outcomes. This study characterizes aerosol pH at a land-water transition site near Baltimore, MD during summer 2018 as part of the second Ozone Water-Land Environmental Transition Study (OWLETS-2) field campaign. Inorganic fine mode aerosol composition, gas-phase NH3 measurements, and all relevant meteorological parameters were used to characterize the effects of temperature, aerosol liquid water (ALW), and composition on predictions of aerosol pH. Temperature, the factor linked to the control of NH3 partitioning, was found to have the most significant effect on aerosol pH during OWLETS-2. Overall, pH varied with temperature at a rate of −0.047 K−1 across all observations, though the sensitivity was −0.085 K−1 for temperatures > 293 K. ALW had a minor effect on pH, except at the lowest ALW levels ( 7.96 µg m−3) during the study are analyzed; aerosol pH was higher by only ~0.1–0.2 pH units during these events compared to the study mean. A case study was analyzed to characterize the response of aerosol pH to nonvolatile cations (NVCs) during a period strongly influenced by primary Chesapeake Bay emissions. Depending on the method used, aerosol pH was estimated to be either weakly (~0.1 pH unit change based on NH3 partitioning calculation) or strongly (~1.4 pH unit change based on ISORROPIA thermodynamic model predictions) affected by NVCs. The case study suggests a strong pH gradient with size during the event and underscores the need to evaluate assumptions of aerosol mixing state applied to pH calculations. Unique features of this study, including the urban land-water transition site and the strong influence of NH3 emissions from both agricultural and industrial sources, add to the understanding of aerosol pH and its controlling factors in diverse environments.
A Case Study in Comparative Procurement Law: Assessing UNCITRAL's Lessons for U.S. Procurement

Yukins, Christopher R..January, 2006.A case study in comparative procurement law,Report,Washington D.C.George Washington University Law School,31
Opera, Sound Recording, and Critical Race Theory: Making a Sub-Field Audible

This review essay considers the relationships among opera, sound recording, and critical race theory, and explores them at a moment when these fields are beginning to converge. One of my concerns will be the recent and ground-breaking studies and collections on opera and race by Naomi Adele Andre (2017, 2019), Kira Thurman (2012, 2019), Pamela Karantonis and Dylan Robinson (2011), and Mary I. Ingraham, Joseph K. So and Roy Moodley (2016). Another will be the neglected history of opera and sound recording; notable scholars here include Karen Henson (2020), Robert Cannon (2014), and Richard Leppert (2015). Finally, I will focus on the thought-provoking analyses of race and sound by Alexander Weheliye (2005), Brian Ward (2003), Jennifer Lynn Stoever (2016) and Nina Sun Eidsheim (2019). There are obvious connections among these three bodies of scholarship, yet these connections have not yet been clearly identified and explored. Although many scholars have come to embrace opera as a material and embodied phenomenon, the artform’s dissemination, analysis, and enjoyment through sound recording is still overlooked as a site of enquiry, especially its potential as a fertile site of inquiry about identity. To overlook the issue of identity in relation to recording is to perpetuate the belief that recordings are primarily documents of performance practice. It ignores the army of technicians who invisibly craft the acoustic object, many of whom are historically white and male. This review essay seeks to address this neglect and to suggest some ways in which the processes of making and consuming opera recordings is intimately related to whiteness and anti-Blackness—but also to Black possibility. In what follows, I cast a broad net, ranging widely and at times unexpectedly. I begin with some recent events in American musicology and in the New York operatic scene; then, turn to a consideration of some of the scholarship just mentioned; and finally conclude with a brief discussion of a specific recording, the Metropolitan Opera’s “live” sound recording of the 2019 production of Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess.
Analyzing environmental data

Preface. 1 Linear regression. 1.1 Simple linear regression. 1.2 Multiple linear regression. 1.3 Qualitative predictors: ANOVA and ANCOVA models. 1.4 Random--effects models. 1.5 Polynomial regression. Exercises. 2 Nonlinear regression. 2.1 Estimation and testing. 2.2 Piecewise regression models. 2.3 Exponential regression models. 2.4 Growth curves. 2.5 Rational polynomials. 2.6 Multiple nonlinear regression. Exercises. 3 Generalized linear models. 3.1 Generalizing the classical linear model. 3.2 Theory of generalized linear models. 3.3 Specific forms of generalized linear models. Exercises. 4 Quantitative risk assessment with stimulus--response data. 4.1 Potency estimation for stimulus--response data. 4.2 Risk estimation. 4.3 Benchmark analysis. 4.4 Uncertainty analysis. 4.5 Sensitivity analysis. 4.6 Additional topics. Exercises. 5 Temporal data and autoregressive modeling. 5.1 Time series. 5.2 Harmonic regression. 5.3 Autocorrelation. 5.4 Autocorrelated regression models. 5.5 Simple trend and intervention analysis. 5.6 Growth curves revisited. Exercises. 6 Spatially correlated data. 6.1 Spatial correlation. 6.2 Spatial point patterns and complete spatial randomness. 6.3 Spatial measurement. 6.4 Spatial prediction. Exercises. 7 Combining environmental information. 7.1 Combining P--values. 7.2 Effect size estimation. 7.3 Meta--analysis. 7.4 Historical control information. Exercises. 8 Fundamentals of environmental sampling. 8.1 Sampling populations -- simple random sampling. 8.2 Designs to extend simple random sampling. 8.3 Specialized techniques for environmental sampling. Exercises. A Review of probability and statistical inference. A.1 Probability functions. A.2 Families of distributions. A.3 Random sampling. A.4 Parameter estimation. A.5 Statistical inference. A.6 The delta method. B Tables. References. Author index. Subject index.
Viability of Listeria monocytogenes strain Brie-1 in the avian egg.

The viability of Listeria monocytogenes strain Brie-1 was studied in raw and heat-treated (121°C, 15 min) whole eggs, albumen, or yolks during storage at 5 and 20°C. Studies with raw eggs showed that the organism grew only in egg yolks, where initial numbers (106 cells/g) increased to 108 cells/g (generation times of 1.7 d and 2.4 h at 5 and 20°C, respectively). Cell numbers in whole eggs initially declined and then leveled off. A sharp decline in cell numbers was observed in the raw albumen (to 102 cells/g after 22 d at 5°C and to <10 after 55 h at 20°C). In contrast, the organism grew in all heat-treated egg samples. Generation times for cooked whole eggs, yolks, and albumen were 1.9, 2.3, and 2.4 d at 5°C, and 2.6, 2.6, and 3.5 h at 20°C, respectively. The rapid initial decline in populations was observed in raw albumen (pH 8.9), and after adjustments to pH 7.0 or 8.0. Numbers of surviving cells/g after 35 d at 5°C were reduced to 104, 103, and <10, at pH 7, 8, and 9 respectively. With the exception of the raw albumen, refrigerated raw and cooked eggs supported survival and growth of L. monocytogenes , and hence can serve as vehicle of transmission of listeriosis.
Membrane Penetration Effects in Undrained Tests

It was found that membrane flexibility can change the soil behavior and pore pressure characteristics far more than may be caused by, e.g., the flexibility of the pore pressure measuring system. Expressions were developed for the pore pressure parameters, B and A, which include the effects of flexibilities of membrane and pore pressure measuring system. Measured and calculated B-values agreed well for saturated specimens in which membrane penetration could occur. The effects of time and partial saturation on the measured B-values were also studied. The effect of membrane penetration in undrained tests was to reduce the rate of change in pore pressure; and the effective stress-path, stress-strain relations, and undrained strength were modified accordingly. The strengths obtained from cyclic loading tests performed on saturated specimens of granular materials for determination of liquefaction potential were also shown to be affected by membrane penetration.
Fast Solvers for Mixed Finite Element Methods

Discretizations of partial differential equations by mixed finite element methods result in large saddle point systems that require efficient solvers. In this chapter we present two classes of iterative methods for such problems: the (preconditioned) Uzawa algorithm and the (preconditioned) minimum residual algorithm. The implementations of these algorithms require either efficient preconditioners for the discrete Laplace operator and/or the efficient solution of the discrete Poisson problem. Towards this end we provide brief introductions to additive Schwarz (domain decomposition/multilevel) preconditioners and multigrid algorithms, after a discussion on block diagonal preconditioners for saddle point problems.
Effects of Self-presentation and Social Media Use in Attainment of Beauty Ideals

The Hyperpersonal Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior were integrated to explore self-esteem and use of beauty-related content on social media sites. A multiple regression model tested the relationship between beauty related social media use, enjoyment and self-esteem. Results indicate that participants who reported frequent use of beauty-based social media contents had higher self-esteem and greater engagement with online content. Implications and suggestions for research lines are offered.
Bloom's taxonomy applied to testing in computer science classes

Bloom's taxonomy has been used for many years to categorize human learning into three broad domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. This paper discusses the categories in the cognitive domain as related to computer science testing. For many years the author has noticed that test questions and classroom activities are divided into different category levels. It has also been noticed that certain of these activities/questions are more easily accomplished by the students. This paper describes the categories and gives examples from computer science of each Bloom category. Finally the paper suggests that testing of different levels in Bloom's categories will test for student mastery of a subject. It also may eliminate the bimodal distribution of frequency versus scores that may be seen on student test scores.
A quantitative analysis of the mechanism that controls body size in Manduca sexta

Body size is controlled by mechanisms that terminate growth when the individual reaches a species-specific size. In insects, it is a pulse of ecdysone at the end of larval life that causes the larva to stop feeding and growing and initiate metamorphosis. Body size is a quantitative trait, so it is important that the problem of control of body size be analyzed quantitatively. The processes that control the timing of ecdysone secretion in larvae of the moth Manduca sexta are sufficiently well understood that they can be described in a rigorous manner. We develop a quantitative description of the empirical data on body size determination that accurately predicts body size for diverse genetic strains. We show that body size is fully determined by three fundamental parameters: the growth rate, the critical weight (which signals the initiation of juvenile hormone breakdown), and the interval between the critical weight and the secretion of ecdysone. All three parameters are easily measured and differ between genetic strains and environmental conditions. The mathematical description we develop can be used to explain how variables such as growth rate, nutrition, and temperature affect body size. Our analysis shows that there is no single locus of control of body size, but that body size is a system property that depends on interactions among the underlying determinants of the three fundamental parameters. A deeper mechanistic understanding of body size will be obtained by research aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms that give these three parameters their particular quantitative values.
Photomontage and Surrational Imagery: One Teacher’s Encounter with Scott Mutter

The crafted photomontages of Scott Mutter and and the obvious manipulations of "Choose your own adventure" provide the stimuli that enable a group of students to begin creating new schema for viewing, and thus become agents of their own meaning making.
What Every Land Use Lawyer Should Know About the Emerging Use of Health Impact Assessment and Land Use Decision Making

The field of Health Impact Assessment is relatively new to the United States, but already a number of state and local governments are incorporating these assessments into land use planning and decision making. In five years, the use of HIA in the U.S. has increased dramatically with more than 100 HIAs completed or in progress in the U.S. from 2007 to 2010. This article provides a brief overview of HIA in the United States, describes how it is being used in other states with respect to land use decision making, and examines how HIA is starting to be incorporated into traditional land use and environmental decision making in New York.
Depressive symptom severity, contributing factors, and self‐management among chronic dialysis patients

Despite the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving chronic dialysis, there has been inadequate attention to patient-related barriers to management of depressive symptoms, such as factors identified by these patients as contributing to their symptoms, and how they responded to the symptoms. Participants (N = 210) in an ongoing longitudinal observational study of multidimensional quality of life in patients receiving chronic dialysis completed a battery of measures monthly for 12 months. For each patient at each measurement point, an event report was generated if he or she scored outside of the normal range on the depressive symptom scale (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Short Form [CESD-SF] ≥10) or expressed suicidal ideation. Of the 210 participants, 100 (47.6%) had a CESD-SF score ≥10 at least once resulting in 290 event reports. Of these 100 participants, 15 (15%) had also reported suicidal ideation in addition to having depressive symptoms. The most frequently stated contributing factors included "managing comorbid conditions and complications" (56 event reports, 19.3%), "being on dialysis" (50, 17.2%), "family or other personal issues" (37, 12.8%), and "financial difficulties" (31, 10.7%). On 11 event reports (3.8%) participants had been unaware of their depressive symptoms. On 119 event reports (41%) participants reported that they discussed these symptoms with their dialysis care providers or primary care providers, while on 171 event reports (59%) symptoms were not discussed with their health-care providers. The prevalence of depressive symptoms is high and many patients lack knowledge about effective self-management strategies.
Fisheries as a way of life: Gendered livelihoods, identities and perspectives of artisanal fisheries in eastern Brazil

Abstract Although women engage in small-scale fisheries around the globe, their roles, contributions and perspectives tend to be overlooked in policy making. In Brazil, although women account for almost half of the registered fishers in the country, their roles are absent from scholarship and policy-making decisions. This gap is addressed in this paper, which presents the case of artisanal fisheries in eastern Brazil where women play a major role in fisheries. Whereas, the majority of men engage in offshore fisheries, women prepare shrimp for the market, extract shellfish from near shore habitats, and preserve by-catch using traditional methods, for income and subsistence; activities enabling them to simultaneously supervise children. Fisher's activities are synergistic in maintaining household livelihoods, which are culturally embedded, and their identities are constituted from a young age when children participate in fishery activities. Both men and women choose fisheries as a way of life and they perceive change in fisheries differently based on the resources they extract. The findings are consistent with other scholarship demonstrating gendered contributions to fisheries, and how fisheries “are a way of life” constituted by deep social, cultural and ecological ties. Fishery policy makers need to better recognize the diverse roles and perspectives of men and women in fisheries in order to achieve equitable outcomes and livelihood sustainability goals.
Experimental constraints on nonlinearities induced by two-photon effects in elastic and inelastic Rosenbluth separations

The effects of two-photon exchange corrections, suggested to explain the difference between measurements of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors using the polarization transfer and Rosenbluth techniques, have been studied in elastic and inelastic scattering data. Such corrections could introduce \ensuremath{\varepsilon}-dependent nonlinearities in inelastic Rosenbluth separations, where \ensuremath{\varepsilon} is the virtual photon polarization parameter. It is concluded that such nonlinear effects are consistent with zero for elastic, resonance, and deep-inelastic scattering for all ${Q}^{2}$ and ${W}^{2}$ values measured.
A psychological study of the semantics of animal terms

The semantic field of animal terms in English was investigated with five experimental techniques: free listing; pair ratings; triad ratings; verbal associations; and paired-associates learning. A set of 30 animals was scaled in the pair-rating experiment, a subset of six in one triad-rating experiment, and a subset of 12 in another triad-rating experiment. The same set of 30 animal names were stimuli for the associations. The subset of 12 were stimuli or responses in the paired-associate experiment. Results showed clear structure, with relevant dimensions of size and ferocity, for the animal terms. Furthermore, there was little effect of size of the set scaled, and different scaling techniques showed high correspondence. Different investigative methods gave highly similar clusters of animals. However, the paired-associate experiment was unsuccessful in eliciting a semantic space for animal names.
Effective hole extraction using MoOx-Al contact in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells

We report an 11.4%-efficient perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell using low-cost molybdenum oxide/aluminum (i.e., MoOx/Al) as an alternative top contact to replace noble/precious metals (e.g., Au or Ag) for extracting photogenerated holes. The device performance of perovskite solar cells using a MoOx/Al top contact is comparable to that of cells using the standard Ag top contact. Analysis of impedance spectroscopy measurements suggests that using 10-nm-thick MoOx and Al does not affect charge-recombination properties of perovskite solar cells. Using a thicker (20-nm) MoOx layer leads to a lower cell performance caused mainly by a reduced fill factor. Our results suggest that MoOx/Al is promising as a low-cost and effective hole-extraction contact for perovskite solar cells.
Does postoperative surveillance with duplex scanning identify the failing distal bypass

Duplex scanning used to determine graft flow velocities is an effective means of identifying lower extremity bypass grafts at risk for failure before they occlude. We implemented a graft surveillance protocol using duplex scanning and over a two-year interval evaluated fifty-four lower extremity bypasses utilizing graft flow velocities, ankle/brachial indices, and toe pressure measurements. Three patients were identified with grafts at risk for thrombosis. Of these patients, one had no evidence of arteriographic stenosis, one patient had clinical symptoms of reduced flow velocity measurements, and one's graft subsequently occluded during follow-up. Eight patients with graft flow velocities of greater than 45 cm/sec subsequently developed occlusion or were noted to have a severe associated stenosis. Six patients developed unheralded graft occlusion less than three months following determination of the graft flow velocity. Four of these patients (67%) had bypasses to the dorsalis pedis artery. Graft flow velocity measurements do not always predict an impending graft failure, and other factors may contribute to the sudden occlusion of patent distal bypasses, especially to the pedal arteries. Although the concept of hemodynamic monitoring to identify impending graft failure is an attractive one, more sensitive or refined measurements (especially to the pedal vessels), are required.
Life-history Characteristics, Population Structure, and Contribution of Hatchery and Wild Steelhead in a Lake Huron Tributary

Life-history characteristics, size structure, and relative composition of hatchery-reared and wild-produced steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Carp River, Michigan, were examined to determine if population attributes were similar between origins. Quantitative scale analyses were used to determine the origin and life-history attributes of adult fish captured during their spring spawning migration from 1995–1998. Hatchery males and females comprised 40% and 23%, respectively, of the spawning migration, while wild males and females comprised 19% and 18%, respectively. Male and female hatchery steelhead had shorter stream-residence durations (1 year) than wild fish (2 years). Both genders of hatchery individuals also reached reproductive maturity at younger ages (males, 3 years; females, 4 years) than wild fish (5 years). The number of years between repeat-spawning events was the same (1 year), irrespective of gender or origin. However, the number of fish captured during repeat-spawning events differed between origins (hatchery males: 42%; wild males: 9%; hatchery females: 23%; and wild females: 26%). The median number of years in lake residence prior to maiden spawning did not differ between hatchery and wild fish (males, 2 years; females, 3 years). Median length-at-age estimates differed between hatchery and wild male steelhead at age 4 (66 cm and 58 cm, respectively), while the median length-at-age for all other age classes did not differ, irrespective of gender and origin. Our results suggest that differences in life-history characteristics exist between hatchery-reared and wild-produced Carp River steelhead, and that system-specific management objectives should be considered prior to the initiation of stocking efforts.