cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to management of dilemmas by leaders in academic pharmacy

Abstract In 1984, Bolman and Deal introduced the theory of frames as organizational strategies allowing one to examine dilemmas from multiple vantage points. These four frames, identified as structural, human resource, political, and symbolic, enrich and broaden a leader's options for solving problems. The objective of this project was to identify preferred strategies used by academic pharmacy leaders for resolving dilemmas in the context of the four frames of leadership. Current Deans of schools/colleges of pharmacy who have participated in the AACP Academic Leaders Fellowship Program as participants or facilitators were asked to complete an online survey. The survey instrument consisted of a tenure/promotion case with three brief scenarios involving different types of dilemmas pertinent to the case. The instrument was designed to address the four frames. The first scenario, which dealt with a faculty member being assigned additional research and administrative responsibilities, revealed that Deans tended to rely on the structural, human resources, and symbolic frames when making decisions about this dilemma. The second scenario, dealing with a faculty member with poor teaching evaluations, indicated that Deans operated within all four frames; however, the human resources and symbolic frames were slightly more dominant. The final scenario, which dealt with a suspected inappropriate faculty-student relationship, demonstrated that Deans felt confidential information should not be considered when making decisions regarding promotion and tenure. Although studies have shown that most people rely on the structural and human resource frames, it appears that pharmacy Deans use all four frames when making decisions regarding academic dilemmas.
Nonidentity of Esterase and Neutral Protease in Rat Thyroid

The activities of an esterase and a protease in thyroid homogenates have been measured. By tissue fractionation, particle extraction and DEAE chromatography the activities have been shown to reside in different proteins. (Endocrinology 77: 415, 1965)
Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Spinal Circuits in the Developing and Mature Spinal Cord

Part of the development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs through interactions with the environment. Through physical activities and interactions with the world, an animal receives considerable sensory information from various sources. These sources can be internally (proprioceptive) or externally (such as touch and pressure) generated senses. Ample evidence exists to demonstrate that the sensory information originating from large diameter afferents (Ia fibers) have an important role in inducing essential functional and morphological changes for the maturation of both the brain and the spinal cord. The Ia fibers transmit sensory information generated by muscle activity and movement. Such use or activity-dependent plastic changes occur throughout life and are one reason for the ability to acquire new skills and learn new movements. However, the extent and particularly the mechanisms of activity-dependent changes are markedly different between a developing nervous system and a mature nervous system. Understanding these mechanisms is an important step to develop strategies for regaining motor function after different injuries to the CNS. Plastic changes induced by activity occur both in the brain and spinal cord. This paper reviews the activity-dependent changes in the spinal cord neural circuits during both the developmental stages of the CNS and in adulthood.
Expression of cell growth and bone phenotypic genes during the cell cycle of normal diploid osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells.

Establishing regulatory mechanisms that mediate proliferation of osteoblasts while restricting expression of genes associated with mature bone cell phenotypic properties to post-proliferative cells is fundamental to understanding skeletal development. To gain insight into relationships between growth control and the developmental expression of genes during osteoblast differentiation, we have examined expression of three classes of genes during the cell cycle of normal diploid rat calvarial-derived osteoblasts and rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8): cell cycle and growth-related genes (e.g., histone), genes that encode major structural proteins (e.g., actin and vimentin), and genes related to the biosynthesis, organization, and mineralization of the bone extracellular matrix (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteocalcin, and osteopontin). In normal diploid osteoblasts as well as in osteosarcoma cells we found that histone genes, required for cell progression, are selectively expressed during S phase. All other genes studied were constitutively expressed both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Alkaline phosphatase, an integral membrane protein in both osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells, exhibited only minimal changes in activity during the osteoblast and osteosarcoma cell cycles. Our findings clearly indicate that despite the loss of normal proliferation-differentiation interrelationships in osteosarcoma cells, cell cycle regulation or constitutive expression of growth and phenotypic genes is maintained.
Simultaneous Confidence Regions for Impulse Responses

Abstract Inference about an impulse response is a multiple testing problem with serially correlated coefficient estimates. This paper provides a method to construct simultaneous confidence regions for impulse responses and conditional bands to examine significance levels of individual impulse response coefficients given propagation trajectories. The paper also shows how to constrain a subset of impulse response paths to anchor structural identification and how to formally test the validity of such identifying constraints. Simulation and empirical evidence illustrate the new techniques. A broad summary of asymptotic analytic formulas is provided to make the methods easy to implement with commonly available statistical software.
Long-term F Release from Glass Ionomer Cements

Fluoride release from three commercial glass ionomer filling cements and three glass ionomer luting cements was measured in the laboratory over a 12-month period. Fluoride release from these glass ionomer cements was compared with that released from a silicate, silicophosphate, and a fluoride-containing polycarboxylate cement. The fluoride released from the glass ionomer cements throughout the one-year period was similar, both in quantity and pattern, to that released by the silicate cement. The silicophosphate cement tended to release fluoride in somewhat lesser amounts, while the amount of fluoride released by the polycarboxylate was negligible after the first few days. Analysis of these data indicates that these glass ionomer cements probably possess anticariogenic properties similar to those of silicate cement.
Energy-minimizing kinematics in hovering insect flight

We investigate aspects of hovering insect flight by finding the optimal wing kinematics which minimize power consumption while still providing enough lift to maintain a time-averaged constant altitude over one flapping period. In particular, we study the flight of three insects whose masses vary by approximately three orders of magnitude: fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster), bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), and hawkmoth (Manduca sexta). Here, we model an insect wing as a rigid body with three rotational degrees of freedom. The aerodynamic forces are modelled via a quasi-steady model of a thin plate interacting with the surrounding fluid. The advantage of this model, as opposed to the more computationally costly method of direct numerical simulation via computational fluid dynamics, is that it allows us to perform optimization procedures and detailed sensitivity analyses which require many cost function evaluations. The optimal solutions are found via a hybrid optimization algorithm combining aspects of a genetic algorithm and a gradient-based optimizer. We find that the results of this optimization yield kinematics which are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to previously observed data. We also perform sensitivity analyses on parameters of the optimal kinematics to gain insight into the values of the observed optima. Additionally, we find that all of the optimal kinematics found here maintain the same leading edge throughout the stroke, as is the case for nearly all insect wing motions. We show that this type of stroke takes advantage of a passive wing rotation in which aerodynamic forces help to reverse the wing pitch, similar to the turning of a free-falling leaf.
Dielectric constant and layer-thickness interpretation of helicopter-borne short-pulse radar waveforms reflected from wet and dry river-ice sheets

The objective of the study described was to demonstrate that radar ice thickness profiling is possible under some wet conditions. Radar data for both wet and dry ice were extracted from surveys performed from a helicopter operating at an altitude of about 2-7 m and a speed of about 5 m/s. The radar used a broadband wavelet of several nanoseconds duration at a center frequency of about 500 MHz. By use of plane wave theory, individual waveforms within particular echo scans are analyzed to interpret a value for the solid-ice dielectric constant and thus ice thickness, the latter values of which correlate with some very limited observations. Given this dielectric constant, the theory is then used to reproduce the observed effects of the melt upon the radar reflections and this to predict the range of melt conditions over which ice thickness may still be interpreted. >
Performance of Volterra and MLSD receivers for nonlinear band-limited satellite systems

This paper evaluates the performance of Volterra equalizers and maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) receivers for compensation of signal distortion in nonlinear band-limited satellite systems. In addition, the performance of a receiver with a fractionally-spaced equalizer followed by a Volterra equalizer is studied (FSE-Volterra equalizer). For the equalizers, adaptation of the equalizer weights is considered including a multiple-step LMS algorithm which improves the convergence characteristics. Two MLSD receiver structures are considered: the optimum receiver consisting of a matched-filter bank followed by a Viterbi (1967) detector and a suboptimum receiver consisting of a single receiver filter followed by a Viterbi detector. The performance of the MLSD receivers is then compared to that of the equalizers.
Allgemeiner Beweis für die atomistische Natur der Elektrizität

Die eben beschriebene Versuchsanordnung der „schwebenden Tropfchen“ beseitigte zwar die wesentlichsten Fehler, welche den fruheren Arbeiten uber e anhafteten. Man konnte jetzt mit viel groserer Sicherheit die Behauptung aufstellen , das die Einheitsladung ein wirklich bestehendes physikalisches Etwas ist und nicht blos ein statistischer Mittelwert: aber man war doch noch recht weit davon entfernt, eine genaue Methode zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der Gas -Ionen zu haben. Der Versuchsanordnung hafteten noch verschiedene Fehler und Mangel an , welche auf folgenden Umstanden beruhten: 1. Die Luft , durch welche das Tropfchen sich bewegt, ist nicht ganz ruhig. 2. Das angelegte elektrische Feld ist nicht ganz gleichformig. 3. Die Tropfchen verdunsten allmahlich; dadui oh wird es unmoglich, eM bestimmtes Tropfchen langer als eine Minute dauernd zu beobachten, oder den zeitlichen Verlauf, wie ein Tropfchen unter dem Einflus der Schwere allein fallt, langer als 5 bis 6 Sek. zu verfolgen. 4. Das Gesetz von Stokes wird als gultig angenommen.
Testing Software Product Lines Using Incremental Test Generation

We present a novel specification-based approach for generating tests for products in a software product line. Given properties of features as first-order logic formulas, our approach uses SAT-based analysis to automatically generate test inputs for each product in a product line. To ensure soundness of generation, we introduce an automatic technique for mapping a formula that specifies a feature into a transformation that defines incremental refinement of test suites. Our experimental results using different data structure product lines show that incremental approach can provide an order of magnitude speed-up over conventional techniques.
Evaluation of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymers for use in space environments. I. Temperature limitations

Smart materials, such as thin-film piezoelectric polymers, are interesting for potential applications on Gossamer spacecraft. This investigation aims to predict the performance and long-term stability of the piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers under conditions simulating the low-Earth-orbit environment. To examine the effects of temperature on the piezoelectric properties of PVDF, poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), and poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), the d33 piezoelectric coefficients were measured up to 160 °C, and the electric displacement/electric field (D–E) hysteresis loops were measured from −80 to +110 °C. The room-temperature d33 coefficient of PVDF homopolymer films, annealed at 50, 80, and 125 °C, dropped rapidly within a few days of thermal exposure and then remained unchanged. In contrast, the TrFE copolymer exhibited greater thermal stability than the homopolymer, with d33 remaining almost unchanged up to 125 °C. The HFP copolymer exhibited poor retention of d33 at temperatures above 80 °C. In situ D–E loop measurements from −80 to +110 °C showed that the remanent polarization of the TrFE copolymer was more stable than that of the PVDF homopolymer. D–E hysteresis loop and d33 results were also compared with the deflection of the PVDF homopolymer and TrFE copolymer bimorphs tested over a wide temperature range. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1310-1320, 2005
Bacterial Communities within Digestive Tracts of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Abstract We identified the bacterial communities within the alimentary tracts of two granivorous ground beetles as a first step in the exploration of bacteria–ground beetle symbioses. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of bacterial rRNA extracted from the guts of field-collected individuals of Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) and Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) revealed that gut-associated bacterial communities were of low diversity. Individuals from the same beetle species possessed similar bacterial community profiles, but the two species exhibited unique profiles. Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries constructed for the two beetle species showed that H. pensylvanicus had a more diverse community (six operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) compared with A. sanctaecrucis (three OTUs). Only one OTU, closely related to Hafnia alvei, was common between the two beetle species. Cloned partial 16S rRNA sequences for each OTU were most closely matched to the following ...
Free-Wave Energy Dissipation in Experimental Breaking Waves

Several transient wave trains containing an isolated plunging or spilling breaker at a prescribed location were generated in a two-dimensional wave flume using an energy focusing technique. Surface elevation measurements of each transient wave train were made at locations before and after breaking. Applying a nonlinear deterministic decomposition approach to the measured elevation, the free-wave components of the transient wave train were derived by excluding the contribution from bound-wave components. The comparison of the amplitude or energy spectra of free-wave components before and after a breaker can accurately reveal the energy dissipation as a function of frequency. It is found that the energy loss is almost exclusively from wave components at frequencies higher than the spectral peak frequency. Although the energy density of the wave components of frequencies near the peak frequency is the largest, they do not significantly gain or lose energy after the breaking. It is also observed that wave components of frequencies significantly below or near the peak frequency gain a small portion (about 12%) of energy lost by the high-frequency waves. These findings are quite different from the empirical formulas presently used for determining wave dissipation due to wave breaking. Hence, they have important implications to the ocean wave energy budget, specially to the energy transfer at frequencies below and near the spectral peak frequency.
Game-Theory Based Buffer-Space and Transmission-Rate Allocations for Optimal Energy-Efficiency over Wireless Virtual Networks

Wireless network virtualization provides an efficient technique to reduce the cost of overall networks by allowing multiple wireless virtual networks to be mapped onto one physical substrate wireless network. One of its important challenges of this technology is how to efficiently allocate the wireless resources of physical wireless networks to multiple virtual network users. To overcome these challenges, we develop the game- theory based schemes to resolve the resources allocation problem on both buffer/storage space and transmission-rate. Mapping the virtual networks onto the physical wireless network is formulated as the process of bidding for the limited wireless resources from a physical substrate wireless network, and competing with the other mobile-user players, which bid for the same wireless resources of a physical substrate wireless network. Our proposed game- theory schemes work as follows. First, virtual network announces its value function to the physical substrate wireless network, to claim for their required resources (buffer/storage space and transmission bandwidth). Then, the physical substrate wireless network allocates the two types of wireless resources to each virtual wireless network and charges for the provided resources according to the claimed value functions for all virtual users and its current network conditions. Finally our proposed schemes feed back conjectural prices for virtual networks' next-time bid. By accepting the conjectural prices, the game of virtual networks converges the Nash Equilibrium where their long term payoffs are optimized. The simulation results obtained validate and evaluate our proposed schemes through numerical solutions and the simulations.
Human Rights in the Constitutional Law of the United States: What is a “Human Right”?

Talk about “rights” - “rights-talk” - is ubiquitous. However, as Lloyd Weinreb has observed: “Not the least of our difficulties when we think about rights is that, despite their ubiquity in our discourse, it is unclear just what a right is.” A clarification of rights-talk is therefore in order. In our time, the principal rights-talk is about “human” rights. The principal question that engages me in this paper: In the context of human-rights-talk, what are we talking about when, today, we talk about “rights”? about “human” rights? about “international” human rights? Other questions I address in this paper: When and where is a human right a *legal* right - in a meaningfully practical sense of legal? In what sense are human rights *moral* rights? Are so-called “moral” rights really rights? This paper is a draft of a chapter of a book-in-progress: an introduction to, and overview of, the morality and law of international human rights. For a related paper (chapter), which I am posting to SSRN at the same time I am posting this paper, see “The Grounds of Human Rights”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1824667.
GaN Technology for Power Electronic Applications: A Review

Power semiconductor devices based on silicon (Si) are quickly approaching their limits, set by fundamental material properties. In order to address these limitations, new materials for use in devices must be investigated. Wide bandgap materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) have suitable properties for power electronic applications; however, fabrication of practical devices from these materials may be challenging. SiC technology has matured to point of commercialized devices, whereas GaN requires further research to realize full material potential. This review covers fundamental material properties of GaN as they relate to Si and SiC. This is followed by a discussion of the contemporary issues involved with bulk GaN substrates and their fabrication and a brief overview of how devices are fabricated, both on native GaN substrate material and non-native substrate material. An overview of current device structures, which are being analyzed for use in power switching applications, is then provided; both vertical and lateral device structures are considered. Finally, a brief discussion of prototypes currently employing GaN devices is given.
Brainstorming, Convergent Thinking Tasks and Conceptual Tempo of Impulsive and Reflective Children:

From Grade 3, 45 impulsive and 45 reflective children were given a series of tasks involving either a convergent, a brainstorming, or a neutral control task. Latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures increased significantly for the convergent (ns = 14 impulsive and 14 reflective) and control task groups (ns = 17 impulsive and 17 reflective). Errors were unchanged. Additional development of a convergent task is needed.
Blueprint for an embedded systems programming language

Embedded systems have become ubiquitous and are found in numerous application domains such as sensor networks, medical devices, and smart appliances. Software flaws in such systems can range from minor nuisances to critical security failures and malfunctions. Additionally, the computational power found in these devices has seen tremendous growth and will likely continue to advance. With increasingly powerful hardware, the ability to express complex ideas and concepts in code becomes more important. Given the importance of developing safe and secure software for these applications, it is interesting to observe that the vast majority of software for these devices is written in the C programming language -an inherently unsafe language as compared to other modern languages. This paper examines the characteristics and requirements that uniquely differentiate embedded systems from other application domains. The result is a blueprint for a modern, high-level programming language specifically designed for embedded systems.
Surgical procedures for carcinoma of the rectum: A historical review

A review of the development of surgical procedures for the treatment of carcinoma of the rectum is presented. There have been very few truly new techniques offered in recent years; instead many of the older methods have been revived. This brief review of some of the important contributions made in this field may be of interest to today's surgeons. This discussion will concern the various approaches including perineal, abdominoperineal, abdominal, sacral, abdominosacral, abdominoanal, and vaginal approaches and local resections.
Marginal bone loss and dental implant failure may be increased in smokers.

Data sources An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to February 2015. References of included studies were also searched. No language restrictions were applied. Study selection: Prospective, retrospective and randomised clinical trials that compared marginal bone loss and failure rates between smokers and non-smokers. Implant failure was considered as total loss of the implant. Studies with patients who had periodontal disease prior to treatment or who had metabolic diseases were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers were involved in the research and screening process and disagreements were resolved by discussion. The quality of the studies was analysed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for non-randomised clinical trials. Data extracted from the studies included, when available: follow up period, number of subjects, smoking status, number of implants placed, implant system, implant length and diameter, healing period, antibiotics and mouth-rinse use, marginal bone loss, failure rate and drop-outs. For binary outcomes (implant failure) the estimate of the intervention effect was expressed in the form of an odds ratio (OR) with the confidence interval (CI) of 95%. For continuous outcomes (marginal bone loss) the average and standard deviation (SD) were used to calculate the standardised mean difference with a 95% CI. Meta-analysis was performed for studies with similar outcomes, I(2) a statistical test was used to express the heterogeneity among the studies. Publication bias was explored as well. Results A total of 15 observational studies were included in the review. The number of participants ranged from 60 to 1727 and the average age was 52.5 years. The follow-up period ranged from eight to 240 months. The total number of implants placed was 5840 in smokers and 14,683 in non-smokers. The Branemak system, (Noble Biocare AB, Goteborg, Sweden), was the most commonly used implant system. There was a statistically significant difference in marginal bone loss favouring the non-smoking group (SMD 0.49, 95% CI 0.07-0.90). There was an increase in marginal bone loss in the maxillae of smokers compared to the mandible (SMD 0.40, 95% CI 0.24-0.55) and a statically significant difference in implant failure in favour of the non-smoking group OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.68-2.30. Conclusions The risk of marginal bone loss and implant failure is increased in smokers compared to non-smokers, however, the results should be interpreted with caution since the data from the review are provided by retrospective and cohort studies.
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Is Required to Maintain Visual Conditioning-Induced Behavioral Plasticity by Limiting Local Protein Synthesis.

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is thought to regulate neuronal plasticity by limiting dendritic protein synthesis, but direct demonstration of a requirement for FMRP control of local protein synthesis during behavioral plasticity is lacking. Here we tested whether FMRP knockdown in Xenopus optic tectum affects local protein synthesis in vivo and whether FMRP knockdown affects protein synthesis-dependent visual avoidance behavioral plasticity. We tagged newly synthesized proteins by incorporation of the noncanonical amino acid azidohomoalanine and visualized them with fluorescent noncanonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT). Visual conditioning and FMRP knockdown produce similar increases in FUNCAT in tectal neuropil. Induction of visual conditioning-dependent behavioral plasticity occurs normally in FMRP knockdown animals, but plasticity degrades over 24 h. These results indicate that FMRP affects visual conditioning-induced local protein synthesis and is required to maintain the visual conditioning-induced behavioral plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. Exaggerated dendritic protein synthesis resulting from loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is thought to underlie cognitive deficits in FXS, but no direct evidence has demonstrated that FMRP-regulated dendritic protein synthesis affects behavioral plasticity in intact animals. Xenopus tadpoles exhibit a visual avoidance behavior that improves with visual conditioning in a protein synthesis-dependent manner. We showed that FMRP knockdown and visual conditioning dramatically increase protein synthesis in neuronal processes. Furthermore, induction of visual conditioning-dependent behavioral plasticity occurs normally after FMRP knockdown, but performance rapidly deteriorated in the absence of FMRP. These studies show that FMRP negatively regulates local protein synthesis and is required to maintain visual conditioning-induced behavioral plasticity in vivo .
Romanianization Legislation: Concepts, (Mis)interpretations, and Conflicts

An attempted proto-Romanianization of companies, initiated through the 1887 Law for Stimulating National Industry and continued in the interwar period, failed because of insufficient indigenous capital and professional training, lack of systematic enforcement, and sabotage (through camouflage) by local entrepreneurs.1 This was the opinion of Virgil Madgearu, one of Romania’s leading economists, who emphasized that “a unique opportunity was lost” soon after 1918, when the state could have Romanianized German and Austrian-Hungarian companies using World War I’s reparations system. Instead, the economic role of the defeated Central Powers declined steadily in favor of Entente (especially British, French, and Belgian) investors.2 Madgearu observed that subsequent legislation aiming to protect local industry and national employment — the mining law (1924), the migration law (1925), and the law for the protection of national labor (1930) — failed as well.3
Philosophy by Other Means. The Philosophical Origins of Sociology

The academic discipline that we call sociology was a late bloomer—as were most of the “disciplines” that we find in university curricula today. Max Weber didn’t have a chair of sociology, nor did the young Emile Durkheim. The (slow and prolonged) legitimation of the study of the social as such was paradoxically an event; it opened a new domain, transformed cultural blinders, and challenged tradition. The new discipline broke the monopoly of political philosophy, whose master-thinkers well encrusted both in the university but especially outside in the cultural establishment, did not suddenly see the light. But it became a “discipline,” developing its own criteria of research, and defining the domain and limits of its reach. In its forward rush, inebriated by the rash of customs, traditions, and behaviors that its methods had legitimated, it suffered from that malady that affects many political projects: Pleonaxia, the inability to recognize its own limits. Above all, those limits were not empirical; they were philosophical. Now, a century after the Fathers of the discipline, and at a time when the hopes for the new discipline that crested with the wave of students who had been inspired by the spirit of the New Left, it is time to reflect on the origins of sociology. They are, and should remain, philosophical.
Climate and Health Co-Benefits in Low-Income Countries: A Case Study of Carbon Financed Water Filters in Kenya and a Call for Independent Monitoring

Background:The recent global climate agreement in Paris aims to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while fostering sustainable development and establishes an international trading mechanism to meet ...
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Biomacromolecules and their Conjugates by Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization

Single electron transfer–living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) represents a robust and versatile tool for the synthesis of vinyl polymers with well-defined topology and chain end functionality. The crucial step in SET-LRP is the disproportionation of the Cu(I)X generated by activation with Cu(0) wire, powder, or nascent Cu(0) generated in situ into nascent, extremely reactive Cu(0) atoms and nanoparticles and Cu(II)X2. Nascent Cu(0) activates the initiator and dormant chains via a homogeneous or heterogeneous outer-sphere single-electron transfer mechanism (SET-LRP). SET-LRP provides an ultrafast polymerization of a plethora of monomers (e.g., (meth)-acrylates, (meth)-acrylamides, styrene, and vinyl chloride) including hydrophobic and water insoluble to hydrophilic and water soluble. Some advantageous features of SET-LRP are (i) the use of Cu(0) wire or powder as readily available catalysts under mild reaction conditions, (ii) their excellent control over molecular weight evolution and distribution as w...
Self-Care, Resilience, and Work-Life Balance

Resilience and wellness are more than an absence of distress or disease. In the population at large, a relatively small subset of people achieves a full and happy life and is flourishing. The same applies to physician well-being and resilience. There is growing awareness that more must be done to promote physician resilience, increase satisfaction within the profession, and prevent burnout. Both individual and organizational efforts serve complementary and synergistic roles. There is no “one size fits all” tactic for encouraging self-care, wellness, and resilience, but the different pressures at each stage of the physician life span can inform individual and organizational approaches. Attending to personal self-care with good nutrition, adequate sleep, and regular exercise promotes well-being, as does the practice of cognitive-, behavioral-, and mindfulness-based strategies for stress reduction, empowerment, and happiness. Being able to focus on the aspects of work that are most meaningful appears to protect against burnout, as does having control over the practice environment. Authentic social connections at home and at work foster resilience. Good role models and mentors enhance career satisfaction. In order for physicians to overcome stigma and seek help when appropriate, changing cultural norms and increasing organizational support are critical. Physicians indoctrinated within a culture that boasts of superhuman stamina understandably have underdeveloped skill sets for self-care and for achieving a meaningful work-life balance. To achieve what they have, ongoing significant sacrifice becomes engrained as a way of life contributing to high rates of burnout and distress. This chapter provides a glimpse into the real-life struggles throughout the life cycle of a physician ranging from the premedical years to the preretirement years and offers pertinent evidence-based solutions and remedies.
Crystal viscoplasticity model for the creep-fatigue interactions in single-crystal Ni-base superalloy CMSX-8

Abstract A crystal viscoplasticity (CVP) model for the creep-fatigue interactions of nickel-base superalloy CMSX-8 is proposed. At the microstructure scale of relevance, the superalloys are a composite material comprised of a γ phase and a γ′ strengthening phase with unique deformation mechanisms that are highly dependent on temperature. Considering the differences in the deformation of the individual material phases is paramount to predicting the deformation behavior of superalloys at a wide range of temperatures. In this work, we account for the relevant deformation mechanisms that take place in both material phases by utilizing two additive strain rates to model the deformation on each material phase. The model is capable of representing the creep-fatigue interactions in single-crystal superalloys for realistic 3-dimensional components in an Abaqus User Material Subroutine (UMAT). Using a set of material parameters calibrated to superalloy CMSX-8, the model predicts creep-fatigue, fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue behavior of this single-crystal superalloy. Finally, a sensitivity study of the material parameters is done to explore the effect on the deformation due to changes in the material parameters relevant to the microstructure.
Restoration decision making for a supply chain network under cyber attack

This work considers the problem of restoration decision making by supply chain managers under uncertainty. Specifically, we consider an oil supply chain network that has suffered a cyber attack. As a result of the attack, critical services to the supply chain are lost, and the manager has uncertain information regarding when these services will be available. We first consider a deterministic model where the supply chain manager has complete information about the restoration of damaged services. We extend this model to a stochastic programming model involving several different recovery scenarios. We present computational results for a realistic case study developed with an extensive literature survey. We compare results of the stochastic model with average deterministic results, and show that the average deterministic results do not produce good solutions for an uncertain setting. We conclude with general remarks on how supply chain managers should consider restoration decisions under uncertainty.
Sulfide-Binding by an Extracellular Hemoglobin

The blood of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila contains a large, extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) that binds sulfide with a high affinity and capacity both in vitro and in vivo (Arp and Childress, 1981; Arp and Childress, 1983). The animal appears to utilize this binding ability to transport sulfide to internal bacterial symbionts that use it as an energy source. My recent work indicates that this sulfide-binding protein is the Hb molecule itself and that sulfide-binding is a nonheme phenomenon that may occur at disulfide bridges that are the forces holding the submultiples of the giant molecule together. Sulfide-binding capacity may be dependent on the assembly state of this molecule, and assembly state appears to differ between the two Hb-containing fluids in this animal.
Differential regulation and localization of β-catenin and cell cycle regulating proteins in Barrett’s esophageal carcinoma: The possible essential signaling factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma

814 With a view to investigate the role of β-catenin and some cell cycle regulatory proteins like cyclin-B1, Cdc-2, pCdc-2 and pCdc-25C, immunohistochemical localization of β-catenin, Cdc-2 and PCNA were carried out with concomitant detection of β-catenin, cyclin-B1, Cdc-2, pCdc-2 and pCdc-25C by Western blot technique in normal Barrett’s esophagus (BE), low grade dysplasia (LGD), high grade dysplasia (HGD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) samples. Immunohistochemical detection of β-catenin, Cdc2 and PCNA showed grade specific and tissue specific expressions in relation to the patterns of disease progression. In normal BE, LGD and HGD, β-catenin was mainly noted to be localized in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm; nuclear expression appeared to be insignificant. In adenocarcinoma samples the intensities of β–catenin expression in both membrane and cytoplasm appeared very insignificant. The expression of receptors of β-catenin (TCF-3) appeared almost same in all the samples in both WB and immunohistochemistry. Cdc-2 was noted to be mainly localized in the cytoplasm and is pronounced in the HGD and EA samples. PCNA exhibited tissue specific as well as grade specific expression. Western blot analyses also presented less expression of β-catenin in HGD and almost no expression in EA samples. Cyclin-B1 exhibited more or less similar expressions in all the samples except slightly less expression in LGD. pCdc-2 expression was more or less uniform in all the samples except comparatively less expression in HGD. pCdc-25C expression was relatively low in normal BE and LGD but comparatively higher expression was noted in HGD and EA samples. Less expression of β-catenin in the nucleus of different samples led us to propose its down regulation in the nucleus and alternative mode of function in inducing esophageal carcinoma, it might have indirect role in the trans-activation of different genes to potentiate cell proliferation. In conclusion, these studies suggest a possible role of β-catenin signaling network along with different cell cycle regulating factors in the sequential development of Barrett’s esophageal cancer.
Transforming Health Care One Team at a Time: Ten Observations and the Trail Ahead:

The present review synthesizes existing evidence and theory on the science of health care teams and health care team training. Ten observations are presented that capture the current state of the s...
A Video-Tracking Analysis-Based Behavioral Assay for Larvae of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, whereas Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Theobald) is the principal vector for malaria in Latin America. The larval stage of these mosquitoes occurs in very different development habitats, and the study of their respective behaviors could give us valuable information to improve larval control. The aim of this study was to set up a bioassay to study basic larval behaviors using a video-tracking software. Larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis came from two localities in Salta Province, Argentina, while Ae. aegypti larvae were of the Rockefeller laboratory strain. Behaviors of individual fourth-instar larvae were documented in an experimental petri dish arena using EthoVision XT10.1 video-tracking software. The overall level of movement of larval An. pseudopunctipennis was lower than that for Ae. aegypti, and, while moving, larval An. pseudopunctipennis spent significantly more time swimming near the wall of the arena (thigmotaxis). This is the first study that analyzes the behavior of An. pseudopunctipennis larvae. The experimental system described here may be useful for future studies on the effect of physiological, toxicological, and chemosensory stimuli on larval behaviors.
Development and initial investigation of a self-report measure of teachers’ readiness to implement

This paper describes development and piloting of a self-report measure of teachers’ readiness to implement evidence-based programs. Using mixed methods, this project proceeded in two phases. In the first phase, a program-independent self-report measure of readiness to implement was developed and piloted with N = 53 teachers. Results of quantitative analyses offer initial support for the structure and utility of this scale. In the second phase, qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset of the overall sample in order to more thoroughly understand teachers’ experiences of readiness and implementation. Together, results contribute to further scale development and offer preliminary support for the validity of this measure in assessing readiness.
Improving acquisition time of the frequency-specific auditory brainstem response through simultaneous independently random toneburst sequences

The frequency-specific auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an objective electroencephalographic (EEG) method for estimating auditory thresholds when behavioral thresholds are not attainable, primarily in infants and toddlers. It is recorded by repeatedly presenting brief, band-limited tonebursts and averaging the scalp potential response. In a typical ABR evaluation, measurements are made at multiple intensities, at multiple frequencies, and in both ears, leading to a large combinatorial space and long test times. Here, we present a method of recording the responses at five frequencies in both ears simultaneously, along with preliminary data demonstrating its effectiveness. We created ten toneburst trains—five octave frequencies (500–8000 Hz) by two ears—for simultaneous presentation. Importantly, the toneburst timing for each train was dictated by an independent random process, rather than being periodic. Independent sequences allow separate computation of the ABR to each of the toneburst trains as the cross-correlation of its timing sequence and the EEG recording. Early results suggest substantial improvements in recording time, particularly at lower stimulus intensities. It also appears that cochlear spread of excitation—a problem at high intensities—is mitigated by our method. This improvement in place specificity is predicted by modeling of auditory nerve activity.
Providing trustworthiness to the operation of location based services in mobile networks

The development of low-cost, ubiquitous, wireless systems is leading to a future where location will define the next generation of computing applications. Location Based services (LBS) use location information as the basis for providing enhanced services to a mobile user. The development of LBS is still in a relatively young stage and many questions and challenges must be addressed before a robust, secure and trustworthy LBS system can be successfully developed. This thesis takes the viewpoint that the eventual successful development of LBS can be accomplished, if the system is carefully designed and appropriate techniques are integrated. In particular, this thesis maps out three steps needed to achieve the security and trustworthiness requirement: first, identify the security policies that regulate the LBS application; second, use appropriate mechanisms to enforce the security policies; and third, put the whole system into a secure framework to prevent manipulation by unscrupulous entities participating in the service. In this thesis, we first capture the essential features of policies that regulate an LBS and formulate a security policy model. Then in order to enforce the security policies it is essential to get the accurate location information of the users. We propose to use the environmental data from embedded sensor networks to support localization and position verification, and prove its viability through experiments. Further, we present a key distribution based location verification scheme. Particularly in this part, we investigate the relationships between the transmitter deployment density, the number of keys received and the location verification accuracy. Next, we take the viewpoint that the risk of location spoofing can be bypassed when an LBS infrastructure does not rely on a localization procedure to enforce the security policies. We show how this is made possible in spatio-temporal access control applications when we use the key distribution method. Finally, we study a practical Mobile Location Based Service (MLS) and present an ultimate MLS framework and communication protocols that represent a culmination of the mechanisms we have examined in this thesis and support the primary theme of this thesis, which is that it is possible to design a secure location based service using an appropriate combination of tools.
The New Guiding Principles on Human Rights’ Contribution in Ending the Devising Debate Over Human Rights Responsibilities of Companies Is It Time for an ICJ Advisory Opinion?

This Article argues that while the work of the SRSG has made a significant contribution to the debate surrounding human rights violations by transnational corporations and other business enterprises, it has done little to offer an authoritative global standard solution to the long-standing and deeply divisive debate over the human rights responsibilities of companies. Instead of build a meaningful consensus among all stakeholders as it was requested, the SRSG sided with the traditional views of international law and dismissed innovative alternatives to this traditional view. This article discusses the weaknesses of his report and argues for further discussions and action on this issue in the search for hard law measures to hold business corporations accountable for their human rights violations.
How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? The Missing Kerner Commission Report

Using an intersectional lens of race and gender, this article offers a critique of the Kerner Commission report and fills the gap of the missing analysis of white rage and of black women. A protracted history of white race riots resulted in the loss of black lives, black-owned property, and constitutional rights. However, only black riots, marked by the loss of white-owned property but few white lives, was the issue that prompted the formation of a national commission to investigate the events. Then and now, the privileging of white property rights over black life and liberty explains why black revolts result in presidential commissions, but white terror campaigns have never led to any comparable study,