cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Details of the reaction graphs for intramolecular isomerizations of the carboranes

From proposed mechanisms for framework reorganizations of the carboranes C2B n-2H n ,n = 5–12, we present reaction graphs in which points or vertices represent individual carborane isomers, while edges or arcs correspond to the various intramolecular rearrangement processes that carry the pair of carbon heteroatoms to different positions within the same polyhedral form. Because they contain both loops and multiple edges, these graphs are actually pseudographs. Loops and multiple edges have chemical significance in several cases. Enantiomeric pairs occur among carborane isomers and among the transition state structures on pathways linking the isomers. For a carborane polyhedral structure withn vertices, each graph hasn(n -1)/2 graph edges. The degree of each graph vertex and the sum of degrees of all graph vertices are independent of the details of the isomerization mechanism. The degree of each vertex is equal to twice the number of rotationally equivalent forms of the corresponding isomer. The total of all vertex degrees is just twice the number of edges orn(n - 1). The degree of each graph vertex is related to the symmetry point group of the structure of the corresponding isomer. Enantiomeric isomer pairs are usually connected in the graph by a single edge and never by more than two edges.
Prevention of Chronic Rejection with Immunoregulatory Cells Induced by Intrathymic Immune Modulation with Class I Allopeptides

Intrathymic immune modulation with RT1.Aa allopeptides in the PVG.R8-to-PVG.1 U rat strain combination leads to long-term survival of cardiac allografts. This regimen, however, does not induce transplantation tolerance, since most long-surviving allografts undergo chronic rejection. We investigated recipients with chronic rejection for donor-specific immune nonresponsiveness and immunoregulatory cells as possible mechanisms responsible for long-term graft survival. There was a significant reduction in the proliferative response of T cells from long-term allograft recipients to donor alloantigens as compared with that of naive T cells. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from intrathymically manipulated primary long-term graft survivors into minimally irradiated secondary hosts resulted in indefinite survival of > 80% of allografts, providing evidence for immunoregulatory cells. Secondary recipients had total absence of donor-reactive cellular and humoral responses. Immunoregulation was also transferable from secondary to tertiary graft recipients. More importantly, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of chronic rejection in secondary hosts (> 85%) and complete prevention of acute and chronic rejection in tertiary hosts. This study demonstrates that intrathymic immunomodulation with class I allopeptides results in the generation of immunoregulatory cells that do not block chronic rejection in primary hosts where they develop, but prevent both acute and chronic allograft rejection when adoptively transferred into secondary and tertiary recipients.
Building a pipeline for diversity through intersectoral collaboration

Findings are presented from a year-long study of a cross-sector collaboration to prepare underrepresented students for postsecondary education and beyond. The LEAD (Leadership Education and Development) Program in Business is an initiative involving universities, corporations, a federal government agency, and a nonprofit coordinating body in an effort to introduce students to business education and careers in business. This paper analyzes and compares (1) the starting conditions catalyzing the involvement of different sectors, (2) sustainability factors, (3) negotiation of the terms of involvement, (4) the actual experience of partnership, and (5) the difference made by a coordinated approach to pipeline development.
Assertiveness as a predictor of compliance and resistance in Taiwan, Japan, and the U. S.

The present study investigated the effects of assertiveness on compliance in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. In contrast to what was expected, U. S. Americans overall were the least assertive. The study found that females in Japan and Taiwan were more assertive than their male counterparts. In addition, Americans were significantly more compliant with the request of a work supervisor than either Japanese or Taiwan-Chinese. In general, similar compliance was found between men and women. Participants offered more opposition to high imposition requests. While the discomfort factor of assertiveness accounted for significant variance for females in the equal status condition, situational factors such as imposition and status provided a better overall explanation for variance in behavior.
Plasma interferometry and how the bound-electron contribution can bend fringes in unexpected ways

Utilizing a new average atom code, we calculate the index of refraction in C, Al, Ti, and Pd plasmas and show many conditions over which the bound-electron contribution dominates the free electrons as we explore photon energies from the optical to 100 eV (12 nm) soft x rays. For decades measurement of the electron density in plasmas by interferometers has relied on the approximation that the index of refraction in a plasma is due solely to the free electrons and therefore is less than 1. Recent measurements of Al plasmas using x-ray laser interferometers observed fringes bending in the opposite direction than expected due to the bound-electron contribution causing the index of refraction to be larger than 1. During the next decade x-ray free-electron lasers and other sources will be available to probe a wider variety of plasmas at higher densities and shorter wavelengths, so understanding the index of refraction in plasmas is essential.
Subharmonic signal generation from contrast agents in simulated neovessels.

Detection and measurement of blood flow in neovessels around a tumor can yield prognostic information about the tumor. Early detection and classification may help differentiate benign and malignant tumors; thus, improving patient management. This can be accomplished by injecting ultrasonic contrast agents and measuring the backscattered signals from them. Use of the subharmonic backscattered signals from these agents may be better than fundamental or second harmonic components because of the negligible subharmonics generated by the surrounding tissue. Preliminary results on the detection and measurement of subharmonic signal components up to 12 dB (at increasing pressures) from very small tubes (200 to 300 m diameter) are reported, demonstrating the possibility and potential application of subharmonic imaging in detecting tumor angiogenesis. (E-mail: pshankar@coe.drexel.edu) © 2004 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Auditory-Visual Integration, Intelligence and Reading Ability in School Children:

The developmental course of auditory-visual equivalence was studied in 220 elementary school children. It was found that improvement in auditory-visual integration was most rapid in the earliest sc...
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) proteins 2A and 3BCD localize to nuclei and inhibit cellular mRNA transcription but not rRNA transcription

We have followed the viral processing cascade and polyprotein precursor fates during encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection of HeLa cells using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Within the first 2-4 h of infection, signals of antibodies specific for the 2A, 3B(VPg), 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) proteins were found to co-localize in nucleoli at the rRNA synthesis and cellular protein B23 (nucleophosmin) sites. Cellular fractionation identified viral protein precursor 3BCD as the common source of the P3-region antibody signals. Previously thought to be a minor product of the polymerase region cleavage pathways, the nuclear targeting of this precursor was localized with engineered mutations to five P2 and P3 region polyprotein processing sites. A nuclear localization motif (NLS), similar to that in many yeast ribosomal proteins, was identified near the N-terminus of the 3D(pol) sequence. Point mutations within this motif prevented nuclear and nucleolar localization by all forms of 3B(VPg), 3C(pro) and 3D(pol), and were lethal to the virus because they also prevented genome replication. However, viral RNA synthesis was not required for nucleolar transport and 3BCD was found in nuclei, even when the 3D(pol) was inactivated. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed a tight association between 3BCD and B23 (nucleophosmin), suggesting a possible ribosomal protein-like mechanism for nuclear transport. Infected cell extracts analyzed with microarrays, quantitative slot-blots and pulse-labeling experiments confirmed a nearly complete shutoff of host pol-II-dependent mRNA synthesis during EMCV infection, in reactions that depended on wild-type 2A protein. In contrast to human rhinovirus-16 infection, rRNA synthesis by pol-I and pol-III were not turned off by EMCV, although the cellular concentration of rRNA decreased during infection, relative to control samples. The data suggest that nuclear targeting by 2A and 3BCD may be responsible for regulating cellular mRNA and rRNA transcription during infection, perhaps via a proteolytic mechanism catalyzed by the endogenous 3C(pro) sequence.
The Importance of Reception: Explaining Sport's Success in Early Twentieth-century Spain

This paper considers the reception and growth of sport in Spain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period during which the new activity developed from a novelty into part of the national culture. I focus on who exactly gravitated to sport and why, to explain this growth and ground that explanation in the larger national and regional history. Several factors and early groups spurred Spanish interest in sport including the movement to ‘regenerate’ the country around the turn of the century, the support from the medical community, and organizations such as the Institucion Libre de Ensenanza and the Federacion Gimnastica Espanola. Sport was also attractive to the emerging urban, Spanish middle classes who embraced it as a form of conspicuous consumption and for whom sport served a similar social purpose as art in cities such as Barcelona. In the 1910s and 1920s, the masses also became receptive to sport and football in particular for various reasons. In particular, clubs created local identities that drew in members and allowed teams to serve as community leaders, like Athletic de Bilbao and F.C. Barcelona do today.
Electromagnetic fields of surface coil in vivo NMR at high frequencies.

A high frequency solution of the electromagnetic field produced by a circular surface coil adjacend to a homogenous conducting, dielectric sphere is used to predict the attainable signal to noise ratio (S/N) and specific absorption rate (SAR) for in vivo1H NMR spec troscopy experiments from 200 to 430 MHz (4.7–10T). Above 200 MHz the S/N increases more rapidly with frequency and the SAR increases less rapidly compared with the respective S/N and SAR frequency dependence below 200 MHz. The difference in frequency dependence is due to dielectric resonances of the magnetic field inside the sphere at frequencies above 200 MHz. It is predicted that surface coil 1H NMR experiments may be performed on a head-sized sphere, having conductivity and relative dielectric constant of brain, at frequencies up to 430 MHz without exceeding 8 W/kg local SAR and 3.2 W/kg SAR. The calculations of the S/N and SAR are used to determine optimum surface coil geometries for NMR experments. The power radited by the surface coil in the absence of shielding and asymmetries in the received signal with respect to the plane defined by the surface coil axix and the direction of the static magnetic field are significant at high frequency. Experimental measurements of the magnetic field inside a head-sized sphere verfy the presence of dielectric resonances at frequencies above 200 MHz. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Teaching Fieldwork to Educational Researchers

Until recently, participant observation and other forms of fieldwork were taught through apprentice relationships. Increasingly, formal courses are being taught to initiate novices into the field. This paper outlines one approach to teaching and invites the kind of dialogue and debate concerning research methods teaching that appears in the invited comments that follow.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYME RELEASE FROM HUMAN NEUTROPHILS : EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC AGENTS ON ENZYME RELEASE, PHAGOCYTOSIS, AND CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE LEVELS

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of autonomic neurohormones, cyclic nucleotides, and related agents on the immunologic discharge of lysosomal enzymes from, and phagocytosis by, purified human neutrophils. In order to discern the possible intracellular mechanisms by which certain neurohormones influence neutrophil function, the concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in neutrophils were assessed during cell contact with phagocytizable particles and autonomic agents. The model system employed for study was the interaction of purified human neutrophils with rheumatoid arthritic (RA) serum-treated zymosan particles at 37°C in a neutral, balanced salt solution containing glucose. Neutrophils ingested the particles and discharged s-glucuronidase but not lactate dehydrogenase activity during 30 min of incubation. Treatment of zymosan particles with RA serum was more effective than treatment with normal serum with regard to the extent of both particle uptake and lysosomal enzyme release. During contact of neutrophils with RA serum-treated zymosan particles epinephrine, isoproterenol, and cyclic AMP inhibited both particle ingestion and s-glucuronidase discharge. These actions of epinephrine were associated with a concomitant elevation of cyclic AMP levels. In contrast to the actions of catecholamines and cyclic AMP, acetylcholine and cyclic GMP accelerated lysosomal enzyme release without affecting particle uptake. The actions of acetylcholine were associated with a concomitant elevation of cyclic GMP levels. Increases in neutrophil levels of cyclic GMP but not of cyclic AMP were associated also with the discharge of s-glucuronidase provoked by particles in the absence of added cholinergic agents. The data suggest that the immunologic release of lysosomal enzymes from human neutrophils can be regulated by autonomic neurohormones, perhaps via the selective formation of appropriate nucleotides.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Shungura and Usno Formations, southwestern Ethiopia: new data and comprehensive reanalysis

Summary. Six hundred new samples are added to those we previously reported from the Shungura and Usno Formations of southwestern Ethiopia, and the entire data set is reviewed. Limited mineralogical study of sands indicates maghemite and hematite as carriers of remanence. After AF cleaning the remanent directions are well polarized into normal and reversed groups, with greater scatter in reversed directions. The time-averaged magnetization axis corresponds to a ‘far-sided right-hand’ virtual pole, a pattern previously found by Wilson. Intrasite dispersion is commonly large but better for the new samples, which we attribute to field technique. Polarity zonation is accomplished by statistical smoothing on stratigraphic plots of angle from dipole axis. Magnetozones are correlated with the standard polarity-chronologic intervals using K-A dates at nine stratigraphic levels. The main change from our previous interpretation is that the reversed zone in the Basal Member of the Shungura Formation is correlated with the top of the Gilbert Epoch rather than with the Mammoth event of the Gauss Epoch. Thus the Basal Member and Member A are somewhat older than we previously believed, but age assignments for major fossil localities are unaffected. The inferred age ranges for the Shungura and Usno Formations are 3.5 to 0.8 Myr and 3.7 to 2.8 Myr respectively. The present analysis yields five zones of normal polarity in the lower Matuyama Reversed Epoch, that is, between the Matuyama/Gauss transition and the base of the Olduvai. All were found both in the previous data and in the new samples taken at different locations. For three of the five zones an unbroken series of normal samples extends over several lithologies, so a geomagnetic event is indicated.
Angiomyolipomas and polycystic renal disease in tuberous sclerosis ultrastructural observations

We report the ultrastructure of bilateral renal angiomyolipomas in a case of tuberous sclerosis. The patient also had adult-type polycystic renal disease (Potter type 3) with systemic hypertension. Smooth muscle differentiation was supported by immunofluorescence localization of contractile protein using both smooth muscle and platelet-specific antibodies against myosin. There were cells with ultrastructural features intermediate between mature smooth muscle and fat suggesting origin from progenitor pericytic cells closely related to vascular endothelium. There was also evidence of secretory or synthetic capacity by some mesenchymal cells raising the possibility that hypertension in part may have been hormonally mediated by tumor. A unifying theory of histogenesis is proposed with special reference to the study of Wassermann regarding embryonal lipogenesis.
Analysis of a Spline Based, Obstacle Avoiding Path Planning Algorithm

The Overbot is one of the original DARPA Grand Challenge vehicles now being used as a platform for autonomous vehicle research. The vehicle, equipped with a complete actuator and sensor suite, provides for an extremely capable robotic platform with computing infrastructure and software framework already in place to create a reconfigurable testbed. For point to point navigation, calculating suitable paths is computationally difficult. Maneuvering an autonomous vehicle safely around obstacles is essential, and the ability to generate safe paths in a real time environment is crucial for vehicle viability. We previously presented a method for developing feasible paths through complicated environments using a baseline smooth path based on cubic splines. This method is able to iteratively refine the path to more directly compute a feasible path and thus find an efficient, collision free path in real time through an unstructured environment. This method, when implemented in a receding horizon fashion, becomes the basis for high level control. In this work we perform Monte Carlo simulations to validate algorithm performance. The algorithm demonstrates a high success rate for all but the toughest of environments.
Bayesian Network Classifiers for Set-Based Collaborative Design

Complex design problems are typically decomposed into smaller design problems that are solved by domain-specific experts who must then coordinate their solutions into a satisfactory system-wide solution. In set-based collaborative design, collaborating engineers coordinate themselves by communicating multiple design alternatives at each step of the design process. The goal in set-based collaborative design is to spend additional resources exploring multiple options in the early stages of the design process, in exchange for less iteration in the latter stages, when iterative rework tends to be most expensive. Several methods have been proposed for representing sets of designs, including intervals, surrogate models, fuzzy membership functions, and probability distributions. In this paper, we introduce the use of Bayesian networks for capturing sets of promising designs, thereby classifying the design space into satisfactory and unsatisfactory regions. The method is compared to intervals in terms of its capacity to accurately classify satisfactory design regions as a function of the number of available data points. A simplified, multilevel design problem for an unmanned aerial vehicle is presented as the motivating example.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Metastability in multicomponent oxide transistors

Results of an investigation of bias stress metastability of multicomponent, zinc-indium and zinc-tin oxides, transistors are investigated. The bias stress as a function of various dielectrics, passivation layers, and illumination conditions indicate that for negative gate bias stressing defects often are created in the semiconductor, probably near or at the surface, particularly if the devices are unpassivated. Oxygen vacancy formation is a likely candidate. For many dielectrics, the positive gate bias metastability appears to be dominated by charge trapping within the insulator. For zinc-tin oxide devices, the kinetics of the metastability follows a stretched exponential behavior with a power law dependence on gate voltage. Correcting for the observed Meyer-Neldel behavior, the activation energy of τ is about 1.2 eV for defect generation and the disorder energy from β is about 0.06 eV. By using passivation, the best gate dielectrics and annealing protocols, we have reduced the bias stress metastability to about 0.1 V for a 25,000 s stress at 22 °C.
Phylocomposer and phylodirector

Summary: Finite-state string transducers are probabilistic tools similar to Hidden Markov Models that can be systematically extended to large number of sequences related by indel and substitution processes on phylogenetic trees. The number of states in such models grows exponentially with the number of nodes in the tree, with the consequence that even quite small trees can be difficult to analyze or visualize. Here, we present two tools, phylocomposer and phylodirector, for working with string transducers. The former tool implements previously described composition algorithms for extending transducers to arbitrary tree topologies, while the latter generates short animations for arbitrary input alignments and phylogenetic trees, illustrating the state path through the composed transducer. Availability: Phylocomposer and phylodirector are freely available at http://biowiki.org/PhyloComposer and http://biowiki.org/PhyloDirector Contact: ihh@berkeley.edu
Secure coding over networks

In this paper we study the problem of secure communication over a network in which each link may be noisy or noiseless. A single-source single-sink acyclic planar network is considered, and the communication between the source and the sink is subject to non-cooperating eavesdropping on each link. Sufficient conditions, in terms of communication rates and network parameters, are found for provable secure communication, along with an intuitive and efficient coding scheme. The derived achievable rate equivocation region is tight when specializing to several special cases.
Metabolism of Ferulic Acid by Paecilomyces variotii and Pestalotia palmarum

Ferulic acid metabolism was studied in cultures of two micromycetes producing different amounts of phenol oxidases. In cultures of the low phenol oxidase producer Paecilomyces variotii, ferulic acid was decarboxylated to 4-vinylguaiacol, which was converted to vanillin and then either oxidized to vanillic acid or reduced to vanillyl alcohol. Vanillic acid underwent simultaneously an oxidative decarboxylation to methoxyhydroquinone and a nonoxidative decarboxylation to guaiacol. Methoxyhydroquinone and guaiacol were demethylated to yield hydroxyquinol and catechol, respectively. Catechol was hydroxylated to pyrogallol. Degradation of ferulic acid by Paecilomyces variotii proceeded mainly via methoxyhydroquinone. The high phenol oxidase producer Pestalotia palmarum catabolized ferulic acid via 4-vinylguaiacol, vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, and methoxyhydroquinone. However, the main reactions observed with this fungus involved polymerization reactions.
Measures of capacity utilization and its determinants: a study of Indian manufacturing

We estimate Capacity Utilization (CU) rates in for selected industries in Indian manufacturing for the 20-year period 1976–1996. We estimate a generalized Leontief variable cost function, with capital as a quasi fixed input, to derive our CU measures, using error-component techniques. We note substantial variations in CU both across industries and over time. In general, we find that CU rates were higher in the earlier time-period, dropped in the mid-80s and started rising again in the early 90s. CU rates in our analysis are sensitive to input prices with the sole exception of the price of labor. We also confirm the standard result that variations in demand are a significant driving force for variations in CU. We find that CU is positively related to the magnitude of labor intensity in production. This holds for both between-industries and within-industries. Empirical results also indicate that traditional measures of CU such as minimum capital output ratio and peak-to-peak are not appropriate proxies for ...
A Cyber Security Architecture for Microgrid Deployments

Microgrids enable the aggregation of various types of generating and non-generating sources as a unified control unit. Microgrid control networks are connected to external networks - SCADA networks for demand-response applications, enterprise networks and the Internet for remote monitoring and control. These external connections expose microgrids to serious threats from cyber attacks. This is a major concern for microgrids at sensitive installations such as military bases and hospitals. One of the challenges in protecting microgrids is that control networks require very low latency. Cryptographic protection, which adds additional latency to communications, is unacceptable in real-time control, especially with regard to synchronization and stability. Also, a complex network at a microgrid site with interconnected control and SCADA networks makes the process of acquiring security certifications (e.g., DIACAP) extremely difficult. To address these challenges, this chapter presents the SNAPE cyber security architecture, which segregates communications networks needed for fast, real-time control from networks used for external control signals and monitoring, thereby drastically reducing the attack surface of a microgrid control network. Network segregation is achieved by hardware devices that provide strong cryptographic separation. The segregation isolates control networks so that they can use lightweight cryptography to meet the low latency requirements. The novel approach minimizes the cyber security certification burden by reducing the scope of certification to a subset of a microgrid network.
Against Marriage Essentialism: A Legal Grounding for Obergefell and Same-Sex Marriage

When the Supreme Court found a constitutional right to same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges, many thought the Court was exercising its political will rather than its legal judgment. Noting the absence of same-sex marriage in early American history and assuming that marriage is a relatively static and timeless social institution (a view I call "marriage essentialism"), many believe that Obergefell cannot be grounded in legal precedent.In truth, however, marriage was itself evolving in numerous ways in the centuries and decades prior to Obergefell. It was evolving from a hierarchically organized relationship of status, which gave certain religious and communal institutions a great amount of de facto control over patterns of marital relation and sexual and reproductive liberty, to a more autonomously governed private relationship, grounded in respect for personal choice and concern for the emotional well-being of partners in intimate relationships. Whereas the early traditions of marriage in America supported two illiberal and inegalitarian caste systems, relating to sex and race, marriage had already become much more egalitarian, libertarian and diverse in function. Hence, the real legal question in Obergefell was not whether — given a fixed but ultimately mistaken conception of "traditional marriage" — there was any direct legal precedent for same-sex marriage in the United States. The real question was whether — given the recent developments in domestic marriage in America prior to Obergefell — it violated the equal protection clause to give Americans unequal rights to participate in this new and more libertarian form of marriage, based solely on their sexual orientations and resulting romantic choices. The Supreme Court answered this question in the affirmative, but the false premise of marriage essentialism has prevented many from understanding the correct legal grounding for this case.
Cantor sets of arcs in decomposable local Siegel disk boundaries

Abstract In this paper we construct a family of circle-like continua, each admitting a finest monotone map onto S 1 such that there exists a subset of point inverses which is homeomorphic to the Cantor set cross an interval. We then show how to realize some members of this family as the boundaries ∂U of bounded irreducible local Siegel disks U . These boundaries are geometrically rigid in the following sense: there exist arbitrarily small periodic homeomorphisms of the sphere, conformal on U , which keep U invariant. The embedding portion of this paper follows a flexible construction of Herman. These results provide a partial answer to a question of Rogers and a complete answer to a question of Brechner, Guay, and Mayer.
Objectivity and Reflection in Heidegger’s Theory of Intentionality

Heidegger claims that Dasein's capacity for adopting intentional stances toward the world is grounded in the reflective structure of its being, which dictates that Dasein exists for the sake of a possibility of itself. Commentators have glossed this reflective structure in terms of the idea that our subjection to the normative demands of intentionality is grounded in a basic commitment to upholding an identity-concept, such as an occupation or a social role. I argue that this gloss has serious adverse implications for Heidegger's philosophical project and for the internal coherence of his theory of intention. I recommend an alternative gloss on the reflective structure of existence, according to which sustaining a robust claim to openness to the world specifies the universal, formal object of intentional stance-taking. The reflective structure of existence should be understood through the concept of self-maintenance rather than that of self-definition.
Proxy functions and inscrutability of reference

true of. Thus, where 'Px' originally meant that x was a P, we reinterpret 'Px' as meaning that x is f of a P. Correspondingly for two-place predicates and higher ... We leave all the sentences as they were, letter for letter, merely reinterpreting. The observation sentences remain associated with the same sensory stimulations as before, and the logical interconnections remain intact. Yet the objects of the theory have been supplanted as drastically as you please. ([12], pp. 31-2) The penultimate sentence rehearses Quine's account of the evidence for translation: it consists of sensory stimulations that would prompt utterance, or assent or dissent, and also observable relations to other sentences of the native language. Presumably the idea of the argument is that any evidence for reference must also be evidence for translation. If two interpretations are supported equally by all possible evidence for translation, they must also be supported equally by all possible evidence for reference. So if the proxy function and standard interpretations cannot be distinguished by the evidence for translation, reference is inscrutable. Quine tells us explicitly how to assign referents to subsentential expressions, but not how to find the corresponding sentence translations. Much of the literature on the proxy function argument assumes however that assignments of referents to subsentential expressions yield translations of the containing sentences by way of a Davidsonian theory of truth/meaning (Wallace [2], Field [3], Davidson [1]). Quine endorses the project of producing such a theory,1 so it seems likely that he has it in mind for this purpose. The assignments of referents to expressions are axioms of the theory, and, together with the other axioms (syntax and
NK/T-cell lymphomas in facial midline complicated by cutaneous aspergillosis in a child:a case report

An eight-year-old girl presented skin lesions at left nasal region for 6 months, a fever and swelling localized on left face for 5 months. Physical examination showed brown crust on the left wing of nose, and erosion and pus with bad smell.were found around There were ulcers and necrosis in palate. She had hepatomegaly and a large spleen. Complete blood count deereased. The direct microscopic examination of scraping revealed septate and branched hyphae identified as Aspergillus by culture. Histopathologic examination demonstrated dense lymphocyte infiltration from dermis to subcutaneous fat. There were some heterotypic lymphocytes around the blood vessels in dermis and histocytes engulfing red cells in subcutaneous tissues. Immunohistochemical examination showed CD45RO(+) and sporadic CD56(+), and hyphae and spores were found by PAS staining.
Kane Dynamic Equations Based on Screw Theory for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot

Based on the screw theory,the concepts of motion screw,force screw and partial velocity screw w ere introduced. Then Kane dynamic equations w ere derived for an upper limb rehabilitation robot w ith 5 DOF. Simulation results show that dynamics analysis for the robot based on the screw theory is more concise and explicit than that based on the D-H method in w hich local coordinate systems are used. The solution of Kane equations only involves addition, subtraction and multiplication,so the method has higher calculation efficiency than nonlinear Lagrange and New ton-Euler dynamic equations and is easier to implement real time control. The robotic joint curves of angular displacements, angular velocities, angular accelerations w ere studied by simulation from initial configuration to ready configuration. The conclusion validates the correctness and effectiveness of Kane equations based on the screw theory.
Research on Theory and Method of LF Refining Slag Desulfurization

This paper introduces the present situation of LF refining slag resource recycling and the main methods of desulfurization of LF refining slag, new ideas are put forward to solve the existing problems included desulfurization in other ladle and less precipitation of C12A7 from slag by controlling basicity and cooling method. Next part analyzes the desulfurization in theory to achieve recycling of LF refining slag.
Pack Up Cloud: Recursive Datacenter Resource Management and Experimental Studies

Today's virtualized resource management in datacenters is typically VM-centric, which has serious problems in scalability. We propose a shift from the traditional flat, fine-grained model towards a hierarchical, abstract model that facilitates decomposition of the complex resource allocation problem in a divide-and-conquer approach. In particular, this paper elaborates a pack-centric framework in datacenter resource management, provides a case study with a recursive algorithm, and presents detailed results from experimental studies on VM-PM mapping through recursive resource allocation, which demonstrates the performance and scalability of the pack-centric framework.
Adaptive Gaussian backend for robust language identification.

This paper proposes adaptive Gaussian backend (AGB), a novel approach to robust language identification (LID). In this approach, a given test sample is compared to language-specific training data in order to dynamically select data for a trialspecific language model. Discriminative AGB additionally weights the training data to maximize discrimination against the test segment. Evaluated on heavily degraded speech data, discriminative AGB provides relative improvements of up to 45% and 38% in equal error rates (EER) over the widely adopted Gaussian backend (GB) and neural network (NN) approaches to LID, respectively. Discriminative AGB also significantly outperforms those techniques at shorter test durations, while demonstrating robustness to limited training resources and to mismatch between training and testing speech duration. The efficacy of AGB is validated on clean speech data from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) language recognition evaluation (LRE) 2009, on which it was found to provide improvements over the GB and NN approaches.
Endopyelotomy versus open pyeloplasty: comparison in 88 patients

AbstractWe compared the results of the first 56 consecutive percutaneous corrections of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (endopyelotomy) at our institution with the most recent 32 consecutive cases of open pyeloplasty. The percutaneous procedure required less time (average 89.4minutes versus 106.4minutes for an open operation) and entailed less postoperative pain (60 per cent of the patients required an average of 4.7 unit doses of narcotics, whereas 88 per cent of the pyeloplasty patients required an average of 10.3 unit doses). The average hospital stay was less after endopyelotomy (average 6.2 versus 10.0 days) and return to normal activity occurred more quickly (average 19.8 versus 41.5 days). Endopyelotomy was successful in 87.5 per cent of the patients, with all failures being apparent within 6 weeks and they were easily correctable by traditional methods. Reported success rates of pyeloplasty ranged from 95 to 98 per cent.
HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFORATED-PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS

Experimental results are reported for perforated-plate heat transfer matrices. Friction and heat transfer data were obtained for low-Reynolds-number continuum flow (Red≤100) over a range of geometric parameters, including plate open-area ratio, plate spacing-to-thickness ratio, and hole diameter-to-plate thickness ratio. Friction factors were obtained from isothermal pressure drop tests, and single-blow transient tests were used to obtain heat transfer coefficients. The main trends in the data are identified. A modified London area goodness factor is introduced to account properly for the effect of plate open-area ratio on thermal-hydraulic performance. Implications of the results for heat exchanger design are discussed briefly.
Structural basis for norovirus neutralization by an HBGA blocking human IgA antibody

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. They are classified into two major genogroups (GI and GII), with each genogroup further divided into multiple genotypes. Susceptibility to these viruses is influenced by genetically determined histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression. HBGAs function as cell attachment factors by binding to a surface-exposed region in the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein. Sequence variations in this region that result in differential HBGA binding patterns and antigenicity are suggested to form a basis for strain diversification. Recent studies show that serum antibodies that block HBGA binding correlate with protection against illness. Although genogroup-dependent variation in HBGA binding specificity is structurally well characterized, an understanding of how antibodies block HBGA binding and how genotypic variations affect such blockade is lacking. Our crystallographic studies of the GI.1 P domain in complex with the Fab fragment of a human IgA monoclonal antibody (IgA 5I2) with HBGA blocking activity show that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope formed by two surface-exposed loop clusters in the P domain. The antibody engulfs the HBGA binding site but does not affect its structural integrity. An unusual feature of the antigen recognition by IgA 5I2 is the predominant involvement of the CDR light chain 1 in contrast to the commonly observed CDR heavy chain 3, providing a unique perspective into antibody diversity in antigen recognition. Identification of the antigenic site in the P domain shows how genotypic variations might allow escape from antibody neutralization and exemplifies the interplay between antigenicity and HBGA specificity in HuNoV evolution.
White Coat Adherence Occurs in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Receiving Intervention to Improve Insulin Pump Adherence Behaviors.

Background:To assess the occurrence of white coat adherence, defined as an increase in adherence to treatment regimens prior to a study appointment, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using insulin pumps and participating in a randomized adherence intervention trial.Methods:Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) readings, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered were downloaded from the insulin pumps of adolescents, aged 10-18 years, at 3 consecutive T1D study visits. Linear mixed models were used to analyze patterns of BGM, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered in patients who had 40 consecutive days of data stored in their insulin pumps prior to the study visit.Results:Stratified linear mixed models revealed that adolescents randomized to the Tailored Feedback Intervention group increased their blood glucose monitoring (P < .01), carbohydrate inputs (P < .0001), and insulin bolusing (P < .0001) prior to study appointments. In contrast, white coat adherence did not occur in adolesce...
Nanocomposite coatings by ALD: in-situ growth investigation and applications(Conference Presentation)

We have established ALD methodology to synthesize nanocomposite coatings comprised of conducting, metallic nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous dielectric matrix. These films are nominally composed of M:Al2O3 where (M= W, Mo, and Ta) and are prepared using alternating exposures to trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and H2O for the Al2O3 ALD and alternating MF6/Si2H6 exposures for the metal ALD. By varying the ratio of ALD cycles for the metal and the Al2O3 components during material growth, we can tune precisely the various material properties such as microstructure, electrical, optical and chemical properties. The resistance of these coatings can be controlled over a very broad range (e.g. 1e11-1e4 Ohm-cm) and these films exhibit Ohmic behavior and resist breakdown even at high electric fields of <1e7 V/m. Moreover, the self-limiting nature of ALD allows us to grow these films inside of high aspect ratio substrates and on complex 3D surfaces. We have exploited these nanocomposite coatings for applications such as functionalization of large-area microchannel plates suitable for area photodetectors, charge drain coatings for electron optic MEMS devices (Digital Pattern Generation chips) for maskless reflection electron beam lithography system, protective coatings for Li-ion battery cathodes and solar selective absorber coating for high temperature concentrated solar power (CSP). Here we will discuss the ALD in-situ growth study, various nanocomposite material characterizations, and some of these applications.
Short-term intense exercise training reduces stress markers and alters the transcriptional response to exercise in skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of short-term intense endurance training on cycling performance, along with the acute and chronic signaling responses of skeletal musc...
Interactive learning and analogical chaining for moral and commonsense reasoning

Autonomous systems must consider the moral ramifications of their actions. Moral norms vary among people and depend on common sense, posing a challenge for encoding them explicitly in a system. I propose to develop a model of repeated analogical chaining and analogical reasoning to enable autonomous agents to interactively learn to apply common sense and model an individual's moral norms.
On-line Approximation Methods for Robust Fault Detection

Abstract Fault diagnosis plays an important role in the operation of modern engineering plants. The design and analysis of fault diagnosis architectures using the model-based analytical redundancy approach has received considerable attention during the last two decades. One of the key issues in the design of such fault detection architectures is the effect of modeling uncertainties on their performance. In this paper, we propose a methodology to detect and diagnose faults in nonlinear dynamic systems with modeling uncertainties. The main idea behind this approach is to monitor the plant for any off-nominal system behavior due to faults utilizing a nonlinear on-line approximator with adjustable parameters. Learning algorithms based on Lyapunov's method are described and analyzed for robustness, sensitivity and stability.
Challenges for creating a site-specific groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010

Hydrologic budgets to determine groundwater availability are important tools for water-resource managers. One challenging component for developing hydrologic budgets is quantifying water use through time because historical and site-specific water-use data can be sparse or poorly documented. This research developed a groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010 that related county-level aggregated water-use data to site-specific well locations and aquifer units. A simple population-based linear model, constrained to 0 million liters per day in 1900, provided the best means to extrapolate groundwater-withdrawal rates pre-1950s when there was a paucity of water-use data. To disaggregate county-level data to individual wells across a regional aquifer system, a programmatic hierarchical process was developed, based on the level of confidence that a well pumped groundwater for a specific use during a specific year. Statistical models tested on a subset of the best-available site-specific water-use data provided a mechanism to bracket historic groundwater use, such that groundwater-withdrawal rates ranged, on average, plus or minus 38% from modeled values. Groundwater withdrawn for public supply and domestic use accounted for between 48 and 74% of total groundwater use since 1901, highlighting that groundwater provides an important drinking-water resource. The compilation, analysis, and spatial and temporal extrapolation of water-use data remain a challenging task for water scientists, but is of paramount importance to better quantify groundwater use and availability.
Injection drug use and overdose among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically

Abstract Introduction Non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use is a critical public health problem in the United States, with 2.1 million new initiates annually. Young adult NMPO users are at high risk for initiating injection drug use. We assessed correlates of injection drug use among young adult NMPO users in Rhode Island, a state heavily impacted by opioid overdose. Methods We used data from the Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription Drug Study (RAPiDS), which recruited 199 residents aged 18–29 who reported past-30-day NMPO use (65.3% male). We compared individuals who reported ever having injected with individuals who reported never injecting, using logistic regression to identify independent correlates of injection. Results Among eligible participants, the mean age was 24.6 years and 61.3% were white. Over one-quarter (n = 59, 29.6%) of the sample had ever injected drugs. The majority (n = 46, 78.0%) of participants who had ever injected drugs reported injecting heroin as her/his first drug; the majority also reported previously snorting her/his first drug that was injected (n = 46, 78.0%). In multivariable analyses, white race, older age, lifetime homelessness, and ever having overdosed or seen someone overdose were independently associated with an increased likelihood of ever injecting drugs. Conclusions These findings demonstrate a high prevalence of lifetime injection drug use among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically. Given the observed associations between injection drug use and witnessing as well as experiencing overdose, interventions are urgently needed to improve overdose education and naloxone distribution to young adult NMPO users who inject drugs.