cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The electronic strain polarizability constants of the alkali halides

Abstract The electronic strain polarizability constants of the alkali halides have been calculated. The cation contributions are negligibily small. Several empirical forms were used for the description of the variation of the halide ion polarizability with density. A model due to Wilson and Curtis was found to give results higher than the experimental strain polarizability constants by a nearly constant factor of 1.8 + 0.1, a fact permitting prediction of the strain polarizability constants and ρ( ∂n ∂ρ ) T for the alkali halides for which experimental values are not available. A modification of the Wilson-Curtis model was found to give much better agreement, and the agreement improved monotonely with decreasing internal forces. The dispersions of the strain polarizability constants at 5893A from the static values range from 2% for the fluorides to 7% for the iodides. Values of (∂ In ν 0 ∂ Inρ) T , upon which these dispersions depend, have been obtained for all twenty alkali halides. Refinement of the modified Wilson-Curtis model must await improved van der Waals' constants. Recently proposed sets of van der Waals' constants may be rejected in favor of the classic values of Mayer. Vacuum UV spectral evidence is used to discount the contention that the cation polarizabilities in the alkali halides are greatly reduced from their free-ion values.
One vs. Two Burr Hole Craniostomy in Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma.

Objective Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is one of the most common types of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, usually occurring in the older patients, with a good surgical prognosis. Burr hole craniostomy is the most frequently used neurosurgical treatment of CSDH. However, there have been only few studies to assess the role of the number of burr holes in respect to recurrence rates. The aim of this study is to compare the postoperative recurrence rates between one and two burr craniostomy with closed-system drainage for CSDH.
Cognitive processing about classroom-relevant contexts: Teachers' attention to and utilization of girls' body size, ethnicity, attractiveness, and facial affect

This study examines 2 aspects of cognitive processing in person perception--attention and decision making--in classroom-relevant contexts. Teachers completed 2 implicit, performance-based tasks that characterized attention to and utilization of 4 student characteristics of interest: ethnicity, facial affect, body size, and attractiveness. Stimuli were 24 full-body photos of girls that varied along the dimensions of interest. Teachers completed a similarity-ratings task and 4 preference-ratings tasks. Results showed that teachers attended to ethnicity and body size but did not utilize this information when selecting students across contexts. In contrast, teachers relied heavily on affect and attractiveness when making decisions. These results suggest that further investigating cognitive processing in person perception is important in understanding how teachers attend to and use multiple salient student attributes in real-world contexts. This study also illustrates the potential utility of adopting a method that places a premium on internal validity to investigate questions relevant to educational researchers. Future work should investigate how other student information, such as student background or personality, affects teachers' cognitive processing in different classroom-relevant contexts.
The retrieval of highly scattered facts and architectural images: Strategies for search and design

Abstract The development of huge sources of information in online domains like healthcare, e-commerce, and design, coupled with powerful search engines, suggests that finding comprehensive information about a topic is straightforward. However, recent studies show that while novices can easily find information for questions that have specific answers (e.g. What is a melanoma?), they have difficulty in finding answers for questions requiring a comprehensive understanding of a topic (e.g. What are the risk and prevention factors for melanoma?). This article argues that an important explanation for this difficulty is the phenomenon of information scatter: as the number of information sources about a specific topic increases, the information across the sources begins to follow a Zipf-like distribution, where a few sources have a large amount of information, and many sources have very little information. To illustrate the phenomenon of information scatter, this article presents examples from an ongoing study of how facts related to common healthcare topics are distributed across high-quality sources. These results are compared to results from a small study to explore how images of buildings designed by a well-known architect are distributed across high-quality image sources. The results from both studies suggest that the distributions of facts and images across relevant sources are Zipf-like, and pinpoint the kind of search knowledge needed to address such scatter. These results suggest the need for the development of systems and training that are “distribution conscious”, to assist users in finding comprehensive information about topics across information domains.
Actin polymerization controls the activation of multidrug efflux at fertilization by translocation and fine-scale positioning of ABCB1 on microvilli.

Fertilization changes the structure and function of the cell surface. In sea urchins, these changes include polymerization of cortical actin and a coincident, switch-like increase in the activity of the multidrug efflux transporter ABCB1a. However, it is not clear how cortical reorganization leads to changes in membrane transport physiology. In this study, we used three-dimensional superresolution fluorescence microscopy to resolve the fine-scale movements of the transporter along polymerizing actin filaments, and we show that efflux activity is established after ABCB1a translocates to the tips of the microvilli. Inhibition of actin poly­merization or bundle formation prevents tip localization, resulting in the patching of ABCB1a at the cell surface and decreased efflux activity. In contrast, enhanced actin polymerization promotes tip localization. Finally, interference with Rab11, a regulator of apical recycling, inhibits activation of efflux activity in embryos. Together our results show that actin-mediated, short-range traffic and positioning of transporters at the cell surface regulates multidrug efflux activity and highlight the multifaceted roles of microvilli in the spatial distribution of membrane proteins.
The effect of trypsin and other enzymes on feline pneumonitis virus.

surface and in separating the virus from normal yolk sac components. Like many other viruses already studied, feline pneumonitis virus was not inactivated or otherwise detectably altered by proteinases, nucleases or lipases. However, the proteinases significantly increased the infectivity of the purified virus, probably by decreasing the degree of aggregation of the elementary bodies. Since the proteinases also reduce large amounts of normal yolk sac structures to nonsedimentable dimensions, the use of a proteinase such as trypsin in the purification of feline pneumonitis virus from yolk sac increases the yield and purity of the separated virus, while at the same time simplifying the preparative procedure.
The effects of fasting, diabetes, and hypophysectomy on rat adipose pyruvate kinase.

SummaryPyruvate kinase in rat adipose tissue, unlike liver pyruvate kinase, has been reported to be unresponsive to fasting and the diabetic state. Levels of this enzyme in liver tissue are diminished as a response to these conditions. We have reexamined the responsiveness of adipose pyruvate kinase using DNA as a measure of cell number rather than protein content as previously used. Under these conditions we observed a significant reduction in adipose cell pyruvate kinase levels in fasting, diabetes, and hypophysectomy. The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, given concurrently with the fasting regimen or the induction of diabetes prevents the loss of pyruvate kinase which otherwise would be observed. Presumably protein, possibly a protease, must be synthesized to permit a decrease in pyruvate kinase under fasting and diabetic conditions. Phosphate ion is demonstrated to inhibit the reduction in pyruvate kinase levels observed under some of these metabolic conditions.
Addictive-like eating mediates the association between eating motivations and elevated body mass index.

Obesity continues to be a major public health crisis (Wang, Beydoun, Liang, Caballero, & Kumanyika, 2008) and the potential role of an addictive-like process in excess food consumption is a topic of growing interest. Motivations for use have been identified as an important contributor to problematic use of addictive substances like alcohol (Cooper, 1994), and recent research has highlighted the importance of motivations to eat in obesity risk (Burgess, Turan, Lokken, Morse, & Boggiano, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine if addictive-like eating behavior serves as a mediator between motivations to eat and elevated BMI. Participants (N 257) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS; Gearhardt, Corbin, & Brownell, 2009b) and the Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS; Burgess et al., 2014), as well as provided personal information and self-report measures of height and weight. Regression analysis and bootstrapping revealed addictive-like eating symptoms as measured by the YFAS to be a significant complete mediator between Coping, Enhancement, and Social motivations for eating and BMI. Additionally, addictive-like eating behavior partially mediated the relationship between Conformity motivations for eating and BMI. Thus, elevated addictive-like eating symptoms appear to play a significant role in the association between eating motivations and elevated BMI. This suggests the importance of identifying individuals who exhibit addictive-like eating behavior in the treatment of obesity, especially in the application of interventions that focus on addressing motivations to eat for reasons other than homeostatic need.
Safety Limits for Human-Size Magnetic Particle Imaging Systems

Current small-animal-sized MPI scanners operate at 1-25 kHz frequency range with 0.1-20 mT peak amplitude, neither of which is optimized. SAR and especially dB/dt safety limits will determine the optimum excitation field, and will impact the optimum scanning speed, field-of-view (FOV) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this work, we describe the first human-subject safety limit experiments for MPI. Our results indicate that the magnetostimulation threshold monotonically decreases with increasing frequency and is inversely correlated to the body-part size.
Middle Devonian conodonts from the Wadleigh Limestone, Southeastern Alaska

Conodonts from two localities on the western shore of Alberto Island, southeastern Alaska, include Polygnathus alexanderensis n. sp., P. angustipennatus, P. borealis n. sp., P. praetrigonicus n. sp., P. robusticostatus, P. pseudofoliatus, P. linguiformis linguiformis gamma form of Bultynck, P. parawebbi beta form of Chatterton, P. angusticostatus, P. costatus costatus, Polygnathus sp. B of Savage, 1977, Tortodus kockelianus australis , and T. kockelianus kockelianus. The faunas are considered to be of middle to late Eifelian ( kockelianus Zone) age. On Prince of Wales Island, just north of Staney Creek, exposures of Wadleigh Limestone include the conodonts Polygnathus trigonicus, P. kennettensis, P. alexanderensis, P. angustipennatus, P. parawebbi beta form, P. eiflius, P. linguiformis linguiformis gamma form, P. borealis, P. angusticostatus, P. robusticostatus, P. costatus costatus, P. pseudofoliatus, Tortodus kockelianus australis , and T. kockelianus kockelianus , also suggesting a middle to late Eifelian ( kockelianus Zone) age. Conodonts from the west end of the easternmost of the Alberto Islands include Polygnathus linguiformis linguiformis gamma form, P. parawebbi beta form, P. xylus ensensis , and Ozarkodina brevis , indicating a late Eifelian to early Givetian ( ensensis to varcus Zones) age. The presence of Polygnathus kennettensis, P. parawebbi beta form, and P. borealis suggests a biogeographic affinity with other parts of western North America during Eifelian time.
Structural snapshots of the β‐barrel assembly machinery

The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is a multicomponent complex responsible for the biogenesis of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria, with conserved systems in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Given its importance in the integrity of the outer membrane and in the assembly of surface exposed virulence factors, BAM is an attractive therapeutic target against pathogenic bacteria, particularly multidrug-resistant strains. While the mechanism for how BAM functions remains elusive, previous structural studies have described each of the individual components of BAM, offering only a few clues to how the complex functions. Recently, a number of structures have been reported of complexes, including that of fully assembled BAM in differing conformational states. These studies have provided the molecular blueprint detailing the atomic interactions between the components and have revealed new details about BAM, which suggest a dynamic mechanism that may use conformational changes to assist in the biogenesis of new OMPs.
Where there is light, there is dark: A review of the detrimental outcomes of high organizational identification

Summary An extensive body of research on organizational identification has developed over the last 25 years. This work has typically taken the view that organizational identification is good for individuals and organizations. However, the underlying social identity processes of organizational identification do not suggest that only positive outcomes should be expected. We review the work addressing organizational identification's dark side. Our review suggests that organizational identification can lead to unethical behaviors, resistance to organizational change, lower performance, interpersonal conflict, negative emotions, and reduced well-being. Conditions facilitating these undesirable outcomes include situation factors (e.g., identity threats, work characteristics) and person factors (e.g., morality, other identifications). By providing a counterpoint to the generally positive approach to organizational identification, we attempt to move the literature toward a more balanced view. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Nobody worries about our children’: unseen impacts of sex offender registration on families with school-age children and implications for desistance

The current paper presents findings from a qualitative study using a web-based survey (n = 58) and open-ended interviews (n = 19) to investigate the impact of sex offender law and policies on famil...
Triaging Patient Complaints: Monte Carlo Cross-Validation of Six Machine Learning Classifiers

Background: Unsolicited patient complaints can be a useful service recovery tool for health care organizations. Some patient complaints contain information that may necessitate further action on the part of the health care organization and/or the health care professional. Current approaches depend on the manual processing of patient complaints, which can be costly, slow, and challenging in terms of scalability. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate automatic patient triage, which can potentially improve response time and provide much-needed scale, thereby enhancing opportunities to encourage physicians to self-regulate. Methods: We implemented a comparison of several well-known machine learning classifiers to detect whether a complaint was associated with a physician or his/her medical practice. We compared these classifiers using a real-life dataset containing 14,335 patient complaints associated with 768 physicians that was extracted from patient complaints collected by the Patient Advocacy Reporting System developed at Vanderbilt University and associated institutions. We conducted a 10-splits Monte Carlo cross-validation to validate our results. Results: We achieved an accuracy of 82% and F-score of 81% in correctly classifying patient complaints with sensitivity and specificity of 0.76 and 0.87, respectively. Conclusions: We demonstrate that natural language processing methods based on modeling patient complaint text can be effective in identifying those patient complaints requiring physician action. [JMIR Med Inform 2017;5(3):e19]
New models for interference and broadcast channels with confidential messages

A new model for the interference channel with confidential messages (IC-CM) is introduced, where each receiver, besides his noisy observations, is provided with a fixed-length subset, of his choosing, of noiseless observations for the transmitted codewords of both users, making confidential communication more challenging than the previous such model. In addition, in the same spirit, a broadcast channel with confidential messages (BC-CM), where the receivers noiselessly tap into subsets of their choice of the transmitted codeword, is considered. Achievable strong secrecy rate regions for both models are derived. In both models, the size of the subset quantifies a secure rate trade-off between the two receivers. The case of the new BC-CM model with one receiver's noisy observations are degraded with respect to the other receiver, and only the degraded receiver is provided with the subset of noiseless observations, is highlighted. In this case, the receiver with the degraded noisy observations has a positive rate after a certain threshold of his noiseless observations, i.e., with the aid of these symbols.
Evolution of the Southern Guinea Plateau: Implications on Guinea-Demerara Plateau formation using insights from seismic, subsidence, and gravity data

Abstract The Guinea Plateau (offshore Guinea) and its conjugate, the Demerara Plateau (offshore French Guiana), comprise two of the most prominent passive continental margins in the Atlantic Ocean. The conjugate plateaus formed as a result of two periods of rifting, the Jurassic opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean and the northward-propagating Cretaceous opening of the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Although several studies are published on the Demerara Plateau that explain the evolution of its multi-rift history and the effect of rifting on its distinct geometry, the Guinea Plateau, and in particular its south-eastern margin, remain relatively unexplored in the literature. Here we present interpretations of the structure and evolution of the Guinea Plateau using recent 2-D and 3-D seismic-reflection data collected at the intersection of the southern and eastern margins. We substantiate our study with calculated subsidence curves at four locations along the southern margin, as well as two 2-D gravity forward models along regional seismic-reflection profiles to estimate stretching factors (β) and crustal thicknesses. We combine our results with previous studies concerning the south-western Guinea margin, and compare them to published interpretations regarding the conjugate margins of the Demerara Plateau. The resolved amounts of rift-related volcanism, listric-style normal faults, and moderate stretching factors suggest that a component of upper-crustal asymmetry (simple shear) and depth-dependent stretching may have persisted at the Demerara-Guinea conjugate margins during Cretaceous rifting of the equatorial segment of the Southern Atlantic Ocean.
Glutamine/glutamate (Glx) concentration in prefrontal cortex predicts reversal learning performance in the marmoset.

This study used Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to identify potential neurometabolitic markers of cognitive performance in male (n = 7) and female (n = 8) middle-aged (∼5 years old) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Anesthetized marmosets were scanned with a 4.7 T/40 cm horizontal magnet equipped with 450 mT/m magnetic field gradients and a 20 G/cm magnetic field gradient insert, within 3 months of completing the CANTAB serial Reversal Learning task. Neurometabolite concentrations of N-Acetyl Asparate, Myo-Inositol, Choline, Phosphocreatine + creatine, Glutamate and Glutamine were acquired from a 3 mm3 voxel positioned in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). Males acquired the reversals (but not simple discriminations) faster than the females. Higher PFC Glx (glutamate + glutamine) concentration was associated with faster acquisition of the reversals. Interestingly, the correlation between cognitive performance and Glx was significant in males, but not in females. These results suggest that MRS is a useful tool to identify biochemical markers of cognitive performance in the healthy nonhuman primate brain and that biological sex modulates the relationship between neurochemical composition and cognition.
Atomic Data, Stellar Atmospheres, and the Hubble Space Telescope

Since the birth of astronomical spectroscopy in the last century astronomers have appealed for atomic and molecular data. As capabilities at astronomical observatories have grown, and now as a large orbiting telescope equipped with a high-resolution ultraviolet spectrometer is returning novel data, our appeals continue. The appeals are not rooted in exotic chemical compositions and severely extreme physical conditions to be found in stellar atmospheres. Rather the appeals arise very often because stellar atmospheres are more extensive light sources than can be attained in laboratories. The inability to replicate stellar conditions in the laboratory applies to all types of stars. The theoretical quantum chemist/physicist is not so limited as the experimental spectroscopist. Although much vital data can now be supplied through computations, experimental data is absolutely required in many areas: e.g ., detailed lists of classified lines, accurate cross-sections for a variety of collisional processes needed for studies of non-LTE line formation.
Abstract 18106: Reprogramming of Skeletal Myoblasts for Induction of Pluripotent Status: MicroRNA Profiling and Cardiomyogenesis

Background: Encompassing the advantages of SMs, we report SMs derived iPS (SM-iPS) cells and their microRNA (miR) profile during induction of pluripotent status and cardiogenesis in comparison with native SMs ( Nat SMs). Methods and Results: The pMXs vector containing mouse cDNAs for Yamanaka9s quartet of pluripotency factors were used for transduction of SMs purified from male Oct4-GFP + transgenic mouse. Three weeks later, GFP + colonies of SM-iPS cells, having morphological similarity with mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, were isolated and propagated i n vitro. SM-iPS cells were positive for alkaline phosphatase staining, expressed SSEA1 and displayed a panel of pluripotency markers similar to ES cells. SM-iPS derived embryoid bodies yielded beating cardiomyocyte-like cells that were positive for early and late cardiac specific markers such as myosin heavy chain, troponin-I, connexin-43, MEF-2c and NKX2.5. miR profiling showed abrogation of let-7 family in SM-iPS cells (P,0.05 vs native myoblasts). Of the five miR-200 family members, miR-200a-c were not detected in Nat SMs and SM-iPS cells but were found in SM-iPS cell derived cardiomyocytes, which indicated that Nat SMs were not totally differentiated, however, still retaining some undifferentiated characteristics. On the contrary, ES cell specific family of miR-290 to 295 which was regulated by Oct, Nanog and Sox, was upregulated in SM-iPS cells which indicated that SM-iPS cells were similar to ES cells in their miR profile. In vivo studies in an experimental animal model of acute myocardial infarction showed extensive survival of SM-iPS cells and SM-iPS cell derived cardiomyocytes in the mouse heart 7 days after transplantation. Our results from 4-week studies in control DMEM without cells (group-1), native SMs (group-2), SM-iPS cells (group-3) and SM-iPS cell derived cardiomyocytes (group-4) showed extensive myogenic integration of the transplanted cells in group-4 with attenuation of infarct size. Conclusions: Successful generation of SM-iPS cells and their cardiac differentiation were observed in vitro . Mir profiling revealed down-regulation of differentiated tissue specific let-7 family and induction of ES cell specific miR-290–295 cluster during reprogramming of SM into iPS cells.
Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois Bun Analyzer

The number of methods available to immobilize an enzyme has expanded in recent years until it is difficult to choose which method is best suited for a specific application (1). Yet the requirements of the support for any application as well as the charac-teristics of the enzyme can reduce considerably the number of methods which give satisfactory results. The development of immobilized urease for our BUN analyzer illustrates the process of selecting the optimum method for a specific application. The flow scheme of this analyzer is shown in Fig. 1. The sample of urea is injected with a calibrated microsyringe. After the sample passes through the urease cartridge, the ammonium ions generated are converted to ammonia in the mixer with sodium hydroxide solution. Finally, the ammonia is detected by an ammonia electrode.
The vibrational spectra and structure of organogermanes

Abstract The ir spectra of liquid phenyltribromogermane and pentadeuterophenyltribromogermane have been recorded from 4000 to 33 cm −1 . The corresponding Raman spectra of the liquids have also been recorded and depolarization values have been measured. The phenyl vibrations have been assigned by assuming C 2v symmetry for the ring atoms. The vibrations of the GeBr 3 moiety have been assigned by assuming “local” C 3v symmetry for this group. All the spectra have been interpreted in detail, and the 39 fundamental vibrations have been assigned based on previous assignments of benzene and monosubstituted benzenes as well as the corresponding deuterated molecules along with the expected band positions and the depolarization values. The assignments for the two molecules are shown to be consistent by means of the Teller-Redlich product rule.
Increased stability of alcohol oxidase under high hydrostatic pressure

Abstract Alcohol oxidase (AOX), in the presence of oxygen, catalyzes the bioconversion of short-chained alcohols into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. Alcohol oxidase can be used in the production of aldehydes that can serve as precursors of flavor compounds and fine chemicals. However due to AOX's poor stability, its practical industrial or analytical application is limited. Two kinetic inactivation regions suggest that one of AOX's isozymes is more resistant to thermal inactivation at atmospheric or high pressures. The resistant fraction was 4–34 times more stable than the labile fraction. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) stabilized AOX against thermal inactivation. A 14-fold stabilization was observed at 49.4 °C for the labile fraction at 200 MPa relative to atmospheric pressure. The activation energy of inactivation at 40–160 MPa ranged from 95 to 184 kJ mol−1 for the resistant fraction and from 232 to 402 kJ mol−1 for the labile fraction. The activation volume of inactivation was independent of temperature and of approximately 20 cm3 mol−1.
Towards Higher Scalability of Quantum Hardware Emulation Using Efficient Resource Scheduling

Quantum algorithms can be efficiently emulated on classical hardware such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), achieving significant speedup over software simulations. However, the increase in the required hardware resources for emulating quantum systems becomes a critical limitation as the number of qubits is increased. In this paper, we propose a scalable emulation framework for modeling quantum algorithms on FPGAs that employs efficient resource scheduling such as space and space-time scheduling. In addition, full floating point precision arithmetic and dataflow non-linear (dynamic)pipelining are also used to achieve higher accuracy and higher throughput. We propose scalable and optimized hardware architectures for Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT)and Grover's search algorithm and demonstrate the scalability of our framework by scaling the system up to 5 fully-entangled qubits. A multi-node (multi-FPGA), state-of-the-art high-performance reconfigurable computer (HPRC)was used for implementation of the proposed architectures. Our experimental results show that by employing efficient resource scheduling techniques, the hardware resource constraints could be mitigated and the proposed emulation framework could be made feasible for emulation of more complex, larger-scale quantum algorithms while maintaining higher accuracy and throughput than existing work.
Attachment to God Uniquely Predicts Variation in Well-Being Outcomes:

Prior research shows that one's relationship with God is often patterned on interpersonal attachment style. In other words, the expectations people have about the supportiveness of close others ten...
Bergson’s philosophical method: At the edge of phenomenology and mathematics

This article highlights the mathematical structure of Henri Bergson’s method. While Bergson has been historically interpreted as an anti-scientific and irrationalist philosopher, he modeled his philosophical methodology on the infinitesimal calculus developed by Leibniz and Newton in the seventeenth century. His philosophy, then, rests on the science of number, at least from a methodological standpoint. By looking at how he conscripted key mathematical concepts (especially the concepts of “limit” and “approximation”) into his philosophy, this article invites us to re-imagine Bergson’s place in the history of Western philosophy.
Targeting GSNOR for functional recovery in a middle-aged mouse model of stroke

Abstract The nitric oxide (NO) metabolome and the NO metabolite-based neurovascular protective pathways are dysregulated after stroke. The major NO metabolite S-nitrosoglutahione (GSNO) is essential for S-nitrosylation-based signaling events and the inhibition of S-nitrosoglutahione (GSNO)-metabolizing enzyme GSNO reductase (GSNOR) provides protective effects following cardiac ischemia. However, the role of GSNOR and GSNOR inhibition-mediated increased GSNO/S-nitrosylation is not understood in neurovascular diseases such as stroke. Because age is the major risk factor of stroke and recovery in aged stroke patients is low and slow, we investigated the efficacy of GSNOR inhibition using a GSNOR selective inhibitor N6022 in a clinically relevant middle-aged cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (IR) mouse model of stroke. N6022 (5 mg/kg; iv) treatment of IR mice at 2 h after reperfusion followed by the treatment of the same dose daily for 3 days reduced the infarct volume and decreased the neurological score. Daily treatment of IR animals with N6022 for 2 weeks significantly improved neurological score, brain infarctions/atrophy, survival rate, motor (measured by cylinder test) and cognitive (evaluated by novel object recognition test) functions which paralleled the decreased activity of GSNOR, reduced levels of peroxynitrite and decreased neurological score. These results are the first evidence of a new pathway for the treatment of stroke via the inhibition of GSNOR. Based on the efficacy of N6022 in the stroke animal model and its use in human therapeutic studies without toxicity, we submit that GSNOR is a druggable target, and N6022 is a promising drug candidate for human stroke therapy.
Analysis and Evaluation of Reed's Theory of Self-Transcendence.

Background and purpose Reed's theory of self-transcendence is a nursing theory originally derived from inquiry on well-being in older adults. It has since become a viable theory for promoting well-being in all age groups and health/illness experiences. The current theory analysis aimed to uncover the applicability of Reed's theory in promoting individuals' self-transcendence and enhancing well-being. Although there is a wealth of evidence supporting the usefulness of Reed's theory, little is known about how nurses can understand and apply the theory in clinical practice. Methods The authors of this current theory analysis adopted Meleis' (2018) approach to theory analysis and evaluation. Results Reed's theory provides concepts that relate to nursing interventions, which foster the patients' ability to experience multi-level self-transcendence and, thus, enhanced well-being. Applying Reed's theory in clinical practice underpins professional enrichment and brings forth holistic care that assists in facilitating well-being. Conclusion Reed's theory of self-transcendence propels the individual beyond constrictive viewpoints of self and the world. The theory is useful for patients at all life-stages and in many different contexts. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses can draw on Reed's theory to develop activities that enhance patients' environment in order to promote self-transcendence. These theory-based activities can expand healthy self-boundaries intrapersonally, interpersonally, transpersonally, and temporally.
The role of psychological inflexibility and perspective taking in anti-racism and anti-sexism

Abstract Racism and sexism are pervasive forms of discrimination that cause significant individual and societal burden. Understanding manipulable psychological processes that contribute to these modes of discrimination would aid in developing anti-prejudice interventions that target them. Psychological flexibility has been proposed as a potential tool in combating prejudice by modifying one's relationship with unwanted or automatic prejudicial thoughts, in addition to the ability to take the perspective of marginalized groups. A survey assessing psychological inflexibility and perspective taking along with anti-racist/anti-sexist attitudes and behaviors was administered to a sample of 395 undergraduate students. Perspective taking predicted anti-racist/anti-sexist behaviors above and beyond their corresponding attitudes. Psychological inflexibility was a not a significant predictor of relevant attitudes or behaviors. Our findings suggest that perspective taking may be an important target of anti-prejudice interventions.
Supramolecular metal-based nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Abstract Although conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy prevail in clinic, they tend to have narrow therapeutic windows. Many chemotherapies have unfavorable pharmacokinetics while radiotherapy incurs radiotoxicity to normal tissues surrounding tumors. The chemical tunability of supramolecular metal-based nanoparticles (SMNPs) enables the incorporation of various therapeutics, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers, radiosensitizers, and biological therapeutics for more effective delivery to tumors. In this mini-review, we highlight recent advances in SMNPs, namely nanoscale coordination polymers and nanoscale metal–organic frameworks, for drug delivery and cancer therapy. We particularly focus on innovative uses of metal clusters, ligands, pores, and surface modifications to load various therapeutics into SMNPs and critical evaluations of the anticancer efficacies of SMNPs.
Early lessons learnt using simulation to rapidly deploy a trained observer programme during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City

New York City became one of the epicentres of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Simulation was used to establish the COVID-19 trained observer programme to mitigate healthcare workers’ infection risk during patient care. The members of the trained observer group consisted of 32 staff members. At the start of the training programme, they were provided donning and doffing guides with a step-by-step description of personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, followed by in-situ PPE simulation training. Later on, as PPE protocols evolved, additional educational modalities were used and included training videos, picture demonstrations of common PPE mistakes and repeated in-situ simulations. The early lessons which emerged from using simulation to train observers during the COVID-19 pandemic were the following: address PPE shortages during presimulation planning, prepare to perform updates for trained observers and use multiple educational modalities to train observers. Adequate amounts of PPE should be available to train observers. Repeated simulations are necessary to update observers on PPE protocols. Multiple learning modalities should educate the trained observers and equip them for their role in COVID-19 units.
Improving Outpatient Infusion Clinic Wait Times at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

PURPOSE:Many factors contribute to long wait times for patients on the day of their chemotherapy infusion appointments. Longer wait time leads to nonoptimal care, increased costs, and decreased pat...
The cooperative assembly of shelterin bridge provides a kinetic gateway that controls telomere length homeostasis.

Shelterin is a six-protein complex that coats chromosome ends to ensure their proper protection and maintenance. Similar to the human shelterin, fission yeast shelterin is composed of telomeric double- and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, Taz1 and Pot1, respectively, bridged by Rap1, Poz1 and Tpz1. The assembly of the proteinaceous Tpz1-Poz1-Rap1 complex occurs cooperatively and disruption of this shelterin bridge leads to unregulated telomere elongation. However, how this biophysical property of bridge assembly is integrated into shelterin function is not known. Here, utilizing synthetic bridges with a range of binding properties, we find that synthetic shelterin bridge lacking cooperativity requires a linker pair that matches the native bridge in complex lifespan but has dramatically higher affinity. We find that cooperative assembly confers kinetic properties on the shelterin bridge allowing disassembly to function as a molecular timer, regulating the duration of the telomere open state, and consequently telomere lengthening to achieve a defined species-specific length range.
Parametric study of solid-solid translucent phase change materials in building windows

Abstract Thermal energy storage and solar radiation management are crucial to improve the sustainability and energy efficiency of buildings. Compared with the implementation of phase change materials (PCMs) in opaque components, the energy saving potential of incorporating PCMs in transparent glazing windows is much less studied and not well understood. Here we present a comprehensive parametric study of novel PCM windows for building energy saving with a focus on optimizing and quantitatively distinguishing the contributions from the optical and thermal properties of the PCM, which is particularly useful for the design of solid-solid PCM windows. We investigate a reference commercial office building using EnergyPlus by developing an equivalent model of our PCM window that is compatible with EnergyPlus’s modeling capabilities. Compared with a clear-clear double-pane window, the integration of 3 mm solid-solid PCMs with optimal properties in warm, mixed, and cold climates can respectively save up to 17.2%, 14.0%, and 5.8% energy for the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system, and 9.4%, 6.7%, and 3.2% energy for the whole building. We also demonstrate that these energy savings are most sensitive to the solar absorptance of PCMs for all three climates. The optimal transition temperature varies with climate and is related to the climate and solar radiation heat gain. Other issues are also briefly discussed, such as hysteresis, window orientations, and the effect of interior lighting. Although the optimal PCM windows show energy saving performance comparable with low-emissivity windows, the PCM windows provide a unique advantage in terms of shifting HVAC loads which can provide benefits to the electrical grid.
Antimicrobial properties of tomato leaves, stems, and fruit and their relationship to chemical composition

Background We previously reported that the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine inhibited the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus-like strain C1 that cause disease in humans and farm and domesticated animals. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance requires development of new tools to enhance or replace medicinal antibiotics. Methods Wild tomato plants were harvested and divided into leaves, stems, and fruit of different colors: green, yellow, and red. Samples were freeze dried and ground with a handheld mill. The resulting powders were evaluated for their potential anti-microbial effects on protozoan parasites, bacteria, and fungi. A concentration of 0.02% (w/v) was used for the inhibition of protozoan parasites. A high concentration of 10% (w/v) solution was tested for bacteria and fungi as an initial screen to evaluate potential anti-microbial activity and results using this high concentration limits its clinical relevance. Results Natural powders derived from various parts of tomato plants were all effective in inhibiting the growth of the three trichomonads to varying degrees. Test samples from leaves, stems, and immature 'green' tomato peels and fruit, all containing tomatine, were more effective as an inhibitor of the D1 strain than those prepared from yellow and red tomato peels which lack tomatine. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides were present in all parts of the plant and fruit, while caffeic acid was only found in the fruit peels. Any correlation between plant components and inhibition of the G3 and C1 strains was not apparent, although all the powders were variably effective. Tomato leaf was the most effective powder in all strains, and was also the highest in tomatine. S. enterica showed a minor susceptibility while B. cereus and C. albicans fungi both showed a significant growth inhibition with some of the test powders. The powders inhibited growth of the pathogens without affecting beneficial lactobacilli found in the normal flora of the vagina. Conclusions The results suggest that powders prepared from tomato leaves, stems, and green tomato peels and to a lesser extent from peels from yellow and red tomatoes offer potential multiple health benefits against infections caused by pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and fungi, without affecting beneficial lactobacilli that also reside in the normal flora of the vagina.
Operable, Low-Cost, High-Resolution, Patient-Specific 3D Printed Temporal Bones for Surgical Simulation and Evaluation.

Objectives:Three-dimensional printed models created on a consumer level printer can be used to practice mastoidectomy and to discern mastoidectomy experience level. Current models in the literature...
Insights into the synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles: Part 2. Formation mechanisms of LDH.

Abstract This study demonstrates the effect of (co)intercalated anion compositions on nanostructure evolution to understand the formation mechanisms of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles following coprecipitation and hydrothermal treatments (HT). Initially, the room temperature coprecipitation resulted in amorphous primary nanoparticles that agglomerated at the edges due to low surface charge densities. The reversibility of such agglomeration was determined by the crystalline quality upon HT and consequent surface charge density, which in turn were strongly influenced by the composition of the intercalated anions. Upon crystallization, the agglomerated Zn2Al(OH)6(NO3)0.3(CO3)0.35⋅xH2O primary nanoparticles re-dispersed, but the Zn2Al(OH)6(NO3)⋅xH2O nanoparticles with much lower stability and higher disorder (especially at the edges) exhibited irreversible agglomeration, and transformed into secondary nanoparticles via aggregational growth. Additionally, the stability studies on Zn2Al(OH)6(NO3)y(CO3)0.5(1−y)⋅xH2O nanoparticles (y = 0–1) showed that the size difference between the cointercalated anions caused phase separation when 0.9 ⩾ y ⩾ 0.6, leading to bimodal size distributions. Moreover, the coarsening rates were controlled through the cointercalated anion compositions. By gradually varying the ratio of cointercalated NO3− to CO32−, monodispersed Zn2Al(OH)6(NO3)y(CO3)0.5(1−y)⋅xH2O (0.5 ⩾ y ⩾ 0) nanoparticles with systematic variation in the particle size of ∼200–400 nm were obtained after HT at 85 °C for 12 h.
Peacefulness as a Personality Trait

Peaceful personality is defined as the consistent manifestation of peaceful states, attitudes, and behaviors over time and across relevant contextual domains. The chapter focuses on measurement tools and research on peacefulness in three contextual domains: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and international. Intrapersonal peacefulness is defined in several ways: (1) as accepting and nonviolent attitudes toward self, (2) as a state of harmony between aspects of self, and (3) as a disposition for emotional states such as serenity and fulfillment that are associated with experiencing harmony. Interpersonal peacefulness involves behavior and attitudes that are nonviolent and that create and maintain harmonious relationships with other persons. International peacefulness is defined as favorable attitudes toward nonviolent and cooperative relations with other nations. The chapter describes a wide variety of instruments for assessing peacefulness in each of these domains; provides evidence on reliability, validity, and stability for many of these instruments; and offers critical evaluation of their usefulness for assessing peaceful personality. The concept of peacefulness as a personality trait implies that some people show a consistent pattern of peaceful behavior, states, and attitudes across time and relevant domains. Reasons for expecting consistency in peacefulness are presented. A comprehensive review of relevant research suggests that intrapersonal peacefulness is moderately correlated with interpersonal peacefulness and that interpersonal peacefulness is moderately correlated with international peacefulness.
Reaching a Critical Mass: A Critical Analysis of Television Entertainment

This book reminds readers that the simple act of watching television is not simple at all, but is a highly calculated and controlled interaction between the companies that produce television and the people who watch it. It looks at the television industry and examines how it operates to help us understand the role that television plays as well as the influence that it has on the lives of its viewers. Complete with a history and evolution of the industry and its most popular genres, this volume demonstrates television's substantial influence on society and culture. Analysing what viewers watch and why, the chapters also explore how television programs are made and the strategies used to attract and maintain audiences. This critical guide enables readers to appreciate the strategies of programming and to become more aware of television as a cultural force, as important now as when it was originally published in 1998.
Options to Acquire Partnership Interests: Can the Tax Law Keep Pace?

It has become increasingly common for partnerships to issue options that give the holder the right to acquire an interest in the partnership for a set price. The holder of the option will exercise it if he feels that the partnership interest to be acquired is worth more than the exercise price. There is a dearth of authority on the federal tax treatment of option transactions, and the Service has recently asked for guidance from the tax bar as to what approach it should take. This article focuses on one piece of the partnership option puzzle, options to acquire partnership interests where the option is received in exchange for services (services option). While the term "partnership" is used through the article, the reader is asked to recall that for federal income tax purposes, it normally includes limited liability companies provided they have more than one member.