cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Remittances and Brain Drain in Africa: Encouraging the Return of Expatriate Health Professionals

Most African states have too few health professionals. Even if training capacity can be expanded, it will take years to increase the flow of newly trained health professionals. Over the past thirty years, many doctors, nurses and pharmacists in Africa have emigrated to high income countries for specialty training and high paying jobs. Many migrated to escape conflict.One way to expand the supply of health professionals in the short run is to encourage the return of expatriates, who have additional training, experience, and knowledge of the local language and culture. Some expatriates may be willing to return, especially now that local health budgets and international assistance for health have expanded. Those nearing the retirement may be willing to do so, but are reluctant to leave “defined benefit” pension systems where each additional year of employment increases retirement income. Economic research shows that employees in such systems exhibit reduced job mobility. We propose an experiment in which development agencies would continue retirement contributions (National Health Service, Social Security) for emigre professionals who return to practice in their natal countries, and illustrate the discussion with examples drawn from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and other post-conflict states. This has the potential to increase the supply of well trained, culturally competent health professionals.
Effect of β-Lysin on Isolated Cell Walls and Protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The cytoplasmic membrane is the site of β-lysin action. Protoplasts lysed rapidly in its presence, whereas cell walls and wall autolysis were unaffected.
Description of a 20 kilohertz power distribution system

A single phase, 440 VRMS, 20 kHz power distribution system with a regulated sinusoidal wave form is discussed. A single phase power system minimizes the wiring, sensing, and control complexities required in a multi-sourced redundantly distributed power system. The single phase addresses only the distribution link; mulitphase lower frequency inputs and outputs accommodation techniques are described. While the 440 V operating potential was initially selected for aircraft operating below 50,000 ft, this potential also appears suitable for space power systems. This voltage choice recognizes a reasonable upper limit for semiconductor ratings, yet will direct synthesis of 220 V, 3 power. A 20 kHz operating frequency was selected to be above the range of audibility, minimize the weight of reactive components, yet allow the construction of single power stages of 25 to 30 kW. The regulated sinusoidal distribution system has several advantages. With a regulated voltage, most ac/dc conversions involve rather simple transformer rectifier applications. A sinusoidal distribution system, when used in conjunction with zero crossing switching, represents a minimal source of EMI. The present state of 20 kHz power technology includes computer controls of voltage and/or frequency, low inductance cable, current limiting circuit protection, bi-directional power flow, and motor/generator operating using standard induction machines. A status update and description of each of these items and their significance is presented.
Bargaining on the Red-eye: New Light on Contract Theory

Recent research has shown that large companies select New York law and New York courts to govern disputes under commercial contracts. Because these parties make choice-of-law and forum selection decisions before conflicts arise, there is reason to believe that their preference for New York reflects an effort to select efficient terms. This paper compares New York's contract law with that of its most natural competitor, California. It turns out that New York strictly enforces bargains and displays little tolerance for efforts to rewrite deals ex post. California, in contrast, is more willing to reform contracts for reasons of fairness, equity, morality or public policy. The revealed preferences of sophisticated parties support arguments by Schwartz, Scott and others that formalistic rules offer superior value for the interpretation and enforcement of commercial contracts.
Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on plant populations

We discuss four potentially important interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and populations of plants. First, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization has been shown to increase reproduction (via both male and female functions) and offspring survival, and thus it can increase population size, at least in the short term. This is undoubtedly important to wild plant species and especially to those whose success depends on high rates of reproduction such as early successional annuals. Second, the positive response in growth and reproduction to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization may be inversely related to plant population density. All else being equal, this would tend to stabilize the density of natural plant populations over time. It may also explain why positive responses to mycorrhizal inoculation of dense crops are rare. Third, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase inequality in size and reproduction among plants within a population. Mycorrhizal fungi may thus exaggerate the genetic overrepresentation in the next generation of the most robust individuals in the current generation. Fourth, established mycorrhizal plants may serve as important sources of inoculum for initially nonmycorrhizal, conspecific seedlings. This may affect regeneration, and could contribute to patchy distributions of species within the community.
THE NEW FIELD THEORY: AN APPLICATION TO POSTAL AUTOMATION.

To solve complex human problems such as those usually found in engineering psychology, theoretical models should function as heuristic stimulant for the invention of solution possibilities. These solutions were called stimulus fields which when invented then suggest many hypotheses testable with experiments. The exploration of the invented system with experimental research is necessary because most of the process or variance within the system is unknown, but discoverable. This schema of neo-field theory was illustrated with a complex problem of mail encoding by postal operators. The problem was concerned with informational decision-making by postal operators who in the future may encode mail for computer processing.
”Proper” binormal ROC curves: theory and maximum-likelihood estimation

Abstract The conventional binormal model, which assumes that a pair of latent normal decision-variable distributions underlies ROC data, has been used successfully for many years to fit smooth ROC curves. However, if the conventional binormal model is used for small data sets or ordinal-category data with poorly allocated category boundaries, a “hook” in the fitted ROC may be evident near the upper-right or lower-left corner of the unit square. To overcome this curve-fitting artifact, we developed a “proper” binormal model and a new algorithm for maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of the corresponding ROC curves. Extensive simulation studies have shown the algorithm to be highly reliable. ML estimates of the proper and conventional binormal ROC curves are virtually identical when the conventional binormal ROC shows no “hook,” but the proper binormal curves have monotonic slope for all data sets, including those for which the conventional model produces degenerate fits.
INTERSEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL MEASURES OF MATERNAL CARE AMONG INDIVIDUAL STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS)

We studied maternal care in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at a small rookery in the northern Gulf of Alaska over the course of 4 summers, 2001–2004 and 3 autumn seasons, 2002–2004, using remotely operated video cameras. Perinatal periods were long (� 10.0 days); although varied between years. Timing of parturition was earlier and perinatal periods longer for multiparous females compared to females considered to be primiparous. Summer foraging trip durations were short (X ¼ 16.5 h), increased during August, then did not change significantly over the course of the autumn (X ¼ 55.7 h). Individual lactating females spent a greater proportion of their time on shore during the summer and a greater proportion of their time at sea during the autumn. The amount of time that females nursed their pups also increased significantly from the summer to autumn. Long perinatal periods and short foraging trips during summer indicate that sea lions are likely finding sufficient food nearby. Our data also suggest that Steller sea lions reach an upper plateau in duration of foraging cycles as early as mid-August and large increases above that plateau may indicate difficulty finding sufficient food during the winter months.
Effects of Radiant Heat Transfer: Cake Baking in a Conventional Electric Residential Oven

In order to study the role of irradiation in cake baking, irradiation levels on the upper, lower, and side surfaces of a cake and utensil were varied. This was done by increasing the reflectance of thermal radiation in an electric residential oven while controlling the average oven air temperature by thermostat setting. Irradia tion levels were measured using a cake-pan radiometer. Cake moisture loss and bottom crust formation were increased during baking by increased radiation on the lower cake surface. Radiation increase on the upper cake surface caused a greater degree of browning of that surface. Lower surface browning was related to both increased moisture loss and smaller cake volume.
Mechanochemical synthesis of LiNiO2

Abstract The mechanochemical process has been used to synthesize precursors and evaluate their efficacy in generating the layered structure of LiNiO2 at lower heat treatment temperatures. A comprehensive study of the as-milled precursor has been conducted using simultaneous TG/DTA. It is observed that the milling process is efficient in generating a disordered LiNiO2 using Li2O2 and NiO as the starting materials. The transformation of the disordered LiNiO2 to the ordered form of LiNiO2 however requires a minimum temperature of 700 °C. This observation suggests that the formation temperature of well-ordered LiNiO2 (∼8% disorder) is limited not only by the chemical reaction kinetics of the starting materials but also the kinetics of ordering of Li and Ni in LiNiO2.
Optimal hedging for flexible fuel energy conversion networks

We demonstrate an alternative approach for the hedging of flexible energy conversion networks appropriate for use in campus scale and municipal scale utilities with complex energy requirements, fuel sources, and operational flexibility. This new approach utilizes empirical modeling of price models for alternative commodity fuels coupled with a previously reported class of bilinear models for estimating the efficiency of complex and flexible energy conversion networks. The coupling of financial and operational hedging provides the utility operator with additional mechanisms for mitigating price volatility in the energy markets.
Chronic Amitriptyline Treatment Attenuates Nigrostriatal Degeneration and Significantly Alters Trophic Support in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism

Chronic Amitriptyline Treatment Attenuates Nigrostriatal Degeneration and Significantly Alters Trophic Support in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism
Hue Maps in Primate Striate Cortex

The macaque striate cortex (V1) contains neurons that respond preferentially to various hues. The properties of these hue-selective neurons have been studied extensively at the single-unit level, but it is unclear how stimulus hue is represented by the distribution of activity across neuronal populations in V1. Here we use the intrinsic optical signal to image V1 responses to spatially uniform stimuli of various hues. We found that 1) Each of these stimuli activates an array of patches in the supragranular layers of the parafoveal V1; 2) The patches activated by different hues overlapped partially; 3) The peak locations of these patches were determined by stimulus hue. The peaks associated with various hues form well-separated clusters, in which nearby peaks represent perceptually similar hues. Each cluster represents a full gamut of hue in a small cortical area (∼160 μm long). The hue order is preserved within each peak cluster, but the clusters have various geometrical shapes. These clusters were co-localized with regions that responded preferentially to chromatic gratings compared with achromatic ones. Our results suggest that V1 contains an array of hue maps, in which the hue of a stimulus is represented by the location of the peak response to the stimulus. The orderly, organized hue maps in V1, together with the recently discovered hue maps in the extrastriate cortical area V2, are likely to play an important role in hue perception in primates.
Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

We sought to examine psychological mechanisms of treatment outcomes of a mindfulness meditation intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined mindfulness and decentering as two potential therapeutic mechanisms of action of GAD symptom reduction in patients randomized to receive either mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) or an attention control class (N = 38). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using a non-parametric cross product of the coefficients approach that employs bootstrapping. Analyses revealed that change in decentering and change in mindfulness significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety. When both mediators were included in the model, the multiple mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect through increases in decentering, but not mindfulness. Furthermore, the direct effect of MBSR on decrease in anxiety was not significant, suggesting that decentering fully mediated the relationship. Results also suggested that MBSR reduces worry through an increase in mindfulness, specifically by increases in awareness and nonreactivity. Improvements in GAD symptoms resulting from MBSR are in part explained by increased levels of decentering.
Effects of neonatal deafferentation on the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus

Abstract The effect of neonatal unilateral enucleations or combined enucleations-visual cortex ablation on the neurons of the superior colliculus has been studied. Enucleation alone leads to a shrinkage of neurons in the upper portion of the stratum griseum superficiale but does not affect those in the lower half. The ratio of asymmetric/ symmetric synaptic terminals is decreased from 85/15 to 75/25. A small number of abnormal synapses is also found. When both eye and contralateral visual cortex are removed at birth, neurons throughout the stratum griseum superficiale are reduced in size 20–25%. The synaptic ratio is reduced further to 55/45, and about 15% of the post-synaptic structures encountered have abnormal presynaptic profiles attached. It is concluded that the extent of transneuronal atrophy and synaptic disruption is proportional to the amount of afferent input removed. Also, the synaptic modifications made in the upper layers of the superior colliculus appear to be local in nature and there is no evidence of a significant sprouting or new growth of the remaining axons.
The inactivation of horseradish peroxidase by a polystyrene surface

Horseradish peroxidase conjugates are inactivated by reaction with plastic enzyme immunoassay reaction vessels (Gilford Cuvette PaksTM). The loss of enzyme activity is prevented by TweenTM.
Anion exchange behaviour of the transplutonium elements with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid

Abstract The transplutonium elements form a singly negatively charged complex ion with ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The separation factors of the various complex ion pairs (Fm/Es, 1·90; Es/Cf, 1·42; Cf/Cm, 1·63) in anion exchange resin systems are independent of the complex ion dissociation constant, and appear to be strongly dependent on its size. The separation factors varied with different resins and were not affected by considerable quantities of elements such as Na, K, Li, Ca and Al.
Cor Pulmonale: A Disease of the Whole Heart

Although the term "chronic cor pulmonale" is widely used in clinical cardiology, its meaning varies greatly from clinician to clinician. The idea that chronic cor pulmonale is a disease in which the strain is solely on the right ventricle is, however, widespread. Nevertheless, this view has no basis in observation: abnormal physiologic factors present in chronic cor pulmonale are known to increase the work of both ventricles. Thus hypoxia and acidosis by increasing blood flow increase the work of both ventricles equally. However, hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, which increases the work of the right ventricle alone. On the other hand, the development of shunts from bronchiolar arteries to pulmonary veins such as occurs particularly in fibrosing pulmonary diseases increases the work of the left ventricle alone. The manifestations of chronic cor pulmonale are the summation and results of several diverse factors.
Conformational attractors on the Ramachandran map

Frequency distributions of protein backbone dihedral angles φ and ψ have been analyzed systematically for their apparent correlation with various crystallographic parameters, including the resolution at which the protein structures had been determined, the R factor and the free R factor, and the results have been displayed in novel differential Ramachandran maps. With improved sensitivity compared with conventionally derived heuristic Ramachandran maps, such differential maps automatically reveal conformational `attractors' to which φ/ψ distributions converge as the crystallographic resolution improves, as well as conformations tied specifically to low-resolution structures. In particular, backbone angular combinations associated with residues in α-­helical conformation show a pronounced consolidation with substantially narrowed φ/ψ distributions at higher (better) resolution. Convergence to distinct conformational attractors was also observed for all other secondary-structural types and random-coil conformations. Similar resolution-dependent φ/ψ evolutions were obtained for different crystallographic refinement packages, documenting the absence of any significant artificial biases in the refinement programs investigated here. A comparison of differential Ramachandran maps derived for the R factor and the free R factor as independent parameters proved the better suitability of the free R factor for structure-quality assessment. The resolution-based differential Ramachandran map is available as a reference for comparison with actual protein structural data under WebMol, a Java-based structure viewing and analysis program (http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/cgi-bin/webmol.pl).
Foreflipper propulsion in the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus

The family Otariidae comprises the only group of marine mammals that habitually use their pectoral appendages to generate propulsive forces during swimming. This method of propulsion was examined in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a representative member of the family. High-speed films were taken as a sea lion swam against a water current generated inside a large flow channel. Thrust production was determined by examining the body's movement at various stages of the propulsive cycle. Sea lions generate thrust continuously throughout the stroke. Over its initial three-quarters, foreflippers act as hydrofoils creating forward thrust and lift as they move vertically through the water. Thrust production is greatest, however, near the end of the stroke, when flippers are used as paddles and are oriented broad side to the oncoming flow. The force generated by this three-phased system of propulsion is likely to be greater than that attainable by either an exclusively lift-based hydrofoil or drag-based paddling style of swimming. The kinematic changes that enable sea lions to change speed were also investigated. Film records revealed that stroke amplitude became greater with speed, although total stroke duration remained essentially constant. Sea lions increase stroke frequency with velocity but large variations in the measured values suggest that changes in amplitude and flipper angle of attack are also important parameters for modulating swimming speed.
Racializing subversion: The FBI and the depiction of race in early Cold War movies

During the 1940s, as part of its investigation of 'Communist Infiltration Into the Motion Picture Industry', the Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI] borrowed criteria for determining if a motion picture contained communist propaganda from the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals [MPAPAI], a private, anti-communist organization located in Hollywood. An analysis of the FBI's interpretation of movies that featured black characters or explored racial themes reveals how the agency racialized its investigation of subversiveness in the early Cold War period. In the FBI's application of the MPAPAI criteria, blackness became synonymous with subversiveness and whiteness with Americanism. The FBI's racial project, as revealed in these reviews, is linked to its framing of the Communist threat and contrasted to the Truman administration's racial project and framing of the Communist threat
Cerebral vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin during chronic hypertension.

The goal of this study was to determine whether responses of cerebral vessels to intravascular administration of serotonin are altered in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. We measured pressure in pial arterioles and cerebral blood flow in normotensive and hypertensive rats during intra-atrial infusion of serotonin. In normotensive rats, pial arteriolar pressure was 48 +/- 3 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) and cerebral blood flow was 48 +/- 5 ml/min/100 g under control conditions. Intra-atrial infusion of serotonin (5 and 50 micrograms/kg/min for 5 minutes) produced only minimal changes in pial arteriolar pressure (-3 +/- 4 and -4 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively) and did not alter cerebral blood flow. In hypertensive rats, pial arteriolar pressure was 95 +/- 9 mm Hg and cerebral blood flow was 57 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g under control conditions. In contrast to normotensive rats, intra-atrial infusion of serotonin (5 and 50 micrograms/kg/min for 5 minutes) in hypertensive rats profoundly decreased pial arteriolar pressure (-29 +/- 7 and -44 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively) without altering cerebral blood flow. To determine whether altered responses of cerebral arterioles to serotonin in hypertensive rats were related to nonspecific increases in vascular reactivity, we examined the effects of angiotensin in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Responses to angiotensin (1 and 3 micrograms/kg/min i.v. for 5 minutes) were not potentiated in hypertensive rats. Thus, constrictor responses of cerebral vessels to intravascular serotonin are potentiated in hypertensive rats. We speculate that when serotonin is released by platelets, augmented vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin may have important implications for the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, and perhaps stroke, during chronic hypertension.
Crossvalidation method for crosswall seismic tomography

Crosswell seismic tomography is used to determine the variation of elastic wave velocity or attenuation between two boreholes and, if possible, boreholes and the surface from which they are drilled. In a transmission tomographic survey, traveltimes or amplitudes are measured for many raypaths between the boreholes and the surface. The data are inverted for velocity and attenuation, respectively. In this paper we only discuss traveltimes, but the methods are equally applicable to amplitude inversions.
Intercomparison of tunable diode laser and gas filter correlation measurements of ambient carbon monoxide

Abstract An intercomparison that involved a standards intercomparison, interferant spiking tests and simultaneous ambient measurements was carried out between two CO measurement systems: a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) and a gas filter correlation, non-dispersive infrared absorption instrument (GFC). Both the TDLAS and the GFC techniques responded to CO. No major interferences were found for the TDLAS system; tested species included H 2 O, O 3 and OCS. The GFC instrument exhibited no interference from H 2 O or O 3 , but only a relatively high upper limit could be placed on the O 3 interference. For CO measurements in ambient air at levels from 100 to 1500 ppbv, the results from the two instruments agreed within their combined uncertainties. On average the GFC technique was 6% higher than the TDLAS system, and there was no systematic, constant offset. The precision of the GFC instrument was about 10%, and the precision of the TDLAS system was better than 4%.
Specific heat of CePtSi in a high magnetic field.

We present specific-heat measurements on CePtSi in 0- and in 13-T magnetic field. There is no significant deviation between the two sets of data. This gives further evidence that CePtSi is a heavy-fermion compound and that magnetic correlations as a reason for the large specific heat \ensuremath{\gamma} can be excluded.
Absolute Heats of Formation of Phenylcarbene and Vinylcarbene

The method of collision-induced dissociation threshold analysis for determining carbene thermochemistry is applied to the ground-state triplet carbenes CH2 (methylene, 1), CH2CHCH (vinylcarbene, 2), and PhCH (phenylcarbene, 3). The chief aims of this study are to evaluate the energetic and dynamical consequences of the obligatory curve-crossing that characterizes dissociation of a halide ion from an α-halocarbanion to form a carbene with a triplet ground state, and to determine accurate heats of formation for 2 and 3. Threshold collision energies for loss of halide from CH2X- (X = Cl, Br), CH2CHCHX- (X = Cl, Br, I), and PhCHX- (X = Cl, Br, I) are determined with use of a flowing afterglow−triple quadrupole apparatus. The dissociation energies are combined with the measured gas-phase acidities of the corresponding methyl, allyl, and benzyl halides in simple thermochemical cycles in order to derive the absolute heats of formation for the carbenes. The value of ΔHf,298(1) derived from the results for the two...
Taste responsiveness, weight loss, and the ponderostat

Abstract Rats which lost weight due to exercise showed increased acceptance of good tasting food and increased rejection of bad tasting food. This indicates that energy deficit results in heightened taste responsiveness and suggests that obese human beings may be highly taste responsive because they chronically maintain their weight at a level below its set point.
The Resistance of Ferns to the Feeding of Prodenia eridania Larvae

Feeding experiments with the polyphagous southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania (Cramer), show that the larvae reject ferns. Solvent extracts and extracted leaf powders of ferns were incorporated in agar-casein diets to test their deterrency to feeding larvae. Ferns appear to be protected by a water-soluble factor. The evolution of this protection has been suggested.
Facilitating route memory with auditory route guidance systems.

Auditory route guidance systems (RGSs), relative to electronic maps, facilitate wayfinding and reduce mental workload while having the important safety advantage of allowing drivers to keep their eyes on the road. This interface characteristic is particularly important for novice and older drivers. However, existing auditory RGS instructions may fail to facilitate rapid development of route memory and other forms of spatial knowledge. We sought to determine whether adding salient spatial cues to standard auditory RGS instructions could facilitate route memory. Participants were instructed to learn specific routes while driving a simulated vehicle using one of three auditory RGS formats: standard RGS (SRGS), landmark plus standard RGS (LRGS), or cardinal heading plus standard (CRGS). Participants required significantly fewer trials to learn novel routes and reported lower overall workload when using the LRGS format relative to the SRGS. Further, the LRGS resulted in significantly fewer navigational errors during memory trials relative to both the CRGS and the SRGS. Based on measures of driving performance and workload ratings, supplementing the standard RGS with landmark or cardinal heading information did not appear to excessively increase instruction complexity. Actual or potential applications of this research include designing improved auditory RGS interfaces that facilitate both wayfinding and route memory.
Steady-state multiplicity in an incompletely wetted catalyst particle

Dans le cas d'un reacteur ruissellement, ou les particules du catalyseur peuvent etre partiellement mouilles, on observe une multiplicite du regime permanent. Le transfert de masse gaz solide est beaucoup plus rapide que le transfert de masse liquide solide. Lorsque le catalyseur est entierement mouille, il n'y a qu'un seul regime permanent
Modulation of neuronal thread protein expression with neuritic sprouting: relevance to Alzheimer's disease

Widespread proliferation of dystrophic neurites in the cerebral cortex represents an important neuroanatomical correlate of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased CNS expression of the 21-kDa neuronal thread protein (NTP) species is also correlated with dementia in AD. Pilot in vitro experiments provided evidence that high-level NTP expression might be linked to neuritic growth. The present study examines retinoic acid (RA) modulation of NTP expression during neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation in SH-Sy5y neuroblastoma and PNET2 CNS-derived cells. In both cell lines, RA-induced neuronal differentiation resulted in increased synthesis, expression, and phosphorylation of several NTP species, with high steady-state levels and stepwise hyper-phosphorylation of 21-kDa NTP molecules. With neurite outgrowth, NTP molecules were translocated from the perikarya to long, slender, unbranched cell processes (axons) and growth cones. RA-mediated changes in NTP expression were independent of DNA synthesis. The findings suggest that high-level expression of 21-kDa, and closely related phosphorylated NTP molecules correlates with neuritic growth. Therefore, over-expression of 21-kDa NTP molecules in AD probably reflects the widespread cortical neuritic sprouting associated with dementia. In view of the rapid phosphorylation and cell process translocation of NTP that occurs during neurite outgrowth in vitro, the accumulation of NTP in AD cortical neuronal perikarya suggests a further problem related to post-translational processing and transport of NTP molecules in AD neurodegeneration.
Agronomic characteristics that identify high yield, high protein soybean genotypes

Seed yield and seed protein content are both heritable traits; however, breeding trials frequently reveal a negative correlation between the two traits. The objectives of this study were to measure and calculate various N-dependent growth characteristics of soybean [Glycine (L.) Merr.] and to determine their relation to seed yield and seed protein. Well-modulated plants, each fixng approximately 180 mg N during pod fill, were grown hydroponically in a growth chamber with or without NO 3 -N during pod filling. Twenty growth-yield characteristics, including yield, harvest index, N harvest index, and Kjeldahl analysis of N 2 fixation, were measured or calculated for each of the 384 plants examined (...)
Reactor loose-part activity

Abstract Measured Loose-Part drag coefficients were used to calculate reactor loose-part activity as a function of mass and reactor coolant flow conditions for prototype loose-part shapes. The maximum loose-part mass that could be levitated in vertical flow and the maximum loose-part mass that could impact a recirculating steam generator tube sheet were calculated as a function of flow velocity for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) cold and operating primary coolant water properties. The energy of steam generator tube sheet impacts was calculated as a function of mass at cold and operating conditions for a 1130 MW Pressurized Water Reactor. Substantial decreases in active loose-part mass and impact energy occurred between cold and hot flow conditions due to the decrease in water density and viscosity. Loose-parts with higher surface area to mass ratios had higher maximum levitation masses and impact energy. These calculations provide insight into the range of active loose-part mass and impact energy as a function of flow conditions. The associated range in detected signal amplitude can assist in the screening and evaluation of unknown loose-part signals. The loose-part activity modeling methods can be used to extend the results to other reactor coolant system flow conditions and geometries.
Gamma-ray pulsars: Radiation processes in the outer magnetosphere

We describe an emission model for gamma ray pulsars based on curvature radiation-reaction limited charges in the outer magnetosphere. We show how pair production on thermal surface flux can limit the acceleration zones. Estimates for the efficiency of GeV photon production eta gamma and the gamma-ray beaming fraction are derived, including their dependence on pulsar parameters. In general eta gamma increases with pulsar age, but is decreased for low magnetic fields and for small magnetic inclinations. We argue that this produces GeV pulse profiles, curvature spectra and detection statistics consistent with the observations. We also describe the optical through X-ray pulsar synchrotron spectrum and the spectral variations with pulsar phase. A test computation for Vela-like parameters reproduces phase-resolved GeV spectra consistent with those observed by EGRET. Finally we comment on very high energy pulsed emission and particle production and note extensions needed to allow a more complete pulsar model.
Estimating the surface area of fluid phase interfaces in porous media

Abstract An equation is derived to calculate the specific interfacial area of any two continuous immiscible fluids contained in a porous medium. Use of the equation requires the volume fraction of fluids, a capillary water retention relation and the specific solid surface area of the porous medium of interest. Calculations of the air-water interfacial area as a function of volumetric water content are presented for a hypothetical sand, silt loam and clay soil. These values are compared to those calculated from two other equations that have been proposed in the literature. The method presented here is novel in that it is based on the area of continuous liquid films covering the solid phase matrix and so includes both convex and concave curvatures. It also is developed such that it converges to the correct known areas at total saturation and at monolayer coverage of the solid matrix.
A new dark matter candidate in the minimal extension of the supersymmetric standard model

Abstract We study the cosmology of the neutral supersymmetric fermion sector in the simplest extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. We find that in a substantial portion of the allowed parameter space of the model, a new light fermion emerges. For this state we calculate annihilation cross-sections and determine its cosmological abundance. We find that in much of the cosmologically allowed region of parameter space its relic density could be significant enough to solve the dark matter problem.
Modeling coal particle behavior under simultaneous devolatilization and combustion

Abstract A radiative transfer model has been developed to describe a reacting coal particle undergoing devolatilization and combustion simultaneously. The modeling concept is similar to that of liquid droplet combustion except that volatiles emitted from the coal particle form a concentric luminous mantle and radiative transfer is important in addition to convective and conductive transfer. The model describes the heat transfer mechanisms between the particle, the volatile cloud, the flame, and the external environment. The model has been validated by comparison with a similar attempt previously by Grosshandler (Combust. Flame, January 1984), where more restrictive assumptions were made. A rigorous description of radiative transfer makes possible an interpretation of 2-color temperatures from a particle surrounded by a nonisothermal cloud of soot. The particle heat-up behavior has been explained with quasi-steady state heat flux. The model has identified major parameters that influence the heat flux to the particle. It is also shown that this model can estimate the influence of external radiation to the outer shell of the cloud, to account for the effect of other nearby particles.
Telluric Current Micropulsations on Arctic Drifting Station Charlie

TELLURIC current recording equipment was operated on Arctic Drifting Station Charlie during the epoch October 15–December 31, 1959. The station was located on a 4-mile by 7-mile ice floe of quite uniform thickness, the thickness averaging perhaps 10 ft. The electrodes consisted of 8-ft. by 2-in. lead strips prepared from electric cable sheathing. Electrode pairs were cut from continuous lengths of sheathing to assure identity of material in the two electrodes. No difficulty was experienced with contact potentials. The d.c. voltage never exceeded a few millivolts and was very steady. The electrodes were suspended in the sea just below the ice at a spacing of 1.082 km. The relatively long spacing was necessary because of the low mV./km. value experienced over the highly conducting sea water.
Synthesis of the Phosphoramidite Derivative of 2‘-Deoxy-2‘-C-β-methylcytidine

2‘-Deoxy-2‘-C-β-methylnucleosides elicit interest as potential therapeutic agents and as analogues for the analysis of nucleic acid structure and function. An efficient route for the synthesis of 2‘-deoxy-2‘-C-methyluridine (11), 2‘-deoxy-2‘-C-methylcytidine (12), and the phosphoramidite derivative of 2‘-deoxy-2‘-C-β-methylcytidine (10, 46% overall yield) from 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-benzoyl-2-C-β-methylribofuranose (1) is described.
Bodies Moving in Space: Ancient Mesoamerican Human Sculpture and Embodiment

Judith Butler's proposal that embodiment is a process of repeated citation of precedents leads us to consider the experiential effects of Mesoamerican practices of ornamenting space with images of the human body. At Late Classic Maya Copaan, life-size human sculptures were attached to residences, intimate settings in which body knowledge was produced and body practices institutionalized. Moving through the space of these house compounds, persons would have been insistently presented with measures of their bodily decorum. These insights are used to consider the possible effects on people of movement around Formative period Olmec human sculptures, which are not routinely recovered in such well-defined contexts as those of the much later Maya sites.
Homosexual parents in custody disputes: a thousand child-years exposure

Through 1998, 78 custody appeal decisions involving 79 homosexual parents were evaluated. The 142 children involved in these cases were exposed to a thousand child-years of homosexual parenting. In appeals records (a) parents recorded as lying or engaging in criminality or homosexuality were more apt to be recorded as harming children; (b) homosexuals more frequently were recorded as lying or engaging in criminality; (c) in 54 (70%) disputes the homosexual parent or his associates and in 4 (5%) the heterosexual parent was recorded as having exposed the children to harm(s), e.g., neglect, seduction; and (d) homosexuals were responsible for 111 (97%) of the 115 recorded harms to children. For 78 nonhomosexual vs nonhomosexual control cases, in 11 (14%) the 141 children were exposed to 12 harms.
Large quantities of recombinant PR-5 proteins from the extracellular matrix of tobacco: Rapid production of microbial-recalcitrant proteins

A procedure for the extraction of large quantities of PR-5 proteins that have been recalcitrant to microbial-based expression systems is described. Targeting of the recombinant proteins to the extracellular matrix allowed efficient protein extraction by a vacuum infiltration/centrifugation system. Approximately 1 kg of fresh leaves from transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing either truncated osmotin (Liu et al., 1996) or A9 fromAtriplex nummularia L. (Casas et al., 1991) yielded between 3 and 5 mg of purified proteins that fully retained their antifungal activity. The entire system of overexpression, extraction, and purification could be easily scaled up for the production of several grams of protein.
Modification of aggression through modelling: An experimental probe

Hyperactive impulsive boys were asked to play a game involving verbal assault. Baseline observations indicated a marked inability to cope with verbal aggression. Subjects subsequently viewed a videotape depicting a young boy coping with similar verbal aggression by means of covert coping self-statements. Following coaching and practice in these coping skills, all subjects demonstrated marked improvement. Classroom assessments of disruptiveness prior to and following treatment also reflected performance improvement. The interpretation of these results is qualified as tentative due to the methodological limitations of the study.
Assignment of the hydrocarbon flame bands. The CX transition of HCO

Abstract The analysis previously offered for the absorption counterpart of the hydrocarbon flame bands of HCO, observed in an argon matrix at 14 K, has been extended, providing supporting evidence for the identification of the CX transition of HCO. The absorption bands can be fitted to the relationship ν(cm−1 = 41280 + 1200 υ′2 + 960 υ′3. Most of the previously unassigned, diffuse B bands of the flame spectrum can also be assigned to this transition, with υ″1 = 1 and an extended progression in the ground-state CO stretching vibration.
The relationship between adolescent parenthood and inadequate parenting

Abstract Parenthood among women of school age is generally believed to be the cause of a wide range of health and social problems, including child abuse and neglect. This article will review the evidence for an association between early parenthood and abuse/neglect. It will also discuss the programmatic and policy implications of such an association and the possibility that the cause and effect relationship may be reversed in some cases.
Culture class vs. culture clash

The events of September 11, 2001, changed the perceptions of many people in the United States. One good result of this terrible day was people's increased awareness of and interest in other cultures, religions, and ways of thinking. In this process, user-interface development was catalyzed toward further maturity of its philosophy, principles, and techniques. We can't go back. Many people who are living outside the United States, or Americans who have traveled extensively abroad, are thankful for an increased global awareness of connectivity, conflicts, and possibilities of mutual cooperation. Much of their hope stems from understanding other cultures better and communicating with people better. User-interface developers may need to go to "culture class" in order to minimize culture clashes in their designs.
Adverse selection, waiting lists and restaurant-rationing

Abstract The present paper demonstrates that suppliers of certain quality products can find it optimal to ration the number of customers they serve when faced with heterogenous consumers and an adverse selection problem. Such rationing results in queues (or waiting lists) of buyers. The waiting time that is consequently generated serves the purpose of screening out the less profitable consumers, and also clears the market in equilibrium.
Analysis of high-energy x-ray diffraction data at high pressure: the case of vitreous As2O3 at 32 GPa.

The x-ray structure factor of vitreous As2O3 has been measured at 32?GPa in a laser-perforated diamond anvil cell using a monochromatic, micro-focused high-energy x-ray beam. The experimental correction procedures are discussed in detail, and they yield reliable data over the range Q = 0.3?13.5???1. The use of modified form factors to analyse the scattering data is presented to account for charge transfer. Analysis of the radial distribution function yields an increase in the coordination number from 3.1 ? 0.3 oxygen atoms surrounding an arsenic atom at normal pressure to 4.8 ? 0.5 at 32?GPa with only a slight change in the As?O bond length. Substantial structural changes are observed at higher distances, extending up to 18???in real space.
Violent deaths among Mexican-, Puerto Rican- and Cuban-born migrants in the United States

This paper analyzes nationwide and regional mortality rates for violent causes of death among persons born in Mexico, Puerto Rico and Cuba, living in the continental United States. The Mexican-born had the highest death rates from accidents, the Puerto Rican-born from homicide and the Cuban-born from suicide. In each case of excess mortality in an Hispanic nativity group, the death rates for men by cause were higher than the comparative rates for white and blacks both nationally and regionally. Mortality rates for their major cause of violent death were highest for the Puerto Rican-born and Cuban-born men in their areas of concentration. Mexican-born men had higher accident death rates outside their areas of concentration. Contributing factors to violent causes of death include the interaction of socioeconomic, behavioral, cultural and psychological factors.
Transportation of sand grains along the Atlantic shore of Long Island, New York: An application of electron microscopy

Abstract At least 500 sections of surface replicas prepared from 45 sand grains collected along the Atlantic shore of Long Island, New York, between Montauk Point and East Hampton were examined by electron microscopy at magnifications of about × 5,000. The samples from the Montauk till and the beach adjacent to it at Montauk Point exhibited characteristic glacial textures. The samples from beaches further west indicated that glacial textures were progressively replaced by beach textures. Glacial textures were largely obliterated but could still be observed on grains from the beach at East Hampton, 20 miles west of Montauk Point. This result essentially confirms Taney 's (1961a) conclusion that the Montauk till exposed along the easternmost 4 miles of Long Island is the major source of beach deposits on the Atlantic shore of the island. Assuming that the V-shaped patterns represent indentations formed by collisions, two equations relating the density of V-shaped patterns per square micron and the transportation distance were developed by using two environmental models. The development of beach textures superimposed upon original glacial textures was reproduced in the laboratory by subjecting the Montauk till to rotary motion in a shaking table.
Numerical, experimental, nondestructive, and image analyses of damage progression in cast A356 aluminum notch tensile bars

Void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in A356 aluminum notch specimens was determined from a combination of experiments, finite element analysis, nondestructive analysis, and image analysis. Notch Bridgman tension experiments were performed on specimens to failure and then other specimens were tested to 90%, 95%, and 98% of the failure load. The specimens were evaluated with nondestructive X-ray tomography and optical image analysis. Finite element simulations of the notch tests were performed with an elastic–plastic internal state variable material model that incorporated the pertinent microstructures (silicon particle volume fraction and size distribution and porosity volume fraction and size distribution). Parametric finite element simulations were performed to give insight into various initial conditions and responses of the notch tensile bars. The various methods all corroborated the same damage progression.