cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buckling instabilities in coupled nano-layers

Abstract We study the dynamic buckling of a pair of dissimilar Euler–Bernoulli beams subject to compressive edge loading whose transverse displacements are coupled through non-linear interactions, a problem motivated by the mechanics of graphene layers. The transverse coupling models van der Waals interaction and is derived from a Lennard-Jones 12–6 potential. The beams are assumed to be a fixed distance apart at their ends, although this distance is not necessarily equal to the equilibrium distance as identified from the Lennard-Jones potential. Therefore, the equilibrium configuration is not necessarily straight. Via a Galerkin method, the governing equations are reduced to a system that can be used to calculate equilibrium configurations as well as the stability of these configurations. We show that the buckling instability in this model is significantly affected by the presence of the interaction force as well as the separation of the graphene layers at the boundaries.
CHARA beam combiner design

The problem of designing a beam combiner that involves more than two or three beams is complex and by no means solved. No such system has been built to date. The CHARA Array will require a beam combining system that can cope with up the seven beams with a number of spectral channels. The design of a beam combiner is probably driven more by the available technology than any theoretical constraints. Many tradeoffs between ease of manufacture and required integration time are involved. A design solution for CHARA will be presented that will incorporate spatial fringe encoding and forming fringes in the image plane.
Impact of transradial coronary procedures on radial artery.

Objective: We evaluated the impact of transradial coronary procedures on the radial artery (RA). Methods: A total of 355 patients who underwent the transradial coronary procedures including transradial coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. The right RA (RRA) was examined by ultrasound. Results: The mean RRA diameter was 2.37 ± 0.57, 1.95 ± 0.50, and 2.23 ± 0.41 mm, respectively, before the procedure, 1 day, and 1 month after the procedures (P < .01 at 1 day, P < .05 at 1 month). The mean intima-media thickness of RRA was 0.25 ± 0.12, 0.69 ± 0.31, and 0.38 ± 0.17 mm, respectively, before the procedure, 1 day and 1 month after the procedure (P < .01 at 1 day, P < .05 at 1 month). The incidence of RRA stenosis was 0%, 15.7%, and 7.6%, respectively; the incidence of RRA occlusion was 0%, 2.8%, and 1.7%, respectively, before the procedure,1 day and 1 month after the procedure. Conclusions: Transradial coronary procedures can lead to early RA injury, but this rep...
Polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack thermal model to evaluate sub-freezing startup

Abstract For passenger fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), customers will expect to start the vehicle and drive almost immediately, implying a very short system warmup to full power. While hybridization strategies may fulfill this expectation, the extent of hybridization will be dictated by the time required for the fuel cell system to reach normal operating temperatures. Quick-starting fuel cell systems are impeded by two problems: (1) the freezing of residual water or water generated by starting the stack at below freezing temperatures and (2) temperature-dependent fuel cell performance, improving as the temperature reaches the normal range. Cold start models exist in the literature; however, there does not appear to be a model that fully captures the thermal characteristics of the stack during sub-freezing startup conditions. Existing models lack the following features: (1) modeling of stack internal heating methods (other than stack reactions) and their impact on the stack temperature distribution and (2) modeling of endplate thermal mass effect on end cells and its impact on the stack temperature distribution. The focus of this research is the development and use of a sub-freezing thermal model for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack. Specifically, the work has focused on the generation of a model in which the fuel cell is separated into layers to determine an accurate temperature distribution within the stack. Unlike a lumped model, which may use a single temperature as an indicator of the stack's thermal condition, a layered model can reveal the effect of the endplate thermal mass on the end cells, and accommodate the evaluation of internal heating methods that may mitigate this effect.
Optimal importance sampling for Markovian systems with applications to tandem queues

Abstract Importance sampling is a change-of-measure technique for speeding up the simulation of rare events in stochastic systems. In this paper we establish a number of properties characterizing optimal importance sampling measures for Markovian systems. We use these properties to develop a new method for computing the optimal measure and give specific results for a tandem queueing system. Optimal measures, though as diffcult to compute as the rare event probability itself, give useful insight into the characteristics of importance sampling measures. Our approach has no immediate computational advantage over other methods, but it suggests a number of heuristic approximations which may lead to computationally attractive methods.
ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY WITH VARIABLE COUPLING-LASER LINEWIDTH

Resonance transmission in a three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type system of the rubidium $D1$ line is controlled by adjusting the linewidth of the pumping (coupling) laser. With the change of pumping-laser linewidth from several MHz to about 100 MHz, the absorption reduction degrades from about 70% to less than 15%. The experimentally measured results are in good agreement with a simple theoretical calculation.
Sensory Systems: Seeing the World in a New Light

Most terminally differentiated sensory neurons express a single sensory receptor molecule. A Drosophila photoreceptor organ breaks this rule by switching to expressing a different type of Rhodopsin as it metamorphoses from larva to adult.
Photodynamic therapy and the treatment of neoplastic diseases of the larynx, oral cavity, pharynx and tracheobronchial tree

Photodynamic therapy has the potential to treat and cure early carcinomas of the head and neck while preserving normal tissue. Thirty patients with neoplasia of the head and neck have been treated with PDT with follow-up to twenty nine months. Four patients with T3 and T4 carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract had a partial response. Eleven patients with T1 and T2 carcinomas of the larynx obtained a complete response and are disease free. Seven patients with T1 carcinomas of the tongue, floor of mouth, and nasal cavity obtained a complete response. Three patients with mucosal melanomas of the nasopharynx obtained a complete response and have remained disease free. Two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma of the oral cavity were treated. One obtained a complete response. Three patients with recurrent juvenile laryngotracheal papillomatosis obtained a complete response, but one recurred four months post-PDT. PDT is a promising therapy for treatment of early neoplasia of the head and neck. There are, however, limitations to this treatment based on tumor size and site. Methodology, clinical response, limitations, and complications will be discussed.
The effects of problem content, instructions, and verbalization procedure on Wason's selection task.

This study examined various hypotheses for facilitation on Wason’s four-card selection task by means of a factorial experiment. The factors were memory cuing vs. nonmemory cuing content, violation vs. true-false instructions, and verbalization procedure. The results indicated that memory cuing content may be a necessary and sufficient condition for facilitation, but that the amount of facilitation is affected by the type of instructions. Verbalization procedure had no effects, but this may have been due to the subjects’ failure to comply completely with the various verbalization instructions. An explanation of the results that assumes that content and instructions determine the cognitive processing load of the task and hence the solution strategies employed is considered.
Mapping of RNA accessible sites for antisense experiments with oligonucleotide libraries

Antisense experiments are often complicated by the lack of reliable methods for selecting effective antisense sequences. Chimeric oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) libraries and ribonuclease H (RNase H) were used to identify regions on the 1253 nucleotide angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1) mRNA that are accessible to hybridization with antisense ODNs. Phosphorothioate antisense ODNs targeted against accessible sites reduced AT1 receptor levels by at least 50% in cell culture. ODNs to 4 sites produced a 70% to 80% reduction. In contrast, most sequences targeted between accessible sites were ineffective. When injected into the brains of rats, ODNs targeted to accessible sites reduced AT1 (by 65%) but not AT2 receptor levels. Additionally, AT1 receptor function as measured by agonist-induced water intake, was significantly attenuated in these rats. ODNs directed between accessible sites were ineffective at suppressing water intake. RNA mapping can be applied to any RNA target to facilitate selection of multiple, active antisense sequences for cell culture and in vivo experiments.
On the proposed relation of citrate enzymes to fatty acid synthesis and ketosis in starvation.

Abstract Sequence studies of citrate cleavage enzyme activity and fatty acid synthesis in rat liver during starvation demonstrated sharp dissociation in the two parameters and indicate that depressed lipogenesis in starvation is not due to decreased levels of citrate cleavage enzyme. Citrate synthase activity was not impaired by a twenty-four hour fast at a time when significant ketosis was observed.
Indomethacin Amides as a Novel Molecular Scaffold for Targeting Trypanosoma cruzi Sterol 14α-Demethylase

Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) causes Chagas disease, which in its chronic stage remains incurable. We have shown recently that specific inhibition of TC sterol 14α-demethylase (TCCYP51) with imidazole derivatives is effective in killing both extracellular and intracellular human stages of TC. An alternative set of TCCYP51 inhibitors has been identified using optical high throughput screening followed by web-database search for similar structures. The best TCCYP51 inhibitor from this search was found to have structural similarity to a class of cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors, the indomethacin-amides. A number of indomethacin-amides were found to bind to TCCYP51, inhibit its activity in vitro, and produce strong antiparasitic effects in the cultured TC cells. Analysis of TC sterol composition indicated that the mode of action of the compounds is by inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in the parasite.
The Effect of What We Think may Happen on our Judgments of Responsibility

Recent evidence suggests that if a deterministic description of the events leading up to a morally questionable action is couched in mechanistic, reductionistic, concrete and/or emotionally salient terms, people are more inclined toward compatibilism than when those descriptions use non-mechanistic, non-reductionistic, abstract and/or emotionally neutral terms. To explain these results, it has been suggested that descriptions of the first kind are processed by a concrete cognitive system, while those of the second kind are processed by an abstract cognitive system. The current paper reports the results of three studies exploring whether or not considerations about possible future consequences of holding an agent responsible at a present time affect people’s judgments of responsibility. The results obtained suggest first that the concrete system does not produce compatibilist judgments of responsibility unconditionally, even when facing appropriately mechanistic, reductionistic, emotionally loaded and concretely worded deterministic scenarios. Second, these results suggest that considerations about possible future consequences for innocent third parties that may follow as a result of holding an agent responsible affect people’s judgment as to whether or not the agent is responsible for what she did. Finally, it is proposed that these results compliment extant evidence on the so-called “Side-effect effect”, as they suggest that emotional reactions toward possible future side effects influence people’s judgment of responsibility. The impact of these results for philosophy and moral psychology is discussed.
Effects of Salts of the Hofmeister Series on the Hydrogen Bond Network of Water

The effect of salts on water behavior has been a topic of interest for many years; however, some recent reports have suggested that ions do not influence the hydrogen bonding behavior of water. Using an effective two-state hydrogen bonding model to interpret the temperature excursion infrared response of the O-H stretch of aqueous salt solutions, we show a strong correlation between salt effects on water hydrogen bonding and the Hofmeister order. These data clearly show that salts do have a measurable impact on the equilibrium hydrogen bonding behavior of water and support models which explain Hofmeister effects on the basis of solute charge density.
Dependence of the polar cap geometry on the IMF

The geometry of the open field line region in the polar region is computed for a variety of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation. The open field line region can be identified as the area bounded by the auroral oval, namely the polar cap. The polar cap geometry varies considerably with the orientation of the IMF and magnitude, particularly when the IMF Bz component is positive and large. The corresponding exit points of the open field lines on the magnetopause are also examined. The results are useful in interpreting various upper atmospheric phenomena in the highest latitude region of the earth and also in observing chemical releases outside the magnetopause.
The histologic response of soft tissue sarcoma to radiation therapy

Twenty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcoma had preoperative radiotherapy, limb-sparing marginal surgical resection and whole-mount tumor histologic analysis. Incisional biopsy specimens before radiotherapy were reviewed for tumor type, grade, and extent of necrosis. Preoperative radiotherapy was given in either of two regimens: 13 patients received a mean total dose of 5250 cGy in one daily 180 to 200 cGy fractions and 14 patients a mean total dose of 4770 cGy in two daily fractions of 180 to 200 cGy separated by 4 hours. Twenty-one specimens had at least 80% necrosis or severely altered cells, a 3+ to 4+ response. Grade and size of the tumor appeared to be indicators of response to treatment rather than histologic type. Three of five patients (60%) with Grade 1, eight of 11 patients (73%) with Grade 2 lesions, and ten of 11 patients (91%) with Grade 3 tumors had 80% or greater necrosis or severely altered cells. For tumors 10 cm or less in greatest diameter, the 3+ to 4+ histologic response was seen in 12 of 14 patients (86%) whereas for lesions greater than 10 cm, this response was observed in nine of 13 patients (69%). For patients with Grade 2 or 3 soft tissue sarcoma, 13 of 14 patients (93%) treated with two fractions per day and two of four patients (50%) receiving one fraction per day exhibited significant response. All six patients treated twice daily for lesions greater than 10 cm had 3+ to 4+ histologic response compared to three of seven (43%) patients treated once per day. Therefore, grade and size of soft tissue sarcoma are important predictors of response to radiotherapy and preoperative twice daily radiotherapy may more likely permit the conservative surgical excision of sarcomas of borderline resectability.
Reliability Stipulated Microgrid Architecture Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Distributed energy resources have been receiving increasing attention over the past decade as alternatives to centralized generation. In the next few decades, the penetration of microgrids is expected to grow dramatically. The bulk of DERs will be integrated into existing distribution systems. To maximize the economic and reliability benefits of these installations, distributed systems will evolve into networked 'microgrids'. This paper describes a rational method of developing micro-grid architectures in a manner that maximizes the economic benefits of deploying the resources. The method consists of a particle swarm optimization (PSO) formulation that seeks to make the most economical connections that will satisfy the stipulated reliability criteria. This paper describes the method and its implementation, and illustrates it by means of examples. The validation of the method using a rigorous dynamic programming approach, is also outlined
Estimating Freight Transportation System Capacity, Flexibility, and Degraded-Condition Performance

This paper extends previous models of rail freight system capacity and capacity flexibility in three important ways. First, uncertainty in the future traffic pattern is included; second, volume-delay functions and a level-of-service constraint are added to represent deterioration of service quality as capacity limits in individual facilities are approached; and third, a stochastic traffic assignment procedure is added to eliminate the need for path enumeration and to make the model more useful for large networks. These enhancements make the model suitable for use in the assessment of the performance of a freight network under conditions in which individual links or terminals have degraded capacity. An illustration of the model as applied to the intermodal double-stack container network in the western United States indicates the improved estimates of capacity and capacity flexibility that the model provides.
Estrogen and Progesterone Regulation of Proliferation, Migration, and Loss in Different Target Cells of Rabbit Uterine Epithelium

We have explored the possibility that estrogens and progesterone could have different target uterine cell populations according to their cell cycle stage and localization in glands vs. lumen. Experiments were carried out in which rabbits were injected with [3H]thymidine for 3 days to label nuclei of dividing cells, then either 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, or vehicle were administered. 17 beta-Estradiol induced a decrease in the percentage of cells with labeled nuclei or labeling index of either luminal or glandular epithelium. Since this steroid has been shown to have a significant proliferative effect on glands, the data suggest that its effect is exerted on unlabeled quiescent cells, which are then recruited into the cell cycle. Progesterone, on the other hand, was found to induce a significant increase in labeling index of both luminal and glandular epithelium. Therefore, it is concluded that dividing cells are a target for this hormone. Analysis of the number of nuclear grains according to cell location in luminal vs. glandular epithelia and the effect of hormone administration confirmed that each ovarian hormone acts on different target cell populations. Short and long term administration of estrogens resulted in a larger internal circumference of the uterus due to an increase in the number of luminal cells, whereas the number of glands and glandular cells per section did not appear to change. These findings, in combination with previous research, suggest that endometrial gland cells migrate towards the lumen and estrogen administration decreases the rate of cell loss in the luminal epithelium. The concept of cell migration is supported by experiments in which single administration of [3H]thymidine to rabbits was followed by determination at different times of the geographical distribution of cells with labeled nuclei. There was observed, as a function of time, a decrease in the number of labeled cells in the bottom of the glands with a concomitant increase in the same parameter in the upper part of the glands and luminal epithelia. Estradiol administration changed these kinetics.
Properties of Apparel Wools II. Modification of Fiber Surface During Worsted Processing

Modification of the fiber surface during processing has been studied on three wools of Aus tralian fine, domestic fine, and domestic medium grades. Samples were taken from each wool at each stage of their manufacture into a worsted fabric by the Forstmann Woolen Company. Groups of fibers, selected randomly from each sample, were treated with Pauly reagent and ex amined microscopically. The amount of color on the fiber was estimated visually, and the amount of scale disturbance was assessed. The rate of exhaustion of Anthraquinone Blue SKY was also measured on samples from each processing stage.A consistently increasing amount of surface modification was observed with all three wools as the manufacturing process advanced. The susceptibility of the wools to staining with Pauly reagent and their rate of taking up Blue SKY from a dye bath also increased. However, all of these changes were reversed by a steaming process such as is frequently used in normal worsted processing. It was concluded that the dye susc...
A Thermodynamic Approach to Measurement Selection for Process Networks

Abstract A thermodynamic approach is proposed to design decentralized controllers to guarantee the structural stability of chemical plants. Chemical plants are presented as inventory networks using mass and energy balances. A hierarchical decentralized inventory controller is developed to ensure that all the states of a chemical plant converge to their desired stationary points. We elaborate the impact of the process measurement and controlled variables selection on inventory controllers. We show the existence of a strongly concave entropy function for a single phase system. The strong concavity condition guarantees a one to one correspondence between the process state and its conjugate variable. The bijection provides an upper and a lower bound for the Lyapunov function. The Lyapunov function is thus a proper storage function.
IL-4 Attenuates Th1-Associated Chemokine Expression and Th1 Trafficking to Inflamed Tissues and Limits Pathogen Clearance

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) plays a central role in the orchestration of Type 2 immunity. During T cell activation in the lymph node, IL-4 promotes Th2 differentiation and inhibits Th1 generation. In the inflamed tissue, IL-4 signals promote innate and adaptive Type-2 immune recruitment and effector function, positively amplifying the local Th2 response. In this study, we identify an additional negative regulatory role for IL-4 in limiting the recruitment of Th1 cells to inflamed tissues. To test IL-4 effects on inflammation subsequent to Th2 differentiation, we transiently blocked IL-4 during ongoing dermal inflammation (using anti-IL-4 mAb) and analyzed changes in gene expression. Neutralization of IL-4 led to the upregulation of a number of genes linked to Th1 trafficking, including CXCR3 chemokines, CCL5 and CCR5 and an associated increase in IFNγ, Tbet and TNFα genes. These gene expression changes correlated with increased numbers of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells in the inflamed dermis. Moreover, using an adoptive transfer approach to directly test the role of IL-4 in T cell trafficking to the inflamed tissues, we found IL-4 neutralization led to an early increase in Th1 cell recruitment to the inflamed dermis. These data support a model whereby IL-4 dampens Th1-chemokines at the site of inflammation limiting Th1 recruitment. To determine biological significance, we infected mice with Leishmania major, as pathogen clearance is highly dependent on IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells at the infection site. Short-term IL-4 blockade in established L. major infection led to a significant increase in the number of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells in the infected ear dermis, with no change in the draining LN. Increased lymphocyte influx into the infected tissue correlated with a significant decrease in parasite number. Thus, independent of IL-4's role in the generation of immune effectors, IL-4 attenuates lymphocyte recruitment to the inflamed/infected dermis and limits pathogen clearance.
An accurate ab initio potential energy surface of HeH2O

Abstract We present an accurate calculation of the intermolecular potential surface for the van der Waals complex HeH2O using complete fourth-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP4) with an efficient basis set containing bond functions. The calculation gives a global minimum at R=3.15 A , θ=105°, φ=0° (in a Jacobi coordinate system) with a minimum energy De=31.8 cm−1, along with barriers of 13.4 and 12.6 cm−1 for in-plane rotation at θ=0° and 180°, respectively, and a barrier of 20.0 cm−1 for out-of-plane rotation at θ=105°, φ=90°. The potential energy surface is compared with previously published surfaces for HeH2O, and with the potential energy surface for ArH2O.
Inclusion of Stroke as an Outcome and Risk Equivalent in Risk Scores for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Vascular Disease

Current guideline statements for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rely on estimates of absolute risk of coronary events. For example, the American Heart Association guidelines on primary prevention state that persons with ≥10% risk over 10 years of myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary death should be considered for antiplatelet therapy with aspirin.1 Similarly, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines2 state that target low-density lipoprotein level should be based on projected absolute risk of future coronary events rather than on presence or absence of specific risk factors. These guidelines state that patients at high risk of MI and coronary death, defined as an absolute 10-year risk of ≥20%, should have a target low-density lipoprotein level <100 mg/dL and should receive statin therapy if needed to achieve this goal. Stroke, however, is not included as one of the outcomes contributing to these absolute risk levels. Included in the group of patients with elevated risk, moreover, are those who already have ischemic heart disease, as well as patients deemed to be “coronary heart disease (CHD) risk equivalents,” indicating those at the same elevated risk as patients with ischemic heart disease. CHD risk equivalents include patients with diabetes mellitus, those with multiple risk factors that put them at elevated risk based on calculation of their Framingham Score, and patients with “other forms of symptomatic atherosclerotic disease.” The latter group is further defined to include those with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and carotid artery disease. The category of “risk equivalents” in the ATP III guidelines, however, does not include the vast majority (≈80%3) of ischemic stroke patients without carotid artery disease as cause of their stroke. Ischemic stroke is therefore notably excluded from the list of outcomes contributing to …
A matching game

Abstract We consider the following 2-person game playing on K n,n . Two players, maker and breaker, alternately take a previously untaken edge from K n,n , the complete bipartite graph of order 2 n . The game continues until all the edges of K n,n have been taken. Then the edges taken by maker induce a subgraph of K n,n , which is denoted by G ( M ). At the end of the game, we calculate the number of edge-disjoint perfect matchings of G ( M ), and denote this number by m ( M ). The maker's aim is to make this number big and the breaker's is to force it small. We will prove the following result: For any given η >0, there exists N ( η ), such that if n ⩾ N ( η ), then maker has a strategy to guarantee m(M)⩾( 1 2 −η)n .
Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts

The master plan of all vertebrate embryos is based on neuroanatomy. The embryo can be anatomically divided into discrete units called neuromeres so that each carries unique genetic traits. Embryonic neural crest cells arising from each neuromere induce development of nerves and concomitant arteries and support the development of specific craniofacial tissues or developmental fields. Fields are assembled upon each other in a programmed spatiotemporal order. Abnormalities in one field can affect the shape and position of developing adjacent fields. Craniofacial clefts represent states of excess or deficiency within and between specific developmental fields. The neuromeric organization of the embryo is the common denominator for understanding normal anatomy and pathology of the head and neck. Tessier's observational cleft classification system can be redefined using neuroanatomic embryology. Reassessment of Tessier's empiric observations demonstrates a more rational rearrangement of cleft zones, particularly near the midline. Neuromeric theory is also a means to understand and define other common craniofacial problems. Cleft palate, encephaloceles, craniosynostosis and cranial base defects may be analyzed in the same way.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli by S-(dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine; its prevention by aromatic amino acids.

Abstract S -(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine (DCVC), in concentrations of 1 × 10 −7 M and greater produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli , strains B, B s , and B/r, and changes in morphology of the cells. These effects can be prevented by l -phenylalanine and l -tyrosine but not by their d isomers. l - and d -Tryptophan can partially prevent the effects of DCVC. E. coli B can be adapted to grow rapidly in a medium containing 2.5 × 10 −3 M DCVC. When E. coli B was grown in a medium containing sufficient DCVC (2.5 × 10 −7 M ) to cause partial inhibition of growth and development of filamentous cells, there was a linear increase in the concentration of protein. DNA, and RNA, with increasing bacterial density of the cultures.
Measurements of β -Rays Associated with Scattered X-Rays

Stereoscopic photographs of beta-ray tracks excited by strongly filtered x-rays in moist air have been taken by the Wilson cloud expansion method. In accord with earlier observations by Wilson and Bothe, two distinct types of tracks are found, a longer and a shorter type, which we call P and R tracks, respectively. Using x-rays varying in effective wave-length from about 0.7 to 0.13 A, the ratio of the observed number of R to that of P tracks varies with decreasing wave-length from 0.10 to 72, while the ratio of the x-ray energy dissipated by scattering to that absorbed (photo-electrically) varies from 0.27 to 32. This correspondence indicates that about 1 R track is produced for every quantum of scattered x-radiation, assuming one P track is produced by each quantum of absorbed x-radiation. The ranges of the observed R tracks increase roughly as the 4th power of the frequency, the maximum length for 0.13 A being 2.4 cm at atmospheric pressure. About half of the tracks, however, had less than 0.2 of the maximum range. As to angular distribution, of 40 R tracks produced by very hard x-rays (111 kv), 13 were ejected at between 0 and 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with the incident beam, 16 at between 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 11 at between 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and none at a greater angle than 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The R electrons ejected at small angles were on the average of much greater range than those ejected at larger angles. These results agree closely in every detail with the theoretical predictions made by Compton and Hubbard, and the fact that in comparing observed and calculated values, no arbitrary constant is assumed, makes this evidence particularly strong that the assumptions of the theory are correct, and that when-ever a quantum of x-radiation is scattered, an R electron is ejected which possesses a momentum which is the vector difference between that of the incident and that of the scattered x-ray quantum.
The Neurotensin–HIF-1α–VEGFα Axis Orchestrates Hypoxia, Colonic Inflammation, and Intestinal Angiogenesis

The expression of neurotensin (NT) and its receptor (NTR1) is up-regulated in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel disease; NT/NTR1 interactions regulate gut inflammation. During active inflammation, metabolic shifts toward hypoxia lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, promoting angiogenesis. We hypothesized that NT/NTR1 signaling regulates intestinal manifestations of hypoxia and angiogenesis by promoting HIF-1 transcriptional activity and VEGFα expression in experimental colitis. We studied NTR1 signaling in colitis-associated angiogenesis using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-treated wild-type and NTR1-knockout mice. The effects of NT on HIF-1α and VEGFα were assessed on human colonic epithelial cells overexpressing NTR1 (NCM460-NTR1) and human intestinal microvascular-endothelial cells. NTR1-knockout mice had reduced microvascular density and mucosal integrity score compared with wild-type mice after 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid treatment. VEGFα mRNA levels were increased in NCM460-NTR1 cells treated with 10(-7) mol/L NT, at 1 and 6 hours post-treatment. NT exposure in NCM460-NTR1 cells caused stabilization, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in a diacylglycerol kinase-dependent manner. NT did not stimulate tube formation in isolated human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells but did so in human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells cocultured with NCM460-NTR1 cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of an NTR1-HIF-1α-VEGFα axis in intestinal angiogenic responses and in the pathophysiology of colitis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Value of serum determinations for prediction of increased ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic levels in bile

The correlation between biliary and serum levels of ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids was studied in a double-blind controlled manner in 39 patients before and during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, 800 mg/day; ursodeoxycholic acid, 400 mg/day; chenodeoxycholic acid, 750 mg/day; chenodeoxycholic acid, 375 mg/day; and placebo, respectively. On a total of 74 occasions, fasting duodenal bile and venous blood samples were obtained simultaneously. Biliary bile acid composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and serum ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations by radioimmunoassays. There was a much closer correlation between the biliary and serum levels of ursodeoxycholic acid (r=0.8184,P<0.001) than between those of chenodeoxycholic acid (r=0.4707,P<0.01). In contrast to serum chenodeoxycholic, which showed many overlaps between pre- and postreatment values, serum ursodeoxycholic acid proved to be a very sensitive, specific, and convenient means of predicting the presence of increased levels of ursodeoxycholic acid in the enterohepatic cycle.
Ultrastructure of red cells frozen with hydroxyethyl starch

The freeze fracture appearance of red cells frozen in the presence of varying concentrations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is described. A technique is used which allows examination of a small portion of cells from a larger unit. The frozen cells appear distorted probably as a result of osmotic dehydration but indicate no evidence of intracellular ice. The frozen mixture with HES has three phases--a particulate phase consisting of the concentrated HES (and other salts), a sculptured ice phase and the red cells. When the concentration of HES is increased, the particulate phase becomes more prominent and at 14% HES appears to surround nearly all cells. In cells frozen in saline alone and 4% HES, the cytoplasm in a majority of cells has numerous cavities and depressions. Since such units haemolyse badly when thawed, it is possible that these regions indicate structural damage. In contrast, those units frozen with 14% HES (in which nearly 85% of the cells survive freeze-thaw) possess cells which only infrequently have such regions in the cytoplasm.
Status of CO 2 isotope lasers and their applications in tunable laser spectroscopy

The use of CO 2 isotopes can provide a manifold expansion of the usable frequency range of sealed-off CO 2 lasers. Determination of the frequency, gain, and saturation parameter of the various CO 2 isotopic laser transitions will be discussed. Design considerations for constructing CO 2 isotopic lasers and selected applications will be presented.
Ultrasonic irradiation of mouse tissues in vivo and human amniotic cells in vitro

Abstract Recently published results have been substantiated by enlarging the group sizes of mice subjected to whole-body exposure for 200s and of human amniotic cells in vitro for 2000s at 34°C. Spatial average intensity was 1 W/cm 2 . Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and histamine in mouse skin, lung and peritoneal cells, and cAMP and cGMP in human amniotic cells were assayed as sensitive indicators of membrane damage. No significant effect of ultrasound was observed. Statistical analysis indicates an 80% probability that we would have detected a difference in the means for exposed and sham exposed groups if it had been greater than one standard deviation in 9 out of 18 comparisons for mouse tissues and 7 out of 8 comparisons for human amniotic cells.
A modified fuzzy ART for soft document clustering

Document clustering is a very useful application in recent days especially with the advent of the World Wide Web. Most of the existing document clustering algorithms either produce clusters of poor quality or are highly computationally expensive. In this paper we propose a document-clustering algorithm, KMART, that uses an unsupervised fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (fuzzy-ART) neural network. A modified version of the fuzzy ART is used to enable a document to be in multiple clusters. The number of clusters is determined dynamically. Some experiments are reported to compare the efficiency and execution time of our algorithm with other document-clustering algorithm like fuzzy c-means. The results show that KMART is both effective and efficient.
The repositioning of citizenship and alienage: Emergent subjects and spaces for politics∗

Most of the scholarship on citizenship has claimed a necessary connection to the national state. The transformations afoot today raise questions about this proposition insofar as they significantly alter those conditions which in the past fed that articulation between citizenship and the national state. The context for this possible alteration is defined by two major, partly interconnected conditions. One is the change in the position and institutional features of national states since the 1980s resulting from various forms of globalization. These range from economic privatization and deregulation to the increased prominence of the international human rights regime. The second is the emergence of multiple actors, groups, and communities partly strengthened by these transformations in the state and increasingly unwilling to automatically identify with a nation as represented by the state.
Adaptive rejection of unknown sinusoidal disturbances in linear SISO uncertain systems

This paper describes the design and implementation of an adaptive disturbance rejection approach for single-input-single-output (SISO) linear-time-invariant (LTI) uncertain systems subject to sinusoidal disturbances with unknown amplitude and frequency. The technique is based on the construction of a set of stabilizing tuning functions utilizing a state estimate observer in a backstepping fashion to achieve asymptotic disturbance rejection. Utilizing only the system output, a virtual control input is used in place of non-measurable and unknown signals. The performance of the adaptation algorithm is demonstrated through simulations for both regulation and tracking of a single-degree-of-freedom system with unknown parameters and subject to an unknown sinusoidal disturbance.
Liaison and Linking

Author's Summary— Liaison is inadequately treated in most of our classes, largely because there are two sets of phenomena, one subject to grammatical law and the other to usage. This study tries to explain what distinguishes between the obligatory and the optional liaison, and indicates a method of teaching the student to direct himself amidst these irregularities.
Fault-tolerant control of five-phase PM machines with pentagon connection of stator windings under open-circuit faults

In this paper, a fault-tolerant control technique for five-phase permanent magnet machines with pentagon connection of stator windings is presented. Open-circuit faults in machine winding as well as inverter switches are analyzed by the proposed control technique. The proposed control technique ensures continuous operation of the machine while producing minimum stator ohmic loss and minimum torque ripple. In addition to single-phase and double-phase faults, triple-phase faults are also considered in pentagon connection. Experimental results for a five-phase PM machine are provided to demonstrate the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy.
Myxococcus xanthus dif Genes Are Required for Biogenesis of Cell Surface Fibrils Essential for Social Gliding Motility

Myxococcus xanthus social (S) gliding motility has been previously reported by us to require the chemotaxis homologues encoded by the dif genes. In addition, two cell surface structures, type IV pili and extracellular matrix fibrils, are also critical to M. xanthus S motility. We have demonstrated here that M. xanthus dif genes are required for the biogenesis of fibrils but not for that of type IV pili. Furthermore, the developmental defects of dif mutants can be partially rescued by the addition of isolated fibril materials. Along with the chemotaxis genes of various swarming bacteria and the pilGHIJ genes of the twitching bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the M. xanthus dif genes belong to a unique class of bacterial chemotaxis genes or homologues implicated in the biogenesis of structures required for bacterial surface locomotion. Genetic studies indicate that the dif genes are linked to the M. xanthus dsp region, a locus known to be crucial for M. xanthus fibril biogenesis and S gliding.
Statistical ordering of correlated timing quantities and its application for path ranking

Correct ordering of timing quantities is essential for both timing analysis and design optimization in the presence of process variation, because timing quantities are no longer a deterministic value, but a distribution. This paper proposes a novel metric, called tiered criticalities, which guarantees to provide a unique order for a set of correlated timing quantities while properly taking into account full process space coverage. Efficient algorithms are developed to compute this metric, and its effectiveness on path ranking for at-speed testing is also demonstrated.
Malapportionment Party Competition, and the Functional Distribution of Governmental Expenditures

Most students of American politics traditionally have argued that it is desirable that legislative apportionment systems conform as closely as possible to an ideal of numerical equality, and that it is desirable that major political parties actively compete for elective office. Admittedly this argument has been in large part only implicit, but, since most theoretical argument in political science has been implicit, this does not imply that apportionment or party competition have not been considered to be important by students of politics. Indeed several recent articles in professional journals have been published which seem to derive at least a portion of their appeal and raison d'etre from a “demonstration” that students of politics have been guilty of the sin of credulity by holding these implicit beliefs. The tone of much of this work is aptly expressed by the title of a popularizing article by David Brady and Douglas Edmonds, “One Man, One Vote—So What?” Brady and Edmonds—after some extensive, but, unfornately not very discriminating statistical computations—concluded “that the whole Pandora's box of evil consequences which supposedly result from malapportionment—from right-to-work laws to not spending enough on school children—really has little to do with malapportionment.” Although somewhat more cautious in his approach, Thomas R. Dye reached the similar conclusion that “on the whole, the policy choices of malapportioned legislatures are not noticeably different from policy choices of well-apportioned legislatures.”
Problems of optimization with application to prosthetic design and stress fracture prediction

Examines the effects of geometry and material properties on criteria that could be used in establishing a notion of optimal form in bone or prosthetic devices. This is accomplished by determining extreme values of functionals that are measures of strain energy and compliance. The governing differential equation includes the effects of collageneous tissue acting on the bone and in the case of the prosthetic model, interfacial interactions between the device and the bone. Augmented Lagrange techniques and non-linear conjugate gradient methods are used to determine the optimal solution. >
When is the Tragedy of the Commons Not a Tragedy

Economists tend to rely upon tried and true examples to make their theoretical points. Since H. Scott Gordon’s 1954 article entitled “The Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: The Fishery,” the overexploitation of an open-access resource has been a usual presentation in any discussion that deals with aligning incentives with appropriate outcomes.However, just as Ronald H. Coase (1974) showed that a lighthouse is not the best example of a public good, and Steven Cheung’s discovery (1973) that bees, in most cases, do not provide an unpriced externality, we also need to rethink how we present the over-exploitation of open-access resources. In particular economists should be careful not to ignore an important element in our tool kit, opportunity costs, when we discuss over-exploitation. This means that the rapid depletion of a resource may or may not represent a tragedy of the commons, depending on what happens to other resources or values that are involved in the maintenance of the resource in question. In this article I take up the issue of the depletion of the bison in nineteenth century America. Because bison were a way of converting grass to meat one has to include the opportunity cost of the grass in any calculations of the wastefulness of killing bison. If an alternative way of using grass existed, and it did in the form of domesticated cattle, then depletion of the bison was not necessarily wasteful. Open access can also lead to dissipation of rents through the excessive use of resources in harvesting. But it does not appear that there was a substantial waste of resources in the harvesting activity itself. Finally, if there is a lag between the presence of a less efficient method of harvesting grass (bison) and a more efficient converter of grass to meat that can also represent resource waste. Data is presented on the lag between the elimination of the large bison herds and the introduction of cattle.Of course there is still the question of the amenity (non-consumptive) value of bison. That issue is also dealt with in the last part of the article.