cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of air on solvated electron chemistry at a plasma/liquid interface

Plasmas in contact with liquids initiate complex chemistry that leads to the generation of a wide range of reactive species. For example, in an electrolytic configuration with a cathodic plasma electrode, electrons from the plasma are injected into the solution, leading to solvation and ensuing reactions. If the gas contains oxygen, electronegative oxygen molecules may react with the plasma electrons via attachment to reduce the electron flux to the solution reducing the production of solvated electrons or produce reactive oxygen species that quickly scavenge solvated electrons in solution. Here, we applied a total internal reflection absorption spectroscopy technique to compare the concentration of solvated electrons produced in solution by an argon plasma containing various amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and air. Our measurements indicate that in oxygen or air ambients, electron attachment in the plasma phase greatly attenuates the electron flux incident on the liquid surface. The remaining electrons then solvate but are quickly scavenged by reactive oxygen species in the liquid phase.
Will increases in atmospheric CO2 affect regrowth following grazing in C4 grasses from tropical grasslands? A test with Sporobolus kentrophyllus.

We grew a C4 grass from the Serengeti ecosystem under ambient (370 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2, and under clipped and unclipped conditions to test whether regrowth following grazing would be affected by elevated CO2. Above-ground productivity was slightly decreased under elevated CO2, and was similar between clipped and unclipped plants. Regrowth (clipping offtake) following clipping was similar in the two CO2 treatments, and there was no CO2 by clipping interaction on biomass, productivity, or leaf nutrient concentrations. Based on this evidence, we suggest that C4 grasses from the Serengeti will show little direct response to future increases in atmospheric CO2.
Unusual metal ion selectivities of the highly preorganized tetradentrate ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide: a thermodynamic and fluorescence study.

Some metal ion complexing properties of the ligand PDAM (1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide) in aqueous solution are reported. Using UV–visible spectroscopy to follow the intense π–π* transitions of PDAM as a function of metal ion concentration, log K1 values in 0.1 M NaClO4 and at 25 °C are, for Cu(II), 3.56(5); Ni(II), 3.06(5); Zn(II), 3.77(5); Co(II), 3.8(1); Mg(II), 0.1(1); Ca(II), 1.94(4); and Ba(II), 0.7(1). For more strongly bound metal ions, competition reactions between PDAM and EDTA (ethylenedinitrilo-tetraacetic acid) or tetren (1,4,7,10,13-pentaazatridecane), monitored following the UV spectrum of PDAM, gave the following log K1 values in 0.1 M NaClO4 and at 25 °C: Cd(II), 7.1(1); Pb(II), 5.82(5); In(III), 9.4(1); and Bi(III), 9.4(1). The very low log K1(PDAM) values for small metal ions such as Cu(II) or Zn(II) are unprecedented for a phen-based ligand (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), which is rationalized in terms of the low basicity of the N donors of the ligand (pKa = 0.6) and the fact tha...
SWDM strategies to extend performance of VCSELs over MMF

Experimental data is presented demonstrating 100GbE (4×25.8 Gbps) SWDM4 VCSEL technology, and SWDM4 transmission over 200m and 300m of wideband OM4 fibers. All NRZ SWDM4 channels achieved error-free transmission at 200m, and BER < 1e-9 at 300m. In addition, successful 180 (4×45) Gbps transmission is demonstrated over 300m wideband OM4 fibers using a 45-Gbps-PAM4 chip. Real time BERs < 2e-4 were achieved for all four SWDM grid channels in the 850–950nm wavelength range. Precise modal excitation in MMF fibers for improving the fiber bandwidth by minimizing modal dispersion is also discussed. Using our novel modal excitation method, 25 Gbps NRZ transmission over 300m OM3 is shown.
Wildlife and the Coal Waste Policy Debate: Proposed Rules for Coal Waste Disposal Ignore Lessons from 45 Years of Wildlife Poisoning

This analysis examines wildlife poisoning from coal combustion waste (CCW) in the context of EPA's proposed policy that would allow continued use of surface impoundments as a disposal method. Data from 21 confirmed damage sites were evaluated, ranging from locations where historic poisoning has led to corrective actions that have greatly improved environmental conditions to those where contamination has just recently been discovered and the level of ecological impacts has yet to be determined. The combined direct and indirect cost of poisoned fish and wildlife exceeds $2.3 billion, which is enough money to construct 155 landfills with state-of-the-art composite liners and leachate collection systems. This cost is projected to increase by an additional $3.85 billion over the next 50 years, an amount that would construct 257 landfills. Evidence revealed through this study indicates the following: (1) for the past 45 years, environmental damage has been a recurring theme with surface impoundment of CCW, (2) the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System has not been effective in preventing serious environmental damage from CCW, (3) EPA's Regulatory Impact Analysis of the costs and benefits of pollution control options fails to include benefits of avoided damages to natural resources, specifically, poisoned fish and wildlife, and (4) surface impoundments pose unacceptably high ecological risks regardless of location or design. Regulators should no longer ignore rigorous science and the lessons from multiple case examples. EPA and the United States need to show leadership on this issue by prohibiting surface impoundments, particularly since the rise in coal use in developing countries is leading to the same CCW pollution problems on a global scale.
New Paradigm for Suppression of Gyrokinetic Turbulence by Velocity Shear

The shear in the mean field velocity Doppler shift is shown to suppress the amplitude of electric potential fluctuations by inducing a shift in the peak of the radial wave number spectrum. An analytic model of the process shows that the fluctuation spectrum shifts in the direction where the velocity shear is linearly destabilizing but that nonlinear mixing causes a recentering of the spectrum about a shifted radial wave number at reduced amplitude A model for the 2D nonlinear spectrum is used in a quasilinear calculation of the transport that is shown to accurately reproduce the suppression of energy and particle transport and the Reynolds stress due to the velocity shear.
Sulfonamide Susceptibility of Stock Strains of Dysentery Bacilli and of Strains from Recent Epidemics

SummaryA method of testing the sensitivity of dysentery bacilli to the bacteriostatic action of sodium sulfadiazine is described. The method involves the use of a medium which is essentially free of sulfonamide inhibitors. Of 219 strains tested, 202 were found to be susceptible to the drug while 17 strains were found to be resistant. Among the susceptible strains were representatives of each of the well established varieties of Shigella. The resistant strains included representatives of Sh. Paradysenteriae (Flexner types W, Z and VZ) and Sh. Sonnet, Many of the resistant strains were isolated from patients who failed to respond to treatment with sulfonamides, The results serve to emphasize a potential difficulty in the chemotherapy of dysentery.
Augmenting Planar Straight Line Graphs to 2-Edge-Connectivity

We show that every planar straight line graph PSLG with n vertices can be augmented to a 2-edge-connected PSLG with the addition of at most $$\lfloor 4n-4/3\rfloor $$ new edges. This bound is the best possible.
The Future of Regulation to Improve the Safety and Quality of Health Care: The individual Dimension of Successful Regulatory Interventions to Improve Safety

The publication in 1999 of To Err is Human unleashed the potential for systems of regulatory governance to improve the safety and quality of health care services for patients (Institute of Medicine, 2000). In addition, it marked a point at which patients, health care professionals and health care organizations came to recognize the potential for regulation to change the pathways for the delivery of health care services. The mobilization of individual, organizational and governmental resources to reduce the occurrence of preventable harm in health care is a manifestation of what John Braithwaite has called ‘regulatory capitalism’. Over the last three decades or more ‘states have become rather more preoccupied with the regulation part of governance and less with providing’ (Braithwaite, 2008, p 1). But as David Levi-Faur has argued there has also been an expansion of the ‘regulation society and global regulations’. Levi-Faur argues that the ‘co-expansion of voluntary as well as coercive regulation’ is part of the phenomenon of ‘regulatory capitalism’ and that this phenomenon is transforming both civil society and the state (Levi-Faur, 2008, p viii). This article investigates both the potential of regulation to improve the safety and quality of health care and its potential to modify processes, organizations and practices that support the delivery of health care services. It follows work in other areas of public concern such as the problem of improving the safety of imported goods (Zaring and Coglianese, 2009).
In vitro sperm cervical mucus penetration: studies in human and bovine cervical mucus

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of substituting bovine estrus cervical mucus (BCM) for human midcycle cervical mucus (MCM) for investigation of sperm cervical mucus (CM) interaction and evaluation of cervical factor in infertility. In vitro sperm cervical mucus penetration tests (ICMPT) were performed with the use of ejaculated human spermatozoa collected from fertile donors and infertile men. Tests were performed in a flat capillary tube with the use of MCM and BCM. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) of sperm penetration in MCM was 32.3 +/- 15.5 mm and in BCM 27.3 +/- 12.1 mm after 90 minutes of migration. The difference was significant (P less than 0.001). A highly significant correlation was found between sperm penetration in MCM and BCM. The depth of sperm penetration in both human cervical mucus (HCM) and BCM was also significantly related to sperm count and motility. Positive correlation was observed between normal morphologic features and sperm migration in BCM but not in MCM. It is concluded that human sperm penetrate BCM at a slower rate than MCM, but BCM can be effectively substituted for HCM in laboratory testing of sperm penetration.
Visible and UV absorption spectrum of Xe2Cl

The absorption spectrum of Xe2Cl is of both practical and theoretical interest. Stimulated emission has been obtained from the molecule under electron-beam excitation, but the red shift of the laser spectrum with respect to the molecule’s spontaneous emission peak strongly suggests the presence of absorbers in the medium. Furthermore, since the lowest excited states of the rare gas halide trimers are ionic in nature (that is, Xe 2 + Cl −) and since theoretical considerations suggest that the perturbation of the Xe 2 + core by Cl− is weak, the absorption spectrum of excited Xe2Cl is expected to be very similar to that for the Xe 2 + ion.
History of Community Psychiatry

Since antiquity, mental illnesses have proven challenging for individuals suffering with them, for families who wish to support them, and for communities in which they live. Evolution in the development of community services and supports has been predicated on the understanding or interpretation of mental illness, aided by acceptance and innovation, but often anchored in ignorance, stigma, and short-sightedness. Regardless of how one defines community psychiatry (by provider, by setting, by duration of care, by diagnosis, by set of principles, by finances/payer of services), multiple facets are important in the evolutions of the field. A historical review of community psychiatry is imperative to comprehending the variables that impact the lives of those touched by mental illness, and may suggest how systems of care should be organized to enhance recovery.
Intracellular Studies of Carotid Body Cells: Effects of Temperature, “Natural” Stimuli and Chemical Substances

The carotid body consists of clusters of small cells which have received several names such as epithelioid, glomus, chemoreceptor, etc., in addition to a network of nerve fibers and capillaries. The glomus cells, more recently, have been designated as type I and are surrounded by another type of cell which has been designated as sustentacular, capsular, satellite or type II.
Aberrant mTORC1 activation kills tubular cells by inactivating miR148b-3p.

A new study by Kuwagata et al. now shows that aberrant activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in renal tubular cells causes their injury and cell death by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death pathway under diabetic conditions. The study has revealed a novel molecular mechanism in which mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 stimulates the tumor necrosis factor signaling by attenuating miR-148b-3p, thereby deteriorating renal tubular cell dysfunction under diabetic conditions.
Community-based Flu Outreach Clinics in South Los Angeles: Client Satisfaction and Experiences.

Objective This study sought to better understand and improve influenza vaccination in low-income populations regardless of their health insurance/immigration status. It assessed client satisfaction and experiences with services provided at community-based “flu outreach” clinics in South Los Angeles. The clinics represent a community-public agency partnership—a model of vaccine delivery that was relatively novel to the region. Design and Sample During 2011–2012, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to clients of the local health department's 39 flu outreach clinics in South Los Angeles. Measures The study utilized a 10-item satisfaction scale and survey questions that gauged client history and experiences with present and prior vaccinations. Results Of 4,497 adults who were eligible, 3,860 completed the survey (participation rate = 86%). More than 90% were satisfied with their experiences at the clinics. Younger adults were significantly more likely than adults aged 65+ to report not having been vaccinated in the previous year (p < .05). No statistical differences were observed by gender or race/ethnicity. Conclusions High satisfaction with flu outreach services in South Los Angeles suggests that this model for vaccine delivery could lead to meaningful client experience of care. Local health departments could capitalize on this model to improve preventive services delivery for the underserved.
Interpretation of CIs in clinical trials with non-significant results: systematic review and recommendations

Objectives Interpretation of CIs in randomised clinical trials (RCTs) with treatment effects that are not statistically significant can distinguish between results that are ‘negative’ (the data are not consistent with a clinically meaningful treatment effect) or ‘inconclusive’ (the data remain consistent with the possibility of a clinically meaningful treatment effect). This interpretation is important to ensure that potentially beneficial treatments are not prematurely abandoned in future research or clinical practice based on invalid conclusions. Design Systematic review of RCT reports published in 2014 in Annals of Internal Medicine , New England Journal of Medicine , JAMA , JAMA Internal Medicine and The Lancet (n=247). Results 85 of 99 articles with statistically non-significant results reported CIs for the treatment effect. Only 17 of those 99 articles interpreted the CI. Of the 22 articles in which CIs indicated an inconclusive result, only four acknowledged that the study could not rule out a clinically meaningful treatment effect. Conclusions Interpretation of CIs is important but occurs infrequently in study reports of trials with treatment effects that are not statistically significant. Increased author interpretation of CIs could improve application of RCT results. Reporting recommendations are provided.
Using a passive design toolset to evaluate low-cost cooling strategies for an industrial facility in a hot and dry climate

Abstract This study outlines the energy saving potential of natural cooling design strategies in a large maintenance hangar facility located in Boise Idaho, USA. A new series of climate-based design tools for calculating energy savings were developed to evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of natural ventilation systems. Based on the building’s heat gains, these tools estimated the required cooling capacity. Results indicate that 43% of occupied-only periods between shoulder seasons (May and September) have the potential to obtain free cooling from the outdoor air via natural ventilation strategies. The research included a comparison of the Climate Design Toolset with advanced energy simulation methods. This comparison built confidence in the tools and in some cases brought attention to areas that require caution when implementing them. The validity analysis represents the hand calculations which produced similar results compared to the simulation at an acceptable level of confidence for early design analysis.
Identification, language, and subjectivity: Reading Freire through/against Lacan

This paper aims to interrogate Freirean critical pedagogy via the work of Jacques Lacan in order to shed new light on psychoanalytic issues that arise when engaging in critical pedagogical work. Fi...
Young Offenders with Disabilities: Legal Requirements and Reform Considerations

Delinquency rates have been a persistent concern in the United States with juveniles involved in almost a third of arrests for major crimes in 1993. Further, a disproportionate number of youths incarcerated have a disability. Because youths with disabilities in correctional facilities present legal and educational challenges, we explored the parameters of providing appropriate services based on individual needs. Despite applicable federal legislation, the juvenile correctional system often fails to meet the educational needs of those with disabilities (i.e., some youths are denied special education services, services are often inferior to those provided by public schools, and teachers are often inadequately trained). According to federal legislation, juvenile facilities must observe procedural safeguards afforded to those individuals and provide needed services even for pre trial detainees (services, however, may be balanced against legitimate security concerns). Ultimately, state educational agencies have the responsibility for ensuring that youths with disabilities receive a free appropriate education. Promising practices applicable to all youths may include Positive Peer Culture, aggression replacement training, aftercare programs, and research validated instructional interventions.
A Comparison of Techniques to Estimate Response Time for Data Placement

Technological advances in networking, mass storage devices, processor and information technology have resulted in a variety of data services in diverse applications such as e-commerce, health-care, scientific applications, etc. While the cost of purchasing technology is becoming cheaper, the same cannot be stated about the cost of managing an information infrastructure. In order to reduce this cost, one needs tools that empower system administrators to explain and reason about a storage subsystem's past performance, e.g., response time. Ideally, an administrator would employ these tools to speculate on both physical organization of data and hardware changes. With a hypothetical change, one may use the previously observed response times to quantify the expected enhancements. In this study, we investigate linear regression, a M/D/1 queuing model and SEER as three alternative techniques to estimate response time. All techniques enable an administrator to speculate on changes to the placement of data and its expected impact on response time. A choice between these techniques is a tradeoff between accuracy and space/computational complexity to estimate response time. In our experimental studies, SEER provides a higher accuracy by using more storage space and computational cycles.
Demonstration of Ru as the 4th ferromagnetic element at room temperature

Development of novel magnetic materials is of interest for fundamental studies and applications such as spintronics, permanent magnetics, and sensors. We report on the first experimental realization of single element ferromagnetism, since Fe, Co, and Ni, in metastable tetragonal Ru, which has been predicted. Body-centered tetragonal Ru phase is realized by use of strain via seed layer engineering. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy confirm the epitaxial mechanism to obtain tetragonal phase Ru. We observed a saturation magnetization of 148 and 160 emu cm-3 at room temperature and 10 K, respectively. Control samples ensure the ferromagnetism we report on is from tetragonal Ru and not from magnetic contamination. The effect of thickness on the magnetic properties is also studied, and it is observed that increasing thickness results in strain relaxation, and thus diluting the magnetization. Anomalous Hall measurements are used to confirm its ferromagnetic behavior.
Yoga, Mindfulness, and Meditation Interventions for Youth with ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic developmental disorder affecting 3–7% of children. In light of the growing utilization of yoga, mindfulness, and meditation in ADHD populations and potential benefits it has on ADHD symptoms, executive function deficits, and social functioning, we sought to evaluate these interventions for youth with ADHD. The primary aim of this review paper is to identify the efficacy of these programs for the treatment of youth with ADHD through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic literature search was conducted in the following electronic databases: PsychINFO, ERIC, PubMed, and MEDLINE. Studies were included in the meta-analytic review if participants were between 5–17 years old, had a diagnosis of ADHD or met symptom threshold on psychometrically-validated measure of ADHD symptoms, was a treatment outcome study, and was published in a peer-reviewed English-language journal. The effect sizes of eleven studies demonstrate that yoga, mindfulness-based interventions, and/or meditation had a statistically significant effect on the outcomes of ADHD symptoms, hyperactivity, and inattention (parent and teacher report), as well as parent-child relationship, executive functioning, on-task behavior, parent stress, and parent trait-mindfulness (p < 0.05). The effect sizes range from small to large effects across these outcomes. Considerable risk for bias was found across studies. Given significant methodological limitations of the literature, positive effect sizes found in studies should be interpreted with caution; these interventions should not be considered first-line interventions for ADHD. However, preliminary findings suggest yoga, mindfulness, and meditation may be beneficial for youth with ADHD, but extensive research is required to validate the efficacy of these interventions.
Aerodynamics: The Wright Way

This slide presentation reviews some of the basic principles of aerodynamics. Included in the presentation are: a few demonstrations of the principles, an explanation of the concepts of lift, drag, thrust and weight, a description of Bernoulli's principle, the concept of the airfoil (i.e., the shape of the wing) and how that effects lift, and the method of controlling an aircraft by manipulating the four forces using control surfaces.
Biotic Interactions in Benthic Foraminifera

Foraminif era have a long geologic record, extending back perhaps to the Cambrian, and they are both abundant and diverse during most of the Phanerozoic. Over 40,000 species now have been described, of which approximately 4000 are living today (Tappan, 1971). They occur in all modern marine communities, and have also been found living in brackish and fresh water (Arnal, 1958; Boltovskoy and Lena, 1971; Resig, 1974). Foraminifera are especially diverse and abundant in deep-sea, coral reef, and many soft-bottom, shallow-water habitats (Hessler, 1974; Smith et al., 1978; Thiel, 1975; Murray, 1973; Wefer and Lutze, 1976), making them one of the most important animal groups on earth. Yet little is known about their interactions with other organisms, although much has been published on their distributional patterns. Successful use of foraminifera in paleobiology and paleoenvironmental interpretations requires more detailed ecologic knowledge (Lipps, 1981).
Differential equation model of carbon dioxide emission using functional linear regression

Carbon dioxide is one of the major contributors to Global Warming. In the present study, we develop a differential equation to model the carbon dioxide emission data in the atmosphere using functio...
Colorectal Cancer Presentation and Survival in Young Individuals: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Emerging evidence suggests that the incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing among individuals under the age of 50 years. However, the pattern of disease presentation in young patients remains under investigation. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) between 2004 and 2015. Data was acquired from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 program registries. A total of 269,398 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. The primary outcomes were the likelihood of metastatic disease at diagnosis and survival. Of the 269,389 patients diagnosed with CRC, 11.8% of the patients were young (20 to 49 years), 45.6% were middle-aged (50 to 69 years), and 42.6% were elderly (70 years or older). Individuals in the middle-aged and elderly cohorts were significantly less likely to present with metastatic disease as compared to the young cohort (middle-aged adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70 to 0.75, elderly aOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.50). However, overall survival was longest in the young cohort. We conclude that young individuals with colorectal cancer have an increased risk of presenting with distant metastases as compared to the middle-aged and elderly, but, nevertheless, exhibit prolonged survival.
Postpartum Pseudoaneurysm After Cesarean Delivery

Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon vascular lesion that can be life threatening. A ruptured uterine artery pseudoaneurysm can cause acute massive hemorrhaging, creating a true emergency for the postpartum patient. The etiology is more commonly seen with traumatic procedures such as cesarean delivery or curettage. This case report is of a patient with a history of HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome who presented with heavy bleeding after a cesarean delivery. Sonography was primarily used to diagnose the uterine artery pseudoaneurysm. Because of the massive hemorrhaging in this case, a hysterectomy was performed.
Discovery of a pathway for terminal-alkyne amino acid biosynthesis

Living systems can generate an enormous range of cellular functions, from mechanical infrastructure and signalling networks to enzymatic catalysis and information storage, using a notably limited set of chemical functional groups. This observation is especially notable when compared to the breadth of functional groups used as the basis for similar functions in synthetically derived small molecules and materials. The relatively small cross-section between biological and synthetic reactivity space forms the foundation for the development of bioorthogonal chemistry, in which the absence of a pair of reactive functional groups within the cell allows for a selective in situ reaction1–4. However, biologically ‘rare’ functional groups, such as the fluoro5, chloro6,7, bromo7,8, phosphonate9, enediyne10,11, cyano12, diazo13, alkene14 and alkyne15–17 groups, continue to be discovered in natural products made by plants, fungi and microorganisms, which offers a potential route to genetically encode the endogenous biosynthesis of bioorthogonal reagents within living organisms. In particular, the terminal alkyne has found broad utility via the Cu(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition ‘click’ reaction18. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a unique pathway to produce a terminal alkyne-containing amino acid in the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya. We found that l-lysine undergoes an unexpected reaction sequence that includes halogenation, oxidative C–C bond cleavage and triple bond formation through a putative allene intermediate. This pathway offers the potential for de novo cellular production of halo-, alkene- and alkyne-labelled proteins and natural products from glucose for a variety of downstream applications. Microbial generation of a terminal-alkyne-containing amino acid can be encoded into E. coli and provides the potential for in vivo generation of proteins and natural products for click chemistry.
Expansion of an oncology care coordination nurse model to reduce hospitalizations and emergency department utilization.

82Background: Comprehensive, coordinated care is a key driver of care transformation within the Oncology Care Model. Care coordination provides deliberate, organized, patient centered care initiati...
Novel Non-Surgical Interventions for Benign Inflammatory Biliary Strictures in Infants: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Current Pediatric Literature

Benign biliary strictures are uncommon in children. Classically, these cases are managed surgically, however less invasive approaches with interventional radiology and or endoscopy may have similar results and improved safety profiles While benign biliary strictures have been described in literature on several occasions in young children, (most older than 1 year and once in an infant 3 months of age), all reported cases were managed surgically. We present two cases of benign biliary strictures in infants less than 6 months of age that were managed successfully with novel non-invasive procedures and a review of all current pediatric cases reported in the literature. Furthermore, we describe the use of a Rendezvous procedure, which has not been reported as a treatment approach for benign biliary strictures.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of 19,20-Epoxydocosapentaenoic Acid, a Bioactive Metabolite of Docosahexaenoic Acid

In this study, we report the first asymmetric total synthesis of 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP), a naturally occurring bioactive cytochrome P450 metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, a major constituent of fish oil. Our strategy involves direct asymmetric epoxidation to produce an enantiopure β-epoxyaldehyde that can be appended to the rest of the skipped polyene core by Wittig condensation. Our route is step-economical and late divergent and could be an appealing method by which to synthesize EDP analogues for biological studies.
CONTRACTS Trade Secrets: Provide Definition

The Act defines trade secret and states that all rights relating to trade secrets shall be in accord with the term as used in the Act.
The role of scratching in the control of ectoparasites on birds

Grooming by birds is thought to serve essential anti-parasite functions. While preening has been well studied, little is known about the function of scratching in birds. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the effectiveness of scratching for controlling feather lice (Columbicola columbae) on Rock Pigeons (Columba livia). First, we used a hobbling technique to impair scratching. After 6 mo, hobbled birds had significantly more lice than controls that could scratch. In addition, lice on hobbled birds were concentrated on the birds' heads and necks (i.e. the regions that birds scratch). Secondly, we tested the role the claw plays in scratching by declawing nestlings. Once mature, declawed pigeons had significantly more lice than control birds with claws. Moreover, lice on declawed birds were concentrated on the head and neck. Next, we tested whether the flange found on the middle claw of many bird species enhances scratching. We experimentally manipulated the flange; however, the number and location of lice on birds without flanges was not significantly different than that on control birds with intact flanges. Finally, we tested whether scratching removes parasites directly or indirectly by “flushing” them onto body regions where they can be preened. When we impaired scratching (with hobbles) and preening (with “bits”) we found that scratching no longer reduced the number of lice on birds. Our results indicated that scratching and preening work synergistically; scratching reduces parasite load by flushing lice onto regions of the body where they can be eliminated by preening.
Motoneuronal Spinal Circuits in Degenerative Motoneuron Disease

The most evident phenotype of degenerative motoneuron disease is the loss of motor function which accompanies motoneuron death. In both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), it is now clear that dysfunction is not restricted to motoneurons but is manifest in the spinal circuits in which motoneurons are embedded. As mounting evidence shows that motoneurons possess more elaborate and extensive connections within the spinal cord than previously realized, it is necessary to consider the role of this circuitry and its dysfunction in the disease process. In this review article, we ask if the selective vulnerability of the different motoneuron types and the relative disease resistance of distinct motoneuron groups can be understood in terms of their intraspinal connections.
Surface chiral superconductivity in odd-parity nematic superconductors with magnetic impurities

We study odd-parity nematic superconductivity in doped topological insulators in the presence of surface magnetic impurities. The peculiar surface subgap spectrum, characterized by a Majorana flat band, nodal cones, and the surface states of the parent topological insulator, gives rise to overall ferromagnetic RKKY interactions between the surface impurities. An additional coupling between the impurities and a preemptive chiral order parameter promote a surface time-reversal symmetry breaking solution at the surface of the system. We discuss the relevant scenarios and suggest to engineer surface chiral superconductivity by properly choosing magnetic adatoms with highly anisotropic exchange coupling.
Decision-making in pediatric blunt solid organ injury: A deep learning approach to predict massive transfusion, need for operative management, and mortality risk.

Abstract Background The principal triggers for intervention in the setting of pediatric blunt solid organ injury (BSOI) are declining hemoglobin values and hemodynamic instability. The clinical management of BSOI is, however, complex. We therefore hypothesized that state-of-art machine learning (computer-based) algorithms could be leveraged to discover new combinations of clinical variables that might herald the need for an escalation in care. We developed algorithms to predict the need for massive transfusion (MT), failure of non-operative management (NOM), mortality, and successful non-operative management without intervention, all within 4 hours of emergency department (ED) presentation. Methods Children (≤ 18 years) who sustained a BSOI (liver, spleen, and/or kidney) between 2009 and 2018 were identified in the trauma registry at a pediatric level 1 trauma center. Deep learning models were developed using clinical values [vital signs, shock index-pediatric adjusted (SIPA), organ injured, and blood products received], laboratory results [hemoglobin, base deficit, INR, lactate, thromboelastography (TEG)], and imaging findings [focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) and grade of injury on computed tomography scan] from pre-hospital to ED settings for prediction of MT, failure of NOM, mortality, and successful NOM without intervention. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to evaluate each model's performance. Results A total of 477 patients were included, of which 5.7% required MT (27/477), 7.2% failed NOM (34/477), 4.4% died (21/477), and 89.1% had successful NOM (425/477). The accuracy of the models in the validation set was as follows: MT (90.5%), failure of NOM (83.8%), mortality (91.9%), and successful NOM without intervention (90.3%). Serial vital signs, the grade of organ injury, hemoglobin, and positive FAST had low correlations with outcomes. Conclusion Deep learning-based models using a combination of clinical, laboratory and radiographic features can predict the need for emergent intervention (MT, angioembolization, or operative management) and mortality with high accuracy and sensitivity using data available in the first 4 hours of admission. Further research is needed to externally validate and determine the feasibility of prospectively applying this framework to improve care and outcomes. Level of Evidence III Study Type Retrospective comparative study (Prognosis/Care Management).
Puf4 Mediates Post-transcriptional Regulation of Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Caspofungin Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.

ABSTRACT The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is intrinsically resistant to the echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin, which targets the β-1,3-glucan synthase encoded by FKS1. Echinocandins have been on the market for 20 years, yet they are the newest class of antifungal drugs. Analysis of a C. neoformanspuf4Δ mutant, lacking the pumilio/FBF RNA binding protein family member Puf4, revealed exacerbated caspofungin resistance. In contrast, overexpression of PUF4 resulted in caspofungin sensitivity. The FKS1 mRNA contains three Puf4-binding elements (PBEs) in its 5′ untranslated region. Puf4 binds with specificity to this region of FKS1. The FKS1 mRNA was destabilized in the puf4Δ mutant, and the abundance of the FKS1 mRNA was reduced compared to wild type, suggesting that Puf4 is a positive regulator of FKS1 mRNA stability. In addition to FKS1, the abundance of additional cell wall biosynthesis genes, including chitin synthases (CHS3, CHS4, and CHS6) and deacetylases (CDA1, CDA2, and CDA3) as well as a β-1,6-glucan synthase gene (SKN1), was regulated by Puf4. The use of fluorescent dyes to quantify cell wall components revealed that the puf4Δ mutant had increased chitin content, suggesting a cell wall composition that is less reliant on β-1,3-glucan. Overall, our findings suggest a mechanism by which caspofungin resistance, and more broadly, cell wall biogenesis, is regulated post-transcriptionally by Puf4. IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that causes pulmonary and central nervous system infections. It is also responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths. A significant contributor to the high morbidity and mortality statistics is the lack of safe and effective antifungal therapies, especially in resource-poor settings. Yet, antifungal drug development has stalled in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism by which C. neoformans is resistant to caspofungin to design adjunctive therapies to potentiate the drug’s activity toward this important pathogen.
Clergy-Provided Mental Health Services: A Strategy for Addressing Disparities in Scale-up Efforts

Most individuals with mental health needs do not receive professional care. One strategy to narrow this service provision gap is task-shifting, a process where certain responsibilities are shifted to less specialized workers. Approximately 25% of those who seek mental health care turn to clergy. This study investigated the suitability of using clergy to scale-up mental health service provision by assessing perceptions of satisfaction and helpfulness with clergy-delivered services. Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (2003), we found most respondents (n=204) who went to clergy reported satisfaction with their care (92%) and that the services were helpful (94%). Ordered logit regression revealed that racial/ethnic minorities and individuals for whom religion was more salient were disproportionately likely to find clergy-delivered mental health services satisfying and helpful, while older adults were more likely to report the services were helpful. The results suggest incorporating clergy in mental health scale-up plans via task-shifting may be a viable option, particularly for addressing the mental health needs of underserved racial and ethnic minorities, as well as older adults. Social workers—at least in theory—are well-positioned to collaborate with clergy in the process of implementing task-shifting.
Pancreaticobiliary maljunction without biliary dilatation in pediatric patients

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) without biliary dilatation is a condition in which dilatation of the bile duct is not seen in patients with PBM. Recently, the Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSGPM) published new diagnostic criteria for PBM. In these criteria, biliary dilatation is defined according to the standard diameter at each age. We reviewed cases of pediatric patients with PBM without biliary dilatation. From 1992 to 2019, 134 patients with PBM were treated in our institution. Among these, 7 patients were retrospectively diagnosed with PBM without biliary dilatation. The clinical information was retrospectively assessed in these patients. Of the seven patients, six were female. All patients had symptoms similar to those of patients with congenital biliary dilatation. In all seven patients, the diagnosis of PBM was made before definitive surgery. Six patients had type B PBM, and one had type D PBM. All patients underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection and hepaticojejunostomy, and their symptoms resolved. One patient experienced postoperative complications of anastomotic leakage followed by anastomotic stricture. The present report revealed important clinical features of this entity. However, there are still some issues that need to be discussed, and further research is needed.
Can you Find Yourself in the Stacks? Building Diverse Collections in Religion and Theology

The past year has brought renewed attention to the need for academic library collections to support an emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusivity (DEI) in the curriculum and to reflect the increasing diversity among students and faculty. The urgent calls for maximum inclusivity and diversity in all aspects of theological education have led collection development librarians to re-examine and re-calibrate their collecting practices. Three librarians offer practical suggestions on how to approach the challenges of developing diverse collections by engaging with key stakeholders, aligning collecting with the institution’s mission and/or vision statements, utilizing approval plans, and promoting collections through outreach and diversity programming.
NADPH Oxidases Mediate Zinc Deficiency-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mouse Kidneys

Zn2+ deficiency (ZnD) is common in diabetes. Experimental studies show that ZnD worsens diabetic complications, including diabetic kidney disease. Oxidative stress caused by increased reactive oxyg...
Reactions of Organotin Hydrides with Organic Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reactions of organotin hydrides with organic compounds and the nomenclature, preparation, and properties of organotin hydrides. Tin hydride has been made by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium–tin alloy or metallic tin by the reduction of stannous salts electrolytically by metals or sodium borohydride and by the reduction of stannic chloride by atomic hydrogen or metals. The study of the reactions of organotin hydrides with organic compounds can be said to be in its infancy. The course of reactions and variation in reactivity as a function of changes in the structure of organotin hydride would be expected to depend on a number of factors: the electronegativity of the orbital of the tin atom involved in bonding to hydrogen, which will depend, in turn, on the substituents present on the tin atom; the bond dissociation energy of this bond, particularly in free radical reactions; steric factors, which are apparently dominant in some cases; and the availability of vacant d orbitals on the tin atoms. The reduction of aldehydes and ketones, reduction of alkyl and aryl, reduction of acyl halides, and reaction with carboxylic acids are also discussed.
Role of immune cells in protection against and control of reovirus infection in neonatal mice.

We studied the role of T cells in resistance to reovirus intestinal and central nervous system infection. Transfer of reovirus-immune adult spleen cells protected neonatal mice from (i) lethal infection with reovirus serotype 3 Dearing (T3D, footpad inoculation) and serotype 3 clone 9 (T3C9, oral inoculation) and (ii) hydrocephalus caused by serotype 1 Lang (T1L, intracranial [i.c.] inoculation). Cell-mediated protection was not serotype specific. While immune cells protected against T1L i.c., they failed to protect against 1/5,000 of the dose of T3D i.c. Two types of experiments showed that both CD4 and CD8 T cells are involved in reovirus resistance. First, immune cell-mediated protection against T3D was abrogated by in vivo treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and significantly inhibited by in vivo treatment with anti-CD8 MAb. Second, T3C9-infected neonatal mice treated with anti-CD4 and/or anti-CD8 developed a novel disease phenotype, an oily hair syndrome, associated with severe hepatobiliary pathology and increased viral titer in heart and liver. Immune cells and an MAb to the cell attachment protein sigma 1 (MAb G5) protected by different mechanisms. Immune cells were more effective than sigma 1 MAb G5 at controlling primary replication, while sigma 1 MAb G5 was more effective than immune cells at inhibiting neural spread of virus. We conclude that both CD4 and CD8 T cells are important for reovirus resistance, that cells and antibody act preferentially at different stages in pathogenesis in vivo, and that adoptively transferred immune cells can protect both the central nervous system and intestine.
Pure Bending in the Plastic Range

This paper illustrates the possibilities of the graphical solution of Saint-Vehant's method by using what is termed a plastic bending factor which is plotted against outer fiber stress. The ultimate resisting moment of a number of materials may be readily obtained from curves which are shown. I t is concluded also that the ultimate resisting moments of beams are approximately proportional to the ultimate tensile strengths of the materials involved if the stress-strain curves are of the same general form. The investigation is restricted to pure bending.
Psychodynamic Practice and Single System Design: The Odd Couple

Abstract Single subject design, recommended as applicable with any theoretical or practice perspective, is most often associated with behavioral techniques and task-centered strategies. The course to be described demonstrates the successful utilization of this method with students trained in psychodynamic treatment approaches. Using cases drawn from their field experiences, the students found that the clear specification of goals and interventions and continuing visual documentation of progress allowed them to relinquish ineffective techniques and reinforced useful treatment strategies. Students enrolled in the course evaluated it as their best integrative learning experience and as having a profound impact on their practice.