cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TickTalk -- Timing API for Dynamically Federated Cyber-Physical Systems

Although timing and synchronization of a dynamically-changing set of elements and their related power considerations are essential to many cyber-physical systems (CPS), they are absent from today's programming languages, forcing programmers to handle these matters outside of the language and on a case-by-case basis. This paper proposes a framework for adding time-related concepts to languages. Complementing prior work in this area, this paper develops the notion of dynamically federated islands of variable-precision synchronization and coordinated entities through synergistic activities at the language, system, network, and device levels. At the language level, we explore constructs that capture key timing and synchronization concepts and, at the system level, we propose a flexible intermediate language that represents both program logic and timing constraints together with run-time mechanisms. At the network level, we argue for architectural extensions that permit the network to act as a combined computing, communication, storage, and synchronization platform and at the device level, we explore architectural concepts that can lead to greater interoperability, easy establishment of timing constraints, and more power-efficient designs.
P225 Congenital hyaline fibromatosis syndrome: a case report of heterozygous antxr2 and literature review

Introduction Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis is a rare hereditary disease characterized by deposits of a clear substance (hyaline) in the skin and other body tissues, it becomes apparent at birth or in infancy presenting with severe pain with movement, skin lesions & bumps , gingival hyperplasia, progressive joint contractures, and bone lesions.1 Complications can be life threatening. The inheritance follows autosomal recessive pattern, Causing mutations in the ANTXR2 gene. Treatment is supportive and aims to alleviate pain and other symptoms of the condition. The prevalence is unknown; about 84 people with this disorder have been reported in 2018 2. Case We report a 23 month old boy, born at 38 weeks gestation, no neonatal complications. He was referred to paediatric clinic at 3 month old with excessive crying, feeding difficulty and failure to thrive crossing down on centiles from 9th to Parents are non consanguineous of Syrian origin, He has two sisters and one brother all well. They had no skin lesions or joint problems. There was no history of similarly affected relatives. Physical examination He appears symmetrically small, generally bright visually alert to his surroundings. Visible nodules over left ear and left nostril, gum hypertrophy .Decreased muscle bulk in his deltoids with limited passive movement of both shoulders and extreme pain on any shoulder movement. Cannot stand or walk independently. Laboratory investigations Biochemical and metabolic work up was all normal DNA PCR: Heterozygous ANTXR2 gene detected.
The Directory to Toxic Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Literature

This literature search was conducted in order to provide a comprehensive list of the publications concerning toxic blue-green algae. Although originally intended for distribution to participants at the 1980 conference on The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health, it is hoped that this directory will be of use to all researchers interested in the subject. Our sources for this directory were several review papers, computer searches, and personal communications from conference participants and others around the world. Many important articles are published in journals which may not be widely distributed. We hope this directory will help lead researchers to literature they might otherwise have missed. Interesting developments are taking place in toxic blue-green algae research. Good communication between researchers all over the world is needed now more than ever.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) process action imitation differently depending on motor difficulties: implications for individualized therapy

Date Presented 04/06/19 This course highlights developments and findings in a neuroscience study as they relate to OT for children and adolescents with ASD. The presenters discuss findings from an ongoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that investigates the neural basis of how children with ASD imitate social and motor stimuli. Study results can be used to inform clinical approaches for research-informed client-centered OT interventions. Primary Author and Speaker: Emily Kilroy Additional Authors and Speakers: Christiana Butera Contributing Authors: Cristin Zeisler, Laura Harrison, Sharon Cermak, Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
77 Medical maximizing-minimizing and patient preferences for high and low-benefit care, perceived acceptability of recommendations against low-benefit care, and patient satisfaction

Objective The Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale (MMS) assesses patient preferences for active vs. passive approaches to healthcare and predicts healthcare utilization and patient preferences in a variety of healthcare contexts. In two surveys, our objective was to determine the utility of the MMS for predicting patient preferences for both high and low-benefit care, the acceptability of recommendations related to low-benefit care, and patient satisfaction with their physician. Methods We conducted two online U.S. surveys, totaling 1,576 men and women age 18–84 (M=34; 52, both samples were majority White). The MMS was associated with the following outcomes: In Survey 1, participants indicated their medical preferences in 18 health scenarios that were constructed using medical expertise and Choosing Wisely®recommendations. In 8 scenarios the optimal approach was active intervention (e.g., colonoscopy at age 60) and in 10 scenarios an active intervention was notoptimal (e.g., full body CT scan in an asymptomatic healthy person). In Survey 2, participants indicated (1) whether they think too much medicine is a problem, (2) the acceptability of recommendations to take a less aggressive approach to imaging for low back pain and colorectal cancer screening in older adults, (3) their satisfaction with their primary physician, and (4) their perception of whether their physician is a minimizer or maximizer. Results In Survey 1, MMS scores were significantly correlated with medical preferences in 16/18 scenarios (rs=.16-.39, ps≤.001). Maximizers were more likely than minimizers to want to receive active medical intervention across the 8 scenarios in which action was appropriate (r=.35, p Conclusions Relative to minimizers, maximizers are more likely to prefer both high-benefit and low-benefit care and are more likely to believe that recommendations to take a less aggressive approach to testing are unacceptable. Maximizers may therefore be at risk for overutilizing low-value care (while minimizers may be at risk of underutilization). As a result, the MMS may be useful for targeting interventions to encourage appropriate use. The perceived match between patients’ and physicians’ maximizing-minimizing orientation may also have implications for patient satisfaction and shared decision making.
Depression mediates the relationship between social performance impairment and hostility

Abstract The goal of this study was to test depressive symptoms as a mediator between social difficulties and hostility in young adults. Hostility is often a reaction to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors; therefore a greater understanding of contributing factors is needed, especially among emerging adults. College students (n = 608; 408 females, 200 males) self-reported on social difficulties, depression, and hostility. Via exploratory factor analyses, two latent constructs related to social difficulty were identified: social performance and social motivation. Using structural equation modeling, the direct effects found that poor social performance was significantly positively associated with BPAQ Total (β = .44, p .05; 95% CI = −.04 to .04), and overall aggression. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of negative affect and impaired emotion regulatory processes on hostility as a consequence of social performance deficits.
Embedded M&A Strategy

Taking a holistic view, an Embedded M&A Strategy is an integral part of the corporate strategy and the business unit strategies of the acquiring company: On the level of corporate strategy, M&A is a tool to innovate or restructure corporate portfolios and to increase shareholder value. On the level of business unit strategies, M&A may be used as a strategy tool to get access to new products, services, markets or capabilities and to realize value potentials. Corporate and strategic business unit strategies should frame the M&A approach, as M&A is an important but just one of a set of alternative growth and value creation options for a company. Additionally, the corporate strategy is the reference point for the definition of the Transaction Rational of a potential acquisition or merger and the intended M&A targets. Based on a comprehensive strategy review, an Embedded M&A Strategy defines the detailed strategic targets to be achieved by transaction initiatives, frames the corporate finance part of potential acquisitions, sketches value creation targets, including the intended synergies, decides on the preferred external growth design, selects the assessment criteria for the profiling of the ideal target company and the Fit Diamond assessment. The E2E M&A Process Design also intends to Frontload two mission-critical integration issues into the M&A-Strategy: On the one side by Diagnostics of the Standalone Business Designs of the target company and the acquirer and by drafting of a Blue Print of the intended Joint Business Design, on the other side by Diagnostics of the Standalone Culture Designs of the target company and the acquirer and by drafting of a Blue Print of the intended Joint Culture Design. This Frontloading of Business and Culture Design issues intends to increase the likelihood of integration success. Once such a consistent and detailed M&A Strategy is defined, potential target companies could be evaluated, selected and integrated into a long-list of potentially attractive targets. Based on the Fit Diamond, meaning a more detailed strategic, financial, synergistic, Business Design and Cultural Gap assessment, the long-list of target companies will be boiled down to a short-list of highly attractive potential transactions, which serve as a starting point for a dedicated M&A initiative.
Interventions for multidimensional aspects of breast cancer-related fatigue: a meta-analytic review.

This meta-analysis sought to determine whether exercise, psychological, or alternative forms of interventions differentially improve cognitive, physical, and general dimensions of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in women with a history of breast cancer. Databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) were systematically reviewed from inception through March 2019, with data extracted from randomized controlled trials of fatigue interventions using multidimensional CRF outcome measures. Two authors independently assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. Analyses were performed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (v.3). A total of 471 studies were assessed, of which 11 studies with 12 sets of data involving 1067 patients were included. Across intervention types, small to moderate improvements were observed for cognitive (g = − 0.38), physical (g = − 0.46), and general (g = − 0.45) CRF (p values 0.45). However, a large effect size was observed for a single trial of acupressure across all three CRF dimensions (p < 0.05). Exercise improved both cognitive and physical aspects of CRF. Further studies should determine the most effective forms, duration, intensity, and methods of supporting exercise in breast cancer patients. Further investigation of acupressure as an intervention for CRF should also be considered.
"I Go Here...But I Don't Necessarily Belong": The Process of Transgressor Reintegration in Organizations

When organizational members violate important organizational standards, they may face termination, or they may instead be retained by the organization and given a second chance. Retained transgress...
Temporal analysis of ion arrival for particle quantification

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful technique for accurately and precisely measuring particles. Built on instrumentation developed for steady state signals, traditional detection and quantification of particles with ICP-MS instruments is based on signal intensity rising above background within an integration window. This research presents results with time stamp digitization of all single ion detection events with no predetermined integration windows. With this method particles are distinguished from background by the short burst of ions (10's to 100's of μs) associated with a particle passing through the plasma. That is, particle signal is identified by the timing between successive ion arrivals at the detector. The new method allows for fast, efficient, and sensitive detection of micro and nanoparticles and provides a powerful means to discriminate against non-particle backgrounds. We tested the method with standard gold nanoparticles, uranium particles from an aerosol created during laser ablation, and iron nanoparticles. The results show efficient detection of nanoparticles separated from interfering background. The timing based method also enabled the association of a single mass 236 count with 236U uranium in a particle rather than background.
Disentangling Types of Linked Selection Using Patterns of Nucleotide Variation in Drosophila pseudoobscura

A central goal in evolutionary genetics is to understand the forces that drive patterns of nucleotide variation within species. Recombination rate and nucleotide diversity are positively correlated across loci within many species. Selective sweeps and background selection both may contribute to this pattern by reducing nucleotide variation disproportionately in regions of low recombination. While there is unambiguous documentation of some forms of selective sweeps, it is less clear how much background selection and soft selective sweeps contribute. Here, we discuss the study of these different types of linked selection, paying particular attention to the large body of work devoted to linked selection in Drosophila. We discuss patterns of nucleotide variation in the classic model system Drosophila pseudoobscura, and we leverage this system to test for the effects of linked selection in the near absence of hard, complete selective sweeps. Our case study of variation in sets of loci shared between Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. miranda suggests that selection at linked sites may reduce nucleotide variation even in the absence of hard selective sweeps. We discuss how this work relates to recent approaches and challenges in the study of how selection at linked sites influences patterns of nucleotide variation.
Local and global geometry of the 2D Ising interface in critical prewetting

Consider the Ising model at low temperatures and positive external field λ on an N×N box with Dobrushin boundary conditions that are plus on the north, east and west boundaries and minus on the south boundary. If λ=0, the interface separating the plus and minus phases is diffusive, having O( N) height fluctuations, and the model is fully wetted. Under an order one field, the interface fluctuations are O(1), and the interface is only partially wetted, being pinned to its southern boundary. We study the critical prewetting regime of λN↓0, where the height fluctuations are expected to scale as λ−1/3 and the rescaled interface is predicted to converge to the Ferrari–Spohn diffusion. Velenik (Probab. Theory Related Fields 129 (2004) 83–112) identified the order of the area under the interface up to logarithmic corrections. Since then, more refined features of such interfaces have only been identified in simpler models of random walks under area tilts. In this paper we resolve several conjectures of Velenik regarding the refined features of the Ising interface in the critical prewetting regime. Our main result is a sharp bound on the one-point height fluctuation, proving e−Θ(x3/2) upper tails reminiscent of the Tracy–Widom distribution, capturing a tradeoff between the locally Brownian oscillations and the global field effect. We further prove a concentration estimate for the number of points above which the interface attains a large height. These are used to deduce various geometric properties of the interface, including the order and tails of the area it confines and the polylogarithmic prefactor governing its maximum height fluctuation. Our arguments combine classical inputs from the random-line representation of the Ising interface with novel local resampling and coupling schemes.
L p Isotonic Regression Algorithms Using an L 0 Approach.

Significant advances in maximum flow algorithms have changed the relative performance of various approaches to isotonic regression. If the transitive closure is given then the standard approach used for $L_0$ (Hamming distance) isotonic regression (finding anti-chains in the transitive closure of the violator graph), combined with new flow algorithms, gives an $L_1$ algorithm taking $\tilde{\Theta}(n^2+n^\frac{3}{2} \log U )$ time, where $U$ is the maximum vertex weight. The previous fastest was $\Theta(n^3)$. Similar results are obtained for $L_2$ and for $L_p$ approximations, $1 < p < \infty$. For weighted points in $d$-dimensional space with coordinate-wise ordering, $d \geq 3$, $L_0, L_1$ and $L_2$ regressions can be found in only $o(n^\frac{3}{2} \log^d n \log U)$ time, improving on the previous best of $\tilde{\Theta}(n^2 \log^d n)$, and for unweighted points the time is $O(n^{\frac{4}{3}+o(1)} \log^d n)$.
FMR1 and Autism, an Intriguing Connection Revisited

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a distinct phenotype of behavioral dysfunction that includes deficiencies in communication and stereotypic behaviors. ASD affects about 2% of the US population. It is a highly heritable spectrum of conditions with substantial genetic heterogeneity. To date, mutations in over 100 genes have been reported in association with ASD phenotypes. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common single-gene disorder associated with ASD. The gene associated with FXS, FMR1 is located on chromosome X. Accordingly, the condition has more severe manifestations in males. FXS results from the loss of function of FMR1 due to the expansion of an unstable CGG repeat located in the 5′′ untranslated region of the gene. About 50% of the FXS males and 20% of the FXS females meet the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5) criteria for ASD. Among the individuals with ASD, about 3% test positive for FXS. FMRP, the protein product of FMR1, is a major gene regulator in the central nervous system. Multiple pathways regulated by FMRP are found to be dysfunctional in ASD patients who do not have FXS. Thus, FXS presents the opportunity to study cellular phenomena that may have wider applications in the management of ASD and to develop new strategies for ASD therapy.
Relative importance and interactions of primary and secondary ice production in the Arctic mixed-phase clouds

Abstract. A discrepancy of up to 5 orders of magnitude between ice crystal and ice nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations was found in the measurements, indicating the potential important role of secondary ice production (SIP) in the clouds. However, the relative importance and interactions between primary and SIP processes remain unexplored. In this study, we implement five different ice nucleation schemes as well as physical representations of SIP processes (i.e., droplet shattering during rain freezing, ice-ice collisional break-up, and rime splintering) in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). We run CESM2 in the single column mode for model comparisons with the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) observations. We find that the model experiments with aerosol-aware ice nucleation schemes and SIP processes yield the best simulation results for the M-PACE single-layer mixed-phase clouds. We further investigate the relative importance of ice nucleation and SIP to ice number and cloud phase as well as interactions between ice nucleation and SIP in the M-PACE single-layer mixed-phase clouds. Our results show that SIP contributes 80 % to the total ice formation and transforms ~ 30 % of pure liquid-phase clouds simulated in the model experiments without considering SIP into mixed-phase clouds. We find that SIP is not only a result of ice crystals produced from ice nucleation, but also competes with the ice nucleation. Conversely, strong ice nucleation also suppresses SIP by glaciating mixed-phase clouds.
Moldable Mask: A Reusable, Hot Water Moldable, Additively Manufactured Mask to Be Used as an N95 Alternative

There has been high demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially N95 respirators. Unfortunately, at the early stage of the pandemic, the supply could not meet the demand for N95 respirators, leading to a shortage and unsafe reuse of this form of PPE. We developed the Moldable Mask to ease the demand for N95 respirators by creating a 3D-printed mask that uses a piece of N95 material as a filter. A sheet of N95 material could be used or one N95 respirator to be turned into two masks. The main feature of the mask is the ability to easily mold it in hot water to create a custom fit for each user. It can also be easily assembled at home with affordable materials. The final mask design was qualitatively fit tested on 13 subjects, with all subjects showing an improvement in fit with the hot water molding technique and 10 (77%) subjects passing the fit test. This shows that the Moldable Mask is a viable option for a safe, affordable N95 alternative when N95 mask supply is strained.
Freedom for the Press as an Industry, or for the Press as a Technology - From the Framing to Today

INTRODUCTION 461 I. EVIDENCE FROM AROUND THE FRAMING: THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AS A RIGHT OF “EVERY FREEMAN” 465 A. Cases, Treatises, and Constitutions 465 B. The Structure of the Framing-Era Newspaper Industry 468 C. The (Possibly) Dissenting Sources 471 D. The Grammatical Structure of “the Freedom of Speech, or of the Press” 472 E. Responding to the Redundancy Objection 475 II. EVIDENCE FROM AROUND THE FRAMING: THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS COVERING AUTHORS OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS 477 A. The Non-Press-as-Industry Status of Many Book and Pamphlet Authors 477
Magnesium Toxicity-Induced Ileus in a Postpartum Patient Treated for Preeclampsia With Magnesium Sulphate

Hypermagnesemia is a rare and under-recognized cause of paralytic ileus. We report a case of a 21-year-old primigravida who was managed aggressively for preeclampsia and presented with postpartum paralytic ileus. Detailed history was employed to consider hypermagnesemia-induced ileus as the working diagnosis, and the patient improved with correction of the electrolyte imbalance. Hypermagnesemia-induced lethargy, decreased reflexes, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, respiratory muscle paralysis, and cardiac arrest are well-described; however, intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction leading to paralytic ileus has never been reported in the setting of magnesium use for peripartum preeclampsia management.
cGMP suppresses GTPase activity of a portion of transducin equimolar to phosphodiesterase in frog rod outer segments. Light-induced cGMP decreases as a putative feedback mechanism of the photoresponse.

Abstract In rod photoreceptor cells, the light response is triggered by an enzymatic cascade that causes cGMP levels to fall: excited rhodopsin (Rho*)----rod G-protein (transducin, Gt)----cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE). This results in the closure of plasma membrane channels that are gated by cGMP. PDE activation by Gt occurs when GDP bound to the alpha-subunit of Gt (Gt alpha) is exchanged with free GTP. The interaction of Gt alpha-GTP with the gamma-subunits of PDE releases their inhibitory action and causes cGMP hydrolysis. Inactivation is thought to be caused by subsequent hydrolysis of Gt alpha-GTP by an intrinsic Gt-GTPase activity. Here we report that there are two portions of Gt in frog rod outer segments (ROS) expressing different rates of GTP hydrolysis: 19.5 +/- 3 mmol of Gt/mol of Rho, equivalent to that amount which participates in PDE activation, hydrolyzing GTP at a rate of approximately 0.6 turnover/s ("fast") and the remaining Gt (80.5 +/- 3 mmol/mol Rho) hydrolyzing GTP at a rate of 0.058 +/- 0.009 turnover/s. Fast GTPase activity is abolished in the presence of cGMP. This effect occurs over the physiological range of cGMP concentration changes in ROS, half-saturating at approximately 2 microM and saturating at 5 microM cGMP. cGMP-dependent suppression of GTPase is specific for cGMP; cAMP in millimolar concentration does not affect GTPase, while the poorly hydrolyzable cGMP analogue, 8-bromo-cGMP, mimics the effect. GTPase regulation by cGMP is not affected by Ca2+ over the concentration range 5-500 nM, which spans the physiological changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ in rod cells. We suggest that the fast cGMP-sensitive GTPase activity is a property of the Gt that activates PDE. In this model, cGMP serves not only as a messenger of excitation but also modulates GTPase activity, thereby mediating negative feedback regulation of the pathway via PDE turnoff: a light-dependent decrease in cGMP accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP bound to Gt, resulting in the rapid inactivation of PDE.
Evolution of norms in a newly forming group

Norms are expected to make significant contributions towards enabling discourse in cyberspace among people of different backgrounds, just as they do in the physical world. Yet many distributed, electronically mediated groups fail to form norms successfully. Causes range from open discord to the more insidious lack of comfort people experience in groups that fail to openly address disagreements about what constitutes appropriate behavior in the online environment. We present a case study of the evolution of norms about what constitutes appropriate posts to an online discussion forum for a newly forming group. We trace the discussion sparked by a critical incident and show how a design of an online environment that promotes visibility of participants contributed towards overcoming the forces for dissolution and promoted progress towards coalescing as a group with a shared identity.
Statistical Properties from High Resolution Proton Resonance Reactions

The study of isolated compound nuclear resonances has provided both a wealth of spectroscopic information and valuable tests of nuclear models. For the clearest and most direct comparison with theory, individual resonance parameters are frequently more valuable than averaged data.
The Homiletics of Risk

Today there is considerable disagreement between the US and the EU with respect to food safety standards. Issues include GMOs, beef hormones, unpasteurized cheese, etc. In general, it is usually asserted that Europeans argue for the precautionary principle (with exceptions such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement where ``substantial equivalence,'' a form of familiarity, is used) while Americans defend risk analysis or what is sometimes described as the familiarityprinciple. This is not to suggest that EUmember countries agree on how the precautionaryprinciple should be applied; considerabledifferences exist among nations as will benoted below. In this paper I review both positionsarguing that they are best understood asvariants of the homiletics of risk rather thanas differing scientific positions. I concludethat while science must necessarily enter intothe formulation of food and agriculturalstandards, state policy, private economicinterests, and the interface between the two(e.g., when democratic states are successfullylobbied to support particular privateinterests), play important roles in determininghow particular risks will be treated. Moreover,I argue that the role of science mustnecessarily be limited if its credibility is tobe preserved.
Food Studies and Disability Studies: Introducing a Happy Marriage

Food Studies scholarship has yet to make the notion of "disability" central to its analyses. At the same time, Disability Studies scholarship, with its long tradition of examining the social, cultural, and environmental nature of disability, and its emphasis on inclusion and exclusion, has yet to make food and eating a core focus for analysis. Articles in this volume address the site of intersection between these two fields, utilizing a variety of approaches and from a variety of disciplines.
High Efficiency Nondispersive Reactor for Two-Phase Reactions

A novel continuous static reactor concept improves mass transfer in two-phase chemical reactions between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude. The current paradigm for chemical reactions between two liquids requires energy-intensive mixing to disperse droplets of one phase in the continuous phase. The new reactor contacts a continuous free phase with a continuous phase constrained to a multitude of fibers. Phases come out of the reactor cleanly separated. An etherification reaction, a dehydrochlorination reaction, a transesterification reaction, and a vegetable oil neutralization were evaluated in fiber reactors. High conversions of starting materials to products were observed in minutes. Benefits of the new reactor complement the benefits of phase transfer catalyzed reactions.
Enteroviral Disease in the United States, 1970–1979

The enteroviruses consist of five different groups and a total of 67 different agents: group A coxsackieviruses (23 agents), group B coxsackieviruses (six agents), echoviruses (31 agents), polioviruses (three agents), and the newer enterovirus types 68-71 (four agents). The individual agents share certain clinical and epidemiologic characteristics; all of them can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations [1-13]. Many of the agents have been etiologically associated with respiratory diseases, rash illnesses, and nonspecific fevers. Viruses from nearly all of these groups may also infect the central nervous system, causing paralysis, encephalitis, and/or meningitis. Coxsackieviruses, especially coxsackieviruses B1B5, have long been known to cause myocarditis and pericarditis [1, 3, 12, 14-32]. Most enteroviral infections, however, are asymptomatic [1, 2, 28, 33, 34], a key factor in understanding the epidemiology of these agents. Enterovirus surveillance data from the United States for 1970-1979 are presented in this report. Despite the lack of complete reporting, the surveillance system has provided a broad data base for an epidemiologic analysis of enteroviral infections reported in the United States during the past decade.
The effect of salinity on the dispersal and recruitment of fiddler crab larvae

ABSTRACT Behavioral and salinity tolerance studies of early and late stage larvae of Uca pugnax were used to infer possible effects of salinity on the dispersal and recruitment of fiddler crabs. Larvae were induced to swim through salinity discontinuities of 0–10‰ magnitude. Stage I zoeae were inhibited from moving upward through haloclines at A salinity = 6, 8, and 10‰, whereas stage V larvae tended to remain near the bottom of the water column and were inhibited from moving upward only at A salinity = 10‰. Both stage I and V larvae passed downward through all haloclines. Larvae of Uca pugnax were reared in 10, 20, and 30‰ salinity water. Larvae were unsuccessful at molting in 10‰ water. Zoeae reared at 20‰ showed a slight delay in molting compared with larvae at 30‰. More stage V zoeae molted to megalopae at 30‰ than at 20‰, but more megalopae underwent metamorphosis to crab stage 1 at 20‰ than at 30‰. These results support the hypothesis of transport of fiddler crab larvae from spawning areas to major estuaries and continental shelf regions. Only very sharp, steep haloclines would inhibit the vertical migrations of larvae. Our results suggest that larvae are retained nearshore in high salinity water during development and that metamorphosis is delayed until larvae reach lower salinity water characteristic of adult habitats.
Doping-dependent electrical characteristics of SnO2 nanowires.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) represents an importantmetal-oxide group that can be suitable for a range of applications through the incorporation of dopants. For example, the electrical conductivity of intrinsic SnO2 depends strongly on the surface properties, as molecular adsorption/desorption will affect the band modulation and space-charge layer, which makes SnO2 an important conductance-type gas-sensing material. On the other end of the doping spectrum, degenerately donor (such as Sb, Ta, and F) doped SnO2 films are important transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials due to their large bandgap (3.6 eV) and high conductivity. SnO2-based TCO films are expected to be a low-cost alternative to indium tin oxide films in various optoelectronic devices, such as flat-panel displays, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes. Recent studies have also found that transition metal (such as Co and Ni) doped SnO2 acts as a diluted magnetic semiconductor and can exhibit Curie temperatures higher than room temperature. On the other hand, extending the doping processes from bulk SnO2 to nanostructures has been shown to be challenging due to both synthetic issues and ‘‘self-purification’’ mechanisms. In previous studies on SnO2 nanowires/nanobelts, the samples were not intentionally doped and the carriers typically originated from oxygen deficiencies. Intentional doping of SnO2 nanowires was reported recently by our group. Herein, we report systematic studies of the effect of Sb doping on SnO2 nanowires and detailed electrical characterization of the nanowire devices. Our results demonstrate that undoped SnO2 nanowires show Schottky contact to Ti/Au electrodes in air and are suitable for the detection of UV light. Lightly Sb-doped nanowires are promising as high-performance nanowire transistors, and degenerately Sb-doped SnO2
User-controlled generalization boundaries for p-sensitive k-anonymity

Numerous privacy models based on the k-anonymity property have been introduced in the last few years. While differing in their methods and quality of their results, they all focus first on masking the data, and then protecting the quality of the data as a whole. We consider a new approach, where requirements on the amount of distortion allowed on the initial data are imposed in order to preserve its usefulness. In this paper, the constrained p-sensitive k-anonymity model is introduced and an algorithm for generating constrained p-sensitive k-anonymous microdata is presented. Our experiments have shown that the proposed algorithm is comparable quality-wise with existing algorithms.
Experimental results of the start-up scenario for a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz pulsed gyrotron

We present experimental results on our 1.5 MW, 110 GHz, TE 22,6 mode gyrotron, operating with 3 µs pulses. A new internal mode converter (IMC) was recently installed, and it performed well, providing a highly Gaussian output beam1. Our latest studies have focused on the operation of the gyrotron during the rise of the voltage pulse. The power and frequency are measured as a function of voltage in two different ways. First, a heterodyne receiver system that can be gated over various time intervals of the pulse allows for frequencies to be identified during the rise of the voltage pulse to its peak value of 96 kV. Alternatively, the peak voltage can be varied and the power and frequency measured during the flat top of the voltage pulse can be recorded. Around the nominal operating voltage of 96 kV, a small shift in frequency vs. voltage was observed, being slightly higher at lower voltages. As the voltage was further decreased, the frequency shift became more pronounced, and eventually the cavity mode switched to a lower frequency mode. This lower frequency mode varied from ∼109 – 107.5 GHz as the voltage varied from 50 to 70 kV at a main magnetic field of 4.38 T (where the gyrotron has its highest output power). The mode may be a higher order axial TE21,6 BWO mode. We also observed examples of mode switching without a large instantaneous shift in frequency, which is suspected to be the switch from one axial mode number to another. In these cases, the rate of the frequency shift changes suddenly, being larger for the modes with higher axial mode numbers, though the frequency remains continuous.
Scientific perspectives on extending the provision for waivers of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for drug products containing high solubility-low permeability drugs (BCS-Class 3).

Recently, there has been increased interest in extending the provision for waivers of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence (BA–BE) studies that appeared in the guidance published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1) to pharmaceutical products containing Class 3 drugs (High solubility–Low Permeability). The extension of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) to Class 3 drugs is meritorious because of its impact on public health policy considerations. The rate limiting step in the absorption of Class 3 drugs is the permeability through the intestinal membrane. This commentary will focus its attention on the scientific considerations which need to be examined to assess the risk and the benefit prior to granting a waiver of in vivo bioavailability and/or bioequivalence studies for Class 3 drugs. It will examine the forces affecting the interconnectivity of the neuronal, immunological and hormonal systems in the gastrointestinal tract that may affect its permeability and functionality. It will also challenge the assumption that in vitro dissolution and in vitro permeability studies in tissue cultures in the presence and absence of excipients are good predictors for in vivo dissolution and in vivo permeability which are at the heart of the BCS.
WAVE FORCES INDUCED ON VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIERS

Describes a theoretical method for predicting the forces induced by irregular waves on very large crude carriers, in which the hull section is modeled as a prismatic elliptic cylinder. Diffraction of the wave around the elliptic cylinder is taken into account and results are presented for surge and sway force and yaw moment for incident wave angles from 0 degree (head-on) to 90 degrees (broadside-on) at several increments and water depth to draft ratios. Thus, the effect of underkeel clearance is taken into account. In order to verify the method, an experimental study utilizing the captive model technique was carried out at the Netherlands Ship Model Test Basin (NSMB). In this study, forces (and moments) in the surge, sway and yaw directions were measured as the real tanker shape models were subjected to irregular waves incident from 0 degree to 90 degrees at several values. The comparisons, which are presented in terms of the non-dimensional force (or moment) ratios, are considered to be excellent. The procedure described herein can be employed to synthesize external loading histories due to irregular waves acting on very large crude carriers of specified dimensions for a variety of incident wave angles and water depth/draft ratios. The technique can also be employed to derive added mass and damping coefficient functions for the specified tanker. The procedure is an intermediate step in the process of determining the behaviorial response of the moored vessel. The vessel can be considered as moored to conventional piers in relatively protected areas or to sea islands or sea berths in exposed locations. The combination of low computational cost and reasonable accuracy makes it an ideal procedure to employ for a number of engineering applications.
Pressure Drop in Elbows

Abstract The flow of air through elbows and the attendant pressure drop is an integral part of the design of a ventilation system. The traditionally used constants which express such a pressure drop as a function of sharpness of turn and the values of such constants in widely used references were found not to be representative of the experimental values obtained. From the experiments carried out using a wide range of elbows, the results obtained suggest that a single semi-empirical equation may be used to describe pressure drop through elbows of different duct surface characteristics, diameters, and turning ratios. The results obtained for ducts of circular cross section and the resulting equations may be readily used in the design of industrial ventilation systems.
Measuring the success of the federal government's Brownfields Program

In 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) initiated the Brownfields Program to help local governments clean up and reuse hundreds of thousands of contaminated former factories and transportation and other commercial sites in cities and industrialized suburbs. By the end of 2002, the Brownfields Program had distributed grants of about $200,000 each to 436 local governments. Program grants have diffused through federal, state, regional, and local levels of government and private and not-for profit organizations, and have reached into economically distressed neighborhoods. As expected, grant recipients disproportionately had a legacy of contaminated industrial sites and relatively large African American and/or Latino populations. But abandoned factories and environmental justice concerns do not completely explain the geographical distribution of recipients. Award winners tended to be larger cities with more capacity to compete for grants and were likely to be connected to sources of information about the grant opportunity and to decision makers. With a few exceptions, recipients consider the program to be highly successful at stimulating entrepreneurs to remediate and redevelop sites and, sometimes, surrounding neighborhoods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gallbladder Disease in an Elderly Patient

An 89-year-old woman presented to her geriatrician with abdominal pain for 2 days. The pain was localized to her right abdomen, both upper and lower quadrants, with acute tenderness to palpation. She had some nausea and vomiting. Ultrasonographic findings gave concern for acute cholecystitis. A computed tomographic scan was ordered by her primary care physician after admission to the hospital (Figure). Figure. Computed Tomographic Image
Ubiquity symposium 'What is computation?': Computing and computation

In this fifth article in the ACM Ubiquity symposium on What is computation? Paul S. Rosenbloom explains why he believes computing is the fourth great scientific domain, on par with the physical, life, and social sciences. Editor
Does voluntary adoption of XBRL reduce cost of equity capital

– The paper aims to examine whether or not firms voluntarily filing in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) format enjoy a lower cost of capital. XBRL, or “interactive data” as the US Securities and Exchange Commission refers to it, is an information format that enables electronic exchange of standardized business and financial information. , – The authors investigate whether voluntary adoption of XBRL impacts cost of equity capital using a sample of US firms participated in the SEC Voluntary Filer Program, each matched with a pair of non-XBRL filers (matched by two-digit SIC code, same fiscal yearend, and close total assets in the same year). The authors measure firm-specific cost of equity capital at the fiscal year of last voluntary XBRL filing, using the PEG ratio model proposed by Easton, Gode and Mohanram, and Hou et al. , – The results show that cost of equity capital is significantly and negatively associated with XBRL adoption. The magnitude of the coefficient on XBRL suggests that firms voluntarily adopting XBRL are associated with an average reduction in cost of equity capital by 17-20 basis points (conditional on different cost of capital measures). , – There is a research limitation due to the sample of voluntary XBRL adopters as of self-selection bias. The authors address this issue by using the Heckman two-stage regression procedure. , – The study provides evidence on the economic consequence of XBRL adoption in that it benefits shareholders by reducing the cost of equity capital. The evidence should provide regulators like the SEC more incentives to mandate the XBRL standard and motivate companies to adopt the standard as well. , – By showing that voluntary XBRL adopters are associated with lower cost of equity capital, the study provides timely and relevant empirical evidence to the economic consequences of voluntary adoption of XBRL. It also contributes to the limited empirical research on the economic consequences of new information technology and highlights the importance of institutional regulation in shaping the outcomes of new financial reporting format.
Flipping Pennies and Burning Candles: Adventures in Kinetics

The purpose of this Activity is to determine whether the processes of flipping pennies and burning candles follow zeroth- or first-order rate laws. In each part, students collect time-amount data (the number of pennies remaining 'heads-up' versus toss number for the penny experiment and the mass of the candle versus total burn time for the candle experiment). In this Activity, students make use of the fact that for a zeroth-order reaction the amount of an object that disappears over time is constant and that for a first-order reaction the proportion of an object that disappears over time is constant. This Activity is inquiry-based and is intended to introduce the concept of reaction orders and provide students with their first experiences in determining reaction orders and performing simple kinetics calculations. A similar experiment was recently published in the Journal of Chemical Education,but it requires access to a set of classroom computers; this Activity was written as an alternative that only requ...
Problem-based learning: merging of economics and mathematics

We present problem-based learning as a strategy to assist students to integrate both mathematics and economics knowledge as well as develop other skills. We present basic information about problem-based learning, provide an example of an economics problem that could be used in an early undergraduate mathematics course, and provide sources for additional economics problems and information about problem-based learning. While faculty will seldom have a class composed entirely of economics students, the examples that we provide do not require in-depth knowledge of economics but will help undergraduates develop some understanding of the economic world they live in.
A new dielectric isolation technique for bipolar integrated circuits using thin single-crystal silicon films

The fabrication and characteristics of bipolar transistors in thin silicon films formed on insulating substrates by an electrochemical etching process are described, and a new technique for achieving complete dielectric isolation of integrated circuits is discussed.
Regular curves and proper parametrizations

We present an algorithm for determining whether a given rational parametric curve, defined as vector valued function over a finite domain, has a regular parametrization. A curve has a regular parametrization if it has no cusps in its defining interval. It has been known that the vanishing of the derivative vector is a necessary condition for the existence of cusps. We show that if a curve is properly parametrized, then the vanishing of the derivative vector is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of cusps. If a curve has no cusps in its defining interval, its proper parametrization is a regular parametrization. We present a simple algorithm to compute the proper parametrization of a polynomial parametric curve which is used to analyze for cusps and later on reduce the problem of detecting cusps in a rational curve to that of a polynomial curve.