cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regularizing query-based retrieval scores

We adapt the cluster hypothesis for score-based information retrieval by claiming that closely related documents should have similar scores. Given a retrieval from an arbitrary system, we describe an algorithm which directly optimizes this objective by adjusting retrieval scores so that topically related documents receive similar scores. We refer to this process as score regularization. Because score regularization operates on retrieval scores, regardless of their origin, we can apply the technique to arbitrary initial retrieval rankings. Document rankings derived from regularized scores, when compared to rankings derived from un-regularized scores, consistently and significantly result in improved performance given a variety of baseline retrieval algorithms. We also present several proofs demonstrating that regularization generalizes methods such as pseudo-relevance feedback, document expansion, and cluster-based retrieval. Because of these strong empirical and theoretical results, we argue for the adoption of score regularization as general design principle or post-processing step for information retrieval systems.
Diverse Effects of Mutation on the Activity of the Escherichia coli Export Chaperone SecB

The Escherichia coli SecB protein binds newly synthesized precursor maltose-binding protein (preMBP) and promotes its rapid export from the cytoplasm. Site-directed mutagenesis of two regions of SecB was carried out to better understand factors governing the SecB.preMBP interaction. 30 aminoacyl substitution mutants were analyzed, revealing two distinct classes of secB mutants. Substitutions at the alternating positions Phe-74, Cys-76, Val-78, or Gln-80 reduced the ability of SecB to form stable complexes with preMBP, but caused only mild defects in the rate of MBP export from living cells. The pattern revealed by this class of mutants suggests that a primary binding site for preMBP is hydrophobic and contains beta-sheet secondary structure. In contrast, substitutions at Asp-20, Glu-24, Leu-75, or Glu-77 caused a severe slowing in the rate of MBP export but did not disrupt SecB.preMBP complex formation. These largely acidic residues may function to regulate the opening of a preprotein binding site, allowing both high affinity preprotein binding and rapid dissociation of SecB.preprotein complexes at the membrane translocation site.
Pancreatic islet transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys: initial studies and evidence that cyclosporine impairs glucose tolerance in normal monkeys

Using a model of streptozotocin-induced, ketosis-prone, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the cynomolgus monkey, we performed 11 intraportal transplants of collagenase-digested, Ficoll-purified pancreatic islets (9 ABO-compatible allografts and 2 concordant baboon xenografts). Islets were pretreated with ultraviolet-B irradiation and recipients received cyclosporine A immunosuppression. Two grafts never functioned, five grafts showed evidence of partial function, and four grafts (three allografts and one xenograft) showed evidence of good function, with the animals independent of exogenous insulin with morning fasting blood glucose levels less than 200 mg/dl. Because two grafts functioned only after CsA was either tapered or discontinued, we performed a related study that showed that therapeutic doses of CsA (morning trough serum level 150-250 ng/ml) impaired intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) of normal monkeys and may contributed to graft dysfunction in our islet transplantation model. The results show that there is a decrease in release of serum insulin during an IVGTT leading to impairment of glucose utilization, while serum glucagon remains unaffected. After cessation of CsA, the IVGTT did not return to normal for 28 days. Oral glucose tolerance tests were unaffected in CsA-treated monkeys. These initial studies show that the streptozotocin-diabetic monkey is a valuable model to study IDDM and islet transplantation in nonhuman primates. We also confirm studies in rodents, dogs, and sheep by showing that CsA partially inhibits beta cell function in normal monkeys.
Relationship between rate and distance

The activation energies for four Smiles reactions vary with the distance squared between the nucleophilic and electrophilic atoms (consistent with theoretical considerations and pertinent to organic and enzymatic catalyses).
A passive design strategy for a horizontal ground source heat pump pipe operation optimization with a non-homogeneous soil profile

Abstract The effectiveness of a non-homogeneous soil profile for horizontal ground source heat pumps (GSHPs), defined as natural backfill with an intermediate layer of material having different thermal characteristics, is investigated. Steps toward development of a comprehensive model to consider the effects of the non-homogeneous layer are described. The developed model is utilized successfully in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA) search method to obtain the optimized operational parameters for a GSHP in three different climate conditions. A properly sized and engineered non-homogeneous soil profile demonstrated the potential to increase the energy extraction/dissipation rates from/to the ground to a significant level. The potential benefit of a recycled product, Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA), as an insulating non-homogeneous layer is assessed. TDA is demonstrated to be more effective in the cold climate (Buffalo) by increasing the energy extraction rates from the ground approximately 15% annually. TDA's effectiveness is less pronounced in a relatively moderate climate (Dallas) by increasing the energy extraction rates from the ground about 4% annually. For the cooling only scenario (Miami), a high conductive intermediate layer of saturated sand exhibited greater potential to increase the energy dissipation to the ground.
REGULATIVE CAPACITY OF THE ARCHENTERON DURING GASTRULATION IN THE SEA URCHIN

Gastrulation in the sea urchin involves an extensive rearrangement of cells of the archenteron giving rise to secondary mesenchyme at the archenteron tip followed by the foregut, midgut and hindgut. To examine the regulative capacity of this structure, pieces of the archenteron were removed or transplanted at different stages of gastrulation. After removal of any or all parts of the archenteron, the remaining veg 1 and /or veg 2 tissue regulated to replace the missing parts. Endoderm transplanted to ectopic positions also regulated to that new position in the archenteron. This ability to replace or regulate endoderm did not decline until after full elongation of the archenteron was completed. When replacement occurred, the new gut was smaller relative to the remaining embryo but the recognizable morphology of the archenteron was re-established. Long after the archenteron reveals territorial specification through expression of specific markers, the endodermal cells remain capable of being respecified to other gut regions. Thus, for much of gastrulation, the gut is conditionally specified. We propose that this regulative ability requires extensive and continuous short-range communication between cells of the archenteron in order to reorganize the tissues and position the boundaries of this structure even after experimental alterations.
A PR-QMF (wavelet) based spread spectrum communications system

A new spread spectrum technique is introduced whereby the spreading and despreading is achieved using PR-QMF filter banks. The transmitted signal is generated using a synthesis filter bank while an analysis filter bank performs the demodulation process. This paper describes the implementation of this technique, its use as a multi-user CDMA system, and its performance against narrowband interference. Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine bit error rate (BER) performance for AWGN, pulse interference, and narrowband (tone) interference. The AWGN BER is then compared to theoretical performance while the jammer suppression results are compared to standard spreading techniques. >
Amino Acids as Biomarker Candidates for Suicidality in Male OEF/OIF Veterans: Relevance to NMDA Receptor Modulation and Nitric Oxide Signaling

ABSTRACT Veteran populations are exposed to multiple stressful events, and suicidality among veterans is a serious problem. Identifying biomarkers of suicidality may enhance detection, prevention, and treatment. Multiple neurotransmitter systems are implicated in the neurobiology of suicidality, including amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Amino acids as biomarker candidates for suicidality were quantified using mass spectrometry in serum samples from 90 male U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans. Amino acid levels in veterans reporting suicidal ideation (SI) on the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS) (BSS score > 0, n = 19) were compared with those reporting no SI (BSS score = 0, n = 71). Glycine, an excitatory amino acid and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor modulator, was significantly elevated in serum samples from veterans reporting SI (p = 0.043). Serine and aspartate/asparagine, also excitatory neurotransmitters, were nonsignificantly increased in veterans repo...
Estimating EuroQol EQ-5D Scores from Population Healthy Days Data

Background. Preference-based assessments of population health, which may be used for cost-utility analyses, are lacking for most states and communities. With adequate population data, preference-based values can be estimated from non-preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQOL) data. This study estimates scores on the EuroQol EQ-5D, a preference-based measure, from the Healthy Days Measures.Methods.No data set from the US population asks both the Healthy Days and EQ-5D questions for the same respondents. Therefore, estimates for EQ-5D scores were obtained indirectly by matching cumulative distributions of the 2 measures. These distributions were estimated from the 2000— 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The validity of estimates was examined by comparing the mean estimated and observed scores across particular population subgroups. A simulation study was conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method to the regr...
Variable Risk and the Evolution of the Defense Repertoire of the Tupelo Leafminer

This paper explores the defense repertoire of tupelo leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), and the role of natural selection in shaping its suite of defenses against natural enemies. First, I discuss the context and conditions for the evolution of multiple defenses, which are cached within the framework of the generalized predation sequence, where all successful predators must achieve: detection, identification, approach, subjugation, and consumption of their prey. The obligatory nature of this sequence implies that prey are likely to evolve one or more defenses—in response to at least one, but more likely, multiple stages attack. This also implies that there may be tradeoffs with defense efficiency and effectiveness, both in a tactical and evolutionary sense, if prey also fall to the idiom of ‘‘jack-of-all-trades, master-of-none’’. Second, I present, as a case study, the defense repertoire of A. nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). This species exhibits both passive and active forms of defense, which appears to function for different stages. Evidence also suggests that there are potential inefficiencies and costs to fecundity. Finally, I discuss the effects of a highly variable risk environment on prey evolution and the importance of increasing our resolution of predator‐prey and host‐parasitoid interactions.
From Student Work to Exemplary Educational Resources: the case of the CTER White Papers

Within the existing system of education, student work rarely has any value beyond the particular course that it is created for. The work is graded and then usually discarded. The authors describe in this article a way that student work can be systematically made available for use by others beyond the immediate learning context within which it is created. They provide a case study in which this mechanism worked. They describe the benefits and costs of doing this, along with the broader implications this systematic publication of exemplary student work might have for the changing relationship between learning and doing, between education and the rest of society. This publication mechanism, called OPEER (open publishing of exemplary educational resources), can enable education to have an additional major positive impact on the rest of society, creating and maintaining quality- assured resources at a minimal additional cost.
Survey of Millimeter-wave Network Analyzers

This historical overview examines the block diagrams of several millimeter-wave network analyzers. Included are extenders to manual HP 8410 systems, early six-port systems, and several modifications to HP 8542 and 8409 automatic systems. A proposed block diagram for 26.5 - 40 GHz, 33 - 50 GHz, and 40 - 60 GHz operation with a controller-based HP 8510 analyzer is included.
The Moral Manager: Vignettes of Virtue from Virginia

The idea of moral management and moral managers, whether public, private, or nonprofit, is not an oxymoron. The infusion of morality and ethical principles into the work performance and leadership capabilities of various organizational venues, especially in the public sector, is certainly not a new phenomenon. Recently, however, the literature has given great attention to the influence of spirituality upon organizational performance, human relationships, and decision-making. Some writers even suggest that religion or religious principles and values have a significant influence upon the formation, development, and performance of organizational behavior patterns, including organizational performance and managerial decision-making. This article (1) briefly surveys the virtue ethics literature, (2) examines the burgeoning role of religion and spirituality as it affects organizational performance and managerial decision-making, (3) describes the results of eight in-depth and intensively focused interviews with...
Loss Mechanisms in Thick-Film Low-Bandgap Polymer Solar Cells

Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells based on low bandgap polymer:fullerene blends are promising for next generation low-cost photovoltaics. While these solution-processed solar cells are compatible with large-scale roll-to-roll processing, active layers used for typical laboratory-scale devices are too thin to ensure high manufacturing yields. Furthermore, due to the limited light absorption and optical interference within the thin active layer, the external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are severely limited. In order to produce polymer solar cells with high yields, efficient solar cells with a thick active layer must be demonstrated. In this work, the performance of thick-film solar cells employing the low-bandgap polymer poly(dithienogermole-thienopyrrolodione) (PDTG-TPD) was demonstrated. Power conversion efficiencies over 8.0% were obtained for devices with an active layer thickness of 200 nm, illustrating the potential of this polymer for large-scale manufacturing. Although an average EQE > 65% was obtained for devices with active layer thicknesses > 200 nm, the cell performance could not be maintained due to a reduction in fill factor. By comparing our results for PDTG-TPD solar cells with similar P3HT-based devices, we investigated the loss mechanisms associated with the limited device performance observed for thick-film low-bandgap polymer solar cells.
Using rice to understand the origin and amplification of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs)

Recent studies of rice miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs), largely fueled by the availability of genomic sequence, have provided answers to many of the outstanding questions regarding the existence of active MITEs, their source of transposases (TPases) and their chromosomal distribution. Although many questions remain about MITE origins and mode of amplification, data accumulated over the past two years have led to the formulation of testable models.
The early folding kinetics of apomyoglobin.

The folding pathway of apomyoglobin has been experimentally shown to have early kinetic intermediates involving the A, B, G, and H helices. The earliest detected kinetic events occur on a ns to micros time scale. We show that the early folding kinetics of apomyoglobin may be understood as the association of nascent helices through a network of diffusion-collision-coalescence steps G + H GH + A AGH + B ABGH obtained by solving the diffusion-collision model in a chemical kinetics approximation. Our reproduction of the experimental results indicates that the model is a useful way to analyze folding data. One prediction from our fit is that the nascent A and H helices should be relatively more helix-like before coalescence than the other apomyoglobin helices.
Performance Of A Coherent Lidar Remote Sensor In Snow And Fog

During the past 18 months the Wave Propagation Laboratory has operated a ground-based pulsed coherent lidar for remote sensing of atmospheric winds and backscatter. Under normal summer operating conditions, the lidar measures winds to vertical heights of 10 km or to horizontal ranges beyond 15 km. This measurement capability is degraded, however, by the presence of hydrometeors such as snow, rain, and water or ice fogs. Although presenting a much stronger target to the lidar, these phenomena absorb and scatter incident radiation to such an extent that the extinction coefficient is greatly increased. Data are presented that compare system performance during snow and fog with performance under normal operating conditions. Results of lidar parameter measurements from calibrated targets as well as atmospheric scattering are discussed.
Kinetics of the HBr‐catalyzed photoisomerization of the allyl halides

The kinetics of the gas phase bond isomerization of allyl fluoride, allyl chloride and allyl bromide, catalyzed by HBr and ultraviolet light, has been studied in the temperature range of 150–250° and at pressures of 3.5 to 50 mm. The reactions are very clean, first order in allyl halide and HBr, and have a light intensity exponent of unity. A quantum yield for allyl chloride of 3200 indicates a chain reaction. Dilution with inert gases is almost without effect, indicating that excited state intermediates are not involved. A small wall effect is observed. The evidence indicates a free radical reaction, involving hydrogen abstractions by bromine atoms, with replacement at the other end of the allylic radical.
Hybrid PGAS runtime support for multicore nodes

With multicore processors as the standard building block for high performance systems, parallel runtime systems need to provide excellent performance on shared memory, distributed memory, and hybrids. Conventional wisdom suggests that threads should be used as the runtime mechanism within shared memory, and two runtime versions for shared and distributed memory are often designed and implemented separately, retrofitting after the fact for hybrid systems. In this paper we consider the problem of implementing a runtime layer for Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages, which offer a uniform programming abstraction for hybrid machines. We present a new process-based shared memory runtime and compare it to our previous pthreads implementation. Both are integrated with the GASNet communication layer, and they can co-exist with one another. We evaluate the shared memory runtime approaches, showing that they interact in important and sometimes surprising ways with the communication layer. Using a set of microbenchmarks and application level benchmarks on an IBM BG/P, Cray XT, and InfiniBand cluster, we show that threads, processes and combinations of both are needed for maximum performance. Our new runtime shows speedups of over 60% for application benchmarks and 100% for collective communication benchmarks, when compared to the previous implementation. Our work primarily targets PGAS languages, but some of the lessons are relevant to other parallel runtime systems and libraries.
Using quantitative information to improve analogical matching between sketches

Qualitative representations are suitable for sketch understanding systems because they highlight important relationships while leaving out details that are not essential for conceptual understanding. These representations can be used to perform spatial analogies between sketches, which determine qualitative similarities and differences. However, there are cases where including quantitative information is necessary for accurately representing a sketch. We describe a method for using quantitative information to constrain qualitative spatial analogies. The utility of this method is demonstrated in the context of a sketch based educational software system. Importantly, using quantitative information to improve analogical matches is not domain specific. It can be used in any situation where qualitative and quantitative spatial information must be combined to accurately interpret a sketch. This approach has the potential to improve sketch understanding in educational software applications for highly spatial domains.
Presence of diabetes does not matter for percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes with simple coronary lesions: can that be true?

Patients with diabetes now constitute 30% to 35% of patients undergoing revascularization in the United States [(1)][1]. Patients with diabetes have worse outcomes than those without for both coronary intervention and bypass surgery [(2–4)][2], and it has been strongly suggested since the
Granzyme B–Mediated Activation-Induced Death of CD4+ T Cells Inhibits Murine Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease

Granzyme B (GzmB) has previously been shown to be critical for CD8(+) T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but dispensable for GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells. However, previous studies used high doses of CD4(+) T cells in MHC-mismatched models that caused rapid and lethal GVHD. Because of the hyperacute lethality, it is possible that the role of GzmB was concealed by the system. Therefore, in this study, we have titrated down the T cell dose to precisely determine the contribution of GzmB in GVHD mediated by CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Surprisingly, we have found that GzmB(-/-)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells cause more severe GVHD compared with wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in both MHC-matched and mismatched models. Mechanistic analyses reveal that although GzmB does not affect donor T cell engraftment, proliferation or tissue-specific migration, GzmB(-/-) CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exhibit significantly enhanced expansion because of GzmB-mediated activation-induced cell death of wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. As a result of enhanced expansion, GzmB(-/-) T cells produced higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-γ) that may contribute to the exacerbated GVHD. These results reveal that GzmB diminishes the ability of CD4(+) T cells to cause acute GVHD, which contradicts its established role in CD8(+) T cells. The differential roles suggest that targeting GzmB in selected T cell subsets may provide a strategy to control GVHD.
Frequency hopping on a 5G millimeter-wave uplink

In order to overcome the anticipated tremendous growth in the volume of mobile data traffic, the next generation of cellular networks will need to exploit the large bandwidth offered by the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band. A key distinguishing characteristic of mmWave is its use of highly directional and steerable antennas. In addition, future networks will be highly densified through the proliferation of base stations and their supporting infrastructure. With the aim of further improving the overall throughput of the network by mitigating the effect of frequency-selective fading and co-channel interference, 5G cellular networks are also expected to aggressively use frequency- hopping. This paper outlines an analytical framework that captures the main characteristics of a 5G cellular uplink. This framework is used to emphasize the benefits of network infrastructure densification, antenna directivity, mmWave propagation characteristics, and frequency hopping.
Brittle fracture sensitivity analysis on thick-walled metal parts of (ultra) super critical unit

In order to study the thick-walled metal parts brittle fracture problems of the (ultra) super critical (USC) unit, the type and characteristics of the accident on several domestic thick-walled pressurized metal parts brittle fracture failure were researched, as well as the mechanical properties of material and its microstructure. And the fracture behavior of its resolution was analyzed with the theory of fracture mechanics. It was shown that the cause of brittle fracture is due to the existence of cracks, surface defects, etc., then at the crack tip region a state of three-dimensional tensile stress was formed; and the thicker the metal parts, the heavier the tendency of the three-dimensional tensile stress was formed at the crack tip, so it will more easy to lead to the instability of brittle fracture. The conclusion is that the increase of the wall thickness of metal parts of the USC unit, will lead to the increase of brittle sensitivity of its metal parts.
Analysis on the Security of Shaanxi Power Grid Structure

The analysis on the security of grids structure will improve the ability of anticipating the grid accidents and controlling the grid risks.It will also help power company guarantee the whole process of safe production in whole aspects.Combined with the working standard of evaluation of grids structure security,the weak points of grids are found,and relevant suggestions are provided as well.
Comprehensive assessment of subsurface drainage construction in the Yellow River Delta

Taking the subsurface drainage project in the Yellow River Delta as an example,we conducted financial analysis and investigation of the project performance;we analyzed the economic,ecological and social benefits.The results showed that 297.63 hm2 salinized wasteland was reclaimed into arable land,accounting for 44.6% of the total farmland area in the project area;more than 90% of the subsurface drained land have been desalinized.The subsurface drainage project produced remarkable economic,ecological and social benefits.For cotton production in the study area,the calculated financial net present value(FNPV) was 8099300 yuan for a discount rate of 12%,the dynamic investment pay-back period(PT) was 7.54 years;the Financial Interval Revenue Rate(FIRR) was 21.97%,which is greater than the benchmark yield of 12%.Therefore,it is beneficial to build subsurface drainage systems in the Yellow River Delta.
Determination of IAA and GA_3 in the Male Floral Buds of Populus tomentosa Carr.by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis

A high performance capillary electrophoresis method was established for the determination of indoleacetic acid(IAA) and gibberellic acid-3(GA3) in male floral buds of Populus tomentosa Carr..The samples were extracted with methanol by ultrasonic.Effects of experimental conditions,such as concentration and pH value of buffer,separation voltage,separation teperature and injection time on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimal conditions were as follows:running buffer:pH 8.0 10 mmol/L borate-2.5 mmol/L SDS,injection time:5 s with a pressure of 50 mbar,determination temperature:25 ℃,applied voltage:22 kV,detection wavelength:200 nm.Under the optimum conditions,good linearities between peak areas and concentrations of IAA and GA3 were found in the ranges of 0.04-0.2 mg/L for IAA and 0.2-1.00 mg/L for GA3,with their correlation coefficients of 0.995 2 and 0.999 8,respectively.Two target analytes could be completely separated in 10 min.With the advantages of simple extraction,fast separation and high accuracy,the proposed method could be simultaneously applied in the determination of IAA and GA3 in plant samples.
[Survey on the recessive infection of pathogen to hand-foot-mouth disease among healthy adults and children in Guangdong province].

Objective To understand the pathogen-carrying status of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) among healthy people in Guangdong province.Methods Stool specimens were collected randomly on 7 age groups from 7 cities in Guangdong province.Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect enterovirus (EV),enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackie virus A16 (CA16).Results Altogether,1285 stool specimens were collected.The positive rates of EV71,CA16 and other enterovirus were 0.39％ (5/1285),0.23％ (3/1285) and 7.00％ (90/1285),respectively.The highest EV71 positive rate (1.79％) was among the 4-6-year-old group,followed by the age group 0-3 with positive rate as 0.67％.EV71 was not found among the rest age groups.The highest CA16 positive rate (1.35％) was among the 4-6 year-olds group,but the CA16 was not found among the rest age groups.EV71 was only found among native population,with the positive-rate as 0.47％.CA16-positive rate was 0.19％ among the native population and 0.85％ among floating population,with no significant difference found (P＞0.05).The EV71 positive rate was 0.36％ among rural residents and 0.54％ among urban residents,but with no significant difference (P＞0.05).All CA16 was found among the urban residents.Conclusion Recessive infection of EV71 and CA16 were only found among 0-6 year-old group but not found among other groups,which suggested that the approaches on prevention and control should be targeted to all children especially on pre-school children. Key words: Enterovirus 71; Coxsackie virus A16; Hand-foot-mouth disease; Recessive infection
The International Protozoan Type Slide Collection: Its Origin and Goals

At the First International Conference on Protozoology held in Prague, 1961, Dr. Jaroslav Weiser urged protozoologists around the world to consolidate their slide collections, publish the contents, and deposit type materials in centralized locations. Between 1961 and 1970, the single strongest force for organized invertebrate collections was the founder of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology (S.I.P.), the late Dr. Edward A. Steinhaus. In June, 1965, he was instrumental in the formation of the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, a joint venture of the National Cancer Institute and the Smithsonian Institution. By July, 1968, he had established the Center for Pathobiology under the auspices of the University of California at Irvine. In an editorial to the Society (1968), Dr. Steinhaus stressed the need for centers around the world to serve, among other purposes, as repositories for type materials of infectious agents.
A 1.8 Gb/s fully integrated optical receiver for OOK visible light communication in 0.35 μm CMOS

This paper presents a fully integrated optical receiver for On-Off-Keying (OOK) visible-light communication (VLC) links. The circuit is implemented in AMS 0.35μm technology, with the OPTO process option allowing for high-quality photo-detectors integration. The implemented receiver exhibits a low input referred noise density of 5 pA/VHz to meet the sensitivity requirements of free-space optical wireless links in the visible spectrum. The receiver is tested as a part of an optical setup at 46 cm distance from a 680-nm laser-diode source. A measured 1.8 Gb/s data-rate with a bit-error-rate of 5×10−5 is achieved through the use of high bandwidth circuit design techniques and a programmable integrated equalizer function. The receiver draws 65 mA from a 3.3 V DC voltage supply. The die size is 1 mm × 0.8 mm.
Introduction to the special issue: Family Support of Persons with Disabilities Across the Life Course

ABSTRACTFamily members are a key source of services and supports for people with disabilities across the life course, helping people to remain living at home and in the community. As part of an effort to generate a strategic plan for research on family caregiver experiences and supports, this issue includes four literature reviews on the current state of research, each specific to a life course stage. This introduction presents a framework that combines life course and ecological perspectives to organize the existing literature of family caregiver support and to identify gaps in existing research, as well as opportunities for future investigations.
Speaking of Love in the Polish Witch Trials

According to the classic theory of witchcraft propounded by E.E. Evans-Pritchard, witchcraft accusation expresses otherwise unavowable conflicts, animosities, and sociocultural stresses. Historians of early modern Europe applied Evans-Pritchard’s insights to the witch trials of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, fleshing out our understanding of early modern antipathy through the dark dynamics of neighbourly hatred they reveal. ‘Love’ has found little place in this scholarship, except insofar as love-spells confirmed a picture of early modern love as a burning of the humours, a disorder, an invasive enthrallment. This chapter traces the methodological problems raised by the attempt to find evidence of love and affection in voices emanating from the torture chamber. Through an examination of witness testimony, love magic, and a seventeenth-century case study, I will explore the love expressed in this most unlikely of sources.
Ballistic Impact on Woven Glass/Epoxy Composites at High and Low Temperatures

This paper investigates the effect of temperature on the ballistic limit of woven glass/epoxy composite panels (6×4×0.25in.) at five different temperatures:−60°C,−20°C, R.T, 75°C and 125°C. The studies were conducted by combining experimental and 3-D dynamic finite element approaches. The specimens tested were made of plain-weave S-2 glass fibers/toughened epoxy. The composite panels were impacted using an in-house gas gun. The time-histories of impact-induced dynamic strains was recorded. The damaged specimens were inspected visually and using the ultrasonic C scan method. A 3-D dynamic finite element (FE) software, with Chang-Chang composite damage model, was then used to simulate the experimental results of the ballistic impact tests. Good agreement between experimental and FE results has been achieved.
G180(P) Rare case of duplicate pituitary plus syndrome

Duplication of the pituitary gland is a rare craniofacial developmental malformation of unknown cause. It often associated with a spectrum of defects. Through use of an illustrative case, we discuss some of the associations that can develop with this condition and examine the images available. In addition, we review the literature available on this unusual presentation. EH is a 9 year old girl with duplication of pituitary gland – plus syndrome confirmed by her postnatal MRI scan. She is also antenatally diagnosed as having pharyngeal cystic swelling. She has demonstrated a number of complications associated with this syndrome, including advanced skeletal maturation, scoliosis, cleft palate, hypoglossal cyst, thyroglossal cyst, choanal atresia, hypertelorism, encephalocele, developmental delays and precocious puberty. Although her initial pharyngeal teratoma was excised shortly after birth, there remained tissue in the base of the skull which has been monitored with regular tumour markers and MRI screening. At the age of 6, development of breast tissue was noted which has been treated with regular goserelin injections. Most recently, she presented with auditory hallucinations of a distressing nature, which no other reported cases have. She is considered to have (duplication of pituitary gland) DPG-plus syndrome. Due to the rarity of this condition; which is less than 40 cases since 1880, a limited amount of literature is available. We have reviewed the available research and summarised possible causes and some of the important associations with this presentation.
Towards a Unified Definition of Open Source Quality

Software quality needs to be specified and evaluated in order to determine the success of a development project, but this is a challenge with Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) because of its permanently emergent state. This has not deterred the growth of the assumption that FLOSS is higher quality than traditionally developed software, despite of mixed research results. With this literature review, we found the reason for these mixed results is that that quality is being defined, measured, and evaluated differently. We report the most popular definitions, such as software structure measures, process measures, such as defect fixing, and maturity assessment models. The way researchers have built their samples has also contributed to the mixed results with different project properties being considered and ignored. Because FLOSS projects are evolving, their quality is too, and it must be measured using metrics that take into account its community’s commitment to quality rather than just its software structure. Challenges exist in defining what constitutes a defect or bug, and the role of modularity in affecting FLOSS quality.
Two-Phase Servomotors

The machines to be studied in this chapter are basically induction motors, but their purpose is different from that of the motors discussed so far in this book. The name servomotors is meant to imply that they should be considered as auxiliary parts, namely, as components of automatic control systems. Their essential purpose is not power conversion per se, but rather the translation of a time-varying signal into a corresponding time-varying motion. Some examples may help to illustrate the idea to those readers who have not yet studied feedback control systems.
The development of a conceptual model of root growth

A process-oriented model is presented for the description of root growth in dicotyledonous seedlings with taproots. The model is being developed to describe the relationships between root growth and colonization of the root by various microorganisms and infection by soilborne pathogens. The model is based on processes depicting the initiation and development of root segments. A root segment is defined as that portion of a root between successive branches or from the most terminal branch to the root tip. Each segment is identified by its root order, according to the morphometric root analysis system, and root type. Three root types are recognized: taproot, primary and secondary lateral roots, and basal roots. The model begins with planting, proceeds through seed germination and taproot formation, primary and secondary lateral branching, and basal root initiation and branching. The time delays between successive stages are major determinants of the dynamics of the model. The model is adaptable to fibrous root systems and monocotyledonous seedlings.
Larry Laudan Beyond Positivism and Relativism. Theory, Method, and Evidence

Introduction The Sins of the Fathers: Positivist Origins of Postpositivist Relativisms Theory And Evidence Demystifying Underdetermination Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination (with Jarrett Leplin.) Methods And Progress A Problem-Solving Approach to Scientific Progress For Method: Answering the Relativist Critique of Kuhn and Feyeraband Reconciling Progress and Loss Choosing The Aims And Methods Of Science Progress or Rationality? The Prospects for Normative Naturalism The Rational Weight of the Scientific Past: Forging Fundamental Change in a Conservative Discipline Normative Naturalism: Replies to Friendly Critics History And Sociology Of Science The Pseudo-Science of Science? The Demise of the Demarcation Problem Science at the BarCauses for Concern Dominance and the Disunity of Method: Solving the Problems of Innovation and Consensus (with Rachel Laudan.).
Endoscopic Therapy for Superficial Esophageal Cancer

Staging and treatment of superficial esophageal cancer has greatly evolved over the last decade. Through an improved understanding of the risks of locoregional invasion and distant metastasis in T1a tumors, treatment has moved away from esophagectomy to less invasive modalities. Recent advances in endoscopic resection techniques have allowed for a safe and efficient alternative to surgical resection in this population. Endoscopic resection can be performed through either endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection. Following resection, ablative therapy of the remaining Barrett’s esophagus segment is recommended in adenocarcinoma. This chapter will provide an overview of available endoscopic resection techniques, their risks, benefits, and the most updated clinical practice recommendations for the treatment of superficial esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Community driven design of living technologies

The digital revolution, which led to the early days of internet, peer-to-peer sharing, and cryptocurrencies, illustrated how novel technologies can be ahead of ethical and political rules and principles. Anno 2018, a similar anarchic political framework is prevalent within the emerging field of biotechnology [1]. To ensure the broadest participation, an equitable distribution of resources, and democratization of this technology, the objective of this workshop is to explore opportunities for Participatory Design (PD) principles to be introduced into the field of synthetic biology. Simultaneously, we provide methodologies for designers, artists, engineers, scientists who aim to or already engage with biotechnologies, to integrate inclusive, political and ethical frameworks into their work.
Translation of Porto or The Republic of Evandria by Lodovico Zuccolo

In Porto, Zuccolo describes a utopia that lacks the strange habits and radical institutions we often find in utopias. In Evandria, the citizens lead a simple life, embrace conventional morality, adopt common Renaissance customs, and serve the public good. The Evandrians’ political system is essentially a mixed republican constitution, and education is the primary reason for their virtuous behavior. Although Evandria’s institutions, customs, and way of life are ordinary, they yield extraordinary results. Evandria is wealthy and militarily invincible; its cities are rich in beautiful monuments, public buildings that offer all sorts of entertainment, and cutting-edge infrastructure. In Porto, utopia is not an astonishing and wondrous place; instead, it is a society that effectively embodies the best of the ordinary world.
The Foxconn Suicides: Human Vitality and Capitalist Consumption

In 2011, as I was finishing a book on human trafficking, I read about worker suicides taking place in electronic component factories in China. The stories circulating in English-language news media...
A multi-level deep learning system for malware detection

Abstract To defend against an increasing number of sophisticated malware attacks, deep-learning based Malware Detection Systems (MDSs) have become a vital component of our economic and national security. Traditionally, researchers build the single deep learning model using the entire dataset. However, the single deep learning model may not handle the increasingly complex malware data distributions effectively since different sample subspaces representing a group of similar malware may have unique data distribution. In order to further improve the performance of deep learning based MDSs, we propose a Multi-Level Deep Learning System (MLDLS) that organizes multiple deep learning models using the tree structure. Each model in the tree structure of MLDLS was not built on the whole dataset. Instead, each deep learning model focuses on learning a specific data distribution for a particular group of malware and all deep learning models in the tree work together to make a final decision. Consequently, the learning effectiveness of each deep learning model built for one cluster can be improved. Experimental results show that our proposed system performs better than the traditional approach.
Process Mining zur dynamischen Wertstromaufnahme

Kurzfassung Globale Markte und Wettbewerber, kundenindividuelle Produkte, kurzere Produktlebenszyklen und ein enormer Kostendruck stellen produzierende Unternehmen vor grose Herausforderungen. Dabe...
The Philosophical and Political Structure of Plato’s Alcibiades Major

Given the ominous shadow cast by Alcibiades over Socrates’ trial, the scholarly assessment of Alcibiades Major’s deserves to be revisited. The aim of this chapter is to critically review the various treatments of Alcibiades Major among ancient, modern and contemporary scholars. It also seeks to highlight modern and contemporary themes the dialogue anticipates, such as feminism and, to a lesser extent, multiculturalism. The review will also show that it was in the nineteenth century that objections were first raised about the dialogue’s structural features and authenticity. Such objections preoccupied most modern commentators of the dialogue, but from all reasonable evidence, commentators from the ancient world had no such qualms about the dialogue’s structural features or about attributing the authorship of Alcibiades Major to Plato.
Interventions Within the Scope of Occupational Therapy Practice to Improve Activities of Daily Living, Rest, and Sleep for Children Ages 0–5 Years and Their Families: A Systematic Review

Importance: Research studies supporting occupational therapy interventions to address feeding, toileting, and sleep can be applied to practice in early intervention and preschool settings to improve the outcomes of young children and their families. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve activities of daily living, rest, and sleep for children ages 0–5 yr and their families. Data Sources: Five databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, OTseeker, ERIC) and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness were searched for studies published between January 2000 and March 2017. Study Selection and Data Collection: Inclusion criteria were Levels I–III evidence, being within occupational therapy’s scope of practice, including participants with a mean age younger than 6 yr, and addressing self-care, activities of daily living, and rest and sleep. Findings: Forty articles were appraised, and three themes emerged: interventions to address feeding and eating, interventions to address toileting, and interventions to address rest and sleep. Additional subthemes of behavioral approaches, parent and caregiver education, and contextual intervention were revealed. Conclusions and Relevance: Occupational therapy practitioners should consider the use of interventions with moderate or strong evidence as described in this review. Limitations include risk of bias and limited evidence for several interventions. What This Article Adds: This article provides a broader perspective on evidence-based practice by examining studies within the scope of occupational therapy practice published outside of current occupational therapy publications. The review includes studies from nutrition, nursing, and psychology, which address interdisciplinary care, family coaching and education, and behavioral approaches within the professional scope of occupational therapy to improve the functional performance, routines, and quality of life for young children and their caregivers.