cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TU‐C‐M100J‐09: Application of a PARMA Algorithm to Predict Intrafraction Respiratory Motion

Purpose: Accurate motion tracking can decrease normal tissuedose, PTV margins, and shorten treatment times required for radiation therapy. A Periodic Autoregressive Moving Average (PARMA) model was developed to predict one‐dimensional respiratory motion in human subjects. Methods and Materials: A PARMA prediction algorithm was applied to clinical respiration signals from three categories: free‐breathing, audio instruction, and audio‐visual coaching. The PARMA model of the respiration motion is a dual‐component signal, a partially correlated time‐series superimposed onto a periodic pattern. The periodic component was estimated by averaging over the inhale‐exhale cycles in a 60‐second sample of the respiration signal, and the autocorrelation in the residual signal was modeled by linear autoregressive moving average equations. The PARMA predictions were compared to the system latency errors produced when tumor tracking is done without forward predictions. Results: For audio‐visual coaching, the PARMA prediction errors (1σ) were 0.09 mm, 0.23 mm and 0.99 mm at 0.1 s, 0.2 s and 0.5 s respectively. A prediction error of 0.99 mm is equivalent to 7.2% of the average end‐inhale to end‐exhale motion. By comparison, the errors were 0.60 mm, 1.20, and 2.90 mm when the lagged signal is used as an estimate of current position at 0.1 s, 0.2 s and 0.5 s respectively. For free‐breathing respiration, PARMA predictions were accurate to within 0.10 mm (1σ) at 0.1 seconds, 0.24 mm at 0.2 seconds, and 1.07mm at 0.5 seconds. The system latency errors were also similar to the coached signals. Conclusion:Tumor tracking with dynamic MLC can theoretically achieve system latency times of 0.16 seconds with accuracy of about 1 mm. The prediction errors of the PARMA algorithm was well under one‐third of the calculated system latency error for all lag times investigated.
Photolithography equipment control through D-optimal design

In a large manufacturing environment, one of the process engineer's tasks is to ensure that all the equipment and its associated processes are well under control. This is usually achieved by running a daily monitor test on each single piece of equipment. Unfortunately, this leads to a large number of test wafer usages and becomes very time consuming if an out of control situation is detected. Things get even more complicated when the overall process is done by adding several individual processes, since the result of the test on one equipment depends on how well another one did perform. In such case, false alarms might happen and the wrong process or equipment shut down. Therefore, a need for a more reliable method must be proposed. This paper intends to describe one possible solution, and the first results of its implementation in the photolithography area.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Are Present in Epiretinal and Choroidal Neovascular Membranes

Purpose To determine whether vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, which may be critical mitogens for neovascularization, are present together in human retinal and choroidal neovascular membranes. Methods Light microscopic immunocytochemistry using antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and several cellular “oemarker” proteins on frozen sections from three choroidal neovascular membranes from patients with age-related macular degeneration, seven surgically excised epiretinal membranes from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and six epiretinal membranes from patients with nonischemic proliferative retinopathies. Results All three choroidal neovascular membranes and all seven epiretinal membranes stained positive for vascular endothelial growth factor. Two choroidal neovascular membranes and six of the epiretinal membranes were positive for basic fibroblast growth factor. The same cells were often positive for both antigens. None of the epiretinal membranes from patients with nonischemic proliferative retinopathies were positive for either growth factor. Many of the cells that demonstrated growth factors were glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Conclusions Colocalization of two growth factors in the same cells of ocular neovascular membranes suggests that more than one growth factor may contribute to pathologic angiogenesis. Growth factors in neovascular tissues are not localized exclusively in the vascular endothelium. Because expression of some growth factors is stimulated by hypoxia, their localization within choroidal neovascular membranes suggests that hypoxia may be an etiologic factor for choroidal as well as for retinal neovascularization.
Methodological Considerations in Interpreting Research on Self-Concept.

The purposes of this paper are twofold: (1) to provide a brief review of methods used in validating construct interpretat ions of self-concept measurements and show where the papers in this special issue of Journal o f Youth andAdolescence fall within this domain; and (2) to point out what we consider to be the strengths and l imitations o f each paper. As a point o f departure, a couple of general comments about this issue of the journal are in order. In the literature on self-concept (esteem, image, perception view) 4 only scant at tention has been paid to methodological problems (see Crowne and Stephens, 1961; Gordon, 1969; Shavelson, et al. 1976; Wylie, 1961, 1974). An issue of a journal devoted to this topic, then, certainly is a welcome sight. Fur thermore, studies of self-concept have focused primarily on young children, schoolchildren without special attention to adolescents, or children in clinical settings. The recognition of the
Ergodic solutions of stochastic differential equations

An L2-ergodic theorem is proved for solutions of stochastic differential equations driven by semi-martingales. A new proof, using local time, is given in the Brownian case. This allows an extension to solutions driven by semimartingales, showing that ergodicity of solutions is a martingale property rather than a Markov one. A strong stability result is proved as a consequence of the L2-ergodic theorem
An edge-oriented approach to thematic map error assessment

The objective of this analysis is to develop a method of classification error assessment that can contribute to techniques designed to evaluate change products with an emphasis on edge locations in landscapes. Reference land-cover data were developed within 10 randomly sampled regions across the study site, approximately 9 km2 each. Sample pixels were partitioned and allocated among two domain categories, interior and edge. The assignment of pixels to domain categories was based on neighbourhood heterogeneity. Classification error was assessed within domain categories on a pixel-by-pixel basis, evaluating agreement between map values and majority land cover. To demonstrate the methodology, we present summary results for this technique applied to a land-cover classification of south-central Indiana. Omission error was less than 8.3% within interior domains and from 25.8% to 36.4% in the edge. Commission error was below 26.7% within the interior domains and ranged from 13.9 to 74.6% in the edge domains.
Unmasking by antimetabolites of receptors for sheep red blood cells on human lymphocytes

Abstract The action of antimetabolites (puromycin, cycloheximide) and cold was studied in the human rosette system. We found that the number of detectable receptors for sheep red blood cells on peripheral blood lymphocytes was increased in presence of some concentration of these drugs. A similar finding was noted when the blood lymphocytes were left at 4 °C. The possibility that both cold and antimetabolites, by modifying the cell membrane mobility, increase the receptor affinity and thus the number of detectable receptors is discussed. Another attractive possibility is also presented. We propose that the unmasking effect by antimetabolites is due to inhibition of protein synthesis which is necessary to better express the receptors for sheep red blood cells on human lymphocytes. This concept of decreased protein synthesis affecting the expression of surface receptors may be a more general phenomenon.
Some effects of low-oxygen atmospheres on potato tubers

White Rose potatoes were held in 21, 5, 1, and 1/2% O2 at 68, 59, and 41 F to test their response to atmospheres low in O2 during a simulated transit period of 8 days. In 1 and 1/2% O2, suberization and periderm formation were severely inhibited, and decay was widespread at 68 and 59 F. Inhibition of suberization and periderm formation persisted during subsequent holding in air at 68 to 72 F. Black heart developed in tubers held in 1 and 1/2% O2 at 59 or 68 F. Off-odors and off-flavors developed at 68 and 59 F in 1/2% O2, but disappeared after 8 subsequent days in air at 68 to 72 F. Tubers held in 5% O2 differed little from those held in air, except that periderm formation was reduced in 5% O2.
ADR1 Activation Domains Contact the Histone Acetyltransferase GCN5 and the Core Transcriptional Factor TFIIB

The yeast transcriptional activator ADR1, which is required for ADH2 and peroxisomal gene expression, contains four separable and partially redundant activation domains (TADs). Mutations in ADA2 or GCN5, encoding components of the ADA coactivator complex involved in histone acetylation, severely reduced LexA-ADR1-TAD activation of a LexA-lacZ reporter gene. Similarly, the ability of the wild-type ADR1 gene to activate an ADH2-driven promoter was compromised in strains deleted for ADA2 or GCN5. In contrast, defects in other general transcription cofactors such as CCR4, CAF1/POP2, and SNF/SWI displayed much less or no effect on LexA-ADR1-TAD activation. Using an in vitro protein binding assay, ADA2 and GCN5 were found to specifically contact individual ADR1 TADs. ADA2 could bind TAD II, and GCN5 physically interacted with all four TADs. Both TADs I and IV were also shown to make specific contacts to the C-terminal segment of TFIIB. In contrast, no significant binding to TBP was observed. TAD IV deletion analysis indicated that its ability to bind GCN5 and TFIIB was directly correlated with its ability to activate transcription in vivo. ADR1 TADs appear to make several contacts, which may help explain both their partial redundancy and their varying requirements at different promoters. The contact to and dependence on GCN5, a histone acetyltransferase, suggests that rearrangement of nucleosomes may be one important means by which ADR1 activates transcription.
Lysis of human cultured lymphoblastoid cells by cell-induced activation of the properdin pathway

Human cultured lymphoblastoid cells incubated in normal human serum activate the properdin complement pathway without antibody. However, only cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors bind components of the properdin complement pathway and undergo lysis. A similar surveillance mechanism may exist in man to limit growth of malignant B cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors.
On the pseudoscalar form factor in weak leptonic nuclear processes

Abstract We have calculated the induced pseudoscalar form factor F p ( q 2 ; i ↔ f) in weak leptonic nuclear processes (i) using the impulse approximation and (ii) applying the PCAC hypothesis directly to nuclei. Differences between the two methods are discussed in detail. Comparison of the two results with the experimental partial-muon-capture rates of 3 He, 6 Li and 12 C suggests that the impulse approximation estimate appears to be consistent with experiment in the case of 6 Li.
Salmonella‐induced macrophage death: multiple mechanisms, different outcomes

Summary The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica triggers programmed cell death in macrophages. The close examination of this phenomenon has revealed an unusually complex picture involving diverse mechanisms that lead to different types of programmed cell death. It appears that the outcome of the interaction of salmonella with macrophages depends on the relative contribution of two type III protein secretion systems, in conjunction with the stimulation of innate immunity outputs through conserved determinants collectively known as ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ (PAMPs). These interactions result in a breakdown of the balance between survival and pro-apoptotic cellular pathways, which eventually leads to macrophage cell death. The relative significance for the infection process of the different types of macrophage cell death triggered by salmonella remains to be established
Benchmark calculations with correlated molecular wave functions. IX. The weakly bound complexes Ar–H2 and Ar–HCl

The interaction of Ar with H2 and HCl has been studied using Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4) and coupled-cluster [CCSD, CCSD(T)] methods with augmented correlation consistent basis sets. Basis sets as large as triply augmented quadruple zeta quality were used to investigate the convergence trends. Interaction energies were determined using the supermolecule approach with the counterpoise correction to account for basis set superposition error. Comparison with the available empirical potentials finds excellent agreement for both binding energies and transition state. For Ar–H2, the estimated complete basis set (CBS) limits for the binding energies of the two equivalent minima and the connecting transition state (TS) are, respectively, 55 and 47 cm−1 at the MP4 level and 54 and 46 cm−1 at the CCSD(T) level, respectively [the XC(fit) empirical potential of Bissonnette et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 2639 (1996)] yields 56.6 and 47.8 cm−1 for H2 (v=0)]. The estimated CBS limits for the binding...
Dynamics of in situ YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting film formation

Abstract The dynamics of in situ superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin film formation was investigated. Emphasis was placed on the temporal dependence of the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transformation. Using X-ray and in situ resistivity measurements, it was confirmed that during deposition, the tetragonal phase was formed, which was quickly transformed to the superconducting orthorhombic phase by in situ post-deposition oxygenation. The transformation takes place in a very short time by the diffusion well, yielding a diffusivity of 10 -10 cm 2 /s at 640°C. It was also shown that complete oxygenation took place in two steps, an isothermal structural phase transformation and an isobaric oxygen uptake.
Excitations of the transversely polarized spin density waves in chromium

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements across the TSDW satellites of chromium were performed at {Delta}E=5,20meV, both under zero field and 5T magnetic field. Analysis concerning the transverse magnetic excitations (T{sub 1},T{sub 2}) and the longitudinal magnetic excitations (L) indicates that T{sub 1} and L are equally intense while T{sub 2} dominates and becomes more so at higher energies.
Splicing I: using mixed basis sets in AB Initio calculations

The effect of mixing (or “splicing”) extended and minimal basis sets on molecular properties such as geometries, Mulliken charges, dipoles, and internal rotation barriers was studied for several test molecules. The effect is gauged by comparison with full extended basis set calculations. It is found that splicing improves most properties relative to full minimal basis set calculations, and little accuracy is lost if the splicing is done in a judicious manner.
Hypergammaglobulinemia in mink.

SummaryThe electrophoretic patterns of normal and Aleutian disease affected mink have been determined. The serum from diseased animals had increased total serum proteins, increased gamma globulin, and decreased albumin.
Comment on "Modeling a shared-load k-out-of-n:G system

The commenter points out several errors in the original work by J. Shao and L.R. Lamberson (see ibid., vol.40, p.205-9, June 1991). >
The psychology of tokenism: An analysis

American society is analyzed as a gender-class system wherein tokenism is defined as a form of interclass mobility. Two role partners, Sponsor and Token, sustain the institution of tokenism: the Token is a member of the deviant class and the Sponsor is a member of the dominant class. The content and functioning of this role partnership are broadly defined. The limitations of tokenism and implications for change in the social system are discussed.
Minimum Wages and Poverty with Income-Sharing

Textbook analysis tells us that in a competitive labor market, the introduction of a minimum wage above the competitive equilibrium wage will cause unemployment. This paper makes three contributions to the basic theory of the minimum wage. First, we analyze the effects of a higher minimum wage in terms of poverty rather than in terms of unemployment. Second, we extend the standard textbook model to allow for income-sharing between employed and unemployed persons in society. Third, we extend the basic model to deal with income sharing within families. We find that there are situations in which a higher minimum wage raises poverty, others where it reduces poverty, and yet others in which poverty is unchanged. We characterize precisely how the poverty effect depends on four parameters: the degree of poverty aversion, the elasticity of labor demand, the ratio of the minimum wage to the poverty line, and the extent of income-sharing. Thus, shifting the perspective from unemployment to poverty leads to a considerable enrichment of the theory of the minimum wage.
Shape Description With An Associative Memory

In this paper a new shape classification scheme is proposed which uses the image processing formalism of associative memory mappings. This scalar transform technique is applied to two-dimensional (2D) images. The shape description is the centroidal profile which is the radius as a function of arc length parametrization of the boundary. Other one-dimensional (1D) representations are also discussed. The scheme is applicable to both full- and partial-view recognition problems. The restoration of degraded images, either due to occlusion or other forms of information loss, is optimal in the least squares sense.
Control of the Na + , K + -ATPase under normal and pathological conditions

The Na+,K(+)-ATPase is an important enzyme in determining the ionic milieu of the cerebromicrovasculature and neurons. The effect of hypertension or aging on this enzyme, as well as its susceptibility to regulation by fatty acids or aluminum, is the focus of this study. A significant increase (34%) in the apparent affinity constant (KD) but no change in the maximum binding capacity (Bmax) for [3H]ouabain binding to the cerebromicrovascular Na+,K(+)-ATPase occurs after induction of acute hypertension. In addition, long chain unsaturated fatty acids stimulate the binding of [3H]ouabain to the enzyme in microvessels from normotensive and hypertensive rats. The synaptosomal Na+,K(+)-ATPase is sensitive to aluminum. AlCl3 (1-100 microM) inhibits the K(+)-dependent-p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K(+)-NPPase) activity of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner. AlCl3 (100 microM) decreases the Vmax by 14% but does not alter the KM, suggestive of non-competitive inhibition. The enzyme from aged brain displays a greater Vmax, but shows the same susceptibility to AlCl3 as the enzyme from younger brain. In summary, disruption of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase may underlie, at least in part, abnormalities of nerve and vascular cell function in disorders where elevated concentrations of fatty acids or metal ions are involved.
Correlates of chemosensory malingering.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Smell and taste tests are commonly employed to quantify chemosensory sequelae of head trauma, toxic exposures, and iatrogenesis. Malingering on forced-choice chemosensory tests can be detected by improbable responding. This study determined whether chemosensory test malingerers differ from nonmalingerers in terms of age, sex, education, and a range of self-reported behaviors and symptoms, potentially providing information of value for malingering detection. Study Design: Case control. Methods: Twenty-two chemosensory malingerers were identified from a large clinical database and matched, randomly, to 66 nonmalingerers on the basis of etiology. Differences in demographics and responses to intake questionnaire items were statistically assessed. Logistic regression was used to identify variables that best predicted malingering behavior. Results: Relative to nonmalingerers, malingerers reported significantly fewer allergies, dental problems, cigarettes smoked, surgical operations, nasal sinus problems, and use of medications, and significantly more putative symptom-related psychological duress, interference with daily activities, weight loss, decreased appetite, and taste loss. Litigation involvement was higher in malingerers than nonmalingerers. Age, sex, education, and length of symptom descriptions did not differentiate malingerers from nonmalingerers. Conclusions: Malingerers of chemosensory tests exaggerate symptom severity and underreport factors that might be construed as contributing to their dysfunction, such as smoking behavior, medication use, and general health. This contrasts with the behavior of malingerers of psychiatric symptoms, who typically exaggerate their general health problems. These data suggest that careful review of past medical records should be used to verify patient reports to better detect chemosensory malingering in cases where financial or other external incentives are present. Laryngoscope, 2010
Failure of Opsonization as a Sign of Lethal Sepsis

Klebanoff and Clark [1] and Pincus and Klebanoff [2] have shown that the incorporation of radiolabeled iodide (1125) with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an opsonized particle such as zymosan leads to formation of iodide in a precipitable and measurable form. This iodination value can be converted to a phagocytic index. Normal indices are calculated; decreased values occur in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and complement deficiencies. The iodination reaction is actually a measure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes' ability to phagocytize as well as of the ability of the serum to support phagocytosis through opsonization. If patient cells are mixed with normal serum, the former is tested; if patient serum is mixed with normal cells, the ability of the serum to support opsonization is tested. A group of 10 surgical intensive-care patients at high risk for developing sepsis were observed. Serial iodination studies were performed on each patient to determine the phagocytic index of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and, indirectly, the ability of the patient's serum to support opsonization. These values were
Monolayer culture of cells originating from a preimplantation bovine embryo.

The objective of this study was to establish a method by which trophectodermal cells originating from individual preimplantation bovine embryos could be perpetuated in monolayer culture. A single, Day-11 bovine embryo collected nonsurgically from a mixed-breed beef cow was cultured in Ham's F10 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, insulin and epidermal growth factor. After 13 d in culture the embryo had adhered to the surface of the plastic culture vessel and a monolayer covering 0.3 cm2 had developed in the manner of a tissue explant. The monolayer was successfully dispersed using trypsin-EDTA and the cells were passaged Expansion to a 25-cm2 flask was achieved by the 4th passage. By passaging cultures at a dilution ratio of 1∶2, cells were maintained for 38 passages before growth slowed. Transfers beyond the 44th passage were unsuccessful. The cell line, designated BE-13, was successfully frozen and thawed at the 9th, 12th, 15th, and 20th passages. The cell line contains both mono- and binucleate cells with a prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum characteristic of ruminant trophoblast cells. Susceptibility to eight bovine viruses was demonstrated. Such cell lines may provide inexpensive systems for the study of trophoblast metabolism and for investigation of the role of the trophoblast in the pathogenesis of selected bovine abortifacient diseases. Because of their range of viral susceptibility, these cells might also be useful for diagnostic purposes.
Information security management: protecting the business with policies

Large companies are involved in numerous lawsuits at any given time. Identifying, retrieving and producing all relevant electronically stored information is a daunting task for corporate counsel, and requires the cooperation of several teams within the company. Information security managers can help protect the business before and during litigation by developing, implementing and enforcing well-written information security polices that align with the business and comply with legal requirements. Proper enforcement of data retention and acceptable use policies can serve to reduce the amount of data collected for review, thus reducing costs for the company.
Solid-particle erosion of Portland cement and concrete

Abstract Solid-particle erosion of Portland cement and Portland-cement-based concrete, and for comparison a nuclear-waste glass, was studied. Using angular Al 2 O 3 erodents of mean diameter≈42, 63, 143, and 390 μm impacting at 20 and 90° to the surface at 50 m/s, we found the erosion rate to be a strong function of erodent size. Erosion rates of the three targets by rounded SiO 2 sand erodent of mean diameter≈450 μm were generally different from those for the ≈390 μm Al 2 O 3 erodent. The glass response was characteristic of a classic brittle material; rates were highest at 90° impact. For the cement, degradation due to local heating and consequent H 2 O loss may have contributed to material loss, and erosion rates were highest at 20° impact. Material loss in concrete was caused by a combination of fracture mechanisms.
On the ability of a physiologically constrained area function model of the vocal tract to produce normal formant patterns under perturbed conditions.

An area function model of the vocal tract is tested for its ability to produce typical vowel formant frequencies with a perturbation at the lips. The model, which consists of a neutral shape and two weighted orthogonal shaping patterns (modes), has previously been shown to produce a nearly one-to-one mapping between formant frequencies and the weighting coefficients of the modes [Story and Titze, J. Phonetics, 26, 223–260 (1998)]. In this study, a perturbation experiment was simulated by imposing a constant area “lip tube” on the model. The mapping between the mode coefficients and formant frequencies was then recomputed with the lip tube in place and showed that formant frequencies (F1 and F2) representative of the vowels [ʊ,o,u] could no longer be produced with the model. However, when the mode coefficients were allowed to exceed their typical bounding values, the mapping between them and the formant frequencies was expanded such that the vowels [ʊ,o,u] were compensated. The area functions generated by ...
Toward a Mindful Psychological Science: Theory and Application

It is argued that, toward mitigating the ‘centrifugal forces’ (Altman, 1987) currently splintering the field of psychology, Langer's (1989, 1997) theory of mindfulness has the potential to become a unifyingframework for the field of psychological science. Toward this end, this article demonstrates the ways in which Langer's work, usually associated with the subfield of social psychology, (a) constitutes a grand theory that advances contemporary developmental theory; (b) has relevance for other basic and applied subfields of psychology (e.g., cognitive, educational, organizational, clinical); and (c) offers practical directives for conceptualizing and treating such social issues as development and remediation of prejudice and discrimination; satisfaction and well-being of adoptive and foster families; and promotion of automobile safety across the lifespan (i.e., the translation of mindless experience into more mindful action).
Strong shock implosion, approximate solution

The self-similar, center-bound motion of a strong spherical, or cylindrical, shock wave moving through an ideal gas with a constant, γ=cp/cv, is considered and a linearized, approximate solution is derived. An X, Y phase plane of the self-similar solution is defined and the representative curved of the system behind the shock front is replaced by a straight line connecting the mappings of the shock front with that of its tail. The reduced pressure P(ξ), density R(ξ) and velocity U1(ξ) are found in closed, quite accurate, form. Comparison with numerically obtained results, for γ=53 and γ=75, is shown.
The endangered species act and economic values: a comparison of fines and contingent valuation studies

Abstract Economic theory holds that the level of punishment set for a violation of a law reflects, or should reflect, the marginal social damage of the violation. This paper considers the implications of this theory with respect to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). In particular, we examine the punishment set forth in the ESA as an indicator of marginal social damage. We compare the level of punishment, or fines, in the ESA to other attempts at measuring the marginal social value of threatened and endangered species, namely contingent valuation method studies. The comparison indicates that fines in the ESA do not depict the marginal social damage incurred with each `taking' of a threatened or endangered species. Further, the comparison shows that the fines are, if anything, too low. Possible modifications to the ESA should consider a fine structure that reflects the degree, or level, of species endangerment. Proposed or existing endangered species legislation in other nations should perhaps also incorporate such a structure.
From start to finish: approaches to introductions and conclusions in technical writing textbooks

The varied treatments, introductions and conclusions receive in technical writing textbooks are explored from the dual perspective of the students who must incorporate the advice into their work and the professors who must present the material to students. The books attempt to focus on specific techniques for generating clear, concise writing, delineate methods of authorial analysis and offer student and professional examples of technical reports. It is concluded that these textbooks are successful when the structure of introductions and conclusions is tied closely to the context of the actual report. >
Breaking non-native hydrophobic clusters is the rate-limiting step in the folding of an alanine-based peptide.

The formation mechanism of an alanine-based peptide has been studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with a recently developed all-atom point-charge force field and the Generalize Born continuum solvent model at an effective salt concentration of 0.2M. Thirty-two simulations were conducted. Each simulation was performed for 100 ns. A surprisingly complex folding process was observed. The development of the helical content can be divided into three phases with time constants of 0.06-0.08, 1.4-2.3, and 12-13 ns, respectively. Helices initiate extreme rapidly in the first phase similar to that estimated from explicit solvent simulations. Hydrophobic collapse also takes place in this phase. A folding intermediate state develops in the second phase and is unfolded to allow the peptide to reach the transition state in the third phase. The folding intermediate states are characterized by the two-turn short helices and the transition states are helix-turn-helix motifs-both of which are stabilized by hydrophobic clusters. The equilibrium helical content, calculated by both the main-chain Phi-Psi torsion angles and the main-chain hydrogen bonds, is 64-66%, which is in remarkable agreement with experiments. After corrected for the solvent viscosity effect, an extrapolated folding time of 16-20 ns is obtained that is in qualitative agreement with experiments. Contrary to the prevailing opinion, neither initiation nor growth of the helix is the rate-limiting step. Instead, the rate-limiting step for this peptide is breaking the non-native hydrophobic clusters in order to reach the transition state. The implication to the folding mechanisms of proteins is also discussed.
A new EOG-based eyeblink detection algorithm

Accurate and efficient operator functional state classification and assessment based on physiological data have many important applications ranging from operator monitoring to interaction and control of human/machine systems. Eyeblink characteristics are frequently used as physiological indicators for this purpose. In this paper, we describe an efficient and robust eyeblink detection algorithm based on nonlinear analysis of the electrooculogram (EOG) signal. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated via data analysis results of several benchmark test sets in comparison with another eyeblink detection algorithm.
Concept for military surveys to IHO standards without shore stations using the Real-Time GIPSY (RTG) Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) conducts hydrographic surveys in accordance with International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 hydrographic survey standards. Presently, under most circumstances, shore stations must be established for collecting tide information that is used to define the local vertical chart datum, derive tidal correctors to reduce soundings to the chart datum, and derive harmonic constituents for future tide predictions. In addition, in many cases a shore station must be established that provides differential corrections to the GPS pseudo-ranges used by the survey vessel for accurate horizontal positioning. This current concept of operations requires clearances and permissions from national/local authorities and landowners to access and establish these shore stations. It also requires substantial efforts to establish or maintain security for both shore parties and equipment left behind at the shore stations. Recently, NAVOCEANO acquired 21 GPS receivers from NavCom Technology, Inc. with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Real-Time GIPSY (RTG) capabilities and associated StarFire/spl trade/ Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS) services from C&C Technologies in partnership with NavCom. NAVOCEANO has integrated these RTK/RTG receivers into its Mission Survey Systems on its fleet of survey ships and their Hydrographic Survey Launches (HSLs) and non-ship survey assets. The RTG software produces globally uniform precise GPS orbit and clock corrections. Using StarFire's satellite-based RTG signal with corrections for solid Earth tide, NAVOCEANO conducted tests that indicated horizontal accuracies of 20 cm (2 sigma) and vertical accuracies of 24 cm (2 sigma) wherever the INMARSAT-C signals can be reached. These accuracies in the horizontal and vertical along with techniques to acquire the ellipsoid-chart datum separation using GPS buoys indicate a capability to survey anywhere in the littorals (outside territorial waters) to IHO standards without establishing shore stations. This paper will discuss progress on a new concept of operations under development at NAVOCEANO using the NavCom GPS technology, GPS buoys, and bottom-mounted tide gages to support the Navy's need for navigational charting and near-real-time battlespace characterization.
Segmentation of medical images using a genetic algorithm

Segmentation of medical images is challenging due to poor image contrast and artifacts that result in missing or diffuse organ/tissue boundaries. Consequently, this task involves incorporating as much prior information as possible (e.g., texture, shape, and spatial location of organs) into a single framework. In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm for automating the segmentation of the prostate on two-dimensional slices of pelvic computed tomography (CT) images. In this approach the segmenting curve is represented using a level set function, which is evolved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Shape and textural priors derived from manually segmented images are used to constrain the evolution of the segmenting curve over successive generations.We review some of the existing medical image segmentation techniques. We also compare the results of our algorithm with those of a simple texture extraction algorithm (Laws' texture measures) as well as with another GA-based segmentation tool called GENIE. Our preliminary tests on a small population of segmenting contours show promise by converging on the prostate region. We expect that further improvements can be achieved by incorporating spatial relationships between anatomical landmarks, and extending the methodology to three dimensions.
The Impact of Pressure from Potential Client Business Opportunities on the Judgments of Auditors across Professional Ranks

This study examines the impact of the pressure to obtain potential client business opportunities on auditor judgments. Thirty‐two lower rank auditors (staff and seniors) and 39 higher rank auditors (managers and partners) were either provided or not provided with information on additional client business opportunities when assessing a client's potential inventory obsolescence risk. Lower rank auditors judged the obsolescence risk to be lower when provided with information on additional business opportunities than when such information was not provided. In contrast, there were no differences in the judgments of higher rank auditors when either provided or not provided with such information. These findings suggest that, through greater tacit management skills and exposure to other counter‐pressures such as litigation and risk‐management concerns, higher rank auditors are better able to manage competing goals and recognize the importance of freedom from client pressure than are lower rank auditors. Implicati...
Treatments of Incoherent Scattering for the Parabolic Equation and ASTRAL Propagation Models

Upward-refracting sound speed profiles, such as surface ducts and most Arctic profiles, induce repeated scattering from a rough ocean surface. Propagation models that treat only surface loss will rarely give the right answer, because the lost energy is discarded from the problem rather than being redistributed into other propagating, small angles. In this paper we present a coupled mode approach which can potentially be implemented numerically into many such models to carry out such a redistribution of energy; we have done this for two range-dependent propagation models, ASTRAL and the parabolic equation model (PE). The coupled mode approach requires as inputs two functions of angle, a reflection coefficient and a scattering kernel. Obtaining these inputs from a particular scattering model, we compare propagation model results with measured Arctic data.
On the development of name search techniques for Arabic

The need for effective identity matching systems has led to extensive research in the area of name search. For the most part, such work has been limited to English and other Latin-based languages. Consequently, algorithms such as Soundex and n-gram matching are of limited utility for languages such as Arabic, which has vastly different morphologic features that rely heavily on phonetic information. The dearth of work in this field is partly caused by the lack of standardized test data. Consequently, we have built a collection of 7,939 Arabic names, along with 50 training queries and 111 test queries. We use this collection to evaluate a variety of algorithms, including a derivative of Soundex tailored to Arabic (ASOUNDEX), measuring effectiveness by using standard information retrieval measures. Our results show an improvement of 70p over existing approaches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sharpey-Schafer lecture: gas channels.

The traditional dogma has been that all gases diffuse through all membranes simply by dissolving in the lipid phase of the membrane. Although this mechanism may explain how most gases move through most membranes, it is now clear that some membranes have no demonstrable gas permeability, and that at least two families of membrane proteins, the aquaporins (AQPs) and the Rhesus (Rh) proteins, can each serve as pathways for the diffusion of both CO2 and NH3. The knockout of RhCG in the renal collecting duct leads to the predicted consequences in acid–base physiology, providing a clear-cut role for at least one gas channel in the normal physiology of mammals. In our laboratory, we have found that surface-pH (pHS) transients provide a sensitive approach for detecting CO2 and NH3 movement across the cell membranes of Xenopus oocytes. Using this approach, we have found that each tested AQP and Rh protein has its own characteristic CO2/NH3 permeability ratio, which provides the first demonstration of gas selectivity by a channel. Our preliminary AQP1 data suggest that all the NH3 and less than half of the CO2 move along with H2O through the four monomeric aquapores. The majority of CO2 takes an alternative route through AQP1, possibly the central pore at the four-fold axis of symmetry. Preliminary data with two Rh proteins, bacterial AmtB and human erythroid RhAG, suggest a similar story, with all the NH3 moving through the three monomeric NH3 pores and the CO2 taking a separate route, perhaps the central pore at the three-fold axis of symmetry. The movement of different gases via different pathways is likely to underlie the gas selectivity that these channels exhibit.
Discipline-based instruction to promote interdisciplinary design of wearable and pervasive computing products

This paper reports on a design experience for undergraduates in computer engineering, industrial design, and marketing that focuses on pervasive computing devices. Across a broad range of targeted application areas and user groups, many of the student designs have been wearable computers. Consequently, our course will be of interest to the wearable computing community, particularly in terms of our aim of bridging the gap between design and engineering. For the two most recent offerings of the course, we have utilized external observers and surveyed the students in order to validate the impact of aspects of our process and changes to it. This paper is based upon 5 years of experience and 2 years of analysis of our course, and it presents an overview of our process with both qualitative and quantitative results from these two most recent offerings.
From Killer Weed to Popular Medicine: The Evolution of American Drug Control Policy, 1937–2000

Here we have a drug that is not like opium. Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil of Mr. Hyde. This drug [marijuana] is entirely the monster Hyde, the harmful effect of which cannot be measured. —Harry J. Anslinger, Hearings on the Marihuana Tax Act, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, 1937
Oncopeptidomics: A Useful Approach for Cancer Diagnosis?

In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Mary Lopez and colleagues (1) describe novel methods for isolation of protein-bound peptides from serum and their characterization by mass spectrometry. Lopez et al. used selected peptide combinations to develop a new profiling method for ovarian cancer diagnosis. To put this advance into perspective, I will briefly summarize relevant previous literature on diagnostic applications of serum proteomic and peptidomic profiling by mass spectrometry. Approximately 5 years ago, a new approach for diagnosing ovarian cancer, by use of SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry, was proposed by the coauthors of the article under discussion (2). It was then hypothesized that proteins or protein fragments released by tumor cells or their microenvironment may enter the general circulation. By the use of a SELDI chip, proteins or peptides could be extracted from crude serum and used for diagnostic purposes with the aid of mass spectrometry and a mathematical algorithm. Similar methods have subsequently been used to diagnose numerous other malignancies, such as breast, prostate, bladder, pancreatic, head and neck, lung, liver, and nasopharyngeal cancers, as well as gliomas and melanomas, with impressive diagnostic sensitivities and specificities. This method has enjoyed ample coverage in scientific journals, the media, and international conferences (3). This author and others have criticized this diagnostic approach for methodological shortcomings and bioinformatic artifacts (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). During the last 5 years, healthy debates have been conducted in journals (including this one) and at conferences (10)(11). An independent validation study would be the best test for this technology. As yet, however, no published validation is available to confirm that these methodologies are working. The proponents of the serum proteomic profiling methods for cancer diagnostics have now turned their attention to another possibility, proposing to interrogate the …
The early larval development of the scyllarid lobster Scyllarides aequinoctialis (Lund) in the laboratory, with a revision of the larval characters of the genus

Abstract Larvae of Scyllarides aequinoctialis reared through eight stages during three months in the laboratory at 24° ± 1°C were still in a relatively early phas of development. The reared stages and later phyllosomas of this species obtained from plankton are described and illustrated, as are the last three stages of a different species, probably Scyllarides nodifer . Records of larvae attributed to Scyllarides are reviewed. Most phyllosomas previously assigned to the genus belong to various species of Scyllarus . Larvae of Scyllarides have been erroneously identified as Thenus or Parribacus . The larval characters of the genus are revised in the light of present findings. Phyllosomas of Scyllarides fall into two groups according to the development of the fifth pereiopod. In one group the latter becomes well developed at a relatively early stage ( S. aequinoctialis, S. astori ); in the other it remains rudimentary throughout larval development ( S. nodifer, S. latus, S. herklotsii ). Although the length of larval life of Scyllarides cannot be accurately estimated, complete development undoubtedly requires several (perhaps 8 or 9) months.
Characterization of strain-induced damage in composites based on the dissipated energy density part II. Composite specimens and naval structures

Abstract Completed in Part I of this work are the description of the basic scheme and formulation by characterizing the damage behavior of composites by application of the dissipated energy density. Part II presents the development of a structural response simulator tool for composite structures subjected to different combinations of boundary displacements and loads. A presentation of distributions of dissipated energy density for the different load combinations on the specimens used in the In-Plane Loader (IPL) procedure described in Part I follows. Simulated response for several structures of interest to the Navy is also presented. They include a ship's mast and a cylindrical shell representing an idealized section of a submarine hull. Displayed are spatial maps of the dissipated energy density (softening maps) for various loading amplitudes. These softening maps reflect how energy is consumed by the different failure events within the structure.