cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P4501B1 in bone marrow is co-expressed with key markers of mesenchymal stem cells. BMS2 cell line models PAH disruption of bone marrow niche development functions.

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are metabolized to carcinogenic dihydrodiol epoxides (PAHDE) by cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1). This metabolism occurs in bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which sustain hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). In BM, CYP1B1-mediated metabolism of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) suppresses HSPC colony formation within 6 h, whereas benzo(a)pyrene (BP) generates protective cytokines. MSC, enriched from adherent BM cells, yielded the bone marrow stromal, BMS2, cell line. These cells express elevated basal CYP1B1 that scarcely responds to Ah receptor (AhR) inducers. BMS2 cells exhibit extensive transcriptome overlap with leptin receptor positive mesenchymal stem cells (Lepr+ MSC) that control the hematopoietic niche. The overlap includes CYP1B1 and the expression of HSPC regulatory factors (Ebf3, Cxcl12, Kitl, Csf1 and Gas6). MSC are large, adherent fibroblasts that sequester small HSPC and macrophage in the BM niche (Graphic abstract). High basal CYP1B1 expression in BMS2 cells derives from interactions between the Ah-receptor enhancer and proximal promoter SP1 complexes, boosted by autocrine signaling. PAH effects on BMS2 cells model Lepr+MSC niche activity. CYP1B1 metabolizes DMBA to PAHDE, producing p53-mediated mRNA increases, long after the in vivo HSPC suppression. Faster, direct p53 effects, favored by stem cells, remain possible PAHDE targets. However, HSPC regulatory factors remained unresponsive. BP is less toxic in BMS2 cells, but, in BM, CYP1A1 metabolism stimulates macrophage cytokines (Il1b > Tnfa> Ifng) within 6 h. Although absent from BMS2 and Lepr+MSC, their receptors are highly expressed. The impact of this cytokine signaling in MSC remains to be determined.
Physiological Stress Response Reactivity Mediates the Link Between Emotional Abuse and Youth Internalizing Problems.

Youth who are raised in emotionally abusive families are more likely to have poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety. However, the mechanisms of this association are unclear. The present study utilized a longitudinal sample of low-SES youth (N = 101, MageT1 = 10.24) to examine stress response reactivity (i.e. vagal withdrawal, sympathetic activation, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal [HPA] axis activation) as mediators between emotional abuse and prospective youth internalizing symptoms. Results indicated that blunted HPA reactivity to a laboratory social stress task mediated the association between emotional abuse and youth internalizing symptoms. Emotional abuse was also associated with blunted parasympathetic nervous system activity (i.e. less vagal withdrawal than average). In sum, emotional abuse is a potent risk factor for youth internalizing symptoms, and this link may be mediated via dysregulation in physiological stress response systems. Primary prevention of childhood emotional abuse and secondary prevention programs that target self-regulation skills may reduce rates of youth internalizing symptoms and disorders.
LARGE OPACITY VARIATIONS IN THE HIGH-REDSHIFT LYα FOREST: THE SIGNATURE OF RELIC TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS FROM PATCHY REIONIZATION

Recent observations of the Lyα forest show large-scale spatial variations in the intergalactic Lyα opacity that grow rapidly with redshift at far in excess of expectations from empirically motivated models. Previous studies have attempted to explain this excess with spatial fluctuations in the ionizing background, but found that this required either extremely rare sources or problematically low values for the mean free path of ionizing photons. Here we report that much—or potentially all—of the observed excess likely arises from residual spatial variations in temperature that are an inevitable byproduct of a patchy and extended reionization process. The amplitude of opacity fluctuations generated in this way depends on the timing and duration of reionization. If the entire excess is due to temperature variations alone, the observed fluctuation amplitude favors a late-ending but extended reionization process that was roughly half complete by and that ended at In this scenario, the highest opacities occur in regions that reionized earliest, since they have had the most time to cool, while the lowest opacities occur in the warmer regions that reionized most recently. This correspondence potentially opens a new observational window into patchy reionization.
Hands-free continuous transthoracic echocardiography: A contemporary evolution of the precordial stethoscope.

Point of care ultrasonography (POCUS) is a rapidly evolving diagnostic modality. Equipment to scan various parts of the body with compact handheld devices is readily available. Surface cardiac ultrasound (US) can be used to rapidly assess volume status, cardiac function, and the detection of pericardial fluid. In the case presented here, we describe the use of a novel, hands-free, biplane, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) probe with a design that provided continuous acquisition of cardiac US images during an operative procedure.
Impaired everyday executive functions and cognitive strategy use on the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity in individuals with stroke undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation

Abstract Executive dysfunction is common in stroke patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation. However, comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of executive functions is often not feasible in this setting. Objective, standardized, and performance-based measures of cognitively-based instrumental activities of daily living (C-IADL) can capture everyday executive functions and inform rehabilitation planning and interventions. The goal of this study was to compare performance of individuals with stroke to healthy age-matched adults in performance on the 10-item Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA). 77 stroke inpatients undergoing rehabilitation and 77 healthy control participants completed the WCPA, a C-IADL measure involving scheduling appointments that requires planning, working memory, shifting, and inhibitory control. Compared to the control group, stroke patients had significantly worse accuracy, made more errors, used fewer cognitive strategies, followed fewer rules, took more time to complete the task, and were less efficient. 83% of stroke patients were less accurate than predicted by their age, and 64% used less strategies than their age prediction. Among 28 participants who screened as having “normal” cognitive function on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the majority had deficits on the WCPA. Our results indicate that the WCPA is sensitive to executive dysfunction in stroke patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation and underscores deficits in C-IADL accuracy, efficiency, and strategy use at this stage of stroke recovery. The WCPA may be a useful measure to ascertain executive dysfunction and to incorporate in cognitive rehabilitation.
Attachment of human adenovirus onto household paints.

Abstract Attachment of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV40) onto surfaces coated with three compositionally different household paints was evaluated experimentally and interpreted based on measured physicochemical properties of the paints. Polar, dispersive and electrostatic interactions between HAdV40 and the paints were predicted using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) model. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) was used to quantify virus attachment to paints from 1 mM and 150 mM NaCl solutions, with the latter having the ionic strength of a typical respiratory fluid. Acrylic latex water-based, alkyd water-based, and alkyd oil-based paints were all determined to be highly hydrophobic ( Δ G s w s Δ G d 0 I F = Δ G d 0 A B + Δ G d 0 L W ≅ Δ G d 0 A B : more negative energies corresponded to higher values of the areal mass density of attached viruses. Hydrophobicity was the dominant factor in determining virus adhesion from high ionic strength solutions where electrostatic interactions were screened out. The hydrophobicity of paints, while desirable for minimizing moisture intrusion, also facilitates attachment of colloids such as viruses. The results call for new approaches to the materials design of indoor paints with enhanced resistance to virus adhesion. Paints so formulated should help reduce human exposure to viruses.
Acting in Musical Theatre: A Comprehensive Course

Acting in Musical Theatre remains the only complete course in approaching a role in a musical. It covers fundamental skills for novice actors, practical insights for professionals, and even tips to help veteran musical performers refine their craft. Educators will find the clear structure ideal for use with multiple courses and programs. Updates in this expanded and revised third edition include: A comprehensive revision of the book’s companion website into a fully online "Resource Guide" that includes abundant teaching materials and syllabi for a range of short- and long-form courses, PowerPoint slide decks and printable handouts for every chapter. Updated examples, illustrations, and exercises from more recent musical styles and productions such as Hamilton, Waitress, and Dear Evan Hansen. Revision of rehearsal and performance guidelines to help students and teachers at all levels thrive. Updated and expanded reading/listening/viewing lists for specific-subject areas, to guide readers through their own studies and enhance the classroom experience. New notes in the "The Profession" chapters to reflect the latest trends in casting, self-promotion, and audition practice. Acting in Musical Theatre’s chapters divide into easy-to-reference units, each containing group and solo exercises, making it the definitive textbook for students and practitioners alike.
On Second Thought, I Think We Should Keep These Colleges Going

use of science." In my own words, the distinction between basic and applied research is more one of attitude than of approach. The conclusion I draw from the foregoing considerations is that a new source of research funding and, more important, of challenges, is being opened to universities by the emergence of the academic-industrial complex. It provides the prospect of universities making contributions to the peace-time prosperity of America comparable to those they made to its war-time defense in the 1940s. There remains only for us academi cians to make the overtures to our industrial counterparts and, with them, to plan how we can proceed beneficially in consort. John F. Kennedy
The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany

1. Sexual harassment and gender equality 2. Equality through litigation: sexual harassment in the United States 3. Diffusion through supranational actors: sexual harassment in the European Union 4. The political path of adoption: feminists and the German state 5. 'Good Behavior Versus Mobbing': employer practices in Germany and the United States 6. Social movements, institutions, and the politics of sexual harassment Conclusion.
Human Chest Impact Protection Criteria

For safer design of restraint systems and vehicle interiors experimental data must be obtained to establish chest injury criteria. Unembalmed human cadavers were used to conduct nine frontal, fourteen lateral impacts including four with a simulated arm rest. Chest impacts were also conducted on rhesus monkeys and baboons to establish primate-human injury scaling criteria. Four human volunteers were used to obtain static load deflection curves in the lateral and frontal directions. The results of the above experiments and those conducted by other investigators are presented and analyzed. Results have been used to suggest chest impact protection criteria both from the standpoint of restraint systems design andvehicle interior design for front and side collisions. /SAE/
A Behavioral Economic Analysis of Mandatory Disclosure: A Thought Experiment Turned Cautionary Tale

Mandatory disclosure is a defining characteristic of U.S. securities regulation. Issuers selling securities in a public offering must file a registration statement with the SEC containing detailed disclosures, and thereafter comply with the periodic disclosure regime. This regime has been highly controversial among legal academics. Some scholars argue market forces will produce optimal levels of disclosure in a regime of voluntary disclosure, while others argue that various market failures necessitate a legal mandatory disclosure system. To date, however, both sides in this debate have assumed, inter alia, that market actors rationally pursue wealth maximization goals. In contrast, this paper draws on the emergent behavioral economics literature to ask whether systematic departures from rationality, such as herd behavior or the status quo bias, might result in a capital market failure. The paper concludes that such a market failure could occur, especially in emerging markets, but also contends that one should not jump to the conclusion that legal intervention in the form of a mandatory disclosure system is necessary, especially insofar as the highly evolved U.S. capital markets are concerned. The paper concludes with a cautionary note against the potential for behavioral economics to be glibly invoked as a justification for government intervention.
CHRONOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ROTATION OF MENTAL IMAGES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. It describes experimental paradigms for investigating the nature of mental images, selective reduction of reaction times, and preceding reaction-time studies of mental rotation. In the experiments described in the chapter, mental transformations and the selective reduction of reaction times are used, jointly, to establish that the internal representations and mental operations upon these representations are to some degree analogous or structurally isomorphic to corresponding objects and spatial transformations in the external world. In all of these experiments, each spatial transformation consists simply of single rigid rotation of a visual object about a fixed axis. However, in related work reported elsewhere, reaction times have been measured for much more complex sequences of imagined operations in space.
Improving screening for diabetes in cystic fibrosis.

Purpose – Annual screening for cystic fibrosis-related-diabetes (CFRD) using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended, but national testing rates are low. The purpose of this paper is to implement the quality improvement (QI) initiative to improve cystic fibrosis (CF) annual screening rates among patients at one CF center. Design/methodology/approach – To improve screening for CFRD at the CF Center, the authors used the Dartmouth Microsystem Improvement Ramp method and formed a collaborative working group. A process map was created to outline the steps and a fishbone analysis was performed to identify barriers and to utilize resources for implementing new interventions. Findings – Prior to these interventions, 21 percent of eligible patients had completed annual screening and after the intervention, it rose to 72 percent. The initial completion rate with the first prescription was only 50 percent, but it improved steadily to 54/75 (72 percent) in response to reminder letters sent six weeks after ...
Rivers and riverine landscapes

Publisher Summary River restoration is emerging as an area of substantial societal investment and presents a wealth of research opportunities in applied fluvial geomorphology. This chapter presents advances in understanding the nature, extent, and legacies of postglacial changes and human activities on rivers systems, which have increased the knowledge of regional river systems. Modern geobiology, encompassing the interactions of organisms and their environment, offers frontier opportunities to researchers willing to work at the interface between geomorphology and biology. The investigation of resistant-boundary channels is an exciting and under-explored area of fluvial geomorphology that challenges to rethink traditional assumptions based on alluvial channels. The dramatic influence of fluvial processes on aquatic and riparian ecology paves the way for collaboration with stream ecologists. Connections to other disciplines are coming to the forefront of research and offer exciting potential for further connections and for the investigation of feedback between both system components and systems traditionally treated as separate domains.
Results of a search for a new class of GRBS in the SMM data

The results of a search for the soft and short Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in the data of the Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) are presented. Data for four events are presented, including their time profiles and spectral characteristics. In one case the instrument time resolution reveals a total burst duration of 55 ms with rise and decay times of less than about 5 ms.
Empirical analysis of new methods for computing minimum cost paths with turn constraints

In this paper we describe a recently developed algorithm for computing least cost paths under turn angle constraints. If a graph representation of a two or three dimensional routing problem contains V vertices and El edges, then the new algorithm scales as O(IEI log V). This result is substantially better than O((EIIVI) algorithms for the more general problem of routing with turn penalties, which cannot be applied to large scale graphs. We also describe an enhancement to the new algorithm that dramatically improves the performance in practice. We provide empirical results showing that the new algorithm can substantially reduce the computation time required for constrained vehicle routing. This performance is sufficient to allow for the dynamic re-routing of vehicles in uncertain or changing environments. Keywords: Dijkstra's algorithm, least cost paths, range searching, routing, turn constraints.
Adapting Common Popular Games to a Human Factors/Ergonomics Course

Introducing fun and humor into the learning environment may have benefits such as increasing student attentiveness and understanding of the course material, lowering tension and boosting student morale. How to introduce humor into a course can be a problem for those educators who feel that they are not natural comedians. One potential solution is to engage students with fun, course relevant games. This paper describes how common popular games have been adapted for use in a human factors and ergonomics (HFE) course. Games that have been adapted include a scavenger hunt, Pictionary, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Cranium and Jeopardy. The adapted games are: a Student Preparedness Scavenger Hunt, HFE Pictionary, Who Wants to Be an Ergonomist, HFE Cranium and HFE Jeopardy. The HFE learning objectives, game rules, sample tasks/questions and scoring recommendations are provided.
The generalized inverse

Rao (1962) suggested a method for calculating a generalized inverse of an arbitrary matrix and used the method to represent a solution to the set of normal equations obtained in the theory of least squares. This method is similar to that used for calculating the regular inverse of a non-singular matrix (namely, the sweep-out method) developed by Gauss. The resulting inverse is a one-condition g-inverse and possesses many properties which make its use more desirable than other proposed g-inverses.This paper contains a discussion of the properties of this one-condition g-inverse, an APL program for computing the inverse, and some examples demonstrating the use of the program. Finally we show that the four-condition unique Moore-Penrose inverse readily follows by the use of this program.
Exchange in On the Exchange: A Baudrillardian Perspective on Isocrates' Antidosis

Recent legislative action invites teachers of rhetoric to revisit Isocrates' Antidosis from a perspective suggested by Jean Baudrillard. A Baudrillardian perspective positions this ancient text as a rhetorical offensive against the conventional value systems that affix very particular meanings to certain types of education and educators.
Stochastic sensitivity analysis of nonlinear primary-secondary structural systems

Abstract A response and sensitivity analysis of the mean-square response of secondary systems attached to yielding primary structures is presented. The main objective is to examine the effect of nonlinearity in the primary structural behaviour on the response characteristics and its sensitivity to secondary systems in a stochastic environment. The procedure follows equivalent linearization with partitioning in order to alleviate the dimensionality problem. Under white noise excitation, results show that yielding of the primary structure generally favours the secondary system response and its sensitivity, except in the tuning region in which amplification can take place due to the frequency shift of the yielding primary structure. With regard to the placement problem of secondary systems, while position sensitivity varies significantly in the linear case, yielding of the primary structure tends to produce a smoothing effect, leading to a more uniform sensitivity behaviour.
Iophendylate (pantopaque) and mr imaging of the spine

Residual iophendylate in the spinal subarachnoid space may closely resemble certain spinal canal tumors on MR imaging of the spine. A knowledge of the appearance on MR imaging scans of iophendylate is essential to differentiate it from spinal tumors.
Cultivation of the African sleeping sickness trypanosomes from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients and suspects.

Abstract 1. 1) The method described made it possible to cultivate T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense readily from patients. 2. 2) Cultures were established with equal ease from blood or from spinal fluid. 3. 3) The method proved to be sensitive, detecting blood and spinal fluid infections ignored by current diagnostic procedures. Thus, approximately 20 per cent. of “negative suspects” from an epidemic area were shown to be infected. Conventional methods were particularly poor for cerebrospinal fluid examination, detecting only 10 per cent. of those obtained by culture. 4. 4) The method is reliable. We have no evidence that trypanosomes failed to grow in pure culture. However, under African field and hospital conditions, many cultures were inconclusive because of contamination. 5. 5) An independent means for estimating the accuracy of conventional diagnostic methods is now provided. It is clear that these conventional methods are often in error, and that the error is always in one direction: that of underestimation. Accordingly, certain earlier investigations require re-evaluation, since failure to detect trypanosomes signifies not that the micro-organisms were absent, as was supposed, but only that the limit of sensitivity of the method had been reached. 6. 6) The culture method should prove to be a useful tool for the investigation of a number of problems which have hitherto resisted analysis.
Detection of citrus canker using hyperspectral reflectance imaging with spectral information divergence

Abstract Citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases that threaten marketability of citrus crops. This research was aimed to develop a hyperspectral imaging approach for detecting canker lesions on citrus fruit. A hyperspectral imaging system was developed for acquiring reflectance images from citrus samples in the spectral region from 450 to 930 nm. Ruby Red grapefruits with cankerous, normal and other common peel diseases including greasy spot, insect damage, melanose, scab, and wind scar were tested. Spectral information divergence (SID) classification method, which was based on quantifying the spectral similarities by using a predetermined canker reference spectrum, was performed on the hyperspectral images of the grapefruits for differentiating canker from normal fruit peels and other citrus surface conditions. The overall classification accuracy was 96.2% using an optimized SID threshold value of 0.008, which was determined under the condition that the errors of false negative and false positive were weighted equally. Considering the high economic impact of missing a cankerous fruit, zero false negative error was achieved by using a threshold value of 0.009, under which the classification accuracy was 95.2%. This research demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging technique coupled with the SID based image classification method could be used for discriminating citrus canker from other confounding diseases.
Absence of Cutaneous TNFα-Producing CD4+ T Cells and TNFα may Allow for Fibrosis Rather than Epithelial Cytotoxicity in Murine Sclerodermatous Graft-Versus-Host Disease, a Model for Human Scleroderma

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation and is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Two main forms of GVHD occur: cytotoxic GVHD (Cyt GVHD), in which TNFα is a critical cytokine in epithelial injury, and sclerodermatous GVHD (Scl GVHD), in which TGFβ plays a major role in fibrosis. To understand the critical early events in GVHD and scleroderma, we are studying a murine model that uses differences in minor histocompatability antigens to generate Scl GVHD. We asked the question: what is the immune environment in this model that promotes fibrosis rather than the epithelial injury of Cyt GVHD? We found that in Scl GVHD, cutaneous CD4+ T cells produced IFNγ and IL-2 but not TNFα, also absent by gene array analysis. The role of cutaneous CD4+ T cells in Scl GVHD may not be an active process through production of TGFβ, but may rather be a passive one due to lack of antigen-presenting cell (APC) support for CD4+ T cells and failure to produce TNFα, a potent inhibitor of TGFβ-induced fibrosis as well as inducer of keratinocyte apoptosis. These APC–T cell interactions and the cytokine environment promote fibrosis rather than cytotoxic epithelial injury in skin in Scl GVHD.
Model of Fission Yeast Cell Shape Driven by Membrane-Bound Growth Factors and the Cytoskeleton

Fission yeast serves as a model for how cellular polarization machinery consisting of signaling molecules and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulates cell shape. In this work, we develop mathematical models to investigate how these cells maintain a tubular shape of approximately constant diameter. Many studies identify active Cdc42, found in a cap at the inner membrane of growing cell tips, as an important regulator of local cell wall remodeling, likely through control of exocyst tethering and the targeting of other polarity-enhancing structures. First, we show that a computational model with Cdc42-dependent local cell wall remodeling under turgor pressure predicts a relationship between spatial extent of growth signal and cell diameter that is in agreement with prior experiments. Second, we model the consequences of feedback between cell shape and distribution of Cdc42 growth signal at cell tips. We show that stability of cell diameter over successive cell divisions places restrictions on their mutual dependence. We argue that simple models where the spatial extent of the tip growth signal relies solely on geometrical alignment of confined microtubules might lead to unstable width regulation. Third, we study a computational model that combines a growth signal distributed over a characteristic length scale (as, for example, by a reaction-diffusion mechanism) with an axis-sensing microtubules system that places landmarks at positions where microtubule tips touch the cortex. A two-dimensional implementation of this model leads to stable cell diameter for a wide range of parameters. Changes to the parameters of this model reproduce straight, bent, and bulged cell shapes, and we discuss how this model is consistent with other observed cell shapes in mutants. Our work provides an initial quantitative framework for understanding the regulation of cell shape in fission yeast, and a scaffold for understanding this process on a more molecular level in the future.
Development of Methodology for Measuring and Reducing Value Recovery Time of Returns

Returns are becoming inevitable across all industries. Consequentially, the importance of reverse logistics (RL) as a potential profit making center in an organization has grown drastically in the past few years. A typical reverse supply chain (RSC) starts from the "gate keeping" process where the products are checked if they are eligible to enter the RSC. It is ensued by a series of operations like the "collection and transportation", "sorting", "storing" and "asset recovery". The last operation is usually "transportation and distribution" to the concerned destination. We define the time taken by the returned product to traverse from the first operation in the RSC to the last one as the "cycle time of value recovery" of the product. A large value of this parameter has significant implications for the company. Firstly, it directly impacts the bottom line viz., money that is locked in the form of returned assets. The assets could be obsolete products, defective products, non-defective products, capital equipments like machinery, tools etc. Secondly, it has an adverse indirect effect on the corporate image of the enterprise. Today, more and more companies are utilizing their RL operations as a key differentiator for market sustenance. They realize that performing consistently to meet the customer expectations will bolster their customer retention process. This paper develops a methodology to measure and reduce the time taken by a returned product to traverse through the reverse supply chain. We focus specifically on key lean techniques that have a direct impact on the cycle time of value recovery of returns. For each operation in the RSC, we analyze its process flow chart to identify the possible delays, storage and transportation. We suggest solutions that reduce the time taken in delays and storages for all the operations in the RSC. This will account for the reduction in the cycle time of value recovery.
Least-squares filtering and smoothing for linear distributed parameter systems

The problem of estimating the state of a class of linear distributed parameter systems from noisy measurements is considered from the viewpoint of weighted least-squares estimation over the spatial domain of the system and the time interval of the measurement data. The problem is reduced to a two-point boundary-value problem via the calculus of variations. The two-point boundary-value problem is then solved in closed form via the sweep method to obtain a Kalman-Bucy type filter. Solution of the smoothing problem then follows directly. Cases are considered where measurement data are obtained over the entire spatial domain of the system or at discrete points in this domain, and where the system is subject to internal and external disturbances as well as measurement errors. Some resulting problems for future study are discussed.
Melvin Calvin. 8 April 1911 — 8 January 1997

Melvin Calvin died in Berkeley on 8 January 1997, at the age of 85, from a heart attack following years of declining health. He was widely known for his mental intensity, skill in asking questions,...
Approximate subspace pattern mining for mapping copy-number variations

Cancers are believed to develop through the accumulation of DNA aberrations such as mutations and copy-number variations (CNVs), which could disrupt normal biological functions, and may lead to abnormal cell growth and tumor genesis. Identifying the causal CNVs of cancer phenotypes is an important step for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer and developing effective treatment. Existing CNV discovery methods such as GISTIC[1] and JISTIC[2] are statistical approaches based on calculating a positional summary statistic for the CNV across all patients in the dataset, and thus tend to miss large common CNV regions in patient subgroups. In this paper, we developed a tool for mining CNV subspace patterns (SubPatCNV) that is able to identify candidate aberrant CNV regions that are specific to a subset of patients. SubPatCNV is an approximate association pattern mining algorithm under a spatial constraint on the CNV probe features. In experiments on an arrayCGH CNV bladder cancer dataset, SubPatCNV discovered more large CNV events in patient subgroups. We also show that SubPatCNV reported CNV regions that are highly specific to clinical variables such as tumor grade or stage, and are enriched with more known oncogenes compared with JISTIC. SubPatCNV is an easy to use, open-source tool that provides the flexibility of identifying common CNV regions specific to patient subgroups of different sizes.
Thermally Activated Seizure of Angular Contact Bearings

Equations have been developed relating friction-power to bearing element temperatures for the particular case of prelubricated or lightly lubricated ball bearings. An expression is derived for the change in relative dimensions of an angular contact bearing, as determined by the temperature gradient across the bearing. A second expression is found for the accommodation of the bearing to expansion, this accommodation resulting from elastic deformation and changes in contact angles. A comparison of these relationships reveals that unstable operating conditions may occur and lead to sudden uncontrollable increases in contact loads. These regions of unstable operation may occur as a result of lubricant degradation or bearing wear, as well as combinations of operating speed and housing dimensions.
How Much Did the 2009 Australian Fiscal Stimulus Boost Demand? Evidence from Household-Reported Spending Effects

Using survey evidence, I estimate the impact of $21 billion in household payments delivered in Australia between December 2008 and May 2009. Forty percent of households who said that they received a payment reported having spent it. This is a higher spending rate than has been recorded in surveys assessing the 2001 and 2008 tax rebates in the United States. One possible explanation for this is that individuals are more likely to spend “bonuses” (as the Australian payments were described) than “rebates” (as the US payments were described). Using an approach for converting spending rates into an aggregate marginal propensity to consume (MPC), the Australian results are consistent with an aggregate MPC of 0.41-0.42. Since this estimate is based largely on first-quarter spending, it may understate the longer-run impact of the package on consumer expenditure.
Yawning and Stretching Induced by Transcranial Application of AC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Parkinson's Disease

Yawning is considered a brainstem regulated behavior which is associated with changes in arousal and activity levels. Yawning and stretching are dopamine (DA) mediated behaviors and pharmacological studies indicate that these behaviors are associated with increased DA release coupled with stimulation of postsynaptic DA-D2 receptors. Despite their relation to the dopaminergic system, yawning and stretching are poorly documented in untreated or treated patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A 49 year old fully medicated female patient with juvenile onset PD is presented in whom recurrent episodes of yawning and stretching developed during transcranial administration of AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (EM Fs) of picotesla flux density. These episodes have not been observed previously in this or other patients during treatment with levodopa or DA receptor agonists or in unmedicated PD patients during treatment with AC pulsed EMFs. It is suggested that yawning and stretching behavior resulted in this patient from a synergistic interaction between EMFs and DA derived from levodopa supplementation with EMFs possibly facilitating the release of DA and simultaneously activating postsynaptic DA-D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. In addition, it is postulated that the release of ACTH/MSH peptides from peptidergic neurons in the brain upon stimulation of the DA-D2 receptors reinforced the yawning and stretching behavior.
Life‐History Consequences of Investment in Free‐Spawned Eggs and Their Accessory Coats

Abstract: The optimal trade‐off between offspring size and number can depend on details of the mode of reproduction or development. In marine organisms, broadcast spawning is widespread, and external coats are a common feature of spawned eggs. Egg jelly coats are thought to influence several aspects of fertilization and early development, including the size of the target for sperm, fertilization efficiency, egg suspension time, polyspermy, embryo survival, and fecundity. These costs and benefits of investment in jelly result in trade‐offs that can influence optimal reproductive allocation and the evolution of egg size. I develop an optimization model that sequentially incorporates assumptions about the function of egg coats in fertilization. The model predicts large variation in coat size and limited variation in ovum size under a broad range of conditions. Heterogeneity among spawning events further limits the range of ovum sizes predicted to evolve under sperm limitation. In contrast, variation in larva...
Biomarkers of myocardial stress and systemic inflammation in patients who engage in heart failure self-care management.

Background—Self-care is believed to improve heart failure (HF) outcomes, but the mechanisms by which such improvement occurs remain unclear. Methods—We completed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected on adults with symptomatic HF to test our hypothesis that effective self-care is associated with less myocardial stress and systemic inflammation. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to determine if better HF self-care reduced the odds of having serum levels of NT proBNP and soluble TNFα receptor type 1 at or above the sample median. HF self-care was measured using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. Results—The sample (n=168) was predominantly male (65.5%) and most (50.6%) had NYHA III HF (mean LVEF= 34.9%±14.0%); mean age was 58.8±11.5 years. Self-care management was an independent factor in the model (block χ 2 =14.74, p=.005) after controlling for pertinent confounders (model χ 2 =52.15, p<.001). Each one-point increase in self-care management score (range 15–100) was associated with a 12.7% reduction in the odds of having both biomarkers at or above the sample median (adjusted odds ratio =0.873, 95% CI=0.77–0.99, p=.03). Conclusion—Better self-care management was associated with reduced odds of myocardial stress and systemic inflammation over and above pharmacologic therapy and other common confounding factors. Teaching HF patients early symptom recognition and self-care of symptoms may decrease myocardial stress and systemic inflammation.
Ischemic Preconditioning: Exploring the Paradox

Brief transient episodes of nonlethal myocardial ischemia protect or "precondition" the heart and render the myocardium resistant to a subsequent more sustained ischemic insult. The hallmark of this phenomenon--documented in virtually all species and experimental models evaluated to date in countless laboratories worldwide--is the profound reduction in infarct size seen in preconditioned groups versus time-matched controls. Efforts to identify the cellular mechanisms responsible for this paradoxical ischemia-induced cardioprotection, to expand the definition of ischemic preconditioning beyond infarct size reduction, and, perhaps most importantly, to evaluate the efficacy of preconditioning in disease models and in the clinical setting, are all topics of intensive ongoing investigation.
Nalfurafine, the kappa opioid agonist, inhibits icilin-induced wet-dog shakes in rats and antagonizes glutamate release in the dorsal striatum.

Icilin, a cooling compound, produces vigorous wet-dog shakes in rats. We have reported previously that icilin-induced wet-dog shakes are blocked by the kappa opioid receptor agonists, nalfurafine and U50,488H, and that icilin evokes a dose- and time-dependent increase in glutamate within the dorsal striatum. Since activation of kappa opioid receptors inhibits glutamate release intrastriatally, we targeted glutamate release within the dorsal striatum using nalfurafine and examined the role of the dorsal striatum in icilin-induced wet-dog shakes, more specifically, the effect that icilin-evoked intrastriatal glutamate release has on the overt stimulant behavior. We report that nalfurafine (0.04 mg/kg) inhibits icilin (0.50 mg/kg)-induced wet-dog shakes and that this inhibition is reversed by intrastriatal perfusion of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist, norbinaltorphimine (100 nM). Furthermore,we antagonized icilin-evoked glutamate release with nalfurafine (0.04 mg/kg), and reversed inhibition of glutamate release with intrastriatal norbinaltorphimine (100 nM). These findings support a central component in the behavioral response to icilin and suggest that activation of kappa opioid receptors antagonizes icilin-induced wet-dog shakes in rats by inhibiting glutamate release within the dorsal striatum.
The effect of deposition and declogging on the critical permeability in bioconvection in a porous medium

The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of deposition and declogging of motile microorganisms in a fluid saturated porous medium on the development of bioconvention. If permeability of the porous medium is infinitely large (this correspond to the clear fluid case) an infinite suspension of gyrotactic microorganisms with uniform number density of the suspended cells is unstable (Pedley et al. [1]). On the other hand, if permeability is very small, the system behaves as a solid body and therefore must be stable. This means that there is a critical permeability value that corresponds to marginal stability. This paper presents a model of bioconvection of gyrotactic motile microorganisms in a fluid saturated porous medium. The model takes into account the capturing of motile microorganisms by the porous matrix which results in their deposition on the matrix as well as their possible declogging. The focus of this research is the determination of how the rates of cell deposition and declogging affect the critical value of permeability.
Let EcoDrive be your guide: development of a mobile tool to reduce carbon footprint and promote green transport

Personal transportation is considered as the greatest contributor of CO2 emissions in the entire world. Since transportation is a mobile activity, mobile devices are well suited to sense and provide feedback about these activities. In this paper, we explore the use of personal mobile phones to give users feedback about their carbon footprint due to different transportation choices and activates. We propose a mobile GPS application, EcoDrive, for iPhone that suggests the fuel efficient route to the user. It can inform user about alternative public transportation to the same destination. EcoDrive supports awareness of personal transportation activities, reminds users of additional reasons for being green (e.g., financial savings), and emphasize them to adopt eco-friendly behavior. The key contribution of this paper is the presentation of the design, implementation, and validation of the prototype of EcoDrive.
Studies on the in vitro transcription of reovirus RNA catalyzed by reovirus cores.

Abstract Virions of the Dearing strain of reovirus Type 3 are converted by treatment with chymotrypsin to cores which lack the outer shell of capsomeres and A-rich RNA, but which retain the genome RNA in a form resistant to enzymatic attack. Such cores catalyze the synthesis of polynucleotide. Certain characteristics of the reaction and of its product have been studied. The reaction proceeds for very long periods of time provided that the supply of nucleoside triphosphates is maintained. It has an absolute requirement for magnesium and proceeds twice as rapidly at 50° as at 40°. Nascent RNA is associated with cores and increases their density by about 0.03 g/ml. Such “reaction cores” are restored to their original density by treatment with sonic vibrations or ribonuclease. The products of the reaction are intact single-stranded copies of all ten segments of reovirus genome RNA. This was shown by analyzing them by sucrose-SDS density gradient centrifugation and by autoradiography of polyacrylamide gels in which reaction products hybridized with reovirus genome RNA had been electrophoresed. The number of molecules of each species made is inversely proportional to its molecular weight. This suggests that each virus particle contains at least one enzyme molecule per double-stranded template RNA molecule. This is also suggested by the extremely rapid rate of the reaction. Complete molecules of the largest species, which contain about 3400 nucleotide residues, are discernible by 8 min; this means that the rate of chain growth is at least 425 nucleotide residues per minute. The reaction is completely conservative with respect to template; no template is rendered single-stranded during the course of the reaction. No product RNA molecules are ever present in double-stranded form. The enzyme present in reovirus particles is thus a novel RNA transcriptase which transcribes double-stranded RNA in a manner analogous to that by which DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes DNA.
Probabilistic Sensitivity-Based Ranking of Damage Tolerance Analysis Elements

A damage tolerance analysis contains a number of elements such as expected usage, structural and fatigue-related material properties, crack size, geometry, stress intensity factor, retardation model and constants, and others. Understanding of the relative significance of these elements is integral to performing a successful damage tolerance analysis and determining future research efforts to improve the accuracy of damage tolerance analysis. These elements have associated with them inherent uncertainty (as in material properties) or statistical uncertainty (as in loads, initial crack sizes, and geometry). Also, the assumptions contained in the analysis methods may result in modeling errors, that is, the use of simplified models to represent complex behavior. In this research, the relative significance of the elements of a damage tolerance analysis were calculated and ranked from a probabilistic sensitivity standpoint. The expected variation of damage tolerance analysis inputs, for example, initial crack size, fracture toughness, hole size, etc., were modeled with probability distributions determined from experimental tests and aircraft or component teardowns. Discrete parameters such as the retardation model were varied through discrete changes to the model and reanalysis. The probabilistic sensitivities, the derivative of the probability of failure with respect to statistical moments (mean, standard deviation), were determined using Monte Carlo sampling and used as the metric to rank the importance of the damage tolerance analysis elements. The methodology was applied through a numerical analysis to a fatigue critical location of a T-38 wing considering three different usages ranging from severe to mild.
Poly-C Van de Graaff belts

Abstract A new material called Poly-C is recommended for carrying positive charge to the terminal of a Van de Graaff accelerator. Compared to the rubberized cotton belt, the new belt gives superior performance in every way at a much lower cost. The poly-C van be purchased as a flat sheet and joined into a continuous loop after it has been inserted into the machine.