cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part II: Known cause and other discrete forms

In addition to idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) can occur secondary to known causes or be classified as discrete syndromes. Also known as diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, the ILDs represent a heterogenous group of non-infectious, non-neoplastic disorders characterized by varied patterns of inflammation and fibrosis. Characteristically associated with the true interstitium (i.e. the anatomic space lined by alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells and the loose-binding connective tissue), it is important to understand ILDs are associated with pathology of the distal lung parenchyma and thus lesions can be bronchiolocentric or resemble alveolar filling disorders. Injury to the distal lung can occur via inhalation or hematogenous routes. This review will build on a proposed classification scheme adapted from human medicine to describe known cause and discrete forms of ILDs in dogs and cats.
Anti-RNA binding protein positivity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

INTRODUCTION Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) are diffuse lung diseases whose cause is unknown and often present with features of autoimmunity despite not meeting criteria for a connective tissue disease (CTD). Recent studies suggest that anti-RNA binding protein (anti-RBP) antibodies, which include anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Sm, and anti-RNP, play a role in the loss of immune tolerance and severity of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in CTDs. We hypothesized that anti-RBP positive (RBP+) subjects would have worse measures of lung function, radiographic findings, PH, and survival than anti-RBP negative (RBP-) subjects. METHODS Subjects with both IIP and serologies for review were identified retrospectively and stratified based on anti-RBP antibody seropositivity. Baseline cohort characteristics, pulmonary function tests (PFT), ambulatory oxygen requirement, radiographic characteristics, markers of PH, and transplant-free survival were compared between anti-RBP positive and negative groups. RESULTS Five hundred twenty patients with IIP were identified, of which ten percent (n = 53) were anti-RBP positive. RBP+ as compared to RBP- subjects had significantly worse PFTs as indicated by FEV1 (59.6 vs. 64.9, p = 0.046) and FVC (71.6 vs. 78.8, p = 0.018). There was a higher prevalence of radiographic honeycombing (49.1% vs. 38.3%, p = 0.006) and emphysema (22.6% vs. 5.1%, p < 0.001) in the RBP+ group despite no difference in smoking history. The Pulmonary Artery-Aorta ratio was also larger in the RBP+ group (0.93 vs. 0.88, p = 0.040). There was no difference in transplant-free survival between groups (log rank = 0.912). CONCLUSION Anti-RBP+ IIP patients may have worse lung function, increased chest radiographic abnormalities, and PH compared with those without these antibodies.
Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism

Following the viral spread of hoax political news in the lead-up to the 2016 US presidential election, it's been reported that at least some of the individuals publishing these stories made substan...
Interpreting Oncology Care Model Data to Drive Value-Based Care: A Prostate Cancer Analysis.

PURPOSE:The Oncology Care Model (OCM) must be clinically relevant, accurate, and comprehensible to drive value-based care.METHODS:We studied OCM data detailing observed and expected expenses for 6-...
A Review of: “Perez, Karni R. Fishing for Gold: The Story of Alabama's Catfish Industry.”

In retrospect, channel catfish aquaculture seems inevitable. The fish, especially when fed a modern commercial diet, is mild enough to have mass appeal but strong enough to stand up to that most po...
Utilization and deferral of hospice in patients with hematologic malignancies: A single center experience.

e20554 Background: Early palliative care and hospice at the end of life has been shown to result in improved survival, reduced symptom burden, and reduced costs and yet studies demonstrate that the...
Immunomodulatory TGF-β Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-induced and chemotherapy-resistant cancer. Dysregulated signaling in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway plays a central role in inflammation, fibrogenesis, and immunomodulation in the HCC microenvironment. This review dissects the genetic landscape of the TGF-β superfamily genes in HCC and discusses the essential effects of this pathway on the tumor immune microenvironment. We highlight the TGF-β signature as a potential biomarker for identifying individualized immunotherapeutic approaches in HCC. An improved understanding of the detailed mechanisms of liver cancer immunogenicity and the specific role of TGF-β in mediating immunotherapy resistance in HCC will provide important insights into HCC immune escape and promote the development of biomarker-derived combination immunotherapies for HCC.
Optimizing Imperfect Coverage Cloud-RAID Systems Considering Reliability and Cost

This paper considers a cloud provider selection problem to optimize the cloud-redundant array of independent disks (RAID) storage system subject to imperfect coverage (IPC), where an uncovered disk...
Before Dred Scott: Slavery and Legal Culture in the American Confluence, 1787-1857

Review of "Before Dred Scott: Slavery and Legal Culture in the American Confluence, 1787-1857" by Anne Twitty
Control of Stereoselectivity in Diverse Hapalindole Metabolites is Mediated by Cofactor-Induced Combinatorial Pairing of Stig Cyclases

Stereospecific polycyclic core formation of hapalindoles and fischerindoles is controlled by Stig cyclases through a three-step cascade involving Cope rearrangement, 6-exo-trig cyclization, and a final electrophilic aromatic substitution. Reported here is a comprehensive study of all currently annotated Stig cyclases, revealing that these proteins can assemble into heteromeric complexes, induced by Ca2+ , to cooperatively control the stereochemistry of hapalindole natural products.
Pathologic categorization of lung nodules: Radiomic descriptors of CT attenuation distribution patterns of solid and subsolid nodules in low-dose CT

Abstract Purpose Develop a quantitative image analysis method to characterize the heterogeneous patterns of nodule components for the classification of pathological categories of nodules. Materials and Methods With IRB approval and permission of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) project, 103 subjects with low dose CT (LDCT) were used in this study. We developed a radiomic quantitative CT attenuation distribution descriptor (qADD) to characterize the heterogeneous patterns of nodule components and a hybrid model (qADD+) that combined qADD with subject demographic data and radiologist-provided nodule descriptors to differentiate aggressive tumors from indolent tumors or benign nodules with pathological categorization as reference standard. The classification performances of qADD and qADD + were evaluated and compared to the Brock and the Mayo Clinic models by analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results The radiomic features were consistently selected into qADDs to differentiate pathological invasive nodules from (1) preinvasive nodules, (2) benign nodules, and (3) the group of preinvasive and benign nodules, achieving test AUCs of 0.847 ± 0.002, 0.842 ± 0.002 and 0.810 ± 0.001, respectively. The qADD + obtained test AUCs of 0.867 ± 0.002, 0.888 ± 0.001 and 0.852 ± 0.001, respectively, which were higher than both the Brock and the Mayo Clinic models. Conclusion The pathologic invasiveness of lung tumors could be categorized according to the CT attenuation distribution patterns of the nodule components manifested on LDCT images, and the majority of invasive lung cancers could be identified at baseline LDCT scans.
Production of granular activated carbon by thermal air oxidation of biomass charcoal/biochar for water treatment in rural communities: A mechanistic investigation

Abstract Small communities in remote areas of the United States often lack adequate water treatment services. Adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) is a vital drinking-water purification approach in small water treatment plants and point-of-entry and point-of-use systems. This study shows that rural communities can utilize a simple approach, thermal air oxidation (TAO), to produce their own GAC from locally available biomass materials. Unlike commercial GAC production processes that require high temperatures and activating gasses, activation of charcoals (biochars) by TAO can be achieved at moderate temperatures of 400‒500 °C without a regulated supply of activating gasses. After a brief TAO for 30‒40 min, charcoals/biochars showed significant increases in the surface area by up to 80-fold, oxygen-containing functional groups, porosity, and adsorption of test organic contaminants, including one anionic herbicide, two neutral triazine herbicides, and one natural estrogen. The GAC produced by the TAO process had a N2 B.E.T. surface area of up to approximately 850 m2/g, which is comparable to that of commercial GAC. The pore size distribution (PSD) of TAO-generated GAC was narrow and peaked at an approximate pore width of 0.8‒0.9 nm. Both the surface area and PSD were significantly affected by the conditions of TAO. GAC made from walnut/almond charcoals exhibited the highest adsorptivity, despite a relatively low surface area. This simple, innovative GAC production approach is suitable for use in small community- and household-scale applications, and therefore may benefit rural communities, water treatment professionals, farmers, and the GAC industry as a whole.
Combustion-relevant temperature imaging with scattering referenced aerosol phosphor thermometry applied to Eu:BAM

Abstract This work demonstrates precise aerosol phosphor thermometry (APT) measurements over a large temperature range by applying scattering-referenced APT (SRAPT) with the phosphor divalent Europium doped in Barium Magnesium Aluminate (Eu:BAM). Measurements were taken using Eu:BAM seeded into an air jet mixing with the products of a concentric methane-air flat flame. In-situ calibration of the SRAPT ratio versus temperature was performed from 500 to 1400 K. Peak temperature sensitivities of 1–1.5 %/K were observed, approximately 4 times higher than the spectral luminescence intensity ratio method typically used for Eu:BAM. Despite its moderate quenching temperature (700 K), the high initial signal intensities before the onset of thermal quenching for Eu:BAM allowed reliable single-shot measurements to be made continuously from 500 K to greater than 1200 K. These results highlight the importance of high signal levels for extending the measurement range of SRAPT.
Practical Guidelines for Intent Recognition: BERT with Minimal Training Data Evaluated in Real-World HRI Application

Intent recognition models, which match a written or spoken input's class in order to guide an interaction, are an essential part of modern voice user interfaces, chatbots, and social robots. However, getting enough data to train these models can be very expensive and challenging, especially when designing novel applications such as real-world human-robot interactions. In this work, we first investigate how much training data is needed for high performance in an intent classification task. We train and evaluate BiLSTM and BERT models on various subsets of the ATIS and Snips datasets. We find that only 25 training examples per intent are required for our BERT model to achieve 94% intent accuracy compared to 98% with the entire datasets, challenging the belief that large amounts of labeled data are required for high performance in intent recognition. We apply this knowledge to train models for a real-world HRI application, character strength recognition during a positive psychology interaction with a social robot, and evaluate against the Character Strength dataset collected in our previous HRI study. Our real-world HRI application results also confirm that our model can produce 76% intent accuracy with 25 examples per intent compared to 80% with 100 examples. In a real-world scenario, the difference is only one additional error per 25 classifications. Finally, we investigate the limitations of our minimal data models and offer suggestions on developing high quality datasets. We conclude with practical guidelines for training BERT intent recognition models with minimal training data and make our code and evaluation framework available for others to replicate our results and easily develop models for their own applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two “Tied-Back” Lithium Ketimides and Isolation of a Ketimide-Bridged [Cr2]6+ Dimer with Strong Antiferromagnetic Coupling

Reaction of 1 equiv of KN(SiMe3)2 with 9-fluorenone results in the formation of (Me3Si)N═C13H8 (1) in high yield after work-up. Addition of 1 equiv of phenol to 1 results in rapid desilylation and formation of 9-fluorenone imine, HN═C13H8 (2). Subsequent reaction of 2 with 1 equiv of LiNiPr2 results in deprotonation and formation of [Li(Et2O)]4[N═C13H8]4 (3) in good yield. Reaction of 1 equiv of KN(SiMe3)2 with 2-adamantanone for 7 days at room temperature results in the formation of (Me3Si)N═C10H14 (4) in good yield. Dissolution of 4 in neat MeOH results in rapid desilylation concomitant with formation of 2-adamantanone imine, HN═C10H14 (5). Subsequent reaction of 5 with 1 equiv of LiNiPr2 results in formation of [Li(THF)]4[N═C10H14]4 (6). Both 3 and 6 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Finally, reaction of CrCl3 with 3.5 equiv of 6 results in formation of the [Cr2]6+ dimer, [Li][Cr2(N═C10H14)7] (7), which can be isolated in modest yield after work-up. Complex 7 features a Cr-Cr bond length of 2.653(2) A. Additionally, solid-state magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two Cr centers, with J = -200 cm-1.
The moral identity picture scale (MIPS): Measuring the full scope of moral identity

Morality is core to people’s identity. Existing moral identity scales measure good/moral vs. bad/immoral, but the Theory of Dyadic Morality highlights two-dimensions of morality: valence (good/mora...
On nontriangulable polyhedra

Triangulations of 3-dimensional polyhedron are partitions of the polyhedron with tetrahedra in a face-to-face fashion without introducing new vertices. Schonhardt (Math. Ann. 89:309–312, 1927), Bagemihl (Amer. Math. Mon. 55:411–413, 1948), Kuperberg (Personal communication 2011) and others constructed special polyhedra in such a way that clever one line geometric reasons imply nontriangulability. Rambau (Comb. Comput. Geom. 52:501–516, 2005) proved that twisted prisms over n-gons are nontriangulable. Our approach for proving polyhedra are nontriangulable is to show that partitions with tetrahedra, which we call tilings, do not exist even if the face-to-face-restriction is relaxed. First we construct a polyhedron which is tileable but is not triangulable. Then we revisit Rambau type twisted prisms. In fact we consider a slightly different class of polyhedra, and prove that these new twisted prisms are nontileable, thus are nontriangulable. We also show that one can twist the regular dodecahedron so that it becomes nontileable, which is abstracted to a new family of nontileable polyhedra, called nonconvex twisted pentaprisms.
Influence of Athletic Training on the Resting Cardiovascular System

Abstract Cardiovascular changes in 18 college athletes during training, compared with 15 controls, can be interpreted as the result of the interplay of basic factors (peripheral resisttance, aortic volume-elasticity, stroke volume and heart rate). The observed effects of athletic training seem to be due to increased elasticity and resting stroke volume associated with a compensating decrease in heart rate. Brachial pulse wave tracings (systolic amplitude) differentiate the athletes from the controls, but do not change by a statistically acceptable amount during training. Changes in the resting heart rate constitute a useful test of the cardiovascular aspect of athletic conditioning, the validity being r = 0.76.
Microbial Sources of Protein

Publisher Summary Two circumstances have combined to lend urgency to the subject of microbial sources of protein. The first of these is the continued failure of our ability to provide sufficient food, particularly protein, for the world's growing population. The second is the realization that microorganisms can transform petroleum hydrocarbons into microbial protein, protein that should be put to good use by the world's hungry people. There have been many recent symposia, books, articles, and reports on the world food situation. There is unanimity of opinion on the seriousness of the situation, but there is no consensus on our abilities to cope with the problem. The concept of eating substantial quantities of microorganisms as a foodstuff is perhaps 60 years old, but has not become widespread. Because of the unpleasant connotations of the words “bacterial” or “microbial” in connection with food, the phrase “single-cell protein” was coined at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966 to depict the idea of microorganisms as food. The groups of microorganisms that have been considered as possible sources of proteins are discussed in three sections: Yeasts and bacteria, fungi, and algae. It is convenient to group yeasts and bacteria together, because the conditions for propagation, harvest, and drying of these microorganisms are similar. The major emphasis is placed on yeasts and algae, and they are discussed from the viewpoints of useful species, conditions of propagation, and nutritional value.
The Neapolitan revolution of 1799

Abstract 1999 marks the second centenary of the Neapolitan revolution of 1799. The following three short articles examine the ways in which historical interpretations of the revolution and its place in Italian history have changed over time and the ways in which the images and memories of the revolution have been used to transmit powerful political and cultural messages.
Insights into the structure and assembly of Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A

Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Escherichia coli is a paradigm for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins; however, the structure and assembly of OmpA have remained controversial. A review of studies to date supports the hypothesis that native OmpA is a single-domain large pore, while a two-domain narrow-pore structure is a folding intermediate or minor conformer. The in vitro refolding of OmpA to the large-pore conformation requires isolation of the protein from outer membranes with retention of an intact disulfide bond followed by sufficient incubation in lipids at temperatures of ≥ 26 °C to overcome the high energy of activation for refolding. The in vivo maturation of the protein involves covalent modification of serines in the eighth β-barrel of the N-terminal domain by oligo-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrates as the protein is escorted across the cytoplasm by SecB for post-translational secretion across the secretory translocase in the inner membrane. After cleavage of the signal sequence, protein chaperones, such as Skp, DegP and SurA, guide OmpA across the periplasm to the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex in the outer membrane. During this passage, a disulfide bond is formed between C290 and C302 by DsbA, and the hydrophobicity of segments of the C-terminal domain, which are destined for incorporation as β-barrels in the outer membrane bilayer, is increased by covalent attachment of oligo-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrates. With the aid of the BAM complex, OmpA is then assembled into the outer membrane as a single-domain large pore.
A highly efficient CMOS charge pump for 1.2 V supply voltage

In this paper a new integrated charge pump is presented, suitable for current 1.2 V CMOS processes. It is based on both n-MOS and p-MOS pass-transistors with dynamic control of the gate and body voltages. By controlling the gate and the bulk of the pass-transistors, the voltage loss due to the device threshold is removed and the charge is pumped from one stage to the other with negligible voltage drop. The proposed charge pump can be integrated in a standard low-voltage technology: the low-voltage transistors and the simple 2-phase clocking scheme allow the use of higher frequencies, compared to conventional solutions, leading to higher currents, high efficiency and smaller area.
Physiological Streptomycin Resistance in a Multiauxotroph of Escherichia coli Strain 15 T.

Escherichia coli strain WWU was found to be moderately resistant to streptomycin when grown in a minimal medium, although the strain was sensitive if grown in nutrient broth. Transfer experiments showed that cells grown in minimal medium retain the resistant state for a period of time after dilution into nutrient broth; and conversely, sensitive cells grown in nutrient broth were sensitive after dilution into minimal medium for a period of time. The kinetics of transition from resistant to sensitive and from sensitive to resistant were observed, and kinetics of 3H-dihydrostreptomycin accumulation by resistant and sensitive cells were compared. The data suggested that cells grown in minimal medium were physiologically resistant because they accumulated streptomycin poorly. Inactivation per incorporated antibiotic molecule was the same in resistant and sensitive cells.
Lead free solder process development and reliability for handset application

Recent worldwide lead free activity has been driving international and US consumer electronic companies to be lead free. This paper identifies the challenges, critical issues and solutions for implementing lead free soldering process for handset application, and describes the studies conducted on Sn/Ag/Cu and Sn/Ag/Bi solder, process development and reliability results for handset manufacturing. The paper described wettability, printability and reflow results, electrical characterization, drop shock, thermal cycling test, humidity test and mechanical reliability results. Process DOE results are also discussed in the paper. Traditional eutectic solder is used as the baseline for comparison.
Analog Computation of Electrophoresis Patterns

Instrumentation is described for the computation of stained paper electrophoresis patterns of serum proteins. The unit not only plots the dyed protein fractions, but with its electronic units, stores the individual integration voltages, scales the voltages to a percentage of the total, and plots the data on a bar graph. By including the total protein value obtained by chemical analysis, a second survey of the integrator voltages provides the concentrations of the protein fractions in grams per 100 ml. of serum.
HPLC Determination Of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds By Fluorescence Detected With A Charge-Coupled Device

A solid-state two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) is used to quantitate polycyclic aromatic compounds by native fluorescence. The mixture is separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the fluorescence emission from each peak is integrated by the detector. A new technique, charge-dependent variable binning, applied to one-dimensional spectroscopy leads to outstanding dynamic range. Excellent linearity and limits of detection are obtained for several priority pollutants. Synchronous and derivative techniques can be applied to the two-dimensional fluorescence data obtained to resolve overlapping peaks. The analyzed mixture consists of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and perylene.
Air embolus complicating transthoracic percutaneous needle biopsy

Transthoracic percutaneous needle biopsy has become popular for evaluation of pulmonary nodules. However, it is a procedure with morbidity and mortality that is not negligible. In this article, we report massive air embolus complicating needle biopsy in a patient with amyloidosis. A negative biopsy does not exclude malignancy, and if surgical excision will be performed regardless of the result, preoperative assessment using this technique may not be necessary.
Gauge invariance and Compton scattering from relativistic composite systems.

Using the Ward-Takahashi (WT) identity and the Bethe-Salpeter wave equation, we investigate the dynamical requirements imposed by electromagnetic gauge invariance on Compton scattering from relativistic composite systems. The importance of off-shell rescattering in intermediate states, which is equivalent to final state interactions in inclusive processes, is clarified in the context of current conservation. It is shown that, if the nuclear force is nonlocal, there will be both two-photon interaction currents and rescattering contributions to terms involving one-photon interaction currents. We derive the two-body WT identity for the two-photon interaction currents, and obtain explicit forms for the interaction current operators for three illustrative models of nuclear forces: (a) two-pion exchange forces with baryon resonances, (b) covariant separable forces, and (c) charged one-pion exchange.
Triangulating multiply-connected polygons: A simple yet efficient algorithm

We present a new, simple, yet efficient algorithm for triangulating multiply-connected polygons. The algorithm requires sorting only local concave minima (sags). The order in which triangles are created mimics a flooding process of the interior of the polygon. At each stage, the algorithm analyses the positions and neighborhoods of two vertices only, and possibly checks for active sags, so as to determine which of five possible actions to take. Actions are based on a local decomposition of the polygon into monotonic regions, or gorges (raise the water level in the current gorge, spill into an adjacent gorge, jump to the other bank of a filled gorge, divide a gorge into two, and fill a gorge to its top). The implementation is extremely simple and numerically robust for a large class of polygons. It has been tested on millions of cases as a preprocessing step of a walkthrough and inspection program for complex mechanical and architectural scenes. Extensive experimental results indicate that the observed complexity in terms of the number of vertices, remains under in all cases.
Impact of Electron-Phonon Non-Equilibrium on Heat Dissipation of Metallic Nano-Particles Suspended in Dielectric Media

Controlled heating of nano-particles is a key enabling technology for various nano-manufacturing and biomedical applications. They include controlled fabrication of nano-particles,1 and targeted heating of biological molecules and cells for research as well as therapeutic purposes.2 Recent studies also demonstrated improved heat transfer properties of colloids of nano-particles.3 Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Molecular analysis of the CD8 gene in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Analysis of DNA fragments of the CD8 gene following digestion with three restriction enzymes showed no differences between patients with chronic proressive multiple sclerosis (MS), familial MS and controls. These abnormalities suggest that any abnormalities in the expression of CD8 protein in MS are not likely to be due to a gross deletion or rearrangement of the CD8 gene.
Otx2's incredible journey

A surprising new mechanism that regulates the plasticity of postnatal neurons is reported in this issue by Sugiyama et al. (2008). These authors show in mice that visual experience triggers cell-to-cell transfer of the homeoprotein Otx2 to cortical interneurons, where it promotes maturation of inhibitory neural circuitry and opens the critical period for plasticity in the visual cortex.
A study of pervaporation of aqueous benzyl alcohol solution by polydimethylsiloxane membrane

Abstract Pervaporation of dilute benzyl alcohol solutions was attempted using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. The effects of temperature, downstream pressure and the solution concentration as operating variables on the membrane performance were investigated. It was possible to concentrate benzyl alcohol ten fold in the permeate at the downstream pressure of 66.7 Pa (0.5 mmHg) activity coefficient of benzyl alcohol in the aqueous solution. The permeate concentration, however, decreased and became even less than the feed concentration at high downstream pressures. An increase in the operating temperature increased the vapor pressure of benzyl alcohol and, consequently, increased the permeate concentration. As a result, more than seventy fold increase of benzyl alcohol in the permeate was possible at an operating temperature of 40°C.
THE EFFICACY OF AN INTRAOSSEOUS INJECTION SYSTEM OF DELIVERING LOCAL ANESTHETIC

This article describes the clinical testing of a new system for the intraosseous delivery of local anesthesia. The author concluded that the system delivered local anesthetic very effectively (in some situations more effectively than the traditional delivery method), thus offering a great potential advantage to both dentists and patients.
Comparing the GLC2000 and GeoCover LC land cover datasets for use in economic modelling of land use

This paper compares two recent near-global land cover (GLC) datasets, GLC 2000 and GeoCover LC, with differing resolutions (1km versus 30 m) for their potential usefulness in economic analyses of the determinants of land use. The comparisons are for two ecologically distinct parts of the world-Sumatra and the Horn of Africa. Cross-tabs that provide different views of the datasets are developed and reported. We expected to find heterogeneity in 1km categories that were identified as mosaic and did. More surprising is the degree of heterogeneity of the categories one might expect to be homogeneous. For both regions, a 1km pixel often appears to include a wide range of economic activities that are likely to respond to economic and social forces in different ways. Hence, using the 1km data as representative of land use in models of location-specific socioeconomic response, such as to climate change or land use policies is especially problematic, even if the classification accuracy were very high.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF FREE-RESPONSE AND MACHINE-SCORABLE VERSIONS OF A TEST OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

The purpose of the study is to investigate the construct validity of free-response and machine-scorable versions of Formulating Hypotheses (FH), one of the Tests of Scientific Thinking. Six free-response and eight machine-scorable FH items were administered (in that order) to 172 college seniors who were majoring in psychology and who claimed an intention to go to graduate school. Tests of other variables that are theoretically related to FH scores provided data for studying construct validity; these included tests to identify eight cognitive and three personality factors. A background questionnaire was also administered, and GRE scores were obtained from files. Six FH scores were obtained for each item in each test format. They are (1) quality of the hypothesis considered best by the candidate, (2) average quality of all hypotheses, (3) quality of the best hypotheses according to our scoring system, (4) number of hypotheses, (5) number of unusual hypotheses, and (6) number of hypotheses that are both unusual and of high quality. Correlations between corresponding scores for the two formats were computed and corrected for unreliability; they indicate that the two forms cannot be considered parallel. The correlations are particularly low for scores based on numbers of hypotheses. The major method of analysis employed maximum likelihood factor analysis to verify a factor model involving the construct validity variables and to find the extension loadings of the experimental test scores and GRE scores on the factors. One such analysis used cognitive factors and one examined personality factors. The personality factor model identified three factors; social extraversion, maladjustment (anxiety), and acceptance of complexity. GRE scores and quality scores from FH all were related to acceptance of complexity, and GRE scores were all negatively correlated with social extraversion. Number scores from the free-response form of FH were related (positively) to maladjustment. The cognitive factor model involved eight factors: verbal comprehension, three reasoning abilities, cognitive flexibility, two divergent production factors, and knowledge of psychology. GRE scores and quality scores from both forms of FH all showed substantial correlations with reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and knowledge. Only the number scores from the free-response form of FH were related to divergent production. An appraisal of all the findings suggests that the machine-scorable form of FH would add little to the information already available from GRE scores. The free-response form would add information about divergent production not now provided by GRE tests.
Effects of the nuisance algae, Cladophora, on Escherichia coli at recreational beaches in Wisconsin

Recreational beaches constitute a large part of the 12 billion dollar per year tourism industry in Wisconsin. Beach closures due to microbial contamination are costly in terms of lost tourism revenue and adverse publicity for an area. Escherichia coli (E. coli), is used as an indicator of microbial contamination, as high concentrations of this organism should indicate a recent fecal contamination event that may contain other, more pathogenic, bacteria. An additional problem at many beaches in the state is the nuisance algae, Cladophora. It has been hypothesized that mats of Cladophora may harbor high concentrations of E. coli. Three beaches in Door County, WI were selected for study, based on tourist activity and amounts of algae present. Concentrations of E. coli were higher within Cladophora mats than in surrounding water. Beaches displayed an E. coli concentration gradient in water extending away from the Cladophora mats, although this was not statistically significant. Likewise, the amount of Cladophora observed on a beach did not correlate with E. coli concentrations found in routine beach monitoring samples. More work is needed to determine the impact of mats of Cladophora on beach water quality, as well as likely sources of E. coli found within the mats.
Evaluating change in bruise colorimetry and the effect of subject characteristics over time.

Forensic clinicians are routinely asked to estimate the age of cutaneous bruises. Unfortunately, existing research on noninvasive methods to date bruises has been mostly limited to relatively small, homogeneous samples or cross-sectional designs. Purpose: The purpose of this prospective, foundational study was to examine change in bruise colorimetry over time and evaluate the effects of bruise size, skin color, gender, and local subcutaneous fat on that change. Method: Bruises were created by a controlled application of a paintball pellet to 103 adult, healthy volunteers. Daily colorimetry measures were obtained for four consecutive days using the Minolta Chroma-meter®. The sample was nearly equal by gender and skin color (light, medium, dark). Analysis included general linear mixed modeling (GLMM). Results: Change in bruise colorimetry over time was significant for all three color parameters (L*a*b*), the most notable changes being the decrease in red (a*) and increase in yellow (b*) starting at 24 h. Skin color was a significant predictor for all three colorimetry values but sex or subcutaneous fat levels were not. Bruise size was a significant predictor and moderator and may have accounted for the lack of effect of gender or subcutaneous fat. Conclusion: Study results demonstrated the ability to model the change in bruise colorimetry over time in a diverse sample of healthy adults. Multiple factors, including skin color and bruise size must be considered when assessing bruise color in relation to its age. This study supports the need for further research that could build the science to allow more accurate bruise age estimations.
On Forward-in-Time Differencing for Fluids: Extension to a Curvilinear Framework

Abstract This paper extends the discussion of fully second-order-accurate, forward-in-time, finite-difference schemes for the advection equation with arbitrary forcing (which is viewed as a prototype for the prognostic equations of fluid dynamics) to an arbitrary curvilinear system of coordinates. Since forward-in-time schemes derive ultimately from Taylor series analysis of the uncentered-in-time differencing, it is important to include the appropriate metric terms explicitly into the algorithm's design. A rigorous truncation-error analysis leads to a compact scheme that preserves (to second-order accuracy) the consistency of Eulerian and Lagrangian formulations for fluids. Alternative approximations to the advective velocity in the transport flux are also discussed. In order to achieve second-order accuracy of the forward-in-time approximation, the advective velocity must be evaluated to at least first-order accuracy at the intermediate time level. Such a temporal staggering is usually simulated by mean...
Toward developing a national transportation planning model: A bilevel programming approach for Korea

The paper addresses specific issues associated with solving a bilevel transportation planning model in which public-private interaction is explicitly represented. Provisions for interaction between the public and private sectors in planning models would shed light on many important issues of planning strategy because the private sector pursues its own interests, while the public sector attempts to broaden public interests in a mixed economic system.
Fully microwave-tunable universal gates in superconducting qubits with linear couplings and fixed transition frequencies

A register of quantum bits with fixed transition frequencies and weakly coupled to one another through simple linear circuit elements is an experimentally minimal architecture for a small-scale superconducting quantum information processor. Presently, the known schemes for implementing two-qubit gates in this system require microwave signals having amplitudes and frequencies precisely tuned to meet a resonance condition, leaving only the signal phases as free experimentally adjustable parameters. Here, we report a minimal and robust microwave scheme to generate fast, tunable universal two-qubit gates: simply irradiate one qubit (the ``control'') at the transition frequency of another (the ``target''). The effective coupling between them is then switched on by tuning only the frequency of this single drive tone; the drive amplitude adjusts the effective coupling strength; and the drive phase selects the particular two-qubit gate implemented. This cross-resonance effect turns on linearly with the ratio of the drive amplitude $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ to the qubit-qubit detuning $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, as compared with earlier proposals that turn on as ${(\ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\Delta})}^{4}$.
Controlled Buffer Sharing in Continuous Media Servers

Continuous media servers manage delay sensitive data such as audio and video clips. Once a server initiates the display of a clip on behalf of a client, it must deliver the data to the client in a manner that prevents data starvation. Otherwise, its display may suffer from disruptions and delays, termed hiccups. A hiccup-free display is important to a number of applications such as video-on-demand for entertainment, distance learning, news dissemination, etc. Buffer sharing enables a server to trade memory for disk bandwidth to service multiple clients by sharing data in memory, using a single disk stream. However, an uncontrolled buffer sharing scheme may reduce system performance. This paper presents Controlled Buffer Sharing (CBS) as a novel framework that facilitates sharing and supports both a hiccup-free display and VCR operations. It includes a configuration planner and a buffer pool management technique (applied at run time). CBS trades memory for disk bandwidth in order to meet the performance objectives of an application and minimize cost per stream. It uses bridging and merges two displays referencing the same clip when they are dt blocks apart. One insight of this framework is that dt is determined by market forces (cost of memory and disk bandwidth) and is independent of a clip's frequency of access. We use both analytical and simulation models to quantify the characteristics of CBS.
A method for removal of global effects from fMRI time series.

Abstract We present a technique for removing global effects from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images, using a voxel-level linear model of the global signal (LMGS). The procedure does not assume low-frequency global effects and is based on the assumption that the global signal (the time course of the average intensity per volume) is replicated in the same pattern throughout the brain, although not necessarily at the same magnitude. A second assumption is that all effects that match the global signal are of no interest and can be removed. The method involves modeling the time course of each voxel to the global signal and removing any such global component from the voxel's time course. A challenge that elicits a large change in the global blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, inspired hypercapnia (5% CO2/95% O2), was administered to 14 subjects during a 144-s, 24-scan fMRI procedure; baseline series were also collected. The method was applied to these data and compared to intensity normalization and low-frequency spline detrending. A large global BOLD signal increase emerged to the hypercapnic challenge. Intensity normalization failed to remove global components due to regional variability. Both LMGS and spline detrending effectively removed low-frequency components, but unlike spline detrending (which is designed to remove only low frequency trends), the LMGS removed higher-frequency global fluctuations throughout the challenge and baseline series. LMGS removes all effects correlated with the global signal, and may be especially useful for fMRI data that include large global effects and for generating detrended images to use with subsequent volume-of-interest (VOI) analyses.
Single Particle Displacement Damage in Silicon

Single particle displacement damage events are reported in silicon diodes irradiated with 252Cf and 241Am. In situ measurements of reverse current show the result of displacement damage incurred from individual fission fragments in 252Cf irradiated diodes. Discrete increases in reverse current exceeding 20 fA are measured. The increases are temporally correlated with fission fragment-induced ionization events. The ratio of the damage factor associated with fission fragments to the damage factor associated with alpha particles is in good agreement with the ratio of non-ionizing energy loss calculated for fission fragments to NIEL calculated for alpha particles.
Integral Formulation for Analysis of Integrated Dielectric Waveguides

A polarization integral equation is advanced for use in the conceptual and numerical analysis of a broad class of integrated dielectric waveguiding systems. The equation is applied to axially uniform waveguides, in which case the axial integral becomes convolutional in nature, prompting a Fourier transform on that variable. Inversion of the transformed guiding region field, aided by complex analysis, allows identification of two components of that field the surface-wave modes and the radiation field. These are found in terms of the sources exciting the system, leading to a new formulation for the excitation of such waveguides. Analysis of the behavior of the kernel of the transformed integral equation in the complex plane leads to a general criterion for surface-wave leakage from the guiding region. Numerical results for the propagation characteristics of step- and the graded-index rectangular strip and rib waveguides are obtained from the integral equation by application of the method of moments and by a quasi-closed-form solution technique. These results are compared to those of other formulations. Further application of the integral equation is discussed, and several promising areas for further study are identified.
A temporary equilibrium model of the mortgage market

Abstract A temporary equilibrium model of the mortgage market is estimated and its dynamic behavior analyzed. Mortgage loans and contract price adjust speedily in response to exogenous demand- and supply-side changes or shocks, but contract price overshoots markedly in response to demand changes or shocks.
A BRIEF CRITIQUE OF THE SEARCH FOR NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS WITH “SINGLE MEASUREMENT” SOLAR NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS

We briefly review the recent results on solar neutrino observations pointing out the dependence on the model of the solar neutrino production. We show that current uncertainties make it rather unlikely that unambiguous proof of neutrino oscillations can be obtained from any current (single measurement) techniques. We then show the importance of carrying out solar neutrino experiments where two reactions are measured simultaneously (double experiments). As an example we apply this to the ICARUS liquid Argon detector being constructed for the Gran Sasso Laboratory.
Noncompact and slender circular CFT members: Experimental database, analysis, and design

Abstract Rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) members are categorized as compact, noncompact or slender depending on the slenderness ratio (width-to-thickness b/t ratio) of the steel tube walls. International design codes typically focus on the design of compact CFT members with relatively small slenderness (b/t) ratios. The behavior and design of noncompact or slender CFT members is not addressed directly. This paper presents the basis of the current AISC Specification (AISC 360-10) for the design of noncompact or slender rectangular CFT members under axial compression, flexure, and combined axial and flexural loading. The experimental database of tests conducted on noncompact and slender CFT members is reviewed. Design equations are developed based on the experimental results and observations. Detailed 3D finite element method (FEM) models are developed for noncompact and slender CFT members, and benchmarked using experimental results. The benchmarked models are used to address gaps in the experimental database, and further verify the conservatism of the design equations.
Controversies in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated renal diseases

The two most common HIV-associated renal diseases, HIV-associated nephropathy and HIV immune-complex kidney disease, share the common pathologic finding of hyperplasia within the glomerulus. Podocyte injury is central to the pathogenesis of these diseases; however, the source of the proliferating glomerular epithelial cell remains a topic of debate. Parenchymal injury has been linked to direct infection of renal epithelial cells by HIV-1, although the mechanism of viral entry into this non-lymphoid compartment is unclear. Although transgenic rodent models have provided insight into viral proteins responsible for inducing renal disease, such models have substantial limitations. Rodent HIV-1 models, for instance, cannot replicate all features of immune activation, a process that could have an important role in the pathogenesis of the HIV-associated renal diseases.
Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix: A case report

Background : Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a rare neoplasm associated with a favorable outcome and has not been described as a complication of pregnancy. Case : A gravida at 20 weeks' gestation was found to have a bulky stage-IB adenocarcinoma of the cervix. She was delivered at 32 weeks' gestation by cesarean, then a radical hysterectomy and pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomies were performed. Pathology revealed a deeply invasive, grade 1 villoglandular adenocarcinoma confined to the cervix. The patient remains free of disease at 14 months follow-up. Conclusion : Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix has a favorable prognosis and can be managed conservatively, even when complicated by pregnancy.