cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjugate Addition Reactions of N-Carbamoyl-4-pyridones and 2,3-Dihydropyridones with Grignard Reagents in the Absence of Cu(I) Salts

N-Boc- and N-ethoxycarbonyl-4-pyridones and the resulting 2,3-dihydropyridones undergo 1,4-addition reactions with Grignard reagents in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) or BF3·Et2O in excellent yields. Copper catalysis is not required, and mechanistic considerations suggest that the reaction is proceeding by a conjugate addition pathway rather than by a pathway involving 1,2-addition to an intermediate pyridinium ion. TMSCl-mediated conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to 2-substituted-2,3-dihydropyridones gives the trans-2,6-disubstitued piperidinones stereoselectively, while cuprate reagents give either the trans or cis diastereomers or mixtures.
Causality and electromagnetic transmissions through materials

Abstract Several experiments hint at evidence for superluminal transport of electromagnetic energy through a material slab. It is unlikely that superluminal signals can be understood on the basis of purely classical electrodynamic signals passing through a material. The quantum view may lead to violations of Einstein causality.
Scattering of macroscopic heterotic strings

Abstract We show that macroscopic heterotic strings, formulated as strings which wind around a compact direction of finite but macroscopic extent, exhibit non-trivial scattering at low energies. This occurs at order velocity squared and may thus be described as geodesic motion on a moduli space with a non-trivial metric which we construct. Our result is in agreement with a direct calculation of the string scattering amplitude.
Argon-39 and tritium in meteorites

Abstract The radioactive isotopes argon-39 and tritium are measured in a number of iron and stone meteorites. The stable isotope helium-3 is also measured and the argon-38 content is estimated from the helium-3 content. The cosmic ray exposure ages obtained from the argon-39 and argon-38 are: 4·2 × 108 years for the Sikhote-Alin iron meteorite, 4·5 × 108 years for the Treysa iron meteorite, 0·3 × 108 years for the Pitts iron meteorite, 5 × 108 years for the Norton County achondrite, and 0·8 × 108 years for the St. Michel chondrite. The ratio of tritium to argon-39 radioactivities at the time of fall is 140 ± 20 for the Norton County meteorite, 56 ± 15 for the St. Michel meteorite, 6 ± 1 for the Treysa meteorite, and less than 1 2 for the Sikhote-Alin meteorite. For the stone meteorites this ratio is consistent with the production probabilities and the hypothesis of the constancy of cosmic rays. For the iron meteorites this is lower than expected from the production probabilities. Either the cosmic ray bombardment is not constant or tritium loss from diffusion occurs for the iron meteorites. Also reported is the lack of argon-39 and tritium in a number of undated iron meteorite falls, which indicates that they fell more than 1500 years ago. Only one undated iron meteorite fall, Washington County, gave a small trace of argon-39, indicating that it fell about 1000 years ago. Possible interpretations of the cosmic ray exposure ages are discussed.
Multi-staged repair of contaminated primary and recurrent giant incisional herniae in the same hospital admission: a proposal for a new approach.

Repair of primary and recurrent giant incisional herniae is extremely challenging and more so in the face of surgical field contamination. Literature supports the single- and multi-staged approaches including the use of biological meshes for these difficult patients with their associated benefits and limitations. This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective study of five patients who were successfully treated through a multi-staged approach but in the same hospital admission, not previously described, for the repair of contaminated primary and recurrent giant incisional herniae in a district general hospital between 2009 and 2012. Patient demographics including their BMI and ASA, previous and current operative history including complications and follow-up were collected in a secure database. The first stage involved the eradication of contamination, and the second stage was the definitive hernia repair with the new generation-coated synthetic meshes. Of the five patients, three were men and two women with a mean age of 58 (45–74) years. Two patients had grade 4 while the remaining had grade 3 hernia as per the hernia grading system with a mean BMI of 35 (30–46). All patients required extensive adhesiolysis, bowel resection and anastomoses and wash out. Hernial defect was measured as 204* (105–440) cm2, size of mesh implant was 568* (375–930) cm2 and the total duration of operation (1st + 2nd Stage) was 354* (270–540) min. Duration of hospital stay was 11* (7–19) days with a follow-up of 17* (6–36) months. We believe that our multi-staged approach in the same hospital admission (for the repair of contaminated primary and recurrent giant incisional herniae), excludes the disadvantages of a true multi-staged approach and simultaneously minimises the risks and complications associated with a single-staged repair, can be adopted for these challenging patients for a successful outcome (* indicates mean).
MDM2-dependent inhibition of P53 is required for Epstein-Barr virus B cell growth transformation and infected cell survival

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) growth transformation of primary B lymphocytes into indefinitely proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) depends on the concerted activities of a subset of viral proteins expressed during latency. EBV drives quiescent B cells into S phase and consequently a host response is activated that includes expression of p53 and its target genes. Since LCLs retain wild-type p53, it was of interest to determine what contribution the p53 pathway may have in controlling established LCL growth and EBV-mediated transformation of primary B cells. We found that liberation of p53 through chemical antagonism of one of its major ubiquitin ligases, MDM2, led to apoptosis of established LCLs and suppressed EBV-mediated transformation of primary B cells. The activation of latent p53 induced target genes associated with apoptosis and was antagonized by constitutive NFκB activity in LCLs. Furthermore, the NFκB-dependent antagonism of p53 was not at the p53-dependent transcriptional level, but rather involved increasing the level of steady-state MDM2 protein. The consequence of these effects through NFκB is to increase the MDM2/p53 ratio, thereby sensitizing cells to MDM2 antagonism. This mechanism, likely through increased MDM2 translation, may provide a novel means by which NFκB activating oncogenes suppress wild-type p53 activity and overcome the oncogenic stress checkpoint. Furthermore, the acquisition of Nutlin-sensitivity in EBV-infected cells provides a novel system for studying the pathways that dictate LCL survival and regulate EBV transformation. Finally, MDM2 antagonists may be considered alone or in combination with NFκB inhibition for therapeutic intervention in EBV-associated malignancies expressing wild-type p53.
Storming the Castle: The Battle for Postal Reform in Japan

This article explores the ideas and power struggles that have shaped the ongoing battle to privatize the Japanese postal services. For years, a coalition of commissioned postmasters, postal workers, bureaucrats and politicians resisted postal reform in part by appealing to the 'traditional values' symbolized by the state-run system and playing to the fears of ordinary citizens. Against this backdrop, Koizumi struggled to win the public over to his vision of a privatized postal system and, more broadly, a political economy based on free market principles. Koizumi was ultimately successful in passing his postal privatization bills in October 2005 not because he had won the ideological battle for the hearts and minds of the general public but because he managed to marginalize his opponents by changing the political and electoral rules of the game. Now, Koizumi faces renewed pressures from his opponents to dilute the market-oriented dimensions of the new postal regime as the government prepares to implement the privatization legislation.
Corneal hysteresis and Beta-zone parapapillary atrophy.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between β-zone parapapillary atrophy (βPPA) and corneal hysteresis (CH) in patients with glaucoma. Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods Glaucoma patients aged 18 to 90 years with disc photographs within 12 months of the study visit were consecutively enrolled. Exclusion criteria included ocular surgery other than clear corneal phacoemulsification, myopia >6 diopters, contact lens use, and corneal abnormality. CH was measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Disc photographs were evaluated in a masked fashion for βPPA. Results We enrolled 99 patients (mean age 67.6 years; 45 men, 54 women). Univariate analysis showed no significant difference in CH between eyes with and without βPPA (8.72 ± 0.23 vs 8.15 ± 0.27 mm Hg, P = .11). There were no differences in corneal resistance factor (CRF) ( P = .47), central corneal thickness (CCT) ( P = .11), ORA wave score ( P = .23), age ( P = .23), sex ( P = .40), IOP ( P = .86), or visual field mean deviation (VFMD) ( P = .45). Eyes with βPPA were more myopic (−1.49 ± 0.27 vs −0.22 ± 0.31 diopters, P = .003). Multivariate analysis showed no significant difference in CH between eyes with and without βPPA ( P = .38). Eyes with asymmetric βPPA also showed no significant difference in CH (8.97 ± 0.22 vs 9.10 ± 0.22 mm Hg, P = .69). Conclusions We found no significant differences in CH between eyes with and without βPPA or between fellow eyes with asymmetric βPPA.
Synthesis of optically active polymers with chiral units attached to rigid backbones and their application for asymmetric catalysis

Abstract Optically active ephedrine-bearing poly(phenylene)s have been synthesized by using the Suzuki coupling polymerization. Their application as polymeric chiral catalysts for asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes has been studied and good enantioselectivity was observed. The strategy to synthesize these optically active polymers is potentially useful in the design and synthesis of other polymeric chiral catalysts for asymmetric catalysis.
Protic-Solvent-Mediated Cycloisomerization of Quinoline and Isoquinoline Propargylic Alcohols: Syntheses of (±)-3-Demethoxyerythratidinone and (±)-Cocculidine†

Putting the "benz" in indolizinones: A cycloisomerization approach to benz[g]indolizinones and benz[e]indolizinones provides the first general route to these unique azacycles (see example). The utility of the benzindolizinone products was demonstrated by the application of this method to the total synthesis of the Erythrina alkaloids 3-demethoxyerythratidinone and cocculidine.
Genetics of End‐Use Quality Differences between a Modern and Historical Spring Wheat

The goal of this project was to determine the genetic basis for quality differences between a modern semidwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar McNeal and a historically important standard height cultivar Thatcher. McNeal is higher yielding with lower grain protein than Thatcher, yet has stronger gluten properties important in bread making. Grain from a total of 160 recombinant inbred lines including 80 semidwarf and 80 standard-height lines grown in three environments was tested for bread-making quality. A genetic map of 609 markers was used to identify bread-making quality quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing flour protein, dough mixing, and baking properties. The McNeal allele for semidwarf habit at Rht-D1 had the largest impact on end-use quality parameters, including flour protein and loaf volume. The primarily negative impact of this allele on quality in McNeal was mitigated by alleles for increased dough strength at other QTL. The allele with the greatest effect on strength was at Gli-B1. Other alleles for increased end-use quality, especially alleles impacting flour protein, tended to be negatively associated with previously identified alleles for grain yield and its components. In sum, this paper shows that the introduction of the Rht alleles for semidwarf habit have presented a challenge to the maintenance of superior end-use quality in modern hard red spring wheat cultivars.
Automated extraction of the LV from 3D cardiac ultrasound scans

In this paper, a novel technique is presented for the extraction of features from 3D medical image sequences. This technique involves grayscale segmentation, followed by application of a 3D deformable model algorithm which smooths the data and compensates for drop-out regions in the segmentation. These properties are particularly desirable in the application studied here, which is the extraction of the left ventricle from a 3D ultrasound scan. THe algorithm is shown to produce a good reconstruction of the LV, as well as an accurate measurement of its volume.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sigma-terms in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory revisited

The \(\sigma\)-terms are calculated at next-to-leading order in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory by employing a cutoff regularization. The results do not depend on the cutoff value to the order we are working . The baryon masses and \(\sigma_{\pi N}(0)\) are used to perform a least-squares fit to the three appearing low-energy constants and predictions for the two KN\(\sigma\)-terms and the strange contribution to the nucleon mass are made. The lack of convergence in the chiral expansions of these quantities when regularized dimensionally is overcome in the cutoff scheme. The \(\sigma\)-term shifts to the pertinent Cheng-Dashen points are calculated. We also include the spin-3/2 decuplet in the effective theory.
Total synthesis of (−)-tamandarin B

Abstract The synthesis of tamandarin B is described. Key steps in the synthesis of the macrocycle component include a diastereoselective ketone reduction, linear precursor formation via an activated pentafluorophenyl ester, and HATU-promoted cyclization. Side-chain coupling was achieved in excellent yield with the newly developed coupling reagent DEPBT.
A survey of dynamically-adaptive grids in the numerical solution of partial differential equations

Abstract The construction of dynamically-adaptive curvilinear coordinate systems based on numerical grid generation and the use thereof in the numerical solution of partial differential equations is surveyed, and correlations are made among the various approaches. These adaptive grids are coupled with the physical solution being done on the grid so that the grid points continually move in the course of the solution in order to resolve developing gradients, or higher variations, in the solution. Particular attention is given to systems using elliptic grid generation based on variational principles. It is noted that dynamic grid adaption can remove the oscillations common when strong gradients occur on fixed grids, and that it appears that when the grid adapts to the solution most numerical solution algorithms work well. Particular applications in computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer are noted.
The limit of oversight in policing: Evidence from the 2001 Cincinnati riot

Abstract Oversight in policing involves investigating officers for complaints against them and punishing them if found guilty. Officers commit errors in policing and, since reducing the error rate is costly, they cut down policing to avoid complaints. This paper tests the hypothesis that oversight reduces policing by exploiting a quasi-experiment: In April 2001, a riot erupted in Cincinnati after a white officer shot dead an unarmed African-American adolescent; the sharply increased media attention, a Justice Department investigation, together with a “racial profiling” lawsuit, exogenously raised the expected penalty of an officer's errors. Compared with the period from January 1999 to March 2001, arrests during the remaining months of 2001 fell substantially. The decline was more significant for offenses where the error rate was higher. Communities with a greater percentage of African-Americans experienced greater arrest reductions. Felony crime surged during the same period.
Entrepreneurship and Family Business in a Hostile Environment: The Case of Lithuania

This article compares the survival strategies used by the founders of family and nonfamily businesses in the hostile economic environment of Lithuania. In this exploratory study, six firms were studied in depth: three family firms and three nonfamily firms. These firms were in that sector of the Lithuanian economy designated as “light industry.” The major strategies used by founders to keep their firms viable include (1) developing social capital to gain favor with local authorities and important customers and suppliers and (2) using family networks to gain access to human and financial capital. The family businesses appeared to be more successful than the nonfamily enterprises. Moreover, the ability to draw on family resources seemed to be the predominant reason for their modest success.
Modeling belief in dynamic systems, part I: foundations

Belief change is a fundamental problem in AI: Agents constantly have to update their beliefs to accommodate new observations. In recent years, there has been much work on axiomatic characterizations of belief change. We claim that a better understanding of belief change can be gained from examining appropriate semantic models. In this paper we propose a general framework in which to model belief change. We begin by defining belief in terms of knowledge and plausibility: an agent believes Φ if he knows that Φ is more plausible than ¬Φ. We then consider some properties defining the interaction between knowledge and plausibility, and show how these properties affect the properties of belief. In particular, we show that by assuming two of the most natural properties, belief becomes a KD45 operator. Finally, we add time to the picture. This gives us a framework in which we can talk about knowledge, plausibility (and hence belief), and time, which extends the framework of Halpern and Fagin for modeling knowledge in multi-agent systems. We then examine the problem of “minimal change”. This notion can be captured by using prior plausibilities, an analogue to prior probabilities, which can be updated by “conditioning”. We show by example that conditioning on a plausibility measure can capture many scenarios of interest. In a companion paper, we show how the two best-studied scenarios of belief change, belief revision and belief update, fit into our framework.
Control of pressure oscillations in deep cavities excited by grazing flow

Grazing flow over a deep cavity can result in acoustic resonance characterized by a standing wave-vortex feedback loop. Control of cavity resonance has potential impact in stealth aircraft and aircraft weapons bay applications, where periodic stress loading can cause material fatigue failure or damage sensitive instrumentation. A previous perturbation analysis of the fundamental equations of motion for a fluid system motivates a control method based on interaction of an external source of momentum (force) with cavity velocity fluctuations. Through proper placement of stationary control screens (force addition) within the resonant cavity in laboratory experiments, the cavity rms pressure amplitude was significantly reduced without interfering with the approaching boundary layer. Reductions in cavity base spectral peaks of up to 26 dB were achieved. Both single vortex (onequarter mode shape) and double vortex (three-quarter mode shape) cases were controlled. Placement of control screens at locations of maximum velocity fluctuation yields optimum control for force addition.
POPULATION GENETICS OF NEUTRAL MUTATIONS IN EXPONENTIALLY GROWING CANCER CELL POPULATIONS.

In order to analyze data from cancer genome sequencing projects, we need to be able to distinguish causative, or “driver,” mutations from “passenger” mutations that have no selective effect. Toward this end, we prove results concerning the frequency of neutural mutations in exponentially growing multitype branching processes that have been widely used in cancer modeling. Our results yield a simple new population genetics result for the site frequency spectrum of a sample from an exponentially growing population.
LIF Spectroscopy of NO and O2 in High-Pressure Flames

We report new models of absorption, excitation, and fluorescence spectra for joint excitations of the A ← X(0,0) band of NO and the B← X bands of 02. Supporting measurements obtained from the burned regions of flames operated at pressures from 1 to 10 atm are also presented. As developed through these models, a strategy appropriate for imaging planar laser-induced flourescence is proposed that, for lean combustion environments, should afford sensitive measurements of NO concentration through the use of a single excitation wavelength despite the photolytic interference from 02 that intensifies with increasing pressure and temperature.
Mono: A program to calculate synchrotron beamline monochromator throughputs

Abstract A set of Fortran programs has been developed to calculate the expected throughput of X-ray monochromators with a filtered synchrotron source; it is applicable to bending-magnet and wiggler beamlines. These programs calculate the normalized throughput and filtered synchrotron spectrum passed by multiple-element, flat, nonfocusing monochromator crystals of the Bragg or Laue type as a function of incident beam divergence, energy, and polarization. The reflected and transmitted beam of each crystal is calculated using the dynamical theory of diffraction. Multiple crystal arrangements in the dispersive and nondispersive modes are allowed, as are crystal asymmetry and energy or angle offsets. Filters or windows of arbitrary elemental composition may be used to filter the incident synchrotron beam. This program should be useful to predict the intensities available from many beamline configurations as well as to assist in the design of new monochromator and analyzer systems.
Correlating electronic properties of bimetallic surfaces with reaction pathways of C2 hydrocarbons.

The rate and selectivity of chemical reactions on transition-metal surfaces can be controlled by using different bimetallic combinations. The interaction of bimetallic components leads to a change in the electronic properties of the surface, which in turn produces a change in chemical reactivity. In the current paper, we illustrate the correlation of the electronic properties of bimetallic surfaces with the reaction pathways of C2 hydrocarbons. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the binding of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, ethyl, and vinyl on monometallic and bimetallic transition-metal surfaces. The binding energies of these species were found to correlate with the d-band centers of these surfaces. The binding energies for hydrogen atoms on bimetallic surfaces were lower than for those on the corresponding parent metal surfaces. This trend was consistent for ethylene and acetylene binding. Comparative studies between acetylene and ethylene revealed that acetylene was more strongly bonded ...
Initial Global Seismic Cross‐Correlation Results: Implications for Empirical Signal Detectors

Abstract In this work, we cross‐correlated waveforms in a global dataset consisting of over 310 million waveforms from nearly 3.8 million events recorded between 1970 and 2013 for two purposes: to better understand the nature of global seismicity and to evaluate correlation as a technique for automated event processing. We found that about 14.5% of the events for which we have at least one waveform correlated with at least one other event at the 0.6 or higher level. Within the geographic regions where our waveform holdings are complete or nearly complete, that fraction rose to nearly 18%. Moreover, among the events for which we had one or more seismograms recorded at distances less than 12°, the fraction of correlated events was much higher, often exceeding 50%. These results imply that global seismicity contains a large number of repeating events, that is, events that are sufficiently similar to each other to have correlated waveforms over the time period spanned by our dataset. These results are very encouraging for using correlation in aspects of automated event processing. It is well known that because of the strongly implied similarity of the sources of correlated signals, they can be used as empirical signal detectors (ESD) to detect, locate, and identify an event using as few as one channel. Our results are very encouraging for using correlation and perhaps other forms of ESD for regional network processing and continental global processing because, for example, nearly all continental seismicity (99%) is within 12° of at least one International Monitoring System station.
A simple game-theoretic explanation for the relationship between group size and helping

Abstract Consistent with evidence from some psychological studies, this paper shows that as there are more people who can help someone in need, the lower is the probability that help is forthcoming.
Quenched QED on a momentum space lattice

We discuss the advantages of using the momentum space lattice method for studying the phase diagram of quenched QED4. Preliminary results of a numerical simulation are presented. They indicate that the method avoids the contamination by 4-fermi interactions which plagues the conventional position space non-compact formulation.
Characterization of Indentation-induced ‘Particle Crowding’ in Metal Matrix Composites

A direct experimental characterization of reinforcement configuration in an indentation-deformed metal matrix composite is undertaken. The primary objective is to quantify the possible local increase in particle concentration, which has been proposed to cause inconsistency in the indentation hardness and the overall composite strength. Quantitative metallography on the post-indented material is carried out to measure the particle volume fraction. Multiple cross sections of an indentation are investigated with the statistically significant results obtained. A distinct increase in particle concentration induced by the indentation is found. The spatial distribution of particle concentration is also examined in detail. The residual compressive stress field remained in the material upon unloading, as illustrated by the finite element analysis, is shown to be in qualitative agreement with the measurement.
A universal reflexive space for the class of uniformly convex Banach spaces

We show that there exists a separable reflexive Banach space into which every separable uniformly convex Banach space isomorphically embeds. This solves problems raised by J. Bourgain [B] in 1980 and by W. B. Johnson in 1977 [Jo]. We also give intrinsic characterizations of separable reflexive Banach spaces which embed into a reflexive space with a block q-Hilbertian and/or a block p-Besselian finite dimensional decomposition.
Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Earth: Exploration of Atmospheric, Biological, Climatic, and Biogeochemical Effects

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are likely to have made a number of significant impacts on the Earth during the last billion years. The gamma radiation from a burst within a few kiloparsecs would quickly deplete much of the Earth's protective ozone layer, allowing an increase in solar UVB radiation reaching the surface. This radiation is harmful to life, damaging DNA and causing sunburn. In addition, NO2 produced in the atmosphere would cause a decrease in visible sunlight reaching the surface and could cause global cooling. Nitric acid rain could stress portions of the biosphere, but the increased nitrate deposition could be helpful to land plants. We have used a two-dimensional atmospheric model to investigate the effects on the Earth's atmosphere of GRBs delivering a range of fluences, at various latitudes, at the equinoxes and solstices, and at different times of day. We have estimated DNA damage levels caused by increased solar UVB radiation, reduction in solar visible light due to NO2 opacity, and deposition of nitrates through rainout of HNO3. For the typical nearest burst in the last billion years, we find globally averaged ozone depletion up to 38%. Localized depletion reaches as much as 74%. Significant global depletion (at least 10%) persists up to about 7 yr after the burst. Our results depend strongly on time of year and latitude over which the burst occurs. The impact scales with the total fluence of the GRB at the Earth but is insensitive to the time of day of the burst and its duration (1-1000 s). We find DNA damage of up to 16 times the normal annual global average, well above lethal levels for simple life forms such as phytoplankton. The greatest damage occurs at mid- to low latitudes. We find reductions in visible sunlight of a few percent, primarily in the polar regions. Nitrate deposition similar to or slightly greater than that currently caused by lightning is also observed, lasting several years. We discuss how these results support the hypothesis that the Late Ordovician mass extinction may have been initiated by a GRB.
Nuclear power for the production of synthetic fuels and feedstocks

Abstract Due to depletion of national and foreign resources, development of alternative or synthetic carbonaceous fuels and feedstocks (SCFF) is recommended, using nuclear power not only to provide for the therma, electrical, and hydrogen economies, but also, ultimately, to provide a stable carbonaceous fuel economy. The value or carbonaceous raw material for conversion to SCFF is much higher than burning them for their BTU value alone, and the authors sets forth the process concept for using all forms of carbonaceous materials as sources of raw materials for SCFF. To reduce costs it is recommended to build nuclear plants to provide peaking power for the grids and to utilise the off-peak power for production of SCFF.
A remark on conformal anomaly and extrinsic geometry of random surfaces

Abstract In low dimensions, conformal anomaly has a profound influence on the critical behavior of random surfaces with extrinsic curvature rigidity 1/ α . We illustrate this by making a small D expansion of rigid random surfaces, where a non-trivial infrared fixed point is shown to exist. We speculate on the renormalization group flow diagram in the (α, D ) plane. We argue that the qualitative behavior of numerical simulations in D =3,4 could be understood on the basis of the phase diagram.
Reductive cleavage of an SiCl3 group by amine hydrochlorides and base

Abstract A new procedure has been developed for removing the SiCl 3 group from α-trichlorosilyl-substituted amines. In this procedure the trichlorosilyl substrate is treated first with amine hydrochloride in CH 3 CN, followed by hydrolysis with aqueous hydroxide. Using this sequence, amines corresponding to replacement of the trichlorosilyl group with hydrogen can be conveniently isolated in good yields for all tested cases. Evidence suggests the intermediacy of an unstable chlorosilane species formed by probable nucleophilic attack of chloride. In conjunction with the addition reaction fo HSiCl 3 to enamines to form the α-trichlorisilyl amines, the cleavage completes a new method for the transformation of enamines to amines which could be a useful alternative to either catalytic hydrogenation or metal hydride reduction.
Review of recent advances in nucleophilic C–F bond-forming reactions at sp3 centers

Abstract Because of the broad utility of organofluorine compounds, efficient nucleophilic fluorination reactions are of high synthetic value. This is because fluoride is generally less costly, more readily available as its positron-emitting isotope ( 18 F − ), and has a higher specific activity than its ‘F + ’ counterparts. New reactions for the construction of C F bonds, that make use of contemporary chemical methods, have only lately begun to emerge. This review provides a brief summary of some of the recent disclosures in transition metal-catalyzed fluorination reactions at sp 3 -hybridized carbon centers with nucleophilic fluoride sources.
Quantitative assessment of invasive mena isoforms (Menacalc) as an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer

Mena, an Ena/VASP protein family member, is a key actin regulatory protein. Mena is up-regulated in breast cancers and promotes invasion and motility of tumor cells. Mena has multiple splice variants, including Mena invasive (MenaINV) and Mena11a, which are expressed in invasive or non-invasive tumor cells, respectively. We developed a multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (MQIF) approach to assess the fraction of Mena lacking 11a sequence as a method to infer the presence of invasive tumor cells represented as total Mena minus Mena11a (called Menacalc) and determined its association with metastasis in breast cancer. The MQIF method was applied to two independent primary breast cancer cohorts (Cohort 1 with 501 and Cohort 2 with 296 patients) using antibodies against Mena and its isoform, Mena11a. Menacalc was determined for each patient and assessed for association with risk of disease-specific death. Total Mena or Mena11a isoform expression failed to show any statistically significant association with outcome in either cohort. However, assessment of Menacalc showed that relatively high levels of this biomarker is associated with poor outcome in two independent breast cancer cohorts (log rank P = 0.0004 for Cohort 1 and 0.0321 for Cohort 2). Multivariate analysis on combined cohorts revealed that high Menacalc is associated with poor outcome, independent of age, node status, receptor status and tumor size. High Menacalc levels identify a subgroup of breast cancer patients with poor disease-specific survival, suggesting that Menacalc may serve as a biomarker for metastasis.
Galaxies in SDSS and DEEP2: A Quiet Life on the Blue Sequence?

In the six billion years between redshifts z = 1 and z = 0.1, galaxies change due to the aging of their stellar populations, the formation of new stars, and mergers with other galaxies. Here I explore the relative importance of these various effects, finding that mergers and other processes are unlikely to convert more than 10% of the blue galaxy sequence into red galaxies in that time period. I compare the galaxy population at redshift z ~ 0.1 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to the sample at z ~ 1 from the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe 2 (DEEP2). Galaxies are bluer at z ~ 1: the blue sequence by about 0.3 mag and the red sequence by about 0.1 mag in 0.1(u - g). I evaluate the change in color and in the luminosity functions of the two sequences using some simplistic stellar population synthesis models. These models indicate that the luminous end of the red sequence fades less than passive evolution allows by about 0.2 mag. Due to a lack of luminous blue progenitors, "dry" mergers between red galaxies then must create the luminous red population at z ~ 0.1 if the stellar population models and flux estimates are correct. The blue-sequence colors and luminosity function are consistent with a reduction in the star formation rate since z ~ 1 (by at least a factor of about 3, although this study does not constrain the exact number well), with no change in the number density to within 10%. These results restrict the number of blue galaxies that can fall onto the red sequence by any process, and in particular suggest that if mergers are catastrophic events, they must be rare for blue galaxies.
Importance of aerosol composition, mixing state, and morphology for heterogeneous ice nucleation: A combined field and laboratory approach

[1] In this study chemical compositions of background aerosol and ice nuclei were examined through laboratory investigations using Raman spectroscopy and field measurements by single-particle mass spectrometry. Aerosol sampling took place at Storm Peak Laboratory in Steamboat Springs, Colorado (elevation of 3210 m). A cascade impactor was used to collect coarse-mode aerosol particles for laboratory analysis by Raman spectroscopy; the composition, mixing state, and heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of individual particles were examined. For in situ analysis of fine-mode aerosol, ice nucleation on ambient particles was observed using a compact ice nucleation chamber. Ice crystals were separated from unactivated aerosol using a pumped counterflow virtual impactor, and ice nuclei were analyzed using particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry. For both fine and coarse modes, the ice nucleating particle fractions were enriched in minerals and depleted in sulfates and nitrates, compared to the background aerosol sampled. The vast majority of particles in both the ambient and ice active aerosol fractions contained a detectable amount of organic material. Raman spectroscopy showed that organic material is sometimes present in the form of a coating on the surface of inorganic particles. We find that some organic-containing particles serve as efficient ice nuclei while others do not. For coarse-mode aerosol, organic particles were only observed to initiate ice formation when oxygen signatures were also present in their spectra.
On some local cohomology invariants of local rings

Let A be a commutative Noetherian local ring containing a field of characteristic p>0. The integer invariants λi,j(A) have been introduced in an old paper of ours. In this paper we completely describe λd,d(A) where d=dimA in terms of the topology of SpecA.
Debugging PL/I programs in the multics environment

One of the popular misconceptions concerning PL/I is that programs written in PL/I are necessarily inefficient and hard to debug. Several years experience with the Multics PL/I compiler running on the Honeywell 645 has shown that in spite of the apparent complexity of the PL/I language, PL/I programs are easily debugged in the Multics environment, even by novice users who are newcomers to PL/I and are unfamiliar with the Honeywell 645. In most cases the user can debug his program symbolically without having to refer to a listing of the generated instructions or add debugging output statements to the program. This is due to a number of factors:• the run-time environment provided by the system.• the implementation of PL/I.• the availability of a variety of powerful debugging facilities.
Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole act in the United States

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of empirical analyses of data on the characteristics of the pre- and post-1980 patents of three leading US academic patenters—the University of California, Stanford University, and Columbia University. We complement the analysis of these institutions with an analysis of the characteristics of the patents issued to all US universities before and after 1980. Our analysis suggests that the effects of the Bayh–Dole act on the content of academic research and patenting at Stanford and the University of California were modest. The most significant change in the content of research at these universities, one associated with increased patenting and licensing at both universities before and after 1980, was the rise of biomedical research and inventive activity, but Bayh–Dole had little to do with this growth. Both UC and Stanford University administrators intensified their efforts to market faculty inventions in the wake of Bayh–Dole. This enlargement of the pool of marketed inventions appears to have reduced the commercial “yield” of this population at both universities. But we find no decline in the “importance” or “generality” of the post-1980 patents of these two universities. The analysis of overall US university patenting suggests that the patents issued to institutions that entered into patenting and licensing after the effective date of the Bayh–Dole act are indeed less important and less general than the patents issued before and after 1980 to US universities with longer experience in patenting. Inexperienced academic patenters appear to have obtained patents that proved to be less significant (in terms of the rate and breadth of their subsequent citations) than those issuing to more experienced university patenters. Bayh–Dole’s effects on entry therefore may be as important as any effects of the act on the internal “research culture” of US universities in explaining any decline in the importance and generality of US academic patents after 1980.
A WIDE-FIELD, LOW-FREQUENCY RADIO SURVEY OF THE FIELD OF M31. I. CONSTRUCTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE CATALOG

We present here the results of a 325 MHz radio survey of M31, conducted with the A configuration of the Very Large Array. The survey covered an area of 7.6 deg2, and a total of 405 radio sources between 6'' and 170'' in extent were mapped with a resolution of 6'' and a 1 σ sensitivity of ~0.6 mJy beam-1. For each source, its morphological class, major axis θM, minor axis θm, position angle θPA, peak flux I, integrated flux density S, spectral index α, and spectral curvature parameter were calculated. A comparison of the flux and radial distribution—both in the plane of the sky and in the plane of M31—of these sources with those of the XMM-Newton Large-Scale Structure Survey and Westerbork Northern Sky Survey revealed that a vast majority of sources detected are background radio galaxies. As a result of this analysis, we expect that only a few sources are intrinsic to M31. These sources are identified and discussed in an accompanying paper.
Phase coherence and the Nernst effect at magic angles in organic conductors

A giant Nernst signal was recently observed for fields near crystallographic directions in (TMTSF)2PF6. Such large Nernst signals are most naturally associated with the motion of pancake vortices. We propose a model in which phase coherence is destroyed throughout the sample except in planes closely aligned with the applied field H. A small tilt above or below the plane changes the direction and density of the penetrating vortices and leads to a Nernst signal that varies with the tilt angle of H as observed. The resistance notches at magic angles are understood in terms of flux-flow dissipation from field-induced vortices.
Global division of cohomology classes via injectivity

We note that the vanishing and injectivity theorems of Koll\'ar and Esnault-Viehweg can be used to give a quick algebraic proof of a strengthening of the Ein-Lazarsfeld Skoda-type division theorem for global sections of adjoint line bundles vanishing along suitable multiplier ideal sheaves, and to extend it to higher cohomology classes as well. For global sections, this is also a slightly more general statement of the algebraic translation of an analytic result of Siu. Along the way we write down an injectivity statement for multiplier ideals, and its standard consequences.
Optimal broadcasting in injured hypercubes using directed safety levels

Reliable communication in injured hypercubes with faulty links/nodes using directed safety levels is studied in this paper. In this approach, each node u in an n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube) is associated with a sequence of directed safety levels. A directed safety level associated with node u is an approximated measure of broadcast capability of performing optimal broadcasting from u in an (n - 1)-subcube containing u. By optimal broadcasting, we mean that the broadcast message reaches each destination through a shortest path (i.e., the length of each path is equal to the Hamming distance between the source and destination). Directed safety levels are based on a special coding scheme generalized from Wu's safety level model and are calculated through n - 1 rounds of information exchanges and updates among neighboring nodes. In this model, fault information of nodes within distance-d is precisely represented to better capture link faults, whereas fault information of nodes outside distance-d is approximated as in the regular safety level model. Optimal broadcasting at node u is guaranteed if node u is globally safe, which is defined in terms of the directed safety levels associated with u. The directed safety level model with d = 1 or d = 2 has the same asymptotic complexity as the regular safety level model. Simulation results show a significant improvement in terms of optimal broadcast capability in injured hypercubes.
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HONEYCOMB CORE SANDWICH STRUCTURES

Honeycomb core sandwich structures are an integral pan of many of today's aerospace structures. The need to know the thermal properties of these structures in order to perform thermal stress analyses provides the motivation for this research. The estimation approach used here to determine the thermal properties involves the minimization of a least squares function containing both measured and calculated values. A combined one dimensional conductive/radiative heat transfer model was used for the analysis of the structure. Experimental designs for the collection of temperature response data were optimized by maximizing the temperature derivatives with respect to the unknown thermal properties and by a scaled confidence interval approach. The experimental parameters optimized were the heating time and the total experiment time. Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 295 K to 495 K. The thermal properties estimated at these temperatures included the face sheet capacity, the conduction area of the core, and the emissivity in the interior of the core. These parameters exhibited a great deal of correlation, or interaction. A penalty function method was developed to perform the parameter estimation in a constrained fashion, and it was found that the parameters could be simultaneously estimated despite the presence of correlation.
CMS Central Hadron Calorimeter

We present a description of the CMS central hadron calorimeter. We describe the production of the 1996 CMS hadron testbeam module. We show the results of the quality control tests of the testbeam module. We present some results of the 1995 CMS hadron testbeam.
Unobserved heterogeneity and reserve prices in auctions

This article has benefited from helpful conversations with and insight from Robert Porter, Igal Hendel, Ali Hortacsu, Aviv Nevo, John Asker, Federico Bugni, Matthew Gentzkow, Phil Haile, Ben Handel, Joel Horowitz, Tom Hubbard, Rosa Matzkin, Ryan McDevitt, Kanishka Misra, Jason O'Connor, Mallesh Pai, Aaron Sojourner, Andrew Sweeting, Elie Tamer, Xun Tang, Glen Weyl, and numerous seminar participants. Finally, I thank Joonsuk Lee for being so gracious in providing the data used in the article. Financial support from Duke University and the Center for the Study of Industrial Organization at Northwestern University is greatly appreciated. Any errors are my own.
Imaging Recommendations for Acute Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Patients: A Joint Statement by the American Society of Neuroradiology, the American College of Radiology, and the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Imaging plays a critical role in evaluating patients suspected of acute stroke and transient ischemic attack, especially before initiating treatment. Over the past few decades, major advances have occurred in stroke imaging and treatment, including Food and Drug Administration approval of recanalization therapies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. A wide variety of imaging techniques has become available to assess vascular lesions and brain tissue status in acute stroke patients. However, the practical challenge for physicians is to understand the multiple facets of these imaging techniques, including which imaging techniques to implement and how to optimally use them, given available resources at their local institution. Important considerations include constraints of time, cost, access to imaging modalities, preferences of treating physicians, availability of expertise, and availability of endovascular therapy. The choice of which imaging techniques to employ is impacted by both the time urgency for evaluation of patients and the complexity of the literature on acute stroke imaging. Ideally, imaging algorithms should incorporate techniques that provide optimal benefit for improved patient outcomes without delaying treatment.