cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The State Action Principle and its Critics

The article is an entry in a long-standing debate concerning the soundness of the state action principle in American constitutional law. According to that principle, exercises of private rights by private people are not subject to the constitutional rules that apply to the government, even though those private decisions are supported by the government's coercive power. For many decades, some scholars have argued that the principle is irrational and also inconsistent with the purpose of some of the constitutional norms that it limits, such as the First Amendment. The article defends the principle from its critics, a group that includes a number of important contemporary constitutional theorists. We maintain that the state action principle is a reasonable implementation of the Constitution's basic distinction between public and private decision makers, and that it is consistent with a plausible and we think persuasive, understanding of the particular constitutional rules that the critics maintain the state action principle arbitrarily limits.
Pulse Delay Estimation

As explained in Chap. 3, the navigation system measurement is obtained through estimation of the time delay between the received signals. The delay estimation problem plays the most important role in the navigation system. In this chapter, we study this problem in more detail.
LFSR-Based Generation of Multicycle Tests

This paper describes a procedure for computing a multicycle test set whose scan-in states are compressed into seeds for a linear-feedback shift register, and whose primary input vectors are held constant during the application of a multicycle test. The goal of computing multicycle tests is to provide test compaction that reduces both the test application time and the test data volume. To avoid sequential test generation, the procedure uses a single-cycle test set to guide the computation of multicycle tests. The procedure optimizes every multicycle test, and increases the number of faults it detects, by adjusting its seed, primary input vector, and number of functional clock cycles. Optimizing the seed instead of the scan-in state avoids the computation of scan-in states for which seeds do not exist. Experimental results for benchmark circuits are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
Analysis of digital forensics live system acquisition methods to achieve optimal evidence preservation

Currently in the field of digital forensics, there are numerous books, papers and instructors that have conflicting recommendations on handling evidence preservation during the initial on-the-scene acquisition if the computer is found to be running. Many of the recommendations are based on opinion and to our knowledge there are no studies that perform a scientific analysis that provides evidence for the best way to perform runtime acquisition so as to preserve evidence and minimize data loss. In this paper we report an analysis of available storage techniques using a baseline scenario to determine which methods result in minimum loss of evidence. Thus, our research provides quantitative evidence as to the best methods a digital forensics investigator should use to preserve evidence.
Designing and Assessing Participatory Public Services for Emerging Markets

Governments have introduced public sector reform and innovation in their programs, striving to provide more efficient and effective public services, to meet the increasing expectations of people with shrinking public budgets. The public services in the service-driven world are becoming a subject of considerable interest to public service theorists and policy makers. In emerging markets, Information and Communication technology is being increasingly adapted to enhance the quality of public services at relatively lower costs. To the best of our knowledge, there is no methodology for public services in the emerging markets. In this chapter, we illustrate a public service design methodology in designing and delivering a public service in an Indian context and discuss the mapping of fundamental challenges in it by making a way of better service delivery. We present methodologies to assess corruption and lack of transparency, as these are the primary factors hindering the public service delivery in the emerging market.
Hydrostatic presure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ and HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ

The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature [Tc](P) on purely hydrostatic pressure to 0.9 GPa has been determined in ac susceptibility studies in a He-gas pressure system for optimally doped ceramic samples of HgBa[sub 2]CaCu[sub 2]O[sub 6+[delta]] and HgBa[sub 2]Ca[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 8+[delta]] with superconducting transitions at [Tc](0) [approx equal] 126.6 K and 133.9 K, respectively. [Tc] increases reversibly under hydrostatic pressure at the rates, d[Tc]/dP [approx equal] +1.80 [+-] 0.06 K/GPa and +1.71 [+-] 0.05 K/GPa, respectively. Within experimental error, these values are the same as found previously for optimally doped single-layered HgBa[sub 2]CuO[sub 4+[delta]], where d[Tc]/dP [approx equal] +1.72 [+-] 0.05 K/GPa. Remarkably, the logarithmic volume derivative of [Tc] is nearly identical for all three compounds, dln[Tc]/dlnV [approx equal] [minus]1.20 [+-] 0.05, even though the bulk modulus differs by more than 30%. This provides strong evidence that a common mechanism is responsible for the pressure dependence of the superconducting state in all three compounds.
Guidelines for Authorship Credit, Order, and Co-Inquirer Learning in Collaborative Faculty-Student SoTL Projects

Determining authorship credit and order in collaborative research projects can be difficult, can introduce or increase conflict in the research environment, and can exacerbate existing inequalities and affect power dynamics between team members. As a result, much disciplinary scholarship has been written to develop potential guidelines for authorship credit and order. However, the collaborative interdisciplinary nature of much SoTL work, along with the increasing focus of SoTL on students as co-inquirers into SoTL research, creates unique issues and challenges in ethically assigning authorship credit on SoTL projects. Informed by seminal disciplinary papers on authorship issues and best practices in undergraduate research, this paper proposes a new model to identify the relative contributions of student collaborators and explicitly incorporate a process-focused approach to collaborative faculty-student SoTL projects.
Radiotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Ionizing radiotherapy (RT) and non-ionizing radiotherapy (photodynamic therapy, PDT) play important roles in both the palliative and definitive treatment settings for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). As the technological sophistication of RT planning and delivery devices increases, the ability of RT to provide durable local control has become increasingly important. Similarly, PDT, which combines a photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen, is increasingly being used to treat thoracic malignancies, including MPM. This chapter discusses the mechanistic and logistical basics of RT and PDT and the use of these therapies in the increasingly multidisciplinary care of patients with MPM. In addition, the major clinical trials that support the use of RT and PDT in the care of patients with MPM are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the potential for future improvements and new directions for RT and PDT is described.
Detection of distraction under naturalistic driving using Galvanic Skin Responses

Distracted driving is the major cause for injuries and fatalities due to road accidents. Driving is a continuous task which requires constant attention of the driver; a certain level of distraction can cause the driver lose his/her attention to the driving task which might lead to an accident. Thus, detection of distraction will help reduce the number of accidents. There has been much research conducted for automatic detection of driver distraction. Many previous approaches have employed camera based techniques. However these methods might detect the distraction rather late to warn the drivers. On the other hand, neurophysiological signals using Electroencephalography (EEG) have shown to be reliable indicator of distraction. However EEG signals are very complex and the technology is intrusive to the drivers, which creates serious doubt for its practical applications. The objective of this study is to investigate if Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR) can be used to detect distraction under naturalistic driving condition using a wrist band wearable. Six driver subjects participated in our realistic driving experiments. Our experimental results demonstrated high accuracies of detection under subject dependents scenarios. We also investigated the possibility of subject independent distraction detection employing non-linear space transformation based on kernel analysis and support vector machines (SVM).
Identifying software decays: a system usage perspective

The value of a software product diminishes due to emerging new requirements and gradual changes in system usage patterns over its lifespan, including other direct or indirect impacts from the surrounding environment. Often new requirements or changes cannot be addressed instantly; therefore, the system becomes less effective with incompatible or unused features, gradually degrading the overall value of its services. We term this as software decay. In this paper, we attempt to discover this decay during earlier stages in the usage cycle; and measure it by quantifying its system value based on the access rates of its prime features that are necessary to perform its due services for the intended users.
Computationally Exploring and Alleviating the Kinetic Bottlenecks of Anaerobic Methane Oxidation

The anaerobic oxidation of methane by methanotrophic archaea offers a carbon- and electron- efficient route for the production of acetate, which can be further processed to yield liquid fuels. This acetate production pathway is initiated by methyl-coenzyme M reductase, but this enzyme can only oxidize trace amounts of methane ex situ. Efforts to improve the kinetics of methyl-coenzyme M reductase through enzyme engineering have been, in part, limited by low-throughput assays. Computational enzyme engineering can circumvent this limitation through the design of smaller, more focused libraries, which have a higher probability of success. By drawing from a new consensus reaction mechanism for Mcr and newly published data, the first complete kinetic characterization of the Mcr reaction mechanism is proposed. In the developed kinetic description, the rate of methyl-coenzyme M unbinding is proposed to limit Mcr overall kinetics. A revised computational method was devised to improve the rate of product release while not disrupting the reaction’s activated complex. Large, hydrophobic amino acids that can assume multiple conformations were predicted to be most effective at reaching this design goal. Other rate-limiting scenarios were examined, such as (i) high-temperature (> 45 °C), (ii) methyltransferase-limiting case, and (iii) ineffective Cofactor F430 binding. A separate library of designs is put forth for each one of these cases. These efforts mark the first computational attempt at redesigning methyl-coenzyme M reductase for reversed or improved activity, which if experimentally validated, would have a cross-cutting impact across the biotechnology and biochemistry fields by debottlenecking anaerobic methane oxidation.
Examining Trends of Technology Diffusion Theories in Information Systems

Since the publication of Roger’s fifth edition of Diffusion of Innovations in 2003, there is a need to investigate the recent Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) for Information Systems (IS) research for the purpose of finding trends. Much research has been conducted and needs to be synthesized to map a direction for future research. The methodology used in this study is meta-analysis of recent IDT IS research (2003-2011) published in the top eight IS Journals and the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). The study’s initial meta-analysis findings suggest that more variables are tested by many studies to increase richness and attempts are made for more objective measures of the Rate of Adoption variable to improve clarity. The paper’s contribution is the direction of Effective Information Systems which can be measured by diffusion into social systems, internationally and collaboratively.
The Pitcairn Family Heritage Fund

The Pitcairn Family Heritage fund invests primarily in companies controlled by their founding family or a related foundation. The fund was launched in 1989 by Pitcairn Trust, the family office of the descendants of Pittsburgh Plate Glass (PPG) founder John Pitcairn. The fund has delivered good long-term returns since its inception, but in recent years it has underperformed its benchmark by a considerable margin. The case can be used to discuss what family-controlled firms are, how they differ from widely held corporations, and what their benefits and costs are from the point of view of public investors. The spreadsheet supplement includes a tool that automatically evaluates the performance of a portfolio of the family-firm stocks that were in the Pitcairn portfolio in Sept. 2006 or a subset of them that students can select by filtering on various family control and management characteristics. By "playing" with these filters, students can discover themselves how family ownership, control, and management affect firm value and bring their findings to bear on the class discussion. I use the Pitcairn case to introduce Financial Management of Family and Closely Held Firms, an elective course that focuses on the financial management and corporate governance aspects of family firms. However, the case can be used more generally to introduce any family business course.
Simplified and automatable radiochemical separation strategy for the production of radiopharmaceutical quality 86Y using single column extraction chromatography.

Abstract We present a simplified, automatable single-column radiochemical separation method using the extraction chromatographic branched-DGA resin for the production of no-carrier-added 86Y with a radiochemical yield higher than 95%, an apparent molar activity of 1.4 ± 0.4 Ci/μmol (DOTA) and 2.3 ± 0.7 Ci/μmol (DTPA), and a run-to-run recycling efficiency of the isotopically-enriched target of 98 ± 1%. These results enable the preparation of 86Y radiopharmaceuticals for 86Y/90Y-based cancer theranostic applications.
An Automated SerDes Frontend Generator Verified With a 16-nm Instance Achieving 15 Gb/s at 1.96 pJ/bit

In this letter, we present the design methodology embedded within a SerDes frontend generator along with experimental results from an instance produced in TSMC 16 nm. A generator is an automated, parameterized design procedure that produces schematics and layouts based on top-level performance and architecture specifications. A half-rate current-integration SerDes instance was generated in TSMC 16-nm technology with passive CTLE, 1-tap FFE, and 4-tap DFE equalization. The instance operates at 15 Gb/s with BER less than 1E-12, and consumes 29.4 mW (1.9 pJ/bit) from 0.8-V/0.9-V supplies.
Comparative Effects of Medical Versus Surgical Weight Loss on Body Composition: a Pilot Randomized Trial.

Bariatric surgery leads to more rapid and greater weight loss (WL) compared to medical weight loss (MWL), but the differences in body composition (BC) changes for these modalities remain unclear. Due to the known health risks associated with central adiposity, we compared the changes in regional distribution of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) after surgical versus MWL. In this 1:1:1 randomized trial among 15 persons with type 2 diabetes and body mass index (BMI) 30–39.9 kg/m2, we compared changes in BC, by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computerized tomography, at time of 10%WL or 9 months after intervention (whichever came first). Participants underwent MWL, adjustable gastric banding (AGB), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Non-parametric tests evaluated BC differences (FM, LM, and visceral adipose tissue [VAT]) within and across all three arms and between pair-wise comparisons. Twelve female participants (75% African American) completed the study. Patient age, BMI, and baseline anthropometric characteristics were similar across study arms. AGB lost more LM (MWL − 5.2%, AGB − 10.3%, p = 0.021) and VAT (MWL + 10.9%, AGB − 28.0%, p = 0.049) than MWL. RYGB tended to lose more VAT (MWL +10.9%, RYGB − 20.2%, p = 0.077) than MWL. AGB tended to lose more LM than RYGB (AGB − 12.38%, RYGB − 7.29%, p = 0.15). At similar WL, AGB lost more LM and VAT than MWL; RYGB similarly lost more VAT. Given the metabolic benefits of reducing VAT and retaining LM, larger studies should confirm the changes in BC after surgical versus medical WL. NCTDK089557 – ClinicalTrials.gov
Tess Holliday’s Queering of Body-Positive Activism: Disrupting Fatphobic Logics of Health and Resignifying Fat As Fit

This article examines Tess Holliday’s queer rhetorical approach to body-positive activism to understand how she disrupts binaries that essentialize the fat body as unhealthy. I closely examine imag...
Häufigkeit und klinische Bedeutung der Paraproteinämie

1. Die heute fasbaren Paraproteinamien konnen in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden. Eine erste Gruppe umfast die mit einer „grosen“ Paraproteinamie einhergehenden Krankheiten des Plasmocytoms und der Makroglobulinamie Waldenstrom. Die Paraproteinamie ist bei diesen Krankheiten ein Kardinalsymptom (sog. Krankheiten mit obligater, groser Paraproteinamie). 2. Eine sehr seltene zweite Paraproteinamiegruppe umfast verschiedenartige Wucherungen von Abkommlingen des lympho-plasmoreticularen Systems (chronische Lymphadenosen, Lympho- und Reticulosarkome, gewisse akute Leukamieformen, evtl. Osteomyelosklerose), die in seltenen Fallen Paraproteine synthetisieren konnen (sog. Krankheiten mit fakultativer Paraproteinamie).
Posterior segment inflammatory outcomes assessed using fluorescein angiography in the STOP-UVEITIS study.

Although fluorescein angiography (FA) is a frequently used imaging modality in patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU), it has not been reliably used for objective assessment of posterior segment inflammatory outcomes in these patients. In this index study we report the posterior segment inflammatory outcomes of two different doses of intravenous (IV) infusions of tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 inhibitor, in eyes with NIU using a semi-quantitative FA scoring system. STOP-Uveitis is a randomized, multi-center clinical trial conducted at 5 clinical centers across the United States. The study evaluated the role of TCZ in patients with NIU. Thirty-seven (37) patients with NIU were randomized into one of two treatment groups in a ratio of 1:1. Group 1 received IV infusions of 4 mg/kg TCZ and group 2 received IV infusions of 8 mg/kg TCZ. Infusions were given every 4 weeks in both groups until month 6 (primary endpoint). Posterior segment inflammatory outcomes were assessed by evaluating FA at baseline and month 6 by graders at a central reading center. A previously reported, semi-quantitative, scoring system for FA was used to assess signs that represent ongoing inflammatory processes in the posterior segment. These signs included optic disc hyperfluorescence, macular edema, retinal vascular staining and/or leakage, capillary leakage, retinal capillary nonperfusion, neovascularization of the optic disc, neovascularization elsewhere, pinpoint leaks, and retinal staining and/or subretinal pooling. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Main outcome measures included change in posterior segment inflammation as assessed using FA at month 6. 37 eyes (37 patients) were randomized in the STOP-Uveitis study. 30 eyes were found to be eligible for this sub-study based on study criteria. Seven eyes had ungradable images at either baseline or month 6 and were therefore excluded from the analysis. The reduction in FA inflammatory scores at month 6 were statistically significant in both groups (p < 0.05). The difference between the two groups was not significant (p = 0.351). IV infusions of tocilizumab (both 4 and 8 mg/kg) are effective in improving posterior segment inflammation in eyes with NIU. A semi-quantitative FA scoring system may be used as a reliable outcome measure for assessment of posterior segment inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01717170
Indicator of redox in soil (IRIS) films as a water management tool for rice farmers.

Abstract Rice is a crucial part of the world's food supply but is also susceptible to uptake of contaminants including arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) depending on the soil redox potential. Careful control of soil redox state by implementing alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management can decrease mobility of soil As and Cd, but can be difficult to manage. Indicators of reduction in soil (IRIS) tubes and films have been studied by pedologists for wetland delineation; here, we explore the use of the IRIS film technology as passive samplers of soil redox potential in rice paddies. The goal of this study was to test the response time of IRIS films under different water management (i.e., variable soil redox potentials). After paddy soils were exposed to severe or safe AWD, where rice paddies were allowed to dry to >30 cm below the soil surface and 15 cm below the soil surface, respectively, IRIS films, coated with Fe oxide or Mn oxide paint, were installed. Immediately following IRIS film installation, soils were reflooded, and percent removal of Fe or Mn oxides were monitored on films that were removed every 12 h for Fe films, and every 6 h for Mn films. Porewater was collected at installation and every 12 h during the studies to observe correlations between IRIS film paint removal and porewater chemistry. We observed quicker paint removal for Mn films than Fe films, and paint removal varied due to growing season and water management. Moreover, correlations between porewater chemistry and Mn paint removal were observed. While further work is still needed to understand kinetics of IRIS paint removal as it relates to porewater parameters, this work illustrates that IRIS films are a low-cost tool that rice farmers can use to better manage water and we highlight considerations for possible implementation strategies for the future.
Clinical outcomes of older adults listed for heart transplantation in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To examine if older age (>70 years) should be a relative contraindication for heart transplantation, we evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of patients with age ≥70 years listed for heart transplantation; and whether post-transplantation survival was inferior to younger counterparts. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING The scientific registry of transplant recipients (SRTR). PARTICIPANTS Adults (≥18 years) listed for heart transplantation in the SRTR between 2000 and 2018. INTERVENTIONS Heart transplantation. MEASUREMENTS Characteristics and outcomes were compared for adults ≥70 years and <70 years. We evaluated waitlist mortality and post-transplant 1-year and 5-year survivals. RESULTS The study included 57,285 patients (age range 18-79 years) listed for heart transplantation; 1203 (2.1%) age ≥70 years. Of these, 37,135 patients underwent heart transplantation; 806 (2.2%) were age ≥70 years. Yearly listing of those age ≥70 years has consistently increased from 2.5% (n = 30) in 2000 to 11% (n = 132) in 2017 (p < 0.01). As compared with the age <70 years group, those ≥70 years had a similar risk of death while waiting (sub-hazard ratio [SHR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [HR] 0.68-1.08; p = 0.19) but were more likely to be transplanted (SHR 1.36, 95% CI 1.26-1.48; p < 0.01). Among the older patients, the overall post-transplant 1- and 5-year mortality rate was 10.4% and 19.2%, respectively. Older recipients had lower unadjusted survival compared with younger recipients (log-rank p = 0.03). However, after adjustment for relevant covariates, there was no significant difference in 5-year mortality between both groups (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.91-1.254; p = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS Post-transplant survival up to 5 years among patients of age ≥70 years was similar to that of younger recipients. Older patients who received heart transplantation appear to have lower risk features but receive hearts from higher risk donors. Chronologic age alone should not constitute a contraindication for heart transplantation, although careful patient selection criteria should be applied.
Novel Metrics to Characterize In Vitro Pollen Tube Growth Performance of Apple Cultivars

In vitro germination assays are frequently used in screening trials to evaluate the pollen viability of pollinizers. To be effective, screening trials must have defined threshold criteria, from which individuals can then be assessed. However, despite decades of research on pollen viability, no established threshold is available to categorize apple cultivars based on their in vitro pollen tube lengths. This study aimed to identify and characterize the subgroups of cultivars based on their pollen tube growth performance. In vitro pollen tube lengths of 41 individuals were determined by incubating samples on artificial germination media at 15 and 25 °C. A six-number summary statistic was calculated, and hierarchical clustering on principal component (HCPC) analysis was used to determine and characterize subgroups. Furthermore, a decision tree model was used to predict class membership for future datasets. HCPC analysis partitioned the 41 individuals into three subgroups with different performances. The decision tree quickly predicted the cluster membership based on the second quartile at 15 °C and the third quartile at 25 °C. The thresholds from the decision tree can be used to characterize new observations. The use of the methods will be demonstrated using a case study with 29 apple accessions.
Métodos estadísticos para manejar el riesgo de inundaciones y cambio climático

El cambio climatico real y potencial y la variabilidad del clima se convertiran en un desafio cada vez mayor para los hidrologos, ingenieros civiles, y planeadores interesadosen los riesgos de inundacion. En general, no conocemos el riesgo de inundacion existente en areas particulares debido a que los registros tienden a ser limitados. Hay mayor incertidumbre en cuanto a nuestros estimadores cuantiles de inundacion –de lo que la gente se imagina–. Si ademas, para nuestros analisis, tenemos en cuenta la variabilidad climatica historica y el cambio climatico, entonces lo que sabemos es aun menos. En muchos casos, ni siquiera esta claro si el calentamiento global va a incrementar o a disminuir el riesgo de inundacion. Asi que el desafio es usar toda la informacion que tenemos sobre inundaciones pasadas y el clima futuro, junto con una profunda comprension acerca de los procesos hidrologicos, para predecir los riesgos de inundacion en el futuro.
Chapter 27. Sequencing and Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

Publisher Summary The first major advance in genes and gene control regions was the development of bacterial plasmids as vehicles for introducing nonbacterial genes into bacteria. A more recent technical advance has been the development of techniques for determining DNA sequences. Recent progress in nucleic acid chemistry has led to the routine synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides containing 8 to 20 mononucleotides. These synthetic DNAs have been used as probes to locate genes and as intermediates in the total synthesis of genes. There are two basic approaches for sequencing DNA. The methodology has been published in considerable detai1 in the chapter. The objective for each approach is to generate a series of deoxyoligonucleotides from the DNA segment of unknown sequence. All the deoxyoligonucleotides would have one common, radioactively labeled end, but would vary in length at the other by one nucleotide. This strategy assures that all possible homologs are present. Sequencing DNA, using the base specific chemical cleavage approach, involves three steps: modification of a base, removal of the modified base from its sugar, and DNA strand scission at that sugar. The chapter describes the triester approach that involves the synthesis of phosphate triesters as intermediates in polynucleotide synthesis. These triesters are then converted to phosphodiesters. The most attractive feature of this approach is that the highly reactive internucleotide phosphate anions are masked as triesters.
Water Resources--Comments upon the Federal-State Relationship

in meaning and elastic in application, have been the justification for the various economic and social legislation by Congress. Federal control over labor practices, 7 farm production, 8 and gambling,9 to name a few, have received judicial blessings when such activities affect interstate commerce. From a very early period it had been determined that the power to regulate commerce included control over navigation. 10 While it would be interesting to trace the modest beginnings of "navigation," as a springboard to congressional action, to the present scope of the commerce power over water resources, it is enough to indicate here that the earlier exercises of this power dealt with the use and preservation of navigable waters for navigation purposes." And the classic definition of navigable waters was that which was navigable in fact.'2 In 1899, however, in United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irr. Co., 3 federal jurisdiction over nonnavigable waters in order to protect navigability downstream was sustained. This was an extension of jurisdiction to nonnavigable portions, but the older concept of navigability was still in order and the preservation of that navigability was still the theme. Another significant development occurred in 1940, when United States v. Appalachian Elec. Power Co.' 4 indicated a marked change in attitude as to what constitutes a navigable stream. The Court stated, "To appraise the evidence of navigability on the natural condition only of waterways is erroneous. Its availability for navigation must also be considered.' 5 6 US. CoNsT. art. I, § 8. 7 E.g., NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937). 8 E.g., Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942). 9 ..g., Lottery Case (Champion v. Ames), 188 U.S. 321 (1903). 1o Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824). n See Starr, Navigable Waters of the United States-State and National Control, 35 HAnv. L. REV. 154, 169-73 (1921) ; Comment, 39 MicH. L, REv. 976, 977 (1941). 1 The Montello, 87 U.S. (20 Wall.) 430 (1874) ; The Daniel Ball, 77 US. (10 Wall.) 557 (1870). In reviewing the test which has been applied, the Court in Economy Light & Power Co. v. United States, 256 US. 113, 121-22 (1921) states: "[Tuhe test [is] whether the river, in its natural state, is used, or capable of being used as a highway for commerce, over which trade and travel is or may be conducted in the customary modes of trade and travel on water. Navigability, in the sense of the law, is not destroyed because the water-course is interrupted by occasional natural obstructions or portages; nor need the navigation be open at all seasons of the year, or at all stages of the water." 13 174 US. 690 (1899). For a later case, see Oklahoma v. Guy F. Atkinson Co., 313 U.S. 508 (1941). 14311 U.S. 377 (1940). I5 Id. at 407. [Vol. 48:43
External and Internal Dosimetry—The Correlation Between Response and Dose Interpretation

This paper emphasizes aspects of personnel radiation dosimetry which the authors feel are significant because of present-day inadequacies in dosimetry systems, techniques, and procedures, and because of recently recommended changes with respect to the approaches to dose assessment. In the area of shallow dose measurement the discussion treats weaknesses with respect to badge designs, with emphasis on the common fault of excessive dosimeter coverings and its effect on response. The inability to measure surface doses is discussed in relation to current dosimeter systems, and recommendations are made for designs to measure average doses to the live skin layer. The problems with respect to neutron dosimeters are presented, and tentative suggestions are made for improving responses of these systems. In the area of internal dosimetry, emphasis is on the correlation between uptake, dose, and concentration of the radionuclide in the exposure medium. The significance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Report 26 is discussed as it relates to approaches to occupational dose assessment.
Characterization of the methanotrophic bacterial community present in a trichloroethylene-contaminated subsurface groundwater site.

Groundwater, contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), was collected from 13 monitoring wells at Area M on the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site near Aiken, S.C. Filtered groundwater samples were enriched with methane, leading to the isolation of 25 methanotrophic isolates. The phospholipid fatty acid profiles of all the isolates were dominated by 18:1 omega 8c (60 to 80%), a signature lipid for group II methanotrophs. Subsequent phenotypic testing showed that most of the strains were members of the genus Methylosinus and one isolate was a member of the genus Methylocystis. Most of the methanotroph isolates exhibited soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) activity. This was presumptively indicated by the naphthalene oxidation assay and confirmed by hybridization with a gene probe encoding the mmoB gene and by cell extract assays. TCE was degraded at various rates by most of the sMMO-producing isolates, whereas PCE was not degraded. Savannah River Area M and other groundwaters, pristine and polluted, were found to support sMMO activity when supplemented with nutrients and then inoculated with Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. The maximal sMMO-specific activity obtained in the various groundwaters ranged from 41 to 67% compared with maximal rates obtained in copper-free nitrate mineral salts media. This study partially supports the hypothesis that stimulation of indigenous methanotrophic communities can be efficacious for removal of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons from subsurface sites and that the removal can be mediated by sMMO.
The Experience of College Challenges Among Chinese Americans

Abstract The current investigation examined the experience of college challenges in 112 American-born, 121 early immigrant, and 110 late immigrant Chinese American students. Due to differential acculturation, it was hypothesized that late immigrants would encounter the most difficulties and American-born Chinese the least. Using the 13-domain Inventory of College Challenges for Ethnic Minority Students, we found that late immigrants reported more problems than American-born Chinese on six academic, social, and general living domains and experienced more problems than early immigrants on two academic and social domains. Additionally, early immigrants fared worse than American-born Chinese on two social and general living domains. Service implications, particularly for late immigrants, are discussed.
What's in a label? Learning from the HIV-TB deadly symbiosis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in September of 2003 that HIV / AIDS should be labeled "global health emergency" rather than just a pandemic. Might the severity of the label cause more harm than good? This essay attempts to tackle this question by considering what has been learnt from previous such declarations specifically with respect to Tuberculosis a close companion of HIV/AIDS. The label of "emergency" is necessary for any disease that fits the description; however when two diseases are as closely linked as are HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis shouldnt the term be applied to them collectively? In 1981 shortly after the first reports of AIDS in the United States among gay men and injecting drug users it became evident that the disease was also present among other populations. The identification of a variant of the virus HIV-2 in African populations further increased the heterogeneity of what quickly emerged as a "global pandemic". A "pandemic" is defined as a widespread disease outbreak affecting the population of an extensive area of the world. The term "pandemic" was a necessary and advantageous step made by the CDC and the WHO to give HIV/ AIDS the public attention and both medical and humanitarian funding required to stem its advance. (excerpt)
Distinguished invited talk - IOT: The promises and the challenges

Provides a brief professional biography of the presenter. The presentation (including an abstract) was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
Income prediction via support vector machine

Principal component analysis and support vector machine methods are employed to generate and evaluate income prediction data based on the Current Population Survey provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. A detailed statistical study targeted for relevant feature selection is found to increase efficiency and even improve classification accuracy. A systematic study is performed on the influence of this statistical narrowing on the grid parameter search, training time, accuracy, and number of support vectors. Accuracy values as high as 84%, when compared against a test population, are obtained with a reduced set of parameters while the computational time is reduced by 60%. Tailoring computational methods around specific real data sets is critical in designing powerful algorithms.
Concurrent Fault Detection in Microprogrammed Control Units

This paper specifies procedures for defining a monitor circuit that can detect faults in microprogram sequencers. The monitor and the sequencer operate in parallel and errors are detected by comparing outputs from the monitor circuit with outputs from the sequencer. Faults that cause errors in the flow of control are detectable, as well as some faults that cause errors only in the microinstruction fields. The design procedure presented for monitors consists of four parts. First, a model of the program flow is constructed that only retains the information required to define a monitor. Second, faults in a specified fault set are modeled by the errors they cause in the program flow model. Third, the functional requirements of the monitor are specified in terms of partitions on the states of the program flow model. Fourth, the logic design of the monitor is completed.
Modeling injection-induced seismicity with the physics-based earthquake simulator RSQSim

Although the phenomenon of earthquakes induced by the subsurface injection of fluids has been recognized, and the basic mechanisms understood, for many decades (e.g., Healy et al. , 1968), the recent increase in seismicity associated with oil and gas development, including large damaging events (e.g., Ellsworth, 2013; Keranen et al. , 2013; Hough, 2014; Rubinstein et al. , 2014) makes clear the need to better understand the processes controlling such seismicity and to develop techniques to mitigate the associated seismic hazard. The relationship of fault stress, fault strength, and fluid pressure at the onset of fault slip in the most basic form is given by the modified Coulomb criterion, ![Graphic][1] (1)in which τ and σ are the shear and normal stress, respectively, acting on the fault surface, P is the pore‐fluid pressure, and μ is the coefficient of fault friction. The term ( σ − P ) is the effective normal stress (Terzaghi, 1925). From equation (1), a fault can be brought to a critical state through an increase of shear stress τ , a decrease of the normal stress σ , an increase of fluid pressure P , or some combination of the three. Increase of pore‐fluid pressure is the most widely cited cause of earthquakes induced by human activities (National Research Council, 2012). Consequently, investigations and models of induced seismicity have tended to focus mainly on spatial changes of fluid pressures (Hsieh and Bredehoeft, 1981; Shapiro and Dinske, 2009). Although the immediate cause of injection‐induced earthquakes is the increase of fluid pressure that brings a fault to a critical stress state, models of the spatial changes of fluid pressure alone are insufficient to either predict or understand the space–time characteristics of induced earthquakes. Comprehensive system‐level models that couple physics‐based simulations of seismicity with reservoir simulations of fluid … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Phase I Study of Recombinant Human CD40 Ligand in Cancer Patients

PURPOSE: To determine the toxicity, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human CD40 ligand (rhuCD40L) (Avrend; Immunex Corp, Seattle, WA), suggested in preclinical studies to mediate cytotoxicity against CD40-expressing tumors and immune stimulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid tumors or intermediate- or high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) received rhuCD40L subcutaneously daily for 5 days in a phase I dose-escalation study. Subsequent courses were given until disease progression. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients received rhuCD40L at three dose levels. A total of 65 courses were administered. The MTD was 0.1 mg/kg/d based on dose-related but transient elevations of serum liver transaminases. Grade 3 or 4 transaminase elevations occurred in 14%, 28%, and 57% of patients treated at 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg/kg/d, respectively. Other toxicities were mild to moderate. At the MTD, the half-life of rhuCD40L was calculated at 24.8 ± 22.8 hours. Two patients (6%) h...
Changes in streambed sediment characteristics and solute transport in the headwaters of Valley Creek, an urbanizing watershed

Abstract Changes in streambed sediments were monitored in conjunction with Q series of conservative solute tracer injections over a 2-year period to assess the effects of urbanization on two streams in the Valley Creek watershed, located in Chester County, Pennsylvania approximately 30 km west of Philadelphia. The modeling package OTIS was used to analyze the solute transport behavior. Comparison of the results from the two streams demonstrates that the fine sediment fraction of the streambed controls hydraulic conductivity and transient storage exchange in this gravel- and cobble-bed Piedmont system. One site had a narrow (10–40 m) riparian corridor of mowed lawn and woody brush. At this site, the silt-clay fraction ( d d
Rain or shine--a phototroph that delivers.

The complete genome sequence of the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris reveals well rounded metabolic and biodegradation capabilities.
Bis(6,6′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl‐κ2N,N′)silver(I) tetrafluoridoborate

In the title compound, [Ag(C12H12N2)2]BF4, the AgI atom is four-coordinated by two chelating bipyridine groups; thus the crystal structure presents a 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. The angles around the metal center describe a distorted tetra­hedral geometry, with the Ag—N distances falling in the range of reported values. The pyridyl rings of the bipyridine ligands are essentially coplanar with small twisting angles between the corresponding mean planes.
Russian National Interests, Use of Blood and Treasure, and Energy Price Assessments: 2008-2009

Do Russian foreign policy elites' definitions of the geographical domain of Russia's interests change with the stability of oil prices? Using survey data from March and April 2008, Russian foreign policy elite conceptions of national interest are examined. Key foreign policy matters are the foci. The ways expectations about an oil price decrease shaped views of Russia's national interest, and how these impinged upon elite predispositions concerning use of military power and energy resources to protect state interests and support the interests of Russians outside Russia, are considered as are attitudes toward unification with Ukraine and Belarus.
Cholesterol homeostasis in the developing brain: a possible new target for ethanol

Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and plays an important role in signal transduction. This brief overview presents evidence from the literature that ethanol may affect cholesterol homeostasis and that, in the developing brain, this may be involved in its developmental neurotoxicity. The effects caused by inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis and by in utero ethanol exposure present several similarities in humans (eg, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), as well as in animal models. Ethanol has a cholesterol-reducing effect on the cardiovascular system, and a protective effect against Alzheimer's disease, whose pathogenesis has been linked to altered cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. In vitro, ethanol affects several functions that are mediated by cholesterol and important for brain development, such as glial cell proliferation, synaptogenesis, neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. The brain contains high levels of cholesterol, mostly synthesized in situ. Astrocytes produce large amounts of cholesterol that can be released by these cells and utilized by neurons to form synapses. Ethanol up-regulates the cholesterol transporter ATP binding cassette A1 and cholesterol efflux from primary astrocyte cultures without affecting cholesterol synthesis.
Two approaches to the facilitation of grammar in children with language impairment: an experimental evaluation.

Two approaches to grammar facilitation in preschool-age children with language impairment were evaluated. One approach was administered by a speech-language pathologist and the other was presented ...
Water-pressure coupling of sliding and bed deformation: I. Water system

Analysis of the likely behavior of a water system developed between ice and an unconsolidated glacier bed suggests that, in the absence of channelized sources of melt water, the system will approximate a film of varying thickness. The effective pressure in such a film will be proportional to the basal shear stress but inversely proportional to the fraction of the bed occupied by the film. These hypotheses allow calculation of the sliding and bed-deformation velocities of a glacier from the water supply and basal shear stress, as discussed in the second and third papers in this series.
Multiple coronary thromboses in previously normal coronary arteries: a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction

This report describes an unusual form of myocardial infarction in a 44-year-old woman who was found to have two proximal coronary artery thrombi with otherwise normal coronary arteries. An interesting feature of her history was that the coronary events occurred in association with thrombocytopenia and heparin treatment. Two other clinical reports of patients who developed thrombocytopenia and myocardial infarction while receiving heparin have been identified, and the possibility that these thrombi were secondary to a coagulation abnormality associated with heparin is considered.