cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of precipitation data for diabatic initialization to improve the tropical analysis of divergence and moisture

First, we review the present status of diabatic initialization used for numerical weather prediction and conclude that the deficiency of diabatic initialization mostly stems from the shortcoming in evaluating diabatic heating rates accurately, particularly the release of latent heat by cumulus convection. This indicates the need to adjust the initial conditions for physical processes, and Krishnamurti and his colleagues introduced in 1984 the concept of “physical initialization.” Since cumulus convection is most sensitive to input data among many physical processes, the adjustment of atmospheric input data to a prediction model to produce desired initial precipitation rates is referred to as “cumulus initialization.”
Sorting out commodities: how capitalist value is made through gifts

Far from being a self-enclosed system, capitalism is unable to create most of the skills, relations, and resources it needs to function. Capitalist accumulation depends on converting stuff created in varied ways, including photosynthesis and animal metabolism, into capitalist commodities. Capitalist commodities thus come into value by using—and obviating—non-capitalist social relations, human and non-human. How is this done? This article shows the importance of assessment practices in creating commodity value from non-capitalist value forms. Sorting mushrooms offers a startlingly clear example, because the mushrooms are basically unchanged except for sorting. Yet, similar practices are found in many commodity chains. Alienation cannot be taken for granted; it must be built into the commodity.
Developing an entrepreneurship game for teaching and research

An entrepreneurship game that is based on solid theory has significant potential to inform entrepreneurship research and enhance classroom experiences. However, developing a game that succeeds at both teaching and research is a difficult task This article describes one such attempt, which has achieved initial indications of success on both counts. The article describes the game and its theoretical underpinnings. It discusses the value of the game for teaching and provides an example of its research potential Lessons learned while developing the game are discussed.
On the monotonic properties of discrete failure rates

Abstract As is well known, the monotonicity of failure rate of a life distribution plays an important role in modeling failure time data. In this paper, we develop techniques for the determination of increasing failure rate (IFR) and decreasing failure rate (DFR) property for a wide class of discrete distributions. Instead of using the failure rate, we make use of the ratio of two consecutive probabilities. The method developed is applied to various well known families of discrete distributions which include the binomial, negative binomial and Poisson distributions as special cases. Finally, a formula is presented to determine explicitly the failure rate of the families considered. This formula is used to determine the failure rate of various classes of discrete distributions. These formulas are explicit but complicated and cannot normally be used to determine the monotonicity of the failure rates.
Congenital Horizontal Tarsal Kink

A 3-week-old male infant had an extreme form of entropion caused by a congenital horizontal tarsal kink, which led to corneal ulceration and visual impairment. The combination of absence of the upper eyelid fold, irritability, and blepharospasm in the absence of congenital blepharoptosis is a sign that may facilitate early recognition of this problem.
Three methods for analyzing forced vibration of a fluid-filled cylindrical shell

Abstract The forced vibration of an infinite elastic circular cylindrical shell filled with fluid is studied. Three methods are employed to analyze the forced vibration problem of this shell-fluid coupled system, that is, wave propagation approach (wave mode superposition), theorem of residues and a numerical integral method. In order to explain these methods more explicitly, before being used to investigate the vibration of an infinite fluid-filled elastic circular cylindrical shell, all these three methods are employed firstly to analyze the forced vibration problem of an infinite beam and an infinite elastic circular cylindrical shell in vacuo. Advantage and disadvantage of these three methods are discussed and their interesting relationship is revealed. That is, to any circumferential wavenumber and frequency of the external force, there is an unchangeable relationship between the general coordinates of various waves in the wave propagation approach and the residuals in the theorem of residues.
Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B

Abstract purpose: To test whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype characterized by small, dense LDL (pattern B) demonstrates greater susceptibility to oxidative modification than LDL from subjects exhibiting primarily larger, more buoyant LDL particles (pattern A). patients and methods: Measures of susceptibility to oxidative modification were compared in six density subfractions of LDL isolated from pattern A and pattern B subjects. Seven male and three female pattern A subjects and five male and two female pattern B subjects, classified on the basis of peak LDL particle size, were studied. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, apolipoprotein B, mean LDL particle diameter, lag phase, and rate of oxidation after initiation of oxidation by copper sulfate were measured. results: The lag time, a measure of resistance to oxidative modification, was inversely related (p conclusions: The increased atherogenic risk associated with the pattern B phenotype may result in part from increased concentrations of lipoprotein subpopulations that are relatively susceptible to oxidative modification.
Designing Equipment To Test A Multiple Channel Fiber Optic Block

Testing for optical transmission of a multiple channel fiber optic block at a number of different geographic locations presents serious problems in correlating the results. In one of these situations, there was a requirement to test the light transmission of a single-input, 13-channel-output fiber optic block. Each output channel was to be tested twice: once within . 010 inches from the output surface and again at .375 inches from the exit surface. In addition, the test cycle was to be held to six minutes (10/hour). The testing was to take place at two vendor locations and at International Business Machines Corporation's Systems Manufacturing Division plant at Poughkeepsie, New York. The test results had to be accurate to 10% from tester to tester and repeatable within 5%. Specifications were met by using a single photovoltaic cell to measure the input light to the block and to take both of the channel output measurements. The photocell responses were recorded on a strip chart recorder. By adjusting the recorder to read the photocell response to the input light as full scale, and by using recorder paper graduated from 0 to 100, the optic block outputs were displayed directly in percent transmission on a hard copy output. In order to shorten the test cycle and to reduce the influence of the operator on the results, the equipment was automated. Thus the photocell was automatically indexed across the output face of the fiber optic block. To insure uniformity between the pieces of test equipment, the mechanical components of the test fixture and indexing mechanism were held to precise tolerances. The results were a maximum tester to tester correlation error of 9.4%, a repeatability error of less than 5% on each tester, and a two-minute test cycle per unit.
SCIENCE AND SERIOUS THEOLOGY: TWO PATHS FOR SCIENCE AND RELIGION'S FUTURE?

. Although they take different approaches, both Taede A. Smedes and Kevin Sharpe have challenged the theology-and-science enterprise and raised important questions about theological and scientific assumptions behind this work. Smedes argues that theology should be taken more seriously, and Sharpe believes that theology should be more scientific. A proposed middle way involves engaging in the dialogue itself and exploring the questions and methodological implications that arise in the context of problem-focused interactions.
Hydrogen consumption in microbial electrochemical systems (MXCs): the role of homo-acetogenic bacteria.

Abstract Homo-acetogens in the anode of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) fed with H 2 as sole electron donor allowed current densities similar to acetate-fed biofilm anodes (∼10 A/m 2 ). Evidence for homo-acetogens included accumulation of acetate at high concentrations (up to 18 mM) in the anode compartment; detection of formate, a known intermediate during reductive acetogenesis by the acetyl-CoA pathway; and detection of formyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) genes by quantitative real-time PCR. Current production and acetate accumulation increased in parallel in batch and continuous mode, while both values decreased simultaneously at short hydraulic retention times (1 h) in the anode compartment, which limited suspended homo-acetogens. Acetate produced by homo-acetogens accounted for about 88% of the current density of 10 A/m 2 , but the current density was sustained at 4 A/m 2 at short hydraulic retention time because of a robust partnership of homo-acetogens and anode respiring bacteria (ARB) in the biofilm anode.
Spectral Response Curves for the Formation of Phycobiliproteins, Chlorophyll and δ-Aminolevulinic Acid in Cyanidium caldarium

Summary Spectral response curves for the formation of phycobiliproteins and the chlorophyll both show maxima at 440, 575 and 645 nm in cells of the wild-type mutant III-D-2 of Cyanidium caldarium . Chlorophyll formation occurs maximally in about 460 and 645 nm light in the phycobiliprotein-less mutint III-C. The chlorophyll-less mutant GGB forms phycobiliproteins maximally when illuminated with 440 nm light and a much smaller response peak occurs at 575 nm. These data indicate that there is one photoreceptor-biosynthetic system for chlorophyll formation and another for phycobiliprotein production. One is defective in GGB and another in III-C. In the wild-type-like mutant III-D-2, where spectral response curves for the two classes of tetrapyrrolic pigments are qualitatively indistinguishable, the two biosynthetic paths may be linked through common intermediates whose synthesis is regulated by light. The synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid is maximally promoted by about the same wavelengths of light which stimulate chlorophyll or phycobiliprote in synthesis. - This spectral similarity may be caused by removal of feedback inhibitors or by a synchronous formation of various pigment synthesizing enzymes. Glucose represses δ-aminolevulinic acid and chlorophyll formation in dark-grown cells of strain III-D-2. These compounds form in darkness after heterotrophically grown cells are washed free of glucose. However, the cells produce no phycobiliproteins in darkness regardless of whether glucose is present or not. Together with results from other experiments, this observation inferes that phycobiliprotein formation requires control mechanisms besides the regulation of ALA synthesis.
Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in the elderly: a review

Practicing psychiatrists frequently encounter elderly patients with generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder. Unfortunately, the empirical literature regarding the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of these illnesses in older individuals is sparse, despite the attention directed to them in younger patients. In this paper studies of generalized anxiety and panic disorders among the elderly are reviewed and compared to similar investigations among younger adults to assess our current understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Articles were selected from those retrieved by Index Medicus (papers in English, published in 1992 or later; search terms "anxiety," "anxiety disorders," "panic disorder," and "elderly").
Special Design Considerations for Buried HDPE Piping in Nuclear Safety Related Applications

Due to its recognized resistance against galvanic corrosion, microbiological induced corrosion (MIC), and fouling compared to carbon steel, high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping material has recently been proposed for replacement of carbon steel piping in nuclear safety related class 3 service water buried piping applications. However, there are some unique challenges requiring special design considerations due to HDPE’s visco-elastic nature, need for relatively thicker pipe walls, and very low material allowable stress. This paper examines special design considerations such as design factor, minimum required wall thickness for pressure, thermal gradient effects, and cumulative effect from loads of different duration. Useful guidelines from design and analysis perspective are provided.
Hydralazine-induced disturbances in collagen biosynthesis

Abstract The drug hydralazine ( i -hydrazinophthalazine) induces connective tissue disorders in man and in experimental animals. We have examined collagen synthesis in embryonic cartilage explants incubated in the presence of hydralazine. Hydralazine did not significantly alter the incorporation of l -[3,4-3H2]proline into peptide linkage; however, the formation of radioactive hydroxyproline was markedly inhibited. The inhibition of proline hydroxylation in hydralazine-treated tissues could be reversed to 70% of control values by transferring the tissues into chelator-free medium resulting in the formation of radioactive hydroxyproline. This suggests that hydralazine may inhibit protocollagen proline hydroxylase. Addition of increasing amounts of Fe2+ did not significantly increase the yield of hydroxyproline. Experiments with partially purified protocollagen proline hydroxylase indicated that it was not possible to attain complete inhibition of the enzyme activity. The full activity could not be restored on adding Fe2+. These data are interpreted as indicating a firm association between the enzyme and Fe2+ and they suggest that hydralazine may form labile complexes with the enzyme-bound Fe2+. The complex may occur as a part of an equilibrium system, and it may be dissociated by reducing the chelator concentration. This is seen when treated, intact tissues are transferred to a chelator-free medium or when Fe2+ is added in experiments with partially purified enzyme. In the equilibrium system a part of the enzyme is available for hydroxylation and this explains the failure to completely inhibit the enzyme. The partial loss of enzyme activity in hydralazine-treated systems may be due to an irreversible alteration in the enzyme, such as the removal of the metal. Our studies indicate that the connective tissue disorders induced by hydralazine may involve the formation of hydroxyproline-deficient collagen.
SEMICONDUCTOR BASED OPTICALLY CONTROLLED THZ OPTICS

THz optics has experienced a tremendous increase in interest among the scientific community as better THz sources and detection schemes are discovered. With recent studies in THz modulation experiment using optically excited Si opens a new possibility in constructing THz optics using an optically controlled THz SLM. Thus, various patterns, such as zone lenses, could be optically constructed and tuned in real time for used in THz beam correction. For example, optically constructed Fresnel zone lenses on high-resistivity Si can be actively tuned for focal length and chromatic aberration, which are just some possible applications of this methodology. In this paper, we will present results for an optically controlled single pixeled THz semiconductor SLM for use as a modulator and discuss extensions to applications in zone lenses, diffraction gratings, and other optical components.
Teaching parallel computing to science faculty: best practices and common pitfalls

In 2002, we first brought High Performance Computing (HPC) methods to the college classroom as a way to enrich Computational Science education. Through the years, we have continued to facilitate college faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines to stay current with HPC methodologies. We have accomplished this by designing and delivering faculty workshops, hosted in a variety of lab settings, as well as by developing tools supporting the technical infrastructure necessary for HPC education, all this without requiring access to traditional HPC computing platforms. In all, we have so far presented 16 professional development workshops for close to 400 predominantly undergraduate STEM faculty. This paper presents the result of internal formative evaluation by workshop instructors and the materials and tools developed during that process.We did this work as part of the National Computational Science Institute (NCSI) and in collaboration with the following groups: The Minority Serving Institutions--High Performance Computing (MSI-HPC) program of the National Computational Science AllianceThe Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges (CCSC)The Center for Excellence in High Performance ComputingThe Oklahoma University Supercomputing Symposium seriesThe Super Computing (SC) conference series education program.We presented learners with a sequence of interactive, "run it, modify it, build it" open-ended lab exercises drawn from a variety of disciplines. Interactivity means having the ability to change parallel and algorithmic parameters, e.g. running software on more than one machine, using different models, refining the model, changing the problem scale, using different parallel algorithms.There is a lack of scientific parallel curricula suitable for illustrating Computational Science principles in the classroom. We addressed this need by locating, and where necessary creating, suitable open source software, data-sets, and curricular support materials related to typical problems in STEM disciplines.We use two methods to address the lack of educational HPC infrastructure of most institutions. Via a workstation reboot, the Bootable Cluster CD (BCCD) temporarily transforms a pre-existing Windows or Macintosh laboratory into a computational cluster in under five minutes. Second, we have prototyped an easily portable, airline checkable, under $3000, 8 node cluster for delivering HPC education anywhere with a standard electrical outlet.All the described curriculum materials and software are available through the Shodor Foundation's Computational Science Education Reference Desk (CSERD), one of the pathway projects of the National Science Foundation's National Science Digital Library (NSDL).
Bone lesions in pancreatitis.

Case reports of 2 patients are presented who have medullary bone disease and pancreatic disease. The bone lesions may be acute or chronic and are the result of medullary necrosis. The balance of circumstantial evidence favors occlusion of the end arteries supplying these areas as the cause, but whether the final pathway is related to enzymatic destruction of blood vessels and tissue, to intravascular clotting, to vasoactive substances, or to still undiscovered mechanisms remains to be seen. These bone lesions may be a source of considerable clinical concern unless their true benign nature is recognized.
Surface and volume judgments of three-dimensional shapes'

Surface and volume judgments of 10 solids were studied in two groups, one having formal knowledge of mathematics and the other having limited acquaintance with mathematics. For both groups, the most marked errors in surface and volume judgments were associated with those solids which departed most from the simple cubic shape of the comparison series. The remaining shapes did not affect volume or surface judgments differentially. Overall comparisons of mean judgments with actual volume and surface magnitudes of the shapes revealed a marked tendency toward underestimation of surface and accurate estimations of the volumes of solids. Ss with mathematical background appeared to possess no particular advantage in judging volume or surface of solids over Ss with a modicum of mathematical background.
Los Alamos photoinjector-driven free-electron laser

The Los Alamos free-electron laser (FEL) facility has been modified by the replacement of the thermionic electron gun and bunchers with a 1300 MHz rf photoinjector. Two more accelerator tanks have been added to increase the beam energy to 40 MeV. Preliminary studies at 15 MeV have demonstrated excellent beam quality with a normalized emittance of 40 (pi) mm-mrad. The beam quality is now sufficient to allow harmonic lasing in the visible. We have recently begun lasing at a wavelength near 3 micrometers .
Soybean lipoxygenase-1 oxygenates synthetic polyenoic fatty acids with an altered positional specificity: evidence for inverse substrate alignment.

The positional specificity is the decisive enzyme property for classification of lipoxygenases and for the currently used lipoxygenase nomenclature. It has been reported before that soybean lipoxygenase- 1, which oxygenates polyenoic fatty acids at alkaline pH to the corresponding n - 6 hydroperoxy derivative, exhibits a different positional specificity when either the reaction conditions or the substrate structure is altered. To investigate the impact of structural substrate modifications on the positional specificity of this enzyme and to force an inverse substrate binding, we synthesized arachidonic acid analogues modified at the ˆ-terminus. Care was taken that the double bond system remained unchanged so that hydrogen abstraction from all three bisallylic methylenes was theoretically possible. We found that ˆ-modification of arachidonic acid leads to an impaired substrate affinity and a reduced reaction rate, but we did not detect any 5-lipoxygenation products, suggesting that structural modification of the ˆ-end may not be sufficient to force an inverse substrate orientation. However, when both ends of the fatty acid chain ( ˆ- terminus and free carboxylate) were modified simultaneously, a considerable share of 5-lipoxygenation products was detected. These results indicate that introduction of polar or bulky groups at the methyl terminus of polyenoic fatty acids was not sufficient to force an inverse substrate orientation. However, simultaneous introduction of an ˆ-OH group and methylation of the carboxylate led to formation of significant 5-lipoxygenation products, suggesting an inverse head to tail substrate orientation.
Simulation and experimental evaluation of double-exposure techniques

The process windows and capabilities of double exposure techniques with binary and attenuated masks are explored using simulation and experiment, including the effects of resist properties, illumination conditions and overlay error. Here it is shown that by using a low partial coherence factor (sigma) for the two exposures, the total window is considerably improved over that obtained using higher partial coherence illumination. We call this process ORAMEX, which stands for Ordinary Resist And Multiple EXposure. It was found that the process window for nested lines and spaces using ORAMEX is considerably better than that for conventional illumination. This is shown for aerial images and for aerial images plus a resist model with contrast and diffusion length similar to that of state of the art Deep UV resists. In fact, the total process windows found for ORAMEX show good process latitudes for both dense and isolated features, with ORAMEX usually enhancing dose latitude more than single exposure off axis illumination does. Overlay errors are found not to affect the process window for individual features. However, they do affect the common window for every other line (in positive resist) but not spaces. It was also found that using attenuated masks instead of binary masks further improves the process window and resolution of ORAMEX. Experimental results agree with simulation and show a process window for 150 nm lines and spaces with over 0.4 micrometer depth of focus and 15% dose latitude in 0.6 micrometer of resist using ORAMEX and chrome on glass masks. Using attenuated masks and ORAMEX a similar process window (0.4 micrometer DOF and 16% dose latitude) was obtained for 125 nm lines and spaces. Both results were obtained on a 0.6 NA Deep UV stepper using commercial positive resist.
The location of muscarinic type 2 receptors within the synaptic circuitry of the cat lateral posterior nucleus.

The ultrastructural distribution of the muscarinic type 2 acetylcholine receptor (M2) was examined in the lateral division of the lateral posterior (LP) nucleus of the cat thalamus, using immunocytochemistry. Postembedding immunocytochemical staining for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) further characterized M2 stained profiles. M2 receptors were predominately found on small caliber (presumably distal) dendritic arbors of thalamocortical cells and interneurons in the lateral LP nucleus. While glomeruli were not abundant in the lateral LP nucleus, occasionally they contained dendritic terminals of interneurons (F2 profiles) stained for M2 receptors. Some GABAergic terminals throughout the neuropil also stained for M2 receptors. The location of M2 receptors correlates well with the cholinergic innervation of the lateral LP nucleus and suggests that muscarinic modulation of visual signals differs in the lateral LP nucleus as compared with the lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei.
Government Programs for Soil Conservation Progressive or Regressive Effects

Farmers and landowners are increasingly looking to the federal government for financial support and a comprehensive policy that would encourage the reduction of soil loss on agricultural lands. One general problem has been developing a policy that is both effective and equitable. Of the options available, the most discussed proposal has been the cross-compliance program that bases other agricultural program benefits on the ability of the farmer to meet a specified soil conservation standard. This study concludes that such a policy would have a regressive impact on farmers, and probably consumers, and would in the long run be ineffective.
Home range area and shape of yellow-bellied marmots

Home range is the area that marmots use to obtain food and bur rows necessary for growth, reproduction and survival. During regular censuses, the position of each marmot was recorded as a pair of coordinates from a calibrated grid overlain on a photograph of the colony site. Home range area was calculated as the product of the area of a grid square multiplied by the number of grid squares a marmot utilized. Clearly identi fied excursions were not included in the calculation of area. Shape was determined as the outline of the home range. The analysis included 24 years, four ages, two sexes, four colonies, four categories of residency, and whether an individual engaged in excursions. A general linear model ANOVA revealed that year ( 2-year-olds > yearlings > young. Territorial males had the largest area followed by adult females whose area was larger than that of yearlings. Home range varied among colonies. Young and transients made the fewest excursions; adults, the most. Excursions were more fre quent in the largest colonies. Residency was significantly affected by age, colony, sex, and excursions. Dispersers and transients were male-biased; residents were biased toward females and young.
Change in hypnotic sedative choice over time as a surrogate marker of improved performance

Daily sedation holds, particularly when combined with protocolised spontaneous breathing trials, are one of the only strategies available to intensivists that produce an outcome benefit [1]. This evidence has also provoked a renewed interest in the choice of both hypnotic and analgesic agents. Midazolam is known to produce unpredictable awakening and may prolong time to extubation when infusions continue longer than 48 to 72 hours. In contrast, propofol may enhance the benefit to critically ill patients of the daily sedation hold due to its pharmacokinetic properties [2]. This study examines the hypothesis that the ratio of propofol/midazolam use can be used as a surrogate marker of good practice and utilises the potential of the pharmacy procurement database.
Arab-American male identity negotiations: caught in the crossroads of ethnicity, religion, nationality and current contexts

We examine how the identities of male adolescents of Arab descent (ArD) relate to their current physical and phenomenological contexts and to the negative fallout from recent ethnicity-related political events. Seventy-seven ArD adolescents in seven United States middle schools with varying proportions of ArD students participated in focus-group interviews. Qualitative analysis provides evidence that adolescents' social identities depended on complex combinations of personal, situational, and contextual factors. Findings extend Spencer's PVEST theory, demonstrating that the salience of adolescents' national, pan-Arab, hyphenated Arab-American, or assimilated American identity stems from phenomenological experiences within their current context and from the cognitive processes and associated affects of their prior experiences in other proximal and distal contexts.
Reactions of polycyclic alkylaromatics: 5. pyrolysis of methylanthracenes

1-, 2- and 9-methylanthracene were pyrolyzed neat at temperatures between 350 and 450 C for batch holding times up to 300 min. The pyrolysis proceeded through three parallel primary reaction pathways: one led to anthracene via demethylation; the second to dimethylanthracenes through methyl addition; and the third to methyl-9,10-dihydroanthracenes through hydrogenation. The relative importance of these three paths varied for different methylanthracene isomers. The presence of these primary pathways can be rationalized in terms of recently elucidated hydrogen-transfer mechanisms and other aspects of the developing free-radical chemistry of polycyclic alkylarenes. The demethylation rate at 400 C for the methylanthracenes and seven other methylarenes was correlated with Dewar reactivity numbers, which provide a measure of the localization energy, as ln rate (arene yield/min) = 3.7--7.1 N[sub ts], where N[sub ts] is the Dewar reactivity number for the peripheral aromatic carbon atom bearing the methyl substituent. This correlation may be useful in molecular-based reaction models for the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon resources such as coals and heavy oils.
Prevention of the phencyclidine-induced impairment in novel object recognition in female rats by co-administration of lurasidone or tandospirone, a 5-HT(1A) partial agonist.

Hypoglutamatergic function may contribute to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS). Subchronic treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), induces enduring deficits in novel object recognition (NOR) in rodents. Acute treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), which are serotonin (5-HT)2A/dopamine D2 antagonists, but not typical APDs, eg, haloperidol, reverses the PCP-induced NOR deficit in rats. We have tested the ability of lurasidone, an atypical APD with potent 5-HT1A partial agonist properties, tandospirone, a selective 5-HT1A partial agonist, haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, and pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A inverse agonist, to prevent the development of the PCP-induced NOR deficit. Rats were administered lurasidone (0.1 or 1 mg/kg), tandospirone (5 mg/kg), pimavanserin (3 mg/kg), or haloperidol (1 mg/kg) b.i.d. 30 min before PCP (2 mg/kg, b.i.d.) for 7 days (day1–7), followed by a 7-day washout (day8–14). Subchronic treatment with PCP induced an enduring NOR deficit. Lurasidone (1 mg/kg) but not 0.1 mg/kg, which is effective to acutely reverse the deficit due to subchronic PCP, or tandospirone, but not pimavanserin or haloperidol, significantly prevented the PCP-induced NOR deficit on day 15. The ability of lurasidone co-treatment to prevent the PCP-induced NOR deficit was enduring and still present at day 22. The preventive effect of lurasidone was blocked by WAY100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonists, further evidence for the importance of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in the NOR deficit produced by subchronic PCP. Further study is needed to determine whether these results concerning mechanism and dosage can be the basis for prevention of the development of CIS in at risk populations.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of avian interleukin-19

Abstract The present study describes the cloning and functional characterization of avian interleukin (IL)-19, a cytokine that, in mammals, alters the balance of Th1 and Th2 cells in favor of the Th2 phenotype. The full-length avian IL-19 gene, located on chromosome 26, was amplified from LPS-stimulated chicken monocytes, and cloned into both prokaryotic (pET28a) and eukaryotic (pcDNA3.1) expression vectors. The confirmed avian IL-19 amino acid sequence has 66.5% homology with human and murine IL-19, with a predicted protein sequence of 176 amino acids. Analysis of avian IL-19 amino acid sequence showed six conserved, structurally relevant, cysteine residues as found in mammals, but only one N-glycosylation residue. The recombinant IL-19 (rChIL-19) expressed in the prokaryotic system was purified by Ni + -resin column followed by endotoxin removal. Using purified avian rChIL-19, expression of Th2 cytokines was measured in splenocytes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In the presence of rChIL-19, expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as IL-10, were significantly increased after 6- and 12 h treatments. This was confirmed by treating splenocytes with supernatants from IL-19 transfected cells. Also, avian monocytes incubated with rChIL-19 displayed increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-19. This study represents the first report for the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of avian IL-19. Taken together, avian IL-19 function seems to be conserved and similar to that of mammals and may play an important role in responses to intracellular poultry pathogens like bacteria and protozoa.
Some characteristics of typhoons as revealed by the recent SSM/I microwave radiometry

Tropical cyclones are notorious for their destruction. Because they occur mostly over oceans their structures are revealed only through aerial reconnaissance, radar or through satellites. The recently launched DMSP satellite (F8) has provided polarized microwave Brightness Temperatures, TB’s. Using certain algorithms, rainrates and wind speeds were derived for a few typhoons.
WHEN IS WEIGHT CRITICAL

![Figure][1] Lynn Riddiford discusses Frederik Nijhout and Carroll Williams' 1974 paper entitled ‘Control of moulting and metamorphosis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.): growth of the last-instar larva and the decision to pupate’. A copy of the paper can be obtained from <http
Heats of formation of the ions BrKr+ and CH3Kr+

Abstract The cross sections ot the endothermic reactions BrKr+(Kr, 2Kr)Br+ and CH 3BrKr+(Kr, CH3Br, Kr)Kr+ have been measured using a tandem mass spectrometer Reaction threshold values gave 11.47 eV and 12.48 eV for the heats of formation of BrKr+ and CH3BrKr+ respectively.
A Comparison of Severity of Illness Scoring Systems for Critically III Obstetric Patients

Study objective To evaluate the predictive ability of three scoring systems, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II), simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II), and mortality probability models (MPM II) in critically ill obstetric patients compared to a control group of nonobstetric female patients of similar age group (range, 17 to 41 years). Design A retrospective medical chart review of obstetric and nonobstetric female patients between 17 and 41 years of age. Setting Two university hospitals. Patients Ninety-three obstetric patients and 96 nonobstetric female patients were identified from 12, 740 consecutive ICU admissions. Results The actual mortality of the obstetric and the nonobstetric group was 10.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3 to 19.0%) and 12.5% (95% CI, 6.6 to 21.0%), respectively. The observed mortality was not statistically different from the mortality predicted by APACHE II, SAPS II, and MPM II (14.7%, 7.8%, and 9.1% for the obstetric group and 10.9%, 9.0%, and 9.9% for the nonobstetric group). Predictive accuracy was assessed by the c-index, which is equivalent to the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. There were no significant differences in the c-index for APACHE II, SAPS II, and MPM II within or between the obstetric group ([mean±SE], 0.93±0.02, 0.90±0.04, and 0.91±0.04, respectively) and the nonobstetric group (0.97±0.02, 0.95±0.03, and 0.96±0.02, respectively). Conclusions We conclude that APACHE II, SAPS II, and MPM II assess the ICU outcome of critically ill obstetric patients as accurately as nonobstetric critically ill female patients of similar age group.
Empirical energy functions for energy minimization and dynamics of nucleic acids

An improved empirical energy function for energy minimization and dynamics calculations of nucleic acids is developed and evaluated by an examination of its representation of both static and dynamic properties of model systems. Among the properties studied and used for parameter optimization are base pairing interactions, sugar and phosphate energy surfaces, small crystal heats of sublimation, base, phosphate and sugar analogue vibration spectra, and the overall behavior of a DNA hexamer duplex in vacuum molecular dynamics simulations. The results obtained are compared with those from two other energy functions that have been used recently for nucleic acids. Parameters for two energy functions are given; one includes heavy atoms and only polar hydrogens and the other includes all atoms.
LES for near field wakes behind junction of wing and plate

Abstract Large eddy simulation with high-order accuracy and high resolution has been performed on the tip vortex shed from a rectangular half-wing with a NACA 0012 airfoil section and a rounded wing tip. The formation of the tip vortex and its initial development in the near field are studied and analyzed in details.
Parental Academic Socialization: Effects of home‐based parental involvement on locus of control across U.S. ethnic groups

This study investigates the relations between three academic socialisation processes and late adolescents’ internal locus of control. A sample of 249 college students from four ethnic groups completed three measures. Three factors explained 46.44% of the variance in academic socialisation, and the following differences were found: emotional support and active involvement were rated by all as the most frequent practices used by parents, and European Americans rated these significantly higher than did Asian Americans, who reported the highest mean score on “demandingness” practices. Separate multiple regression analyses suggested that among Asian Americans and European Americans, emotional support practices predicted internal locus of control; however, this model was not significant among Latinos and African Americans. Results suggest that academic socialisation practices operate differentially on psychological outcomes for adolescents in different ethnic groups, extending our knowledge of how culture shape...
A Linearized Corrosion Double-Layer Model for Laminar Flow Electrification of Hydrocarbon Liquids in Metal Pipes

A metal/liquid interface corrosion-reaction model is developed for the flow electrification of low-conductivity liquids in metal pipes. In the proposed model, impurity anions participate in a corrosion reaction at the wall, leaving a net positive ion concentration in the diffuse electrical double layer. Convection of this positive charge constitutes the streaming current. Theoretical calculations for the convected space charge density demonstrate a velocity-dependent entrance effect that diminishes in pipes of larger radii, in agreement with experimental data for heptane in stainless steel pipes. Far downstream, the proposed model also correctly predicts that the convected space charge density falls with increasing pipe radius. As in previous work, the convected space charge density far downstream, (I/Qecb)∞, is found to be linear with the ζ-potential. However, the proposed model is self-consistent in that the ζ-potential arises as part of the calculation and is not an adjustable constant characteristic o...
A Decade of the Journal of Bisexuality: Some Notes on Content and Future Directions

This article describes the contents of the Journal of Bisexuality since its inception a decade ago. In addition to reporting on the gender focus of the scholarly articles published on bisexuality, the research methodologies employed by authors and the extent to which the articles had an international focus, the authors identify the overall trends of the scholarship published in the Journal of Bisexuality. The authors conclude by offering suggestions for potential future directions of the Journal of Bisexuality.
Can alcohol promote aromatization of androgens to estrogens? A review

Increased aromatization may be a mechanism for feminization of some male alcoholics, as well as for the reported increases in plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal women subjected to moderate alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption-related increases in estrogen levels may in turn be partially responsible for the associated decreased risk for coronary artery disease and osteoporosis, as well as for increased risk for breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature to determine whether alcohol can promote aromatization of androgens to estrogens. In male rats, chronic heavy alcohol administration (36% of total calories=12-18 g/kg/day) led to increased aromatization of androgen in the liver, but the results were equivocal for the hypothalamus. In female rats, chronic heavy alcohol administration did not promote aromatization in the hypothalamus exposed to alcohol in utero. In human placental tissue, although ex vivo alcohol administration (less or more than 72 g/day) did not affect the rate of aromatization, in vitro incubation of choriocarcinoma cells with 5-50 mM of alcohol increased estradiol secretion, which could be due to increased aromatization. In in vitro human ovarian granulosa cell studies, alcohol increased, had no effect on, or decreased estradiol secretion, and in one study, 20 mM of alcohol significantly increased aromatization of androstenedione to estrogens. These results may not be fully relevant to normal human ovary because in both studies cells were heavily luteinized by gonadotropins. A study of ovariectomized rats shows that only heavy chronic alcohol intake (4.4 g/kg/day) for 10 weeks can increase plasma estradiol levels and uterine weight, which could be due to increased aromatization or delayed clearance of estradiol. In conclusion, chronic heavy alcohol administration can result in aromatization of androgens in male rat liver. It is not clear whether moderate alcohol intake can produce a similar effect in the liver nor whether alcohol can potentiate aromatization of androgens in other tissue or organs of male rats. In females, the available information is not adequate to evaluate the effect of alcohol on aromatization. Further studies are required in both genders to evaluate the ability of alcohol (moderate vs. heavy dose) to promote aromatization of androgens to estrogens.
Comparison of ridge- and intensity-based perspiration liveness detection methods in fingerprint scanners

Fingerprint scanners can be spoofed by fake fingers using moldable plastic, clay, Play-Doh, wax or gelatin. Liveness detection is an anti-spoofing method which can detect physiological signs of life from fingerprints to ensure only live fingers can be captured for enrollment or authentication. Our laboratory has demonstrated that the time-varying perspiration pattern can be used as a measure to detect liveness for fingerprint systems. Unlike spoof or cadaver fingers, live fingers have a distinctive spatial perspiration phenomenon both statically and dynamically. In this paper, a new intensity based approach is presented which quantifies the grey level differences using histogram distribution statistics and finds distinct differences between live and non-live fingerprint images. Based on these static and dynamic features, we generate the decision rules to perform liveness classification. These methods were tested on optical, capacitive DC and electro-optical scanners using a dataset of about 58 live fingerprints, 50 spoof (made from Play-Doh and Gelatin) and 25 cadaver fingerprints. The dataset was divided into three sets: training set, validation set and test set. The training set was used to generate the classification tree model while the best tree model was decided by the validation set. Finally, the test set was used to estimate the performance. The results are compared with the former ridge signal algorithm with new extracted features. The outcome shows that the intensity based approach and ridge signal approach can extract simple features which perform with excellent classification (about 90%~100%) for some scanners using a classification tree. The proposed liveness detection methods are purely software based, efficient and easy to be implemented for commercial use. Application of these methods can provide anti-spoofing protection for fingerprint scanners.
Enhanced thermal conduction associated with formation of the superionic state

High anion mobilities associated with formation of the superionic state in fluorite crystals may lead to a measurable enhancement of the thermal conductivity. The enhancement was estimated for Sr${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, and found to reach a maximum value of about 0.02 W/mK. The temperature dependence of the effect differs from that of ambipolar thermodiffusion of electron-hole pairs. The enhancement due to ionic transport is dependent on the thermodynamics of the anion disordering process, and some experimental tests of the mechanism are suggested.
Importance of Faith on Medical Decisions Regarding Cancer Care

Purpose: Decisions regarding cancer treatment choices can be difficult. Several factors may influence the decision to undergo treatment. One poorly understood factor is the influence of a patient’s faith on how they make medical decisions. We compared the importance of faith on treatment decisions among doctors, patients, and patient caregivers. Methods: One hundred patients with advanced lung cancer, their caregivers, and 257 medical oncologists were interviewed. Participants were asked to rank the importance of the following factors that might influence treatment decisions: cancer doctor’s recommendation, faith in God, ability of treatment to cure disease, side effects, family doctor’s recommendation, spouse’s recommendation, and children’s recommendation. Results: All three groups ranked the oncologist’s recommendation as most important. Patients and caregivers ranked faith in God second, whereas physicians placed it last (P < .0001). Patients who placed a high priority on faith in God had less formal ...
Synthesis and optimization of arylsulfonylpiperazines as a novel class of inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)

The synthesis and SAR of a series of arylsulfonylpiperazine inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1 are described. Optimization rapidly led to potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors demonstrating efficacy in a cynomolgus monkey ex vivo enzyme inhibition model.