cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chicago's Office Market: Price Indices, Location and Time

Conventional wisdom holds that overbuilding and high vacancy, coupled with curtailed tax benefits, have led to reduced office property values since the late 1980s. Yet assertions that office real estate values fell between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s are not supported everywhere by convincing evidence. This study offers a hedonic analysis of Chicago area office properties that sold from 1986 through 1993. Whereas earlier office market studies generally have been based on rents, this study focuses on variation in actual sale prices (although the prices were not adjusted for financing differences). The transaction-based index estimated here does not support the existence of a nominal office property price level decline beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s. In fact, the results show an upward trend in office property values after 1986, with nominal declines in office market price levels occurring only in the latter portion of the study period.
Treatment of male and female precocious puberty (PP) by monthly injections of a continuous release preparation of D-Trp-6-LH-RH

Successful treatment of PP by daily subcutaneous (SC) administration of the LH-RH agonist D-Trp-6-LH-RH (Trp6) was reported (Kauli et al., ESPE 1983). After demonstration of its efficiency and innocuity in dogs, a long acting preparation designed for releasing continuously 100 μg Trp6 per 24 h, was given intramuscularly to 3 boys and 3 girls with PP, aged 3 to 8 years. 3 mg Trp6 were injected every 28 days, cyproterone acetate being associated during the first week. In boys testosterone levels (ng/ml) decreased from 2.2-5 to 0.1-0.2 within 2 months. Testis volume was unaffected in 1, decreased slighty in 2. In girls estradiol levels (pg/ml) decreased from 40-100 to 0-40 within 2 months and in a menstruating girl genital bleeding desappeared after 1 month. Breast enlargement was reduced in all. In all children, the gonadotropin responses to LH-RH were suppressed and the inhibition of gonadal secretion persisted after 6 months of treatment. The data demonstrate the ability of long acting Trp6 to suppress gonadal secretion by a monthly injection in children with PP.
SHORT WAVELENGTH LASER CALCULATIONS IN THE Be I, B I AND C I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCES

Short Wavelength Laser Calculations in the Beryllium, Boron and Carbon Isoelectronic Sequences - Level populations of the 2s3p, 2s23p 2 and 2s22p3p configurations in ions of the Be I, B I and C I isoelectronic 2 sequences can be inverted with respect to populations of the 2s3s, 2s23s, and 2s22p3s configurations by electron collisional pumping. In the case of B I and C I ions, the process is analogous to the process for Ne-like ions which has lately received considerable attention. In the case of Be I ions, the inversion is a consequence of the slow radiative decay of the 2s3p 3P2 and 2s3p 3P0 levels. Level populations are calculated for Be-like, B-like and C-like ions with atomic number Z between 18 and 36 and for electron densities from 1015 to 1022 cm-3. For each of the Be I and B I isoelectronic sequences, 20 levels are involved with principal quantum number n equal either to 2 or 3. For the CI isoelectronic sequence 46 levels are involved. Using the level populations, gain coefficients are calculated for transitions of the type 2s3s - 2s3p, 2s23s - 2s23p and 2s22p3s - 2s22p3p. The calculated gain coefficients are compared to previous calculations. At high electron densities where collisional mixing of the excited levels becomes important, the intensities of the X-ray transitions from the 2sk2pm3p levels decrease relative to the X-ray transitions from the 2sk2pm3s and 2sk2pm3d levels where k=1, m=0 or k=2, m=0,1. The density dependence of these X-ray line ratios is calculated elsewhere /16, 17/. These line ratios represent a promising diagnostic for electron density. Finally, the opacities of the 2s2p - 2s3s, 2s22p - 2s23s and 2s22p2 - 2s22p3s transitions are discussed for plasma parameters for which a reasonable gain can be achieved.
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease; a twenty year report on 1000 patients followed since childhood.

Herewith is presented an interim report on a long-term study of 1000 patients followed since their childhood rheumatism. The dominant role of rheumatic recurrences and the fatal features are reviewed. The benign nature of uncomplicated chorea is stressed, the disappearance of physical signs of heart disease in some patients is contrasted with the delayed and even remote appearance of valvular deformity in others, and finally, the favorable course to date in the majority of cases is emphasized.
When does sucrose increase appetite and adiposity

Two methods of sucrose feeding have been employed in studies with rodents. In the nutritional method, part or all of the starch in a diet is replaced with sucrose. In the solution method, animals maintained on a nutritionally complete diet are given a sucrose solution to drink. The solution method is generally a more effective and reliable method of producing obesity except for weanling rodents. These two methods yield different results with regard to interactions with the fat and protein content of the diet, efficiency of weight gain, disaccharide effects and effects of meal feeding. It is suggested that for the nutritional method, sucrose alters food intake and adiposity via its effects on fat oxidation. For the solution method, the critical factor may be presenting a wet source of calories rather than sucrose per se. Differences in the way sucrose is fed do not account for all divergent results. Different investigators conducting similar experiments have often obtained different results. For these and other reasons, animal studies do not support the idea that sucrose intake causes obesity in humans.
Inherited congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit: absent cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 gene expression

We investigated adrenal steroidogenic enzymes, their activity and mRNA expression, and in vitro biosynthesis of an enzyme in rabbits with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH; weight: CAH, 19 +/- 5 mg/adrenal; normal, 2.7 +/- 1.0 mg/adrenal). Serum pregnenolone (delta 5-P) levels in CAH newborn rabbits (12-36 h) were normal (mean/range, 438/51-2191 ng/dl), but corticosterone levels were low [0.05 +/- 0.05 microgram/dl; P less than 0.001 vs. normal (0.66 +/- 0.57)]. Serum Na+ levels in CAH newborn rabbits were in the normal range (143 +/- 30 meq/liter), but K+ levels were elevated [7 +/- 1.1 meq/liter; P less than 0.05 vs. normal (5.9 +/- 0.6 meq/liter)]. Minced normal adrenal tissue incubated with [3H] cholesterol (30-100 pmol/flask) and ACTH (100 mU/flask) produced [3H]delta 5-P (newborn, 21 and 45 fmol/100 mg; adult, 3 and 5 fmol/100 mg) and [3H]corticosterone (newborn, 23 fmol/100 mg; adult, 11.3 fmol/100 mg), but CAH adrenals produced no product (less than 1.3 fmol/100 mg). Adrenal mitochondria from normal newborn rabbits produced delta 5-P (4.4-7 nmol/mg protein), but CAH adrenals did not, while CAH adrenal mitochondria demonstrated over 4 times greater 11 beta-hydroxylase activity. A Western blot of adrenal homogenate from normal newborn rabbits revealed a cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc)-immunoreactive species (mol wt, 53 x 10(3), but this species was absent in CAH adrenals; CAH adrenals had a normal adrenodoxin and intensified 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450(17)alpha) band compared to normal adrenals. In vitro translation of RNA in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system containing [35S] methionine yielded a precursor P450scc protein (mol wt, 58.5 x 10(3)) with normal adrenal RNA, but not with CAH adrenal RNA. P450scc mRNA was detected in all normal adrenals, but was not detected in all CAH adrenals. 21-Hydroxylase cytochrome P450 mRNA expression was detected at a similar level in both normal and CAH adrenals. We conclude that CAH in the rabbit is caused by inherited absent P450scc gene expression. The clinical, pathological, and biochemical manifestations of P450scc deficiency in the rabbit are nearly identical to the human disorder. Increased 11 beta-hydroxylase activity and increased P450(17)alpha on Western blot of CAH adrenals indicate altered gene expression of other steroidogenic enzymes due to CAH. Further molecular analysis of the P450scc gene in this animal CAH model will facilitate understanding of P450scc deficiency CAH.
NOTE ON “LARGE-SCALE HYDROTHERMAL ZONING REFLECTED IN THE TETRAHEDRITE–FREIBERGITE SOLID SOLUTION, KENO HILL Ag–Pb–Zn DISTRICT, YUKON” BY J.V. GREGORY LYNCH

In his paper on “large-scale hydrothermal zoning reflected in the tetrahedrite–freibergite solid solution, Keno Hill Ag–Pb–Zn district, Yukon”, [Lynch (1989)][1] documented east-to-west trends of increasing Ag/(Ag + Cu) and decreasing Zn/(Zn + Fe) in the solid-solution series (Cu,Ag)10(Zn,
Multiple ionization of He, Ne, and Ar by high velocity N7+ ions

The yields of He, Ne, and Ar recoil ions produced in collisions with 10–40 MeV/amu N7+ projectiles were measured by the time-of-flight technique. The ratio of the yields for double and single ionization of He and Ne were found to be higher than predicted by theoretical and semiempirical calculations. The role of electron correlation in multiple ionization was assessed by comparing the experimental data for Ne and Ar with the results of an independent electron approximation analysis.
On the concepts of surface stress and surface strain

Abstract The concept and origin of surface stress are discussed in terms of the behavior of atoms residing in the surface and with partucular emphasis on crystalline solids. An Eulerian coordinate derivation for surface stress is presented which avoids non-linear elastic terms which otherwise would be present. It is shown that surface stress as observed is not simply related to any physically meaningful definition of surface strain. Namely, the zero point for surface strain cannot be unambiguously defined and the two most obvious possible choices for that zero point do not render a proportionality, nor in general any other simple relationship, between surface stress and surface strain.
Cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, a feed-forward regulation of the ROS sources has been reported. The interactions between the main cellular sources of ROS, such as mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, however, remain obscure. This work summarizes the latest findings on the role of cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases in pathophysiological processes. Mitochondria have the highest levels of antioxidants in the cell and play an important role in the maintenance of cellular redox status, thereby acting as an ROS and redox sink and limiting NADPH oxidase activity. Mitochondria, however, are not only a target for ROS produced by NADPH oxidase but also a significant source of ROS, which under certain conditions may stimulate NADPH oxidases. This cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, therefore, may represent a feed-forward vicious cycle of ROS production, which can be pharmacologically targeted under conditions of oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants break this vicious cycle, inhibiting ROS production by mitochondria and reducing NADPH oxidase activity. This may provide a novel strategy for treatment of many pathological conditions including aging, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and degenerative neurological disorders in which mitochondrial oxidative stress seems to play a role. It is conceivable that the use of mitochondria-targeted treatments would be effective in these conditions.
Resonance transition radiation as a tunable X-ray source

A shift in the resonance frequencies of transition radiation from a 4 GeV positron beam incident on a stack of 19 ?m mylar foils has been observed when the angle ?t between the beam and foils was set at 40 and 60 degrees. Spectra were the same as from a beam incident normally on a stack with foil and gap thicknesses increased by a factor of 1/cos?t. Simple design formulas are presented fol constructing a tunable X-ray source with variable bandwidth.
Corn Endosperm Fermentation Using Endogenous Amino Nitrogen Generated by a Fungal Protease

ABSTRACT Fractionating the corn kernel to separate endosperm from germ and pericarp improves corn ethanol processing by increasing fermentation throughput and generating salable coproducts. One fractionation technology, dry fractionation (DF), suffers from loss of germ-derived nutrients and amino acids, resulting in poor fermentation performance. Such deficiencies may be addressed by increasing nitrogen and other nutritional supplementation. As an alternative to exogenous nitrogen source, we investigated the use of a fungal protease to generate free amino nitrogen (FAN) from corn endosperm. Incubation of endosperm with protease did not affect subsequent liquefaction and saccharification. FAN supplementation through proteolysis resulted in fermentation being 99% complete in 48 hr, compared to 93% maximum with urea supplementation. Viable cell growth rates were similar in FAN and urea-supplemented fermentations. Urea and FAN addition resulted in similar fermentation characteristics and similar FAN consumpti...
Coverage control by multi-robot networks with limited-range anisotropic sensory

This article considers the deployment of a network of robotic agents with limited-range communication and anisotropic sensing capabilities. We encode the environment coverage provided by the network by means of an expected-value objective function. This function has a gradient which is not amenable to distributed computation. We provide a constant-factor approximation of this measure via an alternative aggregate objective function, whose gradient is spatially distributed over the limited-range Delaunay proximity graph. We characterise the smoothness properties of the aggregate expected-value function and propose a distributed deployment algorithm that enables the network to optimise it. Simulations illustrate the results.
Cycle Tanner-graph codes over GF(2/sup b/)

The average Hamming weight spectrum function of the random ensemble of regular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over GF(2/sup b/) when used with binary-input channels is derived. This work confirms theoretically that the near-Shannon-limit performance of Gallager's binary LDPC codes can be significantly enhanced by moving to fields of higher order. We construct a family of error-correcting codes based on the binary representation of GF(2/sup b/) codes defined on a cycle Tanner graph, that appears to be good for both optimum decoding and iterative decoding over binary-input channels.
A quantitative and qualitative inquiry into the attitudes toward science of nonscience college students

The attitudes toward science of nonscience college students were investigated using quantitative and qualitative forms of inquiry. Quantitative methods were used to determine (a) how attitudes toward science of nonscience college students compare with attitudes of science majors, and (b) whether attitudes toward science change with instruction. Qualitative assessment was used to investigate attitude development as it relates to science. The subjects were 102 nonscience students and 81 science students. Six attitudinal variables were investigated using the Attitudes Toward Science Inventory (ATSI) as the quantitative instrument. Hotelling's T2 showed a significant difference (p = 0.0001) in attitudes between the two groups. T tests revealed significant differences between the two groups for all six variables. A significant difference (p = 0.0001) was found between pretest and posttest results for the nonscience students. T tests showed significant differences between the two sets of scores for all six variables, indicating a favorable change in attitudes. An interview questionnaire was used to investigate factors contributing to attitude development. The interview results suggested that attitudes toward science are formed by interactions of both school and nonschool variables.
Optimal Strategies for Selling an Asset

This paper considers the problem of selling an asset on the open market. The seller receives a random sequence of price offers, which may arrive either periodically or randomly over time. After each offer is received, the seller must decide whether or not to sell, weighing the possibility of obtaining a better offer against the cost of waiting. A number of authors have established the properties of optimal selling policies when the distribution of offers is known and offers are received periodically. This paper investigates the conditions under which these same properties hold for an unknown offer distribution which is updated as successive offers are received.
Cellulose and 1,3-glucan synthesis during the early stages of wall regeneration in soybean protoplasts.

Protoplasts isolated from cultured soybean cells (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Mandarin) were used to study polysaccharide biosynthesis during the initial stages of cell wall-regeneration. Within minutes after the protoplasts were transferred to a wall-regeneration medium containing [14C]glucose, radioactivity was detected in a product which was chemically characterized as cellulose. The onset and accumulation of radioactivity into cellulose coincided with the appearance fibrils on the surface of protoplasts, as seen under the electron microscope. At these early stages, a variety of polysaccharide-containing polymers other than cellulose were also synthesized. Under conditions where the protoplasts were competent to synthesize cellulose from glucose, uridine diphosphate-[14C]glucose and guanosine diphosphate-[14C]glucose did not serve as effective substrates for cellulose synthesis. However, substantial amounts of label from uridine diphosphate glucose were incorporated into 1,3-glucan.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans COL1A1-PDGFB fusion is identified in virtually all dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cases when investigated by newly developed multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization assays

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a cutaneous, locally aggressive spindle cell tumor of intermediate malignancy. Tumor cells are reactive for CD34 and characterized by a t(17;22) translocation or a supernumerary ring chromosome that results in the fusion of exon 2 of PDGFB to various exons of the COL1A1 gene. We developed a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect fusion transcripts for all possible COL1A1 breakpoints. Twenty-seven formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded DFSP cases were analyzed using 18 COL1A1 forward primers and 1 exon 2 PDGFB reverse primer. Sequence analysis was performed to definitively characterize breakpoints. Results were correlated with histology, immunohistochemistry, PDGFB break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, and cytogenetics when available. Fusion transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in all but one DFSP case. Sequencing revealed a PDGFB exon 2 breakpoint in all cases. COL1A1 breakpoints were in exons 7 (1 patient), 10 (1), 29 (2), 40 (1), 46 (3), and 49 (2), and intronic between exons 13:14 (1), 26:27 (2), 30:31 (1) 33:34 (1), 43:44 (7), 45:46 (1), and 46:47 (1). Three novel COL1A1 breakpoints were identified, intronic between exons 13:14 (1), 30:31 (1) and in exon 49 (2). There was no correlation found between breakpoints and age, sex, or histologic variants. Using this sensitive multiplex RT-PCR assay in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found COL1A1-PDGFB rearrangements appear more prevalent in DFSP than previously reported. Its detection may be particularly helpful in the differential diagnosis of atypical, fibrosarcomatous, and metastatic DFSP.
Dynamics of stomatal water relations during the humidity response: implications of two hypothetical mechanisms

The feasibility of two hypothetical mechanisms for the stomatal response to humidity was evaluated by identifying theoretical constraints on these mechanisms and by analysing timecourses of stomatal aperture following a step change in humidity. The two hypothetical mechanisms, which allow guard cell turgor pressure to overcome the epidermal mechanical advantage, are: (1) active regulation of guard cell osmotic pressure, requiring no hydraulic disequilibrium between guard and epidermal cells, and (2) a substantial hydraulic resistance between guard and epidermal cells, resulting in hydraulic disequilibrium between them. Numerical simulations of the system are made possible by recently published empirical relationships between guard cell pressure and volume and between stomatal aperture, guard cell turgor pressure, and epidermal cell turgor pressure; these data allow the hypothetical control variables to be inferred from stomatal aperture and evaporative demand, given physical assumptions that characterize either hypothesis. We show that hypothesis (1) predicts that steady-state π π π g is monotonically related to transpiration rate, whereas hypothesis (2) suggests that the relationship between transpiration rate and the steady-state guard to epidermal cell hydraulic resistance may be either positive or negative, and that this resistance must change substantially during the transient phase of the stomatal response to humidity.
Cost-Containment and Adverse Selection in Medicaid HMOs

Abstract This article examines whether substituting a health maintenance organization (HMO) for traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid insurance reduces the cost of children's health care. The estimation is complicated by the fact that in nonrandomized settings, unobserved selection can bias estimates of HMO performance. To control for selection, researchers often rely on parametric assumptions or instrumental variables estimation to compute selection-free estimates. But the robustness of these approaches has been questioned. We pursue a different approach based on semiparametric maximum likelihood techniques. Monte Carlo and applied economic studies have shown this method to be quite robust in a variety of contexts. We apply this model to data from a self-selected sample of children in either a Medicaid HMO or a traditional FFS in Florida. After controlling for selection, we estimate that the HMO reduced expenditures on children by 9.1%. Conversely, a model assuming no selection predicts no savings f...
Action of hydroxyurea and N-carbamoyloxyurea on the cell cycle of Tetrahymena.

Addition of a 50 mm dosage of hydroxyurea (HU) to growing cultures of the cilitate Tetrahymena pyriformis allows cell growth to continue but inhibits DNA synthesis, and inhibits cell division after a 20–30% increase in cell number. Higher concentrations of HU cause cell death. T. pyriformis strain differences exist in sensitivity to HU. No cytotoxicity selective to a specific phase of the cell cycle could be demonstrated. The inhibitory effects of HU are entirely reversed by removal of HU and this procedure can be used to induce cell cycle synchrony. Supplementing HU treated cells with deoxyribonucleosides relieves the inhibitory action of HU. Carbamoyloxyurea (COU) is a reactive intermediate of HU and its action on Tetrahymena appears to be similar to that of HU. Because of this similarity and because COU is more potent than HU we postulate that COU is responsible for the unique properties previously ascribed to HU.
A study of the sites of glycosylation of zein proteins using the lectin concanavalin A

Abstract The sites of glycosylation of zeins, the maize ( Zea mays L.) storage proteins, were studied using the affinity of the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) for certain glycosides. Zeins which were extracted from kernels of Illinois High Protein (IHP), W22, W64A and Oh43 were separated by isoelectric focusing and analyzed with a radiolabeled Con A binding technique. Certain sub-groups of the zein proteins contained carbohydrate moities which bound Con A while others did not. Zeins extracted from Oh43 kernels had a higher relative affinity for Con A than those of other maize lines. Further analyses of the zeins of Oh43 by gas chromatography demonstrated the presence of fucose, mannose and glucose.
South Beach Diet associated ketoacidosis: a case report

It has been previously unclear whether a "mild" degree of low carbohydrate or "starvation" ketonemia and acidosis induced by a low carbohydrate diet is clinically relevant to a patient. A 30-year-old Caucasian male on a low carbohydrate diet presented with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The patient's bicarbonate level was 12 and he had hyperglycemia and ketonemia. He was felt to be in diabetic ketoacidosis and was started on intravenous insulin and isotonic saline infusions and responded well. Following cessation of insulin therapy, the patient remained normoglycemic for the remainder of his hospital stay. He later admitted to having been on the South Beach Diet, which is a low carbohydrate diet, for the three weeks prior to his presentation and during which time he had lost 16 pounds. On admission his BMI was 27.1. On presentation, the patient was felt to be in diabetic ketoacidosis but, interestingly, he was subsequently euglycemic without therapy. Following discharge, the patient discontinued the diet plan and he has remained asymptomatic and euglycemic over the following two years. The hyperglycemic ketoacidosis in this patient may have been caused by increased concentrations of free fatty acids in the absence of carbohydrate-induced inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids and in the presence of an abnormally high ratio of glucagons to insulin. Given the present day popularity of low-carbohydrate diet plans, healthcare providers should be aware of the apparent association between such diets and symptomatic ketoacidosis. In a patient with ketoacidosis suspected to be secondary to a low carbohydrate diet, all other causes of high anion gap acidosis should be ruled out before attributing the acidosis to the low carbohydrate diet.
Regulation of the Human Chemokine Receptor CCR1 CROSS-REGULATION BY CXCR1 AND CXCR2

To investigate the regulation of the CCR1 chemokine receptor, a rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cell line was modified to stably express epitope-tagged receptor. These cells responded to RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-2 to mediate phospholipase C activation, intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and exocytosis. Upon activation, CCR1 underwent phosphorylation and desensitization as measured by diminished GTPase stimulation and Ca(2+) mobilization. Alanine substitution of specific serine and threonine residues (S2 and S3) or truncation of the cytoplasmic tail (DeltaCCR1) of CCR1 abolished receptor phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein activation but did not abolish desensitization of Ca(2+) mobilization. S2, S3, and DeltaCCR1 were also resistant to internalization, mediated greater phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and sustained Ca(2+) mobilization, and were only partially desensitized by RANTES, relative to S1 and CCR1. To study CCR1 cross-regulation, RBL cells co-expressing CCR1 and receptors for interleukin-8 (CXCR1, CXCR2, or a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of CXCR2, 331T) were produced. Interleukin-8 stimulation of CXCR1 or CXCR2 cross-phosphorylated CCR1 and cross-desensitized its ability to stimulate GTPase activity and Ca(2+) mobilization. Interestingly, CCR1 cross-phosphorylated and cross-desensitized CXCR2, but not CXCR1. Ca(2+) mobilization by S3 and DeltaCCR1 were also cross-desensitized by CXCR1 and CXCR2 despite lack of receptor phosphorylation. In contrast to wild type CCR1, S3 and DeltaCCR1, which produced sustained signals, cross-phosphorylated and cross-desensitized responses to CXCR1 as well as CXCR2. Taken together, these results indicate that CCR1-mediated responses are regulated at several steps in the signaling pathway, by receptor phosphorylation at the level of receptor/G protein coupling and by an unknown mechanism at the level of phospholipase C activation. Moreover selective cross-regulation among chemokine receptors is, in part, a consequence of the strength of signaling (i.e. greater phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and sustained Ca(2+) mobilization) which is inversely correlated with the receptor's susceptibility to phosphorylation. Since many chemokines activate multiple chemokine receptors, selective cross-regulation among such receptors may play a role in their immunomodulation.
Public relations tactics and methods in early 1800s America: An examination of an American anti-slavery movement

Traditional public relations histories begin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This study expands public relations history to the early 1800s by analyzing the use of public relations methods and tactics in an American anti-slavery movement, The American Colonization Society. In focusing on the American Colonization Society and backlash against it from abolitionist groups, this paper finds the use of newspapers to promote a cause, promotion of high profile endorsements, attempts to persuade a key public, creation of publications, efforts to lobby legislatures, and hired agents to found auxiliaries, all beginning in the early 1800s.
Further studies on the shape of the tracking curve of an automobile and its dependence on biological parameters of the driver

Following previous studies, differential equations are established which determine the variation of the stimulus towards a corrective turn of the steering wheel and its effect on the excitation of the centers in the brain which results in the production of the corrective turn. The equations are derived under the highly oversimplified assumption that all excitation thresholds are so small that they can be neglected. Under these assumptions it is found that the tracking curve of a car is a sinusoid with negative damping, that is, with an ever increasing amplitude. Driving under these assumptions is imposible since the car will always eventually jump off the road. The possible effects of the threshold as well as stimuli towards corrective turns other than the distance from the edge of the lane are very briefly discussed. In spite of the negative results of the paper, its interest lies in the circumstance that with the complication of the model, we find that driving depends not only on the reaction times as the only “purely biological” parameter, but on three other neurobiophysical constants. In a subsequent paper (Rashevsky, 1967) it is shown how the introduction of one or more purely biological parameters of the driver makes a stable driving regime possible.
Diamines as templates in zeolite crystallization

The crystallization of high SiO2/Al2O3 zeolites is examined in the presence of α, ω-diamines at pH < 12. It is shown that, as the carbon interval separating amine functional groups is increased, the zeolite framework produced changes, from an FER to an MFI to an MEL structural type. A correlation is drawn between the dimensions of the respective diamines and the sorptive properties of the resultant zeolites. It is proposed that protonated amines exert a directing or templating influence on the crystallization process.
Antithrombin III activity (residual thrombin activity) in plasma from non-medicated or heparinized horses.

Two synthetic substrate assays (fluorometric and chromogenic) were used to measure antithrombin-III (AT-III) activity (residual thrombin activity) in non-medicated and heparin (sodium) treated horses. In 18 non-medicated horses the fluorometric substrate assay (FSA) values were similar to previous reports but they reflected inconsistent trends and larger deviations in the heparin-treated groups (Group 2: 40 and 100 U/kg IV, n=6; Group 3: 240 U/kg IV, n=5; Group 4: 80 U/kg IV followed by 160 U/kg SC, n=8) when compared to the chromogenic substrate assay (CSA) values. The CSA values for the 18 non-medicated horses indicated a higher AT-III activity (lower residual thrombin activity) than the FSA. AT-III activity was quantified in 18 non-medicated horses (29 mg/dl) and compared well with values for humans (30 mg/dl) and dogs (40 mg/dl). Plasma heparin concentrations, determined by the FSA, correlated well with the ‘therapeutic range’ (1.5 fold to 2.5 fold prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) normal value) and values reported for humans. The effect of heparin therapy on AT-III activity in four treatment regimens was evaluated. AT-III activity was not significantly affected (with one exception) by a single dose of intravenous (IV) heparin (40 and 100 U/kg) nor by repeated subcutaneous (SC) injections of heparin (240 U/kg). A transient increase in residual thrombin activity was measured 12 h after an intravenous (80 U/kg) injection of heparin. Large doses of heparin (80 U/kg IV followed by 160 U/kg SC) given every 12 h produced a progressive prolongation of the APTT. In this group the APTT remained prolonged 48 h after the last treatment.
Viewing the differential responses of boys and girls in treatment through a feminist lens

Present day knowledge of gender differences challenges clinical social workers to become more sensitive to these distinctions in both the assessment and treatment of children. Clinical material from drawings and from explanations of moral choices gathered in a social work research study is presented. The themes in boys' and girls' responses are analyzed by gender and found to support the thinking of Chodorow (1974) and Gilligan (1979, 1982) that for girls a sense of responsibility comes through relationships of caring, while boys are oriented towards rights and rules. Implications of the findings suggest modifications of treatment programs for young children to better reflect the differential development of boys and girls.
Oxygen use by nitrification in the hypolimnion and sediments of Lake Erie

Abstract Nitrification is an oxygen consumptive process, consuming 2 mol of oxygen per mol of ammonium oxidized. Hypolimnion and sediment samples were collected during the summers of 2008–2010 in Lake Erie to determine the total oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption from nitrification by blocking nitrification with selective inhibitors. Oxygen consumption by nitrification in the hypolimnion was 3.7 ± 2.9 (mean ± 1 SD) μmol O 2 /L/d, with nitrification accounting for 32.6 ± 22.1% of the total oxygen consumption. Nitrification in the hypolimnion contributed more to oxygen consumption in the eastern sites than western sites and was lowest in September. The nitrification rate did not correlate with environmental factors such as oxygen, nitrate or ammonium, or nitrifier numbers. Oxygen consumption by nitrification in sediment slurries was 7.1 ± 5.8 μmol O 2 /g/d, with nitrification accounting for 27.0 ± 19.2% of the total oxygen consumption with the lowest rates in July and the lowest percentages in June. Oxygen consumption by nitrification in intact sediment cores was 682 ± 61.1 μmol O 2 /m/d with nitrification accounting for 30.4 ± 10.7% of the total oxygen consumption. Nitrification rates in intact cores were generally highest in September. The proportion of oxygen consumed by nitrification corresponds closely with what would be predicted from complete oxidation of a Redfield molecule (23%). While nitrification is unlikely to be the dominant oxygen consumptive process, the rates observed in Lake Erie were sufficient to theoretically deplete a large portion of the hypolimnetic oxygen pool during the stratified period.
The Psychology (and Economics) of Trust

Interpersonal trust is a mental construct with implications for social functioning and economic behavior. We review contemporary theories of trust from behavioral economics and social psychology. Neoclassical economic theory considers trust in strangers to be irrational, but observed behavior reveals widespread trust and trustworthiness. Theories of social preferences and adherence to social norms have been proposed to rationalize trust. Psychological approaches investigate trusting behavior in terms of an underlying disposition, intergroup processes, and cognitive expectations. The breadth of these approaches illustrates the multi-faceted nature of trusting behavior. The determinants of trust are related to the relevant characteristics of the individual, the situation, and their interaction.
Sodium lactate response as a model for panic disorders

An important advance in our understanding of panic disorder is the use of an infusion of sodium lactate as a biological stimulus of an attack, which should enable researchers to investigate such attacks under laboratory conditions.
The number of tilings of a block with blocks

We consider a problem posed to us by our colleague, George Nagy. A block is a rectangle with positive integer sides. How many tilings of an k × n block can be obtained by a divide-and-conquer method of tiling? In the divide-and-conquer method a tiling is obtained by repeating the following process a finite number of times: Select a block already in the tiling and subdivide it into two smaller blocks. Let g ( k , n ) and d ( k , n ) be the number of tilings of a k × n block of the general and the divide-and-conquer types, respectively. Our main result is that for a fixed k both of the sequences g k = ( g ( k , n ) : n = 1 , 2 , … ) , d k = ( d ( k , n ) : n = 1 , 2 , … ) are rational; that is, they satisfy linear homogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients. We show how to calculate the coefficients for these difference equations, and use standard methods to obtain asymptotic formulas for g ( k , n ) and d ( k , n ) for fixed k as n tends to infinity. The limits lim k , n → ∞ ( g ( k , n ) ) 1 / k n = γ , lim k , n → ∞ ( d ( k , n ) ) 1 / k n = δ exist. Numerical evidence suggests that γ and δ are different, and if this is true, d ( k , n )/ g ( k , n ) tends to 0 exponentially as k and n tend to infinity.
AES investigations of Ar+ ion retention in Si during Ar sputtering

Argon retention in silicon has been studied by AES in the energy range between 1 and 15 keV at bombardment fluences up to ∼1018 ions/cm2. AES data of implanted argon in silicon near the surface region, as obtained during sputtering, can be interpreted qualitatively by a simple model of ion collection. Discrepancies between calculated and measured saturation values of collected argon ions indicate that during implantation at high fluences addition surface effects become important and that the simple model of ion collection has to account for this. Quantitative AES correlated with RBS indicates pronounced concentration gradients of argon in silicon near surface regions.
Doppler-invariant pulse compression for targets moving in an arbitrary direction

It can be shown that a hyperbolic frequency-modulated waveform is Doppler-invariant only when the Doppler factor is a constant number, i.e., the target has a constant velocity and along the direction from the radar to the target. If the target moves in an arbitrary direction, the degradation of the pulse compression caused by the mismatch between the reflected signal and the matched filter may still exist. In this paper, we demonstrate that the Doppler effect caused by the moving target in an arbitrary direction can be approximated by a target with an initial velocity and a constant acceleration along the direction from the radar to the target, which results in a frequency shift in the reflected waveform. Therefore, a bank of matched filters with preselected values of frequency shifts can be utilized to compensate for the Doppler effect. Numerical examples, with target moving in an arbitrary direction, are presented to illustrate this effect, which has been successfully compensated by shifting the frequency response of the matched filter. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1449–1453, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI.10.1002/mop.22454
Longitudinal factorial invariance of the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales child self-report Version: one year prospective evidence from the California State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).

The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric medicine and health services research has grown significantly over the past decade. The paradigm shift toward patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has provided the opportunity to emphasize the value and critical need for pediatric patient self-report. In order for changes in HRQOL/PRO outcomes to be meaningful over time, it is essential to demonstrate longitudinal factorial invariance. This study examined the longitudinal factor structure of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales over a one-year period for child self-report ages 5–17 in 2,887 children from a statewide evaluation of the California State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) utilizing a structural equation modeling framework. Specifying four- and five-factor measurement models, longitudinal structural equation modeling was used to compare factor structures over a one-year interval on the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales. While the four-factor conceptually-derived measurement model for the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales produced an acceptable fit, the five-factor empirically-derived measurement model from the initial field test of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales produced a marginally superior fit in comparison to the four-factor model. For the five-factor measurement model, the best fitting model, strict factorial invariance of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales across the two measurement occasions was supported by the stability of the comparative fit index between the unconstrained and constrained models, and several additional indices of practical fit including the root mean squared error of approximation, the non-normed fit index, and the parsimony normed fit index. The findings support an equivalent factor structure on the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales over time. Based on these data, it can be concluded that over a one-year period children in our study interpreted items on the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in a similar manner.
Characterization of Two Myotoxic Proteins from Venom of Crotalus viridis concolor

AbstractThe fractionation of the previously unstudied venom for Crotalus viridis concolor (midget faded rattlesnake) provided a protein fraction (FD-1) that generated myotoxic responses from envenomated mice. Highly basic homologous myotoxic proteins have been purified from the protein fraction, FD-1. The two major components, designated myotoxin I and myotoxin II, have considerable sequence homology with crotamine from C. d. terrificus, myotoxin a from C. v. viridis and peptide c from C. v. helleri. The amino acid sequences of the toxins from C. v. concolor contain at least two more residues of amino acid than previously described homologous toxins and myotoxin II contains a sequence region with microheterogeneity. The myotoxins cause extensive damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum as evidenced by electron microscopic studies of envenomated muscle. The destruction is comparable to that observed with the homologous toxins. Studies with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles failed to demonstrate any sign...
Global Economic Integration in Developing Countries: The Role of Corruption and Human Capital Investment

Globalization is multifaceted and involves the interaction among businesses, services, governments, and societies beyond national borders. As a result, the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI), international trade in goods and services, and the economic interdependence of the nations of the world have been increasing. At the same time, much attention has been paid to the effect of corruption prevalent within many cultures and societies, and its impact on the economies, especially developing economies. This paper examines the relationship between human capital investment, the level of national corruption, and the global economic integration (GEI) of a nation in developing countries. Based on the data collected from over 60 countries, and building on the FDI and human capital theories, it was found that human capital investment and corruption are related to GEI. It was also found that the level of corruption moderates the relationship between human capital investment and GEI of developing economies. The findings of the study can help to deepen our understanding of GEI and have practical implications for developing countries in terms developing human capital, which plays a critical role in today’s knowledge-based economy.
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation After Stroke and the Risk of Recurrent Stroke

Failure to expeditiously diagnose atrial fibrillation (AF) as the cause of ischemic stroke has unclear consequences. We studied the association between detection of AF after discharge and the risk of recurrent stroke. We followed a prospectively assembled cohort of patients hospitalized for stroke for 1 year for new diagnoses of AF and recurrent stroke. We compared rates of recurrent stroke in patients with a new diagnosis of AF and those without a new diagnosis of AF after discharge using Kaplan-Meier survival statistics. We conducted Cox proportional hazards analysis of the diagnosis and timing of AF and recurrent stroke after adjustment for age, sex, race, preexisting AF, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, previous stroke, and use of antithrombotic and statin medications. Among 5575 patients with stroke, 113 (2.0%) received a new diagnosis of AF after discharge, and 221 (4.0%) had recurrent stroke. At 1 year, the Kaplan‒Meier rate of recurrent stroke was 18.9% in those with a new diagnosis of AF and 4.5% in others, including those with AF diagnosed before or during the index hospitalization (P = .001). The association between a new diagnosis of AF and stroke recurrence persisted after adjustment for potential confounders (hazard ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-9.1). A new diagnosis of AF after discharge for stroke is associated with an increased risk of recurrent stroke, even compared with patients with known AF. These findings identify a subset of patients at high risk for recurrent stroke and highlight the importance of timely detection of AF in patients with stroke.
L φ (μ)-averaging domains and the quasi-hyperbolic metric

In this paper, we first introduce [email protected]?(@m)-averaging domains which are generalizations of existing domains, such as John domains and L^s(@m)-averaging domains. Then, we characterize L^@f(@m)-averaging domains using the quasihyperbolic metric. Finally, we give applications to quasiconformal mappings.