cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrainment of the larval release rhythm of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Brachyura: Xanthidae) by cycles in salinity change

Ovigerous females of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) were collected from an estuary having irregular tides and exposed to only a semi-diurnal tidal cycle in salinity change in the laboratory. A circatidal rhythm developed, in which larval release occurred around the predicted time of highest salinity (high tide). Thus, salinity cycles can entrain a tidal rhythm. After exposure to only a diel light/dark (LD) cycle, releases occurred mainly in the first 2 h of the dark phase. When exposed to both a tidal salinity cycle and an LD cycle, larval release depended upon the time of nocturnal high tide. Crabs only released at night. If high tide was near the beginning or within about 3 h of the end of the dark phase, releases occurred at the beginning of the dark phase. As high tide moved toward the middle of the night, an increasing proportion of crabs released around the predicted time of high tide. These data support the suggestions that (1) the LD and tidal salinity cycles control the specific time of hatching and (2) there is a hierarchy in the functional advantages for the timing of larval release, in which reduced vulnerability to visual predators is more important than avoidance of stressful salinities or intial seaward transport.
Role of Interleukin-1 in Human B-Cell Activation

Mononuclear phagocytes (Mo) play an essential role in both T- and B-cell activation (Unanue, 1972). Thus, Mo have a critical function both as antigen- presenting cells and as cells that provide a focus for effective B- and T-cell collaboration. In addition to activities carried out by means of direct contact between Mo and responding lymphocytes, a number of other functions of Mo appear to be accomplished by secreted factors. The best studied of these factors is Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a Mo-derived factor of 12,000–16,000 daltons that has a variety of amplifying effects both on immunological reactivity and on inflammatory responses in general (Oppenheim and Gery, 1982). While the immunoregulatory role of IL-1 has been well described in a number of murine models of T- and B-cell activation, the function of this molecule in human immune responsiveness has been less well described. The studies presented in this chapter were therefore undertaken, to examine the role of IL-1 in the regulation of antibody production in humans. Specifically, the in vitro generation of immunoglobulinsecreting cells (ISC) triggered by the T-cell-dependent polyclonal B-cell activators, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and formalinizedStaphylococcus aureus, was used as a model system for dissecting in detail the immunomodulatory potential of IL-1. The data support the conclusion that IL-1 plays a necessary role in the generation of ISC in humans. Moreover, the results indicate that IL-1 delivers a requisite differentiation signal directly to the B-cell, without which subsequent responsiveness to T-cell-derived helper factors and maturation to Ig-secreting cells do not occur.
Negotiation and Oral Acquisition of L2 Vocabulary: The Roles of Input and Output in the Receptive and Productive Acquisition of Words

This experimental study investigates the differential effects of three conditions (nonnegotiated premodified input, negotiation without “pushed output” [Swain, 1985], and negotiation plus pushed output) on L2 learners' vocabulary comprehension and acquisition (receptive and productive). Analyses of variance performed on the data indicated that: (a) negotiated interaction had a positive effect on the comprehension of L2 words; (b) only negotiated interaction that incorporated pushed output appeared to have promoted both receptive and productive acquisition of words as well as an increase in productive word retention; and (c) negotiated interaction plus output did not promote receptive acquisition more than negotiation without output, but it was more effective in promoting productive acquisition. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for the important role of negotiation in facilitating the comprehension and acquisition of L2 vocabulary, which suggests that output plays a key role within the negotiation process for productive lexical acquisition.
Designing visual notification cues for mobile devices

Mobile and wearable devices place enormous constraints on input and display form factors as well as on user attention. The key to designing micro-displays is knowing what sizes and configurations are viable for keeping users informed, what flexibility different micro-displays provide for different types of messages, and the learning requirements on the user. An experiment was performed to measure user learning and comprehension of increasing amounts of information on a simulated three-light visual display. Users were required to learn five sets of messages of increasing information and complexity using the small display. Results show that micro-displays can transmit detailed, information-rich messages up to 6.75 bits with minimal training (i.e., few trials and short time frames).
Comparing State Repression of Pro-State Vigilantes and Anti-State Insurgents: Northern Ireland, 1972-75

I compare the repression of "pro-state" paramilitary violence with the repression of anti-state insurgent violence. The setting examined is Northern Ireland between August 1972 and November 1975. During this time period, "pro-state" Protestant paramilitaries and "anti-state" Irish Republican paramilitaries engaged in significant levels of violence. Among the state's responses to this violence were the internment, without charge or trial, of suspected paramilitaries, and the confiscation of illegally held weapons. How the state used these methods of repression differently for Protestant paramilitaries vs. Republican insurgents is examined with time-series regression methods, employing data collected at monthly intervals. In general, the state was less repressive of Protestant paramilitaries, and state repression of Protestant paramilitaries tended to reflect attempts by the state to find a political solution to the violence (by both Protestant paramilitaries and Republican paramilitaries) in Northern Irela...
Compartmental modeling of ( 11 C)MENET binding to the norepinephrine transporter in the healthy human brain

Abstract Introduction Dysregulation of the noradrenergic system has been implicated in a number of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. [ 11 C]MENET is a novel PET radiotracer with high affinity and selectivity for the norepinephrine transporter. The applicability of different kinetic models on [ 11 C]MENET PET image quantification in healthy population is evaluated. Methods Six healthy volunteers (mean age: 54 years) were recruited for the study, five of whom underwent arterial sampling for measurement of the input function. Ninety minute dynamic PET scans were obtained on a high resolution research tomograph with 15 mCi of [ 11 C]MENET injected at the scan start time. Regions of interest were delineated on the PET scan aided by the corresponding MRI image for anatomical guidance. Distribution volumes and their ratios (DVRs) with respect to the occipital reference tissue were calculated using the full arterial model (FAM), the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) and the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2). Results Among the FAMs, the single-tissue model was found to be statistically superior to the two-tissue model. [ 11 C]MENET focal uptake was observed in the NET-rich regions of the brainstem and subcortical regions including the thalamus, locus cereleus and the raphe nuclei. Highest DVRs were observed in the locus cereleus (mean ± standard deviation: 1.39 ± 0.25) and red nucleus (1.35 ± 0.25). DVRs of the thalamus were in good agreement between FAM (1.26 ± 0.13), SRTM (1.23 ± 0.15) and MRTM2 (1.21 ± 0.14). Comparing the FAM to the SRTM and MRTM2, DVRs were underestimated in the thalamus by 3 and 4% on average, respectively. Conclusion The single-tissue compartmental model was sufficient in describing the [ 11 C]MENET kinetics in the healthy human brain. SRTM and MRTM2 present themselves as attractive options for estimating NET DVR using an occipital reference region.
Suppression of Substance Abuse Claims in Medicaid Data and Rates of Diagnoses for Non–Substance Abuse Conditions

In a change from longstanding practice, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) recently began suppressing substance abuse–related claims in the Medicare and Medicaid Research Identifiable Files.1,2 This change was enacted to comply with a 1987 federal regulation barring third party payers from releasing information from federally funded substance abuse treatment programs without patient consent.
Personal and Impersonal Exchange, Trust and Growth

In this talk, I walk through the evolution of exchange, from trades in small kin-based tribes to the global trade in the modern economy. The focus is on the co-evolution of human biology and institutions that have resulted in spectacular increases in human welfare over the past century for much, though not all, of the world.
A Simple Method for Complex Monomer Creation in the Matrix Method for the Statistics and Thermodynamics of a Confined Polymer Chain

We extend earlier work that gave exact results for the thermodynamics and size parameters of a confined polymer to the case where the monomers have complex structure. The only restriction on the co...
Measurement of Nanoparticle Concentration Using Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry

Various nanoscale items (e.g., nanoparticles and nanotubes) have been actively investigated due to their unique physicochemical properties. A common issue encountered in such studies is accurate expression of nanoparticle concentration. Given the critical importance of the dose−response relationship, we present the use of quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) to accurately measure nanoparticle concentration in a colloidal suspension. Application of a small drop of the nanoparticle suspension in a volatile solvent to the crystal surface leaves a dry nanoparticle residue after solvent evaporation after which the shift in the crystal resonant frequency is recorded. The instrument was calibrated using a set of serial dilutions of Si and Ag nanopowder in methanol, rhodamine B in methanol, and ferrocene in cyclohexane. Using QCM, a linear response for nanoparticle concentrations up to 1300 μg/mL was determined. The developed method was used to determine the concentrations of size-selected, octyl-terminated Si na...
283 COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES OF INFANTS WITH NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS OR SPONTANEOUS INTESTINAL PERFORATION IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (1999-2003)

Purpose To determine incidence and outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) during a recent 5 year period. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of admissions to the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of Kosair Children9s Hospital and University of Louisville Hospital from 1/1/99-12/31/03 with the diagnosis of either NEC or SIP. Cases were identified by ICD-9 codes and confirmed by chart review. During the 3 days prior to and after diagnosis (total 7 days), data reflecting general medical condition, feeding history, medications and indicators of infection (positive blood cultures, white blood cell [WBC] counts, blood pH) were recorded. Results There were 74 cases of NEC and 35 cases of SIP. Birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) were similar between groups. Infants with SIP had lower 5-minute Apgar scores (6 ± 3 vs. 7 ± 2, p = .003). While the cohorts were predominantly preterm, ˜ 5.5% of infants in each group were ≥ 38 weeks GA (term). Ninety-three percent of infants with NEC were fed a mean of 15 days prior to diagnosis, while 69% of infants with SIP were never fed (p Conclusions Enteral feeding prior to diagnosis was more common in NEC than in SIP. In-dwelling umbilical catheters were more commonly associated with SIP. Laboratory differences in the 72 hours prior to diagnosis included higher ANC and lower platelet counts in infants with SIP. Mortality was not different between groups.
Determination of Chloramphenicol and Becolometasone Dipropionate in Compound Chloramphenicol Cream by HPLC

OBJECTIVE:To establish the HPLC method to determine chloramphenicol and becolometasone dipropionate in Compound chloramphenicol cream.METHODS:HPLC method was adopted.The Shim-pack VP-ODS was used with acetonitrile-0.05 mol·L-1 KH2PO4 solution(gradient elution) as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1.The detective wavelength was set at 240 nm and the injection volume was 15 μL.RESULTS:The linear range was 47.6～238 μg·mL-1 for chloramphenicol(r=0.999 9) and 2.96～14.8 μg·mL-1 for becolometasone dipropionate(r=0.999 8).The average recoveries were 99.97%(RSD=0.84%,n=9) and 99.28%(RSD=1.87%,n=9).CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accurate and can be used for the content determination of Compound chloramphenicol cream.
Effect of Deliberate Blood Transfusions in Cadaveric Kidney Allografts at a Single Center

AbstractThe effectiveness of deliberate pre-transplant blood transfusions was compared in randomly transfused and nontransfused patients who acted as controls at a single transplant center. The patients in the pre-transplant transfusion group who had never been transfused had better graft survival than all other groups. Next, were those patients who had previous random transfusions and were then placed in the deliberately transfused group. Those who had received random blood transfusions but were not in the protocol and those patients who never had transfusions did the poorest.Those patients never transfused previously who received the scheduled transfusions had far lower levels of antibodies than those who had had previous transfusions and those with previous transfusions who were then entered into the prospective transfusion protocol. The patients who had B cold cytotoxic antibodies had the highest graft survival rates. Timing was important, with the group receiving the last transfusions 3 to 6 weeks be...
Disparate Mutations Confer Therapeutic Gain of Hsp104 Function

Hsp104, a protein disaggregase from yeast, can be engineered and potentiated to counter TDP-43, FUS, or α-synuclein misfolding and toxicity implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Here, we reveal that extraordinarily disparate mutations potentiate Hsp104. Remarkably, diverse single missense mutations at 20 different positions interspersed throughout the middle domain (MD) and small domain of nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) confer a therapeutic gain of Hsp104 function. Moreover, potentiation emerges from deletion of MD helix 3 or 4 or via synergistic missense mutations in the MD distal loop and helix 4. We define the most critical aspect of Hsp104 potentiation as enhanced disaggregase activity in the absence of Hsp70 and Hsp40. We suggest that potentiation likely stems from a loss of a fragilely constrained autoinhibited state that enables precise spatiotemporal regulation of disaggregase activity.
Does Unintentional Splenic Radiation Predict Outcomes After Pancreatic Cancer Radiation Therapy

Purpose To determine whether severity of lymphopenia is dependent on radiation dose and fractional volume of spleen irradiated unintentionally during definitive chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods 177 patients with LAPC received induction chemotherapy (mainly gemcitabine-based regimens) followed by CRT (median 50.4 Gy with concurrent capecitabine) from January 2006 to December 2012. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was recorded at baseline, before CRT, and 2 to 10 weeks after CRT. Splenic dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters were reported as mean splenic dose (MSD) and percentage of splenic volume receiving at least 5- (V5), 10- (V10), 15- (V15), and 20-Gy (V20) dose. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with use of the Cox model, and development of post-CRT severe lymphopenia (ALC Results The median post-CRT ALC (0.68 K/UL; range, 0.13-2.72) was significantly lower than both baseline ALC (1.42 K/UL; range, 0.34-3.97; P P P =.01) and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.66, P =.01). MSD (9.8 vs 6 Gy, P =.03), median V10 (32.6 vs 16%, P =.04), V15 (23.2 vs 9.5%, P =.03), and V20 (15.4 vs 4.6%, P =.02) were significantly higher in patients with severe lymphopenia than in those without. On multivariate analysis, postinduction lymphopenia ( P P =.002; OR=3.42) were independent predictors for the development of severe post-CRT lymphopenia. Conclusion Severe post-CRT lymphopenia is an independent predictor of poor OS in LAPC patients receiving CRT. Higher splenic doses increase the risk for the development of severe post-CRT lymphopenia. When clinically indicated, assessment of splenic DVHs before the acceptance of treatment plans may minimize the risk of severe post-CRT lymphopenia.
C-GRApH: A Validated Scoring System for Early Stratification of Neurologic Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Treated With Targeted Temperature Management.

BackgroundOut‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) results in significant morbidity and mortality, primarily from neurologic injury. Predicting neurologic outcome early post‐OHCA remains difficult in ...
Atherosclerotic vascular calcification detection and segmentation on low dose computed tomography scans using convolutional neural networks

We propose an automated platform for extra-coronary calcification detection on low dose CT scans. We utilize faster regional convolutional neural networks (R-CNN) to directly detect calcifications at the lesion-level without performing vessel extraction. To segment detected calcifications at the voxel-level, we employ holistically nested edge detection (HED). CT scans of 112 vasculitis patients and 3219 images with labeled calcifications were used to develop and evaluate our method. By employing a two-class faster R-CNN, the average precision (AP) increased from 49.2% to 84.4% for calcification detection. In addition, sensitivity of 85.0% at 1 false positive per image was observed. The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) for calcification segmentation using HED (0.83±0.08) was significantly better (p≪0.01) than the traditional threshold-based method (0.59±0.26).
Adjuvant selection regulates gut migration and phenotypic diversity of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells following parenteral immunization.

Infectious diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years, making vaccines against these diseases a high priority. It is known that certain vaccine adjuvants, chiefly bacterial ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, can induce mucosal antibodies when delivered parenterally. Based on this, we reasoned vaccine-specific mucosal cellular immunity could be induced via parenteral immunization with these adjuvants. Here, we show that, in contrast to the Toll-like receptor-9 agonist CpG, intradermal immunization with non-toxic double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli drove endogenous, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to expand and upregulate the gut-homing integrin α4β7. This was followed by T-cell migration into gut-draining lymph nodes and both small and large intestines. We also found that dmLT produces a balanced T-helper 1 and 17 (Th1 and Th17) response, whereas T cells from CpG immunized mice were predominantly Th1. Immunization with dmLT preferentially engaged CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) compared with CpG, and mice deficient in CD103+ DCs were unable to fully license antigen-specific T-cell migration to the intestinal mucosae following parenteral immunization. This work has the potential to redirect the design of existing and next generation vaccines to elicit pathogen-specific immunity in the intestinal tract with non-mucosal immunization.
Injury of the Carotid Artery during Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery: Surveys of Skull Base Surgeons.

Objectives This study aimed to review endoscopic skull base surgeon experience with internal carotid artery (ICA) injuries during endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) to provide an estimate of the incidence of ICA injury, the associated factors and identify the best training modalities for the management of this complication. Design Anonymous electronic survey of past participants at a well-established endoscopic skull base surgery course and a global online community of skull base surgeons. Main Outcome Measures Relative incidence of ICA injuries during EES, associated anatomic and intraoperative factors, and surgeon experience. Results At least 20% of surgeons in each surveyed population experienced a carotid artery injury. Reported carotid artery injuries were most common during tumor exposure and removal (48%). The parasellar carotid artery was the most commonly injured segment (39%). Carotid artery injuries were more common in high-volume surgeons, but only statistically significant in one of the two populations. Attendance at a skull base course or courses did not change the incidence of carotid artery injury in either surveyed population. In both surveys, respondents preferred live surgeries or active (not computer simulated) training models. Conclusions ICA injury is underreported and most common when manipulating the parasellar carotid artery for exposure and tumor dissection. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries, vascular injury management should be prioritized and taught in a graduated approach by modern endoscopic skull base courses.
Activist literacy and Jurgen Habermas: Identifying and evaluating validity claims

This paper examines activist literacy through the lens of Jurgen Habermas’s theory of communicative action. It proposes that Habermas’s criteria used to evaluate validity claims in communicative action can be appropriated to supplement what is lacking in activist literacy. An analysis of both a written text and an oral text is presented to show how validity claims are identified and evaluated in relation to activist literacy. This paper ends with a discussion of the implications of Habermas’s theory of communicative action for activist literacy.
Long-Term Outcomes After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spine Metastases: Radiation Dose-Response for Late Toxicity.

Purpose To document the 5- and 10-year rates of late toxicity and vertebral compression fracture (VCF) in long-term survivors after stereotactic radiosurgery for spine metastases. Methods and Materials A retrospective review was performed on 562 patients treated with SRS for spine metastases between April 2001 and July 2011. Selecting those with at least 5-year survival after SRS, included were 43 patients who collectively underwent 84 treatments at 54 spine sites. Most were treated with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery to a median dose of 16 Gy (range, 12-24 Gy), and 56% of sites had received prior external beam radiation therapy. Late toxicities and VCFs occurring in the absence of tumor progression were recorded. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of late complications. Results Nine patients (17% of treatment sites) developed grade ≥2 late toxicities at a median time of 12.8 months (range, 4.2-59.0 months). Actuarial 5- and 10-year rates of grade ≥2 late toxicity were 17% and 17%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only cumulative biologically effective dose (BED3) > 200 Gy (or EQD22Gy [2-Gy equivalent dose calculated using an α/β ratio of 2] > 130 Gy) was associated with grade ≥2 late toxicity (P = .036). Maximum point BED3 > 110 Gy (or EQD22Gy > 70 Gy) to spinal cord or cauda equina was associated with grade ≥2 late neuropathy (P = .017). Nine VCFs (18%) occurred at a median time of 10.2 months (range, 3.2-57.2 months), with 5- and 10-year VCF rates of 17% and 17%, respectively. Conclusion Stereotactic radiosurgery for primary treatment and reirradiation of spinal metastases is associated with a moderate risk of late toxicity with 10-year follow-up. Risk of late toxicity significantly increases with cumulative BED3 > 200 Gy and spinal cord or cauda equina point BED3 > 110 Gy. Patients remain at moderate risk of VCF up to 5 years after treatment, with a plateau in incidence thereafter up to 10 years.
The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy

Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is often associated with a history of previous lesions in the nervous system. Impaired regulation of the activation and resolution of inflammatory cells and molecules in the injured neuronal tissue is a critical factor to the development of epilepsy. However, it is still unclear as to how that unbalanced regulation of inflammation contributes to epilepsy. Therefore, one of the goals in epilepsy research is to identify and elucidate the interconnected inflammatory pathways in systemic and neurological disorders that may further develop epilepsy progression. In this paper, inflammatory molecules, in neurological and systemic disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s, Type I Diabetes, etc.) that could contribute to epilepsy development, are reviewed. Understanding the neurobiology of inflammation in epileptogenesis will contribute to the development of new biomarkers for better screening of patients at risk for epilepsy and new therapeutic targets for both prophylaxis and treatment of epilepsy.
Effect of increasing flow when grooving during phacoemulsification.

Purpose To determine optimum flow settings on the Centurion Vision System during the grooving step in cataract surgery. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Intact porcine lenses hardened by formalin and placed in a chamber designed to simulate the anterior chamber of the eye were used to test flow rate settings at 20 mL/min, 40 mL/min, and 60 mL/min. Vacuum was set at 400 mm Hg, longitudinal power at 80%, torsional power at 80%, and intraocular pressure at 50 mm Hg. A balanced phaco tip with a 20-degree tip and a 30-degree bevel was used. Efficiency (time to groove the lens in half) was determined. Results Increasing flow from 20 to 40 mL/min during grooving increased efficiency by 17% (P = .05), with no significant improvement shown at 60 mL/min. Conclusions A flow rate of 40 mL/min was determined to be most efficient during the grooving step of cataract surgery. Further increases in flow rate showed no statistically significant improvement in efficiency, and with only 17% improvement flow rates less than 40 mL/min might be almost as efficient and might be safer.
Anesthesia for the Geriatric Urologic Patient

Elderly patients have a distinctly increased risk for undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Evaluation of data collected in the 1980s, which still appear valid, suggests that the combination of age and disease load increases the risk for morbidity and mortality. Chronological age on its own is only marginally associated with increased risk. Normative aging can be distinguished from successful aging, which in turn can be separated from age-related disease. This chapter will review issues that are crucial to good anesthesia and intraoperative care for geriatric patients undergoing urologic surgery. Careful attention to these intraoperative issues can help to improve outcomes in these older adults patients.
The Regulation and Function of the CD4 Coreceptor During T Lymphocyte Development

The progression of thymocytes through sequential developmental stages is marked by an ordered pattern of expression of many different cell surface molecules (Kruisbeek 1993). Of these, the CD4 and CD8 glycoproteins are noteworthy because their differential expression defines the two major lineages of mature peripheral T cells (Swain 1983). Although mature cells express one molecule or the other, the large majority of immature thymocytes expresses both CD4 and CD8. These double positive (DP) cells are subjected to a stringent selection process which favors survival of the few cells that can interact productively with host MHC molecules (Hogquist et al. 1994; von Boehmer 1994). Down-regulation of either CD4 or CD8 accompanies positive selection and precedes the emergence of mature cells with distinct effector functions.
Abstract 13424: GATA3 Regulates Macrophage Polarization and Phenotype

Background: Macrophage polarization is believed to play important role in inflammation and in host defense mechanisms. While the distinct functions attributable to M1 and M2 macrophages have been i...
A Generalized Eigenfunction Expansion for Elastodynamics

The use of composite materials in structural components is limited, in part, by the need to develop quantitative inspection techniques. Composites present many challenges to the development of such quantitative methods. For example, composite materials are typically anisotropic. Thus a necessary prerequisite for ultrasonic flaw detection and characterization in composite materials is an understanding of the propagation and scattering of waves in a general anisotropic media. Work towards such an understanding has been typically limited to such issues as beam propagation effects (see, for ex., Ref. [1]). The elastic wave inverse scattering problem (flaw characterization), as well as the simpler direct problem (field-flaw interaction), are only minimally developed for anisotropic media of any kind.
Chapter 25 – MULTIPLE SYSTEMS OF PERCEPTUAL CATEGORY LEARNING: THEORY AND COGNITIVE TESTS

The first neurobiologically detailed theory of multiple systems in category learning, called COVIS, was originally conceived in 1998. COVIS, which is now well established, postulates two systems that compete throughout learning—a frontal-based declarative system that uses logical reasoning and depends on working memory and executive attention, and a basal ganglia-mediated system that uses procedural-learning. The procedural system can learn a wide variety of category structures, but it learns in a slow incremental fashion and is highly dependent on reliable and immediate feedback. In contrast, the declarative rule-based (RB) system can learn a fairly small set of category structures quickly—specifically, those structures that can be learned via a logical reasoning process. These two systems learn simultaneously, but as long as RB strategies lead to successful performance, the declarative system inhibits the procedural system. This theory is described in detail and a variety of cognitive behavioral and cognitive neuroscience experiments are reviewed that test some parameter-free a priori predictions made by COVIS.
Analysis of Nonsevere Crashes on Two- and Four-Lane Urban and Rural Highways: Effects of Wet Pavement Surface Condition

This study examines the effects of wet pavement surface conditions on the likelihood of occurrences of nonsevere crashes in two- and four-lane urban and rural highways in Alabama. Initially, sixteen major highways traversing across the geographic locations of the state were identified. Among these highways, the homogenous routes with equal mean values, variances, and similar distributions of the crash data were identified and combined to form crash datasets occurring on dry and wet pavements separately. The analysis began with thirteen explanatory variables covering engineering, environmental, and traffic conditions. The principal terms were statistically identified and used in a mathematical crash frequency models developed using Poisson and negative binomial regression models. The results show that the key factors influencing nonsevere crashes on wet pavement surfaces are mainly segment length, traffic volume, and posted speed limits.
The Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Sexual and Mental Health of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) are at an increased risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviors and experiencing depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) can put women at increased risk of poor sexual and mental health. Women experiencing IPV report ACEs, but few studies have examined the heterogeneity in women's experiences of ACEs and its effects on sexual and mental health. Therefore, the current study used latent profile analysis to identify profiles of ACEs (i.e., witnessing maternal and paternal IPV victimization; childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; and physical and emotional neglect) and their association with sexual risk behaviors and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women experiencing IPV aged 18 to 58 years (N = 212) were recruited from community establishments and completed face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews. Three profiles were identified: Low ACEs class (n = 115), Moderate ACEs class (n = 62), and High ACEs class (n = 35). Path analyses revealed that profiles of ACEs directly predicted women's IPV victimization severity and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary and tertiary mental health interventions may be more effective if the heterogeneity in women's ACEs is addressed by integrating intervention strategies specific to these ACE subgroups.
Changes in Sleep Problems Across Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment: Findings from the Multimodal Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Study.

Abstract Objective: Stimulant medication and behavior therapy are efficacious for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, research suggests that stimulants may start an...
Overuse of Preoperative Staging of Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer.

Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) discourage the use of imaging to stage newly diagnosed early breast cancer (stages 1 and 2). This study aimed to evaluate preoperative staging imaging rates among patients with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). From a prospectively maintained database, 303 patients with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer who had NAC from 2008 to 2016 were identified. The main outcome measures were the rate and outcomes of staging imaging performed. The mean age of the 303 patients with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer was 51 years (range, 26–87 years). Of these 303 patients, 278 (92.4%) had invasive ductal cancer. 90 (30.2%) had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease, 79 (26.5%) had triple-negative disease, and 127 (42.6%) had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease. Staging positron emission tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT) scan was performed for 258 patients (85.2%), brain imaging for 94 patients (31%), bone scans for 117 patients (38.6%), and all three for 48 patients (15.8%). As a result, 15 patients (4.9%) with a positive PET/CT scan were upstaged to stage 4 breast cancer. No difference was observed among the ER-positive (p = 1.000), HER2-positive (p = 0.259), or triple-negative (p = 0.369) receptor profiles of the patients upstaged to stage 4 disease. One patient (1.1%) had positive brain imaging. Five patients (4.3%) had a positive bone scan, and three of these patients (60%) had bone metastasis also shown on the PET/CT scan. Despite guideline recommendations, a high rate of preoperative staging imaging is completed for patients with clinical stage 1 or 2 breast cancer who receive NAC, with few positive results.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of digital noise reduction hearing aids in adults

Systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of the effects of digital noise reduction (DNR) algorithms on speech intelligibility, sound quality and listening effort in adult populations.Systematic revi...
Daratumumab as successful initial therapy for AL amyloidosis with nerve involvement.

Systemic amyloidosis is a disease caused by protein misfolding, aggregation, and deposition in the form of insoluble material termed amyloid. Over time, the accumulation of amyloid in organs and ti...
The Whiplash of a COVID-19 Teaching Pivot and the Lessons Learned for the Future

In March 2020, over the course of less than 2 days, the author’s university went from business as usual to suspending classes until weeks later and then completing the semester online. The author r...
Appendicitis mortality rates

Abstract The appendicitis death rates are much higher for all age groups in the Rocky Mountain region than any other section of the country. This relatively high mortality may be due to a greater incidence of the disease than in other parts of the United States. It is suggested that additional statistical studies of large numbers of cases be made in all sections of the country in order to determine whether the rate of occurrence or case fatality rates account for differences in mortality rates.
Effect of quercetin on nonshivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

Abstract Activating nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising strategy to prevent obesity. This study investigated whether quercetin supplementation improves obesity in mice by increasing nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. Compared to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, mice fed a HFD supplemented with 1% quercetin (HFDQ) had reduced body weight and total plasma cholesterol. In HFDQ-fed mice, retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) weight was decreased, and browning effect and lipolysis were increased. HFDQ-fed mice had increased expression of nonshivering thermogenesis genes in BAT, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (CIDEA), and mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA). Quercetin supplementation increased genes and proteins in β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways in HFD-fed mice, which were suppressed by an AMPK inhibitor or an ADRB3 antagonist. Energy expenditure and core body temperature were not changed by quercetin, but physical activity was increased in HFDQ mice during dark periods at room and cold temperatures. Quercetin also decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and increased short-chain fatty acid production in the feces of HFD-fed mice. In summary, quercetin supplementation in HFD-fed mice may attenuate obesity. Although the study did not show consistency in data at molecular and pathophysiological levels between BAT function and obesity, it also shows promising health effects of quercetin, accompanied by improved physical activity and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
Euclidean Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Abstract We discuss a formulation of exactly Poincare invariant quantum mechanics where the input is model Euclidean Green functions or their generating functional. We discuss the structure of the models, the construction of the Hilbert space, the construction and transformation properties of single-particle states, and the construction of GeV scale transition matrix elements. A simple model is utilized to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Beyond Related Experience: Upstream versus Downstream Experience in Innovation Contest Platforms with Interdependent Problem Domains

Innovation contest platforms are often organized around specific fields of interest and involve contests that span a variety of interdependent problem domains. While specialization in contests within a problem domain can improve a contestant’s performance in a future contest in the same domain, prior research on individual learning also suggests that a contestant can benefit from her related experience—i.e., experience in contests whose problem domains share an interdependency with the focal problem domain. It is, however, unclear whether the benefits of related experience arise symmetrically from upstream related problem domains (i.e., upstream experience) and downstream related problem domains (i.e., downstream experience) or differ among them. Given that an innovation contest platform serves to provide an effective match between contest problem requirements and contestants’ skills, it is important to understand how a contestant’s prior experience on such a platform contributes to her problem-solving performance. To address the research question, we collect detailed archival data from TopCoder, a leading platform for software development contests, from its launch in 2001 to September 2013. Our dataset comprises detailed participation history of 821 contestants in 3,274 contests across eight interdependent problem domains involving 8,985 observations. We find that while a contestant’s related experience on the innovation contest platform has a stronger positive association with her focal contest performance compared to unrelated experience on the platform, the benefits of related experience arise only from downstream experience. No significant performance benefits of upstream experience are observed. We also find that the performance benefits of downstream experience are more salient when the contest duration is shorter. Contrary to the notion of “hyper-specialization” that has been emphasized in previous research, our findings highlight the importance of targeted diversification of experience for participants on innovation platforms. They also shed light on the effective design of innovation contest platforms and resource allocation decisions in complex new product development projects involving interdependent problem domains.
Economic distress and voting: evidence from the subprime mortgage crisis

We use nationwide deed-level records on home foreclosures to examine the effects of economic distress on electoral outcomes and individual voter turnout. County-level difference-in-differences estimates show that counties that suffered larger increases in foreclosures did not punish or reward members of the incumbent president's party more than less affected counties. Linking the Ohio voter file to individual foreclosures, difference-in-differences estimates show that individuals whose homes were foreclosed on were less likely to turn out, rather than being mobilized. However, in 2016 counties more exposed to foreclosures supported Trump at substantially higher rates. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the effect of local economic distress on incumbent performance is generally close to zero and only becomes substantial in unusual circumstances.
Displacement through development? Property turnover and eviction risk in Seattle:

Eviction is a powerful form of displacement that perpetuates and amplifies socioeconomic and racial inequalities through the rental housing market. Examining the relationship between evictions and ...
Tess Too? Revisiting the Chase Scene in Tess of the d'Urbervilles in the #MeToo Era

Near the end of a virtual talk on Victorian Literature I gave in the summer of 2020, one of the students asked me a question about whether Tess, the titular heroine of Thomas Hardy’s novel (1891), ...
Law Enforcement Pathways to Mental Health: Secondary Traumatic Stress, Social Support, and Social Pressure

The mental health of law enforcement officers (LEO) is critical to the safety and well-being of the officers and the public they serve. However, LEO face significant on-the-job stressors that undermine mental health, and there is a lot to be learned about when and how LEO seek and enter mental health services. The present study sought to explore variables related to mental health seeking behavior, the role of social engagement and social pressure in the decision to seek mental health services, and the most common pathways into mental health utilized by LEO. A small sample of 86 LEO were recruited from the social media page of a law enforcement nonprofit support organization to take several self-report measures on past mental health service usage and intentions to seek future services, the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services, the Professional Quality of Life Survey, and a measure of social engagement on mental health topics. Results indicate that while a number of factors are associated with intentions to seek future services, the primary factor in past mental health seeking behavior was secondary traumatic stress. Those who sought mental health services reported higher social engagement and social pressure to seek help. LEO entered mental health services for a variety of reasons and through a variety of provider options, such that no one provider source was preferred. Though the present study was limited by a small sample size, reliance on self-report measures, and occurred during a time of civil unrest that sparked the “defund the police” movement, the results serve as a starting point for understanding the pathways into mental health services for LEO and the roles of secondary trauma and prior mental health service experience.
Physical Principles of Radio Communication

Electrodynamics is an established science. Ever since James Clerk Maxwell spelled out its fundamental equations in 1865, its tenets have been verified and reverified by measurements, its formalism developed and made more elegant. It is also a science with wide application, since, except for the force of gravity, the vast majority of phenomena with which we come into contact every day is electrical in nature. Light and radiated heat, radio waves of all kinds, X-rays and UV rays are all manifestations of the same basic entity: the electromagnetic wave/photon. The differences between these phenomena stem entirely from different ways in which photons of different wavelength interact with matter.
8.4.1 One Engineering Process – Integrated!

Process definition is not new at Rockwell Collins. Processes have been documented and repeatedly updated throughout the Rockwell Collins history. Process variations have existed due to the number of disciplines, Business Units, degree of adherence, level of senior management support, customer influence, etc. During the past two years Rockwell Collins has documented an enterprise level standard engineering process framework. The resulting Engineering Technical Consistent Process (ETCP) addresses the disciplines of Systems Engineering, Software Engineering, Hardware Engineering and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) Engineering and is one of a suite of enterprise level processes that encompass the full business lifecycle.
A Deep-Sea Record of the Late Miocene Carbon Shift from the Southern Tasman Sea

Changes in carbonate sedimentation and planktonic foraminiferal preservation during the late Miocene carbon shift (LMCS) are assessed using a relatively complete upper Miocene to lower Pliocene section (∼8.2 -4.0 Ma) recovered from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1172 in the southern Tasman Sea. Parallel stable isotope records were generated using size-specific, depth-stratified planktonic and benthic foraminifera. All three of the foraminiferal δ 13 C stratigraphies record the isotopic decrease that marks the LMCS. The onset of the LMCS (∼7.7 Ma) coincides with upper magnetochron C4n.2n within planktonic foraminiferal zone SN10. No significant increase is seen in the benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O record, thereby precluding the possibility that a substantial glacioeustatic fall in sea level enhanced the transfer of terrestrial carbon to the oceans during the LMCS. Planktonic foraminiferal shells are highly fragmented/dissolved near the base of the LMCS. This decline in preservation is paralleled by compositional changes to foraminiferal assemblages, a pattern we attribute to species-selective dissolution. Similar pulses of carbonate dissolution punctuate the LMCS at other subantarctic sites, indicating that the dissolution spike at Site 1172 reflects a regional change to Southern Ocean circulation/chemistry. Amplification of the LMCS in G. bulloides δ 13 C values conforms to a pattern of stable isotopic variation associated with increased CO 3 = in surface waters. An important corollary of this interpretation is that surface-ocean pH increased as atmospheric CO 2 levels decreased during the transition from pre- to post-LMCS conditions. Thus, the LMCS marks when deep-sea δ 13 C records of more modern aspect first appeared in the geologic record, and may signify a new steady state in ocean carbonate chemistry.