cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conserved Glu in Periplasmic Vestibule Proves Different Mechanism in Rh Proteins

The transport of Ammonia is provided by Amt/MEP/Rh protein superfamily. The x-ray structures of AmtB from Escherichia coli, Rh50 from Nitrosomonas europaea, and human RhCG show some distinct variations on periplasmic vestibules. After numerous experimental and computational studies we have a solid understanding on mechanism on E.Coli AmtB. However, the absence of an aromatic cage on Rh proteins and a strongly conserved E166 residue in the vicinity hints different conduction mechanism. Various simulation studies reported on this note shows differences on substrate recruitment and conductivity between AmtB and Rh proteins. All the studies summarized in this note confirms the conserved E166 emerges as a strong recruitment site for charged ammonia. The conserved phenyl gate behaves different for Rh proteins and the synchronized motion is not observed. These findings suggest a different deprotonation mechanism.In this study we compare the substrate selectivity, possible conduction mechanisms of these proteins by using MD simulations.
Farm to school programs: exploring the role of regionally-based food distributors in alternative agrifood networks.

Farm to school programs are at the vanguard of efforts to create an alternative agrifood system in the United States. Regionally-based, mid-tier food distributors may play an important role in harnessing the potential of farm to school programs to create viable market opportunities for small- and mid-size family farmers, while bringing more locally grown fresh food to school cafeterias. This paper focuses on the perspectives of food distributors. Our findings suggest that the food distributors profiled have the potential to help institutionalize farm to school programs. Notably, their relationships with farmers may be a critical element in expanding the scale and scope of local school food procurement. Their ability to catalyze local school food procurement however, is limited by the structural context in which farm to school programs operate. Specifically, the oppositional school year and agriculture production cycle, and tight food service budget constraints disembed and limit the potential of farm to school programs to decrease the “marketness” of school food procurement and to shift it from a process based largely on price to one that is more territorially embedded. As farm to school programs continue to gain support, regionally-based food distributors that have the meaningful relationships necessary to re-embed the school food service market back into the larger society may be critical to enabling advocates to achieve their goals.
Comparison of TRMM rainfall retrievals with rain gauge data from the TAO/TRITON buoy array

[1] Long-term mean rainfall rates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) are compared with in situ measurements by rain gauges on the NOAA TAO/ TRITON buoy array in the tropical Pacific. The buoy rain gauges have an advantage over most of the available ground truth data in that they are not influenced by the local meteorological effects of islands. Instantaneous TRMM retrievals averaged over 1 � 1 longitude-latitude boxes are matched with 12-hour-averaged buoy rain amounts centered on the TRMM overpasses. The TMI has near-zero bias with respect to the gauges when compared across climatologically different gauge locations (dry to wet). The PR is biased about 30% low relative to the gauges. These results are consistent with other ground truth studies and the known biases between the TMI and PR in the TRMM version 5 algorithms. Because rain gauges are thought to underestimate rainfall during windy conditions, further study of gauge biases would be useful. INDEX TERMS: 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Precipitation (1854); 3360 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Remote sensing. Citation: Bowman, K. P., A. B. Phillips, and G. R. North, Comparison of TRMM rainfall retrievals with rain gauge data from the TAO/TRITON buoy array, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(14), 1757, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017552, 2003.
Plasmolysis, Red Blood Cell Partitioning, and Plasma Protein Binding of Etofibrate, Clofibrate, and Their Degradation Products

Etofibrate (I), the ethylene glycol diester of clofibric and nicotinic acids, degrades almost equally through both half-esters with half-lives of approximately 10 and 1 min in fresh dog and human plasma, respectively. The nicotinate V degrades with half-lives of approximately 12 hr and 50 min in fresh dog and human plasma, respectively. Ester III and clofibrate VI degrade by saturable Michaelis-Menten kinetics in fresh human plasma, with similar maximum initial rates and respective terminal first-order half-lives of 12 and 26 min. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited human plasma and red blood cell esterases permitting plasma protein binding and red blood cell partitioning studies. The red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient was 5.4 for 0.2-80 micrograms/ml of I. Clofibrate (VI) showed a saturable erythrocyte partitioning that decreased from 7.8 (10 micrograms/ml) to 1 (50 micrograms/ml). The strong binding of I and VI to ultrafiltration membranes necessitated the determination of their plasma protein binding by the method of variable plasma concentrations of erythrocyte suspensions to give 96.6% (0.2-80 micrograms/ml) and 98.2% (13.6-108.4 micrograms/ml) binding, respectively. Methods for the determination of the parameters of saturable and nonsaturable plasma protein binding for unstable and membrane-binding drugs by the method of variable plasma concentrations in partitioning erythrocyte suspensions are presented.
Vertex-switching reconstruction of subgraph numbers and triangle-free graphs

Abstract Let G be a graph with n vertices, and let S be a graph with k vertices, k n 2 . Algebraic techniques are used to prove that the number of induced subgraphs (or just subgraphs) of G isomorphic to S is vertex-switching reconstructible. This vertex-switching version of Kelly's Lemma is used, along with structural arguments, to prove that triangle-free graphs are vertex-switching reconstructible.
Limitation on far-field super directivity using transformation optics

Summary form only given. Transformation electromagnetics has received a lot of interests in recent years. It has found potential applications in several major areas of electromagnetics: propagation, waveguiding, scattering, and radiation. Using transformation electromagnetics, it is possible to manipulate the electromagnetic waves to achieve novel effects. For propagation and waveguiding, transformed structures allow waves to propagate and bend without suffering from reflections. Regarding scattering, both monostatic and bistatic scattering can be reduced. In this paper, we analyze a spherical core-shell structure which can achieve arbitrarily large directivity. The structure was predicted and obtained from the proper coordinate transformations. A large virtual aperture can be projected to free space with a small physical dimension, subsequently leading to a large directivity. We investigated the problem by finding the transformed constitutive tensors and solving the equivalent problem in the core-shell configuration. Using the Ricatti-Bessel functions, we can represent the field components with Debye potentials and subsequently solve for the fields in all regions. We applied the formulation to several cases of dipole arrays within the shell, corresponding to both free-space and halfspace problems in the virtual space. Both the near field and farfield phenomena were investigated. The relationship between the beamwidths and transmission coefficients for different loss values has been studied and an estimation for the cutoffs of the transmission coefficients was provided. Overall, the loss is linked directly to the farfield resolution in terms of the available angular harmonics. It is found that the deterioration of beamwidth changes rapidly with the increase of loss tangent in the shell medium. Even though one can theoretically construct an antenna aperture with arbitrarily high directivity in a small package, based on the specific transformation used here, there is a practical limit as to how strongly a large aperture can be compressed into a small one. It can be reasoned that if a moderate loss tangent value can be reached, a virtual aperture gain factor of at least two should be achievable.
Momentum Distribution and Pair Correlation of the Electron Gas at Metallic Densities

The momentum-distribution and pair-correlation functions of the electron gas at metallic densities are calculated by means of an expression of the ground-state energy derived in a previous paper. Numerical studies of the momentum distribution show that even at metallic densities most of the electrons are still inside the Fermi sphere and that the Fermi surface persists. The effect of the exchange processes at metallic densities is found to pull the electrons back inside the Fermi sphere and to increase the discontinuity at the Fermi surface, which is the opposite effect to that at high density. The behavior of the pair-correlation functions indicates that at short distances the present results overestimate the correlation of antiparallel spins but underestimate that of parallel spins. On the whole, there is considerable improvement over the corresponding results in the random-phase approximation.
Micosis pulmonares en pacientes de la Quinta Región: Período 2007-2010

Background: The frequency of pulmonary mycoses has increased in the past few years specially in immunocompromised patients. Aim: To determine the frequency of invasive fungal diseases by analyzing lung secretion samples. Material and Methods: Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) tracheal aspiration (TA) and induced sputum (IS) were obtained from patients of five hospitals in the Valparaiso Region for the diagnosis of invasive or non-invasive fungal disease, and pneumocystis (PCP), in the period 2007-2010. Clinical data of patients was obtained reviewing medical records or interviewing attending physicians. The diagnosis considered the clinical condition of the patient (immunocompromised or prior lung damage), computed tomography imaging, direct microscopy and cultures. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria was used for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases. Results: Ninety respiratory samples were received and 39 fungal infections were diagnosed. Eleven were probably invasive, seven were non-invasive and 21 were PCP. All patients with probable invasive disease had neutropenia. Most patients with non-invasive infections had bronchiectasis. Aspergillus fumigatus was the main causing agent in both invasive and non-invasive fungal diseases. Patients with PCP were mostly adults with AIDS and children with leukemia. The total mortality rate of patients with invasive fungal disease was of 73%. No deaths were recorded among patients with non-invasive disease. Among patients with PCP, three of 11 HIV and six of 10 non HIV subjects died. Conclusions: Aspergillus fumigatus predominates both in invasive and non-invasive pulmonary mycoses. The former has a high mortality. PCP occurred mainly in adult patients with HIV-AIDS.
A One-Dimensional Real-Time Iterative Multiplier

The class of one-dimensional, real-time, iterative, discrete-state automata is described. By example, it is shown that serial multiplication can be carried out by such a sequential switching network. Each of two arbitrarily large integers is represented in binary notation by a time sequence of digits 0 or 1, the lowest order digits first. A design is given for a discrete-state machine that has as input the two time sequences of binary digits and as output a single sequence of binary digits, which is the product of the two input integers, lowest-order digit first. The multiplier is constrained to be a linear array of identical cells. The cells each have a finite number of states and each cell communicates directly only with the adjacent cells, such communications occurring in a synchronous manner. The multiplication is performed in real time; that is, the delay between the receipt of the nth digits of the input and the generation of the nth digit of the output is a fixed number of periods of the synchronizing clock. A design with no time delay is described.
Autonomous actor positioning in wireless sensor and actor networks using stable-matching

In most of the wireless sensor and actor network applications, it is desirable to have an autonomous process for positioning the actors in order to eliminate human intervention as much as possible. For this purpose, sensors and actors deployed in an area of interest can collaborate in a distributed manner. Typically, sensors can instruct actors for their positioning in the area by considering the application level interests. This instruction is based on selecting representative sensor locations. One of the most common ways of selecting such representative locations is to cluster the network and determine cluster heads (CHs) as representatives. The actors can then move to such CH locations by talking to nearby sensors/actors. Such movement, however, should be done wisely in order to minimise the movement distance of actors so that their lifetimes can be extended. Nevertheless, this may not be possible since not all the actor and CH locations will be known by each actor. In this paper, we propose an actor-CH location matching algorithm which assigns the actors to appropriate CH locations in a distributed manner with minimised travel distance on actors and message overhead on sensors. We adapt the Gale-Shapley (GS) stable matching algorithm from stable matching theory. In this matching algorithm, actors are regarded as men and CHs are regarded as women. For distributed execution of the algorithm, sub-networks of actors and CHs are determined. Each sub-network elects a leader that performs the matching in the sub-network based on GS algorithm. If there are unmatched actors after this process, either a separate search is used to detect such nodes or leaders talk to each other to share this information so that further matching can be performed. We have evaluated the performance of our approach through simulation and shown that our approach can produce travel distance results that are very close to the brute-force approach with minimal messaging overhead.
Sex Role Orientation and Structural Correlates

This paper examines female and male sex role orientation, with emphasis on the structural correlates of sex role attitudes. Based on a random sample of college students, the data on roles of both s...
Exploring the Rules for Selective Deposition: Interactions of Model Polyamines on Acid and Oligoethylene Oxide Surfaces

New results using chemical force microscopy examine the relationships between polyions and both charged acid surface groups (COOH) and neutral oligoethylene oxide (EG) functionalized surfaces. Although poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its derivatives have been known to resist protein deposition, our data indicate that certain hydrophobic polyelectrolytes, including polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), are actually attracted to the EG surface under certain pH conditions. Polymer surface modified colloidal particles were used as force probes to examine the interactions of polyamines with hydrophilic backbones, such as linear polyethyleneimine, and those with hydrophobic backbones, such as PAH, on alkanethiol monolayers. The adsorption and force curves of these two model polyamines with COOH and EG surfaces at a range of pH values is discussed. It is thought that the behavior observed is related to conformational differences between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers at certain degrees of ionization. The ...
Selective promotion of different modes of methanol adsorption via the cation substitutional doping of a ZnO(101¯0) surface

We used density functional theory to examine how doping the surface of an oxide (i.e., substituting a cation in the surface layer of the metal oxide with a different cation) modifies its chemical properties. As an example, we used the ZnO(101¯0) surface doped with Na, K, Au, Ag, Cu, Ti, Al, or Mg and the adsorption of methanol to probe the chemistry of the doped surface. We calculated the binding energies of the possible adsorption products. When we say that methanol preferred to form a certain product, we mean that the product had the lowest energy of formation from gas-phase methanol and the surface. We found that on a surface doped with Na or K, CH3OH preferred to dissociate into adsorbed formaldehyde and two hydroxyls on the surface. On the Ti- or Al-doped surfaces, methanol dissociated by forming a methoxy radical bound to the dopant and a hydroxyl on an oxygen atom near the dopant. On the undoped oxide or on ZnO doped with Au, Cu, Ag, or Mg, methanol preferred to adsorb molecularly. The Au, Cu, Ag, or Mg dopants exhibited no significant preference for one adsorption mode over the others. Our most important qualitative conclusion is that doping can significantly alter the chemistry of an oxide surface, offering an avenue for designing catalysts that have better performance than undoped oxides.
Lead-212 in the Urban Boundary Layer of New York City

The radioactive emanation product lead-212 is useful in estimating rates of air exchange within the urban boundary layer. The concentration of lead-212 is negligible in air of oceanic origin as well as in air above continental areas under snow cover. On several days when conditions were such that one of these types of air mass approached New York City, measurements were made which show that the source strength of lead-212 within the city is relatively constant. On two such days vertical profiles of the concentration of lead-212 were measured from the Empire State Building, which served as a sampling tower. From the data of these profiles and a two-layer model of the urban boundary layer, we estimate the vertical eddy diffusivity to be of the order of tens of square meters per second and the residence time of air within the street layer to be of the order of S minutes. These results are consistent with the observed distribution of stable lead and with an independent estimate of the eddy viscosity from a wind profile. Under moderate wind conditions and with a mixing depth of hundreds of meters, virtually all the horizontal transport of lead-212 and other tracers with street-level sources takes place in the advective layer.
Cross-Cultural Group Work Practice with African American and Jewish Adolescents: JCC/READY

This article describes a multiethnic group for high school students that were developed to promote tolerance, understanding, and healing among African American and Jewish adolescents. Social group work was used as the practice method, with a focus on ethnic-sensitive practice strategies that support cross-cultural relations and initiatives. The article explains the context surrounding the development of the group and describes the ethnic-sensitive practice strategies and the group work skills that were used to achieve desired outcomes as well as a general week-by-week account of what took place in the group.
Effect of the Heat Pretreatment of Li3N on Its H2 Storage Performance

A comparison between the hydrogen storage performances of untreated and heat-treated Li3N was carried out using a volumetric method, temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH), and scanning electro...
Analysis of a natural chemical attractant for whiting Merlangius merlangus L. and cod Gadus morhua L. using a behavioural bioassay

Abstract 1. 1. Behavioural bioassay for the analysis of active substances in chemical fish attractants is described. 2. 2. Unconditioned responses of cod and whiting to extracts of Arenicola indicated the stimulatory properties of a basic fraction, which contained glycine, serine, alanine, glutamic acid, valine, leucine and threonine. 3. 3. Of these amino acids only glycine and alanine evoked strong responses when tested individually at the concentrations found in Arenicola .
Availability and Potential Impact of International Rotations in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Abstract Background Interest in international emergency medicine (IEM) is growing. With the globalization of medicine, IEM as a field has expanded from disaster relief efforts to opportunities for resident education. Numerous accounts have been published voicing the educational benefits of international rotations (IRs). As such, many residencies now offer opportunity for IRs. Objective To evaluate the availability and utilization of IRs in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs. Methods EM residency program directors were surveyed from the 126 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited programs with ≥2 years of residency graduates. Directors were asked about availability of IR, categorized as: 1) required; 2) elective (with or without pre-designated sites); or 3) not available. Results One hundred eleven (88%) program directors reported data on 2240 graduates over 2 years. IRs were offered by 101 (91%) programs. No program required an IR. Among programs offering IRs, most (69%) did not have pre-designated sites. Eighty-nine of 101 programs (88%) allowing IRs had at least one resident completing an IR; 23 of 111 programs (21%) had more than 30% resident participation in IRs. Programs offering IRs at pre-designated sites had 210 of 727 (29%) residents complete an IR, compared to 272 of 1469 (19%) in programs without pre-designated sites ( p p Conclusions More residents participated in IRs when a pre-designated site was available compared to programs without. This suggests that programs interested in supporting IRs consider developing pre-designated sites to accommodate residents.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen 39. Methoden zur Herstellung von Chloräthylphosphonsäuredichlorid, ClCH2CH2P(O)Cl2 und CH3CHClP(O)Cl2 [1]

It is shown that the KINNEAR-PERREN reaction with ClCH2CH2Cl, PCl3, and AlCl3 produces the two possible isomers ClCH2CH2P(O)Cl2 and CH3CHClP(O)Cl2. Methods for the preparation of pure ClCH2CH2P(O)Cl2 and pure CH3CHClP(O)Cl2 are described. The physical properties of a number of chloroethyl groups containing phosphorus compounds are listed.
A Continuous Quality Improvement Project to Implement Infant-Driven Feeding as a Standard of Practice in the Newborn/Infant Intensive Care Unit

ABSTRACT Objective : To increase the number of neonates who were fed according to cues prior to discharge and potentially decrease length of stay. Design : Continuous quality improvement. Setting : Eighty-five bed level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Patients : Surgical and nonsurgical neonates of all gestational ages. Neonates younger than 32 weeks gestation, who required intubation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), or did not have suck or gag reflexes were excluded as potential candidates for infant-driven feeding. Intervention/Measurements : The project was conducted over a 13-month period using the following methods: (a) baseline data collection, (b) designation of Infant Driven Feeding (IDF) Champions, (c) creation of a multidisciplinary team, (d) creation of electronic health record documentation, (e) initial staff education, (f) monthly team meetings, (g) reeducation throughout the duration of the project, and (h) patient-family education. Results : Baseline data were collected on 20 neonates with a mean gestational age of 36 0/7 th weeks and a mean total length of stay (LOS) of 43 days. Postimplementation data were collected on 150 neonates with a mean gestational age of 36 1/7 th weeks and a mean total LOS of 36.4 days. A potential decrease in the mean total LOS of stay by 6.63 days was achieved during this continuous quality improvement (CQI) project. Conclusions : Neonates who are fed according to cues can become successful oral feeders and can be safely discharged home regardless of gestational age or diagnosis.
Subresultants and Reduced Polynomial Remainder Sequences

@ deg (P) ≥ n = deg (Q) > 0. Let M be the matrix whose determinant defines the resultant of P and Q. Let Mij be the submatrix of M obtained by deleting the last j rows of P coefficients, the last j rows of Q coefficients and the last 2j+1 columns, excepting column m — n — i — j (0 ≤ i ≤ j 0, where ci = £(Pi), ni = deg (Pi) and di = ni — ni+1. P1, P2, …, Pk, for k ≥ 3, is called a reduced polynomial remainder sequence. Some of the main results are: (1) Pi ∈ P(
Long-term outcomes after primary failures of artificial urinary sphincter implantation.

Objectives To assess our institutional outcomes after primary artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) failures. Methods From 1985 to 2010, a total of 149 patients underwent 318 primary and additional AUS procedures. We classified additional procedures as revisions, replacements, or explantations. Results At a median of 52 months (range, 6-250 months), 53% of patients had required at least 1 additional procedure beyond their initial implantation. These included 106 (63%) revisions, 42 (24.9%) explantations, and 21 (12.4%) replacements. The most common revision was reservoir upsizing (37/106). Reasons for first revision included recurrent incontinence (56.7%), mechanical malfunction (22%), and infection or erosion (18.6%). Explantations were performed primarily for infection and erosion (64.3%). Median time to first revision was 20.1 months (range, 0.1-173 months) after implantation, with a median of 9.5 months (range, 1-102 months) between revisions. Explantation occurred at a median of 22 months (range, 1-221 months) after implant, and subsequent replacement at a median of 33.6 months (range, 2-138 months). At 5 years, 28/83 (33.7%) patients had undergone no additional procedures. Patients with previous radiation were more likely to experience infection (P = .03; OR 3.99; 95% CI 1.03-15.42). Patients with previous myocardial infarction were more likely to experience erosion (P = .04; OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.05-5.02), and obese patients were more likely to experience mechanical malfunction (P = .04; OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.07-6.4). Conclusions More than half of patients with an AUS will require additional procedures, most likely revision. Radiation, previous myocardial infarction, and obesity are linked to complications. Median time to first revision or explantation is slightly less than 2 years, indicating that long-term follow-up is required after initial implantation.
The biology of signal transduction inhibition: Basic science to novel therapies

Developing drugs to specifically inhibit oncogenes has been a major goal of cancer research for many years. Identifying the appropriate intracellular targets and understanding the signal transduction pathways in which these molecules participate are critical to this process. A large number of the activated oncogenes implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of malignancy are tyrosine kinases. Bcr-Abl, the causative molecular abnormality in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), is a prototypic oncogenic kinase and an attractive drug target. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (formerly STI571, [Gleevec]; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ) was recently approved for the treatment of CML and provides proof of principle for the strategy of targeted signal transduction inhibition. This drug is effective in the chronic phase of CML, a single gene disorder driven by Bcr-Abl, and in the advanced phases of CML, showing that inhibition of a single oncogene in a multigene disorder also may be of benefit. The success of imatinib mesylate in CML led rapidly to clinical trials in other cancers associated with activation of two other tyrosine kinases known to be sensitive to imatinib mesylate, c-Kit and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which have activating mutations in c-Kit, are now also being found to respond to kinase inhibition with the drug. The general approach of specifically targeting activated kinases with small-molecule drugs is likely to be effective in other tumors in the future.
Effects of molecular characteristics of polymers on drag reduction

Turbulent measurements in capillary tubes and in pipes were made on nonpolar solutions of seven polymer species, three at more than one molecular weight, over wide concentration ranges. A critical concentration, Cc, was taken as the minimum concentration for disappearance of the turbulence transition region. Above this concentration, friction factor-generalized Reynolds number data show only a gradual deviation from extension of the laminar line. Cc increases with tube diameter and decreases with molecular weight. The critical dimensionless volume friction Cc [η] is less dependent on molecular weight. The levels of Cc [η] for different polymer species in a given tube show marked differences which are related to β, the molecular rigidity parameter. Low β values, or high flexibility, are associated with low Cc [η] values. Available data for Cc [η] in good and in poor solvents show little solvency effect. Polymer samples of low m′, the ratio of the polymer molecular weight to the critical tanglement molecular weight of the polymer, give solutions with little or no drag-reducing capacity, even those with low β values. Samples must have m′ values of 50 or more to show significant drag reduction. This allows prediction of the minimum useful molecular weights for drag reduction for any polymer species. For solutions above Cc, all of these data and literature data (for aqueous and nonaqueous systems with a wide range of n′ values) fit a single f/fpv versus generalized Reynolds number relationship.
The effects of Appetitive Stimulation on the Heart Rate Response of the Rabbit

Abstract The heart rate effects of appetitive stimulation with rabbits have not been as thoroughly documented as the effects of aversive stimulation. Water was used, therefore, as an unconditioned stimulus for water-deprived rabbits, with a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. During habituation, the heart rate response to the unfamiliar sound of the water solenoid activation was initially bradycardia, changing to tachycardia after consistently pairing with water. This initial deceleration coincided with the immobility commonly observed in rabbits when presented with unfamiliar and fear-provoking stimuli. As the stimulus changes were associated with the availability of water, however, a cardioacceleratory response was apparent, which was appropriate in view of the physical activation that usually accompanies drinking behavior. The results were in agreement with Powell and Milligan's (1975) and Schneiderman's (1974) accounts of stimulus-evoked bradycardia or tachycardia, in which the type of heart rate respon...
Synthesis of influenza virus polypeptides in cells resistant to alpha-amanitin: evidence for the involvement of cellular RNA polymerase II in virus replication.

Abstract Influenza virus polypeptides were not synthesized in wild-type CHO-S-infected cells in the presence of alpha-amanitin, but were synthesized in CHO-Amal cells, a mutant cell line whose DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II is specifically resistant to this drug, indicating that this cellular enzyme is involved in influenza virus replication. The results of experiments designed to detect viral polypeptides synthesized from primary transcripts suggest that the synthesis of a cellular RNA species by RNA polymerase II is required for primary transcription of the influenza virus genome.
The Choi–Saigo–Srivastava integral operator and a class of analytic functions

Abstract Let A be the class of the normalized analytic functions in the unit disk U , and K ( α ) denote the subclass of A consisting of the convex functions of order α in U . It is known that the operator f λ , μ was defined such that f λ ∗ f λ , μ = z /(1 − z ) μ ( μ > 0), where ∗ denotes the Hadamard product and f λ = z /(1 − z ) λ +1 ( λ > − 1). The Choi–Saigo–Srivastava integral operator I λ , μ was defined such that I λ , μ f = f λ , μ ∗ f . By using the operator I λ , μ , we define the class K ( λ , μ ) ( α ) = { f ∈ A ∣ I λ , μ f ∈ K ( α ) } . In this paper, we study various inclusion properties of this class, some distortion theorems and coefficient inequalities. We have also provided some well-known results as corollaries of our theorems.
MMI devices with weak guiding designed in three dimensions using a genetic algorithm

We discuss the design of weakly guided multimode interference (MMI) devices using a genetic algorithm. For devices exhibiting a nonnegligible vertical waveguide offset, such as those produced using ion exchange in glass, three-dimensional modeling is required to properly evaluate the device performance. A combination of semivectorial finite difference modeling in two transverse dimensions and mode propagation analysis (MPA) in the propagation direction is used to evaluate the merit of each trial design. An example is provided of a 1×4 power splitter designed for ion exchange, which shows considerable improvement over that obtained by self-imaging theory.
Abiotic formation of uroporphyrinogen and coproporphyrinogen from acyclic reactants

Tetrapyrrole macrocycles (e.g., porphyrins) have long been proposed as key ingredients in the emergence of life, yet plausible routes for forming their essential pyrrole precursor have previously not been identified. Here, the anaerobic reaction of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 5–240 mM) with 5-methoxy-3-(methoxyacetyl)levulinic acid (1-AcOH, 5–240 mM) in water (pH 5–7) at 25–85 °C for a few hours to a few days affords uroporphyrinogen, which upon chemical oxidation gives uroporphyrin in overall yield of up to 10%. The key intermediate is the α-methoxymethyl-substituted analogue of the pyrrole porphobilinogen (PBG). Reaction of ALA and the decarboxy analogue of 1-AcOH (1-Me) gave coproporphyrinogen (without its biosynthetic precursor uroporphyrinogen as an intermediate); oxidation gave the corresponding coproporphyrin in yields comparable to those for uroporphyrin. In each case a mixture of porphyrin isomers was obtained, consistent with reversible oligopyrromethane formation. The route investigated here differs from the universal extant biosynthetic pathway to tetrapyrrole macrocycles, where uroporphyrinogen (isomer III) – nature's last common precursor to corrins, heme, and chlorophylls – is derived from eight molecules of ALA (via four molecules of PBG). The demonstration of the spontaneous self-organization of eight acyclic molecules to form the porphyrinogen under simple conditions may open the door to the development of a chemical model for the prebiogenesis of tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreas Cancer: Advances and Controversies

Although the benefit of adjuvant therapy for pancreas cancer is clear, the most effective therapy remains elusive. In the United States, combination therapy with chemotherapy and radiation remains the standard of care, while in other parts of the world the contribution of radiation is questioned. Clinical trials are reported evaluating the benefit of post-resection radiation and chemotherapy with 5-fluoruoracil (5FU), gemcitabine, and combination therapy; chemotherapy alone with either 5FU or gemcitabine; and pre-resection chemotherapy and radiation. Attention to pancreas cancer staging, radiation techniques, and clinical trial design are paramount to interpreting the outcomes from adjuvant therapy. Therapeutic advances will be made with new approaches studied in carefully controlled trials.
Shakespeare's Troy: Drama, Politics, and the Translation of Empire

List of illustrations acknowledgements Introduction: Shakespeare's fatal Cleopatra 1. Shakespeare and the Troy legend 2. Blazoning injustices: mutilating Titus Andronicus, Virgil and Rome 3. 'Tricks we play on the dead': making history in Troilus and Cressida 4. To earn a place in the story: resisting the Aeneid in Antony and Cleopatra 5. Cymbeline's mingle-mangle: Britain's Roman histories 6. 'How came that widow in?': allusion, politics and the theatre in The Tempest Notes Index.
Analytical Study of the Injection of a Moving Projectile Into a Railgun

Calculations are performed for an initially moving projectile into a railgun. The injection velocity is provided by a 26-mm-diameter conventional propellant gun. A plasma armature is assumed for the railgun. A capacitor-based pulsed-power supply, located at Barricade C, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, is assumed to provide the electrical energy for boosting the velocity to 2.5 km/s. Various scenarios are examined with respect to electrical pulse shape, the effect on stored electrical energy, and its distribution in the railgun. Three types of comparisons are used to illustrate the effect of injection velocity on stored electrical energy: (1) efficiency; (2) peak loads; and (3) energy storage. Examples for each category are discussed, illustrating complementary areas for propellant gun and railgun operation. Results are promising; however, the initial velocity must be considered in detailed simulations in order for any advantages to be realized.
Supply Chain Contagion

Abstract Drawing on research from the interfirm relationship, marketing channels, operations management, and network theory literature and on the basis of qualitative depth interviews, the authors identify a new phenomenon they call “supply chain contagion.” Supply chain contagion is the propagation of interfirm behaviors from one dyadic relationship to an adjacent dyadic relationship within the supply chain. Contagion can occur inadvertently and with or without the knowledge of the affected parties. Using institutional theory, the authors develop a conceptual model that predicts the conditions under which contagion is likely to occur. Although contagion may take the form of any number of interfirm behaviors, operationally, the authors focus on whether the downstream influence strategies that manufacturers use with their dealers are imitated by these same dealers with end customers. They conduct conclusive research using a sample of 151 vertically linked manufacturer–dealer–customer supply chain triads an...
Female Influence on Pre- and Post-copulatory Sexual Selection and its Genetic Basis in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetic variation among females is likely to influence the outcome of both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we use association testing to survey natural variation in 10 candidate female genes for their effects on female reproduction. Females from 91 chromosome two substitution lines were scored for phenotypes affecting pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection such as mating and remating rate, propensity to use sperm from the second male to mate, and measures of fertility. There were significant genetic contributions to phenotypic variation for all the traits measured. Resequencing of the 10 candidate genes in the 91 lines yielded 68 non-synonymous polymorphisms which were tested for associations with the measured phenotypes. Twelve significant associations (markerwise P < 0.01) were identified. Polymorphisms in the putative serine protease homolog CG9897 and the putative odorant binding protein CG11797 associated with female propensity to remate and met an experimentwise significance of P < 0.05. Several other associations, including those impacting both fertility and female remating rate suggest that sperm storage might be an important factor mitigating female influence on sexual selection.
Stage, Sex, and Suffering: Images of Women in American Films

This article systematically examines the portrayal of women in the American cinema over the last sixty years, from 1927. More specifically, it addresses itself to the following issues: the main attributes of screen women in terms of age, marital status, and occupation; the guidelines prescribed by American films for structuring women's lifestyles; the degree of rigidity of these normative prescriptions and proscriptions; and recent changes in the portrayal of women. The research is based on content analysis, quantitative and qualitative, of 218 screen roles, male and female, which have won the Academy Award, bestowed annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the best achievements in film acting. The study demonstrates the differential treatment of gender in American films and the durability of specific screen stereotypes for men and for women. The prevalence of rigid conventions in the portrayal of women for half a century is explained in relation to male economic and ideological dom...
Plasmid-influenced changes in Mycobacterium avium catalase activity.

Abstract A virulent Mycobacterium avium strain, LR25, which carries three plasmids (18, 28, and 165 kilobases) and grows at 43 degrees C was compared with its plasmid-free, avirulent segregant, strain LR163, to identify the basis for the latter's inability to grow at 43 degrees C. The failure of mid-log-phase cultures of strain LR163 to grow at 43 degrees C was dependent on the presence of high levels of culture aeration. In addition, highly aerated cultures of strain LR163 failed to grow at 37 degrees C. Mid-log-phase cultures of strain LR163 had 30% of the catalase activity of strain LR25 and were more hydrogen peroxide (0.08%, wt/vol) susceptible. Catalase activity of strain LR25 was higher in cultures grown with high aeration than in those grown with almost no aeration. These data support the contention that plasmid-encoded genes influence M. avium catalase activity.
Kinetic data on the curing of an epoxy polymer in the presence of lignin

In the present study, dynamic differential scanning calorimetry has been used to investigate the effect of an alkali lignin in amounts up to 20% by weight, on the crosslinking kinetics of an epoxy prepolymer cured with an aliphatic polyamine. Lignin presence does not significantly affect the overall reaction order, but the activation energy increases and the slowing of the overall curing process with lignin content could be explained by the interaction between lignin and the polyamine hardener. The possibility of having a “false compensation” in the case of the use of single DSC scans is also discussed.
Prayer in Disaster: Case Study of Christian Clergy

Prayer for divine intervention at the time of disaster is well-documented. With a general belief in some sectors of the population that God or some external force drives disaster, to appeal to the same for help or direction should not be unexpected. A number of studies around the world and across cultures have found this to be true. Using a sample of Christian clergy in South Carolina, prayer is investigated for its perceived use as a hazard adjustment. The results indicate that there is broad support for perseverance across denominations, that prayer as protection enjoys support under certain conditions, and that prayer as prevention garners little support except among some more fundamentalist conservative clergy. An important question remaining for hazards researchers is how to recognize and support the positive roles prayer can have in the recovery and relief process of disaster in addition to other protective measures.
Behavioral health services in separate CHIP programs on the eve of parity.

The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) plays a vital role in financing behavioral health services for low-income children. This study examines behavioral health benefit design and management in separate CHIP programs on the eve of federal requirements for behavioral health parity. Even before parity implementation, many state CHIP programs did not impose service limits or cost sharing for behavioral health benefits. However, a substantial share of states imposed limits or cost sharing that might hinder access to care. The majority of states use managed care to administer behavioral health benefits. It is important to monitor how states adapt their programs to comply with parity.
Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China

Despite great strides in schistosomiasis control over the past several decades in Sichuan Province, China the disease has re-emerged in areas where it was previously controlled. We reviewed historical records and found that schistosomiasis had re-emerged in eight counties by the end of 2004 - seven of 21 counties with transmission control and one of 25 with transmission interruption as reported in 2001 were confirmed to have local disease transmission. The average "return time" (from control to re-emergence) was about eight years. The onset of re-emergence was commonly signalled by the occurrence of acute infections. Our survey results suggest that environmental and sociopolitical factors play an important role in re-emergence. The main challenge would be to consolidate and maintain effective control in the longer term until "real" eradication is achieved. This would be possible only by the formulation of a sustainable surveillance and control system.
Blind deconvolution for distributed parameter systems with unbounded input and output and determining blood alcohol concentration from transdermal biosensor data

We develop a blind deconvolution scheme for input-output systems described by distributed parameter systems with boundary input and output. An abstract functional analytic theory based on results for the linear quadratic control of infinite dimensional systems with unbounded input and output operators is presented. The blind deconvolution problem is then reformulated as a series of constrained linear and nonlinear optimization problems involving infinite dimensional dynamical systems. A finite dimensional approximation and convergence theory is developed. The theory is applied to the problem of estimating blood or breath alcohol concentration, (respectively, BAC or BrAC) from biosensor-measured transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) in the field. A distributed parameter model with boundary input and output is proposed for the transdermal transport of ethanol from the blood through the skin to the sensor. The problem of estimating BAC or BrAC from the TAC data is formulated as a blind deconvolution problem. A scheme to identify distinct drinking episodes in TAC data based on a Hodrick Prescott filter is discussed. Numerical results involving actual patient data are presented.
Rigid Single Carbon–Carbon Bond That Does Not Rotate in Water

Carbon–carbon bond is one of the most ubiquitous molecular building blocks for natural and man-made materials. Rotational isomerization is fundamentally important for understanding the structure and reactivity of chemical and biological molecules. Reported herein is the first demonstration that a single C–C bond does not rotate in water. The two distal C–S bonds in both 1,2-ethanedithiolate (−S–CH2–CH2–S–, 1,2-EDT2–) and 2,3-butanedithiolate (2,3-BuDT2–) are exclusively in the trans conformer with reference to their respective center single C–C bond. In contrast, both trans and gauche conformers are observed in neutral 1,2-ethanedithiol (1,2-EDT) and 2, 3-butanedithiol (2,3-BuDT). The insight from this work should be important for understanding the charge effect on the molecular conformation in aqueous solutions.
Temporal Variation in Point Counts of Birds in a Lowland Wet Forest in Costa Rica

Hourly variation in bird activity can influence census results but has not been well studied in tropical habitats. I examined hourly variation in numbers of birds detected during 10 min point counts in a tropical wet forest site in Costa Rica. Counts started onehalf hour before and continued for 4.5 hr after sunrise. Counts were conducted along three routes (20 points each on two routes; 11 points on one route) in primary forest during early (January), middle (March), and late (April) dry season of 1991, prior to the main breeding season (May-June) for most species. Total numbers of individuals and species detected per point declined significantly from early to late morning. Birds of forest understory declined markedly during the first hour; detections of canopy birds, by contrast, tended to increase from the first to second or third hour, before declining. Hourly variation was more pronounced, overall, later in the dry season. Individual species differed in patterns of detection during the morning. Results indicate that point counts in this forest should be restricted to the first three hours of the morning.