cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardizing call control in Voice over Internet applications: a MGCP approach

This paper will discuss a new approach to standardize call control in Voice over the Internet applications. Voice over the Internet applications are the latest commodities in the technology world and people with related expertise are working to make the system more efficient with respect to both the quality of service and the economic point of view. The major problem currently facing solution providers for Voice over the Internet applications is the lack of interoperability. That is the Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) system of one provider is not compliant with that of another. The reason the providers need to be in compliance is that if more gateways are able to communicate with each other more connectivity is achieved. Greater connectivity, in turn, reduces the cost for the users. It is with interoperability in mind that people started the development of the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) where the ultimate goal is to make all products compatible. The Media Gateway Control Protocol is a messaging protocol that specifies the way in which a call agent and the gateways communicate with one another. The basic implementation of the MGCP protocol is composed of two modules the call agent, which is also known as the Gatekeeper and the gateway.
Experimental folding of rocks under confining pressure: Part II. Buckling of multilayered rock beams

Specimens composed of as many as five layers of various combinations of dry Coconino Sandstone (brittle) and Indiana Limestone (ductile) are folded at 1-kb confining pressure. Stress-shortening curves for specimens with aspect ratios ≥20 are nearly linear up to a maximum stress (critical buckling stress) and then show pronounced postbuckling work-softening. For specimens of equal total thickness, the average maximum stress decreases with an increase in the number (and thickness) of limestone relative to sandstone layers. A single beam of limestone or sandstone has larger maximum stress than does the corresponding three-layer specimen of equal thickness. Curves for limestone specimens composed of from one to five layers and with aspect ratios ≤3 are monotonic and show poorly defined yield regions and pronounced work-hardening. Both thick-beam (aspect ratios of 7 to 13) and thin-beam (aspects ratios of 20 or more) folds tentatively are regarded as buckles because instabilities probably are involved in the folding. Fold (anticlinal) shape depends on the mechanical behavior of the bottom layer. When the ductile limestone is lowest, the fold shape is nearly sinusoidal; when the brittle sandstone is lowest, the anticline has a chevron shape. “Bedding-plane” slip is a maximum in the inflection region on the flanks, and the sense of slip is the reverse of that in classical flexural-slip folding. Dynamic petrofabric interpretations of small thrust and normal faults, macrofractures and microfractures, compression and extension axes derived from calcite twin lamellae, and the twin-lamellae spacing index indicate that although bedding-plane slip occurs, the entire layered specimen acts as a single mechanical beam throughout most of the folding. In thin, multilithologic folds, the apparent neutral surface is displaced from the center toward the compressed side. In thick, multilayered limestone specimens, large axial shortening prior to bending displaces the neutral surface toward the region of extension, so that even the uppermost layer in the anticlinal hinge can be in the zone of layer-parallel compression.
The binding of calcium within the Golgi saccules of the rat odontoblast

Odontoblasts of developing rat molar teeth were treated with OsO4-pyroantimonate to ascertain the localization of calcium. In addition, some tooth germs were incubated in solutions which were intended to allow for the escape of diffusible ions prior to fixation in OsO4-pyroantimonate. In tissues treated directly with OsO4-pyroantimonate, antimonate reaction product was found chiefly in abacus bodies and secretory granules of the Golgi region and in secretory granules in the distal pole of the cell. Lesser amounts of reaction product were found in the extracellular space, mitochondria, nucleus and generally throughout the cell. Tissues pre-treated to allow for the escape of diffusible ions showed reaction product, identified as containing calcium, only in the abacus bodies and secretory granules. These results are considered to reflect the binding of calcium within the Golgi apparatus of the odontoblast. Moreover, since it has been shown by others that the abacus bodies and secretory granules contain collagen precursor, it is suggested that the collagen precursor is being seeded with calcium within the Golgi apparatus and that this intracellular calcium binding will play a role in facilitating the major wave of extracellular mineralization of the dentin which is to follow.
Antibody-Array Interaction Mapping, a New Method to Detect Protein Complexes Applied to the Discovery and Study of Serum Amyloid P Interactions with Kininogen in Human Plasma

Protein-protein interactions are fundamentally important in biological processes, but the existing analytical tools have limited ability to sensitively and precisely measure the dynamic composition of protein complexes in biological samples. We report here the development of antibody-array interaction mapping (AAIM) to address that need. We used AAIM to probe interactions among a set of 48 proteins in serum and found several known interactions as well potentially novel interactions, including multiprotein clusters of interactions. A novel interaction initially identified between the innate immune system protein C-reactive protein and the inflammatory protein kininogen (KNG) was confirmed in subsequent experiments to involve serum amyloid P instead of its highly related family member, C-reactive protein. AAIM was used in a variety of formats to further study this interaction. In vitro studies confirmed the ability of the purified proteins to interact and revealed a zinc dependence of the interaction. Studies using plasma samples collected longitudinally following a controlled myocardial infarction revealed no consistent changes in the serum amyloid P-KNG interaction levels but consistent changes in KNG activation and interactions with plasma prekallikrein. These results demonstrate a versatile platform for measuring the dynamic composition of protein complexes in biological samples that should have value for studies of normal and disease-related signaling networks, multiprotein clusters, or enzymatic cascades.
Ductal hypoxia in acne: is it the missing link between comedogenesis and inflammation?

T wo visions of the etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris and acne inversa exist. The traditional considers the main driver of acne to be androgens, causing excess proliferation of sebocytes and ductal keratinocytes. The impact of androgens on the components of the folliculopilosebaceous unit (FPSU) has been known for decades. Androgens induce the proliferation of the ductal keratinocytes in the follicular canal. This expanding plug of compact keratin stretches the duct to its maximal circumference, anoxia occurs, the duct leaks and ruptures, keratin and other stimuli are released into the dermis, the toll-like receptors of the innate immune system are activated, and inflammation follows. A competing paradigm suggests that inflammation appears first, stimulated by cytokines produced by ductal keratinocytes. Conceptually, this presents a problem, because we all have keratinocytes lining our follicular ducts, toll-like receptors in our dermis, and skin resident T cells. This paradigm appears to assume ‘‘spontaneous combustion’’ around FPSUs, lighting the fire that starts the acne process. No ‘‘spark’’ has yet been proposed. An effective trigger of acne needs to be a single event that occurs in genetically acne-prone individuals, in acne-prone areas, but that does not occur in the rest of the skin. Absent a unique local signal, we would all experience a constant and ubiquitous acneform folliculitis involving all our FPSUs. Such a unique signal must have very specific characteristics. It must be able to stimulate the perifollicular inflammatory activity peculiar to FPSUs without triggering apocrine or eccrine hidradenitis, panniculitis, or perivascular inflammation; it must be produced by individual FPSUs to achieve a local effect without
Perceptual organization of occluding contours generated by opaque surfaces

This paper offers computational theory and an algorithmic framework for perceptual organization of image contours arising from static occluding surfaces of constant lightness. We articulate constraints and biases underlying the inference of such physical events as visible surface overlap and invisible (modal and amodal) surface boundaries, from ambiguous visual evidence including visible contrast edges and L-type and T-type junctions. For any given scene, an energy or cost function is constructed over interpretation labels for nodes of a sparse graph, or belief net. Annealing-style optimization permits local cues to propagate smoothly to give rise to a global solution. We demonstrate that this approach leads to correct interpretations (in the sense of agreeing with human percepts) of popular simple "Colorforms" figures known to induce illusory contours, as well as more difficult figures where interpretations acknowledging accidental alignment are preferred.
The Use of Therapeutic Letters in Addressing Parent-Child Attachment Problems

This article describes the use of attachment theory in conjunction with therapeutic letters to facilitate conversations in family counseling pertaining to the role of attachment needs in the mainte...
Hyperbilirubinemia Complicating Plasma-Free Hemoglobin and Antifactor Xa Level Monitoring on Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation:

Optical spectrophotometric methods are used to detect both plasma-free hemoglobin and antifactor Xa level, so hyperbilirubinemia can interfere with the measurement of both the monitoring laboratory tests for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) due to similar absorbance wavelengths. We present a seven-year-old child with acute respiratory failure on venovenous ECMO who developed an acute increase in plasma-free hemoglobin and undetectable antifactor Xa level due to acute hyperbilirubinemia from hepatic dysfunction related to antifungal therapy.
A Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Evidence from a Data Linkage Project in the United States

Historically, data concerning children reported for abuse or neglect in theUS have been compiled by child protective service agencies andanalysed independently from other sources of information. Yet these datasuffer from the notable limitations of being both narrow in scope (i.e.containing a limited set of variables) and narrow in coverage (i.e.capturing data for only those children who are reported). In order toextend an understanding of children reported for maltreatment, theCalifornia Department of Social Services, in partnership with theUniversity of California at Berkeley, is pursuing a ‘public health’ orientedapproach to the surveillance of child maltreatment through linkagesbetween child protective service records and population‐based sources ofdata. As an example of the information that can be generated throughlinked records, this article reports results from child‐level matchescompleted between the state’s child protective service records and vitalbirth records. The cumulative percentage of children reported for abuse orneglect before the age of ﬁve is examined based on maternal and childcharacteristics at birth. This is followed by a discussion of record linkagesas a means of furthering a public health approach to child maltreatment.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.K
The effect of long-term low-dose tetracycline therapy on the subgingival microflora in refractory adult periodontitis.

Twenty patients were selected for antibiotic treatment due to poor response to conventional therapy. Ten patients were evaluated after taking 250 mg/day of tetracycline for 2 to 7 years. Ten other patients who had been on tetracycline for at least 2 years were evaluated 6 months to 2 years after stopping the antibiotic. Subgingival plaque was cultured anaerobically on nonselective media (ETSA) and ETSA with 1 μg/ml of tetracycline HCl. Pocket depth, plaque and gingivitis were scored. Those patients on tetracycline had no bleeding on probing despite residual pockets ranging from 3 to 7 mm. Gram-negative anaerobic rods made up 49.8% of the microflora of these patients, with Fusobacterium nucleatum dominating. B. melaninogenicus, and B. gingivalis were not detected in the samples. Five of ten patients off tetracycline bled on probing and had pocket depths in the same range as those on tetracycline. The microflora of tetracycline-off sites was predominately Gram-negative rods (63.1% with B. gingivalis and F. ...
Behavioral Microsimulation Formulation for Analysis and Design of Off-Hour Delivery Policies in Urban Areas

This paper is aimed at gaining a better understanding of how to increase participation in off-hour deliveries by using behavioral microsimulation (BMS) of carrier-receiver interactions. BMS is used to study the effectiveness of policies such as time-of-day pricing and financial incentives to receivers in exchange for their acceptance of off-hour deliveries. The main components of this BMS are the simulations of receiver and carrier behaviors. The simulation of receiver behavior uses a discrete choice model to estimate receivers' decisions to accept or reject off-hour deliveries. The simulation of carriers' behaviors uses receivers' decisions as an input for deciding whether to make off-hour deliveries along with a computation of the associated delivery costs. The analyses done revealed several key results: (a) tax deductions given to receivers in exchange for accepting off-hour deliveries and financial rewards to carriers making off-hour deliveries would increase participation in off-hour deliveries, (b) ...
Limited Featured-based Attention to Multiple Features

Attending to a feature (e.g., color or motion direction) can enhance the early visual processing of that feature. However, it is not known whether one can simultaneously enhance multiple features. We examined people's ability to attend to multiple features in a feature cueing paradigm. Each trial contained two intervals consisting of a random dot motion stimulus. One interval (noise) had 0% coherence (no net motion), while the other interval (signal) moved in a particular direction with varying levels of coherence. Participants reported which interval contained the signal in one of three cueing conditions. In the one-cue condition, a line segment preceded the stimuli indicating the direction of the signal with 100% validity. In the two-cue condition, two lines preceded the stimuli, indicating the signal would move in one of the two cued directions. In the no-cue condition, no line segment appeared before the dot stimuli. In several experiments, we consistently observed a lower detection threshold in the one-cue condition than the no-cue condition, showing that participants can enhance processing of a single feature. However, detection threshold was consistently higher for the two-cue than one-cue condition, indicating that participants could not simultaneously enhance two motion directions as effectively as one direction. This finding revealed a severe capacity limit in our ability to enhance early visual processing for multiple features.
175-P: NEGATIVE CDC AND FLOW CROSSMATCH BUT STRONG DSA DETECTED BY LUMINEX SINGLE ANTIGEN TEST AND C1q SINGLE ANTIGEN TEST

Aim Virtual xm and post-transplant (tx) monitoring by solid phase single antigen test are widely used by many transplant centers to identify compatible donors. The aim of our study was to determine the basis for the detection of strongly binding DSA by solid phase assays with concomitant negative flow and CDC xms. Methods Pre- and post-transplant sera from an allograft recipient were tested for DSA by xms (Flow and CDC), LSA IgG including a 1:8 dilution, C1q assays, and HLA typing was performed by SSO (Thermo-Fisher Scientific). Results A 63 yr. old female allograft recipient received a 0 mismatched DD graft disparate only for DQA1∗01:03/DQB1∗06:03. Negative flow and CDC xms indicated no detectable DSA. Pre and post tx LSA detected significant DSA binding (>8500 MFI) and C1q (> 2500 MFI) binding for DQA∗01:03/DQB∗06:03. This DQ6 antibody specificity was confirmed by the reagent vendor. CDC antibody screens were negative with the 6 DQ6 positive panel cells. Flow and CDC xms remain negative even with a 1:8 dilution. Donor DQB1 typing was confirmed by sequencing methodology. The patient continues to have good post tx allograft function. Conclusions This case exemplifies the continued need for cell based testing as an adjunct to solid phase testing. The DQ6 flow xm needs to be further confirmed by DQ6+ surrogate cell line or recombinant cell line testing. Posttx cell based xms appear to be a better monitoring tool than solid phase assays. Several questions remain to explain these results. Is this antibody functional? Are denatured antigens being detected by the solid phase assays. Is the antigen density on the beads higher than antigen expressed on lymphocytes, and especially for HLA-Cw, DQ, and DP antigens? How do these results influence the assignment of unacceptable antigens?
Early results from a laboratory-scale pilot-plant demonstration of enzyme-catalyzed CO2 sequestration with produced waters as cation source

Publisher Summary This chapter develops a system resembling a CO2 scrubber that can provide a route to safe, long-term sequestration of CO2 from, for example, fossil-fuel-burning power plants. It has been estimated that an amount of carbon equivalent to 150,000 × 1012 tonnes of CO2 is naturally sequestered in the form of carbonate minerals, such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone, which thus constitute the earth's largest CO2 reservoir. Mineralization is attractive as a possible route to carbon sequestration because it offers the potential for safe storage of very large quantities of CO2 over very long time periods, as demonstrated by the geological record. This would, of course, minimize risks and monitoring requirements, and facilitate licensing. Produced waters offer a particularly attractive because of the potential to improve cost effectiveness for sequestration while also benefiting the oil and gas industry. In active production areas such as the Permian Basin, substantial amounts of brine are already being produced, transported, and re-injected. Some of these produced waters are used in water flooding for secondary production, but most constitute a waste product requiring disposal.
Dynamic Modeling With Correlated Inputs: Theory, Method, and Experimental Demonstration

When modeling dynamic processes for several inputs with freely existing data, such as data collected with normal process operations, the ability to accurately model the output response for a given input change is impeded when inputs are cross-correlated (i.e., pairwise) as this adversely affects accurate estimation of the causative effects of inputs on the response variable. The causative effects of the inputs can be evaluated functionally and analytically via the Jacobian matrix which is done in this work for NARMAX and Wiener structures that are linear and nonlinear in model parameters. This analysis shows that the Wiener structure with physically based nonlinear parametrization is superior. This conclusion is also supported in this work by a modeling study on a real distillation column consisting of eight test runs over a period of three years.
Decomposition of cartesian products of regular graphs into isomorphic trees

We extend the ideas of Snevily and Avgustinovitch to enlarge the families of 2mregular graphs and m-regular bipartite graphs that are known to decompose into isomorphic copies of a tree T with m edges. For example, consider r1, . . . , rk with ∑k i=1 ri = m. If T has a k-edge-coloring with ri edges of color i such that every path in T uses some color once or twice, then every cartesian product of graphs G1, . . . , Gk such that Gi is 2ri-regular for 1 ≤ i ≤ k decomposes into copies of T .
Perinatal nephrobiology: a developmental perspective.

The survival of infants weighing less than 1000 grams depends on knowledgeable and concerned care based on an understanding of the limitations imposed by the immature kidney. This paper discusses renal constraints in caring for the very preterm infant, hormonal control of renal function, techniques for monitoring renal function, and renal problems commonly encountered in clinical management.
Cryosurgery for Xanthomas

Xanthoma is a highly prevalent disorder of lipid deposition that manifests as cutaneous papules, nodules, or plaques. Microscopically, lipid-laden macrophages, known as foam cells, are seen. The different types of xanthoma include eruptive xanthoma, plane xanthoma, xanthoma tuberosum, tendon xanthoma, and xanthelasma palpebrarum. The most commonly used therapeutic method for all forms of xanthoma is surgical excision, although dietary modification to lower serum lipid levels, particularly for tendinous xanthoma, has been attempted. Therapeutic alternatives for xanthelsma palpebrarum include electrocautery, trichloroacetic acid, and carbon dioxide laser vaporization. Tuberous xanthoma and xanthelasma palpebrarum have been successfully treated with cryosurgery, with low recurrence rates. Cryosurgery should be considered due to its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, comparable outcomes and superior cosmetic outcome.
Coexistence of Replica Bands and Superconductivity in FeSe Monolayer Films.

To elucidate the mechanisms behind the enhanced ${T}_{c}$ in monolayer (1 ML) FeSe on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (STO), we grew highly strained 1 ML FeSe on the rectangular (100) face of rutile ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$, and observed the coexistence of replica bands and superconductivity with a ${T}_{c}$ of 63 K. From the similar ${T}_{c}$ between this system and 1ML FeSe on STO (001), we conclude that strain and dielectric constant are likely unimportant to the enhanced ${T}_{c}$ in these systems. A systematic comparison of 1 ML FeSe on ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ with other systems in the FeSe family shows that while charge transfer alone can enhance ${T}_{c}$, it is only with the addition of interfacial electron-phonon coupling that ${T}_{c}$ can be increased to the level seen in 1 ML FeSe on STO.
A 0.56 THz Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizer in 65 nm CMOS Technology

This paper presents the design and characterization of a 0.56 THz frequency synthesizer implemented in standard 65 nm CMOS technology. Its front end consists of triple-push Colpitts oscillators (TPCOs), followed by the first and second stage injection locking frequency dividers (ILFDs) and a divide-by-16 chain. TPCOs are used to triple their fundamental frequencies to 0.53–0.56 THz, while ILFDs and the subsequent divider chain are used to divide such frequencies to 2.7–2.9 GHz. Its back end consists of separate frequency and phase-locked loops with unique CMOS circuit designs to accomplish the desirable frequency/phase locking, including: 1) band-selection inductor switches; 2) simultaneous bulk voltage tuning over TPCOs and the first ILFD; and 3) a dual port injection architecture for the first ILFD. The resultant prototype realizes a 21 GHz frequency locking range with phase noise lower than −74 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, and consumes 174 mW dc power.
Anatomic considerations when performing the modified Henry approach for exposure of distal radius fractures

Background Identify the proximity of anatomic structures during the modified Henry approach (MHA).
Model observer design for multi-signal detection in the presence of anatomical noise

As psychophysical studies are resource-intensive to conduct, model observers are commonly used to assess and optimize medical imaging quality. Model observers are typically designed to detect at most one signal. However, in clinical practice, there may be multiple abnormalities in a single image set (e.g. multifocal multicentric (MFMC) breast cancer), which can impact treatment planning. Prevalence of signals can be different across anatomical regions, and human observers do not know the number or location of signals a priori. As new imaging techniques have the potential to improve multiple-signal detection (e.g. digital breast tomosynthesis may be more effective for diagnosis of MFMC than mammography), image quality assessment approaches addressing such tasks are needed. In this study, we present a model observer to detect multiple signals in an image dataset. A novel implementation of partial least squares (PLS) was developed to estimate different sets of efficient channels directly from the images. The PLS channels are adaptive to the characteristics of signals and the background, and they capture the interactions among signal locations. Corresponding linear decision templates are employed to generate both image-level and location-specific scores on the presence of signals. Our results show that: (1) the model observer can achieve high performance with a reasonably small number of channels; (2) the model observer with PLS channels outperforms that with benchmark modified Laguerre-Gauss channels, especially when realistic signal shapes and complex background statistics are involved; (3) the tasks of clinical interest, and other constraints such as sample size would alter the optimal design of the model observer.
Optimal switchable load sizing and scheduling for standalone renewable energy systems

Abstract The variability of solar energy in off-grid systems dictates the sizing of energy storage systems along with the sizing and scheduling of loads present in the off-grid system. Unfortunately, energy storage may be costly, while frequent switching of loads in the absence of an energy storage system causes wear and tear and should be avoided. Yet, the amount of solar energy utilized should be maximized and the problem of finding the optimal static load size of a finite number of discrete electric loads on the basis of a load response optimization is considered in this paper. The objective of the optimization is to maximize solar energy utilization without the need for costly energy storage systems in an off-grid system. Conceptual and real data for solar photovoltaic power production provides the power input to the off-grid system. Given the number of units, the following analytical solutions and computational algorithms are proposed to compute the optimal load size of each unit: mixed-integer linear programming and constrained least squares. Based on the available solar power profile, the algorithms select the optimal on/off switch times and maximize solar energy utilization by computing the optimal static load sizes. The effectiveness of the algorithms is compared using one year of solar power data from San Diego, California and Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. It is shown that the annual system solar energy utilization is optimized to 73% when using two loads and can be boosted up to 98% using a six load configuration.
Excitation of Neutron Flux Waves in Reactor Core Transients

An analysis of the excitation of neutron flux waves in reactor core transients has been performed. A perturbation theory solution has been developed for the time-dependent thermal diffusion equatio...
One-pot synthesis of pH-responsive hyperbranched polymer–peptide conjugates with enhanced stability and loading efficiency for combined cancer therapy

Nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems have received significant attention due to their merits such as prolonged circulation time and passive targeting of a tumor site. Polymer–peptide conjugates (PPCs) tend to self-assemble into nanoparticles in an aqueous solution, and the resulting nanoparticles as drug carriers combine the virtues of both the polymers and peptides. In this study, a simple synthetic method based on a thiol–acrylate Michael addition reaction was used for the one-pot synthesis of amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(β-thioester)s (PPHD-PK) conjugated with cytotoxic peptide (KLAKLAK)2 (denoted as KLAK) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In aqueous media, PPHD-PK self-assembled into nanoparticles, and the hyperbranched poly(β-thioester)s (PPHD) containing acid-labile β-thiopropionate group acted as the interior of the nanoparticles, whereas PEG and KLAK were employed as the outer shell. The PPHD-PK nanoparticles showed enhanced cellular uptake and favorable antitumor activity, which was attributed to the spherical structure with superficial positive charges and mitochondria-regulated apoptosis of the KLAK peptide. Compared with linear PPCs, the stability of the nanoparticles and the drug-loading efficiency of PPHD-PK were significantly improved, implying that a stronger intermolecular interaction was generated by intertwisting of the branched networks in the nanoparticle core region. Doxorubicin (DOX), as a typical chemotherapeutic drug, was readily released from PPHD-PK under the acidic environment of lysosome, thus leading to efficient nuclear drug translocation and resultant potent drug efficacy. Furthermore, DOX-loaded PPHD-PK nanoparticles showed higher cytotoxic activity than DOX-loaded PPHD-P (without KLAK) and blank PPHD-PK nanoparticles, indicating that the combined treatment of DOX and KLAK was most effective to kill HeLa cells. Therefore, DOX-loaded PPHD-PK nanoparticles with enhanced stability and loading efficiency exhibit great potential as antitumor nanodrugs for efficient cancer therapy.
Adaptive underwater channel estimation for hybrid lidar/radar

Adaptive filtering and channel estimation techniques are applied to laser based ranging systems that utilize wide-band intensity modulation to measure the range and reflectivity of underwater objects. The proposed method aims to iteratively learn the frequency dependent characteristics of the underwater environment using a frequency domain adaptive filter, which results in an estimate for the channels optical impulse response. This work presents the application of the frequency domain adaptive filter to simulated and experimental data, and shows it is possible to iteratively learn the underwater optical channel impulse response while using Hybrid Lidar/Radar techniques.
Diabetes insipidus in the head-injured patient.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an uncommon but important complication in the head-injured population. A retrospective review of all trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during a 4-year period who developed DI was undertaken. The incidence of DI was 1.3 per cent in ICU trauma admissions and 2.9 per cent in traumatic head injuries admitted to the ICU. The overall mortality was 69 per cent (18/26). The mean onset time of DI in nonsurvivors (1.5 ± 0.7 days) was shorter compared to survivors (8.9 ± 10.2 days) (P < 0.001). All patients who died developed DI within the first 3 days of hospitalization. Patients who develop DI early in their course have a higher mortality than those who develop DI later in their hospital course. The development of diabetes insipidus after head injury carries a 69 per cent mortality rate, and if the onset is within the first 3 days after injury, mortality rate rises to 86 per cent.
Navigating the Seas of the World of Unemployment in the USA

Arnold examines in ethnographic detail the resources needed for the jobless to navigate the world of unemployment in the USA. The US Congress, she notes, has made applying for unemployment insurance so difficult that many candidates deserving of the benefits have fallen by the wayside. She tells the stories of four sets of individuals in Tennessee who qualify for unemployment benefits. The first are professionals who feel shame at being put in the position to be eligible to apply for such benefits. The next group object to applying on political and cultural grounds. The third are temporary workers who are periodically unemployed between jobs. The fourth group come from a poverty culture where social services are the norm and they know how to navigate the system; they want to get away from the ‘stigma’ of social services but do not trust the government and do not want to be involved in government programs.
Clinical and Electrographic Correlates of Bilateral Independent Periodic Discharges.

PURPOSE Periodic discharges (PDs) are EEG patterns denoting brain dysfunction and ictal tendency. Their exact meaning regarding etiology and outcomes is not well known. In particular, bilateral independent PDs (BIPDs) are poorly described. METHODS We performed a retrospective, multicenter study evaluating neuroimaging, epileptic, clinical, and EEG correlates of BIPDs. RESULTS Twenty-five patients studied with a mean Glasgow Coma Scale 6.5 and modified Rankin scale 3.9 who underwent EEG monitoring, mean duration 287 hours (range 0.75-3,216). Most common causes of BIPDs were cardiac arrest, Central Nervous System infections, and acute/chronic ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. Most had subcortical and cortical injuries on neuroimaging. Most of the PDs ranged from 0.5 to 2 Hz in frequency, were of multiple phase types, and localized to the frontal head regions. Eighteen of 25 patients had clinical or electrographic seizures. There was a trend toward seizures in those with BIPDs with a history of epilepsy (P = 0.08) and acute metabolic dysfunction (P = 0.08), particularly with coincident acute structural lesions (P = 0.05). Seizures were predicted by bilaterally symmetric frequencies (P = 0.02) and trended toward higher likelihood with PD frequency <2 Hz (P = 0.08). Two of 25 patients survived past discharge with modified Rankin scale <3. Cardiac arrest was associated with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BIPDs arise from acute and chronic neurologic injuries, often associated with metabolic dysfunction. Outcomes are poor in this population. Seizures are common, particularly in patients with PDs that are of a lower frequency or are symmetric in frequency. Further study is warranted to evaluate the association between BIPDs and seizures, as well as functional and longer term outcomes.
Oral History of Dame Stephanie Shirley

Dame Stephanie (Steve) Shirley is one of Britains most celebrated IT pioneers, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists. In 1962, she founded a contract programming company exclusively for women, seeing untapped potential in the large numbers of educated women who had left work in order to raise children at home. Shirleys company grew rapidly and had a successful IPO in 1996. Since retiring, Shirley has spent her time supporting various IT-related causes and, most recently, organizations researching and providing services to those with autism. This edited interview is based on an oral history conducted by Marie Hicks, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, on behalf of the Computer History Museum. The original transcript may be accessed here: www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102738707.
Short Block Turbo Coded OFDM with near Sphere Packing Bound Performance

In this work we propose a coded modulation technique which combines different types of modulation including QPSK, QAM, 4D-QAM, and OFDM modulation with a short block systematic turbo code. We aim to achieve exceptional energy efficiency in extremely noisy environments, where moderate data rates and short messages are required. For this proposed model, the performance improvement is produced by a unique mapping of trellis structure error correcting code and spectral efficiency is achieved by exploiting different modulation schemes. Further, we utilize puncturing for parity symbols to increase overall rate of the system and improve bandwidth efficiency. The resulting performance of our designed system compared with the theoretical sphere packing lower bound indicates a very small gap (less than 0.5 dB) which means a substantially close approach to the Shannon limit.
Yeast chromosome III: new gene functions.

Abstract One year after the release of the sequence of yeast chromosome III, we have re-examined its open reading frames (ORFs) by computer methods. More than 61% of the 171 probable gene products have significant sequence similarities in the current databases; as many as 54% have already known functions or are related to functionally characterized proteins, allowing partial prediction of protein function, 11 percentage points more than reported a year ago; 19% are similar to proteins of known three-dimensional structure, allowing model building by homology. The most interesting new identifications include a sugar kinase distantly related to ribokinases, a phosphatidyl serine synthetase, a putative transcription regulator, a flavodoxin-like protein, and a zinc finger protein belonging to a distinct subfamily. Several ORFs have similarities to uncharacterized proteins, resulting in new families in search of a function'. About 54% of ORFs match sequences from other phyla, including numerous fragments in the database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Most significant similarities to ESTs are with proteins in conserved families widely represented in the databases. About 30% of ORFs contain one or more predicted transmembrane segments. The increase in the power of functional and structural prediction comes from improvements in sequence analysis and from richer databases and is expected to facilitate substantially the experimental effort in characterizing the function of new gene products.
Carboniferous Rocks of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas: A Study of Facies Patterns along the Unstable Slope and Axis of a Flysch Trough

Carboniferous Stanley-Jackfork rocks in the Ouachita Mt. constitute a flysch facies with unique lithologic associations, bedding characteristics, and sedimentary structures that differ according to position in the basin and geologic age. Field and laboratory studies confirm the presence of recurring rock types that can be differentiated into proximal turbidite facies, distal turbidite facies, pelagic facies, and disturbed beds. The proximal turbidite facies (fluxoturbidites) include either thick sandstones with scour-and-fill bedding or even-bedded turbidite sandstones with thin, interbedded mud-stones. The distal turbidite facies consists of sandy and shaly flysch in which individual beds generally contain the sedimentary structures of a complete Bouma sequence. Laminated sandstones dominate sandy flysch; whereas, shales exceed siltstones and sandstones in shaly flysch. The pelagic facies includes shales, ferruginous siltstones, siliceous shales, and impure cherts, all commonly associated with distal turbidites. In any vertical succession, these turbidites have noticeable variation in textures as well as compositions. The interpretation is that point sources from the northeast and southeast fed clastics into the trough. The Pennsylvanian Atoka clastics principally entered from the northeast. (part of 449 refs.)
Distance learning and online courses

Distance education has been available for motivated, mature learners for decades and there have long been a number of high quality degree programs available. Distance education provided an opportunity to finish an incomplete degree, pursue a second degree while working or even to to take an entire first degree for students who were not able to attend a traditional college or university. The technologies used to deliver courses have changed with the times. The ready availability of the internet and quality software enabling online courses has made distance learning a viable alternative for more learners.
Pushing the limit: Resilience of an Arctic copepod to environmental fluctuations

Life history strategies such as multiyear life cycles, resting stages, and capital breeding allow species to inhabit regions with extreme and fluctuating environmental conditions. One example is the zooplankton species Calanus hyperboreus, whose life history is considered an adaptation to the short and unpredictable growth season in the central Arctic Ocean. This copepod is commonly described as a true Arctic endemic; however, by statistically analyzing compiled observational data, we show that abundances are relatively low and later stages and adults dominate in the central Arctic Ocean basins, indicating expatriation. Combining data analyses with individual-based modeling and energy requirement estimation, we further demonstrate that while C. hyperboreus can reach higher abundances in areas with greater food availability outside the central Arctic basins, the species' resilience to environmental fluctuations enables the life cycle to be completed in the central Arctic basins. Specifically, the energy level required to reach the first overwintering stage-a prerequisite for successful local production-is likely met in some-but not all-years. This fine balance between success and failure indicates that C. hyperboreus functions as a peripheral population in the central Arctic basins and its abundance will likely increase in areas with improved growth conditions in response to climate change. By illustrating a key Arctic species' resilience to extreme and fluctuating environmental conditions, the results of this study have implications for projections of future biogeography and food web dynamics in the Arctic Ocean, a region experiencing rapid warming and sea ice loss.
The Tariff Act of 1913

The principle of a "competitive tariff," 1. — "Legitimate" industries, 3. — The Tariff Board and the methods of revision, 5. — Sugar duty lowered at once, to be abolished after three years, 8. — Wool free, 11; lower ad valorem rate on woolens, 13. — The probable consequences, 15. — Moderate rates on cottons, 17. — Comparatively high rates retained on silks, 20. — Other changes: pottery (23), iron and steel (24), free list extended (25). — Administrative sections strengthened, to prevent evasion of ad valorem rates, 26. — Many reductions will be only of nominal effect, 28. — What the future may bring, 29.
Partnerships to Create Synergistic STEM Communities

This Research to Practice Work-in-Progress paper discusses the use of hands-on engineering laboratory and project activities to engage pK-12 STEM educators in order to exploit the synergy between the pK-12 STEM curriculum and the undergraduate engineering degree programs. Hands-on laboratory and project-based experiences are deemed to be among the most effective means to introduce and reinforce concepts in most engineering disciplines. The pK-12 STEM educators are engaged in structured project activities through workshops. During the ninety-minute duration of the workshop, as many as five project activities, ranging from simple resistive circuit configurations to advanced transistor and RF circuits, are first outlined, then assembled and tested by the educators. Through participation in this workshop, the STEM educators gained the opportunity to identify new and/or revise laboratory activities within their pK-12 STEM curriculum. The participants were not required to or expected to know advanced concepts in circuits and electronics. The workshop provided the experiences necessary to link the theory to practice through assembly of the electronic circuit and experimental observations. The educators worked with kits containing electrical components placed on the circuit assembly board using snap connectors and connected together to create basic and advanced circuits. The survey questionnaire administered upon conclusion of each project activity provided the feedback necessary to assess the overall process and each project activity.
Electrochemical Properties of Three Li2Ni2TeO6 Structural Polymorphs

Three different structures of the composition Li2Ni2TeO6 have been synthesized and their electrochemical properties characterized: a disordered orthorhombic phase with tellurium ordering and strong Li/Ni cation mixing, a T#2-layered phase, and an O3-layered phase; each have a distinct cycling performance. The disordered orthorhombic structure is the most stable at room temperature and has the highest capacity with the lowest overpotential. The T#2 phase is the least stable and undergoes a phase transformation once lithium is extracted. Density functional theory calculations reconcile the relative structural stabilities and physical properties of each phase with their electrochemical performances. Calculations also confirmed experimental observations regarding the synthesis of each structure and indicated the mechanism for capacity fade of each Li2Ni2TeO6 cathode. Strong tellurium–oxygen covalent bonding increases the voltage of the Ni2+/3+ redox couple in each of these materials over what is normally obse...
Browse potential of bristly locust, smooth sumac, and sericea lespedeza for small ruminants

Temperate grass and legume yield and quality are markedly reduced during hot, dry summer months in the southern USA; therefore, browse species could add feed options for small ruminants during this season. Our objective was to compare total biomass yield and forage nutritive value of two browse species, leguminous bristly locust (Robinia hispida) and smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), as well as a leguminous shrub known as sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate), during summer months (June, July, August and September). Plants were sampled monthly during growing-seasons in 2012 and 2013 to determine biomass yield (foliar, shoot, and total above ground) and foliar nutritive value [crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and condensed tannins (CT)]. There was a species × harvest time interaction for foliar biomass yield (P = 0.0125). This interaction was likely due to low yield in June for bristly locust compared with sericea lespedeza and smooth sumac, but in all other months (July, August, and September) yields were similar for each species. Bristly locust had the highest CP (16.9%), followed by sericea lespedeza (14.8%), and smooth sumac (12.3%). Acid detergent fiber and ADL were similar between bristly locust (ADF 38.5%; ADL 24.1%) and sericea lespedeza (ADF 38.4%; ADL 23.1%), but was lower for smooth sumac (ADF 22.1%, ADL 6.3%; P < 0.05). Condensed tannins, an anti-nutritive yet anti-parasitic phenolic compounds, were highest in smooth sumac, intermediate in bristly locust, and lowest in sericea lespedeza. Plant foliar percentage (ratio of foliar to shoot mass), was highest in smooth sumac (55.1%), followed by sericea lespedeza (47.7%), and bristly locust (42.6%). Overall, smooth sumac had the highest foliar biomass and lowest ADF and ADL; however, this species had the lowest CP and highest CT. Consequently, average foliar biomass yield of all three browse species in our study far exceeded forage yield from dominant forage species [tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and bermudagrass (Cyanodon dactylon)] in this region and may provide high-yielding, low input, anti-parasitic fodder for small ruminants during this period in the Southeastern U.S.