cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging investigator series: atmospheric cycling of indium in the northeastern United States

Indium is critical to the global economy and is used in an increasing number of electronics and new energy technologies. However, little is known about its environmental behavior or impacts, including its concentrations or cycling in the atmosphere. This study determined indium concentrations in air particulate matter at five locations across the northeastern United States over the course of one year, in 1995. Historical records from a Massachusetts bog core showed that indium atmospheric concentrations in this region changed only modestly between 1995 and 2010. Atmospheric indium concentrations varied significantly both geographically and temporally, with average concentrations in PM3 of 2.1 ± 1.6 pg m-3 (1 standard deviation), and average particle-normalized concentrations of 0.2 ± 0.2 μg In per g PM3. Peaks in the particle-normalized concentrations in two New York sites were correlated with wind direction; air coming from the north contributed higher concentrations of indium than air coming from the west. This correlation, along with measurements of indium in zinc smelter emissions and coal fly ash, suggests that indium in the atmosphere in the northeastern United States comes from a relatively constant low-level input from coal combustion in the midwest, and higher but more sporadic contributions from the smelting of lead, zinc, copper, tin, and nickel north of the New York sample sites. Understanding the industrial sources of indium to the atmosphere and how they compare with natural sources can lead to a better understanding of the impact of human activities on the indium cycle, and may help to establish a baseline for monitoring future impacts as indium use grows.
Conceptualizing Care in the Everyday Work Practices of Machine Learning Developers

In this provocation, I investigate machine learning (ML) developers' accounts, which highlight situated, ongoing improvisational work practices that strive to appropriately match datasets, algorithms/modelling techniques, and domain questions. In conceptualizing ML developers' work as practices of care, I provide a case to more closely examine relationships which emerge between local innovations and global regimes of scientific formalization and standardization within sociotechnical systems (in this case, for example, between applied ML projects and scholarly algorithm development). In discussing these local/global relations, this provocation also brings two concepts from the ML field itself to bear (concept drift and transfer learning), productively challenging how we conceptualize everyday technical work ? and the configurative practices of care it includes.
Expanding the Scope of Multimodality Imaging in Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support

Highlights •Several advances in LVAS require an updated perspective of multi-modality imaging. •Multimodality imaging of LVAS includes echocardiography, CT, and nuclear imaging. •As LVAS use increases globally, understanding the roles of the various imaging modalities will be critical.
Outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with nivolumab: The Mount Sinai Hospital experience

Abstract Background Nivolumab (N), an IgG4 monoclonal antibody to PD-1, yields long-term disease control and prolonged survival in some patients (pts) with HCC, leading to its approval by the FDA in 2017 as 2nd line therapy after sorafenib. We present our institutional experience with N in the treatment of HCC at Mount Sinai Hospital. Methods Medical records of HCC pts treated with N until progression or intolerable toxicity between June 2016 and July 2018, were reviewed. Response was evaluated by RECIST 1.1. Overall and Progression free survival (OS, PFS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results 104 pts (84% male, median age 66 [29-89] years) were identified. 24 (23%) pts were Asian, 26(25%) Black, 30(29%) White and 24(23%) unknown. Hep C was the most common risk factor in 50 (48%) pts, followed by Hep B in 34(32%) with co-infection in 7 (6%) pts, NASH in 10 (9%), Alcohol in 8(7%) and other including HIV in 10 (9%)pts. Cirrhosis was present in 83 (80%) pts. Child Pugh score (N = 96) and was A in 64 (67%) and B in 32 (33%) pts. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage was B in 21 (20%) and C in 83 (80%) pts. 67 (64%) pts received 1st line systemic therapy with N. Among the 37 (36%) treated with N in subsequent lines, 27 (73%) had progressed on Sorafenib. Loco-regional therapies (LRT) including Y90 and TACE were given concurrently with N in 32(31%) pts. The median duration of treatment was 26 (2-149) weeks and median follow up was 17 months (95% CI (15.7, 20.7)). Objective response rate was 20% including 10(10%) complete responders (CR), all of whom received concurrent LRT. 39(37%) pts had progressive disease (PD) and 40(38%) had stable disease (SD). Median duration of response was 9 (1-31) months. Median OS and PFS are shown in the table. Table . 759P OS (months) P PFS(months) P By line: First 23 0.1013 16 0.1394 Subsequent 12 6 By response: CR/PR Not Reached SD 23 PD 7 Conclusions HCC pts treated at our institution frequently received N in first line and 31% received concurrent LRT. Survival did not differ statistically between first vs subsequent line N. Our real-world experience with N in HCC appears comparable to data from the checkmate-040 study. Legal entity responsible for the study Mount Sinai Hospital. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Immediate Non-thumb Digit Transposition After Hand Trauma: Historical Perspective and Case Report

Mutilating hand trauma remains a challenge for reconstructive hand surgeons, owing to the involvement of multiple tissue types and segmental nature of these injuries. Principles of "spare parts" surgery may be useful in assessing how to make use of otherwise unsalvageable or functionless tissue. Pedicled heterotopic digit transposition is such a procedure; it may be safely performed in the acute posttraumatic setting. The historical basis for digit transposition and related techniques are reviewed. Two illustrative cases in which a single functional finger was created from 2 severely traumatized digits are presented. This reconstructive technique should be considered when a patent vascular pedicle, appropriate length, and intact articular surfaces are present in the donor digit. Digit transposition is a useful addition to the hand surgeon's techniques for restoring posttraumatic hand function after mutilating injury.
Solving the Nearly Symmetric All-Pairs Shortest-Path Problem

We introduce a simple modification to the repeated shortest-path algorithm for the all-pairs shortest-path problem that adds a cumulative distance label update at each iteration based on the shorte...
Sustained effects on attachment security in middle childhood: results from a randomized clinical trial of the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) intervention

BACKGROUND Interventions have been developed to promote the development of secure and organized attachments during early childhood among children who have experienced early adversity, yet little is known about whether the effects of these early interventions are sustained beyond 12 months postintervention. The current study examined whether receiving the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) intervention during infancy led to improvements in perceived attachment security in middle childhood among 100 Child Protective Services (CPS)-referred children. METHODS Children and parents were randomized to receive ABC or a control intervention during infancy. Children completed the Kerns Security Scale at age nine (Mage = 9.46, SD = 0.36). (Trial Registry Name: Intervening Early with Neglected Children; Registry ID: NCT02093052; URL for registry: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02093052?term=dozier&rank=1). RESULTS Children whose parents received ABC reported higher levels of attachment security on the Kerns Security Scale at age nine than children whose parents had received the control intervention, t(98) = 2.31, p = .023, d = 0.49. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the long-term benefits of intervening early to promote caregiving quality among at-risk families and demonstrate the efficacy of a brief 10-session intervention in promoting attachment security over the span of eight years in a sample of CPS-referred children.
Climate Model Response Uncertainty in Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality

Uncertainties in climate simulations can strongly propagate to estimates of climate change impacts, including its effects on air pollution. Here we use a coupled modeling framework to evaluate the role of climate model response in projections of climate-induced impacts on air quality. Within integrated economic, climate, and air pollution projections, climate model response is altered by modifying the climate sensitivity of the framework’s Earth system component. We find that variations in climate sensitivity ranging from 2.0 to 4.5 °C per doubling of CO2 can change projections of the climate penalty on O3 and PM2.5 pollution in the U.S. by more than 2 ppb and 0.5 µg m−3. The impact of uncertainty due to climate model response can be as important as that related to greenhouse gas emissions scenario or natural variability.
Radical potentials, conservative realities: African veterans of the German colonial army in post-World War I Tanganyika

During World War I, African colonial soldiers (askari) of the Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika fought a difficult campaign in German East Africa. In November 1918, they surrendered to the British...
Decontamination of Chicken Thigh Meat by Pulsed Ultraviolet Light

Foodborne illness outbreaks associated with chicken can be reduced with effective decontamination interventions. The effectiveness of pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light for destruction of Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter on the surface of chicken thigh meat was investigated. Chicken thighs were inoculated to 6 to 7 log10 CFU/cm2 before exposure to PUV light for each of the above-mentioned pathogens. Treatment variables included the distance from the quartz window of the PUV light (8 and 13 cm) and treatment time (0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 s). Comparison of treated samples to control (0 s) samples allowed for quantification of microbial reduction due to PUV light treatment. Microbial reduction on lean surface chicken thighs (P < 0.05) with increasing duration of PUV light exposure for E. coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Exposure to PUV light for 5 and 45 s on lean surface thighs resulted in log10 CFU/cm2 reductions of 1.22 and 2.02 for E. coli, 1.45 and 2.09 for Campylobacter, and 1.55 and 2.42 for Salmonella, respectively. Pulsed UV light exposure for 5 and 45 s on skin surface thighs resulted in log10 reductions of 1.19 and 1.96 for E. coli; 1.08 and 1.85 for Campylobacter, and 0.90 and 1.82 for Salmonella, respectively. Results indicate that PUV light is effective for reductions of bacterial populations on the surface of raw chicken meat.
#DidacticsRevolution: Applying Kotter's 8-Step Change Management Model to Residency Didactics.

Author(s): Haas, Mary R. C.; Munzer, Brendan W.; Santen, Sally A.; Hopson, Laura R.; Haas, Nathan L.; Overbeek, Daniel; Peterson, William J.; Cranford, James A.; Huang, Robert D. | Abstract: Introduction: Leading change effectively is critical to advancing medical education. Residency didactics often require change in order to meet stakeholder’s needs. Kotter’s change management model (KCMM) is an 8-step method for implementing change that can be applied to educational initiatives. This innovation improved an emergency medicine residency didactics curriculum through application of KCMM.Methods: An initiative to improve residency didactics curriculum was titled the “Didactics Revolution” and implemented according to KCMM: establish a sense of urgency, form a powerful guiding coalition, create a vision, communicate the vision, empower others to act on the vision, plan for and create short-term wins, consolidate improvements and produce still more change, and institutionalize new approaches. Data from the Annual Program Review was utilized to assess the impact of the KCMM strategy.Results: The percentage of residents who agreed or strongly agreed that lectures provide a valuable learning experience increased from 39.1% in the year prior to 88.0% in the year during the implementation (p l .001), and remained relatively high at 73.5% in the year following. The percentage of residents who agreed or strongly agreed that they felt well-prepared for the written boards increased from 60.9% in the year prior to 92.0% in the year during the implementation (p = .01) and remained high at 73.5% in the year following.Conclusion: Residency didactics can be improved through the use of KCMM, a change management model originally developed in the corporate context.
From the Stands to the Stage: A Cultural Shift in Instructional Engagement to Transition Surface to Deep Learning

In modern society, consumers are seeking more than text, visuals, or dictation to absorb information, appreciate art, be entertained by media, etc. Learning in the information age plays by different rules than historical practices, as knowledge points are interwoven throughout all aspects of society and have alleviated the challenge of access to relevant information. However, the instructional challenge is the ability to capture the attention of audiences and effectively impart knowledge in a manner that transitions from surface learning to deep understanding and impact. The following article will provide a conceptual framework of engagement strategies by which instructors, trainers, and presenters can shift their behaviors to engage audiences in today’s world.
Computational Modeling of Carotid Bruits

The sound generated by diseased carotid arteries was investigated through computational means using three-dimensional, idealized, stenosed carotid bifurcation models. Stenosis levels of 50% and 70% with axi-symmetric and asymmetric stenosis shapes were considered. The hemodynamic flow field was obtained by solving the incompressible, Navier-Stokes equations. The resulting pressure fluctuations at the vessel walls were then used as input for a linearized wave equation for the propagation of vibrations through the modeled surrounding tissue. As observed in prior studies, the sound spectra obtained at the tissue surface indicate a ‘break frequency’, i.e. a frequency beyond which there is a drop-off in sound spectra intensity. This frequency was found to scale with stenosis diameter and average velocity at the stenosis throat, provided the stenosis shape remained the same. This has important implications on past attempts to estimate stenosis diameter from the break frequency.
Abstract 9: Histone Deacetylases 1 And 2 Regulate Six2 Function To Maintain Nephron Progenitor Cells During Nephrogenesis

Low nephron endowment is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension. Sine oculis homeobox 2 (Six2) is the master transcriptional regulator in balancing self-renewal an...
The Impact of Circulating Antibody on Group B Streptococcus Intestinal Colonization and Invasive Disease.

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal (GI) colonization with group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important precursor to late-onset (LO) disease in infants. The host-pathogen interactions that mediate progression to invasive disease remain unknown due, in part, to a paucity of robust model systems. Passively acquired maternal GBS-specific antibodies protect newborns from early-onset disease, yet their impact on GI colonization and LO disease is unexplored. Using murine models of both perinatal and postnatal GBS acquisition, we assessed the kinetics of GBS GI colonization, progression to invasive disease, and the role of GBS-specific IgG production in exposed offspring and juvenile mice at age 12 and 14 days, respectively. We defined LO disease as >7 days of life in the perinatal model. We studied the impact of maternal immunization using a whole-cell GBS vaccine on the duration of intestinal colonization and progression to invasive disease after postnatal GBS exposure in offspring. Animals exhibit sustained GI colonization following both perinatal and postnatal exposure to GBS, with 21% and 27%, respectively, developing invasive disease. Intestinal colonization with GBS induces an endogenous IgG response within 20 days of exposure. Maternal vaccination with whole-cell GBS induces production of GBS-specific IgG in dams that is vertically transmitted to their offspring but does not decrease the duration of GBS intestinal colonization or reduce LO mortality following postnatal GBS exposure. Both perinatal and postnatal murine models of GBS acquisition closely recapitulate the human disease state, in which GBS colonizes the intestine and causes LO disease. We demonstrate both endogenous production of anti-GBS IgG in juvenile mice and vertical transfer of antibodies to offspring following maternal vaccination. These models serve as a platform to study critical host-pathogen interactions that mediate LO GBS disease.
The Invisible Hand of Peace: Capitalism, the War Machine, and International Relations Theory

The Invisible Hand of Peace shows that the domestic institutions associated with capitalism, namely private property and competitive market structures, have promoted peace between states over the past two centuries. It employs a wide range of historical and statistical evidence to illustrate both the broad applicability of these claims and their capacity to generate new explanations of critical historical events, such as the emergence of the Anglo-American friendship at the end of the nineteenth century, the outbreak of World War I, and the evolution of the recent conflict across the Taiwan Strait. By showing that this capitalist peace has historically been stronger than the peace among democratic states, these findings also suggest that contemporary American foreign policy should be geared toward promoting economic liberalization rather than democracy in the post-9/11 world.
Recreation for the Orthopedically Handicapped

(1954). Recreation for the Orthopedically Handicapped. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 45-77.
The liver as a target for chemical-chemical interactions.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the liver as a target organ for chemical toxicity and presents examples of how chemicals interact biologically to alter toxic liver injury. Modulation of the immune system, cell replication, and metabolizing systems each represent areas where one chemical may influence the toxicity of another. Understanding mechanisms of “interactive toxicology” is important, as humans and animals are not exposed to individual chemicals. More commonly, they are exposed to combinations of chemicals that can have differing effects on individual cells or organ systems. Because of its fundamental anatomy, high metabolic potential, and ability to clear xenobiotics from the blood, the liver represents an organ with a high susceptibility to the toxic effects of chemical–chemical interactions. Although it is impossible to assign orders of importance to specific cell types, the hepatocytes or parenchymal cells carry out the functions generally associated with the liver. Hepatocytes extract nutrients and other chemicals from the blood, produce bile to aid the digestive process and promote the absorption of lipids, secrete metabolic products into bile, synthesize proteins for hepatic and nonhepatic use, store energy-rich products such as fat and glycogen, and, among many other functions, metabolize drugs and chemicals. Chemical–chemical interactions can be classified into two broad categories: those that involve an alteration in the disposition of the chemical and those that involve an alteration in the response of a tissue to the chemical and/or the injury it causes. The chapter discusses several types of chemical–chemical interactions in detail. These include examples of both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic interaction studied by laboratory.
Comparison of Mortality and Costs at Trauma and Nontrauma Centers for Minor and Moderately Severe Injuries in California.

Study objective We examine differences in inpatient mortality and hospitalization costs at trauma and nontrauma centers for injuries of minor and moderate severity. Methods Inpatient data sets from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development were analyzed for 2009 to 2011. The study population included patients younger than 85 years and admitted to general, acute care hospitals with a primary diagnosis of a minor or moderate injury. Minor injuries were defined as having a New Injury Severity Score less than 5 and moderate injuries as having a score of 5 to 15. Multivariate logistic regression and generalized linear model with log-link and γ distribution were used to estimate differences in adjusted inpatient mortality and costs. Results A total of 126,103 admissions with minor or moderate injury were included in the study population. The unadjusted mortality rate was 6.4 per 1,000 admissions (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9 to 6.8). There was no significant difference found in mortality between trauma and nontrauma centers in unadjusted (odds ratio 1.2; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.48) or adjusted models (odds ratio 1.1; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.57). The average cost of a hospitalization was $13,465 (95% CI $12,733 to $14,198) and, after adjustment, was 33.1% higher at trauma centers compared with nontrauma centers (95% CI 16.9% to 51.6%). Conclusion For patients admitted to hospitals for minor and moderate injuries, hospitalization costs in this study population were higher at trauma centers than nontrauma centers, after adjustments for patient clinical-, demographic-, and hospital-level characteristics. Mortality was a rare event in the study population and did not significantly differ between trauma and nontrauma centers.
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for intra‐abdominal emergency conditions

Background Patient benefits from natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) are of interest in acute-care surgery. This review provides an overview of the historical development of NOTES procedures, and addresses their current uses and limitations for intra-abdominal emergency conditions. Methods A PubMed search was carried out for articles describing NOTES approaches for appendicectomy, percutaneous gastrostomy, hollow viscus perforation and pancreatic necrosectomy. Pertinent articles were reviewed and data on available outcomes synthesized. Results Emergency conditions in surgery tax the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and fluid and electrolyte balance. The operative intervention itself leads to an inflammatory response and blood loss, thus adding to the physiological stress. NOTES provides a minimally invasive alternative access to the peritoneal cavity, avoiding abdominal wall incisions. A clear advantage to the patient is evident with the implementation of an endoscopic approach to deal with inadvertently displaced percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes and perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. The NOTES approach appears less invasive for patients with infected pancreatic necrosis, in whom it allows surgical debridement and avoidance of open necrosectomy. Transvaginal appendicectomy is the second most frequently performed NOTES procedure after cholecystectomy. The NOTES concept has provided a change in perspective for intramural and transmural endoscopic approaches to iatrogenic perforations during endoscopy. Conclusion NOTES approaches have been implemented in clinical practice over the past decade. Selected techniques offer reduced invasiveness for patients with intra-abdominal emergencies, and may improve outcomes. Steady future development and adoption of NOTES are likely to follow as technology improves and surgeons become comfortable with the approaches.
Foot Instability during Walking in Shoes with High Heels

Abstract The walking patterns of eleven women, who were occasional wearers of high-heeled shoes, were compared during walking barefoot and in shoes with high heels. Results showed that the wearing of high heels decreased the pronation of the foot during the support phase of walking. The heels caused a significant decrease in step length, in out-toeing, and in the total range of movement at the talocalcaneal joint. Although these changes were statistically significant, not every subject showed all these changes or the same degree of change. Half of the group showed instability during the support phase of walking. The assumption can be made that some occasional high heel wearers do not adequately adjust to the high-heeled shoe.
Evolution of human dietary standards for selenium

An overview of the evolution of human dietary standards for selenium in the United States is presented beginning with the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDIs) in 1980, followed by the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in 1989, and concluding with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in 2000. Also included is a discussion of the 1996 standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall trend in the selenium recommendations for adults in the U.S. during the past 20 years has been downward and the WHO standards are even lower. This is not surprising since nutritionists initially tend to propose somewhat elevated standards that gradually decline as the knowledge base for a given nutrient increases. Also, WHO recommendations have historically been lower than their U.S. counterparts for a variety of nutrients. Whether it will be desirable to halt or reverse the trend toward lower dietary selenium standards in the future depends upon the ability to demonstrate significant cancer chemopreventive or other benefits of an increased selenium intake.
The carboxyl-terminal structure of rabbit liver aldolase (aldolase B).

Abstract The amino acid residues in the carboxyl-terminal region of fructose diphosphate aldolase isolated from fresh rabbit liver are -(Gly,Phe,Leu,Ala,Thr2,Ser2)-Tyr. This differs from the carboxyl-terminal structure in aldolase isolated from tissue which had been frozen and thawed. Amino acid analyses, ultracentrifugation, and digestion with carboxypeptidase suggest that the difference is the result of a limited carboxypeptidase-like proteolytic digestion promoted by the freezing and thawing procedures.
¿Qué tan "amazónicas" son las lenguas kawapana? Contacto con las lenguas centro-andinas y elementos para un área lingüística intermedia *

The kawapana linguistic family of northeastern Peru is formed by shiwilu and shawi languages, also known as Jebero and Chayahuita respectively. Ordinarily, it is usually categorize kawapana languages as “Amazonian” linguistic entities. However, this study shows that they share significant grammatical similarities to the central-andean quechua and aymara families, as well as other languages of the relatively nearby lowlands. This convergence would be the result of linguistic changes induced by contact or indirect dissemination. In addition to unveiling the complex grammatical profile of languages kawapana, this study provides evidence in favor of an intermediate language area between the Amazon and the Andes, of which kawapana languages form part.
Improved use of rare Earth permanent magnet materials and reduction of torque pulsation in interior permanent magnet machines

This paper proposes an alternative interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM) design in which the rotor consists of stacks varied in the axial direction. The proposed design aims to reduce the amount of permanent magnet (PM) materials in conventional IPMMs. The PM width and the PM pole arc on the rotor surface for each rotor stack are both optimized to provide a resultant PM flux distribution in the air gap that contains fewer harmonics. Not only is the pulsating torque reduced significantly, the PM materials are also minimized since the PM portion making up the spatial PM flux harmonics is effectively removed. The results of the proposed design concept indicate a significant torque pulsation reduction in comparison with the base-line model 2007 Camry motor. Moreover, a trade-off is discovered between the average torque production and the PM utilization in an IPMM. The improvement made in the proposed designs proves that the PM materials can be used efficiently and the torque pulsation can be further minimized in IPMM designs.
The effect of phenobarbital induction on glutathione conjugation of diazinon in susceptible and resistant house flies

Abstract The relationship between glutathione S -transferase activity toward 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene and O -alkyl or O -aryl conjugation of diazinon was investigated in eight strains of house flies. No significant difference was found in the amount of O -aryl conjugation. In contrast, house flies which had higher glutathione S -transferase activity toward 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene also had higher O -alkyl conjugating activity toward diazinon. The glutathione S -transferase(s) in phenobarbital-pretreated flies degraded diazinon faster than those in the nontreated ones. The present results showed that the formation of the O -alkyl conjugate was enhanced by phenobarbital pretreatment, while the formation of the O -aryl conjugate was not affected by induction. Based on these findings, it would appear that one of the multiple forms of glutathione S -transferase is specifically induced and responsible for the increase in O -alkyl conjugation.
Chemoenzymatic asymmetric total synthesis of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: preparation of a polycyclic pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine from an acylnitroso Diels-Alder cycloadduct-derived aminocyclopentenol.

Enzymatic resolution of Boc-protected 4-aminocyclopenten-1-ol 4c gave both enantiomers 5c and 6c in high ee. Boc removal and separate condensation with chloropyrazolopyrimidine 18 provided elaborated 1,4-aminocyclopentenol derivatives 20 and 26, respectively. Separate treatment of 20 and 26 with Pd(0) under basic conditions induced cyclization to unsaturated polycycles 22 and 27, which, upon catalytic hydrogenation, were transformed to new cyclopentane-containing pyrazolopyrimidines 24 and 28, analogues of recently described novel phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Web 2.0 proclivity: understanding how personal use influences organizational adoption

Web 2.0 represents a major shift in how individuals communicate and collaborate with others. While many of these technologies have been used for public, social interactions (e.g., Wikipedia and YouTube), organizations are just beginning to explore their use in day-to-day operations. Due to relatively recent introduction and public popularity, Web 2.0 has led to a resurgent focus on how organizations can once again leverage technology within the organization for virtual and mass collaboration. In this paper, we explore some of the key questions facing organizations with regard to Web 2.0 implementation and adoption. We develop a model of "Web 2.0 Proclivity", defined as an individual's propensity to use Web 2.0 tools within the organization. Our model and set of associated hypotheses focuses on understanding an employee's internal Web 2.0 content behaviors based on non-work, personal use behaviors. To test our model and hypotheses, survey-based data was collected from a global engine design and manufacturing company. Our results show that Web 2.0 Proclivity is positively influenced by an employee's external behaviors and that differences exist across both functional departments and employee work roles. We discuss the research implications of our findings as well as how our findings and model of Web 2.0 Proclivity can be used to help guide organizational practice.
Alumni Giving: The Influences of Reunion, Class, and Year.

We analyzed fifty years of inflation-adjusted data on the Annual Giving program of Princeton University. Most of the variation in both average size of gifts and percentage of class giving can be explained with simple models having three factors: reunion number, class identity, and fiscal year. Besides providing insights into factors influencing donations, these models provide a way to unmask features that are not evident in the raw data, such as trends in giving behavior and exceptional performances by particular classes in particular years.
Risk factors for casualty in earthquakes: The application of epidemiologic principles to structural engineering☆

Abstract Past investigations of the public health consequences of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, have generally suffered from a lack of comprehensive data due, in part, to the difficulty faced in mounting a significant data collection effort in the aftermath of such an event. This lack of meaningful data severely hampers the ability of casualty researchers to develop reliable and robust estimates of death and injury in future events; these numbers are critical in planning for mitigation and response activities. The basic data required as input to these models are risk factors for injury which can only effectively be estimated through a careful epidemiologic study of those injured (and not injured) in past events. This paper outlines the field of earthquake injury epidemiology and discusses the application of the collected data. An example of a recent case-control study (in progress) is given. Implications for the broader application of these techniques to structural engineering are suggested.
Coupled core‐mantle thermal evolution of early Mars

[1] Several arguments point out that at the end of planetary accretion, the core of Mars was likely to be much hotter than its mantle, resulting in the formation of a completely or partially molten thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle. Here we address the following questions: How did the superheated core cool and what role did it play in the early mantle dynamics of Mars? We divide the coupled core-mantle evolution of early Mars into two stages. During the first stage, vigorous convection within the molten boundary layer removes the heat from the core so that the boundary layer expands up. As the boundary layer gets thicker, the temperature of the layer decreases. Eventually, the temperature of the molten boundary layer drops down to the temperature for the rheological transition (melt fraction ∼40%) within 100 years. This stage is described by a parameterized convection approach. The second stage is modeled in spherical shell geometry using the fully three-dimensional finite element code CitcomS. A single plume (“superplume”) forms by the instability of the thermal boundary layer. The superplume stage lasts much longer, on the scale of millions to hundreds of millions of years, depending on the mantle viscosity. During both stages of evolution the heat flux can easily satisfy the requirements for the dynamo.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A POSITIVE VACUUM ENERGY IN A QUANTUM MODEL FOR SPACE–TIME

It is shown that a previously proposed quantum model for four-dimensional space–time based on an SU(∞) generalization of anyonic superconductivity can be regarded as a discrete form of Polyakov's string theory. This suggests that in a Robertson–Walker universe there is a positive vacuum energy that is on the order of the string tension divided by square of the distance scale factor. This leads to a new type of cosmological model that, even though it resembles more an open universe than an accelerating universe, is apparently consistent with current observational constraints on cosmological models.
Bacteriology of hemodialysis fluids: are current methodologies meaningful?

: Reports of increasing endotoxic reactions in dialysis centers using high-flux dialyzers and high contamination in liquid bicarbonate concentrates have resulted in concern for the microbial contamination of dialysate. The influence of salt-supplemented media on the recovery of bacterial contaminants from the fluids used in hemodialysis has been examined. This study found a negative influence of a 2% NaCl supplementation of growth media for both purified water and dialysate. Salt-supplemented pour plate cultures of bicarbonate concentrate samples were not statistically different from nonsupplemented cultures (p = 0.2). The influence of the bicarbonate salt on recovery in the pour plates was not addressed. The different media recommended for monitoring microbial contamination of dialysis fluids were compared. As previously reported, both water and dialysate collected from a relatively large geographic area showed higher recoveries on Reasoner's R2A agar than on media recommended by the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrument;it'ion (AAMI) standards (p < 0.0001). Standard methods agar (SMA) and trypticase soy agar (TSA) produced the next highest recovery for water and dialysate, respectively. The higher recoveries generally observed on R2A or SMA suggest that to provide better patient safety these media should be selected for monitoring bacterial contamination of water, and R2A, SMA, or TSA for dialysate. The variability in the species identified across the three fluids and variability in counts observed in the different fluids suggest that significant dialysate contamination may occur from sources other than the water and bicarbonate concentrates.
Managing severe asthma in adults: lessons from the ERS/ATS guidelines.

Purpose of reviewTo review the latest guidelines on severe asthma.Recent findingsAn updated definition of severe asthma is provided together with the evaluation steps necessary to reach a diagnosis of severe asthma. The importance of phenotyping is emphasized, and recommendations are provided for th
Are WIC Nonrecipients at Less Nutritional Risk Than Recipients? An Application of the Food Security Measure

T he goal of the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in the U.S. social safety net is to "... provide supplemental nutritious food as an adjunct to good health during such critical times of growth and development [during pregnancy, the postpartum period, infancy, and early childhood] in order to prevent the occurrence of health problems" (P.L. 94-105). The perceived success of WIC in meeting this goal has led to program growth over time, from 5.7 million enrollees in 1992 to nearly 8 million in 2000 (Bartlett et al.). Despite this increased enrollment, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and state WIC offices express concern that a larger share of the eligible population does not receive WIC. For example, more than six in ten eligible children do not receive WIC (Bitler, Currie, and Scholz). The level of concern about nonparticipation among eligibles depends upon who is not receiving WIC. Policymakers and program administrators want to ensure WIC is being received by those most in need. Some have speculated that WIC recipients are better off than eligible nonrecipients, suggesting that the
Continued Fractions and Series

Abstract Explicit formulae are given relating continued fractions with almost periodic or almost symmetric patterns in their partial quotients, and infinite series whose terms satisfy certain recurrence relations. For quadratic irrationals, the continued fraction expansions for successive approximations given by Newton′s method are described.
Emissions trading, point-of-regulation and facility siting choices in the electric markets

This paper examines the effects of emissions trading on firms’ capacity siting choices in the electric sector, considering three programs that are different by their point-of-regulation: source-, load and first-jurisdictional-deliverer approaches. We model each program by assuming electricity sales are through bilateral contracts, and analyze the solutions properties and economic and emissions implications. We have three central findings in this paper. First, when electricity sales in both directions (i.e., in-state to out-of-state and vice verse) are subject to an emissions cap, three programs will produce identical siting distribution. Second, the emissions leakage in the long-run could be lower than in the short-run case in which capacity expansion is not allowed. This is so because in the long-run power producers may opt for clean technologies in fear of the emission costs under a cap-and-trade program. Third, if compared to pure source-based program in which the import sales are not subject to an emissions cap, more pollution-intensive facilities are expected to build in uncapped states, where the regulation is less stringent. Our findings are therefore consistent with some empirical evidence of pollution haven hypothesis.
Evaluation of selected filters for collection and subsequent supercritical fluid extraction of suspended solids for trace organic analysis

Abstract This study evaluated selected filters in order to find an appropriate filter that can be used to separate suspended solids (SS) from the aqueous phase with minimal sorption of the dissolved organic constituents in the aqueous phase, and that is compatible with subsequent supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from the SS collected onto them. The sorption study for the filters was limited to the use of analytes in aqueous solution with no SS. Membrane filters and a glass-fiber filter with binder showed considerable sorption behaviour during filtration of aqueous solutions consisting of six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as analytes. The extent of sorption of the analytes by the filters increased with the more hydrophobic compounds. A glass-fiber filter with no binder (MSI TCLP) was found to be non-sorbing towards the PAH analytes, and was further shown to be an appropriate filter for a series of 56 base/neutral/acid extractable organic compounds. SFE of the filter as received showed extractable compounds detectable by GC-MS. Thus, pre-cleaning of the filter is required for the removal of SFE-extractable background compounds prior to its use in the collection of SS for subsequent SFE.
Structure of a Leu3-DNA Complex: Recognition of Everted CGG Half-Sites by a Zn2Cys6 Binuclear Cluster Protein

Gal4 is the prototypical Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster transcriptional regulator that binds as a homodimer to DNA containing inverted CGG half-sites. Leu3, a member of this protein family, binds to everted (opposite polarity to inverted) CGG half-sites, and an H50C mutation within the Leu3 Zn2Cys6 binuclear motif abolishes its transcriptional repression function without impairing DNA binding. We report the X-ray crystal structures of DNA complexes with Leu3 and Leu3(H50C) and solution DNA binding studies of selected Leu3 mutant proteins. These studies reveal the molecular details of everted CGG half-site recognition, and suggest a role for the H50C mutation in transcriptional repression. Comparison with the Gal4-DNA complex shows an unexpected conservation in the DNA recognition mode of inverted and everted CGG half-sites, and points to a critical function of a linker region between the Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster and dimerization regions in DNA binding specificity. Broader implications of these findings are discussed.
“Competitive” Costs and the Rent of Business Ability

Current tendencies in the study of cost theory, 41.—The indeterminate meaning of "market" and "competition" in economic literature, 47.—Discontinuity of retail markets; the fallacy in comparing the costs of firms serving different markets, 51.—"Marginal" buyers not effective in stimulating significant inter-market competition, 53.—The question of competition between wholesalers of clothing and of store equipment, 57.—"Competitive" costs in the great staple industries, 58. — Low costs and high profits not necessarily due to superior entrepreneural ability; devices for avoiding competition; advantages of priority; temporary and permanent advantages, 61.—Does competition compete? Why does not competition result either in uniform costs or in monopoly? 65.—Need of caution in inductive study, 66.—Need of study of the life histories of individual firms, 67.—Rent of superior entrepreneural ability inconsistent with the assumption of free price competition, 69.
TU‐D‐BRC‐04: Evaluation of Positioning and Margin Selection in Image‐Guided Whole‐Pelvis Prostate IMRT

Purpose: To evaluate the interplay of margin selection and alignment strategies on image‐guided whole pelvis prostate IMRT using serial CTimage studies and deformable image registration.Method and Materials: Forty‐two CT scans of 7 patients are studied — each patient has one initial and 5 serial CT scans. Three PTVs are created on the initial CT scan using three different margins ranging from 3 to 13mm. Each PTV is used to create a unique IMRT plan, which is registered to the serial CT scans, by bony alignment or by prostate‐based alignment. The dose computed on the 5 serial CTimage sets is accumulated onto the initial CT using deformable image registration with mesh method (Pinnacle 8.1x). Results: Prostate‐based alignment introduces statistically significant increase of dose to rectum, prostate and seminal vesicles (SV), and reduction of dose to bladder, for all the three planning margins. There is no statistically significant difference in doses to vascular spaces expanded by 7mm or 10mm under either alignment. IMRT plans with small margins and soft tissue alignment compared to large margins with bony alignment show marginal statistically significant difference in rectal DVHs, prostate or SV coverage, and statistically significant increases in doses to bladder and vascular spaces. The reduction of margins around prostate and SV with soft tissue alignment will results in statistically significant reduction of dose to rectum, bladder, prostate and SV, but no statistically significant difference of dose to LN. Conclusion: Comparing the recommended planning strategies —(a) tight margins with prostate‐based alignment and, (b) large margins with bony anatomy alignment— we find that similar doses to rectum and targets are achieved, and a slight reduction in bladder doses occurs under strategy a. From these we recommend small margins with prostate‐based alignment to maximize sparing and target coverage.
THE DETERMINANTS OF TURNOUT IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: An Integrative Model Accounting for Information

This paper presents a model of turnout that extends the Riker and Ordeshook (1968) model to account for the purchase of new information for assessing outcome-contingent benefits and that seeks to integrate the various institutional, sociological, psychological, and economic factors that have been advanced to account for turnout in American presidential elections. Personal and institutional data from the 1972 and 1976 ICPSR NES Panel Study and Vote Validation Survey are used to test the model. The results suggest that a variety of factors are important in influencing the turnout decision, including the perceived difference between the candidates (in 1976), sense of social duty, sense of attachment to relevant groups, political efficacy, resource constraints, residence, and the costs of registering (in 1976). Closeness of the election also seemed to have a significant impact in 1976.
Sufficiency conditions for multiple integral control problems

The construction of multiple integrals which are independent, in the sense that they depend solely on the values of their integrands on the boundary of the domain of integration is described. These integrals are applied to the derivation of a sufficiency condition for multiple integral optimal control problems.