cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Using a Head-Mounted Camera to Capture Dynamic Facial Expressions During Body Movement

In this study, we tested the feasibility of capturing video of facial ­expressions while concurrently capturing motion capture and video of bodily expressions. To collect facial expression data, we used a custom designed head-mount for a video camera that provided images for facial expression microanalysis but did not limit freedom of movement. We assessed the effect of the head-mount on emotion elicitation, emotion recognition, qualitative aspects of body movement, and quantitative aspects of body movement. The results indicate that while the head-mount may slightly constrain arm movement, wearing the head-mounted camera during motion capture is a valid method for collecting facial and bodily data.
Three-dimensional flow structure, morphodynamics, suspended sediment, and thermal mixing at an asymmetrical river confluence of a straight tributary and curving main channel

Abstract Past field studies of confluence dynamics have focused mainly on experimental or small stream confluences and confluences of large rivers. Few studies have explored fluvial processes and forms at confluences of medium-size rivers, especially those where river planform varies from a straight alignment. This study examines changes in flow structure, bed morphology, sediment suspension, and mixing with changing incoming flow conditions at a river confluence where a straight tributary joins a curving main channel at the upstream end of a bend. Data include five sets of field measurements of three-dimensional velocity components, bed topography, acoustic backscatter intensity, and water-surface temperatures at the confluence of the curving Wabash River and its straight tributary, the Embarras River. Results show that, in contrast to large river confluences, channel-scale helical motion is a prominent feature of flow structure at this confluence. Dual counter-rotating helical cells, separated by a distinct shear layer, develop over a region of scour within the confluence and contribute to maintenance of scour by sweeping sediment away from this region. Helical motion develops through channel curvature and flow deflection within the confluence. The location and geometry of the scour hole are subject to change depending on the relative momentum fluxes of the two rivers with the zone of scour shifting outward and enlarging as the momentum flux of the tributary increases relative to the momentum flux of the main river. Patterns of backscatter intensity, used here as a surrogate for suspended sediment concentration, confirm that near-bed suspended sediment moves around the scour hole. The thermal mixing interface between the two rivers corresponds to the position of the shear layer, and thermal mixing at the surface within the immediate vicinity of the confluence is limited. The hydrodynamics, morphodynamics, and patterns of sediment suspension and thermal mixing at this river confluence reflect a combination of confluence and bend dynamics.
Influenza Myocarditis Treated With Antithymocyte Globulin

Influenza is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Myocarditis is a rare complication of the virus and can vary widely in severity. The published cases of influenza B myocarditis in children tend to be severe with a high mortality rate. Current standard treatment of viral myocarditis is supportive care, although immunomodulatory therapies, such as steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, are often used. T cells have been implicated in causing significant myocyte damage in myocarditis by leading to the downstream production of antibodies against viral and myocyte antigens; this has created a theoretical basis for the use of antithymocyte globulin to target T cells in these patients. We present a case of acute fulminant influenza B myocarditis in a pediatric patient that required mechanical circulatory support and improved only after treatment with antithymocyte globulin.
Two Psychologically Based Conflict Resolution Programs: Enemy Images and US and THEM

Psychologists for Social Responsibility (PsySR) is an international network of professionals who use psychological research and skills to promote peace. Two programs have been developed by PsySR members to help achieve this goal. In 1989 PsySR developed a program aimed at reducing the threat of nuclear war between the two super powers. After the end of the Cold War, PsySR members developed another program that focused on smaller group conflict reduction. Since 9/11, both programs have been updated.
Test optional admissions and student debt

Standardized tests were initially sold as a meritocratic way to determine college admission (Grodsky et al. 2008). However, standardized tests have come under increasing scrutiny. First, these tests are poor predictors of student performance (Hoffman and Lowitzki, 2005; Nettles et al., 2003). Second, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, students from lower SES (Socioeconomic Status) households and minority students score lower on standardized tests (Blau, Moller, and Jones, 2004; Camara and Schmidt, 1999; Freedle, 2003). Therefore, to attract a more diverse student body, many four-year colleges have switched to test-optional admissions policies. Though these policies vary by institution, most test-optional admissions policies do not require students to submit their test scores when applying to college (FairTest: The National Center for Fair and Open Testing, 2019). If these institutions are successful at attracting more lower SES students without altering the prices of attendance, the test-optional student body may accumulate more debt. Alternatively, these low SES students may receive more scholarship or financial support.
Survivorship, attained diameter, height and volume of three Paulownia species after 9 years in the southern Appalachians, USA

Little is known of the tree and stand dynamics of varied species of planted Paulownia left unmanaged until harvest in the southeastern United States. We sought to remedy this lack of information needed by land managers to make informed decisions by investigating differences in survivorship, attained diameter breast height (DBH), diameter at ground level, total height, tree volume and stand-level volume yields of planted P. elongata, P. fortunei, and P. tomentosa in the cool-moist environment of the southern Appalachian Mountains. After 9 years, combined-species survivorship was only 27.3%. Low survivorship was likely related to several inclement weather events. P. fortunei was significantly smaller in DBH and total height. Three combined-species stem (bole) volume models were developed as functions of (1) DBH squared, (2) the product DBH squared and total height, and (3) the product diameter ground line squared and total height. Mean total volume production of unmanaged stands was greatest for P. elongata and P. fortunei 4 years after planting; by the 9th year, total volume of P. elongata was greater than the other two species. Results of our study provide managers information on productivity of three species of Paulownia that can be used for estimating plantation yields.
Association between surgical complications and early academic period in women undergoing cesarean delivery.

Objective: To compare rates of operative complications between the earlier and later academic periods.Study design: This was a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing cesarean delivery at 23...
Chapter 4 – Frequency Analysis: The Fourier Series

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the frequency analysis of the Fourier series for periodic signals. The frequency representation of periodic and aperiodic signals indicates how their power or energy is allocated to different frequencies. The Fourier representation of periodic signals is fundamental in finding a representation for non-periodic signals. Complex exponentials or sinusoids are used in the Fourier representation of periodic as well as aperiodic signals by taking advantage of the Eigen-function property of linear time invariant (LTI) systems. Fourier analysis considers the steady state, while Laplace analysis considers both transient and steady state. The Fourier representation is also useful in finding the frequency response of linear time-invariant systems that is related to the transfer function obtained with the Laplace transform. The frequency response of a system indicates how an LTI system responds to sinusoids of different frequencies. Such a response characterizes the system and permits easy computation of its steady-state response, and will be equally important in the synthesis of systems. It is important to understand the driving force behind the representation of signals in terms of basic signals when applied to LTI systems. The Laplace transform is seen as the representation of signals in terms of general Eigen-functions. The frequency representation of signals and systems is extremely important in signal processing and in communications.
Heat Treatment of Recycled Battlefield Stainless-Steel Scrap for Cold Spray Applications

This work explores the impact of thermally preprocessing recycled austenitic stainless-steel powder for solid-state cold spray metal additive manufacturing with a focus on increasing deposition quality and coating density while maintaining mechanical integrity. The recycled stainless-steel scrap was gas-atomized using a novel mobile foundry manufactured by MolyWorks Materials Corporation. The powder was thermally treated based upon thermodynamic modeling using Thermo-Calc. The powder and sprayed specimens were characterized using particle size–shape analysis, microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation. Diffraction results highlighted the presence of both austenite and ferrite phases in the powder. Nanoindentation confirmed that thermally processing the feedstock powder at the austenitization temperature decreased the amount of ferrite present, which was consistent with the porosity observed in the deposits due to the lower yield strength of austenite relative to ferrite. The untreated powder deposits exhibited extensive porosity and microcracking, as opposed to the virtually fully dense deposit from the heat-treated powder.
Synthesis of Ce-MCM-22 and its enhanced catalytic performance for the removal of olefins from aromatic stream

Cerium incorporated MCM-22 (Ce-MCM-22) was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Incorporation of Ce is achieved by the optimization of method for synthesis by varying (i) Concentration of sructure directing agent or template, (ii) Silica to ceria ratio and (iii) Crystallization time. Change in phases during crystallization, variation of physico-chemical properties with respect to gel composition and framework substitution of cerium are evidenced by XRD, UV–Vis DRS, SEM, N2 adsorption, FT-IR, Ammonia TPD and solid-state MAS-NMR characterisations. It is found that incorporation of Ce into the zeolite frame work has successfully occurred by simple method of optimisimg molar gel composition. Interestingly, prepared samples of Ce-MCM-22 have also been found to be more effective catalysts for the removal of trace olefins from aromatic streams.
Machine learning methodology for high throughput personalized neutron dose reconstruction in mixed neutron + photon exposures.

We implemented machine learning in the radiation biodosimetry field to quantitatively reconstruct neutron doses in mixed neutron + photon exposures, which are expected in improvised nuclear device detonations. Such individualized reconstructions are crucial for triage and treatment because neutrons are more biologically damaging than photons. We used a high-throughput micronucleus assay with automated scanning/imaging on lymphocytes from human blood ex-vivo irradiated with 44 different combinations of 0–4 Gy neutrons and 0–15 Gy photons (542 blood samples), which include reanalysis of past experiments. We developed several metrics that describe micronuclei/cell probability distributions in binucleated cells, and used them as predictors in random forest (RF) and XGboost machine learning analyses to reconstruct the neutron dose in each sample. The probability of “overfitting” was minimized by training both algorithms with repeated cross-validation on a randomly-selected subset of the data, and measuring performance on the rest. RF achieved the best performance. Mean R2 for actual vs. reconstructed neutron doses over 300 random training/testing splits was 0.869 (range 0.761 to 0.919) and root mean squared error was 0.239 (0.195 to 0.351) Gy. These results demonstrate the promising potential of machine learning to reconstruct the neutron dose component in clinically-relevant complex radiation exposure scenarios.
Variations on a Theme of Borel : An Essay on the Role of the Fundamental Group in Rigidity

In the middle of the last century, after hearing a talk of Mostow on one of his rigidity theorems, Borel conjectured in a letter to Serre a purely topological version of rigidity for aspherical manifolds (i.e. manifolds with contractible universal covers). The Borel conjecture is now one of the central problems of topology with many implications for manifolds that need not be aspherical. Since then, the theory of rigidity has vastly expanded in both precision and scope. This book rethinks the implications of accepting his heuristic as a source of ideas. Doing so leads to many variants of the original conjecture - some true, some false, and some that remain conjectural. The author explores this collection of ideas, following them where they lead whether into rigidity theory in its differential geometric and representation theoretic forms, or geometric group theory, metric geometry, global analysis, algebraic geometry, K-theory, or controlled topology.
Severe thrombocytopenia in adults undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is predictive of thrombosis.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides lifesaving circulatory support and gas exchange, although hematologic complications are frequent. The relationship between ECMO and severe thromb...
Glaucomanet: A Deep-Learning Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma from Fundus Photographs

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the United States and worldwide. Although deep learning methods have been proposed to diagnose POAG, it remains challenging to develop a robust and explainable algorithm to facilitate the downstream diagnostic tasks automatically. Methods: We proposed a deep learning model, GlaucomaNet, with joint fusion to identify POAG from fundus photographs. GlaucomaNet consists of two neural networks to simulate the human grading process: one performing preliminary grading and the other detailed grading. An ensemble of network architectures further improved diagnostic accuracy. GlaucomaNet was evaluated on two independent datasets. The performance was measured by AUC, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Findings: GlaucomaNet was trained and evaluated on two datasets: 37,339 fundus photographs from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), and 4,855 fundus photographs from the Large-scale Attention-based Glaucoma (LAG) dataset. GlaucomaNet achieved superior performance to six state-of-the-art neural networks on OHTS, with accuracy of 0.930 (standard deviation, 0.010), F1-score of 0.490 (0.033), and AUC of 0.904 (0.014). It also outperformed the baselines on the LAG dataset. Interpretations: GlaucomaNet demonstrated high accuracy with increased transparency in POAG diagnosis. It is also applicable for two well-known challenges: image data diversity and POAG only due to visual fields abnormalities. These results highlight the potential of deep learning to assist and enhance clinical POAG diagnosis. GlaucomaNet is publicly available on https://github.com/bionlplab/GlaucomaNet. Funding: This project was supported by the National Library of Medicine (4R00LM013001), the National Eye Institute, the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (EY09341, EY09307) at NIH, Horncrest Foundation, the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Washington University, the NIH Vision Core Grant (P30EY02687), Merck Research Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., White House Station, New Jersey, and unrestricted grants from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, NY. Declaration of Interest: Ethical Approval: The first dataset is obtained from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). The OHTS comes from 22 centers in the United States. The study protocol was approved by an independent Institutional Review Board at each clinical center
Cooperative Vector Tracking for Localization of Vehicles in Challenging GNSS Signal Environments

This paper presents a robust method of processing GNSS data for vehicle localization in degraded signal environments where conventional receivers struggle to accurately position. The method relies on cooperation between receivers that use vector tracking, an advanced signal processing architecture for GNSS. Cooperation is performed through an EKF algorithm that can be employed for standalone or cooperative navigation by coupling stochastic receiver dynamics together. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate vehicle positioning is accurately achieved with cooperation under low C/N 0 ratio conditions where standalone vector tracking is not stable and improved by including more collaborating receivers to the algorithm. The simulation claims are validated experimentally with GPS test data from a four-vehicle platoon traveling on an interstate exchange that incurs signal blockages from bridges.
Information processing in the sensorimotor cortex during voluntary movement.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses information processing in the sensorimotor cortex during voluntary movement. The critical role of precentral motor cortex in control of muscles employed in precise distal movements and in speech is amply reflected in the effects of motor cortex lesions. There is considerable recovery of function with the passage of time, but the type of movement that is completely and permanently abolished by ablation of the precentral gyrus involves orientation of the hand or foot or lips on the basis of somatosensory information. Denny-Brown notes that the foci for such somatosensory guidance are the tips of the fingers and their lateral borders, the lips, and the lateral borders of the foot and ankle. In view of the special role of motor cortex in precise movement controlled by somatosensory inputs, it is decided that it would be useful to study the discharge of motor cortex neurons and responsiveness to afferent input under conditions in which monkeys made small, precisely controlled arm movements.
Is there more to subjective cognitive impairment than meets the eye? Obligations and opportunities.

The focus of Tales et al. [1] is that there is anethical imperative to recognize the burden of dis-ability inherent in subjective cognitive impairment(SCI) and to characterize this entity using novel mea-sures which may be more sensitive than standardclinical neuropsychological assessment. Currentlyapplied classiﬁcations of preclinical Alzheimer’s dis-ease (AD), notably mild cognitive impairment (MCI),that deﬁne decline in mental processes in terms of for-mal neuropsychological assessments have limitationsthat can be addressed by novel measures of behaviorand brain functioning. Furthermore, they suggest thatlimiting the study of older adults to those with addi-tional biomarkers suggestive of insipient AD leads tothe neglect of disability from SCI which is real andburdensome.TheauthorssuggestseveralbeneﬁtsofstudyingSCIwith novel measures. The links between existing neu-ropsychological measures and real world activities inpatients with subtle difﬁculties are weak either due toa failure to measure functions related to these activi-ties or insensitivity to subtle declines. Cross-sectionalstudies using novel measures demonstrate consistencybetween MCI and AD and imply that these measures
A Simple Dimensionality Reduction Technique for Fast Similarity Search in Large Time Series Databases

We address the problem of similarity search in large time series databases. We introduce a novel-dimensionality reduction technique that supports an indexing algorithm that is more than an order of magnitude faster than the previous best known method. In addition to being much faster our approach has numerous other advantages. It is simple to understand and implement, allows more flexible distance measures including weighted Euclidean queries and the index can be built in linear time. We call our approach PCA-indexing (Piece-wise Constant Approximation) and experimentally validate it on space telemetry, financial, astronomical, medical and synthetic data.
Does a Simple Intervention Enhance Memory and Adherence for Neuropsychological Recommendations

The variables that influence the extent to which patients and their families remember and follow neuropsychological recommendations after their appointments are unclear. There has been limited research on this topic. The current study was designed to address this knowledge gap. Patients (n = 79) and caregivers (n = 36) were randomized into 1 of 2 groups, letter or no-letter, to investigate whether providing a supplemental written reminder of the recommendations given (in addition to routine feedback procedures in our clinic) would improve memory for and adherence to recommendations. We found that recall of recommendations was better in the letter condition, although this effect was observed in the caregivers and not in the patients. Adherence to recommendations did not differ significantly between the letter and no-letter conditions. These findings show that a simple intervention can improve caregiver memory for recommendations. Future research could help determine how to translate improvements in memory into greater adherence.
Helical magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and the coronal heating problem

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the relaxation of an unconfined, helically turbulent, fully three-dimensional magnetofluid, with conditions similar to those which are thought to result in the heating of the solar corona. In these simulations, the system evolves through a succession of force free states. After a relatively quiescent period of Ohmic decay, a phase of accelerated magnetic energy dissipation occurs. Some magnetic energy is transformed into kinetic energy, and the magnitude of entrophy created is a nontrival fraction of the mean square electric current. Concentrated vorticity structures are seen to play almost as important a role as electric current sheets in the heating process. Coincident with this accelerated dissipation process, a reorganization of the magnetic fields occurs, with transfer of magnetic energy to both shorter and longer wavelength modes than are initially present. The ratio of the magnetic field to the electric current density, alpha does not in general tend to assume a constant value in the force free regions during the evolution of the magnetofluid.
Application of the Cauchy method to genetic algorithms for broadband antenna design

The concept of model-based parameter estimation (MBPE) has been extensively used in computational electromagnetics as a means to reduce the computation cost of generating broadband data. The rational function is commonly used to model the input impedance of an antenna. One robust method to derive the coefficients of the rational function model is the Cauchy method. Genetic algorithms (GA) have been extensively used for the design optimization of electromagnetic structures. The application of MBPE to the GA optimization of broadband system appears very natural. We apply the Cauchy method to GA in order to speed up the computation time in designing broadband antennas. The Cauchy method can reduce the time for simulating the input impedance in the GA process. A differential RMS error is proposed as the stopping criterion for arriving at a sufficiently accurate Z/sub in/. Using the developed algorithm, two broadband antennas are designed. A sampling gain metric is proposed and found to be 12.4 and 13.6 in the two test cases.
Interband magneto-spectroscopy in InSb square and parabolic quantum wells

We measure the magneto-optical absorption due to intersubband optical transitions between conduction and valence subband Landau levels in InSb square and parabolic quantum wells. InSb has the narrowest band gap (0.24 eV at low temperature) of the III–V semiconductors leading to a small effective mass (0.014 m0) and a large g–factor (−51). As a result, the Landau level spacing is large at relatively small magnetic fields (<8 T), and one can observe spin-splitting of the Landau levels. We examine two structures: (i) a multiple-square-well structure and (ii) a structure containing multiple parabolic wells. The energies and intensities of the strongest features are well explained by a modified Pidgeon-Brown model based on an 8-band k•p model that explicitly incorporates pseudomorphic strain. The strain is essential for obtaining agreement between theory and experiment. While modeling the square well is relatively straight-forward, the parabolic well consists of 43 different layers of various thickness to appr...
Congenital abnormalities of amino acid transport in renal tubules

VARIETIES of syndromes have been described in which an abnormal amount of organic acid appears in the urine. In many of those syndromes which have been carefully studied, amino acids appear to constitute the major portion of organic acids. This probably is the result of the development of adequate methodology for the determination of amino acids. Nevertheless the author proposes classifying these diseases as organic acidurias, since it is his belief that there are organic acids, other than amino acid, present in the urine of these patients. Although the central theme of the Symposium of which this paper is a part is genetic defects, in the classification which is to be presented for consideration, some syndromes are included which are not genetic in origin. This is done for the purpose of completeness and to suggest the relationships between the syndromes with a genetic background and those in which the organic aciduria results from some nongenetically controlled aberrations. These syndromes may be roughly divided into two groups: Those in which the concentration of amino acids in the blood is elevated and those in which it is normal. The problem of classification of these syndromes has recently been reviewed in detail. In the group of syndromes with normal concentrations in the blood, further subdivision is necessary into four apparently different groups. In Table I are listed the diseases falling into these various categories. Among the diseases characterized by elevated concentration of organic acids in the blood, one may observe that only phenylpyruvic oligophrenia represents a congenital anomaly.
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Software testing and analysis

Welcome to ISSTA 2004: the Fourteenth International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. ISSTA 2004 brings together academics, industrial researchers, and practitioners to exchange new ideas, solve problems, and share experiences related to problems involving software testing and program analysis.The program for ISSTA 2004 begins with two workshops: the Workshop on Testing, Analysis, and Verification of Web Services, and the Workshop on Empirical Research in Software Testing. These workshops are followed by the ISSTA technical program, which consists of research papers, tools papers, and two invited speakers. Ninety-three research papers were submitted to ISSTA. Each paper was reviewed by at least three members of the Program Committee, and some were reviewed by four or five members and/or outside reviewers. The Program Committee selected twenty-six of these papers for inclusion in the conference. Eight tools papers were also submitted, and the Program Committee selected two of these papers. Our invited speakers, Robert Kurshan, and David Harel, speak on issues relevant to analysis and validation of software.ISSTA 2004 is collocated with the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV), and the final day of ISSTA's technical program is also the first day of CAV's technical program. ISSTA and CAV sessions on this shared day are open to attendees of both conferences: the day includes a joint ISSTA/CAV keynote address by David Harel, as well as ISSTA and CAV technical papers sessions. To further facilitate interaction, a joint ISSTA/CAV reception will be held on Tuesday night. We also hope that you'll stay and participate in the CAV sessions in the days that follow.
Mapping theory to practice: a cartographic analysis of public safety networks

This paper provides an interim report on ongoing data collection and analysis efforts as part of a large-scale study of information technology- focused interagency collaborations in the United States public safety sector---collaborations we refer to as public safety networks (PSNs). Of particular interest are shared infrastructures for supporting technological interoperability and interagency interactions involving policing, criminal justice, and homeland security processes. Our research questions focus on explanations for the formation of PSNs and for their design, use, governance, and success. The paper describes our rational choice and institutional theoretical perspectives on PSN formation, ongoing data collection efforts, and map-based visualizations we have developed for data exploration and analysis. Preliminary analyses suggest that our approach is promising for generating insights about PSNs and, by extension, about other types of interorganizational collaborations focusing on information-sharing and the use of information and communication technology.
Ultraviolet probing of laser-produced plasmas with picosecond pulses

Technical photography, through such means as interferometry, Faraday rotation, and simple shadowgraphs, can provide significant data for understanding the absorption and transport of energy within laser produced plasmas. For plasmas produced by intepip, sub-vanosecond Nd laser pulses, one is required to study electron densities in the 10" to 1021 e/cc range, with density contour velocities of 106 to l0 cm/sec, and axial scale lengths of 1-20 μm. In this paper we describe the relationship between these plasma parameters and the requisite photographic system. We conclude that the system requires a probe wavelength in the middle ultraviolet, a pulse duration in the 10-100 picosecond regime, and large numerical aperture optics corrected for spherical aberrations. Results obtained at 2660 A with holographic microinterferometry, Faraday rotation, and shadowgraphs are presented.
Identifying diagnostics for reservoir structure and CO2 plume migration from multilevel pressure measurements

[1] Important to large-scale implementation of Carbon Capture and Sequestration is the ability to monitor the carbon dioxide (CO2) that has been injected underground. The focus of this study is to understand how flow processes during CO2 injection impact the pressure observed at a nearby monitoring well. In particular, we are interested in how the reservoir structure (layering and anisotropy) and CO2 plume migration influence the pressure transients at different depths. For a multilayered geologic model, four basic combinations of homogeneity/heterogeneity and isotropy/anisotropy conditions are examined. Numerical simulations using TOUGH2 show different CO2 plume migration and large pressure buildups in the storage reservoir and the seal for each scenario. Pressure buildups normalized to the pressure buildup at the depth of injection are diagnostic of the approximate height of the CO2 plume and provide information on the reservoir structure. Vertical pressure gradients normalized to the initial hydrostatic pressure gradient are diagnostic of reservoir structure soon after the start of injection. Over time, they provide information on the height of the CO2 plume. The diagnostic features in the pressure response are evident long before the CO2 arrives at the monitoring well and can be attributed to buoyancy induced and gravity segregated aqueous flows caused by the advancing CO2 plume. The identified diagnostics will aid in the ultimate goal, which is to develop a monitoring technique based on multilevel pressure measurements.
X-ray Imaging and Controlled Solidification of Al-Cu Alloys Toward Microstructures by Design†

X-ray imaging, which permits the microscopic visualization of metal alloy solidification dynamics, can be coupled with controlled solidification to create microstructures by design. This x-ray image shows a process-derived composite microstructure being made from a eutectic Al-17.1 at.%Cu alloy by successive solidification and remelting steps.
Maternal Alcohol Consumption During the Perinatal and Early Parenting Period: A Longitudinal Analysis.

Objectives Despite potential health risks for women and children, one in five women report alcohol use during pregnancy and a significant proportion of those who quit during pregnancy return to drinking post-delivery. This study seeks to understand the longitudinal patterns of alcohol consumption before, during pregnancy and post-delivery, and the role of maternal characteristics for purposes of informing prevention design. Methods General growth mixture models were used to describe the average developmental patterns of maternal weekly drinking quantity at six time points, from preconception through child entering kindergarten, as well as heterogeneity in these patterns among 9100 mothers from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study representing the 2001 US national birth cohort. Results Four distinct classes of mothers were defined by their longitudinal alcohol consumption patterns: Low Probability Drinkers (50.3 %), Escalating Risk Drinkers (12.0 %), Escalating Low Risk Drinkers (27.4 %), and Early Parenting Quitters (10.2 %). Heterogeneous covariate associations were observed. For example, mothers who gave birth after age 36 were twice as likely to be Escalating Risk Drinkers and Escalating Low Risk Drinkers (vs Low Probability Drinkers), but not more likely to be Early Parenting Quitters, when compared to mothers who gave birth between the ages of 26 and 35. Conclusions for practice There is significant heterogeneity in maternal longitudinal alcohol use patterns during the perinatal period. Baseline maternal characteristics and behavior associated with these heterogeneous patterns provide valuable tools to identify potential risky drinkers during this critical time period and may be synthesized to tailor pre- and postnatal clinical counseling protocols.
Intraoperative assessment of the breast: guidelines and potential pitfalls.

Abstract Context.—Intraoperative evaluation of breast tissue has changed as newer imaging techniques and surgical approaches to the treatment of breast cancer have placed the pathologist in a pivotal role in the management of this disease. Assessment of the index lesion and surgical margins are but two of the many tasks we face when the specimen arrives in the surgical pathology laboratory. We are also called on to correlate changes in the mammogram with the gross pathology, particularly in those cases in which the lesion is nonpalpable. More recently, pathologists have been asked to analyze 1 or more sentinel lymph nodes at the time of frozen section to look for metastatic disease. This review discusses many of these issues and also provides a simplified approach to the differential diagnosis of a variety of breast lesions one may encounter intraoperatively. Objective.—To provide guidelines for and address potential pitfalls in the intraoperative management of the breast. Data Sources.—Author's experienc...
Successful diagnosis and surgical treatment of single ventricle, truncus arteriosus

Abstract The association of single ventricle and truncus arteriosus is rare. We present the successful surgical palliation of a patient who echocardiographically and angiographically has a truncus arteriosus type I and single left ventricle. At operation, the main pulmonary artery was dissected off the trancus arteriosus, and a 4-mm polytetrafluoro ethylene graft was placed from the ascending aorta to the left pulmonary artery. The patient is currently 13 months old and growing well.
Relation between an atomic electronegativity scale and the work function

Recently compiled data for the first electron affinity and the first ionization potential are used to obtain values for an atomic electronegativity scale, based on the Mulliken relation. From this scale and a new compilation of work function data, a linear equation is obtained which includes a parameter for any given element, depending on its subgroup in the periodic table. Data are plotted for 51 elements, including simple metals, transition metals, and semiconductors. These data fit the straight-line equation better than 10 percent. Data for the transition metals deviate within the same limits as those for elements having simpler electronic configurations. The electronegativity scale differs significantly from the Pauling scale and is shown to be a useful guide to preferred values of the work function for elements.
Akirins versus infection.

Over 20 years have passed since the discovery of NF-κB and its signaling pathways, yet additional participants continue to be identified. The highly conserved protein Akirin is such an example.
Evidence suggesting the presence of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of salivary leukocytes.

Fc receptors of salivary leukocytes were studied in twelve patients using sheep red blood cell rosetting techniques. The number of salivary leukocytes having funcitonal Fc receptors was less than expected and was thought to be due to the presence of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of leukocytes. Since immune complexes are known activators of neutrophils, we hypothesized taht glucose metabolism in the hexose monophosphate shunt by salivary neutrophils should be greater than a comparable cell population from peripheral blood. Using an assay to assess the metanolism of 14c-labeled glucose, it was found that salivary leukocytes were more active than peripheral blood leukocytes and that the ability of salivary leukocytes to be extrinsically activated was less than peripheral blood leukocytes. The data suggests that immune complexes area probably present on the surface fo salivary leukocytes and that such complexes are able to modify the surface receptors and functional capacity of these cells.
Experiments in socially guided machine learning: understanding how humans teach

In Socially Guided Machine Learning we explore the ways in which machine learning can more fully take advantage of natural human interaction. In this work we are studying the role real-time human interaction plays in training assistive robots to perform new tasks. We describe an experimental platform, Sophie's World, and present descriptive analysis of human teaching behavior found in a user study. We report three important observations of how people administer reward and punishment to teach a simulated robot a new task through Reinforcement Learning. People adjust their behavior as they develop a model of the learner, they use the reward channel for guidance as well as feedback, and they may also use it as a motivational channel.
Innovative Sprinkle Treatment for Thin Durable Asphalt Overlays

This paper presents techniques for improving asphalt overlays through the use of innovative surfacing technologies that employ durable local aggregates spread on a cost-effective wearing surface base mixture. A few states have used the sprinkle treatment to improve the skid resistance of pavement surfaces on top of typical asphalt pavements. Numerous approaches have been introduced to improve the performance of asphalt pavement. These improvements often add cost because they use high-quality aggregates and modified binder. Because sustainable and cost-effective pavements are being emphasized, innovative application of the sprinkle treatment has been considered. A fine-graded dense asphalt wearing surface mixture developed with the Bailey method provides a promising aggregate structure that makes it possible to ensure compactibility with relatively thinner layers of asphalt mixture. The design of the base mixture used less-expensive local aggregates, and its performance was compared in the laboratory with ...
Coastal iron and nitrate distributions during the spring and summer upwelling season in the central California Current upwelling regime

Abstract Distributions of iron and nitrate in the central California Current System upwelling regime (cCCS) from 34 to 41°N were determined during cruises in May 2010 and August 2011. High spatial and temporal resolution data for dissolved Fe and NO 3 − (nitrate+nitrite) in the cCCS from this study greatly expands upon previous studies that were narrower in scope (e.g., focused on just the Monterey Bay region). Shelf sediments from mid-shelf mud belts in this region provide the dominant source of Fe, and there are areas in the cCCS where insufficient Fe is upwelled to accompany elevated levels of other macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) to fuel extensive diatom blooms. Surface dissolved Fe concentrations were related to continental shelf width and upwelling strength, and surface Fe concentrations tended to be lower in the late summer than early spring. We present extensive benthic boundary layer (BBL) dissolved and leachable particulate Fe data from both seasons in the mid-shelf region along the central California coast. Leachable particulate Fe concentrations were strongly related to the width of the mid-shelf mud belts (i.e., the continental shelf between the 50 and 90 m isobaths). Dissolved Fe concentrations in the BBL over the mid-shelf were generally highest in wide mud belt areas as well as in areas with very low dissolved oxygen concentrations but did not show a clear seasonal trend. Evidence for probable Fe limitation in upwelled waters was found by using surface dissolved Fe: NO 3 − ratios and the estimated specific growth rate of coastal diatoms based on either Fe or NO 3 − concentrations. Several coastal upwelling regions with only moderate to narrow continental shelves (Pt. Arena to Cape Mendocino and the Big Sur Coast) exhibited evidence for Fe limitation in both the spring and summer upwelling seasons.
The impact of glutathione s-transferase M1 and cytochrome P450 1A1 genotypes on white-blood-cell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-dna adduct levels in humans

Abstract Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) form DNA adducts via a complex metabolic activation pathway that includes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, whereas intermediate metabolites can be detoxified by conjugation through pathways including glutathione s-transferase M1 (GSTM1). PAH-DNA adducts can be measured in peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) and should reflect the net effect of competing activation and detoxification pathways and DNA repair as well as exposure. We have previously shown that WBC PAH-DNA adducts measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were associated with recent, frequent consumption of charbroiled food among 47 nonsmoking wildland fire-fighters who provided two blood samples 8 wk apart. In the investigation reported here, which was performed in the same population, we measured the association between the GSTM1 null genotype, which results in loss of enzyme activity, and PAH-DNA adduct levels, hypothesizing that subjects with this genotype would have higher levels of DNA adducts because of their decreased ability to detoxify PAH metabolites. However, PAH-DNA adduct levels were nonsignificantly lower in subjects with the GSTM1 null genotype (n = 28) compared with other subjects (n = 19) (median 0.04 fmol/microgram DNA vs 0.07 fmol/microgram DNA, respectively, P = 0.45, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Adduct levels were also lower in the nine subjects heterozygous or homozygous for the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism (which codes for a valine rather than isoleucine and is thought to be associated with greater CYP1A1 activity) compared with the 38 wild-type subjects (P = 0.12). In the entire group, there was a positive association between consuming charbroiled food and PAH-DNA adduct formation (r = 0.24, P = 0.02, Spearman rank-order correlation). This association was weaker in the subgroup of subjects with the GSTM1 null genotype (r = 0.03, P = 0.84) and stronger among the remaining subjects (r = 0.57, P = 0.0002). These results suggest that the GSTM1 null genotype and CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism are not associated with increased susceptibility for PAH-DNA adduct formation in peripheral WBCs measured by ELISA in nonsmoking populations.
Effects of epinephrine and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin F from the rat uterus in vitro

Abstract Isolated uteri from rats with regular 4-day cycles were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer and the release of PGF into the medium was measured by radio-immunoassay after extraction of the incubation medium with ethyl acetate at pH 3.0–3.5. PGF was produced from endogenous precursors and accumulated in equal amounts in the medium during two successive 60 min periods on each day of cycle, but the magnitude of the production varied significantly during the cycle, being greatest in estrus. Oxytocin in doses up to 500 mU/ml had no effect on PGF accumulation in the incubation period at any stage of the cycle, while epinephrine (10 −3 ) greatly stimulated PGF release from the estrous uterus but had no effect on PGF release from the diestrous uterus. Phentolamine, an α-blocking agent, had no effect on the epinephrine-induced release of PGF, while propranolol, a β-blocking agent, not only prevented the increase in PGF production induced by epinephrine but also reduced the basal release of PGF by the estrous uterus. Since oxytocin contracts and epinephrine relaxes the nonpregnant rat uterus both in vivo and in vitro , it is unlikely that the effects of these two compounds on uterine contractility are mediated by the release of PGF 2α .
Regulation of sterol synthesis in L cells: Steady-state and transitional responses

Abstract The patterns of flux, content, and synthesis of sterol were studied in L cells cultured in media containing various concentrations of phospholipid and sterol. L cells do not synthesize cholesterol and, when grown in sterol-free medium, they contained 7.5 μg of desmosterol per mg cellular protein. When the medium was supplemented with cholesterol (40 μg/ml) and lecithin (20 μg/ml), the cells contained 19 μg cholesterol per mg cellular protein, almost no desmosterol, and the rates of incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate and 3 H 2 O into digitonin-precipitable material were only 20% of the rates of cells grown in sterol-free medium. When cells were grown with various concentrations of exogenous cholesterol (0–40 μg/ml) the cellular cholesterol varied directly with concentration of exogenous cholesterol, whereas, cellular desmosterol and the rate of acetate incorporation into sterol varied inversely with exogenous cholesterol. When increasing concentrations of exogenous lecithin were added to the cholesterol (40 μg/ml) medium, the L cells contained less cholesterol, more desmosterol, and showed increasing rates of incorporation of acetate into sterol. Upon the addition of cholesterol to cells initially growing in sterol-free medium, the following transitions occurred: An immediate influx of cholesterol, a gradual decrease in desmosterol, an exponential decay of acetate incorporation into sterol (half-time 7 h), and a doubling of total cellular sterol by 20 h. Upon the removal of cholesterol from the culture medium the cellular cholesterol decreased (33% decrease by 10 h, 57% decrease by 20 h), while the rate of acetate incorporation increased (150% by 5 h, and 450% by 20 h). After 5 h, synthesized desmosterol compensated for the reduction in cellular cholesterol; total sterol remained at 85 % of initial value from 5 to 25 h.