cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual Information for Patient Care—VIP Care: An Electronic Collection to Promote Learning Among Third-Year Medical Students

Virtual Information for Patient Care (VIP Care) is an electronic collection of materials assembled to promote learning among Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM) clinical clerks. Materials in the collection are selected on the basis of how well they match the core clerkship learning objectives. Consistent with TUSM curricular emphasis on utilizing evidence from research, VIP Care articles are culled, when possible, from Hirsh Health Sciences Library's electronic Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) resource collection. This article describes the VIP Care collection within the context of the larger Patient Logs project of which it is a part and explains how this collection helps promote learning. It also reports on the process of compiling the collection as well as some of the methods librarians have adopted for publicizing the collection and keeping the content current.
A risk evaluation of the maximum entropy moment matrix

Abstract For two different loss functions, the maximum entropy (ME) estimate of the moment matrix of equicorrelated normal variates has smaller risk than the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate except when the correlation is close to 1 and the number of variates is small.
480-mW DBR Laser Integrated with Micro Heaters for Wavelength Tuning

We fabricated 1060-nm DBR lasers with 480-mW output power and integrated micro heaters. A 20-nm discrete wavelength tuning using Bragg-section heater alone and a 1-nm continuous tuning using both Bragg- and phase-section heaters are demonstrated.
Values of Children—Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of attitudes of mothers and their college-age daughters about the value of children. Of secondary interest was the relationship of their attitudes about the value of children as affected by residence (rural-urban), family size, and education of mothers. The subjects for the study were female college freshmen (N = 168) and their mothers (N = 159). The daughters were enrolled at Iowa State University in an introductory course in Child Development. The Fawcett Opinions about Children questionnaire, a 45-item Likert-type attitude scale was used to measure beliefs about children and childrearing. Pearson Product-Mo ment correlations were computed for mother-daughter pairs on each of nine scales on values of children. No significant relationships were found. To study the value of children as reflected by rural and urban families, analysis of covariance, using family size as a covariate, was employed. Rural mothers expressed more traditional values for having children than urban mothers. No significant differences were found between rural and urban variables for daughters on the nine scales. As family size increased, mothers and daughters valued children significantly more as a source of happiness and affection.
Inverse Dynamics Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Single-Link Flexible Manipulator

This paper presents a novel method for an inverse dynamics based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) of a single-link flexible manipulator. The control action is distributed between two FLCs: a joint angle controller and a tip controller. A method for varying the ranges of the variables of the two controllers as a function of the motion parameters and the inverse dynamics of the system is presented. Simulation results show that the joint trajectory tracking is accomplished and the residual vibration of the flexible link is suppressed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Focused ion beam irradiation effects on nanoscale freestanding thin films

The focused ion beam (FIB) technique is a versatile tool for nanoscale manipulation, deposition and etching. However, degradation mechanisms which lead to residual stresses in materials exposed to high-energy ion beams are not well understood. In this study, we examine the evolution of residual stresses in 100 nm thick freestanding aluminum films subjected to typical ion beam exposures within a commercial FIB tool. Experimental results show that the magnitude of the residual stresses increase with cumulative ion beam exposure and that upper limits are attainable. Further investigation demonstrates that a decrease in ion beam current at constant acceleration-voltage augments the upper limits, which manifests itself in greater residual stresses. The stress gradients in thin films develop from surface modifications in the form of amorphous top layers, which are modeled as bilayer approximations. Experimental observations and analysis indicate that ion beam exposure effects on the mechanical properties of nanoscale thin films and nanostructures cannot be ignored.
A Joint Investigation of Associative and Word Frequency in Paired-Associate Learning

Ss learned lists which varied in both associative and word frequency. Associative frequency accounted for most of the experimental variance; word frequency accounted for a small but significant portion of the variance. The independent variables were orthogonal.
Amino acid activation by nucleoli isolated from the novikoff ascites tumor

Abstract The mechanism of the incorporation of amino acids into nucleolar protein has been studied with nucleoli isolated from the Novikoff ascites rat tumor. Each of 15 labeled amino acids, added singly, was incorporated without need for added ATP, tRNA, complementary amino acids, or other components of the cytoplasmic proteinsynthesizing system. The activating enzymes corresponding to most of these amino acids were demonstrated by measuring the rate of amino acid hydroxamate formation when the nucleoli were incubated with the amino acid, NH 2 OH and ATP. Evidence for the intermediate formation of an aminoacyl tRNA complex was obtained. The isolated nucleoli appear to contain a tightly-integrated protein-synthesizing system which includes amino acid-activating enzymes and tRNAs.
Interface width dependence on sample temperature during Auger sputter depth profiling of Cr/Ni multilayered thin films

Abstract A NIST standard reference material (SRM 2135) composed of nine alternating Cr and Ni thin-film layers has been sputter profiled using 1 keV argon ions both at room temperature and at elevated temperature. Interface widths of the Cr-to-Ni and Ni-to-Cr interfaces were monitored using Auger electron spectroscopy. At temperatures ranging from 400 to 700 K, a very pronounced broadening was observed at each of the Cr-to-Ni interfaces. At these elevated temperatures, changes in the widths of the Ni-to-Cr interfaces, however, were slightly less. When previously heated specimens were again profiled at room temperature, the interface widths obtained were virtually unchanged from those measured before heating. We conclude that temperature-as-sisted radiation enhanced diffusion is occuring during the sputter profiling process at elevated temperatures.
Speech under physical stress: A production-based framework

This paper examines the impact of physical stress on speech. The methodology adopted here identifies inter-utterance breathing (IUB) patterns as a key intermediate variable while studying the relationship between physical stress and speech. Additionally, this work connects high-level prosodic changes in the speech signal (energy, pitch, and duration) to the corresponding breathing patterns. Our results demonstrate the diversity of breathing and articulation patterns that speakers employ in order to compensate for the increased body oxygen demand. Here, we identify the normalized value of breathing energy rate (proportional to minute volume) acquired from a conventional as well as physiological microphone as a reliable and accurate estimator of physical stress. Additionally, we also show that the prosodic patterns (pitch, energy, and duration) of high-level speech structure shows good correlation with the normalized-breathing energy rate. In this manner, the study establishes the interconnection between temporal speech structure and physical stress through breathing.
Towards effective and efficient free space management

An important problem faced by many database management systems is the "online object placement problem"--the problem of choosing a disk page to hold a newly allocated object. In the absence of clustering criteria, the goal is to maximize storage utilization. For main-memory based systems, simple heuristics exist that provide reasonable space utilization in the worst case and excellent utilization in typical cases. However, the storage management problem for databases includes significant additional challenges, such as minimizing I/O traffic, coping with crash recovery, and gracefully integrating space management with locking and logging.We survey several object placement algorithms, including techniques that can be found in commercial and research database systems. We then present a new object placement algorithm that we have designed for use in Shore, an object-oriented database system under development at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. Finally, we present results from a series of experiments involving actual Shore implementations of some of these algorithms. Our results show that while current object placement algorithms have serious performance deficiencies, including excessive CPU or main memory overhead, I/O traffic, or poor disk utilization, our new algorithm consistently excellent performance in all of these areas.
The simplicity of certain groups of subanalytic diffeomorphisms

Abstract Let M be a connected real analytic manifold. We denote by Diff sub r ( M ) 0 , 1 ⩽ r ∞ , the group of subanalytic C r diffeomorphisms of M which are isotopic to the identity via a compactly supported subanalytic C r isotopy. We show that Diff sub r ( M ) 0 satisfies Epstein's axioms. This implies that the commutator subgroup of Diff sub r ( M ) 0 is simple. Moreover, we show that the commutator subgroup of Diff sub r ( M ) 0 is dense in Diff sub r ( M ) 0 . As a corollary we obtain that Diff sub r ( M ) 0 is topologically simple.
Synthesis of, and structural assignments to the stereoisomers of bis (2,2')- and tris (2,2',2")-tetrahydrofurans: conformational features and ionic binding capacities of these gateway polycyclic networks.

Construction of the polytetrahydrofuranyl building blocks 6−10 from the common bissiloxyacetone precursor 11 is detailed. The approach is concise and, for the bis-(THF) pair, capitalizes on the full retention of configuration observed during the rhodium-promoted decarbonylation of aldehydes 18 and 19. The capability of the title compounds to associate with alkali metal ions in solution and the gas phase has demonstrated a preference for Li+ over Na+ and K+ in all cases, with 6 and 7 exhibiting somewhat higher binding selectivities than 8−10. The relative energy orderings of attainable conformations with the bis-THF and tris-THF series were explored computationally. The various envelope arrangements present in the individual THF units are shown to play a significant role alongside prevailing gauche interactions. The “gauche effect” is shown computationally not to be an accurate predictor of the lowest energy conformer.
Cutaneous innervation of the medial dorsal aspect of the first toe: an anatomic study

The cutaneous innervation of the medial dorsal aspect of the first toe has been reported to originate from different nerve branches. Twenty cadaver feet were dissected to determine the origin of this nerve. In all 20 feet the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve arose from the medial dorsal cutaneous branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. This cutaneous innervation of the first toe is encountered during bunionectomy, first metatarsal osteotomy, excision of the metatarsal head and/or proximal part of the proximal phalanx, arthroplasty, and arthrodesis of the first MTP joint. The information concerning the course and origin of this nerve should assist protection during operative procedures, as well as enable quick localization and identification.
Multiresolution coding techniques for digital television: a review

Multiresolution decompositions for video coding are reviewed. Both nonrecursive and recursive coding schemes are considered. In nonrecursive schemes, it is shown that pyramid structures have certain advantages over subband or wavelet techniques, and a specific spatiotemporal pyramid coding of HDTV is discussed in some detail. It is shown that recursive, DPCM like schemes will incur a slight loss of optimality due to a restricted form of prediction if multiresolution decomposition with compatible decoding is required. Compatibility and transmission issues are also discussed. Multiresolution transmission for digital broadcast TV is introduced. This, when combined with multiresolution source coding, achieves spectrum efficiency, robustness and graceful degradation under channel impairments.
Some comments upon acid-base balance in teleost fishes and its relationship to environmental temperature.

Abstract 1. 1. It has been hypothesized that acid-base regulation in mammalian species is directed toward stabilization of body fluid pH, whereas among the poikilotherms control centers upon the maintenance of relative alkalinity. Consequently, given the known relationship between temperature and the dissociation constant of water reductions in mammalian body temperature should be accompanied by decreases in the OH−/H+ ratio while, under similar circumstances, the pH of the poikilothermic body fluid system should increase. 2. 2. Although this hypothesis appears to have been validated with respect to homeothermic and poikilothermic tetrapods, extension of the concept of relative alkalinity regulation to teleost fishes is not wholly consistent with the data presently available. Recorded blood and plasma pH values for teleost fishes are generally below those reported for amphibians and reptiles, tending to fall within or below the levels observed in mammals under comparable thermal conditions. Moreover, they seemingly display little tendency to vary in an inverse fashion with temperature.
Tropomyosin distinguishes Lewy bodies of Parkinson disease from other neurofibrillary pathology

Abstract Research into the cellular changes in the degenerative diseases of the central nervous system has focused on the alterations in the constituent protein of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Although both microtubule and neurofilament proteins have been implicated in the formation of neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer, Pick, diffuse Lewy body and Parkinson diseases and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), until recently there has been little consideration of whether other cytoskeletal systems are involved. With the finding that epitopes of the microfilament associated protein tropomyosin are present in the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer disease, we decided to investigate the presence of this protein in these related diseases. To address whether the inclusion bodies of other degenerative diseases share this property, sections of brain were immunostained with antibodies to smooth and skeletal muscle tropomyosin. Although neurofibrillary tangles in PSP, Pick bodies and some diffuse Lewy bodies stained, Lewy bodies of idiopathic Parkinson disease did not. This property further distinguishes the Lewy body of Parkinson disease from other neurofibrillary pathologies.
Amelioration of global warming by controlled enhancement of the albedo and longevity of low‐level maritime clouds

A technique is proposed for controlled enhancement of droplet concentrations in low-level maritime clouds, with corresponding increase in their albedo and longevity, thereby producing a cooling effect. It involves dissemination at the ocean surface of small seawater droplets which act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). It has low ecological impact.
Characteristics and survival associated with ovarian cancer diagnosed as first cancer and ovarian cancer diagnosed subsequent to a previous cancer

Objective: To examine the risk of subsequent primary ovarian cancer among women diagnosed previously with cancer (subsequent cohort) and to compare demographic and tumor characteristics affecting overall survival of these women and women diagnosed with first primary ovarian cancer (index cohort). Methods: We identified the two cohorts of women using the 1973–2005 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) result data. We calculated relative risk of subsequent primary ovarian cancer and estimated 5-year risks of dying (hazard-ratios) after diagnosis of the first or subsequent primary ovarian cancer in the two cohorts, respectively using Cox modeling. Results: Women diagnosed with index cancers of the corpus uteri, colon, cervix, and melanoma at age younger than 50 had increased risk of ovarian cancer within 5 years after diagnosis (p < 0.05); young breast cancer survivors had continued risk beyond 20 years. In 5-year follow-up survival analysis, the factors associated with a better survival (p < 0.05) were similar in both cohorts and included more recent diagnosis; localized or regional disease; age <50 years at diagnosis; and being white versus black. A lower risk of dying from mucinous, endometrioid, or non-epithelial tumors than from serous was seen after 15 months (p < 0.01), or after 32 months from diagnosis of the index and subsequent cohorts, respectively. Conclusions: Age, stage, and histology affect ovarian cancer survival. The increased risk of ovarian cancer over time, especially among breast and colon cancer survivors who are less than 50 years of age, suggests common etiologies and necessitates careful surveillance by health care providers and increased survivors awareness through educational efforts.
Prevalence and morphology of the vastus medialis oblique muscle in human cadavers

Background The vastus medialis (VM) muscle has been described as being composed of two separate divisions: the vastus medialis longus (VML) proximally and the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) distally. The VML is reported to directly contribute to knee extension, while the VMO provides medial stabilization of the patella during knee extension. Despite the prevalence of literature describing the morphology and function of the VMO as an individual muscle, very little literature exists which actually substantiates the existence of the VMO as a separate, distinct muscle from the VML. The purpose of this study was to examine a sufficiently large sample of human cadavers to quantify and substantiate the existence of the VMO as a separate, distinct muscle from the VML, and to establish a statistical parameter representative of a normal adult population. Methods Three hundred seventy-four adult human cadaver lower extremities were dissected, exposing the entire anterior thigh from the anterior superior iliac spine to the tibial tubercle. Examination of the cadavers included goniometric measurement of the fiber angles of the VML and VMO, determination of the existence and location of a fascial plane, and determination of the maximum VM fiber angle in all cadaver specimens. Descriptive statistics were performed on all fiber angle measurements and frequency of fascial plane presence. Analysis of variance was performed on the maximal VM fiber angle between muscles with and without a definitive fascial plane. Intrarater reliability tests were performed on all measures to ensure the reliability and increase the validity of all of the measurements taken. Results A statistical parameter for the appearance of VMO features as originally defined was set at 21.65% of the sample. No statistically significant differences existed in the maximal VM fiber angle between the groups demonstrating the presence or absence of a VM fascial plane. None of the cadavers possessed an aponeurotic sheet of epimysium anatomically separating the VMO from the VML. Conclusions This study supports earlier research reporting a difference in fiber orientation between the proximal and distal VM fibers; however, contrary to statements in published literature, the VMO does not appear to be an anatomically separate structure from the VML inherent throughout the human population. The results of this study do not support the concept that the VMO and VML exist as anatomically separate structures in a sample of human cadavers. Anat. Rec. 249:135–142, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic characteristics of congenital aortic stenosis: a quantitative stress echocardiography study.

Abstract Background Several investigators have studied the effects of exercise on pressure gradients and valve area measurements in patients with senile calcific aortic stenosis. However, there are limited data on young patients with congenital aortic stenosis. The current study was conducted to assess the dynamic effect of exercise on aortic valve area and to determine whether pressure gradients or valve area determinations correlate with duration of exercise in these patients. Methods and Results Twenty-five young patients with congenital aortic stenosis and 10 normal control patients performed symptom-limited bicycle exercise stress tests with quantitative 2-dimensional and Doppler analysis. Compared with normal patients, there were no significant differences in the directional changes in blood pressure, left ventricular volumes, and ejection fraction. There was no correlation between either peak instantaneous or mean transaortic pressure gradient and exercise duration. A small but statistically significant correlation was detected between the continuity equation aortic valve area and duration of exercise ( r = 0.49, P = .013). Aortic valve area did not change with exercise in the patient cohort (1.5 ± 0.6 vs 1.5 ± 0.6; P = not significant). Conclusions Aortic valve area does not change significantly with exercise in asymptomatic patients with congenital aortic stenosis. Consistent with prior studies, there was no correlation between the duration of exercise and the mean resting aortic valve gradient. A modest but statistically significant correlation was detected between exercise duration and aortic valve area. Further studies are required to determine whether aortic valve area measurements would provide useful adjunctive data on which to base recommendations for participation in competitive sports.
Enhanced hydroxyl radical generation by 2'-methyl analog of MPTP: suppression by clorgyline and deprenyl.

Sodium salicylate was infused through a microdialysis probe placed in the striatum of anesthetized rats in order to assay the formation of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in the extracellular fluid in vivo. In addition to causing sustained dopamine release, intrastriatal infusion of the 2'-methyl analog of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'CH3-MPTP) increased the formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), the nonenzymatic .OH adduct of salicylate in the brain dialysate. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by clorgyline and deprenyl completely blocked the formation of 2,3-DHBA and the sustained dopamine overflow induced by 2'-CH3-MPTP. The results indicate that the enhanced formation of cytotoxic .OH by 2'-CH3-MPTP is suppressed by MAO inhibitors. These data support the hypothesis that the protective effect of MAO inhibitors on the neurotoxicity induced by MPTP analogues may be due not only to the inhibition of MPTP metabolism by MAO but also the blockade of the formation of .OH free radicals. An enhanced generation of cytotoxic .OH free radicals in the striatum which in turn leads to oxidant damage may be relevant to the development of parkinsonism-like changes in animals produced by MPTP analogues.
Restoration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model

Restoration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model
Second layer nucleation on Ge(0 0 1)

Abstract Second layer nucleation during Ge growth on Ge(0 0 1) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. At 420 K, second layer islands nucleated on islands containing domain boundaries as well as on defect-free islands. By comparing the onset island size for second layer nucleation with the nucleation length, it was found that the barrier to descend steps perpendicular to the island dimer rows ( S B steps) was small. In addition, the island aspect ratio and the much higher diffusion rate along dimer rows dictated that the downward flux was almost entirely due to dimers descending S B steps. Together, the results indicated that three factors conspire to enable second layer nucleation: (1) rotation of the dimer direction when an island forms; (2) elongation of first layer islands along their dimer row direction; (3) much higher diffusion rates along versus across dimer rows. These factors allow islands to reach their critical length for second layer nucleation prior to coalescence.
Polarizable Force Fields for Protein Simulations

Computer simulations have become a widely used tool in biophysical and biochemical research. Fixed-charges empirical force fields have the advantage of computational speed, but explicit treatment of electrostatic polarization as a way to represent many-body interactions is often necessary if accurate energetic results are desired. Examples of such results include protein-ligand binding energies and acidity constants. We have demonstrated that using a polarizable force field permits achieving a ca. 0.6 pH units accuracy in calculating protein pKa values and qualitatively successful predictions of protein-ligand complex stabilities which are predicted as unstable by fixed-charges force fields. Moreover, we are developing a fast version of a complete polarizable force field for proteins, which is expected to speed up these accurate calculations by about an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the development of our polarizable force fields id greatly facilitated by extensive use of quantum mechanical data for both fitting and testing purposes.
Adhesion-blocking antibodies prepared against gp150 react with gp80 of Dictyostelium

A membrane glycoprotein of 150000 D, gp150, has been implicated in the mechanism of cell-cell adhesion which arises during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. This conclusion was founded on the observation that monovalent Fab′ fragments prepared from an antiserum raised against partially purified gp150 are able to block cell-cell adhesion. We show that this serum contains antibodies to a distinct membrane glycoprotein, gp80, previously implicated in cell-cell adhesion. Reaction of Fab′ to this surface molecule can account for the adhesion-blocking activity in the antiserum to gp150. Moreover, binding of gp80 neutralized Fab′ to gp150 does not block adhesion. If gp150 carries other determinants which bind adhesion-blocking Fab′, these determinants must also be present on gp80. Thus, it is not clear that gp150 is directly involved in cell-cell adhesion of Dictyostelium.
Robust incentives for effort

We discuss a new perspective on the classic principal-agent problem, which asks how to optimally incentivize an agent to exert costly effort on some task, by rewarding him based on his performance. We review recent results on a robust version of the problem, in which the principal is uncertain about what actions the agent can and cannot take and evaluates an incentive contract based on the worst case over possible environments; the worst-case-optimal contracts turn out to take a simple form.
Studies of transcriptional state heterogeneity in sporulating cultures of bacillus subtilis.

Using a flow cytometry-based technique for detecting p-galactosidase. lacZ fusions have been used to study the pattern of gene expression exhibited by stationary phase cultures of Bacillus subtilis that have initiated the developmental pathway of spore formation. We have found that within such cultures there exist two distinct cell types: one that has induced the developmental program of gene expression and one that has not. This heterogeneity among transcriptional states is shown to be established early during the stationary phase and plays a significant role in influencing later stationary phase events. Additionally, when this technique is used to study gene expression in mutants that display altered patterns of gene expression, we are able to conclude that the cellular apparatus responsible for sensing and transducing stationary phase developmental signals represents a bottleneck that controls the expression of certain early stationary phase genes. These findings provide a demonstration of the utility of single cell measurements of gene expression and indicate that unless culture heterogeneity is properly taken into account, standard measurements of gene expression may not provide information suitable for the analysis of events occurring at the cellular level. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of a community‐based literacy program: One‐year follow‐up findings

Researchers have become increasingly concerned about whether behaviors that have been successfully changed through intervention programs are maintained after completion of the intervention. Project PRIMER (Producing Infant/Mother Ethnic Readers) is a community-based program designed to teach low-income parents techniques for promoting literacy at home. The initial effects of Project PRIMER were that parents who were assigned to the intervention group increased their literacy behaviors significantly more than parents in the control group, and children in the experimental group had significantly higher language production and conceptual development scores than children in the control group. Follow-up data were collected one year after the intervention was completed to determine whether the behaviors modeled to the parents were maintained and whether children in the intervention and control groups still differed in their tests scores. One hundred ninety-four of the 277 participating families were located one year later. Few of the significant differences initially produced were maintained. These results suggest that booster sessions are necessary to maintain changes in both parents and their children. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Availability and utilization of cardiac resuscitation centers.

Introduction: The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends regionalized care following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at cardiac resuscitation centers (CRCs). Key level 1 CRC criteria include 24/7 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability, therapeutic hypothermia capability, and annual volume of ≥40 patients resuscitated from OHCA. Our objective was to characterize the availability and utilization of resources relevant to post-cardiac arrest care, including level 1 CRCs in California. Methods: We combined data from the AHA, the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), and surveys to identify CRCs. We surveyed emergency department directors and nurse managers at all 24/7 PCI centers identified by the AHA to determine their post-OHCA care capabilities. The survey included questions regarding therapeutic hypothermia use and specialist availability and was pilot-tested prior to distribution. Cases of OHCA were identified in the 2011 OSHPD Patient Discharge Database using a “present on admission” diagnosis of cardiac arrest (ICD-9-CM code 427.5). We defined key level 1 CRC criteria as 24/7 PCI capability, therapeutic hypothermia, and annual volume ≥40 patients admitted with a “present on admission” diagnosis of cardiac arrest. Our primary outcome was the proportion of hospitals meeting these criteria. Descriptive statistics and 95% CI are presented. Results: Of the 333 acute care hospitals in California, 31 (9.3%, 95% CI 6.4-13%) met level 1 CRC criteria. These hospitals treated 25% (1937/7780; 95% CI 24-26%) of all admitted OHCA patients in California in 2011. Of the 125 hospitals identified as 24/7 PCI centers by the AHA, 54 (43%, 95% CI 34-52%) admitted ≥40 patients following OHCA in 2011. Seventy (56%, 95% CI 47-65%) responded to the survey; 69/70 (99%, 95% CI 92-100%) reported having a therapeutic hypothermia protocol in effect by 2011. Five percent of admitted OHCA patients (402/7780; 95% CI 4.7-5.7%) received therapeutic hypothermia and 18% (1372/7780; 95% CI 17-19%) underwent cardiac catheterization. Conclusion: Approximately 10% of hospitals met key criteria for AHA level 1 CRCs. These hospitals treated one-quarter of patients resuscitated from OHCA in 2011. The feasibility of regionalized care for OHCA requires detailed evaluation prior to widespread implementation. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(7):–0.]
A pilot study of quantitative aspiration in patients with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea: comparison to a historic control group.

Objective: It has been shown that many healthy people aspirate secretions at night. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have frequent episodes of gasping at night that may predispose them to aspiration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with symptoms of OSA are predisposed to pharyngeal aspiration. Study Design: A prospective study in which patients with symptoms of OSA were compared with a historic group of normal controls by using the same methodology. Methods: The study was offered to patients with symptoms of OSA undergoing a sleep study. The radiotracer Techniclum 99 was infused through a plastic tube placed in the nasopharynx after the patient achieved stage II steep. A chest radionuclide scan determined the amount of material aspirated. The Wilcoxon-rank sum test was used to compare the mean amount aspirated between the experimental and historic control groups. Results: Fourteen patients successfully completed the study. One normal volunteer in our study aspirated a quantity similar to the historic normal control group. The amount of aspirated material in the study group ranged from 0.152 to 3.648 mL, with a mean of 1.24 mL ± 0.905 (SD). When compared with the historic normal control group, the patients with symptoms of OSA aspirated significantly more radiotracer (P <.01). There was a lack of association between respiratory disturbance index and amount aspirated. Conclusions: The results suggest there is an apparent risk of increased pharyngeal aspiration in patients with symptoms of OSA.
Pulmonary embolism with bone fragments following vertebral body marrow infusion for tolerance induction

Protocols of donor bone marrow infusion for tolerance induction are receiving increasing attention in clinical trials of organ allotransplantation. We report pulmonary embolism with bone fragments following vertebral body marrow infusion in a recipient of a liver and intestinal transplant. Even though pulmonary embolism with bony microfragments has been widely described following bone marrow transplantation, the use of single, high-dose donor bone marrow infusion and/or multiple infusions currently under clinical investigation for induction of donor specific unresponsiveness, may warrant the implementation of additional steps in the vertebral body marrow processing technique to decrease or eliminate the component of bony microfragments in the final preparation.
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β stimulate the expression of cyclooxygenase II but do not alter prostaglandin E2 receptor mRNA levels in cultured dorsal root ganglia cells

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) are pro-inflammatory cytokines capable of altering the sensitivity of sensory neurons. Because sensitization elicited by IL-1β and TNFα is blocked by inhibition of the inducible enzyme, cyclooxygenase-II (COX-2), we examined whether these cytokines could increase COX-2 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures. Treatment of cell cultures with either IL-1β or TNFα increases immunoreactive COX-2, as measured by immunoblotting, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A 24-h pretreatment with 10 ng/ml IL-1β or 50 ng/ml TNFα augmented COX-2 expression 50- and 8-fold over basal levels, respectively. Immunohistochemistry established the presence of COX-2-like immunoreactivity in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells in culture. The addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist blocked the induction of COX-2 expression by IL-1β, but did not alter TNFα-stimulated increases in COX-2, indicating that the mechanism of TNFα is not limited to increasing the expression of IL-1β. The basal and TNFα-induced expression of COX-2 was not dependent on the presence of NGF in the growth media. IL-1β and TNFα treatment for 24 h enhanced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production 2–4-fold, which was blocked by pretreatment with the COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398. Exposing cultures to PGE2, IL-1β, or TNFα for 24 h did not alter PGE2 receptor (EP) mRNA levels. These results indicate that TNFα and IL-1β induce the functional expression of COX-2 but not EP receptors in DRG cells in culture and suggest that cytokine-induced sensitization of sensory neurons is secondary to prostaglandin production and not alterations in EP receptors.
Discontinuous gas exchange in a tracheate arthropod, the pseudoscorpion Garypus californicus: occurrence, characteristics and temperature dependence.

Abstract The discontinuous gas exchange cycle of the pseudoscorpion Garypus californicus, mean mass 5.9 mg, is rudimentary and is characterized by bursts of CO2 at frequencies ranging from 3.6 mHz at 15°C to 13.3 mHz at 35°C. The mean volume of CO2 emitted per burst is 3.6 µl g−1 at 25°C, about a tenth of the amount emitted by tracheate arthropods with a well developed discontinuous gas exchange cycle. Interburst CO2 emission is high and increases with temperature, reaching near 45% of total CO2 production rate at 35°C. No fluttering spiracle phase is evident. The metabolic rate of G. californicus at 25°C (8.4 µW) is typical of other arthropods. We infer from the high rate of interburst CO2 emission in G. californicus that trans-spiracular O2 partial pressure gradients are small and that spiracular conductance is correspondingly high, which may lead to high rates of respiratory water loss relative to arthropods with more stringent spiracular control and higher CO2 buffering capacity. The typical moist, hy...
Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXXIII: The FG syndrome. An X-linked recessive syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation

Three brothers and two of their male first cousins were affected with a previously apparently undefined multiple congenital anomaly, mental retardation syndrome which was designated the FG syndrome and which consists of variable growth problems with a disproportionately large head, characteristic appearance and minor anomalies, imperforate anus, mild to severe mental retardation and congenital hypotonia; pyloric stenosis, hypoplastic left heart, generalized dilatation of the urinary tract, cutaneous syndactyly of third and fourth fingers, and severe craniosynostosis were seen each in 1 patient. Partial agenesis of the corpus callosum seen in 1 patient is suspected in another on the basis of EEG abnormalities. 1 boy died neonatally with congenital heart disease, and 2 others of pneumonia at 20 and 23 months. The FG syndrome is an X-linked recessive condition; heterozygotes appear grossly normal.
Space-efficient tracking of persistent items in a massive data stream

Motivated by scenarios in network anomaly detection, we consider the problem of detecting persistent items in a data stream, which are items that occur "regularly" in the stream. In contrast with heavy-hitters, persistent items do not necessarily contribute significantly to the volume of a stream, and may escape detection by traditional volume-based anomaly detectors.We first show that any online algorithm that tracks persistent items exactly must necessarily use a large workspace, and is infeasible to run on a traffic monitoring node. In light of this lower bound, we introduce an approximate formulation of the problem and present a small-space algorithm to approximately track persistent items over a large data stream. Our experiments on a real traffic dataset shows that in typical cases, the algorithm achieves a physical space compression of 5x-7x, while incurring very few false positives (
ROLE OF COHERENT STRUCTURES IN AN ISOTHERMALLY REACTING MIXING LAYER

The effects of coherent structures on mixing and chemical reaction in a temporally growing plane mixing layer are studied by direct numerical simulations of an incompressible flow with binary, irreversible, isothermal reactions. ‘‘Rolls’’ and ‘‘ribs’’ (counter‐rotating longitudinal vortices connecting the nominally spanwise rolls) give rise to two distinctively different shapes for probability density functions (PDFs) of species concentration. It is found that roll stirring causes stationary or reverse marching PDF peaks, whereas rib stirring produces marching peaks. Deviation of the mean‐mixed fluid (MMF) concentration from the mean species concentration can be caused by transverse transport of species by roll stirring. The shape of the MMF curve can be determined by the counteracting effects of the ribs and rolls. The ribs can cause significant reaction enhancement: product generation in the braid can vary by a factor of 3 compared to that in the roll for the Schmidt numbers (0.07≤Sc≤0.7) and (first) Da...
The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women.

Objective Whereas gay culture's presumed emphasis on physical appearance may potentiate body dissatisfaction, lesbian culture's seeming lack of emphasis on appearance may protect against body dissatisfaction. We examined body dissatisfaction, associated psychosocial variables, and affiliation with the gay and lesbian community. Method: Self-report measures were administered to 257 subjects (69 lesbians, 72 heterosexual women, 58 gay men, and 58 heterosexual men). Results: Compared with heterosexual men, gay men reported significantly more body dissatisfaction and more distress in many of the psychosocial areas related to body dissatisfaction. In contrast, lesbians and heterosexual women did not differ in these areas. Although affiliation with the gay community was associated with body dissatisfaction in gay men, affiliation with the lesbian community was unrelated to body dissatisfaction in lesbians. Discussion: It seems that aspects of the gay community increase vulnerability to body dissatisfaction, yet the values of the lesbian community do not seem to be protective against body dissatisfaction. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Analysis of the Sources and Quantity of 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Specifically Bound to Nuclear Receptors in Rat Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum

Recent studies have indicated that there is rapid in vivo conversion of L-[125I]T4 to L-T3 in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum. These early studies showed significant quantities of [125I]T3 specifically bound to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. The amount of [125I]T3 relative to the simultaneously injected [125I]T3 in cell nuclei was greater in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than in other tissues examined, suggesting a major contribution of locally generated T3 to total nuclear T3 in these organs. The present studies have been performed to assess the relative contribution of both T3 sources, the plasma and local 5′-deiodination to the total mass of T3 specifically bound to the nuclear receptors of cerebral cortex and cerebellum in euthyroid rats in steady state conditions. To determine the maximal binding capacity of the nuclear receptors in these two tissues, rats were injected with increasing quantities of unlabeled T3 along with labeled T3. The maximal binding capacity of the nuclear receptors ...
The distribution of myelin basic protein in subcellular fractions of developing jimpy mouse brain.

— The amount of myelin basic protein in jimpy mutants and unaffected littermates was measured by radioimmunoassay during the period of most active myelination (11-21 days). This protein was examined in whole brain homogenates and in four subcellular fractions (nuclear, 900 g pellet; heavy membrane, 11,500 g pellet; microsomal, 100,000 g pellet; and cytosol, 100,000g supernatant solution). At all ages examined, the mutants, which have very little myelin in the CNS, had only about 2% the amount of basic protein found in controls. As expected, the amount of myelin basic protein increased 4-fold in the control animals during the developmental period studied. This was not the case in the jimpy mutants, where little increase in the whole brain basic protein was observed. In the jimpy mutants, all of the fractions had significantly less basic protein than control fractions, except the cytosol, where the amounts of basic protein were similar in controls and mutants. These results are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of myelination and the site of the genetic lesion.
Dental Therapists Might Not Have a Strong Impact on Overall Caries Incidence, but They May Be More Effective Than Dentists in Terms of Reducing the Level of Untreated Caries

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A systematic review of oral health outcomes produced by dental teams incorporating midlevel providers. Wright JT, Graham F, Hayes C, Ismail AI, Noraian KW, Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Hanson NB, Frantsve-Hawley J. J Am Dent Assoc 2013;144(1):75-91. Reviewers Elizabeth Phillips, PhD, H. Luke Shaefer, PhD Purpose/Question In populations where midlevel providers conduct irreversible procedures, is there a change in disease increment, untreated dental disease, or cost-effectiveness of dental care? Source of Funding None reported Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited quality patient-oriented evidence
Substrate-Guided Proteomics Enhances Degradome Resolution

High-throughput technologies offer unrecognized insights into the genesis of human disease, propelling innovation across a spectrum of biomedical specialties.1 The evolution of molecular diagnostics continues to shape deployment of modern therapies, including identification of markers of disease prognosis, predictors of therapeutic response, and determinants of optimal clinical management, all recognized cornerstones of modern medical practice.2 In the postgenomic era, proteomic paradigms have demonstrated particular utility in advancing the practice of personalized disease prediction, diagnosis, and therapy,3 with systems-based approaches facilitating functional deconvolution of proteomes despite their inherent biological complexity.4 The ever-expanding proteomics toolkit encompasses an array of sophisticated technologies with the flexibility to interrogate a totality of putative protein targets, thereby enabling systematic resolution of proteome structures and functions. Indeed, mapping and decoding of proteome landscapes in health and disease provide the foundation to iteratively collate, integrate, and prioritize large-scale raw data.5 Thus, high-throughput proteomics offers a robust, adaptable technological foundation from which to systematically comprehend the underpinnings of (patho)physiological processes. Article see p 106 Innovative proteomic methods are designed to separate and identify proteins with high fidelity and to assess protein abundance, structure, posttranslational modifications, and interactions, enabling charting of the global proteome (ie, the protein complement of a genome; Figure). Progress in proteomic research has benefitted from the application of stringent criteria in assigning peptide and protein identities for comprehensive proteome cartography, such that perturbed or modified subproteomes within reconstituted protein networks can now be extracted at unprecedented rates for interpretation of their biological relevance. Expansion of proteomic studies has also been propelled by the concomitant development of high-resolution, high-mass-accuracy instrumentation, together with next-generation bioinformatics platforms for data analysis and systems interpretation. Existing approaches, however, may fall short of offering adequate experimental solutions arising from particular protein physicochemical constraints, limiting the otherwise far-reaching …