cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of cardiac toxicity of zidovudine in infants.

Background Some evidence suggests that perinatal exposure to zidovudine may cause cardiac abnormalities in infants. We prospectively studied left ventricular structure and function in infants born to mothers infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in order to determine whether there was evidence of zidovudine cardiac toxicity after perinatal exposure. Methods We followed a group of infants born to HIV-infected women from birth to five years of age with echocardiographic studies every four to six months. Serial echocardiograms were obtained for 382 infants without HIV infection (36 with zidovudine exposure) and 58 HIV-infected infants (12 with zidovudine exposure). Repeated-measures analysis was used to examine four measures of left ventricular structure and function during the first 14 months of life in relation to zidovudine exposure. Results Zidovudine exposure was not associated with significant abnormalities in mean left ventricular fractional shortening, end-diastolic dimension, contractility, or mass in either non–HIV-infected or HIV-infected infants. Among infants without HIV infection, the mean fractional shortening at 10 to 14 months was 38.1 percent for those never exposed to zidovudine and 39.0 percent for those exposed to zidovudine (mean difference, −0.9 percentage point; 95 percent confidence interval, −3.1 to 1.3 percentage points; P=0.43). Among HIV-infected infants, the mean fractional shortening at 10 to 14 months was similar in those never exposed to zidovudine (35.4 percent) and those exposed to the drug (35.3 percent) (mean difference, 0.1 percentage point; 95 percent confidence interval, −3.7 to 3.9 percentage points; P=0.95). Zidovudine exposure was not significantly related to depressed fractional shortening (shortening of 25 percent or less) during the first 14 months of life. No child over the age of 10 months had depressed fractional shortening. Conclusions Zidovudine was not associated with acute or chronic abnormalities in left ventricular structure or function in infants exposed to the drug in the perinatal period.
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octa­fluorohexa­ne-1,6-diol. ­Corrigendum

In the paper by Feightner et al. [IUCrData (2020), 5, x200445], there was an error in the name of the title compound.
Impact of fertility concerns on endocrine therapy decisions in young breast cancer survivors

BACKGROUND The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer can have profound effects on a young woman's family planning and fertility, particularly among women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. METHODS The Young Women's Breast Cancer Study was a multicenter cohort of women aged 40 years or younger and newly diagnosed with breast cancer from 2006 to 2016. Surveys included assessments of fertility concerns, endocrine therapy (ET) preferences, and use. Characteristics were compared between women who reported that fertility concerns affected ET decisions and those who did not. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with having an ET decision affected by fertility concerns. RESULTS Of 643 eligible women with hormone receptor-positive, stage I to III breast cancer, one-third (213 of 643) indicated that fertility concerns affected ET decisions. In a multivariable analysis, only parity at diagnosis was significantly associated with fertility concerns affecting ET decisions (odds ratio for nulliparous vs ≥2 children, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 4.09-11.83; odds ratio for 1 vs ≥2 children, 5.30; 95% confidence interval, 3.03-9.87). Noninitiation/nonpersistence was higher among women with fertility concerns versus those without fertility concerns (40% vs 20%; P < .0001). Among women with fertility-related ET concerns, 7% (15 of 213) did not initiate ET, and 33% (70 of 213) were nonpersistent over 5 years of follow-up. Of these women, 66% (56 of 85) reported 1 or more pregnancies or pregnancy attempts; 27% (15 of 56) had resumed ET at the last available follow-up through 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Concern about fertility is a contributor to adjuvant ET decisions among a substantial proportion of young breast cancer survivors. Ensuring family planning is addressed in the setting of ET recommendations should be a priority throughout the cancer care continuum.
Evaluation of a mobile safety center's impact on pediatric home safety behaviors.

A Mobile Safety Center (MSC) provides safety resources to families to prevent pediatric injury. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of an MSC on home safety behaviors. We conducted a prospective observational study with 50 parents and guardians recruited at community events attended by an MSC. Participants completed a pre-test assessing demographics and home safety behaviors prior to participating in the MSC’s home safety educational program. We conducted follow-up with participants 4 weeks (follow-up 1) and 6 months (follow-up 2) after their visit to the MSC to reassess home safety behaviors. We used descriptive statistics in addition to Friedman, Wilcoxon sum-rank, and Fisher’s exact testing to analyze respondent demographics and changes in home safety practices. Friedman and Wilcoxon sum-rank testing was performed only for participants who completed all surveys. Of our 50 participants, 29 (58%) completed follow-up 1, 30 (60%) completed follow-up 2, and 26 (52%) completed both. Participants were more likely to have a fire-escape plan at follow-up 1 than on the pre-test (p = 0.014). They were also more likely to have the Poison Control Hotline number accessible in their cellphone or near a home phone at follow-up 1 compared to the pre-test (p = 0.002) and follow-up 2 compared to the pre-test (p < 0.001). Families with at least one household member who smoked or used e-cigarettes at any point during the study (n = 16 for the total population, n = 9 for those who completed both surveys) were less likely to have more than two smoke detectors installed at home during the pre-test (p = 0.049). However, this significantly changed across timepoints (p = 0.018), and while 44.4% reported more than two detectors during the pre-test, 88.9% reported this at both follow-ups. Home safety education through an MSC positively changed some reported safety behaviors and maintained these changes at long-term follow-up. By encouraging the adoption of better home safety practices, education at an MSC may decrease pediatric injury rates.
Physical Activity Intensity, Perceived Exertion, and Enjoyment During Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality Games

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the following: (1) the level of physical activity (PA) achieved during commercial active virtual reality (VR) games, and (2) which active VR g...
Teaching in a Lonely World: Educating Students About the Nature of Loneliness and Promoting Social Connection in the Classroom:

Introduction: Loneliness is an epidemic in the modern world, putting millions of people at risk of serious mental and physical health problems. Statement of the Problem: Despite its relevance to ma...
The Cosmos Virtual Data Center

The COSMOS VDC is a comprehensive, unrestricted, on-line, interactive strong ground-motion search engine for engineers, seismologists, and other earthquake professionals which implements a variety of search interfaces and allows users to preview data and configure design spectra overlays on response spectra. Users may download data files from data providers’ servers transparently through this web portal: http://db.cosmos-eq.org.
Spherical Bessel Functions of GL2(Fq2)

Abstract We study the spherical Bessel functions of generic representations of a reductive group over finite fields. We show that in the case of GL 2 ( F q 2 ), the relation between spherical Bessel functions and Bessel functions gives another characterization of the Shintani lifting.
FLUORESCENCE OF ADSORBED PROTEIN LAYERS: I. QUANTITATION OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION FLUORESCENCE.

Abstract A quantitative total internal reflection intrinsic fluorescence (TIRIF) method for determining the adsorption of proteins at optically suitable solid/liquid interface is presented. Intrinsic protein fluorescence is excited by evanescent part of the standing wave produced by total internal reflection. The TIRIF data are quantified using as an internal standard the fluorescence from nonadsorbed proteins which are present in the evanescent region. In order to account for the fraction of fluorescence excited by scattered light which propagates through and beyond the volume sensed by the evanescent wave, a set of nonadsorbing external standards has to be used. The combination of TIRIF and 125I-protein γ-photon detection system is described and applied to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human immunoglobulin (IgG) adsorption at silica/electrolyte interfaces. The difference between the results obtained with different adsorption detection systems is discussed. An average fluorescence emission efficiency of adsorbed proteins can be evaluated by combining TIRIF adsorption data with the independent in situ quantitation of protein adsorption. It was found that in some cases adsorbed proteins emit fluorescence with significantly lower quantum yield.
Differentiation-independent retinoid induction of folate receptor type β, a potential tumor target in myeloid leukemia

Folate receptor (FR) type beta is expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage, predominantly during neutrophil maturation and in myeloid leukemias. FR-beta expression was elevated up to 20-fold by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in KG-1 myeloid leukemia cells in a dose-dependent and reversible manner in the absence of terminal differentiation or cell growth inhibition. ATRA also increased FR-beta expression in vitro in myeloid leukemia cells from patient marrow. FR-beta was not up-regulated in KG-1 cells treated with phorbol ester, dexamethasone, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3), or transforming growth factor beta. ATRA did not induce FR-beta expression in receptor negative cells of diverse origin. The ATRA-induced increase in FR-beta expression in KG-1 cells occurred at the level of messenger RNA synthesis, and in 293 cells containing a stably integrated FR-beta promoter-luciferase reporter construct, ATRA induced expression of the reporter. From experiments using retinoid agonists and antagonists and from cotransfection studies using the FR-beta promoter and expression plasmids for the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha, RARbeta, or RARgamma, it appears that the retinoid effect on FR-beta expression could be mediated by ligand binding to RARs alpha, beta, or gamma, but not to retinoid X receptors. Furthermore, there was apparent cross-talk between RARalpha and RARgamma selective agonists or antagonists, suggesting a common downstream target for RAR isoforms in inducing FR-beta expression. Thus, blocks in the RARalpha-specific pathway of retinoid-induced differentiation may be bypassed during retinoid induction of FR-beta expression. The results suggest that to facilitate FR-targeted therapies, retinoids may be used to modulate FR-beta expression in myeloid leukemia cells refractory to retinoid differentiation therapy.
OBSERVATION AND SIMULATION OF MHD TURBULENCE IN THE SOLAR WIND

We present evidence from observations and simulations to show that the fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic and velocity fields are better described as dynamically evolving turbulence than as a superposition of noninteracting MHD waves. Spectral evolution, fluctuation anisotropics, and cross-helicity evolution are all better understood from the turbulence viewpoint. The picture that emerges from this work is that the interplanetary fluctuations are initially produced near the Sun as outward propagating Alfven waves, but are then mixed with inward propagating waves by a cascade from non-Alfvenic low wave numbers and dissipated at high wave numbers. In the outer heliosphere the cascade and dissipation rates decrease and become more nearly equal, producing a quasi-steady spectrum with a Kolmogoroff-like spectral index. The cascade from low wave numbers seems to be related to shear between and within interplanetary streams. The compressive fluctuations may be understood as largely consisting of density variations induced by the incompressive pressure fluctuations, with an additional component due to fast mode fluctuations.
Sointula, British Columbia: Aspects of a Folk Music Tradition as a Social Phenomenon

M. Burt Feintuch decrit une tradition vivante de musique folklorique dun petit village de peche en Colombie Britannique etabli par des colons finlandais.
Digital libraries for education: case studies

Digital libraries may have extraordinary impact on education, especially in Asia where vast communities could benefit from improved teaching and learning. We highlight opportunities and challenges, drawing upon three case studies. Thus, we explore how CITIDEL, a discipline-specific Digital Library for Education (DLE), oriented toward computing, has evolved, and constitutes a part of the US National Science Digital Library (NSDL), which includes over 160 projects. By way of contrast, we describe the grass-roots and low-cost global movement toward electronic theses and dissertations led by NDLTD. Summarizing lessons learned from these case studies, we suggest ways forward so that DLEs in Asia may engage the diverse stakeholders whose serious involvement can ensure sustainable success.
Innate Immune Memory: The Latest Frontier of Adjuvanticity

Recent findings in the field of immune memory have demonstrated that B and T cell mediated immunity following infections are enhanced by the so-called trained immunity. This effect has been most extensively investigated for the tuberculosis vaccine strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Epidemiological studies suggest that this vaccine is associated with a substantial reduction in overall child mortality that cannot be solely explained by prevention of the target disease but that it seems to rely on inducing resistance to other infections. Upon infection or vaccination, monocytes/macrophages can be functionally reprogrammed so as to display an enhanced defensive response against unrelated infections. Epigenetic modifications seem to play a key role in the induction of this “innate memory.” These findings are revolutionising our knowledge of the immune system, introducing the concept of memory also for mammalian innate immunity. Thus, vaccines are likely to nonspecifically affect the overall immunological status of individuals in a clinically relevant manner. As a consequence, future vaccine strategies ought to take into account the contribution of innate memory through appropriate design of formulations and administration scheduling.
Transitioning Existing Content: inferring organisation-specific documents

A definition for a document type within an organization represents an organizational norm about the way the organizational actors represent products and supporting evidence of organizational processes. Generating a good organization-specific document structure is, therefore, important since it can capture a shared understanding among the organizational actors about how certain business processes should be performed. Current tools that generate document type definitions focus on the underlying technology, emphasizing tags created in a single instance document. The tools, thus, fall short of capturing the shared understanding between organizational actors about how a given document type should be represented. We propose a method for inferring organization-specific document structures using multiple instance documents as inputs. The method consists of heuristics that combine individual document definitions, which may have been compiled using standard algorithms. We propose a number of heuristics utilizing artificial intelligence and natural language processing techniques. As the research progresses, the heuristics will be tested on a suite of test cases representing multiple instance documents for different document types. The complete methodology will be implemented as a research prototype
Augmented Hebbian reweighting accounts for accuracy and induced bias in perceptual learning with reverse feedback

Using an asymmetrical set of vernier stimuli (-15″, -10″, -5″, +10″, +15″) together with reverse feedback on the small subthreshold offset stimulus (-5″) induces response bias in performance (Aberg & Herzog, 2012; Herzog, Eward, Hermens, & Fahle, 2006; Herzog & Fahle, 1999). These conditions are of interest for testing models of perceptual learning because the world does not always present balanced stimulus frequencies or accurate feedback. Here we provide a comprehensive model for the complex set of asymmetric training results using the augmented Hebbian reweighting model (Liu, Dosher, & Lu, 2014; Petrov, Dosher, & Lu, 2005, 2006) and the multilocation integrated reweighting theory (Dosher, Jeter, Liu, & Lu, 2013). The augmented Hebbian learning algorithm incorporates trial-by-trial feedback, when present, as another input to the decision unit and uses the observer's internal response to update the weights otherwise; block feedback alters the weights on bias correction (Liu et al., 2014). Asymmetric training with reversed feedback incorporates biases into the weights between representation and decision. The model correctly predicts the basic induction effect, its dependence on trial-by-trial feedback, and the specificity of bias to stimulus orientation and spatial location, extending the range of augmented Hebbian reweighting accounts of perceptual learning.
Excipients in Oral Antihistamines Can Perpetuate Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Propylene glycol is a well-documented causative agent of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). It is also reported to cause systemic dermatitis after ingestion of foods or medicines containing it and after intravenous injection of a medicine with propylene glycol in its base. We describe two adolescents with sensitivity to propylene glycol confirmed by patch testing whose dermatitis improved dramatically after cessation of oral antihistamines containing propylene glycol. We report these cases to alert providers to the potential for worsening of ACD due to systemic exposure to propylene glycol in patients with a cutaneous sensitivity to the allergen.
Conventional shop control procedures to approximate JIT inventory performance in a job shop

A two-stage simulation analysis shows that for certain types of manufacturers it is more appropriate to adjust shop control procedures to approximate just-in-time (JIT) inventory rather than to incur a major overhaul in the production system. In the first stage, screening experiments are performed to select the best dispatching rule, allowance-setting rule, batch size, and cycle time. Next, the performance of the selected conventional shop control factors is compared with the kanban simulation results. The results indicate that there are conventional shop control procedures that perform better than JIT in a job shop. It is observed that, even with adequate capacity, bottleneck areas surface due to fluctuation in the shop load. JIT is not appropriate in such a situation. The paper concludes that all shop control approaches do not perform equally well in a good manufacturing environment.
Toward an informational model of the organization: communication transmission metrics

Organizations are spending an increasing amount of their budgets on the communication infrastructure. At the same time, the solutions are becoming less defined with more technologies available and accessible. Organizations must develop an informational model and a comprehensive set of metrics to measure the flows of information within and between organizations. This paper will propose and explain a framework for communication transmission metrics as a portion of the informational model. The contribution of this paper is the structure, variable categories and the integration of the metrics for representing the communication infrastructure.
Demonstration of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil thread-like structures in spinal cord white matter in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam and in Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

This report concerns the demonstration and distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), immunoreactive neuropil thread-like structures and dots in the spinal cord gray and white matter of six patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam and five patients with Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A monoclonal antibody to Alzheimer NFTs was used. NFTs were found in the spinal cord gray matter and white matter and all patients had immunoreactive neuropil thread-like structures and dots in the gray matter as well as in the white matter. They were particularly numerous in the lateral funiculus of patients with Guamanian ALS.
Pushing the envelope for cultural appropriateness: does evidence support cultural tailoring in type 2 diabetes interventions for Mexican American adults?

Purpose—This study explores the potential utility of a culturally tailored diabetes management intervention approach by testing associations between acculturation and diabetes-related beliefs among Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods—Data from 288 Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes were obtained via a bilingual, telephone-administered survey. Participants were drawn from a stratified, random sample designed to obtain maximum variability in acculturation. The survey assessed diabetesrelated beliefs, intervention preferences, and three acculturation constructs from the Hazuda acculturation and assimilation scales: Spanish use, value for preserving Mexican culture, and interaction with Mexican Americans. Results—Only one outcome, preference for a program for Mexican Americans, was associated with all three acculturation variables. Spanish use was positively associated with belief in susto as a cause of diabetes, preference for expert-driven health guidance, and involvement of others in taking care of diabetes. Value for preserving Mexican culture was related to a more holistic view of health, as evidenced by an increased likelihood of consulting a curandero, use of prayer, and interest in a diabetes program with religious content. Value for cultural preservation was also related to higher suspicion of free diabetes programs. Interaction with Mexican Americans was associated with a belief that insulin causes blindness. Conclusions—Findings from this study suggest distinct relationships between acculturation constructs and diabetes-related beliefs and preferences, this arguing against use of a single acculturation construct to determine diabetes intervention design. Cultural tailoring may enhance the cultural appropriateness and ultimate effectiveness of diabetes interventions for Mexican American adults.
Current strategies for retarding progression of renal disease.

Abstract Physiological insights gained in the 1980s into mechanisms of disease progression in experimental chronic nephropathies established the basis for therapeutic interventions to retard the progression of chronic renal disease in humans. In the 1990s, several large-scale clinical trials have confirmed the renoprotective effects of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies. Other studies have afforded strong support for the efficacy of dietary protein restriction in certain settings and underscored the importance of blood pressure control in proteinuric individuals. These interventions form the core of current strategies designed to preserve kidney function in patients with chronic renal disease. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jan;31(1):161-70)
Operation and intracavitary photodynamic therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma: A phase II study☆

Abstract From April 1991 to May 1993,23 patients entered a phase II clinical study of surgical resection and adjuvant intracavitary photodynamic therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Two days preoperatively, patients received an intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of the photosensitizer Photofrin. Six patients underwent a pleuropneumonectomy, and 15 patients a pleurectomy, after which intracavitary photodynamic therapy was administered. A total light energy dose of 20 to 25 J/cm 2 was given. In 2 patients the tumor was unresectable due to intrapericardial invasion. Postoperative complications were noted in more than 50 percent of patients; 2 patients died of postoperative complications. Postoperative survival was analyzed according to intraoperative staging proposed by the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging, published in 1992. The overall estimated median survival is 12 months; that of stage III and IV patients is 7 months. Five patients with stage I and II diseases (who had grossly complete resection by pleurectomy) are alive, disease-free, for 11, 17, 18, 21, and 33 postoperative months. Intraoperative staging is important in carrying out further clinical studies of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
A Developmental Role for the Heterotrimeric G Protein Goαin a Migratory Population of Embryonic Neurons

Abstract The heterotrimeric G proteins are an extended family of guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins that serve essential functions in the mature nervous system but whose contributions to neuronal development remain poorly understood. We have investigated the potential role of one specific G protein, Go α , in the control of neuronal migration. During embryogenesis of the moth, Manduca sexta, an identified population of undifferentiated neurons (the EP cells) migrate along sets of visceral muscle bands to form part of the enteric nervous system. Previously, immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of Go α -related proteins in the EP cells during migration. We have now verified this result, using probes derived from the Go α gene in Manduca. A clone containing the full-length coding domain for Go α was sequenced from a Manduca cDNA library; digoxigenin-labeled probes were then made from this clone and used to examine the developmental expression of the Go α gene during embryogenesis. Go α -specific transcripts could first be detected in the EP cells several hours before the onset of their migration. The level of Go α expression in all of the EP cells continued to increase during migration, but subsequently was down-regulated in a subset of the postmigratory neurons at the time of their terminal differentiation. This pattern of regulated expression is consistent with the distribution of Go α -related protein in the EP cells. We also used a semi-intact culture preparation of staged embryos to investigate the effects of G protein-specific toxins on the migratory process. Intracellular injections of the wasp toxin mastoparan, a specific activator of Go α - and Gi α -related proteins, inhibited the migration of individual EP cells. Injections of pertussis toxin (an inhibitor of Go α and Gi α ) or cholera toxin (a selective activator of Gs α ) had no effect on migration, although pertussis toxin treatments did cause a measurable increase in the subsequent outgrowth of axonal processes. However, co-injection of mastoparan with pertussis toxin blocked the inhibitory effects of mastoparan alone. These results suggest that Go α -coupled signaling events within the EP cells may down-regulate their migratory behavior, possibly in response to inhibitory cues that normally guide migration in the developing embryo.
Investigation of thick-target neutron emission from Be-9(d, n)B-10 AT Ed = 7 MeV for angles other than zero degrees

Abstract Double-differential measurements of neutron emision from a thick beryllium target bombarded with 7-MeV deuterons are made for neutrons above 800 keV, over the angular range of 0 to 155 deg. The angular dependence of the neutron yield is found to be quite anisotropic. The importance of this anisotropy in integral neutron-induced reaction corss-section investigations is illustrated.
Gravity and the hydrosphere: new frontier

Abstract Satellite gravity measurements expected in the next few years will provide unprecedented views of the Earth's gravity field and, given sufficient duration, its changes with time. Gravity changes directly reflect changes in the masses of the ocean (thus allowing the separation of steric (heat induced) and non-steric contributions to sea-level rise), the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the water stored in the continents. Not only can measurements of those changes provide a truly global integrated view of the Earth, they have, at the same time, sufficient spatial resolution to aid in the study of individual regions of the Earth. These data should yield information on water cycling previously unobtainable and be useful to both fundamental studies of the hydrologic cycle and practical assessments of water availability and distribution. Together with complementary geophysical data, satellite gravity data represent a new frontier in studies of the Earth and its fluid envelope.
Colorado Crop to Cuisine

Direct marketing opportunities are experiencing renewed interest across the country as small or specialized agricultural producers look for appropriate distribution strategies for their niche and value-added products. This, together with continued growth in the food service industry, led to interest in and development of a Northern Colorado producer direct marketing effort targeting chefs. This case study details the early stages of development for this project, its marketing successes and the constraints and limitations that continue to challenge its economic feasibility.
Racial Differences in Breast Cancer in a Rural Population: Comparison of Cytologic Nuclear Grade, Other Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes for Tumors Diagnosed by Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

: African-American women with breast cancer experience shortened survival compared to their Caucasian counterparts in the United States. Racial differences in survival most likely have a biological component that may be reflected in cytologically and histologically derived tumor features known as prognostic factors. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is an expeditious method of determining these features; however, patients presenting for FNAB may be clinically different from patients diagnosed by other methods. We determined and compared FNAB NG for 47 breast cancers from African-American patients and 62 breast cancers from Caucasian patients. FNAB NG was also compared to other prognostic factors. Prognostic factors and outcomes for patients diagnosed by FNAB were compared to a larger group of patients diagnosed by a variety of methods. The mean follow up time was 2.3 years for African-American FNAB patients and 2.2 years for Caucasians. Breast cancers from African-American patients exhibited more unfavorable prognostic factors than cancers from Caucasians, including higher NGs by FNAB and histology. FNAB nuclear grade correlated with histologic grade, histologic NG, tumor type, tumor size, and stage. There was no correlation with outcome in this small sample size. Caucasians diagnosed by FNAB in this study had more unfavorable prognostic factors than have previously been reported. We confirmed that African-American women with breast cancer tend to have less favorable prognostic factors than their Caucasian counterparts. We further confirmed that FNAB NG is easily determined and correlated with other prognostic factors. African-American patients with breast cancer diagnosed by FNAB no longer showed a survival disadvantage compared to Caucasian patients.
The Effects of Plasticity in Adhesive Fracture

An energy-balance analysis is presented for adhesive failure in end loaded cantilever beams. The analysis includes the effects of input work, stored strain energy, dissipated plastic energy, and specific adhesive surface energy. Experimental results obtained with 6061-T6 aluminum are presented as evidence for the validity of the approach.-
The ‘Seven’ Last Words: A Numerical Motivation for the Insertion of Luke 23.34a

Luke 23.34a, ‘Father forgive them for they know not what they do’, has been a textual conundrum in text criticism. The weight for the external evidence points to the probability that this logion of Jesus from the cross was not in the earliest manuscript of Luke. What motivation then led to this saying being added to the text of Luke? In this article, the argument is made that a numerical motivation is at the heart of the addition. Luke 23.34a was added in order that there be seven sayings and not six that Jesus spoke from the cross. This issue arose as the four Gospels were collected together and read as one narrative of the life, ministry, and passion of Jesus.
Injury Responses to Different Surfactants in Ventilated Premature Lamb Lungs

The lung of the preterm infant is easily injured and an initial indication of the injury is an inflammatory response. Surfactant treatment and gentle ventilation will minimize the initiation and progression of injury. We asked if the initial lung injury response differed when preterm ventilated lambs were treated with complete natural sheep surfactant, a lipid extract of sheep surfactant, a surfactant used to treat RDS (Survanta®), or a synthetic surfactant containing recombinant SP-C (Venticute®). We used a gentle style of ventilation and a positive end expiratory pressure of 4 cmH20 to minimize injury. The surfactants were not distinguishable based on gas exchange, compliance or lung gas volumes over the 6h ventilation period. When compared with unventilated controls the ventilated lambs had increased protein and inflammatory cells in alveolar lavages. The cells from the alveolar lavages produced more H202, expressed more surface adhesion antigens and CD-14 receptors, and expressed more mRNA for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 than did cells from unventilated lungs. Lung tissue expressed primarily increased IL-6 mRNA relative to unventilated controls. However, there were no consistent differences in any of the inflammatory indicators between the different surfactant treated groups. Because endotoxin free natural surfactant containing SP-A was not superior to three other surfactants containing differing amounts of the surfactant proteins, additions of these proteins to clinical surfactants may not decrease the indicators of lung inflammation that accompany the initiation of ventilation of the preterm lung.
Interrupted aortic arch in a child with trisomy 5q31.1q35.1 due to a Maternal (20;5) balanced insertion

Complex congenital heart defects (CHD) are associated with a variety of single gene abnormalities and chromosomal rearrangements. Of the various forms of CHD, aortic arch interruption, a conotruncal heart defect, is relatively uncommon. Here we report a male neonate with aortic arch interruption type B, secundum atrial septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic and subaortic stenosis, and trisomy 5q31.1q35.1 resulting from a maternal balanced insertion (20;5). Chromosomal deletions, including deletion 22q11, have been reported with interrupted aortic arch (IAA); however, to our knowledge this is the first report of a trisomy of distal chromosome 5q associated with aortic arch interruption. Here we compare this child's features to other cases of trisomy 5q31.1q35.1, and review other causes of IAA. We conclude that gene dosage in this chromosomal region likely influences aortic arch development.
Place-to-Place Migration in Colombia

The determinants of lifetime and recent place-to-place migration in Colombia are investigated using unpublished data from the 1973 census. The data cover 12 zones (rural and urban segments of 6 regions) and are analyzed for the population as a whole and for eight specific demographic groups including four educational categories and the two sexes. "The basic proposition is that areas economic opportunities play a central role in determining the spatial allocation of the population....The results give strong support to the economic model of migration overall and in explaining differences in migration behavior among demographic groups." (EXCERPT)
Multiple sclerosis with initial stroke-like clinicoradiologic features: case report and literature review.

A 17-year-old male presented with sudden onset of persistent focal neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a nonenhancing white matter lesion that appeared hyperintense on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence and diffusion-weighted imaging, while hypointense on apparent diffusion coefficient mapping corresponding to the patient’s clinical features. A smaller subclinical lesion was also present. The patient’s history, radiographic findings, and initial hospital course including response to treatment appeared supportive of a stroke diagnosis. However, a rapid recovery from his severe neurological deficits and results of subsequent serologic testing strongly indicated a demyelinating condition. The onset of adolescent multiple sclerosis can present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, especially when the initial demyelinating event resembles an acute stroke in clinical and radiographic presentation. Every effort should be made to distinguish these diagnoses as early as ...
Antibody−Antigen Exchange Equilibria in a Field of an External Force: Design of Reagentless Biosensors

This correspondence presents a new strategy for detecting biological molecules that relies on competitive exchange interactions of an analyte with two-component molecular tethers attaching superparamagnetic microspheres (4 μm in diameter) to a sensor surface. The individual tethers consist of an antibody−antigen complex and are designed to selectively detect antigenic proteins in a sensitive reagentless fashion. In order to impart a driving force to the otherwise free energy neutral antibody−antigen exchange equilibrium, a small mechanical force of ∼10 pN was applied to stretch the antibody−antigen tethers using a massively parallel magnetic tweezers device. The experimental work was carried out with human cardiac troponin I. This serum heart attack marker was used as an example of analytes of credible relevance to biomedical diagnostics. The initial results illustrate the functioning of a cardiotroponin sensor and offer a preliminary estimate of its sensitivity of 16 pM.
Reaction Kinetics of a Condensation Polymer between 1,10-Dibromodecane and Hexamethylenediamine: Scale-Up Considerations

The end point, rates of reaction, and heat of reaction have been determined for the reaction of 1,10-dibromodecane and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, which forms a moderately cross-linked polymer useful as a bile acid sequestrant in the treatment of elevated cholesterol. The parameters have been used to predict scale-up of the polymerization from the laboratory to pilot plant and full-scale production. A novel application of a bromide-specific electrode analytical method was developed to determine the extent of polymerization.
X-ray microbeam mapping of microtexture related to fatigue crack asperities in Al-Li 2090

Abstract In certain orientations, Al–Li 2090 T8E41 cracks more slowly in fatigue than other aluminum alloys due to roughness-induced closure linked to the average texture or macrotexture. For this application, three-dimensional, non-destructive measurement of microtexture and strain evolution within samples was developed using synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microbeam diffraction; its use in mapping the microtexture of fatigue crack asperities in Al–Li 2090 are reported. Groups of adjacent grains with nearly identical orientations were found at numerous locations in the plate centers, and this type of “mesotexture” appeared closely tied to asperity formation. Changing arrangements of 111 diffraction spots relative to the samples' rolling and crack propagation directions are found to correspond to the transitions between a relatively planar section of the crack and an adjacent asperity.
Assessing gender inequality in the Turkish pension system

Since the 1990s, the welfare regime in Turkey has become more market-oriented. The introduction of the Individual Pension System (IPS), a privately managed defined contribution scheme, is part of this process. This paper uses an autoregressive stochastic model in order to show the total effect of specific disadvantages, such as a shorter working life, less earnings, longer life expectancy, real wage growth, administrative cost and risk aversion, on the retirement benefits of women in Turkey. Using an actuarial model, the article aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the gender gap in the Turkish defined contribution scheme.
Inferential control of processes: Part I. Steady state analysis and design

Methods are presented for the design of a static estimator which infers unmeasurable product qualities from secondary measurements. The secondary measurements are selected so as to minimize the number of such measurements required to obtain an accurate estimate which is insensitive to modeling errors. Unlike previous work, the number of secondary measurements can be fewer than the number of unmeasured disturbances. If the statistics of the disturbances and/or measurement noise are available, this information can be incorporated into the design procedure to obtain an optimal static estimator. The design procedure is illustrated by application to a simulated industrial debutanizer. Data for the simulation were supplied by the Marathon Oil Company. Deviations in bottoms product quality are compared for the current control policy (maintenance of a stage temperature at its set point) and the inferential control system with the column subjected to representative feed composition disturbances. Results show that inferential control based on four, five, or six tray temperature measurements improves the steady state control performance by as much as 400%.
The application of zero-range potentials to the electronic properties of footballene, C60

Abstract We have used the experimental value of the first special transition from molecular beam studies of C 60 to determine the one parameter in a semi-empirical method that couples zero-range potentials with the free electron method. The method then allows the estimation of three other spectral transition energies and the relative spacing of five photoionization peaks. These results an excellent qualitative match and even a reasonable quantitative match of the nine transitions with the theoretical values. The one fitted parameter is the strength of the zero-range potential. All other semi-empirical quantities entering the calculation are geometric in nature. Because of the high sphericity of the molecule, two electron integrals are easily calculated within the model, and we obtain estimates of 0.83 eV for the 1 T lu to 3 T lu splitting, 1.9 eV for the electron affinity, and 11.2 eV for the second ionization potential. Variations in the charge distribution lead to the conclusion that, inclusing the σ electrons, there are 60 bonds with order 1.321 and 30 with order 1.359. The success of the treatment strongly suggests that simple geometry dominates much of the physics of C 60 .
Beyond Junctions: Nonlocal form Constraints on Motion Interpretation:

Because of the aperture problem, local motion measurements must be combined across space. However, not all motions should be combined. Some arise from distinct objects and should be segregated, and some are due to occlusion and should be discounted because they are spurious. Humans have little difficulty ignoring spurious motions at occlusions and correctly integrating object motion, and are evidently making use of form information to do so. There is a large body of theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the importance of form processes involving junctions in the way motion is integrated. To assess the role of more complex form analysis, we manipulated nonlocal form cues that could be varied independently of local junctions. Using variants on diamond and plaid stimuli used in previous studies, we found that manipulations distant from the junctions themselves could cause large changes in motion interpretation. Nonlocal information often overrides the integration decisions that would be expected from local cues. The mechanisms implicated appear to involve surface segmentation, amodal completion, and depth ordering.
Video reconstructions in dentistry.

Structured Abstract Authors –Farag AA, Eid A Objectives – To present two practical techniques for three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the human jaw from a sequence of intra-oral images. Design – A data acquisition system consists of: 3D digitizing arm, CCD camera and a laser projector in addition to a software module of two 3D modeling techniques; shape from shading (SFS) and space carving (SC). Setting and sample population – Several experiments have been conducted on a sample of students at the Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) Laboratory at the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Other experiments were performed on solid models of human jaw. Experimental variable – The SFS technique, using perspective projection and camera calibration, extracts the 3D information from a sequence of two-dimensional images of the jaw. Data fusion of range data and 3D registration techniques develop the complete jaw model. The SC approach is implemented on a sequence of calibrated images. On the two reconstructions, we fit a mesh model to the data, in order to create a solid 3D model. Outcome measure – The accuracy of the reconstructed 3D model of human jaw is calculated based on the measurements on real jaws. Results – The SFS-based technique seems to provide more faithful information about the shape of the tooth tops. However, the SC algorithm successfully reconstructed 3D models of the human jaw with sub-millimeter accuracy, which is as accurate as (or even better than) the first technique without using any range measurements or laser projectors. The average error in distance calculation was found to be 0.74 mm, which is an acceptable resolution for many orthodontics and maxillofacial applications. Conclusion – Accurate 3D reconstruction of the human jaw enables many orthodontics and dental imaging research findings to be applied directly to a digital jaw model – not to a cast – using computer vision and medical imaging tools.
Evidence that caspase-1 is a negative regulator of AMPA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation at hippocampal synapses.

Best known for their pivotal role in a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis, caspases may also function in more subtle physiological processes. Caspases are present in synapses and dendrites of neurons where they can be activated in response to glutamate receptor stimulation and calcium influx. Here we tested the hypothesis that caspase-1 plays a role in modulating long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal synapses. We provide evidence that caspase-1 plays a role in regulating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated calcium influx and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. LTP of excitatory postsynaptic potentials at CA1 synapses was significantly enhanced when hippocampal slices were treated with either a pan-caspase inhibitor or a selective inhibitor of caspase-1, but not by an inhibitor of caspase-6. Inhibition of caspase-1 significantly enhanced the AMPA current-mediated component of LTP without affecting the N-methyl-d-aspartate current-mediated component. Calcium responses to AMPA were enhanced in hippocampal neurons treated with a caspase-1 inhibitor suggesting that caspase-1 normally functions to reduce AMPA receptor-mediated calcium influx. These findings suggest that, by selectively reducing AMPA currents and calcium influx, caspase-1 functions as a negative regulator of LTP at hippocampal synapses.