cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chemically induced chromosome loss in a diploid, triploid, and tetraploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Triploid and tetraploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were constructed and the spontaneous loss during mitosis of one, two or three copies of chromosome VII was determined. In one strain, a triploid (VM2) in which expression of the recessive alleles can be observed only after loss of two copies of chromosome VII (3N-2), the spontaneous frequency of chromosome loss was lower than in the diploid D61.M. In another strain, a tetraploid (VM4) that also requires the loss of two copies of chromosome VII for observation (4N-2) of the recessive alleles, the spontaneous frequency was slightly higher than in the diploid D61.M. The spontaneous frequency of other genetic events (that is, mutation, recombination or chromosome breakage) were lower by 2–3 orders of magnitude than in the diploid strain D61.M. Induction of chromosome loss and other genetic events by nocodazole, ethyl acetate, hydroxyurea and ethyl methanesulfonate was determined in D61.M, VM2, and VM4, and the results were compared. Nocodazole and ethyl acetate induced chromosome loss in both the triploid and the tetraploid strains at lower concentrations than required in the diploid. These compounds also induced elevated frequencies of other genetic events in both the triploid and the tetraploid strains but not in the diploid. Hydroxyurea induced elevated frequencies of chromosome loss in the diploid and the tetraploid. Frequencies of chromosome loss in the triploid treated with hydroxyurea, although elevated, are based on observation of very few colonies of the correct phenotype. Ethyl methanesulfonate failed to induce chromosome loss in any of the three strains. Hydroxyurea and ethyl methanesulfonate did, however, induce very high frequencies of other genetic events.
Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Pressure Chambers to Induce Triploidy in Saugeyes

Abstract The production of sterile, triploid saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus × male sauger S. canadensis) for aquaculture and recreational fisheries depends on the availability of a technique for large-scale induction of triploidy with more than 50% survival of hatched embryos. This study aims to provide preliminary data and observations on the use of a 2.7-L-capacity electric pressure chamber (TRC Hydraulics, Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada) for producing triploid saugeyes for stocking into Ohio waters. Small-scale experiments tested the effects of a 4-min initiation followed by 5–16 min at 9,000 psi (lb/in2; 6.89 psi = 1 kPa) on the induction of triploidy and survival of saugeye embryos produced using the TRC chamber and a manually operated 1-L pressure chamber (Aquacenter, Leland, Mississippi). There were no differences in survival to the eyed egg stage of pressure-shocked saugeye embryos (4.9–18.2%) produced using the two pressure chambers for each set of parameters tested. Survival in the contr...
TH-B-I-618-02: Fluoroscopy Acceptance Testing: Test Procedures & Performance Criteria

The primary goal of this presentation is to examine appropriate physics testing procedures for modern fluoroscopy equipment. Modern systems may contain new features like significant copper filtration, flat panel image receptors, and various automated systems which affect their performance characteristics. Regardless, fluoroscopy acceptance testing should be divided into the following categories: mechanical components, radiation measurements, electronic control features, image quality, software selections, regulatory compliance, display monitors, PACS systems and safety concerns. The mechanical system tests should include: the central beam alignment, isocenter accuracy, collimation accuracy, 3‐D rotational imaging and system component motion. Radiation tests should at least measure patient entrance surface and image receptor input exposure rates determined with a range of attenuation materials (either acrylic slabs or the NYS metallic attenuators). The protection against scattered radiation should be evaluated for the more penetrating x‐rays of modern units. Electronic control checks should include: kVp accuracy, Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) operations, examination of radiation pulse widths & frequency and true Field‐of View (FoV) sizes. Image quality measurements should include high contrast resolution employing both bars patterns and screen meshes; the effects of filtration, magnification, detector element (del) and focal spot blur will be discussed. Low contrast measurements often utilize an aluminum penetrameter, ACR fluoroscopy phantom and different contrast‐detail devices. The impacts of software features upon image quality like frame averaging, dynamic range compression, contrast adjustment and edge enhancement are important. Regulatory compliance may involve new criteria for HVL, and modern equipment can sometimes present difficulties with measurement of some parameters. Display monitor performance can be determined with light meter measurements and subjective evaluations using test patterns. PACS checks involve image transmission, archival storage and retrieval without degradation. Safety checks involve the assessment of various collision sensors, interlocks, electrical safety and other features. This presentation is directed towards providing insights, limitations and approaches to physics assessments of modern fluoroscopy systems.
Qualitative urinalyses in puppies 0 to 24 weeks of age.

Suggestions for interpreting qualitative urinalyses from puppies have been based on limited results obtained in the laboratory setting. Proteinuria, glucosuria, and decreased concentration of urine have been considered normal in puppies 1.030. There was no difference in the frequency of positive protein or occult blood dipstick results among age groups, and there were no positive glucose, ketone, bilirubin, or urobilinogen reactions in any samples analyzed. Urine sediment results are reported for 41 samples. Epithelial cells and white blood cells were the most common sediment findings in these 41 voided samples, observed in 34 (83%) and 18 (44%) samples, respectively. Crystals were observed in 15 (37%) samples, whereas casts, bacteria, and red blood cells were observed less commonly.
Hybrid variance reduction techniques using antithetic sampling, control variates and stratified sampling

Abstract Variance reduction techniques are of much interest to simulation practitioners. However, they typically present formidable difficulties in their implementation, and are, therefore, not widely used. These difficulties stem from the lack of well defined application procedure for the various techniques which are available. The research discussed in this paper focuses on the development of procedures for the application of hybrid variance reduction techniques which combine antihetic sampling, control variates and stratified sampling. Application results are provided which illustrate the application of these procedures in the context of a particular problem class, the stochastic shortest route problem. Additional discussion is also provided concerning the use of these procedures in other system classes, including any assumptions which may be required.
Opto-μECoG array: Transparent μECoG electrode array and integrated LEDs for optogenetics

In this work, we developed an integrated Opto-μECoG array, which allows multi-channel, bi-directional interaction with neurons. The Opto-μECoG array comprises a 6×5 distribution of epidural microelectrodes (~200 μm diameter) for electrical recording and embedded light emitting diodes (LEDs) for optical neural stimulation. Transparent electrodes were fabricated with indium tin oxide (ITO). Commercially available LED chips were self-assembled on a flexible polymer substrate as light sources. Parylene C served as the main structural and packaging material for flexibility and biocompatibility. Electrical and optical characteristics of the fabricated device were studied and in-vivo experiments were performed to investigate the efficacy of the device.
Adaptive Neural replication and resilient control despite malicious attacks

In this paper, an Adaptive Neural Control (ANC) architecture is used for system replication and control within a Resilient Control framework. A dynamic model is chosen for our plant and a “maliciously attacked” plant. A Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) architecture is used to replicate and control the plant to match an ideal reference system. At certain time, we replicate a malicious attack by changing plant parameters, injecting false data, or altering sensor data. This attacked plant is then replicated and controlled to match the reference system. Simulations were carried out to show that accurate system replication and resilient control is possible using adaptive neural networks.
VEHICULAR ENERGY LOSSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRAVERSAL OF AN UNEVEN ROAD

SUMMARY The energy losses which derive from the vibratory phenomenon experienced by a motor vehicle when It traverses an Irregular road surface have been examined. The study has revealed that there are, at least, four “dynamic” energy-loss mechanisms contributing to vehicular rolling resistance. Specifically, it was determined that the energy losses associated with the dynamic deflection of the tire and the stroking of the suspension damper are predicted reasonably well by a linear mass-spring-damper model of a motor vehicle traversing an uneven road surface at constant speed. The energy losses attributable to impacts between tire and road become significant only when the speed is very high or the road is very rough. Finally, measurements have shown that the angular accelerations associated with time-varying radial deflections of the tire will cause an energy loss when the shear forces required to accelerate or decelerate the wheel become larger than can be sustained by the frictional coupling prevailing ...
Bicycle Helmet Use among Children in Hillsborough County, Florida

Abstract The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data of children's bicycle helmet use in a large, demographically diverse Florida county. Observational surveys of bicycle helmet use among children were conducted. Sixty census tracts and 120 observation sites were used for this study. Eight-hundred-forty-one children were observed. Thirty children, or 3.6 percent of the sample, were observed wearing helmets. No adults accompanying children wore helmets. Twenty-eight of the 30 children who wore helmets rode bicycles in the highest income census tracts. A child was significantly more likely to wear a helmet if a child companion wore a helmet (p = .000). Results of this study show a need for health educators to participate in children's bicycle helmet promotion efforts in this county. A comprehensive educational and legislative approach should be considered.
Effect of calcium on the structure and functional response of the starfish ovary to radial nerve factor

The effects of calcium-free sea water (CaFSW) on the starfish ovarian structure and on ovarian responsiveness to radial nerve factor (RNF) were studied following in vitro incubation. Incubation of ovaries in CaFSW resulted in a progressive elongation of the entire ovary and the dispersion of follicular cells from around the oocytes contained within the ovary. The changes in ovarian length but not the follicular cell detachment were reversible when ovaries were placed in sea water containing calcium. Addition of Mg++ or Na+ to CaFSW did not prevent ovarian elongation or follicular cell dispersal. Strontium ions prevented and reversed ovarian elongation when added to CaFSW; however, follicular cell dispersion was not inhibited. The oocyte shedding, normally induced by RNF, was prevented by maintaining the ovary in CaFSW. The degree of shedding inhibition was dependent upon the duration of washing in CaFSW. RNF did not prevent or reverse the ovarian elongation induced by CaFSW. The inhibitory action of CaFSW on RNF-induced oocyte shedding could be reversed by the addition of Ca++ or Sr++ but not by the introduction of Mg++ or Na+. The degree of reversibility was dependent upon the concentration of Ca++ ions. The data strongly indicate that contractile tissue in the ovarian wall is important in mediating oocyte shedding in response to RNF.
Frontal white matter reductions in healthy males with complex stereotypies

The pathophysiologic mechanism for stereotypic, bilateral repetitive movements involving the arms and hands (complex motor stereotypies) is unknown. This study used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging to compare cerebral lobes and caudate nucleus in six males with complex stereotypies and average intelligence to age-matched control subjects. Results indicated volumetric reductions in frontal white matter, disproportionate to total cerebral white volume, and in the left and right caudate nuclei. These preliminary data suggest a possible dysfunction of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry in children with nonautistic, physiologic motor stereotypies.
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and adjacent valleys, northeastern Nevada

Seismic-reflection and borehole data along with crustal-scale refraction/reflection data provide new evidence for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and Huntington, Ruby, and Lamoille valleys. Analyses of these data suggest: (1) along the western flank of the Ruby Mountains an early stage of upper-crustal extension provided accommodation space for deposition of apparently synextensional strata; (2) the oldest sedimentary rocks in the developing basin along the western flank of the Ruby Mountains are middle Eocene in age, suggesting that active upper-crustal extension and early basin formation in northeastern Nevada began at least by that time; (3) Ruby Valley is bounded by high-angle, east-dipping normal faults on the west and a relatively low-angle, west-dipping normal fault on the east; (4) crustal thicknesses beneath the eastern flank of the Ruby Mountains do not reflect local topographic relief and estimated amounts of extension; and (5) adjacent to the range, maximum thicknesses of basin-fill sedimentary rocks do not directly reflect maximum amounts of exhumation of the Ruby Mountains. Together, these observations suggest that either preexisting crustal roots (subsequently dissipated), or middle- or lower-crustal flow prior to and during extension, were involved in evolution of the core complex.
Intracranial vascular surgery.

Purpose of review To review the recent literature on intracranial vascular surgery, to summarize the main findings, and to discuss the impact of these findings on clinical practice. Recent findings Three areas of vascular neurosurgery literature have recently generated significant interest, controversy and heated debate: (1) The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms studied the natural history and treatment options of unruptured aneurysms, and reported surprisingly low aneurysm rupture rates for small asymptomatic aneurysms. The study also reported favorable morbidity rates for endovascular treatment compared with surgical treatment of unruptured aneurysms. (2) The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial compared endovascular and surgical treatments for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The study concluded that the outcome in terms of survival free of disability at one year was significantly better with endovascular coiling. (3) The Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial compared intraoperative hypothermia and normothermia for potential neuroprotection during neurovascular procedures. Preliminary results suggest no difference between the treatments. Summary The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms and the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial have provided data on the natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and on the morbidity and mortality of surgical and endovascular treatments for intracranial aneurysms. Although morbidity rates of endovascular therapy compare favorably with those of surgery, long-term data on the efficacy of endovascular coiling of aneurysms are needed to assess the overall risk-benefit ratio of these therapies.
Stable isotope probing in biodegradation research

Stable isotope probing (SIP), coupled with advances in genomics and analytical chemistry, is leading to major progress in biodegradation research. A recent paper describes the use of SIP to determine the primary member of a complex community that is responsible for naphthalene catabolism in situ. SIP is being widely adopted in biodegradation research and will, when combined with metagenome sequencing and biodegradation database information, continue to provide new insights into complex microbial environments.
A study of the effectiveness of a workplace violence intervention for small retail and service establishments.

OBJECTIVE:: Examine the effectiveness of a robbery and violence prevention program in small businesses in Los Angeles. METHODS:: Gas/convenience, liquor and grocery stores, bars/restaurants, and motels were enrolled between 1997 and 2000. Intervention businesses (n = 305) were provided training, program implementation materials, and recommendations for a comprehensive security program. Control businesses (n = 96) received neither training nor program materials. RESULTS:: Rate ratios comparing intervention to control businesses were 0.90 for violent crime (95% confidence limits [CL] = 0.53, 1.53) and 0.81 for robbery (95% CL = 0.38, 1.73). The reduction in violent crime was concentrated in high-compliance intervention businesses (risk ratio = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.40, 1.36). Low-compliance intervention businesses had practically the same postintervention crime as the control businesses. CONCLUSIONS:: Our results suggest that the workplace violence intervention may reduce violent crime among high-risk businesses, especially those with high program compliance. Language: en
Factors modifying mutation frequency patterns detected after irradiation of Drosophila melanogaster males.

Abstract The frequency of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations detected in matings made immediately after irradiation of 3-day-old males which have mated twice just prior to irradiation is significantly lower than the mutation frequency observed when virgin 3-day-old males are irradiated with the same dose. A similar reduction in mutation frequency is also observed when 7-day-old premated males are irradiated, but the reduction is not so pronounced as in the case of 3-day-old males. The effect of mating prior to irradiation is simply to reduce the number of fully mature sperm present in the male in comparison with the number found in a virgin male of the same age; however, the number of immature sperm is not affected. Therefore, premating decreases the proportion of fully mature to immature sperm present in the male at the time of irradiation. The reduction in mutation frequency that is associated with premating irradiated males can be explained by the higher intrinsic mutability of fully mature as compared with less mature sperm; it cannot be explained by recovery from genetic effects of irradiation. This conclusion is supported by the fact that withholding irradiated virgin 3-and 7-day-old males from mating for 24 or 48 h also reduces the mutation frequency, but only to a level intermediate between that observed in the first mating immediately after irradiation of virgin males of comparable age, and that observed from matings made 24 to 48 h later, if in the meantime the males have been allowed to mate repeatedly. The change in frequency of mutations detected at successive intervals after irradiation is a dynamic reflection of the progress of spermatogenesis, as germ cells having different mutabilities because they were at different stages of development at the time of irradiation are sampled one after another.
Superimposition of postnatal calorie restriction protects the aging male intrauterine growth-restricted offspring from metabolic maladaptations.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in dysregulated glucose homeostasis and adiposity in the adult. We hypothesized that with aging, these perturbations will wane, and superimposition of postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) on IUGR [intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction (IPGR)] will reverse the residual IUGR phenotype. We therefore undertook hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, energy balance, and physical activity studies during fed, fasted, and refed states, in light and dark cycles, on postweaned chow diet-fed more than 17-month aging male IUGR, PNGR, and IPGR vs. control (CON) rat offspring. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp revealed similar whole-body insulin sensitivity and physical activity in the nonobese IUGR vs. CON, despite reduced heat production and energy expenditure. Compared with CON and IUGR, IPGR mimicking PNGR was lean and growth restricted with increased physical activity, O(2) consumption (VO(2)), energy intake, and expenditure. Although insulin sensitivity was no different in IPGR and PNGR, skeletal muscle insulin-induced glucose uptake was enhanced. This presentation proved protective against the chronologically earlier (5.5 months) development of obesity and dysregulated energy homeostasis after 19 wk on a postweaned high-fat diet. This protective role of PNGR on the metabolic IUGR phenotype needs future fine tuning aimed at minimizing unintended consequences.
A framework for national alcohol programmes in developing countries.

Summary Beverage alcohol's per capita production and consumption have been rising throughout developing areas. Many of the countries involved have been previously free from the social, health and economic problems that are now accompanying the production and consumption growth. In order to conceptualize and deal with the problems, particularly from an economic perspective, there is need for an analytic framework that could serve as a basis for policy analysis. The effort herein is to provide such a framework, one that could assist policymakers in determining what, if any, remedial steps to take. Some steps that might be prudent to take from the perspective of improving levels of health and the means of development in poorer countries could be inconsistent with entrenched economic interests, both foreign and domestic. Such potential contradictions highlight the need for an appropriate analytic focus on the problems.
Photosynthetic Phosphorylation in the Presence of Spinach Phosphodoxin

The isolation and purification of a new substance named phosphodoxin from photosynthetic organisms was described recently (7, 8). Phosphodoxin is a naturally occurring thermostable, water-soluble compound(s) which catalyzes photophosphorylation with both chloroplasts and chromatophores in the absence of exogenous electron acceptors. This report will present further properties of spinach phosphodoxin and the effects of spinach phosphodoxin on some photochemical reactions catalyzed by spinach chloroplast fragments.
A function-based access control model for XML databases

XML documents are frequently used in applications such as business transactions and medical records involving sensitive information. Typically, parts of documents should be visible to users depending on their roles. For instance, an insurance agent may see the billing information part of a medical document but not the details of the patient's medical history. Access control on the basis of data location or value in an XML document is therefore essential. In practice, the number of access control rules is on the order of millions, which is a product of the number of document types (in 1000's) and the number of user roles (in 100's). Therefore, the solution requires high scalability and performance. Current approaches to access control over XML documents have suffered from scalability problems because they tend to work on individual documents. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XML access control through rule functions that are managed separately from the documents. A rule function is an executable code fragment that encapsulates the access rules (paths and predicates), and is shared by all documents of the same document type. At runtime, the rule functions corresponding to the access request are executed to determine the accessibility of document fragments. Using synthetic and real data, we show the scalability of the scheme by comparing the accessibility evaluation cost of two rule function models. We show that the rule functions generated on user basis is more efficient for XML databases.
Spatializing Gender Performativity: Ecstasy and Possibilities for Livable Life in the Tragic Case of Victoria Arellano

This essay argues that spaces where we become ecstatic produce possibilities for subversive performativity. To illustrate, I analyze the case of Victoria Arellano, a transgender HIV positive migrant who died while in Immigration and Customs Enforcement detention and the subversive gendered responses other detainees consequently enacted. This case study not only demonstrates how performativity codifies norms in ways that literally prevent survival, but it also highlights the necessity of considering space and ecstasy to understand the subversive potential of gender performativity.
Cooperative signaling for angiogenesis and neovascularization by VEGF and HGF following islet transplantation.

Background Delayed angiogenesis remains a significant challenge to the survival of transplanted islets. In this study, using a murine model of subcutaneous islet transplantation with matrigel basement membrane matrix, we determined the role of the proangiogenic growth factors in enhancing the islet engraftment. Methods BALB/c islets were transplanted subcutaneously in growth factor reduced (GFR) or growth factor supplemented (GFS) matrigel into diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. GFS matrigel was prepared by supplementing GFR with proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The functioning grafts were harvested at 15 days and vessel formation was analyzed histopathologically. Results Our results demonstrate that suboptimal (250) islet equivalents in GFS-VEGF+HGF were able to restore normoglycemia, whereas those transplanted in GFR failed to reverse diabetes. Histopathology of the GFS-VEGF+HGF graft revealed 12±3 blood vessels per field, whereas GFR, GFS-VEGF, and GFS-HGF grafts had only 3±1, 6±2, and 4±1 blood vessels, respectively. Insulin staining demonstrated increased number of islets in matrigel supplemented with VEGF and HGF. Protein and mRNA analysis demonstrated enhanced intercellular adhesion molecule and vascular cell adhesion molecule within the islets when supplemented with both VEGF+HGF suggesting stable blood vessel formation. Transcription factors focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation were also increased (8-fold and 4.6-fold, respectively) when both the growth factors were present. There was weak expression of transcription factors when VEGF or HGF were supplemented alone. Conclusion We conclude that proangiogenic growth factors, VEGF and HGF, synergistically enhance angiogenesis after islet transplantation leading to stable engraftment.
Key handling with control vectors

A method is presented for controlling cryptographic key usage based on control vectors. Each cryptographic key has an associated control vector that defines the permitted uses of the key within the cryptographic system. At key generation, the control vector is cryptographically coupled to the key via a special encryption process. Each encrypted key and control vector is stored and distributed within the cryptographic system as a single token. Decryption of a key requires respecification of the control vector. As part of the decryption process, the cryptographic hardware also verifies that the requested use of the key is authorized by the control vector. This paper focuses mainly on the use of control vectors in cryptosystems based on the Data Encryption Algorithm.
Prehension synergies during nonvertical grasping, II: Modeling and optimization

This study examines various optimization criteria as potential sources of constraints that eliminate (or at least reduce the degree of) mechanical redundancy in prehension. A model of nonvertical grasping mimicking the experimental conditions of Pataky et al. (current issue) was developed and numerically optimized. Several cost functions compared well with experimental data including energylike functions, entropylike functions, and a ‘‘motor command’’ function. A tissue deformation function failed to predict finger forces. In the prehension literature, the ‘‘safety margin’’ (SM) measure has been used to describe grasp quality. We demonstrate here that the SM is an inappropriate measure for nonvertical grasps. We introduce a new measure, the ‘‘generalized safety margin’’ (GSM), which reduces to the SM for vertical and two-digit grasps. It was found that a close-to-constant GSM accounts for many of the finger force patterns that are observed when grasping an object oriented arbitrarily with respect to the gravity field. It was hypothesized that, when determining finger forces, the CNS assumes that a grasped object is more slippery than it actually is. An ‘‘operative friction coefficient’’ of approximately 30\% of the actual coefficient accounted for the offset between experimental and optimized data. The data suggest that the CNS utilizes an optimization strategy when coordinating finger forces during grasping.
Examining the Tropical Pacific's Response to Global Warming

The response of the tropical Pacific to increasing greenhouse gases represents an exciting intersection of theory, modeling, and observations. In this article, we contrast competing theories for the response of the tropical Pacific to global warming, illustrate the utility of models for understanding and reconciling these theories, and highlight the need for improved instrumental and paleoclimatic reconstructions to better evaluate the fidelity of current model projections. There is a long-standing debate in the climate community as to how the tropical Pacific will respond to increased greenhouse gases: Will the structure of changes in the ocean surface temperature more closely resemble an El Nino or a La Nina [e.g., Knutson and Manabe, 1995; Clement et al., 1996; Meehl and Washington, 1996; Cane et al., 1997; Cobb et al., 2003; Collins et al., 2005; Vecchi et al., 2006; Zhang and Song, 2006]? This distinction is of profound significance because conditions in the tropical Pacific affect a range of weather phenomena including tropical cyclone activity, global patterns of drought and flood, agricultural productivity, and oceanic biological activity. The debate extends beyond global warming, with El Nino- and La Nina-like responses being invoked as frameworks for interpreting past climate changes on timescales of centuries to millions of years [e.g., Koutavas et al., 2002; Stott et al., 2002; Mann et al., 2005; Wara et al., 2005].
Enabling advanced environmental conditioning with a building application stack

There is enormous potential for building-focused applications to improve operation and sustainability, both for classical uses like modeling or fault detection as well as innovative ones like occupant-driven control or grid-aware energy management. We show that a building application stack - that addresses shortcomings of existing antiquated architectures by democratizing sensor data, constructing a framework for reliable and fault-tolerant operation of concurrent applications, and establishing an application programming interface to promote portability throughout the building stock - enables development of advanced applications. We observe the growing importance of applications that integrate sensors and actuators from the building infrastructure with those from “add-on” networks, and show how this design pattern is further empowered by the architecture. To prove the efficacy of the approach, we implement two advanced environmental conditioning applications on a large, commercial building that was not designed for either of them: a demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) system for balancing air quality considerations and energy use in conference and class room settings and a demand-controlled filtration (DCF) system for conserving recirculating fan energy in an intermittently occupied cleanroom setting. The DCV application is able to reduce air quality threshold violations by over 95% and concurrently reduce ventilation energy consumption by over 80%, while the DCF application can reduce recirculating fan power consumption by half with no repercussions on air quality when the room is occupied. Further, the portability of these applications highlights the potential of the architecture to enable widespread and rapid application development throughout the building stock.
Isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament: 5-year follow-up study:

During the period 1967 to 1971, 64 cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, had surgical repair for isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. In a 5-year follow-up study to determine the functional impairment, present disability, and reinjury to the knee, 32 of the 64 patients were located and evaluated by radiographic examination and either by interview or by questionnaire. Twenty-two were commissioned to full duty. 23 had attended ranger or airborne school, and 16 had been in combat. Impairment of ordinary activities was noted by 12 and impairment of athletic endeavors by 24; pain by 71%; swelling by 66%; stiffness by 71%; and instability by 94%. Seventeen of the 32 had had a significant reinjury after the repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clinically, we can diagnose the isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament by four essential ingredients--a pop at time of injury, inability to continue participation, gross swelling of knee, and maximal swelling within 12 hr. The mechanism of injury is usually deceleration and change of direction, not contact with another player. The follow-up study on this small series indicates that the patients have progressive deterioration of the knee.
Resistance and Resilience of A Stream Salamander To Supraseasonal Drought

Drought represents a significant stressor to aquatic animals. However, empirical data regarding the response of many aquatic animals, particularly amphibians, to drought are limited. The southeastern United States experienced a supraseasonal drought in 2007-2008, which provided an opportunity to examine the resistance and resilience of salamanders to drought. In this study, we used 5 yr of presence-absence data at 17 first-order streams and 61 mo of mark-recapture data at one stream to examine the effects of drought on occupancy and vital rates of the salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Northern Dusky Salamander). We tested three hypotheses regarding the effects of drought: larvae would decrease in occupancy during drought conditions, but adult occupancy would remain stable; adult temporary emigration rates would be greatest during supraseasonal drought conditions; and adult survivorship would be equal or nearly equal during nondrought conditions and drought conditions due to higher rates of temporary emigration. We found that adult salamander occupancy remained stable through the 5 yr of sampling; however, larval salamander occupancy decreased by an average of 30% during the supraseasonal drought. We found that adult temporary emigration probabilities were twice as high during supraseasonal drought conditions than during nondrought or typical drought conditions. Monthly survival of adults was relatively high during nondrought (S ¼ 0.89 6 0.02), typical drought (S ¼ 0.97 6 0.02), and severe drought conditions (S ¼ 0.90 6 0.01). Our findings suggest that high survivorship of adult D. fuscus likely buffers the negative effects of drought on larvae and high rates of temporary emigration allow adult salamanders to be resilient to supraseasonal drought conditions.
The Bondsman's New Clothes: The Contradictory Consciousness of Slave Resistance on the Swahili Coast

The most fruitful approaches to the study of slave resistance in the New World have involved examination of the slaves' struggles to create and control institutions of community and kinship in the face of planters' attempts to suppress local social reproduction altogether. Africanists who would attempt similar analysis of rebellious slave consciousness are hampered by the tradition of functionalist anthropology which dominates studies of African culture, especially Miers and Kopytoff's thesis of the integrative nature of African slavery. By contrast, more class-oriented approaches to studies of African slave resistance assume too stark a division between the consciousness of slaves and the consciousness of masters. It is suggested that Gramsci's concepts of hegemony and contradictory popular consciousness can be used to reconcile the cultural sensitivity of the first approach with the concern of the second for issues of domination and struggle. Thus a more nuanced view of slave consciousness might be reached.The case studied involves resistance to the rapid rise of sugar plantations on the northern Tanzania coast in the late nineteenth century. Miers and Kopytoff's model of the ‘reduction of marginality’ is modified to accommodate a process of conflict, as slaves struggled to gain access to institutions of Swahili prestige and citizenship and as their masters struggled to exclude them. Analysis of a large-scale slave rebellion in 1873 reveals that the consciousness of the rebels was couched in the local ‘traditional’ language of a moral economy of patrons and clients. Although this language was expressive of some of the hegemonic ideas of the emergent planter class, it was also openly rebellious. It expressed neither a slave class-consciousness nor simply the ideology of the dominant planter class but was instead a contradictory consciousness of the type that Gramsci discerned in other movements of agrarian rebellion.
Using electronic networks in management and executive learning

This paper describes how a required MBA course used Lotus Notes and the Internet to provide an enriched learning experience. The class simulated a consulting firm that sent teams on five virtual projects and assignments: “Virtual business China” examined potential Internet business opportunities in China; “ABB” was a conventional case used to develop and apply an organizational effectiveness audit template but all discussions occurred through groupware; “Global Electronics Corp.” was an Internet‐based case; “The forum” was in‐basket exercise that provided students with an experience in managing the social, political, and ethical dimensions of business; “Industry analysis” was a conventional group project that examined the information technology industry. Conclusions are drawn from experiences with this approach.
Inclement Weather and Traffic Flow at Signalized Intersections: Case Study from Northern New England

Gridlock along arterial systems in New England is often the result of adverse weather conditions, which can render the normal signal plans unsuitable. The current study has two main objectives: (a) to assess the impact of inclement weather on traffic flow parameters at signalized intersections in northern New England and (b) to evaluate the likely operational benefits of implementing special timing plans for inclement weather conditions. A signalized intersection in Burlington, Vermont, was selected, and at least 30 h of videotaped data were collected over a period of 3 months. The weather and road surface conditions were categorized into six different classes, and values for the saturation headways and start-up lost times were collected and statistically analyzed. A signalized collector was then selected as a case study for evaluating the likely benefits of developing special timing plans for inclement weather. Optimal signal plans were developed for the corridor for the six different weather conditions. The likely benefits of the special plans were then determined by comparing travel conditions under the optimal inclement weather timing plans with conditions assuming the optimal dry-condition plan would remain unchanged. The study reveals that inclement weather has a significant impact on saturation headways, particularly once slushy conditions start. Start-up lost time, however, does not appear to be significantly affected by inclement weather. The study also shows that there are benefits to be expected from implementing special signal plans for inclement weather.
Emergence of order in an oscillated granular layer

Our experiments on a vertically oscillated granular layer reveal that spatial patterns emerge in two stages following a change of parameter into the pattern-forming regime: an initial, domain-forming stage and a later stage in which domains coarsen to form ultimately an extended regular pattern. We characterize the evolution ofthe pattern using a “disorder f unction” 5
Combinations of Intervention Treatments Resulting in 5-Log10-Unit Reductions in Numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 Organisms in Apple Cider

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently mandated a warning statement on packaged fruit juices not treated to reduce target pathogen populations by 5 log10 units. This study describes combinations of intervention treatments that reduced concentrations of mixtures of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strains ATCC 43895, C7927, and USDA-FSIS-380-94) or Salmonella typhimurium DT104 (DT104b, U302, and DT104) by 5 log10 units in apple cider with a pH of 3.3, 3.7, and 4.1. Treatments used were short-term storage at 4, 25, or 35 degrees C and/or freeze-thawing (48 h at -20 degrees C; 4 h at 4 degrees C) of cider with or without added organic acids (0.1% lactic acid, sorbic acid [SA], or propionic acid). Treatments more severe than those for S. typhimurium DT104 were always required to destroy E. coli O157:H7. In pH 3.3 apple cider, a 5-log10-unit reduction in E. coli O157:H7 cell numbers was achieved by freeze-thawing or 6-h 35 degrees C treatments. In pH 3.7 cider the 5-log10-unit reduction followed freeze-thawing combined with either 6 h at 4 degrees C, 2 h at 25 degrees C, or 1 h at 35 degrees C or 6 h at 35 degrees C alone. A 5-log10-unit reduction occurred in pH 4.1 cider after the following treatments: 6 h at 35 degrees C plus freeze-thawing, SA plus 12 h at 25 degrees C plus freeze-thawing, SA plus 6 h at 35 degrees C, and SA plus 4 h at 35 degrees C plus freeze-thawing. Yeast and mold counts did not increase significantly (P < 0.05) during the 6-h storage at 35 degrees C. Cider with no added organic acids treated with either 6 h at 35 degrees C, freeze-thawing or their combination was always preferred by consumers over pasteurized cider (P < 0.05). The simple, inexpensive intervention treatments described in the present work could produce safe apple cider without pasteurization and would not require the FDA-mandated warning statement.
Hall-Petch relationship in pulsed laser deposited nickel films.

Thin-film mechanical properties can be measured using nanoindentation combined with detailed finite element modeling. This technique was used for a study of very fine grained Ni films, formed using pulsed-laser deposition on fused silica, sapphire, and Ni substrates. The grain sizes in the films were characterized by electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties were determined by ultra-low load indentation, analyzed using finite element modeling to separate the mechanical properties of the thin layers from those of the substrates. Some Ni films were deposited at high temperature or annealed after deposition to enlarge the grain sizes. The observed hardnesses and grain sizes in these thin Ni films are consistent with the empirical Hall–Petch relationship for grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers to as small as 10 nm, suggesting that deformation occurs preferentially by dislocation movement even in such nanometer-size grains.
The Religious Roots of the First Amendment: Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State. By Nicholas P. Miller. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. xviii, 242. $35.00.)

A familiar assertion in modern scholarship is that religious liberty and separation of church and state are the fruits of secular Enlightenment thought, which triumphed in America in the face of re...
Member State Liability in Europe and the United States

The European Community (EC) and the United States have contrasting approaches to the place of member state liability to private parties as a remedy for the violation of the law of the union. The EC recognizes a general doctrine of member state liability in damages for violations of EC law, while American states generally possess sovereign immunity from private damage claims for violations of federal law. This contrast is paradoxical, as one would expect the U.S., a better established and more powerful federal polity, to have fewer concerns about the imposition of state liability than the less powerful and more fragile EC. A cluster of differences between the EC and the U.S. helps to account for this paradox. These differences include the factual circumstances of their respective seminal cases; the historical settings in which they arose; civil law systems' greater hospitality to governmental liability as compared to common law systems; stronger political control over judicial appointments in the U.S.; and EC member states' stronger safeguards against unwelcome federal legislation. Collectively, these differences help to explain why state liability was deemed more important to the center and less threatening to the member states in the European Community than in the U.S.
Catamenial pneumothorax: optimal hormonal and surgical management.

Objective: To provide further information addressing the etiology, optimal hormonal management and surgical management in catamenial pneumothorax (CP). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed records of all female patients operated on for spontaneous pneumothorax at a university hospital between January 1993 and March 2002. Results: In eight of 24 patients, pneumothoraces were timed with menses. In all, the right side was involved. Seven patients were on hormonal medications pre-operatively and six post-operatively. All six patients taking estrogen/progesterone replacement had recurrences pre-operatively and two of three had recurrences post-operatively while on these medications. No patient suffered a pneumothorax either pre- or post-operatively while taking a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (two and three patients, respectively). Intraoperative findings included diaphragmatic implants [5] diaphragmatic fenestrations [4], apical blebs [2] and visceral pleural implants [2]. All pathology was specifically addressed at the time of surgery. Pleural space management included mechanical pleurodesis in seven and pleurectomy with talc insufflation in 1. Follow-up ranged from 27 to 63 months with a mean of 48 months. Three patients developed post-operative recurrences. One was managed without intervention and two required additional procedures. Conclusion: Catamenial pneumothorax is under appreciated, representing up to one-third of women with spontaneous pneumothorax. Hormonal agents that allow for menses are ineffective. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists should be considered as part of the preoperative or post-operative management in high risk patients. Our findings suggest that an additional intervention to augment pleural symphysis at the level of the diaphragm should be performed. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.