cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Size Distribution of Whirlpool-Generated Droplets, their Ability to Contain Bacteria and their Deposition Potential in the Human Respiratory Tract

Bacterial respiratory infections have been associated with a variety of water sources. The transmission of the bacteria from the water to the air and then to the human respiratory system requires the generation of water droplets small enough to reach and be deposited in the respiratory tract, yet large enough to contain the bacteria and keep them in a viable condition. A number of outbreaks of disease have been studied in which a transmission mechanism of this type has been hypothesized. In recent years, the most noted disease of this type has been Legionnaires’ disease and its variant, Pontiac fever. It appears that little attempt has been made so far to measure the sizes of liquid aerosols that have disease potential. Measurements of the sizes and concentrations of liquid droplets equal in size or larger than the suspected bacteria would confirm that a source-receptor relationship exists for the disease-carrying bacteria in these outbreaks.
Mercurial diuretics in toxemia of pregnancy with sodium and potassium studies.

Abstract 1. 1. One hundred cases of pre-eclampsia in which mercurial diuretics were used in therapy are presented. Benefit, as evidenced by weight loss and/or increased urinary output, is evaluated. 2. 2. Sodium and potassium studies on blood and urine of 39 normal and 29 pre-eclamptic pregnant patients are reported, demonstrating: 2.1. a. Almost identical lowered serum sodium levels in both these groups as compared to nonpregnant normal individuals. 2.2. b. A decreased excretion of sodium and potassium in urine in both groups, especially marked in the pre-eclamptic patients. 3. 3. Studies of sodium and potassium in the blood and urine of 24 pre-eclamptic patients before and after receiving injections of a mercurial diuretic are reported, demonstrating a marked increase in sodium output after administration of the mercurial.
Mechanisms of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Intestinal Colonization

The serotype associated most frequently with Salmonella, a diarrheal disease, is Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Serotype Typhimurium infection in calves is an excellent model for the intestinal pathology, host response, and disease syndrome observed in humans. The interaction of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium with the intestinal mucosa in calves and humans results in the recruitment of neutrophils whose presence is the histopathologic hallmark for the acute phase of Salmonella-induced enterocolitis. This neutrophilic infiltrate is associated with necrosis of the upper mucosa in large areas of the terminal ileum and colon. Serotype Typhimurium initiates interaction with epithelial cells by causing the formation of membrane ruffles, a process that results in bacterial internalization. This invasion process is mediated by a type III secretion system (T3SS-1) encoded by genes located on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. The main function of the T3SS-1 is to translocate effector proteins into the cytosol of a host cell. Persistence of serotype Typhimurium in the mesenteric lymph nodes has also been described for apparently healthy cattle. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of serotype Enteritidis does not contain the O4 antigen but instead carries a tyvelose branch (O9 antigen) as the immunodominant epitope on the trisaccharide backbone of its O-antigen repeat unit.
Unconscious Fantasy in Psychotherapy

Recent decades have seen the growth of an extensive literature reassessing the nature and role of unconscious fantasy. While this literature represents a wide range of psychodynamic theories, some consistent themes have emerged: A comprehension of unconscious fantasy as a pervasive molder of all perception and meaning; a recognition of the stabilizing, anxiety-damping role of unconscious fantasy; a valuation of symptoms as the maladaptive intrusion of unconscious fantasy into everyday life; and a view of progress in psychotherapy as entailing modifications in the structure and/or penetrance of dominant fantasies. The broad-based interest in unconscious fantasy reflects a wide consensus that a focus on unconscious fantasy promises to establish a more solid epistemological foundation for psychodynamic theory, to relate more immediately psychodynamic theory to clinical observation, including providing more incisive and comprehensive insights into motivation, and to yield a more profound understanding of the nature of the therapeutic process and the dynamics of psychological growth. While there is some consensus on the ineluctable molding of perception and memory by unconscious fantasy, questions remain concerning the relationship of an event to its psychological integration, most notably questions regarding to what extent particular traumas yield distinctive patterns of fantasy and pathology. Further answers to these questions will provide deeper insights into how fantasy shapes our path through the world and how that path may be redirected by psychotherapy.
The cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Doxorubicin (DOX; Adriamycin, ADRIA Laboratories, Dublin, OH) is used in a wide variety of malignancies.* Its cardiotoxicity is primarily related to cumulative dose, although it can also cause acute cardiac dysfunction. DOX cardiotoxicity can present in three ways3: (1) Acute effects. These occur during and shortly (within hours) after bolus administration, and consist primarily of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias4 ECG changes occurring most commonly include: ST-T segment changes; decrease in voltage; T-wave flattening; and atria1 and ventricular ectopy.5 Rarely, fatal ventricular dysrhythmias occur.6 These effects are transient and occur in up to 40% of patients being administered bolus DOX. The dysrhythmias do not appear to be dosage or schedule dependent, and do not appear to be related to the development of cardiomyopathy. With the exception of the documentation of malignant cardiac dysrhythmias, the development of transient ECG changes is usually not an indication to discontinue DOX. (2) Subacute effects. These are noted within days or weeks of administration, are rare, and consist of toxic myocarditis or pericarditis.3 This has been primarily documented with daunorubicin.4a7 (3) Chronic ef-
Promoting weight loss methods in parenting magazines: Implications for women

ABSTRACTWeight gain before and after pregnancy is important for women’s health. The purpose of this study was to assess articles and advertisements related to weight loss in three widely read parenting magazines, “Parenting School Years,” “Parenting Early Years,” and “Parenting,” which have an estimated combined readership of approximately 24 million (mainly women readers). Almost a quarter (23.7%, n = 32) of the 135 magazine issues over a four year period included at least one feature article on weight loss. A variety of topics were covered in the featured articles, with the most frequent topics being on losing weight to please yourself (25.2%), healthy ways to lose weight (21.1%), and how to keep the weight off (14.7%). Less than half (45.9%) of the articles displayed author credentials, such as their degree, qualifications, or expertise. A fifth (20.0%, n = 27) of the magazines included at least one prominent advertisement for weight loss products. Almost half (46.9%) of the weight loss advertisements ...
Sedimentation and Flotation

Waters and wastewaters typically contain particulate matter ranging from a few microns to centimeters in diameter, although the actual size distribution is often highly variable. One of the most common methods for the removal of particulate matter from waters and wastewaters is simple gravity settling, often referred to as “sedimentation.” In water and wastewater treatment, four general classes of sedimentation can occur: Type 1, discrete settling; Type 2, flocculent settling; Type 3, hindered or “zone” settling; and Type 4, compression settling. In Type 1 settling, particles settle individually with no interparticle interactions. Consequently, no change in particle size occurs (i.e., floc formation). This system is often analyzed using Stokes' Law, based on a force balance on a single particle settling in a viscous medium under laminar flow conditions. Keywords: gravity settling; sedimentation; Stokes' law; flocculent settling
A free boundary problem for steady small plaques in the artery and their stability

Abstract Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide; it originates from a plaque which builds up in the artery. In this paper, we consider a simplified model of plaque growth involving LDL and HDL cholesterols, macrophages and foam cells, which satisfy a coupled system of PDEs with a free boundary, the interface between the plaque and the blood flow. We prove that there exist small radially symmetric stationary plaques and establish a sharp condition that ensures their stability. We also determine necessary and sufficient conditions under which a small initial plaque will shrink and disappear, or persist for all times.
Advanced Reaction-Diffusion Models for Texture Synthesis

Since the introduction of texture synthesis using a reaction-diffusion model in the early 1990s, their use has not been widespread. This is likely due to both the difficulty in selecting parameters that result in stable, useful patterns as well as the computational costs of producing these patterns. In this paper we present techniques that help overcome the difficult parameter selection process that controls the pattern development. In addition, we expand the basic diffusion model to allow for shaped patterns. Finally, we show that it is possible to create multiple and oscillating patterns by coupling two reaction-diffusion systems together. These techniques have been implemented using both explicit and semi-implicit solutions on a CPU and GPU.We provide sample source code of both implementations online.
Theme-based teaching of point-of-care ultrasound in undergraduate medical education

A handful of medical schools have developed formal curricula to teach medical students point-of-care ultrasound; however, no ideal method has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to assess an innovative theme-based ultrasound educational model for undergraduate medical education. This was a single-center cross-sectional study conducted at an academic medical center. The study participants were 95 medical students with minimal or no ultrasound experience during their third year of training. The educational theme for the ultrasound session was “The evaluation of patients involved in motor vehicle collisions.” This educational theme was carried out during all components of the 1-day event called SonoCamp: asynchronous learning, the didactic lecture, the skills stations, the team case challenge and the individual challenge stations. Assessment consisted of a questionnaire, team case challenge, and individual challenges. A total of 89 of 95 (94 %) students who participated in SonoCamp responded, and 92 % (87 of 95) completed the entire questionnaire before and after the completion of SonoCamp. Ninety-nine percent (95 % CI, 97–100 %) agreed that training at skill stations helped solidify understanding of point-of-care ultrasound. Ninety-two percent (95 % CI, 86–98 %) agreed that theme-based learning is an engaging learning style for point-of-care ultrasound. All students agreed that having a team exercise is an engaging way to learn point-of-care ultrasound; and of the 16 groups, the average score on the case-based questions was 82 % (SD + 28). The 1-day, theme-based ultrasound educational event was an engaging learning technique at our institution which lacks undergraduate medical education ultrasound curriculum.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values in twin versus singleton pregnancies

49 50 FETAL THROMBOPHILIC POLYMORPHISMS ARE NOT A RISK FACTOR FOR CEREBRAL PALSY CATHERINE GIBSON, ALASTAIR MACLENNAN, BILL HAGUE, ZBIGNIEW RUDZKI, PHILLIPA SHARPE, ANNABELLE CHAN, GUSTAAF DEKKER, Adelaide University, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Institute of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Women’s and Children’s Hospital, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Department of Human Services, Pregnancy Outcomes Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between cerebral palsy and inherited fetal thrombophilias. STUDY DESIGN: Genomic DNA from the Guthrie card blood spots of 354 consecutive cerebral palsy cases and 708 controls (all Caucasian, 1986-1999) were tested for four thrombophilic polymorphisms—factor V Leiden (G1691A), prothrombin gene (G20210A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, and MTHFR A1298G. Odds ratios were calculated by using EpiInfo 6 in univariate analysis. RESULTS: Individually, none of the thrombophilic polymorphisms investigated were significantly increased in the cerebral palsy cases when compared with controls. Heterozygous factor V Leiden and homozygous MTHFR 1298 were negatively associated with cerebral palsy (OR 0.55 [0.31-0.98] and 0.61 [0.37-0.98], respectively). Further analysis of the major subtypes of cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia [data not shown in Table]) also showed some negative associations with these thrombophilic polymorphisms.
A Unitary Method for the ESPRIT Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Algorithm

ESPRIT is an interesting new method for solving the Direction-of-Arrival estimation problem. It involves some rather tricky matrix manipulations. We show how these calculations can be carried out using only unitary transformations of the data. No inverses or cross-products are required making the new method extremely robust.
Modern Antarctic acorn worms form tubes

Acorn worms, or enteropneusts, are a group of hemichordates whose modern representatives are thought to be tubeless. Here Halaynch et al. provide evidence for modern tube-forming acorn worms found in Antarctic benthic communities.
Delaying the skin for TRAM flaps.

This study was undertaken to determine whether a less extensive delay procedure would be as efficacious as the standard delay procedure in breast reconstruction.Between July 1996 and February 1999, 15 patients underwent delay procedures prior to breast reconstruction. Six patients underwent the standard delay procedure. Nine patients underwent a less extensive skin delay procedure. Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) reconstruction was performed 1 week after delay procedures.Average operating time was 28.7 minutes for the standard delay and 19.7 minutes for the skin paddle delay. The incidences of fat necrosis were 17% in the standard delay group and 22% in the skin paddle delay group. The incidences of partial flap loss/slow healing were 17% in the standard delay group and 22% in the skin paddle delay group. The incidence of complications in each group was the same: approximately 1 per patient.Operating times were not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.06). There was no increase in the incidence of slow healing/partial flap loss or fat necrosis in the skin delay group. The skin delay procedure for TRAM flaps seems to provide a concise delay procedure that does not increase the incidence of complications in those high-risk patients.
Temporal binding of auditory and rotational stimuli.

Integration of cues from multiple sensory channels improves our ability to sense and respond to stimuli. Cues arising from a single event may arrive at the brain asynchronously, requiring them to be “bound” in time. The perceptual asynchrony between vestibular and auditory stimuli has been reported to be several times greater than other stimulus pairs. However, these data were collected using electrically evoked vestibular stimuli, which may not provide similar results to those obtained using actual head rotations. Here, we tested whether auditory stimuli and vestibular stimuli consisting of physiologically relevant mechanical rotations are perceived with asynchronies consistent with other sensory systems. We rotated 14 normal subjects about the earth-vertical axis over a raised-cosine trajectory (0.5 Hz, peak velocity 10 deg/s) while isolated from external noise and light. This trajectory minimized any input from extravestibular sources such as proprioception. An 800-Hz, 10-ms auditory tone was presented at stimulus onset asynchronies ranging from 200 ms before to 700 ms after the onset of motion. After each trial, subjects reported whether the stimuli were “simultaneous” or “not simultaneous.” The experiment was repeated, with subjects reporting whether the tone or rotation came first. After correction for the time the rotational stimulus took to reach vestibular perceptual threshold, asynchronies spanned from −41 ms (auditory stimulus leading vestibular) to 91 ms (vestibular stimulus leading auditory). These values are significantly lower than those previously reported for stimulus pairs involving electrically evoked vestibular stimuli and are more consistent with timing relationships between pairs of non-vestibular stimuli.
Prenylated Benzoic Acids from Rapanea myricoides

Investigation of leaves from the shrub Rapanea myricoides led to the isolation of two diprenylated benzoic acids. One was the known compound 5-carboxy-7-(3‘‘,3‘‘-dimethylallyl)-2-(1‘-hydroxy-1‘,5‘-dimethylhex-4‘-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1), while the other was assigned as the new diol 2 (3-(2‘,3‘-dihydroxy-3‘,7‘-dimethyloct-6‘-enyl)-4-hydroxy-5-(3‘‘,3‘‘-dimethylallyl)benzoic acid, myricoidiol). These compounds were initially characterized through analysis of their spectroscopic data and comparison with some simpler synthetic analogues led to the final structure assignment for diol 2.
Prediction of fluid distribution in porous media treated with foamed gel

Abstract A wide variety of materials used to plug porous media, such as cross-linked polymer gels, bacterial biomass, and foamed polymer gels, breakdown when exposed to excessive stress. However, models typically used to evaluate the effect of these plugging agents neglect the breakdown phenomena and may not accurately assess the effect of a given treatment. Foamed gel is a very efficient, low-cost plugging agent that is particularly susceptible to stress-induced breakdown. This paper demonstrates the effect of breakdown on the performance of foamed gel profile modification using a foamed gel breakdown network model. It is shown that a simple analysis can be made using Darcy's law and a relationship between the applied pressure and the foamed gel barrier's permeability when the porous medium is comprised of noncommunicating layers of different permeability. Two types of successful treatments are identified, and they are distinguished by whether the foamed gel barrier in the low permeability zone breaks down at lower pressures (type 1) or higher pressures (type2) than the high permeability zone barrier. The relative length of the barriers in high and low permeability zones as well as factors that influence the gelled lens aspect ratio (permeability and gel saturation) govern whether a treatment is type 1 (low permeability zone breaks down at lower pressures) or not. Under low injection pressures, all radial profile modification treatments have a higher post-treatment flow redistribution ratio than linear treatments; under high injection pressures, only type 2 radial treatments have a higher flow redistribution.
Non-relativistic Magnetic Continuum Generation

We report white light generation from magnetic dipoles established by the magnetic component of incident electromagnetic fields in the non-relativistic limit. Radiated power is one quarter of the electric dipole contribution even in dielectric media.
Numerical Solutions to the Partially Separated, Equal-Mass, Wick-Cutkosky Model

We discuss a numerical technique for solving four-dimensional, relativistic, bound-state, two-body equations that have not been completely separated. The angular variables are first separated what is always possible for a rotationally invariant system. The resulting partially separated equation is, in general, a set of coupled integral or partial differential equations in two variables that is solved numerically by expressing the solutions in terms of B-splines. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by solving the partially separated Bethe-Salpeter equation for the equal-mass, Wick-Cutkosky model in the ladder approximation.
Ceres lightcurve analysis—Period determination

Abstract The sidereal period of Ceres is refined from 9.075 h to 9.074170 ± 0.000002 , making use of recent and historical lightcurves spanning almost 50 years. An observed increase in the amplitude of the lightcurve with solar phase angle is consistent with bright, discrete albedo features contributing a greater fraction of light as the defect of illumination increases. Observations near the same phase angle over this time span show no evidence of changes that would indicate active surface processes.
Theory of a low magnetic field gyrotron (gyromagnetron)

The stability of a relativistic electron layer inside a magnetron waveguide is examined. The dispersion relationship for the cyclotron maser/negative mass instability in this "gyromagnetron" device is derived, using a Pierce type analysis. The coupling constant e between the electron beam and the waveguide circuit is computed. Based on a study of ~, we design a proof-ofprinciple experiment for a gyromagnetron amplifier which operates at the sixth cyclotron harmonic, thereby reducing the magnetic field requirement by a factor of six. The operating beam voltage is relatively low. The problem of mode competition is examined, but is found to be not serious. The design procedure is described.
Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance–pH Testing Is Clinically Useful in the Management of Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms

Multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH testing (MII–pH) allows for the detection of acid and non-acid reflux, thus, increasing yield over pH testing. Limited data exist on how physicians use test results in practice. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of MII–pH testing on patient care. We reviewed records of patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease who underwent MII–pH testing. Management decisions evaluated included changes in prescribed medications and surgical consultation for anti-reflux surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson Chi square test, and multivariable logistic regression. MII–pH testing resulted in a medication change in 41 % of patients, surgical consultation in 19.7 %, and anti-reflux surgery in 11.1 %. In patients who were not on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, MII–pH results were most useful in the decision to start a PPI. On PPI therapy, results were more often used to decide whether to increase (32.3 %) or switch the PPI (23.5 %) in patients with continued acid reflux. Results were most useful to stop the PPI in normal studies (11.1 %). More patients with non-acid reflux (14.3 %) and normal results (19.7 %) were started on a neuromodulator compared to other diagnoses. The MII–pH result was most useful in the decision to start baclofen or bethanecol when the patient was found to have non-acid reflux (25 %). Patients with an abnormal MII–pH or abnormal MII alone were more likely to be referred to surgery (OR 19.5, p < 0.001; OR 19.77, p < 0.001). MII–pH testing impacted medical or surgical management in over half the patients tested.
Drug Problem Recognition among Mexican American Drug-Using Arrestees

Demographic factors, drug-use severity indicators, social resources, and personal perceptions were tested as correlates of drug-problem recognition among Mexican American drug-using arrestees. Ethnicity-related attitudes, perceptions, and experiences were among the factors tested. Multivariate regression analysis found that lifetime polydrug use and conventional moral beliefs were key deterninants of the perception that one's own drug use is a problem. Implications of these findings are cited for help-seeking and engagement in treatment by Mexican American drug users.
Slicing, cleaning and kerf analysis of germanium wafers machined by wire electrical discharge machining

This paper investigates the slicing of germanium wafers from single crystal, gallium-doped ingots using wire electrical discharge machining. Wafers with a thickness of 350 μm and a diameter of 66 mm were cut using 75 and 100 μm molybdenum wire. Wafer characteristics resulting from the process such as the surface profile and texture are analyzed using a surface profiler and scanning electron microscopy. Detailed experimental investigation of the kerf measurement was performed to demonstrate minimization of material wastage during the slicing process using WEDM in combination with thin wire diameters. A series of timed etches using two different chemical etchants were performed on the machined surfaces to measure the thickness of the recast layer. Cleaning of germanium wafers along with its quality after slicing is demonstrated by using Raman spectroscopy.
Diagnosis of Acth Deficiency: Low Dose and One-Hour Acth Test Versus Overnight Metyrapone Test † 474

Diagnosis of Acth Deficiency: Low Dose and One-Hour Acth Test Versus Overnight Metyrapone Test † 474
The social relations of e-government diffusion in developing countries: the case of Rwanda

Rwanda has undergone a rapid turnaround from one of the most technologically deficient countries only a decade ago to a country where legislative business is conducted online and wireless access to the Internet is available anywhere in the country. This is puzzling when viewed against the limited progress made in other comparable developing countries, especially those located in the same region, sub-Saharan Africa, where the structural and institutional constraints to e-government diffusion are similar. Based on an exploratory case study of the country's e-government system that draws on group and social theories, I argue that the convergence of four factors associated with the policy environment, political leadership, emigrants and refugee returnees, and epistemic communities account for Rwanda's achievements. The primacy of interest group politics in the unfolding story of e-government diffusion in developing countries is underscored and potential areas for further research highlighted.
Early Turn Formation and Chain Collapse Drive Fast Folding of the Major Cold Shock Protein CspA of Escherichia coli

The folding mechanism of the β-sheet protein CspA, the major cold shock protein of Escherichia coli, was previously reported to be a concerted, two-state process. We have reexamined the folding of CspA using multiple spectroscopic probes of the equilibrium transition and laser-induced temperature jump (T-jump) to achieve better time resolution of the kinetics. Equilibrium temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared (1634 cm–1) and tryptophan fluorescence measurements reveal probe-dependent thermal transitions with midpoints (Tm) of 66 ± 1 and 61 ± 1 °C, respectively. Singular-value decomposition analysis with global fitting of the temperature-dependent infrared (IR) difference spectra reveals two spectral components with distinct melting transitions with different midpoints. T-jump relaxation measurements of CspA probed by IR and fluorescence spectroscopy show probe-dependent multiexponential kinetics characteristic of non-two-state folding. The frequency-dependent IR transients all show biphasic rel...
Identification and Characterization of a Pi Isoform of Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTP1) as a Zeaxanthin-binding Protein in the Macula of the Human Eye

Uptake, metabolism, and stabilization of xanthophyll carotenoids in the retina are thought to be mediated by specific xanthophyll-binding proteins (XBPs). A membrane-associated XBP was purified from human macula using ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel-exclusion chromatography. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a prominent spot of 23 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.7. Using mass spectral sequencing methods and the public NCBI database, it was identified as a Pi isoform of human glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1). Dietary (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin displayed the highest affinity with an apparent Kd of 0.33 microm, followed by (3R,3'S-meso)-zeaxanthin with an apparent Kd of 0.52 microm. (3R,3'R,6'R)-Lutein did not display any high-affinity binding to GSTP1. Other human recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins, GSTA1 and GSTM1, exhibited only low affinity binding of xanthophylls. (3R,3'S-meso)-Zeaxanthin, an optically inactive nondietary xanthophyll carotenoid present in the human macula, exhibited a strong induced CD spectrum in association with human macular XBP that was nearly identical to the CD spectrum induced by GSTP1. Like-wise, dietary (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin displayed alterations in its CD spectrum in association with GSTP1 and XBP. Other mammalian xanthophyll carrier proteins such as tubulin, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, albumin, and beta-lactoglobulin did not bind zeaxanthins with high affinity, and they failed to induce or alter xanthophyll CD spectra to any significant extent. Immunocytochemistry with an antibody to GSTP1 on human macula sections showed highest labeling in the outer and inner plexiform layers. These results indicate that GSTP1 is a specific XBP in human macula that interacts with (3R,3'S-meso)-zeaxanthin and dietary (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin in contrast to apparently weaker interactions with (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein.
Deterritorializing Disciplinarity: Toward an Immanent Pedagogy

This article speculates on the pedagogical consequences of deterritorializing disciplinary knowledge. I suggest a move from knowledge as discipline to knowledge as an emergent potential of a field....
BRCA1: Beyond double-strand break repair

Since its discovery, the BRCA1 tumor suppressor has been shown to play a role in multiple DNA damage response pathways. Here, we will review the involvement of BRCA1 in base-excision DNA repair and highlight its clinical implications.
Mixing studies in bioreactors

Blend times and power consumptions were determined for different arrangements of two equal diameter impellers, a high efficiency A310 and a “Dumbo Ear” impeller with three large, “elephant ear” blades designed for low shear agitation. A 9 l round-bottomed, unbaffled bioreactor was used in these studies. Blend times were taken as the time for the disappearance of the pink color of a basic solution of phenolphthalein on neutralization by excess acid, and the power consumption was obtained from torque measurements. The mixing results show that the Dumbo Ear impeller gives shorter blend times than the A310 at equal rotational speeds for most of the conditions studied. As expected, the Dumbo Ear impeller consumes more power than the A310 at the same rotational speed, due to its large area blades. However, the Dumbo Ear impeller also gives shorter blend times than the A310 at equal power consumptions.
Pulpits Versus Ivory Towers: Socializing Agents and Evolution Attitudes*

Objective. Although debate concerning the theory of evolution is part of an ongoing U.S. dialogue over the proper role of religion in society, academics have provided little in the way of systematic understanding of public opinion on this issue. Important questions, such as the relative influence of socializing agents—religion and education—in shaping attitudes on evolution remain unanswered. Building on socialization and cognitive accessibility theories, we offer a framework for predicting public opinion on human origins and the teaching of evolution in public schools. Methods. We model attitudes on evolution and related policy through analysis of data from a 2005 national survey of U.S. adults. Results. Our analysis suggests that religion and education are key predictors of opinion, but that gender, partisanship, and ideology also play an important role. Conclusion. The socializing agent of religion outweighs the effect of education on attitudes related to evolution.
Glucose regulates fatty acid binding protein interaction with lipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α

Although the pathophysiology of diabetes is characterized by elevated levels of glucose and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), nuclear mechanisms linking glucose and LCFA metabolism are poorly understood. As the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) shuttles LCFA to the nucleus, where L-FABP directly interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), the effect of glucose on these processes was examined. In vitro studies showed that L-FABP strongly bound glucose and glucose-1-phosphate (K(d) = 103 ± 19 nM and K(d) = 20 ± 3 nM, respectively), resulting in altered L-FABP conformation, increased affinity for lipid ligands, and enhanced interaction with PPARα. In living cells, glucose stimulated cellular uptake and nuclear localization of a nonmetabolizable fluorescent fatty acid analog (BODIPY C-16), particularly in the presence of L-FABP. These data suggest for the first time a direct role of glucose in facilitating L-FABP-mediated uptake and distribution of lipidic ligands to the nucleus for regulation of PPARα transcriptional activity.
The value and limitations of mold surveys by the culture plate method

Abstract A total of eighty-eight readings were taken during the months of April, May, June, and July in an attempt to evaluate the standard culture plate method in sampling for alternaria and hormodendrum spores. Each daily reading consisted of the exposure of two culture plates at the same time of day but at slightly different time intervals. During the exposure time of these plates, a known volume of air was sampled at this location by an instrument utilizing electrostatic precipitation with impingement. Additional air samples were taken by just impingement with the same instrument. 1.1. The application of electrostatic precipitation to simple impingement in the sampling instrument used increased the sampling efficiency for both alternaria and hormodendrum spores. 2.2. The daily colony count by the standard plate technique does not reflect the true incidence of alternaria and hormodendrum spores for a given day. 3.3. These readings suggest that when monthly totals are computed of the spores collected and these totals are expressed in terms of a daily average, the results do indicate a seasonal trend in the incidence of air-borne alternaria and hormodendrum spores. 4.4. Short-time volumetric air samples are of little value in determining the actual incidence of air-borne alternaria and hormodendrum spores, because of a lack in uniformity of spores present in a given volume of air.
Improving metacognitive accuracy: How failing to retrieve practice items reduces overconfidence

People often exhibit inaccurate metacognitive monitoring. For example, overconfidence occurs when people judge that they will remember more information on a future test then they actually do. The present experiments examined whether a small number of retrieval practice opportunities would improve participants' metacognitive accuracy by reducing overconfidence. Participants studied Lithuanian-English paired associates and predicted their performance on an upcoming memory test. Then they attempted to retrieve one or more practice items (or none in the control condition) and made a second prediction. Experiment 1 showed that failing to retrieve a single practice item lead to improved subsequent performance predictions - participants became less overconfident. Experiment 2 directly manipulated retrieval failure and showed that again failure to retrieve a single practice item significantly improved subsequent predictions, relative to when participants successfully retrieved the practice item. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that additional retrieval practice opportunities reduced overconfidence and improved prediction accuracy.
The role of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) and gonadal steroids in gestational diabetes

Maternal carbohydrate tolerance during gestation appears to be altered by at least two mechanisms: 1) decreased sensitivity of insulin-sensitive tissues to the hypoglycemic action of insulin, and 2) alterations in the sensitivity of the islets of Langerhans to the insulinogenic stimulus of glucose. The effect of physiologic amounts of unconjugated estriol and estradiol on these parameters is as yet unknown. Decreased sensitivity to insulin can be produced experimentally in female Rhesus monkeys by human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) and by progesterone administration. Progesterone administration enhances glucose-stimulated insulin production in both monkeys and man. By contrast, HCS administration reverses the progesterone-enhanced serum insulin response to glucose in monkeys and actually retards insulin production in response to glucose in subclinical diabetic women. The latter pattern of insulin response is similar to, but not identical with, that seen in women with gestational diabetes. Whether progesterone and/or the estrogens elaborated by the conceptus alter the effect of HCS on insulin production or sensitivity to insulin in normal or subclinical diabetic women remains to be determined.
Pulmonary carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and the maximum tolerated dose.

Chronic inhalation bioassays in rodents are used to assess pulmonary carcinogenicity for purposes of hazard identification and potentially for risk characterization. The influence of high experimen...
Amphibians as Laboratory Animals.

Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (Available from SCAW, Golden Triangle Building One, 7833 Walker Drive, Suite 340, Greenbelt, MD 20770. Tel: 301/345-3500; Fax: 301/345-3503). Scott WB, Crossman EJ. 1973. Freshwater Fish of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 184. Snodgrass MJ, Burke JD, Meetz GD. 1976. Inhibitory effect of shark serum on the Lewes carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 56:981-984. Spotte S. 1979. Fish and Invertebrate Culture. New York: John Wiley. Spotte S. 1981 Seawater Aquariums: The Captive Environment. New York: John Wiley. Stetter MD. 1992. Medical procedures used during the capture and transport of fish. In: Schaeffer DO, Kleinow KM, Krulisch L, editors. The Care and Use of Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish in Research. Bethesda, MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, p 188-190. (Available from SCAW, Golden Triangle Building One, 7833 Walker Drive, Suite 340, Greenbelt, MD 20770. Tel: 301/345-3500; Fax: 301/345-3503) Stoskopf MK, editor. 1993a. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. Stoskopf MK. 1993b. Hospitalization. In: Stoskopf MK, editor. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p 98-112. Stoskopf MK. 1993c. Environment requirements of marine tropical fish. In: Stoskopf MK, editor. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p 618-625. Stoskopf MK. 1993d. Anesthesia. In: Brown L, editor. Aquaculture for Veterinarians. Taneytown, NY: Pergamon Press, p 161-167. Stoskopf MK. 1993e. Shark pharmacology and toxicology. In: Stoskopf MK, editor. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p 809-810. Streisinger G, Walker C, Dower N, Knauber D, Singer F. 1981. Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Nature 291:293-296. Stuart GW, McMurry JV, Westerfield M. 1990. Stable lines of transgenic zebrafish exhibit reproduction patterns of transgene expression. Development 101:293-296. Summerfelt RC, Smith LS. 1990. Anesthesia and surgery. In: Schreck CB, Moyle PB, editors. Methods for Fish Biology. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, p 213-272. Tomasso JR. 1993. Environmental requirements and diseases of temperate freshwater and estuarine fishes. In: Stoskopf MK, editor. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p 240-246. Tucker CS. 1993. Water analysis. In: Stoskopf MK, editor. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. p 166-197. Wheaton F. 1979. Aquacultural Engineering. New York: John Wiley. Whitaker B, Hecker B, Andrews C. 1994. Establishing a quarantine program for fish. The Annual Conference Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA). Williams EM, Eddy FB. 1986. Chloride uptake in freshwater teleosts and its relation to nitrate uptake and toxicity. J Comp Physiol 156:867-872. Williams TD, Christiansen J, Nygren S. 1988. Intramuscular anesthesia of teleosts and elasmobranchs using ketamine hydrochloride. AAZPA Regional Proc 132-135. Wolke R. 1984. The use of fish in biomedical research. Comp Pathol Bull 16:1-6. Yamamoto T-O. 1975. Medaka (Killifish) Biology and Strains. Tokyo, Japan: Keigaku Publishing.
Human capital, pay structure, and the use of performance measures in bonus compensation

Abstract Traditional financial measures have been criticized for lacking relevance in today's economy where firms are increasingly competing with intangible assets. However, perhaps this criticism is not detrimental to firms if they take actions to supplement the information contained in financial measures. Thus, it is important to explore whether and when firms recognize this potential deficiency and take action to acquire the appropriate information. This study hypothesizes that two human resource variables, reliance on human capital and the firm's pay structure, are associated with the use of non-financial measures in top managers’ bonus compensation contracts since they provide information incremental to that provided by traditional financial measures. Using archival data from 177 firms, I estimate binary and multi-response ordered logit models. The binary logit model provides evidence that labor-intensive firms have a higher probability of placing emphasis on non-financial measures (along with traditional financial measures) and a lower probability of relying solely on traditional financial measures. Moreover, this relationship is moderated by the firm's pay structure. Analysis shows that the relationship is stronger in firms that employ a hierarchical pay structure. Furthermore, the multi-response logit model extends these finding by showing that these firms also have a higher probability of relying on human resource measures.
Anisotropic Elastic Resonance Scattering Model for the Neutron Transport Equation

The resonance scattering transfer cross section has been reformulated to account for anisotropic scattering in the center of mass of the neutron-nucleus system. The main innovation over previous im...
The Surgical Chairmanship in a Corporate World: Presidential Address

To be the 95th president of the Western Surgical Association is a great honor of which I and my family are tremendously appreciative. To be your first president who is a foreign medical graduate is a unique distinction that reflects the warm and tolerant spirit of this membership. To be the chairman of a major university department toward the end of a 22-year tenure with an opportunity to muse publicly on the changing contours of the chairmanship is a rare chance. Believing that too few surgeons, both in and out of academic life, have more than a vague knowledge of today's surgical chairmanship, my purpose is to reflect on a few selected facets of this often coveted but seldom comfortable position. I propose, like a cartographer, to delineate the changing boundaries and the rugged terrain of the chairman's territory. While there is some variation in climate over the land, the
Achievement of energy focus for distance-of-flight mass spectrometry with constant momentum acceleration and an ion mirror.

Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry (DOF-MS) has not yet been implemented, though it has many potential advantages in a variety of applications. Impeding the implementation of DOF-MS is the development of the required array detectors and working out the equivalents to the focusing methods now used in time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzers. Ideally, a batch of ions composed of a variety of m/z values, despite initial distributions of space and energy, would be spatially focused at their respective flight distances at the same time. First-order energy focusing, including ion turnaround, is shown to be accomplished by the use of an ion mirror in conjunction with constant momentum acceleration of the initial ion packet. The initial spatial dispersion is maintained throughout the flight path. With zero initial spatial ion spread, energy focusing to achieve resolutions in the tens of thousands is shown to be feasible with ions from the elemental and isotope ratio mass regions through the extremely high m/z range....
2D object acquisition using circular scanning

Abstract A new circular scanning technique is proposed for rapid acquisition of 2D objects. The object is scanned in a circle centered at an arbitrary boundary point of the object. The resulting scan is matched to a set of prototypes obtained from scanning about closely spaced centers on the boundary of a model. Each successful match yields a possible rotation and translation mapping the model onto the object. The technique requires only 1D boundary detection and thereby obtains a relative speed advantage over many alternative techniques. Both pilot simulations and experiments on real image data are reported which support the utility of the technique.
Gender Differences in the Kinematics and Morphology of the Knee

Recently gender related dimorphism in the knee has received increased attention in sports medicine and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Certain soft tissue injuries, particularly ACL injuries, have a higher prevalence rates in young female athletes compared to their male counterparts [1]. Patellofemoral pain, recurrent dislocations and arthritis have been reported to be more common in women [2]. Women have higher incidence of osteoarthritis and account for about two-thirds of TKA patients. Gender specific implant designs have also been reported [3]. However, no study has compared the six-DOF kinematics of the male and female knees during functional activities. Additionally gender differences in the morphology of the knee, particularly the trochlear groove, have not been clearly delineated. Herein, we have examined gender differences in knee morphology and six-DOF kinematics during weight bearing flexion. This was accomplished via combined magnetic resonance (MR) based 3D modeling and dual fluoroscope imaging of the knee.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Spatial patterns and health disparities in pediatric lead exposure in Chicago: Characteristics and profiles of high-risk neighborhoods

Lead poisoning remains a major environmental health threat and a persistent source of health disparities in the United States. In this retrospective study, statistical and geospatial approaches were used to evaluate age- and gender-specific differences in childhood lead prevalence across Chicago, assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease, and identify the socioeconomic and racial composition of high-risk communities. Elevated blood lead levels (≥ 10 μ g/dL of lead) decreased significantly during the study period but disparities persisted across neighborhoods. A significant association was observed between high-risk neighborhoods and housing age, low income, and minority populations. These findings provide insights into the complex geographies of lead exposure and could serve as a basis for developing more targeted health intervention programs.
Purification of a mutant ribonucleotide reductase from cultured mouse T-lymphoma cells

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase has been partially purified from a mutant line of S49 mouse T-lymphoma cells which is less sensitive to normal feedback control by deoxyATP. The mutation for deoxyATP feedback resistance resides in the M1 subunit in this mutant. The mutant appears to contain two alleles for ribonucleotide reductase, a mutant allele and a wild type allele, which can be separated by affinity chromatography on deoxyATP-Sepharose.