cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract #LB-167: Poorly differentiated TCCs show higher frequent aberrant DNA methylation than moderately differentiated TCCs by bladder cancer methylome

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Bladder cancer is the fourth most common solid malignancy in the United States. The molecular mechanisms of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) development and progression remain poorly understood. Genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to TCC formation, as with most other cancers. DNA hypermethylation is a common epigenetic abnormality in cancer and may serve as a useful marker of cancer related genes as well as biomarkers of clinical disease activity for early detection and/or prognosis. To analyze CpG islands methylated in bladder TCC, we used methylated CpG island amplification coupled with microarray (MCAM), which contained 7,089 autosomal genes with CpG islands, on cancer cell lines and primary cancers of bladder. Based on validated experiments, we used a cut-off corresponding to a two-fold increase of the Cy5 signal from bladder TCC over the Cy3 signal from normal bladder mixture to call a cancer as methylation positive (above the cut-off) and it showed 90.5% accuracy. For further analyses, we select 867 genes with CpG island close to TSS. In bladder cancer cell line analysis, UC14 (the most aggressive TCC cell line, 447 genes (54.3 %) methylation of 823 autosomal genes) showed all most two times higher frequent methylation than UC16 (the least aggressive TCC cell line, 253 genes (30.7 %)) or SVHUC (immortalized bladder cell line, 206 genes (25.0%). In primary bladder TCCs (n=33), poorly differentiated TCCs (Grade 3, n = 17) showed higher frequent aberrant methylation than moderately differentiated TCCs (Grade 2, n = 16) (178 ± 65.8 genes vs. 151 ± 76.5 genes, 21.6 ± 8.0 % vs. 18.3 ± 9.3 %). Bladder cancer cell lines (n = 12) exhibited 2 times higher levels of CpG island hypermethylation than primary TCCs (326.4 ± 63.0 genes vs. 165.3 ± 71.4 genes, 37.7 ± 7.7 % vs. 19.1 ± 8.7 %). Our data suggest that DNA methylation is an important factor in bladder TCC progression and provide MCAM method that could be useful for genome-wide screening of changes in methylation profile in clinical samples. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-167.
Characterization of tumor dose heterogeneity for 90Y microsphere therapies using voxel-based dosimetry

100 Objectives Dosimetry for 90Y microsphere therapies with Standard (SM) and Partition (PM) models provide only uniform dose estimates to tumor and liver. Our objective is to calculate tumor dose heterogeneity, known to effect response, using voxel-based dosimetry and investigate the limitations of SM and PM. Methods Voxel-based dosimetry was performed on 17 90Y therapy patients using Monte Carlo DOSXYZnrc. 90Y activity and tissue/density distributions were based on quantitative 90Y bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT. Tumors (n=31), liver, and treatment lobe/segments were segmented by a clinician on registered diagnostic CT or MR. Dose volume histograms (DVH) were created for tumors and normal liver. Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare voxel-based mean absorbed doses to tumor and liver to those from SM and PM. Tumor and normal liver absorbed dose heterogeneity were investigated by calculating non-uniformity metrics: integral uniformity (IU), D10/D90, and COV. Correlations of heterogeneity with voxel-based mean doses and volumes were evaluated. Results Non-uniformity metrics (mean ± 1σ) for tumor dose were COV = 0.48 ± 0.28, D10/D90 = 4.7 ± 3.9, and IU = 0.8 ± 0.18. Non-uniformity metrics were correlated with tumor volume (r>0.58) but not with tumor mean doses (r Conclusions Tumor doses have high levels of heterogeneity that increase with tumor volume but are independent of tumor dose. Voxel-based DVH and dose heterogeneity metrics will promote accurate characterization of tumor response following 90Y therapies. Research Support NIH/NCI R01 CA138986
Utter Chaos

In this paper, the author mentions that all new fields of scientific endeavor will go through periods of utter chaos before they settle into a regular discipline with well-defined terms, stable categories, and general methods. The task of any researcher is to work through the early literature and find that key moment when ideas begin to solidify.The case of researches on X-rays and cold fusion were studied and discussed.By themselves, scientific journals aren't the only institutions that attempt to organize the utter chaos of scientific research. They're part of an infrastructure that includes laboratories, funding agencies, professional societies, review boards, and other institutions. These organizations will have to continue to grow and evolve as editors and publishers grapple with the forces acting on the scientific community, just as my young physician friends will have to mature into wise doctors who know how to draw disciplined judgment from the anarchy of energetic speculation.
Marketing as a Science: An Appraisal:

DURING the past few years one of the ways in which the increased interest in marketing subjects has expressed itself is in the rather intense exploration of the field with a view to determining the exact significance of its subject matter. More explicitly, several scholars have either attempted to demonstrate that marketing should be admitted into the category of a science, or have discussed the subject as though it already were included. Interest in the project first became apparent through the appearance of an exploratory survey made by P. D. Converse in THE JOURNAL OF MARKETING.1 However, since this particular essay had the merit of not attempting any demonstration of the thesis that marketing is a science, one can not be sure that the article really served as the foundation of future discussions on the problem. At the time that Professor Converse wrote, regard for the application of scientific methodology to marketing problems was an increasing force, and the momentum of this interest carries on today. Three years later, Lyndon O. Brown discussed the need for the development of professional standards among marketing men in an essay which tended in the main not to regard the subject as a science, except possibly in one cloudy passage.2 The question of the status of mar-
Fetal blood volume and fetal placental blood flow in lambs.

SummaryIn the conscious, nonmedicated sheep fetus, blood volume strongly influences placental blood flow, a change of 1% in volume being associated with a change of 1.7 ± 0.1% in flow. This relationship is valid between blood volumes of 80 to 110% of normal, is independent of time over a period of several days and independent of concomitant changes in fetal hemoglobin concentration.We are indebted to Mr. Frederick Arfmann, Dr. J. Metcalfe and Mrs. Alice Fitzgerald for help with this study.
Bio-assay for anti-inflammatory substances.

SummaryA bio-assay for anti-inflammatory substances is presented. It is based on the reduction of swelling in the joints of guinea pigs which had been subjected to a severe reverse Arthus reaction.
Professional physical scientists display tenacious teleological tendencies: purpose-based reasoning as a cognitive default.

Teleological explanations account for objects and events by reference to a functional consequence or purpose. Although they are popular in religion, they are unpopular in science: Physical scientists in particular explicitly reject them when explaining natural phenomena. However, prior research provides reasons to suspect that this explanatory form may represent a default explanatory preference. As a strong test of this hypothesis, we explored whether physical scientists endorse teleological explanations of natural phenomena when their information-processing resources are limited. In Study 1, physical scientists from top-ranked American universities judged explanations as true or false, either at speed or without time restriction. Like undergraduates and age-matched community participants, scientists demonstrated increased acceptance of unwarranted teleological explanations under speed despite maintaining high accuracy on control items. Scientists’ overall endorsement of inaccurate teleological explanation was lower than comparison groups, however. In Study 2, we explored this further and found that the teleological tendencies of professional scientists did not differ from those of humanities scholars. Thus, although extended education appears to produce an overall reduction in inaccurate teleological explanation, specialization as a scientist does not, in itself, additionally ameliorate scientifically inaccurate purpose-based theories about the natural world. A religion-consistent default cognitive bias toward teleological explanation tenaciously persists and may have subtle but profound consequences for scientific progress.
Flood flows and population dynamics of Arizona sycamore ( Platanus wrightii )

Platanus wrightii is a pioneer tree species of warm-temperate riparian deciduous forests in southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Dendrochronological analysis of populations in central and southern Arizona indicated that P. wrightii seedlings establish episodically. Long intervals (10-40 years) elapsed with no apparent establishment. Seedling establishment years were positively associated with winter flood size and annual flow rate, and weakly negatively associated with summer flood size. Large floods sometimes preceded multi-year establishment waves. During the past 2 decades an abundance of winter floods and very wet springs has allowed frequent establishment of P. wrightii . For example, plants established at many sites during the winter flood years of 1993 and 1995, particularly along channels scoured and widened by flood waters. Platanus wrightii also reproduces asexually. Ramets were more abundant than genets in all populations, and ramets established more frequently than seedlings. Ramet density (mean number per genet) varied widely between populations, from 2 (Huachuca Canyon) to 9 (Haunted Canyon), and increased with tree size within 4 of 9 populations. Population size structure varied across a gradient of watershed area. Populations along streams draining the largest watersheds had an abundance of small trees (mean trunk diameter of P. wrightii is influenced by temporal as well as spatial differences in stream flow regimes.
Management of infections complicating the orbitocranial approaches: Report of two cases and review of literature

BACKGROUND The orbitocranial approaches are now indispensible for treating lesions of the skull base, providing access to lesions in the anterior and middle cranial fossae, as well as the upper clivus and anterior brainstem. The management of infectious complications of the orbitocranial approaches, however, has evaded the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION We present two cases of patients who underwent orbitocranial approach whose clinical course was complicated by wound infection and osteomyelitis. One patient was treated with antibiotics and then had a custom implant placed for cranioplasty. The other case was managed with removal of bone and wire-mesh cranioplasty. CONCLUSION Management of orbitocraniotomy infections can be difficult due to the complex geometry of the flap and to cosmetic considerations. Once the infection involves the bone, the bone can be replaced after cleaning or discarded and a cranioplasty performed. Cranioplasty can be performed with wire-mesh or a custom implant made by computer-assisted modeling.
Spectrophotometry in the Determination of Water Chroma

[Objective]To establish spectrophotometry for the determination of water chroma. [Methods]Standard color array similar to natural light yellow was made using potassium chloroplatinate combined with cobalt chloride; the absorbency was determined and shade selection was quantified. [Results]The precision was fine; the RSD was 0.55%~3.8%; the linear range was fine with the standard curve coefficient of 0.9995. [Conclusion] The determination of water chroma is proved to be more accurate using spectrophotometry than using platinum cobalt colorimetry.
Determination of baicalin in Bawei Ganmao Oral Solution by HPLC

Objective To establish a method for the determination of baicalin in Bawei Ganmao Oral Solution by HPLC.Methods Agilent Zorbax SB column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used;The mobile phase was methanol-water-sulphuric acid(35∶ 65∶ 0.4) with the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1;The detection wavelength was 274 nm and the column temperature was 40 ℃.Results The linear range of baicalin was 0.193 2~3.865 μg.The average recovery of baicalin was 99.88%,RSD=0.28%.Conclusion This method was simple,rapid and feasible for the quantification of baicalin in Bawei Ganmao Oral Solution.
Evolution of a Vκ gene family

To examine the evolution of multigene families we have selected as an example an immunoglobulin light chain variable region subgroup (Vϰ24) which has been extensively characterized in inbred mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Homologous genes have been isolated and sequenced from Mus pahari, a genetically and geographically isolated species believed to be the oldest living representative of the genus. Southern blot analysis using probes corresponding to individual genes in this subgroup reveals changes in the overall size of the family occurring at the level of individual genes but not at the level of the entire family. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates an absence of regulatory sequences such as the CAT and TATA boxes 5′ to the coding region, but a decanucleotide sequence involved in light chain expression is highly conserved. Within coding regions highly complex patterns of variation are seen which appear to reflect quite different selective pressures on various subregions of the coding sequence. Complementarity determining regions (CDR) are conserved to different extents, with the first CDR region in all family members being among the most conserved segments of the molecule. Conservation is similarly variable among framework segments, indicating complex and variable evolutionary pressures not only at the level of individual genes or their products but also at subregions within homologous molecules.
Abstract # 1776 Upper-respiratory viral infection triggers EAE onset in autoimmune prone T-cell receptor transgenic mice

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Most MS patients experience periods of symptom exacerbation (relapses) followed by periods of partial recovery (remission). Interestingly, upper-respiratory viral infections increase the risk for relapse. Here, we utilized an autoimmune-prone T-cell receptor transgenic mouse (2D2) and a mouse-adapted human influenza virus to test the hypothesis that upper-respiratory viral infection can cause glial activation, promote immune cell trafficking to the CNS and trigger disease. Specifically, we inoculated C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 strain of influenza A virus (Puerto Rico/8/34; PR8) then measured: Transcriptomic alterations occurring in the cerebellum and spinal cord, immune cell surveillance of the CNS by flow cytometry and chemokine production from primary glial cultures by ELISA. Infected 2D2 mice were monitored for symptoms of inflammatory demyelination. Infection caused temporal alterations in the transcriptome of both the cerebellum and spinal cord that were consistent with glial activation. Infection of C57BL/6 mice increased CD3+CD4+ T-cell trafficking to the brain at day 8 p.i. Cytokine stimulation of primary glial cultures implicated astrocytes as a major source of chemokine production. Finally, clinical and histological EAE was observed in ∼ 27% of infected 2D2 mice. These data identify a new model with which to study how viral infection progresses disease in MS patients and suggests that peripheral infection induced glial activation precedes relapse.
Deep-sea (>1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species.

Research cruises by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) have resulted in the discovery of three new species of asteroids from the lower bathyal/abyssal regions of the North Pacific. A new genus, Bathyceramaster is described to accommodate “ Mediaster ” elegans Ludwig 1905 and related species. New records and in situ observations are also presented. An identification key and taxonomic account of the deep-sea Goniasteridae known from this region including one new genus and two new species is included. An overview of the genus Sibogaster , including a new widely occurring species, is also included.
Density functional theory for modelling large molecular adsorbate–surface interactions: a mini-review and worked example

AbstractFirst-principles simulation has played an ever-increasing role in the discovery and interpretation of the chemical properties of surface–adsorbate interactions. Nevertheless, key challenges remain for the computational chemist wishing to study surface chemistry: modelling the full extent of experimental conditions, managing computational cost, minimising human effort in simulation set-up and maximising accuracy. This article introduces new tools for streamlining surface chemistry simulation set-up and reviews some of the challenges in first-principles, density functional theory (DFT) simulation of surface phenomena. Furthermore, we provide a worked example of Co tetraphenylporphyrin on Au(1 1 1) in which we analyse electronic and energetic properties with semi-local DFT and compare to predictions made from hybrid functional and the so-called DFT+U correction. Through both review and the worked example, we aim to provide a pedagogical introduction to the challenges and the insight that first-princi...
CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES-HUMAN FOODS1

General regulations establishing good manufacturing practices (GMP' s) for food establishments are now effective. Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA brought many food insanitation actions. Until recently, there were no specific standards (GMP' s) dealing with the plant sanitation concept in Section 402(a) (4) of the Act. Two court opinions touching on the subject of standards (GMP' s) are mentioned. FDA's food sanitation programs now include bacteriological findings as well as the visible evidence of insanitation. The general, “umbrella” regulations will be followed by specific appendices for individual foods. If specific GMP's exist, FDA sanitary inspections will cover the key points in the GMP's. In other instances, the general regulations will apply. Such inspections will be the usual FDA sanitary inspection. FDA will continue its present procedures including: inspector's discussion with management, written reports of observations, and post-inspection letters. If necessary, FDA can still use l...
Human Embryonic Stem Cells Do Not Change Their X Inactivation Status during Differentiation

Applications of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) require faithful chromatin changes during differentiation, but the fate of the X chromosome state in differentiating ESCs is unclear. Female human ESC lines either carry two active X chromosomes (XaXa), an Xa and inactive X chromosome with or without XIST RNA coating (XiXIST+Xa;XiXa), or an Xa and an eroded Xi (XeXa) where the Xi no longer expresses XIST RNA and has partially reactivated. Here, we established XiXa, XeXa, and XaXa ESC lines and followed their X chromosome state during differentiation. Surprisingly, we found that the X state pre-existing in primed ESCs is maintained in differentiated cells. Consequently, differentiated XeXa and XaXa cells lacked XIST, did not induce X inactivation, and displayed higher X-linked gene expression than XiXa cells. These results demonstrate that X chromosome dosage compensation is not required for ESC differentiation. Our data imply that XiXIST+Xa ESCs are most suited for downstream applications and show that all other X states are abnormal byproducts of our ESC derivation and propagation method.
From adolescence to young adulthood: trajectories of psychosocial health following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in adolescence results in substantial bodyweight reduction and cardiometabolic benefits into young adulthood. Knowledge gaps remain in understanding psychosocial health.
Intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties in the serum of two species of deep-diving seal

Weddell and elephant seals are deep-diving mammals, which rely on lung collapse to limit nitrogen absorption and prevent decompression injury. Repeated collapse and re-expansion exposes the lungs to multiple stressors, including ischemia-reperfusion, alveolar shear stress and inflammation. There is no evidence, however, that diving damages pulmonary function in these species. To investigate potential protective strategies in deep-diving seals, we examined the inflammatory response of seal whole blood exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent endotoxin. Interleukin-6 (IL6) cytokine production elicited by LPS exposure was 50 to 500 times lower in blood of healthy northern elephant seals and Weddell seals compared with that of healthy human blood. In contrast to the ∼6× increased production of IL6 protein from LPS-exposed Weddell seal whole blood, isolated Weddell seal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, under standard cell culture conditions using medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), produced a robust LPS response (∼300×). Induction of Il6 mRNA expression as well as production of IL6, IL8, IL10, KC-like and TNFα were reduced by substituting FBS with an equivalent amount of autologous seal serum. Weddell seal serum also attenuated the inflammatory response of RAW 267.4 mouse macrophage cells exposed to LPS. Cortisol level and the addition of serum lipids did not impact the cytokine response in cultured cells. These data suggest that seal serum possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which may protect deep divers from naturally occurring inflammatory challenges such as dive-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation and lung collapse.
Physical Therapy Management of Patients with Osteochondritis Dissecans: A Comprehensive Review

Physical therapy management of osteochondritis dissecans can incorporate a full spectrum of conservative, nonoperative, and postoperative care. Rehabilitation interventions can vary based on factors such as the lesion characteristics, lesion location, articular cartilage involvement, skeletal maturity of the patient, presenting impairments at the time of evaluation, and concomitant injury. It is the responsibility of the rehabilitation professional to address all corresponding factors and mindfully advance the patient with a systematic and evidence-based progression to protect healing tissue and optimize outcome.
Adjustable Autonomy in the Context of Coordination

Human-agent interaction in the context of coordination presents novel challenges as compared to isolated interactions between a single human and single agent. There are two broad reasons for the additional challenges: things continue to happen in the environment while a decision is pending and the inherent distributedness of the entities involved. Our approach to interaction in such a context has three key components which allow us to leverage human expertise by giving them responsibility for key coordination decisions, without risks to the coordination due to slow responses. First, to deal with the dynamic nature of the situation, we use pre-planned sequences of transfer of control actions called transfer-of-control strategies. Second, to allow identification of key coordination issues in a distributed way, individual coordination tasks are explicitly represented as coordination roles, rather than being implicitly represented within a monolithic protocol. Such a representation allows meta-reasoning about those roles to determine when human input may be useful. Third, the meta-reasoning and transfer-of-control strategies are encapsulated in a mobile agent that moves around the group to either get human input or autonomously make a decision. In this paper, we describe this approach and present initial results from interaction between a large number of UAVs and a small number of humans.
Structural emergence in partially ordered sets is the key to intelligence

Extraordinary structural organization known as emergence is observed in partially ordered sets when a recently discovered functional is minimized. Emergence creates the first structures, and feedback reuses them to create hierarchies of structures. The partially ordered set is the knowledge representation, the functional connects local behavior to global phenomena, emergence and feedback correspond to inference, and the structures and hierarchies to objects and inheritance hierarchies. If intelligence includes the ability to solve problems, then the structures represent intelligence and emergence represents the build up of intelligence. Since the structures are mathematically obtained from first principles, the finding is proposed as an explanation for the origin of intelligence, and the functional as the key for AGI. Three previous computer experiments, and another one reported here, duplicate higher functions of the human brain and confirm the findings.
Synthetic Flow Generation with Stochastic Models

A first-order Markovian model was proposed based on the Three-parameter Log Normal distribution. This model was comparatively used with the Thomas-Fiering models, one formulated using Normal distribution and the other with Gamma distribution. Primary objectives of the study were: (1) to examine the satisfactory applicability of the proposed model, and (2) to investigate the importance of preserving the skewness in streamflow generation. In the methodology, each model was used to generate sequences of annual mean flows for six watersheds. Average estimates of the statistical parameters were computed for the generated sequences and then compared with the historic values. To determine the effect of skewness, the probable maximum annual flows were estimated for three return periods using generated sequences and the magnitudes due to different models were compared. The results of the study indicate the importance of preserving the skewness in flow generation. In addition, it reveals that the proposed model can be satisfactorily used.
Conclusion: Reclaiming Our Time—Black Feminist Politics in the Trump Era

The Trump presidency, still, incredibly, in its infancy as this edition of the book goes to press, puts into stark relief the barriers that still stand between Black women and specifically, Black feminists, and their full participation and power in the American political process.
How a Flexible Classroom Affords Active Learning in Electrical Engineering

Contribution: This paper presents evidence demonstrating ways in which flexible classrooms (which have movable tables and chairs that can be rearranged into different layouts) afford active learning. It highlights the quantitative increase in active learning that occurs for one instructor and discusses how the affordances of the flexible classroom support qualitatively better instructor-student and student-peer interaction during active learning. Background: Research has shown that students benefit from active learning, but instructors still perceive many barriers to implementing it. Flexible classrooms may reduce some of these barriers, and their affordances may promote better student engagement and allow instructors to use more active learning than traditional lecture-style classrooms do. Research Questions: What are the differences in the amount of active learning used by an instructor between flexible classrooms and traditional classrooms? How do instructors and students use the affordances of flexible classrooms during active learning? Methodology: An instructor at a large Midwestern university taught the course Introduction to Electronics Circuits in a traditional classroom one semester and in a flexible classroom the next. The two research questions were addressed through complementary quantitative and qualitative analyses of video data, classroom observations, and instructor interviews to detail the amount of active learning and the way the instructor facilitated it in the flexible classroom. Findings: The time the instructor devoted to active learning increased in the flexible classroom, while the time she devoted to instructor-led examples decreased. The affordances of the flexible classroom also encouraged more frequent and better student-instructor and student-peer interaction.
Rethinking Graduate Education in the Humanities

What should doctoral training in the humanities and humanistic social sciences look like in the 21st century? This question has prompted a steady stream of foundation inquiries over the past two de...
Electronic Structures of an [Fe(NNR2)]+/0/– Redox Series: Ligand Noninnocence and Implications for Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation

The intermediacy of metal–NNH_2 complexes has been implicated in the catalytic cycles of several examples of transition-metal-mediated nitrogen (N_2) fixation. In this context, we have shown that triphosphine-supported Fe(N_2) complexes can be reduced and protonated at the distal N atom to yield Fe(NNH_2) complexes over an array of charge and oxidation states. Upon exposure to further H^+/e^– equivalents, these species either continue down a distal-type Chatt pathway to yield a terminal iron(IV) nitride or instead follow a distal-to-alternating pathway resulting in N–H bond formation at the proximal N atom. To understand the origin of this divergent selectivity, herein we synthesize and elucidate the electronic structures of a redox series of Fe(NNMe_2) complexes, which serve as spectroscopic models for their reactive protonated congeners. Using a combination of spectroscopies, in concert with density functional theory and correlated ab initio calculations, we evidence one-electron redox noninnocence of the “NNMe_2” moiety. Specifically, although two closed-shell configurations of the “NNR_2” ligand have been commonly considered in the literature—isodiazene and hydrazido(2−)—we provide evidence suggesting that, in their reduced forms, the present iron complexes are best viewed in terms of an open-shell [NNR_2]^•–ligand coupled antiferromagnetically to the Fe center. This one-electron redox noninnocence resembles that of the classically noninnocent ligand NO and may have mechanistic implications for selectivity in N_2 fixation activity.
State-Level Beer Excise Tax and Firearm Homicide in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Introduction This study sought to determine the association between changes in state-level beer excise tax and firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 15–34years. Methods A time series analysis with synthetic controls was conducted for the years 2003–2015. Exposed states changed the beer excise tax during the study period. Synthetic controls were weighted mimics that combined portions of unexposed states using state–year specific demographic and firearm covariates. Average annual incidence rate differences were calculated between each exposed state and its synthetic control. Alcohol taxes were available through the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and firearm homicide rates were obtained from theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. States that changed the beer excise tax but forwhich Results Five states met inclusion criteria, and all raised the beer excise tax: Illinois (2009), New York (2009), North Carolina (2009), Connecticut (2011), and Rhode Island (2013). The percentage increase in beer excise tax ranged from 10% to 27%. Differences in pre-exposure firearm homicide rates between exposed states and synthetic controls were minimal. The increase in beer excise tax was associated with a lower average annual firearm homicide rate in all states except Illinois (Rhode Island: incidence rate difference= –2.48, Connecticut: incidence rate difference= –2.57, New York: incidence rate difference= –1.45, North Carolina: incidence rate difference= –0.45, and Illinois: incidence rate difference=1.54 per 100,000 population). Conclusions Among individuals aged 15–34years, price-sensitive consumption of beer may representone feasible tool for policymakers seeking to reduce rates of firearm homicide.
Patterns of demographic change in the Americas.

The author focuses on scholarly debate about demographic change and its effect on the mortality of native populations in the Americas before and after the year 1492. "Recent research on human skeletal samples and related archeological materials suggests that morbidity and mortality were increasing throughout much of the Western Hemisphere before 1492 in response to increased population density increased sedentism and changing subsistence. The evidence suggests that after 1492 population reduction was caused not by continental pandemics but by localized or regional epidemics augmented by social and economic disruption. The twentieth century has witnessed remarkable Native American population recovery fueled both by improvements in health care and changing definitions of being Indian." (EXCERPT)
On Combining Case Adaptation Rules

The case adaptation process in case-based reasoning is often modeled as having two steps: enumerating differences between a new problem and the problem part of a retrieved case and then applying an adaptation rule for each difference. This model is sufficient when (1) predefined adaptation rules exist for all differences the system encounters, and (2) adaptation rules are sufficiently independent that interactions are not a major issue. This paper presents an approach to handling case adaptation when these assumptions fail. It proposes an approach, RObust ADaptation (ROAD), that uses heuristics to guide multi-step adaptations, with each adaptation chosen in the context of adaptations applied previously. To reduce the potential for accumulated degradation of solution quality from long adaptation chains, it performs incremental retrieval of new source cases along the adaptation path, resetting the partially modified case to the “ground truth” of existing cases when an existing case is nearby. An evaluation supports the benefits of the model and illuminates some tradeoffs.
Genetic Control of Rabbit γA Immunoglobulins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic control of rabbit γA immunoglobulins. The a l, a 2, and a 3 allotypes of rabbit immunoglobulins are controlled by alleles at the a locus; the b 4, b 5 b 6, and b 9 allotypes are controlled by alleles at the b locus. Allotypes of both loci are present on the same γG immunoglobulin molecules. The allotypic specificities of both the a and b loci have been detected on γA and γM immunoglobulins as well as on the γG immunoglobulins. The presence of b locus specificities in all three immunoglobulin classes is consistent with the evidence that the light chains of all three immunoglobulin classes are similar. The finding that locus specificities are associated with γG, γA, and γM immunoglobulins (presumably the Fd portion of their heavy chains) suggests that large portions of the amino acid sequence of the heavy chains in these three classes are similar or identical
Criterion for the sign of wave energy

A criterion for the sign of wave energy is developed by using the symmetry properties of the plasma equilibrium and the fact that Vlasov dynamics is an incompressible flow in phase space, rather than the usual and more difficult procedure of calculating the value of the wave energy directly. Applications are made to the case of waves excited on a non-neutral plasma in a Malmberg–Penning trap and to waves excited on an infinitely long non-neutral beam.
Chicago Youths’ Exposure to Community Violence: Contextualizing Spatial Dynamics of Violence and the Relationship With Psychological Functioning

This study explores where and when community violence exposure (CVE) matters for psychological functioning in a sample of low-income, racial/ethnic minority youth (M) age = 16.17, 55% female, 69% Black, and 31% Non-Black/Latinx) living in Chicago. CVE was measured with violent crime data that were geocoded in terms of distance from youths' home and school addresses, and then calculated in terms of three distinct spatial dynamics: chronicity, pervasiveness, and spatial proximity. These measures reflect indirect/objective CVE across different conceptualizations of time, space, and neighborhood context. We tested the relationship between each CVE measure and trait anxiety and behavioral and cognitive dysregulation while controlling for youth-reported, direct violent victimization (e.g., being attacked) to examine how indirect/objective CVE occurring within youths' neighborhood contexts matters beyond direct/subjective violence exposure. Results revealed that long-term chronic, pervasive, and spatially proximal CVE was related to higher levels of behavioral dysfunction. In contrast, CVE within home- and school-based neighborhoods interacted to predict trait anxiety; youth living in low-crime neighborhoods and attending schools in high-crime neighborhoods had the highest rates of trait anxiety. Measuring CVE within both home and school neighborhoods at specific spatial measurements and time frames is critical to understand and prevent the consequences of CVE.
Medical ethics in the 1990s. Emphasis on death-and-dying issues will continue but social concerns will command increased attention.

During the 1990s medical ethics will undergo changes. Individual clinical issues, especially those related to death and dying, will continue to create conflict and preoccupy hospital staffs. But professional ethicists will focus on social concerns more frequently than they have in the past. Following are some of the most crucial ethical issues and directions they are likely to take in this decade: Clinical practice and the law will move toward less demanding standards of proof regarding the withdrawal of treatment from patients who are no longer competent. Public policy will set more lenient standards for judging whether a person would refuse artificial nutrition and hydration if he or she were able. Unless sensible people strengthen the distinction between active and passive euthanasia, more physicians and legislatures will move toward physician-assisted suicide. Those proposing a higher-brain definition of death, as opposed to whole-brain definitions, will gain ground with the general public, but not with legislators. New transplantation technologies will increase medical options but create more problems with paying for the procedures. As techniques are perfected, ethical questions will focus more on financing than on the source of transplantable material. AIDS treatment priorities will clash with other medical demands (e.g., treatment for breast cancer), and concerns about protecting both providers and patients from contracting AIDS will move policy toward routine testing. Progress in public argument will be made on the abortion issue. Members of ethics committees will have to be trained to address financing issues. Some medical schools and residency programs will add courses on the concept of character and on character development to their ethics programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dose‐Dependent Increases in Ellagitannin Metabolites as Biomarkers of Intake in Humans Consuming Standardized Black Raspberry Food Products Designed for Clinical Trials

Scope Black raspberry (BRB) phytochemicals demonstrate anti-carcinogenic properties in experimental models, including prostate cancer. Two BRB foods, a confection and nectar, providing a consistent and reproducible product for human clinical studies are designed and characterized. Methods and results Men with clinically localized prostate cancer are sequentially enrolled to a control group or one of four intervention groups (confection or nectar, 10 or 20 g dose; n = 8 per group) for 4 weeks prior to prostatectomy. Primary outcomes include: safety, adherence, and ellagitannin metabolism. Adherence to the intervention is >96%. No significant (≥grade II) toxicities are detected. Urinary urolithins (A, B, C, and D) and dimethyl ellagic acid (DMEA) quantified by Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC/MS/MS) indicate a dose-dependent excretion yet heterogeneous patterns among men. Men in the BRB confection groups have greater urinary excretion of the microbial urinary metabolites urolithin A and DMEA, suggesting that this food matrix provides greater colonic microflora exposure. Conclusion Fully characterized BRB confections and nectar are ideal for food-based large phase III human clinical studies. BRB products provide a bioavailable source of BRB phytochemicals, however large inter individual variation in polyphenol metabolism suggests that host genetics, microflora, and other factors are critical to understanding bioactivity and metabolism.
Hybrid test for publication bias in meta-analysis:

Publication bias frequently appears in meta-analyses when the included studies' results (e.g., p-values) influence the studies' publication processes. Some unfavorable studies may be suppressed from publication, so the meta-analytic results may be biased toward an artificially favorable direction. Many statistical tests have been proposed to detect publication bias in recent two decades. However, they often make dramatically different assumptions about the cause of publication bias; therefore, they are usually powerful only in certain cases that support their particular assumptions, while their powers may be fairly low in many other cases. Although several simulation studies have been carried out to compare different tests' powers under various situations, it is typically infeasible to justify the exact mechanism of publication bias in a real-world meta-analysis and thus select the corresponding optimal publication bias test. We introduce a hybrid test for publication bias by synthesizing various tests and incorporating their benefits, so that it maintains relatively high powers across various mechanisms of publication bias. The superior performance of the proposed hybrid test is illustrated using simulation studies and three real-world meta-analyses with different effect sizes. It is compared with many existing methods, including the commonly used regression and rank tests, and the trim-and-fill method.
Effects of the Human Body on Wearable Wireless Power Transfer Systems

In this paper, the effects of different parts of the human body on a wearable Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system are examined. A Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonators (SCMR) WPT system operating in the ISM band 40.68 MHz is used in this study. The results show that when the WPT system is placed directly on the human body its Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) is reduced by 13% on average in both simulations and measurements. These losses are attributed to the material properties of the human body. Also, different parts of the human body cause different drops in PTE due to their different shapes and geometries.
Why *if or not but ✓whether or not

This squib provides an account of a contrast between whether and if in English, manifested in the contrast between the grammaticality of I don't know whether or not Pat will arrive and the ungramma...
Building participatory counternarratives: Pedagogical interventions through digital placemaking:

Places are filled with stories, with histories that shape how people understand the nature of a place. Places are unique sets of trajectories – each with a story – coming into contact. However, jus...
A cluster analysis of the social and environmental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income youth

BACKGROUND AND AIM: School closures during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the learning and home environments of youth across the US. It is suspected that the pandemic has both widened the racial g...
Distribution Of Unmatched Accrued Royalties Under The Music Licensing Modernization Act Of 2018

This article examined the legal and economic implications of the vast sum of unpaid royalties resulting from the use and streaming of copyrighted musical works that is currently waiting to be distributed, as well as the implications of the reforms passed as part of Title I of the Music Modernization Act of 2018, the Music Licensing Modernization Act of 2018. First, it provides an overview of the relevant legal provisions and the economic system they support — copyright basics, the copyright royalty system, and the Music Licensing Modernization Act — and then assesses the scope of the problem facing unidentified copyright owners within this framework. Then, it discusses the means by which the Music Licensing Modernization Act proposes to distribute these unpaid accrued royalties, as well as other proposals for how such payments could be structured to reflect the composition and relative power dynamics of the sound recording market. While the provisions enacted by the Music Licensing Modernization Act are a noble start and provide a helpful first step in improving the mechanical license market for musical works, in the long run, further reform is necessary to ensure a more equitable form of remuneration to all stakeholders in the music copyright market.
ATRXLoss Increases Sensitivity to Proton Radiotherapy Compared to X-Ray Radiotherapy in Glioma Stem Cells via Secondary Necrosis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM-Grade IV) is the most aggressive form of glioma in the USA carrying only a 15 month median survival time. Although IDH1R132H is traditionally associated with improved glioma patient survival and clinical response to chemotherapy, astrocytoma (LGG) patients also harbor ATRXLoss, an inactivation of the ATRX chromatin remodeling protein previously shown to impair DNA damage repair via non-homologous end joining. The recent discovery of glioma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of chemoradioresistant, self-renewable, tumor initiating cells known to promote tumor recurrence, presents a new target for therapeutic intervention. However, the mechanisms by which ATRXLoss contributes to GSC proton radiotherapy (PRT) sensitivity, a more tumor specific and cytotoxic form of radiation therapy than conventional X-rays (XRT), are not well understood. We hypothesize that ATRXLoss impairs GSC post-radiation viability by promoting secondary necrosis to a higher extent after PRT than XRT. MATERIALS/METHODS Isogenic TS543-ATRXWT and TS543-ATRXLoss patient derived glioma cells were cultured as neurospheres and treated with 2-8 Gy XRT or PRT. GSC viability was quantified using the CellTiterGlo 3D assay 12 days after irradiation. The Annexin V apoptosis and necrosis assay was conducted every 8 hours up to 72 hours after irradiation. GSC self-renewal, based on neurosphere formation frequency, was quantified using extreme limiting dilution analysis (ELDA). RESULTS ATRXLoss significantly decreased TS543 GSC viability after 2-8 Gy radiation therapy compared to ATRXWT (Unpaired t-test with Welsh's correction and Holm-Sidak's Multiple Comparisons Test P χ2) < 0.01). Interestingly, PRT significantly reduced GSC viability to a higher extent than XRT in TS543-ATRXLoss GSCs, which demonstrates the effectiveness of PRT to treat ATRXLoss gliomas. Follow up studies confirmed that ATRXLoss sensitizes TS543 GSCs more extensively to the cytotoxic effects of PRT compared to XRT via the upregulation of secondary necrosis at 72 hours post-irradiation (Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc Multiple Comparisons Test P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION We conclude that ATRXLoss substantially contributes to PRT sensitivity in GSCs, thereby supporting the benefits of PRT for astrocytoma patients. Our future experiments will further elucidate the biological mechanisms by which ATRXLoss confers PRT sensitivity, especially via dsDNA damage. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE A.A.Garces: None. L.Bronk: None. K. Bhat: None. D.R.Grosshans: None.