cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annual variation of heat transport in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

An important element in the maintenance of the Earth's climate is the redistribution of heat from surplus to deficit regions. Previous estimates1–5 have shown that the oceanic heat transport is comparable to that of the atmosphere especially in the tropics and sub-tropics and that the ocean shows a similar seasonal transport carrying energy into the winter hemisphere. The annual mean meridional heat transport in individual oceans has also been estimated6–8. Heat storage can be computed from subsurface data to provide a picture of the annual cycle of the heat transport for each ocean separately. Lamb9,10presented such estimates for the Atlantic Ocean and found a southward heat transport in the November–December season with a northward heat transport in both hemispheres at other seasons. A similar method is used here to compute the seasonal variation of the heat transport north of 20°S for both the Pacific and the Indian oceans. The Pacific Ocean exhibits two regimes. North of 20° N transport is mostly northward with a maximum in September. Transport between 20°N and 20° S is evenly divided between northward (with a March maximum at 10° N) and southward (with an August maximum at 10°S). In the Indian Ocean, the transport is mostly southward except during January–February when a small northward transport appears north of 5°S.
Test-retest reliability of the Children of Alcoholics Test.

Although 28 m~Uion in the USA are children of alcoholics, little empirical research exists; however, several scales have been standardized. The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test is a popular means of identifying these children (3). A more detailed screening test, designed for adolescents, fosters early identification, referral, and intervention (1). DiCicco and associates (2) used a single item to idenuFy children of alcoholics in a rehabilitation program. The item is statisticallv a reliable and valid identifier of such children. The Children of Alcoholics Life-Events Schedule quantifies stressful experiences specific to the caretaking environment of alcohol-abusing families. Given the paucity of empirical data on children of alcoholics, many practitioners have little knowledge about the issues these children confront (4, 7). The Children of Alcoholics Test was designed as a measure of knowledge of issues these children face (5). The present assessment of test-retest reliability was based on responses of 79 college students. In two undergraduate education classes students completed the test on two occasions, separated by two weeks. Subjects checked "true" or "false" for each of 20 statements of myths about children of alcoholics. Statements being myths, all the answers are false. A score is the sum of the number of "false" responses. The higher the score the more knowledge a respondent has about children from alcoholic families. Scores from Times 1 and 2 were correlated .76, which suggests the inventory gives reasonably consistent information over two weeks.
The contribution of heme propionate groups to the conformational dynamics associated with CO photodissociation from horse heart myoglobin

Abstract Photoacoustic calorimetry and transient absorption spectroscopy were used to study conformational dynamics associated with CO photodissociation from horse heart myoglobin (Mb) reconstituted with either Fe protoporphyrin IX dimethylester (FePPDME), Fe octaethylporphyrin (FeOEP), or with native Fe protoporphyrin IX (FePPIX). The volume and enthalpy changes associated with the Fe–CO bond dissociation and formation of a transient deoxyMb intermediate for the reconstituted Mbs were found to be similar to those determined for native Mb (Δ V 1 = −2.5 ± 0.6 ml mol −1 and Δ H 1 = 8.1 ± 3.0 kcal mol −1 ). The replacement of FePPIX by FeOEP significantly alters the conformational dynamics associated with CO release from protein. Ligand escape from FeOEP reconstituted Mb was determined to be roughly a factor of two faster ( τ = 330 ns) relative to native protein ( τ = 700 ns) and accompanying reaction volume and enthalpy changes were also found to be smaller (Δ V 2 = 5.4 ± 2.5 ml mol −1 and Δ H 2 = 0.7 ± 2.2 kcal mol −1 ) than those for native Mb (Δ V 2 = 14.3 ± 0.8 ml mol −1 and Δ H 2 = 7.8 ± 3.5 kcal mol −1 ). On the other hand, volume and enthalpy changes for CO release from FePPIX or FePPDME reconstituted Mb were nearly identical to those of the native protein. These results suggest that the hydrogen bonding network between heme propionate groups and nearby amino acid residues likely play an important role in regulating ligand diffusion through protein matrix. Disruption of this network leads to a partially open conformation of protein with less restricted ligand access to the heme binding pocket.
Adaptive Processing Algorithms For Intravenous Digital Subtraction Coronary Angiography

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is commonly used in conjunction with intravenous contrast injection for detection of atherosclerotic disease in arteries outside of the heart. Images of coronary arteries obtained with intravenous DSA have been limited in quality by several important factors. Among these is the confusing background provided by superposed pulmonary veins. Because these opacify just before the coronary arteries, conventional remasking results in substantial loss in coronary artery contrast. This paper presents preliminary work on a processing scheme in which the degree of correlation between the contrast pass curves in individual pixels and a reference region can be used to adaptively suppress pulmonary structures.
OPACS, libraries, universities: WWW directories

In the last issue of CWIS, Hytelnet and LibGopher, two directories for finding OPACS (Online Public Access Catalogs) on the Internet were described. Library OPACS can also be reached in an indirect fashion when browsing broader based directories. This article shows directories that can lead the user to libraries on the Internet. Once a library is reached, it usually offers at least directions on how to reach their OPAC. More and more OPACS are becoming accessible via the library′s home page. In the case of academic libraries most can be reached starting from their campus home page. So broader based directories, those listing colleges and universities and those identifying the libraries on the web, are possible starting points which could ultimately lead to an OPAC – although not in the efficient manner which Hytelnet and LibGopher provide. However, finding an OPAC using a circuitous route often provides pictures of its library, institution and even the community.
A molecular orbital study of trans-polyenes to 18 double bonds

Calculations involving molecular orbitals have appeared in the chemical literature over the past few years, but all have used smalltrans-polyenes. We now report extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations ontrans-polyenes of up to 18 double bonds (36 carbons and 38 hydrogen atoms). Information obtained from these calculations include total energies, bond gaps, and net charges on each atom. Also found is that the band gap approaches 1.41 eV as the number of double bonds approaches infinity. This value is quite close to reported experimental values. Data are also presented for polyenes assuming equal C-C bond lengths.
ABCRATE: A program for the calculation of atom-diatom reaction rates

ABCRATE is a computer program for the calculation of atom-diatom chemical reaction rates for systems with collinear-dominated dynamics. The dynamical methods used are conventional or generalized transition state theory (GTST) and multidimensional semiclassical approximations for tunneling and nonclassical reflection. The GTST methods included in this version of the program are the canonical and improved canonical variational transition state theory (VTST) and the canonical unified statistical (CUS) method. Rate constants may be calculated for canonical ensembles or for specific vibrational states of selected modes with translational, rotational, and other vibrational modes treated thermally. The potential energy surface required by the program may be a global or semiglobal analytic function. The reaction path is calculated as the path of steepest descent in mass-scaled coordinates from a collinear saddle point, and vibrations transverse to the reaction path are treated by curvilinear internal coordinates. The vibrational modes are quantized, and anharmonicity may be included by various options, including the WKB approximation for bond stretches and the centrifugal oscillator approximation through quartic terms for the curvilinear bend coordinate. Tunneling probabilities are calculated by a variety of semiclassical methods, in particular zero-curvature tunneling (ZCT), small-curvature tunneling (SCT), large-curvature tunneling (LCT), least-action tunneling (LAT), and the microcanonical optimized multidimensional tunneling (μOMT) methods.
A Quantitative Look at Fluorosis, Fluoride Exposure, and Intake in Children Using a Health Risk Assessment Approach

The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30 years. In this study, we used a mathematical model commonly employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate average daily intake of fluoride via all applicable exposure pathways contributing to fluorosis risk for infants and children living in hypothetical fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities. We also estimated hazard quotients for each exposure pathway and hazard indices for exposure conditions representative of central tendency exposure (CTE) and reasonable maximum exposure (RME) conditions. The exposure pathways considered were uptake of fluoride via fluoridated drinking water, beverages, cow's milk, foods, and fluoride supplements for both age groups. Additionally, consumption of infant formula for infants and inadvertent swallowing of toothpaste while brushing and incidental ingestion of soil for children were also considered. The cumulative daily fluoride intake in fluoridated areas was estimated as 0.20 and 0.11 mg/kg-day for RME and CTE scenarios, respectively, for infants. On the other hand, the RME and CTE estimates for children were 0.23 and 0.06 mg/kg-day, respectively. In areas where municipal water is not fluoridated, our RME and CTE estimates for cumulative daily average intake were, respectively, 0.11 and 0.08 mg/kg-day for infants and 0.21 and 0.06 mg/kg-day for children. Our theoretical estimates are in good agreement with measurement-based estimates reported in the literature. Although CTE estimates were within the optimum range for dental caries prevention, the RME estimates were above the upper tolerable intake limit. This suggests that some children may be at risk for fluorosis.
Electrochemical and Thermal Run Away Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Use in Hybrid Locomotives

The search for a clean and green locomotive propulsion system is gaining importance due to the increased cost of imported oil and the requirement to meet the higher EPA standards for reduced emission of greenhouse gases and pollutants. A hybrid diesel engine and battery locomotive with regenerative braking system is one such potential electric propulsion system that has been under consideration by railroad industries around the world. Lithium ion batteries are considered as one of the leading types as compared to the other batteries for the battery systems to be employed in electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Some of the major challenges with the full-scale commercial use of batteries for electric or hybrid vehicles are the requirement of high energy density, compatibility with high charge and discharge rates for different load cycles while maintaining high performance, and prevention of any thermal runaway conditions.The objective of this research is to develop a computer simulation model for coupled electrochemical and thermal analysis and characterization of a lithium ion battery performance subject to a range of charge and discharge loading, and thermal environmental conditions. The electrochemical model includes species and charge transport through the liquid and solid phases of electrode and electrolyte layers along with electrode kinetics. The thermal model includes a number of heat generation components such as reversible, irreversible and ohmic heating, and heat dissipation by conduction through layers of battery cell and convection from the surface. Simulation results show sensitivity of charge and discharge rates on the electrochemical performance and thermal conditions of the battery. Variation in the voltage loss due to reaction and ohmic irreversibilities are observed when the battery is subjected to different discharge and charge rates, and thermal conditions. The cell temperature distributions for different load cycles and boundary conditions indicate the need for cooling the cell in order to avoid thermal run-away. The model developed helps in gaining a good insight of the complex processes and can form a platform for identifying materials for enhanced battery performance and thermal management system for EVs and HEVs.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Progenitor cells of the olfactory receptor neuron lineage

The olfactory epithelium of the mouse has many properties that make it an ideal system for studying the molecular regulation of neurogenesis. We have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify three distinct stages of neuronal progenitors in the olfactory receptor neuron lineage. The neuronal stem cell, which is ultimately responsible for continual neuron renewal in this system, gives rise to a transit amplifying progenitor identified by its expression of a transcription factor, MASH1. The MASH1-expressing progenitor gives rise to a second transit amplifying progenitor, the Immediate Neuronal Precursor, which is distinct from the stem cell and MASH1-expressing progenitor, and gives rise quantitatively to olfactory receptor neurons. Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation occurs at each of these three cell stages, and growth factors of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families appear to play particularly important roles in these processes. Analyses of the actions of FGFs and BMPs reveal that negative signaling plays at least as important a role as positive signaling in the regulation of olfactory neurogenesis.
Transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease

Metabolic disease encompasses several disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Recently, the incidence of metabolic disease has drastically increased, driven primarily by a worldwide obesity epidemic. Transgenerational inheritance remains controversial, but has been proposed to contribute to human metabolic disease risk based on a growing number of proof-of-principle studies in model organisms ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to Mus musculus to Sus scrofa. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that heritable risk is epigenetically transmitted from parent to offspring over multiple generations in the absence of a continued exposure to the triggering stimuli. A diverse assortment of initial triggers can induce transgenerational inheritance including high-fat or high-sugar diets, low-protein diets, various toxins, and ancestral genetic variants. Although the mechanistic basis underlying the transgenerational inheritance of disease risk remains largely unknown, putative molecules mediating transmission include small RNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. Due to the considerable impact of metabolic disease on human health, it is critical to better understand the role of transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease risk to open new avenues for therapeutic intervention and improve upon the current methods for clinical diagnoses and treatment.
A false sense of security

Some journals are using ineffective software to screen images for manipulation. In doing so, they are creating a false sense of security in the research community about the integrity of the image data they publish.
Integrating Design and Manufacturing for Competitive Advantage

The article reviews the book “Integrating Design and Manufacturing for Competitive Advantage,” edited by Gerald I. Susman.
Stability analysis of a robust PD control law for robot manipulators

The purpose of this article is to examine the stability of a robust and decentralized PD control law for robot manipulator control. The control law, which was developed by the authors, has been shown experimentally to be extremely simple to implement and highly accurate for position and force tracking in the presence of robot model uncertainty and payload variation. However, stability analysis has been difficult due to the nonlinearity of robot dynamics and the use of time-delayed measurements of joint torques and joint accelerations in the control law. A rigorous stability analysis is presented in this article using Popov's hyperstability theory. A sufficient condition for global stability is obtained that supports previous theoretical and experimental results. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Promoting Counselor Professional and Personal Well-Being Through Advocacy

Professional counselors are vulnerable to impairment due to the nature of helping professions. Impairment can potentially jeopardize counselors’ professional and personal well-being. Thus, it is vital that professional counselors attend to their wellness and advocate for their well-being. The authors provide practical advocacy strategies that professional counselors can utilize at micro, meso, and macro levels to advocate for their well-being, with the hope to promote quality, ethical, and professional practice among professional counselors.
SU-FF-I-50: Detectability Study on OCT in the Presence of Speckle with Hotelling Observer

Purpose: To study the detectability performance of an Optical Coherence Tomography imaging system in the presence of speckles within the framework of the Hotelling observer. Method and Materials: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality widely used in in-vivo study of tissues. Optical propagation in biological samples is dominated by scattering due to fluctuations in refractive index. This random fluctuation in the index makes it necessary to model the samples as random fields and statistical analysis the tool of choice. The Hotelling observer, a numerical observer that forms its test statistic based on the covariance of the input data, will be used in the classification task of distinguishing one class of sample from the other. The input of the Hotelling observer (i.e., the OCT signal) is considered to be generated by mixing the reference beam with the backscattering of the mean field in the sample. The scattering is handled by using the 1st Born approximation. Poissonian imaging noise will be considered. Results: An expression of the detectability index is derived for a classification task within the framework of the Hotelling observer. With this expression, we study how the sample properties and the layout of the optical system affect the performance of an OCT system. Conclusion: This work sets the foundation for the assessment of the OCT system and system optimization with respect to a classification task. The stochastic model used to describe the sample is more general in the sense that it goes beyond Gaussian statistic, and the functional form is easy to adjust to include different types of sample.
Brushed-on flexible supercapacitor sheets using a nanocomposite of polyaniline and carbon nanotubes

A simple, two-step method for constructing flexible sheets of supercapacitors is described. The construction is based on painting a sheet of flexible plastic electrolyte with a composite material made of a conducting polymer and carbon nanotubes. The total capacitance of the supercapacitor consists of pseudocapacitance produced by the polymer and electrical double-layer capacitance produced by carbon nanotubes. Stacks of the capacitor sheets were used to light up a system of three light-emitting diodes. The method suggests an inexpensive and potentially high-throughput approach for making flexible supercapacitors.
Respiratory symptoms and spirometry in experienced coal miners: Effects of both distant and recent coal mine dust exposures

The goal of this study was to determine whether respiratory symptoms were associated with the lower concentrations of respirable coal mine dust that were required by the U.S. Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (CMHSA) of 1969. The subjects were 1,866 male miners who had participated in the National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (NSCWP) and been tested at least twice, initially in either Round 1 (R1) (1969-71) or Round 2 (R2) (1972-75) and then finally in Round 4 (R4) (1985-88). Self-reported information elicited with a standardized questionnaire was used to determine the presence at the final round (i.e., R4) of chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath, and wheeze. Cumulative coal mine dust exposure was characterized for both the pre- and post-CMHSA periods. Controlling for age and other potential confounders, increased risks for the symptoms were associated with higher levels of both measurements of exposure. Moreover, the adverse effects of the lower, post-CMHSA exposure were evident for shortness of breath and wheeze especially among subjects who had little pre-CMHSA coal mining experience. These findings provide additional evidence of the limitations of the current 2.0 mg/m3 coal mine dust standard to prevent respiratory disease.
Multiperspective mosaics for under-vehicle inspection

In this paper, we describe efforts made to implement multiperspective mosaicking of infrared and color video data for the purpose of under vehicle inspection. It is desired to create a large, high-resolution mosaic that may be used to quickly visualize the entire scene shot by a camera making a single pass underneath the vehicle. Several constraints are placed on the video data in order to facilitate the assumption that the entire scene in the sequence exists on a single plane. Therefore, a single mosaic is used to represent a single video sequence. Phase correlation is used to perform motion analysis in this case.
Coordinated electrical characterization system for photovoltaic devices

We report the development of a coordinated electrical characterization station integrating the data collection and analysis of a wide variety of DC, AC, and transient measurements. The DC current-voltage measurements consider the overall carrier-transport characteristics and cell performance. The AC measurements (e.g., capacitance-voltage, admittance spectroscopy, drive-level capacitance profiling) provide information regarding the spatial distribution and exchange of charge carriers with traps. The transient measurements (e.g., open-circuit voltage decay) investigate the lifetime and recombination of non-equilibrium carriers in a cell. We demonstrate that a coordinated characterization including the DC, AC, and transient measurements may generate new insight and unique understanding of the photovoltaic device. Using the equivalent-circuit parameters determined from the coordinated characterization set, we simulated the decay behavior of the open-circuit voltage in a crystalline silicon solar cell and found good agreement with experiment. The coordinated electrical characterization of CdTe thin-film solar cells not only avoided a misinterpretation of the admittance spectroscopy data, but also provided information to estimate the electrically active thickness, photoconductivity, and mobility of the CdTe absorber.
Molecular vibrational energy flow: Beyond the Golden Rule

This article reviews some recent work in molecular vibrational energy flow (IVR), with emphasis on our own computational and experimental studies. We consider the problem in various representations, and use these to develop a family of simple models which combine specific molecular properties (e.g. size, vibrational frequencies) with statistical properties of the potential energy surface and wavefunctions. This marriage of molecular detail and statistical simplification captures trends of IVR mechanisms and survival probabilities beyond the abilities of purely statistical models or the computational limitations of full ab initio approaches. Of particular interest is IVR in the intermediate time regime, where heavy-atom skeletal modes take over the IVR process from hydrogenic motions even upon X H bond excitation. Experiments and calculations on prototype heavy-atom systems show that intermediate time IVR differs in many aspects from the early stages of hydrogenic mode IVR. As a result, IVR can be coherent...
Design and Characterization of an Active Impedance Matched Low-Noise Phased Array Feed

An L-band low-noise phased array feed antenna was designed, fabricated, and characterized experimentally. The element design was optimized for an active impedance matching condition with a given set of nonuniform amplitude beamformer coefficients associated with a formed PAF beam. Using measured array S-parameters and modeled array element patterns, the predicted boresight beam equivalent system noise temperature and aperture efficiency at prime focus with uncooled low-noise amplifiers were 42 K and 61% at 1600 MHz. Experimental measurements of receiver noise using an array Y-factor technique matched modeled predictions. The array feed was mounted on the Arecibo radio telescope for on-reflector characterization. The measured boresight beam sensitivity figure of merit (Tsys/ηap) was 88 K and the 1 dB sensitivity bandwidth was 450 MHz.
Large systems and their regular expressions: an approach to pattern recognition

Systems theory deals with classes of identifiable parts each interacting in such a way that a given class exists together to satisfy certain specific requirements; these parts can be thought of an components of the system, some of which are permanent and some not. In analyzing a given system (see (13)) one usually offers up an mtuple consisting of devices to be analyzed, primitives to represent any device, allowable compositions, concepts of simulation, and theorems that tell how the devices are to be analyzed. Category theory serves as an organizational tool for large systems.
Polymer-Supported Synthesis of a Branched Trisaccharide of the Type IA Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharide: 3-Iodo-4-methoxybenzyl as a New O-Protecting Group

Abstract The synthesis of a key branched trisaccharide ( 1 ), of the type IA Group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide is described. The monomethyl ether of polyethylene glycol (MeO–(CH 2 CH 2 O) n –H, MPEG) and dioxyxylene [ p -(O)CH 2 –C 6 H 4 –CH 2 (O)–, DOX] have been used as the polymer-support/linker combination. Attempts to use the p -methoxybenzyl (PMB) protecting group under glycosylation conditions involving N -iodosuccinimide/silver trifuoromethanesulfonate promotion resulted in iodination to form the 3-iodo-4-methoxybenzyl (IPMB) derivative. Subsequently IPMB chloride was independently synthesized and used to introduce this new protecting group. The levulinoyl and the IPMB protecting groups have been used in an orthogonal manner to create 3,4-branching on a galactopyranosyl residue. Due to the enhanced acid stability of the IPMB group over the PMB group, the former group was critical to the success of the synthesis. The final trisaccharide and its intermediates were cleaved from the MPEG polymer-support by scandium(III)trifluoromethanesulfonate and acetic anhydride.
Protection and the control of information sharing in multics

The design of mechanisms to control the sharing of information in the Multics system is described. Five design principles help provide insight into the tradeoffs among different possible designs. The key mechanisms described include access control lists, hierarchical control of access specifications, identification and authentication of users, and primary memory protection. The paper ends with a discussion of several known weaknesses in the current protection mechanism design.
Precedent-Free Fault Isolation in a Diesel Engine EGR Valve System

In this paper, a framework for isolating unprecedented faults for an EGR valve system is presented. Using normal behavior data generated by a high fidelity engine simulation, the recently introduced Growing Structure Multiple Model System (GSMMS) is used to construct models of normal behavior for an EGR valve system and its various subsystems. Using the GSMMS models as a foundation, anomalous behavior of the entire system is then detected as statistically significant departures of the most recent modeling residuals from the modeling residuals during normal behavior. By reconnecting anomaly detectors to the constituent subsystems, the anomaly can be isolated without the need for prior training using faulty data. Furthermore, faults that were previously encountered (and modeled) are recognized using the same approach as the anomaly detectors.
Effect of pH Change upon Systemic Large and Small Vessel Resistance

In the dog foreleg acute increase and decrease of hydrogen ion concentration is associated with active small vessel dilatation and constriction, respectively, through some direct effect upon vascular smooth muscle. These small vessel resistance changes do not affect total resistance in the intact leg because of directionally opposite active changes in artery resistance. The latter response appears to be related to central nervous connections and perhaps to circulating or locally released epinephrine, norepinephrine or unknown vasoactive substances.
Tracking atmospheric ducts using radar clutter: surface-based duct tracking using multiple model particle filters

An accurate knowledge of radio refractivity is essential in many radar and propagation applications. Especially at low altitudes, radio refractivity can vary considerably with both height and range, heavily affecting the propagation characteristics. This paper addresses the problem of high variability in tracking surface-based ducts in marine and coastal environments. The method tracks the evolution of the range and height-dependent index of refraction using the radar sea clutter. A split-step fast Fourier transform (FFT) based parabolic equation (PE) approximation to the wave equation is used to compute the clutter return in complex environments with varying index of refraction.
Case report of intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease.

AbstractRosai-Dorfman disease (RDD)–sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy–represents a peculiar proliferation of histiocyte-like cells in patients. The condition was described by Rosai and Dorfman in 1969, after examining 4 cases, as an idiopathic histiocytic disorder. In 1972, they studied an additional 30 cases of patients with RDD. A histioproliferative disorder, RDD is characterized by bilateral, painless, cervical lymphadenopathy in 81% of patients. Fever, leukocytosis, elevated sedimentation rate, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia may also be found. In 30% of patients, extranodal involvement is present and may include the skin, eye orbit, upper respiratory tract, or testes. Cases involving the central nervous system are rare and account for < 5% of patients with RDD. We report on a 78-year-old woman presenting with new-onset headache, dizziness, and imbalance, which had been present for a few weeks prior to admission. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed 2 enhancing lesions ...
Source parameters of nuclear explosions MILROW and LONGSHOT from teleseismic P waves.

Summary Spectral ratios in the frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 3.0 Hz between underground nuclear explosions MILROW and LONGSHOT have been computed from teleseismic P waves recorded at seven LRSM stations. These ratios are interpreted on the basis of a theoretical model by Sharpe and Blake to estimate source parameters for the two explosions. The adopted model has a spherical source exerting a pressure, which is a step function of time, to the surrounding elastic medium. The results indicate that MILROW has a source radius of 3/4 km and LONGSHOT, 1/2 km. The source pressure of MILROW is estimated to be about twice as large as that of LONGSHOT. Spectral modulation, presumably caused by the pP waves, indicates a pP-P time interval of 0-86 s for MILROW and 0-55 s for LONGSHOT. These intervals imply an apparent average overburden P-wave velocity of 29 km s-1 for MILROW and 2.6 km s-1 for LONGSHOT. These velocities are significantly lower than the values obtained from on-site measurements, probably due mainly to a difference between the P-wave and the pP-wave velocities in the source region. The pP-wave amplitudes are apparently 0-6 times the corresponding P-wave amplitudes. Our results support the suggestions that the pP interference is partly responsible for the low excitation of longperiod P waves by underground nuclear explosions and that the resultant spectral modulation may be utilized for estimating detonation depths and as a diagnostic aid for explosion identification.
The Organization of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Vertical and Graviresponding Primary Roots of Maize

To determine whether actin microfilament (MF) organization is correlated with differential elongation, primary roots of Zea mays cv Merit maintained vertically or reoriented horizontally for 15 to 120 min were stained with rhodamine phalloidin and examined with a confocal microscope. Root curvature was measured with a computer-controlled video digitizer. In vertical roots bundles of MFs in the elongation and maturation zone were oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of cells. MFs in the vascular parenchyma cells were more abundant than in the cortex and epidermis. Epidermal and proendodermal cells in the meristematic region contained transverse cortical MFs. The organization of MFs of graviresponding roots was similar to that of vertical roots. Application of cytochalasin B or cytochalasin D resulted in extensive disruption of MFs in the cortex and epidermis, but only partially affected MFs in the stele. Despite the cytochalasin B-induced depolymerization of MFs, gravicurvature exceeded that of controls. In contrast, the auxin transport inhibitor N-1 naphthylphthalamic acid suppressed root curvature but had no observable effect on the integrity of the MFs. The data indicate that MFs may not be involved in the graviresponse of maize roots.
Nasal Lesion Development and Reversibility in Rats Exposed to Aerosols of Dibasic Esters

This study was conducted to investigate the initial tissue damage, morphogenesis, and reversibility of nasal lesions induced by the inhalation of dibasic esters (DBE). Young male rats were exposed, nose-only, to an aerosol/vapor mixture of DBE at a concentration of 5,900 mg/m3 for 4 hr and subsequently killed at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days after exposure. Nasal lesions were distributed along major inspiratory airflow routes. Widespread epithelial denudation occurred in the anterior nasal cavity, but the lesions were confined to the dorsal meatus, adjacent the nasal septum, and the lateral middle meatus in the mid-anterior nasal cavity. The lesions were markedly less severe in the posterior nasal cavity and sharply confined to the tips of dorsal ethmoturbinates and adjacent nasal septum. The damaged cuboidal/nonciliated and respiratory epithelium in the anterior nasal cavity regained a normal structure by 4 and 7 days postexposure, respectively. The regeneration of damaged olfactory epithelium was related...
The evolution of chloroplast genes and genomes in ferns

Most of the publicly available data on chloroplast (plastid) genes and genomes come from seed plants, with relatively little information from their sister group, the ferns. Here we describe several broad evolutionary patterns and processes in fern plastid genomes (plastomes), and we include some new plastome sequence data. We review what we know about the evolutionary history of plastome structure across the fern phylogeny and we compare plastome organization and patterns of evolution in ferns to those in seed plants. A large clade of ferns is characterized by a plastome that has been reorganized with respect to the ancestral gene order (a similar order that is ancestral in seed plants). We review the sequence of inversions that gave rise to this organization. We also explore global nucleotide substitution patterns in ferns versus those found in seed plants across plastid genes, and we review the high levels of RNA editing observed in fern plastomes.
Medical and neurocognitive late effects among survivors of childhood central nervous system tumors

Received June 26, 2001; accepted August 21, 2001. Primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid tumors that occur during childhood, with an annual U.S. rate of approximately 3.0 cases per 100,000 persons aged 19 years or younger. Incidence rates of pediatric CNS malignancies were essentially unchanging during the 1990s; past concerns about trends that indicated increasing rates in the 1980s appears to be largely explainable by diagnostic and ascertainment improvements that occurred during that time period. The prevalence of persons alive with a previous diagnosis of a CNS malignancy is estimated by the National Cancer Institute to be 35 per 100,000 males and 29 per 100,000 females. Because nonmalignant CNS tumors (such as meningiomas) are not included in this statistic, the actual prevalence of CNS tumor survivors in the U.S. is substantially higher than the National Cancer Institute estimates. As treatment improves, more children are surviving cancer into adulthood. Survival rates for those with pediatric CNS tumors differ substantially by histology, site, and age at diagnosis. Overall, the 5-year survival probability for children with a CNS malignancy diagnosed between 1985 and 1994 was 67%. Pediatric patients generally have a better prognosis than adults with CNS tumors, although the morbidity from these tumors and their treatment can be substantial. As more children with CNS tumors survive and require treatment in primary care settings, it is increasingly important for health care providers to recognize long-term complications of these tumors and their treatments. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise review of the long-term effects of pediatric CNS tumors and their treatment. We hope this review will aid providers in managing CNS survivors’ existing problems and in anticipating problems that survivors may face.
Responding to Color: The Regulation of Complementary Chromatic Adaptation

The acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to changes in light color is ubiquitous and may be best illustrated by the colorful process of complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA). During CCA, cyanobacterial cells change from brick red to bright blue green, depending on their light color environment. The apparent simplicity of this spectacular, photoreversible event belies the complexity of the cellular response to changes in light color. Recent results have shown that the regulation of CCA is also complex and involves at least three pathways. One is controlled by a phytochrome-class photoreceptor that is responsive to green and red light and a complex two-component signal transduction pathway, whereas another is based on sensing redox state. Studies of CCA are uncovering the strategies used by photosynthetic organisms during light acclimation and the means by which they regulate these responses.
Optimized joint timing synchronization and channel estimation for communications systems with multiple transmit antennas

This paper proposes a joint timing synchronization and channel estimation scheme for communications systems with multiple transmit antennas based on a well-designed training sequence arrangement. In addition, a generalized maximum-likelihood (ML) channel estimation scheme is presented, and this one-shot scheme is applied to obtain all channel impulse responses (CIR) from different transmit antennas. The proposed approach consists of three stages at each receive antenna. First, coarse timing and frequency offset estimates are obtained. Then, an advanced timing, relative timing indices, and the corresponding CIR estimates at the second stage are obtained using the generalized ML estimation based on a sliding observation vector. Finally, the fine time adjustment based on the minimum mean squared error criterion is performed. From the simulation results, the proposed approach has excellent performance in timing synchronization under several channel models at signal-to-noise ratio smaller than 1dB.
Controlling for race/ethnicity: a comparison of California commercial health plans CAHPS scores to NCBD benchmarks.

Because California has higher managed care penetration and the race/ethnicity of Californians differs from the rest of the United States, we tested the hypothesis that California's lower health plan Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) survey results are attributable to the state's racial/ethnic composition. California CAHPS survey responses for commercial health plans were compared to national responses for five selected measures: three global ratings of doctor, health plan and health care, and two composite scores regarding doctor communication and staff courtesy, respect, and helpfulness. We used the 2005 National CAHPS 3.0 Benchmarking Database to assess patient experiences of care. Multiple stepwise logistic regression was used to see if patient experience ratings based on CAHPS responses in California commercial health plans differed from all other states combined. CAHPS patient experience responses in California were not significantly different than the rest of the nation after adjusting for age, general health rating, individual health plan, education, time in health plan, race/ethnicity, and gender. Both California and national patient experience scores varied by race/ethnicity. In both California and the rest of the nation Blacks tended to be more satisfied, while Asians were less satisfied. California commercial health plan enrollees rate their experiences of care similarly to enrollees in the rest of the nation when seven different variables including race/ethnicity are considered. These findings support accounting for more than just age, gender and general health rating before comparing health plans from one state to another. Reporting on race/ethnicity disparities in member experiences of care could raise awareness and increase accountability for reducing these racial and ethnic disparities.
Monitoring county-level chlamydia incidence in Texas, 2004 – 2005: application of empirical Bayesian smoothing and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methods

Chlamydia continues to be the most prevalent disease in the United States. Effective spatial monitoring of chlamydia incidence is important for successful implementation of control and prevention programs. The objective of this study is to apply Bayesian smoothing and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods to monitor Texas county-level chlamydia incidence rates by examining spatiotemporal patterns. We used county-level data on chlamydia incidence (for all ages, gender and races) from the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) for 2004 and 2005. Bayesian-smoothed chlamydia incidence rates were spatially dependent both in levels and in relative changes. Erath county had significantly (p 300 cases per 100,000 residents) than its contiguous neighbors (195 or less) in both years. Gaines county experienced the highest relative increase in smoothed rates (173% – 139 to 379). The relative change in smoothed chlamydia rates in Newton county was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than its contiguous neighbors. Bayesian smoothing and ESDA methods can assist programs in using chlamydia surveillance data to identify outliers, as well as relevant changes in chlamydia incidence in specific geographic units. Secondly, it may also indirectly help in assessing existing differences and changes in chlamydia surveillance systems over time.
Gras-Type Conjectures Fattitle for Function Fields

Based on results obtained in [15], we construct groups of special S-units for function fields of characteristic p>0, and show that they satisfy Gras-type Conjectures. We use these results in order to give a new proof of Chinburg's Ω3-Conjecture on the Galois module structure of the group of S-units, for cyclic extensions of prime degree of function fields.
Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet from a Mixed-Metal Citrate Precursor

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) was synthesized using a polymeric precursor derived from a mixed-metal citric acid/ethylene glycol/ethanol solution. YAG was found to crystallize directly from an amorphous precursor beginning at temperatures as low as 600°C within 1 h in air. The polymer resin concentration was found to have an effect on the temperature of crystallization initiation. However, all precursors produced a well-crystallized YAG powder within 1 h at 800°C in air. Formation of phase-pure YAG in an argon atmosphere did not occur until heating for 1 h at 1000°C. An optimum cation-to-resin ratio to maximize reactivity provides a polymeric network to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of cations, yet minimizes cation diffusion distances within the char by limiting excess free carbon after polymer pyrolysis.
Foxp3 expression patterns in microscopic colitides: a clinicopathologic study of 69 patients.

Microscopic colitides, including lymphocytic (LC) and collagenous colitis (CC), are well-described pathologic conditions. An altered immune response is implicated in the pathogenesis of both entities. CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) secrete interleukin 2 which stimulates proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tregs, in turn, inhibit CTLs, inducing cytotoxic tissue damage. In Tregs, Foxp3 regulates T-cell–related immune responses. The distribution of Tregs and CTLs in microscopic colitides has remained underexplored. To characterize differences in the distribution pattern of Foxp3 in biopsy specimens from patients with LC and CC, 71 colonic biopsy specimens from 69 consecutive patients were categorized into 1 of 3 diagnoses: no significant histopathologic abnormality (NSHPA), LC, or CC. Further immunohistochemical evaluation of all biopsy specimens was conducted using a panel of markers including CD8 and Foxp3. Our study demonstrated that CTL distribution pattern differences exist among these 2 colitides and that differences in the immunologic recruitment of Foxp3+ Tregs in the colonic mucosa correlate with differences in the spectrum of morphologic changes seen in patients with either LC or CC. Upon completion of this activity you will be able to: The ASCP is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCP designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit ™ per article. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. This activity qualifies as an American Board of Pathology Maintenance of Certification Part II Self-Assessment Module. The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. Questions appear on p 1009. Exam is located at [www.ascp.org/ajcpcme][1]. [1]: http://www.ascp.org/ajcpcme
On the eigenproblem for orthogonal matrices

A numerically stable method, that uses the structure of the matrices, for computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of orthogonal matrices is described. The orthogonality of the matrices reduces the eigenproblem to three singular value problems for bidiagonal matrices, whose elements are explicitly known functions of the Schur parameters.