cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sox9b is a mediator of retinoic acid signaling restricting endocrine progenitor differentiation

Centroacinar cells (CACs) are ductal Notch-responsive progenitors that in the larval zebrafish pancreas differentiate to form new islets and ultimately contribute to the majority of the adult endocrine mass. Uncovering the mechanisms regulating CAC differentiation will facilitate understanding how insulin-producing β cells are formed. Previously we reported retinoic acid (RA) signaling and Notch signaling both regulate larval CAC differentiation, suggesting a shared downstream intermediate. Sox9b is a transcription factor important for islet formation whose expression is upregulated by Notch signaling in larval CACs. Here we report that sox9b expression in larval CACs is also regulated by RA signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that Sox9b is an intermediate between both RA- and Notch-signaling pathways. In order to study the role of Sox9b in larval CACs, we generated two cre/lox based transgenic tools, which allowed us to express full-length or truncated Sox9b in larval CACs. In this way we were able to perform spatiotemporal-controlled Sox9b gain- and loss-of-function studies and observe the subsequent effect on progenitor differentiation. Our results are consistent with Sox9b regulating CAC differentiation by being a downstream intermediate of both RA- and Notch-signaling pathways. We also demonstrate that adult zebrafish with only one functional allele of sox9b undergo accelerated β-cell regeneration, an observation consistent with sox9b regulating CAC differentiation in adults.
Susceptibility to interference: underlying mechanisms, and implications for prediction

Over the years, models proposed for second-language (L2) processing have been remarkably parallel to those proposed for Broca's aphasia. Differences between agrammatic and unaffected language processing have been explained, e.g., in terms of lack of detailed syntactic structure building (Grodzinsky, 1995), resource deficits (Haarman, Just & Carpenter, 1997), slow syntactic processing (Burkhardt, Avrutin, Pinango & Ruigendijk, 2008), or slowed lexical access (Love, Swinney, Walenski & Zurif, 2008). Each of these approaches have their homolog in L2 processing (e.g., Clahsen & Felser, 2006; McDonald, 2006; Dekydtspotter, Schwartz & Sprouse, 2006; Hopp, 2013, respectively). It is therefore not surprising that Cunnings's proposal (Cunnings, 2016) parallels another idea in aphasia and aging research, namely that deviations from healthy young adult monolingual sentence processing can be attributed to an increased susceptibility to interference (e.g., Sheppard, Walenski, Love & Shapiro, 2015).
An Argument on Disney and Psychological Development

Through the voices of literature and research, this argument discusses the ethical implications Disney imposes on the psychological development of children across the whole of society. As children are consistently exposed to media, advertisements and film, the simplicity of what once was entertainment, has now taken on a drastic profile of that of an educator. Sources, including those of Bell, Haas, and Sells, (1995), Giroux (2010), and Strasburger, Wilson, and Jordan, (2014), stand behind the firm disposition that Disney educates children when it comes to identity administration, gender performance, and racial stereotypes, thus shaping society as a whole. Beginning with an intense review of term definition, event causation, and source evaluation, this analysis will lead into a thought provoking argument that will provide an insight into the powerful pedagogy of Disney, and how it affects a child’s psychological development when it comes to growth, play, and even self-identity.
Counseling With Children in Contemporary Society

This article examines elements related to children's developmental understandings of death, ways to talk to children about death, a broad understanding of the nature of children's grief and bereavement, recognition of the common characteristics of grieving children, and useful interventions.The research related to the child grief process and the intrinsic value of therapeutic and educational supports in working with grieving children are discussed through case studies, the professional literature, and practical interventions that support the process of grief therapy for mental health counselors and the bereaved child.
Shared-Value or Mere Commercialization? Factors That Influence Perceptions of Collaborative Product Development: An Abstract

Consumers expect greater involvement in the product and service offerings of firms. In response, the integration of consumers into the product development process, a technique known as collaborative product development (CPD), has become of interest to researchers across disciplines. CPD has become a “looking glass” technique that fosters an enhanced sense of shared identity. Here, consumers’ perceptions of the firm change from an “us versus them” perception to a “we” orientation. As such, the strategic utilization of CPD emerges as an important consideration for brand managers who need to build and support the firm’s reputation. Currently, most collaborative relationships with consumers are conducted ad hoc—without precedent to guide managers’ decision making. What, then, are the implications of consumer collaboration across the most common business practices including product development and promotion? Does CPD become more influential in product evaluation as it becomes more embedded in a business’s core offering? In other words, collaboration used to promote a new product (i.e., late-stage collaboration) may not create as strong of a connection with the consumer as collaboration used to create and develop that new product (i.e., early-stage collaboration).
Abstract 18833: Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes and Resource Utilization in the United States: Do Females Fare Worse?

Background: For many disease entities, women have been shown to have worse outcomes compared to men. Although, the association of gender and out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes has been ...
Measuring Protein Binding to F-actin by Co-sedimentation

Filamentous actin (F-actin) organization within cells is regulated by a large number of actin-binding proteins that control actin nucleation, growth, cross-linking and/or disassembly. This protocol describes a technique - the actin co-sedimentation, or pelleting, assay - to determine whether a protein or protein domain binds F-actin and to measure the affinity of the interaction (i.e., the dissociation equilibrium constant). In this technique, a protein of interest is first incubated with F-actin in solution. Then, differential centrifugation is used to sediment the actin filaments, and the pelleted material is analyzed by SDS-PAGE. If the protein of interest binds F-actin, it will co-sediment with the actin filaments. The products of the binding reaction (i.e., F-actin and the protein of interest) can be quantified to determine the affinity of the interaction. The actin pelleting assay is a straightforward technique for determining if a protein of interest binds F-actin and for assessing how changes to that protein, such as ligand binding, affect its interaction with F-actin.
On choosing the start time of binary black hole ringdowns

The final stage of a binary black hole merger is ringdown, in which the system is described by a Kerr black hole with quasinormal mode perturbations. It is far from straightforward to identify the time at which the ringdown begins. Yet determining this time is important for precision tests of the general theory of relativity that compare an observed signal with quasinormal mode descriptions of the ringdown, such as tests of the no-hair theorem. We present an algorithmic method to analyze the choice of ringdown start time in the observed waveform. This method is based on determining how close the strong field is to a Kerr black hole (Kerrness). Using numerical relativity simulations, we characterize the Kerrness of the strong-field region close to the black hole using a set of local, gauge-invariant geometric and algebraic conditions that measure local isometry to Kerr. We produce a map that associates each time in the gravitational waveform with a value of each of these Kerrness measures; this map is produced by following outgoing null characteristics from the strong and near-field regions to the wave zone. We perform this analysis on a numerical relativity simulation with parameters consistent with GW150914---the first gravitational-wave detection. We find that the choice of ringdown start time of 3 ms after merger used in the GW150914 study [B. P. Abbott et al. (Virgo Collaboration and LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 221101 (2016).] to test general relativity corresponds to a high dimensionless perturbation amplitude of $\ensuremath{\sim}7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ in the strong-field region. This suggests that in higher signal-to-noise detections, one would need to start analyzing the signal at a later time for studies that depend on the validity of black hole perturbation theory.
Reflections on the theoretical contributions and clinical applications of parental insightfulness.

This paper outlines the theoretical antecedents that contextualize parental insightfulness and examines this concept’s value in assessing parental functioning and in monitoring treatment progress w...
Fabrication and characterization of thermo-responsive gold nanorod assemblies

Advancements in nanotechnology sensors have aided in the detection of subtle, but significant cellular deviations that may mark certain stages of diseases. Gold nanorods (GNRs) are often studied for this purpose due to their tunable optical properties and ease in surface functionalization. The absorption properties of GNRs are governed by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which strongly depends on the GNR’s aspect ratio and on interparticle interactions. By controlling the coupling of nearby rods, a sensor can be created to respond to temperature fluctuations in the local environment. Here, we fabricated thermo-responsive gold nanorod assemblies by conjugating GNRs in end-to-end or side-by-side configurations using Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM). End-to-end assemblies were fabricated through mixture of GNRs and PNIPAM in DI water. GNRs and PNIPAM were combined in DI water and dimethylformamide (DMF) under sonication to achieve side-by-side configuration. The optical absorption of the assemblies was measured by UV-Visible spectroscopy at different temperatures. As the temperature increased, the polymer contracted and initiated plasmon coupling between the GNRs. The optical spectrum experienced a blue- or red-shift for side-by-side or end-to-end configurations, respectively. Spectral tunability reversal was observed when cooled. Experimental results were verified by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, which demonstrated spectral shifts under similar parameters. We present methods for fabrication of thermo-responsive gold nanorods for use as a local thermal nanosensor.
Readability of Spanish language online information for the initial treatment of burns.

Abstract Objective This study’s aim is to identify the most popular online resources for burn treatment information available in the Spanish language, and to evaluate the readability of this information. Methods The phrase “tratamiento de quemaduras” (burn treatment) was entered into search engines Google and Bing on 9/15/2014 and 9/13/2017. The top 12 Spanish web results on each site were identified and analyzed using Readability Studio Professional Edition v2012.1. The software generated a “mean grade reading level” for each article, or the grade of students that could be expected to understand the article’s language. Results 21 distinct articles were identified at T1 and 17 at T2, with seven overlapping between T1 and T2. The average grade reading level of all the websites ranged from 7.8 to 13.8 at T1 (approximately 8th grade to sophomore year of college) and 7.8 to 12.2 at T2. Conclusions No websites were within 1 standard deviation of the American Medical Association recommended 6th grade reading level. With readability showing little improvement during the past three years, providers should be aware of the complexity of online literature, and the potential complications this presents to patients. Additionally, burn centers should prioritize generating more accessible information for the Spanish speaking public.
Abstract 2762: Identification of novel immunotherapeutic targets in anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) being the rarest and most aggressive form. ATC patients display a higher mutational burden and are refractory to current mainstream treatments including second generation kinase inhibitors like vemurafenib (PLX4032). BRAFV600E is one of the most common mutations associated with this phenotype. Presence of BRAFV600E has been associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in thyroid cancer that presumably facilitates immune evasion. With recent advancements in immunotherapy, well defined targeted treatment plans can address the unmet medical need of ATC. In an effort to define potential immunotherapeutic targets that can be combined with small molecule inhibitors in this subtype, we evaluated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in four thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1 (papillary), BCPAP (BRAFV600E positive papillary), 8505C (BRAFV600E positive anaplastic) and CGTH-W-1 (follicular) by qRT PCR at the basal level and after treatment with vemurafenib and mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Prominent co-stimulatory molecules like CD27, CD30, 4-1BB and DR3 were significantly downregulated at the transcript level in ATC (8505C) as compared to the other thyroid cancer subtypes. We observed a higher baseline expression of co-inhibitory molecules like full length CTLA4 (mCTLA4), soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4), LAG3, 2B4, PD-1 and PD-L1 in ATC (8505C) compared to the other subtypes of thyroid cancer. Although vemurafenib treatment decreased the expression of PD-L1 as expected, interestingly, it enhanced the expression of co-inhibitory molecules LAIR1, 2B4, mCTLA4 and PD-1 by approximately 1.5 folds. These results suggest an inherent redundancy in inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules that presumably compensate for each other, functionally, making them novel targets in ATC. With our study we identified a distinct group of co-inhibitory molecules in ATC that can be targeted by antagonistic antibodies in a combinatorial treatment regimen with small molecule inhibitors like vemurafenib. Citation Format: Sanjukta Chakraborty, Rachana R. Maniyar, Neha Y. Tuli, Ghada Ben Rahoma, Sarnath Singh, Ameet Kamat, Craig Berzofsky, Cameron Budenz, Augustine Moscatello, Jan Geliebter, Raj K. Tiwari. Identification of novel immunotherapeutic targets in anaplastic thyroid cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2762.
706. Ceftazidime-Avibactam (CZA) and Meropenem (MER) Are Synergistic and Bactericidal Against Genetically Diverse KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp)

Background We previously showed that CZA MICs are higher among KPC-3 Kp and KPC-2 Kp with porin mutations. Clinical resistance has emerged among KPC-3 Kp. Here, we tested various agents in combination with CZA for synergistic and bactericidal activity.
Dichotomous perception of animal categories in infancy

Although there is a wealth of knowledge on categorization early in life, there are still many unanswered questions about the nature of category representation in infancy. For example, it is unclear whether infants are sensitive to boundaries between complex categories, such as types of animals, or whether young infants exhibit such sensitivity without explicit experience in the lab. Using a morphing technique, we linearly altered the category composition of images and measured 6.5-month-olds' attention to pairs of animal faces that either did or did not cross the categorical boundary, with the stimuli in each pair being equally dissimilar from one another across the two types of image pairs. Results indicated that infants dichotomize the continua between cats and dogs and between cows and otters, but only when the images are presented in their canonical, upright orientations. These findings demonstrate a propensity to dichotomize early in life that could have implications for social categorizations, such as race and gender.
Volcanoes and Heresies: Historiographical Perspectives on the Byzantine Iconoclastic Controversy

"Ever since the dawn of history, when man first became a religious animal and almost simultaneously—give or take a millennium or two—made his first clumsy attempts at adorning the walls of his cave, he has had to face one fundamental question: is art the ally of religion, or its most insidious enemy?" 1 This question, precisely posed by historian John Julius Norwich in his trilogy on the Byzantine Empire, came to the fore in the seventh and eighth centuries during the Byzantine iconoclastic 2 controversy: Are icons the friend or foe of Christianity?
The multi-dimensional environment of publicly funded U.S. crime laboratories and its impact on lab priorities

Institutional theory of organizations has been increasingly applied to U.S. police organizations. There is, however, a dearth of literature applying institutional theory to publicly funded U.S. cri...
The Analysis of Structural Safety

The work of the Task Committee on Factors of Safety, ASCE, to date (as of 1965) is summarized with a brief review of the work that has been done elsewhere in the field of structural reliability. On the basis of the assumption that the resisting strength of and the load applied to a structure are usually random variables, the probability of failure and reliability function are introduced as possible measures of structural safety, and related to the conventional safety factor. Reliability functions of structures consisting of multiple members are derived for the cases when the loads are applied at equal intervals or at prescribed instants and where the number of occurrences of the load is governed by a Poisson law, assuming that the resistance of the structure is either deterministic or random. Two numerical examples dealing with safety of a transmission tower and of an aircraft wing are presented to illustrate the proposed method of evaluation of structural safety.
Menthol blunts the interoceptive discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in female but not male rats.

Menthol is a widely used tobacco constituent that has shown to enhance nicotine’s reinforcing effects. To determine whether injected menthol also alters nicotine’s stimulus effects, we used a drug discrimination task. A total of 57 adult Sprague-Dawley rats (28M, 29F) received 20 positive and 20 negative days (intermixed) of discrimination training. On positive days, rats received a group-specific menthol and nicotine injection (VEH + 0.1 NIC, 1 M + 0.1 NIC, 5 M + 0.1 NIC, VEH + 0.4 NIC, 1 M + 0.4 NIC, 5 M + 0.4 NIC; mg/kg) before eight 15-s cue light presentations (conditioned stimulus (CS)), each followed by 4-s sucrose access. On negative days, all rats were injected with vehicle and saline before eight non-reinforced CS presentations. Next, rats underwent generalization testing with 30 dose combinations of menthol and nicotine. The change in drug-mediated anticipatory goal tracking during the CS was calculated as a difference score (CS minus pre-CS responding). All groups readily acquired drug discrimination. However, difference scores for the 5M + 0.1 NIC group were lower for females. Additionally, females had lower scores for 0.05, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine generalization tests. The lowest nicotine dose discriminable from saline was 0.05 mg/kg for females but 0.025 mg/kg for males. Co-administration with 5 or 10 mg/kg menthol weakened discrimination performance between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg and between 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg nicotine for 0.1 mg/kg nicotine training groups. Female rats that were trained with 0.1 mg/kg nicotine were more sensitive to menthol’s modulatory effects on nicotine’s stimulus effects. This highlights the importance of taking sex and training dose into account when evaluating the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine and menthol.
Association of Clinical Assessments of Hand Function and Quantitative Ultrasound Metrics in First Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis

BackgroundThumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative condition affecting hand use, is typically evaluated through radiographs and clinical examination. Although this can determ...
Shortcomings of human-in-the-loop optimization for an ankle-foot prosthesis: a case series

ABSTRACT Human-in-the-loop optimization allows for individualized device control based on measured human performance. This technique has been used to produce large reductions in energy expenditure during walking with exoskeletons but has not yet been applied to prosthetic devices. In this series of case studies, we applied human-in-the-loop optimization to the control of an active ankle-foot prosthesis used by participants with unilateral transtibial amputation. We optimized the parameters of five control architectures that captured aspects of successful exoskeletons and commercial prostheses, but none resulted in significantly lower metabolic rate than generic control. In one control architecture, we increased the exposure time per condition by a factor of five, but the optimized controller still resulted in higher metabolic rate. Finally, we optimized for self-reported comfort instead of metabolic rate, but the resulting controller was not preferred. There are several reasons why human-in-the-loop optimization may have failed for people with amputation. Control architecture is an unlikely cause given the variety of controllers tested. The lack of effect likely relates to adaptation protocol or differences in the learning mechanisms or objectives of people with amputation. Future work should investigate these causes to determine whether human-in-the-loop optimization for prostheses could be successful.
What Impacts Young Generations' School/College Education Through the Lens of Family Economics? A Review on JFEI Publications in the Past Ten Years.

The purpose of this paper is to review a group of selected papers on the theme of education published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues from the past 10 years to see what we have come to know regarding what impacted young generations’ school/college education from the lens of family economics, as well as to share our thoughts on future directions to move the research inquiry forward. The paper first gives a brief description on all articles selected for this review. Followed by, a discussion of findings of these studies from the lens of macro-meso-micro analysis. Gaps in research ideas and methodology as well as future research directions are discussed in the end.
Two-way coupling between the sub-grid land surface and rivernetworks in Earth system models

Abstract. Over the past decade, there has been appreciable progress towards modeling the water, energy, and carbon cycles at field-scales (10–100 m) over continental to global extents. One such approach, named HydroBlocks, accomplishes this task while maintaining computational efficiency via sub-grid tiles, or Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), learned via a hierarchical clustering approach from available global high-resolution environmental data. However, until now, there has yet to be a macroscale river routing approach that is able to leverage HydroBlocks' approach to sub-grid heterogeneity, thus limiting the added value of field-scale land surface modeling in Earth System Models (e.g., riparian zone dynamics, irrigation from surface water, and interactive floodplains). This paper introduces a novel dynamic river routing scheme in HydroBlocks that is intertwined with the modeled field-scale land surface heterogeneity. The primary features of the routing scheme include: 1) the fine-scale river network of each macroscale grid cell's is derived from very high resolution (
Uncovering the Hidden Layers of the Sun

Professor Michael Thompson had made major contributions in developing techniques that have allowed us to ‘invert’ helioseismic data. These analyses have allowed us to determine the structure of the inner layers of the Sun. This in turn has led to tests of solar models, and perhaps more importantly, tests of the properties of stellar material. I review some of the interesting results that helioseismic structure inversions have revealed and how today we are still using structure inversions to reveal subtle features of solar structure.
Expression Analysis of Same-Patient Metachronous and Synchronous Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

Purpose:We compared upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) in same-patient metachronous UTUC and synchronous UTUC and BUC using next-generation sequencing.Ma...
The role of authentic contexts and social elements in supporting organic chemistry students’ interactions with writing-to-learn assignments

Student affect is an important factor in the learning process and may be especially important in gateway courses such as organic chemistry. Students’ recognition of the relevance of the content they are learning and interactions with their peers can support their motivation to learn. Herein, we describe a study focused on how Writing-to-Learn assignments situate organic chemistry content within relevant contexts and incorporate social elements to support positive student interactions with organic chemistry. These assignments incorporate rhetorical elements—an authentic context, role, genre, and audience—to support student interest and demonstrate the relevance of the content. In addition, students engage in the processes of peer review and revision to support their learning. We identified how the authentic contexts and peer interactions incorporated into two Writing-to-Learn assignments supported students’ interactions with the assignments and course content by analyzing student interviews and supported by feedback survey responses. Our results indicate that assignments incorporating these elements can support student affect and result in students’ perceived learning, but that there should be careful consideration of the relevance of the chosen contexts with respect to the interests of the students enrolled in the course and the complexity of the contexts.
Navigation in Space by X-ray Pulsars

1 Prologue.- 1.1 Current Spacecraft Navigation Systems.- 1.2 Pulsar-Based Relative Navigation.- 1.2.1 Why Relative Navigation? Why Celestial-Based Systems?- 1.2.2 Pulsars.- 1.2.3 Why Use X-ray Pulsars for Navigation?- 1.2.4 History of Pulsar-Based Navigation.- 1.3 Proposed Navigation System Structure.- 1.4 Thesis Outline.- 2 Signal Modeling.- 2.1 X-ray Detectors.- 2.2 X-ray Pulsar Signal.- 2.2.1 Constant-Frequency Model.- 2.2.2 Time-Dependent-Frequency Model.- 2.3 Discussion.- 2.4 Epoch Folding.- 2.4.1 Effect of Velocity Errors.- 2.5 Generating Photon TOAs.- 2.6 Simulation.- 3 Pulse Delay Estimation.- 3.1 Pulse Delay Estimation.- 3.2 The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB).- 3.3 Discussion.- 3.4 Simulation.- 4 Pulse Delay Estimation Using Epoch Folding.- 4.1 Cross Correlation Technique.- 4.2 Nonlinear Least Squares Technique.- 4.3 Simulation.- 5 Pulse Delay Estimation via Direct Use of TOAs.- 5.1 Maximum-Likelihood Estimator (MLE).- 5.2 Numerical Determination of the MLE.- 5.3 Simulation.- 6 Recursive Position Estimation.- 6.1 System Dynamics.- 6.2 Measurements.- 6.3 Discrete-Time Estimation Process.- 6.4 Discussion.- 6.5 Simulation.- 7 Epilogue References.
Effect of Carbohydrate and Protein Focused Diets on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Overweight and Obese Women Combined with Exercise

We examined the effect of a protein (PRO, 1.14g/kg/day) or carbohydrate (CHO, ~2.2g/kg/day) focused diet (1600 kcals) combined with 10-wks of circuit training exercise on NCEP ATP III defined metabolic syndrome (MetS).We performed a retrospective, analysis of eight completed studies in 663 women (age 46+11 y, BMI 24.3 – 62.0 kg/m2) participating in a CURVES™ exercise program. CHO and PRO diets were assigned based on a CHO preference questionnaire at baseline. Primary (MetS presence) and Secondary (summated MetS z-scores and MetS component features) were analyzed via Chi-Square and GLM, respectively, at baseline and follow-up and covaried for age, study classification and respective baseline MetS component features.At study initiation XX% of our cohort presented with MetS (PRO, 49%, CHO, 42%). At follow-up, both diets showed a similar reduction in MetS prevalence (PRO, 19% vs. CHO, 19%, P<0.04). No differences were noted for MetS-z (PRO, -0.17, xx, 95% CI, low, high; CHO, -0.20, xx, 95%, CI) or individual ...
Jung and phenomenology

Jung and Phenomenology is a classic text in the field of Jungian scholarship. Originally published in 1991, it continues to be essential to conversations regarding the foundations of Jungian thought. This Classic Edition of the book includes a brand new introduction by the author. Jung described his own approach as phenomenological, particularly as it contrasted with Freud’s psychoanalysis and with medical psychiatry. However, Jung’s understanding of phenomenology was inconsistent, and he writes with an epistemological eclecticism which leaves him often at cross purposes with himself. In Jung and Phenomenology, Brooke systematically addresses the central ideas of Jung’s thought. The major developments in the post-Jungian tradition are extensively integrated into the conversation, as are clinical issues, meaning that the book marks a synthesis of insights in the contemporary Jungian field. His reading and interpretation of Jung are guided by the question of what it is that Jung is trying to show but which tends to be obscured by his formulations. Examining the meaning of Jung’s theoretical ideas in concrete existential terms, Jung and Phenomenology is essential reading for psychoanalysts, psychologists and students interested in the Jungian tradition and existential phenomenology.
SPECT: quality control procedures and artifact identification

Commercially available single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cameras require both new calibration and very careful routine quality control procedures. These procedures must be performed properly and regularly to produce artifact-free images. Calibration procedures include field uniformity, center of rotation, pixel size, and camera alignment. Of these, field uniformity is the most important because nonuniformities have a greater effect on tomographic images than on planar images. Calibration procedures for all these SPECT parameters are presented in detail as are quality control procedures that will ensure artifact-free, clinically useful images.
Hemiacidrin Irrigation in the Management of Struvite Calculi: Long-Term Results

AbstractRenacidin (10 per cent hemiacidrin) irrigation has been used in the management of renal struvite calculi in 25 patients. Of these patients 22 were free of stone after irrigation: 16 after dissolution of residual stone fragments postoperatively, 4 after prophylactic postoperative irrigation and 2 after primary, nonsurgical percutaneous dissolution. Recurrent urinary tract infections owing to the original urease-producing bacteria occurred in 14 per cent of these patients and recurrent nephrolithiasis occurred in 9 per cent during an average followup period of 66 months.
Physiological and chemical aspects of the antistiffness factor essential for guinea pigs.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on physiological and chemical aspects of the antistiffness factor essential for guinea pigs. A deficiency syndrome, of which stiffness is an outstanding symptom, has been demonstrated in guinea pigs raised on certain diets. The studies on tissue metabolism indicate that this factor plays an important role in the energy metabolism through its influence on the adenylic acid system. It might either restrain the activity of the adenosinetriphosphatase and the adenosinepyrophosphatase, or act as a prosthetic group that promotes the rephosphorylation of adenylic acid. In the first case a deficiency of the factor would promote the rapid breakdown of any adenosinetriphosphate formed during the metabolic cycles, resulting in an increase of inorganic phosphate and adenylic acid in the tissues. If, however, the antistiffness factor would act as a prosthetic group for the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of adenylic acid, a more direct interference with the normal metabolic cycles would result. The phosphorylation of adenylic acid would then be blocked in the deficient tissue, and the adenylic acid system would not be able to act as a phosphate acceptor for the energy-rich phosphate groups formed during the metabolic cycles. Especially, the anaerobic glycolysis would then be slowed down.
Perceived barriers to infection prevention and control for nursing home certified nursing assistants: A qualitative study

Healthcare-associated infections, while preventable, result in increased morbidity and mortality in nursing home (NH) residents. Frontline personnel, such as certified nursing assistants (CNAs), are crucial to successful implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. The purpose of this study was to explore barriers to implementing and maintaining IPC practices for NH CNAs as well as to describe strategies used to overcome these barriers. We conducted a multi-site qualitative study of NH personnel important to infection control. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Five key themes emerged as perceived barriers to effective IPC for CNAs: 1) language/culture; 2) knowledge/training; 3) per-diem/part-time staff; 4) workload; and 5) accountability. Strategies used to overcome these barriers included: translating in-services, hands on training, on-the-spot training for per-diem/part-time staff, increased staffing ratios, and inclusion/empowerment of CNAs. Understanding IPC barriers and strategies to overcome these barriers may better enable NHs to achieve infection reduction goals.
Conditions to test electric fence additions to cattle barb wire fence for goat containment

Two experiments were conducted to determine appropriateness of conditions in a method being developed for evaluating efficacy of different electric fence additions to cattle barb wire fence for goat containment. In Experiment 1, two 6×6 Latin squares (LS), each with 24 yearling Boer goat doelings previously exposed to electric fence, were conducted. After overnight fasting, groups of four doelings were placed in 2.4×2.4 m pens without forage. One pen side was five strands of four-point barb wire (non-electrified) at 31, 56, 81, 107 and 132 cm from the ground adjacent to a pasture with abundant vegetation. One LS had periods 2–3 days in length and the other 7 days. Electric fence treatments for each square were addition to barb wire fence of four electric fence strands 15, 28, 43 and 58 cm from the ground at low voltage of 4–4.5 kV (4S-LV); two strands at 15 and 43 cm and high voltage of 8.5–9 kV (2S-HV); two strands at 15 and 43 cm and low voltage (2S-LV); one strand at 15 cm and low voltage (1S-LH-LV); o...
Multiscale Control for Nanoprecision Positioning Systems With Large Throughput

A problem of continuing interest in feedback control is handling conflicting time-domain performance specifications. Semiconductor manufacturing is one of the applications of particular interest in this context with the demanding feature sizes (on the order of a few tens of nanometers) to be produced on a wafer while still requiring high throughput (greater than 100 wafers per hour). In this brief, we propose a multiscale control design method based on a reduced-order model-following scheme for the dynamic systems with such conflicting time-domain performance requirements. This method uses a dynamic reference model to make the plant output track the model output as closely as possible without increasing the overall order of the control system. Optimal proportional-integral (PI) control is used, which is essentially a modification of the conventional optimal control. A detailed analytical proof is given to show that this control scheme effectively overcomes the limitations of the conventional optimal control techniques and provides consistent performances at nano- as well as macroscale positioning with fast rise and settling times. Benefits and limitations of the proposed control scheme are described and stability and performance analyses are discussed. A six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) extended-range magnetically levitated (maglev) nanopositioning stage, which is open-loop unstable, is used as a test bed to demonstrate the developed control strategy. Step responses under a variety of conditions are obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. This method exhibits significantly better and robust performances in terms of transient as well as steady-state behavior compared with conventional optimal-control schemes. Furthermore, it can be applied to a general class of higher-order linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with or without open-loop instability.
Dendrimer-Mediated Formation of Multicomponent Nanospheres

Silica encapsulation of nanoparticles has had important applications in areas as diverse as catalyst support in heterogeneous processes to controlled drug release. Current methods of production often require stringent conditions which can lead to degradation of the encapsulated material. Recently, we have developed a dendrimer-driven biomimetic approach to nanoparticle silica formation that occurs at ambient conditions. Extending this chemistry, PAMAM dendrimers have been utilized successfully as both a host for Au0 nanoparticle synthesis and an active agent for silica condensation. The resulting product yields mesoporous silica nanospheres of 80-nm diameter supporting randomly distributed gold nanoparticles. Alternately, the positively charged surface of the dendrimers may be used to form an electrostatic precursor complex with low ratios of negatively charged CdSe/ZnS core shell semiconductor nanoparticles (AMP dots) that condense silica, trapping the AMP dots within 200-nm diameter silica nanospheres. ...
Scenario probability scaling: an eigenvector analysis of elicited scenario odds ratios

Abstract If odds ratios elicited from experts (eg via Delphi) are translated into scenario probabilities by nonsymmetric matrix eigenvector analysis, then such problems as inconsistency between individuals' responses can be conveniently analysed, and revised, more consistent responses can be sought.
Separation of metal ions using an aromatic o-hydroxy-oxime resin

Abstract A chelating ion exchanger has been synthesized in which an o-hydroxypropio-phenoneoxime group is attached chemically to the benzene ring of a divinylbenzene resin. On a short column of such resin, copper(II) is selectively adsorbed from pH 3.5 acetate solution or from pH 5 tartrate solution and can be subsequently eluted sharply by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Molybdenum(VI) is sorbed selectively from 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution and is eluted in a narrow band by aqueous sodium hydroxide. Numerous rapid column-chromatographic separations are reported using the resin, including some used in the analysis of NBS standard samples.
Explaining the Gamma-Ray Burst Lag/Luminosity Relation

The spectral lag of a gamma-ray burst (i.e., the cross-correlation delay between the light curves as measured at ~200 and 30 keV) is inversely related to the burst's peak luminosity. This lag/luminosity relation has passed three stiff predictions, so we have good empirical evidence for its validity. The relation is of high importance, since it provides a means to get the distances to bursts from the gamma-ray light curves alone, thus opening up the entire BATSE database to demographic studies, as well as making bursts available as tools for cosmology, even out to very high redshifts. Nevertheless, it would be good to have some theoretical understanding of why the lag is related to the luminosity. In this paper the lag/luminosity relation is shown to be a simple and forced consequence of the empirical and general Liang-Kargatis relation (which describes how the peak photon energy in the spectrum changes with time). In short, the lag is related to the time it takes for a pulse to cool somewhat (by ~6 keV); if the burst is highly luminous, then the cooling time (and hence the lag) will be short, while if the burst has a low luminosity, then the cooling time and lag will be long. With this understanding I propose three methods to improve the scatter in the lag/luminosity relation, and I note that there is no apparent cause for evolution to distort the gamma-ray burst Hubble diagram at high redshift.
Reproduction in Fischer-344 rats exposed to methyl chloride by inhalation for two generations.

Abstract Male and female Fischer-344 rats were exposed to methyl chloride by inhalation (0, 150, 475, or 1500 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, 40 males and 80 females per group). The only treatment-related clinical signs were a 10 to 20% body weight gain depression (BWGD) in both males and females exposed to 1500 ppm at all weekly weighings after 2 weeks of exposure and a 5–7% BWGD in 475-ppm exposed animlas after Day 57. After 10 weeks the exposure schedule was changed to 6 hr/day, 7 days/week and each male was mated to two exposed females. The mating period was ended after 2 weeks, at which point 10 males/group were necropsied. The only tratment-related lesions found were severe bilateral testicular degeneration ( 10 10 ) and granulomas in the epididymis ( 3 10 ) in the 1500-ppm males. The remaining 30 males per group were then removed from exposure and mated during a 2-week period with 60 unexposed females. The exposed females were continued on exposure from the start of mating to Postnatal Day 28 (6 hr/day, 7 days/week). The females were not exposed from Gestation Day 18 to Postnatal Day 4, and the pups were never directly exposed prior to weaning. There were no significant differences between groups in the number of exposed or unexposed females that mated, as evidenced by copulation plugs. No litters were born to exposed or unexposed females mated to the 1500-ppm males. There was no significant difference in the number of litters produced by the 150-ppm groups when compared to the control groups. Fewer litters were born in the 475-ppm groups than in the control groups. No differences in litter size, sex ratio, pup viability, or pup growth were found among the 475-ppm, 150-ppm, or control F0 groups. When bred 10 weeks after the cessation of exposures, 5 to 20 1500-ppm F0 males had regained the ability to sire normal litters. The same number of 475-ppm F0 males proved as fertile ( 15 20 ) as control F0 males ( 13 20 ). After weaning, F1 pups from the 475-, 150-, and 0-ppm groups were exposed to the same concentrations of methyl chloride for 10 weeks and then mated. A trend toward decreased fertility was found in the 475-ppm F1 group.
Cholecystokinin octapeptide alters morphine-induced effects on EEG power spectra both quantitatively and qualitatively

In the present study, EEG analysis was used to determine if cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) has an effect on the EEG spectral profile associated with morphine-induced bursting. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with cortical electrodes and indwelling i.c.v. and i.v. cannulas. On the day of the experiment, each rat received an i.c.v. injection of either H2O or one of four doses of CCK-8: 8.0, 16.0, 32.0 or 64.0 ng. Ten minutes after receiving the i.c.v. injection, each rat received a 10.0 mg/kg dose of morphine by i.v. injection. Neither the i.c.v. injections of H2O nor CCK-8 produced any EEG bursting or behavioral stupor. However, the i.v. injection of morphine produced high-voltage, slow-wave EEG bursts in all rats. Analysis of EEG recorded during bursting showed that both the 32.0 and 64.0 ng doses of CCK-8 increased absolute power associated with morphine-induced bursting, and comparison of the distribution of power across the range of frequency bands between the control (H2O) and the 32.0 ng dose of CCK-8 revealed that CCK-8 caused a significant change in the pattern of distribution of power. Furthermore, significant dose-related differences were found in the global (1-50 Hz) parameters absolute power, mean frequency, mobility, complexity and edge frequency. Significant differences among the five groups were not found in the parameter of peak frequency, or in either latency to slow-wave sleep or duration of morphine-induced bursting. These results demonstrate that CCK-8 caused both quantitative and qualitative changes in the EEG spectral profile associated with morphine-induced bursting.
High pressure, high temperature shock tube studies of ethane pyrolysis and oxidation

A unique high-pressure single pulse shock tube has been used to obtain the first experimental data for ethane oxidation and pyrolysis at very high pressures and temperatures. Experiments were performed at two nominal reaction pressures of 340 bar and 613 bar in the temperature range 1050 K to 1450 K. The major stable species were identified and their concentrations determined using gas chromatography. Several minor species, with up to four carbon atoms and including oxygenates, were also observed in the oxidation studies. Three models based on literature mechanisms for hydrocarbon oxidation were used to simulate the experimental data. All of the models simulate the pyrolysis data well although only one of the models was capable of accurately describing the oxidation data.
A novel statistical algorithm for gene expression analysis helps differentiate pregnane X receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms of toxicity.

Genome-wide gene expression profiling has become standard for assessing potential liabilities as well as for elucidating mechanisms of toxicity of drug candidates under development. Analysis of microarray data is often challenging due to the lack of a statistical model that is amenable to biological variation in a small number of samples. Here we present a novel non-parametric algorithm that requires minimal assumptions about the data distribution. Our method for determining differential expression consists of two steps: 1) We apply a nominal threshold on fold change and platform p-value to designate whether a gene is differentially expressed in each treated and control sample relative to the averaged control pool, and 2) We compared the number of samples satisfying criteria in step 1 between the treated and control groups to estimate the statistical significance based on a null distribution established by sample permutations. The method captures group effect without being too sensitive to anomalies as it allows tolerance for potential non-responders in the treatment group and outliers in the control group. Performance and results of this method were compared with the Significant Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) method. These two methods were applied to investigate hepatic transcriptional responses of wild-type (PXR+/+) and pregnane X receptor-knockout (PXR−/−) mice after 96 h exposure to CMP013, an inhibitor of β-secretase (β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 or BACE1). Our results showed that CMP013 led to transcriptional changes in hallmark PXR-regulated genes and induced a cascade of gene expression changes that explained the hepatomegaly observed only in PXR+/+ animals. Comparison of concordant expression changes between PXR+/+ and PXR−/− mice also suggested a PXR-independent association between CMP013 and perturbations to cellular stress, lipid metabolism, and biliary transport.