cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C

Purpose: To determine whether filtering blebs resulting from adjunctive use of mitomycin C (MMC) leads to an increased risk of endophthalmitis. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 232 consecutive trabeculectomies performed at the W. K. Kellogg Eye Center with adjunctive use of MMC from May 1990 through June 1993. Data obtained from the records included patient age, sex, race, type of glaucoma, site of filtration surgery, concentration and duration of exposure to MMC, presence of early or late bleb leakage, and the occurrence of endophthalmitis. Results: Three patients were lost to follow-up less than 1 month after surgery. A total of 229 eyes of 192 patients (110 women and 82 men) were included in the study. Mean follow-up of patients remaining free of infection was 18.5 ± 10.8 months (range, 1-44 months). The overall incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis was 2.6%. Endophthalmitis developed in 8% of patients (4 of 50) in whom an inferior approach was used and in 1.1 % (2 of 179) in whom a superior approach was used ( P = 0.02, Fisher's exact test). The estimated odds ratio for the development of endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with adjunctive MMC for inferior versus superior filtration sites was 7.7. Conclusion: Short-term follow-up of trabeculectomies performed with adjunctive use of MMC demonstrates an overall incidence of endophthalmitis comparable to filtration procedures performed with 5-fluorouracil or without antifibrotic agents. However, inferior trabeculectomy performed with adjunctive MMC carries a significantly increased risk of bleb-related endophthalmitis compared with filters performed superiorly.
Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly diverse group of cancers, and subtyping is necessary to better identify molecular-based therapies. In this study, we analyzed gene expression (GE) profiles from 21 breast cancer data sets and identified 587 TNBC cases. Cluster analysis identified 6 TNBC subtypes displaying unique GE and ontologies, including 2 basal-like (BL1 and BL2), an immunomodulatory (IM), a mesenchymal (M), a mesenchymal stem–like (MSL), and a luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype. Further, GE analysis allowed us to identify TNBC cell line models representative of these subtypes. Predicted “driver” signaling pathways were pharmacologically targeted in these cell line models as proof of concept that analysis of distinct GE signatures can inform therapy selection. BL1 and BL2 subtypes had higher expression of cell cycle and DNA damage response genes, and representative cell lines preferentially responded to cisplatin. M and MSL subtypes were enriched in GE for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and growth factor pathways and cell models responded to NVP-BEZ235 (a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) and dasatinib (an abl/src inhibitor). The LAR subtype includes patients with decreased relapse-free survival and was characterized by androgen receptor (AR) signaling. LAR cell lines were uniquely sensitive to bicalutamide (an AR antagonist). These data may be useful in biomarker selection, drug discovery, and clinical trial design that will enable alignment of TNBC patients to appropriate targeted therapies.
Multiorgan failure in a patient treated with the 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan regimen.

Introduction FOLFOXIRI (5-fluorouracil [5-FU], leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) combines elements of both the FOLFOX (5-FU, oxaliplatin, leucovorin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU, irinotecan, and leucovorin) regimens. FOLFOXIRI is used to treat patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. It is well tolerated and associated with few grade 3 adverse events (AE). We report a patient treated with FOLFOXIRI who developed an unusual episode of multisystem organ failure. We reviewed the literature on serious AEs associated with these irinotecanand oxaliplatin-containing regimens.
Aligning surfaces without aligning surfaces

We introduce a novel method for matching and aligning 3D surfaces that do not have any overlapping surface information. When two matching surfaces do not overlap, all that remains in common between them is a thin strip along their borders. Aligning such fragments is challenging but crucial for various applications, such as reassembly of thin-shell ceramics from their broken pieces. Past work approach this problem by heavily relying on simplistic assumptions about the shape of the object, or its texture. Our method makes no such assumptions; instead, we leverage the geometric and photometric similarity of the matching surfaces along the break-line. We first encode the shape and color of the boundary contour of each fragment at various scales in a novel 2D representation. Reformulating contour matching as 2D image registration based on these scale-space images enables efficient and accurate break-line matching. We then align the fragments by estimating the rotation around the break-line through maximizing the geometric continuity across it with a least-squares minimization. We evaluate our method on real-word colonial artifacts recently excavated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Our system dramatically increases the ease and efficiency at which users reassemble artifacts as we demonstrate on three different vessels.
A Laboratory Study of the Effectiveness of Various Admixtures on the Attenuation of Moisture Damage Upon Various Foamed Asphalt Mixtures

Durability characteristics of certain foamed asphalt mixtures were established during this laboratory investigation. Durability was characterized by a water sensitivity test and cyclic freezing and thawing. The various foamed asphalt mixtures were evaluated for durability after the mixtures had been compacted into 10.16-cm (4.00-in.) diameter by approximately 6.35-cm (2.50-in.) high specimens, and cured. Durability effects of different variables were determined in this laboratory study. These variables were foamed asphalt content (two levels for water sensitivity section, one level for freeze-thaw section), aggregate (three types, used in both sections), additives (three types, plus a set without additives), and additive content (two levels for each additive in the water sensitivity section, one level for each additive in the freeze-thaw section). One asphalt type, one mixing and testing temperature, one set of curing conditions, and one moisture content per aggregate were used. Resilient modulus and modified Marshall stability tests were used to monitor durability characteristics of the mix in the water sensitivity section. Durability in the freezing and thawing section was monitored by pulse-velocity, resilient modulus, and modified Marshall stability tests. When lime was used as an additive, durability, strength, and longevity of the foamed asphalt mixtures were substantially improved. The improvement achieved with the addition of lime was such that a material generally less suitable for bituminous mix, such as outwash sand or pit-run gravel, may rival a material more suitable for bituminous pavement mix such as crushed limestone. During this study there were similar rates of decline per freeze-thaw cycle for pulse-velocity and modified Marshall stability. Pulse-velocity, a nondestructive test, appears to be related to the destructive modified Marshall stability method. There seemed to be a good reproducibility of pulse-velocity values among similar specimens.
A Rat Model of Studying Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke With Diabetes

Background and Purpose— Poststroke hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are associated with lower thrombolytic efficacy and an increased risk of postischemic cerebral hemorrhage. We aimed to develop a rodent model of thrombolysis in diabetic stroke that mimics the clinical situation. Method— Male 6-week Type I diabetic rats (14 weeks old) were subjected to embolic focal stroke and treated with tissue-type plasminogen activator at 1.5 hours. Reperfusion and 24-hour neurological outcomes were measured and compared with nondiabetic control rats. Results— Diabetic rats exhibited resistance to thrombolytic reperfusion, larger infarction volumes, and increased intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions— This animal model would be relevant to future studies investigating pathophysiological mechanisms and in developing new therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in stroke patients with diabetes or poststroke hyperglycemia.
HREELS, TPD and ESD study of electron‐induced decomposition of trimethylamine on Si(100) at 100 K

The effects of 600 eV electron irradiation on adsorbed layers of trimethylamine (TMA) on a Si(100) surface at 100 K were studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experiments were performed at monolayer and higher coverages. The ESD results obtained on physisorbed TMA indicate electron-induced decomposition of the parent molecule. The HREELS data also show cleavage of NC bonds on the chemisorbed layer of TMA and deposition of CHx groups on the surface, which is also supported by a dramatic enhancement of hydrogen desorption at 960 K following electron irradiation. This multiple-step process is supported by ESD signal decay curves obtained during electron irradiation. Following electron irradiation of TMA/Si(100), the intensity of low temperature TPD peaks corresponding to TMA fragments decreases; however, the intensity of the mass 2 peak increases dramatically compared with the un-irradiated surface. This is indicative of electron-induced associative desorption of molecular hydrogen. The HREELS data from monolayer coverage of TMA on Si(100) after electron irradiation suggests the removal of CHx groups from the adsorbate layer and deposition of carbon and hydrogen on the surface. In the absence of physisorbed layers there is no indication of electron-induced desorption of TMA fragments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential Regulation of Multiple Steps in Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Signaling by Protein Kinase C Shapes Hormone-stimulated Ca2+ Oscillations

How Ca2+ oscillations are generated and fine-tuned to yield versatile downstream responses remains to be elucidated. In hepatocytes, G protein-coupled receptor-linked Ca2+ oscillations report signal strength via frequency, whereas Ca2+ spike amplitude and wave velocity remain constant. IP3 uncaging also triggers oscillatory Ca2+ release, but, in contrast to hormones, Ca2+ spike amplitude, width, and wave velocity were dependent on [IP3] and were not perturbed by phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition. These data indicate that oscillations elicited by IP3 uncaging are driven by the biphasic regulation of the IP3 receptor by Ca2+, and, unlike hormone-dependent responses, do not require PLC. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ did not perturb Ca2+ oscillations elicited by IP3 uncaging, indicating that reloading of endoplasmic reticulum stores via plasma membrane Ca2+ influx does not entrain the signal. Activation and inhibition of PKC attenuated hormone-induced Ca2+ oscillations but had no effect on Ca2+ increases induced by uncaging IP3. Importantly, PKC activation and inhibition differentially affected Ca2+ spike frequencies and kinetics. PKC activation amplifies negative feedback loops at the level of G protein-coupled receptor PLC activity and/or IP3 metabolism to attenuate IP3 levels and suppress the generation of Ca2+ oscillations. Inhibition of PKC relieves negative feedback regulation of IP3 accumulation and, thereby, shifts Ca2+ oscillations toward sustained responses or dramatically prolonged spikes. PKC down-regulation attenuates phenylephrine-induced Ca2+ wave velocity, whereas responses to IP3 uncaging are enhanced. The ability to assess Ca2+ responses in the absence of PLC activity indicates that IP3 receptor modulation by PKC regulates Ca2+ release and wave velocity.
The Modular Community Structure of Linguistic Predication Networks

This paper examines the structure of linguistic predications in English text. Identified by the copular “is-a” form, predications assert category membership (hypernymy) or equivalence (synonymy) between two words. Because predication expresses ontological structure, we hypothesize that networks of predications will form modular groups. To measure this, we introduce a semantically motivated measure of predication strength to weight relevant predications observed in text. Results show that predications do indeed form modular structures without any weighting (Q ≈ 0.6) and that using predication strength increases this modularity (Q ≈ 0.9) without discarding low-frequency items. This high level of modularity supports the network-based analysis and the use of predication strength as a way to extract dense semantic clusters. Additionally, words’ centrality within communities exhibits slight correlation with hypernym depths in WordNet, underscoring the ontological organization of predication.
C-Signal Control of Aggregation and Sporulation

Since 1970, the author's research group has been trying to decipher the instructions used by Myxococcus xanthus to build its fruiting body. Fruiting body development requires a solid surface because the structure is built by cell movement. Two molecular motors, retractile type IV pili at their leading end (S motility), and nozzles for secreting a slime gel at the trailing end (A motility) provide the adhesion and thrust necessary for moving on surfaces. Outward spreading stops when M. xanthus senses that it has begun to starve; instead it moves inward to the swarm center to establish centers for fruiting body aggregation. By tradition, the aggregation of cells has been considered to arise from chemotaxis, and this view was encouraged by the discovery of many "chemotaxis genes" in M. xanthus. Aggregation by local cell contact signaling has been tested by mathematical simulation. At the beginning of sporulation the cell density in the center is about one-third the density in the outer region. Temporal changes in gene expression are necessary to adjust to starvation, to aggregate, and finally to sporulate. All the defects in aggregation and sporulation could be traced to a particular segment of the C-signal transduction pathway namely the branch from the C-signal receptor to FruA~P. All aspects of the phenotype of either deletion mutant were accounted for by the hypothesis that mutant MXAN4899 severely restricts the rise in the level of phosphorylated FruA.
Vocational exploration in an extracurricular technology program for youth with autism.

BACKGROUND Within a life span approach, introducing opportunities to explore careers through activities of interest provide ways for children to learn to explore, problem solve, and envision a future for themselves. However, little information exists about programs to promote social engagement and to explore potential career interests for youth with autism. OBJECTIVE Explore engagement and learning in a technology-based extracurricular program (called iSTAR) for youth with autism. METHODS The researchers used a qualitative approach with grounded-theory analysis to explore the processes that contributed to engagement and learning for youth with autism in an technology-based extracurricular program. FINDINGS Youth Centered Learning and Opportunities to Demonstrate Skills emerged as themes that illuminated the processes by which engagement and learning occurred for the youth in the iSTAR program. Interest in the graphics program stimulated interactions amongst the youth with each other and with the adults. Modeling, demonstration, and scaffolded questioning supported engagement and learning for all the youth. Providing structure, encouraging choices, and following the youths' lead provided bridges for sharing and learning about the technology program. CONCLUSIONS Career exploration through use of interests in technology can provide opportunities for youth with autism to develop social and technical skills needed later for employment. Providing an environment that recognizes and builds on the youths' strengths and supports their autonomy and choices are critical components to promote their positive development and career potential.
Ending the cold war

A theoretical basis for designing tactics which a psychosocial change agent may use in appropriate situations to reduce or eliminate rigid Cold War mind‐sets is presented. The theory is based on a ‘modes of function’ model which the agent uses to guide conduct of situations. Depending on the mode, the agent asks queries which evoke movement from lower to higher modes. When the highest mode—the Synergic Mode—is reached, the party addressed (individual or social unit) acts not only to achieve its own goals, but also to promote the goals of others, with least impedance to anyone.
Abstract WP36: Detection of Early Ischemic Changes in non-contrast Head CT improved by utilization of Standardized "Acute Stroke" Windowing of Images

INTRODUCTION: Non-contrast head CT (NCCT) is the standard radiologic test performed in the emergency department (ED) for patients presenting with symptoms of acute stroke. Early ischemic changes (EIC) in NCCT are often missed by ED physicians and on-call radiologists. We assessed the hypothesis that detection of EIC can be improved by a standardized method of image evaluation. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center prospective database of acute ischemic stroke from January - July 2012. Patients treated with IV TPA who had NCCT as the initial neuroimaging exam were identified and additional baseline characteristics were noted. EIC was defined as findings consistent with: 1) Hyperdense MCA/basilar artery sign 2) Sulcal effacement 3) Basal ganglia/subcortical hypodensity and 4) Loss of cortical gray-white differentiation. Initial NCCT was reviewed by a blinded neurology resident (except presenting complaints). First, images were reviewed with standard window settings of center and width level of 40 and 100 Hounsfield units (HU). Then, all images were interpreted with ”stroke windows” of center 35 and width of 30 HU. This was compared with the radiologists’ final report. Final interpretations based on "stroke windows" were compared with follow up imaging studies to assess accuracy. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: NCCTs of 50 patients (42% females) with an average age 75.4 years and mean NIHSS of 13.4 were reviewed. The mean time to CT from symptom onset was 97.7 minutes. Out of 50 patients, radiologists detected EIC in 9 patients while authors detected EIC in 35 patients (18% vs. 70% with 100% accuracy; p CONCLUSIONS: EIC although common in acute ischemic stroke are often missed by the interpreting radiologists. We conclude that the rates of detection can be significantly improved with standardized “Stroke Windows”. This has important implications in regards to rapid diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Evaluation and treatment of hypertensive crises in children

Hypertensive crises in children are medical emergencies that must be identified, evaluated, and treated promptly and appropriately to prevent end-organ injury and even death. Treatment in the acute setting typically includes continuous intravenous antihypertensive medications with monitoring in the intensive care unit setting. Medications commonly used to treat severe hypertension have been poorly studied in children. Dosing guidelines are available, although few pediatric-specific trials have been conducted to facilitate evidence-based therapy. Regardless of what medication is used, blood pressure should be lowered gradually to allow for accommodation of autoregulatory mechanisms and to prevent cerebral ischemia. Determining the underlying cause of the blood pressure elevation may be helpful in guiding therapy.
Seasonal variation of fecal indicator bacteria in storm events within the US stormwater database.

Bacteria are one of the major causes of surface water impairments in the USA. Over the past several years, best management practices, including detention basins, manufactured devices, grass swales, filters and bioretention cells have been used to remove bacteria and other pollutants from stormwater runoff. However, there are data gaps in the comprehensive studies of bacteria concentrations in stormwater runoff. In this paper, the event mean concentration (EMC) of fecal indicator bacteria ( Enterococcus , Escherichia coli , fecal Streptococcus group bacteria, and fecal coliform) across the USA was retrieved from the international stormwater best management practices database to analyze the seasonal variations of inflow and outflow event mean concentrations and removal efficiencies. The Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to determine the seasonal variations of bacteria indicator concentrations and removals, and the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used for comparing different seasonal outcomes. The results indicate that all the inflow EMC of FIB in stormwater runoff is above the water quality criteria. The seasonal differences of fecal Streptococcus group bacteria and fecal coliform are significant. Summer has the potential to increase the bacteria EMC and illustrate the seasonal differences.
[Value of abdominal rectopexy in obstructive disorders of defecation. A prospective study using a defecation index, manometry and radiology].

Diese prospektive klinische, manometrische, elektromyographische and radiologische Studie wurde durchgefuhrt, um den Erfolg der anteriorposterioren Rektopexie bei 18 weiblichen Patienten mit obstruktiven Defakationsstorungen und unterschiedlichen Graden von Inkontinenz beurteilen zu konnen. Praoperativ wiesen 6 der Patientinnen eine rektale Intussuszeption, 4 einen inneren Prolaps der Rektumvorderwand und 5 eine Rektozele von mindestens 2 cm Grose auf. Alle hatten eine signifikante Beckenbodensenkung. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie war, durch Anwendung eines Defakationsindexes die pra- und postoperative Darmentleerung besser beurteilen zu konnen. Diese Studie zeigt, das die obstruktive Defakation signifikant mit einem anhaltenden Stuhldranggefuhl nach der Entleerung, einem Gefuhl der unvollstandigen Entleerung, perianalen Schmerzen und der manuellen Unterstutzung bei der Entleerung verbunden ist. Alle Patienten, Durchschnittsalter 62 Jahre, unterzogen sich einer anterior-posterioren Rektopexie (Ivalon oder Vicryl) in Verbindung mit einem posterioren Pelvic-repair des M. puborectalis. Bei 2 Patienten wurde gleichzeitig eine Sigmoidektomie durchgefuhrt, in 11 Fallen wurde die Rektopexie mit einer Hemikolektomie links kombiniert und in 2 Fallen mit einer subtotalen Kolektomie. Die mittlere Follow-up-Zeit betrug 40,8 Monate (Spanne: 6–66 Monate). Postoperativ zeigte sich in der anorektalen Manometrie ein signifikanter Anstieg des Analdrucks in Ruhe and bei willkurli-cher Kontraktion. Die Kontinenz wurde bei 10 Patienten (55%) verbessert, 7 (39%) Patienten erlangten wieder die volle Kontinenz. Keine signifikanten Veranderungen zeigten der anorektale Winkel and der perineale Deszensus. Nur 8 Patienten berichteten postoperativ uber eine vollstandige Entleerung des Rektums bei der Defakation.
Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: reversed-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of heparin digests.

Here we report results from the analyses by enzymatic digestion and reversed-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RPIP-LC-MS) of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) unfractionated heparins (UFHs) from six different manufacturers and one USP standard sample. We employed a reverse phase ion-pairing chromatography method using a C18 column and hexylamine as the ion-pairing reagent with acetonitrile gradient elution to separate disaccharides generated from the digestion of the heparins by lyase I and III (E.C. 4.2.2.7 and 4.2.2.8) before introduction into an ion-trap mass spectrometer by an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) were used to determine the relative abundance of the disaccharides by mass spectrometry. Eight disaccharides were observed and a similar composition profile was observed from digests of 20 UFH samples. The compositional profile determined from these experiments provides a measure of the norm and range of variation in “good”...
Design and implementation of a collaborative monitoring system

We designed a collaborative monitoring system based on JXTA.The system integrates P2P network technology with network management technology.We introduced the mechanism of JXTA's peer group,discussed the necessity of using a P2P network in a peer group application,presented the cooperative work scheme of P2P network,and emphasized the mechanism of peer group collaborative monitoring network when applying P2P network technology.The implementation method of the system was put forward by remotely monitoring the CISCO3640 port utilization ratio.The system features expansibility,usability,interoperability,high performance,decentralization,and robustness.
Developing a Data Narrative: Analyzing Trends in an Academic Interlibrary Loan Department

Between 2010 and 2015, interlibrary loan request rates at Albertsons Library at Boise State University were observed to be in decline. This study details the efforts to explore this trend and to determine a cause using existing data available through the OCLC Atlas ILLiad Web Reports interface. A simple but effective method to analyze these substantial reports is presented and practical examples of analysis conducted at Albertsons Library are discussed. By looking at factors such as usage patterns, new user registrations, and cancelation language, the decrease in borrowing and lending requests was confirmed and attributed primarily to decreases in graduate student ILLiad registrations and a lending ebook deflection implemented in 2015. Additional, focused qualitative assessment and updates to user interfaces were recommended as a result of the study.
Risk factors associated with recurrent cholangitis in pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancers.

428Background: Acute cholangitis due to malignant biliary obstruction is frequent in patients with pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancers. Recurrent cholangitis (RC) results in repeated hospitalization and delayed cancer care. The risk factors associated with RC are not yet defined. Methods: A pilot review was done on 146 patients admitted with a diagnosis of cholangitis from 2005 to 2014. We included demographics, cancer stage, details of first admission (FA) and interventions. Univariate and multivariate Fine-Gray models were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age at FA was 62 yrs, 84 (58%) were males and 99 (68%) were white. Most common cancer was pancreatic 100(69%) and 27(19%) pts had primary cholangitis at FA. During FA, interventions were performed in 114(78%), of whom 51 (45%) had percutaneous drainage (PTBD) and 63 (55%) had endoscopic drainage (ED). Readmission with cholangitis was noted in 35 (24%) cases. Univariate analysis did not show a difference between PTBD and ED. However, su...
Comparative Analysis Reveals Furoyl in Vivo Selective Hydroxyl Acylation Analyzed by Primer Extension Reagents Form Stable Ribosyl Ester Adducts.

RNA molecules depend on structural elements that are critical for cellular function. Chemical methods for probing RNA structure have emerged as a necessary component of characterizing RNA function. As such, understanding the limitations and idiosyncrasies of these methods is essential for their utility. Selective hydroxyl acylation has emerged as a common method for analyzing RNA structure. Ester products as a result of 2′-hydroxyl acylation can then be identified through reverse transcription or mutational enzyme profiling. The central aspect of selective hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) experiments is the fact that stable ester adducts are formed on the 2′-hydroxyl. Despite its importance, there has not been a direct comparison of SHAPE electrophiles for their ability to make stable RNA adducts. Herein, we conduct a systematic analysis of hydrolysis stability experiments to demonstrate that furoyl imidazole SHAPE reagents form stable ester adducts even at elevated temperatures. We...
Big Data at Didi Chuxing

Didi Chuxing is the largest ride-sharing platform in China, providing transportation services for over 400 million users. Every day, Didi Chuxing's platform generates over 100 TB worth of data, processes more than 40 billion routing requests, and produces over 15 billion location points. In this talk, I will explain how Didi Chuxing applies big data and AI technologies to analyze big transportation data and improve the travel experience for millions of users.
Heat Engines and the Caloric Theory of Heat

This chapter will present an alternative route to the thermodynamics of simple fluids at a slightly higher mathematical level, allowing for a generalization of the subject of thermodynamics of uniform fluids. The most important difference to the previous development has to do with what we assume to know about the nature of heat. By introducing the law of balance of heat, and the relation between currents of heat and energy in heating (Equation (13) of Chapter 1), we have directly identified heat with entropy, and have made the relation between entropy and energy the cornerstone of our development. This approach has afforded us a great simplification which is important in an introductory course on the foundations of thermodynamics. Still, it somewhat oversimplifies the matter in that it assumes too much about the nature of heat at the start, and it leaves open the question as to the historical development of the subject. In this chapter, we will therefore not assume any knowledge of the relation between heat and energy. Rather, we will start with what is known as Carnot’s Axiom (an assumption about the power of heat in ideal engines), and with a statement about the existence of a heat function. On this basis we will be able to derive the relation between heat and energy.
Sex differences in postprandial glucose response to short bouts of exercise: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to assess sex differences in PPG responses to short stair stepping bouts, and to describe their intensity and metabolic cost. Design Crossover trial. Methods 34 participants (age: 25.9 ± 5.5 y; women = 14) underwent 4 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) during rest or with stair-stepping bouts at self-selected, moderate pace for 1, 3, and 10 min. Blood was collected every 15 min during the OGTTs and assessed for glucose. Participants also underwent maximal aerobic capacity assessment. Expired gases were collected during capacity testing, and each stair-stepping bout. Results Normalized to body weight there was no significant interaction for sex with stair-stepping trials (p = 0.445, ηp2 = 0.03), or time (p = 0.069, ηp2 = 0.09), or trial by time (p = 0.264, ηp2 = 0.04). Women had higher mean glucose values than men (15(CI = 3, 27)%, p = 0.015). iAUC also showed no interaction of sex*trial (p = 0.059, ηp2 = 0.09). Women had higher iAUC values (meanΔ = −29(−48, −11)%, p = 0.003). There was a main effect for trial with 10min showing the largest reduction from control for women (e.g. AUC −10(−6, −13)%, p Conclusions Both sexes had similar responses to short bouts of exercise, which they perceived as less intense than indicated by objective assessment. Stair stepping reduces postprandial glucose response with similar effectiveness for both sexes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03400774.
Estimating Future Travel Costs for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs)

Existing costs show that on average, Americans are spending approximately $.54 per mile for driving individually-owned (IO) vehicles. This value is based on factors such as fuel, maintenance, insurance, registration, parking, tolls and depreciation. Many of these factors will be affected with the arrival of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and more specifically, Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) systems. For the purposes of realizing the advantages of future AVs and SAVs, a better understanding of future costs of travel is necessary. The goal of this research work is to estimate future travel costs using each of the AV and SAV Systems. These cost estimates would be crucial in evaluating the impacts of these technologies on future mobility and society. For this purpose, extensive literature reviews were conducted and a model was developed to analyze and evaluate the future travel costs using each of the AV and SAV systems. Results of this work indicate that future travel costs using SAV systems are likely to be substantially lower than those of using AV systems. This may lead to a disruption that can ultimately influence consumers to switch from owning a vehicle to on-demand mobility services.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in prepubertal males: A diagnostic dilemma.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To highlight the presentation and management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) in prepubertal children. STUDY DESIGN Single-institution 10-year retrospective review. METHODS All identified cases of pathologically confirmed JNA in children <10 years of age were assessed from a gender, imaging and embolization findings, tumor stage, surgical approach, and clinical outcomes standpoint, and compared to a group of stage-matched older patients from the same time period. RESULTS Of 45 patients over the 10-year study period, four male children between 8 to 9.8 years of age were identified. One patient had University of Pittsburgh Medical Center stage 1 disease, and the other three had stage 3 disease at presentation. A malignant process other than JNA was of concern preoperatively in two of the four children due to a combination of aggressive imaging characteristics and an absence of pterygopalatine fossa involvement. Such pterygopalatine fossa involvement was comparatively uniformly present in a group of stage-matched JNA patients aged 15 to 21 years. All four prepubescent children underwent surgical resection via transnasal endoscopic approach following ipsilateral sphenopalatine artery embolization without the need for blood transfusion. There were no recurrences in three of the four cases at a median follow-up duration of 2.3 years (range, 0.8-6.4 years). CONCLUSIONS JNA may pose a diagnostic challenge in prepubertal males due to the atypical age at presentation and absence of classic imaging characteristics. Successful endoscopic transnasal resection is possible despite anatomic constrictions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1777-1783, 2019.
Drought-induced changes in soil contact and hydraulic conductivity for roots of Opuntia ficus-indica with and without rhizosheaths

Water movement between roots and soil can be limited by incomplete root–soil contact, such as that caused by air gaps due to root shrinkage, and can also be influenced by rhizosheaths, composed of soil particles bound together by root exudates and root hairs. The possible occurrence of air gaps between the roots and the soil and their consequences for the hydraulic conductivity of the root–soil pathway were therefore investigated for the cactus t Opuntia ficus-indica, which has two distinct root regions: a younger, distal region where rhizosheaths occur, and an older, proximal region where roots are bare. Resin-embedded sections of roots in soil were examined microscopically to determine root–soil contact for container-grown plants kept moist for 21 days, kept moist and vibrated to eliminate air gaps, droughted for 21 days, or droughted and vibrated. During drought, roots shrank radially by 30% and root–soil contact in the bare root region of nonvibrated containers was reduced from 81% to 31%. For the sheathed region, the hydraulic conductivity of the rhizosheath was the least limiting factor and the root hydraulic conductivity was the most limiting; for the bare root region, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil was the least limiting factor and the hydraulic conductivity of the root–soil air gap was the most limiting. The rhizosheath, by virtually eliminating root–soil air gaps, facilitated water uptake in moist soil. In the bare root region, the extremely low hydraulic conductivity of the root–soil air gap during drought helped limit water loss from roots to a drier soil.
CNS CONTROL OF BODY TEMPERATURE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the central nervous system (CNS) control of body temperature. There is a multiplicative interaction between peripheral and central thermoreceptor inputs in the control of thermogenesis and perhaps other thermoregulatory effector outputs in mammals. Jacobson and Squires proposed a multiplicative relationship between ambient temperature and preoptic temperature in the regulation of oxygen consumption in cats. Bruck and Schwennicke demonstrated with the hyperbolic function that such a relationship existed between skin temperature, measured subcutaneously, and hypothalamic temperature in the control of nonshivering thermogenesis in the guinea pig. A similar type of control over heat production in the harbor seal has also been shown by Hammel et al. The chapter discusses a model that was proposed for the control of cold-induced thermogenesis in a rabbit. This model was predicated on a multiplicative interaction between mean skin temperature (Tsk) and preoptic anterior hypothalamic temperature (Thy). A distinctive feature of this model is that not only does it predict a decreasing hypothalamic thermosensitivity as the level of Tsk is increased but it also predicts that the Thy threshold for the onset of thermogenesis will decrease proportionately.
Rapid hazard characterization of environmental chemicals using a compendium of human cell lines from different organs

The lack of adequate toxicity data for the vast majority of chemicals in the environment has spurred the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). This study aimed to develop a practical high-throughput in vitro model for rapidly evaluating potential hazards of chemicals using a small number of human cells. Forty-two compounds were tested using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells (hepatocytes, neurons, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells) and a primary endothelial cell line. Both functional and cytotoxicity endpoints were evaluated using high-content imaging. Concentration-response was used to derive points-of-departure (POD). PODs were integrated with ToxPi and used as surrogate NAM-based PODs for risk characterization. We found chemical class-specific similarity among the chemicals tested; metal salts exhibited the highest overall bioactivity. We also observed cell-type specific patterns among classes of chemicals, indicating the ability of the proposed in vitro model to recognize effects on different cell types. Compared to available NAM datasets, such as ToxCast/Tox21 and chemical structure -based descriptors, we found that the data from the 5 cell-type model was as good or even better in assigning compounds to chemical classes. Additionally, the PODs from this model performed well as a conservative surrogate for regulatory in vivo PODs, and were less likely to underestimate in vivo potency and potential risk as compared to other NAM-based PODs. In summary, we demonstrate the potential of this in vitro screening model to inform rapid risk-based decision making through ranking, clustering, and assessment of both hazard and risks of diverse environmental chemicals.
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.

Pheochromocytoma is a very special kind of tumor full of duplicity. On the one hand it represents its own microworld with unique clinical, biochemical and pathological features, while on the other it constitutes a tremendously significant part of whole body system, playing a vital role for practically every organ system. It has a very special character – sometimes like a child it can be sweet and predictable, while at times it can behave like a deadly wild beast, crashing and tearing everything on its path in a fierce rage. It also consists of the amazingly intelligent neuroendocrine cells that possess a magical ability to make miraculous substances of many kinds. But most of all, it is a system that is able to drive our curiosity and the itch of “Cogito, ergo sum” to limitless depths and year by year it still amazes us with new and unexpected discoveries that move our understanding of multiple pathways and metabolic events closer to the ultimate truth. Recent discoveries of succinate dehydrogenase (SHD) and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) mutations, for example, propelled our understanding of neuroendocrine tumorigenesis as a whole, as well as physiology of mitochondrial respiratory chain and phenomenon of pseudohypoxia in particular. Good old discoveries make their way from dusty repositories to shine with new meaning, appropriate for the current level of knowledge. This acquired wisdom makes us better physicians – knowing the specific expression makeup of catecholamine transporters, GLUTs and SRIFs allows for better tailored imaging and therapeutic manipulations. There are still long ways to go, keeping in mind that pheochromocytoma is but so very special, and we are optimistic and expect many great things to come.
Monoclonal Antibodies Capable of Binding SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Motif Specifically Prevent GM-CSF Induction

Abstract A severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently caused a pandemic COVID-19 disease that infected more than 25.6 million and killed 852,000 people worldwide. Like the SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 also employs a receptor-binding motif (RBM) of its envelope spike protein for binding the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain viral entry. Currently, extensive efforts are being made to produce vaccines against a surface fragment of a SARS-CoV-2, such as the spike protein, in order to boost protective antibody responses. It was previously unknown how spike protein-targeting antibodies would affect innate inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here we generated a highly purified recombinant protein corresponding to the RBM of SARS-CoV-2, and used it to screen for cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We found two RBM-binding mAbs that competitively inhibited its interaction with human ACE2, and specifically blocked the RBM-induced GM-CSF secretion in both human monocyte and murine macrophage cultures. Our findings have suggested a possible strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2-elicited “cytokine storm”, and provided a potentially useful criteria for future assessment of innate immune-modulating properties of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. One Sentence Summary RBM-binding Antibodies Inhibit GM-CSF Induction.
Against Social Kind Anti-Realism

The view that social kinds (e.g., money, migrant, marriage) are mind-dependent is a prominent one in the social ontology literature. However, in addition to the claim that social kinds are mind-dependent, it is often asserted that social kinds are not real because they are mind-dependent. Call this view social kind anti-realism. To defend their view, social kind anti-realists must accomplish two tasks. First, they must identify a dependence relation that obtains between social kinds and our mental states. Call this the Dependence Task. Second, they must show that social kinds are not real because they are mind-dependent. Call this the Anti-Realist Task. In this paper, I consider several different ways of defining the relation that is supposed to obtain between social kinds and our mental states. With respect to each relation, I argue that either it fails to accomplish the Dependence Task, or it fails to accomplish the Anti-Realist Task. As such, anyone who wishes to defend social kind anti-realism must provide an alternative explanation of how social kinds depend on our mental states in a way that impugns their reality. In the absence of such an explanation, there is no reason to endorse social kind anti-realism.
Stability of rectilinear contact lines: II. Single contact line examples

Theory from Part I of this series is applied: (a) to several boundary curves CB in systems of constant equilibrium contact angle, θc, and (b) to a vertical boundary upon which θc varies periodically. The following results are derived. For case (a), for CB rectilinear, with inclination ψ to a horizontal ray directed at the solid for allθe, an equilibrium configuration is stable for 0 < ψ < π and unstable for π < ψ < 2π. A transversal boundary curve intersects all members of the family F of extremals at the angle θe. An equilibrium configuration with contact point Q on a smooth part of CB is unstable if the transversal at Q penetrates the solid near Q and stable if it does not. For a family of sinusoidal boundary curves, penetration and consequent contact angle hysteresis occur when the wavelength is smaller than a distance of the order of the capillary length. Corners of a sawtooth boundary alternate between defect and overlap vertices. When Q lies on an overlap vertex it is unstable, but on a defect vertex there is an angular region of stability whose range equals the jump in ψ—this agrees with the modified Gibbs conditions. Analogous results were found for case (b).
Tribute to Gerald (Gerry) Schamess

This paper pays tribute to Gerald (Gerry) Schamess as a distinguished practitioner-scholar who dedicated four decades of his professional career as a deeply admired teacher, mentor, and consultant ...
Cytologic Assessment of Cystic/Intraductal Lesions of the Pancreatobiliary Tract.

Context.— Because of new and improved imaging techniques, cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions are increasingly being discovered, and brushings or endoscopic ultrasound/computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies from these lesions have become an integral part of pathologists' daily practice. Because patient management has become increasingly conservative, accurate preoperative diagnosis is critical. Cytologic distinction of low-risk (pseudocysts, serous cystadenoma, lymphoepithelial cysts, and squamoid cysts of the pancreatic duct) from high-risk pancreatic cysts (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm) requires incorporation of clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings, in conjunction with chemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluid. Cytopathologists must ensure appropriate specimen triage, along with cytologic interpretation, cyst classification, and even grading of some (mucinous) cysts. Epithelial atypia in mucinous cysts (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm) has transitioned from a 3-tiered to a 2-tiered classification system, and intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms have been separately reclassified because of their distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics. Because these lesions may be sampled on brushing or fine-needle aspiration biopsy, knowledge of their cytomorphology is critical. Objective.— To use an integrated, multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions (incorporating clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings with [chemical/molecular] cyst fluid analysis and ancillary stains) for definitive diagnosis and classification. Data sources.— Review of current literature on the cytopathology of cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions. Conclusions.— Our knowledge/understanding of recent updates in cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary lesions can ensure that cytopathologists appropriately triage specimens, judiciously use and interpret ancillary studies, and incorporate the studies into reporting.