cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Demographic and Quantitative Admissions Data to Predict Performance on the National Physical Therapy Examination

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether admissions data could be used to estimate physical therapist student risk for failing the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE). Subjects: A nationally representative sample of 20 physical therapist education programs provided data on 3,365 students. Methods: Programs provided data regarding demographic characteristics, undergraduate grade point average (uGPA), and quantitative and verbal Graduate Record Examination scores (qGRE, vGRE). The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy provided NPTE data. Data were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression. Results: A prediction rule that included uGPA, vGRE, qGRE, and race or ethnicity was developed from the entire sample. Prediction rules for individual programs showed large variation. Discussion and Conclusion: Undergraduate grade point average, GRE scores, and race or ethnicity can be useful for estimating student risk for failing the NPTE. Programs should use GPA and GRE scores along with other data to calculate their own estimates of student risk.
Grandparents and Coresident Grandchildren in a Youth Cohort

This article examined correlates of grandparent-grandchild coresidency in 1998, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Among parents 40 years of age or younger in 1998 (N = 5,019), 107 reported grandchildren in the same households. Compared with other parents, coresident grandparents were older, less educated, much younger at the time of the birth of their first child, and 2 to 4 times as likely to be female, single, Black, poor, and unemployed. The majority (81.3%) of coresident grandparents had one grandchild living with them. Only 5.5% lived in skipped-generation households.
Computational analysis of effects of external carotid artery flow and occlusion on adverse carotid bifurcation hemodynamics.

Objective: This is a computational analysis of the effects of external carotid artery (ECA) flow, waveform, and occlusion geometry on two hemodynamic wall parameters associated with intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. Study design: Transient three-dimensional fluid mechanics analysis was applied to a standard carotid artery bifurcation. Mean internal carotid artery (ICA) flow was maintained at 236 mL/min with a normal waveform. ECA flow was increased from zero to 151 mL/min (64% of ICA flow) with both a normal biphasic waveform and a damped waveform. Geometry of five ECA occlusions was studied: distal, proximal stump, smooth, smooth without carotid sinus, and optimal reconstruction. Primary outcome measures: Two time-averaged and area-averaged hemodynamic wall parameters were computed from the velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) solutions, ie, wall shear stress angle gradient (WSSAG) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). Both local and area-averaged hemodynamic wall parameters were computed for the distal common carotid artery (CCA) and the proximal ICA. Results: When ECA flow with a normal waveform is increased from zero to 151 mL/min, area-averaged WSS values increase in the CCA, from 3.0 to 4.4 dynes/cm 2 (46%), and in the ICA, from 16.5 to 17.1 dynes/cm 2 (4%); minimum local WSS values in the carotid sinus remain less than 1 dyne/cm 2 ; maximum local values of WSSAG and OSI are observed in the carotid sinus and increase from 3.5 to 9.1 radian/cm (160%) and 0.23 to 0.46 (100%), respectively; CCA plus ICA area-averaged WSSAG increases by 52%, and OSI increases by 144%; and damping of the ECA waveform has little effect on local or area-averaged WSSAG but reduces OSI to 68%. When the ECA is occluded, the minimum local WSS in the carotid sinus is less than 1 dyne/cm 2 . However, if the carotid sinus is removed or the CCA-ICA geometry hemodynamically optimized, the minimum WSS is approximately 4 dynes/cm 2 . Similarly, eliminating the carotid sinus markedly reduces local maximum WSSAG, from 3.0-3.5 radian/cm to 0.3 radian/cm, and reduces local maximum OSI from 0.22-0.49 to 0.04. Area-averaged WSSAG and OSI over the CCA and ICA are reduced by approximately 50% with elimination of the carotid sinus. Conclusions: The degree of adverse carotid bifurcation hemodynamics as measured with WSSAG and OSI is directly proportional to ECA flow. The marked difference in normal ICA and ECA flow waveforms does not contribute to adverse wall hemodynamics. Location of an ECA occlusion (distal, proximal, stump, smooth) does not affect adverse carotid hemodynamics; however, marked improvement is obtained with elimination of the carotid sinus. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37: 1248-54.)
An item response theory analysis of nicotine dependence symptoms in recent onset adolescent smokers.

Abstract Introduction Given absence of a “gold standard” for measuring self-reported nicotine dependence, particularly among less experienced smokers, there is a need to evaluate existing measures to determine how well symptoms measure the underlying nicotine dependence construct and whether symptoms function differently for less experienced smokers. Study aims were to determine (1) likelihood of endorsement of individual symptoms at different levels of a nicotine dependence construct and the ability of symptoms to discriminate between different levels of this construct and (2) whether these symptom properties varied between nondaily and daily smokers. Methods We used multiple group item response theory analysis to evaluate nicotine dependence symptoms from the nicotine dependence syndrome scale based on a nationally representative sample of 8081 recent onset adolescent smokers from the national surveys on drug use and health. Results After controlling for age, gender, smoking quantity and length of smoking exposure, symptoms assessing tolerance were invariant across nondaily and daily smokers, and discriminated well between levels of the nicotine dependence construct. However, the majority of symptoms functioned differently for nondaily and daily smokers. These symptoms did not discriminate as well between levels of the nicotine dependence construct and were more likely to be endorsed at lower levels of this construct for daily smokers. Discussion A measure that encompasses a range of symptoms tapping different aspects of smoking may be ideally suited for nondaily adolescent smokers, while an ideal measure of nicotine dependence for daily smokers might also include more core diagnostic features of nicotine dependence such as withdrawal and tolerance.
mTOR and differential activation of mitochondria orchestrate neutrophil chemotaxis

Neutrophils use chemotaxis to locate invading bacteria. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and autocrine purinergic signaling via P2Y2 receptors at the front and A2a receptors at the back of cells regulate chemotaxis. Here, we examined the intracellular mechanisms that control these opposing signaling mechanisms. We found that mitochondria deliver ATP that stimulates P2Y2 receptors in response to chemotactic cues, and that P2Y2 receptors promote mTOR signaling, which augments mitochondrial activity near the front of cells. Blocking mTOR signaling with rapamycin or PP242 or mitochondrial ATP production (e.g., with CCCP) reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and membrane potential, and impaired cellular ATP release and neutrophil chemotaxis. Autocrine stimulation of A2a receptors causes cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation at the back of cells, which inhibits mTOR signaling and mitochondrial activity, resulting in uropod retraction. We conclude that mitochondrial, purinergic, and mTOR signaling regulates neutrophil chemotaxis and may be a pharmacological target in inflammatory diseases.
The Making Of A Danish Kantian: Science And The New Civil Society

Hans Christian Orsted’s life (1777–1851) spanned a tremendous development in science. In 1777 there had been no position for the natural sciences at the University of Copenhagen, by 1851 there was a whole faculty. In Copenhagen in 1777 most people engaging in natural philosophy had had a background in theology, and indeed the educated discourse had been sustained almost entirely by the clergy. By 1851, science related more obviously to manufacturing and industry. In 1777, there had been no general education of the populace and learning was perceived as the kind of training that the young nobility received. By 1851, the more methodical teaching involving exams and graduations were common and opened the door to positions of power and influence. Natural scientists were becoming increasingly professionalized. This development frames Orsted, his career, and his work. That a natural philosopher be a man of his time seems almost trite, but when he/she is from a peripheral country this is not the case. Outside Denmark, Orsted is primarily known through those of his writings translated into a major language. Hence, the focus has been on his famous 1820 publication announcing electromagnetism, and to a lesser extent on his 1851 Spirit in Nature.1 Most of the sources that enable the historian to contextualize Orsted are in Danish only and hence are mostly ignored. Several excellent scholars have made much of the rather limited non-Danish sources at their disposal—some in this book—but I want to argue that something is missed without attention to the actual life that Orsted lived and the career he pursued. Furthermore, with Orsted’s ascent on the academic career ladder, he became a most active institutional politician and a prolific writer on the role of science in society. I will argue that this context is highly informative and that it is time for historians of science to give this context at least as much attention as his reading of individual great philosophers. Of course, as a student Orsted read Kant, Fichte, and Schelling with great enthusiasm, but the enthusiasm
Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin and Metronidazole

In recent years, the significance of anaerobic bacteria as part of the normal commensal flora of the lower genital tract, and of their role in a variety of obstetric and gynecologic infections, has become widely appreciated. One of the consequences of the increasing awareness of anaerobic non-sporing organisms in infectious processes has been the increasing interest in the assessment of the antimicrobial susceptibility of these organisms. Clinically, the most important species is the Bacteroides fragilis group, and because of their resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and tetracyclines, other antimicrobial agents must be used in order to contain the infectious process at the primary site and treat life-threatening Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia.
Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemia Therapy for Verapamil Poisoning: A Review

Treatment of patients with verapamil overdose remains challenging. Traditional decontamination and supportive measures with intravenous calcium and vasopressors are the mainstays in initial care. Recently, the successful use of rescue hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy has been described in multiple cases. Treatment resulted in improved hemodynamic parameters and increased metabolic efficiency in patients with a low-output, myocardial shock state. Information on clinical use of hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy in humans is limited to case reports and small case series; no controlled clinical trials have been done. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy should be considered for patients with calcium channel blocker overdose who do not respond to initial supportive therapy.
Semisynthetic peptides and proteins

Semisynthesis provides a flexible approach for using chemical synthesis to produce large, biologically active polypeptides and analogues. Currently developing improvements in the basic methods used, including polypeptide fragmentation, peptide synthesis, and reconstitution of synthetic and native components, make this overall approach applicable to a variety of species. Sequence modification through semisynthesis thus provides a flexible route to explore the code of rules whereby primary structure directs higher order properties of folded conformation and biological function of large peptides and proteins. The fruits of this endeavor, an understanding of how these macromolecules work, and therein, a basis for design of new structures that ultimately may be produced directly or by recombinant DNA methods, have begun to emerge.
OUTRUNNING A SPEEDING ENVIRONMENT: DEVELOPING "HIGH-VELOCITY" STRATEGIC DSS EVALUATION CRITERIA

This research develops a theoretical “fit” framework for evaluating “High-velocity” (H-v) strategic Decision Support Systems (DSS). This theoretical framework is then used to derive 45 H-v strategic DSS requirements. Finally, it uses these 45 requirements to evaluate 16 popular commercial DSS tools for their “out of the box” ability to support highvelocity strategic decision-making. Results illustrate the usefulness of a fit-based theoretical framework in performing systems analysis. Results also illustrate the assertion that few currently-available DSS tools support H-v strategic decision requirements, and that configuration may be difficult or impossible. Based on the findings, the authors underline the importance of building native configuration features into future DSSs in order to increase the flexibility of a DSS tool to adapt to fit a rapidly changing environment.
Not a lonely crowd? Social connectedness, religious service attendance, and the spiritual but not religious.

Abstract Using the 2006–2014 General Social Survey and 2006–2012 Portraits of American Life Study, I find that on three dimensions of social connectedness: social interaction frequency, core discussion network size, and number of close ties, that religious service attenders are more connected than religious non-attenders and then either spiritual nor religious, but there are few differences between attenders and the spiritual but not religious. Difference-in-differences and fixed-effects models show little evidence that switches between categories are associated with changes in connectedness, and additional models show that prior social connectedness explains only a small amount of future switches. This paper challenges assumptions that the non-religious are a homogenous group lacking the benefits provided though the social networks of religious congregations and has implications for research on what it means to be spiritual, measuring religion and spirituality, and understanding the role of formal organizations in social life.
Wise Technocrats or Black Helicopters? Intergovernmental Organizations and Economic Freedom

This paper explores the relationship between country membership in major intergovernmental organizations and economic freedom. While claiming no broad theoretically-bound robust causal mechanism, I use fixed effects models to find baseline results finding a correspondence between economic freedom and membership in the EU, NATO, WTO, UN, OECD, World Bank, and IMF. While the results are not simple, the strongest findings are negative effects of the UN, IMF, and WTO, and positive effects of the World Bank and possibly the EU. I make no claims of causality. However, whatever the relationship could be endogenous to, for example the international openness of governments, is yet of interest.
Centrosome in Cell Division, Development and Disease

The centrosome is a non-membrane-bound organelle present in most animal cells and it functions as the major microtubule-organising centre (MTOC). Recent findings have revealed the detailed molecular and structural features of the centrosome, and architectural and functional changes at the centrosome during the cell cycle. The centriole, the organisational heart of the centrosome, duplicates once each cell cycle and depends on a hierarchy of regulatory and assembly factors for its biogenesis. The centrosome plays important roles in dividing and nondividing cells. This importance is reflected in the appearance of several human developmental disorders when genes encoding centrosomal proteins are mutated. The centriole is essential for the formation of cilia, the cell's ‘antennae’ that receive and transmit signals and sensory inputs critical for animal development and physiology. Impairment of cilium structure or function leads to a spectrum of diseases called ciliopathies. Key Concepts The centrosome typically contains a centriole pair, the mother and its daughter, and the pericentriolar material (PCM). Centrioles have a ninefold radial symmetry and are required for organising a functional centrosome. The PCM is a large multi-protein complex that regulates microtubule (MT) assembly at centrosomes in dividing and nondividing cells. Centrioles duplicate only once each cell cycle, and the protein kinase PLK4 is a key early regulator of centriole duplication and biogenesis. The cartwheel at the proximal end of the centriole is assembled early in centriole biogenesis, and its ninefold symmetry is determined by the intrinsic properties of the key structural protein Sas-6. The centrosome is involved in the asymmetric division of stem cells. In nondividing cells, the basal body, a modified mother centriole, serves as a platform for organising the MT-based axoneme, forming a primary or motile cilium. Most vertebrate cells contain a primary cilium that is critical for signalling pathways including Hedgehog (Hh) signalling and left–right asymmetry designation during development. Centrosomal and ciliary dysfunctions have been linked to two types of diseases: microcephaly/primordial dwarfisms, and ciliopathies, respectively. Keywords: centriole; centrosome; pericentriolar material; basal body; cilium; cell cycle; microtubules; ciliopathies; microcephaly; MCPH
Do Advance Trade Discounts Represent a Liability or Income

Suppliers frequently makes a payment to a retailer who promises to purchase a certain dollar volume of merchandise over a period of time. The issue is whether the retailer has received prepaid income or loan proceeds. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Indianapolis Power & Light, 493 U.S. 203 (1990), the receipt is not prepaid income if the customer-payor has control over the funds. If the customer refuse goods or services and demand a return of the funds, the amounts are considered a loan. In Westpac Pacific Foods, 451 F.3d 970 (2006) the ninth circuit held that the amounts received by the retailer more nearly resembled a loan than prepaid income, although the recipient rather than the payor had control. Thus, the retailer was permitted to treat the advances as a reduction in the cost of goods as they were actually purchased.
A New Species of Bat-Infesting Chigger (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Tanzania, East Africa

Chiroptella (Oudemansidium) howelli is described as new from specimens collected from Noack's African Leaf-nosed Bat, Hipposideros ruber ruber , taken in Tanzania, Africa.
Nonsurgical periorbital and brow rejuvenation.

Background:There is a high patient demand for periorbital rejuvenation because the periorbita are often the first facial areas to show visible signs of aging. In addition to rhytides and skin laxity, aging appearance of the periorbital area is caused by changes in tissue volume resulting from soft-t
Practicing Medicine Versus Pushing Paper

A neurologist reflects on the realities of his workday after a patient asks why doctors complain about payers’ bureaucratic oversight.
Transfer Integrals and Band Structures in (Et)2X Salts

Transfer integrals (tij) between pairs of nearest neighbor ET molecules were calculated by an ab initio method. Tight-binding one-electron energy bands constructed from the tij are similar to those previously calculated by Mori and by Whangbo and their coworkers by semi-empirical, extended Huckel methods, but quite different from those found by Kubler et al. in β-(ET)2I3 using the augmented spherical wave (ASW) method. However, all these band models are suspect. The Hubbard on-site repulsion parameter U is estimated to be about twice the band widths, indicating that a full treatment of the Hubbard hamiltonian is needed. Also, polaron effects appear to control transport except at very low temperature.
A Tribute to Arthur Warmoth, PhD:

The following presents similar perspectives from two of his peers on a most unusual man: Arthur Warmoth. About Arthur Warmoth, Eleanor Criswell, emeritus psychology professor at Sonoma State University, says: Arthur Warmoth, PhD, was born July 18, 1937, in Red Bluff, California. He died April 4, 2014, in his home in Rohnert Park, California. He was married to Georgina A. Warmoth, originally from Torreon, Mexico. The couple had three children: Monica Hinson, Arthur Warmoth, and Tonantzin Warmoth. He had a deeply fulfilling family life. Art was graduated from Reed College in 1959 with a BA in Theatre Arts and Literature. While at Reed, he was a member of the Latino Democratic Club. Art was a significant contributor to the field of humanistic psychology. He studied under Abraham Maslow, James Klee, and Ulric Neisser at Brandeis University, where he earned his PhD in 1967. He joined the psychology faculty of Sonoma State University in 1969 and was named full professor in 1985. Before coming to Sonoma State University, he worked as a clinical psychologist at Mendocino State Hospital in Talmage, California. In 1986, he was visiting professor at the Universidad Autonoma de la Laguna in Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. After 41 years as professor of psychology at Sonoma State University, he became an emeritus faculty member, continuing to work on university projects. His organizational involvements included serving as an at-large board member, Division 32, Humanistic Psychology (now the Society for Humanistic Psychology), and he served as president of the Association for
Exergy Analysis of a Turbojet Engine Modeled as a Lumped Parameter System

The application of exergy performance analysis to the transient operation of a singlespool turbojet engine is studied. This work determines under what conditions the steady exergy analysis methods can be successfully applied to the transient operation of a turbojet engine. The engine is modeled using cycle analysis with compressor and turbine maps for off-design component performance. The engine’s transients are modeled with the use of plenum volumes. By applying an exergy balance, with the inclusion of the critical wake analysis, to the system, the engine thrust is related directly to the rate of entropy generation in the system. Three types of transient events are studied and include: a) throttling, b) power extraction from the turbine and c) engine acceleration. The results show that for physically possible transient maneuvers, the engine thrust calculated using the steady exergy methods tracks the actual thrust during transients.
The Book of the Sick of Santa Maria della Morte in Bologna and the Medical Organization of a Hospital in the Sixteenth-Century.

In 2012 a manuscript was rediscovered in the Biblioteca dell’Archiginnasio of Bologna, titled Libro degli infermi dell’Arciconfraternita di S. Maria della Morte. It is the record of incoming patients of one for the main hospitals of the city, devoted exclusively to the sick poor and not just to the poor, called Santa Maria della Morte, compiled by a young student assistant (astante) for the period 1558–1564. I publish here a transcription of a portion of this Libro pertaining to the year 1560. My introduction situates the manuscript within the context of the history of early modern Italian hospitals, describes the organization of the hospital of Santa Maria della Morte based on archival sources of the period, and finally highlights the connections between surgical and anatomical education and the internal organization of the hospital.
Renewing the American Commitment to The Common School Philosophy: School Choice in the Early Twenty-First Century

The common school philosophy of the nineteenth century in the United States is revisited from a contemporary perspective. Is the basic ethos of the philosophy of Horace Mann and others still relevant today? This question is examined and applied to the conservative advocacy of free markets, individual freedom, and school choice in order to assess the extent to which the delivery of government-supported education is done in a way that upholds the values of the past while simultaneously addressing paramount issues related to social equity, diversity, and social cohesion today.
Epidemiological analysis of intestinal infectious diseases in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from 2009-2011

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of intestinal infectious diseases in Longgang District of Shenzhen City,provide the basis for formulating the targeted measures of prevention and control.[Methods]An epidemiological analysis was conducted in the epidemic data of intestinal infectious diseases in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from January 2009 to December 2011,which were reported from the National disease surveillance information report and management system.[Results]There were 42 927 cases of intestinal infectious diseases in Longgang District from 2009 to 2011,and the incidence rate increased year by year.82.56% of cases were children under 5 years old,and 74.20% were scattered children.Most of cases occurred in Longgang Street,and the peak season was May.[Conclusion]It is essential to carry out the health education of intestinal infectious diseases,strengthen the food hygiene supervision,and perfect the intestinal clinic.Meanwhile,the CDCs at all levels should treat the epidemic situation of intestinal infectious diseases as soon as possible.
The Anger-Aggression Bidirectional-Causation (AABC) Model s Relevancefor Dyadic Violence, Revenge, and Catharsis

In this article, the multifaceted theoretical underpinnings of KoneAni’s Anger-Aggression Bidirectional-Causation (AABC) model of interpersonal aggression are described, along with a large body of supporting data, mostly from laboratory experiments. The AABC model’s utility in the clarification of several complex issues of long standing in various scholarly domains is discussed, such as: Catharsis and the “cathartic effect”; adaptationist accounts of revenge; and intrafamilial dyadic violence.
CFD modeling of the underwash effect of military helmets as a possible mechanism for blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

AbstractUnderwash occurs as the incoming shockwaves enter the helmet subspace and develop a high pressure region at the opposite side of the head. The mechanism leading to the underwash is yet not well understood. To investigate this effect, the turbulent, supersonic flow of compressible air approaching the head–helmet assembly from different directions was studied through computational fluid dynamics simulations. The effects of different incident overpressures and helmet gap size on the underwash incidence were further evaluated. The backflow-induced pressure from the air traveling outside of the helmet on the outflow from the helmet, as well as the momentum change in the backside curve of the helmet were postulated as the main reasons for this effect. Side shockwaves predicted the highest underwash overpressures. The increase rate of the underwash reduced with increasing the incident shockwave intensity.
Evaluation of the accuracy of real-time ultrasonic measurements of backfat and loin muscle area in swine using multiple statistical analysis procedures.

Real-time ultrasonic measurements of 10th-rib backfat (BF10) and loin muscle area (LMA) were made by a single technician at four mean BW (67.4, 80.3, 93.4, and 104.9 kg) on live hogs to assess the accuracy of predicting carcass measurements before and at slaughter weight. Records were evaluated on 655 purebred barrows and 472 purebred gilts in two tests. Residual correlations-accounting for test, sex, and breed effects, among and between scans and carcass measurements--were moderate to high for BF10 (r=.69 to .82) and LMA (r=.57 to .68), with the largest correlations at 104.9 kg of live weight. Ultrasonic BF10 and LMA were within +/-4 mm and +/-6.45 cm2, respectively, of the corresponding carcass measurement 75.9 and 89.8% of the time. Sex differences for LMA bias were significant (P 30.3 mm. Ultrasonic LMA overestimated the carcass by 2.35 cm2 in carcasses measuring < 32.5 cm2 and underestimated by 2.29 cm2 in carcasses measuring greater than 37.9 cm2. Results indicate that the magnitude of the carcass measurement affects bias and accuracy of prediction for real-time ultrasonic measurements of BF10 and LMA. The SEP statistic is more consistent in evaluating accuracy of ultrasonic measurement than bias, absolute deviations, and percentage of absolute deviation.
Glucose Uptake and Intracellular pH in a Mouse Model of Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) Suggests Metabolic Heterogeneity.

Mechanisms for the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma remain unclear. Previously we showed that the transition to invasiveness in the mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MINO) model of DCIS does not correlate with its serial acquisition of genetic mutations. We hypothesized instead that progression to invasiveness depends on a change in the microenvironment and that precancer cells might create a more tumor-permissive microenvironment secondary to changes in glucose uptake and metabolism. Immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in tumor, normal mammary gland and MINO (precancer) tissue showed differences in expression. The uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog dye, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), reflected differences in the cellular distributions of glucose uptake in normal mammary epithelial cells (nMEC), MINO and Met1 cancer cells, with a broad distribution in the MINO population. The intracellular pH (pHi) measured using the fluorescent ratio dye 2’,7’-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-155 carboxyfluorescein-AM (BCECF-AM) revealed expected differences between normal and cancer cells (low and high, respectively), and a mixed distribution in the MINO cells, with a subset of cells in the MINO having an increased rate of acidification when proton efflux was inhibited. Invasive tumor cells had a more alkaline baseline pHi with high rates of proton production coupled with higher rates of proton export, compared with nMEC. MINO cells displayed considerable variation in baseline pHi that separated into two distinct populations: MINO high and MINO low. MINO high had a noticeably higher mean acidification rate compared with nMEC, but relatively high baseline pHi similar to tumor cells. MINO low cells also had an increased acidification rate compared with nMEC, but with a more acidic pHi similar to nMEC. These findings demonstrate that MINO is heterogeneous with respect to intracellular pH regulation which may be associated with an acidified regional microenvironment. A change in the pH of the microenvironment might contribute to a tumor-permissive or tumor-promoting progression. We are not aware of any previous work showing that a sub-population of cells in in situ precancer exhibits a higher than normal proton production and export rate.
Dynamic evolution of the weld pool reflection during weld penetration development

Weld pool surface is believed to contain sufficient information to determine the weld penetration from which skilled welders are able to control the welding process to desired penetration states. However, it is unclear how human welders extract the weld penetration from the observed weld pool surface. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to determine the weld penetration based on the dynamic change of the weld pool surface. This study observes/measures/analyzes the development of a weld pool from partial to full penetration and correlates such change to the weld penetration. Ideally, similar trends in the weld pool surface should be observed when the weld penetration changes from partial to full penetration despite the amperage used and material welded. Correlating the weld pool surface reflecting grayness and the development of the weld penetration from experiments shows: (1) the weld pool reflection intensity will increase while the weld penetration is increasing; (2) the increasing trends of weld pool reflection intensity will decrease when the full penetration is achieved; (3) the weld pool reflection intensity will increase after the full penetration is achieved. Such trend in the weld pool surface reflection intensity when the weld penetration develops can facilitate future work on automatically detecting and control the weld penetration using the weld pool surface as the feedback.
MAS 1 H NMR Probes Freezing Point Depression of Water and Liquid-Gel Phase Transitions in Liposomes

The lipid bilayer typical of hydrated biological membranes is characterized by a liquid-crystalline, highly dynamic state. Upon cooling or dehydration, these membranes undergo a cooperative transition to a rigidified, more-ordered, gel phase. This characteristic phase transition is of significant biological and biophysical interest, for instance in studies of freezing-tolerant organisms. Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy allows for the detection and characterization of the phase transitions over a wide temperature range. In this study we employ MAS 1H NMR to probe the phase transitions of both solvent molecules and different hydrated phospholipids, including tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL) and several phosphatidylcholine lipid species. The employed MAS NMR sample conditions cause a previously noted substantial reduction in the freezing point of the solvent phase. The effect on the solvent is caused by confinement of the aqueous solvent in the small and densely packed MAS NMR samples. In this study we report and examine how the freezing point depression also impacts the lipid phase transition, causing a ssNMR-observed reduction in the lipids' melting temperature (Tm). The molecular underpinnings of this phenomenon are discussed and compared with previous studies of membrane-associated water phases and the impact of membrane-protective cryoprotectants.
Lessons Learned From Evaluating an Enterprise Modeling Methodology

Many of the challenges that the society faces today are enterprise problems. Enterprise systems consist of technological, organizational, and social elements where there is no locus of control. Due to the complex nature of enterprise systems, they are particularly difficult to model and analyze in support of policy analysis. There is a need for accessible methods and approaches to aid those tasked with modeling enterprise problems. To that end, we considered an enterprise modeling methodology that emphasizes a layered view of an enterprise system and evaluated it by applying it to a case study on the intrusion of counterfeit parts in a supply chain. We conclude that the utility of the methodology does not lie in making specific predictions as there are many ways to accomplish that. Rather, the methodology shows promise for two applications: First, integrating diverse expert knowledge and data and communicating that to stakeholders and, second, searching for counter-intuitive results or unintended consequences of a policy option.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: An Overview of Elder Abuse Prevention Initiatives

Elder Abuse (EA) is a threat to population health that is addressable using public health approaches and expertise. This chapter presents a rationale for why elder abuse is considered a public health problem from the perspective of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and provides an overview of how this federal public health focused agency has acted to advance surveillance, practices, and policy relating to elder abuse. The overview is provided using a narrative approach to first outline CDC’s history of work in preventing injury and violence and establish how its accomplishments created demands and space for the application of public health approaches to the prevention of elder abuse. The narrative approach is then used to describe past and presently active CDC initiatives implemented to assist the field focused on EA in obtaining data that may allow elder abuse to be identified, measured, monitored and documented over time. The chapter concludes with summary statements and a brief glimpse of possible next steps that could be taken by the CDC in light of recommendations in the comprehensive agenda that has guided the agency’s work on elder abuse for over a decade.
Biomonitoring using invasive species in a large Lake: Dreissena distribution maps hypoxic zones

Due to cultural eutrophication and global climate change, an exponential increase in the number and extent of hypoxic zones in marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed in the last few decades. Hypoxia, or low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, can produce strong negative ecological impacts and, therefore, is a management concern. We measured biomass and densities of Dreissena in Lake Erie, as well as bottom DO in 2014 using 19 high frequency data loggers distributed throughout the central basin to validate a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological lake model. We found that a deep, offshore hypoxic zone was formed by early August, restricting the Dreissena population to shallow areas of the central basin. Deeper than 20 m, where bottom hypoxia routinely develops, only young of the year mussels were found in small numbers, indicating restricted recruitment and survival of young Dreissena. We suggest that monitoring Dreissena distribution can be an effective tool for mapping the extent and frequency of hypoxia in freshwater. In addition, our results suggest that an anticipated decrease in the spatial extent of hypoxia resulting from nutrient management has the potential to increase the spatial extent of profundal habitat in the central basin available for Dreissena expansion.
The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars

The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics documents a recent, fundamental change in American politics with the waning of Christian America. Rather than conservatives emphasizing morality and liberals emphasizing rights, both sides now wield rights arguments as potent weapons to win political and legal battles and build grassroots support. Lewis documents this change on the right, focusing primarily on evangelical politics. Using extensive historical and survey data that compares evangelical advocacy and evangelical public opinion, Lewis explains how the prototypical culture war issue - abortion - motivated the conservative rights turn over the past half century, serving as a springboard for rights learning and increased conservative advocacy in other arenas. Challenging the way we think about the culture wars, Lewis documents how rights claims are used to thwart liberal rights claims, as well as to provide protection for evangelicals, whose cultural positions are increasingly in the minority; they have also allowed evangelical elites to justify controversial advocacy positions to their base and to engage more easily in broad rights claiming in new or expanded political arenas, from health care to capital punishment.
Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells contribute to breast cancer heterogeneity

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and accounts for ~30% of new cancer cases and 15% of cancer-related deaths. Tumor relapse and metastasis are primary factors contributing to breast cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the challenge for breast cancer treatment is to sustain remission. A driving force behind tumor relapse is breast cancer heterogeneity (both intertumor, between different patients, and intratumor, within the same tumor). Understanding breast cancer heterogeneity is necessary to develop preventive interventions and targeted therapies. A recently emerging concept is that intratumor heterogeneity is driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are capable of giving rise to a multitude of different cells within a tumor. Studies have highlighted linkage of CSC formation with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we summarize the current understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity, links between EMT and CSCs, regulation of EMT by Runx transcription factors, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting these processes.
A hybrid simulation model for crowdsourced software development

Crowdsourcing as a new emerging software development method contains crowdsourced mini-tasks as demand and online workers as suppliers. The major counter-argument in such systems is that suppliers are volunteers and are not bound by any contract, also, the size of available suppliers varies wieldy throughout the day. Such uncertainty about the receiving service may cause inefficiency and task failure. This research presents a hybrid simulation model to address the risk of task failure in competitive crowdsourcing platforms. The simulation model is composed of three components: the discrete event simulation which represents the task life cycle, the agent-based simulation which illustrates the crowd workers' decision-making process and the systems dynamic simulation which displays the platform.
Abstract 1115: A CRISPR/Cas9 kinome screen identifies GRK5 as a novel regulator of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) self-renewal

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a devastating pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. Clinical outcome for patients with relapsed or metastatic disease remains poor. However, current treatment options remain relatively unchanged over the last two decades, so there remains an urgent need for more effective treatment options for disease relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-propagating cells (TPCs), have the capacity for self-renewal and have been proposed to be responsible for tumor relapse and metastasis. RMS has been shown to follow the CSC model of tumor progression. We have previously performed an siRNA library screen against the human kinome (714) and a secondary CRISPR/Cas9 screen of top candidates to narrow down to 11 novel kinase candidates that are potentially essential for self-renewal of human RMS cells. GRK5, a G-protein coupled receptor kinase, was among the top candidate genes. Preliminary data from in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo limiting-dilution experiments in xenografts showed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted disruption of GRK5 resulted in significant reduction in the self-renewal capacity of RMS cells. GRK5-deficient RMS cells also displayed significant reduction in growth secondary to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. The functional effects on tumor growth and self-renewal appeared unique to GRK5 among the GRK kinase subfamily, as targeted disruption of closely-related GRK4 and GRK6 did not significantly affect RMS tumor cell growth and self-renewal. We propose that targeted disruption of GRK5 by CRISPR/Cas9 results in elevated p53 protein stability and activity, leading to inhibition of proteins required for cell cycle progression. We are also characterizing the loss-of-function effects of GRK5 in a RMS TPC reporter cell line created using a CRISPR/Cas9 knockin approach that will allow for direct assessment of GRK5 and other candidate gene function within the TPC population. By characterizing the biologic role of TPC as well as the function of GRK5 in RMS, we hope to provide new biologic insights into cancer stem cell biology and GRK5 as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced RMS. Citation Format: Thao Q. Pham, Terra Vleeshouwer-Neumann, Eleanor Chen. A CRISPR/Cas9 kinome screen identifies GRK5 as a novel regulator of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) self-renewal [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1115.
Experience with Computer-Aided Detection in a Low-Volume Mammography Clinic

The effect of the R2 ImageChecker computer-aided detection system was evaluated in a low-volume mammography clinic in the suburbs of Chicago. Prompts from the ImageChecker resulted in an additional 1.0% of patients being recalled for additional imaging while increasing the yield for early detection of impalpable breast cancer by 5.2% over a 24 month period. Cancer detection rates before and after installation of the computer-aided detection system were not statistically different.
The Computational Physics of the Global Atmosphere

It was in the late 1950’s that Edward Teller encouraged me to investigate the role that newly available computing power at Livermore might play in achieving a more complete numerical simulation of the global atmosphere. This led to the construction of the first atmospheric model with an explicitly computed cycle of water vapor evaporation, transport, and condensation. With this and similar efforts elsewhere confidence was developed in the feasibility of such dynamical and physical modeling. But it also became clear that fundamental problems in the prediction of the large scale eddies characterizing the flow of the atmosphere required a deeper understanding of two-dimensional turbulent flows in general. These problems have occupied me for the past quarter century, and with this report I wish to acknowledge Edward’s initial support and guidance.
Online teaching competencies in observational rubrics: what are institutions evaluating?

Evaluation of online instructors is a developing field of research. Institutions have made great progress in recent years to refine their efforts to evaluate online teaching in order to improve onl...
Nanoporous Gold as a Highly Selective and Active Carbon Dioxide Reduction Catalyst

Electrochemical conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals is a promising approach for transforming CO2 into sustainably produced fuels and/or chemical feedstocks for industrial synthesis. We report that nanoporous gold (np-Au) films, with pore sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm, represent promising electrocatalytic architectures for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) due to their large electrochemically active surface area, relative abundance of grain boundaries, and ability to support pH gradients inside the nanoporous network. Electrochemical studies show that np-Au films support partial current densities for the conversion of CO2 to CO in excess of 6 mA cm–2 at a Faradaic efficiency of ∼99% in aqueous electrolytes (50 mM K2CO3 saturated with CO2). Moreover, np-Au films are able to maintain Faradaic efficiency greater than 80% for CO production over prolonged periods of continuous operation (110 h). Electrocatalytic experiments at different electrolyte concentrations demonstrate that the pore diameter of nano...
The role of nutritional intervention in advanced stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC).

e20668 Background: PDAC is the 4th leading cause of death in the US; with a 5-yr survival of <10%. Newer chemotherapy regimens have contributed to increased survival but nutritional decline and wei...
Intimate Partner Violence and Psychological Maladjustment: Examining the Role of Institutional Betrayal Among Survivors.

Research has found that a majority of individuals, irrespective of gender, experienced their first intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Indeed, researc...