cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY : III. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE CIRCULATING BLOOD.

1. A method of measuring intravascular temperatures in anesthetized dogs has been described. 2. The temperature in the abdominal aorta is uniform throughout, and varies only with the systemic temperature. 3. The temperature in the inferior vena cava rises as the thermo-couple approaches the heart, reaching its maximum at about the level of the hepatic veins. Between the hepatic veins and the right chambers of the heart there is no further elevation in venous temperature. 4. The temperature of the right heart blood normally exceeds that of the left heart blood by 0.05-0.2 degrees C. 5. During the application of high frequency currents to the thorax, this relationship is reversed. 6. This indicates that the lungs are being heated but that the blood passing through the pulmonary vessels is removing the heat at approximately the rate of production.
Separation of Biological Solutes by Liquid Thermal Diffusion

Abstract A number of phenolic components of urine reactive to phosphomolybic acid were separated by the use of liquid thermal diffusion.
The connection between dispersive hydrogen motion and the kinetics of light-induced defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract This Letter investigates the role of dispersive hydrogen motion in light-induced defect creation from both monomolecular and bimolecular carrier recombination. The dispersive monomolecular model gives better agreement with the experimental time and intensity dependence of the light-induced defect creation process as well as the temperature dependence of the equilibrium defect density than does the dispersive bimolecular process. However, the activation energy of the creation rate and consistency with current degradation experiments remain unresolved issues.
Insulin signaling to hepatic lipid metabolism in health and disease

The increasing prevalence of overnutrition and reduced activity has led to a worldwide epidemic of obesity. In many cases, this is associated with insulin resistance, an inability of the hormone to direct its physiological actions appropriately. A number of disease states accompany insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Though the pathways by which insulin controls hepatic glucose output have been of intense study in recent years, considerably less attention has been devoted to how lipid metabolism is regulated. Thus, both the proximal signaling pathways as well as the more distal targets of insulin remain uncertain. In this review, we consider the signaling pathways by which insulin controls the synthesis and accumulation of lipids in the mammalian liver and, in particular, how this might lead to abnormal triglyceride deposition in liver during insulin-resistant states.
An analysis of four uncertainty calculi

An important issue faced by contemporary artificial intelligence workers is how to deal with uncertain information. Four of the more prominent calculi-probability theory (especially the Bayesian approach), the Dempster-Shafer theory, fuzzy set theory, and the MYCIN and EMYCIN calculi-are examined. Particular attention is paid to the underlying assumptions of these calculi and to their computational complexities. Each of the four calculi has a different perspective in uncertainty, and each manipulates uncertain information in a different way. Despite what some authors have claimed, there does not seem to be one calculus that is the best for all situations. Each of the calculi has its strong points; the main disadvantage seen in all of the calculi is that they compute aggregate numbers, but keep no record of divergence in opinions. >
Institutions, trade, and social cohesion in fragile states: Implications for policy conditionality and aid allocation

Abstract This paper examines the effects of political institutions, openness to trade, and social cohesion on development in fragile states. The empirical results indicate that beyond a certain level, openness to trade may actually be harmful to income, particularly in countries with high export concentration. Starting from low levels of political institutional quality, small improvements in polity can have adverse effects. On the other hand, social cohesion has a positive effect once a threshold level is reached. The results associated with the influence of political institutions and openness to trade seem to suggest the possibility of a ‘catch-22’, at least in the short run. If a fragile state tries to improve its political institutions or its openness to trade it may wind up with lower per-capita income. These findings have important policy implications with regard to IDA's policy conditionality and aid allocation.
Sets of integers as superdegrees and superclass sizes

Supercharacters have recently been proposed as a sort of stand-in for the characters of p-groups. If q > 1 is a prime power, then every set of q-powers that contains 1 is both a set of superdegrees and a set of superclass sizes. Moreover, if r and s are integers that are greater than 1, then there is an algebra with exactly r superdegrees and exactly s superclass sizes. These results are direct analogs of results from the theory of p-groups.
Alternative Materials for Fracture Fixation

Biodegradable polymers are gaining acceptance as alternative materials to metallic devices in fracture fixation applications. Self-reinforced poly glycolide and poly lactide fixation devices have been used effectively in managing several thousand clinical cases involving small-fragment fractures. An eight percent incidence of non-specific inflammatory reaction and insufficient mechanical strength to deal with load-bearing situations are the two issues preventing the widespread acceptance of these biodegradable fixation devices. This brief review examines the potential of other biodegradable polymers, discusses the biodegradable composite design, and considers future research directions that might realize the full potential of biodegradable polymeric prostheses.
Rare-gas, collision-induced shifts of the nD states of sodium

We have measured line shifts of the $3P\ensuremath{-}nD$ transitions in sodium induced by collisions with helium, argon, and krypton for $n=5 \mathrm{to} 18$. The shifts of the diffuse series transitions increase rapidly with principal quantum number and asymptotically approach the limit predicted by the Fermi model at high quantum numbers.
One-photon pair annihilation in magnetized relativistic plasmas

In supersonic magnetic fields, electron-positron pairs may annihilate into single photons producing spectral features above 1 MeV. The paper calculates the exact one-photon annihilation rate in the general case where pairs may annihilate from excited Landau states, extending the previous studies which were restricted to pairs in the ground state. Asymptotic expressions for annihilation spectra and rates in the limit of large pair quantum numbers are also derived. It is found that the rate of annihilation from excited states can exceed the rate from the ground state by orders of magnitude in fields less than about 2 x 10 to the 12th G. This allows one-photon annihilation to be competitive with the two-photon process at typical neutron star field strengths. Annihilation spectra from a Maxwellian pair plasma at transrelativistic temperatures show fine structure near threshold on a scale (h/2pi)omega sub B as the result of contributions from individual pair states, which blend into a smooth continuum at higher energies.
The Complete Equation of State of One, Two and Three-Dimensional Gases of Hard Elastic Spheres

Equations of state have been derived for one, two and three-dimensional gases of hard elastic spheres of finite size. For the linear gas the phase integral is directly integrable, and by using the virial the equation was found to be $fl=\frac{\mathrm{NkT}}{(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta})}$, $f$ being the force of the gas, $l$ the length of the gas, $N$ the total number of atoms, and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ the fraction of the gas length occupied by the atoms themselves. By two tests a linear gas consisting of a single atom was found on a time average basis to obey statistical laws, the first showing that the equation of state is unchanged if $l$ be subdivided into $N$ equal compartments with an atom in each; and the second showing that the length of the single atom gas consisting of one atom bounded by its two neighbors obeys the Boltzmann equation. This is significant for the Debye-H\"uckel theory of electrolytes. For the plane gas, Boltzmann's method of correcting the virial is used for low $\ensuremath{\theta}$, the fraction of the surface which would be covered in close triangular packing, giving $\ensuremath{\tau}a=NkT(1+1.814\ensuremath{\theta}+2.573{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}+\ensuremath{\cdots})$, where $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the surface tension and $a$ the area of the gas. For $\ensuremath{\theta}$ near unity, a combination treatment involving both the virial and an extension of the concepts developed for one dimension leads to $\ensuremath{\tau}a=\frac{\mathrm{NkT}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$. The adsorption isotherm of the plane gas is derived from the equation of state and is compared with those for films in which the adatoms occupy fixed positions on the surface. In three dimensions the same methods give $pv=NkT (1+2.962\ensuremath{\theta}+5.483{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}+\ensuremath{\cdots})$ and $pv=\frac{\mathrm{NkT}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$, respectively. Expressions which match these near $\ensuremath{\theta}=0$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}=1$ but cover the complete range are given.
Synaptic glutamate release by postnatal rat serotonergic neurons in microculture

Abstract Serotonergic neurons are thought to play a role in depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, their functional transmitter repertoire is incompletely known. To investigate this repertoire, intracellular recordings were obtained from 132 cytochemically identified rat mesopontine serotonergic neurons that had reestablished synapses in microcultures. Approximately 60% of the neurons evoked excitatory glutamatergic potentials in themselves or in target neurons. Glutamatergic transmission was frequently observed in microcultures containing a solitary serotonergic neuron. Evidence for co-release of serotonin and glutamate from single raphe neurons was also obtained. However, evidence for γ-aminobutyric acid release by serotonergic neurons was observed in only two cases. These findings indicate that many cultured serotonergic neurons form glutamatergic synapses and may explain several observations in slices and in vivo.
Progress in secure distributed systems

In a previous paper (J.P. Kruys, Comput. Secur., 8 (1989)) the approach to distributed systems security based on ten Security Facilities developed by the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) is described. This paper shows how the ECMA approach to distributed access control can be applied to the design of secure systems in general and to design of secure object-oriented systems in particular. The ECMA model is based on the concept of security services for the generation and manipulation of access control and other security-related information and it identifies an abstract syntax for such information. This makes it possible to build secure distributed systems consisting of individually secure systems that communicate security control information in an open, yet secure, manner. The ECMA model is therefore complementary to, rather than in competition with, machine-oriented security solutions such as those found in UNIX and other operating systems. In object-oriented systems the ECMA model provides a very convenient solution to location-independent access control in distributed systems. It also has many advantages in terms of the flexibility and the precision that can be achieved; Clark-Wilson type policies are naturally implemented on this basis. A closing note shows how the ECMA work and MIT's Kerberos are related.
An alternative formulation of Neyman's smooth goodness of fit tests under composite alternatives

We propose a natural extension of Neyman’s smooth goodness of fit tests under composite hypotheses. The components of our smooth tests are immediate analogues of the corresponding components in the completely specified null case. We show that, when testing for univariate normality, one of our smooth tests is similar to D’Agostino and Pearson’s (1973) statistic; when testing for multivariate normality, our smooth test for skewness is identical to Mardia’s (1970) measure of multivariate skewness; and, when testing for exponentiality, our simplest smooth test is equivalent to Greenwood’s (1946) statistic.
Race and other misadventures: Essays in honor of Ashley Montagu in his ninetieth year

Edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Leonard Lieberman. Dix Hills, New York: General Hall. 1996. 432 pp. ISBN 1-882289-35-8. $65.95 (cloth).
WT1-Mediated Growth Suppression of Wilms Tumor Cells Expressing a WT1 Splicing Variant

A human Wilms tumor cell line (RM1) was developed to test the tumor suppressor activity of WT1, a zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in the developing human kidney and is mutationally inactivated in a subset of Wilms tumors. Transfection of each of four wild-type WT1 isoforms suppressed the growth of RM1 cells. The endogenous WT1 transcript in these cells was devoid of exon 2 sequences, a splicing alteration that was also detected in varying amounts in all Wilms tumors tested but not in normal kidney. Production of this abnormal transcript, which encodes a functionally altered protein, may represent a distinct mechanism for inactivating WT1 in Wilms tumors.
Adsorption Kinetics of Toluene on Soil Agglomerates: Soil as a Biporous Sorbent

Single-component vapor diffusion at low pressure into dry soil agglomerates provides a well-characterized system for investigating adsorption and diffusion mechanisms. Equilibrium and kinetic data for adsorption of toluene vapor on Yolo loam and montmorillonite clay were obtained in this study with a gravimetric method. More extensive equilibrium data were obtained with a headspace gas chromatographic technique. Freundlich isotherms provided a good fit to the equilibrium data for relative partial pressures less than 0.6. Adsorption of toluene from the gas phase occurred in two stages: the first was due to fast diffusion and adsorption in macropores, and the second was controlled by slower diffusion and adsorption in intragrain micropores. As several days are required to establish equilibrium, the effect of slow diffusion and adsorption would be overlooked in shorter studies. Numerical simulations described the isothermal adsorption of toluene on spherical soil particles subject to a step change in bulk c...
Office-based spirometry for early detection of obstructive lung disease.

Purpose: To review the research-based evidence supporting smoking cessation as the only proven method to reduce chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progression and to show that early detection of disease with office-based spirometry can lead to therapeutic intervention before physiologic symptoms arise. Data sources: Extensive review of national and international scientific literature supplemented with drawings and algorithms. Conclusions: Early detection of COPD with spirometry, along with smoking cessation, and aggressive intervention can alter the insidious course of this highly preventable disease. It is imperative that nurse practitioners utilize this simple and inexpensive procedure to identify COPD in its earliest stages, so treatment can reduce individual and community disease burden, reduce morbidity and mortality, and help reduce healthcare costs. Implications for practice: Determination of early airflow obstruction supports smoking cessation education, provides objective data for patient motivation, thereby doubling patient compliance and reducing further disease burden.
Diagnostic skin testing for natural rubber latex allergy

During the past 10 years, natural rubber latex has become the most common cause of occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma in medical and dental workers. The development of comprehensive management programs for affected individuals has been hampered by several factors, including scant prospective data on the natural history of latex allergy, underutilization of environmental air sampling and measurement of latex aeroallergens to assess exposure levels, and a lack of a commercial diagnostic skin test reagent in the United States. The use of such a candidate diagnostic extract from Greer Laboratories in a collaborative study by Hamilton et al 1 is described elsewhere in this issue of The Journal. Several of their findings deserve emphasis. First, the use of this reagent was safe. After sequential skin testing with 1 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL extracts, systemic signs and symptoms were observed in 16% of persons with latex allergy and 4% of persons without latex allergy; however, no study participant required epinephrine treatment. Many individuals being evaluated at our institution for latex allergy have been advised by other physicians that skin testing for latex allergy may induce severe allergic responses. Some of this advice may be based on earlier studies with uncharacterized latex skin test reagents and different testing devices. 2 The risk of severe systemic reaction seems minimal with use of the Greer reagent and a bifurcated needle.
SU-GG-T-488: SABER: A Software Tool Incorporating Spatial and Biological Information into Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: In radiotherapytreatment planning, 3D radiationdose distributions are commonly distilled into 2D dose‐volume histograms (DVHs), which are used both to optimize and evaluate treatment plans. Unfortunately, the DVH presents only static and physical absorbed dose and contains no spatial or biological information.Spatial and biological information is necessary in order to perform true computational optimization and for predicting clinical outcome. The goal of this project is to develop a new treatment plan evaluation and optimization tool which incorporates biological and spatialinformation.Methods: Matlab‐based software SABER (Spatial And Biological Evaluation for Radiotherapy) was developed. It utilizes widely‐accepted radiobiological models to convert physical absorbed doses to equivalent biological doses. Corrections to dose distributions may be applied within the software to simulate dose wash‐out effects due to cell migration and/or other tissue motion during treatment. Radiobiological models are applied to calculate radiobiological quantities of interest. The software can calculate tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) as a function of prescribed radiationdose.Results: SABER incorporates spatialinformation and provides biological evaluation capabilities not currently available in commercial treatment planning systems. Intuitive methods are offered to restore spatialdoseinformation back into DVH format. Plans with similar physical DVHs may appear significantly different once spatial characteristics and biological information are included. Depending on 3D dose distribution and radiosensitivity of structures, TCP and NTCP predicted based on biologically modified dose can be significantly different than those predicted based on physical absorbed dose, thus changing the clinical course of action. Conclusions: SABER provides both spatial and biological information about the dose distribution. Incorporating this information can help create better plans and more accurately predict treatment outcome. It may significantly alter predicted TCP and NTCP and thus the choice of treatment plan. Conflict of interest: Supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Energy-Efficient Neuron, Synapse and STDP Integrated Circuits

Ultra-low energy biologically-inspired neuron and synapse integrated circuits are presented. The synapse includes a spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule circuit. These circuits have been designed, fabricated and tested using a 90 nm CMOS process. Experimental measurements demonstrate proper operation. The neuron and the synapse with STDP circuits have an energy consumption of around 0.4 pJ per spike and synaptic operation respectively.
Effect of Isoproterenol on Coronary Blood Flow in Primary Myocardial Disease

At cardiac catheterization, the effect of isoproterenol on coronary blood flow was compared in six patients with primary myocardial disease and six patients who appeared to have no cardiac disease. Coronary blood flow was measured by selective coronary artery injection of xenon-133 and external monitoring of disappearance curves with a dual probe, digital scintillation counter. In the presence of similar changes in cardiac output and heart rate-systolic pressure product, changes in coronary blood flow and coronary resistance in response to isoproterenol were significantly less (P < 0.05) in the subjects with primary myocardial disease than in the normal subjects.
The perception of growth in three dimensions

During the past decade, there has been a considerable amount of research on how the age level of a human face is visually specified (Mark, Todd, & Shaw, 1981; Pittenger & Shaw, 1975a, 1975b; Pittenger, Shaw, & Mark, 1979; Todd, Mark, Shaw, & Pittenger, 1980). Most of the experiments reported to date have supported the hypothesis that morphological changes over the entire face and skull can be adequately described from infancy to adulthood by a single geometric transformation called cardioidal strain, and that human observers are specificallysensitive to that transformation in distinguishing growth from other styles of change such as weight gain, beard growth, or facial expression change. This research has also played an important role in the development of more general theories of human event perception by providing a demonstration that the perception of "slow" events, such as growth, can be governed by the same general principles as perception of "fast" events, such as a rolling wheel or a human gait (see, also, Todd, 1983). One potential problem with this research, however, concerns the highly abstract and artificial stimuli used in most of the reported experiments. Previous studies have depicted human heads as twodimensional profiles in silhouette, devoid of any internal detail. In contrast, an actual human face presents observers with far more detail about the facial surface and structure; and rarely do people look at faces only from the lateral (midsagittal) perspective. For cardioidal strain to constitute a useful description of perceptual information specifying craniofacial growth, it must be applicable to facial representations containing internal detail as well as other perspectivesof the human head. Our first attempt to address this problem involved changing the perspective in schematic line drawings from a side view to a front view. When this figure was subjected to cardioidal strain (See Figure I),
Rats are the smart choice: Rationale for a renewed focus on rats in behavioral genetics

Due in part to their rich behavioral repertoire rats have been widely used in behavioral studies of drug abuse-related traits for decades. However, the mouse became the model of choice for researchers exploring the genetic underpinnings of addiction after the first mouse study was published demonstrating the capability of engineering the mouse genome through embryonic stem cell technology. The sequencing of the mouse genome and more recent re-sequencing of numerous inbred mouse strains have further cemented the status of mice as the premier mammalian organism for genetic studies. As a result, many of the behavioral paradigms initially developed and optimized for rats have been adapted to mice. However, numerous complex and interesting drug abuse-related behaviors that can be studied in rats are very difficult or impossible to adapt for use in mice, impeding the genetic dissection of those traits. Now, technological advances have removed many of the historical limitations of genetic studies in rats. For instance, the rat genome has been sequenced and many inbred rat strains are now being re-sequenced and outbred rat stocks are being used to fine-map QTLs. In addition, it is now possible to create "knockout" rats using zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and related techniques. Thus, rats can now be used to perform quantitative genetic studies of sophisticated behaviors that have been difficult or impossible to study in mice. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
An analysis of transformed clones obtained by coinfections with hr-t and ts-a mutants of polyoma virus.

Abstract Clones of stably transformed rat cells from the F-111 (Fisher rat embryo) and NRK (normal rat kidney) cell lines have been obtained by complementation using pairs of nontransforming polyoma mutants of the hr-t and ts-a classes. A total of 78 clones were isolated and studied, 21 from the NRK line, and 57 from the F-111 line. These “complementation transformed clones” were then examined for the presence and expression of each of the parental mutant viruses. The expression of viral T (tumor) antigens was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Every one of 54 clones examined express the 22K (small) and 56K (middle) T antigens which are the products of the hr-t viral gene. This indicates a requirement for the presence of a wild-type hr-t allele contributed by the ts-a mutant parent. Ten clones lack detectable large T antigen, while four show thermolabile large T antigen. These results support the conclusion that middle and small but not large T antigen(s) are essential for the maintenance of the transformed phenotype. Most of the 57 F-111 clones are virogenic when fused to mouse cells under permissive conditions and yield both mutant types. Surprisingly, wild-type recombinants have been recovered from 40 of the F-111 clones. Three clones show evidence of retention of only the ts-a mutant genome. Virus cannot be rescued from the majority of the 21 NRK clones. The few clones which are virogenic, however, yield both hr-t and ts-a mutants. Integration patterns of several clones analyzed by Southern blotting confirm the expectations based on viral T antigen(s) and virus rescue analyses. Hr-t mutant genomes, though not required for the maintenance of the transformed state, are frequently retained in complementation transformed clones. Tandem integration of the two parental mutants is clearly demonstrated in one clone and implicated in the other eight out of nine virogenic F-111 complementation transformed clones examined. This observation provides the basis of a model for the generation of wild-type recombinants following fusion of F-111 clones.
Size-topology correlations in disk packings: terminal bidispersity in order-disorder transitions

AbstractIn random packings or tilings, the size distribution of individual elements (domains) and the statistics of numbers of neighbours of those domains are strongly correlated. In the case of circular disks forming a random packing in the plane, it has long been known empirically that a certain critical amount of bidispersity avoids crystallization of the packing. We demonstrate how the formalism of a simplified granocentric model allows for an analytical computation of the size-topology correlation as a function of both size ratio and frequency of small disks. The results, obtained without free parameters, are in excellent agreement with the empirical findings of packing simulations concerning critical (terminal) bidispersity. It is also shown that, at equal size variance, the discrete (bidisperse) disk size distributions induce stronger disorder than continuously polydisperse disks.
Antifungal Tradecraft by Cholesterol Oxidase

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Aparicio and coworkers report that secreted bacterial cholesterol oxidase is required for the biosynthesis of the antifungal polyene pimaricin by Streptomyces natalensis [1]. Their discovery expands the inventory of tasks this biotechnologically important enzyme performs.
Characterization of the enhancer-like okadaic acid response element region of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (p34cdc2) promoter.

Abstract Expression of the cdk1 (p34cdc2) gene is enhanced 5–10 fold as cells re-enter the cell cycle from quiescence in response to serum-refeeding or following exposure to the protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitor okadaic acid. Transient transfection analysis of nested deletions of the human cdk1 promoter identified regions that confer sensitivity to okadaic acid on a CAT-reporter gene. Putative okadaic acid response elements (OARE) were located between nt −942 to −763 (Site I) and nt −416 to −186 (Site II) before transcription start. The Site I element has enhancer-like characteristics as activity is independent of sequence orientation. Mobility shift analysis of Site I revealed the presence of 2 high molecular weight complexes, one of which was enhanced in the presence of okadaic acid-treated cell extracts. Site I contained several sequence motifs with conserved homology to heat shock response element core sequences and homeobox protein binding sites. Site II contained a myb-binding site, a G1/S phase enhancer, and 2 retinoblastoma response elements flanking an E2F binding site. Enhancement of cdk1 expression appears dependent on 2 nonhomologous okadaic acid-sensitive promoter regions.
Optimized quantitative DEPT and quantitative POMMIE experiments for 13C NMR.

In quantitative analysis, inverse gated 1H decoupled 13C NMR provides higher resolution than 1H NMR. However, due to the lower sensitivity and longer relaxation time, 13C NMR experiment takes much longer time to obtain a spectrum with adequate signal-to-noise ratio. The sensitivity can be enhanced with DEPT and INEPT approaches by transferring polarization from 1H (I) to 13C (S), but since the enhancements depend on coupling constants (1JSI) and spin systems (SI, SI2, SI3), the enhancements for different spin systems are not uniform and quantitative analyses are seriously affected. To overcome these problems, Henderson proposed a quantitative DEPT (Q-DEPT) method by cycling selected read pulse angles and polarization-transfer delays (Henderson, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3682−3683), and satisfactory results for SI system are achieved. However, the optimization is incomplete for the SI2 and SI3 systems. Here, we present an improved version of Q-DEPT (Q-DEPT+) and a quantitative POMMIE (Q-POMMIE) wh...
A Short-Form Dogmatism Scale for Use in Field Studies

Rokeach recently introduced a theory about different styles of belief systems that people have. The theory is an outgrowth of work on the Authoritarian Personality. The theory has not been utilized much in field studies because the primary measuring instrument, the "dogmatism" scale, contains 40 items. In this article, the authors recommend shorter versions of the dogmatism scale, indicating which items should be used to maintain the reliability of the measuring instrument. The short forms were developed from data collected in two field studies. J{R okeach's theory of belief systems is currently receiving considerable attention from social scientists.' This recent attention to the theory may be due to the current interest in cognitive theories in general, and to the fact Rokeach's work derives from the much-studied Authoritarian Personality. Unfortunately, Rokeach's belief-systems theory has been tested primarily with relatively homogeneous samples of subjects, primarily students or other intact groups. Probably the main reason Rokeach's theory has been tested so little in field studies is the length of the primary measuring instrument used to test the theory-the 40-item self-administered dogmatism scale. It takes about 20 minutes to administer it. Despite this time problem, the authors have included the 40-item dogmatism scale in two field studies. The scale was included in a study of 227 Boston suburbanites who subscribed to a county agricultural newspaper, to test whether it could be meaningfully administered to general-population samples.2 A method of having interviewers read the items in the scale to respondents was developed to avoid the problems of self-administration. From these data, a short form of the scale was developed. Although a 10-item short form of the dogmatism scale has already been proposed by Schulze, his short form was developed from the responses of college students.3 Therefore, it was felt that its application in field studies was not advisable without further analysis. The results of this study indicated that field and classroom situations produce quite different results. The complete 40-item dogmatism scale was also included in a field study of Lansing, Michigan, residents.4 The Lansing data were used to cross-validate the abbreviated versions of the scale developed from the Boston data. PERSONAL-INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUE In the Boston study, interviewers read the items to respondents instead of having respondents self-administer the scale. The interviewing administration of the scale is quite simple, but interviewers must be briefed carefully if they are to administer the scale quickly. Just before the dogmatism scale is administered, the interviewer reads a set of instructions that are almost the same as Rokeach's original instruc-
The integral cohomology of Out+(F3)

Abstract We compute the integral cohomology of the index-2 subgroup Out + ( F 3 ) of Out( F 3 ), using the equivariant cohomology spectral sequence arising from the action of Out + ( F 3 ) on the space K 3 , introduced by M. Culler and K. Vogtmann.
A genome-wide transcriptional activity survey of rice transposable element-related genes

Transposable element (TE)-related genes comprise a significant portion of the gene catalog of grasses, although their functions are insufficiently characterized. The recent availability of TE-related gene annotation from the complete genome sequence of rice (Oryza sativa) has created an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the transcriptional activities of these potentially mobile elements and their related genes. We conducted a genome-wide survey of the transcriptional activity of TE-related genes associated with 15 developmental stages and stress conditions. This dataset was obtained using a microarray encompassing 2,191 unique TE-related rice genes, which were represented by oligonucleotide probes that were free from cross-hybridization. We found that TE-related genes exhibit much lower transcriptional activities than do non-TE-related genes, although representative transcripts were detected from all superfamilies of both type I and II TE-related genes. The strongest transcriptional activities were detected in TE-related genes from among the MULE and CACTA superfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that domesticated TE-related genes tend to form clades with active transcription. In addition, chromatin-level regulations through histone and DNA modifications, as well as enrichment of certain cis elements in the promoters, appear to contribute to the transcriptional activation of representative TE-related genes. Our findings reveal clear, albeit low, general transcription of TE-related genes. In combination with phylogenetic analysis, transcriptional analysis has the potential to lead to the identification of domesticated TEs with adapted host functions.
Rivalry between Taiwan and the PRC in Latin America

Latin America and the Caribbean have been a major battleground of the “foreign policy war” between Taiwan and the PRC over international legitimacy, and recognition. This paper analyzes the growing rivalry between China and Taiwan and its implications. The first part of the paper examines the importance of Latin America and the Caribbean for both Beijing and Taipei. The second section explores political aspects of their involvement in the region. The third part assesses how Beijing and Taipei use economic diplomacy to meet their diplomatic objectives in Latin America. The fourth section examines the implications of the increasing rivalry between Taipei and Beijing in the region.
Scheduling under Uncertainty using MILP Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract The aim of this paper is to develop an integrated framework in order to address the issue of uncertainty in short-term scheduling. The idea of inference-based sensitivity analysis for MILP problem is employed within a branch and bound solution framework to determine the importance of different parameters and constraints and to provide a set of alternative schedules for the range of uncertain parameters under consideration. An illustrative example is considered using the proposed approach and the results are compared with parametric programming and robust optimization
Unilateral activation of the non-specific thalamic system and bilateral cortical responses.

Abstract It has been possible to outline the portions of the non-specific thalamic system which, upon repetitive stimulation, yield bilateral cortical effects. This outline could not be as detailed as we hoped it would be when this series of experiments was originally planned. On the basis of our findings, it is, however, safe to state that stimulation of structures located closer to the midline is more likely to yield bilateral responses, while with the activation of other nuclei more laterally located, a contralateral effect can very seldom be demonstrated. Confirming and extending the work of previous investigators, we found that the pathways for this bilateral effect run mainly, but not exclusively, within the anterior portion of the massa intermedia; the possible role of other commissural systems has been respectively emphasized or minimized. The existence of considerable delay between two recruiting waves on homologous areas of the two hemispheres has been stressed and discussed.
Near-field gain of a horn and an open-ended waveguide: Comparison between theory and experiment

Generating a standard electromagnetic field requires knowledge of the gain of the transmitting antenna. The theory and supporting experimental measurements of the near-field gain of a pyramidal horn and an open-ended waveguide (OEG) at 450 MHz are given. The empirical near-field gain for the OEG is derived from experimental results obtained by a two-antenna method at about 2 GHz. The theoretical nearfield gain for the rectangular pyramidal horn is derived from Schelkunoff's formula. Two independent near-field gain measurements of these antennas are made using a three-antenna method and a transfer-standard-probe method. The discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results is typically less than \pm 1 dB.
Modeling spiral inductors in SOS processes

Existing models for simulating spiral inductors fabricated in silicon processes are outgrowths of the PI structure originally employed by Nguyen and Meyer (1990). This structure and its subsequent elaborations work well for inductors in which the dominant loss mechanism is the underlying substrate. For newer processes with very high resistivity or insulating substrates such as Silicon-on-sapphire however, the model breaks down since inductor quality factor Q is then determined predominantly by series trace resistance. Models suitable for use in such processes are proposed and compared with measured data. The new models contain only four to six elements and, unlike the classic PI model, provide a broadband match to measured impedance behavior in both differentially driven and single-ended circuit applications.
Clinical Trial: Comparative Effectiveness of Cephalexin Plus Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Versus Cephalexin Alone for Treatment of Uncomplicated Cellulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background. Community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common organism isolated from purulent skin infections. Antibiotics are usually not beneficial for skin abscess, and national guidelines do not recommend CA-MRSA coverage for cellulitis, except purulent cellulitis, which is uncommon. Despite this, antibiotics targeting CA-MRSA are prescribed commonly and increasingly for skin infections, perhaps due, in part, to lack of experimental evidence among cellulitis patients. We test the hypothesis that antibiotics targeting CAMRSA are beneficial in the treatment of cellulitis. Methods. We performed a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from 2007 to 2011. We enrolled patients with cellulitis, no abscesses, symptoms for <1 week, and no diabetes, immunosuppression, peripheral vascular disease, or hospitalization (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00676130). All participants received cephalexin. Additionally, each was randomized to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or placebo. We provided 14 days of antibiotics and instructed participants to continue therapy for ≥1 week, then stop 3 days after they felt the infection to be cured. Our main outcome measure was the risk difference for treatment success, determined in person at 2 weeks, with telephone and medical record confirmation at 1 month. Results. We enrolled 153 participants, and 146 had outcome data for intent-to-treat analysis. Median age was 29, range 3–74. Of intervention participants, 62/73 (85%) were cured versus 60/73 controls (82%), a risk difference of 2.7% (95% confidence interval, −9.3% to 15%; P= .66). No covariates predicted treatment response, including nasal MRSA colonization and purulence at enrollment. Conclusions. Among patients diagnosed with cellulitis without abscess, the addition of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to cephalexin did not improve outcomes overall or by subgroup. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00676130.
Treatment of juvenile obesity by successive approximation control of eating

Abstract A group of mother-child pairs received behavioral treatment for juvenile obesity. The treatment children, aged 2–10, outperformed untreated controls, and striking differences in movement toward appropriate weight-for-age-and-height norms were found between those remaining in the program and those who dropped out. The program involved a long term successive approximation approach to control of eating patterns within the family and social context of the patient. Emphasis was placed upon the individualization of treatment.
Balance between NF-κB p100 and p52 Regulates T Cell Costimulation Dependence

c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) that repress noncanonical NF-κB activation. We have created mice that bear a mutation in c-IAP2 that inactivates its E3 activity and interferes, in a dominant-negative fashion, with c-IAP1 E3 activity (c-IAP2H570A). The immune response of these animals was explored by infecting them with the Th1-inducing parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Surprisingly, c-IAP2H570A mice succumbed because of T cell production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Unlike naive wild-type (WT) cells, which require signals generated by the TCR and costimulatory receptors to become fully activated, naive c-IAP2H570A T cells proliferated and produced high levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ to stimulation via TCR alone. c-IAP2H570A T cells had constitutive noncanonical NF-κB activation, and IκB kinase inhibition reduced their proliferation to anti-TCR alone to WT levels but had no effect when costimulation via CD28 was provided. Notably, T cells from nfkb2−/− mice, which cannot generate the p52 component of noncanonical NF-κB, were also costimulation independent, consistent with the negative role of this unprocessed protein in canonical NF-κB activation. Whereas T cells from nfkb2+/− mice behaved like WT, coexpression of a single copy of c-IAP2H570A resulted in cleavage of p100, upregulation of p52, and T cell costimulation independence. Thus, p100 represses and p52 promotes costimulation, and the ratio regulates T cell dependence on costimulatory signals.
Intratendinous ruptures of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the small finger.

Ten patients had spontaneous ruptures of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon involving the small finger. All ruptures occurred at work with the hand engaged in resisted flexion. Seven patients were treated by surgical means, four patients by direct repair, two by tendon transfer, and one by tendon graft. The ruptures were intratendinous occurring just distal to the A2 pulley in two patients, in the palm in four, and in the carpal canal in one. A pathologic condition to explain the tendon ruptures was not found on gross inspection or subsequent histologic examination. The seven patients treated by surgical means achieved satisfactory results. Follow-up averaged 52 months. Three patients did not have surgical repair and they have been followedup for an average of 16 months. The results of direct repair within 1 week of rupture were superior to the results of late reconstruction.
Profiles of protection from substance use among adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to explore whether adolescents (N = 10,287) could be classified into homogeneous subgroups based on their protective factors and, if so, whether these constellations of protection differentially relate to adolescents’ lifetime and 30-day alcohol and tobacco use. Latent class analysis with eight protective factors—four internal and four external—were used to identify the underlying latent class structure. Five profiles of protection emerged: Adequate Protection (54%), Adequate External Protection (9%), Adequate Protection with Low Adult Communication (16%), Adequate Protection with Risky Friends (9%), and Inadequate Protection (12%). Lifetime alcohol use was associated with only a modest increase in odds of belonging to the Adequate External or Low Adult Communication latent classes, but an enormous increase in odds of having Inadequate Protection or Risky Friends. Similar effects were found for past month alcohol use. Unlike alcohol use, which was related most strongly with membership in the Risky Friends latent class (relative to Adequate Protection), cigarette use was most strongly related to membership in the Inadequate Protection latent class. Findings can be used to inform prevention programs as they illustrate the relationships that exist between adolescents’ profiles of protection and substance use.
Technical Note – Pricing Below Cost Under Exchange‐Rate Risk

Pricing below cost is often classified as “dumping” in international trade and as “predatory pricing” in local markets. It is legally prohibited from practice because of earlier findings that it leads to predatory behavior by either eliminating competition or stealing market share. This study shows that a stochastic exchange rate can create incentives for a profit-minded monopoly firm to set price below marginal cost. Our result departs from earlier findings because the optimal pricing decision is based on a rational behavior that does not exhibit any malicious intent against the competition to be considered as violating anti-trust laws. The finding is a robust result, because our analysis demonstrates that this behavior occurs under various settings such as when the firm (i) is risk-averse, (ii) can postpone prices until after exchange rates are realized, (iii) is capable of manufacturing in multiple countries, and (iv) operates under demand uncertainty in addition to the random exchange rate.