cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 498: Targeting EZH2/DAB2IP/C-JUN axis in ovarian cancer stem cells

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. The persistence of quiescent OC stem cells (OCSCs) not eliminated by chemotherapy plays a key role in tumor relapse and metastasis. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that targeting DAB2IP will inhibit OCSCs and prevent disease recurrence. Subpopulations of CSC and non-CSC were isolated from OC cell lines by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, a consistent CSC marker. Expression of DAB2IP in ALDH(+) cells was lower (P 2) altered expression of 449 genes, including down-regulation of ALDH1A1, LGR5, PROM1 and TWIST1, markers strongly associated with CSC phenotypes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes revealed WNT-signaling as a dominant pathway mediating the anti-OCSC effects of DAB2IP. Based on RNA-seq analysis, WNT5B expression decreased (P Citation Format: Xingyue Zong, Ali Ozes, Weini Wang, Fang Fang, Kenneth P. Nephew. Targeting EZH2/DAB2IP/C-JUN axis in ovarian cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 498.
Using Energy-Minimization Profiles to Measure Protein Resistance to Drugs

A mutation to the amino acid sequence of a protein can cause a biomolecule to be resistant to the intended effects of a drug. Assessing the changes of a drug's efficacy in response to mutations via mutagenesis wet-lab experiments is prohibitively time consuming for even a single point mutation, let alone for all possible mutations. Existing approaches for inferring mutation-induced drug resistance are available, but all of them reason about mutations of residues at or very near the protein-drug interface. However, there are examples of mutations far away from the region where the ligand binds, but which nonetheless render a protein resistant to the effects of the drug. We present a proof-of-concept computational pipeline that generates in silico the set of all possible single point mutations in a protein-ligand complex. We assess drug resistance via energy profiles for short runs of molecular dynamics of the mutants. We assess the impact of mutations far away from the protein-drug interface and provide case studies for exploring how amino acid substitutions both near and far away from where the ligand interacts with a protein target have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the protein-drug complex.
Coherent Data Center Links

As link bit rates within and between data centers continue to increase, it is challenging to maintain low power consumption while accommodating ever-tighter optical link budgets. Although power consumption can be reduced by co-packaging optical transceivers with electrical switches and employing optical switching, both approaches increase losses, further compressing link budgets. Local oscillator-based coherent receivers traditionally employed for long-haul systems provide a path to higher bit rates and improved link budgets, but their power consumption is excessive owing to high-speed digital signal processing (DSP). We discuss alternative designs for coherent receivers, such as DSP-free coherent receivers and Kramers–Kronig (KK) receivers. We compare them in terms of receiver sensitivity, power consumption, and complexity.
Public Facebook Groups for Political Activism

The rise of social media has raised questions about the vitality of privacy values and concerns about threats to privacy. The convergence of politics with social media use amplifies the privacy concerns traditionally associated with political organizing, particularly when marginalized groups and minority politics are involved. Despite the importance of these issues, there has been little empirical exploration of how privacy governs political activism and organizing in online environments. This project explores how privacy concerns shape political organizing on Facebook, through detailed case studies of how groups associated with March for Science, Day Without Immigrants (“DWI”), and Women’s March govern information flows. This comparative case study employs an empirical framework that we developed in earlier work, in which we synthesized contextual integrity analysis with the Governing Knowledge Commons (GKC) framework for institutional analysis of commons governance of knowledge. These cases, addressing distinct issues, while operating in similar contexts and on the same timescales, thus allow for the exploration of privacy, as it plays out through governance of personal information flows, for both political organizing and Facebook sub-communities. Privacy practices and concerns differed between the cases, depending on factors such as the nature of the group, the political issues it confronts, and its relationships to other organizations or movements.
Metformin reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive functions after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Within the brain, traumatic brain injury (TBI) alters synaptic plasticity and increases neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Yet, there lacks effective TBI treatments providing pleiotropic beneficial effects on these diverse cellular processes necessary for functional recovery. Here, we show the diabetes drug, metformin, significantly improves cognitive functions after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice, showing improved spatial learning and nest building. Furthermore, injured animals treated with metformin exhibit increased ramification of microglia processes, indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Finally, metformin treatment in vitro increased neuronal activation of partitioning defective 1 (Par1), a family of Ser/Thr kinases playing a key role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation. These results suggest metformin is a promising therapeutic agent for targeting multiple cellular processes necessary for functional TBI recovery.
Active Sampling for the Quickest Detection of Markov Networks

Consider n random variables forming a Markov random field (MRF). The true model of the MRF is unknown, and it is assumed to belong to a binary set. The objective is to sequentially sample the random variables (one-at-a-time) such that the true MRF model can be detected with the fewest number of samples, while in parallel, the decision reliability is controlled. The core element of an optimal decision process is a rule for selecting and sampling the random variables over time. Such a process, at every time instant and adaptively to the collected data, selects the random variable that is expected to be most informative about the model, rendering an overall minimized number of samples required for reaching a reliable decision. The existing studies on detecting MRF structures generally sample the entire network at the same time and focus on designing optimal detection rules without regard to the data-acquisition process. This paper characterizes the sampling process for general MRFs, which is shown to be optimal in the asymptote of large n. The critical insight in designing the sampling process is devising an information measure that captures the decisions’ inherent statistical dependence over time. Furthermore, when the MRFs can be modeled by acyclic probabilistic graphical models, the sampling rule is shown to take a computationally simple form. Performance analysis for the general case is provided, and the results are interpreted in several special cases: Gaussian MRFs, non-asymptotic regimes, Chernoff’s rule to controlled (active) sensing, and the problem of cluster detection.
Motor adaptation to cognitive challenges and walking perturbations in healthy young adults.

Abstract Background Cognitive-walking interference is manifested when simultaneously performing a cognitive task while walking. However, majority of the dual-task walking paradigms incorporated relatively short testing trials and were focused on posing a cognitive challenge by adding a secondary cognitive task but not introducing walking perturbations. Research question How do healthy young adults adapt to concurrent cognitive challenges and walking perturbations in terms of task prioritization and adaptation strategies to control walking stability? Methods Eighteen healthy young participants walked with and without (1) continuous treadmill platform sways (Perturbed and Unperturbed walking), and (2) performing one of the cognitive tasks: visual and auditory Stroop tasks, Clock task, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and walk only. Primary outcome measures included cognitive task performance, mediolateral dynamic margins of stability (MOSML), M-L local dynamic stability, stride time variability and the dual-task interference (DTI) on these measures. Results Gait adjustments made during Perturbed walking did not improve walking stability but instead, showing more local instability and greater gait variability (all p Significance Participants prioritized the walking task under a more challenging walking condition although the adjustments made during Perturbed walking were not sufficient to maintain a similar level of walking stability as Unperturbed walking. Adjustments to the cognitive-walking challenges were differed by the type of cognitive tasks. The current findings suggest that cognitive tasks involving both working memory and information processing or visuospatial recognition or attention have greater impact on gait especially during the perturbed walking condition.
Ontogenetic Variations in the Distribution of Ca and Mg in Skeletal Tissues of Vertebrates and Invertebrates

There are important ontogenetic patterns in the distribution of Ca and Mg in both invertebrate and vertebrate skeletal tissues. These variations need to be defined before either the physiological or environmental significance of fluctuations in the inorganic skeletal components can be assessed fully. For example, biomineralogists have long known that organisms tend to exclude Mg from their skeletons because Mg inhibits calcification. However, we have found clearly defined, inverse Ca and Mg oscillations within skeletal tissues over a range in frequencies that are difficult to explain simply on the basis of random substitutions of Mg for Ca in the biomineral lattice. Moreover, our data suggest that there are ontogenetic trends in the development of the inverse oscillations. With mixed results, marine biologists have used Mg content in the skeletons of various invertebrates as an index of water temperature and of changing composition of seawater over the past 600 million years. Yet our analyses of the shells of invertebrates, such as brachiopods, reveal age-mediated concentrations of elements that complicate such generalizations.
Recombinant DNA, Policy, Asilomar Conference

Introduction Scientists' Original Concern About Hazards The Berg Committee Letter The 1975 Asilomar Conference Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee Local and National Political Responses Evolution of Research Guidelines Beginnings of Commercialization Environmental Release of Modified Organisms Human Gene Transfer Experiments Limitations of Self-Regulation Keywords: DNA; policy; Asilomar conference
Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by the flavonoids chrysin and quercetin in Caco-2 cells.

Purpose. Dietary flavonoids have been reported to be potent inhibitorsof drug metabolizing enzymes. In the present study we examined theinducing effect of three of these compounds, chrysin, quercetin andgenistein, on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in the humanintestinal cell line Caco-2.
Type II Superconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of type II superconductors. A superconductor is a substance, below which some well-defined critical temperature has zero electrical resistance for low-frequency currents and in which the electric field vanishes. 24 metallic elements are known to become superconducting. A superconductor is not only a perfect conductor, but it also has a property that is sometimes described as perfect diamagnetism. When a small external magnetic field is applied to a superconductor, or when a superconductor is cooled in such an external field to temperatures below critical temperature, the magnetic induction inside the material vanishes. During the past few years, a great deal of fundamental experimental and theoretical research in superconductivity has concentrated on Type II superconductors. This work is of interest both because it has brought a renewed interest in macroscopic quantum phenomena as well as in certain basic electrodynamic problems and because of its relevance to the application of superconductivity to magnets and related devices. In this chapter, basic properties of superconductors are explained. London equation and Ginzburg–Landau equations are discussed. Concepts related to static properties of the mixed state and quantization of flux are also elaborated.
The regulation of emotion

Contents: P. Philippot, R.S. Feldman, Preface. Part I:Basic Physiological and Cognitive Processes in the Regulation of Emotion. A. Bechara, A Neural View of the Regulation of Complex Cognitive Functions by Emotion. G. Stemmler, Physiological Processes During Emotion. P. Philippot, C. Baeyens, C. Douilliez, B. Francart, Cognitive Regulation of Emotion: Application to Clinical Disorders. Part II:Social and Motivational Aspects of Emotional Regulation. E.A. Butler, J.J. Gross, Hiding Feelings in Social Contexts: Out of Sight Is Not Out of Mind. M.N. Shiota, B. Campos, D. Keltner, M.J. Hertenstein, Positive Emotion and the Regulation of Interpersonal Relationships. E. Zech, B. Rime, F. Nils, Social Sharing of Emotion, Emotional Recovery, and Interpersonal Aspects. A. Fisher, A.S.R. Manstead, C. Evers, M. Timmers, G. Valk, Motives and Norms Underlying Emotion Regulation. Part III:Self-Presentation and Emotion Regulation. D.M. Tice, R.F. Baumeister, L. Zhang, The Role of Emotion in Self-Regulation: Differing Role of Positive and Negative Emotions. D. Hrubes, R.S. Feldman, J. Tyler, Emotion-Focused Deception: The Role of Deception in the Regulation of Emotion. S. Kitayama, M. Karasawa, B. Mesquita, Collective and Personal Processes in Regulating Emotions: Emotion and Self in Japan and the United States. Part IV:Individual Differences and the Development of Emotion Regulation. N. Eisenberg, T.L. Spinrad, C.L. Smith, Emotion-Related Regulation: Its Conceptualization, Relations to Social Functioning, and Socialization. S.D. Calkins, R.B. Howse, Individual Differences in Self-Regulation: Implications for Childhood Adjustment. C.A. Pauls, Physiological Consequences of Emotion Regulation: Taking Into Account the Effects of Strategies, Personality, and Situation. A.M. Kring, K.H. Werner, Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology.
A Structure To Enable Preservice Teachers of Mathematics To Reflect on Their Teaching.

This article presents a conceptual framework for studying the relationship between cognition and instructional practices of preservice secondary mathematics teachers. It describes how the framework was used as a basis for activities in which preservice teachers engaged in structured reflection on their teaching as a means towards their professional growth. The approach required student teachers to engage in both prelesson and postlesson reflective activities. These activities are described, and details of two cases are given. This article demonstrates how this approach can facilitate the progression of preservice teachers' pedagogical techniques and conceptions.
Segregation of presynaptic inputs on an identified target neuron in vitro: structural remodeling visualized over time

Sensory cells of Aplysia form chemical synapses with the motor cell L7 in culture. Under certain conditions, sensory cells will also form electrical connections with each other. Sites of chemical synaptic interaction between the sensory cells and L7 are located at varicosities along sensory cell processes that overlie the main axons of L7, since these structures have been shown ultrastructurally to contain active zones. Previous studies have suggested that the distribution of sensory cell varicosities can be restricted to exclusive regions of the motor cell by the presence of other sensory cells. We wished to investigate (1) how this segregated pattern is generated over time and (2) whether electrical coupling between sensory cells has an effect on this segregated pattern. Using fluorescent dye injection and low-light video microscopy, we visualized the distribution of varicosities for each of two sensory cells growing on L7. In cases in which sensory cells are not electrically coupled, the varicosities from these two cells are spatially segregated on the target after 4 d in culture but not after 2 d in culture. Examination of the varicosity distribution of the same sensory cells on the second and third day of growth indicated both an increased rate in the elimination of varicosities from previously occupied areas and a restriction of varicosity formation in new areas of the target when a second sensory cell is present. For sensory cells that are electrically coupled, varicosities from these cells were not spatially segregated on the target even after 4 d in culture. These observations in vitro suggest that segregation of synaptic inputs by Aplysia sensory cells, which show little spontaneous activity of action potentials, can emerge over time via a process that includes both the elimination of existing sensory varicosities and the restriction of new varicosity formation. Our results also suggest that electrical connections between presynaptic cells can disrupt the segregation of their varicosities on a target, resulting in significant changes in the developing connectivity.
Localization of PS6K to chromosomal region 17q23 and determination of its amplification in breast cancer.

The application of comparative genomic hybridization to the analysis of genetic abnormalities in breast carcinoma has consistently revealed that chromosome region 17q22–24 is a frequent site of gene amplification in this type of cancer. As part of an examination of expressed sequence tags for novel amplified genes in this region, we identified PS6K amplifications in both breast tumor tissues and cell lines. PS6K was localized to 17q23 and encodes a serine-threonine kinase whose activation is thought to regulate a wide array of cellular processes involved in the mitogenic response including protein synthesis, translation of specific mRNA species, and cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Northern and Western analyses revealed that amplification of this gene was accompanied by corresponding increases in mRNA and protein expression, respectively. These data represent the first determination of a gene amplification within 17q22–24 in breast cancer and suggest an oncogenic activity for PS6K.
Magnetic resonance imaging of ionic currents in solution: the effect of magnetohydrodynamic flow.

Purpose Reliably detecting MRI signals in the brain that are more tightly coupled to neural activity than blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI signals could not only prove valuable for basic scientific research but could also enhance clinical applications such as epilepsy presurgical mapping. This endeavor will likely benefit from an improved understanding of the behavior of ionic currents, the mediators of neural activity, in the presence of the strong magnetic fields that are typical of modern-day MRI scanners. Theory Of the various mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the behavior of ionic volume currents in a magnetic field, only one—magnetohydrodynamic flow—predicts a slow evolution of signals, on the order of a minute for normal saline in a typical MRI scanner. Methods This prediction was tested by scanning a volume-current phantom containing normal saline with gradient-echo-planar imaging at 3 T. Results Greater signal changes were observed in the phase of the images than in the magnitude, with the changes evolving on the order of a minute. Conclusion These results provide experimental support for the MHD flow hypothesis. Furthermore, MHD-driven cerebrospinal fluid flow could provide a novel fMRI contrast mechanism. Magn Reson Med 74:1145–1155, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connecting pairwise and positional election outcomes

Abstract General conclusions relating pairwise tallies with positional (e.g., plurality, antiplurality (“vote-for-two”)) election outcomes were previously known only for the Borda Count. While it has been known since the eighteenth century that the Borda and Condorcet winners need not agree, it had not been known, for instance, in which settings the Condorcet and plurality winners can disagree, or must agree. Results of this type are developed here for all three-alternative positional rules. These relationships are based on an easily used method that connects pairwise tallies with admissible positional outcomes; e.g., a special case provides the first necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring that the Condorcet winner is the plurality winner; another case identifies when there must be a profile whereby each candidate is the “winner” with some positional rule.
β -amyloid: friend or foe

Abstract The function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its product, β-amyloid, (Aβ) is at present unknown. The deposition of Aβ in senile plaques as well as meningeal and cerebral vessels has led many researchers to discount the possibility of a beneficial protective function for the protein. Thus it is generally believed that the aberrant processing of APP leads to increased β-amyloid secretion that in turn leads to subsequent plaque formation and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, a hypothesis is presented that the protein may indeed be protective and that a potential role for beta amyloid in innate immunity may exist.
Projecting Building Inventory Changes and the Effect on Hurricane Risk

This paper introduces a quantitative methodology to model the way that the number, locations, and types of buildings in a region change over time, specifically in order to understand how those changes affect hurricane risk. The methodology is intended ultimately to be incorporated into regional risk-assessment models so they can more accurately estimate expected future hurricane losses. Current regional risk-assessment models assume that a region’s building inventory remains static over time. The methodology begins with population projections, transforms them into household projections, then housing-unit projections, and finally projections of the number of buildings with different structural characteristics. The final output is the number of buildings of a certain type in each census tract and each future year, where the building type is based on units in structure, year built, value, type of roof covering, predominant roof shape, and number of stories. A case study is presented for residential buildings...
Avermectin chemistry and action: ester- and ether-type candidate photoaffinity probes.

Abstract Avermectin B1a ( 1 Download : Download high-res image (172KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Structures of avermectin B1a ( 1 ) and the corresponding aglycone ( 1 -aglycone) and of an amide ( 2 ), esters ( 3 ) and ethers ( 4–6 ) derived therefrom. ) is a potent anthelmintic, insecticide, miticide and chloride channel activator on interaction with a specific nerve membrane site analyzed by binding assays with [3H] 1 . Candidate photoaffinity probes were prepared replacing the dioleandrosyl substituent with potential isosteric esters and ethers approximating the original overall atom length and terminating in a phenyl moiety substituted with azido, iodo or hydroxy. Several of the candidates met the goal of high potency on mouse, housefly and fruit fly brain chloride channels with IC50 values of 7–57 nM in competing for the [3H] 1 binding site.
Nonionic Microemulsion: Mechanism of Formation and Percolation

A series of microemulsions, both W/O and O/W, based on nonionic surfactants of the form (NP(EO)n), were prepared using the titration method. Mixing a constant weight of surfactant with a constant volume of the dispersed phase and an initial volume of continuous phase produces an emulsion, which is titrated to clarity with another surfactant (cosurfactant). Plotting (a) the volume of cosurfactant necessary to transform an emulsion into a microemulsion containing a fixed volume of dispersed phase and constant weight of surfactant versus (b) different initial continuous-phase volumes yields a straight line. Extrapolating from experimentally determined values for the cosurfactant volume to the value corresponding to a zero-volume continuous phase allows the determination of the surfactant molar composition and the average number of ethylene oxides (EO) per nonylphenol adsorbed at the interface. Using a surfactant with the same number of ethylene oxides yields a single-surfactant microemulsion. Measurement of ...
Double transverse spin asymmetries in vector boson production

We investigate a helicity non-flip double transverse spin asymmetry in vector boson production in hadron-hadron scattering, which was first considered by Ralston and Soper at the tree level. It does not involve transversity functions and in principle also arises in W-boson production for which we present the expressions. The asymmetry requires observing the transverse momentum of the vector boson, but it is not suppressed by explicit inverse powers of a large energy scale. However, as we will show, inclusion of Sudakov factors causes suppression of the asymmetry, which increases with energy. Moreover, the asymmetry is shown to be approximately proportional to x(1)g(1)(x(1))x(2)(g) over bar (1)(x(2)), which gives rise to additional suppression at small values of the light cone momentum fractions. This implies that it is negligible for Z or W production and is mainly of interest for gamma* at low energies. We also compare the asymmetry with other types of double transverse spin asymmetries and discuss how to disentangle them.
EFFECT OF CORTIN ON THE EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES1

In an earlier paper (1) from this laboratory it was shown that the injection of large amounts of cortical extract into normal human beings caused marked changes in the excretion of certain ions. The normal dog has been found to be more satisfactory for such studies because the diet and activities can be more conveniently controlled. Further work indicated that the total base excreted does not change materially, but that there is a change in the proportion of the individual ions. It has also been shown that repeated intravenous injections over a period of several weeks brings about a condition in which there is little or no response.
Molecular tweeting: unveiling the social network behind heterogeneous bacteria populations

It is well established that bacteria engage in social behavior and form networked communities via molecular signaling. However, most studies published to date focus on the intracellular molecular networks rather than the intercellular networks formed across strains and species. Therefore, in this paper, we define for the first time a bacteria intercellular network and describe its dynamics and contribution to biofilm formation. We apply our methods to a heterogeneous bacteria population consisting of strains that are often identified from clinical isolates, namely, the wild-type (co-operator), and its signal-blind and signal-negative (cheater) mutants. We analyze the network dynamics and biofilm metrics, showing that our method can effectively reveal the underlying intercellular communication process and community organization within the biofilm. We claim that the application of social and network sciences to understanding bacteria population dynamics can aid in developing better drugs to control the many pathogenic bacteria that use social interactions to cause infections.
Malaligned outlet septum with subpuhnonary ventricular septal defect and abnormal ventriculoarterial connection: A morphologic spectrum defined echocardiographically

Abstract A retrospective analysis of 62 echocardiograms from 22 patients with malaligned outlet septum, subpulmonary ventricular septal defect and abnormal ventriculoarterial (VA) connection was performed and the results were confirmed by intraoperative inspection, cardiac catheterization and angiography, or pathologic specimen analysis in 21 of the 22 patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative incidence of the primary morphologic features; the correlation between the presence or absence of mitral valve to pulmonary valve fibrous continuity and the type of VA connection; the types and incidence of additional cardiovascular anomalies; and the correlation between the determination of the VA connection by echocardiography versus that ascertained at intraoperative and autopsy inspection. A spectrum of VA connections was found, ranging from double outlet right ventricle (23%) at one extreme, through an intermediate type (64%) in which the pulmonary artery was overriding the ventricular septum, thereby having no consistent and predominant connection to either ventricle, to a discordant VA connection (13%) at the opposite end of the spectrum. All three types of VA connection occurred whether or not there was mitral valve to pulmonary valve fibrous continuity. Additional cardiovascular anomalies were present in 95% of patients, the most common being aortic arch obstructive lesions in 59%, anomalous attachments of the atrioventricular valve tension apparatus in 55% and subaortic stenosis in 50%. A method of echocardiographic determination of the VA connection that correlated with that determined intraoperatively and from pathologic specimen analysis is described.
Equilibria between borate ion and some polyols in aqueous solution

Abstract The amount of complex formation between borate ion and some diols and polyols of known stereochemistry has been measured by a pH method at four temperatures, allowing determination of values of K, ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°. The major factors affecting complexing appear to be the ease of attaining coplanarity of the hydroxyl carbons and oxygens entering the complex, and the degree of substitution on the hydroxyl carbons.
Biological Bose condensation and the time threshold for biological effects

Abstract Frohlich's model of Bose condensation in biological systems is analyzed using finite temperature Green's function techniques. The appropriate biological system excitation lifetime is calculated and represents the time needed to produce the condensed state. The possible relevance of this calculated lifetime to experiments concerning the microwave irradiation of biological organisms is discussed.
Effects of phonon pulses on the energy gap in a superconductor

The Bogoliubov theory is used to analyse a superconductor into which a large pulse of high-frequency (about 1011 Hz) phonons has been injected. The discussion is restricted to the case where the phonon distribution has time-reversal symmetry in momentum space. It is assumed thatT=0 °K and that absorption of the phonons is negligible. For reasonable pulse sizes (about 1015 phonons/cm3) it is found that the energy gap changes by one part in 105 at an angle almost perpendicular to the direction of the phonon pulses. All other effects are of order one part in 109. The particular crystal structure of the solid is not taken into account.
Cost-benefit analysis of crop protection measures

Reducing pesticide use can provide growers with direct economic benefits by decreasing the cost of inputs and increasing net returns. Chemical pesticides will continue to play a role in pest management for the future. In many situations, the benefits of pesticide use are high relative to the risks or there are no practical alternatives. The number and diversity of biological sources will increase, and products that originate in chemistry laboratories will be designed for particular target sites. Innovations in pesticide delivery systems in plants promise to reduce adverse environmental impacts even further. The correct use of pesticides can deliver significant socio-economic and environmental benefits in the form of safe, healthy, affordable food; and enable sustainable farm management by improving the efficiency with which we use natural resources such as soil, water and overall land use. Some alternative methods may be more costly than conventional chemical-intensive agricultural practices, but often these comparisons fail to account for the high environmental and social costs of pesticide use. Genetically engineered organisms that reduce pest pressure constitute a “new generation” of pest management tools. The use of transgenic crops will probably maintain or even increase the need for effective resistance management programmes. However, there remains a need for new chemicals that are compatible with ecologically based pest management and applicator and worker safety. Evaluation of the effectiveness of biocontrol agents should involve consideration of long-term impacts rather than only short-term yield, as is typically done for conventional practices. The justifications of government intervention in the management of pest control include the need to address the externality problems associated with the human and environmental health effects of pesticides.
Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect Through the Aortic Valve

Closure of ventricular septal defect through the aortic valve was performed in six patients ranging in age from 20 months to 66 years. Two patients were undergoing the Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Another patient had ventricular inversion. Anomalous origin of the anterior descending coronary artery from the right coronary artery made right ventriculotomy difficult in a patient with dextrocardia and tetralogy of Fallot. In the other two patients the ventricular septal defect was noted, by angiography before operation, to be directly under the aortic valve. Three patients required Dacron patches and three required direct suture only for closure. No atrioventricular conduction defects occurred in any patient and right bundle branch block occurred in only one patient. There was no damage to the aortic leaflets or coronary arteries. The only death in the series was unrelated to the technique. The approach is limited by the size of the aortic annulus and the position of the ventricular septal defect. The transaortic approach to closure of ventricular septal defect offers an alternate method when either right ventriculotomy or the right atrial approach through the tricuspid valve is inadvisable.
Dynamics of compressible edge and bosonization

We work out the dynamics of the compressible edge of the quantum Hall system based on the electrostatic model of Chklovskii et al. We introduce a generalized version of Wen's hydrodynamic quantization of the dynamics of sharp edge and rederive Aleiner and Glazman's earlier result of multiple density modes. Bosonic operators of density excitations are used to construct a fermion operator and the one-particle Green's function. We also analyze the dynamics starting with the second-quantized Hamiltonian in the lowest Landau level and work out the time development of density operators within the random-phase approximation and recover the classical result for low energy. The scattering due to impurities are considered within the second-order perturbation theory and are shown to be very weak.
Discovery of new piperidine amide triazolobenzodiazepinones as intestinal-selective CCK1 receptor agonists

New cholecystokinin-1 receptor (CCK1R) agonist 'triggers' were identified using iterative library synthesis. Structural activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 10e, a potent CCK1R agonist that demonstrated robust weight loss in a diet-induced obese rat model with very low systemic exposure. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that efficacy is primarily driven through activation of CCK1R's located within the intestinal wall.
Otocephalus: Histopathology and three-dimensional reconstruction

Abstract Otocephaly is a lethal malformation of the first and second branchial arches, which consists of ventromedial displacement of the external ear structures (synotia), mandibular aplasia (agnathia), absence of the tongue (aglossia), and microstomia. We present the first complete description of the temporal bone findings in a case of otocephalus. A three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstruction of the right temporal bone was performed, allowing a unique graphic analysis. An extremely low-lying middle fossa tegmen was noted with malrotation of the middle ear structures. Severe ossicular malformations were also found. An anomalous course of the internal carotid artery was noted with indentation of the basal turn of the cochlea. All three layers of the otic capsule were incompletely developed. Cochlear bony dehiscences were noted. These findings are consistent with early arrest of fetal development and malrotation caused by lack of growth pressure from the mandibular arch. Implications of these findings in the embryologic development of the ear are discussed. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:44-53.)
Irradiation response in titanium modified austenitic stainless steels prepared by rapid solidification processing. Part III: A model for the effect of titanium addition

Abstract Titanium carbide precipitation on dislocations during irradiation and recoil-induced particle dissolution are considered. The outline analysis given indicates that complete swelling suppression may occur in favorable conditions due to a counterbalancing of the effective dislocation interstitial bias. The behavior is, however, not stable against a return to normal swelling levels for type 316 steels. A model is presented which may serve as a basis for the interpretation of some aspects of the irradiation response in this system.
COLLEGE STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF HELPFUL RESPONSES TO BEREAVED PERSONS: EFFECTS OF SEX OF BEREAVED PERSONS AND CAUSE OF DEATH '

Szimmay.-The present study examined whether the Sex of the parcicipant, Cause of death (natural causes or suicide) and Sex of the bereaved were related to the perceived helphlness of the behaviors and comments of support providers. After reading one of four scenarios in which a parent's cause of death and the sex of the grieving child were varied, 198 college students (112 women, 86 men) rated the helpfulness of 34 statements. Sigruficant main effects for sex of the participant and cause of death were both found. While no significant main effect for sex of he bereaved was found, this variable did interact with sex of the parcicipant and with cause of death for the variable of Provision of physical comfort. Significant interactions for sex of the participant x cause of death were found €or the variables of Provision of physical comfort and Identification with the situation. The results underscore the value of multiple providers of support during grieving.
Solid mass fluxes in circulating fluidized beds

Abstract Experimental measurements of local solid mass flux were made in the riser component of two different circulating fluidized beds (CFBs). Tests were conducted in both a lab-scale riser measuring 5 cm i.d. and 2.7 m in height and a pilot-scale riser of 15 cm i.d. and 10.8 m height. FCC catalyst particles with a Sauter mean diameter of 68 μm and sand particles with mean diameters of 125 μm and 276 μm were used in the tests. The results showed the local time-average solid mass flux to vary with radial position, elevation, total solid mass flow, superficial gas velocity and mean particle diameter. Based on the solid mass flux and local solid concentration measurements, and on video studies, a physical description of the solid flow phenomena in CFBs is presented.
Reductive transformation of methyl parathion by the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120

Organophosphorus compounds are toxic chemicals that are applied worldwide as household pesticides and for crop protection, and they are stockpiled for chemical warfare. As a result, they are routinely detected in air and water. Methods and routes of biodegradation of these compounds are being sought. We report that under aerobic, photosynthetic conditions, the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. transformed methyl parathion first to o,o-dimethyl o-p-nitrosophenyl thiophosphate and then to o,o-dimethyl o-p-aminophenyl thiophosphate by reducing the nitro group. The process of methyl parathion transformation occurred in the light, but not in the dark. Methyl parathion was toxic to cyanobacteria in the dark but did not affect their viability in the light. Methyl parathion transformation was not affected by mutations in the genes involved in nitrate reduction in cyanobacteria.
Application Of Moire Patterns For Obtaining Surface Contour Information On Patients Receiving Radiotherapy

Three-dimensional surface contour information is important for selective patients requiring radiation therapy. The patient contour is used to calculate the radiation dose distribution within the irradiated volume. A Moire photographic contouring device has been constructed to obtain these surface contours. The device consists of two light sources to project a grid pattern on the skin of the patient, and a camera with Polaroid back to photograph the image of the interference pattern on the skin. The interference fringes, as well as the patient's surface, is recorded on the photograph. Tissue thickness can be determined within 2.5 mm. It takes only a few minutes to get the contouring photograph. In addition to using the surface contour data for calculations of dose distributions, it can also facilitate construction of tissue compensators.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Preliminary Analysis of a Computational Flow Model of a Precapillary Arteriole Network in the Choroid, Coupled With Oxygen and Nitric Oxide Transport and Reactions

The purpose of this project is to create a computational model of a choroidal precapillary arteriole network using computational fluid dynamics modeling (CFD, Fluent, ANSYS, Inc.). The CFD analysis will contain a blood flow model coupled with oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) transport and reactions. Recently, it was believed that an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) played an important role in glaucoma development, however recent work has shown that glaucoma can also occur with normotensive IOPs. Unfortunately the step-by-step progression of the disease is not well understood and currently the only known modifiable risk factor is the elevated IOP. The increased pressure may be due to excess NO, linking increased vasodilatation directly to the raised IOP. NO generation mostly occurs within the endothelium and is directly related to the local oxygen concentration although there is considerable debate in the literature about the cause of this surplus NO generation. One theory hypothesizes that ischemic regions within the choroid is responsible for the elevated NO levels and another is that reperfusion injuries cause the elevated NO levels. The relationship between these theories, IOP, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death (glaucoma), are not well understood. The purpose of this CFD model is to provide a quantitative analysis of blood flow and gas transport within the eye and to look at the plausibility of ischemic regions and reperfusion injuries causing glaucomic neurodegeneration. Concentrations and distributions of O2 and NO will be modeled throughout the arteriole network and surrounding tissue. This work will provide the preliminary quantitative framework needed to investigate the role of excessive NO generation on glaucoma development.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The N-End Rule of Selective Protein Turnover and Its Implications [Abstract Only]

When a chimeric gene encoding a ubiquitin: β-galactosidase fusion protein is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , ubiquitin is efficiently cleaved off the nascent fusion protein, yielding a deubiquitinated β-galactosidase (βgal). With one exception, this cleavage takes place irrespective of the nature of the amino acid residue of βgal at the ubiquitin-βgal junction. This result, in effect, allows one to expose different residues at the N-termini of the otherwise identical βgal proteins produced in vivo . The βgal proteins thus designed exhibit a striking diversity of in vivo half-lives, from more than 10h to less than 3 min, depending on the nature of the amino acid exposed at the N-terminus of βgal. The N-terminal location of an amino acid is essential for its effect on βgal half-life. The set of individual amino acids can thus be ordered with respect to the half-lives that they confer on βgal when present at its N-terminus (the ‘N-end rule’). The known N-terminal residues in long-lived intracellular proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are exclusively of the stabilizing class as predicted by the N-end rule. In contrast, a majority of the N-terminal residues in compartmentalized (e.g. secreted) proteins are of the destabilizing class. The N-end rule may thus underlie both the diversity of protein half-lives in vivo and the selective destruction of otherwise normal but miscompartmentalized proteins. The N-end may also account for the function of the previously described post-translational addition of single amino acids to protein N-termini. Thus the recognition of an N-terminal residue in a protein may mediate both the metabolic stability of the protein and the potential for regulation of its stability.
Diagnosing oxidative stress in bacteria: not as easy as you might think.

Microorganisms are vulnerable to elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This situation has led to proposals that many natural stresses might be toxic specifically because they accelerate endogenous ROS formation. Such a mechanism has been convincingly demonstrated for redox-cycling compounds. However, the evidence is much weaker for most other stressors. The hypothesis that clinical antibiotics generate lethal ROS stress has attracted much attention, and the author discusses some aspects of evidence that support or oppose this idea. Importantly, even if all cellular electron flow were somehow diverted to ROS formation, the resultant doses of H2O2 and O2− would more likely be bacteriostatic than bacteriocidal unless key defense mechanisms were simultaneously blocked.