cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Anger Expressions on Outcomes in Organizations

Anger can lead to positive organizational outcomes. Anger is an important emotion in negotiations and organizations create situations that promote anger, yet little research has examined the conditions under which anger expressions can lead to positive outcomes in organizations. We analyzed 129 anger episodes across six organizations. In these episodes we link the form of anger expression, characteristics of the expresser, and the organizational norms surrounding anger expressions with the valence of individual, relationship, and organizational outcomes. We find that outcomes are better when anger expressions are of low intensity, expressed verbally rather than in a physical way, and expressed in settings where anger expressions are normatively appropriate. Compared to expressions of anger by men, expressions of anger by women are associated with less positive organizational outcomes.
A 90nm CMOS 16Gb/s Transceiver for Optical Interconnects

An optical interconnect transceiver incorporates a 4-tap FIR TX to reduce VCSEL average current and an integrating/double-sampling RX to eliminate the need for a bit-rate TIA. A dual-loop CDR with baud-rate phase detection further reduces power and area. Fabricated in a 1V 90nm CMOS process, the transceiver achieves 16Gb/s operation while consuming 129mW and occupying 0.105mm2
EGG-CAPPING IS A COST PAID BY HOSTS OF INTERSPECIFIC BROOD PARASITES

Abstract Egg-capping is the slipping of a hatched eggshell fragment over an intact shell. It is a rare phenomenon among avian species, probably because most eggs in the same clutch hatch synchronously, are similar in size, and parents typically remove debris—including shell fragments—from nests. Hatching asynchrony and egg-size differences are typically more pronounced in the context of interspecific brood parasitism, making conditions for egg-capping more likely. Indeed, egg-capping of host eggs occurred in 33% of clutches of Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe) parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), always by the earlier hatched cowbird's eggshell, whereas it was not detected in nonparasitized clutches near Ithaca, New York. To determine experimentally if host parents rejected their own eggs capped by the parasite's shell, cowbird shell fragments were introduced into nonparasitized phoebe clutches either as slipped over intact phoebe eggs (caps) or simply placed into the nests (noncaps). Th...
The Genus Iguanacarus, New Status (Acari: Prostigmata: Trombiculidae), with Description of a New Species from the Tracheae of Amphibious Sea Snakes

The subgenus Iguanacarus of the genus Vatacarus is raised to generic level and redefined. A new species, I. alexfaini , ex tracheae of Laticauda colubrina and L. laticaudata is described and illustrated. Six species are referred to this genus, including Blankaartia amersoni and Babiangia ( Iguanacarus ) danieli , which are intranasal in marine birds. The occurrence of Iguanacarus in the respiratory and nasal passages of amphibious marine snakes, marine iguanas and marine birds in coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean is biologically and zoogeographically significant.
Rational Points on a Line (QX)

This chapter is concerned with an arbitrary line in a Euclidean plane, where this line has been built into an ordered field. It defines the meaning of a rational multiple of a point on this line, develops the arithmetical properties of such multiples, and uses these to show the existence of an order-preserving isomorphism between the set of all rational numbers and a subset of the line.
Radioimmunoguided Surgery: Intraoperative Radioimmunodetection for the Radioguided Localization and Resection of Tumors

Radioimmunoguided surgery is a specific application of radioguided surgery which involves intraoperative radioimmunodetection, using a handheld radiation detection device within the operating room in a real-time fashion, for the identification of a radiolabeled antibody or antibody fragment/derivative that has been administered to a patient prior to the time of attempted intraoperative detection and for the sole purpose of guiding the successful performance of the surgical procedure. This chapter discusses (1) the history and development of radioimmunoguided surgery, (2) tumor-associated antigens, (3) monoclonal antibodies, (4) clinical applications of radioimmunoguided surgery, and (5) the future clinical relevance of radioimmunoguided surgery in cancer diagnostics and cancer therapeutics (i.e., oncologic theranostics) as a potential powerful form of antigen-directed cancer surgery.
The Rhetoric of Liberalism

I have argued that the substance of social reality is figural or constructed, an effect of an arrangement of instituted tropes — the narrative of progress or ‘growth’ that transforms economic power structures into temporal figures of movement, the structuring of democracy as a displacement from popular participation to representational elitism, the metaphor of individual freedom that effaces interrelational social realities, the metonymic shaping of happiness on the mass level into fragmentary fetishes or part objects like drugs or sports, the patterning of sexuality as a doubly negated dynamic of repression and violent effusion, and so on. The substance of the social is constituted as these shaping procedures, these arrangements that create an effect or appearance of a pre-rhetorical reality that is ‘represented’ by existing institutions. What is interesting about such social-rhetorical structures is the tension they contain between the stabilization of the existing format and the forces that push against that stabilization, pushing it beyond its boundaries. In this chapter, I will consider how such tensions are played out in the social theory of liberalism.1
Public Interest in Health Information

This chapter focuses on the dissemination of consumer health information and outlines a general model to identify the factors that lead some individuals to have a high level of interest in health matters and become regular consumers of biomedical information, while others acquire and retain little or no health-related information. One of the key elements in the biomedical communication process is the dissemination of health and medical information to each individual. Several small studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between the salience of health information and health-related behavior. A high level of interest in health information does not mean that an individual also has a high level of knowledge about biomedical information. In fact, many individuals who reported that they were interested in health information also reported that they were only moderately well-informed about health and medical topics. The factors associated with a high level of interest in health information among men and women are diverse. It is important for health and medical communicators to recognize these differences between men and women while designing and conducting information programs.
CW Homology Theorem

This chapter states and proves the main result about the singular homology of a CW complex, the CW homology theorem. This result states that the homology of a CW complex can be computed from a chain complex whose chain groups have a generator for each cell and whose boundary map is determined from topological information about the attaching maps of the cells. The chapter finishes with some simple examples showing how to use the main result to make computations.
Investigation of a microporous iron(III) porphyrin framework derived cathode catalyst in PEM fuel cells

In Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) the thickness, structure and morphology of the electrode layer play an important role in the cell performance. This effect becomes particularly significant when the cathode catalyst is based on a non-precious metal due to the higher catalyst loadings required to compensate for the lower catalytic activity when compared to Pt based catalysts. In this study, an iron(III) porphyrin framework material was synthesized and pyrolyzed and its catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was evaluated using rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments and single cell testing. Single cell performance was evaluated as a function of the electrode catalyst loading (electrode thickness) and oxygen partial pressure. As expected, the ORR kinetic overpotential was the major contributor to the overall voltage loss. However, the mass transport contribution to the voltage loss became more prominent with small increases in the cathode catalyst loading. The observed performance is discussed in the context of structure and morphology of the catalyst layer (CL), analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Five-year changes in cardiac structure and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general population.

Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The development and progression of left ventricular dysfunction before onset of clinical heart failure are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in cardiac structure and function of patients with RA compared with persons in the general population.
Reading Augustan Rome: Materiality as Rhetoric In Situ

ABSTRACTThe first emperor of Rome, Augustus, exploited architecture to convey his sophisticated propaganda. He famously boasted to have found Rome a city of brick, and left it a city of marble. This claim has been considered an apt metaphor for the establishment of an imperial state, though the quantitative, physical veracity of the boast has never been fully interrogated. A team from UCLA mapped and modeled the marble projects added to Rome in the decades of Augustan power, using rule-based procedural modeling to generate numerous 3D, interactive, geo-temporal simulations of the entire cityscape with each marble intervention placed in situ topographically and chronologically. Broad, pan-urban views of the city’s evolution revealed that Augustan marble projects were neither overwhelming in number nor readily visible. Examination of the urban experience over time and space, however, revealed that marble construction had a constant and pervasive impact. Daily urban residents found their movements blocked by...
The dynamic gammawarp auditory filterbank

Auditory filterbanks are an integral part of many metrics designed to predict speech intelligibility and speech quality. Considerations in these applications include accurate reproduction of auditory filter shapes, the ability to reproduce the impact of hearing loss as well as normal hearing, and computational efficiency. This paper presents an alternative method for implementing a dynamic compressive gammachirp (dcGC) auditory filterbank [Irino and Patterson (2006). IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Proc. 14, 2222-2232]. Instead of using a cascade of second-order sections, this approach uses digital frequency warping to give the gammawarp filterbank. The set of warped finite impulse response filter coefficients is constrained to be symmetrical, which results in the same phase response for all filters in the filterbank. The identical phase responses allow the dynamic variation in the gammachirp filter magnitude response to be realized as a sum, using time-varying weights, of three filters that provide the responses for high-, mid-, and low-intensity input signals, respectively. The gammawarp filterbank offers a substantial improvement in execution speed compared to previous dcGC implementations; for a dcGC filterbank, the gammawarp implementation is 24 to 38 times faster than the dcGC Matlab code of Irino.
Director gliding in a nematic liquid crystal layer: Quantitative comparison with experiments

The interaction between nematic liquid crystals and polymer-coated substrates may lead to slow reorientation of the easy axis (so-called "director gliding") when a prolonged external field is applied. We consider the experimental evidence of zenithal gliding observed by Joly et al. [Phys. Rev. E 70, 050701 (2004)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.70.050701] and Buluy et al. [J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14, 603 (2006)1071-092210.1889/1.2235686] as well as azimuthal gliding observed by S. Faetti and P. Marianelli [Liq. Cryst. 33, 327 (2006)LICRE60267-829210.1080/02678290500512227], and we present a simple, physically motivated model that captures the slow dynamics of gliding, both in the presence of an electric field and after the electric field is turned off. We make a quantitative comparison of our model results and the experimental data and conclude that our model explains the gliding evolution very well.
Evaluating Treatment Effect Based on Duration of Response for a Comparative Oncology Study.

This study evaluates the duration of response for crizotinib vs chemotherapy for patients with ALK-positive lung cancer using data from the PROFILE-1014 randomized clinical trial.
Phantom study of flow speed measurement using ultrafast ultrasound plane wave imaging

Color flow imaging is an ultrasound imaging technique widely used to image the blood movement through arteries and veins. Quantification of velocity is urgently demanding. The objective of this study is to use ultrafast plane wave imaging to measure the flow in speed in vitro. For the flow phantom, the diagonal vessel (2-mm inner diameter at 40° angle) was studied with injection of blood mimic fluid via syringe pump at various volume rates (15, 20, 25, and 30 ml/min). Verasonics Vantage system (Verasonics Inc., Kirkland, WA, USA) and a linear array transducer L11-4v (Verasonics Inc., Kirkland, WA, USA) were used for ultrasound acquisition, a 8-angle (−7° to 7°) plane wave compounding with effective pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) of 1000 Hz was used (central frequency = 6.42 MHz, number of transmit cycles = 4). A total of 600 ensembles were acquired. The frame rate was 1000/s.[XZ1] [BZ2] The ultrasound in-phase quadrature data size was 195 × 156 × 600 (axial x lateral x temporal) with data type of comple...
Leveraging Cloud-BIM for LEED Automation

SUMMARY: Synergies between building information modelling (BIM) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) have been recognized early on, since the industry started embracing BIM. However, current practices of implementing BIM in LEED projects remain ad hoc, resulting in job-specific success difficult to replicate. As both BIM technology and LEED systems are making continuous improvement, it has become overwhelming for project teams to work out an optimal strategy to exploit their technology and management strength in LEED project delivery. This paper looks at a rising trend in recent BIM development, which is the cloud-deployed BIM server (cloud-BIM) technology, and proposes a new business paradigm so project teams can leverage cloud-BIM to achieve LEED Automation. The new paradigm overcomes the limitation in capacity and communication of conventional desktop computing and stand-alone BIM. It empowers the project team with scalable and concurrent collaboration that was essential to delivery high performance sustainable projects such as LEED projects. A framework that integrated strengths of cloud-BIM, various LEED dedicated SaaS (Software as a Service) solutions and open information exchange protocols is created to delineate possible implementation strategies for this new paradigm.
Ultrasound evaluation of estrogen monitoring for induction of ovulation with menotropins

Twenty-five cycles of induced ovulation with menotropins were investigated blindly with ultrasound to evaluate estrogen monitoring. Plasma 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) and urinary estriol glucuronide (E 3 G) correlated with total ovarian volume (0.58, 0.58), total follicular volume (0.56, 0.52), volume of the largest follicle (0.53, 0.54), and days of administration of menotropins (0.49, 0.44), respectively. The mutual correlations of days of menotropin administration, volume of the largest follicle, E 2 , and E 3 G with total follicular volume explained the correlations of E 2 and E 3 G with days of administration of menotropins and with volume of the largest follicle. Thus, multiple small follicles can reproduce the E 2 or E 3 G levels associated with a single mature follicle if they result in the same total follicular volume. As menotropins were administered for progressively longer periods, the number of maturing follicles increased. We conclude that ultrasound appears to be useful for monitoring induction of ovulation with menotropins since it provides more accurate information on follicular number and size than can be obtained by estrogen determinations alone.
Globalization and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Moving Target

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex issue that has currently reached a dangerous tipping point. The nature of this critical public health and healthcare problem has two primary components: 1) the emergence of diverse AMR pathogens, and 2) the alarming rapid spread of these AMR pathogens in a wide array of geographic and densely populated regions. The adaptation and survival of these dangerous pathogens is associated with ongoing and increasing natural selective pressure as it relates to human, animal, and environmental health settings. The primary drivers for this mounting trend of AMRs include, but not limited to, changing patterns of pathogen epidemiology, emergence of drug-resistance genes, animal husbandry, antimicrobial use / stewardship, population mobility, increased rates of human urbanization, and the movement and ease of products and goods across global settings. Simply stated, AMR pathogens are incredibly versatile biological entities at adaptation to every natural (and unnatural) niche known and make themselves at home regardless of where they land. Understanding AMRs is critical to curbing their ongoing global drift. For this special article, we will address the emergence and spread of AMR pathogens from a medical laboratory and public health lens, and how this new threat affects the ever-evolving relationship between hosts and pathogens.
A Comparative Study on Airborne Lidar Waveform Decomposition Methods

This paper applies pattern recognition methods to airborne lidar waveform decomposition. The parametric and nonparametric approaches are compared in the experiments. The popular Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and expectation-maximization (EM) decomposition algorithm are selected as the parametric approach. Nonparametric mixture model (NMM) and fuzzy mean-shift (FMS) are used as the nonparametric approach. We first run our experiment on simulated waveforms. The experiment setup is in favor of the parametric approach because GMM is used to generate the waveforms. We show that both parametric and nonparametric approaches return satisfying results on the simulated mixture of Gaussian components. In the second experiment, real data acquired with an airborne lidar are used. We find that NMM fits the data better than GMM because the Gaussian assumption is not well satisfied in the real dataset. Considering that the emitted signals of a laser scanner may even not satisfy the Gaussian assumption, we conclude that nonparametric approaches should generally be utilized for practical applications.
Saying It Like Indians: The Wooster Group’s Cry Trojans!, Sa(l)vage Ethnography, and the Politics of “Playing Injun”

In The Wooster Group's Cry Trojans ! , the Trojan characters are depicted as Red Indians. The theatre company's play with white, American appropriations of Native American culture is the latest in a long line of controversial engagements with race in the company's history, dating back to Route 1 & 9 and The Emperor Jones . It also forms part of their more recent engagement with classical theatre, in particular Shakespeare, as Cry Trojans! has it origins in a much-reviled collaboration between the Wooster Group and The Royal Shakespeare Company in 2012. By their own admission, the Group chose to "Play Indian" to be "as American as possible," and also because (to quote Kate Valk, who played Cressida), they felt they "'... should say it like Indians,’ because I was thinking of English as a second language." The choice then comments on the Group's own play with authenticity, another constant enagement throughout its thrity-plus years history. By mimicking and appropriating Native American and First Nations cultural production ( Smoke Signals and Atanarjuat in particular), the Group performs its own uneasy engagement with authenticity. However, in contrast to their staging of The Emperor Jones , which employed blackface to unpack Eugene O'Neill's "idea of a Negro," Cry Trojans! reduces native culture and history to a white, elite history of appropriation and genocide without positing alternative histories of resistance and/or re-appropriation. It does so most expicitly in the final scene, where a blanket, a property associated with Euro-American germ warfare and Native American genocide, is applied first to Troilus and then to Pandarus, the bequeather of poxy diseases, to suggest the imminent demise of the Trojan-Injuns. The Wooster Group seems to be aware of part of their appropriative formulations, and put on display both the work (their adoption of an Indian manner) and the work of art (the acts of appropriation that lead to their adoption of Indian manner): but for a Company so invested in the ironies of post-modernity, they do not in this production seem so aware of the depth of their own unironic complicities in the erasure of indigenous cultures and cultural forms. The production's employment of Native American/First Nations cultural production undermines their own claims of native cultural loss.
Index insurances for grasslands – A review for Europe and North-America

Grassland based farming systems are exposed to extreme weather events causing volatile farm incomes. Grazing and lacking yield measurements make it largely impossible to insure grassland production with traditional insurance products. In contrast, index insurance products have the potential to insure grasslands, as their payoff relies on an endogenous index that is highly correlated to, but independent of, the actual grass yield. To support future development of these products, we provide the first systematic overview of 12 index insurances put into practise for grasslands in Europe and North America. Additionally, based on this overview, we present prevailing findings that are important for further research and insurance practitioners. We find that a large diversity of index insurance types is applied in practise, including insurance solutions based on regional yield levels, weather variables or satellite imagery. We reveal separated insurance markets (i.e. country-specific products), which prevent knowledge spillovers and lead to largely isolated product developments. Thus, grassland insurance schemes can be improved by knowledge exchange and combining methods that are applied elsewhere. More specifically, insurances tailored to single farm's risk exposure, the combination of satellite with other geodata (e.g. land use information) or adapting legal specifications that disadvantage some types of insurances can improve an insurance's risk reducing capacity and make grassland based farming systems more resilient to weather extremes. This paper provides an entry point for such process, ensuring the development of efficient measures for farmers to cope with climatic risks.
Attention to colors induces surround suppression at category boundaries

We investigated how attention to a visual feature modulates representations of other features. The feature-similarity gain model predicts a graded modulation, whereas an alternative model asserts an inhibitory surround in feature space. Although evidence for both types of modulations can be found, a consensus has not emerged in the literature. Here, we aimed to reconcile these different views by systematically measuring how attention modulates color perception. Based on previous literature, we also predicted that color categories would impact attentional modulation. Our results showed that both surround suppression and feature-similarity gain modulate perception of colors but they operate on different similarity scales. Furthermore, the region of the suppressive surround coincided with the color category boundary, suggesting a categorical sharpening effect. We implemented a neural population coding model to explain the observed behavioral effects, which revealed a hitherto unknown connection between neural tuning shift and surround suppression.
Autophagy proteins are required for club cell structure and function in airways.

Epithelial cells that line lung airways produce and secrete proteins with important roles in barrier function and host defense. Secretion of airway goblet cells is controlled by autophagy proteins ...
The Queen in Her Glory

Spenser’s representations of the aging Elizabeth center on plots against her by supporters of Mary Stuart, which led to a dramatic trial and execution, war with Spain, and national hardships in the 1590s. These events are figured in Britomart’s rescue of Artegall from Radigund, Mercilla’s trial of Duessa, Arthur and Artegall’s triumph over the Souldan, and Cynthia’s arrest by Mutabilitie. This chapter argues that, though Spenser praises Elizabeth’s late policies in Ireland and the Netherlands and her opposition to the sexual license and Catholic subversion represented by Paridell, he criticized the queen’s reluctance to execute Mary and her vain attempt at peace talks with Philip II. Resemblances between his portraits of the queen and Dame Nature demonstrate that he was not alienated from Elizabeth in his final years.
Uncovering the Legislative Histories of the Early Mail Fraud Statutes: The Origin of Federal Auxiliary Crimes Jurisdiction

The federal crime of mail fraud is generally viewed as the original federal auxiliary jurisdiction crime—that is, not made a crime because it serves to protect direct federal interests against harm, but rather as an auxiliary to state crime enforcement. In the almost 150 years since the mail fraud statute was enacted, federal auxiliary crimes have proliferated and become the most important part of federal criminal jurisdiction so that today they largely duplicate and overlap with state crimes. It important to know how this form of federal crime jurisdiction originated. Mail fraud is a crime that scholars, judges and lawyers have viewed as not having any significant legislative history linked to its original enactment in 1872, nor to its two early revisions in 1889 and 1909. The details of its origins have seemed generally unknowable. This paper for the first time uncovers a rich set of legislative history details related to each of those three early statutes. It turns out that the original mail fraud provision might not have been drafted and legislated except for the fortuitous timing of the addition of a criminal penalty to a closely-related statute. Along the way, how mail fraud came to be the original federal auxiliary jurisdiction crime is explained: It did not start out that way.
Representational Complexity in Law

Computationally represented laws should accurately model their real-world counterparts in rules-based legal compliance systems. Legal theoretical considerations, however, often complicate the task of faithful representation. One approach to this problem has been to create sophisticated models capable of representing rules of arbitrary legal complexity. An alternative approach, which we advocate in this paper, is to focus on a subset of individual legal rules which are more amenable to simplified computational representation from a legal theoretical perspective. We propose a measure of such a tendency that we term the representational complexity of a legal rule. Our approach involves a systematic examination of particular legal rules along all of the relevant dimensions of legal theoretical complexity identified by the legal scholarship. In this way, we suggest that is possible to identify discrete legal rules which are likely to be, from a legal theoretical standpoint, amenable to simpler computational representation.
Validation and Comparison of Risk Stratification Models in Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Purpose Pediatric heart transplant (PHT) patients have the highest waitlist mortality of all solid organ transplants yet more than 40% of viable hearts are unutilized. A tool for risk prediction is therefore necessary to improve organ matching in PHT. This study aims to compare and validate the PHT risk scores found in the literature. Methods The literature was searched for PHT risk prediction models. The UNOS registry was used to validate the models with a pediatric cohort ( Results Five recipient and one donor risk scores were published between 2008-2019 (Davies et al 2008, Almond et al 2012, Butts et al 2015, Zafar et al 2018, Fraser III et al 2019 and Choudhry et al 2019). The validation cohort included 1,003 PHT identified in UNOS. 50.5% of patients had a diagnosis of CHD and 42.8% of cardiomyopathy. With exception of Butts et al's model, all other models significantly predicted 1-year mortality for low- vs high-risk patients. Choudhry et al (ROC=0.70) and Davies et al (ROC=0.66) models had the highest predictive power (figure 1). Fraser III et al model was the best predictor for non-CHD patients (ROC=0.71) compared to Choudhry et al (ROC= 0.68) and Davies et al (ROC=0.67) models. Conclusion The risk model by Choudhry et al provided the best prediction for 1-year mortality. However, all published validated studies lacked advanced analytical approaches in their models. Using machine learning algorithms is important to develop an advanced tool that can risk stratify a given donor-to-recipient match for any PHT candidate.
Marek'S Disease: A Neoplastic Disease of Chickens Caused by A Herpesvirus

Publisher Summary Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens characterized by lymphoid infiltration in the peripheral nerves and the development of lymphoid tumors in the viscera. This disease was first reported by Marek (1907), who described it as a polyneuritis. His observation was based on the presence of many mononuclear cells in the peripheral nerves. Marek and other investigators originally considered this lymphoid infiltration of the nerves as an inflammatory response. However, the association of certain lymphoid tumors with the disease syndrome was later shown and a new term “neurolymphomatosis” was suggested. Based on these histological differences, neural lymphomatosis was clearly differentiated from other neoplasm and was referred to as “MD.” This chapter presents studies by Biggs (1963) and Biggs and Payne (1967), clearly showing the etiological differences between MD and the lymphoid leukosis. Lymphoid leukosis is caused by a well established RNA-containing group of viruses where the cause of MD remained unknown. The chapter also presents the evidence of isolation of a herpesvirus from cases of MD, producing strong circumstantial evidence that this herpesvirus was the cause of the disease, and mentions the etiological role of this herpes-virus in MD. In addition, MD appears to be an excellent model for the study of the oncogenic properties of herpes viruses.
Nanoindentation, Nanoscratch and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of High Performance Silicones

This chapter describes the basic fundamental principles that are required to understand the operation of modern nanoindentation techniques. Special attention has been paid to explain the terms that an experimentalist should know while analyzing the data from nanoindentation. Studies conducted by different researcher using nanoindentation techniques have been briefly mentioned as examples. Additionally, studies conducted on silicone quasi-ceramic coatings are also provided.
S/O/W emulsions prepared with sugar beet pectin to enhance the viability of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514

Abstract Encapsulation is a common approach to improve the viability of probiotic bacteria against environmental stresses. However, conventional biopolymer beads have a millimeter dimension and can cause texture defects. The objective of this work was to study solid/oil/water (S/O/W) emulsions as a delivery system by suspending spray-dried probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514 in soybean oil followed by emulsification in sugar beet pectin solution. The encapsulation efficiency was up to 87%, and the droplets were smaller than 17 μm. Encapsulation of L. salivarius in S/O/W emulsions improved the viability under different conditions, including 2-week storage at 4 °C, pasteurization at 63 °C for 30 min, and the in vitro gastric and intestinal digestions containing proteases and bile salt. Cross-linking sugar beet pectin on emulsion droplets by divalent calcium ions further improved the viability of L. salivarius against various environmental stresses, enabling the survival of a significant portion of viable L. salivarius following treatment with simulated gastrointestinal digestions. Findings from the present work suggest the possibility of the studied S/O/W emulsions to deliver probiotic bacteria in foods to improve their viability during processing, storage, and digestion.
Solar rotation in the chromosphere and corona

Extreme ultraviolet spectroheliograms in Mg x (625 A) and the Lyman continuum (897 A) obtained from OSO-6 are used to determine the differential rotation rate in the solar chromosphere and corona. The equatorial rotation rate agrees with spectroscopic measurements of the photospheric plasma velocity; the variation of rate with latitude is less pronounced than in most other determinations. We cannot discern a variation in the rotation rate between the chromosphere and corona.
PATHWAYS OF GLUCOSE CATABOLISM IN BACILLUS CEREUS.

Goldman, Manuel (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), and Harold J. Blumenthal. Pathways of glucose catabolism in Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 87:377–386. 1964.—Estimates by a radiorespirometric method of the pathways of glucose catabolism of resting-cell suspensions of Bacillus cereus strain terminalis indicate that the Embden-Meyerhof pathway predominates at every stage of development, including the sporogenic and germinative phases. At the filamentous, granular, forespore, and transitional stages, 98% of the glucose was catabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and the remainder by the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway. Estimates of the pathways in resting spore-suspensions arrested at defined stages of development indicate that 20% of the glucose was catabolized through the hexose monophosphate pathway in germinated spores, and 10% in the swollen and elongated stages of postgermination. In cells which had completed the first cell division, the figure fell to about 2%, a level similar to that found for vegetative cells at later stages of development. The key Embden-Meyerhof enzymes, hexokinase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, and aldolase, as well as several other enzymes, were present at all stages of germination and postgerminative development, supporting the radioisotopic data obtained with whole cells. As indicated by the release of C14O2 from glucose-6-C14, terminal respiration of resting-cell suspensions operates maximally in vegetative cells at the granular, fore-spore, and transitional stages. There was marked inhibition of terminal respiration during the development of spores into vegetative cells. Only slight activity occurred in the earliest vegetative stages, and maximal operation developed after about ten cell divisions. Fumarase was absent in spores until sometime late in the elongation stage. At this point, a weak but definite activity appeared which increased during later stages of development so that, by the end of about the sixth cell division, fumarase had a specific activity about 80 times that observed at elongation.
Molecular basis of mammalian egg activation.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses signal transduction mechanisms in the activation of mammalian eggs, primarily in the mouse, and explains the sequence of events that accompanies fertilization in the mouse. This information provides a framework within which to examine known and proposed signaling mechanisms that regulate egg activation, helps understand the role of several possible second messengers in egg activation, and helps describe the sperm–egg interaction that may result in the production of second messengers. In the mammal, the first interaction between the sperm and egg is at the level of the zona pellucida (ZP), an extracellular coat that surrounds all mammalian eggs. In the mouse, the ZP is composed of three glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. Although acrosome-intact sperm establishes primary binding with ZP3 through an O-linked carbohydrate moiety, the identity of this moiety is controversial. Following sperm binding, ZP3 induces the acrosome reaction of the bound sperm.
Small Stable RNAs from Escherichia coli: Evidence for the Existence of New Molecules and for a New Ribonucleoprotein Particle Containing 6S RNA

Small stable RNA molecules of Escherichia coli other than 5S (rRNA) and 4S (tRNA) were studied. Two of the molecules corresponded to 4.5S and 6S RNA, which have been reported previously. The third stable RNA molecule, 10S RNA, has not been described before. RNA labeled with (32)P(i) or [(14)C]uracil for a relatively long time, when separated in 5%/12% tandem polyacrylamide gels, displayed three bands corresponding to 10S, 6S, and 4.5S RNA in addition to rRNA and tRNA bands. These RNAs were stable in pulse-chase-labeling experiments. The amount of these RNAs was small, comprising only 0.2 to 0.5% of the total (32)P incorporation. However, this amount represented a large number of molecules; for 6S and 4.5S, it was about 1,000/DNA molecule. These three RNAs were found in the postribosomal supernatant fraction. None of them was found in purified nucleoid fractions in which the tightly coiled DNA molecules were contained. Of these three RNAs, 6S RNA was unique in that it seemed to exist in a ribonucleoprotein particle. All these RNAs, as well as tRNA, were very stable in the cell under various physiological conditions. 5S RNA was less stable. On the other hand, purified 6S RNA was more susceptible than tRNA to cell nucleases when incubated with cell extracts, suggesting that, being in a particle, it is protected from cell nucleases.
Finding all weakly-visible chords of a polygon in linear time

A chord of a simple polygon P is weakly-visible if every point on P is visible from some point on the chord. We give an optimal linear-time algorithm which computes all weakly-visible chords of a simple polygon P with n vertices. Previous algorithms for the problem run in O(n log n) time, and only compute a single weakly-visible chord, if one exists.
A comparative study of file-type identification techniques

Research in file-type identification has employed a number of different approaches to classify unknown files according to their actual file type. However, due to the lack of implementation details in much of the published research and the use of private datasets for many of those projects, it is often not possible to compare new techniques with the prior work. In this paper, we present a comparison of five common file-type identification approaches, along with the parameters used to perform the comparisons. All approaches were evaluated with the same dataset which was drawn from public or widely-available sources. Our results show that each approach can produce good results with 88% to 97% classification rates, but achieving these results requires “tuning” the parameters of the inputs to the classifiers.
Enhanced penetration of fluoride particles into bovine enamel by combining dielectrophoresis with AC electroosmosis

Fluoride deposition into the pores of enamel is necessary at high concentrations to reduce enamel demineralization and with a high degree of penetration to account for loss by ingestion. Current diffusion and electrochemical methods are inadequate for effectively transporting fluoride greater than 20 μm into enamel. The study explores the coupling of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and AC electroosmosis (ACEO) to selectively concentrate fluoride particles from fluoride gel excipients and enhance their penetration into enamel. By measuring the frequency response of approximately 10-μm-sized sodium fluoride particles in an aqueous gel media, appropriate frequencies for positive DEP, negative DEP, and ACEO are identified. An assembly composed of two cross-planar interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays with open slots is driven successively by fields at appropriate frequencies to drive fluoride particles through the slots of the IDE and into the enamel pores using a combination of DEP and ACEO methods. Fluoride uptake and penetration of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel into bovine tooth enamel at various depths is measured using wavelength dispersive spectrometry to compare deposition by diffusion, DEP, and DEP plus ACEO. Fluoride levels in all DEP groups were significantly higher than diffusion groups at depths 10 and 20 μm. The highest fluoride concentrations at 10, 20, 50, and 100 μm depths occur under deposition conditions combining DEP with ACEO. Fluoride levels at 50 μm were equivalent to long-term prophylactic exposure. These methods may potentially benefit populations at high risk for development of caries and periodontal disease, including underserved children and disparate groups.
Correction of Overstatement and Omission in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising

Little experimental evidence exists regarding corrective television advertising as a remedy for misleading direct-to-consumer prescription drug ads. We examined how exposure to an ad for a fictitious prescription drug that appeared to offer benefits and risks superior to normative standards for asthma medication (i.e., a simulated violative ad) and a corresponding corrective ad shaped viewer perceptions, understanding, and intended behavior. Through an experiment with 1,057 participants, we found that a corrective ad counteracted viewer belief of an overstatement of efficacy claim, but was less successful in counteracting omission of risk. Corrective ad exposure also affected general viewer perceptions of, and intended behaviors toward, the drug
MicroRNAs in Tumorigenesis : A Primer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of 21- to 25-nucleotide, noncoding small RNAs that primarily function as gene regulators. It is surprising that these tiny molecules, so diverse and consequential in their biological functions, have been hidden for so many years. Thanks to their discovery, cancer research has found a new arena. Aided by innovative molecular techniques, the research of miRNAs in oncology has progressed rapidly in recent years. miRNA abnormalities are becoming an emerging theme in cancer research. Specific functions of miRNAs, many of which are relevant to cancer development, are becoming apparent. The value of miRNAs in cancer classification and prognostication is being explored, and new therapeutic strategies targeting miRNAs are being developed. Because there is great promise that miRNA research will provide breakthroughs in the understanding of cancer pathogenesis and development of new valuable prognostic markers, pathologists should be adequately informed of this rapidly progressing field. Here, we offer a review on the basics of miRNA biology and the emerging role of miRNA in cancer pathogenesis, classification, and prognostication, including highlights of the involvement of specific miRNAs in different tumor types.
Prelaminated Gracilis Flap with Buccal Mucosal Graft for Salvage of Devastated Urethra

In patients with devastated bulbous urethra, that is, bulbar necrosis, failed fasciocutaneous repairs and “watering can perineum” repair options are limited by paucity of reliable local tissue suitable for reconstruction. In this case report we demonstrate a novel variation of a two-stage technique for reconstruction of a devastated bulbous urethra in a 57-year-old male who suffered penetrating trauma to his previously reconstructed urethra. Because of extensive loss of local tissue from the prior reconstruction and subsequent trauma and infection a 2-stage technique with use of gracilis was employed. This technique involved creation of two independently vascularized urethral hemi-plates prelaminated with buccal mucosa graft (BMG). In the first stage the dorsal plate was created by quilting buccal graft onto corpora cavernosa to create a temporary augmented perineal urethrostomy. In the same stage the future ventral neourethral plate was created by grafting another BMG onto the exposed distal gracilis muscle. Eight weeks later the two prelaminated plates were anastomosed by tunneling the gracilis-BMG composite into the perineum. At 8-month follow-up patient has normal voiding and continence. To our knowledge this is the first report of reconstructing an entire segment of devastated urethra in such a manner.
Predictors of Trough Concentrations of Oral Ciprofloxacin

Patients enrolled in a fixed-dose clinical trial of oral ciprofloxacin had trough concentrations measured to document absorption and monitor compliance. The objective was to determine whether any demographic characteristics might be important predictors of the concentrations. Stepwise multivariate linear regression revealed no correlation between ciprofloxacin trough concentrations and serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr), weight, height, body surface area, or gender. However, age exhibited a direct linear relationship with trough concentrations (Y in microgram/ml), Y = 0.020.age--0.541 (p < 0.003). We conclude that for patients with Clcr 30 ml/minute or above, age is a more important predictor of ciprofloxacin trough concentration than renal function. Dosage adjustment should not be arbitrary but should be guided by minimum inhibitory concentration, clinical response, and side effects.
Critical Supports for Secondary Educators in Common Core State Standard Implementation.

Abstract Teacher professional development (PD) is a complex, ongoing challenge as educational systems attempt to deliver excellent programming in pursuit of increased student achievement (Opfer and Pedder 2011). This article examines Idaho Total Instructional Alignment (TIA), a model for teacher PD that is currently being utilized in secondary schools throughout the state of Idaho. The implications of this model for effective guidance and support with implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), as well as the factors that indicate readiness of secondary teachers for implementation of the CCSS, are explored.
A Study of the Relationship of Viscosity to Free Menthol Content of Oregon and Washington Peppermint Oils

Peppermint oils from two Pacific Northwest growing areas were studied as to the relationship between free menthol content and viscosity. Correlation was found in oils from the same area but could not be carried over to oils produced in a different area. An existing method for use in determining free menthol was modified to be useful for peppermint oils from this region, even though the oil samples are not taken in the field at the time the oil is distilled. Viscosity changes in refrigerated oil samples were noted.
A new equation for calculating osmotic potential

A new equation for calculating osmotic potential was developed that is based on a molecular model of the structure of water. Its formulation involves no sub-equations that cannot be fully derived from established physical principles. The equation was first tested by calculating the osmotic potentials of a series of aqueous NaCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.103 to 4.382 kmol m−3, and comparing those calculations with calculations made using equations recorded in the literature. Virtually the same results were obtained. Subsequently, it was tested successfully by comparative calculations on a selection of inorganic and organic aqueous solutions. The principles it embodies provide for the visualization of the molecular role of water in plants as a unifying mechanism. Factors that affect the size of the structure of water, and the consequent distance an individual molecule must travel to and fro across its cage, determine direction and rate of flow. It is considered that the equation will provide a new research tool for many osmotic-potential-related questions.