cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW TO INTEGRATE NEW MEMBERS INTO A WORK TEAM EFFECTIVELY

Practical means are provided of integrating a new team member into an effective team. To be effective, teams must manage goals, roles, processes and relationships. Goals need to be held in common and be quantifiable. Roles of members need to be clearly stated for the process to be managed. The leader needs to be accepted, the decision‐making responsibilities need to be clear and communications need to be effective. The team members need to be able to work together and handle difficulties in the relationships. To introduce a new member successfully, a team should consider the interviewing and hiring process, the gradual introduction of the person to the team work, and the fact that the new person needs to understand the goals of the team.
Google botulism: an annotated database

Botulism risk information is available on government websites such as USFDA, USDA, CDC, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (Canadian CFIA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and Health Canada. State health departments and university websites contain consumer-based information about botulism. Outbreaks of botulism are quickly investigated, and appropriate measures are coordinated among public health and regulatory agencies. Here, we compiled a list of publically reported botulism outbreaks. The data includes published reports from all countries but reports were mostly from USA. The database focuses initially on the 17-year period from 1994 to 2010 throughout the world, but has been and will be updated and expanded. The data will be publically accessible for viewing and analysis. This botulism web-based data source representing a tool for scientists and epidemiologists is both feasible and practical and is a step toward improving the understanding and knowing the occurrence of foodborne botulism worldwide.
A robust finite element method for a singularly perturbed elliptic problem with two small parameters

Abstract In this paper, we consider a bilinear Finite Element Method (FEM) for a singularly perturbed elliptic problem with two small parameters. By using Butuzov asymptotic expansion [1] and the technique we developed in [2–4], we prove that our FEM on a special piecewise uniform mesh converges independently of small parameters. Numerical results show that our method perform much better than the classical FEM. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Calibrated Probabilistic Forecasting Using Ensemble Model Output Statistics and Minimum CRPS Estimation

Abstract Ensemble prediction systems typically show positive spread-error correlation, but they are subject to forecast bias and dispersion errors, and are therefore uncalibrated. This work proposes the use of ensemble model output statistics (EMOS), an easy-to-implement postprocessing technique that addresses both forecast bias and underdispersion and takes into account the spread-skill relationship. The technique is based on multiple linear regression and is akin to the superensemble approach that has traditionally been used for deterministic-style forecasts. The EMOS technique yields probabilistic forecasts that take the form of Gaussian predictive probability density functions (PDFs) for continuous weather variables and can be applied to gridded model output. The EMOS predictive mean is a bias-corrected weighted average of the ensemble member forecasts, with coefficients that can be interpreted in terms of the relative contributions of the member models to the ensemble, and provides a highly competiti...
Plant photobiology in the last half-century.

The absorption of light energy not only nourishes the plant through photosynthetic phosphorylation and concomitant carbon dioxide fixation, but it also determines the nature and the direction of plant growth. This review will summarize the major advances in the physiology of both of the latter processes over the last half-century. Because of severe limitations of space, only a few key concepts can be mentioned, let alone emphasized, and some fields, like algal phototaxis, must be omitted entirely. Although there was certainly provocative earlier work by Klebs and others (100), our present understanding of the control of form by light, or photomorphogenesis, began with the clear enunciation of the principles of photoperiodism by Garner and Allard (55, 56) a little more than 50 years ago. Photomorphogenetic transformations are mediated mainly by the longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum (105), and are these days attributed mainly or exclusively to absorption by phytochrome. The development of the phytochrome concept by
Specialization, socialization and identity in an interdependent world

From a systems perspective, man is an open system whose life is defined in the space of interaction with other systems - individuals, families, groups, communities, nations, international organizations, and nature. The space of that interaction, the space in which “specialization” and “socialization” take place, has dramatically expanded in the last couple of centuries with the evolution of industrial and information societies. The space of specialization and socialization is also the space in which human development takes place. The purpose of the present discussion is to examine the meaning of “identity” for the individual who now finds himself confronted with the difficult task of human development, willingly or unwillingly, in the world of global interdependence in his life as a biological, a psychological, and a social being.
Representation and the Gun that Points Bachwards

This essay looks beyond the focus on team names and mascots to the larger issues of naming and the use o f language in sports. It is argued that the language of sports backfires on women through "r...
Evaluation of Decapsulated Artemia Cysts in Hatchery Diets for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fry and Effects on Subsequent Fingerling Production

.— Two 10-d hatchery growth trials were conducted to determine if differences in growth, body composition, and survival existed among catfish fry Ictalurus punctatus fed a diet of 100% catfish-starter (CS) or CS in combination with decapsulated Artemia cysts (DAC) at 25%, 50%, or 75% of diet weight. A 120–d production trial was undertaken immediately following the first hatchery trial to evaluate the effects of diet on production characteristics (survival, length, weight, feed conversion ratio, and total yield) of fingerling catfish produced from hatchery-raised fry. Fry fed diets containing DAC weighed 61–98% more (P < 0.05) than fry fed only CS. The size differential of DAC-fed fry was maintained through 120 d of growth in simulated nursery ponds (0.001-ha earthen-bottom pools). The increased growth of fry fed DAC might have been related to differences in dietary lipid content, amino acid composition, or digestibility of CS and DAC. Body weights of fingerlings produced under simulated production conditions from fry fed hatchery diets containing 50% and 75% DAC were 17% and 25% higher, respectively, 130 d post-hatch, than fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. In addition, the total yield of fingerlings produced from fry fed 75% DAC was 17% greater that that of fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. The increased performance of fingerlings produced from DAC-fed fry could have resulted from their larger size at stocking, since larger fry might be capable of capturing natural food organisms and ingesting prepared diets more effectively than smaller fish. CS-DAC diet combinations could be used to increase weight gain of hatchery-raised fry if the cost-benefit ratio of adding DAC to the standard hatchery diet warrants its use.
An optimal‐order error estimate for MMOC and MMOCAA schemes for multidimensional advection‐reaction equations

In this article, we analyze the modified method of characteristics (MMOC) and an improved version of the MMOC, named the modified method of characteristics with adjusted advection (MMOCAA), for multidimensional advection-reaction transport equations in a uniform manner. We derive an optimal-order error estimate for these schemes. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical estimates. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 69–84, 2002
A Test and Review of the Empirical Performance of the Ontogenetic Criterion

The empirical performance of the ontogenetic criterion for determining character po- larities was tested based on three published and one new data set originating from a study of larval Sepsidae (Diptera). The ontogenetic criterion polarizes about as many characters as does outgroup comparison. However, for the four data sets conflicting polarities were inferred for 4- 45% of all characters for which both polarization methods were applicable. Four different versions of the ontogenetic criterion were identified from the literature and were empirically tested. The version used by de Queiroz (1985, Syst. Zool. 34:280-299) and Wheeler (1990, Cladistics 6:225- 268) fared best, as determined by low levels of homoplasy and a small number of inferred equally parsimonious tree roots. For three of four empirical data sets, hypothetical ancestors based on outgroup comparison and the ontogenetic criterion resulted in identical tree roots. Hypothetical ancestors based on outgroup comparison implied less homoplasy than did those based on the ontogenetic criterion, so the ougroup method appears to be superior for character polarization. To test whether polarity decisions from both polarization methods should be combined into one hypothetical ancestor, two different "composite" ancestors were reconstructed. One comprised only the plesiomorphic states of the characters for which both criteria predicted the same polarity (consensus). It inferred multiple parsimonious roots without distinctly lowering the level of ho- moplasy. The second ancestor comprised the plesiomorphic states as predicted by one or both methods (composite). It tended to infer single roots, even for data sets for which very different rooting positions were identified by the two polarization criteria, thereby obscuring conflict be- tween the two methods. High levels of homoplasy in hypothetical ancestors based on the onto- genetic criterion are not due to the inclusion of presence /absence characters in the data set, for which the application of the ontogenetic criterion would require hypotheses of homology for "absent" character states across ontogenetic stages of different species. Instead, the ratio of ter- minal deletions to terminal additions is a better predictor for the success of the ontogenetic cri- terion for any particular data set. (Biogenetic law; heterochrony; Nelson's rule; ontogenetic crite- rion; outgroup comparison; recapitulation.)
Dual representation and young children's use of scale models.

To use a symbolic object such as a model, map, or picture, one must achieve dual representation; that is, one must mentally represent both the symbol itself and its relation to its referent. The studies reported here confirm predictions derived from this concept. As hypothesized, dual representation was as difficult for 2 Ω -year-olds to achieve with a set of individual objects as it was with an integrated model. Decreasing the physical salience of a scale model (by placing it behind a window) made it easier for 2 Ω -year-old children to treat it as a representation of something other than itself. Conversely, increasing the model’s salience as an object (by allowing 3-year-old children to manipulate it) made it more difficult to appreciate its symbolic import. The results provide strong support for dual representation.
Is small really so ugly

The number of sovereign states has steadily increased over the past few decades and is rapidly approaching two hundred. Many of these countries are small. The median country size in terms of population is around five million people. Tuvalu, the smallest state with a seat at the United Nations, has 11,000 people. The smallest country in the sample studied by Winters and Martins (W&M) is Niue, a self-governing country in free association with New Zealand, with only 2,000 inhabitants.
Organizational perspectives on community mental health centers

The classical, human relations and contingency types of organization are outlined by the authors. They contend that CMHCs with a classical organizational structure are not likely to function effectively. The contingency type of organization is suggested as the model CMHCs should adopt.
Heat transfer from a row of impinging jets to concave cylindrical surfaces

Starting from the first principles, and with one experimentally obtained parameter, an expression for stagnation heat transfer is derived, applicable to round, impinging jets. The results obtained with a row of air jets impinging on an electrically-heated surface in a small-scale setup characteristic of a typical turbine blade have been found compatible with the average heat transfer from a geometrically similar, steam-heated surface scaled up ten times, and comparable with the results of other investigators. These findings were linked to the flow fields likely to exist in the gas turbine blades, internally cooled by a row of round jets or a single jet of equivalent width. The magnitude of heat-transfer coefficients obtained here with impinging jets approaches that normally associated with forced convection of water and evaporative cooling.
IN SITU STM STUDIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE PLATINUM ELECTRODES

Abstract In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was applied in a 10−2M NaClO4 solution to study topographical changes of a platinum electrode surface due to its oxidation and reduction. Surface morphology depends on the electrode potential. There are two stages in surface reduction: the fast electrochemical charge transfer and the slow crystallographic reconstruction. Reconstruction during surface reduction tends to proceed in the direction of the topography obtained during the annealing process. Methods of avoiding Faradaic current flowing through the STM tip are discussed in detail.
Chiral Liquid Crystalline Polymers Containing Isosorbide Groups

A series of new main-chain liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) were prepared from sebacoyl chloride (SD) and various amount of 4, 4-Dihydroxy-2, 2-dimethyl Benzalazine (DDBA) and isosorbide (ISO). The liquid crystal (LC) properties were investigated by polarized optical microscope (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction measurements. P1 exhibited a typical nematic thread texture, which contains no ISO. P2-P7 are Sc* and N LCPs, which exhibited broken fan-shaped texture and droplet texture. The introduction of chiral units into the polymers led to a change of mesomorphase, as compared with P1.
Discoveries and developments in human-computer interaction.

Objective: This paper describes contributions made to the science and practice of human-computer interaction (HCI), primarily through Human Factors and the society's annual proceedings. Background: Research in HCI began to appear in publications associated with the Society around 1980 and has continued through the present. Method: A search of the literature appearing in either the journal or the proceedings was done to identify the specific contributions made by researchers in this area. Results: More than 2,300 papers were identified, some comparing the actual or predicted performance of a new device, display format, or computer-based system with an existing or alternative system. Other work describes methods for evaluating systems performance. Conclusion: This work has had a tremendous impact, particularly the work of Fitts, Smith and Mosier, and Virzi. Application: Work on HCI has contributed to (a) current national and international guidelines, (b) the development of user interface management systems,...
Review: Titchkosky, Tanya. The Question of Access: Disability, Space, Meaning.

What do contemporary access issues regarding disability in bureaucratic systems, such as the academy, actually do to our understanding of our lives together in social space?‚Au (ix). This is the question driving Tanya Titchkosky‚Aos recent book, The Question of Access: Disability, Space, Meaning .
A Select Bibliography of Research on Africanized English and Education.

Abstract This bibliography contains 103 references to scholarship on Africanized English and related educational scholarship published since 1985. The bibliography emphasizes scholarship concerned with North American settings. Included are articles published in scholarly journals, books, and chapters from edited volumes. Not included are dissertations, papers presented at conferences or published in microfiche and similar systems, or scholarship not readily available through academic libraries and similar sources.
CO2 geological storage - Geotechnical implications

Fossil fuels account for more than 90% of the world total energy consumption. The emission of CO2 to the atmosphere can be reduced by the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage technologies. The geological formations considered for CO2 storage are saline aquifers, depleted and semidepleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, and unminable coal seams. The efficient short-term injection and the stable long-term geological storage of carbon dioxide are affected by complex hydro-chemo-mechanical interactions that take place in the formation, including water acidification, mineral dissolution, and stress and volume changes. Positive feedback mechanisms may lead to runaway effects. These hydro-chemo-mechanical coupled processes and emergent phenomena may hinder the storativity of injected carbon dioxide. Technological developments such as adequate geophysical tools for injection and reservoir monitoring, are needed for the safe geo-storage of CO2.
Age and disease-related geometric and structural remodeling of the carotid artery

Background Carotid artery geometry has been suggested as a risk factor for atherosclerotic carotid artery disease (ACD). Although normal aging and development of disease can both lead to geometric changes in the artery, whether geometric changes in a given artery actually predispose to disease or are just a consequence of remodeling during aging is unclear. We investigated carotid artery geometric changes with aging to identify geometric features associated with the presence of ACD. Methods Carotid artery geometry was quantified by measuring carotid artery diameter, tortuosity, and bifurcation angle using three-dimensional reconstructions of thin-section computed tomography angiography scans in 15 healthy individuals (average age, 43 ± 18 years; range, 15-64 years). The same geometric features were measured in 17 patients (68 ± 10 years old) with unilateral ACD. Geometric features associated with presence of ACD were determined by using the nondiseased contralateral carotid artery as an intrinsic control. Elastin-stained carotid arteries were analyzed to assess age-related structural changes in 12 deceased individuals. Results Increases were noted in bulb diameter (0.64 mm), bifurcation angle (10°), and tortuosity of the common carotid (CCA; 0.03) and internal carotid arteries (ICA; 0.04) for every decade of life. Density and continuity of circumferential and longitudinal elastin in the CCA and ICA decreased with age. Compared with normal carotid arteries, those with ACD demonstrated larger bulb diameters ( P = .001) but smaller bifurcation angles ( P = .001). CCA tortuosity ( P = .038) increased in ACD arteries compared with normal carotid arteries, but ICA tortuosity was decreased ( P = .026). Conclusions With increasing age, bulb diameter, tortuosity, and bifurcation angle increases in carotid arteries. These geometric changes may be related to degradation and fragmentation of intramural elastin. Arteries with atherosclerotic occlusive disease demonstrate decreased ICA tortuosity and smaller bifurcation angles compared with nondiseased carotid arteries.
Interactions of Chlorine with Natural Organic Matter and Formation of Intermediates: Evidence by Differential Spectroscopy

This communication describes the use of differential absorbance spectroscopy to explore the intermediates formed during halogenation of natural organic matter (NOM). The differential spectra of chlorinated NOM comprise two contributions. The primary component is negative and has a peak near 270 nm. The shape of this band is independent of chlorine dose, and its intensity increases monotonically with Cl2 dose. The second component is positive, with a well-defined peak near 280 nm and another, broader band in the 340...380 nm range. The second component is noticeable at low chlorine concentrations but disappears with increasing Cl2 dose. We attribute this component to aromatic chlorinated intermediates formed prior to the release of identifiable smaller species such as haloacetic acids. We believe that this component of the differential spectra can be used to probe the identity, formation and breakdown of the halogenated intermediates. Wechselwirkungen von Chlor mit naturlichen organischen Wasserinhaltsstoffen und Bildung von Zwischenprodukten, aufgezeigt mit Hilfe der Differenz-Spektrophotometrie Zur Untersuchung der Zwischenprodukte bei der Chlorung von naturlichen organischen Wasserinhaltsstoffen (natural organic matter – NOM) wurde die Differenz-Spektrophotometrie eingesetzt. In den Differenzspektren gechlorter NOM uberlagern sich zwei Beitrage: Die Primar-Komponente ist negativ und weist ein Maximum nahe 270 nm auf. Die Form dieser Bande ist unabhangig von der Chlordosis, ihre Intensitat nimmt mit zunehmender Chlordosis monoton ab. Die Sekundar-Komponente ist positiv, mit einem gut ausgebildeten Maximum bei 280 nm und einer weiteren breiteren Bande im Bereich 340...380 nm; sie tritt nur bei niedrigen Chlordosen auf verschwindet mit steigender Chlordosis. Diese zweite Komponente der Differenzspektren wird chlorierten aromatischen Vorstufen zu kleineren Spezies, wie z.B. Halogenessigsauren, zugeschrieben. Ihr Auftreten ermoglicht es, mit Hilfe der Differenz-Spektrophotometrie Bildung und Zerfall halogenierter Zwischenstufen bei der Chlorung zu verfolgen.
Cognitive functioning among infants of alcoholic fathers.

Abstract Although there is considerable evidence that suggests that children of alcoholic fathers are at risk for maladaptive developmental outcomes, there is a large amount of heterogeneity in these outcomes. This study examined this hypothesis using broad measures of mental and language development during the toddler period as a function of fathers’ alcoholism and associated risk factors. Participants included 102 families in which the father was alcoholic, 20 families in which the father was alcoholic and the mother was a heavy drinker and 104 control families matched in terms of maternal education, race/ethnicity, child gender, marital status and number of children. Families, in which the mother engaged in significant prenatal drinking or drug use, were excluded. Infants were tested at 12, 18 and 24 months old. Analyses revealed no significant differences between controls and infants of severe alcoholics, antisocial alcoholics, depressed alcoholics or family history positive alcoholics. There were also no differences between controls and infants in families with an alcoholic father/heavy drinking mother. The results suggest that overall mental development was not associated with paternal alcoholism. This raises the possibility that later problems in these areas may reflect more specific cognitive processes or the impact of parenting and behavioral problems among these children.
Mitral Valve Prolapse Requiring Surgery Clinical and Pathologic Study

Abstract The clinical, hemodynamic, surgical, and pathologic findings in 30 patients who required mitral valvular surgery and who had a preoperative diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 59.5 years; 28 patients were over 45 years of age and 10 were over 60 years. Surprisingly, 20 were males. A long history of systolic murmur was common, whereas symptoms of heart failure were of abrupt onset. At the time of surgery, a local holosystolic murmur typical of mitral regurgitation was present, although a mid- to late systolic click was not heard In any of the patients. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in all patients, with 13 patients demonstrating atrial fibrillation. Only four patients had a normal heart size radiographically. Echocardiography confirmed the radiographic findings, In that 27 patients demonstrated left atrial and ventricular enlargement. All 29 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiography demonstrated a prolapsing mitral valve with severe regurgitation. Surgical and pathologic examination revealed findings characteristic of a myxomatous valve in all patients, with 19 also demonstrating ruptured chordae tendineae. This study demonstrates that heart failure requiring valvular surgery occurs in a subset of patients with mitral valve prolapse. In this subset, males predominate and most are over 50 years of age. These patients may be asymptomatic for many years, demonstrating mild to moderate mitral valvular regurgitation, before heart failure develops.
Catalytic Production of Liquid Fuels from Biomass‐Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons: Catalytic Coupling at Multiple Length Scales

The catalytic processing of biomass‐derived feedstocks to liquid fuels and chemical intermediates is complex and expensive. Therefore, conversion processes involving a limited number of reaction, separation, and purification steps are necessary. Coupling of catalytic processes has the potential to lead to the development of new processes, thereby improving the overall economics of biomass conversion. Functional coupling at the molecular scale has the potential to produce novel catalytic materials to replace homogeneous catalysts. Active site coupling of different sites within the same reactor can help reduce operating costs by combining sequential reactions in a single reactor. Chemical reaction coupling of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions may lead to improvements in overall catalytic performance for liquid phase processes by enhancing surface reactions with liquid phase reactions. Finally, phase coupling leads to improvements in overall yield by improving the equilibrium conversion or by suppressi...
Free flap reconstruction of the cheek

Free flaps are primarily indicated for reconstruction of large cheek defects involving the external skin, inner lining, or full thickness. The radial forearm flap is our first option for reconstruction of such defects because of its thin pliable skin paddle with minimal soft tissue. The lateral arm or anterior thigh fasciocutaneous flaps provide larger amounts of skin and soft tissue volume and are therefore used for larger cheek defects. Once masticatory muscles, the parotid gland, and/or the maxilla or mandible are included with the resection, cheek defects become more complex, and larger soft tissue or composite free flaps are mandatory for reconstruction. The rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap has proved to be very useful for reconstruction of these massive defects, and the scapular or latissimus dorsi free flap are secondary alternatives. Cheek defects including the ascending ramus of the mandible are best reconstructed using an osteocutaneous scapular or radial forearm flap. Full-thickness cheek defects that include the oral commissure and lips are more challenging to reconstruct. We advocate using a lip-switch procedure to provide a functional stoma and using a free flap with two separate skin islands for lining and cover, but not for reconstruction of the oral commissure.
A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) transmit signals to the rest of the brain, organizing circadian rhythms throughout the body. Transplants of the SCN restore circadian activity rhythms to animals whose own SCN have been ablated. The nature of the coupling signal from the grafted SCN to the host brain is not known, although it has been presumed that functional recovery requires re-establishment of appropriate synaptic connections. We have isolated SCN tissue from hamsters within a semipermeable polymeric capsule before transplantation, thereby preventing neural outgrowth but allowing diffusion of humoral signals. Here we show that the transplanted SCN, like neural pacemakers of Drosophila and silkmoths, can sustain circadian activity rhythms by means of a diffusible signal.
OP01 Visible and chemiluminescent methods for H2S detection and quantification

Hydrogen sulfide is an important biological signalling molecule and an important target for environmental detection. A major challenge in developing small-molecule, reaction-based probes for H2S detection and quantification is overcoming the much higher concentration of biological nucleophiles, such as reduced glutathione (GSH). In this presentation, we present two new H2S detection and quantification methods, both of which can be used to measure H2S analytically using common laboratory equipment or, alternatively, can be used for qualitative naked-eye H2S detection. Colorimetric H2S detection and quantification: The developed method utilizes a new strategy for reaction-based H2S detection facilitated by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of H2S onto an electrophilic nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) chromophore. The resultant platform reacts quickly with H2S (
Isolation of Garlic Derived Sulfur Compounds from Urine

Abstract Garlic has been used throughout history as a spice, food, and medicine. Much work has been done to ascertain the nutritional and medicinal value of garlic. This work presents a method to analyze human urine for sulfur compounds derived from ingested garlic oils. Capsules containing prepared garlic oils were consumed and urine collected. Following preparative thin layer chromatography, the compounds diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, and dimethyldisulfide were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In addition, urine specimens spiked with garlic associated sulfur compounds had these compounds also identified. The technique was able to isolate these sulfur compounds from as little as ten and as much as 100 milliliters of urine.
Effects of Intraoperative 5-Fluorouracil or Mitomycin C on Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in the Rabbit

Purpose: To establish the effects of single intraoperative exposures to either 5fluorouracil (5-FU) or two different concentrations of mitomycin C (MMC) on filtration surgery in the rabbit. Methods: A prospective, randomized, masked-observer, placebo-controlled study was performed to compare the effects on filtration surgery in rabbits of a single 5minute intraoperative exposure to 5-FU (50 mg/ml), MMC (0.2 mg/ml), or MMC (0.4 mg/ml) with control eyes treated with distilled water. Results: Intraocular pressures (IOPs) remained lower for longer and bleb survival was increased ( P A 0.05) with all three treatments compared with control eyes. The effect of 5-FU was more transient than MMC. Bleb survival was prolonged in the following order: MMC 0.4 > MMC 0.2 > 5-FU 50 mg/ml. At 30 days, blebs were present in 100% of eyes treated with MMC 0.4 mg/ml, 60% of eyes treated with MMC 0.2 mg/ml, and 0% of eyes treated with 5-FU 50 mg/ml or distilled water. The blebs in the eyes treated with MMC were thinner, and significant complications (endophthalmitis, transient corneal opacification and neovascularization, and a presumed bleb leak) only occurred in the eyes treated with MMC 0.4 mg/ml. Conclusions: The authors' results suggest that 5-FU and MMC at these concentrations, delivered as a single intraoperative dose, prolong the survival of filtration surgery for different lengths of time in the rabbit, which is a model that normally exhibits aggressive healing and rapid failure of filtration surgery. The implications of these potentially titratable effects for filtration surgery in different categories of patients are discussed.
GDIs: central regulatory molecules in Rho GTPase activation

The GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) are pivotal regulators of Rho GTPase function. GDIs control the access of Rho GTPases to regulatory guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, to effector targets and to membranes where such effectors reside. We discuss here our current understanding of how Rho GTPase–GDI complexes are regulated by various proteins, lipids and enzymes that exert GDI displacement activity. We propose that phosphorylation mediated by diverse kinases might provide a means of controlling and coordinating Rho GTPase activation.
Challenges in Managing Complexity: Autonomic Computing

Summary form only given. This paper explores the issues faced by enterprises in managing the complexity of information technology as well as progress in emerging autonomic technologies to address them. The paper considers the balance between technology automation and IT processes and human interactions with the management of technology. Recent trends in system management architecture, tools, and standards would be described and promising areas of research highlighted
Cosmological imprint of an energy component with general equation of state

We examine the possibility that a significant component of the energy density of the Universe has an equation of state different from that of matter, radiation, or cosmological constant ( $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$). An example is a cosmic scalar field evolving in a potential, but our treatment is more general. Including this component alters cosmic evolution in a way that fits current observations well. Unlike $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, it evolves dynamically and develops fluctuations, leaving a distinctive imprint on the microwave background anisotropy and mass power spectrum.
Binding Effects on Humic-Mediated Photoreaction: Intrahumic Dechlorination of Mirex in Water

A kinetic model was developed describing the effects of hydrophobic partitioning to humics on second-order humic-mediated photoreactions in aqueous solution. Model development and evaluation were in terms of the humic-mediated dechlorination of the hydrophobic chlorocarbon, mirex. Mirex dechlorination in irradiated (λ ≥ 290 nm) Aldrich humic acid (HA) solution was examined as a function of humic acid and scavenger concentration. Kinetic models in which HA solution is described as a homogeneous or single-phase solution were not able to describe the effects of HA and scavenger concentrations on mirex dechlorination rates. However, these effects were successfully described by including partitioning in the models to characterize the bound phase and dissolved phase mirex reactions separately. The resulting model uses homogeneous phase kinetics to describe reaction in the dissolved phase. Bound phase reaction is described as occurring within individual HA molecules with the distribution of scavengers within HA ...
“Slip-stick" fracture and toughness enhancement in thermoset/thermoplastic polymer alloys under shear

Using large-scale molecular-dynamics simulation of a generic model, we study the mechanical behavior of thermoset/thermoplastic polymer alloys under shear. We investigate the effect of thermoplastic mass fraction Γl and the thermoplastic chain length Nl. Our results show two different fracture peaks in the stress-strain behavior. The first peak occurs at around 60% strain followed by a stress plateau, and the system fails at around 90% strain. This "slip-stick" fracture is independent of shear rate and only occurs when Γl is less than the threshold concentration Γ* at which thermoplastic chains start to overlap. A micro-structural analysis suggests that the escape of thermoplastic chains from cavities near the fractured interfaces gives rise to slip-stick behavior. Slip-stick behavior has a strong chain length dependence and is only observed when Nl is greater than critical chain length Nlc=40. Slip-stick fracture makes an alloy of Γl=4.7% more than 40% tougher than a neat thermoset.
Contribution of anharmonic free energy F4 to the specific heat of a simple lattice at arbitrary temperature

Abstract It has been shown recently by Maradudin that the quartic anharmonic contribution F 4 to the free energy of a face-centered cubic lattice can be expressed as the square of a single summation instead of the usual complex double summation over the Brillouin zone provided only nearest neighbor interactions are considered. Using this result we express the specific heat contribution C 4 corresponding to this F 4 in exact form in terms of the reduced vibration spectrum. We then calculate C 4 versus T for arbitrary T between 0°K and 404°K for a nearest-neighbor-only lattice model which roughly represents copper. The results displayed in the form C 4 /C v (harmonic) versus T disclose new structural features of the quartic anharmonic specific heat contribution. This curve, which has a sharp minimum at about 0.067 Debye θ ∞ and a broad maximum at about θ ∞ /3, is shown together with previous results obtained at 0°K and in the high-T limit by Maradudin and co-workers.
Scattering effects of machined optical surfaces

Recent progress in the machining of optical surfaces promises to significantly reduce the time and cost of manufacturing optical elements. Specific reference is made to a new kind of machining process called deterministic microgrinding. Optical surfaces made by machining processes like single-point diamond turning, or deterministic microgrinding exhibit residual cutting tool marks that result in scattering effects which can significantly degrade optical performance. However, for some infrared applications, post-polishing may not be required and thus resulting in substantial cost savings. In this paper surface scattering theory has been implemented to model the image degradation effects of residual surface irregularities for optical surfaces exhibiting: i) azimuthal tool marks (diamond turning), ii) radial tool marks (deterministic microgrinding) and, iii) random roughness caused by conventional grinding and polishing. Intercomparison of these three processes provides new insight into the scattering behavior and fabrication tolerances for these very different manufacturing processes.
Synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors 13-thia- and 10-thiaarachidonic acids

Abstract Short, efficient and stereocontrolled syntheses are reported for 13-thiaarachidonic acid (11) and 10-thiaarachidonic acid (17), valuable substrates for the study of the mechanisms of enzymatic lipoxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Tensile specimen geometry and the constitutive behavior of Zircaloy-4

The influence of tensile specimen geometry on the deformation behavior of flat Zircaloy-4 tensile specimens has been examined for gauge length-to-width ratios that range from 1:1 to 4:1. Specimen geometry has only minor effects on the values of the yield stress, tensile strength, apparent uniform strain at maximum load, and strain-hardening exponent. However, in all geometries but the 4:1 configuration, diffuse necking occurs before maximum load. As a result, strain distributions at maximum load are uniform only in the 4:1 geometry. The elongation to failure is also affected by specimen geometry with the shorter gauge sections exhibiting much higher total elongation values, due in large part to the concomitant specimen necking behavior.
On transition temperatures of superconducting alloys

Abstract Based on McMillan's theory of strong-coupled superconductors a simple relation between the transition temperature Tc of dilute alloys and their Debye temperature Θ is derived.
The International Transmission of Money Market Fluctuations

This study analyzes the interdependence of money markets in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The authors estimate a vector-autoregression system using daily data on three-month money market rates from December 31, 1979, through February 28, 1990. Consistent with the notion of informational efficiency, money markets respond very rapidly to a shock in any one country. The U.S. market plays a leading role, in that the after-effects of a shock there are much stronger and last much longer than those of a shock elsewhere. In contrast with previous studies on stock markets, the responses are larger and more persistent, the markets are less interdependent, and the U.S. market is relatively less influential.
Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-6 in patients receiving antiepileptic drug monotherapy

Abstract We hypothesized that elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations (hyperhomocysteinemia) exist in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs (AED), and a long-term administration of AED may result in an increased risk of occlusive vascular disease in these patients. A total of 62 patients who received AED monotherapy (phenytoin, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate) participated in this study. Blood concentrations of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12 and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP, a coenzyme form of vitamin B-6) were measured, and thermolabile genotypes of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were also determined. Of 62 patients, only seven (11.4%) had hyperhomocysteinemia. Of 20 patients who received phenytoin, three (15.0%) had hyperhomocysteinemia, whereas 85% of these had plasma folate concentrations below the normal range. However, erythrocyte folate concentrations were abnormally low in only 25% of the patients who received phenytoin. Valproate administration increased serum vitamin B-12 concentrations. Over 55% of the entire patients had PLP concentrations below the normal range, although the reason is unknown. Only three patients had the homozygous thermolabile genotype of MTHFR; therefore, meaningful statistical analysis was not possible in this study. However, one patient with homozygous genotype who received phenytoin therapy had hyperhomocysteinemia with poor folate nutritional status, and the other two had normal homocysteine concentrations with normal folate status. Our data suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia is not a serious clinical concern in epileptic patients when folate nutriture is adequate.
Reactions of aqueous iron-DFOB (desferrioxamine B) complexes with flavin mononucleotide in the absence of strong iron(II) chelators

Abstract The mechanisms controlling microbial uptake of FeIII–siderophore complexes and subsequent release of the metal for cellular use have been extensively studied in recent years. Reduction of the FeIII center is believed to be necessary to labilize the coordinated Fe and facilitate exchange with cellular ligands. Previous studies report reduction of FeIII–DFOB by various reducing agents in solutions containing FeII-chelating colorimetric agents for monitoring reaction progress, but the importance of these findings is unclear because the colorimetric agents themselves stabilize and enhance the reactions being monitored. This study examines the reduction of FeIII complexes with DFOB (desferrioxamine B), a trihydroxamate siderophore, by the fully reduced hydroquinone form of flavin mononucleotide (FMNHQ) in the absence of strong FeII-chelating agents, and Fe redox cycling in solutions containing DFOB and oxidized and reduced FMN species. Experimental results demonstrate that the rate and extent of FeIII–DFOB reduction is strongly dependent on pH and FMNHQ concentration. At pH ⩾ 5, incomplete FeIII reduction is observed due to two processes that re-oxidize FeII, namely, the autodecomposition of FeII–DFOB complexes (FeII oxidation is coupled with reduction of a protonated hydroxamate moiety) and reaction of FeII–DFOB complexes with the fully oxidized flavin mononucleotide product (FMNOX). Chemical speciation-dependent kinetic models for the forward reduction process and both reverse FeII oxidation processes are developed, and coupling kinetic models for all three Fe redox processes leads to successful predictions of steady-state FeII concentrations observed over a range of pH conditions in the presence of excess FMNHQ and FMNOX. The observed redox reactions are also in agreement with thermodynamic constraints imposed by the combination of FeIII/FeII and FMNOX/FMNHQ redox couples. Quantitative comparison between kinetic trends and changing Fe speciation reveals that FMN species react predominantly with diprotonated FeIII–DFOB and FeII–DFOB complexes, where protonation of one hydroxamate group opens up two Fe coordination positions. This finding suggests that ternary complex formation (FMN–Fe–DFOB) facilitates inner-sphere electron transfer reactions between the flavin and Fe center.
Phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of NiAl alloys: A non-empirical evaluation

Abstract The phase diagram for NiAl on an fcc lattice and the free energy of formation are calculated using the cluster variation method with first-principles energy interaction parameters. The shape of the Ni-rich part of the calculated phase diagram agrees fairly well with experimental observations, although the transition temperature is roughly 40% too high. The free energy of formation has a concentration dependence similar to that observed experimentally but has an energy scale roughly 40% higher.
Black Female Faculty: Role Definition, Critical Enactments, and Contributions to Predominately White Research Institutions

This paper explores how Black female faculty (BFF), the largest community of women of color faculty, simultaneously define their professional role and contribute to predominately White research institutions (PWRIs) through a series of critical enactments. The sparse research on BFF at PWIs focuses on barriers to social integration yet places less emphasis on factors that promote negotiation of barriers and organizational change. Analysis of qualitative data shows that the participants actively challenged structural constraints through service and research. In doing so, they used their positions as vehicles for institutional transformation. Thus, their role extended beyond the mundane expectations of faculty to one that emphasized commitment to social equity. Their work facilitated the incorporation of diverse communities into PWIs and broadened disciplinary knowledge.
Corrigendum: Capacity for 5-HT1A|[ndash]|mediated autoregulation predicts amygdala reactivity

Nature Neuroscience 9, 1362–1363 (2006); Published online 1 October 2006; corrected after print 23 January 2007 In the version of this article originally published, E.L. Moses-Kolko and S.L. Berga were omitted from the author list. In addition, the affiliation for C.C. Meltzer was incomplete. The correct author list and affiliations, along with a revised author contribution statement, are given below.
Onboard Autonomous Rover Science

The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) was used in the first formal demonstration of closed loop opportunistic detection and reaction during a rover traverse on the FIDO rover at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In addition to hardware demonstrations, the system has been demonstrated and exercised in simulation using the Rover Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation (ROAMS) planetary rover simulator, A. Jain et al (2003). We discuss several system enhancements including new planning and scheduling capabilities and image prioritization. We also describe the new end-of-traverse capability that includes taking a partial panorama of images, assessing these for targets of interest, and collecting narrow angle images of selected targets. Finally, we present several methods for estimating properties of rocks and provide a comparative assessment. Understanding the relationship of these methods is important to correctly interpret autonomous rock analyses performed during a traverse.