cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Cu(III)-OH Bond Distance by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Using a Normalized Version of Badger's Rule.

The stretching frequency, ν(Cu–O), of the [CuOH]2+ core in the complexes LCuOH (L = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-4-R-phenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, R = H or NO2, or N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-2,6-dicarboxamide) was determined to be ∼630 cm–1 by resonance Raman spectroscopy and verified by isotopic labeling. In efforts to use Badger’s rule to estimate the bond distance corresponding to ν(Cu–O), a modified version of the rule was developed through use of stretching frequencies normalized by dividing by the appropriate reduced masses. The modified version was found to yield excellent fits of normalized frequencies to bond distances for >250 data points from theory and experiment for a variety of M–X and X–X bond distances in the range ∼1.1–2.2 A (root mean squared errors for the predicted bond distances of 0.03 A). Using the resulting general equation, the Cu–O bond distance was predicted to be ∼1.80 A for the reactive [CuOH]2+ core. Limitations of the equation and its use in predicti...
Notes on the history of group practice: the tradition of the dispensary.

According to author Donald Madison, M.D., medical group practice is, "an original American phenomenon...its appearance coincided with specialization in medicine and much of the early growth was fed by the experiences of American physicians who served...during World War I." Madison answers the questions of how, where, when and why group practice developed as it did.
Max Kaplan and Philip Bosserman, eds., Technology, Human Values and Leisure

(1972). Max Kaplan and Philip Bosserman, eds., Technology, Human Values and Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 358-359.
Effect of external cooling on the thermal behavior of a boiling water reactor vessel lower head

Flooding of the drywell of a boiling water reactor (BWR) is one of many accident management strategies being proposed to manage severe accidents in light water reactors. The effect of external cooling on the thermal behavior of the BWR vessel lower head containing molten core material has been numerically investigated using a two-dimensional implicit finite difference scheme. Results have been obtained for the vessel shell temperature, the molten pool temperature, and the crust thickness for steady-state conditions. For each equilibrium state, the thermal behavior of the vessel lower head has been investigated by parametrically changing the emissivity of the pool free surface, the vessel wall, the baffle plate, the core shroud, and the upper structure; and the temperature of the upper structure. For a certain set of parameters, nucleate boiling on the outer surface of the vessel wall is found to be effective in lowering the temperature of the inner wall of the vessel below the melting temperature of the steel. For most cases, failure of the BWR baffle plate would occur.
The outcome effect and professional skepticism: A replication and a failed attempt at mitigation

ABSTRACT In this research note, we replicate Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart's (2016) study of how auditors evaluate skeptical behavior. Like the original study, we find that evaluators rewa...
600.58 Freedom from Recurrent Mitral Regurgitation—Is Surgery Really Better than Mitraclip? A Meta-Analysis

Long-term freedom from recurrent mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing MitraClip compared to traditional mitral-valve surgery is not known. PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were queried for all trials about MitraClip compared with optimal medical therapy. Seven trials including
Screening of Predatory Mites as Potential Control Agents of Pest Mites in Landscape Plant Nurseries of the Pacific Northwest

Abstract To select a biological control agent for suppression of spider mites on landscape plants in western regions of the Pacific Northwest, we compared life history traits of Galendromus occiden...
“Seeing” the Weak Bonding

In physics, the observer effect suggests that mere observation of a phenomenon changes that phenomenon. Molecular imaging involves bombardment of electrons, frequently influencing the structure. In this issue, Cui et al. smartly change the energy conditions by lowering temperature.
3-D Printed Air-Core Toroidal Transformer for High-Frequency Power Conversion

As new applications are emerging for very-high-frequency power converters, the demand for magnetic components suitable for these frequency regimes increase. Currently, limited magnetic core materials are available above 10 MHz, therefore making air-core components the primary option. This paper presents a nested toroidal air-core transformer utilizing a 3-D printing and electroplating fabrication methodology. The first part of this work discusses design equations to achieve the target inductance matrix. Then, we provide finite-element-method (FEM) simulations in COMSOL with automation and scripting capabilities, allowing circuit designers straightforward methods in obtaining transformer parameters based on known dimensions. Lastly, this work provides experimental demonstrations of the transformer design including a 40.68 MHz 48-to-350 V resonant dc-dc converter.
A radiologic review of hoarse voice from anatomic and neurologic perspectives

The differential diagnosis for hoarseness is extensive and includes a multitude of etiologies that span a large geographic area from the brainstem to the mediastinum. Therefore, localizing a causative lesion can be extremely difficult for clinicians and radiologists alike. In this review, we will first discuss the normal anatomy of the larynx and its innervation via the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves. We will then proceed with a guided tour of the various infectious/inflammatory, neoplastic, congenital, and traumatic/iatrogenic causes of hoarseness subdivided by anatomic location (brainstem, skull base, carotid sheath, thyroid, larynx, and superior mediastinum). Along the way, we will discuss the various cross-sectional imaging modalities best suited to detect the often subtle signs of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. With thorough knowledge of these entities, radiologists can impact patient care by suggesting the appropriate imaging test and tailoring their search patterns to detect the subtle findings of laryngeal dysfunction.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Impact on the Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection.

Purpose Mouse model experiments have demonstrated an increased Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) severity with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) use. We aim to evaluate the impact of NSAIDs in humans after a diagnosis of CDI on primary outcomes defined as I) all-cause mortality and II) toxic mega-colon attributable to CDI. Patients and methods All hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of CDI were divided into two groups; those with NSAIDs administered up to 10 days after onset of CDI versus no NSAIDs use. The primary outcomes were analyzed between the groups, while controlling for severity of CDI. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of worse outcomes. Results NSAIDs were administered in 14% (n=80) of the 568 hospitalized visits for an average of 2.5 days after the CDI diagnosis. All-cause mortality was high in patients who did not receive NSAIDs as compared to those who did receive NSAIDs (16.6% vs 12.5%, p 0.354). Patients who were prescribed NSAIDs were more likely to have toxic mega-colon as compared to those who were not prescribed NSAIDs (2.5% vs 0.6%, p 0.094). Results were not statistically significant, even after controlling for CDI severity. Logistic regression analysis did not identify NSAIDs administration as a significant factor for all-cause mortality in CDI patients. Conclusion This retrospective study results, contrary to mouse model, did not show association between NSAID use and CDI related mortality and toxic mega-colon. Shorter duration of NSAIDs use, younger people in study group, and timely CDI treatment may have resulted in contrasting results.
A Systematic Review of Interventions for Hope/Hopelessness in Older Adults.

Objectives: Hope/hopelessness is an important determinant of health and death, and is a modifiable risk factor for older adults. The present review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventi...
Numerical study on spray collapse process of ECN spray G injector under flash boiling conditions

Abstract This work features a numerical study of the spray collapse process that occurs under flash-boiling, gasoline-direct-injection conditions. The Engine Combustion Network’s Spray G injector was modeled, and iso-octane, n-hexane, and propane were used as fuels with the goal to investigate fuel property effects. The development of individual jets and jet-to-jet interaction were analyzed to reveal the physical mechanisms of spray collapse. The results agreed qualitatively well with the experimental data of propane available from the literature and the predictions revealed the model’s ability to capture the near-nozzle shock structures witnessed in the experiments. Simulations showed that the flow development of flashing sprays was strongly tied with the fuel properties. Specifically, under-expanded jets were not observed with iso-octane due to the fuel’s low vapor pressure. In the case of n-hexane, the jets were under-expanded, and a low-pressure core was observed inside the jets due to the flow expansion. With propane, the very strong expansion caused the flow to become transonic and generate a unique shock structure near the nozzle exit. The shock structure revealed the formation of primary shock cells within the jets and secondary shock cells induced by jet-to-jet interaction. Based on the results, the spray collapse under flash boiling conditions was mainly attributed to two effects, i.e., the decrease in pressure at the spray center induced by the low-pressure cores inside and between the jets, and the isolation effect due to the jet-to-jet interaction which contributed to maintain the pressure differential between the spray center and the ambient.
Dermoscopy in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): pitfalls and tips.

Background Dermoscopy is gaining appreciation in the spectrum of non-neoplastic skin conditions, especially papulosquamous and granulomatous dermatoses. However, the use of dermoscopy in such diseases has not yet acquired a standard role in daily practice due to the lack of a structured approach as well as possible pitfalls limiting its accuracy. Methods A descriptive analysis of the most common limitations/pitfalls described in the literature regarding dermoscopy of non-neoplastic dermatoses was performed, also providing possible tips to deal with them. Results The following items were analyzed: "two-step" dermoscopic procedure and basic dermoscopic parameters in non-neoplastic dermatoses, uniform dotted vessels in dermatoses other than psoriasis, pseudo-Wickham striae, yellow sero-crusts in non-eczematous dermatoses, peripheral scaling collarette in conditions other than pityriasis rosea, orange areas in non-granulomatous dermatoses, and dermoscopic variability of Grover disease according to histological subtype. Conclusions Dermoscopy is candidate to become a relevant part of diagnostic approach to non-neoplastic dermatoses, yet only the use of a systematic/validated methodology and the in-depth knowledge of possible pitfalls may optimize its use in this field.
Long-Term Poverty and Disability in Working-Age Adults

We use longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) spanning the 1996 to 1999 period to estimate the prevalence of short and long-term poverty among working-age people with and without disabilities. Several alternative measures of disability are used, including measures of long-term disability. Depending on the disability measure used, annual poverty rates are two to five times higher among working-age people with disabilities compared to their counterparts without disabilities, with poverty rates highest among those with more severe and longer-term disabilities - 1997 annual poverty rates ranged from 10 to 32 percent among people with disabilities, compared to six percent among those without disabilities. The prevalence of chronic (i.e., long-term) poverty is lower for all groups, but the prevalence of chronic poverty among those with disabilities relative to those without disabilities is much higher than the relative prevalence of short-term poverty, especially for those experiencing disability over a long period. At the extreme, those reporting work limitations for more than 36 months during the 48-month period were 14 times more likely to have incomes below the poverty line in all 48 months than those with no work limitation. We also estimate disability prevalence among those in poverty and find that people with disabilities make up a very large share of the working-age poverty population, especially when long-term measures of poverty are used. People with disabilities represented about 47 percent of those in poverty in 1997 when an annual measure of poverty is used; when a longer-term poverty measure is used, 65 percent of those in poverty for at least 36 months of the 48-month period have a disability. Despite the fact that disability is an extremely important risk factor for long-term poverty among working-age adults, it often receives little attention in the poverty literature and policy efforts to alleviate poverty. One reason may be that most statistics are based on short-term poverty and disability measures, which partially mask the strong relationship between long-term poverty and long-term disability. Another reason may be outdated perceptions of the relationship between disability and the ability to work.
Tahoe: tree structure-aware high performance inference engine for decision tree ensemble on GPU

Decision trees are widely used and often assembled as a forest to boost prediction accuracy. However, using decision trees for inference on GPU is challenging, because of irregular memory access patterns and imbalance workloads across threads. This paper proposes Tahoe, a tree structure-aware high performance inference engine for decision tree ensemble. Tahoe rearranges tree nodes to enable efficient and coalesced memory accesses; Tahoe also rearranges trees, such that trees with similar structures are grouped together in memory and assigned to threads in a balanced way. Besides memory access efficiency, we introduce a set of inference strategies, each of which uses shared memory differently and has different implications on reduction overhead. We introduce performance models to guide the selection of the inference strategies for arbitrary forests and data set. Tahoe consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art industry-quality library FIL by 3.82x, 2.59x, and 2.75x on three generations of NVIDIA GPUs (Kepler, Pascal, and Volta), respectively.
The effect of forearm position on elbow flexion strength in nursing, occupational, and physical therapy students.

BACKGROUND Novice nurses, occupational and physical therapist's injury rates are alarming. OBJECTIVE To test for differences in peak elbow flexion forces (PEFF) by profession using different forearm positions. METHODS Entry-level RN, OT, and PT students performed 3-repetitions of standing PEFF in forearm supination, pronation, and neutral. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA determined the forearm position with the greatest PEFF. A one-way ANOVA assessed differences in PEFF between professions. The alpha level was set at p≤0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS Thirty 30 RN, 25 OT, and 30 PT students (x = 23.27 + /-3.29 yrs.) were studied. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference in PEFF between positions (F(2,168) = 144.3, p < 0.0001). A significant (p < 0.0001) pairwise comparison revealed neutral produced the greatest (28.15 + /-12.64 kg) and pronation the least PEFF (17.27 + /-7.40). PEFF was significantly different between position by profession (supination: F(2,82) = 10.14, p < 0.0001; pronation: F(2,82) = 10.33, p < 0.0001; neutral: F(2,82) = 13.39, p < 0.0001). PTs were significantly stronger than OTs and RN students in all forearm positions (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Neutral PEFF was greatest and PT students demonstrated greater PEFF than OT and RN students.
Gaussian process analysis of electron energy loss spectroscopy data: multivariate reconstruction and kernel control

Advances in hyperspectral imaging including electron energy loss spectroscopy bring forth the challenges of exploratory and physics-based analysis of multidimensional data sets. The multivariate linear unmixing methods generally explore similarities in the energy dimension, but ignore correlations in the spatial domain. At the same time, Gaussian process (GP) explicitly incorporate spatial correlations in the form of kernel functions but is computationally intensive. Here, we implement a GP method operating on the full spatial domain and reduced representations in the energy domain. In this multivariate GP, the information between the components is shared via a common spatial kernel structure, while allowing for variability in the relative noise magnitude or image morphology. We explore the role of kernel constraints on the quality of the reconstruction, and suggest an approach for estimating them from the experimental data. We further show that spatial information contained in higher-order components can be reconstructed and spatially localized.
Financial Hardship Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States, 2013 to 2018

Importance Financial hardship affects health care access and health outcomes among peripartum women. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of financial hardship among peripartum women over time and by insurance type and income. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional study included peripartum women, defined as women aged 18 to 45 years who reported being currently pregnant or pregnant in the past 12 months, who participated in the National Health Interview Survey from 2013 to 2018. Data were analyzed from January to May 2021. Exposures Current pregnancy or recent pregnancy as well as insurance type and income. Main outcomes and measures Three measures of financial hardship within the last year were evaluated: (1) unmet health care need due to cost (unmet need for medical care or delayed or deferred medical care due to cost); (2) health care unaffordability (worry about paying for potential medical bills or existing medical debt); and (3) general financial stress (worry about subsistence spending [eg, monthly bills, housing]). Results The study cohort included 3509 peripartum women, weighted to represent 1 050 789 women (2018: an estimated 36 045 of 184 018 [19.6%] Hispanic, 39 017 [21.2%] Black, and 97 366 [52.9%] White), with a mean (SD) age of 29 (6) years. Overall, from 2013 to 2018, 24.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-26.0%) of peripartum women reported unmet health care need, 60.0% (95% CI, 58.0%-61.9%) reported health care unaffordability, and 54.0% (95% CI, 51.5%-56.5%) reported general financial stress. The prevalence of financial hardship outcomes did not substantially change between 2013 and 2018 (unmet health care need in 2013: 27.9% [95% CI, 24.4%-31.7%]; in 2018: 23.7% [95% CI, 19.5%-28.6%]; health care unaffordability in 2013: 65.7% [95% CI, 61.1%-70.0%]; in 2018: 58.8% [95% CI, 53.4%-64.0%]; general financial stress in 2013: 60.6% [95% CI, 55.2%-65.8%]; in 2018: 53.8% [95% CI, 47.8%-59.8%]). Women with private insurance had lower odds of unmet need (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.87) but higher odds of health care unaffordability (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.49-2.36) compared with women with public insurance. Peripartum women with household incomes less than 400% of the federal poverty level had higher odds of unmet need (aOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.08) and unaffordable care (aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.54-2.55) compared with those with household incomes 400% or more of federal poverty level. Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that financial hardship among peripartum women in the United States was common from 2013 to 2018, including 24% of pregnant and postpartum women reporting unmet health care need and 60% reporting health care unaffordability. Women with private insurance and those living on lower incomes were more likely to experience unaffordable health care than women with pubic insurance and those with higher incomes, respectively. Targeted policy interventions are needed to improve health care affordability and promote overall economic security among peripartum women.
Ophthalmology Residency Virtual Interviews in the Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Applicants, Selection Committee Members, and Current Residents

Background In the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, residency programs implemented videoconferencing “virtual” interviews for the 2020 to 2021 match cycle. There is limited published information on virtual ophthalmology residency interviews. Objective The study aimed (1) to assess applicant, selection committee member, and resident opinions of technical quality, communication quality, and ability to assess applicant or program “fit” during virtual interviews; (2) to determine which interview format—in-person or virtual—each party would prefer in the future; and (3) to survey which residency resources applicants found helpful. Design Surveys were sent to applicants, selection committee members, and residents to assess the above objectives for the 2020 to 2021 match cycle virtual interviews at the Moran Eye Center, University of Utah. Setting This study was conducted in a single residency program interview season from 2020 to 2021. Participants Forty applicants, eight committee members, and seven residents who participated in the virtual interview process were surveyed. Intervention or Exposure Prior to interviews, various avenues were implemented to connect with applicants. A videoconferencing software was utilized for interviews. Applicants and selection committee members met in one-on-one or small group interviews. Residents communicated with applicants in a large group setting between interviews. Main Outcome and Measure The study aims to survey the participants as stated in the objectives. There was no planned outcome for this quality improvement study. Results Survey response rate was 98.2% (54/55). All parties rated the technical components as good or very good. Applicants and selection committee members rated communication as overall good or very good, although residents thought communication was very poor. A total of 92.3% applicants, 75% selection committee members, and 0% residents were reported that they were able to appropriately assess fit of the program with the applicant. However, 46.3% respondents preferred in-person interviews in the future. Popular applicant resources were resident-produced videos (82.1%), conversations with residents (46.2%), and a gift bag (43.6%). Conclusion and Relevance Overall, the technical components of the interview were successful. Small, structured group interactions led to better communication and assessment of fit. There were variable opinions regarding future interview format preference between in-person, virtual, or choice. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, connecting with applicants via various means can optimize the match process.
Controlling strategischer Erfolgspotenziale bei hoher Marktdynamik

Strategische Erfolgspotenziale beeinflussen den Unternehmenserfolg in hohem Mas und reprasentieren damit eine Schlusselgrose im strategischen Management. Aufgrund der langfristigen Reichweite von Entscheidungen im Zusammenhang mit Erfolgspotenzialen und der vielfach konstatierten zunehmenden Umweltdynamik (z. B. Farjoun 2002) gewinnt die strategische Kontrolle einen wachsenden Stellenwert im Rahmen des Managements von Erfolgspotenzialen. Die strategische Kontrolle sollte ihrerseits den Herausforderungen einer dynamischen Umwelt Rechnung tragen und explizit auch Realoptionen und Dynamic Capabilities erfassen, die wichtige Determinanten fur den Aufbau strategischer Erfolgspotenziale darstellen.
Corporate Support for Ethical and Environmental Policies: A Financial Management Perspective

A random sample of 146 fortune 500 firms were surveyed in 1996 to determine whether firm size and industry type affect employers' level of involvement and support of ethical and environmental policies and practices. The study found relationships between firm size and ethical and environmental policies and practices. While the majority of firms (90.3%), regardless of size, have a formal written code of ethics, large firms are more likely to employ an ombudsperson to handle ethical concerns and to have a network confidentiality policy. Although most firms (83.5%) have a formal written environmental policy, large firms are more inclined to invest in new ways to reduce the production of various types of waste. Another interesting twist to the study has to do with the relationships found between industry type and ethical and environmental policies and practices. Industries, such as the computers and electronics and scientific and photographics sectors, that are involved with high precision products and industries, such as mining, crude oil, and petroleum refining, that utilize natural resources are more inclined to have a formal written code of ethics and social responsibility. In addition, industries that utilize natural resources are more likely than other industries to have formal written environmental policies and practices.
Evaluation of Maillard Reaction Variables and Their Effect on Heterocyclic Amine Formation in Chemical Model Systems

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), highly mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic by-products, form during Maillard browning reactions, specifically in muscle-rich foods. Chemical model systems allow examination of in vitro formation of HCAs while eliminating complex matrices of meat. Limited research has evaluated the effects of Maillard reaction parameters on HCA formation. Therefore, 4 essential Maillard variables (precursors molar concentrations, water amount, sugar type, and sugar amounts) were evaluated to optimize a model system for the study of 4 HCAs: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Model systems were dissolved in diethylene glycol, heated at 175 °C for 40 min, and separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. To define the model system, precursor amounts (threonine and creatinine) were adjusted in molar increments (0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.6/0.6, and 0.8/0.8 mmol) and water amounts by percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Sugars (lactose, glucose, galactose, and fructose) were evaluated in several molar amounts proportional to threonine and creatinine (quarter, half, equi, and double). The precursor levels and amounts of sugar were significantly different (P < 0.05) in regards to total HCA formation, with 0.6/0.6/1.2 mmol producing higher levels. Water concentration and sugar type also had a significant effect (P < 0.05), with 5% water and lactose producing higher total HCA amounts. A model system containing threonine (0.6 mmol), creatinine (0.6 mmol), and glucose (1.2 mmol), with 15% water was determined to be the optimal model system with glucose and 15% water being a better representation of meat systems.
RESPONSE OF THE CERVICAL SPINE TO SUPERIOR-INFERIOR HEAD IMPACT

A test series using 12 unembalmed cadavers was conducted to investigate factors affecting the creation of cervical spine damage due to impact to the top of the head. The test subjects were instrumented to measure head, T8 thoracic spine, and sternum acceleration responses. Photographic targets on the head and torso allowed analysis of impact motions from high-speed movies. The stationary test subject was struck by a guided, moving impactor mass of 56 Kg at 4.6-5.6 m/s. The impactor striking surface consisted of a biaxial load cell with padding to vary the contact force-time characteristics of the head/impactor. The orientation of the head, cervical spine, and torso was adjusted relative to the impactor axis to investigate the effect of spinal configurations on the damage patterns. Load and acceleration data are presented as functions of time and as functions of frequency in the form of mechanical impedance. Damage to the cervical spine was produced in all but one test, including fractures of the spinous processes, laminae, transverse processes, and the bodies of the vertebrae as well as ruptured discs and torn ligaments. Both anterior and posterior damage was produced and the sites of the damage ranged from C2 to T4. The peak forces produced during the impacts ranged from 1.8 kN to 11.1 kN. The limited response data of this pilot study do not allow any specific conclusions with regard to cervical spine tolerance levels. However, it does attest to the influence of spinal configuration and impact conditions on both response and damage of the spine due to crown impact.
The Rhetoric of Intellectual Property: Copyright Law and the Regulation of Digital Culture

List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments 1: Copyright, Authorship, and the Internet 2: Rhetoric, Law, and Power in the Copyright Debate 3: Striking a Balance: Copyright Law and Technological Change 4: Property Stewardship and the Regulation of Technology 5: Inventing the Commons: The Cultural Conservancy of Intellectual Property 6: "The Tension Between Two Values": Technology vs. Intellectual Property in MGM Studios v. Grokster 7: Copyright on Campus: Shaping Digital Citizens through Anti-Piracy Messages 8: Toward a New Rhetoric of Copyright: Defining the Future of Cultural Production Appendix A: Researcher as Activist in the Digital Copyright Debate Appendix B: Copyright Legislation and Court Cases Notes Bibliography Index
Use of discharge-worksheet enhances compliance with evidence-based myocardial infarction care

Background: Prior studies demonstrate that effective secondary prevention therapies are underutilized in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) at hospital discharge. At a US tertiary center, we developed and encouraged providers to complete a simple “Acute MI Discharge Worksheet” (MIDW) designed to educate patients, prompt caregivers, and provide chart documentation regarding evidence-based therapies post-MI. Methods and Results: The MIDW was introduced in May of 2000 with use encouraged in all surviving patients with MI. We calculated a patient discharge score by summing the number of quality indicators (aspirin use, beta-blocker use, ACE-inhibitor use, smoking cessation, lipid-lowering therapy, cardiac rehabilitation referral) and compared documentation of quality indicators at discharge between patients without (Group I, n = 65) and with (Group II, n = 60) the MIDW. Group II was subdivided into those with an incomplete worksheet (Group IIa, n = 26), and those with a completed worksheet (Group IIb, n = 34). Greater documentation of secondary prevention indicators occurred in patients with incomplete and completed discharge forms present. Mean Discharge scores were significantly higher for Group II vs. Group I (4.98 vs. 3.88, p < 0.0001), and Group IIb vs. Group IIa, (5.47 vs. 4.35, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A simple “Acute MI Discharge Worksheet” was associated with better adherence and documentation of evidence-based post MI care and be a useful component to improve post MI care.
Assessment of Adults

Individual assessment of adults is a complex, yet crucial aspect of social work practice. This chapter describes major assessment models, including psychosocial, problem solving, cognitive-behavior, task-centered, solution-focused, and strength-based, as well as evidence-based models with content on assessment instruments and scales on anxiety and depression. Specific assessment approaches such as cultural assessment using the culturagram, suicide assessment, DSMIV assessment, substance abuse assessment, and assessment of older people are presented. Because of limitations of existing assessment methods, the need for evidence-based models is raised. The implications for micro, mezzo, and macro social work practice conclude this chapter. Keywords: individual assessment; psychosocial assessment; cultural assessment; culturagram; evidence-based assessment
Consensus protocols for networks of dynamic agents

In this paper, we introduce linear and nonlinear consensus protocols for networks of dynamic agents that allow the agents to agree in a distributed and cooperative fashion. We consider the cases of networks with communication time-delays and channels that have filtering effects. We find a tight upper bound on the maximum fixed time-delay that can be tolerated in the network. It turns out that the connectivity of the network is the key in reaching a consensus. The case of agreement with bounded inputs is considered by analyzing the convergence of a class of nonlinear protocols. A Lyapunov function is introduced that quantifies the total disagreement among the nodes of a network. Simulation results are provided for agreement in networks with communication time-delays and constrained inputs.
In Brief: Mineral sensors in orbit around Mars guide Opportunity rover

[1] As NASA's Mars rover Opportunity travels around the red planet, researchers are using the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to guide the rover to interesting geology. This is the first time orbital mineral sensing has been used to determine where the rover should go, researchers said at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting. The Opportunity rover is now near the edge of the 22-kilometer-wide Endeavor crater. CRISM has identified clay minerals in the region. The presence of clay minerals suggests that a less acidic, wet environment existed in the past. Some CRISM observations point to mineral clays that may be types that Opportunity has not investigated before.
Thomas Young’s Surface Tension Diagram: Its History, Legacy, and Irreconcilabilities

The Young diagram for determining the contact angle at a triple interface formed by two fluids with a solid, although based on speculative reasoning, found on its publication in 1805 a universal acceptance, without reservation. Later expository articles pointed out consequences that had initially been overlooked, but which were consistent in the specific configurations considered. More recently, reasoning disputing the construction has appeared, and examples—the most recent of them by the present initial author—were introduced, putting the underlying concept into serious doubt. Nevertheless, the construction remains firmly embedded in the curricula of major universities and institutes throughout the world; it continues to be used in engineering design, and two articles emphatically defending it have appeared recently in major journals. In the present note we outline past literature and provide a more precise statement of the Young criterion than is customary. We present explicit examples displaying contradictions arising from it, and corresponding erroneous reasoning in one of the articles defending the criterion (the other having already been refuted in an earlier publication). Finally, we call attention to a direct conflict between the Young construction as interpreted in that article and the classical Wilhelmy method for measuring surface tension at fluid/fluid interfaces.
A Pluralist–Expressivist Critique of the Pet Trade

Elizabeth Anderson’s “pluralist–expressivist” value theory, an alternative to the understanding of value and rationality underlying the “rational actor” model of human behavior, provides rich resources for addressing questions of environmental and animal ethics. It is particularly well-suited to help us think about the ethics of commodification, as I demonstrate in this critique of the pet trade. I argue that Anderson’s approach identifies the proper grounds for criticizing the commodification of animals, and directs our attention to the importance of maintaining social practices and institutions that respect the social meanings of animals. Her theory alone, however, does not adequately address the role of the state in this project. Drawing on social contract theory to fill this gap, I conclude that the state’s role in regulating the pet trade should be limited to ensuring the welfare of animals in the stream of commerce, not prohibiting their mass marketing altogether.
The broad-band X-ray spectrum of Cygnus X-2.

Cygnus X-2 was observed with the broad-band X-ray spectroscopy experiment, HEAO 1 A-2, in the energy range 0.4-18 keV for four intervals of approximately 31 s over the course of 5 days in 1977. The spectra can be adequately represented by single-temperature thermal bremmstrahlung continua with temperatures ranging from 3.7 x 10 to the 7th K to 6.4 x 10 to the 7th K. An examination of the spectra and the spectra-luminosity relationship effectively rules out one degenerate dwarf model for the X-ray emission. The far-UV continuum emission could be dominated by this continuum component during X-ray high states, an effect which would be detected in optical UV line observations. A Comptonized X-ray cloud around a neutron star remains a viable model for the observed X-ray spectra.
The effects of dorsomedial thalamic lesions on learning, reversal, and alternation behavior in the rat.

Abstract This study examined the effects of dorsomedial thalamic lesions on spontaneous alternation, learning, and reversal of spatial and nonspatial discriminations. Animals with thalamic damage, primarily involving the dorsomedial and periventricular nuclei, were impaired in learning and reversal of both brightness and tactile discriminations, but were not deficient in learning or 2 subsequent reversals of a spatial discrimination. Spontaneous alternation behavior was also unaffected by the lesion. It is suggested that although dorsomedial thalamic structures may be involved in nonspatial discrimination learning, they are not part of the neural apparatus underlying reversal or alternation behavior.
Surgical Management of Nonmultiple Endocrine Neoplasia Endocrinopathies: State-of-the-Art Review

The development of genetic testing has given patients with familial endocrine diseases the opportunity to be identified earlier in life. The importance of this technological advancement cannot be underestimated, as some of these heritable diseases have significant potential for malignancy. This article focuses on the identification and surgical management of familial endocrinopathies of the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. Familial endocrinopathies discussed include hereditary nonmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Cowden disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, Carney complex, Werner syndrome, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, Pendred syndrome, hereditary hyperparathyroidism jaw-tumor syndrome, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis I, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and tuberous sclerosis.
A role for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in desferoxamine neuroprotection

The newborn brain has increased vulnerability to hypoxia-ischemia from maturational differences in the oxidative stress response. We hypothesized that desferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, would provide protection in an in vitro model of ischemia in part through activation of the hypoxia-inducible gene hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Hippocampal neurons from E16 CD1 mice were exposed to 3 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation with and without pretreatment with 10 mmol/L DFO in the presence and absence of 2 micromol/L antisense oligonucleotides specific for HIF-1alpha (antiHIF-1alpha). DFO pretreatment resulted in 45% reduction in cell death (p = 0.006). This protection was diminished with transfection of antiHIF-1alpha (p = 0.049). Blocking HIF-1alpha reduces DFO protection suggesting that DFO protects through iron chelation and HIF-1alpha induction.
Bomb detection using backscattered x rays

Currently the most common method to determine the contents of a package suspected of containing an explosive device is to use transmission radiography. This technique requires that an x-ray source and film be placed on opposite sites of the package. This poses a problem if the package is placed so that only one side is accessible, such as against a wall. There is also a threat to personnel and property since explosive devices may be 'booby trapped.' We have developed a method to x-ray a package using backscattered x-rays. This procedure eliminates the use of film behind the target. All of the detection is done from the same side as the source. When an object is subjected to x-rays, some of them are scattered back toward the source. The backscattering of x-rays is proportional to the atomic number (Z) of the material raised to the 4.1 power. This Z4.1 dependence allows us to easily distinguish between explosives, wires, timer, batteries, and other bomb components. Backscatter experiments at Sandia National Laboratories have been conducted on mock bombs in packages. We are able to readily identify the bomb components. The images that are obtained in this procedure are done in real time and the image is displayed on a computer screen.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Reliability of Adhesive Joints Under Piezomechanical Loading

Abstract : Models were developed, validated by experiments for the cyclic loading and fatigue failure of adhesives between piezo-ceramic adherends. An analytical shear lag model and a numerically-implemented cohesive zone model were developed. The equivalence of the loading state in piezo-mechanical loading to thermomechanical actuation was established Experiments were conducted on Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) substrates bonded by Lead-Tin eutectic solders. Some experiments were also conducted with a polymer adhesive. A novel test specimen, test fixture and associated power electronics were designed and fabricated. Digital image correlation was used to obtain in situ strain distributions during actuation. Damage growth and stress-life data was obtained and compared with model predictions. Once calibrated, good agreement was achieved between strain levels and fatigue life times predicted by the models and experimental data. The modeling and experimental results are significant as they provide a means to estimate the fatigue lifetime of surface-mounted piezo-actuators.
Hemispherectomy in children.

Summary This paper reviews the British and American literature regarding the application of hemispherectomy to children suffering from infantile hemiplegia, intractable seizures, emotional outbursts, and mental retardation. While investigators differ in the amount and kind of information they report, certain trends are evident when the 29 cases are evaluated in terms of consequences of surgery. There seems to be a low surgical mortality rate, decrease or extinction of seizures, more effective control of emotional outbursts, and, in some cases, improvement in the hemiplegia itself. Consideration is given to ways inwhich research in this area can be made more systematic and more adequately communicated. Suggestions for future research are also presented.
Development Remix: Representing Poverty, Culture, and Agency in the Developing World

The development remix, a project initiated at Georgetown University, is a six- to eight-minute-long digital narrative that mixes or edits existing literary or audiovisual representations. The remix project enables development students, scholars, and practitioners to prepare their own narratives about the developing world, through experiencing existing narratives closely, and makes them empathic and critical while humanizing the cultural conditions of poverty in the developing world. The digital remix also actively engages scholars and practitioners with audiovisual representations, rather than as silent observers or readers of fictional texts and visual dramas. After a brief conceptualization on circulation of narratives about the developing world, the article presents the remix technique for the development scholar. The remix is, in effect, a translation with several strengths: it foregrounds the remixer's reflexivity, humanizes the conditions in the developing world, locates voice and agency in development narratives, and presents all narratives as culturally hybrid. These issues have been the subject of not just development research but also social sciences in general, especially on the use of films and fiction in pedagogic practices. Therefore, the usefulness of preparing remixed narratives extends beyond international development studies.
Fire-driven alien invasion in a fire-adapted ecosystem

Disturbance plays a key role in many alien plant invasions. However, often the main driver of invasion is not disturbance per se but alterations in the disturbance regime. In some fire-adapted shrublands, the community is highly resilient to infrequent, high-intensity fires, but changes in the fire regime that result in shorter fire intervals may make these communities more susceptible to alien plant invasions. This study examines several wildfire events that resulted in short fire intervals in California chaparral shrublands. In one study, we compared postfire recovery patterns in sites with different prefire stand ages (3 and 24 years), and in another study we compared sites that had burned once in four years with sites that had burned twice in this period. The population size of the dominant native shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum was drastically reduced following fire in the 3-year sites relative to the 24-year sites. The 3-year sites had much greater alien plant cover and significantly lower plant diversity than the 24-year sites. In a separate study, repeat fires four years apart on the same sites showed that annual species increased significantly after the second fire, and alien annuals far outnumbered native annuals. Aliens included both annual grasses and annual forbs and were negatively correlated with woody plant cover. Native woody species regenerated well after the first fire but declined after the second fire, and one obligate seeding shrub was extirpated from two sites by the repeat fires. It is concluded that some fire-adapted shrublands are vulnerable to changes in fire regime, and this can lead to a loss of native diversity and put the community on a trajectory towards type conversion from a woody to an herbaceous system. Such changes result in alterations in the proportion of natives to non-natives, changes in functional types from deeply rooted shrubs to shallow rooted grasses and forbs, increased fire frequency due to the increase in fine fuels, and changes in carbon storage.
A Driving Simulation Study Examining Destination Entry with iOS 5 Google Maps and a Garmin Portable GPS System

A simulation study compared 23 young adult drivers’ task completion time, mean glance time, number of glances, and percentage of long glances while performing a navigation entry task with a Garmin portable GPS system and a mobile navigation application (iOS 5 Google Maps) on an iPod Touch. We compared participants’ performance on these tasks using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) eye-glance acceptance criteria. We found that, irrespective of the device used, no participant was able to complete the task within the recommended total time window of 12 seconds. When entering a destination into the iOS interface, only 73.9% of the drivers meet the NHTSA criteria for long duration glances. With the Garmin system, 91.3% of the participants meet this criterion. All participants were able to maintain adequate mean off road glance durations. Finally, we compared the NHTSA recommended method of assessing all off road glances to more traditional methods of assessing glances only to the task ...