cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation during Asystole : Therapeutic Factors Associated with 24-hour Survival

The most recent American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during asystole include ventricular defibrillation, intubation, and the administration of epinephrine and atropine. This study reports results from a retrospective analysis of clinical, demographic, and treatment data collected during in-hospital CPR efforts in 123 patients in whom the initial rhythm was asystole. Twenty-eight (22.8 percent) of these patients were alive 24 h after CPR initiation. Patients who received norepinephrine drip (N = 43) were more likely to survive than those who did not (39.5 percent vs 14.1 percent; p
Atomistic properties of γ uranium

The properties of the body-centered cubic γ phase of uranium (U) are calculated using atomistic simulations. First, a modified embedded-atom method interatomic potential is developed for the high temperature body-centered cubic (γ) phase of U. This phase is stable only at high temperatures and is thus relatively inaccessible to first principles calculations and room temperature experiments. Using this potential, equilibrium volume and elastic constants are calculated at 0 K and found to be in close agreement with previous first principles calculations. Further, the melting point, heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion, thermal expansion and volume change upon melting are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. The low temperature mechanical instability of γ U is correctly predicted and investigated as a function of pressure. The mechanical instability is suppressed at pressures greater than 17.2 GPa. The vacancy formation energy is analyzed as a function of pressure and shows a linear trend, allowing for the calculation of the extrapolated zero pressure vacancy formation energy. Finally, the self-defect formation energy is analyzed as a function of temperature. This is the first atomistic calculation of γ U properties above 0 K with interatomic potentials.
Enhancing Image Classification Models with Multi-modal Biomarkers

Currently, most computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems rely on image analysis and statistical models to diagnose, quantify, and monitor the progression of a particular disease. In general, CAD systems have proven to be effective at providing quantitative measurements and assisting physicians during the decision-making process. As the need for more flexible and effective CADs continues to grow, questions about how to enhance their accuracy have surged. In this paper, we show how statistical image models can be augmented with multi-modal physiological values to create more robust, stable, and accurate CAD systems. In particular, this paper demonstrates how highly correlated blood and EKG features can be treated as biomarkers and used to enhance image classification models designed to automatically score subjects with pulmonary fibrosis. In our results, a 3-5% improvement was observed when comparing the accuracy of CADs that use multi-modal biomarkers with those that only used image features. Our results show that lab values such as Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Fibrinogen, as well as EKG measurements such as QRS and I:40, are statistically significant and can provide valuable insights about the severity of the pulmonary fibrosis disease.
Caution: Alcohol advertising and the surgeon general's alcohol warnings may have adverse effects on young adults

Abstract Government mandated warnings are becoming more common. However, studies have not compared the effect of warnings, meant to increase perception of risk, to advertising, which aims to decrease perceptions of risk and enhance perceptions of product benefits. We conducted an experiment to test the effects of the newly introduced Surgeon General's alcohol warnings and advertisements on college students. Surprisingly, the warnings boomeranged, causing drinkers to perceive greater benefits from the alcoholic beverages. The advertisements had powerful effects on both drinkers and nondrinkers, increasing perceptions of benefits and decreasing risks. In part, the ads worked by causing people to perceive fewer risks communicated by the stimulus materials, and reducing people's ability to recall the content of the warning. The results suggest that, for young people, the warning labels in their present form may be counterproductive, and advertisements make drinking more attractive. Implications for warning an...
The Revolution of Tablet Computers and Apps: A Look At Emerging Trends

Tablets did not exist five years ago, but today they are one of the most innovative and sought-after electronic devices on the market. This article will highlight the kinds of features possessed by the next-generation tablet computers. Applications (apps) are revolutionizing the consumer electronics market, and tablets have been a central part of that revolution. This article will discuss the emerging trends that will develop in apps over the next five years. The discussion will also focus on the role apps will play in the revolution of the tablet computer. Also, a few breakthrough emerging apps will be mentioned.
Sex Differences in NeuN- and Androgen Receptor-Positive Cells in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis are due to Bax-Dependent Cell Death

The principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp) is larger in males than in females of several species. We previously demonstrated that in mice lacking the pro-death gene, bax, total BNSTp cell number is increased and sex differences in cell number are eliminated. This suggests that Bax-dependent cell death underlies sexual differentiation of the BNSTp. However, it is not known what cells in the BNSTp are affected by bax deletion. Here we used immunohistochemistry and stereological techniques to quantify phenotypically-identified cells in the BNSTp of adult male and female bax -/- and bax +/+ mice. Sections were thionin-stained, or double-labeled for antigen expressed in neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify mature neurons and astrocytes, respectively; an additional series was labeled for androgen receptor (AR). As previously demonstrated, sex differences in BNSTp area and overall cell number were seen in wild-type mice, but absent in bax -/- animals. In addition, sex differences (favoring males) were present in the number of NeuN+ and AR+ cells in wild-type mice. Bax gene deletion significantly increased the number of NeuN+ and AR+ cells and reduced or eliminated the sex differences in these cell types. The number of astrocytes in the BNSTp was not sexually dimorphic, nor significantly affected by bax gene status, although there was a trend for more GFAP+ cells in bax -/- mice. Overall brain weight was also greater in bax -/- animals compared with controls. We conclude that the sex differences in neuron and AR+ cell number are due at least in part to Bax-mediated cell death. Increased NeuN+ and AR+ cell number in bax -/- mice suggests that supernumerary cells in bax knockouts differentiate similarly to those in wild-type mice, and retain the capacity to respond to androgens.
A role for TGFbeta and B cells in immunologic tolerance after intravenous injection of soluble antigen.

BACKGROUND Intravenous injection of soluble antigen has been reported to induce immunologic tolerance through a variety of mechanisms including T-cell deletion, anergy, and suppression. To clarify the reported discrepancies, we studied mechanisms of intravenous tolerance to a defined transgenic minor transplantation antigen in mice. METHODS Wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice or congenic B6 B-cell knockout mice were made tolerant to beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Clinical tolerance was assessed by placement of B6 beta-gal transgenic (tg) and third-party skin grafts. In vitro analysis of T- and B-cell immunity and in vivo treatment with anti-TGFbeta antibodies were used to define mechanisms of induced tolerance. RESULTS Intravenous injection of beta-gal induced true immunologic tolerance to beta-gal tg skin in wild-type but not in B-cell-deficient recipients, suggesting that antigen presentation by B cells was required for the effect. The tolerogenic manipulation primed a population of CD4+, beta-gal-specific, TGFbeta-producing T cells. Although evidence for both anergy and suppression were observed, subsequent data demonstrated that TGFbeta was a critical immunoregulatory mediator of the tolerant state: neutralizing anti-TGFbeta antibodies fully prevented the induction of tolerance to B6 beta-gal tg skin grafts. Second male beta-gal tg grafts placed onto female recipients that were previously made tolerant to female beta-gal tg skin were rapidly rejected, however, suggesting that this TGFbeta-induced tolerance could not be linked to additional antigenic determinants. CONCLUSIONS The studies demonstrate a critical role for TGFbeta in mediating tolerance after intravenous injection of antigen but additionally raise concerns about the stability of this tolerant state.
Optimization of Mycophenolic Acid Therapy Using Clinical Pharmacometrics

Novel approaches applying quantitative clinical pharmacology or pharmacometrics have been increasingly embraced by the drug development community in the last decade. State-of-the-art population modeling and simulation enable better characterization and prediction of drug exposure. For narrow therapeutic index drugs such as mycophenolic acid (MPA) which exhibit large inter-individual variation in drug exposure, pharmacometric analysis can be of great clinical benefit. This review aims to summarize the recent progress of using pharmacometric tools toward individualized MPA therapeutics. The population pharmacokinetic models including those developed for special populations and Bayesian estimators for therapeutic drug management will be reviewed. Special attention will be given to new methodologies such as nonparametric population modeling and the physiological-based pharmacokinetics modeling (PBPK) that emerged recently as alternatives to the parametric population approach to predict MPA exposure. D-Optimal design strategies applied in clinical study design will also be reviewed. Lastly, the potential of using a pharmacodynamic based optimal treatment strategy by focusing on MPA's target enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) will be discussed.
Rethinking design for social housing: space appropriation at the periphery of Rome

This paper investigates practices of space appropriation, their rationales and the distinctive forms of community they create in Primavalle, a low‐income public project on the periphery of Rome. Space appropriation is relevant for design practice because it indicates the possibility to learn from the residents in order to envision a progressive design practice. By addressing shortcomings in the literature of New Urbanism and Everyday Urbanism, this research corrects both the normative approach of the former and the anti‐planning sentiment of the latter. The objective was met through examining: (a) setting‐specific forms of space appropriation in the neighborhood; (b) their idealization as personal and community places; and (c) how they occasion and support regular daily routines. I have used three strands of fieldwork: a multi‐block observation of contrasting types of space appropriation, short ethnographies, literature and archival research. The findings of the research support the proposition for a desi...
Psychological Distress Among Women With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

Fifty-seven of 100 women with recurrent abortion completed questionnaires designed to assess demographic and reproductive variables, depression, anxiety, social desirability, self-esteem, locus of control, and marital adjustment. The results indicated that 32% of the women could be classified as depressed. The subjects also reported higher than average levels of acute and chronic anxiety. Fifty-three percent of the subjects reported below average marital adjustment. Post hoc analyses indicated that the women who had a previous elective abortion had higher levels of anxiety, lower marital adjustment, and different attributions regarding their pregnancy losses than the women who had not had an elective abortion. Having a living child was not a protective buffer against psychological distress.
Unification theory of angular magnetoresistance oscillations in quasi-one-dimensional conductors

We present a unification theory of angular magnetoresistance oscillations, experimentally observed in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors, by solving the Boltzmann kinetic equation in the extended Brillouin zone. We find that, at commensurate directions of a magnetic field, resistivity exhibits strong minima. In two limiting cases, our general solution reduces to the results, previously obtained for the Lebed Magic Angles and Lee-Naughton-Lebed oscillations. We demonstrate that our theoretical results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the existing measurements of resistivity in ${(\text{TMTSF})}_{2}{\text{ClO}}_{4}$ conductor.
Mass balances and allocation of salt ions from Solvay storm water for shrub willow (Salix spp.)

Abstract Storm water containing high levels of chloride was collected from the Solvay wastebeds to irrigate willow varieties Salix miyabeana (SX64), S. purpurea (9882-34), and S. sachalinensis × S. miyabeana (9870-40) that were grown in organically-amended Solvay waste. During a greenhouse study five storm water treatments containing 163, 325, 813, 1625 and 8125 mg Cl − L −1 and a tap water control were applied. All willows used in this experiment resulted in the accumulation of 62%–95% of Na + and Cl − in the plant/soil system, but less than 0.5% of this was being stored in plant tissues. The results also indicated that electrical conductivity measurements above 6 mS cm −1 may be a good stress predictor. For all varieties most Na + was allocated to the roots and most Cl − to the leaves. The balanced Na + /K + and Na + /Ca 2+ ratios in the shoots of all shrub willow varieties indicated that they were able to tolerate storm water treatments with 1625 mg Cl − L −1 and 405 mg Na + L −1 for up to 10 weeks.
Particle fluxes in San Pedro Basin, California: A four-year record of sedimentation and physical forcing

Moored sediment traps were deployed from January 2004 through December 2007 at depths of 550 and 800 m in San Pedro Basin (SPB), CA (33133.0 0N, 118126.50W). Additionally, floating sediment traps were deployed at 100 and 200 m for periods of 12–24 h during spring 2005, fall 2007, and spring 2008. Average annual fluxes of mass, particulate organic carbon (POC), d 13 Corg, particulate organic nitrogen (PON), d 15 N-PON, biogenic silica (bSiO2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and detrital material (nonbiogenic) were coupled with climate records and used to examine sedimentation patterns, vertical flux variability, and organic matter sources to this coastal region. Annual average flux values were determined by binning data by month and averaging the monthly averages. The average annual fluxes to 550 m were 516742 mg/m 2 d for mass (sdom of the monthly averages, n¼117), 3.1870.26 mmol C/m 2 d for POC (n¼ 111), 0.7070.05 mmol/m 2 d for CaCO3 (n¼ 110), 1.3170.21 mmol/m 2 df or bSiO 2 (n¼115), and 0.3570.03 mmol/m 2 df or PON (n¼ 111). Fluxes to 800 and to 550 m were similar, within 10%. Annual average values of d 13 Corg at 550 m were � 21.870.2% (n¼ 108), and d 15 N averages were 8.970.2% (n¼ 95). The timing of both high and low flux particle collection was synchronous between the two traps. Given the frequency of trap cup rotation (4–11 days), this argues for particle settling rates Z83 m/d for both high and low flux periods. The moored traps were deployed over one of the wettest (2004–2005,
Control of rhodopsin multiple phosphorylation

The inactivation of photolyzed rhodopsin requires phosphorylation of the receptor at multiple sites near the C-terminus by rhodopsin kinase and binding of a regulatory protein, arrestin. In the present study, the phosphorylation sites were examined in a partially reconstituted system under several experimental conditions. Initial phosphorylation sites were found to be 338Ser, 343Ser, and 334Ser based on analysis by mass spectrometry of proteolytic peptides from the C-terminus. The extent of phosphorylation was found to be limited by two mechanisms: (1) binding of arrestin to phosphorylated rhodopsin (one to three phosphate groups) appeared to prevent further phosphorylation (arrestin has also been observed to promote the initial phosphorylation of rhodopsin at 338Ser in rod outer segment homogenates); and (2) reduction of the photolyzed chromophore all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol prevented phosphorylation at more than three sites. We propose that previous observations of higher levels of rhodopsin phosphorylation may be the result of the removal of endogenous arrestin, or of exceeding the capacity of retinol dehydrogenase activity by intense bleaches (e.g., by exhausting endogenous NADPH).
Training the Next Generation of Computational Geoscientists

Stanford's CompGeo program teaches students to use high-performance computing techniques to answer increasingly complex questions in the Earth sciences.
The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast I: Starvation experiments

The synthesis of tRNA in yeast is shown to be under separate control to that of rRNA during amino acid and nitrogen starvation. Inhibitors of the elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis were found to stimulate the synthesis of tRNA in starved yeast cells. This effect appeared to be due to the “trickle-charging” of tRNA. Two inhibitors of early steps in the initiation of protein synthesis were found to be unable to stimulate RNA synthesis in starved cells. It is proposed that yeast tRNA synthesis is under autoregulatory control and that the level of tRNA charging and the mRNA-ribosome complex are important components of this control system.
Correlation and relativistic effects in actinide ions

Wavelengths, line strengths, and transition rates are calculated for the multipole ($E1$, $M1$, $E2$, $M2$, $E3$, and $M3$) transitions between the excited $6{s}^{2}6{p}^{5}nl$ and $6s6{p}^{6}nl$ states and the ground $6{s}^{2}6{p}^{6}$ state in Ac${}^{3+}$, Th${}^{4+}$, and U${}^{6+}$ Rn-like ions. Relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate energies and transition rates for multipole transitions in these hole-particle systems. The RMBPT method agrees with multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations in lowest order, includes all second-order correlation corrections, and includes corrections from negative-energy states. The calculations start from a [Xe]$4{f}^{14}5{d}^{10}6{s}^{2}6{p}^{6}$ Dirac-Fock potential. First-order perturbation theory is used to obtain intermediate-coupling coefficients, and second-order RMBPT is used to determine the matrix elements. Evaluated multipole matrix elements for transitions from excited states to the ground states are used to determine the line strengths, transition rates, and multipole polarizabilities. This work provides a number of yet unmeasured properties of these actinide ions for various applications and for benchmark tests of theory and experiment.
Pain in the Oldest-Old During Hospitalization and Up to One Year Later

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pain experience of very old hospitalized patients during and up to 1 year after hospitalization. To understand the relationship of level of pain to demographic, psychological, and illness-related variables. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: 1266 patients at least 80 years of age in the Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project (HELP). MEASUREMENTS: Pain interviews during hospitalization and 2 and 6 months later. Ordinal logistic regression was used to study the association of variables with level of pain. RESULTS: Interviews about symptoms were available for 806 (64.6% of survivors) patients during hospitalization, 614 (57.9% of survivors) at 2-months, and 416 (48.0% of survivors) at 12 months; of these, 45.8, 49.8 and 53.6%, respectively, reported pain, and 12.9% of those with pain during hospitalization were dissatisfied with its control. Multivariable analysis revealed that study hospital, admission diagnosis, depressed mood, alertness, and level of activity 2 weeks before admission were associated with pain during hospitalization, and pain reported during hospitalization, study site, patient level of activity 2 weeks before hospital admission, and patient education were associated with pain 2 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of pain among very old hospitalized patients and at follow-up is similar to that reported for other hospitalized patients. Further studies of strategies to better control pain during and after hospitalization in very old patients are needed. These studies will have to adjust for other variables associated with pain in the oldest-old.
Two-Dimensional Effects In Gain Modeling For Free-Electron Lasers

The Kroll-Morton-Rosenbluth description of FEL amplifiers is utilized to model gain in Rocketdyne's numerical wave-optics analysis of FEL resonators. The tapered-wiggler amplifier model includes the effects of off-axis variations in the initial electron-beam density and azimuthally dependent effects of betatron oscillations on electron orbits. Off-axis variations in the linearly polarized wiggler magnetic field are also included. When run in the amplifier mode it incorporates the standard analysis of Gaussian beam propagation. This numerical model is an elaboration of the one-dimensional computer program FELMOV written by R. K. Cooper of Los Alamos. Computations showing the importance of the above physical effects and sensitivity studies indicating the degree of refinement needed to adequately treat them will be presented.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A multidimensional quasineutral plasma simulation model

Abstract A multidimensional hybrid simulation model has been developed for use in studying plasma phenomena on extended time and distance scales. The model makes fundamental use of the small Debye length or quasineutrality assumption. The ions are modeled by particle-in-cell techniques, while the electrons are considered a collision-dominated fluid. Some electron inertial effects are retained. The fields are calculated in the nonradiative Darwin limit. The quasineutral counterpart of Poisson's equation is obtained by first summing the electron and ion momentum equations and then taking the quasineutral limit. The resulting elliptic equation correctly includes those electrostatic potentials which occur in sheath or ambipolar phenomena while neglecting the short-range electrostatic fields which give rise to plasma oscillations. This model has been implemented in a two-dimensional code QN2. A lower hybrid drift unstable equilibrium with parameters accessible to both hybrid and full-particle simulation has been selected as a test of the code and a demonstration of the model. Initial results indicate quite good agreement between the two simulation methods in linear growth rate and wave number.
Effects of chemical reactions in the shocked gas on the propagation characteristics of cylindrical detonation waves

Abstract The interaction between finite-rate chemical effects and the nonsteady gas dynamics in the shocked gas, and its later effects on the characteristics of a detonation wave propagating in a 50% argon diluted hydrogenoxygen mixture, is investigated. The in situ composition of the reactive mixture is obtained by utilizing the partial equilibrium hypothesis. In particular, the reactive flow field behind the lead shock of an experimentally measured marginal detonation is analyzed. The influence of the initial pressure and other variables is studied. The investigation shows that the lead shock decays faster in an exothermically reactive mixture than in a nonreactive gas. Increased initial pressures produce faster rates of lead shock decay and shorter induction periods. The extent of reaction in the flow behind a slowly decaying detonation wave is greater for the same magnitude of shock decay than that caused by a rapidly decaying detonation front. In the case of marginal detonations, the shock strength at the downstream end of the detonation cell is not adequate to cause spontaneous ignition of the gas, and the stability of the detonation is dependent on the transverse wave collision mechanism.
Induction of cytochromes P450IA1 and P450IA2 as determined by solution hybridization

Two oligodeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized that were specific for the messenger RNAs for the polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochromes P450IA1 and P450IA2. The solution hybridization technique was modified for the use of these oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes so as to increase the sensitivity and specificity of this method. Using this technique, the steady-state levels of the mRNAs for cytochromes P450IA1 and P450IA2 in control rat liver were determined to be < 3 and 6 molecules/cell, and 1.8 and 4.0 attomol/μg poly (A)+ RNA, respectively. At 15 hr after induction with 3-methylcholanthrene, the steady-state levels of the mRNAs for P450IA1 and P450IA2 were 68 and 200 molecules/cell, and 41.6 and 123 attomol/μg poly (A)+ RNA.
Some Spectral Irradiance Measurements of Upwelling Natural Light off the East Coast of the United States

Upwelling natural light from the sea during daylight may originate from reflection from the sea bottom, scattering from within the sea, or reflection from the sea surface. Spectra of upwelling light were photographed from an aircraft at various places over the sea off the eastern coast of the United States. Subsequent calibration of the spectroscopic plates resulted in data which gave spectral irradiances on the underside of a flat, horizontal surface over the water. Curves of spectral irradiances were drawn for various locations and for different sea and atmospheric conditions. All curves were low in the red and rose gradually toward the blue; for example, over water off North Carolina near the Gulf Stream the irradiance was 4.0 μw×cm−2×mμ−1 at 700 mμ and 18.6 μw×cm−2×mμ−1 at 430 mμ. This result was typical of deep, clear water in clear weather at midday. Closer to shore in shallow and less clear water, irradiances peaked at about 450 mμ and decreased at shorter wavelengths. The curves showed evidence of the green color of this water. The measured spectral radiances of deep water were higher in the red than theoretical values which neglect surface reflections.
On-Line Measurement of Airway Closing Volume

An on-line real-time program for measurement of airway closing volume has been developed, using the Lab-8/e (PDP-8/e) computer. The paper describes the procedure for measurement of airway closing volume and the program which was developed. The program in addition to measuring airway closing volume also measures the alveolar plateau volume, and the slopes of the alveolar plateau and the closing volume excursion. The program operates in conjunction with the Digital Equipment Corporation Pulmonary Test System.
The Forgotten Component of Plant Water Potential: A Reply - Tissue Pressures are not Additive in the Way M. J. Canny Suggests

: Martin Canny's concepts of “tissue pressure” and its derivative “compensating pressure” are reviewed. Tissue pressure arises when the volume change of some living cells exerts a pressure on adjacent living or dead cells. Contrary to previous assertions, tissue pressure cannot cause a permanent change in pressure potential or water potential of adjacent cells. Tissue pressure induces only a transitory increase of pressure and water potential. After equilibrium is reestablished, the same or a more negative pressure or water potential results. The idea that tissue pressure can prevent or repair xylem embolism is without merit.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: the clinical effect of a common nosocomial pathogen.

Abstract Enterococcus spp. is now the third most common pathogen among hospitalized patients, accounting for nearly 12% of nosocomial infections. Enterococcus faecalis is the most prevalent enterococcal species (85%–89%), whereas Enterococcus faecium accounts for 10%–15% of enterococcal isolates. Only 5% of E. faecalis isolates are resistant to glycopeptides. E. faecium has also been shown to be resistant to nonglycopeptide compounds, such as penicillins (97%), high-level gentamicin (52.1%), and high-level streptomycin (58.3%). Numerous risk factors for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been identified, including as length of hospital- or ICU-stay, proximity to a hospitalized, colonized VRE, patient severity of illness, renal failure, recent surgery, immunosuppression, and organ recipient status. An important risk factor is prior exposure to antibiotics such as vancomycin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole, as well as the number and duration of recent antibiotics. Interventions to reduce nosocomial VRE cross-transmission have also been studied. Using gowns in addition to gloves diminished the incidence of VRE in one study, but had a negligible effect in a second study. Studies have shown that in many cases (>60%) vancomycin usage is inappropriate. While controlling the use of vancomycin alone has only variably diminished VRE colonization, other efforts such as narrowing the spectrum of antibiotics, antiseptics, and reducing immunosuppression may be salutary. Attempts to eradicate VRE intestinal carriage with enteral agents (bacitracin, tetracycline + rifampin, novobiocin) have been reported but seem to have only a transient effect. Non-antimicrobial interventions such as removal of intravenous or bladder catheters and/or surgical or percutaneous drainage may be beneficial. In addition, the development of new antimicrobial agents such as streptogramins, glycopeptides, everninomicins, and oxazalididones will hopefully play an important role in reducing morbidity from these pathogens.
Changes in immune-related gene expression and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulations following Eimeria maxima infection of chickens.

Abstract Coccidiosis, a major intestinal parasitic disease of poultry, induces a cell-mediated immune response against the etiologic agent of the disease, Eimeria. In the current study, the expression levels of gene transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory, Th1, and Th2 cytokines, as well as chemokines were measured in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) after Eimeria maxima infection. In addition, changes in IEL numbers were quantified following E. maxima infection. Transcripts of the pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 were increased 66- to 8 × 107-fold following primary parasite infection. Similarly, mRNA levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF were up-regulated 34- to 8800-fold, and the chemokines IL-8, lymphotactin, MIF, and K203 were increased 42- to 1756-fold. In contrast, IFN-α, TGF-β4, and K60 transcripts showed no increased expression, and only the level of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 was increased following secondary E. maxima infection. Increases in intestinal T cell subpopulations following E. maxima infection also were detected. CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells were significantly increased at days 8, 6, and 7 post-primary infection, respectively, but only CD4+ cells remained elevated following secondary infection. TCR1+ cells exhibited a biphasic pattern following primary infection, whereas TCR2+ cells displayed a single peak in levels. Taken together, these data indicate a global chicken intestinal immune response is produced following experimental Eimeria infection involving multiple cytokines, chemokines, and T cell subsets.
TBCRC 008: Early Change in 18F-FDG Uptake on PET Predicts Response to Preoperative Systemic Therapy in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Negative Primary Operable Breast Cancer

Epigenetic modifiers, including the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, may sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and enhance outcomes. We conducted a multicenter randomized phase II neoadjuvant trial of carboplatin and nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (CP) with vorinostat or placebo in women with stage II/III, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative breast cancer, in which we also examined whether change in maximum standardized uptake values corrected for lean body mass (SULmax) on 18F-FDG PET predicted pathologic complete response (pCR) in breast and axillary lymph nodes. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to 12 wk of preoperative carboplatin (area under the curve of 2, weekly) and nab-paclitaxel (100 mg/m2 weekly) with vorinostat (400 mg orally daily, days 1–3 of every 7-d period) or placebo. All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET and research biopsy at baseline and on cycle 1 day 15. The primary endpoint was the pCR rate. Secondary objectives included correlation of change in tumor SULmax on 18F-FDG PET by cycle 1 day 15 with pCR and correlation of baseline and change in Ki-67 with pCR. Results: In an intent-to-treat analysis (n = 62), overall pCR was 27.4% (vorinostat, 25.8%; placebo, 29.0%). In a pooled analysis (n = 59), we observed a significant difference in median change in SULmax 15 d after initiating preoperative therapy between those achieving pCR versus not (percentage reduction, 63.0% vs. 32.9%; P = 0.003). Patients with 50% or greater reduction in SULmax were more likely to achieve pCR, which remained statistically significant in multivariable analysis including estrogen receptor status (odds ratio, 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–22.7; P = 0.023). Differences in baseline and change in Ki-67 were not significantly different between those achieving pCR versus not. Conclusion: Preoperative CP with vorinostat or placebo is associated with similar pCR rates. Early change in SULmax on 18F-FDG PET 15 d after the initiation of preoperative therapy has potential in predicting pCR in patients with HER2-negative breast cancer. Future studies will further test 18F-FDG PET as a potential treatment-selection biomarker.
Maximum CO2-assimilation rates of vascular plants on an Alaskan arctic tundra slope

Light-saturated CO2-assimilation rates of 19 vascular plant species were measured on a tundra slope in the foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. Maximum assimilation capacities on a leaf area basis ranged from 20.3 μmol m−2 s−1 for the forb, Bistorta plumosa, to 6.0 μmol m−2 s−1 for the evergreen, Empetrum hermaphroditicum. Graminoids, deciduous shrubs, and forbs fell within a similar range of maximum photosynthetic rates on a leaf area basis. Evergreens had the lowest rates. On a leaf weight basis, maximum assimilation rates were greatest for forbs, followed by deciduous shrubs, graminoids, and evergreens. Rates of evergreens were less than half those of all other growth forms. Cassiope tetragona had the lowest rates per unit leaf weight of any species tested; mean maximum rates of C. tetragona were only 14% of those of B. plumosa, the species with the highest rates. When the data were subjected to canonical analysis, only a partial correspondence was found between species growth form and photosynthetic characteristics.
Telling a coherent story in a foreign language: analysis of Korean EFL learners’ referential strategies in oral narrative discourse

Abstract The present study aims to examine Korean EFL learners’ ability to achieve discourse cohesion in English through appropriate selection of referential forms and utilization of referential strategies; in particular, it looks into the language-specific aspects of the referential system in their L1, and how these may be evident in their L2 performance. Using “frog story” picturebook prompts, The analyses examine oral narratives produced by Korean adult EFL learners ( N =12) in L1 (Korean) and L2 (English) and adult American native English speakers ( N =12). Quantitative analysis of the narratives shows that the specifically Korean linguistic strategies of heavily relying on nominals are evident in the Korean EFL learners’ English narrative discourse; thus, the resulting stories are relatively less coherent and cohesive than the native English speakers’. However, it is also observed that the Koreans’ English stories tend to diverge from their Korean counterparts in the direction of the target language norms. In addition, both the Korean EFL learners’ English narratives and the English native speakers’ stories showed referent effects which were not present in the Korean stories; this is supposed to be due to the Korean referential system, which prefers explicit reference even when characters have already been introduced and remain in the central plot.
Using the Arts to Challenge Hate, Create Community: Laramie Lives in Lowell

SUMMARY This paper describes a production of Moises Kaufman's The Laramie Project staged at a northeast public urban university and a related educational campaign. Project goals were to discourage homophobia, encourage dialogue, and increase visibility and acceptance of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered students. The project was produced by a coalition including student groups, academic departments, and administrative units. A variety of indices show the play was immediately successful for the audience and community and had a deeper impact on cast members and planners. Collaborative relationships spanning interpersonal, cultural, and political boundaries and the use of the arts for social change were key factors in the program's success.
Spinal cord injury rehabilitation.

This issue includes a range of topics in SCI from acute neuroprotection to chronic complications, focusing on some of the technological advances that have informed specific areas.
Anatomic comparison of the endonasal and transpetrosal approaches for interpeduncular fossa access

Object The interpeduncular cistern, including the retrochiasmatic area, is one of the most challenging regions to approach surgically. Various conventional approaches to this region have been described; however, only the endoscopic endonasal approach via the dorsum sellae and the transpetrosal approach provide ideal exposure with a caudal-cranial view. The authors compared these 2 approaches to clarify their limitations and intrinsic advantages for access to the interpeduncular cistern Methods Four fresh cadaver heads were studied. An endoscopic endonasal approach via the dorsum sellae with pituitary transposition was performed to expose the interpeduncular cistern. A transpetrosal approach was performed bilaterally, combining a retrolabyrinthine presigmoid and a subtemporal transtentorium approach. Water balloons were used to simulate space-occupying lesions. “Water balloon tumors” (WBTs), inflated to 2 different volumes (0.5 and 1.0 ml), were placed in the interpeduncular cistern to compare visualizatio...
The spoken word and the great unsaid

(1951). The spoken word and the great unsaid. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 419-429.
Sparseness for the symmetric hit problem at all primes

The hit problem for a module over the Steenrod algebra $\mathcal{A}$ seeks a minimal set of $\mathcal{A}$ -generators (“non- hit elements,” those not in the image of positive degree elements of $\mathcal{A}$ ). This problem has been studied for 25 years in a variety of contexts and, although general or complete results have been difficult to obtain, partial results have been obtained in many cases. For any prime p ⩾ 2, consider the algebra of symmetric polynomials in l variables over $\mathbb{F}$ p (the cohomology of BU ( l ) [ BO ( l ) for p = 2]). We prove a general sparseness result: For any l , the $\mathcal{A}$ -generators can be concentrated in complex [real for p = 2] degrees τ such that α(( p - 1) (τ + l )) ⩽( p - 1) l , where α( m ) denotes the sum of the digits in the p -ary expansion of m . The specialisation of this result to p = 2 was proved by Janfada and Wood using different methods. Key ingredients of our approach are an action of the Kudo–Araki–May algebra on the $\mathcal{A}$ -primitives in homology, and a symmetric homology adaptation of the concept behind the χ-trick in cohomology.
Great discoveries of milk for a healthy diet and a healthy life

Extensive research in recent years has shown that consumption of milk and dairy products, promotes cardiovascular health, reduces symptoms of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals, promotes weight loss while maintaining body muscle mass and reduces incidence of some cancers. Detailed analysis of prospective studies in large Western populations over long periods of time demonstrates that higher consumption of dairy products provides an overall survival advantage.
Notes on Hofshi and Korsh 1972

Rami Hofshi and James Korsh [Hofshi, Rami, James Korsh. 1972. A measure of an individual's power in a group. Management Sci.19 1, September] hereafter referred to as H & K made an important attempt to define a measure of an individual's power in a group. Whereas the direction of their effort is significantly different from earlier efforts in assigning numerical weights to each individual of an organization, there are a number of logical flaws in their model. These comments are meant to identify the inadequacies of the H & K model.
Byte unidirectional error correcting and detecting codes

Efficient byte unidirectional error correcting codes that are better than byte symmetric error correcting codes are presented. The encoding and decoding algorithms are discussed. A lower bound on the number of check bits for byte unidirectional error correcting codes is derived. It is then shown that these codes are close to optimal. Capability of these codes for asymmetric error correction is also described. Codes capable of detecting double byte unidirectional errors are also given. >
Haemolytic disease of the newborn in a Zambian community.

. Haemolytic disease of the newborn in Zambian children has been investigated. Of 740 newborn children, 21 (2.8%) have been found to have a positive modified anti-human globulin test; in 19, this was due to ABO incompatibility. On the other hand, nearly as many children in this series were found who were jaundiced for a reason that was not discovered. They were a more serious problem clinically. Since the introduction of serum for the prophylaxis of Rh disease in Zambia, 167 Rh-negative antenatal women have been discovered. Nearly 5% of these have been found to show evidence of immunization.
Use of Translational Fusion of the MrpH Fimbrial Adhesin-Binding Domain with the Cholera Toxin A2 Domain, Coexpressed with the Cholera Toxin B Subunit, as an Intranasal Vaccine To Prevent Experimental Urinary Tract Infection by Proteus mirabilis

This is a follow-up to our previous study using an intranasal vaccine composed of MrpH, the tip adhesin of the MR/P fimbria, and cholera toxin to prevent urinary tract infection by Proteus mirabilis (X. Li, C. V. Lockatell, D. E. Johnson, M. C. Lane, J. W. Warren, and H. L. Mobley, Infect. Immun. 72:66-75, 2004). Here, we have expressed a cholera toxin-like chimera in which the MrpH adhesin-binding domain (residues 23 to 157) replaces the cholera toxin A1 ADP-ribosyltransferase domain. This chimera, when administered intranasally without additional adjuvant, is sufficient to induce protective immunity in mice.
Short pulse self-focusing

A short pulse will develop temporal sub-structures as it self- focuses. We show how these substructures lead to both the catastrophic expansion of the spectrum and the remarkable beam stability against self-focusing.
Controlling telerobotic operations adaptive to quality of teleoperator and task dexterity

Telerobotic systems have been researched for decades due to their extensive applications in many civilian and military areas. Most research mainly focused on either the stability or telepresence of the telerobotic systems. Few studies have investigated the effects of the confidence of the teleoperator on the performance of the teleoperation. The confidence of the teleoperator is of significant importance to the efficiency and safety of the telerobotic systems. This paper proposes a concept named quality of teleoperator (QoT) to represent the confidence of the decisions and commands generated by the teleoperator. The value of QoT is computed based on a set of mental states of the teleoperator. Based on the QoT, a control adjustment mechanism is designed to enhance the efficiency and safety of the telerobotic systems. Experiments were implemented on a manipulator to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Politics of Planning Culturally Relevant AIDS Prevention Education for African-American Women:

The central purposes of the study were to determine: 1) the extent to which the programs of a community-based AIDS education provider were culturally relevant for African-American women, and 2) what organizational and social factors in the program planning process influence whether these programs are culturally relevant. Using the Cervero and Wilson theoretical framework, a qualitative case study of an AIDS community services agency was conducted using interviews with staff and board members, participant-observations of three programs, and analysis of agency documents. The study showed that, except for a one-hour segment of one program, the overall AIDS education efforts were not culturally relevant for African-American women. Three factors accounted for this lack of cultural relevancy: (a) the organizational image and financing were directed toward the interests of its white gay male leadership, (b) the internal interpretation of the agency's educational mission did not include a focus on African-America...
A locally analytic technique applied to grid generation by elliptic equations

One technique for obtaining grids for irregular geometries is to solve sets of elliptic partial differential equations. The solution of the partial differential equations yields a grid which discretizes the physical solution domain and also a transformation for the irregular physical domain to a regular computational domain. Expressing the governing equation of interest in the computational domain requires the derivatives of the physical to computational domain transformation, i.e., the metrics. These metrics are typically determined by numerical differentiation, which is a potential source of error. The locally analytic method uses the analytic solution of the locally linearized equation to develop numerical stencils. Thus, the locally analytic method allows numerical differentiation with no loss of accuracy. In this paper, the locally analytic method is applied to the solution of the Poisson and Brackbill–Saltzman equations. Comparison with an exact solution shows the locally analytic method to be more accurate than the finite difference method, both in solving the partial differential equation and evaluating the metrics. However, it is more computationally expensive.
Specific Inhibition of Granzyme B by Parainfluenza Virus Type 3

T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity is an important means of defense against viral pathogens; however, several viruses possess mechanisms to disrupt cytotoxicity, thereby allowing them to avoid immune clearance. These viruses have been shown to inhibit cytotoxicity by interfering with the capacity of T lymphocytes to specifically recognize infected cells. An alternative mechanism for virally induced cytotoxic dysfunction is identified in this report. We show that parainfluenza virus type 3, a negative-stranded RNA virus, can inhibit cytotoxicity by causing a defect in the cytotoxic effector apparatus. This defect is identified as a selective inhibition of granzyme B mRNA.