cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions between iron (III) ions and glassy polyphosphates

Potentiometric and conductometric titrations support chemical evidence that the compound obtained by the interaction of iron (III) ions with a glassy polyphosphate anion is a basic ferric metaphosphate, Fe2(OH)(PO3)5. The formation of a soluble sodium ferripolyphosphate complex in the presence of excess polyphosphate was also confirmed by pH and conductance titrations. The spectrum of the complex ferripolyphosphate solutions was studied in the visible range and was found to have three well-defined peaks. By combining data from the conductance studies with the interpretation of the spectrum, we postulate a structure for the soluble ferripolyphosphate complex in which the iron (III) ion is surrounded by oxygen atoms from two adjacent polyphosphate anion chains.
Reply to “New Rapid Diagnostic Tests: a Real Improvement for Clinical Use?”

In the letter [“New rapid diagnostic tests: a real improvement for clinical use?”][1] by Fernandez-Santos et al. ([1][2]), concern is raised regarding use of rapid influenza detection tests (RIDTs) for detection of influenza A and B viruses in patients due to their varied sensitivities. A
Cerebellar histogenesis in the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse.

The postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex of normal and lurcher (Lc) mutant mice was studied by neurohistological and autoradiographic techniques at ages ranging from 2 days through 18 days after birth. Lurcher shows severe defects in the granule cells and Purkinje cells soon after birth. A decrease in the generative layers of the external granular layer is soon as early as two days in the lobulus simplex and by six days of age in the uvula. Granule cell death is common before and during granule cell migration, from 2 to 18 days of age. Loss of granule cells is reflected in reduced growth of the molecular and granular layers. Purkinje cell abnormalities appear at three to four days after birth in the form of crowding, failure of nuclear growth, and condensed or lessened cytoplasm. Purkinje cell death is apparent at four to six days of age depending on the region of the cerebellum.
Border Security in the Lung: Detail(s) at the Direction of CD1c+ Dendritic Cells

The generation of effective immune responses requires a diverse functional repertoire of T lymphocytes to be generated and distributed to relevant anatomic sites. Because many infectious diseases gain entry through epithelial surfaces, the maintenance of protective immunity at these mucosal surfaces is of paramount importance. The mechanisms by which individual T cells are programmed with distinct functional and homing properties remain poorly understood. This remains a limitation of vaccination strategies for many diseases, including influenza. It is against this backdrop that Yu et al. provide insight into distinct activation patterns of CD8 T lymphocytes by subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). The authors first performed a series of experiments to compare and contrast the two major dendritic cell populations resident in human lung tissue. DCs from human surgical lung specimens and human DCs obtained from a humanized mouse model gave similar results. Both CD141+ and CD1c+ DCs expanded after inoculation with live attenuated influenza vaccine, and each DC subset could elicit similar proliferative and cytolytic capacity from cocultured CD8 T cells. However, only CD1c+ DCs stimulated the expression of CD103 on CD8 T lymphocytes. In a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors went on to establish that CD103 expression by CD8 T cells correlates with adherence to epithelial cells and that this function is CD103-dependent. Last, the authors demonstrated that transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) regulates CD103 expression by CD8 cells in vitro and in vivo. Although both DC subsets are capable of expressing TGF-β and its receptors, CD1c+ DCs are capable of expressing genes required for activation of latent TGF-β. These data suggest that despite considerable phenotypic and functional overlap, CD1c+, but not CD141+, DCs confer upon their target CD8 T cells the ability to adhere to epithelium, directing these cells to remain resident within mucosal tissue. Thus, vaccination strategies that optimize CD1c+ DC activation might lead to more effective mucosal immunity against common respiratory infections, including influenza. Additional insights into the intricate mechanisms of DC–T cell interactions that control the magnitude, diversity, and distribution of immune cells are needed to advance our understanding of other emerging diseases and their treatment. C. I. Yu et al. , Human CD1c+ dendritic cells drive the differentiation of CD103+ CD8+ mucosal effector t cells via the cytokine TGF-β. Immunity , published online 4 April 2013 (10.1016/j.immuni.2013.03.004). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761313001398
A Research Agenda for the Study of Therapeutic Agents in Adolescents

Without an understanding of the developmental factors which initiate functional changes in the adolescent's capacity for drug disposition, the choice of any developmental measure (e.g., Tanner staging) to include in a focused research effort is premature. The role of growth and gender in pubertal functional change must be delineated. In addition, research must target clinically relevant pharmacokinetic changes resulting from this functional development and relate these to modifications of drug effect (i.e., using effect-controlled trials rather than concentration-controlled trials). Such studies could define population characteristics associated with pubertal development that produce pharmacodynamic changes. Drug effect in the adolescent, particularly at the receptor level, needs study. A strategy for the systematic evaluation of these issues is discussed.
Impact of kraft pulp-mill effluents on estuarine and coastal fishes in Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA

A 2-year field study was carried out to determine the impact of kraft pulp-mill effluents on the fish fauna of a shallow-bay system in north Florida (Apalachee Bay, USA). Offshore areas that received kraft-mill effluents (KME) displayed significant increases in color and turbidity and reductions in (benthic) dissolved oxygen compared to a nearby control area. Estuarine and marsh fish assemblages in areas of acute impact were severely reduced in terms of numbers of individuals (N) and species (S). Offshore areas exposed to varying (chronic) levels of KME were characterized by complex interactions that included seasonal variations of impact. A broad offshore area showed reductions in numbers of individuals and species taken per month. However, the cumulative (annual) number of species taken was the same for polluted and unpolluted (control) areas due to a recruitment of relatively rare species in the areas of impact. Such polluted areas showed decreased dominance as well as qualitative differences in species composition compared to control areas. Inshore bay stations that were most severely affected by KME were dominated by the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli. While species richness and species diversity were lower at the highly stressed stations, in other outlying areas of moderate impact (reduced N and S) there were no reductions of such parameters compared to control areas. Thus, species diversity was not an indicator of pollution per se, and was useful only when taken in conjunction with various other parameters. Transition areas (between polluted and unpolluted portions of the bay) showed substantial (although periodic) increases in N, S, and species diversity. Equitability indices were unchanged in polluted portions of the bay. In general, the effects of KME on offshore fish assemblages appeared to be due to a complex combination of habitat alteration, reduced benthic productivity, and individual behavioral reactions. The alterations of fish assemblages were compared to other studies in this area on benthic macrophytes and invertebrates in an effort to assess the usefulness of various indices in studies on the long-term effects of pollution on estuarine and coastal systems. It was found that kraft pulp-mill effluents had a pronounced effect on the benthic standing crop of plants and animals, but that intensive sampling over prolonged periods of time was necessary for an adequate assessment of the problem. Overall, there were some significant changes in the biota such as reduced dominance and productivity in polluted areas that were similar for the various types of organisms sampled.
Solid-State 93Nb NMR and 93Nb Nutation Studies of Polycrystalline Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 and (1 - x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3/xPbTiO3 Solid-Solution Relaxor Ferroelectrics

Solid-state 93Nb static and MAS NMR and 93Nb nutation studies of polycrystalline Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, (PMN) and (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3/xPbTiO3 (x = 0.05 to 0.50) solid-solutions are reported. The 93Nb static and MAS NMR spectra of PMN measured at 14.1 T have two major resonances due to the central transition (1/2 ↔ −1/2), a sharp peak at −902 ppm (1950 Hz fwhh) and a broad resonance (12 800 Hz fwhh) centered at −980 ppm. Two-dimensional 93Nb nutation spectra measured at 9.4 T, by contrast, have three different resonances, a sharp peak due to niobiums with a CQ 62 MHz, respectively, that are associated with the broad 93Nb peak centered at −980 ppm. The sharp 93Nb peak for PMN is assigned to Nb(V) B-sites of cubic or high local symmetry in Mg(II)-rich regions with Nb(OMg)6 configurations. The broad 93Nb resonance at −980 ppm is assigned to a range of Nb(ONb)6-x(OMg)x site co...
Movimientos alternativos de protección de los trabajadores en los Estados Unidos

Los Estados Unidos estan entre los paises desarrollados con mayor declive de la sindicacion y la negociacion colectiva. Sus instituciones laborales tradicionales, basadas en la relacion de empleo «estandar», llevan mucho tiempo sufriendo la erosion de una legislacion restrictiva y de la oposicion de los empleadores, al tiempo que el empleo precario, las malas condiciones de trabajo y la marginacion se han generalizado, conduciendo a la emergencia espontanea de iniciativas alternativas, con frecuencia civicas, para proteger a los trabajadores vulnerables mediante estrategias muy innovadoras. Un buen ejemplo son los «centros de trabajadores», que suelen colaborar con sindicatos tradicionales para lograr sus objetivos.
Which group is best? Attributes of different biological assemblages used in freshwater biomonitoring programs

Of the many groups of organisms proposed for use in biomonitoring, assemblages of fish, algae, and benthic macroinvertebrates are the most commonly selected. Purported advantages and disadvantages of using these groups, along with those of zooplankton, were assembled from 65 different publications and websites. From these, 13 categories of advantages and nine of disadvantages were created. The diversity of the assemblage and its importance to the ecosystem were reported as advantages in >20% of citations for each group; these similarities suggest that some redundancy exists among the different groups in terms of these features. Likewise, sampling difficulties and lack of analytic metrics were disadvantages listed in >20% of citations for each group. Few reported advantages (e.g. recreational value of fish) or disadvantages (e.g. short generation time of algae) were unique for a particular assemblage. The validity of reported advantages and disadvantages were sometimes region specific, other times incorrect. The choice of which assemblage is most appropriate for a biomonitoring program ultimately depends on the characteristics of the area to be studied and the program objectives.
Magnesium pemoline: failure to affect in vivo synthesis of brain RNA.

The effect of magnesium pemoline on the synthesis of brain RNA in vivo was studied. No significant effect either on the concentration of RNA or on the uptake of H 3 -uridine into RNA was detected.
Cryotherapy and keratinocyte growth factor may be beneficial in preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer, and sucralfate is effective in reducing its severity: A critical summary of Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Bryan G, et al. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(4):CD000978.

Systematic review conclusion Ten interventions were beneficial in preventing or reducing the severity of oral mucositis associated with cancer treatment. Both cryotherapy (ice chips) and keratinocyte growth factor (palifermin) used separately were the most beneficial in preventing oral mucositis. Sucralfate was effective in reducing the severity of mucositis. Critical summary assessment Ten interventions with varying levels of evidence had some benefits that helped prevent or reduce the severity of mucositis compared with placebos or no treatment. Evidence quality rating Limited.
Characterization of the solid state: quantitative issues

Quantitative analysis of solid state composition is often used to ensure the safety and efficacy of drug substances or to establish and validate the control of the pharmaceutical production process. There are a number of common techniques that can be applied to quantify the phase composition and numerous different methods for each technique. Each quantitative option presents its own issues in ensuring accuracy and precision of the solid state method. The following article describes many of the common techniques that are used for quantitative phase analysis and many of the considerations that are necessary for the development of such methods.
NITRITE DIFFUSIVITY IN CALCIUM NITRITE-ADMIXED HARDENED CONCRETE

Abstract The apparent diffusivities ( D app ) of nitrite in concrete were estimated by monitoring time-dependent concentrations of nitrite leached into water from calcium nitrite-admixed hardened concrete specimens. Experiments were conducted with five different concrete mixes and with deionized water (DI), limewater, or synthetic seawater as the leaching agents. The D app in Type II Portland cement concrete for long curing times and a w/c ratio of 0.40 was ∼1.7×10 −8 cm 2 /s when leached at 22 °C with limewater. The D app was relatively insensitive to nitrite dosage and to DI or limewater as the leaching agent, but an increase in the w/c ratio to 0.49, or an increase in temperature by ∼14 °C, increased D app by ∼50%. A 20% Type F fly ash cement replacement reduced the apparent diffusivity by ∼60%. The D app decreased with concrete curing time. The magnitude of the D app and its dependence on concrete and exposure parameters were comparable to those observed in the transport of chloride ions in concrete.
Heavy metal stabilization in municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash using soluble phosphate

Abstract Heavy metal chemical stabilization with soluble PO 4 3− was assessed for bottom ash from combustion of municipal solid waste. Bottom ash can contain heavy metals (e.g. Pb) that can leach. An experimental dose of 0.38 mols of soluble PO 4 3− per kg of residue was used without optimizing the formulation for any one heavy metal. The reduction in the fraction available for leaching according to the total availability leaching test was 52% for Ca, 14% for Cd, 98% for Cu, 99% for Pb, and 36% for Zn. pH-dependent leaching (pH 4, 6, 8) showed that the treatment was able to reduce equilibrium concentrations by 0.5 to 3 log units for these heavy metals. Bulk and surface spectroscopies showed that both crystalline and amorphous precipitates were present as insoluble metal phosphate reaction products. Dominant reaction products were calcium phosphates, tertiary metal phosphates, and apatite family minerals. Observed phases included, β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (tertiary calcium phosphate); Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (calcium hydroxyapatite); Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl (lead chloropyromorphite); and Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (lead hydroxypyromorphite). These are considered to be very geochemically stable mineral phases. The geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2 was modified to include both extensive phosphate minerals and simple ideal solid solutions in order to better model pH-dependent leaching. Both end members [e.g. Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl, β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ] and ideal solid solutions [e.g. (Pb 2 ,Ca)(PO 4 ) 2 ] were observed as controlling solids for Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Cu 2+ . Controlling solids were not identified for Cd 2+ because pH dependent concentrations were generally below detection limits. The divalent metal cations in bottom ash were effectively stabilized by treatment with soluble PO 4 3− .
Is the East Antarctic ice sheet stable

The Greenland and East and West Antarctic ice sheets are assessed as being the source of ice that produced an Eemian sea level 6 m higher than present sea level. The most probable source is total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accompanied by partial collapse of the adjacent sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in direct contact with the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This conclusion is reached by applying a simple formula relating the “floating fraction” of ice along flowlines to ice height above the bed. Increasing the floating fraction lowered ice elevations enough to contribute up to 4.7 m to global sea level. Adding 3.3 m resulting from total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accounts for the higher Eemian sea level. Partial gravitational collapse that produced the present ice drainage system of Amery Ice Shelf contributes 2.3 m to global sea level. These results cast doubt on the presumed stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, but destabilizing mechanisms remain largely unknown. Possibilities include glacial surges and marine instabilities at the respective head and foot of ice streams.
Empathy Is Moderated by Genetic Background in Mice

Empathy, as originally defined, refers to an emotional experience that is shared among individuals. When discomfort or alarm is detected in another, a variety of behavioral responses can follow, including greater levels of nurturing, consolation or increased vigilance towards a threat. Moreover, changes in systemic physiology often accompany the recognition of distressed states in others. Employing a mouse model of cue-conditioned fear, we asked whether exposure to conspecific distress influences how a mouse subsequently responds to environmental cues that predict this distress. We found that mice are responsive to environmental cues that predict social distress, that their heart rate changes when distress vocalizations are emitted from conspecifics, and that genetic background substantially influences the magnitude of these responses. Specifically, during a series of pre-exposure sessions, repeated experiences of object mice that were exposed to a tone-shock (CS-UCS) contingency resulted in heart rate deceleration in subjects from the gregarious C57BL/6J (B6) strain, but not in subjects from the less social BALB/cJ (BALB) strain. Following the pre-exposure sessions, subjects were individually presented with the CS-only for 5 consecutive trials followed by 5 consecutive pairings of the CS with the UCS. Pre-exposure to object distress increased the freezing responses of B6 mice, but not BALB mice, on both the CS-only and the CS-UCS trials. These physiological and behavioral responses of B6 mice to social distress parallel features of human empathy. Our paradigm thus has construct and face validity with contemporary views of empathy, and provides unequivocal evidence for a genetic contribution to the expression of empathic behavior.
Using length of stay data from a hospital to evaluate whether limiting elective surgery at the hospital is an inappropriate decision.

Abstract Study objective At hospitals without detailed managerial accounting data but with overall longer than average diagnosis-related groups (DRG)-adjusted lengths of stays (LOS), some administrators do not aggressively hire the nurses needed to maintain surgical hospital capacity. The consequence of this (long-term) decision is that day-of-surgery admit cases are delayed or cancelled from a lack of beds. The anesthesiologists suffer financially. In this paper, we show how publicly released national LOS data can be applied specifically to these cases. Design We applied the method to 1 year of data from two academic hospitals. Each case's LOS was compared to the United States national average LOS for cases with the same DRG. Measurements and main results A total of 8,050 and 10,099 hospitalizations, respectively. Among all surgical admissions, mean LOS was 2.5 days longer than the national average for Hospital #1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 2.8) and 3.1 days longer for Hospital #2 (95% CI, 2.8 to 3.4). Among patients undergoing elective, scheduled surgery with day of surgery admission, mean LOS was 0.7 days less than average for Hospital #1 (0.6 to 0.9) and 1.2 days less than average for Hospital #2 (1.1 to 1.4). Conclusions This method can be used by anesthesiologists to show that LOS are not longer than average among patients whose surgeries may be cancelled or delayed for a lack of hospital ward staff.
Formation of cyclopropane rings via Zr—X (X = Cl, Br) γ-elimination

Abstract (η-C5H5)2Zr(Cl)H (I) reacts with 4-chlorocyclohexene and 4-bromocyclohexene to give moderate yields of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane. Reaction of I with 4-chloropent-1-ene gives low yields of cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropanes, 42% trans-pent-2-ene, and no cis-pent-2-ene. Reaction of I with 2-methyl-3-chloropropene gives 31% methylcyclopropane. Formation of these rings is believed to proceed by ZrX (X = Cl, Br) γ-elimination. Side reactions include (1) ZrX β-elimination to yield halogen-free olefins and (2) formation of halogen-free olefins by direct reduction of CX by ZrH.
Mobilization of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) during gestation

Abstract Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was readily mobilized from maternal depots during gestation and transferred across the placenta and deposited in the fetus. Fetal exposure to toxic agents can occur from maternal body burdens and is not limited to maternal exposure during gestation.
American Association for Applied Linguistics Colloquia, 2010

Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 6 March 2010.The purpose of this colloquium was to update professional appreciation of language learning in study abroad, with special reference to projects illustrating contemporary interest in the socially situated nature of this phenomenon. Introducing the panel, Celeste Kinginger (Pennsylvania State University) noted that while a sojourn abroad can enhance every aspect of language ability, it is most effective in domains related to social interaction. The colloquium was motivated by several limitations of current research on study abroad. First, the vast majority of studies address the experiences of US-based students learning commonly taught languages. Second, the research would benefit from a shift away from conservative, academic views of language to more usage-based models reflecting the full range of living language that students encounter abroad. Finally, an exclusive focus on the student perspective, in qualitative studies, may yield incomplete and potentially ethnocentric findings.
Effectiveness of a pinhole method for visual acuity screening

• Visual acuity screening was performed in the home in an adult population, using a standardized, retroilluminated chart. A pinhole disk was utilized to retest those subjects who initially failed the screening. All subjects failing the screening with the pinholes, and an equal number of age-matched subjects passing the screening (controls), were asked to have a complete ophthalmologic examination, including a protocol refraction in an eye clinic (clinic examination). Without use of the pinhole disk, 14.4% of subjects failed to read a 20/40 line. Use of the pinholes reduced the failure rate to 6.9%. Fifty-seven percent of those failing and 55% of controls had the clinic examination. Determination of best-corrected visual acuity after protocol refraction in the clinic indicated that the false-positive rate (the percentage of subjects who failed the screening but had visual acuity of 20/40 or better on the clinic examination) for the screening was 26%, and the false-negative rate (the percentage of subjects who passed the screening but had visual acuity of worse than 20/40 on the clinic examination) was 1.5%. Use of a pinhole disk is highly effective for visual acuity screening, reducing the false-positive rate by more than half.
OVERGRAZING IN PASTORAL AREAS THE COMMONS RECONSIDERED

ummary The tragedy of the commons concept as popularized by Garrett Hardin places the blame for desertification and overgrazing in pastoral areas upon the land tenure system. Common ownership of pastureland is seen as the major culprit. Examination of ethnographic literature does not reveal a close relationship between common ownership of pastures and resource depletion. Where large numbers of people share a pasture with low but highly variable yields, common ownership is the most desirable form of land tenure. There are many situations where common pastures have been properly managed. Examples from Switzerland, Peru and Africa are presented. These examples illustrate the basic characteristics of a properly managed common grazing system. Collective ownership of land can under these circumstances facilitate livestock development rather than impede it. Zusammenfassung Das von Garrett Hardin verbreitete Konzept der Tragodie der Gemeinschaftsweiden macht die Bodeneigentumsverhaltnisse fur Verwustung und Uberweidung von Weidegebieten verantwortlich. Gemeinschaftliches Eigentum an Weideland wird als Hauptursache dafur angesehen. Das Studium ethnographischer Literatur last dagegen keine enge Beziehung zwischen gemeinschaftlichem Eigentum und Zerstorung von naturlichen Resourcen erkennen. Dort, wo eine grose Zahl von Menschen sich ein Weidegebiet mit niedrigen, aber sehr stark variierenden Ertragen miteinander teilt, ist gemeinschaftliches Eigentum die bestgeeigneteste Bodeneigentumsform. Es gibt viele Gemeinschaftsweiden, die gut gefuhrt werden. Es werden Beispiele dafur aus der Schweiz, aus Peru und Afrika vorgestellt. Diese Beispiele zeigen die grundlegenden Merkmale eines gut gefuhrten gemeinschaftlichen Weidennutzungssystems auf. Gemeinschaftliches Bodeneigentum kann unter diesen Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Viehhaltung eher erleichtern als erschweren.
New Method of Measuring Electrical Conductivity with a Magnetic Probe

A new method is described for measuring the electric conductivity of a moving conductor with a magnetic probe. When a conducting body passes through a magnetic field at rest, the lines of force are displaced until an equilibrium of the induction drag forces and the magnetic stresses of the distorted field is established. A magnetic-probe coil placed in the area of the magnetic field monitors the rate of change of the magnetic flux density partial delta B/ partial delta t. When the lines of force approach the state equilibrium, partial delta B/ partial delta t approaches zero. By measuring the decay time of partial delta B/ partial delta t as the decay time of the voltage signal displayed on an oscilloscope, the conductivity of the passing conductor can be determined. (L.T.W.)
CHINA'S URBANISATION UNDER COMMUNIST RULE, 1949–1982

China has had a long and varied urban history dating back more than 2000 years. Throughout the imperial period (221 BC‐1911 AD), the Chinese dynasties established administrative centres throughout their empire and domestic trade flourished, especially in China's major river basins. As a result, cities of different sizes were exceptionally evenly distributed across the country and most of its citizens were influenced by some kind of urban centre. In fact, even before the mid‐nineteenth century, China had the largest number of city dwellers in the world. But China's bureaucratically‐controlled and evenly‐distributed urban configuration began to change after Britain's conquest of China in the Opium War of 1842 (Whyte and Parish, 1984). Once China's treaty ports like Shanghai, Nanking, Tientsin, and Wuhan were opened to foreign trade by the British, they started to grow disproportionately as thousands of people migrated to these cities, concentrating the country's urban population in the central and coastal areas. Soon, problems like unemployment, crime, prostitution, and drug addiction reached epidemic proportions in China's rapidly expanding cities. Consequently, when the Communists took control of China's government in 1949, they were determined to decentralise the country's urban population, to restrict urban growth, and to purge big cities of the social pathologies which had plagued them since initial contact with the West one hundred years earlier. It is, therefore, interesting to analyse each of the three major periods of China's urbanisation under Communist rule up to 1982, the year of the most recent national population census — that is, 1949 to 1960, 1961 to 1976, and 1977 to 1982 — and to discuss the most salient demographic developments during each of these periods.
Effect of Pentanol Partitioning on Solubilization of Tetrachloroethylene and Gasoline by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles.

Abstract The effect of interfacial pentanol concentrations on solubilization of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and gasoline by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles was compared to that for dodecane solubilization, which had been measured in a previous study. The solubilization of PCE and gasoline reached their maximum values at a 1 : 3 SDS-to-pentanol molar ratio in the interface. As pentanol concentrations increased beyond that necessary for interfacial saturation, solubilization of PCE and gasoline decreased. This behavior was similar to that observed when dodecane was the oil phase. Electrical conductivity of aqueous SDS/pentanol solutions followed a trend similar to that for oil solubilization, reaching a maximum value at a 1 : 3 molar ratio of SDS to pentanol in the interface. The results of this and previous studies suggest that pentanol partitioning in SDS micelles can be described by a simple two-region model: Region I is the interface between the water–continuous phase and oil and Region II is the micelle inner core. When the mole fraction of pentanol in the interface is less than 0.75, pentanol partitions strongly into Region I, where it acts as a cosurfactant along with SDS and enhances oil solubilization. Above 0.75 mole fraction in the interface, pentanol partitions strongly into Region II, where it acts as a polar oil and competes with other oils for solubilization.
A simple method to clamp end-tidal carbon dioxide during rest and exercise

Carbon dioxide regulates ventilation and cerebral blood flow during exercise. There are significant limitations in breathing systems designed to control end-tidal gas concentrations when used during high-intensity exercise. We designed a simple, inexpensive breathing system which controls end-tidal carbon dioxide ( $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ ) during exercise from rest to peak work capacity (W max). The system is operated by an investigator who, in response to breath-by-breath $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ , titrates flow of a 10 % CO2, 21 % O2 mixture into an open-ended 5-L inspiratory reservoir. To demonstrate system efficacy, nine fit male subjects performed two maximal, incremental exercise tests (25 W min−1 ramp) on a cycle ergometer: a poikilocapnic control trial in which $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ varied with work intensity, and an experimental trial, in which we planned to clamp $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ at 50 mmHg. With our breathing system, we maintained $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ at 51 ± 2 mmHg throughout exercise (rest, 50 ± 2; W max, 52 ± 5 mmHg; mean ± SD) despite large changes in ventilation (range 27–65 at rest, 134–185 L min−1 BTPS at W max) and carbon dioxide production (range 0.3–0.7 at rest, 4.5–5.5 L min−1 at W max). This simple, inexpensive system achieves $$ {\text{PET}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ control at rest and throughout exercise.
A recoil study of the 209Bi(α, p)212m, gPo reaction mechanism

Abstract Recoil techniques have been used to determine excitation functions, recoil ranges and angular distributions of the product nuclei in the reaction 209 Bi(α, p) 212m, g Po. The production of both states is found to occur by a direct reaction mechanism. A comparison of experimental recoil angular distributions with DWBA calculations of the angular distributions expected from triton transfers of varying orbital angular momentum suggests that the 212m po state is populated primarily by l = 11 transfer reactions.
Regeneration and myelination in autonomic ganglia transplanted to intact brain surfaces

Fragments of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) from donor rats between newborn and three months of age were transplanted either into the fourth ventricle, onto the dorsal surface of the medulla or in contact with the area postrema of recipient rats aged 6–14 days (allografts) and 3–4 weeks (autografts). Except for the meninges, the entire brain surface and parenchyma was undisturbed. The regenerative capacity of the transplanted ganglia and its interaction with the brain surfaces was followed for post-operative periods between 1h and six months.
Anatomy of the Clinical Simulation

Computer-based clinical simulations have been used in medical education for the past 25 years. During this period, the technology has evolved from mainframe computers to microcomputers to multimedia. All designers of simulations must decide which elements of reality to include explicitly in a simulated case, which to leave to the user's imagination, and when to intervene for educational purposes. Once these decisions are made, developers of simulations have many options for structuring the simulation itself. They can develop simulations with single or multiple patient encounters, with menu or natural-language requests for data, with varying levels of volunteered information about the simulated patient, with interpreted or uninterpreted clinical findings, with deterministic or probablistic evolution of the case, with various ways to give users feedback about their progress through the case, and with manual or automated creation of specific cases. Simulations derive their specific character from how these options are implemented.
Why foragers choose acorns before salmon: Storage, mobility, and risk in aboriginal California

Abstract Despite the enormous potential of anadromous fish, foragers do not mass extract and store salmonids until very late in the archaeological record of California. Acorns, by contrast, were intensively used quite early in the record. Salmon are traditionally viewed as a low cost, high ranking resource, and acorns as a high cost, low ranking resource. The question thus arises: why were salmon not used and stored en masse much earlier? We offer a solution using a simple foraging model that distinguishes resources on their storage as well as overall cost, making it possible to calculate the risk of resource caching, which appears to have delayed intensive salmon procurement in California.
Matching solutions for unsteady conduction in simple bodies with surface heat fluxes

Introduction A the arsenal of analytical methods of solution for the treatment of unsteady state heat conduction in simple coordinate systems, the method of separation of variables is by far the most commonly adopted in literature on conduction heat transfer. However, its step-by-step implementation presents inconveniences on some occasions, especially when the partial differential equation and/or the boundary conditions involve nonhomogeneities. Under these circumstances utilization of other solution techniques are more appropriate and sometimes become indispensable. In principle, the method of separation of variables leads to an exact infinite series that is conveniently simplified to an approximate one-term of series solution for practical applications. The latter provides the socalled long-time solution and serves to generate different versions of temperature -time charts that are applicable to the cooling of simple bodies with convective surfaces. The central objective of the present study is twofold. First, to establish a definite region of validity of the venerable oneterm of series solution for simple bodies exposed to a uniform surface heat flux. Second, to supplement this simplified solution with an optional technique having physical roots, i.e., the semi-infinite body solution. The latter, supposedly may permit a faster and more precise calculation for the temperature re-
Burden of disease attributed to anthropogenic air pollution in the United Arab Emirates: estimates based on observed air quality data.

Abstract This study quantifies the national burden of disease attributed to particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) in ambient air in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a rapidly growing nation in which economic development and climatic conditions pose important challenges for air quality management. Estimates of population exposure to these air pollutants are based on observed air quality data from fixed-site monitoring stations. We divide the UAE into small grid cells and use spatial–statistical methods to estimate the ambient pollutant concentrations in each cell based on the observed data. Premature deaths attributed to PM and O3 are computed for each grid cell and then aggregated across grid cells and over a year to estimate the total number of excess deaths attributable to ambient air pollution. Our best estimate is that approximately 545 (95% CI: 132–1224) excess deaths in the UAE in the year 2007 are attributable to PM in ambient air. These excess deaths represent approximately 7% (95% CI: 2–17%) of the total deaths that year. We attribute approximately 62 premature deaths (95% CI: 17–127) to ground-level O3 for the year 2007. Uncertainty in the natural background level of PM, due to the frequent dust storms occurring in the region, has significant impacts on the attributed mortality estimates. Despite the uncertainties associated with the integrated assessment framework, we conclude that anthropogenic ambient air pollution, in particular PM, causes a considerable public health impact in the UAE in terms of premature deaths. We discuss important uncertainties and scientific hypotheses to be investigated in future work that might help reduce the uncertainties in the burden of disease estimates.
Temporal Characteristics of Activation, Deactivation, and Restimulation of Signal Transduction following Depolarization in the Pheochromocytoma Cell Line PC12

This study focuses on the transient and dynamic activation of intracellular signal transduction following different protocols of depolarization. During chronic depolarization, phosphorylation of extracellular signalregulated kinases (ERKs) was observed to peak and subsequently fall to low levels within 10 min of depolarization. Short periods of depolarization, from 1 to 5 min in duration, also led to phosphorylation of ERK, and the rate of ERK dephosphorylation was not affected by the duration of depolarization. Phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) also peaked as a result of chronic depolarization but decreased to intermediate levels that were maintained for more than 1 h. Pulsatile depolarization was explored as a means to circumvent the deactivation of intracellular signaling activity during chronic depolarization. Both ERK and CREB were rephosphorylated by a second period of depolarization that followed a recovery period of 10 min or more. The effects of the durations of depolarization and interpulse recovery on reactivation of ERK and CREB were characterized. Measurements of free cytoplasmic Ca 2 confirmed the transient rise in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2 ]i) during chronic depolarization and the pulsatile increase in [Ca 2 ]i that can be achieved with short periods of depolarization. This study characterizes the dynamic activities of signal transduction following depolarization. Electrical stimulation of neurons induces many cellular changes that unfold over time, and the influx of Ca 2 ions that mediate these events is transient. This
Conformational analysis of jet-cooled tryptophan analogs and Histamine using the MM3(94) force field: Comparison with experiment

MM3(94) has been used to predict the conformers of nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles with polar aliphatic sidechains. Computations were done for cases in which experimental gas-phase rotational constants have been determined and include histamine and analogs of tryptophan. The agreement with experiment for the tryptophan analogs is better than earlier MM2(87) computations but still not complete. A fairly good match can be made to experimental rotational constants of four histamine conformers, but other conformers are also predicted that may not be important experimentally. A comparison can be made with ab initio calculations undertaken for histamine. Similar structures were generally predicted, but there were significant discrepancies with MM3 in relative conformer energies. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Approach to the Treatment of Penetrating Injuries to the Vertebral Artery: A Case Report

Penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery remain an unusual, yet challenging, problem in trauma patients. Once thought to be rare, the awareness of this type of injury is increasing, in part because of arteriography for patients with penetrating cervical trauma. Mortality rates have been reported from 5-50% in various reviews. Early and late complications are common and often life-threatening. These include bleeding, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, thrombosis, and stroke. In addition, distal vertebral artery trauma represents a distinctly more complex and technically challenging problem. Standard surgical practice has been operative ligation (proximal and distal) and/or direct repair of the injured vessel. However, surgical exposure and repair of the injured vessel is often technically difficult, especially when the upper cervical portion of the artery is involved. Interventional radiologic techniques are now being used to diagnose and treat many complex vascular injuries. A new treatment for a Zone III vertebral artery gunshot wound is presented here. Using endovascular techniques the authors were able to successfully occlude the proximal vertebral artery via an ipsilateral approach, and the distal vertebral artery via a contralateral approach. This unique application of nonoperative interventional technique has significant implications for vascular surgery. This report represents the first successful treatment of a Zone III vertebral artery occlusion treated bv endovascular methods.
Fair, G 2 - and C 2 -Continuous Circle Splines for the Interpolation of Sparse Data Points

Abstract This paper presents a carefully chosen curve blending scheme between circles, which is based on angles, rather than point positions. The result is a class of circle splines that robustly produce fair-looking G2-continuous curves without any cusps or kinks, even through rather challenging, sparse sets of interpolation points. With a simple reparameterization the curves can also be made C2-continuous. The same method is usable in the plane, on the sphere, and in 3D space.
Unicondylar knee arthroplasty.

Etude des indications cliniques et fonctionnelles, ainsi que des techniques et resultats operatoires de l'arthroplastie unicondylienne pour arthrose unicompartimentale du genou
In Vitro Biliary Clearance of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes: Comparison with in Vivo Biliary Clearance

Previous reports have indicated that in vitro biliary clearance (Cl(biliary)) determined in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes correlates well with in vivo Cl(biliary) for limited sets of compounds. This study was designed to estimate the in vitro Cl(biliary) in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs) of angiotensin II receptor blockers and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that undergo limited metabolism, to compare the estimated Cl(biliary) values with published in vivo Cl(biliary) data in rats, and to characterize the mechanism(s) of basolateral uptake and canalicular excretion of these drugs in rats. The average biliary excretion index (BEI) and in vitro Cl(biliary) values of olmesartan, valsartan, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin were 15, 19, 43, 45, and 20%, respectively, and 1.7, 3.2, 4.4, 46.1, and 34.6 ml/min/kg, respectively. Cl(biliary) predicted from SCRHs, accounting for plasma unbound fraction, correlated with reported in vivo Cl(biliary) for these drugs. The rank order of Cl(biliary) values predicted from SCRHs was consistent with in vivo Cl(biliary) values. Bromosulfophthalein inhibited the uptake of all drugs. BEI and Cl(biliary) values of olmesartan, valsartan, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin, known multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 2 substrates, were reduced in SCRHs from Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) compared with wild-type (WT) rats. Although Mrp2 plays a minor role in pitavastatin biliary excretion, pitavastatin BEI and Cl(biliary) were reduced in TR(-) compared with WT SCRHs; Bcrp expression in SCRHs from TR(-) rats was decreased. In conclusion, in vitro Cl(biliary) determined in SCRHs can be used to estimate and compare in vivo Cl(biliary) of compounds in rats and to characterize transport proteins responsible for their hepatic uptake and excretion.
Effect of antishock trousers on the trauma score: A prospective analysis in the urban setting

This study was designed to determine the effect of military antishock trousers (MAST) use on the presenting emergency center trauma score (TS) in an urban prehospital setting. Sixty-eight patients were assigned randomly to study and control groups in a prospective investigation of the use of MAST on injured patients with hypotension. Thirty-two control patients, whose mean initial systolic BP was 59 ± 32 mm Hg, and 36 MAST-treated patients, whose mean initial BP was 55 ± 31 mm Hg, were found to be well matched for age; sex; type and location of injuries; initial field TS; response, field management, and transport times; and the total amount of intravenous crystalloid infused. Our results demonstrated no significant difference between the control and MAST-treated groups in the presenting emergency department TS (9.8 ± 6.6 vs 10.6 ± 5.9). These data conflict with the widely accepted belief that MAST will always enhance conventional support for improving the prehospital condition of injured patients with significant hypotension.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

The number of known HPS cases in the United States is now >200, and the illness has occurred in all geographic areas of the country. Though the incidence of the disease is low, the mortality rate remains at 50%, owing to the difficulty in treating a simultaneous severe pulmonary capillary leak syndrome and cardiogenic shock. Adequate treatment of severe cases requires experienced critical care physicians and nurses, as well as advanced facilities. Although nosocomial transmission appears unlikely in North America, universal precautions must be used and some consideration may be given to the use of respiratory isolation.
Application of database technology to assistive device placement

A database of attendant care requirements in an IL (independent living) environment has been established by the Wichita REC (Rehabilitation Engineering Center). This database is composed of a very small sample population per capability level but is considered to provide a basis for further analysis of the funding level required. An analysis of this database is presented with areas of high need for personal assistance per individual identified. It is expected that the results will provide state and federal agencies, as well as the consumer, the information required to predict the funding needed to provide this personal assistance and also provide a basis for determining the cost-effectiveness of the assistive devices available on the market. >
Optical Absorption Enhancement in Thin-Film Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells through the Excitation of Plasmonic Modes in Metallic Gratings

We theoretically demonstrate up to ~50% enhancement of the overall optical absorption in thin-film organic photovoltaic solar cells in which the top transparent electrode is partially substituted by a periodic metallic grating.