cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity

An analysis of archival data reveals an observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity, allowing a determination of surface gravity with a precision of better than 25 per cent for inactive Sun-like stars at main-sequence to giant stages of evolution. Variations in the brightness of solar-type stars are driven by many factors including granulation, a consequence of heat convection below the photosphere. And as granulation is correlated with surface gravity, variations in brightness can be used as a measure of surface gravity. Fabienne Bastien et al. analyse archival data from NASA's Kepler mission and show that brightness fluctuations on timescales of less than 8 hours are correlated with the surface gravity in Sun-like stars in various evolutionary phases. Using straightforward measurements of this type it should be possible to determine the surface gravities of many of the stars observed by Kepler. Surface gravity is a basic stellar property, but it is difficult to measure accurately, with typical uncertainties of 25 to 50 per cent if measured spectroscopically1,2 and 90 to 150 per cent if measured photometrically3. Asteroseismology measures gravity with an uncertainty of about 2 per cent but is restricted to relatively small samples of bright stars, most of which are giants4,5,6. The availability of high-precision measurements of brightness variations for more than 150,000 stars7,8 provides an opportunity to investigate whether the variations can be used to determine surface gravities. The Fourier power of granulation on a star’s surface correlates physically with surface gravity9,10: if brightness variations on timescales of hours arise from granulation11, then such variations should correlate with surface gravity. Here we report an analysis of archival data that reveals an observational correlation between surface gravity and root mean squared brightness variations on timescales of less than eight hours for stars with temperatures of 4,500 to 6,750 kelvin, log surface gravities of 2.5 to 4.5 (cgs units) and overall brightness variations of less than three parts per thousand. A straightforward observation of optical brightness variations therefore allows a determination of the surface gravity with a precision of better than 25 per cent for inactive Sun-like stars at main-sequence to giant stages of evolution.
One-month-old Infant with Multiple Ulcers of Stomach, Small Bowel, Large Bowel, and Protein-losing Enteropathy: Case Report:

Multiple inflammatory ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract are rare in young infants. Most cases are caused by infectious organisms, vasculitis, or an autoimmune process. We report a 1-month-old infant who was healthy until he presented with an inflammatory mesenteric cyst, and multiple ulcers of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Histologically, the ulcerations were sharply demarcated, full thickness, and filled with macrophages. He had a low serum albumin and IgG due to protein-losing enteropathy. He was treated with supportive care and immunomodulating drugs. The gastrointestinal inflammation resolved by 3 and 1/2 years of age. The medications were withdrawn at 5 and 1/2 years of age he had no relapse of clinical symptoms. He continues to have asymptomatic mild hypoalbuminemia and low serum IgG. We could not find a report of a similar clinical presentation and outcome.
Class, Ethnic Group, and Party in Indian Politics

Several recent books on India have focused on issues of nationalism and ethnic conflict, policy and ideological differences, parties and elections, and the stability of Indian democracy. The most useful contributions to the understanding of Indian politics and to social science theory have come from works that use analytical categories that have proven themselves cross-culturally (namely, those of class, status group, and power), and that lay bare through case studies the sources of the conflicts and cleavages in Indian society that both threaten and sustain democracy. Less useful are works that impose on Indian political behavior explanatory frameworks, political ideals, and methodologies derived from Western political history and culture-bound social science, such as political divisions between Left and non-Left, the two-party system, citizenship, and survey research.
Duration of protection of calcium channel blockers against exercise-induced bronchospasm: comparison of oral diltiazem and inhaled gallopamil.

The present study was conducted to determine the duration of the positive effect of oral diltiazem and inhaled gallopamil in mild asthmatic volunteers, ages 18–37 years, with a history of exercise-induced asthma and a 25–56% decrease in FEV1 after a standardized exercise challenge. Oral diltiazem 120 mg, inhaled gallopamil 10 mg, and placebo were administered in a double blind, randomized, crossover manner on different days 48 h apart. Diltiazem was administered 90 min and gallopamil 30 min before the first exercise challenge. Challenges were then repeated 3 and 6 h later. Neither diltiazem nor gallopamil significantly altered baseline FVC, FEV1, or FEF25–75. The mean maximum decrease in FEV1 after the first challenge was 16.8% after gallopamil, 25.2% after diltiazem and 30.1% after placebo. The mean post-exercise decrease in FEV1 after gallopamil was significantly smaller than after placebo. There were no significant differences in the post-exercise decreases in FEV1 between the three treatment regimens 3 and 6 h later. Thus, inhaled gallopamil provided significant protection against exercise-induced bronchospasm, but the beneficial effect was modest and short in duration.
Earnings differentials of Mexican immigrants: The case of Turkey processing

Abstract This paper adopts a case study methodology to examine the determinants of earnings differentials between Mexican immigrant and domestic labor groups. A two stage structural model of earnings is developed which analyzes institutional processes involved in internal labor allocation and wage determination. The analysis points to the influence of social processes (surrounding the firm's internal wage structure) on the earnings of Mexican immigrants and domestic labor groups. In addition, the study suggests the possibility that captivity mechanisms may be present in allocating Mexican immigrants and local women to the lowest paid and most undesirable jobs within production. The presence of captivity mechanisms raises the possibility that the lower earnings of Mexican immigrants and women involves bias.
Physical solubility of hydrogen sulfide in several aqueous solvents

The solubility of hydrogen sulfide in several aqueous solutions was measured over the temperature range 25°C to 60°C. The solvents investigated in this work include 0 to 50% aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, methyldiethanolamine and diethanolamine. The amine solutions used in this work were neutralized by the addition of hydrochloric acid in order to suppress the hydrogen sulfide reaction (H2S → H+ + HS−) so that only the physical solubility of hydrogen sulfide would be measured. The solubility data determined in this work are expressed in terms of Henry's law. The Henry's law constants found in this work were correlated well by a particularly simple empirical formula based on the molecular weight of the solvent.
The Diagnostic Approach and Public Health Implications of Phorate Poisoning In a California Dairy Herd

Within an hour of the planned feeding of a group of 300 Holstein cattle, a large number of cattle developed tremors, diarrhea, weakness, and paralysis. All cows exposed to the feed, a total of 159, died within 24 hours despite treatment attempts with atropine in approximately 100 animals. An additional 8 exposed animals were culled within a week. A thorough investigation demonstrated the accidental mixing of phorate into the total mixed ration instead of the intended mineral mix. Diagnostics confirming phorate exposure in deceased animals included brain cholinesterase determinations and the analysis of liver, rumen content, milk, and feed for phorate. Phorate is a restricted-use organophosphorus pesticide commonly used in US agriculture because of target pest efficacy, cost, and availability. Even with known human, animal, and ecological risks, organophosphorus pesticides remain the most widely used insecticides in the world today. This necessitates awareness about how to identify pesticide exposure in food animals and the corresponding public health risks for humans, including the potential for meat and milk residues and exposure in children. This report describes a dairy’s catastrophic loss of 167 cows caused by human error and assesses the public health implications therein. Veterinary diagnosticians, public health officials, and veterinarians must be prepared to collaborate in order to advise clients on case work-up, management, and preventive measures.
EFFECTS OF BLEEDING NONANESTHETIZED WILD RODENTS ON HANDLING MORTALITY AND SUBSEQUENT RECAPTURE

Handling mortality and recapture rates of wild rodents that were bled from the retro-orbital capillary plexus without anesthesia were assessed. In 9,670 captures of seven species of rodents from 1994 through 1998, we found no difference in handling mortality in bled mice compared to those from trapping grids where mice were not bled. Recapture rates of rodents on control (non-bleeding grids) and rodents on bleeding grids was not significantly different for any species. We conclude that bleeding in the absence of anesthesia does not affect immediate mortality or subsequent recapture.
Teaching Leadership at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point

The authors present a description and analysis of how they teach leadership to more than 1,000 cadets each year at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. These cadets, upon graduation and commissioning as second lieutenants, are the future leaders of the U.S. Army. The organizational and institutional context of this work has contributed to the authors `development of a unique methodology for teaching organizational leadership. The authors recently have extended this methodology to the development of leaders in the Los Angeles Police Department and in various police departments throughout New Jersey. The success of this experience over several years has convinced the authors of the merit of their approach for teaching leadership to both aspiring and practicing leaders across military and civilian organizational contexts.
The Pattern of Plasma Prolactin Concentration during the First Half of Mouse Gestation

Mating initiates a pattern of prolactin secretion composed of daily surges which appear with semicircadian rhymicity until Day 8 (Day 0 = Day of plug detection) of mouse gestation. On Day 8, the diurnal (1500-2100 h) prolactin increase diminishes in magnitude in a line selected for high embryo survival (E). By Day 9, the diurnal surge has been terminated. The nocturnal prolactin surge (2400-0900 h) is present in the line E through Day 9 of pregnancy, but on Day 10 it disappears. The temporal pattern of prolactin secretion in a randomly bred control line (C) is similar on Days 2 and 4 of pregnancy to that observed in line E. Collection of head blood and/or trunk blood had no effect on plasma prolactin concentration in either line C or E if no more than 30 seconds elapsed between cage handling and sample collection. In contrast, prolactin levels were dramatically elevated in the blood of animals placed in the same room in which serial exsanguination was performed.
Seasonal Abundance and Population Structure of Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Farmscapes Containing Corn, Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean

ABSTRACT Stink bugs are economically important pests of food and fiber production throughout the southeastern United States. In cotton, stink bugs feed on developing bolls thereby decreasing yield and fiber quality. The brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a common species that is found throughout the southeast and feeds on a variety of wild and agronomic hosts. In this study, the population dynamics and reproductive biology of E. servus were assessed in 1.62–2.83-ha farmscapes planted with corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Farmscapes were sampled weekly using whole plant sampling for corn and sweep net sampling in cotton, peanut, and soybean. In 2010, but not 2009, nymphs were classified by instar, and adults were dissected to rate gonads as nonrepro-ductive, intermediate, or reproductive. Regardless of year, stink bugs observed in corn during the spring and early summer and were a mixt...
Insulin-mediated FFA suppression is associated with triglyceridemia and insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity.

Context: A central/visceral fat distribution and excess free fatty acid (FFA) availability are associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, these two characteristics often coexist, making it difficult to detect the independent contributions of each. Whether FFA suppression is more closely linked to metabolic abnormalities is not clear. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between FFA suppression, body fat distribution, and fitness as contributors toward insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia. Design: We measured systemic palmitate turnover using an iv infusion of [9,10-3H]palmitate; upper body sc adipose tissue (UBSQ) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and a single-slice abdominal computed tomography scan; fitness with a graded exercise treadmill test; and insulin sensitivity with both the iv glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) (SIIVGTT) and mixed meal tolerance test (SIMeal). Setting: The study was conducted at a General Cli...
Thresholds and the Abstinence Violation Effect: A Nonlinear Dynamical Model of the Behaviors of Intellectually Disabled Sex Offenders

The idea that sexual offenses occur as the culmination of a chain of actions on the part of offenders is central to contemporary cognitive behavioral models of relapse prevention. However, quantitative tests of this idea have remained rare. This article presents a mathematical model of the offense chain that allows a quantitative hypothesis test and tests the model using archival records of the daily behaviors of 7 developmentally disabled sex offenders. The results lend statistical support to models of the offense chain and allow consideration of the implications of the dynamics of offender behaviors for treatment
Production of cellulases by Thermomonospora sp.

Glucose, cellobiose, Avicel, and Solka Floc were utilized as substrates for growth of Thermomonospora sp. in order to study the induction-repression characteristics of its associated cellulase system. While glucose proved to be an effective repressor of the cellulase enzymes, the other three substrates induced relatively high levels of enzyme activity as measured by the filter paper assay. On a unit cell mass basis the highest values of cellulase activity were obtained when Avicel was utilized as the carbon and energy source. The nature of the cellulosic material and its initial concentration were identified as two very important parameters of the induction process.
High crystallinity Si‐ferrihydrite: An insight into its Néel temperature and size dependence of magnetic properties

(1) Ferrihydrite, an antiferromagnetic iron oxyhydroxide with resulting magnetization due to uncompensated spins, is of great importance for the cycling of many trace metals in the environment. Four ferrihydrite samples prepared with 1.3 to 3.5 wt% of Si at different synthesis temperatures (7.5C, 22C, 50C, and 75C) were studied by temperature- dependent hysteresis loops, ZFC/FC susceptibility curves, ac susceptibility and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The incorporation of Si into the ferrihydrite during synthesis changed the properties of this mineral. Interestingly, seven sharp lines were observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the ferrihydrite samples prepared at 50C and 75C. In general, both XRD and magnetism demonstrate that particle size decreased (from 23 nm to 2 nm) and particle size distribution narrowed as the synthesis temperature was lowered. Those samples prepared between 7.5C and 50C showed the expected superparamagnetic behavior of ferrihydrite below 300 K. The ferrihydrite prepared at 75C was unusually coarse-grained and had a blocking temperature above 300 K. Extrapolation of induced magnetization from the largest particles with the highest crystallinity allowed an estimate of a ferrihydrite Neel temperature of around 422 K. We also present XRD and magnetic data from large natural Si-ferrihydrite collected from a marine shallow-water hydrothermal area that formed at a temperature of approximately 88C.
Physical retailing takes on Internet retailing: a preliminary model of book retailer Web strategies based on perceived threats and opportunities

During the tremendous evolution of Internet technologies, and the emergence of firms such as Amazon.com, large and small book retailers have struggled with the decision of when and how to adopt an Internet presence; some would still argue whether they should adopt at all. The book retailing industry's dilemmas epitomize much of the retailing business, in that it is composed of large and small players of varying experience and resources. The paper draws upon the literature, media articles, and preliminary interview examples from book retailing to present a model of Internet adoption based on perceived threats and opportunities in five categories. These five areas of potential threat or opportunity include perceptions about firm characteristics, Web retailing experience, the competitive environment, internal resources and external resources. We propose that the combination of these perceptions influence very specifically the choice to adopt an Internet presence and the strategy of the site. The article explores the rationale for this argument.
A Marker for Concussion

Repeated concussions that allow the brain little time for recovery are a known risk factor for long-term neurological complications. Detection and monitoring of concussions based on clinical evaluation and self-reporting is subjective and can be inaccurate. Unfortunately, there is no current test for concussion that is objective, reliable, and easy to administer. In a new study, researchers measured three proteins in blood—total tau (an indicator of axonal injury), S-100 calcium binding protein B (an indicator of astroglial activation), and neuron-specific enolase (an indicator of neuronal injury)—in professional ice hockey players in Sweden during the 2012–2013 season. In players who sustained a concussion, blood samples were collected at 1, 12, 36, 48, and 144 hours after the head injury. The investigators then correlated these protein concentrations with clinical concussion and recovery. Twenty-eight players had repeated blood samples taken after sustaining a concussion. Total tau was the most reliable marker, with an increase in tau concentrations in all post-concussion blood samples as compared with preseason levels. The highest tau concentrations occurred immediately after concussion and then decreased during rehabilitation. Although there is much more work to do before total tau could be considered an accurate marker of concussion, the correlation of total tau with clinical symptoms in this small study of ice hockey players is a promising first step on the road to finding an accurate biomarker of concussion. P. Shahim et al. , Blood biomarkers for brain injury in concussed professional ice hockey players. JAMA Neurol. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.367 (2014). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1846623
Nearest multivariate system with given root multiplicities

We present a symbolic-numeric technique to find the closest multivariate polynomial system to a given one which has roots with prescribed multiplicity structure. Our method generalizes the ''Weierstrass iteration'', defined by Ruatta, to the case when the input system is not exact, i.e. when it is near to a system with multiple roots, but itself might not have multiple roots. First, using interpolation techniques, we define the ''generalized Weierstrass map'', a map from the set of possible roots to the set of systems which have these roots with the given multiplicity structure. Minimizing the 2-norm of this map formulates the problem as an optimization problem over all possible roots. We use Gauss-Newton iteration to compute the closest system to the input with given root multiplicity together with its roots. We give explicitly an iteration function which computes this minimum. These results extends previous results of Zhi and Wu and results of Zeng from the univariate case to the multivariate case. Finally, we give a simplified version of the iteration function analogously to the classical Weierstrass iteration, which allows a component-wise expression, and thus reduces the computational cost of each iteration. We provide numerical experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Primary malignant lymphoma of the mandible

From 1945 through 1985, 32 cases of primary lymphoma of bone were treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Sixteen cases (50%) demonstrated the lesion in the long tubular bones with a predilection for the lower and upper extremities. The frequently involved flat bones (six cases) were the bones of the pelvis. There were only three cases (9%) where the mandible was the primary site. In this report, the literature is reviewed and three cases with primary lymphoma of the mandible are presented.
Inhibitory Effect of L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine on the Adrenal Venous 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Response to Surgical Stress in Dogs

The effect of intravenous L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) on the adrenal venous 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17OHCS) output in response to laparotomy and intestinal manipulation was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. L-Dopa, 50 mg/kg but not 10 nag/kg, markedly decreased the 17OHCS response to surgical stress. The catecholamines, norepinephrine and dopamine, administered intravenously, did not have this inhibitory effect on 17OHCS output. The effect of L-dopa in inhibiting the 17OHCS response to stress was not dependent on the increase in blood pressure that it produced, since prior treatment of dogs with the α-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, prevented the pressor response to L-dopa without altering the effect on 17OHCS output. The minimum effective dose of L-dopa that inhibited the 17OHCS response to stress was decreased by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, and increased by the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, α-methyl-ptyrosine. These data support the hypothesis of a cen...
A century of seed ferns: Introduction to the symposium

Abstract Rothwell, G. W. (Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701) and M. T. Dunn (Department of Biological Sciences, Cameron University, Lawton, OK 73505). A century of seed ferns: Introduction to the symposium. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133: 4–6. 2006.—More than one hundred years have now elapsed since the reconstruction of Lyginopteris oldhamia documented the existence of the previously unrecognized major group of extinct seed plants that we now call seed ferns (Oliver and Scott 1904). This recognition by Oliver and Scott (1904) may well have been the single most important element ushering in a new era of botanical inquiry by placing fossils at the center of plant phylogenetic studies. Originally envisaged as an evolutionary link between ferns and modern seed plants, seed ferns are united by the combination of large and often highly dissected leaves, and seeds that are borne on the leaves (Stewart and Rothwell 1993, Taylor and Taylor 1993).
Hyperbolic geometry: an introduction for computer science students

We show that huge amounts of information can be organized and graphically stored in an abstract data structure modeled from hyperbolic geometry. This data structure is the interior of the circle. One can navigate through the complexity of information stored in the circle by applying transformations on the circle so that any sought-after information becomes clearly visible. In hyperbolic geometry, the concept of distance makes it possible in theory to store huge amounts of information in such a finite amount of space. An elementary discussion of hyperbolic geometry is included in this paper as well as examples found on the internet which make use of hyperbolic geometry in organizing and presenting information.
Activity of Culicoides furens larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as related to light and nutritional state

The diel activity of fourth-instar Culicoides furens (Poey) was studied in the laboratory by means of video recordings. Larvae in 0.5% agar under a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h were observed under three nutritional states: starved 24 h before and during observation; fed (with nematodes) 24 h before, but starved during, observation; and fed both before and during observation. Starved larvae displayed considerably reduced activity compared with those that were better fed, both in terms of speed and type of movement (the proportion of time spent in continuous rather than intermittent motion). Under all nutritional states, larvae were more active during dark than light hours; 3-hourly observations of speed plotted for four periods of 24 h strongly indicated a diel cycle of activity, which may, in the field, be accompanied by vertical migration in the soil. Overall, our observations indicated that during development, C. furens larvae rove constantly through the substrate, at speeds of approximately 2 m/h (and up to 4 m/h), and that this movement is maintained even in the presence of abundant food.
A rational approach to the problems of the coagulation time.

Abstract A modified Lee and White method for determination of coagulation time is described and proposed, which is believed to be more accurate and more sensitive than the methods currently in use, and which is not overly complicated or time-consuming. The method is designed to standardize and, insofar as is feasible, to minimize extraneous factors which influence the coagulation of venous blood. Application of the method in the study of normal subjects, hospitalized patients awaiting elective surgery, and postoperative surgical patients is reported. It was found in normal subjects that the average coagulation time by the proposed method was twenty-six minutes, with a range of twenty to thirty-five minutes. A statistically significant decrease in the average coagulation time in hospitalized patients awaiting surgery was observed, and a further drop was demonstrated on the first postoperative day. It is emphasized that due to the multiplicity of factors which affect intravascular clotting, no coagulation test can invariably indicate predisposition to thrombosis or hemorrhage, but it is hoped that the proposed method will increase the probability of predicting such occurrences.
Proteomic Profiling of Early Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension: Evidence for Both Adaptive and Maladaptive Pathology.

Background: The molecular mechanisms governing right atrial (RA) and ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and failure in chronic pulmonary hypertension (CPH) remain unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize RA and RV protein changes in CPH and determine their adaptive versus maladaptive role on hypertrophic development. Methods: Nine dogs underwent sternotomy and RA injection with 3 mg/kg dehydromonocrotaline (DMCT) to induce CPH (n=5) or sternotomy without DMCT (n=4). At 8-10 weeks, RA and RV proteomic analyses were completed after trypsinization of cut 2-D gel electrophoresis spots and peptide sequencing using mass spectrometry. Results: In the RV, 13 protein spots were significantly altered with DMCT compared to Sham. Downregulated RV proteins included contractile elements: troponin T and C (-1.6 fold change), myosin regulatory light chain 2 (-1.9), cellular energetics modifier: fatty-acid binding protein (-1.5), and (3) ROS scavenger: superoxide dismutase 1 (-1.7). Conversely, beta-myosin heavy chain was upregulated (+1.7). In the RA, 22 proteins spots were altered including the following downregulated proteins contractile elements: tropomyosin 1 alpha chain (-1.9), cellular energetic proteins: ATP synthase (-1.5), fatty-acid binding protein (-2.5), and (3) polyubiquitin (-3.5). Crystallin alpha B (hypertrophy inhibitor) was upregulated in both the RV (+2.2) and RA (+2.6). Conclusions: In early stage hypertrophy there is adaptive upregulation of major RA and RV contractile substituents and attenuation of the hypertrophic response. However, there are multiple indices of maladaptive pathology including considerable cellular stress associated with aberrancy of actin machinery activity, decreased efficiency of energy utilization, and potentially decreased protein quality control.
Preferential Treatment and the Rise of Individualized Investing in Private Equity

Preferential treatment is more common than ever in the $4 trillion private equity industry, thanks to new structures that make it easier to grant different terms to different investors. Traditionally, private equity managers raised almost all of their capital through “pooled” funds whereby the capital of many investors was aggregated into a single vehicle, but recent years have seen a dramatic increase in what I call “individualized investing” — private equity investing by individual investors through “separate accounts” and “co-investments” that exist outside of pooled funds. Many of the largest and most influential investors have used these individualized approaches to obtain significant advantages that are unavailable to pooled fund investors.This raises a question that is both economic and philosophical: is preferential treatment a good thing for private equity? The idea of preferential treatment runs counter to many people’s intuitive sense of fairness, but in this Article I make the case that these trends are efficiency-enhancing developments for the industry when managers abide by their disclosure duties and keep their contractual commitments. Some forms of preferential treatment made possible by individualized investing create new value for preferred investors without harming non-preferred investors. Others generate what I call “zero-sum” benefits because they are accompanied by offsetting losses to non-preferred investors, but when disclosure is robust and the market for capital is competitive, there are limits on the amount of zero-sum preferential treatment that we should expect. Even zero-sum preferential treatment can increase the aggregate surplus for investors when managers provide robust disclosure and keep their contractual commitments. Policy should seek to blend three elements. First, to support the efficiency gains made possible by individualized investing, it should support individualized contracting between managers and investors and not presume that preferential treatment is an inherently bad thing. Second, to minimize harms to non-preferred investors, it should promote robust conflicts disclosure, consistent compliance by managers with their contractual commitments, and clear and accurate performance and fee/expense disclosure. Lastly, policymakers should seek to pursue these goals at low cost, as non-preferred investors will likely bear much of the cost of policies designed to help them and high costs could have an anti-competitive effect.
Strong Plasmonic Coupling between Graphene Ribbon Array and Metal Gratings

The collective oscillation of the massless electrons in graphene ribbons can interact with photons to create graphene plasmon polaritons. The resonance-induced absorption is critical in signal detection and energy harvesting applications. However, because of their atomic thickness, high absorptance is difficult to achieve with graphene ribbons alone. In this work, a hybrid plasmonic system composed of an array of graphene ribbons over a periodic metal grating is theoretically investigated. It is shown that the localized resonances, that is, magnetic polaritons, in metal gratings can couple with the plasmonic resonance in graphene ribbons, resulting in significantly enhanced absorption in graphene. Moreover, the coupling phenomenon depends on the width of the ribbons and the relative positions of the ribbon and the grating. The coupling between the grating and a continuous graphene monolayer sheet is also investigated and the results are compared to those with graphene ribbons. The findings of this work ma...
Trastornos de la motilidad ocular

E l mantenimiento de la vision binocular mediante el movimiento conjugado de los ojos es quiza la hazana mas delicada de coordinacion muscular que puede lograr el sistema nervioso. Los trastornos del sistema sensorial visual, de los musculos oculares, de los nervios motores oculares, de la transmision neuromuscular o de los centros de la mirada del sistema nervioso central pueden alterar la motilidad ocular. En este capitulo se estudiaran el estrabismo no paralitico, el estrabismo paralitico (oftalmoplejia), las paralisis de la mirada, la ptosis y los nistagmos. Las alteraciones visuales y pupilares se estudiaran en el capitulo 16 .
Meaning in Spinoza's Method: The third kind of knowledge and “our” eternity

This final chapter is concerned with explicating what Spinoza refers to as the scientia intuitiva or the third kind of knowledge. The scientia intuitiva has pride of place among Spinoza's three kinds of knowledge due both to its importance and difficulty. In the Ethics and the KV he related it to love of God and the part of us that is eternal. He emphasized it in the TIE as well, although in both the TIE and the KV he referred to it as the “fourth kind of knowledge” (Spinoza collapsed the first two sorts of knowledge described in the KV and the TIE into one category, imagination, in the Ethics ). What is the third kind of knowledge? In the Ethics the third kind of knowledge is distinguished from the first kind of knowledge – imagination including memory and testimony, and from the second kind of knowledge, reason. After considering these other sorts of knowledge Spinoza described the third kind of knowledge as “a kind of knowing which proceeds from an adequate idea of the formal essence of certain attributes of God to the adequate knowledge of the [NS: formal] essence of things” ( iip 40 s 2, CW 478). In the TIE Spinoza described it in similar terms: “a thing is perceived through its essence alone” and we know we are engaged in intuitive knowledge when “from the fact that I know something, I know what it is to know something” ( TIE 22).
Ethnic difference in chemoradiation-induced esophagitis in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e18518 Background: Patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC are currently treated with platinum-containing concurrent chemoradiation. One of dose limiting toxicities is severe (grade 3 or higher)...
Seven Bacteriophages Isolated from the Female Urinary Microbiota

Recent research has debunked the myth that urine is sterile, having uncovered bacteria within the bladders of healthy individuals. However, the identity, diversity, and putative roles of bacteriophages in the bladder are unknown. We report the draft genome sequences of seven bacteriophages isolated from microbial communities from adult female bladders.
When the bells toll: engaging healthcare providers in catastrophic disaster response planning

Catastrophic disaster planning and response have been impeded by the inability to better coordinate the many components of the emergency response system. Healthcare providers in particular have remained on the periphery of such planning because of a variety of real or perceived barriers. Although hospitals and healthcare systems have worked successfully to develop surge capacity and capability, less successful have been the attempts to inculcate such planning in the private practice medical community. Implementation of a systems approach to catastrophic disaster planning that incorporates healthcare provider participation and engagement as one of the first steps toward such efforts will be of significant importance in ensuring that a comprehensive and successful emergency response will ensue. Language: en
The Use of Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques in Monitoring and Controlling Bioreactors

Abstract The relative advantages and disadvantages of various spectroscopic techniques for identifying and measuring concentrations of dilute, multicomponent mixtures are reviewed. A more specific background on infrared spectroscopy is provided. The characteristics of near- and mid-infrared spectra of several microbial, mammalian and plant cell cultures are documented. Some of the factors critical to quantifying chemical species in fermentation samples, from the perspective of on-line implementation for control, are considered.
Global Models of Ridge-Push Force, Geoid, and Lithospheric Strength of Oceanic plates

An understanding of the transmission of ridge-push related stresses in the interior of oceanic plates is important because ridge-push force is one of the principal forces driving plate motion. Here, I assess the transmission of ridge-push related stresses in oceanic plates by comparing the magnitude of the ridge-push force to the integrated strength of oceanic plates. The strength is determined based on plate cooling and rheological models. The strength analysis includes low-temperature plasticity (LTP) in the upper mantle and assumes a range of possible tectonic conditions and rheology in the plates. The ridge-push force has been derived from the thermal state of oceanic lithosphere, seafloor depth and crustal age data. The results of modeling show that the transmission of ridge-push related stresses in oceanic plates mainly depends on rheology and predominant tectonic conditions. If a lithosphere has dry rheology, the estimated strength is higher than the ridge-push force at all ages for compressional tectonics and at old ages (>75 Ma) for extension. Therefore, under such conditions, oceanic plates may not respond to ridge-push force by intraplate deformation. Instead, the plates may transmit the ridge-push related stress in their interior. For a wet rheology, however, the strength of young lithosphere (<75 Ma) is much less than the ridge-push force for both compressional and extensional tectonics. In this case, the ridge-push related stress may dissipate in the interior of oceanic plates and diffuses by intraplate deformation. The state of stress within a plate depends on the balance of far-field and intraplate forces.
Recursive Functions; Turing Computability

In this chapter we shall give three versions of the notion of effectively calculable function: recursive functions (defined explicitly by means of closure conditions), an analogous but less redundant version due to Julia Robinson, and the notion of Turing computable function, based upon Turing machines. These three notions will be shown to be equivalent; here the results of Chapters 1 and 2 serve as essential lemmas. In the exercises, three further equivalent notions are outlined: a variant of our official definition of recursiveness,the Godel-Herbrand-Kleene calculus, and a generalized computer version which is even closer to actual computers than Turing machines. As stated in the introduction to this part, none of these different versions stands out as overwhelmingly superior to the others in any reasonable way. The versions involving closure conditions are mathematically the simplest. The ones using generalized machines seem the most intuitively appealing. The Kleene calculus and the Markov algorithms of the next section are closest to the kinds of symbol manipulations and algorithmic procedures that one works out on paper or within natural languages. Take your pick.
Brain metastases: neuroimaging.

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the cornerstone for evaluating patients with brain masses such as primary and metastatic tumors. Important challenges in effectively detecting and diagnosing brain metastases and in accurately characterizing their subsequent response to treatment remain. These difficulties include discriminating metastases from potential mimics such as primary brain tumors and infection, detecting small metastases, and differentiating treatment response from tumor recurrence and progression. Optimal patient management could be benefited by improved and well-validated prognostic and predictive imaging markers, as well as early response markers to identify successful treatment prior to changes in tumor size. To address these fundamental needs, newer MRI techniques including diffusion and perfusion imaging, MR spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers beyond traditionally used 18-fluorodeoxyglucose are the subject of extensive ongoing investigations, with several promising avenues of added value already identified. These newer techniques provide a wealth of physiologic and metabolic information that may supplement standard MR evaluation, by providing the ability to monitor and characterize cellularity, angiogenesis, perfusion, pH, hypoxia, metabolite concentrations, and other critical features of malignancy. This chapter reviews standard and advanced imaging of brain metastases provided by computed tomography, MRI, and amino acid PET, focusing on potential biomarkers that can serve as problem-solving tools in the clinical management of patients with brain metastases.
Racial Differences in 21-Gene Recurrence Scores Among Patients With Hormone Receptor–Positive, Node-Negative Breast Cancer

Purpose The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) breast cancer assay is clinically used to quantify risk of 10-year distant recurrence by category (low, < 18; intermediate, 18 to 30; high, ≥ 31) for treatment management among women diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, lymph node-negative breast cancer. Although non-Hispanic black (NHB) women have worse prognosis compared with non-Hispanic white (NHW) women, the equivalency of 21-gene RS across racial groups remains unknown. Patients and Methods Using the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, we identified women who were diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, lymph node-negative invasive breast cancer between 2010 and 2014. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify racial differences in 21-gene RS category. Results We identified 2,216 women (1,824 NHW and 392 NHB) with invasive breast cancer who met clinical guidelines for and underwent 21-gene RS testing. The mean RS was significantly higher in NHBs compared with NHWs (19.3 v 17.0, respectively; P = .0003), where NHBs were more likely to present with high-risk tumors compared with NHWs (14.8% v 8.3%, respectively; P = .0004). These differences were limited to patients younger than 65 years at diagnosis, among whom NHBs had significantly higher RS compared with NHWs (20 to 49 years: 23.6 v 17.3, respectively; P < .001 and 50 to 64 years: 19.6 v 17.4, respectively; P = .023). NHBs remained more likely to have high-risk tumors compared with NHWs after adjusting for age, clinical stage, tumor grade, and histology (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.59). Conclusion NHBs who met clinical criteria for 21-gene RS testing had tumors with higher estimated risks of distant recurrence compared with NHWs. Further study is needed to elucidate whether differences in recurrence are observed for these women, which would have clinical implications for 21-gene RS calibration and treatment recommendations in NHB patients.
Self-Regulatory Strength: Neural Mechanisms and Implications for Training

Current models of self-regulation theorize that the capacity to exert self-control draws upon a limited resource that, when depleted, increases the likelihood of giving in to unwanted (and many times unhealthy) impulses and behaviors. Initially, effects of depletion on self-regulatory strength were observed behaviorally, without reference to neurobiological mechanisms that might underlie these effects. Recently, researchers in the social brain sciences have proposed three accounts of the neural effects of depletion on self-regulatory strength. One view suggests that depletion primarily interferes with executive functioning and disrupts top-down control processes that would otherwise regulate impulses. A second view claims that depletion intensifies desires and amplifies activity associated with reward processing and impulse strength. The third account contends that depletion affects both reward systems and regulatory functioning in prefrontal cortex. In this chapter, we discuss how these accounts offer insights into potential neural mechanisms by which depletion weakens self-regulatory strength and leads to subsequent self-control failure. Then, we explore the possibility of improving self-regulatory strength, both in the short and long term. Specifically, we propose that self-regulatory capacity may be improved over time, with corticostriatal networks serving as targets of self-control training. Such training programs not only would help test the brain-based accounts discussed here but might benefit those populations who are especially prone to self-regulation failure.
Sensory Synaptic Cascades

From this chapter onward the use of phrases such as “perhaps,” “possibly,” and “we don’t know” will be increasing in frequency.
Does vessel noise change the calling rate and intensity of soniferous fishes

Fishes of the family Sciaenidae (drums and croakers) are well-known for their abilities to produce sounds using both sonic muscles and the swim bladder (Luczkovich et al. 2008a, b; Rountree et al. 2006; Sprague and Luczkovich 2004). Calls of sciaenid fishes like Micropogonias undulatus (Atlantic croaker) can be heard with hydrophones throughout the day, producing sounds when disturbed, during aggression, and during spawning (male advertisement calls). In this study, we examined if the noise associated with coastal vessels (ferry boats and tugboats) that operated daily during the early morning through early evening had any effect on the seasonal and daily calling rate of Micropogonias undulatus.
Cold-Shock Response and Adaptation to Near-Freezing Temperature in Cold-Adapted Yeasts

Yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are exposed in their natural habitat to ambient temperatures. They can form colonies at 4 °C and can grow at 10–18 °C. Therefore, the temperature downshift to 10 °C is a moderate cold stress for yeasts. Thus, there is no dramatic induction of cold-shock proteins (CSPs) upon temperature downshift from 30 to 10 °C. On the other hand, the response observed at near-freezing temperatures is more likely to represent the strong cold-shock response for yeasts. The changes in yeast plasma membrane fluidity are the primary signal triggering the cold-shock response. The responses of the yeast cell to temperature downshift to 10 °C can be categorized into three phases. The early and mid-phases are characterized by the initial up-regulation of a number of genes that are associated with the transcriptional machinery, which is then followed by an up-regulation of the translational machinery in the mid-phase. The third phase is characterized by the transcriptional activation of typical stress-marker genes, for example, the heat-shock protein (HSP) genes, and genes that are involved in the cellular processes of metabolism and signal transduction. On the other hand, it has been shown that the cold-induced accumulation of trehalose, glycerol, and HSPs plays a crucial role in protecting the yeast cells against freeze injury. Each of these three cryoprotectants is discussed in detail, along with the relevance of these studies for biotechnological application of yeasts.
Stem Imaging of Crystals and Defects

Crystals are like people: it is the defects in them which tend to make them interesting! This chapter describes the use of STEM imaging for the structural characterization of crystalline materials, perfect and imperfect. The object of the chapter is to describe basic principles as clearly as possible, using a minimum of mathematics.