cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Microarray Analysis of the Temporal Response of Liver to Methylprednisolone: A Comparative Analysis of Two Dosing Regimens

Microarray analyses were performed on livers from adrenalectomized male Wistar rats chronically infused with methylprednisolone (MPL) (0.3 mg/kg.h) using Alzet mini-osmotic pumps for periods ranging from 6 h to 7 d. Four control and 40 drug-treated animals were killed at 10 different times during drug infusion. Total RNA preparations from the livers of these animals were hybridized to 44 individual Affymetrix REA230A gene chips, generating data for 15,967 different probe sets for each chip. A series of three filters were applied sequentially. These filters were designed to eliminate probe sets that were not expressed in the tissue, were not regulated by the drug, or did not meet defined quality control standards. These filters eliminated 13,978 probe sets (87.5%) leaving a remainder of 1989 probe sets for further consideration. We previously described a similar dataset obtained from animals after administration of a single dose of MPL (50 mg/kg given iv). That study involved 16 time points over a 72-h period. A similar filtering schema applied to the single-bolus-dose dataset identified 1519 probe sets as being regulated by MPL. A comparison of datasets from the two different dosing regimens identified 358 genes that were regulated by MPL in response to both dosing regimens. Regulated genes were grouped into 13 categories, mainly on gene product function. The temporal profiles of these common genes were subjected to detailed scrutiny. Examination of temporal profiles demonstrates that current perspectives on the mechanism of glucocorticoid action cannot entirely explain the temporal profiles of these regulated genes.
Cytogenetic studies of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a follow-up report.

Previous series including our earlier study of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia have documented the presence of nonclonal chromosome abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes. To investigate whether or not these abnormalities persist, we restudied nine patients, all of whom had received radiotherapy and a minimum of 3 years of systemic chemotherapy. Therapy had been discontinued a median of 3.9 years prior to study in our first report and a median of 7.2 years prior to study in this follow-up report. Thirty metaphases from short-term cultures of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood from each of nine patients and nine matched controls were analyzed using G-banding. Nonclonal chromosome abnormalities were present in cells from six of the nine patients and 3.0% of patients' cells overall, as compared to seven of ten patients and 3.5% of patients' cells in the earlier study. All patients studied twice had abnormalities on one or both occasions. No evidence for the development of cytogenetically abnormal clones was found. Combined data from the two evaluations indicate that 1) all of the patients have a small population of long-lived lymphocytes with nonclonal chromosome abnormalities, 2) the frequency of these cells appears to remain remarkably constant over time, and 3) the proportion of cells with chromosome abnormalities is approximately threefold greater in patients than in controls. It has become apparent that survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are at increased risk for development of second malignant neoplasms. The relationship between therapy-induced chromosome damage and the development of second malignant neoplasms is currently unknown. We speculate that some cells, possibly in tissues other than peripheral blood, are preneoplastic by virtue of therapy-induced chromosome rearrangements involving critical genes and, following a long latent period, may undergo subsequent genetic or cellular changes that result in malignant transformation. Unfortunately, however, estimation of genetic damage through cytogenetic studies of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes does not appear to be a useful method for prediction of second malignant neoplasms following acute lymphoblastic leukemia, since most or all of the patients have a low level of abnormal cells.
Outcomes assessment in general practice residency programs.

In 1988, the Commission on Dental Accreditation implemented outcomes assessment as an accreditation standard for all programs it accredits. This paper describes outcomes assessment for general practice residency programs and provides a basic plan suitable for adaptation to individual program goals. Examples of goals, objectives, outcome measurement Instruments, data collection, and documentation requirements are provided.
Innovative paths for providing green energy for sustainable global economic growth

According to United Nation, world population may reach 10.1 billion by the year 2100. The fossil fuel based global economy is not sustainable. For sustainable global green energy scenario we must consider free fuel based energy conversion, environmental concerns and conservation of water. Photovoltaics (PV) offers a unique opportunity to solve the 21st century’s electricity generation because solar energy is essentially unlimited and PV systems provide electricity without any undesirable impact on the environment. Innovative paths for green energy conversion and storage are proposed in areas of R and D, manufacturing and system integration, energy policy and financing. With existing silicon PV system manufacturing, the implementation of new innovative energy policies and new innovative business model can provide immediately large capacity of electricity generation to developed, emerging and underdeveloped economies.
Dopamine Induced Bistability Enhances Signal Processing in Spiny Neurons

Single unit activity in the striatum of awake monkeys shows a marked dependence on the expected reward that a behavior will elicit. We present a computational model of spiny neurons, the principal neurons of the striatum, to assess the hypothesis that direct neuromodulatory effects of dopamine through the activation of Dl receptors mediate the reward dependency of spiny neuron activity. Dopamine release results in the amplification of key ion currents, leading to the emergence of bistability, which not only modulates the peak firing rate but also introduces a temporal and state dependence of the model's response, thus improving the detectability of temporally correlated inputs.
NON TARGET-DERIVED ROLES OF THE NEUROTROPHINS

The hypothesis that target-derived neurotrophic factors are essential for the survival, differentiation and maintenance of sensory, sympathetic and motor neurons has been well supported by analysis of mice bearing null mutations in the neurotrophins and their receptors. However, the localization of brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a population of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons (Ernfors et al . 1990 b ; Ernfors & Persson 1991; Schecterson & Bothwell 1992) suggested the additional possibility that BDNF could act in a paracrine or autocrine manner to mediate neuronal survival. We tested this hypothesis in cultured adult DRG neurons, which survive as single cells in microwells in the absence of added trophic factors (Lindsay 1988). About 35% of these neurons were specifically killed by BDNF antisense oligonucleotide administration in a dose-dependent manner, with no effect of sense oligonucleotides. Antisense administration was accompanied by an 80% decrease in BDNF protein levels over the first 24 h of treatment (Acheson et al . 1995). The BDNF autocrine loop that we propose to be present in sensory neurons may be representative of a broader phenomenon in the nervous system as a whole, where the balance of neurotrophic support may shift during development from target-derived to paracrine or autocrine modes. Perhaps as a consequence of this developmental shift, the survival of both peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) neurons in the adult is less affected by axotomy or target removal when compared to their response during development.
Tutorial on analytic theory for cross‐polarization in solid state NMR

This tutorial aims to be a self-contained and explicit analysis of the basic cross polarization (CP) solid-state NMR experiment (SSNMR) in the isolated spin-pair approximation using standard quantum mechanical arguments. The general result of obtaining coherence transfer between two dipolar coupled spin-active nuclei while applying radio frequency fields to both nuclei is described, with emphasis on the origin of the well known Hartmann-Hahn matching conditions. No new theory is presented; rather several common analytical methods in SSNMR are demonstrated in the context of cross-polarization under static and magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions. A background in NMR and quantum mechanics is assumed, however this work attempts to minimize the need for excursions into the literature. This article was written to aid a reader in advancing into more detailed descriptions of CP and dipolar recoupling in general. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 254–276, 2008.
On computer communication network reliability under program execution constraints

The authors propose a technique to compute software system reliability (SSR). The method, called FARE (fast algorithm for reliability evaluation), does not require a priori knowledge of multiterminal connections (MCs) for computing the reliability expression. An effort is made to sole the problem of N-version programming by using the FARE approach. Owing to its short execution time and low memory requirement, FARE can be used to calculate the SSR of fairly large distributed systems. >
Wavelet decomposition for the identification of EMG activity in the gait cycle

Accurate determination of the onset and offset of muscle activity in relation to the gait cycle is essential for understanding the pathology of certain neuromuscular disorders and for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. This study examined the use of the discrete wavelet transform as an automated method for the detection of EMG activity. Comparisons of the wavelet method to a root mean squared algorithm and visual observation indicate that the wavelet method could be ideal for the detection of EMG activity during gait, but further studies are required.
SIMULATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF DIFFERENT FIRE REGIMES TO SUPPORT WILDLAND FIRE USE DECISIONS

The strategy known as wildland fire use, in which lightning-ignited fires are allowed to burn, is rapidly gaining momentum in the fire management community. Managers need to know the consequences of an increase in area burned that might result from an increase in wildland fire use. One concern of land managers as they consider implementing wildland fire use is whether they can meet the goals in the land management plan for the desired distribution of forest structural stages across the landscape with further increases in fire. These questions were explored for a 49,532 ha landscape on the Boise National Forest in Idaho that typically experiences mixed-severity and stand-replacing fires. The landscape simulation model TELSA was used to evaluate how increases in fire frequency and area burned might affect landscape composition and structure. Information about frequency, annual area burned, and size-class distributions of fires derived from a fire atlas for the northern Rocky Mountains were used to define the fire regime parameters for five different simulation scenarios. Scenarios with higher fire frequency and area burned resulted in landscapes dominated by earlier successional forest stages and only small patches occupied by large trees. Simulated variability in area occupied by different tree-size classes on this landscape was much greater than the desired ranges defined in the land management plan for the forest at large. A measure of dissimilarity (Euclidean Distance) from desired composition was used to evaluate scenarios for their relative ability to achieve long term land management goals. The lowest values of Euclidean Distance were for a scenario that represents a substantial increase in fire over 20th century fire regimes. Euclidean Distance increased for scenarios with very high rates of burning, implying an upper limit to the desired amount of fire for this landscape. These findings could be used to develop guidance for achieving desired conditions with wildland fire use.
Genital and Infectious Emergencies: Prostatitis, Urethritis, and Epididymo-orchitis

Emerging antibiotic resistance, global travel, and the absence of new antimicrobial agents make the treatment of male genital infections a dynamic and challenging clinical problem. This chapter reviews the common pathogenic organisms, high-risk patient populations, presenting clinical symptoms and signs of acute bacterial infections of the prostate, urethra, and male reproductive organs. Diagnostic testing strategies, including sophisticated molecular and radiologic tests, are provided for rapid identification and treatment of acute prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymo-orchitis. Management options are reviewed for each, including up to date CDC recommendations for antimicrobial options for sexually transmitted infections and treatment of partners.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Modeling of High-Capacity, Dual Functioning MnO2 Electrode/Electrocatalysts for Li-O2 Cells

It has become clear that cycling lithium-oxygen cells in carbonate electrolytes is impractical, as electrolyte decomposition, triggered by oxygen reduction products, dominates the cell chemistry. This research shows that employing an α-MnO2/ramsdellite-MnO2 electrode/electrocatalyst results in the formation of lithium-oxide-like discharge products in propylene carbonate, which has been reported to be extremely susceptible to decomposition. X-ray photoelectron data have shown that what are likely lithium oxides (Li2O2 and Li2O) appear to form and decompose on the air electrode surface, particularly at the MnO2 surface, while Li2CO3 is also formed. By contrast, cells without α-MnO2/ramsdellite-MnO2 fail rapidly in electrochemical cycling, likely due to the differences in the discharge product. Relatively high electrode capacities, up to 5000 mAh/g (carbon + electrode/electrocatalyst), have been achieved with non-optimized air electrodes. Insights into reversible insertion reactions of lithium, lithium peroxide (Li2O2) and lithium oxide (Li2O) in the tunnels of α-MnO2, and the reaction of lithium with ramsdellite-MnO2, as determined by first principles density functional theory calculations, are used to provide a possible explanation for some of the observed results. It is speculated that a Li2O-stabilized and partially-lithiated electrode component, 0.15Li2O·α-LixMnO2, that has Mn4+/3+ character may facilitate the Li2O2/Li2O discharge/charge chemistries providing dual electrode/electrocatalyst functionality.
Organizational Influences on the Work Orientations of Elementary Teachers

Existing literature on the work of the elementary school teacher tends to be based on the assumption that the organizational work context is the self-contained class room and that this situation leads to certain types of orientations with respect to the occupational task. Underlying this literature is the implicit hypothesis that other work contexts would produce different work orientations. This paper presents a means of testing this implicit hypothesis and applies it to a sample of 24 elementary schools and their teaching staffs The results do not bear out the implied assumptions and hypotheses of existing literature, suggesting that further inquiry should be carried out on more adequate samples. Toward the latter end, some of the possible sources of variation in the present data are explored as a guide to future research.
Analyses of forest foliage I: Laboratory procedures for proximate carbon fractionation and nitrogen determination

As part of NASA's Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program we performed analyses for the determination of carbon constituents and nitrogen content in fresh forest foliage. Foliage from three deciduous species was collected for carbon fraction analysis. Samples were analysed using a series of extractions that yielded different carbon constituents: non-polar, polar, cellulose and lignin. Results showed this to be a satisfactory method for carbon fractionation. Coefficient of variation within and between runs was less than 10%. These results were further supported by an interlaboratory comparison involving two other labs and samples collected as part of NSF's LTER LIDET experiment. Variations in laboratory results were due in part to differences in ash correction calculations. Approximately 1000 additional samples were analysed by wet chemical methods and used as a calibration set for Visible/NIR reflectance. Results showed accuracy of spectrophotometric measurements to approach that of wet chemistry techniques.
Histone Deacetylase 3 Is Required for Efficient T Cell Development

Hdac3 is a key target for Hdac inhibitors that are efficacious in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Moreover, the regulation of chromatin structure is critical as thymocytes transition from an immature cell with open chromatin to a mature T cell with tightly condensed chromatin. To define the phenotypes controlled by Hdac3 during T cell development, we conditionally deleted Hdac3 using the Lck-Cre transgene. This strategy inactivated Hdac3 in the double-negative stages of thymocyte development and caused a significant impairment at the CD8 immature single-positive (ISP) stage and the CD4/CD8 double-positive stage, with few mature CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive cells being produced. When Hdac3−/− mice were crossed with Bcl-xL-, Bcl2-, or TCRβ-expressing transgenic mice, a modest level of complementation was found. However, when the null mice were crossed with mice expressing a fully rearranged T cell receptor αβ transgene, normal levels of CD4 single-positive cells were produced. Thus, Hdac3 is required for the efficient transit from double-negative stage 4 through positive selection.
Approximation theory and recurrent networks

It is shown that a given trajectory sequence with the corresponding time steps can be represented by a discrete-time connected recurrent neural net. The result is generalized to an approximation of a differentiable trajectory on a compact time interval. It is shown that fully recurrent neural nets of sigmoid type units can approximate a large class of continuous real functions of time. This implies that fully recurrent neural networks can be universal approximators of trajectories. This fundamental principle of constructing a set of linearly independent vectors can be used to obtain the weights which serve for constructing such networks either directly or by providing a good initial guess for iterative learning algorithms. The estimation of network size is given. >
OBTAINING AND PARAMETERIZING MULTIPERIOD PORTFOLIOS WITH DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS UNDER LOGNORMAL RETURNS

The expected geometric mean has been shown to be a valuable criterion in ranking portfolios of assets. For example, under certain conditions the maximum expected geometric-mean portfolio minimizes the expected time to amass a fixed level of wealth as wealth becomes “large.” This paper develops a simple algorithm for obtaining such portfolios when portfolio returns are assumed to be lognormally distributed. The risk-return characteristics of portfolios are derived and illustrated using data from a subset of stocks found on the New York Stock Exchange.
Information-optimal selective data return for autonomous rover traverse science and survey

Selective data return leverages onboard data analysis to allocate limited bandwidth resources during remote exploration. Here we present an adaptive method to subsample image sequences for downlink. We treat selective data return as a compression problem in which the explorer agent transmits the subset of measurements that are most informative with respect to the complete dataset. Experiments demonstrate selective downlink of navigation imagery by a rover during autonomous geologic investigations in the Atacama desert of Chile. Here automatic analysis identifies informative images using classifications based on natural image statistics. Image texture analysis, together with a context-sensitive Hidden Markov Model representation, permits adaptive downlink in response to geologic unit boundaries. Selective data return improves the science content of returned data for this geologic mapping task.
Evaluating the Evidence Base of Performance Feedback in Preservice Special Education Teacher Training.

Performance feedback is commonly used during field experiences to improve desired teaching behaviors in preservice teachers. The authors identify eight single-subject studies examining the effects ...
I-NET mechanism for issuing multiple instructions

Conventional instruction issuing methods use hardware control mechanism to issue instructions in multiple-functional-unit systems. They reach physical limitations due to the complexity of issuing logic when they intend to issue multiple instructions per cycle. A new method, I-NET, is presented in this paper to overcome this shortcoming. I-NET uses a post-compiler to detect the data dependencies among instructions. The detected data dependence is then attached to the instruction code to form an instruction unit which can be executed independently with one another. These “pre-decoded” instruction units are fetched from the memory and sent to functional units directly. It achieve a maximal instruction issuing rate by avoiding a lengthy decoding procedure in the hardware. The performance study has shown I-NET to be a very promising method in exploring massive parallelism of a program in a multiple-functional-unit system.
PROTANDRIC SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITISM IN THE MARINE SHRIMP LYSMATA CALIFORNICA (CARIDEA: HIPPOLYTIDAE)

Abstract To investigate the extent of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH) in the genus Lysmata, observations were made on the sexual system of L. californica, a species from the warm-temperate eastern Pacific. Observations on a large number of female-phase individuals (FPs) from a museum collection indicated that FPs with broods containing advanced embryos spawn again (successively) soon after brood hatching. Female-phase individuals maintained in pairs went through successive cycles of embryo brooding concomitant with gonadal vitellogenesis, hatching, molting, and spawning. Time-lapse video observations confirmed that FPs are able to copulate as males and inseminate postmolt, prespawning FPs. Prespawning FPs maintained alone did not produce successful broods of embryos. Thus, FPs of L. californica are outcrossing simultaneous hermaphrodites. Size-frequency distributions of sexual phases showed that individuals develop first in the male phase (MP) and then change to the female phase. Individuals...
Navier-Stokes and Comprehensive Analysis Performance Predictions of the NREL Phase VI Experiment

A vortex lattice code, CAMRAD II, and a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stoke code, OVERFLOW-D2, were used to predict the aerodynamic performance of a two-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine. All computations were compared with experimental data that was collected at the NASA Ames Research Center 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel. Computations were performed for both axial as well as yawed operating conditions. Various stall delay models and dynamics stall models were used by the CAMRAD II code. Comparisons between the experimental data and computed aerodynamic loads show that the OVERFLOW-D2 code can accurately predict the power and spanwise loading of a wind turbine rotor.
Testicular regression syndrome : A clinical and pathologic study of 11 cases

Abstract Context.—The vanishing or regressed testis is an entity well known to urologists and pediatric surgeons, affecting approximately 5% of patients with cryptorchidism. However, there is little review and discussion of this entity among pathologists with only 2 of 40 published reviews of testicular regression syndrome (TRS) found in the pathologic literature. Objectives.—To assess recognition of TRS among a subset of pathologists and to determine the applicability of histologic criteria for TRS as published. Design.—An 8-year retrospective review of cases submitted as atrophic or regressed testis was performed. Original diagnosis and diagnosis after review were compared to assess pathologic recognition of TRS. Pathologic assessment included identification of vas deferens, epididymis, dystrophic calcification, hemosiderin, dominant vein, pampiniform plexus–like vessels, and vascularized fibrous nodule formation. At minimum, the presence of a vascularized fibrous nodule (VFN) with calcification or hemo...
Phylogeography of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) estimated by diversity at ribosomal 16S and cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial genes.

Abstract The blood-feeding cosmopolitan stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is thought to disperse rapidly and widely, and earlier studies of allozyme variation were consistent with high vagility in this species. The geographic origins of New World populations are unknown. Diversity at mitochondrial loci r16S and cytochrome oxidase I was examined in 277 stable flies from 11 countries, including five zoogeographical regions. Of 809 nucleotides, 174 were polymorphic and 133 were parsimony informative. Seventy-six haplotypes were found in frequencies consistent with the Wright–Fisher infinite allele model. None were shared among four or more zoogeographical regions. The null hypothesis of mutation neutrality was not rejected, thereby validating the observed distribution. Fifty-nine haplotypes were singular, eight were private and confined to the Old World, and three of 76 haplotypes were shared between the Old and New World. Only 19 haplotypes were found in the New World, 14 of which were...
Single‐cell functional analysis of parathyroid adenomas reveals distinct classes of calcium sensing behaviour in primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine neoplastic disorder caused by a failure of calcium sensing secondary to tumour development in one or more of the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid adenomas are comprised of distinct cellular subpopulations of variable clonal status that exhibit differing degrees of calcium responsiveness. To gain a clearer understanding of the relationship among cellular identity, tumour composition and clinical biochemistry in PHPT, we developed a novel single cell platform for quantitative evaluation of calcium sensing behaviour in freshly resected human parathyroid tumour cells. Live-cell intracellular calcium flux was visualized through Fluo-4-AM epifluorescence, followed by in situ immunofluorescence detection of the calcium sensing receptor (CASR), a central component in the extracellular calcium signalling pathway. The reactivity of individual parathyroid tumour cells to extracellular calcium stimulus was highly variable, with discrete kinetic response patterns observed both between and among parathyroid tumour samples. CASR abundance was not an obligate determinant of calcium responsiveness. Calcium EC50 values from a series of parathyroid adenomas revealed that the tumours segregated into two distinct categories. One group manifested a mean EC50 of 2.40 mM (95% CI: 2.37-2.41), closely aligned to the established normal range. The second group was less responsive to calcium stimulus, with a mean EC50 of 3.61 mM (95% CI: 3.45-3.95). This binary distribution indicates the existence of a previously unappreciated biochemical sub-classification of PHPT tumours, possibly reflecting distinct etiological mechanisms. Recognition of quantitative differences in calcium sensing could have important implications for the clinical management of PHPT.
Media synchronization and communication in distributed multimedia systems

Advances in networking, storage, and hardware are making it possible to design digital multimedia systems that support a variety of applications, ranging from distance learning in education to video on-demand services in entertainment. The design, analysis, and implementation of techniques and protocols for providing continuous and synchronous access to multimedia on-demand services over emerging fast-packet switched networks, such as ATM, constitute the subject matter of this dissertation. For enforcing continuity and synchronization, we present an adaptive feedback technique in which, at the time of recording of multimedia objects, a multimedia server creates a relative time system in which all media units are assigned time stamps indicating their relative instants of recording. During playback, light-weight feedback messages transmitted periodically by users' mediaphones are used to detect impending discontinuities as well as asynchronies amongst the mediaphones, and to readjust the media transmission rate so as to avoid either anomaly, and to steer leading and lagging mediaphones back to synchrony. Given the available buffer sizes at mediaphones and the maximum tolerable asynchrony, we present methods to determine the minimum rate at which feedback units must be transmitted so as to maintain both continuity and synchronization. Initial experiences with this technique for video-audio playback illustrate that the computational and networking overheads entailed are very small. For guaranteeing real-time performance during video communication, we propose a simple to implement, yet effective, strategy called Frame-Induced Packet Discarding (FIPD), in which, upon detection of loss of a threshold number (determined by an application's video encoding scheme) of packets belonging to a video frame, the network attempts to discard all the remaining packets of that frame. Trace-driven performance simulations of FIPD demonstrate its practical utility: FlPD offers significant increase in number of video channels for both JPEG and MPEG. The media synchronization and communication techniques described in this dissertation form the basis of a multimedia on-demand service prototype that we have developed. We describe the architecture of this prototype and share our initial experiences using the prototype.
2014-02 Uncertainty shocks and equity return jumps and volatility during the Great Depression

Stock market volatility was extremely high during the Great Depression relative to any other period in American history. At the same time, large negative and positive discontinuous jumps in stock returns can be detected using the Barndor-Nielsen and Shephard (2004) test for jumps in financial time-series. These jumps coincided with periods when stock volatility was high as the arrival of new information about the uncertain future drove both the record stock volatility and the record jumps in stock returns. A timeline of the Depression is outlined, with important events that drove uncertainty highlighted such as the collapse of the banking system, policy changes, the breakdown of the gold standard, monetary policy uncertainty, and war jitters. JEL classification:
Becoming a Physiologist (1895–1899)

Returning to Copenhagen in September 1895, August finally began his studies for a magister conference in zoology. Now William Sorensen, far ahead of his colleagues in understanding the importance of physiology for zoology, recommended that Krogh take a physiology course in addition to his regular studies. Physiology was not taught within the Naturhistorisk Fakultet (the Mathematics—Natural Science Department), but in the Medical School, where Christian Bohr was professor of physiology. The first lecture Krogh attended became decisive for his future. Bohr lectured on methods for determining the quantity of blood and blood gasses in the body. The quantitative treatment of the subject and the physical principles involved appealed enormously to the young Krogh.
Post Graduate Legal Education and Law Schools

Explores the ways that exploratory as opposed to deductive reasoning is developed in young attorneys both in firms and in the federally funded legal services programs.
Post-mortem analysis of cortical thickness and neuronal morphometry in autism.

v LIST OF FIGURES x INTRODUCTION 1 Definition and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder 1 Prevalence and Cause 3 Neurobiology and Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorder 5 Dysplasia vs. Atrophy 11 Epilepsy/Seizures in Autism 12 Cortical Thickness 13 Neuromorphology 15 HYPOTHESIS 18 Cortical Thickness and ASD 18 Neuronal Morphometry 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 Subjects 20 Cortical Thickness Methods 22 Neuronal Morphometry Methods 26
Capacity Planning with a Stochastic Workflow Model

This paper presents a new model for capacity planning which captures the influence of queueing behavior on resource utilization. The model is compared to a similar deterministic model which capture...
Habitat Use by Sherman's Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger shermani) in Florida

The mean cumulative size of home ranges of Sciurus niger shermani was 42.8 ha for males and 16.7 ha for females during a 1-year period. Home ranges shifted position during a food shortage. Males moved long distances before and during the breeding season. Seed production of the two tree species in sandhill habitat was greater on low slopes, significantly so in turkey oaks ( Quercus laevis ). Longleaf pines ( Pinus palustris ) produced seeds in each of 2 years, half as many in the second as in the first. The crop of turkey oak acorns failed entirely in the 2nd year. Because acorns of live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) appeared to be a major food resource, best habitat for Sherman's fox squirrel may be along the edge of longleaf pine savanna and live oak forest. Low diversity and abundance of food resources and their variability in time and space may explain the large home ranges of this animal. Squirrels used leaf nests much more often than tree cavities. Nest counts are recommended for documenting the status of populations of Sherman's fox squirrels. Preservation and proper management of natural, old-growth longleaf pine forests is paramount for survival of this subspecies.
Management Station Design and Development of Security-stability Control System

As the second defense line to guarantee safety and stable operation of a power system,security-stability control system is huge and highly complex.It is very important for the dispatcher and operation administrator to control the operation status of the system correctly and promptly.Based on the actual needs of operation management,this paper puts forward the system function and design of the management station,develops the advanced application for operation management,and proposes technological means and scheme to achieve a "visualized and controllable" system.The system developed has been successfully applied on several power grids.
Environmental neurotoxicity in humans: principles of diagnosis, effects and selected case examples.

Many potential neurotoxins exist and are classified (1-7) as: 1) pharmaceutical agents, 2) biological agents, 3) radiation and electricity, 4) heavy metals, 5) solvents and vapors, 6) insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides, 7) air pollution, 8) food additives, 9) social poisons. The reader is referred to sources of toxicology information available on the internet (6, 7). These include but are not limited to: U.S. National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov; Medscape http://www.medscape.com; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health h t t p : / / w w w.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html; Neurotoxic.com http://www. n e u r o t o x i c . c o m
In vitro Tracer Superfusion Experiments

The preceding two chapters have dealt with the application of formulas derived from theoretical considerations discussed in Chapters 1 to 4 to in vivo experiments. This chapter deals with experiments performed in vitro, in which cell suspensions or tissue slices are superfused with medium containing tracers. These experiments yield steady-state isotopic data, which are interpreted on the basis of concepts presented in Chapters 1 and 2.
Evangelization beyond Europe

The sixteenth-century expansion of Europe into Africa, Asia, and the hitherto unknown Americas introduced a period of European domination of the world that ended in the twentieth century. Inaugurating the era was the arrival of Columbus on the Bahamian island of San Salvador in 1492 and the disembarkment of the Portuguese Vasco da Gama in the Indian port of Calicut six years later. Both voyages followed decades-long European efforts to reach the lands beyond the Muslim Middle East and North Africa and the riches believed to lie there. The earth-encircling voyage of Ferdinand Magellan in the service of Spain from 1519 to 1522 showed that all the oceans of the world were interconnected, but only the advance into Mexico and then Peru alerted Europeans to the extent and significance of the Americas. For Europeans there gradually came into existence a much more extensive world than they had ever conceived. It was for this emerging world that Francisco de Vitoria in the 1530s sought to formulate the principles of an international law.
Adaptive Importance Sampling Algorithms for Transport Problems

We describe how importance sampling methods may be applied adaptively to the solution of particle transport problems. While the methods apply quite generally, we have so far studied in detail only problems involving planar geometry.
P3-17-07: EGCG, a Green Tea Antioxidant Suppresses Breast Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth Via Inhibiting the Activation of HIF-1a and NFκB, and VEGF Expression.

Background Cancer cells are under greater oxidative stress than normal cells. Limited studies have showed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea antioxidant can afford protection against a variety of cancer types. The role of EGCG in breast cancer therapy is poorly understood. The present study tests the hypothesis that EGCG as an antioxidant can inhibit the activation of HIF-1α and NFκB, and VEGF expression, thereby suppressing tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer progression. Material and Methods: 16 eight-wk-old female mice (C57BL/6J) were inoculated with 10^6 E0771 (mouse breast cancer) cells in the left fourth mammary gland fat pad. 8 mice received EGCG at 50–100 mg/kg/d in drinking water for 4 weeks. 8 control mice received drinking water only. Tumor size was monitored using dial calipers. At the end of the experiment, blood samples, tumors, heart and limb muscles were collected for measuring VEGF expression using ELISA and capillary density (CD) using CD31 immunochemistry. Cultured E0771 cells were used for determining the direct effects of EGCG on proliferation (3H-thymidine incorporation), migration (Matrigel assay), VEGF expression (ELISA), the activation of HIF-1α and NFκB (motif binding assays, Active Motif). MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were also used for 3H-thymidine incorporation. Results: Oral EGCG treatment significantly reduced tumor weight over the control (0.37±0.15 vs. 1.16±0.30 g; P Discussion: These findings support the hypothesis that EGCG, a green tea antioxidant, directly targets both tumor cells and tumor vasculature, thereby inhibiting tumor growth, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of breast cancer, which is mediated by the inhibition of HIF-1α and NFκB activation as well as VEGF expression. Interestingly, oral EGCG treatment has no effects on the body weight, heart weight, angiogenesis and VEGF expression in the heart and skeletal muscle of mice. This work will have important implications for translating EGCG therapy to human breast cancer treatment and prevention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-17-07.
Application of Continuum Slip Approaches to Viscoplasticity

The link between continuum slip theory and macroscopic, phenomenological models for viscoplasticity is explored. In particular, the microstructural origins of kinematic/isotropic hardening and rate-dependence are examined within the framework of the continuum slip theory of Rice and the single slip theory of Bammann and Aifantis for dislocation glide. The microstructural bases for existing forms of state variable viscoplasticity become apparent, as do limitations on their primitive assumptions. A form for rate-dependent evolution of backstress proposed recently by the authors is derived.
Design and test of a 34 GHz harmonic peniotron

A 34 GHz peniotron, designed for high device efficiency and power output has been constructed at UC Davis. The device is designed for second-harmonic interaction with the axis-encircling beam produced by a Northrop Grumman cusp gun and is predicted to produce 125 kW peak output power. Magnetics have been recently redesigned, built and tested. Recent efforts have concentrated on final assembly of the device and improvement of the modulator.
The Politics of Genetically Modified Organisms in the United States and Europe

This chapter explores five GMO battlegrounds: the UK, Germany, Poland, Spain, and the USA. These countries represent the range of policy, public opinion, and cultural orientations toward GMOs. Spain has the highest levels of GMO growth as well as the highest level of support for GMOs among the public. Germany initially had some public support for GMOs but the public turned against them in the early 2000s. The UK was initially extremely opposed to GMOs, but opposition has softened somewhat in recent years. Poland has been steadfastly opposed to GMOs, concerned that the technology will threaten the strong agricultural industry in the country. In the USA, which grows the most GMOs and has the least regulation, the opposition has increased considerably over time.
Violence Against Trafficked and Nontrafficked Sex Workers in Poland

ABSTRACTThe narratives of Polish sex workers were examined in this preliminary, exploratory, case narrative study to extend an understanding of their experiences and the factors that place them at risk for adverse health outcomes, including the acquisition and transmission of STDs and diminished well-being. A qualitative study was conducted using standardized open-ended chart abstraction of 32 trafficked or nontrafficked Polish female sex workers who received services through an NGO in Poland that rehabilitates abused women and children. Narratives strongly express history of violence. Many women experienced financial pressure to increase sexual risk, substance use, and poor mental health. While the experiences and demographics of trafficked and nontrafficked workers overlap in many aspects, the results of this study suggest that trafficked women experience increased commercial sex violence and depression. Half of the trafficked women in the study worked as prostitutes prior to trafficking, suggesting com...
Disobedience of Immoral Orders from Authorities: An Issue Construction Perspective:

The purpose of this study is to examine how disobedience to immoral orders from an authority emerges in organizations. Using organizational discourse analysis to analyze the verbal communication of the original participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience to authority experiments, I show how participants constructed the same experimental situation differently by analyzing their communication. Disobedient participants were more likely to display two different communication patterns: assessing consequences or self-referential objections. In contrast, obedient participants were more likely to seek guidance on the experimental procedure and interrupt the learner’s protests. Overall, I present a process model of how disobedience emerges in situations. This study’s findings also expand our understanding of moral imagination, moral decision making, and employee voice in organizations primarily by demonstrating how people can exercise agency in equivocal situations by constructing the situations they face.
Access to Health Insurance and Utilization of Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act Dependent Coverage Provision

The relationship between insurance coverage and use of specialty substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is not well understood. In this study, we add to the literature by examining changes in admissions to SUD treatment following the implementation of a 2010 Affordable Care Act provision requiring health insurers to offer dependent coverage to young adult children of their beneficiaries under age 26. We use national administrative data on admissions to specialty SUD treatment and apply a difference-in-differences design to study effects of the expansion on the rate of treatment utilization among young adults and, among those in treatment, changes in insurance status and payment source. We find that admissions to treatment declined by 11% after the expansion. However, the share of young adults covered by private insurance increased by 5.4 percentage points and the share with private insurance as the payment source increased by 3.7 percentage points. This increase was largely offset by decreased payment from government sources. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Agricultural Animals on the Environment

Summary All animals influence the environment to varying extents. The production of livestock and poultry has marked impacts on the environment influencing water, air, and soil. Manure or animal waste is the predominant source of concern particularly with intensive animal agriculture. At the time of writing, in the USA, livestock and poultry produce 120 million metric tons of manure in dry weight. Some researchers put the impact of animal agriculture at 27% of total human water usage globally for the production of livestock (including water used to grow the feed grains). When there are problems in management, livestock and poultry can reduce water quality. There is contamination of water from livestock and poultry facilities including phosphate and nitrate, pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa), antibiotics, and androgenic agents. Nitrates and phosphate contamination of waterways and estuaries is leading to algal blooms, eutrophication, and hypoxic areas. Antibiotics are used extensively in pig and poultry production while anabolic agents are used for cattle. Agriculture contributes 11% to global greenhouse gas emissions with ruminants adding methane. Among the gases from livestock and poultry that are potential problems are the following: carbon dioxide, ammonia, total reduced sulfur including hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor together with odors. The latter can be offensive to neighbors of farms and have the potential to impact human health. Moreover, viruses can be transmitted from animal facilities to humans via aerosol particles. Livestock contribute markedly to soil degradation with effects including erosion, salinization (due to freshwater removal), soil loss following erosion after deforestation or overgrazing, “compaction and crusting (of soils) can be caused by cattle trampling,” and waterlogging with water-impaired movement. Soil degradation related to livestock directly and indirectly is made up of overgrazing of rangeland (679 million ha globally) and deforestation (579 million ha globally).
The Electronic Structure of Metal Dimers and Metal Clusters: The Eighteen-Electron Rule vs. Skeletal Electron-Pair Counting

The 18-electron or effective atomic number rule (EAN)1 has been extremely valuable to organometallic chemists in directing their thinking toward new compounds and “explanations” of the structure and bonding in known compounds. In metal dimers one often postulates the degree of metal-to-metal bonding by enforcing the 18-electron rule. As chemists made larger and larger clusters, there came the realization that the 18-electron rule was difficult, if not impossible to enforce. This problem lead to the formulation of skeletal electron pair counting (SEPC)2 and cluster valence electron counting (CVEC).3 A strong connection between the bonding in main group clusters such as the boranes and that in organometallic or low oxidation state transition metal clusters can be made through the isolobal principle.4,5 Again SEPC and the isolobal principle have lead to suggestions for new compounds and new synthetics routes, as well as “explanations” for the structure of existing compounds.