cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of Childhood Externalizing Problems for Young Adults

This study uses data from a national sample of married individuals and their offspring to explore the relationships between childhood externalizing problems and adult psychological well-being, social support, and intimate relationship quality. The results indicate that childhood problems predict lower levels of adult psychological well-being, kin support, and relationship quality. The relationship between childhood problems and adult intimate relationship quality, and that between childhood problems and later parent-child relationship quality, is explained after accounting for the reciprocal influences of childhood problems and the quality of teen parent-child relations. This finding suggests that the best way for parents to prevent and offset their offspring's difficulties is to maintain quality relationships with them.
Bubble nucleation in rhyolite and dacite melts: temperature dependence of surface tension

Surface tension (σ) profoundly influences the ability of gas bubbles to nucleate in silicate melts. To determine how temperature impacts σ, experiments were carried out in which high-silica rhyolite melts with 5 wt% dissolved water were decompressed at temperatures that ranged from 775 to 1,085°C. Decompressions were also carried out using dacite melts with 4.3 wt% dissolved water at 1,150°C. Water bubbles nucleated in rhyolite only when decompressions exceeded 95 MPa at all temperatures. Bubbles nucleated in number densities that increased as decompression increased and at hotter temperatures at a given amount of decompression. After correcting decompression amounts for temperature differences, values for σ were estimated from nucleation rates and found to vary between 0.081 and 0.093 N m−1. Surface tension decreases as temperature increases from 775 to 875°C, but then increases as temperature increases to 1,085°C. Those values overlap previous results, but only when melt viscosity is less than 104 Pa s. For low-viscosity rhyolite, there is a strong correlation of σ with temperature, in which σ increases by 6.9 × 10−5 N m−1 C−1. That variation is robust for 5–9 wt% dissolved water, as long as melt viscosity is ≤104 Pa s. More viscous rhyolite deviates from that correlation probably because nucleation is retarded in stiffer melts. Bubbles nucleated in dacite when decompressions exceeded 87 MPa, and occured in one or more events as decompression increased. Surface tension is estimated to be 0.083 (±0.001) N m−1 and when adjusted for temperature agrees well with previous results for colder and wetter dacite melts. At a given water content, dacite melts have lower surface tensions than rhyolite melts, when corrected to a fixed temperature.
Potent Upregulation of Glutathione and NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 by Alpha-lipoic Acid in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells: Protection Against Neurotoxicant-elicited Cytotoxicity

Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) has recently been reported to afford protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying LA-mediated neuroprotection remain to be investigated. This study was undertaken to determine whether LA treatment could increase endogenous antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and whether such increased cellular defenses could afford protection against cytotoxicity induced by neurotoxicants. Incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with micromolar concentrations of LA for 24 h resulted in a significant increase in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQQ1) in a concentration-dependent fashion. Treatment of the cells with LA also led to an increased mRNA expression of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and NQO1. To determine the protective effects of the LA-induced cellular defenses on neurotoxicant-elicitedl cell injury, SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with LA for 24 h and then exposed to acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), H2O2 and the peroxynitrite generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). We observed that LA pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells led to a marked protection against acrolein, HNE, H2O2 and SIN-1-mediated cytotoxicity, as detected by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium reduction assay. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that LA can induce GSH and NQO1 in cultured human neuroblastoma cells and LA-upregulated cellular defenses are accompanied by a markedly increased resistance to cytotoxicity induced by various neurotoxicants. The results of this study may have important implications for the neuroprotective effects of LA.
Paradigms in androgen/castrate resistant states of prostate cancer in a biomarker era

The last 25 years have witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of men given a diagnosis of prostate cancer. This has been a major consequence from the clinical application of the biomarker prostate specific antigen (PSA). Importantly, prostate cancer is a malignancy susceptible and adaptative to hormonal changes. Careful understanding of the relation between serum levels of testosterone and PSA is mandatory. Men in whom the prostate has been removed can be considered cured when PSA is no longer detectable and serum testosterone levels are normal. However, this "cured" claim is not possible for those exhibiting castrated levels of testosterone, whether induced or not. The influence of castration in the prognostic paradigm of prostate cancer is transcendental, and serum testosterone levels provide objectivity for proper disease state characterization. Men with metastatic prostate cancer who have not been exposed to hormonal ablation have a different course than men with metastatic lesions resistant to androgen deprivation. These distinctions become complicated when androgen suppression is initiated at earlier states of the disease, or when it is given in response to molecular, not clinical, activity of prostate cancer. Molecular resistance, signaled by rising PSA levels despite castration, in the absence of clinical progression, is a much more common scenario that we must be acquainted with for patient education and proper design of clinical trials.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Some Amide and Urea Derivatives of Bromal and Dichloroacetaldehyde

Seventeen amide and urea derivatives of bromal and dichloroacetaldehyde and one brominated derivative of butyl acrylamide were synthesized and their physical constants determined. These compounds were subjected to tests for antifungal activity toward Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypsum , and Aspergillus niger . All but one of the bromal compounds studied showed fungus-inhibiting properties; of the dichloroacetaldehyde derivatives, however, only the acrylamide and methacrylamide derivatives indicated activity. Total halogen content and terminal halogen groups appeared to be factors in enhancing the antifungal activity.
Valence Tautomerism within a Linear Polymer Consisting of Pyrazine-Bridged Manganese−Quinone Subunits. Synthesis and Characterization of [MnIII(μ-pyz)(3,6-DBSQ)(3,6-DBCat)]n

Irradiation of a hexane/THF solution of Mn2(CO)10, 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone, and pyrazine has been used to prepare the linear [trans-Mn(μ-pyz)(3,6-DBQ)2]n polymer. Structural characterization [monoclinic, C2/m, Z = 2, a = 20.148(5) A, b = 7.547(1) A, c = 14.156(2) A, β = 112.23(2)°, V = 1992.5(6) A3, R = 0.067] has shown that complex subunits have an axially elongated structure that appears characteristically for d4 Mn(III). In the solid state at room temperature, [trans-MnIII(μ-pyz)(3,6-DBSQ)(3,6-DBCat)]n shows an electronic spectrum consisting of strong absorptions at 880 and 2090 nm, bands associated with Mn(III) redox isomers in earlier studies. Upon heating, band intensity changes in a way that indicates a reversible shift to the Mn(II) redox isomer, [trans-MnII(μ-pyz)(3,6-DBSQ)2]n. Valence tautomerism between Mn(II) and Mn(III) redox isomers is responsible for changes in equatorial Mn−O bond lengths, but with little variation in the axial Mn−N length. This is compared with the related equi...
Prospective study of the prognosis of unexplained chronic fatigue in a clinic-based cohort.

OBJECTIVES To determine prospective changes in clinical status related to chronic fatigue over an 18-month period, and to test demographic and clinical predictors of outcome. METHODS A cohort of 100 patients with unexplained chronic fatigue (UCF), which encompasses both chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF), completed questionnaire measures and medical and psychiatric evaluations on four occasions, each six months apart. RESULTS Approximately 21% of the sample did not meet criteria for either CFS or ICF at their last research appointment 1.5 years after their index visit. Vitality increased over time, and physical functioning tended to improve, but UCF symptoms did not decrease significantly. Less education, being unemployed, worse mental health, more use of sedating and antidepressant medications, and more somatic attributions for their symptoms were associated with worsening symptom severity over time. Older age, current depression, and more somatic attributions predicted worsening physical functioning. Better mental health, less use of sedating medications, and fewer somatic attributions for illness were significant predictors of increases in vitality. CONCLUSIONS Demographic and clinical variables predict outcomes over time among a cohort of patients with unexplained chronic fatigue.
Driving cessation in older men with incident dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and cessation of driving among older men with incident dementia in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort data from a community-based study of incident dementia. SETTING: The Honolulu Heart Program and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 643 men who were evaluated for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia between the fourth and the fifth examination of the Honolulu Heart Program. MEASUREMENTS: Driving history, diagnosis of dementia, grip strength, walking speed, standing balance test, interviewer's rating of vision status, and the neurologist's notes on mentions of driving behavior from informal interviews with a caregiver or family informant. RESULTS: The prevalence of driving declined dramatically with level of cognitive functioning. Among 162 men evaluated and found to have normal cognitive functioning, 78% still drove, compared with 62% of 287 men with poor cognitive functioning but no clinical dementia, 46% of 96 men with a new diagnosis of very mild dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5), and 22% of 98 men with a new diagnosis of mild dementia (CDR = 1), Only one of 23 men diagnosed with moderate or more severe staged incident dementia (CDR > 1) was driving. About 10% of the 59 demented persons still driving relied on co-pilots, and only one driver was reported as involved in a crash according to a review of the neurologists' notes. CONCLUSIONS: Incident dementia is a major cause of driving cessation. Based on these data, we estimate that approximately 4% of male drivers aged 75 years and older nationwide (about 175,000 men) have dementia. This number will increase with the projected growth of drivers aged 75 years and older.
Statistical Reasoning And Technique In Sensor System Performance Analysis

A detailed discussion of statistical sensor performance analysis was presented in a previous SPIE publication. The essential point of the paper was to the effect that responsible sensor performance analysis in real world conditions required statistical formulations and techniques in order to obtain complete and unambiguous conclusions. In this earlier paper illustrations were presented of applications using this statistical approach. In addition, a method was developed for circumventing the difficulties inherent in Monte Carlo processes, customarily considered necessary for the statistical analyses of interest. It was mentioned in this previous work that further development of the foundations of the technique were in progress. The primary purpose of the present paper is to convey those elements of progress which have been achieved since the original work was presented.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Abstract Aims To estimate the prospective association of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods We used extensive literature searching strategies to locate prospective cohort studies that reported LDL cholesterol levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular events. We conducted meta-analytic procedures for two outcomes: incident CVD and CVD mortality. Results A total of 16 studies were included in this analysis with a mean follow-up range of 4.8–11 years. The pooled relative risk associated with a 1 mmol/L increase in LDL cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–1.43) for incident CVD, and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.25–1.80) for CVD mortality, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that for incident CVD, the pooled relative risk was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.17–1.41) for 7 studies adjusted for blood pressure and/or glucose concentration (or insulin concentration, glycated hemoglobin) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.05–1.86) for 3 studies that did not adjust for these variables. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that LDL cholesterol was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes, independent of other conventional risk factor.
Citizen–Government Interaction and the Internet: Expectations and Accomplishments in Contact, Quality, and Trust

ABSTRACT In addition to improving efficiency and transparency of government services, e-government may increase the frequency of interaction between citizens and government as well as improve perceptions of quality and trust in government more broadly. Analyses of citizen-initiated contact with government using Pew Internet and American Life Project survey data indicate that e-government has motivated citizen-initiated contact with government among some demographic groups and magnified existing gaps for others. Online citizen-initiated contact improves the quality of interactions with government; however, the findings here do not support the argument that e-government increases trust among its users. Findings are consistent with the goals of the American government in adopting and promoting e-government.
Changes in liver lipids after administration of 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholinopropiophenone and chlorpromazine

The enzyme which forms glucocerebroside, ceramide: UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase, is inactivated in vitro by a cationic analog of cerebroside, 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholinopropiophenone. A study of the inhibitor using intraperitoneal injection into young mice showed that the level of the enzyme activity in liver was appreciably lowered between 3 and 6 hr after injection. The activity increased subsequently, overshooting the normal level within 24 hr by about 20%, then returning to normal within the next 24 hr. Additional effects observed in liver were an increase in lipid content (primarily in the triglyceride fraction and ceramides) and a decrease in the glucocerebroside level. Body temperature dropped rapidly. Markedly similar effects were produced by injecting chlorpromazine, which was tried in order to reduce the hyperirritability and inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase previously demonstrated by the glucosyltransferase inhibitor. Chlorpromazine did indeed block the hyperirritability and resulted in enhancement of the keto amine's effects on the enzyme and lipids. It is possible that the two drugs in combination would be helpful in ameliorating the symptoms due to the cerebroside accumulation that occurs in Gaucher disease. Diazepam also produced a reduced level of glucosyltransferase. A color reaction for chlorpromazine, possibly suitable for quantitative determination in tissues, was accidentally discovered.
Orchids, bilateral symmetry and insect perception

Abstract The basic characteristics of orchids, possessing the greatest number of complex floral images of any Angiosperm family, are reviewed. Bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) is shown by use of information theory techniques to give much greater possibilities for the transmission of visually mediated information than radial symmetry. The difference in information content is further enhanced by motion. The analysis is offered as evidence that the evolution of diversity in complex images, if effected by the unique behavioral specificity of pollinators known as “flower constancy”, is most economically explained by hypothesizing recognition and storage of the total image (“gestalt”) in the agents of natural selection.
An MRI method for measuring T2 in the presence of static and RF magnetic field Inhomogeneities

A magnetic resonance imaging method for measuring the T2 relaxation time constant is proposed. It is based on the assumption that, under very general conditions, the MR signal near a spin echo has a special symmetry arising from the refocusing nature of the 180 degrees RF pulse. A gradient echo sampling of the spin echo (GESSE) sequence is implemented to evaluate T2 by collecting multiple gradient echoes before and after the spin echo. This approach is a modification of the GESFIDE sequence proposed by Ma and Wehrli. However, our approach compares images that are not separated by any RF pulses and, as a result, is insensitive to slice profile imperfections. In addition, the calculated T2 value does not rely on any special assumptions about the MRI signal behavior in the presence of an inhomogeneous static magnetic field and, hence, is insensitive to the presence of static magnetic field inhomogeneities.
Testing Remote Sensing Approaches for Assessing Yield Variability among Maize Fields

Published in Agron. J. 106:24–32 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0314 Available freely online through the author-supported open access option. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT
Psychosocial Impact of Job Loss on Individuals and Families

A large number of studies have been undertaken to evaluate the psy chosocial impact of involuntary job loss on unemployed workers and their families,1 but until recently the findings have been mixed and in conclusive. The primary reason is that it has been difficult to firmly es tablish that job loss causes psycho social difficulties. The rival hypoth esis, that persons with mental health problems are more likely than others to lose their jobs, is difficult to rule out unless representative samples of both employed and unemployed persons can be followed over time. In addition, most studies on the impact of unemployment have fo cused on individuals rather than on families. It is only recently that we have begun to gather evidence that the impact of unemployment can ra diate throughout the personal-social network of the unemployed individ
Management of refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias using low-energy transcatheter shocks.

Alteration of atrioventricular (AV) conduction was attempted in 7 consecutive patients with severely symptomatic, drug-refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias using low-energy, direct-current transcatheter shocks of between 20 and 50 J. A single shock of 50 J or less delivered at the AV junction resulted immediately in complete AV block in 6 of the patients. Complete AV block has persisted in 3 patients, and in another who received a second shock 24 hours after the first. AV conduction was altered in the 3 patients in whom conduction either persisted or returned in such a way that supraventricular arrhythmias no longer occurred or were associated with a much slower ventricular response. After a follow-up of 20 to 37 months (mean 27 ± 8), all 7 patients have improved symptomatically and 6 are taking no antiarrhythmic drugs. Thus, single low-energy transcatheter shocks can be used to ablate AV conduction. Such shocks may also modify AV conduction without production of complete AV block, but with changes in anterograde or retrograde conduction that may favorably influence recurrent symptomatic supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Beyond the clinical classification of azoospermia: Opinion

There is an ongoing debate regarding the appropriate classification of azoospermia. This manuscript reviews the rationale for the current classification of azoospermia and how to effect a change if there is a need to do so. The current classification of azoospermia into obstructive and non-obstructive is because azoospermia due to ejaculatory duct dysfunction and hypogonadotrophism are extremely rare. Though the use of clinical protocols (defective spermatogenesis, genital tract obstruction, ejaculatory duct dysfunction, hypogonadotrophism or pre-testicular, testicular and post-testicular) may be useful in selecting patients for appropriate treatment, no study has shown that they provide a better method of classification of azoospermia than the current approach. There is increasing evidence of a genetic basis of male infertility as well as the evidence that men's fertility potential may be classified genetically. Moreover, genetic disorders may be transmitted to the offspring and their presence in infertile couples may affect treatment outcome. It is therefore useful to explore a genetic classification of azoospermia.
Temporal gene expression analysis of monolayer cultured rat hepatocytes.

The use of cultured primary hepatocytes within toxicology has proven to be a valuable tool for researchers, however, questions remain with regard to functional differences observed in these hepatocytes relative to the intact liver. Cultured hepatocytes have typically been described as dedifferentiated, a classification based upon the investigation of a few key cellular processes or hepatocellular markers. In the present study, parallel expression monitoring of approximately 8700 rat genes was used to characterize mRNA changes over time in hepatocyte cultures using Affymetrix microarrays. We isolated and labeled mRNA from whole rat livers, hepatocyte-enriched cell pellets, and primary cultured hepatocytes (4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postplating), and hybridized these samples to microarrays. From these data, several pairwise and temporal gene expression comparisons were made. Gene expression changes were confirmed by RT/PCR and by performing replicate experiments and repeated hybridizations using a rat toxicol...
Approximate maps for high-speed control of a mobile robot

For a mobile robot to travel as rapidly as possible through a large-scale environment, it must rely upon stored knowledge of that portion of the environment that is occluded or otherwise beyond sensor range. Yet low mechanical accuracy and consequent positioning errors characteristic of mobile robots make it difficult in practice for a mobile robot to acquire an accurate metrical description of large scale space or accurately track a trajectory expressed in a global coordinate frame. Hence, methods for generating optimal feedforward control are not practical for application to high speed control of an autonomous mobile robot. This paper addresses the problem of acquiring and applying approximate information about environment geometry for high speed control of a mobile robot in circumstances of limited positioning accuracy. The robot combines relatively accurate information about the layout of nearby obstacles from current sensor information with approximate knowledge of the relative position of learned safe trajectory targets to travel to a goal at high speed. This method enables the robot to anticipate obstacle geometry beyond sensor range, yet can cope with substantial position estimation errors, disturbances, and minor changes in the environment.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MicroRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene and protein expression. miRNAs are critical to a normal immune response and have altered expression in multiple immune-mediated disorders. This emerging role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states has led to investigations into miRNA expression profiles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The discovery of miRNAs in IBD is likely to contribute to our understanding of IBD pathogenesis and lead to clinical advances in IBD. This review focuses on miRNA expression in inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and inflammation-associated cancer, as well as their function in the biology and management of IBD.
Observations on activity, display behavior, coloration and androgen levels in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua

We observed the distance moved, number of movements, and frequency of displays in ten minute intervals for two male color morphs, coral and yellow, and for brightly colored females, of Holbrookia propin qua. We also measured body sizes and, for males, plasma androgen concentrations. Distance moved, number of movements, and number of social displays were positively correlated in males. Females exhibited similar correlations, but the relationship between distance moved and number of displays was not significant. Males moved more often and greater distances than females. Females performed displays as frequently as did males, perhaps because we selected large, dominant females for observation. Distance moved, number of movements, and number of displays increased with body size in males. That these relationships did not hold in females may indicate a sex difference or reflect the small sample size and body size range of females. Plasma androgen concentrations increased with male body size, suggesting a possible androgenic mechanism of sexual selection for large size. Androgen level did not affect display frequency or distance moved. Distance moved increased with plasma androgen concentration, but when effects of body size were held constant, this relationship vanished. Coral and yellow males did not differ in androgen concentration, size, or in the observed behaviors.
Phase Change in Hedera helix: Stabilization of the Mature Form with Abscisic Acid and Growth Retardants

Applications of ABA to the mature form of Hedera helix stabilize its morphological characteristics and prevent GA3 induced reversion to the juvenile form. Plants treated with GA3 reverted to the juvenile form whereas those supplied with ABA in conjunction with GA3 remained mature. When mature plants were treated with 5 nanomoles of GA3 and 5 micromoles of ABA, reversion did not occur, but when the GA3 dose was raised to 25 nanomoles with the same level of ABA, reversion did occur. This implies that the relative amounts of GA3 and ABA applied are important in controlling growth form and not the absolute levels of these hormones. Applications of growth retardants (Chlormequat, Ancymidol, and SADH) stabilize the mature form by preventing spontaneous reversions induced under low light intensity. These two lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the mature morphological form can be stabilized by regulating the effective level of gibberellins in the plant and this can be accomplished by inhibition of gibberellin action or gibberellin biosynthesis.
Kinetic isotope effects significantly influence intracellular metabolite 13C labeling patterns and flux determination

Rigorous mathematical modeling of carbon-labeling experiments allows estimation of fluxes through the pathways of central carbon metabolism, yielding powerful information for basic scientific studies as well as for a wide range of applications. However, the mathematical models that have been developed for flux determination from 13C labeling data have commonly neglected the influence of kinetic isotope effects on the distribution of 13C label in intracellular metabolites, as these effects have often been assumed to be inconsequential. We have used measurements of the 13C isotope effects on the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme from the literature to model isotopic fractionation at the pyruvate node and quantify the modeling errors expected to result from the assumption that isotope effects are negligible. We show that under some conditions kinetic isotope effects have a significant impact on the 13C labeling patterns of intracellular metabolites, and the errors associated with neglecting isotope effects in 13C-metabolic flux analysis models can be comparable in size to measurement errors associated with GC–MS. Thus, kinetic isotope effects must be considered in any rigorous assessment of errors in 13C labeling data, goodness-of-fit between model and data, confidence intervals of estimated metabolic fluxes, and statistical significance of differences between estimated metabolic flux distributions.
The longitudinal pattern of alcohol-related injury in a college population: emergency department data compared to self-reported data.

Background: Self-report survey is the most common method of obtaining information from college students on substance use and its consequences. However, the validity and reliability of self-report data, especially in relationship to harmful substance use, is frequently called into question. Objectives: To establish the convergent validity of self-reported alcohol-related injury data and data from a university-affiliated hospital Emergency Department (ED) across a seven year period. () To examine the trend lines for relative risk of alcohol-related injury. Methods: Two existing data sets at a major public university are compared: records of 1,253 ED admissions for alcohol-related reasons and 13,518 survey responses. Convergent validity is evaluated with the Pearson correlation coefficients of the two data sets for 2001/2002 through 2007/2008. Longitudinal trends for each data set are evaluated by change in relative risk. Results: Over the seven years, 51% of ED visits for alcohol-related reasons were due to...
Breaking it is one thing, fixing it is another: Responsibility attributions and support for the U.S. Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court

Abstract When do attributions of responsibility predict support for governmental institutions? Data from an online survey of 508 United States citizens examining attributions for their most salient national problem revealed associations between attributions and evaluations of the Presidency, Supreme Court, and Congress. With respect to the Presidency, causal attributions were related to more negative evaluations, while resolution attributions were related to more positive evaluations. This was especially true for conservative participants. With respect to the Supreme Court, causal attributions were related to more negative evaluations. With respect to Congress, there was an association between causal attributions and negative evaluations, but only for those with a low level of resolution attributions. Results are discussed in terms of the political climate and differences in institutional expectations.
The turbidimetric determination of deoxyribonuclease activity.

Abstract A new, simple turbidimetric method for the determination of microgram quantities of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase) has been described. This method is also suitable for serum DNase I and II determinations. The factors affecting both the formation of the turbidity by DNA and the activity of the various deoxyribonucleases were determined. Striking differences were observed between the pancreatic and serum enzymes with respect to their responses to pH, temperature, and bivalent cation activation.
Character Education Through a Reflective Moral Inquiry: A Revised Model that Answers Old Questions

With trends suggesting a new era of democratic pluralism in the United States, traditional notions of character education must be revisited. In this climate of diversity and cultural heterogeneity indoctrinary approaches to character education must be replaced by responsive and inclusive approaches that have an eye toward building consensus among disparate viewpoints. No character education approach to date has gained salience on all the varied issues surrounding moral schooling in today’s educational climate. In an increasingly pluralistic American society it would seem that it is necessary for character education programs in the public schools to foster a reflective, self-analytical vision of morality and character that has at its heart the reciprocity of one’s actions within the bounds of democratic society, an approach that is neither indoctrinary nor relativistic. This article forwards a process approach rooted in the social studies called reflective moral inquiry that answers many challenges of existing approaches.
Diazeniumdiolate ions as leaving groups in anomeric displacement reactions: a protection-deprotection strategy for ionic diazeniumdiolates.

Diazeniumdiolate ions [R2N−N(O)N−O-] are of growing interest pharmacologically for their ability to generate up to two molar equivalents of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) spontaneously on protonating the amino nitrogen. Accordingly, their stability increases as the pH is raised. Here we show that the corresponding β-glucosides [R2N−N(O)N−O−Glc] decreased in stability with pH; when R2N was diethylamino, the rate equation was kobs = ko + kOH− [OH-], where ko = 7.8 × 10-7 s-1 and kOH− = 5.3 × 10-3 M-1 s-1. The primary products were 1,6-anhydroglucose and the regenerated R2N−N(O)N−O- ion. The results were qualitatively similar to those of β-glucosyl fluoride and p-nitrophenoxide, whose hydrolyses have been rationalized as proceeding via a glycal oxide intermediate. This chemistry offers a convenient strategy for protecting heat- and acid-sensitive diazeniumdiolate ions during manipulations that would otherwise destroy them. As an example, a poly(urethane) film that generated NO in physiological buffer at a surfa...
Adipose tissue thymidine kinase activity in man.

ABSTRACT. Thymidine kinase activity was studied during human adipose tissue development. Adipose tissue was obtained from the groin in 81 persons, aged 7 wk through 60 yr. None had a metabolic or growth disorder. Adipose tissue thymidine kinase activity was highest in infants and lowest in adults. Peak thymidine kinase activity was seen in the early postnatal period and a lesser elevation was found in the preadolescent years, coinciding with hypothesized periods of proliferation of preadipocytes in man. In contrast, during adulthood, a time of stable lipid-laden cell number, thymidine kinase activity was lower. Although these adipose tissue samples include both stromal and fat cells, the data support the hypothesis that adipose tissue growth in early infancy is primarily the result of cellular proliferation, and that little cellular proliferation occurs after infancy, except possibly for a brief period prior to adolescence.
Shape oscillations in growth of small crystals.

The equilibrium shape of a large crystal is uniquely determined by the anisotropic surface energy. In sharp contrast, we show here that the equilibrium shape of a small crystal is not unique, for temperatures below the roughening temperature. Instead, the degree of faceting is an oscillatory function of crystal size. Using low-energy electron microscopy, we observe oscillations in the shape of silver crystallites as they grow; we demonstrate theoretically that such oscillations with size occur even in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Fragmentation contribution to the transverse single-spin asymmetry in proton-proton collisions

Abstract Within the collinear twist-3 framework, we study the single-spin asymmetry (SSA) in collisions between unpolarized protons and transversely polarized protons with focus on the fragmentation term. The fragmentation mechanism must be analyzed in detail in order to unambiguously determine the impact of various contributions to SSAs in hadron production. Such a distinction may also settle the “sign mismatch” between the transverse SSA in proton–proton collisions and the Sivers effect in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering. We calculate terms involving quark–quark and quark–gluon–quark correlators, which is an important step in such an investigation.
Frequency dependence of kidney injury induced by contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound in rats.

This study was performed to examine the frequency dependence of glomerular capillary hemorrhage (GCH) induced by contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound (DUS) in rats. Diagnostic ultrasound scanners were used for exposure at 3.2, 5.0 and 7.4 MHz, and previously published data at 1.5 and 2.5 MHz was also included. A laboratory exposure system was used to simulate DUS exposure at 1.0, 1.5, 2.25, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.5 MHz, with higher peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes (PRPAs) than were available from our DUS systems. The right kidneys of rats mounted in a water bath were exposed to intermittent image pulse sequences at 1 s intervals during infusion of diluted ultrasound contrast agent. The percentage of GCH was zero for low PRPAs, and then rapidly increased with increasing PRPAs above an apparent threshold, pt. The values of pt were approximately proportional to the ultrasound frequency, f, such that pt /f was approximately 0.5 MPa/MHz for DUS and 0.6 MPa/MHz for laboratory system exposures. The increasing thresholds with increasing frequency limited the GCH effect for contrast-aided DUS, and no GCH was seen for DUS at 5.0 or 7.4 MHz for the highest available PRPAs. (E-mail: douglm@umich.edu)
Applying psycholinguistic concepts to the treatment of an autistic child

This paper describes a language program designed to allow an autistic 4-year-old child to acquire, in a near simultaneous manner, skill across a variety of sentence types. The training, which was focused on teaching the combinatorial and semantic properties of grammatical morphemes, resulted in the child's developing and using sentences whereas he had previously been limited to single words and rote phrases. The improvement occurred across a variety of settings and encompassed both elicited and spontaneous language. As expected from the autistic syndrome, those areas of language functioning requiring social skill (e.g., sustained dialogue) showed continued deficits.
Mathematical Programming of Portfolio Selections

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain, by reference to empirical data, some of the recent work done in this area by Dr. Harry Markowitz under the sponsorship of the Cowles Commission Cowles Commission Discussion Papers in Economics Nos. 294, 2005, and 2019. Also, “Portfolio Selection,” Journal of Finance, March 1952.. This article is divided into four parts. Part I contains a heuristic introduction to the basic problem together with a mathematical statement of Markowitz's theory of portfolio selection and its basic assumptions. Part II contains a discussion of some of the problems involved in formulating probability beliefs for available investment opportunities. In Part III, the selection technique is demonstrated by application to a very simplified case, and many of the problems involved in more complex cases are brought out. The final section contains a summarization and critique of the theory, its limitations, and its possibilities as a guide to practical decision-making.
DNA-purine methylation in hepatic chromatin following exposure to dimethylnitrosamine or methylnitrosourea

Abstract The investigations reported in this paper were designed to analyze the patterns of DNA-purine methylation in hepatic chromatin following in vivo exposure to the carcinogenic alkylating agents dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or methylnitrosourea (MNU). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to [ 14 C]DMN (8 μmoles, 1.0 μCi per μmole per 100 g) or [ 3 H]MNU (15 μmoles, 10 μCi per μmole per 100 g) via gastric intubation. Hepatic chromatin was fractionated into portions having characteristics of template-active euchromatin (S2) and template-repressed heterochromatin (P2) by digestion with DNase II followed by MgCl 2 precipitation. Specific DNA purines were identified at 24 hr post-intubation using an isocratic high pressure liquid chromatographic system. A qualitatively similar pattern of 7-methylguanine, O 6 -methylguanine, 1-methyladenine and 3-methyladenine alkylation was observed in DNA from total chromatin versus heterochromatin at 24 hr following exposure to either carcinogen. These assessments were made at times following carcinogen exposure which produced maximal quantitative differences in alkylation of euchromatin versus heterochromatin DNA. Similar patterns of DNA purine alkylation were observed in total chromatin and heterochromatin. These observations suggest that, once the reactive species is generated and access to chromatin DNA occurs, a similar pattern of DNA-purine alkylation is produced in different regions of the genome.
Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

Abstract The nonintrusive techniques of planar laser-induced fluorescence, ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy, and spontaneous laser Raman spectroscopy were used to map out species and temperature profiles above the surface of self-deflagrating cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX)/glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)/butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN) model propellant with a pseudo premixed flame. CO, H 2 O, NO 2 , and H 2 CO were found to be the major species at the surface, NO, CO, H 2 O, and HCN in the dark zone, and CO, H 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 in the burnt gases. A dark zone of about 1400–1450 K was observed in which the NO and HCN concentrations were at their highest, about 15.5 and 13.5 mol%, respectively. NO 2 peaked close to the surface at about 5 mol%. Formaldehyde and N 2 O were also observed in the gas phase, peaking at the surface at about 7 and 8 mol%, respectively. Thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity as a function of temperature were also measured. Analysis of thermocouple measurements showed a surface temperature of 785 K. Comparisons are made between this propellant and the previously investigated cyclotetramethylene trinitramine (RDX) analog.
George B. Dantzig: a legendary life in mathematical programming

Mathematical programming owes much to George B. Dantzig who passed away on May 13, 2005 at the age of 90. This article is a tribute to this legendary pioneer and a very brief review of his extensive and enduring contributions to our field.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Breast Cancer

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous mix of stromal stem cells that can give rise to cells of mesodermal lineages, namely adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. They can home to sites of injury where they promote the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. MSCs also home to sites of tumorigenesis, and as such, are utilized as efficient cellular vehicles for the delivery of anti-neoplastic therapeutics. Recently, MSCs within the tumor microenvironment have been shown to contribute to the desmoplastic reaction and to facilitate tumor formation and progression, sparking renewed interest in their pro-tumorigenic attributes and their roles as tumor stromal cells. Here, we describe the evidence linking MSCs to inflammatory processes and breast cancer development, and discuss their newly discovered physiological roles in the context of the tumor microenvironment.
Biographical Sketch: John Gregory Smith, FRCS

This biographical sketch of John Gregory Smith corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Pathological Appearances of Seven Cases of Injury of the Shoulder-Joint: With Remarks, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1231-x.
Linear-accelerator-based modified radiosurgical treatment of pituitary tumors in cats: 11 cases (1997-2008).

Objective: Determine the efficacy and safety of a linear-accelerator-based single fraction radiosurgical approach to the treatment of pituitary tumors in cats. Design: Retrospective study. Animals: Eleven client-owned cats referred for treatment of pituitary tumors causing neurological signs, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM) secondary either to acromegaly or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocortism. Procedures: Cats underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to manually plan radiation therapy. After MRI, modified radiosurgery was performed by delivering a single large dose (15 or 20 Gy) of radiation while arcing a linear-accelerator-generated radiation beam around the cat's head with the pituitary mass at the center of the beam. Eight cats were treated once, 2 cats were treated twice, and 1 cat received 3 treatments. Treated cats were evaluated for improvement in endocrine function or resolution of neurological disease by review of medical records or contact with referring veterinarians and owners. Results: Improvement in clinical signs occurred in 7/11 (63.6%) of treated cats. Five of 9 cats with poorly regulated DM had improved insulin responses, and 2/2 cats with neurological signs had clinical improvement. There were no confirmed acute or late adverse radiation effects. The overall median survival was 25 months (range, 1–60), and 3 cats were still alive. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Single fraction modified radiosurgery is a safe and effective approach to the treatment of pituitary tumors in cats.
Alignment Is a Function of Conversational Dynamics

Two prominent theories of alignment (priming and grounding) are tested in human–human text-only computer interactions. In two experiments, dyads of strangers and dyads of friends conducted conversa...
A Model of Strain-Dependent Glomerular Basement Membrane Maintenance and Its Potential Ramifications in Health and Disease

A model is developed and analyzed for type IV collagen turnover in the kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM), which is the primary structural element in the glomerular capillary wall. The model incorporates strain dependence in both deposition and removal of the GBM, leading to an equilibrium tissue strain at which deposition and removal are balanced. The GBM thickening decreases tissue strain per unit of transcapillary pressure drop according to the law of Laplace, but increases the transcapillary pressure drop required to maintain glomerular filtration. The model results are in agreement with the observed GBM alterations in Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane disease, and the model-predicted linear relation between the inverse capillary radius and inverse capillary thickness at equilibrium is consistent with published data on different mammals. In addition, the model predicts a minimum achievable strain in the GBM based on the geometry, properties, and mechanical environment; that is, an infinitely thick GBM would still experience a finite strain. Although the model assumptions would be invalid for an extremely thick GBM, the minimum achievable strain could be significant in diseases, such as Alport syndrome, characterized by focal GBM thickening. Finally, an examination of reasonable values for the model parameters suggests that the oncotic pressure drop-the osmotic pressure difference between the plasma and the filtrate due to large molecules-plays an important role in setting the GBM strain and, thus, leakage of protein into the urine may be protective against some GBM damage.