cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia: A Plea for Help

Seismologists: Belar, Gutenberg, Fahim, Lapajne, Kanamori, Lehmann, Mercalli, Milne, Mohorovicic, Oldham, Sebastiao de Melo, Richter, Papazachos, and Varotsos http://en.wikipedia.org/ (downloaded 14 February 2006) Do you like this list of notable seismologists? If not, you have two options: Stroll to your nearest terminal and revise it, or categorize Wikipedia as untrustworthy and dissuade people from using it (or at least tell them to use it with great care). The purpose of this column is to convince you to select option one. If enough of us devote even a few minutes to reading and reviewing Wikipedia's seismology articles, we can all create a comprehensive and trustworthy source. In my previous column ( SRL 77:2), I mentioned that Nature had compared Wikipedia (the most popular online encyclopedia; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page/) with other encyclopedias and discovered similar error rates. After further investigation of seismology-related topics in Wikipedia, I think that the Nature conclusions …
A nonsequential design procedure for parameter estimation and model discrimination in nonlinear regression models

This paper presents and illustrates a new nonsequential design procedure for simultaneous parameter estimation and model discrimination for a collection of nonlinear regression models. This design criterion is extended to make it robust to initial parameter choices by using a Bayesian design approach, and is also extended to yield efficient estimation-discrimination designs which take account of curvature. AMS classification: Primary 62K05; Secondary 53-00
Factors predisposing to renal scarring: following staged reconstruction of classical bladder exstrophy.

Abstract Preservation of renal function is one of the major goals of staged reconstruction of bladder exstrophy. In 68 exstrophy patients who have completed staged reconstruction, 10 (14.7%) have developed renal scarring. A multiple factorial analysis of these patients showed the following factors to be statistically related to the development of renal scarring: (1) one or more febrile urinary tract infections prior to bladder neck reconstruction ( P P P P P
Single-crystal structure determination of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 postperovskite.

Knowledge of the structural properties of mantle phases is critical for understanding the enigmatic seismic features observed in the Earth’s lower mantle down to the core–mantle boundary. However, our knowledge of lower mantle phase equilibria at high pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions has been based on limited information provided by powder X-ray diffraction technique and theoretical calculations. Here, we report the in situ single-crystal structure determination of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 postperovskite (ppv) at high P and after temperature quenching in a diamond anvil cell. Using a newly developed multigrain single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis technique in a diamond anvil cell, crystallographic orientations of over 100 crystallites were simultaneously determined at high P in a coarse-grained polycrystalline sample containing submicron ppv grains. Conventional single-crystal structural analysis and refinement methods were applied for a few selected ppv crystallites, which demonstrate the feasibility of the in situ study of crystal structures of submicron crystallites in a multiphase polycrystalline sample contained within a high P device. The similarity of structural models for single-crystal Fe-bearing ppv (∼10 mol% Fe) and Fe-free ppv from previous theoretical calculations suggests that the Fe content in the mantle has a negligible effect on the crystal structure of the ppv phase.
What is the Significance of the Circumferential Margin in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy

Background The circumferential resection margin (CRM) is highly prognostic for local recurrence in rectal cancer surgery without neoadjuvant treatment. However, its significance in the setting of long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is not well defined.
Collective coordinate description of anisotropically trapped degenerate Fermi gases.

The solution of the many-body Schrodinger equation using an adiabatic treatment of the hyperradius is generalized to treat two components of a hyperspherical vector adiabatically. This treatment has advantages in certain physical situations, such as the description of a degenerate Fermi gas or Bose-Einstein condensate in an anisotropic trapping potential. A first application to the zero-temperature anisotropic Fermi gas is compared with predictions of the Hartree-Fock method.
Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease.

ABSTRACT Objective To review approved treatment options for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Recently published data on the diagnosis and treatment of SHPT in patients with CKD were critically assessed. Results Early detection of SHPT is critical for effective treatment. Approximately 40% of patients with stage 3 CKD and 80% of patients with stage 4 have SHPT due to low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. Appropriate treatment involves suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to normal levels with active vitamin D therapy and phosphate binders. Ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol should be used to correct 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels either before or during active vitamin D therapy. Active vitamin D analogues include calcitriol, doxercalciferol, and paricalcitol. Calcitriol is effective, but has a narrow therapeutic window at higher doses because of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, which require frequent monitoring. Doxercalciferol is also effective, but has been associated with significant elevations in serum phosphorus requiring greater use of oral phosphate binders. Paricalcitol effectively suppresses PTH with minimal impact on serum calcium and phosphorus. Limited data exist on the use of cinacalcet in treating SHPT in stages 3 and 4 CKD, and it is only approved for use in patients receiving dialysis. Conclusion SHPT is an early and major complication of CKD. Treatment involves suppression of PTH to prevent metabolic bone disease, bone loss, and metabolic complications that may result in marked morbidity and mortality. Early detection of elevated PTH levels with appropriate intervention using active vitamin D therapy, even in the absence of elevated serum phosphorus and reduced serum calcium, is critical. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:18-27)
Light-Load Efficiency Optimization Method

In this paper, a method of maintaining high power-conversion efficiency across the entire load range and its circuit implementations are described. The proposed method substantially increases the conversion efficiency at light loads by minimizing switching and driving losses of semiconductor switches, as well as core losses of magnetic components. These losses are minimized by periodically turning off and on the power converter, and by controlling the converter so that when the converter is on, it operates at the power level that exhibits the maximum efficiency. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on a 500-W, 400-V/12-V dc-dc converter and a 1-kW ac-dc boost power-factor-correction front-end.
Spontaneous pneumothorax: treatment and mortality.

Summary The records of 76 patients from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and 77 patients from the Philadelphia General Hospital with spontaneous pneumothorax have been analyzed for etiology, recurrence, mortality and method of treatment. There were a total of 176 episodes. One-hundred and eighteen patients (72.3 per cent of the total group) had no demonstrable pulmonary disease or blebs, usually found at the apex of the lung. This group was the youngest (average age 35 years), predominantly men (92 per cent) and the mortality rate was 2.5 per cent. Twenty-three patients (14.1 per cent) had pulmonary tuberculosis: their average age was 51 years; 91 per cent were men and the mortality rate was 17 per cent. Twelve patients (7.4 per cent) had underlying pneumonia. One-half of the group averaged 11 months in age, and the remainder of the group averaged 61 years. Two-thirds of the group were men and the mortality rate was 50 per cent. The miscellaneous group was comprised of ten patients (6.2 per cent). The average age was 69 years, six were men and there were two deaths. The largest group of the patients were treated by closed tube thoracotomy (46 per cent of the episodes); 28.4 per cent of the pneumothoraces were treated by the expectant method; 13.1 per cent by either pleurectomy or wedge resection and 12.5 per cent by thoracentesis. Patients with recurrent episodes of pneumothorax, bilateral pneumothorax, massive hemopneumothorax, persistent air leak, or failure of lung to expand promptly with lesser procedures should be treated by open thoracotomy and pleurectomy.
Cat ownership is a risk factor for the development of anti-cat IgE but not current wheeze at age 5 years in an inner-city cohort

Background Cat ownership is inversely associated with atopy and asthma in some areas of the world, but the relevance of cat ownership to allergic disease in the inner city is less known. Objective We sought to evaluate the relationship between cat ownership and the development of early sensitization and wheeze. Methods By using a prospective birth cohort study, Dominican and African American mothers living in New York City underwent repeated questionnaires about their child from birth to age 5 years. Sera collected from children at ages 2 (n = 323), 3 (n = 336), and 5 (n = 242) years were assayed for anti-cat IgE and anti–Fel d 1 IgG antibodies. Results Cat ownership was a significant risk factor for the development of anti-cat IgE by age 2 years (risk ratio [RR], 6.4; 95% CI, 1.9-22) but not for anti-cat IgE development between the ages of 2 and 5 years (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.24-2.3). Current wheeze was significantly more common among those children with anti-cat IgE at ages 3 (RR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.1-6.0) and 5 (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.3-4.9) years. Cat ownership was inversely associated with current wheeze at age 5 years among children without anti-cat IgE (RR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.083-0.81). Among children with anti-cat IgE, a similar trend was observed (RR, 0.57; P = .044, Fisher exact test), although one with borderline statistical significance. Conclusions Despite a positive association with sensitization, cat ownership in this inner-city cohort was inversely associated with wheeze, potentially suggesting an IgE-independent protective mechanism in this community.
Yielding behavior of glassy polymers. I. Free-volume model

Rigid, glassy polymers show a diversity of tensile behavior-ranging from apparently brittle to ductile. To delineate some of the factors that control the toughness or impact resistance of these polymers, the yielding behavior of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied. Results of other workers have shown that the cold flow exhibited by many glassy polymers can be explained qualitatively by a free-volume model. The treatment assumes that molecular flow is permitted when the free volume increase, resulting from the dilatational component of the applied stress, is sufficient to bring the total free volume to that characteristic of the polymer liquid. The present study refines this approach by introducing an “effective temperature,” defined as that hypothetical temperature at which the glass would have an equilibrium free volume equal to the total free volume of the nonequilibrium glass at temperature T. Equations are derived which more satisfactorily describe the temperature and strain-rate dependences...
Which one is responsible for WIP: the workstations or the material handling system?

SUMMARY The answer to the above question may seem obvious: whichever of the two is the bottleneck, and if there is none, whichever of the two has longer ‘service times” and/or larger variation in service times. As we empirically show in this study, the answer is not quite so obvious. In fact, our simulation results suggest that, as long as there are no bottlenecks in the system, the material handling system should almost never be responsible for work-in-process even if it has service time parameters that are comparable to processing times at the workstations. In the paper we first show the simulation results, and subsequently we provide insight based on well-known analytical results in queueing theory. We also discuss certain properties of the workstations and the handling system that affect the work-in-process levels
I. A Genetic Study of Sustained Visual Fixation and Associated Behavior in the Human Infant from Birth to Six Months

* Accepted for publication by Arnold Gesell of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on May 13, 1941.
‘Round Peg, Square Hole?’ The Viability of Plea Bargaining in Domestic Criminal Justice Systems Prosecuting International Crimes

During peacetime, no nation envisions that its people could ever succumb to genocide. Therefore, when a justice system never anticipated the challenge of prosecuting all perpetrators of genocide, the judicial institutions struggle of fitting the ‘round peg’ of these countless heinous crimes into the ‘square hole’ of an unprepared criminal justice system. Thus, this article turns to the extensive use of plea bargaining as a potential solution to this problem, using the courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) as an example of a nascent criminal justice system developing in the wake of mass atrocity. Since plea bargaining has the potential to offer victims greater retribution and reconciliation if they see their perpetrators processed through the criminal justice system in some capacity rather than not at all, I propose that if administered cautiously and within an informed community, increasing plea bargaining in BiH could contribute positively to rebuilding the community.
Successful urgent endovascular surgery for symptomatic subclavian artery aneurysmal compression of the trachea

The purpose of this study is to report the progress of a patient who entered the hospital with symptomatic tracheal compression from a large right subclavian artery aneurysm that was treated with a self-expanding stent graft. The patient was at increased risk for traditional surgery, thus endovascular isolation of the aneurysm was felt to be reasonable. A flexible self-expanding stent graft was placed via a brachial artery cutdown and common femoral access without complication. The symptoms improved and the patient remained asymptomatic at 2-year follow-up with serial CT scan confirmation of aneurysm regression. This unusual case illustrates that endovascular decompression of an aneurysm may have some benefit in alleviating subacute symptoms of extrinsic encroachment into other vital structures. Technical and clinical success was achieved with the stent graft deployment and this seems to be a reasonable alternative to surgery in such patients.
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of chiral epoxides using chiral derivatization and liquid chromatography

There appears to be a need for convenient chromatographic methods for the analysis of the enantiomeric composition of chiral oxiranes. In this report a new procedure for such purposes is described. Racemic mono-, 2,2-disubstituted and trans-2,3-disubstituted oxiranes were reacted with simple volatile alkylamines. The aminoalcohol products were derivatized with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate, and the resulting diastereomeric thioureas were resolved on C18 liquid chromatographic columns using methanol-water mobile phases and detection at 254 nm. In several cases, the order of elution of the derivatives could be related to the configuration of the starting epoxide. The procedure is simple and convenient to carry out despite the two-reaction derivatization sequence, and may have broad utility in the enantiomeric analysis of chiral epoxides.
Laser multiphoton ionization of triethylamine following collision-free IR multiple-photon excitation☆

Abstract The multiphoton ionization mass spectrum of triethylamine can be modified by infrared excitation of the neutral using a pulsed CO2 laser. The yield of a given ion can be maximized by judiciously controlling the timing, fluence and wavelength of the infrared laser. The results are interpreted in terms of competition between three- and four-photon ionization processes, wherein the former are assisted by favorable Frank—Condon due to vibrational excitation.
Flavonoid inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity in human preadipocytes.

Abstract Eleven flavonoid compounds were compared with aminoglutethimide (AG), a pharmaceutical aromatase inhibitor, for their abilities to inhibit aromatase enzyme activity in a human preadipocyte cell culture system. Flavonoids exerting no effect on aromatase activity were catechin, daidzein, equol, genistein, β-naphthoflavone (BNF), quercetin and rutin. The synthetic flavonoid, α-naphthoflavone (ANF), was the most potent aromatase inhibitor, with an I50 value of 0.5 μM. Three naturally-occurring flavonoids, chrysin, flavone, and genistein 4′-methyl ether (Biochanin A) showed I50 values of 4.6, 68, and 113 μM, respectively, while AG showed an I50 value of 7.4 μM. Kinetic analyses showed that both AG and the flavonoids acted as competitive inhibitors of aromatase. The Ki values, indicating the effectiveness of inhibition, were 0.2, 2.4, 2.4, 22, and 49 μM for ANF, AG, chrysin, flavone, and Biochanin A, respectively. Chrysin, the most potent of the naturally-occurring flavonoids, was similar in potency and effectiveness to AG, a pharmaceutical aromatase inhibitor used clinically in cases of estrogen-dependent carcinoma. These data suggest that flavonoid inhibition of peripheral aromatase activity may contribute to the observed cancer-preventive hormonal effects of plant-based diets.
Are doors being opened for the ladies of college sports? A covariance analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine sports symbols of colleges and universities for evidence of sexism and to identify factors that differentiated schools with andwithout sexist nicknames for their athletic teams. Data on team names and eight measures of women’s athleticism were collected from 112 colleges and universities for the 2000–2001 academic year. MANCOVA results revealed that women’s athleticism was stronger at schools with nonsexist nicknames for seven of the eight measures, although only one statistically significant difference was observed. Schools with nonsexist nicknames had a significantly higher percentage of assistant coaches who were women. Discussion focuses on why there may be more athletic opportunities and athletic resources for women at schools with nonsexist nicknames.
An Analytical Study of the Effect of the Darcy and Fick Laws on the Sublimation of a Frozen Semi-infinite Porous Medium

Many applications of the vacuum sublimation process for freeze-drying products exist. For instance, the food, medical, and chemical industries use of the sublimation process to maintain the shape and quality of heat-sensitive products during the drying process. The application of the vacuum sublimation process has received considerable attention over the past 20 years. Theoretically, it is assumed that the vapor transfer in the dried region is governed by diffusional (Fick) flow and/or hydrodynamic (Darcy) flow. Thus vapor movement in porous media is due to the concentration and/or pressure gradients. Luikov formulated the system of equations for heat and mass transfer in the capillary-porous media which included the effect of pressure gradients and the equation of pressure field. In the present work, the authors present a more complete description of the vacuum sublimation process for which an exact analytical solution is obtained. The present formulation is based upon the Luikovf system and the fact that the vapor flow in the dried region results from both moisture concentration and pressure gradients in the porous medium.
A NEW CHILOPOD GENUS OF THE FAMILY SOGONIDAE

The new genus described in this paper is based upon a specimen in a collection made by Prof. V. E. Shelford in Southern California. It pertains to the group for which I, some years ago, erected the family Sogonidae, the known representatives of which occur in Mexico and adjoining parts of the United States. The new genus may be placed among those previously known by means of the following key.
Conscious sedation versus general anaesthesia during mechanical thrombectomy for stroke: a propensity score analysis

Background Debate exists as to whether patients with acute ischemic stroke who are undergoing mechanical thrombectomy should receive general anaesthesia or conscious sedation during the procedure. Using a multihospital administrative database, we compared outcomes and complications of patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy, who were receiving general anaesthesia and conscious sedation, and studied trends in usage over time. Materials and methods Premier database patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy from 2006 to 2013 for acute ischemic stroke were identified. Using propensity score analysis, recipients of general anaesthesia and conscious sedation underwent 1:1 matching. Outcomes including usage trends, discharge status, mortality, length of stay, haemorrhage and pneumonia were examined. Results A total of 2512 patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy were identified. 1999 (80%) received general anaesthesia and 513 (20%) received conscious sedation. Following 1:1 matching by the propensity score matching, 507 general anaesthesia and 507 conscious sedation patients were matched. Patients who received general anaesthesia during their procedure had significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (25% vs 12%, OR=2.37 95% CI 1.68 to 3.37, p Conclusions In our cohort, thrombectomy patients receiving conscious sedation have decreased in-hospital mortality, decreased rates of pneumonia, and lower hospital costs and lengths of stay when compared with patients who received general anaesthesia. However, most practitioners continue to use general anaesthesia in the setting of acute stroke interventions.
Characterization of an α1D-adrenoceptor mediating the contractile response of rat aorta to noradrenaline

Abstract 1. The affinities of a number of alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists were determined by displacement of [3H]-prazosin binding from cloned human alpha 1A-adrenoceptors (previously designated cloned alpha 1c subtype), alpha 1B alpha 1D and rat alpha 1D-adrenoceptors, stably expressed in rat-1 fibroblasts. Functional affinity estimates for these compounds were also determined from noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta. 2. BMY 7378 displayed high affinity for cloned human alpha 1D-adrenoceptors (pKi = 8.2 +/- 0.10) and was selective over alpha 1A (pKi = 6.2 +/- 0.10) and alpha 1B subtypes (6.7 +/- 0.11). WB 4101, benoxathian and phentolamine displayed high affinity for alpha 1A and alpha 1D adrenoceptors compared to the alpha 1B subtype. Spiperone displayed high affinity and selectivity for alpha 1B adrenoceptors (pKi 8.8 +/- 0.16). 5-Methyl-urapidil was selective for cloned alpha 1A adrenoceptors. 3. Comparative binding affinities (pKi) for compounds at cloned human and rat1D adrenoceptors were almost identical (r = 0.99, slope = 1.08). 4. Prazosin, doxazosin and 5-methyl-urapidil were potent, competitive antagonists of noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta (pA2 values of 9.8, 8.8 and 7.8 respectively). The selective alpha 1D antagonist BMY 7378 was also a potent antagonist on rat aorta (pKB = 8.3 +/- 0.1) but the interaction of this compound was not consistent with competitive antagonism at a single population of receptors. 5. Functional affinities for compounds determined against noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta correlated well with binding affinities at cloned alpha 1D-adrenoceptors (r = 0.96), but not with alpha 1A (r = 0.61) or alpha 1B (r = 0.46) subtypes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Absolute Pressure on Fluid Slip in a Hydrophobic Microchannel

This work examines the effects of absolute pressure on fluid slip in a hydrophobic microchannel. Previous experiments with hydrophobic surfaces have indicated the presence of an apparent fluid slip. The mechanism responsible for the apparent fluid slip observed by Pit. et. al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 85 , 980–983), Zhu and Granick (Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 , 096105), and Tretheway and Meinhart (Phys. of Fluids, 14 , L9-L12) is unknown. Recently, Tyrell and Attard () have observed the presence of nanobubbles on a hydrophobic surface. Modeling these nanobubbles as a thin gas layer and solving for the velocity profile between two infinite parallel plates yields an apparent fluid slip consistent with the experimentally observed results. As the slip length is highly dependent on the nanobubble or gas layer thickness, increases in absolute pressure should decrease the bubble size and reduce the measured slip. This work explores the proposed mechanism by measuring velocity profiles and calculating slip lengths at varying absolute pressures.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Applying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading to the Light-Duty Vehicle Sector

The threat of global climate change induced by human production of greenhouse gases is becoming more intensely debated every year. With international agreement on the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, nations are beginning to assess their options to meet the commitments that they have made. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions control, the passenger vehicle sector presents a significant challenge. Every liter of gasoline burned produces approximately 2.3 kg of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. Although all known methods of greenhouse gas emissions control come with some associated costs, a properly designed emissions trading system is a promising policy tool to deal with this increasingly significant environmental problem in a cost-effective manner. The issues involved with measurement of the greenhouse gases produced by passenger vehicles and their incorporation into an intersectoral emissions trading system were investigated. It is suggested that direct emissions measurement may not be necessary for these vehicles to participate in such a program, and an alternate emissions estimation methodology is described. Finally, an emissions trading implementation plan is discussed. By that plan vehicle manufacturers are given credit or responsibility for the greenhouse gas emissions of the vehicles that they sell, with the emissions annualized over the projected lifetime of the vehicles.
Extrapolation of the Stochastic Theta Numerical Method for Stochastic Differential Equations

The stochastic theta method is a family of implicit Euler methods for approximating solutions to Ito stochastic differential equations. It is proved that the weak error for the stochastic theta numerical method is of the correct form to apply Richardson extrapolation. Several computational examples illustrate the improvement in accuracy of the approximations when applying extrapolation.
Retention Time in Rumen and Degradation of Protein Supplements Fed to Lactating Dairy Cattle

In part 1 of this experiment, six lactating Holstein cows were used to determine rate of passage of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and brewer's dried grains through the gastrointestinal tract and also to compare chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and cobalt-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as liquid digesta markers. Cows were offered a basal diet containing 60% alfalfa hay and 40% of a grain mix twice daily. In addition, all cows received 2.7 kg daily of a mixture of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and brewer's dried grains. At a designated feeding, each of the protein supplements was labeled with a separate rare earth marker element (samarium, cerium, or lanthanum). Mean ruminal turnover of liquid was 11.4 and 9.9%/h when chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and cobalt-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were used as markers. Treatment means for ruminal turnover of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and brewer's dried grains were 4.9, 5.3, and 4.8%/h. In part 2, nitrogen disappearance from soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and brewer's dried grains placed in Dacron bags suspended in the rumen of a fistulated cow was determined at intervals of 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h. These measurements, along with information on the amount of protein supplement remaining in the rumen at various intervals (derived from the rate of passage data), were used to estimate protein degradability in the rumen. Protein degradabilities by this approach for soybean meal, brewer's dried grains, and corn gluten meal were 72, 42, and 14%. Results for soybean meal and brewer's dried grains matched in vivo results in the literature, but corn gluten meal was underestimated grossly.
Experiments on the 2 P 3 State of Helium. II. Measurements of the Zeeman Effect

A series of Zeeman resonances has been measured in the $2^{3}P$ state of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, using the optical-microwave atomic-beam magnetic-resonance technique. The results were analyzed in terms of relativistic and motional contributions to the Zeeman effect, and are presented in the form of corrected $g$ factors: ${g}_{{S}^{\ensuremath{'}}}={g}_{S}\ensuremath{-}(76.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${g}_{{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}={g}_{L}+(3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, and an additional factor ${g}_{x}=(4.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. These are compared with theoretical calculations using quasi-hydrogenic radial wave functions which give ${g}_{{S}^{\ensuremath{'}}}={g}_{S}\ensuremath{-}(79.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${g}_{{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}={g}_{L}+(1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, and ${g}_{x}=\ensuremath{-}(3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. The values of the experimental $g$ factors are ${g}_{S}^{1}=2.0022432\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0000224$, and ${g}_{L}^{1}=0.999867\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000009$. The validity of the theory and the consistency of the data are discussed. The experimental results were used to reduce the quoted uncertainty in a previously reported fine-structure measurement. The new result is $E(2^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(2^{3}P_{2})=2291.196\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ MHz.
Methane escape from gas hydrate systems in marine environment, and methane‐driven oceanic eruptions

[1] Huge quantities of CH4 are stored in marine sediment in the form of methane hydrate, bubbles, and dissolved CH4 in pore water. Here I discuss the various pathways for methane to enter the ocean and atmosphere, including: (i) Methane hydrate dissolution or dissociation as it rises through seawater. The dissociation rate can be 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the dissolution rate. (ii) The dissolution and expansion of a bubble with or without a hydrate shell as it rises through seawater. There is a critical radius (which depends on depth), above which a bubble would reach the surface or even become larger as it rises. I also propose and model the dynamics of a new type of terrestrial gas-driven eruptions: methane-driven oceanic eruptions. Such eruptions not only represent a yet unrecognized geohazard, but also provide a pathway for CH4 to rapidly enter the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.
Magnetic measurements near the deep ocean floor

Abstract During the period 11 to 14 June 1963, while searching for the sunken submarine Thresher in the Northwest Atlantic, a proton precession magnetometer was towed 20 m above the ocean floor. A total intensity contour map of a small area of the bottom reveals a geological anomaly of approximately 25 gammas amplitude and approximately 2 km in extent. When away from this anomaly the field strength increases wuth depth as appropriate for a geomagnetic dipole. Near the anomaly the field strength increases with depth at a rate greater than that appropriate for a geomagnetic dipole. Time variations in total magnetic intensity on the ocean floor appear to follow closely time variations of the horizontal component of field strength on land.
Conceptual simulation modeling: the structure of domain specific simulation environment

This study focuses on the development of a conceptual simulation modeling tool that can be used to structure a domain specific simulation environment. The issues in software engineering and knowledge engineering such as object-oriented concepts and knowledge representations are addressed to identify and analyze modeling frameworks and patterns of a specific problem domain. Thus, its structural and behavioral characteristics can be conceptualized and described in terms of simulation architecture and context. Moreover, symbols, notations, and diagrams are developed as a communication tool that creates a blueprint to be seen and recognized by both domain experts and simulation developers, which leads to the effectiveness and efficiency in the simulation development of any specific domains.
Transitory or Persistent? The Effects of Classroom Ethics Interventions: A Longitudinal Study

This paper examines whether an ethics intervention administered during a graduate course in accounting is effective and, if effective, whether the observed moral reasoning gains are transitory or persistent. An established test instrument, Accounting Defining Issues Test (ADIT), was used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. The students completed the ADIT at the beginning of the term prior to the intervention and again at the end of the term. They repeated this task three years after the intervention and completion of the course. The results of this study indicate that gains in moral reasoning ability are persistent, and are not diminished when students accept professional responsibilities. These findings suggest that an appropriately designed ethics intervention, whilst fostering persistent gains in moral reasoning ability, also may be used as a professional ethics socialization tool.
Direct experimental observation of periodic intensity modulation along a straight hollow-core optical waveguide

We report the direct observation of periodic intensity modulation of a laser pulse propagating in a hollow-core waveguide. A series of equally spaced plasma sparks along the gas-filled capillary is produced. This effect can be explained by the beating of different fiber modes, which are excited by controlling the size of the focal spot at the capillary entrance. As compared with an artificial modulated waveguide structure, our presented approach represents an easier and more flexible quasi-phase-matching scheme for nonlinear-optical frequency conversion.
Teaching Portfolios: Uses and Development:

There is a trend in higher education to take teaching more seriously. Concurrent with this trend is a shift in undergraduate education from an instructional paradigm where the emphasis is on delivering instruction and transferring knowledge to a learning paradigm where the emphasis is on designing, developing, and creating a powerful learning environment. With these trends comes the dilemma of how to evaluate and improve teaching effectiveness. This has contributed to the growing popularity of the teaching portfolio. This article explores the concept and usefulness of a teaching portfolio for marketing educators. By defining a teaching portfolio, describing its uses, and providing guidelines for developing a teaching portfolio, the authors hope to encourage the implementation of teaching portfolios by marketing educators.
Resource conservation as a basis for the mutual exclusivity effect in children's word learning

The tendency of children to apply a novel label to a novel object rather than to a familiar one, or to resist applying multiple labels to the same object, has often been interpreted as evidence of a ‘mutual exclusivity’ constraint on word learning. We offer evidence that the mutual exclusivity effect is not specific to word learning but is rooted in a tendency to conserve general cognitive resources. In the current research, 3-year-olds learned and produced two different novel labels for the same object when doing so allowed them to maximize their reward. However, when producing multiple labels afforded no apparent benefit, children tended to produce a single label. An identical pattern of responses was seen in a parallel non-word learning task. These results suggest that, to some extent, conservation of cognitive resources may play a role in the mutual exclusivity effect seen in word learning.
Factors Shaping Private Landowner Engagement in Wildlife Management

The changing demographics of rural landowners have the potential to affect wildlife manage- ment on private land and therefore, there is a need to determine what factors influence landowner participation in wildlife management. We surveyed 1,368 North Carolina, USA, private landowners to determine socio-demographic factors predicting participation in a variety of wildlife management practices. Wildlife management practices most commonly implemented by landowners were providing supplemental feed (21.8%), mowing to improve habitat (16.2%), erecting nesting boxes (14.7%), and planting food plots (14.6%). Ecologically valuable management activities such as prescribed burning (2.3%) were among the least practiced. Hunting or having a family member that hunted was the most consistent predictor of participation in wildlife management practices. Landowners who hunted, resided on their property, were younger and were male were more likely to implement wildlife management practices than their counterparts. Resident landowners, especially those who hunt, may be the most receptive to outreach efforts promoting wildlife habitat management on private lands. Our results indicate outreach efforts should target habitat management practices with longer term wildlife benefits (e.g., prescribed fire, controlling invasive plants), because practices with immediate short-term benefits (e.g., food plots, supplemental feeding, mowing) are currently 3-4 times more prevalent. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Structured Lattice Space-Time Trellis Coded Modulation

This paper addresses the issue of the design of Space-Time (ST) codes for long block-lengths that have good coding gain and minimal decoding complexity. A general technique to encode information onto cosets and points of a sequence of nested lattices is used to construct ST trellis coded modulation (TCM) schemes with good coding and shaping gains, and is termed as structured lattice space-time trellis coded modulation (S-LaST TCM). These codes permit low complexity minimum mean-squared error generalized decision feedback equalizer (MMSE-GDFE) lattice decoding. Code construction examples are presented, and simulation results reveal excellent performances.
Relationship of light scattering at an angle in the backward direction to the backscattering coefficient

We revisit the problem of computing the backscattering coefficient based on the measurement of scattering at one angle in the back direction. Our approach uses theory and new observations of the volume scattering function (VSF) to evaluate the choice of angle used to estimate bb. We add to previous studies by explicitly treating the molecular backscattering of water (bbw) and its contribution to the VSF shape and to bb. We find that there are two reasons for the tight correlation between observed scattering near 120° and the backscattering coefficient reported by Oishi [Appl. Opt.29, 4658, (1990)], namely, that (1) the shape of the VSF of particles (normalized to the backscattering) does not vary much near that angle for particle assemblages of differing optical properties and size, and (2) the ratio of the VSF to the backscattering is not sensitive to the contribution by water near this angle. We provide a method to correct for the water contribution to backscattering when single-angle measurements are used in the back direction (for angles spanning from near 90° to 160°) that should provide improved estimates of the backscattering coefficient.
DOES INTERCOLONY COMPETITION FOR FOOD AFFECT COLONY CHOICE IN CLIFF SWALLOWS

Abstract Explaining why breeding colonies vary in size has been a persistent problem in the study of animal spatial distribution. One hypothesis is that colony size reflects local food availability, which may be affected by the number of conspecifics feeding in a given area. We investigated whether colony size in Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) was influenced by competition for food from birds in nearby colonies. Because we knew where Cliff Swallows foraged in relation to their colonies, we could designate for each colony site which neighboring colonies shared its foraging range. If intercolony competition for food is important in the birds' settlement decisions, a negative correlation between a site's colony size and the total number of nests in neighboring sites should result. Among-site analyses within years revealed negative correlations in 8 of 10 years; however, none of the correlation coefficients was significant. Separate among-year analyses for 32 sites revealed none with statistically ...
Glycoproteomic and glycomic databases

Protein glycosylation serves critical roles in the cellular and biological processes of many organisms. Aberrant glycosylation has been associated with many illnesses such as hereditary and chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and immunological disorders. Emerging mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that enable the high-throughput identification of glycoproteins and glycans have accelerated the analysis and made possible the creation of dynamic and expanding databases. Although glycosylation-related databases have been established by many laboratories and institutions, they are not yet widely known in the community. Our study reviews 15 different publicly available databases and identifies their key elements so that users can identify the most applicable platform for their analytical needs. These databases include biological information on the experimentally identified glycans and glycopeptides from various cells and organisms such as human, rat, mouse, fly and zebrafish. The features of these databases - 7 for glycoproteomic data, 6 for glycomic data, and 2 for glycan binding proteins are summarized including the enrichment techniques that are used for glycoproteome and glycan identification. Furthermore databases such as Unipep, GlycoFly, GlycoFish recently established by our group are introduced. The unique features of each database, such as the analytical methods used and bioinformatical tools available are summarized. This information will be a valuable resource for the glycobiology community as it presents the analytical methods and glycosylation related databases together in one compendium. It will also represent a step towards the desired long term goal of integrating the different databases of glycosylation in order to characterize and categorize glycoproteins and glycans better for biomedical research.
A Chemiluminescent Substrate for the Detection of Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C

A water-soluble, chemiluminescent substrate for sensitive detection of bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity was synthesized. This was achieved by replacing the diacylglycerol moiety found in the natural substrate, phosphatidylinositol, by a dioxetane-containing moiety, resulting in the synthetic substrate (+/-)-3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2'- tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7]decan]-4-yl)phenyl myo-inositol-1-O-hydrogen phosphate (LUMI-PI). PI-PLC-catalyzed cleavage of the phosphodiester bond of LUMI-PI results in the formation of a chemiluminescent precursor, the labile anion AMP-D, which decays with emission of light. An assay procedure was developed using 96-well microtiter plates with detection of the chemiluminescence on autoradiography film. With this procedure the detection limit of purified phospholipase C was about 10 pg. Furthermore, PI-PLC activity was readily detected in situ using small quantities (< 1 microliters) of liquid cultures of PI-PLC-producing bacterial strains.
Solving the Caesar Problem Without Categorical Sortals

The neo-Fregean account of arithmetical knowledge is centered around the abstraction principle known as Hume’s Principle: for any concepts X and Y, the number of X’s is the same as the number of Y’s just in case there is a 1–1 correspondence between X and Y. The Caesar Problem, originally raised by Frege in §56 of Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, emerges in the context of the neo-Fregean programme, because, though Hume’s Principle provides a criterion of identity for objects falling under the concept of Number–namely, 1–1 correspondence—the principle fails to deliver a criterion of application. That is, it fails to deliver a criterion that will tell us which objects fall under the concept Number, and so, leaves unanswered the question whether Caesar could be a number. Hale and Wright have recently offered a neo-Fregean solution to this problem. The solution appeals to the notion of a categorical sortal. This paper offers a reconstruction of their solution, which has the advantage over Hale and Wright’s original proposal of making clear what the structure of the background ontology is. In addition, it is shown that the Caesar Problem can be solved in a framework more minimal than that of Hale and Wright, viz. one that dispenses with categorical sortals. The paper ends by discussing an objection to the proposed neo-Fregean solutions, based on the idea that Leibniz’s Law gives a universal criterion of identity. This is an idea that Hale and Wright reject. However, it is shown that a solution very much in keeping with their own proposal is available, even if it is granted that Leibniz’s Law provides a universal criterion of identity.
PROGRESSIVE DEPLOYMENT STEPS LEADING TOWARD AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM

The most serious challenge to the credibility of highway automation as a potential solution to transportation problems has been the lack of a convincing deployment strategy. Such a strategy is needed to show how to advance, step by step, from today's transportation system to a future system that includes automated highway systems (AHSs). The existing literature on AHS deployment is reviewed, and a set of principles that can be used to govern the design of AHS deployment strategies is suggested. A deployment sequence for AHSs is proposed, beginning with adaptive cruise control and then adding elements of vehicle-vehicle cooperation and lane protection to build toward AHS capabilities within the constraints of technological and human factors and economic feasibility. Finally, some example deployment "road maps" are shown for transit buses, heavy trucks, and light-duty passenger vehicles.
Wavelet-based surrogates for testing time series

Thieler et al. (1992) introduced the notion of generating 'surrogate' time series as a way of testing for nonlinearities in a time series of interest against a null hypothesis that the series is a realization of a stationary Gaussian process. This idea of surrogate time series is very close to the notion of 'bootstrapping' time series. Both methods attempt to approximate the unknown distribution for a test statistic under the null hypothesis by generating time series that can be taken to be additional realizations of the Gaussian stationary process from which the given time series is assumed to come. Thieler proposed generating the surrogate series via the frequency domain by manipulating the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for the observed series. Here we consider an alternative approach based upon the discrete wavelet transform (DWT).