cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Major histocompatibility complex class II DNA polymorphisms in chicken strains selected for Marek's disease resistance and egg production or for egg production alone

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate frequencies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restriction fragments in two groups of White Leghorn strains. Each group consisted of an unselected control, a strain selected for egg production traits, and a strain selected for egg production traits and Marek's disease (MD) resistance. PvuII-digested genomic DNA was hybridized with a chicken genomic MHC class II probe. The MHC class II DNA fragment frequencies in the selected strains differed from those in the related unselected control and in the strain selected using the same criteria from a different base population. Based on the sizes of the breeding populations, particularly those in the control strain and in the strain selected for egg production, it was considered unlikely that the observed changes of the MHC class II fragment frequencies were due to random genetic drift. The data suggested that some MHC class II bands are associated with production traits or with MD resistance, and that these associations tend to be unique to each genetic background. Hence, MHC class II genes are likely candidates for the investigation of quantitative trait loci in egg production and disease resistance traits such as those for which the studied strains were selected.
Comparison Between Theoretical CFV Flow Models and NIST’s Primary Flow Data in the Laminar, Turbulent, and Transition Flow Regimes

State-of-the art dimensional metrology was used to measure the throat diameter and throat curvature of nine critical flow venturis (CFVs) with nominal throat diameters ranging from 5 mm to 25 mm. The throat curvature was used in calculating the theoretical discharge coefficients, while the throat diameter was used in computing the experimental discharge coeffacients. The nine CFVs were calibrated in dry air using two NIST primary flow standards with expanded uncertainties of 0.05% and 0.09%, respectively. The calibration data span a Reynolds number range from 7.2 × 10 4 to 2.5 × 10 6 , including laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes. By correcting for both the throat diameter and curvature, the agreement between predicted and measured discharge coefficients was less than 0.17% in the turbulent regime and less than 0.07% in the laminar regime.
Strong ion-pairing effects in a room temperature ionic liquid

Abstract 1,4- and 1,2-Dinitrobenzenes exhibit two one-electron waves in acetonitrile but a single two-electron wave in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The latter effect is ascribed to strong ion pairing between the imidazolium cation and the dinitrobenzene dianion. The strength of this ion-pairing effect is further demonstrated by the fact that complete wave coalescence is observed in acetonitrile containing as little as 10% of the ionic liquid. On the other hand, no wave coalescence is observed in the ‘hydrocarbon electrolyte’ (toluene)3–tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, demonstrating the unusual ion pairing tendency of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation compared to tetraalkylammonium ions. This is tentatively ascribed to the planarity of the imidazolium moiety.
Comparing Spray Characteristics from RANS NCC Calculations Against Experimental Data for a Turbulent Reacting Flow

Developing physics-based tools to aid in reducing harmful combustion emissions, like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburnt Hydrocarbons (UHC’s), and Sulfur Dioxides (SOx), is an important goal of aeronautics research at NASA. As part of that effort, NASA Glenn is performing a detailed assessment and validation of an in-house combustion CFD code known as the National Combustion Code (NCC) for turbulent reacting flows. To assess the current capabilities of NCC for simulating turbulent reacting flows with liquid jet fuel injection, a set of Single Swirler Lean Direct Injection (LDI) experiments performed at the University of Cincinnati was chosen as an initial validation data set. This Jet-A/air combustion experiment operates at a lean equivalence ratio of 0.75 at atmospheric pressure and has a 4% static pressure drop across the swirler. Detailed comparisons of NCC predictions for gas temperature and gaseous emissions (CO and NOx) against this experiment are considered in a previous work. The current paper is focused on detailed comparisons of the spray characteristics (radial profiles of drop size distribution and at several radial rakes) from NCC simulations against the experimental data. Comparisons against experimental data show that the use of the correlation for primary spray break-up implemented by Raju in the NCC produces most realistic results, but this result needs to be improved. Given the single or ten step chemical kinetics models, use of a spray size correlation gives similar, acceptable results.
Effects of social factors on adrenal weight and related physiology of Macaca fascicularis.

Abstract Increased adrenal cortical activity and hypertrophy of adrenal glands associated with defeat and social subordination have been reported frequently in small mammals; these adrenal changes have been linked to impairments in immune response, glucose metabolism and reproductive performance. Similar studies in primates have produced variable results. The current study was undertaken to illuminate the effects of social status on the adrenal gland and to examine concurrent effects of social variables on other physiological systems in Macaca fascicularis , in an initial exploration of the hypothesis that high and low social status have different physiological consequences [18]. Sixty adult male M. fascicularis were housed in social groups of n=5, under either stable or unstable social conditions. It was found that subordinate animals had heavier adrenal glands and somewhat higher plasma glucose concentrations than dominants. In contrast, dominants had higher blood pressure and worsened atherosclerosis, under some conditions, than subordinates. These data appear to offer preliminary support for Henry and Stephen's hypothesis of differential arousal of dominant and subordinate animals.
Mitotic phosphoepitopes precede paired helical filaments in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract We have shown previously that the TG-3 and MPM-2 antibodies recognize phosphoepitopes common to mitosis and degenerating neurons of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) brain. Here, we have evaluated their occurrence in human brain biopsy tissue, and confirm that they are absent in mature neurons of adult brain, but reappear during neurodegeneration in AD. The TG-3 epitope appears ahead of the MPM-2 epitope and is distributed throughout the neuronal soma. Tau is the major TG-3 antigen in AD brain. The initial localization of MPM-2 immunoreactivity in primary dendrites, it’s robust occurrence in granulovacuolar bodies, and the increased immunoreactivity with 300–350-kDa proteins, suggest MAP1B as a candidate MPM-2 antigen in AD. Production of mitotic phosphepitopes in more than one type of human neurodegenerative lesion implicates mitotic kinases as common mediators of neuronal death. Because mitotic phosphoepitopes appear before paired helical filaments, it is suggested that mitotic kinase activation triggers neurofibrillary tangle formation. Future studies will need to focus on factors influencing mitotic kinase activity, a point with potential for early diagnosis and disease abrogation.
Multifactorial Inheritance Hypothesis for the Etiology of Congenital Heart Diseases The Genetic-Environmental Interaction

A systematic investigation into the etiology of congenital heart diseases (CHD) has been undertaken through the testing of four alternative hypotheses. Data was obtained for six common congenital heart lesions from the investigation of familial aggregates, twin studies, and chromosomal evaluations. Animal homologies were also considered in the evaluation of the hypotheses. Hypothesis 1—no genetic basis for the etiology of congenital heart diseases—was tested and rejected. Then in an effort to define the possible genetic basis of congenital cardiovascular malformations hypothesis 2—the genetic basis of CHD is determined by gross chromosomal aberrations—was evaluated by reviewing karyotypes of nonsyndrome CHD patients in the literature as as well as 104 personal cases. Rejection of hypothesis 2 is required by all available evidence. Hypothesis 3—the genetic basis of common isolated congenital heart lesions is determined by single mutant genes—was also tested and rejected. Hypothesis 4—congenital heart disea...
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ELECTRIC SHOCK ON WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE RAT

The normal range of water consumption in 1 hr. after 23 hr. of deprivation was derermined for 45 naive female albino rats. Fifteen control Ss remained on 23-hr. deprivation undisturbed in the home cage. Thirty Ss were placed in a grill box without shock for 15 min. per day for five days just prior to the drinking period in the home cage. This procedure significantly depressed drinking for one day. Fifteen of these 30 Ss then received 0.09 ma. of shock in the grill box 15 min. per day for 10 days. The other 15 received 2.5 ma. The high shock level facilitated drinking in the home cage for one day but response returned to normal on subsequent days. The relevance of these results for arousal theory and the effect of novel situations was discussed.
A Review of the Empirical Evidence on Generational Differences in Work Attitudes

Purpose This article reviews the evidence for generational differences in work values from time-lag studies (which can separate generation from age/career stage) and cross-sectional studies (which cannot). Understanding generational shifts is especially important given the coming retirement of Baby Boomer workers and their replacement by those born after 1982 (GenMe/GenY/Millennials).
Protein and Peptide Labeling with (Cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonyl Rhenium and Technetium

A method for labeling proteins and peptides with (methoxycarbonyl cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonyl rhenium and technetium is described. The precursors used for this labeling are conveniently produced from perrhenate and pertechnetate, respectively, using a double ligand transfer reaction. For labeling the lysine residues of the model protein bovine serum albumin, the technetium methyl ester was saponified and then transformed into its N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester. For the labeling of the model peptides leucine enkephalin, substance P, oxytocin, and the tumor imaging/therapy candidate octreotide, the rhenium methyl ester was saponified and activated using either 1-hydoxybenzotriazole or 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole. The activation and peptide-coupling reactions were followed using reversed-phase (C18) HPLC and yields averaged approximately 70%.
Experimental Measurements of Temperature Distribution in Three Dimensional Stacked Package

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of steady state heat conduction in a three dimensional stack package. The temperatures are measured at different interfaces within the stacked package. Delphi devices are used in the experiment which enables controlled power input and surface temperature of the devices. The experiment is carried out for three different boundary conditions on the package. The power input in varied to study its effects. A numerical model is created to compare to the experimental results. The results are also compared with the analytical solution presented in Desai et al [5] and Geer et al [6]. The results indicate that the experimental, numerical and analytical solutions follow the same trend. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results improves when the lateral losses are taken into account.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
N,N,N-trimethylsphingosine inhibits interleukin-1β-induced NF-κB activation and consequent E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

We examined the effect of N,N,N-trimethylsphingosine (TMS) on the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Incubation of HUVEC with TMS (0.1–10 μM) resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1β-induced E-selectin expression. Sphingosine or N,N-dimethylsphingosine had no effects on the expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that TMS inhibited IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation, which is essential for E-selectin expression. This inhibitory effect of TMS on IL-1β-dependent endothelial cell activation may partly explain the known anti-inflammatory or anti-metastatic effect of TMS in vivo.
Retro-crystal engineering analysis of two N-methylethylenediammonium cadmium halide salts obtained by dimensional reduction and recombination of the hexagonal CdX2 lattice

The reaction of the N-methylethylenediammonium dication (MEDA2+) with cadmium halides in acid solutions leads to the formation of the compounds (MEDA·H2O)2Cd4Cl12·2H2O and (MEDA·H2O)Cd3Br8·xH2O. Cr...
The Role of Culture in Brazil's Unified Black Movement, Bahia in 1992:

This article is a study of the role of culture in 0 Movimento Negro Unificado (MNU); the Unified Black Movement, in Bahia state Brazil, as of the summer of 1992. Examining the role of culture in the MNU is significant because although Afro-Brazilian cultural organizations of all kinds are and have been numerous in Brazil throughout the 20th century, Afro-Brazilian organizations that have been, and are, specifically political, are rare.' Therefore, the MNU-which, since its inception, has seated its identity on its specifically political character and which has a long record of attacking Afro-Brazilian cultural organizations for being not only apolitical but also for being reactionary and co-opted-has been an organization apart from the mainstream tendencies of Afro-Brazilian cultural organizations.2 Nevertheless, the orientation of the MNU toward Afro-Brazilian cultural organizations has changed over time. It is important to assess what it is today and to understand the basis for its present stance. Examining the role of culture is also significant in a broader, more comparative assessment of the political organizations of African peoples at large. A number of important African thinkers have given serious consideration to this question. Among them are DuBois, Garvey, Fanon, Cesaire, Senghor, Nyerere, Nkrumah,
Mantle plumes and associated flow beneath Arabia and East Africa

Abstract We investigate mantle plumes and associated flow beneath the lithosphere by imaging the three-dimensional S -velocity structure beneath Arabia and East Africa. This image shows elongated vertical and horizontal low-velocity anomalies down to at least mid mantle depths. This three-dimensional S -velocity model is obtained through the joint inversion of teleseismic S - and SKS -arrival times, regional S - and Rayleigh waveform fits, fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave group velocities, and independent Moho constraints from receiver functions, reflection/refraction profiles, and gravity measurements. In the resolved parts of our S -velocity model we find that the Afar plume is distinctly separate from the Kenya plume, showing the Afar plume's origin in the lower mantle beneath southwestern Arabia. We identify another quasi-vertical low-velocity anomaly beneath Jordan and northern Arabia which extends into the lower mantle and may be related to volcanism in Jordan, northern Arabia, and possibly southern Turkey. Comparing locations of mantle plumes from the joint inversion with fast axes of shear-wave splitting, we confirm horizontal mantle flow radially away from Afar. Low-velocity channels in our model support southwestward flow beneath Ethiopia, eastward flow beneath the Gulf of Aden, but not northwestwards beneath the entire Red Sea. Instead, northward mantle flow from Afar appears to be channeled beneath Arabia.
Host and tumour factors in cancer metastasis

. The process of cancer metastasis is sequential and selective and contains stochastic elements. The growth of metastases represents the endpoint of many lethal events that only few tumour cells survive. Primary tumours contain cells with heterogeneous metastatic properties, and the outcome of metastasis depends on the interplay of tumour cells with various host factors. Collectively, then, our studies and most data reported by others have led us to conclude that metastasis is a highly selective process regulated by a number of mechanisms. This belief is contrary to the once widely accepted notion that neoplastic dissemination is the ultimate expression of cellular anarchy. In fact, suggesting that cancer metastasis is a selective process is a more optimistic view in terms of cancer therapy than the one that contends that tumour dissemination is an entirely random event. A selective biological process is regulated by the interaction of tumour cells with their host, and these complex interactions can be studied and manipulated. A better understanding of the complexity of the processes of tumour evolution, progression, and metastasis should lead to improvements in the treatment of cancer.
Current Practice Patterns in the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Survey of the American College of Chest Physicians

Over the past decade, the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction has undergone remarkable change due in part to the availability of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Many of these techniques have gained widespread acceptance and use without the benefit of studies demonstrating efficacy. A survey of 391 members of the Section on Clinical Cardiology of the American College of Chest Physicians was conducted to assess current practice patterns in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Significant differences in the routine (≥50 percent of the time) use of various management approaches were found, with exercise tolerance testing, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, and cardiac rehabilitation frequently employed, whereas electrophysiologic studies, pyrophosphate scans, pulmonary artery catheterization, and cardiac pacing were infrequently used. Significant differences in the use of these procedures were noted with regard to the age of the physician and his or her geographic location of practice. These differences in practice patterns indicate that physicians have not reached consensus with regard to the value of these new diagnostic procedures and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Given the incremental costs of these procedures, clinical trials to assess their efficacy are clearly indicated.
Modulation of the antineoplastic efficacy of mitomycin C by dicoumarol in vivo

Dicoumarol (DIC) modulates the intracellular metabolism of mitomycin C (MC) in vitro, increasing the toxicity of MC to hypoxic EMT6 cells and decreasing its toxicity to aerobic cells. The present experiments asessed whether DIC could be used to increase the therapeutic ratio attainable in vivo when MC was used as an adjunct to radiotherapy. Experiments with transplanted EMT6 tumors in mice showed that DIC increased the toxicity of MC to hypoxic tumor cells and increased the antineoplastic efficacy of regimens combining MC with radiation. DIC did not increase the hematologic toxicity of MC, and pretreatment with DIC plus MC did not augment radiation-induced skin reactions. The increase in antineoplastic effect was therefore obtained without a concomitant increase in normal tissue toxicities, and therapeutic gain was obtained.
Monetary Policy Transmission through the Consumption-Wealth Channel

A paper presented at the April 2001 conference "Financial Innovation and Monetary Transmission," sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Controlling DNA Capture and Propagation through Artificial Nanopores

Electrophorescing biopolymers across nanopores modulates the ionic current through the pore, revealing the polymer’s diameter, length, and conformation. The rapidity of polymer translocation (30 000 bp/ms) in this geometry greatly limits the information that can be obtained for each base. Here we show that the translocation speed of I-DNA through artificial nanopores can be reduced using optical tweezers. DNAs coupled to optically trapped beads were presented to nanopores. DNAs initially placed up to several micrometers from the pore could be captured. Subsequently, the optical tweezers reduced translocation speeds to 150 bp/ms, about 200-fold slower than free DNA. Moreover, the optical tweezers allowed us to “floss” single polymers back and forth through the pore. The combination of controlled sample presentation, greatly slowed translocation speeds, and repeated electrophoresis of single DNAs removes several barriers to using artificial nanopores for sequencing, haplotyping, and characterization of protein -DNA interactions.
Workflow agents versus expert systems: Problem solving methods in work systems design

During the 1980s, a community of artificial intelligence researchers became interested in formalizing problem solving methods (PSMs) as part of an effort called “second-generation expert systems.” We provide an example of how we are applying second-generation expert systems concepts in an agent-based system for space flight operations, the orbital communications adapter mirroring system (OCAMS), which was developed in the Brahms multiagent framework. Brahms modeling language provides an ontology for simulating work practices, including groups, agents, activities, communications, movements, and geographic areas. Activities are a behavioral unit of analysis to be contrasted with tasks, a functional unit of analysis. Problem solving occurs in the context of activities in the service of tasks; appropriate PSMs depend on the context: which people/roles are participating, what tools are available, how the results will be evaluated, and so forth. A work practice simulation facilitates designing workflow tools that appropriately interact with the physical and organizational context in which work occurs. OCAMS was developed using a simulation-to-implementation methodology, in which a prototype workflow tool was embedded in a Brahms simulation of how people would use the tool. The reusable components in a workflow system like OCAMS include entire “problem solvers” (e.g., a planning subsystem), interoperability frameworks, and agents that inspect and change the world. Thus, a tool kit for building workflow tools requires more than a library of PSMs, which play a relatively small role in the overall multiagent, systems-integration architecture. Our research concern has shifted to situations that may arise that are outside the OCAMS' capability. In practical decision making, people must reflect on the validity of their models. As programs becoming actors in the workplace, we need to develop systems that help people to understand the limitations of the models that drive the automated operations, which means in part detecting when the formalizations in the system are inadequate.
A new electrically small TE mode dipole

When designing electrically small antennas from the perspective of comparing their performance to theoretical limits, engineers generally focus on the design of electric dipoles or TM mode radiators. These radiators can be designed to exhibit a well matched input impedance, high radiation efficiency and a quality factor that closely approaches the lower bound (the Chu limit). They also have the advantage of a straight-forward transition from the dipole to the monopole configuration for use over metallic ground planes or surfaces. Following our recent work in the design of small electric dipoles, we continue here with the design of a new, electrically small magnetic dipole or TE mode radiator. The new design is shown to exhibit a well matched impedance, high radiation efficiency and a reasonably low quality factor. We show that the quality factor of the TE mode radiator approaches the lower bound to within a ratio consistent with recent limits presented by Thal.
Rasagiline in the Treatment of the Persistent Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Objective: The current study examined the efficacy and safety of rasagiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, for the treatment of persistent negative symptoms. Methods: Sixty people with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who met a priori criteria for persistent negative symptoms, were randomized to receive rasagiline, 1mg/d (n = 31) or placebo (n = 29) in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) total score was used to assess change in negative symptoms. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), N-Back test, a probabilistic learning task, and a delayed discounting task were used to assess cognition. Results: In a mixed model analysis of covariance (MM-ANCOVA), with time as a continuous variable, there was a significant treatment × time effect for SANS total score (F = 5.61(df = 1,40.3), P = .023). The treatment × time interaction effect was also significant for the SANS avolition subscale score (F(1,40.2) = 10.41, P = .002). In a post hoc MM-ANCOVA analyses, with time as a categorical variable, group differences were significant at week 12 for SANS total score (t(37.3) = 2.15; P = .04; d = −0.41) and SANS avolition subscale score (t(49.0) = 3.06; P = .004; d = −0.46). There was a significant difference in number of participants with a ≥20% reduction in SANS avolition score (χ2(1) = 10.94; P = .0009), but not in SANS total score (χ2(1) = 1.11; P = .29). There were no significant group differences on the RBANS, N-Back, probabilistic learning, or delayed discounting tasks. Conclusions: Study results support future studies of the utility of rasagiline for the treatment of negative symptoms, including avolition (clinicaltrials.gov trial number: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00492336","term_id":"NCT00492336"}}NCT00492336).
Psychosocial and substance-use risk factors for intimate partner violence.

Objective: Few emergency department (ED) studies have described the relationship between family violence and subsequent intimate partner violence (IPV) or accounted for partner alcohol use in IPV victimization. This study sought to identify family history and substance-use factors associated with IPV among women presenting to an urban emergency department. Methods: Case–control study in which cases (women identified as having IPV concerns and an IPV history) and controls (women without IPV) were frequency-matched by age group and race/ethnicity. Logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for any IPV, physical IPV, and sexual IPV. Results: The sample included 182 cases and 147 controls. Living with a partner (not married) and witnessing parental violence were independent risk factors for any IPV (AOR 2.55 and AOR 2.21, respectively). Partner’s alcohol use (AOR 1.22 for every five drinks consumed per week) and heavier drinking (AOR 5.07) were also significant risk factors, but not subject’s substance-use. The pattern of risk factors varied only slightly for physical IPV and sexual IPV. Conclusion: This study suggests a substantial relationship between partner alcohol use and IPV among women beyond the woman’s substanceuse and confirms previous reports regarding the cycle of violence in women’s lives. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
An algorithm for in-core frequent itemset mining on streaming data

Frequent item set mining is a core data mining operation and has been extensively studied over the last decade. This paper takes a new approach for this problem and makes two major contributions. First, we present a one pass algorithm for frequent item set mining, which has deterministic bounds on the accuracy, and does not require any out-of-core summary structure. Second, because our one pass algorithm does not produce any false negatives, it can be easily extended to a two pass accurate algorithm. Our two pass algorithm is very memory efficient, and allows mining of datasets with large number of distinct items and/or very low support levels. Our detailed experimental evaluation on synthetic and real datasets shows the following. First, our one pass algorithm is very accurate in practice. Second, our algorithm requires significantly lower memory than Manku and Motwani's one pass algorithm and the multi-pass Apriori algorithm. Our two pass algorithm outperforms Apriori and FP-tree when the number of distinct items is large and/or support levels are very low. In other cases, it is quite competitive, with possible exception of cases where the average length of frequent item sets is quite high.
Dakota Crisp: A New High-Yielding, Cold-Chipping Potato Cultivar with Tablestock Potential

'Dakota Crisp' (ND2470-27) is a medium-maturing potato cultivar with uniform tubers and high yield potential. It resulted from the cross of 'Yankee Chipper' x 'Norchip'. Vines are vigorous and medium-sized. Tubers are smooth, round to slightly oblong in shape, with light eggshell-colored skin and white flesh. Dakota Crisp is suitable for the cold chip processing and fresh tablestock market, both directly from the field and following storage at 7.2 C. Yield potential under both nonirrigated and irrigated conditions in North Dakota is high, with total yield, U.S. No. 1 yield, and percent U.S. No. 1 tubers of Dakota Crisp superior to those of 'Dakota Pearl', 'Atlantic', and 'NorValley', all commercially acceptable chip cultivars. Tuber size is slightly larger for Dakota Crisp than for Dakota Pearl. North Central Regional Potato Variety Trials and Snack Food Association/U.S. Potato Board Trials indicate Dakota Crisp has wide adaptability. Dakota Crisp sizes quickly, is moderately resistant to blackspot bruise, and has medium dormancy. In disease evaluations, it demonstrates susceptibility to late blight, common scab, pink rot, Pythium leak and Verticillium wilt. The specific gravity averages 1.0852 across irrigated and non-irrigated sites in North Dakota and Minnesota, similar to Dakota Pearl, Norchip and NorValley. Sensory evalua
An Annual Model of SSM/I Radiobrightness for Dry Soil

An annual model is presented of the temperature structure within a homogeneous, dry soil halfspace that is subject to both diurnal and annual insolation, radiant heating from the atmosphere, sensible heat exchange with the atmosphere, and radiant cooling. The thermal constitutive properties of the soil are assumed to be constant so that the heat flow equation can be solved analytically. For computational economy, a variable time interval Laplace transform method is developed to predict the temperature.
Psychostimulant-Induced Neuroadaptations in Nucleus Accumbens AMPA Receptor Transmission

Medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens serve as the interface between corticolimbic regions that elicit and modulate motivated behaviors, including those related to drugs of abuse, and motor regions responsible for their execution. Medium spiny neurons are excited primarily by AMPA-type glutamate receptors, making AMPA receptor transmission in the accumbens a key regulatory point for addictive behaviors. In animal models of cocaine addiction, changes in the strength of AMPA receptor transmission onto accumbens medium spiny neurons have been shown to underlie cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations related to cocaine seeking. Here we review changes in AMPA receptor levels and subunit composition that occur after discontinuing different types of cocaine exposure, as well as changes elicited by cocaine reexposure following abstinence or extinction. Signaling pathways that regulate these cocaine-induced adaptations will also be considered, as they represent potential targets for addiction pharmacotherapies.
COARSE AND UNIFORM EMBEDDINGS INTO REFLEXIVE SPACES

Answering an old problem in nonlinear theory, we show that c0 cannot be coarsely or uniformly embedded into a reflexive Banach space, but that any stable metric space can be coarsely and uniformly embedded into a reflexive space. We also show that certain quasi-reflexive spaces (such as the James space) also cannot be coarsely embedded into a reflexive space and that the unit ball of these spaces cannot be uniformly embedded into a reflexive space. We give a necessary condition for a metric space to be coarsely or uniformly embeddable in a uniformly convex space.
Genetic Risk Scores Associated with Baseline Lipoprotein Subfraction Concentrations Do Not Associate with Their Responses to Fenofibrate

Lipoprotein subclass concentrations are modifiable markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Fenofibrate is known to show beneficial effects on lipoprotein subclasses, but little is known about the role of genetics in mediating the responses of lipoprotein subclasses to fenofibrate. A recent genomewide association study (GWAS) associated several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with lipoprotein measures, and validated these associations in two independent populations. We used this information to construct genetic risk scores (GRSs) for fasting lipoprotein measures at baseline (pre-fenofibrate), and aimed to examine whether these GRSs also associated with the responses of lipoproteins to fenofibrate. Fourteen lipoprotein subclass measures were assayed in 817 men and women before and after a three week fenofibrate trial. We set significance at a Bonferroni corrected alpha <0.05 (p < 0.004). Twelve subclass measures changed with fenofibrate administration (each p = 0.003 to <0.0001). Mixed linear models which controlled for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, pedigree and study-center, revealed that GRSs were associated with eight baseline lipoprotein measures (p < 0.004), however no GRS was associated with fenofibrate response. These results suggest that the mechanisms for changes in lipoprotein subclass concentrations with fenofibrate treatment are not mediated by the genetic risk for fasting levels.
MutS homologue hMSH4: interaction with eIF3f and a role in NHEJ-mediated DSB repair

Background: DNA mismatch repair proteins participate in diverse cellular functions including DNA damage response and repair. As a member of this protein family, the molecular mechanisms of hMSH4 in mitotic cells are poorly defined. It is known that hMSH4 is promiscuous, and among various interactions the hMSH4-hMSH5 interaction is involved in recognizing DNA intermediate structures arising from homologous recombination (HR). Results: We identified a new hMSH4 interacting protein eIF3f – a protein that functions not only in translation but also in the regulation of apoptosis and tumorigenesis in humans. Our studies have demonstrated that hMSH4-eIF3f interaction is mediated through the N-terminal regions of both proteins. The interaction with eIF3f fosters hMSH4 protein stabilization, which in turn sustains γ-H2AX foci and compromises cell survival in response to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage. These effects can be, at least partially, attributed to the down-regulation of NHEJ activity by hMSH4. Furthermore, the interplay between hMSH4 and eIF3f inhibits IR-induced AKT activation, and hMSH4 promotes eIF3f-mediated bypass of S phase arrest, and ultimately enhancing an early G2/M arrest in response to IR treatment. Conclusion: Our current study has revealed a role for hMSH4 in the maintenance of genomic stability by suppressing NHEJ-mediated DSB repair.
Matrix‐cytoskeletal interactions in the developing eye

The embryonic avian corneal epithelium in vitro responds to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in either soluble or polymerized form by flattening its basal surface, organizing the basal cortical actin cytoskeleton, and stepping up its production of corneal stroma twofold. Embryonic corneal epithelia, like hepatocytes and mammary gland cells, seem to contain heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) in their plasmalemma, which may interact with actin on the one hand or underlying collagen on the other. Work on the corneal epithelium suggests that, in addition to HSPG, specific glycoprotein receptors for laminin and collagen exist in the basal plasmalemma and play the critical role in actually organizing the basal epithelial cytoskeleton. As yet, uncharacterized proteins may link such receptors to actin. We suggest that ECM-dependent organization of the cytoskeleton is responsible for ECM enhancement of corneal epithelial differentiation. Cell shape and exogenous ECM also affect mesenchymal cell differentiation. In the case of the corneal fibroblast migrating in collagen gels, an actin cortex present around the elongate cell seems to interact with myosin in the cytosol to bring about pseudopodial extension. Both microtubules and actin microfilaments are involved in fibroblast elongation in collagen gels. It follows from the rules presented in this review that the mesenchymal cell surface is quite different from the epithelial cell surface in its organization. Nevertheless, epithelial cell surface-ECM interaction can be modified in the embryo at particular times to permit predesignated epithelial-mesenchymal transformations, as for example at the primitive streak. Though basal surfaces of definitive, nonmalignant epithelia adhere rather strictly to the rules of epithelium-ECM interaction and do not invade underlying ECM, the environment can be manipulated in vitro to cause these epithelia to send out pseudopodia and give rise aberrantly to mesenchymal cells in collagen gels. Further study of this phenomenon should cast light on the manner in which epithelial and mesenchymal cells organize receptors for matrix molecules on their cell surfaces and develop appropriate cytoskeletal responses to the extracellular matrix.
Informed Decision Making for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Coronary Disease

Importance Patients with stable coronary disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are frequently misinformed about the benefits of PCI. Little is known about the quality of decision making before angiography and possible PCI. Objective To assess the quality of informed decision making and its association with patient decisions. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a cross-sectional analysis of recorded conversations between August 1, 2008, and August 31, 2012, among adults with known or suspected stable coronary disease at outpatient cardiology practices. Main Outcomes and Measures Presence of 7 elements of informed decision making and the decision to undergo angiography and possible PCI. Results Of 59 conversations conducted by 23 cardiologists, 2 (3%) included all 7 elements of informed decision making; 8 (14%) met a more limited definition of procedure, alternatives, and risks. Specific elements significantly associated with not choosing angiography and possible PCI included discussion of uncertainty (odds ratio [OR], 20.5; 95% CI, 2.3-204.9), patient’s role (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.3-21.3), exploration of alternatives (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 2.5-36.5), and exploration of patient preference (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.2-19.4). Neither the presence of angina nor severity of symptoms was associated with choosing angiography and possible PCI. In a multivariable analysis using the total number of elements as a predictor, better informed patients were less likely to choose angiography and possible PCI (OR per additional element, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.1; P = .005). Conclusions and Relevance In conversations between cardiologists and patients with stable angina, informed decision making is often incomplete. More complete discussions are associated with patients choosing not to undergo angiography and possible PCI.
Characterizing overlay multicast networks

Overlay networks among cooperating hosts have recently emerged as a viable solution to several challenging problems, including multicasting, routing, content distribution, and peer-to-peer services. Application-level overlays, however, incur a performance penalty over router level solutions. This paper characterizes this performance penalty for overlay multicast trees via experimental data, simulations, and theoretical models. Experimental data and simulations illustrate that (i) the average delay and the number of hops between parent and child hosts in overlay trees generally decrease, and (ii) the degree of hosts generally decreases, as the level of the host in the overlay tree increases. Overlay multicast routing strategies, together with power-law and small-world Internet topology characteristics, are causes of the observed phenomena. We compare three overlay multicast protocols with respect to latency, bandwidth, router degrees, and host degrees. We also quantify the overlay tree cost. Results reveal that L(n)/U(n) /spl prop/ n/sub 0.9/ for small n, where L(n) is the total number of hops in all overlay links, U(n) is the average number of hops on the source to receiver unicast paths, and n is the number of members in the overlay multicast session.
Multi-cell coordination: A stochastic geometry approach

Partial base station coordination is analyzed on the downlink of a cellular system with randomly deployed base stations. In contrast with existing work, a stochastic geometry framework is considered for both base station deployment and base station clustering. The cluster-cells form a Poisson tessellation of the plane generated by Poisson distributed cluster base stations. Inter-cell interference nulling is applied to coordinate interference inside each cluster-cell. Both perfect and limited channel state information (CSI) sharing among coordinating base stations are considered. The average achievable rate with perfect CSI and the mean loss in rate due to limited CSI feedback are derived for a typical user inside the cell. Numerical results show that the average achievable rate with interference coordination as well as the mean loss in rate with equal-bit partitioning increase with increasing average cluster size and increasing number of antennas at the transmitter.
Adult raccoon survival in an enzootic rabies area of Pennsylvania.

Twenty-one adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) were radio-marked on each of two areas in Centre County, Pennsylvania from 17 June to 23 August 1987. Raccoons on Area 1 were vaccinated with a commercial inactivated rabies virus vaccine administered intramuscularly, whereas on Area 2 raccoons were not vaccinated. Survival rates were estimated for three periods: pre-season (23 August to 23 October 1987), harvest season (24 October 1987 to 23 January 1988) and post-season (24 January to 26 March 1988). Kaplan-Meier survival rates (±SE) were 1.00 ± 0.00 for both areas during the pre- and post-season periods. Survival rates during the harvest period were 0.67 ± 0.11 and 0.69 ± 0.11 for Area 1 and Area 2, respectively. Survival rates between the two areas were not different (P = 0.929). During 23 August 1987 to 26 March 1988, rabies was not an apparent factor in raccoon survival. Conclusions regarding timing an oral rabies vaccination campaign based upon occurrence of rabies-related mortalities could not be presented...
Bim deficiency leads to exacerbation and prolongation of joint inflammation in experimental arthritis

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial lining, inflammation, and destruction of cartilage and bone. Since there are only a few detectable cells undergoing apoptosis in the joint, it is possible that a defect in apoptosis may contribute to synovial hyperplasia. This study sought to identify and characterize the direct role of apoptotic regulators in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Methods Using a serum transfer model, experimental arthritis was induced in mice lacking the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family genes Bak (Bak−/−), Bax (Bax−/−), or Bim (Bim−/−), as compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. Physical examination for edema of the ankles and histopathologic analysis of ankle sections were used to determine the severity of arthritis. The serum and ankles were examined for production of chemokines and cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent or Luminex-based assays. Results Bim−/− mice displayed increased severity and prolongation of arthritis. In contrast, Bak−/− and Bax−/− mice showed no difference in the severity of arthritis as compared with WT mice. In addition, Bim−/− mice had elevated levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, decreased joint and serum production of antiinflammatory cytokines, fewer TUNEL-positive cells, and reduced levels of active caspase 3 as compared with WT mice. Conclusion These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim in the effector phase of RA. The findings indicate that Bim potentially functions to repress the effector phase of arthritis by regulating the milieu of the joint and serum, and by inducing apoptosis.
Multilevel interconnect networks for the end of the roadmap: Conventional Cu/low-k and emerging carbon based interconnects

The impact of size effects such as surface and grain boundary scatterings and line edge roughness (LER) on the design of a multi-level interconnection network, and potential power saving offered by individual single-wall nanotube (SWNT) and mono-layer graphene interconnects are investigated and quantified for high-performance and low-cost designs implemented at future technology nodes. It is shown that size effects increase the number of metal levels for a high performance chip by as large as 22.81% and 41.35% at the 21nm and 7.5nm technology nodes, respectively. It has also been demonstrated that individual metallic SWNT and mono-layer graphene interconnects may be used to reduce the interconnect power dissipation in both high-performance and low-cost designs at the end of the roadmap. This is in contrast to previous publications which all indicated that bundles of densely packed SWNTs are needed for interconnect applications.
A novel approach to enhance the bandwidth of miniaturized dielectric resonator antennas

The paper presents the concept and implementation of a wideband, high-gain miniaturized dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). A dual-resonance characteristic is achieved by merging the resonances of an aperture antenna and a DRA; miniaturization is provided by the high dielectric constant of the resonator. The design enhances the bandwidth of the constituent antennas without compromising their efficiency and radiation characteristics. In addition, the design enforces low cross-polarization levels as well its a unique polarization direction over the entire bandwidth. It is shown that, with proper design, the two resonances inherent in all DRA designs with resonant feed structures can be merged for bandwidth optimization. In addition, the similarity of the aperture and DRA radiation characteristics allows preservation of the radiation patterns and polarization over the entire bandwidth. The design parameters are summarized and simulation results given. A 0.2/spl lambda//sub 0/ antenna exhibiting over 25% bandwidth and gain exceeding 4 dBi has been built and characterized.
Neo-Frankfurtians and buffer cases: the new challenge to the principle of alternative possibilities

The debate over whether Frankfurt-style cases are counterexamples to the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP) has taken an interesting turn in recent years. Frankfurt originally envisaged his attack as an attempting to show that PAP is false—that the ability to do otherwise is not necessary for moral responsibility. To many this attack has failed. But Frankfurtians have not conceded defeat. Neo-Frankfurtians, as I will call them, argue that the upshot of Frankfurt-style cases is not that PAP is false, but that it is explanatorily irrelevant. Derk Pereboom and David Hunt’s buffer cases are tailor made to establish this conclusion. In this paper I come to the aid of PAP, showing that buffer cases provide no reason for doubting either its truth or relevance with respect to explaining an agent’s moral responsibility.