cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Cassiopeia A and Kepler Supernova Remnants

Near-infrared spectra (0.95–2.4 μm) of the Cassiopeia A and Kepler supernova remnants (SNRs) are presented. Low-dispersion (R ≈ 700) spectra were obtained for five bright fast-moving ejecta knots (FMKs) at two locations on the main shell and for three bright circumstellar knots (quasi-stellar flocculi or QSFs) near the southwest rim of Cas A. The main shell FMKs in Cas A exhibit a sparse near-infrared spectrum dominated by [S II] 1.03 μm emission with a handful of other, fainter emission lines. Among these are two high-ionization silicon lines, [Si VI] 1.96 and [Si X] 1.43 μm, which have been detected in active galactic nuclei and novae but never before in a supernova remnant. The near-infrared spectra of circumstellar QSFs in Cas A show a much richer spectrum, with strong He I 1.083 μm emission and over a dozen bright [Fe II] lines. Observed [Fe II] line ratios indicate electron densities of 5–9 × 104 cm-3 in the QSFs. The Cas A QSF data are quite similar to the observed spectrum of a bright circumstellar knot along the northwest rim of the Kepler SNR, which also shows strong He I and [Fe II] emission with a measured electron density of 2.5–3 × 104 cm-3. Finally, we present J- and K-band images of Cas A. The K-band image shows faint diffuse emission that has no optical or midinfrared counterpart but is morphologically similar to radio continuum maps and may be infrared synchrotron radiation.
The disk atmospheres of three Herbig Ae/Be stars

We present infrared (IR) spectrophotometry (R 180) of three Herbig Ae/Be stars surrounded by possible protoplanetary disks: HD 150193, HD 100546, and HD 179218. We construct a mid-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for each object by using 7.6-13.2 μm HIFOGS spectra, 2.4-45 μm spectrophotometry from the Infrared Space Observatory Short-Wavelength Spectrometer, the 12, 25, 60, and 100 μm photometric points from IRAS, and for HD 179218, photometric bolometric data points from the Mount Lemmon Observing Facility. The SEDs are modeled by using an expanded version of the Chiang & Goldreich two-layer, radiative and hydrostatic equilibrium, passive disk. This expanded version includes the emission from Mg-pure crystalline olivine (forsterite) grains in the disk surface layer. Each of the three objects studied vary in the amount of crystals evident from their spectrophotometry. HD 150193 contains no crystals, while HD 100546 and HD 179218, respectively, show evidence of having crystalline silicates in the surface layers of their disks. We find that the inner region of HD 100546 has a 37% higher crystalline-to-amorphous silicate ratio in its inner disk region (≤5 AU) than in the outer disk region, while the inner disk region of HD 179218 has a 84% higher crystalline-to-amorphous silicate ratio in its inner disk region (≤5 AU) than in the outer region. All three objects are best fitted using a grain-size distribution power law that falls as a-3.5. HD 150193 is best fitted by a small disk (~5 AU in radius), while HD 100546 and HD 179218 are best fitted by larger disks (~150 AU in radius). Furthermore, HD 100546's disk flares larger than those of HD 150193 (25% more at 5 AU) and HD 179218 (80% more at 5 AU). We discuss the implications of our results and compare them with other modeling efforts.
Putative hydrogen bond to tyrosine M208 in photosynthetic reaction centers from Rhodobacter capsulatus significantly slows primary charge separation.

Slow, ∼50 ps, P* → P+HA– electron transfer is observed in Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers (RCs) bearing the native Tyr residue at M208 and the single amino acid change of isoleucine at M204 to glutamic acid. The P* decay kinetics are unusually homogeneous (single exponential) at room temperature. Comparative solid-state NMR of [4′-13C]Tyr labeled wild-type and M204E RCs show that the chemical shift of Tyr M208 is significantly altered in the M204E mutant and in a manner consistent with formation of a hydrogen bond to the Tyr M208 hydroxyl group. Models based on RC crystal structure coordinates indicate that if such a hydrogen bond is formed between the Glu at M204 and the M208 Tyr hydroxyl group, the −OH would be oriented in a fashion expected (based on the calculations by Alden et al., J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 16761–16770) to destabilize P+BA– in free energy. Alteration of the environment of Tyr M208 and BA by Glu M204 via this putative hydrogen bond has a powerful influence on primary charge se...
Radiometric Accuracy in a Forward Looking Infrared System

The fundamental question in determining radiometric accuracy in a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) system is "What does the detector see?" The answer is that it "sees" with thermal radiation originating from emitting surfaces in a completely enclosed surround by virtue of the various transfer mechanisms -reflection, refraction, and scattering. To achieve high radiometric accuracy, the detector ideally would "see" only the object. However, due to effects such as lens emission, lens surface reflection, mirror surface emission, calibration source reflection (emissivity less than unity), and vignetting, the detector "sees" many other points in the field of view which are interpreted as part of the target itself. Other factors could contribute, e.g., cosn falloff, distortion, and pupil aberrations. From the viewpoint of the detector, all of these are closely related to vignetting, where the detector is partially "seeing" walls and lens mounts together with reduced intensities of radiation from the object scene. The approach here is to determine radiometric accuracy across the field of view on the basis of contributions from geometrically-defined sources outside of the object. Such a spatial spread of detector view must be combined with the temperature distribution to determine the radiometric accuracy of the system as well as image effects such as shading and narcissus. What the detector "sees" is determined by a computerized backward trace of many rays from the detector. To determine the variation across the field of view, this computation is made for a number of rotations of the scan mirrors. In the case of a FLIR designed for imaging and display, a high relative radiometric accuracy is required. For a FLIR used as an absolute radiometer, absolute radiometric accuracy close to the noise equivalent temperature difference of the system is achievable.
Can Price Discrimination be Bad for Firms and Good for All Consumers? A Theoretical Analysis of Cross-Market Price Constraints with Entry and Product Differentiation

The article examines a differentiated-products duopoly model where the firms make entry decisions to two markets and then choose prices. The effects of product differentiation and entry costs are analyzed in two games: with and without price discrimination between the markets. Allowing price discrimination encourages more entry and tends to reduce prices and profits and to increase consumer welfare in both markets. The model suggests that firms might be better off if they agree not to price discriminate between different markets. It also suggests that when the market is not a natural monopoly, regulators should consider the effects of universal service requirements on entry before adopting them, because entry might be discouraged by such requirements, leading to less competitive markets.
Mushroom-shaped Structures as Tracers of Buoyant Flow in the Galactic Disk

Recent H I emission observations of the southern Galactic hemisphere have revealed a mushroom-like structure extending from z = −70 to −450 pc, composed of a stem and a cap. Similar structures occur in three-dimensional simulations of a dynamic galactic disk driven by isolated and clustered supernovae. Using these simulations, we show that hot gas in the Galactic disk that is not evacuated through chimneys expands into the cooler gas of the thick disk, forming mushroom-shaped structures. This new class of objects traces buoyant flow of hot gas into the thick disk.
Using simulation methods in accounting research

The use of simulation methods is not very common in accounting research, even though several authors have pointed to the advantages these methods offer in addressing accounting research questions. In this position paper, I discuss the difficulties encountered when applying simulation methods in accounting research. These roadblocks are the problem of seeing the forest for the trees, the difficulty in designing the model and assessing which variables to include, issues with calibrating simulation models with relevant parameter values to guarantee external validity, and the unfamiliarity of the accounting readership with simulation methods. For each of these obstacles, I give some practical advice on how to overcome them from my experience as an author as well as a reviewer.
Modeling the Emergence of Lexicons in Homesign Systems

It is largely acknowledged that natural languages emerge not just from human brains but also from rich communities of interacting human brains (Senghas, 2005). Yet the precise role of such communities and such interaction in the emergence of core properties of language has largely gone uninvestigated in naturally emerging systems, leaving the few existing computational investigations of this issue at an artificial setting. Here, we take a step toward investigating the precise role of community structure in the emergence of linguistic conventions with both naturalistic empirical data and computational modeling. We first show conventionalization of lexicons in two different classes of naturally emerging signed systems: (a) protolinguistic “homesigns” invented by linguistically isolated Deaf individuals, and (b) a natural sign language emerging in a recently formed rich Deaf community. We find that the latter conventionalized faster than the former. Second, we model conventionalization as a population of interacting individuals who adjust their probability of sign use in response to other individuals' actual sign use, following an independently motivated model of language learning (Yang, 2002, 2004). Simulations suggest that a richer social network, like that of natural (signed) languages, conventionalizes faster than a sparser social network, like that of homesign systems. We discuss our behavioral and computational results in light of other work on language emergence, and other work of behavior on complex networks.
Thermolysis of 2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-dienes: generation and trapping of P-methyl- and P-phenylphosphaethene

Abstract P-Methyl- and P-phenylphosphaethene were generated in solution under very mild conditions in virtually quantitative yield by a thermally-induced extrusion of the phosphorus-containing bridge from appropriately substituted 2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-dienes. The phosphaethenes so formed, the simplest yet produced by conventional methods, are trapped readily in [2+4] cycloadditions with conjugated dienes.
Asymmetry of Stark-broadened Lyman lines from laser-produced plasmas.

The asymmetries, as well as the widths, of spectral line profiles emitted by highly ionized high-Z elements in a dense, laser-produced hot plasma may be of use in determining the density of these plasmas. Three effects which introduce asymmetries into the line shape are the ion-quadrupole interaction, quadratic Stark effect, and fine-structure splitting. In this paper a method is proposed for including the ion-quadrupole interaction. This technique is then combined with procedures for including the quadratic Stark effect and fine-structure splitting to obtain asymmetric Lyman x-ray line profiles which include all three contributions.
A sufficient condition for F-purity

Abstract It is well known that nice conditions on the canonical module of a local ring have a strong impact in the study of strong F -regularity and F -purity. In this note, we prove that if ( R , m ) is an equidimensional and S 2 local ring that admits a canonical ideal I ≅ ω R such that R / I is F -pure, then R is F -pure. This greatly generalizes one of the main theorems in [2] . We also provide examples to show that not all Cohen–Macaulay F -pure local rings satisfy the above property.
Engineering design of a magnetic-disk random-access memory

The International Business Machines magnetic-disk random-access memory is a large-capacity storage device with relatively rapid access to any record. Fig. 1 shows the unit.
ILP Modulo Data

The vast quantity of data generated and captured every day has led to a pressing need for tools and processes to organize, analyze and interrelate this data. Automated reasoning and optimization tools with inherent support for data could enable advancements in a variety of contexts, from data-backed decision making to data-intensive scientific research. To this end, we introduce a decidable logic aimed at database analysis. Our logic extends quantifier-free Linear Integer Arithmetic with operators from Relational Algebra, like selection and cross product. We provide a scalable decision procedure that is based on the BC(T) architecture for ILP Modulo Theories. Our decision procedure makes use of database techniques. We also experimentally evaluate our approach, and discuss potential applications.
Pushing up the size limit of chalcogenide supertetrahedral clusters: Two- and three-dimensional photoluminescent open frameworks from (Cu5In30S54)(13-) clusters

通讯作者地址: Feng, PY (通讯作者), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA 地址: 1. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA 2. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
Impact of storm runoff from tropical watersheds on coastal water quality and productivity

Abstract Storm runoff in the steep watersheds in Hawaii leads to sediment and freshwater pulses to coastal waters that quickly affect nearshore water quality. This is particularly true in semi-enclosed embayments, such as Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, where water has a relatively long residence time compared to more open coastal areas of the islands. In this paper the authors discuss water quality and productivity in Kaneohe Bay after back-to-back rain events in late November and early December 2003, following a particularly dry summer. The short-term biogeochemical response of coastal waters and the ecosystem to runoff and physical forcing was evaluated through a combination of continuous in situ measurements and adaptive synoptic sampling carried out on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Dissolved N:P ratios in Kaneohe Bay, which normally range from 2 to 4, consistent with a previously documented N-limited system, increase to as high as >25 during storm runoff. Order of magnitude increases in nutrients and chlorophyll in the bay shortly after the first storm and subsequent changes in the plankton community structure reflect an evolving biological response stimulated by storm inputs to the bay. Phytoplankton blooms did not draw nutrients down to limiting levels, likely due to grazing pressure by zooplankton, yet phytoplankton were not grazed to limiting levels. As a result, a slow but steady increase of the phytoplankton standing stock was observed over time. Low phosphate levels (
A test of the Source Galerkin method

Abstract Some results of the ongoing development of our Source Galerkin (SG) nonperturbative approach to numerically solving Quantum Field theories are presented. This technique has the potential to be much faster than Monte Carlo methods. SG uses known symmetries and theoretical properties of a theory. In order to test this approach, we applied it toϕ 4 theory in zero dimensions. This model has been extensively studied and has a known set of exact solutions. This allows us to broaden the understanding of various properties of the SG method and to develop techniques necessary for the successful application of this method to more sophisticated theories.
Local electron and ionic heating effects on the conductance of nanostructures.

Heat production and dissipation induced by current flow in nanostructures is of primary importance to understand the stability of these systems. These effects have contributions from both electron–phonon and electron–electron interactions. Here, we consider the effect of the local electron and ionic heating on the conductance of nanoscale systems. Specifically we show that the non-linear dependence of the conductance on the external bias may be used to infer information about the local heating of both electrons and ions. We compare our results with available experimental data on transport in D2 and H2 molecules. The comparison between experiment and theory is reasonably good, close to the lowest phonon mode of the molecule, especially for the D2 molecule. At higher biases we cannot rule out the presence of other effects such as current-induced forces that make the scenario more complex.
Mass spectrum of a baryon octet is linear

It is argued that the mass spectrum of a baryon octet is linear, consistent with a Gell-Mann-Okubo type relation for the squared masses of the baryons obtained previously be Balazs and Nicolsecu. The mass spectrum of a baryon decuplet is briefly discussed.
The Multitude of Molecular Hydrogen Knots in the Helix Nebula

We present Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS imaging of the H2 2.12 μm emission in five fields in the Helix Nebula ranging in radial distance from 250'' to 450'' from the central star. The images reveal arcuate structures with their apexes pointing toward the central star. These molecular hydrogen knots are most highly structured in the fields closest to the central star and become increasingly less structured with increasing radius. Comparison of these images with ground-based images of comparable resolution reveals that the molecular gas is more highly clumped than the ionized gas line tracers. From our images, we determine an average number density of knots in the molecular gas ranging from 162 knots arcmin-2 in the denser regions to 18 knots arcmin-2 in the lower density outer regions. The decreasing number density of H2 knots in the outer regions creates a lower filling factor of neutral and molecular gas emission in the radio observations of CO and H I and may explain why these outer regions, where we clearly detect H2 2.12 μm, fall below the detection limit of the radio observations. Using this new number density, we estimate the total number of knots in the Helix to be ~23,000, which is a factor of 6.5 larger than previous estimates. The total neutral gas mass in the Helix is 0.35 M⊙ assuming a mass of ~1.5 × 10-5 M⊙ for the individual knots. The H2 emission structure of the entire Helix Nebula supports the recent interpretation of the Helix as a nearly pole-on polypolar planetary nebula (PN). The H2 intensity, (5–9) × 10-5 ergs s-1 cm-2 sr-1, remains relatively constant with projected distance from the central star, suggesting a heating mechanism for the molecular gas that is distributed almost uniformly in the knots throughout the nebula. The temperature and H2 2.12 μm intensity of the knots can be approximately explained by photodissociation regions (PDRs) in the individual knots; however, theoretical PDR models of PNs underpredict the intensities of some knots by a factor of 10. The brightest H2 emission (~3 × 10-4 ergs s-1 cm-2 sr-1) may be enhanced by a larger than unity area filling factor of H2 knots or may be an individual H2 knot exposed to direct starlight, causing rapid photoevaporation compared with the more embedded knots of the disk.
Yangian symmetry in conformal field theory

Abstract We show that the SU ( N ), level-1 Wess-Zumino-Witten conformal field theory provides a natural realization of the Yangian Y ( sl N for N ≥3. We also construct a hamiltonian H 2 which commutes with the Yangian generators and study its spectrum. Our results, which generalize work by Haldane et al. [1], provide the field theory extension of the algebraic structure of the SU ( N ) Haldane-Shastry spin chains with 1/ r 2 exchange.
Interferometric stabilization of an optical parametric oscillator

Abstract Single longitudinal mode operation of an optical parametric oscillator has been achieved using a low loss, mode-matched interferometer as a mode selector. Bandwidths of 0.001 cm-1 in the region of 2.5 μm have been obtained.
Accepting Inequality Deters Responsibility: How Power Distance Decreases Charitable Behavior

Could power distance, which is the extent that inequality is expected and accepted, explain why some countries and consumers are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior, including donations of both money and time? This research proposes that higher power distance results in weaker perceptions of responsibility to aid others, which decreases charitable behavior. Both correlational and causal evidence is provided in a series of five studies that examine country-level power distance as well as individual and temporarily salient power distance belief. Consistent with the mediating role of perceived responsibility, results reveal that uncontrollable needs and communal relationship norms are boundary conditions that overcome the negative effect of power distance on charitable behavior. These results explain differences in charitable giving across cultures and provide implications for nonprofit organizations soliciting donations.
Frequency combs from crystalline resonators: influence of cavity parameters on comb dynamics

We experimentally study the factors that influence the span in frequency combs derived from the crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators. We observe that cavity dispersion plays an important role in generation of combs by a cascaded four-wave mixing process. We observed combs from the resonators with anomalous dispersion and nearly zero dispersion at the pump wavelength. In addition, the comb generation efficiency is found to be affected by the crossing of modes of different families. The influence of Raman gain is discussed as well as the roles of the cavity diameter and pump power.
Government Wage Differentials

Abstract This paper shows that public sector wages usually exceed private but the size and composition of the differentials depend on sex and level of government. Using a technique derived from the literature on sex discrimination, these differentials are decomposed into a portion attributable to differences in productivity between the two types of workers and a portion ascribed to economic rent. This rent results from public workers' relatively greater political influence in the government wage-setting process and a systematic upward bias in public wages imparted by present government pay policy.
Structures, Mechanisms, and Results in Bifunctional Catalysis and Related Species Involving Proton Transfer

Pyridyl- and imidazolylphosphines accelerate anti-Markovnikov alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization and deuteration by factors of 1,000 to more than 10,000. The same features that increase the efficiency of bifunctional catalysts also complicate studies of their mechanism. Evidence for proton transfer and hydrogen bonding in catalytic intermediates comes from computational, mechanistic and structural studies, where 15N NMR data are particularly revealing. Our methods should be useful in other studies of bifunctional catalysis.
The effect of vapor incidence angle upon thin‐film columnar growth

We present a generalized theory for the growth of columnar microstructure in vapor‐deposited thin films under the joint influence of a constant uniform deposition flux coming down with an arbitrarily chosen incidence angle, and surface diffusion. The dependences of the zone I to zone II transition temperature, and the characteristic length scales associated with the unstable modes on the deposition angle are predicted. The surface morphology is obtained as a function of vapor incidence angle. For a specific deposition angle, there is a one‐parameter family of steady‐state surface profiles that corresponds to a range of possible columnar orientation angles, among which only one angle is associated with the tangent rule. These results agree with experimental observations.
Distinguished orbits and the L–S category of simply connected compact Lie groups

Abstract We show that the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category of a simple, simply connected, compact Lie group G is bounded above by the sum of the relative categories of certain distinguished conjugacy classes in G corresponding to the vertices of the fundamental alcove for the action of the affine Weyl group on the Lie algebra of a maximal torus of G .
Cine angiographic diagnosis of patent foramen ovale in paradoxical embolism

A case of paradoxical embolism is presented in which the antemortem diagnosis was facilitated by a new simple angiographic technique that demonstrated a patent foramen ovale. An additional 14 patients were studied by this technique, and one had a patent foramen ovale. The mechanism of reversal of the normal intraatrial pressure gradient and subsequent right to left shunt through a patent foramen ovale is discussed. This angiographic technique may be readily applied in any diagnostic catheterization laboratory and complements existing methods for detecting patency of the foramen ovale in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism.
Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers

Abstract An electric field is used to create a charged jet of polymer solution. As this jet travels in air, the solvent evaporates leaving behind a charged fiber that can be electrically deflected or collected on a metal screen. Fibers with a variety of cross sectional shapes and sizes were produced from different polymers. The diameter of these fibers was in the range of 0.05 to 5 microns. This paper describes the electrospinning process, the processing conditions, fiber morphology, and some possible uses of electrospun fibers.
Evolution of federal and state policies for persons with disability in the United States: Efficiency and welfare impacts

This paper focuses on the labor force participation and earnings of the working age disabled in the United States, as they vary by gender, age, and minority status. Expenditure on public and private sector programs targeted to persons with disabilities exceed $100 billion for approximately 8m individuals. Program objectives are to increase employment opportunities among the disabled as well as, provide public assistance through various welfare provisions. This paper argues public policies and public expenditures have favored assistance and short run equity concerns relative to rehabilitation and vocational training, thus providing work disincentives to people with disabilities and undermining their long-term welfare.
Decarboxylative formation of N-alkyl pyrroles from 4-hydroxyproline

N-Alkyl pyrroles are obtained in a single step from 4-hydroxyproline and aldehydes in just 15 min under microwave irradiation.
Shift Restrictions and Semiparametric Estimation in Ordered Response Models

We develop a √n-consistent and asymptotically normal estimator of the parameters (regression coefficients and threshold points) of a semiparametric ordered response model under the assumption of independence of errors and regressors. The independence assumption implies shift restrictions allowing identification of threshold points up to location and scale. The estimator is useful in various applications, particularly in new product demand forecasting from survey data subject to systematic misreporting. We apply the estimator to assess exaggeration bias in survey data on demand for a new telecommunications service.
The trace of spatial brownian motion is capacity-equivalent to the unit square

We show that with probability 1, the trace B[0, 1] of Brownian motion in space, has positive capacity with respect to exactly the same kernels as the unit square. More precisely, the energy of occupation measure on B[0, 1] in the kernel f(∣x−y∣), is bounded above and below by constant multiples of the energy of Lebesgue measure on the unit square. (The constants are random, but do not depend on the kernel.) As an application, we give almost-sure asymptotics for the probability that an α-stable process approaches within ɛ of B[0, 1], conditional on B[0, 1]. The upper bound on energy is based on a strong law for the approximate self-intersections of the Brownian path. We also prove analogous capacity estimates for planar Brownian motion and for the zero-set of one-dimensional Brownian motion.
Orphanhood and the living arrangements of children in sub-saharan Africa

Increasing adult mortality due to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa raises considerable concerns about the welfare of surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child health and education. One hypothesis for this variability is the resilience of the extended family network in some countries to care for orphans-networks under increasing pressure by the sheer number of orphans in many settings. Using household survey data from 21 countries in Africa, this study examines trends in orphanhood and living arrangements, and the links between the two. The findings confirm that orphanhood is increasing, although not all countries are experiencing rapid rises. In many countries, there has been a shift toward grandparents taking on increased childcare responsibility-especially where orphan rates are growing rapidly. This suggests some merit to the claim that the extended network is narrowing, focusing on grandparents who are older and may be less able to financially support orphans than working-age adults. However there are also changes in childcare patterns in countries with stable orphan rates or low HIV prevalence. This suggests future work on living arrangements should not exclude low HIV/AIDS prevalence countries, and explanations for changes should include a broader set of factors.
Hysteresis loops and multi-stability: From periodic orbits to chaotic dynamics (and back) in diatomic granular crystals

We consider a statically compressed diatomic granular crystal, consisting of alternating aluminum and steel spheres. The combination of dissipation, driving of the boundary, and intrinsic nonlinearity leads to complex dynamics. Through both numerical simulations and experiments, we find that the interplay of nonlinear surface modes with modes caused by the driver create the possibility, as the driving amplitude is increased, of limit cycle saddle-node bifurcations beyond which the dynamics of the system becomes chaotic. In this chaotic state, part of the applied energy can propagate through the chain. We also find that the chaotic branch depends weakly on the driving frequency, and speculate a connection between the chaotic dynamics with the gap openings between the spheres. Finally, we observe hysteretic dynamics and an interval of multi-stability involving stable periodic solutions and chaotic ones.
Use of quantum mechanical models in studies of reaction mechanisms

The problems involved in determining the mechanisms of reactions by quantum mechanical calculations are discussed. Various precautions must be taken if the results of any calculation are to be chemically meaningful. Ab initio studies of reactions must also be carried out at a high level, using large basis sets and allowing for electron correlation. Such calculations are usually restricted to the simplest example of a reaction, which is often untypical. More information can usually be obtained at far less cost through AM1 calculations for a number of examples of a reaction for which experimental data are available. These points are illustrated by recent studies of the Cope rearrangement.
An explicit formula for ndinv, a new statistic for two-shuffle parking functions

In a recent paper, Duane, Garsia, and Zabrocki introduced a new statistic, ''ndinv'', on a family of parking functions. The definition was guided by their study of a recursion on for @D"h"""m a Macdonald eigenoperator, C"p"""i a modified Hall-Littlewood operator, and (p"1,p"2,...,p"k) a composition of n. Using their newly introduced statistic, one can give a new interpretation for as a sum of parking functions q,t counted by area and ndinv. This is a departure from the traditional sum, as stated by the shuffle conjecture, which q, t counts area and diagonal inversion number (dinv). Since their definition is necessarily recursive, they pose the problem of obtaining a non-recursive definition. In this paper, we solve this problem by giving an explicit formula for ndinv similar to the classical definition of dinv and prove it is equivalent to the ndinv of Duane, Garsia, and Zabrocki.
FIRE DAMAGE ON CARBON FIBER MATERIALS CHARACTERIZED BY THZ WAVES

We apply THz imaging technology to evaluate fire damage to a variety of carbon fiber composite samples. The majority of carbon fiber materials have polarization-dependent reflectivities in the THz frequency range, and we show how the polarization dependence changes versus the burn damage level. Additionally, time domain information acquired through a THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system provides further information with which to characterize the damage. The technology is discussed in terms of non-destructive testing applications to the defense and aerospace industries.
Enhanced transmission and giant Faraday effect in magnetic metal–dielectric photonic structures

Due to their large electrical conductivity, stand-alone metallic films are highly reflective at microwave (MW) frequencies. For this reason, it is nearly impossible to observe Faraday rotation in ferromagnetic metal layers, even in films just tens of nanometres thick. Here, we show using numerical simulations that a stack of cobalt nano-layers interlaced between dielectric layers can become highly transmissive and display a large Faraday rotation in a finite frequency band. A 45° Faraday rotation commonly used in MW isolators can be achieved with ferromagnetic metallic layers as thin as tens of nanometres.
Isospin and isospin/strangeness correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

A fundamental symmetry of nuclear and particle physics is isospin whose third component is the Gell-Mann/Nishijima expression IZ=Q-(B+S)/2. The role of isospin symmetry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is studied. An isospin IZ, strangeness S correlation is shown to be a direct and simple measure of flavor correlations, vanishing in a Qg phase of uncorrelated flavors in both symmetric N=Z and asymmetric N≠Z systems. By contrast, in a hadron phase, a IZ/S correlation exists as long as the electrostatic charge chemical potential μQ≠0 as in N≠Z asymmetric systems. A parallel is drawn with a Zeeman effect which breaks a spin degeneracy.
Electrically controlled magnetic memory and programmable logic based on graphene/ferromagnet hybrid structures

Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices are generally based upon a current driven magnetic field for the reversal of free ferromagnetic layers in Write operations. Another mechanism of the MRAM switching utilizes spin momentum transfer (or spin-torque) in pillar structures which has advantages in device scaling but does not significantly reduce the large energy consumption. Recently, a potentially more efficient approach was proposed by taking advantage of the exchange interaction with another magnetic layer and the resulting "effective" field. Specifically, it was found that an atomically thin graphene layer is very effective in mediating and modulating the indirect exchange interaction (via electrical control) between two magnetic layers when it is placed in between [1]. This result indicates the possibility that a graphene-incorporated structure can accomplish the magnetization reversal with all electrical control with potential device applications.
Human Telomerase RNA Expression and MIB-1 (Ki-67) Proliferation Index Distinguish Hemangioblastomas From Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas

Hemangioblastomas are low-grade, capillary rich neoplasms of the cerebellum and spinal cord that can occur sporadically or in the setting of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The present study analyzed the utility of proliferation potential in differentiating hemangioblastoma from RCC metastatic to the central nervous system using a MIB-1 (Ki-67) labeling index and assessment of expression of the RNA component of telomerase. Immunohistochemical analysis for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and MIB-1 was performed on paraffin-embedded sections of 27 hemangioblastomas and 5 RCC metastatic to the central nervous system. All but one hemangioblastoma demonstrated low or negative MIB-1 immunoreactivity, while 4 of 5 RCC metastases had moderate or high labeling indices. Telomerase RNA expression was assessed in 10 hemangioblastomas and in all 5 metastatic RCC by in situ hybridization. All 10 hemangioblastomas demonstrated a lack of expression of telomerase RNA, while all 5 metastatic RCCs showed moderate to strong expression. Our results suggest that the MIB-1 labeling index is useful in differentiating hemangioblastoma from metastatic RCC and assessment of telomerase expression can also provide novel information on the difference in growth potential of these tumors.
Gamma-Ray Astrophysics: A New Look at the Universe

Gamma-ray astronomy which includes the spectral region from above approximately 100 keV to greater than or equal to 1000 GeV permits investigation of the most energetic photons originating in our galaxy and beyond and provides the most direct means of studying the largest transfers of energy occurring in astrophysical processes. Of all the electromagnetic spectrum, high-energy gamma-ray astronomy measures most directly the presence and dynamic effects of the energetic charged cosmic ray particles, element synthesis, and particle acceleration. Further, gamma rays suffer negligible absorption or scatterings as they travel in straight paths; hence, they may survive billions of years and still reveal their source. The high energy processes in stellar objects (including our Sun), the dynamics of the cosmic-ray gas, the formation of clouds and nebulae, galactic evolution and even certain aspects of cosmology and the origin of the universe may be explored by gamma-ray observations.
Floer cohomology in the mirror of the projective plane and a binodal cubic curve

We construct a family of Lagrangian submanifolds in the Landau–Ginzburg mirror to the projective plane equipped with a binodal cubic curve as anticanonical divisor. These objects correspond under mirror symmetry to the powers of the twisting sheaf O(1), and hence their Floer cohomology groups form an algebra isomorphic to the homogeneous coordinate ring. An interesting feature is the presence of a singular torus fibration on the mirror, of which the Lagrangians are sections. This gives rise to a distinguished basis of the Floer cohomology and the homogeneous coordinate ring parameterized by fractional integral points in the singular affine structure on the base of the torus fibration. The algebra structure on the Floer cohomology is computed using the symplectic techniques of Lefschetz fibrations and the topological quantum field theory counting sections of such fibrations. We also show that our results agree with the tropical analogue proposed by Abouzaid, Gross, and Siebert. Extensions to a restricted class of singular affine manifolds and to mirrors of the complements of components of the anticanonical divisor are discussed.
Quantum thermodynamic functions for an oscillator coupled to a heat bath

Small systems (of interest in the areas of nanophysics, quantum information, etc.) are particularly vulnerable to environmental effects. Thus, we determine various thermodynamic functions for an oscillator in an arbitrary heat bath at arbitrary temperatures. Explicit results are presented for the most commonly discussed heat bath models: Ohmic, single relaxation time, and blackbody radiation.
Assessment of 2-D resistivity structures using 1-D inversion

Schlumberger and Wenner array resistivity soundings over 2-D resistivity structures are interpreted using apparent resistivity pseudosections and cross-sections constructed from 1-D inversions in order to determine the effectiveness of 1-D interpretations over such structures. Cross-sections contoured from resistivities of inverted “layers” show distinct differences from the apparent resistivity pseudosections and may be used as interpretational aids. Contour lines in the cross-sections locate the horizontal interfaces of the 2-D structures quite well. The vertically oriented segments of the cross-section contours are relatively undistorted in the inversion process and are similar to the vertically oriented portions of contours in the apparent resistivity pseudosection. A simple, empirically determined formula is used to separate the sections into resistive and conductive zones and helps to define the geometry of the anomaly. In order to apply the formula, it is necessary to know whether the target is a relative conductor or a relative resistor. Except for the case of a square prism, the Schlumberger array appears to hold advantages over the Wenner in qualitatively assessing an anomaly. The primary drawback of the Wenner array is that its expanding potential electrodes create false anomalous zones and complicate interpretation. As might be expected, structures with long horizontal interfaces, i.e. those more nearly 1-D, yield the most accurate interpretations.
MEASURING EJECTA VELOCITY IMPROVES TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA DISTANCES

We use a sample of 121 spectroscopically normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to show that their intrinsic color is correlated with their ejecta velocity, as measured from the blueshift of the Si II λ6355 feature near maximum brightness, v Si II . The SN Ia sample was originally used by Wang et al. to show that the relationship between color excess and peak magnitude, which in the absence of intrinsic color differences describes a reddening law, was different for two subsamples split by v Si II (defined as Normal and High Velocity). We verify this result, but find that the two subsamples have the same reddening law when extremely reddened events (E(B – V)>0.35 mag) are excluded. We also show that (1) the High-Velocity subsample is offset by ~0.06 mag to the red from the Normal subsample in the (B max – V max)-MV plane, (2) the B max – V max cumulative distribution functions of the two subsamples have nearly identical shapes, but the High-Velocity subsample is offset by ~0.07 mag to the red in B max – V max, and (3) the bluest High-Velocity SNe Ia are ~0.10 mag redder than the bluest Normal SNe Ia. Together, this evidence indicates a difference in intrinsic color for the subsamples. Accounting for this intrinsic color difference reduces the scatter in Hubble residuals from 0.190 mag to 0.130 mag for SNe Ia with AV 0.7 mag. The scatter can be further reduced to 0.109 mag by exclusively using SNe Ia from the Normal subsample. Additionally, this result can at least partially explain the anomalously low values of RV found in large SN Ia samples. We explain the correlation between ejecta velocity and color as increased line blanketing in the High-Velocity SNe Ia, causing them to become redder. We discuss some implications of this result, and stress the importance of spectroscopy for future SN Ia cosmology surveys, with particular focus on the design of WFIRST.
Who cares about the lobbying agenda

There has been a long-standing concern about inequality in the representation of interests by organized groups and lobbyists in American politics. The lobbying community in Washington is dominated by corporations, trade associations and professional associations. In Lobbying and Policy Change, Baumgartner and colleagues find that interest group resources are not a very reliable predictor of policy outcomes. This might lead some to conclude that inequality in interest group representation is not a major problem for American democracy. However, we suggest that inequality in interest group representation presents itself at the agenda-setting stage. The public agenda is quite different from the lobbying agenda. That is, the types of issues that are most important to the public differ from the types of issues that lobbyists bring to the attention of government officials. We examine public opinion data in more detail to determine if there is greater congruence between the public agenda and lobbying agenda for certain publics (for example, high SES citizens). We find additional evidence that the lobbying agenda does not reflect the policy priorities of the public. However, we find relatively few differences between the policy priorities of low-income and high-income Americans, suggesting that the lobbying agenda fails to represent the concerns of all broadly defined income groups.
Thermal [1,3] Carbon Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Vinylcyclobutanes

Stereochemical, kinetic, and theory-based studies of the [1,3] carbon sigmatropic rearrangements of bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-enes, bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes, and monocyclic vinylcyclobutanes support the judgment that such reactions involve transient diradical structures traversing relatively flat potential energy surfaces.
Towards a nonperturbative path integral in gauge theories

Abstract We propose a modification of the Faddeev–Popov procedure to construct a path integral representation for the transition amplitude and the partition function for gauge theories whose orbit space has a non-Euclidean geometry. Our approach is based on the Kato–Trotter product formula modified appropriately to incorporate the gauge invariance condition, and thereby equivalence to the Dirac operator formalism is guaranteed by construction. The modified path integral provides a solution to the Gribov obstruction as well as to the operator ordering problem when the orbit space has curvature. A few explicit examples are given to illustrate new features of the formalism developed. The method is applied to the Kogut–Susskind lattice gauge theory to develop a nonperturbative functional integral for a quantum Yang–Mills theory. Feynman's conjecture about a relation between the mass gap and the orbit space geometry in gluodynamics is discussed in the framework of the modified path integral.
Lensing-induced Structure of Submillimeter Sources: Implications for the Microwave Background

We consider the effect of lensing by galaxy clusters on the angular distribution of submillimeter wavelength objects. While lensing does not change the total flux and number counts of submillimeter sources, it can affect the number counts and fluxes of flux-limited samples. Therefore imposing a flux cut on point sources not only reduces the overall Poisson noise, but imprints the correlations between lensing clusters on the unresolved flux distribution. Using a simple model, we quantify the lensing anisotropy induced in flux-limited samples and compare this to Poisson noise. We find that while the level of induced anisotropies on the scale of the cluster angular correlation length is comparable to Poisson noise for a slowly evolving cluster model, it is negligible for more realistic models of cluster evolution. Thus the removal of point sources is not expected to induce measurable structure in the microwave or far-infrared backgrounds.
Spatial Modeling of Regional Variables

Abstract In this article, accumulated sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) data, from 1974–1978 and 1979–1984 for the counties of North Carolina, are analyzed. After a spatial exploratory data analysis, Markov random-field models are fit to the data. The (spatial) trend is meant to capture the large-scale variation in the data, and the variance and spatial dependence are meant to capture the small-scale variation. The trend could be a function of other explanatory variables or could simply be modeled as a function of spatial location. Both models are fit and compared. The results give an excellent illustration of a phenomenon already well-known in time series, that autocorrelation in data can be due to an undiscovered explanatory variable. Indeed, for 1974–1978 we confirm a dependence of SIDS rate on proportion of nonwhite babies born, along with insignificant spatial correlation. Without this regressor variable, however, the spatial correlation is significant. In 1979–1984, perhaps due to reporting bias o...