cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrieval language of social sciences and natural sciences: A statistical investigation

Current guidelines for retrieval thesaurus design and maintenance recommend the use of relative frequency of occurrence of descriptors for the design and updating of a thesaurus. This study examined the extent to which Zipf and Whatmough's theory of quantitative semantics provides the theoretical justification for the current practice. The retrieval language of social sciences and science/technology was analyzed to test if the observed data on relative frequency conforms to the theoretical distribution of Zipf's law. Findings demonstrate that the principle of least effort serves to explain the pattern of use of the retrieval language in social sciences but not in science/technology. For social sciences, one may assume that the frequently occurring descriptors are indeed becoming semantically ambiguous thus requiring a greater variety of access points to the concepts that the more frequently occurring descriptors represent. No theoretical justification was found for using the frequency data in the design and updating of the descriptors of science/technology. Thus, this finding challenges the theoretical basis for the present practice of using frequency data for the design and updating of the retrieval thesauri of science/technology.
Functional Polymers for Layer-by-Layer Construction of Multilayers via Chemoselective Immobilization

This paper reports detailed synthesis and characterization of polymers with functional groups for chemoselective immobilization. Various types of 1,4-diiodo-2,5-dialkoxybenzene monomers containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups with chemoselective functional group pairs were synthesized and copolymerized with 1,2-bis(4-vinylphenyl)ethane by using Heck coupling reaction. It was found that polymers with aldehyde and oxyamine pairs can easily be immobilized layer-by-layer while polymers with ketone functionalities did not afford multilayer deposition. The reproducible deposition process was monitored by UV/vis spectroscopy. Grazing angle reflection−absorption (GARA) FT-IR spectroscopic study confirmed that the multilayer assembly is driven by oxime bond formation. The experimental thickness of each layer was found to be 20 ± 1 A by ellipsometry, somewhat shorter than that of extended side groups estimated by theoretical calculations. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy showed that the polymer multilayer...
Parkinson's disease: is the initial treatment established?

Recent studies have suggested that initial dopamine agonist therapy with pramipexole or ropinirole may slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and also reduce the subsequent risk of levodopa motor complications. This presumed effect on PD progression, however, could be artifactual, resulting from the influence of chronic drug treatment on regulation of dopamine system proteins. With respect to levodopa motor complications, there is no dispute that pramipexole and ropinirole are effective in reducing levodopa dyskinesias and motor fluctuations; however, it is not clear that they must be started early, as opposed to initiation only after the levodopa complications develop. Levodopa therapy has numerous advantages that include greater efficacy, much lesser expense, simpler administration, and a lower frequency of hallucinosis and somnolence. Carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, and ropinirole are all appropriate first choices in the treatment of PD.
Raman Scattering from Surface Polaritons in a GaAs Film

We have observed the Raman scattering from surface polaritons in a thin film (\ensuremath{\approx} 2500 \AA{} thick) of GaAs on a sapphire substrate. The mode frequency varies as a function of the scattering angle from the TO phonon frequency of GaAs, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{TO}}=270$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, corresponding to forward scattering, to the asymptotic value of 283 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, corresponding to a large scattering angle. The dispersion of the mode frequency was found to be appropriate for the surface polariton of a GaAs film bounded by a sapphire substrate on one side and by air on the other side.
Fixed and fluid: stability and change in the geography of the Internet

Abstract The geography of today's Internet infrastructure is grounded in the fiber installations, routers, switches and central offices that guide electronic messages around the world. While the location of hardware is relatively fixed, the task of identifying the locations where data and information are stored is a far more difficult task. Advances in technology have created a very fluid definition of the location of information that has become increasingly distributed and ethereal. This paper examines the current structure and location patterns of Internet infrastructure hardware in the USA and how content distribution networks and peer-to-peer networks have disrupted traditional information location. The comparison of the two provides insight into how the geography of infrastructure hardware is influencing Internet technology and business.
Modeling English Past Tense Intuitions with Minimal Generalization

We describe here a supervised learning model that, given paradigms of related words, learns the morphological and phonological rules needed to derive the paradigm. The model can use its rules to make guesses about how novel forms would be inflected, and has been tested experimentally against the intuitions of human speakers.
Scattering from a penetrable sphere at short wavelengths

A scalar plane wave incident on a penetrable sphere is considered in the short wavelength limit. A new representation of the scattering amplitude is introduced which is particularly appropriate in this limit, and which requires only the evaluation of certain integrals. Some of these may be evaluated asymptotically by the method of steepest descent and lead to the geometrical optics field contribution. Included in this is the bow field. The remainder of the integrals are evaluated by the method of residues and lead to the diffracted field contribution. This “diffracted ray” field is known from recent investigations in diffraction theory. An essential part of the analysis is the introduction of the parameter p, the number of internal refractions that a ray which hits the sphere undergoes. The results obtained are all in agreement with that which would be expected on the basis of geometrical diffraction theory.
Graphite-mediated reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with elemental iron.

The mechanism and pathway through which 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) is reduced with elemental iron were investigated through batch experiments performed utilizing the same iron surface area, with high-purity iron powder and Master Builders scrap iron. In addition to different kinetics and adsorption patterns, the distribution of two intermediates, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4A2NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2A4NT), contrasted sharply. This suggests that different mechanisms are involved in DNT reduction with pure iron and scrap iron. We hypothesized that exposed graphite in scrap iron transferred reductants from iron to adsorbed nitroaromatic molecules. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment conducted using two-compartment dialysis cells in which DNT and pure iron powder were separated by a graphite sheet. Results indicate that graphite-mediated, indirect reduction of DNT occurred primarily through reduction of the ortho nitro group to form 2A4NT, whereas DNT reduction at the iron (hydr/oxide) surface ...
Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO

Potential modulated attenuated total reflectance (PM-ATR) spectroscopy has been employed to study charge transfer processes in Prussian blue (PB) films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. PM-ATR is a planar waveguide-based spectroelectrochemical technique in which the optical response of an electroactive film is measured as a function of applied potential and modulation frequency. The multiple internal reflection geometry of PM-ATR provides a significant sensitivity advantage over the single external reflectance geometry that has been employed in most prior electroreflectance studies. The apparent electron transfer rate of PB on ITO obtained using PM-ATR was compared to that obtained with conventional cyclic voltammetry; the respective rates, 0.33 ± 0.15 S -1 (n = 3) and 0.71 ± 0.37 S -1 (n = 10), are in good agreement.
Asymptotic analysis of wave propagation along weakly non-uniform repetitive systems

We consider monochromatic wave propagation along a long, finite, one-dimensional, slightly non-uniform waveguide, whose ends are connected to uniform semi-infinite waveguides. The non-uniformity in the system parameters, which is assumed slowly varying and deterministic, can be tuned to produce a desired scattered wave field or reflection/transmission properties for a broad range of incident wave fields. With this objective in mind, we obtain an analytic solution for wave propagation along repetitive systems, asymptotic in the slowness of the variation of the system parameters. We consider systems governed by a second order finite difference equation and apply the WKB method allowing the index variable to be complex. This allows complex turning points to be considered. The coefficients of the difference equation are represented by their discrete Fourier modes. For complex turning points, we obtain exponentially small reflection, a new result in the context of difference equations. The asymptotic solution, besides revealing how the non-uniformity in the parameters affects wave propagation, furnishes an analytic expression for the system scattering matrix as a function of the system parameters. It also sheds light on the mechanism of localization phenomena for this class of repetitive systems. We also compare the asymptotic results with numerical experiments for large finite one-dimensional non-uniform chains of coupled pendula.
Use of the SIRS in Compensation Cases: An Examination of Its Validity and Generalizability

The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers et al., Structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) and professional manual, 1992) is a well-validated psychological measure for the assessment of feigned mental disorders (FMD) in clinical, forensic, and correctional settings. Comparatively little work has evaluated its usefulness in compensation and disability contexts. The present study examined SIRS data from 569 individuals undergoing forensic neuropsychiatric examinations for the purposes of workers’ compensation, personal injury, or disability proceedings. Using bootstrapping comparisons, three primary groups were identified: FMD, feigned cognitive impairment (FCI), genuine-both (GEN-Both) that encompasses both genuine disorders (GEN-D) and genuine-cognitive presentation (GEN-C). Consistent with the SIRS main objective, very large effect sizes (M Cohen’s d = 1.94) were observed between FMD and GEN-Both groups. Although not intended for this purpose, moderate to large effect sizes (M d = 1.13) were found between FCI and GEN-Both groups. An important consideration is whether SIRS results are unduly affected by common diagnoses or clinical conditions. Systematic comparisons were performed based on common disorders (major depressive disorder, PTSD, and other anxiety disorders), presence of a cognitive disorder (dementia, amnestic disorder, or cognitive disorder NOS), or intellectual deficits (FSIQ < 80). Generally, the magnitude of differences on the SIRS primary scales was small and nonsignificant, providing evidence of the SIRS generalizability across these diagnostic categories. Finally, the usefulness of the SIRS improbable failure-revised (IF-R) scale was tested as a FCI screen. Although it has potential in ruling out genuine cases, the IF-R should not be used as a feigning screen.
Taking Stock at Quantum University*/INVENTAIRE À L'UNIVERSITÉ QUANTUM

This case describes the operations and procedures of a major university's athletic equipment room. It details the functions of requisitioning, purchasing, and receiving of equipment and gear used by the university's sports teams; and the custody, management, and record keeping of these items. On the basis of this description, the student is asked to prepare a two-part report. In the first part of the report the student should identify the weaknesses and associated risks that existed in the operations of the equipment room and its inventory of athletic equipment, gear, and clothing. Furthermore, instances in the case that provide evidence of these weaknesses and risks should also be reported. Upon receiving feedback on the adequacy of the first part of the report, the student in the second part of the report should delineate the controls that might be implemented to address these weaknesses and mitigate their associated risks. RESUME Le cas elabore par les auteurs contient une description du fonctionnement et des methodes de gestion de la salle de materiel de sport d'une grande universite. Les fonctions de demande d'achat, d'achat et de reception du materiel et des appareils utilises par les equipes sportives de l'universite y sont decrites avec precision, de meme que celles de la garde et de la gestion de ce materiel ainsi que de la tenue des registres de stock. A partir de cette description, l'etudiant est appele a preparer un rapport en deux volets. Dans le premier volet doivent etre releves les faiblesses que presentent le fonctionnement de la salle de materiel de sport et la tenue de l'inventaire du materiel, des appareils et des vetements de sport, et les risques qui y sont associes. Les donnees du cas etablissant l'existence de ces faiblesses et de ces risques doivent aussi figurer dans le rapport. Lorsque l'etudiant recoit une appreciation de la pertinence du premier volet du rapport, il doit, dans le second volet, decrire les controles qui pourraient etre mis en œuvre pour combler ces faiblesses et attenuer les risques qui y sont associes.
942 IMMUNOLOGY OF BREAST MILK: ORIGIN OF ANTIBODIES TO RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) AND BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) IN THE LACTATING BREAST

Employing the techniques of immunofluorescence, radioimmunoprecipitation, and radioimmunodiffusion, the development of antibody responses to RSV and BSA and the localization of immunoglobulin containing cells in the mammary glands, was studied in groups of pregnant rabbits after intravenous (IV), per oral (PO) or trans-tracheal (IT) immunization with RSV and BSA during late gestation. A predictable IgM and IgG and no IgA antibody response to RSV was observed in the serum. The secretory response to RSV was characterized by the regular appearance of IgA antibody in the colostrum and milk after IT and PO immunization but not after IV immunization. The proportion of IgA staining cells in the mammary tissues was found to be 50% higher in the animals immunized by IT or PO routes than by the IV route. No infectious virus or RSV antigen was detected in the breast. Most animals elicited IgG anti-BSA response in the serum, colostrum and milk, and a few evidenced IgA in serum. However, IgA response to BSA was notably absent in colostrum and milk. These observations suggest independent contributions of bronchus associated and gut associated lymphoid tissue to the development of mammary immunity. More importantly, significant differences exist between soluble dietary proteins and particulate viral antigens in their ability to induce breast milk antibodies.
Neurophysiological Basis of Pain Caused by Trigger Points

This commentary responds to Mense's focus article. 1 It considers how the clinical features of myofascial pain, caused by trigger points (TrPs), relate to his observations. By their nature, the animal studies done under anesthesia can assess directly only tenderness. Mense assumes that his studies also apply to pain based on the reasonable premise that activity in nociceptive neurons elicits subjective pain. The expression referred pain is used here to describe pain what arises from one site and is felt at a distance. No distinction is made between pain that appears in discrete areas that are separate from the source and pain that extends continuously from the source because both patterns can be seen in the pain referred from one TrP. However, it is important to distinguish the continuous prolonged aching character of referred pain caused by TrPs from the sharp lighteninglike pain that arises from peripheral nerves and follows the course of the nerve.
SINGLE SEPARABLE POTENTIAL WITH ATTRACTION AND REPULSION.

It is shown that a single separable potential can give both an attraction and a repulsion. This property is used to construct an interaction that fits the two-nucleon, $S$-wave phase shifts. For this potential, the important effects of the strong short-range repulsion can be included directly in existing three-body progams.
The effects of cocaine on heart rate and electrocardiogram in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used as a model organism to explore the genetic basis for responsiveness to addictive drugs like cocaine. However, very little is known about how the physiological response to cocaine is mediated in zebrafish. In the present study electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from adult zebrafish treated with cocaine. Treatment with cocaine resulted in a bell-shaped dose response curve with a maximal change in heart rate seen using 5mg/L cocaine. Higher doses resulted in a higher percentage of fish showing bradycardia. The cocaine-induced tachycardia was blocked by co-treatment with propranolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, but potentiated by co-treatment with phentolamine, an α-adrenergic antagonist. Co-treatment with atropine, a classic cholinergic antagonist, had no effect on cocaine-induced tachycardia. Cocaine treatment of adult fish changed the ECG of treated fish, inducing a dose-dependent increase in QT interval after adjusting for heart rate (QTc), while not affecting the PR or QRS intervals. The acute effects of cocaine on heart rate were examined in 5-day old embryos to see if zebrafish might serve as a suitable model organism to study possible links of embryonic physiological response to subsequent adult behavioral response to the drug. Cocaine treatment of 5-day old zebrafish embryos also resulted in a bell-shaped dose response curve, with maximal tachycardia achieved with 10mg/L. The response in embryonic fish was thus comparable to that in adults and raises the possibility that the effects of embryonic exposure to cocaine on the developing cardiovascular system can be effectively modeled in zebrafish.
Epitaxial growth of III–V nitride semiconductors by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The III–V compound semiconductors are widely used throughout the world (as well as in space) for a wide variety of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Recently, a strong research and commercial interest has developed in the use of the III–V nitrides for visible (blue and green) light-emitting diodes and injection lasers and high-temperature electronics. The epitaxial growth of thin films and heterostructures of III-N was pioneered using the hydride vapor-phase epitaxial technique. However, in the past few years, the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process has become the primary process for the growth of thin films of these compound semiconductors. This paper will discuss the growth of InAlGaN materials by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.
The Benefits of Peer Collaboration: A Replication with a Delayed Posttest.

The benefits of peer collaboration on strategy use, metacognitive causal attribution, and recall were supported in an earlier study (Manion & Alexander, 1997). Following that study two primary questions remained: Would the observed benefits last beyond an immediate posttest, and would they last regardless of which strategy the children chose to use? The current investigation explores those questions. Thirty-one fourth-grade students from two public schools in Sydney, Australia, experienced either a peer-collaborative treatment condition or an individual task (control condition). A posttest was conducted 5.5 weeks later. As was the case in the original study, children in the treatment condition outperformed children in the control condition in strategy use, metacognitive understanding of strategy chosen, and recall gain. Benefits also sustained regardless of the strategy children chose to implement on the task. Most importantly, the benefits lasted after a period of over a month. Implications for future research are discussed.
Experiments on the entrainment threshold of well‐sorted and poorly sorted carbonate sands

Few studies have examined the hydrodynamic behaviour of carbonate sediments. The data presented here are the result of preliminary research on entrainment in well- and poorly sorted carbonate sands. Experiments were performed using naturally occurring sediments in a tilting, recirculating freshwater flume. Results indicate that when of similar size, shape and density, the transport threshold of carbonate sands is similar to that of quartz. However, owing to their lower density and often platy or irregular shape, skeletal sands require a lower shear stress to initiate transport. Because the density of carbonate particles may increasingly vary with grain size, the threshold of motion in coarse carbonate grains may differ more markedly from that of quartz. In poorly sorted samples, results show that the coarse-grained constituents move before the finer-grained components. Grain properties and boundary-layer dynamics are believed to explain this phenomenon. Rollability of the larger grains combined with physical trapping and immersion within a low velocity sublayer are believed to prevent finer particles from moving. Given the appropriate sediments and flow conditions, it may therefore be possible to deposit and preserve fine-grained sediments in a flow regime typically thought to transport such materials.
Forecast for Reproducible Data: Partly Cloudy—Response

Osterweil et al. are right to highlight how it will become increasingly difficult for the work of one research team to be precisely reproduced by another as the size and complexity of computational research problems grow. Very subtle differences in computer hardware, operating systems, math
Cross-National Perspectives for Aiding Policy Choice

Abstract The field of public policy analysis; centered about practical choices, is being extended by this journal to include useful comparisons among nations or other political units, as well as borrowing or lesson‐drawing. This extension should remain close to the practical orientation of the field, rather than seeking to contribute to those disciplinary theories that lack practical usefulness in the short term (several decades). Implications of this admonition are spelled out in the form of a list of suggested topics for articles in this journal.
A Simple Algorithm for A Workforce Scheduling Model

Abstract This paper presents a simple solution algorithm to the problem of scheduling workforce for an organization operated seven days a week. For a given number of full-time workers, the objective is to maximize the total number of workers who get two consecutive days off. It can be shown that due to the special structure of the derived mathematical model, an optimal schedule may be found by a few arithmetic steps without the computer assistance which other existing methods require.
Spectral reflectance and substrate color-induced melanization in immature and adult Midland painted turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata)

An animal’s coloration can be involved in communication and crypsis and change dynamically over time. We studied spectral reflectance of color pattern and substrate color-induced melanization in adult Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata). Spectral reflectance of the carapace and plastron ground colors and of the red, yellow, and black markings of the head and limbs did not vary between the sexes. Therefore, yellow and red markings of the head and forelimbs seem unlikely to be sexually-selected traits as would be evidenced by differences in brightness between the sexes. Perhaps the color patterns of the head, neck, and shell margins function to break up the outline of an individual. However, we cannot rule out that the markings of the head and neck function in species recognition or evaluation of mate quality. After being laboratory reared for 150 days, the ground color and the spots or stripes of the head and limbs increased in intensity (turtles lightened) but more so in turtles reared on a white substrate when compared to those reared on a black substrate. At day 150, the ground colors of the carapace and plastron and the black blotches of the marginal scutes of the carapace were darker in individuals reared on a black substrate than in those reared on a white substrate. Therefore, adult turtles that travel among habitats with differing substrate colors could shift the degree of darkness of the carapace and skin ground color, thus more closely matching their backgrounds and reducing predation rates.
Non-random distribution patterns of leaf miners on oak trees

Leaf-mining Stilbosis quadricustatella larvae are distributed non-randomly within leaves of their host plants, sand live oak (Quercus geminata) and water oak (Q. nigra), in north Florida. Fewer mines are found together on the same side of the mid-vein than separated, on opposite sides of the mid-vein. Larvae do not normally cross the mid-vein but create small blotch-like mines along subsidiary veins. Investigations of the usual mortality factors acting on these leaf-miner populations, including competition, parasitism, and predation, revealed no significant differences in these factors between mines separated by the mid-vein and those on the same side of the leaf. However, early leaf abscission, which kills the larvae present in the leaf, occurs significantly more frequently in cases where larvae are clustered on one leaf side. The reasons for this differential leaf abscission are not yet clear.
Annealing of a unique structural defect in crystalline PbF2 near the sublattice melting temperature

Abstract Structural defects whose size and concentration vary dramatically with temperature near the F - ion sublattice melting temperature were observed in good, optical quality single crystals of PbF 2 . Light scattering, optical microscopy and electron microprobe studies suggest that these defects are lattice strains surrounding clusters of neutral lead atoms which anneal at the sublattice melting temperature.
Institutions and Economic Performance: The Use and Abuse of Culture in New Institutional Economics

Important research programs within New Institutional Economics advance culturalist arguments to explain failures of economic development. Focusing on the work of Douglass C. North and Avner Greif, this article argues that such arguments rely on an essentialist conception of culture that is both historically inaccurate and analytically misleading. Greif’s work in particular rests on a selective use of empirical data that ultimately distorts the deductive models that are at the core of his work. As a result, both scholars use culture to account for outcomes that are more adequately explained as the product of social conflict and political struggles—struggles in which culture plays a far more contingent and destabilizing role than the one they attribute to it. What is needed, I argue, is to link arguments about the persistence of inefficient institutions with a sociologically informed conception of culture as an ensemble of resources that enhance rather than constrain the scope of individual agency. To come to terms with the effects of culture on institutional formation and change it is necessary to replace the essentialism articulated by North and Greif with a strategic-instrumentalist view in which culture is compatible with a wide spectrum of economic behaviors, individual actions, and thus institutional trajectories.
Technical aspects of abdominal stomas

Continent urinary diversion has gained increasing popularity in the pediatric population during the last few decades. In adults, continent diversions are usually needed to replace a bladder after cystectomy for invasive carcinoma. Subsequently, the creation of functional and cosmetically hidden urinary and cecal abdominal stomas has become an integral part of many urinary reconstructive procedures. These techniques, originally developed for pediatric urinary reconstruction have gained increasing popularity for adult patients in need of a continence procedure. In the current manuscript, we review the technical aspects of site selection, mucocutaneous anastomosis, cosmetic appearance, and management of associated complications.
New Insight Into Cardiomyocyte Ca Signaling Obtained By Fast Confocal Imaging

With ultra-fast 1D-(x-t) and 2D-(x-y-t) confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 5 Live) we studied the spatio-temporal properties of Ca sparks and Ca transients. Ca sparks which originated from subsarcolemmal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release sites in atrial myocytes were elongated in the longitudinal direction of the cell. Ca sparks corresponding to Ca release from non-junctional SR in atrial myocytes and junctional SR in ventricular myocytes were variable spatially with some events being symmetrical and others asymmetrical. Anisotropic sparks occurred in transverse as well as longitudinal direction. Ca sparks originating from non-junctional SR and recorded in line-scan (x-t) mode at 40,000 lines/s revealed a step-like appearance in space (time-dependent step-like increase of width from the point of origin) and amplitude during the activation phase of the spark. These steps in space and amplitude may represent the sequential opening of individual ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels in a release cluster and support the notion that sparks represent Ca release from a group of RyRs. Mathematical analysis of global Ca transients recorded from field-stimulated ventricular myocytes at high temporal resolution allowed separation of Ca entry from Ca release flux. After the electrical stimulus a latency period of 2.5 ms was required to activate sarcolemmal Ca channels. SR Ca release was initiated with an additional delay of 3.0 ms. Maximal Ca release flux was observed 3.9 ms after initiation of Ca release when all release sites became active. Ca entry flux was ten times smaller than Ca release flux. When SR Ca release was eliminated after treatment with thapsigargin and caffeine, identical Ca entry flux was observed as in control conditions. In summary, ultra-fast confocal imaging allows investigation of Ca signals with time resolution similar to patch clamp technique, however in a much less invasive fashion.
Addressing the challenges and opportunities for today's youth: toward an integrative model and its implications for research and intervention.

This article calls for, and proposes some tenets of, model building in adolescent psychosocial development. Specifically, it is suggested that there is a need for a model that draws from the risk-protection approach, from which many prevention science approaches are drawn, and the applied developmental science perspective, from which many positive youth development approaches are drawn. The model to be built, and the integration it proposes, is based in the overlap between protective factors and developmental assets (drawn from the applied developmental science and positive youth development perspectives), as well as on the complementarity of the intrapersonal mechanisms proposed within the two perspectives. The article also poses important questions for future research and presents an empirical agenda for addressing these questions in the service of building and testing a model of adolescent psychosocial development and of integrating the prevention and positive youth development approaches to intervention and policy. Editors’ Strategic Implications: The authors propose an innovative, integrative model that will be useful to preventionists in areas beyond the adolescent development example described in the article. This kind of developmental focus in prevention research is long overdue.
Electrical modification of disuse osteoporosis

Localized electrical stimulation of the immobilized hind limb of young rabbits resulted in dramatically more bone in the tuber calcis (heel bone) compared to the severe loss of bone (osteoporosis) seen in unstimulated, immobilized controls. Detailed histological evaluation using microradiography and fluorescence and polarization microscopy showed that the increase was probably due to an overall inhibition of surface cortical bone loss (endosteal resorption) and an increase in the quantity of new immature bone. There was also evidence of increased osteonal resorption in the stimulated animals.
Spin-wave corrections to single-domain behavior in finite ferromagnetic systems

Abstract Near the phase boundary at ( H =0, 0 T T c ) ferromagnetic n -vector spin systems of finite dimensions, L d , with periodic boundary conditions act, in leading order, as uniformly magnetized domains. However, spin-wave fluctuations, present for n ≥=2, interfere with single-domain behavior entering, technically, as “dangerous” corrections to scaling of relative order 1/ L d -2 . Detailed results on the scaling of rounded first-order transitions with superimposed spin-wave singularities, are reported for short-range interactions and general n and d .
LOW-TEMPERATURE DEPARTURES FROM THE KORRINGA APPROXIMATION.

Abstract We have determined spin lattice relaxation times for 60Co in Fe at temperatures of order 10−2°K. Significant deviations from the Korringa law are observed at these temperatures.
Latino farmworker perceptions of the risk factors for occupational skin disease.

Background Farmworkers in the US constitute a medically underserved population at substantial risk for numerous environmental and occupational health problems. Most US farmworkers are Latino. Skin disease is one health problem to which farmworkers are particularly vulnerable. Interventions to reduce skin disease must be adapted to farmworkers' understanding of such disease, including their beliefs or knowledge of risk factors for skin disease. Methods Structured by the Explanatory Models of Illness framework, this analysis uses a qualitative design based on in-depth interviews with 30 Latino farmworkers (6 females, 24 males) to determine beliefs and perceptions of the causes of common occupational skin diseases in this population. Computer assisted, systematic procedures are used to analyze the verbatim transcripts of these interviews. Results Skin disease is a major concern among farmworkers because it affects work, social interaction, and other aspects of their lives. Farmworker beliefs and perceptions of skin disease causation can be integrated into a general model in which perceived risk factors include sun and heat, chemicals, plants, insects, moisture, hygiene, and contagion. Each of these factors is moderated by the individual's personal susceptibility to that cause. The interaction or combination of two or more factors is thought to amplify their individual effects. Conclusions The farmworker model of skin disease causation suggests important content for health education to reduce skin disease among farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is induction of labor with continuous release dinoprostone vaginal pessary a viable option in patients with preeclampsia

Objective: To evaluate the role of dinoprostone vaginal pessary (DVP) for induction of labor in preeclampsia.Methods: This is a prospective review of 94 patients with preeclampsia, who delivered from July 1995 to December 1996 at a university center. Of these, 25 received DVP, 22 oxytocin, 11 intracervical prostaglandin E(2), and 36 received no pharmacologic agents. Patients receiving DVP and oxytocin induction were compared for outcome of pregnancy and cesarean section rate. Statistical analysis was carried out by Student t test, chi(2) test with Yates correction.Results: The two groups were comparable with respect to parity and 5-minute Apgar scores.Three patients in the DVP group developed complications-one episode of seizure, one atonic postpartum hemorrhage, and one cervical laceration. One patient in the oxytocin group developed HELLP syndrome.Conclusion: DVP is at least as effective as oxytocin in achieving vaginal delivery in preeclampsia, despite lower Bishop scores. Future larger studies are needed to better assess DVP in patients with preeclampsia.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase during Insulin-like Growth Factor-I-stimulated Lamellipodial Advance

Abstract In the current studies, we examined whether focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin play a role in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-stimulated morphological changes in neuronal cells. In SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, 10 nM IGF-I enhanced the extension of lamellipodia within 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy and staining with rhodamine-phalloidin showed that these lamellipodia displayed ruffles, filopodia, and a distinct meshwork of actin filaments. Immunofluorescent staining identified focal concentrations of FAK, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine within the lamellipodia. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that FAK and paxillin are tyrosine-phosphorylated during IGF-I-stimulated lamellipodial extension. Maximal phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin was observed 15-30 min after the addition of 10 nM IGF-I, whereas maximal IGF-I receptor phosphorylation occurred within 5 min. FAK, paxillin, and IGF-I receptor tyrosine phosphorylation had similar concentration-response curves and were inhibited by the receptor blocking antibody αIR-3. These results indicate that FAK and paxillin are tyrosine-phosphorylated during IGF-I-stimulated lamellipodial advance and suggest that the tyrosine phosphorylation of these two proteins helps mediate IGF-I-stimulated cell and growth cone motility. These responses contrast directly with recent reports showing insulin-stimulated dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin.
Size-scaling effect on the velocity field of an internal combustion engine, part I: Bulk motion

In-cylinder velocity measurements were acquired to study the bulk fluid motion in two geometrically scaled, two-valve, optically accessible, and single-cylinder research engines. Different port geo...
People and Places (SPIE’s 50th Year)

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: People and Places (SPIE’s 50th Year)” for OE Vol. 44 Issue 07
SIZE-BASED RESPONSES OF PREY TO PISCIVORE EXCLUSION IN A SPECIES-RICH NEOTROPICAL RIVER

Characteristics used to group species, and thus generalize ecological inter- actions, can aid in constructing predictive models in species-rich food webs. We tested whether size could be used to predict a behavioral response of multiple prey species (n . 50) to exclusion of large-bodied fishes, including seven abundant piscivore species, in a lowland Neotropical river. A randomized block design (n 5 6) included three experimental treatments constructed on sandbank habitats: large fish exclusion, cage control (barrier with gaps), and natural reference plot (no barrier). Exclosures prevented passage of all large- bodied fishes, but the mesh size allowed passage of prey fishes. After two weeks, exper- imental areas were sampled once during the day and once at night. Total abundance of prey fishes was not significantly different among treatments, and effects on species density were variable. Analyses based on fish size class, however, demonstrated significant size- based effects of large-fish exclusion. Abundance of medium fishes (40-110 mm) in exclu- sion treatments increased significantly relative to controls in day (248%) and night (91%) samples, and this trend was apparent for many species ( n . 13). Species density of medium fishes increased significantly in exclusion treatments. There was evidence of an intraspecific, size-dependent response for the three most common species. Ninety percent of prey in stomach contents of seven common large-bodied piscivores (collected from river sandbanks) were 40-110 mm, corresponding to size of fishes that responded to large-fish exclusion. Behavioral responses of medium prey likely resulted from exclusion of these large-bodied piscivores. These results extend size-based predator avoidance behavior demonstrated in temperate systems to a highly connected tropical river food web. In this species-rich web, size is a strong predictor of behavioral responses of multiple prey species to large piscivores, and it can be used to generalize outcomes of multiple species interacting simultaneously.
Peer Review in Carcinogenicity Bioassays: Uses/Abuses*

“Truth is the essence of science,” and “peer review” is a key element in assuring the “truth.” Peer review is particularly important with regard to diagnostic pathology in bioassays used for regulatory purposes and approval of drugs and medical devices for at least 2 reasons: (a) Ifa study is designed correctly and conducted properly, the bottom-line results rely almost entirely on pathological interpretations, and (b) diagnostic pathology is a subjective science that relies on the training and experience of the pathologist and therefore is subject to individual bias. “Bias” can be introduced during the collection and preparation of pathological materials, use of inconsistent terminology during the pathology evaluation and interpretation of the results. Peer review can help in reducing this bias. However, peer review is also subject to bias by knowledge of treatment groups, selection of inappropriate slides for review, in the type of question asked of the reviewers, and in the selection of the reviewers. When done correctly, pathology peer review can be an effective and important part of a process to assure the results of a study, but when done improperly it can cloud the issue and have a negative impact on the credibility of the study.
Iron and peripheral arterial disease: revisiting the iron hypothesis in a different light

The relationship between iron status and atherosclerosis has long been a topic of debate in the literature. Despite more than 25 years of research, there is no consensus regarding a causal relationship. To date, the vast majority of studies have focused on iron burden with respect to a hypothesized role in the onset and progression of coronary artery disease. However, the effect of iron in the coronary arterial system may differ mechanistically and therefore clinically from its effect in the peripheral arterial system. This review will summarize the biochemical, pathologic, animal, and clinical research data with respect to iron and atherosclerosis. This background will be expanded upon to provide insights into ongoing studies and paths for future investigations into the role of iron and peripheral arterial disease.
Evolution of the Engineering Design System Data Base

The IBM Engineering Design System is a corporate-wide electronic design automation system used for the development of the 3081 and other machines incorporating LSI chips and their carriers. Initially planned in the late 1960s, the system has evolved to respond to a changing set of requirements. This paper describes the evolution of the system data base, as well as the steps taken to ensure the integrity of the data and the correctness of the design.
Forskolin induces myosin light chain dephosphorylation in bovine trabecular meshwork cells.

Purpose: Enhanced contractility of the actin cytoskeleton in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells is implicated in increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. In this study, we have investigated effects of forskolin, which is known to elevate cAMP and also enhance aqueous humor outflow, on myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, a biochemical marker of actin contractility. Methods: Experiments were performed using cultured bovine TM cells. Phosphorylated MLC (pMLC), expressed as the % of untreated cells, was assessed by urea-glycerol gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. RhoA activity was determined by affinity precipitation of RhoA-GTP to RhoA binding domain of an effector of RhoA. Intracellular cAMP levels were measured by ELISA. Results: Exposure to LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) led to increased MLC phosphorylation (LPA: pMLC = 133%) and activation of RhoA. These responses of LPA were suppressed by co-treatment with forskolin (LPA + forskolin: pMLC= 88%). Similarly, ET-1 and nocodazole-induced MLC pho...
FREE-ELECTRON LASERS: BRIGHT LIGHT SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE

FREE-ELECTRON LASERS (FELs) WILL BE AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF LIGHT SOURCES WHERE THE PRODUCTION OF COHERENT, SHORT PULSE RADIATION AT X-RAY WAVELENGTHS IS DESIRED. O'SHEA DETAILS THE MECHANICS OF FELs THEN TAKES A LOOK AT CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS.
Topically Applied Vancomycin Powder Reduces the Rate of Surgical Site Infection in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Foot and Ankle Surgery

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topically applied vancomycin powder in reducing the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing foot and ankle surgery.Methods:Eighty-one patients with DM who underwent reconstructive surgery of a foot and/or ankle deformity and/or trauma and who received topically applied vancomycin were matched to 81 patients with DM who did not receive topically applied vancomycin. The mean age was 60.6 years in the vancomycin group and 59.4 years in the control group (P < .05). The 2 groups were similar with regard to gender, body mass index, duration of DM, short-term and longer term glycemic control, and length of surgery.Results:The overall likelihood of SSI was decreased by 73% in patients who received topically applied vancomycin (odds ratio [OR], 0.267; 95% CI, 0.089-0.803; P = .0188). The rate of superficial infection was not significantly different between the 2 groups (OR, 0.400; 95% CI, 0.078-2...
Work In Progress: Changing Engineering Education: Stimulating Innovation and Overcoming Resistance

In the commercial world, there are cycles of innovation. New products are developed, marketed, improved, and most eventually die. Products succeed by meeting customer needs and desires, and customers often decide to purchase based on marketing and advertising. Customer satisfaction depends on performance, value, novelty, and quality. Inferior products die quickly in the competitive marketplace, and even good products are eventually replaced by better ones. Change is a fact of life, and continuous improvement is the goal. Although the academic world pretends to be a source of new ideas and innovative techniques, we can point to very few examples of highly successful innovations in engineering education. This paper will explore three stimuli for fundamental change in how we deliver instruction: alternative instructional techniques (computer based learning, inquiry based methods, project based learning, case methods, asynchronous learning and distance education), industry driven initiatives (CAD/CAM, ABET), and changing the population (widening the pipeline; attracting a more diverse incoming class).
Assessing English Language Learners’ Opportunity to Learn Mathematics: Issues and Limitations:

Background/ContextEnglish language learner (ELL) students are lagging behind because of the extra challenges they face relative to their peers in acquiring academic English language proficiency wit...