cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plastic deformation of nickel single crystals at low temperatures

Abstract Single crystals of nickel (purities 99.98% and 99.4%) have been deformed in tension at various temperatures between 4.2°K and 300°K. Shear stress-shear strain relations have been determined as well as the reversible change of flow stress with temperature. The work-hardening parameters obtained are discussed in terms of dislocation theory that has been developed mainly on the basis of data on Al and Cu. From the temperature dependence of the stress at the beginning of dynamical recovery the activation energy of cross-slip is estimated to be slightly lower than that of copper, implying a somewhat higher stacking fault energy. The advantages of the temperature change method for an investigation of the flow stress are pointed out following a theoretical analysis of the relation between this method and that of the work-hardening parameters. The present results on nickel confirm this relation. Metallographic and x-ray evidence has been obtained in favour of deformation twinning in nickel at 4.2°K and 2...
Yield Loss-Density Relationships of Four Species of Panicle-Feeding Bugs in Sorghum

Constant infestation levels of rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax F., southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula L., conchuela stink bug, ( Chlorochroa ligata Say (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), or leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus L. (Heteroptera: Coreidae), maintained on caged sorghum panicles from the milk, soft-dough and hard-dough stages of grain development to maturity, sometimes caused reductions in yield of grain. The largest reductions in yield occurred when panicles were infested from milk stage to maturity (28 days). No yield reductions occurred when panicles were infested during hard dough, the last 10 days of grain development, at levels up to 16 bugs per panicle. Regression analyses indicated that percent yield reductions increased quadratically as the number of rice stink bugs, southern green stink bugs, conchuela stink bugs, or leaffooted bugs increased per panicle. Equations [E(Y) = bX2] were determined which estimated percent yield losses at different infestation levels for infestations from milk and soft-dough stages to maturity, and these were used to calculate economic injury levels for each species.
Really taking Darwin and the naturalistic fallacy seriously: An objection to Rottschaefer and Martinsen

Out of a concern to respect the naturalistic fallacy, Ruse (1986) argues for the possibility of causal, but not justificatory, explanations of morality in terms of evolutionary processes. In a discussion of Ruse's work, Rottschaefer and Martinsen (1990) claim that he erroneously limits the explanatory scope of evolutionary concepts, because he fails to see that one can have objective moral properties without committing either of two forms of the naturalistic fallacy, if one holds that moral properties supervene on non-moral properties. In this short paper I argue that Rottschaefer and Martinsen's solution fails. If one takes moral properties to supervene on non-moral properties, then either one ends up committing one of the two forms of the naturalistic fallacy or else one is left postulating unbelievable brute metaphysical facts.
Setting Threshold Levels According to Mean First-Passage Time

An approximation of mean first-passage time as a function of threshold level is proposed. Numerical results are given for two particular cases.
Inflammasomes in health and disease

Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes built around several proteins, including NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 and NLRP6. Recognition of a diverse range of microbial, stress and damage signals by inflammasomes results in direct activation of caspase-1, which subsequently induces secretion of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and a form of cell death called pyroptosis. Inflammasome-mediated processes are important during microbial infections and also in regulating both metabolic processes and mucosal immune responses. We review the functions of the different inflammasome complexes and discuss how aberrations in them are implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Physiology and treatment of hot flushes

Objective measures of vasomotor flushes have clarified their biologic basis and have established the peripheral reactions as compensatory mechanisms for hypothalamic thermoregulatory instability. Subsequently, investigations into the pathogenesis of flushes pointed to increasingly higher levels of control. The observed relationship between estrogen deprivation and vasomotor instability led to the hypothesis of a cause-effect relationship with LH and FSH. However, patients with pituitary insufficiency were found to have hot flushes despite a lack of LH and FSH secretion. Hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied for possible correlation with vasomotor episodes. Patients with and without symptoms had similar levels of LH secretion, but those who had symptoms and were closer to menopause had higher peripheral levels of immunoreactive GnRH, implying involvement of a hypothalamic mechanism, although not a cause-effect relationship. With prolonged estrogen deficiency, immunoreactive GnRH levels decline. Vasomotor episodes occur after estrogen withdrawal in subgroups of patients without appreciable secretion of GnRH, although LH and FSH secretions remain elevated. Vasomotor flushes are treated most effectively with estrogen. Agents such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and lofexidine may reduce the incidence of flushes.
Nucleotide interactions with membrane-bound transporter associated with antigen processing proteins.

Abstract The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) contains two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) in the TAP1 and TAP2 subunits. When expressed as individual subunits or domains, TAP1 and TAP2 NBD differ markedly in their nucleotide binding properties. We investigated whether the two nucleotide-binding sites of TAP1/TAP2 complexes also differed in their nucleotide binding properties. To facilitate electrophoretic separation of the subunits when in complex, we used TAP complexes in which one of the subunits was expressed as a fluorescent protein fusion construct. In binding experiments at 4 °C using the photo-cross-linkable nucleotide analogs 8-azido-[γ-32P]ATP and 8-azido-[α-32P]ADP, TAP2 was found to have reduced affinity for nucleotides compared with TAP1, when the two proteins were separately expressed. Complex formation with TAP1 enhanced the binding affinity of the TAP2 nucleotide-binding site for both nucleotides. Binding analyses with mutant TAP complexes that are deficient in nucleotide binding at one or both sites provided evidence for the existence of two ATP-binding sites with relatively similar affinities in TAP1/TAP2 complexes. TAP1/TAP2 NBD interactions appear to contribute at least in part to enhanced nucleotide binding at the TAP2 site upon TAP1/TAP2 complex formation. Binding analyses with mutant TAP complexes also demonstrate that the extent of TAP1 labeling is dependent upon the presence of a functional TAP2 nucleotide-binding site.
The human β3 alcohol dehydrogenase subunit differs from β1 by a cys for Arg-369 substitution which decreases NAD(H) binding

Abstract The β3β3 (formerly called βIndianapolis) and β1β1 isoenzymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase differ substantially in their catalytic properties. Specifically, the KM value for NAD+ of β3β3 is 70 times greater than that of β1β1, and the Ki value for NADH is 35 times greater than that of β1β1. To identify the structural basis of these catalytic differences, we sequenced regions of the β3 subunit and the β3 gene. β3 differs from β1 by the substitution of Cys for Arg-369. Based on x-ray crystallography of horse ADH, Arg-369 should interact with the nicotinamide phosphate moiety of NAD(H). The Cys for Arg-369 substitution would decrease the enzyme's affinity for coenzyme and, thus, account for the observed kinetic differences between β3β3 and β1β1.
The myth of transformation

What a difference 10 years can make! Just a decade ago, the most significant debate among American sociologists of American Jewry was that between "transformationists" and "assimilationists. " The former used a perspective introduced by Goldscheider and Zuckerman (1983) and further developed by Goldscheider (1986). This perspective gave rise to the argument, asserted most forcefully by Silberman (1985), that, contrary to the predictions of assimilation, American Jewry has been successfully transforming from modes that were inappropriate to modern American society into newer ones that are more congenial to the new reality and, in so doing, is qualitatively stronger than it had been. America's Jews are, accordingly, A Certain People (Silberman 1985) with a future that is certain to be even brighter.1 Today, hardly anyone argues that, in these terms, the American ization of the Jews has been a huge success and will continue to be so. Indeed, judging by the relevant parts of the Seltzer and Cohen collection as well as by the Lipset and Raab volume, it appears that the arguments of the "assimilationists" have withstood the social scientific test of time, that is, the test of empirical evidence.2 In the former work, there are essentially three views on how to deal with the reality of American Jewry's current state and future.3 One view envisions a bleak future; a second implies a wait-and-see approach; and a third offers dramatic techniques to improve the image of Jews and Judaism in the United States. The issues are well-laid out in Steven M. Cohen's article in the Seltser and Cohen anthology. Cohen looks at the Jewish commitments of the large middle sector of American Jewry—that is, the masses who stand between the strength of the most involved and the weakness of those peripherally involved. He examines their involvement in terms of
Interdisciplinary research at the Urban–Rural interface: The West ga project

As human populations increase, ecological and social issues become inextricably linked to a greater degree. Solutions to complex social–ecological problems can only be derived through the use of integrated research that can account for the interplay of many factors across traditional discipline lines. We are using such an integrated research to clarify relationships among socioeconomic drivers, ecological effects, and social and policy feedbacks associated with urban development of forested landscapes. Our approach is goal oriented and interdisciplinary in nature and involves a team composed of ecologists, anthropologists, and economists who exchange ideas and information across disciplinary lines. The team and approach has evolved through many of the barriers to interdisciplinary research that have been identified by other authors. Our goal is to develop a predictive capability in order to anticipate ecological and social implications of urban development on natural resources in the southeastern United States. Our integrated model and subsequent papers in this special issue are presented.
Expenditures in the American States The Impact of Court-Ordered Legislative Reapportionment

Two models of the impact of legislative reapportionment upon state expenditures are developed and fitted to data in two expenditure areas for all 50 of the states. This fitting of the data to the models is accomplished via the use of dummy variable regression analysis. Statistical tests are used to show that reapportionment had an impact on state aid to local education in about one-half of the states and on state expenditures for public welfare in nearly all of the states.
Reduction of neurologic deficit by 1,3-butanediol induced ketosis in levine rats.

The objective of this study was to determine if 1,3-butanediol would reduce a neurologic deficit in rats exposed to ischemic-hypoxia (Levine rats). Age and weight matched male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with 2% halothane. The right common carotid and external jugular vein were ligated and cannulated and EEG screws were implanted followed by a 2 hour recovery period. Thirty minutes prior to exposure the rats received either 1,3-butanediol (47 mmole/kg i.v.; n = 11) or an equal volume of saline (n = 10). The rats were then exposed to 4.5% O2 until mean arterial blood pressure fell to 70 mm Hg. The oxygen level was then increased to 8% for 30 minutes, after which the rats were returned to room air. Posture, hemiparesis, circling, shuffling, activity, and ability to hang on to a vertical screen were scored 1 (normal) to 5 (severe deficit) at 2 and 20 hours after insult. The time to 70 mm Hg was extended from 7.9 +/- 0.9 min for saline treated rats to 19.0 +/- 2.3 min for the 1,3-butanediol treated rats (p less than 0.001). All eleven 1,3-butanediol treated rats survived the hypoxic insult; 90% (9/10) saline treated rats died. In an attempt to reduce the insult, six additional saline treated rats were switched to 8% O2 at 75 mm Hg and still 4/6 died. The mean score at 20 hours for three surviving saline treated rats was 3.4. A significantly better (p less than 0.002) mean 20 hour score for the surviving 8/11 1,3-butanediol treated rats was 1.2. 1,3-butanediol increases survival and decreases the neurologic deficits associated with this ischemic-hypoxic insult.
Anomalous behavior of torque at high angles in high-temperature superconductors.

The deviations of experimental results for torque in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ at high angles from predictions of the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau model are explained in the framework of the Lowrence-Doniach model taking into account the two-dimensional pancake structure of the normal cores of the vortices. Measurements of the torque at high angles allows us to obtain the core energy of the vortex and the parameter that characterizes the interlayer coupling.
Growth of Carbon Structures on Stepped (211)Co Surfaces

Density functional theory is used to evaluate the adsorption of carbon on stepped (211) cobalt surfaces. It is found that the 4-fold step hollow sites on (100) planes are the most stable adsorption sites for carbon, followed by the 3-fold hcp sites located in (111) terraces where adsorption per carbon atom is 0.7−0.9 eV less stable than that on the step sites. When the carbon concentration over the surface increases, adsorption of carbon chains is also favorable, and at even higher carbon pressures, interaction of adsorbed chains may lead to the formation of graphene sheets parallel to the (100) plane or to the formation of horizontally aligned semi-nanotubes. Formation of these carbon structures is accompanied by oxidation of the cobalt atoms, especially those forming the 4-fold step hollow site, whereas cobalt terrace sites become negatively charged. We discuss the significance of our results in relation to the catalyzed growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on cobalt nanoparticles.
A NEW APPROACH TO CONTROLLING FOR THIN TRADING

Recent research has shown that thin trading can seriously bias beta estimates. Present techniques for controlling this bias in research designs involve the adjustment of OLS betas. This paper presents a new methodology that controls for this bias by forming portfolios where the level of thin trading is held constant, while the difference of another variable, pertinent to a specific research design, is maximized across the portfolios. Directly controlling the level of thin trading avoids reliance on beta adjustment techniques. Further, the linear programming model permits the control of the mean and higher moments of additional variables across portfolios.
College Students’ Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption

Abstract Objective: This study investigates college students’ behaviors in response to the calories ingested by drinking alcohol. Participants and Methods: A sample of 274 nonclinical undergraduate alcohol drinkers completed an online survey asking about behaviors that students employed to make up for calories in alcohol or to get drunk more effectively. Drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and belief in a just world were also assessed to evaluate scale validity. Results: Participants reported engaging in exercise and dietary restriction as calorie control strategies both proactively and reactively and tended toward calorie restriction activities during drinking episodes. Relatively few reported engaging in more drastic strategies such as purging or laxative use. Women scored higher than men, and students living with friends scored higher than other students. Conclusions: These findings have implications for health initiatives aimed at college students and suggest the importance of...
Semi-quantitative analysis of metal alloys, brass and soil samples by calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: recent results and considerations

The calibration-free methodology described in the literature dealing with the technique of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy has been applied here to several samples under different operating pressures with the aim of classifying the analytical technique as quantitative, semi-quantitative or qualitative (with quantitative estimates only), depending on the relative percentage errors calculated for the major, minor and trace elemental composition of the sample. The results were obtained with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), characterized by 5.3 ns duration pulses at a maximum repetition frequency of 10 Hz and with pulse energy up to 300 mJ. The spectra were taken with a grating monochromator coupled with an intensified CCD detector, calibrated from 220 to 700 nm. The samples investigated were aluminum alloy standard disks, standard reference materials of Zn alloy, Cu–Ni alloy, Ti alloy, Ni alloy powder, Cu–Zn alloy and soils. The data are compared with those published in the literature. The results show that the best accuracy (5% relative error) is usually obtained for the matrix element, while in most cases, for the remainder of the components in the sample (major, minor or trace composition), the results can only be considered semi-quantitative (<200% relative error).
Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise After Modified Fontan Operation: Determinants of Performance

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to measure the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and to identify the perioperative determinants of exercise performance in children, adolescents and young adults who underwent the modified Fontan operation. Background. Several studies of the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise after the Fontan operation have demonstrated subnormal maximal oxygen uptake and exercise heart rate, but the perioperative variables that ultimately affect exercise responses have not been assessed systematically. Methods. The study included 59 of the 548 patients who underwent a modified Fontan operation between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1993 at the Mayo Clinic. Spirometry was performed at rest in all patients before exercise testing. The patients then exercised using a previously calibrated cycle ergometer and a 3-min incremental cycle exercise protocol. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine a subset of variables associated with oxygen uptake at peak exercise (Vo2max), blood oxygen saturation (O2sat) and heart rate at peak exercise (HRmax). Results. Vo2max ranged from 29% to 95% of normal value; O2sat at peak exercise ranged from 77% to 96%; and HRmax ranged from 39.7% to 97.4% of normal value. Multivariate analysis showed that log Vo2max/kg2/3was associated with age at exercise, male gender, body surface area, preoperative confluent pulmonary arteries and rest Vo2max/kg2/3. Preoperative left pulmonary artery stenosis, the presence of a classic Glenn anastomosis at exercise and rest O2sat were associated with O2sat at peak exercise. Age, body surface area at exercise, heart rate at rest and diastolic blood pressure were associated with HRmax at exercise. Conclusions. Subnormal Vo2max and HRmax values were demonstrated at peak exercise. Several perioperative variables were associated with Vo2max and O2sat at peak exercise. The presence of a classic Glenn anastomosis was associated with decreased O2sat at peak exercise, suggesting intrapulmonary shunting with the classic Glenn anastomosis. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:785–90)
The Request to Die: Role for a Psychodynamic Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide

Published reports indicate that 2.5% of deaths in the Netherlands are the result of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. It is not known how many patients make these requests in the United States, but the issue has gained considerable attention, including that of the Supreme Court. The focus of the writing and discussion regarding the request to die has been on a patient's capacity. There has not been an adequate focus on the possible meanings contained within the request to die. A patient's request to die is a situation that requires the physician to engage in a dialogue to understand what the request means, including whether the request arises from a clinically significant depression or inadequately treated pain. This article outlines some of the thoughts and emotions that could underlie the patient's request to die. Recommendations are made regarding the role of the primary care physician and the role of the psychiatric consultant in the exploration of the meaning of the request.
The role of privacy assurance mechanisms in building trust and the moderating role of privacy concern

Privacy policy statements and privacy assurance cues are among the most important website features that online providers use to increase individuals’ trust and willingness to disclose private infor...
A point mutation in a Drosophila GABA receptor confers insecticide resistance

Vertebrates and invertebrates both have GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABAA receptors in vertebrates assemble as heteromultimers to form an integral chloride ion channel. These receptors are targets for drugs and pesticides and are also implicated in seizure-related diseases. Picrotoxinin (PTX) and cyclodiene insecticides are GABAA receptor antagonists which competitively displace each other from the same binding site. Insects and vertebrates showing resistance to cyclodienes also show cross-resistance to PTX. Previously, we used a field-isolated Drosophila mutant Rdl (Resistant to dieldrin) insensitive to PTX and cyclodienes to clone a putative GABA receptor. Here we report the functional expression and novel pharmacology of this GABA receptor and examine the functionality of a resistance-associated point mutation (alanine to serine) within the second membrane-spanning domain, the region thought to line the chloride ion channel pore. This substitution is found globally in Drosophila populations. This mutation not only identifies a single amino acid conferring high levels of resistance to the important GABA receptor antagonist PTX but also, by conferring resistance to cyclodienes, may account for over 60% of reported cases of insecticide resistance.
Isolation of Myricadiol, Myricitrin, Taraxerol, and Taraxerone from Myrica cerifera L. Root Bark

Isolation and identification of three triterpenes, myricadiol, taraxerol, and taraxerone, and a flavonoid glycoside, myricitrin, from the root bark of Myrica cerifera L. are reported.
Localized topology control algorithms for heterogeneous wireless networks

Most existing topology control algorithms assume homogeneous wireless networks with uniform maximal transmission power, and cannot be directly applied to heterogeneous wireless networks where the maximal transmission power of each node may be different. We present two localized topology control algorithms for heterogeneous networks: Directed Relative Neighborhood Graph (DRNG) and Directed Local Spanning Subgraph (DLSS). In both algorithms, each node independently builds its neighbor set by adjusting the transmission power, and defines the network topology by using only local information. We prove that: 1) both DRNG and DLSS can preserve network connectivity; 2) the out-degree of any node in the resulting topology generated by DRNG or DLSS is bounded by a constant; and 3) DRNG and DLSS can preserve network bi-directionality. Simulation results indicate that DRNG and DLSS significantly outperform existing topology control algorithms for heterogeneous networks in several aspects.
Intelligent Upscaling of Static and Dynamic Reservoir Properties

Rock typing is an essential part of building geological model for an asset. Millions of dollars are invested in logs, core measurements, SCAL studies and geological interpretation that result in definition of different rock types. In most caes rock types that are identified in a reservoir do not have crisp boundaries and display overlapping characteristics. During the upscaling process, multiple rock types that have been identified in a high resolution geological (geo-cellular) model are approximated into a dominant rock type for any grid block in a reservoir simulation flow model.This defeats the original purpose of performing detail geological and petrophysical studies as far as reservoir flow models are concerned. The objective of this study is to develop a new upscaling methodology based on fuzzy set theory principles . Fuzzy rock typing refers to taking into account the inherent uncertainties and vagueness associated with rock typing in hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. In this paper a numerical simulator has been used as the control environment in order to set up multiple studies that would demonstrate the difference between using conventional approach of implementation of geological models in the reservoir flow simulation studies and the new approach that is the subject of this study. By using the numerical reservoir simulator as the control environment it is intended to study the complexities that exist in geological model at much higher resolution and then compare simulation in large grid blocks using two different approaches. The problem has been set up in the form of upscaling study. First, the study was performed using conventional upscaling practices and then it was carried out using the proposed technique. The results then have been analyzed in order to demonstrate the difference between the two techniques and the advantages and disadvantages o f each have been identified. This manuscript has been organized in several sections. In the literature review section the current practices in upscaling dynamic reservoir properties such as relative permeability and capillary pressure are reviewd as well as basic definitions of rock typing. A brief section on fuzzy set theory is also presented in this section. The problem is defined in more details and some background information is presented in the “Introduction” Section. The approaches used to perform the study are presented in the “Methodology” section. Details results are presented and discussed in the “Results & Discussion” section and the manuscript is completed providing some concluding remarks.
Determination of the scattering and absorption lengths from the temporal profile of a backscattered pulse

The temporal profiles of the backscattered pulse from random media are studied experimentally with femtosecond laser and streak-camera technologies. For a weakly scattering medium, the temporal profile of a backscattered pulse can be described by a simple exponential function. In the strongly scattering regime the temporal profile becomes nonexponential. The attenuation lengths arising from scattering and absorption can be directly determined from an analysis of the temporal profile of the backscattered pulse.
The Ethiopian Student Movement: A Rejoinder to Bahru Zewde's The Quest for Socialist Utopia

Bahru’s book presents a historical account of the Ethiopian student movement from its inception to the crucial split into rival political parties shortly before the eruption of the revolution and the rise of the Derg. Though the account does not release new facts, it gives a detailed picture of the main events, circumstances, and actors that shaped the movement. The book narrates the important moments in chronological order and analyzes their contributions to the process of radicalization. One of Bahru’s conspicuous suppositions is that radicalization should be seen “as a process rather than as a sudden development.”1 This supposition enables him to weigh the inputs of external and internal factors on the radicalization process. The book is not content with a historical account of the movement; it also briefly criticizes other authors, Ethiopian as well as foreign, who have written on the same subject. While most of the works mentioned are criticized for historical inaccuracies and a lack of primary sources, my book on the same subject, Radicalism and Cultural Dislocation in Ethiopia, 1960‒1974,2 is singled out by virulent polemical attacks denouncing inaccuracies and shortage of primary sources. Even the entire work is rebuffed on
Robust constrained model predictive control for nonlinear systems: a comparative study

We compare two approaches to controlling nonlinear systems using model predictive control (MPC) techniques. In the first approach, we use an inner feedback loop to linearize the nonlinear plant and use the resulting linear model to synthesize a controller strategy based on standard MPC techniques. The nonlinear constraints resulting from the feedback linearization are handled using an iterative method. In the second approach, we approximate the nonlinear system by a linear time-varying system and design a stabilizing receding horizon state-feedback control law using optimization techniques based on linear matrix inequalities.
Section I: Setting the Stage

The research symposia of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) have a history of successfully fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, defining challenging medical problems, and encouraging future solutions. The 2008 AAOS/Orthopaedic Research Society Advanced Imaging and Computer-Assisted Surgery of the Knee and Hip (AICKH) Research Symposium sought to build consensus in the emerging areas of imaging and surgical navigation in the treatment of knee and hip disease. Specifically, in aging Western …
Parametric Resonance Based Piezoelectric Micro-Scale Resonators: Modeling and Theoretical Analysis

In this study, a two-component auto-parametric resonator utilizing piezoelectric actuation is proposed. The resonator consists of a plate component which serves as the exciter and a beam component which serves as the oscillator. When an electric signal is applied, the plate component experiences in-plane oscillations which serve to provide axial excitation to the beam component. The system is designed to operate in auto-parametric resonance with a plate to beam principal frequency ratio of 1:2. Due to the oscillations of the beam component, a dynamic force and a moment are applied to the plate and can cause out-of-plane oscillations of the plate component. Internal-resonance can also exist between the beam oscillations and the out-of-plane vibrations of the plate component. A model is derived in order to describe these three motions and the coupling between them. By assuming single mode behavior for each motion, the model is discretized and represented with a three degree-of-freedom model. The model is solved analytically by using the method of multiple scales. Results of the perturbation method agree well with the numerical simulation. The results for the system with strong and weak coupling between the resonator components are presented and compared.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Comprehensive mass analysis for chemical processes, a case study on L-Dopa manufacture

To evaluate the “greenness” of chemical processes in route selection and process development, we propose a comprehensive mass analysis to inform the stakeholders from different fields. This is carried out by characterizing the mass intensity for each contributing chemical or waste component with a new algorithm. The analysis is demonstrated with the evaluation of commercial processes for L-Dopa. The plan-wide impacts on inputs are estimated for design features such as the choice of starting material, the use of one-pot synthesis for multiple reactions, recycling of the wrong enantiomer, methods for intermediate isolation, and volumetric productivity. The waste effluent profile is generated to project waste management needs. It has been found that the current biocatalytic process (Ajinomoto) has the best process efficiency and minimal waste treatment needs. The mass efficiency has been improved by at least 6.5 fold through biocatalyst optimization, and reaction intensification employing the crystallization-induced equilibrium shift.
The Etymology of English boy, beacon , and buoy

The words discussed here are vaguely connected, for all three may originally go back to sound complexes designating objects capable of swelling and making frightening noises. In boy, we probably have a blend of *boi ‘devil’ and *bo ‘little brother’. (A close parallel is German Bube.) The etymon of beacon seems to be *bauk-, which, like OE būc ‘stomach’, referred to swelling. Its original meaning was ‘portent’ ‘banner’ and ‘signal fire’ were added to ‘portent, sign’ under the influence of the word for ‘token’. A reflex of another word that denoted an inflatable object is buoy, borrowed from Middle Dutch.
Big Math for Little Kids

Abstract Big Math for Little Kids, a comprehensive program for 4- and 5-year-olds, develops and expands on the mathematics that children know and are capable of doing. The program uses activities and stories to develop ideas about number, shape, pattern, logical reasoning, measurement, operations on numbers, and space. The activities introduce the mathematical ideas in a coherent, carefully sequenced fashion, and are designed to promote curiosity and excitement about learning and doing mathematics. The program produces playful but purposeful learning of deep mathematical ideas, and encourages children to think about and express their mathematical thinking. Throughout the program, great emphasis is placed on the development of mathematical and mathematics-related language. Our observations suggest two broad questions for future research: What kinds of competence can children develop in the context of a rich mathematics environment? In what ways can mathematics learning promote language and literacy?
C/sup 2/: a mixed textual/graphical environment for C

A visual programming environment for a subset of the C language is described. The C/sup 2/ environment, as it is called, runs on a personal workstation with high-resolution graphics display. Both conventional textual code entry and editing, and program composition by means of an experimental hybrid textual graphical method, are supported and coexist side by side on the screen at all times. The built-in text editor incorporates selected Unix VI commands in conjunction with a C syntax interpreter. Hybrid textual/graphical program composition is facilitated by a BLOX-type environment in which graphical icons represent program structures and text in the icons represents user-supplied parameters attached to those structures. The two representations are coupled, so that modifications entered using either one automatically generate the appropriate update in the other. Although not all of the C language is yet supported. C/sup 2/ is not a toy system. Textual files that contain C programs serve as input and output. Graphical representations serve merely as internally generated aids to the programmers and are not stored between runs. >
The promise of protein C

Abstract Protein C, a vitamin K-dependent serine protease zymogen that circulates in plasma, is converted by limited proteolysis to activated protein C (APC) by the thrombin–thrombomodulin complex. APC exerts anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, cytoprotective, and antiapoptotic activities. Recombinant APC therapy reduces mortality in severe sepsis patients. This review summarizes data from clinical observations, from in vitro studies, and from animal models of focal ischemic injury that provide a compelling rationale for clinical trials of APC for ischemic stroke.
PROLONGATION OF POSTOPERATIVE DISEASE-FREE INTERVAL AND SURVIVAL IN HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER BY B.C.G. OR B.C.G. PLUS 5-FLUOROURACIL

83 patients with colorectal carcinoma of the Dukes' C class were randomised to receive postoperative adjuvant therapy with B.C.G. alone or in combination with oral doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-F.U.), and have been followed for up to thirty months. Results were compared with carefully selected historical controls who were treated by surgery alone. A statistically significant prolongation of both disease-free interval and overall survival was observed in 50 patients receiving the combination of B.C.G. and 5-F.U. (P=0.03, P=0.01 respectively) as well as in 33 patients receiving B.C.G. alone (P=0.03, P=0.05 respectively). The efficacy of B.C.G.+5-F.U. was independent of the number of tumour-involved lymph-nodes in the surgical specimen. In contrast, B.C.G. given alone appears to be highly effective among 10 patients with 6 or more positive lymph-nodes (P less than 0.04) and ineffective (as yet) among 23 patients with 5 or less positive lymph-nodes. These results suggest that adjuvant immunotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, can improve the prognosis of surgically treated patients with colorectal carcinoma of the Dukes' C class.
Rodent population management at Kansas City International Airport

Birds pose serious hazards at United States airports because of the potential for collisions with aircraft. Raptors, in particular, are hazardous to aircraft safety due to their size, hunting behavior, and hovering and soaring habits. Reduction of rodent populations at an airport may decrease raptor populations in the area and, therefore, reduce risk that raptors pose to air- craft. Rodent populations can be reduced by population management (i.e., use of rodenticides) or by habitat management (i.e., vegetation and land-use management) that reduces the area's carrying capacity for rodents. I found that zinc phosphide-treated oats reduced rodent populat- ions by >94% at the Kansas City International Airport in summer 1999. Raptor strikes at the airport declined after rodenticide use. I also found that some habitat types (soybean and corn fi elds, cattle grazing) and short grass heights supported fewer rodents than medium grass height areas.
Detailed Review of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Educational Technology-Related Studies Based on Rogers' Theory.

The process of adopting new innovations has been studied for over 30 years, and one of the most popular adoption models is described by Rogers in his book, Diffusion of Innovations (Sherry & Gibson, 2002). Much research from a broad variety of disciplines has used the model as a framework. Dooley (1999) and Stuart (2000) mentioned several of these disciplines as political science, public health, communications, history, economics, technology, and education, and defined Rogers’ theory as a widely used theoretical framework in the area of technology diffusion and adoption.
What are Psychology Departments Doing About Sex Education

A new survey reveals who is teaching what, where they are teaching it, and how they feel about it.
The uptake, distribution and metabolism of four organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots

The uptake of bromacil, dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN), nitrobenzene (NB) and dinitrobenzene (DNB) was studied in isolated barley roots and mature soybean plants. The uptake rate constants for soybean plants were in the order of DCBN = bromacil < NB < DNB. The same pattern was evident for the root tissue test, except for DNB. Metabolism of the (14)C-labeled chemicals indicated that DCBN was metabolized in the leaves but not in the roots. DNB was metabolized in the roots, and bromacil remained primarily as parent compound. A method for obtaining uptake rate constants is described.
In vivo measurement of 3-D skeletal kinematics from sequences of biplane radiographs: Application to knee kinematics

Current noninvasive or minimally invasive methods for evaluating in vivo knee kinematics are inadequate for accurate determination of dynamic joint function due to limited accuracy and/or insufficient sampling rates. A three-dimensional (3-D) model-based method is presented to estimate skeletal motion of the knee from high-speed sequences of biplane radiographs. The method implicitly assumes that geometrical features cannot be detected reliably and an exact segmentation of bone edges is not always feasible. An existing biplane radiograph system was simulated as two separate single-plane radiograph systems. Position and orientation of the underlying bone was determined for each single-plane view by generating projections through a 3-D volumetric model (from computed tomography), and producing an image (digitally reconstructed radiograph) similar (based on texture information and rough edges of bone) to the two-dimensional radiographs. The absolute 3-D pose was determined using known imaging geometry of the biplane radiograph system and a 3-D line intersection method. Results were compared to data of known accuracy, obtained from a previously established bone-implanted marker method. Difference of controlled in vitro tests was on the order of 0.5 mm for translation and 1.4/spl deg/ for rotation. A biplane radiograph sequence of a canine hindlimb during treadmill walking was used for in vivo testing, with differences on the order of 0.8 mm for translation and 2.5/spl deg/ for rotation.
Common Causes of Infertility in the Bull

Fertility is a fragile parameter that may vary temporarily or be permanently depressed. The bull's ability to maintain body condition and the existence of conformational abnormalities may alter fertility. Abnormalities of the external genitalia may directly affect the bull's ability to copulate or may alter the quality of his semen. Testicular disease alters semen quality, sometimes transiently and other times permanently. In many cases, the fertility prognosis for testicular problems cannot be judged on the basis of one examination. Epididymitis and seminal vesiculitis are the two most common diseases of the secondary sex organs of the bull. They are often associated with each other or orchitis and are difficult to treat.
Institutional lessons from insolvency reforms in East Asia

Changes in Asian insolvency systems since 1997 vary widely in their success. Our research indicates that effective implementation of an insolvency system relies on three sets of institutional factors:
Clinical implications of antibiotic impact on gastrointestinal microbiota and Clostridium difficile infection

The human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota plays an important role in human health. Anaerobic bacteria prevalent in the normal colon suppress the growth of non-commensal microorganisms, thus maintaining colonic homeostasis. The GI microbiota is influenced by both patient-specific and environmental factors, particularly antibiotics. Antibiotics can alter the native GI microbiota composition, leading to decreased colonization resistance and opportunistic proliferation of non-native organisms. A common and potentially serious antibiotic-induced sequela associated with GI microbiota imbalance is Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which may become recurrent if dysbiosis persists. This review focuses on the association between antibiotics and CDI, and the antibiotic-induced disruption leading to recurrent CDI. Promoting antibiotic stewardship is pivotal in protecting native microbiota and reducing the incidence of CDI and other GI infections.
Sexual Differential in Time of Hatch of Eggs of the Gypsy Moth

In nature, adult males of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), emerge first. The difference in time of emergence of males and females is less than would be predicted on the basis of laboratory studies on the rates of development of both sexes. This fact suggested that female larvae might hatch prior to male larvae. By collecting larvae as they hatched in nature, and rearing them in the laboratory, it was found that the first larvae to hatch were primarily females, the last primarily males. The earlier hatch of females might be a reflection of their faster rate of development. It is suggested that there might be some selective advantage for the differential in time of hatch of gypsy moth eggs to reduce the interval between adult male and female eclosion.
A simulation of wood consumption by the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), in an Arizona desert grassland.

A simple model is preesented which simulates the consumption of superficial dead wood in a desert grassland by a single termite species over a period of one year. Temperature-dependent functions of termite foraging intensity and wood consumption are most critical. The model was designed to run on mean daily temperature and daily rainfall. The model predicts thatHeterotermes aureus forag ers were able to make 4.61×1010 visits to the suurf ace per hectare during the year of simulation. It estimates that there were only seven days during this period thatH. aureus did not forage. It calculates that this species remooved dead wood at the rate of 78.9 kg/ha/yr, which represents 3.7 perenct of the standing crop biomass and 17.5 percent of the annual production of superficial dead wood. The importance of this termite is emphasized by its removal of preferred species of wood.
Classical Entanglement in Electromagnetic Beams

We study classical entanglement for an optical beam with two binary degrees of freedom: polarization and spatial parity; and demonstrate experimentally a measurement of Bell’s inequality and show its usefulness as a quantitative tool in classical optical coherence theory.
Job-Related Stress Experienced by Hospital Pharmacists and Nurses

Pharmacists' and nurses' perceptions of job-related stress and its relationship to career satisfaction were surveyed. A questionnaire was developed and mailed in 1987 to pharmacists and nurses whose names were randomly selected from national mailing lists. Subjects were asked to rate, on a five-point scale (4 = very often), how often they found 39 situations to be stressful. The first 30 situations composed the Health Professions Stress Inventory (HPSI), which was created for this study; the remaining nine questions were included for validation of the HPSI. Respondents were also asked whether they would choose the same profession again. Usable questionnaires were returned by 107 pharmacists and 263 nurses practicing in hospitals. Of the potentially highest stress score of 120, overall mean scores were significantly higher for nurses (63) than for pharmacists (57). Statistical analysis indicated that the sample size was adequate and the HPSI was valid and reliable. Both pharmacists and nurses found situations that dealt with interruptions, poor opportunities for advancement, inadequate staffing levels, excessive workload, and inadequate pay to be the most stressful. Pharmacists viewed not feeling challenged as a significantly more stressful situation than did nurses. Career satisfaction was significantly related to job stress for both pharmacists and nurses; 45% of the pharmacists and 37% of the nurses said they would not choose the same profession again, and those with the highest scores on the stress scale were least likely to choose the same profession again. These hospital nurses and pharmacists reported moderate job-related stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)