cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saturn’s wayward shepherds: the peregrinations of Prometheus and Pandora

Abstract Saturn’s narrow F ring is flanked by two nearby small satellites, Prometheus and Pandora, discovered in Voyager images taken in 1980 and 1981 (Synnott et al., 1983 , Icarus 53, 156–158). Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the ring plane crossings (RPX) of 1995 led to the unexpected finding that Prometheus was ∼19° behind its predicted orbital longitude, based on the Synnott et al. (1983) Voyager ephemeris (Bosh and Rivkin, 1996 Science 272, 518–521; Nicholson et al., 1996 , Science 272, 509–515). Whereas Pandora was at its predicted location in August 1995, McGhee (2000 , Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University) found from the May and November 1995 RPX data that Pandora also deviates from the Synnott et al. (1983) Voyager ephemeris. Using archival HST data from 1994, previously unexamined RPX images, and a large series of targeted WFPC2 observations between 1996 and 2002, we have determined highly accurate sky-plane positions for Prometheus, Pandora, and nine other satellites found in our images. We compare the Prometheus and Pandora measurements to the predictions of substantially revised and improved ephemerides for the two satellites based on an extensive analysis of a large set of Voyager images (Murray et al., 2000 , Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 32, 1090; Evans, 2001 Ph.D. thesis, Queen Mary College). From December 1994 to December 2000, Prometheus’ orbital longitude lag was changing by −0.71° year−1 relative to the new Voyager ephemeris. In contrast, Pandora is ahead of the revised Voyager prediction. From 1994 to 2000, its longitude offset changed by +0.44° year−1, showing in addition an ∼585 day oscillatory component with amplitude ΔλCR0 = 0.65 ± 0.07° whose phase matches the expected perturbation due to the nearby 3:2 corotation resonance with Mimas, modulated by the 71-year libration in the longitude of Mimas due to its 4:2 resonance with Tethys. We determine orbital elements for freely precessing equatorial orbits from fits to the 1994–2000 HST observations, from which we conclude that Prometheus’ semimajor axis was 0.31 km larger, and Pandora’s was 0.20 km smaller, than during the Voyager epoch. Subsequent observations in 2001–2002 reveal a new twist in the meanderings of these satellites: Prometheus’ mean motion changed suddenly by an additional −0.77° year−1, equivalent to a further increase in semimajor axis of 0.33 km, at the same time that Pandora’s mean motion changed by +0.92° year−1, corresponding to a change of −0.42 km in its semimajor axis. There is an apparent anticorrelation of the motions of these two moons seen in the 2001–2002 observations, as well as over the 20-year interval since the Voyager epoch. This suggests a common origin for their wanderings, perhaps through direct exchange of energy between the satellites as the result of resonances, possibly involving the F ring.
Highlights of the beam energy scan from STAR

The first part of the beam energy scan (BES) program at RHIC was successfully completed in the years 2010 and 2011. First STAR results from particle yield measurements are in good agreement with previously published data from SPS and AGS experiments whereas other results like azimuthal HBT and K/π event-by-event fluctuations differ at some energies. In addition, new observations like the centrality dependence of chemical freeze-out parameters (T ch and µ B ) or the smoothly increasing difference with decreasing energy in the elliptic flow v 2 between particles and corresponding anti-particles, are discussed.
Comparing random and deterministic time series

This paper addresses the question of distinguishing the output of a stochastic process from that of a deterministic process. An impossibility theorem is described which states that time a series resulting from deterministic B-processes is observationally equivalent to, and hence indistinguishable from, the output of a continuous time Markov process on a finite number of states.
Global Existence for a Quasilinear Wave Equation Outside of Star-Shaped Domains

Abstract We prove global existence of small-amplitude solutions of quasilinear Dirichlet-wave equations outside of star-shaped obstacles in (3+1)-dimensions. We use a variation of the conformal method of Christodoulou. Since the image of the space-time obstacle is not static in the Einstein diamond, our results do not follows directly from local existence theory as did Christodoulou's for the nonobstacle case. Instead, we develop weighted estimates that are adapted to the geometry. Using them and the energy-integral method we obtain solutions in the Einstein diamond minus the dime-dependent obstacle, which pull back to solutions in Minkowski space minus and obstacle.
Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome

We prospectively studied the relationship of pregnancy outcome to bacterial vaginosis, an anaerobic vaginal condition, and to other selected genital pathogens among 534 gravid women. Bacterial vaginosis was presumptively diagnosed by gas-liquid chromatographic identification of microbial organic acid metabolites in 102 women (19%), and cervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 47 (9%) of the women. Although women with and without bacterial vaginosis had similar demographic and obstetric factors, neonates born to women with bacterial vaginosis had lower mean birth weight than did neonates born to women without bacterial vaginosis (2960±847 g vs 3184 ±758 g). Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 3.7), preterm labor (OR, 2.0; CI, 1.1 to 3.5), and amniotic fluid infection (OR, 2.7; CI, 1.1 to 6.1), but not with birth weight below 2500 g (OR, 1.5; CI, 0.8 to 2.0). Cervical infection with C trachomatis was independently associated with preterm premature rupture of the membranes, preterm labor, and low birth weight (OR, 1.5; CI, 0.8 to 2.0). ( JAMA 1986;256:1899-1903)
A Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes by a Ru‐Catalyzed Addition

Catalyzed by ruthenium trisacetonitrile hexafluorophosphate 4, the Alder-ene type reaction of alkenes and internal alkynes provides an effective way to synthesize trisubstituted alkenes. Unlike most typical olefination protocols, this reaction is atom economical, and affords trisubstituted alkenes with defined olefin geometry. The regioselectivity can be explained invoking a steric argument based on the proposed mechanism. The first C-C bond formation generally involves sterically less hindered carbons of the alkenes and alkynes. Modest to very high regioselectivity can be achieved depending on the steric difference of the two substituents of alkynes.
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment with Domain Wall Quarks

We present preliminary results for nucleon dipole moments computed with domain wall fermions. Our main target is the electric dipole moment of the neutron arising from the θ term in the gauge part of the QCD lagrangian. The calculated magnetic dipole moments of the proton and neutron are in rough accord with experimental values.
Ammonium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate - binder sandwich combustion

order of 300 \i in width. The deflagration of all three burners appeared laminar, with a definite temperature peak above the center of the burner. The PP-COMM AP had a scalloped surface which accounted for a more unsteady appearance of the gas flow above the deflagrating AP. A yellow-green zone was visible within the SC-UHP AP extending from the burner surface to a depth of approximately 200 \i. This zone is thought to be related to the phase change from an orthorhombic crystalline structure to a cubic structure (the 243°C isotherm) as reported by Boggs and Kraeutle,2 Hightower and Price,3 and Beckstead and Hightower.4 Beckstead and Hightower4 found this phase change zone to be approximately 22 ju deep in single crystals of AP burned at pressures of 400 psi. The three studies just mentioned investigated quenched samples to determine the phase change zone thickness. The difference between their results and the results of this study may be due to removal of surface material during quench and/or to an inaccurate measurement of the penetration depth of the cubic structure obtained from the recrystallized quench samples. More likely, however, is the possibility of light scattering (due to small cracks, etc.) and/or other than phase change phenomena causing the larger thickness
Species-specific effects and the evolutionary clock: A reply to penny

We rebut Penny's challenge to our claim that the evolutionary clock shows nonconstancy of rate in certain lineages, as exemplified by a comparison of the cytochromec of rattlesnake, turtle and birds, and several other vertebrates, including four mammals.
Isolation and identification of an ester from a crude oil

Abstract A dioctylphthalate has been isolated from a crude oil by means of adsorption column chromatography. The ester was identified by means of elemental analysis, refractive index, and its infra-red absorption spectrum. Saponification of the isolate and examination of the resultant alcohol by means of infrared absorption spectra led to the conclusion that the ester is a branched chain dioctylphthalate. This is the first reported occurrence of an ester in crude petroleum.
Studying (non-planar) road networks through an algorithmic lens

This paper studies real-world road networks from an algorithmic perspective, focusing on empirical studies that yield useful properties of road networks that can be exploited in the design of fast algorithms that deal with geographic data. Unlike previous approaches, our study is not based on the assumption that road networks are planar graphs. Indeed, based on the a number of experiments we have performed on the road networks of the 50 United States and District of Columbia, we provide strong empirical evidence that road networks are quite non-planar. Our approach therefore instead is directed at finding algorithmically-motivated properties of road networks as non-planar geometric graphs, focusing on alternative properties of road networks that can still lead to efficient algorithms for such problems as shortest paths and Voronoi diagrams. In particular, we study road networks as multiscale-dispersed graphs, which is a concept we formalize in terms of disk neighborhood systems. This approach allows us to develop fast algorithms for road networks without making any additional assumptions about the distribution of edge weights. In fact, our algorithms can allow for non-metric weights.
Sar studies of piperidine-based analogues of cocaine. Part 3: oxadiazoles.

The synthesis of novel 4β-aryl-1-methyl-3α-(3-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidines, bioisosteres of ester (+)-1, is described. The synthesized oxadiazoles were evaluated for their affinity to the DAT and their ability to inhibit monoamine reuptake at the DAT, NET, and 5HTT. The results show that affinity to the DAT and ability to inhibit the reuptake at the DAT, NET, and 5HTT is a function of the size of the substituent in the oxadiazole ring. (+)-(3R,4S)-4β-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-3α-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidine [(+)-2a], which is structurally and pharmacologically most similar to the ester (+)-1 in this series, showed at least a 2-fold longer duration of action when compared to ester (+)-1.
Low Mach Number Modeling of Type Ia Supernovae. II. Energy Evolution

The convective period leading up to a Type Ia supernova (SNIa) explosion is characterized by very low Mach number flows, requiringhydrodynamical methods well-suited to long-time integration. We continuethe development of the low Mach number equation set for stellar scaleflows by incorporating the effects of heat release due to externalsources. Low Mach number hydrodynamics equations with a time-dependentbackground state are derived, and a numerical method based on theapproximate projection formalism is presented. We demonstrate throughvalidation with a fully compressible hydrodynamics code that this lowMach number model accurately captures the expansion of the stellaratmosphere as well as the local dynamics due to external heat sources.This algorithm provides the basis for an efficient simulation tool forstudying the ignition of SNe Ia.
How to misuse AODV: a case study of insider attacks against mobile ad-hoc routing protocols

This paper presents a systematic analysis of insider attacks against mobile ad-hoc routing protocols, using the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol as an example. It identifies a number of attack goals, and then studies how to achieve these goals through misuses of the routing messages. To facilitate the analysis, it classifies insider attacks into two categories: atomic misuses and compound misuses. Atomic misuses are performed by manipulating a single routing message, which cannot be further divided; compound misuses are composed of combinations of atomic misuses and possibly normal uses of the routing protocol. The analysis results in this paper reveal several classes of insider attacks, including route disruption, route invasion, node isolation, and resource consumption. Finally, this paper presents simulation results that validate and demonstrate the impact of these attacks.
DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS AEROELASTIC SOLVER FOR NONLINEAR PANEL FLUTTER

Abstract A new three-dimensional (3-D) viscous aeroelastic solver for nonlinear panel flutter is developed in this paper. A well-validated full Navier–Stokes code is coupled with a finite-difference procedure for the von Karman plate equations. A subiteration strategy is employed to eliminate lagging errors between the fluid and structural solvers. This approach eliminates the need for the development of a specialized, tightly coupled algorithm for the fluid/structure interaction problem. The new computational scheme is applied to the solution of inviscid two-dimensional panel flutter problems for subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers. Supersonic results are shown to be consistent with the work of previous researchers. Multiple solutions at subsonic Mach numbers are discussed. Viscous effects are shown to raise the flutter dynamic pressure for the supersonic case. For the subsonic viscous case, a different type of flutter behavior occurs for the downward deflected solution with oscillations occurring about a mean deflected position of the panel. This flutter phenomenon results from a true fluid/structure interaction between the flexible panel and the viscous flow above the surface. Initial computations have also been performed for inviscid, 3-D panel flutter for both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers.
The Philadelphia face perception battery

Abstract The Philadelphia Face Perception Battery (PFPB) tests four aspects of face perception: discrimination of facial similarity, attractiveness, gender, and age. Calibration with 116 neurologically intact subjects yielded average performance of ∼90%. Across subjects, there was a low correlation (
QED CORRECTIONS TO ISOSPIN-RELATED DECAY RATES OF CHARGED AND NEUTRAL B MESONS

We estimate the isospin-violating QED radiative corrections to the charged-to-neutral ratios of the decay rates for B+ and B0 in non-leptonic B meson decays. In particular, these corrections are potentially important for precision measurement of the charged-to-neutral production ratio of B meson in e+e- annihilation. We calculate explicitly the QED corrections to the ratios of two different types of decay rates Γ(B+→J/ψK+)/Γ(B0→J/ψK0) and $\Gamma(B^+ \rightarrow D^+_S \bar D^0)/\Gamma(B^0 \rightarrow D^+_S D^-)$ taking into account the form factors of the mesons based on the vector meson dominance model, and compare them with the results obtained for the point-like mesons.
Disk Galaxies in the Outer Local Supercluster: Optical CCD Surface Photometry and Distribution of Galaxy Disk Parameters

We report new B-band CCD surface photometry on a sample of 76 disk galaxies brighter than BT = 14.5 mag in the Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies, which are confined within a volume located in the outer part of the Local Supercluster.
Comparisons and Combinations of Reactor and Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Measurements

We investigate how the data from various future neutrino oscillation experiments will constrain the physics parameters for a three active neutrino mixing model. The investigations properly account for the degeneracies and ambiguities associated with the phenomenology as well as estimates of experimental measurement errors. Combinations of various reactor measurements with the expected J-PARC (T2K) and NuMI offaxis (Nova) data, both with and without the increased flux associated with proton driver upgrades, are considered. The studies show how combinations of reactor and offaxis data can resolve degeneracies (e.g. the θ23 degeneracy) and give more precise information on the oscillation parameters. A primary purpose of this investigation is to establish the parameter space regions where CP violation can be discovered and where the mass hierarchy can be determined. We find that, even with augmented flux from proton drivers, such measurements demand that sin2 2θ13 be fairly large and in the range where it is measurable by reactor experiments.
Effects of subcritical crack growth on fracture toughness of ceramics assessed in chevron-notched three-point bend tests

A numerical computational study was carried out to assess the effects of subcritical crack growth on crack stability in the chevron-notched three-point bend specimens. A power-law relationship between the subcritical crack velocity and the applied stress intensity were used along with compliance and stress-intensity relationships for the chevron-notched bend specimen to calculate the load response under fixed deflection rate and a machine compliance. The results indicate that the maximum load during the test occurs at the same crack length for all the deflection rates; the maximum load, however, is dependent on the deflection rate for rates below the critical rate. The resulting dependence of the apparent fracture toughness on the deflection rate is compared to experimental results on soda-lime glass and polycrystalline alumina.
IR Excesses in Be Stars

Infrared excesses are empirically derived for a sample of bright Be stars based on IRAS data and previously published near-infrared photometry. The excesses are compared with published H-alpha luminosities and are found to be correlated. The data are compared with the theoretically expected relation between the sum of free-free and free-bound continua and the H-alpha recombination-line intensity from a common envelope. The inclusion of temperature and optical-depth effects is necessary to produce agreement between observations and theory. No significant correlation is detected between L(IR)/L(H-alpha) ratios and rotational velocities.
Measuring Food Insecurity

Food security is a growing concern worldwide. More than 1 billion people are estimated to lack sufficient dietary energy availability, and at least twice that number suffer micronutrient deficiencies. Because indicators inform action, much current research focuses on improving food insecurity measurement. Yet estimated prevalence rates and patterns remain tenuous because measuring food security, an elusive concept, remains difficult.
Double-spin asymmetries in electron-nucleon scattering in Halls B and C at JLab

Three experiments at JLab have measured the double polarization asymmetries $A_{\Vert}(x, Q^{2}$ ) in the nucleon resonance region, using polarized electron beams incident on polarized proton and deuteron targets. The analysis for the first experiment, eg1a in Hall B, is nearly finished and preliminary values of the spin structure function g 1(x, Q 2) and the first moment $\Gamma_{1}$ (x) have been extracted. The other two experiments, one in Hall B and one in Hall C, are still analysing data. Some results are presented.
Atom Trap, Krypton-81, and Saharan Water

Much can be learned from the analysis of the ubiquitous long-lived radioactive isotopes. In the late 1940s, Willard Libby and coworkers first detected the cosmogenic 14C(t1/2 = 5.7 × 103 yr, isotopic abundance 14C/C = 1 × 10−12) in nature and demonstrated that such analysis could be used for archaeological dating. Since then, two by now well-established methods, Low-Level Counting (LLC) and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), have been used to analyze 14C and many other radioisotopes and to extract valuable information encoded in the production, transport, and decay processes of these isotopes.
The effect of stimulus modes and associative distance in individual creativity support systems

Abstract Individual creativity support systems (ICSS) have relied primarily on word stimuli for improving idea generation and creativity. However, there is evidence to suggest that combining word stimuli with picture stimuli may be more effective. A theoretical model for this combination, based on the dual coding theory and the theory of associative creativity, is presented. A laboratory experiment was conducted in order to validate the model. Picture and word stimuli were used to elicit ideas in response to a specific task. These stimuli were either closely or remotely associated with the problem task. The number of ideas generated and creativity of those ideas were analyzed. While the theoretical model has not enough support, the results indicate that the use of picture stimuli outperforms words for generating creative ideas. The implications of the results are discussed with regard to the design of future ICSS and future research directions.
Simulation of Heat and Momentum Transfer in Complex Microgeometries

In this article we present a time-accurate computational model based on the slip-flow theory to simulate momentum and heat transport phenomena in complex microgeometries, encountered in typical components of microdevices such as microcapillaries, microvalves, microrotors, and microbearings. In the first part, we present extensions to the classical Maxwell/Smoluchowski slip conditions to include high-order Knudsen number effects as well as to take into account the coupling of momentum and heat transfer through thermal creep and viscous heating effects. The numerical method is based on the spectral element technique; validation of the method is obtained by comparison of the numerical simulation results in simple prototype flows (e.g., channel slip-flows) with analytical results. Reduction of pressure drop in microchannels, reported in similar experimental studies, is investigated using slip-flow theory and simulations. In the second part, we consider model inlet flows and a slip-flow past a microcylinder. The effect of slip-flow on skin friction reduction and associated increase in mass flow rate as well as the variation of normal stresses is investigated as a function of Knudsen number. Finally, the effect of compressibility is examined and possible extensions of the current model to take into account such effect are discussed.
The rings of Uranus: theory

The structure of the recently discovered rings of Uranus is accounted for by a series of orbital resonances with the satellites Ariel, Titania and Oberon. The observations and their interpretation will considerably improve our knowledge of the mass of the planet and its dynamical oblateness and could influence our ideas on the formation of planets and satellites.
Stable pairs, linear systems and the Verlinde formula

We study the moduli problem of pairs consisting of a rank 2 vector bundle and a nonzero section over a fixed smooth curve. The stability condition involves a parameter; as it varies, we show that the moduli space undergoes a sequence of flips in the sense of Mori. As applications, we prove several results about moduli spaces of rank 2 bundles, including the Harder-Narasimhan formula and the SU(2) Verlinde formula. Indeed, we prove a general result on the space of sections of powers of the ideal sheaf of a curve in projective space, which includes the Verlinde formula.
A novel method for suppression of the abnormal Fischer indole synthesis

Abstract A method is described for the use of the Fischer indole synthesis to prepare 7-hydroxy-indoles in good yield. The method involves the construction of a 4-aminobenzoxazine and removal of the N-O tether after the indole has been formed.
Enterprise-wide freight simulation in an integrated logistics and transportation system

This work constructs an integrated logistics and transportation system to simulate enterprise-wide freight movements and to study the interactive influences among, and the effects of highly developed information technologies on, logistic decision-making, freight-distribution patterns, and commercial vehicle operations. The integrated system is formulated as a comprehensive product supply-chain system that integrates the logistical, informational, and physical aspects of transportation networks and consists of three components, i.e., a logistic decision-making solver, a freight-traffic simulator, and a real-time information generator. The logistic decision-making solver is designed to determine the freight distribution among the components involved in the supply chain based on market demand, supply, and the associated transaction cost. The freight-traffic simulator simulates commercial vehicle operations in the transportation network based on logistic decisions with or without real-time traffic information. The real-time information generator generates real-time traffic conditions and real-time supply and demand information. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show how the freight-shipment distribution pattern evolves based on dynamic transportation costs collected from previous trips simulated under various scenarios.
Superconducting Heavy-Ion Linacs

A summary is given of plans developed by four different groups for the construction of small superconducting linacs to boost the energy of heavy ions from existing tandem electrostatic accelerators. The projects considered are the linac under construction at Argonne and the design efforts at Karlsruhe, at Stanford, and by a Cal Tech-Stony Brook collaboration. The intended uses of the accelerator systems are stated. Beam dynamics of linacs formed of short independently-phased resonators are reviewed, and the implications for performance are discussed. The main parameters of the four linacs are compared, and a brief analysis of accelerating structures is given.
Deformation retracts of neighborhood complexes of stable Kneser graphs

In 2003, A. Bjorner and M. de Longueville proved that the neighborhood complex of the stable Kneser graph SGn,k is homotopy equivalent to a k-sphere. Further, for n = 2 they showed that the neighborhood complex deformation retracts to a subcomplex isomorphic to the associahedron. They went on to ask whether or not, for all n and k, the neighborhood complex of SGn,k contains as a deformation retract the boundary complex of a simplicial polytope. Our purpose is to give a positive answer to this question in the case k = 2. We also find in this case that, after partially subdividing the neighborhood complex, the resulting complex deformation retracts onto a subcomplex arising as a polyhedral boundary sphere that is invariant under the action induced by the automorphism group of SGn,2.
Entanglement of a qubit with a single oscillator mode

We solve a model of a qubit strongly coupled to a massive environmental oscillator mode where the qubit back action is treated exactly. Using a Ginzburg-Landau formalism, we derive an effective action for this well-known localization transition. An entangled state emerges as an instanton in the collective qubit-environment degree of freedom and the resulting model is shown to be formally equivalent to a fluctuating gap model of a disordered Peierls chain. Below the transition, spectral weight is transferred to an exponentially small energy scale, leaving the qubit coherent but damped. Unlike the spin-boson model, coherent and effectively localized behaviors may coexist.
Formation and detection of Earth mass planets around low mass stars

Abstract We investigate an in situ formation scenario for Earth-mass terrestrial planets in short-period, potentially habitable orbits around low-mass stars ( M ∗ 0.3 M ⊙ ). We then investigate the feasibility of detecting these Earth-sized planets. We find that such objects can feasibly be detected by a ground-based transit survey if their formation frequency is high and if correlated noise can be controlled to sub-milli-magnitude levels. Our simulations of terrestrial planet formation follow the growth of planetary embryos in an annular region spanning 0.036 AU ⩽ a ⩽ 0.4 AU around a fiducial M7 ( 0.12 M ⊙ ) primary. Initial distributions of planetary embryos are calculated using the semi-analytic evolutionary model outlined by Chambers [Chambers, J., 2006. Icarus 180, 496–513]. This model specifies how planetary embryos grow to the stage where the largest embryo masses lie in the 10 24 g ⩽ M embryo ⩽ 5 × 10 26 g range (corresponding to the close of the so-called oligarchic growth phase). We then model the final phases of terrestrial planet assembly by allowing the embryos to interact with one another via a full N -body integration using the Mercury code. The final planetary system configurations produced in the simulations generally consist of 3–5 planets with masses of order 0.1 – 1.0 M ⊕ in or near the habitable zone of the star. We explore a range of disk masses ( 0.2 M ⊕ to 3.3 M ⊕ ) to illuminate the role disk mass plays in our results. With a high occurrence fraction or fortunate alignments, transits by the planet formed in our simulations could be marginally detected with modest telescopes of aperture 1 m or smaller around the nearest M-dwarf stars. To obtain a concrete estimate of the detectability of the planets arising in our simulations, we present a detailed Monte-Carlo transit detection simulation incorporating sky observability, local weather, a target list of around 200 nearby M-dwarfs, and a comprehensive photometric noise model. We adopt a baseline 1.5 mmag level of correlated stellar noise sampled from the photometry of the planet-bearing red dwarf Gl 436. With this noise model we find that detection of 1 R ⊕ planets around the local M-dwarfs is challenging for a ground-based photometric search, but that detection of planets of larger radius is a distinct possibility. The detection of Earth-sized planets is straightforward, however, with an all-sky survey by a low-cost satellite mission. Given a reduced correlated noise level of 0.45 mmag and an intermediate planetary ice-mass fraction of planets orbiting a target list drawn from the nearest late-type M dwarfs, a ground-based photometric search could detect, on average, 0.3 of these planets within two years and another 0.5 over an indefinitely extended search. A space-based photometric search (similar to the TESS mission) should discover ∼17 of these Earth-sized planets during its two year survey, with an assumed occurrence fraction of 28%.
Recombination Spectra of Helium-like Ions

We calculate the recombination spectra of the He-like ions He I, C V, N VI, O VII, Ne IX, Mg XI, Si XIII, S XV, Ar XVII, Ca XIX, and Fe XXV. We include the following physical processes: radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, three-body recombination, electron impact ionization, and collisional excitation by electrons, protons, and α-particles. The calculations also account for the effects of lowering of the continuum at high densities and high-density corrections to dielectronic recombination. From the populations of all levels in the recombined ions, we construct models for He-like ions for fast computation of their spectra. Every model includes 29 bound levels up to n = 5, a pair of "superlevels" that account for radiative and collisional cascades from highly excited levels, six doubly excited levels that account for the most important satellite lines, and a level that represents the hydrogenic recombining ion. The models are constructed in a way that allows for the correct approach to LTE under appropriate conditions. These models can simultaneously solve for the H/He-like ionization balance in photoionized or collisionally ionized plasmas and compute emission spectra, including the combined effects of radiative and dielectronic recombination, collisional excitation, photoionization from excited levels, fluorescence, and line trapping. The models can be used for any temperature between 100 and 109 K and electron densities of up to 1018 cm-3. The models can be used easily within spectral modeling codes or as stand-alone tools for spectral analysis. We present comparisons between the results of the present models and previous work. Significant differences are found between the present effective recombination rate coefficients to the n = 2 and those of previous estimates. Later, we study various emission-line ratio diagnostics under collisional ionization and photoionized conditions.
Impaired orthostatic response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after 48 hours of bed rest

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effect of bed rest on orthostatic responses of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nondiabetic control subjects. Methods Six patients with type 2 diabetes and 6 nondiabetic control subjects underwent 48 hours of bed rest and 48 hours of ambulatory activity in randomized order. A 10-minute tilt test was conducted before and after each period of hospitalization, and cardiovascular responses to 80° head-up tilt were analyzed with use of a 2-factorial (study group and bed rest condition) analysis of variance design. We hypothesized that patients with diabetes would experience more severe changes in orthostatic response after bed rest. Results No significant differences in orthostatic responses were observed before bed rest between control subjects and patients with diabetes. After bed rest, control subjects had a greater (P = .01) increase in heart rate during tilt in comparison with before bed rest (before versus after bed rest, 9 ± 4 versus 24 ± 7 beats/min) and maintained their blood pressure during tilt. After bed rest, patients with diabetes did not have a compensatory increase in heart rate and had a greater (P = .02) decline in systolic blood pressure during tilt in comparison with before bed rest (before versus after bed rest, -7 ± 10 versus -21 ± 11 mm Hg). Their arm and leg skin vasomotor responses (laser Doppler flowmetry) during tilt were not altered after bed rest and were similar to those in control subjects before and after bed rest. Conclusion Cardiac neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes may prevent a compensatory heart rate response after bed rest deconditioning and result in a more severe orthostatic response. A greater decrease in blood pressure with upright tilt is evident after a relatively short period of bed rest. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:104-110)
Nanodevices for biosensing applications

This research discusses the development of biosensors with vertically aligned nanowires, and the evaluation of their physical properties, electrochemical performance and biocompatibility. The developments include neurotransmitter (dopamine) sensors, glucose sensors for continuous monitoring, potassium ion sensors and integration of those sensors. A hemi-cylindrical nanocavity structure has been developed for dopamine sensing using redox cycling with radial diffusion within the cavities. By immobilization of enzymes in a conducting polymer matrix on vertically aligned nanowires, glucose sensing electrodes have been obtained with high sensitivity and selectivity. In addition, potassium sensing, potentially useful for monitoring changes of extracellular potassium concentration during myocardial ischemia, has been demonstrated using ion selective membranes (ISM) on nanowires. Sensor developments and measurement results are included in the presentation along with descriptions of top-down and bottom-up nano-/micro-fabrication technologies such as lithography and thin film deposition.
Finite sums of projections in von Neumann algebras

We first prove that in a sigma-finite von Neumann factor M, a positive element $a$ with properly infinite range projection R_a is a linear combination of projections with positive coefficients if and only if the essential norm ||a||_e with respect to the closed two-sided ideal J(M) generated by the finite projections of M does not vanish. Then we show that if ||a||_e>1, then a is a finite sum of projections. Both these results are extended to general properly infinite von Neumann algebras in terms of central essential spectra. Secondly, we provide a necessary condition for a positive operator a to be a finite sum of projections in terms of the principal ideals generated by the excess part a_+:=(a-I)\chi_a(1,\infty) and the defect part a_-:= (I-a)\chi_a(0, 1) of a; this result appears to be new also for B(H). Thirdly, we prove that in a type II_1 factor a sufficient condition for a positive diagonalizable operators to be a finite sum of projections is that \tau(a_+)- \tau(a_-)>0.
Model multifunctional epoxides related to hepoxilin A

Abstract An enolic epoxy fatty acid, 8,9-(S,S)-epoxy-5-hydroxy-6-dodecenoic acid, has been synthesized. This compound is a model system for the biologically important compound, hepoxilin A. The model epoxy fatty acid cyclized readily to form an epoxy lactone. Acid-catalyzed ring opening resulted in the formation of isomeric oxadienes which were structurally differentiated by comparison of their 2-D COSY NMR spectra. Thiols cleaved the epoxide ring rapidly and quantitatively.
Universal Ratios of Characteristic Lengths in Semidilute Polymer Solutions

We use experimental and simulation data from the literature to infer five characteristic lengths, denoted ξs, ξf, ξΠ, ξφ, and ξD of a semidilute polymer solution. The first two of these are defined in terms of scattering from the solution, the third is defined in terms of osmotic pressure, the fourth is defined by the spatial monomer concentration profile, and the last is defined by cooperative diffusion. In a given solution, the ratios of any of these five lengths are expected to be universal constants. Knowing these constants thus allows one to use one measured property of a solution as a means of inferring others. We calculate these ratios and estimate their uncertainties for solutions under ϑ as well as good solvent conditions. The analysis is strengthened by use of scattering properties of isolated polymers inferred from computer simulations.
Higgsinos in SUSY models with gaugino mass unification

Abstract In the MSSM, the assumptions of a common sfermion mass parameter m 0 and a common gaugino mass parameter m 1/2 , along with the requirements from radiative electroweak symmetry breaking, lead to relatively large values of the Higgs mixing parameter μ , and consequently to a gaugino-like lightest neutralino χ 1 0 . Lifting the requirement that the Higgs mass parameters m H D and m H U unify with the sfermion masses is known to allow for smaller μ . We show that a μ parameter sufficiently small to yield a Higgsino-like neutralino χ 1 0 requires a precise adjustment of the Higgs mass parameter m H U . Consequently a gaugino-type neutralino is still preferred in SUSY models with gaugino mass unification.
A Highly Complete Spectroscopic Survey of the GOODS-N Field

We present a table of redshifts for 2907 galaxies and stars in the 145 arcmin2 HST ACS GOODS-North, making this the most spectroscopically complete redshift sample obtained to date in a field of this size. We also include the redshifts, where available, in a table containing just under 7000 galaxies from the ACS area with -->Ks, AB Ks image obtained with WIRCam on the CFHT, as well as in a table containing 1016 sources with NUV -->AB AB F 435WAB = 24.5, -->F 850LPAB = 23.3, and -->Ks, AB = 21.5, and to 24 μm fluxes of 250 μJy. An extensive analysis of these data appear in a companion paper, but here we test the efficiency of color-selection techniques to identify populations of high-redshift galaxies and active galactic nuclei. We also examine the feasibility of doing tomography of the intergalactic medium with a 30 m telescope.
A noncytotoxic DsRed variant for whole-cell labeling.

Many different red fluorescent proteins display cytotoxicity substantially higher than EGFP when used for whole-cell labeling of bacterial and mammalian cells with standard high-level expression systems. An improved tetrameric red fluorescent protein called DsRed-Express2 allows high-level labeling with minimal cytotoxicity comparable to that of EGFP.
Exploiting error-control coding and cyclic-prefix in channel estimation for coded OFDM systems

OFDM systems typically use coding and interleaving across subchannels to exploit frequency diversity on frequency-selective channels. This letter presents a low-complexity iterative algorithm for blind and semi-blind joint channel estimation and soft decoding in coded OFDM systems. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the channel finite delay-spread constraint and the extra observation offered by the cyclic-prefix. It converges within a single OFDM symbol and, therefore, has a minimum latency.
Simulating biodegradation under mixing-limited conditions using Michaelis-Menten (Monod) kinetic expressions in a particle tracking model

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that effective field-scale bioremediation reactions rates are significantly lower than batch- or lab-scale rates, when the same law of mass action is used to represent the reaction at both scales. The mismatch is usually attributed to poor mixing of reactants brought about by heterogeneity. A recent method, based on a purely Lagrangian particle tracking (PT) theoretical development, successfully reproduces the effects of mixing-limited bimolecular reaction ( A + B → C ) from two benchmark experiments. In this numerical method, the reactants are represented by particles, and the small-scale physics are directly translated into a combination of two probabilities that govern whether: (1) reactant particles are collocated during a short time interval, and (2) two collocated particles favorably transform into a reaction. The latter is due to thermodynamics and is independent of scale of mixing. The former directly accounts for the degree of mixing in any system. We extend the application of the PT method to biodegradation, which is commonly characterized by more complex Michaelis–Menten (Monod) chemical kinetics. The advantage of the PT method is that it explains the variation of reaction rate based on mixing-controlled particle collisions instead of using empirical parameters. The PT method not only matches the Michaelis–Menten (Monod) equation under ideal conditions, but also captures the characteristics of non-ideal conditions such as imperfect mixing, disequilibrium, and limited availability of the active sites. We show these using hypothetical systems and also successfully apply the method to a column study of carbon tetrachloride biodegradation.
Phase-conjugating mirror with continuous-wave gain: errata

In Fig. 1 of our Letter, the angles ax and a2 should be measured from the z axis instead of from the y axis as shown. Therefore, the 17th and 18th lines on page 520 should read " . . . direction of the c axis, and a.\ and a2 are the angles formed by each writing beam with the z axis. From. . . " On the 42nd line of the same page, the values given for a\ and a2 should each be increased by 90°, as should the values of a i and a2 given in the cap­ tion of Fig. 2. This correction does not alter any of the calculations or conclusions of the Letter.
The Tetrahedral Property and a new Gromov-Hausdorff Compactness Theorem

Abstract We present the Tetrahedral Compactness Theorem, which states that sequences of Riemannian manifolds with a uniform upper bound on volume and diameter that satisfy a uniform tetrahedral property have a subsequence which converges in the Gromov–Hausdorff sense to a countably H m rectifiable metric space of the same dimension. The tetrahedral property depends only on distances between points in spheres; yet we show it provides a lower bound on the volumes of balls. The proof is based upon intrinsic flat convergence and a new notion called the sliced filling volume of a ball.
Post-accident stock returns of aircraft manufacturers based on potential fault

Abstract The literature has considered the market's response to the stocks of commercial airline carriers after their flights are involved in accidents. The aircraft manufacturer stock price, in the wake of a crash, has received considerably less attention in the literature. We analyze this response over a modern sample period and determine that a quick downturn of nearly 50 basis points of negative abnormal return accompanies the typical accident. Careful consideration of the cause of the accident, however, reveals a striking difference in market reaction based on the potential fault of the manufacturer. Market reactions are initially significantly negative when the manufacturer is judged to have potential fault in the incident but are otherwise insignificant. The market makes this determination even though there is often some ambiguity surrounding an accident's circumstances. We also find that manufacturer stock prices continue to drift significantly downward in the weeks following accidents that are deemed to potentially involve manufacturer fault. However, prices rebound significantly from the smaller initial downward reaction when no fault is linked to the manufacturer and actually demonstrate positive abnormal returns weeks after an accident.
A New Look at the Physics of Rossby Waves: A Mechanical–Coriolis Oscillation

AbstractThe presence of the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter serves as a mechanical barrier that causes a mass convergence for the poleward geostrophic flow and divergence for the equatorward flow, just as a sloped bottom terrain does to a crossover flow. Part of the mass convergence causes pressure to rise along the uphill pathway, while the remaining part is detoured to cross isobars out of the pathway. This mechanically excited cross-isobar flow, being unbalanced geostrophically, is subject to a “half-cycle” Coriolis force that only turns it to the direction parallel to isobars without continuing to turn it farther back to its opposite direction because the geostrophic balance is reestablished once the flow becomes parallel to isobars. Such oscillation, involving a barrier-induced mass convergence, a mechanical deflection, and a half-cycle Coriolis deflection, is referred to as a mechanical–Coriolis oscillation with a “barrier-induced half-cycle Coriolis force” as its restoring force. Th...
Kinetics and Mechanism of Chromate Reduction with Hydrogen Peroxide in Base

[CrVIO4]2- is reduced to [CrV(O2)4]3- by hydrogen peroxide in strongly basic media where the acid dissociation of H2O2 (pKa = 11.65) is appreciable. The reaction is first order in chromium(VI) and inhibited by hydroxide. The hydrogen peroxide dependence is defined by the form of the effective pseudo-first-order rate constant: keff = [H2O2]3/(K1 + K2[H2O2] + K3[HO2-]) with K1 = 175(43) s·M3, K2 = 403(18) s·M2, and K3 = 1422(34) s·M2. Hydrogen peroxide anion initially attacks chromate, and subsequent equilibrium steps that exchange oxo groups for three peroxo groups precede a rate-determining, one-electron, intramolecular reduction step.