cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Results of Archean Studies

Conflicts of Opinion in this Field The present memoir is simply a synopsis of facts observed by the author, with a few obvious inferences, touching the structure and classification of the older rocks of the Northwest. Citations will be made from other investigators where the facts or opinions appear to throw important light on the problems which the author has studied. The motive for offering this presentation of the results of personal studies exists in the vague and conflicting state of opinion respecting the older rocks. This concerns not only their genesis and geological history, but their constitution and characters and even their sequence and mode of mechanical relation to each other. On the one hand, there are geologists of reputation who maintain that most granitic and gneissic rocks have originated directly from a state of molten fluidity; and this view is extended even to the so-called crystalline schists and . . .
System Identification and Multivariable Control Design for a Satellite UltraQuiet Isolation Technology Experiment (SUITE)

The main objective of the’Satellite UltraQuiet Isolation Technology Experiment’ is to attenuate the vibration in the braodband up to 100 Hz, and at 5-, 25-, and 100-Hz corner frequencies in a six-degree-of-freedom hexapod system mounted on a satellite. To design the controller for vibration isolation, the identification of the plant transfer function was necessary. The hexapod assembly model was identified using various band-limited test signals such as chirp, white Gaussian noise, and pseudorandom binary signals. Using the observed responses to these test signals, a 6 x 6 transfer function matrix relating six piezo-actuator input voltages and the six geophone-sensor output voltages was obtained in the discrete-time domain. Various model structures such as auto-regression with exogeneous inputs, auto-regression moving-average with exogeneous inputs, and Box-Jenkins (BJ) were used for system identification. The transfer functions obtained by a fifth-order BJ model were validated in the time and frequency domains. Their orders were matched with the order of the electromechanical model of the combined piezo-geophone system. Various multi-input multi-output control design methodologies such as linear quadratic Gaussian and H∞ were proposed for active vibration isolation up to 100 Hz. The simulation results using these controllers achieved 33- and 12-dB attenuation at 5- and 25-Hz corner frequencies, respectively.
Genetic Algorithm Approach for Adaptive Subcarrier, Bit, and Power Allocation

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technology for high data rate transmission in wideband wireless systems for achieving high downlink capacities in future cellular systems. In this paper, first each user is assigned one subcarrier (channel) with best channel-to-noise ratio for the channel and random power for each channel. The goal is to minimize the overall transmission power ensuring the optimum allocation of subcarriers for users. We used a simple genetic algorithm to improve the power requirements in a multiuser environment. The simulation results indicate that the proposed genetic algorithm performs better than the Wong's (1999) subcarrier, bit, and power allocation algorithm.
Depressives' cognitive appraisal of their mood states

Assessed the self-perceptions with regard to depressive mood states among high depression scoring Ss and non-depressed Ss. Twenty high scorers and 20 low scorers on the MMPI D scale were selected from a larger group and were given three adaptations of the DACL: A present or "Now" version, an ideal-self or "Like to Be" version, and a new "Deserve to Be" form of instructions. Results showed significant differences between the two groups on the "Now" and the "Deserve to "Be" adaptations of the DACL, but not on the "Like to Be" adaptation. Results were discussed in terms of the cognitive theory of depression.
An analysis of two spectral properties of vertebrate visual pigments

Spectral data are scrutinized on two properties: (1) the chromophore-induced wavelength shift, i.e. the variation in absorbance maximum (lambda max) upon exchanging the vitamin A1-based chromophore with one based on vitamin A2 in the same opsin; (2) the half-band width (HBW) variation as a function of the reciprocal of the peak absorbance (lambda max)-1. It is shown that in an extended spectral range that includes the UV and when data are plotted in wavenumbers, the chromophore-induced shifts can be approximated with a parabola, whose minimum occurs near 23,000 cm-1 (approximately 430 nm). Similarly, HBW variations can also be fitted with parabolas, however, these show maxima near 430 nm. The theoretical implications of the two phenomena concerning lambda max tuning in vertebrate visual pigments are discussed.
THE BIG PICTURE: MASCULINITIES IN RECENT WORLD HISTORY

This chapter addresses the question of how we should study men in gender relations, and what view of modern world history an understanding of masculinity might give us. I start with the reasons why ‘masculinity’ has recently become a cultural and intellectual problem, and suggest a framework in which the intellectual work can be better done. The historicity of ‘masculinity’ is best shown by cross-cultural evidence on the differing gender practices of men in different social orders. The core of the chapter is a sketch of the historical evolution of the forms of masculinity now globally dominant. This shows their imbrication with the military, social, and economic history of North Atlantic capitalist states, and especially with imperialism. This history provides the necessary basis for an understanding of the major institutionalized forms of masculinity in contemporary ‘first world’ countries, and the struggles for hegemony among them. I conclude with a brief look at the dynamics of marginalized and subordinated masculinities.
CURVATURE AND FUNCTION THEORY ON RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS

Function theory on Euclidean domains in relation to potential theory, partial differential equations, probability, and harmonic analysis has been the target of investigation for decades. There is a wealth of classical literature in the subject. Geometers began to study function theory with the primary reason to prove a uniformization type theorem in higher dimensions. It was first proposed by GreeneWu and Yau to study the existence of bounded harmonic functions on a complete manifold with negative curvature. While uniformization in dimension greater than 2 still remains an open problem, the subject of function theory on complete manifolds takes on life of its own. The seminal work of Yau [Y1] provided a fundamental technique in handling analysis on noncompact, complete manifolds. It also opens up many interesting problems which are essential for the understanding of analysis on complete manifolds. Since Yau’s paper in 1975, there are many developments in this subject. The aim of this article is to give a rough outline of the history of a specific point of view in this area, namely, the interplay between the geometry – primarily the curvature – and the function theory. Throughout this article, unless otherwise stated, we will assume that M is an n-dimensional, complete, noncompact, Riemannian manifold without boundary. In this case, we will simply say that M is a complete manifold. One of the goal of this survey is to demonstrate, by way of known theorems, the two major steps which are common in many geometric analysis programs. First, we will show how one can use assumptions on the curvature to conclude function theoretic properties of the manifold M. Secondly, we will showed that function theoretic properties can in turn be used to conclude geometrical and topological statements about the manifold. In many incidents, combining the two steps will result in a theorem which hypothesizes on the curvature and concludes on either the topological, geometrical, or complex structure of the manifold. The references will not be comprehensive due to the vast literature in the subject. It is merely an indication of the flavor of the field for the purpose of whetting one’s appetite. As examples of areas not being discussed in this note are harmonic analysis (function theory) on symmetric spaces, Lie groups, and discrete groups. The contributors to this subject are Furstenberg, Varopoulos, Coulhon, Saloff-Coste, and
Suramin for germ cell tumors. In vitro growth inhibition and results of a phase II trial

BACKGROUND Several studies have indicated a role for specific growth factors in the differentiation or deregulated growth of germ cell cancers. One proposed mechanism of antitumor activity for suramin is the inhibition of these tumor-derived growth factors. METHODS Based on these data, the effects of suramin were studied on the growth of a monolayer culture of two human teratocarcinoma cell lines, NT2/D1 and N2102ep. These represented one cell line that was sensitive (NT2/D1) and one that was resistant (N2102ep) to the differentiation agent retinoic acid. These studies were followed by a Phase II trial of suramin in patients with germ cell tumors. Patients were treated with a continuous infusion of suramin. Dosing was determined by a nomogram based on weekly serum concentrations. RESULTS Suramin inhibited the growth of both cell types in a dose-dependent fashion at a concentration attainable in patient plasma. This provided the rationale for a clinical trial of suramin in patients with cisplatin-refractory germ cell tumors. Fourteen patients were treated, and no complete or partial responses were observed. One patient achieved a prolonged decline in serum alpha-fetoprotein level without change in the size of a bidimensionally measurable retroperitoneal mass for more than 11 months. CONCLUSIONS Despite the results of the in vitro studies, a Phase II trial failed to demonstrate significant antitumor activity for suramin in patients with cisplatin-refractory germ cell tumors. Although the dosing of suramin by the nomogram was not associated with neurotoxicity, the time needed to achieve therapeutic levels was lengthy, and the levels, once achieved, were of short duration. Thus, an alternative means of administration, i.e., by intermittent bolus administration, is being investigated in trials for patients with prostatic carcinoma. The lack of definitive efficacy for suramin in this trial has led the authors to consider other agents in Phase II trials for cisplatin-refractory germ cell tumor.
Cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides with two aromatic side chains. I. Synthesis

A series of cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides--2-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-5-benzyl-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedi one (c[mPhe-gTyr]), 2-benzyl-5-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedione (c[mTyr-gPhe]), and 2-benzyl-5-amino-5-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedione (c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe])--were synthesized in order to define the minimum structural requirements for binding affinity with opiate receptors and biological activity. Although the first two compounds lack a free amine proposed to be necessary for receptor recognition, the c[mPhe-gTyr] and c[mTyr-gPhe] analogues serve as model molecules in conformational studies of the target analogue, c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe]. The cis- and trans-c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe] contain all the functional groups such as the amine and phenolic groups in the tyrosine, and the aromatic group in the phenylalanine, necessary for opiate activity. In addition, the c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe] analogues possess similar geometries to the Tyr-Pro part of morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2) whose high mu-receptor activity is attributed to conformations with the Tyr-Pro amide bond in a cis conformation because the peptide bonds assume a cis conformation. However, both analogues are inactive in the guinea pig ileum and the mouse vas deferens assays. This may result from wrong orientation of the benzyl group of the gPhe residue with respect to the (alpha-amino)mTyr residue. Conformational studies of these molecules using 1H-nmr spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations will be reported in the following paper. Results of conformational analysis should provide information about backbone-side-chain interactions in the retro-inverso peptide chains since all the fundamental structural elements of the retro-inverso peptides are included in these model systems even though the peptide bonds must assume a cis conformation.
Occurrence of oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and other CNS diseases

The results of cerebrospinal fluid agarose gel electrophoresis in 300 consecutive patients were correlated with neurological examinations and diagnoses, other cerebrospinal fluid studies, and the results of evoked potential examinations. The presence of oligoclonal bands was the most sensitive test for multiple sclerosis (MS); bands were present in from 100% (11/11) of patients with definite MS to 82% (27/33) of those with possible MS (classified by McAlpine criteria). The visual evoked response was the next most sensitive study. Thirty-eight patients without MS or related disorders had bands in the IgG region. Three patients had plasma cell dyscrasias. Seven patients had thick single bands. Single bands did not correlate with chronic polyneuropathy but appeared to be an artifact of storage. Twenty-eight patients had active neurological disease, including cerebral infarction (in 5), viral infection (in 4), remote effect of carcinoma (in 4), and acute and chronic polyneuropathies (in 6). In acute illnesses (i.e., vascular insults), repeat electrophoresis showed disappearance of bands. In continually active disease, bands persisted. These results indicate that the presence of oligoclonal bands provides sensitive supporting evidence for the diagnosis of MS but that bands may be present in other disorders, including those not directly related to infection or abnormal immune response. The data suggest that oligoclonal bands may represent an immune response to neurological injury that is prominent in disorders with a particularly intense or continuous antigenic stimulus.
Abstract A17: Glycosaminoglycans regulates histone acetylation status in multiple myeloma

Histone acetylation modulates gene expression, cellular differentiation, and cell survival and is regulated by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDAC inhibition results in accumulation of acetylated nucleosomal histones and induces differentiation and/or apoptosis in transformed cells and therefore HADC inhibitors are being actively studied as novel therapies in multiple myeloma. However, the mechanisms that regulate the acetylation levels of histones in myeloma remain unclear. We recently discovered that glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) chains of myeloma cells play an important role in regulating histone acetylation status. GAGs, such as chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, which are expressed in the form serglycin and syndecan-1 proteoglycans, respectively, are highly expressed by myeloma cells and are present in the nucleus of these cells. Because exogenous GAGs are shown to both inhibit HAT activity and bind to the acetylation sites of histones, we hypothesized that reduction in GAGs would increase HAT activity and histone acetylation. We found that removal of GAGs from the nucleus of myeloma cells either by treatment with GAG degrading bacterial enzymes or by expressing the heparan sulfate degrading enzyme heparanase, significantly increased HAT activity and histone acetylation in myeloma cells. Further, the levels of acetylated histones are highly upregulated in tumors formed from cells expressing high levels of heparanase or cells that are silenced for syndecan-1 expression. BIACore assay showed that both chondroitin and heparan sulfates strongly bind to HAT enzyme p300. By dot blot assay we also demonstrate that both syndecan-1 and serglycin bind strongly to histones. Previous studies have shown that the negatively charged GAGs can bind to positively charged lysine residues (acetylation sites) on histone proteins. Overall our findings clearly demonstrate that GAGs decreases histone acetylation by both inhibiting HAT activity and by binding to acetylation sites of histones. This represents a novel mechanism for histone hypoacetylation, which is traditionally considered due to HDAC activity. Citation Format: Anurag Purushothaman, Ralph D. Sanderson. Glycosaminoglycans regulates histone acetylation status in multiple myeloma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A17.
Benchmark calculations of thermal reaction rates. I. Quantal scattering theory

The thermal rate coefficient for the prototype reaction H+H2→H2+H with zero total angular momentum is calculated by summing, averaging, and numerically integrating state‐to‐state reaction probabilities calculated by time‐independent quantum‐mechanical scattering theory. The results are very carefully converged with respect to all numerical parameters in order to provide high‐precision benchmark results for confirming the accuracy of new methods and testing their efficiency.
Persistence of DNA damage in rat pancreas following administration of three carcinogens and/or mutagens

Abstract Alkaline sucrose gradients were used to detect and follow the persistence of DNA damage in pancreas and liver of Wistar and Wistar/Lewis rats after i.p. injection of azaserine, N δ -( N -methyl- N -nitroso-carbamyl)-L-ornithine (MNCO) or neutral red. The results were compared with the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of each compound. Damaged DNA was present in pancreas 1 h after administration of azaserine (10 mg/kg), a pancreatic and liver carcinogen, and damage persisted in both pancreas and liver longer than a week. More extensive damage to pancreatic and liver DNA was detectable 1 week following either 6 weeks or 6 months of weekly azaserine injections than was detectable 1 week after a single injection. Damage to pancreatic DNA was detected in rats 1 h after treatment with the pancreatic carcinogen MNCO (72 or 218 mg/kg). Pancreatic DNA damage was not apparent 1 week after MNCO, 72 mg/kg, but was detectable 1 week after 218 mg/kg. Significant pancreatic DNA damage was detected 1 week after 6 weeks or 6 months of weekly MNCO injections, 72 mg/kg. Damage to liver DNA was not detectable at either 72 or 218 mg/kg whether administered once or weekly in the above protocols. One hour following injection of neutral red, 96 mg/kg, DNA damage was present in pancreas and liver, but at 1 week no damaged DNA was apparent in either tissue. Limited DNA damage was detectable in liver but not in pancreas 1 week following a toxic dose of neutral red, 288 mg/kg. Persistent DNA damage was also detectable in liver but not in pancreas after 6 weekly injections of neutral red, 96 mg/kg. The results indicate that relative persistence of DNA damage may be an accurate indication of the organotropic carcinogenic potential of azaserine, MNCO and neutral red administered at non-toxic dose levels.
Life cycle sustainability assessment of wood derived drop-in biofuels — Case of the Northeast Forest based product industry

THE biofuel research and production sector is enjoying an unprecedented amount of public and private efforts in order to remove various financial, ethical and technical barriers. One of these very important barriers is the challenge of developing biofuels that are compatible with existing gasoline, jet fuel and diesel infrastructure. Drop-in biofuel is a fuel produced from various biomass which are compatible with over $9 trillion energy refinery and gas station infrastructure currently available in the United States. The system boundary included stages like biomass production (including site preparation and seedling production), biomass transportation, biomass conversion (TDO process) and fuel utilization.
Preparation of single crystals of EuCl3 and related polyvalent halides

Abstract Single crystals of anhydrous EuCl 3 containing only 0.05 at % Eu 2+ have been grown under a protective atmosphere of Cl 2 using the Bridgman technique. The Eu 2+ content has been determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of the grown crystals. It is found that chlorination reduces the amount of Eu 2+ even in the polycrystalline raw material of EuCl 3 .
An approximation method for capturing complex traffic behavior in high speed networks

Abstract This paper provides a simple technique to approximately map complex user traffic behavior to a simple traffic model which can be fully characterized by three parameters. This approximate characterization relies on simple measurements taken at the access point to the network and enables various bandwidth management procedures being implemented for high speed networks (see Cidon et al., 1991; Guerin and Gun, 1992; Gun and Guerin, 1993) to be applicable for very general classes of user traffic. Through numerical examples, we show that this simple approach provides sufficiently accurate estimates of the potential impact of the true process on the network. Applications to characterizing multiplexed processes inside the network are also discussed.
Chloretone as an Anaesthetic for Adult Cutthroat Trout

(1953). Chloretone as an Anaesthetic for Adult Cutthroat Trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 35-35.
Sensitivity in volcanic hazard assessment for the Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste repository site: The model and the data

Both advocates and critics disagree on the significance and interpretation of critical geological features which relate to the safety and suitability of Yucca Mountain as a site for the construction of a high-level radioactive waste repository. Recent volcanism in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain is recognized readily by geologists and others with a knowledge of nuclear regulatory requirements as an important factor in determining future public and environmental safety. We regard basaltic volcanism as direct and unequivocal evidence of deep-seated geologic instability. Direct disruption of a repository site by basaltic volcanism therefore is a possibility. In this paper, sensitivity analysis of volcanic hazard assessment for the Yucca Mountain site is performed, taking into account some significant geological factors raised by experts. Three types of models are considered in the sensitivity data analysis. The first model assumes that both past and future volcanic activities follow a Homogeneous Poisson Process (HPP). The second model uses a Weibull Process (WP) to estimate the instantaneous recurrence rate based on the historical data at NTS (the Nevada Test Site). The model then switches from a WP of past events to a predictive HPP. The third model assumes that the prior historical trend based on a WP would continue for future activities. Hazards (at least one disruptive event during the next 10,000 years) using both classical and Bayesian approaches are evaluated based on the data for the following two observation periods: Pliocene and younger, and Quaternary. Combinations of various counts of events at volcanic centers of controversy and inclusion (or exclusion) of the youngest date at Lathrop Wells Center (=0.01 Ma) generate 90 different data sets. Sensitivity analysis is performed for each data set and the minimum and the maximum hazards for each model are summarized. We conclude that the estimated overall probability of at least one disruption of a repository at the Yucca Mountain site by basaltic volcanism during the next 10,000 years is bounded between 2.02×105 and 6.57×10−3.
Binding of steroid hormones in vitro by water-insoluble dietary fiber

Abstract Previous work conducted in our laboratory has shown that steroid hormones bind to natural (e.g., brans, oat hulls) and purified (e.g., cellulose, lignin) fiber components. To explore this relationship further, we assessed the in vitro binding of estrone, estradiol-17β, and testosterone to a water-insoluble fiber fraction obtained from composite food samples of 18 Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) novegetarian (NV), 20 SDA lacto-ovovegetarian (LOV), and 15 SDA vegan (V) men. Three-day dietary food records and 72-hr food composites were obtained contemporaneously from each subject. The LOV and V subjects consumed significantly more crude, dietary and water-insoluble fiber than the NV subjects. Waterinsoluble fiber bound an average of 73% of all estrogens tested, and 56% of the testosterone. Binding levels of testosterone were significantly higher in the Vs than in the LOVs and omnivores. Additionally, there was a significant correlation, when all groups were combined, between water-insoluble fiber intakes and binding of estrone and testosterone. These results suggest that diet may modify hormonal status, possibly through binding of steroid hormones by dietary fiber, leading to altered enterohepatic circulation of these hormones.
A new efficient non-spurious 3D DG-FETD for large and multiscale electromagnetic systems

The discontinuous Galerkin finite-element time-domain (DG-FETD) method is useful in transient simulations of multiscale electromagnetic systems. Its special capability in geometric modeling, by dividing the computational domain in several domains, transforms a large system into several moderate-sized matrix equations. The numerical fluxes, which communicate fields between domains, are defined by tangential components of E and H on the interfaces; for this reason, the conventional DG-FETD is traditionally based on these two variables.
Saliva composition and flow rates are impacted by early HIV disease irrespective of xerostomic medications

Original Article Lin AL, Johnson DA, Stephan KT, Yeh CK. Alteration in salivary function in early HIV infection. J Dent Res 2003 Sep;82(9):719-24. Level of Evidence 3b Question Is salivary function altered in the early stages of HIV disease? Source of Funding Public Health Service grant DE12188 (NIDCR) US Army Medical Research and Development Command (K.T.S.) Design Cross-sectional study
The infrared echo of Type II supernovae with circumstellar dust shells. II - A probe into the presupernova evolution of the progenitor star

This paper studies the spectral appearance and evolution of the infrared light curve, also referred to as the infrared echo, of Type II supernovae embedded in carbon- or oxygen-rich circumstellar dust shells. The distinct spectral signature of the echo and its temporal evolution can be used to estimate the mass of the shell and identify the composition of the dust. Since the shell mass and dust composition are determined by the combined effect of stellar mass loss and the dredging of newly synthesized heavy elements to the stellar surface, observations of the infrared echo may provide useful clues to the presupernova evolution of the progenitor star.
Cognitive neuroscience of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

SUMMARY This article provides a selective review of neuroimaging correlates of psychologicalprocesses that could potentially underlie the complex symptom presentation ofOCD. The most consistent findings were hyperactivation in response to errors andhypoactivation during switching tasks, with both effects occurring predominantly inprefrontal cortex. An additional model of the disorder is proposed, characterized byinflexible and inappropriate IF cognition, subserved by abnormal DMN activity. Thisconceptualization cannot explain all of the symptoms of this complex disorder, andit is likely that aberrant DMN functioning occurs in concert with dysfunction in othersystems. For example, motor/habit functions involving frontostriatal circuits and inter-oceptive processes subserved by the insula may be important, particularly for com-pulsions. However, this novel conceptualization provides a jumping-off point forfuture work designed to improve understanding of mechanisms not only of OCD butalso of comorbid internalizing disorders similarly characterized by perseverativecognition and DMN hyperactivity, such as depression.
Trypsin Cleavage of Human Cystathionine β-Synthase into an Evolutionarily Conserved Active Core: Structural and Functional Consequences

Abstract Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine and serine to cystathionine—an irreversible step in the eukaryotic transsulfuration pathway. The native enzyme is a homotetramer or multimer of 63-kDa (551 amino acids) subunits and is activated byS-adenosyl- l -methionine (AdoMet) or by partial cleavage with trypsin. Amino-terminal analysis of the early products of trypsinolysis demonstrated that the first cleavages occur at Lys 30, 36, and 39. The enzyme still retains the subunit organization as a tetramer or multimer composed of 58-kDa subunits. Analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry showed that further trypsin treatment cleaves CBS in its COOH-terminal region at Arg 413 to yield 45-kDa subunits. This 45-kDa active core is the portion of CBS most conserved with the evolutionarily related enzymes isolated from plants, yeast, and bacteria. The active core of CBS forms a dimer of ∼85 kDa. The dimer is about twice as active as the tetramer. It binds both pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and heme cofactors but is no longer activated by AdoMet. Further analysis suggests that the dissociation of CBS to dimers causes a decrease in enzyme thermostability and a threefold increase in affinity toward the sulfhydryl-containing substrate—homocysteine. We found that the COOH-terminal region, residues 414–551, is essential for maintaining the tetrameric structure and AdoMet activation of the enzyme. The inability of the active core to form multimeric aggregates has facilitated its crystallization and X-ray diffraction studies.
Spectral Dependency Parsing with Latent Variables

Recently there has been substantial interest in using spectral methods to learn generative sequence models like HMMs. Spectral methods are attractive as they provide globally consistent estimates of the model parameters and are very fast and scalable, unlike EM methods, which can get stuck in local minima. In this paper, we present a novel extension of this class of spectral methods to learn dependency tree structures. We propose a simple yet powerful latent variable generative model for dependency parsing, and a spectral learning method to efficiently estimate it. As a pilot experimental evaluation, we use the spectral tree probabilities estimated by our model to re-rank the outputs of a near state-of-the-art parser. Our approach gives us a moderate reduction in error of up to 4.6% over the baseline re-ranker.
CFTR activation raises extracellular pH of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts and C127 epithelial cells.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene for CFTR, a cAMP-activated anion channel found in apical membranes of wet epithelia. Since CFTR is permeable to HCO− 3 and changes in extracellular fluid composition may contribute to CF lung disease, we investigated possible differences in extracellular pH (pHo) between CFTR-expressing and control cell lines. The Cytosensor™ Microphysiometer was used to study forskolin-stimulated extracellular acidification rates in CFTR-expressing and control mouse mammary epithelial (C127) and fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines. Forskolin, which activates CFTR via raised cAMP, caused decreased extracellular acidification of CFTR-expressing NIH/3T3 and C127 cells by 15–35%. By contrast, forskolin caused increased extracellular acidification of control cells by 10–20%. Ionomycin, which may activate CFTR via PKC, also elicited this decreased extracellular acidification signal only in cells expressing CFTR. In control experiments, dideoxyforskolin had no effect on the acidification rates and osmotic stimuli were shown to equally stimulate all cell lines. These results suggest a role for CFTR in controlling pHo and complement recent evidence that HCO− 3 dependent epithelial secretion may be reduced in amount and altered in composition in CF.
Outcome study of computer-aided surgical simulation in the treatment of patients with craniomaxillofacial deformities

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether the surgical outcomes achieved with computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) are better than those achieved with traditional methods. Materials and Methods Twelve consecutive patients with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) deformities were enrolled. According to the CASS clinical protocol, a 3-dimensional computer composite skull model for each patient was generated and reoriented to the neutral head posture. These models underwent 2 virtual surgeries: 1 was based on CASS (experimental group) and the other was based on traditional methods 1 year later (control group). Once the 2 virtual surgeries were completed, 2 experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeons at 2 different settings evaluated the 2 surgical outcomes. They were blinded to the planning method used on the virtual models and each other's evaluation results. The primary outcome was overall CMF skeletal harmony. The secondary outcomes were individual maxillary, mandibular, and chin harmonies. Statistical analyses were performed. Results Overall CMF skeletal harmony achieved with CASS was statistically significantly better than that achieved with traditional methods. In addition, the maxillary and mandibular surgical outcomes achieved with CASS were significantly better. Furthermore, although not included in the statistical model, the chin symmetry achieved by CASS tended to be better. A regression model was established between mandibular symmetry and overall CMF skeletal harmony. Conclusion The surgical outcomes achieved with CASS are significantly better than those achieved with traditional planning methods. In addition, CASS enables the surgeon to better correct maxillary yaw deformity, better place proximal/distal segments, and better restore mandibular symmetry. The critical step in achieving better overall CMF skeletal harmony is to restore mandibular symmetry.
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes: resolved and unresolved issues

Based on the presence of autoantibodies and a strong HLA linkage, type 1 diabetes is now classified as a chronic autoimmune disease. Many issues, however, remain unresolved. Although autoantibodies to GAD65, IA-2, and insulin are clearly markers for this disease, it is not known whether they contribute to pathogenesis or are simply the response to an existing underlying destructive process. Based on extensive studies in animal models, it is thought that it is the cell-mediated immune response that is actually responsible for the destruction of β cells. However, this has not been unequivocally established in humans because of the lack of a reliable assay for measuring cell-mediated immunity to β cell antigens. What triggers the autoimmune response also is not known. The search for type 1 diabetes -specific genes so far has not been revealing, and environmental triggers, although widely viewed as important, have remained elusive. Despite enormous interest in the basis of the disease, type 1 diabetes pathogenesis remains understudied because of the difficulty and hazards in biopsying the pancreas. Nevertheless, the studies on autoimmunity have provided clinically useful information. In particular, the demonstration of the presence of autoantibodies years before the onset of clinical symptoms has made it possible to identify individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes and to initiate therapeutic intervention trials on relatively small numbers of subjects. Thus, to a very large degree, type 1 diabetes is a predictable disease. In addition, the demonstration of autoantibodies in 5-10% of individuals who were classified with type 2 diabetes suggests either that some of these individuals have a combination of type 1 and type 2 diabetes or that the number of patients with type 1 diabetes may be nearly twice as great as previously thought. (Less)
Clinical trial registration should also include trial acronyms.

Recently, WHO [1] proposed and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors [2] stated that all clinical trials should be registered. Unfortunately, neither listed registration of the acronyms of the trials as a requirement. Acronyms of clinical trials are flooding the medical literature [3]. They are used by not only investigators and physicians but also patients and press. Many acronyms are shared by multiple, unrelated trials, e.g., HEART, by 17 different trials; IMPACT, by 13 different trials; STOP, by 11 different trials; SMART and START, each by 10 different trials; BEST, CARE and PACT, each by 9 different trials; and PRIME, by 8 different trials [3,4]. The problem of multiple trials, often unrelated, sharing the same acronym is serious and will get worse. Therefore, maintaining a trial
Convention Myths and Markets: A Critical Review of Convention Center Feasibility Studies

American cities are seeing a boom in the development of convention centers. In city after city, massive public investment in convention facilities has been justified by feasibility and market studies that consistently portray a booming national demand for exhibition space. These studies also suggest that the demand for convention center space has and will outrun increases in the supply of space. This article reviews studies for more than 30 cities and demonstrates that they have been consistently flawed and misleading. Some analyses argue that successful convention centers need to expand to remain competitive. Others conclude that failing centers need to add space to succeed. Studies repeat the same positive findings verbatim from one city to another and fail to account for contradictory data. These market and feasibility studies thus offer no real basis for public investment and serve to bias public decision making and choice.
A national assessment of public recreational access on family forestlands in the United States.

Private forestlands in the United States are important for public recreation, but access to them may be threatened. Using the US Forest Service's National Woodland Owner Survey, we examined the following questions: (1) How prevalent is public recreational access on family forestland? (2) What influences whether a family forest owner allows public access? (3) Are there regional differences in the supply of public access? We found the provision of public access was modest, with 15% of respondents allowing it. Factors positively correlated with public access provision included owning more forestland, being a resident owner, owning an associated farm/ranch, participating in leasing or timber management activities, possessing a management plan, and allowing private recreational access. Negative factors included posting one's land, having privacy concerns, owning land for hunting, and being an older or more educated owner. Compared with landowners in the North, Southern landowners were less likely and Rocky Mountain landowners more likely to provide public access. Our results raise the question of whether family forest landowners are responsive to public access incentive programs.
Moving mirrors, black holes, and cosmic censorship.

We examine negative-energy fluxes produced by mirrors moving in two-dimensional charged-black-hole backgrounds. If there exist no constraints on such fluxes, then one might be able to manipulate them to achieve a violation of cosmic censorship by shooting a negative-energy flux into an extreme $Q=M$ or near-extreme Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole. However, if the magnitude of the change in the mass of the hole $\ensuremath{\Delta}M$, resulting from the absorption of this flux, is small compared to the normal quantum uncertainty in the mass expected from the uncertainty principle $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\Delta}T\ensuremath{\ge}1$, then such changes should not be macroscopically observable. We argue that, given certain (physically reasonable) restrictions on the trajectory of the mirror, this indeed seems to be the case. More specifically, we show that $|\ensuremath{\Delta}M|$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$, the "effective lifetime" of any naked singularity thus produced, are limited by an inequality of the form $|\ensuremath{\Delta}M|\ensuremath{\Delta}Tl1$. We then conclude that the negative-energy fluxes produced by two-dimensional moving mirrors do not lead to a classically observable violation of cosmic censorship.
A Latent Variable Model for the Analysis of Variability in the Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses

The interpretation of chest radiographs for pneumoconioses is subjective and susceptible to inter- and intra-observer variability. The κ statistic has traditionally been used to assess interobserver agreement. In this paper a different paradigm for the analysis of radiographic readings for pneumoconiosis is introduced. This framework involves log-linear modelling and considers the radiograph and the reader together. The results of the analysis are estimates of the relative ‘abnormal appearance’ of each radiograph and the relative tendency of each reader to read ‘high’ or ‘low’. Log-linear analyses could be useful to ensure quality and to place a reader’s codings in the context of those of his peers.
Human CD4+ T Cells Present Within the Microenvironment of Human Lung Tumors Are Mobilized by the Local and Sustained Release of IL-12 to Kill Tumors In Situ by Indirect Effects of IFN-γ

By implanting nondisrupted pieces of human lung tumor biopsy tissues into SCID mice, it has been possible to establish viable grafts of the tumor, as well as the tumor-associated microenvironment, including inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, and the extracellular matrix. Using this xenograft model, we have evaluated and characterized the effects of a local and sustained release of human rIL-12 (rhIL-12) from biodegradable microspheres. In response to rhIL-12, the human CD45+ inflammatory cells present within the xenograft mediate the suppression or the complete arrest of tumor growth in SCID mice. Analysis of the cellular events reveals that human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are induced by rhIL-12 to produce and secrete IFN-gamma. Serum levels of human IFN-gamma in mice bearing rhIL-12-treated tumor xenografts correlate directly with the degree of tumor suppression, while neutralizing Abs to human IFN-gamma abrogate the IL-12-mediated tumor suppression. Gene expression profiling of tumors responding to intratumoral rhIL-12 demonstrates an up-regulation of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-dependent genes not observed in control-treated tumors. Genes encoding a number of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines (and their receptors), adhesion molecules, activation markers, and the inducible NO synthase are up-regulated following the introduction of rhIL-12, while genes associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis are decreased in expression. NO contributes to the tumor killing because an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase prevents IL-12-induced tumor suppression. Cell depletion studies reveal that the IL-12-induced tumor suppression, IFN-gamma production, and the associated changes in gene expression are all dependent upon CD4+ T cells.
An alternative solution to the “lost at sea” problem

A problem posed by Bellman and considered by Isbell is as follows: Suppose one is a mile from a straight shore with no means whatsoever of ascertaining its direction. What is the optimum path to follow so as to (a) minimize the maximum distance travelled in reaching shore, (b) minimize the statistical expectation of the distance travelled, or (c) maximize the probability of reaching shore within a given distance travelled? Isbell found the solution to (a); in the present paper a sequence of approximations to the optimal policy for (b) is considered.
How Does Independent Practice of Multiple-Criteria Text Influence the Reading Performance and Development of Second Graders?:

This study examined the impact of independent practice of multiple-criteria text that targeted high-frequency words, decodability, and meaningfulness. Second-grade students, including at-risk stude...
Extracting the orientation of a grasped object from contact information: an approach for overcoming prohibitive calibration requirements

When manipulating a grasped object, especially with a robot hand, it is helpful to have an estimate of the object's orientation within the grasp. The object's orientation can be extracted from knowledge of the surface normals at the various points of contact with the object, but these surface normals must first be transformed into a common coordinate system. Successful execution of these transformations requires a prohibitive amount of accuracy in calibration of the arm and hand. An online method to improve these transformations in spite of calibration errors is presented. The method requires collecting contact force readings as the object is manipulated, and computing transform corrections that minimize the variation in the sum of the contact forces. Both experimental and simulated results are presented, and the implications of the results are discussed. >
Plasticity of marrow derived stem cells

Bone marrow (BM) contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which differentiate into every type of mature blood cell; endothelial cell progenitors; and marrow stromal cells, also called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into mature cells of multiple mesenchymal tissues including fat, bone, and cartilage. Recent findings indicate that adult BM also contains cells that can differentiate into additional mature, nonhematopoietic cells of multiple tissues including epithelial cells of the liver, kidney, lung, skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and myocytes of heart and skeletal muscle. Experimental results obtained in vitro and in vivo are the subject of this review. The emphasis is on how these experiments were performed and under what conditions differentiation from bone marrow to epithelial and neural cells occurs. Questions arise regarding whether tissue injury is necessary for this differentiation and the mechanisms by which it occurs. We also consider which bone marrow subpopulations are capable of this differentiation. Only after we have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and of the cells required for this differentiation will we be able to fully harness adult stem cell plasticity for clinical purposes.
Phase I, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Study of AMG 479, a Fully Human Monoclonal Antibody to Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor 1

Purpose To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and evidence of antitumor activity of AMG 479, a fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R). Patients and Methods Patients with advanced solid malignancies or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma received escalating doses of AMG 479 intravenously (IV) every 2 weeks (Q2W). Blood samples were assayed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and IGF-1R occupancy on neutrophils; fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography scans were used to assess tumor metabolic effects. Results Fifty-three patients received 312 infusions of AMG 479 Q2W. Overall, the most common grades 1 to 2 toxicities were fatigue, thrombocytopenia, fever, rash, chills, and anorexia. One dose-limiting toxicity (ie, grade 3 thrombocytopenia) occurred in a patient at 20 mg/kg during course 1; grade 3 thrombocytopenia (n = 8) and grade 3 transaminitis elevations (n = 1) also were reported but not in the escalation phas...
Decision Theory Classification Of High-dimensional Vectors Based On Small Samples

In this paper, an entirely new procedure for the classification of high-dimensional vectors on the basis of a few training samples is described. The proposed method is based on the Bayesian paradigm and provides posterior probabilities that a new vector belongs to each of the classes, therefore it adapts naturally to any number of classes. The classification technique is based on a small vector which can be viewed as a regression of the new observation onto the space spanned by the training samples, which is similar to Support Vector Machine classification paradigm. This is achieved by employing matrix-variate distributions in classification, which is an entirely new idea.