cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duality and Dual Methods

We first derive the duality theory of for constrained optimization, which is based on our earlier zero-order optimality conditions and the Lagrangian relaxations. The variables of the dual are typically the Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraints in the primal problem—the original constrained optimization problem.
Territorios prehispánicos en las regiones interfluviales, norte de la Amazonía del Ecuador

Las nuevas evidencias arqueologicas provenientes de las regiones interfluviales del norte de la Amazonia ecuatoriana sugieren una secuencia de ocupacion por tradiciones culturales desde el periodo de Desarrollos Regionales. Solo dos sitios tienen relacion con el periodo Formativo, el primero, Pata-1, ubicado cerca del piedemonte andino y el segundo, Tiphisca, en la subcuenca del rio San Miguel. La reconstruccion de la secuencia por medio de analisis de material ceramico y fechas radiocarbonicas sugiere que la tradicion de ceramica puntuada ocupo indistintamente y de manera aislada areas interfluviales. Luego la tradicion de ceramica policroma se concentro en las terrazas del Napo y finalmente la tradicion de ceramica corrugada-falsocorrugada tuvo control de las regiones interfluviales.
The role of PPAR-γ in macrophage differentiation and cholesterol uptake

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), the transcription factor target of the anti-diabetic thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs, is reported to mediate macrophage differentiation and inflammatory responses. Using PPAR-gamma-deficient stem cells, we demonstrate that PPAR-gamma is neither essential for myeloid development, nor for such mature macrophage functions as phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine production. PPAR-gamma is required for basal expression of CD36, but not for expression of the other major scavenger receptor responsible for uptake of modified lipoproteins, SR-A. In wild-type macrophages, TZD treatment divergently regulated CD36 and class A macrophage-scavenger receptor expression and failed to induce significant cellular cholesterol accumulation, indicating that TZDs may not exacerbate macrophage foam-cell formation.
Social Engineering: Hacking the Wetware!

Social engineering is a methodology that allows an attacker to bypass technical controls by attacking the human element in an organization. There are many techniques commonly used in social engineering including but not limited to Trojan and phishing email messages, impersonation, persuasion, bribery, shoulder surfing, and dumpster diving. Hackers rely on social engineering attacks to bypass technical controls by focusing on the human factors. Social engineers often exploit the natural tendency people have toward trusting others who seem likeable or credible, deferring to authority or need to acquiesce to social conformity. Mitigation of social engineering begins with good policy and awareness training, but there are a number of other approaches an organization can take to defend against this type of an attack. Social engineering attacks are likely to increase, and it is becoming increasingly important for organizations to address this issue.
Calculated voltage characteristics for tunnel junctions in double cavity long-wavelength surface emitting lasers

This work presents a breakdown of the voltage contributions from various parts of the structure. The device layout delimits several key contributors to the total voltage of the device: the voltage due to lateral spreading resistance of the two intracavity contacts, the voltage due to the series resistance of vertical transport through the p-cladding layer, the active region diode, and the tunnel junction (TJ). Since TJs in VCSELs based on the InP material system are still a maturing technology, we focus most of our effort on developing a thorough model for the tunnel junction in hopes of improving our TJ for future VCSEL devices.
Assay of L-Tyrosine in Serum by Amperometric Measurement of Tyrosinase-catalyzed Oxygen Consumption

A new enzymatic method for rapid direct measurement of serum tyrosine is described, based on the amperometric measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption when tyrosine is oxidized in the presence of the enzyme tyrosinase in a phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 7.4). A Beckman Glucose Analyzer with a Clark electrode is used for the measurement. The procedure does not require removal of serum protein, incubation nor extraction, and results are obtained in less than 1 mm. Results agree closely with those obtained by a fluorometric procedure and with an amino acid analyzer.
Refinements in the Hierarchical Structure of Externalizing Psychiatric Disorders: Patterns of Lifetime Liability from Mid-Adolescence through Early Adulthood

Research on hierarchical modeling of psychopathology has frequently identified 2 higher order latent factors, internalizing and externalizing. When based on the comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses, the externalizing domain has usually been modeled as a single latent factor. Multivariate studies of externalizing symptom features, however, suggest multidimensionality. To address this apparent contradiction, confirmatory factor analytic methods and information-theoretic criteria were used to evaluate 4 theoretically plausible measurement models based on lifetime comorbidity patterns of 7 putative externalizing disorders. Diagnostic information was collected at 4 assessment waves from an age-based cohort of 816 persons between the ages of 14 and 33. A 2-factor model that distinguished oppositional behavior disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) from social norm violation disorders (conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, hard drug use disorder) demonstrated consistently good fit and superior approximating abilities. Analyses of psychosocial outcomes measured at the last assessment wave supported the validity of this 2-factor model. Implications of this research for the theoretical understanding of domain-related disorders and the organization of classification systems are discussed.
Low-resolution broadband infrared spectrograph

A preliminary design for an imaging spectrograph that simultaneously covers the 2.15- to 5.2-μm spectral region with a resolution of 0.01 to 0.03 μm is described. The instrument is an extension to two dimensions of an existing infrared spectrograph that uses one-dimensional arrays of infrared detectors. In the two-dimensional version, light entering the spectrograph through a slit is dispersed onto a 256- x 256-pixel InSb array by a novel spherical-faced prism and mirror combination. The use of a prism rather than a grating disperser allows more than a one-octave spectral interval to be covered with no moving parts. In addition, the prism optical efficiency remains high over the entire band covered. The simplicity and ruggedness of the design make it ideal for a space-borne instrument.
Tyrosine and tyrosine glucoside titres in whole animals and tissues during development of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (L.)

Abstract Tyrosine glucoside first appeared in two-day-old fifth stadium larvae and reached maximum whole body titres in pharate pupae (2.5 mg/g). A rapid decline occurred shortly before larval-pupal ecdysis as the free tyrosine pool increased to peak titres at ecdysis (1.4 mg/g). Both tyrosine and tyrosine glucoside decreased to low levels (0.5 mg/g) as the pupal cuticle tanned. Tyrosine again increased in one-day-old pupae and remained at high levels (1.5 mg/g) until the beginning of darkening of the pharate adult. Tyrosine glucoside remained at relatively low titres (0.5 mg/g) during pharate adult development. Both tyrosine and tyrosine glucoside increased slightly during adult eclosion and decreased to very low levels after adult tanning. Nearly all the tyrosine glucoside and two-thirds of the tyrosine occurred in the haemolymph where the concentrations during development paralleled those in whole body. Much lower amounts were present in fat body, integument, and gut.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy: a new option for patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases

Since the 1950s, replacement of immunoglobulin G using human immunoglobulin has been the standard treatment for primary immunodeficiency diseases with defects in antibody production. These patients suffer from recurrent and severe infections, which cause lung damage and shorten their life span. Immunoglobulins given intravenously (IVIG) every 3-4 weeks are effective in preventing serious bacterial infections and improving the quality of life for treated patients. Administration of immunoglobulin subcutaneously (SCIG) is equally effective in preventing infections and has a lower incidence of serious adverse effects compared to IVIG. The tolerability and acceptability of SCIG has been demonstrated in numerous studies showing improvements in quality of life and a preference for subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with antibody deficiencies.
Changes in the amount of lung and airway phosphatidylcholine in 0.5-12.5-day-old rabbits.

Abstract Newborn rabbits delivered spontaneously at term and cared for by the mothers were studied from 0.5 to 12.5 days of age. Curves are constructed to describe the changes in weight, lung and alveolar wash phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine, and lung protein. The curves are complex and non-linear. However, expressing the increases in lung and alveolar wash phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine pool sizes relative to animals weight results in a decreasing linear relationship from 0.5 to 12.5 days of age. By 12.5 days the ratios of lung phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine to weight approximate the ratios measured for adult rabbits. The ratios of saturated to total phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar washes and lungs remained invarient throughout the study period.
Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a thiophene-functionalized bis(pyrazolyl) pyridine (BPP) tricarbonyl rhenium(I) complex

A bromo tricarbonyl rhenium(I) complex with a thiophene-functionalized bis(pyrazolyl) pyridine ligand (L), ReBr(L)(CO)3 (1), has been synthesized and characterized by variable temperature and COSY 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and photophysical methods. Complex 1 is highly luminescent in both solution and solid-state, consistent with phosphorescence from an emissive 3MLCT excited state with an additional contribution from a LC 3(π→π*) transition. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of the title ligand is also reported.
Removal of organics from recycled materials

Abstract Large volumes of solid wastes from steel production and other manufacturing operations are contaminated with organics such as lubricating oils. Mill scales and machining scrap often contain at least several percent of contaminating oil, making it useless for recovery of metal values. New solvent extraction technology is becoming available for de-oiling at low cost. The technology not only produces de-oiled material with oil levels below 0.1%, but it can also provide a fuel-quality recovered oil as well.
A Painless Right Facial Mass

A healthy nonsmokingwoman in her 30s presented with a 6-year history of a nontender mass on the right side of the inferior face, overlying the mandible. She first noticed the mass following an uncomplicated dental procedure. It grew slowly for a few years but then stabilized. She stated that it was sensitive to cold liquids but was otherwise asymptomatic. Results from routine laboratory tests and hematologic markers were normal. Examination revealed a roughly 4 × 2.5-cm, nontender, firmmass anterior to the right mandibular parasymphysis. The mass was fully mobile relative to the underlying mandible and could be seen bulging into the gingivolabial sulcus. There were no overlying skin or mucosal changes, and the skin and mucosa moved freely over the mass. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging demonstrated a well-defined, hyperdense, mildly heterogeneous mass with few focal areas of fat attenuation along the inferior aspect of the lesion (Figure, A-C). The mass was separate from the right mandibular parasymphysis without evidence of periosteal reaction or erosion into the underlying bone. The surrounding soft tissues appeared unremarkable. No additional lesions were noted. The patient was taken to the operating theater, where a firm, multilobulated, yellowmass was excised through a gingivolabial incision (Figure, D). Themass was not fixed to any adjacent structures. A B
Solar wind oscillations with a 1.3 year period

The Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 8 (IMP-8) and Voyager 2 spacecraft have recently detected a very strong modulation in the solar wind speed with an approximately 1.3 year period. Combined with evidence from long-term auroral and magnetometer studies, this suggests that fundamental changes in the Sun occur on a roughly 1.3 year time scale.
Evidence of Alaskan Trumpeter Swan Population Growth Using Bayesian Hierarchical Models

Alaska (USA) contains a large proportion of the breeding population of trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) in the United States. However, tracking population trends in Alaska trumpeter swans is complicated by variables such as an increase in survey effort over time, periodic surveys (1968 and every 5 yr after 1975), and missing data. We therefore constructed Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial models to account for nuisance variables and to estimate population size of trumpeter swans using aerial survey data from all known breeding habitats in Alaska, 1968–2005. We also performed an augmented analysis, where we entered zeroes for missing data. This approach differed from the standard (nonaugmented) analysis where we generated estimates for missing data through simulation. We estimated that adult swan populations in Alaska increased at an average rate of 5.9% annually (95% credibility interval = 5.2–6.6%) and cygnet production increased at 5.3% annually (95% credibility interval = 2.2–8.0%). We also found evidence that cygnet production exhibited higher rates of increase at higher latitudes in later years, which may be a response to warmer spring temperatures. Augmented analyses always produced higher swan population estimates than the nonaugmented estimates and likely overestimate true population abundance. Our results provide evidence that trumpeter swan populations are increasing in Alaska, especially at northern latitudes. Changes in population size and distribution could negatively affect tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) breeding in Alaska, and biologists should monitor these interactions. We recommend using nonaugmented Bayesian hierarchical analyses to estimate wildlife populations when missing survey data occur.
Cytoreductive surgery plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion is an effective treatment for metastasized malignant mixed mesodermal tumours (MMMT)--report of six cases.

Abstract Background . Malignant mixed mesodermal tumours (MMMT) of the female genital tract are rare and heterogeneous malignancies that impart grim prognosis. These tumours are characterized by an admixture of malignant epithelial and stromal elements comprising carcinomatous and sarcomatous neoplastic cells. Thus far, almost 350 cases of MMMT have been recorded in the international medical literature. Due to its rarity, there is no agreement on the best treatment strategy in women with metastasized MMMT. Methods . Six women (mean age 59 years) with metastasized MMMT defined to the peritoneal cavity have been treated by cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion plus postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. All patients have been pre-treated by surgery for primary tumour and one by systemic chemotherapy. As cytostatics for hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, we have used Mitomycin in a dosage of 18 mg/m 2 plus Melphalan in a dosage of 25 mg/m 2 . As adjuvant treatment CDDP 40 mg/m 2 /dl, Mitomycin 7 mg/md 2 /dl and Ifosfamid 100 mg/kg 24 h/dl was applicated via intraaortic catheter three times with a treatment free interval of 3 weeks. Results . A complete cytoreduction without remnant tumour formations in the peritoneal cavity could be carried out in all six patients. The postoperative course was uneventful in all cases except for one where a spontaneous small bowel perforation and prolonged gall secretion had to be treated by re-operation. One patient died 4 months later by pneumonia without evidence of disease. Four patients are without evidence of disease after 2, 4, 14 and 19 months, whereas one patient developed liver metastases after 9 months still treated by systemic chemotherapy. Conclusion . Complete cytoreduction plus hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion plus adjuvant chemotherapy seems to be an effective treatment for recurrent or metastasized MMMT. Further studies have to define the value of this new treatment strategy for this rare tumour entity.
The American library consultant overseas

What is a library? In many parts of the world to which American library consultants have gone, the idea of a library is limited. A library is a collection of old manuscripts and books, rare and valuable. It is not for use by anyone except the most respected scholars. It is not related to a curriculum. It is not related to daily life. In such a library it is natural and justifiable policy to keep everything under lock and key. There is no need for a circulation system. There is no need for general reference services. Of course, there are no open shelves. And although we tend to ignore the fact, American libraries of rare books and manuscripts are operated under very much the same policies. In contrast to this idea of a library, one of my scientist colleagues at the University of Minnesota complains that libraries and librarians are so obsessed with the urgency of safekeeping of treasures-with the principle of preservation-that he finds the information services he needs unavailable. His chief needs are for immediate access to minute pieces of data in current journals in his special field of science. He regards the indexing in the modern library as very ineffective, indeed, almost useless, for his purposes. He hopes that the new techniques of mechanization and information retrieval will revolutionize libraries and provide the services he needs. (Perhaps I should add that his view of what a Library is does not include the opposite, extreme idea of a library as a collection of old and valuable books and manuscripts.) As library educators we must accept both of these answers to the question : What is a library? Our notion of a library must embrace both extremes, and also every kind of library collection and service that falls between them. Library educators are challenged to prepare librarians with a wide variety of skills and knowledges to work in today’s libraries. Nearly 400 Americans have been confronted with this problem in Asia. Up to 1967 there had been 550 assignments of American library consultants to Asian countries. Some of these were for short visits, and a
Enhanced thermal stability and nanoparticle-mediated surface patterning: Pt/TiO2(110)

This letter reports (i) the enhanced thermal stability (up to 1060 °C) against coarsening and/or desorption of self-assembled Pt nanoparticles synthesized by inverse micelle encapsulation and deposited on TiO2(110) and (ii) the possibility of taking advantage of the strong nanoparticle/support interactions present in this system to create patterned surfaces at the nanoscale. Following our approach, TiO2 nanostripes with tunable width, orientation, and uniform arrangement over large surface areas were produced.
Comparison of effects of desipramine and amitriptyline on EEG sleep of depressed patients

Despite their widespread use, there are few data concerning the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on EEG sleep in depression. The present study documented the effects of desipramine (DMI, n=17) and amitriptyline (AT, n=16) upon EEG sleep in hospitalized depressed patients as part of a double-blind protocol involving 28 days of active treatment. Compared to placebo, patients receiving DMI showed somewhat worsened sleep continuity, particularly after 1 week of administration when the dose was 150 mg/day. On the other hand, sleep architecture and REM measures showed a rapid suppression of REM sleep, and then partial tolerance for this effect was observed with continued administration of DMI for 3 weeks. DMI was a more potent suppressor of REM sleep, while AT was more sedative. Based on these differences in effects upon EEG sleep, a discriminant function was derived and resulted in a correct classification of 87.5% of AT cases and 76.5% of DMI cases. These results are discussed in terms of the differences in pharmacological profiels for uptake blockade and anticholinergic potency for these two compounds.
Growth and metabolic changes in weanling rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei

When compared with sham-operated ad libitum-fed controls, weanling rats with lesions primarily destroying the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats) showed reduced ponderal and linear growth and food intake, normal carcass fat but increased carcass protein. Among the metabolic parameters measured, DMNL rats showed only decreased incorporation of palmitate into epididymal fat pad phospholipid and triglyceride. When sham-operated controls were pair-fed with DMNL rats, they showed growth changes almost identical with those observed in lesioned rats. However, their carcass protein was lower than both that of the lesioned rats and the ad libitum-fed controls. Metabolically, the sham-operated, pair-fed controls showed decreased incorporation of palmitate into triglyceride of epididymal fat pads and decreased oxidation of glucose and increased incorporation into total lipid of the diaphragm. When previous data on growth hormone, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol are compared with the present findings it is suggested that dorsomedial lesions cause a subcaloric-type dwarfism that does not involve adenohypophyseal secretions and their target organs affecting growth.
Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation

Objective Pulmonary vein isolation is curative in selected patients with atrial fibrillation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety (midterm results) of video-assisted thoracoscopic epicardial pulmonary vein isolation. Methods Twenty-seven patients (22 male patients) with atrial fibrillation (18 paroxysmal, 4 persistent, and 5 permanent; average age, 57 years) underwent bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic off-pump epicardial pulmonary vein isolation and exclusion of the left atrial appendage. All patients had had unsuccessful drug therapy or were intolerant to antiarrhythmic drug therapy or were intolerant to warfarin. The approach included two 10-mm ports and one 5-cm working port (non–rib spreading) bilaterally. Pulmonary vein isolation was achieved bilaterally by using a bipolar radiofrequency device. The left atrial appendage was excised with a surgical stapler. Results Bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage excision was performed successfully in all patients. There were no conversions to sternotomy or thoracotomy. All patients were extubated in the operating room. Postoperative complications in 3 patients were minor and resolved within 48 hours. One morbidly obese patient had more serious complications related to comorbid conditions. Average postoperative follow-up is approximately 6 months (173.6 days). Twenty-three patients have been followed up for greater than 3 months, and 21 of these patients are free of atrial fibrillation (91.3%). The results of magnetic resonance angiography were normal (no pulmonary vein stenosis) in 12 of 12 patients evaluated 3 to 6 months postoperatively. Conclusions Bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary vein isolation with excision of the left atrial appendage is feasible and safe and offers a promising, new, minimally invasive, beating-heart approach for curative surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Symptom cluster and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Context There is abundant evidence that quality of life (QOL) is compromised in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but researchers have not yet examined the possible association between co-occurring symptoms and QOL in this population. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the symptom cluster of fatigue, pain, depression, and perceived cognitive complaints and its association with QOL in individuals with MS. Methods The sample included 133 individuals with a definite diagnosis of MS who completed a battery of self-report measures as part of a cross-sectional study of symptoms and physical activity. The battery included the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire, and the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale. Results Results indicated that 1) there were moderate bivariate correlations between fatigue, depression, pain, and perceived cognitive complaint scores; 2) the correlations between scores from the pairs of symptoms were attenuated when expressed as partial correlations controlling for the covariance of the remaining pair of symptoms; 3) exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a single-factor model for the associations among fatigue, depression, pain, and perceived cognitive complaint scores; 4) cluster analysis identified three subgroups differing in experiences of fatigue, depression, pain, and perceived cognitive complaints; and 5) analysis of variance indicated a possible dose-response relationship between worsening symptoms and psychological and physical domains of QOL. Conclusion Such findings provide emerging support for a dose-response relationship between worsening symptoms of fatigue, pain, depression, and perceived cognitive complaints and QOL in persons with MS.
Understanding informal communication in multilingual contexts

Informal communication in organizations has many benefits, but people who are not native speakers of the organization's common language may find it hard to interact informally. In an interview study of nine native English-speaking and 33 non-native English-speaking students at a large U.S. university, we explore how native language shapes patterns of informal interaction. We found that non-native speakers generally preferred interacting informally with fellow speakers of their own native language as opposed to native English speakers, which hinders communication and collaboration between groups. Three factors led to this "clustering" effect: issues of common ground, feelings of social obligation to other speakers of one's native language, and desires to build social networks within a language group. Four factors led to greater motivation for cross-language interaction: a desire to build bridging capital, physical proximity, one-on-one or small-group interaction, and an established work relationship. The findings suggest ways that communication tools might reduce barriers to informal interaction between speakers of different native languages.
Theoretical description of intervalence-band photoconductivity of p − G e at 10.6 μm

The absorption of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser radiation alters the distribution of free holes in $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}$ due to optical transitions between the heavy- and light-hole bands. The modification of the hole distribution function leads to a change in the conductivity. We present a calculation of the linear photoconductive response at 10.6 \ensuremath{\mu}m as a function of hole density at room temperature and as a function of temperature for fixed hole density. We also describe the photoconductivity for high light intensities for which the effects of saturation of the intervalence-band transitions are important.
Screening of Photocatalysts by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

A method for rapid screening of photocatalysts employing a form of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is described. A piezoelectric dispenser was used to deposit arrays composed of ∼300-μm-size photocatalyst spots with different compositions onto conducting glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate. The scanning tip of the SECM was replaced by a fiber optic connected to a xenon lamp and was rapidly scanned over the array. In this arrangement, the photocatalytic performance of the spots was evaluated by measuring the photocurrent at the substrate of the array. A fiber optic with a ring electrode can also be used to electrochemically detect products of the photoreaction. Several iron oxide-based bimetallic oxide combinations were found to exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity, when compared to pure α-Fe2O3. These combinations included iron−palladium, iron−europium, and iron−rubidium in specific ratios. A trimetallic bismuth−vanadium−zinc oxide combination was also found to show a higher photocurr...
Developing implantable neuroprosthetics: A new model in pig

A new model has been established in the domestic pig for neural prosthetic device development and testing. To this end, we report on a complete neural prosthetic developmental system using a wireless sensor as the implant, a pig as the animal model, and a novel data acquisition paradigm for actuator control. A new type of stereotactic frame with clinically-inspired fixations pins that place the pig brain in standard surgical plane was developed and tested with success during the implantation of the microsystem. The microsystem implanted was an ultra-low power (12.5mW) 16-channel intracortical/epicranial device transmitting broadband (40kS/s) data over a wireless infrared telemetric link. Pigs were implanted and neural data was collected over a period of 5 weeks, clearly showing single unit spiking activity.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Support Needs Assessment and Planning for Children and Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Many consider the first seminal work in the field of Intellectual Disability (ID) to have been published in 1690 when philosopher John Locke, in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, distinguish...
STAR upgrade program and future physics

In this paper, we will present STAR's future plan in terms of both the detector upgrade and physics measurement to study matter with colour degrees of freedom. We will first discuss the status of the newly installed Heavy Flavor Tracker and Muon Telescope Detector, and their physics prospect in 2014-2016. We will then describe the proposed detector upgrades for the second phase of Beam Energy Scan program in 2018-2019 to study the QCD phase diagram. Finally we will present STAR's plan with detector upgrades in the forward directions for the anticipated pp/pA physics program in 2021-2022 and ep/eA in 2025+. The upgraded STAR experiment will be in an excellent position to perform precision measurements of the partonic structures of the nucleon and nuclei.
Inhibition of Bradycardia Pacing Caused by Far‐Field Atrial Sensing in a Third‐Generation Cardioverter Defibrillator with an Automatic Gain Feature

The diagnostic accuracy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators may be improved by automatically adjusting gain algorithms, which in general reduce the likelihood of oversensing while maintaining the ability to detect the low amplitude signals associated with ventricular fibrillation. We present a patient with a third-generation device who developed prolonged ventricular asystole arising as a complication of the automatic gain feature. During asystole the device automatically increased sensitivity in order to prevent undersensing of ventricular fibrillation, which in this case resulted in far-field sensing of atrial activity and inhibition of ventricular pacing.
Respiratory Mechanics Following Open-Heart Surgery for Acquired Valvular Disease

1. Pulmonary mechanics were determined preoperatively and postoperatively in 20 patients following open-heart surgery for acquired valvular disease. 2. The surviving patients had minimal increase of the work of breathing, associated with an increase in nonelastic resistance during the early postoperative period. These changes in pulmonary mechanics are insufficient to explain the respiratory difficulties experienced by these patients. 3. In the fatal cases compliance decreased to half the preoperative level, and respiratory work increased to five times the preoperative value. In these individuals excessive work of breathing produces a significant demand on physiological resources, and controlled mechanical ventilation is indicated.
Performance of an Ultrasonic Tree Volume Measurement System in Commercial Citrus Groves

Florida growers have planted citrus groves at varying spacings to improve resource efficiency and to optimize fruit production for maximum economic return. Four commercial groves with different row spacings and tree ages were scanned with a Durand-Wayland ultrasonic system to measure and map tree volumes and to examine the effect of row spacings and tree ages on ultrasonic measurements. The ultrasonically measured volumes (UVs) were compared with manually measured tree volumes (MVs) of 30 trees in each grove to examine the performance of the ultrasonic system. The ultrasonic system measured tree volumes reliably in different groves with an average prediction accuracy (APA) >90%, and correlation with manual measurement of R2=0.95–0.99. Standard error of prediction and root mean square errors were relatively higher in widely spaced old groves than closely spaced young groves. The ultrasonically sensed tree volume map showed substantial variation in canopy volumes (0–240 m3 tree−1) within the grove. Therefore, the use of ultrasonic systems is a better option to quantify and map each tree volume rapidly (real-time) for planning site-specific management practices accurately in commercial groves and for estimating fruit yield.
The biosynthesis of chromomycin-A3

Abstract Feedings of [2-13C]- and [1,2-13C2]acetate to Streptomyces griseus gave chromomycin-A3 which was analyzed by NMR. Patterns of carbon enrichments and couplings indicate that 1 is formed from separate octa- and diketides.
RDIT: race detection from incomplete traces

We present RDIT, a novel dynamic algorithm to precisely detect data races in multi-threaded programs with incomplete trace information -- the presence of missing events. RDIT enhances the classical Happens-Before algorithm by relaxing the need to collect the full execution trace, while still guaranteeing full precision. The key idea behind RDIT is to abstract away the missing events by capturing the invocation data of the missing methods. This provides valuable information to approximate the possible synchronization behavior introduced by the missing events. By making the least conservative approximation that two missing methods introduce synchronization only when they access common data, RDIT guarantees to detect a maximal set of true races from the information available. We have conducted a preliminary study of RDIT on a real system and our results show that RDIT is promising; it detects no false positive when events are missed, whereas Happens-Before reports many.
System-level mitigation of WID leakage power variability using body-bias islands

Adaptive Body Biasing (ABB) is a popularly used technique to mitigate the increasing impact of manufacturing process variations on leakage power dissipation. The efficacy of the ABB technique can be improved by partitioning a design into a number of "body-bias islands," each with its individual body-bias voltage. In this paper, we propose a system-level leakage variability mitigation framework to partition a multiprocessor system into body-bias islands at the processing element (PE) granularity at design time, and to optimally assign body-bias voltages to each island post-fabrication. As opposed to prior gate- and circuit-level partitioning techniques that constrain the global clock frequency of the system, we allow each island to run at a different speed and constrain only the relevant system performance metrics - in our case the execution deadlines. Experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed framework in reducing the mean and standard deviation of leakage power dissipation compared to a baseline system without ABB. At the same time, the proposed techniques provide significant runtime improvements over a previously proposed Monte-Carlo based technique while providing similar reductions in leakage power dissipation.
Rubidium–xenon spin exchange and relaxation rates measured at high pressure and high magnetic field

The production of hyperpolarized Xe via spin exchange with optically pumped Rb atoms was studied at 47 000 G under high-pressure conditions. From variable pressure and temperature studies, the spin exchange efficiency was found to be pressure dependent and lower than comparable low-field measurements. Spin exchange due to short binary collisions is expected to be pressure independent, and the cross section was measured to be 〈σν〉SE=6.0 (±0.1)×10−17 cm3 s−1. The pressure dependent component was attributed to the formation of Rb–Xe van der Waals (vdW) complexes. The rate constant for spin exchange in Rb–Xe vdW complexes was measured to be κ=1400 (±100) s−1 in He buffer gas. This value is comparable, though somewhat smaller than vdW rates measured previously for other buffer gases. While it is well known that spin exchange occurs readily in vdW complexes when B0 10 000 G is not accounted for in current theories. Modulation of the hyperfine interaction during the vdW comple...
Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide in Stomach Contents of Experimental Animals

SummaryA simple method is described for determining hydrogen sulfide in the stomach contents of experimental animals.
A novel choline-sensitive nicotinic receptor subtype that mediates enhanced GABA release in the chick ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate the release of GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain. Here we describe a novel choline-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that mediates enhanced GABA release in the chick ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Whole-cell recordings in slices demonstrated that choline (0.03–10 mM), generally considered an α7-selective agonist, and carbachol (3–300 μM), a non-selective cholinergic agonist, both increased the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic events in ventral lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. Tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) partially reduced responses to carbachol, but eliminated responses to choline. During long-term (5 min) exposure to choline the GABA enhancement was maintained until choline was washed out. Choline (300 μM) enhanced the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic events by 4.28-fold in control artificial cerebrospinal fluid. This choline-mediated enhancement was significantly reduced by the following nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: 1 μM dihydro-β-erythroidine (1.49-fold increase, P<0.001), 1 μM methyllycaconitine (1.53-fold, P<0.001) and 0.2 μM α-conotoxin ImI (1.84-fold, P<0.001). In contrast, no significant change was seen in the presence of 0.1 μM dihydro-β-erythroidine, 0.1 μM methyllycaconitine, 0.1 μM α-bungarotoxin, 0.1 μM α-conotoxin MII, 0.1 μM κ-bungarotoxin, or 1 μM α-conotoxin AuIB. These results indicate that choline, at concentrations as low as 100 μM, activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that is distinct from the classical α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors previously known to be activated by choline.
New Nonlinear Roof Sheathing Fastener Model for Use in Finite-Element Wind Load Applications

Performance-based design is being developed and implemented in seismic and fire resistant design. The field of structural wind engineering has introduced several techniques that may eventually lead to performance-based wind engineering for buildings such as database assisted design. For wood-frame buildings, one deficiency is the lack of accurate load/response models with the ability to go beyond first failure leaving only force-based approaches which protect life safety but only infer certain levels of performance. This paper introduces a new nonlinear roof sheathing fastener model that is a function of not only the uplift pressure acting on the roof sheathing, but the effective moment arm (not just the moment) acting on the edge nails. A targeted set of experimental tests was conducted to determine the effect of the load eccentricity, a new stiffness matrix for a nail element formulated, and illustrative examples presented for a roof sheathing assembly analyzed using the finite element procedure. The model is shown to result in a significantly reduced capacity from current state-of-the-art finite element analyses which assume only nail withdrawal. It is anticipated that this more accurate nail model can aid in the development of performance-based wind engineering for wood-frame buildings.
Longitudinal follow-up of neurochemical changes during the first year of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients with minimal previous medication exposure.

Abstract Reduced frontal N -acetylaspartate (NAA) has been repeatedly found in chronic schizophrenia and suggests neuronal loss or dysfunction. However, the potential confounding effect of antipsychotic drugs on NAA has not been resolved. The few studies of antipsychotic-naive patients are inconclusive. A recent report suggests that antipsychotic drugs may increase NAA in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We studied 10 minimally treated (less than 3 weeks lifetime exposure) schizophrenia patients and 10 normal controls with single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) of the left frontal and occipital lobes. Concentrations of NAA, Cho, and Cre were determined and corrected for the proportion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the voxel. Patients were treated in a randomized-controlled double-blind design with either haloperidol or quetiapine. 1 H-MRS was repeated within a year. There were no differences in frontal or occipital NAA between patients and controls at baseline. However, frontal NAA was reduced in the schizophrenia group within the first year of treatment. Patients had a clear clinical response to treatment but changes in frontal NAA were not correlated with symptom improvement. The well-described reduced frontal NAA in schizophrenia may not be a trait of the illness but may represent medication effect or progression of the disease.
Léonide Massine: 1895–1979 Massine the dancer

(1979). Leonide Massine: 1895–1979 Massine the dancer. Dance Chronicle: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 86-90.
Building a high-performance, programmable secure coprocessor

Unsecure computational environments threaten many financial cryptography implementations, and other sensitive computation. High-performance secure coprocessors can address these threats. However, using this technology for practical security solutions requires overcoming numerous technical and business obstacles. These obstacles motivate building a high-performance secure coprocessor that balances security with easy third-party programmability—but these obstacles also provide many design challenges. This paper discusses some of issues we faced when attempting to build such a device.
On the power of nonuniformity in proofs of security

Nonuniform proofs of security are common in cryptography, but traditional black-box separations consider only uniform security reductions. In this paper, we initiate a formal study of the power and limits of nonuniform black-box proofs of security. We first show that a known protocol (based on the existence of one-way permutations) that uses a nonuniform proof of security, and it cannot be proven secure through a uniform security reduction. Therefore, nonuniform proofs of security are indeed provably more powerful than uniform ones. We complement this result by showing that many known black-box separations in the uniform regime actually do extend to the nonuniform regime. We prove our results by providing general techniques for extending certain types of black-box separations to handle nonuniformity.
New low-dimensional molecular metals: single-crystal electrical conductivity of nickel phthalocyanine iodide.

Single crystals of NiPcI1.0 (Pc = phthalocyanine), which are composed of one-dimensional stacks of (NiPc)+0.33 molecules and chains of I3- molecules, exhibit metallic electrical conductivity in the stacking direction. At room temperature the mean free path of the carrier is 3.3 to 8.2 angstroms.
Dissolved Oxygen Requirements of Developing Steelhead Trout and Chinook Salmon Embryos at Different Water Velocities

Abstract Embryos of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri gairdneri Richardson, and chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were reared from fertilization of the eggs to hatching at different constant oxygen concentrations and water velocities. For this purpose, an apparatus was developed that makes it possible to control oxygen concentration independently of water velocity, which was maintained at levels ranging from 6 to 1,350 centimeters per hour. Measurements of the embryos and hatched fry indicate that water velocities must be high enough not only to transport enough oxygen to the redd for supplying the total requirement of all embryos, but also to deliver sufficient oxygen to the surface of the chorion enveloping the individual embryo. Steelhead embryos held at 9.5° C. and chinook salmon embryos held at 11° C. all died at an oxygen concentration of 1.6 mg/1. Survival of large percentages of embryos reared at concentration as low as 2.5 mg/1 was apparently made possible by reduction of respira...
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND MIDDLE EAST BRIDGES

Abstract As descendants of enslaved Africans in America, African Americans are perhaps uniquely positioned to help improve America's relationship with Middle Eastern Muslims. Using the reconciliatory wisdom and leadership that derives from their particular history of racial struggle, they should be able to contribute to effective public approaches to the political, ecclesiastical, and pastoral challenges posed by contemporary U.S. Middle-East relations.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism Of Proteins

We have measured VCD spectra of more than 20 proteins in the amide I' region. These data show an enhanced sensitivity to the differences in these globular proteins as compared to UV.CD. Factor analysis correlates with the a and β composition.
Max-min network flow and resource allocation for backhaul constrained heterogeneous wireless networks

We consider a heterogenous network (HetNet) consisting of a number of base stations (BSs) and network routers connected via a backhaul network. The optimal provision of such networks requires proper resource allocation across the radio access links in conjunction with appropriate traffic engineering within the backhaul network. In this paper we propose an efficient distributed algorithm for the joint resource allocation across the wireless links and the flow control within the backhaul network. The proposed algorithm, which maximizes the minimum rate among all the users and/or flows, is based on a decomposition approach that leverages both the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and the WMMSE algorithm, and is shown to be globally convergent to a stationary solution of the joint flow control and resource allocation problem. Moreover, this algorithm is easily parallelizable and can be extended to the multi-antenna scenario.
Labor and the limits of seduction in Korea's creative economy.

This article will explore the industrial character of the Korean broadcasting industry from the perspective of its creative workforce. This study focuses on the independent television production sector, which epitomizes current changes in the Korean cultural industry in terms of greater global integration, increasing commercialization, and digitalization. Qualitative research results illustrate that the “digitalized flexible production regime” of independent production companies exacerbates working conditions and job insecurity. Under this regime, workers see themselves as “creators” and “freelancers” for only a limited period. Findings suggest that an antagonistic relation exists between “the workers’ passion for more creative and liberal work” and “the survival of the industry” within Korean broadcasting.