cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spin Dependence of Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Low Energy Electrons from Magnetic Substrates

We review the information that may be obtained from the analysis of the spin dependence of the scattering of electrons from the surface of magnetic materials. Two sources of spin dependencies are explored: those introduced by the spin orbit effect, and by the exchange coupling between the beam electron spin, and the unpaired spins in the substrate. Each of these can be used to obtain information about the near surface environment of magnetic materials, through the elastic scattering of electrons from the material. We also describe recent theoretical analyses of the inelastic scattering of electrons by Stoner excitations and spin waves in ferromagnets. The implications of these results are explored.
The Historian and the Empress: Isabel de Madariaga’s Catherine the Great

Isabel de Madariaga (1919–2014) was in her fifties when she secured her first permanent academic position but nonetheless emerged as one of the preeminent historians of Russia of her generation and the world’s leading specialist on Catherine the Great. This chapter examines de Madariaga’s representation of Catherine, arguing that her principal contribution was to present the empress as a highly talented politician, a female monarch who “ruled as well as reigned.” This view would go on to shape a profound reconsideration of Catherine in the latter part of the twentieth century, in effect rescuing her reputation from the disparaging assessments provided by preceding generations of mostly male historians. At the same time, de Madariaga’s portrait has little to say about gender directly, largely stepping around the issue. The chapter reflects on the reasons for this, linking de Madariaga’s representation of Catherine to the story of her own remarkable scholarly life and career.
Kearny's Dragoons Out West: The Birth of the U.S. Cavalry

Review of: "Kearny’s Dragoons Out West: The Birth of the U.S. Cavalry", by Will Goren-feld and John Gorenfeld.
Best Interests of the Child

King Solomon may have been the first judge to determine a child’s custody; the standard he verbalized focused on equity, the sharing by each of two women in the physical custody of the child. In reality, King Solomon was testing the two women in order to determine which woman was the true mother and what was in the best interests of the child. So too, in the 1990s, judges in family law courts around the United States have had to make decisions about children’s lives in new and unusual situations. These decisions cover a wide range of issues (see Elrod, 1994, 1995, for a comprehensive review of court decisions and state statute revisions). Some are adoption cases, others, custody or visitation cases. Some are brought by one or more of the numerous adults vying for the custody of a child; in others, older children themselves have brought the cases to court. Some cases involve the creation of new families; others, the dissolution of what were once intact families or relationships. Some types of cases did not even exist prior to the last decade. Despite the wide range of issues they address, however, these cases share several common dimensions. In each case, the judge has had to invoke a definition or concept of the family and choose a standard for defining the child’s “family.” In some cases, but certainly not all, psychologists and other mental health professionals have been involved in evaluations and decision making.
Bioaccessibility of polymethoxyflavones encapsulated in resistant starch particle stabilized Pickering emulsions: role of fatty acid complexation and heat treatment

High-amylose maize starch formed complexes with different fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1) when two hydrothermal methods were used. The resistances of these starch complexes against enzymatic hydrolysis were all higher than that of the native starch, while the hydrophobicity of these complexes was enhanced. The capabilities of these starch-fatty acid complexes to form Pickering emulsions were further characterized. Starch-saturated fatty acid complexes were able to form stable emulsions that endured heat treatment at 60, 80 and 100 °C. However, starch-unsaturated fatty acid complexes could not form stable emulsions. The barrier properties of these emulsions were adjusted by the swelling of starch granules resulting from heat treatment. Lipolysis profiles of polymethoxyflavone (PMF) loaded emulsions suggested that certain heat treatments could reduce the accessibility of lipase towards oil droplets and release of PMFs during lipolysis by enhancing the coverage of granules at the oil–water interface. The resistant starch particle stabilized Pickering emulsions have the potential to encapsulate and enhance the bioaccessibility of poorly soluble phytochemicals in food and pharmaceutical products.
A tripartite model of program evaluation: implications for effective career services and workforce development

Empirical and conceptual literature on career and workforce development increasingly cites the importance of connections between policy, research and practice domains. Yet, few if any models inform such collaborations. In the proposed Tripartite Model of Program Evaluation, the inter-play between these three key stakeholder groups is conceptualized within the paradigm of program evaluation in relation to best practices. A case example of an actual application of the model conducted in Turkey is also provided to illustrate the Tripartite Model.
Efficient classical simulation of random shallow 2D quantum circuits

Random quantum circuits are commonly viewed as hard to simulate classically. In some regimes this has been formally conjectured, and there had been no evidence against the more general possibility that for circuits with uniformly random gates, approximate simulation of typical instances is almost as hard as exact simulation. We prove that this is not the case by exhibiting a shallow circuit family with uniformly random gates that cannot be efficiently classically simulated near-exactly under standard hardness assumptions, but can be simulated approximately for all but a superpolynomially small fraction of circuit instances in time linear in the number of qubits and gates. We furthermore conjecture that sufficiently shallow random circuits are efficiently simulable more generally. To this end, we propose and analyze two simulation algorithms. Implementing one of our algorithms numerically, we give strong evidence that it is efficient both asymptotically and, in some cases, in practice. To argue analytically for efficiency, we reduce the simulation of 2D shallow random circuits to the simulation of a form of 1D dynamics consisting of alternating rounds of random local unitaries and weak measurements -- a type of process that has generally been observed to undergo a phase transition from an efficient-to-simulate regime to an inefficient-to-simulate regime as measurement strength is varied. Using a mapping from quantum circuits to statistical mechanical models, we give evidence that a similar computational phase transition occurs for our algorithms as parameters of the circuit architecture like the local Hilbert space dimension and circuit depth are varied.
Post-dissolution ambivalence, breakup adjustment, and relationship reconciliation:

Relational ambivalence is conceptualized as having conflicting thoughts and feelings toward one’s partner or relationship. The current study explored how ambivalence about an ex-partner in a post-d...
mGWAS: next generation genetic prediction in kidney disease.

A recent metabolite genome-wide association study (mGWAS) investigated the relationship between genetic factors and the urine metabolome in kidney disease. The findings demonstrate that mGWAS hold promise for identifying novel genetic factors involved in adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of metabolites and pharmaceuticals, as well as biomarkers for disease progression.
Fast sensitive diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a SPAD array

We develop a highly parallelized DCS system using a 32 × 32 single-photon avalanche diode array, and demonstrate its sensitivity improvement in a DMD-based phantom study and an in vivo forehead blood flow experiment.
Abstract A02: Photodynamic therapy in combination with immunotherapy enhances the long-term cure of bladder cancer in tumored mice

Introduction and Objectives: To investigate the utility of combination approach for treating bladder cancer, mice bearing UMUC3 (human transitional cell carcinoma) and T24 (human urinary bladder) tumors were treated with HPPH (2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a)-PDT alone and in combination with BCG. The HPPH, a multifunctional agent, was selected as a photosensitizer because of its higher tumor avidity, improved fluorescence imaging ability, and limited skin phototoxicity than Photofrin, a current clinical standard. Methods: Imaging: IVIS/Spectrum: A noninvasive in vivo, continuous wave fluorescence imaging apparatus used to assess the localization and distribution of the PS at variable time points. In vivo efficacy studies using UMUC3 and T24 tumors in SCID mice with PS HPPH in combination with BCG. Results: Imaging: Tumor uptake in UMUC3 and T24 tumors using IVIS Imaging. PS HPPH showed high tumor uptake and significant difference in their pharmacokinetic profiles in UMUC3 and T24 tumors implanted in SCID mice: The SCID mice bearing either UMUC3 or T24 tumors (4-5 mm size) were injected with the PS HPPH. The tumored mice (3 mice/group) at a dose of 0.47 u-mol/kg) and imaged at variable time points. The uptake of tumor, liver, and skin was measured by IVIS system and interesting pharmacokinetic profiles of the PS were observed. The optimal tumors uptake in UMUC3 and T24 were at 24 hours and 8-12 hours, respectively. In vivo efficacy studies: PS (HPPH) in combination with BCG shows enhanced PDT efficacy CR (Cures) Day 30 = 14/22 = 63.6% and RG (Re-Growth) 6/22 = 36.4% in bladder tumors (UMUC3). To investigate the utility of combination treatment approach for treating bladder cancer, mice bearing UMUC3 tumors were injected intravenously with HPPH (0.47 u-mol/kg) and the tumors were exposed to laser light (135 J/cm2, 75 mW/cm2) at 24 h post-injection. One hour after the PDT treatment, BCG was injected (1-1.5 × 106 CFU), SQ weekly x 3 doses, and at day 30 the results are very encouraging. Conclusions: The HPPH showed higher in vivo uptake (determined by fluorescence) in UMUC3 and T24 bladder cancer tumors with significant differences in the two tumor types. The treatment of HPPH-PDT in combination with BCG using SCID mice bearing UMUC3 tumors showed enhanced long-term tumor cure. Before initiating this approach to human phase I clinical trial, further studies are under way. Source of funding: Roswell Park Alliance Foundation. Citation Format: Farukh Durrani, Ahmed Aly, Khurshid Guru, Ravindra Pandey. Photodynamic therapy in combination with immunotherapy enhances the long-term cure of bladder cancer in tumored mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr A02.
Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under mutliple operational conditions

There is significant international interest in developing current-based marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies to capture the power of tidal energy. However, concerns have been raised regarding the ecological effects of these projects on fish, including the risk of blade collision and behavioral impacts such as the disruption of migratory behavior and food acquisition and displacement from preferred habitats. We conducted mobile hydroacoustic surveys to track fish as they approached a tidal turbine deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine. There was a significant decline in fish numbers with decreasing distance to the turbine, beginning approximately 140 m from the turbine. Similar declines were not observed at control transects or when the turbine was not spinning. The decline in fish numbers appeared to be the result of horizontal displacement, not vertical, movements to avoid the turbine. Noise rather than visual cues or flow field disturbance seemed to be a likely explanation for the reduced number of fish near the turbine. This finding, combined with near-field blade collision studies indicating a low probability of encounter, suggests that a single turbine poses a low collision risk to pelagic fish and that a single turbine is likely to result in minimal behavioral responses by fish. However, the risk may be different with additional devices, which will become more relevant as commercial-scale MHK arrays come under consideration. Therefore, the risks associated with commercial-scale operations will ultimately have to be evaluated to fully understand the ecological impacts of MHK devices.
Gang of eight: a defect taxonomy for infrastructure as code scripts

Defects in infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts can have serious consequences, for example, creating large-scale system outages. A taxonomy of IaC defects can be useful for understanding the nature of defects, and identifying activities needed to fix and prevent defects in IaC scripts. The goal of this paper is to help practitioners improve the quality of infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts by developing a defect taxonomy for IaC scripts through qualitative analysis. We develop a taxonomy of IaC defects by applying qualitative analysis on 1,448 defect-related commits collected from open source software (OSS) repositories of the Openstack organization. We conduct a survey with 66 practitioners to assess if they agree with the identified defect categories included in our taxonomy. We quantify the frequency of identified defect categories by analyzing 80,425 commits collected from 291 OSS repositories spanning across 2005 to 2019. Our defect taxonomy for IaC consists of eight categories, including a category specific to IaC called idempotency (i.e., defects that lead to incorrect system provisioning when the same IaC script is executed multiple times). We observe the surveyed 66 practitioners to agree most with idempotency. The most frequent defect category is configuration data i.e., providing erroneous configuration data in IaC scripts. Our taxonomy and the quantified frequency of the defect categories may help in advancing the science of IaC script quality.
Neuroimaging Characteristics in Neoplastic Chronic Meningitis (120)

Objective: To describe imaging characteristics in diagnosing chronic meningitis secondary to malignancy Background: Chronic meningitis is an uncommon neurological disorder wherein an etiology is often difficult to delineate. This can be divided into three main etiologies: neoplastic, infectious, and autoimmune (in addition to idiopathic). These include primary CNS malignancies as well as metastatic disease, most often from breast, lung, and hematologic primaries. It has not previously been studied what the typical imaging pattern of neoplastic chronic meningitis is, or how much this depends on the primary malignancy. Design/Methods: Cases were identified through retrospective review from our electronic medical record from 2004–2018, and were identified by having either two consecutive lumbar punctures with > 5 WBC/mL3 over 4 weeks, or by having 4 weeks of meningismus and one lumbar puncture with > 5 WBC/mL3. Patients were then selected with neoplasm as etiology. The study was approved by the institutional review board. Results: 34 patients were identified with chronic neoplastic meningitis. Of these patients, 61.3% had MRI abnormalities, either meningeal enhancement (45.0%) or a mass lesion (51.6%). In patients with meningeal involvement, leptomeningeal enhancement was more common than pachymeningeal enhancement (71.4% vs 35.7%), except in lymphoma (60% pachymeningeal). When mass lesions were present, they were primarily in brain parenchyma (93.8%) rather than in bone (6.3%). The most common etiologies were lymphoma (16), followed by breast (8) and lung (6). Conclusions: In our cohort of patients, imaging was more likely to reveal a mass lesion in the CNS than it was to show meningeal enhancement. Magnetic resonance imaging was not highly sensitive but it does compare favorably to reported sensitivity for lumbar puncture given the need for repeat large volume taps to achieve high sensitivity. Pachymeningeal enhancement is less common but when present is suggestive of lymphomatous source. Disclosure: Dr. Herbst has nothing to disclose. Dr. Baldwin has nothing to disclose.
Closing the gap: Raising medical professionals' transgender awareness and medical proficiency through pharmacist-led education.

Introduction Patients who are transgender have unique population-specific needs and risk factors. Nationwide surveys of health profession school administrators indicate a gap in coverage of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health content in their curricula. To address this gap, a pharmacist-developed transgender-health care focused seminar was presented to medical professionals, trainees, and students accompanied by a novel education assessment scale. Methods The seminar was presented by a psychiatric pharmacy resident to health care professionals and trainees in various settings. Subjects covered during the seminar included terminology, diagnostic criteria and prevalence of gender dysphoria, nonhormonal treatment, gender-affirming hormone therapy, and other considerations. The Trans* Health Education Evaluation Scale (THEES) was developed to assess participants' self-perceived proficiency regarding care of patients who are transgender immediately before and after attending a seminar. Total scale scores were compared preseminar and postseminar using a repeated-measures t-test, and sign tests with Bonferroni correction were used for individual scale items. Psychometric properties of this scale were examined. Results Five seminars were given, and a total of 100 scales were completed by health care-associated workers and students. The majority of participants were in the pharmacy or medical professions. Attending 1 seminar significantly improved THEES total and individual item scores (P < .001). Additionally, 90% of participants felt the seminar was directly applicable to their practice, and 84% felt more confident in providing care to patients who are transgender. Discussion A single, pharmacist-led, trans health-focused education session significantly improved the confidence level and self-perceived proficiency of health care-associated personnel as measured by THEES.
Features of implementation of the newest management concepts: regional model of modernization of administrative processes in public authorities in conditions of digital transformation of society

In the article emphasizes that for Ukraine in the current conditions, the desire for effective public administration necessitates the formation of a strong bureaucracy, so the administrative work of public authorities becomes a field for innovation and modernize. Emphasis is placed on the internal work of public authorities, which under the influence of the digital transformation of society requires the modernization of administrative processes taking into account digital technologies. The implementation of practices in combination with digital technologies requires research for the success of modernization in the public authorities of Ukraine, which will take into account the existing values and principles that are accepted at the international level. The article argues that in the context of digital transformation of society, public authorities of democratic countries of the modern world should a priori use in their work the principles of the newest management concepts as exemplary guidelines for action. The article provides an overview of the main provisions of the newest management concepts «New Public Management», «Good Governance», «FAST Government», «Open Government». The article considers the components of these concepts through the impact on the main levels of administrative processes taking place in public authorities. Based on the results in 2019 study of electronic readiness of Dnipropetrovsk region, a description of the regional model of modernization of administrative processes, which consists of five levels: level of infrastructure, level of interaction, level of decision support, level of access to public information and level of service provision. A graphical representation of the regional model of modernization of administrative processes in public authorities is given, indicating the impact of the latest management concepts at its level. Based on this, it is determined that the implementation of the approaches of the newest management concepts in public authorities, based on the introduction of digital technology tools, has the character of a comprehensive focus on service activities.
Food and women in Italian literature, culture and society: eve’s sinful bite: edited by Claudia Bernardi, Francesca Calamita and Daniele De Feo, London, Bloomsbury, 597 pp., ISBN HB: 978-1-3501-3778-3; ePDF: 978-1-3501-3779-0; eBook: 978-1-3501-3780-6

This book explores the multi-faceted relationship between Italian women and food as depicted in nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first century media including novels, memoirs, cookbooks, women’s m...
Gasdermin D mediates inflammation-induced defects in reverse cholesterol transport and promotes atherosclerosis

Activation of inflammasomes, such as Nlrp3 and AIM2, can exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice and humans. Gasdermin D (GsdmD) serves as a final executor of inflammasome activity, by generating membrane pores for the release of mature Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Inflammation dampens reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and promotes atherogenesis, while anti-IL-1β antibodies were shown to reduce cardiovascular disease in humans. Though Nlrp3/AIM2 and IL-1β nexus is an emerging atherogenic pathway, the direct role of GsdmD in atherosclerosis is not yet fully clear. Here, we used in vivo Nlrp3 inflammasome activation to show that the GsdmD-/- mice release ∼80% less IL-1β vs. Wild type (WT) mice. The GsdmD-/- macrophages were more resistant to Nlrp3 inflammasome mediated reduction in cholesterol efflux, showing ∼26% decrease vs. ∼60% reduction in WT macrophages. GsdmD expression in macrophages exacerbated foam cell formation in an IL-1β dependent fashion. The GsdmD-/- mice were resistant to Nlrp3 inflammasome mediated defect in RCT, with ∼32% reduction in plasma RCT vs. ∼57% reduction in WT mice, ∼17% reduction in RCT to liver vs. 42% in WT mice, and ∼37% decrease in RCT to feces vs. ∼61% in WT mice. The LDLr antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) induced hyperlipidemic mouse model showed the role of GsdmD in promoting atherosclerosis. The GsdmD-/- mice exhibit ∼42% decreased atherosclerotic lesion area in females and ∼33% decreased lesion area in males vs. WT mice. The atherosclerotic plaque-bearing sections stained positive for the cleaved N-terminal fragment of GsdmD, indicating cleavage of GsdmD in atherosclerotic plaques. Our data show that GsdmD mediates inflammation-induced defects in RCT and promotes atherosclerosis.
Power-Aware Modeling Revisited

This chapter reviews power-aware model in several different ways to explore new analysis possibilities. In this chapter, heterogeneous design is described for the first time by allowing for different functional models for components using different implementation technologies. Additionally, the option of implementing different system functions simultaneously using different implementation technologies is also explored. Technology-specific functional models allow representation of the TDMA algorithm in a manner most appropriate for a specific technology. New models for TDMA functions represent technology-specific implementations for functions in a manner similar to that for technology-specific power consumption models. Using decomposition to represent the TDMA model structurally adds design detail and allows refinement of the power consumption model. By modeling power consumption in individual components, power consumption is more precisely modeled. Using facets to structurally model constraints, as well as functions results in clean, focused structural specifications. Finally, combining decomposition with technology-specific functional and power models adds more detail to the power model.
Investigations of a complete pore structure analysis: II. Analysis of four silica gels

Abstract Complete pore structure analyses were performed for four silica gels, by a combination of the “MP-method” for the micropores and the “corrected modelless method” for the wide pores. Two of the silica gels contained only wide pores, and two both narrow and wide pores. The cumulative pore surfaces agreed with the BET surfaces, and the cumulative pore volumes agreed with the total pore volumes accessible to nitrogen. These are strong indications of the correctness of the analyses. The results for the silica gels with both wide and narrow pores indicate that the BET equation gives correct values for the surface areas of the micropores of the two gels.
Laryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma: A population-based perspective.

Objectives/Hypothesis Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) occurs infrequently in the larynx. Consequently, no large samples describing its clinical behavior are available in the literature. Our objective was to use a nationally representative population-based resource to evaluate clinical behavior, patient demographics, and outcomes among patients diagnosed with laryngeal ACC (LACC). Study Design Retrospective database analysis. Methods The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was analyzed for patients diagnosed with LACC between 1973 and 2011. Patient demographics, incidence, treatment, and survival between LACC and other laryngeal malignancies were compared. Results Of 69 LACC patients, 63.8% were female, 78.2% Caucasian, and the median age was 54 years. LACC patients were much more likely to have subglottic lesions (44.9%) than individuals with other malignancies (1.6%). The incidence of LACC was 0.005/100,000 individuals. The majority of patients with LACC harbored T4 lesions at initial diagnosis, although 87.9% had N0 disease, and only 6.1% had distant metastasis at diagnosis. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was greater at 1 year for LACC compared to other laryngeal malignancies, but not at 5 or 10 years. Five-year DSS was greater for LACC patients who underwent surgery versus those who did not undergo surgery. Conclusions This analysis notes that LACC has a low incidence with no significant change in incidence over the study period. Compared to other laryngeal malignancies, LACC has a female preponderance, is much more common in the subglottis, presents at a younger age, and more often presents with T4 disease. Surgery was noted to confer a survival advantage in LACC. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:2485–2490, 2015
The Interplay of Social Work Licensure and Supervision

Licensure is a growing trend within the social work profession and the movement toward external regulation of practice is expected to continue. The National Association of Social Workers is working to bring about uniform legislation, and yet little empirical research has been conducted into licensure's influence of the profession. This paper describes the results of an exploratory survey of the interplay between the two most common forms of licensure, registration and certification, and supervision. Associations were found between the supervisee's context of employment, the way supervision is conducted and licensure. These findings suggest that licensure is an important influence on supervision and identifies areas for future study.
Characterization of novel akermanite:poly-ϵ-caprolactone scaffolds for human adipose-derived stem cells bone tissue engineering.

In this study, three different akermanite:poly-ϵ-caprolactone (PCL) composite scaffolds (wt%: 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) were characterized in terms of structure, compression strength, degradation rate and in vitro biocompatibility to human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC). Pure ceramic scaffolds [CellCeramTM, custom-made, 40:60 wt%; β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP):hydroxyapatite (HA); and akermanite] and PCL scaffolds served as experimental controls. Compared to ceramic scaffolds, the authors hypothesized that optimal akermanite:PCL composites would have improved compression strength and comparable biocompatibility to hASC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that PCL-containing scaffolds had the highest porosity but CellCeramTM had the greatest pore size. In general, compression strength in PCL-containing scaffolds was greater than in ceramic scaffolds. PCL-containing scaffolds were also more stable in culture than ceramic scaffolds. Nonetheless, mass losses after 21 days were observed in all scaffold types. Reduced hASC metabolic activity and increased cell detachment were observed after acute exposure to akermanite:PCL extracts (wt%: 75:25, 50:50). Among the PCL-containing scaffolds, hASC cultured for 21 days on akermanite:PCL (wt%: 75:25) discs displayed the highest viability, increased expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) and lowest IL-6 expression. Together, the results indicate that akermanite:PCL composites may have appropriate mechanical and biocompatibility properties for use as bone tissue scaffolds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolving Conflicts Over Climate Change Solutions: Making the Case for Mediation

This article explores the role that mediation can play in resolving the conflicts that are emerging in the climate change arena. Case studies describing mediation of disputes over air quality standards, timber harvesting, species protection, and ecosystems restoration, which resulted in consensus agreements among multiple, diverse stakeholder groups, demonstrate its applicability to the climate change arena. Mediation is not suited to every dispute or set of disputants. However, an analysis of the opportunities and constraints for addressing climate change disputes at the state, regional, and local levels suggests that mediated negotiations is well suited for resolving a number of the conflicts that are emerging over the siting of alternative energy projects, stringency of new regulations, and allocation of responsibility and costs among jurisdictions for reducing green house gas emissions.
A new mouse cell-surface antigen (Ly-m20) controlled by a gene linked to Mls locus and defined by monoclonal antibodies.

Five monoclonal antibodies were established by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells (NS.1) with spleen cells from A and (A x C3H/An)F1 mice hyperimmunized with 70Z/3 tumor cells. These antibodies recognized a new antigenic specificity provisionally called Ly-m20.2. In direct cytotoxicity assays, 60 percent of cells in spleen, 40 percent in lymph node, 50 percent in bone marrow and less than 5 percent in thymus were found to react with three of the five antibodies, whereas the two others yielded somewhat lower cytotoxicity indices. The Ly-m20.2 antigen was also expressed on cells derived from liver and kidney but not on cells derived from brain. As judged from cytotoxicity assays with separated T and B cells, Ly-m20.2 antigen is carried preferentially on B lymphocytes. Direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) were completely eliminated by Ly-m20.2-specific antibody and complement. Linkage tests by analysis in 20 (CBA/J x C3H/An) x C3H/An backcross mice and by segregation analysis of BXH and SWXL recombinant inbred strains indicate close association of the loci controlling Ly-m20.2 and Mls antigens on chromosome 1.
Nanosphere arrays with controlled sub-10-nm gaps as surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy substrates.

We demonstrate a convenient and cost-effective chemical approach for fabricating highly ordered Au nanoparticle arrays with sub-10-nm interparticle gaps. Near-field enhancements inside the interparticle gaps create uniform periodic arrays of well-defined “hot spots” exploitable for large surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancements. A cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) bilayer surrounding each individual nanoparticle upon array crystallization is responsible for this periodic gap structure; displacement of the CTAB by smaller thiolated molecules does not affect the structural integrity of the arrays. As SERS substrates, the as-fabricated Au nanoparticle arrays exhibit high SERS sensitivity, long-term stability, and consistent reproducibility.
OPTICS AND THE SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER PROBLEM.

Since World War II the requirements of military security, space exploration, economic progress, medical advances, and assistance to underdeveloped nations have led to a rapid increase in the financial support of research and development. The increasing research program and the rapid growth in the enrollment in the colleges and universities have produced a rising demand for scientific personnel. In the field of optics this increased demand has been especially large because of new developments in optics and the consequent increase in the demand for optical specialists and optical engineers. Analysis of the supply and demand relationships in optics leads to the conclusion that special attention to this field is required and that there is a need for the development of new university programs which will increase the rate of training of optical specialists even more rapidly than that of other kinds of scientists and engineers.
From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of a Science, 1650–1830

In her brilliant thematic essay, author Rachel Laudan warns the reader from the onset that she is expecting to stimulate as much controversy as agreement. I can grant her agreement when she gives a good review of mineralogy in the 17th and 18th centuries, with its related chemical and physical cosmogonies. She argues convincingly that scientific concerns gradually shifted from minerals to rocks and then to the division of rocks into “primary” and “secondary” for theoretical considerations and for practical uses in mining. This shift continued, with the focus moving from rocks to the behavior of the aqueous solutions that deposited them (Laudan stresses that the popularity of thermal waters for cures of all ailments had much to do with this new interest) and finally to the role ot heat and water in the processes of induration of sediments into rocks.
The validity of certain homogenization expansions

Abstract Asymptotic expansions are formally developed for the transport problem in a cellular medium (full-space) and also for non-cellular media in domains with boundaries. The expansions are asymptotic with respect to the mean free path length and cell dimension. It is proved in this paper that the expansion in the full-space case is valid.
Parallel Synthesis of Polymer Libraries Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)

Parallel atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and t-butyl acrylate (t-BA) was investigated. A series of ATRP polymerizations were carried out in parallel with varying targeted molecular weight (M n ) and showed excellent reproducibility of M n , polydispersity, and conversion. In addition, polymerizations were done to determine the effect of inhibitor on styrene polymerization, yielding similar results. In synthesizing a library of polymers having varying M n using ATRP, polymers having lower M n reach their target values earlier and the others continue to react under heating, resulting in peak broadening for the low M n polymers. Reinitiation experiments indicated that termination reactions were taking place resulting in "dead" polymer chains which were unable to reinitiate polymerization.
Shape Complexity in Turbulence

The shape complexity of irregular surfaces is quantified by a dimensionless area-volume measure. A joint distribution of shape complexity and size is found for level-set islands and lakes in two-dimensional slices of the scalar field of liquid-phase turbulent jets, with complexity values increasing with size. A well-defined power law, over 3 decades in size (6 decades in area), is found for the shape complexity distribution. Such properties are important in various phenomena that rely on large area-volume ratios of surfaces or interfaces, such as turbulent mixing and combustion.
Directed Evolution of Multivalent Glycopeptides Tightly Recognized by HIV Antibody 2G12

Herein, we report a method for in vitro selection of multivalent glycopeptides, combining mRNA display with incorporation of unnatural amino acids and “click” chemistry. We have demonstrated the use of this method to design potential glycopeptide vaccines against HIV. From libraries of ∼1013 glycopeptides containing multiple Man9 glycan(s), we selected variants that bind to HIV broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12 with picomolar to low nanomolar affinity. This is comparable to the strength of the natural 2G12–gp120 interaction, and is the strongest affinity achieved to date with constructs containing 3–5 glycans. These glycopeptides are therefore of great interest in HIV vaccine design.
Chronic chorioamnionitis: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study

Lymphocytic inflammation of the fetal membranes is unusual and has been termed chronic chorioamnionitis. We report the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in 31 placentas with chronic chorioamnionitis. The most common histopathologic association was chronic villitis of unknown etiology, which was identified in 22 (71%) of the 31 placentas. The severity of the chronic villitis did not correlate with the severity of chronic chorioamnionitis. Additional placental findings included chronic intervillositis in two, fetal vessel thrombosis in five, hemorrhagic endovasculitis in four, decidual chronic vasculitis in three, and atherosis in one. Maternal history included pregnancy-induced hypertension in six and diabetes in one. Twelve infants were preterm, and five had intrauterine growth retardation. There was no neonatal sepsis or death. Immunohistochemical staining in areas of chronic chorioamnionitis showed CD3+ and CD8+ cells present in moderate numbers, and CD4+ cells in smaller numbers. CD20+ and CD56+ cells were rare or absent. Chronic chorioamnionitis is commonly associated with chronic villitis of unknown etiology, shares similar clinical associations, and may have a related cause, possibly immunologic.
Achieving continuity: a story of stellar magnitude

Abstract Scientists tell a story of 2,000 years of stellar magnitude research that traces back to Hipparchus. This story of continuity in practices serves an important role in scientific education and outreach. STS scholars point out many ways that stories of continuity, like many narratives about science, are disconnected from practices. Yet the story of continuity in stellar magnitude is a powerful scientific achievement precisely because of its connection to practice. The historical development of star catalogues shows how specific recording practices connected past and present in a useful way. The narrative of continuity in stellar magnitude, however else it might be subject to STS critique of narrative, maintains its power because of its connection to practice. I suggest that more attention be paid to connections between practice and narrative in STS, and in particular to the ways that historical practices sustain narratives by connecting past and present.
Central neurocytoma: One associated with a fourth ventricular PNET/ medulloblastoma and the second mixed with adipose tissue

We report two cases of central neurocytoma; one located in the right lateral ventricle and associated with a distinctly separate primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/medulloblastoma of the fourth ventricle, and the other admixed with fat cells and arising from the left lateral and third ventricles with extension into the corpus callosum. We discuss that concurrent occurrences of PNET and adipose tissue are not fortuitous events, but an evidence that neurocytomas and PNETs originate in the residual germinal pool from common progenitor cell rests recapitulating features of developing neurons and with a potential for mesenchymal differentiation.
Thermal conductivity and specific heat of thin-film amorphous silicon.

We report the thermal conductivity and specific heat of amorphous silicon thin films measured from 5--300 K using silicon-nitride membrane-based microcalorimeters. Above 50 K the thermal conductivity of thin-film amorphous silicon agrees with values previously reported by other authors. However, our data show no plateau, with a low $T$ suppression of the thermal conductivity that suggests that the scattering of long wavelength, low $Q$ vibrations goes as ${Q}^{2}$. The specific heat shows Debye-like behavior below 15 K, with ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}=487\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, and is consistent with a very small contribution of tunneling states in amorphous silicon. Above 15 K, the specific heat deviates less from Debye behavior than does its crystalline allotrope, indicating no significant excess modes (boson peak) in amorphous silicon.
Regulating neuronal excitability

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are major health problems associated with chronic orofacial pain in the masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joint. Evidence suggests that changes in primary afferent neurons innervating the muscles of mastication may contribute to TMD. However, there has been little systematic study of the mechanisms controlling the excitability of these muscles afferents, nor their response to inflammation. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that 1) inflammation increases the excitability of nociceptive neurons innervating the masseter muscle and 2) the ionic mechanisms underlying these changes are unique to these neurons. We examined inflammation-induced changes in excitability of trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons following bilateral intramuscular injections of Complete Freund‘s Adjuvant (CFA). Three days after CFA injection TG neurons were removed, dissociated and plated. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from retrograde labeled neurons from control and inflamed animals. Inflammation increased excitability in putative nociceptors that was marked by a significant increase in the slope of the stimulus response function assessed with depolarizing current injection. The increase in excitability was associated with a significant increase in the rate of decay of the action potential after-hyperpolarization. These results suggest that inflammation induces an increase in the excitability in a subpopulation of muscle afferents, which reflects, at least in part, a decrease in a voltageor Ca2 dependent outward current. Identification of the channel(s) underlying this current may provide a target of a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of TMD pain. Work supported by: T32 DE 14074 (AMH) and P50 AR049555 (MSG)
SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND FECUNDITY OF AUSTRALORBIS GLABRATUS SNAILS DEVELOPED FROM EGGS EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION.

The present experiments indicate that irradiated Australorbis glabratus eggs may be capable of making adjustments that lessen the ill effects of radiation on further development and hatching of embryos. However, these experiments also show that the radiobiological lesions caused directly or soon after radiation may be revealed in the life of snails. Some of the radiation effects were time-limited; others were permanent. Impaired growth, increased mortalities, delayed maturation, and suppressed egg viability were temporarily affected processes confined to the life of juveniles and young adults, whereas suppressed fecundity, as indicated by the dramatically reduced numbers of viable eggs, persisted for the life of the individual. It was also demonstrated that the over-all strength of the radiation effect was sufficient to reduce the population derived from the irradiated eggs but did not prevent the reestablishment of a normal population by a subsequent generation.
Supporting interruption management through informative tactile and peripheral visual cues

Operators in data-rich event-driven domains need to be supported in effectively allocating their limited attentional resources to cope with numerous competing task demands and frequent interruptions. One prerequisite for achieving this goal is to provide operators with information that allows them to make informed decisions about, and before, (re)orienting their attentional focus. This study examined the effectiveness of using informative peripheral visual and tactile cues for this purpose. 30 participants performed a continuous visual task. Occasionally, they were presented with a peripheral visual or tactile cue that indicated the need to perform a competing visual task. The location, frequency, and duration of the interruption cues reflected the type, importance, and likely duration, respectively, of the interrupting task. The findings from this study show that the informative cues were detected and interpreted reliably. Information about the importance (rather than duration) of the task was used by pa...
Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Histopathology, Immunohistochemical Profile and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Phenotype Change

Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma in the mucosa of upper aerodigestive tract. Histomorphologically, acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma may lose the typical features of conventional squamous cell carcinoma and mimic other epithelial or mesenchymal malignancies due to advanced acantholysis and dyskeratosis. Because of its rarity, information of prognosis, pathologic features and immunohistochemical profiles is limited. We have studied clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical profiles of four acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma cases arising from upper aerodigestive tract. Clinical results indicate an aggressive biologic behavior. Morphologically, all tumors revealed significant acantholysis with separation of tumor cells and intratumoral spaces. The tumor cells were highly pleomorphic and growth patterns were variable. In immunohistochemical studies, all tumor cells revealed positive reactions for AE1/AE3 and p63 supporting a squamous epithelial origin. In contrast to conventional aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma, acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma showed significant reductions of cytokeratin19, E-cadherin and concomitant up-regulation of vimentin expression. Both morphologic features and immunohistochemical profiles indicate that acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma has acquired an epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype. However, in contrast to other solid malignant tumors, the epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype change in acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is not limited to the invasive front of the peripheral tumor but, rather, diffusely involves entire neoplastic lesion. In addition, because cytokeratin 19 staining is attenuated, this would be an insensitive marker for following up and/or in detecting disseminated tumor cells in cases of acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma in upper aerodigestive tract.
Glass formation by a solid state reaction of crystalline ZrX phases with hydrogen and structure of glassy hydrides

The transformation of crystalline Zr3Rh intermetallic phases into the amorphous state by hydriding at about 200°C is shown. The reaction endproduct shown no significant difference in their physical properties to a rapidly quenched hydrided sample. The transformation can be explained in terms of a “chemical frustration” effect due to the large disparity in the diffusion rates. Radial distribution functions suggest that hydrogen occupies tetrahedral sites defined by four Zr atoms. A simple statistical model is in good agreement with the observed absorption capacity for hydrogen.