cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual Room Re-Creation: A New Measure of Room Size Perception

The perception of the size of indoor rooms is traditionally measured with spaciousness ratings or verbal estimations of width and length, but these measures inherently focus on specific aspects of rooms that may not accurately capture a holistic perception of room size. The current study asked users to re-create the size of virtual rooms with a visual matching task by adjusting the dimensions of comparison virtual rooms to match those of a previously viewed virtual room. In addition to estimating room size with this novel room re-creation measure, participants also provided spaciousness ratings and verbal reports of length and width for each room. The results indicate that users accurately estimate relative room size using room re-creation. Room dimensions set in the room re-creation task were more accurate to the programmed dimensions and less variable than verbal reports. The room re-creation measure was positively correlated with spaciousness ratings, indicating that it also captures holistic perception of room size. Thus, the virtual room re-creation task accurately assesses both holistic and dimensional perception of the size of virtual rooms in an informative, quantitative manner. The room re-creation measure exemplifies the ability to use virtual reality as a unique tool for measuring space perception. The current study demonstrates the implementation of the novel room re-creation task and its ability to accurately capture the perception of virtual rooms, which can serve as a foundation for future studies to assess the ability of virtual room re-creation to capture the perception of real-world rooms. This new measure of room size perception is relevant to theoretical space perception research as well as applied research in architecture and interior design.
Tangent Similarity Measure of Cubic Spherical Fuzzy Sets and Its Application to MCDM

The objective of this paper is to present a new perspective of tangent similarity measure of cubic spherical fuzzy sets. First, the concept of spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs) is extended to cubic spherical fuzzy notion. Then the fundamental concepts of Cubic-Spherical fuzzy sets (Cubic-SFSs) and their operations are studied. The idea of tangent similarity measure (TAN-SM) for Cubic-SFSs is introduced. Also some of the properties of TAN-SM are investigated numerically, and these concepts have been used to develop a new decision-making technique which will have influence in the field of decision science. Further, tangent fuzzy aggregation operator (TFAO) is introduced and a medical diagnosis intelligent system has been demonstrated based on the proposed MCDM approach. Finally, a sensitive analysis is conducted to show the efficiency of TAN-SM of Cubic-SFSs .
Review of Recent Advances in Lipid Analysis of Biological Samples via Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The rapid and direct structural characterization of lipids proves to be critical for studying the functional roles of lipids in many biological processes. Among numerous analytical techniques, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) allows for a direct molecular characterization of lipids from various complex biological samples with no/minimal sample pretreatment. Over the recent years, researchers have expanded the applications of the AIMS techniques to lipid structural elucidation via a combination with a series of derivatization strategies (e.g., the Paterno–Buchi (PB) reaction, ozone-induced dissociation (OzID), and epoxidation reaction), including carbon–carbon double bond (C=C) locations and sn-positions isomers. Herein, this review summarizes the reaction mechanisms of various derivatization strategies for C=C bond analysis, typical instrumental setup, and applications of AIMS in the structural elucidation of lipids from various biological samples (e.g., tissues, cells, and biofluids). In addition, future directions of AIMS for lipid structural elucidation are discussed.
Bound by Recognition

In an era of heightened concern about injustice in relations of identity and difference, political theorists often prescribe equal recognition as a remedy for the ills of subordination. Drawing on the philosophy of Hegel, they envision a system of reciprocal knowledge and esteem, in which the affirming glance of others lets everyone be who they really are. This book challenges the equation of recognition with justice. Patchen Markell mines neglected strands of the concept's genealogy and reconstructs an unorthodox interpretation of Hegel, who, in the unexpected company of Sophocles, Aristotle, Arendt, and others, reveals why recognition's promised satisfactions are bound to disappoint, and even to stifle. Written with exceptional clarity, the book develops an alternative account of the nature and sources of identity-based injustice in which the pursuit of recognition is part of the problem rather than the solution. And it articulates an alternative conception of justice rooted not in the recognition of identity of the other but in the acknowledgment of our own finitude in the face of a future thick with surprise. Moving deftly among contemporary political philosophers (including Taylor and Kymlicka), the close interpretation of ancient and modern texts (Hegel's Phenomenology, Aristotle's Poetics, and more), and the exploration of rich case studies drawn from literature (Antigone), history (Jewish emancipation in nineteenth-century Prussia), and modern politics (official multiculturalism), Bound by Recognition is at once a sustained treatment of the problem of recognition and a sequence of virtuoso studies.
Misselijkheid en braken in de palliatieve fase

De gereviseerde richtlijn ‘Misselijkheid en braken in de palliatieve fase’ is gebaseerd op consensus en (in beperkte mate) op wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In dit artikel worden diagnostiek en behandeling volgens de gereviseerde richtlijn besproken.
Nucleation Mechanism for Shuffling Dominated Twinning in Magnesium

We observed nucleation of {10–12} twinning under tensile loading in magnesium rectangular rod system using atomistic molecular dynamic simulation. The rod axis is normal to basal plane of Mg crystal. The tensile deformation in c-axis nucleates {10–12} twinning starting at the corner of square of cross section of the rod. The twin boundary is spherical at the beginning and become a linear boundary in {10–12} planes as time goes by. The twinning and shuffling processes are described. The nucleation mechanism of the shuffling dominated twinning is explained.
Rapamycin-Mediated Enrichment of T Cells with Regulatory Activity in Stimulated CD4+ T Cell Cultures Is Not Due to the Selective Expansion of Naturally Occurring Regulatory T Cells but to the Induction of Regulatory Functions in Conventional CD4+ T Cells

Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug currently used in different clinical settings. Although the capacity of rapamycin to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin serine/threonine protein kinase and therefore T cell cycle progression is well known, its effects are complex and not completely understood. It has been reported recently that TCR-mediated stimulation of murine CD4+ T cells in the presence of rapamycin results in increased proportions of CD4+ T cells with suppressive functions, suggesting that the drug may also exert its immunosuppressive activity by promoting the selective expansion of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we show that stimulation of human circulating CD4+ T cells in the presence of rapamycin results indeed in highly increased suppressor activity. By assessing the effect of rapamycin on the growth of nonregulatory and Treg populations of defined differentiation stages purified ex vivo from circulating CD4+ T cells, we could demonstrate that this phenomenon is not due to a selective expansion of naturally occurring Tregs, but to the capacity of rapamycin to induce, upon TCR-mediated stimulation, suppressor functions in conventional CD4+ T cells. This condition, however, is temporary and reversible as it is dependent upon the continuous presence of rapamycin.
A Field Study of Distance Perception with Large-Radius Convex Rearview Mirrors

This empirical study was designed to investigate the effects of mirrors with large radiuses (up to 8900 mm). Subjects' distance perceptions for objects seen in large-radius rearview mirrors were measured by magnitude estimation in a static field setting. The results indicate that: (1) overestimation of distance continues to decrease as mirror radius increases beyond 2000 mm; and (2) that the overestimation continues to be substantially lower than would be predicted from a model based on image minification and reduction of visual angle. However, even at the longest radius examined in this experiment (8900 mm) the overestimation of distance (8%) is not small enough to be dismissed definitively as trivial. Because various learning effects and changes in driver strategy may compensate for the distortion of distance perception, this does not necessarily mean that convex mirrors of any radius are unsafe. But it suggests that: (i) even for convex mirrors with very long radiuses, the gain in quantity of field of view provided by the convexity comes with a nontrivial cost in quality of field of view; and (ii) that the tradeoff between these two characteristics must still be considered in designing optimal mirrors. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492369.
Directing Self-Organized Columnar Nanostructures of Discotic Liquid Crystals for Device Applications

The columnar nanostructures of discotic liquid crystals are fascinating supramolecular systems with promising electronic and optoelectronic properties. Due to their remarkable performance in organic field effect transistors and organic photovoltaic devices, they have been regarded as a new generation of soft organic semiconductors. However, in order to realize the full potential of these intriguing materials, the discotic molecules need to be suitably oriented in the device structures directed by different stimuli. The devices fabricated with oriented materials have been demonstrated to perform better than using non-oriented materials. Over the years, different techniques have been developed to direct the appropriate alignment of the columnar phase of discotic liquid crystals on and in-between substrates. This chapter discusses the different methods used for the alignment control of discotic columnar phases parallel (planar) and perpendicular (homeotropic) to the substrates up to a macroscopic length scale.
Reflections from discontinuities beneath antarctica

Early reflections of the phase P′P′ recorded at North American seismograph stations from nuclear explosions in Novaya Zemlya are used to examine the crust and upper mantle beneath a region of eastern Antarctica. Many reflections are observed from depths less than 120 km, indicating considerable inhomogeneity at these depths in the Earth. No regular horizons were found throughout the area, but some correlation was observed among reflections at closely-spaced stations, and, at many stations, reflections were observed from depths of between 60 and 80 km, corresponding to a likely upper boundary of the low-velocity channel. Deeper reflections were found at depths of near 420 and 650 km. The latter boundary was particularly well-observed and appears to be sharply defined at a depth that is constant to within a few kilometers. The boundary at 420 km is not so well defined by reflections of P′P′ , but reflects well longer-period PP waves, arriving at wider angles of incidence. This boundary appears to be at least as pronounced, but not so sharp as that near 650 km. The deep structure beneath Antarctica presents no obvious difference from that beneath other continental areas.
The central actions of lidocaine and a pesticide, chlordimeform

Abstract The injection of 300–1000 μg of lidocaine or chlordimeform (CDM) into the lateral ventricles of rats lightly anaesthetized with urethane produced similar dose-dependent pressor (or depressor) responses. Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus caused suppression of the spontaneous EEG recorded from bipolar electrodes implanted in the amygdala. Intraventricular lidocaine and CDM blocked the raphe-mediated suppression of the amygdala EEG activity. Higher doses (3–4 mg) of intraventricular lidocaine or CDM resulted in clonic limb movements, spikes in the amygdala EEG and blood pressure oscillation. All seizure manifestations could be blocked by intense raphe stimulation or by intravenous diazepam (1 mg/kg). These studies indicate a central origin for the secondary pressor response that is observed with higher intravenous doses (10–50 mg/kg) of lidocaine or CDM.
Patriarchal Terrorism or Common Couple Violence: Attorneys' Views of Prosecuting and Defending Woman Batterers

In the last two decades, most states in the United States have passed laws to protect battered women and to enhance their access to the criminal justice system. Preliminary examinations suggest that the reforms have had a limited success on abused women's use of the law. This study examines the ways in which prosecuting and defense attorneys perceive and describe the dynamics of battering as they play out in court, and presents attorneys' views of prosecuting, defending and adjudicating cases of violence against women. Attorneys' views on the defenses commonly used in court and other issues of concern to reformers of domestic violence laws are also discussed. The study suggests that attorneys' accounts portray the woman-battering cases which reach the justice system as ‘common couple violence’ rather than ‘patriarchal terrorism’. Results indicate that the legal profession, charged with the prosecution and adjudication of domestic violence, resorts to gender stereotypes to excuse, minimize or tolerate viol...
Social Organization and Foraging Behaviour of the Fishing Bat, Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera:Noctilionidae)

Female Noctilio leporinus roost in groups that remain together, associated with the same individuals and in the same location, for several years regardless of turnover in resident males and movements of the group to alternate roosts. Females scent marked themselves with the sub-axial secretions of other females by rubbing their heads beneath other bats' wings. Males residing with female groups retain their tenure for two or more reproductive seasons. Bachelor males roost solitarily or in small groups apart from females. Together, these characteristics appear to form the basis of a polygynous social organization. Female N. leporinus foraged solitarily or in small groups with other females from the same roost group. Stable female roost groups forage together and return to the same foraging areas over long periods of time. Bats assembled into small groups outside of the roost and flew together to foraging areas. Females from one roost group were monitored using the same foraging area for over a year. Bats foraged close enough to each other to communicate the location of prey either passively or actively. Roosts were not used as information centres, as bats rarely followed each other from the roost to forage. Males foraged solitarily, utilizing areas that were different from, and larger than, those of the females.
Goodness of Fit of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised to the Horn-Cattell Gf-Gc Theory:

Empirical evidence is examined on the extent to which the structure of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised is matched to Horn-Cattell Gf-Gc Theory. Confirmatory factor analysis is described, and the confirmatory factor analyses used to support the match are examined. It is concluded that the test is a good fit to the model, though some questions and research possibilities are raised.
Enzymology of l-Tyrosine Biosynthesis in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)

The enzymes of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (prephenate dehydrogenase and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate aminotransferase) and pretyrosine (prephenate aminotransferase and pretyrosine dehydrogenase) pathways of l-tyrosine biosynthesis were partially purified from mung bean ( Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) seedlings. NADP-dependent prephenate dehydrogenase and pretyrosine dehydrogenase activities coeluted from ion exchange, adsorption, and gel-filtration columns, suggesting that a single protein (52,000 daltons) catalyzes both reactions. The ratio of the activities of partially purified prephenate to pretyrosine dehydrogenase was constant during all purification steps as well as after partial inactivation caused by p -hydroxymercuribenzoic acid or heat. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase, but not of pretyrosine dehydrogenase, was inhibited by l-tyrosine at nonsaturating levels of substrate. The K m values for prephenate and pretyrosine were similar, but the specific activity with prephenate was 2.9 times greater than with pretyrosine. Two peaks of aromatic aminotransferase activity utilizing l-glutamate or l-aspartate as amino donors and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylpyruvate, and/or prephenate as keto acid substrates were eluted from DEAE-cellulose. Of the three keto acid substrates, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate was preferentially utilized by 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate aminotransferase whereas prephenate was best utilized by prephenate aminotransferase. The identity of a product of prephenate aminotransferase as pretyrosine following reaction with prephenate was established by thin layer chromatography of the dansyl-derivative.
Accidental Needlesticks in the Phlebotomy Service of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at Mayo Clinic Rochester

Objective To determine the change in accidental needlestick rates in the Phlebotomy Service at Mayo Clinic Rochester and to identify safety practices implemented from 1983 through 1996. Material and Methods We retrospectively reviewed yearly Phlebotomy Service accidental needlestick rates from 1983 through 1996. Interviews were conducted with representatives of the Infection Control Committee and the management team for the Phlebotomy Service, and minutes of meetings of these two groups were reviewed to identify implemented safety improvements that may have had an effect on accidental needlestick exposures. Results Accidental needlestick exposures in the Phlebotomy Service declined from a high of 1.5/10,000 venipunctures to 0.2/10,000 venipunctures. Several safety improvements were made during that time, including the implementation of a one-handed recapping block, change to single-use evacuated tube holders, increased number and improved locations of disposal containers for needles, implementation of resheathing needles and retractable capillary puncture devices, discontinuation of the practice of changing needles before inoculation of blood culture bottles, increased emphasis on safety for new and experienced phlebotomists, and improved exposure reporting tools. Conclusion We believe that the decrease in our accidental needlestick exposure rate is correlated with the changes in education, practices, and products that we have implemented.
Thermal Decomposition of RDX in the Presence of Added KBH

In an effort to understand the enhancement effect of boron hydride salts on the burning rates of nitramine gun propellants, the thermal decomposition of RDX has been studied, in the presence and absence of added K2B12H12, by two methods: 1) The samples are decomposed in an adapter attached to the inlet of a gas chromatograph, and the less-volatile products are examinedby gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). 2)The decomposition is quenched short of completion, and the nonvolatile residue is analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The pyrolysis-GCMS studies resulted in the chromatographic detection of the mechanistically signi cant 1,3,5– triazine as a product ofRDX thermal decomposition;they also indicated that addedK2B12H12 changes the product distribution obtained from RDX decomposition. The residue-analysis studies con rmed the formation of MRDX and related nitrosoamines in RDX decomposition and also produced evidence for chemical acceleration, by added K2B12H12 , of the thermal decomposition of RDX. Some possible mechanisms for formation and breakdown of 1,3,5–triazine during RDX thermal decomposition are discussed.
Selective Reception of Periodic Electromagnetic Waves with General Time Variation

Several transmitters and receivers for periodic nonsinusoidal electromagnetic waves have been built during the last few years. Various applications of such waves, primarily in radar, have been recognized. The first practical equipment, an into-the-ground radar for construction surveying, has become commercially available. The efficient radiation of nonsinusoidal periodic waves has been discussed in the literature, but very little has been published on their selective reception. This paper describes the principle of selective receivers for periodic waves with general time variation, in analogy to the design of the usual receivers for waves with sinusoidal time variation.
Evaluation of soil fumigants applied by drip irrigation for Liatris production.

Cut-flower growers need alternatives to methyl bromide (MB) for pathogen and weed control. The efficacy of alternative chemicals applied by drip irrigation was tested in a cut-flower production system. In 2002, seven chemical formulations were tested: chloropicrin, iodomethane + chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, sodium azide, metham sodium, furfural + allyl isothiocyanate, and furfural + metham sodium. In 2003, an additional treatment, dimethyl disulfide, was added. Most treatments reduced populations of Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum and increased stem height compared with the nontreated controls. Metham sodium, furfural + metham sodium, sodium azide, and chloropicrin significantly reduced incidence of Liatris stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Weed control was not acceptable either year for any treatments. Viable alternatives to MB for cut-flower production will require better treatments for weed control than was achieved in this study.
PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF AN UPPER SONORAN DESERT EPHEMERAL COMMUNITY

During years with good winter rainfall, ephemeral plants can contribute considerably to primary production in the upper Sonoran Desert. This study was designed to compare ephemeral community productivity and production efficiency within the different microhabitats created by trees, shrubs and open spaces in a Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Ephemerals were periodically harvested in the different habitats and dried for biomass and caloric determinations. The caloric data were compared to total solar input into the different microhabitats in order to determine production efficiencies of each stand. Productivity rates were also determined for the total community for the sample period, winters of 1972-74. Both productivity and production efficiency were highest under the shade of Cercidium. The highest production efficiency occurring in the shaded sites was 5.03% which approaches the theoretical maximum photosynthetic efficiency level. The production efficiency of the entire ephemeral community for the whole growing season was only 0.17% during an optimal year, demonstrating the influence of the environment in the interspaces on productivity and solar conversion in the desert. THE DESERT ecosystem is often considered to be bleak and unproductive when compared to more mesic or agricultural systems. This judgment is quite true if one measures productivity during long periods of drought; however, moderate changes in rainfall enhance desert productivity, while long periods of moisture input dramatically increase productivity of all desert plants. In the Sonoran Desert the "normal" periods of rainfall follow a bimodal pattern, occurring as convective thundershowers in the summer and long cyclonic storms in the winter. In the upper Sonoran Desert in central Arizona, the winter storms are the primary stimulant of primary productivity, much of it in the form of winter ephemeral plant growth. Although all desert plants respond to moisture input, the ephemerals, composed primarily of annual plants, are triggered by rainfall (Went, 1949) and are usually productive only for a very short period of time (Beatley, 1967). Production of desert annual plants has been shown to be closely related to amounts of precipitation (Norton, 1974).
Understanding empathy as a complex construct: A review of the literature.

The purpose of this article is to describe empathy as a complex construct, and its implications for practice. A review of current literature affirms the central role of empathy in psychotherapy, and the importance of mastering it for effective practice. Contributions from perspectives of attitude, context and social neuroscience converge to suggest a dynamic complex construct, useful as a framework for practice application. Influenced by factors such as attitudes, contexts, and values, the quality of empathic engagement is shown to emerge from their unique mix, within and between therapist and patient, and is always grounded in shared, embodied humanity. The essential role of the therapist’s self-regulation is demonstrated. A number of strategies for more consciously managing empathic engagement, and for balancing affect-regulation challenges with self-care are described.
Evaluation of sweet potato cultivars and heating methods for control of maltose production, viscosity and sensory quality

Two varieties of sweet potato were subjected to four cooking temperature-time combinations. A fifth treatment involved adding maltose syrup. Raw comminuted sweet potato mash and cooked sweet potato puree were evaluated for total solids, alcohol insoluble solids, commonly occurring sugars, viscosity (puree only) and for starch gelatinization temperatures. The uncooked Owairaka Red variety was higher in total solids and in alcohol insoluble solids than the Toka Toka Gold. With the exception of the cooked puree with added maltose, baking at 200C resulted in puree with the highest maltose levels. A very fast cooking procedure tended to result in puree with lower levels of maltose and high viscosity. Sensory studies revealed that the Owairaka Red variety produced puree with more viscous and adhesive mouth feel. It was concluded that cooking alone could not be used to optimize both maltose production and viscosity.
A dynamic demand analysis of the United States air-passenger service

Abstract This study examines the short- and long-run effects of various determinants on the demand for US air passenger-services using the Johansen cointegration analysis and a vector error-correction (VEC) model. Results show that, in the long-run, airfare, disposable income and NASDAQ have significant effects on US air travel demand. The combined short-run dynamic effects of disposable income, NASDAQ, population and airfare jointly explain changes in air passenger-miles. Finally, we find that the 9/11 terrorist attacks drop air passenger demand by 5% during 2001:Q3–2002:Q2, which in turn pushes down the seat capacity by 4%. However, it has little impact on airfare.
POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VAN'T HOFF AND CALORIMETRIC ENTHALPY ESTIMATES

Monte Carlo simulations were used to reveal a subtle, hidden contribution to van't Hoff enthalpy estimates from small heat capacity changes. In simulated van't Hoff plots of ln K versus I/T, small heat capacity changes (-200 < or = delta Cp < or = +200 cal mol-1 K-1), for which curvature could not be discerned within the noise of the data, were found to systematically bias the slope, leading to apparently erroneous enthalpy estimates. Nonlinear least squares analysis of the simulated van't Hoff plots further revealed that it is difficult to extract statistically reliable delta Cp values from data with even modest noise levels. Estimates of delta Cp and delta HvH were found to be highly correlated, indicating an ill-posed nonlinear fitting problem. Nonlinear fits were found in many cases to be statistically no better than simpler linear fits. These simulations show, however, that if an independent calorimetric enthalpy estimate is available, apparent discrepancies between that value and estimates derived from van't Hoff plots may be used to infer the existence of a small heat capacity change and its sign. By this procedure, apparent differences between van't Hoff and calorimetric enthalpy estimates may be interpreted and reconciled. An important conclusion from these studies is that such differences most likely result for statistical reasons, rather than from underlying physical causes.
Sensor web enablement (SWE) information integration for trusworthiness evaluation (SIITE)

An environment (framework) is needed to support the system-level analysis and development of anti-tamper, software protection, and global picture of trust concepts, technologies, and tools within a multi-layered sensing architecture. SIITE will accomplish this by integrating synthetic and operational sensors and supporting systems using emerging SWE standards with mission simulations, visualizations, and analytical tools to enable the systematic analysis of trustworthiness technologies within a multi-layered sensing architecture.
Inhibition of membrane peroxidation in thalassaemic erythrocytes by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid.

Both iron and precipitated haemoglobin may catalyse the formation of free radicals, which in turn react with the polyunsaturated fatty acids of membranes leading to membrane failure and cell death. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB), a recently identified, orally effective iron-chelating drug, inhibited membrane peroxidation in vitro in H2O2-stressed crythrocytes from patients with beta-thalassaemia major, beta-thalassacmia intermedia, hacmoglobin Koln disease and sickle cell disease. We present evidence suggesting that the inhibition of peroxidation is due to the ability of 2,3-DHB to scavenge free radicals via quinone formation, a mechanism analogous to that proposed for vitamin E.
Comments on “Selling in the new millennium: a joint agenda”

Abstract This response to “Selling in the New Millennium” extends the ideas presented by Ingram, LaForge, and Leigh, in particular, suggesting a pivotal change from the salesperson to the sales function as the unit of study. Such a change makes many traditional research and review practices obsolete. For example, the author argues a need to accept lower response rates and smaller samples along with more formal and new methods to explore generalizability. Other examples, including a review of an article by Jap [J Pers Selling Sales Manage XXI (2001) 95.] and a discussion on the role of trade and professional associations, suggest additional changes that will be needed to increase the likelihood of achieving the joint agenda.
A Correlation of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions With Gas Turbine Operating Parameters

A semi-empirical correlation between nitrogen oxides emissions and combustor humidity, fuel to air ratio, pressure, and temperature is presented. The functional form of the pressure and humidity dependence is taken from the literature. The functional form of the fuel to air ratio and temperature dependence is deduced from consideration of a well-stirred constant residence time reactor model. The correlation is verified for tests of regenerative and simple-cycle constant speed gas turbines and for sea level tests of three different aircraft gas turbine engines. The residual error is approximately ± 10 percent of the measured emission values over the respective operating ranges. The correlation may be used to correct measured NOx emission levels to standard conditions and to predict emission levels from future designs.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
A security framework for service overlay networks: Access control

Service overlay networks (SONs) have recently been proposed to support various value-added services including multicast, resilient routing, QoS support, and DoS resistant communication in the Internet. Access control plays an important role for various SON applications yet most SON proposals do not consider access control or assume that it is a pre-existing service. The lack of a proper access control mechanism may introduce security or efficiency problems for various SON applications. In this paper, we present a scalable, distributed access control scheme with very low state information required to be maintained at the SON nodes. Using this service, a SON access node can decide if an end userpsilas traffic should be accepted into the SON overlay for processing and forwarding towards its intended destination. We present our scheme and evaluate it via a combination of formal verification, security analysis, and an experimental evaluation work on its practicality.
Effect of endothelial cell-based iNOS gene transfer on cavernosal eNOS expression and mouse erectile responses

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene transfer is reported to augment erectile responses in rats, although it is also shown to impair vasorelaxation in cerebral arteries. We investigated the effect of endothelial cell-based iNOS gene transfer on endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and mouse erectile responses. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC) transduced with empty vector (control) or iNOS were grown in culture and transplanted into the corpus cavernosum of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Endothelial NOS expression was compared in control and iNOS-transduced cells grown in the presence or absence of a selective iNOS inhibitor, L-N6- (1-iminoethyl) lysine hydrochloride (L-NIL). At 3–5 days after cell transplantation, we recorded intracorporal pressure (ICP) responses to cavernosal nerve stimulation and measured cavernosal total NO and eNOS protein expression. In this study, EC transduced with iNOS produced significantly more NO than controls but exhibited a twofold downregulation of eNOS protein and mRNA. This effect was reversed by L-NIL. In vivo, the cell-based gene transfer of iNOS led to significantly increased ICP responses, compared to mice transplanted with control ECs. Consistent with the in vitro data, cavernosal lysates had significantly reduced eNOS expression. In conclusion, EC gene transfer of iNOS downregulates EC expression of eNOS by an NOS-dependent mechanism. In the cavernosum of mice transplanted with Inos-transduced EC, nerve-stimulated erectile responses were augmented by the short-term gene transfer. However, our findings suggest that iNOS gene transfer may have deleterious effects on endothelial function if used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction.
Highly enantioselective CH oxidation of vic-Diols with Shi's oxazolidinone dioxiranes.

Through an analogical study of the transition states of CH oxidation and asymmetric epoxidation of terminal alkenes, the first dioxirane-mediated catalytic highly enantioselective CH oxidation method was realized with Shi's oxazolidinone ketone derivatives. Very good enantioselectivity (up to 92% ee) may be obtained for both asymmetrization of meso vic-diols and kinetic resolution of racemic vic-diols.
Persulfate and perphosphate oxidation of 2-propanol: A relative rate study

A competitive reaction study for two isoelectronic peroxides (peroxodisulfate S2O and peroxodiphosphate P2O) interacting with the free radical ·Clpar;CH3)2OH is described. The radical formation is initiated by photolysis, the amounts of peroxide remaining analyzed volumetrically. It is found that persulfate reacts with the organic radical over 100 times more rapidly than does perphosphate. Mechanistic consequences in relation to previous work are briefly discussed.
Calibration and validation of coarse-grained models of atomic systems: application to semiconductor manufacturing

Coarse-grained models of atomic systems, created by aggregating groups of atoms into molecules to reduce the number of degrees of freedom, have been used for decades in important scientific and technological applications. In recent years, interest in developing a more rigorous theory for coarse graining and in assessing the predictivity of coarse-grained models has arisen. In this work, Bayesian methods for the calibration and validation of coarse-grained models of atomistic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are developed. For specificity, only configurational models of systems in canonical ensembles are considered. Among major challenges in validating coarse-grained models are (1) the development of validation processes that lead to information essential in establishing confidence in the model's ability predict key quantities of interest and (2), above all, the determination of the coarse-grained model itself; that is, the characterization of the molecular architecture, the choice of interaction potentials and thus parameters, which best fit available data. The all-atom model is treated as the "ground truth," and it provides the basis with respect to which properties of the coarse-grained model are compared. This base all-atom model is characterized by an appropriate statistical mechanics framework in this work by canonical ensembles involving only configurational energies. The all-atom model thus supplies data for Bayesian calibration and validation methods for the molecular model. To address the first challenge, we develop priors based on the maximum entropy principle and likelihood functions based on Gaussian approximations of the uncertainties in the parameter-to-observation error. To address challenge (2), we introduce the notion of model plausibilities as a means for model selection. This methodology provides a powerful approach toward constructing coarse-grained models which are most plausible for given all-atom data. We demonstrate the theory and methods through applications to representative atomic structures and we discuss extensions to the validation process for molecular models of polymer structures encountered in certain semiconductor nanomanufacturing processes. The powerful method of model plausibility as a means for selecting interaction potentials for coarse-grained models is discussed in connection with a coarse-grained hexane molecule. Discussions of how all-atom information is used to construct priors are contained in an appendix.
Enhanced Ca2+ leak from ER Ca2+ stores induced by hepatitis C NS5A protein.

The hepatitis C non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) is a Zn 2+ -binding phosphoprotein essential for viral replication. Expression of NS5A perturbs intracellular Ca 2+ levels by an undefined mechanism, activating transcription factors implicated in the chronic pathogenesis of hepatitis infections. Here, we demonstrate that regulated expression of NS5A enhanced the passive leak of Ca 2+ from a subset of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ stores. This action was not replicated by expression of the amphipathic NH 2 -membrane anchoring domain of NS5A alone, despite targeting to intracellular membranes. Depletion of the NS5A-targeted ER Ca 2+ store was prevented under conditions of ample ATP supply suggesting compensatory Ca 2+ ATPase activity, but observed under conditions of ATP insufficiency and in intact cells expressing NS5A.
Comparison of Real Time Plume Tracking Methods in Coastal Waters

Today's stringent environmental regulations require comprehensive, highly defensible evaluations of environmental risk and impacts. Monitoring the fate and transport of potential contaminant releases to the aquatic environment is a critical compliance element for clean-up, remediation, maintenance, and other activities. It has become increasingly evident that high resolution plume tracking and dilution studies can substantially contribute to these monitoring programs and defensible environmental evaluations. This paper will discuss three plume tracking systems that are able to define plumes and collect water for calibration and contaminant measurements. These methods are conducting vertical casts with CTD and rosette of water collectors, towed body with CTD and water pump using a custom cable and winch (BOSScopy), and a multi-depth water sampling system (MDWS). The pros and cons of using each system such as spatial and temporal density of information will be discussed. The paper will finish with a series of case-studies presented to describe several different applications and methodologies for plume tracking. Based on the application a variety of systems may be used. These include towed arrays which cover large spatial scales in deeper waters, and rigid systems which capture fine scale changes in shallow water areas at multiple depths simultaneously. Highlighted projects include dredge resuspension tracking, certification of offshore outfall systems, and characterization of ship discharge streams. These programs have shown success at measuring dilutions down to 1:3200 and tracking plume behavior on time scales from minutes to several days. The use of these systems is transforming the way science and public agencies address compliance programs
Some experiments on anelastic rebound

Abstract Measurements of the coefficient of restitution and the time of contact of steel balls impinging on blocks of mild steel have been made. It is found that measurements of the coefficient of restitution clearly show the onset of yield, while the time of contact continues to have the values predicted by the Hertz treatment for elastic deformations at velocities of impact as much as eight times that required first to initiate plastic yield. The effect of surface finish is found to be very important in rebound measurements on metals; and measurements of the time of contact are shown to be a useful method of measuring; the viscoelastic properties of glass like polymers.
Fabricability of and microstructural development in cold worked metal matrix composites

Abstract In some cases, in situ composites may be fabricated by mechanical working even when they contain phases which are inherently “mechanically incompatible” in bulk form. An extreme case is provided by composites containing low volume fractions of “brittle” chromium. The initial microstructure plays an important role in the fabricability of these composites and several examples of this are provided by our work. During wire drawing, interphase spacing is reduced in an axially symmetric manner irrespective of whether or not a lamellar or ribbon-like morphology is developed. The reduction in interphase spacing with rolling strain is similar to that observed during drawing in spite of the externally imposed plane strain conditions accompanying deformation by rolling.
Superconductivity-type fluctuations in the electronic spectra of charge-transfer organic solids

The interaction between an excited electron and a large-radius exciton (Wannier-Mott exciton) has been studied in the visible and ultra-violet frequency regions for a two-level system of a molecular solid. Using a self-consistent approach, it is shown that at low temperatures and when certain conditions prevail, a bound-state may exist arising from the electron-exciton pairing. The excitation spectrum is found to be of the superconductivity type and the electron- exciton quasiparticle migrates through the crystal with definite energy and wave vector. The gap function due to the electron-exciton pairing is calculated at zero temperature and then the expression for the transition temperature is established. A formula for the ground-state energy is derived corresponding to the electron-exciton pairing and a discussion of the parameters that appear in the theory is presented.
IC-P3-218: Long-term effects of donepezil versus placebo on regional brain metabolism in minimally impaired subjects

cognitive and neurological assessments until diagnosed with cognitive impairment. Brain, hippocampal, total WMH, periventricular WMH, and subcortical WMH volumes were measured. 56 subjects had at least three MRI’s; rates of volume change were determined from slopes of the regression line created by available datapoints. Survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards) were used. Analyses were adjusted for age, intracranial volume (ICV), baseline Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), baseline hippocampal volume and apoE-4 status. Where rates of volume change were the variable of interest, analyses were adjusted for the baseline brain volume of that variable. Results: 59 subjects developed cognitive impairment. After adjusting for age, higher baseline MMSE (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.93) and absence of apoE-4 allele (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.94) decreased cognititive impairment risk. Greater hippocampal (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.03-0.97) and less deep WMH (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48 0.95) volume decreased cognitive impairment risk. Increased baseline total WMH (HR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.02-1.08), increased baseline PV WMH (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 1.10) volume, as well as greater rate of total WMH (HR 1.59, 95% 1.19 2.15) and rate PV WMH (HR 1.75, 95% 1.23-2.48) volume progression increased risk of cognitive impairment Conclusions: Increased baseline WMH burden and greater rates of total and PV WMH burden progression is significantly associated with the development of cognitive impairment. Every 1 cc/year increase in PV WMH volume is associated with a 75% increased risk of impaired cognition. Identification of risk factors to reduce WMH accumulation over time is needed in order to maintain cognitive health in our growing elderly population.
Interview: Improving the efficiency and outcomes of medical care

Alvin I Mushlin, MD, ScM, is Chair of the Department of Public Health at Weill Cornell Medical College and Public Health Physician-in-Chief of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City, USA. Dr Mushlin’s interests focus on outcomes research to improve clinical decision-making and policy formulation. His studies have sought to quantify the value and accuracy of diagnostic tests and procedures, to understand the efficacy and cost–effectiveness of medical interventions, and to measure the quality of medical care. He is a leader in the development of comparative effectiveness research methods and the use of economics in medical research and was one of the first to systematically evaluate the accuracy of MRI. He also led a landmark study in the evolution and adoption of cardiac defibrillators. Dr Mushlin was recently the Principal Investigator of the Weill Cornell Centers for Education and Research Therapeutics (CERT) grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual...
Security mechanisms for multi-user collaborative CAx

Advances in computing technologies have provided the needed tools to transform traditional single user architecture Computer Aided Applications (CAx) to multi-user collaborative CAx architectures that supports simultaneous concurrency. To allow for a successful deployment in a corporate enterprise environment, the multi-user CAx architecture will require reliable security mechanisms to ensure protection of intellectual property. In this paper we propose mechanisms for securing user access and communications in a multi-user collaborative CAx software system. The proposed security solution is currently under development and is being tested on a collaborative multi-user version of a popular commercial CAD application.
Hispanic fertility, immigration, and race in the twenty-first century.

In this paper, we systematically describe the connection between immigration and fertility in light of the increasing nativist reaction to Hispanic groups. We follow a life-course perspective to directly link migration and fertility transitions. The analysis combines original qualitative and quantitative data collected in Durham/Chapel Hill, NC as well as national level information from the current population survey. The qualitative data provide a person-centered approach to the connection between migration and fertility that we then extend in quantitative analyses. Results demonstrate that standard demographic measures that treat migration and fertility as separate processes considerably distort the childbearing experience of immigrant women, inflating fertility estimates for Hispanics as a whole. Once this connection is taken into consideration, the fertility levels of Hispanic women are much lower than those reported with standard measures and the fertility-specific contribution of Hispanics to US population growth is much reduced.