cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal analysis of developmental changes in electroencephalography patterns and sleep-wake states of the neonatal mouse

The neonatal brain undergoes rapid maturational changes that facilitate the normal development of the nervous system and also affect the pathological response to brain injury. Electroencephalography (EEG) and analysis of sleep-wake vigilance states provide important insights into the function of the normal and diseased immature brain. While developmental changes in EEG and vigilance states are well-described in people, less is known about the normal maturational properties of rodent EEG, including the emergence and evolution of sleep-awake vigilance states. In particular, a number of developmental EEG studies have been performed in rats, but there is limited comparable research in neonatal mice, especially as it pertains to longitudinal EEG studies performed within the same mouse. In this study, we have attempted to provide a relatively comprehensive assessment of developmental changes in EEG background activity and vigilance states in wild-type mice from postnatal days 9-21. A novel EEG and EMG method allowed serial recording from the same mouse pups. EEG continuity and power and vigilance states were analyzed by quantitative assessment and fast Fourier transforms. During this developmental period, we demonstrate the timing of maturational changes in EEG background continuity, frequencies, and power and the emergence of identifiable wake, NREM, and REM sleep states. These results should serve as important control data for physiological studies of mouse models of normal brain development and neurological disease.
Islam in Saudi Foreign Policy: The Case of Maʿruf al-Dawalibi*

This article provides new and unique insights into the surprisingly understudied role Islam in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy. The closed nature of the Saudi state makes this topic difficult to exam...
What is meant by “rigour” in evidence-based educational policy and what’s so good about it?

ABSTRACTAcross the evidence-based policy and practice (EBPP) community, including education, randomised controlled trials (RCTS) rank as the most “rigorous” evidence for causal conclusions. This pa...
Whole integration of neural connectomics, dynamics and bio-mechanics for identification of behavioral sensorimotor pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract The ability to fully discern how the brain orchestrates behavior requires the development of successful computational approaches to integrate and inform in-vivo investigations of the nervous system. To effectively assist with such investigations, computational approaches must be generic, scalable and unbiased. We propose such a comprehensive framework to investigate the interaction between the nervous system and the body for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Specifically, we introduce a model that computationally emulates the activity of the complete somatic nervous system and its response to stimuli. The model builds upon the full anatomical wiring diagram, the connectome, and integrates it with additional layers including intra-cellular and extra-cellular bio-physically relevant neural dynamics, layers translating neural activity to muscle forces and muscle impulses to body postures. In addition, it implements inverse integration which modulates neural dynamics according to external forces on the body. We validate the model by in-silico injection of currents into sensory- and inter-neurons known to play a role in locomotion behaviors (e.g. posterior/anterior touch) and by applying external forces on the body. We are able to generate characteristic baseline locomotion behaviors (forward and backward movements). Inclusion of proprioceptive feedback, implemented through inverse integration, shows that feedback can entrain and sustain movements initiated by neural or mechanical triggers. We further apply neural stimuli, experimentally known to modulate locomotion, and show that our model supports natural behavioral responses such as turns, reversals and avoidance. The proposed model can be utilized to infer neural circuits involved in sensorimotor behavior. For this purpose, we develop large-scale computational ablation approaches such as (i) ablation survey and (ii) conditional ablation. Our results show how an ablation survey can identify neurons required for a ventral turning behavior. We also show how conditional ablation can identify alternative novel neural pathways, e.g. propose neurons which facilitate steering behavior towards olfactory attractants. The outcomes of our study show that the framework can be utilized to identify neural circuits, which control, mediate and generate natural behavior.
Vital Status Ascertainment for a Historic Diverse Cohort of U.S. Women.

Background Studies linking large pregnancy cohorts with mortality data can address critical questions about long-term implications of gravid health, yet relevant US data are scant. We examined the feasibility of linking the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a large multiracial U.S. cohort study of pregnant women (n = 48,197; 1959-1966), to death records. Methods We abstracted essential National Death Index (NDI) (1979-2016) (n = 46,428). We performed a linkage to the Social Security Administration Death Master File through 2016 (n = 46,450). Genealogists manually searched vital status in 2016 for a random sample of women (n = 1,249). We conducted agreement analyses for women with abstracted data among the three sources. As proof of concept, we calculated adjusted associations between mortality and smoking and other sociodemographic factors using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results We successfully abstracted identifying information for most of the cohort (97%). National Death Index identified the greatest proportion of participants deceased (35%), followed by genealogists (31%) and Death Master File (23%). Estimates of agreement (κ [95% confidence interval]) between National Death Index and Death Master File were lower (0.52 [0.51, 0.53]) than for National Death Index and genealogist (0.66 [0.61, 0.70]). As expected, compared with nonsmokers, smoking ≥1 pack per day was associated with elevated mortality for all vital sources and was strongest for National Death Index. Conclusions Linking this historic cohort with mortality records was feasible and agreed reasonably on vital status when compared with other data sources. Such linkage enables future examination of pregnancy conditions in relation to mortality in a diverse U.S. cohort.
Spiral Loss of Culture: Cultural Trauma and Bereavement of Bhutanese Refugee Elders

Despite the rapidly growing need to understand and address the unique needs of refugee elders in resettlement, few studies have focused on how continued losses of culture affects coping and distres...
Corporate governance and stock price crash risk: Evidence from Taiwan

Managers are likely to withhold negative news to protect their own interests. When they can no longer withhold such news, extreme negative returns and a stock price crash (SPC) follow. This study explores whether a favorable corporate governance (CG) mechanism helps reduce SPC risk. The findings reveal that CG affects SPC risk. Moreover, the effects of institutional ownership, board size, and disclosure violation frequency are particularly significant in family‐owned businesses. We also examine the effectiveness of CG evaluation (CGE) in Taiwan and discover that companies with high rankings are substantially less likely to encounter an SPC. This study verifies that CGE can be considered an indicator of SPC risk.
A review of edible insect industrialization: Scales of production and implications for sustainability

Edible insects have emerged in the past decade as a sustainable alternative to agro-industrial production systems and livestock-based diets. Despite the expansion of the market and increases in academic publications, a review of the rapidly changing field of edible insect research has yet to be published. Here we present a comprehensive and systematic review of the research on edible insect industrialization, the mass rearing of insects for human consumption, published in the year 2018. Our review of 2018 articles provides an overview of the edible insect industry at a specific moment, as the field becomes more industrialized, and research addresses health, safety, and other concerns of consumers and legislators. This review provides an understanding of the scales of edible insect industrialization from a) the microbiological level of insect rearing, to b) the external production factors within rearing facilities, c) the development of insect products, d) consumer acceptance of industrially reared insects, and e) social and moral concerns with the industry. We contextualize reviewed works in relation to earlier and subsequent publications on edible insects, providing a view of the bigger picture as insect-based products are poised to become more widely available to global consumers. Overall, this review provides an overview of the edible insect industry for environmental researchers and policymakers interested in the linkages between food, agriculture, and climate change, as well as recent progress, remaining challenges, and trade-offs of an industry with potential to contribute to more sustainable diets
Calcium Transfer to Oxide Inclusions in Al-Killed Steel Without Calcium Treatment

Alumina inclusions generated from aluminum deoxidation may undergo several transformations depending on steelmaking conditions. Under reducing conditions, in contact with MgO-saturated slag, alumina inclusions are known to transform to spinel. However, there are uncertainties related to CaO pick-up by alumina-based inclusions. This work aims to provide some clarification of CaO pick-up by alumina inclusions through a series of experiments. First, the role of silicon in calcium transfer from slag was examined by conducting two similar experiments: one without any silicon addition and a second with 1 wt pct electronic grade silicon addition. Second, the role of crucibles was tested by conducting experiments in ZrO2 and CaO-3 pct ZrO2 crucibles. It was found that the addition of silicon significantly enhances the rate of CaO pick-up when there was no silica in the slag at the start of reaction. The effect of the crucible on CaO pick-up was found to be weaker than that of the 1 wt pct silicon addition.
Colluding With and Resisting the State: Organizing Against Gender Violence in the U.S

The movements for racial justice, health equity, and economic relief have been activated in the contentious and challenging climate of 2020, with COVID-19 and social protest. In this context, femin...
Chocolate is a Migraine-Provoking Agent

Patients with migraine who believe that chocolate could provoke their attacks were challenged with either chocolate or a closely matching placebo in a double-blind parallel group study at the Princess Margaret Migraine Clinic, Charing Cross Hospital, London, England.
Agreement between blood pressure from research study visits versus electronic medical records and associations with hypertensive disorder diagnoses in pregnant women with overweight/obesity.

OBJECTIVES Blood pressure (BP) abstracted from electronic medical records (EMR) is moderately correlated to BP in nonpregnant adults with limited agreement. Little is known about the agreement of research versus EMR BP measured during pregnancy or associations of EMR BP with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) diagnoses. METHODS BP was measured according to guidelines at in-person research study visits in 214 women with prepregnancy overweight or obesity (44.4% African American, mean age = 29.8 ± 4.8 years) at weeks 16 and 32 of pregnancy. Clinic BP readings that occurred within 1 week of the study visits were abstracted from the EMR. We assessed correlations between sources using Pearson's coefficients; the agreement was evaluated with Bland-Altman plots. We compared differences in the proportion of women with an HDP diagnosis in the EMR between women with versus without a hypertensive EMR BP measurement. RESULTS SBP and DBP from study visits and the EMR were modestly moderately correlated at both time points; 0.20 < r < 0.44; P < 0.05 for all. The average mean difference was 10.5 mmHg for SBP and <1 mmHg for DBP in early and 7.3 mmHg for SBP and -1.7 mmHg for DBP in late pregnancy. Women with at least one hypertensive BP reading in the EMR were more likely to have an HDP diagnosis recorded in the EMR; 43.5 versus 3.3%; P < 0.01. CONCLUSION EMR SBP was higher but moderately correlated with research quality BP in early and late pregnancy. Women with a hypertensive EMR BP measurement were more likely to have an HDP diagnosis in the EMR.
Giant Deep Orbital Dermoid Cyst Presenting in Infancy.

ABSTRACT Orbital dermoid cysts are benign choristomas that are very common in children and occur most often as a lateral or medial mass associated with the frontozygomatic or frontoethmoidal suture line. The authors present an unusual case of an occult giant deep orbital dermoid cyst in infancy that initially presented with a small, benign appearance and central upper eyelid location on clinical exam. Orbitotomy with complete excision prevented further ocular sequelae in this 11-month-old.
Prevalence of Single-Sided Deafness in the United States.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to obtain a reliable estimate of single-sided deafness (SSD) prevalence in the adult U.S. POPULATION METHODS A cross-sectional national epidemiologic study was performed. Participants were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Each cohort includes a nationally representative sample of approximately 5,000 noninstitutionalized civilians. Subjects 20 years old and over with audiometric testing were included. SSD was defined as normal hearing (pure-tone average [PTA] of ≤25 dB) in one ear and severe or worse hearing (PTA > 70 dB) in the other, using both three- and four-frequency PTA definition. Prevalence was measured as a raw number (n) and percentage (%) of the sample. Weighted estimates of prevalence were calculated based on the 2019 U.S. population census. RESULTS An estimated 345,064 Americans (estimated prevalence of 0.14%, 95% confidence interval = 0.08-0.24) had SSD. SSD was more prevalent in individuals 60 to 79 years of age (estimated 155,917 U.S. adults, prevalence of 0.25%). A higher prevalence of SSD was noted among women compared to men (215,430 U.S. adult women, prevalence of 0.17% vs. 131,726 U.S. adult men, prevalence of 0.11%). Using a three-frequency PTA definition resulted in an estimated prevalence of 0.11%. Finally, 27% of adults with SSD reported having "good" or "excellent" hearing despite their hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SSD in the United States is estimated at 0.11%-0.14% (271,122 to 345,064 adults), depending on PTA definition used. These individuals could potentially benefit from auditory rehabilitation, including cochlear implantation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Improving Outcomes for Early Return of Potency

Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It is estimated that more than two million men are currently living with prostate cancer within the European Union.1 In the USA, data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry indicates that every year younger and healthier men are being diagnosed with localized prostate cancer2 with an annual percent increase estimated at 9.5%. Though a number of treatment options are available for this group population, radical prostatectomy (RP) remains the gold-standard approach offering the best chances of long-term cure. This patient population poses an even more challenging scenario for the urologic oncologist, as younger patients will commonly have higher expectations from any given treatment option, seeking for optimal cancer control without impairing postoperative functional outcomes such as continence and potency.
Coordination chemistry of F430. Axial ligation equilibrium between square-planar and bis-aquo species in aqueous solution.

Abstract X-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization of axial ligand coordination to factor F430, the nickel-tetrapyrrole cofactor of the S-methyl-coenzyme M (CH3SCoM) methyl reductase enzyme from methanogenic bacteria, is presented. The nickel of isolated F430 is hexacoordinate at 10 K in aqueous solution (as is the enzyme-bound cofactor), whereas the epimerized and ring-oxidized derivatives of F430 have four-coordinate nickel. Reduction of the ring-oxidized derivative, F560, with dithionite yields F430 in its native configuration, with axial ligands indistinguishable from those present when the cofactor is obtained directly from the holoenzyme. Thus, we conclude that the axial ligands to F430 in aqueous solution are water molecules. Analysis of the nickel extended x-ray absorption fine structure is consistent with this conclusion. Resonance Raman spectra obtained at room temperature contain features characteristic of both 4- and 6-coordinate forms of the cofactor. We have found that the resonance Raman, optical, and x-ray absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of F430 are temperature-dependent due to a ligand-binding equilibrium involving the square-planar and 6-coordinate bis-aquo forms of the cofactor. At low temperatures (less than 250 K) the 6-coordinate form predominates, whereas higher temperature solutions contain both 4- and 6-coordinate species in a dynamic equilibrium. Similar behavior is observed in other weakly coordinating solvents such as methanol and ethanol. The 4-coordinate form is predominant in solvents with strong electron-withdrawing substituents such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and 2-mercaptoethanol. The relevance of this facile ligand exchange to the active site structure and enzymatic mechanism of the parent enzyme is discussed.
Real-Time Optical Detection of Single Nanoparticles and Viruses Using Heterodyne Interferometry

Nanoparticles play a significant role in various fields such as biomedical imaging and diagnostics [1–4], process control in semiconductor manufacturing [5], explosives [6], environmental monitoring and climate change [7, 8], and various other fields. Inhalation of ultrafine particulates in air has been shown to have adverse effects, such as inflammation of lungs or pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases [9, 10]. Nano-sized biological agents and pathogens such as viruses are known to be responsible for a wide variety of human diseases such as flu, AIDS and herpes, and have been used as biowarfare agents [11, 12].
Discourse, Organization, and the Welfare State in the Former East Berlin

In this article, I examine the statements and actions of two key informants, both of whom direct welfare programs in a district of the former East Berlin. I argue that this evidence points to a particular modality of political rationalization, which I dub organizational discourse. The entanglement of organizational discourse and governmentality are explored, as is the place of organizational discourse within both the liberal welfare state and the bygone state socialist regime.
Nasal consonant harmony at a distance the case of Yaka

In a number of Bantu languages the [d-l] reflex of Proto-Bantu *-Vd- suffixes alternates with [n] when the consonant of the preceding syllable is nasal, e.g., /dim-id-/ 'cultivate for' ~ [dim-in-]. Because these Bantu languages do not allow nasalized vowels, it is necessary to view such assimilation as operating "at a distance" [Poser 1983], with the intervening vowel(s) being transparent. Transvocalic nasal consonant harmony (NCR) is widespread within Bantu [Greenberg 1951], and was repeatedly cited by phonologists in the 1970's, e.g., from Luba [Howard 1972, Johnson 1972] and Lamba [Kenstowicz and Kisseberth 1979]. In this paper I treat a more extensive and dramatic case of NCR at a distance in Yaka, a language spoken in Zaire. In this language /-Vd-/ suffixes are realized [-Vn-] even when the triggering nasal consonant is not in the immediately preceding syllable, e.g., /-miituk-id-/ 'sulk for' ? [miituk-in-] (cf. Ao [1991], Piggott [1993] and Odden [1994], who cite parallel facts from Kongo). I begin by documenting the pervasiveness of the (stem-level) nasal harmony effects in the language, which therefore require a phonological analysis (vs. one involving allomorphy). Discussion centers around the problem of why voiceless and prenasalized consonants should be transparent to NCR.
Gendering Corporate Conscience

In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the Supreme Court conducted a sudden and dramatic shift in religious liberty doctrine. For the first time, the Court endorsed religious liberty for for-profit, secular corporations and exempted them from regulation meant to protect employees. In the controversy over contraception, a new and potentially broad doctrine of corporate conscience was born.This Essay argues, that even as women were effaced from the courts’ religious liberty analysis, women’s gender was central both to the substantive development of corporate conscience and to the pragmatic limits on its reach. Corporate conscience claims — and their subsequent judicial and scholarly acceptance — relied on denying the relevance of women’s gender. The courts disregarded women’s reproductive decisions and their earning of benefits. Any burdens on their rights became immaterial. Sex equality disappeared as a governmental interest. Yet, women’s gender simultaneously was central. It facilitated the surprising turn toward business exemptions from commercial regulation. It functioned as a potential limit on the reach of corporate conscience doctrine. The Supreme Court sought to assuage fears that corporate conscience might have expansionist effects (or ambitions) and, so doing, raised the specter of a doctrine that works to the detriment of the full and equal citizenship of women and sexual minorities.
Iranian Bronze Age

There is no strong evidence that the climate of the Bronze Age was much different than that of the present twenty-first century, although based on pollen analysis, there is some indication that it may have been slightly wetter. In general, the climate of the region is widely diverse, with great variations in temperature and rainfall in different parts of the country. These extremes develop as the plateau is alternately exposed to the dry, hot summer conditions from northwest India and the Siberian winter anticyclonic winds sweeping in from the northeast. The mountain barriers restrict maritime influences to the coastal lowlands, which generate the special humid subtropical weather pattern in the Caspian lowlands, and the hot oppressive Persian Gulf summer climate. Annual rainfall amounts of 40 inches occur only in northwest Iran and on the Caspian shore. Dry plateau conditions in southeastern Iran, where the annual rainfall amount is less than five inches, have caused the formation of the great interior salt deserts referred to as the Dasht-i-Kavir and the Dasht-i-Lut.
Numerical Modeling of Unsteady Flows in Rivers

Solution methods to solve the unsteady flow equations are reviewed in this article. The basis of the method of characteristics is outlined. Some of the commonly used finite difference schemes are reviewed. A detailed description of an unsteady flow model called MOBED is given to highlight the various assumptions and simplifications that are involved in the development of an unsteady flow model. Testing of the model using a laboratory data set measured by Treske is described. Such a data set can serve as a benchmark data for the testing of unsteady flow models. Integral form of governing equations and their properties are introduced. High-resolution conservative finite-volume schemes for modeling flows with discontinuities are briefly discussed. Examples of numerical solutions using a robust one-dimensional upwind finite-volume code are presented. Keywords: conservative equations; discontinuous solutions; equations of Saint Venant; explicit methods; implicit methods; method of characteristics; open-channel flow; unsteady flow; TVD schemes; unsteady flow; upwind schemes
"Sense of Control, Job Stress, and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Examination of Older U.S. Workers"

Believing that one is in control – over one’s internal states and behavior and the environment is critical for managing stress, maintaining well-being, and aging successfully. The goal of this study is to examine specific longitudinal mediation effects involving sense of control, job stress, and well-being in a nationwide sample of older U.S. workers. Using stress theory, along with existing empirical evidence, we proposed competing hypotheses about the relationships between these variables, positing a) sense of control is a mediator of the relationship between job stress and job and life satisfaction and b) sense of control is a predictor of job stress (mediator), which in turn relates to job and life satisfaction. We used longitudinal data (3 waves) from older working adults (age 51+) in the Health and Retirement Study to test the competing hypotheses. We found support for the job stress – sense of control – job and life satisfaction mediational hypothesis but not for the competing hypothesis. Our resul...
Investigation of distortion and damage of molybdenum–silicon multilayer reflective coatings with high-intensity ultraviolet radiation

Studies are performed to determine an upper limit on the optical damage threshold of a soft-x-ray molybdenum–silicon multilayer reflective coating by the use of a 308-nm, 15-ns pulse from a Xe–Cl excimer laser in order to simulate the potential damage induced by the x-ray flux from a pulsed laser-produced plasma. Experimental results yield a value of 0.26 J/cm2 to produce visible signs of damage as determined by optical microscopy. Experiments are conducted first on silicon, as a reference point of a bulk material, and then applied to molybdenum–silicon in an effort to facilitate a theoretical comparison between a simple and a more complicated material. Theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with experimental results, but suggest that a lower value of 0.085 J/cm2 might cause significant thermal-induced damage.
Design Considerations In Single-Point Turning Engines For Aspheric Optics

Opticians and machinists employ opposing techniques to achieve precision in their work. The optician relies on a subtle biasing of repeated loosely controlled tool motions and statistical averaging to produce polished surfaces with relatively simple geometrical configurations and extremely small surface errors. The machinist, on the other hand, relies on precisely controlled tool motions to produce complex shapes in a single pass. If we are to succeed in single-point turning optics we must design and build machine tools capable of controlling spindle and tool motions to optical tolerances. We will discuss machine tools for single-point turning of aspheric optical surfaces in terms of overall design philosophy, choice of materials, alternate approaches to the implementation, monitoring and control of tool and spindle motions. We will demonstrate, with numerical examples, the magnitude of the problems associated with the construction of these machines.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE NEED FOR BEHAVIOURALISM IN INTERNAL AUDITING

The various elements of interpersonal aspects impacting on internal auditing are summarised. Each is briefly described as to its characteristics and its importance. Included are: motivation, group dynamics, methods of management, auditee perceptions of auditors, roles, stress, conflict, change, communications, interviewing and conferences.
Urethral duplication with posterior urethral valves in each moeity

A unique case of urethral duplication with posterior urethral valves in each of the moieties causing urinary tract obstruction is presented. The patient also had a horseshoe kidney.
Electron distribution function relaxation in monatomic gases

The authors discuss an analytic solution of the Boltzmann equation which describes the relaxation in time of the electron distribution function for electrons in a plasma derived from the monatomic gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe. It is assumed that there are no perturbing forces on the electrons and that at t=0 they have a Maxwellian distribution function corresponding to an average energy of 2 eV. The electrons then lose energy through elastic collisions with neutrals and eventually energy-equilibrate with the neutrals, which are assumed to be cold. The evolution of the electron distribution function in time and velocity space is calculated for each gas. This model is approximately correct for the afterglow period of an electrical discharge in a monatomic gas. It is possible to calculate a time which is a measure of the decay time of the electron energy in an afterglow plasma. >
Rho GTPases, oxidation, and cell redox control

While numerous studies support regulation of Ras GTPases by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the Rho subfamily has received considerably less attention. Over the last few years, increasing evidence is emerging that supports the redox sensitivity of Rho GTPases. Moreover, as Rho GTPases regulate the cellular redox state by controlling enzymes that generate and convert reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, redox feedback loops likely exist. Here, we provide an overview of cellular oxidants, Rho GTPases, and their inter-dependence.
Estimating molecular collision diameters using computational methods

Abstract The collision diameters of a series of 34 atoms and both nonpolar and polar molecules were obtained from ab initio calculations. Molecular volumes, VM, were determined from a Monte Carlo integration of the electron density distribution of the optimized HF/6-31G∗ structures. The isotropic collision diameter, dvol, defined as ( 6V M π ) 1 3 was compared in all cases with the respective Lennard-Jones potential minima positions, σm. An excellent linear correlation between dvol and σm for the 34 species was found, with slope and intercept of 1.025 and −0.07 A, respectively. It is thus suggested that dvol may be used directly as an estimate of the isotropic collision diameter of a species. dvol values for several atoms and radicals, as well as for the electronically excited states of NH3 and acetone, are included. The results show that dvol values for the Rydberg excited states are larger than those of the respective ground states.
Experimental Development of a New Target and Control Driver Steering Model Based on DLC Test Data

This paper describes the development of a driver steering model that captures driver key steering mechanisms based on the analyses of vehicle test data on the standard double lane change (DLC) course. These analyses indicate that, instead of planning and following a desired path according to the traditional trajectory-planning concept, drivers simply use the next lane center as the target points for control during lane changes. The data also suggest that drivers engage steering rate control instead of the conventional steering angle control to steer the vehicle. Accordingly, this paper proposes a relatively straightforward driver steering model based on this target and control scheme. Both the open-loop identification and closed-loop simulations verify that this relatively simple driver steering model is capable of capturing individual driver steering behavior and that the simulated steering rate matches well with the actual steering rate for all 80 vehicle test runs conducted by 20 different drivers.
Renewable-reagent fiber optic sensor for ocean pCO 2

A renewable-reagent fiber optic chemical sensor has been developed for measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in ocean waters. A colorimetric pH indicator is delivered at a controlled flow rate through capillary tubing to the fiber tips. The fibers measure the color changes induced by CO2 diffusion across a gas-permeable silicone membrane. Multi- wavelength detection is used to correct for system drift. Factors affecting the sensitivity and stability of the response are discussed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TODAY'S THYROIDOLOGISTS AND THEIR BECKONING FRONTIERS

During the past one and a half decades, our knowledge of thyroid physiology in health and disease has increased at an unprecedented rate. Many of the reports of this newer knowledge of thyroidology have been presented before the annual meetings and published in the Transactions of this Association. This renaissance in thyroidology might be attributed to many factors. One important reason is the availability of modern tools of study which have been developed in the laboratories of physicists, physical chemists and organic chemists. They have made it feasible to approach many previously unanswerable problems with workable methods. Studies with radioactive iodine have made it possible to investigate various functions of the thyroid in physiologic equilibrium. The availability of thyroid inhibiting drugs which interfere with the production of thyroid hormones has facilitated the separation and definition of certain steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. With newly available chromatographic technics combi...
The Influence of Risk Diversification on the Early Exercise of Employee Stock Options by Executive Officers

This paper examines the decision to exercise employee stock options (ESOs). Our results indicate a positive relation between the extent of "early" exercise and the unhedged risk of the option. Specifically we document a positive relation between the variance of ESO returns and the extent of "early" exercise and show that the strength of the relation is reduced by the extent the firm hedges the returns on the ESO. We thus provide empirical evidence of a link between an ESO's expected term and its investment risk to the executive and document that some firms provide a hedge against option risk.
Convergence to type I distribution of the extremes of sequences defined by random difference equation

Abstract We study the extremes of a sequence of random variables ( R n ) defined by the recurrence R n = M n R n − 1 + q , n ≥ 1 , where R 0 is arbitrary, ( M n ) are iid copies of a non-degenerate random variable M , 0 ≤ M ≤ 1 , and q > 0 is a constant. We show that under mild and natural conditions on M the suitably normalized extremes of ( R n ) converge in distribution to a double-exponential random variable. This partially complements a result of de Haan, Resnick, Rootzen, and de Vries who considered extremes of the sequence ( R n ) under the assumption that P ( M > 1 ) > 0 .
Small scale optical structure measured via images of fluorescence emission

This article presents the results of analyzing data which were collected in the sea with a structured illumination/fluorescence imaging system. The system employs all lines of an argon ion laser to create a 2D slice illumination pattern in the blue-green. A sensitive CCD camera was used to measure the fluorescence emission resulting from this stimulation. Under our assumptions, these images are proportional to chlorophyll-a concentration. Inspection of the data reveals a large degree of small scale patchiness with characteristic distances as small as centimeters. In many of the images, the chlorophyll concentration is seen to change by an order of magnitude over several centimeters. Patchiness was characterized via the use of spatial spectral estimation techniques. Preliminary results show that the data follow a -5/3 slope at high wave number, consistent with the hypothesis that the patches were formed by turbulent stirring of larger scale gradients of phytoplankton. In addition, repeated vertical profiles demonstrated that the larger scales were extremely constant, even in the presence of this small scale variability. The technique has provided an original data set with important new information about the small scale structure of pigment in the ocean.
Ascorbic Acid Augments Arsenic-Mediated Cell Death in Multiple Myeloma (MM) Cells.

INTRODUCTION. Greater than 90% of MM patients progress to a chemoresistant state (1). New therapies are clearly needed for the treatment of refractory MM that overcome or bypass the adaptive cellular changes associated with refractory disease: P-glycoprotein expression, increased Bcl-xL expression, elevated glutathione (GSH). Arsenic cytotoxicity is independent of Bcl-xL expression (2), making it a promising anti-neoplastic agent for MM. Ascorbic acid (AA) has recently been shown to deplete GSH via autooxidation and subsequent reduction reactions (3). Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination of arsenic and AA is likely to induce apoptosis in refractory MM cells.
Ramp Area Support System: Limitations of Modeling Approach to an Airport Apron Area

Abstract Many factors contribute to the punctuality of the time dependent aviation industry; numerous studies have been performed which attempt to improve efficiencies of the surface movement of aircraft. Modeling results can be used to analyze future projects and can help inform and influence capital decision-making. This work focuses on some of the limitations associated with applying a modeling approach to the dynamic systems found within the ramp area at major metropolitan airports. While modeling can be a valuable tool in short term resource management and planning in aviation, traditional approaches to dynamic modeling of airports do not adequately measure, nor quantify, the effects of industry changes on ramp operations. Without a more holistic approach to modeling the integration of the systems operating in the ramp area, there will always be a statistical probability that the model fails to account for important variables that alter operating practices and make each ramp area unique.
Fertilization in natural populations of the dioecious brown alga Fucus ceranoides and the importance of the polyspermy block

The brown alga Fucus ceranoides L. was studied in several estuaries on the Isle of Man (Great Britain) in the summers of 1989 and 1990. The objective were to determine the success of natural fertilization in a dioecious organism with external fertilization and to contribute to our understanding of processes such as polyspermy blocks and propagule settlement under natural conditions. Gamete release occurred on a semilunar cycle near full and new moons; at such times, settlement densities of 500 zygotes cm-2 d-1 were common. Gamete release was largely restricted to daytime high tides. Fertilization success was high: about 95 to 100% of all eggs released were fertilized, and 1 to 9% of these zygotes were polyspermic. The incidence of polyspermy increased towards the upper limit of F. ceranoides in the estuary of the river Neb; this may be significant in the context of the Na+-dependent block against polyspermy. Levels of polyspermy were not related to fertilization success (R2=0.06). Rates of pronuclear migration and karyogamy determined in the laboratory were used as an internal clock to estimate when eggs were fertilized in the field. Most eggs were fertilized 30 to 120 min after plants were immersed by the incoming tide, which corresponded to the period 60 min before to 30 min after high tide. The high success of fertilization suggests that polyspermy blocks are important in nature, and, in combination with the high settlement of zygotes, shows that population size in F. ceranoides is determined by post-settlement mortality, not by propagule availability.
The first Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer source catalog

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) has conducted an all-sky survey to locate and identify point sources of emission in four extreme ultraviolet wavelength bands centered at approximately 100, 200, 400, and 600 A. A companion deep survey of a strip along half the ecliptic plane was simultaneously conducted. In this catalog we report the sources found in these surveys using rigorously defined criteria uniformly applied to the data set. These are the first surveys to be made in the three longer wavelength bands, and a substantial number of sources were detected in these bands. We present a number of statistical diagnostics of the surveys, including their source counts, their sensitivites, and their positional error distributions. We provide a separate list of those sources reported in the EUVE Bright Source List which did not meet our criteria for inclusion in our primary list. We also provide improved count rate and position estimates for a majority of these sources based on the improved methodology used in this paper. In total, this catalog lists a total of 410 point sources, of which 372 have plausible optical ultraviolet, or X-ray identifications, which are also listed.
The adrenal cortex during activity and hibernation in the male little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus: annual rhythm of plasma cortisol levels.

Abstract Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in male little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), collected from a wild population throughout the entire annual cycle of activity (May–September) and hibernation (October–April). Two populations of corticosteroid levels were observed which corresponded to the physiological states of activity and hibernation, respectively: lower levels ( X = 0.46 ± 0.04 μ g/ml ) were measured during the months of activity whereas higher levels ( X = 0.81 ± 0.05 μ g/ml ) prevailed during the period of hibernation. The hibernating levels of cortical hormone for this bat are higher than those that have been measured in the plasma of other mammalian hibernators. These data suggest that the adrenal cortex in this species may be highly active during hibernation, a result that is at variance with the longstanding concept of “polyglandular involution” of the endocrine organs as a prerequisite for preparation and maintenance of hibernation in mammals. The findings also imply a seasonal “resetting” of feedback control in the brain-pituitary-adrenal axis with respect to ACTH in this species. Finally, it is suggested that elevated glucocorticoids would be necessary for the energetic requirements of hibernation and that periodic spontaneous arousals during hibernation may be important in permitting or accelerating hormonal action.
Instigation to Goodness: The Role of Social Norms and Interpersonal Influence

Norms are only one of a variety of determinants of prosocial behavior. The distinction between knowing and personally accepting a norm is stressed. Two specific norms of prosocial behavior are discussed: the norm of reciprocity, and the norm of social responsibility. Reciprocity seems to guide both return of benefits and retaliation of harm. However, the intent attributed to another, the degree of his self sacrifice, and other conditions affect the degree of reciprocity. The evidence that a norm of responsibility guides helping behavior is less convincing. In emergencies (and probably other situations), not only normative (generalized) expectations, but also (specific) expectations communicated by other people who are present and rules applicable to the specific situation seem to greatly affect behavior. This may be due both to people's concern about others' reactions to them and to a social definition of reality.
Clinical evaluation of irreversible compression of ultrasound images using the JPEG algorithm at approximately 9∶1

A PRIOR ULTRASOUND compression study performed by our group considered a variety of factors, including frame-grabbed versus direct Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) acquisition techniques, Joint Photographic Expert's Group (JPEG), and wavelet compression algorithms, the presence of "burned-in" text in the image, anda variety of compression ratios ranging from 10:1 to 25:1.1 The results of this prior study showed that grayscale ultrasound images compressed with the JPEG algorithm were preferable to those compressed with our wavelet techniques. The results also indicated that grayscale ultrasound images compressed with a quality factor of 70 (corresponding to a compression ratio of approximately 9:1) were of acceptable for diagnostic purposes. The purpose of this study was to formally validate that preliminary finding using a large number of grayscale and color ultrasound images.
Temporal Dependence and Bias in Meta-Analysis

Decisions to undertake bio-medical studies might depend on the results of previous similar studies. So too might the timing of meta-analyses. We show how temporal dependence among the studies analyzed in the meta-analysis, as well as the timing of the meta-analysis itself, can bias the results of the meta-analysis. We show analytically and numerically that a “toy” meta-analysis is biased. We then study bias in a more realistic stochastic process model of meta-analysis. We conclude that in meta-analysis it is difficult of avoid bias that is caused by statistical dependence among studies.
NOMENCLATURE FOR CENTROMERIC POSITION ON CHROMOSOMES

N the inorphologic identification of chromosomes, the location of the I centromere is the most useful landmark, and one which is characterized by great constancy. It would seem that not much could be added to the definitions by E. B. WILSON (1928) of the locations on the chromosome of the centrornere or, in the terminology of that time, the spindle attachment: “Attachment of the chromosome to the spindle is commonly limited to a small area, and is of two general types, namely: (1) terminnl or telomitic and (2) non-ferminal or atelomitic, being in the former case at one end, and in the latter at some other point or points. Non-terminal attachment may be at the middle point (median) or at an intermediate point (submedian, sub-terminal). All gradations exist between these various cases;” (I.c., p. 130-131). In the acconipanying picture (l.c., Fig. 56, p. 132), here reprinted as Fig. l., the four locations of median, submedian, subterminal and terminal are represented, and, in addition, “lateral”, which corresponds to the modern term “diffuse centromere”. Nevertheless, at the present time, with the immense increase in research activity in mammalian cytology, the terminology of the centromeric position has become burdened by much obscurity and confusion. One cause of confusion is that different authors, and even the same author on different occasions, have used the terms median, submedian etc. with great amplitude, and it is often difficult to know in a specific case what each term signifies. Another cause of confusion is that a set of terms for chromosomes with specific centromeric positions, such as metacentric, acrocentric, telocentric, have come into wide usage without being clearly defined in relation to the positional terms median, submedian, subterminal and terminal. During the spring of 1963 the present writers exchanged epistolary
Re-Evaluation of the First Radiocarbon Age for the Folsom Culture

Charred remains of Bison antiquus recovered in 1950 from lacustrine sediments at the Lubbock Lake archaeological site (Southern High Plains of Texas) yielded a radiocarbon age of 9883 ± 350 years BP (C-558). The bone was believed to be from the Folsom occupation of the site and the date was considered to be the first for the Folsom culture in North America. Although the feature that contained the bone was correlated with bone beds that contained Folsom points found elsewhere at the site, the dated feature did not contain diagnostic artifacts and direct correlations with the Folsom features were not possible. Excavations at the site since 1973 provide data that demonstrate that the feature that produced the historic date is stratigraphically above the Folsom horizon. Sediment samples taken from the feature have yielded radiocarbon ages of 8585 ± 145 years BP (SI-5499) and 8, 130 ± 80 years BP (SMU-1089). These ages further demonstrate that the feature is from a post-Folsom occupation, and probably represents the Firstview occupation of the site. The Lindenmeier site, Colorado, probably produced the first radiocarbon age for the Folsom culture.