cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On establishing a benchmark for evaluating static analysis alert prioritization and classification techniques

Benchmarks provide an experimental basis for evaluating software engineering processes or techniques in an objective and repeatable manner. We present the FAULTBENCH v0.1 benchmark, as a contribution to current benchmark materials, for evaluation and comparison of techniques that prioritize and classify alerts generated by static analysis tools. Static analysis tools may generate an overwhelming number of alerts, the majority of which are likely to be false positives (FP). Two FP mitigation techniques, alert prioritization and classification, provide an ordering or classification of alerts, identifying those likely to be anomalies. We evaluate FAULTBENCH using three versions of a FP mitigation technique within the AWARE adaptive prioritization model. Individual FAULTBENCH subjects vary in their optimal FP mitigation techniques. Together, FAULTBENCH subjects provide a precise and general evaluation of FP mitigation techniques.
Jones's Matrix Representation of Optical Instruments. I: Beam Splitters.

A general method is provided for constructing Jones’s reflection and transmission matrices of any beam splitter. Derivations are presented for the various known configurations. The method uses Abeles’s matrices and pays special consideration to the different expressions of Jones’s matrices relative to the various beams in an interferometric arrangement. The reversibility of the beam splitter in its action on the amplitude or phase, or both, of an incident light is studied. It is finally suggested that, even for an asymmetric beam splitter configuration, the symmetry of the interferogram can still be preserved by adjusting the thickness of the beam splitter in a prescribed manner.
Aberrant Left Pulmonary Artery (Vascular Sling): Report of Five Cases

Aberrant left pulmonary artery (vascular sling) is a congenital malformation characterized by an anomalous course of the left pulmonary artery, posterior to the trachea, which may cause severe airway obstructions in newborns and infants. The clinical, diagnostic and surgical features of five cases are presented; three were operated, with two longterm survivors. Since the malformation has a poor prognosis, early surgical treatment, based on proper diagnostic measures, is stressed.
Minnowbrook: Tradition, Idea, Spirit, Event, Challenge

This article sets the stage for the special issue by explaining the tradition, idea, spirit, event, and challenge of Minnowbrook.
An analysis of generative representation systems

Abstract Three ideas are basic to generative theory: (a) Subjects are assumed to attend to the relations among stimuli, extracting the transformations relating pairs of stimuli; (b) the set of abstracted transformations is decomposed or reduced to an elementary set of generators; (c) subjects use the elementary generators as the basis for judging similarity. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate these ideas with an experiment in which subjects were asked to rate the similarity between stimulus pairs. The stimulus materials consisted of the permutations of a 4-item pattern with the properties of a dihedral group which insured the existence of sets of elementary transformations. Three analytic techniques were used to determine the generator set of transformations abstracted by subjects. The first analysis consisted of a monotonic regression between dissimilarity ratings and the number of elementary generators of a given permutation. The residual variance of this monotone regression, suitably normalized, was used as a quantitative goodness-of-fit measure. For the stochastic analysis, cumulative distributions of dissimilarity ratings were obtained for permutations requiring one, two, or three generators. The idea was that permutations requiring fewer generators should be associated with distributions of lower dissimilarity values (higher similarity scores) as compared to permutations predicted to be transformationally more complex. The final analysis, a multidimensional scaling of dissimilarity ratings, converted subjects' ratings into spatial structures to determine whether individual subjects' ratings exhibited the predicted spatial arrangement. The monotone regression and stochastic analyses abstracted similar generator sets for individual subjects, some of which provided perfect fits to the data. Although the scaling analysis yielded similar estimates of generators, for some subjects, transformations with the same number of generators yielded unequal “cognitive” distances resulting in some-what deformed spatial structures for these subjects. It was concluded that the results generally supported a generative model as an approximation to subjects' representations of interstimulus relationships.
NePSim: a network processor simulator with a power evaluation framework

This article presents NePSim, an integrated system that includes a cycle-accurate architecture simulator, an automatic formal verification engine, and a parameterizable power estimator for NPs consisting of clusters of multithreaded execution cores, memory controllers, I/O ports, packet buffers, and high-speed buses. To perform concrete simulation and provide reliable performance and power analysis, we defined our system to comply with Intel's IXP1200 processor specification because academia has widely adopted it as a representative model for NP research.
Cold as a therapeutic agent

The use of cold as a therapeutic agent has a long and colorful history. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, the most ancient medical text known, dated 3500 B.C., made numerous references to the use of cold as therapy. Baron de Larrey, a French army surgeon during Napoleon’s Russian campaign, packed the limbs in ice prior to amputations to render the procedures painless. In the early twentieth century, a neurosurgeon, Temple Fay, pioneered “human refrigeration” as a treatment for malignancies and head injuries. In 1961, Irving Cooper developed the first closed cryoprobe system and ushered in the modern era of cryogenic surgery with his imperturbable convictions. Fay’s early work fell victim to the disruptive sequel of the World War II. The Nazis confiscated his data (presented before the Third International Cancer Congress in 1939) forwarded to Belgium for publication and brutally applied his refrigeration techniques experimentally without any benefit of anesthesia in the concentration camps, especially Dachau. Hypothermia became associated in the public mind with the atrocities exposed at the war trials in Nurnberg. After lying dormant for decades, the interest was rekindled in the late 80s when mild hypothermia was shown to confer dramatic neuroprotection in a number of experimental models of brain injury. With several large multi-center clinical studies currently under way, hypothermia is receiving unprecedented attention from the medical and scientific communities.
Computer-Assisted Medical Education: Current and Potential Roles

Medical education remains a time-consuming and complex task whose goals are to provide students with sufficient factual information and the clinical reasoning tools to ensure the competency of its graduates. Today, this task is especially challenging because of the exponential growth in biomedical information and the ever-increasing time pressure placed upon medical educators. Electronic tools have the capacity to facilitate medical education, as well as to fundamentally improve our ability to ensure the competency of our graduates. This article reviews some of the approaches to electronic education developed at the University of Chicago.
Context-aware semantic association ranking

Discovering complex and meaningful relationships, which we call Semantic Associations, is an important challenge. Just as ranking of documents is a critical component of today's search engines, ranking of relationships will be essential in tomorrow's semantic search engines that would support discovery and mining of the Semantic Web. Building upon our recent work on specifying types of Semantic Associations in RDF graphs, which are possible to create through semantic metadata extraction and annotation, we discuss a framework where ranking techniques can be used to identify more interesting and more relevant Semantic Associations. Our techniques utilize alternative ways of specifying the context using ontology. This enables capturing users' interests more precisely and better quality results in relevance ranking.
The Cost of Self-Protection: Threat Response and Performance as a Function of Autonomous and Controlled Motivations:

Seventy-seven undergraduates, primed for autonomous or controlled motivation, were videotaped and physiologically monitored during a stressful interview and subsequent speech. Interview videotapes were coded for behavioral measures of threat response; speech videotapes were coded for performance. It was hypothesized that relative to controlled motivation, autonomous motivation would decrease interview threat response and enhance speech performance, and that threat response would mediate the effect of motivation on performance. Results support the prediction across measures of verbal, paralinguistic, smiling, vocal fundamental frequency, and cardiovascular response. Autonomously primed participants continued to show less cardiovascular threat throughout the later speech and gave better speeches. Finally, speech performance was mediated by interview threat response. Results demonstrate that relative to controlled motivation, autonomous motivation lowers threat response, which enhances performance.
X-ray diffraction of helices with arbitrary periodic ligand binding

The classical formalism for studying diffraction from helical structures extended to include ligand binding is presented. The diffraction from such a binding pattern is the convolution of the Fourier transforms of the helix and the one-dimensional binding distribution. It is shown in the present analysis that it is not necessary to assume that the binding distribution is strictly periodic, as long as its Fourier transform can be determined. Analysis of the convolution gives a general expression for the diffracted intensities and the selection rule for the layer-lines. It shows two groups of layer-lines: one group is the familiar layer-line set from the original helix, while the other group shows reciprocal spacings shifted by 1/a from the original helix layer-lines, where a is the average repeat of the binding distribution. This group of layer-lines is contributed by the ligand only. By way of examples, calculated diffraction patterns from muscle actin filaments with bound myosin heads in three different binding patterns are presented. This approach provides a method for determining the ligand-binding distribution along helices by an analysis of their X-ray diffraction patterns.
A flexible approach to authorization of UAS software

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) rely upon a significant amount of software. An appropriate authorizing agent must approve the use of the UAS in a desired environment before use, and the authorization approach used must contend with the UAS' software. Unfortunately, the variety of UAS types, the range of environments within which they must operate, and the need to address both safety and security concerns make authorization of UAS software problematic. We have developed a flexible approach to UAS software authorization that is able to deal with these challenges. Our approach is based on rigorous fitness arguments that explain how evidence from the software's development shows that the software has the properties that make the UAS fit for use in the intended operating contexts. In this paper, we present the details of our approach, compare it to existing approaches, and show how retroactive construction of software fitness arguments can identify the additional evidence necessary to support full authorization or the limited authorization that can be granted based on existing evidence. We give examples to illustrate how our approach can be used across a wide variety of UASs, missions, and operating environments, including controlled airspace.
Predicting language and social outcomes at age 5 for later-born siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders

The relation between early joint attention (in which a child coordinates attention between another person and an object or event) and later language and social outcomes was examined in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (Sibs-ASD) and younger siblings of children with typical development (Sibs-TD). Initial levels of joint attention (at a mean age of 15 months) as well as growth in levels of joint attention (between 15 months and 34 months) were used as potential predictors of outcomes at age 5. The results revealed that initial levels of initiating joint attention (IJA) were associated with language skills at outcome. In addition, growth of responding to joint attention (RJA) was associated with social skills at age 5. These patterns of associations were not significantly different between the Sibs-TD and Sibs-ASD groups. Although the Sibs-ASD group had lower joint attention scores than the Sibs-TD group at younger ages, significant group differences were not found for most measure...
SM16, an Orally Active TGF-β Type I Receptor Inhibitor Prevents Myofibroblast Induction and Vascular Fibrosis in the Rat Carotid Injury Model

Objective— TGF-β plays a significant role in vascular injury-induced stenosis. This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel, small molecule inhibitor of ALK5/ALK4 kinase, in the rat carotid injury model of vascular fibrosis. Methods and Results— The small molecule, SM16, was shown to bind with high affinity to ALK5 kinase ATP binding site using a competitive binding assay and biacore analysis. SM16 blocked TGF-β and activin-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-luciferase activity in cells. Good overall selectivity was demonstrated in a large panel of kinase assays, but SM16 also showed nanomolar inhibition of ALK4 and weak (micromolar) inhibition of Raf and p38. In the rat carotid injury model, SM16 dosed once daily orally at 15 or 30 mg/kg SM16 for 14 days caused significant inhibition of neointimal thickening and lumenal narrowing. SM16 also prevented induction of adventitial smooth muscle α-actin–positive myofibroblasts and the production of intimal collagen, but did not decrease the percentage of proliferative cells. Conclusion— These results are the first to demonstrate the efficacy of an orally active, small-molecule ALK5/ALK4 inhibitor in a vascular fibrosis model and suggest the potential therapeutic application of these inhibitors in vascular fibrosis.
Deep venous thrombosis after office vasectomy: a case report

Postoperative pulmonary embolism is considered a complication of major surgery. However, thromboembolism can also occur following minor procedures. We report a case of a major embolic event following a straightforward office vasectomy. A healthy 35-year-old Asian man underwent an uncomplicated office vasectomy. Soon after, he noticed vague chest pain and dyspnea. Lower extremity Doppler ultrasound revealed acute venous thrombosis. A computer-assisted tomography angiogram revealed extensive bilateral pulmonary emboli. Extensive laboratory work-up failed to identify thrombophilia. He has not had any recurrences in the eight years since the initial presentation. This case highlights that major embolic events can follow minor office procedures. Patients with suggestive findings should be investigated aggressively.
Predicting conditional branch outcomes on a Sobel edge detecting filter

Multi-dimensional signal processing usually requires the high-speed performance obtained from instruction-level parallelism. The Sobel edge detector algorithm can be classified as a typical multi-dimensional signal processing application since it is applicable to images represented in a two-dimensional space. The kernel of such algorithm consists of a nested loop with embedded conditional branches, which are used to determine the existence of an edge. The hardware implementation of a Sobel algorithm may require either extra execution time due to pipeline stalls or resource redundancy in order to handle the branch. This paper shows a new architecture design, which establishes, in advance, the outcome of the conditional branches and allows the execution of the loop with an apparent one hundred percent prediction accuracy.
LPV Control Design for Over-actuated Hypersonic Vehicles Models

A typical control objective for a hypersonic vehicle model is to track a velocity and altitude reference while maintaining physical feasibility of the control input and the state. The control design presented in this work relies on a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the longitudinal dynamics and exploits the presence of redundant actuation to enforce a desired feasible behavior in steady-state. A novel LPV regulator design methodology is developed, which explicitly addresses the case of over-actuated models (i.e., models with more inputs than performance outputs). This is a non-trivial extension of the analysis and design of output regulators for LTI systems. The LPV regulator separates the control problem into a steady-state controller and a stabilizing controller. The steady-state controller produces a non-unique approximate steady-state using receding horizon constrained optimization, while the stabilizer renders the steady-state attractive. The steady-state controller represents an approach to addressing over-actuated LPV systems, alternative to static or dynamic control allocation, or standard optimal control. The stabilizer design utilizes the LPV separation principle to decompose the problem into state feedback and LPV reduced order observer design. This control methodology is applied to a high-delity control-evaluation model in simulation and its merits and drawbacks are discussed.
War within, War without: Russian Refugee Rabbis during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Rabbi Ya‘akov Landa was one of some 250,000 Russian Jews who had fled, or been forcibly expelled, from their homes in Russia's western provinces to settle in the country's interior. After Landa's exile, he spent several months traveling amid refugee communities in Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, Saratov, and Samara provinces. At the conclusion of his journey, he composed a detailed report about the state of religious observance among the refugees, which he sent to Rabbi Shalom Dov-Ber Schneerson of Lubavitch. Landa's observations during these months shocked his core sensibilities as a rabbi and an observant Jew. He noted that refugees were disregarding such fundamental aspects of Jewish practice as Sabbath observance and were living without the basic institutions that had traditionally defined religious and communal life.
Spacecraft design using a genetic algorithm optimization approach

Spacecraft design is a highly coupled problem. The design of the spacecraft must balance payload objectives and orbital design against cost and schedule guidelines. Currently spacecraft are 'optimized' manually through a tool-assisted evaluation of a limited set of design alternatives. With this approach there is no guarantee that a system-level focus will be taken and 'feasibility' rather than 'optimality' is commonly all that is achieved. With support from NASA, the author has investigated better methods for performing the earliest stage of spacecraft design (including cost analysis) to ensure that a systems perspective is taken. This paper describes a tool for conceptual spacecraft design, SCOUT (Spacecraft Concept Optimization and Utility Tool), that uses a set of design estimating relationships (DERs) and cost relationships (CERs) coupled with genetic optimization. A retrospective comparison between SCOUT results and the actual design of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft is made.
Modeling Dynamic Processes Using Granular Runge-Kutta Methods

By incorporating the Runge-Kutta methods with functions defined within the frameworks of multilayered granular domains, a nonlinear continuous-time dynamic process can be efficiently modeled. The several layers allow for the construction of models spanning different granular size to be used for applications that require different levels of precision and efficiency. In this paper, we discuss a particular implementation of this approach using multilinear interpolation functions.
A Priority Queue Transform

A transformation, referred to as depletion, is defined for comparison-based data structures that implement priority queue operations. The depletion transform yields a representation of the data structure as a forest of heap-ordered trees. Under certain circumstances this transform can result in a useful alternative to the original data structure. As an application, we introduce a new variation of skew-heaps that efficiently implements decrease-key operations. Additionally, we construct a new version of the pairing heap data structure that experimentally exhibits improved efficiency
A switching adaptive controller for feedback linearizable systems

One of the main open problems in the area of adaptive control of linear-in-the-parameters feedback linearizable systems is the computation of the feedback control law when the identification model becomes uncontrollable. The authors propose a switching adaptive control strategy that overcomes this problem. The proposed strategy is applied to nth-order feedback linearizable systems in canonical form. The closed-loop system is proved to be globally stable in the sense that all the closed-loop signals are bounded and the tracking error converges arbitrarily close to zero. No assumptions are made about the type of nonlinearities of the system, except that such nonlinearities are smooth. However, the proposed controller requires knowledge of the sign and lower bound of the input vector field.
Multi-way streams in Scheme

Abstract We present a mechanism for the maintenance of streams based on the Scheme facility of call-with-current-continuation or call/cc. The mechanism supports stream sharing and has overhead cost which is independent of top-level program parameters if call/cc is implemented in heap-based systems. It is shown how the control structure of call/cc can save programming effort in cases where multiple procedures output to the same stream in irregular order.
Safety and Efficacy of “Alice” Influenza Virus Vaccine in Normal Healthy Adults

A live influenza virus candidate vaccine, "Alice" strain, was evaluated in normal healthy adults. It proved to be safe, with minimal clinical reactions. Thirteen of 21 volunteers (61.9%) with pre-existing titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of less than or equal to 1:4 and three of nine (33.3%) with initial titers of 1:8-1:16 had four-fold increases in titers of serum antibody. A second dose of vaccine did not increase the frequency or the magnitude of the serum antibody response. Nasal neutralizing antibody responses occurred in six of 18 subjects tested (38.8%). The vaccine virus appeared to produce its effect by replication since vaccine virus was recovered from six of 17 subjects (35%), administration of a vaccine inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation did not produce a response, a 1:10 dilution of virus infected two of five subjects, and a 1:100 dilution infected none of six subjects. The virus was not transmitted to the antibody-negative controls who were confined with infected volunteers. Challenge of 20 volunteers and 26 control subjects with wild-type influenza A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) virus revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of infection and illness among subjects who responded to "Alice" vaccine compared with the frequency among unvaccinated controls.
And when she comes home? Education and women's empowerment in intimate relationships

Abstract While previous research has focused on the relationship between education and women's empowerment in the public sphere, their empowerment in the private sphere has been less fully developed in empirical studies. Drawing on a theoretical model of change in marital relationships, this article examines how women who participated in an innovative secondary education program in rural Honduran Garifuna communities were able to negotiate more equitable roles in their intimate relationships.
DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptom characteristics for recent-onset smokers.

Introduction: This study evaluated how well DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptoms measure an underlying dependence construct for recent-onset daily and nondaily smokers. Methods: Based on a nationally representative sample of 2,758 recent-onset adolescent smokers from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, we used multiple group item response theory analysis to assess 7 symptoms representing DSM-IV diagnostic features of nicotine dependence. Results: After controlling for age, gender, current smoking quantity, and length of smoking exposure, all 7 DSM-IV symptoms were invariant across nondaily and daily smokers and discriminated well among levels of the nicotine dependence construct. Symptoms most likely to be endorsed at lower levels of the dependence construct included spending more time getting, using, or getting over the effects of smoking and wanting or trying to stop or cut down. Symptoms most likely to be endorsed only at higher levels of the construct included giving up important activities and emotional/psychological and health problems related to smoking. DSM-IV symptoms were most precise for moderately high levels of the dependence construct and less precise for lower levels for both nondaily and daily smokers. Discussion: DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptoms appear to have desirable psychometric properties for measuring a nicotine dependence construct among recent-onset adolescent smokers at both daily and nondaily levels, providing justifica tion for the use of these symptoms in a measure that aims to evaluate the full continuum of nicotine dependence severity in this population.
Note on a Recent Set of Postulates for the Calculus of Propositions

In my American Academy paper of 1937 I gave a mathematical clarification and extension of C. I. Lewis's theory of strict implication using as the base ( K, T , ×, ′, ≣). In that paper the element a ⊰ b (read “ a hook b ”) was defined by ( a ⊰ b ) = ( ab ′= cc ′). The main purpose of the present paper is to show that this definition may be replaced by the simpler definition ( a ⊰ b ) = ( ab ≣ a ), provided Postulate 15 is replaced by two simpler postulates, 15a and 15b (see below). The paper may also serve to throw further light on the essential difference between Lewis's theory of “strict” implication and the more familiar theory of “material” implication. This paper and the earlier one, when read together, are entirely self-contained, all proofs (including proofs of independence) being given in full and no reference to earlier literature being required. We begin by reviewing briefly the role which logical deduction plays in the writing of any scientific book. Suppose you sit down to write. What do you actually do? In the last analysis, your activity as an author is a process of voluntary selection, restricted by certain inescapable rules. From an indefinite number of possible propositions which may occur to your imagination, you voluntarily select certain propositions which you accept as being worthy of being written down, one after another, in your book. Every proposition which occurs to you is either accepted, or rejected, or laid aside for further consideration.
Serological evidence of alpha herpesvirus infection in sooty mangabeys

Contact between sooty mangabeys (SMs) and a pigtailed macaque prompted the serological screening of SMs for evidence of infection with B virus. Serological tests detected SM antibodies that reacted with B virus polypeptides. Additional testing was performed with sera from SMs with no previous contact with macaques. Results from these tests indicated that 56% (33/59) of the SMs had antibodies that reacted with B virus and SA8. SM antibodies also reacted with herpesvirus papio 2 and to a lesser extent with human alpha herpesviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2). There was an age-related increase in the presence of these antibodies in SMs that was consistent with the serological pattern of reactivity observed in other nonhuman primate species infected with alpha herpesviruses. These data suggest that SMs may be a host for a herpesvirus that is antigenically similar to those viruses present in other Old World nonhuman primates.
Prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or lupus anticoagulant.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or lupus anticoagulant (LA) may have antibodies, including anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), which may be associated with stroke and a high risk of recurrent stroke. Optimum preventive treatment is uncertain. We report and analyze experience with 26 patients with SLE or LA, some of whom also had aCL, who were treated with heparin and/or warfarin, often after failure of aspirin and/or steroids to prevent cerebral ischemia. Representative summaries of cases are included. Potential mechanisms of the thrombotic tendency in these patients are reviewed. Complications of anticoagulant therapy can be serious; contraindications to this treatment are discussed. Patients with either SLE or LA who have a history of a cerebral ischemic event have a high risk of recurrent stroke, which may be ameliorated by administering anticoagulants if there are no contraindications.
Testing the astronomical time scale for oceanic anoxic event 2, and its extension into Cenomanian strata of the Western Interior Basin (USA)

The development of integrated astronomical and radioisotopic time scales from rhythmic strata of the Western Interior Basin (WIB) has played a fundamental role in the refi nement of Late Cretaceous chronostratigraphy. In this study, X-ray fl uorescence (XRF) core scanning is utilized to develop a new elemental data set for cyclostratigraphic investigation of CenomanianTuronian strata in the WIB, using material from the Aristocrat-Angus-12-8 core (northcentral Colorado). The XRF data set yields the fi rst continuous 5-mm-resolution analysis of lithogenic, biogenic, and syngeneticauthigenic proxies through the uppermost Lincoln Limestone Member, the Hartland Shale Member, and the Bridge Creek Limestone Member, including oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE 2). The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from ashes in three biozones, including a new age from the Dunveganoceras pondi biozone (uppermost Lincoln Limestone Member), provide geochronologic constraints for the cyclostratigraphic analysis. Astrochronologic testing of the 5-mm-resolution XRF weight percent CaCO3 data via average spectral misfi t analysis yields strong evidence for astronomical infl uence on climate and sedimentation. Results from the Bridge Creek Limestone Member are consistent with the previously published astrochronology from the U.S. Geological Survey #1 Portland core (central Colorado), and identifi cation of an astronomical signal in the underlying Hartland Shale Member now permits extension of the WIB astrochronology into the earlier Cenomanian, prior to OAE 2. High rates of sedimentation in the Angus core during the interval of OAE 2 initiation, as compared to the Portland core, allow recognition of a strong precessional control on bedding development. As a consequence, the new results provide a rare high-resolution chronometer for the onset of OAE 2, and the timing of proposed hydrothermal trace metal enrichment as observed in the 5 mm XRF data.
Synchrony and Periodicity of Eruptions by Boreal Birds

Abstract I examined 38 years of Christmas Bird Count data in order to resolve conflicting earlier findings as to whether eruptions of boreal seed-eating birds are synchronized and occur at regular intervals. A total of 15 species was analyzed, including several largely insectivorous boreal species. Interspecific synchrony was common, with 34 species pairs (32% of a possible 105) statistically synchronous across all or part of North America and clusters of up to five species exhibiting significant synchrony in all pairwise combinations. Within-species synchrony was significant between eastern and western North America for five species. The relationship between interspecific synchrony and diet was weak and significantly higher among species in the same diet category in western North America only. Periodicity as measured by temporal autocorrelations in mean winter density at lags of up to three years was significant for eight of the species in at least one of the geographic regions; four of these (Red-breast...
The role of epigenetics in the origin of congenital heart disease : more about... paediatric cardiology

The past decade has seen a remarkable explosion of insights into the control of heart development. This has come about as a consequence of the temporal confluence of several research domains: the better delineation of syndromic congenital heart disease (see article in this issue), the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, the remarkable advances in molecular embryology and a deeper understanding of genetic evolution. It is against this background, and by combining data from anatomical embryology, early fetal myocardial function, and fetal blood flow with a new understanding of the genetically modular development of cardiac chambers (the independent, regional development of cardiac chambers under distinct genetic control) that the ballooning model of heart development1 has revolutionised our understanding of normal heart development.
Inter- and En- activism: Some thoughts and comparisons

Abstract Interactivism and enactivism spring from some similar insights and intuitions. There are, however, some arguably significant divergences, and I will explore a few of the important similarities and differences. Topics addressed include the basic notions of how cognition and mind emerge in living systems; how growth, learning, development, and adaptation can be modeled within the basic frameworks; and how phenomenological investigations can be taken into account and their phenomena modeled.
Applicability of an Equilibrium Model To Predict the Conversion of CO2 to CO via the Reduction and Oxidation of a Fixed Bed of Cerium Dioxide

Production of hydrogen and synthesis gas via solar thermochemical partial redox cycles is one route to renewable fuels and storage of solar energy. The efficiency at which these cycles produce fuel for candidate non-stoichiometric metal oxides and reactor concepts is normally evaluated from thermodynamic models that implicitly assume that the transport processes and reaction kinetics are rapid enough that the gas and solid attain chemical equilibrium. In this paper, we develop an equilibrium model of a fixed-bed reactor and demonstrate its applicability for reduction and oxidation of porous ceria (CeO2) particles with a volume-specific surface area of ∼106 m2 m–3 over a wide range of gas flow rates and reaction temperatures. The model predicts the measured rate of O2 production during reduction for mass-specific flow rates up to 900 mL min–1 gceria–1 and for temperatures from 740 to 1500 °C, and it predicts the measured rate of CO production during oxidation for flow rates up to 50 mL min–1 gceria–1 at 15...
Shaking Up La Familia: The Chican@ Nation and Lesbian Motherhood in Sheila Ortiz Taylor’s Faultline

For my family, in all the best senses of that word.—Sheila Ortiz Taylor’s opening dedication to FaultlineFrom one genesis story to another, it would seem that La Familia symbolizes the birth of the...
Can We Reduce Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application Rate with Addition of Nitrapyrin

Application of nitrification inhibitor has potential to increase soil nitrogen (N) retention throughout the growing season and finally increase corn (Zea mays L.) yield. During the 2012–2014 growing seasons, on-farm field trials were conducted to determine the effects of nitrapyrin (Instinct) with two N sources, urea and urea ammonium nitrate, at two rates, 85% and 100% of recommended N, and side-dress on grain yield and soil inorganic N availability in the Red River Valley of the North Dakota. Preplant urea N at 100% recorded the greatest yield in 2 out of 3 years. At late sampling, the greatest soil inorganic N was observed with side-dress urea ammonium nitrate at 100% within 0–30 cm (last 2 years). For spring fertilizer N management, addition of nitrapyrin had no effect on yield and inconsistent effect on soil N availability. Our results suggest that fertilizer N management should be evaluated on a local scale and consider annual variability in weather.
Serum lipids following nephrectomy and in mercuric chloride poisoning.

The mechanism of the disturbed lipid metabolism observed in the nephrotic stage of chronic glomerulonephritis and in the true lipoid nephrosis of children has been the subject of considerable speculation and investigation, but still remains obscure. I t has been suggested that lipoid nephrosis is a primary disturbance of lipid metabolism, and that the renal changes with subsequent hypoproteinemia and anasarca are secondary manifestations. Others have taken an opposite view and believe that primary renal disease can, on occasion, result in hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia. The chief support for the latter view seems to stem from the reports of Heymann • who produced hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia in dogs by unilateral and bilateral nephrectomy, and by subcutaneous injections of bichloride of mercury, uranium nitrate, and potassium bichromate. However, the oral administration of mercuric chloride to dogs and rats did not induce hyperlipemia, and carbon tetrachloride given orally to dogs periodically for 12 to 18 days prior to the subcutaneous injection of mercuric chloride inhibited the development of hyperlipemia. These latter results indicate that liver injury can inhibit the development of hyperlipemia, otherwise reported as occurring regularly after parenteral administration of bichloride of mercury. Farr, Smadel, and Holden observed marked elevations in lipid fractions during the first two weeks o'f experimental nephritis produced in rats by injections of nephrotoxic sera. I t should be noted that Heymann observed the effect of unilateral nephrectomy in only two dogs. He states that "in both animals, the level of blood lipids rose for from 4 to 7 days and then returned to normal in 12 or 14 days after the operation." He concludes from this that "the increase is obviously connected with the sudden removal of one kidney, while the return to normal level may well be due to the subsequent hypertrophy of the remaining kidney." Sham operations performed as controls produced no demonstrable effect on blood lipid levels. He later found that the intravenous administration of Ringer's solution and glucose limited, but did not abolish, the extent of postnephrectomy hyperlipemia in dogs. He concluded that "the tubular apparatus of the kidneys of dogs possesses a regulatory influence on the blood lipids such as has hitherto been unknown," and further states that "it is probable that the human kidney exerts the same function. . . ." In the same paper, however, Heymann reported no change in the total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids (such as lecithin) following unilateral nephrectomy in three patients with hydronephrosis, pyohydro-
Tuning of a wireless power transfer system with a hybrid capacitor array

Power transfer efficiency in loosely coupled inductive systems can be enhanced by resonance. Primary and secondary can be tuned to same resonant frequency. In this paper, MOSFET-based Varactors and switchable capacitors are used for re-tuning of such a system at 13.56 MHz. This is achieved either using each cap structure alone or as a hybrid model. These techniques are designed for 13.56 MHz wireless power transfer system.
Treatment of the ultra-violet integral divergence of the self-energy for fermions with the method of approximate values of Dirac δ function

With the extension rule of the method of approximate values of Dirac δ function a set of regularization equations for the electron self-energy is developed.The equations are similar to those in reference books such as the Pauli-Villars as well as the dimensional regularization equations.The renormalized self-energy equation for electrons is as well developed which is the same as that in reference books.Finally the counterterm Lagrangian equation is confirmed.
The learning deficits in childhood psychosis.

The cardinal features of childhood psychosis include abnormalities in ability to relate, communicate, and acquire social controls. While the major focus of concern has been on the peculiarities of interpersonal relationships and their possible genesis within the family environment, recent emphasis in treatment and research has shifted toward an examination of the peculiarities in learning and the development of intervention strategies directed toward them. Gains made in the application of reinforcement learning principles to some aspects of the condition have necessitated precise definition of the behaviors to be changed, use of clearly defined intervention strategies, and the establishment of baselines against which to measure change.
Role of Chest Computed Tomography in Prevention of Occupational Respiratory Disease: Review of Recent Literature

This review provides an update on literature published over the past 5 years that is relevant to using chest computed tomography (CT) as a tool for preventing occupational respiratory disease. An important area of investigation has been in the use of low-dose CT (LDCT) to screen asbestos-exposed populations for lung cancer. Two recent systematic reviews have reached conclusions in support of screening. Based on the limited evidence that is currently available, the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health has recommended LDCT screening in asbestos-exposed individuals if their personal combination of risk factors yields a risk for lung cancer equal to that needed for entry into the National Lung Screening Trial. It has also recommended further research, such as to document the optimal frequency of screening and the effectiveness of screening. Recent literature continues to support high-resolution CT (HRCT) as being more sensitive than chest radiography in detecting pneumoconiosis. However, there are insufficient data to determine the effectiveness of HRCT screening in improving individual outcomes if used in screening for pneumoconiosis and its routine use for this purpose cannot be recommended. However, if HRCT is used to evaluate populations, recent literature shows that the International Classification of HRCT for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases provides an important tool for reproducible evaluation and recording of findings. HRCT is an important tool for individual patient management and recent literature has documented that chest HRCT findings are significantly associated with outcomes such as pulmonary function and mortality.
Myocardial necrosis produced by experimental intracranial hemorrhage. I. Effects of pregnancy and hypertension.

Abstract Segmental myocardial necrosis was produced in rats by simulated intracranial hemorrhage. Hypertension did not affect the severity of the lesion. Pregnancy appeared to reduce the severity of the lesion. The mechanism of this unexpected finding remains obscure.
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Digital Revolution

Introduction/Results Electronic technologies (e.g., Internet, cellular phone, social networking sites, instant messaging) influence adolescent sexual behavior in increasingly complicated ways. Although novel technologies affect adult sexual behavior as well, this interface may be particularly complex for adolescents given the biological, neurodevelopmental and psychological changes that characterize this period, and the fact that teenagers are the defining users of these technologies. Adolescents typically possess greater facility with electronic devices than most adults. The ways in which electronic and communication technologies affect adolescent sexual behavior therefore remain poorly understood even as these influences increasingly affect debates about what constitutes 'normal” or atypical adolescent sexual behavior. In turn, the rapid rate of technological development has outpaced the ability of law and society to respond in a reasoned and calculated manner to unforeseen dilemmas that result this nexus. Methods/Objectives/Aims The aims of this presentation is provide a comprehensive review (following an in-depth analysis of literature) of the current state of empirical knowledge regarding 'normal” sexual development and behaviors among children and adolescents; explore the effects of novel electronic communication technologies on sexual development and behavior among adolescents today; and provide an up to date analysis of current issues pertaining to “sexting” and cyber-bullying. Conclusion The ways in which electronic and communication technologies affect adolescent sexual behavior remain poorly understood even as these influences increasingly affect debates about what constitutes 'normal” or atypical adolescent sexual behavior.
Allosteric Potentiation of Peptidase Neurolysin by Small Molecules

Here, we describe discovery of two small molecules which specifically enhance catalytic efficiency of peptidase neurolysin. A computational approach was used to explore structure of neurolysin and identify a druggable surface pocket in its hinge region, followed by docking and ranking of 139,735 molecules from NCI DTP database. Top ranking compounds were subjected to pharmacological evaluation. Two structurally related compounds were identified which enhanced the rate of substrate hydrolysis by recombinant (human and rat) and mouse brain-purified neurolysins in a concentration-dependent manner. Neither the identified modulators nor dynorphin A(1-13), a competitive inhibitor, affected each other's affinity in modulating activity of neurolysin, suggesting that the modulators do not bind to the substrate binding site. Both modulators reduced Km and increased Vmax values for hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate by neurolysin in a concentration-dependent manner. The modulators had negligible effect on catalytic activity of thimet oligopeptidase, neprilysin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2, indicating that they are specific to neurolysin. Both modulators also enhanced hydrolysis of endogenous substrates, suggesting that their effect was not linked to the synthetic substrate. The identified molecules could be developed into research tools for evaluation of the (patho)physiological function of neurolysin. This study is one of few utilizing a structure-based approach for rational identification of enzyme activators, and by that it demonstrates applicability of this methodology for identification of allosteric modulators of other enzymes.
Von Irrfahrten zu Markow-Ketten

Die einfachste Irrfahrt kann wie folgt beschrieben werden: Ein Teilchen bewegt sich schrittweise auf einer Geraden; bei jedem Schritt bewegt es sich um eine Einheit nach rechts oder nach links mit den Wahrscheinlichkeiten p bzw. q=1-p, wobei 0 < p < 1. Einer bequemen Ausdrucksweise zuliebe nehmen wir an, das jeder nachste Schritt gerade nach jeweils einer Zeiteinheit erfolgt, so das der n-te Schritt im Zeitpunkt n eintritt. Ferner nehmen wir an, das die moglichen Positionen des Teilchens durch die Menge der ganzen Zahlen auf einer Koordinatenachse gegeben sind. Diese Menge wird haufig das „ganzzahlige Gitter“ auf R1 = (-¥,¥) genannt und soll mit I bezeichnet werden. Somit vollfuhrt das Teilchen eine Irrfahrt auf dem Gitter, bewegt sich ruckwarts und wieder vorwarts und setzt dies unaufhorlich fort. Skizzieren wir seine Position Xn als unktion der Zeit n, dann ist sein Pfad eine Zickzacklinie wie die in Figur 30 gezeigten Beispiele.