cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conidium formation and germination inNeurospora crassa: Glutamic acid metabolism

In order to assess the role of the large (200 μmol/g) pool of glutamic acid normally found in wild-typeNeurospora crassa conidia, the levels of glutamic acid and other amino acids were manipulated by employing a strain blocked in glutamate synthesis. The double mutant strainen(am)-2;am, which has a lesion in NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (am) and is auxotrophic for glutamate, was employed in order to obtain conidia with a decreased level of glutamic acid. When cultures of this strain were grown in the presence of 50 or 20 mM glutamate as sole nitrogen source, conidia were obtained with a glutamate pool of 97 and 47 μmole/g, respectively, which represents approximately 57 and 28% of the control values obtained from a prototrophic strain. These observations are interpreted to indicate that conidiation can occur even without the accumulation of the entire pool of glutamate in the conidia. However, when conidia of this double mutant strain were incubated in a minimal medium lacking glutamate, germ tube formation was greatly delayed. Germ tube formation was normal in the presence of glutamate or alanine. During germination of conidia in minimal medium, the levels of glutamate, glutamine, aspartic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured at different times. The results obtained support the view that glutamic acid was catabolized through the GABA pathway during the very early stages of germination.
An axisymmetric linear/high-order finite element for filament-wound composites. II: Evaluation on filament-wound cylinders

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the accuracy of an axisymmetric high-order composite element. The element is intended to be used in a design code to analyze spherical filament-wound structures. With the use of this high-order element, the computation time for a static analysis is greatly reduced when compared to that using conventional bi-linear elements. This paper presents a brief summary of the formulation used for the high-order composite element. Comparisons of the theoretical and finite element results follow for isotropic, orthotropic and filament-wound cylinders. The overall accuracy of the element is about ±3% when a sufficient integration order is chosen.
Alcohol reduces postoperative pericardial adhesion formation in swine

had microscopically positive margins (all radiation inductiontreated). Twenty-seven patients had complete response, 44 had partial response. Median number of lymph nodes resected was 17(1-39). Median length of stay: 12 days (1-77). There was one perioperative death (0.8%). Thirty-four patients had major complications: pulmonary 12, cardiac 3, bleeding 1, chylothorax 7, recurrent nerve injuries 7, leak 11 (3 necessitating intervention). No conduit necrosis or need for diversion was recorded. Median follow-up of 86 patients still alive: 20.5 months (3 monthse9.5 years). Five-year survival was 50%.
GIS Day and Web Promotion: Retrospective Analysis of U.S. ARL Libraries' Involvement

Given the increasing demand for GIS services and collections in libraries, librarians should use every outreach tool available to reach potential audiences. An annual event, GIS Day has a robust and established range of supporting tools that are easily customized for local use. Effective marketing, including visibility and longevity of Web pages, is an effective tool for increasing awareness of GIS services. This study analyzes content of Web pages to evaluate the levels of participation and promotion of GIS through GIS Day at U.S.-based Association of Research Libraries academic libraries and their host universities. Results indicate a range of involvement, with some libraries participating in numerous events while others are not taking full advantage of this valuable outreach opportunity.
Self-care and psychosocial adjustment of patients following cardiac surgery.

ABSTRACT This research examined the role of self-care behavior of 151 patients (aged 40 to 80) on general psychological distress at one year after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. A tested hypothesis was that self-care practices would be associated with a lower level of distress one year after surgery. The results supported the beneficial effect of self-care on psychological adjustment, after controlling for the effects of the number of other chronic illnesses and post-CABG depression. The findings suggest that social work in health care and in-home care may help promote the psychosocial recovery process following surgery.
Real-time x-ray scattering study of surface morphology evolution during ion erosion and epitaxial growth of Au(111)

We describe a detailed real-time x-ray scattering study of the evolution of the surface morphology of Au(111) both during ion erosion with 500-eV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ions, and during homoepitaxial growth. We monitor the erosion and growth morphologies as a function of substrate temperature. We also monitor the surface reconstruction, since it is known to play an important role in determining growth regimes on Pt(111). Ion irradiation of Au(111) leads to surface morphology evolution by step retraction above 270 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and quasi-layer-by-layer removal at 90--220 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The extent of the surface reconstruction on Au(111) during ion irradiation gradually decreases with decreasing temperature. While the herringbone reconstruction remains during ion irradiation at 270 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the long range order is lost and only the (22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$\sqrt{3}$) reconstruction is present at 170 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We also observe layer-by-layer growth in the Au/Au(111) system at 55--145 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, a result that differs from the usual behavior of homoepitaxy on fcc(111) surfaces. As in the layer-by-layer erosion regime, only the (22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$\sqrt{3}$) reconstruction is present during layer-by-layer growth. Room temperature ion irradiation leads to a (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface structure and a three-dimensional rough morphology exhibiting pattern formation with a characteristic lateral length scale. Line-shape analysis of the diffuse scattering in transverse x-ray scans taken during low temperature ion irradiation, indicates that the characteristic lateral length scale increases with time consistent with a power law $l\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{0.28}.$ This agrees with a simple analysis of the position of the satellite peak in the diffuse scattering in these transverse x-ray scans.
Lysosomal enzyme activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages, and blood mononuclear leukocytes in the hypothyroid rat.

Abstract Chronic hypothyroidism can result in an increased susceptibility to severe pulmonary or genitourinary tract infections. We postulate that decreased lysosomal activity in the pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM), peritoneal macrophage, and mononuclear leukocyte may be a factor which results in the impaired response to infections in hypothyrosis. In this study rats underwent total thyroidectomy and had their PAMs, peritoneal macrophages, and mononuclear leukocytes analyzed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The total lysosomal activity (postnuclear homogenate + lysosomal-rich cell fraction) of PAMs was 50% of age-matched controls. Peritoneal macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity was 25–30% of control activity. In separate experiments, rats were administered physiologic replacement of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) 8 weeks after thyroidectomy. This resulted in PAM and peritoneal macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity similar to control activity. Mononuclear leukocyte lysosomal enzyme activity from hypothyroid rats showed decreases in only one of the three enzymes monitored (β-glucuronidase). Hypothyroidism did result in a decrease in total number of mononuclear leukocytes harvested per animal. Administration of T 3 resulted in mononuclear leukocyte β-glucuronidase activity similar to euthyroid rats (44 ± 8 U/mg protein vs 42 ± 3 U/mg protein). In summary, hypothyroidism in the rat results in decreases in subcellular lysosomal enzyme activity in PAMs, peritoneal macrophages, and mononuclear leukocytes.
A novel mannose-based selection system for plant transformation using celery mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene

To investigate its potential application as a selectable marker for plant transformation, the mannitol producing, celery mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene (M6PR) was transformed into Arabidopsis and tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Mannose-tolerance assays in transgenic materials revealed that the M6PR can act as a selectable marker gene in either a positive or a negative selection mode depending on the plant species. For mannose sensitive species, such as Arabidopsis, expression of M6PR enhanced mannose tolerance and provided a positive selection for transgenic seeds. On medium containing 2 g/L mannose, transgenic seeds germinated, whereas wild type (WT) seeds did not. For mannose-tolerant species, expression of M6PR increased mannose sensitivity in tobacco and enabled a negative selection for transgenic leaves and seeds. Mannose at 30 g/L blanched leaf explants from all 29 transgenic tobacco events with M6PR. In contrast, 30 g/L mannose did not inhibit shoot regeneration from leaf explants of WT or transgenic plants with either an antisense M6PR or a plasmid control. Similarly, mannose at 30 g/L inhibited seed germination of transgenic tobacco seeds with M6PR but not that of WT or transgenic tobacco with either the antisense M6PR or the plasmid control. Northern blot confirmed transcripts of the M6PR in transgenic tobacco, and accumulation of mannitol verified activity of the M6PR in tobacco leaves. Either positive or negative selection using the celery M6PR is versatile for plant transformation. Additionally, the celery M6PR is a potential target gene for improving salt-tolerance in plants due to mannitol accumulation.
Resonant vibrations in harmonically excited weakly coupled mechanical systems with cyclic symmetry

Abstract The resonant vibrations in weakly coupled nonlinear cyclic symmetric structures are studied. These structures consist of weakly coupled identical nonlinear oscillators. A careful bifurcation analysis of the amplitude equations is performed in the fundamental resonance case for an illustrative example consisting of a three particle system. In case of a uniformly distributed excitation, a localized response is identified in which one of the particles exhibits large amplitude motions compared to those of the other particles. In case of single-particle excitation, it is found that for very small coupling strength and large external mistuning, a large stable localized periodic response coexists with an extended small response. With an increase in the coupling strength, multiple extended solutions arise near the exact external resonance via saddle-node bifurcations. Further increase in coupling strength and a decrease in damping results in isolated asymmetric solution branches, which bifurcate from the symmetric solutions via symmetry-breaking bifurcations. The role of coupling strength in creating/destroying localized solutions is discussed.
Mechanisms involved in the regulation of histone lysine demethylases

Since the first histone lysine demethylase KDM1 (LSD1) was discovered in 2004, a great number of histone demethylases have been recognized and shown to play important roles in gene expression, as well as cellular differentiation and animal development. The chemical mechanisms and substrate specificities have already been extensively discussed elsewhere. This review focuses primarily on regulatory mechanisms that modulate demethylase recruitment and activity.
Infrared spectroscopy of carbon-filled polymers

Application de la spectrometrie IR a reflexion interne a la caracterisation de caoutchoucs EPDM renforces de noir de carbone et de resines epoxyde charges de carbone
Effect of cage vs. floor litter environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin and on blood-gas values in broilers

Intravenous endotoxin has been shown to trigger a delayed pulmonary hypertensive response that varies widely in magnitude and duration among individual broilers. It was proposed that this individual variability may reflect immunological differences acquired during previous respiratory challenges that might have subsequently altered the endotoxin-initiated biochemical cascade. In Experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that, when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages (Cage group), broilers reared on floor litter (Floor group) should experience a greater respiratory challenge and therefore may consistently exhibit a more enhanced pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin. Birds in the Cage group were grown in stainless steel cages at a low density (72 birds/8 m 2 chamber), and fecal and dander materials were removed daily. Birds in the Floor group were reared on wood-shavings litter at a higher density (110 birds/8 m 2 chamber). Pulmonary and systemic mean arterial pressures and blood-gas values were evaluated prior to and following the intravenous administration of 1 mg Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Broilers in the Floor and Cage groups exhibited pulmonary hypertensive responses to endotoxin that were very similar in terms of time of onset, duration, and magnitude, as well as variability in the response among individuals. Systemic hypotension also developed similarly in both groups following endotoxin injection. Blood-gas values indicated that the partial pressure of CO 2 and the HCO 3 - concentration in arterial blood were higher (P < 0.05) in the Floor group than in the Cage group prior to and subsequent to the endotoxin injection. In Experiment 2, we reevaluated the effect of a dirty vs. a clean environment on blood-gas values using a different strain of broilers, and confirmed the negative impact of floor rearing on blood-gas values. We conclude that broilers reared on the floor inhaled litter dust and noxious fumes, which impaired pulmonary gas exchange and increased the arterial partial pressure of CO 2 when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages. Nevertheless, the pulmonary hypertensive response to endotoxin did not differ between broilers reared on the floor and those in cages.
Invariant holomorphic mappings

Given a real-analytic hypersurface invariant under a finite unitary group, we construct an invariant holomorphic mapping to a hyperquadric, and prove the basic properties of this mapping. When the hypersurface is the unit sphere, the groups are cyclic, and the quotient is a Lens space, we prove that the coefficients of this mapping must be square roots of integers. For the Lens spacesL(p, p - 1) we evaluate these integers by some combinatorial reasoning. We indicate how these calculations bear on a conjecture about the multiplicity of proper mappings between balls in different dimensions.
Catalytic activity of mesoporous silicate-immobilized chloroperoxidase

A versatile enzyme, FeHeme chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago, is immobilized in the mesoporous silicate material, mesocellular foam (MCF). MCF is a promising material for immobilizing enzymes, due to its large pore structure and high loading capacity compared to other mesoporous materials, such as MCM-48, SBA-16 and SBA-15. The immobilized CPO in MCF retains its activity. The optimal pH at which the maximum amount of enzyme is immobilized was determined to be pH 3.4, slightly below the isoelectric point of the enzyme. A weak ionic interaction between the enzyme and the surface of the inorganic substrate is thought to be critical in maintaining the activity of the immobilized enzyme. The loading capacity of MCF is 122 mg protein per 1 g of MCF. We demonstrate the advantage of MCF as an inorganic substrate for immobilization of enzymes.
Experimental Analysis of a Technique Based on the Premack Principle Changing Verbal Behavior of Depressed Individuals

A technique based on the Premack principle was successfully used in the laboratory to change verbal behavior. The aim of the present study was to identify the critical behavioral change agents in t...
Improving the Teaching Skills of Residents in a Surgical Training Program: Results of the Pilot Year of a Curricular Initiative in an Ophthalmology Residency Program.

Objective To design and implement a teaching skills curriculum that addressed the needs of an ophthalmology residency training program, to assess the effect of the curriculum, and to present important lessons learned. Design A teaching skills curriculum was designed for the Harvard Medical School (HMS) Residency Training Program in Ophthalmology. Results of a needs assessment survey were used to guide curriculum objectives. Overall, 3 teaching workshops were conducted between October 2012 and March 2013 that addressed areas of need, including procedural teaching. A postcurriculum survey was used to assess the effect of the curriculum. Setting Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, a tertiary care institution in Boston, MA. Participants Overall, 24 residents in the HMS Residency Training Program in Ophthalmology were included. Results The needs assessment survey demonstrated that although most residents anticipated that teaching would be important in their future career, only one-third had prior formal training in teaching. All residents reported they found the teaching workshops to be either very or extremely useful. All residents reported they would like further training in teaching, with most residents requesting additional training in best procedural teaching practices for future sessions. Conclusions The pilot year of the resident-as-teacher curriculum for the HMS Residency Training Program in Ophthalmology demonstrated a need for this curriculum and was perceived as beneficial by the residents, who reported increased comfort in their teaching skills after attending the workshops.
Melanoma cell adhesion molecule is a novel marker for human fetal myogenic cells and affects myoblast fusion

Myoblast fusion is a highly regulated process that is important during muscle development and myofiber repair and is also likely to play a key role in the incorporation of donor cells in myofibers for cell-based therapy. Although several proteins involved in muscle cell fusion in Drosophila are known, less information is available on the regulation of this process in vertebrates, including humans. To identify proteins that are regulated during fusion of human myoblasts, microarray studies were performed on samples obtained from human fetal skeletal muscle of seven individuals. Primary muscle cells were isolated, expanded, induced to fuse in vitro, and gene expression comparisons were performed between myoblasts and early or late myotubes. Among the regulated genes, melanoma cell adhesion molecule (M-CAM) was found to be significantly downregulated during human fetal muscle cell fusion. M-CAM expression was confirmed on activated myoblasts, both in vitro and in vivo, and on myoendothelial cells (M-CAM+ CD31+), which were positive for the myogenic markers desmin and MyoD. Lastly, in vitro functional studies using M-CAM RNA knockdown demonstrated that inhibition of M-CAM expression enhances myoblast fusion. These studies identify M-CAM as a novel marker for myogenic progenitors in human fetal muscle and confirm that downregulation of this protein promotes myoblast fusion.
Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Renal Allograft Successful Treatment with 5 Year Follow-up

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) developing in a renal allograft either as a result of undetected presence within the donor organ or as a consequence of de novo development post transplantation is a rare event. The Cincinnati Transplant Tumor Registry has recorded 45 cases of RCC developing in a renal allograft. A case is presented of localized RCC developing in a renal allograft 10 years post transplant treated by partial nephrectomy with 5 years of disease-free follow-up.
Integrating CAD and CAM via CORBA

CAD and CAM were developed independently in the past. CAD was heavily influenced by Computer Graphics, whereas CAM by NC (Numerical Control) Integrating them turns out to be the challenge of the century. The integration of CAD and CAM in terms of CORBA is explored. Then Open I-DEAS is presented as a special case.
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: THE PURSUIT OF A CONSENSUS DEFINITION

As disciplines evolve, it is a normal part of the maturation process to regularly examine the definition of the discipline — i.e., what the discipline is and is not. The opinions of those involved in the discipline are key to this maturation (i.e., definitional) process. Developing a consensus definition of supply chain management is a widely discussed but unresolved challenge. Thus, the current study provides insight into the perceptions of logistics professionals regarding this issue based upon an Internet-based survey.
Impact of pericardial adhesions on diastolic function as assessed by vortex formation time, a parameter of transmitral flow efficiency

Pericardial adhesions are a pathophysiological marker of constrictive pericarditis (CP), which impairs cardiac filling by limiting the total cardiac volume compliance and diastolic filling function. We studied diastolic transmitral flow efficiency as a new parameter of filling function in a pericardial adhesion animal model. We hypothesized that vortex formation time (VFT), an index of optimal efficient diastolic transmitral flow, is altered by patchy pericardial-epicardial adhesions. In 8 open-chest pigs, the heart was exposed while preserving the pericardium. We experimentally simulated early pericardial constriction and patchy adhesions by instilling instant glue into the pericardial space and using pericardial-epicardial stitches. We studied left ventricular (LV) function and characterized intraventricular blood flow with conventional and Doppler echocardiography at baseline and following the experimental intervention. Significant decreases in end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, stroke volume, and late diastolic filling velocity reflected the effects of the pericardial adhesions. The mean VFT value decreased from 3.61 ± 0.47 to 2.26 ± 0.45 (P = 0.0002). Hemodynamic variables indicated the inhibiting effect of pericardial adhesion on both contraction (decrease in systolic blood pressure and +dP/dt decreased) and relaxation (decrease in the magnitude of -dP/dt and prolongation of Tau) function. Patchy pericardial adhesions not only negatively impact LV mechanical functioning but the decrease of VFT from normal to suboptimal value suggests impairment of transmitral flow efficiency.
Balance and modes of energy in the piezoelectric cochlear outer hair cell wall

The cochlear outer hair cell is unique in that it can produce voltage-dependent length changes (electromotility). This aspect of the outer hair cell makes it a potential candidate for cochlear amplification. We model the outer hair cell with piezoelectric relationships in order to characterize the various energies involved in electromotility. We also take into account the tension-dependence of the cellular response by using a new method to estimate the tension-dependent coefficients of the resultants. We present balance of mechanical and electrical energies, and show how the assorted energy modes react to different voltages and axial forces. The balance of energy modes presented here is important for analysis into the effectiveness of the cochlear outer hair cell as a biological piezoelectric actuator.
Karhunen–Loève procedure for gappy data

The problem of using the Karhunen–Loeve transform with partial data is addressed. Given a set of empirical eigenfunctions, we show how to recover the modal coefficients for each gappy snapshot by a least-squares procedure. This method gives an unbiased estimate of the data that lie in the gaps and permits gaps to be filled in a reasonable manner. In addition, a scheme is advanced for finding empirical eigenfunctions from gappy data. It is shown numerically that this procedure obtains spectra and eigenfunctions that are close to those obtained from unmarred data.
Characteristics of effective health and safety committees: survey results.

BACKGROUND: Although perhaps the most common worker-management structure, there has been surprisingly little research on describing and evaluating the characteristics of health and safety committees. METHODS: A survey of 380 health and safety committee members from 176 manufacturing workplaces was supplemented with administrative data and compared with reported workers' compensation rates. Survey respondents also reported perceptions of overall safety, committee, effectiveness, committee activities, and "best practices." RESULTS: Extensive descriptive data is presented, including a mean of 8.7 members per committee spending 1,167 hr per year on committee business for an estimate of $40,500 worth of time per committee. Higher speed to correct action items, a focus on ergonomics, and planning for safety training was associated with lower injury rates. The discrepancy between managers and hourly committee members in estimating overall safety was strongly positively associated with injury rates. CONCLUSIONS: Communications and worker involvement may be important to address discrepancy issues. Prospective studies are needed to distinguish directionality of associations. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Mapping the interactions of the single-stranded DNA binding protein of bacteriophage T4 (gp32) with DNA lattices at single nucleotide resolution: polynucleotide binding and cooperativity.

We here use our site-specific base analog mapping approach to study the interactions and binding equilibria of cooperatively-bound clusters of the single-stranded DNA binding protein (gp32) of the T4 DNA replication complex with longer ssDNA (and dsDNA) lattices. We show that in cooperatively bound clusters the binding free energy appears to be equi-partitioned between the gp32 monomers of the cluster, so that all bind to the ssDNA lattice with comparable affinity, but also that the outer domains of the gp32 monomers at the ends of the cluster can fluctuate on and off the lattice and that the clusters of gp32 monomers can slide along the ssDNA. We also show that at very low binding densities gp32 monomers bind to the ssDNA lattice at random, but that cooperatively bound gp32 clusters bind preferentially at the 5′-end of the ssDNA lattice. We use these results and the gp32 monomer-binding results of the companion paper to propose a detailed model for how gp32 might bind to and interact with ssDNA lattices in its various binding modes, and also consider how these clusters might interact with other components of the T4 DNA replication complex.
Network meta-analysis-highly attractive but more methodological research is needed

Network meta-analysis, in the context of a systematic review, is a meta-analysis in which multiple treatments (that is, three or more) are being compared using both direct comparisons of interventions within randomized controlled trials and indirect comparisons across trials based on a common comparator. To ensure validity of findings from network meta-analyses, the systematic review must be designed rigorously and conducted carefully. Aspects of designing and conducting a systematic review for network meta-analysis include defining the review question, specifying eligibility criteria, searching for and selecting studies, assessing risk of bias and quality of evidence, conducting a network meta-analysis, interpreting and reporting findings. This commentary summarizes the methodologic challenges and research opportunities for network meta-analysis relevant to each aspect of the systematic review process based on discussions at a network meta-analysis methodology meeting we hosted in May 2010 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Since this commentary reflects the discussion at that meeting, it is not intended to provide an overview of the field.
Isotopic composition of surface-correlated chromium in Apollo 16 lunar soils

We have analyzed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) the isotopic composition of Cr in five progressive etches of size-sorted plagioclase grains separated from lunar soils 60601 and 62281. Aliquots of the etch solutions were spiked for isotopic dilution (ID) analysis of Cr and Ca. The Ca ID data indicate that the initial etch steps represent dissolution of an average 0.1 to 0.2 m depth from the grain surfaces, the approximate depth expected for implanted solar wind. The Cr/Ca ratio in the initial etches is several fold higher than that expected for bulk plagioclase composition, but in subsequent etches decreases to approach the bulk value. This indicates a source of Cr extrinsic to the plagioclase grains, surface-correlated and resident in the outermost fraction of a m, which we provisionally identify as solar wind Cr. The surface-correlated Cr is isotopically anomalous and by conventional TIMS data reduction has approximately 1 permil excess 54 Cr and half as great excess 53 Cr. In successive etches, as the Cr/Ca ratio decreases and approaches the bulk plagioclase value, the magnitude of the apparent anomalies decreases approaching normal composition. If these results do indeed characterize the solar wind, then either the solar wind is enriched in Cr due to spallation in the solar atmosphere, or the Earth and the various parent bodies of the meteorites are isotopically distinct from the Sun and must have formed from slightly different mixes of presolar materials. Alternative interpretations include the possibility that the anomalous Cr is meteoritic rather than solar or that the observed (solar) Cr is normal except for a small admixture of spallation Cr generated on the Moon. We consider these latter possibilities less likely than the solar wind interpretation. However, they cannot be eliminated and remain working hypotheses. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier Ltd
p18Ink4c collaborates with Men1 to constrain lung stem cell expansion and suppress non-small-cell lung cancers.

Mutant mice lacking both cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p18 Ink4c and p27 Kip1 develop a tumor spectrum reminiscent of human multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. To determine how p18 and p27 genetically interact with Men1 , the tumor suppressor gene mutated in familial MEN1, we characterized p18-Men1 and p27-Men1 double mutant mice and showed that p18 , but not p27 , functionally collaborates with Men1 in suppressing lung tumorigenesis. Lung tumors developed in both Men1 +/− and p18 −/− ; Men1 +/− mice at a high penetrance and contain both neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine cells. The remaining wild-type Men1 allele was lost in most lung tumors from Men1 +/− mice but was retained in most tumors from p18 −/− ; Men1 +/− mice, showing a functional collaboration between p18 and Men1 in lung tumor suppression. Phosphorylation of Rb protein at both CDK2 and CDK4/CDK6 sites were significantly increased in normal bronchial epithelia and tumor cells derived from p18 −/− ; Men1 +/− mice compared to those from single p18 −/− or Men1 +/− mice. Lung tumors developed in p18 −/− ; Men1 +/− mice were multifocal, more heterogeneous, and highly invasive compared to those developed in either p18 −/− or Men1 +/− mice. Bronchioalveolar stem cells are expanded in normal and tumorigenic lungs of p18 −/− mice and are further expanded in p18 −/− ; Men1 +/− lung tumors. These results reveal a previously unrecognized function of p18 in lung tumor suppression through collaboration with Men1 to control lung stem cell proliferation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):3162–70]
Studies of Life Histories and Reproduction in North American Plethodontid Salamanders

Plethodontid salamanders are among the most abundant vertebrates of many North American ecological communities. Their evident ecological importance (Burton and Likens 1975a, 1975b) and unique associations of ubiquity, obscurity, and beauty have popularized plethodontids as subjects of evolutionary and ecological studies. Their reproductive ecologies and life histories have received particular attention in recent years, as studies have progressed from scattered anecdotes to detailed investigations. Sal-the and Mecham (1974) reviewed the literature through the 1960s. Since then, studies of several species have appeared: Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Bruce 1969, 1972), Pseudotriton montanus (Bruce 1969, 1974, 1975), Stereochilus marginatus (Bruce 1971), Eurycea quadridigitata (Harrison 1973), Eurycea neotenes (Bruce 1976), Eurycea nana (Tupa and Davis 1976), Desmognathus fuscus (Danstedt 1975), Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Fitzpatrick 1973; Forester 1977; Huheey and Brandon 1973; Tilley 1972, 1973a, 1973b, 1974; Tilley and Hausman 1976), and Plethodon wehrlei (Hall and Stafford 1972). Houck reviews certain aspects of life histories of terrestrial plethodontids in this volume. Much, however, remains to be learned.
Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon

This is the first account of earthworms from the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas, a highly biodiverse coastal area ofequatorial Africa. We describe five new species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888: Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) moussavoui sp. nov., D. (Diplothecodrilus) tchignoumbai sp. nov., D. (Diplothecodrilus) tobii sp. nov., D. (Diplothecodrilus) alonsoi sp. nov., and D. (Dichogaster) gambaensis sp. nov.; report several more taxa for which thematerial was not adequate to serve as the basis for new species descriptions, and present new records of several exoticspecies. Coastal Gamba is now known to have ten indigenous species and four introduced species, some of which areknown invasives. Characteristics shared by several Gamba Dichogaster conflict with characters used to define subgenera of Dichogaster, indicating that additional data are needed to resolve relationships within this large taxon.
Sensitization and Relapse

A consequence of repeated use of cocaine or other drugs of abuse is a transition in drug consumption from a casual and recreational style of use to a more compulsive and excessive pattern. Acute administration of psychomotor stimulants is associated with numerous effects that can contribute to casual drug consumption, including feelings of euphoria and increased energy, which can contribute to repeated recreational consumption. However, chronic administration of psychomotor stimulants results in the emergence of persistent craving and paranoia that contributes to compulsive drug-taking behavior (1,2). The transition in drug use from casual to compulsive likely occurs as a result of drug-induced plasticity in brain functioning that is pathogenic for the relapse of drug-taking behavior (3,4). Accordingly, identification of drug-induced plasticity that underlies the emergence and maintenance of compulsive drug-taking behavior is considered to be critical to the development of effective pharmacotherapies. Toward this end, the circuitry underlying compulsive drug-taking behavior must be delineated in order to narrow the search for drug-induced plasticity. Next, plasticity in brain functioning occurring following drug administration must be identified. Finally, the relevance of plasticity to drug-seeking behavior should be determined because plasticity in brain functioning could contribute, oppose, or be unrelated to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
The Perfect Technology: Radio and Mobility

Radio is at a critical juncture in terms of its listeners and future as a viable medium. As the Baby Boomer generation fades away and is replaced by the Millennial Generation and soon, Generation Z, the broadcast radio industry must rethink its place in the market and make a concentrated effort to remain competitive. To remain competitive, it must consider itself to be part of a broader Media Listening Experience (MLE) comprised of streaming, podcast, and satellite listening options. In doing so, the radio industry needs to consider changing its model to one that can compete with other listening options, particularly in regard to listening choices, customization, and access. If radio can strategically redefine itself as both an industry and technology, and flex its strength as a democratic medium available to all, listenership will increase and radio, as one of the original forms of mass media, will thrive.
An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles

Studying life-history traits within and across taxonomic classifications has revealed many interesting and important patterns, but this approach to life history requires access to large compilations of data containing many different life-history parameters. Currently, life-history data for amniotes (birds, mammals, and reptiles) are split among a variety of publicly available databases, data tables embedded in individual papers and books, and species-specific studies by experts. Using data from this wide range of sources is a challenge for conducting macroecological studies because of a lack of standardization in taxonomic classifications, parameter values, and even in which parameters are reported. In order to facilitate comparative analyses between amniote life-history data, we created a database compiled from peer-reviewed studies on individual species, macroecological studies of multiple species, existing life-history databases, and other aggregated sources as well as published books and other compilations. First, we extracted and aggregated the raw data from the aforementioned sources. Next, we resolved spelling errors and other formatting inconsistencies in species names through a number of computational and manual methods. Once this was completed, subspecies-level data and species-level data were shared via a data-sharing algorithm to accommodate the variety of species transformations (taxonomic promotions, demotions, merges, divergences, etc.) that have occurred over time. Finally, in species where multiple raw data points were identified for a given parameter, we report the median value. Here, we report a normalized and consolidated database of up to 29 life-history parameters, containing at least one life-history parameter for 21 322 species of birds, mammals, and reptiles.
Culturing and Characterization of Gut Symbiont Burkholderia spp. from the Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae).

ABSTRACT The phloem-feeding Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis, harbors a high density of the exocellular bacterial symbiont Burkholderia in the lumen of specialized midgut crypts. Here we developed an organ culture method that initially involved incubating the B. insularis crypts in osmotically balanced insect cell culture medium. This approach enabled the crypt-inhabiting Burkholderia spp. to make a transition to an in vitro environment and to be subsequently cultured in standard bacteriological media. Examinations using ribotyping and BOX-PCR fingerprinting techniques demonstrated that most in vitro-produced bacterial cultures were identical to their crypt-inhabiting Burkholderia counterparts. Genomic and physiological analyses of gut-symbiotic Burkholderia spp. that were isolated individually from two separate B. insularis laboratory colonies revealed that the majority of individual insects harbored a single Burkholderia ribotype in their midgut crypts, resulting in a diverse Burkholderia community within each colony. The diversity was also exhibited by the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these Burkholderia cultures. Access to cultures of crypt-inhabiting bacteria provides an opportunity to investigate the interaction between symbiotic Burkholderia spp. and the B. insularis host. Furthermore, the culturing method provides an alternative strategy for establishing in vitro cultures of other fastidious insect-associated bacterial symbionts. IMPORTANCE An organ culture method was developed to establish in vitro cultures of a fastidious Burkholderia symbiont associated with the midgut crypts of the Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis. The identities of the resulting cultures were confirmed using the genomic and physiological features of Burkholderia cultures isolated from B. insularis crypts, showing that host insects maintained the diversity of Burkholderia spp. over multiple generations. The availability of characterized gut-symbiotic Burkholderia cultures provides a resource for genetic manipulation of these bacteria and for examination of the mechanisms underlying insect-bacterium symbiosis.
The Association Between Smokers’ Perceived Importance of the Appearance of Cigarettes/Cigarette Packs and Smoking Sensory Experience: A Structural Equation Model

OBJECTIVE We assessed the reliability of a measure of the latent construct "smoking sensory experience." We further measured the relationship between "smoking sensory experience" and smokers' rating of the importance of the appearance of cigarettes/cigarette packs in brand choice and smoking dependence. METHODS Analyses involved a national sample of smokers (n = 633) who participated in the 2010 South African Social Attitudes Survey (N = 3,112). Smokers ranked on a scale of 1-5, the importance of the following attributes in choosing their cigarette brand: health concerns, cost, packaging, taste, satisfaction, and flavor/strength. Using structural equation modeling, an a priori model was specified based on the hypothesis that taste, satisfaction, and flavor/strength are measures of a construct of "smoking sensory experience" and that cigarette packaging would be positively related to "smoking sensory experience." Furthermore, "smoking sensory experience" would be positively related to cigarettes smoked per day. RESULTS The latent construct--"smoking sensory experience" was considered reliable (Cronbach's α = 0.75). The structural equation model confirmed that the specified model fitted the data well (goodness of fit index = 0.993; normed fit index = 0.978; root mean square error of approximation = 0.031). Higher "smoking sensory experience" was positively associated with increasing cigarettes smoked per day (β = 0.12). Higher rating of the cigarette package in brand choice positively covaried with both "smoking sensory experience" (β = 0.29), and higher rating of health considerations (β = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the regulation of the appearance of cigarettes/cigarette packs to reduce cigarettes' appeal and abuse liability in line with Article 11 of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Crystals: Lattice, Reciprocal Lattice, and Symmetry

In this chapter we present the basic definition of lattices, crystals, their symmetries, and the concept of reciprocal lattice, on which studies of electronic structure and transport are based. We also give a brief review of how group theory can be used to understand the physical properties of crystals.
The de Winter Electrocardiographic Pattern of Proximal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Occlusion

An example of the electrocardiographic pattern of acute anterior myocardial infarction described by deWinter et al is presented, and its implications is discussed.
Cultural Change and Adaptation as Reflected in the Meat-Eating Habits of the Trinidad Indian Population

(1986). Cultural Change and Adaptation as Reflected in the Meat-Eating Habits of the Trinidad Indian Population. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 32, East Indian—West Indians, pp. 66-77.
Rapid synthesis of thin amorphous carbon films by sugar dehydration and dispersion

We have prepared amorphous carbon films with variable thicknesses down to <5 nm using a simple procedure which takes minutes and employs no special equipment. We prepare a carbonaceous suspension by the dehydration reaction of sulfuric acid with glucose and show that adding this mixture dropwise into water creates a thin carbon film on the water’s surface which can be transferred to an arbitrary substrate. This transparent brown film is non-conductive and has a chemical makeup, excluding hydrogen, of CS0.0213O0.4563. After brief annealing under 10% H2 in argon at 800 °C, the film has a high optical contrast and increased conductivity, with a chemical makeup of CO0.0828, suggesting that the material has at least short-range graphitic order. We repeat the experiment with chitosan replacing glucose and show using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that it is likely that nitrogen incorporates into the graphitic lattice.
The discursive construction of superintendent statesmanship on Twitter

The modern school superintendent fulfills a unique role in the U.S. public education system. He or she is structurally empowered as the de facto head of the local educational system, thereby granted with a certain amount of trust and authority regarding educational issues. At the same time, the superintendent is, in most cases, an employee of a politically appointed school board. While norms have traditionally encouraged superintendents to use caution with respect to political discourse (Boyd, 1974), social media has created a new platform upon which they can reach a broad range of stakeholders regarding many issues, including politics. This study seeks to better understand the emerging practice of political discourse by superintendents on Twitter. Employing discursive psychology principles (Potter & Wetherell, 1992), I will analyze the political tweets of superintendents and position current practices in relation to established role conceptualizations of the position. Findings include that superintendents utilize Twitter as a tool to establish their positions as political insiders and as advocates for students.
Conversational UX Design

From Siri to Alexa to Cortana, conversational interfaces are hitting the mainstream and becoming ubiquitous in our daily lives. However, user experiences with such applications remain disappointing. Although it is easy to get a system to produce words, none of the current agents or bots display general conversational competence. Modeling natural conversation is still a hard problem. But in order to tackle it, conversational UX designers must possess a technical understanding of the structures of natural conversation. This workshop explores the intersection of user interface design and the design of natural conversation. It seeks to outline principles and guidelines for Conversational UX Design as a distinct discipline. Workshop participants will get their hands dirty building conversation flows.
Burdens Encountered By the Uninsured in the Search for Hospital Care: Are Tax-Exempt Hospitals Fulfilling Their Charitable Obligations?

This article seeks to define the barriers encountered by the medically uninsured when searching for hospital care, and whether tax-exempt hospitals are fulfilling their obligations to provide charity care to the uninsured and indigent. First, the article outlines the problems facing the uninsured by exposing unethical hospital billing practices. Second, this article defines a tax-exempt institution in terms of a hospital, and the benefits and obligations associated with tax-exempt status. And third, this article rates Utah hospitals with an idiographic, nonprobability study in which seven Utah hospitals were asked about their charity and free care programs and policies. The author concludes by providing policy recommendations to better define charity care and regulate tax-exempt institutions to ensure compliance of a â€œcharitable purpose.â€