cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OMVPE-grown GaInNAs lasers and SOAs operating at 1.3 μm region

Progress of information technology in recent years has led to a rapid expansion in data communication capacity and there has been a strong demand for constructing cost-effective and high-performance optical communication systems. Photonic integrated circuit (photonic IC) technology has offered solutions for these requirements by eliminating the individual packaging and optical connections between devices. This approach is expected not only to reduce the cost, size, and power consumption but also to realize new functions that can never be possible with conventional discrete devices. For the practical use of photonic ICs, it is desirable that they can be used under uncooled conditions and are highly productive. However, it seems difficult for conventional InP-based devices to satisfy these requirements because their temperature characteristics are insufficient due to a weak electron confinement in the active region. In addition, at present, InP substrates used for production are mainly 2 or 3 inches in diameter and it is difficult to enlarge the wafer size with maintaining the quality and mechanical strength. GaInNAs, which has been developed recently as an alternative semiconductor material in the long-wavelength region, seems to be the best candidate to satisfy these requirements. It covers bandgaps corresponding to the wavelength from 1.3 μm to 1.6 μm with lattic-matched to GaAs, which leads to the following advantages. First low-cost and large-scale integrations can be realized with high productivity due to the usage of large GaAs substrates of up to 6 inches in diameter and well-established Ga-As-based process technology. Second as well known in GaInNAs lasers, much stronger electron confinement in the active layer can be realized. Therefore GaInNAs-based devices are expected to have larger gain and better temperature characteristics comparing with conventional InP-based devices. In addition, the low Auger recombination rate and large effective mass of electron would also improve gain and temperature characteristics. The crystal quality of GaInNAs has been improved rapidly in several years. Threshold current densities of GaInNAs lasers have been reduced more than one figure and both molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) can provide high quality GaInNAs as shown in figure 1. The threshold current density reached 200A/cm2 level at 1.3 μm region which is low enough to be used for practical applications. Therefore GaInNAs is thought to be a key material in photonic ICs in the long wavelength region. Semiconductor lasers and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are key components of photonic ICs functioning as light sources, switches, amplifiers, wavelength converters and so on. In this paper, as the first study for photonic integration using GaInNAs, we present very low threshold current GaInNAs lasers and GaInNAs SOAs operating 1.3 μm region with good temperature characteristics.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measuring, mapping, and modeling brain structure and function

Presently available anatomic atlases provide useful coordinate systems such as the ubiquitous Talairach system but are sorely lacking in both spatial resolution and completeness. An appropriately sampled anatomic specimen can provide the additional detail necessary to accurately localize activation sites as well as provide other structural perspectives such as chemoarchitecture. We collected serial section postmortem anatomic data from several whole human head and brain specimens using a cryosectioning technique. Tissue imaged so that voxel resolution was 200 microns or better at full color. These high resolution datasets along with collections of MR data were placed within a common coordinate system and used to produce a probabilistic representation. This approach represents anatomy within a coordinate system as a probability. Coordinate locations are assigned a confidence limit to describe the likelihood that a given location belongs to an anatomic structure based upon the population of specimens. A variety of warping strategies are discussed to provide statistics on morphometric variability and probability. High dimensional anatomically based warps utilizing sulcal anatomy are described. These data are an important and necessary part of the comprehensive structural and functional analyses that focus on the mapping of the human brain.
Retardation of Secretory Capacity of Immature Rat Parotid Gland by Chronic Administration of Isoproterenol

Retardation of Secretory Capacity of Immature Rat Parotid Gland by Chronic Administration of Isoproterenol
New Composite Resins: Comparison of their Resistance to Toothbrush Abrasion and Characteristics of Abraded Surfaces

The advantage of new composite resins is purported to be a smoother surface; Miradapt, Visar-Fil, Prisma-Fil, Finesse, and Silar were compared with Concise and Sevriton to evaluate this claim.
Design and implementation of scalable edge-based admission control

Abstract While the integrated services (IntServ) solution to Internet QoS can achieve a strong service model that guarantees flow throughputs and loss rates, it places excessive burdens on high-speed core routers to signal, schedule, and manage state for individual flows. Alternatively, the differentiated services solution achieves scalability via aggregate control, yet cannot ensure a particular QoS to individual flows. To simultaneously achieve scalability and a strong service model, we have designed and implemented a novel architecture and admission control algorithm termed egress admission control. In our approach, the available service on a network path is passively monitored, and admission control is performed only at egress nodes, incorporating the effects of cross traffic with implicit measurements rather than with explicit signaling. In this paper, we describe our implementation of the scheme on a network of prototype routers enhanced with ingress–egress path monitoring and edge admission control. We report the results of testbed experiments and demonstrate the feasibility of an edge-based architecture for providing IntServ-like services in a scalable way.
Differential phosphorylation of c-Abl in cell cycle determined by cdc2 kinase and phosphatase activity

The product of the c-abl proto-oncogene (c-Abl) is phosphorylated on three sites during interphase and seven additional sites during mitosis. Two interphase and all mitotic c-Abl sites are phosphorylated by cdc2 kinase isolated from either interphase or mitotic cells, with the mitotic cdc2 having an 11-fold higher activity. Inhibition of phosphatases with okadaic acid in interphase cells leads to the phosphorylation of c-Abl mitotic sites, indicating that those sites are preferentially dephosphorylated during interphase. The differential phosphorylation of c-Abl in the cell cycle is therefore determined by an equilibrium between cdc2 kinase and protein phosphatase activities. Treatment of interphase cells with okadaic acid leads to a rounded morphology similar to that observed during mitosis.
PSD-95 MRNA Translation Regulation by the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited disease caused by a trinucleotide expansion on X the chromosome that silences the expression of the Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP). Individuals affected by FXS show different intensity of mental impairment and learning disabilities depending on the mutation severity. FMRP is an RNA binding protein which has been shown to bind to a G rich region of PSD-95 mRNA that encodes for Post Synaptic Density Protein (PSD-95). It has been shown that in complex with a specific microRNA (miR-125a) FMRP plays an important role in the reversible inhibition of PSD-95 mRNA translation. The loss of FMRP disables this translation control that consecutively causes an excessive production of the PSD-95 protein. The goal of this project was to investigate at the molecular level the biological role of both FMRP and microRNA in PSD-95 mRNA translation pathway. We have used different biophysical techniques to demonstrate that the PSD-95 mRNA region predicted to be bound by FMRP folds into G quadruplex structures and to analyze its binding by the protein.
What Has Changed the Proportion of Intense Hurricanes in the Last 30 Years

Abstract The recently reported increase in the proportion of intense hurricanes is considerably larger than those projected by the maximum potential intensity (MPI) theory and the results of numerical simulation. To reconcile this discrepancy, the authors examined the best-track datasets for the North Atlantic (NA), western North Pacific (WNP), and eastern North Pacific (ENP) basins. It was found that the changes in the tropical cyclone formation locations and prevailing tracks may have contributed to the changes in the proportion of the intense hurricanes over the past 30 yr. The authors suggest that the changes in the formation locations and prevailing tracks have a profound impact on the basinwide tropical cyclone intensity. Thus, how the atmospheric circulation in the tropical cyclone basins responds to the global warming may be a critical factor in understanding the impacts of global warming on tropical cyclone intensity.
Prefrontal cortical hyperactivity in patients with sympathetically mediated chronic pain.

Chronic pain continues to impose a large burden of suffering, yet its neural correlates remain poorly understood. In sympathetically mediated chronic pain (SMP), peripheral sympathetic blockade temporarily relieves this pain, so that related neural activity can be studied without perturbing sensory inputs. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and thermal painful stimuli applied to the chronically painful body site, before and after sympathetic blockade, to examine the cortical network of chronic pain. The chronic SMP state was associated with a widely spread prefrontal hyperactivity, increased anterior cingulate activity and decreased activity in the thalamus contralateral to the body side suffering from SMP, but was unrelated to sensorimotor activity. Ineffective sympathetic blocks, i.e. blocks that did not diminish the SMP pain, did not change the cortical responses to the painful thermal stimulus; while effective placebo resulted in similar responses to those of effective blocks. These findings provide evidence for abnormal brain responses to pain in patients with chronic SMP, which engages prefrontal/limbic networks more extensively than in acute pain-states.
Is it time to consider cognitive behavioral therapy for persons with epilepsy? Clues from pathophysiology, treatment and functional neuroimaging.

Depression is common in neurological conditions. Patients with epilepsy are significantly more likely to have depression than the general population. However, no published studies have examined the...
Identification of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Host Strains Based on Male-Derived Spermatophores

ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments were designed to identify the host strain paternity of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) mated females. In no-choice tests, corn or rice strain females were placed in cages with males of the opposite strain. After 48 h, females were dissected and spermatophores were removed. Molecular markers in the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to identify host strain identity from the spermatophores and results showed the host strain pattern of the mating males. In choice tests, females of either strain were placed in cages with males of both strains. After 48 or 96 h, spermatophores were dissected and were molecularly analyzed to identify the host strain of the mating males. Corn and rice strain females contained spermatophores from males of both strains, indicating that interstrain mating commonly occurs in the laboratory. The analysis of the spermatophores isolated from mated females provides a convenient means of identifying the strain of the mated male. Th...
Laryngeal Dynamics Associated with Voice Frequency Change

Simultaneous measures of laryngeal muscle electromyographic activity, subglottal pressure, and air flow were obtained from 14 adult males as they sustained phonation at the 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90% ...
Coupling information to surgery through imaging

The use of computers for information processing has become a key component of most businesses. The practice of medicine has been notably slow to adopt and integrate these new technologies, and is still largely a 'pen and paper' process.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development transitions: land, labor, and social policy in Tibet

Beginning in March 2008, just prior to the Olympic Games in Beijing, the world watched Lhasa, Tibet, erupt in protests and flames. In more recent years, more than 100 Tibetans – farmers and nomads,...
The effects of a forgiveness intervention on patients with coronary artery disease

This research assesses the effects of a psychology of forgiveness pilot study on anger-recall stress induced changes in myocardial perfusion, forgiveness and related variables. Thirty-two patients were administered baseline rest and anger-recall stress imaging studies, and 17 of these participants who demonstrated anger-recall stress induced myocardial perfusion defects (forgiveness group, n = 9; control group, n = 8) were randomly assigned to a series of 10 weekly interpersonal forgiveness or control therapy sessions with a trained psychologist, and underwent additional anger-recall stress myocardial perfusion nuclear imaging studies post-test and at 10-week follow-up. Patients assigned to the forgiveness group showed significantly fewer anger-recall induced myocardial perfusion defects from pre-test to the 10-week follow-up as well as significantly greater gains in forgiveness from pre-test to post-test and from pre-test to follow-up compared to the control group. Forgiveness intervention may be an effective means of reducing anger-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
Contribution of diffusion and photovoltaic effect to self-pumped reflection gratings in photorefractive lithium niobate

The transfer matrix method is used to analyze induced reflection gratings in photorefractive iron doped lithium niobate in a self-pumped configuration. The optical field distribution and the induced refractive index distributions inside the material are computed, and the overall transmission and reflection are determined for different orientations of the c-axis. Numerical simulations are compared with experimental results.
Zero Mass Limit for a Class of Jet Related Cross-sections

Certain cross sections related to jets in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation are seen to be finite in the zero-mass limit to all orders in perturbation theory. The power-counting argument covers a number of quantities discussed in the literature.
Coffee Ring Aptasensor for Rapid Protein Detection

We introduce a new biosensing platform for rapid protein detection that combines one of the simplest methods for biomolecular concentration, coffee ring formation, with a sensitive aptamer-based optical detection scheme. In this approach, aptamer beacons are utilized for signal transduction where a fluorescence signal is emitted in the presence of the target molecule. Signal amplification is achieved by concentrating aptamer-target complexes within liquid droplets, resulting in the formation of coffee ring “spots”. Surfaces with various chemical coatings were utilized to investigate the correlation among surface hydrophobicity, concentration efficiency, and signal amplification. On the basis of our results, we found that the increase in the coffee ring diameter with larger droplet volumes is independent of surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, we show that highly hydrophobic surfaces produce enhanced particle concentration via coffee ring formation, resulting in signal intensities 6-fold greater than those...
Technical note: Revisiting the geometric theorems for volume averaging

Abstract The geometric theorems reported by Quintard and Whitaker [5, Appendix B] are re-examined. We show (1) The geometrical theorems can be interpreted in terms of the raw spatial moments of the pore structure within the averaging volume. (2) For the case where the first spatial moment is aligned with the center of mass of the averaging volume, the geometric theorems can be expressed in terms of the central moments of the porous medium. (3) When the spatial moments of the pore structure are spatially stationary, the geometrical theorems allow substantial simplification of nonlocal terms arising in the averaged equations. (4) In the context of volume averaging, the geometric theorems of Quintard and Whitaker [5, Appendix B] are better interpreted as statements regarding the spatial stationarity of specific volume averaged quantities rather than an explicit statement about the media disorder.
The mechanical phenotype of biglycan-deficient mice is bone- and gender-specific

Biglycan (bgn) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) enriched in the extracellular matrix of skeletal tissues. While bgn is known to be involved in the growth and differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells and regulation of collagen fibril formation, it is unclear how these functions impact bone's geometric and mechanical properties, properties which are integral to the structural function of bone. Because the genetic control of bone structure and function is both local- and gender-specific and because there is evidence of gender-specific effects associated with genetic deficiencies, it was hypothesized that the engineered deletion of the gene encoding bgn would result in a cortical bone mechanical phenotype that was bone- and gender-specific. In 11-week-old C57BL6/129 mice, the cortical bone in the mid-diaphyses of the femora and tibiae of both genders was examined. Phenotypic changes in bgn-deficient mice relative to wild type controls were assayed by four-point bending tests to determine mechanical properties at the whole bone (structural) and tissue levels, as well as analyses of bone geometry and bone formation using histomorphometry. Of the bones examined, bgn deficiency most strongly affected the male tibiae, where enhanced cross-sectional geometric properties and bone mineral density were accompanied by decreased tissue-level yield strength and pre-yield structural deformation and energy dissipation. Because pre-yield properties alone were impacted, this implies that the gene deletion causes important alterations in mineral and/or the matrix/mineral ultrastructure and suggests a new understanding of the functional role of bgn in regulating bone mineralization in vivo.
Beta-glucuronidase in the serum and hemolymph cells of Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica (Mollusca: Pelecypoda).

Abstract The optimal p H of β-glucuronidase in the serum and cells of the hemolymph of the quahaug clam, Mercenaria mercenaria , and the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica , has been determined to be 4.5 by employing 0.2 M phosphate, 0.2 M glycylglycine, and 0.2 M acetate as the buffers. By comparing the optimal p H of lysozyme from C. virginica (which is either 5.0 or 5.5, depending on the buffer employed) with that of β-glucuronidase, it is concluded that if both of these lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes are to be concurrently operative at maximal efficiency, the hemolymph p H should be maintained between 4.5 and 5.5. The exact physiologic role of β-glucuronidase in M. mercenaria and C. virginica is undetermined; however, since this enzyme can hydrolyze acid mucopolysaccharides, which are constituents of bacterial walls, it may play a role in internal defense by acting on susceptible invading bacteria. Furthermore, the β-glucuronidase in cells may be correlated with cell proliferation.
Anticipating Nollywood: Lagos circa 1996

This essay discusses the Nigerian film Owo Blow (1996), as a way to examine an aesthetic tendency that is largely missing in Nollywood, and to explore the relationship between media and the city, particularly in regard to Lagos. I use this film to propose three issues that are worth highlighting for a productive engagement with the relationship between media and urbanity. First, I argue that the current global interest in Nollywood is highly mediated, isolating the English‐language‐accented, popular genre‐formatted sub‐genre as the Nollywood film. Secondly, this process of mediation has tended to a kind of totalisation because it emphasises the commercial as the primary identity of the cinematic practice. Thirdly, I argue that the possible globalisation of Nollywood is undercut by limitations on how well the generic type can travel. Although recent and longstanding bureaucratic exhortations of Nigerian filmmakers to promote positive images of the country are often derided, Nollywood already fulfils this e...
The What-and-Where Filter

The What-and-Where filter forms part of a neural network architecture for spatial mapping, object recognition, and image understanding. The Where filter responds to an image figure that has been separated from its background. It generates a spatial map whose cell activations simultaneously represent the position, orientation, and size of all the figures in a scene (where they are). This spatial map may be used to direct spatially localized attention to these image features. A multiscale array of oriented detectors, followed by competitive and interpolative interactions between position, orientation, and size scales, is used to define the Where filter. This analysis discloses several issues that need to be dealt with by a spatial mapping system that is based upon oriented filters, such as the role of cliff filters with and without normalization, the double peak problem of maximum orientation across size scale, and the different self-similar interpolation properties across orientation than across size scale. Several computationally efficient Where filters are proposed. The Where filter may be used for parallel transformation of multiple image figures into invariant representations that are insensitive to the figures' original position, orientation, and size. These invariant figural representations form part of a system devoted to attentive object learning and recognition (what it is). Unlike some alternative models where serial search for a target occurs, a What and Where representation can be used to rapidly search in parallel for a desired target in a scene. Such a representation can also be used to learn multidimensional representations of objects and their spatial relationships for purposes of image understanding. The What-and-Where filter is inspired by neurobiological data showing that a Where processing stream in the cerebral cortex is used for attentive spatial localization and orientation, whereas a What processing stream is used for attentive object learning and recognition.
On Not Knowing Zoonotic Diseases: Pastoralists' Ethnoveterinary Knowledge in the Far North Region of Cameroon.

In this article, we consider the implications of Murray Last’s (1981) Knowing About Not Knowing for the study of ethnoveterinary knowledge of mobile pastoralists in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Specifically, we ask two interrelated questions: (1) what is the nature of this knowledge, and (2) what is the best way to study it? We conducted a study of pastoralists’ knowledge of human and animal infectious diseases to evaluate the claim that mobile pastoralists in the Chad Basin do not have a concept for zoonotic diseases. We used a combination of free lists and semi-structured interviews to study pastoralists’ knowledge. The results suggest that pastoralists do not have a concept for zoonotic diseases. Moreover, we found considerable variation in pastoralists’ ethnoveterinary knowledge and examples of not knowing, which contrasts with previous studies that do not describe much variation in ethnoveterinary knowledge. In our discussion, we consider to what extent descriptions of ethnoveterinary knowledge are the product of researchers’ conceptual framework and methodology.
The effect of state maternity leave legislation and the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act on employment and wages

Abstract In 1993, President Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). Similar to the 12 states that already had maternity leave mandates, the FMLA guarantees 12 weeks of unpaid leave for eligible mothers. I evaluate the effects of maternity leave legislation on employment and wages, taking advantage of variation created by state legislation and the FMLA. My results show that maternity leave legislation has small and statistically insignificant effects on employment and wages. Maternity leave legislation may have little effect because the mandated leave is short and unpaid and many employers provided maternity leave benefits prior to the statutes.
Stressful early life experiences and immune dysregulation across the lifespan

There is considerable evidence that stressful early life events influence a variety of physical health problems later in life. Childhood adversity has been linked to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from a number of chronic diseases. Immune dysregulation may be one potential pathway that explains this link. In this mini-review, we summarize human studies demonstrating that severe early life stressors have lasting immune consequences. We propose a model outlining potential biobehavioral pathways that explain how early life stressors leave people vulnerable to these maladaptive outcomes. Finally, we suggest ideas for future work to test different aspects of this model.
Multidisciplinary Optimization with Applications to Sonic-Boom Minimization

This article presents a review of key historical contributions, the current status, and future research avenues in support of the development of supersonic aircraft that are sufficiently quiet so that they can be allowed to fly supersonically over land. For this goal to be achievable, in addition to overcoming many other challenges in aerodynamics, structures, propulsion, acoustics, and aeroservoelasticity, the pressure signature created by the aircraft must be such that, when it reaches the ground, (a) it can barely be perceived by the human ear, and (b) it results in disturbances to man-made structures that do not exceed the threshold of annoyance for a significant percentage of the population. In other words, the ground-boom signature must meet a number of key constraints that can be appropriately quantified. In designing aircraft with low sonic booms, it is important to understand (a) how pressure disturbances are generated and how they propagate through the atmosphere, (b) under which conditions will the pressure signature created by an aircraft evolve to generate an acceptable low-boom signature at the ground, and (c) what multidisciplinary trade-offs need to be made to realize low-boom aircraft that are also economically and environmentally compliant. This article discusses each of these areas separately, assesses the accomplishments in each topic, identifies significant shortcomings, and suggests future research efforts (some already ongoing) that have the potential to yield solutions to all these issues.
Tolerance of lemons and the Mediterranean fruit fly to carbonyl sulfide quarantine fumigation

Lemons (Citrus limon Burm.) were evaluated for their tolerance to carbonyl sulfide (COS) fumigation and the influence of COS on market quality. At 70 mg I ~’ no significant deleterious changes occurred in market quality up to a fumigation duration of 8 h and only a slight amount of peel injury was observed after 12 h. Longer fumigations lead to the presence of an offensive off-odor in the juice as well as to increasing rind injury. A test of the sensitivity of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Cm&is cupituta Wiedemann) to COS indicated that long fumigation times (more than 8 h) will likely be required to achieve a degree of mortality sufficient for quarantine purposes for this insect. The tolerance of lemons to COS observed in this study suggests that COS is suitable for use as a quarantine treatment for this commodity. Its adoption, however, for this purpose will be hampered by the relatively long fumigation times needed and the odor that temporarily accompanies the fruit following fumigation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Sexual Assault on the College Campus Fraternity Affiliation, Male Peer Support, and Low Self-Control

Research on college sexual assault has focused on offender behavior to understand why men perpetrate sexual violence. Dominant theories have incorporated forms of male peer support, paying particular attention to the impact of rape-supportive social relationships on woman abuse. In contrast, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime proposes that low self-control predicts crime and other related life outcomes—including the kinds of antisocial peer relationships that the male peer support model contends causes sexual violence. The exclusion of measures of self-control on sexual assault may result in a misspecified peer support model. Accordingly, the current research empirically tests Schwartz and DeKeseredy’s male peer support model and examines the role of self-control in the larger male peer support model of sexual assault. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Looking Back to 1921 and Forward to 2012

Many of us mark the beginning of a new year by developing a fresh list of goals that we hope to accomplish. The problem—at least for me—is that I rarely achieve the items on the “old” list and end up feeling overwhelmed by what remains! Editorial Boards feel the same way. Each year PTJ 's Editorial Board develops a strategy to answer such questions as: Because the crystal ball that will forecast events in 2012 is still coming into focus, I begin by looking back over the past 90 years. The first P.T. Review was published in March 1921, and it was most likely the only physical therapy journal in existence. Isabel H. Noble, the interim editor in chief, remarked, “As the editorial work is new to us we hope to improve as time goes on. This issue therefore is no criterion, as our aim is to make each copy an improvement over its predecessor.”1(p1) The only other person listed on the masthead was Elizabeth L. Wells, “business manager and assistant editor.” The first issue consisted of 16 pages, with the bulk dedicated to the American Women's Physical Therapeutic Association Constitution and a directory of members. A review of Mary McMillan's textbook Massage and Therapeutic Exercise concludes that it “should be of great value, not only to the former Reconstruction Aides in Physiotherapy, but also to the physician as a basis for writing proper prescriptions for treatment….”2(p12) By the way, the advertisements for job positions indicate a salary of approximately $100 per month (often with lunch or room and board provided). Today, the International Society of Physiotherapy Editors (www.ispje.wcpt.org …
On Estimating Dry Deposition Rates in Complex Terrain

Abstract In complex terrain, horizontal advection and filtration through a canopy can add substantially to the vertical diffusion component assumed to be the dominant transfer mechanism in conventional deposition velocity formulations. To illustrate this, three separate kinds of terrain complexity are addressed here: 1) a horizontal landscape with patches of forest, 2) a uniformly vegetated gentle hill, and 3) a mountainous area. In flat areas with plots of trees, the elevation of the standard area-weighted dry deposition velocity will likely depend on the product hn1/2, where h is the tree height and n is the number of plots per unit area. For the second case, it is proposed that the standard “flat earth” deposition velocity might need to be increased by a factor like [1 + Ra/(Rb + Rc)]1/2. For mountainous ecosystems, where no precise estimate of local dry deposition appears attainable, the actual dry deposition rate is probably bounded by the extremes associated with 1) the flat earth assumption involvi...
A fast recursive bit-reversal algorithm

A novel fast recursive O(N) algorithm for bit-reversal permutation of a data array is presented. Exploiting regularity in the bit-reversal and eliminating redundant computations, this new method provides a considerable improvement in computational time. This computational efficiency results from the fact that every permutation index is basically computed by a single logical or arithmetic operation between a previous index and a proper offset. Experiments show that it is faster than any other bit-reversal algorithms that seem to be available. The performance of this method is compared to that of other bit-reversal method. Extension of the method to general digit reversal is described. Bit-reversal permutation of two-dimensional arrays is also discussed. >
The phylogeny of the Rhinocerotoidea (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)

A new phylogeny of the Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea is proposed, based upon an analysis of shared derived characters of the skull, teeth and skeleton. Hyrachyus is considered the primitive sister-taxon of the three rhinocerotoid families (Amynodontidae, Hyracodontidae, Rhinocerotidae), and the amynodonts appear to be the sister-group of hyracodonts and rhinocerotids. The relationships of primitive hyracodonts and rhinocerotids are clarified. Menoceras and Pleuroceras (new Subfamily Menoceratinae) are removed from the Diceratheriinae, since they appear to be more closely related to higher rhinoceroses than they are to Diceratherium. Of the three major monophyletic groups of higher rhinocerotids (aceratherines, teleoceratines and rhinocerotines), the last two groups are more closely related to each other than either is to aceratherines. Toxotherium and Schizotheroides are tentatively removed from the Rhinocerotoidea and placed in the Lophiodontidae.
Improved Maximum-Minimum Eigenvalue Detection with a Single Antenna Using Jackknifing

Spectrum sensing is critical for cognitive radio networks as it allows a secondary user to find spectrum holes for opportunistic reuse. In this paper, an improved maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection method is proposed for a cognitive user equipped with a single receiving antenna. The proposed method utilizes the temporal smoothing technique to form a virtual multiple antennas structure. At the same time, the jackknifing resampling strategy is employed to improve the detection performance. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pathogenesis of vascular disease

Summary Only recently are we beginning to understand the complex interplay of factors involved in vascular disease and diabetes. Insulin resistance provides a starting point to explain the many factors that lead to the more severe vascular disease characteristic of diabetes. Insulin resistance syndrome comprises insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia as well as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, macrovascular disease, and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. The development of type 2 diabetes may be viewed as the inability of the pancreas to continue to overcome insulin resistance, even with excessive insulin production.
New Vary‐Chap profile of the topside ionosphere electron density distribution for use with the IRI model and the GIRO real time data

A new Vary-Chap function is introduced for the empirical modeling of the electron density N(h) profile in the topside ionosphere that uses a shape function S(h) in the generalized Chapman function. The Vary-Chap profile extends the bottomside profile that is specified by the IRI model or measured by the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) to the altitude of the ISIS-2 satellite. Some 80,000 topside profiles, measured by the topside sounder on the ISIS-2 satellite were analyzed, and the shape function S(h) was calculated for each profile. A parameterized function S*(h), composed of two sub-functions S1(h) and S2(h), is fitted to the measured S(h) profile using three free parameters. At altitudes just above the F2 layer peak height hmF2, the shape function S1 controls S(h), and at greater altitudes S2 controls S(h). The height of the intersection of S1 and S2 is defined as the transition height h(sub T) indicating the transition from an O(+) to an H(+)-dominated profile shape. The observed transition heights range from approx.500 km to 800 km.
Thermal Metrology of Silicon Microstructures Using Raman Spectroscopy

Thermal metrology of an electrically active silicon heated atomic force microscope cantilever and doped polysilicon microbeams was performed using Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the Stokes Raman peak location and the Stokes to anti-Stokes intensity ratio calibrated the measurements, and it was possible to assess both temperature and thermal stress behavior with resolution near 1mum. The devices can exceed 400degC with the required power depending upon thermal boundary conditions. Comparing the Stokes shift method to the intensity ratio technique, non-negligible errors in devices with mechanically fixed boundary conditions compared to freely standing structures arise due to thermally induced stress. Experimental values were compared with a finite element model, and were within 9% of the thermal response and 5% of the electrical response across the entire range measured
Modeling the impacts of large-scale albedo changes on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin

Abstract It is expected that high-albedo materials will be used widely in urban areas particularly in warm and hot climates of the U.S. This will likely happen if high-albedo measures are adopted in building energy codes and urban planning regulations. The changes would mean that portions of urbanized airsheds may become more reflective to solar radiation than they currently are. This paper describes a modeling study that was aimed at analyzing the mesoscale meteorological and ozone air quality impacts of large-scale increases in surface albedo in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). For a late-August episode, the simulations indicate that implementing high-albedo materials in the SoCAB would have a net effect of reducing ozone concentrations. With extreme increases in albedo, peak concentrations at 3 p.m. decrease by up to 7% (from 220 down to 205 ppb) while the total ozone mass in the mixed layer decreases by up to 640 metric tons (a decrease of 4.7%). Largest reductions in concentrations at 3 p.m. are on the order of 50 ppb whereas the largest increases are on the order of 20 ppb. With respect to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard, domain-wide population-weighted exceedance exposure to ozone decreases by up to 16% during peak afternoon hours and by up to 10% during the day-time. reserved.
Insertion of the retroposable element, jockey, near the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster is associated with altered gene expression.

The alcohol dehydrogenase ( Adh ) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is well suited to be a gene expression reporter system. Adh produces a measurable phenotype at both the enzyme and mRNA levels. We recovered a spontaneous transposable element (TE) insertion mutation near the Adh gene. The insertion is a truncated retroposable element, jockey , inserted upstream of the adult Adh enhancer region. Comparisons between the Adh jockey allele and its direct wild-type ancestral allele were made in an isogenic background (i.e. identical cis and trans factors). Differences in Adh jockey expression compared with the wild-type can be attributed solely to the presence of the jockey element. This jockey insertion results in a decrease in adult mRNA transcript levels in the Adh jockey homozygous lines relative to the wild-type counterpart and accounts for a correlated decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme activity. The larval ADH activity levels are not detectably different.
Is This a Women's Movement? the Relationship of Gender to Community-Supported Agriculture in Michigan

Over the last 10-15 years, community-supported agriculture (CSA) has captured the imagination of farmers and eaters across the country. CSA is both a model for marketing fresh, locally raised produce as well as an instrument for generating social and ecological responsibility through the food system. CSA promises greater economic opportunity and security for small-scale producers. At the same time, it advocates relationships that extend beyond the marketplace and transform consumers into citizens and community activists. Despite the dual nature of CSA, public promotion and research have largely focused on the technical aspects of farm and member management. However essential, this orientation overshadows other lines of inquiry and hides equally interesting patterns emerging within CSA, their possible origins and implications. One of these issues is the role of gender within CSA. Women, it now appears, constitute a majority of the active membership. What attracts them to CSA? What is the nature of their in...
The United nations and disaster relief in the sahel, 1973-75.

This research is part of an extensive study entitled ‘International Disaster Response: The Sahelian Experience’, which was made possible by a grant number 1711–520147 of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of State. The opinions expressed are solely the responsibility of the researcher and do not necessarily represent the views of the organizations studied or the sponsoring institutions.
Effects of Compression on Speech Acoustics, Intelligibility, and Sound Quality

The topic of compression has been discussed quite extensively in the last 20 years (eg, Braida et al., 1982; Dillon, 1996, 2000; Dreschler, 1992; Hickson, 1994; Kuk, 2000 and 2002; Kuk and Ludvigsen, 1999; Moore, 1990; Van Tasell, 1993; Venema, 2000; Verschuure et al., 1996; Walker and Dillon, 1982). However, the latest comprehensive update by this journal was published in 1996 (Kuk, 1996). Since that time, use of compression hearing aids has increased dramatically, from half of hearing aids dispensed only 5 years ago to four out of five hearing aids dispensed today (Strom, 2002b). Most of today's digital and digitally programmable hearing aids are compression devices (Strom, 2002a). It is probable that within a few years, very few patients will be fit with linear hearing aids. Furthermore, compression has increased in complexity, with greater numbers of parameters under the clinician's control. Ideally, these changes will translate to greater flexibility and precision in fitting and selection. However, they also increase the need for information about the effects of compression amplification on speech perception and speech quality. As evidenced by the large number of sessions at professional conferences on fitting compression hearing aids, clinicians continue to have questions about compression technology and when and how it should be used. How does compression work? Who are the best candidates for this technology? How should adjustable parameters be set to provide optimal speech recognition? What effect will compression have on speech quality? These and other questions continue to drive our interest in this technology. This article reviews the effects of compression on the speech signal and the implications for speech intelligibility, quality, and design of clinical procedures.
Associations of Age, Adiposity, Menopause, and Alcohol Intake With Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclasses

We used nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the associations of age, adiposity, menopause, and alcohol intake with LDL subclasses in 355 individuals. The absorbency of protein stain was used as an index of mass concentrations at intervals of 0.05 nm within seven LDL subclasses: LDL-IVB (22.0 to 23.2 nm), LDL-IVA (23.3 to 24.1 nm), LDL-IIIB (24.2 to 24.6 nm), LDL-IIIA (24.7 to 25.5 nm), LDL-II (25.5 to 26.4 nm), LDL-I (26.0 to 28.5 nm), and intermediate-size lipoproteins (ISL, 28.0 to 32.0 nm). Age and alcohol intake were obtained from questionnaires, and body mass index was computed from clinic measurements of weight and height. In adult men, body mass index correlated positively with LDL-III, and alcohol intake correlated positively with larger LDL-I. Age was positively correlated with LDL-IIIA and ISL in both men and women and with LDL-IIIB and LDL-II in women. Postmenopausal women had higher LDL-IIIA, LDL-II, and ISL than both premenopausal and premenarchal females. Adult males, > or = 18 years old, had higher levels of LDL-IIIA and LDL-II than younger males. Adjustment for fasting plasma triglyceride levels eliminated the significant associations between age and LDL-IIIA in both men and women and between age and LDL-II in women. Partial correlation analyses showed that reductions in the LDL peak diameter associated with increasing age, male sexual maturation, menopause, and adiposity are attributable to increases in the LDL-IIIA subclass. Thus, densitometric measurements of protein-stained gradient gels reveal specific relationships between LDL subclasses and age, adiposity, and alcohol intake beyond those identified by the LDL peak or average diameter.
Ultra-Efficient (Embedded) SOC Architectures based on Probabilistic CMOS (PCMOS) Technology

Major impediments to technology scaling in the nanometer regime include power (or energy) dissipation and "erroneous" behavior induced by process variations and noise susceptibility. In this paper, we demonstrate that CMOS devices whose behavior is rendered probabilistic by noise (yielding probabilistic CMOS or PCMOS) can be harnessed for ultra low energy and high performance computation. PCMOS devices are inherently probabilistic in that they are guaranteed to compute correctly with a probability frac12 < p < 1 and thus, by design, they are expected to compute incorrectly with a probability (1 - p). In this paper, we show that PCMOS technology yields significant improvements, both in the energy consumed as well as in the performance, for probabilistic applications with broad utility. These benefits are derived using an application-architecture-technology (A2T) co-design methodology introduced here, yielding an entirely novel family of probabilistic system-on-a-chip (PSOC) architectures. All of our application and architectural savings are quantified using the product of the energy and the performance denoted (energy times performance): the PCMOS based gains are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of over 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient CMOS based realization
Regional resistance to European integration : the case of the Scottish National Party, 1961-1972

Regionaler Widerstand gegen die Europaische Integration: Der Fall der 'Scottish National Party', 1961-1972«. This article examines the evo- lution of Scottish National Party (SNP) attitudes, policy, and rhetoric toward European integration between 1961 and 1972. Initially lukewarm, even posi- tive, toward the proposed British membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), the party became increasingly hostile to EEC membership and adopted an aggressive anti-EEC position. By the early 1970s, the SNP was the leading anti-EEC political actor in Scotland, and it was the SNP's efforts that helped turn an ignored British foreign policy issue into a Scottish domestic political issue that had wider implications for Scotland's relationship with the United Kingdom and Europe, as well as for the ongoing Europeanization of Scottish politics and society.
New approaches for distributed industrial process control systems aimed to cope with strict time constraints

Four approaches aimed to cope with strict timing constraints as encountered in industrial process control applications are presented. For each node in a distributed system, an asymmetrical two-processor architecture is used that is capable of guaranteeing response times. One processor in each node is dedicated to the kernel of a real-time operating system. Its three reaction levels are constructively described by outlining their functional units and control procedures. It is shown that some problems of real-time computers can be solved by endowing the node computers with process peripherals. >