cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost-sensitive feature selection for on-body sensor localization

Activity recognition systems have demonstrated potential in a broad range of applications. A crucial aspect of creating large scale human activity sensing corpus is to develop algorithms that perform activity recognition in a way that users are not limited to wear sensors on predefined locations on the body. Therefore, effective on-body sensor localization algorithms are needed to detect the location of wearable sensors automatically and in real-time. However, power optimization is a major concern in the design of these systems. Frequent need to charge multiple sensor nodes imposes much burden on the end-users. In this paper, we propose a novel signal processing approach that leverages feature selection algorithms to minimize power consumption of node localization. With the real data collected using wearable motion sensors, we demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves an energy saving that ranges from 88% to 99.59% while obtaining an accuracy performance between 73.15% and 99.85%.
Solar collector surfaces with wavelength selective radiation characteristics

Abstract The use of porous materials through which a coolant is forced for the protection of surfaces exposed to high temperature gas streams has been discussed in a number of recent papers. The knowledge of the radiation properties of these materials is required if the designer is to be able to predict the porous wall temperatures to determine whether metallurgical limitations have been exceeded. With this application in mind, measurements were previously reported for the absorptivity for solar radiation of a number of porous surfaces.1 Since that time total normal emissivity data have been obtained for the same surfaces. In viewing these results, it was discovered that these surfaces combined high absorptivity for solar radiation with a low emissivity value, and consequently their use as solar collectors is suggested. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the experimental apparatus used to obtain the radiation data and to compare the recent emissivity measurements with the solar absorptivity data for the same surfaces. For specified conditions, an efficiency is defined which allows a quantitative comparison of these with other surfaces as solar collectors.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and mezerein on gamma radiation-induced DNA repair in resting bovine lymphocytes.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of the potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on gamma radiation-induced DNA repair in resting (G0) lymphocytes. Mezerein, a non-promoter but a co-mitogen in lymphocytes, was used as a control agent. It was previously proposed that a possible mechanism for the action of tumor promoters was through the inhibition of DNA repair processes. Our results indicate that TPA does not inhibit DNA repair following gamma irradiation of G0 lymphocytes. These data support the hypothesis that the tumor promoting ability of TPA is not a result of impaired repair of potentially mutagenic lesions in DNA.
Murine neuroblastoma cells express ganglioside binding sites on their cell surface

: The ability of S20Y cholinergic, and N115 adrenergic, murine neuroblastoma cells to adhere to immobilized gangliosides was studied. Viable S20Y cells adhered more strongly to GM1-coated plastic wells than to those coated with GM2, GD1a, or GT1b. The oligosaccharide portion of GM1 inhibited adherence of S20Y cells to GM1-coated wells, indicating that the carbohydrate moiety of GM1 bore the recognition site. Analysis of S20Y cell adherence to wells coated with derivatives of GM1 indicated that the cells did not adhere to asialo-GM1 and adherence to the methyl ester or de-N-acetyl derivatives was significantly reduced. Expression of the GM1 binding sites by S20Y cells appears to be density dependent; cells harvested at the confluent stage of growth were more adherent than those harvested at the preconfluent stage. Trypsin treatment of the S20Y and N115 cells resulted in a loss of binding to GM1-coated wells, suggesting that the cell surface GM1 binding site is a protein. In contrast, N115 cells showed no significant difference in their adherence to wells coated with GM1, GD1a, GT1b, Gal-Cer, asialo-GM1, or the methyl ester of GM1 when assayed under the same conditions as those imposed on the S20Y cells. The N115 cells did show a reduction in adherence to GM2-coated wells, suggesting that they recognized the terminal galactosyl moiety.
Temperature dependence of positron-annihilation parameters in YBa2Cu3O7-x above and below the superconducting transition.

The temperature dependence of positron-annihilation parameters for $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ $x=0.7, 0.4, \mathrm{and} 0.0$ are reported. It was found that a transition in the Doppler line-shape parameter $S$ was associated with the superconducting transition temperature (${T}_{c}$) in $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ $x=0.4 \mathrm{and} 0.0$, while no transition was observed in the nonsuperconducting Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.3}$. Positron lifetime parameters in Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ were found to be consistent with positrons localized at open volume regions (probably unoccupied crystallographic sites) in this material with a lifetime of 210 psec. The positron lifetime decreased by approximately 5% across the superconducting transition and subsequently by 4% to 193\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 psec at 12 K. These results indicate that the electron density at this site increases approximately 9% between 100 and 12 K. Doppler line-shape results show that the average electron momentum at the annihilation site increases across the superconducting transition and from sample to sample as the oxygen concentration decreases.
Does increasing education increase the probability of promotion? The case of registered nurses in Canada

Little research has examined the effect of education on promotional opportunities for nurses. This article adds to the literature by addressing this question. This study uses data from the confidential master files from the 2001 Canadian Census on Individuals. The results of this study show that there is an increased probability of promotion to supervisory positions for registered nurses with a bachelor's degree. For both the male and female samples it was found that having a bachelor of nursing certification yields a 4% higher probability of promotion to a supervisory position compared with other educational credentials. Existing studies found that increases in education yield higher earnings, and this study also shows that increases in education can result in higher probabilities of promotion to supervisory positions. This can be viewed as another benefit of increased educational credentials for individuals in the nursing profession.
Free learning and recall as a function of unit-sequence and letter-sequence interference

Free learning was used in two experiments to test the Underwood and Postman (1960) theory of long-term retention. Experiment I compared the forgetting of high- and low-meaningful word pairs and high- and low-meaningful letter pairs. The second experiment repeated the comparison of the word pairs with the addition of a free association test just prior to 24-hour recall. This test was designed to “arouse” all of S's associative systems directly in the experimental context. The results of both experiments showed no differences in retention between the high- and low-meaningful materials. This finding does not agree with the Underwood and Postman theory. Further analyses revealed that free learning is not forgotten appreciably faster than paired-associate or serial learning. Although the theory has had remarkable success in retroactive and proactive situations, it is inadequate in its present form for predicting retention of a single list learned by naive Ss.
A graphical comparison of supersaturated designs

The search of construction methods for a “good” supersaturated design has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Many single-valued criteria have been proposed for comparison purposes. In this paper, we propose/review three criteria based on the information matrix of a projective design and provide two graphical methods for comparing different types of supersaturated designs: the line plot and the boxplot methods. Four different construction methods are compared using the proposed graphical techniques. These construction methods were proposed by Booth and Cox (1962), Lin (1993), Wu (1993) and Lin (1995). A thorough discussion on the proposed graphical techniques is given.
Optimal sizing of HRES for small sized institute using HOMER

Hybrid energy system generally consists of a primary energy source working in parallel with standby secondary energy storage units. Hybrid Renewable energy system (HRES) is a combination of one or several renewable resources such as wind, solar, biomass, small/micro hydro, with other technologies such as batteries and fossil fuel powered diesel generator (for backup) to provide electric power. HRES is an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where the grid extension is difficult and not economical. A hybrid renewable energy system may be used to reduce dependency on either conventional energy or renewable system. This paper gives the design idea of optimized Hybrid Energy System for a certain technical college/remote rural area for a particular site in central India (Bhopal). For this hybrid system, the meteorological data of Solar Isolation is taken for Bhopal (Longitude 77°42′ E, Latitude 23°25′ N and Altitude 427 m) and the pattern of load consumption of load are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) is a design model that determines the optimal architecture and control strategy of the hybrid system. Validation of this result is through evolutionary computing such as GA (genetic algorithm). Our objective is selected as minimizing the total capital cost, subject to the constraint of the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP). Studies have proved that the genetic algorithm converges very well and the methodology proposed is feasible for optimally sizing standalone hybrid power systems
Ahemeral lighting of turkey breeder hens. 1. Cycle length effects on egg production and egg characteristics

A study was conducted to determine the effective range of light-dark cycle lengths for reproductive performance in turkey hens. The treatments consisted of seven different light-dark cycle lengths: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 h each with a 15-h photophase per cycle. Data were collected for BW, feed intake, livability, onset and rate of egg production, egg weight (EW), shell thickness, and weight of egg components. The results indicate that turkey hens can be induced to lay eggs with light-dark cycle lengths other than 24 h (ahemeral) with practical extremes being about 23 to 28 h. Egg production in the ahemeral treatments never significantly exceeded that occurring in the 24 h group and the percentage of floor eggs increased at cycle lengths greater than 26 h and at 21 h. Cycle lengths of 21 and 30 h provided the most extreme deviations in the quantity and quality of eggs from those obtained on a 24 h cycle length. Shell thickness increased consistently as cycle lengths increased from 23 to 30 h. Egg weight increased in a curvilinear manner as cycle lengths increased or decreased from 24 h. This increase was associated with increases in shell, yolk, and albumen weight; however, the contribution by each was inconsistent, varying by cycle length as well as time on treatment. It may be concluded that an effective practical range of light-dark cycles for turkeys is 23 to 28 h and that 28 h is a reasonable limit to maximize EW and shell thickness while minimizing a reduction in egg production.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Through Fracture Fragment Specific Fixation Methods

Distal, intra-articular, comminuted distal radius fractures can be a challenge to treat. Fragment specific methods allow the most anatomic and secure reduction possible. Earlier methods included Kirschner wires, wire forms and non-locking plates. The newest generation of fragment specific fixation is via precontoured locking plating systems developed for specific column fragment arrangements. As treatment methods continue to evolve, functional outcomes, even after comminuted intra-articular distal radius fractures, will hopefully continue to improve.
A stratified unrelated question randomized response model

This paper presents a new randomized response model that combines Kim and Warde's (2004) stratified Warner's randomized response technique using optimal allocation with the unrelated question randomized response model. The empirical studies performed show that, for the prior information given, the new model is more efficient in terms of variance (in the case of completely truthful reporting) and mean square error (in the case of less than completely truthful reporting) than its component models.
High speed Bias Temperature Instability measurements on 20nm RMG HKMG MOSFETs

Abstract Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) occurs in p-channel MOSFETs when they are operated at high temperature and negative bias on the gate. NBTI phenomena exhibits recovery once the stress is removed from the device. It is mainly due to de-trapping of holes from the oxide and partial recovery of generated interface traps. This causes an underestimation of the actual degradation in VT during typical stress-measure-stress cycle. In this work threshold voltage (VT) degradation was measured with a minimum sense delay of 1 μs, on p-channel MOSFETs fabricated using the sub-20 nm RMG HKMG technology. Based on this work, it is shown that using 1 μs delay the existence of a fast recoverable component of BTI can be shown very effectively. The impact on end-of-life (EOL) projection is a function of the voltage acceleration/time exponent for the two different components and we confirmed that the 2 ms delay is still adequate for that purpose.
Dynamic Research of the Split-Pillar Rotation Process for Electroslag Remelting Furnace

Electroslag Remelting (ESR) technology is a main method of special metallurgy; and split pillar is one of the most important mechanical units of ESR. The split pillar works not only as the mother body of ESR cross arm, but also as the rotation driving device of the cross arm. Since the tremendous mass of the cross arm and electrodes, serious inertia torque generates when the split pillar rotates, which leads to motion instability and problems of angle location and even safety threatens. In this paper, based on virtual machine technology, dynamic research of the rotation process of the electroslag-remelting-furnace split pillar was proceeded; influences of driving torque applied on the split pillar was researched, as the driving torque being constant, anti-step and with brake torque. 3D solid model of the split pillar and clamping device were established; main technical parameters were accomplished; and simulation research of the dynamic process was proceeded. It was found that, appropriate brake torque was important to better motion stability of the split pillar. The best brake torque was acquired, and the action time of the brake torque was obtained.
From VLSI to ULSI: the subhalf micron challenge

Abstract not available.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thoracic surgery in the real world: does surgical specialty affect outcomes in patients having general thoracic operations?

Background Most general thoracic operations in the United States are performed by general surgeons. Results obtained by those identified as general surgeons are often compared with those identified as thoracic surgeons. Methods We interrogated the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database over a 5-year period to compare outcomes in patients who underwent similar operations by surgeons identified as either thoracic surgeons or general surgeons. We employed propensity-score matching to minimize confounding when estimating the effect of surgeon identity on postoperative outcomes. Results During the study period, thoracic surgeons performed 3,263 major pulmonary or esophageal operations, and general surgeons performed 15,057 similar operations. Compared with patients operated on by general surgeons, patients operated on by thoracic surgeons had significant excess multivariate comorbidities, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, concurrent pneumonia, congestive heart failure, previous cardiac surgery, dialysis-dependent renal failure, disseminated cancer, prior sepsis, and previous operation within 30 days. Likewise, patients in highest risk categories had operations performed by thoracic surgeons more commonly than by general surgeons. Unadjusted comparisons for mortality and serious morbidity showed significantly worse mortality and pulmonary complications in patients operated on by thoracic surgeons. However, with propensity matching according to surgeon type, thoracic surgeons had significantly fewer serious adverse outcomes compared with general surgeons, and this decreased morbidity occurred in a higher risk cohort. Conclusions Our results show that patients operated on by thoracic surgeons have higher acuity compared with patients operated on by general surgeons. When patients are matched for comorbidities and serious preoperative risk factors, thoracic surgeons have improved outcomes, especially with regard to infectious complications and composite morbidity.
Developing a typology of affective responses to advertising

This article identifies—and then validates—a set of categories for use in the measurement of affective responses to advertising. Unlike previous categories developed for this purpose, these are first extracted by cluster analysis and then also subjected to formal tests for reliability and for convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and predictive validity.
Isolation of methylcholanthrene-"initiated" C3H/10T1/2 cells by inhibiting neoplastic progression with retinyl acetate.

A clone of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated 10T1/2 cells has been isolated which possesses basic characteristics expected of "initiated" cells. In the presence of retinyl acetate, this clone exhibits contact inhibited growth control and is morphologically indistinguishable from the parental 10T1/2 cell line. Removal of retinyl acetate in vitro results in neoplastic transformation after a latent period of 3 weeks. The classical 10T1/2 transformation system was reconstructed by coculturing normal and "initiated" 10T1/2 cells formed either Type II or Type III foci after a latent period of 3-4 weeks, and an additional 22% formed Type I foci. Treatment of "initiated" 10T/2 cells with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate accelerated the formation of transformed foci in the coculture system by reducing the length of the latent period to less than 3 weeks. Injection of 10(6) "initiated" cells/mouse s.c. into nude mice resulted in the appearance of progressively growing fibrosarcomas after a latent period of 5-7 weeks. Dietary supplementation with 4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide prevented tumor formation; after drug withdrawal, tumors developed in all surviving mice after 6 weeks. We believe this cell line possesses all characteristics expected of "initiated" cells. With this new cell line, designated INIT/10T1/2, we can now study the early biochemical changes in growth control mechanisms resulting in neoplastic transformation and the mechanism(s) of chemoprevention of cancer by vitamin A.
A characterization of geometric distributions by distributional properties of order statistics

Abstract Let X 1, X 2 be independent identically distributed positive integer valued random variables. H the X i 's have a geometric distribution, then the conditional distribution of R = max(X 1, X 2)-min(X 1, X 2), given R > 0, is the same as the distribution of X 1. This property is shown to characterize the geometric distribution.
Assessment and Management of Carotid Disease

27103 ABSTRACT Recent reports of results of clinical trials comparing carotid endar­ terectomy with medical treatment for carotid stenosis have clarified the relationship of extracranial carotid stenosis to symptomatic cerebro­ vascular disease. Results ofthese trials emphasize the importance of sever­ ity of carotid stenosis in therapeutic decision making. In addition, however, presence of carotid stenosis identifies individuals with an excess burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherosclerosis of other (e. g. coronary) arteries. In parallel with growing awareness of the clinical rel­ evance of extracranial carotid stenosis, new population-based studies and studies in symptomatic populations are defining the risk factors for extra­ cranial carotid atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis progression. These new investigative approaches promise to increase substantially our under­ standing of the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of cerebrovascular disease in the forthcoming years.
A(H7N9) Virus Results in Early Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses in both Human Lung Epithelial and Endothelial Cells and Shows Increased Human Adaptation Compared with Avian H5N1 Virus

Similar to H5N1 viruses, A(H7N9) influenza viruses have been associated with severe respiratory disease and fatal outcomes in humans. While high viral load, hypercytokinemia, and pulmonary endothelial cell involvement are known to be hallmarks of H5N1 virus infection, the pathogenic mechanism of the A(H7N9) virus in humans is largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the ability of A(H7N9) virus to infect, replicate, and elicit innate immune responses in both human bronchial epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, compared with the abilities of seasonal H3N2, avian H7N9, and H5N1 viruses. In epithelial cells, A(H7N9) virus replicated efficiently but did not elicit robust induction of cytokines like that observed for H5N1 virus. In pulmonary endothelial cells, A(H7N9) virus efficiently initiated infection; however, no released infectious virus was detected. The magnitudes of induction of host cytokine responses were comparable between A(H7N9) and H5N1 virus infection. Additionally, we utilized differentiated human primary bronchial and tracheal epithelial cells to investigate cellular tropism using transmission electron microscopy and the impact of temperature on virus replication. Interestingly, A(H7N9) virus budded from the surfaces of both ciliated and mucin-secretory cells. Furthermore, A(H7N9) virus replicated to a significantly higher titer at 37°C than at 33°C, with improved replication capacity at 33°C compared to that of H5N1 virus. These findings suggest that a high viral load from lung epithelial cells coupled with induction of host responses in endothelial cells may contribute to the severe pulmonary disease observed following H7N9 virus infection. Improved adaptation of A(H7N9) virus to human upper airway poses an important threat to public health. IMPORTANCE A(H7N9) influenza viruses have caused over 450 documented human infections with a 30% fatality rate since early 2013. However, these novel viruses lack many molecular determinants previously identified with mammalian pathogenicity, necessitating a closer examination of how these viruses elicit host responses which could be detrimental. This study provides greater insight into the interaction of this virus with host lung epithelial cells and endothelial cells, which results in high viral load, epithelial cell death, and elevated immune response in the lungs, revealing the mechanism of pathogenesis and disease development among A(H7N9)-infected patients. In particular, we characterized the involvement of pulmonary endothelial cells, a cell type in the human lung accessible to influenza virus following damage of the epithelial monolayer, and its potential role in the development of severe pneumonia caused by A(H7N9) infection in humans.
Linear System State Estimation: A Neurocomputing Approach

A neurocomputing approach is developed in this paper to solve the problem of state estimation for linear dynamical systems. Dynamic optimization techniques are used to develop the adaptation laws for assigning the weights of a Hopfield net. Simulation results show that the new approach performs similar to Kalman filter, and outperforms it for some special situations. The new approach is very attractive for the real-time implementation of a state estimator for large scale systems.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND LAG REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES ON VARIED VERBAL RESPONDING BY INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM

Variability has been shown to be a reinforceable dimension of behavior. One procedure that has been demonstrated to increase variability in basic research is the lag reinforcement schedule. On this type of schedule, a response is reinforced if it differs from a specified number of previous responses. Lag schedules are rarely used, however, for increasing response variability in applied settings. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a lag schedule of differential reinforcement on varied and appropriate verbal responding to social questions by 3 males with autism. A reversal design with a multiple baseline across subjects was used to evaluate the effects of the lag schedule. During baseline, differential reinforcement of appropriate responding (DRA) resulted in little or no varied responding. During the intervention, a Lag 1 requirement was added to the DRA (Lag 1/DRA) resulting in an increase in the percentage of trials with varied and appropriate verbal responding for 2 of the 3 participants. In addition, an increase in the cumulative number of novel verbal responses was also observed for the same 2 participants. These results are discussed in terms of reinforcement schedules that support variability, generalization, and potential stimulus control over varied responding.
Modeling and Quantitative Reasoning: The Summer Jobs Problem

According to Smith and Thompson (Algebra in early grades, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, in press), “problem situations involving related quantities serve as the true source and ground for the development of algebraic methods” (p. 4). This study investigates the ways in which students reason about real-world problem situations involving related quantities. This study explores the role of quantities and quantitative reasoning in students’ development of a solution to an open-ended real-world modeling task known as the “Summer Jobs” problem (Lesh and Lehrer, Handbook of research design in mathematics and science education (pp. 665–708). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000).
Fractional Order Filter Enhanced LQR for Seismic Protection of Civil Structures

This study presents fractional order filters to enhance the performance of the conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method for optimal robust control of a simple civil structure. The introduced filters modify the state variables fed back to the constant gain controller. Four combinations of fractional order filter and LQR are considered and optimized based on a new performance criterion defined in the paper. Introducing fractional order filters is shown to considerably improve the results for both the artificially generated ground motions and previously recorded earthquake data.
A silver nanowire based gas ionization sensor EUROCON2009

We report fabrication and successful testing of a gas ionization sensor made of silver nanowires (AgNWs) sandwiched between two parallel plates. The device was tested in low pressure argon gas (0.1≤ P ≤10−4 torr) where the breakdown voltages (V b ) were recorded against pressure. The new device displayed considerably lower V b compared to its gold nanowire (AuNW)-based counterparts. The reduction of Vb was justified based on the increase in the secondary electron emission factor on AgNWs due to the lower workfunction of silver. We have also developed a simulation tool to model the device. Our model is based on combined Particle-In-Cell and Monte-Carlo-Collision (PIC-MCC) approaches which provides a platform for further development and optimization of the device.
Bile salts decrease enterocyte susceptibility to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis through increased expression of XIAP and BCL-2 and decreased activation of caspase-3

Introduction: We have shown that bile salts have a beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa by stimulating epithelial growth and repair through NF-kappaB activation and c-myc expression. We hypothesized that bile salts would also effect enterocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. To determine this, we studied the effect of the bile salt taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) on cultured rat enterocyte (IEC-6 cells) induced apoptosis, and examined the role of bile salts on the expression of apoptotic regulatory proteins. Methods: Cultured intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were plated and grown for 6 days in media with or without TDCA. The cells were exposed to a known apoptotic stimulus, TNF-alpha and cyclohexamide (TNF/C). Apoptosis was quantified using cell number and the TUNEL stain. Bcl-2, XIAP, c-IAP, pro caspase-3, caspase-3, AKT, and phosphorylated AKT expression was studied using Western and Northern blot analysis. Results: Cells exposed to TDCA were 3 times more resistant to TNF/C induced apoptosis compared to cells grown without TDCA (p < 0.01). TDCA, at concentrations that decreased enterocyte susceptibility to TNF/C induced apoptosis, stimulated expression of Bcl-2 and XIAP and decreased activation of caspase-3. Conclusions: TDCA protects intestinal epithelial cells from TNF/C induced apoptosis by stimulating expression of antiapoptotic proteins and inhibiting caspase-3 activation. These data provide further support for a significant role of bile salts on preservation of mucosal integrity. Decreased enterocyte exposure to luminal bile salts, as occurs during starvation and parenteral nutrition, may have a detrimental effect on mucosal integrity.
Photodissociation at 193 nm of tert-Butyl Nitrite on Ag(111) †

The translational and internal state properties of nitric oxide, NO, ejected by 193-nm photodissociation of tert-butyl nitrite, (CH 3 ) 3 CONO, TBN, adsorbed on Ag(111) have been investigated using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight (REMPI-TOF) and quadrupole mass spectrometer time-of-flight (QMS-TOF). The results are described in terms of three components depending on the number of collisions along the exit trajectory and are compared to prior work using 248- and 351-nm photons. Although 193-nm photons have higher energy, the characteristic translational energy of the collisionless NO (0.55 eV) lies between that for 248 nm (0.89 eV) and 351 nm (0.39 eV). As for gas-phase photolysis at 193 nm, the NO is rotationally cold (J m a x = 15.5), much lower than for both 248- (J m a x = 53.5) and 351-nm (J m a x = 31.5) photolysis. The NO vibrational distribution is dominated by ν" = 1, whereas ν" = 0 for 248 nm and ν" = 1 and 2 for 351 nm photodissociations, respectively. Angle-resolved REMPI-TOF and QMS-TOF studies give information about the orientation of adsorbed TBN. While TBN is more stable with the C-D-N=O plane perpendicular to surface and the internal O-N bond directed about 40° away from the surface normal, dosing less than a full monolayer at 80 K does not achieve this state fully. Annealing to 110 K is sufficient to realize this molecular orientation. For multilayer coverage dosed at 80 K, the data are consistent with considerable surface roughness compared to a surface annealed at 110 K.
Reducing the risk of acquiring AIDS.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a primary concern to society at large and to the health care profession. It is the latest and most life-threatening of the sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually active individuals both homosexual and heterosexual are at risk. These individuals should have access to education that will help them to understand risk reduction measures related to the HTLV-III virus that is responsible for AIDS infection. The condom is a device which has been used for years to prevent sexually transmitted diseases; however instructions on correct use of this barrier are not stressed enough. The condom when used correctly is a possible means of preventing the exchange of body fluids by sexual intercourse. Nurses must take responsibility for providing preventive information to risk groups and especially occupational health nurses who are responsible for the health education of individuals in the work setting. Providing preventive education such as correct technique for condom use is one way to prevent or restrain the spread of AIDS. (authors)
Evaluating Convergence of Reduced Order Models Using Nonlinear Normal Modes.

It is often prohibitively expensive to integrate the response of a high order nonlinear system, such as a finite element model of a nonlinear structure, so a set of linear eigenvectors is often used as a basis in order to create a reduced order model (ROM). By augmenting the linear basis with a small set of discontinuous basis functions, ROMs of systems with local nonlinearities have been shown to compare well with the corresponding full order models. When evaluating the quality of a ROM, it is common to compare the time response of the model to that of the full order system, but the time response is a complicated function that depends on a predetermined set of initial conditions or external force. This is difficult to use as a metric to measure convergence of a ROM, particularly for systems with strong, non-smooth nonlinearities, for two reasons: (1) the accuracy of the response depends directly on the amplitude of the load/initial conditions, and (2) small differences between two signals can become large over time. Here, a validation metric is proposed that is based solely on the ROM’s equations of motion. The nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of the ROMs are computed and tracked as modes are added to the basis set. The NNMs are expected to converge to the true NNMs of the full order system with a sufficient set of basis vectors. This comparison captures the effect of the nonlinearity through a range of amplitudes of the system, and is akin to comparing natural frequencies and mode shapes for a linear structure. In this research, the convergence metric is evaluated on a simply supported beam with a contacting nonlinearity modeled as a unilateral piecewise-linear function. Various time responses are compared to show that the NNMs provide a good measure of the accuracy of the ROM. The results suggest the feasibility of using NNMs as a convergence metric for reduced order modeling of systems with various types of nonlinearities.
Designing for participation: how social and environmental factors influence educational discussions

A number of studies have shown that students are often more willing to participate in educational conversations online than in the classroom (e.g., Beauvois, 1992; Bruce, Peyton, & Batson, 1993; Hudson & Bruckman, 2002; Kern, 1995). However, other studies have shown that online environments have poor student participation (e.g., Davis & Huttenlocher, 1995; Guzdial & Carroll, 2002; Palonen & Hakkarainen, 2000). Why is this the case? What causes participation to vary from one environment to another? To help explore these phenomena, I borrow a concept from social psychology: the bystander effect (Latane & Darley, 1970). Briefly, the bystander effect explains why individuals are less likely to help in an emergency if others are present. While the bystander effect specifically applies to helping behavior in emergency situations, I use this construct as a lens through which to view participation patterns in non-emergency situations such as educational environments (Hudson & Bruckman, 2004). The bystander effect has four key components that inhibit participation: self-awareness, social cues, blocking mechanisms, and diffuse responsibility. Focusing on these mechanisms can help us more fully characterize participation patterns observed in different educational environments and leverage this knowledge in the design of such systems.
Contrast-enhanced CMR imaging of ventricular tachycardia isthmus sites to guide ablation: an approach in evolution.

The mechanism of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease is primarily scar-related reentry [(1)][1]. Although any disease process that results in the formation of myocardial scar can predispose to reentrant VT, the best characterized substrate is post-myocardial
Laser Patterning and Via Drilling of Sapphire Wafers and Die

As proliferation of handheld devices drives 3D packaging to achieve densification, embedding increased functionality into a chip is a natural complementary advancement in miniaturization. Ever increasing complexity of microelectronic design and functionality leads to the use of multiple surfaces for circuit development on wafers or individual die. Through-silicon vias, stacked die and stacked wafers, along with circuitry deposited on multiple surfaces and irregular shaped structures are some examples of 3D packaging. Laser patterning and via drilling on sapphire wafers and die with a 532 nm green laser has shown significant capabilities to make micro-features on and in the sapphire. Current structures include vias for die and wafer level interconnects, and patterned grooves for circuitry and antenna patterns. Other possibilities include pocket or trench patterning for adding passive components to the back of die or wafers. Backside patterning may be used for nano-imprinting of inks and other liquids. Thes...
Gender differences in attitudes and use of condom availability programs among sexually active students in New York City public high schools.

The New York City Board of Education in 1991 began making condoms available in public high schools in the attempt to stem the further spread of HIV among sexually active adolescents. 6881 students were surveyed in twelve randomly selected City public high schools in Fall 1993 to assess the impact of the program on students knowledge attitudes and behavior related to condom use and HIV risk reduction. 141 students also participated in 18 focus groups in six of the schools during Spring 1993 and 1994. Findings on gender differences in both attitudes and use of the program among sexually active students are reported. Sexually active girls attitudes toward using condoms and the condom availability program were more positive than those of sexually active boys although boys were more likely to have used the program. Girls reported embarrassment and confidentiality concerns as the main deterrents to using the program. The authors conclude that these data suggest a need to examine and address gender-specific attitudes which contribute to reluctance to use the program among sexually active girls.
The Price-Setting Newsvendor with Inventories and Stock-Out Costs: An Economic Interpretation

For the price-setting newsvendor and general forms of uncertainty, the optimal price and mark-up can be characterized in terms of just the marginal cost of an expected unit sold and the elasticity of the average quantity sold. This paper extends that result to allow for inventory and stock-out costs, both of which affect the marginal cost of an expected unit sold.
Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated PGE2 Release from Human Monocytes

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from the suspected periodontal pathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(A. a.), Bacteroides gingivalis, B. intermedius and Wolinella recta were compared to Salmonella typhimurium LPS for their capacity to stimulate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from human monocytes. Counterflow isolated monocytes were cultured with control medium or media containing 10 μg/ml LPS. Media were then exchanged every 24 hours for a total of 72 hours. Salmonella and Wolinella LPS preparations demonstrated seven-fold greater PGE2 release than B. gingivalis and two-fold greater than A. a. and B. intermedius. PGE2 release was found to decrease over time with all LPS preparations except Wolinella. The potency of the LPS preparations is tentatively ranked as follows: Wolinella ≥ Salmonella > A. a. > B. intermedius ≥ B. gingivalis. These findings demonstrate that LPS preparations from suspected periodontal pathogens are capable of stimulating PGE2 release from human monocytes. The high potenc...
IRMPD spectroscopic study of microsolvated [Na(GlyAla)]+ and [Ca(GlyAla-H)]+ and the blue shifting of the hydrogen-bonded amide stretch with each water addition.

In this study, the structures of [Na(GlyAla)(H2O)]+ and [Ca(GlyAla–H)(H2O)n]+, (n = 1–3) solvated ion–molecule complexes (as well as the AlaGly isomers) were investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and with computational methods. Calculations showed that in the calcium clusters, the lowest-energy complex is the one in which the peptide is deprotonated at the carboxylic acid end and that Ca2+ binds to both carboxylate oxygen atoms as well as the amide carbonyl oxygen. For the microsolvated structures, all three water molecules also bind directly to Ca2+. For the singly, doubly, and triply solvated complexes, these structures are supported by experimental IRMPD spectra. For the [Na(GlyAla)(H2O)]+ complex, both carbonyl oxygen atoms, one from the intact carboxylic acid and one from the amide group, as well as the water molecule were found to be bound to the Na+. In all of the spectra, a strong band is observed between 3300 and 3400 cm–1 and is assigned to the amide N–H s...
Urinary and fecal coproporphyrin excretion in rats. III. Excretion of injected coproporphyrin.

Summary and Conclusions1. Studies have been made of the urinary and fecal excretion of coproporphyrins I and III administered intravenously to rats. In the normal animal, no increase in urinary excretion occurred; approximately one-half of the injected material was excreted in the feces. 2. Coproporphyrin administered intravenously to rats was rapidly excreted in the bile via an external biliary fistula, or in the urine when complete biliary obstruction existed. Orally administered coproporphyrin did not appear to be absorbed, and approximately half was recovered from the feces. Regardless of the route of administration, only half of the coproporphyrin could be recovered. 3. In acute liver injury due to carbon tetrachloride, intravenous administration of coproporphyrin resulted in an increased urinary porphyrin excretion, with a relative reduction in the amount excreted in the feces. 4. In rats with chronic liver injury due to a choline-deficient diet virtually none of the injected porphyrin could be reco...
Analysis of PITFL injuries in rotationally unstable ankle fractures.

Background:Reduction and stabilization of the syndesmosis in unstable ankle fractures is important for ankle mortise congruity and restoration of normal tibiotalar contact forces. Of the syndesmotic ligaments, the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) provides the most strength for maintaining syndesmotic stability, and previous work has demonstrated the significance of restoring PITFL function when it remains attached to a posterior malleolus fracture fragment. However, little is known regarding the nature of a PITFL injury in the absence of a posterior malleolus fracture. The goal of this study was to describe the PITFL injury pattern based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative observation.Methods:A prospective database of all operatively treated ankle fractures by a single surgeon was used to identify all supination-external rotation (SER) types III and IV ankle fracture patients with complete preoperative orthogonal ankle radiographs and MRI. All patients with a posterior m...
Conceptual Change in Psychology Students' Acceptance of the Scientific Foundation of the Discipline.

Two studies explored conceptual change in undergraduate psychology students' acceptance of the scientific foundations of the discipline. In Study 1, Introductory Psychology students completed the P...
17: OBESE ADIPOCYTE-DERIVED EXOSOMAL MIRNAS TARGETING TGF-β SIGNALING ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR ASTHMA CONTROL

Purpose of Study Obesity is a major risk factor for difficult-to-control asthma. We reported obese visceral adipose-derived exosomes contain miRNAs capable of impairing TGF-β signaling, a pathway involved in airway remodeling, associated with poor asthma clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that adipose-derived exosomal miRNAs from obese youth with asthma would be associated with poor asthma control. Methods Used AsthMaP-2 Subjects (youth with physician-diagnosed asthma) were selected at extremes of obesity (n=10) and leanness (n=10). We profiled RNA from adipose-derived exosomes from serum and urine and identified significant correlations (p≤0.05) between obese adipose-derived exosomal miRNAs and Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis generated predicted mRNA targets and pathways. Summary of Results Obese subjects had a BMI≥98th percentile and lean subjects had a BMI≤13th percentile for age and sex. Serum adipose-derived exosomes contained 12 ACT-correlated miRNAs predicted to target 2,963 mRNAs with TGF-β Signaling as the top pathway (ratio=36/87; p=3×10 −9 ). Urinary adipose-derived exosomes contained 7 ACT-correlated miRNAs predicted to target 2,387 mRNAs with TGF-β Signaling among the top pathways (ratio=18/87; p=0.01). The serum exosomal miRNAs were predicted to target TGF-β signaling mediators9 mRNAs: downregulation of ACVR2B, SMAD3, SMAD5, and SMAD7 by miR-15a-5p (Fold Change (FC)=1.5; p=0.039) and upregulation of TGFB2 and TGFBR2 by miR-153-3p (FC=−1.7; p=0.041). The urinary exosomal miRNAs were also predicted to target TGF-β signaling mediators9 mRNAs, the net effects were the opposite direction: upregulation of ACVR2B and SMAD4 by miR-138-5p (FC=−1.2; p=0.033) and downregulation of TGFB2 and TGFBR2 by miR-153-3p (FC=1.6; p=0.026) and SMAD6 by miR-3187-5p (FC=2.3; p=0.008). Conclusions Poor asthma control in obese youth is associated with adipose-derived exosomal miRNAs in both serum and urine, in particular those that are predicted to affect TGF-β signaling. Due to anatomic considerations, visceral adipose-derived exosomes are expected to predominate in urine, while serum will contain a mix of both visceral and subcutaneous adipose-derived exosomes. Therefore, adipose-derived exosomes derived from urine may be useful biomarkers in obese subjects with asthma.