cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled rotation of birefringent particles in an optical trap

Optical traps have been used in a multitude of applications requiring the sensing and application of forces. However, optical traps also have the ability to accurately apply and sense torques. Birefringent particles experience a torque when trapped in elliptically polarized light. By measuring the frequency content of the exiting beam, the rotational rates can be set up in a feedback loop and actively controlled. Here we describe an optical trap with feedback torque control to maintain constant rotational rates despite the introduction of an increased drag on the particle. As a result, this research has the potential to advance the understanding of rotary motor proteins such as F1 ATPase.
Influence of competition and age on tree growth in structurally complex old-growth forests in northern Minnesota, USA

Abstract Factors influencing tree growth in structurally complex forests remain poorly understood. Here we assessed the influence of competition on Pinus resinosa (n = 224) and Pinus strobus (n = 90) growth in four old-growth stands in Minnesota, using mixed effects models. A subset of trees, with accurate age estimates, was used to further test the influence of tree age. Our analyses included the weighted Voronoi diagram (WVD) as a novel competition index, representing a detailed description of the spatial structure of a tree’s neighborhood. Competition was variably expressed depending on stand developmental history and tree species. For P. resinosa in single-cohort stands, and P. strobus in multi-cohort stands, tree size relative to the population mean size best predicted tree growth. In contrast, for P. resinosa in multi-cohort stands, the spatial configuration of competitors became important, as shown by the superior performance of the WVD index. Surprisingly, while tree age had a negative influence on growth, it did not influence the intensity of competition. Our results highlight the importance of considering stand developmental history and tree age in analyses of tree growth and competition, and the potential for improving assessments of competition in complex stands, using detailed quantification of neighborhood structure.
Design issues for substrate-mode holograms used in optical interconnects

In this paper we discuss a number of issues which affect the performance tolerances of substrate mode holograms (SMHs) used for optical interconnect systems. We examine the effects of emulsion uniformity, thickness variation, and index variation on the ability to accurately determine the diffraction angle within the substrate. The experimental results for the environment stability of SMHs are presented. The effects of emulsion thickness change and cross-coupling on the diffraction efficiency of a 1 X 2 multiplexed SMH are also described.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
From deficit toward competency: Discourse and language in clinical practice

Abstract This article examines alternatives for using language and discourse in clinical practice. The goal is to deconstruct deficit language and move toward a competency based psychological service. Deficit and pathology, the native tongue of psychotherapy, tend to initiate permanent stigmatizing patterns of social interaction which further marginalizes clients. This article deconstructs the taken‐for‐granted assumptions and discourses that underpin deficit‐based practice. Through the process of rediscoursing and re‐inventing therapeutic languages, therapists can reverse the self‐sustaining feedback loop initiated by deficit focus. These changes transport possibilities and personal agency into postmodern practice.
Some observations on the photoconductivity of amorphous semiconductors

The effect of doping on the steady-state photoconductivity, σ p , of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) was explored down to temperatures of 4.2 K. Thermal quenching (TQ) is found in both n-type and p-type samples. The temperature of TQ decreases monotonically as the Fermi level is moved downward through the gap center. Electrons are the photocarriers below TQ and holes above TQ in undoped and p-type a-Si:H. A determination of type of photocarriers for hopping photoconductivity below 40 K yields electrons for n-type and holes for strongly p-type a-Si:H. The localization radii of localized conduction band tail states, a ∼ 13 A, and of valence band tail states, a ∼ 7 A, were determined from the dependence of the photocurrent on temperature and high electric fields. The temperature dependence of σ p of amorphous boron and boron carbon alloys is compared with those of other amorphous semiconductors.
Bacteria in blood and kidney of apparently healthy hatchery trout

Abstract Aseptic examination of blood and kidney material from three species of apparently healthy trout at two hatcheries showed that 12.5% of examined trout at one hatchery and 26.1% of trout at the other carried low numbers of bacteria. In addition, sera from these trout had agglutinins against some of the isolated bacteria and bacterial types found in trout were the same as those cultured from raceway water in which fish were raised. Although the presence of these bacteria does not constitute a disease state, the potential for an epizootic is present should trout be placed under stress conditions.
The Determination of the Structure of Low Temperature Triplet Energy Traps Using PMDR Methods. I. The Magnetic Axes of Hexachlorobenzene Excimers.

Abstract Using linearly polarized microwave radiation, the optically detected microwave signal of the zero-field transitions of the hexachlorobenzene broad excimer-type emission is studied as a function of the angle between the microwave H field and the crystal axes. The dependence of the PMDR signal on the angle between the H field of the linearly polarized microwave and crystal axes is examined. From these studies, the exact orientation of the three orthogonal magnetic axes of a phosphorescent triplet state in a single crystal host can be elucidated if three microwave polarization ratios are determined. The method is applied to determine the principal magnetic axes of the triplet state giving rise to the excimer type emission of the hexachlorobenzene crystal at 1.6°K.
Toxicology screening of the trauma patient: A changing profile

Study objectives: To determine the current ingestants found in the multiply injured trauma patient and to determine if this select group of ingestants affected the resuscitation, evaluation, or convalescent management of these patients. Design: A one-year retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who were admitted to an urban trauma center with a discharge diagnosis of multiple trauma and who received a comprehensive toxicology screening test. Main results: One hundred twenty-seven of the 177 patients (72%) who fulfilled the criteria had positive toxicology screens. Ethyl alcohol was the only drug present in 26 of these patients (20%); 57 (45%) were positive for drugs other than ethyl alcohol. A combination of ethyl alcohol and at least one other drug was quantified in 44 patients (35%). The most often encountered substances were ethyl alcohol (55%), marijuana (24%), and cocaine (21%). Twelve drug screens (9%) demonstrated pharmaceuticals (eg, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, or cyclic antidepressants) that may require specific antidotal treatment. Conclusion: The ingestant profile found in this subgroup of trauma patients differed from those of previous studies. Although a select group of these ingestants requires specific treatment or affects the physical assessment of the patient, none of these trauma patients received more than supportive care.
The Effects of Task Complexity and Group Member Experience on Computer-Mediated Groups Facing Deception

Research problem: Due to globalization and the increased availability of online collaboration tools, individuals are now likely to work together in settings where computers are their primary mode of communication. However, because communication characteristics are different in virtual team settings, especially when they are text based, communication problems, such as deception, arise. Recent research found that deceptive individuals in virtual teams can have a negative impact on group task performance, and it recognized that in addition to the communication medium, task and group characteristics, such as task complexity and group member experience, are important influences in these settings. However, the impacts of these additional influences have not been empirically examined. Research question: Does group members' experience with each other and task complexity affect their deception detection accuracy and task performance in a computer-mediated communication setting? Literature review: Previous literature has shown that deceivers are an important influence on computer-mediated groups. However, few studies have compared different group settings, and no studies have empirically tested the impact that task and group characteristics, such as task complexity and group member experience, have on these types of groups. Methodology: An experiment was designed to test the effect of group member experience and task complexity on computer-mediated groups facing deception. Two-hundred fifty-six undergraduates (256) were selected for the experiment. Results and conclusions: Quantitative analysis, which included multivariate analysis of variance, revealed that (a) groups performing a low-complexity task were better at detecting deception than were groups performing a high-complexity task, (b) groups with members who had experience with each other had higher task performance than did inexperienced groups, and (c) experienced groups did not have higher accuracy in detecting deception than did inexperienced groups. These results highlight the importance of understanding the different affects that task complexity and group member experience have on virtual teams facing deception, and they provide insight into what practices can help minimize the impact of interactive computer-mediated deception.
Evidence for extended prophylaxis in the setting of orthopedic surgery.

Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery represent one of the highest risk groups for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Evidence shows that this risk extends beyond the period in which the patient is hospitalized, especially for patients undergoing hip surgery. Clinical trials have shown that extended prophylaxis with the low-molecular-weight heparins is effective in reducing the rate of total VTE, and a meta-analysis demonstrated a reduction in symptomatic VTE with extended prophylaxis after total hip replacement surgery. Based on these results, the American College of Chest Physicians gives a grade 2A recommendation for the use of extended prophylaxis after orthopedic surgery. Until recently, data evaluating the role of prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery were limited. Subsequently, a novel anticoagulant, fondaparinux, demonstrated significant benefit in these patients and has become the first and only agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Despite the limitations of the older trials, their findings supported the need to evaluate extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. In the first well-conducted trial of extended prophylaxis for hip fracture surgery, fondaparinux provided impressive results in reducing total and symptomatic VTE. The results of this trial have once again led to fondaparinux being the first and only agent to be granted FDA approval for the indication of extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
Properties of the Io plasma torus inferred from Voyager EUV data

A physical model for the Io plasma torus is constructed to explain the EUV radiative emission observed by the Voyager UV spectrometer. Electron impact excitation rate coefficients for electronic transitions of S III, S IV, O II and O III are calculated by the method of distorted waves (Davis, Kepple, and Blaha, 1976); these coefficients account for the asymmetric shape of the 686 A feature. It is concluded that the electron gas must have a distribution function with a non-Maxwellian tail. An approximate representation of the distribution function as two temperature components requires a cold component of 3.5-4 eV and density of 2000 per cu cm and a hot component of about 100 eV and density of 50-100 per cu cm to satisfy observational constraints.
Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities

The truthful speaker wants not to assert falsehoods, wherefore he is willing to assert only what he takes to be very probably true. He deems it permissible to assert that A only if P(A) is sufficiently close to 1, where P is the probability function that represents his system of degrees of belief at the time. Assertability goes by subjective probability.
Detectors for cosmic rays on ground and in Space

Abstract The origin of cosmic rays has been a great mystery since they were discovered by Victor Hess in 1912. AGASA's observation of ultra-high-energy cosmic-rays (UHECR) possibly beyond the GZK (Greisen, Zatsepin and Kuzmin) cutoff stimulated the field in great deal. In addition, Kamiokande's detection of neutrinos from SN1987A and the detection of TeV gamma-rays from supernova remnants at H.E.S.S. have demonstrated the viability of neutrino and TeV gamma-ray astronomy for cosmic-ray research. A new generation of currently operating or soon-to-be-operating detectors for charged particles, gamma rays and neutrinos from cosmos will get us even closer to understanding the nature and origin of cosmic rays. Detectors for UHECRs, gamma rays and neutrinos are of particular importance in order to study the origins of cosmic rays since these particles are free from deflection due to magnetic fields. Detectors for antiparticles and gamma rays would be useful to detect cosmic rays originating from the decay of dark matter in the Universe. I will review these cosmic-ray detectors with particular emphasis on the differences of ground-based, balloon-borne and satellite-borne detectors.
Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disease with physiological manifestations including tremors, bradykinesia, abnormal postural reflexes, rigidity and akinesia and pathological landmarks showing losses of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD has been intensively pursued for several decades, biochemical mechanisms and genetic and epigenetic factors leading to initiation and progression of the disease remain elusive. Environmental toxins including (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) MPTP, paraquat and rotenone have been shown to increase the risk of PD in humans. Oxidative stress remains the leading theory for explaining progression of PD. Studies with cell and animal models reveal oxidative and inflammatory properties of these toxins and their ability to activate glial cells which subsequently destroy neighboring dopaminergic neurons. This review describes pathological effects of neurotoxins on cells and signaling pathways for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underline the pathophysiology of PD.
Expression and purification of cysteine introduced recombinant saporin

Saporin, a ribosome inactivating protein is widely used for immunotoxin construction. Here we describe a mutation of saporin (sap)-3 DNA by introducing a cysteine residue, followed by protein expression and purification by ion exchange chromatography. The purified Cys255sap-3, sap-3 isomer and commercially purchased saporin, were tested for toxicity using assays measuring inhibition for protein synthesis. The IC50 values showed that the toxicity of the Cys255sap-3 is equivalent to the sap-3 isomer and commercial saporin. Reactivity of Cys255sap-3 was confirmed by labeling with a thio-specific fluorescent probe as well as conjugation with a nonspecific mouse IgG. We have found that a single cysteine within saporin provides a method for antibody conjugation that ensures a uniform and reproducible modification of a saporin variant retaining high activity.
Eukaryotic gene regulation

Basal Transcription Factor Informationhttp://tfiib.med.harvard.edu/transcription/basaltx.htmlEukaryotic Promoter Databasehttp://www.epd.isb-sib.ch/Transcriptional Regulatory Regions Databasehttp://www.bionet.nsc.ru/trrd/TRANSFAChttp://transfac.gbf.de/Homeodomain Resourcehttp://genome.nhgri.nih.gov/homeodomain/The Nuclear Receptor Resourcehttp://nrr.georgetown.edu/nrr/nrr.htmlHistone Sequence Databasehttp://genome.nhgri.nih.gov/histones/Nucleic Acid Databasehttp://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/NDB/RasMolhttp://www.umass.edu/microbio/rasmol/Swiss-Pdb Viewerhttp://www.expasy.ch/spdbv/Genome-Wide Expression Pagehttp://web.wi.mit.edu/young/expression/ View Table in HTML
Survival of various tooth- or implant-supported restorations.

A critical summary of Pjetursson BE, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. Quality of reporting of clinical studies to assess and compare performance of implant-supported restorations. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39(suppl 12):139-159.
Help-seeking behavior among mental health practitioners

The purpose of this exploratory study was to collect self-report data on willingness to seek personal therapy among therapists in Utah, and to discover if group trends occur among marriage and family therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Self-report background characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, number of children, and practice site, served as independent viriables. Responses from 421 therapists were obtained from a mail survey. Results showed that number of children, years in private practice, number of client contact hours per week, gender, marital status, religion, profession, and practice site were significant in willingness to seek personal therapy. Specific gender data and differences across the professions are presented.
Draft Genome Sequence of Tatumella sp. Strain UCD-D_suzukii (Phylum Proteobacteria) Isolated from Drosophila suzukii Larvae

Here we present the draft genome of Tatumella sp. strain UCD-D_suzukii, the first member of this genus to be sequenced. The genome contains 3,602,931 bp in 72 scaffolds. This strain was isolated from Drosophila suzukii larvae as part of a larger project to study the microbiota of D. suzukii.
Organization memory: Review of concepts and recommendations for management

The notion of corporate or organizational memory has been discussed for over a quarter of a century. A major objective of this work is to review the conceptual foundations of organizational memory drawing from information systems research, management science, economics, systems theory, political theory, organizational behavior, decision making, and communication theory. The paper provides the reader with a working definition of organizational memory, identifies ways to distinguish the contents of organizational memory, and explicates the processes of memory including knowledge acquisition, retention, maintenance and retrieval. Recommendations are made throughout the work regarding ways information managers can assess and control the effects of organizational memory. While this work does not represent the last word on organizational memory, it provides a conceptual road map to the many different and seemingly contradictory perspectives on the topic. As a practical guide, this work is valuable to managers struggling to compete using, and in spite of, organizational memory.
Effective electron-electron interaction in metals and superconductors

The effective electron-electron interaction (EEEI) arising in metals and superconductors due to exchange of virtual quasiparticles is investigated. The quasiparticles such as phonons, scalar and vector photons, and magnons in ferromagnetic metals are taken into consideration. The energy relaxation time and the conductivity induced by EEEI are calculated.
p21WAF1 and transforming growth factor-α mediate dietary phosphate regulation of parathyroid cell growth

p21 WAF1 and transforming growth factor-α mediate dietary phosphate regulation of parathyroid cell growth. Background The parathyroid (PT) hyperplasia induced by renal failure can be further enhanced by high dietary phosphate (P) or completely abolished by P restriction. To identify potential mechanisms mediating these opposing effects of dietary P on PT growth, this study first focused on p21 WAF1 (p21) because high P reduces while low P enhances serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, whose potent antiproliferative properties result from the induction of p21. In addition to reducing p21, high P-induced PT growth could result from increased PT expression of the growth promoter transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), known to be elevated in hyperplastic and adenomatous human PT glands. Methods The time course for dietary P regulation of PT expression of TGF-α and p21 was assessed for seven days after 5/6 nephrectomy in rats and correlated with the degree of PT hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Results In P-restricted 5/6 nephrectomized rats, PT-p21 mRNA and protein increased by day 2, independent of changes in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and remained higher than in the high P counterparts for up to seven days. The PT hyperplasia of the high P group could not be attributed to a reduction of PT-p21 expression from normal control values. Instead, PT–TGF-α protein was higher in uremic rats compared with normal controls and increased further with high dietary P intake. PT levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an index of cell mitoses, correlated inversely with p21 and directly with TGF-α. Consistent with these findings, PT gland size and serum PT hormone levels, similar in both dietary groups at day 2, were higher in the high P group by day 5. Induction of p21 by low P and of TGF-α by high P was specific for the PT glands. Dietary P had no effect either on intestinal growth or p21 or TGF-α protein content. Conclusions These findings suggest that low P induction of p21 could prevent PT hyperplasia in early uremia, whereas high P enhancement of TGF-α may function as an autocrine signal to stimulate growth further.
Computerized signal processing techniques for the quantification of muscular activity

Abstract This study investigates the utility of several computerized digital signal processing techniques in the quantitative analysis of surface electromyograms (EMG). Experiments were conducted to test the sensitivity of each of the developed techniques to changes in the EMG pattern due to small changes in isometric muscle loading. Results indicated that several indices are quite useful in quantifying EMG signals.
Resveratrol and Estradiol Rapidly Activate MAPK Signaling through Estrogen Receptors α and β in Endothelial Cells

Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are an important target of estrogen action through both the classical genomic (i.e. nuclear-initiated) activities of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERalpha and ERbeta) and the rapid "non-genomic" (i.e. membrane-initiated) activation of ER that stimulates intracellular phosphorylation pathways. We tested the hypothesis that the red wine polyphenol trans-resveratrol activates MAPK signaling via rapid ER activation in bovine aortic EC, human umbilical vein EC, and human microvascular EC. We report that bovine aortic EC, human umbilical vein EC, and human microvascular EC express ERalpha and ERbeta. We demonstrate that resveratrol and estradiol (E(2)) rapidly activated MAPK in a MEK-1, Src, matrix metalloproteinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent manner. Importantly, resveratrol activated MAPK and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) at nm concentrations (i.e. an order of magnitude less than that required for ER genomic activity) and concentrations possibly achieved transiently in serum following oral red wine consumption. Co-treatment with ER antagonists ICI 182,780 or 4-hydroxytamoxifen blocked resveratrol- or E(2)-induced MAPK and eNOS activation, indicating ER dependence. We demonstrate for the first time that ERalpha-and ERbeta-selective agonists propylpyrazole triol and diarylpropionitrile, respectively, stimulate MAPK and eNOS activity. A red but not a white wine extract also activated MAPK, and activity was directly correlated with the resveratrol concentration. These data suggest that ER may play a role in the rapid effects of resveratrol in EC and that some of the atheroprotective effects of resveratrol may be mediated through rapid activation of ER signaling in EC.
How Not to Increase Participation in Local Government: The Advantages of Experiments When Testing Policy Interventions

Local governments benefit from nonelected committees that provide citizen input on important issues. Although these committees offer a valuable tool for policy makers, they suffer from low participation and tend to underrepresent economically disadvantaged citizens. This article reports the results of a randomized survey experiment that evaluated the relative effectiveness of offering social recognition or skills training. The findings show that entreaties to participate premised on gaining social recognition had no effect on willingness to participate and that offers to provide training actually decreased citizens’ willingness to participate, especially among economically disadvantaged citizens. Even though these approaches may hold promise, this particular policy intervention did not live up to that promise. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of testing policy interventions before wide-scale implementation and the utility of randomized experiments in this process.
Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Bangladesh

Summary While there are many positive societal implications of increased female labor force participation, working may increase a woman’s risk of domestic violence. Using data I collected from Bangladesh, I document a positive correlation between work and domestic violence, but only among women with low education or young age at marriage. These results suggest that women with low bargaining power face increased risk of domestic violence upon entering the labor force as their husbands seek to counteract their increased bargaining power. Consequently, policies that increase women’s baseline bargaining power will decrease the risk that they face domestic violence upon beginning work.
Rao–Blackwellization for Bayesian Variable Selection and Model Averaging in Linear and Binary Regression: A Novel Data Augmentation Approach

Choosing the subset of covariates to use in regression or generalized linear models is a ubiquitous problem. The Bayesian paradigm addresses the problem of model uncertainty by considering models corresponding to all possible subsets of the covariates, where the posterior distribution over models is used to select models or combine them via Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Although conceptually straightforward, BMA is often difficult to implement in practice, since either the number of covariates is too large for enumeration of all subsets, calculations cannot be done analytically, or both. For orthogonal designs with the appropriate choice of prior, the posterior probability of any model can be calculated without having to enumerate the entire model space and scales linearly with the number of predictors, p. In this article we extend this idea to a much broader class of nonorthogonal design matrices. We propose a novel method which augments the observed nonorthogonal design by at most p new rows to obtain...
Hebbian learning and the development of direction selectivity: the role of geniculate response timings

Zero-sum Hebbian learning rules that reinforce well correlated inputs have been used by others to model the competitive self-organization of afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus to produce orientation selectivity and ocular dominance columns. However, the application of these simple Hebbian rules to the development of direction selectivity (DS) is problematic because the best correlated inputs are those that are well correlated in both the preferred and nonpreferred directions of motion. Such afferents would combine to produce non-DS cortical units. Afferents that are in spatiotemporal quadrature would combine to produce DS cortical units, but are poorly correlated in the nonpreferred direction. In this paper, the development of DS is reduced to the problem of associating a pair of units in spatiotemporal quadrature in the face of competition from a third, non-quadrature unit. As expected, simple Hebbian learning rules perform poorly at associating the quadrature pair. However, two additional Heb...
Situation based control for cyber-physical environments

The use of event-based paradigms to handle control problems in cyber-physical environments is of critical research importance. Most current works however provide partial solutions by only considering individual aspects like event detection, temporal calculi or signal based control. There is thus a need to define a new problem of situation based control which supports symbolic reasoning, strong temporal support and explicit inclusion of domain knowledge to undertake intelligent control in dynamic environments. We describe the problem from a traditional control theoretic perspective and show how it can be handled in practice using the semantics of ‘Situation Calculus’. The motivations for future research as well as the research challenges have been identified. The use of the proposed approach to support emerging cyber-physical applications is demonstrated through the example of a multimodal tele-presence application involving selection of appropriate sensor and actuator parameters based on exogenous user actions.
Understanding Treatment-Seeking Delay in Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Descriptions of Decision-Making Patterns

• BACKGROUND Women delay seeking treatment for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction longer than men delay. Women’s delay time has not been thoroughly characterized. • OBJECTIVES To qualitatively describe the period between the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction and enactment of the decision to seek care (decision time) and to identify common patterns of cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to the symptoms (decision trajectories). • METHODS In this qualitative study, 52 women were asked in semistructured interviews to describe the symptoms and related thoughts, decisions, and actions from the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction to arrival at the hospital. Narrative analysis was used to examine the stories and to identify patterns of decision-making behavior. • RESULTS Six common patterns of behavior during the decision time were identified: knowing and going, knowing and letting someone take over, knowing and going on the patient’s own terms, knowing and waiting, managing an alternative hypothesis, and minimizing. The patterns were further grouped as knowing or managing. Women in the 2 groups (knowing and managing) differed primarily in their awareness and interpretations of the symptoms and in their patterns of behavior in seeking treatment. • CONCLUSIONS Women’s delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of myocardial infarction can be categorized into distinct patterns. Clinicians can use knowledge of these patterns to detect responses and situations that can decrease decision time in future cardiac events and to educate women about how to respond to cardiac symptoms. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2005;14:285-293)
Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists.

Microbial eukaryotes encompass the majority of eukaryotic evolutionary and cytoskeletal diversity. The cytoskeletal complexity observed in multicellular organisms appears to be an expansion of components present in genomes of diverse microbial eukaryotes such as the basal lineage of flagellates, the Excavata. Excavate protists have complex and diverse cytoskeletal architectures and life cycles — essentially alternative cytoskeletal ‘landscapes’ — yet still possess conserved microtubule-associated and actin-associated proteins. Comparative genomic analyses have revealed that a subset of excavates, however, lack many canonical actin-binding proteins central to actin cytoskeleton function in other eukaryotes. Overall, excavates possess numerous uncharacterized and ‘hypothetical’ genes, and may represent an undiscovered reservoir of novel cytoskeletal genes and cytoskeletal mechanisms. The continued development of molecular genetic tools in these complex microbial eukaryotes will undoubtedly contribute to our overall understanding of cytoskeletal diversity and evolution.
A Concise Guide to the Records of the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 as a Source of the Original Meaning of the U.S. Constitution

The article describes the Constitutional Convention and the various kinds of records that were kept of its proceedings. The essay then explains, with examples, how judicial opinions and academic works draw upon the records for evidence of the Constitution’s original meaning, including both the meaning that the Framers may have subjectively intended the document to have and also other possible meanings. The essay next identifies and assesses seven important potential grounds for impeaching assertions about what the records show. Each of these potential grounds has merit in some contexts, but all of them are also subject to significant limitations or counter arguments. The essay, accordingly, recommends that anyone making or evaluating claims about the original meaning of the Constitution should proceed with caution, carefully taking into account both the possible grounds for impeaching claims and the arguments against these grounds. Appendices to this essay include an annotated bibliography and a table of the deputies who participated at the Constitutional Convention.This article is one of a series of articles on sources of the original meaning of the Constitution. See also Gregory E. Maggs, A Concise Guide to The Records of the State Ratifying Conventions as a Source of the Original Meaning of the U.S. Constitution, 2009 U. Ill. L. Rev. 457; and Gregory E. Maggs, A Concise Guide to the Federalist Papers as a Source of the Original Meaning of the United States Constitution, 87 B.U. L. Rev. 801 (2007).
Medication Adherence: Many Conditions, a Common Problem:

The problem of adherence — why people fail to follow therapies intended to improve their health — has long bedeviled researchers in medicine, public health, nursing, pharmacology, psychology, and beyond. Most studies have focused on solving problems surrounding a specific condition (such as diabetes) or behavior (such as smoking cessation). This proposal presents a generalized, cross-condition model — the Adherence Loop model — that describes the role of beliefs, knowledge, and actions for designing better adherence programs. The model is based on studies from 4 diverse conditions: multiple sclerosis (MS), weight loss, osteoporosis, and erectile dysfunction (ED). The model suggests ways to support the design process and create programs, tools, and environments to promote adherence by better understanding patients' journeys and mental models of their conditions.
Moments and points in an interval-based temporal logic

This paper develops and explores a first-order theory of time that appears useful as an underlying framework for a wide range of practical applications in artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, it presents a concise, formal axiomatization of “interval-based” time as described by Allen and then explores the relationship between interval-based and point-based temporal theories in detail. This analysis should be useful to both theoretical and practical work in AI that involves the representation of time, since it shows what distinctions are actually substantive and what arise merely from formalisms being notational variants of one another. Cet article elabore et explore une theorie de premier ordre du temps qui semble utile comme cadre de travail dans une vaste gamme d'applications pratiques dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle. En particulier, il presente une axiomatisation concise du temps a base d'intervalles telle que decrite par Allen; de plus, il explore la relation entre les theories temporelles a base d'intervalles et celles a base de points. Cette analyse devrait ětre utile dans les travaux pratiques et theoriques qui necessitent la representation du temps, car elle demontre quelles distinctions sont vraiment importantes et lesquelles decoulent de formalismes qui sont chacun des variantes notationnelles de l'autre.
Marginalization, Facilitation, and the Production of Unequal Risk: The 2006 Paso del Norte Floods

: Drawing upon insights from the field of urban political ecology, this article extends the critical hazards concept of marginalization by incorporating a relational focus on facilitation. Facilitation connotes the institutionally mediated process that enables powerful geographical groups of people to minimize negative environmental externalities and appropriate positive environmental externalities in particular places, with unjust socioenvironmental consequences. The article demonstrates the utility of a marginalization/facilitation frame for understanding the production of unequal risk based on a case study of the 2006 El Paso (USA)-Ciudad Juarez (Mexico) flood disaster. The case study reveals how uneven developments have produced complex sociospatial patterns of exposure to flood hazards and how processes of facilitation and marginalization have created socially disparate flood-prone landscapes characterized by unequal risks. The paper concludes by outlining how the frame presented helps clarify understanding of the production of unequal risk.
Evaluation of Light‐Scattering Data of Liquids from Physical Constants

The Rayleigh ratios and polarization ratios of some liquids are calculated from physical constants. If the molecules are nonpolar and have axial symmetry, the effect of the orientational correlations can be evaluated from Kerr constants. It was found necessary to consider the pressure dependence of Lorentz—Lorenz functions in the theory of light scattering and the Kerr effect of liquids. Theoretical and experimental data are compared and discussed.
A Simple Method for Estimating Amount of Red Marrow Present in Mechanically Deboned Meat

Muscle:red marrow mixtures containing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% marrow (w/w) were prepared to simulate the widest range of red marrow percentages which might be found in mechanically deboned meat (MDM). Significant increases in pH with each increase in marrow concentration and a correlation coefficient of 0.96 between marrow concentration and pH were found. Therefore, pH values can be used to estimate red marrow concentration in MDM once average values for pH of meat attached to bones and marrow in those bones are established at individual deboning operations. Level of red marrow in MDM is related to functional properties such as water holding capacity as well as nutritional value and palatability.
Professor Fujio Masuoka?s Passion and Patience Toward Flash Memory

The main feature of Flash Memory is that it can retain data when the power is shut down, which is an indispensable part of a modern electronic system. System designers benefited greatly when the electrically erased and programmed nonvolatile Flash Memory became available. DRAM has been mainly used for the main memory to store the data and program in the computer. DRAM is fast, however, it can no longer retain data when the power is shut down. It is called a volatile memory. Therefore, personal computers have external storage devices of Hard Disk Drive (HDD) at any cost. This replacement of HDD by Flash Memory has been just got started. Flash Memory has a variety of advantages; low cost, light, low power (eco-friendly), vibration free, and resistant to moisture, etc. These good points of Flash Memory have innovatively produced a digital camera, cellular phone, and removal storage card. And now, Solid State Disk (SSD) has been fed directly into a computer in the replacement of HDD.
Naturally Occurring Infectious Fibroma in the Domestic Rabbit

Infectious fibromas developed in eight domestic rabbits that were all kept in outside cages. Each rabbit had a single cutaneous tumor. Six of these tumors, which were studied by light microscopy, consisted of tumor cells resembling fibroblasts and large areas of inflammation. The overlying epidermis was hyperplastic and contained easily recognizable intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies were also in subepithelial fibroma cells. Electron microscopy of three of these tumors revealed typical pox-virus inclusions, sites of viral replication, maturation, and mature particles in epithelial cells of the epidermis and in subepithelial tumor cells. Virus was not seen in inflammatory cells or leukocytes within vascular channels.
Some Didn't Call it Hate Multiple Accounts of the Zimmerman Library Incident

On November 19, 1994, over 100 bound volumes of gender and gay studies journals were taken from five shelves at the University of New Mexico (UNM) general library, and several of the remaining volumes had been defaced with swastikas and slogans. Ten days later, the missing volumes were found concealed behind other journals on a high shelf. In this article, a feminist scholar at the University of New Mexico combines official and unofficial, firsthand and secondary observations of the incident and its aftermath to determine what it can teach us about gender-based hate crime and what strategies might be developed to best address this type of hate crime.
Vitamin D Status and Periodontal Disease Among Pregnant Women

Background: Maternal periodontal disease is found in ≤40% of pregnant women and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in periodontal disease and tooth loss, and insufficient vitamin D status is common among pregnant women. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and periodontal disease.Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Cases were defined as pregnant women with clinical moderate to severe periodontal disease; controls were pregnant women who were periodontally healthy. Maternal data were chart abstracted and serum was collected between 14 and 26 weeks of gestation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Median serum 25(OH)D levels and prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (defined as <75 nmol/l) were compared between cases and controls. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for moderate to severe periodontal disease among ...
Biphasic effects of manganese on hormone-stimulated bone resorption.

Manganese, at concentrations of greater than 0.3 mm, inhibited PTH-stimulated resorption of fetal rat limb bones. At lower concentrations, 0.01 to 0.3 mm, manganese stimulated resorption. The bone resorbing effects of manganese were additive with those of PTH, prostaglandin E2, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or isobutylmethylxanthine, but were potentiated by ionophore A23187. The stimulatory effects of manganese were inhibited by calcitonin but not by indomethacin. Manganese appeared to act intracellularly to stimulate resorption, in that the enhancing effects were also seen when the manganese was encapsulated in liposomes. Both stimulatory and inhibitory manganese concentrations increased cAMP in the culture medium. Manganese concentrations that inhibited PTHstimulated resorption also inhibited the effect of PTH on medium cAMP. The enhancement of PTH-induced resorption by manganese was, however, not accompanied by increases in cAMP in the culture medium. This suggests that the PTH-Mn interaction is not mediat...
Simultaneous quantitation of seven pyrethroid metabolites in human urine by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Pyrethroid insecticides are applied in the residential environment, as well as in agricultural crops, for insect control purpose. We developed and validated an accurate, sensitive, and reproducible analytical method to simultaneously detect seven pyrethroid metabolites, namely, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid, 4-chloro-α-isoproply benzeneacetic acid, and 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, in human urine. This method employs deconjugation with enzyme, SPE using Agilent C18 cartridges on a RapidTrace SPE workstation, derivatization using hexafluoro isopropanol and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide, and compounds separation and identification on GC–MS. The detection limits of seven metabolites were 0.02–0.08 ng/mL in urine. The recoveries of seven metabolites were 81–104%, 85–99%, and 83–99% in urine specimens fortified at 0.1, 0.4, and 3.2 ng/mL concentrations, respectively. The overall coefficient of variation was 4.3–10.8% in two quality control specimens which were repeatedly measured during a period of 2 months. This method was applied to urine samples collected from children living in Boston, MA. The median concentrations of six detected pyrethroid metabolites ranged from 0.06 to 0.86 ng/mL in urine.
Assessing recovery in a stream ecosystem: Applying multiple chemical and biological endpoints

Recovery dynamics in a previously disturbed stream undergoing remediation was assessed by measuring several chemical and biological endpoints. Three major trophic levels (periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish communities) were analyzed along with various biological indicators of fish health including sub-organismal (biochemical and physiological) and individual-level responses. Ambient toxicity testing, water quality measurements, and fish bioaccumulation studies were also conducted to provide additional indicators of stream recovery. Information on chemical loading, biological exposure (bioaccumulation), and bioassays help identify the underlying or mechanistic basis of recovery, while endpoints measured on instream biota, and particularly those at higher levels of biological organization, are key responses for understanding the dynamics and ecological significance of recovery. When assessing recovery in aquatic ecosystems, it is important to conduct long-term field studies incorporating a variety of response variables that represent a wide range of sensitivities and response time scales. The value of different endpoints for assessing recovery depends on the inherent characteristics that are related to response variability and sensitivity, specificity and causal relationships to stressors, and ecological relevance. Long-term data sets incorporating a variety and range of these endpoints are needed to improve our understanding of natural variability in streams and provide a baseline against which effects of disturbance and subsequent recovery processes can be evaluated. The complexity of aquatic systems and their variable recovery dynamics suggest that no single measure is adequate for assessing aquatic ecosystem recovery and that a suite of chemical and biological endpoints is required for a more complete understanding of ecosystem dynamics and status during both the recovery and the post-disturbance periods. Such information should be valuable to environmental managers and regulators in helping to make more informed decisions regarding effective management and mitigation practices in disturbed systems.