cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonally arranged probes for quantum nondemolition measurement

In this paper we present a model for quantum measurement. This scheme consists of using two polarization-entangled photons that are orthogonal to each other to probe the atom from which we want to extract some information. The atom we use here is a two-level rubidium. These levels are the 5P 3/2 and 5P 1/2 and is illustrated in Figl. Our initial results indicate that such a scheme can slow down the rate of measurement-induced decoherence.
In Memoriam: Pentti K. Siiteri, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief, Endocrine Reviews, 1985–1990

Pentti Siiteri was a brilliant, inquisitive, and outstanding scientist, who delved deeply to get to the core of very significant, important, and novel hormonal findings, no matter how complex the issues. He did not stop digging regardless of how complex the issue, and his investigations were almost always well thought through, and almost always correct. “Finn,” which was what almost everybody called him, had a love and enjoyment of life in general, and science particularly. He had five delightful children, four sons and one daughter, all of whom were extremely fond of their Dad. His delightful wife, Helen, is a successful and perceptive writer of children's books, and a thoughtful, intelligent, charming woman and mother. Among Finn's numerous discoveries were demonstrations of key facets of the human placenta, the early studies of progesterone and estrogens, both physiologically and pathologically, and various forms of cancer. He completed his doctorate at Dartmouth and a postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia University. He studied with the brilliant, perceptive, world-renowned biochemist, Seymour Lieberman, who trained many outstanding biochemists. When Finn was at Columbia University, he also worked closely with Paul MacDonald, a brilliant physician-scientist. Soon after Paul moved back to the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas from Columbia, Finn joined him in Dallas. They produced a series of very important studies concerning the placenta and free and conjugated steroids, for which Finn was well known and received many honors, including a major formal presentation in Finland. Shortly after I joined the faculty at the University of California, San Francisco, and established the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Biology to enhance basic science in Obstetrics and Gynecology. I was invited to speak at the University of Texas Southwestern, where Finn had been successful and productive for many years. I was looking for a senior biochemist who could help nurture and train more junior physicians and scientists. Finn accepted my offer and soon joined me on the faculty of UCSF in the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Biology, where he had a fruitful scientific career. With Finn as a senior faculty member, we recruited a panoply of talented faculty members, fellows, and graduate students. Aside from his scientific talents, one of Finn's many other abilities included playing a variety of string instruments, including a mandolin, guitar, and ukulele. He often serenaded us with his ukulele and other instruments. Finn was a warm, caring, unique, and wonderful individual. He was one of a kind, and will be missed by family, friends, and colleagues.
Parmênides e o caminho da justiça

Propoe-se a analisar o pensamento de Parmenides, indicativo de uma concepcao de Justica a meio caminho entre o periodo pre-socratico e os sistemas filosoficos de Platao e Aristoteles. Inscreve-se Parmenides na fronteira de um pensar mitico e na busca de uma ordenacao racional de ideias. O caminho delineado por Parmenides estabelece vias antiteticas, destacando-se o caminho do conhecimento verdadeiro. Viagem conduzida pela Deusa Justica, em que se revela o itinerario rumo a um nivel de maior abstracao, afastando-se do plano da doxa , reino das opinioes contrastantes. Trata-se da viagem do homem sabio em busca da sabedoria, dos fundamentos teoricos que balizam a condicao humana e o Direito.
Acute and Long-Term Effects of Clinical Doses of Antenatal Glucocorticoids in the Developing Fetal Sheep Kidney

The controversy regarding potential long-term side effects of antenatal steroid administration for accelerating fetal lung maturation is still unresolved despite more than 30 years of experience. Studies in animals have demonstrated that administration of glucocorticoids during pregnancy alters renal expression of several key regulatory molecules at different developmental stages followed in most cases with the development of hypertension in the adult. We studied the effects of betamethasone on the expression of (1) NA,K-ATPAse pump; (2) the Na/H exchanger 3 (NAHE3); (3) angiotensin receptor (AT1 and AT2); and (4) the type 1 dopamine receptor (DIR). Pregnant sheep were treated with either 0.17 mg/kg betamethasone or vehicle 24 hours apart at 80 and 81 days’ gestation. Fetal kidneys were harvested at 81 and 135 days’ gestation. Protein and mRNA levels were measured in kidney cortex. Betamethasone had acute and long-term effects on fetal kidney cortex gene expression. Acutely, mRNA abundance for AT2 was significantly lower and that of NHE3 significantly higher than in controls (0.4 ± 0.02 vs 0.7 ± 0.05; 1.2 ± 0.16 vs 0.4 ± 0.04; P <.05). At 135 days’ gestation, AT2 receptor abundance remained lower than control (0.2 ± 0.02 vs 0.4 ± 0.02; P <.05), whereas D1R expression was higher (0.8 ± 0.17 vs 0.5 ± 0.06; P <.05). No changes in NayK-ATPase of AT1 receptor at either of the two time points studied were observed. Antenatal steroid administration was not associated with premature labor or a reduction in either body weight or kidney weight. Our findings strongly suggest that antenatal glucocorticoid administration according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus guidelines may alter human fetal renal development. Further studies are needed to establish a direct relationship between alterations in fetal renal gene expression and the development of hypertension in adulthood.
STUDENT SURVEY RESPONSE RATES ACROSS INSTITUTIONS: Why Do They Vary?

While many studies have examined nonresponse in student surveys, little research investigates why some schools achieve higher student survey response rates than other schools. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we analyze survey data from 321 institutions that participated in the 2003 National Survey of Student Engagement to understand how characteristics of colleges and universities relate to student survey response rates. We find that the makeup of the student body, as well as institutional characteristics such public/private status and urban location affects response rates, and that the number of computers per undergraduate has a strong positive effect for web survey response rates.
Variability in soil chemistry and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in harvester ant nests: the influence of topography, grazing and region

Harvester ants are important disturbance agents across western North America, but the effects of ant disturbances on soils may vary considerably with topography and land use. We examined how soil properties and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in harvester ant nests varied across spatial scales according to topography, grazing regime and region. Soils from undisturbed areas were compared with nest disturbances created by two species of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis on shortgrass steppe in Colorado and P. rugosus on Chihuahuan desert grassland in New Mexico, in 1996 and 1997. Nests of both ant species were enriched with NO3 –-N, total P and roots colonized by AM fungi. Soil moisture was higher in P. rugosus' nests and lower in P. occidentalis' nests compared to surrounding areas. Soil pH was consistently lower in ant nests. Broad-scale factors such as grazing, topography and site affected most soil properties in and away from ant nests. Site exerted a strong influence on soil organic matter, pH and moisture. Within sites, topography had a significant affect on pH. Mycorrhizal colonization was influenced by site and topography in 1996 only, a substantially wetter year at both sites. Lastly, nutrient levels were largely determined by the fine-scale effects of ant disturbances. Principal components analysis revealed that, after removing site-level effects, harvester ants have similar functional roles in creating soil heterogeneity in these two different semiarid ecosystems.
Making effective use of tumor registries for cancer survivorship research.

BACKGROUND The growing number of cancer survivors has created an increased need for survivorship research; however, the identification and recruitment of cancer survivors present some challenges. This report describes how two hospital cancer registries were used to recruit a large sample of breast cancer survivors (BCS) for a study examining the late reproductive effects of breast cancer treatments. Limitations and opportunities associated with this type of recruitment strategy are described, and the overall success of recruitment using this approach is presented. METHODS Tumor registries from a comprehensive cancer center and a community hospital were used to identify BCS who met the study screening criteria. Invitations and response forms were mailed to all potentially eligible women, and those who did not respond by mail also were contacted by telephone. Women who indicated interest and met the study requirements were asked to give written consent, were enrolled in the study, and were sent a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS Seventy percent of the eligible women (n = 733 women) responded to the mailing. Seventy-seven percent of the 512 respondents indicated a willingness to participate and were sent a questionnaire. Of these, 78% (n = 368 women) completed questionnaires. BCS recruited from the cancer center registry were more likely than those from the community hospital registry to respond to the invitation form (P = 0.033) and were more likely to return a completed questionnaire (P = 0.001). However, the community hospital provided access to a more ethnically diverse sample of survivors. CONCLUSIONS The two participating cancer registries were an excellent source for identifying a large sample of long-term BCS, and the different types of registries provided greater sample size and diversity. Although there are some limitations to this approach, including nonresponse of a significant number of BCS, tumor registries represent an important resource for the rapid identification of cancer survivors for research studies. Findings from this study suggest several enhancements for future studies that may increase the yield from registry recruitment. Cancer 2001;92:1305–14. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
CONJUNCTIVAL AUTOGRAFT TRANSPLANTATION FOR ADVANCED AND RECURRENT PTERYGIUM

The technique and results of conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium are presented for 57 eyes of 54 patients. The pterygia were primary in 16 eyes and recurrent in 41; among the latter group, 14 patients had diplopia resulting from cicatricial involvement of the medial rectus muscle. In all cases, free conjunctival grafts from the superotemporal bulbar conjunctiva of the same eye were used to resurface exposed sclera and extraocular muscle. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative follow-up ranges from 1 to 67 months, with a mean of 24 months. Only three pterygia have recurred (5.3%); two were successfully remedied by a second conjunctival autograft, whereas the third did not require an additional procedure. In all 14 patients with diplopia, extraocular movement was restored. We recommend this surgical approach as a safe and effective means of treating pterygia complicated by conjunctival scarring with extraocular muscle involvement and requiring concurrent fornix reconstruction.
Association of selenium and copper with lipids in umbilical cord blood.

Altered levels of selenium and copper have been linked with altered cardiovascular disease risk factors including changes in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear whether this can be observed prenatally. This cross-sectional study includes 274 singleton births from 2004 to 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland. We measured umbilical cord serum selenium and copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated exposure levels vis-a-vis umbilical cord serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations in multivariable regression models adjusted for gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, race, parity, smoking, prepregnancy body mass index, n-3 fatty acids and methyl mercury. The percent difference in triglycerides comparing those in the highest v. lowest quartile of selenium was 22.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1, 39.7). For copper this was 43.8% (95% CI: 25.9, 64.3). In multivariable models including both copper and selenium as covariates, copper, but not selenium, maintained a statistically significant association with increased triglycerides (percent difference: 40.7%, 95% CI: 22.1, 62.1). There was limited evidence of a relationship of increasing selenium with increasing total cholesterol. Our findings provide evidence that higher serum copper levels are associated with higher serum triglycerides in newborns, but should be confirmed in larger studies.
THE ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF HYDRA. II. BUDDING.

Animals whose interstitial cells have been selectively destroyed by nitrogen mustard continue to form new buds for nine days after mustard treatment. Buds present on parent animals at the time of mustard teatment continued to develop at the same rate as control animals; however, in most cases they failed to detach as quickly as control forms. Extensive histological examination revealed a lack of mitoses in gastrodermal digestive cells after nitrogen mustard treatment. Divisions continued in epidermal epithelio-muscular cells for as long as 20 days. It is suggested that cell divisions in the epidermis are necessary for the initiation of the budding process and that under the present conditions the gastrodermal cells are pulled along passively into the bud outgrowth.
Diamonds in the rough: a strong case for the inclusion of weak-intensity X-ray diffraction data.

Overwhelming evidence exists to show that the inclusion of weak-intensity, high-resolution X-ray diffraction data helps improve the refinement of atomic models by imposing strong constraints on individual and overall temperature B factors and thus the quality of crystal structures. Some researchers consider these data to be of little value and opt to discard them during data processing, particularly at medium and low resolution, at which individual B factors of atomic models cannot be refined. Here, new evidence is provided to show that the inclusion of these data helps to improve the quality of experimental phases by imposing proper constraints on electron-density models during noncrystallographic symmetry (NCS) averaging. Using electron-density correlation coefficients as criteria, the resolution of data has successfully been extended from 3.1 to 2.5 A resolution with redundancy-independent merging R factors from below 100% to about 310%. It is further demonstrated that phase information can be fully extracted from observed amplitudes through de novo NCS averaging. Averaging starts with uniform density inside double-shelled spherical masks and NCS matrices that are derived from bound heavy-atom clusters at the vertices of cuboctahedrally symmetric protein particles.
Impacts of droughts and low flows on estuarine water quality and benthic fauna

The effects of droughts on benthic infaunal communities and three epifaunal species were determined in three semi-arid central Texas estuaries with different inflow dynamics and consequent salinity regimes: the Nueces, Lavaca-Colorado, and Guadalupe Estuaries. Periods (months or years) were considered to be in drought if mean salinities were in the upper quartile of historic salinities. This drought classification method was verified by comparing the Palmer Drought Severity Index of the catchments with the drought classifications within each estuary. Droughts have demonstrable effects on estuary water column condition, notably decreases in turbidity, nutrient concentrations, and chlorophyll concentrations. Droughts do not appear to be important drivers of infaunal communities in estuarine regions with normally high salinities (25–32) although they coincide with increased diversity and changes in community composition in estuarine regions that have lower salinities (10–19). Droughts cause decreases in Litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp) and Callinectes sapidis (blue crab) abundances and spatial extents. This indicates that droughts, especially when combined with water diversions, may negatively affect primary and secondary productions in other semi-arid estuaries of the world.
Carbon-13 relaxation and phenyl group rotation in a benzylidyne-capped tricobalt cluster

13C spin-lattice relaxation times of the protonated carbons in Co3(CO)9(μ3-CPh) were measured as a function of temperature in the solvent chloroform. The T1's were used to calculate the phenyl group's tumbling (D⊥) and spinning (Ds) rotational diffusion constants. It was observed that the ratio, DsD⊥ > 1, revealing extremely facile internal rotation of the phenyl ring. This result is in direct contrast to earlier data on the bicapped tetracobalt cluster Co4(CO)10(μ4-PPh)2, and indicates a complete lack of steric or electronic interaction between the aromatic ring and the tricobalt nonacarbonyl skeleton. Theoretical diffusion constants calculated by the GiererWirtz Microviscosity model are in excellent agreement with experimental values of D⊥.
Characterization of the murine BEK fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor: activation by three members of the FGF family and requirement for heparin.

Abstract The bek gene encodes a member of the high-affinity fibroblast growth factor receptor family. The BEK/FGFR-2 receptor is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase with the typical features of FGF receptors. We have cloned a murine bek cDNA and expressed it in receptor-negative Chinese hamster ovary cells and in 32D myeloid cells. The BEK receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells binds acidic FGF, basic FGF, and Kaposi FGF equally well but does not bind keratinocyte growth factor or FGF-5 appreciably. Upon treatment with basic FGF or Kaposi FGF, the BEK receptor is phosphorylated and a mitogenic response is achieved. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to play an obligate role in basic FGF binding to the high-affinity FLG receptor. Unlike the BEK-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells, 32D cells expressing the BEK receptor require the addition of exogenous heparin in order to grow in the presence of basic FGF or Kaposi FGF. We show that the addition of heparin greatly enhances the binding of radio-labeled basic FGF to the receptor. Thus the BEK receptor, like FLG, also requires an interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans to facilitate binding to its ligands.
Tall fescue and hybrid bluegrass response to soil water matric head limits

With the increasing demand for water by municipalities and industry, water availability for irrigation purposes, especially for non-food commodities such as turfgrasses, will become increasingly scarce. It is therefore important to have turfgrass cultivars that maintain their desired characteristics while minimizing the use of irrigation water during periods of insufficient rainfall. The objective of this field study was, therefore, to monitor water-use patterns of two hybrid bluegrasses (HB 129 and HB 329) and two tall fescue cultivars (�Southeast� and �Rebel III�) when subjected to irrigation at soil water matric head minima of -300 and -600 cm of water pressure,1 and no irrigation. These treatments represent no, intermediate, and high water stress, respectively. It was concluded that, on average, the two hybrid bluegrasses were able to survive stress periods better than the two tall fescue cultivars
Cosmic-ray gradients in the outer heliosphere

We report on a study of the expected spatial variation of the galactic cosmic-ray intensity in the vicinity of the solar-wind termination shock. Model simulations predict that the radial gradients change abruptly at the shock, and that the nature of the effect varies significantly with particle energy. At low energies, the radial gradient changes abruptly from a lower value inside the shock to a higher value outside, whereas at high energies, the higher value of the gradient is inside the shock. This effect, which is a consequence of the matching conditions at the shock and is closely related to diffusive shock acceleration, is qualitatively the same for both heliospheric magnetic polarity states and remains much the same in one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models. Hence drifts do not change the nature of this phenomenon, although they change it quantitatively. The effect may prove to be an important diagnostic tool for the study of the termination of the solar wind.
Load Bearing Characteristics of the Patello-Femoral Joint

This study of normal patello-femoral biomechanics defines some functional specifications which may be useful in future total knee prosthesis design. Serial lateral X-rays of 15 fresh knees and their patellar mechanisms at several flexion angles provided definition of the direction of the resolved patello-femoral forces. Assuming that the patella acts as a frictionless pulley, the magnitude of the patello-femoral forces during several activities was calculated using data from Morrison (1970) and Smidt (1973). It ranged between 421 and 3420 newtons for the various activities and for isometric exercise. A methylene blue contact print technique was used to measure the bearing areas. These data indicate that between 13 and 38 per cent of the patellar surface bears joint loadings. Patello-femoral contact stresses were calculated to range from 1.28 to 12.6 N/mm2. A 696 new-ton man climbing stairs would, for example, generate a patello-femoral force of 1754 newtons and would experience patello-femoral contact str...
Synthesis of [2-d]estradiol, [4-d]estradiol, [2-t]estradiol and [4-t]estradiol with high specificity

17-β-Estradiol has been labeled in the 2 or 4 position with tritium or deuterium. Both 2- and 4-iodoestradiol were prepared by treatment of estradiol with N-iodosuccinimide in ethanol followed by chromatographic separation. Reductive dehalogenation of 2- and 4-iodoestradiol with tritium gas gave [2-t] estradiol and [4-t] estradiol, respectively, with specific activities of approximately 2 Ci/mmole. Greater than 99% of the radiolabel was incorporated into the target positions as determined by rehalogenation of the radiolabeled compounds. Analysis of the deuterium labeled compounds, [2-d] estradiol and [4-d] estradiol, similarly prepared by reduction with deuterium gas, revealed that isotope incorporation was high and specific.
Molecular polymorphism: How much is there and why is there so much?

Author(s): Ayala, FJ | Abstract: The evidence for genetic variation can be traced to Mendel's experiments: The discovery of the laws of heredity was made possible by the expression of segregating alleles. Since that time, the study of genetic variation in natural populations has been characterized by a gradual discovery of ever‐increasing amounts of genetic variation. In the early decades of this century geneticists thought that an individual is homozygous at most gene loci and that individuals of the same species are genetically almost identical. Recent discoveries suggest that, at least in outcrossing organisms, the DNA sequences inherited one from each parent are likely to be different for nearly every gene locus in every individual; ie, that every individual may be heterozygous at most, if not all, gene loci. But the efforts to obtain precise estimates of genetic variation have been thwarted for various reasons. Copyright © 1983 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-activated phospholipase C by PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor phosphorylation and protein kinase A.

PTH binding to the PTH/PTHrP receptor activates adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A (PKA) and phospholipase C (PLC) pathways and increases receptor phosphorylation. The mechanisms regulating PTH activation of PLC signaling are poorly understood. In the current study, we explored the role of PTH/PTHrP receptor phosphorylation and PKA in PTH activation of PLC. When treated with PTH, LLCPK-1 cells stably expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged wild-type (WT) PTH/PTHrP receptor show a small dose-dependent increase in PLC signaling as measured by inositol trisphosphate accumulation assay. In contrast, PTH treatment of LLCPK-1 cells stably expressing a GFP-tagged receptor mutated in its carboxyl-terminal tail so that it cannot be phosphorylated (PD-GFP) results in significantly higher PLC activation (P < 0.001). The effects of PTH on PLC activation are dose dependent and reach maximum at the 100 nm PTH dose. When WT receptor-expressing cells are pretreated with H89, a specific inhibitor of PKA, PTH a...
Simplified visual preperitoneal access to the space of retzius for laparoscopic urethrocolpopexy

We developed a simplified method for the preperitoneal access to the space of Retzius under visualization. This extraperitoneal technique was used in 28 patients to perform a laparoscopic Burch procedure.
Distributed control of interconnected dynamic systems with random link failures

This paper considers the problem of designing distributed controller for interconnected dynamic systems with random link failure. Links are considered as independent random processes and the overall interconnected system is modeled as a linear discrete-time system with multiplicative random coefficients. A distributed control algorithm which uses only local and available neighboring information is proposed to stabilize the system in mean-square sense. To characterize system performance, we also provide a sufficient condition for designing stabilizing distributed controller that ensures prescribed disturbance attenuation in L 2 gain sense. The design is carried out using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A simple numerical example is included to support the theoretical results.
A Microcprocessor-Based Noninvasive Arterial Pulse Wave Analyzer

A microprocessor-based noninvasive arterial pulse wave analyzer is described which detects the peripheral, arterial pulse of an individual and extracts from the pulse waveform clinically important features. Continuous-wave Doppler microwaves (24.125 GHz) are employed to measure the arterial wall movements associated with the pressure pulse wave. Through the use of feature extraction techniques, key landmarks are located on the pulse contour. Then the pulse rate, the foot-to-systolic peak time period, and the foot-to-dicrotic notch time period are calculated. Preliminary results are presented which indicate that the arterial pulse wave analyzer can accurately determine the movement of the arterial wall and is able to analyze the pulse wave contour for clinically important features.
A comparative study of American and Japanese company brand icons

This study examines brand icons and investigates their similarities and differences across two cultures, American and Japanese. A methodical analysis of both Japanese and American company and brand icons was undertaken using the normative design criteria for effective brand mark design reflected in the marketing literature. Research outcomes show that American and Japanese icons diverge in the proportion of letter mark icons, pictorial elements representative of benefits and conceptual similarity with the company/brand name, with no significant difference in the use of interactive imagery. In addition, American icons tend to be more balanced, more asymmetric, complex in design and more likely to be concrete.
Statistically nonrepresentative stratified sampling: A sampling technique for qualitative studies

When doing quantitative studies, we usually need a statistically representative sample. The same is often not the case with qualitative studies where we need a sample with variations along the independent variables. The technique described here is simple to use and guarantees variations. A statistically representative sample, on the other hand, if small, often gives few variations. Thus, one could say that the technique presented is a kind of statistically nonrepresentative stratified sampling useful in qualitative studies.
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POWDERED OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTOR BY THE MIST PYROLYSIS METHOD

Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor powders were synthesized by the mist pyrolysis method. The crystalline phase and morphology of mist-pyrolyzed powders depended on the heating temperature, heating time, and concentration of starting solutions. Superconducting phase of Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor (low-Tc phase) were obtained directly by this method. Sintered body of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor obtained by using mist-pyrolyzed powder had a density of above 95% of the theoretical density. The critical temperature (Tc) of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor (Tc end point) was 90 K and its critical current density (Jc) was above 230 A/cm2 (at 77 K). The Tc value of sintered Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O body was increased from 55 K to 103 K, because the low-Tc phase was converted to high-Tc phase by the long heat treatment. The optimum Jc value of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O sintered body was 172 A/cm2 (at 77 K).
High injection theories of the p- n junction in the charge neutrality approximation

Abstract A survey is presented of the basic equations underlying the transport in p−n junctions and transistors, with particular emphasis on the restrictions under which various approximate relations are valid. The ambipolar aspect of the equations for all injection levels is stressed. The most general recombination processes have been considered and are incorporated in the analysis. Boundary conditions have been derived in terms of the junction voltage and in terms of the externally applied voltage, accounting for the voltage drops in the bulk region. It is shown that the “p−n product method” as applied in the usual way, in which the difference of the quasi-Fermi levels is equated to the junction voltage, is incorrect, and violates normal semiconductor relationships. To derive variational boundary conditions valid for a.c. applications, the complete d.c. expressions as given by F letcher must be considered. The d.c. problem is solved for all injection levels taking into account the decrease in emitter efficiency with applied voltage, the voltage drop in the bulk regions and more rigorous boundary conditions than employed hitherto. The problems associated with an analytic solution to the a.c. admittance of a p−n junction operating under moderately high injection levels are discussed and the impossibility of a solution in terms of known functions is indicated. For high injection, frequency dependent boundary conditions in terms of the applied voltage are derived and a closed form solution for the high frequency admittance is established.
Immunocytochemical distribution of transferrin and its receptor in the developing chicken nervous system.

Abstract Transferrin is the plasma protein responsible for iron transport in all vertebrates. While transferrin is known to have growth-promoting activity on a variety of cells in culture, the role of transferrin and its membrane receptor in neuronal development is unknown. Using antibodies to transferrin and transferrin receptors, we studied the immunocytochemical localization of transferrin and its receptor in developing chicken neural tissues by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. In 5-day-old embryonic brain, germinal cells of the ventricular zone showed a positive reaction for transferrin receptors but were negative for transferrin. By 6–7 days, transferrin-positive cells were seen in the inner layer of the ventricular zone and a few ‘patches’ of transferrin-positive cells were also seen in the adjacent area. By 10 days, large neurons throughout the brain were strongly positive for transferrin. By 11–16 days, all neurons in the brain showed a strong positive reaction for the protein. Thereafter, the transferrin-positive reaction became gradually weaker in neurons whereas the walls of blood capillaries showed a positive reaction for transferrin. In the adult brain, neurons showed very weak or negative staining. A similar staining pattern for transferrin was observed in the developing spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). By 10–12 days, both spinal cord neurons and DRG neurons showed strong reactions for transferrin. Thereafter, the transferrin-positive reaction gradually diminished in older spinal cord neurons and completely disappeared from DRG neurons. Cultured cerebral hemisphere, spinal cord, and DRG neurons showed positive staining reactions for both transferrin and its receptor. Our results suggest that: (i) transferrin is initially taken up by developing neurons from cerebrospinal fluid via receptor-mediated endocytosis; (ii) the accumulation of transferrin ultimately reaches a maximum level within immunoreactive neurons and then declines just prior to hatching; (iii) in contrast to other CNS neurons, DRG neurons accumulate transferrin only briefly and then become negative for transferrin by immunocytochemistry; and (iv) after closure of the blood-brain barrier, transferrin may reach neurons by transport across capillaries into the ‘paravascular’ spaces. In view of these results, transferrin may play some important but unrecognized role in early neuronal development in vivo as well as in vitro.
A NOTE ON TRANSITION PROBABILITY ESTIMATION

The usual regression model for the estimation of Markovian transition probabilities is examined under the assumption that the disturbance terms are normally distributed. It is found that for a certain variance-covariance structure, the regular quadratic programming estimates are the same as the maximum likelihood estimates when non-negativity is imposed.
Multimedia architecture for teleradiology in the U.S. Army virtual radiology environment

The U.S. Army Medical Command, lead by the Brooke Army Medical Center, has embarked on a futuristic project which will revolutionize the practice of radiology in the DoD. The U.S. Army Virtual Radiology Environment (USAVRE) is a CONUS-based network that connects all the Army's major medical centers and Regional Medical Commands (RMC). The purpose of the USAVRE is to improve the quality, access, and cost of radiology services in the Army via the use of state-of-the-art medical imaging, computer, and networking technologies. The USAVRE contains multimedia-viewing workstations for static and dynamic modality cases. The storage and archiving systems are based on a distributed computing environment using Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) middleware protocols. Collaboration between archive centers and viewing workstations are managed by CORBA functions and multimedia object streams. The underlying Telecommunications network is an ATM based backbone network that connects to the RMC regional networks and PACS local networks at medical centers and RMC clinics. The U.S. Army Information Systems Engineering Command (USAISEC) at Ft. Huachuca, AZ is responsible for the ATM backbone network to the RMC sites. The virtual Radiology services in a USAVRE must be applied to several radiology modalities in a virtual network environment. In this discussion, we assume the existence of several PACS networks within a USAVRE environment that have a need to exchange multimedia images and patient information. We define a multimedia collaborative distributed computing environment (DCE) in medical imaging and radiology as a collection of collaborating PACS networks with workstations and image archive systems for the purposes of acquiring and exchanging patient static and video sequence images; storage, retrieval, and archival of those images; performing image analysis and multimedia consultation on patient cases; operation and management of the network to optimize its resources; and to improve the quality and access of the radiology services to the patients. This paper describes the open systems architecture for the USAVRE, including the PACS and Global PACS user equipment. This project is a collaborative effort between military, university, and industry centers with expertise in Teleradiology and Global PACS applications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anatomical Profiling of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Expression

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane signaling molecules and regulate a host of physiological and disease processes. To better understand the functions of GPCRs in vivo, we quantified transcript levels of 353 nonodorant GPCRs in 41 adult mouse tissues. Cluster analysis placed many GPCRs into anticipated anatomical and functional groups and predicted previously unidentified roles for less-studied receptors. From one such prediction, we showed that the Gpr91 ligand succinate can regulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue, suggesting that signaling by this citric acid cycle intermediate may regulate energy homeostasis. We also showed that pairwise analysis of GPCR expression across tissues may help predict drug side effects. This resource will aid studies to understand GPCR function in vivo and may assist in the identification of therapeutic targets.
Depth of water acquisition by invading shrubs and resident herbs in a Sierra Nevada meadow

Woody plant encroachment into semiarid ecosystems has become a global trend in recent decades. Due to stream channel incision, the semiarid riparian montane meadows of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA are experiencing long-term declines in soil moisture. A woody shrub, Artemisia rothrockii A. Gray (Rothrock sagebrush, Asteraceae) is invading these herbaceous meadows. We used an analysis of the stable oxygen isotope ratios of plant and soil water to measure the depth of plant water acquisition during the early stages of this woody plant encroachment. Sagebrush used deeper water on average than most herbs, but it also acquired 10–30% of its water from shallow (<30 cm) soil. Most of the young sagebrush seedlings (1–3 years old, <15 cm) that we sampled used deep water like the older shrubs. Many, but not all of the herb species we sampled were also able to acquire deep water. These findings are consistent with a scenario of shrub encroachment in which channel incision causes shallow-water-dependent herbs to die back, allowing shrub seedlings to establish in disturbed areas during wet years. At least during the early stages of the invasion, some herbs appear to coexist with sagebrush by using deep root systems to cope with the declining shallow soil moisture.
Harmonically weighted dirichlet spaces associated with finitely atomic measures

The space D(μ) associated with a positive measure μ on the unit circle is a Hilbert space made from the holomorphic functions in the unit disk whose derivatives are square integrable when weighted against the Poisson integral of μ. In this paper the structure of D(μ) is investigated for the case where μ is a finite sum of atoms. The wandering vectors of the shift operator on D(μ) are described.
Ideology, Diversity, and Imprisonment: Considering the Influence of Local Politics on Racial and Ethnic Minority Incarceration Rates

To test the influence of local (county) politics on minority incarceration rates. Copyright (c) 2010 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Hybrid Computer Simulation Scheme for Computational Study of Low-Temperature Plasma Containing Micrometer-Sized Dust Particles

In this paper, an algorithm for the computational study of low-temperature argon plasma containing small micrometer-sized solid dust particulates is presented. In the first section, the numerical and computational approaches that are most frequently used in this area of research are summarized, and the references on some theoretical and experimental works are given. Consequently, we describe a hybrid model that is capable to express physical quantities depending on the electron energy distribution function (like reaction rates, diffusion coefficients, coefficients of mobility, etc.) as functions of space coordinates (x, y, z) and given time t. This way, the precision of calculation is increased in comparison with fluid modeling techniques. Some results of illustrative calculations are presented and discussed in the last section.
Clinical microbiological case: infection imitating lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis during pregnancy in a healthy woman from the south-eastern USA

A painless red nodule developed on the proximal lower leg in a 34-year-old Caucasian woman during the late second trimester of pregnancy. After she gave birth to a full-term healthy child, additional nodules appeared in crops over the more distal aspect of the tibia (Figure 1). She had no complaints, and physical examination was otherwise normal. The results of laboratory studies were as follows: white blood cell count, 5000/mL, hemoglobin, 12 g/dL, platelets, 278 000/mL, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 5mm/h. Serum creatinine, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and globulin, as well as chest radiograph, were normal. Skin biopsy showed large necrotizing granulomaswithin thedeep dermis. Prominent destruction of the subcutaneous fat and dimorphic inflammation including neutrophils and lymphocytes were found in the dermis and subcutis. No microorganisms were identified. A three-phase radionuclide (25.0mCi technetium) bone scan and magnetic resonance images of the lower extremities showed normal subcutaneous tissue and bone.
The Ig-like v-type domain of paired Ig-like type 2 receptor alpha is critical for herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated membrane fusion.

Paired immunoglobulin (Ig)-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRα) and PILRβ are paired receptors that are highly homologous to each other. When engaged by ligand, PILRα is inhibitory whereas PILRβ is activating. PILRα is a newly identified herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) receptor and is associated with membrane fusion and entry activity of HSV-1. PILRα is a 303-amino-acid protein with an Ig-like V (variable)-type domain from amino acid 31 to 150, whereas PILRβ is a 217-amino-acid protein with an Ig-like V-type domain from amino acid 21 to 143. We report that PILRβ is not a receptor for HSV-1 and HSV-2. Domain swaps between PILRα and PILRβ reveal that the Ig-like V-type domain of PILRα, but not PILRβ, plays a critical role in cell membrane fusion activity and the binding of PILRα to gB. Individual replacement of 13 amino acids in PILRα showed that most of these mutations had no effect on cell fusion activity. However, mutation of the tryptophan residue at amino acid 139 significantly impaired cell fusion activity for HSV-1 and eliminated binding to gB.
Impact of Environmental Uncertainty and Task Characteristics on User Satisfaction with Data

Today, more than ever before, organizations are faced with the task of processing volumes of information under more uncertain and more competitive environments. This study investigates the impact of environmental uncertainty and task characteristics on user satisfaction with data by using IS and organizational theories. Responses were matched from 77 CEOs and 166 senior managers, who were end users of IS. The partial least squares technique indicated that environmental uncertainty has a positive impact on task characteristics. Task characteristics have a direct and mediating impact on user satisfaction with data. Our findings also demonstrated that user satisfaction with data could be better understood by overlapping IS and organizational theories, rather than by treating the subject matter in disjoint fields. The paper concludes with discussions and implications for researchers and practitioners.
MUFOLD‐WQA: A new selective consensus method for quality assessment in protein structure prediction

Assessing the quality of predicted models is essential in protein tertiary structure prediction. In the past Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiments, consensus quality assessment (QA) methods have shown to be very effective, outperforming single-model methods and other competing approaches by a large margin. In the consensus QA approach, the quality score of a model is typically estimated based on pair-wise structure similarity of it to a set of reference models. In CASP8, the differences among the top QA servers were mostly in the selection of the reference models. In this paper, we present a new consensus method SelCon based on two key ideas: 1) to adaptively select appropriate reference models based on the attributes of the whole set of predicted models and 2) to weight different reference models differently, and in particular not to use models that are too similar or too different from the candidate model as its references. We have developed several reference selection functions in SelCon and obtained improved QA results over existing QA methods in experiments using CASP7 and CASP8 data. In the recently completed CASP9 in 2010, the new method was implemented in our MUFOLD-WQA server. Both the official CASP9 assessment and our in-house evaluation showed that MUFOLD-WQA performed very well and achieved top performances in both the global structure QA and top-model selection category in CASP9.
'Neither Jew Nor Greek': Ethnic Conflict in Graeco-Roman Society

New Testament scholars have typically assumed that the term 'Greeks', when used in expressions like 'neither Jew nor Greek' (Gal. 3.28), is a synonym for 'Gentiles', the Jewish label for non-Jews a...
Theoretical modeling of convection I. Key physical processes

If one strives for a reliable description of “Turbulent Mixing in Stars” one must account for a large variety of physical processes. These include non-locality, that is needed in unstably stratified regimes, overshooting, which occurs in a stably stratified regime, double-diffusion processes (semi-convection and salt-fingers), transport of angular momentum, the Li7 problem, compressibility, and magnetic fields. While phenomenological models are manifestly inadequate, LES are too computer intensive to tackle this large variety of processes. Since the requirement of completeness of the description of these processes must also result in models that are usable in stellar structure-evolution codes, we conclude that only the RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) can do so and a description of the state of the art in that field is presented in Part 2.
Variable length path branch prediction

Accurate branch prediction is required to achieve high performance in deeply pipelined, wide-issue processors. Recent studies have shown that conditional and indirect (or computed) branch targets can be accuratelypredicted by recording the path, which consists of the target addresses of recent branches, leading up to the branch. In current path based branch predictors, the N most recent target addresses are hashed together to form an index into a table, where N is some fixed integer. The indexed table entry isused to make a prediction for the current branch.This paper introduces a new branch predictor in which the value of N is allowed to vary. By constructing the index into the table using the last N target addresses, and using profiling information to select the proper value of N for each branch, extremely accurate branch prediction is achieved. For the SPECint95 gee benchmark, this new predictor has a conditional branch misprediction rate of 4.3% given a 4K byte hardware budget. For comparison, the gshare predictor, a predictor known for its high accuracy, has a conditional branch misprediction rate of 8.8% given the same hardware budget. For the indirect branches in gee, the new predictor achieves a misprediction rate of 27.7% when given a hardware budget of 512 bytes, whereas the best competingpredictor achieves a misprediction rate of 44.2% when given the same hardware budget.