cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Crimmigration: Implications for Racial and Ethnic Minorities Within the United States

Crimmigration, or the intertwining of criminal and immigration law, allows whether explicitly or implicitly for local law enforcement and increasingly other government agencies, to act as enforcers of both aspects of the law. Increasingly, practices and polices implemented within this realm are characteristic of interior enforcement practices, expanding beyond border enforcement. No longer are these solely the responsibility of federal immigration agents, but now local law enforcement participates in these seemingly hidden initiatives. In the process of this merge, the scope of citizenship and the applicability of certain rights is continuously narrowing in what Juliet Stumpf refers to in The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power as “a society increasingly stratified by flexible conceptions of membership.” To unwind and reform the connections between these two systems requires the treatment of them as components of a larger emphasis on exclusionary social-control ideology and practices, directed at immigrants and minorities alike.
Hypoxaemia in Pertussis

Breathing movements, airflow and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded in 6 infants aged 3 weeks to 7 months with apneic and cyanotic episodes associated with pertussis and compared with 12 healthy controls at the Dept of Paediatrics, Cardiothoracic Institute, Brompton Hospital, and Communicable Disease Unit, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London.
JAG: A Crowdsourcing Framework for Joint Assessment and Peer Grading

Generation and evaluation of crowdsourced content is commonly treated as two separate processes, performed at different times and by two distinct groups of people: content creators and content assessors. As a result, most crowdsourcing tasks follow this template: one group of workers generates content and another group of workers evaluates it. In an educational setting, for example, content creators are traditionally students that submit open-response answers to assignments (e.g., a short answer, a circuit diagram, or a formula) and content assessors are instructors that grade these submissions. Despite the considerable success of peer-grading in massive open online courses (MOOCs), the process of test-taking and grading are still treated as two distinct tasks which typically occur at different times, and require an additional overhead of grader training and incentivization. Inspired by this problem in the context of education, we propose a general crowdsourcing framework that fuses open-response test-taking (content generation) and assessment into a single, streamlined process that appears to students in the form of an explicit test, but where everyone also acts as an implicit grader. The advantages offered by our framework include: a common incentive mechanism for both the creation and evaluation of content, and a probabilistic model that jointly models the processes of contribution and evaluation, facilitating efficient estimation of the quality of the contributions and the competency of the contributors. We demonstrate the effectiveness and limits of our framework via simulations and a real-world user study.
Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Criminal Activity

Accurate crime forecasting can allow law enforcement to more effectively plan their resource allocation such as patrol routes and placements. We study the effectiveness of traditional regression approaches in forecasting crime occurrences in Portland, Oregon. We divide the area of interest into equally spaced cells and investigate the spatial autocorrelation between the crime occurrence rates of neighboring cells. We also attempt to use neighboring cells' information in the regression models along with the cell's own time series to enhance the forecast results. Our results show that regression is a promising method that outperforms a moving window averaging method, especially when the future horizon to be predicted increases. However, addition of neighborhood cells decreased the quality of predictions, suggesting that spatial correlation in crime is more complex than geographical neighborhood. We also explore a possibility of connection of criminal activities and popularity of crime incidents in Portland on the Web, and discuss future directions we will take to improve crime prediction.
Seven decades of change in forest structure and composition in Pinus resinosa forests in northern Minnesota, USA: comparing managed and unmanaged conditions.

Abstract An understanding of long-term patterns of forest structural and compositional development is critical for anticipating management outcomes and developing appropriate silvicultural strategies for restoring complex forest conditions. In most cases, this information comes from stand-level assessments; however, the impacts and outcomes of management and other disturbances on forest development occur over multiple spatial scales across a landscape. We compared historical (1941) and contemporary (2012–2014) forest structure and composition on 301 plots distributed across managed and unmanaged, late seral red pine ( Pinus resinosa )-dominated forests in a 1230 ha landscape in north-central Minnesota, USA. Discriminate factor analysis was used to determine which compositional and structural attributes best described the forest conditions between two sampling periods (1941, 2012–2014) and management histories (managed and unmanaged). Plot basal area, average diameter of live trees, richness of tree size classes, and the basal area of standing deadwood were the four most important variables in discriminating between the managed and unmanaged plots in 1941 and 2013. In some cases, structural conditions between managed and unmanaged plots converged, including contemporary BA, trees per hectare, size inequality, and structural complexity indices. In contrast, several attributes, including standing deadwood basal area and percent hardwood basal area, were significantly greater in unmanaged plots after 72 years and highlight the lasting influence of land use on these structural and compositional conditions. The broad ranges of structural and compositional conditions observed across the landscape highlight the importance of having spatially varying desired future conditions across managed stands to approximate this range in live and dead-tree attributes in unmanaged forests. In addition, the lower basal area of standing dead trees documented in this and other comparisons of unmanaged and managed P. resinosa systems argues for an increased emphasis on deliberate deadwood and live-tree retention to recruit these features if the restoration of late-successional forest conditions is included as a management objective.
Cultivating a Morality of Care in African American Adolescents: A Culture-Based Model of Violence Prevention

In this article, Janie Ward looks at the historical traditions of caring, interdependence, and valuing justice within the African American community. She posits that what has been lost to African American youth enmeshed in the violence of U.S. society is an awareness that aggression is a violation of the care and connectedness implicit in the notion of Black racial identity and community. Ward concludes that a solution to youth violence may lie in reconnecting African American teens to the communal values and traditions that have allowed Blacks to develop racial identity and racial solidarity in spite of their economic and social oppression in the United States.
Abnormal involuntary movements in neuroleptic-naive children and adolescents.

Objectif : Determiner la prevalence et la nature des facteurs de risque des mouvements involontaires anormaux dans un echantillon communautaire bien caracterise d'enfants et d'adolescents novices aux neuroleptiques. Methode : On a administre l'echelle des mouvements involontaires anormaux (AIMS) a 390 sujets de 3 a 17 ans qui etaient en foyer nourricier. On a utilise d'autres instruments pour evaluer les problemes d'intellect et de comportement. Resultats : Un total de 12, 6 % des sujets avaient au moins un resultat de mouvements « legers » a l'AIMS, dont 4, 1 % avaient au moins deux resultats de gravite « legere » ou « moderee ». Les facteurs de risque significatifs du trouble du mouvement etaient le bas age, un QI inferieur et des problemes de comportement prononces. Les mouvements anormaux etaient habituellement bucco-faciaux, et les sujets affectes en etaient generalement inconscients. Concluslon : La prevalence de base des mouvements involontaires anormaux doit etre prise en consideration chez les enfants et les adolescents qu'on evalue en vue d'un traitement pharmacologique, afin de determiner le taux veritable des effets secondaires sur le systeme moteur.
Enhancing the incorporation of the patient's voice in drug development and evaluation.

People living with a condition are uniquely positioned to inform the understanding of the therapeutic context for drug development and evaluation. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the Patient-Focused Drug Development (PFDD) initiative to more systematically obtain the patient perspective on specific diseases and their currently available treatments. PFDD meetings are unique among FDA public meetings, with a format designed to engage patients and elicit their perspectives on two topic areas: (1) the most significant symptoms of their condition and the impact of the condition on daily life; and, (2) their current approaches to treatment. FDA has conducted 24 disease-specific PFDD meetings to date. The lessons learned from PFDD meetings range from experiences common across rare diseases to more disease specific experiences that matter most to patients. FDA recognizes that FDA-led PFDD meetings alone cannot address the gaps in information on the patient perspective. Patient-focused drug development is an ongoing effort and FDA looks forward to the next steps in advancing the science and the utilization of patient input throughout drug development and evaluation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has multiple mechanisms for its regulators and staff to interact with patients -- but none quite like its novel Patient-Focused Drug Development (PFDD) initiative. FDA established the PFDD initiative to more systematically obtain the patient perspective on specific diseases and their currently available treatments. Since the initiative’s inception in 2012, FDA has held 24 PFDD meetings, covering a range of disease areas and hearing directly from thousands of patients and caregivers. FDA’s PFDD meetings have also provided key stakeholders, including patient advocates, researchers, drug developers, healthcare providers, and other government officials, an opportunity to hear the patient’s voice. The lessons learned include but are not limited to specific experiences that matter most to patients, patient perspectives on meaningful treatment benefits and how patients want to be engaged in the drug development process. FDA recognizes that FDA-led PFDD meetings alone cannot address the gaps in information on the patient perspective. Further enhancing the incorporation of the patient’s voice in drug development and evaluation continues to be a priority for FDA.
An improved multigrid algorithm for n-irregular meshes with subspace correction smoother

Abstract We propose a multigrid V-cycle algorithm for locally refined meshes with arbitrary hanging node configurations. Unlike existing algorithms that perform smoothing only on a subspace of the multigrid space, we adopt a global smoothing strategy at each multigrid level. This guarantees that an arbitrary improvement of the convergence bound can be obtained when increasing the number of smoothing iterations. When smoothing on a subspace, improvement can be obtained only up to a saturation value. The smoothing process we adopt is of successive subspace correction (SSC) type. The subspaces involved in the subspace decomposition of the multigrid space are chosen according to a multilevel strategy. This choice provides an easy way to deal with the hanging nodes generated by the local refinement procedure that allows the use of standard finite element codes. We present numerical results to highlight how the proposed algorithm has better convergence properties than local smoothing strategies that have a comparable computational complexity. Moreover, the numerical tests show that our method outperforms local smoothing approaches for Poisson’s equation with discontinuous coefficients, where the solution is in H 1 , but not in H 2 .
Oncologic outcomes after robot‐assisted versus laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: Analysis of the National Cancer Database

BACKGROUND How the oncologic outcomes after robotic distal pancreatectomy (RDP) compare to those after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) remains unknown. METHODS Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we analyzed all patients undergoing LDP or RDP for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma over a 4-year period (2010-2013). RESULTS Of the 704 eligible patients, 605 (86%) underwent LDP and 99 (14%) underwent RDP. The median follow-up for patients was 25 months. There were no differences in the two groups with respect to sociodemographic, clinicopathologic, or treatment characteristics. On comparing LDP versus RDP, there was no difference in the margin-positive rate (15% vs 16%; P = 0.84); lymph nodes examined (12 vs 11; P = 0.67); overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.1, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.7 to 1.7; 28 vs 25 months; P = 0.71); hospital stay (6 vs 5 days; P = 0.14); time to chemotherapy (50 vs 52 days; P = 0.65); 30-day readmission (9.4% vs 9.1%; P = 0.92); and mortality (1% vs 0%; P = 0.28). Patients undergoing LDP had a significantly higher conversion rate to open or minimally invasive pancreatic cancer resections compared with RDP (27% vs 10%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The early national experience with RDP demonstrates similar oncologic outcomes to LDP, with a significantly lower conversion rate.
UTILIZATION OF A SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM TO DEVELOP CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMMING FOR PROMOTING NURSING PRACTICE IN CAMBODIA

Background: Cambodia’s nursing profession and nursing education system continue to progress 40 years after destruction by the Khmer Rouge. The author, who has a relationship with a hospital in southern Cambodia, was asked to teach physical assessment techniques to improve patient care. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of culturally congruent physical assessment media on the knowledge-base of Cambodian nurses. Methods: This article describes two years of an on-going project designed by the author who annually recruits US based BSN nursing students to use the ADDIE model to create and record segments on physical assessment which are posted on a private You Tube channel for the limited English- speaking Cambodian nursing staff. Optional post-tests are administered by the Cambodian hospital’s nursing director. Results: Test results reflect knowledge gained on cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal physical assessment skills with means ranging from 73.55% to 95.71%. Physical assessment skills until recently were not taught in Cambodia's nursing programs. Cambodia's nursing profession is advancing and a corresponding skill set including conducting physical assessments is necessary. As a majority of the project participants did not have prior exposure to the material, a pre-test was not provided and participation in post-testing was optional. The objective was to provide useful professional educational materials at a comfortable language level for the Cambodian nurses using examples which were culturally relevant. Conclusion: The BSN students successfully developed culturally relevant educational products the Cambodian nurses found useful.
Survival following surgical treatment of gastric cancer. A challenge for the community endoscopist.

The management of 124 patient diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the stomach from 1971 to 1990 was reviewed. Early gastric cancer increased from 0% to 9% of the cases between the first and last quarter of the study. Proximal gastric cancer similarly increased from 8% in the first decade to 29% of all cases diagnosed during the second decade of the study. Followup information was available for all patients. Nineteen patients (15%) had no operation and two survived more than 2 years. Twelve patients had a surgical biopsy only and four had a palliative bypass; none survived 2 years. Eighty-six patients (69%) had a surgical resection with a 30-day operative mortality of 8% and a 5-year survival of 17%. Prognosis was significantly better for patients with T-1 and T-2 tumors and for those with distal cancers. Patients with early gastric cancer had 67% 5-year survival. These data should encourage efforts to improve the diagnosis of early gastric cancer.
Abstract 280: The Effect of YAP/TAZ on Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiomyocytes

The heart requires a high rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production to maintain healthy cardiac function and viability. Anaerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHO...
Therapeutic occlusion of the vertebral artery using a new penumbra occlusion device system and ruby coils (penumbra): A technical note

There are several methods to achieve the therapeutic sacrifice of the vessel, coiling brings the most commonly used. Penumbra occlusion device (POD) system is a newer modality for therapeutic large vessel occlusion, and it is the Food and Drug Administration approved only for peripheral vessels. We report a case where therapeutic vertebral artery (VA) occlusion was achieved with the POD system and Ruby coils for the first time. A patient was diagnosed with a new malignant-appearing tumor of the cervical spine. A conventional angiogram showed multiple tiny arterial feeders from the VA beyond scope of coil/onyx embolization, so we performed a balloon occlusion test followed by therapeutic sacrifice of the VA. A successful VA occlusion was achieved with significant reduction in the tumor blush, followed by open resection of the tumor. The patient had favorable postoperative course and without any neurological symptoms attributed to the VA occlusion.
Myocardial Ischemic Injury and β-Adrenergic Receptors in Perfused Working Rabbit Hearts

Adrenergic nerve system modulates a host of diverse physiological functions in health and diseases.1–4 Recent advances in the study of adrenergic receptors have contributed greatly to an understanding of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors and their subtypes. Availability of radioactive agonists and antagonists in high specific activity allowed to access directly the density and property of the receptors. However, their role in acute effect of myocardial ischemia on cardiac metabolism and function is poorly understood.
Electrospun Nanofibers for Chemical Separation

The separation and purification of specific chemicals from a mixture have become necessities for many environments, including agriculture, food science, and pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Electrospun nanofiber membranes are promising materials for the separation of various species such as particles, biomolecules, dyes, and metals from liquids because of the combined properties of a large specific surface, light weight, high porosity, good connectivity, and tunable wettability. This paper reviews the recent progress in the design and fabrication of electrospun nanofibers for chemical separation. Different capture mechanisms including electrostatic, affinity, covalent bonding, chelation, and magnetic adsorption are explained and their distinct characteristics are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future aspects of nanofibers for membrane applications are discussed.
Alteration of the levels of the M-type 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase mRNA isoforms during neonatal maturation of heart, brain and muscle.

During muscle, heart, and brain neonatal maturation, the capacity to utilize glucose in energy metabolism is directly related to the extent of accumulation of the 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) M-type subunit. Neonatal development of other organs, such as liver and kidney, which are not characterized by large increases in the capacity to use glucose do not exhibit large increases in the M-type subunit protein. The presence of the M-type subunit in a PFK isozyme pool fosters a higher affinity utilization of carbohydrate and increased responsiveness to the levels of regulatory metabolites. To better appreciate this phenomenon, which is vital for normal development, the different isoforms of the M-type subunit mRNA's and alteration of their levels during maturation have been examined. Further, the potential promoter regions, i.e., the regions upstream from the sites of initiation of transcription, which are involved in expression of the different M-type subunit mRNA isoforms have been isolated, sequenced, and examined for possible transcription factor interaction sites. Using cDNA libraries produced from adult rat brain or skeletal muscle RNA, two primary forms of rat M-type subunit cDNA's were detected. Although the translated regions of these mRNA's were essentially identical, the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) exhibited different lengths (90 or 59 bp) and sequences. Each M-type subunit cDNA had 10 common nucleotides immediately upstream from the initiator ATG, and the remaining 5′-UTR's had insignificant identity. A genomic fragment which interacted with probes complimentary to the sequences of the 5′-UTR of each M-type subunit mRNA isoform was isolated and sequenced by primer walking. It was discovered that the 5′-UTR of one of the mRNA's (proximal mRNA) was located immediately upstream from exon I and was apparently transcribed without splicing. Subsequently, the initial bp in the sequence of the other mRNA isoform (distal mRNA) was located 4010 bp upstream from the ATG in exon 1. Employing Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction using total RNA and scanning densitometry, the relative levels of the proximal and distal mRNA's during neonatal maturation of brain, heart, and muscle were measured. In these tissues, both forms of M-type subunit mRNA's were present, and during maturation tissue-specific differences were noted.
Gender Detection from Handwritten Documents Using Concept of Transfer-Learning

Offline gender detection from Arabic handwritten documents is a very challenging task because of the high similarity between an individual’s writings and the complexity of the Arabic language as well. In this paper, we propose a new way to detect the writer gender from scanned handwritten documents that mainly based on the concept of transfer-learning. We used a pre-trained knowledge from two convolution neural networks (CNN): GoogleNet, and ResNet, then we applied it on our data-set. We use this two CNN architectures as fixed feature extractors. For the analysis and the classification stage, we used a support vector machine (SVM). The performance of the two CNN architectures concerning accuracy is 80.05% for GoogleNet, 83.32% for ResNet.
Rebooting the art-and-technology movement: a review of W. Patrick McCray’s Making Art Work: How Cold War Engineers and Artists Forged a New Creative Culture

In this article, I evaluate historian of science and technology W. Patrick McCray's 2020 publication Making Art Work: How Cold War Engineers and Artists Forged a New Creative Culture, a historical ...
Acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by a GII.6 norovirus.

CONCLUSION: This is the first report to show that norovirus strain GII.6 can cause a gastroenteritis outbreak. Thus, the prevalence of GII.6 noroviruses requires attention.
Functional Performance Testing of Routing Devices in Networks Based on IQMESH Protocol

This paper concerns performance testing of radio communication parameters using routing algorithm implemented in IQMESH protocol. It presents description of research methods and measuring station used during the tests. Three parameters of radio transmission have been checked: efficiency, RSSI and capacity. Measurements were performed in two ways. First, for single router in function of distance between router and coordinator. Second, for variety of routers to determine influence of number of packet jumps on communication parameters. In addition, this paper contains the results of the measurements with the characteristics and mathematical models.
Activation of sea urchin actin genes during embryogenesis. Measurement of transcript accumulation from five different genes in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

The number of molecules of mRNA transcribed from each of five different actin genes are reported for developing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Transcripts of the cytoskeletal actin genes CyI, CyIIa, CyIIb and CyIIIa, and of the muscle actin gene M, were measured in unfertilized egg and embryo RNAs of cleavage, blastula, gastrula and pluteus stages. The measurements were obtained by probe excess titrations of these RNAs, using a set of single-stranded RNA probes each identifying the mRNA transcripts of a specific actin gene. These mRNAs can be identified by their distinct 3′ non-translated trailer sequences. We confirm prior observations that the prevalence of actin mRNA in the unfertilized egg is low. Cytoskeletal actin genes CyI and CyIIIa each contribute 1 × 10^3 to 2 × 10^3 maternal mRNA molecules, and CyIIb contributes < 2 × 10^2 mRNA molecules, while no detectable maternal mRNAs derive from cytoskeletal actin gene CyIIa or the muscle actin gene M. During certain periods of development, transcripts derived from the individual cytoskeletal actin genes accumulate rapidly, with kinetics specific to each mRNA. Transcripts of the muscle actin gene are absent until after gastrulation, when the initial muscle progenitor cells are formed. At late stages of development, each of the five genes studied is represented by 10^4 to 10^5 mRNA molecules per embryo. The present measurements permit calculation of the levels of each actin mRNA species in the particular cell types in which each gene functions in the fully differentiated embryo.
Stability of rectilinear contact lines. III: Multiple contact lines

Abstract The theory developed in the first two parts of this series is extended to cover a case in which the tangent plane to the liquid-vapor (LV) interface at the contact line does not penetrate the solid. This permits disappearing contact angle hysteresis to be modeled. A solid whose vertical planar surface has been scored horizontally to produce a fine sawtooth cross section is lowered into a large pool of liquid (which must wet the solid fairly well); the liquid advances with a substantial apparent contact angle. When the solid is raised, fillets of retained liquid fill its grooves, the main body of liquid receding with an apparent contact angle which is periodic and everywhere near zero. Subsequent immersion and removal of the wetted solid are completely reversible. Parameters which govern the formation and stability of the liquid fillets are established. The annexation of the lowest fillet by the main body of the liquid during the lowering of the solid is shown to occur at the point of smoothness of the LV interface at the solid vertex. The fillet retention/annexation process is reversible, but rounding of the vertex leads to contact line jumps.
DNA methylation of the IL-1β promoter and associated epigenetic regulators are modulated by immune activation, aging, and pharmacological demethylation in primary and BV-2 murine microglia

Aging is characterized by an inability to maintain homeostatic functions throughout the lifespan, which could lead to pathologies such as autoimmunity and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation control maintenance of genomic integrity and gene expression that is balanced in adult cells, but is shifted toward trends such as global DNA hypomethylation in aged animals that may impair normal gene responsiveness. Epigenetic alterations in other cell types have been linked to increased IL-1 β , but whether these changes contribute to microglial priming and brain health in the aged remains to be elucidated. Here we sought to determine whether aging-induced exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in microglia was associated with DNA hypomethylation of the IL-1 β promoter. Additionally, we investigated whether the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza) induced increased IL-1 β expression in BV-2 cells similar to senescent microglia. Novel findings indicated that old age alone or in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreased methylation of the IL-1 β gene promoter in primary murine microglia, in agreement with increased IL-1 β mRNA. Both aged and LPS treated microglia displayed decreased gene expression of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Lastly, both 5-aza and/or LPS altered IL-1 β gene expression and DNA methylation of BV-2 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-1 β promoter hypomethylation coupled with decreased epigenetic regulator function promotes heightened microglial activation in aged brain. Supported by NIH AG016710 .
Knowledge and behavior relationships in the memory ability of retarded and nonretarded students

Twenty mildly mentally retarded adolescents were matched with two groups of nonretarded students, one of the same chronological age (CA 16) and the other of the same mental age (MA 9), to examine the influence of age and metamemory on recall. This was achieved using an adapted metamemory instrument which included relevant recall tasks. Recall scores showed that when tasks exhibited some organizational features, the retarded group was as accurate as their CA counterparts; when tasks were less organized, they responded much like their MA counterparts. Regression analyses indicated that, depending on task characteristics, chronological age emerged as a significant predictor of recall in certain situations, and in others, mental age accounted for more variance. Metamemory responses in one task accounted for more variance than either CA or MA.
Obstructive sleep apnea in general surgery patients: is it more common than we think?

Abstract Background To determine the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in preoperative surgical patients. Methods Three hundred seventy-one new patients presenting to an outpatient general surgery clinic were prospectively screened for risk of OSA using the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Patients were classified as high risk with a score of > 3 on the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Polysomnography results were reviewed when available. Results Complete questionnaires were available on 367 (98.9%) patients. Two hundred thirty-seven patients (64.6%) were classified as high risk of OSA on the questionnaire. Polysomnography results available on 49 patients revealed severe OSA in 17 (34.5%), moderate in 8 (16.5%), mild in 14 (28.5%), and no OSA in 10 (20.5%) patients. The positive predictive value and sensitivity of the questionnaire were 76%, and 92% for the STOP-Bang questionnaire, respectively. The sensitivity increased to 100% for severe OSA. Conclusion Preoperative screening for OSA should be considered to diagnose patients at risk.
Optimization of Skin Cooling for Thermographic Imaging of Near-Surface Lesions

With the dramatic advances in IR imaging technology, the IR imaging technique has the potential to become a promising non-contact in-vivo diagnostic tool for the early detection of melanoma [1] as well as other conditions in which the temperature of the body deviates from normal temperature. Active or dynamic IR (thermal) imaging, which involves introducing external cooling, can induce or enhance relevant thermal contrast observed on the skin surface, leading to temperature differences that can be accurately measured with a properly designed IR imaging system. When the skin surface is cooled down in active IR imaging, the variation in the thermal properties of the lesion located underneath the surface result in identifiable temperature differences from the surrounding healthy tissue in the recovery phase, and therefore the dynamic thermal response of the structure acquired using active imaging provides critical information to distinguish the diseased and healthy tissues. Regarding the effectiveness of the active IR imaging, in this study, the performance of varied cooling parameters, including cooling method, cooling temperature, cooling duration, and cooling depth are discussed. Toward the objective of minimizing the discomfort of patient, by evaluating the transient temperature difference in the recovery phase for varied cooling conditions, our goal is to find out the optimized cooling conditions, which can provide effective thermal response contrast in the recovery phase, while applying appropriate cooling temperature and duration to facilitate the clinical feasibility of this technique. The optimized cooling condition concluded from the simulation will be verified by the in-vivo dynamic thermal imaging experiments.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Young Adults' Perceptions and Use of Bilingualism as a Function of an Early Immersion Program.

The main aim of the present study was to examine whether perceptions of bilingualism differed between two bilingual groups, those whose elementary education was shaped by a Spanish immersion program and those who had received an English-focused education. A structured interview was administered to gather information about self-perceived language proficiency, and views and use of bilingualism, whereas a naming task was utilized to assess objective proficiency in English and Spanish. Although groups did not differ in actual and perceived overall proficiency, a few differences existed in use and perceived utility of bilingualism. Results suggest that in a context where bilingualism has historical and cultural roots, and English is the dominant language in professional settings, earlier formal immersion in the nondominant language may do little to improve perceptions and use of bilingualism in everyday life.
Enhancing program implementation and maintenance through a multiphase approach to peer-based staff development.

: School-based health education programs often are limited by failures in implementation and maintenance. While inservice training has proven beneficial, teacher training research indicates that the more complex the demands on teachers using innovative psychosocially based health education curricula, the greater the necessity for post-inservice follow-up staff development. Evidence is presented that 1) teachers respond to innovations in developmental stages, 2) a multiphase approach to staff development is necessary to assist teachers during each stage, 3) post-inservice staff development requires opportunities for teacher collaboration, 4) approaches to staff development should fit the stage of teacher development, and 5) the organizational context of staff development is critical. Peer-based approaches to post-inservice staff development are presented, with a review of strengths and limitations of each approach. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(5):161–166)
Chromium(III) Terephthalate Metal Organic Framework (MIL-101): HF-Free Synthesis, Structure, Polyoxometalate Composites, and Catalytic Properties

Hybrid materials of the metal–organic framework (MOF), chromium(III) terephthalate (MIL-101), and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) were synthesized in aqueous media in the absence of hydrofluoric acid. XRD analysis of the MIL101/PTA composites indicates the presence of ordered PTA assemblies residing in both the large cages and small pores of MIL-101, which suggests the formation of previously undocumented structures. The MIL101/PTA structure enables a PTA payload 1.5–2 times higher than previously achieved. The catalytic performance of the MIL101/PTA composites was assessed in the Baeyer condensation of benzaldehyde and 2-naphthol, in the three-component condensation of benzaldehyde, 2-naphthol, and acetamide, and in the epoxidation of caryophyllene by hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic efficiency was demonstrated by the high (over 80–90%) conversion of the reactants under microwave-assisted heating. In four consecutive reaction cycles, the catalyst recovery was in excess of 75%, whereas the product yields were ...
Impact of Great Blue Heron Predation at Trout-Rearing Facilities in the Northeastern United States

Abstract Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of great blue herons Ardea herodias at each of five trout-rearing facilities in the northeastern United States. Forty-two great blue herons, collected from July through September 1995 at five facilities, averaged 1.6 trout/bird or about half of their daily food requirement of 300 g/bird, in a single feeding. With two crepuscular foraging periods per day, great blue herons probably ate about three trout/d. Great blue herons consumed trout averaging 21.6 cm in total length, which is consistent with published visual estimates. However, great blue herons consumed trout ranging from 12 cm to 38 cm, suggesting that most commercially produced trout would be vulnerable to heron predation. By comparing trout inventories between pairs of net-protected and unprotected pools, we measured trout losses due to great blue heron predation at the unprotected pool and extrapolated losses for each facility. Negligible trout l...
Addiction and anesthesiology.

Definition, consequences de la toxicomanie. Principes du traitement et recuperation. Pronostic. Reinsertion. Role des organisations specifiques
An orthogonally filtered tree classifier based on nonlinear kernel-based optimal representation of data

The early detection and reliable diagnosis of a fault is crucial in an on-going operation of processes. They provide early warning for a fault and identification of its assignable cause. This paper proposes a classification tree-based diagnosis scheme combined with nonlinear kernel discriminant analysis. The nonlinear kernel-based dimension reduction for the discrimination of various classes of data is performed to determine nonlinear decision boundaries. The use of the nonlinear kernel method in a classification tree is to reduce the dimension of data and to provide its lower-dimensional representation suitable for separating different classes. We also present the use of orthogonal filter as a preprocessing step. An orthogonal filter-based preprocessing is performed to remove unwanted variation of data for enhancing discrimination power and classification performance. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated using simulation data and compared with other methods. The classification results showed that the proposed tree-based method outperforms traditional PCA-based method.
Effect of global climate change and human disturbances on tree diversity of the forest regenerating from clear-cuts of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forest in Northeast China

Abstract Studies on the combined effects of global climate change and human disturbances are important for biodiversity conservation and natural resources management. Here we use the modified forest dynamics model to simulate the tree diversity change of a typical mixed broadleaved Korean pine forest regenerating from clear-cuts in Northeast China in response to global climate change, double concentration of CO2 and human disturbances during the next 50 years. We consider the following climate change scenario: the annual temperature will increase 2 °C, the annual precipitation will increase 10% and CO2 concentration will increase to 700 μl l−1 linearly in 50 years. Five kinds of human disturbances under climate change are considered: logging which removes all trees with diameter at the breast height of more than 50 cm; removing all individuals of any one species; and removing all individuals of shade tolerant, shade intolerant and medium type tree species, respectively. We find that the index of proportional representation of species (α index) for the forest growing from clear-cuts increases significantly under climate change, but decreases under climate change plus logging. The index of changing representation of species (βc index) increases significantly under climate change and climate change plus logging. When any one species is removed α diversity of the forest growing from clear-cuts changes significantly under climate change, but βc index remains almost the same. When all individuals of shade tolerant species, shade intolerant species, or medium type species are removed, respectively, α diversity decreases, but βc diversity changes in more complicated ways. The implications of these results for preserving tree diversity in this type of forest are also discussed.
Improvements in minimally invasive stone treatment: experimental studies.

WITH the introduction and adoption of minimally invasive treatments for stone disease in the 1980s, including shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and with the adoption of laparoscopic and robotic techniques in the last 2 decades open stone surgery has become a rare procedure reserved for the most complex cases at many centers. However, in the last 3 decades, while the SWL procedure has been refined (decreased complication rate, decreased anesthesia requirement and decreased patient pain), there is evidence that efficacy and stone-free rates have decreased. It is hypothesized that this is due to characteristics of modern electromagnetic lithotripters, in contrast to their more efficacious electrohydraulic predecessors, such as the original HM3 lithotriptor (Dornier Medtech, Wessling, Germany). 1
Durkheimian sociology and 20th-century politics: the case of Célestin Bouglé

This article revises received wisdom about the Durkheimian school of sociology and its relationship to Marxism by analyzing the work of Celestin Bougle, one of the most influential and least examin...
Multiple layer (AlGa)As-GaAs heterojunction laser diodes: Synthesis and mode control*

Heterojunction laser diodes of GaAs and (AlGa)As have become increasingly sophisticated structures fabricated by liquid-phase epitaxy. This paper discusses the synthesis of multiple layer structures with particular emphasis on control of the radiation patterns in order to ensure fundamental transverse mode operation. Devices described include both two and four heterojunctions with optical cavity widths as wide as 3.7 μm, and demonstrate the effect of dielectric asymmetry, recombination region placement, and carrier confinement on the device performance.
Fluorescent timers shine a light on protein trafficking

Monomeric fluorescent proteins that change their emission characteristics as they mature have been successfully used to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A. This methodology provides a new means of studying cellular events in a dynamic mode.
Evolution of the Phosphoglycerate mutase Processed Gene in Human and Chimpanzee Revealing the Origin of a New Primate Gene

Processed genes are created by retroposition from messenger RNA of expressed genes. The estimated amount of processed copies of genes in the human genome is 10,000-14,000. Some of these might be pseudogenes with the expected pattern for nonfunctional sequences, but some others might be an important source of new genes. We have studied the evolution of a Phosphoglycerate mutase processed gene (PGAM3) described in humans and believed to be a pseudogene. We sequenced PGAM3 in chimpanzee and macaque and obtained polymorphism data for human coding region. We found evidence that PGAM3 likely produces a functional protein, as an example of addressing functionality for human processed pseudogenes. First, the open reading frame was intact despite many deletions that occurred in the 3' untranslated region. Second, it appears that the gene is expressed. Finally, interspecies and intraspecies variation for PGAM3 was not consistent with the neutral model proposed for pseudogenes, suggesting that a new functional primate gene has originated. Amino acid divergence was significantly higher than synonymous divergence in PGAM3 lineage, supporting positive selection acting in this gene. This role of selection was further supported by the excess of rare alleles in a population genetic analysis. PGAM3 is located in a region of very low recombination; therefore, it is conceivable that the rapid fixation events in this newly arising gene may have contributed to a selective sweep of variation in the region.
What Will Happen if I Punch Him? Expected Consequences of Female Violence Against Male Dating Partners

Women's use of physical violence within college dating relationships is common, yet we know far less about aggressive women than we do about aggressive men. The current study examined expected consequences of using physical aggression against dating partners among aggressive and nonaggressive college women. More than half of the women in the current study had used physical aggression against a romantic partner during an argument. Aggressive women were more likely than nonaggressive women to expect that using aggression would result in winning an argument/getting their way and were more likely to expect retaliation by a partner. Among the aggressive women, perpetrator guilt was negatively correlated with the frequency of using physical aggression. Clinical implications of this study are discussed.
Clinical Predictors for Favorable Outcomes in an Oral Immunotherapy Program for IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy

MB Levy, A Elizur, MR Goldberg, L Nachshon, Y Katz. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112(1):58–63.e1 The goal of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of milk oral immunotherapy (OIT) in milk-allergic children and adults, including high-risk patients. The study included 280 Israeli patients, ages 4 to 27 years (median age: 7.5 years), with persistent cow’s milk allergy as defined by positive results on skin prick test and/or specific-serum IgE, positive oral food challenge, or history of clinical reaction with accidental exposure in the last 12 months. High-risk patients, including those with a history of anaphylaxis (as defined by involvement of at least …
Impact of pain and palliative care services on patients.

Background: Palliative care has become an emerging need of the day as the existing health-care facilities play only a limited role in the care of the chronically ill in the society. Patients with terminal illness in most cases spend their lives in the community among their family and neighbors, so there is the need for a multi disciplinary team for their constant care. Volunteers are primary care givers who originate normally from the same locality with local knowledge and good public contact through which they can make significant contributions in a team work by bridging the gap between the patient community and outside world. Aim: The present study has been undertaken to analyze the impact of palliative care services on patients by considering 51 variables. Materials and Methods: The respondents of the study include 50 pain and palliative care patients selected at random from 15 palliative care units functioning in Ernakulam district. The analysis was made by using statistical techniques viz. weighted average method, Chi-square test, Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance on ranks and percentages. Results: The study revealed that the major benefit of palliative care to the patients is the reduction of pain to a considerable extent, which was unbearable for them earlier. Second, the hope of patients could be maintained or strengthened through palliative care treatment. Conclusion: It is understood that the services of the doctors and nurses are to be improved further by making available their services to all the palliative care patients in a uniform manner.