cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY, DISCRIMINATION, AND ACADEMIC PERSONNEL POLICY

During the Seventies more than 133 civil rights decisions regarding academic personnel practices were issued by the federal judiciary. Various statutes were utilized to test the validity of personnel record confidentiality, academic credentials in job selection, pension plans and salary systems, and contract renewal, promotion and tenure decisions. Generally academic institutions lost when they challenged the jurisdictional and procedural authority of the government, but won a substantial majority of cases where individual faculty attacked a personnel decision. Overall the most significant trend was the growing willingness of federal courts to require that academic personnel policies conform to broad principles of civil rights law. In the Eighties these principles may substantially alter traditional personnel policies in higher education.
Atomistic Approach for Nanoscale Devices at the Scaling Limit and Beyond– Valley Splitting in Si

Band-structure effects on channel carrier density in the ultrathin-body end of the ITRS roadmap silicon (100) n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are assessed here using a semi-empirical nearest-neighbor sp3d5s* tight-binding model with spin-orbit interaction. The calculations focus on the body thickness range between 10 and 18 atomic layers (~1.5–2.5 nm). At this range, the standard effective mass approach is limited by its inability to capture the conduction band nonparabolicity effects and the subband splitting. The tight-binding simulations show interesting effects of ground-state subband splitting in this thickness range, and as a result of this, the channel charge density was found to fluctuate by as much as 30%. Additionally, it was observed that strict process tolerance is necessary in this thickness range in order to maintain an acceptable threshold voltage variation.
Survival of Tournament-Caught Largemouth Bass in Two Florida Lakes

Abstract Data were collected for 18 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) fishing tournaments held on two Florida lakes from April 1983 through May 1984 to quantify catch and mortality rates and determine relationships between mortality rates and catch, air temperature, and water temperature. On the average, 23 two-angler teams participated in the tournaments. Mean catch per team was eight largemouth bass weighing 7.44 kg. Mean initial and estimated total mortality rates of the fish weighed in were 9 and 14%, respectively. The predicted number of fish harvested (killed) during an average tournament was only 16% of the estimated daily sport catch of large-mouth bass in these two lakes. There were no significant relationships between mortality rate and mean catch per team, air temperature, or water temperature. A low proportion of the anglers accounted for the majority of the mortality; and, in general, the teams with large catches had a lower proportion of dead fish in their catch. We suggest ...
Relationships between glucose metabolism and thermogenesis with and without prior exercise in obese women with non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is reduced in individuals with insulin resistance, and is associated with a blunted or absent increase in energy expenditure in response to a glucose load. The magnitude of the effect of glucose on energy expenditure (EGEE) may be a function of opposing changes in the rate of glucose disposal (Rd) and hepatic glucose production (HGP). In this study, six women with non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were studied on a metabolic ward in each of three conditions. On days 1 and 2, they did no exercise (NX) or else performed low-intensity exercise ([LO]3,118 kJ [745 kcal]) at 50% maximal oxygen consumption [Vo2max]) or high-intensity exercise ([HI]3,114 kJ [744 kcal] at 75% Vo2max). On day 3, infusion of 6,62H-glucose in the basal state was immediately followed by infusion of glucose, 6,62H-glucose, and insulin at fixed rates. Indirect calorimetry was performed during the last 30 minutes of each infusion. EGEE was not different among the three conditions (mean ± SEM: NX −0.18 ± 0.11, LO −0.08 ± 0.05, and HI −0.08 ± 0.07 kJ/min) and was inversely related to steady-state plasma glucose concentration, a direct measure of insulin resistance (r = −.89, P < .05). EGEE was positively correlated with glucose Rd (r = .94, P < .001) and negatively correlated with HGP (r = −.91, P < .05). The data indicate that the glucose effect on energy expenditure was slightly positive in the more insulin-sensitive individuals, but negative in the more insulin-resistant subjects. The EGEE appears to be determined by the relative balance between energy required to store glucose and energy saved by suppression of glucose production.
Angular Distribution of Gamma Rays Following Coulomb Excitation in Even-Even Nuclei

The angular distributions of gamma radiation from Coulomb excitation with respect to the incident proton beam on thick targets have been measured in the even-even nuclei ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{104}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{108}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{110}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{110}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{112}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{116}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{190,192}$, and ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{194}$. The particle parameters ${a}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ for a thick target deduced from the measurements on ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{104}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{110}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$, and ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{194}$ agree to within the accuracy of the experiments (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 to 5% for ${a}_{2}$) with the numerical results from the quantum-mechanical treatment of the Coulomb excitation process.
Transcription of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gene family in the short unique component of the viral genome.

Abstract The HXLF ( Hin dIII X left reading frame) genes are a group of six open reading frames (ORFs) within the short unique component of the human cytomegalovirus genome. Two or more ORFs of the HXLF gene family code for components of the virion envelope glycoprotein complex designated gcll. Transcription of the various HXLF genes in infected cells was analyzed using specific DNA, RNA, and synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Transcription from each of the six HXLF genes was analyzed at immediate early, early, and late times after infection. Even though an enhancer element in six copies is downstream of HXLF6, immediate early cytoplasmic RNAs from the HXLF genes was not detectable. In contrast, early and late cytoplasmic RNAs were detectable for all six HXLF genes. The HXLF1 and 2 genes and the HXLF3 and 4 genes are transcribed as bicistronic mRNAs of 1.6 and 1.7 kb, respectively. The HXLF5 and 6 genes are transcribed as monocistronic mRNAs. In the HXLF4, 5, and 6 transcription units cytoplasmic viral RNAs were detected from both strands. Bidirectional transcription upstream of the enhancer element occurs at only early and late times after infection. The significance of bicistronic mRNAs to the formation of the glycoprotein complex gcll requires further investigation.
Induction of hepatic DNA singlestrand breaks in rats by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) induces lipid peroxidation in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. DNA single strand breaks as well as other forms of DNA damage are believed to occur in conjunction with lipid peroxidation. We have therefore examined the effect of TCDD on hepatic DNA single strand breaks. Ten days after the administration of 100 μg TCDD/kg to female rats, a 7.5-fold increase in the DNA elution constant (single strand breaks) occurred. Similar changes were observed in the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the nuclei as well as the NADPH-dependent production of TBARS. The accumulation of TBARS appeared to precede the accumulation of DNA single strand breaks. The tumor promoting effects of TCDD may be associated with the enhanced formation of DNA single strand breaks.
Strain partitioning in the northern Walker Lane, western Nevada and northeastern California

Abstract Paleomagnetic studies constrain both the kinematics and the timing of Neogene intracontinental strain in the Walker Lane of northwestern Nevada–northeastern California. The northwest-trending Walker Lane is a zone of complex faulting and dextral offset along the boundary between the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range. Here, an extensive Tertiary volcanic section provides a paleomagnetic test for vertical-axis rotation. The 25.1 Ma Nine Hill tuff covered the two structural domains of northern Walker Lane and parts of the adjacent provinces. In the northernmost domain, the Pyramid Lake domain, the Nine Hill tuff is unrotated or rotated slightly counter-clockwise. In contrast, Nine Hill tuff is rotated 35–44° clockwise in the northeastern part of the adjacent Carson domain. Usable exposures of the tuff are lacking elsewhere in the Carson domain, but 9–13 Ma basalts record 37°–51° clockwise vertical-axis rotation. These basalts were sampled at three sites encompassing the N–S length of the Carson domain. Younger basalts from the Carson domain show smaller clockwise rotations. The paleomagnetic studies show that the deformation in the northern Walker Lane is partitioned into domains dominated by translation, rotation and extension. Dextral slip along the Walker Lane is accommodated primarily by northwestward translation in the Pyramid Lake domain, and by clockwise vertical-axis rotation in the Carson domain. Some Neogene extension is also accommodated in the Walker Lane, but most of it is occurring to the west of the Walker Lane, along the edge of the Sierra Nevada.Comparison of paleomagnetic results from rocks of different ages constrains the timing of the present deformation regime in the Walker Lane. The similar rotations recorded in 25 Ma and 9–13 Ma rocks indicates that virtually all of the rotation in the Carson domain occurred after the eruption of the 9–13 Ma basalts. Smaller rotations recorded in younger rocks constrain rotation rate.
Middle and high school students shine

Middle and high school students participating in after-school and summer research experiences in the Earth and space sciences are invited to participate in AGU's Bright Students Training as Research Scientists (Bright STaRS) program. The Bright STaRS program provides a dedicated forum for these students to present their research results to the scientific community at AGU's Fall Meeting, where they can also learn about exciting research, education, and career opportunities in the Earth and space sciences. Last year's program included 33 abstracts from middle and high school students involved with the Stanford University School of Earth Sciences; Raising Interest in Science and Engineering summer internship program sponsored by the Office of Science Outreach at Stanford; Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California, Berkeley; the University of California, Santa Cruz; California Academy of Science; San Francisco State University; the University of Arizona; and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. Their work spanned a variety of topics ranging from structural geology and paleontology to environmental geology and polar science. Nearly 100 Bright STaRS students presented their research posters on Thursday morning (8 December) of the Fall Meeting and had a chance to interact with scientists, AGU staff, and other meeting attendees.
Mortality in California veterinarians

Abstract To obtain evidence that cancer in man might be caused by agents transmissible to man from animals, a mortality study was conducted in white male veterinarians licensed in California between 1950 and 1962. The white male California population of 1960 was used as standard. The main findings were: 1. 1. Total mortality was significantly decreased in the veterinarians. Although there was a deficit of deaths from each major cause examined, this deficit was statistically significant only for vascular lesions affecting the central nervous system. 2. 2. Deaths from all cancer occurred in the study group at a rate comparable to that in the standard population. Among cancers of specific sites, only malignant melanoma of the skin, with three observed deaths, showed a statistically significant increase in mortality. 3. 3. Mortality from non-syphilitic aortic aneurysm was significantly increased in the study population. It is suggested that late sequelae of brucellosis, an ‘occupational’ disease of veterinarians, were responsible for this increase.
Follicle counts in the ovary of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).

Abstract The finding of oocytes in prophase meiosis in a neonate and massive atresia of follicles in the infant give evidence that oogenesis may occur later in the fetal development of the bonnet monkey as compared to the rhesus monkey. The mature bonnet monkey ovary contains about 20,000 follicles, considerably less than that reported for other primates.
Does the DNR order need life-sustaining intervention? Time for comprehensive advance directives.

T he “do not resuscitate” (DNR) order has been an important restraint on the inappropriate use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for terminal patients. It is increasingly appreciated that there is a wide range of other interventions which, like CPR, might be deemed inappropriate at times. Thus, a reconsideration of the DNR order is needed. How has it served its purpose and how can we develop a process for making wise decisions for all types of life-sustaining interventions? In the following pages, it is argued that we must subsume the DNR decision into comprehensive and early health care directives. Empiric studies and pedagogic and policy work to inform physicians how and where these deliberations and determinations might best occur are just beginning [l31. Different approaches to early comprehensive directives are outlined, and at the conclusion of this article, there is a case report that illustrates one of the approaches, that of discussion initiated during an office visit.
Effects of global meaning and illness-specific meaning on health outcomes among breast cancer patients

Growing attention has focused on meaning-making processes and their health correlates among cancer patients. However, much of this work is marked by conceptual and methodological limitations. The current study evaluated global meaning and theoretically distinct aspects of illness-specific meaning (i.e., seeking sense, found sense, seeking benefits, found benefits) among breast cancer survivors who had completed primary treatment. Health outcomes (i.e., emotional distress, health-related quality-of-life) were assessed 4 months later. Different facets of meaning had different longitudinal associations with outcomes. Findings underscore the importance of distinguishing among conceptually discrete dimensions of personal meaning.
Catalytic enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene derivatives using N-(2′,4′-di-tert-butyl)salicylidene-4-amino[2.2]paracyclophane as an asymmetric ligand

Abstract The synthesis and resolution of N-(2′,4′-di-tert-butyl)salicylidene-4-amino[2.2]paracyclophane and its utilization in the copper catalyzed enantioselective cyclopropanation of aromatic olefins is reported herein. Conversions of up to 90% and enantioselectivities of >65% have been achieved for selected olefins.
Error analysis for intrinsic quality factor measurement in superconducting radio frequency resonators.

In this paper, we discuss error analysis for intrinsic quality factor (Q0) and accelerating gradient (Eacc) measurements in superconducting radio frequency (SRF) resonators. The analysis is applicable for cavity performance tests that are routinely performed at SRF facilities worldwide. We review the sources of uncertainties along with the assumptions on their correlations and present uncertainty calculations with a more complete procedure for treatment of correlations than in previous publications [T. Powers, in Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, SuP02 (Elsevier, 2005), pp. 24–27]. Applying this approach to cavity data collected at Vertical Test Stand facility at Fermilab, we estimated total uncertainty for both Q0 and Eacc to be at the level of approximately 4% for input coupler coupling parameter β1 in the [0.5, 2.5] range. Above 2.5 (below 0.5) Q0 uncertainty increases (decreases) with β1 whereas Eacc uncertainty, in contrast with results in Powers [in Proceedings of the 12th Wo...
Infrared spectra of XCIrX3 and CX2IrX2 prepared by reactions of laser-ablated iridium atoms with halomethanes

Small iridium high oxidation-state complexes with carbon–iridium multiple bonds are identified in the product matrix infrared spectra from reactions of laser-ablated Ir atoms with tetra-, tri- and dihalomethanes. In contrast to the previously studied Rh case, Ir carbyne complexes (XCIrX3) are generated in reactions of tetrahalomethanes, and their short Ir–C bond lengths of 1.725–1.736 A are appropriate for the carbon–metal triple bonds. DFT calculations also show that the Ir carbynes with an Ir–F bond have unusual square planar structures, similar to the recently discovered Ru planar complexes. Diminishing preference for the carbyne complexes leads to methylidene product absorptions in the tri- and dihalomethane spectra, marking a limit for generation of small metal carbynes. The insertion complexes, on the other hand, are not observed in this study, suggesting that X migration from C to Ir following initial C–X insertion is swift.
Enhanced enzymatic activity in reverse micelles

The bell shaped dependence of the superactivity of enzymes solubilized in ionic reverse micelles (RMs) on the hydration ratio (W0) is theoretically explained. The superactivity is due to enhanced concentration of the substrate (which has the same kind of charge as that of the surfactant head groups) near the enzyme surface. The opposing effects of the increase in the absolute charge of the surface of the RM and in the water pool width with W0 cause a maximum in activity.
AlgoVista: an algorithmic search tool in an educational setting

A?goVista is a web-based search engine that assists programmers to find algorithms and implementations that solve specific problems. The search engine is not keyword based but rather requires users to provide (input ? output) samples that describe the behavior of their needed algorithm. The system is easy to use. To search for a particular algorithm or classify a combinatorial structure a user simply draws the query in a drawing pane on a web browser. The result of the search is a list of links to web resources describing or providing implementations of the algorithm.A?goVista has many interesting applications in an educational setting. The search engine can help research students classify obscure problems and locate algorithms that would otherwise be hard to find in textbooks. Students can also add calls in their own programs to A?goVista's database of executable problem specifications in order to dynamically check the correctness of their programs. Finally, instructors can use A?goVista to set novel assignments in algorithms and data structures classes.This paper briefly describes A?goVista and reports on its use in two algorithms and theory classes, one at the undergraduate and one at the graduate level.
The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance

Subglacial water can significantly affect the velocity of ice streams and outlet glaciers of ice sheets. Depending on the geometry and capacity of the subglacial hydrologic system, increased surface melting in Greenland over the coming decades may influence the ice sheet's mass balance. Furthermore, subglacial lakes in Antarctica can modulate ice velocities and act as nucleation points for new fast-flowing ice streams. In the coming decades, significant changes in the polar regions will increase the contribution of ice sheets to global sea-level rise. Under the ice streams and outlet glaciers that deliver ice to the oceans, water and deformable wet sediments lubricate the base, facilitating fast ice flow. The influence of subglacial water on fast ice flow depends on the geometry and capacity of the subglacial hydrologic system: water moving rapidly through a well-connected system of conduits or channels will have little impact on ice-sheet velocities, but water injected into a spatially dispersed subglacial system may reduce the effective pressure at the base of the ice sheet, and thereby trigger increased ice-sheet velocities. In Greenland, the form of the subglacial hydrologic system encountered by increasing surface melt water will determine the influence of changing atmospheric conditions on ice-sheet mass balance. In Antarctica, subglacial lakes have the capacity to both modulate velocities in ice streams and outlet glaciers and provide nucleation points for new fast ice-flow tributaries. Climate models of ice-sheet responses to global change remain incomplete without a parameterization of subglacial hydrodynamics and ice dynamics.
Ensemble generation and the influence of protein flexibility on geometric tunnel prediction in cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Computational prediction of ligand entry and egress paths in proteins has become an emerging topic in computational biology and has proven useful in fields such as protein engineering and drug design. Geometric tunnel prediction programs, such as Caver3.0 and MolAxis, are computationally efficient methods to identify potential ligand entry and egress routes in proteins. Although many geometric tunnel programs are designed to accommodate a single input structure, the increasingly recognized importance of protein flexibility in tunnel formation and behavior has led to the more widespread use of protein ensembles in tunnel prediction. However, there has not yet been an attempt to directly investigate the influence of ensemble size and composition on geometric tunnel prediction. In this study, we compared tunnels found in a single crystal structure to ensembles of various sizes generated using different methods on both the apo and holo forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP119, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4. Several protein structure clustering methods were tested in an attempt to generate smaller ensembles that were capable of reproducing the data from larger ensembles. Ultimately, we found that by including members from both the apo and holo data sets, we could produce ensembles containing less than 15 members that were comparable to apo or holo ensembles containing over 100 members. Furthermore, we found that, in the absence of either apo or holo crystal structure data, pseudo-apo or –holo ensembles (e.g. adding ligand to apo protein throughout MD simulations) could be used to resemble the structural ensembles of the corresponding apo and holo ensembles, respectively. Our findings not only further highlight the importance of including protein flexibility in geometric tunnel prediction, but also suggest that smaller ensembles can be as capable as larger ensembles at capturing many of the protein motions important for tunnel prediction at a lower computational cost.
Branched chain amino acids as the protein component of parenteral nutrition in cancer cachexia.

A prospective randomized trial was conducted to determine the effects of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) as the protein component of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on protein kinetics in patients with intraabdominal adenocarcinoma. Nine malnourished patients were given both conventional TPN containing 19 per cent BCAA (AA) and isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN containing 50 per cent BCAA (BCAA-TPN), in random order. Both [13C]leucine and [14C]tyrosine were employed as tracers to avoid the potential bias due to the different amino acid composition of the two TPN solutions. With BCAA-TPN, leucine and tyrosine flux increased significantly from (mean +/- s.d.) 158.0 +/- 37.2 to 243.5 +/- 75.8 mumol kg-1 h-1 (P less than 0.025) and from 35.0 +/- 8.4 to 42.6 +/- 11.0 mumol kg-1 h-1 (P less than 0.05) respectively. Leucine oxidation was significantly higher on BCAA-TPN (24.1 +/- 6.3 on AA versus 68.3 +/- 37.1 mumol kg-1 h-1, P less than 0.025) while tyrosine oxidation was significantly lower (3.7 +/- 1.8 mumol kg-1 h-1 on AA versus 2.5 +/- 2.0 mumol kg-1 h-1 on BCAA-TPN, P less than 0.05). Whole body protein synthesis and breakdown was significantly higher on BCAA-TPN by the tyrosine tracer (31.3 +/- 7.3 on AA versus 40.1 +/- 9.3 mumol kg-1 h-1, P less than 0.025 and 33.0 +/- 8.4 on AA versus 41.3 +/- 11.1 mumol kg-1 h-1, P less than 0.05) respectively. Using the leucine tracers both synthesis and breakdown were increased, but not significantly, from 133.8 +/- 40.0 to 175.3 +/- 65.1 mumol kg-1 h-1 and from 127.9 +/- 33.6 to 167.7 +/- 71.2 mumol kg-1 h-1 respectively. The fractional albumin synthetic rate increased significantly on BCAA-TPN from 4.3 +/- 2.9 on AA to 8.0 +/- 5.1 per cent per day (P less than 0.05). The reduction in tyrosine oxidation, suggesting improved protein utilization, coupled with an increase in protein and albumin synthesis, strongly support a positive benefit from BCAA-TPN in cancer cachexia.
1 /spl mu/m MOSFET VLSI technology. II. Device designs and characteristics for high-performance logic applications

For pt.I see ibid., vol.SC14, no.2, p.240 (1979). Micrometer-dimension n-channel silicon-gate MOSFETs optimized for high-performance logic applications have been designed and characterized for both room-temperature and liquid-nitrogen-temperature operation. Appropriate choices of design parameters are shown to give proper device thresholds which are reasonably independent of channel length and width. Depletion-type devices are characterized at room temperature for load device use. Logic performance capability is demonstrated by test results on NOR circuits for representative fanout and loading conditions. Unloaded ring oscillators achieved switching delays down to 240 ps at room temperature and down to 100 ps at liquid nitrogen temperature.
Particle Transmission Characteristics of an Annular Denuder Ambient Sampling System

Transmission measurements have been performed on University Research Glassware, Inc. model 2000–30B glass annular denuders at 10 L/min using monodisperse particles in the 0.01–1-μm diameter size range. Through control of the aerosol charge state, particle losses due to diffusion and electrostatic effects were separately measured and theoretical descriptions of both were developed. For Boltzmann charged (atmospheric) particles in the important 0.1–1-μm diameter size range total losses averaged only a few percent or less. Particle transmission measurements also confirmed the design value of 2.5 μm for the 50% cutpoint diameter of the URG 2000-30EN cyclone inlet used with these annular denuders.
Body-Image Affect: Gestalt versus Summing the Parts:

Analysis of scores from a stratified random sample of the US population (987 men, 1066 women) confirms the convergence of body-part and global indices of body-image affect and suggests most discret...
Immunization with the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii elicits a protective response.

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii , a leading opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, contains a major surface glycoprotein (MSG) which plays a central role in its interaction with the host. Naive Lewis rats were immunized with varying concentrations of purified native MSG and a recombinant form of the protein (MSG-B), placed in a conventional rat colony with exposure to P. carinii , and immunosuppressed with corticosteroids for 10 weeks to induce the development of pneumocystosis. Immunization elicited humoral and cellular immune responses to MSG which persisted throughout the experiment. Compared with animals immunized with ovalbumin or adjuvant alone, the MSG-immunized rats had improved survival (29 vs 66%, p 10 9.03±0.33/lung vs 7.51±0.38/lung, p p p P. carinii antigen which can elicit a protective response in the immunosuppressed rat model of pneumocystosis and this finding supports the rationale of developing a P. carinii vaccine.
EQUIPE: Parallel equivalence checking with GP-GPUs

Combinational equivalence checking (CEC) is a mainstream application in Electronic Design Automation used to determine the equivalence between two combinational netlists. Tools performing CEC are widely deployed in the design flow to determine the correctness of synthesis transformations and optimizations. One of the main limitations of these tools is their scalability, as industrial scale designs demand time-consuming computation. In this work we propose EQUIPE, a novel combinational equivalence checking solution, which leverages the massive parallelism of modern general purpose graphic processing units. EQUIPE reduces the need for hard-to-parallelize engines, such as BDDs and SAT, by taking advantage of algorithms well-suited to concurrent implementation. We found experimentally that EQUIPE outperforms commercial CEC tools by an order of magnitude, on average, and state-of-the-art research CEC solutions by up to a factor of three, on a wide range of industry-strength designs.
GLUCAGON RESPONSES IN LEUCINE-SENSITIVE HYPOGLYCEMIA

To determine the role of glucagon in idiopathic leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia (LSH) and the effects of oral diazoxide (D), responses to oral L-leucine (L) were studied in 3 LSH children and in 6 controls. In controls mean plasma insulin (IRI), glucose (G) and glucagon (IRG) values were unchanged after L, 150 mg/kg. In LSH children after L, 50 mg/kg, mean±SEM plasma IRI rose from 14±3 to 41±5 μU/ml, mean plasma G fell from 72±4 to 35±3 mg/dl, mean plasma IRG increased 48±8%; each significantly different from beseline (P<0.025). Maximum changes in mean IRI, G and IRG values were at 15, 30 and 45 min.,respectively. In LSH children given L, while on D, 10 mg/kg/day, baseline values were similar, mean peak IRI was significantly lower and mean nadir G was significantly higher (P<0.05 and <0.025 respectively) compared to no D therapy; mean IRG rose less, but not significantly. One LSH child given L while on D, 20 mg/kg/day, showed minimal changes in IRI, G and IRG values. Following arginine infusions in another LSH child, ΔG values were 1 and 12 mg/dl, ΔIRI values were 56 and 21 μU/ml and ΔIRG values were 252 and 254 pg/ml, off and on D therapy, respectively. Peak changes were at 30 min. Conclusions: 1) In LSH children, given L orally, a rise in IRI precedes the fall in G and the rise in IRG. 2) D therapy blunts all of these changes in proportion to the D dose. 3) D does not directly inhibit IRG release. 4) The rise in IRG following L is secondary to the fall in G.
Male-trait-specific variation in female mate preferences

Empirical studies identifying the causes of variation in mate preference are needed to assist in determining when variation is adaptive. We examined the strength of female preference in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus for two sexually selected male traits (body size and symmetrical bar number) across variation in both embryonic and postembryonic environments. We measured brood size, then split fry from each brood into high- and low-quality diet treatments. Once females reached sexual maturity, we tested their mate preferences using dummies in dichotomous choice tests. Both the embryonic (brood size) and postembryonic (diet) environment influenced females' strength of preference for symmetrical bar number; females from smaller broods as well as females raised on high-quality diets had a stronger preference for symmetrical bars. However, only the postembryonic environment influenced preference for male size, with females on the low-quality diet having a stronger preference for larger males. There was no relationship between the strength of preference for the two traits across females. Our results demonstrate that plasticity in mate preferences can depend on the specific traits being assessed. We hypothesize that at least one of the preferences may be tracking the conditions that influence signal reliability of the preferred trait. In addition, we demonstrate an influence of the embryonic environment on mate preference, which is rarely considered or controlled for in studies of adaptive variation in mate preferences.
Chemical dependency in emergency medicine residency programs: Perspective of the program directors

Study objective: To evaluate the educational background, knowledge, and experiences regarding chemical dependency among emergency medicine program directors. The program directors' awarencess of substance use and alcohol abuse among emergency medicine residents was examined by comparing their estimates with the actual rates reported by the residents. Design: An anonymous survey mailed in March 1992. Type of participants: The program directors of all 86 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-approved emergency medicine residencies. Interventions: None Measurements and main results: The 67 responding program directors represented 1,637 (77%) of the 2,130 emergency medicine residents on duty at the time of the survey. Thirty-three (49%) had suspected chemical dependency in a resident at least once, 22 (33%) had identified a chemically dependent resident, and nine (13%) hired a resident known to be in recovery. Substantial percentages reported no or slight knowledge regarding physician impairment issues. Twenty program directors (30%) received no education or only informal education regarding physician impairment. Compared to a February 1992 survey of emergency medicine residents, the program directors' estimates of resident use rates in the past year for seven substances were fairly accurate. However, the program directors estimated that only 16 (1.0%) of their current residents were impaired by alcohol; the resident survey yielded CAGE scores consistent with presumed or suspected alcoholism in 12.5% of emergency medicine residents. Conclusion: Emergency medicine program directors must be more attentive to potential alcohol abuse among emergency medicine residents and should receive additional education regarding chemical dependency.
METHYLATION OF NONINTEGRATED MULTIPLE COPY DNA IN PLANTS

Abstract DNA sequences present in multiple copies in plant genomes are often methylated. However, it was not known if methylation occurs on multiple copy DNA molecules that are not integrated into the plant genome. To investigate this possibility, the methylation state of cauliflower mosaic virus [CaMV] DNA was studied in inoculated turnip leaves at different days post-inoculation [DPI]. Unencapsidated CaMV DNA was found in an unmethylated state up to 7 DPI. By 9 DPI, viral DNA was methylated at almost allHpaII/MspI sites within the CaMV genome. DNA methylation did not appear to be preferential but occurred at almost allHpaII/MspI sites at approximately the same time. Methylation appeared to occur in an all or none manner, suggestive of a switch mechanism. These data strongly suggest that copy number-dependent methylation occurs on DNA molecules that are not integrated into the genome of a host cell.
Aftershocks of the june 20, 1978, Greece earthquake: A multimode faulting sequence

Abstract A 10-station portable seismograph network was deployed in northern Greece to study aftershocks of the magnitude ( m b ) 6.4 earthquake of June 20, 1978. The main shock occurred (in a graben) about 25 km northeast of the city of Thessaloniki and caused an east-west zone of surface rupturing 14 km long that splayed to 7 km wide at the west end. The hypocenters for 116 aftershocks in the magnitude range from 2.5 to 4.5 were determined. The epicenters for these events cover an area 30 km (east-west) by 18 km (north-south), and focal depths ranges from 4 to 12 km. Most of the aftershocks in the east half of the aftershock zone are north of the surface rupture and north of the graben. Those in the west half are located within the boundaries of the graben. Composite focalmechanism solutions for selected aftershocks indicate reactivation of geologically mapped normal faults in the area. Also, strike-slip and dip-slip faults that splay off the western end of the zone of surface ruptures may have been activated. The epicenters for four large ( M ⩾ 4.8 ) foreshocks and the main shock were relocated using the method of joint epicenter determination. Collectively, those five epicenters form an arcuate pattern convex southward, that is north of and 5 km distant from the surface rupturing. The 5-km separation, along with a focal depth of 8 km (average aftershock depth) or 16 km (NEIS main-shock depth), implies that the fault plane dips northward 58° or 73°, respectively. A preferred nodal-plane dip of 36° was determined by B.C. Papazachos and his colleagues in 1979 from a focal-mechanism solution for the main shock. If this dip is valid for the causal fault and that fault projects to the zone of surface rupturing, a decrease of dip with depth is required.
ON QUEUES WITH DEPENDENT INTERARRIVAL AND SERVICE TIMES

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Optimal Preparation for ESRD

Clinical guidelines for the care of patients with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been developed by a broad range of organizations within the kidney community. Despite consensus among these guidelines and significant effort on the part of federal agencies, voluntary health organizations, and professional groups, existing data suggest that much work remains to achieve acceptable levels of recommended care. Several small studies have described CKD interventions to improve outcomes, but there are few examples of large-scale attempts to improve CKD care in a systematic way. Southern California Kaiser Permanente has developed a population management approach to CKD in a health maintenance organization setting that has improved outcomes. The Indian Health Service, an agency of the Public Health Service that provides direct care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, has enhanced its diabetes care delivery system to address the renal complications of diabetes. This effort may explain a significant decrease in the incidence rate of ESRD among American Indians with diabetes. Because much of the burden of CKD falls on ethnic and racial groups with decreased access to care, enhancing CKD care in the primary setting may offer the best opportunity to improve outcomes. The National Kidney Disease Education Program in collaboration with community heath centers has developed a model to improve outcomes through application of the chronic care model to CKD management in primary settings that serve high-risk populations.
ESR dating of quartz from Exile Hill, Nevada

Abstract Quartz crystals from a geological site dated at 13 Myr contain paramagnetic lattice defects produced by exposure to in situ radiation. Two of these defects, both ESR active, contain information about the age of the mineral. From a γ-ray sensitive ESR signal of unknown identity we infer a lower age bound: T ⩾ 7 Myr. The superoxide radical (“peroxy”) defect, produced naturally by α recoil and reproduced artificially by fast-neutron irradiation, gives a compatible age estimate independent of γ dose: T = 8.7 ± 2.6 Myr.
Sustainability Science and Engineering: The Emergence of a New Metadiscipline

A case is made for growth of a new metadiscipline of sustainability science and engineering. This new field integrates industrial, social, and environmental processes in a global context. The skills required for this higher level discipline represent a metadisciplinary endeavor, combining information and insights across multiple disciplines and perspectives with the common goal of achieving a desired balance among economic, environmental, and societal objectives. Skills and capabilities that are required to support the new metadiscipline are summarized. Examples of integrative projects are discussed in the areas of sustainability metrics and integration of industrial, societal, and environmental impacts. It is clear that a focus on green engineering that employs pollution prevention and industrial ecology alone are not sufficient to achieve sustainability, because even systems with efficient material and energy use can overwhelm the carrying capacity of a region or lead to other socially unacceptable outcomes. To meet the educational and human resource needs required for this new discipline, the technological and environmental awareness of society must be elevated and a sufficient and diverse pool of human talent must be attracted to this discipline.
Life in the Early Triassic Ocean

In the next 100 years, it is projected that Earth will move to a greenhouse climate state ( 1 ). The future ocean will not only be hotter but also more acidic and will contain extended zones with reduced oxygen ( 2 , 3 ). Study of past periods of global warming helps to project what Earth and its biota will be like in this new state and what the journey to that state will entail. On page 366 in this issue, Sun et al. ( 4 ) show that beginning with the end-Permian mass extinction (∼252.6 million years ago) and continuing for the next 5 million years, Earth's oceans were extremely hot, with stressful and commonly lethal effects on ocean life.
Rice responses to changes in floodwater and N timing in southern USA

Abstract Delayed application and/or early draining of floodwater to lowland irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) should allow producers in southern USA more time for ground application of chemicals while reducing potential hazards from aerial applications and conserving water. Two field studies were conducted to evaluate growth and yield responses of “Tebonnet”, “Alan”, and “Texmont” rice to reduced flood duration and altered N management. Depending upon the study, treatments consisted of normal (four- to five-leaf stage) or delayed timing of flood application in combination with recommended or earlier-than-recommended draining of the floodwater, and full-season flush irrigation. Nitrogen was either applied once at the four- to five-leaf stage or as a three-way split with normal- or earlier-than-recommended timing. Flush irrigation reduced shoot and root growth and yield of rice as compared to normal flood while delayed-flood irrigation reduced shoot dry weight but had no effect on root length density or grain and head-rice yields. Nitrogen uptake was greater with a single preflood application of N than with a three-way split application. Yields were not affected by N management or earlier-than-recommended draining of the floodwater. These data indicate that the duration of floodwater application currently practiced in rice production in southern USA may be reduced without sacrificing grain yield or quality.
Use of subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization in cytogenetic diagnosis

During the last few years there has been an increasing number of reports of chromosomal abnormalities identified by subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization testing in children with unexplained mental retardation. As more children are identified with subtelomeric deletions, duplications, and cryptic unbalanced rearrangements by this testing, questions have arisen regarding the appropriate use of this new technology. A review of current knowledge regarding the clinical phenotypes seen in these patients as well as of newer information regarding the use of this new cytogenetic test in areas outside clinical genetics may help to determine which patients would benefit from its use.
Simple procedures for obtaining constrained calibration equations

Abstract Simple ways are described of constraining a calibration or other equation so that it will pass through one or more independently selected points and also give the “best” representation of any number of experimental data in terms of the model selected.
Morphological development of rice-hull-derived charcoal in a fluidized-bed reactor

Abstract Rice hull, a by-product of the rice milling industry, can be a potential fuel for energy self-sufficiency in the rice mills of the developing countries because of its high energy content. Nevertheless, little has been done to gasify this material because of various difficulties involved; such difficulties include high ash content and irregular geometry. Fluidized-bed gasification has been proposed as a useful method for biomass energy resource conversion. The gasification process is a heterogeneous reaction with a solid reactant which changes geometrically as conversion progresses. The use of a fluidized-bed reactor for rice-hull conversion has been proposed as well; however, it appears that the kinetics of the gasification process have not been studied extensively. In the present work, the development of the morphology of the rice-hull charcoal or char has been characterized by observing the changes in the surface areas, surface fractal dimensions and pore sizes at various temperatures of the devolatilization process in a fluidized-bed reactor. The results, which show the highly porous network of the microstructure, are relevant and applicable to the simulation of the reaction kinetics of rice-hull conversion.
Selective gas-phase cleavage at the peptide bond C-terminal to aspartic acid in fixed-charge derivatives of Asp-containing peptides.

This study focuses on the molecular level interpretation of the selective gas-phase cleavage at aspartic acid residues (Asp) in protonated peptides. A phi3P+CH2C(=O)group (phi = 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl) is attached to the N-terminal nitrogen of the selected peptides LDIFSDF and LDIFSDFR, via solid-phase synthesis, to "mimic" the tightly held charge of a protonated arginine (Arg) residue. Collision-induced dissociation in a quadrupole ion trap instrument and surface-induced dissociation in a dual quadrupole instrument were performed for electrospray-generated ions of the fixed-charge peptide derivatives. Selective cleavages at Asp-Xxx are observed for those ions with charge provided only by the fixed charge or for those with a fixed charge and one Arg plus one added proton. This supports a previously proposed mechanism which suggests that the cleavages at Asp-Xxx, initiated by the acidic hydrogen of the Asp residue, become significant when ionizing protons are strongly bound by Arg in the protonated peptides. It is clear that the fixed charge is indeed serving as a "mimic" of protonated Arg and that a protonated Arg side chain is not required to interact with the Asp to induce cleavage at Asp-Xxx. When the number of protons exceeds the number of Arg in a peptide containing Arg and Asp, nonselective cleavages occur. The fragmentation efficiency of the peptides is consistent with the idea that these nonselective cleavages are promoted by a mobile proton. The peptide with a fixed charge and one added proton, [phi3P+CH2C(=O)-LDIFSDF + H]2+, fragments much more efficiently than the corresponding peptide with a fixed charge, an Arg and one added proton, [phi3P+CH2C(=O)-LDIFSDFR + H]2+; both of these fragment more efficiently than the peptide with a fixed charge and no added proton, phi3P+CH2C(=O)-LDIFSDF. MS/MS/MS (i.e., MS3) experimental results for bn ions formed at Asp-Xxx from phi3P+CH2C(=O)-LDIFSDF and its H/D exchange derivative, phi3P+CH2C(=O)-LDIFSDF-d11, are consistent with the bn ions formed at Asp-Xxx having a succinic anhydride cyclic structure. MS/MS experiments were also carried out for phi3P+CH2C(=O)-AAAA, a peptide derivative containing active hydrogens only at amide nitrogens plus the C-terminus, and its active H/D exchange product, phi3P+CH2C(=O)-AAAA-d5. The results show that a hydrogen originally located at an amide nitrogen is transferred away in the formation of a cyclic charge remote b ion.