cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE RISE AND FALL OF SECOND-POSITION CLITICS

Historical accounts of the phenomenon of cliticization have previously documented only the loss of second-position clitics. This paper argues that the history of Bulgarian offers evidence for the rise of a second-position clitic system. It is demonstrated that the second-position clitics of Old Bulgarian were not directly inherited from Indo-European, but emerged from a system of post-verbal clitics. The findings provide evidence against the position that independent historical laws govern ‘natural’ directions of language change. In particular, they challenge the belief in the uniform tendency for clitics to develop into inflectional affixes. Instead, the findings suggest that language change reflects competition between grammatical options, which instantiate principles and parameters of UG based on the properties of the learning algorithm and the nature of the linguistic input, and which are not intrinsically ranked. An analysis of the historical change that led to the development of second-position clitics in Old Bulgarian is proposed that implicates a switch in the parameter of headedness of TP. Clitics in both the old and new grammars are attracted by T0. A change in the position of T0 relative to its complement triggers the reanalysis of clitics from pronominals forming a complex head with V0 to pronominals moving to the left edge of TP. The non-branching status of clitics makes them category-ambiguous (D0/DP), which allows them to merge in the syntactic structure as either heads or maximal projections. The paper also traces the eventual loss of the second-position clitic system in Bulgarian and argues that changes in the grammar of phrasal movement, specifically the loss of topicalization to Spec,TP, trigger the syntactic reanalysis of clitics from arguments moved and adjoined to TP, into adjuncts to functional heads in the extended projection of V0, resulting in the modern pre-verbal clitic system.
RF IC design of highly-efficient broadband polar transmitters for WiMAX and 3GPP LTE applications

This paper presents highly-efficient RF polar transmitter (TX) systems that utilize the envelope-tacking (ET) technique with monolithic SiGe power amplifiers (PAs) for mobile WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) applications. Monolithic single-ended cascode SiGe PA design capable of enhancing its power-added efficiency (PAE) is demonstrated. Four RF switches are adopted at the bases of the common-emitter transistors, which can be turned on/off in response to the desired output power. We found that self-biasing of the common-base device with ET can improve the output distortion of the cascode PA to output 18dBm and passing the stringent mobile WiMAX linearity specs with 30% PAE at 2.3GHz without predistortion. Furthermore, a differential cascode SiGe PA using the proposed ET-based polar TX system can improve the average output power to 21dBm with 33.6% PAE at 1.42 GHz, and it also passes the stringent LTE 16QAM linearity specs without needing predistortion.
Dilute acid hydrolysis of paper birch: Kinetics studies of xylan and acetyl‐group hydrolysis

Batch hydrolysis kinetics of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) xylan and its associated acetyl groups in dilute sulfuric acid have been measured for acid concentrations of between 0.04 and 0.18M and temperatures of between 100 and 170°C. Only 5% of the cellulose was hydrolyzed for up to 85% xylan removal. Rate data were correlated well by a parallel reaction model based on the existence of reactive and resistant xylan portions. The resulting rate equation predicts the experimental xylan concentrations in the residue to within 10%. Hydrolysis of xylan-associated acetyl groups was found to occur at the same rate as that of xylan, except at 100°C, where acetyl is released preferentially. No effect of acid concentration on the rate of acetyl removal relative to that of xylan was evident.
Hydroxychloroquine is effective therapy for control of cutaneous sarcoidal granulomas

Cutaneous sarcoidosis often responds poorly to topical and intralesional corticosteroids but may respond to moderate to high doses of oral corticosteroids. To avoid the use of systemic corticosteroids, we treated 17 patients with cutaneous sarcoidal granulomas with hydroxychloroquine (2 to 3 mg/kg/day) in an open clinical trial. If response occurred, other medications were first tapered and then the hydroxychloroquine dosage was reduced or stopped. The cutaneous lesions of 12 patients regressed within 4 to 12 weeks, and they were able to stop other therapies; three patients had a partial response, and two patients had no regression. Two of eight patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis improved. No ocular toxicity was noted.
Improved 2D inverse proton detected C,H correlation NMR techniques for the total assignment of carbon resonances of a highly delta opioid receptor agonist peptide

Assignment of the 13C resonances of the highly delta opioid receptor selective cyclic peptide enkephalin (DPDPE) was accomplished by using single-quantum inverse proton detected 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. The pulse sequences described provided better sensitivity and resolution than the corresponding, commonly used, multiple-quantum evolution experiments, since during the SQ-evolution period there is no line broadening due to scalar and dipolar 1H-1H interactions. The proton detected C,H correlation spectrum, in combination with the H-TOCSY relay C,H correlation, gave the assignment of all protonated carbons. The C,H correlation optimized for long-range coupling gave the assignments of all non-protonated carbons, such as the carbonyl carbons of the peptide bonds. These spectra also allowed the sequential assignment of this molecule.
Species richness of motile cryptofauna across a gradient of reef framework erosion

Coral reef ecosystems contain exceptionally high concentrations of marine biodiversity, potentially encompassing millions of species. Similar to tropical rainforests and their insects, the majority of reef animal species are small and cryptic, living in the cracks and crevices of structural taxa (trees and corals). Although the cryptofauna make up the majority of a reef’s metazoan biodiversity, we know little about their basic ecology. We sampled motile cryptofaunal communities from both live corals and dead carbonate reef framework across a gradient of increasing erosion on a reef in Pacific Panama. A total of 289 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from six phyla were identified. We used species-accumulation models fitted to individual- and sample-based rarefaction curves, as well as seven nonparametric richness estimators to estimate species richness among the different framework types. All procedures predicted the same trends in species richness across the differing framework types. Estimated species richness was higher in dead framework (261–370 OTUs) than in live coral substrates (112–219 OTUs). Surprisingly, richness increased as framework structure was eroded: coral rubble contained the greatest number of species (227–320 OTUs) and the lowest estimated richness of 47–115 OTUs was found in the zone where the reef framework had the greatest vertical relief. This contradicts the paradigm that abundant live coral indicates the apex of reef diversity.
Improved hydrocarbon potentials for sputtering studies

We refit the REBO hydrocarbon potentials by reparameterizing the bond lengths and energies of hydrocarbons with recent data, using systematic addition of the parameters of all hydrocarbons CxDy with x equal or less than four. In addition we also refit the short-distance potentials to reproduce a repulsive ZBL term. To test the improved potential, we performed large scale molecular dynamics calculations of amorphous deuterated carbon bombarded by deuterium, and compare our results with data obtained using the REBO potential as well as with recent experiments.
Effects of dietary restriction on motor learning and cerebellar noradrenergic dysfunction in aged F344 rats

Fisher 344 rats were fed either ad libitum or with a diet containing a 40% reduction of calories beginning at 4 months of age. At 14 months and 22 months male rats were tested for their ability to learn a complex motor skill. At both ages the diet restricted rats reached criterion of performing 10 successful crosses in 10 min at an earlier time than ad libitum fed controls. At 22 months of age the diet restricted rats showed improved acquisition of running times for the task. Male rats at 14 and 22 months and female rats at 24 months were examined electrophysiologically frr the ability of isoproterenol to augment the action of GABA in the cerebellum when both substances were applied iontophoretically from an extracellular multibarreled glass electrode. In all 3 age and sex groups there was an improvement in the β-adrenergic receptor modulation of GABA responses in the dietary restricted vs. ad libtium rats. However, no difference was observed between dietary restricted and ad libitum rats when the number and affinity of cerebellar β-adrenergic receptors was assessed with125I-iodopindolol binding. Overall, there was a significant improvement in cerebellar noradrenergic function in the dietary restricted rats and this was accompanied by an improvement in motor learning.
Production of Dimethylfuran from Hydroxymethylfurfural through Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation with Ruthenium Supported on Carbon

RuC ees' transfer: Transfer hydrogenation using alcohols as hydrogen donors and supported ruthenium catalysts results in the selective conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural to dimethylfuran (>80% yield). During transfer hydrogenation, the hydrogen produced from alcohols is utilized in the hydrogenation of hydroxymethylfurfural.
Intergenerational Influences on Perceptions of Current Relationships with Grandparents

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate inter-generational kinship variables as predictors of perceptions of current grandparent-grandchild relationship quality. A lifecourse perspective is used to demonstrate the need for consideration of the GP-GCH relationship within a three-generational, dynamic framework linking the past and present. Matrifocal kinkeeping, lineage and caregiving history hypotheses are tested in the current study. Responses from a combined sample of 321 young adult grandchildren about their relationships with their parents and all living grandparents provide the basis for the present research. GP-GCH relationship quality is the dependent variable under consideration, which combines perceived emotional closeness and frequency of contact with each of the four possible grandparent types. Independent variables tested include caregiving by grandparents during childhood, young adults' current relationship quality with mothers and fathers, and mothers' and fathers' relationsh...
Rapid assessment of injection practices in Mongolia.

Abstract Background Anecdotal reports suggest that unsafe injections may transmit blood-borne pathogens in Mongolia. Methods The Ministry of Health of Mongolia collected information on injection practices, their determinants, and their consequences through interviews and observations of a small convenience sample of prescribers, injection providers, and members of the general population. Results The 65 members of the general population reported receiving an average of 13 injections per year. New, single-use injection devices were used in the 20 health care facilities visited. There were breaks in infection control practices while administering injections, including observations of 500-mL intravenous infusion bottles used as multiple-dose diluent vials and 8 of the 28 providers (28%) reporting reuse of device on the same patient. Injection providers reported 2.6 needle-stick injuries per year. Contaminated sharps were burned in a drum. Among persons interviewed, 19 of the 21 prescribers (90%) and 49% of the population were aware of the potential risk of HIV transmission through unsafe injections. Conclusions A multidisciplinary initiative is necessary to achieve safe and appropriate use of injections in Mongolia through (1) behavior change, (2) increasing availability of injection devices and sharps boxes, and (3) appropriate sharps waste management.
The effect of acute volume expansion and vasodilatation with verapamil on uterine and umbilical artery Doppler indices in severe preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is associated with increased peripheral, uterine, and umbilical artery resistance. Acute blood pressure reduction may result in shunting of blood and sudden fetal distress. We therefore investigated the effects of volume expansion and verapamil therapy on uteroplacental and umbilical resistance during treatment of preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: Five severe preeclamptics underwent volume expansion and subsequent vasodilatation with an infusion of verapamil. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring and Doppler ultrasonography were used to study changes in maternal, uterine, and umbilical hemodynamics. Results: Volume expansion and subsequent verapamil therapy was associated with significant changes in maternal hemodynamics without significant change in uteroplacental or umbilical resistance. Uterine artery waveform changes were noted, with disappearance of notching in some cases. Conclusions: Volume expansion and verapamil therapy effectively reduces maternal blood pressure in preeclampsia, without adversely affecting uteroplacental or umbilical artery resistance. Uterine artery waveform changes may be associated with improved fetal outcome. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevalence and cost of medication nonadherence in Parkinson's disease: evidence from administrative claims data.

We estimated the prevalence of medication nonadherence in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the association between treatment nonadherence and healthcare costs. Insurance claims from over 30 US health plans were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: PD diagnosis, ≥1 PD-related prescription between 1/1/1997 and 12/31/2004, continuous health plan enrollment for ≥6 months before and ≥12 months after first PD prescription. Adherence, all-cause healthcare utilization, and all-cause costs were evaluated over 12 months post-treatment initiation. Adherence was measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR), with MPR < 0.8 defining nonadherence. Among patients identified for inclusion (N = 3,119), 58% were male and mean age was 69 years. Mean MPR was 0.58 and 61% of patients were nonadherent. Unadjusted mean medical costs were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among nonadherers ($15,826) compared with adherers ($9,228), although nonadherers had lower prescription drug costs ($2,684 vs. $3,854; P < 0.05). After controlling for confounders in multivariable analyses, a large positive relationship between nonadherence and both medical and total healthcare costs remained (+$3,451, P < 0.0001 and +$2,383, P = 0.0053, respectively). Medication adherence in PD is suboptimal and nonadherence may be associated with increased healthcare costs despite offsets from reduced drug intake. Efforts to promote medication adherence in PD may lead to cost savings for managed care systems. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The Rayleigh range of partially coherent beams

The concept of the Rayleigh range, well known in the theory of coherent beams, is extended to partially coherent beams. A simple formula is derived, which expresses it in terms of the rms widths of the source intensity and of the intensity of the field far from the source. In the special cases when the beam is completely coherent or is of the Gaussian Schell-model type, our formula reduces to known expressions. It is also shown that a partially coherent beam will always have a Rayleigh range that is shorter than that of a fully coherent beam with the same intensity distribution in the beam waist.
Polarization of 40-MeV Protons by Complex Nuclei

The polarization of 40-MeV protons scattered by helium, lithium, carbon, aluminum, nickel, and lead has been measured using a polarized proton ion source in conjunction with the Minnesota Proton Linear Accelerator. Experimental procedures utilized in the measurements are discussed in detail. $p\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ polarization measurements are compared with the theoretical predictions by Gammel and Thaler.
Life history influences on Holland vocational type development

Abstract The lack of explicitness in the developmental postulates of Holland, 1973 , Holland, 1985 ) theory is regarded as one of its primary deficiencies ( Osipow, 1983 ; Eberhardt & Muchinsky, 1982 ). The primary purpose of this study is to determine the relative influence of selected life history experiences on the development of three vocational types proposed by Holland through the use of causal modeling procedures. The overall findings clearly support Holland's general premise that vocational type development is a function of a complex series of events resulting from family backgrounds, initial personal orientations and occupational preferences, and interactions with alternative environmental settings (i.e., kinds of college and universities attended and experiences in those institutions). At the same time, the relative importance of life history experiences varies among the three vocational types (e.g., family background is most important for Social types, congruent personal orientations, occupational aspirations, and educational preparation are most important for Investigative types). The validity of earlier findings is questioned due to their failure to consider the indirect influences of life history experiences.
Friction and transfer behavior of pyrolytic boron nitride in contact with various metals

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with pyrolytic boron nitride in sliding contact with itself and various metals. Auger emission spectroscopy was used to monitor transfer of pyrolytic boron nitride to metals and metals to pyrolytic boron nitride. Results indicate that the friction coefficient for pyrolytic boron nitride in contact with metals can be related to the chemical activity of the metals and more particularly to the d valence bond character of the metal. Transfer was found to occur to all metals except silver and gold and the amount of transfer was less in the presence than in the absence of metal oxide. Friction was less for pyrolytic boron nitride in contact with a metal in air than in vacuum.
Evaluation and management of men whose radical prostatectomies failed: results of an international survey

Abstract Objectives. To determine how urologists evaluate and treat men who develop recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Methods. Surveys were mailed to 4467 American Urological Association members comprising 3205 U.S. and 1262 non-U.S. urologists randomly selected from a total membership of approximately 12,000. One thousand four hundred sixteen were returned and 1050 (760 U.S. and 290 non-U.S.) surveys were evaluable. Results. To evaluate men with an elevated or rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level more than 1 year after radical prostatectomy, 98% of respondents use digital rectal examination, 68% use bone scan, 54% use transrectal ultrasound with biopsy, 36% use abdominal or pelvic computed tomography scan, 31% use transrectal ultrasound without biopsy, 25% use prostatic acid phosphatase, 11% use monoclonal antibody scan, and 5% use abdominal or pelvic magnetic resonance imaging. Respondents evaluate men with an elevated or rising PSA within 1 year of radical prostatectomy similarly. To treat documented local recurrence, 81% of respondents recommend radiation therapy, 7% recommend orchiectomy or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, 6% recommend observation only, and 5% recommend combined androgen ablation. To treat documented distant recurrence, 50% recommend combined androgen ablation, 42% recommend orchiectomy or LHRH agonists, and 7% recommend observation only. To treat PSA-only recurrence, 54% recommend observation only, 16% recommend combined androgen ablation, 15% recommend orchiectomy or LHRH agonists, and 13% recommend radiation therapy. Conclusions. The evaluation of men whose radical prostatectomy failed varies among urologists and does not depend on time of recurrence. Radiation therapy is used by most urologists to treat local recurrence. Hormonal manipulation is used by more than 90% of urologists to treat distant recurrence. More than 50% of urologists recommend observation for men with biochemical-only recurrence.
A hole‐filling theory of anomalous diffusion in glassy polymers. Effects of microvoids

Non-Fickian diffusion is often observed at low concentrations and without any obvious irreversible changes. This contradicts some of the predictions of the existing theories, which in general work quite well. For these cases, it is suggested that the filling of microvoids give rise to such effects. The effective diffusivity and a memory-dependent source/sink term are obtained for describing the overall transport in heterogeneous media under local volume averaging. Some comparisons with experiments are shown. This mechanism is confined to low concentrations and supplements the existing theories which are effective at higher concentrations. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chronologic comparison of root dentin moisture in extracted human teeth stored in formalin, sodium azide, and distilled water

This study quantified in vitro the root dentin moisture when 10% formalin (group A), 3% sodium azide (group B), and distilled water (group C) were used as teeth storage media. The root dentin moisture of 66 extracted human mandibular single-rooted teeth was measured at baseline (day 0) and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days using a digital grain moisture meter. The baseline dentin moisture value was used as covariate in the generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis. The mean dentin moisture values (%) +/- SD on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 were, respectively: 10.6 +/- 0.64, 14.3 +/- 0.71, 14.6 +/- 0.84, 14.4 +/- 0.64, and 14.7 +/- 0.75 in group A; 11.4 +/- 0.94, 14.6 +/- 0.95, 14.6 +/- 0.76, 14.6 +/- 0.93, and 14.8 +/- 0.81 in group B; and 10.2 +/- 0.95, 12.8 +/- 0.90, 13.3 +/- 0.95, 13.0 +/- 0.91, and 13.2 +/- 0.89 in group C. The dentin moisture increased in all 3 groups; however, there was no overall significant difference in moisture between the formalin and sodium azide groups.
A method for the choice of smoothing parameter

When using kernel-based estimators for probability density functions, a key problem is the choice of smoothing parameter. All existing procedures for this choice suffer from some significant drawback. We propose a simple location-dependent procedure for the choice of smoothing parameters. Initial comparisons with two standard choice methods, due to Parzen and to Breiman et al., with respect to the mean percent error (MPE), show that, while all three methods have comparable performance in estimating unimodal densities, ours and Breiman's both outperform Parzen's in multimodal cases. Since our method is considerably simpler than Breiman's, we develop it further. In particular, through an approximation of the L"1 criterion, we develop a distribution-free goodness-of-fit criterion for evaluating our choice of parameter.
Clinical Engineering-The Administrator's Perspective

This paper reports on the results of a survey conducted among 70 hospital administrators to determine whether any barriers exist to their acceptance of clinical engineers in their hospital. The survey obtains administrators' views regarding clinical engineering within the framework of their present understanding of the field. The survey shows that clinical engineering is not yet a well-established, separate professional discipline in the minds of the administrators. It also shows a disagreement between the administrators and the engineering profession regarding the need for clinical engineering personnel to hold advanced degrees. Finally, the study indicates a need for clinical engineers to make a conscious effort to increase the accessibility of information about clinical engineering to the hospital administration profession.
Implementation of logical query languages for databases

We examine methods of implementing queries about relational databases in the case where these queries are expressed in first-order logic as a collection of Horn clauses. Because queries may be defined recursively, straightforward methods of query evaluation do not always work, and a variety of strategies have been proposed to handle subsets of recursive queries. We express such query evaluation techniques as “capture rules” on a graph representing clauses and predicates. One essential property of capture rules is that they can be applied independently, thus providing a clean interface for query-evaluation systems that use several different strategies in different situations. Another is that there be an efficient test for the applicability of a given rule. We define basic capture rules corresponding to application of operators from relational algebra, a top-down capture rule corresponding to “backward chaining,” that is, repeated resolution of goals, a bottom-up rule, corresponding to “forward chaining,” where we attempt to deduce all true facts in a given class, and a “sideways” rule that allows us to pass results from one goal to another.
Alumina-carborundum inserts for continuous casting of kilned carbon steel

Alumina-carborundum inserts meet the requirements of kilned carbon steel pouring better than high-alumina inserts.
Morphological and growth rate differences among outcrossing and self-pollinating races of Arenaria uniflora (Caryophyllaceae)

Populations of Arenaria uniflora exhibit intraspecific variation in floral size and degree of protandry in association with the evolution of self-pollination. Heterochrony, or a simple change in the absolute timing or rate of developmental events, is proposed as the evolutionary mechanism underlying the origin of the small, self-pollinating flowers from their large, outcrossing progenitors. Inflorescence growth in two autogamous populations and their related outcrossing progenitors was studied to provide the temporal data necessary for testing the hypothesis of heterochrony. All four races showed significant variation in the growth and mature length of inflorescence organs. Inflorescences of selfing races were smaller, and had slower relative growth rates and a two-fold increase in the plastochron relative to outcrossing populations. The large-flowered races were both significantly protandrous. A more detailed growth analysis of flower development in two races indicated that the selfing flowers develop at a slower rate and for a longer duration relative to outcrossing flowers. The implications of these temporal changes in floral ontogeny for the heterochronic origin of self-pollinating floral forms are considered.
Effects of chronic mild stress on serum complement activity, saccharin preference, and corticosterone levels in Flinders lines of rats.

Complement proteins and fragments participate in the induction and modulation of specific and nonspecific immune reactions. We have examined the effect of 4 weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) on complement sheep red blood cell hemolytic activity measured in CH50 units in two selectively bred lines of rats, the Flinders resistant line (FRL) and the Flinders sensitive line (FSL), that differ in cholinergic sensitivity and behavioral characteristics. Additionally, CMS-induced hedonic deficit (decreased preference for 0.02% saccharin over water) and serum corticosterone levels were compared in FRL and FSL rats. CMS caused a significantly (p < 0.01) greater decline in CH50 responses in FSL (−15%) than in FRL (−7%) rats. This was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.01) suppression of saccharin preference over a 24 h period in both FRL and FSL rats. Both lines showed a similar, more than 2-fold (p < 0.01) increase in corticosterone levels following CMS. These results further confirm that CMS induces a depressive-like state in rats as well as the validity of the FSL rat as a genetic model of depression. They also indicate that the effect of stress on the immune system can be monitored by measuring the complement CH50 response.
Nonseparable Radial Frame Multiresolution Analysis in Multidimensions

Abstract In this article we present a nonseparable multiresolution structure based on frames which is defined by radial frame scaling functions. The Fourier transform of these functions is the indicator (characteristic) function of a measurable set. We also construct the resulting frame multiwavelets, which can be isotropic as well. Our construction can be carried out in any number of dimensions and for a big variety of dilation matrices.
Bonding mechanisms and point defects in TiAl

Abstract The bonding mechanism and point defect structure in TiAl were investigated using a first-principles quantum mechanical calculation. The most remarkable feature found in the calculated binding charge density is the polarization of the p-electron at the aluminum sites, which gives rise to a large bond bending force between the Ti and Al layers. For the point defects, the absence of structural vacancies is predicted in TiAl, and the deviations from stoichiometry are accommodated by the substitutional antisite defects on both sublattices. High vacancy formation energies are obtained, which are closely related to the strong TiAl bonding and the similar atomic radii of Ti and Al.
Does Magnesium Play a Role in the Hypokalemia of Bartter's Syndrome?

A patient with Bartter's syndrome manifested hypomagnesemia in addition to hypokalemia. Under conditions of maximal free water production, he had a fractional distal solute reabsorption of 0.65, a value consistent with a renal defect in sodium chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This is also the site of 65% to 70% of urinary magnesium reabsorption. With magnesium supplementation and amiloride, the urinary potassium decreased and the serum potassium increased. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in the plasma were low. Evaluation of family members showed five of nine offspring had hypokalemia with no disorder in the parents, an apparent autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Nationally Coordinated Evaluation of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Rate using a Standardized Aerobic Incubation Protocol

Abstract Aerobic incubation methods have been widely used to assess soil nitrogen (N) mineralization, but standardized protocols are lacking. A single silt loam soil (Catlin silt loam; fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Oxyaquic Arguidoll) was subjected to aerobic incubation at six USDA‐ARS locations using a standardized protocol. Incubations were conducted at multiple temperatures, which were combined based on degree days (DD). Soil water was maintained at 60% water‐filled pore space (WFPS; constant) or allowed to fluctuate between 60 and 30% WFPS (cycle). Soil subsamples were removed periodically and extracted in 2 M potassium chloride (KCl); nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) concentrations in extracts were determined colorimetrically. For each location, the rate of soil organic‐matter N (SOMN) mineralization was estimated by regressing soil inorganic N (Ni) concentration on DD, using a linear (zero‐order) model. When all data were included, the mineralization rate from four datasets was not statisti...
Synthesis of Poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether-b-isobutylene-b-cyclohexyl vinyl ether) Triblock Copolymer by Living Cationic Sequential Copolymerization

The living cationic polymerization of cyclohexyl vinyl ether (CHVE) and sequential block copolymerization of isobutylene with CHVE were carried out by the so-called capping-tuning technique in hexanes/CH3Cl solvent mixtures at –80 °C. It involves capping the initiator, 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl), or the living polyisobutylene (PIB) chain end with 1,1-ditolylethylene in the presence of titanium(IV) (TiCl4), followed by fine-tuning of the Lewis acidity with the addition of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti(OIp)4) to match the reactivity of CHVE. Well-defined PCHVE, PIB-b-PCHVE and PCHVE-b-PIB-b-PCHVE with predesigned molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn<1.1) were thus prepared with [Ti(OIp)4]/[TiCl4] ratios of 1.6–1.8. Differential scanning calorimetry of the triblock copolymers showed two Tgs (–62 °C for PIB and 61 °C for PCHVE) suggesting a microphas-separated morphology of the triblock copolymers and the potential use of them as thermoplastic elastomers.
Photon-nucleus total cross sections

Quantitative predictions for the energy and $A$ dependence of the cross sections for nuclear photoabsorption and inelastic electron-nucleus scattering are given. In general, the nucleons do not contribute equally to the total photon-nucleus cross section when coherent contributions of photoproduced hadrons are taken into account. At low energies (${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\sim}1$ BeV), the cross sections are proportional to nuclear number $A$, but at high energies, they become proportional to the number of surface nucleons---provided that the photon interactions are mediated by hadrons of sufficiently low mass. The condition on the masses is that the momentum transfers in forward photoproduction of these states should be small compared to the reciprocals of their mean free paths in nuclear matter. In the case of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ dominance, the real-photon photoabsorption cross section has the same $A$ dependence as hadron-nucleus total cross sections for photon energies above $\ensuremath{\approx}10$ BeV, whereas the cross section for virtual photon absorption at that energy, obtained from inelastic electron scattering is nearly proportional to $A$ for spacelike momentum transfer $|{Q}^{2}|\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5$ Be${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. We then generalize to an arbitrary spectrum of intermediate particles, and discuss the sensitivity of feasible experiments to various models in which the spectrum contains important structure beyond the $\ensuremath{\rho}$. Measurements of the photon-nucleus cross sections will provide a fundamental test of "hadron dominance" in general, and of $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ dominance in particular, as well as help to determine the basic parameters of photon-nucleon and $\ensuremath{\rho}$-nucleon interactions. We also calculate the photon-deuteron cross section and discuss the multiple scattering approach to photon-nucleus interactions. This discussion provides insight into the many-body processes which underlie the eikonal, optical-model calculations; it is also relevant to the determination of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}n}$ at high energies.
BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL POLICY : REFLECTIONS ON AN INTELLECTUAL JOURNEY, 1964-1996, AND BEYOND

This article reviews the development of business ethics and corporate social policy from the perspective of a long-time major in the field.
Efficacy and Tolerability of STOPAIN for a Migraine Attack

Objective To determine whether topical menthol 6% gel will relieve a migraine attack. Materials and Methods A single-center, open-label pilot trial of 25 patients with at least one year of diagnosed episodic migraine and < 15 headache days per month. Patients treated one migraine attack with STOPAIN topical menthol 6% gel to skull base within 2 hours of headache onset. Headache pain severity was assessed prior to and after gel application. Results Thirty-two patients enrolled and 25 completed the study. Prior to treatment, seven patients had mild pain, 13 moderate pain, and five severe pain. Two hours following gel application, 7 patients had no pain, 7 mild pain, 6 moderate pain and 5 severe pain. The majority of patients had similar pain intensity (8; 32 %) or improvement (13; 52%). At 24-hour, only 2 non-rescued patients still had mild headache. Of the 25 completers, two patients took rescue medication prior to the 2-hour period, and an additional 10 patients rescued between 2 and 24 hours. Conclusion Study results showed a significant improvement in headache intensity by 2 hours after gel application. This pilot study shows STOPAIN gel may be effective in treating an acute migraine attack.
Stability of steel frames: the cases for simple elastic and rigorous inelastic analysis/design procedures

In this paper, two stability design approaches that are alternatives to traditional buckling-solution based procedures are outlined and their merits are discussed. The first approach, which is commonly referred to as a notional load type procedure, is effectively a modified first plastic hinge technique. This approach provides a simple elastic analysis based solution for the stability design of steel frames. The second approach, termed an advanced analysis design procedure, involves the use of a rigorous second-order inelastic analysis as part of the design assessment. Several examples are provided to illustrate the implications of these alternative procedures relative to the use of traditional buckling solution based design equations.
Integratable Nanowire Transistors

We report a structure to control nanowire location and growth direction and demonstrate top-gated, metal−oxide−semiconductor, field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) using this structure. The nanowires were engineered to grow against an oxide surface of a (001), silicon-on-insulator substrate, enabling straightforward fabrication of MOSFETs exhibiting an Ion/Ioff ratio ∼104 and a subthreshold slope of ∼155 mV/decade. Though nanowires were engineered to grow in ⟨110⟩ directions, the nanowires still grew by the addition of {111} planes.
Vaginal secretions increase the likelihood of intermale aggression in Syrian hamsters

Although sexually receptive female hamsters prefer dominant males as mating partners, it is not clear what role the female might play facilitating aggressive interactions among males that would lead to the establishment of a status relationship. The ability of vaginal odors to stimulate male aggression was examined by paring randomly chosen males in a neutral arena with vaginal odors either present or absent. Males exhibited significantly more aggression when tested in the scented arena. Vaginal odors are efficient broadcast signals serving to space females, attract males, and to stimulate aggressive interactions among the males while inhibiting aggression towards the female.
Coverage-dependent chemisorption of Cl on Si(1 1 4)

Abstract The dissociative chemisorption of Cl2 on Si(1 1 4) was studied at room temperature using scanning tunneling microscopy. Filled and empty state imaging revealed a multitude of possible adsorption configurations with adsorption preferring rebonded atom and dimer sites over tetramer sites. The dissociation and subsequent adsorption processes were sufficiently exothermic that Cl could interrogate the potential energy landscape and find local energy minima. Annealing revealed configurations that preserved the strongest π-bonds of the (1 1 4) reconstruction.
Treasurers, Bribery, and the FCPA: Is There a Better Way?

Treasurers are responsible for assessing and mitigating corruption risk. And with the rise of globaliza-tion, the problem of bribery has become wider. However, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)—designed to fight bribery—actually puts U.S. companies at an unfair disadvantage. Is there a more rational alternative to the flawed FCPA that would work? © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Experimental Study of Miniature-Scale Pool Boiling

By generating single bubbles on a micro-heater at different wall superheats, an experimental study of miniature-scale pool boiling heat transfer has been performed to provide a fundamental understanding of the heater size effect. In this study, the constant-temperature microheater is set at different temperatures by an electronic feedback control system. The heat transfer history during the lifetime of a single bubble which includes nucleation, growth, detachment and departure has been measured. The boiling curve obtained from the microheater is composed of two regimes which are separated by a peak heat flux. It is suggested that in the lower superheat regime, the boiling is dominated by liquid rewetting and micro-layer evaporation, while in the higher superheat regime, conduction through the vapor film and micro-convection plays the key heat transfer role as the heater is covered by vapor all the time. In general, boiling on microheaters is characterized by larger bubble departure sizes, smaller bubble growth rates due to the dryout of microlayer as the bubble grows, and higher bubble incipience superheat. As the heater size decreases, the boiling curve shifts towards higher heat fluxes with corresponding higher superheats.
Symbiotic Effectiveness and N2 Fixation in Nodulated Soybean

Highly efficient nitrogen fixation by nodulating bacteria is required for maximum production by leguminous plants. The symbiotic relationship between nodulating bacteria and legumes in nodule formation and nitrogen fixation is complex and variable (2). The Rhizobium and legume genotypes (strains and varieties) exert influences which determine the growth response of the host (3,4, 10, 11). The growth response may be poor or moderate to luxuriant, and these symbioses are referred to as ineffective and effective, respectively. Three ranges of effectiveness based on nitrogen content were used by Parker and Allen (12) to compare the growth response of clover inoculated with 35 strains of R. trifolii. Abel and Erdman (1) evaluated the response of field grown Lee soybeans to different strains of R. japonicum and concluded that some symbioses exhibited more effectiveness than others in increasing seed yield, protein percentage of seed, nodulation,, plant appearance and fresh plant weight. Effectiveness in nodulated soybean has not been compared with activity of the nitrogen fixing enzyme. Nitrogen fixing activity ini nodulated leguminous plants can be estimated rapidly and conveniently by the acetylene reduction assay using gas chromatographic techniques (7). Requirements for the reduction of acetylene and molecular nitrogen have been shown to be the same for intact soybean nodules (9) and for partially purified cell-free extracts of bacteroids (8). Using this assay would indirectly determine nitrogenase activity for particular soybeanRhizobium symblioses exhibiting ineffectiveness or effectiveness. The present report provides evidence that the interaction of soybean and R. japonicum in some way controls nitrogenase activity, which results in a particular growth response in the plant.
Asynchronous Global Optimization Techniques For' Medium And Large Inversion Problems

We discuss global optimization procedures adequate for seismic inversion problems. We explain how to save function evaluations (which may involve large scale ray tracing or other expensive operations) by creating a data base of information on what parts of parameter space have already been inspected. It is also shown how a correct parallel implementation using PVM speeds up the process almost linearly with respect to the number of processors, provided that the function evaluations are expensive enough to offset the communication overhead.
An Examination of the Effect of Elementary School Size on Student Academic Achievement

Prior studies that have investigated the relationship between school size and student academic achievement have produced conflicting results. For example, some studies found a positive relationship between school size and student achievement; other studies found that the relationship is negative. Typically, however, these past studies have not accounted for the influence of student ability in their analysis of the impact of school size on student achievement. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of school size on student achievement while accounting for student ability, among other variables. The results reported in this paper suggest that school size has a nonlinear relationship with respect to student achievement. Thus, there is an optimal school size with respect to the maximization of student achievement.
The “TOON” project: Requirements for a computerized 2D animation system

Abstract This article describes some of the problems that the design of computerized 2D animation systems raises when such systems are intended to serve professional cartoonists. Even though 2D and 3D modeling and animation systems have been around for a while, none of the existing packages other than those which focus on cartoon animation have been used for the production of quality cartoons. The study highlights the special needs of the cartoonist and discusses the hardware and software requirements of systems that can effectively assist him in his work. Lessons learned from the early development efforts of such a system are presented here. Such lessons may turn out to be useful to computer graphics engineers at large, who may be working on other animation systems of similar ambition and scope.
Systems for reusing hypermedia courseware

Three systems of differing complexity have been built which support the development of courseware libraries for reuse at three differing organizations. One system was developed for a handful of authors at a small company, one for a university team of about twenty-five people, and one for a company with about one hundred authors. The small company has not found the cost-benefit balances attractive enough to continue investment. The university team has published several products with its collaborative hypermedia system. The system for the large company includes extremely sophisticated library structures and coordination mechanisms but is a challenge for the new user to fully understand. As is often the case with reuse, the institutional commitment to courseware reuse and the ease of use of the tools are critical factors in success. Based on the experiences with the first three courseware reuse systems and the increased popularity of the World Wide Web, a new courseware reuse methodology has been implemented on the World Wide Web.
Transforming dangerous nomads into useful artisans, technicians, agriculturists: education in the Reza Shah period

The Reza Shah period (1921-194 1) continues to be one of the most understudied as well as controversial episodes in Iran's modem history. Assessments of the period tend to be politically charged and reflect the widely diverging opinions about the extent and quality of its transformative nature. They rarely involve an appreciation of the effectiveness of the measures taken in this period in relation to stated policy objectives and allowing for the circumstances and conditions of the time-something which is quite common when it comes to evaluating, say, the reforms of Peter the Great in eighteenth-century Russia or those of Muhammad 'Ali in nineteenth-century Egypt. Instead, they frequently narrow down to a moral verdict that weighs the entire age on a retrospective scale of Iran's historical development since the mid to late nineteenth century. The moral assessment of Reza Shah's reign, whether characterized as the inception of an "auspicious age" ('a%r-efarkhondeh) or a period marked by the "elimination of the most basic human rights, and the establishment of a brutal dictatorship," all too often prevents a sober analysis of its nature, in its achievements as well as in its failures.'