cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of humoral and cellular immune responses to inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine in weaned pigs

Abstract Humoral and cellular immune responses to inactivated swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccine were evaluated and compared. Fifty 3-week-old weaned pigs were randomly divided into the non-vaccinated control group and vaccinated group containing 25 pigs each. Pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with adjuvanted UV-inactivated A/SW/MN/02011/08 (MN/08) H1N2 SIV vaccine at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Whole blood samples for multi-parameter flow cytometry (MP-FCM) and serum samples for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were collected at 23 and 28 days after the second vaccination, respectively. A standard HI assay and MP-FCM were performed against UV-inactivated homologous MN/08 and heterologous pandemic A/CA/04/2009 (CA/09) H1N1 viruses. While the HI assay detected humoral responses only to the MN/08 virus, the MP-FCM detected strong cellular responses against the MN/08 virus and significant heterologous responses to the CA/09 virus, especially in the CD4+CD8+ T cell subset. The cellular heterologous responses to UV-inactivated virus by MP-FCM suggested that the assay was sensitive and potentially detected a wider range of antigens than what was detected by the HI assay. Overall, the adjuvanted UV-inactivated A/SW/MN/02011/08 H1N2 SIV vaccine stimulated both humoral and cellular immune responses including the CD4−CD8+ T cell subset.
Dinoflagellate cyst production in one-liter containers

Methods for the production of dinoflagellate cysts in two types of 1 L containers have been developed. Using these methods, dinoflagellate cysts can be produced in amounts large enough for shellfish grazing experiments or whenever large amounts of cysts are needed. The species used were Scrippsiella lachrymosa (B-10) and toxic Alexandrium fundyense (CB501 and GTM25). Cultures of S. lachrymosa yielded 628 ± 74 cysts mL−1 and A. fundyense cultures yielded 350 ± 98 cysts mL−1. Findings suggest that aspects of the boundary layer between the media and the wall of the container are important for gamete mating; especially, the slope of the container wall appears to be relevant, which offers some explanation of previous observations that the shape of the container is important in the formation of dinoflagellate resting cysts. These observations may support the theory that physical interfaces in nature facilitate dinoflagellate encystment.
The effect of infection with Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) on fluid secretion rates in the Malpighian tubules of the mosquitoes Aedes taeniorhynchus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus

Abstract Dirofilaria immitis , the parasitic nematode causing the disease dog heartworm, is transmitted by female mosquitoes. During their development, larval nematodes reside in the cells of the Malpighian tubules of these mosquitoes for approx 13 days. We have examined the effect of the presence of these large intracellular parasites on the main physiological function of the Malpighian tubules, i.e. fluid secretion. Rates of fluid secretion were examined in vitro using both normal and infected tubules of the mosquito species Aedes taeniorhynchus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus . Tubules of A. quadrimaculatus show changes in trasport rate during the reproductive cycle. Those of A. taeniorhynchus do not. Infection with larvae of D. immitis had no effect on the rate of fluid secretion in tubules of A. quadrimaculatus . In A. taeniorhynchus by contrast, the tubules show decline in transport with time following infection. The reduction in transport capacity is proportional to the number of worms infecting the tubule. The present paper and separate ultrastructural studies demonstrate that parallel changes in microvillar ultrastructure and epithelial transport rates occur in response to infection by the parasite. In both species examined, the survival of the mosquitoes and their vector potential are determined by factors other than the transport capacities of the infected Malpighian tubules.
Structure of a CRISPR-associated protein Cas2 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris.

CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) provide bacteria and archaea with RNA-guided acquired immunity to invasive DNAs. CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins carry out the immune effector functions. Cas2 is a universal component of the CRISPR system. Here, a 1.35 A resolution crystal structure of Cas2 from the bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (DvuCas2) is reported. DvuCas2 is a homodimer, with each protomer consisting of an N-­terminal βαββαβ ferredoxin fold (amino acids 1–78) to which is appended a C-terminal segment (amino acids 79–102) that includes a short 310-helix and a fifth β-strand. The β5 strands align with the β4 strands of the opposite protomers, resulting in two five-stranded antiparallel β-sheets that form a sandwich at the dimer interface. The DvuCas2 dimer is stabilized by a distinctive network of hydrophilic cross-protomer side-chain interactions.
The social origins of male dominance

Writings in psychoanalytic theory and social science that discuss the basis of men's motive to dominate women are reviewed. Both men's fear and envy of women and men's tenuous masculine identity arise from the exclusive early mother-child tie. It is suggested that an important step in altering the development of the motive underlying male dominance would be to have men, as well as women, care for infants. The possibility of greater equality in the family and in the economy is discussed.
p53/58 Binds COPI and Is Required for Selective Transport through the Early Secretory Pathway

p53/58 is a transmembrane protein that continuously recycles between the ER and pre-Golgi intermediates composed of vesicular-tubular clusters (VTCs) found in the cell periphery and at the cis face of the Golgi complex. We have generated an antibody that uniquely recognizes the p53/58 cytoplasmic tail. Here we present evidence that this antibody arrests the anterograde transport of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and leads to the accumulation of p58 in preGolgi intermediates. Consistent with a role for the KKXX retrieval motif found at the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of p53/58 in retrograde traffic, inhibition of transport through VTCs correlates with the ability of the antibody to block recruitment of COPI coats to the p53/58 cytoplasmic tail and to p53/58-containing membranes. We suggest that p53/58 function may be required for the coupled exchange of COPII for COPI coats during segregation of anterograde and retrograde transported proteins.
Visualization and system dynamics modeling of the global appetite for protein

This research utilizes the power of three-dimensional visualization to present simulation results of the system dynamics model of global protein consumption. The protein consumption dynamics (PCD) model explores how changes in income and population growth affect the potential appetite for protein and malnutrition on a region-by-region basis. The system dynamics model and the visualization interface were developed to assist decision making for strategic investments in market development and research. Experiments were designed to test how decision frames were affected by the use of the PCD. Results showed that the visualized representation of complex system interactions caused soy industry decision makers to focus on issues more relevant to the future of the industry. These issues include the potential for growth in Asian markets as opposed to traditional markets in developed western countries, the persistence of widespread malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the limitations that historical production investments and infrastructure place on the ability to respond to market dynamics.
Judging a site by its content: learning the textual, structural, and visual features of malicious web pages

The physical world is rife with cues that allow us to distinguish between safe and unsafe situations. By contrast, the Internet offers a much more ambiguous environment; hence many users are unable to distinguish a scam from a legitimate Web page. To help address this problem, we explore how to train classifiers that can automatically identify malicious Web pages based on clues from their textual content, structural tags, page links, visual appearance, and URLs. Using a contemporary labeled data feed from a large Web mail provider, we extract such features and demonstrate how they can be used to improve classification accuracy over previous, more constrained approaches. In particular, by analyzing the full content of individual Web pages, we more than halve the error rate obtained by a comparably trained classifier that only extracts features from URLs. By training classifiers on different sets of features, we are further able to assess the strength of clues provided by these different sources of information.
Hollow‐anode plasma source for molecular beam epitaxy of gallium nitride

GaN films have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using a hollow‐anode nitrogen plasma source. The source was developed to minimize defect formation as a result of contamination and ion damage. The hollow‐anode discharge is a special form of glow discharge with very small anode area. A positive anode voltage drop of 30–40 V and an increased anode sheath thickness leads to ignition of a relatively dense plasma in front of the anode hole. Driven by the pressure gradient, the ‘‘anode’’ plasma forms a bright plasma jet streaming with supersonic velocity towards the substrate. Films of GaN have been grown on (0001) SiC and (0001) Al2O3 at 600–800 °C. The films were investigated by photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, x‐ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, and particle‐induced x‐ray emission. The film with the highest structural quality had a rocking curve width of 5 arcmin, the lowest reported value for MBE growth to date.
Dancing with the elephants: Canadian space policy in constant transition

Abstract Canadian space policy has long been a struggle for a middle sized economic and technological power to continue operating at the cutting edge of space activities, a field dominated by the superpowers at first. This paper provides a broad perspective within which to evaluate both Canada’s past and present space successes and the problems confronting it in the future. The elephants in the past were other public actors both at the national and international level but now have expanded to include private sector actors such as multinational corporations which are more of a threat to the independence of Canadian comparative space activities than the traditional entities such as NASA which was almost smothering in its approach to cooperative activities.
Acupuncture: a promising treatment for depression during pregnancy.

Abstract Background Few medically acceptable treatments for depression during pregnancy are available. The aim of this randomized controlled pilot study was to determine whether acupuncture holds promise as a treatment for depression during pregnancy. Methods Sixty-one pregnant women with major depressive disorder and a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD 17 ) score ≥14 were randomly assigned to one of three treatments, delivered over 8 weeks: an active acupuncture (SPEC, N =20), an active control acupuncture (NSPEC, N =21), and massage (MSSG, N =20). Acupuncture treatments were standardized, but individually tailored, and were provided in a double-blind fashion. Responders to acute phase treatment (HRSD 17 score Results Response rates at the end of the acute phase were statistically significantly higher for SPEC (69%) than for MSSG (32%), with an intermediate NSPEC response rate (47%). The SPEC group also exhibited a significantly higher average rate of reduction in BDI scores from baseline to the end of the first month of treatment than the MSSG group. Responders to the acute phase of all treatments combined had significantly lower depression scores at 10 weeks postpartum than nonresponders. Limitations Generalizability is limited by the small sample and its relative homogeneity. Conclusion Acupuncture holds promise for the treatment of depression during pregnancy.
Comparison of surface and intramuscular EMG pattern recognition for simultaneous wrist/hand motion classification

The simultaneous control of multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs) is important for the intuitive, life-like control of artificial limbs. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of intramuscular electromyogram (EMG) improved pattern classification of simultaneous wrist/hand movements compared to surface EMG. Two pattern classification methods were used in this analysis, and were trained to predict 1-DOF and 2-DOF movements involving wrist rotation, wrist flexion/extension, and hand open/close. The classification methods used were (1) a single pattern classifier discriminating between 1-DOF and 2-DOF motion classes, and (2) a parallel set of three classifiers to predict the activity of each of the 3 DOFs. We demonstrate that in this combined wrist/hand classification task, the use of intramuscular EMG significantly decreases classification error compared to surface EMG for the parallel configuration (p<;0.01), but not for the single classifier. We also show that the use of intramuscular EMG mitigates the increase in errors produced when the parallel classifier method is trained without 2-DOF motion class data.
DHA-rich phospholipids optimize G-Protein-coupled signaling

Abstract Objective To assess the effects of n–3 polyunsaturated phospholipid acyl chains on the initial steps in G-protein–coupled signaling. Study design Isolated components of the visual signal transduction system, rhodopsin, G protein (Gt), and phosphodiesterase (PDE), were reconstituted in membranes containing various levels of n–3 polyunsaturated phospholipid acyl chains. In addition, rod outer segment disk membranes containing these components were purified from rats raised on n–3-deficient and n–3-adequate diets. The conformation change of rhodopsin, coupling of rhodopsin to Gt, and PDE activity were each measured separately. Results The ability of rhodopsin to form the active metarhodopsin II conformation and bind Gt were both compromised in membranes with reduced levels of n–3 polyunsaturated acyl chains. The activity of PDE, directly related to the integrated cellular response, was reduced in all membranes lacking or deficient in n–3 polyunsaturated acyl chains. PDE activity in membranes containing 22:5n–6 PC was 50% lower than in membranes containing either 22:6n–3 PC or 22:5n–3 PC. Conclusions The earliest events in G-protein–coupled signaling; receptor conformation change, receptor–G-protein binding, and PDE activity are reduced in membranes lacking n–3 polyunsaturated acyl chains. Efficient and rapid propagation of G-protein–coupled signaling requires polyunsaturated n–3 phospholipid acyl chains.
Temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting of olivine and pyroxene from the Plains of Gusev Crater on Mars

In the present work, we report application of simultaneous fitting procedures to Mossbauer data acquired on the Plains of Gusev Crater by the MIMOS II spectrometer on board the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. Based on a quantitative measure of spectrum quality, the 34 best of the ∼126 spectra acquired on the Plains are grouped together for a single simultaneous fit with a common least-squares criterion. Fitted values for the quadrupole splitting (QS) of olivine (Ol) from 200 K to 260 K are shown to lie between reported trend lines for Fo50 and Fo30 olivine, with a temperature gradient of (−11.2 ± 1.2) × 10 − 4 mm/s/K, a nearly five-fold improvement in precision over the previously reported value, enabling extrapolation to QS(Ol) = (2.93 ± 0.01) mm/s at 295 K. QS of pyroxene fit as a single doublet exhibits a temperature gradient of (−7.3 ± 2.3) × 10 − 4 mm/s/K.
Predominant tubulointerstitial lupus nephritis

Predominant tubulointerstitial lupus nephritis is rare. Only eight cases have been described in the literature. We report the case of a 59-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with acute renal failure. On renal biopsy, he was found to have chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with a mononuclear infiltrate. The immunofluorescence showed immune deposits in the tubular basement membranes, interstitium, and glomerular capsule. The glomeruli were minimally involved. He was initially treated with high-dose corticosteroids and supported with hemodialysis. Renal function improved and dialysis was discontinued after three treatments. The corticosteroid dosage was gradually tapered. Renal function after 72 months of follow-up has remained stable (serum creatinine, approximately 1.9 mg/dL) and except for one relapse, there has been no clinical or serologic evidence of lupus activity. Furthermore, 24-hour urinary protein excretion has remained within the normal range.
Corruption and social responsibility: bribe offers among small entrepreneurs in Azerbaijan

The literature on corruption concentrates exclusively on bribe demands by bureaucrats and does not analyse bribe offers by citizens. Building on theoretical propositions from socio-cultural theories of corruption, this article uses the logistic regression method to test whether lower social responsibility translates into higher rates of bribe offers by small and medium entrepreneurs in Azerbaijan. Based on a survey of 611 respondents, the research analyses social pro-activism of businessmen. The study contends that infrequent community participation, the lack of choice to avoid bribe demands, and a higher share of monthly profit that the respondents are ready to spend on the acquisition of markers of “status” translate into a higher probability of bribe offers. The research suggests that in order to be successful in fighting corruption, the Azerbaijani government should, in addition to bribe demands, also focus on bribe offers. Social activism of entrepreneurs provides clues for success in fighting bribe ...
Cone drag in rarefied hypersonic flow

Drag coefficients for spheres and sharp cones in rarefied hypersonic air flow obtained in shock tunnel using free flight technique
Coenzyme protection of tryptophan synthetase from antibody neutralization.

The preincubation of tryptophan synthetase from Neurospora crassa with pyridoxal phosphate results in protection of the enzyme from specific neutralizing antibody. This protection was found to reach a maximal level of 25–40% of original activity with 1.6·10−4M coenzyme independent of the enzyme concentration in an assay mixture. Enzymic activity protected from neutralization under these conditions was correlated with the production of tryptophan. Although tryptophan and indole glycerol phosphate are produced from indole, evidence is presented to show that the protection is a phenomenon of the enzymic site which condenses indole and serine to tryptophan.
Barriers to Bicycle Helmet Use in Young Children in an Urban Elementary School

Purpose. Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death in bicycle crashes. The factors associated with bicycle helmet use in young children with diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds ha...
Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Predictability

Atmospheric ensemble and ad joint systems can provide valuable insight into the practical limitations of our ability to predict the path of tropical cyclones and their strength. An ensemble forecast system can be used to address tropical cyclone forecast uncertainty. An ad joint model can be used for the efficient and rigorous computation of numerical weather forecast sensitivity to changes in the initial state. The sensitivity calculations illustrate complex influences on tropical cyclone evolution that occur over a wide range of scales from convective clusters to larger scale weather systems. Rapid growth of small perturbations can lead to errors on multiple scales that conspire to limit the forecast accuracy of the path and intensity of tropical cyclones. Inherent uncertainties in tropical cyclone forecasts motivate the need for development of ensemble prediction systems that can provide probabilistic forecast guidance for tropical cyclones. New capabilities have been developed for the Navy's global weather ensemble forecast system including a high-resolution system and new methods for perturbing the initial state.
An Aggressive High Dose Cyclophosphamide and Prednisone Regimen for Advanced Multiple Myeloma

There is strong evidence that corticosteroids contribute to the objective and subjective response rate observed following treatment with several cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, and that there is a dose response effect for treatment of multiple myeloma with alkylating agents. Therefore, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) studied cyclophosphamide 600 mg/M2 given for four consecutive days intravenously combined with prednisone 100 mg orally daily in 57 patients who had progressed following or failed to respond to standard doses of these drugs. Forty eight patients met the eligibility criteria for evaluation of response and toxicity. Fourteen patients (29%) had an objective response (OR) and an additional 2 (4%) had a subjective response (SR) only. The median duration of objective response was 3.1 months and estimated median survival was 8.6 months. These results are identical to our prior experience with high dose cyclophosphamide alone. The addition of prednisone does not appear to enhance results either through increased remissions or greater survival. Therefore, this study indicates that the preferred form of high dose cyclophosphamide for multiple myeloma is as a single agent given in intravenous four day courses.
Methods for finding influences on program failure

This paper describes two approaches for detecting patterns of detrimental program behavior, called dependencies, over long periods of time; these dependencies indicate cases where previous events influence the occurrence of later failure. This research extends a previous approach that was limited to temporally adjacent events. The two approaches, heuristic search and local search, are demonstrated on several data sets from an AI planner and are compared on their efficiency and the dependencies they detect. >
Minimum population size and source of stock for gene pools.

(1965). Minimum Population Size and Source of Stock for Gene Pools. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 172-174.
On integrating large eddy simulation and laboratory turbulent flow experiments.

Critical issues involved in large eddy simulation (LES) experiments relate to the treatment of unresolved subgrid scale flow features and required initial and boundary condition supergrid scale modelling. The inherently intrusive nature of both LES and laboratory experiments is noted in this context. Flow characterization issues becomes very challenging ones in validation and computational laboratory studies, where potential sources of discrepancies between predictions and measurements need to be clearly evaluated and controlled. A special focus of the discussion is devoted to turbulent initial condition issues. 1. Background Turbulent flows are of considerable importance in many areas of engineering, geophysics, meteorology and astrophysics. Availability of effective predictive tools is a crucial aspect in the applications. Laboratory studies typically demonstrate the end outcome of complex nonlinear three-dimensional physical processes with many unexplained details and mechanisms. Flow experiments based on numerical simulations carried out with precise control of initial conditions (ICs) and boundary conditions (BCs) are ideally suited to provide insights into the underlying dynamics of laboratory observations. A crucial aspect in this collaborative context is that of adequately characterizing the laboratory and numerical experiments, so that potential sources of discrepancies can be clearly evaluated and controlled. Capturing the dynamics of all relevant scales of motion, based on the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, constitutes direct numerical simulation (DNS), which is prohibitively expensive in the foreseeable future for practical flows of interest at moderate to high Reynolds numbers (Re). On the other end of computer simulation possibilities, the Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) approach, with averaging typically carried out over time, homogeneous directions or across an ensemble of equivalent flows, is typically employed for turbulent flows of industrial complexity. Large eddy simulation
Neuropsychological correlates of electroencephalograms in children with epilepsy

Abstract Introduction: This study examined the degree to which neurophysiological activity on routine clinical EEG is associated with neuropsychological deficiencies in children with epilepsy. Methods: Ninety-five children with epilepsy (58 chronic, 37 recent-onset; mean age=10.41 years, S.D.=2.87 years; mean age at onset=5.86 years, S.D.=3.46 years) completed a neuropsychological battery. Neurophysiological data were collected from the most recent EEG. Results: In the recent-onset sample, no neuropsychological scores were related to any EEG variable. In the chronic sample, however, presence of slow-wave activity was related to memory impairment ( p Discussion: Children with slow-wave activity on EEG might be at increased risk for developing neuropsychological deficits. When these abnormalities are observed on a child's EEG, closer monitoring of cognitive and academic functioning seems warranted. Differences between these findings and past research suggest that conclusions drawn from adult surgical studies cannot be generalized to pediatric patients, especially recent-onset samples, without qualification. Differences between the recent-onset and chronic samples in this cross-sectional study raise the possibility that neurophysiological abnormalities have a cumulative effect on cognitive development.
Climate visualization: issues and methods in geographic lightning research

Geographic visualization techniques may benefit climate research, especially spatio-temporal investigations empowered by visual perception, knowledge, & understanding. In this research, a temporally-composited animated map of lightning events was created for the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Area using four years of U.S. Bureau of Land Management direction-finder lightning data. The product was designed both to communicate existing research hypotheses on spatio-temporal lightning characteristics and to explore the seasonal variations of lightning frequency during the summer monsoon season. Development of geovisualization tools, especially interactive tools,, may augment the potential for discovery in climate research.
Evidence of Meiotic Crossover Control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Through Mec1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Replication Protein A

Replication protein A (RPA) is the major single-stranded DNA-binding protein in eukaryotes, essential for DNA replication, repair, and recombination. During mitosis and meiosis in budding yeast, RPA becomes phosphorylated in reactions that require the Mec1 protein kinase, a central checkpoint regulator and homolog of human ATR. Through mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis, we have now identified a single serine residue in the middle subunit of the RPA heterotrimer that is targeted for phosphorylation by Mec1 both in vivo and in vitro. Cells containing a phosphomimetic version of RPA generated by mutation of this serine to aspartate exhibit a significant alteration in the pattern of meiotic crossovers for specific genetic intervals. These results suggest a new function of Mec1 that operates through RPA to locally control reciprocal recombination.
Insertion of Alzheimer’s Aβ40 Peptide into Lipid Monolayers

The amyloid beta (Ab) peptide is the major component found in the amyloid deposits in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the aggregation of Ab can take place at three orders of magnitude lower concentrations in the presence of phospholipid molecules compared to bulk peptide studies, suggesting that membrane lipids may mediate Ab toxicity. To understand the interaction of Ab with lipid membranes, we have examined Ab40 with anionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and cationic dipalmitoyltrimethyl- ammonium propane (DPTAP) monolayers under different subphase conditions. We have used a constant surface pressure insertion assay to assess the degree of peptide insertion into the lipids. Simultaneously, we monitored the surface morphology of the monolayers with fluorescence microscopy. We have also performed dual-probe fluorescence measurements where both the peptide and lipid are tagged with chromophores. Isotherm measurements show that Ab inserts into both DPTAP and DPPG monolayers under physiologically relevant conditions. Insertion into DPPC occurs at lipid densities below that found in a bilayer. The level of insertion is inversely proportional to the lipid packing density. Our results indicate that lipids need not be anionic to interact with Ab. Electrostatic effects involved in Ab40-lipid interaction are discussed.
Automatic mining of functionally equivalent code fragments via random testing

Similar code may exist in large software projects due to some common software engineering practices, such as copying and pasting code and n-version programming. Although previous work has studied syntactic equivalence and small-scale, coarse-grained program-level and function-level semantic equivalence, it is not known whether significant fine-grained, code-level semantic duplications exist. Detecting such semantic equivalence is also desirable because it can enable many applications such as code understanding, maintenance, and optimization.In this paper, we introduce the first algorithm to automatically mine functionally equivalent code fragments of arbitrary size - down to an executable statement. Our notion of functional equivalence is based on input and output behavior. Inspired by Schwartz's randomized polynomial identity testing, we develop our core algorithm using automated random testing: (1) candidate code fragments are automatically extracted from the input program; and (2) random inputs are generated to partition the code fragments based on their output values on the generated inputs. We implemented the algorithm and conducted a large-scale empirical evaluation of it on the Linux kernel 2.6.24. Our results show that there exist many functionally equivalent code fragments that are syntactically different (i.e., they are unlikely due to copying and pasting code). The algorithm also scales to million-line programs; it was able to analyze the Linux kernel with several days of parallel processing.
Foaling rates in feral horses treated with the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida.

Locally abundant feral horses (Equus caballus) can rapidly deplete available resources. Fertility control agents present promising nonlethal tools for reducing their population growth rates. We tested the effect of 2 forms of the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida (PZP) on foaling rates in 3 populations of feral horses in the western United States. A liquid form requiring annual boosters was administered at Little Book Cliffs Wild Horse Range, Mesa County (CO), and Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, Bighorn County (WY) and Carbon County (MT), and a time-release pellet form designed to produce 2 yr of infertility was administered at McCullough Peaks Herd Management Area, Park County (WY). Average foaling rates (foals born/mare-yr) from direct observation of untreated and treated female horses (mares), 2004–2008, were 60.1% (n = 153 mare-yr) versus 6.6% (n = 91 mare-yr) at Little Book Cliffs, and 62.8% (n = 129 mare-yr) versus 17.7% (n = 79 mare-yr) at Pryor Mountain, respectively. At McCullough Peaks, mean annual foaling rates from 2006 to 2008 were 75.0% (n = 48 mare-yr) for untreated mares and 31.7% (n = 101 mare-yr) for treated mares. Controlling for age of mares and pretreatment differences in fertility, PZP reduced foaling rates in all 3 herds. The pellets used at McCullough Peaks (produced by cold evaporation) were less effective than pellets used in a previous trial and produced by heat extrusion. Immunocontraception with PZP may be a useful tool in reducing fertility rates in some western United States feral horse herds, but population growth reduction will depend on timely access to mares for inoculation and the proportion of mares that can be successfully treated. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions of New Antidepressants: A Review of the Effects on the Metabolism of Other Drugs

Seven of the newest antidepressants are the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine [currently approved in the United States only for obsessive-compulsive disorder]), a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine), a postsynaptic serotonin antagonist-presynaptic serotonin reuptake inhibitor (nefazodone), and a presynaptic-postsynaptic noradrenergic-serotonergic receptor antagonist (mirtazapine). Many of these drugs are potent inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) of the liver. The isoforms of the CYPs most relevant to the use of antidepressants are CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. CYP inhibition may affect the metabolism of numerous drugs in several classes that are substrates for these isoenzymes, with potentially serious consequences. To minimize the potential for an adverse event, the practitioner must remember the drug-drug interactions and possible consequences when one of these antidepressants is being prescribed. A "primer" on drug metabolism is included herein, which serves as a basis for understanding these interactions. Each of the isoenzymes of the CYPs is discussed in relationship to the drugs they metabolize, and appropriate cautions are recommended for concurrent administration of these new antidepressants and other drugs most frequently prescribed to elderly patients.
Doing “People Work” in the Prison Setting: An Examination of the Job Characteristics Model and Correctional Staff Burnout

Although correctional staff job burnout is costly to all involved, it has not received the empirical attention it deserves. The job characteristics model holds that job characteristics are important in shaping employee outcomes. This study focused on the effects of the job characteristics of supervision consideration, supervision structure, job autonomy, and job variety on the three dimensions of job burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and perceived ineffectiveness at work) among correctional staff. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis of data from 160 staff members at a private prison indicated that job autonomy and job variety had significant negative relationships with emotional exhaustion. Supervision consideration, job autonomy, and job variety all had negative effects on the depersonalization dimension of burnout. Job autonomy and job variety had significant negative effects on perceived ineffectiveness.
Mind your mannerisms: Behavioral mimicry elicits stereotype conformity☆

Four studies demonstrate that the affiliative responding that is typically encouraged by mimicry can be manifested in conformity to shared gender and racial stereotypes. In Studies 1 and 2, mimicry by a confederate led participants to perform in accordance with stereotypes about their race and gender on a math task. Studies 3 and 4 tested the boundary conditions of mimicry's influence: in Study 3, mimicry elicited stereotype-consistent math performance only among participants who believed in stereotypes about their group that could drive others' expectancies. Study 4 established that the mimicry must occur in the context of affiliation for it to elicit stereotype-consistent behavior, highlighting the important moderating role of affiliation motivation in this phenomenon. In sum, these findings suggest that mimicked individuals are more conforming to the stereotyped expectancies that they believe others hold for them, which suggests not only a potential negative consequence of mimicry but also a subtle manner through which stereotypes may be perpetuated.
Dopant Diffusion and Point Defects in Silicon During Silicidation

The effects of Co and Ti thin film reactions with Si on diffusion of buried Sb-doped layers and P-implanted surfaces have been investigated. SIMS and bevel-and-stain analysis show that greatly enhanced, non-uniform Sb diffusion may occur during reactions of various thicknesses (30–300 nm) of Co and Ti by rapid thermal annealing. Vacancy concentrations of about 107 times equilibrium values can exist during CoSi2 formation by reaction of a 30 nm Co film at 700°C for 5 min in Ar. Silicidation has also been shown to suppress transient enhanced diffusion in ion implanted phosphorus junctions by reducing implantation-induced excess self-interstitial concentrations.
Perceivers' Explanations of Their Attributions of Attitudel

Subjects attributed attitudes to a target person who had produced an essay on a social issue. The target was described as having a choice in defending a position (pro or anti) or being assigned a position. A variant of the latter condition included a prompting cue which consisted of asking subjects to rate the target's degree of choice. Inferences of attitude were most correspondent with essay position in the choice condition and least correspondent in the prompted condition. The prompting cue thus sensitized perceivers to the target's constraint. Only 28% of subjects who judged a target under constraint explicitly mentioned the constraint factor when explaining their attribu tions, a result supportive of Jones and Nisbett's (1971) thesis.
Activation of SOX2 Expression by BRD4-NUT Oncogenic Fusion Drives Neoplastic Transformation in NUT Midline Carcinoma

BRD4 is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of different cancers. It is also the target of translocation t(15;19) that accounts for the highly aggressive NUT midline carcinoma (NMC). We discovered that t(15;19) NMC cells display the ability to grow into stem cell-like spheres and express an exceptionally high level of the stem cell marker, SOX2. The BRD4-NUT fusion oncogene resulting from t(15;19) translocation is required for the abnormal activation of SOX2, which drives the stem cell-like proliferation and cellular transformation in NMC cells. SOX2 knockdown phenocopies the effects of BRD4-NUT inhibition, whereas ectopic SOX2 expression rescues the phenotype. The BRD4-NUT-induced abnormal SOX2 activation was observed in multiple NMC cell lines as well as in NMC primary tumors. We further demonstrate that BRD4-NUT oncoprotein recruits p300 to stimulate transcription activation and that inhibition of p300 represses SOX2 transcription in NMC cells. These studies identify this stem cell marker as a novel BRD4-NUT target that supports the highly aggressive transforming activity of t(15;19) carcinomas. Our study provides new mechanistic insights for understanding how alteration of BRD4 function by BRD4-NUT oncogene leads to the highly malignant NMC carcinoma. Because abnormal stem cell self-renewal is frequently observed during tumor formation and metastasis, the aberrant stem cell-like proliferation associated with BRD4 dysregulation observed in NMC carcinoma may have implications for studying the oncogenic mechanism of other BRD4-associated tumors.
3‐Nitro‐9‐nitrosocarbazole

[5393-41-9] C12H7N3O3 (MW 241.22) InChI = 1S/C12H7N3O3/c16-13-14-11-4-2-1-3-9(11)10-7-8(15(17)18)5-6-12(10)14/h1-7H InChIKey = UTBGPZHMURQBBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mild nitrosating reagent1) Physical Data: mp 166–168 °C. Solubility: sol benzene; insol methanol. Form Supplied in: brown–yellow needles. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR (KBr, cm−1) 3050, 1530, 1440, 1310, 840, 780, 760, 725; MS (m/e (intensity)) 242 (3.8), 241 (M+, 13.5), 222 (11.5), 211 (90.4), 210 (86.5), 204 (9.6), 181 (32.7), 167 (13.5), 166 (52.9), 165 (28.8), 153 (46.1), 150 (13.5), 149 (100.0). Preparative Methods: an aqueous solution of Sodium Nitrite (1.5 g, 22 mmol) is added to a suspension of carbazole (3.0 g, 18 mmol) in nitrobenzene (30 mL), and HCl (2 mL) is then introduced dropwise for 1 h. The reaction mixture is kept at 15 °C for 1 h. To the resulting solution of 9-nitrosocarbazole is added HNO3 (1 mL) slowly for 30 min, and the solution is kept for 1.5 h. Crystalline 3-nitro-9-nitrosocarbazole (3.5 g, 14 mmol) is obtained when the solvent is evaporated.2 3-Nitro-9-nitrosocarbazole (6.65 g, 28 mmol) is also prepared by the reaction of 3-nitrocarbazole (6.39 g, 30 mmol) and sodium nitrite (2.76 g, 40 mmol) in acetic acid (120 mL) at 70 °C.3 Purification: recrystallization from acetone or 2-butanone.
Identification of genes differentially expressed during early interactions between the stem rot fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars with increasing disease resistance levels

Sclerotium rolfsii, a destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen causes stem rot of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes associated with peanut resistance and fungal virulence. Four peanut cultivars (A100-32, Georgia Green, GA-07W and York) with increasing resistance levels were inoculated with a virulent S. rolfsii strain to study the early plant-pathogen interaction. 454 sequencing was performed on RNAs from infected tissue collected at 4 days post inoculation, generating 225,793 high-quality reads. Normalized read counts and fold changes were calculated and statistical analysis used to identify differentially expressed genes. Several genes identified as differential in the RNA-seq experiment were selected based on functions of interest and real-time PCR employed to corroborate their differential expression. Expanding the analysis to include all four cultivars revealed a small but interesting set of genes showing colinearity between cultivar resistance and expression levels. This study identified a set of genes possibly related to pathogen response that may be useful marker assisted selection or transgenic disease control strategies. Additionally, a set of differentially expressed genes that have not been functionally characterized in peanut or other plants and warrant additional investigation were identified.
(E,E)-1-Methyl-2,6-distyrylpyridinium iodide

In the title compound, C22H20N+·I−, the dihedral angles between the central pyridine ring and two outer benzene rings are 15.30 (10) and 11.82 (11)°. There are inter­molecular π–π stacking inter­actions between the nearest phenyl ring over an inversion-related pyridyl ring, the shortest centroid–centroid distance being 3.672 (3) A. The crystal structure of the compound indicates the 2,6-distyryl substituents have an E configuration.
Complex spin-orbit potential for /sup 208/Pb(n,n) /sup 208/Pb at 10 MeV

The analyzing power ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ and differential cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ have been measured for elastic scattering of 10-MeV neutrons from $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. These data were analyzed with a spherical optical model which has a real spin-orbit potential with either a three-parameter conventional form or a one-parameter semimicroscopic form. The predictions with both spin-orbit potentials reproduce the data equally well, suggesting that fewer free parameters can be used in spherical optical model calculations. Including an imaginary spin-orbit term ${W}_{\mathrm{SO}}(r)$ in the optical potential greatly improves the fits to the ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ measurements and establishes the need for ${W}_{\mathrm{SO}}(r)\ensuremath{\ne}0$ in the n + $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ potential.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$(n, n); $E=10$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced complex spin-orbit potential; spherical optical model calculations.
Bridging Learning Gap Through Peer-to-Peer Information Exchange in a Flat Environment

In this paper, we present a technology assisted flat learning environment, Teaching to Learn (TeatoL), where all participants have dual roles as students and instructors. The main objective of this work is to investigate how peer-to-peer information exchange aids in bridging knowledge gap in a flat-learning environment. We present our TeatoL implementation that was developed to enhance ill-structured problem solving skill along with its assessment. The participants in the learning environment were given an open design problem related to sheet metal forming. A short lecture about 35 minutes (Phase 0) was given and then student teams were asked to make an instructional video (Phase I) describing their approach for solving the open-ended problem. The videos were viewed by peers, using their computers and mobile devices. The students then critiqued and provided feedback on the posted videos (Phase II). The final step of the process had students write short reports on their problem solving approach (Phase III) that was modified based on peer-to-peer interactions. Student learning in all three phases was assessed to understand the effects of different modes of learning in TeatoL. Our findings indicate that TeatoL is an effective flat online learning environment. Correlation analysis suggests that learning gains are dependent on the level of knowledge on the topic for the learning community (class) and the number of meaningful comments provided by peers. The findings from this work can be utilized to develop technology based online peer learning environments to improve learning outcomes through active collaborative learning. Such an environment can be particularly useful for open course delivery.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
BLEEDING IN STABLE PATIENTS WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE: INSIGHTS FROM TRA2°P- TIMI 50 TRIAL

In contrast with the acute setting, data regarding predictors of bleeding in stable patients with atherosclerotic disease receiving antiplatelet therapy are sparse. We investigated the predictors of bleeding in stable patients with a history of MI, ischemic stroke, or symptomatic PAD enrolled in
Fragments of Marsilio Ficino’s Translations and Use of Proclus’ Elements of Theology and Elements of Physics: Evidence and Study

The present paper discusses the question of Marsilio Ficino’s lost translations of Proclus’ Elements of Physics and Elements of Theology . It reviews all known evidence for Ficino’s work on the Elements of Physics and Elements of Theology , examines new references and fragments of these texts in Ficino’s manuscripts, especially in his personal manuscript of Plotinus’ Enneads , and studies how they fit within the Florentine’s philosophical oeuvre. The present case studies of manuscript evidence demonstrate how Proclus accompanied Ficino from his early ‘scholastic background’ through to his mastery of the Platonic tradition late in his career, especially, as is shown, in his study of Pseudo-Dionysius and Plotinus. Despite the fact that scholarship at times pits scholasticism and Renaissance Platonism against each other, in this sense Proclus—largely due to the Elements —bridges the two cultures.
Experimental Study on the Wedge-Bond Anchorage of CFRP Tendons

In order to study the anchoring capacities of the wedge-bond anchorage of CFRP tendons under static loading,fatigue loading and periodic loading,a new wedge-bond anchorage of CFRP tendons was developed under the premise of making full use of the existing wedge-type anchorage and corollary stretching equipment and avoiding secondary development of related products.The anchoring capacities of the new wedge-bond anchorage of CFRP tendon under static loading,fatigue loading and periodic loading were tested.The experimental results show that various parts of the anchorage can work cooperatively and maintain a good shape,the anchorage efficiency coefficients of anchor assembly under static loading are more than 0.95,the average value is 0.99.After the fatigue performance and periodic performance test,the CFRP tendons are in integrity in the anchorage region.The fatigue performance and periodic performance are excellent.The improved wedge-bond anchorage can anchor the used CFRP tendons efficiently with excellent capabilities of static and dynamic loading.As a result,the anchorage has potential engineering application.