cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated electrolytic sensors for monitoring of concentration polarization during nanofiltration

Abstract Potable water for municipal and agricultural use is produced in many regions of the world by membrane-based desalination processes. Brackish water is driven by a pump through pressurized modules where the water passes through a semi-permeable membrane, while rejected salt ions are retained. During pressure-driven desalination, the rejected salt ions accumulate by convective mass transport near the membrane surface, resulting in elevated concentration levels. Concentration polarization (CP) of the dissolved salts can lead to precipitation and crystal growth on the membrane, known as scaling. Over time, scaling can decrease process efficiency because water can no longer permeate through the affected areas. Scalant removal can incur significant chemical costs, result in system downtime, and reduce membrane lifetime. Several techniques have been reported in the literature for real-time monitoring of scaling, but little work has been conducted on real-time characterization of the concentration polarization that leads to scaling. This work describes an electrolytic sensor system that can be used in monitoring solute concentration within the thin concentration polarization boundary layer (CPBL) that forms near the membrane surface. All experiments were performed in a bench-scale flat-sheet cross-flow system using aqueous calcium sulfate feed solutions. This design has improved upon previously reported work by applying a more robust sensor system in a challenging flow-channel environment that more closely resembles industrial desalination units.
Oral antineoplastic handling at health care institutions in the United States: survey of nurses and pharmacists.

Purpose: To characterize and identify trends in current practices for ordering, handling, dispensing, administering, and disposing of oral antineoplastics.Methods: An electronic survey was designed and sent to pharmacists and nurses via professional society listservs.Results: One hundred and twenty-three practitioners responded to the survey. Of those responding, 76% described having an official policy regarding the handling of oral antineoplastics. Prescribing was limited to attending physicians or oncologists the majority of the time (42% and 98%, respectively), with 11% accepting telephone orders for oral antineoplastics. Personal protective equipment was required by many of the respondents; 70% required gloves be worn. Patient contact precautions were utilized by 79% of practitioners, of which 81% followed similar precautions for targeted therapies. Compounding was required to be performed in a biological safety cabinet by 88% of respondents, and 83% required decontamination of supplies and equipment ...
The virtual raft project: a mobile interface for interacting with communities of autonomous characters

This paper presents a novel and intuitive paradigm for interacting with autonomous animated characters. This paradigm utilizes a mobile device to allow people to transport characters among different virtual environments. The central metaphor in this paradigm is that virtual space is like land and real space is like water for virtual characters. The tangible interface described here serves as a virtual raft with which people may carry characters across a sea of real space from one virtual island to another. By increasing participants' physical engagement with the autonomous characters, this interaction paradigm contributes to the believability of those characters.
A Simplified Laboratory Method for Rearing the Southern Army worm, Prodenia eridania, for Feeding Experiments

Peterson (1953) described an elaborate method for rearing the southern armyworm based on the previous work of Waters (1943). Our procedures for maintaining a constant supply of test insects are presented because of their simplicity as compared with the above-mentioned method.
Infrared diode laser spectroscopy of nitric oxide

Abstract The lineshapes of the rotational-vibrational lines R( 17 2 ) 1 2 , R( 19 2 ) 1 2 , and R( 19 2 ) 3 2 of nitric oxide were measured using a PbS0.61Se0.39 diode laser. These lineshapes were measured for a NO/N2 mixture and an NO/H2O/N2 mixture at atmospheric pressure. This is the first high resolution spectroscopic mearuement of the rotational-vibrational lineshape of NO broadened by H2O. The effect of the H2O is to broaden the lines, increasing the halfwidth by up to 30% for a 10% volume concentration of H2O. For the case of NO broadened by N2, the measured linestrengths for the R( 19 2 ) 1 2 and R( 17 2 ) 1 2 lines are within 2% of previously published values.
The in vitro loss of penicillamine in plasma, albumin solutions, and whole blood: Implications for pharmacokinetic studies of penicillamine

Abstract The recent development of a high performance liquid chromatography assay method for the analysis of penicillamine in biological samples such as plasma, whole blood, and urine has provided a specific and sensitive assay method to aid in the study of penicillamine pharmacokinetics. Several investigators have reported measuring the plasma concentration of penicillamine. Some of these investigators have indicated that the plasma must be assayed immediately. However, such restrictions can limit the feasibility of a pharmacokinetic study. The results of this paper demonstrate the instability of penicillamine in plasma, albumin solutions, and whole blood. The rate of loss of penicillamine was shown to be influenced by the concentration of albumin. As a result of the significant loss of penicillamine over a short period of time, plasma or whole blood samples must be deproteinated immediately upon collection to avoid the loss of reduced penicillamine. Methods are presented for the preparation of biological samples so that the oxidation of penicillamine is prevented and the samples can be held for several days prior to analysis.
Pramipexole derivatives as potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor agonists with improved human microsomal stability

Herein we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of new pramipexole derivatives as highly potent and selective agonists of the dopamine-3 (D3 ) receptor. A number of these new compounds bind to the D3 receptor with sub-nanomolar affinity and show excellent selectivity (>10,000) for the D3 receptor over the D1 and D2 receptors. For example, compound 23 (N-(cis-3-(2-(((S)-2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)(propyl)amino)ethyl)-3-hydroxycyclobutyl)-3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzamide) binds to the D3 receptor with a Ki value of 0.53 nM and shows a selectivity of >20,000 over the D2 and D1 receptors in the binding assays using a rat brain preparation. It has excellent stability in human liver microsomes. Moreover, in vitro functional assays showed it to be a full agonist for the human D3 receptor.
Clinical characteristics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children at diagnosis.

The clinical characteristics of 60 consecutive children <16 years in a Swedish county with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, are described. Twenty-four of them were 5.0–9.9 years old. The fathers of 12% had diabetes. There was no seasonal variation in the onset of diabetes. Presenting symptoms were polyuria and polydipsia in more than 90% of the cases. School children had a longer duration of symptoms than pre-school children. Most of the children were in a good state of health, and none were unconscious on admission. HbA1C was a good indicator of diabetes duration (R2 = 0.32). Patients with Coxsackie B IgM antibodies had lower blood glucose than those without such detectable antibodies.
Nucleotide sequences of integrated Moloney sarcoma provirus long terminal repeats and their host and viral junctions

Integrated Moloney murine sarcoma provirus (MSV) has direct terminal repeat sequences (TRS). We determined the nucleotide sequence of both 588-base-pair TRS elements and the adjacent host and viral junctions of an integrated MSV cloned in bacteriophage lambda. Sequences were identified corresponding to the tRNAPro primer binding site in genomic RNA and the reverse-transcribed minus strong stop DNA. Each 588-base-pair repeat contains putative sites for promoting RNA synthesis and RNA polyadenylylation. The first and last 11 nucleotides of the TRS are inverted with respect to each other, and the same four-nucleotide host sequence is found bracketing integrated MSV. Some similarities of TRS and prokaryotic insertion sequence elements are discussed.
Neuropsychological impairment associated with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) in the absence of overt encephalopathy

Neuropsychologic tests of cerebral integrity recorded impairments in visuopractic and learning capacity in patients with Wilson's disease. These psychometric findings point to the presence of a subclinical encephalopathy that is not otherwise revealed upon clinical examination.
Adenoacanthoma of the appendix

A case report is made of a 91 year old veteran who presented with a small bowel obstruction at the ileocecal valve secondary to an adenoacanthoma at the base of the appendix. The tumor was removed with the right colon and the patient has done well to the present (one year follow-up). A short review of the theory of the origin of the squamous component is presented. There is a brief discussion of the clinical material that suggests these tumors have a response similar to an adenocarcinoma of the colon and should be treated as such.
Elevated serum parathormone level after "concise parathyroidectomy" for primary sporadic hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background. Cure after parathyroid exploration is traditionally assessed by serum calcium concentration 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative normocalcemic elevation of serum parathormone (PTH) level has been described but is of unclear significance. Methods. In a 6-year prospective study of outcomes in 380 patients undergoing initial parathyroidectomy for primary sporadic hyperparathyroidism, we measured intact serum PTH and calcium levels at more than 5 months. Those with normocalcemic high PTH levels were begun on oral calcium + vitamin supplements and monitored. Results. At more than 5 months postoperatively, normocalcemic elevation in serum PTH level occurred in 28% of patients, was more common after resection of double adenomas (P =.01), and predated the onset of recurrent hypercalcemia in 3 of 3 patients with unrecognized multiglandular disease. Although delayed treatment with calcium and vitamin supplements produced no clear benefit, patients who took such supplements from the date of surgery were much less likely to have an elevated serum PTH level more than 5 months later (P =.0005). Conclusions. After successful parathyroid surgery, compensatory normocalcemic elevation in serum PTH level is frequent and may arise from dietary deficiency. Monitored supplemental intake of calcium and vitamin D appears to prevent or to normalize the condition in most patients. Patients with normocalcemic elevation in serum PTH level should receive evaluation for dietary deficiencies as well as follow-up for possible residual disease. (Surgery 2002;132:1086-93.)
Physical-state effect in the stopping cross section of H 2 O ice and vapor for 0.3-2.0-MeV α particles

The stopping cross sections of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O ice and vapor for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles of energy 0.3-2.0 MeV have been measured, respectively, by a thick-target elastic-scattering method and with a differentially pumped gas-cell system. The stopping cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O vapor (probable error \ensuremath{\simeq} 1.1%) was found to be (4-12)% higher than that of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O ice (probable error \ensuremath{\simeq} 4%). This difference is less than that found previously for protons [(10-14)%] in the same velocity interval. It is proposed that the physical-state effect in the stopping cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O is caused by changes in the modes of electronic excitation in the molecule caused by the state of aggregation.
Memory and foraging theory: Chimpanzee utilization of optimality heuristics in the rank-order recovery of hidden foods.

Many models from foraging theory and movement ecology assume that resources are encountered randomly. If food locations, types and values are retained in memory, however, search time could be significantly reduced, with concurrent effects on biological fitness. Despite this, little is known about what specific characteristics of foods, particularly those relevant to profitability, nonhuman animals can remember. Building upon previous observations, we hypothesized that chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, after observing foods being hidden in a large wooded test area they could not enter, and after long delays, would direct (through gesture and vocalization) experimentally naive humans to the reward locations in an order that could be predicted beforehand by the spatial and physical characteristics of those items. In the main experiment, various quantities of almonds, both in and out of shells and sealed in transparent bags, were hidden in the test area. The chimpanzees later directed searchers to those items in a nonrandom order related to quantity, shell presence/absence, and the distance they were hidden from the subject. The recovery sequences were closely related to the actual e/h (energy/handling time) profitability of the foods. Predicted recovery orders, based on the energetic value of almonds and independently measured, individual-specific expected pursuit and processing times, were closely related to observed recovery orders. We argue that the information nonhuman animals possess regarding their environment can be extensive, and that further comparative study is vital for incorporating realistic cognitive variables into models of foraging and movement.
The Arterial Supply to the Ileum, Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon in the Ox*

This study describes in detail the arteries supplying the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon in the ox important to the veterinary surgeon treating disorders of these segments of the intestinal tract. The ileum was vascularized by the mesenteric ileal artery (from the ileocolic), the first ileal artery (from the cranial mesenteric) and by the ileal branches of the cecal artery which, by means of their anastomoses, form a row of antimesenteric arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The termination of the ileum was also supplied by twigs from the ileocecocolic arch. The ileum appears to be the most vascular part of the small intestine. The cecum was supplied mainly by the cecal branches of the cecal artery. The proximal end of the cecum was also vascularized by branches from the ileocecocolic arch. The proximal loop of the colon was vascularized by the three colic branches of the ileocolic. The first colic branch supplied the third part of the loop, the second colic branch supplied the first and the second parts of the loop and the third colic branch supplied the first part and, together with the first cecal branch of the cecal artery, formed the ileocecocolic arch at the dorsolateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction. The terminal branches of the arteries to the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the colon detached lateral branches in the tunica muscularis which anastomosed with similar branches from neighboring arteries in an arcuate manner in the tunica submucosa. The terminal branches from both sides terminated in the free border, releasing branches which anastomosed with each other in the tunica submucosa. The colic lymph nodes were supplied by the colic branches of the ileocolic artery, die two largest nodes being perforated by some of the branches of the first two colic branches. The ileal lymph nodes were supplied by the ileal arteries of the cranial mesenteric. They were also perforated by these arteries. Cecal lymph nodes were seen only in the specimen from the calf. They were much smaller than the colic and ileal nodes and were supplied by the first two or three cecal branches of the cecal artery and also by twigs arising directly from the cecal artery.
Periostin as a Heterofunctional Regulator of Cardiac Development and Disease

Periostin (Postn) is a heterofunctional secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) protein comprised of four fasciclin domains that promotes cellular adhesion and movement, as well as collagen fibrillogenesis. Postn is expressed in unique growth centers during embryonic development where it facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of select cell populations undergoing reorganization. In the heart, Postn is expressed in the developing valves, cardiac fibroblasts and in regions of the outflow track. In the adult, Postn expression is specifically induced in areas of tissue injury or areas with ongoing cellular re-organization. In the adult heart Postn is induced in the ventricles following myocardial infarction, pressure overload stimulation, or generalized cardiomyopathy. Here we will review the functional consequences associated with Postn induction in both the developing and adult heart. The majority of data collected to date suggest a common function for Postn in both development and disease as a potent inducible regulator of cellular reorganization and extracellular matrix homeostasis, although some alternate and controversial functions have also been ascribed to Postn, the validity of which will be discussed here.
Kinetic isotopic fractionation of argon and neon during air–water gas transfer

Abstract The use of the noble gas isotope ratios 22 Ne/ 20 Ne and 40 Ar/ 36 Ar as geochemical tracers of environmental conditions (i.e. continental paleotemperatures from groundwater) and processes (i.e. air–sea gas exchange) requires accurate values for kinetic and equilibrium isotopic fractionations (α k and α eq ). Until now, these values have been approximated using different theoretical models. Here we evaluated both the kinetic and equilibrium fractionation factors experimentally by measuring the relative mass transfer rates of the major and secondary isotopes of argon and neon in laboratory experiments at 20 °C during exchange across the air–water interface as gas saturations evolved from 0 to 100%. The kinetic isotopic fractionation factors, α k , for argon (40/36) and neon (22/20) are determined to be 0.9961 ± 0.0001 (e k = − 3.9 ± 0.1‰) and 0.9931 ± 0.0004 (e k = − 6.9 ± 0.4‰), respectively. The kinetic isotopic fractionation factors are much closer in agreement to theoretical values determined by molecular dynamics simulations than to values calculated using the square root of molecular reduced masses. The equilibrium fractionation factor for neon (22/20) at 20 °C is determined to be 1.00104 ± 0.00005 (e eq = 1.04 ± 0.05‰). An argon equilibrium fractionation factor of 1.00107 ± 0.00002 (e eq = 1.07 ± 0.02‰) determined at 20 °C agrees with a linear interpolation of previous measured values at 2 °C and 25 °C ( Nicholson et al., 2010 ).
The Meaning(s) of Community in Post-Disaster New York

On August 6, 2002, as New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced plans for the first annual commemoration of the events of September 11, 2001, he praised "the spirit of community that New Yorkers have shown the world on 9/11." That spirit, he claimed, was "the reason why New Yorkers have won and the terrorists have lost. It has fueled our remarkable recovery from the attack of 9/11. And it is why New York always will remain a beacon of freedom and opportunity to people throughout the world" (Bloomberg, 2002). The reference to New York's resilience and solidarity was by then familiar, of course. In the weeks and months following September 11, the city's recovery from the attacks on the World Trade Center functioned for many Americans as a barometer of the nation's recovery. In addition to sustaining by far the most profound damage from the attacks, New York City occupies a singular place in America's collective consciousness: a city both cosmopolitan and provincial, old and new, it famously represents both the struggling immigrant and the Manhattan millionaire, two extremes of the social mobility that is so central to America's conception of itself. And so the behaviors of New Yorkers in the immediate post-disaster period were seen (and needed to be seen) as especially emblematic of American resilience and the promise for its future.
Femtosecond dynamics of retro Diels-Alder reactions: The concept of concertedness

Using femtosecond-resolved mass spectrometry in a molecular beam, we report real-time studies of the retro Diels–Alder reactions of cyclohexene, norbornene and bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-2-ene. The experimental results and theoretical calculations elucidate the influence of conical intersections on ground-state reaction trajectories. We address the issue of concertedness on the actual time scale of the nuclear motion.
Evidence for dx2-y2 Pairing from the Magnetic Field Modulation of YBa2Cu3O7-Pb Josephson Junctions.

We have measured the magnetic field modulation of the critical current of YBCO-Au-Pb Josephson junctions fabricated on the $a$ and $b$ edges and straddling the $a\ensuremath{-}b$ corners of YBCO single crystals. In corner junctions, the critical current drops sharply at zero applied field and increases as the field is increased in either direction, in sharp contrast to the Fraunhofer diffraction patterns observed for single edge junctions. This behavior signifies a sign change of the order parameter between the $a$ and $b$ directions, strong direct evidence that the superconducting pairing state of YBCO has ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ symmetry.
Juvenile Delinquency and Social Areas

This paper reports the findings of a study of juvenile delinquency in San Diego, California. The research was ecological in nature, using the framework of social area analysis. (12) The basic unit of analysis in the social area typology is the census tract, tract data being obtained from the 1950 census bulletins for San Diego. There are 91 census tracts in this urban area, of which seven were not studied because they contained predominately military populations. The Indexes of Economic, Family, and Ethnic Status were computed in the manner suggested by Shevky and Bell. (12, p.54) Economic Status is based on education
Density-Functional Study on the Structures, Stabilities, and Dissociation Pathways of Sc3+(DMSO)n Complexes (n = 1−6)

A comprehensive theoretical study is performed on Sc 3 + (DMSO) n complexes up to n = 6 at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p) level to understand their structures and stabilities with respect to various dissociation channels, including the evaporation of neutral DMSO, the dissociative electron and proton transfer, the cleavage of a methyl radical (CH 3 ) and methane (CH 4 ) as well as their combined loss (2CH 3 , 2CH 4 , and CH 3 + CH 4 ). The most stable structures of Sc 3 + (DMSO) n correspond to highly symmetric and quasi-spherical configurations. The calculated dissociation energies indicate that the Sc 3 + (DMSO) n species are thermodynamically stable with respect to all considered dissociation processes without charge separation for any size and to the charge-separating processes (dissociative electron transfer and loss of CH 3 +) for n ≥ 4 but are thermodynamically unstable with respect to these charge-separating processes for n = 1-3. The transition states for the charge-separating processes of Sc 3 + (DMSO) n with n = 1-3 are determined, and the calculated energy barriers are found to be high enough to stabilize the respective complex. Therefore, these small species are kinetically metastable with long lifetimes and should be observable. The minimum number (n m i n ) of DMSO ligands required to stabilize the Sc 3 + ion against dissociative electron or proton transfer emerges from our calculations as n m i n = 1, and the critical size (n c r i t ), above which the evaporation of a neutral ligand becomes more favorable than the dissociative electron or proton transfer, is estimated to be n c r i t = 5-6.
Temporal integration using the photorefractive square-law converter

A modified real-time holographic technique for obtaining high fidelity integration of coherent or incoherent signals is described. The technique maintains the sensitivity, resolution, and incoherent addressability of a photorefractive incoherent to coherent optical converter and resolves the conflict between uniformity and dynamic range. The response of the resulting optical integrator is characterized in terms of the transfer function, dynamic range, and temporal tunability.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Zinc protoporphyrin administration for suppression of increased bilirubin production by iatrogenic hemolysis in rhesus neonates

We studied the effect of intravenous zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) administration on total body carbon monoxide excretion (VeCO), (an index of heme degradation), blood carboxyhemoglobin level, plasma bilirubin level, and tissue homogenate heme oxygenase activity 24 hours after delivery of rhesus neonates treated at 12 hours of age with heat-damaged erythrocytes (32 μmol heme/kg birth weight). All neonates were delivered by cesarean section and received ampicillin and gentamicin to suppress intestinal flora. The control group (n=4) was treated with saline solution and ZnPP solvent; the erythrocyte-treated control group (n=4) received erythrocytes and ZnPP solvent; and two experimental groups received erythrocytes and one dose of 10 (n=3) or 40 (n=4) μmol ZnPP/kg body weight, respectively. At 24 hours, administration of erythrocytes alone doubled the VeCO ( p p p p p p p p
MEMBRANE BOUND INCLUSIONS IN EPIDERMAL PLASTIDS OF DEVELOPING SESAME LEAVES AND COTYLEDONS

SUMMARY Epidermal plastids of young sesame leaves and cotyledons contain amorphous membrane bound inclusions similar to those found in the mesophyll. However, unlike the mesophyll inclusions which disappear during chloroplast development, those in epidermal plastids persist, even in fully mature leaves where a limited grana fretwork system develops. The limiting membrane of the inclusion is apparently continuous with both the tubular complex of light grown tissues and the prolamellar body of etiolated tissues as well as with the granal and integranal membranes. These associations, as well as a decrease in staining density of the inclusion with maturation, are interpreted as indications of a precursor-product relationship of the inclusion and a grana fretwork. The coexistence of both grana and the (presumably) proteinaceous inclusion manifest the multifunctional capacity of plastids.
Three-dimensional conformal pancreas treatment: comparison of four- to six-field techniques.

Purpose: We compare practical conformal treatment approaches to pancreatic cancer using 6 and 18 MV photons and contrast those approaches against standard techniques. Methods and Materials: A four-field conformal technique for treating pancreas cancer has been developed using nonopposed 18 MV photons. This approach has been extended to 6 MV photon application by the addition of one to two fields. These techniques have been optimized to increase sparing of normal liver and bowel, compared with opposed-field methods, to improve patient tolerance of high doses. In this study we compare these techniques in a simulated tumor model in a cylindrical phantom. Dose-volume analysis is used to quantify differences between the conformal, nonopposed techniques with conformal, opposed field methods. This model is also used to evaluate the effect of 1-2 cm setup errors on dose-volume coverage. Results: Dose-volume analysis demonstrates that five-to-six field conformal treatments using 6 MV photons provides similar or better dose coverage and normal tissue sparing characteristics as an optimized 18 MV, four-field approach when 1-2 cm margins are included for setup uncertainty. All approaches using nonopposed beam geometry provide significant reduction in the volume of tissue encompassed by the 30-50% isodose surfaces, as compared with four-field box techniques. Conclusions: Three-dimensional (3D) conformal treatments can be designed that significantly improve dose-volume characteristics over conventional treatment designs without costing unacceptable amounts of machine time. Further, deep intraabdominal sites can be adequately accessed and treated on intermediate energy machines with a relatively moderate increase in machine time
Wound-induced suberization genes are differentially expressed, spatially and temporally, during closing layer and wound periderm formation

Abstract Potato tuber ( Solanum tuberosum L.) wounds incurred at harvest and upon seed cutting require rapid suberization as a major part of the healing process to prevent infection and desiccation. However, little is known about the induction and expression of genes that are essential for these processes and in particular to the two major stages of wound-induced suberization, i.e. closing layer formation and wound periderm formation. The objectives of this research were to address these needs by determining the effects of wounding on the induction and expression profiles of specific genes involved in wound-induced suberization in potato tuber ( S. tuberosum L.) during the initiation and completion of closing layer formation and wound periderm formation. Although both stages critically involve suberization, there are significant differences between the two processes. Closing layer development requires rapid suberization of existing parenchyma cells bordering the wound surface to provide the initial protective barrier for the wound. Wound periderm development occurs later, i.e. after completion of closing layer formation, and requires development of a wound phellogen layer which mediates the formation of highly organized files of suberized wound-phellem cells that provide a more durable protective barrier for the tuber. The processes delineating these two separate stages of wound-induced suberization are poorly understood. This research shows that, unlike some wound responding genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( StPAL-1 ) and anionic peroxidase ( StPrx ), certain genes that are specifically involved in both of these processes do not remain uniformly up-regulated during the two stages of healing (i.e. StTHT encoding Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase, StFHT encoding a fatty ω-hydroxyacid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, StKCS6 encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, StFAOH encoding a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase and StGPAT5 encoding a protein with acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase). Instead, they are up-regulated during closing layer formation; i.e. starting by ca. 1 d after wounding, but then slightly down-regulated or pause near completion of the closing layer (ca. 5–6 d) and then again up-regulated as wound periderm development is fully initiated (ca. 7 d) and down-regulated near completion (ca. 28 d after wounding). This differential in the expression profile, i.e. decrease between stages, was not anticipated and may be the first demonstration of measurable changes of any sort of biological flux as wound induced suberization transitions from closing layer to wound periderm development. Results were repeated using minitubers from two different crop years and demonstrate that these processes are separate, but coupled in some yet to be determined fashion. The biology of this differential expression is important because of the roles closing layer and wound periderm development play in protecting the tuber from disease and other challenges.
Simulated Work Climate as an Influence on Choice of Leadership Style

Twenty-four foremen assumed the role of "supervisor" in an industrial simulation experiment and directed the labors of two successive work crews. One crew exhibited characteristics of group stress and the other did not. Supervisors were observed to employ a more authoritarian style of control in the group-stress than in the neutral condition (P<.01).
Evasion of Weight-Enforcement Stations by Trucks:

Highway engineers have become increasingly concerned about the deterioration of the nation's highway pavements. They suspect that overweight trucks are a primary cause of the problem. Before 1979, the data needed to assess the magnitude of the overweight-truck problem did not exist. Consequently, several studies were conducted to address the magnitude and location of overweight trucking. These studies included efforts to improve truck weight-enforcement programs and to assess the feasibility of using weigh-in-motion (WIM) equipment for weight enforcement. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) undertook the study documented in this paper. The objective of the study was to assess the magnitude, expressed in equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs), of the problem of avoidance of weight-enforcement stations by overweight trucks. The study also considered whether bypassing traffic was local or interstate. FDOT selected the I-95 corridor in the northeast corner of Florida. Two permanent weight-enforcemen...
The application of psychological scaling techniques to knowledge elicitation for knowledge-based systems

A formal knowledge-elicitation methodology that incorporates psychological scaling techniques to produce empirically derived knowledge representations is discussed. The methodology has been successfully applied in several domains and overcomes many of the difficulties of traditional knowledge-elicitation techniques. Research issues pertaining to the use of scaling techniques as knowledge-elicitation tools are outlined and a particular issue, the elicitation of levels of abstraction in knowledge representations, is discussed in detail. Results from a study on the elicitation of knowledge about levels of abstraction for a set of Unix commands from experienced Unix users indicated that the representations obtained using this methodology can be used to obtain more abstract (i.e. categorical) representations of that knowledge.
Effect of lactation on cell-mediated immunity of Swiss mice to Trichinella spiralis.

Abstract The effects of lactation on cell-mediated immunity to Trichinella spiralis were studied in lactating and nonlactating mice. Cell transfer studies indicated that spleen cells from sensitized nulliparous donors were not functional in syngeneic lactating recipients but were functional in syngeneic nonlactating recipients. In addition, spleen cells collected from lactating donors that had been previously sensitized to T. spiralis were not functional when transferred into syngeneic nulliparous recipient mice.
Growth rate dispersion in MSMPR crystallizers

A model is presented which relates the crystal size distribution (CSD) from a mixed–suspension, mixed‐product‐removal (MSMPR) crystallizer to the distribution of growth rates. This model is based on the assumption that individual contact nuclei have some inherent growth rate which remains constant, but the growth rate may vary from crystal to crystal. The crystal size distribution can be calculated from prior knowledge of the growth rate distribution. Even a limited knowledge of only the coefficient of variation and the mean growth rate permits an approximation of the expected crystal size distribution. Conversely, estimates of the mean and variance of the growth rate distribution can be determined from the moments of the CSD from an MSMPR crystallizer.
Assessment of the Reliability of Data Collected for the Department of Veterans Affairs National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Background The Office of the Medical Inspector of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) studied the reliability of data collected by the VA's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). The study focused on case selection bias, accuracy of reports on patients who died, and interrater reliability measurements of patient risk variables and outcomes. Study Design Surgical data from a sample of 15 VA medical centers were analyzed. For case selection bias, reviewers applied NSQIP criteria to include or exclude 2,460 patients from the database, comparing their results with those of NSQIP staff. For accurate reporting of patients who died, reviewers compared Social Security numbers of 10,444 NSQIP records with those found in the VA Beneficiary Identification and Records Locator Subsystem, VA Patient Treatment Files, and Social Security Administration death files. For measurement of interrater reliability, reviewers reabstracted 59 variables in each of 550 patient medical records that also were recorded in the NSQIP database. Results On case selection bias, the reviewers agreed with NSQIP decisions on 2,418 (98%) of the 2,460 cases. Computer record matching identified 4 more deaths than the NSQIP total of 198, a difference of about 2%. For 52 of the categorical variables, agreement, uncorrected for chance, was 96%. For 48 of 52 categorical variables, kappas ranged from 0.61 to 1.0 (substantial to almost perfect agreement); none of the variables had kappas of less than 0.20 (slight to poor agreement). Conclusions This sample of medical centers shows adherence to criteria in selecting cases for the NSQIP database, for reporting deaths, and for collecting patient risk variables.
Modeling site effects in the design and analysis of multi-site trials.

Background: Careful consideration of site effects is important in the analysis of multi-site clinical trials for drug abuse treatment. The statistical choices for modeling these effects have implications for both trial planning and interpretation of findings. Objectives: Three broad approaches for modeling site effects are presented: omitting site from the analysis; modeling site as a fixed effect; and modeling site as a random effect. Both the direct effect of site and the interaction of site and treatment are considered. Methods: The statistical model, and consequences, for each approach are presented along with examples from existing clinical trials. Power analysis calculations provide sample size requirements for adequate statistical power for studies utilizing 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 treatment sites. Results: Results of the power analyses showed that the total sample required falls rapidly as the number of sites increases in the random effect approach. In the fixed effect approach in which the inter...
Spatially explicit integrated population models

Summary Studies of demographic processes are typically restricted to small geographic areas and short time periods due to the costs of marking and monitoring individuals. However, environmental changes are occurring at much broader spatial and temporal scales, and thus, inferences about the mechanisms governing population dynamics need to be scaled accordingly. Recently developed integrated population models (IPMs) represent an approach for doing so, by jointly analysing survey data and capture–recapture data. Although promising, several shortcomings of conventional IPMs exist, including difficulties accounting for spatial variation in demographic, movement and detection parameters; limited ability to make spatially explicit predictions of abundance or vital rates; and a requirement that the survey data and the capture–recapture data are independent. We demonstrate how each of these limitations can be resolved by adopting a spatial population dynamics model upon which both the survey data and the capture–recapture data are conditioned. We applied the model to 6 years of hair data collected on the threatened Louisiana black bear Ursus americanus luteolus. For years in which the hair samples were genotyped, the resulting data are information-rich (but expensive) spatial capture–recapture (SCR) data. For the remaining years, the data are binary detection data, of the type often analysed using occupancy models. We compared estimates of demographic parameters and annual abundance using various combinations of the SCR and detection data, and found that combining the SCR data and the detection data resulted in more precise estimates of abundance relative to estimates that did not use the detection data. A simulation study provided additional evidence of increased precision, as well as evidence that the estimators of annual abundance are approximately unbiased. The ability to combine survey data and capture–recapture data using a spatially explicit model opens many possibilities for designing cost effective studies and scaling up inferences about the demographic processes influencing spatial and temporal population dynamics.
Measurements of ϱ - ω interference in the reaction π−p → π+π−n at 15 GeV/c

Abstract In a study of the reaction π − p → π + π − n at 15 GeV/ c we observe pronounced ϱ-ω interference effects between the transverse helicity states of the vector mesons. The relative phase of the interfering amplitudes is determined to be −1.40 ± 0.45 rad, and the branching ratio ω → 2 π is found to be 2.1 −0.9 +2.8 %.
Fire-induced changes in green-up and leaf maturity of the Canadian boreal forest

Abstract Recent studies of vegetation phenology of northern forests using satellite data suggest that the observed earlier spring increase and peak amplitude of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are a result of climate warming. In addition to undergoing an increase in temperature, the northern forests of Canada have also seen a dramatic increase in area burned by wildfire over the same time period. Using the Canadian Large Fire Database, we analyzed the impact fire had on the phenological dates derived from fitting a logistical model to yearly data from 2004 for several different subsets of both AVHRR-NDVI and MODIS LAI in wildfire dominated terrestrial ecozones. Fire had a significant but complex effect on estimated phenology dates. The most recently burned areas (1994–2003) had later green-up dates in two ecozones for AVHRR data and all ecozones for MODIS. However, older forested (not burned during 1980–2003) had estimated green-up dates 1 to 9 days earlier than the entire forested area in the MODIS LAI data. These data corroborate studies in Canada and demonstrate that fire history is influencing boreal forest phenology and growing season LAI.
Effects of Different Support Modeling Assumptions on the Seismic Response of Ordinary Bridges

Two different support configurations have been used in the seismic design of the State Route 21 over Interstate 69 Bridge and the Forrester Road over Interstate 69 Bridge, one employing seat-type abutments with rigid bent foundations (Basic support configuration) and the second employing stub wall abutment with flexible bent foundations (Nonlinear Spring support configuration). The accuracy and efficiency of each support configuration in terms of maximum seismic displacement demand and the displacement ductility has been evaluated using the SAP2000 computer program. The results indicate that using the Basic support configuration could provide more conservative results, while needing less modeling effort.
Reactive Reinforcement of Polystyrene/Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Interfaces

The effect of reactive compatibilization on adhesion at the interface between the immiscible polymers polystyrene and poly(2-vinylpyridine) was investigated. Reactivity was incorporated into the system by lightly sulfonating the polystyrene component, providing acid functionality which is coreactive with the basic pyridine nitrogen. The interaction between sulfonic acid and pyridine groups generates interchain cross-links and therefore compatibilizing graft copolymers. The reinforcing effects of in-situ copolymer generation on the interface were quantified by evaluating interfacial adhesion through measurement of interfacial fracture toughness using the asymmetric double cantilever beam test. Interfacial properties were assessed as a function of the concentration of sulfonic acid groups present. The results show that the toughness of the interface is dramatically improved by the incorporation of reactivity, increasing from ∼2 J/m2 in the unreactive system up to >150 J/m2 in the reactive system. At long re...
Nucleotide sequence and molecular genetic analysis of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase encoded by vaccinia virus.

Abstract We have mapped the vaccinia virus (VV) gene encoding the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (VV M 1) within the HindIII restriction fragment by using an oligonucleotide probe. Nucleotide sequencing revealed a 2340-bp open reading frame (orf), I-3, whose amino acid sequence is highly homologous to the mouse M 1 protein. The I-3 gene was expressed as an immediate-early gene product, being transcribed in a leftward direction into a 2.7-kb polyadenylated transcript. Hybrid-selected translation of cycloheximide-amplified immediate-early viral RNA demonstrated that this mRNA encoded an 86-kd protein, which agrees with the expected size of the reductase large subunit. The 5′- and 3′-boundaries of the I-3 transcriptional unit were determined by primer extension and S1-nuclease analysis, respectively, and shown to contain sequence elements typical of other VV early genes. Suprisingly, the predicted amino acid sequence of the VV enzyme subunit shares 72.5% homology with the mouse large subunit, M1.
On the dewetting of liquefied metal nanostructures

Direct numerical simulations of liquefied metal nanostructures dewetting a substrate are carried out. Full three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved and a volume-of-fluid method is used for tracking and locating the interface. Substrate wettability is varied to study the influence of the solid–liquid interaction. The effects of initial geometry on the retraction dynamics is numerically investigated. It is shown that the dewetting velocity increases with increases in the contact angle and that the retraction dynamics is governed by an elaborate interplay of initial geometry, inertial and capillary forces, and the dewetting phenomena. Numerical results are presented for the dewetting of nanoscale Cu and Au liquefied structures on a substrate.
Malformation of the Tarso-Metatarsal and Phalangeal Bones of Chicks

Abstract DURING the past 10 years the occurrence of a deformity of the feet of chicks, called “crooked toes” by poultrymen, has been observed with increasing frequency on poultry farms. In this deformity the toes curl inwardly in most instances but occasionally outward curling of the toes has been observed. Illustrations of the deformity are given in Figure 1. Upon dissection of the tarso-metatarsi and the phalanges it was found that the deformity was caused by a malformation of these bones. The distal end of the tarsometatarsus becomes bent and rotates laterally and the proximal phalanges become twisted with resultant loss of use of the toes. Illustrations of normal and malformed bones are given in Figure 2. The crooked-toe deformity was observed by Norris, Heuser, and Wilgus (1929-1930) in connection with the discovery of nutritional leg paralysis in chicks. Field cases of the deformity were found in White Leghorn chicks by . . .
Distributed Shared Memory Programming in the Cloud

Cloud computing is beginning to play a dominant role in scientific computing. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed, before data-intensive scientific applications make the transition to the cloud. Adoption of a distributed shared memory (DSM) programming paradigm will be one approach to ease the transition, through the use of Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages. This paper explores initial results from the adoption of a PGAS language, Unified Parallel C, in programming a representative private cloud based on Eucalyptus.
A comparison at extremely low-frequencies of positive and negative atmospherics

Abstract A statistical comparison is made of the mean spectra of positive and negative polarity ‘slow tail’ atmospheric waveforms. The spectral estimates at discrete frequencies of 25 waveforms of each polarity are shown to be normally distributed, and it is concluded that the mean spectra of the two populations are equal to better than the 5 per cent level of significance.