cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TLE4 regulation of wnt-mediated inflammation underlies its role as a tumor suppressor in myeloid leukemia

The presence of AML1-ETO (RUNX1-CBF2T1), a fusion oncoprotein resulting from a t(8;21) chromosomal translocation, has been implicated as a necessary but insufficient event in the development of a subset of acute myeloid leukemias (AML). While AML1-ETO prolongs survival and inhibits differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), other contributory events are needed for cell proliferation and leukemogenesis. We have postulated that specific tumor suppressor genes keep the leukemic potential of AML1-ETO in check. In studying del(9q), one of the most common concomitant chromosomal abnormalities with t(8;21), we identified the loss of an apparent tumor suppressor, TLE4, that appears to cooperate with AML1-ETO to confer a leukemic phenotype. This study sought to identify the molecular basis of this cooperation. We show that the loss of TLE4 confers proliferative advantage to leukemic cells, simultaneous with an upregulation of a pro- inflammatory signature mediated through aberrant increases in Wnt signaling activity. We further demonstrate that inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity partly reverses the pro-leukemic phenotype due to TLE4 knockdown, pointing towards a novel therapeutic approach for myeloid leukemia.
A pumpless microfluidic device driven by surface tension for pancreatic islet analysis

We present a novel pumpless microfluidic array driven by surface tension for studying the physiology of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Efficient fluid flow in the array is achieved by surface tension-generated pressure as a result of inlet and outlet size differences. Flow properties are characterized in numerical simulation and further confirmed by experimental measurements. Using this device, we perform a set of biological assays, which include real-time fluorescent imaging and insulin secretion kinetics for both mouse and human islets. Our results demonstrate that this system not only drastically simplifies previously published experimental protocols for islet study by eliminating the need for external pumps/tubing and reducing the volume of solution consumption, but it also achieves a higher analytical spatiotemporal resolution due to efficient flow exchanges and the extremely small volume of solutions required. Overall, the microfluidic platform presented can be used as a potential powerful tool for understanding islet physiology, antidiabetic drug development, and islet transplantation.
Visualization workflows for level-12 HUC scales

Visualization workflows are important services for expert users to analyze watersheds when using our HydroTerre end-to-end workflows. Analysis is an interactive and iterative process and we demonstrate that the expert user can focus on model results, not data preparation, by using a web application to rapidly create, tune, and calibrate hydrological models anywhere in the continental USA (CONUS). The HydroTerre system captures user interaction for provenance and reproducibility to share modeling strategies with modelers. Our end-to-end workflow consists of four workflows. The first is data workflows using Essential Terrestrial Variables (ETV) data sets that we demonstrated to construct watershed models anywhere in the CONUS (Leonard and Duffy, 2013). The second is data-model workflows that transform the data workflow results to model inputs. The model inputs are consumed in the third workflow, model workflows (Leonard and Duffy, 2014a) that handle distribution of data and model within High Performance Computing (HPC) environments. This article focuses on our fourth workflow, visualization workflows, which consume the first three workflows to form an end-to-end system to create and share hydrological model results efficiently for analysis and peer review. We show how visualization workflows are incorporated into the HydroTerre infrastructure design and demonstrate the efficiency and robustness for an expert modeler to produce, analyze, and share new hydrological models using CONUS national datasets. Visualization, model, and data services for and sharing of hydrological models.Visualization workflows for hydrological model analysis at HUC12 catchment scales.End-to-end workflows for reproducibility and provenance of hydrological models.Cyber-Infrastructure to support hydrological models and big data at high resolution.
Experiences of recovery in binge-eating disorder: a qualitative approach using online message boards

Purpose In this study, qualitative methods were employed to analyze secondary data from the anonymous postings of a pro-recovery website in an effort to investigate the changes in thinking of binge-eating disorder (BED) sufferers who were able to recover from the disorder, understand more fully how guilt and self-blame affect recovery, and explore the perceived motivators and challenges to recovery.
Neuromodulators signal through astrocytes to alter neural circuit activity and behaviour

Astrocytes associate with synapses throughout the brain and express receptors for neurotransmitters that can increase intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Astrocytic Ca2+ signalling has been proposed to modulate neural circuit activity, but the pathways that regulate these events are poorly defined and in vivo evidence linking changes in astrocyte Ca2+ levels to alterations in neurotransmission or behaviour is limited. Here we show that Drosophila astrocytes exhibit activity-regulated Ca2+ signalling in vivo. Tyramine and octopamine released from neurons expressing tyrosine decarboxylase 2 (Tdc2) signal directly to astrocytes to stimulate Ca2+ increases through the octopamine/tyramine receptor (Oct-TyrR) and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Water witch (Wtrw), and astrocytes in turn modulate downstream dopaminergic neurons. Application of tyramine or octopamine to live preparations silenced dopaminergic neurons and this inhibition required astrocytic Oct-TyrR and Wtrw. Increasing astrocyte Ca2+ signalling was sufficient to silence dopaminergic neuron activity, which was mediated by astrocyte endocytic function and adenosine receptors. Selective disruption of Oct-TyrR or Wtrw expression in astrocytes blocked astrocytic Ca2+ signalling and profoundly altered olfactory-driven chemotaxis and touch-induced startle responses. Our work identifies Oct-TyrR and Wtrw as key components of the astrocytic Ca2+ signalling machinery, provides direct evidence that octopamine- and tyramine-based neuromodulation can be mediated by astrocytes, and demonstrates that astrocytes are essential for multiple sensory-driven behaviours in Drosophila.
Chapter 4 – Microscopy

The microscope is a nearly universal symbol of science, and forensic science is equally well represented by the microscope. For all its power and simplicity, microscopy is sometimes neglected in modern laboratories in favor of expensive and complicated instrumentation. Microscopy provides fast, low-cost, and definitive results to the trained scientist. The wise forensic scientist would learn and develop strong microscopy skills to ensure successful scientific investigations.
Metal-Free Peralkylation of the closo-Hexaborate Anion

The synthesis of fully alkylated closo-hexaborate dianions is reported. The reaction of [NBu4][B6H6Hfac], benzyl bromide, and triethylamine under microwave heating conditions affords persubstituted [NBu4][B6(CH2Ar)6Hfac] (Ar = C6H5, 4–Br-C6H4), which have been isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and other spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical studies of these clusters reveal an irreversible one-electron oxidation, likely indicating degradative cage rupture. The observed metal-free alkylation is proposed to proceed as a consequence of the pronounced nucleophilic character of the hexaborate anion. This work represents the first example of a perfunctionalized hexaborate cluster featuring B–C bonds.
Violence, Psychiatry, and the Law

The Oxford English Dictionary requires seven and a half columns, or more than two pages, to define violence and violent. The first definition is “The exercise of physical force so as to inflict injury on, or cause damage to, persons or property; action or conduct characterized by this; treatment or usage tending to cause bodily injury or forcibly interfering with personal freedom.” It also includes examples of violence to feelings and conscience.1
Flavors of Compressive Sensing

About a decade ago, a couple of groundbreaking articles revealed the possibility of faithfully recovering high-dimensional signals from some seemingly incomplete information about them. Perhaps more importantly, practical procedures to perform the recovery were also provided. These realizations had a tremendous impact in science and engineering. They gave rise to a field called ‘compressive sensing,’ which is now in a mature state and whose foundations rely on an elegant mathematical theory. This survey presents an overview of the field, accentuating elements from approximation theory, but also highlighting connections with other disciplines that have enriched the theory, e.g., statistics, sampling theory, probability, optimization, metagenomics, graph theory, frame theory, and Banach space geometry.
Large Area Tunable Alvarez Metalens via Stepper Photolithography

Using inexpensive and high-throughput stepper lithography, we design and fabricate 1 cm wide tunable metalenses which exhibit a focal length change of 162%, more than 6 cm, with only 2.4 mm lateral actuation.
Contrastivism and Skepticism

Recently, Jonathan Schaffer (and others) has defended a contrastivist analysis of knowledge. By appealing to his account, he has attempted to steer a path between skepticism and Moore-style antiskepticism: much like sensitivity theorists and contextualists, he offers significant concessions to, but ultimately rejects, both. In this essay I suggest that in fact Schaffer ends up succumbing to skepticism.
Exercise and Nutrition in the Elderly

Old age has traditionally been considered a time for reducing activity and accepting a decline in health and vigor that eventually leads to death. Images of old people in literature and art show them involved in a sedentary existence that was the reward for a lifetime of hard work; indeed, places that house and care for the aged have been called “rest homes.” The large and increasing number of people aged over 65 (more than 22% of the U.S. population by the year 2050) and their better health have pushed back the limits of old age. One hundred years ago, at the age of 58 a man could be considered used up. Five hundred years ago, Christopher Columbus at 51 was dangerously old for embarking on his fourth voyage to America, and Emperor Charles V of Spain at age 55 was ready to abdicate and retire to a monastery, to prepare for death by prayer and meditation (Braudel, 1979). Today, only 3 to 4% of those aged 55 to 64 are too disabled to walk half a mile or climb stairs, although by age 75 to 84 more than 15% have difficulties in walking and more than half cannot lift or move large objects, as shown in Fig. 1 (Jette and Branch, 1981).
Mapping QTLs conferring salt tolerance during germination in tomato by selective genotyping

This study was conducted to identify genomic regions (quantitative trait loci, QTLs) affecting salt tolerance during germination in tomato. Germination response of an F2 population of a cross between UCT5 (Lycopersicon esculentum, salt-sensitive) and LA716 (L. pennellii, salt-tolerant) was evaluated at a salt-stress level of 175 mM NaCl + 17.5 mM CaCl2 (water potential ca. −950 kPa). Germination was scored visually as radicle protrusion at 6 h intervals for 30 consecutive days. Individuals at both extremes of the response distribution (i.e., salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive individuals) were selected. The selected individuals were genotyped at 84 genetic markers including 16 isozymes and 68 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Trait-based marker analysis (TBA) which measures changes (differences) in marker allele frequencies in selected lines was used to identify marker-linked QTLs. Eight genomic regions were identified on seven tomato chromosomes bearing genes (QTLs) with significant effects on this trait. The results confirmed our previous suggestion that salt tolerance during germination in tomato is polygenically controlled. The salt-tolerant parent contributed favorable QTL alleles on chromosomes 1, 3, 9 and 12 whereas the salt sensitive parent contributed favorable QTL alleles on chromosomes 2, 7 and 8. The identification of favorable alleles in both parents suggests the likelihood of recovering transgressive segregants in progeny derived from these parental genotypes. The results can be used for marker-assisted selection and breeding of salt-tolerant tomatoes.
Abstract 5481: Targeting the kynurenine pathway as a novel metabolic treatment for head and neck cancer

Introduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) still claims 330,000 lives globally each year, indicating a critical need for novel therapies. Recently, we identified high levels of kynurenine (K) in HNSCC patients through global metabolic profiling of HNSCC tumor tissues via mass spectrometry (MS). Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3- dioxygenase (TDO) are enzymes that degrade tryptophan to K. Elevated K allows tumor cells to evade immune response more easily, promoting cancer progression, while increased IDO levels are associated with poorer prognosis. We hypothesize that restoring immune response to tumors by blocking IDO1 will be an effective therapeutic strategy for sensitizing HNSCC. Methods: Validated human HNSCC cell lines were grown in 2D culture. Kynurenine levels were measured by MS. IDO1, IDO2 and TDO levels in tissue samples were measured by Western blot (WB) analysis. siRNAs for IDO1, IDO2, and TDO were used to knock down tryptophan pathway enzymes (non-targeting siRNA controls). Knockdown efficiency was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. After knockdown of IDO1, RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed and cancer associated pathways were analyzed using RT2 cancer pathway profiler (data analyzed using GeneGlobe; Qiagen). Results: Evaluation of the expression levels of enzymes that play a critical role in kynurenine pathway by WB analysis indicated upregulation of IDO1, IDO2 and TOD in both primary and metastatic tumor samples. siRNA-mediated knockdown of these enzymes indicated that only IDO1 knockdown was able to significantly reduce the levels of kynurenine by more than 80% (p 0.05%). Regulation of IDO1 function evaluated by the RT2 cancer pathway finder indicated downregulation of several genes involved in angiogenesis (ANGPT1, MCP-1, FGF2, TEK, VEGF, SERPINF1), pro-survival (c-IAP2 and XIAP), EMT transition (CDH2, OCLN and SNAI1), and DNA repair (LIG4, POLB, ERCC3 and DDB2), whereas genes involved in glycolysis (ACLY, G6PD,COX5A,LPL and PFKL), DNA damage (GADD34, GADD45G etc) and apoptosis (CASP7, CASP9, BCL2L11) were upregulated. Conclusion: Kynurenine is highly upregulated in HNSCC with checkpoint inhibition of IDO1 leading to increased apoptosis in vitro as well as increases in several glycolytic enzymes. Further translational analysis of glycolytic influences on the tryptophan pathway and immune checkpoint inhibition of IDO1 will provide mechanistic support for development of novel metabolic therapies for HNSCC. Citation Format: Chitra Subramanian, Thekkelnaycke M. Rajendiran, Tanu Soni, Mark S. Cohen. Targeting the kynurenine pathway as a novel metabolic treatment for head and neck cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5481.
Production of extracellular reactive oxygen species by phytoplankton: past and future directions

In aquatic environments, phytoplankton represent a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Many phytoplankton taxa also produce extracellular ROS under optimal growth conditions in culture. However, the physiological purpose of extracellular ROS production by phytoplankton and its wider significance to ecosystem-scale trophic interactions and biogeochemistry remain unclear. Here, we review the rates, taxonomic diversity, subcellular mechanisms and functions of extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by phytoplankton with a view towards future research directions. Model eukaryotic phytoplankton and cyanobacteria produce extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at cell-normalized rates that span several orders of magnitude, both within and between taxa. The potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production are versatile and appear to be shared among diverse phytoplankton species, including ichthyotoxicity, allelopathy, growth promotion, and iron acquisition. Whereas extracellular hydrogen peroxide likely arises from a combination of intracellular and cell surface production mechanisms, extracellular superoxide is predominantly generated by specialized systems for transplasma membrane electron transport. Future insights into the molecular-level basis of extracellular ROS production, combined with existing high-sensitivity geochemical techniques for the direct quantification of ROS dynamics, will help unveil the ecophysiological and biogeochemical significance of phytoplankton-derived ROS in natural aquatic systems.
Thymomas With a Prominent Alveolar Growth Pattern: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 12 Cases

Objectives Twelve cases of thymomas with prominent alveolar-like growth pattern are presented. Methods The 12 cases were identified during a review of more than 350 cases of thymomas. Results The patients were five women and seven men between the ages of 48 and 69 years (mean, 58.5 years). Clinically, all patients presented with nonspecific symptoms. Grossly the tumors varied in size from 3.5 to 5 cm in greatest diameter. Histologically, all tumors showed a predominant alveolar-like growth pattern without a significant lymphocytic component. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for pan-keratin, keratin 5/6, and p63. Clinical follow-up showed that nine patients have remained alive and well with no recurrence, while no follow-up was obtained in three patients. Conclusions The cases herein described highlight the spectrum of growth patterns that thymomas may show and also highlight the importance to keep thymomas in the differential diagnosis of tumor with prominent alveolar-like growth pattern.
Diverse serotonin actions of vilazodone reduce l-3,4-dihidroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia in hemi-parkinsonian rats.

BACKGROUND The serotonergic system is a well-established modulator of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. To date, targeting serotonin transporters or serotonin receptor subtype 1A (5-HT1A ) reduces l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in animal models; however, these strategies have failed to translate clinically. Ideally, a compound acting at both known antidyskinetic sites could optimize serotonin-mediated approaches. Vilazodone is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a partial 5-HT1A agonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, situating Vilazodone in a unique position to reduce l-dopa-induced dyskinesia without compromising l-dopa-mediated motor improvements. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to characterize Vilazodone's effects on l-dopa-induced behaviors, neurochemistry and gene expression in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemi-parkinsonian rats. METHODS In experiments 1 and 2, l-dopa-naive and l-dopa-primed animals were coadministered Vilazodone and l-dopa daily for 3 weeks to model subchronic use, and behavioral, neurochemical, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression changes were measured. In experiment 3, dyskinetic behavior was assessed following 5-HT1A or serotonin receptor subtype 1B blockade prior to Vilazodone-l-dopa coadministration. RESULTS Vilazodone significantly suppressed developing and established l-dopa-induced dyskinesia without compromising the promotor effects of l-dopa therapy. In the dopamine-depleted striatum, Vilazodone-l-dopa cotreatment increased dopamine content, suggesting a normalization of dopamine kinetics in dyskinetic brain, and reduced l-dopa-induced c-Fos and preprodynorphin mRNA overexpression, indicative of attenuated dopamine D1 receptor-mediated direct pathway overactivity. Only 5-HT1A antagonism partially attenuated Vilazodone's antidyskinetic efficacy, suggesting both serotonin transporter-dependent effects and 5-HT1A receptors in Vilazodone's actions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show Vilazodone has a serotonin-dependent effect on rodent l-dopa-induced dyskinesia and implicate the potential for repositioning Vilazodone against l-dopa-induced dyskinesia development and expression in Parkinson's disease patients. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Modified Radical Mastectomy

The term modified radical mastectomy has come to mean removal of the breast together with a variable number of axillary lymph nodes. Some surgeons take a few outer lymph nodes, some do a complete excision of the lateral third of the axillary nodes using the pectoralis minor muscle as the upper boundary for their dissection, some elevate the pectoralis minor and take a few lymph nodes deep to this muscle, while others do a complete axillary lymph node dissection to the level of the clavicle. Patey described an operation removing all of the breast tissue together with the underlying fascia of the pectoralis major in continuity with a total axillary lymphadenectomy. The pectoralis minor muscle also was excised.
GABAergic Malfunction in the Limbic System Resulting from an Aboriginal Genetic Defect in Voltage‐Gated Na+‐Channel SCN5A is Proposed to Give Rise to Susceptibility to Schizophrenia

Publisher Summary A genetic defect in habituation in schizophrenic patients results from malfunction in the limbic system of the brain, which is correctable by administration of propranolol but not by phenothiazines. It is proposed in the chapter that the disturbances in communication patterns among subunits of the limbic system that are largely coordinated by activities of the GABAergic system result from mutation of the SCN5A gene, which uniquely codes for the major voltage‐gated Na+-channel in the limbic system. Therapeutic problems in large‐scale clinical use of propranolol may arise because the SCN5A gene also codes for the major Na+ channel in the heart; and appropriate use of propranolol requires maintenance of a balance between achieving behavioral improvement and occurrence of cardiac insufﬁciency. Conditions for use of propranolol or similarly effective substances are being sought that maximize the former and minimize the latter.
Robust Asymptotic and Finite-time Tracking for Second-order Nonlinear Multi-agent Autonomous Systems

This paper investigates consensus based distributed robust asymptotic and finite-time tracking control strategy for second-order multi-agent autonomous systems. The protocol design uses states of the neighboring agents with directed communication topology in the presence of uncertainty associated with the autonomous agents. Robust adaptive learning algorithm uses with the protocol design for each follower agent to learn and adapt bounded uncertainty associated with nonlinear dynamics of the follower agents. Adaptive learning protocol also integrates with the follower agents protocol to learn and adapt bounded input of the leader. Lyapunov method with Graph, classical sliding mode, and terminal sliding mode theory use to guarantee that the proposed distributed control design can reach an agreement and follow the states of the leader in both finite-time and asymptotic sense. Analysis shows that consensus based protocol can force the states of the followers sliding surface to track the states of the leader sliding surface in finite-time and remain there. The proposed distributed consensus protocol does not require the exact bound of the uncertainty associated with the follower agents. Also, the proposed protocol does not require the exact bound of the leader input as opposed to other distributed cooperative control designs. Evaluation results with comparison are presented to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical argument for the real-time applications.
Mitochondrial Compartmentalization Confers Specificity to the 2-Ketoacid Recursive Pathway: Increasing Isopentanol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recursive elongation pathways produce compounds of increasing carbon-chain length with each iterative cycle. Of particular interest are 2-ketoacids derived from recursive elongation, which serve as...
A Zero-Power Ubiquitous Wireless Liquid-Level Sensor Based on Microfluidic-Integrated Microstrip Antenna

Harmonic transponder sensors, receiving radio-frequency (RF) signal and converting it to a modulated second harmonic, have been demonstrated to be effective for signal interrogation in environments with strong clutters. Here, we propose a compact dual-resonance microstrip antenna consisting of an elliptical patch loaded with shorting pins. Such an antenna utilizes the TM e 110 resonant mode to intercept the perpendicularly-polarized fundamental tone (2.86 GHz) and uses the TM o 110 resonant mode to retransmits the parallelly-polarized second harmonic (5.72 GHz). Moreover, we have developed a harmonic-based wireless liquid sensor comprising the proposed antenna and a micromachined liquid channel. Our measurement results show that even in the noisy environment, the second harmonic strength can precisely indicate the dielectric property of liquid filled in the microfluidic tank (e.g., acetone-water mixtures with various concentrations). However, a similar setup without frequency and polarization modulations (i.e., linear and passive backscatter tag) fails to provide a sensitive and quantitative measurement of liquid property. The proposed low-profile dual-resonance antenna with sensing capability will pave the way for the development of harmonic sensors and nonlinear radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.
Timing analysis in high-level synthesis

A comprehensive timing model for behavioral-level specifications and algorithms for timing analysis in high-level synthesis is described. It is based on a timing network which models the data flow as well as the control flow in the behavioral input specification. The delay values for the network modules are created by invoking the same logic synthesis procedure applied after behavioral synthesis. The timing network is built only once for a given behavioral description. Several parameters are used to explore different scheduling possibilities as well as different optimization modes (area, delay), without changing the network. The use of the timing model in conjunction with a path-based scheduling algorithm is presented. Results for several benchmarks attested to the accuracy of this approach. >
Voluntarily chosen roles and conscientious objection in health care

The longstanding dominant view is that health care practitioners should be permitted to refrain from participating in medical interventions when they have a conscientious objection to doing so in a broad range of cases. In recent years, a growing minority have been fervently advocating a sea change. In their view, medical professionals should not be permitted to refuse to participate in medical interventions merely because doing so conflicts with their own moral or religious views. One of the most commonly offered arguments in support of this position focuses on the fact that health care practitioners knew what they were getting into when they voluntarily chose to take on their professional roles; nobody forced them to do this. I will argue that, despite its popularity among opponents of conscientious refusal, this argument from voluntariness fails to provide us with a good reason to reject broad accommodationism in favour of non-accommodationism.
Developing a pulse oximetry home monitoring protocol for patients suspected with COVID-19 after emergency department discharge.

Objectives Patients with COVID-19 can present to the emergency department (ED) without immediate indication for admission, but with concern for decompensation. Clinical experience has demonstrated that critical illness may present later in the disease course and hypoxia is often the first indication of disease progression. The objectives of this study are to (a) assess feasibility and describe a protocol for ED-based outpatient pulse-oximetry monitoring with structured follow-up and (b) determine rates of ED return, hospitalisation and hypoxia among participants. Methods Prospective observational study of patients presenting to a single academic ED in Boston with suspected COVID-19. Eligible patients were adults being discharged from the ED with presumed COVID-19. Exclusion criteria included resting oxygen saturation 110 beats per minute or inability to use the device. Study personnel made scripted phone calls on postdischarge days 1, 3 and 7 to review the pulse-oximetry readings and to evaluate for decompensation. Return visit and admission information were collected via medical record and 28-day follow-up calls. Results 81 patients were enrolled of which 10 (12%) developed hypoxia after their initial discharge from the ED. Overall, 23 (28%) of the 81 patients returned to the ED at least once and 10 of those who returned (43%) were admitted. We successfully contacted 76/81 (94%) of subjects via phone at least once for follow-up assessment. Discussion Patients are eager and willing to participate in home monitoring systems and are comfortable with using technology, which will allow providers and health systems to extend our hospitals capabilities for tracking patient populations in times of crisis. Conclusions It is feasible to implement an outpatient pulse-oximetry monitoring protocol to monitor patients discharged from the ED with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.
Increased rates of secondary bacterial infections, including Enterococcus bacteremia, in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Objective We compared the rates of hospital-onset secondary bacterial infections in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with rates in patients with influenza and controls, and we investigated reports of increased incidence of Enterococcus infections in patients with COVID-19. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting An academic quaternary-care hospital in San Francisco, California. Patients Patients admitted between October 1, 2019, and October 1, 2020, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (N = 314) or influenza PCR (N = 82) within 2 weeks of admission were compared with inpatients without positive SARS-CoV-2 or influenza tests during the study period (N = 14,332). Methods National Healthcare Safety Network definitions were used to identify infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVACs), probable ventilator-associated pneumonia (PVAP), bloodstream infections (BSIs), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). A multiple logistic regression model was used to control for likely confounders. Results COVID-19 patients had significantly higher rates of IVAC and PVAP compared to controls, with adjusted odds ratios of 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-13.9) and 10.4 (95 % CI, 2.1-52.1), respectively. COVID-19 patients had higher incidence of BSI due to Enterococcus but not BSI generally, and whole-genome sequencing of Enterococcus isolates demonstrated that nosocomial transmission did not explain the increased rate. Subanalyses of patients admitted to the intensive care unit and patients who required mechanical ventilation revealed similar findings. Conclusions COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of IVAC, PVAP, and Enterococcus BSI compared with hospitalized controls, which is not fully explained by factors such as immunosuppressive treatments and duration of mechanical ventilation. The mechanism underlying increased rates of Enterococcus BSI in COVID-19 patients requires further investigation.
Cancer education takes on a spiritual focus for the African American faith community.

Abstract Background. The faith community, specifically African American (AA) churches, has been a partner in the delivery of health educational messages for the past two decades. Methods. This article goes beyond the physical setting of the church to describe how and why spirituality is a particularly effective and essential component of one breast and cervical cancer education program, The Witness Project. Examining the theoretical and methodological foundations of this program demonstrates that the content as well as the messengers are strategically positioned within the AA faith community. Conclusion. This program is an example of cancer education's finding a culturally sanctioned method to become a part of a different kind of “ministry” within the AA faith community on a national level.
Successful venous repair and reconstruction for oncologic resections

Objective We report our institutional experience of various venous reconstruction methods during oncologic resections, especially examining the patency of venous reconstructions and the conduits used. Methods All patients undergoing venous repair or reconstruction for oncologic resections between 2008 and 2014 were identified by a retrospective search of a prospectively maintained database at a single university hospital. Extent and manner of venous reconstruction and conduit or patch material were recorded. Need for intraoperative venovenous bypass or cardiopulmonary bypass was also recorded. Whereas no prescribed follow-up protocol has been instituted, patency and survival data as available were analyzed. Results During the study period, 127 patients were identified. Five patients had primary ligations, without limb loss. Of the remaining 122 patients, 77 (63%) underwent primary repairs, 23 (19%) had patch repair, and 22 (18%) had bypasses. Of these, 27 (22%) were for portal vein reconstruction during a Whipple procedure, 47 (39%) were for caval repair during caval thrombectomy in the setting of renal cell cancer, and 28 (23%) were for caval repair during resection for other abdominal malignant neoplasms. Venovenous bypass was used in 16 repairs and cardiopulmonary bypass in 10. The 1-year patency rates were 100% for primary and patch repairs and 86% for bypass graft reconstructions. Occlusions were suffered only in the prosthetic grafts group. There was no limb loss or significant long-term morbidity in patients with occluded grafts. Rate of infection was 0%, and there was no evidence of an increased infection rate in prosthetic or bioprosthetic conduits or patches. Perioperative mortality was 5.5%. Conclusions Overall, venous reconstruction for oncologic resection can be done safely with very low complication rates and low perioperative mortality. Prosthetic grafts can be used for most reconstructions with no infections and good patency rates.
Red Cell Transfusion Triggers and Postoperative Outcomes After Major Surgery

The effect of packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion on postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing major surgery remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of blood utilization, as well as transfusion practices, on perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing cardiothoracic-vascular (CT-V) and gastrointestinal (GI) procedures. Patients who underwent major surgical procedures at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2009 and 2014 were identified. Data on perioperative hemoglobin (Hb) and blood utilization were obtained; transfusion strategy was categorized as liberal (Hb trigger ≥7 g/dL) vs. restrictive (Hb trigger <7 g/dL). Risk-adjusted logistic regression models and propensity score matching were used to assess the association between transfusion triggers and perioperative morbidity. Among 10,163 patients undergoing either CT-V (50.9 %) or GI (49.1 %) surgery, 4401 (43.3 %) patients received PRBCs. Of the 4401 patients transfused, 71.2 % were transfused using a liberal trigger (≥7 g/dL hemoglobin), while 28.8 % had a restrictive trigger (<7 g/dL). The median number of PRBCs transfused was 3 (restrictive 5 vs. liberal 2 units). While ischemic adverse events were more common among patients undergoing CT-V surgery (17.3 %), infection was the more common complication among patients undergoing GI surgery (11.9 %). American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class 3–4, Charlson score ≥3, and total units of transfused PRBCs were independently associated with overall complications (all P < 0.05). Patients in the restrictive transfusion group did not have increased risk of complications compared with the liberal transfusion group on multivariable analysis (odds ratio (OR) 1.16, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.38; P = 0.08) or after propensity score matching (OR 1.04, 95 % CI 0.88–1.22; P = 0.65). Liberal transfusion triggers after major surgery were more common than restrictive practice. Patients with restrictive transfusion trigger did not have increased risk for complications compared with patients transfused with a liberal trigger.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands and their therapeutic utility

Publisher Summary The identification of synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has played a significant role in deciphering the pharmacology and human disease. The early thiazolidinediones (TZDs) antidiabetic agents were developed using empirical medicinal chemistry and rodent disease models to evaluate pharmacological efficacy. Despite lacking in the knowledge of the cellular target, perseverance by a number of pharmaceutical companies has led to drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which have been very successfully used as antihyperglycemic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans. The demonstration that PPARγ was the receptor through which the TZDs mediate their biological activity led to a resurgence of orphan nuclear receptor research with the aim of improving on the existing class of agents. Knowledge of the molecular target for the TZDs has allowed medicinal chemists to synthesize and study a new generation of compounds that have been optimized for activity against human PPARγ. The size and promiscuity of the PPARγ ligand-binding pocket have allowed the identification of a tremendous variety of structurally distinct compounds.
Dimensionality, Issue Attention, and Agenda Dynamics: The Case of Federal Urban Policy

Does the stable, low-dimensional environment that scholars detect in analyses of congressional and mass behavior structure policy debate over a particular set of issues? Through analysis of an original data set of 6,560 congressional hearings held from 1946 to 2004, we map the underlying dimensional structure of congressional attention to a range of urban policy issues including housing, development, crime, and transit. First, we employ an innovative measurement model to demonstrate that the urban agenda space is neither one dimensional, nor stable through time. Second, we show that this dimensional structure is related to changes in issue attention, leading to sweeping issue realignments in the composition of the federal urban policy agenda. These changes are consistent with the shifting partisan and structural features of American politics. In all, our findings have far-reaching implications for issue politics at the federal level and for structuring agenda setting activities of political actors, including city governments themselves.
Theory and practice of family choice in education: Taking stock — review essay: Choice and control in American education. Volume 1: The theory of choice and control in American education; Volume 2: The practice of choice, decentral, and school restructuring. Edited by W.H. Clune and J.F. Witte. London: The Falmer Press, 1990

Abstract This review probes developments in two decades of debates over family choice in education. Based on contributions to these volumes by seasoned debate players, one conclusion is that the broad structure of the controversy has changed little. Activists for increased market choice rely on consumer choice theory and a simple business metaphor for schools: Skeptics persist in arguments that children situated by class and race will choose schools for differing rational reasons, with increased segregation a likely outcome of expanded market choice. Evidence of information imperfections further promise class-based advantages in choice schemes. A new development in the choice debate is a shift in its policy terrain: tendencies toward acceptance of national eductional goals may push choice ideas to embrace educational means as their predominant domain, and reduce the attention of choice proponents to private conceptions of goals for education.
A fail-safe ESD protection circuit with 230 fF linear capacitance for high-speed/high-precision 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS I/O application

Integration of RF/analog and digital circuitry imposes great challenges on Electro-Static-Discharge (ESD) circuit design. Substrate noise coupling through parasitic ESD capacitance degrades the RF/analog input signal, due to both ESD capacitance value and its non-linearity. This paper presents a new 4 kV fail-safe ESD structure, which uses a forward-biased diode to isolate the high capacitance node and uses both N/P junctions and P/N junctions to compensate voltage dependent capacitance. A 230 fF, linear ESD capacitance is achieved without sacrificing the protection capability. This ESD structure uses substrate pumping and sequential booting to trigger as an effective clamp. It also represents total protection including a CDM clamp.
White Matter Volume in Alcohol Use Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

Atrophy of brain white matter (WM) often is considered a signature injury of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). However, investigations into AUD-related changes in WM volume have yielded complex findings that are difficult to synthesize in a narrative review. The objective of this study was to obtain an averaged effect size (ES) for WM volume reduction associated with AUD diagnosis and to test potential moderators of ES. Study inclusion criteria were: (1) English language; (2) peer reviewed; (3) published before December 2011; (4) use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (5) human participants; (6) inclusion of AUD group; (7) inclusion of non-AUD comparison group; and (8) reporting or testing of total or cerebral WM volume. Moderators included study design, MRI methodology and AUD characteristics. Nineteen studies with a total of 1302 participants (70% male) were included, and calculated ESs were confirmed by the corresponding author for 12 studies. The magnitude of the averaged ES adjusted for small sample bias (Hedges' g) for WM reduction in AUDs was 0.304 (standard error = 0.134, range = -0.57-1.21). Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that the overall ES differed significantly from 0, t(18) = 2.257, P = 0.037, and that the distribution of the 19 ESs showed significant heterogeneity beyond sampling error, χ(2) (18) = 52.400, P Language: en
Mystical Philosophy in the Fifteenth Century: New Directions in Research on Nicholas of Cusa

Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464) is one of the most fascinating Christian authors of the fifteenth century. His vision of an immanent God in an infinite universe weaves together some of the most vibrant strands of medieval Christian mysticism. Although his diverse writings are difficult to classify, they can be understood as a kind of mystical philosophy. While older patterns of research on Nicholas of Cusa separated the medieval and modern aspects of his thought, recent scholarship has tried to overcome this divide. Building on three waves of past scholarship, new directions in research attempt to unify potential divisions in the German cardinal’s writings: between science and religion, novelty and tradition, action and contemplation, and mathematics and theology.
К проблеме гражданской активности учащегося юношества второй половины ХIХ – начала ХХ веков

В статье раскрывается феномен гражданской активности учащегося юно-шества во второй половине ХIХ – начале ХХ вв. Гражданская активность понималась как формирование интегративного личностного качества, основными элементами которого рассматривались чувство общественной солидарности, патриотизм, приверженность правовым нормам и нравственным ценностям, готовность к труду на благо Отечеству. Ключевые слова : гражданская активность, гражданственность, гражданские качества.
Theoretical study of reactions of atomic carbon with some π-systems

Abstract Computational studies generated a series of “half sandwich” systems involving carbon atoms and a variety of π-compounds. These structures represent a new class of carbon compounds with free energies of formation ranging from −145.8 to −161.3 kcal/mol at the M06-2X/cc-pVDZ level. Wiberg bond indices showed that pentavalent carbon is partially bound to each of the ring carbons of 1,3-cyclopentadienylidine and substituted derivatives.
Intramuscular juvenile xanthogranuloma: sonographic and MR findings

Abstract Background. Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare benign lesion, most often cutaneous or subcutaneous, and found in infants. Objective. To review the imaging approach to an intramuscular mass in an infant. Methods. A case is reported of a 2-month-old boy who presented with a solitary left arm mass which was evaluated with ultrasound and MRI and then biopsied. Results. Imaging demonstrated a well-defined homogeneous solid mass located in the triceps muscle. The mass was resected and pathology revealed intramuscular juvenile xanthogranuloma. Conclusion. Intramuscular juvenile xanthogranuloma, although extremely rare, has imaging features similar to those of more common malignant tumors of infancy. The imaging findings are nonspecific, but this diagnosis should be considered in the differential of a solid intramuscular mass in an infant.
The Role of Patient Delay in the Evaluation of Breast Self-Examination

In a study involving 129 breast cancer patients, the regular practice of breast self-examination (BSE) proved to be unrelated to the immediate seeking of treatment for symptoms of breast cancer. Women who practiced BSE and delayed seeking treatment were older than other women who practiced BSE, and they were more likely to have had a family member who had experienced prolonged or painful deterioration because of breast cancer. Both BSE and delay were significantly associated with the stage of breast cancer at diagnosis, and women who practiced BSE and sought treatment quickly were most likely to be diagnosed at an early stage.
Mortality patterns among parents of patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease

Abstract The parental mortality of 40 patients with atherosclerosis of the carotid artery was compared with that of control groups of patients with myocardial infarction and non-vascular diseases. The patients with carotid disease not only had a significantly higher parental mortality from all causes, but also had an increased incidence in which both parents died of vascular diseases. This familial aggregation may be due in part to genetic factors related to the higher frequency of hypertension and diabetes among the patients with carotid artery disease. Whether these predisposing illnesses had a significant effect on the increased parental mortality due to vascular disease or whether other inherited factors were present remains to be determined.
Why Is There a Tritium Maximum in the Central Equatorial Pacific Thermocline

Abstract It is suggested that the tritium maximum in the central Pacific is caused by two water pathways across the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), one from the central Pacific and the other from the Mindanao Current. It is argued that an interior pathway exists, by which tritium-rich thermocline waters from the subtropical North Pacific cross the NECC in the central Pacific. The transport in this pathway, however, is small compared with that from the Mindanao Current.