cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FORMATION OF MULTICULTURAL RELIGIOUS IDENTITY WITHIN PERSONS IN KOREAN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

Intra-personal identity Rene Descartes was a pivotal figure in stating a Western selfunderstanding. His cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am) epitomized the Western idea of the self. He started his philosophy with human consciousness {cogito). The cogito (I think) is invested with the zeal for establishing an ultimate foundation for self-knowledge. For him, the cogito arose from the extreme condition of doubt. The subject of the doubt, however, is free from its own body, which is never the foundation of the self. This free-floating / is problematic in terms of its own identity uprooted from its body. The foundational ambition of the Cartesian cogito is responsible for the great oscillation that causes the "I" of the "I think" to appear to be elevated extravagantly to the heights of a first truth and then hurled down to the depths of a vast illusion (Ricoeur, 1992,4-5). The West dwells on the idea of the existence of the self as a basic unit. It is partially due to two Western theoretical foundations: natural science (Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton) and social science (Descartes). From Democritus (5th B.C.E) to Einstein, natural scientists have looked for the smallest unit that is the foundation of the physical universe, and Democritus named it as an atom, the indivisible. Descartes found an unshakable foundation of all knowledge in his doubting self {cogito, ergo sum). Such substantial views are in conflict with the inter-connectional view of the East. The self in the East is always understood in its relational context.
The Impact of the Congress of Vienna on Caribbean Politics and Society

For the hundreds of international delegates gathered at Vienna two hundred years ago, the focus of attention was, understandably, (as we have heard so many times,) the reconstitution of the European political frontiers severely altered during the French Revolutionary military campaigns between 1794 and 1814. The Napoleonic changes affected far more than just geographical boundaries and nominal administrations. There was also a major change in general mentality and political discourse, reflected in the comments of the English-Jamaican planter Bryan Edwards to his colleagues in the British Parliament in 1798: The times in which we live will constitute an awful period in the history of the world; for a spirit of subversion has gone forth, which sets at nought the wisdom of our ancestors and the lessons of experience. Edwards was obviously bemoaning threats to his comfortable way of life, but his lament would become relevant for all societies from that time
Criminal Identification Comparison: Aural Versus Visual Identifications Resulting from a Simulated Crime

This research was undertaken to investigate and contrast visual and aural/perceptual identifications of a previously unknown individual from a set of photographic and tape-recorded exemplars following a simulated crime. All participants were volunteers for the “criminal,” the victim of an “assault,” and all suspects drawn from a Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) class; the “witnesses” were 61 students in a law class. The student/witnesses were divided into four groups. Group A made three identifications (serially) one day, one week, and two weeks after the crime took place. Group B saw the photographs and heard the tapes only once a week after the incident, and Group C only after two weeks had elapsed. Witnesses in a fourth group (D) followed the same schedual as did Group A; however, they were presented with foils similar in appearance and speech to the criminal. Group D was presented both the foil and criminal in the photographic lineup at the final judging s~sslon. The results demonstrated that visual identification can be quite accurate although not consistently or predictably so. By contrast, aural/perceptual identifications were relatively poor. No strong trends for latencies were observed, either for repeated trials or for procedures involving different Initiation latencies; nor did confidence levels appear to be related to accuracy of Judgment, Finally, when a similar looking foil was included in the identification task, there was a weak trend for the foil to be chosen more often in subsequent trials. These results support the position that eyewitness—and especially earwitness—testimony should be viewed by judges and juries with greater caution than has been the case in the past; by appropriate instructions, juries should be given assistance in interpreting and in assigning appropriate weight to this kind of testimony.
Autonomous observations of the ocean biological carbon pump

Autonomous Observations of the Ocean Biological Carbon Pump Carbon Flux Explorer at Dawn w R/V Sproul in the San Clemente Basin. James K. B. Bishop 1,2 1. Professor Marine Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-4767; jkbishop@berkeley.edu; 2. Faculty Senior Scientist, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-0001 Abstract Prediction of the substantial biologically mediated carbon flows in a rapidly changing and acidifying ocean requires model simulations informed by observations of key carbon cycle processes on the appropriate space and time scales. From 2000 to 2004, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) supported the development of the first low-cost fully-autonomous ocean profiling Carbon Explorers that demonstrated that year-round real-time observations of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration and sedimentation could be achieved in the world's ocean. NOPP also initiated the development of a sensor for particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) suitable for operational deployment across all oceanographic platforms. As a result, PIC profile characterization that once required shipboard sample collection and shipboard or shore based laboratory analysis, is now possible to full ocean depth in real time using a 0.2W sensor operating at 24 Hz. NOPP developments further spawned US DOE support to develop the Carbon Flux Explorer, a free-vehicle capable of following hourly variations of particulate inorganic and organic carbon sedimentation from near surface to kilometer depths for seasons to years and capable of relaying contemporaneous observations via satellite.
The economics of health and health care: what have we learned? What have I learned?

Victor Fuchs and I have been talking with each other about the economics of health and health care since we met nearly 30 years ago. I was pleased therefore when he asked me to organize this session of his American Economic Association annual meeting but then rather dismayed by his suggestion that, as one of the papers in the session, I offer an overview of what I have learned about the subject during those 30 years. As a profession, we have indeed learned a great deal in these three decades. The rapid growth of health care spending that doubled its GDP share to one-seventh of the economy and the 1966 Medicare and Medicaid programs that have made federal health care spending exceed the combined total of all domestic discretionary federal outlays have attracted a generation of researchers to a subject that had been largely neglected by economists before the 1960's.1 Econometric research and conceptual developments have been mutually reinforcing, helped by advances in econometric theory and by the government's creation of a rich array of detailed data. Although there remains substantial controversy about many issues in this field (as in most other parts of economics), there is no doubt that anyone setting out to teach a course on health economics or to do policy analysis in this area would start from a very different base today than 30 years ago.
Antroduodenal motor response to solid-liquid and homogenized meals.

Abstract The effect of the physical state of food on antroduodenal motor activity and the pattern of the emptying of an aqueous phase marker were examined in 6 healthy volunteers using an intestinal perfusion technique and intraluminal pressure transducers. Ingestion of a solid-liquid meal produced marked phasic changes in pressure in the distal antrum, lasting 92 ± 30 min (mean ± SE), while, in contrast, ingestion of the same nutrients in a homogenized state resulted in complete absence of distal antral changes in pressure lasting 133 ± 12 min. The motor responses of the proximal antrum and duodenum were similar for the two meals. Both meals emptied during a 3-hr period, the pattern of emptying of the aqueous phase marker being similar for the two meals except for the first 40 min, when emptying was more rapid after the solid-liquid meal. The homogenized meal emptied despite the absence of changes in distal antral pressure. The gastrin response was similar for the two meals and is therefore not responsible for the different patterns of antral motility and gastric emptying.
Impact of Parameterized Physical Processes on Simulated Tropical Cyclone Characteristics in the Community Atmosphere Model

AbstractThis study advances the understanding of how parameterized physical processes affect the development of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) using the Reed–Jablonowski TC test case. It examines the impact of changes in 24 parameters across multiple physical parameterization schemes that represent convection, turbulence, precipitation, and cloud processes. The one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis method quantifies the relative influence of each parameter on TC simulations and identifies which parameters affect six different TC characteristics: intensity, precipitation, longwave cloud radiative forcing (LWCF), shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and ice water path (IWP). It is shown that TC intensity is mainly sensitive to the parcel fractional mass entrainment rate (dmpdz) in deep convection. A decrease in this parameter can lead to a change in simulated intensity from a tropical depression to a category-4 storm. Precipitation and ...
Identification and active control of thermoacoustic instabilities

This paper presents an implementation of identification and acoustic control of thermoacoustic instabilities on a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. Loudspeakers located upstream of the burner were used as control actuators in the closed-loop system. Experimental models of the combustor dynamics were developed using a non-parametric identification method. LQG and H/sub /spl infin// Loop-Shaping controllers were derived and tested in simulation as well as experimentally.
QUALITY DISCLOSURE AND COMPETITION

We analyze costly quality disclosure with horizontally differentiated products under duopoly and a cartel, and characterize the effect of competition on disclosure and welfare. We show that expected disclosure is higher under a cartel than under duopoly, and the welfare comparison depends on the level of disclosure cost: when the disclosure cost is low, welfare is higher under a cartel than duopoly, but when the disclosure cost is high, welfare is higher under duopoly. In either market structure, disclosure is excessive in terms of total surplus, but insufficient in terms of consumer surplus.
Reliability growth test management in a product assurance environment within the automotive component industry

Experience with the testing of automotive components has led to a practical method for efficiently organizing, initiating, and monitoring a reliability growth test process under a competitive automobile environment. Specifically, the analysis techniques presented address product/process design concerns and validation testing issues by providing: (1) up-to-date reliability growth progress; (2) practice tests leading up to validation; and (3) confidence limits with test time. Performing such activities as identifying operating environments, developing growth test curves from the results, examining the results for various relationships between design iterations, and linking the information with other product assurance analyses helps to properly evaluate a product's conformance to customer requirements. The integration of reliability growth test techniques was applied to evaluate the reliability of an electromechanical device. During the course of the project, a reliability growth test was developed, executed, and analyzed. Other product assurance analyses were performed up-front in the development process to help identify design/process concerns. >
Thermodynamic analysis of quartz and cristobalite solubilities in water at saturation vapor pressure

The degree of polymerization of silica in aqueous solution is calculated from quartz and cristobalite solubility and the free energy of the polymorphic transition. At temperatures below 130° C, the existing solubility data are not all compatible with a simple monomeric solute model. A combination of monomeric and tetrameric silica species is shown to be compatible with most of the chemical data on silica solutions. The analysis indicates that the low temperature solubilities of quartz and/or cristobalite must be more accurately defined or that the presence of polymeric silica in solution has been overlooked.
Characterizing non-constant relative potency

Relative potency plays an important role in toxicology. Estimates of relative potency are used to rank chemicals by their effects, to calculate equivalent doses of test chemicals compared to a standard, and to weight contributions of constituent chemicals when evaluating mixtures. Typically relative potency is characterized by a constant dilution factor, even when non-similar dose-response curves indicate that constancy is inappropriate. Improperly regarding relative potency as constant may distort conclusions and potentially mislead investigators or policymakers. We consider a more general approach that allows relative potency to vary as a function of dose, response, or response quantile. Distinct functions can be defined, each generalizing different but equivalent descriptions of constant relative potency. When two chemicals have identical response limits, these functions all carry fundamentally equivalent information; otherwise, relative potency as a function of response quantile is distinct and embodies a modified definition of relative potency. Which definition is preferable depends on whether one views any differences in response limits as intrinsic to the chemicals or as extrinsic, arising from idiosyncrasies of data sources. We illustrate these ideas with constructed examples and real data. Relative potency functions offer a unified and principled description of relative potency for non-similar dose-response curves.
The gene encoding the splicing factor SF2/ASF is a proto-oncogene

Alternative splicing modulates the expression of many oncogene and tumor-suppressor isoforms. We have tested whether some alternative splicing factors are involved in cancer. We found that the splicing factor SF2/ASF is upregulated in various human tumors, in part due to amplification of its gene, SFRS1. Moreover, slight overexpression of SF2/ASF is sufficient to transform immortal rodent fibroblasts, which form sarcomas in nude mice. We further show that SF2/ASF controls alternative splicing of the tumor suppressor BIN1 and the kinases MNK2 and S6K1. The resulting BIN1 isoforms lack tumor-suppressor activity; an isoform of MNK2 promotes MAP kinase–independent eIF4E phosphorylation; and an unusual oncogenic isoform of S6K1 recapitulates the transforming activity of SF2/ASF. Knockdown of either SF2/ASF or isoform-2 of S6K1 is sufficient to reverse transformation caused by the overexpression of SF2/ASF in vitro and in vivo. Thus, SF2/ASF can act as an oncoprotein and is a potential target for cancer therapy.
Recent advances in mammalian RNA editing

RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification that results in the generation of nucleotides within an RNA transcript that do not match the bases present within the genome. Mammalian RNA editing events, often represented by cytidine-to-uridine and adenosine-to-inosine conversions, are predominantly mediated by base deamination. In the past decade, important advances have been made in the understanding of editing mechanisms, the identification of RNA sequences and structures necessary for editing regulation, and the cloning and characterization of editing enzymes. It has also recently been appreciated that RNA editing within mammalian substrates can have profound functional consequences in protein function, implicating this posttranscriptional modification as important in the production of molecular diversity.
Wave-Breaking Extended Coherent Fiber: Supercontinuum Pulse Compression.

Like surface water wave breaking, optical wave breaking (WB) is a phenomenon that occurs when an optical pulse propagates in a normally dispersive nonlinear fiber. It is often avoided in fiber continuum compression experiments by using lower coupling power or shorter fiber length, because the WB-extended continuum has higher-order spectral phase distortions that cannot be compensated by a quadratic compressor, a prism pair or a grating pair. This issue can be resolved when an ideal compressor such as a 4f pulse shaper is used. Linear and nonlinear chirps can be removed by arbitrary phase shaping toward transformlimited pulse compression.
Evidence for the Characterization of Heavy-Ion Reactions by the Ratio E/B*

The connection between the characteristic features of reactions involving very heavy target-projectile combinations (e.g.86Kr+197Au) and lighter systems (e.g.40Ar+natAg) is discussed. Evidence for an empirical scaling law based upon the ratioE/B (center-of-mass kinetic energy to Coulomb barrier) is presented. This scaling is justified in terms of semiquantitative arguments whereby the different charge and angular distribution patterns from light and heavy target-projectile combinations are correlated with different lifetime regimes for the “intermediate complex” as it diffuses along the mass-asymmetry coordinate.
Infantile gastroesophageal reflux in a hospital setting.

Gastroesophageal reflux is a common diagnosis in infants. Yet, there is no information on the demographics of those hospitalized with reflux. The aim of this study is to describe the demographics of children with gastroesophageal reflux discharged from the hospital during the first two years of life. Retrospective chart review of children aged 0–2 years discharged between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1999 with a diagnosis of reflux documented in their hospital chart prior to 12 months of age. Reflux was the seventh most common reason for hospitalization. About 50% of subjects with reflux had multiple hospitalizations. Of the 1,096 infants diagnosed with reflux about half were born prematurely. Reflux was the primary diagnosis for 21% of all infants; 10% of those born prematurely. The average length of stay for the subjects was longer than the hospital average. African Americans, 2.4% of the population, accounted for 29% of discharges. Caucasians, 86% of the population, were 66% of discharges. 21.8% of African Americans and 68.3% of Caucasians were diagnosed with reflux. 35% of mothers smoked, 27% worked and 48% had public insurance, compared to 22.2%, 57%, and 24% respectively of females in the general population. Reflux is a common discharge diagnosis. Children who have primary reflux have longer than average hospital stays. About half had multiple admissions. Mothers of children with reflux are more likely to be less educated, receive public insurance, smoke, and be unemployed than the general female population in Western New York. Although African American children were disproportionately hospitalized, they were less likely to be diagnosed with reflux.
On the Transitivity Equations of Rigid-Body Dynamics

This paper presents direct dervations of the various forms of the famous transitivity equations of rigid body kinematics from a simple and unified viewpoint. These foms are indispensable in the derivation of the Eulerian equations of motion via the Lagrangean method. Both true (holonomic) and quasi (nonholonomic) coordinate forms are presented
Thermal and electrical conduction in unsaturated sand controlled by surface wettability

Water repellency has significant implications on the thermal and electrical conduction properties of unsaturated soils, but less understood. This study presents the results of a laboratory study that show the evolution of thermal and electrical conductivity of unsaturated hydrophilic and hydrophobic soils with degree of water saturation using surface synthesized soils. Sand particles were chemically grafted with a thermal-sensitive polymer to make their surfaces hydrophobic at a critical elevated temperature. A transient line source heating method and two-terminal electrode system were used to obtain the thermal and electrical conductivities of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic specimens. A controlled drying process was used to change the degree of saturation while capturing the intended properties. The different capillarity and the corresponding distribution of the water phase in pore space driven by the surface wettability greatly influenced the thermal and electrical conduction behaviors of the sands at unsaturated conditions.
The electrochemical generation of stable cations of arenetricarbonylchromium complexes

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of the mono- and bis-(tricarbonylchromium) complexes of dimethyldiphenyltin yield stable cations on the cyclic voltammetr
Nonsteady flow to a well of constant drawdown in an extensive aquifer

A mathematical theory is given for the discharge of a well of constant drawdown, discharging as by natural flow from an effectively infinite aquifer of uniform transmissibility and uniform compressibility. This theory is based on the solution by L. P. Smith of the analogous problem in heat conduction. The mathematical function involved in the solution, which cannot be integrated directly, is evaluated by numerical integration. A table of its values is given for a wide range of its argument. This function is compared with other,asymptotic solutions, and simple, useful approximations are given. Two graphical methods are outlined for determining the coefficients of storage and transmissibility from variations in the rate of discharge of wells flowing at constant drawdown. Data from the Grand Junction, Colo., artesian basin are treated by these methods. In the Grand Junction artesian basin there are about 25 flowing wells ranging in depth from 600 to 1600 ft, most of which obtain water from the Entrada sandstone. A few of the wells obtain water from a sandstone in the overlying Morrison formation and a few tap the underlying Wingate sandstone. The procedure of the tests is outlined, and the “ink-well” mercury gage used to measure the artesian pressures is described. Recovery tests were run on the same wells after the discharge tests. Values of transmissibility obtained from the recovery tests check those obtained by means of the discharge tests.
Changes in estrogen/anti-estrogen activities in ponded secondary effluent.

Abstract Total estrogenic activity, measured using the yeast estrogen screen reporter gene bioassay, decreased from 60 pM (equivalent 17α-ethinylestradiol concentration) to an estimated 1.4 pM during a 24-hour period in which secondary effluent was held in a shallow infiltration basin. Over the same period, anti-estrogenic activity, measured as an equivalent concentration of tamoxifen, increased from 35 to 260 nM, suggesting that antagonists produced during secondary effluent storage played a role in the apparent loss of estrogenic activity. Androgenic activity, measured over the same 24-hour period using the yeast androgen screen, was near or below the method detection limit (0.7 pM as testosterone). However, the same pond samples were clearly anti-androgenic. When whole-sample extracts were separated via adsorption and stepwise elution in alcohol/water solutions consisting of 20, 40 and 100% ethanol, the sum of estrogenic activities in derived fractions was always lower than the measured estrogenic activity in the whole-sample extracts. Summed anti-estrogenic activities in the same fractions, however, always exceeded values for corresponding whole-sample extracts. Results reinforce the importance of sample preparation steps (concentration of organics followed by estrogen/anti-estrogen separation) when measuring endocrine-related activities in chemically complex samples such as wastewater effluent. The potential complexity of relationships among estrogens, anti-estrogens and matrix organics suggests that additive models are of questionable validity for estimating whole-sample estrogenic activity from measurements involving sample fractions.
Resonance Method of Electric-Dipole-Moment Measurements in Storage Rings

A ''resonance method'' of measuring the electric dipole moment (EDM) of nuclei in storage rings is described, based on two new ideas: (1) Oscillating particles velocities in resonance with spin precession, and (2) alternately producing two sub-beams with different betatron tunes--one sub-beam to amplify and thus make it easier to correct ring imperfections that produce false signals imitating EDM signals, and the other to make the EDM measurement.
Corporate social responsibility in global health: an exploratory study of multinational pharmaceutical firms

As pharmaceutical firms experience increasing civil society pressure to act responsibly in a changing globalized world, many are expanding and/or reforming their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. We sought to understand how multinational pharmaceutical companies currently engage in CSR activities in the developing world aimed at global health impact, their motivations for doing so and how their CSR strategies are evolving. We conducted a small-scale, exploratory study combining (i) an in-depth review of publicly available data on pharmaceutical firms’ CSR with (ii) interviews of representatives from 6 firms, purposively selected, from the highest earning pharmaceutical firms worldwide. Corporate social responsibility differed for each firm particularly with respect to how CSR is defined, organizational structures for managing CSR, current CSR activities, and motivations for CSR. Across the firms studied, the common CSR activities were: differential pharmaceutical pricing, strengthening developing country drug distribution infrastructure, mHealth initiatives, and targeted research and development. Primary factors that motivated CSR engagement were: reputational benefits, recruitment and employee satisfaction, better rankings in sustainability indices, entrance into new markets, long-term economic returns, and improved population health. In terms of CSR strategy, firms were at different points on a spectrum ranging from philanthropic donations to integrated systemic shared value business models. CSR is of increasing importance for multinational pharmaceutical firms yet understanding of the array of CSR strategies employed and their effects is nascent. Our study points to the need to (i) develop clearer and more standardized definitions of CSR in global health (2) strengthen indices to track CSR strategies and their public health effects in developing countries and (iii) undertake more country level studies that investigate how CSR engages with national health systems.
Perceptual access reasoning: developmental stage or system 1 heuristic?

In contrast with the two dominant views in Theory of Mind development, the Perceptual Access Reasoning hypothesis of Fabricius and colleagues is that children don’t understand the mental state of belief until around 6 years of age. Evidence for this includes data that many children ages 4 and 5, who pass the standard 2-location false belief task, nonetheless fail the true belief task, and often fail a 3-location false belief task by choosing the irrelevant option. These findings can be explained by the PAR hypothesis but pose challenges for the two dominant views. I argue against an alternate hypothesis which is proposed by Anika Fiebich in a recent paper. According to Fiebich, PAR is not a distinct transitional stage in children’s theory of mind development, but is a fast and frugal System 1 heuristic which fades once children become fluent in social reasoning. However, I point out a number of problems with Fiebich’s proposal and argue for the superiority of the PAR hypothesis. I also present five reasons to be skeptical about the findings of Perner and Horn which purportedly show that 4- and 5-year-olds can pass the 3-location false belief task when suitably modified. This is a further difficulty for Fiebich’s proposal, since she relies on these findings in her fluency theory. Finally, I sketch a dual systems theory of mind account based upon the PAR hypothesis which is different from Fiebich’s.
An Improvement in the Calculation of Turbulent Friction in Smooth Concentric Annuli

Data for smooth concentric annuli having an overall -25 to +35 percent scatter about the Colbrook prediction for smooth tubes, along with calculation techniques, are reviewed. It is shown that the accepted methods of Meter and Bird, and of Rothfus, Monrad, and Senecal, deviate substantially from the correct limit for small gaps. Further, neither correctly predicts the data trends with decreasing radius ratio. It is demonstrated that the theoretically determined laminar equivalent diameter which provides similarity in laminar flow for round tubes and concentric annuli also provides similarity in turbulent flow. 36 refs.
Men's mobility into management from blue collar and white collar jobs: race differences across the early work-career.

Abstract Within the context of the “particularistic mobility thesis” we examine racial differences in the incidence, and determinants of, as well as timing to, mobility into management across the critical early career years at a refined level, namely, when groups share similar white collar and blue collar jobs. Findings from a Panel Study of Income Dynamics sample of men support theory and indicate that from both job levels a racial hierarchy exists: African Americans have the lowest rate of mobility, reach management through a route that is relatively formal and structured by a traditional range of stratification-based causal factors and take longest to reach management. Whites, in contrast, have the highest mobility rate, reach management through a relatively informal path that is less structured by traditional stratification-based factors, and reach management the quickest, and, across all three issues Latinos occupy an intermediate ground between African Americans and Latinos. Further, as predicted by theory, racial differences, particularly, relative to whites, are greater among those tracked from blue collar jobs than white collar jobs. Discussed are implications of the findings for understanding racial disadvantage in the American labor market across the work-career and on an inter-generational basis.
Neutron scattering from nuclei near A = 20 at energies below 2.2 MeV

Abstract The polarization and differential cross sections for neutrons scattered from F, Na, Al and P have been measured at five scattering angles, at energies from 0.2 to 2.2 MeV, with incident-energy spreads of 100 to 150 keV. Structure, characterized by peaks that are separated by energy intervals of 300 to 400 keV and have widths from 100 to 200 keV, is seen in the total and differential cross sections and in the polarization for these nuclei. Calculations based on a nuclear optical model are in reasonable agreement with an average through the measured total and differential cross sections, but give somewhat poorer fits to an average through the measured polarizations. The observed fluctuations cannot be reproduced by any calculations based on an optical-model potential with fixed or slowly varying parameter values. The possible interpretations of this structure are discussed.
Isolation and characterization of an acidic glycoprotein from normal bovine plasma.

Abstract An M-2 glycoprotein was isolated from bovine plasma in a reasonably homogeneous state using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, and its physical constants were determined. The protein contains some 20% carbohydrate with a hexose-hexosamine-sialic acid ratio of 1:1:1. Amino acid analysis revealed a complete absence of tryptophan and that the N-terminal group is leucine. Bovine M-2 glycoprotein binds thyroxine more strongly than human or bovine serum albumin.
Cross-national studies of AIDS among injecting drug users

HIV infection among injecting drug users has become a world-wide public health problem. This raises fundamental questions about the modifiability of drug-using behavior and of the influence of different national settings upon the modification of drug use behavior. Data from the World Health Organization Multi-site Study of HIV and Injecting Drug Use and studies of HIV among drug injectors in New York City (the US component of the WHO study) are used to address these questions. There is no clear relationship between HIV seroprevalence and current levels of risk behavior in the WHO cities, and the range in seroprevalence is much greater than the range in current risk behavior. Nonetheless, historical trend data enable us to discern at least two broad patterns in different cities. HIV epidemics appear to have been successfully prevented among IDUs in some cities, in that seroprevalence has remained low and stable over several years. These cities are characterized by community outreach programs and good access to sterile injection equipment. On the other hand, high-servoprevalence epidemics have also occurred in many different cities. Stabilization of seroprevalence has eventually also occurred in these cities, but this still includes moderate rates of new HIV infections. How to reverse high-seroprevalence situations remains one of the more difficult questions in HIV epidemiology. The epidemiology of HIV infection among injecting drug users also needs to include analyses of the impacts of decisions by political and public health leaders. A three-category scheme for classifying political decisions is offered: data-free decisions, data-based decisions, and data-proof decisions.
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata separately signaling stable and flexible values

Gaze is strongly attracted to visual objects that have been associated with rewards. Key to this function is a basal ganglia circuit originating from the caudate nucleus (CD), mediated by the subst...
Review Essay: On Wayne Booth

Abstract Booth, Wayne C. (2004). The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective communication.Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Booth, Wayne C. (2006). My many selves: The quest for a plausible harmony.Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
Ultrathin Strained-Ge Channel P-MOSFETs With High- $K$ /Metal Gate and Sub-1-nm Equivalent Oxide Thickness

Surface-channel strained-Ge (s-Ge) p-MOSFETs with high-K/metal gate stack and ozone surface passivation are fabricated, for the first time. The channel is ultrathin (approximately 3-6 nm thick) s-Ge (approximately 2.2%, biaxial compression) epitaxially grown on a relaxed Si0.56Ge0.44 virtual substrate. Split capacitance-voltage measurements along with quantum-mechanical simulations demonstrate a capacitance-equivalent thickness of 1.3 nm and sub-1-nm equivalent oxide thickness. The effective hole mobility of these devices was extracted and exhibits 3× and 2.2× mobility enhancement over universal Si hole mobility, for s-Ge channel thicknesses of ~6 and ~3 nm, respectively.
Venous sampling can be crucial in identifying the testicular origin of idiopathic male luteinising hormone-independent sexual precocity

It has been recently shown that male LH-independent sexual precocity is caused by a somatic activating mutation in the luteinising hormone receptor (LHR) of Leydig cell tumours. In each of the patients described to date, the tumour was a well-defined, single encapsulated nodule. We present a 5.7-year-old boy with nodular Leydig cell hyperplasia, who harbours a somatic mutation of the LHR gene. The boy showed the clinical features of severe sexual precocity caused by LH-independent testosterone hypersecretion. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hCG- or androgen-secreting tumours, McCune-Albright syndrome, and familial male-limited precocious puberty (or testotoxicosis) were all ruled out as possible causes. A hypoechoic area was detected at the cranial pole of his right testis and a biopsy was performed. Histological examination revealed a lack of mature Leydig cells. When DNA from the affected tissue was isolated and sequenced, no somatic mutation of the LHR gene was found. To further determine the origin of the elevated testosterone levels, venous sampling was performed. Blood samples taken from the right spermatic vein showed an elevated serum testosterone concentration of 259 nmol/l. Unilateral orchiectomy of the right testis was performed, and systemic testosterone concentrations normalised. Histological examination revealed nodular Leydig cell hyperplasia. DNA analysis of the nodular tissue showed a heterozygous mutation in exon 11 of the LHR gene, which caused the replacement of aspartic acid at codon 578 by histidine. Conclusion: the somatic activating mutation (Asp578His) of the luteinising hormone receptor gene is not only present in Leydig cell adenomas, but can also be found in nodular Leydig cell hyperplasia. Venous sampling can play a vital role in determining the origin of elevated testosterone levels.
Performance analysis of digital tracking loops for telemetry-based ranging applications

In this paper, we analyze mathematical models of digital loops used to track the phase and timing of communications and navigations signals. The limits on the accuracy of phase and timing estimates play a critical role in the accuracy achievable in telemetry-based ranging applications. We describe in detail a practical algorithm to compute the loop parameters for discrete update (DU) and the continuous update (CU) loop formulations, consistent with the development of [3], and we show that a simple power-series approximation to the DU model is valid over a large range of time-bandwidth product (B L T) . Several numerical examples compare the estimation error variance of the DU and CU models to each other and to Cramer-Rao lower bounds. Finally, the results are applied to the problem of ranging, by evaluating the performance of a phase-locked loop designed to track a typical ambiguity-resolving PN code received and demodulated at the spacecraft, on the uplink part of the two-way ranging link.
Edge comparison in a digital image

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between a bit map digital image and a given object, called the search object. In particular, to signal that it is likely, or not likely, that the search object appears, at least partially, in the image. The edges are detected using known techniques. The edges are then converted to sequences of pixels. Edges in the search object and in the digital image are then represented as objects, in the object oriented programming sense. Each edge or segment of an edge is represented as a normalized Bezier cubic parameterized curve. The conversion from a sequence of pixels to a Bezier polynomial representation is accomplished using least squares approximation techniques. The normalization process is intended to remove the effect of size in the edge or edge segment. The original Bezier representation is also maintained for each edge, as it provides necessary location information. In the event that two edges in the search object are matched with edges in the image, their relative orientation is checked using elementary vector analysis. If the edges match and their orientation is the same, then the system signals that the object is likely to appear in the image and the coordinates in the image of the object are returned. The functioning of the algorithm is not dependent on scaling, rotation, translation, or shading of the image.
The Effects of Perceived Ability and Impartiality of Mediators and Time Pressure on Negotiation

This study provided empirical clarification of the effects of factors presumed in the negotiation literature, but not clearly demonstrated, to be central to the negotiation process. One hundred and...
A study of the effect of lubricant and fines on a tablet granulation.

A series of six formulations was made in which the amount of lubricant added was a variable ranging from 0 to 5 per cent, and in which the amount of fines added was a variable ranging from 0 to 70 per cent. The rate of flow was measured, using a standard procedure which was modified for this experiment. A measurable effect was induced by the lubricant and the fines. The study was extended to determine whether the effects of lubricant and of fines could be demonstrated in the actual compression of the tablet. The results obtained indicate that some measurable effects can be noted. The physical properties evaluated were: weight variation, hardness, thickness, disintegration, and durability. The method of determining durability of tablets was devised for this study, while the other methods used were standard procedures.
The importance of suppression of turbulence by stratification on the estuarine turbidity maximum

A simple numerical model demonstrates that the reduction in turbulence due to stratification greatly enhances the trapping of suspended sediment that occurs at the estuarine turbidity maximum. In moderately and highly stratified estuaries the turbulent diffusivity decreases markedly between the region upstream of the salinity intrusion, where the turbulence is uninhibited by salt stratification, and the stratified regime within the salinity intrusion, where turbulence is reduced by the inhibitory influence of salt stratification. This reduction in turbulent diffusion results in a reduction in the quantity of sediment that can be carried by the flow, causing sediment to be trapped near the landward limit of the salinity intrusion. This trapping process occurs at the same location as that due to the estuarine convergence, but it appears to be many times more effective at trapping silt-size particles. A model is formulated that is similar to Festa and Hansen's (1978) model of the estuarine turbidity maximum, with the addition of a stratification-dependent eddy diffusivity. For silt-size sediment particles, the model indicates as much as a 20-fold increase in the trapping rate with inclusion of the stratification effect. it is likely that this mechanism is important in many partially mixed and highly stratified estuaries.
An alpine lacustrine record of early Holocene North American Monsoon dynamics from Dry Lake, southern California (USA)

Dry Lake (2763 m), located in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, USA, provides a high-resolution climate record from the coastal southwest depicting early Holocene terrestrial climate. 27 AMS 14C dates and multi-proxy analyses, including magnetic susceptibility, total organic mater, microfossil counts, and grain size, suggest the early Holocene was significantly wetter then present, due to an enhanced North American Monsoon (NAM). Elevated insolation at 9000 cal year B.P., raised summer sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of California and the eastern tropical Pacific, as well as land surface temperatures, extending the NAM into southern California. The data also provide evidence of the 8.2 ka event, which registers as a 300-year cool period characterized by reduced monsoonal precipitation, depressed basin productivity, and increased erosion. We suggest this event is the most likely period for the early to middle Holocene (9000–5000 cal year B.P.) glacial advance in the San Bernardino Mountains proposed by Owen et al. (2003, Geology 31: 729–732).
Teachers College and Counseling Psychology: Innovator and Integrator

Since the 1930s, Teachers College, Columbia University, has played an innovating and integrating role in the development of counseling psychology as a science and profession, The integrative role was facilitated by the setting, which provided interaction with leaders in educational philosophy, economics, sociology, guidance, and measurement as well as the related fields of psychology. The initial emphasis on vocational guidance has expanded to include concepts of career development and life roles satisfaction. Faculty and graduates of the program have provided leadership in defining and implementing the three basic roles of the counselor: (1) remedial and rehabilitative, (2) preventive, and (3) educative and developmental.
HEAT INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 IN APPLE CIDER IN THE PRESENCE OF GLYCEROL MONOLAURATE AND A SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE, PR-26

The effect of moderate temperatures in combination with glycerol monolaurate and an antimicrobial peptide, PR-26 on E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider was determined. A five-strain mixture of E. coli 0157:H7 was inoculated into apple cider (pH 3.53) containing 0.01 % PR-26 or 0.02 % glycerol monolaurate or a combination of 0.01 % PR-26 and 0.02% glycerol monolaurate. The apple cider was incubated at 40, 45 or 50C for 30 s, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min. At each of the specified time intervals, the surviving population of E. coli 0157:H7 was determined. At all the three temperatures, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the E. coli 0157:H7 populations of the control and the treatment containing PR-26. However, the treatments containing glycerol monolaurate alone or combination of glycerol monolaurate and PR-26 resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in E. coli 0157:H7 counts. Results indicate that addition of glycerol monolaurate (0.02 %) to apple cider and heating at 50C for 5 min can reduce E. coli 0157:H7 by 5.0 log CFU/mL.
Texture Analysis with Area Detectors

Starting from simple geometric considerations concerning directions and orientations, intelligent strategies for pole figure measurements were developed for the area detector. The amount and quality of texture information contained in measured or available data sets can be directly controlled. The texture approximation is done by the component method. The method does not have any restrictions concerning the grids of sample directions in the pole figures. An almost constant information depth can be obtained at a low angle of incidence of the primary beam for the study of thin surface layers.
Competition for small firm banking business: Bank actions versus market structure

Abstract This paper addresses two questions related to the ongoing consolidation of the US banking industry and its effect on small firm financing. First, are conventional measures of market structure (e.g. geographic market size and deposit concentration) related to bank competition for small firm financial business? Second, does an increase in bank competition produce an improvement in bank services irrespective of market structure? To answer these questions we use a survey of small firm owners that asks them to report on changes in bank competition for their business. Our findings show that reports of increased competition by small firm owners are negatively related to the level of and change in deposit concentration. In addition, we find a significant positive association between changes in bank competition reported by small firms and their reports of changes in banking outcomes (e.g. service quality) that is independent of deposit concentration, firm risk, and credit usage.
Grounding vision through experimental manipulation

Experimentation is crucial to human progress at all scales, from society as a whole to a young infant in its cradle. It allows us to elicit learning episodes suited to our own needs and limitations. This paper develops active strategies for a robot to acquire visual experience through simple experimental manipulation. The experiments are oriented towards determining what parts of the environment are physically coherent-that is, which parts will move together, and which are more or less independent. We argue that following causal chains of events out from the robot's body into the environment allows for a very natural developmental progression of visual competence, and relate this idea to results in neuroscience.