cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking techniques for evaluation of compression transform performance in ATR applications

Image compression is increasingly employed in applications such as medical imaging, for reducing data storage requirement, and Internet video transmission, to effectively increase channel bandwidth. Similarly, military applications such as automated target recognition (ATR) often employ compression to achieve storage and communication efficiencies, particularly to enhance the effective bandwidth of communication channels whose throughput suffers, for example, from overhead due to error correction/detection or encryption. In the majority of cases, lossy compression is employed due the resultant low bit rates (high compression ratio). However, lossy compression produces artifacts in decompressed imagery that can confound ATR processes applied to such imagery, thereby reducing the probability of detection (Pd) and possibly increasing the rate or number of false alarms (Rfa or Nfa). In this paper, the authors' previous research in performance measurement of compression transforms is extended to include (a) benchmarking algorithms and software tools, (b) a suite of error exemplars that are designed to elicit compression transform behavior in an operationally relevant context, and (c) a posteriori analysis of performance data. The following transforms are applied to a suite of 64 error exemplars: Visual Pattern Image Coding (VPIC [1]), Vector Quantization with a fast codebook search algorithm (VQ [2,3]), JPEG and a preliminary implementation of JPEG 2000 [4,5], and EBLAST [6-8]. Compression ratios range from 2:1 to 200:1, and various noise levels and types are added to the error exemplars to produce a database of 7,680 synthetic test images. Several global and local (e.g., featural) distortion measures are applied to the decompressed test imagery to provide a basis for rate-distortion and rate-performance analysis as a function of noise and compression transform type.
Magnetic phase diagram of the ferromagnetic Kondo-lattice compound CeAgSb 2 up to 80 kbar

Electrical resistivity and ac-calorimetric measurements reveal a complex magnetic phase diagram for single crystals of the ferromagnetic Kondo-lattice compound ${\mathrm{CeAgSb}}_{2}$ at high pressures up to 80 kbar. The ferromagnetic order at ${T}_{C}=9.6 \mathrm{K}$ at ambient pressure is completely suppressed at a critical pressure ${P}_{C}=35\mathrm{kbar}.$ Another magnetic transition, possibly antiferromagnetic, found above 27 kbar, attains a maximum value ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}6\mathrm{K}$ at 44 kbar and then appears to be completely suppressed by $\ensuremath{\sim}50\mathrm{kbar}.$ Thermodynamic and transport measurements in the ferromagnetic state indicate an energy gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}30\mathrm{K}$ in the spin-wave excitation spectrum at ambient pressure which decreases to $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}10\mathrm{K}$ at $P=30\mathrm{kbar}.$ No superconductivity is observed at ambient pressure above $T\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\mathrm{K},$ under applied pressure in the ferromagnetic state $(P=28.5\mathrm{kbar}),$ nor in the antiferromagnetic state $(P=33\ensuremath{-}46\mathrm{kbar})$ above $0.3\mathrm{K}.$
Hearing-Aid-Processed Signals: a New Approach

A new protocol for obtaining and utilizing hearing-aid-processed signals in hearing aid research or hearing aid selection is described. Data are presented which illustrate the extent to which this procedure may be expected to result in a signal spectrum at the subject's eardrum which is the same as the spectrum the subject would have received if the hearing aid itself had been placed on his ear (a directly-aided situation). An earlier investigation by the authors indicated that the traditional protocol for the production and utilization of hearing-aid-processed signals results in substantial discrepancies between these two spectra. The data presented were obtained using the KEMAR as the subject with a Zwislocki coupler as the KEMAR's ear canal/eardrum. The discrepancy between directly-aided and hearing-aid-processed spectra was typically ± 2 dB for ear-level hearing aids fitted using standard, vented, or open earmolds (in open earmold fittings only the amplified component of the directly-aided spectrum is...
Resistance to overland flow due to bed-load transport on plane mobile beds

During bed-load transport by overland ﬂow, momentum is transferred from the ﬂow to the bed via grain collisions, resulting in a decrease in ﬂow velocity and an increase in ﬂow resistance, herein termed bed-load transport resistance. In overland ﬂow on mobile plane beds, total ﬂow resistance f consists of grain resistance fg and bed-load transport resistance fbt. In order to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the factors controlling fbt, 38 ﬂume experiments were performed on slopes of 2·7 and 5·5° using sediment with median diameters of 0·74 and 1·16 mm. All ﬂows were supercritical and turbulent. This study is an extension of a recent study by Gao and Abrahams (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2004, vol. 29, pp. 423–435). These authors found that fbt is controlled by three factors: sediment concentration C, dimensionless sediment diameter D*, and relative submergence h/D, where h is ﬂow depth, D is median sediment diameter. However, a new dimensional analysis identiﬁes two additional factors: Froude number F and slope S. Multiple regression analyses reveal (1) that these ﬁve factors together explain 97 per cent of the variance of fbt, and (2) that S controls fbt entirely through C. The variable C is therefore redundant, and a new functional equation relating fbt to D*, h/D, S and F is developed. This equation may be used to predict fbt. An advantage of this equation is that it may be used to predict fbt without measuring bed-load transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spinally Projecting Neurons of the Dorsal Column Nucleus in a Reptile: Locus of Origin and Trajectory of Termination

Interconnections between the dorsal column nucleus and the spinal cord were investigated in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus. After placement of an anterograde tracer into the dorsal column nucleus, descending fibers are seen to leave this nucleus to enter the dorsal funiculus where they course ventrally to terminate in lamina V of the spinal cord as far caudally as C2. Placement of a retrograde tracer into cut fibers of the cervical spinal cord identified the relay cells of the dorsal column nucleus that project to the spinal cord. These neurons were mainly clustered in a caudal and ventral part of this nucleus. The soma of these spinally projecting cells were small and were generally round or oval in shape. A number of these neurons had the long axis of their soma oriented dorsoventrally, with a primary dendrite extending dorsally. Fibers in the dorsal funiculus that originated from the spinal cord enter the caudal part of the dorsal column nucleus and turn ventral. In the dorsal column nucleus, these axons run parallel to the vertically oriented dendrites of these spinally projecting cells before termination in close relation to the cell bodies of these neurons. Quantitative observations (mean +/- standard error) were made on well labeled neurons and included several measurements: area, perimeter, and degree of eccentricity (greatest width/greatest length) in both the transverse as well as the sagittal plane. These spinally projecting neurons in Caiman are located in the dorsal column nucleus in a position similar to that of spinally projecting cells in cats.
Adherence to HIV Medications: Utility of the Theory of Self-Determination

The utility of self-determination theory in predicting adherence to antiviral therapy (ART) was investigated in 205 HIV+ (85% male) patients. Participants completed brief structured adherence interviews and measures of perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, and perceived competence, specific to ART. Adherence measures included percentage of doses administered and precision of dose scheduling. As hypothesized, greater autonomy support predicted greater autonomous motivation for adherence, which predicted adherence through an indirect relationship mediated by perceived competence. Autonomy support from health care providers was most predictive of autonomous motivation. Psychological distress also contributed to the variance in adherence. Study results demonstrate the importance of psychological factors in predicting ART adherence, and emphasize the role of internal motivations and competencies.
Orbital stability analysis of coupled harmonic oscillators

A fundamental problem in understanding complex dynamical systems is how synchronization and coordination emerge through interactions of oscillators. This paper presents an orbital stability analysis for a class of coupled harmonic oscillators. Based on the Floquet theory and averaging principle, conditions on the coupling and damping parameters are obtained for local convergence to an orbit with prescribed pattern of oscillations. Insights into the stabilization mechanisms are gained through digraph theory.
Sample size for repeated measures studies with binary responses

We consider the sample size required for repeated measures studies when the response variable is binary. We propose the use of weighted least squares (WLS) for calculating the minimum sample size required to detect some minimum clinically important treatment effect. We provide tabulated values of the estimated sample sizes for a simple example and we discuss some practical considerations in determination of sample size with repeated binary responses.
Fluence measurements for 14.7 MeV neutrons

Abstract The derivation of the sum peak method for absolute activity determination and the equations relating absolute activity to neutron fluence were reviewed. Various curve-fitting techniques to fit Gaussian functions to photopeaks were discussed. Using a Texas Nuclear Neutron Generator as a source of 14.7 MeV neutrons, irradiations were performed for different periods of time using LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters as a relative measure of neutron fluence. Actual fluence values were determined using the sum peak method by counting foil which were irradiated simultaneously with the thermoluminescent dosimeters. Each of the curve fitting techniques yielded fluence values with standard deviations less than ±3% of the fluence value. There was, however, 8–10% differences between fluence values determined by the different curve fitting techniques.
Hepatic artery chemoembolization in 122 patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor: lessons learned.

Hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) is a treatment option in the management of metastatic carcinoid. We reviewed our experience to identify potential factors that influence survival. The records of 122 patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor undergoing HACE were reviewed. Log-rank analysis and Cox proportional hazards were applied to identify factors predictive of decreased survival. Median follow-up after HACE was 21.5 months. Complications occurred in 23% with periprocedural mortality of 5%. Radiographic tumor regression was seen in 82%, with stabilization of disease in 12%. Median duration of CT response was 19 months. Improvement in symptoms occurred in 92% for median duration of 13 months. HACE resulted in complete normalization of serum pancreastatin in 14%, with greater than 20% reduction in another 66%. Median overall survival was 33.3 months after HACE. Only pancreastatin level ≥5,000 pg/ml was associated with decreased survival by multivariate analysis. HACE offers symptom palliation and long-term survival in patients with incurable carcinoid metastases. Although safe, it should be approached cautiously in patients with significant tumor burden as evidenced by pancreastatin levels ≥5,000 pg/ml. We do not recommend whole-liver embolization in these patients but prefer a staged approach to each lobe of the liver.
Solution of simultaneous partial differential equations using dynamic ADI: Solution of the streamlined Darwin field equations

Abstract We apply a particular version of ADI called Dynamic ADI (DADI) to the strongly coupled 2nd-order partial differential equations that arise from the streamlined Darwin field (SDF) equations. The DADI method is applied in a form that we show is guaranteed to converge to the desired solution of the finite difference equation. We give overviews of our test case, the SDF problem, and the DADI method, with some justification for our choice of operator splitting. Finally, we apply DADI to the strongly coupled SDF equations and present the results from our test case. Our implementation requires a factor of 7 less storage and has proven to be a factor of 4 (in the worst case) to several orders of magnitude faster than competing methods.
Enabling environment and microfinance institutions: Lessons from Latin America

Several examples of ‘graduation’ of microfinance institutions into the regulated financial system are found in Latin America. Although the best-known case is that of BancoSol in Bolivia, others have followed with less notoriety, either because they are too recent to allow an assessment of their regulated performance, or because the graduation process has been somehow stunted. Based on a few selected cases, the paper explores the ‘environmental factors’ that may have enabled, or hampered, the emergence of these specialized microfinance institutions in the regulated world. In addition to BancoSol, the analysis looks into the policy and regulatory elements surrounding the evolution of AMPES/Servicio Crediticio (a non-governmental organization) into Financiera Calpia (a regulated finance company) in El Salvador, and that of ADMIC (an NGO) into Finmicro in Mexico.
Resolution and reconstitution of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone reductase) by salts.

Abstract The effects of representative chaotropic ions (NO 3 − , ClO 4 − , Cl 3 CCOO − ) on the resolution, and antichaotropic ions (SO 4 −2 , HPO 4 − , F − ) on the reconstitution of a water-insoluble multiprotein-lipid complex (succinate-ubiquinone reductase or complex II) have been studied. Succinate dehydrogenase appears to be bound to the components of the complex mainly by hydrophobic attractions. This association is considerably stronger when the complex is suspended in D 2 O rather than in H 2 O. The resolution of complex II with respect to succinate dehydrogenase is an equilibrium process. The equilibrium can be shifted in the direction of resolution by chaotropic salts, and in the direction of reconstitution of complex II either by removal of the added chaotrope or by addition of an antichaotropic salt. The chaotrope-induced resolution of complex II has a small but significant temperature dependence. As might be expected, the equilibrium of a partially resolved complex II system can be shifted in either direction by altering the temperature of the medium. Similar to complexes I and III, the reduced form of complex II appears to be more stable to resolution than its oxidized form.
Linear motion estimation using straight-line correspondences and its error analysis

An algorithm of motion estimation using straight line correspondences and its error analysis are presented in this paper. First, a linear algorithm of motion estimation is briefly reviewed. The input data of the algorithm are point set correspondences from which line correspondences are derived. At least thirteen line correspondences are needed for the algorithm. Then, a method for error analysis for this algorithm is proposed. The error analysis is statistical and based on first order perturbation. Some simulations are carried out. The relationship between the errors in the motion estimation results and the 3D motions are also investigated.
Attack detection in Water Supply Systems using Kalman filter estimator

In this paper we present a framework for the attack and fault detection in a Water Supply System consisting of wireless sensors and drifters. The framework is derived using the Saint-Venant equations for shallow water system. These equations are used to obtain the state space model for Kalman Filter which works as a central estimator. The estimator estimates the sensor readings for the next time cycle based on the readings of the past and neighbor sensors. The estimates from the Kalman filter and the actual observations are then fed to a χ2 detector. The detector computes the difference between the two readings and compares it with a given threshold to detect if the system has been compromised. Our discussion shows that the proposed framework can detect various attacks and faults in the system.
Characterization of boundary lubrication films using a rupture-strength criterion

Abstract Analyses of experimental data have indicated that a boundary film can be characterized by a rupture-strength criterion. Experiments have been conducted using a stylus loaded into contact with films resulting from various lubricant additives on the surface of an AISI 52100 steel specimen. A special electrical-continuity technique has been used to determine when metallic contact occurs. Based on the experiments and the analyses, it appears that boundary films can withstand contact stresses of the order of 106 p.s.i. before rupture occurs under normal-stress loading. The boundary films resulting from deposition of a known lubricant additive, tricresyl phosphate (TCP), have been evaluated in full-scale bearing tests. In these tests, the presence and persistence of TCP boundary films were detectable by an electrical-continuity technique similar to that employed in the stylus tests. The stylus technique, as well as the bearing tests, showed that TCP films are extremely nonuniform.
Derivation of whole body bone measures through summation of individual DXA scans.

Abstract A major limitation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments is the size of the scanning region that precludes obtaining accurate data on individuals who are very wide and/or tall. The purpose of this study was to determine if whole body bone mineral values can be determined in individuals too wide and/or too tall for the scanning region using summed measures from multiple DXA scans. Two to four partial scans of the body were combined to predict bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) from a complete whole body (WB) scan. The results indicate that compared with the WB scan, there were strong relations and small differences when summing scans to simulate a wide or tall individual for BMC (wide: r = 0.999, mean [M] ± standard deviation diff [SD] diff = −2.1 ± 26.2 g, p = 0.62; tall: r = 0.999; M ± SD diff = −5.9 ± 27.1 g, p = 0.17) or BMD (wide: r = 0.996; M ± SD diff = 0.001 ± 0.011 g/cm 2 , p = 0.54; tall: r = 0.994; M ± SD diff = 0.004 ± 0.014 g/cm 2 , p = 0.10). Notably the differences from the whole body scan were within measurement error. In conclusion, accurate assessment of bone mineral outcomes can be obtained on wide or tall individuals using summed values from multiple DXA scans.
Composition of the ancient north American crust

Geochemical studies of Wyoming Precambrian graywackes derived from continental crust older than 3.2 x 10(9) years indicate that their source area was at least as highly differentiated as most younger Precambrian crust. The composition of this early crust (approximately that of calcium-rich granite) is not unlike that of the 2.5 to 3.2 x 10(9) year old North American crust. Limited geochemical data suggest that the composition of North America may not have changed significantly during the last 3.0 to 3.5 x 10(9) years.
Small-dollar children's savings accounts and children's college outcomes

Abstract This is paper one of four in the small-dollar children's savings account series, which, studies the relationship between children's small-dollar savings accounts and college enrollment and graduation. This series of papers uses different subsamples to examine three important research questions: (a) are children with savings of their own more likely to attend or graduate from college? (b) does dose (i.e., having no account, only basic savings, savings designated for school [of less than $1, $1 to $499, or $500 or more]) matter? and (c) is having savings designated for school more predictive than having basic savings alone? Paper one of this series uses aggregate data from the newest wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and its supplements. Propensity score weighted findings suggest that children who have a small amount of money (e.g., less than $1 or $1 to $499) designated for school are 3 times and 2.5 times more likely, respectively, to enroll in and graduate from college, respectively, than children with no account. Findings also show that having savings designated for school might have a stronger effect on relationship with children's college outcomes than having basic savings that can be used for any purpose. The paper concludes by explaining how policies that create national children's savings programs might help cue a psychological process in which children form an identities as college-savers.
The parks S ileal pouch and anal anastomosis after colectomy and mucosal proctectomy

Attention to detail is crucial to the success of the operation described. Surgeons contemplating performing it should first be experts in pelvic surgery and are advised to personally observe and participate in the procedure performed by surgeons currently experienced in this technique.
Periodic response of multi-disk rotors with bearing clearances

The forced steady state response of a multi-disk rotor system involving a clearance at one of the bearings is determined by using a harmonic balance approach. The impedance method is applied to each of the harmonic steady state components in order to reduce the system to its displacement at the nonlinear bearing support. The results reveal the interrelated roles of the bearing clearance, mass eccentricity and side force in producing dangerous subharmonics. The significant effects of the strong nonlinearity of a bearing clearance are studied as related to the various system parameters. The results show that the approach developed in this study is computationally superior to numerical integration methods in analyzing multi-disk rotor systems with strong nonlinearity.
Major League Baseball: Monopoly Pricing and Profit-Maximizing Behavior

This article presents evidence that team owners in Major League Baseball (MLB) set ticket prices as profit-maximizing monopolists. However, the evidence also indicates that the cost of other forms of entertainment affects the demand for baseball tickets as economic theory would predict. The interpretation is that team owners face negatively sloped demand curves for baseball tickets but they must compete for the consumer’s entertainment dollar in a broader market for entertainment services. The recent change in MLB’s territorial restrictions also had some impact on ticket pricing. The impact, however, is inconsistent with the hypothesis that it enhanced the team owners’ market power. Instead, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the change increased the demand for baseball tickets. One plausible explanation is that it provided greater incentive for individual team owners to promote their teams against other forms of entertainment. This argument merits additional consideration in future resea...
Veterinarians and Successful Pet Adoptions

Because Kidd, Kidd, and George in 1992 reported that owners' ignorance of species-specific animal behaviors, unrealistic expectations for the roles pets play in their children's lives, and expense and time required for ownership and caretaking are major reasons why many cats and dogs are adopted from humane societies and then rejected each year, it is important to assess whether better education of prospective adopters increases retention of pets. Since veterinarians in private practice deal with clients more closely, answering questions, discussing training methods, and helping with problems and difficulties before or after they arise, we hypothesized that veterinarians' clients would reject significantly fewer newly adopted pets and have significantly fewer unreasonable expectations for roles pets would play in their children's lives than would humane society adopters. 18 male and 57 female clients completed a demographic questionnaire and George's 1989 Pet Expectations Inventory, which rates the physic...
Gas Phase Absorption Spectrum and Cross Sections of Vinylperoxy (C2H3O2) Radical

The absorption spectrum and cross sections of vinylperoxy (C2H3O2, ethenylperoxy) radical have been determined, for the first time in the gas phase, in the spectral range 220−550 nm. The spectrum exhibits a relatively broad and intense absorption centered at about 232 nm, followed by at least two identifiable and weaker absorptions with maxima at about 340 and 420 nm. The absorption tail persists at longer wavelengths into the visible region. To discern competition between the stabilization of the vinylperoxy isomers and reaction, the effect of pressure on the absorption has been examined. Vinylperoxy radicals in these experiments were produced through photochemical production of vinyl radicals followed by reaction of vinyl radicals with molecular oxygen. Vinyl bromide (C2H3Br) photolyzed at 193 nm was used as the precursor of vinyl radicals, and methyl vinyl ketone (CH3COC2H3) photolyzed at 193 nm was used as a precursor of both methyl and vinyl radicals. In the latter system identical concentrations of ...
Functional Differential Equation Approach to the Large N Expansion and Mean Field Perturbation Theory

Abstract An apparent difference between formulating mean field perturbation theory for λφ4 field theory via path integrals or via functional differential equations when there are external sources present is shown not to exist when mean field theory is considered as the N = 1 limit of the 0(N)λφ4 field theory. A simple method is given for determining the 1 N expansion for the Green's functions in the presence of external sources by directly solving the functional differential equations order by order in 1 N . The 1 N expansion for the effective action Γ(φ, χ) is obtained by directly integrating the functional differential equations for the fields φ and χ ( ≡ 1 2 λ N φ α φ α − μ 2 ) in the presence of two external sources j = −δΓ δφ , S = −δΓ δχ .
Application of the Generational Variety Index: A Retrospective Study of iPhone Evolution

The generational variety index (GVI) helps to identify the components of product variants that are most likely to require redesign in the future. These components can then be embedded with the flexibility required for them to be easily modifiable; the remaining components can be designed into a platform. This paper describes the application of the GVI technique in studying the evolution of the Apple iPhone, which was first released in 2007 and has since undergone multiple redesigns. The analysis includes the five generations of the iPhone (original, 3G, 3GS, 4, and 4S) and focuses primarily on mechanical subsystems. The results of the analysis and subsequent design recommendations are compared with the actual design evolution of the iPhone product line. For certain subsystems, this comparison reveals a divergence in Apple’s design decision-making from the evolution recommended by the GVI technique. Limitations include its retrospective nature and the use of only publicly available data.
Scattered wave inversion for weak scatterers by the method of image projections

A method of three-dimensional inverse scattering based on image projections is derived and implemented for deterministic and random weak scatterers. For each illumination of the object, the measured scattered field is directly backpropagated onto a single plane in the image space. The backpropagated field evaluated on the plane is defined as the image projection because it closely approximates the straight line projection of the object for both high frequency incident waves and low spatial frequency scatterers. The object can be reconstructed by using conventional tomographic algorithms such as the Fourier slice method. This approach permits practical inversions using a limited set of illumination directions. For random weak scatterers, we show that the second order statistics of the medium can be determined from the image projections. We illustrate the method with numerical examples for both deterministic and random scatterers.
Creating interactive spreadsheets to provide immediate feedback

Abstract Features available with electronic spreadsheets enable accounting educators to create interactive spreadsheets that provide students with immediate feedback regarding the accuracy of their solutions. Providing immediate feedback using an answer-until-correct approach can help students acquire and retain knowledge. In this approach students open an incomplete spreadsheet and create formulas to complete the accounting problem. Correct solutions are denoted by a change in font color. Security features prevent students from locating the correct answers stored in an adjacent area. Problems illustrated in this paper relate to principles of financial accounting. However, interactive spreadsheets can also be used in other accounting courses such as managerial, cost, and intermediate accounting.
Studying and Measuring Civility: A Framework, Trends and Scale

Four essential questions for the study of civility involve developing a definition of the term, determining its effects, establishing trends, and predicting the consequences of civility. A framework for studying it includes the actors, their gender, situations and settings, occupational role requirements, the cultural imperatives defining civility, and the processes through which it is learned. Objective measures of civility in the United States show its variability and change. Four items in the 1996 General Social Survey (GSS) are combined to form a scale of civility. Correlates of the scale show that civility does not differ by gender, color, or region. It is weakly associated with income but is significantly associated with education, occupation, and health. Age, education, and health provide a predictive model of civility. Anger, an emotional aspect of interpersonal exchange, reveals reactions characteristic of civil behavior: waiting for anger to pass before responding, trying to forget the incident, not thinking of revenge, not walking away from the situation, and not yelling or hitting. Hypotheses are proposed for further study that involves age, marital status, occupation, health, and emotional control.
Structure of glycerol dehydrogenase from Serratia.

The 1.90 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of glycerol dehydrogenase derived from contaminating bacteria present during routine Escherichia coli protein expression is presented. This off-target enzyme showed intrinsic affinity for Ni2+-Sepharose, migrated at the expected molecular mass for the target protein during gel filtration and was crystallized before it was realised that contamination had occurred. In this study, it is shown that liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can efficiently identify the protein composition of crystals in a crystallization experiment as part of a structure-determination pipeline for an unknown protein. The high-resolution X-ray data enabled sequencing directly from the electron-density maps, allowing the source of contamination to be placed within the Serratia genus. Incorporating additional protein-identity checks, such as tandem LC-MS/MS, earlier in the protein expression, purification and crystallization workflow may have prevented the unintentional structure determination of this metabolic enzyme, which represents the first enterobacterial glycerol dehydrogenase reported to date.
The use of the 1.0 mm handpiece in high energy, pulsed CO2 laser destruction of facial adnexal tumors.

Background. The treatment of syringoma and trichoepithelioma has included punch and shave biopsy, excision, electrodessication, as well as continuous wave and superpulsed carbon dioxide laser ablation. More recently, high-energy pulsed CO2 lasers have been reported to be effective with standard available handpieces that deliver collimated beams. Objective. To report our experience using a focusing handpiece (1.0mm spot at focus) with a high energy pulsed CO2 laser. Methods. Four patients with syringoma and two with multiple trichoepithelioma were treated with a high energy pulsed CO2 laser using a 1mm spot size focusing handpiece. Pulse energies ranged from 125 to 250 mJ. All patients were followed 2 weeks after treatment and then for variable periods ranging from 8 to 18 months (mean = 13.3 months). Results. The 1mm spot focusing handpiece permitted rapid tumor ablation with optimal matching of lesion size and laser spot diameter. Recurrence of tumor was associated with superficial ablation while complications such as hypopigmentation and atrophy were associated with deeper ablation. Conclusion. Facial adnexal tumors such as syringoma and trichoepithelioma can be successfully treated with the 1.0mm handpiece in tandem with high energy pulsed CO2 lasers.
Industrial Policy In An Export-Propelled Economy: Lessons From South Korea's Experience

Kr orea provides an illuminating case of state intervention to promote economic development. Like many other third world governments, Korea's government has selectively intervened to affect the allocation of resources among industrial activities. It has also used similar policies: taxes and subsidies, credit rationing, various kinds of licensing, and the creation of public enterprises, for example. But these policies have been applied in the context of a radically different development strategy, one of export-led industrialization. Moreover, Korea's economy has experienced exceptionally rapid development with relatively equitable distribution of the gains. This paper argues that the government's selective industrial policies have contributed importantly to Korea's rapid achievement of international competitiveness in a number of industries.' Though accepted by many knowledgeable observers, the conclusion is controversial. It is inherently so owing to insufficient historical information and lack of agreement about the required counterfactual. Reasons for believing that the benefits of selective intervention must have outweighed the costs also are considered. The discussion flags the policy implications of a Schumpeterian approach that views industrialization as a cascade of interlinked technological changes. The implications are no less controversial than is the interpretation of Korean experience.
Investigation of the role of lysine in the subunit contact regions of rabbit muscle aldolase.

Abstract Rabbit muscle aldolase (E.C. 4. 1. 2. 13) was guanidinated by reaction with O -methylisourea. Up to 60% of the lysine residues can be guanidinated without any dissociation of the tetramer but with a complete loss of enzymatic activity. Native and guanidinated aldolase can be dissociated into monomers in 2.4 m MgCl 2 with only slight change in conformation of the subunit. Nitrotroponylation of guanidinated aldolase in dilute buffer gives no reaction whereas in 2.4 m MgCl 2 nitrotroponlylation modifies another 8–12% of the lysine residues. Removal of MgCl 2 by dialysis affords 100% recovery of activity and tetrameric structure for native aldolase and 100% recovery of tetrameric structure for guanidinated aldolase. In contrast nitrotroponylated and guanidinated aldolase remains monomeric before precipitating as the MgCl 2 concentration is lowered. It is concluded that lysine may be involved in the protein-protein interaction of the subunit contact domains of muscle aldolase.
THE DRYING OF SMALL WOOD PARTICLES

ABSTRACT Small particles of Douglas fir of characteristic size 0.2 to 1cm have been dried by flowing the wood particles in vitiated air in a long vertical tube. Drying rate, dM/dt, was determined by measuring the increasing humidity of the transporting gas flow, and by measuring the absolute velocity of the particles by a radioactive isotope tagging method. Sawdusts of three sizes and flakes were examined. Moisture content (dry basis) was varied from approximately 2 to 125%. Most of the results were obtained for gas temperatures between 350 and 550 K. Upon injection into the flowing hot gases, the wood particles initially dried rapidly as they encountered high relative temperature and velocity, and released their surface moisture. Following· this transient regime, the particles dried more gradually accord-
What Taphonomy Is, What it Isn't, and Why Taphonomists Should Care about the Difference

The term "taphonomy" was originally defined by paleontologist I.A. Efremov in 1949 as "the study of the transition (in all its details) of animal remains from the biosphere into the lithosphere". The term evolved to include plant remains because Efromov also indicated that taphonomy concerned the "transition from the biosphere to the lithosphere". The concept and the term were both adopted by zooarchaeologists who were interested in whether modified bones represented prehistoric tools or were concerned about the fidelity of the paleoecological signal of a collection of faunal remains. Until the middle 1970s, the term still meant what Efremov originally intented. When some archaeologists adopted the term to signify the formation and disturbance of the archaeological record and natural modification of artifacts, they caused the term to take on meanings different than those orgininally specified by Efremov. Taphonomy concerns once living material whereas archaeological formation process concern both once living and never living material; taphonomy concerns the transition from living to non-living and geological, so includes both natural and cultural formation processes as either biasing or information laden and of research interest whereas archaeological formation concerns the transition from a living system to a non-living geological one but natural processe are biasing whereas cultural formation processes are of research interest. Taphonomists should quietly inform archaeologists who misuse the term that in so doing they exacerbate confusion and misunderstanding.
Intensity Characteristics of the Noctuid Acoustic Receptor

Spiking activity of the more sensitive acoustic receptor is described as a function of stimulus intensity. The form of the intensity characteristic depends strongly on stimulus duration. For very brief stimuli, the integral of stimulus power over stimulus duration determines the effectiveness. No response saturation is observed. With longer stimuli (50 msec), a steady firing rate is elicited. The response extends from the spontaneous rate of 20–40 spikes/sec to a saturated firing rate of nearly 700 spikes/sec. The characteristic is monotonic over more than 50 db in stimulus intensity. With very long stimuli (10 sec), the characteristics are nonmonotonic. Firing rates late in the stimulus decrease in response to an increase in stimulus intensity. The non-monotonic characteristics are attributed to intensity-related changes in response adaptation.
Thin Glass Film between Ultrafine Conductor Particles in Thick-Film Resistors

Thick-film resistors are electrical composites containing ultrafine particles of ruthenate conductor (Pb[sub 2]Ru[sub 2]O[sub 7] in the present materials) distributed in a highly modified silicate glass. The authors show that conductor particles remain flocced in the absence of any applied or capillary pressures, but are separated at equilibrium by a nanometer-thick film of glass. Microstructures show evidence for liquid-phase sintering, i.e., contact flattening of particles, under van der Waals attraction alone. Titania addition, which in dilute concentrations markedly increases the resistivity, decreases the temperature coefficient of resistance, and improves voltage stability and noise, is found to increase the equilibrium film thickness between particles by a few angstroms. STEM analyses show that the added titania preferentially concentrates in the silicate-rich grain boundary film, as well as at particle-glass interfaces. The roles of interparticle forces and adsorption on the glass film thickness with and without titania are discussed. The large increase in resistivity caused by titania additions is attributed to the increase in film thickness as well as to local chemical changes of two possible types. Titania enrichment within the glass film itself is expected to decrease the local ruthenium ion solubility, and this along with the possible formation of a moremore » insulating titania-substituted surface layer on ruthenate grains will decrease the tunneling conductivity between conductor grains.« less
Polyethylene insert exchange for wear after total shoulder arthroplasty.

Virtually no information is available in the literature to guide clinical decision-making in regard to modular polyethylene exchange with metal-backed glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty for the indication of polyethylene wear. This level IV study reports our experience with exchange of the modular polyethylene glenoid component during revision total shoulder arthroplasty. We retrospectively identified 12 shoulders in 11 patients who underwent exchange of the modular polyethylene glenoid component during revision arthroplasty. The primary reason for revision arthroplasty with polyethylene exchange was wear-through or displacement of the polyethylene portion of the glenoid component, but rotator cuff tearing and instability often coexisted. The average follow-up from time of revision to latest evaluation or repeat revision arthroplasty was 68 months. Preoperative pain was a mean of 4.5 (range, 4-5), and postoperative pain was a mean of 2.6 (range, 1-5). Preoperative average active forward elevation was 93°, and external rotation was 51°. Postoperative active forward elevation was 89°, and external rotation was 64°. Average patient satisfaction was rated as the same. According to the modified Neer rating system, 4 shoulders (33%) had a satisfactory result, and 8 (62%) had an unsatisfactory result. Polyethylene exchange of glenoid component after total shoulder arthroplasty can be an effective treatment option in patients who do not have coexistent rotator cuff tear or instability. For most, instability, rotator cuff tear, and glenoid wear occur together, and this is a challenging problem to treat successfully.
Power delivery system architecture for many-tier 3D systems

Many-tier systems are the future of 3D integration. In this work we explore power delivery system design for these large scale devices. We have developed a scalable many-tier design that contains one tier of processors and eight tiers of DRAM. These nine tiers comprise a 'set' that can be stacked any number of times. Previously, we have examined the dynamic and static power noise scaling behavior of various components of this system. Now, we present studies on two key aspects of power system architecture in these systems and their impact on power supply noise. First, we examine the addition of a dynamic noise-limiting turn-on policy and show that it can reduce dynamic power supply noise by 37% with almost no impact on system performance. Next, we present interesting results comparing different power/ground TSV topologies and show that a spread TSV distribution can lower both DC and dynamic power supply noise in the case that the many-tier stack contains low power tiers, such as memory tiers. We also show that ignoring TSV inductance when calculating dynamic noise can result in a 14.8% underestimate.
Depression of nuclear transcription and extension of mRNA half-life under anoxia in Artemia franciscana embryos.

Transcriptional activity, as assessed by nuclear run-on assays, was constant during 10 h of normoxic development for embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Exposure of embryos to only 4 h of anoxia resulted in a 79.3+/−1 % decrease in levels of in-vivo-initiated transcripts, and transcription was depressed by 88. 2+/−0.7 % compared with normoxic controls after 24 h of anoxia (means +/− s.e.m., N=3). Initiation of transcription was fully restored after 1 h of normoxic recovery. Artificially lowering the intracellular pH of aerobic embryos to the value reflective of anoxia (pH 6.7) showed that acidification alone explained over half the transcriptional arrest. Initiation of transcription was not rescued by application of 80 % carbon monoxide under anoxia, which suggests that heme-based oxygen sensing is not involved in this global arrest. When these transcriptional data are combined with the finding that mRNA levels are unchanged for at least 6 h of anoxia, it is clear that the half-life of mRNA is extended at least 8.5-fold compared with that in aerobic embryos. In contrast to the activation of compensatory mechanisms to cope with anoxia that occurs in mammalian cells, A. franciscana embryos enter a metabolically depressed state in which gene expression and mRNA turnover are cellular costs apparently not compatible with survival and in which extended tolerance supercedes the requirement for continued metabolic function.
An Extended Region of Biallelic Gene Expression and Rodent-Human Synteny Downstream of the Imprinted H19 Gene on Chromosome 11p15.5

There is increasing evidence for chromosomal domains containing multiple imprinted genes and for domain-wide disruption of imprinting in certain diseases. In a majority of Wilms' tumors (WTs) there is an abnormal bipaternal pattern of expression at three imprinted loci, H19, IGF2 and KIP2, clustered on chromosome 11p15.5. We previously described biallelic expression of L23MRP, 40 kb downstream of H19. Here we map two additional genes, the first encoding a ubiquitously expressed RNA, 2G7, and the second encoding the fast isoform of skeletal muscle troponin-T (TNNT3), in the 55 kb of DNA downstream of L23MRP. 2G7 RNA is spliced and polyadenylated but lacks long open reading frames. 2G7 and TNNT3 are biallelically expressed in mid-fetal and adult human tissues and 2G7 shows persistent expression in WTs. The rat homologue of L23MRP is highly conserved and lies within 85 kb of H19 in a region of rat chromosome 1 which also contains IGF2 and TNNT3. Parallel expression of H19 and TNNT3 in different adult skeletal muscle types suggests that these genes may share an enhancer. These data outline multiple contiguous loci downstream of H19 which escape functional imprinting in humans. The rodent-human synteny of this region may facilitate a search for an imprinting domain boundary.
DNS Study of Transient Disturbance Growth and Bypass Transition Due to Realistic Roughness

Direct numerical simulation was used to investigate the detailed flow past a periodic array of cylindrical roughness elements. A spectral DNS code was used to model flow over a flat plate surface, and roughness elements were formed using an immersed boundary technique. Solutions were obtained for two roughness heights corresponding to Reynolds numbers (Rek) of 202 and 334, and results are presented for both cases. Cylindrical roughness elements with Rek=202 produced minimal disturbances and the flow appeared generally laminar in the wake downstream of the roughness elements. Flow past cylindrical roughness elements corresponding to Rek=334 was found to transition as soon as 2-3 cylinder diameters downstream and had developed into fully turbulent flow by the end of the domain. Results were found to compare reasonably well with a similar set of DNS computations by Rizzetta and Visbal 1 using a sixth-order-accurate centered compact finite difference scheme as well as experimental results obtained by Ergin and White 2 using timeaveraged hotwire measurements of the velocity components. Nomenclature
How to compute two complex even Fourier transforms with one transform step

A procedure is given for calculating the discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) of two separate complex even N-point functions simultaneously using only a single N-point DFT plus N additional multiplications.