cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance capillary electrophoresis of proteins from the fluid lining of the lungs of rats exposed to perfluoroisobutylene.

Abstract Measurements of the biochemical constituents in the fluid lining of the lung can be used for diagnosing and assessing lung disorders. To facilitate such measurements, a high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) method has been developed by which the proteins in lung fluid can be analyzed. The lung fluid was obtained by a bronchoalveolar lavage procedure using 48 ml of physiological saline to wash out the lung fluid of rats. The proteins were precipitated from the fluid with 10 volumes of acetone and concentrated by dissolution in 2 ml of water containing 0.2% of trifluoroacetic acid. Aliquots of these samples (5 μl) were then injected into a Bio-Rad HPE-100 capillary electrophoresis instrument fitted with a 50 cm × 50 μm I.D. coated capillary filled with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5). With phosphate buffer in the outlet electrode chamber (cathode) and water in the inlet electrode chamber (anode), the proteins were loaded into the capillary electrophoretically for 10 s at 10 kV constant voltage. The inlet electrode chamber was then filled with phosphate buffer and HPCE was performed at 8 kV constant voltage. Six major protein fractions were resolved in 35 min, and were detected by UV absorption at 200 nm. The procedure was used to compare the lung fluid proteins of normal untreated rats with those of rats exposed by inhalation to perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) at a concentration of 100 mg/m 3 . It was found that PFIB induced pulmonary edema involving a translocation of blood compartment proteins into the lung's alveolar compartment. Comparison of the HPCE fractions with similar fractions obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed albumin, transferrin and IgG as three major proteins translocated into the alveolar space after PFIB exposure.
HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION WITH MULTISENSORS

This article considers the problem of reconstructing a high-resolution image from multiple undersampled, shifted, degraded frames with subpixel displacement errors. This leads to a formulation involving a periodically shift-variant system model. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation scheme is used subject to the assumption that the original high-resolution image is modeled by a stationary Markov-Gaussian random field. The resulting MAP formulation is expressed as a complex linear matrix equation, where the characterizing matrix involves the periodic block Toeplitz with Toeplitz block (BTTB) blur matrix and banded-BTTB inverse covariance matrix associated with the original image. By approximating the periodic-BTTB and the banded-BTTB matrices with, respectively, the periodic block circulant with circulant block (BCCB) and the banded-BCCB matrices, it is shown that the computation-intensive MAP formulation can be decomposed into a set of smaller matrix equations by using the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform. Exact solutions are also considered through the use of the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. Computer simulations are given to illustrate the procedure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 9, 294–304, 1998
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: Retroperitoneal Approach

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard for removal of benign adrenal masses. Despite initial concerns about safety, a long learning curve, and unfamiliarity of anatomy from the posterior approach, the posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach is now the preferred technique at many institutions, and offers several advantages over the transperitoneal approach, including direct access to the adrenal gland, avoiding negotiating scar tissue from previous abdominal operations, and allowing for bilateral surgery without patient repositioning. This review outlines the operative technique, indications and precautions for the posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy.
Screening for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic patients using flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy

Four hundred seventeen asymptomatic patients with an average age of 52 years underwent screening flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy. Seventy-three polyps were detected in 52 patients with a 17.5 per cent detection rate. Half were above 25 cm and one-third were greater than 1.0 cm in size.
Theory of a Wide-Gap Emitter for Transistors

In order to obtain a high current amplification factor, it is important in transistors that the ratio of the injected minority carrier current over the total emitter current, ?, be close to unity, or that the quantity 1-?, called the injection deficit, be as small as possible. It is shown that the injection deficit of an emitter can be decreased by several orders of magnitude if the emitter has a higher band gap than the base region. This effect can be utilized either in addition to the commonly used high emitter doping in order to eliminate the alpha falloff with current, or to decrease the high emitter doping in order to obtain a lower emitter capacitance. Decreasing the emitter capacitance in high-frequency transistors may be utilized either to extend their frequency range or to increase their power capabilities by increasing the area.
Genetic factors in the diseases of later life.

Abstract In this study the hereditary disorders persisting into later life have been considered as the results of the interaction of genetic traits and the aging process, and particularly with reference to their participation in dynamic disease processes in which late sequelae assume overshadowing importance. The discussion has brought out the wide range of genetically determined pathologic processes encountered in middle age and old age, ranging from such rarities as alkaptonuria, hemorrhagic telangiectasis, Gaucher's disease, and polycystic kidneys, to such commonly encountered entities as diabetes, gout, essential hypertension, allergic reactions, pernicious anemia, psychoneuroses, and psychoses. The interrelationships of heredity, longevity, aging, and neoplasia, both benign and malignant, have been considered briefly. These considerations all serve to emphasize the need for further investigation of these complex problems both in the laboratory and at the bedside. As clinicians we must increase our awareness of genetic influences, and become familiar with genetic theory and method. We must study family histories more intensively and develop means for the detection of genetic carriers. We must be on the alert for the mild, the masked, the modified, and the atypical forms of the more clearly defined syndromes. We must abandon our outmoded attitudes of pessimism and seek accurate early diagnosis upon which effective preventive measures may be based, since some of these conditions are already amenable to specific treatment. Search for these easily overlooked interrelationships lends new fascination and new promise to the study of disease in the aged.
Behavior of cylindrical tanks whose axes are horizontal

Abstract A cylindrical tank is mounted with its axis horizontal. Supports on either side run lengthwise. If the tank wall is thin, deformations significantly affect the stresses, so that standard stress formulae (which ignore deformations) may over-estimate stresses by a factor of ten or more. In this paper, deformations are accounted for by a nonlinear analysis. Stresses and deformed shapes are reported for various positions of the supports, radius to thickness ratios, and depths of fill.
A bioinformatics approach to identifying fetal development genes

Gene regulation of fetal development is not well understood. In part, insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) modulate placental steroid synthesis (PSS), which in turn modulates fetal growth. However, many of the genes that participate in this function remain to be identified. To find such genes, we examined the expression patterns of known IGF and placental steroid synthesis (IGF/PSS) genes in 1176 human cDNA libraries. We found a set of eight known IGF/PSS genes (PL-4, hCG, PAPP-A, EMBP, PLAP, P450 aromatase, P450scc, and 3-beta-HSD) that shared a highly similar expression profile across these libraries. We used these eight as bait in a search for other genes that showed very similar expression, and that might thus be related in function. We found ten genes closely co-expressed with the eight bait genes, but not previously reported as linked to IGF/PSS. Of these ten, six were previously reported as associated with cell growth in fetal and/or cancer tissues (malignant melanoma metastasis suppressor, PLAC-1, PSG10, PSG-beta1, serine palmitoyl transferase, and TONDU). Four are EST sequences, here named PLAC2, PLAC3, PLAC4, and PLAC5. Co-expression provides a method to identify which human genes are promising candidates for further experiments to determine their roles in fetal development.
Generalized Reduction of Problem Behavior of Young Children with Autism: Building Trans-Situational Interventions.

The effects of functional communication training on the generalized reduction of problem behavior with three 4- to 5-year-old children with autism and problem behavior were evaluated. Participants were assessed in primary teaching settings and in three secondary, generalization settings. Through baseline analysis, lower effort interventions in the secondary settings were documented as ineffective when implemented alone. Higher effort interventions incorporating functional communication training were documented within a multiple baseline design to reduce problem behavior in the primary setting, but not in secondary settings until the lower effort interventions were re-introduced. Results demonstrate the need for trans-situational interventions based on a common functional assessment hypothesis across settings and including intensive interventions that enhance the effects of lower intensity interventions.
Disposition of Clozapine and Desmethylclozapine in Schizophrenic Patients

The disposition of the atypical clozapine and its desmethyl metabolite were evaluated in fourteen male chronic patients. A single 100 mg dose of clozapine was administered and blood sampling performed over the following 72 hours. The mean (SD) oral clearance and half-life of clozapine were 55.4 (29.7) L/hr and 13.7 (9.9) hours, respectively. The mean (SD) AUC for clozapine and desmethylclozapine was 2389.9 (1406) and 751.1 (622.9) ng ·; hr/mL, respectively. The elimination of the metabolite is rate limited by its formation from cloza-pine. A wide interpatient variability in clozapine and desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics was observed.
Synthesis of monofluorobenzo[c]phenanthrenes

Abstract Synthesis of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrenes by photocyclization of appropriate β-naphth-l-yl fluorostyrenes is described. An improved synthesis of 6-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene was developed. Partial photochemical debromination occured upon cyclization of 2-bromo-7-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene.
On the utilization of the thermal and the centrifugal precipitation mechanisms in sampling

Abstract A study of the thermal precipitation mechanism to reinforce the centrifugal precipitation mechanism in sampling is presented. The equations of motion of a particle under the influence of centrifugal and thermal forces are formulated and solved. The particle deposition length, for a given centrifuge, is expressed explicitly as a function of the flow rate, the centrifugal and the thermal forces applied. The results are presented graphically showing considerable reduction in the deposition lengths of particles when the ratio of the thermal force to the centrifugal force applied is larger than 0.5.
An analysis of the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind

This paper analyzes the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kindTx=y by means of finite rank and other approximation methods replacingTx=y byT N x=y N ,N=1,2, .... The operatorsT andT N can be viewed as operators from eitherL 2[a, b] toL 2[c,d] or as operators fromL ?[a, b] toL ?[c, d]. A complete analysis of the fully discretized problem as compared with the continuous problemTx=y is also given. The filtered least squares minimum norm solutions (LSMN) to the discrete problem and toT N x=y are compared with the LSMN solution ofTx=y. Rates of convergence are included in all cases and are in terms of the mesh spacing of the quadrature for the fully discretized problem.
Photodissociation rates of molecules by the interstellar radiation field

The photodissociation rates of CO, NO, H2O, HCN, NO2, SO2, CS2, OCS, NH3, CH4, H2O2, and C2H2 dissociated by the interstellar ultraviolet background in the solar neighborhood are calculated for the 106-200 nm wavelength region. The processes for photodissociation of various interstellar molecules into fragments are discussed.
Intra-Abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Association with Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Endovascular Era: Vigilance Remains Critical

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are common complications of ruptured abdominal aortoiliac aneurysms (rAAAs) and other abdominal vascular catastrophes even in the age of endovascular therapy. Morbidity and mortality due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ failure (MOF) are significant. Recognition and management of IAH are key critical care measures which may decrease morbidity and improve survival in these vascular patients. Two strategies have been utilized: expectant management with prompt decompressive laparotomy upon diagnosis of threshold levels of IAH versus prophylactic, delayed abdominal closure based upon clinical parameters at the time of initial repair. Competent management of the abdominal wound with preservation of abdominal domain is also an important component of the care of these patients. In this review, we describe published experience with IAH and ACS complicating abdominal vascular catastrophes, experience with ACS complicating endovascular repair of rAAAs, and techniques for management of the abdominal wound. Vigilance and appropriate management of IAH and ACS remains critically important in decreasing morbidity and optimizing survival following catastrophic intra-abdominal vascular events.
Translational research: Whither the ORS?

There is a hue and cry from the public, policy makers and funding agencies about the primacy of research translation. The federal government has responded with the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research initiative. It is proposed that the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) initiate its own translational roadmap along themes that parallel the NIH Roadmap: the formation of interdisciplinary teams; the focus on specific musculoskeletal diseases; cross disciplinary education in essential translational research skills; fostering translational career pathways; and providing critical fora for translational research interactions–a “translational interface.” By its very structure, the ORS is an organization that is uniquely poised to help its members respond to the demands for research translation. The roadmap outlined around these five themes is intended to make the ORS even more relevant in our professional lives and to transform the ORS into an organization that is a true catalyst for improving the musculoskeletal health of the public. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:737–740, 2008
E-democracy@China: does it work?

The diffusion of the Internet in China has provoked heated discussion about its impact on democracy in the country. Based on an extensive review of the literature, this paper examines the political impact of the Internet in China. It argues that the Internet itself will not be a driving force for political changes, but rather will play a facilitating role during democratization in China. This paper takes a macroscopic approach, and its main contribution lies in three areas. First, it provides a succinct synthesis of the current research on the development of the Internet, censorship, and counter-censorship in China. Second, it adopts a comparative perspective by relating the roles of the Internet to those of traditional media during the democratization processes in history. Third, it offers insights into factors that mediate the democratizing power of the Internet in China, including citizens’ political participation, the political environment, media revitalization, and international influence.
Kosterlitz-Thouless universality in dimer models

Using the monomer-dimer representation of strongly coupled $U(N)$ lattice gauge theories with staggered fermions, we study finite temperature chiral phase transitions in $2+1$ dimensions. A new cluster algorithm allows us to compute monomer-monomer and dimer-dimer correlations at zero monomer density (chiral limit) accurately on large lattices. This makes it possible to show convincingly, for the first time, that these models undergo a finite temperature phase transition which belongs to the Kosterlitz-Thouless universality class. We find that the phase transition persists for all values of N, but occurs at different values of the critical temperature ${T}_{c}.$ Further, when ${T/T}_{c}$ is held fixed, the mean field analysis often used in the large N limit breaks down.
Translationally repressive RNA structures monitored in vivo using temperate DNA bacteriophages

The RNA challenge phage system enables genetic selection of proteins with RNA-binding activity in bacteria. These phages are modified versions of the temperate DNA bacteriophage P22 in which post-transcriptional regulatory events control the developmental fate of the phage. The system was originally developed to identify novel RNA ligands that display reduced affinity for the R17/MS2 coat protein, as well as to select for suppressor coat proteins that recognize mutant RNA ligands. During the course of evaluating whether the HIV-1 Rev protein could direct lysogen development for bacteriophage derivatives that encode Rev response element (RRE) RNA sequences, two examples of RRE RNA ligands that interfere with challenge phage development were identified. In the phage examples described, RRE RNA secondary structure prevents Ant protein biosynthesis and lytic development. Phage lysogen formation occurs efficiently in recipient cells, independent of the expression status of the Rev protein or trans-acting competitor RRE RNA ligands. These studies provide the first example whereby RNA challenge phages may be applied to study RNA folding events and RNA structural interactions in an in vivo context.
Cutting Edge: Inhaled Antigen Upregulates Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase in Lung CD103+ but Not Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells To Induce Foxp3 De Novo in CD4+ T Cells and Promote Airway Tolerance

Dendritic cell (DC)-T cell interactions that underlie inducible/adaptive regulatory T cell generation and airway tolerance are not well understood. In this study, we show that mice lacking CD11c(hi) lung DCs, but containing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), fail tolerization with inhaled Ag and cannot support Foxp3 induction in vivo in naive CD4(+) T cells. CD103(+) DCs from tolerized mice efficiently induced Foxp3 in cocultured naive CD4(+) T cells but pDCs and lung macrophages failed to do so. CD103(+) DCs, but not pDCs or lung macrophages, upregulated the expression of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (aldh1a2), which is key for the production of retinoic acid, a cofactor for TGF-β for Foxp3 induction. Batf3(-/-) mice, selectively lacking CD103(+) DCs, failed tolerization by inhaled Ag. Collectively, our data show that pulmonary tolerance is dependent on CD103(+) DCs, correlating with their ability to upregulate aldh1a2, which can promote Foxp3 expression in T cells.
Resonant Langmuir-circulation–internal-wave interaction. Part 1. Internal wave reflection

Langmuir circulation is a convective motion commonly observed in the oceanic mixed layer. Internal waves are a prominent feature of stratified regions, particularly the thermocline bounding the mixed layer. Here, the potential for Langmuir-circulation-internal-wave coupling is investigated using a two-layer ocean model. The density jump across the sharp thermocline confines all rotational motions, including the wind-aligned Langmuir vortices, to the upper ('mixed') layer. Linear analysis indicates: (i) that thermocline compliance enhances the onset of Langmuir circulation, and (ii) that the 'vortex force' arising from the interaction of surface waves with the wind-driven shear modifies the dynamics of cross-wind propagating internal waves. Weakly nonlinear analysis reveals that resonant cross-wind propagating internal waves can be nonlinearly reflected from stationary Langmuir circulation, a dynamic reminiscent of the 'Bragg reflection' of surface waves propagating over sand bars. A key feature of the reflection mechanism is the modification of the linear internal-wave dynamics by the vortex force.
Montane meadows in the Sierra Nevada: comparing terrestrial and aquatic assessment methods

We surveyed montane meadows in the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascades for two field seasons to compare commonly used aquatic and terrestrial-based assessments of meadow condition. We surveyed (1) fish, (2) reptiles, (3) amphibians, (4) aquatic macroinvertebrates, (5) stream geomorphology, (6) physical habitat, and (7) terrestrial vegetation in 79 meadows between the elevations of 1,000 and 3,000 m. From the results of those surveys, we calculated five multi-metric indices based on methods commonly used by researchers and land management agencies. The five indices consisted of (1) fish only, (2) native fish and amphibians, (3) macroinvertebrates, (4) physical habitat, and (5) vegetation. We compared the results of the five indices and found that there were significant differences in the outcomes of the five indices. We found positive correlations between the vegetation index and the physical habitat index, the invertebrate index and the physical habitat index, and the two fish-based indices, but there were significant differences between indices in both range and means. We concluded that the five indices provided very different interpretations of the condition in a given meadow. While our assessment of meadow condition changed based on which index was used, each provided an assessment of different components important to the overall condition of a meadow system. Utilizing a multimetric approach that accounts for both terrestrial and aquatic habitats provides the best means to accurately assess meadow condition, particularly given the disproportionate importance of these systems in the Sierra Nevada landscape.
Trade-offs limiting the evolution of coloniality: ecological displacement rates used to measure small costs

Multicellular organisms that benefit from division of labour are presumably descended from colonial species that initially derived benefits from larger colony size, before the evolution of specialization. Life in a colony can have costs as well as benefits, but these can be hard to measure. We measured physiological costs to life in a colony using a novel method based on population dynamics, comparing growth rates of unicells and kairomone-induced colonies of a green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus against a reference co-occurring species. Coloniality negatively affected growth during the initial log growth phase, while no adverse effect was detected under nutrient-limited competitive conditions. The results point to costs associated with traits involved in rapid growth rather than those associated with efficient growth under resource scarcity. Some benefits of coloniality (e.g. defence from herbivory) may be different from when this trait evolved, but our approach shows how costs would have depended on conditions.
Hyaluronan-CD44 Interactions in Cancer: Paradoxes and Possibilities

Hyaluronan is a prominent component of the micro-environment in most malignant tumors and can be prognostic for tumor progression. Extensive experimental evidence in animal models implicates hyaluronan interactions in tumor growth and metastasis, but it is also evident that a balance of synthesis and turnover by hyaluronidases is critical. CD44, a major hyaluronan receptor, is commonly but not uniformly associated with malignancy, and is frequently used as a marker for cancer stem cells in human carcinomas. Multivalent interactions of hyaluronan with CD44 collaborate in driving numerous tumor-promoting signaling pathways and transporter activities. It is widely accepted that hyaluronan-CD44 interactions are crucial in both malignancy and resistance to therapy, but major challenges for future research in the field are the mechanism of activation of hyaluronan-CD44 signaling in cancer cells, the relative importance of variant forms of CD44 and other hyaluronan receptors, e.g., Rhamm, in different tumor contexts, and the role of stromal versus tumor cell production and turnover of hyaluronan. Despite these caveats, it is clear that hyaluronan-CD44 interactions are an important target for translation into the clinic. Among the approaches that show promise are antibodies and vaccines to specific variants of CD44 that are uniquely expressed at critical stages of progression of a particular cancer, hyaluronidase-mediated reduction of barriers to drug access, and small hyaluronan oligosaccharides that attenuate constitutive hyaluronan-receptor signaling and enhance chemosensitivity. In addition, hyaluronan is being used to tag drugs and delivery vehicles for targeting of anticancer agents to CD44-expressing tumor cells. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7462-8).
System accuracy estimation of SRAM-based device authentication

It is known that power-up values of embedded SRAM memory are unique for each individual chip. The uniqueness enables the power-up values to be considered as SRAM fingerprints used to verify device identities, which is a fundamental task in security applications. However, as the SRAM fingerprints are sensitive to environmental changes, there always exists a chance of error during the authentication process. Hence, the accuracy of a device authentication system with the SRAM fingerprints should be carefully estimated and verified in order to be implemented in practice. Consequently, a proper system evaluation method for the SRAM-based device authentication system should be provided. In this paper, we introduce tractable and computationally efficient system evaluation methods, which include novel parametric models for the distributions of matching distances among genuine and imposter devices. In addition, novel algorithms to calculate the confidence intervals of the estimates, which are crucial in system evaluation, are presented. Also, empirical results follow to validate the models and methods.
Stereopsis, cyclotorsional "noise" and the apparent vertical.

Abstract In principle, stereopsis can be used to evaluate the subjective vertical in a sagittal plane, but temporal variation in cyclotorsion should degrade that ability. Video recordings of eye orientation during steady fixation were used to evaluate long-term instability in cyclotorsion. Torsion was measured simultaneously in each eye at 1-sec intervals during about 30 sequential fixations (5-sec duration) on the same target. For each eye separately, the standard deviation of torsion around its mean value averaged about 18 min arc. Some of this variation was conjugate, but the variability in torsional difference between the eyes averaged 17 min arc. Most of this second-to-second variation arose between fixations (average SD = 15 min arc). Such low-frequency, inter-fixational variation in torsional difference between the eyes must produce spurious horizontal disparities in the upper and lower visual fields, and should thereby limit the precision with which the vertical horopter can be evaluated. All subjects exceeded those theoretical limits on precision, however, in performance tests requiring that two vertically separated targets be adjusted to apparent equidistance—but only when permitted to shift fixation back and forth between the upper and lower targets. That latter result provides a challenge to current understanding of stereopsis.
Coseismic slip model of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and field data

[1] We derived a coseismic slip model for the Mw 7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the basis of radar line-of-sight displacements from ALOS interferograms, GPS vectors, and geological field data. Available interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data provided a nearly complete coverage of the surface deformation along both ascending (fine beam mode) and descending orbits (ScanSAR to ScanSAR mode). The earthquake was modeled using four subfaults with variable geometry and dip to capture the simultaneous rupture of both the Beichuan fault and the Pengguan fault. Our model misfits show that the InSAR and GPS data are highly compatible; the combined inversion yields a 93% variance reduction. The best fit model has fault planes that rotate from shallow dip in the south (35°) to nearly vertical dip toward the north (70°). Our rupture model is complex with variations in both depth and rake along two major fault strands. In the southern segment of the Beichuan fault, the slip is mostly thrust (<13 m) and occurred principally in the upper 10 km of the crust; the rupture progressively transformed to right-lateral strike slip as it propagated northeast (with maximum offsets of 7 m). Our model suggests that most of the moment release was limited to the shallow part of the crust (depth less than 10 km). We did not find any “shallow slip deficit” in the slip depth distribution of this mixed mechanism earthquake. Aftershocks were primarily distributed below the section of the fault that ruptured coseismically.
Pressure rise generated by the expansion of a local gas volume in a closed vessel

Experiments were conducted to determine the pressure rise that results from either the combustion of a localized gas volume or the expansion of a pressurized gas volume adjacent to an inert gas in a closed vessel. The experiments consisted of either pressurized air or the combustion of stoichiometric and fuel-lean hydrogen–air mixtures compressing an inert gas. The pressure rise in the inert gas was measured as a function of either the volume fraction or the initial pressure of the expanding gas. Helium, nitrogen, air and carbon dioxide were tested to explore the effect of inert gas heat capacity on the pressure rise. The final pressure of the inert gas increased with the volume fraction and initial pressure of the expanding gas, and was influenced to a lesser extent by the heat capacity of the inert gas. A model was assessed using the experimental data, and the theoretical results were consistent with the observed trends. This model and other published models were assessed and compared using prior data for localized gas combustion surrounded by an inert gas and the partial combustion of homogeneous methane–air mixtures.
Objectivity and Prejudice

This article explores the epistemology of prejudice. Prejudice is first defined and examined from the perspective of intergroup relations theory in an attempt to learn more about the origins and methods of knowing about other groups. The second part of the article suggests that recent intergroup research raises fundamental questions about the role of objectivity in studying and managing prejudice. It goes so far as to suggest that our unwillingness to examine our assumptions about objectivity creates barriers to understanding prejudice in academia and managing it in organizations.
Motor Fibers in the Canine Distal Caudal Cutaneous Sural Nerve—Dual Innervation of the Hind Limb Plantar Muscles

Summary The function of the communicating branch of the distal caudal cutaneous sural (DCCS) nerve to the tibial nerve was investigated in 7 adult dogs and was found to contain the motor component of this nerve. This function was studied by direct visualization of the contraction of the hind limb plantar muscles and by direct electrophysiologic recording of motor unit action potentials in these muscles, following stimulation of the DCCS nerve. Contraction of all of the mm. interossei, the mm. lumbricales, the m. adductor digiti quinti and the m. adductor digiti secundi was observed with the stimulation of either the tibial or the DCCS nerves, although there was a qualitative variability in the plantar muscles exhibiting the strongest contraction with stimulation of the latter nerve. This communicating branch was not found in one of the experimental dogs, suggesting some individual variability in the DCCS nerve anatomy and subsequent function. This study conclusively demonstrated that the canine DCCS nerve contains both motor and sensory nerve fibers, which is similar to this nerve in the rat, but anatomically and functionally different to that in the human and the cat.
Modeling multiallelic selection using a Moran model.

We present a Moran-model approach to modeling general multiallelic selection in a finite population and show how it may be used to develop theoretical models of biological systems of balancing selection such as plant gametophytic self-incompatibility loci. We propose new expressions for the stationary distribution of allele frequencies under selection and use them to show that the continuous-time Markov chain describing allele frequency change with exchangeable selection and Moran-model reproduction is reversible. We then use the reversibility property to derive the expected allele frequency spectrum in a finite population for several general models of multiallelic selection. Using simulations, we show that our approach is valid over a broader range of parameters than previous analyses of balancing selection based on diffusion approximations to the Wright–Fisher model of reproduction. Our results can be applied to any model of multiallelic selection in which fitness is solely a function of allele frequency.
Ferroelectric ceramic electro-optic storage and display devices

It has been found that the light transmission characteristics of certain hot-pressed ferroelectric ceramics depends on the magnitude and direction of the ferroelectric polarization. Although scattering and optical depolarizing effects are present, transmittances as high as 0.9 have been measured. Two distinct types of optical properties have been observed and characterized in thin polished plates of rhombohedral lead zirconate-lead titanate ceramics. Coarse-grained materials, i.e., with nominal gain diameters (G) of two microns or more, almost completely depolarize the light by scattering. Fine-grained materials (G less and two microns) depolarize transmitted light by 5 to 20%, but otherwise behave the same as birefringent crystals (chromatic retarders). In optically uniaxial crystals, i.e., barium titanate and lead zirconate-lead titanate solid solutions, retardation depends upon the electrical polar axis orientation or ferroelectric polarization. Similar dependence has been observed in the fine-grained ceramics. The effects of various ferroelectric polarization states on light transmission in both coarse-grained and fine-grained materials are described in this paper.
Reply to Discussion1 by Amod S. Dhakal and Roy C. Sidle2

Dhakal and Sidle (this volume) have requested clarification of some of the rationales and approaches used in analyses described by Johnson et al. (2007). Here we further describe hydrologic conditions typical of southeast Alaska and elaborate on an accepted methodology used for conducting analysis of covariance statistical analysis (ANCOVA). We discuss Dhakal and Sidle's four main criticisms, namely (1) use of process-based knowledge, (2) use of 48-h storms, (3) utilization of statistical results, and (4) hillslope stability modeling.
Methodological Perspectives: from Phenomenology to Hermeneutic Phenomenology

Freedom, the subject of the final discussion of the first volume of Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy of the Will, is defined as solely human, the telos of his philosophical anthropology. Under the methodological rubric of the qualified phenomenological reduction which characterized this work, freedom is presented as a “radical paradox” which balances uneasily in deciding, moving, and consenting... the three distinct movements of the will as “incarnate,” “contingent,” and “motivated,” emerging “ceaselessly out of indecision,” a “kind of process” arising as a “risk and not from a decree,” “gracious” and “spontaneous.” Although the thematic properties of Ricoeur’s thought are not confined to considerations of freedom alone, this subject presents the reader with the first clue to the emerging combination of issues which coalesce to illustrate the direction and scope of his work.
Modeling Liquid−Liquid Equilibrium of Ionic Liquid Systems with NRTL, Electrolyte-NRTL, and UNIQUAC

Characterization of liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) in systems that contain ionic liquids (ILs) is important in evaluating ILs as candidates for replacing traditional extraction and separation solvents. Although an increasing amount of experimental LLE data is becoming available, comprehensive coverage of ternary liquid-phase behavior via experimental observation is impossible. Therefore, it is important to model the LLE of mixtures that contain ILs. Experimental binary and ternary LLE data that involve ILs can be correlated using standard excess Gibbs energy models. However, the predictive capability of these models in this context has not been widely studied. In this paper, we study the effectiveness with which excess Gibbs energy models can be used to predict ternary LLE solely from binary measurements. This is a stringent test of the suitability of various models for describing LLE in systems that contain ILs. Three different excess Gibbs free energy models are evaluated: the non-random two-liquid (N...
Programming the twisted-cube architectures

A network is proposed that preserves all of the properties of the hypercube, but has a diameter which is only about half of that of the hypercube. This network is self-routing, in the sense that there is a simple distributed routing algorithm which guarantees optimal paths between any pair of vertices. This fact, together with other properties such as regularity, symmetry, high connectivity, and a simple recursive structure, implies that the multiply twisted cube is an alternative to the ordinary hypercube for massively parallel architectures. Single-input multiple-data stream algorithm were developed which utilize the new architecture. The multiply-twisted hypercube architecture can be used to profitably emulate the ordinary hypercube. Some of the basic properties of this network are discussed, the programming issues are emphasized, and it is shown that any hypercube algorithm can be mapped to run on the new architecture. In many cases this mapping results in a substantial reduction in the running time due to more efficient routing of data between processors. >
Chapter 22. Mitogenic Factors as Oncogene Products

Publisher Summary The proliferation and metabolic activity of normal mammalian cells in culture is regulated by polypeptide growth factors and other hormones whose action is mediated by specific cellular receptors. Acute transforming retroviruses contain discrete genomic sequences acquired by recombination between the genome of the virus and host cellular gene sequences. When incorporated within the retrovirus genome such transduced cellular sequences, termed viral oncogenes (v-onc), acquire the ability to induce neoplastic transformation. Experiments linking oncogenes to functional products those are involved in cell regulation, provided a new understanding of the potential role of oncogenes in neoplastic transformation. This chapter discusses in detail the nature and function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), regulation of cell growth by PDGF, the SSV oncogene, v-sis, codes for the PDGF-2 polypeptide chain, structural and functional identity between the v-sis/PDGF-2 oncogene product and PDGF, and c-sis gene expression in nontransformed cells, The EGF receptor and the v-erb-B oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV), EGF receptor, and relationship between the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor (CSF-1) and the c-fms proto-oncogene product. The chapter states about the connection between the receptor of the colony stimulating factor and the c-fms protein product, that has been suggested on the basis of immunocrossreactivity between the c-fms product and the CSF-1 receptor with antisera to a v-fms-coded polypeptide.
Design of infection-resistant antibiotic-releasing polymers. II. Controlled release of antibiotics through a plasma-deposited thin film barrier.

Abstract In the first paper in this series, we described the methods to synthesize an antibacterial polyurethane (PU) incorporating ciprofloxacin as the releasable antibiotic and poly(ethylene glycol) as the pore-forming agent. Here, we report that a thin, RF-plasma-deposited, n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) overlayer on this drug-loaded PU can act as a rate-limiting barrier to achieve a constant, sustained release of ciprofloxacin. Deposition power and deposition time during the coating process were optimized to give an appropriate crosslinked coating barrier that yielded desirable release rates, above the minimum required killing rate, Nkill. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), also known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), was used to characterize the coating, and its crosslinking degree was indirectly related to the C/O ratio. Increasing either deposition power (10–60 W) or duration (5–25 min) resulted in increased C/O ratios and decreased ciprofloxacin release rates. The correlation between increased C/O ratios and reduced release rates is believed to be due to the increased crosslinking, increased hydrophobicity and increased thickness of the coating. The optimal plasma conditions to attain an appropriate crosslinked plasma-deposited film (PDF) required argon etching, pre-treatment of the matrices with an 80W-BMA plasma for 1 min, followed by immediate BMA plasma deposition at 40 W and 150 mT for 20 min. By using these plasma deposition protocols, we eliminated the initial burst effect, significantly reduced the release rates, and closely approached the zero order release kinetics for at least five days. In this study, we also showed that ESCA could be used as a powerful tool to explain the release behavior of molecules through the plasma-deposited films (PDFs).
Transmission Electron Microscope Study of An Ordered Structure in GaAs0.5 Sb0.5 Grown By Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The ordered structure in a (100) GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5 epilayer grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Domain structures are observed in dark field images of superstructure reflections. The ordered structure is derived by the analysis of diffraction patterns taken from single domains. The ordered structure is described as an alternate stacking of As and Sb planes in the direction of the FCC sublattice. The alternate stacking of As and Sb plane is directly observed by high resolution electron microscopy.
Geographical variation in the incidence of the leukemias and lymphomas.

Despite the incomparability in the reporting of leukemia and lymphoma incidence among populations and the relative rarity of these diseases, real differences in rates are discernible from available data. In general, the incidence of each of the leukemias and lymphomas is lower in Japan than in other Pacific rim populations whose rates are known. Particularly striking is the low incidence of CLL in Japan. Among Japanese in Hawaii, rates of some of these cancers (lymphosarcoma, CML) approach those of whites, whereas rates of other cancers (Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, ALL, CLL, and AML) more closely resemble those of native Japanese. The number of Chinese living in countries served by population-based cancer reporting systems is too small for any firm conclusions to be made about leukemia and lymphoma incidence in this group. The incidence of these diseases in certain other nonwhite Pacific rim residents (i.e., Mexican Americans, blacks, and Maoris) is, by and large, similar to that of whites.
Slavery, Philosophy, and American Literature, 1830–1860: “Lord, it's so hard to be good”: affect and agency in Stowe

Thinkers sometimes champion beliefs that they themselves cannot confidently hold. Intellectual projects are sometimes driven, not by conviction, but rather the desire for conviction. The dogged search for definite knowledge becomes especially compelling when the shortcomings of a philosophical system form a kind of fortunate flaw. Barred from the paradise of coherence and unable to verify truth-claims, theories that struggle against their own limitations point to both the fall of rational authority and the hope for redemption, for order. As we have seen, Poe cannot or will not reconcile his urge for a unified transcendental design with the political leveling it implies. Indeed, Poe's narratives of slavery and race rely on this disjunction, which Poe sometimes bemoans but more often exploits with a sensational and transfixed glee. Like Poe, Stowe is unable to ignore the incongruities of her philosophy. But while Poe revels in his collapsing systems, the more constructive, more perfectionist Stowe tries harder to salvage her logic. Stowe, that is, oftentimes appears as a writer utterly convinced of her rightness, yet she remains profoundly self-critical in her self-contradictions. Her precarious poise makes her an especially insightful theorist of affect precisely because she does not back away from the problems inherent to her thought. These problems involve both the accuracy and agency of sympathy, both the challenge of determining moral truth and of enacting that truth in the world.
Arterial Limb Microemboli during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Observations from a Congenital Cardiac Surgery Practice.

Gaseous microemboli (GME) are known to be delivered to the arterial circulation of patients during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). An increased number of GME delivered during adult CPB has been associated with brain injury and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The GME load in children exposed to CPB and its consequences are not well characterized. We sought to establish a baseline of arterial limb emboli counts during the conduct of CPB for our population of patients requiring surgery for congenital heart disease. We used the emboli detection and counting (EDAC) device to measure GME activity in 103 consecutive patients for which an EDAC machine was available. Emboli counts for GME 40 μ were quantified and indexed to CPB time (minutes) and body surface area (BSA) to account for the variation in patient size and CPB times. Patients of all sizes had a similar embolic burden when indexed to bypass time and BSA. Furthermore, patients of all sizes saw a three-fold increase in the 40 μ embolic burden when regular air was noted in the venous line. The use of kinetic venous-assisted drainage did not significantly increase arterial limb GME. Efforts for early identification and mitigation of venous line air are warranted to minimize GME transmission to congenital cardiac surgery patients during CPB.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4-Dihydro-3,1-benzoxazines and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinazolines: An Unknown Structure Determination Experiment

In this experiment for an upper-division course in organic structure determination, each student prepares an unknown compound and characterizes the product using multiple spectroscopic techniques. The unknowns, 2-aryl-substituted 1,4-dihydro-3,1-benzoxazines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolines, are prepared in a single step by the condensation of commercially available aryl aldehydes with 2-aminobenzyl alcohol or 2-aminobenzylamine, respectively. The products are purified by recrystallization and characterized by their mass, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, and HMQC spectra. Pre- and postlab assignments encourage students to use both mechanistic reasoning and information from multiple spectroscopic techniques for structure elucidation.