cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angular distributions and differential ranges of Ba products from the interactions of U 238 with 0.8-400-GeV protons

Angular distributions and differential ranges at ${90}^{0}$ to the beam of $^{128}\mathrm{Ba}$, $^{131}\mathrm{Ba}$, $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}^{m}$, and $^{140}\mathrm{Ba}$ emitted in the interaction of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ with 0.8-400 GeV protons have been measured. The angular distributions of $^{128}\mathrm{Ba}$ and $^{131}\mathrm{Ba}$ change from forward-peaked to sideward-peaked between 3 and 11.5 GeV, while those of $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}^{m}$ and $^{140}\mathrm{Ba}$ are sideward-peaked and independent of bombarding energy in the above regime. Momentum distributions of all products are Gaussian at 0.8 GeV with a mean value increasing from 120 ${(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathit{A})}^{1/2}$ for $^{128}\mathrm{Ba}$ to 139 ${(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathit{A})}^{1/2}$ for $^{140}\mathrm{Ba}$. The momenta of the neutron-deficient products decrease by nearly a factor of 2 with increasing proton energy and the distributions broaden and become asymmetric. On the other hand, the momentum distributions of $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}^{m}$ and $^{140}\mathrm{Ba}$ are independent of proton energy. The results are analyzed with the two-step model and compared with the kinematics of the coherent interaction model. The implications of the results and comparisons for the reaction mechanism are considered.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{238}\mathrm{U}(p,X)^{128}\mathrm{Ba}$, $^{131}\mathrm{Ba}$, $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}^{m}$, $^{140}\mathrm{Ba}$. ${T}_{p}=0.8\ensuremath{-}400$ GeV. Measured angular distributions and differential ranges at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the beam, deduced two-step model parameters.
Studies on spore release and sporeling growth from carpospores of Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen var. angustissima (Harvey) Taylor. II. Photosynthetic and respiratory responses

Abstract Photosynthetic and respiratory rates were monitored in carposporelings of Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskal) Borgesen var. angustissima (Harvey) Taylor grown on a cross-gradient table using a series of light intensities, temperatures and salinities. Sporelings grown under low light intensity of 17 μE m −2 s −1 showed the highest rate of oxygen production and the highest response to low salinities (10–20 p.p.t.). In part, the responses were influenced by a higher level of chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin: chlorophyll a ratio in sporelings grown under low light intensity. These responses also suggest a tolerance or acclimation to low light conditions, typical of sites of attachment and early growth on subtropical, subtidal rocks in Tampa Bay. Maximum oxygen production occurred at higher temperatures (27.9°C) than maximal growth (25.3°C) of the same sporelings. The highest light level used (80 μE m −2 s −1 ) did not achieve saturation for photosynthesis, while it appeared to be at saturation level for growth of the same sporelings when expressed by length of sporelings.
Photocatalyzed Benzylic Fluorination: Shedding “Light” on the Involvement of Electron Transfer

The photocatalyzed oxidation of benzylic compounds by 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB) in the presence of Selectfluor provides a synthetically efficient route to electron deficient, less substituted, and otherwise inaccessible benzylic fluorides. The virtue of this system is multifold: it is metal-free and mild, and the reagents are inexpensive. Mechanistically, the data suggest the intimate formation of intermediate radical cations in the key radical forming step, as opposed to a concerted hydrogen atom transfer process.
Design and analysis of a dynamically reconfigurable three-dimensional FPGA

This paper presents the design and analysis of a dynamically reconfigurable field programmable gate array (FPGA) that consists of three physical layers: routing and logic block layer, routing layer, and memory layer. The architecture was developed using a methodology that examines different architectural parameters and how they affect different performance criteria such as speed, area, and reconfiguration time. The resulting architecture has high performance while the requirement of balancing the areas of its constituent layers is satisfied.
Solar cell/module degradation and failure diagnostics

Solar cell/module degradation and failure diagnostics are reviewed. Cell and packaging failure are distinguished. Failure relevant to photovoltaics(PV) is caused by and can be accelerated with each or combination of each of the following stresses: temperature, voltage, moisture, current, and thermal cycling. Failure mechanisms for the different module technologies are summarized. Diagnostic tools for locating the affected area within a large-area module are pointed out along with the importance of interpretation of the visual appearance of the different damage mechanisms.
Horizontal-Velocity and Variance Measurements in the Stable Boundary Layer Using Doppler Lidar: Sensitivity to Averaging Procedures

Abstract Quantitative data on turbulence variables aloft—above the region of the atmosphere conveniently measured from towers—have been an important but difficult measurement need for advancing understanding and modeling of the stable boundary layer (SBL). Vertical profiles of streamwise velocity variances obtained from NOAA’s high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL), which have been shown to be approximately equal to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) for stable conditions, are a measure of the turbulence in the SBL. In the present study, the mean horizontal wind component U and variance σ2u were computed from HRDL measurements of the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity using a method described by Banta et al., which uses an elevation (vertical slice) scanning technique. The method was tested on datasets obtained during the Lamar Low-Level Jet Project (LLLJP) carried out in early September 2003, near the town of Lamar in southeastern Colorado. This paper compares U with mean wind speed obtained from sodar and sonic an...
Design of a cricket microrobot

Our goal is to develop an autonomous robot that will fit within a two-inch cube and will provide locomotion by walking and jumping. The robot is based-on the kinematics of a cricket. It is actuated by braided pneumatic actuators with compressed air provided by an on-board compressor. The air can be distributed by an array of actuated MEMS valves. A neural network is used to control the robot, and it can be implemented in an analog VLSI circuit. The joint angles can be measured using MEMS joint angle sensors that are based on biological sensors studied in the cricket and other insects.
The Use of Biofeedback and Neurofeedback in Pediatric Care

Biofeedback and hypnosis are complementary techniques, sharing an evidence-based approach and accessing powerful neurophysiological mechanisms. Both approaches are suitable for use with children, when implemented in developmentally appropriate ways, and each facilitates the development of self-regulation. Biofeedback can serve as an adjunct to hypnotherapy, and hypnosis can augment biofeedback treatment. Biofeedback and hypnosis can serve as alternative pathways for patient care or can be integrated into a comprehensive mind–body intervention plan. Common uses for biofeedback in pediatric care include the following: mind–body and affective education, biofeedback-assisted relaxation, neurofeedback for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, biofeedback for medical problems, and neuromuscular education. Mind–body education teaches the child to recognize the effects of the mind—thoughts and feelings on the body. Affective education teaches the child to recognize emotions and cope with emotional responses to life situations. Neuromuscular education retrains muscles to recover movement after injury or illness affecting motor nerve control or central nervous system control of the musculature. In addition, biofeedback is a useful tool for optimal performance applications.
Monte Carlo Computation of Power Generation Production Costs under Operating Constraints

This paper highlights the need for considering the stochastic processes associated with the frequency and duration of generating unit outages for assessing the mean and variance of production costs under operating constraints. A numerical example based on a Markov model is given to show that Monte Carlo estimates of these quantities may be incorrect if only the forced outage rates are used in place of the stochastic parameters underlying the outage frequency and duration. Additionally it describes a variance reduction procedure whereby the Monte Carlo estimates can be obtained with a much smaller sample size than would be required otherwise. A numerical example is given for a small system.
Among-lake reciprocal transplants induce convergent expression of immune genes in threespine stickleback.

Geographic variation in parasite communities can drive evolutionary divergence in host immune genes. However, biotic and abiotic environmental variation can also induce plastic differences in immune function among populations. At present, there is little information concerning the relative magnitudes of heritable vs. induced immune divergence in natural populations. We examined immune gene expression profiles of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from six lakes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Parasite community composition differs between lake types (large or small, containing limnetic- or benthic-like stickleback) and between watersheds. We observed corresponding differences in immune gene expression profiles among wild-caught stickleback, using a set of seven immune genes representing distinct branches of the immune system. To evaluate the role of environmental effects on this differentiation, we experimentally transplanted wild-caught fish into cages in their native lake, or into a nearby foreign lake. Transplanted individuals' immune gene expression converged on patterns typical of their destination lake, deviating from their native expression profile. Transplant individuals' source population had a much smaller effect, suggesting relatively weak genetic underpinning of population differences in immunity, as viewed through gene expression. This strong environmental regulation of immune gene expression provides a counterpoint to the large emerging literature documenting microevolution and genetic diversification of immune function. Our findings illustrate the value of studying immunity in natural environmental settings where the immune system has evolved and actively functions.
Racial differences in postprandial mineral ion handling in health and in chronic kidney disease

Background. Increased serum phosphate is associated with cardiovascular disease. Compared with whites, blacks have significantly higher serum phosphate and increased risk of hyperphosphataemia in health and chronic kidney disease (CKD). While population-based studies suggest that diminished urinary phosphorus excretion in blacks may explain these differences, few physiological studies explored the potential mechanisms. The aim of this study was to examine racial differences in postprandial urinary mineral ion excretion in health and in CKD. Methods. Twenty-eight healthy (18 white and 10 black) and 19 CKD (9 white and 10 black) subjects consumed a standardized meal; after which, blood and urine samples were collected for 4 h for measurement of phosphate, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Results. Although serum phosphate did not differ by race, blacks had ∼30% lower postprandial fractional excretion of phosphate than whites in health (P < 0.001) and CKD (P = 0.02). Similarly, blacks had ∼35% lower fractional excretion of calcium in health (P = 0.02) and CKD (P = 0.3). Moreover, the postprandial response in serum calcium among CKD subjects differed by race (P = 0.03), with serum calcium significantly decreasing in whites but not blacks. Conclusions. Blacks had lower fractional excretion of phosphate than whites despite similar levels of PTH and FGF23 in health and in CKD, suggesting racial variability in renal sensitivity to phosphaturic hormones. Furthermore, blacks defend postprandial serum calcium more effectively than whites in CKD. Further studies are needed to define the mechanisms underlying these observations and evaluate whether racial differences in mineral ion handling may contribute to disparities in CKD outcomes.
Practice of Historical Linguistics and Language Codification in Africa

The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Audiologic Outcome

The association between congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was first described almost 50 years ago. Studies over the intervening decades have further described the relationship between congenital CMV infection and SNHL in children. However, congenital CMV infection remains a leading cause of SNHL in children in the United States and the world today. As more CMV infections are identified, it is important to recognize that infants who are born to seroimmune mothers are not completely protected from SNHL, although their hearing loss is often milder than that seen in CMV-infected infants following primary maternal infections. Late-onset and progressive hearing losses occur following congenital CMV infection, and CMV-infected infants should be evaluated regularly to provide for early detection of hearing loss and appropriate intervention. Fluctuating hearing loss that is not explained by concurrent middle ear infections is another characteristic of CMV-related hearing loss in children. Challenges still remain in predicting which children with congenital CMV infection will develop hearing loss and, among those who do develop loss, whether or not the loss will continue to deteriorate.
In vivo signal-transduction pathways to stimulate phasic contractions in normal and inflamed ileum

We investigated the in vivo signal-transduction pathways to stimulate phasic contractions in normal and inflamed ileum by close intra-arterial infusions of test substances. Methacholine stimulated ...
CREATE: Software Engineering Applications for the Design and Analysis of Air Vehicles, Naval Vessels, and Radio Frequency Antennas

Today, rapid product innovation is essential to remain competitive. To help spur innovation in the acquisition of major defense systems and reduce their cost, time, and risks, the US Department of Defense launched the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments (CREATE) program in 2006 to develop and deploy physics-based, high-performance computing software applications for the design and analysis of military aircraft, ships, and radio frequency antenna systems (and more recently, ground vehicles) through the construction and analysis of virtual prototypes. Code development began in 2008, and eight years later, CREATE is already beginning to accomplish these goals.
Water-Quality Assessment and Environmental Impact Minimization for Highway Construction in a Miningimpacted Watershed: The Beaver Creek Drainage

Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Blackwater River just north of Canaan Valley in northeastern West Virginia, runs parallel to the proposed alignment of a major four-lane highway called Appalachian Corridor H. Beaver Creek and many of its major tributaries are characterized by low pH, little alkalinity, and high levels of dissolved metals due to the geochemical characteristics of the soil's parent material and continuing impacts from past coal mining. During the planning phase of this road project, we identified two major environmental concerns: (1) our ability to predict and manage water-quality impairments that will likely result from the cuts and fills of new material, and (2) the legacy effects of mine refuse from historic coal mines. In the latter case, although many refuse sites are located outside the proposed highway's alignment, drainage from these sites will be intercepted by the highway's water-control structures. We (West Virginia University [WVU]) have collaborated with the West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH) to minimize construction-related impacts to Beaver Creek's water quality. More specifically, we have evaluated strategies by which water collection and conveyance structures can be integrated with passive water-remediation processes during the highway's design and construction. In March 2000, we began monitoring water quality in the Beaver Creek drainage. We measured physical, chemical, and biological indicators of water quality and present these data here to serve as a baseline for future comparisons. In general, the water in Beaver Creek was acidic with an average pH of 5.1 in its headwaters and 6.1 above its confluence with the Blackwater River. The water also carried little or no alkalinity. The untreated water seeping from mine-waste piles was highly acidic, with an average pH of 3.0, carried high levels of dissolved sulfate and iron, and featured excess acid-production capacity. After we identified the main sources of water-quality impairment—the locations of mine-waste piles and acidic seeps—we formulated preliminary recommendations for minimizing the impacts of highway construction on the Creek's water quality. For example, we recommended the implementation of acid-base accounting on the overburden that would be disturbed during construction. We also suggested special material-handling procedures. Based on our preliminary water-quality data, we recommended a series of passive treatment processes that could be incorporated into the road's design, construction, and operation. Future treatment decisions will be informed by our growing dataset. Further, because many sources of water-quality impairment are located within the basin but beyond the road's proposed alignment, efforts must be made to engage diverse stakeholders to leverage support for protecting and restoring the Beaver Creek watershed.
Metasearch consistency

We investigate the performance of metasearch algorithms in terms of how much they improve consistency. We find that three different metasearch algorithms, each over three datasets, usually improve the consistency of search results; sometimes the improvement is dramatic. Furthermore, consistency tends to improve when performance improves.
Implementation of a pain medication stewardship program

Pain medication stewardship is important to pharmacy practice because of its impact on quality patient care and medication safety. The Joint Commission recently published a Sentinel Event Alert on opioid safety suggesting that hospitals create and implement policies and procedures for a second-level
Fluorescence-enabled electrochemical microscopy with dihydroresorufin as a fluorogenic indicator.

Recently, we introduced a new electrochemical imaging technique called fluorescence-enabled electrochemical microscopy (FFEM). The central idea of FEEM is that a closed bipolar electrode is utilized to electrically couple a redox reaction of interest to a complementary fluorogenic reaction converting an electrochemical signal into a fluorescent signal. This simple strategy enables one to use fluorescence microscopy to observe conventional electrochemical processes on very large electrochemical arrays. The initial demonstration of FEEM focused on the use of a specific fluorogenic indicator, resazurin, which is reduced to generate highly fluorescent resorufin. The use of resazurin has enabled the study of analyte oxidation reactions, such as the oxidation of dopamine and H2O2. In this report, we extend the capability of FEEM to the study of cathodic reactions using a new fluorogenic indicator, dihydroresorufin. Dihydroresorufin is a nonfluorescent molecule, which can be electrochemically oxidized to generat...
Immigrant Politician: Salvatore Cotillo, Progressive Ethnic

The relationships among the political machine, the urban working class, and progressivism have concerned historians since the publication of J. Joseph Huthmacher's "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform" (1962). Huthmacher argued against the idea that both the machine and the lower class were opposed to the goals of a reform movement generally considered to be middle class in origin and composition.1 In his emphasis on the pragmatic self interest of blue-collar workers and the poor, Huthmacher focused on the pertinence of class to political behavior to the exclusion of the important social divisions of ethnicity. Since he opened the question of the urban working class's attitude toward pro? gressivism, many scholars have found that ethnicity was an equally important variable, and was, itself, a source of political conflict.2
Hegel, Humility, and the Possibility of Intrinsic Properties

Rae Langton (1998) offers a non-idealist interpretation of Kantian things in themselves according to which we have no knowledge of things in themselves – the intrinsic nature of things – just because our epistemic access to things is via their relational, non-intrinsic properties. Whatever the merits of her account as an interpretation of Kant's metaphysics, its plausibility presupposes the coherence of her notion of intrinsic properties. According to the account of intrinsic properties Langton uses, as we will see, there are only intrinsic properties if certain worlds are possible. Allais (2006) attacks one half of the modal intuitions on which Langton relies, but is adequately rebutted by Langton (2006). This paper discusses another, far more radical critique of the other half of the modal intuitions underlying Langton's account of intrinsic properties, intuitions which are also the basis of Langton and Lewis' (1998) account of the same. The account of intrinsicness under fire here depends on the possibility of objects existing alone in worlds in which no other objects (not counting their parts) exist. But according to Hegel's Logik, such worlds are simply not possible. To develop this critique, we cast a broad net by linking Langton (1998) with Lewis (2009) and Langton and Lewis (1998), and then consider (in a necessarily limited fashion) claims from the 1832, Lehre vom Sein in Hegel's Wissenschaft der Logik, which we consult in the edition of Hegel (2008). The primary aim of this paper is to offer a clear model of the modal error which Hegel purports to identify, and to show its application to Langton's work.
Substrate Based “Bricks-and-Mortar” Self-Assembly of Spherical Nanoparticle Aggregates

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) sample girds were coated with recognition element functionalized polymer 2 and exposed to solutions of a Mixed Monolayer Protected Gold Cluster (MMPC) functionalized with a complimentarily recognition element. Interactions between the polymer and MMPC bound recognition elements provide a driving force for the formation of nanoparticle aggregates. Characterization of the resulting structures by TEM revealed that anisotropic growth of structures in the sub-micrometer size regime rapidly occurred. This process was shown to be the result of the specific hydrogen-bonding interactions between the two components. Casting films of polymer 2 from solutions of decreasing concentration achieved control over the process. This lead to the increased formation of regular, circular structuresand a decrease in random nanoparticle adsorption by the film. Analysis of the size of the circular structures revealed that a maximum diameter of approximately 1150 nm was achieved after 30 minutes exposure to MMPC 1 solutions. This size was independent of the concentration of polymer 2 solutions used to cast films.
Lord or vassal? Academic anesthesiology finances in 2000.

UNLABELLED This article examines recent trends in the management of academic physician practice groups, and in particular the allocation of revenues and expenses to anesthesiology departments. The history of academic group practice is traced, beginning with the "corporate model," in which each department functioned in financial independence from the others. This evolved gradually into the "feudal system," in which departments were ostensibly independent, but paid variable and often large "assessments" to the central group. The final stage in this evolution is the "big bag," in which all clinical revenue is pooled by the central practice group, and then distributed by the group to departments or individuals according to some compensation plan formula. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems are discussed as they apply to anesthesiology departments. A productivity-based compensation plan formula under the big bag system is calculated for a typical anesthesiology department. This calculation shows that if the compensation formula is truly based on measured clinical productivity, anesthesiology departments may actually fare better under the big bag than under the feudal system. Finally, options for survival in the academic practice groups of the future are discussed. IMPLICATIONS The history, current status, and trends of finances in academic anesthesiology departments are reviewed. Knowledge of these issues will help departments develop funds allocation methods to ensure that they receive an appropriate share of their faculty practice group's clinical income.
Decades of field data reveal that turtles senesce in the wild

Lifespan and aging rates vary considerably across taxa; thus, understanding the factors that lead to this variation is a primary goal in biology and has ramifications for understanding constraints and flexibility in human aging. Theory predicts that senescence—declining reproduction and increasing mortality with advancing age—evolves when selection against harmful mutations is weaker at old ages relative to young ages or when selection favors pleiotropic alleles with beneficial effects early in life despite late-life costs. However, in many long-lived ectotherms, selection is expected to remain strong at old ages because reproductive output typically increases with age, which may lead to the evolution of slow or even negligible senescence. We show that, contrary to current thinking, both reproduction and survival decline with adult age in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, based on data spanning >20 y from a wild population. Older females, despite relatively high reproductive output, produced eggs with reduced hatching success. Additionally, age-specific mark–recapture analyses revealed increasing mortality with advancing adult age. These findings of reproductive and mortality senescence challenge the contention that chelonians do not age and more generally provide evidence of reduced fitness at old ages in nonmammalian species that exhibit long chronological lifespans.
Effect of an n-Alkoxy-2,4-hexadiene Polymerizable Tail System on the Mesogenic Properties and Cross-Linking of Mono-Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystal Monomers

We demonstrate that an ether-based n-alkoxy-2,4-hexadiene polymerizable tail system is an effective and modular alternative to traditional ester-based polymerizable tail groups (i.e., acrylate, methacrylate, sorbate) and alkyl-1,3-diene tails for the design of radically polymerized ionic liquid crystal (ILC) monomers. Several series of nonsymmetric 1-vinylimidazolium-bromide-based ILC monomers containing these different polymerizable tail systems were synthesized and compared for their ability to form thermotropic liquid crystal (TLC) phases and to be photo-cross-linked with TLC phase retention. The n-alkoxy-2,4-hexadiene tail system was found to be more favorable/conducive to TLC phase formation than acrylate, methacrylate, and sorbate tails. It was more similar to the alkyl-1,3-diene tail system in terms of its more favorable effect on TLC behavior; however, it is more modular/easier to synthesize, more resistant to thermal Diels–Alder side reaction, and more isomerically pure, making it better for ILC ...
Alfred Adler: Extraverted Soulful Physis Eros Type

Before I proceed with a description of Adler’s typology I think it is important to outline the circumstances that led Adler to separate from Freud and to note the role that their temperaments played in the dispute. Freud was an introverted spirited type with Physis as his primary motivation and Power as his secondary drive. If one compares the archetypal motivations of Freud and Adler, Physis is the only feature they had in common, even though for Adler, Physis was his secondary motivation, while for Freud it was dominant. I wonder, therefore, whether Freud’s temperamental tendency to connect psychological phenomena to the physiological development of children did not inspire Adler to undertake the seminal work, A Study of Organ Inferiority, that marked the beginning of his career as a depth psychologist and his brief collaboration with Freud. The monograph of 92 pages was published in 1907, but Adler summarized its contents in a talk, “On the Organic Bases of Neuroses,” during a November 1905 meeting of the Wednesday Psychological Society, the precursor of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He argued that the majority of neuroses derive from a congenital weakness in one or several bodily organs. Certainly, with Freud in mind, he added that these physiological inferiorities invariably entail a sexual inferiority, particularly if the deficient organ is an erogenous zone or located near one. But, the chief psychological component of his thesis was that people struggle to overcome their particular organ inferiorities and concomitant feelings of weakness and inadequacy (Minderwertigkeitsgefuhl, lit., “feeling of lesser value”) with compensatory activities in their personal and social life; in fact, the tendency is not merely to compensate, but to over-compensate.
The Generality of the Law

Social expectations, technical progress, European legislation and other international cooperation mechanisms are making difficult demands today in terms of legal coordination. The reaction to this difficulty is frequently a large quantity of special legislation which tends to do more to weaken legal certainty and confidence in the law than to strengthen them. The tightly-woven web of non-constitutional statutes, springing from national as well as international and supranational sources, renders the law less comprehensible, consistent and authoritative. This is related to the public sector’s tendency to focus on pursuing specific goals – for example of environmental or consumer protection, energy or economic policy. The common good is equated to specific regulatory goals, and ultimately to the tasks falling within the functions of the State. The fundamental mandate as expressed in European legislation, namely to create an area of freedom, security and justice, is however neglected in this process. Here, the idea of the law is capable of offering a solution. The idea of the law is that of generality. This finding in ideational history, which was already in evidence in the law in ancient times, and which was particularly stressed in the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, is now forgotten. Binding requirements of generality, such as those in Art. 19 para. 1, sentence 1, of the German Basic Law (GG), are hardly followed. People can only be equal before a general law. The generalising rule guarantees freedom. It satisfies the principle of the separation of powers because it clearly distinguishes the mandate of parliament from that of the administration. The generality of the law makes the law more comprehensible, the legal system more consistent, and the laws, and hence parliamentary democracy, more effective. The Basic Law and European legislation make demands in terms of generality which differ as to the degree to which they are binding. Some of them are justiciable requirements, whilst others are also only legally-binding standards for the executive and the legislative, but not for judges. The generality of the law furthermore gives rise to rules of wisdom which are derived from legal tradition and which address the legislative bodies, wishing to impart to them new knowledge. Legal calls for the formation of general rules provide major opportunities when it comes to protecting fundamental rights and democracy. The attempt to reinvigorate the old idea of the law is therefore worthwhile.
Evaluation of torque compensation control algorithm of IPM machines considering the effects of temperature variations

For automotive applications, accurate torque production capability and high efficiency of the traction motor is very important. However, the performance of widely used interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines is influenced by temperature variations, and temperature variations of the magnets in automotive applications can be profound. In this paper, the state-of-the-art torque compensation control methods of IPM machines in the literature are reviewed. The methods for torque error estimation due to temperature variation are classified. In addition, the methods for adjusting the operating points of IPM machines to maintain torque production accuracy and high-efficiency operation are also overviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm are described and compared in detail. This paper facilitates the development of high performance and robust IPM machine drive systems for the automotive industry.
Current perspective on actinic keratosis: a review

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common, with prevalence in the U.S.A. estimated at almost 40 million in 2004 and annual costs of > $1 billion (U.S.D.). However, there is no universally accepted definition of AK and thus it is difficult to identify reliably. AKs are lesions of epidermal keratinocytic dysplasia that result from chronic sun exposure and have the ability to progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but clinicians disagree about whether AKs are premalignant lesions, superficial SCCin situ or epiphenomena of chronically sun-damaged skin. Yearly AK to SCC progression rates of 0·6% were reported in an elderly population with multiple prior keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs); and rates of spontaneous AK regression have been reported to be > 50%, but regressed lesions often reappear. As AKs have both cosmetic consequences and potential for malignant transformation, there are multiple reasons for treatment. There is no current agreement on the most efficacious treatment, but 5-fluorouracil has been shown to both prevent and treat AKs, and imiquimod and photodynamic therapy may have the best cosmetic outcomes. AKs may be treated to improve appearance and relieve symptoms, but the keratinocytic dysplasia that gives rise to malignancy, and sometimes appears as an AK, may be what actually threatens patient health. Thus, treatments should aim to decrease the risk of KC or facilitate KC diagnosis by reducing the potential for misidentification created when a KC appears in a field of AKs. Improved agreement among clinicians on AK definition may improve management.
Simulation analysis of commutation failure in a multi-infeed HVDC system

This paper provides a detailed simulation of commutation failures in line-commutated thyristor converters. Theoretical analysis of commutation failure is presented. Influencing factors (such as voltage drop, voltage decreasing velocity, phase shift over zero of commutation voltage, HVDC controller) of both AC system and HVDC system on commutation failure are discussed in this paper. Then improvement of the characterization of the firing angle control is used to avoid commutation failure. Theory validation by simulation is also given.
Oscillatory zoning of plagioclase; Nomarski interference contrast microscopy of etched polished sections

Crystals are sectioned, polished, etched in fluoboric acid and coated with a layer of reflecting substance. Surface relief corresponds to Ab/An compositional structure. Zones as thin as 0.5 mu m and with compositional contrast of about 1 percent An can be resolved using the method.--Modified journal abstract.
Mechanical reliability and life prediction of coated metallic interconnects within solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Metallic cell interconnects (IC) made of ferritic stainless steels, i.e., iron-based alloys, have been increasingly favored in the recent development of planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because of their advantages in excellent imperviousness, low electrical resistance, ease in fabrication, and cost effectiveness. Typical SOFC operating conditions inevitably lead to the formation of oxide scales on the surface of ferritic stainless steel, which could cause delamination, buckling, and spallation resulting from the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion and eventually reduce the lifetime of the interconnect components. Various protective coating techniques have been applied to alleviate these drawbacks. In the present work, a fracture-mechanics-based quantitative modeling framework has been established to predict the mechanical reliability and lifetime of the spinel-coated, surface-modified specimens under an isothermal cooling cycle. Analytical solutions have been formulated to evaluate the scale/substrate interfacial strength and determine the critical oxide thickness in terms of a variety of design factors, such as coating thickness, material properties, and uncertainties. The findings then are correlated with the experimentally measured oxide scale growth kinetics to quantify the predicted lifetime of the metallic interconnects.
Intent Prediction in Shared Control with Delayed Feedback

In shared control, a robot and a human works together to accomplish a task in order to increase the efficiency of tele-operation. To assist the user in shared control, the robot has to predict the intent of the user accurately and quickly, but this may not be possible when the user can not adapt to the delay as the prediction of the robot depends of the inputs of the user. In this work, we propose an algorithm for intent prediction in shared control while providing performance guarantees when the user has a feedback delay. We assess the feasibility of our algorithm on a case study.
A Bayesian kernel approach to modeling resilience-based network component importance

Abstract The resilience of infrastructure networks is an increasingly important consideration in infrastructure planning and risk management. One aspect of resilience-based planning is determining which components in the network are most important to the resilience of the network. This work makes use of a resilience-based component importance measure, the resilience worth, and proposes to model this measure under uncertainty using a Bayesian kernel technique. Such a technique can be useful in modeling component importance as it enables the probability distribution for the importance measure to be updated using data and prior information with a Bayesian kernel model. The proposed approach is applied to study the importance of locks and dams along the Mississippi River Navigation System. The highest predictive overall accuracy is achieved with a uniform prior distribution, and using the posterior distribution and a multicriteria decision analysis technique, we identify the five locks and dams with the largest impact on the system's resilience.
Absorption of Ethylene on Membranes Containing Potassium Permanganate Loaded into Alumina-Nanoparticle-Incorporated Alumina/Carbon Nanofibers

Ethylene is a natural aging hormone in plants, and controlling its concentration has long been a subject of research aimed at reducing wastage during packaging, transport, and storage. We report on packaging membranes, produced by electrospinning, that act as efficient carriers for potassium permanganate (PPM), a widely used ethylene oxidant. PPM salt loaded on membranes composed of alumina nanofibers incorporating alumina nanoparticles outperform other absorber systems and oxidize up to 73% of ethylene within 25 min. Membrane absorption of ethylene generated by avocados was totally quenched in 21 h, and a nearly zero ethylene concentration was observed for more than 5 days. By comparison, the control experiments exhibited a concentration of 53% of the initial value after 21 h and 31% on day 5. A high surface area of the alumina nanofiber membranes provides high capacity for ethylene absorption over a long period of time. In combination with other properties, such as planar form, flexibility, ease of hand...
Large machine-part family formation utilizing a parallel ART1 neural network

The binary adaptive resonance (ART1) neural network algorithm has been successfully implemented in the past for the classifying and grouping of similar vectors from a machine-part matrix. A modified ART1 paradigm which reorders the input vectors, along with a modified procedure for storing a group's representation vectors, has proven successful in both speed and functionality in comparison to former techniques. This paradigm has been adapted and implemented on a neuro-computer utilizing 256 processors which allows the computer to take advantage of the inherent parallelism of the ART1 algorithm. The parallel implementation results in tremendous improvements in the speed of the machine-part matrix optimization. The machine-part matrix was initially limited to 65,536 elements (256×256) which is a consequence of the maximum number of processors within the parallel computer. The restructuring and modification of the parallel implementation has allowed the number of matrix elements to increase well beyond their previous limits. Comparisons of the modified structure with both the serial algorithm and the initial parallel implementation are made. The advantages of using a neural network approach in this case are discussed.
Analysis and Design of Eddy-Current Measurement Systems

Calculations of the change in probe impedance produced by a flaw in or beneath the surface of a conducting material are necessary for the analysis of eddy-current flaw-detection systems. However, probe sensititivy alone does not completely determine the flaw-detection capability of such a system; the effect of noise and clutter in the system must also be considered. The objective of this work is to develop a statistical detection model for an eddy-current system, and to use this model to calculate probability of detection as a function of probability of false rejection (false alarm) for the purpose of determining the optimality of a particular system. The target flaw chosen for these calculations is a 0.015-in.-long, 0.007-in.-deep surface crack in a bolt hold in a turbine disk made of material such as IN-100, which has a conductivity of about 106 mho/m.
Pancreatic Disease in Sjögren’s Syndrome and IgG4-Related Disease

The pancreas is a compound tubular-alveolar gland composed of an exocrine portion (serous acini) and an endocrine portion (islets of Langerhans). The islet cells make up only 1% of the total pancreatic mass.
More Complex Detours

Everyone has had the painful experience of having something precious, and showing it to someone else who finds it worthless. This is why interest is dangerous, for it can confirm what is loved as beautiful, or it can disconfirm it as undeserving. Thus, we all learn to delay showing our favorite possessions.
Multi-Label Learning Via Codewords

In this paper, we introduce a novel hash learning framework for multi-label learning which employs structured prediction. A hash function is learned to embed samples in Hamming spaces, and for each label, a pair of codewords are simultaneously inferred from the available data. These codewords are then used to determine label predictions based on Hamming proximity. The key advantage of this framework is it's computational efficiency in tackling multi-label problems without making restrictive, simplifying assumptions about the structure of the output space, or developing problem-dependent heuristics. Our method not only enjoys considerably better scalability while capturing label inter-dependence, but also yields an exact training algorithm. Experimental results on a collection of benchmark multi-label datasets demonstrate that our model attains higher performance over alternative state-of-the-art multi-label approaches. It is also worth noting that our method can be extended to semi-supervised and missing labels scenarios.
Abstract TP473: Stroke Care and Mental Health: Improving Patient Care With National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Certification of Registered Nurses

Stroke Care and Mental Health: Improving Patient Care with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Certification of Registered Nurses Background: Numerous risk factors increase likelihood of str...
Evaluation of the FVS-CR diameter growth model in structurally-heterogeneous ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) stands in the southern rockies, and potential modifications.

Abstract Forest managers are increasingly focused on promoting or maintaining forest structural complexity, including the heterogeneity of forest structures within stands. However, many of the forest growth models commonly used by forest managers assume that stands are structurally homogeneous. Therefore, using these forest models to project the development of structurally complex stands may provide inaccurate results. We investigated the accuracy and precision of individual tree growth estimates from an individual tree growth model commonly used by forest managers (Central Rockies Variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator, FVS-CR) in six structurally heterogeneous ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) stands. Furthermore, we examined whether the addition of non-spatial, semi-distance independent, or spatially explicit indices of local competition to the model improved the accuracy and precision of stand development projections over the 16-year study. We found that while the stand-scale estimates of growth were within the bounds of normal measurement precision, the estimates of individual tree diameter growth had a root mean square error (RMSE) that equated to 44% of the mean individual tree diameter growth. The addition of crown ratio to the model improved estimates more than the other investigated indices by halving the estimated bias and reducing the RMSE of the projected individual tree diameter growth by 4.8%.
MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus that was first reported in humans in June 2012 [...].
Increased toe-flexor muscle strength does not alter metatarsophalangeal and ankle joint mechanics or running economy.

The intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) supports the arches of the foot and controls metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) motion. Stronger IFM can increase the effective foot length, potentially altering ...