cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioluminescence imaging to track bacterial dissemination of Yersinia pestis using different routes of infection in mice

Background Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium that disseminates inside of the host at remarkably high rates. Plague bacilli disrupt normal immune responses in the host allowing for systematic spread that is fatal if left untreated. How Y. pestis disseminates from the site of infection to deeper tissues is unknown. Dissemination studies for plague are typically performed in mice by determining the bacterial burden in specific organs at various time points. To follow bacterial dissemination during plague infections in mice we tested the possibility of using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an alternative non-invasive approach. Fully virulent Y. pestis was transformed with a plasmid containing the luxCDABE genes, making it able to produce light; this lux-expressing strain was used to infect mice by subcutaneous, intradermal or intranasal inoculation.
Non-Mercer hybrid kernel for linear programming support vector regression in nonlinear systems identification

As a new sparse kernel modeling method, support vector regression (SVR) has been regarded as the state-of-the-art technique for regression and approximation. In [V.N. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, second ed., Springer-Verlag, 2000], Vapnik developed the @?-insensitive loss function for the support vector regression as a trade-off between the robust loss function of Huber and one that enables sparsity within the support vectors. The use of support vector kernel expansion provides us a potential avenue to represent nonlinear dynamical systems and underpin advanced analysis. However, in the standard quadratic programming support vector regression (QP-SVR), its implementation is often computationally expensive and sufficient model sparsity cannot be guaranteed. In an attempt to mitigate these drawbacks, this article focuses on the application of the soft-constrained linear programming support vector regression (LP-SVR) with hybrid kernel in nonlinear black-box systems identification. An innovative non-Mercer hybrid kernel is explored by leveraging the flexibility of LP-SVR in choosing the kernel functions. The simulation results demonstrate the ability to use more general kernel function and the inherent performance advantage of LP-SVR to QP-SVR in terms of model sparsity and computational efficiency.
Developing Leadership for Creative Efforts: A Preface

Effective leader performance is critical to the success of creative efforts. Although, in recent years, the importance of leadership to creative efforts has begun to be recognized, little work has ...
An integrated upper division course in electronic materials and electromagnetic engineering-"Wave phenomena for electrical engineers"

The Foundation Coalition at Arizona State University offered for the first time a novel upper division integrated course in Electrical Engineering in the Fall '97 semester. This first offering combined two upper division courses into an integrated class that sought to reduce the compartmentalization and emphasize the substantial overlap of the separate courses. The courses involved were: (1) an introduction to the properties of electronic materials: and (2) the first course for EE majors in electromagnetic engineering. The main thread that integrated the two courses was "wave phenomena". This paper discusses the organization of the course, the nature of the course integration, details about the technology infusion, and a brief description of the tool used to carry out assessment of the course and the students' performance.
Excitation of Earth’s polar motion by atmospheric angular momentum variations, 1980–1990

We compute the polar-motion excitation function due to the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) for both IB (inverted-barometer) and non-IB cases, as well as the excitation function from geodetically observed Earth orientation data for the period 1980-1990. The two are then compared in studying the AAM contribution to the polar motion excitation. The polar drifts with periods longer than about two years have similar characteristics, but the comparison is inconclusive because of data uncertainties. For the seasonal wobble excitation, the agreement is poor except for the prograde annual wobble, indicating the influence of other geophysical excitations than AAM. For the Chandler wobble excitation, a correlation coefficient of 0.53 for non-IB and 0.58 for IB are found for 1986-1990. Together with a coherence spectral analysis, they clearly demonstrate a strong contribution of AAM to the Chandler wobble excitation.
Permanent Scatterer investigation of land subsidence in Greater Cairo, Egypt

SUMMARY Land subsidence is a major geomorphic problem commonly associated with densely populated areas, such as the Greater Cairo area. Prior to this study, rates and patterns of land subsidence in Greater Cairo were not known. The Permanent Scatterer interferometric approach has been applied in this study to detect and measure the magnitude and the spatial and temporal variations of subsidence in Greater Cairo. Thirty-four Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images acquired by the European Radar Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) during 1993–2000 have been used in this investigation. The main contributing factors to the rate of land subsidence in Greater Cairo include natural sediment compaction, tectonic activity and groundwater pumping. However, the measured rate of land subsidence is found significantly impacted by anthropogenic factors rather than natural factors. The average measured rate of subsidence is approximately 7 mm yr −1 during the period of observation, and the spatial and temporal patterns of land subsidence are demonstrated by a time-series of surface deformation maps. InSAR results show differential surface displacements along the major surface and subsurface faults and indicate pumping-induced subsidence, which is characterized by bowl shapes, in districts of high population density. The detected pattern of land subsidence in Greater Cairo implies a considerable contribution from the subway network as well. The results from this interferometric investigation can be used to help mitigate the environmental impacts and potential consequences of land subsidence in the region.
On Various Intraclass Correlation Reliability Coefficients

Bartko (1966, 1974) has presented some analysis of variance (ANOVA) intraclass correlation reliability coefficients that avoid some serious deficiencies not uncommonly found in reliability measures. In his second edition, Winer (1971, pp, 289-296) presented some intraclass correlation results which appear to have deficiencies. His so-called "adjustment for anchor points" approach will produce an intraclass correlation reliability coefficient of unity (as expected) for the case in which the judges (raters) agree perfectly about a group of subjects. However, the method will also yield an intraclass correlation of unity for the case in which the judges display a constant additive bias. In general with Winer's approach, any adjustment of original rating data that leaves the rater's variance-covariance matrix unaltered will produce the same intraclass correlation coefficient, and thus numerous variations (of which additive bias is a subset) of the original data set can and will yield the same intraclass correlation. Bias and Unity Reliability As a first illustration on a more elementary level, the phenomenon discussed above can be observed with the product-moment correlation, which is a sometimes used but not recommended measure of reliability. Consider
Aspects of the equilibrium puff in transitional pipe flow

In the transitional pipe flow-visualization studies presently undertaken to investigate the self-sustenance mechanism of a turbulent equilibrium puff, the upstream laminar fluid continuously enters the relatively more slowly moving turbulent puff around the pipe center. The passage of this high speed laminar plug flow past the slower fluid residing near the wall at the upstream interface leads to the shedding of a train of three-dimensional, wake-like vortices near the wall. The prominent feature of the decay region is a series of longitudinal vortices that appear to be undergoing stretching.
A quarter century of getting it right in education: worldwide successes and continuing challenges

In an article in this volume Steven Klees claims that certain economic policies have been a failure in general and specifically in education. He has it backwards. His characterisation of the econom...
Aspiration and laryngeal representation in Germanic

The phonetic gesture of stop consonant aspiration, which is predictable in a Germanic language such as English, has been described traditionally as ranging from a ‘puff of air’ upon release of closure (Heffner 1950) to the segmental occurrence of a following voiceless glottal approximant /h/ (Trager & Smith 1951). Within the generative phonology paradigm, however, aspiration has been construed as a featural property rather than as an independent segment of its own, often casually identified simply as [+aspiration], or, following Chomsky & Halle (1968), as a positive specification resulting from ‘heightened subglottal pressure’. We take this kind of view here as well, employing a notation with superscript h ([Ch]) to indicate representations in which aspiration is encoded as an integral feature of the segment with which it is associated, while we explore the phonological realisation of aspiration in Germanic as the reflex manifestation of a spread or open glottis, an idea first advanced in the seminal work of Kim (1970), and since developed in Anderson & Ewen's treatment of ‘|O| languages’ (1987: 195–199)
The transcription factors SP1 and MAZ regulate expression of the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor gene

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor regulates extracellular calcium concentrations and is therefore important for mineral homeostasis. ROS 17/2.8 cells, a rat osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line, express the PTH/PTHrP receptor and provide a good model for examining the transcriptional regulation of its gene. The rat PTH/PTHrP receptor gene has two promoters, U1 and U3, which were shown to be important for its expression. Using extracts from ROS 17/2.8 cells, we have demonstrated two regions (termed FP1 and FP2) of nuclear protein/DNA interaction within promoter sequences previously shown to be important for the activity of the U3 promoter. Nuclear extracts from rat 2 fibroblasts, which do not express the PTH/PTHrP receptor, produced one site of protein/DNA interaction which was found at a position on the promoter identical to the position of FP1 produced by a ROS 17/2.8 nuclear extract. Mutation of these two sites of protein/DNA interaction resulted in reduced U3 promoter activity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the transcription factors SP1 and MAZ regulate U3 promoter expression and have shown their functional significance using mutational analysis. These data demonstrate that SP1 and MAZ bind to the PTH/PTHrP receptor promoter and that they are involved in cell-specific expression of its gene product.
Real-time data driven deformation using kernel canonical correlation analysis

Achieving intuitive control of animated surface deformation while observing a specific style is an important but challenging task in computer graphics. Solutions to this task can find many applications in data-driven skin animation, computer puppetry, and computer games. In this paper, we present an intuitive and powerful animation interface to simultaneously control the deformation of a large number of local regions on a deformable surface with a minimal number of control points. Our method learns suitable deformation subspaces from training examples, and generate new deformations on the fly according to the movements of the control points. Our contributions include a novel deformation regression method based on kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and a Poisson-based translation solving technique for easy and fast deformation control based on examples. Our run-time algorithm can be implemented on GPUs and can achieve a few hundred frames per second even for large datasets with hundreds of training examples.
Race, Shared Belief, and Acceptance of Returned Prisoners: An Old Issue Re-Opened:

Summary.-In attempting to resolve the issue of race vs shared belief in racial prejudice, Triandis suggested that race would be more important in intimate relationships and shared belief in less intimate relationships. The present research both tested this finding and sought to determine if a similar pattern applied to acceptance of retuned prisoners. 96 university srudents responded to a behavioral differential questionnaire which was analyzed by an ex post fact0 experimental design. Three research hypotheses were formulsted to test the importance of the degree-of-intimacy dimension, and none were supported. It is concluded that more work is needed before the race-versus-shared-belief issue can be considered properly resolved. During the early 1960s an issue was raised as to the relative importance of race and shared belief as factors in racial prejudice. Rokeach and associates (Rokeach, Smith, & Evans, 1960; Rokeach, 1961) presented evidence that perceived belief congruence, rather than racial or ethnic' identity, was the primary basis of discrimination for interaction on the level of friendship. Triandis (1961) questioned such a strong role for belief similarity, presenting evidence for the considerable salience of race as such for attraction or rejection on at least some levels of interaction. By the late 1960s, however, this issue appeared to be settled. Further research (Stein, Hardyck, & Smith, 1965; Triandis & Davis, 1965; Insko 8: Robinson, 1967) showed that both race and shared belief were important factors. Furthermore, the work by Triandis and Davis appeared to specify fairly well the conditions when each of these would be most impor
A modified unsplit PML formulation for evanescent mode absorption in waveguides

In this letter, a modified unsplit perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation for the absorption of evanescent waves in waveguides is presented. The proposed formulation combines the advantages of the stretched coordinate and unsplit D - E - H PML formulations, which separates PML conductivities from the properties of the physical materials in the FDTD mesh. Results show that the proposed boundary outperforms the traditional unsplit PML in the evanescent region by 20 to 40 dB.
Forcing function generator fluid dynamic effects on compressor blade gust response

To investigate the fundamental flow forcing function phenomena generating different blade row gust responses, in particular attached and separated flow forcing functions, a series of experiments are performed in an extensively instrumented axial flow research compressor. In these experiments, the gust ratio magnitude is controlled without affecting the forcing function fluid dynamics, i.e., attached or separated flow, thereby enabling a controlled study of the effect of steady loading. Periodic 2-E unsteady aerodynamic forcing functions to the first stage rotor are generated by fundamentally equivalent honeycomb sections and flat plate airfoils, with unsteady linear theory gust requirements considered. Then the resulting rotor blade row gust response is measured over a range of steady loading levels and the gust response data correlated with the appropriate linear theory predictions. These experiments show that the forcing function generator fluid dynamics is significant with regard to the resulting unsteady aerodynamic gust response. Also demonstrated is the decreased correlation of the gust response data with linear theory predictions as the steady loading is increased.
Native proteins trap high-energy transit conformations

During protein folding and as part of some conformational changes that regulate protein function, the polypeptide chain must traverse high-energy barriers that separate the commonly adopted low-energy conformations. How distortions in peptide geometry allow these barrier-crossing transitions is a fundamental open question. One such important transition involves the movement of a non-glycine residue between the left side of the Ramachandran plot (that is, ϕ 0°). We report that high-energy conformations with ϕ ~ 0°, normally expected to occur only as fleeting transition states, are stably trapped in certain highly resolved native protein structures and that an analysis of these residues provides a detailed, experimentally derived map of the bond angle distortions taking place along the transition path. This unanticipated information lays to rest any uncertainty about whether such transitions are possible and how they occur, and in doing so lays a firm foundation for theoretical studies to better understand the transitions between basins that have been little studied but are integrally involved in protein folding and function. Also, the context of one such residue shows that even a designed highly stable protein can harbor substantial unfavorable interactions.
Effects of malaria on activity budgets of experimentally infected juvenile apapane (Himatione Sanguinea)

Abstract We used behavioral, physiological, and parasitological measures to document effects of acute malarial infections on activity budgets of experimentally infected juvenile Apapane (Himatione sanguinea). Five of eight birds died within 20 to 32 days after exposure to a single infective mosquito bite. Infected Apapane devoted less time to locomotory activities involving flight, walking or hopping, and stationary activities such as singing, preening, feeding, and probing. The amount of time spent sitting was positively correlated with parasitemia and increased dramatically after infection and between treatment and control groups. Birds that succumbed to infection experienced a significant loss of body mass and subcutaneous fat, whereas surviving Apapane were better able to maintain body condition and fat levels. When rechallenged with the parasite five months after initial infection, surviving birds experienced no increase in parasitemia, indicating that they had become immune to reinfection. Regardles...
Observational Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Antarctica.

Abstract During the austral summer of 1982/83, measurements of wind and temperature profiles were made through the atmospheric boundary layer in Adelie Land, East Antarctica, an area known for strong katabatic winds. It was found that a shallow but strong temperature inversion was developed at night, and destroyed during the day, resulting in the development of a well-mixed layer. Wind hodographs were quite regular and spiral-like at night, but irregular during the day. The mean wind direction was about 40° to the left, looking downslope, but more downslope at night and more cross-slope during the day. The conclusion was derived that during the polar summer the flow over Antarctica is controlled by the gravitational factor (slope-induced baroclinicity), by the thermal stability (turbulent mixing), and also by the synoptic forcing.
Abstract 2435: Validation of the 12-Item Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale in a Bi-ethnic Stroke Population

Background and Purpose: The 12-item Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL), a shortened version of the original SSQOL, was recently developed in a mixed cerebrovascular disorders population ...
The Tempest in the Wilderness: The Racialization of Savagery

"O brave new world that has such people in't," they heard Miranda exclaim. It was 1611 and London theatergoers were attending the first performance of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. In the early seventeenth century, the English were encountering what they viewed as strange inhabitants in new lands. Those experiences determined the meaning of the utterances they heard. A perspicacious few in the audience could have seen that this play was more than a story about how Prospero was sent into exile with his daughter, Miranda, took possession of an island inhabited by Caliban, and redeemed himself by marrying Miranda to the king's son.' Indeed, The Tempest can be approached as a fascinating tale about the creation of a new society in America. Seen in that light, the play invites us to view English expansion not only as imperialism but also as a defining moment in the making of an English-American identity based on race. For the first time in the English theater, an Indian character was being presented. What did Shakespeare and his audience know about the native peoples of America, and what choices were they making when they characterized Caliban? Although they saw him as a "savage," did they racialize savagery? Was the play a prologue for America? The Tempest studied in relationship to its context can help us answer those questions. Othello also offers us an opportunity to analyze English racial attitudes, as Winthrop Jordan has demonstrated so brilliantly, but our play is a more important
American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism, by Matthew Avery Sutton, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014, 480 pp., ISBN 978 0674048362, US$35 (hardcover)

In American Apocalypse, Matthew Sutton ambitiously tasks himself with accounting for the history of American evangelicalism in the long 20th century. The payoff is nothing less than a story of what...
Noisy Label Recovery for Shadow Detection in Unfamiliar Domains

Recent shadow detection algorithms have shown initial success on small datasets of images from specific domains. However, shadow detection on broader image domains is still challenging due to the lack of annotated training data. This is due to the intense manual labor in annotating shadow data. In this paper we propose "lazy annotation", an efficient annotation method where an annotator only needs to mark the important shadow areas and some non-shadow areas. This yields data with noisy labels that are not yet useful for training a shadow detector. We address the problem of label noise by jointly learning a shadow region classifier and recovering the labels in the training set. We consider the training labels as unknowns and formulate the label recovery problem as the minimization of the sum of squared leave-one-out errors of a Least Squares SVM, which can be efficiently optimized. Experimental results show that a classifier trained with recovered labels achieves comparable performance to a classifier trained on the properly annotated data. These results suggest a feasible approach to address the task of detecting shadows in an unfamiliar domain: collecting and lazily annotating some images from the new domain for training. As will be demonstrated, this approach outperforms methods that rely on precisely annotated but less relevant datasets. Initial results suggest more general applicability.
Implementation of a Tele-urology Program for Outpatient Hematuria Referrals: Initial Results and Patient Satisfaction

Objective To report on results from a new tele-urology pathway for managing hematuria consults, including a survey of patient attitudes and satisfaction with such a program. Recent guideline changes have relaxed the definition of microscopic hematuria and may have significantly increased the number of hematuria evaluations. Materials and Methods Patients referred to the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center with hematuria were scheduled for a tele-urology clinic encounter utilizing a telephone call to obtain hematuria-related clinical information via a standardized algorithm. At subsequent cystoscopy, patients were evaluated with a 29-question survey regarding overall acceptance and satisfaction of the clinic (8 questions) and impact factors (21 questions). Results One hundred fifty veterans participated in the survey. Median time from consult request to appointment was 12 days and thereafter to cystoscopy was 16 days. Patients reported high acceptance and overall satisfaction with telephone evaluation; mean scores exceeded 9 out of 10 for overall satisfaction, efficiency, convenience, friendliness, care quality, understandability, privacy, and professionalism. When presented with a choice, nearly all patients (98%) preferred telephone-based encounters to face-to-face clinic visits. Underlying negative factors responsible for patients' preferences included transportation-related issues (97%) and logistical clinic issues (65%). Ninety-seven percent of patients reported high-quality evaluation. Conclusion Patients report high acceptance and satisfaction with telephone clinics as a mechanism for expedited hematuria evaluation, primarily due to avoiding barriers related to transportation and clinical operations, as well as a perceived high quality of evaluation. Telephone appointments have potential to positively impact healthcare access and productivity.
Reactive Electrophiles and Metabolic Activation

Electrophiles derived from xenobiotics can react with biological nucleophiles on macromolecules to covalently modify them and cause toxicity. Reaction with proteins can lead to cellular toxicity and immunogenicity. Reaction with nucleic acids can lead to gene mutation and carcinogenesis. Electrophiles can be inherently reactive or, more frequently, be generated by metabolism of chemically inert compounds to reactive intermediates. Organic chemistry concepts of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity will be discussed in this chapter. These concepts are reinforced by illustration with multiple examples of hard electrophiles (e.g., carbocations) and soft electrophiles (e.g., Michael acceptors), their generation from drugs and other chemicals, their reactions with biological molecules, and their downstream toxicological consequences.
An Empirical Study of Technological Factors Affecting Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Adoption

The adoption of cloud enterprise resource planning CERP systems deserves serious attention from both the practitioner and academic communities. This study empirically investigated the relationships for organizations that adopted CERP systems and for average organizations which are interested in CERP system adoption based on three technological and one benefit factors: The study identified the relevant technological factors as relative advantage, compatibility and security concern over the system adoption. This study indicated that the three technological and one perceived benefit factors are significant predictors of CERP systems adoption. The findings of the study provide evidence that organizations with CERP systems have a higher level of the three technological factors and perceived benefits than the mean of each relevant factor for all organizations that are merely interested in adopting the systems. The study discusses practical and theoretical implications of the results, and provides a guide for CERP systems adoption and a basis for further research.
Dynamic Nigrostriatal Dopamine Biases Action Selection

Dopamine is thought to play a critical role in reinforcement learning and goal-directed behavior, but its function in action selection remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that nigrostriatal dopamine biases ongoing action selection. When mice were trained to dynamically switch the action selected at different time points, changes in firing rate of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, as well as dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum, were found to be associated with action selection. This dopamine profile is specific to behavioral choice, scalable with interval duration, and doesn't reflect reward prediction error, timing, or value as single factors alone. Genetic deletion of NMDA receptors on dopamine or striatal neurons or optogenetic manipulation of dopamine concentration alters dopamine signaling and biases action selection. These results unveil a crucial role of nigrostriatal dopamine in integrating diverse information for regulating upcoming actions, and they have important implications for neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and substance dependence.
Depolicing as Dissent Shirking

Theory suggests that bureaucratic actors express opposition to unfavorable organizational and policy changes by acting in ways inconsistent with established rules, norms, and community expectations . Empirical evidence from various professional contexts and geographic locations lends support to the notion that some public employees have indeed engaged in dissent shirking by refusing to perform at their best so as to express work-related dissatisfaction. This research relies on a quasi-experimental design to examine this phenomenon in the context of the police. The study’s analysis will be driven by a series of autoregressive integrated moving average models in order to examine the extent to which a form of dissent shirking—“depolicing”—has occurred in jurisdictions investigated by the U.S. Department of Justice under that agency’s pattern or practice authority. Despite qualitative support for depolicing under these conditions, this analysis shows no evidence that officers responded to external criticism a...
Compact Modeling for Silicon Photonic Heterogeneously Integrated Circuits

Photonic-integrated circuits fabricated on a heterogeneously integrated silicon platform have demonstrated record levels of integration and communication capacity. As photonic-integrated circuits become larger and more complex, designing and analyzing them demand modeling and simulation methodologies employed in matured electronic design automation. In this paper, the development of compact models for the building blocks of a fabricated optical network-on-a-chip is introduced. These models are implemented in both SPICE-compatible electronics design automation tools and dedicated photonic-circuit simulators. Model validation is conducted at both device and link levels, allowing the circuit designer to study the impact of individual device design on the overall link performance, paving the path for model-based design optimization of photonic-integrated circuits.
Chemical Trapping and Characterization of small Oxoacids of Sulfur (SOS) and Selenium (SOSe) Generated in Aqueous Oxidations of H2S and H2Se

Small oxoacids of sulfur (SOS) are elusive molecules like sulfenic acid, HSOH, and sulfinic acid, HS(O)OH, generated by oxidation of hydro-gen sulfide, H2S, in aqueous solution. Like their alkyl homologs, SOS may exhibit both nucleophilic and electrophilic reactivity due to interconversion between S(II) and S(IV) tautomers. We find that SOS may be trapped in situ by derivate-ization with nucleophilic and electrophilic trapping agents and then characterized by high resolution LC/MS. Herein, we compare SOS formation from H2S oxidation by a variety of biologically relevant oxidants. Analogous small oxoacids of selenium, SOSe, are generated during aqueous oxidations of hydrogen selenide (H2Se). These SOS and SOSe species appear relatively long lived in aqueous solution, and thus may be involved in the observed physiological effects derived from H2S and potentially H2Se.
Health Claims: History, Current Regulatory Status, and Consumer Research

Abstract During the past 13 years regulatory and consumer communications policies on health claims have been hotly debated and have evolved from a nonregulatory action policy by which health claims were written by manufacturers to one in which claims are carefully proscribed and legally allowed by regulatory agencies. Unfortunately, health claims are not used to full public health potential. This review examines the scientific literature to determine the most effective way to communicate health claims to consumers. The results of health claims studies suggest an evolution in consumer preferences: from complete non–product-specific information in the middle to late 1980s to shorter product-specific claims in 1995 and 1996. Comprehension research suggests that shorter health claims communicate most effectively. Related label research shows that effective messages suggest action, contain text and graphics, and are placed on the front panel. In conclusion, effective health claims: ■ Are concise ■ Relate to a consumer need or task to be solved ■ Appear on the front panel ■ Combine text and graphics using color ■ Provide an additional benefit beyond the label (eg, increase the production and availability of more nutritious products and increase consumers' knowledge of nutrition and health). J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1312-1322 .
The Infrared Hygrometer as a Potential Meteorological Aid

The infrared absorption-spectra hygrometer possesses inherent advantages which will be of interest to the meteorologist concerned with difficult humidity-measurement problems. Data samples are presented which illustrate typical atmospheric humidity variations as obtained with a relatively uncomplicated experimental instrument featuring a short, 12-in sensing path. Also included is a discussion outlining method advantages in particular areas: micrometeorology, air weather reconnaissance, arctic meteorology, and other research applications.
Naloxone Academic Detailing: Role of Community Outreach Teaching.

Testing the efficacy of academic detailing in improving the practice of prescribing naloxone for patients on high-dose opioids. Academic detailing has been identified as an effective method for improving health care practices through focused community education. We found that academic detailing is an effective method in improving health care providers’ knowledge about the importance of prescribing naloxone for patients on high-dose opioids. We also found that prescribers prescribed more naloxone after our education program. This study reflects the importance of education and academic detailing in resolving health problems. Academic detailing can provide effective preventive tools that can reduce the incidence of health problems we encounter.
Real-time robot path planning from simple to complex obstacle patterns via transfer learning of options

We consider the problem of path planning in an initially unknown environment where a robot does not have an a priori map of its environment but has access to prior information accumulated by itself from navigation in similar but not identical environments. To address the navigation problem, we propose a novel, machine learning-based algorithm called Semi-Markov Decision Process with Unawareness and Transfer (SMDPU-T) where a robot records a sequence of its actions around obstacles as action sequences called options which are then reused by it within a framework called Markov Decision Process with unawareness (MDPU) to learn suitable, collision-free maneuvers around more complex obstacles in future. We have analytically derived the cost bounds of the selected option by SMDPU-T and the worst case time complexity of our algorithm. Our experimental results on simulated robots within Webots simulator illustrate that SMDPU-T takes $$24\%$$ planning time and $$39\%$$ total time to solve same navigation tasks while, our hardware results on a Turtlebot robot indicate that SMDPU-T on average takes $$53\%$$ planning time and $$60\%$$ total time as compared to a recent, sampling-based path planner.
Emergency Preparedness in Ambulatory Surgery Centers and Office-Based Anesthesia Practices

Natural or manmade disasters, mass causality events, and other emergencies can disrupt healthcare delivery and change the demand for healthcare services. In order to protect patients, staff, and facilities it is essential that healthcare facilities be prepared for such emergency events. Ambulatory surgery centers (ASC) and Office Based Anesthesia (OBA) practices are unique healthcare settings that necessitate specific emergency planning since they typically do not have rapid response or code teams on site. In addition, they typically operate with fewer personnel and have staff members who often perform multiple functions. Previously there has been variability in the emergency preparedness amongst ASCs and OBA practices. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has recently identified three requirements for maintaining healthcare services during an emergency. These are 1) safeguarding human resources, 2) maintaining business operations, and 3) protecting physical resources. In 2016 CMS issued new rules establishing national emergency preparedness requirements for Medicare and Medicaid participating providers in the United States. In addition there are requirements specifically for ASCs and OBAs. The first step in emergency preparedness is performing a risk assessment for a practice using an “all-hazards” approach. In this approach, the practice attempts to identify all hazards that could potentially affect the practice as well as evaluating the likelihood of such hazards. This risk assessment is then incorporated into an emergency plan for the facility. In addition to reviewing specific components of an emergency plan for ASCs and OBAs, the need to test the plan and create a subsequent corrective action plan is reviewed. It is important that healthcare providers at all ambulatory surgery centers and office based anesthesia practices are aware of regulations for emergency preparedness and work to ensure that patients, staff and physical resources are protected during natural disasters and other emergencies.
Investigating consumers’ green values and food‐related behaviours in Turkey

This study sets out to examine the influence of consumers’ green values on food‐related behaviours. Data were collected from a random sample of 385 consumers in Izmir, Turkey via face‐to‐face interviews. Factor analysis was conducted to identify the underlying dimensions that capture the meaning of green values, which affect shopping, cooking and eating behaviours of consumers. A composite variable that represents consumers’ perception of green values was created to classify consumers into two segments labelled: Negative perceivers (37.7%) and positive perceivers (62.3%). The results indicated that the positive perceivers tended to have healthier and environmentally friendly food consumption behaviours than the negative perceivers. Gender, age, education, marital status, body mass index, regular exercise and smoking were significant for differentiating between the segments. We intend to construct value‐based intervention programmes that are easy to implement, non‐mandatory and cost‐effective for the negative perceivers.
Adolescents' attitudes and intentions to use a smartphone app to promote safe driving

Abstract Purpose Designing effective driving safety interventions is imperative as traffic crashes are the leading cause of injury and death for adolescents. Using concepts from the Integrated Behavioral Model, we investigated adolescents' attitudes and intentions towards engaging in safe driving practices and using smartphone-based driving safety technology. Methods Two-hundred and seven adolescents aged 14–18 (M = 16.1, SD = 0.8) completed a safe driving survey. A path model testing the associations between individual scores of attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control with intentions controlling for demographic covariates was conducted. Results Greater intentions to drive safely was associated with greater perceived norms from family and peers (β = 0.75, p Conclusions Assessing attitudes and perceptions provides further understanding of what behavioral constructs are important for the development of adolescent driver safety interventions. Experimental research targeting and modifying behavior constructs is warranted.
CHAPTER XIX – Airplane Configuration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the influence of stability and control matters on design configuration, and explains why, for a number of classes of airplanes, the general arrangements come out the way they do. Low-speed airplanes have unswept wings and tails, and use propellers for propulsion. The propellers are used for their efficiency in the low speed range and for their take-off performance capability. The impact on stability and control is a destabilizing effect of power and large trim changes as a result of power. A high level of stability and a powerful control are therefore needed, and this need strongly indicates a tail configuration. The effects of power can be reduced somewhat by pusher propeller position, but only at a compromise of propeller efficiency, engine cooling, drive shafting, airplane balance, and so forth. For airplanes where compressibility is not a problem, swept wings are not used. The aspect ratio of the straight wing is determined by the compromise between cruising efficiency and structural weight. Where long range is required, a high aspect ratio is needed. The Canard configuration, with the tail first, has certain attractive features. The principal ones are that the tail is clear of wing wake and propeller slipstream, and that the tail lift, for trim of the nose-down moment as a result of high lift devices, is up, thus helping rather than defeating wing lift.
Education for potentiality (against instrumentality)

In this article, the author problematizes two well-known positions on the relationship between means and ends in education. On the one side, there are those who problematize the means of education ...
Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance in 1980 children's urinary tract infection

Objective To investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria in urine culture of urinary tract infection in children, and provide reference for clinical treatment. Methods Collection of positive urine specimens from hospitalized patients from August 2013 to August 2017, analysis of the identification of 1980 strains of pathogenic bacteria and the result of drug sensitivity test were performed. Results Among 1980 strains of pathogens, 1269(64.10%) were gram-negative bacteria, 612(30.90%) were gram-positive and 99(5%) were fungus. The predominant pathogens were escherichia coli (35.25%), klebsiella pneumoniae (10.96%), enterococcus faecalis (10.81%), enterococcus faecium (9.75%) and pseudomonas aeruginosa(4.24%). The detection rates of escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae produced by broad-spectrum beta lactamases were 61.03% and 51.15%, respectively. Conclusions In different areas, there are different pathogens and drug resistance characteristics of urinary tract infection. Regular monitoring and selection of sensitive antibiotics in this area can improve the therapeutic effect. Key words: Urinary Tract Infections; Drug Tolerance; Child
Improving Conversational Fluidity in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Video-Feedback Intervention:

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenges maintaining fluid, reciprocal conversations, resulting in prolonged, awkward pauses. Such pauses disrupt the pacing of an inter...
DeepClone: Lightweight State Replication of Deep Learning Models for Data Parallel Training

Training modern deep neural network (DNN) models involves complex workflows triggered by model exploration, sensitivity analysis, explainability, etc. A key primitive in this context is the ability to clone a model training instance, i.e. “fork” the training process in a potentially different direction, which enables comparisons of different evolution paths using variations of training data and model parameters. However, in a quest improve the training throughput, a mix of data parallel, model parallel, pipeline parallel and layer-wise parallel approaches are making the problem of cloning highly complex. In this paper, we explore the problem of efficient cloning under such circumstances. To this end, we leverage several properties of data-parallel training and layer-wise parallelism to design DeepClone, a cloning approach based on augmenting the execution graph to gain direct access to tensors, which are then sharded and reconstructed asynchronously in order to minimize runtime overhead, standby duration, readiness duration. Compared with state-of-art approaches, DeepClone shows orders of magnitude improvement for several classes of DNN models.
Predicting the Importance of Global Warming as a Voting Issue Among Registered Voters in the United States

Abstract Limiting climate change requires effective policy solutions. In democratic societies, voting for candidates who support climate policy solutions is arguably the most important action citizens can take. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of global warming as a voting issue is crucial for building public and political will for climate solutions. Using data from two nationally representative surveys conducted in November 2019 and April 2020, this exploratory study investigated the influences of cognitive, experiential, socio-cultural, and sociodemographic factors on two measures of perceived importance of global warming as a voting issue: absolute importance (i.e., how important is it?) and relative importance (i.e., is it the most important issue?). As expected, in both surveys, Democrats were more likely than Republicans to perceive global warming as an important voting issue. The perceived importance of global warming as a voting issue was also positively associated with certainty in belief that global warming is happening, perceived risk, worry, positive social norms, and discussing global warming with family and friends; in April 2020, it was also negatively associated with exposure to conservative media (The Fox News Channel). In both surveys, discussing global warming with family and friends was positively associated with considering global warming to be the most important voting issue, whereas perceived personal experience and worry were significant predictors in only one survey. These results suggest that global warming's importance as a voting issue is influenced by a range of individual, social, and media influences, and that the predictors of the issue's absolute importance to voters overlap only partially with the predictors of its relative importance.