cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-power high-Q NEMS receiver architecture

A new low-power RF receiver architecture that facilitates the use of on-chip high-Q nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) resonators for channel selection at RF is presented. Integration of high-Q RF filters in future low-power receivers is inevitable. The idea of using high-Q filters is investigated by two approaches. One is determining the requirements of high-Q filters in a narrow-band RF receiver. The other is studying the effect of these filters on the receiver in terms of reducing the power consumption of the blocks, such as LNA, mixer and VCO. The nonlinearity and power consumption of the low-IF receiver with and without RF NEMS filters is analyzed. The target application is 900 MHz GSM, and the high-Q NEMS filters are used as the front-end channel selectivity filters with Q/spl sim/3000 at 900 MHz for selecting channels with bandwidth of 200 kHz. This attenuates interferers and blockers entering the desired signal channel in the receiver, resulting in lowering the required dynamic range, linearity, IIP2 and IIP3, and therefore the power consumption of the receiver. The paper aims to create a link between research on high-Q RF filters and research on low-power RF circuit design. The discussion provides a measure for the benefits of employing high-Q NEMS filters at RF.
HF Chemical Lasers

The very rapid reaction rate of the H2 + F2 chain reaction coupled with the efficient formation of chain carriers by fast electron beam radiolysis of F2 and SF6 provide laser power of about 1012 watts/liter and qualify the HF chemical laser as a possible laser for driving compression fusion experiments. This laser differs radically from all other possible fusion lasers in that optical energy storage is not necessary. It derives its high power from the real time burn rate of the H2 + F2 fuel. The laser gain is very high, but of short duration making the amplifier system much simpler than those envisioned for low gain high storage lasers. Figure 1 shows the scheme. It has an oscillator, amplifier 1, and amplifier 2. The beam is split into the number of beams to be used in the experiment after amplifier 2. In the figure the beam is split into four. Each of the beams, C, D, E, and F, are amplified by a final amplifier and beam G is used for triggering spark gaps for the e-beam transmission lines for the final stage amplifiers.
The kinetics of complex formation between Ti(IV) and hydrogen peroxide

The kinetics of the formation of the titanium-peroxide [TiO2+2] complex from the reaction of Ti(IV)OSO4 with hydrogen peroxide and the hydrolysis of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HMHP) were examined to determine whether Ti(IV)OSO4 could be used to distinguish between hydrogen peroxide and HMHP in mixed solutions. Stopped-flow analysis coupled to UV-vis spectroscopy was used to examine the reaction kinetics at various temperatures. The molar absorptivity (e) of the [TiO2+2] complex was found to be 679.5 ± 20.8 L mol−1 cm−1 at 405 nm. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and Ti(IV)OSO4 was first order with respect to both Ti(IV)OSO4 and H2O2 with a rate constant of 5.70 ± 0.18 × 104 M−1 s−1 at 25°C, and an activation energy, Ea = 40.5 ± 1.9 kJ mol−1. The rate constant for the hydrolysis of HMHP was 4.3 × 10−3 s−1 at pH 8.5. Since the rate of complex formation between Ti(IV)OSO4 and hydrogen peroxide is much faster than the rate of hydrolysis of HMHP, the Ti(IV)OSO4 reaction coupled to time-dependent UV-vis spectroscopic measurements can be used to distinguish between hydrogen peroxide and HMHP in solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 457–461, 2007
Measurements on time-variant communication channels

We discuss the problems of making detailed measurements of instantaneous values and the statistical parameters of time-variant filters when observations are permitted at the filter terminals only. It appears that the product of the maximum time- and frequency-spreadings produced by the time-variant filter sets a limit on our ability to determine the instantaneous values unambiguously even in the absence of additive noise. This limit can be relaxed when it comes to determining average or statistical parameters of the filter. For the determination of second-order filter statistics a fourth-moment method is presented that exhibits some novel aspects.
Sister–Sister Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey

Retrospective data were entered anonymously by 1,521 adult women using a computer-assisted self-interview. Thirty-one participants were victims of sister-sister incest, 40 were victims of brother-sister incest, 19 were victims of father-daughter incest, 8 were victims of sexual abuse by an adult female (including one mother), and 232 were victims of sexual abuse by an adult male other than their father before reaching 18 years of age. The rest (1,203) served as controls. The victims of sister-sister incest had significantly more problematic outcomes than controls on many measures as adults. Victims of sister-sister incest were more depressed and more likely than controls to be distant from the perpetrator-sister and to have traded sex for money, experienced an unplanned pregnancy, engaged in four different types of masturbation, and engaged in 13 different same-sex behaviors. Our findings were consistent with other reports of early eroticization and persistent hypereroticization of incest victims.
Can total cardiac calcium predict the coronary calcium score

article i nfo Background: Mitral annular calcification (MAC) shares the same risk factors as atherosclerosis and is associated with coronary artery disease as well as cardiovascular events. However, sensitivity and positive predictive value are low. We hypothesized that a global echocardiographic calcium score would better predict coronary atherosclerotic burden, as assessed by coronary artery calcium score (CAC), than MAC alone. Methods: An echocardiographic score was devised to measure global cardiac calcification in a semi- quantitative manner; this included calcification in the aortic valve and root, the mitral valve and annulus, and the sub-mitral apparatus. This score, and a simplified version, were compared with a similar calcification score by CT scan, as well as the CAC. Results: There was a good correlation between the two global calcification scores; the echocardiographic score also correlated with CAC. Using CAC N400 as a measure of severe coronary atherosclerosis, an echocardiographic score ≥5 had a positive predictive value of 60%. Importantly, the simplified score performed equally well (≥3 had a positive predictive value of 62%). Conclusions: Global cardiac calcification, assessed by CT scan or echocardiography, correlates with the extent of coronary calcium. A semi-quantitative calcium score can be easily applied during routine echocardio- graphic interpretation and can alert the reader to the possibility of severe coronary atherosclerosis.
Control Framework for Hand-Arm Coordination

Coordination of multiple manipulators requires cooperation at several levels in the control hierarchy. A distributed processing environment with no hardware dependencies except at the motor servo level would provide a flexible architecture for coordination. A system on these lines is being built to control an articulated hand and an arm. The four levels of control envisaged include a task decomposition level, a planning level, a scheduling level, and a server level. The hand will carry both force and tactile sensors, feedback from these are used to provide adaptive control in grasping tasks. The processing of the sensory information is performed by independent processes, with analyzed information being sent to the relevant layer of the system. The manipulators are also controlled by individual processes. All process can open communications with an active process sending commands or data, or receiving them. The scope of the system and the current setup are described along with future lines of development.
Meromorphic Inner Functions, Toeplitz Kernels and the Uncertainty Principle

This paper touches upon several traditional topics of 1D linear complex analysis including distribution of zeros of entire functions, completeness problem for complex exponentials and for other families of special functions, some problems of spectral theory of selfadjoint differential operators. Their common feature is the close relation to the theory of complex Fourier transform of compactly supported measures or, more generally, Fourier–Weyl–Titchmarsh transforms associated with selfadjoint differential operators with compact resolvent.
Intratracheal Pulmonary Ventilation at Low Airway Pressures in a Ventilator-Induced Model of Acute Respiratory Failure Improves Lung Function and Survival

Study objective: Thepulmonary parenchyma inpatients withacuterespiratory failure (ARF) is commonly notinvolved inahomogenous disease process. Conventional mechanical ventilation (MV) atelevated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) andpeak inspiratory pressure (PIP) aimsat recruiting collapsed or nonventilated lung units. Invariably, those pressures are also transmitted to thehealthiest regions, withpossible extension ofthedisease process (barotrauma). During intratra¬ cheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV), a continuous flow offresh gasisdelivered directly atthecarina, bypassing thedeadspaceproximal tothecatheter tip. Inhealthy sheep, itallows lowering tidal volume (Vt) toaslow as1.0mL/kg, atrespiratoiy rates(RR) upto120breaths/min, while maintaining normocapnia. Ina modelofventilator-induced lung injury, we wished toexplore whether ITPV, applied atlowVtandlowPEEPandtailored toventilate thehealthiest regions ofthelungs, could provide adequate oxygenation andalveolar ventilation, without anyattempt torecruit lungs. Design: Randomized study insheep. Setting: Animal research laboratory. Participants: We induced ARFin12sheep following 1to2days ofMV ata PIPof50cm H20,except that 5to8%oflungs were kept on apneic oxygenation of5cm H20,sparing those regions fromthe injury process. Interventions: Sheep were randomized tovolume-controlled MV (control group) (n = 6)with Vtof8 to12mL/kg, PEEPof5to10cm H20, or toITPV(n = 6)atPEEPof3to5cm H20, Vtof2.5to4 mL/kg, PIPof<20cm H20, atRRssufficient tosustain normocapnia. Measurements andresults: Hemodynamic status intheITPVgroupprogressively improved, andall six sheep were weaned toroom airwithin 83± 54h.Sheep inthecontrol grouphadprogressively deteriorating conditions andall animals diedafter a mean of50± 39h.Barotrauma andpostmortem histopathologic changes were more pronounced inthecontrol group. Conclusion: Inthis modelofventilator-induced lung injury, lowPEEP-low Vtventilation with ITPV sustained normocapnia andprevented further lung injury, allowing weaning toroom airventilation. (CHEST 1998; 114:1147-1157)
Reasoning About LLVM Code Using Codewalker

This paper reports on initial experiments using J Moore's Codewalker to reason about programs compiled to the Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) intermediate form. Previously, we reported on a translator from LLVM to the applicative subset of Common Lisp accepted by the ACL2 theorem prover, producing executable ACL2 formal models, and allowing us to both prove theorems about the translated models as well as validate those models by testing. That translator provided many of the benefits of a pure decompilation into logic approach, but had the disadvantage of not being verified. The availability of Codewalker as of ACL2 7.0 has provided an opportunity to revisit this idea, and employ a more trustworthy decompilation into logic tool. Thus, we have employed the Codewalker method to create an interpreter for a subset of the LLVM instruction set, and have used Codewalker to analyze some simple array-based C programs compiled to LLVM form. We discuss advantages and limitations of the Codewalker-based method compared to the previous method, and provide some challenge problems for future Codewalker development.
Convulsant Properties of Oral Pentylenetetrazol Mixtures

Mice received during a three-day period oral pentylenetetrazol, reserpine, and niacin singly or in combination prior to challenge with oral pentylenetetrazol. Niacin (20 mg./Kg./day) and pentylenetetrazol (50 mg./Kg./day) did not significantly influence the challenge CD 50 and TD 50 . Reserpine (8 mg./Kg./day) induced an apparent lowering of CD 50 and a significant decrease in TD 50 ; dietary limitation led to similar results. The administration of a mixture containing the above concentrations of pentylenetetrazol and niacin, and reserpine 0.5 mg./Kg./day did not significantly affect the subsequent challenge CD 50 and TD 50 .
Partial 13C isotopic enrichment of nucleoside monophosphates: useful reporters for NMR structural studies

Analysis of the 13C isotopic labeling patterns of nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs) extracted from Escherichia coli grown in a mixture of C-1 and C-2 glucose is presented. By comparing our results to previous observations on amino acids grown in similar media, we have been able to rationalize the labeling pattern based on the well-known biochemistry of nucleotide biosynthesis. Except for a few notable absences of label (C4 in purines and C3′ in ribose) and one highly enriched site (C1′ in ribose), most carbons are randomly enriched at a low level (an average of 13%). These sparsely labeled NMPs give less complex NMR spectra than their fully isotopically labeled analogs due to the elimination of most 13C–13C scalar couplings. The spectral simplicity is particularly advantageous when working in ordered systems, as illustrated with guanosine diphosphate (GDP) bound to ADP ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) aligned in a liquid crystalline medium. In this system, the absence of scalar couplings and additional long-range dipolar couplings significantly enhances signal to noise and resolution.
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILITARY SERVICE AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR DURING THE VIETNAM ERA: A RESEARCH NOTE

Throughout U.S. history, the military has played a role in the lives of a large proportion of the U.S. population. However, little research has focused on this topic, particularly in criminology. This study seeks to determine whether military service changes an individual's criminal behavior and/or whether the military provides another setting for the continuation of prior behavior. To address these questions, this study uses Wolfgang's 1945 Philadelphia birth cohort and Shannon's 1949 Racine, Wisconsin birth cohort data sets. Statistical methods were used to account for potential differences in selection and the presence of unobserved heterogeneity. Results suggest that military service reduces later offending in general. However, there is no significant effect of service on later violent behavior.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCES OF THE HEART.

Abstract Propagated wavefronts were produced by mechanical stimulation at points located deeply within the myocardium, and the external field so produced was measured by electrodes located within a radius of 10 mm. from the centrally stimulated point. In 104 experiments in 10 dogs the external field so produced was negligible until propagation reached either the epicardial or endocardial surfaces. If it is assumed that propagated intramural activity is temporarily a closed electromotive surface, then the data presented suggest that there is a uniform difference in potential across this surface. Since there is no fundamental difference in the wavefront characteristics of closed electromotive surfaces and those which present boundaries on the epicardial or endocardial surfaces, these data strongly suggest that there is a uniform difference in potential across all propagated wavefronts in normal ventricular muscle.
The domestic dog: man's best friend in the genomic era

The domestic dog genome - shaped by domestication, adaptation to human-dominated environments and artificial selection - encodes tremendous phenotypic diversity. Recent developments have improved our understanding of the genetics underlying this diversity, unleashing the dog as an important model organism for complex-trait analysis.
Current mode multi-level simultaneous bidirectional I/O scheme for chip-to-chip communications

We have developed a novel current mode multi-level simultaneous bidirectional I/O scheme for high throughput chip-to-chip communications. Data are represented by multi-level currents on the transmission line instead of multi-level voltages. The current mode scheme consumes less power and is faster by reducing the voltage swing on the transmission line. Simulations based on 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS SPICE parameters show that the data rate is as high as 4 Gb/s/pin, and the power consumption is only 34 mW.
A high-performance multi-purpose DSP architecture for signal processing research

This paper presents a powerful and flexible digital signal processing (DSP) architecture based on the Texas Instruments TMS320VC33 DSP and high speed PCI bus. The DSP board provides a convenient, flexible means to test signal processing algorithms in real-time hardware. Algorithms implemented for several research projects include normalized least mean square (NLMS) adaptive filter, recurrent neural network (RNN), Viterbi decoding, and adaptive beamforming. The low-cost, reconfigurable system is presently being used in various research projects such as multiple channel sampling and filtering MEMS-based acoustic arrays, wireless LAN hardware implementation, and neural net classification of primate EEG waveforms. The paper provides a detailed description of the DSP board, the theory behind its selection of components, and how it is being used in the earlier mentioned research projects.
Osteopontin Localization in the Holstein Bull Reproductive Tract

Previously we reported that the 55-kDa fertility-associated protein in Holstein bull seminal plasma (SP) is osteopontin (OPN). The objective of the present study was to localize OPN in tissues and fluids in the Holstein bull reproductive tract to determine its origin. Antisera generated against human recombinant OPN, as well as antiserum prepared against purified bovine seminal plasma OPN, reacted with protein in SP, accessory sex gland fluid, seminal vesicle fluid, ampullary fluid, and urine using one- and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE Western blot analysis. However, these antisera failed to detect OPN in cauda epididymal fluid or solubilized sperm membranes. Immunofluorescence histochemistry localized OPN in the lumen and epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle and ampulla, but not in tissues of testis, epididymis, prostate, and bulbourethral gland. OPN was not detected immunohistochemically in epididymal, ampullary, or ejaculated sperm treated with or without Triton X-100. We concluded that the primary sources of OPN in bull SP are the seminal vesicles and ampulla.
“they don't have to live by the old traditions”: saintly men, sinner women, and an Appalachian Pentecostal revival

This article examines an Appalachian Pentecostal revival in socioeconomic context, analyzing it as an arena through which male church leaders interpreted women's abandonment of the church as they simultaneously sought to reestablish Pentecostal patriarchal hegemony within the community. The revival illuminates the contradictory tensions between gender, class, and community as they are articulated through revival discourse. [gender, Pentecostalism, Appalachia, patriarchy, community, de-conversion]
Sample size and power for a logrank test and Cox proportional hazards model with multiple groups and strata, or a quantitative covariate with multiple strata.

General expressions are described for the evaluation of sample size and power for the K group Mantel-logrank test or the Cox PH model score test. Under an exponential model, the method of Lachin and Foulkes [1] for the 2 group case is extended to the K ≥ 2 group case using the non-centrality parameter of the K – 1 df chi-square test. Similar results are also shown to apply to the K group score test in a Cox PH model. Lachin and Foulkes [1] employed a truncated exponential distribution to provide for a non-linear rate of enrollment. Expressions for the mean time of enrollment and the expected follow-up time in the presence of exponential losses-to-follow-up are presented. When used with the expression for the non-centrality parameter for the test, equations are derived for the evaluation of sample size and power under specific designs with R years of recruitment and T years total duration. Sample size and power are also described for a stratified-adjusted K group test and for the assessment of a group by stratum interaction. Similarly computations are described for a stratified-adjusted analysis of a quantitative covariate and a test of a stratum by covariate interaction in the Cox PH model.
A constrained optimization algorithm for total energy minimization in electronic structure calculations

A new direct constrained optimization algorithm for minimizing the Kohn-Sham (KS) total energy functional is presented in this paper. The key ingredients of this algorithm involve projecting the total energy functional into a sequence of subspaces of small dimensions and seeking the minimizer of total energy functional within each subspace. The minimizer of a subspace energy functional not only provides a search direction along which the KS total energy functional decreases but also gives an optimal "step-length" to move along this search direction. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that this new direct constrained optimization algorithm can be more efficient than the self-consistent field (SCF) iteration.
The Tuskegee Experiment: An Introduction in Ethics for Pre-Healthcare Professional Students

Over the past years, professional students have had extensive exposure to clinical cases during basic science classes. With this in mind, we have taken this clinical case exposure moment to be an opportune time to introduce the ethics of working with patients during biomedical research. Our goal is to present a straightforward assignment that allows for active student research into the facts of the Tuskegee Experiment of the 1900s. The assignment provides the necessary background to allow for a student-centered discussion on the ethical issues of the events and ramifications of what happened. Thus, in educating a class on the event’s happenings, one concomitantly creates a platform for meaningful discussion on the principles and ethics of patient care. We have found that an ethics-infused event such as the Tuskegee Experiment is an excellent way to introduce students to these topics.
Handling small training sets confidence/accuracy with regard to new examples

It often happens that the number of samples available to train a discriminator is many fewer than Learning Theory tells us we need to accomplish the required accuracy/confidence. When you run up against a theoretical limit, only two choices are possible. You can accept the situation, or you can look for ways around those limits. This report suggests that there is a way around conventional learning theory and applies the new technique (called Margin Setting) to a difficult artificial problem to illustrate its power.
Law Reviews vs. the Courts: Two Thoughts from the Ivory Tower

Much has been made recently of the charge by federal judges that law reviews have become all-but-irrelevant to contemporary judicial decisionmaking, and that, as Second Circuit Judge Robert Sack put it, even when judges do use law reviews today, they use legal scholarship the same way drunks use lampposts - for support rather than illumination. This short essay - prepared for the debut of CONNtemplations, the online companion to the Connecticut Law Review - considers the possible role that the ever-shrinking scope of judicial discretion may have on the ability of jurists today to rely upon legal scholarship. Although the recent trend toward the cabining of judicial discretion cannot fully account for the extent to which judges are finding law reviews increasingly inaccessible, the essay suggests that far more attention should be paid to the effects vis-a-vis legal scholarship of this well-documented trend toward more rigid judicial decisionmaking. Moreover, to whatever extent that there is a correlation between the decline of judicial discretion and the growing complaints that legal scholarship is irrelevant and inaccessible, the essay suggests that online companions, such as CONNtemplations, may help make legal scholarship more accessible to those in the best position to use it - to practitioners.
The Stress-Strain Behavior of Mechanically Degradable Polymers

Non-linear constitutive equations are developed for highly filled polymeric materials. These materials typically exhibit an irreversible stress softening called the “Mullins’ Effect.” The development stems from attempting to mathematically model the failing microstructure of these composite materials in terms of a linear cumulative damage model. It is demonstrated that pth order Lebesgue norms of the deformation history can be used to describe the state of damage in these materials and can also be used in the constitutive equations to characterize their time dependent response to strain distrubances. This method of analysis produces time dependent constitutive equations, yet they need not contain any internal viscosity contributions. This theory is applied to experimental data and shown to yield accurate stress predictions for a variety of strain inputs. Included in the development are analysis methods for proportional stress boundary valued problems for special cases of the non-linear constitutive equation.
Abstract 13303: Improved Semi-Automated 4D Flow MRI Analysis in the Aorta in Patients With Congenitally Altered and Tricuspid Aortic Valves

Purpose: To systematically investigate a new semi-automated workflow for the analysis of aortic 4D flow MRI data. The ability to detect hemodynamic differences in patients with dilated aorta and congenitally altered aortic valve compared to tricuspid aortic valves was assessed. Methods: ECG and respiration-synchronized 4D flow MRI data were acquired for 20 patients with aortic dilation (sinuses of valsalva (SOV) diameter>4cm). 9 patients had a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV, SOV dia=4.3±0.5cm, age=56±6) and 11 patients congenitally altered aortic valves (BAV) (SOV dia=4.2±0.6cm, age=47±9). 4D flow data were analyzed using a new semi-automated workflow including standardized 3D blood flow visualization and quantification of net flow, regurgitant fraction and peak systolic velocity in 4 analysis planes (root, mid-ascending aorta, mid-arch and descending aorta). Inter-observer variability, quantification accuracy, and the ability to detect hemodynamic differences between cohorts were compared to flow quantification based on manual segmentation of vessel contours (reference standard). Results: Semi-automated 4D flow MR analysis reduced total processing time (40±16min) by 57%. Inter-observer agreement was good for all parameters (mean differences d Conclusion: 4D flow MRI-based analysis of aortic hemodynamics can be performed with good reproducibility and accuracy using a new faster and semi-automated workflow. Future prospective studies are warranted to investigate the integrating semi-automatic 4D flow analysis into the clinical workflow for the comprehensive evaluation of aortic disease.
Tunable Porous Silicon Mirrors for Optoelectronic Applications

Tunable porous silicon mirrors were fabricated as building blocks for optical interconnects and as a first step towards efficient routing of information on a small size scale. The basic structures for the tunable mirrors are porous silicon microcavities infiltrated with liquid crystals. The optical properties of the mirrors are influenced by thermal or electric field modulation. When the device is heated or a voltage is applied, the orientation of the liquid crystals changes, causing a change in the effective refractive index of the liquid crystals within the mirror. The position of the reflectance resonance of the porous silicon microcavity is particularly sensitive to such changes in the refractive index. A reversible 10nm shift of the reflectance resonance of the mirror, leading to a 30% change in the amplitude of reflectance, has been observed due to thermal effects. Not only do these results show potential for future devices, but they also confirm that the liquid crystals are able to rotate in the constricted geometry of the porous silicon microcavities. For voltage driven devices, careful attention needs to be given to the configuration of the electrical contacts. The effectiveness of various device geometries has been investigated. Using standard lithographic techniques, aluminum contacts with minimum feature sizes of 10 microns were patterned directly on the porous silicon surface. A study on the use of free-standing porous silicon films was also performed.
Analysis of pollution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of gangue piling site

In this paper,an example of the Hongshaquan pit coal mining area,analysis and assessment of the different distance heavy metals in soils of the gangue piling sites.Analyzing heavy metals including Zn,Cu,Cr,Hg,As and Pb,this study using multivariate statistical analysis,principal component analysis,pollution assessment and based on the laboratory analysis on the soil samples collected from study site.The results showed that:Soil heavy metal contents of Cr and As were higher than the regional background value2.15 and 2.31 times and higher than the second grade national standard of soil environment quality standard(GB15618-1995)1.74 and 2.31times;Hg higher than the regional background and lower than the soil environment quality standard.The amount of soil heavy metal contents were in the order as CrZnAsCuPbHg;From the relativity of heavy metals in soil was found that,significant relationship between Zn and Cu in P0.01 level,and it was comes from the soil parent material.Factor 2component Cr and As,andit was comes from the human factor.Significant relationship between Hg and Pb in P 0.01 level,and it was comes from the gangue piling site.From the distribution of the heavy metals in different distance can be seen,Zn and Cu distributed uniformly,along with variation of the distance Cr and As haven't any regularly distributed,influence region of gangue piling sites on Hg and Pb in soil 50-350 m.Evaluation results based on the pollution index indicated that soils were severely and slightly polluted by Cr,Hg,As and Zn,Cu,Pb.
The emergence of pioneering public health education programs in the United States

This paper considers the social forces leading to the establishment of pioneering public health education programs in the United States. Schools of Public Health emerged in the United States as the result of a confluence of factors, including the changing nature of higher education, the development of commerce and industry, the rise to prominence of the science of bacteriology, and the urbanization of the nation, all coupled with a pervasive spirit of utility and a desire to be, in a word, useful. Each line leading to the establishment of five public health institutions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-M.I.T., Yale, Michigan, and Pennsylvania is explored.
Precise Genome Modification Using Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides and Peptide Nucleic Acids

Many genetic disorders are caused by single base pair mutations which lead to defective protein synthesis. In addition to gene replacement therapy, modification of genomic DNA sequences at specific sites has been employed to manipulate the function and expression of various genes, which are implicated in various genetic disorders. On this front, triplex technology has been used to alter the expression of different genes by correcting mutations site specifically via homologous recombination (HR) or targeted mutagenesis based mechanisms. In this chapter we will discuss the advances made in triplex technology involving triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for site specific genome editing.
Effectiveness of addition of intrathecal tramadol with hyperbaric bupivacaine in prevention of shivering in parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: A randomized Placebo-controlled study

Context: Intravenous (IV) tramadol has been in use for the treatment of postanesthetic shivering. Aims: To assess the efficacy of addition of tramadol to bupivacaine in subarachnoid block to reduce the incidence of shivering. Settings and Design: The study was conducted as a single-blind study in a 350-bedded teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: One hundred parturients undergoing cesarean section were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each. Group T received 0.2 mL (10 mg) of tramadol with 2 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine. The presence of shivering was noted intraoperatively and postoperatively. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test (two-tailed, independent) was applied for continuous variables and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was applied for categorical variables between the two groups. Results: Shivering was noted in 66% of the patients in Group NS as against the 16% noted in Group T with a majority of the cases (88%) noted in the intraoperative period. The mean duration to the two-segment regression was 135 ± 26 min in Group T versus 104 ± 22 min in Group NS and duration to 1-grade motor block regression was 128 ± 21 min in Group T versus 103 ± 18 min in Group NS. The analgesic effect of the block lasted for a mean duration of 232 min in Group T and 176 min in Group NS while nausea and vomiting were increased in group T versus NS. Conclusions: Tramadol (10 mg), along with bupivacaine given intrathecally plays a significant role in reducing the incidence of anesthesia-induced shivering in parturients while prolonging both the sensory and motor components of the subarachnoid block.
Trends in Electromagnetic Research

Electromagnetic wave research has been advancing along three basic trends that characterize scientific research in general.
OPTIMUM COORDINATION OF LARGE POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

This paper deals with multilevel optimization and optimum coordination of large scale dynamic systems as exemplified by large power plants. A new method of coordination is used to guarantee that the subsystem performance indexes are degraded minimally in the process of seeking an optimum for the overall system performance. The method of structural decomposition allows one to work with detailed models derived from physical principles and design data for the individual subsystems. Consider that each subsystem has been optimized separately using an appropriate vector performance index. Assume that one has also obtained the noninferior surface of each subsystem. The overall problem is then viewed as choosing a point “nearest” to the noninferior surface of each subsystem such that when the subsystems are operating at these points, a) the solutions of the subsystems are coordinated (i.e., the interconnection errors approach zero) and b) the coordinates of the vector points satisfy the design requirements of the overall system. The coordination procedure is illustrated for the case of a coal fired plant. The superiority of the coordinated control strategy is illustrated by comparing the plant performance with those resulting from the conventional boiler following and from the turbine following control schemes.
4 – FORAGES AND ANIMAL NUTRITION: THE BASICS

Harvested forages are effectively utilized only by ungulate herbivores equipped with specialized digestive systems, either ruminant or cecal digestive system. Both of these digestive systems enable ungulate herbivores to digest plant fiber, high in plant cell walls, by microbial fermentation. The fermentation process by bacteria and protozoa are similar in both systems, but the anatomy of the respective systems is substantially different. A ruminant is any even-toed, hoofed mammal that chews the cud and has a four-chambered stomach. In addition to the domesticated farm animal species such as cattle, sheep, and goats, Ruminantia (the animal taxon including all ruminant families) also includes semidomesticated and wild animal species such as yak, buffalo, camel, llama, bison, muskox, reindeer, caribou, antelope, deer, elk, and moose. The ability of the ruminant to convert organic substances not usable by humans and other monogastric animals, such as most forage, into human food of high quality and desirabilty is a truly great natural phenomena and benefit to humankind. The principal cecal-digesting, nonruminant, ungulate herbivore is the horse. The single-compartment stomach of the horse is relatively small and functions mainly for storage and regulation of ingesta reaching the small intestine. The cecum is the blind sac appended to the posterior end of the small intestines and forms the forepart of the large intestine of the horse. Although it comprises only about 10% of the digestive tract in the horse, it has some functional similarities to the rumen.
Synthesis of Highly Dispersed and Highly Stable Supported Au–Pt Bimetallic Catalysts by a Two-Step Method

Highly dispersed and highly stable supported bimetallic catalysts were prepared using a two-step process. Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were first deposited on porous γ-Al2O3 particles by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Au NPs were synthesized by using gold(III) chloride as the Au precursor, and then immobilized on ALD Pt/γ-Al2O3 particles. The Au–Pt bimetallic catalysts were highly active and highly stable in a vigorously stirred liquid phase reaction of glucose oxidation.
A Holistic Approach for Improving Visual Environment in Private Offices

Visual comfort is one of the main priorities in designing working and living environments. An efficient design of an office space however should also take into account its energy performance, and the connection to the outdoors. The latter is a poorly studied but critical factor connected to the overall visual satisfaction in the interior. While new designs offer freedom to the architects in terms of orientations, window-to-wall ratios and high performance glazing systems, existing spaces require more targeted and effective retrofit solutions, mostly connected to shading devices and automatic control systems or even the potential adjustment of the positional layout in the interior. Glare from daylight is a common issue in building perimeter zones with large facades that highly affects productivity and occupant comfort, therefore its mitigation should be considered as a priority. Then, maximizing the lighting energy performance or the degree of connection to the outdoors should be secondary decisions connected to the use of the space. Several indicators have been developed to quantify the degree of visual discomfort, and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) is widely accepted as an appropriate index. However, in this study, due to limitations of the applicability of DGP in cases with the sun visible through roller shades, an alternative criterion is being used, based on thresholds for the direct and total vertical illuminance on the eye. In compliance with IES Standard LM-83-12, the continuous daylight autonomy is used to assess the lighting energy performance of the space, while for the connection to the outdoors, the newly developed Effective Outside View index is extended in order to quantify the case of dynamic shading systems. The triple visual environment criterion allows a holistic evaluation of the visual environment in private offices with roller shades.
Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

BackgroundAntihypertension medication (antihypertensive) adherence lowers risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); few studies have examined this association among older adults. Methods and ResultsWe ...
High Tolerance to Iron Contamination in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells.

The relationship between charge-carrier lifetime and the tolerance of lead halide perovskite (LHP) solar cells to intrinsic point defects has drawn much attention by helping to explain rapid improvements in device efficiencies. However, little is known about how charge-carrier lifetime and solar cell performance in LHPs are affected by extrinsic defects (i.e., impurities), including those that are common in manufacturing environments and known to introduce deep levels in other semiconductors. Here, we evaluate the tolerance of LHP solar cells to iron introduced via intentional contamination of the feedstock and examine the root causes of the resulting efficiency losses. We find that comparable efficiency losses occur in LHPs at feedstock iron concentrations approximately 100 times higher than those in p-type silicon devices. Photoluminescence measurements correlate iron concentration with nonradiative recombination, which we attribute to the presence of deep-level iron interstitials, as calculated from fi...
Inconsistencies with screening for traumatic brain injury in spinal cord injury across the continuum of care.

AbstractObjective: Explore how traumatic brain injury (TBI) is screened among spinal cord injury (SCI) patients across the continuum of care.Design: Retrospective chart reviewSetting: Emergency department, trauma, inpatient rehabilitationParticipants: 325 patients with SCI from inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) between March 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 were screened. 49 eligible subjects had traumatic SCI and received care in adjoining acute care (AC) hospital.Outcome Measures: Demographic characteristics and variables that capture diagnosis of TBI/SCI included documentation from ambulance, emergency department, AC, and IRF including ICD-9 codes, altered mental status, loss of consciousness (LOC), Glasgow Coma Score, Post Traumatic Amnesia (PTA), neuroimaging, and cognitive assessments.Results: Participants were male (81%), white (55%), privately insured (49%), and aged 39.3±18.0 years with 51% paraplegic and 49% tetraplegic. Mechanisms of injury were gunshot wound (31%), fall (29%), and motor veh...
A computational model of 1,5‐AG dynamics during pregnancy

The importance of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as an intermediate biomarker for diabetic pregnancy is multi-fold: (1) it serves as a reliable indicator of moderate-level glycemic control, especially during early gestation; (2) it has been associated with increased risk of diabetes, independent of HbA1c and fasting glucose; and (3) it is an independent risk factor for the development of eclampsia during pregnancy. However, the clinical use of this biomarker during pregnancy has been underutilized due to physiological changes in glomerular filtration rate, plasma volume, and other hemodynamic parameters which have been hypothesized to bias gestational serum 1,5-AG concentrations. Here, we develop an in-silico model of gestational 1,5-AG by combining pre-existing physiological data in the literature with a two-compartment mathematical model, building off of a previous kinetic model described by Stickle and Turk (1997) Am. J. Physiol., 273, E821. Our model quantitatively characterizes how renal and hemodynamic factors impact measured 1,5-AG during normal pregnancy and during pregnancy with gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus. During both normal and diabetic pregnancy, we find that a simple two-compartment model of 1,5-AG kinetics, with all parameters but reabsorption fraction adjusted for time in pregnancy, efficiently models 1,5-AG kinetics throughout the first two trimesters. Allowing reabsorption fraction to decrease after 25 weeks permits parameters closer to expected physiological values during the last trimester. Our quantitative model of 1,5-AG confirms the involvement of hypothesized renal and hemodynamic mechanisms during pregnancy, clarifying the expected trends in 1,5-AG to aid clinical interpretation. Further research and data may elucidate biological changes during the third trimester that account for the drop in 1,5-AG concentrations, and clarify physiological differences between diabetes subtypes during pregnancy.
VFAB: A Novel 2-Stage STTRAM Sensing Using Voltage Feedback and Boosting

Spin-torque-transfer RAM (STTRAM) is a promising technology for high density on-chip cache due to low standby power and high speed. However, the process variation of STTRAM poses serious challenge to sensing. We propose a non-destructive and low-power sensing scheme that exploits a voltage feedback and boosting technique to develop large sense margin. Monte Carlo simulation results in ST Microelectronics 65-nm technology show that the proposed sensing circuit achieves 807-mV worst case sense margin on average, read access pass yield of $14.4\sigma $ in typical corner and $4.7\times $ reduction in read power compared to conventional voltage sensing.
Pressure-Induced Interlamellar Stromal Keratitis and Persistent Epithelial Defect (PED) Masquerade Syndrome

The reader must recognize that not all flap interface haze appearing after LASIK represents DLK or infection. Interface fluid is usually the result of elevated IOP, frequently steroid induced. The fluid may be space occupying, resulting in falsely low IOP measurements on applanation tonometry, or non-space occupying, allowing accurate pressure measurement. If presumed DLK does not respond to a regimen of frequent topical steroids, then consider elevated IOP as the etiology (pressure-induced interlamellar stromal keratitis). Management consists of discontinuation of the topical steroid and lowering of the IOP.
Pressure-Volume Loops in Clinical Research∗: A Contemporary View

Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) depends on ventricular contractility, afterload, and preload. Preload is related to end-diastolic volume (EDV) and pressure; the relationship between these 2 parameters (the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship, EDPVR) indexes the degree of ventricular
Assessing the ecological condition of a coastal plain watershed using a probabilistic survey design.

Using a probabilistic survey design, we assessed the ecologicalcondition of the Florida (U.S.A.) portion of the Escambia Riverwatershed using selected environmental and benthicmacroinvertebrate data. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at 28sites during July-August 1996, and 3414 individuals wereidentified. Taxonomic data were distilled into the 8 m ofthe Stream Condition Index (SCI), developed specifically forFlorida waterways, and sites were classified on an ordinal scaleas very good, good, poor, and very poor. The weighted cumulativedistribution function of the SCI showed that 8% (± 7) of thestream and river miles in this landscape were in very goodcondition, while 25% (± 7), 51% (± 16), and 16%(±15) were in good, poor, and very poor condition, respectively.The only environmental parameter significantly correlated withSCI was dissolved oxygen (DO), and two sites classified as verypoor had oxygen levels around or below 2 mg L-1. However, othersites exhibited similarly low SCI values without the attendantlow DO, implying that factors determining site condition werecomplex and multivariate. The results of this survey corroborateFederal and state assessments demonstrating that many locationswithin this watershed exhibit significant degradation.
Sociology for the Future Historian

Imagine it is 2050, and you are nearing retirement. You are a historian, mostly interested in the history of education generally and public schools specifically. You finally feel enough distance from the passions of the first two decades of the twenty-first century to consider writing about it. You have waited this long for good reasons. Your mentors in graduate school always insisted that you should never write about your own time and place. Let journalists and social scientists, concerned with the here-and-now, do their job and you do yours. A historian’s job is to understand the past, not the present. The passing of time will provide perspective.