cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperosmolar diabetic ketoacidosis-- review of literature and the shifting paradigm in evaluation and management

Abstract Background Hyperosmolar diabetic ketoacidosis (H-DKA), a distinct clinical entity, is the overlap of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Aim We describe the clinical presentation, metabolic aberrations, and associated morbidity/mortality of these cases with H-DKA. We highlight the problem areas of medical care which require particular attention when caring for pediatric diabetes patients presenting with H-DKA. Methods In our study we reviewed the literature back to 1963 and retrieved twenty-four cases meeting the criteria of H-DKA: glucose >600 mg/dL, pH 320 mOsm/kg, while adding three cases from our institution. Results Average age of presentation of H-DKA was 10.2 years ± 4.5 years in females and 13.3 years ± 4 years in males, HbA1c was 13%. Biochemical parameters were consistent with severe dehydration: serum osmolality = 394.8±55 mOsm/kg, BUN = 48±22 mg/dL, creatinine = 2.81±1.03 mg/dL. Acute kidney injury, present in 12 cases, was the most frequent end-organ complication. Conclusion Multi-organ involvement with AKI, rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, neurological and cardiac issues such as arrhythmias, are common in H-DKA. Aggressive fluid management, insulin therapy and supportive care can prevent acute and long term adverse outcomes in children and adolescents.
STARD Adherence in an Interventional Radiology Guideline for Diagnostic Arteriography.

Objective: To assess the quality of reporting in diagnostic accuracy studies (DAS) referenced by the Quality Improvement Guidelines for Diagnostic Arteriography and their adherence to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) statement.Materials and Methods: Citations specific to the Society of Interventional Radiology's Quality Improvement Guidelines for Diagnostic Arteriography were collected. Using the 34-item STARD checklist, two authors in a duplicate and blinded fashion documented the number of items reported per diagnostic accuracy study. Authors met, and any discrepancies were resolved in a resolution meeting.Results: Of the 26 diagnostic accuracy studies included, the mean number of STARD items reported was 17.8 (SD ± 3.1). The median adherence was 18 (IQR, 17-19) items. Ten articles were published prior to 2003, the original date of STARD publication, and 16 articles were published after 2003. The mean number of reported items for the articles published prior to STARD 2003, and after STARD 2003 was 17.4 (SD ± 2.4) and 18.1 (SD ± 3.5), respectively. There were 14 STARD items that demonstrated an adherence of 75%.Conclusion: The dichotomous distribution of adherence to the STARD statement by DAS investigated demonstrates that areas of deficient reporting may be present and require attention to ensure complete and transparent reporting in the future.
The 1995 U.S. Deep Probe Project

The 1995 U.S. Deep Probe active source seismic experiment consisted of a number of large chemical explosions recorded by 750 seismographs deployed at 1.25 km intervals along a roughly north-south line which extended along the North American Cordillera and across the Alberta plains from southern New Mexico to Edmonton, Alberta. The experiment has revealed profound differences in the structure of the crust and upper mantle north and south of the east-west trending Archean-Proterozoic boundary in southern Wyoming known as the Cheyenne belt. The most prominent difference in the seismic crustal signature is the presence of high velocity lower crustal refractions in the Archean terranes, signals which are conspicuously absent from the records from Proterozoic crust.
Evaluation of Nitroheterocyclic Radiosensitizers Using Spheroids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the studies regarding in vitro testing of sensitizers largely using multicell spheroids, and presents the optimistic and pessimistic views as to the future of hypoxic cell sensitizers in the clinical setting. Some nitroheterocycles show promise for enhancing the response of selected tumors to radiation. Use of the drugs in humans is predicated on the belief that the presence of hypoxic cells within some tumors limits the success of conventional radiotherapy; however, in many tumors, conclusive evidence supporting this prejudice is lacking. The development of new drugs may be self-limiting as nitroheterocycles that are more effective as sensitizers are generally more reactive at a biochemical level. The effects of the nitroheterocycles can be observed under controlled and quantifiable conditions, and the roles of growth inhibition, cytotoxicity, and radiosensitization can be separated. The correlations between chemical and biological activities of nitroheterocycles suggest that at least with compounds that are effective as sensitizers only through the property of nitro-group reactivity, sensitization and toxicity are likely to be inseparable. As with most predictions, this may or may not be accurate. Combinations of radiation and hypoxic cell sensitizers with other modalities such as hyperthermia and selected chemotherapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, and even radioprotectors may improve the therapeutic ratio.
Robust position tracking control for rigid-link flexible-joint robots subjected to constraints

The purpose of this paper is to present a robust position/velocity tracking controller for rigid-link flexible joint (RLFJ) robots operating either on or off a constraining surface. The controller explcits aspects of the dynamic and kinematic models to provide a global uniform ultimately bounded (GUUB) stability result despite the presence of parametric uncertainty, joint flexibility, and mechanical actuator dynamics. The controller delivers the GUUB result for both position and velocity error. Is addition, the controller maintains bounded contact forces while the manipulator is on the constraint surfaces. Finally, it should be noted that the controller described in this development only requires position and velocity measurements from the motors and links.
Athena: a novel approach to efficient automatic security protocol analysis

We propose a new efficient automatic verification technique, Athena, for security protocol analysis. It uses a new efficient representation - our extension to the Strand Space Model, and utilizes techniques from both model checking and theorem proving approaches. Athena is fully automatic and is able to prove the correctness of many security protocols with arbitrary number of concurrent runs. The run time for a typical protocol from the literature, like the Needham-Schroeder protocol, is often a fraction of a second. Athena exploits several different techniques that enable it to analyze infinite sets of protocol runs and achieve such efficiency. Our extended Strand Space Model is a natural and efficient representation for the problem domain. The security properties are specified in a simple logic which permits both efficient proof search algorithms and has enough expressive power to specify interesting properties. The automatic proof search procedure borrows some efficient techniques from both model checking and theorem proving. We believe that it is the right combination of the new compact representation and all the techniques that actually makes Athena successful in fast and automatic verification of security protocols.
Adaptive Parallelism on Multiprocessors: Preliminary Experience with Piranha on the CM-5

Mechanisms for sharing multiprocessors among users are still in their infancy—typical approaches include simple space-sharing and inefficient, restricted forms of time-sharing. In this work we investigate a new alternative: adaptive parallelism [2]. Adaptively parallel programs can execute over a dynamically changing set of processors; many such codes can easily and dynamically share a multiprocessor by individually adapting to execute in separate groups of processors that may vary with time. Adaptive parallelism has been successfully used in Piranha, an execution model for Linda2 programs that turns idle networked workstations into a significant computing resource [4]. This work explores Piranha on the Connection Machine CM-5 multiprocessor. Our preliminary results suggest that adaptive parallelism can provide an attractive alternative to traditional methods for sharing multiprocessors among users.
Offsetting the CO2 locked-in by roads: Suburban transit and core densification as antidotes

Roads alleviate congestion, speed up traffic and lower CO2 in the intensive margin. This attracts more car-trips in the extensive margin. The combined effect often increases fuel used and CO2. How well can public transit offset the higher emissions caused by new roads? In a simple core-periphery model of Beijing, CO2 from road expansion in the periphery is difficult to alleviate by improving transit in the urban core, because (i) choice of car in the core is not elastic enough to bus travel time; (ii) trips are drawn from car to bus, reducing CO2, but trips are also drawn from walking and bicycling to bus, diluting the gains. Reducing core roads or making transit in the periphery faster draws population to the less congested periphery. These policies add to urban sprawl, but offset CO2 from cars more effectively. We show that both policies are more effective in compact cities in which cores are denser or when gasoline prices are much higher.
Quantifying impact of WIP delivery on operator schedule in semiconductor manufacturing line

Operator availability is crucial to throughput and cycle time in a semiconductor manufacturing environment. It is often difficult to determine the effect of a manufacturing practice that is well established. Where there is no automated delivery, work-in-process (WIP) transfer between processing equipment consumes operator time, and the effect is not well understood. This work quantifies the time and distance that a set of production operators spent moving product or WIP. This data was difficult to acquire, and was essential in establishing knowledge of current conditions so that improvements could be proposed. An example is provided of how such difficult-to-obtain data can indeed be gathered. At times, off-the-shelf technology designed for another purpose can be useful in arriving at a solution. A bicycle cyclometer, capable of providing time, distance, and speed readings, was adapted to function on a five-inch caster. This caster was installed on a common semiconductor wafer-box delivery cart. This paper describes the data-gathering experiment in cooperation with production operators. Learning from this experiment, including installation of the cyclometer, actual data, and how it supported follow-on improvement are discussed.
Sensitization of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 by different agars: inhibition of A rec and exr gene-dependent branch of the uvr gene-dependent excision-repair process.

—E. coli K-12 wild-type cells plated immediately after UV irradiation had a much lower survival on minimal medium solidified with agar-agar No. 3 (Oxoid), purified agar (Difco) or ionagar (Colab) than on plates solidified with laboratory-washed Noble agar (Difco). An intermediate survival was obtained on plates solidified with unwashed Noble agar (Difco). When irradiated cells were incubated in liquid minimal medium for various times before subsequent plating on agar-agar No. 3, their survival increased rapidly and became identical to the survival of cells plated on washed Noble agar. The same phenomenon was found with polA 1 cells, but no differences in survival on the different agars were observed with uvrB, exrA, recA or recB cells. These- data suggest that a repair process dependent on the uvrB, recA, recB and exrA (but not the polA) gene products is inhibited when UV irradiated E. coli K-12 cells are plated on minimal medium solidified with agar-agar No. 3, purified agar or ionagar. This implies that the uvr gene-dependent excision-repair process consists of at least two branches, one controlled by the polA gene and a second controlled by the recA, recB and exrA genes and inhibitable by a substance present in certain agars. For maximum sensitivity, experiments designed to study chemical inhibitors of repair should use agar plates that do not themselves inhibit repair.
Distribution and variation of plagioclase compositions on Mars

[1] This study presents the first global compositional maps of plagioclase, the most abundant mineral in the Martian crust. Linear deconvolutions of spectra from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) allowed calculation of average plagioclase compositions for dust-free areas on Mars ±60° of the equator (approximately 40% of the surface for this range of latitudes). As a whole, surface type 1 and 2 terrains are virtually identical with respect to their average plagioclase compositions, ∼An60. The majority of TES observations were modeled as labradorite and bytownite (between An50 and An90), while fewer observations were modeled with other plagioclase compositions that did not correlate with specific geologic terrains. The lack of diversity in average plagioclase compositions across multiple geologic units may represent an upper Martian crust with minimal variation in plagioclase compositions. Alternatively, aeolian, fluvial, and/or impact activity may have redistributed heterogeneous crustal material forming a relatively homogeneous, global surface layer.
Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation with change in posture: a preliminary report.

Background . Disease of the major vessels in the neck can disrupt autoregulation and lead to changes in the cerebral blood flow and cerebral autoregulation. These changes can be reflected by means of cerebral oxygen saturation. Methods . We measured cerebral oxygen saturation in 20 patients with atherosclerotic disease of the carotid and vertebral arteries and compared results with 10 normal subjects. Saturation was measured using a noninvasive near-infrared device, the transcranial cerebral oximeter. Results . There were marked decreases in cerebral oxygen saturation in patients with carotid-vertebral artery disease when the position of the patient was changed, from supine to erect. Conclusion . Changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation inpatients with carotid-vertebral artery disease may reflect disruption of cerebral autoregulation.
Self-perceived unpopularity: Its relationship to emotional and behavioral problems

Childhood unpopularity has been a focus of study but earlier studies have not highlighted children's self-perceptions and their relationship to childhood adaptation. The authors studied 404 children preschool to third grade to examine early risk and current factors associated with feelings of unpopularity. Children who perceived themselves as unpopular in grade three experienced multiple problems in functioning, although they were largely unobtrusive “silent sufferers.” Self-perceived unpopularity was most strongly related to current factors and served as a marker of emotional difficulties. Implications for identification of these vulnerable children and suggestions for future research are presented.
From Poisson to the present: Applying operations research to problems of crime and justice

In the 1830s Simeon-Denis Poisson developed the distribution that bears his name, basing it on the binomial distribution. He used it to show how the inherent variance in jury decisions affected the inferences that could be made about the probability of conviction in French courts. In recent years there have been a number of examples where researchers have either ignored or forgotten this inherent variance, and how operations research, in particular mathematical modeling, can be used to incorporate this variance in analyses. These are described in this paper, as well as other contributions made by operations research to the study of crime and criminal justice.
Molecular spectroscopy in biodiagnostics (from Hippocrates to Herschel and beyond)

Abstract After two decades of intense research on the spectroscopic properties of biological molecules in isolated systems, infrared spectroscopy is now being applied to the study of human tissues. Extending this approach, it is possible to use the sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy to probe the biochemical events underlying transformation from normal to a diseased state within tissues, and so develop novel diagnostic methods. We highlight some of the areas of research within our group aimed at developing clinically useful methodologies based upon infrared spectroscopy.
The Rise of the Choral Court: Use of Concurrence in the Burger and Rehnquist Courts

Justices’ goals when writing concurrences continue to elude scholars. This project extends Baum’s contention that justices’ goals are bifurcated. The authors argue that justices use concurrences as...
Living wall systems: evaluating life-cycle energy, water and carbon impacts

There is little doubt that covering the facade of a building with a vertical garden can achieve numerous environmental benefits, such as reducing the energy consumption and the overall carbon footprint. However, there remains a need to assess these advantages on a more comprehensive basis. This study investigates the energy use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from a vertical garden throughout its life-cycle phases (manufacture, transportation, use, and disposal). This includes a payback period analysis of the energy savings provided by the vertical garden over an assumed lifetime of 20 years. The primary findings of this study were that the use phase has the greatest impact, and that reducing energy and water consumption at this phase has significant impact on the total life-cycle burden. Suggestions were given for future design and evaluation of vertical gardens.
Skin necrosis and oral anticoagulant therapy: a review of the literature

In spite of the wide use of oral anticoagulant therapy, skin necrosis remains an infrequent complication. A thorough search of the earlier scientific literature in English revealed sporadic cases that cannot supply enough data about the nature of this rare phenomenon. More current articles have examined this complication with recently developed and more sophisticated hematologic tests. A summary and analysis of all reported cases (a total of 105) were undertaken, in an attempt to find a common denominator that would identify the possible cause(s) of the condition, thereby allowing for improved treatment. An imbalance between clotting factors, due to lack of protein C or factor VII, seems to be the most reasonable explanation for the phenomenon, although data to validate this theory are lacking.
Importance of Information Collection and Dissemination for Evacuation Modeling and Management

Information collection and dissemination for emergency management can be in different forms and nature, such as pre/post evacuation surveys, evacuation order from the officials during an emergency, pre-trip or en-route routing information evacuee departure counts, weather conditions, prevailing traffic conditions in the transportation network, and tracking of shelter information etc. Some of these may be more valuable if collected in real time, e.g. weather, traffic and demand conditions. However all evacuation related information can also be used for the long term planning and policy making as well. In this study, evacuation network performance measures and the reliability of an evacuation plan are discussed in terms of the impacts of available collected data and real-time information flow. Uncertainties in demand profile and the link capacities in the traffic network are tackled by employing a cell transmission model (CTM) based system optimal dynamic traffic assignment (SO DTA) model.
Instabilities in the solution of a heat conduction problem using taylor series and alternative approaches

Abstract A direct method for solving a heat conduction problem using the Taylor series is discussed. It is shown that the implementation of Taylor series for thisproblem involves the use of an ill-conditioned matrix. Alternative approaches using shifted Legendre and shifted Chebyshev polynomials with satisfactory results are given.
Natural history of vesicoureteral reflux in siblings

AbstractPurpose: We attempted to assess the natural course of vesicoureteral reflux after it was detected in asymptomatic siblings of children with reflux, and to determine predictors of and time to resolution.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records and radionuclide cystograms of 76 girls and 32 boys 2 weeks to 103 months old (mean age 21 months) with vesicoureteral reflux detected in a sibling screening program. Predictors were determined using logistic regression and survival analysis.Results: Vesicoureteral reflux resolved in 52.8 percent of cases at a mean followup of 18.5 months. Yearly resolution rates exceeded 28 percent. Predictors of the likelihood of resolution were not identified. At diagnosis unilateral reflux and mild reflux were independent and univariate predictors, respectively, of more rapid resolution.Conclusions: By showing that spontaneous resolution is likely for children with vesicoureteral reflux detected in a sibling screening program, this study supports nonsurgical managem...
Sulfoglycerogalactolipid from rat testis: a substrate for pure human arylsulfatase A.

Abstract The major glycolipid from rat testis, 1-0-alkyl-2-0-acyl-3-0-(β-D-galactopyranoside-3′-sulfate)-glycerol, labeled with [ 35 S]sulfate was biosynthesized and isolated. It was hydrolyzed by pure human arylsulfatase A. By each parameter examined, including obligatory bile salt requirement, MnCl 2 stimulation, pH optimum and K m , the conditions were identical to those for the hydrolysis of cerebroside sulfate, the putative physiological substrate for arylsulfatase A. Cerebroside sulfate inhibited the hydrolysis of the testicular sulfolipid in a competitive manner with a K i of 0.2 mM, which is similar to the K m when cerebroside sulfate is the substrate. The testicular sulfolipid, like cerebroside sulfate, is not hydrolyzed by arylsulfatase B. Thus, sulfoglycerogalactolipid appears to be a physiological substrate for arylsulfatase A.
Sums, products, and ratios for the bivariate gumbel distribution

We derive the distributions of S = X+Y, D = X - Y, P = XY, and W = X/(X + Y) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow the bivariate Gumbel distribution. The expressions turn out to involve several special functions. We also provide extensive tabulations of the percentage points associated with the four distributions. These tables-obtained using intensive computing power-will be of use to practitioners of the Gumbel distribution.
Publicsector worker safety and legal remedies

While much is known about the affirmative responsibilities private employers must undertake in order to protect workers on the job, the responsibilities of public-sector employers have not been heretofore addressed. This article analyzes federal laws that pertain to worker safety. These laws will be discussed in light of legal responsibilities placed on public-sector agencies to provide a safe work environment for employees.
Atomistic simulation of the glass transition of di-substituted polysilanes

Abstract Molecular dynamics has been used to determine the glass transition temperature of the amorphous phase of five di-substituted polysilanes from plots of specific volume versus temperature. In each case, good agreement was obtained between the simulation values and the reported DSC results. The effect of amorphous cell dimensions and equilibration time on Tg has been investigated. The use of larger cells provides better agreement with experimental Tg and probably more accurate densities as suggested by earlier studies. The effect of pressure on the Tg of two different polysilanes was also investigated. Although experimental data for comparison is unavailable, values obtained for dTg/dp are consistent with those reported for other polymers. Vectorial autocorrelation analysis was used to explore the mobility of the polysilane main chains and side groups relative to polyalkanes, polyphosphazenes, and polysiloxanes.
Effects of co-branding on consumers' purchase intention and evaluation of apparel attributes

Brand alliances have been advocated as a strategy to appeal to consumers by capturing favorable associations of two separate brands. Sportswear and fashion designer brands have consequently formed partnerships, although co-branding effects are not always as anticipated, and the effects of co-branding on consumer evaluations of apparel are unknown. This study employed a 3 (sportswear brand) × 3 (fashion designer brand) experimental design to test the effects of co-branding on consumers' evaluations of apparel attributes (practical good looks, comfortable fit, and value for quality) and their purchase intentions. Males and females evaluated the products differently. Males preferred branded over unbranded polo shirts, but did not differentiate a co-branded polo shirt from a single-branded one. Females preferred fashion brands and disliked co-branded polo shirts. All three apparel attributes significantly affected the decision to purchase a shirt for oneself, but only practical good looks and value for qualit...
Communication, values, and popular television series—A twenty‐five year assessment and final conclusions

Employing a dramatistic system based upon the critical frameworks of Kenneth Burke and Northrop Frye, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of primetime network television series from the 1974–1975 season through the 1998–1999 season is presented. A total of 1,365 series are classified as either ironic, mimetic, leader‐centered, romantic, or mythical communication systems, and then examined for their value orientation. It is concluded that during the last half of the 1970s, prime‐time television series promoted the value of individualism as a primary standard for resolving symbolic conflicts. In the first half of the 1980s, they promoted idealism and authority. In the last half of the 1980s and early 1990s, prime‐time series promoted the use of authority as the predominant conflict‐resolution value. In the mid‐and late‐1990s, primetime television series primarily featured alternating‐if not paradoxical‐values of individuality and authority as central standards for resolving symbolic conflicts.
An Improved Memetic Algorithm with Method Dependence Relations (MAMDR)

Search-based approaches are successfully used for generating unit tests for object-oriented programs in Java. However, these approaches may struggle to generate sequence method calls with specific values to achieve high coverage due to the large size of the search space. This paper proposes a memetic algorithm (MA) approach in which static analysis is used to identify method dependence relations (MDR) based on the field access. This method dependence information is employed for reducing the search space and used to guide the search towards regions that lead to full (or at least high) structural coverage. Our approach, MAMDR, combines both a genetic algorithm (GA) and Hill Climbing (HC) to generate test data for Java programs. The former is used to produce test cases that maximize the branch coverage of the CUT, while minimizing the length of each test case. The latter is used to target uncovered branches in the preceding search phase using static information that guides the search to generate sequences of method calls and values that could cover target branches. We compare MAMDR with pure random testing, a well-known search based approach (EvoSuite), and a simple MA on several open source projects and classes, and show that the combination of MA and MDR is effective.
Review for peer reviews

Peer review guidelines for science issued by the federal government which is related to regulatory topics could be tightened up under a 29 August White House proposal. The proposed guidelines were prepared by the White House Office of Management and Budget in coordination with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Abdominal organ transplantation in children.

Organ transplantation is only 50 years old, with the first kidney and liver transplants being performed in the 1950s and 1960s. While advances in surgical and perioperative care have been substantial, advances in immunosuppression have made possible organ transplantation with the excellent outcomes enjoyed today. Organ availability is the predominant limiting factor to transplanting children on the United Network for Organ Sharing waiting list. All patients receiving a kidney or liver transplant require long-term immunosuppression, which increases the lifetime risk of infection and malignancy.
Maximum patch method for directional dark matter detection

Present and planned dark matter detection experiments search for WIMP-induced nuclear recoils in poorly known background conditions. In this environment, the maximum gap statistical method provides a way of setting more sensitive cross section upper limits by incorporating known signal information. We give a recipe for the numerical calculation of upper limits for planned directional dark matter detection experiments, that will measure both recoil energy and angle, based on the gaps between events in two-dimensional phase space.
Fat free plain set yogurts fortified with various minerals

Abstract Seven different minerals (iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, chromium and selenium) were incorporated separately into the yogurt mixes at 25% of their recommended dietary allowances of 15 mg, 420 mg, 15 mg, 5 mg, 200 μg, 200 μg, 70 μg, respectively. The various attributes studied on the yogurts were viscosity, syneresis, color/lightness (L*), body and texture, appearance and flavor. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed for viscosity of the yogurts fortified with minerals when compared to the control. Yogurts fortified with iron, selenium and magnesium had better water-holding capacities compared to the control. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed for flavor and appearance scores of the yogurts fortified with the minerals compared to the control. Fortification of yogurts with these minerals can be accomplished without adversely affecting product characteristics.
Role of the American Board of Emergency Medicine in the Specialty of Emergency Medicine

Abstract [Munger BS, Whelan GP: Role of the American Board of Emergency Medicine in the specialty of emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med August 1997;30:219-223.]
Prospective randomized study of therapy in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection.

Thirty patients who met the rigid criteria for a prospective randomized study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infections underwent therapy with the three currently advocated treatment modalities to determine the efficacy of each form of therapy. Ten patients (Group A) underwent shunt removal and,
The family preservation evaluation from hell: Implications for program evaluation fidelity

Abstract This paper reports an evaluation of a federally funded family preservation demonstration project for substance abusing parents referred for child abuse and neglect and their children. Outcome was assessed with a quasi-experimental overflow design, supplemented by a simple, exploratory time-series design. Although the findings of the evaluation were largely null, the meaning of those findings were neutered by the ex-post facto claims of the project director that she covertly violated the design she had agreed to and helped plan. In addition to reporting the findings, this paper develops implications, based on the author's experiences in conducting the evaluation, pertaining to prevailing assumptions in the field of program evaluation about administrative and political pitfalls and about the influences of vested interests.
Orbital Ordering in LaMnO 3 : Electron-Electron versus Electron-Lattice Interactions

The relative importance of electron-lattice ($e\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}l$) and electron-electron ($e\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}e$) interactions in ordering orbitals in ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ is systematically examined within the local-density $\mathrm{\text{approximation}}+\mathrm{\text{Hubbard}}U$ approximation of density functional theory. A realistic effective Hamiltonian is derived from novel Wannier state analysis of the electronic structure. Surprisingly, $e\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}l$ interaction ($\ensuremath{\simeq}0.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$) alone is found insufficient to stabilize the orbital ordered state. On the other hand, $e\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}e$ interaction ($\ensuremath{\simeq}1.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$) not only induces orbital ordering, but also greatly facilitates the Jahn-Teller distortion via enhanced localization. Further experimental means to quantify the competition between these two mechanisms are proposed.
Explorations of Stemona alkaloid-inspired analogues: Skeletal modification and functional group diversification

A tandem Diels−Alder/Schmidt reaction provided an efficient route for the exploration of unnatural Stemona alkaloid analogues. Thus, a series of tricyclic scaffolds were efficiently prepared and then elaborated into seven sets of functionalized analogues. These derivatives incorporated appended heterocycles, such as indoles and quinolines, or other diversity-incorporating moieties such as carbamates and amines. Both the scaffold-generation sequence and the diversification steps could be manipulated to provide regio- and diastereochemically pure products.
Delay of gratification in first grade: The role of instructional context

Abstract Delay of gratification, an aspect of self-regulation, describes the ability to inhibit impulsive behavior and shift attention from temptation towards goal-directed behavior. The ability to delay gratification is a highly valued skill in the early years of school. Using a Child × Environment model, this study of 176 first graders investigates the combined contribution of children's ability to delay gratification and amount of exposure to three common instructional contexts across the school year in predicting children's academic achievement and learning-related classroom behavior. Two interesting patterns emerged. First, more time spent in non-instruction led to less fall-to-spring improvement in math and poorer ratings of learning-related behavior the lower a child's ability to delay gratification. Second, more time spent in teacher-managed instruction attenuated the association between low delay of gratification and poor school outcomes (i.e., math achievement, learning-related behaviors). Findings are discussed in terms of the varying amount of self-regulatory burden placed on children dependent upon instructional context.
Structural and functional response of toad urinary bladder to LiCl.

Abstract Structural and functional response of toad urinary bladder to LiCl. The physiological and morphological response of toad urinary bladder was examined during mucosal exposure of LiCl both with and without vasopressin (VP). With 20 or 100 mU/ml of VP in the serosal bath there was a decrease in J v between the first and second VP stimulation in LiCl-treated bladders (VP 20 , -14 ± 6%; VP 100 , -16 ± 5%) that was not different from that observed without LiCl (VP 20 , -8 ± 3%, P=NS). However, with 1 mU/ml of VP, a significant decrease in J v was evident in LiCl-treated (-30 ± 10%) versus control sacs (+6 ± 8%; P f ) and diffusional water permeability (P d ) were increased significantly with 11 mM LiCl only, while neither basal nor VP-stimulated urea permeability (P u ) was affected. Morphological changes paralleled the physiological alterations induced by LiCl. These data demonstrate that LiCl interferes with the osmotic response of the toad bladder to low concentrations of VP, and increases both P f and P d while leaving P u unaffected. These findings coupled with the cell swelling and intracellular vacuolization suggest the presence of a defect in transepithelial water movement somewhere beyond the apical membrane of the granular cell exposed to LiCl. Reponse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la vessie de crapaud au LiCl. La reponse physiologique et morphologique de la vessie de crapaud a ete examinee pendant exposition de la muqueuse a du LiCl en presence ou en l'absence de vasopressine (VP). Pour 20 ou 100 mU/ml de VP dans le bain sereux, il y avait une diminution de J v entre la premiere et la seconde stimulation par VP dans les vessies traitees par le LiCl (VP 20 , -14 ± 6%; VP 100 , -16 ± 5%), qui n'etaient pas differentes de celles observees sans LiCl (VP 20 , -8 ± 3%; P=NS). Cependant, avec 1 mU/ml de VP, une diminution significative de J v etait evidente dans les sacs traites au LiCl (-30 ± 10%) par rapport aux sacs controles (+6 ± 8%; P f ) et diffusionnelles (P d ) a l'eau etaient augmentees significativement avec 11 mM de LiCl seulement tandis que la permeabilite a l'uree basale ou stimulee par la VP (P u ) n'etait pas affectee. Des modifications morphologiques allaient de pair avec les alterations physiologiques induites par le LiCl. Ces donnees demontrent que LiCl interfere avec la reponse osmotique de la vessie de crapaud pour de faibles concentrations de VP, augmente P f et P d , mais laisse P u inchange. Ces resultats, couples avec le gonflement cellulaire et la vacuolisation intracellulaire suggerent la presence d'un defaut du mouvement transepithelial d'eau quelque part au dela de la membrane apicale de la cellule granulaire exposee au LiCl.
The robustness of neutral models of geographical variation

Abstract The approximation of diploid migration by gametic dispersion is studied. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into panmictic colonies that exchange migrants. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection; every allele mutates to a new allele at the same rate u . Diploid-migration models without self-fertilization and with selfing at the “random” rate (equal to the reciprocal of the deme size in each deme) are investigated; in the gametic-dispersion models, selfing occurs at the random rate. It is shown for the unbounded stepping-stone model in one and two dimensions, the circular stepping-stone model, and the island model that the probabilitities of identity in state at equilibrium for diploid migration are close to those for gametic dispersion if the mutation rate is small or the deme size is large. Explicit error bounds are presented in all the above cases. It is also proved that if the number of demes is finite and the migration matrix is arbitrary but time independent and ergodic, then in the strong-migration approximation the equilibrium and the ultimate rate and pattern of convergence of both diploid-dispersion models are close to the corresponding gametic-dispersion formulae. For the strong-migration approximation at equilibrium, migration must dominate both mutation and random drift; for the convergence results, it suffices that migration dominate random drift. All the results apply to a dioecious population if the migration pattern and mutation rate are sex independent.
Tasks of Infertile Couples

The author presents four psychological tasks that face infertile couples as they attempt to deal with the childlessness and restore stability to their lives. Each task is discussed with attention to how the nurse can assist couples in dealing with their infertility. Emphasis is placed on the role of the nurse as facilitator, with the couple being the ones who must work through the problem.
E-Beam Lithography Field Abutment Characterization Using A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Spatial Converter

A novel surface acoustic wave (SAW) structure was developed which accurately measures the abutment between adjacent electron beam field patterns. The construction of large devices (ICs or SAWs) requires a mosaic consisting of many smaller 60 mil fields to cover a six inch photomask. ()System software acquires field edge alignment marks with tolerance increments of +125 A. The SAW device examined converts a spatial error of 1 microinch (0.025 micron) into a frequency difference of 65 kHz. This variation is easily measured with great precision in the frequency domain using an electronic counter. The SAW geometry is a simple test pattern which is easily reproduced on most electron beam pattern generators and consists of a single level of metallization on a piezoelectric substrate. A second SAW 5 us pulse compression filter was constructed in 16 consecutive fields and analyzed with regard to abutment errors. Misalignment could be detected from the filter's time domain impulse response.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
UCSD High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment magnetic shield design and test results

Results are reported from an effort to define a passive magnetic field concept for the High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE), in the interest of reducing the detector-gain variations due to 0.5-1.0-sec timescale magnetic field variations. This will allow a sensitivity of the order of 1 percent of the HEXTE background. While aperture modulation and automatic gain control will minimize effects on timescales of tens of seconds and longer, passive magnetic shielding of the photomultiplier tubes will address 1-sec timescale variations due to aperture motions.
Doctoral Projects in Progress in Theatre Arts, 2007

This is the fifty-fifth annual report of dissertations in progress in theatre arts in the United States. The entries contained in this report were solicited from those universities offering a doctoral degree in areas related to theatre; the completeness and accuracy of the report depend largely on the immense cooperation of those students and faculty members who were kind enough to submit complete and timely information?either by e-mail, regular postal mail, or fax. A future request for information will be mailed in October 2007 for the 2008 edition. Please contact the editor / researcher if an institution is not already receiving the annual call for submissions.
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty—Indications, Technique, and Results

More patients are becoming candidates for total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), with an increase in frequency of the procedure paralleling the increase in other total joint arthroplasties. TSA is indicated in the treatment of advanced primary and secondary arthritic conditions of the shoulder after failure of nonoperative management. Studies have shown survivorship rates comparable with other joint arthroplasties at short-, mid-, and long-term follow-up, and substantial improvements in pain relief, patient satisfaction, and objective measures, such as range of motion, strength, and shoulder outcome scores. Complications can occur, however, and technical problems, such as component placement and fixation, are prominent features among unsatisfactory arthroplasties. Therefore, appropriate surgical technique is essential in minimizing complications and maximizing functional outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this article is to review the indications, surgical technique, and results of TSA. Careful patient selection, preoperative planning, surgical technique, and postoperative management remain essential to a successful patient outcome after TSA.
Fetal hemopoietic tissue differentiation and response by erythropoietin stimulation in an in vivo culture system.

SummaryMurine fetal liver was cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) either as the whole organ or as a cell suspension of equivalent concentration. Only the cultured organ was able to maintain erythroid differentiation during the 10-day culture period, suggesting the influence of maintaining an environment favorable to erythropoiesis. When diffusion chambers were implanted in bled host mice, erythropoiesis was enhanced in the cultured whole organ, but not in the cultured cell suspension, suggesting a cooperative action of erythropoietin and the microenvironment in inducing erythroid differentiation.
Cortical blindness in severe preeclampsia: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon-emission computed tomography findings.

Abstract Background: Cortical blindness is a complication of severe preeclampsia, but it is unclear whether it results from cerebral vasospasm and ischemic injury or vasogenic (hydrostatic) edema due to increased capillary permeability. Case: Reversible cortical blindness in a 33-year-old gravida 2, para 1, with severe postpartum preeclampsia after evacuation of a partial molar pregnancy at 19 weeks’ gestation is presented. Initial neuroimaging studies showed hyperperfusion on head single-photon-emission computed tomography scan, which corresponded with lesions found on head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Follow-up neuroimaging studies 2 weeks later, by which time the patient’s visual acuity had returned to normal, showed complete resolution of radiologic abnormalities. Conclusion: Neuroimaging studies in a woman with severe postpartum preeclampsia complicated by reversible cortical blindness showed that blindness resulted from vasogenic (hydrostatic) cerebral edema and not cerebral vasospasm.
Against Boghossian, Wright and Broome on inference

I argue that the accounts of inference recently presented (in this journal) by Paul Boghossian, John Broome, and Crispin Wright are unsatisfactory. I proceed in two steps: First, in Sects. 1 and 2, I argue that we should not accept what Boghossian calls the “Taking Condition on inference” as a condition of adequacy for accounts of inference. I present a different condition of adequacy and argue that it is superior to the one offered by Boghossian. More precisely, I point out that there is an analog of Moore’s Paradox for inference; and I suggest that explaining this phenomenon is a condition of adequacy for accounts of inference. Boghossian’s Taking Condition derives its plausibility from the fact that it apparently explains the analog of Moore’s Paradox. Second, in Sect. 3, I show that neither Boghossian’s, nor Broome’s, nor Wright’s account of inference meets my condition of adequacy. I distinguish two kinds of mistake one is likely to make if one does not focus on my condition of adequacy; and I argue that all three—Boghossian, Broome, and Wright—make at least one of these mistakes.
A PBL MODEL WITH ORGANIZED LARGE EDDIES FOR MESOSCALE-SYNOPTIC-GLOBAL WINDS

The University of Washington PBL model is a nonlinear similarity model (with organized large eddies in an equilibrium mean flow) suitable for km-scale to General Circulation Model or Climate numerical models. The theory and verification for this solution are now well established. Researchers who work with winds in the boundary layer with scales from point to 20-km regimes must be aware of this horizontal inhomogenuity in the PBL flow to avoid significant errors. Since the OLE contribute advectively to the mean flow there can be 10-20% (or more) increase in surface winds and fluxes over K-theory models. The model is described and several applications have been made
Position Based Directional Ad-Hoc Routing with Space Time Diversity

Self organizing mobile Ad-Hoc networks have gained much attention in the last decade particularly due to their ease of deployment in war zones and natural disasters. Because of the fact that the Ad-Hoc network is a virtual network created by the participating nodes, this approach can be applied to remote areas with no fixed networking capability, and is ideal for coordination in remote locations. Considering the sophistication of equipment capable of handling MIMO techniques and inbuilt GPS receivers, a simple two-stage method of forwarding the message is proposed in this paper. A low frequency broadcast containing GPS coordinates of the nodes is used for node discovery which is then followed by a directional narrow beam at higher frequency for data transfer. The knowledge of GPS location combined with directional transmission is expected to increase the performance of the network. The intent of the paper is to propose a simplified location-based Ad-Hoc routing mechanism and to examine its performance when combined with MIMO space time coding technique. The space time codes are evaluated over a Flat Slow Fading channel using various modulation schemes. The basic premise of the proposed scheme is simplicity and robustness.