cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Drugs in Veterinary Dermatology

A variety of new drugs have been used to treat dermatologic cases over the past 10 years. This article focuses on new drugs that have been used to treat atopy, infectious diseases, immunemediated and hormonal skin conditions of dogs and cats. Examples of drugs used in treating each category of skin disease are discussed along with the side effects associated with the use of these drugs.
The Economic impact of public agricultural research and development in the United States

In this article, we examine the relationship between public investments in agricultural research and development and the productivity-enhancing benefits they generate. Knowledge productivity functions are estimated for U.S. agriculture using data on multifactor productivity and public knowledge stocks. We examine the time-series properties of the data and compare alternative econometric estimation procedures. The results are used to calculate economic performance measures such as internal rates of return and benefit-cost ratios. The real rate of return to public investments in agricultural research and development in the United States is in the range of 8–10% per annum.
Problems in the interpretation of Ramapithecus: with special reference to anterior tooth reduction.

The dental proportions of Ramapithecus specimen FT 1271-2 (from Fort Ternan, Kenya) have been compared with undoubted fossil pongids from the Miocene of East Africa. Compared to its Miocene pongid contemporaries, Ramapithecus exhibits distinct anterior tooth reduction both in its incisor and canine dimensions. This distinction is most clearly seen in comparisons of Ramapithecus with pongids of similar cheek tooth size, i.e., Dryopithecus africanus and Pan paniscus. The differences in dental proportions between the phylogenetic lines of D. africanus to Pan and Ramapithecus to Homo are discussed in terms of various dietary hypotheses. The similarities in dental proportions of Gorilla and Ramapithecus illustrate their non-frugivorous dietary preferences, but have little or no value as far as the taxonomic assessment of Ramapithecus is concerned.
Analysis platform for hemodynamic function in congenital heart disease

Advanced Phase Contrast MR acquisition techniques such as PC VIPR [1] can simultaneously provide anatomical images and cine velocity fields with volumetric coverage. These data can be used for non-contrast enhanced MR Angiography, velocity and flow measurements, and the derivation of addition hemodynamic parameters such as trans-stenotic pressure gradients and wall shear stress. While this comprehensive information can be very valuable, particularly in complex congenital heart disease, the large data volume with high spatial and temporal information requires new approaches for efficient visualization and extraction of clinically relevant parameters.
Long-range three-body atom–diatom potential for doublet Li3

Abstract An accurate long-range ab initio potential energy surface has been calculated for the ground state X 2 A ′ lithium trimer in the frozen diatom approximation using all electron RCCSD (T). The ab initio energies are corrected for basis set superposition error and extrapolated to the complete basis limit. Molecular van der Waals dispersion coefficients and three-body dispersion damping terms for the atom–diatomic dissociation limit are presented from a linear least squares fit and shown to be an essentially exact representation of the ab initio surface at long range.
Selection of mutant human cells whose progression into DNA synthesis is sensitive to UV irradiation.

Puck & Kao's method [1] for selection of mutant cells has been modified to produce discrimination against cells whose progression into the S phase is not delayed by very small (7–15 ergs/mm2) doses of UV irradiation. A population of synchronized Chang liver cells was exposed to a sub-lethal dose of UV irradiation, then grown in BUdR and finally exposed to intense ‘visible’ light. In the unirradiated parental line, this treatment reduced survival to less than 10−4 (no colonies), whereas in cell populations pretreated with UV irradiation, survivors were consistently observed, and 13 sub-lines were isolated. Several of these sub-lines show persistent differences in morphology and growth rate, and one of them has a significantly reduced sensitivity to UV irradiation.
Effects of shrub removal and nitrogen addition on soil moisture in sagebrush steppe

Abstract I monitored soil moisture profiles in sagebrush steppe in SE Idaho, USA, for 6 years, a period that included four consecutive years of drought. Recharge of soil moisture was primarily the result of winter and early spring precipitation, and soil moisture declined during the spring and summer growing season. Recharge was substantially lower during drought years, and a single year of average precipitation did not restore soil moisture to pre-drought levels. Relative to control plots, there was more soil moisture on shrub removal plots and less soil moisture on nitrogen addition plots, particularly at depths of 100–180 cm. These differences suggest that in this ecosystem shrubs extract more moisture from deeper in the soil profile than perennial grasses, and that increased nitrogen availability can significantly affect soil water balance.
Soil pore-gas sampling by photoacoustic radiometry

Concentrations of volatile organics in a soil pore-gas plume were measured using a commercially available multigas monitor. The monitor is a photoacoustic radiometer (PAR) controlled by an on-board, programmable microprocessor. The measurements determine the extent and location of the vapor plume in the subsurface. At least twelve wells surrounding the sources are measured quarterly. The sources are located in former liquid chemical waste disposal pits and shafts at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The primary constituents of the plume are 1,1,1 trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethene (TCE), and tetrachloroethene or perchloroethene (PCE). Four quarters of data are presented for TCA. All were used primarily as solvents and degreasers. Previously the composition of the vapor plume was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS) methods. Photoacoustic radiometry and gas chromatography are discussed giving the advantages and disadvantages of each method, although in this program they are basically complementary. Gas chromatography is a more qualitative method to determine which analytes are present and the approximate concentration. Photoacoustic radiometry, to function well, requires foreknowledge of constituents and serves best to determine how much is present. Measurements are quicker and more direct with photoacoustic methods. Once the constituents to be measured are known, the cost to monitor is much less using photoacoustics, and the results are available more quickly. The photoacoustic radiometer uses narrow band filters in the region where trimmer or higher molecules have vibrational and rotational resonances, from 2.5 to 15 micrometers (4,000 to 650 reciprocal centimeters). The multigas monitor used is a Model 1302 manufactured by Bruel and Kjaer, a Danish company.
How Bumps on Whale Flippers Delay Stall: An Aerodynamic Model

Wind tunnel experiments have shown that bumps on the leading edge of model humpback whale flippers cause them to "stall" (i.e., lose lift dramatically) more gradually and at a higher angle of attack. Here we develop an aerodynamic model which explains the observed increase in stall angle. The model predicts that as the amplitude of the bumps is increased, the lift curve flattens out, leading to potentially desirable control properties. We find that stall delay is insensitive to the wavelength of the bumps, in accordance with experimental observations.
Studies on the synthesis and structure of mitochondrial DNA in cells infected by Rous sarcoma viruses and on the occurrence of intramitochondrial virus-like particles in certain RSV-induced tumor cells.

1. The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in CEFin vivo at 3, 4 and 6 days after infection with RSV (Schmidt-Ruppin, subgroup A) was progressively stimulated 2 to 4-fold as compared with that in uninfected CEF cells grown in parallel. 2. The stimulation of mtDNA synthesisin vivo upon transformation was found to be temperature dependent when the thermosensitive mutant of RSV, T5, was used to infect the cells. 3. In contrast to mtDNA synthesis, nuclear DNA synthesis did not differ in transformed and uninfected cells, nor did it change significantly upon temperature shifts. 4. MtDNA (monomeric and catenated dimeric forms) in transformed and uninfected CEF replicate by displacement synthesis. Various replication intermediates are described. 5. The restriction endonuclease EcoRI cleaves closed circular mtDNA from CEF at one specific site. 6. Heteroduplex molecules formed between nicked circular and/or EcoRI cleaved mt DNA molecules from uninfected and transformed CEF revealed, with a few exceptions, no detectable base sequence heterogeneity in at least 98% of cases. 7. Intramitochondrial virus like particles (IMV) are described in hamster tumor cells. The evidence suggests both engulfment of cytoplasmic particles by mitochondria and the presence of intramitochondrial incomplete forms of particles. Bromodeoxyuridine was found to enhance the frequency of IMV.
Glutathione status of isolated rat hepatocytes affects bile acid-induced cellular necrosis but not apoptosis.

An accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids is implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. In the present study, we determined if hydrophobic bile acid-induced cellular injury compromised hepatocyte glutathione (GSH) status, and if modulating intracellular GSH levels prevented or facilitated bile acid-induced cellular cytotoxicities. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with >/=125 microM of the hydrophobic bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), underwent a time- and dose-dependent decrease of intracellular GSH levels by 4-h incubation. This loss of intracellular GSH was not associated with an increase of intracellular GSH disulfide (GSSG). Rather, GCDC stimulated the dose-dependent accumulation of extracellular GSSG. The mechanism for extracellular GSSG accumulation by GCDC was through increased efflux of reduced GSH from hepatocytes into the media, where it subsequently oxidized to GSSG. Treatment of hepatocytes with GCDC (0-750 microM) did not directly alter GSH-dependent enzyme activities. The reduction of intracellular GSH with 125 microM GCDC correlated with extensive apoptosis at this concentration as determined by fluorescence microscopy of DAPI (4, 6-diamindino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride)-stained nuclei. Higher concentrations of GCDC (>/=500 microM) favored cellular necrosis and lipid peroxidation. Depleting GSH by treating hepatocytes with 1-bromoheptane increased their sensitivity toward GCDC-induced cellular necrosis, but not apoptosis. However, enhancing the hepatocyte GSH content by supplementation with GSH-ethylester (GSH-EE) failed to protect hepatocytes against either mode of cellular death. In conclusion, while GCDC-induced cytotoxicities were associated with an increased efflux of GSH from rat hepatocytes, GSH status modulated GCDC-induced necrosis, but not apoptosis.
Krebs cycle enzymes as tumor suppressors

Positional cloning studies in rare human cancer families have uncovered that two well-known metabolic enzymes catalyzing successive steps in the Krebs cycle also function as classical tumor suppressor genes. Germline inactivating mutations in succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase genes cause hereditary paraganglioma and hereditary leiomyomatosis/renal cell cancer syndromes, respectively. Constitutive activation of previously unrecognized and distinct physiological pathways rather than disruption of the Krebs cycle could be the cause of neoplastic transformation in these disorders.
Haven ratio in mixed alkali glass

Abstract It is known that the Haven ratios, H R , in mixed alkali glasses increase anomalously. The authors have attempted to explain quantitatively such anomalous behavior by introducing the thermodynamic activity term in the Nernst-Planck equation, which results from the attractive interaction between dissimilar alkali ions via oxygen ion. As a result, it was found that the apparently large values of H R in the mixed alkali glasses can be reduced to the same as in the single alkali glasses when corrected by the thermodynamic term. This fact also indicates that the ionic diffusion mechanism in mixed alkali glasses does not differ from that in single alkali glasses.
Green IT More Than a Three Percent Solution

IT infrastructure is definitely going green. From significant new regulations for IT equipment disposal to stringent energy-efficiency specifications for PCs and monitors to national standards for data center power savings, Green IT is an "in" topic. But many problems are unsolved. Information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure accounts for roughly 3 percent of global electricity usage and the same percentage of greenhouse gasses (GHGs), but it seems to have a far greater role in the green debate than that. Many of the solutions being introduced for reducing the carbon footprint via more efficient energy use worldwide are heavily dependent on IT - for example, improvements in the power grid, "energy-smart" buildings and cities, and so on. Here, the author examines green issues and solutions in IT infrastructure and give a brief history behind green computing.
Analysis of Topographical Changes and Adhesion Failures in Gold-to-Gold Metal RF MEMS Switches With Cycling

Topographical changes within the contact area as a function of cycling could be a critical factor causing failure and reliability issues in RF MEMS switch operation. In this paper, gold-to-gold contact, cantilever-type RF MEMS switches were tested (cold-switching mode) for different number of cycles, namely, 10, 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , and 106 . After the cycling tests, the contact area of each switch was scanned using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to quantify the exact gold-to-gold contact surface changes, leading to adhesion failures (at about 106 cycles). Detailed roughness analysis was carried out to better quantify topographical changes on the contact surface and relate them to failures. It was found that the material transfer from the top beam to the bottom substrate was dominant, and observed after only few cycles. Adhesion failure of gold-to-gold contact switches could be attributed to large protrusions formed on the bottom surface as the switch cycles over 105 times.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rapid Dissolution of Soluble Uranyl Phases in Arid, Mine-Impacted Catchments near Church Rock, NM

We tested the hypothesis that runoff of uranium-bearing particles from mining waste disposal areas was a significant mechanism for redistribution of uranium in the northeastern part of the Upper Puerco River watershed (New Mexico). However, our results were not consistent with this hypothesis. Analysis of >100 sediment and suspended sediment samples collected adjacent to and downstream from uranium source areas indicated that uranium levels in the majority of the samples were not elevated above background. Samples collected within 50 m of a known waste disposal site were subjected to detailed geochemical characterization. Uranium in these samples was found to be highly soluble; treatment with synthetic pore water for 24 h caused dissolution of 10–50% of total uranium in the samples. Equilibrium uranium concentrations in pore water were >4.0 mg/L and were sustained in repeated wetting events, effectively depleting soluble uranium from the solid phase. The dissolution rate of uranium appeared to be controlled by solid-phase diffusion of uranium from within uranium-bearing mineral particles. X-ray adsorption spectroscopy indicated the presence of a soluble uranyl silicate, and possibly a uranyl phosphate. These phases were exhausted in transported sediment suggesting that uranium was readily mobilized from sediments in the Upper Puerco watershed and transported in the dissolved load. These results could have significance for uranium risk assessment as well as mining waste management and cleanup efforts.
Springtime nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations in the southwestern Gulf of Maine

Abstract We report nutrient and phytoplankton pigment concentrations during three hydrographic surveys in the southwestern Gulf of Maine (GOM) during the South Channel Ocean Productivity Experiment (SCOPEX). During the first survey in mid-March 1988, winter conditions prevailed in the deeper central waters of the survey area, with a deep mixed layer, high surface nutrient concentrations (NO 3 > 8 μM), and low Chl a concentrations ( −1 ). In shallower areas along the western flank of the southwestern GOM and over Georges Bank, the spring bloom had begun with Chl a concentrations >2 μg 1 −1 . During the second survey in late April 1988, the spring bloom was declining in the southwestern GOM, and considerable spatial heterogeneity in the stage of the bloom and the levels of nutrients occurred. Near the sill of the Great South Channel, and east of Cape Cod where a low salinity surface plume had stabilized the water column, nutrient and phytoplankton concentrations were low (NO 3 a 1–2 μg 1 −1 . In the deeper offshore waters in some areas, the bloom still continued (NO 3 1–2 μM, Chl a > 4 μg 1 −1 ), while in the northeastern part of the study area it had just begun (NO 3 > 5 μM, Chl a 1–2 μg l −1 The spring bloom had terminated throughout the southwestern GOM during the third survey in early June 1989. A low salinity surface plume that entered the study area along the western flank extended east from Cape Cod to Georges Bank, resulting in a strong pycnocline at 15–20 m. Nutrient and phytoplankton concentrations in this surface plume were low in the deeper central region of the survey area (NO 3 a −1 Beneath this surface plume, subsurface maxima of ammonia and Chl a occurred (NH 3 > 2 μM, Chl a > 1 μg 1 −1 ). Over Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank, the water column was well mixed due to enhanced tidal dissipation, resulting in higher nutrient and phytoplankton concentrations. The nutrient and phytoplankton data collected in these hydrographic surveys suggest that phytoplankton abundance during spring is controlled by seasonal hydrographic changes. These observations do not support the SCOPEX hypothesis that dense surface aggregations of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in this region in late spring are due to unusually high phytoplankton productivity.
THE RESTRUCTURING OF LITTORAL ZONES

ABSTRACT Littoral zones are centers of community life in shallow lakes and reservoirs. Invertebrates and young fishes forage and seek cover among the bottom and plant habitats found inshore. Because boaters and swimmers scorn dense vegetation, lake shallows are defoliated with chemical herbicides or mechanical harvesters. Such wanton destruction of animal and plant life can be avoided by restructuring littoral zones. This architectural approach views lakes as aquascapes that can be improved for both recreation and biological diversity. A lake use plan is first developed from a hydrographic map depicting summer macrophyte growth and patterns of lake use. The lake is next zoned into areas of similar function. A management strategy is then tailored to each zone. Some lakes are managed for specific functions; others for multiple use. Intensive management is applied to open space zones for swimmers and boaters. Posting speed or time restrictions on power boating in these zones can reduce user conflicts. Prime ...
Urban Adolescent Mothers Exposed to Community, Family, and Partner Violence Is Cumulative Violence Exposure a Barrier to School Performance and Participation?

Using a risk and resilience perspective, the authors assessed urban adolescent mothers' exposure to community, family, and partner violence and analyzed the relationships between cumulative violence exposure and multiple school outcomes, within the context of welfare reforms. Positive attitude toward school and social support were examined as moderators of violence exposure on school outcomes. The authors pilot tested the questionnaire with 10 participants, then surveyed 120 adolescent mothers regarding their violence exposure, school performance and participation, positive attitude toward school, and social support. Results indicate very high rates of lifetime exposure to violence; intercorrelations and regression analyses indicate that as violence exposure increases, school outcomes tend to worsen, with positive attitude toward school found to be a significant moderator of the effects of exposure to community violence on behavior problems in school. Implications for researchers, practitioners, school policies and programs, and welfare policies and programs conclude the article.
The Sociocultural Model of Public Relations/Communications Management Practice: A Critical-Cultural Perspective

Using a critical-cultural perspective, the author proposes a sociocultural model of public relations/communication management practice that posits that the function's primary role is to shape, sustain and transmit organizational culture over time and through space. The model portrays public relations and communications management as fostering culture along four dimensions: personification, socialization, enculturation and adaptation. Through personification the communication practitioner creates a sense of the organization as a “being” and “as being.” With socialization the practitioner contributes to the processes of both integrating new members into the organization and enculturating members in the organization's values and beliefs. And, finally, in the adaptation process practitioners assist in implementing organizational change to manage environmental uncertainty. This model provides professional communication practitioners a deeper understanding of both the strategic significance of their roles in fu...
The effect of crack-tip point loads on fracture

The placement of a point load at a crack tip does not contribute to the magnitude of the stress intensity factors (SIF) at that tip. It nevertheless can couple with other SIF-producing loads and lead to a change in the potential energy of the system. As a result, the configurational equilibrium condition or the fracture criterion of linear elastic fracture mechanics is altered. The inclusion of surface stress leads to yet another point load with similar effect. In the context of linear elasticity, however, the change produced by surface stress is of second order, while that affected by a point force is of first order, in that the surface tension is actually reduced by an amount equal to the applied force. This is a situation in which the applied mechanical force combines with the so-called fictitious force in bringing about configurational changes. The splitting of a double-cantilever-beam by a wedging force, which is not the same as a crack-tip point load, is used to demonstrate that the wedging force at fracture is of the order of magnitude of the surface tension.
Photoluminescent Properties of Cadmium Selenide in Contact with Solutions and Films of Metalloporphyrins: Nitric Oxide Sensing and Evidence for the Aversion of an Analyte to a Buried Semiconductor−Film Interface

The band-edge photoluminescence (PL) intensity of etched n-CdSe single crystals is quenched reversibly by adsorption of the trivalent metalloporphyrins, MTPPCl (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin; M = Mn, Fe, Co) in nitrogen-saturated methylene chloride solution. The PL responses are concentration dependent and can be fit to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model to yield binding constants of ∼103−104 M-1. The MTPPCl compounds react irreversibly with NO in solution to form nitrosyl adducts, and these compounds reversibly enhance the CdSe PL intensity when adsorbed onto the semiconductor surface, also with binding constants of ∼103−104 M-1. Films of MTPPCl were prepared on CdSe substrates by solvent evaporation. These coatings serve as transducers for NO detection: while the bare CdSe surface shows no response to NO gas relative to N2, the coated surfaces reversibly enhance the PL intensity (CoTPPCl) or quench it (MnTPPCl and FeTPPCl), with binding constants on the order of ∼1 atm-1. In contrast to the PL results...
Alternative Models of Territorial Polygyny in Birds

Much of the empirical work on territorial polygyny has centered on attempts to prove or disprove a single hypothesis, the polygyny-threshold model. Here we advocate instead a research strategy of testing between alternative explanations for the occurrence of this mating system. To this end, we propose a set of models for the explanation of territorial polygyny. The models are classified hierarchically to facilitate testing. We outline general methods for testing the models and apply the tests in detail to four species. In all four species, polygyny seems to be based on female choice rather than on male coercion. For red-winged blackbirds, experimental evidence indicates that mating with already-mated males is not costly to females. Polygyny in this species is probably best explained by models in which polygyny either has a net benefit or has no cost or benefit to females and in which the degree of polygyny is increased by female choice based on territory quality. In pied flycatchers, polygynous mating doe...
Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra of alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides

In the 70 e V electron impact mass spectra of a series of alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides (Rϕ2PO, R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, neopentyl, n-decyl), molecular ions of low abundance are observed and [M + H]+ ions are formed to a small extent at high sample pressures. The major ions include [ϕ2PO]+, [ϕ2POH]+; [ϕ2CH2PO]+ and [ϕ2CH2POH]+ which are formed by rearrangement and cleavage processes. The chemical ionization mass spectra obtained with methane and isobutane reagents consist of [M + H]+ ions. The proton affinity of Rϕ2PO was found to be 219 ± 2.5 kcal mol−1.
Ordered horizontal Sb2Te3 nanowires induced by femtosecond lasers

Nanowires are of intense interest on account of their ability to confine electronic and phononic excitations in narrow channels, leading to unique vibronic and optoelectronic properties. Most systems reported to date exhibit nanowire axes perpendicular to the substrate surface, while for many applications (e.g., photodetectors and sensors), a parallel orientation may be advantageous. Here, we report the formation of in-plane Sb2Te3 nanowires using femtosecond laser irradiation. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and element mapping reveal that an interesting laser-driven anion exchange mechanism is responsible for the nanowire formation. This development points the way to the scalable production of a distinct class of nanowire materials with in-plane geometry.
Control and monitoring of growth of chromium nitride coatings using in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the energy range from 1.5 to 5.5 eV was used to monitor the deposition of chromium nitride coatings deposited by ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering. First, a systematic study was conducted on monolithic coatings as a function of each of the following deposition parameters: nitrogen flow rate, bias voltage, and target current. In-situ ellipsometry data were analyzed and the composition of the coatings identified as a function of these parameters. Two additional samples were deposited using arbitrary initial deposition conditions and in-situ ellipsometry was used as a diagnostic tool that quickly indicated the required nitrogen flow rate adjustments to be made in order to produce stoichiometric CrN and Cr 2 N coatings. These samples were tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex-situ SE. Results derived from XRD and SE data correlated well and confirmed the growth of stoichiometric phases. Finally, in-situ ellipsometry was used to monitor the early stages of film growth and graded interfaces in CrN/Cr 2 N multilayer structures. The coalescence thickness of CrN on Si and the thickness of the graded region in multilayers were determined. In-situ ellipsometry was shown to be a production worthy technique for process monitoring and control of chromium nitride single and multilayer structures.
Synthetic and wild Asplenium gravesii

1. Asplenium gravesii Maxon, a rare spleenwort known only from a few localities, has been considered a hybrid ofA. bradleyi andA. pinnatifidum. A. gravesii was collected again at the type locality in 1954, and was also synthesized by sowing spores of the parents together in culture. 2. Leaf pattern of both synthetic and wild forms is more regular and symmetric than that of one of the parents,A. pinnatifidum. The synthetic differs from the wild form in having (a) pinnae more remote; (b) pinnae narrower at the base; (c) laminar margins less deeply dentate; and (d) sori medial rather than infra-medial. 3. Chromosome pairing behavior ofA. gravesii conforms approximately to that which would be predicted if the parents,A. bradleyi andA. pinnatifidum, are allopolyploid hybrids,A. montanum Xplatyneuron andA. montanum Xrhizophyllum respectively. 4. To reduce the confusion in identification that exists because of resemblances ofA. gravesii to several of its relatives, a key is here provided.
Multivisceral Transplantation: Expanding Indications and Improving Outcomes

Multivisceral transplantation includes the simultaneous transplantation of multiple abdominal viscera including the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and small intestine, with (multivisceral transplant, MVT) or without the liver (modified MVT, MMVT). This study reviews the changing indications and outcomes for this procedure over a 7-year period at a university medical center. This study is a retrospective case review of MVTs performed between 2004 and 2010 at a single center. All cases were either MVT or MMVT and included a simultaneous kidney transplant, if indicated. Graft failure was defined as loss of the graft or complete loss of function. Graft function was monitored by clinical function, laboratory values, and serial endoscopy with biopsy. During the study period, 95 patients received 100 transplants including 84 MVT and 16 MMVT. There were 19 patients who received a simultaneous kidney graft. There were 24 pediatric and 76 adult recipients (range 7 months to 66 years). Indications included intestinal failure alone, intestinal failure with cirrhosis, complete portal mesenteric thrombosis, slow-growing central abdominal tumors, intestinal pseudoobstruction, and frozen abdomen. All patients received antibody-based induction immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitor-based maintenance immunosuppression. At a median mortality adjusted follow-up of 25 months, 1- and 3-year patient survival is 72 % and 57 %. There was a learning curve with this complex procedure resulting in a 48 % patient survival during the period from 2004 to 2007, followed by a 70 % patient survival during the period from 2008 to 2010. Post-transplant complications included rejection (50 % MMVT and 17 % MVT), infection (>90 % first year), graft versus host disease (13 %), and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (5 %). Indications for MVT and MMVT have broadened to include patients with terminal conditions not amenable to other medical therapies such as slow-growing tumors of the mesenteric root, complete portomesenteric thrombosis, and abdominal catastrophes/frozen abdomen. Outcomes have improved over time with many patients returning to full functional status and enjoying long-term survival.
A Study of Hemodynamics and Coronary Blood Flow in Man with Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary blood flow was measured by the nitrous oxide method, and cardiac output was measured by the Fick principle, in a series of 31 human subjects with the clinical diagnosis of angina pectoris. Coronary arteriography was carried out on the same subjects as a part of the same procedure, and the extent and severity of the coronary artery lesions was determined. A numerical value was assigned to the severity of the coronary artery disease, an attempt was made to correlate the severity of coronary artery disease with the measured coronary blood flow and with various hemodynamic parameters which traditionally describe the systemic and pulmonary circulation. There was no correlation between any of the parameters measured and the severity of coronary artery disease demonstrated by angiography. It is concluded, therefore, that the nitrous oxide method for measuring coronary blood flow is not helpful in separating subjects with normal coronary arteries from those with coronary artery disease, nor are resting h...
Dielectric Breakdown of Porous MgAl2O4

The effects of controlled porosity on the dielectric breakdown of sintered MgAl2O4 were measured using an acoustic emission technique. Results are compared to a statistical model relating dielectric strength to a random distribution of spherical pores and the probability of pores aligned in a vertical column. Data are in good agreement with the model when only maximum pore size is considered.
Endovascular Treatment of Giant Aneurysms: General Principles

This article outlines the tools used by interventional neuroradiologists to treat giant aneurysms. The basic philosophy and techniques, including recent advances, are discussed in some detail. In particular, the relatively new stent technologies offer an additional weapon in the armentarium for treating these challenging lesions. Stent-assisted aneurysm coiling has significantly expanded the range of lesions that can successfully be treated endovascularly and represents a major advance in the field.
POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS IN IVY LEAGUE AND SELECTIVE COLLEGES

Summary.-In a 1991 report it was shown that many college women, especially conservatives, would not want a woman or an African-American to be President of the United States. Data are presented from a 1989 report by Persell and Cookson of 1035 high school seniors, showing Ivy Jxague colleges and other highly selective colleges appeared to discriminate against female applicants. Even though both male and female applicants were from the pool of what elite coUeges might consider to be the most qualified candidates, 92% of the boys but only 77% of the girls were accepted by the colleges.
The Classification of Magnetohydrodynamic Regimes of Thermonuclear Combustion

Physical properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) reaction fronts are studied as functions of the thermodynamic conditions, and the strength and orientation of the magnetic field in the unburned matter through which the fronts propagate. We determine the conditions for the existence of the various types of MHD reaction fronts and the character of the changes in physical quantities across these reaction fronts. The analysis is carried out in general for a perfect gas equation of state and a constant energy release, and then extended to thermonuclear reaction fronts in degenerate carbon-oxygen mixtures and degenerate helium in conditions typical of Type Ia supernova explosions. We find that as unburned matter enters perpendicular to a reaction front, the release of energy through burning generates shear velocity in the reacting gas that, depending on the type of reaction front, strengthens or weakens the magnetic field. In addition, we find that the steady-state propagation of a reaction front is impossible for certain ranges of magnetic field direction. Our results provide insight into the phenomena of MHD thermonuclear combustion that is relevant to the interpretation of future simulations of SN Ia explosions that have magnetic fields systematically incorporated.
Evaluation of the humoral immune response of CD rats following a 2-week exposure to the pesticide carbaryl by the oral, dermal, or inhalation routes.

The objective of this study was to examine the immunotoxicological effects of the methyl‐carbamate pesticide carbaryl via the oral, dermal, or inhalation routes. Male CD rats were exposed to carbaryl 5 d/wk for a 2‐wk period. During nose‐only inhalation exposures, rats received either 36, 137, or 335 mg/m3 carbaryl in acetone for 6 h. Air only and acetone/air controls were run concurrently. Orally exposed animals received either 1 ml corn oil or 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg carbaryl, while dermally exposed animals received either 2 ml acetone or 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg carbaryl on their dorsal flank for 6 h. Four days prior to sacrifice, animals from all exposure groups were injected iv with 2 × 108 sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) humoral immune response to SRBC was then assessed by measuring SRBC‐specific antibody‐forming cells (AFC) and levels of serum anti‐SR.BC IgM antibody, respectively, using the hemolytic plaque assay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Individual body...
Cognitive Representations of Self, Family, and Peers in School‐Age Children: Links with Social Competence and Sociometric Status

Attachment and social-cognitive theories of interpersonal relations have underscored the integral role that internalized cognitive representations may play as mediators of the link between family and peer relationships. 3 predictions consistent with this conceptualization received support in the present study of 161 7-12-year-old school children. In Part 1 of the study, significant connections were found among different components of cognitive representations, including social perceptions, interpersonal expectancies, and schematic organization and processing of social information. Moreover, generalization was found among children's representations across 3 interpersonal domains ― that is, family, peer, and self. In Part 2, negative representations of self and others were found to be associated with increased social impairment, including dysfunctional social behavior and less positive status in the peer group. Implications of the findings for theories of interpersonal competence and interventions with socially impaired children are discussed.
The Impact of Emotional Labor on Work-Family Outcomes.

Theory and research on emotional labor at work is applied to the study of the work–family interface to explore how emotional experiences in both the work and the family domain relate to the experience of work–family conflict and work–family enrichment, and ultimately attitudinal and health outcomes. Emotional intelligence is also examined as a moderator of the relationship between emotional labor and affective responses to work and family life. A model focusing on emotional experiences in the both the work and family domains is proposed and tested using path analysis. Results indicate that emotional labor in both the work and family domains relate to affective responses to each respective domain, which in turn relates to work–family conflict and work–family enrichment. In turn, consistent with previous research work–family conflict relates to domain-specific satisfaction (job, life) and health outcomes (burnout, depression). Partial support was found for the proposed moderating effect of emotional intelligence.
Transport Layer Protocols for Cognitive Networks

The cognitive radio networks or CogNets poses several new challenges to the transport layer protocols, because of many unique features of cognitive radio based devices used to build them. CogNets not only have inherited all features of wireless networks, but also their link connections are intermittent and discontinuous. Exiting transport layer protocols are too slow to respond quickly for utilizing available link capacity. Furthermore, existing self-timed transport layer protocols are neither designed for nor able to provide efficient reliable end-to-end transport service in CogNets, where wide round trip delay variations naturally occur. We identify (i) requirements of protocols for the transport layer of CogNets, (ii) propose a generic architecture for implementing a family of protocols that fulfill desired requirements, (iii) design, implement, and evaluate a family of best-effort transport protocols for serving delay-tolerant applications. Results obtained from ns-2 network simulator show that the proposed protocols have potential for significantly improving end-to-end throughput. For instance, at 1% and 5% packet loss rates one of the proposed protocol has shown about 21% and 95% increase in end-to-end throughput for file transfer application.
Elastic fields of a dislocation loop in a two-phase material

The purpose of this study is to set forth the mathematical framework for an efficient treatment of a plane dislocation loop in a two-phase material, and to carry the elastostatic part of the analysis far enough, so that the results are immediately tractable for applications to solid state. The two-phase material is idealized as two isotropic elastic half-spaces with perfect adhesion, while the loop is placed in a plane parallel to the interface. It is shown that the elastic fields can be obtained by differentiating two types of integrals and, thus, are readily evaluated for any shape of the loop for which the integrals are available from potential theory. Explicit results are given for circular prismatic and glide loops.
Primary Angioplasty Compared with Thrombolysis: New Issues in the Era of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition and Intracoronary Stenting

The past decade has witnessed a dramatic expansion in the scope of both mechanical and pharmacologic methods for opening occluded arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Although the relative merits of conventional balloon angioplasty and thrombolysis have been evaluated, this old debate is being eclipsed by new comparisons. New device technologies, such as intracoronary stenting; more potent and more fibrin-specific thrombolytic agents; and new antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents all offer the potential for improved outcomes. But despite these recent developments, the time-dependent open artery hypothesis--which states that the achievement of early, full, and sustained reperfusion is associated with better outcomes--remains essentially unchanged. This article reviews data on the ability of six revascularization strategies--stand-alone thrombolysis, conventional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stenting, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors plus thrombolytic agents, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors plus interventions, and the combination of pharmacologic and mechanical interventions--to produce early, full, and sustained reperfusion.
Conditional density dependence : The flow trigger to expression of density-dependent emigration in bay scallops

Understanding how biological interactions vary under different water flow regimes is important in systems that are known to exhibit fluctuations in flow due to storms, tidal forcing, or variation in habitat structure. We performed a series of experiments to determine the migratory response of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus Say, to changes in intraspecific density under two different, tidally oscillating flow regimes in the field: 0–0.10 m s−1 and 0–0.28 m s−1. Despite the bay scallop's ability to swim actively and achieve unaided bursts of motion covering distances on the scale of 0.5 m, the expression of density-dependent emigration was dependent on the presence of higher flows. In the low-flow regime, there was negligible emigration during 24 h at any density level (12, 25, or 62 m−2); however, emigration rate increased with density (0% at 12 m−2, 60% at 25 m−2, and 71% at 62 m−2) under the higher flow regime. These results demonstrate that flow can facilitate biological interactions, creating conditional density dependence.
Institutional discharges and subsequent shelter use among unaccompanied adults in New York City.

This study empirically examines the link between homelessness and discharges from other institutions. An administrative record match was undertaken to determine rates of discharge from institutional care for 9,247 unaccompanied adult shelter users in New York City. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis was then used to assess associations between different types of institutional discharges and the likelihood of persons subsequently experiencing extended shelter stays. Results show that 28% of the cohort was discharged from institutional care within the 90-day period preceding their initial shelter entry, with different types of institutional discharge associated with differences in subsequent patterns of shelter use. Based on these findings, transitions from institution to the community are potentially a key intervention point for reducing homelessness and shelter use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Student Perceptions of Diversity Emphasis Relate to Perceived Learning of Psychology

We examined the extent to which students' perceived inclusion of diversity issues in the Introduction to Psychology course related to perceptions of learning. Based on the responses of 625 students, multilevel linear modeling analyses revealed that student perceptions of diversity emphasis in the class were positively related to how well students believed they understood concepts and the extent to which they believed they learned concepts they could apply to their lives. We also examined the relation between individual differences (e.g., age, race) and perceived learning. We discuss the importance of including issues of diversity in psychology classes.
Hydroxyurea arrests DNA replication by a mechanism that preserves basal dNTP pools.

The relationship between dNTP levels and DNA synthesis was investigated using α factor-synchronized yeast treated with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU). Although HU blocked DNA synthesis and prevented the dNTP pool expansion that normally occurs at G1/S, it did not exhaust the levels of any of the four dNTPs, which dropped to about 80% of G1 levels. When dbf4 yeast that are ts for replication initiation were allowed to preaccumulate dNTPs at 37 °C before being released to 25 °C in the presence of HU, they synthesized 0.3 genome equivalents of DNA and then arrested as dNTPs approached sub-G1 levels. Accumulation of dNTPs at G1/S was not a prerequisite for replication initiation, since dbf4 cells incubated in HU at 25 °C were able to replicate when subsequently switched to 37 °C in the absence of HU. The replication arrest mechanism was not dependent on the Mec1/Rad53 pathway, since checkpoint-deficient rad53 cells also failed to exhaust basal dNTPs when incubated in HU. The persistence of basal dNTP levels in HU-arrested cells and partial bypass of the arrest in cells that had preaccumulated dNTPs suggest that cells have a mechanism for arresting DNA chain elongation when dNTP levels are not maintained above a critical threshold.
Cation−π Interactions with a Model for the Side Chain of Tryptophan: Structures and Absolute Binding Energies of Alkali Metal Cation−Indole Complexes†

Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of mono- and bis-complexes of alkali metal cations, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, with indole, C8H7N. The primary and lowest energy dissociation pathway in all cases is endothermic loss of an intact indole ligand. Sequential loss of a second indole ligand is observed at elevated energies for the bis-complexes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of these complexes. Theoretical BDEs are determined from single point energy calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) level using the B3LYP/6-31G* geometries. The agreement between theory and experiment is very good for all complexes except Li+(C8H7N), where theory underestimates the strength of the binding. The trends in the BDEs of these alkali metal cation−indole complexes are compared with the analogous benzene and naphthal...