cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going-to-scale with the Early Risers conduct problems prevention program: Use of a comprehensive implementation support (CIS) system to optimize fidelity, participation and child outcomes

The present study is a descriptive report of a comprehensive implementation support (CIS) service that was used to promote high levels of program fidelity in a going-to-scale intervention trial of the Early Risers conduct problems prevention program. The program was delivered across 27 geographically dispersed, elementary school sites over a two-year period. In this study we examined the level of fidelity achieved by program implementers across intervention components, the rate of child and parent participation across intervention components, and proximal child outcomes targeted by the intervention across two years of programming. Results showed that over the two-year intervention period the program was implemented with high fidelity, participation rates were acceptable, and children made positive gains on target outcomes similar to those found in previous randomized controlled trials. The results suggest that implementation support services may be advantageous in the wide-scale implementation of prevention programs that aim to achieve high implementation fidelity.
Changes in infectivity of Plasmodium relictum for avian hosts.

Abstract 1. 1. Establishment of infections of strain 1P1-1 of Plasmodium relictum in pigeons is reported, with frank parasitemias as high as 5000 parasitized cells per 104 red cells. The strain was maintained in pigeons by intravenous blood transfer for a period of 255 days, through 15 successive transfers. 2. 2. Blood transfer was readily obtained from canary to pigeon, pigeon to pigeon, and pigeon to canary. 3. 3. Mosquito transfer was obtained from canary to canary by the bite of infected Culex tarsalis, and from canary to pigeon by intramuscular injection of sporozoites into the latter host.
Cytokines: Making the right choice

Fred Finkelmon and Joseph Urban propose that optimal host defense against different classes of parasite depends upon induction of different sets of immune effector mechanisms, which are, in turn, dependent upon secretion of different sets of cytokines. The authors suggest that hosts identify characteristics common to parasites of a given type as those triggers that stimulate secretion of the proper cytokine set.
Selection on the codon bias of chloroplast and cyanelle genes in different plant and algal lineages

In the plant chloroplast genome the codon usage of the highly expressed psbA gene is unique and is adapted to the tRNA population, probably due to selection for translation efficiency. In this study the role of selection on codon usage in each of the fully sequenced chloroplast genomes, in addition to Chlamydomonas re-inhardtii, is investigated by measuring adaptation to this pattern of codon usage. A method is developed which tests selection on each gene individually by constructing sequences with the same amino acid composition as the gene and randomly assigning codons based on the nucleotide composition of noncoding regions of that genome. The codon bias of the actual gene is then compared to a distribution of random sequences. The data indicate that within the algae selection is strong in Cy-anophora paradoxa, affecting a majority of genes, of intermediate intensity in Odontella sinensis, and weaker in Porphyra purpurea and Euglena gracilis. In the plants, selection is found to be quite weak in Pinus thun-bergii and the angiosperms but there is evidence that an intermediate level of selection exists in the liverwort Marchanda polymorpha. The role of selection is then further investigated in two comparative studies. It is shown that average relative codon bias is correlated with expression level and that, despite saturation levels of substitution, there is a strong correlation among the algae genomes in the degree of codon bias of homologous genes. All of these data indicate that selection for translation efficiency plays a significant role in determining the codon bias of chloroplast genes but that it acts with different intensities in different lineages. In general it is stronger in the algae than the higher plants, but within the algae Euglena is found to have several unusual features which are noted. The factors that might be responsible for this variation in intensity among the various genomes are discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy studies of mixed-alkali silicate glasses☆

Abstract 29Si, 23Na and 133Cs 7.05 T NMR studies of sodium-cesium mixed-alkali silicate glasses are reported. The fractional contribution to the spectral intensity of the various Qn units and the values of the chemical shift tensors for each of the 29Si sites are determined as a function of alkali composition. Transmission electron microscopy of lithium-potassium disilicate glasses reveals no correlation between alkali linewidths and phase separation.
The largest corporate fraud in India: Satyam Computer Services Limited

This paper examines the largest corporate fraud in India at Satyam Computer Services Ltd. This fiasco occurred in January 2009 when Mr. Ramalinga Raju, the Chairman, confessed to an extensive accounting fraud that was ongoing for at least seven years. Since then, a large number of articles have been written on this subject. Most of this research has blamed the board of directors and independent auditors of Satyam for this fraud. While this paper does not defend or blame the auditors as their role is being investigated at this point, we argued that independent directors were following their roles as they saw it. We provide evidence that the directors raised objections at the questionable transactions. However, they viewed their role as ‘strategic advisors’ and not as ‘watchdogs’. We recommend that Indian regulatory framework needs to be strengthened and the roles of independent directors need to be clearly defined to prevent such frauds. The early examinations suggest that auditors at Satyam colluded with Mr. Raju in this fraud. We provide the shortcomings of the Indian auditing industry and argued that this industry is fragmented and needs consolidation. We provide recommendations to improve the auditing infrastructure in India that will enhance the corporate governance mechanism. This paper contributes to the literature by documenting Satyam’s fraud and arguing for the independent directors.
Mitochondrial DNA damage and altered membrane potential (ΔΨ) in pancreatic acinar cells induced by reactive oxygen species

Abstract Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the induction of acute pancreatitis. Mitochondria possess a distinct genome (mtDNA) that is more susceptible to ROS-induced damage than nuclear DNA (nDNA). The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of ROS on mitochondrial function and membrane potential (ΔΨmt), to identify signal transduction mechanisms activated by ROS, and to quantify damage to mtDNA in an in vitro pancreatitis model. Methods: Pancreatic acinar cells, AR4-2J, were treated with saline solution (control) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a representative ROS. Mitochondrial function was assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; to determine ΔΨmt, rhodamine-123 uptake was measured. Intracellular calcium levels and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity was determined; gel mobility shift assays were performed to assess induction of the transcription factor NF-κB. To quantitate DNA damage, a novel polymerase chain reaction–based procedure was performed. Results: Mitochondrial function and ΔΨmt were significantly decreased with oxidative damage. H2O2 treatment resulted in increased intracellular calcium levels, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and induction of NF-κB DNA binding. Treatment of AR4-2J cells with H2O2 resulted in selective mtDNA damage; nDNA was not affected. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that pancreatic mtDNA is more susceptible to oxidative damage than nDNA; this damage is associated with decreases in mitochondrial function and ΔΨmt and activation of downstream signal transduction pathways. Mitochondrial damage mediated by ROS may play a central role in pancreatic cell injury associated with acute pancreatitis. (Surgery 1999:126:148-55.)
Analysis of children's textiles and apparel product safety issues using recall data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission

Given the heightened concerns and awareness among US consumers regarding imported product safety issues, as well as today's businesses' strong involvement with product safety assurance, it is imperative for family and consumer science educators to understand issues surrounding the safety of consumer products. This study analysed product recall data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) specific to infant and children's products. The results indicated a high proportion of recalls from China as well as a high number of deaths/injuries related to strangulation, lead paint or falls. Commonly recalled products included hooded sweatshirts with drawstrings, baby cribs and children's jewellery. Educators in the textile and apparel field may want to incorporate information on the US CPSC, safety standards and various hazard types into their curriculum. Knowledge of potential hazards of these products would help students be better prepared for the future workforce.
Impact of health literacy on depressive symptoms and mental health-related: quality of life among adults with addiction.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy has been linked to health status in a variety of chronic diseases. However, evidence for a relationship between health literacy and mental health outcomes is sparse.
Age-Related Cone Abnormalities in Zebrafish with Genetic Lesions in Sonic Hedgehog

PURPOSE. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for photoreceptor differentiation and retinal cell survival in embryonic zebrafish. The study was conducted to determine whether adult heterozygous carriers of mutant alleles for the sbh gene display retinal abnormalities. METHODS. Retinal cryosections from young, middle-aged, and senescent wild-type and sonic-you +/- (syu +/- ) zebrafish were probed with retinal cell type-specific markers. Contralateral retinal flatmounts from these fish, and from adult albino zebrafish subjected to light-induced photoreceptor damage followed by regeneration, were hybridized with blue cone opsin cRNA for quantitative analysis of the blue cone pattern. Retinal expression of shh mRNA was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS. Regions of cone loss and abnormal cone morphology were observed in the oldest syu +/- zebrafish, although no other retinal cell type was affected. This phenotype was age-related and genotype-specific. Cone distribution in the oldest syu +/- zebrafish was predominantly random, as assessed by measuring the short-range pattern, whereas that of wild-type fish and the younger syu +/- zebrafish was statistically regular. A measure of long-range pattern revealed atypical cone aggregation in the oldest syu +/- zebrafish. The light-treated albino zebrafish displayed random cone patterns immediately after light toxicity, but showed cone aggregation on regeneration. Retinas from the syu +/- fish showed reduced expression of shh mRNA compared with those of wild-type siblings. CONCLUSIONS. The syu +/- zebrafish presents a model for the study of hereditary age-related cone abnormalities. The syu +/- retinas most likely experience progressive cone photoreceptor loss, accompanied by cone regeneration. Shh signaling may be required to maintain cone viability throughout life.
Renal pelvic wall thickening in childhood urinary tract infections: Evidence of acute pyelitis or vesicoureteral reflux?

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether renal pelvic wall thickening in active childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs), as demonstrated using ultrasound, is caused by acute pyelitis or by vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)-related chronic changes. Material and Methods: A total of 41 children with at least unilateral renal pelvic wall thickening as demonstrated using ultrasound during the acute stage of UTI, and confirmed using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), were analyzed. All cases underwent ultrasound studies at 6 months follow-up. Results: Using ultrasound, 50 halves of the pelvis showed renal pelvic wall thickening. In 27 (54%), ipsilateral VUR could be demonstrated using VCUG. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of renal pelvic wall thickening for predicting ipsilateral VUR were 79.4%, 52.1% and 54%, respectively. Only 2 (7%) cases presented with wall thickening at 6 months follow-up. Most of the thickening recovered after clinical improvement, although VUR beca...
Characteristics of bortezomib- and thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy

Dose-limiting peripheral neuropathy (PN) is frequently reported with the use of thalidomide and bortezomib, novel proteasome inhibitors. While these two agents have significant activity in multiple myeloma (MM), the combination and the associated PN have not been fully examined in untreated patients. The objective of this study was to report the baseline prevalence and occurrence of PN in newly diagnosed MM patients treated with bortezomib and thalidomide. Twenty-seven patients (11 men and 16 women) with previously untreated MM were prospectively monitored for PN. Total neuropathy score reduced (TNSr) was calculated at baseline and after every two cycles of bortezomib treatment. The median cumulative dose of bortezomib was 35.6 mg/m(2) (median 8 cycles) and of thalidomide was 16.8 g. Only three subjects showed mild PN at baseline (whole group median TNSr 0). At the end of treatment, PN developed in 26 patients (median TNSr 8). PN was of mild to moderate severity (TNSr grade 1 = 11, grade 2 = 10, grade 3 = 5, and grade 4 = 0). Nerve conduction studies showed axonal physiology in all except three subjects in whom demyelinating physiology was noted. The median TNSr was 17 in the demyelinating group and 9 in the axonal group. There was no significant correlation of TNSr with cumulative bortezomib or thalidomide dose. At follow-up, 80% of patients had become asymptomatic after discontinuation of the chemotherapy. We conclude that bortezomib and thalidomide combination chemotherapy induces a reversible length-dependent sensory>motor, predominantly axonal, large-fiber>small-fiber polyneuropathy. In a subset, a more severe demyelinating polyneuropathy may develop.
Mid-infrared HgTe colloidal quantum dot photodetectors

Researchers show that thin films containing HgTe quantum dots with diameters of around 10 nm exhibit a photoresponse in the mid-infrared that extends to wavelengths as long as 5 µm. Such films could become the basis of a new form of low-cost mid-infrared photodetector.
Augmented reality during robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: toward real-time 3D-CT to stereoscopic video registration.

Objectives To investigate a markerless tracking system for real-time stereo-endoscopic visualization of preoperative computed tomographic imaging as an augmented display during robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Methods Stereoscopic video segments of a patient undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for tumor and another for a partial staghorn renal calculus were processed to evaluate the performance of a three-dimensional (3D)-to-3D registration algorithm. After both cases, we registered a segment of the video recording to the corresponding preoperative 3D-computed tomography image. After calibrating the camera and overlay, 3D-to-3D registration was created between the model and the surgical recording using a modified iterative closest point technique. Image-based tracking technology tracked selected fixed points on the kidney surface to augment the image-to-model registration. Results Our investigation has demonstrated that we can identify and track the kidney surface in real time when applied to intraoperative video recordings and overlay the 3D models of the kidney, tumor (or stone), and collecting system semitransparently. Using a basic computer research platform, we achieved an update rate of 10 Hz and an overlay latency of 4 frames. The accuracy of the 3D registration was 1 mm. Conclusions Augmented reality overlay of reconstructed 3D-computed tomography images onto real-time stereo video footage is possible using iterative closest point and image-based surface tracking technology that does not use external navigation tracking systems or preplaced surface markers. Additional studies are needed to assess the precision and to achieve fully automated registration and display for intraoperative use.
Evidence for a critical wind velocity for air-sea boundary processes

Five thousand simultaneous wind and current observations at Amrum Bank Lightship are analyzed to contribute toward the solution of the controversial question of the existence of a critical wind speed for air-sea boundary processes. The observations are grouped according to eight wind forces (Beaufort scale) and subjected to harmonic analysis. The residual current is further analyzed to yield a current that can be considered as exclusively wind-driven. Upon plotting these current velocities W against wind velocities V in cm/sec, the graph shows a definite discontinuity between the wind velocity Groups 1 to 4 and 5 to 8. There is a marked reduction in current speed between wind forces 4 and 5 and a lower ratio of increase of W against V for higher wind velocities.
Noam Chomsky’s Views on the Psychology of Language and Thought

I would like to re-phrase the first question and ask what role other aspects of cognition play in the acquisition and development of language since, as put, it is not a question I can answer, I would want to regard language as one aspect of cognition and its development as one aspect of the development of cognition.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Types of Disease Progression in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Objectives: This session of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology workshop focused on disease progression in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Methods: The session included typical and unusual presentations of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL1 positive; Philadelphia chromosome–negative (Ph-neg) MPNs; and mastocytosis. Results: Cases of CML illustrated various manifestations of progression, with emphasis on criteria defining stages of the disease. Issues were discussed related to the patterns of recurrence in patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, including leukemic transformation occurring in a Ph-neg clone. Ph-neg MPN cases highlighted diagnostic approaches used to establish accelerated and blast phases, including cases with significant myelofibrosis and when an adequate bone marrow aspirate smear is not available. The session also included rare cases of aggressive mastocytosis. Conclusions: There was agreement that a definitive diagnosis can be challenging in the absence of documented review of prior diagnostic material and clinical history.
Novel totally self-checking Berger code checker designs based on generalized Berger code partitioning

Totally self-checking (TSC) Berger code checker designs are presented. The generalized Berger check partitioning is derived. It is proven that a TSC Berger code checker can be constructed from a TSC m-out-of-n checker. For a TSC Berger code checker design, no two-output checker exists for information length 2/sup r-1/, for any positive nonzero r. The presented approach solves this open problem. >
Some early history of membrane molecular biology

This article is mostly about the beginnings of the molecular biology of membranes, covering the decade 1964-1974. It is difficult to read (or write) this article because of a sense of deja vu. Most of the material in it is considered commonplace today, having been established experimentally since then. But at the time this work was begun, practically nothing was known about the molecular structure and the mechanisms of the functions of membranes. This situation existed because no membrane proteins of the kind I called integral had as yet been isolated in a pure state, and therefore none had had their amino acid sequence determined. The first integral membrane protein to be so characterized was human erythrocyte glycophorin, in 1978. It was the use of the thermodynamic reasoning that had been developed for the study of water-soluble proteins, together with the information from several key experiments carried out in a number of laboratories during the early decade, that led us to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure in 1972. Without direct evidence to confirm the model in 1971-1972, my colleagues and I nevertheless had the confidence in it to pursue some of the consequences of the model for a new understanding of many membrane functions, which I present here in some detail. Finally, I discuss two recent high-resolution X-ray crystallographic studies of integral proteins to ask how well the structural and functional proposals that we derived from the fluid mosaic model fit these remarkably detailed X-ray results.
Mechanisms for enhanced C54–TiSi2 formation in Ti–Ta alloy films on single-crystal Si

The mechanisms are studied for enhanced formation of C54–TiSi2 at about 700 °C when rapid thermal annealing at 3 °C/s in N2 is performed on 32-nm-thick codeposited Ti–5.9 at.% Ta on Si(100) single-crystal substrates. The enhancement is related to an increased C54–TiSi2 nucleation rate due to the development of a multilayered microstructure. The multilayer microstructure forms at temperatures below 600 °C with the formation of an amorphous disilicide adjacent to the Si substrate and a M5Si3 (M = Ti, Ta) capping layer. This amorphous disilicide crystallizes at higher temperatures to C49–TiSi2. The multilayer microstructure introduces an additional interface that increases the area available for the heterogeneous nucleation of C54. The capping layer is identified as hexagonal Ti 5Si3 or its isomorphous compound (Ti1–xTax)5Si3. Crystal simulations demonstrate that C54(040) has a lattice mismatch of 6–7% relative to Ti5Si3(300) suggesting that a pseudomorphic epitaxial relationship may lower the interfacial energy between these two phases and reduce the energy barrier for C54 nucleation. A C40 disilicide phase was also observed at temperatures above that required to form C54–TiSi2 suggesting that, in the present experiments, the C40 phase does not play a major role in catalyzing C54 formation.
Abstract 5124: 12-Lipoxygenase regulation of prostate cancer progression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The underlying mechanism by which elevated omega-6 fatty acids, like arachidonic acid, lead to increased prostate cancer (PCa) risk is unclear. However, it is known that the 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) enzyme that metabolizes arachidonic acid, as well as the 12(S)-HETE metabolic end product together with its cognate receptor, 12-HETER1, are strongly associated with PCa. 12(S)-HETE affects many cancer phenotypes including cell migration and metastasis. It causes the disassembly of complex cellular anchors to the substrata called hemidesmosomes that are comprised of numerous proteins, including ITGB4, which we identified as an interacting partner of 12-LOX. ITGB4 also physically interacts with c-Met at the cell membrane in multiple cell lines, in a cell line and stimulus-specific manner. PCa metastases have increased levels of both 12-LOX and c-Met. Therefore we sought to determine if ITGB4, c-MET and 12-LOX comprise a signaling axis. Our findings revealed that HGF-c-Met-induced invasion could be attenuated by enzymatic inhibitors of 12LOX, but that addition of exogenous 12(S)-HETE could not overcome the block. Furthermore, the physical interaction between β4 and c-Met remained unaffected by enzymatic inhibitors in PCa cells. Likewise, LC-MS analyses, showed that HGF stimulation did not lead to increased 12(S)-HETE production, and knockdown of 12-HETER1, by shRNA had no effect on HGF-induced invasion. Therefore, we hypothesize that 12LOX has dual functions whereby its enzymatic activity leads to hemidesmosome dissociation and cell release from the substrata, and its capacity to modulate c-MET/ITGB4 signaling may be attributed to a scaffolding function. Citation Format: Elizabeth Tovar, Stephanie Tucker, Kenneth V. Honn. 12-Lipoxygenase regulation of prostate cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5124. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5124
Stimulation of Imidazoline Receptors Inhibits Proliferation of Human Coronary Artery Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aorta express imidazoline receptors whose stimulation, by drugs or an endogenous ligand, agmatine, inhibits serum-stimulated proliferation. We investigated whether imidazoline receptors are expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells if their stimulation is antiproliferative. Cultured human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells express a nonadrenergic binding site for 3 H-idazoxan and an imidazoline receptor–binding protein as revealed by immunocytochemical and immunoblot analyses with a specific antibody. Idazoxan and agmatine dose-dependently inhibited serum-stimulated proliferation of these cells as measured by the incorporation of 3 H-thymidine (IC 50 : 5 and 70 μmol/L, respectively) and serum-stimulated expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cell numbers. The agents inhibited proliferation of human and rat (aorta) smooth muscle cells stimulated by either norepinephrine (6560±440 disintegrations per minute norepinephrine versus 3345±220 norepinephrine and idazoxan), angiotensin II (7680±335 disintegrations per minute angiotensin II versus 3769±450 angiotensin II and idazoxan), or platelet-derived growth factor (IC 50 : 3 μmol/L for idazoxan and 40 μmol/L for agmatine), indicating inhibition of mitosis mediated by G-protein or receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. We conclude that human vascular smooth muscle cells express imidazoline-receptors whose activation inhibits proliferation by interacting at a distal step in an intracellular signal cascade common to G-protein and receptor tyrosine kinase mitogenic pathways. Agmatine, synthesized in endothelium, may act as a paracrine regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through imidazoline receptors, and agents acting at this site may be useful in treating vascular hyperplasia.
Do patients choose physicians of their own race

This study seeks to determine whether minority Americans tend to see physicians of their own race as a matter of choice or simply because minority physicians are more conveniently located within predominantly minority communities. Using data from the Commonwealth Fund 1994 National Comparative Survey of Minority Health Care, we found that black and Hispanic Americans sought care from physicians of their own race because of personal preference and language, not solely because of geographic accessibility. As minority populations continue to grow, the demand for minority physicians is likely to increase. Keeping up with this demand will require medical school admissions policies and physician workforce planning to include explicit strategies to increase the supply of underrepresented minority physicians.
Antibody-based detection of acid-shocked, acid-adapted, and apple juice-incubated Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Abstract Sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (sELISA) allow for rapid detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. Acidic conditions similar to those in certain foods and juices may reduce the ability to detect E. coli O157:H7. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 at pH 4 compared to pH 5–7 reduced fluorescent signal at the lower bacterial concentrations without altering the range of detection. Both acid‐adaptation and a subsequent pH 7 incubation reversed sensitivity. Incubation in apple juice was not deleterious to sELISA detection. Exposure to acidic conditions can cause a small reduction in sELISA sensitivity used to detect E. coli O157:H7.
Development of a gimbaled ADCP trawl-resistant bottom mount

A prototype gimbaled trawl-resistant bottom mount (TRBM) is under development at the Naval Oceanographic Office and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to facilitate nonintrusive acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) current measurements in shallow seas and littoral waters that are subject to extensive fishing activity. The TRBM is capable of free-fall deployment from a surface vessel to its maximum operational depth of 600 m. The gimbaled 75-kHz ADCP transducer head provides automatic vertical signal alignment in the water column, while the TRBM is in situ. The recoverable instrument housing is located and released using a shipboard-mounted acoustic release command system to interrogate and release either of the dual acoustic releases located in the TRBM. Although the prototype unit was designed for the 75-kHz ADCP, the TRBM can be easily modified to accommodate 150- through 1200-kHz transducer heads to facilitate higher resolution measurements in shallow coastal waters and harbors.
Characterization of HIR1 and HIR2, two genes required for regulation of histone gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The products of the HIR1 and HIR2 genes have been defined genetically as repressors of histone gene transcription in S. cerevisiae. A mutation in either gene affects cell cycle regulation of three of the four histone gene loci; transcription of these loci occurs throughout the cell cycle and is no longer repressed in response to the inhibition of DNA replication. The same mutations also eliminate autogenous regulation of the HTA1-HTB1 locus by histones H2A and H2B. The HIR1 and HIR2 genes have been isolated, and their roles in the transcriptional regulation of the HTA1-HTB1 locus have been characterized. Neither gene encodes an essential protein, and null alleles derepress HTA1-HTB1 transcription. Both HIR genes are expressed constitutively under conditions that lead to repression or derepression of the HTA1 gene, and neither gene regulates the expression of the other. The sequence of the HIR1 gene predicts an 88-kDa protein with three repeats of a motif found in the G beta subunit of retinal transducin and in a yeast transcriptional repressor, Tup1. The sequence of the HIR2 gene predicts a protein of 98 kDa. Both gene products contain nuclear targeting signals, and the Hir2 protein is localized in the nucleus.
Estrogen replacement therapy and memory in older women.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between estrogen hormone replacement therapy and recall of proper names and words in cognitively intact older women. DESIGN: A case-control study using subjects matched on age and education. PARTICIPANTS: From a group of 278 older (age range 55 to 93 years) community-dwelling women volunteers for memory research, 72 older women taking estrogen replacement therapy were matched on age and education with a group of 72 women not taking estrogen. MEASUREMENTS: Dependent measures were performances on: a proper name recall test and a word recall test. RESULTS: Proper name recall was significantly better in those receiving estrogen (mean = 4.3; SD = 3.3) than in those not receiving estrogen (mean = 3.1; SD = 2.5), P = 0.01. There was also significantly greater variance in the name recall scores of the group taking estrogen than in the group not taking estrogen. For word recall, there was no significant difference between those subjects taking estrogen (mean = 6.4; SD 3.8) and those not taking estrogen (mean = 5.8; SD 3.7), P > 0.10. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen use was associated with enhanced recall of proper names. Previous failures to find differences associated with estrogen use may reflect the memory measures used or an increased inter-individual variability of the estrogen-taking group, as was observed in the present study. Interpretation of these results should be tempered by their retrospective nature.
Solubilization and electrochemical stabilization of substituted phenols through the use of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Abstract The effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on the aqueous solubility and electrochemical stability of 2-substituted, 2,6-disubstituted and 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenols was investigated. All substituted phenols demonstrated an increase in water solubility ranging from 1.8 to 200-fold (in 40% HPβCD solutions). Cyclic voltammetry of a selected phenol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, indicated addition of HPβCD increased the peak anodic potential and reduced the peak current consistent with cyclodextrin complex formation. Semiempirical molecular orbital methods (AM1) were used to examine complex structure and energetics.
The creation of free energy

The early Universe was hot and dense, with frequent collisions, therefore it was in thermal equilibrium, as indicated by the properties of the relic blackbody radiation, consequently the free energy of the Universe was zero. Our present world, however, is out of equilibrium, it is locally alive. Life needs a steady source of free energy. If one is interested in the search for life in the Universe, one has to look at places where free energy is being created or stored.
AGAINST SIMPLICITY AND COGNITIVE INDIVIDUALISM

Neuroeconomics illustrates our deepening descent into the details of individual cognition. This descent is guided by the implicit assumption that “individual human” is the important “agent” of neoclassical economics. I argue here that this assumption is neither obviously correct, nor of primary importance to human economies. In particular I suggest that the main genius of the human species lies with its ability to distribute cognition across individuals, and to incrementally accumulate physical and social cognitive artifacts that largely obviate the innate biological limitations of individuals. If this is largely why our economies grow, then we should be much more interested in distributed cognition in human groups, and correspondingly less interested in individual cognition. We should also be much more interested in the cultural accumulation of cognitive artefacts: computational devices and media, social structures and economic institutions.
Time-delayed contrast-enhanced MRI improves detection of brain metastases and apparent treatment volumes

OBJECT Contrast-enhanced MRI is the preeminent diagnostic test for brain metastasis (BM). Detection of BMs for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) planning may improve with a time delay following administration of a high-relaxivity agent for 1.5-T and 3-T imaging systems. Metastasis detection with time-delayed MRI was evaluated in this study. METHODS Fifty-three volumetric MRI studies from 38 patients undergoing SRS for BMs were evaluated. All studies used 0.1-mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance; Bracco Diagnostics) immediately after injection, followed by 2 more axial T1-weighted sequences after 5-minute intervals (final image acquisition commenced 15 minutes after contrast injection). Two studies were motion limited and excluded. Two hundred eighty-seven BMs were identified. The studies were randomized and examined separately by 3 radiologists, who were blinded to the temporal sequence. Each radiologist recorded the number of BMs detected per scan. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared BM numbers betw...
Truth for the Moment: Personal Testimony as Evidence:

The purpose of this article is to set forth an alternative to the traditional view of evidence, that which counts aggregate data synthesized from the results of quantitative research as desirable healthcare outcomes. Truth for the moment as evidence from qualitative research raises the discourse to another level and is described in light of the humanbecoming school of thought.
Carrying capacity as "Informed Judgment": the values of science and the science of values.

Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers. That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the “values of science” to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding “science of values,” and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues.
Locke’s Theory of Identity

The first edition of the Essay was published in the December of 1689. Locke was not content to leave the Essay as it was, for he actively sought out suggestions which could be incorporated into a second edition. From his correspondence it is clear that he was particularly interested in securing comments from William Molyneux. In one of his many letters to Molyneux in this regard, Locke asked if he could suggest any additional topics under the headings of logic or metaphysics (no. 1592, iv:627). Molyneux responded by suggesting that Locke “insist more particularly and at Large on AEternce Veritates and the Principium Individuationis” (no. 1609, iv:650).1 By his own admission, Locke’s now famous chapter “Of Identity and Diversity” was written solely in response to the latter half of this suggestion. In the penultimate paragraph of his reply to Molyneux on 23 August 1693, he writes: You will herewith receive a new chapter Of Identity and Diversity, which, having writ only at your instance, ‘tis fit you should see and judge of before it goes to press. Pray send me your opinion of every part of it. (no. 1655, iv:722)
The Support of Hydrostatic Load in Cephalopod Shells

The chambered cephalopod shell has long been a subject of scientific investigation. However, a rudimentary understanding of the function of the shell in supporting external pressure was not achieved until the early 1960s. This functional issue is a relatively simple one: Did the chambered shell contain pressurized gas opposing the external water pressure, or alternatively did the shell structure itself support the load of the overlying column of water? Tests of the hypothesis of internal pressurized gas are also relatively simple to devise. Puncture of the shell while it is immersed in a fluid would appear to be sufficient to demonstrate whether there is a high internal gas pressure. If there were such pressure, a dramatic effusion of gas would occur when the shell was punctured and it should be readily observed. Indeed such a test was suggested in 1832 by the great anatomist Richard Owen (1832). The tests performed in the 1960s (Denton and Gilpin-Brown, 1961a-c, 1966; Denton et al., 1961, 1967) were similar in many respects to that suggested by Owen, and they demonstrated unequivocally that the shell does not contain elevated gas pressure. Thus the structure of the cephalopod shell does support the forces resulting from the overlying column of water (Fig. 1).
SMART or simply bold

From the Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; the Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and the Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Oct 13, 2015; accepted for publication Oct 14, 2015; available ahead of print Nov 13, 2015. Address for reprints: Valerie W. Rusch, MD, Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 (E-mail: ruschv@mskcc.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:476-7 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.10.038 Valerie W. Rusch, MD, Andreas Rimner, MD, and Prasad S. Adusumilli, MD.
Subjective and Objective Measures of Hypersomnolence Demonstrate Divergent Associations with Depression among Participants in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

Study Objectives:To examine associations of depression with habitual sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and objective sleep propensity in a nonclinical population.Methods:Data from adults particip...
Is Emtricitabine-Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Safer Than Aspirin?

Background. The safety and effectiveness studies of emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC-TDF) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men and women showed that daily use reduced the risk of HIV acquisition, but there still may concerns about safety. Methods. A narrative review was done in September 2015 comparing the 5 major studies on PrEP for HIV infection-Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (N = 2499; 3324 person-years), Partners Preexposure Prophylaxis (N = 4747; 7830 person-years), TDF2 (N = 1219; 1563 person-years), Preexposure Prophylaxis Trial for HIV Prevention among African Women (N = 2056; 1407 person-years), and Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic (N = 4969; 5509 person-years)-and the 2 major studies on aspirin safety-Physicians' Health Study (N = 22 071; over 110 000 person-years) and the Women's Health Study (N = 39 876; approximately 400 000 person-years). The numbers needed to harm (NNH) were calculated for FTC-TDF for HIV infection PrEP and aspirin. Results. The NNH for FTC-TDF in men who have sex with men and transgender women was 114 for nausea and 96 for unintentional weight loss; in heterosexual couples, the NNH was 68 for moderate decreased absolute neutrophil count. For aspirin, the NNH was 909 for major gastrointestinal bleeding, 123 for any gastrointestinal bleeding, and 15 for any bleeding problems in men. In women, the NNH for easy bruising was 10. Conclusions. We conclude that FTC-TDF for PrEP for HIV infection favorably compares with aspirin in terms of user safety. Although long-term studies are needed, providers should feel reassured about the safety of short- and medium-term PrEP for HIV infection with FTC-TDF.
Trend in Age and Racial Disparities in the Receipt of Postlumpectomy Radiation Therapy for Stage I Breast Cancer: 2004-2009.

Objectives:Significant effort has been expended over the past decade to reduce racial disparities in breast cancer care. Whether disparities in receipt of appropriate radiotherapy care for breast cancer persisted despite these efforts is unknown, as is the impact of being eligible for Medicare. We t
The Temporal Priority of Causes: Full Explanation or Full Circle?

L'A. considere que la these de Paul Horwich sur l'asymetrie temporelle de la causation est circulaire.
Development of Parallel Forms of a Generalized Scale of Attitudes toward Speakers

Potential advantages of the synthesis of generalized attitude scales and empirically scaled attitude statements were indicated in previous research ( 1 ) . A generalized attitude scale is one that has as its attitude object a general class of attitude objects rather than a specific attitude object ( 4 ) , e.g., attitudes toward any state ar, opposed to attitudes toward Indiana, or Idaho, etc. Empirically scaled attitude statements have obvious advantages over a priori statements (2, 3, 5 ) . The purpose of this research was to ( 1 ) scale empirically attitude statements toward speakers and ( 2 ) develop rwo parallel forms of a generalized scale of artirudes toward speakers. The primary intent of the scale is as a criterion in the evaluation of effectiveness of speakers (regardless of their forum, e.g., instructors, students, debate team members, professional lectuers, faculty candidates, assessees, executives, etc.). A group of 34 junior and senior business administration students held conferences concerning the variables, the content, which ought to be covered by such an attitude scale, e.g., voice quality, apparent preparation, knowledge of subject, etc. The group produced 240 statements which were edited by the project director. The students then rated statements as to favorability on an 11-point scale, as per Thurstone. Scale and agreement values were obtained for each starement. Two parallel 22-item forms were assembled by considering ( 1 ) scale and agreement values and ( 2 ) statement content. Scale values range from 1 to 11 (median value, 6 ) and agreement values range from 0.0 to 1.5 (median value, 0.5 ) . The two forms ( A and B) were administered, counterbalanced, to an independent group of 89 junior and senior business administration students. Their task was to use the forms to evaluate a guest speaker they had just heard. Completion time of the two forms ranged from 3 to 10 min. Odd-even, corrected, reliability estimates were obtained ( A , .85; B, 3 4 ) ; and a parallel-forms reliability coefficient was obtained (.86). Adequate reliability has been demonstrated. Content validity is implicit. Meaningful measures of attirudes toward speakers may be generated inexpensively, reliably, and rapidly. This synthesis of generalized attitude scales and empirically scaled attitude statements can be used to meet other management information needs, e.g., attitudes toward political figures. The list of classes of attirude objects is limited only by the needs of the organization.
Hypopi (Acari: Hypoderatidae) from subcutaneous tissues of the African spoonbill (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae)

Two new species and a new host record for two additional species of deutonymphs of the family Hypoderatidae are described from subcutaneous adipose tissues of a captive African spoonbill, Platalea alba Scopali. Phalacrodectes (Phalacroclectes) platalea Pence & Duncan, n. sp. most closely resembles P. (P.) whartoni Fain and P. (P.) pelecani Pence & Courtney in chaetotaxy and cuticular sclerotization, but it differs by having secondary perigenital sclerotization surrounding the genital openings and parallel genital papillae. P. (P.) schoutedeni Fain is reexamined for the first time since its original description, which was based on a single specimen from a cormorant; we believe the affinity of this species is closer to those infecting ibises and spoonbills and that the former record was a case of accidental host capture among birds sharing the same rookery. A new host record is established for Neottialges platalea Fain & Laurence from the African spoonbill. The heavy idiosomal sclerotization, incomplete genital apodeme, and long dorsal setae differentiate Neottialges intermedius Pence & Duncan, n. sp. from all other species in the genus. Because this suite of characters was previously used to separate the three subgenera of the genus Neottialges , we propose that Neottialges, Caloenectes , and Pelecanectes should now be considered invalid subgeneric taxa.