cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computer model for one-dimensional mass and energy transport in and around chemically reacting particles, including complex gas-phase chemistry, multicomponent molecular diffusion, surface evaporation, and heterogeneous reaction

A comprehensive mathematical model incorporating multicomponent molecular diffusion, complex chemistry, and heterogeneous processes was developed to investigate a variety of chemically reacting flow problems which emphasize the elementary chemical and physical processes rather than complex flow geometry. The goal here is not only to calculate chemical species profiles, temperature profiles, and mass flow rates, but also to obtain sensitivity information. The timedependent, one-dimensional partial differential equations resulting from the mathematical model formulation were discretized by the Galerkin Finite Element Method and then integrated over time by backward differentiation formulas (the implicit Gear algorithm). The sensitivity equations were decoupled from the model equations and integrated one time step behind the integration of the model equations. Stiff changes in the first- and second-order spatial gradients were lessened by continuously moving nodes in a non-stiff manner. The grid system resulting from each time step is tested for further node refinements. The Jacobian matrices were evaluated analytically rather than numerically to eliminate unnecessary computational efforts and to accelerate convergence rates of the Newton iteration. The use of analytical Jacobian matrices also enhances the accuracy of sensitivity coefficients which are calculated together with model solutions. The mathematical model developed here has been successfully applied to combustion of liquid droplets, oxidation of carbon particles, and chemically facilitated vaporization of boron oxide droplets. All the computations presented here were performed using currently available workstations with only a few hours of CPU time.
If It's in the Paper, It Must Be True: Newspaper Reporting of Pediatric Medication Errors

The mass media have the power to shape the public's perceptions of health care issues, including medical errors, and influence public policy related to such issues. Social knowledge of medications and its influence by the media are well described.1 Since the release of the influential Institute of Medicine report,2 medical errors have had a high profile in the mass media, although media reporting of the report itself was criticized as being flawed.3 Millenson4 claims that the “public shaming” of the medical profession by media reports of medical errors promoted the patient safety movement. In this issue of Pediatrics , Stebbing et al5 analyze newspaper articles related to … Address correspondence to Gautham Suresh, MD, DM, MS, Department of Pediatrics, MUSC Children's Hospital, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425. E-mail: suresh{at}musc.edu
Comparative Analysis of Project Delivery Systems Cost Performance in Pacific Northwest Public Schools

Alternative project delivery systems such as construction management at risk (CMR) are increasingly used in public school construction in the United States. CMR is expected to benefit owners with a guaranteed maximum price (GMP), decreased change order cost, and increased cost “certainty.” This paper empirically compares cost growth performance of the CMR and design-bid-build (DBB) methods in Pacific Northwest public school projects. Data were collected from state records and previous studies on 297 completed schools in Oregon and Washington. The analysis of the data shows no statistically significant difference between CMR and DBB in construction change order costs, school project costs exceeding the GMP in 75% of the cases, and a statistically significant difference in cost growth between CMR and DBB projects during buy out, making CMR projects less efficient at controlling cost growth at buy out. These results counter some of the traditional expectations of the CMR delivery method.
Spinodal clustering induced dewetting and non-monotonic stabilization of polymer blend films at high nanofiller concentrations

Abstract We examine the effects of high fullerene nanoparticle (f-NP) concentrations, ϕf-NP ∼ (10–20) mass% on polystyrene (PS)/polybutadiene (PB) blend thin film stability. Dewetting of the polymer blend around spinodally clustered f-NPs in this high concentration limit leads to a spinodal like dewetting morphology. This is in contrast to our previously observed results on the stabilization effects of f-NPs on PS/PB blend thin films in the intermediate f-NP concentration range of 7–10 mass%, wherein, after saturating the polymer–blend interface, the NPs stabilize the film by segregating to the blend–substrate interface. We determine three regimes of polymer blend film stability as a function of filler concentration: a) ϕf-NP
Influence of Push and Pull Motivations on Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions within a Culinary Tourism Event

The study constructs a causal model of culinary tourist behavior from the theoretical framework of push and pull motivations. The study proposed that culinary event attendees' expenditures, word-of-mouth behavior, and repeat patronage intentions would be affected by their overall event satisfaction. Push and pull motivations subsequently were examined for effect on overall satisfaction. Using multiple regression analysis with data collected from an international culinary event the study examined the above relationship. Results of the analysis can be summarized as: 1) food, event novelty, and socialization were push motivations identified for attending a culinary event; 2) food product, support services, and essential services were pull motivations and had a significant predictive affect on overall satisfaction; and 3) overall satisfaction had a significant relationship with outcome variables: word-of-mouth behavior and repeat patronage intentions. It is believed that results of the present study will be u...
Semantic influences on parsing: Use of thematic role information in syntactic ambiguity resolution.

Abstract Ferreira and Clifton (1986, Experiment 1) found that readers experienced equal difficulty with temporarily ambiguous reduced relatives clauses when the first noun was animate (e.g., "The defendant examined by the lawyer was . . .") and when it was inanimate and thus an unlikely Agent (e.g., "The evidence examined . . ."). This data pattern suggested that a verb′s semantic constraints do not affect initial syntactic ambiguity resolution. We repeated the experiment using: (1) inanimate noun/verb combinations that did not easily permit a main clause continuation, (2) a baseline condition with morphologically unambiguous verbs (e.g., "stolen"), (3) a homogeneous set of disambiguating prepositional phrases, and (4) a display in which all of the critical regions were presented on the same line of text. In two eye-movement experiments, animacy had immediate effects on ambiguity resolution: only animate nouns showed clear signs of difficulty. Post-hoc regression analyses revealed that what little processing difficulty readers had with the inanimate nouns varied with the semantic fit of individual noun/verb combinations: items with strong semantic fit showed no processing difficulty compared to unambiguous controls, whereas items with weak semantic fit showed a pattern of processing difficulty which was similar to Ferreira and Clifton (1986). The results are interpreted within the framework of an evidential (constraint-based) approach to ambiguity resolution. Analyses of reading times also suggested that the millisecond per character correction for region length is problematic, especially for small scoring regions. An alternative transformation is suggested.
Endoscopic hemoclips to immediately close gastric perforation from a failed attempt at PEG in a morbidly obese patient.

A serious, immediate complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), associated with morbid obesity, that was successfully treated by endoscopic hemoclips is reported. A 52-year-old, morbidly obese woman (body mass index [BMI] 1⁄4 35.6 kg/m) without prior abdominal surgery or gastrointestinal diseases was referred for PEG after tracheostomy for prolonged ventilator-dependent respiratory failure after admission for diabetic ketoacidosis. Before this admission, she had refused referral for bariatric surgery for her morbid obesity associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Esophagogastroduoderoscopy (EGD) during PEG revealed no gastrointestinal abnormalities. The PEG site was identified in the distal gastric body by transillumination and manual external pressure. PEG was performed conventionally by passing a catheter through abdominal/gastric walls into gastric lumen, passing a guidewire through the catheter, grasping the guidewire by endoscopic snare, and pulling the guidewire outside the mouth. A 20 French PEG tube (EndoVive Standard PEG kit, Boston Scientific, Spencer, IN) was tied to the guidewire and pulled through the mouth, into gastric lumen and through the gastric wall, but became stuck in the thick abdominal wall fat. The PEG tube could not be delivered anterograde through the skin, despite an adequately-sized skin incision, using multiple attempts at
Anatomic Risk Factors for Type-2 Endoleak Following EVAR: A Retrospective Review of Preoperative CT Angiography in 326 patients

We describe the anatomic characteristics on preoperative CT angiography (CTA) that predispose to type-2 endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for an abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Between 1999 and 2010, 326 patients had a CTA before and after EVAR. CTAs were reviewed for maximal sac diameter, >50 % circumferential luminal thrombus, and patency of the infrarenal aortic side branches, including the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and L2-L5 lumbar arteries. Postoperative CTAs were reviewed for a persistent type-2 endoleak. Of 326 patients, 30.4 % had a type-2 endoleak on CTA. Univariate analysis demonstrated a patent IMA, increased patent individual L2, L3, and L4 lumbar arteries, and an increased number of total patent lumbar arteries in patients with type-2 endoleak compared to those without (p 50 % circumferential mural thrombus were not significantly different (p = 0.652, 0.617, and 0.16). Univariate logistic regression demonstrated increased risk of endoleak with each additional patent lumbar artery (odds ratio (OR) 1.26, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis of the 326 patients resulted in the delineation of the optimal anatomic variables that predicted a type-2 endoleak: occluded L3 lumbar arteries (OR 0.1, p = 0.002), occluded L4 lumbar vertebral arteries (OR 0.31, p = 0.034), and IMA occlusion (OR 0.38, p = 0.008). Univariate analysis demonstrated total patent lumbar arteries as a significant predictor of type-2 endoleak. Multivariate analysis demonstrated IMA occlusion, L3 lumbar artery occlusion, and L4 lumbar artery occlusion as independently protective against type-2 endoleak after EVAR.
k·p Models to study strained-layer quantum-well structures and superlattices

Abstract We examine k · p models of varying degree of sophistication for their ability to describe the electronic structure of superlattices and quantum wells fabricated from direct-gap III–V compounds and their alloys. Energy levels of confined states in InAs/In1−xGaxAs and GaAs/GaAsySb1−y structures are studied. The importance of the inclusion of nonparabolicity and strain-dependence in the effective masses is demonstrated. In general, one-band models that merely include the shift of band edges can only give a qualitative picture of the energy spectrum. The importance of terms of higher order in strain is discussed.
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World

(2013). Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 466-470.
Species variations in dopamine receptor binding

Binding of 3H-spiroperidol, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene) associated with dopamine receptors has been evaluated in corpus striatal membranes of calf, rat and human brains. Substantial species differences are apparent for numberous agonists and antagonists in competing for receptor binding. In general, dopamine receptor antagonists are more potent in rat and agonists more potent in calf. In competing for 3H-spiroperidol binding sulpiride, molindone and metaclopramide show the most pronounced species differences, being 3--10 times more potent in rat and human than in calf. In all three species agonists compete for 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients less than one while antagonists inhibit 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients of about 1.0. Conversely, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN binding in all three species is inhibited by antagonists with Hill coefficients less than 1.0 while agonists display Hill coefficients of about 1.0. In general agonists are more potent in competing for binding of 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN than 3H-spiroperidol. However, a small component of dopamine, apomorphine and ADTN inhibition of 3H-spiroperidol binding displays very high affinity (IC50 about 1 nM). In human amygdala 3H-spiroperidol appears to label serotonin receptors predominantly.
ACTS Multibeam Communications Package - Description and Performance Characterization

To maintain its competitive position in the 1990s, satellite communications must evolve to provide new services and to reduce the costs of supplying existing services. NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) program is directed toward developing the technology base that will support this evolution. The ACTS communications payload is optimized for digital communications using a time-division multiple-access format. Scanning spot-beam antennas provide high-performance, on-demand service to communications earth stations. On-board processing and switching allow full connectivity in a single-hop network architecture. ACTS employs Ka-Band (30/20 GHz) links for communications traffic and includes techniques for mitigating rain fades. The prelaunch test program has verified that all critical payload performance requirements have been realized, including G/T, EIRP, beam coverage, AM/AM, AM/PM, and BER vs. E(b)/N(o). Scheduled to be launched by a Space Shuttle in 1993, ACTS will provide in-orbit technology verification and support experimental communications networks for up to four years.
Higher-Order Neural Networks Applied to 2D and 3D Object Recognition

A higher-order neural network (HONN) can be designed to be invariant to geometric transformations such as scale, translation, and in-plane rotation. Invariances are built directly into the architecture of a HONN and do not need to be learned. Thus, for 2D object recognition, the network needs to be trained on just one view of each object class, not numerous scaled, translated, and rotated views. Because the 2D object recognition task is a component of the 3D object recognition task, built-in 2D invariance also decreases the size of the training set required for 3D object recognition. We present results for 2D object recognition both in simulation and within a robotic vision experiment and for 3D object recognition in simulation. We also compare our method to other approaches and show that HONNs have distinct advantages for position, scale, and rotation-invariant object recognition. The major drawback of HONNs is that the size of the input field is limited due to the memory required for the large number of interconnections in a fully connected network. We present partial connectivity strategies and a coarse-coding technique for overcoming this limitation and increasing the input field to that required by practical object recognition problems.
A model for the ab initio calculation of some solvent effects

Abstract A theory of solvent-solute interactions is presented, in which a classical model due to Kirkwood is used to derive an expression for the potential affecting a molecule due to a solvent. From this the quantum mechanical hamiltonian for the molecule in the presence of the solvent can be deduced, and a variational minimization of the total energy of the system leads to an ab initio scheme which includes solvent effects. The solvation energy of He in CCl 4 is reported as an illustration of the method.
Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure.

Environmental and industrial lead exposures continue to pose major public health problems in children and in adults. Acute exposure to high concentrations of lead can result in proximal tubular dam...
On MC/DC and implementation structure: An empirical study

In civil avionics, obtaining DO-178B certification for highly critical airborne software requires that the adequacy of the code testing effort be measured using a structural coverage criterion known as Modified Condition and Decision Coverage (MC/DC). We hypothesized that the effectiveness of the MC/DC metric is highly sensitive to the structure of the implementation and can therefore be problematic as a test adequacy criterion. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the fault-finding ability of MC/DC-adequate test suites on five industrial systems (flight guidance and display management). For each system, we created two versions of the implementations-implementations with and without expression folding (i.e., inlining).
Model reduction of unstable systems using balanced truncation

In this paper we propose a simplified method utilizing a variation of balanced truncation method, for model reduction of unstable system. This method can be applied to all unstable system. A numerical example is given to illustrate the results and compare the error between the actual system and the reduced order model.
Assessment of free radical-induced damage in brain proteins after ischemia and reperfusion

Brain damage initiated during global ischemia has been shown to be exacerbated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation during early reperfusion. We hypothesized that other cellular components might be involved in similar free radical reactions. In this study we examined three brain protein fractions and ribosomal RNA for evidence of free radical damage during post-ischemic reperfusion. Global brain ischemia was induced by 20-min cardiac arrest. Dogs were divided into four groups: (1) non-ischemic controls; (2) 20-min cardiac arrest without reperfusion; (3) 20-min cardiac arrest and 2 h reperfusion; (4) 20-min cardiac arrest and 8 h reperfusion. Soluble proteins and proteins from ribosomes and synaptosomes were assayed by a dinitrophenylhydrazine method for carbonyl groups, which are characteristic products of protein peroxidation. The ribosomal RNA was also examined by electrophoresis. When proteins from each fraction were peroxidized in vitro by Fenton reagents, carbonyl content increased as [Fe22+] was increased from 0 to 100 μM. However, following reperfusion there was no significant accumulation of carbonyl content in either the soluble (ANOVA P = 0.92) or ribosome (P = 0.10) protein fractions. There was a significant decrease in the carbonyl content of the synaptosome protein fraction after 8 h of reperfusion (P = 0.03). Similarly, although ribosomal RNA fragmentation was observed in ethidium stained agarose gels following in vitro reaction with Fenton reagents, there was no evidence of ribosomal RNA fragmentation or cross-linking following reperfusion. These results suggest that reperfusion free radical reactions do not involve these cellular proteins or ribosomal RNA.
Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Viruses (HTLV): A Unique Family of Pathogenic Retroviruses

In 1977, workers based in Kyoto reported a lethal lymphoproliferative Syndrome which affected migrants to that city who were born in the southwestern part of Japan (Uchiyama et al. 1977). They referred to this disease as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and to date several hundred patients have been described by several groups. The Syndrome is characterized by the presence of pleomorphic neoplastic cells with the membrane markers of mature T lymphocytes. Several other findings are common at presentation, including lymphadenopathy, hepato- megaly, splenomegaly, cutaneous infiltration with neoplastic T cells, hypercalce- mia (with or without lytic bone lesions), and interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. Characteristically, there is an absence of mediastinal tumor involvement.
Dissolution Rates of Doxycycline Free Base and Hydrochloride Salts

The dissolution rates of doxycycline monohydrate, hyclate, and hydrochloride dihydrate crystal forms were investigated using the static pellet method. Solubility product equilibria with chloride ion strongly suppressed the dissolution rate of the hydrochloride dihydrate salt. This form dissolved about fourfold slower in 0.1 N HCl than in water, which was consistent with its solubility in these media. Specificity for chloride was demonstrated by the rapid dissolution rate for the hydrochloride dihydrate in 0.1 N methanesulfonic acid. The dissolution rates of the hyclate, a solvated hydrochloride salt, and the free base were not sensitive to chloride ion. The results show that common ion equilibria with chloride can strongly reduce the dissolution rate of a thermodynamically stable hydrochloride salt form, while the free base or a metastable hydrochloride salt are not similarly affected.
Finite‐element analysis of anisotropic waveguides with storage reduction and elimination of spurious modes

In this paper we present a finite-element analysis of waveguides that are inhomogeneously filled with an anisotropic material, which may be either dielectric or magnetic type. The problem is formulated by using the transverse magnetic or electric field components, respectively, for anisotropic dielectric and magnetic materials. The formulation employed eliminates the spurious and nonphysical modes by analytically satisfying the divergence relations and achieves a reduction in the computer storage requirement as well. Numerical results are found to exhibit good agreement with the available data.
Mesolimbic Dopamine and Habenulo-Interpeduncular Pathways in Nicotine Withdrawal

The majority of people who attempt to quit smoking without some assistance relapse within the first couple of weeks, indicating the increased vulnerability during the early withdrawal period. The habenula, which projects via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus, plays an important role in the withdrawal syndrome. Particularly the α2, α5, and β4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have critical roles in mediating the somatic manifestations of withdrawal. Furthermore, withdrawal from nicotine induces a hypodopaminergic state, but there is a relative increase in the sensitivity to phasic dopamine release that is caused by nicotine. Therefore, acute nicotine re-exposure causes a phasic DA response that more potently reinforces relapse to smoking during the withdrawal period.
Ka-band propagation measurements: an opportunity with the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)

The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) was conceived at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a follow on program to its long history in satellite communications projects that have reduced the risk of developing new technologies that fall outside the sponsorship capability of the private sector. To counter the foreign challenge that developed in the late 1970's to the once insuperable US lead in this field, ACTS was developed to maintain the US preeminence. Launched in September 1993 from the space shuttle, key technologies on ACTS include a multibeam antenna, a baseband processor, a 900 MHz wideband microwave switch matrix, adaptive rain fade compensation techniques, and the use of Ka-band frequencies. Since this is the United States' first effort in using Ka-band for satellite communications, beacons are incorporated on the satellite, which provide an opportunity for propagation measurements. NASA is sponsoring a network of propagation experimenters using these beacons and receive-only terminals identical in design. This paper provides some history that leads to the eventual development of ACTS. Also, a system overview of the spacecraft is provided for those less familiar with it.
Policy Gradient Coagent Networks

We present a novel class of actor-critic algorithms for actors consisting of sets of interacting modules. We present, analyze theoretically, and empirically evaluate an update rule for each module, which requires only local information: the module's input, output, and the TD error broadcast by a critic. Such updates are necessary when computation of compatible features becomes prohibitively difficult and are also desirable to increase the biological plausibility of reinforcement learning methods.
Oxygen free radicals regulate splanchnic nitric oxide synthesis and blood flow.

Abstract This study examines the hypothesis that oxygen radicals down-regulate splanchnic nitric oxide synthesis and contribute to splanchnic vasoconstriction following hemorrhage/reperfusion injury. Anesthetized rats underwent placement of flow probes around the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta. Animals were bled to 30 mmHg for 30 min, reperfused without or with superoxide dismutase, an oxygen radical scavenger, 15 min before reperfusion and compared with sham-treated rats. Animals were sequentially teated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) at 10 mg/kg and l -arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, at 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. l -NAME increased systemic pressure and decreased superior mesenteric artery blood flow whereas l -arginine decreased arterial pressure and increased superior mesenteric artery blood flow in the sham animals. Hemorrhage/reperfusion injury attenuated the pressure and superior mesenteric artery blood flow changes following l -NAME and l -arginine dosing, which was reversed by superoxide dismutase treatment. These data suggest that oxygen free radicals regulate splanchnic nitric oxide synthesis, thus contributing to splanchnic vasoconstriction following hemorrhage/ reperfusion injury.
Syk inhibits the activity of protein kinase a by phosphorylating tyrosine 330 of the catalytic subunit

The Syk protein-tyrosine kinase can have multiple effects on cancer cells, acting in some as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting motility and in others as a tumor promoter by enhancing survival. Phosphoproteomic analyses identified PKA as a Syk-specific substrate. Syk catalyzes the phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAc) both in vitro and in cells on Tyr-330. Tyr-330 lies within the adenosine-binding motif in the C-terminal tail of PKAc within a cluster of acidic amino acids (DDYEEEE), which is a characteristic of Syk substrates. The phosphorylation of PKAc on Tyr-330 by Syk strongly inhibits its catalytic activity. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that this additional negative charge prevents the C-terminal tail from interacting with the substrate and the nucleotide-binding site to stabilize the closed conformation of PKAc, thus preventing catalysis from occurring. Phosphoproteomic analyses and Western blotting studies indicate that Tyr-330 can be phosphorylated in a Syk-dependent manner in MCF7 breast cancer cells and DT40 B cells. The phosphorylation of a downstream substrate of PKAc, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), is inhibited in cells expressing Syk but can be rescued by a selective inhibitor of Syk. Modulation of CREB activity alters the expression of the CREB-regulated gene BCL2 and modulates cellular responses to genotoxic agents. Thus, PKA is a novel substrate of Syk, and its phosphorylation on Tyr-330 inhibits its participation in downstream signaling pathways.
A power system digital harmonic analyzer

The authors describe the design of a harmonic analyzer for use in studying the harmonic content of commercial electric power. This MC 68000-based instrument samples the waveform and calculates the first 63 harmonics of the 60-Hz fundamental for both a voltage and current waveform. The 64-kbyte memory is adequate for one week of hourly samples for a power-quality survey by an electrical utility. The analyzer is quickly attached to the outputs of potential and current transformers by alligator clips and a current plug. The harmonic data are retrieved from the instrument by a portable computer. A separate personal computer (PC) program is then used for data analysis. Accuracy is shown to be about 0.1%, more than adequate for power quality surveys. >
Housing and Technological Reform in Interwar France: The Case of the Cité de la Muette

Abstract For a brief period beginning in the late 1920s, French housing production was characterized by a sudden and enthusiastic embrace of new technologies—a shift which was made most evident at the Cite de la Muette, built outside Paris between 1930 and 1934. This article examines the discourse employed to promote the technological innovations of the design, and connects this promotion to a larger campaign for national economic renovation. The article also examines criticisms of the project, which portrayed it as a threat to traditional conceptions of the social and domestic role of housing.
The Culturally-Enhanced Videofeedback Engagement (CEVE) Framework: Qualitative findings in families of children with disruptive behavior problems:

While cultural competence has been promoted as a way to reduce mental health disparities among ethnic minority populations, there remains a gap between theory and practice. This study examined the use of the Culturally Enhanced Videofeedback Engagement (CEVE) intervention as a clinical tool to facilitate culturally anchored shared understanding to foster treatment engagement among ethnic minority families with children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) participating in a family clinic. In-depth qualitative analysis of individual interviews compared parents' experiences of the therapy process among 9 intervention families and 10 families participating in treatment as usual. Thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with parents revealed that for families in the intervention group, clinician cultural and clinical competence and the therapeutic relationship were important characteristics of the intervention condition that enhanced parents' experience of treatment.
No-flow underfill process modeling and analysis for low cost, high throughput flip chip assembly

No-flow underfill process has been widely accepted as a key technology to implement low-cost, high-throughput flip chip on board (FCOB) assembly because of the elimination of processing steps such as flux application, flux residue cleaning, capillary underfill flow and secondary thermal curing of the underfill. While feasibility tests for the low-cost, high-throughput flip chip assembly based on no-flow underfill over a wide range of flip chip configurations are underway, unfamiliar process defects that have not been observed in the conventional capillary flow process are newly emerging. Of those new process defects, "chip floating" over the board surface after chip placement process is a critical issue that may significantly impact process yield when process variables are not properly controlled. It was found that much of the yield losses observed post reflow is attributed to the "chip floating". In order to understand the underlying physics of the floating phenomena and predict process variables to eliminate the process defects, a process model has been. developed. The critical process variables include chip placement speed, chip placement force, dwell time, deposited underfill mass and underfill material properties such as viscosity, density, surface tension, wetting speed on the board, etc. A test chip and board was made such that chip floating over the board can be detected by testing the electric continuity of the path connecting the chip and board via the solder bumps. The effects of the critical process variables on the chip floating are investigated by a series of experiments and the results are compared to the theoretical model prediction for the model validation.
Modeling and simulation of coupled lossy lines for VLSI interconnections

The authors present techniques for the analysis of signal propagation in the interconnections used in VLSI systems. The propagation is modelled by coupled transmission lines which include losses. For conductors whose thickness is small compared to the skin depth over the principal spectrum of the pulse being propagated, the losses can be treated as frequency-independent; otherwise, the losses must be calculated as a function of frequency. It was observed that the inductance may be approximately treated as constant, but the resistance variations in frequency may be significant. A semi-analytical method for computing the transients in lossy lines serves as the basis for the simulation of nonuniform lines. >
Rural–Urban Differences in End-of-Life Nursing Home Care: Facility and Environmental Factors

Purpose of the study: This study examines urban–rural differences in end-of-life (EOL) quality of care provided to nursing home (NH) residents. Data and Methods: We constructed 3 risk-adjusted EOL quality measures (QMs) for long-term decedent residents: in-hospital death, hospice referral before death, and presence of severe pain. We used CY2005-2007 100% Minimum Data Set, Medicare beneficiary file, and inpatient and hospice claims. Logistic regression models were estimated to predict the probability of each outcome conditional on decedents’ risk factors. For each facility, QMs were calculated as the difference between the actual and the expected risk-adjusted outcome rates. We fit multi variate linear regression models, with fixed state effects, for each QM to assess the association with urban–rural location. Results: We found urban– rural differences for in-hospital death and hospice QMs, but not for pain. Compared with NHs located in urban areas, facilities in smaller towns and in isolated rural areas have significantly ( p < .001) worse EOL quality for in-hospital death and hospice use. Whereas the differences in these QMs are statistically significant between facilities located in large versus small towns, they are not statistically significant between facilities located in small towns and isolated rural areas. Implications: This study provides empirical evidence for urban–rural differences in EOL quality of care using a national sample of NHs. Identifying differences is a necessary first step toward
Sequential License Buyback Auctions: An Experimental Analysis

Abstract Fisheries managers use licenses as a method of capping the size of a fishing industry, but as management goals change and the size of fishery stocks fluctuate, managers may be faced with the decision to buy back licenses. The vast majority of economic literature on license buyback programs focuses on the changes to economic efficiency of the fleet, often citing changes to the composition of fleet size. However, managers have little guidance in deciding how to structure a buyback auction, despite the fact that the auction structure plays a key role in determining which licenses are retired and in the composition of the remaining fleet. With the Texas Park and Wildlife Department's Inshore Shrimp License Buyback Program as a basis for auction design, this research uses three experimental treatments to analyze how individuals respond to various reverse auction structures. In terms of the quickest license expiration, our experiments suggest that fisheries managers should select a binding auction with...
A numerical study of the dynamics of detonation initiated by cavity collapse

The dynamics of detonation initiated by the shock-induced collapse of a gas-filled ellipsoidal cavity embedded in a condensed-phase explosive is examined computationally. Attention is focused on the details of the evolutionary process following the collapse. The reaction rate is assumed to be pressure-dependent, switching on when the pressure exceeds an ignition threshold. The strength of the incident shock is taken to be such that the reaction would not be initiated without the interaction of the shock with the cavity. The system is modeled as a multi-material mixture, and a high-resolution, Godunov-type scheme is employed to solve the governing equations numerically. The computations are carried out in parallel, and adaptive mesh refinement is used to obtain accurate and well-resolved solutions. It is found that collapse of the cavity produces a detonation provided that the cavity is large enough, or the rate of reaction strong enough; otherwise any reaction initiated by the collapse fizzles out. Details of how the detonation is established are found to depend strongly upon the shape of the cavity.
Sexual and reproductive health policies for foster youth in California: A qualitative study of child welfare professionals' experiences and perceptions of policies

Abstract Child welfare professionals and foster parents increasingly suggest the importance of establishing clear and consistent policies and procedures to address the sexual and reproductive health of youth in foster care. The present study examines the content and context of such policies across 18 California counties through a search of publically available county policy documents, and surveys and expert interviews with child welfare professionals (N = 22). A policy framework for agenda setting and policymaking was used to guide the data collection and analysis process. Child welfare professionals were aware of multiple sources of information, support and services for foster youths' sexual and reproductive health, though few practiced in counties with formal policies that outline the resources and support that youth should receive. Participants demonstrated widespread recognition that issues of youth sexual and reproductive health were significant; posing challenges to youth, foster parents and child welfare staff. Identified policy solutions included: 1) training for social workers and foster parents; 2) collaborative partnerships with public health nurses and community providers; 3) data tracking and monitoring of outcomes to assess youth needs and evaluate the impact of programs and policies; and 4) involvement by advocacy organizations in defining problems and advocating for improved services and support for youth in care. Social workers largely perceived that support from child welfare administrators and policy leaders is necessary to prioritize this issue and initiate policy formation. Additional research is needed to further examine the impact of policy mandates on social workers, foster parents and youth in foster care.
Arabic Morphological Representations for Machine Translation

Arabic has a very rich morphology characterized by a combination of templatic and affixational morphemes, complex morphological rules, and a rich feature system. This complexity makes working with Arabic as a source of target language in machine translation (MT) a challenge for two reasons. First, it is not clear what the right representation is for two reasons. First, it is not clear what the right representation is for Arabic words given a specific MT approach or system. And secondly, there are many MT-relevant resources for Arabic morphology, lexicography and syntax (e.g., morphological analyzers, dictionaries and treebanks) that adopt various representations that are not necessarily compatible with each other. The result is that for MT researchers, there is a need to experiment with and to relate multiple representations used by different resources or components to each other within a single system. In this chapter, we describe different Arabic morphological representations used by MT-relevant natural language processing resources and tools and we discuss their usability in different MT approaches. We also present a common framework for relating different levels of representations to each other
A comparative perspective on the ecology of morphological diversification in complex societies: nesting ecology and soldier evolution in the turtle ants

This work uses a comparative framework to address the adaptive evolutionary relationship between nesting ecology and the morphological diversification of the soldier caste in turtle ants (Cephalotes). Turtle ant colonies nest in pre-existing arboreal cavities, and soldiers specialize in colony defense by blocking cavity entrances with their armored heads. Analyses were focused on three major axes of soldier morphological diversification: discrete morphotype, head size, and head-size range (i.e., soldier polymorphism). The analyses showed that while all species use some entrances small enough to fit the head of one soldier, specialization on entrances that tightly fit the head of one soldier was only seen in species with the most specialized soldier morphotype. They also showed that the degree of soldier polymorphism was only positively correlated with the typical range of entrances in species with the most specialized morphotype. Overall, these findings indicated that a tight 1:1 size-matching between available soldier head sizes and selected entrance sizes is limited to species with the most specialized soldier morphotype, while species with less specialized morphotypes use a broader range of larger entrances. Together, these findings suggest a new general hypothesis for the adaptive diversification of caste systems: major shifts in ecological specialization drive the evolution of novel caste morphotypes, while minor expansions and contractions of an existing resource range shape the evolution of the size distribution of an existing caste. Broadly, these findings highlight the possibility for complex coupling and decoupling between different axes of caste diversification in lineages with complex social phenotypes. One key way in which complex "organismal societies" have diversified in form and function is via the evolution of morphologically distinct "castes" that specialize on particular social roles. Nevertheless, how ecological interactions shape caste diversification within social lineages remains poorly understood. Using a comparative framework, this work addresses how nesting ecology has shaped the diversification of an elaborate soldier caste in the turtle ants. The evolution of more specialized soldier types was associated with substantial shifts in nest-entrance specialization, while in species with the most specialized soldier type, there was also a match between head sizes and entrance sizes within and across species. These findings suggest the general hypothesis that the evolution of novel caste types is driven by major shifts in ecological specialization, while the size distribution of existing castes tracks minor shifts in resource use.
Fatigue stress concentration and notch sensitivity in nanocrystalline metals

Recent studies have shown the potential for nanocrystalline metals to possess excellent fatigue resistance compared to their coarse-grained counterparts. Although the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline metals are believed to be particularly susceptible to material defects, a systematic study of the effects of geometric discontinuities on their fatigue performance has not yet been performed. In the present work, nanocrystalline Ni-40 wt%Fe containing both intrinsic and extrinsic defects were tested in tension-tension fatigue. The defects were found to dramatically reduce the fatigue resistance, which was attributed to the relatively high notch sensitivity in the nanocrystalline material. Microstructural analysis within the crack-initiation zones underneath the defects revealed cyclically-induced abnormal grain growth (AGG) as a predominant deformation and crack initiation mechanism during high-cycle fatigue. The onset of AGG and the ensuing fracture is likely accelerated by the stress concentrations, resulting in the reduced fatigue resistance compared to the relatively defect-free counterparts.
Microsurgical breast reconstruction in thin patients: the impact of low body mass indices.

Background The purpose of this investigation was to examine patients with low body mass index (BMI) regarding the feasibility to perform autologous breast reconstruction in such patients, as well as to determine optimal donor sites and evaluate outcomes accordingly. Patients and Methods All patients undergoing microsurgical breast reconstruction were divided into three cohorts based on BMI. Group 1 included patients with BMI greater than or equal to 22 kg/m 2 and was defined “low-normal BMI.” Patients with BMI 22 to 25 kg/m 2 were placed in Group 2, labeled as “high-normal BMI.” Group 3, defined as “overweight,” included patients with BMI greater than 25 kg/m 2 , but less than 30 kg/m 2 . Patients were then analyzed based on demographics, breast cancer history, intraoperative details, complications, and revisionary surgeries. F-tests, chi-square goodness-of-fit tests, and Freeman–Halton extension of the Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Results During the study period, a total of 259 reconstructions were performed. Group 1 included 30 patients ( n = 49 flaps), Group 2 included 58 patients ( n = 98 flaps), and Group 3 included 69 patients ( n = 112 flaps). Patients undergoing nipple–areolar sparing mastectomy were more likely to be in Groups 1 (39% [ n = 19]) and 2 (37% [ n = 37]) as compared with Group 3 (14.2% [ n = 16]) ( p p Conclusions Abdominally based free flaps are possible in the majority of patients, however alternative harvest sites have to be used more frequently in low BMI patients.
Food Deserts: What is the Problem? What is the Solution?

The theory of food deserts is that poor people eat poor diets in part because fresh, healthy food is not accessible in areas where they tend to live. We review evidence from a number of disciplines on various elements of this theory and find it wanting. Access to a car is, for most, a more important consideration than access to a full service supermarket. Moreover, a number of cases are reviewed where full service supermarkets were opened in food deserts, usually with little effect on shopping or eating habits.
Design of Coupled Reactors Used for Parallel Circuit Breakers

There are many problems in the cooperating use of breakers,such as complex control systems and costly price.To solve the difficulties above,coupled reactors were introduced.When the coupled reactor works in the circuit,the parallel connection of circuit breakers is not an problem any more.When the power system is in normal state,the coupled reactor shows a leakage reactance and the currents in the paralleled breakers are almost equal to each other.But as long as the short circuit happens and the arc in one of the interrupters extinguishes firstly,the coupled reactor shows the self-reactance of the reactor coil,which is much bigger than the leakage reactance,and may be equal to the circuit impedance.Consequently,the principle of the coupled reactor and the design method are put forward.With the simulating mode,the probable infection is also discussed in magnetic field and circuit field.The result shows that the coupled reactors do well in sharing and limiting faulty current automaticly.