cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History of Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis brood parasitism in Trinidad and Tobago

In attempting to evaluate the evolutionary stability of the reproductive strategies of an avian brood parasite, it is important to know whether or not the observed levels of parasitism on host species have changed through time and whether or not new host species are being used in the region under study. In this regard, the islands of Trinidad and Tobago provide an excellent opportunity because they are ornithologically well known and the expansion of the parasitic Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis into the West Indian region is thought to have originated from Trinidad and Tobago. On the whole, host choice has remained remarkably stable over the past 50–60 years. The three hosts (House Wren Troglodytes aedon, Red-breasted Blackbird Leistes militaris and Yellow-hooded Blackbird Agelaius icterocephalus) known to be heavily parasitized historically remain heavily parasitized today. Only one instance of parasitism of a new host (Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus) is recorded. In the case of one intensively studied host, the Yellow-hooded Blackbird, cowbird parasitism had a minimal negative effect on the host's reproductive success. Reproductive equilibrium in this study seemed to be maintained by behavioural adaptations of host and parasite to each other. The stable pattern of host choice by Shiny Cowbirds in Trinidad and Tobago may not develop elsewhere in the West Indian region. Before the cowbird's expansion in the West Indies, potential hosts had no prior experience of brood parasites. Consequently, the island bird populations are unlikely to have evolved defensive strategies and thus may be more vulnerable to reproductive failure as a result of cowbird parasitism, precluding the development of a stable system at this point in time.
Do You See What I See? Fostering Aspiring Leaders’ Racial Awareness

Programs preparing culturally responsive school leaders must address how race, power, and individual, institutional, and cultural racism impact beliefs, structures, and outcomes for students of col...
Microtoxicology VII. Identification and Differentiation of the Antihistaminics of the Thiodiphenylamine Series

The results of a study of the application of colorimetric and precipitation reactions to six antihistamine drugs of the thiodiphenylamine series are reported. Optical crystallographic properties of the drugs have been determined and data on these properties are presented. Buckingham's reagent has been found to be applicable for identification and differentiation of the drugs studied. Optical crystallographic methods are best for identifying Phenergan and Pyrrolazote.
The Rate of Spontaneous Mutation for Life-History Traits in Caenorhabditis elegans

Spontaneous mutations were accumulated in 100 replicate lines of Caenorhabditis elegans over a period of approximately 50 generations. Periodic assays of these lines and comparison to a frozen control suggest that the deleterious mutation rate for typical life-history characters in this species is at least 0.05 per diploid genome per generation, with the average mutational effect on the order of 14% or less in the homozygous state and the average mutational heritability approximately 0.0034. While the average mutation rate per character and the average mutational heritability for this species are somewhat lower than previous estimates for Drosophila, these differences can be reconciled to a large extent when the biological differences between these species are taken into consideration.
Plasma proteome dynamics: analysis of lipoproteins and acute phase response proteins with 2H2O-metabolic labeling

Understanding the pathologies related to the regulation of protein metabolism requires methods for studying the kinetics of individual proteins. We developed a 2H2O metabolic labeling technique and software for protein kinetic studies in free living organisms. This approach for proteome dynamic studies requires the measurement of total body water enrichments by GC-MS, isotopic distribution of the tryptic peptide by LC-MS/MS, and estimation of the asymptotical number of deuterium incorporated into a peptide by software. We applied this technique to measure the synthesis rates of several plasma lipoproteins and acute phase response proteins in rats. Samples were collected at different time points, and proteins were separated by a gradient gel electrophoresis. 2H labeling of tryptic peptides was analyzed by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LTQ MS/MS) for measurement of the fractional synthesis rates of plasma proteins. The high sensitivity of LTQ MS in zoom scan mode in combination with 2H label amplification in proteolytic peptides allows detection of the changes in plasma protein synthesis related to animal nutritional status. Our results demonstrate that fasting has divergent effects on the rate of synthesis of plasma proteins, increasing synthesis of ApoB 100 but decreasing formation of albumin and fibrinogen. We conclude that this technique can effectively measure the synthesis of plasma proteins and can be used to study the regulation of protein homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions.
Cell-surface residence of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 on lymphocytes determines lymphocyte egress kinetics

The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P(1)) promotes lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Previous work showed that agonist-induced internalization of this G protein-coupled receptor correlates with inhibition of lymphocyte egress and results in lymphopenia. However, it is unclear if S1P(1) internalization is necessary for this effect. We characterize a knockin mouse (S1p1r(S5A/S5A)) in which the C-terminal serine-rich S1P(1) motif, which is important for S1P(1) internalization but dispensable for S1P(1) signaling, is mutated. T cells expressing the mutant S1P(1) showed delayed S1P(1) internalization and defective desensitization after agonist stimulation. Mutant mice exhibited significantly delayed lymphopenia after S1P(1) agonist administration or disruption of the vascular S1P gradient. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that mutant S1P(1) expression in lymphocytes, rather than endothelial cells, facilitated this delay in lymphopenia. Thus, cell-surface residency of S1P(1) on T cells is a primary determinant of lymphocyte egress kinetics in vivo.
Pan Trapping Soybean Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using Attractants

Since its introduction into the United States in the past 10 yr, soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has been a damaging pest to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. During 2008 and 2009, fields in central and north central Iowa experienced pockets of high soybean aphid populations. Electroantennograms have shown that soybean aphid alatae are capable of detecting host plant volatiles and sex pheromones. Here, we evaluated baited pan traps as a potential soybean aphid attractant. Yellow pan traps were placed in soybean fields after planting along with lures that contained plant volatiles and sex pheromones in 2008 or sex pheromones only in 2009. Pan trap contents were collected weekly, and plant counts also were conducted. Aphids were identified, and soybean aphids were counted to determine whether one chemical lure was more attractive to spring migrants than other lures. In both years, soybean aphids collected in pan traps with lures were not significantly different from the other products tested.
Organizational Modes of Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems

This paper discusses common modes of mesoscale convective organization. Using 2-km national composite reflectivity data, the authors investigated linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred in the central United States during May 1996 and May 1997. Based upon the radar-observed characteristics of 88 linear MCSs, the authors propose a new taxonomy comprising convective lines with trailing (TS), leading (LS), and parallel (PS) stratiform precipitation. While the TS archetype was found to be the dominant mode of linear MCS organization, the LS and PS archetypes composed nearly 40% of the studied population. In this paper, the authors document the characteristics of each linear MCS class and use operational surface and upper air data to describe their different environments. In particular, wind profiler data reveal that the stratiform precipitation arrangement associated with each class was roughly consistent with the advection of hydrometeors implied by the mean middle- and upper-tropospheric storm-relative winds, which were significantly different among the three MCS modes. Case study examples are presented for both the LS and PS classes, which have received relatively little attention to this point. As well, the authors give a general overview of the synoptic-scale meteorology accompanying linear MCSs in this study, which was generally similar to that observed by previous investigators.
Chapter Three: Is America Becoming More Exceptional?: How Public Policy Corporatized Social Citizenship

In 1950, T. H. Marshall suggested that "social citizenship" rights were the last frontier in formal citizenship protections. First came civil rights and basic freedoms in the eighteenth century, second came political rights with the extension of suffrage during the nineteenth century, and third came social rights with the development of national social insurance during the twentieth century. These three phases could be observed across developed nations.Yet in America, key social citizenship protections have been provided by employers rather than by the state, and hence the right to social protections has become a right linked to employment rather than a right linked to citizenship. As new social citizenship rights emerged in other developed countries, first to pension and health insurance and later to childcare provision and parental leaves, America saw the development of parallel rights within the corporation.The process has magnified American exceptionalism. I argue that federal policy stimulated the growth of this employment-related system of coverage, via tax incentives that encouraged corporate benefits expansion and complex regulations that encouraged firms to establish internal bureaucracies devoted to complying with the law-bureaucracies that became vocal advocates for the further expansion of private hinge benefits. The paradox of American exceptionalism, then, is that governmental activism has been the driving force behind the expansion of private social coverage.
The Social Worker As Legislative Ombudsman

11 This papar describes and analyzes a field work experiment conducted by the Community Social Work Sequence, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, in which four graduate social work students worked in the offices of four legislators. The experiment was designed to test the general concept of the legislative Ombudsman as well as to determine whether social workers could fulfill this role. ■
( p , p ′ ) and ( p , α ) Reactions from K 39

In the region of excitation up to 5.3 Mev, sixteen excited states in ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ have been observed by means of inelastic scattering of protons from natural potassium. An electrostatic accelerator was used as a source of protons, the inelastically scattered protons were analyzed at several angles with a magnetic spectrograph, and the incident beam energies were between 7 and 7.5 Mev. The first excited state in ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ is at 2.526 Mev. Two groups of alpha particles from the reaction ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{A}}^{36}$ were also observed. The $Q$ values for these groups are 1.286\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 Mev and -0.691\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 Mev, corresponding to the ground-state transition and to a level in ${\mathrm{A}}^{36}$ at 1.977\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 Mev.
Prospects for Peace: Iranian Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East

Iran lies at a crucial crossroads between peaceful nuclear energy and defensive nuclear weapons production, increasing tensions among Western powers while creating the perception of decreased regional stability in the Middle East. The apprehension surrounding Iranian nuclear proliferation largely emanates from an ignorance of the Iranian security situation with a corresponding misuse of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Iran has legitimate security incentives to develop nuclear weapons to counter-balance other existing and potentially antagonistic nuclear states. The inability of the West to recognize Iranian security fears will ultimately cause Western non-proliferation strategies to fail, unless deficiencies within Western policies are acknowledged and resolved.
Nuclear fuel cycle system simulation tool based on high-fidelity component modeling

The DOE is currently directing extensive research into developing fuel cycle technologies that will enable the safe, secure, economic, and sustainable expansion of nuclear energy. The task is formidable considering the numerous fuel cycle options, the large dynamic systems that each represent, and the necessity to accurately predict their behavior. The path to successfully develop and implement an advanced fuel cycle is highly dependent on the modeling capabilities and simulation tools available for performing useful relevant analysis to assist stakeholders in decision making. Therefore a high-fidelity fuel cycle simulation tool that performs system analysis, including uncertainty quantification and optimization was developed. The resulting simulator also includes the capability to calculate environmental impact measures for individual components and the system. An integrated system method and analysis approach that provides consistent and comprehensive evaluations of advanced fuel cycles was developed. A general approach was utilized allowing for the system to be modified in order to provide analysis for other systems with similar attributes. By utilizing this approach, the framework for simulating many different fuel cycle options is provided. Two example fuel cycle configurations were developed to take advantage of used fuel recycling and transmutation capabilities in waste management scenarios leading to minimizedmore » waste inventories.« less
Minimally Invasive Spinal Deformity Surgery. An Evolution Of Modern Techniques

Minimally Invasive Spinal Deformity Surgery. An Evolution Of Modern Techniques - Libros de Medicina - Neurocirugia - 150,00
Improving the quality of care for serious mental illness

Serious mental illness (SMI) has been defined as a persistent psychiatric disorder that has resulted in a substantial impairment in functioning. Approximately 1 in 25 (14 million) adults in the USA are living with SMI (NAMI 2015). Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and recurrent major depression are common disorders that often meet this definition. About 1 % (two million) and 3 % (six million) of the population have been diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively (NAMI 2015). Of these, only 64 % with schizophrenia and 56 % with bipolar disorder are receiving treatment, often from locations such as community mental health centers, hospitals, or jails and prisons (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, 2014). Recurrent major depression is a leading cause of disability and affects 7 % of the population (15 million). Despite high treatment success rates for depressive disorders, nearly two out of three people with these disorders do not seek or receive treatment (Young, Klap, Sherbourne, & Wells, 2001; Young, Klap, Shoai, & Wells, 2008). The disease burden of SMI is amongst the largest of the medical disorders. Short-term adverse effects include impaired ability to carry out daily activities in productive roles (job, school, housework) and social roles (family, friends). Serious psychiatric disorders have an earlier age of onset than most chronic physical disorders, which contributes to the magnitude of their long-term adverse effects (Kessler et al., 2007). Early-onset mental disorders predict a persistent disabling course and development of a wide range of physical disorders including obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Kessler et al., 2009).
Direct-detection mode-division multiplexing enabled by phase retrieval

We describe link architectures for direct-detection mode-division multiplexing. We propose and compare three methods for estimating a multi-mode fiber channel matrix using phase retrieval.
Constitutive Activity at the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor and Behavioral Responses

The cannabinoid receptor type 1, found mainly on cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, is a major component of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Constitutive and endogenous activity at cannabinoid receptor type 1 regulates a diverse subset of biological processes including appetite, mood, motor function, learning and memory, and pain. The complexity of cannabinoid receptor type 1 activity is not limited to the constitutive activity of the receptor: promiscuity of ligands associated with and the capability of this receptor to instigate G protein sequestration also complicates the activity of cannabinoid receptor type 1. The therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor type 1 agonists is still a heavily debated topic, making research on the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits and risks of cannabinoid use more vital than ever. Elucidation of these mechanisms and the quest for agonists and antagonists with greater specificity will allow a greater control of the side effects and risks involved in utilizing cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we review a small subset of techniques used in the pharmacological application of and the behavioral effects of molecules acting at the paradoxical cannabinoid receptor type 1.
Zebrafish Growth Factor Independence Transcription Factors Establish a New Paradigm for Regulation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Lineages

Abstract Abstract 3379 The Growth Factor Independence (Gfi) zinc finger transcription factors play essential roles in hematopoiesis, differentially activating and repressing transcriptional programs required for hematopoietic lineage specification. In mammals, Gfi1 regulates hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and lymphoid populations, while Gfi1b is required for megakaryocyte and erythroid development (van der Meer, et al. 2010 Leukemia 11:1834–43). In zebrafish, gfi1.1 plays an essential role in primitive hematopoiesis, preserving primitive HSC populations and regulating the erythroid-myeloid balance (Wei, et al. 2008 Cell Res. 6:677–85). However, little is known about the role of gfi1.1 in definitive hematopoiesis or about the role of additional hematopoietic gfi family members in zebrafish. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an additional zebrafish gfi family transcription factor, gfi1.2b. We compare and contrast gfi1.1 and gfi1.2b, showing that they are highly expressed in the intermediate cell mass (ICM) and aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM), the respective sites of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Using antisense morpholino oligos (MO), whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) of transgenic reporter fish, we demonstrate that gfi1.1 and gfi1.2b have distinct, essential roles in preserving primitive and definitive HSC populations, respectively. Loss of gfi1.1 specifically silences expression of scl and gata-1, markers of primitive HSC and erythroid progenitors. Conversely, loss of gfi1.2b silences expression of Tg(cd41:eGFPlo) cells, indicating an essential role for gfi1.2b in preserving definitive hematopoietic progenitors (Ma, et al. 2011 Blood 118:289–297). Consistent with the discrete roles of gfi1.1 and gfi1.2b in primitive and definitive lineages, knockdown of gfi1.2b silences lymphocyte rag-1 expression in the developing thymus, while knockdown of gfi1.1 has no effect on the thymic lymphocyte population. gfi1.1 and gfi1.2b have overlapping roles in erythropoiesis, as loss of either gfi factor reduces erythrocyte populations, while loss of both gfi paralogs results in a more profound silencing of erythrocytes. We further demonstrate that loss of gata-1 reduces gfi1.1 expression and silences gfi1.2b, suggesting that gata-1 plays an essential role in regulating the transcription of both genes. Together, these studies demonstrate that gfi1.1 and gfi1.2b have distinct and overlapping roles in zebrafish hematopoiesis and establish a new paradigm for the regulation of primitive and definitive hematopoietic lineages by gfi transcription factors. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Advocacy by physicians for patients and for social change.

Physicians will have a greater impact on health if they advocate for changes needed to prevent illness and harm than if they simply patch up those who are sick or harmed.
Specifications of an Ultrasonic Receiver Based on Two-Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Gallium Arsenide Implemented in a Laser-Ultrasonic System

Optical techniques for ultrasonic measurements present several advantages over conventional piezoelectric methods. First, they are remote sensing techniques and can be, for example, used for the inspection of materials at elevated temperature or products moving on a production line. Secondly, surfaces of complex shape can be easily probed since these techniques work with scattered light. For specific applications, these advantages compensate the usually lower sensitivity of optical techniques.
1-D Thermoreflectance Measurement Technique for Freestanding Micro/Nano Cantilever Beams

Pump-probe thermoreflectance is a well-known non-contact optical measurement technique for thermal property analysis of thin film materials on a semi-infinite substrate. Two laser lines are commonly used, one of which is used to heat the structure (the pump) and the other is used to measure the change in reflectivity (the probe) to infer thermal properties of the material/structure. This work extends the technique to freestanding cantilever beams. The pump beam applies a constant flux to the free end of the cantilever thereby inducing a thermal gradient along its length which is measured by the probe beam. Measurement of the thermal gradient allows for determination of the thermal conductivity of the material. Convective and radiative heat losses are minimized by performing the experiment at high vacuum and removing the substrate underneath the beam. We demonstrate the technique by measuring the thermal conductivity for four Si cantilever beams that are 1.29 μm thick. The average thermal conductivity for the beams was measured to be 96.9 ± 1.76 Wm−1K−1.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Utilizing pharmacy intervention in asplenic patients to improve vaccination rates

Abstract Purpose Asplenic patients are at increased risk for post-splenectomy infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and vaccination rates against these organisms remain low. The purpose of this study was to evaluate vaccination rates before and after implementation of a pharmacist-driven electronic vaccination tracking system. Methods This retrospective cohort analysis compared adult splenectomy patients before and after implementation of a pharmacist-driven tracking system with a primary outcome of complete initial vaccination. The system included use of an i-Vent to track and communicate vaccination status and a bundled vaccination order set. Complete initial vaccination was defined as documented administration of the following vaccines: pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Hib. Secondary outcomes included complete follow-up vaccination and factors associated with incomplete vaccination. Results A total of 261 patients were included for analysis (142 pre-intervention, 119 post-intervention). The most common indication for splenectomy was malignancy (52.1% pre-intervention, 47.9% post-intervention). Complete initial vaccination rates increased by almost 10% post-intervention from 68.3% to 77.3% (p = 0.11). There was a statistically significant increase with guideline recommended pneumococcal (13-valent) as part of the initial vaccination series (p Conclusion Implementation of a pharmacist-driven electronic vaccination tracking system and bundled order set may increase rates of vaccination among asplenic patients. Although this improvement was not statistically significant, it is still clinically impactful. One limitation of the study was many outpatient oncology pharmacists were not utilizing the tracking tool at the time of data collection. Projected vaccination rates are likely higher now that more pharmacists are aware of this tool.
Escritura y memoria en el Caribe: La crónica de la ciudad en "Trilogía sucia de La Habana" y "Cualquier miércoles soy tuya"

In this article, I propose that Pedro Juan Gutierrez's Trilogia sucia de La Habana (1998) and Mayra Santos-Febres's Cualquier miercoles soy tuya (2002) show the process of writing production as a metaphor that exemplifies the walking rhetoric by writing the chronicle of the city. Trilogia sucia de La Habana and Cualquier miercoles soy tuya have two journalists as their protagonists -Pedro Juan and Julian Castrodad- who are present as chroniclers of their cities -La Havana and San Juan- and who take their readers through the streets, houses, and motels of these two Caribbean cities. In doing so, they remember and recreate the history of the cities, recovering and reelaborating the collective memory of the marginalized ones. Trilogia sucia contests the economic crisis in Cuba and Cualquier miercoles vindicates the production of a literature without gender labels.
MP52-03 BURDEN OF DISEASE FOR URETHRAL STRICTURE MANAGED BY REPEAT ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT VERSUS SINGLE ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OR URETHROPLASTY IN THE VETERANS AFFAIRS POPULATION

AbstractIntroduction: Male urethral stricture disease is a challenging urological condition that affects nearly a third of men 65 years old or older. Management options include dilation and urethrotomy as well as urethroplasty, an open approach with increased morbidity and durability. Presently optimal management remains debated. In this study we focus on emergent procedures required by male patients in the Veterans Health Administration after stricture treatment as an indicator of clinically significant complications, comparing treatment approaches.Methods: We performed an institutional review board approved, retrospective, cohort study of male veterans with urethral stricture from 2005 to 2014. Our independent variable was immediate or delayed urethroplasty or continued endoscopic treatments. Our dependent variable was a stricture related procedure performed in the emergent or urgent care setting. We used a binary logistic regression model to model the likelihood of an adverse outcome as predicted by tr...
Chapter 27 Dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Publisher Summary Abnormalities of visual processing are frequent in dementia and particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Difficulties in processing visual information were the presenting symptom in 4% of patients seen in a Memory Disorder and Alzheimer's Center. Visual disturbances in AD are complex and include constructional and visuoperceptual disorientation, spatial agnosia, facial identification problems, Balint's syndrome, visual agnosia and visual hallucinations. These visual abnormalities are also observed in other dementias such as Lewy body dementia, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, corticobasal degeneration and frontotemporal dementia. This chapter discusses the visual behavior and neurophysiological abnormalities of dementia with particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Dementia often produces impairment of visual processing varying from disturbances of visual attention to severe visual agnosia. Neuropsychological, psychophysics, electrophysiological and biochemical studies have shown that visual difficulties are related to deficiencies of multiple visual neural pathways, visual areas, and neurotransmitters. However, visual difficulties in Alzheimer's disease predominantly affect two systems: (1) The cholinergic system modulating visual attention from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to the cortex, and (2) The cortico-cortical connections between occipitoparietal and occipito-temporal areas.
Using electronic medical record system to improve compliance with national guidelines for comprehensive distress screening in cancer patients.

309Background: Psychosocial distress screening (DS) and management is associated with improved quality of life and outcomes in cancer patients and is required for accreditation by the American Coll...
Abnormal auditory mismatch fields in adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract The auditory mismatch field (MMF) is a pre-attentive processing component, reflecting neural discrimination and inhibitory processing. Abnormal MMFs have been reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) along with an association with abnormal language comprehension; however, relatively little is known about MMF abnormalities to contrasting vowel stimuli in adults with ASD. To better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying auditory language discrimination of vowel stimuli in individuals with ASD, magnetoencephalography was used to measure MMFs during an auditory oddball paradigm with vowel stimuli (/a/ and /u/) in adults with ASD. MMFs arising from left and right superior temporal gyrus are reported from nine high-functioning right handed males with ASD (22.22 ± 5.74yrs) and sixteen typically developing (TD) right handed males (27.25 ± 6.63yrs). The MMF was delayed in adults with ASD (188.90 ± 5.8 ms) as compared to the TD participants (173.08 ± 4.31 ms, p
Therapeutic principles in management of peptic ulcer. 2. Anticholinergic agents.

The employment of antisecretory drugs as an adjunctive measure in the medical management of peptic ulcer can be quite flexible. The anticholinergic agent may be given before meals and at bedtime to assist neutralization by antacids given on a regular schedule, or it may be employed solely at bedtime. Since the studies described in this paper have been performed on basal secretion, the use of anticholinergic drugs at bedtime, as basal conditions are approached, seems reasonable. Their use during the day before meals may also cause a decrease in acid output extending through the digestive phase of gastric secretion, but in all likelihood prolonged anacidity from them alone is rarely if ever attained; numerous studies have already reported such programs to be therapeutic failures.
Materializing opportunities for NMR of solids.

Abstract Advancements in sensitivity and resolution of NMR of solids are opening a bonanza of fundamental and technological opportunities in materials science. Many of these are at the boundaries of related disciplines that provide creative inputs to motivate the development of new methodologies and possibilities for new applications. As Boltzmann limitations are surmounted by dynamic-nuclear-polarization- and laser-enhanced hyperpolarization techniques, the correlative benefits of multidimensional NMR are becoming more and more impactful. Nevertheless, there are limits, and the atomic-level information provided by solid-state NMR will be most useful in combination with state-of-the-art diffraction, microscopy, computational, and materials synthesis methods. Collectively these can be expected to lead to design criteria that will promote discovery of new materials, lead to novel or improved material properties, catalyze new applications, and motivate further methodological advancements.
Changing the policy paradigm: A benefit maximization approach to electricity planning in developing countries

Abstract Access to electricity can lead to enhanced education, business, and healthcare opportunities. Governments in emerging economies are often faced with the challenge of increasing access to electricity and reducing system inequality, while operating under severe budget constraints. This paper develops a methodology for finding the optimal expansion of a power system under the objective of maximizing social benefit, as it relates to distributional equality for electricity access, subject to a budget constraint. This contrasts with traditional models, which minimize the cost of satisfying projected electricity demand. We formulate a generation expansion planning problem as a utility-maximization mixed-integer linear program and apply it to a case study analysis of a low-income country with limited electricity infrastructure. We focus our analysis on understanding how the optimal allocation of generation between centralized and distributed resources is impacted by stakeholder preferences toward equality and different budget levels. We find that a high preference for equality leads to lower overall electricity consumption levels, but improved electrification rates due to greater investment (300–750 km increase) in transmission infrastructure. If stakeholders move from a low to a high equality preference then they could see a 72–87% increase in energy access equality rating depending on the budget. Conversely, indifference to equality leads to higher overall consumption levels in urban areas but reduced electrification rates. This methodology can help decision makers evaluate the social trade-offs between improving energy access, reducing energy inequality and poverty, and increasing total electricity consumption when operating under budget constraints in their countries.
Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Patients Undergoing Free Flap Reconstruction

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between antibiotic prophylaxis and prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in patients undergoing head and neck cancer reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Chart Review. METHODS Retrospective review of patients who underwent head and neck free flap reconstruction at our institution between 2009 to 2016. RESULTS Of the 145 patients that underwent head and neck tumor removal surgery using free tissue flaps to cover the defect and therafter received antibiotic prophylaxis, 30 (20.7%) developed postoperative surgical site (n = 17, 55.7%) or distant (n = 13, 43.4%) infections. Seven had a multidrug-resistant infection, the most common with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There was no significant relationship between antibiotic spectrum or duration to the development of postoperative infections or MDRO. Pseudomonas and MRSA infections were low overall with only one multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas infection. CONCLUSIONS The choice of antibiotic prophylaxis should cover organisms these patients are at highest risk for including anaerobes and Gram-negative organisms. A shorter duration of antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered given no increased risk of postoperative infection nor MDRO. Finally, one must be aware of the potential threat of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas and MRSA amongst this vulnerable population and identity these with culture driven treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1881-E1887, 2021.
Improved MVDR Beamforming Using LSTM Speech Models to Clean Spatial Clustering Masks.

Spatial clustering techniques can achieve significant multi-channel noise reduction across relatively arbitrary microphone configurations, but have difficulty incorporating a detailed speech/noise model. In contrast, LSTM neural networks have successfully been trained to recognize speech from noise on single-channel inputs, but have difficulty taking full advantage of the information in multi-channel recordings. This paper integrates these two approaches, training LSTM speech models to clean the masks generated by the Model-based EM Source Separation and Localization (MESSL) spatial clustering method. By doing so, it attains both the spatial separation performance and generality of multi-channel spatial clustering and the signal modeling performance of multiple parallel single-channel LSTM speech enhancers. Our experiments show that when our system is applied to the CHiME-3 dataset of noisy tablet recordings, it increases speech quality as measured by the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) algorithm and reduces the word error rate of the baseline CHiME-3 speech recognizer, as compared to the default BeamformIt beamformer.
Estimating the Causal Effect of A Digitally Native Retailer Opening a New Store: A New Two-Step Synthetic Control Method

With the rapid growth of omnichannel retailing, digitally native retailers are increasingly opening physical stores. A critical issue for many digitally native retailers is to estimate the causal effect of a new store opening on their online sales. To assess the causal effect, a randomized control field experiment is infeasible, so quasi-experiments offer the best hope. Often, due to the non-availability of a readily matched control group, the use of synthetic control (SC) groups to estimate the causal effect is becoming popular. A crucial identifying assumption for the SC method is the parallel trends assumption, which states that the treatment unit would have followed a path parallel to the synthetic control group unit in the absence of treatment. However, this assumption may not hold in real data, in particular, in the omnichannel context. If this assumption is violated, current methods may yield incorrect and misleading estimates of causal effects. Unfortunately, no formal test of this assumption exists. We propose a new two-step synthetic control (TSSC) method that comprises a new test for the parallel trends assumption in the first step, and the application of an appropriate synthetic control method in the second step. Thus, our approach unifies the synthetic control and the modified synthetic control (MSC) methods. We examine the finite sample performance of our testing procedure using simulation. We apply this method to estimate the cross-channel effect of a digitally native retailer opening a physical showroom on its sales at two locations: Columbus, OH and Austin, TX. We demonstrate the value of our TSSC method by revealing that the cross-channel effect from the TSSC method for Columbus is positive and significant, contrary to the incorrect and misleading result from the traditional SC method that shows a negative and significant effect.
Deciphering the Genome of “Crisis” in the Syrian “Refugee Crisis”: Towards a Hermeneutic Tripod

This chapter describes the tragic situation of Syria, that spurred waves of refugees beginning from 2015 onwards, and examines the data of the drastic conditions that drove these Syrians to migrate to Europe. The European host societies that accepted such refugees are challenged by their presence. To decipher the genome of “crisis” in the phrase “refugee crisis,” the best method is to use the hermeneutic tripod of identity-relationality-othering. This chapter analyses the Syrian refugee crisis in today’s European societies from the perspective of this tripod to demonstrate that a coherent perception of their sitz im leben: challenges an understanding of the nature of the situation; helps decipher the components of thought-forms about migrants; and maps and re-maps the web of meanings that underpin the conduct and behavioural patterns that are exhibited and experienced by host peoples and migrants.
Post-transplant primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified in a pediatric patient.

Solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be complicated by development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). The World Health Organization categorizes PTLDs into four entities including non-destructive, monomorphic, polymorphic, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma types. The most common PTLDs are B-cell lymphomas, with T-cell lymphomas accounting for only a few cases. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are rarer still in post-transplant patients with primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma being an extraordinarily rare subtype in this population. PTLDs may be aggressive and are often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Advances in medicine have led to increased awareness of PTLDs and improved diagnostic tools which assist in diagnosis of these conditions. However, the clinical and histopathologic heterogeneity of PTLDs may make diagnosis a challenge. In the transplant patient population, the cutaneous manifestations of lymphoproliferative disease may mimic other conditions such as eczematous dermatitis and graft-versus-host disease. Herein, we report a case of post-transplant primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) in a pediatric heart transplant patient and describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic histopathologic features. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Disparities in influenza vaccination: Arab Americans in California.

Influenza vaccination among minoritized groups remains below federal benchmarks in the United States (US). We used data from the 2004–2016 California Health Interview Surveys (CHIS) to characterize influenza vaccination patterns among Arab Americans in California. Influenza vaccination was self-reported by Arab American adults (N = 1163) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHW, N = 166,955). Differences in influenza vaccination prevalence and odds were compared using chi-squared tests and survey-weighted logistic regression, respectively. Across all years, 30.3% of Arab Americans self-reported receiving an influenza vaccine (vs. 40.5% for NHW, p < 0.05). After sequential adjustment by sociodemographic, health behavior, and acculturation variables no differences in odds of self-reported influenza vaccination were observed between Arab Americans and NHW (odds ratio: 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.76–1.38). Male and unemployed Arab Americans had higher odds of reporting influenza vaccination than female and employed Arab Americans. Future work should consider specific barriers to influenza vaccination in Arab American communities.
Self-Determination in Plenitude

On a plenitudinous ontology, in every filled region of spacetime, there is at least one object that’s ‘exactly then and there’; one per each modal profile that the matter in the region satisfies. One of the strongest arguments for plenitude, the “argument from anthropocentrism” (also known as the argument from arbitrariness), puts pressure on us to accept that members of different communities correctly self-identify under different subject concepts. I explore this consequence and offer an account of selves on which self-determination is both socially and individually variant; we determine our spatiotemporal boundaries, our de re modal properties, and the kind of being that we are. We do this by determining which of many candidate beings has the property of being a self.
Assessment and Evaluation of Exceptional Children in the Soviet Union

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an interpretive framework for understanding the potential value of Soviet contributions to the literature on exceptional child assessment. The Soviet assessment literature, representing vastly different social, intellectual, and educational conditions, reveals a professional orientation to assessment that relies heavily on skilled clinical methods and insights not only for purposes of social policy, but also for purposes of professional communication and knowledge accrual. There is a need to understand the core importance of culture and language during instruction and the instructional use of language, which must necessarily differ from ordinary conversation in classrooms with students with disabilities. Viewing the development of assessment procedures in both the Soviet Union and the West from historical distance, the results of two very different natural experiments can be seen to converge.
Disgust and Aesthetics

Disgust is an emotion that is visceral, reactive, and uncomfortable. It is also purposively aroused by art in ways that contribute substantially to the meaning of a work. In such cases “aesthetic disgust” is a component of understanding and appreciation. Disgust comes in many varieties, including the humorous, the horrid, and the tragic. The responses it elicits can be strong or subtle, but few are actually pleasant. Therefore aesthetic disgust raises an ancient question: how is it that emotions aroused in practical life become the focus of pleasure or enjoyment when they are aroused by art? This paper reviews a number of accounts of aesthetic satisfaction in disgust, arguing that the most profound uses convey an immediate and visceral grasp of physical vulnerability and mortality.
The Conversion of the Carcinogen N-Hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide to o-Amidophenols by Rat Liver in Vitro SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND MECHANISM OF THE REACTION

Abstract Previous work on the induced isomerization of the carcinogenic arylhydroxamic acid, N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, to the o-amidophenols, 1-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, by rat liver preparations has been extended. Examination of the substrate specificity of this enzymatic rearrangement suggests that the reaction is restricted to arylhydroxamic acids in which the nitrogen is linked to an aromatic system capable of extended conjugation. Determinations of the isotope content of 1-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide isolated after incubation of the induced enzyme with N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, labeled with 18O in the hydroxyl group, indicate that the hydroxyl group is transferred in toto from the nitrogen to the carbon atoms of the aromatic system located in a position ortho to the nitrogen. The data are compatible with an intramolecular rearrangement rather than with a previously suggested intermolecular mechanism involving addition of hydroxyl groups from the medium to the resonance forms of an amidonium ion.
Towards an Understanding of Lodging Asset Management and its Components

Lodging asset management has emerged as one of the most important areas of strategic hotel management. Increasingly, lodging companies are soliciting the services of asset management firms or developing internal asset management competencies. This article synthesizes and discusses the essential components of dynamic lodging asset management. The article provides a detail background on asset management and its importance and explains the role of lodging asset managers and their working relationships with ownership and operators. The article also discusses the competencies and skills of asset managers.
Domestic legal traditions and the dispute settlement body

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to focus on the influence of domestic legal traditions on dispute behavior, which has been widely examined in the conflict literature, within the World Trade Organization (WTO). States with a civil legal tradition hold treaties and agreements in high esteem. Therefore, they will be more likely to file trade complaints and pursue adjudication when compared to states with common or mixed legal traditions. Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses in this study have been tested using a quantitative test with data from the WTO regarding trade disputes. Findings – While civil law states are more likely to file complaints, they are less likely to pursue adjudication over a negotiated settlement. Originality/value – This study brings to light how domestic legal systems affect state behavior within an international legal body.
Chinese Thought, Game Theory, and Strategic International Negotiations

In this article, the insights of Chinese philosophy and economic game theory are examined with a focus on international negotiations. While Chinese philosophy texts have existed for over 2,000 years, game theory is a more recent tool of strategic analysis. We illustrate four strategic negotiation principles based on these two theories with stylized examples specifically designed to help negotiators involved in international contexts.