cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple Changes to Emergency Department Workflow Improve Analgesia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Author(s): Isenberg, Derek L.; Kissman, Katrina M.; Saks, Mark A.; Evans, Loreen B.; Salinski, Ellie P. | Abstract: Introduction: In 2013 the Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) published guidelines for the management of pain and agitation in the intensive care unit (ICU). These guidelines recommend using an analgesia-first strategy in mechanically ventilated patients as well as reducing the use of benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines increase delirium in ICU patients thereby increasing ICU length of stay. We sought to determine whether a simple educational intervention for emergency department (ED) staff, as well as two simple changes in workflow, would improve adherence to the SCCM guidelines.Methods: This was a cohort study that took place from 2014-2016. All patients who were intubated in the ED by an emergency physician (EP) during this time were eligible for inclusion in this study. In January 2015, we began an educational campaign with the ED staff consisting of a series of presentations and online trainings. The impetus for our educational campaign was to have best practices in place for our new emergency medicine residency program starting in July 2016. We made two minor changes in our ED workflow to support this educational objective. First, fentanyl infusions were stocked in the ED. Second, we instituted a medication order set for mechanically ventilated patients. This order set nudged EPs to choose medications consistent with the SCCM guidelines. We then evaluated the use of opioids and benzodiazepines in mechanically ventilated patients from 2014 through 2016 using Fisher’s exact test. All analyses were conducted in the overall sample (n=509) as well as in subgroups after excluding patients with seizures/status epilepticus as their primary admission diagnosis (n=461).Results: In 2014 prior to the interventions, 41% of mechanically ventilated patients received an opioid, either as an intravenous (IV) push or IV infusion. In 2015 immediately after the intervention, 71% of patients received an opioid and 64% received an opioid in 2016. The use of benzodiazepine infusions decreased from 22% in 2014 to 7% in 2015 to 1% in 2016.Conclusion: A brief educational intervention along with two simple changes in ED workflow can improve compliance with the SCCM guidelines for the management of pain and agitation in mechanically ventilated patients.
Informed consent, the cancer patient, and phase I clinical trials.

The concept of informed consent, which acknowledges the rights of patients to voluntarily participate in health care, applies both to clinical practice and clinical research.1,2 Informed consent in clinical research is related to, but recognized as being more stringent than, informed consent outside the context of clinical trials.3 This heightened consent standard exists for at least two reasons. First, from an ethical perspective, a patient considering clinical trial participation is always viewed as potentially vulnerable.4 As a result of this potential vulnerability, he or she may have great difficulty in appreciating the differences between the therapeutic and research aspects of a given alternative of care or treatment. Without this distinction, patients cannot make uncoerced and autonomous health care decisions. Thus, the informed consent process, and the ethics of clinical research, require that such a clear distinction be made.5,6 Second, the physician-investigator is seen as having an intrinsic conflict of interest in their role both as a physician for an individual patient and as a scientific investigator attempting to develop improved methods of medical care and treatment.3,4,7 Within the sole context of a therapeutic relationship, the physician places his or her patient’s interests above all else.8 However, within the context of clinical research, an investigator has additional interests which may not be relative to their patients’ interests.9,10,11,12,13 From an ethical perspective, many concerns exist about the ability of clinical investigators to provide the requisite information to patients regarding participation in research in such a way that allows patients to recognize the distinction between research and therapy.6,14,15
Radially scanning magnetic probes to study local helicity injection dynamics.

Two new magnetic probes have been deployed on the Pegasus spherical tokamak to study the dynamics of local helicity injection non-solenoidal plasma start-up and current drive. The magnetic radial array probe consists of 15 pickup coils (∼5 × 8 mm each) that measure Bz(R) over a 15 cm linear extent. The coils consist of traces embedded in a printed circuit board. Three coil designs are utilized to balance frequency response and coil sensitivity. Helmholtz coil measurements are used to measure coil and full assembly bandwidths (∼2 MHz and ∼200 kHz, respectively) and sensitivities (0.18/0.35/0.96 mV T−1 s). The magnetic radial scanning probe is an array of Hall effect sensors that measure field strength (|B| ≤ 177 mT) and direction at 8 spatial points (ΔR = 1.5 cm), supporting the studies of equilibrium field structure and low-frequency (≤5 kHz) current dynamics. It uses commercial surface-mount Hall effect sensors with chip-integrated amplifiers and compensators that are mounted in a 3-D printed frame. Helmholtz coil measurements indicate negligible cross-field gain nonlinearity and provide absolute calibration of the diagnostic. Both probes are constructed as an electrostatically shielded insertable air-side assembly that mounts within a radially translatable ultrahigh vacuum assembly from an existing probe.
Results from a person-centered music intervention for individuals living with dementia

Aim Dementia is a chronic, costly disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Effective, affordable person-centered interventions are required to improve the lived experiences of individuals with dementia and their caregivers in various care settings. The present study examined the effects of a person-centered music listening intervention on mood, agitation and social engagement for individuals living with dementia. Methods This quasi-experimental study was carried out with participants at five community-based adult day health centers (n = 51). Standardized instruments were used to measure mood and agitation, and in-person and video-recorded observations of participant behavior were used to analyze changes before, during and after the intervention across four domains: mood, agitation, connecting to music and engaging socially. Within-person differences were examined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and between-group differences were examined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results Although standardized instruments did not yield statistically significant results, the behavioral observations showed a positive change in mood and a decrease in agitation. From pre- to post-intervention, there were statistically significant increases in joy, eye contact, eye movement, being engaged and talkativeness, and a decrease in sleeping and moving or dancing. Conclusions Behavioral observations show the positive impact a person-centered music listening intervention might have on individuals living with dementia and attending adult day health centers. This affordable intervention provides a useful tool for caregivers that might improve the day-to-day experience of individuals living with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 30-34.
Quantitative Characterization of Optical Coupling in Nanoporous ZnO–WO3 and ZnO–PEDOT Composite Electrodeposited Gratings Using Electrodiffraction Measurements

To quantitatively characterize the optical coupling between ZnO (a high refractive index but nonabsorptive material) and an electrochromic material (either tungsten oxide (WO3) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)), electrodiffractive and electrochromic properties were investigated from a novel two-component composite nanostructured electrodeposited grating that incorporated both ZnO and either WO3 or PEDOT. The sequential electrodeposition of these two materials through a photopatterned photoresist layer onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrate created a grating structure that exhibited optical diffraction that could be modulated electrochemically. SEM images of the electrochromic gratings revealed that the ZnO electrodeposition created a high surface area nanostructured thin film. The nanostructured ZnO is nonabsorbing, but its high refractive index and large surface area redirect light into the electrochromic grating and create a 4-fold enhancement in the grating’s electrodif...
Prince: double-consciousness in expressing the value of work

AbstractPrince was famous for engaging in dualities and multiplicities. His music spanned multiple genres and at different times in his nearly 4-decade career, Prince played with the boundaries of ...
Exploring the strength of a hydrogen bond as a function of steric environment using 1,2-azaborine ligands and engineered T4 lysozyme receptors.

A congeneric series of 1,2-azaborine ligands was used to study the relationship between the steric demand of the ligand and hydrogen bonding strength in the context of ligand–protein binding using engineered T4 lysozymes as the model biomacromolecules. The hydrogen bonding strength values were extracted from experimentally accessible binding free energies using the Double Mutant Cycle analysis. With the increasing steric demand, the NH…102Q hydrogen bonding interaction is weakened; however, this weakening of the hydrogen bonding interaction occurs in discrete steps rather than in an incremental fashion.
Paternal military service and risk of leukemia among children with Down syndrome: A children’s oncology group (COG) study

1068 Active military service may be a surrogate measure for hazardous exposures, such as defoliant agents (e.g., Agent Orange) used widely in the Vietnam War. Such exposures are cause for ongoing health concern among current and former military employees and their families. A prior COG epidemiologic study reported that paternal military service in Vietnam or Cambodia was associated with a modestly increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children; however, the Institute of Medicine concluded in 2004 that there is inadequate information to determine whether or not an association exists between parental military service and cancer in offspring. Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a 10-to-20-fold increased risk of developing acute leukemia compared to children without DS and are therefore a valuable population for the study of leukemia etiology. The purpose of this case-control study analysis was to examine the possible association between paternal military service and acute leukemia in children with DS. Children with DS (controls) were frequency matched by age to children with DS and leukemia (cases) diagnosed in 1997-2002 at ages 0-19 years at participating COG institutions in North America. Fathers (n=275), and mothers serving as surrogates (n=40), of 152 cases (n=93 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and n=59 AML) and 163 controls were asked to complete a one-hour telephone interview, including items regarding paternal military service. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to evaluate the association, resulting in odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Reference age, paternal age at the time of the index child’s birth, paternal race, and paternal alcohol use were included in the final multivariate models. There was little evidence to support an association between any paternal military service (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.95-1.31), service in Vietnam or Cambodia (OR= 2.26, 95% CI: 0.41-12.49), or service in other countries (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.40-2.11) and leukemia in the offspring. Similar results were observed among ALL and AML cases analyzed separately. These null results are generally consistent with those from the previous COG study, which found that paternal military service was not associated with leukemia in offspring (not restricted to children with DS); however, our results failed to replicate the former finding that service in Vietnam or Cambodia was modestly associated with AML. Service in Vietnam or Cambodia is a poor surrogate for Agent Orange exposure and is a limitation of the current study; future research should utilize more sophisticated exposure assessment methods. Overall, we found little evidence in support of a causal association between paternal military service and leukemia in children with DS. Research supported by NIH Grants R01 CA75169 and T32 CA099936 and the Children’s Cancer Research Fund, Minneapolis, MN.
Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Based on Wavelet Packet Transform and GA-Elman Neural Network

Aiming at the problem on how to improve the diagnostic rate of rolling bearing fault diagnosis models, the original vibration signal is denoised and feature extracted by wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction, and the fault pattern recognition is realized by Elman neural network. For the problem that Elman neural network has a slow convergence rate and it is easy to fall into the local optimal value, this paper uses the genetic algorithm (GA) with global search ability to optimize the weight and threshold of the Elman neural network through the steps of selection, crossover and mutation. It is proved by experiments that the Elman neural network optimized by genetic algorithm has high diagnostic precision, and this method can be better applied to fault diagnosis of rolling bearings.
Building confidence in projections of future ocean capacity

Abstract The ocean provides humans with a wide range of ecosystem services such as food provision, carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and biodiversity. The capacity of the ocean to provide ecosystem services is impacted by humans through climate change and fisheries. Understanding the extent of human impacts on ocean capacity and ecosystem services and how they will change under different carbon emission and exploitation scenarios is necessary to inform evidence-based policies and decision making. Scientists have developed models of marine ecosystem and fisheries to make future ocean projections. Models are simplifications and abstractions of the real world, and model approaches vary greatly in the processes that they represent, the assumptions that they make, and the data that they are informed by. As a result of this heterogeneity, different models often give different projections of future ocean capacity. In order to address this variability in projections, systematic approaches to compare models referred to as model intercomparison projects (MIPs), have been developed for many socio-ecological systems. The fisheries and marine ecosystem MIP (FishMIP) was formed to develop a standardized method to perform future climate change and fisheries projections for regional and global scale models. This chapter describes key insights from the FishMIP experience to build confidence in projections of future ocean capacity.
Investigating population genetics of invasive rainbow smelt in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract Increasing our understanding of invasive species is important because of the negative impacts they can have on the economies and ecosystems of invaded regions. There is growing interest in how environmental variability (e.g. temperature) and stochastic invasion events (e.g. founder effects) affect the genetic composition of populations of invasive species. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) are a cold-water, planktivorous fish that spread into the Great Lakes basin in the early 1900s. We performed genetic analyses using microsatellites (N = 10) to investigate the influence stochastic invasion events have had on the genetic composition of invasive rainbow smelt populations across a broad geographic range. Genetic analyses were conducted on rainbow smelt populations (N = 30/population) from Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and four inland lakes in Northern Wisconsin. Populations from the Great Lakes were generally less differentiated than inland populations. Additionally, we found evidence of a significant bottleneck in two inland populations and evidence for two distinct genetic strains of rainbow smelt in Lake Ontario. We also performed genetic analyses using microsatellites to determine if a thermally-induced extreme mortality event had an effect on a population of rainbow smelt and found that there was no measurable genetic effect on the population. Overall, this study provides evidence that the genetic structure and diversity of introduced populations can vary significantly, and are likely influenced by factors such as the frequency and magnitude of introductions. Also the resiliency of an invasive species can be high despite a history of bottlenecks and low genetic diversity.
Laser-Assisted Fabrication of a Highly Sensitive and Flexible Micro Pyramid-Structured Pressure Sensor for E-Skin Applications

A novel capacitive pressure sensor based on micro-structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric layer was developed for wearable E-skin and touch sensing applications. The pressure sensor was fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, using PDMS and silver (Ag) as the dielectric and electrode layers, respectively. A set of PDMS films with pyramid shaped micro-structures were fabricated using a laser engraved acrylic mold. The electrodes (top and bottom) were fabricated by depositing Ag on PET films using additive screen-printing process. The pressure sensor was assembled by attaching the top and bottom Ag electrodes to the smooth side of pyramid shaped micro-structured PDMS (PM-PDMS) films. The top PM-PDMS was then placed on the bottom PM-PDMS. The capability of the fabricated pressure sensor was investigated by subjecting the sensor to pressures ranging from 0 to 10 kPa. A sensitivity of 0.221% Pa $^{\mathbf {-1}}$ , 0.033% Pa $^{\mathbf {-1}}$ and 0.011% Pa $^{\mathbf {-1}}$ along with a correlation coefficient of 0.9536, 0.9586 and 0.9826 was obtained for the pressure sensor in the pressure range of 0 Pa to 100 Pa, 100 Pa to 1000 Pa, and 1 kPa to 10 kPa, respectively. The pressure sensor also possesses a fast response time of 50 ms, low hysteresis of 0.7%, recovery time of 150 ms and excellent cycling stability over 1000 cycles. The results demonstrated the efficient detection of pressure generated from various activities such as hand gesture and carotid pulse measurement. The PM-PDMS based pressure sensor offers a simple and cost-effective approach to monitor pressure in E-skin applications.
Application of synthetic membranes in establishing bio-predictive IVPT for testosterone transdermal gel.

Abstract The current study investigated the use of synthetic membranes in developing a bio-predictive in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) method for 1.62% testosterone gel. The IVPT studies were carried out using both Franz (FC), and Flow-through (FTC) diffusion cells. The experimental variables included the type of synthetic membranes (hydrophilic polyamide nylon, polysulfone tuffryn and STRAT-M (SM) membrane) and the type of receiver media (phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate). In vivo drug release rates were obtained from published reports for 1.62% testosterone gel applied to either abdominal area (treatment group A), upper arms/shoulders (treatment group B), or alternating between abdomen and arms/shoulders (treatment group C). The in vitro-in vivo correlations were established using GastroPlus software. The best IVPT method was selected based on establishing point-to-point correlation with the in vivo data of treatment group A with minimal prediction errors (%PE) of AUC0-24 and Cmax. The results showed that the IVPT method which employed the FTC diffusion system, SM membrane and phosphate buffer without surfactant established the best IVIVR model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9966 and an exponential function of Y = (1.35)5 × X3.6. The in vivo data obtained from treatment group A and B was used for internal validation of the prediction model. The validation data was acceptable, with %PE of less than 10% for both AUC0-24 and Cmax. In conclusion, these results suggest that bio-predictive IVPT methods for testosterone gels may be developed using synthetic membranes and diffusion apparatus by varying the composition of the receiver medium.
The effects of a standard elliptical vs. a modified elliptical with a converging footpath on lower limb kinematics and muscle activity

Elliptical trainers that increase the inter-pedal distance may have potential benefits for knee osteoarthritis by decreasing the amount of knee varus. Modifying elliptical trainers with a convergin...
Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing with Citrus embryogenic cell cultures

Development of precise genome editing strategies is a prerequisite for producing edited plants that can aid in the study of gene function and help understand the genetic traits in a cultivar. Citrus embryogenic cell cultures can be used to rapidly produce a large population of genome edited transformed citrus lines. The ability to introduce specific mutations in the genome of these cells using two constructs (pC-PDS1 and pC-PDS2) was evaluated in this study. Citrus sinensis ‘EV2’ embryogenic cell cultures are amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting two locations in the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene were either driven by the Arabidopsis U6–26 promoter (pC-PDS1) or assembled as a Csy4 array under the control of the CmYLCV promoter (pC-PDS2). All transgenic embryos were completely albino and no variegated phenotype was observed. We evaluated 12 lines from each construct in this study and the majority contain either insertion (1–2 bp), substitution (1 bp), or deletion (1–3 bp) mutations that occurred close to the protospacer adjacent motif. Both the pC-PDS1 and pC-PDS2 could successfully edit the citrus embryogenic cell cultures. However, the editing efficiency was dependent on the gRNA, confirming that the selection of a proper gRNA is essential for successful genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Also, utilization of embryogenic cell cultures offers another option for successful genome editing in citrus.
A History of Exile in the Roman Republic: The Journey into Exile: The Early Republic to the Social War

CHOOSING A SITE FOR EXILE: AN INTRODUCTION As we have seen from the discussion of the ius exulare in Chapter Two, once an exile left Roman territory, he was free to resettle wherever he pleased, although there were some advantages to choosing a civitas foederata . While there were no legal constraints on the selection of a new domicile as far as we know, historical and political factors did strongly shape this decision. One factor that remained fairly constant in the selection of a new domicile throughout the Republican period was the presence of clientelae and family connections. Such connections to a locality offered many advantages and certainly facilitated the exile's acceptance into the citizen body of his new state. For example, it seems to have been common for Romans going into banishment to return to provinces where they had held their magistracies. In his defense of L. Licinius Murena, Cicero took this fact for granted when he played upon the pathetic image of a former governor returning as an exile to an area he had recently proudly governed: ibit igitur in exsilium miser? quo? ad Orientisne partis in quibus annos multos legatus fuit, exercitus duxit, res maximas gessit? at habet magnum dolorem, unde cum honore decesseris, eodem cum ignominia reverti. an se in contrariam partem terrarum abdet, ut Gallia Transalpina, quem nuper summo cum imperio libentissime viderit, eundem lugentem, maerentem, exsulem videat? Therefore, will this wretched man go into exile? Where? To the East, where he served as legate for many years, led armies and accomplished great deeds?[…]
ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WORKERS’ RETIREMENT DECISIONS: ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WORKERS’ RETIREMENT DECISIONS

The landscape for older workers has changed dramatically in recent decades. Governments have made cuts to public pension programs, private pensions have shifted from defined benefit to defined contribution plans, equity and housing markets have been unusually volatile, and workers have experienced declining morbidity and mortality. At the same time, the labor force participation rate for older men and women has been rising over the past two decades, implying later retirement. Are these phenomena related? This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature exploring the economic determinants of workers’ retirement decisions, including public and private pensions, wealth and savings, health and health insurance, and labor demand.
Infections in cirrhosis - A guide for the clinician.

Abstract Cirrhosis contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infections in patients with cirrhosis are common and significantly impact health-related quality of life. As our understanding of immune dysfunction associated with cirrhosis grows and as rates of drug-resistant organisms increase, the management of infections in cirrhosis has become increasingly nuanced. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cirrhosis-associated immune deficiency, review the most common infections in patients with cirrhosis, and highlight techniques for the general clinician in the prevention and treatment of infections in this high-risk population.
Robbing the Rich? 'Robin Hood' Fraud in the Securities Markets

Research into fraud has been limited by the assumption that those who commit acts against propriety were necessarily motivated by personal financial gain. This research investigates the purposeful subversion of controls that lead to unwarranted wealth transfers that lack such a personal motive. The so-called “Robin Hood” fraudster appears to be surprisingly prominent in organized securities markets according to the results of this experimental research. Specifically, rule violation that allowed clients to reap excessive rewards thrive in the trading environment. Surprisingly, such behavior is not less likely in the presence of increased detection probabilities, a positive “tone at the top” or when traders earn a commission. However, two interaction effects among these influences are significant. Thus, some support is produced for the multiple influences of the Fraud Triangle. Implications for trading markets and the fraud literature are drawn.
Renal Displacement with Supine to Prone Positional Change: Effect of Sex and BMI.

Objective: To determine patterns of kidney and retroperitoneal organ movement during positional change between the supine and prone positions as seen on computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods: Axi...
Counseling for personal health implications identified during reproductive genetic carrier screening.

Objective Preconception and prenatal carrier screening is designed to provide reproductive risk information, but carriers for some autosomal recessive or X-linked conditions also have personal health risks. This study investigated the prevalence of and inclusion of personal health implications in pre- and post-test counseling. Methods Twelve genetic conditions with personal health risks for carriers included on carrier screening panels but not otherwise screened routinely were identified (e.g., Gaucher disease with Parkinson's disease risk). A retrospective review was performed of patients with a positive carrier screen for one of these conditions at our center from 2012-2019. Results Of 6,147 individuals that had carrier screening for one of the twelve conditions, 96 (1.56%) did not report a known family history and screened positive for one of the conditions. Testing was ordered largely by reproductive endocrinologists (51.0%) and genetic counselors (35.4%). Most individuals did not receive pre- (96.8%) or post-test (64.6%) counseling about personal health risks. Post-test counseling was performed principally by genetic counselors (97.1%). For carriers of conditions with guidelines for specialist referral, most individuals (75.9%) were referred. Conclusion Expanded genetic carrier screening increasingly identifies individuals with personal health implications, but patients are frequently not counseled before or after testing. These findings stress the importance of developing guidelines for practitioners about expanded carrier screening counseling and follow-up. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Active elastic metamaterials for subwavelength wave propagation control

Recent research activities in elastic metamaterials demonstrate a significant potential for subwavelength wave propagation control owing to their interior locally resonant mechanism. The growing technological developments in electro/magnetomechanical couplings of smart materials have introduced a controlling degree of freedom for passive elastic metamaterials. Active elastic metamaterials could allow for a fine control of material physical behavior and thereby induce new functional properties that cannot be produced by passive approaches. In this paper, two types of active elastic metamaterials with shunted piezoelectric materials and electrorheological elastomers are proposed. Theoretical analyses and numerical validations of the active elastic metamaterials with detailed microstructures are presented for designing adaptive applications in band gap structures and extraordinary waveguides. The active elastic metamaterial could provide a new design methodology for adaptive wave filters, high signal-to-noise sensors, and structural health monitoring applications.
Central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer.

BackgroundCentral compartment lymph node dissection is a common adjunct to thyroidectomy in the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer. The indications, surgical technique, potential benefits, and operative risks of this procedure should be clearly defined in order to provide optimal care to these patients.MethodsA systematic review of the literature and an analysis of evidence-based recommendations were performed regarding central neck node dissection for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.ResultsCervical nodal metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer is a common occurrence. The presence of metastasis is associated with increased recurrence rates and may decrease survival. Detection of central and lateral neck nodal metastasis preoperatively with clinical examination and cervical ultrasound is important in determining the appropriate initial surgical management. Level VI neck dissection and central neck dissection are terms often used interchangeably to describe surgical excision of all lymph nodes f...
A common parsing scheme for left-and right-branching languages

This paper presents some results of an attempt to develop a common parsing scheme that works systematically and realistically for typologically varied natural languages. The scheme is bottom-up, and the parser scans the input text from left to right. However, unlike the standard LR(k) parser or Tomita's extended LR(1) parser, the one presented in this paper is not a pushdown automaton based on shift-reduce transition that uses a parsing table. Instead, it uses integrated data bases containing information about phrase patterns and parse tree nodes, retrieval of which is triggered by features contained in individual entries of the lexicon. Using this information, the parser assembles a parse tree by attaching input words (and sometimes also partially assembled parse trees and tree fragments popped from the stack) to empty nodes of the specified tree frame, until the entire parse tree is completed. This scheme, which works effectively and realistically for both left-branching languages and right-branching languages, is deterministic in that it does not use backtracking or parallel processing. In this system, unlike in ATN or in LR(k), the grammatical sentences of a language are not determined by a set of rewriting rules, but by a set of patterns in conjunction with procedures and the meta rules that govern the system's operation.
Postmortem Changes and Time of Death

This chapter provides detailed discussion of postmortem changes, including the classic signs of death, livor mortis and rigor mortis, as well as other early postmortem changes. The chapter also discusses issues related to estimating the time of death (postmortem interval), changes encountered in the decomposition process, and postmortem injuries.
The Development And Use Of Digital Cartographic Data Bases

The increasing demand of the Nation's natural resources developers for storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, and display of large quantities3 of earth science data have necessitated the use of computers and the building of sophisticated computer information systems. As the needs of resource managers and analysts were identified, it becomes obvious that cartographic data in digital form were required. The Geological Survey is gathering digital cartographic data in several forms including base category data (such as boundaries, hydrography, transportation, etc.), elevation data, and land use and land cover data to meet these and other needs. As we gather data, we are beginning to identify some of the problems unique to organizing cartographic data in form suitable for storage, retrieval, and analysis.
The New Sovereignty and the Old Constitution: The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Appointments Clause

A noted scholar on foreign affairs law has declared, " [ n ]o provision in any treaty has been held unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and few have been seriously challenged there." 1 The Constitution appears to subject treaties and executive agreements to the same limitations that apply to all other actions of the federal government. Further, the first principles of constitutionalism seem to dictate that the federal government cannot evade the Constitution simply because it acts through the process of presidential ratification and senatorial consent, rather than through bicameralism and presentment. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court's record on foreign relations is littered with cases in which the Court arguably stretched the law in order to
The Morality of Military Occupation

The U.S. military has now occupied Iraq for more than five years. This is a long time for one state to impose a military occupation on another. But of course the American occupation of Iraq seems almost momentary by comparison with Israel’s fortyone-year occupation of Palestinian territories in the West Bank and Gaza. Considering how controversial both these occupations have been, one would expect them to have elicited a substantial body of thought about the moral dimensions of the practice of occupation. But such an expectation would be disappointed. There is, of course, a body of law governing the practice of occupation, but the moral foundations of that law have suffered the same neglect by moral and political theorists that the practice of occupation itself has. As I prepared my remarks for the conference from which this symposium issue is derived, I was surprised to be unable to recall having read or even seen any philosophical discussions of occupation. I own most of the books that have been written on the theory of the just war over the past half century or so, but a search through their indexes turned up only a few entries on occupation, none of which proved, on investigation, to offer significant illumination. I have not, however, had to conjure up a theory de novo. Occupation involves both the threat of military force and, usually, the use of military force; hence it is akin to, and indeed often overlaps with, war (as the alternating references to the occupation of Iraq and the war in Iraq attest). There should therefore be continuities between the morality of war and the morality of
A total variation diminishing shock viscosity

Shock viscosities are used in explicit finite element calculations to eliminate the oscillations that occur behind wave fronts. A multidimensional shock viscosity based on the total variation diminishing (TVD) methods in computational fluid dynamics is presented. Example calculations demonstrate that it is superior to the traditional shock viscosity formulations for problems involving both strong and weak shocks. Furthermore, we find that: the shock viscosity is relatively insensitive to the choice of the TVD limiter, equals or betters the previous flux-limited viscosity, and achieves a nearly minimal shock width of two elements in strong shock calculations.
Abstract 4075: LAG3 and PD1 co-inhibitory molecules directly interact to limit CD8+ T cell signaling

Increasing evidence indicate that dual blockade of Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG3) and programmed cell death 1 (PD1) synergistically enhances autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. Despite the fact that these co-inhibitory receptors individually attenuate T cell receptor signaling, it is not clear whether they interact at the physical, biochemical and/or molecular levels, to regulate the functional fate of T cells. To answer these questions, we first simulated possible direct interaction of LAG3 and PD1 using in-silico molecular docking techniques. Using confocal microscopy and ImageStream analyses, we demonstrated that LAG3 and PD1 molecules co-localized in a subset of activated murine CD8+ T cells. The co-localization occurred at the trans-Golgi vesicles, early/recycling endosomal compartments, lysosomes, and microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Importantly, LAG3 and PD1 cluster with pLck at the immunological synapse of CD8+ T cell and dendritic cell conjugates. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation of the T cell extracts with specific antibodies for LAG3 and PD1 revealed a physical association between LAG3 and PD1 and this interaction was absent in T cells isolated from LAG3 and PD1 knockout mice. Finally, LAG3 protein was also associated with Src family tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) that is recruited by PD1 during T cell signaling. The recruitment of phosphatases is additively reduced in CD8+ T cells deficient in both LAG3 and PD1. Taken together, our data suggest that LAG3 interacts and collaborates with PD1, following T cell activation, for rapid translocation from early/recycling endosomal compartments to the immunological synapse, leading to a synergistic inhibitory effect on T cell signaling. Citation Format: Ruea-Yea Huang, Cheryl Eppolito, Ahmed Fadiel, Adel Hamza, Shashikant Lele, Junko Mastuzaki, Kunle Odunsi. LAG3 and PD1 co-inhibitory molecules directly interact to limit CD8+ T cell signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4075. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4075
Observations on the Post-Transcriptionally Modified Nucleotides in the 16S Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract The 16S (18S) ribosomal ribonucleic acids from a number of organisms were screened for the presence of (some of) the post-transcriptionally modified oligomers found in Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. All prokaryotic 16S species contained all of the modified oligomers tested, with the sole exception that one such oligomer was missing in Alcaligenes faecalis. The post-transcriptional modifications in all of these oligomers except one appear to occur at the later stagesin ribosomal maturation.
THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE X COLLAGEN mRNA BUT NOT ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE mRNA INCREASES AS GROWTH PLATE CHONDROCYTES HYPERTROPHY

In order to study the regulation of the process of growth plate chondrocyte hypertrophy, freshly isolated newborn calf rib growth plate chondrocytes were separated using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Five subpopulations of chondrocytes of different size were obtained. Alkaline phosphatase activity/ugDNA was lowest in the smallest cells and increased with increasing cell size. mRNA isolated from the five subpopulations was analyzed by northern blot using radiolabeled cDNAs encoding the genes for type II and X collagen, alkaline phosphatase and G-6-PD. The type II collagen gene was highly expressed in all subpopulations. The expression of the type X collagen gene was lowest in the smallest cells and relative expression increased with increasing cell size. By contrast, the expression of the alkaline phosphatase gene did not vary with cell size. These data suggest that while type X collagen synthesis in maturing growth plate chondrocytes may be regulated at the gene level, the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity observed in maturing growth plate chondroctyes may be post-transcriptionally regulated.
Bosses' Perceptions of Family-Work Conflict and Women's Promotability: Glass Ceiling Effects

We examine one potential reason for the persistence of the glass ceiling: bosses' perceptions of female subordinates' family-work conflict. Person categorization and social role theories are used t...
Finite diffeomorphism-invariant observables in quantum gravity.

Two sets of spatially diffeomorphism-invariant operators are constructed in the loop representation formulation of quantum gravity. This is done by coupling general relativity to an antisymmetric tensor gauge field and using that field to pick out sets of surfaces, with boundaries, in the spatial three-manifold. The two sets of observables then measure the areas of these surfaces and the Wilson loops for the self-dual connection around their boundaries. The operators that represent these observables are finite and background independent when constructed through a proper regularization procedure. Furthermore, the spectra of the area operators are discrete so that the possible values that one can obtain by a measurement of the area of a physical surface in quantum gravity are valued in a discrete set that includes integral multiples of half the Planck area. These results make possible the construction of a correspondence between any three-geometry whose curvature is small in Planck units and a diffeomorphism-invariant state of the gravitational and matter fields. This correspondence relies on the approximation of the classical geometry by a piecewise flat Regge manifold, which is then put in correspondence with a diffeomorphism-invariant state of the gravitymatter system in which the matter fields specify the faces of the triangulation and the gravitational field is in an eigenstate of the operators that measure their areas.
Effects of Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn Avulsion and Repair on Tibiofemoral Contact Area and Peak Contact Pressure With Clinical Implications

BackgroundAvulsion of the posterior horn attachment of the medial meniscus can compromise load-bearing ability, produce meniscus extrusion, and result in tibiofemoral joint-space narrowing, articular cartilage damage, and osteoarthritis.HypothesisAvulsion of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus will increase peak contact pressure and decrease contact area in the medial compartment of the knee, and posterior horn repair will restore contact area and peak contact pressures to values of the control knee.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsEight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees had tibiofemoral peak contact pressures and contact area measured in the control state. The posterior horn of the medial meniscus was avulsed from its insertion and knees were retested. The meniscal avulsion was repaired by suture through a transosseous tunnel and the knees were tested a third time.ResultsAvulsion of the posterior horn attachment of the medial meniscus resulted in a significant increase in medial join...
Behavioral effects of L-dopa in schizophrenic patients.

As part of an investigation of the possible role of dopaminergic mechanisms in some psychoses, the behavioral effects of administration of l-Dopa to schizophrenic patients was assessed. l-Dopa was administered in dosages of 3–6 g/day to 10 such patients who had been maintained off neuroleptic drugs for approximately a week. Behavioral worsening occurred in all 10 patients. Three showed non-specific stimulation while the remaining 7 showed a combination of both stimulation and worsening of pre-existent symptoms or the development of new symptomatology. The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to those of other investigators.
Evaluation of Isofagomine and Its Derivatives As Potent Glycosidase Inhibitors

A pseudo-aza-monosaccharide and several pseudo-aza-disaccharide compounds were constructed based on replacement of the anomeric carbon with a nitrogen and the ring oxygen with a carbon. The inhibition constants of these compounds toward five different glycosidases, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, isomaltase, alpha-mannosidase, and glucoamylase, were obtained. Isofagomine, the pseudo-aza-monosaccharide, shows a broad spectrum of strong inhibition against glycosidases. It is the most potent inhibitor of beta-glucosidase from sweet almonds reported to date and also a strong inhibitor of glucoamylase, isomaltase, and alpha-glucosidase. Isofagomine inhibits beta-glucosidase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase more strongly than 1-deoxynojirimycin where the ring oxygen has been replaced with a nitrogen. The alpha-1,6- linked pseudo-disaccharide showed very strong inhibition toward glucoamylase, being nearly as potent an inhibitor as acarbose. Pseudo-disaccharides in which the anomeric nitrogen was methylated to favor formation of either the alpha or beta substrate linkage generally had weakened inhibition for the glycosidases studied most likely due to steric interference with the various active sites. These results indicate that the presence of a basic group at the anomeric center is important for carbohydrase inhibition. The presence of a charged carboxylate group near the anomeric carbon which interacts with the basic nitrogen is suggested for these enzymes, particularly for beta-glucosidase. The presence of a second alpha-linked glucosyl residue is also critical for strong inhibition of glucoamylase.
Robust level converter design for sub-threshold logic

The large supply voltage difference between sub-threshold core logic and I/O makes it extremely challenging to convert signals from core circuit to I/O circuit. In this paper, we propose two novel circuits, clock synchronizer and reduced swing inverter to design dynamic and static level converters for sub-threshold logic. Circuit simulations shows that our level converters work at frequency > 500kHz between 20degC and 40degC with a supply voltage of 0.25V
A chip-scale atomic clock based on 87Rb with improved frequency stability.

We demonstrate a microfabricated atomic clock physics package based on coherent population trapping (CPT) on the D1 line of 87Rb atoms. The package occupies a volume of 12 mm3 and requires 195 mW of power to operate at an ambient temperature of 200 °C. Compared to a previous microfabricated clock exciting the D2 transition in Cs [1], this 87Rb clock shows significantly improved short- and long-term stability. The instability at short times is 4×10-11/τ1/2 and the improvement over the Cs device is due mainly to an increase in resonance amplitude. At longer times (τ>50 s), the improvement results from the reduction of a slow drift to -5×10-9/day. The drift is most likely caused by a chemical reaction of nitrogen and barium inside the cell. When probing the atoms on the D1 line, spin-exchange collisions between Rb atoms and optical pumping appear to have increased importance compared to the D2 line.
THE BLINK REFLEX: MATURATION AND MODIFICATION IN THE NEONATE

The onset and development of the delayed blink response, elicited by a tap to the glabella, and its modification by an acoustic stimulus (tone), were studied longitudinally in 36 healthy preterm and 43 term infants. Blink amplitude increased with gestational age. By term postconceptional age, the responses of the preterm infants to tap alone, and to both tap and tone, were not significantly different from those of the term infants. These results suggest that neurological development, as reflected by the blink reflex and its modification, proceeds in an orderly, sequential fashion and that the mechanisms affecting these brainstem processes are not altered by environmental influences.