cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of carbon dioxide on the activity of chicken egg white lysozyme

Rapid cooling of shell eggs by using liquid CO(2) has shown increased bactericidal effects along with saturation of the egg albumen with CO(2). Lysozyme is a bactericidal enzyme present in chicken eggs, and it lyses gram-positive bacteria. Newly laid chicken eggs have an initial pH of 7.6 to 8.5 and are saturated with CO(2). During storage, the pH gradually increases to 9.7, accompanied by a loss of CO(2). It is hypothesized that the lysozyme activity is influenced by either CO(2) concentration or pH changes resulting from CO(2) loss. The objective of this study was to determine the lytic activity of purified lysozyme and chicken egg white (unpurified lysozyme) under varying conditions of temperature, pH, and CO(2) gas concentration. Lytic activity was determined by a standard microbial assay using lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A 2 × 4 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of 2 temperatures (5 and 22°C), 4 pH (4.5, 6.5, 8.0, and 9.5), 2 treatments (with and without CO(2)), 2 types of lysozyme (purified and unpurified egg white), and 3 replicates was used. The highest lytic activity was found at pH 6.5 and 22°C. At pH 4.5 and 8.0, the addition of CO(2) increased lytic activity by more than 50% at both temperatures. At pH 6.5, lytic activity was maintained with CO(2) addition at both temperatures. At pH 9.5, lytic activity without CO(2) addition was high; however, adding CO(2) reduced lytic activity to zero. In conclusion, both pH and CO(2) treatment influence lysozyme activity.
Analysis of cocaine chronotoxicology in an urban ED

To describe the chronotoxicology of cocaine and its potential impact on emergency department (ED) staffing and services, Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) data from a single urban university ED were retrospectively reviewed. The DAWN data reviewed spanned an 11-year period (1/1/83 through 12/31/93), and 3,762 patients were enrolled. Patients were included if the ED records included documentation of recent cocaine abuse prior to presentation to the ED. Of the 3,762 study patients, 1,609 (43%) had documentation of recent cocaine use: 506 (32%) had used cocaine alone, 614 (38%) had used cocaine and ethanol in combination, and 489 (30%) had used cocaine in combination with other drugs. For all patients using cocaine, there were two significant rhythms (P < .05) identified: a circadian rhythm that peaked at 1800 and a 12-hour rhythm that peaked at approximately noon and midnight. A significant rhythmicity was found among cocaine-using patients who presented during the study period. Increased or shift-adjusted staffing focusing specifically on psychosocial services, detoxification, and security during these peak hours may provide more efficient emergent care for this subpopulation of patients.
Controller Design for SVC and TCSC to Enhance Damping of Power System Oscillations

Abstract This article describes a systematic approach for the design of a supplementary controller for static VAR compensators (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSC) to improve the damping of power system oscillatory modes. The problem is analyzed from the control point of view. The reduced order model of the power system is obtained using the Prony identification method; the residue and root locus methods are then used for controller design. It is noticed that by adjusting the controller gain according to the operating condition, better damping effects could be achieved. Dynamic simulations were performed to investigate the effect of the damping controller in increasing system dynamic stability. Simulation results show that with the designed controller installed, low frequency power oscillations are effectively damped.
Contract-based requirements engineering

The authors have observed that traditional requirements engineering practices are inadequate to support large projects that are defined by a contract. Unlike a product development effort, contract requirements are not at a uniform level so the typical “V” model for tracing does not work well. Other important attributes of contracts such as penalty clauses, contract options, incentive payments, regulatory codes and standards, cross-cutting and project execution requirements all need to be considered. This paper describes some of the challenges and recommended best practices for the management of requirements on large contract-based projects as described from the perspective of the lead supplier or prime contractor.
A mixture theory for contact in multi-material Eulerian formulations

Abstract Multi-material Eulerian methods are attractive for solving a broad range of highly nonlinear problems in solid mechanics because they permit arbitrarily large deformations and automatically allow new free surfaces to evolve. Many of these problems involve the contact and separation of surfaces. There is an extensive literature for including contact inequality constraints in Lagrangian finite element methods, but little consideration has been given to contact in Eulerian methods. The contact forces between adjacent bodies are governed by the mixture theory in the Eulerian formulation, making the mixture theory the natural starting point in the treatment of the contact inequalities. A mixture theory that equilibrates the traction across the material interface and limits the shear stress according to a Coulomb friction law is developed.
Variations in snow strength and stability on uniform slopes

Abstract This research investigated whether single snowpits could reliably represent snowpack strength and stability conditions throughout apparently ‘uniform’ slopes. Seven slopes were selected by experienced avalanche forecasters, three each in the Bridger and Madison Ranges of Southwest Montana (USA), and one in the Columbia Mountains near Rogers Pass, British Columbia (Canada). Teams performed 10 quantified loaded column tests in each of five snowpits within a 900 m 2 sampling site on each ‘uniform’ slope, measuring shear strength in a single weak layer. Collection of slab shear stress data enabled the calculation of a stability index, S QLCT . Altogether, eleven trials were performed during 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, testing several weak layer types exhibiting a wide range of strengths. Weak layer strength and slab stress conditions varied widely across the sampling sites, with coefficients of variation in weak layer shear strength ranging from 10% to 50%, coefficients of variation in shear stress from 2% to 48%, and stability indices ranging from 1.8 to 5.7. Of the 54 snowpits completed, 10 pits were empirically rejected as unrepresentative of the stability index at their sampling sites. Of the remaining 44 statistically analyzed pits, 33 pits were statistically representative of their site-wide stability index, and the other 11 pits were found statistically unrepresentative of their site. All five snowpits at a site were statistically representative of their site-wide stability index in three of the eleven trials. The frequent inability of single pits to reliably represent stability on those eleven 900 m 2 sampling sites, located on apparently ‘uniform’ slopes, highlights the importance of improving our understanding of the processes affecting the variability of snowpack stability on any given day and the uncertainties associated with ‘point’ stability data.
Infrared spectra and vibrational analysis of ethyl lodide and some deuterated derivatives

Abstract Infrared spectra were obtained for CH3CH2I, CH3CD2I, CD3CH2I, and CD3CD2I, and normal coordinate calculations were made with a 28-parameter valence force field that fit the 69 assigned frequencies with an average deviation of 5.4 cm−1. A quantitative description of the normal modes is given.
Cardiac nonmyofibrillar proteins in copper-deficient rats: Amino acid sequencing and western blotting of altered proteins

Cardiac nonmyofibrillar proteins from copper-deficient rats appear to have diminished quantity of selected peptides. Identification of some of these peptides was the objective of the present study. Male weanling Long-Evans rats were fed either copper-adequate (n=6) or copper-deficient (n=6) diets for 5 wk. At the end of 5 wk, the rat hearts were removed, quick frozen in liquid nitrogen, and non-myofibrillar proteins separated using sodium-dodecyl-sulfate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A peptide in the 16-kDa mol-wt region was diminished in copper-deficient rats. Blotting of gels to an Immobilon-P membrane and subsequent sequencing of the amino acids identified the peptide as the δ subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Blotting of gels to nitrocellulose followed by Western blot assay for cytochrome C oxidase using antibodies against the enzyme complex revealed decreased protein content in the copper-deficient rat for this enzyme, primarily the nuclear encoded subunits.
Vibrational spectra of trans-2,3-difluorooxirane and its 18O and 2H isotopic modifications

Infrared and Raman spectra are reported for trans-2,3-difluorooxirane (difluoroethylene oxide) and its 18O and d2 isotopic modifications. Complete assignments of the vibrational fundamentals of the three species are proposed. The frequencies(in cm−)for the d0 species are:(a) 3086, 1480, 1271, 1162, 1057, 954, 511, 320; (b) 3068, 1320, 1135, 1099, 830, 578, 328. From the frequency shifts with isotopic substitution as well as group frequency considerations the normal modes are characterized approximately in terms of symmetry coordinates. CC stretching is mixed with symmetric CH bending but is largely in ν2, symmetric COC stretching is divided between ν4 and ν6, and antisymmetric COC stretching is divided between ν12, ν13, and ν14. The characterizations of the normal modes of trans-2,3-difluorooxirane have led to some revisions in the descriptions of the modes of the isoelectronic molecule, trans-1,2-difluorocyclopropane.
Fredholm determinants and the Camassa-Holm hierarchy

The equation of Camassa and Holm [2]2 is an approximate description of long waves in shallow water.
Mechanical properties of river otter limb bones

The determination of the bone strengths of wild animals has many potential advantages, which include the ability to estimate age of animals; monitor strengths of bones as influenced by contaminants, particularly lead; provide appropriate data for design of capture, handling, and holding equipment to minimize the possibility for bone fracture in captured animals; and measure effects of nutrition on bone strength. The objectives of of this study were to provide data on the mechanical properties of limb bones of river otters and to consider effects of age and sex on the properties. Three-point bending and shear tests were conducted on the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula. The three-point bending tests were first conducted on the bones loaded within their elastic limit. These tests were used to evaluate the modulii of elasticity of the bones. The data on the modulii indicated that age and sex did not have significant effects on the values. The four different bones tested had approximately the same modulus of elasticity, with an average value of 14. 1 gigapascal (GPa). The shear tests were conducted on the limb bones to failure in order to determine the maximum breaking force and strength of the bones. The shear force of the radius tended to increase with age and there was a significant (P < .001) age effect. The shear force of the ulna for males was significantly (P < .002) higher than that of the females. A similar trend was observed for the fibula (P < .03). The shear strength of the radius increased with age and there was a significant (P < .005) age effect. There was also a significant (P < .001) effect of sex on shear strength of the radius; values for females were higher. There were no significant effects of sex or age found on shear strengths of the ulnae, tibia, and fibulae.
An Automated Implementation of a Cantilever Calibration Technique for Heavy Fluid Loading Environments

In a recently submitted paper, a technique is presented for the force calibration of atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers under heavy fluid loading conditions, such as those commonly found in liquid environments. A Matlab program had been made available that automates this technique. In this paper, the analysis performed by this program is explained with specific attention to the details that do not appear in the original description of the calibration technique, but arise in the automated implementation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
State of water in extremely halophilic bacteria: Freezing transitions ofHalobacterium halobium observed by differential scanning calorimetry

The apparent latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of thick pastes ofHalobacterium halobium was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and compared with values obtained for a control paste of identical composition but containing bacteria already lysed by freezing and thawing. The rationale of the experiment was that, if there were any physico-chemical “abnormality” in the state of intracellular water or K+, it might be reflected in the freezing behavior of the two types of preparation. Differences were observed, the paste of whole cells consistently giving higher values of ΔH than the lysed bacteria. Furthermore, the differences between the two types of preparation increased with the age of the culture. Scans of whole-cell pastes apparently distinguished between intra- and extracellular water and enabled ΔH to be calculated for those two aqueous compartments. Supplementary measurements were also made on solutions of NaCl, KCl, and mixtures of the two salts. Sodium chloride lowered ΔH whereas KCl raised it. Differences in ΔH between internal and external solutions and between whole and lysed bacteria could be attributed to the different effects of the two salts on freezing behavior. Changing values of ΔH with the age of a culture correlated with changing ratios of K+/Na+ in the bacteria. It is concluded that there is no evidence at this level of any physicochemical abnormality in the halobacterial cytoplasm and no reason for supposing that retention of KCl by these bacteria is achieved by any agency other than the plasma membrane.
Confinement and Water Quality-Induced Stress in Largemouth Bass

Abstract Plasma values of corticosteroids, glucose, chloride, and osmolality were determined in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides under various environmental conditions. No differences were observed in quiescent fish due to sex, size, time of day, or the types of holding facilities tested (tanks, raceways, ponds). Differences were observed in plasma glucose, chloride, and osmolality values among fish acclimated to 10, 16, and 23 C. Abrupt temperature changes caused elevations in plasma corticosteroid and glucose concentrations and reduced plasma chloride and osmolality. Confinement in a net, for up to 48 hours, caused elevated glucose and corticosteroids and reduced chloride and osmolality values. After 48 hours of confinement, fish required up to 14 days to recover normal plasma characters. Generally, short-term exposure to poor water quality (high concentrations of CO2 and NH3, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen) altered plasma corticosteroids and glucose but had little effect on plasma chlo...
Air embolism in the internal jugular vein.

A 52-year-old man with diffuse large B cell lymphoma was admitted to the intensive care unit with septic shock. He had been chronically ill with limited recovery following internal fixation for a pathologic left tibial fracture and had been residing in a long-term acute care hospital. A peripherally inserted central catheter was placed in the right upper extremity 1 month prior. The catheter was removed upon admission. While imaging the patient’s veins for vascular access, gas emboli were noted in the left internal jugular vein. These emboli are recognized as hyperechoic bubbles in the superior aspect of the vessel, with reverberation artifact extending deeper than the vessel (Fig. 1; Supplementary material 1). These emboli were present in the superior portion of the vein, extending above the angle of the jaw. At the time of imaging, the patient had been placed in the reverse Trendelenburg position, with slight right-side dependency. The right internal jugular vein had no evidence of air embolism. The patient experienced no adverse effects from the air embolism. It is suspected that these emboli inadvertently occurred through routine access of his catheter with intravenous flushes. Iatrogenic gas embolism is associated with increased mortality, and is typically treated with hyperbaric oxygen [1–3]. Fig. 1 Gas emboli in the left internal jugular vein imaged as hyperechoic bubbles (black arrows) in the superior aspect of the vessel (dashed line), with reverberation artifact extending deeper than the vessel (white arrows)
Kokusai kekkon: trends in intercultural marriage in Japan

Abstract This article examines trends in intercultural marriage in recent Japan based on data obtained from Japanese government and other sources. The study reveals that more Japanese men have been intermarrying non-Japanese than have Japanese women since 1975. Koreans, Chinese, and Americans are three groups of non-Japanese who have been consistently intermarrying Japanese men and women in the largest numbers. Various socio-cultural factors which seem to contribute to the increased rate of Japanese men intermarrying non-Japanese women are discussed. They include the high socio-economic status of Japan, propinquity, and cultural factors. Some problems with data are discussed, and implications and suggestions for future research are also included.
Computer-aided humanities research at the University of Wisconsin

If research in the humanities could be reduced, like the movements of the heavenly bodies, to a series of computable equations, then the same computing systems which now administer to the numerical needs of the physical sciences and their kin could also be employed by the humanist. But words are not curvilinear, nor textual variants well behaved, nor rhyming schemes unambiguous; consequently, the humanist receives little encouragement from linear programming packages, compiler generators, and the other heralded accomplishments of this advanced computer age. At the University of Wisconsin, where the computing center was sired by the Numerical Analysis Department, "number smashing" is a well-advanced art, but the manipulation of words, phrases, or texts is still viewed with suspicion. Nevertheless, computing in the humanities has continued to gain devotees. Some of the forays into this area have been monotonous repetitions of familiar and painful experiences; others have been more rewarding, both in employing available systems successfully and in developing new programs and procedures. The purpose of this article is to describe a series of projects in humanities computing at the University of Wisconsin, centering on two programming systems: an information retrieval system (INFOL) and a concordance system (BIBcoN).1 The work discussed does not exhaust the humanities projects undertaken at the university, nor does it necessarily represent the most successful adventures. These projects were selected because they used one of the two systems just named and I had intimate knowledge of their design and implementation.
Prognostic value of FDG-PET scans for predicting cognitive decline in MCI subjects, combining visual analysis with a quantitative index generated with clinically routine software

P4-353 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF FDG-PET SCANS FOR PREDICTING COGNITIVE DECLINE IN MCI SUBJECTS, COMBININGVISUALANALYSISWITH A QUANTITATIVE INDEX GENERATEDWITH CLINICALLY ROUTINE SOFTWARE Daniel Silverman, Nare Torosyan, Eve Ystang, Sravya Mallam, Regina Ahn, Magnus Dahlbom, Kelsey Mason, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States.
Search for New Physics with High Mass Tau Pairs in CDF Run II

We present the results of a search for new particles decaying to tau pairs. Hypothetical particles, such as Z′ and MSSM Higgs boson A can potentially produce such pairs. The low-mass region, dominated by Z → ττ, is used as a control. No significant excess events over the estimated backgrounds is observed in the high-mass region, and we set upper limits on the cross section times branching ratio as a function of the Z′ and A mass.
Refractories from Savinsk magnesite

Savinsk magnesite fired in rotary kilns can be used to obtain dense magnesite powder with a porosity of less than 10% (without reducing the furnace output and substantially increasing the firing temperature). The powder is suitable for producing magnesia refractories for high-duty purposes. On the basis of dense powder obtained from Savinsk magnesite periclase-spinel refractories were produced with relatively high working properties. The wear of the products made from Savinsk magnesite in a roof of a 400-ton open hearth furnace is 22.7% less than in products made from Satkinsk magnesite. Subsequently it will be desirable to test products in a 600-ton open hearth furnace.
A pilot trial of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and steroids in renal transplant recipients.

In Renal transplant recipients, sirolimus has been studied extensively in combination with cyclosporine,1 but relatively few published studies have looked at the combination of sirolimus and tacrolimus.2-5 We performed a pilot trial of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and steroids, without antibody induction and with protocol biopsies, to look at the safety and efficacy of this combination. This report describes the early outcomes in the first 30 patients entered into the trial.
Nonparametric nonline-of-sight identification

Recently, there has been much interest in accurate determination of mobile user locations in cellular environments. A general approach to this geolocation problem is to gather time-of-arrival measurements from a number of base stations (BSs) and to estimate user locations using the traditional least square approach. However, in nonline-of-sight (NLOS) situations, measurements are significantly biased. Hence, very large errors in location estimation may be introduced when traditional techniques are adopted. For this reason, before employing an algorithm for location estimation, it is useful to know which BS's are in line-of-sight (LOS) and which are in NLOS of the mobile station. In this paper, a nonparametric approach to this NLOS identification problem is proposed. Since the statistics of NLOS errors are usually unknown, a nonparametric probability density estimation technique is employed to approximate the distribution of the measurements. Then, an appropriate metric is used to determine the distance between the distribution of the measurements and the distribution of the measurement noise. Depending on the closeness of the distributions, the propagation environment is classified as LOS or NLOS. In a situation where reliability of measurements from a BS is to be quantified, the distance can be used to represent the reliability of the measurements as well as to classify the station.
A Reexamination of Budgetary Disequilibria

Recent research has found that the time path of revenue and expenditure equations fails to respond to budgetary disequilibria but does adjust toward their long-run relationship to the gross national product. This result has been used to reject both the tax-and-spend and spend-and-tax models of the budgetary process. The purpose of this article is to reexamine the debate on the temporal relationships between federal government revenues and expenditures using quarterly U.S data over the 1955.1 to 1994 2 time frame. Using time-series techniques such as cointegration analysis and autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic models, the authors find that, although revenue equations do respond to both budgetary and fiscal disequili bria, expenditure equations do not respond to either disequilibria individually. Thus, the time path of the expenditure equations are not affected by movements in the budget deficit or by the overall movements in the economy at large.
Solution‐Focused Therapy: Strength‐Based Counseling for Children With Social Phobia

Solution-focused therapy is proposed as an effective strength-based model for children with social phobia. Social phobia is described along with the etiology and prevailing treatment approaches. A case illustration demonstrates the application of solution-focused therapy with a child who experienced social phobia. Implications for counseling and recommendations for research are discussed.
Calixarene amino acids; building blocks for calixarene peptides and peptide-dendrimers

Abstract A modular strategy towards receptor macromolecules is presented, which combines synthetically diverse peptide synthesis with highly functional calixarene chemistry. The design and synthesis of calix[4]arene amino acids 1a – f , calix-lysines, is described, which were used as construction blocks to assemble nanoscale, multivalent entities—calix–peptides 2 and calix–peptide-dendrimers 3 .
New insight into isothermal frontal polymerization models: Wiener's method to determine the diffusion coefficients for high molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylate) with neat methyl methacrylate

Abstract We used Wiener's method (a laser sheet deflection technique abbreviated LLD) to determine how well LLD (laser line deflection) could detect different diffusive layers within a glassy polymer system of poly(methyl methacrylate) with its own monomer of methyl methacrylate. LLD showed distinct boundaries that defined the layers that existed within the swelling/diffusing system, i.e. pure polymer, penetrated polymer, and swollen layer as identified and defined by Ueberreiter in the 1960s. Analysis of the LLD images showed that for early times within the diffusion that the layers between the pure, unpenetrated polymer and the pure monomer possessed a continuous refractive-index gradient, and thus, these layers formed one continuous layer, the “swollen layer”. The width of this swollen layer widened over time, and its widening was halted by the appearance of a second swollen layer formed from the pure polymer underneath the first swollen layer. Using the boundary positions of the swollen layer over time, we determined the solvent penetration velocity and the induction period, and we used these two parameters to calculate the average mutual diffusion coefficient ( D ¯ ). In addition, we studied the diffusion at three different temperatures to determine if the diffusion coefficients had a measurable temperature dependence. This paper also discusses how LLD relates to other techniques that have been used to monitor glassy polymer diffusion.
When philosophers shoot from the hip.

A visible result of the 20-year old applied ethics movement is the use of moral philosophers as quotable newspaper sources. In situations like the op-ed page adequate space and time allows for serious reflection and the columns provide accessible quality ideas for the general public. Quality usually disappears when the newspaper interviews an ethicists for the next days story. Reporters want a short pithy quote confirming their belief that alarming events really are alarming events. A conservative viewpoint usually results: new developments become troubling not because of careful analysis but because it challenges accepted wisdom. The New York times provided readers with immediate resistance to the idea that a family may decide to have a 2nd child in the hopes that that child will provide compatible bone marrow cells (a 1 in 4 chance) needed to save the life of the 1st-born child after a 2-year search for a suitable donor with plans to love their baby. The Times quoted an ethicist saying: "Its outrageous that people would go to this length." But consider the question. Is it really better to let the older child die for some vague ethical fear? Parents choose to reproduce for many reasons unrelated to the unrealistic ideal of wanting to have a child solely for "that childs own welfare...each person [being] an end in...herself..." As commentators of public events philosophers would do well to challenge the prevailing orthodoxy questioning assumptions unthinkingly made. Instead they frequently serve as orthodoxys most sophisticated defenders assuming that the existing social consensus must be right and articulating its theoretical "justification." Or they rely on the "slippery slope" doctrine of fear where departure form business-as-usual leads inextricably to frighteningly extreme consequences. The silliness of previous facile ethical pronouncements suggests the need for future caution.
Experimental studies of surface resonance scattering processes in RHEED

Abstract A high energy electron diffraction experimental has been carried out in which both the reflection high energy electron diffraction pattern (RHEED) and transmission high energy electron diffraction pattern (THEED) are recorded together from the edge of a GaAs bulk crystal specimen. The combined diffraction pattern shows clearly the existence of the surface resonance waves when the surface resonance diffraction conditions are satisfied, and the close correlation between the intensity enhancement and the surface resonance waves. Strong intensity dependence of the specular reflection and surface resonance spot on the positions of the specular reflection spot along the Kikuchi envelopes, and experimental identification of the surface resonace region, demonstrates the relationship of the resonance diffraction processes to the three-dimensional diffraction conditions. However, the fact that the wavefield for the surface-channelled electrons is confined to a few atomic layers on the surface is indicated by the elongatition of the transmitted diffraction spots. Generation of diffusely scattered electrons by the surface-channelled electrons produces diffuse bands in the diffraction pattern, parallel to the surface.
Embracing resistance and asymmetry in pre-service teacher aesthetic education

This narrative account describes and analyzes the story of resistance to aesthetic education in an undergraduate pre-service teacher education program. After carefully listening to the students’ resistance to the Lincoln Center Institute’s aesthetic education component of their student teacher experience, the author designs a curriculum initiative to address the questions of relevance and application of aesthetic education in pre-service teacher preparation. This article follows the initiation, development, implementation, and evaluation of the aesthetic art initiative. Framed by Young’s (1997) understanding of ‘asymmetrical reciprocity’, the author suggests that three layers of asymmetry — instructor asymmetry, departmental asymmetry, and institutional asymmetry — may have influenced the pre-service teachers’ engagement with aesthetic education. This autoethnographic account asserts that embracing resistance and asymmetry may be important to the development of aesthetic education with pre-service teacher...
Induction of Cytokine Gene Expression in Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells Irradiated with HZE Particles (Iron Ions)

Abstract Gene expression profiles were examined using cDNA microarray technology in human thyroid epithelial (Htori-3) cells exposed to a low, non-toxic dose (10 cGy) of radiation from HZE particles in the form of iron ions in the absence or presence of selenomethionine (SeM). A total of 215 genes were differentially regulated 2 h after exposure to a 10-cGy dose of iron-ion radiation. In the microarray analysis, SeM had profound effects on the radiation-induced expression of several specific genes, which includes PLAU, IGFBP3, FOLR1, B4GALT1 and COL1A1. Of particular interest to us was a gene cluster, “secreted proteins”, that was up-regulated after radiation exposure. Seven up-regulated genes of this gene cluster fall within the chemokine/cytokine gene cluster, namely, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL6, IL11, IL8, IL24 and TGFβ2. In microarray studies, the radiation-induced up-regulated expression of some these genes encoding cytokine/chemokine proteins was significantly decreased by SeM treatment. For IL8, TGFβ2, CXCL1...
Response of Soybean to Natural and Simulated Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pod Injury

The response of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to natural and simulated Heliothis zea (Boddie) pod injury was examined under field conditions in Virginia and Georgia. Natural population densities of H. zea that peaked at 27.6 larvae/0.915-m row reduced soybean yield by increasing pods with one seed, and reducing pods with three seeds. Damaged soybean plants were able to compensate for heavy defoliation and pod injury by producing new blooms, pods, and foliage and through increased 100-seed weight. Low population densities (3-4.5 larvae/0.915-m row) did not affect soybean yields. In Virginia, soybean yields were reduced when all pods were manually removed at R4 development (pod elongation) from soybeans under drought stress planted early, between mid-May and early June. This yield reduction was due to a reduction in seeds per plant and seeds per pod. Soybeans were able to compensate more efficiently for total pod removal under near normal rainfall conditions by delaying maturity and producing new blooms, pods, and larger seeds. Plants that had some blooms present when depodding occurred were able to produce new blooms and pods in comparable numbers to the control plants. Depodded plants produced new pods filling with seeds within 2 wk. Yield losses in Georgia were higher when all pods were removed at R4 development in soybeans planted in mid-June compared with soybeans planted in early May.
Converging Interracial Consequences of Exposure to Violent Rap Music on Stereotypical Attributions of Blacks

The present study explored how media, specifically violent rap music, may influence Blacks' and Whites' attribution of Blacks through stereotype priming. When compared to controls and participants exposed to nonviolent Black musicians, those exposed to violent Black musicians reported attributions of a target Black male's violent behavior that was particularly dispositional relative to attributions of a White male's violent behavior or to any other condition. The findings also indicated that the impact of exposure to violent rap music generalized to judgments involving other stereotype-related traits (i.e., intelligence) but not to judgments of nonstereotypical traits (i.e., spatial skills).
TpeL-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens type A are highly virulent for broiler chicks

Clostridium perfringens type A and type C are causative agents of necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. TpeL, a recently-described novel member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, was found in C. perfringens type C. Others have since reported TpeL in type A isolates from NE outbreaks, suggesting that it may contribute to the pathogenesis of NE. The virulence of TpeL-positive and -negative C. perfringens strains from cases of NE was examined by challenge of broiler chicks. Gross lesions typical of NE were observed in all challenged birds, and those inoculated with TpeL(pos) strains had higher average macroscopic lesion scores than those inoculated with a TpeL(neg) strain. Infection with TpeL(pos) strains may yield disease with a more rapid course and higher case fatality rate. Thus, TpeL may potentiate the effect of other virulence attributes of NE strains of C. perfringens. However, TpeL(pos) and Tpel(neg) strains compared here were not isogenic, and definitive results await the production and testing of specific TpeL mutants.
Availability of Clupeid Prey to Primary Piscivores in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia

Abstract Prey supply to predators is limited by the morphology, behavior, and spatial distributions of both predator and prey. To be eaten, prey must co-occur spatially and temporally with the predator (distribution), the predator must recognize the prey as potential food and successfully capture it (behavior), and the predator must have a mouth large enough to ingest its target (morphology). We quantified the cumulative effect of these three factors on clupeid prey availability to both largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and striped bass Morone saxatilis in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia. As expected, morphological constraints were more severe for small predators. Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus were morphologically more available than gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Incongruent spatial distributions, the result of lake stratification, prevented striped bass from feeding on gizzard shad during summer and limited largemouth bass consumption of alewives. For unknown behavioral reasons, largemouth bass and...
An Evaluation of the Treatment Integrity Planning Protocol and Two Schedules of Treatment Integrity Self-Report: Impact on Implementation and Report Accuracy

The evidence-based practice movement has focused on identifying, disseminating, and promoting the adoption of evidence-based interventions. Despite advances in this movement, numerous barriers, such as the lack of treatment integrity assessment methods, remain as challenges in implementation. Accurate teacher self-report could be an efficient treatment integrity assessment method. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the effect of the (a) Treatment Integrity Planning Protocol on treatment integrity, (b) accuracy of teachers' self-report when collected daily or weekly, and (c) Good Behavior Game on students' behavior. Results indicate teachers demonstrated a relatively high level of treatment integrity across phases, teachers accurately reported their treatment integrity during daily reporting, and there was no relationship between treatment integrity and behavioral outcomes.
Batch fabrication and characterization of nanostructures for enhanced adhesion

Abstract This paper describes the realization and characterization of nanofabricated organic looking polymer nanorods, “organorods,” for use in a biomimetic adhesion system. The adhesion system is inspired by the fine hair adhesive motif found in nature and best exemplified by the gecko. The meso- to nanostructure of the gecko’s foot is designed to maximize inelastic surface contact to enhance van der Waals interactions. In this work, cleanroom-based processing techniques have been used for fabrication and characterization of nanostructures for inclusion in a multi-scale system mimicking the natural adhesive. The multi-scale system consists of flexible silicon dioxide platforms, supported by a single silicon pillar, coated with ∼200 nm in diameter and ∼4 μm tall polymeric organorods. The organorod surface is altered between hydrophilic and highly-hydrophobic. The adhesive properties between the artificial surface and a 3.175 mm aluminum sphere are measured in a modified nanoindenter. Initial results indicate improved adhesion with the hydrophobic surface over the hydrophilic, further corroborating van der Waals interactions to be the operative force of adhesion and suggesting a reduced cut-off distance in the van der Waals theory.
A new large Pliocene colobine species (Mammalia: Primates) from Asa Issie, Ethiopia

Abstract The Colobinae (Mammalia: Primates) are relatively unknown from the African middle to late Miocene. When they appear in the Pliocene they are unambiguous and already fairly diverse taxonomically, geographically, and ecologically. Discoveries from Pliocene sediments in eastern and southern Africa document a radiation of large-bodied colobines very different from those known today. Paleontological research in Ethiopia has recently led to the discovery and identification of another large-bodied colobine species from the early Pliocene site of Asa Issie, discovered in 2000. This new colobine is larger than but morphologically very similar to its sister taxon Kuseracolobus aramisi, an older taxon also described from the Middle Awash. This new species has significant implications for our understanding of the Pliocene colobine adaptive radiation.
Design and simulation of an uncooled double-cantilever microbolometer with the potential for ∼mK NETD

A new concept for uncooled infrared (IR) imaging with a double-cantilever microbolometer structure has been proposed. The approach has the potential of reaching a noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) in the millikelvin range. The proposed microbolometer architecture comprises a thermally sensitive bimaterial element that controls the position of two capacitor plates coupled to the input of a low noise MOS amplifier. The top and the bottom plates of the sensing capacitor are composed of two overlapped free-standing bimaterial cantilever beams. The bimaterial element with maximum difference in thermal expansion coefficients will convert heat into mechanical movement. The orientation of the bimaterials for the top and the bottom cantilever beams is such that the metal layer on the bottom cantilever beam faces the metal layer on the top cantilever beam. IR irradiation will result in a deflection of the double-cantilever beams in opposite directions, enabling a large change in the sensing capacitor. Residual stress and curvature in each layer can be modified by an ion implantation technique. The advantages of the pixel design include extremely high sensitivity and low noise. In addition, the absorption of incident infrared irradiation can be enhanced dramatically by the aid of a resonant cavity configuration between the top and bottom plates. The design and manufacture of double-cantilever microbolometers are very flexible since the resonant cavity and the sensing capacitor gap are realized using two separate sacrificial layers. The effects of sensing capacitor gap distance, leg length, and bimaterial thickness on the microbolometer performance have also been investigated.
Self‐Similarity, the Power Law Form of the Species‐Area Relationship, and a Probability Rule: A Reply to Maddux

We reply here to the comment by Maddux (2004, in this issue), which discusses a fractal probability rule (PR) for the spatial distribution of species proposed by Harte and Kinzig (1997) and Harte et al. (1999b) as a means of deriving the characteristics of species distributions that exhibit power law species-area relationships. In his comment, Maddux derives certain properties of spatial distributions that follow this PR, including the dependence of the species richness in a patch on the location of that patch, and argues that these properties are biologically unlikely. He also argues that the PR leads to a power law relationship between species richness and area only for a discrete set of patch sizes and that it does not constrain the speciesarea relationship for areas that fall between these discrete sizes. On the basis of these arguments, Maddux concludes that the PR is not an adequate method for relating the power law species-area relationship (PLSAR) to an underlying fractal or self-similarity condition. We agree with Maddux that the PR leads to distributions with unrealistic properties when it is used to simulate landscapes and that the PR leads to a discrete, rather than
Self-Organizing Control Systems

The objective of this paper is first to introduce the formulation of a control problem, called the ``basic control problem,'' then to derive from it a concept of adaptation. Furthermore, the paper shows how self-organizing subsystems can be used in the design stage or in on-line operation to solve the basic control problem. The discussion is conceptual; its objective is to indicate possible new avenues for research in control and adaptation, and no attempt is made towards mathematical formalization of the proposed ideas.
Children's oral health and the role of the pediatrician.

Purpose of reviewOral health is an integral part of the overall health of children. Pediatricians must be competent in issues of oral health and disease if they are to fulfill their role as professionals dedicated to the health of children. This review will update pediatricians on the epidemiology o
Developmental expression of a candidate mullerian inhibiting substance type II receptor

We have isolated a candidate Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) type II receptor complementary DNA from an embryonic rat urogenital ridge library and have studied its binding to MIS, its developmental pattern of expression and tissue distribution. By in situ hybridization with a full-length riboprobe, the receptor is expressed in the mesenchymal cells surrounding the Mullerian duct at embryonic days 14, 15, and 16 and in tubular and follicular structures of the rat fetal gonads. Expression of the messenger RNA was also seen in the granules cells and seminiferous tubules of pubertal gonads. Northern analysis revealed that the MIS type II receptor messenger RNA is highly expressed in embryonic, pubertal, and adult testes and ovaries, as well as in the gravid uterus. The timing of expression in the gonads of both sexes was also analyzed by Northern analyses that showed high levels of expression at the time of Mullerian duct regression, much lower levels neonatally and prepubertally and then increased expression again with sexual maturation. The tissue and developmental specificity of expression of this receptor, which make it likely that this is the functional MIS type II receptor, can be used to advantage in therapeutic targeting strategies and to decipher the function of MIS in the gonads.
Fostering Educational Innovation Through Measuring Outcomes

What combination of clinical, evaluative, and didactic residency experiences makes the best internist? Despite 100 years of published standards for residency sponsorship, and 30 years after the formation of the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), we know little about how many patients residents should see, how many hours of conference they should attend, what they should read, or how long they should train. We have few validated measures of an individual resident’s competence (nor of a residency program’s). There are many reasons for our lack of evidence-based residency training: inpatient service needs of sponsoring institutions, the cost of experimentation and innovation, and the burdensome, cookie cutter-like, process-based requirements imposed by the ACGME, just to name a few.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia in a 63-year-old female with a pre-existing T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: metachronous T-cell leukemias with discordant subset restrictions (CD4 versus CD8) and distinct clonal identities.

Abstract A 55-year-old female with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL) (CD8+) was initially treated with anti-thymocyte globulin and then cyclosporine due to anemia/neutropenia. While the severity of cytopenia varied with the therapy, the T-LGL persisted. Eight years after the initial diagnosis, she developed lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. A complete blood cell count revealed leukocytosis, anemia and thrombocytopenia with ∼80% lymphocytes. In contrast to the LGL cells, the blood lymphocytes at this time were medium-large in size and had oval/irregular nuclei, condensed chromatin, indistinct nucleoli and a moderate amount of basophilic cytoplasm, many with elongated vacuoles, and some with cytoplasmic projections. The abnormal lymphocytes comprised ∼30% of the bone marrow cellularity with interstitial infiltrates/aggregates. Immunophenotypic analyses demonstrated a T-cell neoplasm with features suggestive of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) (CD4+). Cytogenetic analysis revealed a novel clone with complex abnormalities. PCR-based TRG gene rearrangement studies detected a clonal amplicon distinct from that of the preexisting T-LGL. Because of the chronological sequence of the two T-cell neoplasms, this case was initially considered an aggressive transformation of T-LGL. However, this was ultimately excluded by a discordant CD4-subset restriction and the presence of a distinct clonal identity. While these two T-cell neoplasms may have intrinsic connections, the underlying pathogenesis remains to be investigated.