cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedural Sedation Practice: A Review of Current Nursing Standards

Although the administration of agents to induce procedural sedation is common practice among nurses, a unified consensus statement on registered nurse (RN) sedation core competencies and scope of RN sedation practice in the United States is lacking. In this article, the topic of RN sedation is discussed along with an examination of current sedation standards by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Joint Commission. Current approaches of professional nursing organizations and state boards of nursing to sedation practice are also discussed. Three areas for improving existing RN sedation practice are identified: focused research on RN sedation practice, development of a standard for RN sedation practice, and development of a reliable source of up-to-date information on RN professional and clinical sedation practice standards and regulations. Recommendations for addressing each of these areas are provided to inform clinicians, researchers, regulators, and educators about current standards and knowledge gaps in sedation practice. Strategies to improve sedation research to advance practice areas are also discussed.
Id-1 is not expressed in the luminal epithelial cells of mammary glands

Background The family of inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins is known to regulate development in several tissues. One member of this gene family, Id-1, has been implicated in mammary development and carcinogenesis. Mammary glands contain various cell types, among which the luminal epithelial cells are primarily targeted for proliferation, differentiation and carcinogenesis. Therefore, to assess the precise significance of Id-1 in mammary biology and carcinogenesis, we examined its cellular localization in vivo using immunohistochemistry.
Analysis of cortisol, methylprednisolone, and methylprednisolone hemisuccinate. Absence of effects of troleandomycin on ester hydrolysis.

Abstract A sensitive, selective, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous measurement of cortisol and methylprednisolone using dexamethasone as the internal standard is presented. Samples are extracted with methylene chloride, washed with sodium hydroxide and then water, and chromatographed on a microparticle silica gel column with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Sensitivity is greater than 10 ng/ml and the intra-day coefficient of variation is less than 5% for both steroids. The use of porcine liver esterase allows the quantitation of the hemisuccinate ester of methylprednisolone. This assay has been applied in pharmacokinetic studies including investigations of troleandomycin—methylprednisolone interactions. A typical plasma concentration—time profile for methylprednisolone and its ester prodrug is presented for one subject before and after receiving troleandomycin therapy. Although methylprednisolone elimination is reduced in the presence of troleandomycin therapy, there is no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone sodium succinate.
Has screening mammography become obsolete

With so much debate about the value of screening mammography and with the emergence of newer technologies, it seems reasonable to ask whether screening mammography, as we know it, has become obsolete. Some believe that mammography is associated with so many harms that retrenchment from the years of screening advocacy is the only sensible path. Since 2009, guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (uspstf)1 have emphasized the negative balance of annual screening and screening before age 50 and after age 74. Others believe that the positive aspects of screening—a 20%–30% reduction in breast cancer mortality reported by European trials dating to the early 1990s—demonstrate that benefits outweigh harms. The latest review of screening pros and cons by the International Agency for Research on Cancer2 is worth noting. The uspstf update is due soon, but drafts of the proposed update suggest no major changes from the 2009 guideline3. The quality of randomized studies using a “no screening” control has been debated for more than 20 years. There are really no new discussions that will change anyone’s mind. New trials are unlikely because of the ethical impossibility of having a control group that is denied a proven screening technology (mammography), the length of time required to follow participants, and the costs of large studies. But several areas of controversy seem to me to be useful to reconsider: namely, the balance of benefits to harms, and more importantly, the benefits or harms included in any given study.
Ritualizing the Play of Politics

Richard Schechner The Future of Ritual: Writings on Culture and Performance. London: Routledge, 1993. + 283 pp. Mady Schutzman and Jan Cohen-Cruz. eds. Playing Boal: Theatre, Therapy, Activism. London: Routledge, 1994. + 245 pp.
Method-Shifting in Aggressive Earnings Reporting: The Case of the US Software Industry's Response to New US Regulation

: Under rationality, firms should shift to alternative earnings management methods to achieve their earnings management goals whenever the alternatives provide greater benefit. New accounting regulation can alter the net benefit derivable from existing earnings management methods and thus may provide the impetus for method-shifting. This study investigates whether firms circumvent regulatory-imposed restrictions on their use of specific methods for accelerating earnings by shifting to alternative methods. Specifically, the study examines whether the US's adoption of a reporting standard that placed restrictions on the recognition of software revenue prompted US software-firm managers to method-shift to expense components for accelerated earnings reporting. A comparison of discretionary revenue and expense accruals and discretionary R&D expenses before and after the adoption of the standard confirmed a reduction of accelerated revenue recognition after the adoption and supported the hypothesized method-shift to expense components for accelerated earnings reporting.
Geomagnetic imprinting: A unifying hypothesis of long-distance natal homing in salmon and sea turtles

Several marine animals, including salmon and sea turtles, disperse across vast expanses of ocean before returning as adults to their natal areas to reproduce. How animals accomplish such feats of natal homing has remained an enduring mystery. Salmon are known to use chemical cues to identify their home rivers at the end of spawning migrations. Such cues, however, do not extend far enough into the ocean to guide migratory movements that begin in open-sea locations hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Similarly, how sea turtles reach their nesting areas from distant sites is unknown. However, both salmon and sea turtles detect the magnetic field of the Earth and use it as a directional cue. In addition, sea turtles derive positional information from two magnetic elements (inclination angle and intensity) that vary predictably across the globe and endow different geographic areas with unique magnetic signatures. Here we propose that salmon and sea turtles imprint on the magnetic field of their natal areas and later use this information to direct natal homing. This novel hypothesis provides the first plausible explanation for how marine animals can navigate to natal areas from distant oceanic locations. The hypothesis appears to be compatible with present and recent rates of field change (secular variation); one implication, however, is that unusually rapid changes in the Earth's field, as occasionally occur during geomagnetic polarity reversals, may affect ecological processes by disrupting natal homing, resulting in widespread colonization events and changes in population structure.
The enhancement of the alkaline Bohr effect of some fish hemoglobins with adenosine triphosphate

Abstract The oxygen equilibria of the hemoglobins of one holostean fish, the spotted gar (Lepisosteus osculatus), and of four teleost fish, the carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), the small mouth buffalo fish (Ictiobus bubalus), the Rio Grande cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum), and the redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), have been measured as a function of pH in the presence and absence of ATP. The oxygen equilibria of the teleost hemoglobins in the presence of 200 μ m ATP can be superimposed within experimental error upon the data obtained in the absence of ATP by a simple downward shift of the pH scale by 0.5 unit. Thus the effects of proton and ATP binding appear equivalent: Both can be interpreted in terms of a two-state allosteric model in which binding occurs preferentially to the low-affinity T-state. The oxygen affinities of each of the teleost hemoglobins approach asymptotically a maximal value at high pH. Although these high affinities are associated with decreased cooperativity of oxygen binding, as reflected by the Hill coefficient n, the asymptotic value of n never appears lower than 1.2 to 1.4. This indicates that the data cannot be completely described in terms of a single high-affinity R-state in alkaline solution: At least two different conformations are required. The oxygen affinity of the spotted gar hemoglobin, like that of each of the teleost hemoglobins, reaches a maximal value (minimal value of log PO2 for half-saturation) above pH 8, but unlike teleost hemoglobins, the Hill coefficient reaches maximal values of 2.6 to 2.7 at high pH. The data in the absence of ATP are superimposable on the data in its presence by a downward shift of the pH scale by 0.25 unit. The measurement of the Bohr effect ( Δlog P 30 ΔpH ) in the presence and absence of ATP shows that the Bohr effect in each of the hemoglobins is substantially enhanced by organic phosphates, as it is in mammalian hemoglobins. The extent of the enhancement of the Bohr effect by 200 μ m ATP for each of the hemoglobins is approximately the same in the range pH 6.7 to 7.3 (increase in Δlog P 50 ΔpH ~ 0.3 ). This is a direct consequence of the equivalence of the linked-function relationship to the effects of ATP and proton binding on oxygenation.
Overexpression of the Cytotoxic T Cell (CT) Carbohydrate Inhibits Muscular Dystrophy in the dyW Mouse Model of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 1A

A number of recent studies have demonstrated therapeutic effects of transgenes on the development of muscle pathology in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but none have been shown also to be effective in mouse models for laminin α2-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy (MDC1A). Here, we show that overexpression of the cytotoxic T cell (CT) GalNAc transferase (Galgt2) is effective in inhibiting the development of muscle pathology in the dy W mouse model of MDC1A, much as we had previously shown in mdx animals. Embryonic overexpression of Galgt2 in skeletal muscles using transgenic mice or postnatal overexpression using adeno-associated virus both reduced the extent of muscle pathology in dy W /dy W skeletal muscle. As with mdx mice, embryonic overexpression of the Galgt2 transgene in dy W /dy W myofibers inhibited muscle growth, whereas postnatal overexpression did not. Both embryonic and postnatal overexpression of Galgt2 in dy W /dy W muscle increased the expression of agrin, a protein that, in recombinant form, has been shown to ameliorate disease, whereas laminin α1, another disease modifier, was not expressed. Galgt2 over-expression also stimulated the glycosylation of a gly-colipid with the CT carbohydrate, and glycolipids accounted for most of the CT-reactive material in postnatal overexpression experiments. These experiments demonstrate that Galgt2 overexpression is effective in altering disease progression in skeletal muscles of dy W mice and should be considered as a therapeutic target in MDC1A.
TTHE INHIBITION OF COMB GROWTH IN COCKERELS AND CAPONS BY ESTRONEW123

A NTAGONISTIC as well as augmentative effects of the simultaneous ad'JLX. ministration of male and female sex hormones in mammals have been the subjects of numerous reports in the literature. The antagonistic effect is usually interpreted as an inhibition of the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary as suggested by Moore and Price (i), while the synergistic effects have not as yet been explained In Brown Leghorn capons, Juhn, D'Amour and Womack (2) found neither an ntagonism nor an intensification of effect when purified testis'tissue concentrates (2, capon units per day) and a urinary estrogen preparation (150 R.U. per day) were injected simultaneously for 34 days. Juhn, Gustavson and Gallagher (3) administered urinary estrogenconcentrates (10 R.U. per 25 gm. body weight) to young cockerels of various ages and found no evidence of antagonism except a shrinkage of the comb in a few birds in the group 12weeks of age. Since the testes of these birds were normal histologically.
Murine xenotropic type C viruses. II. Phenotypic mixing with mouse and rat ecotropic type C viruses.

Abstract Phenotypic mixing between the murine xenotropic (X-tropic) and ecotropic type C viruses occurs readily and may account for heterogeneity of viral RNA in preparations of mouse type C viruses. Similarly there is no interference between mouse and rat endogenous type C viruses, and they can undergo phenotypic alterations. Various phenotypic and, perhaps, genotypic changes can happen as these viruses pass through heterologous hosts. Occurring perhaps as early as 1 hr after infection, phenotypic mixing enhances the potential for spread of oncogenic genomes among all animal species. It enables X-tropic viruses to infect and replicate in mouse cells, an observation suggesting the major block to X-tropic virus infection in mouse cells is at the surface or penetration level. These studies also demonstrate the selective intracellular regulations of type C virus replication in various host cells. X-tropic virus replicates less efficiently than ecotropic virus in mouse cells. Ecotropic virus replication is diminished in heterologous cells compared to that of X-tropic virus. An intracellular block in rat cells for the production of endogenous rat type C virus is also present. The nature of these intracellular regulating systems remains to be determined.
Taking One for the Team

In this issue, the ACP outlines its position on dynamic clinical care teams. The editorialist, who is a general internist, discusses the ACP position and notes that a deep understanding of the role...
Silver Lining: Building a Shared Sudanese Identity through Food

The displaced of Sudan, due to both decades of civil war and natural disasters, are disproportionately female and many are responsible for dependents. For those settling in the capital, Khartoum, their livelihood depends on carving out ways to earn money in an urban area that is experiencing tremendous growth from the millions of recent arrivals. When confronted with the immediate need to provide for their families, women turn to a skill universally expected of them: cooking. Therefore, Khartoum is home to a thriving micro-economy of food vendors. By selling these dishes in the capital, they broaden the culinary horizons of the city while preserving their own food traditions. Their growing numbers provide an opportunity for regional foodways to gain wider introduction, adaptation, and, finally, adoption. These same vendors also facilitate a nascent sense of a shared Sudanese identity and nationalism. For established Khartoum urbanites, the definition of Sudanese food (and, by extension, what it means to be Sudanese) expands as street-vendor fare moves to restaurants and becomes more widely available throughout the city. As urban Sudanese overcome their preconceptions and discover a taste for regional cuisines, meals function as unofficial diplomacy during this turbulent time in Sudan9s history.
Fluid inclusions in sedimentary and diagenetic systems

Abstract Some of the major problems in sedimentary geology can be solved by using fluid inclusions in sedimentary and diagenetic minerals. Important fluids in the sedimentary realm include atmospheric gases, fresh water of meteoric origin, lake water, seawater, mixed water, evaporated water, formation waters deep in basins, oil, and natural gas. Preserving a record of the distribution and composition of these fluids from the past should contribute significantly to studies of paleoclimate and global-change research, is essential for improving understanding of diagenetic systems, and provides useful information in petroleum geology. Applications of fluid inclusions to sedimentary systems are not without their complexities. Some fluid inclusions exposed to natural conditions of increasing temperature may be altered by thermal reequilibration, which results in stretching, or leakage and refilling, of some fluid inclusions. Similarly, overheating in the laboratory can also cause reequilibration of fluid inclusions, so fluid inclusions from the sedimentary realm must be handled carefully and protected from overheating. Natural overheating of fluid inclusions must be evaluated through analysis of the most finely discriminated events of fluid inclusion entrapment, fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA). Consistency in homogenization temperatures within a fluid inclusion assemblage, consisting of variably sized and shaped inclusions, is the hallmark of a data set that has not been altered through thermal reequilibration. In contrast, fluid inclusion assemblages yielding variable data may have been altered through thermal reequilibration. If a fluid inclusion assemblage has not been altered by thermal reequilibration, its fluid inclusions may be useful as geothermometers for low- and high-temperature systems, or useful as geobarometers applicable throughout the sedimentary realm. If a fluid inclusion assemblage has been altered partially by thermal reequilibration, techniques for distinguishing between altered and unaltered fluid inclusions may be applied. In studies of global change, fluid inclusions can be used as sensitive indicators of paleotemperature of surface environments. Fluid inclusions also preserve microsamples of ancient seawater and atmosphere, the analysis of which could figure prominently into discussions of past changes in chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans. In petroleum geology, fluid inclusions have proven to be useful indicators of migration pathways of hydrocarbons; they can delineate the evolution of the chemistry of hydrocarbons; and they remain important in understanding the thermal history of basins and relating fluid migration events to evolution of reservoir systems. In studies of diagenesis, fluid inclusions can be the most definitive record. Most diagenetic systems are closely linked to temperature and salinity of the fluid. Thus, fluid inclusions are sensitive indicators of diagenetic environments.
Titanium-Catalyzed Silicon Nanostructures Grown by APCVD

We report on growth of Ti-catalyzed silicon nanostructures (SNCs) through atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition. An extensive growth study relating the growth condition parameters, including the partial pressure of SiCl4 gas, reaction temperature, and reaction time, was carried out to obtain insight into the growth regimes for the observed SNCs. Based on phase diagram analysis of Ti-Si alloy and growth rate analysis of the silicon nanowires (SNWs) and silicon nanoplatelets, we believe the growth mechanism to be strongly dependent on the thermodynamics of the system, exhibiting a delicate balance that can easily tip between the growth and etching regimes of the system. Three types of SNCs were observed frequently throughout the study: nanowires, nanoplatelets, and balls. Regimes for highly etched growth were also noted through growth conditions plots. Ti-catalyzed SNWs grown using SiCl4 gas strongly suggest growth occurring through a type of vapor–solid–solid (VSS) mechanism that is limited by diffusion through the solid–catalyst interface. On the other hand, the two-dimensional SNP morphologies suggest growth occurring through the twin-plane mechanism at the edges, at 10 nm to 100 nm scales, also through a similar, VSS mechanism.
Genetic modifiers of sickle cell disease

Sickle cell anemia is associated with unusual clinical heterogeneity for a Mendelian disorder. Fetal hemoglobin concentration and coincident α thalassemia, both which directly affect the sickle erythrocyte, are the major modulators of the phenotype of disease. Understanding the genetics underlying the heritable subphenotypes of sickle cell anemia would be prognostically useful, could inform personalized therapeutics, and might help the discovery of new "druggable" pathophysiologic targets. Genotype-phenotype association studies have been used to identify novel genetic modifiers. In the future, whole genome sequencing with its promise of discovering hitherto unsuspected variants could add to our understanding of the genetic modifiers of this disease.
A Comparison of the Results in a Series of Cases of Carcinoma of the Breast Treated by Postoperative Roentgen Therapy for Prophylaxis with a Similar Series in which Operation was the Only Treatment

The medical literature of the past twenty years contains many reports of the results of radical operations for the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. These reports show variations of from 15 to 50 per cent in the number of patients surviving for five years following treatment. The mean average five-year survival rate computed from the reports of many surgeons is 28.0 per cent (Table I). This wide variation in the results obtained by different individuals or groups probably cannot be explained entirely on the basis of differences in the skill of the eminent surgeons reporting, since the technic of radical operations has become fairly well standardized in the past thirty years, and every patient presents the same anatomical limitations in the amount of tissue which may be removed with impunity. The variations in results must be attributable to differences in the types of carcinoma treated. Those who report relatively low percentages of five-year survivals have operated upon a greater number of patients in the more advanced stages of the disease, whereas those who report relatively high survival rates have chosen not to operate upon such patients. The literature contains, also, reports of results based upon large series of cases in which operation was performed by several individuals, and comparisons between series in which surgery was the only treatment and others in which roentgen therapy was employed after operation. From these reports, many individuals have concluded, and retain the opinion, that roentgen therapy following operation does not increase the period of survival. In fact, some reports seem to indicate that the period of survival of irradiated patients is less than that of the non-irradiated, and, therefore, that the treatment has actually done harm. Such conclusions are scarcely justified.
Scavenger lipoprotein receptors are more effective in ligand internalization than low density lipoprotein receptors in human monocyte-macrophages

Human monocyte-macrophages in culture express specific receptors for low density lipoproteins (LDL receptor) and human acetylated LDL (AcLDL receptors or scavenger receptors). After 24 h in lipoprotein-deficient serum, the cells expressed 2-3 fold more AcLDL receptors than LDL receptors as measured by trypsin releasable radioactivity after exposure to 125I-LDL or 125I-AcLDL at 37 degrees C. The efficiency of intracellular ligand delivery by the two receptors was evaluated as an internalization index (defined as intracellular + degraded/bound ligand). This index was several fold greater for 125I-AcLDL than for 125I-LDL, in the same cells exposed to either ligand under identical conditions. These results suggest that the scavenger receptors recycle more rapidly than do LDL receptors.
Characterization of a dominant inhibitory E47 protein that suppresses C2C12 myogenesis.

Skeletal muscle formation is controlled through the coordinated actions of the muscle regulatory factors (MRFs). The activities of these basic helix-loop-helix proteins is mediated in part through heterodimer formation with a family of ubiquitous bHLH proteins, referred to as E-proteins. The primary E-protein in skeletal muscle is the E2A splice variant, E47. To further address the role of E47 during skeletal myogenesis, we created a chimeric E47 repressor protein by replacing the transcriptional activation domain with the Drosophila Engrailed transcriptional repressor domain. The dominant inhibitory E-protein (EnDeltaE47) formed homodimers capable of binding DNA and abolished E47-directed gene transcription. Stable expression of EnDeltaE47 in mouse C2C12 myoblasts effectively blocked the cells' ability to differentiate into mature myofibers. Closer examination of the molecular basis for the inhibition of myogenesis revealed that EnDeltaE47 preferentially forms heterodimers with myogenin. Interestingly, the chimeric repressor did not form DNA-binding heterodimers with MyoD in C2C12 myocytes. The failure to detect MyoD:EnDeltaE47 heterodimers in myoblasts was not due to protein conformational defects as both wild-type E47 and EnDeltaE47 readily formed DNA binding complexes with MyoD in vitro. These results indicate that E47 plays a crucial role in C2C12 myogenesis by serving as the preferred heterodimer partner of the myogenin protein.
Cerebral Infarction in Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated With Severe Amyloid Angiopathy and Hypertension

Objective: To determine if severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AA) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an increased prevalence of cerebral infarction diagnosed at autopsy. Amyloid angiopathy is increasingly recognized as a cause of ischemic infarcts, as well as cerebral hemorrhages. However, the relationship of AA to cerebral infarction in patients with AD is uncertain. Design: Retrospective clinicopathological study of autopsy-confirmed cases of AD. Patients: One hundred forty-five deceased patients with AD confirmed at autopsy. Main Outcome Measures: Semiquantitative scores of AA severity were done in four brain regions: midfrontal, inferior parietal, superior temporal, and hippocampal. The finding of cerebral infarction at autopsy was modeled as a function of AA severity, hypertension, age at death, AD severity, and sex in X 2 and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Severe AA was significantly associated with cerebral infarction at autopsy in patients with AD (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 8.9). None of the other independent variables in the multiple logistic regression analysis were significant predictors. While hypertension was equally common in the severe and mild AA subgroups, the combination of both severe AA and hypertension interacted to increase the risk of infarction (OR, 14.2; 95% CI, 3.2 to 63.4) beyond that observed with hypertension (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.4 to 3.2) or severe AA (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.3 to 5.3) alone. Conclusions: Severe AA is associated with an increased frequency of cerebral infarction in patients with AD. This appears to be largely due to an interaction between severe AA and hypertension that may produce multiplicative injuries on the vasculature. Further study with regard as to how AA may cause ischemia and its role in the neuropathologic and clinical progression of AD is needed.
Sphingomyelinase activates GLUT4 translocation via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism.

A basis for the insulin mimetic effect of sphingomyelinase on glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 translocation remains unclear. Because sphingomyelin serves as a major determinant of plasma membrane...
Precautionary saving and the Laursen-Metzler effect

Abstract The effects of a change in the terms of trade on an economy where individuals are subject to idiosyncratic risks is investigated. It is shown that when consumers save to protect themselves against random fluctuations in their income, a deterioration in the terms of trade results in a current account deficit. (JEL F32, E21).
Presidential Responses to Foreign Policy Crises Rational Choice and Domestic Politics

Previous analyses have revealed that since World War II, decisions to use U.S. military force have been more dependent on domestic political factors than on the international environment. This rese...
The CMP-sialic Acid Transporter Is Localized in the Medial-Trans Golgi and Possesses Two Specific Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Motifs in Its Carboxyl-Terminal Cytoplasmic Tail

The addition of sialic acid to glycoproteins and glycolipids requires Golgi sialyltransferases to have access to their glycoconjugate substrates and nucleotide sugar donor, CMP-sialic acid. CMP-sialic acid is transported into the lumen of the Golgi complex through the CMP-sialic acid transporter, an antiporter that also functions to transport CMP into the cytosol. We localized the transporter using immunofluorescence and deconvolution microscopy to test the prediction that it is broadly distributed across the Golgi stack to serve the many sialyltransferases involved in glycoconjugate sialylation. The transporter co-localized with ST6GalI in the medial and trans Golgi, showed partial overlap with a medial Golgi marker and little overlap with early Golgi or trans Golgi network markers. Endoplasmic reticulum-retained forms of sialyltransferases did not redistribute the transporter from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that transporter-sialyltransferase complexes are not involved in transporter localization. Next we evaluated the role of the transporter's N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic tails in its trafficking and localization. The N-tail was not required for either endoplasmic reticulum export or Golgi localization. The C-tail was required for endoplasmic reticulum export and contained di-Ile and terminal Val motifs at its very C terminus that function as independent endoplasmic reticulum export signals. Deletion of the last four amino acids of the C-tail (IIGV) eliminated these export signals and prevented endoplasmic reticulum export of the transporter. This form of the transporter supplied limited amounts of CMP-sialic acid to Golgi sialyltransferases but was unable to completely rescue the transporter defect of Lec2 Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Real-time monitoring of small animal cortical hemodynamics by photoacoustic tomography

For the first time, the hemodynamics within the entire cerebral cortex of a mouse were studied by using photoacoustic tomography (PAT) non-invasively and in real time. The PAT system, based on a 512-element full-ring array with cylindrical focusing, received the PA signal primarily from a slice of about 2 mm thickness. This system can provide not only high resolution brain vasculature images but also hemodynamic functional images. We recorded the wash-in process of a photoacoustic contrast agent in a mouse brain in real time. Our results demonstrated that PAT is a powerful imaging modality to study real-time small animal neurofunctional activities that cause changes in hemodynamics.
The Social Gospel, Ecumenical Movement, and Christian Sociology: The Institute of Social and Religious Research

Histories of American sociology generally acknowledge, to varying degrees, Christian involvement in the development of the field. Much of this attention, however, underemphasizes two highly influential movements in early-twentieth-century Christian thought, the social gospel movement (1870s–1920s) and the rise of the global ecumenical movement (beginning in 1910). One under-researched, yet particularly revealing example of the impact of these movements is the Institute of Social and Religious Research (“the Institute”; 1921–1934), founded in 1921 under the leadership of global Christian leader John R. Mott and funded by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The Institute was comprised of Christian social scientific researchers who promoted interdenominational cooperation by engaging in scientific inquiry regarding the structure, current status, and functions of religious institutions and life in the Untied States. The Institute strived to maintain a high level of academic rigor while also retaining a religious motivation that included service to others, a classic struggle in the early history of American sociology. The publications produced by the Institute were groundbreaking in their applications of social scientific methods to the study of religion in the United States, most notable of which included Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd’s highly generative and controversial Middletown study. In an overview of the largely unexplored tenure of the Institute, this paper brings together important trends in the early twentieth century to provide a unique perspective on the historical and theological contexts for the development of American sociology as an academic discipline.
Bioelectric stimulation and residual ridge resorption

Abstract The use of exogenous pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) to stimulate the healing of nonunions and other long bone defects is common in medicine. This investigation used the dog model and image analysis of standardarized radiographs to assess loss of residual ridge height following extractions. It demonstrates the effectiveness of intermittent PEMF to reduce the rate of residual ridge resorption. It further suggests there may be a causal relationship between residual ridge resorption and the alteration of endogenous biolelectric signals caused by the loss of teeth.
Propagator approach for time evolving wave packets in the quantum kicked rotator

We outline a method for time evolving narrow wave packets in the quantum-mechanical kicked rotator, an archetype of quantum chaos. We employ the approximation that the boundary conditions may be neglected. The evolution between kicks may then be carried out using the one-dimensional free-particle propagator.
Arctic sea ice minimum extent

The extent of Arctic sea ice dropped to 3.41 million square kilometers on 16 September, 760,000 square kilometers below the minimum ice extent in 2007, which had been the low mark since the satellite record began in 1979, the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) announced. Overall ice extent is 50% below where it was in the 1970s, NSIDC research scientist Walt Meier said during a 19 September briefing. He added that there is also a decrease in ice thickness. Meier said that sea ice varies from year to year with lots of ups and downs. “We wouldn't expect it to keep going down, straight off the map so to speak,” he said. “Typically after a record low, we've seen it rebound.” Meier added that the general long-term trend is for the Arctic to continue to become generally ice free. He said it is difficult to know how long it will take for that condition to be reached; because of strong variations, Arctic sea ice extent could plateau for some time.
Electroplated electro-fluidic interconnects for chemical sensors

Abstract A wet chip electro-fluidic packaging technology based on electroplating is described. An electroplated gold seal provides the sensor's fluid connection to a silicon multi-chip module. A hermetic seal is obtained using the gold–silicon eutectic bond. The sensor's electrical connections to the multi-chip module are made by eutectic bonding electroplated gold–tin solder bumps on the sensor to gold pads on the substrate. The fluid and electrical connections are made simultaneously, and the process is compatible with the flip-chip bonding technique.
Predicting Cardiomyopathic Phenotypes by Altering Ca2+ Affinity of Cardiac Troponin C

Cardiac diseases associated with mutations in troponin subunits include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Altered calcium handling in these diseases is evidenced by changes in the Ca2+ sensitivity of contraction. Mutations in the Ca2+ sensor, troponin C (TnC), were generated to increase/decrease the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac skinned fibers to create the characteristic effects of DCM, HCM, and RCM. We also used a reconstituted assay to determine the mutation effects on ATPase activation and inhibition. One mutant (A23Q) was found with HCM-like properties (increased Ca2+ sensitivity of force and normal levels of ATPase inhibition). Three mutants (S37G, V44Q, and L48Q) were identified with RCM-like properties (a large increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, partial loss of ATPase inhibition, and increased basal force). Two mutations were identified (E40A and I61Q) with DCM properties (decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, maximal force recovery, and activation of the ATPase at high [Ca2+]). Steady-state fluorescence was utilized to assess Ca2+ affinity in isolated cardiac (c)TnCs containing F27W and did not necessarily mirror the fiber Ca2+ sensitivity. Circular dichroism of mutant cTnCs revealed a trend where increased α-helical content correlated with increased Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned fibers and vice versa. The main findings from this study were as follows: 1) cTnC mutants demonstrated distinct functional phenotypes reminiscent of bona fide HCM, RCM, and DCM mutations; 2) a region in cTnC associated with increased Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned fibers was identified; and 3) the F27W reporter mutation affected Ca2+ sensitivity, maximal force, and ATPase activation of some mutants.
Automated Learning Applied to Fault Diagnosis

Automated learning methods can be used to design fault diagnosis procedures. When the characteristics of the measurements that distinguish the various faults are unknown, they can be ``learned'' from example measurements on faulty systems. A learning algorithm is presented for determining which of several possible faults exists in a system. The procedure is demonstrated on a system where the test conditions preclude the use of traditional diagnosis procedures. When applied to actual hardware, the experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical limit of diagnosability. The resulting diagnosis is faster, simpler, and requires fewer measurements than other methods.
NMR Hyperfine Shifts in Blue Copper Proteins: A Quantum Chemical Investigation

We present the results of the first quantum chemical investigations of 1H NMR hyperfine shifts in the blue copper proteins (BCPs): amicyanin, azurin, pseudoazurin, plastocyanin, stellacyanin, and rusticyanin. We find that very large structural models that incorporate extensive hydrogen bond networks, as well as geometry optimization, are required to reproduce the experimental NMR hyperfine shift results, the best theory vs experiment predictions having R2 = 0.94, a slope = 1.01, and a SD = 40.5 ppm (or approximately 4.7% of the overall approximately 860 ppm shift range). We also find interesting correlations between the hyperfine shifts and the bond and ring critical point properties computed using atoms-in-molecules theory, in addition to finding that hyperfine shifts can be well-predicted by using an empirical model, based on the geometry-optimized structures, which in the future should be of use in structure refinement.
Space Transition Corridors in the National Airspace System

The importance of managing air and space traffic interactions will increase as the frequency of commercial space operations increases in the future. It is desirable that commercial operators of both aircraft and spacecraft receive equitable access to the shared resource of the National Airspace System while maintaining a high level of safety by protecting air traffic from possible spacecraft malfunctions. Current operational practice is conservative, reserving large volumes of airspace over a substantial time window. Space transition corridors are 4-dimensional envelopes, tailored to the trajectories of spacecraft during their launch and reentry flight phases, that provide a safety buffer without imposing excessive re-routing/delay costs on air traffic. Corridors with various spatial and temporal parameters were modeled in a simulation study, using air traffic re-routing distance as a performance metric. It was found that distance penalty contours can provide a basis for conducting tradeoffs within a corridor’s temporal design space (time window duration vs. window midpoint time). A tool based on these contours could be useful for launch and reentry planning to reduce re-routing/delay costs for aircraft flying in the vicinity of spaceports while maintaining safety.
Protein kinase C delta inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation by selective changes in cell cycle and cell death regulators.

PKC-δ is a serine/threonine kinase that mediates diverse signal transduction pathways. We previously demonstrated that overexpression of PKC-δ slowed the G1 progression of Caco-2 colon cancer cells, accelerated apoptosis, and induced cellular differentiation. In this study, we further characterized the PKC-δ dependent signaling pathways involved in these tumor suppressor actions in Caco-2 cells overexpressing PKC-δ using a Zn2+ inducible expression vector. Consistent with a G1 arrest, increased expression of PKC-δ caused rapid and significant downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E proteins (50% decreases, P<0.05), while mRNA levels remained unchanged. The PKC agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA, 100 nM, 4 h), induced two-fold higher protein and mRNA levels of p21Waf1, a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor in PKC-δ transfectants compared with empty vector (EV) transfected cells, whereas the PKC-δ specific inhibitor rottlerin (3 μ M) or knockdown of this isoenzyme with specific siRNA oligonucleotides blocked p21Waf1 expression. Concomitantly, compared to EV control cells, PKC-δ upregulation decreased cyclin D1 and cyclin E proteins co-immunoprecipitating with cdk6 and cdk2, respectively. In addition, overexpression of PKC-δ increased binding of cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 to cdk4. These alterations in cyclin-cdks and their inhibitors are predicted to decrease G1 cyclin kinase activity. As an independent confirmation of the direct role PKC-δ plays in cell growth and cell cycle regulation, we knocked down PKC-δ using specific siRNA oligonucleotides. PKC-δ specific siRNA oligonucleotides, but not irrelevant control oligonucleotides, inhibited PKC-δ protein by more than 80% in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, PKC-δ knockdown enhanced cell proliferation (∼1.4-2-fold, P<0.05) and concomitantly increased cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression (∼1.7-fold, P<0.05). This was a specific effect, as nontargeted PKC-ζ was not changed by PKC-δ siRNA oligonucleotides. Consistent with accelerated apoptosis in PKC-δ transfectants, compared to EV cells, PKC-δ upregulation increased proapoptotic regulator Bax two-fold at mRNA and protein levels, while antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein was decreased by 50% at a post-transcriptional level. PKC-δ specific siRNA oligonucleotides inhibited Bax protein expression by more than 50%, indicating that PKC-δ regulates apoptosis through Bax. Taken together, these results elucidate two critical mechanisms regulated by PKC-δ that inhibit cell cycle progression and enhance apoptosis in colon cancer cells. We postulate these antiproliferative pathways mediate an important tumor suppressor function for PKC-δ in colonic carcinogenesis.
The Listening Styles Profile-Revised (LSP-R): A Scale Revision and Evidence for Validity

The Listening Styles Profile (LSP-16) is the most widely used self-report listening instrument in the communication discipline. Unfortunately, researchers have utilized the instrument despite its uncharacteristically low reliability estimates and unvalidated factor structure. The following manuscript presents results from two studies designed to address these limitations. Study 1 proposes a revised measure (Listening Styles Profile-Revised; LSP-R) based on four factors: relational, analytical, task-oriented, and critical listening. Study 2 was designed to further refine and provide validity evidence for the revised scale. Internal consistency estimates and latent variable test–retest correlations showed the LSP-R to be consistent over repeated administrations; the factors were related to number of listening, information processing, empathy, communication trait, and personality variables. Beyond identifying orientations toward attending to others, the instrument developed here possesses heuristic potential...
The reactions of cyclohexene on Au(111)-supported molybdenum carbide nanoparticles

Abstract The reactivity of cyclohexene on Au(111)-supported molybdenum carbide nanoparticles was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) techniques. The surfaces were prepared by reactive layer-assisted deposition (RLAD), in which Mo metal is deposited onto ethylene adsorbed on a Au(111) surface, followed by annealing to 700 K. We have shown that gold encapsulates the MoC x nanoparticles to some extent on annealing. This encapsulation can be removed by ion sputtering at room temperature. Although the sputtered MoC x /Au(111) surface was very reactive toward adsorbed cyclohexene, the selectivity for partial dehydrogenation to benzene was very poor (0.06), with most of the reacting cyclohexene decomposing to surface carbon and molecular hydrogen. In contrast, the Au-encapsulated MoC x nanoparticles exhibit low total activity, but very high ( > 0.95 ) selectivity for partial dehydrogenation to benzene, with no detectable decomposition to surface carbon. The low overall reactivity and high selectivity of Au-encapsulated MoC x surfaces for partial cyclohexene dehydrogenation are explained by gold selectively blocking high reactivity sites on the MoC x clusters.
SULFATE TRANSPORT IN HUMAN RED CELLS: INHIBITION BY SOME UNCOUPLERS OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Release of inorganic sulfate from human erythrocytes is depressed in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (5 x 10-4M) or dicumarol (5 x 10-4M). This effect cannot be readily attributed to uncoupling of phosphorylation from respiration, since the study was conducted with cells that metabolize principally by anaerobic means and since the effect was not influenced by iodoacetic acid. A more reasonable explanation may be that permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to anions may be reduced by these agents.
Elastodynamic long wavelength phase

Abstract The phase of the elastodynamic scattering amplitudes (both longitudinal and transverse) varies linearly with frequency in the long wavelength limit for scatterers of finite extent. In this Paper it will be shown that the linear phase variation has the same magnitude but opposite sign when the directions of incidence, scattering and polarization of the transmitter and receiver are reversed. Hence, the coefficient of the linear phase variation can be shown to be zero for a variety of special cases. First, the linear phase variation is shown to be zero for scattering in the forward direction if there is no change in polarization. Second, the long wavelength phase variation is shown to be zero for scatterers which possess various spatial symmetries with an appropriate choice for the origin of co-ordinates. Finally, it is shown that if the material properties are self-similar and the elastic constants in the region of scattering differ only slightly from those of the host, an origin of coordinates can be found such that the linear phase variation always vanishes.
The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Preventing Election-Related Violence in Kenya, 2013

Abstract Leading up to the Kenyan presidential elections of 2013, observers around the world were preoccupied by the potential for mass violence similar to that which erupted following the 2007 presidential election. Yet, the 2013 elections were largely unmarred by violence. A notable characteristic of the Kenyan 2013 elections was the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) in various public and private efforts to address the threat of violence related to the elections. In our exploration of how ICT contributed to the mitigation of election-related violence in the 2013 Kenyan elections, we find useful the models of violence as contagion and collective efficacy as essential for violence prevention.
Reliable stabilization of linear plants using a two-controller configuration

Abstract A reliable controller design method is developed for linear, time-invariant, multi-input multi-output control systems; two controllers are designed to stabilize the closed-loop system when acting together and acting independently if one fails. All reliable controllers which achieve closed-loop stability are characterized for strongly stabilizable plants using a factorization approach.