cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress concentration at the tip of crack

Abstract By means of the theory of nonlocal elasticity, the stress concentration is determined at the tip of crack subjected to a uniform tension perpendicular to the line of crack at infinity. The stress concentration is found to be finite and depends on the length of the crack.
Using Eye Movements to Classify Search Strategies

This paper describes a study which employed eye tracking to investigate visually searching lists. An experiment was designed to test if “cognitive style” influences search strategies. We examined the search patterns of subjects as they viewed lists of sorted and randomly ordered columns. We found that cognitive style was a good predictor of the scanning strategies of ordered lists. For the unordered lists, efficient, systematic searching was performed by college students but not by high school students.
The ocean as a power resource

This paper considers the feasibility of tapping a number of potential sources of energy in the oceans, assesses their magnitude in relationship to projected world needs, and discusses some means for avoiding environmental degradation.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the analysis of pediatric orbital tumors: Utility of diffusion-weighted imaging

Purpose To identify common radiographic features of pediatric orbital tumors by the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), fat saturated T2, and pre- and postgadolinium T1. DWI is hypothesized to help identify and predict the malignancy of specific brain tumors. To our knowledge, a similar analysis in which the authors have used this combination of MRI techniques has not been performed with orbital tumors. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients younger than 18 years of age, each diagnosed with an orbital mass lesion, imaged by MRI from 2005 to 2008. The MR images were analyzed by use of the aforementioned techniques. Results Mass lesions identified in the chart review included rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4), myofibroma (n = 2), hemangioma (n = 4), lymphangioma (n = 2), neurofibroma (n = 4), Langerhans histiocytosis (n = 2), and one of each of the following: giant cell tumor, meningioma, lymphoid hyperplasia of the lacrimal gland (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis), optic nerve glioma, lipodermoid, and dermoid. DWI was used to differentiate tumors into those with increased diffusion, restricted diffusion, and a mixed diffusion pattern. Capillary hemangiomas and rhabdomyosarcomas 2 tumors with potentially overlapping appearances with traditional MRI techniques had contrasting appearances with DNI. Conclusions DWI can help to distinguish among certain pediatric orbital tumors when combined with traditional MRI techniques. This technique may thus be considered an additional tool to help, refine the differential diagnosis of orbital tumors in children.
Simulated Growing-Season Precipitation and Nitrogen Effects on Winter Wheat Yield

(...) Field studies were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to determine the interactive effect of water and available N on Redwin' and Centurk' winter wheat yield. Seven fertilizer N levels and a line-source sprinkler system created a wide range of N and simulated growing-season precipitation (SGSP) regimes on a Yegen sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, Typic Argiboroll). Wheat yield-N-SGSP functions revealed that yield and response to water were much greater in 1987 than 1988, when return from N was maximized (maximum economic yield or MEY) (...)
DE HAAS-VAN ALPHEN EFFECT IN BISMUTH-TELLURIUM ALLOYS

De Haas-van Alphen measurements have been made on pure bismuth and several bismuth-tellurium alloys. It is found that the observed variation of external cross section and cyclotron effective mass with tellurium concentration and magnetic field orientation can be interpreted using a special case of Cohen's nonellipsoidal model of bismuth. The results indicate that there is a thermal energy gap between the conduction and valence band of about 0.046 ev in agreement with various optical experiments and that there are six electron "ellipsoids." The results also agree with a model for the hole band involving one light-hole ellipsoid and one heavy-hole ellipsoid and are used as evidence against some other possible models for the hole band.
Evaluation of methods for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters II. Biexponential model and experimental pharmacokinetic data

Individual pharmacokinetic parameters quantify the pharmacokinetics of an individual, while population pharmacokinetic parameters quantify population mean-kinetics, interindividual variability, and residual variability, including intraindividual variability and measurement error. Individual pharmacokinetics are estimated by fitting individual data to a pharmacokinetic model. Population pharmacokinetic parameters have been estimated either by fitting all individuals' data together as though there were no individual kinetic difference, the naive pooled data (NPD) approach, or by fitting each individuals' data separately and then combining the individual parameter estimates, the two stage (TS) approach. A third approach, NONMEM, takes a middle course between these. This study provides further evidence of NONMEM's validity by comparing, using simulation, the three approaches on three types of data sets corresponding to three typical types of pharmacokinetic studies. The estimates of population parameters provided by the NPD method are poorer than those provided by either of the other methods. The estimates provided by the TS method are adequate for mean values and for residual variability, but not for interindividual kinetic variability. NONMEM's estimates are as good as those of the TS method for mean parameters and for residual variability, and considerably better for interindividual variability. The latter estimates are still not acceptable in an absolute sense. This is probably due, not to an intrinsic fault of the method (as it is in the case of the TS approach), but to an insufficient number of individuals being studied.
Role of the conserved leucines in the leucine zipper dimerization motif of yeast GCN4

Abstract Yeast GCN4 belongs to the class of eukaryotic transcription factors whose bZIP DNA-binding domains dimerize via a leucine zipper motif that structurally resembles a coiled coil. The leucine zipper contains 4-5 highly conserved leucine residues spaced exactly 7 residues apart that are located within the alpha-helical hydrophobic interface between protein monomers. Here, we investigate the role of the four canonical leucines in the GCN4 leucine zipper by analyzing a series of mutated derivatives for their ability to activate transcription in vivo and to bind DNA in vitro. The GCN4 leucine zipper is surprisingly tolerant of mutations, with a wide variety of single substitutions at any of the four leucines including basic and acidic amino acids behaving indistinguishably from wild-type GCN4. Moreover, some derivatives containing two leucine substitutions display detectable though reduced function. These results indicate that other residues within the coiled coil are crucial for efficient dimerization, and they suggest that some eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins lacking the conserved leucine repeat will dimerize through a structurally homologous motif. Interestingly, our results differ in several respects from those obtained by analyzing mutations in the GCN4 leucine zipper in the context of a lambda repressor-GCN4 zipper hybrid protein. These apparent differences may reflect a functional interrelationship between the leucine zipper and basic region subdomains for DNA-binding by bZIP proteins.
EFFECT OF DYES ON THE GROWTH OF FOOD MOLDS1

Organic dyes were incorporated in potato dextrose agar individually at various concentrations (1:1000, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000) to test their effects on growth of 43 food-related molds (e.g., Aspergillus spp. Botrytis spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp.). Of 43 dyes tested, basic dyes were more inhibitory than acid or nonionic dyes at a given concentration. Basic violet 3 and Basic violet 4 showed potential application for selective isolation of specific food-mold genera (Aspergillus spp. and/or Penicillium spp). Some dyes (e.g., Acid red 266 and Basic violet 14) contributed their characteristic color to nonpigmented colonies, which helps colony counting.
Application of the Multiresolution Time Domain Technique (MRTD) to Microwave Circuit and Antennas Geometries

The Battle-Lemarie based Multiresolution Time Domain Scheme (MRTD) is applied to the modeling of antenna geometries and microwave circuits containing distributed and lumped elements (passive and active). The constitutive relationship at areas with nonuniform dielectric constant is discretized in a way that maintains high efficiency in memory and execution time. This is achieved through a thresholding procedure which is discussed for a specific example in terms of numerical error and memory economy. The addition of wavelets in space-domain demonstrates the inherent capability of MRTD for a space-/time- adaptive gridding.
Conversion efficiency and crosstalk optimization in fourmode phase-sensitive multicasting mixer by vectorial phase manipulation

The input phases in a four-mode phase-sensitive multicasting, is manipulated yielding a 12-dB gain improvement compared with the phase-insensitive case. Additionally, up to 13-dB crosstalk reduction for arbitrary spectral region is achieved with phase management.
Effective High Schools— What Are the Common Characteristics?:

Provided here are descriptions of some of the most instruc tionally effective high schools in California. Although not all of the effectiveness factors that are described were found in all schools,...
Manipulation of the 1RS.1BL translocation in wheat by induced homoeologous recombination

Centric translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R are useful in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding because they confer resistance to several pests and diseases and improve yield. Their major disadvantage is in reduced bread making quality. To remedy this defect, rye chromosome arm 1RS in translocations 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1DL was induced by the ph1b mutation to recombine with the short arms of wheat group-1 chromosomes. Among 20 234 progeny screened, 139 primary recombinant chromosomes were recovered including 103 with 1BS, 22 with 1AS and 14 with 1DS. The Gli-1/Glu-3 loci of wheat were non-homoeoallelic to the Sec-1 locus of rye and were separated by about a 13-cM-long segment, which on the rye chromosome contained disease resistance loci Pm8, Lr26, Sr31, and Yr9. Pairs of primary recombinants 1RS-1BS with breakpoints flanking the storage protein loci were intercrossed and two types of secondary recombinant chromosomes 1RS were produced: a group of over 30 chromosomes where the Sec-1 locus was replaced by segments of 1BS of various lengths, and two chromosomes where 1.4- and 3.2-cM segments of 1BS introduced the Gli-1/Glu-3 loci. Selected chromosomes from each class were allowed to recombine within the shared segments of 1RS separating the intercalary wheat segments and two tertiary recombinant chromosomes were recovered. Cytologically, these chromosomes appear as normal 1RS arms but each has two intercalary segments of 1BS: one introducing the Gli-1/Glu-3 loci and the second one removing the Sec-1 locus. Because the protein composition of the resulting translocation lines is identical to that of normal wheat, it is believed that these manipulations could eliminate the quality defect associated with the 1RS.1BL translocation.
Quantitative effects of osmotic diuresis following angiographic contrast administration.

Osmotic diuresis resulting from the administration of angiographic contrast poses the potential threat of marked volume losses obligated by the renal excretion of non-reabsorbable solute. We prospectively assessed urinary excretion of solute and water following cardiac angiography in 14 euvolemic subjects without preexisting renal disease, by a protocol that allowed each patient to serve as his own control. During the initial 6 h after the beginning of angiography, contrast administration resulted in increased total osmolar excretion from a control rate of 0.79 +/- 0.09 to 1.09 +/- 0.09 mOsm/min (P less than .05) with a return to control values thereafter. Surprisingly, sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion rates did not differ significantly from control values. After subtraction of the molar contribution of electrolytes, urea, and creatinine from the total osmolar excretion rate, it was apparent that the "residual osmolar excretion rate" of 0.48 +/- 0.05 mOsm/min was markedly elevated over the control value of 0.11 +/- 0.05 mOsm/min (P less than .01), reflecting the excretion of contrast agent. Despite the marked osmotic diuresis, urine output during this period (3.9 +/- 0.2 cc/min) did not differ significantly from the control value of 4.0 +/- 0.3 cc/min. We conclude that marked volume losses are not a necessary concomitant of contrast-induced osmotic diuresis in the euvolemic cardiac patient without renal disease.
The physical mechanism for vortex merging

In this paper, we study the interaction of two co-rotating trailing vortices. It is well-known that vortices of like-sign ultimately merge to form a single vortex, and there has been much work on measuring and predicting the initial conditions for the onset of merger, especially concerning the critical vortex core radius. However, the physical mechanism causing this merger has received little attention. In this work, we directly measure the structure of the antisymmetric vorticity field that causes the co-rotating vortices to be pushed towards each other during merger. We discover that the form of the antisymmetric vorticity comprises two counter-rotating vortex pairs, whose induced velocity field readily pushes the two centroids together. The merging velocity computed from the antisymmetric vorticity field agrees closely with the merging velocity measured directly from the total (original) flow field.The co-rotating vortex pair evolves through four distinct phases. The initial stage comprises a diffusive growth, which can be either viscous or turbulent. In either case, the number of turns that they rotate around one another until the vortices start to merge increases with Reynolds number (Re). If one observes the streamlines in a rotating reference frame (moving with the vortices), then one finds an inner and outer recirculating region of the flow bounded by a separatrix streamline. When the vortices grow large enough in the first stage, diffusion across the separatrix places vorticity into the outer recirculating region of the flow, and this leads to the generation of the antisymmetric vorticity, causing convective merger. This second (convective) stage corresponds to the motion of the vortex centroids towards each other, and is a process which is almost independent of viscosity. During the late part of this stage, the antisymmetric vorticity is diminished by a symmetrization process, and the final merging into one vorticity structure is achieved by a second diffusive stage. The fourth and ultimate phase is one where the merged vortex core grows by diffusion.
Observer Perceptions of Moral Obligations in Groups With a History of Victimization

The authors investigated when observers assign contemporary group members moral obligations based on their group's victimization history. In Experiment 1, Americans perceived Israelis as obligated to help Sudanese genocide victims and as guiltworthy for not helping if reminded of the Holocaust and its descendants were linked to this history. In Experiment 2, participants perceived Israelis as more obligated to help and guiltworthy for not helping when the Holocaust was presented as a unique victimization event compared with when genocide was presented as pervasive. Experiments 3 and 4 replicated the effects of Experiment 1 with Cambodians as the victimized group. Experiment 5 demonstrated that participants perceived Cambodians as having more obligations under high just world threat compared with low just world threat. Perceiving victimized groups as incurring obligations is one just world restoration method of providing meaning to collective injustice.
Relative hemolymph juvenile hormone binding capacity during larval, pupal and adult development in Manduca sexta

Abstract Hemolymph from larval, pupal and adult Manduca sexta was analyzed for juvenile hormone binding protein activity by a hydroxylapatite adsorption assay. During each of the larval instars studied, the relative binding capacity followed a cyclical fluctuation with the early part of each instar displaying relatively lower capacities than the midpart of the instar. Binding levels declined in the period preceding ecdysis to the next instar or stage. Analysis of total hemolymph protein indicated that the binding titers generally followed the increase in hemolymph protein concentration. During the pupal and adult stages, sexual dimorphism was observed, with females displaying significantly more binding per unit hemolymph than males. The highest levels of binding at any time during development were observed in the adult female hemolymph 36 hr post eclosion. Adult male hemolymph showed no corresponding increase during the same period.
Debugging via run-time type checking

Java programmers have the security of knowing that errors like out-of-bounds array indexes or attempts to dereference a null pointer will be detected and reported at run time. C and C++ programmers count on tools like Purify to achieve a similar level of confidence. The run-time checks provided by Purify have proved to be extremely useful to programmers in debugging their programs.Java also provides security via its strong type system. For example:• There are no union types in Java, so it is not possible for a program to write into a field of one type and then access that value via a field of a different type.• Only very restricted kinds of casting are allowed; for example, it is not possible to treat a pointer as if it were an integer or vice versa.• When an object is down-cast to a subtype, a run-time check will be performed to ensure that the actual type of the object is consistent with the cast.However, tools like Purify do not provide similar checks for C/C++ programs. This research involves the design and implementation of a tool to provide new kinds of run-time checks based on type information. That is, the goal of the tool is to help C/C++ programmers find errors in their programs that manifest themselves as bad run-time types, in the same way that Purify helps programmers find errors in their programs that manifest themselves as bad run-time memory accesses.The basic idea is to associate a run-time type with every piece of data. Whenever data is used by some operation, a check is performed to ensure that its run-time type is consistent with the type expected by the operation. For example, when a pointer is dereferenced, its run-time type must be "pointer" (not "int", "float", "uninitialized", etc). When an integer multiplication is performed, the operands' run-time types must be "int" (not "pointer", "float", "uninitialized", etc).
Isotope Effect and Quenching in the Fluorescence of Bromine

The fine structure of the resonance spectrum of bromine excited by the green line of the mercury arc has been photographed and a theoretical explanation obtained in terms of the three molecular isotopes present and the values of the rotational and vibrational quantum numbers for the transitions. In addition, the fluorescence intensities in bromine were studied as a function of the pressure, for three spectral regions. The much lower intensities in bromine as compared with iodine are accounted for on the basis of less initial absorption, and of greater quenching, due to the longer mean lifetime of the molecule in the upper state. The fluorescence data are concordant with results obtained in the analysis of bromine's absorption spectrum. The green mercury line did not excite any observable fluorescence in gaseous chlorine. This result is shown to be in accordance with the theoretical predictions.
Dicer is regulated by cellular stresses and interferons

The generation of microRNAs is dependent on the RNase III enzyme Dicer, the levels of which vary in different normal cells and in disease states. We demonstrate that Dicer protein expression in JAR trophoblast cells, and several other cell types, was inhibited by multiple stresses including reactive oxygen species, phorbol esters and the Ras oncogene. Additionally, double-stranded RNA and Type I interferons repress Dicer protein in contrast to IFN-γ which induces Dicer. The effects of stresses and interferons are primarily post-transcriptional. The findings suggest that Dicer is a stress response component and identifies interferons as potentially important regulators of Dicer expression.
Fair Play: Respect for All

Abstract “Physical Education has as its objectives all of the objectives of general education, and in this list of objectives character is of even greater importance than health.” (Nash, 1938)
Naturally-occurring leptospirosis in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus).

A 4-year study of Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) leptospirosis in the Bering Sea has shown that in newborn pups Leptospira pomona is associated with a multiple hemorrhage syndrome. Adults may develop an interstitial nephritis and shed organisms in the urine. The herd prevalence, based on microscopic slide agglutination tests, ranged between 7.0% and 15.4% for adult females and 3-4 year old bachelor bulls, whereas nursing pups averaging 4 months of age had a prevalence of 2%. These results are used to conclude that leptospirosis is not acquired primarily on the breeding rookeries but rather is more frequently acquired subsequent to the pups leaving the rookeries, presumably through the food chain during their first pelagic cycle.
Electronic interactions at superconductor-semiconductor interfaces

Abstract Two current flow mechanisms across a superconductor-semiconductor-superconductor double heterostructure are discussed: the conventional proximity effect, and Andreev reflections. The emphasis is on Nb-InAs-Nb structures, with the InAs being in the form of a quantum well with AlSb barriers, for which current flow by multiple Andreev reflections can lead to an enhancement of the zero bias conductance by a large factor. For sufficiently short inter-electrode spacings, the multiple Andreev reflections can lead to a true supercurrent flow.
Accessory to inflammation

IL-1 signaling requires a heterotrimeric complex of IL-1 receptor, its homolog IL-1RAcP and ligand. The crystal structure of this complex has now been solved, with implications for signaling by many IL-1 family members.
Magnetic resonance tissue analysis of acute renal vascular occlusion in the rabbit: enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA complex.

In order to assess the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in detecting acute renal vascular insufficiency, in vitro NMR spectroscopy (at 0.25 T) was performed on rabbit renal cortices following 45 min of unilateral renal artery (RAO) or renal vein occlusion (RVO). Data were obtained both with and without paramagnetic enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA). In the absence of contrast material, RVO was distinguished by markedly elevated spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times when compared to the contralateral control kidney [mean increase of 29% in T1 (p < 0.001) and 19% in T2 (p < .001)]. RAO produced no change in T1 (p = N.S.) and a small change in T2 (mean increase of 11%, p < .01). Five min following injection of 0.05 mM/kg of Gd-DTPA, relaxation times of control kidneys were markedly shortened [mean decrease 75% in T1 (p < .001) and 12% in T2 (p < 0.01)]. With Gd-DTPA, kidneys with RVO continued to have elevated T1 and T2 relaxation time, and kidneys with RAO maintained their essentially normal pre-contrast relaxation time values. We conclude that non-contrast NMR tissue analysis clearly differentiated normal from congested (RVO) kidneys, but not from acutely ischemic (RAO) kidneys. Paramagnetic enhancement with Gd-DTPA allows the differentiation of normally perfused from acutely ischemic or congested kidneys.
Accumulation of mercury by Aufwuchs in Wisconsin seepage lakes : implications for monitoring

We examined temporal variation in the total Hg content of aufwuchs collected from artificial substrates in 11 seepage lakes in north-central Wisconsin and its relation to the Hg content of resident yellow perch Perca flavescens from the lakes. Dry weight concentrations of Hg in aufwuchs varied temporally, as follows: summer/fall 1985 > summer 1985 > spring/summer 1986. Areal concentrations of Hg during the 1985 sampling periods were greater than concentrations during the spring/summer 1986 period, but did not differ from each other. Although chlorophyll a accrual was correlated with the areal concentration of Hg in aufwuchs during each period of study, partial correlation coefficients between Hg in aufwuchs and the chlorophyll a, organic (ash-free dry weight), and inorganic (non ash-free dry weight) content of aufwuchs during spring 1986 were not significant. Thus, we were unable to quantify the partitioning of Hg among the organic (photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and detrital) and inorganic components of the aufwuchs. Concentrations of Hg in aufwuchs were not correlated with lake pH during any of the three periods, even though the Hg content of fish in these and other lakes in the region are strongly correlated with pH. Moreover, the only significant correlation between Hg in aufwuchs and Hg in age-2 yellow perch from the lakes were weak negative correlations for areal Hg concentrations in aufwuchs during summer 1985. The analyses of aufwuchs do not indicate potential accumulation of Hg in fish in these lakes.
Improved perturbation analysis of dielectric gratings

An improved perturbation procedure that was previously presented for TE modes guided by dielectric gratings is extended here to TM modes. In both cases, the fields are described in terms of a transverse transmission-line network, which lends considerable physical insight into the behavior of dielectric gratings. However, TM modes require equivalent sources of both the voltage and current varieties, in contrast to TE modes which involve only current sources. By comparing with an exact solution, the numerical results obtained by the present perturbation procedure are found to be very accurate.
Geometric, energetic, and bonding properties of neutral and charged copper-doped silicon clusters

The geometric, energetic, and bonding properties of ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{n}$ ($n=4,$ 6, 8, 10, and 12) clusters in neutral and charged states are studied systematically using a hybrid density functional method (B3LYP). The ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ frameworks in most isomers of ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{n}$ are found to adopt the geometries of the ground-state or low-lying isomers of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ or ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n+1},$ with Cu at various substitutional or adsorption sites. Several cagelike structures with Cu at the center site are found for ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{12}.$ A hexagonal double-chair structure with Cu at the center, which bears a similarity to the structure of a regular hexagonal prism recently reported for ${\mathrm{WSi}}_{12}^{+}$ [H. Hiura et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1733 (2001)], is identified as the best candidate for the ground state of ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{12}.$ The Cu-Si bond in ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{n}$ is strong for the substitutional and the center-site structures, but weak for the adsorption structures where charge transfer and resulting ionic interaction is found to play a more important role. The Cu atom reveals a similar bonding character to the replaced Si atom in the substitutional structures except for ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{12},$ where the Cu atom both in the substitutional and in the center-site structures is found to form multicenter bonds with as many as nine (substitutional) to 12 (center-site) Si atoms. Various energetic properties, including binding and dissociation energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and vertical detachment energies are reported for ${\mathrm{CuSi}}_{n}.$
Probability of Strictly Positive Secrecy Capacity of the Rician-Rician Fading Channel

Communication security is critical in the marine environment as information may be transmitted over large open areas like high seas. In this letter, an analysis is conducted on the probability of secrecy capacity for wireless communications over the Rician fading channels. In particular, a closed-form expression for the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity is derived. The result is applicable to the scenarios of Rayleigh/Rayleigh, Rician/Rayleigh, Rayleigh/Rician, and Rician/Rician.
Compact lateral thermal resistance modeling and characterization for TSV and TSV array

Thermal issues are among the major concerns for 3D stacked ICs, and Through silicon vias (TSVs) are used to effectively reduce the temperature of 3D ICs. Normally, TSV is considered as a good thermal conductor in its vertical direction, and its vertical thermal resistance has been studied extensively. However, lateral heat transfer of TSVs, which is also important, was largely ignored in the past. In this paper, we propose an accurate physics-based model for lateral resistance of TSVs in terms of physical and material parameters, and discuss the conditions valid for model accuracy. In addition to modeling the lateral thermal resistance of a single TSV, the proposed thermal model is also applicable to TSV arrays or TSV farms. We show that the TSV insulation linear and space between TSVs could impose a significant impact on TSV thermal behavior. The new TSV thermal model can be easily integrated into a finite difference based thermal analysis framework to improve analysis efficiency. The accuracy of the model is validated against a commercial finite element tool - COMSOL. Experimental results show that the proposed TSV lateral thermal resistance model is very accurate for both a single TSV and TSV arrays.
“Ser De Aquí”: Beyond the Cuban Exile Model

The historiography of Cubans in the United States has focused for the most part on the experiences of Cubans who migrated after 1959. Known as the “exile model,” this historical framework privileges the history and experiences of Cubans who arrived after 1959, linking their experiences with the Cuban Revolution, the United States' policy towards Cuba during the late 20th century, and the development of the Cuban exile community. This framework leaves little room for examining migrations that took place before the revolution, were driven by economic factors, and attracted Cubans from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. This article questions the viability of holding on to an “exile model” during a period of globalization and transnationalism. It calls for a re-evaluation of the model by seeking a more expansive framework that incorporates the history of pre-1959 Cuban migrations as well as one that employs Latino/a, Afro-diasporic, transamericanist, and Global Studies paradigms.
KIERKEGAARD ON PATIENCE AND THE TEMPORALITY OF THE SELF: The Virtues of a Being in Time

This paper examines Kierkegaard's discussion of patience in some of his Upbuilding Discourses, and its connection with his understanding of the nature of selfhood as it appears both in the Discourses and in The Sickness unto Death. That understanding stresses that selfhood is not simply given, but is a task to be achieved—although a task that can only be achieved by the self that is formed in the process of undertaking it. For Kierkegaard, an account of the self that recognizes its essential temporality must give a crucial role to patience as a virtue necessary for the formation and maintenance of personal identity. However, although the self is essentially temporal for Kierkegaard, it is also essentially such as to participate in eternity, and this complexity and tension in his concept of the self gives his understanding of patience a particular character—one that presents an important challenge to some of the dominant assumptions of recent and contemporary philosophy in both the analytic and the continental traditions.
Cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia: case report and literature review

The diagnosis and treatment of a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy for the prevention of renal allograft rejection are discussed.
Design and evaluation of a miniature probe integrating diffuse optical tomography and electroencephalographic source localization

We present a dual-modality three-dimensional imaging approach that integrates diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and electroencephalographic source localization (ESL). This dual-modal DOT/ESL approach is evaluated using solid tissue-like phantoms where targets having both optical and electrical contrasts relative to the background phantom are included. The results obtained from extensive phantom experiments show that this dual-modal approach is suitable for imaging seizure focus in the study of epilepsy.
Deinstitutionalization: A Semantic Analysis

Deinstitutionalization is a concept with multiple definitions and referents, and focused efforts must be made to remove some of the vagueness from this complex concept. An adequate definition of deinstitutionalization includes three primary processes: depopulation, or the shrinking of state hospital censuses; diversion, or the deflection of potential institutional admissions to community-based service settings; and decentralization, or the broadening of responsibility for patient care from a single service entity to multiple service entities, with an attendant fragmentation of authority. Deinstitutionalization is a fact, a process, and a philosophy, and disjunctions among these aspects of the phenomenon must be reconciled.
Differential bioavailability of field-weathered p,p'-DDE to plants of the Cucurbita and Cucumis genera.

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to assess the bioavailability of weathered p,p′-DDE in soil to plants in the Cucurbita (squash, pumpkin) and Cucumis (cucumber, melon) genera. As expected, significant variability exists in the uptake of p,p′-DDE between plants of different genera. Root:soil concentration factors, defined as the ratio of p,p′-DDE (ng/g, dry weight) in the roots to that in the soil, approach 1.8 for cucumbers/melons and 16 for squash/pumpkin. However, significant differences were also observed among varieties of squash and pumpkin, with greater than an order of magnitude variation in the root:soil concentration factors and up to two orders of magnitude difference in the absolute amount of contaminant present within the plant. Although root systems routinely contain the highest concentration of p,p′-DDE (ng/g), this compartment comprises less than 2% of the total plant biomass. In all varieties but one, more than 86% of the extracted pollutant was in the shoot system. For two of varieties of Cucurbita pepo, concentrations of p,p′-DDE in the stems reached 1.1–2.2 mg/g and estimations of percent contaminant extraction from the soil ranged from 0.40% to 2.4%. These values approach those observed in the phytoremediation of heavy metals by “hyperaccumulating” species and indicate the potential for a plant-based remediation approach to soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants.
Analysis of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A method for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct (B1-Lys) in serum by liquid chromatography using tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is presented. The protein in a 250-µL sample was digested in the presence of a stable-isotope internal standard during a 4-h incubation at 37°C with Pronase™. B1-Lys and the internal standard were extracted using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction cartridges and eluted with 2% formic acid in methanol. Following evaporation and reconstitution, extracts were injected onto a Luna C-18(2) column and eluted with a step gradient of acetonitrile and 0.06% formic acid. The B1-Lys and the internal standard were detected in a positive ionization selective reaction monitoring mode with a ThermoFinnigan TSQ Quantum triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Calibration curves were linear for concentrations from 0.05–8.0 ng/mL. The method was validated with aflatoxin B1 dosed rat serum diluted to anticipated high and low concentrations. Total imprecision determined from 30 measurements over 15 days was 5.6% and 9.1%, respectively. Recoveries of 78.8 ± 6.4% for B1-Lys and 85.4 ± 12.4% for the internal standard were based on the full extraction and reconstitution processes. The method can be used to quantitate B1-Lys at the 0.5 pg/mg albumin level and is suitable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using residual vector quantization for image content classification

Multistage residual vector quantizers (RVQ) with optimal direct sum decoder codebooks have been successfully designed and implemented for data compression. Due to its multistage structure, RVQ has the ability to densely populate the input space with voronoi cell partitions. The same design concept has yielded good results in the application of image-content classification [1]. Furthermore, the multistage RVQ, with stage-wise codebooks, provides an opportunity to perform fine-grained feature attribution for image understanding, in general, and feature foundation data generation for natural and man-made structure recognition, in specific. In [1], the information at the stages of RVQ is heuristically integrated to perform class conditional pattern recognition; hence the process is not robust. Markov random field (MRF) provides a suitable Bayesian framework to integrate the information available at the various stages of RVQ to achieve optimized classification in the maximum a-posteriori sense (MAP).
“I Have Never Slept with a Man, and There Is No Star Rising in the East”: Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Pregnancy Before Insemination

The National Lesbian Health Care Survey (NLHCS) was the first major survey of lesbian and bisexual women's health and mental health, and was conducted in 1984–1985 with 1,927 participants from all U.S. states and several territories. The NLHCS included an open-ended item, about what had prevented respondents from becoming pregnant, that was never transcribed or analyzed, yet that reflected historical trends of that time. The survey was conducted immediately prior to the era when donor insemination was becoming available to lesbians and bisexual women in some urban clinics. Many respondents at the time wrote that they could not have children without heterosexual intercourse, feared losing custody of children in a homophobic or biphobic society, or knew that their family of origin or society in general would not accept their children. This article examines themes about lesbians, bisexual women, and pregnancy from this time period.
Resilient Warrior: A Stress Management Group to Improve Psychological Health in Service Members.

Background: Many veterans deployed after 9/11/2001 are impacted by subthreshold levels of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, or other psychological health problems that may interfere with successful reintegration. Conventional treatments, including medication and trauma-focused individual psychotherapies, may not be optimally adapted, accepted, or effective to treat these subsyndromal symptoms. Methods: We developed “Resilient Warrior,” a 4-session, group-based, mind-body stress-management and resilience program targeted to build skills and assessed whether its format was accessible and acceptable, and potentially efficacious, to support resilience among service members. Results: From April 2014 to October 2014, 15 participants (53.3% women; mean age=36.6 y; SD=6.2) were surveyed for program acceptability and feasibility and completed self-reported psychological health outcomes before and after program participation. The majority (71.4%) of participants reported that the program included the right number of s...
THE EFFECTS OF OBSERVER EXPECTATIONS, TASK AMBIGUITY, AND MEDIUM OF PRESENTATION ON LOW‐ AND HIGH‐INFERENCE JUDGMENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR1

This study investigated the effects of observer expectations about a speaker's nonfluency level on nonfluency counts made during a taped speech and on post-performance evaluations of nonfluency, anxiety, central idea, organization, language, delivery, and general effectiveness. The influence of task ambiguity and medium of presentation on expectancy effects was also explored. Results indicate: (a) in a high-ambiguity condition, observers who expected a fluent speaker counted fewer nonfluencies in his speech than observers who expected a nonfluent speaker; (b) fluent-expectation observers rated the speaker more positively on the seven evaluative measures; (c) low task ambiguity eliminated expectancy effects on nonfluency counts and ratings of organization but not on the other six evaluative measures; and (d) auditory and auditory-visual presentations of the speech did not produce significant differences.
Determining CME parameters by fitting heliospheric observations: Numerical investigation of the accuracy of the methods

Transients in the heliosphere, including coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and corotating interaction regions can be imaged to large heliocentric distances by heliospheric imagers (HIs), such as the HIs onboard STEREO and SMEI onboard Coriolis. These observations can be analyzed using different techniques to derive the CME speed and direction. In this paper, we use a three-dimensional (3-D) magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulation to investigate one of these methods, the fitting method of Sheeley et al. (1999) and Rouillard et al. (2008). Because we use a 3-D simulation, we can determine with great accuracy the CME initial speed, its speed at 1 AU and its average transit speed as well as its size and direction of propagation. We are able to compare the results of the fitting method with the values from the simulation for different viewing angles between the CME direction of propagation and the Sun-spacecraft line. We focus on one simulation of a wide (120–140) CME, whose initial speed is about 800 km s � 1 . For this case, we find that the best-fit speed is in good agreement with the speed of the CME at 1 AU, and this, independently of the viewing angle. The fitted direction of propagation is not in good agreement with the viewing angle in the simulation, although smaller viewing angles result in smaller fitted directions. This is due to the extremely wide nature of the ejection. A new fitting method, proposed to take into account the CME width, results in better agreement between fitted and actual directions for directions close to the Sun–Earth line. For other directions, it gives results comparable to the fitting method of Sheeley et al. (1999). The CME deceleration has only a small effect on the fitted direction, resulting in fitted values about 1–4 higher than the actual values. 2011 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electrodes for Potential Measurements in Aqueous Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures

The measurement of pH, redox potentials, and corrosion potentials at high temperatures and pressures is often desirable for the control and monitoring of industrial processes; e.g., for controlling water chemistry in conventional and nuclear power generators, for process control in the chemical industry, and for monitoring performance in petroleum extraction and refining. Such measurements are also needed for research on the thermodynamics of high-temperature aqueous solutions including those associated with geothermal and hydrothermal reactions. Zirconia electrodes for these purposes are described, and their application is illustrated with examples. While not yet routinely available on a commercial basis, useful versions can be readily fabricated in the laboratory. Some of the pitfalls encountered in making such measurements at elevated temperatures are also discussed because great care is often required to assure that valid and useful data are being obtained.
Virulent Treponema pallidum: aerobe or anaerobe

Substrate degradation and protein synthesis served as indicators of metabolism in virulent Treponema pallidum. Opitmal metabolic activity in these spirochetes was observed at 10 to 20% O2 concentrations, with markedly reduced activity at higher or lower O2 levels or under anaerobiosis; alternate functioning electron acceptors that might substitute for O2 were not found. Carbon monoxide and cyanide at concentrations that inactivate cytochrome oxidase were not effective metabolic poisons for T. pallidum, although Micrococcus lutea, a strict aerobe with cytochrome-dependent respiration, was inhibited under similar experimental conditions. Motility of virulent T. pallidum was vigorous in the presence of O2 and sluggish or inhibited in its absence, reinforcing the role of O2 in T. pallidum metabolism.
Social dynamics and dispersal in free-living prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Following dispersal from 1 group, individuals may join other established social groups. Such intergroup transfer may increase access to potential mates and decrease mate competition. We used data from 402 individuals to examine patterns of intergroup transfer in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Nearly 32% of established social groups (single female units, male–female pairs, or communal groups of at least 2 adults of the same sex) were joined by 1 or more individuals. Most individuals (76%) that joined social groups were wanderers that were either unmarked, recently marked during grid trapping, or marked transients; 70% were males. Joining a group was not contingent upon recent disappearance of residents. Total number of residents positively affected the probability of a female joining a social group, whereas number of adult female residents and population density negatively affected it. Some individuals (24%) moved directly from one group to another without an intervening wandering stage; we refer to these instances of intergroup transfer as direct transfers. Most direct transferers moved into nearby groups, but not the closest group. Males were more likely than females to directly transfer into groups with potential mates and without potential competitors. Thus, males directly transferred in a manner consistent with maximizing reproductive opportunities. In contrast, 25% of females directly transferred into groups without potential mates and 96% into groups with at least 1 adult female. Females may be less constrained by group composition with respect to potential mates because wandering males, with which females can mate, are prevalent. All-male groups almost never occur in our population, so females probably cannot avoid joining groups with competitors.
The Potential Role of Roflumilast: The New Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of roflumilast in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Data Sources:Studies, review articles, and meeting abstracts evaluating roflumilast were obtained from MEDLINE (1966–May 16, 2006), EMBASE (1980–May 16, 2006), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 16, 2006) databases. Key terms used in all of the database searches were roflumilast, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and COPD. Company Web sites were reviewed, and bibliographies of selected articles were evaluated for pertinent articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:In vitro, in vivo, and animal studies were selected, as were published human studies on the efficacy and safety of roflumilast. Due to limited published data on its safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions, meeting abstracts were also selected. Data retrieved from abstracts only is indicated in the r...