cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agency Behavior and Discretion on Remand

Despite the prevailing focus of administrative law on judicial review of agency discretion, scholars are increasingly asking what we can learn about agency discretion in the absence of judicial review. Indeed, such work prompts a reexamination of administrative law and our assumptions about agencies’ legitimacy. When a court invalidates an agency action, the agency’s response on remand is often left open to the agency’s discretion. Agencies frequently have significant latitude in whether, how, and when (if ever) to remedy the initial flaw. What is the extent of agency discretion following a remand, and how do agencies use that discretion? In this Essay, we sketch the interplay of four variables to form some preliminary hypotheses and lay a foundation for future empirical work. These variables are the nature of the judicial remedy that accompanies the remand, the timing of the required agency response, the valence of the agency action (its alignment with the interests of the group winning the remand and with the then-current presidential administration), and the timing of the presidential administration, paying particular attention to changes that occur or are anticipated to occur during the agency’s formulation of a response on remand. We suspect that, barring a specific and enforceable judicial directive, agencies have almost as much discretion as they would in the first instance, when deciding whether and how to respond to a judicial remand. We also suggest that whether agencies act with haste or stall is at least somewhat dependent on the alignment of the agency’s policy position with the incumbent President and any anticipated uncertainty regarding a future President. The vigilance of the original litigants, budgetary constraints, newly created statutory deadlines, and other factors also will influence what happens on remand. But we hope that this initial exploration will yield a useful set of testable hypotheses that can inform more detailed future work.
Applications of the Theory of Stochastic Point Processes in the Detection and Analysis of Neuronal Interaction

Abstract The sequence of pulses generated by a neuron and transmitted to other neurons is the most easily measured and quantifiable signal by which neurons communicate and interact with each other. These can be recorded experimentally from the brain of an animal by special microelectrode techniques, and in our laboratory it is a routine matter to record such “spike trains” simultaneously from several neurons Each spike train is then characterized quantitatively by a number of statistical measures which are obtained by a computer analysis of the times of occurrence of each pulse generated by the neuron. We presently find the interspike-interval histogram and autocorrelation histogram the most useful models for representing the long-term signalling properties of a single neuron (8, 10)
The Impact of Gender Role Stereotypes on the Evaluation of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), actions that employees perform that are voluntary and contribute to the success of their organization, help organizations to succeed (Organ, 1988, 1997)....
Colonization of the Vascular System of Plants by Fungal Wilt Pathogens: A Basis for Modeling the Interactions between Host and Parasite in Time and Space

When we undertake the study of phenomena as dynamically complex as wilt diseases, we are faced with the problem not only of obtaining the information we seek, but also of organizing many bits of information to show significant relationships. This is true because to understand the dynamics of a phenomenon we must use reductive methods to dissect the processes into finer, more detailed, measurable bits, whereas to understand the complexity we must somehow integrate the resulting information to show the relationships within the whole sweep of events. A system of realistic inter-connected models is required. It is my purpose, first, to propose that we all join together in an ongoing process of modeling wilt diseases of plants, and, second, to propose a basis for modeling that has evolved and that places known events within a framework of interconnected time and space frames. The overall framework is derived from our understanding of the disease cycle involving a soil-borne, fungal, vascular parasite and its host.
Association between persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs) and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum

Abstract Background Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can target immune and metabolic pathways. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the influence of EDCs on measures of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum. Objective We investigated associations between prenatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and per- and polyfluorochemicals (PFASs) with repeated biomarker measurements of inflammation and cellular aging in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methodology Overweight or obese pregnant women were recruited from the San Francisco Bay area (n = 103) during their first or second trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from participants at baseline (median 16 weeks gestation) and at three and nine months postpartum. Serum concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs were measured at baseline. Inflammation biomarkers (interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 10 [IL-10], and tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α]) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a biomarker of cellular aging, were measured at all three time points. Associations between serum chemical concentrations and repeated measures of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and LTL were examined using linear mixed models. We also examined the potential for effect modification by time (visit) and obesity. Results In adjusted models, we observed positive relationships between PBDEs and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). A doubling in ∑PBDEs was associated with a 15.26% (95% CI 1.24, 31.22) and 3.74% (95% CI −0.19, 7.82) increase in IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. Positive associations were also observed for PFASs and IL-6. A two-fold increase in ∑PFASs was associated with a 20.87% (95% CI 3.46, 41.22) increase in IL-6. 5-OHBDE-47 was inversely associated with anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Some EDC-outcome associations, including those of PBDEs with TNF-α, were stronger during pregnancy (compared to three or nine months postpartum) and among obese (compared to overweight) women (p-interaction Conclusions These findings suggest that exposure to specific EDCs is associated with increased inflammation among women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Future studies should replicate these findings in additional study populations and examine the implications of these associations for maternal and child health.
Assessing the resilience of ‘social rehabilitation’ as a rationale for transfer: A commentary on the aims of Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA

This article provides an analysis of the Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA on the transfer of sentenced persons in the European Union (EU). Particular emphasis is placed on the provisions in the Fram...
Case Study: Korean Woman with Mastectomy Pain

Jina, a 57-year-old Korean immigrant woman with a high school education, has been a housewife since getting married to her husband who ran a small business until they immigrated to the United States (USA). Jina and her husband immigrated to the USA in 2000 with their two daughters after her husband’s company faced extreme financial difficulties in the middle of the economic crisis that hit South Korea in the late 1990s. There were no families, relatives, or friends living in the USA, but they settled in a suburban neighborhood within a Korean community on the East coast. They have run a dry cleaning business since their arrival in the USA. Their adult daughters currently work in other states after completing their college education. They regularly visit their parents during holidays and for special occasions.
A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health in middle-aged and old Americans: results from the Health and Retirement Study and Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old survey.

Abstract Background. While the effects of smoking and other modifiable risk factors on mortality and specific diseases are well established, their effects on ill health more generally are less known. Using two national, longitudinal surveys, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health, defined in a multidimensional fashion (i.e., disability, impaired mobility, health care utilization, and self-reported health). Methods. The analyses were based on the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (12,652 persons 50–60 years old surveyed in 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998) and the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old survey (8,124 persons 60–70 years old surveyed in 1993, 1996, and 1998). Results. Smoking was strongly related to mortality and to ill health, with similar relative effects in the middle-aged and the elderly. There were consistent adverse dose–response relationships between smoking and ill health in the HRS. Persons who had quit smoking at least 15 years prior to the survey were no more likely than never smokers to experience ill health. A dose–response relationship was found between exercise and ill health. For body mass index and alcohol, there were U-shaped relationships with ill health. Conclusions. Public health efforts designed to encourage smoking cessation should emphasize improvements in ill health in addition to decreased mortality.
Magnetic properties of the low-dimensional cuprate Na 5 RbCu 4 (AsO 4 ) 4 Cl 2

The magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{5}{\mathrm{RbCu}}_{4}({\mathrm{AsO}}_{4}{)}_{4}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ are reported. The material has a layered structure comprised of square ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ tetramers. The Cu ions are divalent and the system behaves as a low-dimensional $S=1/2$ antiferromagnet. Spin exchange in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{5}{\mathrm{RbCu}}_{4}({\mathrm{AsO}}_{4}{)}_{4}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ appears to be quasi-two-dimensional and nonfrustrated. Measurements of the bulk magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity are consistent with low-dimensional magnetism. The compound has an interesting, low-entropy, magnetic transition at $T=17 \mathrm{K}.$
When is the Risk Minimal Enough for Children to be Research Subjects

When should research involving children as subjects be permitted? This difficult and pressing problem is often presented in the form of a dilemma: If we do research involving children as subjects, then we do so using individuals who cannot give informed consent. If we do not, then children as a group are denied many of the benefits of research including therapeutic advances, the possibility of good information about therapies, and the repudiation of dangerous and discredited therapies. Robert Levine shows how the U.S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The National Commission) tried to find a morally defensible solution to the question of when children may be enrolled as subjects in research. They held that with appropriate review, safeguards, consent from guardians, and assent from the child, children may be enrolled if the study on balance holds out direct and appropriate benefit to them or if the study is not too risky. Levine served as a consultant to the National Commission and shows sympathy (which I share) for the solution proposed.
A Retrospective Analysis of Scholarship on Gender and Diversity in Public Administration

At its heart, public administration is about life in community. In order to live up to the normative democratic ideal, the public service workspace must strive for a representative bureaucracy. This is because an ideal government reflects the constituency it serves. Accordingly, we focus on the themes of gender and diversity to comprehend their effect on policies, programs, and outcomes. This paper provides a retrospective analysis of the literature on gender and diversity to demonstrate how the focus on differentness has evolved over the past forty years. Topics are presented thematically and illustrate how the concept of diversity has adapted and expanded to include multiple dimensions such as age, religion, ethnicity, sexuality and physical ability. In the public management literature, the transition from exclusion to inclusion for women and minorities has been gradual, but has progressed from being thought of as a challenge to being treated as a benefit in the delivery of public services.
Relapse to opioid seeking in rat models: behavior, pharmacology and circuits

Lifetime relapse rates remain a major obstacle in addressing the current opioid crisis. Relapse to opioid use can be modeled in rodent studies where drug self-administration is followed by a period of abstinence and a subsequent test for drug seeking. Abstinence can be achieved through extinction training, forced abstinence, or voluntary abstinence. Voluntary abstinence can be accomplished by introducing adverse consequences of continued drug self-administration (e.g., punishment or electric barrier) or by introducing an alternative nondrug reward in a discrete choice procedure (drug versus palatable food or social interaction). In this review, we first discuss pharmacological and circuit mechanisms of opioid seeking, as assessed in the classical extinction-reinstatement model, where reinstatement is induced by reexposure to the self-administered drug (drug priming), discrete cues, discriminative cues, drug-associated contexts, different forms of stress, or withdrawal states. Next, we discuss pharmacological and circuit mechanisms of relapse after forced or voluntary abstinence, including the phenomenon of “incubation of heroin craving” (the time-dependent increases in heroin seeking during abstinence). We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of these preclinical relapse models.
Rural Focus and Representation in State Maternal Mortality Review Committees: Review of Policy and Legislation.

Abstract Objectives Between 1990 and 2013, maternal mortality nearly doubled in the United States and rural residents experienced decreasing access to obstetric care. To improve maternal health, many states have established maternal mortality and morbidity review committees (MMRCs). We assessed the extent of rural representation in state policy efforts related to MMRCs. Methods We reviewed publicly available information on MMRCs (websites, statutes, bills, media) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, separately identifying highly rural states (with >30% of the population being rural residents). We assessed whether each state 1) had established an MMRC, 2) had passed legislation requiring an MMRC, 3) had considered, but not passed, legislation requiring an MMRC, 4) mentioned rural populations in MMRC legislation, 5) required representation on the MMRC from any particular groups, and 6) required rural representation on the MMRC. Results As of December 2018, MMRCs were established in 45 states and the District of Columbia, an increase from 23 in 2010. Legislation was in place in 27 states, up from 6 in 2010. Only three states specifically mentioned rurality in legislation (including one highly rural state), and only two states required rural representation among their MMRC members (neither of which were highly rural states). Conclusions Recent growth in MMRCs has had a limited focus on rural residents, despite their worse health outcomes and more limited access to health care, including obstetric services. Lack of rural representation may hamper geographically tailored efforts to reverse rising rates of maternal morbidity and mortality nationally.
Investigating the Contribution of Sinorhizobium meliloti Flagella on Biofilm Formation and Symbiosis During Host Colonization

Many bacteria transition from a motile to a sessile, aggregate state, known as a biofilm, ensuring bacterial survival in harsh environments. Biofilms pose serious threats to public health due to th...
Model of Material Handling and Robotics

In today’s manufacturing systems, robots and material handling facilities flexibly circulate and integrate material flows among distributed, automatic production equipment. Robots and material handling facilities provide two important and unique capabilities into manufacturing systems: (1) dynamic and mixed material flows, and (2) flexible relationships between manufacturing systems and their environment. The first capability is based on the reprogrammability and intelligence of modern material handling devices and robots. Hence, the material flows are changeable rather than fixed. In parallel, because customers, competitors, and suppliers expect the availability of such an integrated and flexible manufacturing system, the second capability is developed.
Chapter 1 – Generalities

Publisher Summary Many different units are employed in energy work. Whenever possible, one should adopt the Systeme International (SI). This means joules and watts. One might wish for greater consistency in the choice of names and symbols of the different prefixes adopted by the SI. The symbols for sub-multiplier prefixes are all in lowercase letters, and it would make sense if the multipliers were all in uppercase letters, which they are not. All symbols are single letters, except the one for “deca” which has two letters (“da”). Unlike the rest of the multipliers, “deca,” “hecta,” and “kilo” start with lowercase letters. The names of the prefixes are derived mostly from Greek or Latin , but there are also Danish words and one Spanish word—“pico”—which is not listed in most Spanish dictionaries. Some prefixes allude to the power of 1000 of the multiplier—“exa” (meaning six), for instance, refers to 10006; others allude to the multiplier itself—“kilo” (meaning one thousand) indicates the multiplier directly.
Stated choices of environmental managers: The role of punishment

Abstract This study explores the roles of enforcement in explaining management choices tied to regulatory compliance. Within this exploration, the study pursues two research objectives. First, it discerns the separate effects of punishment certainty and punishment severity on compliance decisions; this task is generally difficult especially since it requires constructing measures of the beliefs held by individuals or regulated businesses. Second, the study compares the two effects. The study’s most important contribution is to investigate these two issues using stated choice scenarios posed to environmental management professionals working at businesses operating within the Clean Water Act regulatory framework. Results reveal that regulated facilities respond to increases in fine size and fine likelihood with equal sensitivity.
Identifying machine learning techniques for classification of target advertising

Abstract There have been numerous applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to online advertising, especially to optimize the reach of target audiences. Previous studies show that improved computational power significantly advances granular audience targeting capabilities. This study investigates and classifies various machine learning techniques that are used to enhance targeted online advertising. Twenty-three machine learning-based online targeted advertising strategies are identified and classified largely into two categories, user-centric and content-centric approaches. The paper also identifies an underexamined area, algorithm-based detection of click frauds, to illustrate how machine learning approaches can be integrated to preserve the viability of online advertising.
Development of a Synthetic Poxvirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. Mice immunized with these sMVA vectors developed robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
The Epidemiology of Maternal Intensive Care Unit Admissions

Obstetric patients represent a small proportion of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). The criteria and threshold levels for obstetric ICU admission vary widely. The majority of pregnancy-associated ICU admissions occur during the delivery admission and <24 h after delivery. Peripartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and sepsis account for 75–80% of obstetric ICU admissions worldwide, while indirect causes of ICU admission show geographic variation. Most obstetric patients spend <24–48 h in the ICU due to rapid reversal of obstetric conditions after delivery. Obstetric ICU patients have better outcomes than other ICU patients, but mortality in these patients remains a significant concern.
Applying SLICC and ACR/EULAR systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria in a cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease.

Background/objectiveNew classification criteria for SLE have recently been developed. How these criteria affect the classification of patients with the SLE-mimicking condition UCTD is poorly unders...
Use of Autologous Bacteriotherapy to Treat Staphylococcus aureus in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial.

Importance Atopic dermatitis (AD) can be negatively affected by Staphylococcus aureus. The skin microbiome of AD is deficient in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) that can kill S aureus. Objective To evaluate if the antimicrobial-producing CoNS (CoNS-AM+) of a patient with AD can be autologously reintroduced to the same patient to inhibit survival of S aureus and improve clinical outcomes. Design, setting, and participants This double-blind, vehicle-controlled, single-center randomized clinical trial of 11 adult patients with moderate to severe AD who were randomized to receive either an autologous CoNS-AM+ (n = 5) or the vehicle (n = 6) was conducted between April 2016 and May 2018. The data were analyzed from May 2018 to July 2019. Interventions Autologous CoNS-AM+ was isolated from swabs that were obtained from the nonlesional skin of each patient with AD, expanded by culture, and then reapplied topically to the forearms at a concentration of 107 colony-forming units/g. Main outcomes and measures The primary end point of this study was to assess S aureus abundance after 1 week of application of autologous CoNS-AM+ on patients with AD by culture-based and DNA-based methods. The secondary end points were to assess the safety and clinical outcomes. Results Eleven patients (4 men [36.4%] and 7 women [63/6%]) were recruited based on the inclusion criteria. There were no serious adverse events in groups treated with autologous CoNS-AM+ or the vehicle. Staphylococcus aureus colonization on lesional skin at the end of treatment on patients who were treated with autologous CoNS-AM+ (mean of log10 ratio to baseline, -1.702; 95% CI, -2.882 to -0.523) was reduced by 99.2% compared with vehicle treatment (mean of log10 ratio to baseline, 0.671; 95% CI, -0.289 to 1.613; P = .01) and persisted for 4 days after treatment (CoNS-AM+: mean of log10 ratio to baseline, -1.752; 95% CI, -3.051 to -0.453; vehicle: mean of log10 ratio to baseline, -0.003; 95% CI, -1.083 to 1.076; P = .03). Importantly, local Eczema Area And Severity Index scores that were assessed at day 11 on patients who received CoNS-AM+ (mean of percentage change, -48.45; 95% CI, -84.34 to -12.55) were significantly improved compared with vehicle treatment (mean of percentage change, -4.52; 95% CI, -36.25 to 27.22; P = .04). Conclusions and relevance The data from this randomized clinical trial suggest that bacteriotherapy with an autologous strain of skin commensal bacteria can safely decrease S aureus colonization and improve disease severity. Although larger studies will be needed, this personalized approach for S aureus reduction may provide an alternative treatment for patients with AD beyond antibiotics, immunosuppression, and immunomodulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03158012.
Modulation of relapse-like drinking in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligands targeting the α5GABAA receptor.

Abstract Preclinical evidence suggests a key role for GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABAA receptors) in the abuse-related effects of alcohol, including the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects, as well as cue-induced alcohol-seeking behavior. However, the contribution of this GABAA receptor subtype to relapse-like drinking behavior remains unknown. The present study evaluated the capacity of ligands targeting α5GABAA receptors to modulate the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse-like drinking. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent repeated cycles of long-term access to alcohol solutions (5%, 10%, 20% v/v) and water in the home cage followed by water only deprivation periods. Upon evidence that the ADE could be reliably expressed across cycles, drug treatment was initiated. One group received the α5GABAA receptor-preferring agonist QH-ii-066 and the other group received the α5GABAA receptor-selective inverse agonist L-655,708. At the end of ADE testing, rats underwent testing in the elevated zero maze under vehicle or L-655,708 treatment for assessment of anxiety-like behavior. The ADE was reliably expressed across repeated cycles of alcohol access/deprivation in a subset of rats. Low doses of QH-ii-066 enhanced expression of the ADE; whereas, L-655,708 dose-dependently inhibited expression of the ADE. L-655,708 did not engender anxiogenic effects in the elevated zero maze under the conditions evaluated. These findings suggest a key role for α5GABAA receptor mechanisms in relapse-like drinking. Moreover, they suggest that α5GABAA receptors may represent a novel pharmacological target for the development of medications to prevent or reduce alcohol relapse.
On the Transmission of Alloxan Diabetes and other Diabetogenic Influences

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transmission of alloxan diabetes and other diabetogenic influences. Pregnancy is the best known stress factor that is capable of inducing carbohydrate abnormalities and precipitating diabetes mellitus. The incidence of manifest diabetes in females increases significantly with the number of pregnancies. However, pregnancy is only one of a variety of environmental stresses that may aggravate the manifest disease or transform the latent form into the clinical state. Other such stresses include overfeeding and obesity, aging, and a number of intercurrent diseases. There cannot be one entirely satisfactory interpretation that would explain the mode of transmission of the induced glucose intolerance. However, it is certain that the male is as capable of transmitting induced glucose intolerance as is the female, thus, precluding the maternal milieu as being etiologic. As the paramutational process continues, the regulator genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism become altered in some individuals, permitting expression of diabetes in these people, despite normal parents or even a monozygotic twin.
Management of new federated services

The explosive growth of the Internet, widespread use of the World Wide Web, and a trend towards deployment of broadband residential networks are stimulating the development of new services such as interactive shopping, home banking, and electronic commerce. These services are federated since they depend on an infrastructure that spans multiple independent control domains. Managing federated services and providing effective support to the customer of these services is difficult, because only a small part of the environment can be observed and controlled by any given authority. We characterize different dimensions of this problem, using our experience with the deployment of a system that gives the home consumer broadband access to community content as well as to the Internet. This type of system is referred to as Broadband Interactive Data Services or BIDS. We then focus on diagnosis and describe a customer support tool that was developed to partially automate diagnosis in BIDS. We use the experience with this tool to derive a blueprint for a general architecture for managing federated services. The architecture is based on service contracts between control domains.
Photonic MPLS network architecture based on Hikari-router

This paper describes multilayer traffic engineering and signaling technologies in the photonic-GMPLS-router (Hikari-router) network. Multilayer traffic engineering, which yields the dynamic cooperation of IP and photonic layers, is described with the goal of providing IP services cost-effectively. The establishment of photonic cut-through paths is triggered when the Layer 3 traffic loads become excessive which better uses the optical layer (LI) resources. Data on traffic volumes are exchanged among edge photonic router using an extended IBGP. To realize multilayer traffic engineering, we propose an OSPF extension that advertises both the number of total wavelengths and the number of unreserved wavelengths, and an RSVP-TE extension that minimizes the number of wavelength conversions needed. In addition, this paper presents a heuristic-based multilayer topology design scheme in which IP traffic measurements are performed in generalized multiprotocol label switches (GMPLSs). Our design scheme yields the optical label switch path (OLSP) network topology, i.e. OLSP placement that minimizes network cost in the face of fluctuations in IP traffic demand. In other words, the OLSP network topology is dynamically reconfigured to match IP traffic demand. Networks are reconfigured by the proposed scheme so as to utilize the network resources cost-effectively.
Hunting and the Likelihood of Extinction of Amazonian Mammals

Species inhabiting tropical forests are thought to be on the verge of mass extinction. Much work has focused on extinction rates caused by deforestation; however, many of the recorded extinctions that have occurred since 1600 were a result of overhunting. We collected data on the relative abundance of large-bodied mammals in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon in areas with persistent hunting pressure and in areas with infrequent hunting pressure. We quantified the effects of hunting by calculating the change in abundance of species between the infrequently and persistently hunted sites. We report that in Amazonian mammals weighing more than 1 kg the degree of population declines caused by hunting is correlated with the species’ intrinsic rate of natural increase (rmax ), longevity, and generation time. Our results show that species with long-lived individuals, low rates of increase, and long generation times are more vulnerable to extinction than species with short-lived individuals, high rates of increase, and shorter generations. Especies que habitan bosques tropicales estan consideradas al borde de una extincion masiva. Mucho trabajo se ha enfocado a tasas de extincion ocasionadas por deforestacion; sin embargo, muchas de las extinciones estudiadas que han ocurrido desde 1600 han sido resultado de la caza excesiva. Colectamos datos de la abundancia relativa de mamiferos grandes en el Amazonas del noreste Peruviano en areas con presion persistente por caza y en areas con presion por caza poco frecuente. Cuantificamos el efecto de la caza por medio de la estimacion del cambio en abundancia de especies entre los sitios de caza poco frecuente y persistente. Reportamos que en mamiferos del Amazonas que pesan mas de 1 kg, el grado de declinacion poblacional causado por la caza esta correlacionado con la tasa intrinseca de incremento natural de la especie (rmax ), la longevidad y el tiempo generacional. Nuestros resultados muestran que las especies con indivi-duos de vida larga, bajas tasas de incremento y largos tiempos generacionales son mas vulnerables a la extincion que aquellas especies con duracion de vida corta, altas tasas de incremento y cortas generaciones.
Die Verwendung der Röntgenstrahlen im Kriege. Die juristische Bedeutung der Röntgenstrahlen

Es war unausbleiblich, das die Moglichkeit, mit Hilfe der neuentdeckten Strahlen Fremdkorper aufzufinden, bald die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Verwendung der Rontgensehen Entdeckung fur kriegschirurgische Zwecke lenkte. Das preusische Kriegsministerium interessierte sich gleich zu Anfang sehr fur diese Verwendungsmoglichkeit der X-Strahlen. In der „Munchener Medizinischen Wochen-schrift“ vom 4. Februar 18961 ist daruber folgendes zu lesen: „In Berlin hat das Kriegsministerium, wie der,Reichsanzeiger` meldet, Veranlassung genommen, in Verbindung mit der Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt Versuche daruber anzustellen, ob die Rontgensche Erfindung fur kriegschirurgische Zwecke dienstbar zu machen und zum Nutzen kranker und verwundeter Soldaten zu verwerten sein wird. Infolgedessen ist eine Reihe photographischer Aufnahmen von anatomischen kriegschirurgischen Praparaten gemacht worden, in denen Geschosse und Geschosteile in den Weichteilen und Knochen steckten. Die Photogramme gaben ein deutliches Bild der vorgekommenen Knochenverletzungen und liesen den Sitz des steckengebliebenen Geschosses mit Sicherheit erkennen. Die Versuche wurden in groserem Masstabe fortgesetzt.“
Load monitor for the TFTR motor-generator sets

Two parallel-operated motor-generator (MG) sets are used to provide pulsed AC power to the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). The MG sets are vertical shaft machines adapted for the pulsed duty; each is nameplate-rated 475 MVA, 13.8 kV, 0.7 pF, 60 Hz, 7 s, and can deliver 2.25 GJ of energy during an excursion from 87.5 Hz to 60 Hz once every five minutes. In order to better quantify the machines' actual operating limits, a study was undertaken to determine what subset of all conceivable performance-limiting factors might come into play to limit the overall machine performance envelope throughout the nominal range of speed and power factor, with consideration of pulsed operation. Seven critical factors were identified: (1) instantaneous stator current, (2) stator winding temperature, (3) instantaneous field current, (4) field winding temperature, (5) exciter thyristor junction temperature, (6) prospective stator overvoltage, and (7) instantaneous torque. An MG load monitor will be built to provide real time monitoring of all seven quantities by direct measurement and simulation, where necessary. The preliminary design of the MG load monitor is described. >
The Multiperiodic, Short-Period Variations of WZ Sge

WZ Sge is an important cataclysmic variable with unique properties that may hold the key to understanding white dwarf interior structure. WZ Sge has one of the shortest orbital periods of any known hydrogen-rich system, undergoing eclipses every 81 minutes 38 seconds. Only the AM CVn stars (Provencal et al. 1995), which suffer from helium, rather than hydrogen, mass transfer, have shorter orbital periods. WZ Sge, originally classified as a recurrent nova, is now classified as a dwarf nova, based on its spectroscopic properties (Warner 1976). This system has one of the largest outburst amplitudes (7 magnitudes), combined with the longest outburst recurrence time (33 yrs) of any known dwarf nova system.
Experimental demonstration of the HORNET survivable bi-directional ring architecture

In this work we demonstrate the HORNET 2FBPSR survivable architecture and the associated protocols. With simple intuition, we can see that this architecture performs up to twice as well as that of conventional ring architectures under normal conditions, and in the worst case the performance is equal after a cut occurs. We experimentally demonstrate that when a cut occurs, the maximum amount of time that any two nodes lose the ability to communicate is equal to the propagation delay of the fiber between them (less than 1 ms for a typical metro ring architecture). The demonstration of the HORNET testbed presented here is a major step towards making next generation high capacity packet-based MANs a reality.
Meta-analysis of the reliability and validity of the Anticipated Turnover Scale across studies of registered nurses in the United States

Barlow K.M. & Zangaro G.A. (2010) Journal of Nursing Management18, 862–873 Meta-analysis of the reliability and validity of the Anticipated Turnover Scale across studies of registered nurses in the United States Background Globally, there are serious human and financial costs associated with registered nurse (RN) turnover. Anticipating turnover before turnover occurs is important to prevent costly and unnecessary turnover. Using a reliable and valid measure of anticipated turnover is essential to credible healthcare research on which nursing policy decisions are based. This meta-analysis provides a systematic way to determine the legitimacy of the use of the Anticipated Turnover Scale (ATS) in RN workforce research. Aims The aims of this meta-analysis were to determine the consistency of reliability estimates and evidence of construct validity of ATS scores across studies of RNs in the US. A secondary purpose was to evaluate variability in reliability and validity according to study quality, century within which studies were conducted and whether studies were published or unpublished. Methods Search strategies included accessing computerized databases, emailing researchers, consulting experts, footnote-chasing and accessing unpublished reports. Two independent reviewers examined studies according to inclusion criteria and quality. Consensus was reached on selected studies and quality ratings. Results Overall mean weighted effect size (MWES) of reliability from 12 studies was 0.89. Overall MWES of validity correlating the ATS and four job satisfaction measures for seven studies was −0.53. There was variability in reliability according to quality of studies. Conclusion The ATS demonstrated excellent reliability and construct validity across studies of RNs in the US. Implications for nursing management Nursing management should consider the ATS in research on prevention of RN turnover.
The effect of area on pulsed breakdown in water

Experimental results are presented on the degree to which electrode surface area impacts the dielectric strength of water. A water gap of 4 mm was tested under pulsed conditions with a maximum electric field in excess of 1 MV/cm and a maximum current of more than 20 kA. Stainless steel electrodes with a Bruce profile were used to generate a uniform electric field across the water gap. The profile of the electrodes enabled effective areas ranging from 0.5 cm2 to 75 cm2 while minimizing the change in capacitance of the water gap. Conclusions are made as to the effect electrode surface area has on the holdoff voltage and holdoff time of water dielectric systems
The Equivalence of the MMPI and MMPI-2.

Since the MMPI-2 was developed, it has been assumed that the new version is comparable to the MMPI. This study explored the comparability of the MMPI and MMPI-2 by examining the similarities between their respective T-score means, profile configurations, score distributions, and rank-order correlations on the standard 3 validity and 10 clinical scales. Eighty-four undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a test-retest (4-month interval) counterbalanced design–MMPI/MMPI, MMPI/MMPI-2, MMPI-2/MMPI, or MMPI-2/MMPI-2. In this college sample, MMPI-2 mean scores tended to be lower than respective MMPI counterpart scales, which is consistent with previous research. There were notable similarities between the MMPI and the MMPI-2 in terms of profile characteristics, score distributions, and rank ordering of scales. Using these criteria, the equivalency of the two forms was generally supported and further equivalency issues are discussed.
A two-country model of stochastic output with changes in regime

Abstract This paper evaluates the transmission of business cycles between countries and presents evidence that world-wide shocks dominate any transmission of business cycles. I examine industrial production and look at the relationships of the United States with Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom. In the process, I present a specialized Markov-switching time-series model and evaluate it relative to other more familiar stochastic models. I show that for the data sets considered, Markov-switching models have much better goodness of fit, but larger forecast variance relative to ARMA or VAR models.
PCR identification of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by partial sequencing of virulence genes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to utilize a multiplex PCR assay for concurrent detection of Campylobacter spp. and C. coli or C. jejuni, using probes derived from genes cadF and ceuE and an undefined virulence gene. A total of 97 Campylobacter strains, isolated from turkey litter (n=74), chicken livers (n=15) and clinical (n=8) samples, were speciated using the PCR-based assay. PCR amplification of the isolates identified a 400-bp cadF gene, conserved in Campylobacter species, an 894-bp ceuE gene, specific for C. coli, and a 160-bp oxidoreductase gene, specific for C. jejuni. The ∼35 kDa cadF adhesion proteins allow Campylobacter to bind to the intestinal epithelial cells and the 37 kDa ceuE lipoproteins are involved in siderophore transport. Sequencing of the 160-bp undefined gene yielded a 67% protein identical match with a gene encoding an oxidoreductase subunit in C. jejuni. The specificity of the assay was validated on 36 non-Campylobacter strains (11 Gram-positive and 25 Gram-negative bacteria). The PCR assay identified 59% of turkey and 47% of chicken isolates as C. jejuni, and 41% of turkey and 53% of chicken isolates as C. coli. All human isolates were identified as C. jejuni. The specificity of this assay to detect C. coli or C. jejuni was 97%.
A Comparison of Office-Derived vs. Field-Derived Water Table Maps for a Sandy Unconfined Aquifer

This study compares the accuracy of two types of water table maps both of which were constructed with the object of optimizing future mapping efforts in similar environments. The. first type of map is based solely on office information, with no field verification. The second type of map is based on careful field mapping using numerous measurement points. The office-derived maps were based on topography, surface water features, existing reports, maps and data in the files of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey; the data were not field-verified. The field-derived maps used a dense network of 236 piezometers at 176 sites in an area of approximately 170 square miles. The field project was much more expensive and labor-intensive than was the construction of office-derived maps for the same area. The two methods produce water table maps which agree to an appreciable extent, the greatest agreement being in areas having ground water-fed streams. Differences in water table elevations indicated by the two methods range from negligible to approximately 5 feet. Thus, depending upon the availability of existing information, relatively accurate water table elevations can be delineated in similar sandy unconfined aquifers without time-consuming and expensive field work that drilling and piezometer installation entails. Preliminary construction of office-derived water table maps enables researchers to use their resources efficiently. In some situations, expensive installation of wells and piezometers for a regional monitoring network may add little accuracy to the regional map. For localized problems, collection of additional field data will always be necessary, but can be guided by the office-derived maps. The authors caution that this technique may only be applicable to sandy, unconfined aquifers in humid climates.
Database systems management and Oracle8

Oracle's corporate mission is to enable the Information Age through network computing, a vision of broader access to information for all and the empowerment and increased productivity that can result. The technology implications of the network computing vision are ubiquitous access via low-cost appliances to smaller numbers of larger databases, accessed via professionally managed networks compliant with open internetworking protocols. The latest release of the Oracle data server, Oracle8, provides new technology for management of very large databases containing rich and user-defined data types, and is continuing to evolve to make it economically beneficial to store all forms of digital information in a database.
Interpretation of the wave function of the Universe.

A probabilistic interpretation of the wave function of the Universe is proposed in which ``probability'' and ``unitarity'' are inherently approximate concepts. Their validity is limited by the accuracy of the semiclassical approximation for the entire Universe. This approach (which is a logical extension of DeWitt's) defines a positive-semidefinite probability distribution and satisfies the correspondence principle with classical cosmology and with quantum mechanics. In particular, one recovers the standard probabilistic interpretation of the wave function for a small subsystem of the Universe.
Metabelian Product of a Free Nilpotent Group with a Free Abelian Group

In the variety of all groups, A. I. Mal’cev [5] proved in 1949 that the free product of two residually torsion-free nilpotent groups is again residually torsion-free nilpotent. This paper is motivated by the analogous question in the variety of metabelian groups: can we determine whether free metabelian products of residually torsion-free nilpotent metabelian groups are residually torsion-free nilpotent metabelian.
A 370,000-year record of vegetation and fire history around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru)

Fossil pollen and charcoal analyses of sediments from Lake Titicaca, Peru/Bolivia, provide a record of palaeoclimatic variation spanning four full glacial cycles. Pollen, aquatic microfossils, and charcoal, as well as previously published data including diatom assemblages, carbonate content, and stable carbon isotopic ratios of organic carbon, indicate that interglacials were warm and dry whereas the peaks of glacials were cold and wet. Each of the interglacials documented in the record are somewhat different, with those of MIS 5e and MIS 9 inducing lower lake levels and a drier vegetation signature than those of MIS 7 and 1. The presence of charcoal particles in sediments deposited during previous interglacials provides evidence of the long-term role of fire in shaping Andean ecosystems.