cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillary bile duct dysplasia in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Abstract A 62-year-old man with a 20-year history of chronic ulcerative colitis and a 9-year history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of symptoms elated to PSC and cholangiographic features compatible with a biliary neoplasm. Study of the excised liver revealed papillary mucosal lesions in the common hepatic duct and the right and left hepatic ducts as well as cholangiectases and other features typically associated with PSC. The papillary lesions consisted of abundant fibrovascular stroma covered by biliary epithelium with low-grade and high-grade dysplasia. Some periductal glands were also dysplastic. These features distinguished papillary dysplasia from classic biliary papillomatosis. Only one focus of microinvasion was found; there were no metastases. Among 60 cases of PSC in whom the entire liver could be studied after orthotopic liver transplantation, this was the only instance of unequivocal dysplasia. However, in one specimen, papillary hyperplasia was found. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic rereview of 23 livers from our patients, with the longest history of PSC (range, 5–24 years) failed to reveal any additional cases with dysplasia. It is concluded that (a) papillary mucosal lesions in PSC may represent papillary dysplasia without invasion; (b) these lesions may evolve from papillary hyperplasia; (c) the process may be largely, if not entirely, in situ; and (d) the prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma of bile ducts may be less than the 7%–9% reported in the literature for malignancies associated with PSC.
Cell Structure & Function

Secret Chambers: The Inside Story of Cells & Complex Life. By Martin Brasier. 2012. Oxford University Press. (ISBN 9780199644001). 298 pp. Hardback. $29.95. If you want to settle down for a series of storytelling sessions by a prominent Oxford paleobiologist who delves into the origin of life, and ancient waters, drawing analogies to a survey ship’s construction, exploring the pyramids, and describing the not so “boring billion” (if you don’t know what this is, you have to read the book…), this is a great read. It is written up with so many interesting footnotes, with references you feel you absolutely must read – a surreal feeling for this reader, for whom it felt like zooming in and out of subject matter using a camera lens, but it would be quite natural for the younger reader who is used to clicking on links and going on tangents while multitasking. For educators, this is a book to be perused ahead of time and used as both a springboard for further reading and as …
Geoelectrical mapping and groundwater contamination

Specific electrical resistivity of near-surface materials is mainly controlled by the groundwater content and thus reacts extremely sensitive to any change in the ion content. Geoelectric mapping is a well-established, simple, and inexpensive technique for observing areal distributions of apparent specific electrical resistivities. These are a composite result of the true resistivities in the underground, and with some additional information the mapping of apparent resistivities can help to delineate low-resistivity groundwater contaminations, typically observed downstream from sanitary landfills and other waste sites. The presence of other good conductors close to the surface, mainly clays, is a serious noise source and has to be sorted out by supporting observations of conductivities in wells and geoelectric depth soundings. The method may be used to monitor the extent of groundwater contamination at a specific time as well as the change of a contamination plume with time, by carrying out repeated measurements. Examples for both are presented.
Impaired Development of T Lymphoid Precursors from Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells in New Zealand Black Mice

Bone marrow cells from autoimmune-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice are less efficient at colonizing fetal thymic lobes than cells from normal strains. This study demonstrates that the reduced capacity of NZB bone marrow cells to repopulate the thymus does not result from their inability to migrate to or enter the thymus. Rather, the T lymphopoietic defect of NZB mice is due to an impaired ability of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) to generate more committed lymphoid progeny, which could include common lymphoid precursors and/or other T cell-committed progenitors. Although PHSCs from NZB mice were not as efficient at thymic repopulation as comparable numbers of PHSCs from control strains, the ability of common lymphoid precursors from NZB mice to repopulate the thymus was not defective. Similarly, more differentiated NZB T cell precursors included in the intrathymic pool of CD4 − CD8 − cells also exhibited normal T lymphopoietic potential. Taken together, the results identify an unappreciated defect in NZB mice and provide further evidence that generation of lymphoid progeny from the PHSCs is a regulated event.
Empirically Supported Family and Peer Interventions for Dual Disorders.

Objective: This article selectively reviews evidence-based family and peer interventions for co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. Although few researchers have specifically inve...
An assessment of cellulose filters as a standardized material for measuring litter breakdown in headwater streams

The decay rate of cellulose filters and associated chemical and biological characteristics were compared with those of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves to determine whether cellulose filters could be a suitable standardized material for assessing deciduous leaf breakdown in headwater streams. The comparison was done across reaches draining mixed deciduous forest and post-coal mining catchments, in natural and constructed channels, and ranged in flow duration from ephemeral to perennial. Decay rates of leaves and filters were predicted to differ at a given site, but the decay rates and associated characteristics of leaf and filter litterbags would be positively related. Filter decay rates did not differ across channel type or flow permanence class. Oak leaves decayed ca 2·5× faster than cellulose filters and there was no relationship between decay rates (R2 = 0·02). Ergosterol concentration, total invertebrate density, shredder density, total invertebrate biomass and taxa richness were significantly higher in oak litterbags than in filter litterbags across four sampling dates over 306 days. The biomass of invertebrate shredders colonizing litterbags did not differ between the substrate types. The C:N content was higher for filters than for oak leaves, but the mean difference between substrates decreased by ∼10-fold over the 306-day study. In contrast, mean differences in ergosterol concentration between substrates increased threefold over the study. Although characteristics associated with filter litterbags were positively related to those of oak leaf litterbags, most relationships had low explanatory power (R2⩽0·3); however, stronger relationships existed for total invertebrate density, shredder density and taxa richness (R2 = 0·78). Although a standardized material would be useful for incorporating litter breakdown in stream assessments, because of the strong differences in decay rate and associated characteristics, we cannot recommend cellulose filters as a suitable substrate to represent the natural breakdown of leaf material. Published in 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Reconciliation of dispersion theory with experiment in anomalous x-ray scattering

Abstract Recent reports of conflict between atomic X-ray scattering factors as measured interferometrically and as calculated via dispersion theory are shown to arise from: (i) use of dispersion relations inappropriate to the incomplete absorption data presently available; and (ii) neglect of relativistic corrections to the Thomas scattering cross section.
Usefulness of the Rotter Internal/External Locus of Control Scale in Measuring Situational Valences through Attributions

Attribution theory predicts that individuals generally perceive their own behavior as being caused by external factors, while seeing others' behavior as based on internal causes. However, the likelihood of attributing external causes to another's behavior increases as the situation becomes negative and one of high consensus. This study investigated the possible use of the Rotter I-E scale in measuring situation valences through the attributions of others. The Rotter scale was completed by three groups of female university students under 3 sets of instructions which manipulated the valence of the situation. The data indicated that observing others' behavior in a high consensus, negative situation resulted in external attributions, while behavior viewed in the context of a positive situation resulted in internal attributions.
Positions of Cations and Molecules in Zeolites with the Mordenite-type Framework. II. Dehydrated Hydrogen Ptilolite

Abstract The crystal structure of rehydrated Ca-exchanged ptilolite has two cation sites each containing one-half of the Ca. One located in the twisted near-circular 8-rings is coordinated to six framework oxygens and two sorbed water molecules and the other exists as a fully hydrated complex (puckered pentagonal bipyramid) in the center of the large channels. The same correlation between T-O distances and T-O-T bond angles exists here as for previously reported ptilolite structures.
Probabilistic Initial Orbit Determination Using Gaussian Mixture Models

The most complete description of the state of a system at any time is given by knowledge of the probability density function, which describes the locus of possible states conditioned on any available measurement information. When employing optical data, the concept of the admissible region provides a physics-based region of the range/range-rate space that produces Earth-bound orbit solutions. This work develops a method that employs a probabilistic interpretation of the admissible region and approximates the admissible region by a Gaussian mixture to formulate an initial orbit determination solution. The Gaussian mixture representation of the probability density function is then forecast and updated with subsequent data to iteratively refine the region of uncertainty. Simulation results are presented using synthetic data over a range of orbits, in which it is shown that the new method is consistently able to initialize a probabilistic orbit solution and provide iterative refinement via follow-on tracking.
Diabetes mellitus in the transplanted kidney.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD). New onset diabetes mellitus after transplant (NODAT) has been described in approximately 30 percent of non-diabetic kidney transplant recipients many years post transplantation. DM in patients with kidney transplantation constitutes a major comorbidity, and has significant impact on the patients and allografts’ outcome. In addition to the major comorbidity and mortality that result from cardiovascular and other DM complications, long standing DM after kidney transplant has significant pathological injury to the allograft, which results in lowering the allografts and the patients’ survivals. In spite of the cumulative body of data on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the native kidney, there has been very limited data on the DN in the transplanted kidney. In this review, we will shed the light on the risk factors that lead to the development of NODAT. We will also describe the impact of DM on the transplanted kidney, and the outcome of kidney transplant recipients with NODAT. Additionally, we will present the most acceptable data on management of NODAT.
Simultaneous fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography of the mouse retina.

Purpose To develop a retinal imaging system suitable for routine examination or screening of mouse models and to demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously acquiring fundus and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Methods The imaging system is composed of a photographic slit lamp for biomicroscopic examination of the fundus, an OCT interferometer, an OCT beam delivery system designed for the mouse eye, and a mouse positioning stage. Image acquisition was controlled with software that displays the fundus and OCT images in real time, and allows the user to control the position of the OCT beam spot on the fundus image display. The anesthetized mouse was placed in a cylindrical holder on the positioning stage, and a single operator adjusted the position of mouse. Results Fundus images and OCT scans were successfully acquired in both eyes of 8 C57BL/6 mice. Once the animal is anesthetized and placed in the holder, a typical imaging experiment takes less than 2 minutes. The retinal vasculature, pigmentation, nerve fiber arrangement, and optic nerve head were clearly visible on the fundus images. The quality of the OCT images was sufficient to allow measurement of the total, inner, and outer retinal thicknesses and to visualize the optic nerve head excavation. Conclusions The study demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring simultaneous fundus and OCT images of the mouse retina, by a single operator, in a manner suitable for routine evaluation of mouse models of retinal disease.
Role of cytoreduction in stage III and IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma

Abstract Objective Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) frequently presents in advanced stages. The aim of this study was to assess the role of cytoreduction in stage IIIC–IV UPSC. Methods Retrospective review was conducted of UPSC from 1982 through 2005. Surgical treatment consisted of hysterectomy, removal of adnexae, and pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy, with or without tumor cytoreduction. Median follow-up was 21 months. Results Of the 125 UPSC patients, analysis of stage IIIC–IV patients ( n =70; stage IIIC 12, stage IV 58) was performed. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 42 of 70 (60%) patients, and optimal cytoreduction with no visible residual disease in 26 of 70 (37%) patients. Patients with no visible residual disease after cytoreduction had a better median survival (51 months) compared to optimally cytoreduced albeit with residual disease (14 months), and suboptimally cytoreduced patients (12 months) ( p -value=0.002). Of the 45 patients who received CT, the median survival of patients with no residual disease vs. patients with residual disease was 52 months vs. 16 months ( p p p =0.07) as independent predictors of OS. Discussion Cytoreduction to no gross residual disease and the use of CT are associated with a significant survival benefit for patients with stage IIIC–IV UPSC. This effect persisted even in patients who underwent radical resections.
Thermal scalpel to target cancer.

Nanotechnology is increasingly applied to the field of medicine, particularly for the treatment of cancer. In this regard, gold nanoparticles can mediate hyperthermia induction and kill tumor cells upon laser irradiation, thereby functioning as a ‘thermal scalpel’. Recent developments in gold nanoparticle design have resulted in their absorption of energy in the near-infrared wavelength spectrum, which is best suited to tissue penetration and, thus, clinical application. Furthermore, to ensure accumulation of nanoparticles in neoplastic tissue, targeting ligands are being incorporated into the thermal scalpel schema. Examples of targeting ligands include antibodies and targeted gene therapy vectors. Therapeutic efficacy has been established in cell culture models for several developed thermal scalpel systems and a small number have demonstrated a therapeutic effect in animal models of cancer. Future considerations include analysis of the biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of thermal scalpels using s...
Complete structure and absolute configuration

Abstract The remaining uncertainty in the structure of iresin (I)—the location of the angular methyl group—has now been settled rigorously by comparing the course of tribromination-dehydrobromination experiments of its derived nor-ketone XI with steroid models. Thus it was shown that di- or tri-bromination of 4α-methyldihydrotestosterone acetate leads to 2α,6β-dibromo-4-methyl-testosterone acetate, also obtainable by dibromination of 4-methyltestosterone acetate. Rotatory dispersion studies of relevant iresin and steroid model compounds demonstrate that this sesquiterpene possesses the “wrong” absolute configuration as compared to the steroids and higher terpenes.
Climatic Change Letters inaugural editorial

With this issue, Climatic Change inaugurates a new section, Climatic Change Letters. Climatic Change Letters has a substantive scope that is similar to Climatic Change, but aims to provide a vehicle for rapid publication. Climatic Change is a journal of record for the research community that focuses on climatic variability and change from a range of disciplinary perspectives, with ample room for detailed presentation and discussion of implications. Climatic Change Letters publishes brief articles in the style of an announcement of new findings that would be of immediate and compelling interest to the same research and policy community. Submissions are limited to those where the necessary information may be presented within approximately four journal pages along with a modest amount of supplementary online material. Editorial decisions will be made in collaboration with members of the Climatic Change Letters Advisory Board (see http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences/ meteorology?SGWID=0-10009-12-565099-0 for a list of members of the advisory board and other details relevant to manuscript submission). Letters aims to publish manuscripts online within about 3 months of submission followed by a hardcopy edition 1–2 months later. The first six articles were published online in a single batch, which led to slightly longer publication times for some of them. In the future, letters will appear online individually, as soon as the usual preparations have been completed. Hardcopy versions of Climatic Change will contain a Letters section every other month, composed of up to eight articles. While this first batch of letters is simply the first six accepted and was not selected based on content, it does mirror the broad spectrum of research that has been the hallmark of Climatic Change, ranging from physical science of the climate system to
Mechanisms of clinical resistance by HIV-I variants to zidovudine and the paradox of reverse transcriptase sensitivity.

Abstract Even with the development of novel nucleoside analog inhibitors, zidovudine (AZT or 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine) remains a potent and frequently prescribed antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive individuals. Failure of AZT in monotherapy due to the emergence of drug-resistant virus has not excluded it from use in most combination therapies with other nucleoside analogs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Thus, an understanding of the mechanism of AZT resistance could be the key in predicting the failure of many treatment strategies. In this review, the occurrence, characterization and ramification of AZT resistance in HIV-positive individuals will be discussed in the context of genotypic and phenotypic analyses of AZT-resistant viruses and reverse transcriptases. The mechanisms of resistance to AZT may be distinct from the mechanisms of resistance to other nucleoside analogs.
Personal network integration : transitivity and homophily in strong-tie relations

This article combines studies of transitivity and homophily in an empirical analysis of personal network integration. Using a national sample of individual's personal networks, the paper reveals that transitivity explains a majority of cases of network integration with two important caveats: (1) recent work on networks and social structure points to important structural constraints on personal networks that shape their formation, and (2) homophily (e.g. sex or race) and choice homophily (e.g. religion) improve the likelihood of integration in personal networks. The results indicate that the second finding interacts with relationship length and the availability of focal points to organize individual contact.
Basic Psychological Needs, Suicidal Ideation, and Risk for Suicidal Behavior in Young Adults

Associations between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness with current suicidal ideation and risk for suicidal behavior were examined. Two logistic regressions were conducted with a cross-sectional database of 440 university students to examine the association of need satisfaction with suicidal ideation and risk for suicidal behavior, while controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms. Suicidal ideation was reported by 15% of participants and 18% were found to be at risk for suicidal behavior. A one standard deviation increase in need satisfaction reduced the odds of suicidal ideation by 53%, OR (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.33-0.67), and the odds of being at risk for suicidal behavior by 50%, OR (95% CI) = 0.50 (0.37-0.69). Young adults whose basic psychological needs are met may be less likely to consider suicide and engage in suicidal behavior. Prospective research is needed to confirm these associations.
Dunn and Dunn Model of Learning-Style Preferences: Critique of Lovelace Meta-Analysis

The authors critiqued the M. K. Lovelace (2005) meta-analysis of the Dunn and Dunn Model of Learning-Style Preferences (DDMLSP). The conclusion that Lovelace reported in her meta-analysis that learning-style instruction is a beneficial form of instructional delivery is unjustified because of critical conceptual and practical problems. Those problems surround interpretation of effect size, narrow focus on a single model, missing information, and, most notably, a sampling bias. Meta-analysis relies on the synthesis of many different types of studies. However, 96% of studies cited in the Lovelace meta-analysis were dissertations (70% with authors of the DDMLSP), leading to potential "home-team" bias. The proponents of the DDMLSP must address such concerns before the DDMLSP can be accepted by the education community.
Gender, race, ethnicity, and science education in the middle grades

This article examines gender differences in science achievements and attitudes during the middle grade, when our nation's scientific pipeline begins to emerge. It uses data from a large, nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students (NELS-88). The findings show that in these grades female students do not lag behind their male classmates in science achievements tests, grades, and course enrollments. Actually, some female students have higher probabilities of enrolling in high-ability classes than males. However, female students have less positive attitudes toward science, participate in fewer relevant extracurricular activities, and aspire less often to science careers than males. Students' science attitudes and career interests vary according to students' gender as well as their racial or ethnic background. These findings emphasize the need to further examine the interrelationships between gender and race or ethnicity in our efforts to understand the processes leading to women's limited participation in science-related careers.
Enhanced ultrastructural visualization of the horseradish peroxidase-tetramethylbenzidine reaction product

Ultrastructural visualization of the horseradish peroxidase-tetramethylbenzidine (HRP-TMB) reaction product within trigeminal ganglion cells and brain stem axons and terminals following HRP injections into the pulpal chambers of cat teeth is enhanced by utilization of a modified osmication procedure that converts the reaction product to a markedly stable and electron-dense form. The results following the use of the modified osmication procedure (pH 5.0 phosphate buffer at 20 degrees C for 12 hours) are compared to results obtained by following Carson's osmication protocol (Carson KA, Mesulam M-M: J Histochem Cytochem 30:425, 1982; Carson KA, Mesulam M-M: In Tracing Neural Connections with Horseradish Peroxidase. Edited by M-M Mesulam. J Wiley, Chichester, England, 1982, p 153-184) (pH 6.0 phosphate buffer at 45 degrees C for 45 min). The results suggest that the conversion of the HRP-TMB reaction product to an electron-dense form during osmication is intimately associated with the pH of the phosphate buff...
Homobotcinolide : A biologically active natural homolog of botcinolide from Botrytis cinerea

A novel natural product exhibiting biological activity was isolated from a strain of Botrytis cinerea that had infected raspberry fruit (Rubus ideaus). Liquid fermentation and bioassay-directed fractionation of the organism yielded a compound with molecular formula C22H38O8 that is trivially named homobotcinolide. It significantly inhibited etiolated wheat coleoptile growth. Greenhouse-grown bean, corn, and tobacco plants were also affected by exogenous application of homobotcinolide, severe chlorosis and necrosis being exhibited in corn. The compound is a polyhydroxylated nonalactone esterified with 4-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid.
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Men and Women

Background The incidence of sudden cardiac death is roughly 3 times greater in men than in women. However, in patients treated for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the relationships between sex and survival after adjustment for age and cardiac rhythm are unclear. Methods and Results In this retrospective cohort study, we examined 7069 men and 2582 women who were treated for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Seattle and suburban King County between 1990 and 1998. We compared successful prehospital resuscitation (hospital admission) and survival from event to discharge in men and women. Women had markedly reduced rates of ventricular fibrillation (VF), slightly older age, fewer witnessed arrests, and fewer arrests in public locations than men. Although their unadjusted resuscitation rate was lower (29% versus 32%, P<0.0001), women had a greater likelihood of resuscitation than men after adjustment for VF (odds ratio [OR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.25) and after adjustment for VF plus addit...
Tension-free vaginal tape procedure after previous failure in incontinence surgery.

Objectives. To study the efficacy of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for patients with recurrent genuine stress incontinence. Methods. Forty-one women, including 11 with urethral sphincter incompetence (mean age 49.6 years, range 37 to 66), were treated for recurrent genuine stress incontinence with TVT procedure under local or regional anesthesia. Urodynamic studies, a 1-hour pad test, introital ultrasonography on the urethra, a cotton swab test, and subjective symptom analysis were documented before the procedure and at 1 year postoperatively. Results. Of the 41 women, 34 (82.9%) were cured, 2 improved, and 5 (12.2%) had treatment failure. Among the women with failure, three had urethral sphincter incompetence with a fixed urethra. No major surgical complications occurred. Four bladder perforations were noted. The 1-hour pad test reduced from a mean of 27.3 to 1.7 g (P <0.001). The operating time was 22 minutes (range 15 to 44), and the postoperative hospital stay was 22.4 hours (range 12 to 72). Spontaneous voiding with adequate postvoid residual urine volume was noted for all patients by the fourth day postoperatively. The preoperative and postoperative cotton swab result was 40.0° (range 10° to 80°) and 38.7° (range 10° to 76°), respectively, without statistically significant changes. Of the 36 cured and improved patients, 31 (86.1%) had a cotton swab test result of 30° or more before and after the TVT procedure. Urodynamic parameters related to the voiding dysfunction showed no significant difference before and after the surgery. Urodynamic assessment showed no significant difference in the filling, voiding, and urethral pressure profile (dynamic and static) variables, except for significant increases in the maximal flow rate, bladder volume at the first desire to void, and cystometric capacity, which were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. No de nova detrusor instability or micturition disturbances were found in the cystometric study. Conclusions. The TVT procedure for the treatment of recurrent genuine stress incontinence is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive option requiring only a short hospital stay. However, the immobile urethra seems to be a risk factor for failure. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine whether this surgery achieves long-lasting results.
Ultrasonic energy. Effects on vascular function and integrity.

BACKGROUNDUltrasonic energy transmitted via flexible wire probes provides a new means of ablating atherosclerotic plaque. We studied the effects of ultrasonic energy (20 kHz) delivered via a ball-tipped wire probe on arterial vasomotor behavior in rabbit thoracic aortas in a perfused whole-vessel model.METHODS AND RESULTSAfter precontraction with phenylephrine (10(-5) M) or KCl (60 mM), the effects of ultrasonic energy (0.7-5.5 W x 60 seconds, 42-330 J) on arterial vasomotor behavior were measured using long-axis ultrasonic vessel imaging of the proximal (ultrasonic probe-treated) and distal (untreated) control segments. The efficacy of plaque ablation at these same probe-tip power outputs was evaluated in atherosclerotic, human cadaver iliofemoral arteries. Ultrasonic energy caused dose (energy)-dependent relaxation in rabbit aortas after precontraction with phenylephrine in arteries with endothelium (n = 8) and without endothelium (n = 8) (p less than 0.001 versus ultrasound treated at power outputs of ...
Effect of cordycepin triphosphate on the nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases and poly(A) polymerase from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Three nuclear RNA polymerases and one poly(A) polymerase were isolated from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The ability of cordycepin triphosphate to inhibit each was determined. RNA polymerase II was significantly more sensitive to this compound than the other polymerases. RNA polymerase I was relatively insensitive, being inhibited less than 20% by 40 μ m cordycepin triphosphate. The calculated apparent K i values of RNA polymerases II and III and poly(A) polymerase were, respectively, 0.3, 3.0, and 4.6 μ m . Inhibition was competitive with regard to ATP. These data do not support the idea that, in yeast, poly(A) addition to preformed RNA in vivo is the primary site of cordycepin action.
Design and realization of transistor-embedded active RF metamaterials

We present several results that use transistors within the context of metamaterials. Transistors are a fundamental device in the construction of several RF systems and applications. The basic device physics of the transistor allow for the convenient construction of variable resistors, oscillators, switches, and amplifiers. Embedding transistors within the confines of a split ring resonator (SRR), metamaterials can be designed to have a tunable resonant frequency, a tunable bandwidth, controlled loss cancellation and gain, and controlled oscillation. We will demonstrate how to design and realize all of the aforementioned properties.
Distinguishing characteristics of erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich thrombus by intravascular ultrasound catheter system.

Background Acute coronary syndromes are associated with platelet-rich, white thrombi (WT) and erythrocyte-rich, red thrombi (RT), but their ultrasonic characteristics are not well defined. To determine whether intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) could be used to detect specific characteristics of WT and RT, two experiments were performed.
Inferring Optimal Peer Assignment From Experimental Data

This article studies the problem of optimally dividing individuals into peer groups to maximize social gains from heterogeneous peer effects. The specific setting analyzed here concerns efficient ways of allocating roommates in college dormitories. Using confidential data on a sample of Dartmouth College freshmen who were randomly assigned to be roommates, the article derives efficient roommate pairing rules, based on demographic and academic background, which maximize different aggregate outcomes. Segregation by precollege academic standing and by race are seen to minimize mean enrolment into sororities and maximize mean enrolment into fraternities. Segregation has no effect on mean and median freshman year grade point average (GPA) but increases the higher and decreases the lower percentiles of the GPA distribution for both men and women. Efficiency loss due to legal constraints on allocations (e.g., race-blindness) is shown to be significant and also larger for women for whom peer effects are more nonl...
The overall stability of masonry-walled buildings

The overall stability of open-plan masonry-walled buildings is dependent on the roof having sufficient strength and stiffness to restrain the wall tops. This paper examines various ways the roof could do this and demonstrates that for the vast majority of these buildings the plasterboard ceiling provides sufficient rigidjty and strength when considered as a shear diaphragm. Recommendations are made for future research projects to enable others to develop design rules suitable for inclusion in codes of practice.
Evaluating LES Subgrid-Scale Models for High Heat Flux Flows

This work is concerned with the modeling of a strongly heated, low Mach number, gas flowing upward within a vertical tube with constant heat flux boundary conditions. Four large eddy subgrid models are compared in their ability to predict the temperature distribution in the heated pipe. All LES models predict the mean velocity profile reasonably well. The RMS values of the Smagorinsky-Lilly model and the WALE model show the same shape but different magnitude while the standard Smagorinsky model shows the maximum at a different location. The mean temperature profiles along the wall in the section with the prescribed heat flux are underpredicted by all LES models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Raynaud's phenomenon: Pathogenesis and management

Raynaud's phenomenon is a common clinical disorder for which patients frequently seek the expertise and care of dermatologists. It is manifested by recurrent vasospasm of the fingers and toes, often associated with exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress. The phenomenon is named after Maurice Raynaud, who, as a medical student, defined the first case in 1862 as episodic, symmetric, acral vasospasm characterized by pallor, cyanosis, suffusion, and a sense of fullness or tautness, which may be painful. Despite more than 140 years of research, the pathophysiology of Raynaud's phenomenon continues to elude investigators. Accordingly, although many pharmacologic treatments have been reported, there is still no cure or gold standard therapy. Further, response to treatment varies and is difficult to predict. Recently, there has been renewed interest in finding the pathogenetic mechanisms of Raynaud's phenomenon, an effort that has led to more potential targeted therapeutics. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent breakthroughs in the pathogenesis and treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon.
Major mental illness during pregnancy

Abstract Pregnancy can be a particularly difficult time to develop symptoms of a major mental illness. Psychiatric symptoms can impair a woman’s ability to manage the profound changes accompanying the birth of a child. Mental illness can adversely affect nutrition, prenatal care, and obstetric outcome. If symptoms persist postpartum, they can interfere with mother-infant attachment and, ultimately, the cognitive and behavioral development of the child. 1 The seriousness of these consequences underscores the importance of early detection and treatment of antenatal mental illness. However, diagnosis of some psychiatric disorders during pregnancy is made more difficult by the overlap between symptoms of the disorders and symptoms of pregnancy. Treatment of severe disorders is more complex, due to potential adverse effects of psychotropic medications on the fetus, neonate or pregnant woman. This article reviews findings about the presentation and course of major mental illnesses during pregnancy. A detailed review of psychotropic medications during pregnancy is beyond the scope of this article, but is covered in recent reviews. 2 , 3
TENSIONS, TRENDS, TOOLS, AND TECHNOLOGIES: TIME FOR AN EDUCATIONAL SEA CHANGE

This report outlines three educational approaches: (a) traditional, the currently dominant approach, a largely lecture-oriented, authoritarian style that makes heavy use of assessments of learning, which are useful for accountability purposes but only marginally useful for guiding day-to-day instruction; (b) progressive, a highly student-centered approach that relies on assessments for learning, which can be very useful in guiding day-to-day instruction; and (c) unified, a new, integrated approach that uses the best of both kinds of assessments—for and of learning—and which leverages computer technology, educational measurement, and cognitive science to address factors that undermined earlier attempts to implement the progressive approach. This report examines some of the research, trends, and factors that should be considered, understood, and, in some cases, leveraged, in order to move toward the unified approach. Further, this report presents examples of how ETS projects are moving toward the new approach to harness assessment in the service of learning.
On the Consistency of Precedence Matrices

The consistency of precedence matrices is studied in the very natural geometric setting of the theory of directed graphs. An elegant recent procedure (Marimont [7]) for checking consistency is further justified by means of a graphical lemma. In addition, the “direction of future work” mentioned in [7] (to which the present communication may be regarded as a sequel) is developed here using graph theoretic methods. This is based on the relationship between the occurrence of directed cycles and the recognition of “strongly connected components” in a directed graph. An algorithm is included for finding these components in any directed graph. This is necessarily more complicated than determining whether there do not exist any directed cycles, i.e., whether or not a given precedence matrix is consistent.
Chest pain in lupus patients: the emergency department experience.

Heart disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE patients, often manifests as chest pain (CP). Our goal was to understand the prevalence and outcome of CP presentations for SLE patients in the emergency department (ED). Billing records of patients who presented to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center ED with ICD-9 codes for SLE and secondary ICD-9 codes for CP (786.50–786.59) between March 2009 and October 2013 were reviewed. Two study groups were formed: discharge from ED versus hospital admission. Visits were evaluated for basic cardiac work-up with an electrocardiogram (EKG) and cardiac enzymes; hospital admissions were evaluated for CP etiology and discharge diagnoses. Of 2675 ED visits with ICD-9 codes for SLE, 397 visits had secondary codes for CP (15 %); 173 were discharged and 224 became hospital admissions. While 92 % of admissions had basic cardiac work-up, over 50 % had chest pain attributed to non-cardiac causes. Only 7.2 % had a discharge diagnosis related to cardiovascular disease. Fifteen percent of all SLE coded patients had complaints of CP, a figure higher than the national average for non-SLE CP (10 %). There is a majority of non-cardiac diagnoses given to SLE patients at discharge. CP is likely to be a window of opportunity to address the known cardiac morbidity and mortality in SLE patients perhaps at an early stage of development of this complication. Our study strengthens the need for more investigations to assess the etiology of CP in this population.
Conversion of tryptophane to nicotinic acid by Trichophyton equinum.

SummaryA strain of Trichophyton equinum has been shown to have a requirement for nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid may be substituted for by equal amounts of nicotinic amide and comparatively large amounts of 1-trypto-phane. The fungus has been shown to have the ability to convert tryptophane to nicotinic acid, thus giving further evidence in support of the hypothesis that tryptophane may be a precursor of nicotinic acid.
Residual stresses in strength-mismatched welds and implications on fracture behavior

Abstract The effects of weld strength mismatch on welding residual stresses were discussed based on a series of recent comprehensive studies. Two typical joint configurations were analyzed in detail: a butt-welded plate and a multi-pass girth weld. The butt-welded plate represents a severely under-matched weld, in which repair welding effects were also analyzed. For the girth weld, three weld strength levels were considered to investigate the weld strength mismatch effects on weld residual stress distributions. Fracture mechanics analysis was then performed for the multi-pass girth weld for a surface crack situated along the weld centerline. Welding-induced residual stress fields were assumed to be the dominant loading mode in all cases. With the dominance of welding-induced residual stress field, such as in some of the stress corrosion cracking cases experienced in the utility industry, stress intensity factors are shown to be an appropriate and convenient fracture mechanics parameter. The implications on ductile fracture behavior were also discussed in light of the results from this study.
Effects of shifter edge topography on through focus performance

We have investigated the effects of the topography of the phase-shifting mask on the aerial image characteristics in DUV lithography. The calculation of near fields is carried out through simulation of the mask with TEMPEST and linking the resultant near fields to EM-Aerial for imaging. It is shown that the Fourier spectrum for an alternating phase-shifting mask can be decomposed into Fourier spectra for single openings. The amplitude and phase of the diffraction orders for the single opening are utilized for the systematic analysis of the shifter edge topography. The analysis framework developed in this paper clearly identifies the effects of the wall of the phase shifter, the residual transmittance through the chromium area, and the cross-talk between adjacent features. This analysis framework also allows these effects be merged in design. The near field profile in the vicinity of the shifter wall is also investigated for different feature sizes, and the optimum design for different feature sizes is discussed. The effect of the wall angle profile is shown to be acceptable.
Neurite outgrowth from progeny of epidermal growth factor-responsive hippocampal stem cells is significantly less robust than from fetal hippocampal cells following grafting onto organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)–responsive stem cells from both developing and adult central nervous system (CNS) can be expanded and induced to differentiate into neurons and glia in vitro. Because of their self-renewal and multipotent properties, these cells can potentially provide an unlimited tissue source for neural grafting in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the capability of neurons derived from these stem cells to project axons to distant targets following grafting, thereby enabling the restoration of damaged CNS circuitry, remains unknown. We hypothesize that grafted EGF-responsive stem cells and their progeny are not competent to project axons into distant target sites unless exposed to specific neurotrophic factors. We compared neurite outgrowth between gestation day 14 primary mouse hippocampal cells and EGF-generated secondary neurospheres of postnatal mouse hippocampal stem cells, following grafting onto the CA3 region of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures prepared from postnatal rats. Neurite outgrowth from grafted cells was visualized using immunohistochemical staining for the mouse specific antigen M6. Fetal hippocampal cells showed extensive and specific neurite outgrowth into many regions of the slice, including the CA1 region and distant subiculum, by 7 days after grafting. In contrast, neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells was nonspecific and restricted to the immediate surrounding region after either 7 or even 15 days following grafting. Application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (5 ng in 0.5 μL) to slices on day 1 after grafting significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells, but overall neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells remained decreased compared to that from fetal hippocampal cells. These results underscore that EGF-responsive stem cell-derived neurons possess limited intrinsic capability for long-distance neurite outgrowth compared to fetal neurons. However, neurite outgrowth from EGF-responsive stem cell–derived neurons can be enhanced by treating with specific neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 38: 391–413, 1999
Engineering Enzymes for Bioorganic Synthesis: Peptide Bond Formation

This paper describes recent progress in the development of novel enzymatic catalysts for bioprocessing, especially for peptide bond formation. Techniques ranging from chemical modifications and specific and random mutagenesis to phage display and catalytic antibody induction used to create novel and efficient catalysts are described. The advantages and drawbacks of each technique and future prospects in the field are discussed.
Flowers in the Slums: Weavers' Floristry in the Age of Spitalfields' Decline

(2009). Flowers in the Slums: Weavers' Floristry in the Age of Spitalfields' Decline. Journal of Victorian Culture: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 261-281.
A Measure of Quality of Life in Elderly Tourists

This research enriches our knowledge of the tourist market in relation to the elderly, i.e., those age 65 and older and retired. The purpose of the research is to explore the missing link between travel behaviors of the elderly and how they contribute to Quality of Life (QoL). As a result, this study clarifies elderly tourist motivation and also aims to examine the relationship among motivation, constraints, leisure-life domain satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction by generating theoretical and practical implications related to those behaviors. Using a structural equation modeling approach, the research model identifies the relevant relationships among the constructs. The results reveal that motivation positively influences satisfaction with leisure-life domain. However, travel constraints do not affect leisure-life domain satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction with leisure-life domain is linked to overall life satisfaction among the elderly.