cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Close-Range Cinephotogrammetry: From Theory To Practice

Abstract Analytical techniques for reconstructing three-dimensional trajectories from motion- picture data have been described in the literature, but a number of practical problems limit the application of these techniques. The accuracy of coordinate reconstructions is influ­ enced by the selection of the photographic targets, the quality of the images, the time- base, and the data reduction device. State-of-the-art recording devices are discussed.IntroductionAnalytical procedures for reconstructing three-dimensional object-coordinates from image- coordinates have been described by this author in earlier publications. ''3 An ability to accurately reconstruct the three-dimensional locations of targets has been demonstrated; however, a number of practical problems limit the accuracy of the techniques. The factors which influence the reconstruction of three-dimensional motions have been examined, and a sequence of procedures has been developed to improve the accuracy with which three- dimensional motions can be described.Analytical techniquesConsider the problem of tracking a point in three-dimensions, using any number of cameras, each one aligned to suit the geometric constraints imposed by test site. The targets move in a three-dimensional object-space, and at any particular instant each target has three-dimensional object-coordinates (x,y,z) relative to an arbitrary object- reference-frame. Each camera creates an image of the target by focusing incoming rays of light onto a photo-sensitive film located in the film plane of the camera. Each image has two-dimensional film-coordinates (U,V) relative to a reference frame which is fixed in the film plane. (Refer to Figure 1.)It can be shown that, with ideal optical instruments, the object-coordinates of the targets are related to the various pairs of film-coordinates by expressions of the form:U = Ax + By + Cz + D Ex + Fy + Gz + 1(1)V = Hx + Jy + Kz + LEx + Fy + Gz + 1
Predicting air flow patterns and particle contamination in clean rooms

Abstract Particle contamination control in microelectronic, pharmaceutical and other manufacturing environments is critical for the product. Control of submicron-sized particles is becoming increasingly important, especially in microelectronics manufacturing operations due to the continuing reduction in feature size. Numerical flow and particle transport modeling can be used to facilitate the design and operation of clean environments. Comparisons between experimental data from an operating clean room and theoretical predictions indicate that the model is sufficiently accurate to predict the main features of the flow and particle transport for various configurations and operating conditions.
Should neurologists be trained to recognize and treat comorbid depression of neurologic disorders? Yes

Depression is a relatively common psychiatric comorbidity of most neurological disorders, with prevalence rates ranging between 20 and 50% among patients with stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and dementia. Furthermore, depression is an independent predictor of poor quality of life in these patients and has a negative impact on the response to treatment, course and recovery of neurological deficits. Thus, treatment of depression has become an integral part of the management of these neurologic disorders. This article discusses the rationale for neurologists to be trained in recognizing depressive disorders in neurologic patients and identifies the type of mood disorders in which neurologists can provide pharmacotherapy and those that need to be referred to the care of the psychiatrist.
Special Invited Lecture: Thermoelectric Energy Conversion in Nanostructures

Thermoelectric effects enable direct energy conversion between heat and electricity. Various size effects can be explored to increase the thermoelectric performance of nanostructures compared to bulk. Boundary scattering reduces the phonon thermal conductivity, and quantum confinement and interface energy filtering can improve the electronic power factor. Theoretical and experimental results are described for thin films, nanowires, and nanocomposites.
Elite conflicts over policing in South Africa: 1980–1990∗

Conflicts within dominant groups in racially divided societies over issues of law and order have rarely been studied. This paper examines key cleavages over policing policy and operations among white South African political elites. The conflict grew particularly intense during the 1980s, as a result of the escalation of popular unrest and police repression and government departures from traditional apartheid policies. Parties to the left and right issued diametrically opposed criticisms of policing. The paper describes the central features of the policing doctrines of these political parties; assesses the impact of pressures from liberal and conservative parties; and concludes with an examination of changes and continuities under the new De Klerk Government. Data are drawn from parliamentary debates, newspaper reports, and in‐depth interviews with party representatives.
Essential fatty acids, plasma protein bound iodine, and the thyroid gland.

SummaryPlasma protein bound iodine (PBI) of female rats fed an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient diet for 15 weeks was higher than that of controls receiving dietary EFA, even though weight of the thyroid gland was less in deficient rats. After refeeding EFA to the deficient rats either as soybean oil or the colony stock diet for 3 weeks, the PBI concentration was decreased to the control values and the weights of the thyroid gland increased. Thiouracil added to the EFA-deficient diet lowered the PBI concentration in plasma and increased the weight of the thyroid gland. These data suggest that the increase in plasma PBI in EFA-deficiency is not dependent on TSH but the control mechanism that regulates the secretion of thyroidal iodine is dependent on essential fatty acids
Control of distal retinal pigment migration in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator

Several concentrations of extracts prepared from the eyestalks of a specimen of Uca pugilator were injected into other U. pugilator individuals. The distal pigment of the eyes first became light adapted and then dark adapted, the whole process lasting 6 h. The mean integrated response for light adaptation increased progressively up to the highest tested extract (3 eyestalk equivalents/dose), but with the darkadapting response the maximal effect was produced by the extract containing 2 eyestalk equivalents/dose. Gel filtration of eyestalk extracts in Sephadex G-50 showed that the fractions associated with greatest light adaptation were also associated with greatest pigment dispersion in the melanophores. Almost no light or dark adaptation of the retinal pigment resulted from injections of eyestalk extracts treated with α-chymotrypsin which supports the interpretation that these substances are polypeptides of neurosecretory origin.
Striatal dopamine autoreceptors uninfluenced by chronic administration of antidepressants

Abstract Dopamine (DA) receptor sensitivity to apomorphine (APO) was assessed in the rat nigrostriatal system following chronic antidepressant treatment. Imipramine (IMI), iprindole (IPR) or vehicle was administered to rats for 10 days (10 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d.). Two and a half days after the last injection 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were measured in rat striata following injection of APO (50 or 100 μg/kg s.c.) or vehicle. In contrast with rats receiving chronic vehicle injections, rats chronically treated with IMI or IPR failed to exhibit a significant APO-induced fall in striatal DOPAC levels. Antidepressant-treated animals, however, exhibited significantly lower basal DOPAC levels than vehicle-treated rats. In an effort to localize the diminished APO response, DA autoreceptor sensitivity to APO was assessed in drug- and vehicle-treated animals. Employing γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and a dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) decarboxylase inhibitor to elevate striatal DOPA, the APO-induced reversal of DOPA elevation was used as an index of DA autoreceptor sensitivity. This GBL-stimulated in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation was similarly reversed by APO (125, 250 or 500 μg/kg i.p.) in IMI-, IPR- and vehicle-treated animals. In view of these findings, we propose that the blunted biochemical response to APO observed in animals pretreated with antidepressants does not originate as a result of alterations in the sensitivity of DA autoreceptors located on the striatal presynaptic nerve terminal.
CD8α+ plasmacytoid precursor DCs induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells that enhance HSC engraftment in vivo.

CD8-positive/T-cell receptor–negative (CD8+/TCR−) graft facilitating cells (FCs) are a novel cell population in bone marrow that potently enhance engraftment of hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Previously, we showed that the CD11c+/B220+/CD11b− plasmacytoid-precursor dendritic cell (p-preDC) FC subpopulation plays a critical but nonredundant role in facilitation. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of FC function. We report that FCs induce antigen-specific CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo. The majority of chimeric Tregs were recipient derived. Chimeric Tregs harvested at ≥ 4 weeks after transplantation significantly enhanced engraftment of donor- and recipient-derived HSCs, but not third-party HSCs, in conditioned secondary recipients, demonstrating antigen specificity. Although Tregs were present 2 and 3 weeks after transplantation, they did not enhance engraftment. In contrast, week 5 and greater Tregs potently enhanced engraftment. The function of chimeric Tregs was directly correlated with the development of FoxP3 expression. Chimeric Tregs also induced significantly stronger suppression of T-cell proliferation to donor antigen in vitro. Removal of p-preDC FCs resulted in impaired engraftment of allogeneic HSCs and failure to produce chimeric Tregs, suggesting that the CD8α+ p-preDC subpopulation is critical in the mechanism of facilitation. These data suggest that FCs induce the production of antigen-specific Tregs in vivo, which potently enhance engraftment of allogeneic HSCs. FCs hold clinical potential because of their ability to remain tolerogenic in vivo.
Yu-ray chen, m.d., and léonard bergeron, m.d., C.m., m.sc., f.R.C.s.(C).

I want to thank Professor Chen and Dr. Bergeron for guest editing this issue of Seminars in Plastic Surgery on the topic of “Aesthetic Surgery in Asians” as well as the authors for their contributions. Professor Yu-Ray Chen is currently the chairman of the Chang Gung Steering Committee and professor of surgery at the Chang Gung University. He graduated from the National Taiwan University Medical School in 1972 and did his general surgery residency at the National Taiwan University Hospital and plastic surgery training at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital under the tutelage of Dr. M. Samuel Noordhoff. He was a clinical and research fellow of craniofacial and plastic surgery from March 1979 to June 1980 with Dr. Ken Salyer at the Southwestern Medical School in Dallas and with Dr. Ian Munro at the Hospital for Sick Children of the Toronto University. He returned to Taiwan in 1980 and started his practice as a plastic surgeon at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. He became the director of the Craniofacial Center of that hospital and held this position until 1997. Professor Chen also became chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery, as well as chief of the Department of Surgery from 1992 to 1995. He then assumed the office of the superintendent of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1997 to 2003. In September 2006, he became the chairman of the Chang Gung Steering Committee, where he is in charge of six teaching hospitals and institutes. Since 1980, Professor Chen has performed more than 2000 midfacial and mandibular osteotomies and numerous cleft and intracranial reconstructions. Professor Chen also has developed several modifications of osteotomies in the maxillofacial region. He has a keen interest in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. He has authored more than 180 publications and often presents at local and international scientific meetings. Despite his busy surgical practice, Professor Chen is a dynamic member of many professional societies and is a staunch advocate of education and research. Dr. Bergeron obtained his medical degree from McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal in 2002. He completed his plastic surgery residency at the Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and is currently completing a craniofacial surgery fellowship at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan, with Dr. Philip Kuo-Ting Chen. At this early stage of his career, he has already received several honors and awards for best papers and scientific presentations and has written several publications. Dr. Bergeron is pursuing a career in academics and research. He is particularly interested in all aspects of craniofacial surgery from reconstruction to aesthetic refinements. Upon completion of his fellowship, Dr. Bergeron will be an attending staff at Hospital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine. Both are teaching hospitals of the Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Comparison of multiple point and statistical motor unit number estimation.

This study compares two common techniques for motor unit number estimation, multiple point stimulation and statistical method, to determine which is more reproducible. Surface recorded motor unit action potentials (SMUPs) of the left hypothenar muscle group were measured on 20 controls and 10 ALS patients. For multiple point, 10 different threshold SMUPs were recorded. For statistical method, mean SMUP amplitude was measured at several stimulus levels, typically spanning >40% of CMAP amplitude range. Both techniques were performed twice, results averaged, electrodes changed, and all recording repeated. For controls, mean of two motor unit number estimation (MUNE) (± standard deviation) was 60 (±5) for statistical method, and 108 (±38) for multiple point. For ALS patients, these values were 21 (±16) for statistical method and 55 (±39) for multiple point. Test-retest correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for mean of two MUNE were 0.98 and 7% for statistical method, and 0.90 and 12% for multiple point, respectively. Statistical method was more reproducible and faster than multiple point, supporting its utility in monitoring rates of MUNE change.
Ca2+-induced Phosphoethanolamine Transfer to the Outer 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic Acid Moiety of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide A NOVEL MEMBRANE ENZYME DEPENDENT UPON PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE

Abstract Certain strains of Escherichia coliand Salmonella contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modified with a phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) group at position 7 of the outer 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue. Using the heptose-deficient E. coli mutant WBB06 (Brabetz, W., Muller-Loennies, S., Holst, O., and Brade, H. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 247, 716–724), we now demonstrate that the critical parameter determining the presence or absence of pEtN is the concentration of CaCl2 in the medium. As judged by mass spectrometry, half the LPS in WBB06, grown on nutrient broth with 5 mm CaCl2, is derivatized with a pEtN group, whereas LPS from WBB06 grown without supplemental CaCl2 is not. Membranes from E. coli WBB06 or wild-type W3110 grown on 5–50 mm CaCl2 contain a novel pEtN transferase that uses the precursor Kdo2-[4′-32P]lipid IVA as an acceptor. Transferase is not present in membranes of E. coli grown with 5 mm MgCl2, BaCl2, or ZnCl2. Hydrolysis of the in vitro reaction product, pEtN-Kdo2-[4′-32P]lipid IVA, at pH 4.5 shows that the pEtN substituent is located on the outer Kdo moiety. Membranes from an E. coli pss knockout mutant grown on 50 mm CaCl2, which lack phosphatidylethanolamine, do not contain measurable transferase activity unless exogenous phosphatidylethanolamine is added back to the assay system. The induction of the pEtN transferase by 5–50 mm CaCl2 suggests possible role(s) in establishing transformation competence or resisting environmental stress, and represents the first example of a regulated covalent modification of the inner core of E. coli LPS.
TESTICULAR ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE FOR NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

TESTICULAR ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE FOR NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
(12) A single mutation near the C-terminus in (/(-fold protein family causes a defect in protein processing

An Arg to Cys mutation in the extracellular domain of neuroligin-3 (NL3) was recently found in a twin set with autism [S. Jamain, H. Quach, C. Betancur, M. Rastam, C. Colineaux, I.C. Gillberg, H. Soderstrom, B. Giros, M. Leboyer, C. Gillberg, T. Bourgeron, Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study, mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism, Nat. Genet. 34 (2003) 27-29]. The Cys substitution in NL3 causes altered intracellular protein trafficking, intracellular retention and diminished association with its cognate partner, beta-neurexin [D. Comoletti, A. De Jaco, L.L. Jennings, R.E. Flynn, G. Gaietta, I. Tsigelny, M.H. Ellisman, P. Taylor, The R451C-neuroligin-3 mutation associated with autism reveals a defect in protein processing, J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 4889-4893]. NL3, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as members of the (/(-hydrolase fold family of proteins, share over 30% of amino acid identity in their extracellular domains. In particular, Arg451 in NL3 is conserved in the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold family being homologous to Arg386 in BuChE and Arg395 in AChE. A Cys substitution at the homologous Arg in the BuChE was found studying post-succinylcholine apnea in an Australian population [T. Yen, B.N. Nightingale, J.C. Burns, D.R. Sullivan, P.M. Stewart, Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) genotyping for post-succinylcholine apnea in an Australian population, Clin. Chem. 49 (2003) 1297-308]. We have made the homologous mutation in the mouse AChE and BuChE genes and showed that the Arg to Cys mutations resulted in identical alterations in the cellular phenotype for the various members of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold family proteins.
The role of antiphase boundaries during ion sputtering and solid phase epitaxy of Si(0 0 1)

Abstract The Si(0 0 1) surface morphology during ion sputtering at elevated temperatures and solid phase epitaxy (SPE) following ion sputtering at room temperature has been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. Two types of antiphase boundaries form on Si(0 0 1) surfaces during ion sputtering and SPE. One type of antiphase boundary, the AP2 antiphase boundary, contributes to the surface roughening. AP2 antiphase boundaries are stable up to 700 °C, and ion sputtering and SPE performed at 700 °C result in atomically flat Si(0 0 1) surfaces.
Long-term studies on tetragonal lysozyme crystals grown in quiescent and forced convection environments

The growth of tetragonal hen lysozyme crystals in the size range 150-300 μm was studied using digital microscopy; the size and orientation of the growing crystals were estimated from the geometry of the ideal tetragonal lysozyme crystal. At a confidence level above 99%, statistical analyses indicate the (110) face growth rates of crystals grown in quiescent conditions are not inhibited by weak buoyancy-driven natural convection. Yet similar analyses of crystals subjected to a weak forced flow of the same magnitude indicate a statistically significant decrease in growth rate with time. This apparent paradox probably results from mass transport limitations within the crystal growth cell. Mathematical models of fluid mixing inside the growth chamber suggest that crystal growth is limited by the rate at which protein molecules are transported to crystals growing on the walls of the chamber. Our experiments also reveal a large variation in the growth rates of crystals within a nominally homogeneous population. The local environment of the crystal may account for some of the variation, but the mechanisms are not understood.
A Design and Analysis Framework for Thermal-Resilient Hard Real-Time Systems

We address the challenge of designing predictable real-time systems in an unpredictable thermal environment where environmental temperature may dynamically change (e.g., implantable medical devices). Towards this challenge, we propose a control-theoretic design methodology that permits a system designer to specify a set of hard real-time performance modes under which the system may operate. The system automatically adjusts the real-time performance mode based on the external thermal stress. We show (via analysis, simulations, and a hardware testbed implementation) that our control design framework is stable and control performance is equivalent to previous real-time thermal approaches, even under dynamic temperature changes. A crucial and novel advantage of our framework over previous real-time control is the ability to guarantee hard deadlines even under transitions between modes. Furthermore, our system design permits the calculation of a new metric called thermal resiliency that characterizes the maximum external thermal stress that any hard real-time performance mode can withstand. Thus, our design framework and analysis may be classified as a thermal stress analysis for real-time systems.
Dynamic behaviour of automotive catalytic converters subjected to variations in engine exhaust compositions

AbstractThis paper presents a computational investigation of the effect of composition modulations on an automotive catalytic converter. The objective is to develop a better fundamental understanding of the converte's performance under actual driving conditions. Such an understanding will be beneficial in devising improved emission control methodologies by exploiting the catalyst transient behaviour. The study employs a single-channel-based, one-dimensional, non-adiabatic model. Two types of imposed transients (sinusoidal and step changes) are considered. The results show that composition modulations cause a significant departure in the catalyst behaviour from its steady behaviour, and modulations have both favourable and harmful effects on pollutant conversion.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USE OF NAVIGATION LOCKS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

Navigation locks on the Upper Mississippi River currently receive heavy use from both commercial barge traffic and recreational craft. Multiple regression analysis of lockage statistics suggests a critical level may exist, below which barge traffic volume has little impact on recreational lock use, but above which it physically constrains recreational lockage. The capacity of the Upper Mississippi River for lock chambers at Alton, Illinois. This may adversely impact recreational use of locks by raising commercial traffic levels above the critical level at several other locks on the river.
Random symmetric gossip consensus with overhearing nodes in wireless networks

This paper considers consensus in wireless networks with random symmetric gossip. During each timeslot, a pair of nodes is randomly selected. These nodes then exchange messages and adjust their states to reduce the distance from consensus in the network. Since only two messages are exchanged and only two nodes adjust their states in each timeslot, the convergence rate of symmetric gossip to a consensus state is often prohibitively slow (especially for networks with a large number of nodes). This paper proposes an extension to the symmetric gossip consensus model which takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions. Specifically, this paper considers a scenario in which some nodes can “overhear” the transmissions of the randomly selected node pair in each timeslot. These nodes can use this overheard information to adjust their states for “free”, i.e., without any additional messaging in each timeslot, consequently improving convergence rates. This paper analyzes the performance of random symmetric gossip with overhearing nodes under several different network topologies. Numerical results are also provided for consensus synchronization scenario. These results show that overhearing nodes can significantly improve the convergence rate of symmetric gossip systems without increasing messaging overhead.
Neuroblastoma associated with seizures and arrested development

Two unrelated cases of childhood peripheral neuroblastoma associated with infantile seizures and developmental problems (but without opsoclonus-myoclonus) are presented. The considerable body of evidence supporting the view that the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with neuroblastoma has an immunologic basis is reviewed. Patients with neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome commonly have subsequent developmental problems and, rarely, may have seizures. The authors postulate that the seizures and developmental problems in their two patients may result from an immunologic mechanism similar to that suggested for the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome of neuroblastoma. The only laboratory evidence to support an immunologic mechanism in these two patients was the presence of raised cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in Patient 2. Specific antineuronal antibody tests in Patient 2 were negative. It is therefore possible that the association reported in these two unrelated cases is coincidental. However, reasonably extensive investigations did not uncover an alternative etiology for the presence of the seizures and developmental delay.
Young adult intimate partner femicide: An exploratory study

The study identified risk factors for young adult intimate partner femicide. Secondary analysis of proxies of 23 young adult (ages 18-20 years) femicide victims identified from police or medical examiner records in 11 U.S. cities were interviewed using the Danger Assessment Scale. The femicide cases were compared with 53 abused young women (ages 18-20). Risk factors for young adult intimate partner femicide differ from their abused counterparts. More hostile violence, threats, unemployment, access to a gun, controlling activities, and having a nonbiological child of the abusive partner placed young adult women at higher risk for murder. Risk factors in younger femicides identified are consistent with risk factors identified in cases of femicides in older adult women. Although consistent, jealousy and controlling behaviors, partner unemployment, and perpetrator being an ex-partner appear to have increased importance for younger women. A validated lethality assessment, such as the Danger Assessment, may be ...
Single-Mode Control of a Cantilever Beam Under Principal Parametric Excitation

The problem of suppressing the vibrations of a structure that is subjected to a principal parametric excitation is tackled. The vibration amplitudes resulting from such resonance cannot be fully controlled by conventional techniques, such as the addition of linear damping through velocity feedback or by the implementation of conventional mass absorbers. However, it has been shown that the growth of the response is limited by non-linearities. In this work, this fact is capitalized on and a simple non-linear feedback law is devised to suppress the vibrations of the first mode of a cantilever beam when subjected to a principal parametric resonance. The dynamics of the beam are modelled with a second-order non-linear ordinary-differential equation. The model accounts for viscous damping, air drag, and inertia and geometric non-linearities. A control law based on cubic velocity feedback is proposed. The method of multiple scales is used to derive two first-order ordinary-differential equations that govern the time variation of the amplitude and phase of the response. A stability study is conducted and the open- and closed-loop response of the system is analyzed. Furthermore, results are presented of experiments conducted to control the vibrations of a cantilever steel beam fitted with piezoceramic actuators. The theoretical and experimental findings indicate that the control law leads to effective vibration suppression and bifurcation control.
Basic Understandings for Developing Distance Education for Online Instruction

Good distance education depends on good pedagogical practice. The electronic technologies available for distance learning provide the educator with the opportunity to consider new approaches to teaching and learning. Among other issues, the educator must take into consideration the audience, elements of instructional design, and learner needs.
The most-favored nation rule in principle and practice: Discrimination in the GATT

The conflicts of interest that prevailed between the great powers in the wake of the First World War eviscerated their ability to respond collectively to the advent of the Great Depression. Instead, each turned to discriminatory trade barriers and trade blocs to try to revive domestic output. Persuaded that trade discrimination exacerbated the political tensions that erupted in World War II, policy makers constructed a postwar economic order that institutionalized nondiscrimination. Thus, Article 1 of the charter of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) mandates most-favored nation (MFN) treatment. We argue here that the MFN clause itself encouraged the adoption of practices and policies that actually recreated discrimination. In particular, we argue, developing countries, long regarded as victims of discrimination, institutionalized it in their negotiations with each other. We examine two developing country PTAs that included about 80 percent of all developing-country GATT members by output (the Global System of Trade Preferences and the Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations). We show that as in the GATT writ large, their patterns of tariff cuts and trade expansion were highly skewed toward a small number of their largest members. In trying to avoid discrimination, policy makers actually encouraged its de facto adoption.
Proportional inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release by somatostatin.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that somatostatin in a proportional inhibitor of glucose-induced insulin release, we examined the effect of somatostatin on the release of insulin stimulated either by endogenous signals (basal), by glucose infusion, or by glucose injection. Somatostatin infusions (1.7 μg/min × 30 min) produced a decrement of basal insulin output from the right lobe of the canine pancreas that was proportional to the initial rate of basal insulin secretion ( r = −0.87, p n = 16) Glucose infusions of 1–6 mg/kg/min produced much higher rates of insulin output; again, the decrement of insulin output produced by somatostatin correlated with the initial rate of insulin secretion ( r = −0.68, p n = 16). Rapid intravenous injection of either 2 or 20 g of glucose produced a wide range of acute insulin responses (AIR). Somatostatin produced a decrement that was proportional to the original magnitude of the AIR ( r = −0.70, p n = 16). Thus, the absolute amount of inhibition produced by somatostatin increases, not decreases, with the magnitude of the stimulus. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of somatostatin cannot be overcome by increasing the size of glucose stimulus. Thus, exogenous somatostatin, and presumably endogenous somatostatin as well, will produce an inhibitory effect at any physiologic level of glucose stimulation that the β-cell receives.
A population-based estimate of candidacy rates for the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Abstract The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) increases survival of patients who receive the device. However, candidacy rates have not been calculated for a defined population, and the potential effect of the device on the survival of all patients with heart disease has not been estimated. To make these calculations, medical records were reviewed for 1976 to 1988 in a population demographically similar to the white population of the United States. Definite and possible candidates were identified on the basis of American Heart Association /American College of Cardiology guidelines. Candidacy rates ranged from 3.3 100,000 (counting only definite candidates for the entire period) to 8.7 100,000 (counting definite and possible candidates after 1980). Extrapolated to the 1990 U.S. population, estimates ranged from 8,207 to 21,637 new candidates each year. During an average follow-up of 5 years, half of all deaths among candidates had the potential to be delayed by an ICD. In a similar population that has a death rate from heart disease of approximately 280 100,000 , 0.6 to 1.6% of subjects have the potential to have their deaths delayed to some extent by an ICD.
Antibody to Thy-1 antigen injected into rat hypothalamus selectively inhibits carbamyl choline induced drinking

The Thy-1 differentiation antigen on the cell surfaces of mouse and rat thymocytes, lymphocytes1–4, epidermis5, developing skeletal muscle6, and brain1,3,4 has not yet been assigned a function. In rat and mouse brain, Thy-1 reaches adult levels at about 3 weeks of age from minimal or variably low levels at birth3,7–9. In vitro studies of fetal or newborn cerebellar neurons have shown that granule cells and some large multipolar cells become Thy-1 positive during culture10,11. All dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture express Thy-111,12. The antigen appears to be enriched in synaptosomal fractions13,14 but Thy-1 has recently been demonstrated on the surface and dendrites of microdissected neurons of adult rat brain15. In the brain Thy-1 has been thought to be a neuronal antigen, but some cerebellar astrocytes become Thy-1 positive after prolonged culture16. The transient or developed occurrence of the Thy-1 glycoprotein on selected cell surfaces would suggest that it mediates an event associated either with differentiation or with a differentiated function. The recent report by Dulbecco et al. that monoclonal hybridoma antibody against Thy-1.1 (aThy-1.1) blocks a differentiation event in culture of a rat mammary carcinoma cell line17 is, the first demonstration of a functional link between the molecule and a specific developmental process. We consider brain Thy-1 to be a differentiated adult expression, however, and we report here that injecting antibody to Thy-1 antigen into the rat hypothalamus caused selective inhibition of carbamyl choline induced drinking.
Osteopontin regulation in cultured rat renal epithelial cells

Osteopontin regulation in cultured rat renal epithelial cells. Osteopontin is a secreted, arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-containing phosphoprotein that is up-regulated in kidney cortical tubular epithelial cells in many experimental models of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Its close association with infiltrating macrophage in this disease and its ability to directly stimulate macrophage migration has made it a key target as a molecule likely to be important in mediating renal inflammation. The mechanism responsible for osteopontin up-regulation in kidney disease is unknown, but may involve induction by specific cytokines released by damaged glomeruli or other parts of the kidney, prior to the onset of interstitial disease. We have investigated this hypothesis by testing the effects of angiotensin II, bFGF, TGFβ1, EGF, and IGF, important renal cytokines, on osteopontin regulation in cultured NRK52E cells, a rat renal epithelial cell line. Using Northern blot, Western blot, and ELISA analyses, we find that NRK52E cells constitutively express low levels of osteopontin mRNA and protein. TGFβ1 and EGF are potent inducers of osteopontin mRNA and protein in these cells. mRNA stability and nuclear run on assays suggest that induction of osteopontin expression by TGFβ1 and EGF is via increased transcription of the osteopontin gene. In contrast, IGF-1, angiotensin II, and PDGF BB did not significantly modulate osteopontin expression in NRK52E cells. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that release of potent cytokines by the injured kidney might be one mechanism whereby elevated levels of osteopontin are synthesized by cortical tubular epithelial cells early in tubulointerstitial disease.
Hospital Determinants of Emergency Department Left Without Being Seen Rates

Study objective The proportion of patients who leave without being seen in the emergency department (ED) is an outcome-oriented measure of impaired access to emergency care and represents the failure of an emergency care delivery system to meet its goals of providing care to those most in need. Little is known about variation in the amount of left without being seen or about hospital-level determinants. Such knowledge is necessary to target hospital-level interventions to improve access to emergency care. We seek to determine whether hospital-level socioeconomic status case mix or hospital structural characteristics are predictive of ED left without being seen rates. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of all acute-care, nonfederal hospitals in California that operated an ED in 2007, using data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database and the US census. Our outcome of interest was whether a visit to a given hospital ED resulted in left without being seen. The proportion of left without being seen was measured by the number of left without being seen cases out of the total number of visits. Results We studied 9.2 million ED visits to 262 hospitals in California. The percentage of left without being seen varied greatly over hospitals, ranging from 0% to 20.3%, with a median percentage of 2.6%. In multivariable analyses adjusting for hospital-level socioeconomic status case mix, visitors to EDs with a higher proportion of low-income and poorly insured patients experienced a higher risk of left without being seen. We found that the odds of an ED visit resulting in left without being seen increased by a factor of 1.15 for each 10-percentage-point increase in poorly insured patients, and odds of left without being seen decreased by a factor of 0.86 for each $10,000 increase in household income. When hospital structural characteristics were added to the model, county ownership, trauma center designation, and teaching program affiliation were positively associated with increased probability of left without being seen (odds ratio 2.09; 1.62, and 2.14, respectively), and these factors attenuated the association with insurance status. Conclusion Visitors to different EDs experience a large variation in their probability of left without being seen, and visitors to hospitals serving a high proportion of low-income and poorly insured patients are at disproportionately higher risk of leaving without being seen. Our findings suggest that there is room for substantial improvement in this outcome, and regional interventions can be targeted toward certain at-risk hospitals to improve access to emergency care.
Muon g -2, rare kaon decays, and parity violation from dark bosons

The muon ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}2$ discrepancy between theory and experiment may be explained by a light vector boson ${Z}_{d}$ that couples to the electromagnetic current via kinetic mixing with the photon. We illustrate how the existing electron ${g}_{e}\ensuremath{-}2$, pion Dalitz decay, and other direct production data disfavor that explanation if the ${Z}_{d}$ mainly decays into ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Implications of a dominant invisible ${Z}_{d}$ decay channel, such as light dark matter, along with the resulting strong bounds from the rare $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}$ + missing energy decay are examined. The $K$ decay constraints may be relaxed if destructive interference effects due to $Z\ensuremath{-}{Z}_{d}$ mass mixing are included. In that scenario, we show that accommodating the ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}2$ data through relaxation of $K$ decay constraints leads to interesting signals for dark parity violation. As an illustration, we examine the alteration of the weak mixing angle running at low ${Q}^{2}$, which can be potentially observable in polarized electron scattering or atomic physics experiments.
Sexually dimorphic cell groups in the medial preoptic area that are essential for male sex behavior and the neural pathways needed for their effects

The research summarized here shows that the two major cell groups of the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) of the gerbil hypothalamus are essential for male sex behavior. Bilateral cell-body lesions of either the medial or lateral SDA virtually eliminate mating in sexually experienced male gerbils given exogenous testosterone. Similar deficits occur when the SDA is bilaterally disconnected from the retrorubral field (RRF) as a result of unilateral cell-body lesions in the SDA and contralateral RRF. The A8 cells of the RRF do not account for this effect. Bilaterally disconnecting the SDA from the caudomedial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (caudal BSTm) also eliminates sexual activity. Disconnecting the SDA from the medial amygdala does not mimic this effect. Neither does disconnecting the medial amygdala from the caudal BSTm. Thus, caudal BSTm neurons that are essential for mating via connections with the SDA do not simply relay information from the medial amygdala.
Motor blockade is reduced with ropivacaine 0.125% for parturient-controlled epidural analgesia during labour.

Purpose To compare the effect on the incidence of motor block by reducing the concentration of ropivacaine from 0.2% to 0. 125% in parturient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for labour.
QuRiNet: quail ridge natural reserve wireless mesh network

This extended abstract describes our experiences in the deployment of QuRiNet, a wireless mesh network at the Quail Ridge Natural Reserve. Quail Ridge boasts 2,000 acres of untouched wilderness on a peninsula of Lake Berryessa, California. In deploying a mesh network at Quail Ridge, we seek to assist ecological research in the area by providing a communications infrastructure and also provide a platform for wireless mesh networks research. The network currently comprises of about six nodes and supports three video cameras and a few audio sensors. We plan to deploy five more nodes in the near future, with about twenty nodes being the final goal. This abstract will describe our work in deploying this network and give the reader an overview of our current system and deployment status.
Simulation of Knudsen diffusion in random networks of parallel pores

Abstract A combination of Monte Carlo simulation techniques is used to study diffusion of gases in porous media whose structure can be represented by randomly overlapping cylindrical capillaries. The numerical simulation process is implemented in two stages. The pore network is first constructed through statistical sampling from prescribed pore size and orientation distributions. In the second stage, the trajectories of a large number of test molecules are followed, and transmission probabilities are calculated, which are then used to estimate Knudsen diffusivities in the pore network. Our simulation results reveal strong effects of pore overlap on the mass transport process in the porous medium, which are underestimated by commonly used diffusivity expressions.
Conditions Under Which Function Information Attenuates Name Extension via Shape

Children often extend names to novel artifacts on the basis of overall shape rather than core properties (e.g., function). This bias is claimed to reflect the fact that nonrandom structure is a reliable cue to an object having a specific designed function. In this article, we show that information about an object's design (i.e., about its creator's intentions) is neither necessary nor sufficient for children to override the shape bias. Children extend names on the basis of any information specifying the artifact's function (e.g., information about design, current use, or possible use), especially when this information is made salient when candidate objects for extension are introduced. Possible mechanisms via which children come to rely less on easily observable cues (e.g., shape) and more on core properties (e.g., function) are discussed.
Reply to the letter to the editor: infrapatellar saphenous neuralgia after TKA can be improved with ultrasound-guided local treatments.

To the Editor, We would like to thank Drs. Hung and Chang for their interest in our recent article on treating chronic medial knee pain after TKA. We feel that injury to the infrapatellar nerve is not uncommon and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic pain post-TKA. In our Results section, we noted that 13 of the 16 patients (81%) showed improved pain scores of at least 50% after our treatment [1]. Ten of the patients reported pain scores of 0 or 1 out of 10 and were very satisfied with their results. All of the patients underwent traditional physical therapy with no improvement of their pain. Many of the patients had a trial of gabapentin with minimal improvement of their pain. One of the three patients that had no response to therapy underwent lumbar decompression for radicular pain into his knee. The other two patients had multiple chronic pain issues patient including diffuse lateral and medial knee pain. I agree with Dr. Chang that the PainDETECT score and the DN4 questionnaire [4] may be helpful in evaluating and monitoring these patients with suspected infrapatellar neuralgia. Our current practice is to do a followup phone call at 24 hours and 7 days postinjection. If their pain returns, we do a repeat injection 2 to 4 weeks after the initial injection. The infrapatellar nerve can be readily identified with ultrasound as it branches from the saphenous nerve. However, the nerve can be difficult to visualize in the medial aspect of the knee [2, 3]. We currently identify and mark the maximum point of tenderness along the course of the infrapatellar nerve and scan for the nerve between the fascial planes. Nerve stimulation is used to confirm close approximation of the needle to the nerve (patients report a pulsatile sensory paresthesia). After injection, the nerve can usually be clearly seen when surrounded by local anesthetic. One patient had severe pain for more than a year. This particular patient reported pain scores of eight out of 10 at rest and 10 out of 10 with movement, which could be isolated along the course of the infrapatellar at the midpoint of the patella. The patient was a self-referral to our center after her primary surgeon was unable to treat her ongoing pain. The patient underwent one injection with complete resolution of her pain for more than 18 months. We believe the patient may have had some fascial adhesions of the nerve and the hydrodissection released the nerve. We are encouraged by our limited retrospective study that neuralgia of infrapatellar nerve injury may be effectively treated with an ultrasound-guided block. We have now treated more than 40 patients with infrapatellar neuralgia with similar results.
Satellite I DNA in transformed rat cells

P93-50, a 93-basepair (bp) repetitive DNA sequence from rats, was hybridized to transformed sublines of rat endothelial origin. The sequence hybridized at or near the centromeres of most but not all chromosomes in two transformed cell lines and three single-cell derived cultures. The hybridization signal was also frequently present at the telomeres. These cell lines have a highly aberrant karyotype including dicentric and multicentric chromosomes; however, even though this sequence labeled the centromere regions of some chromosomes, it did not hybridize with the telomere regions of the cell line XC, which rarely shows any dicentrics. Apparently, the telomere signals represent prematurely separating, inactive, terminal centromeres. The p93-50 sequence does not influence the timing of centromere separation, nor it is necessary for formation of heterochromatin.