cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on the Heat Transfer of Flows over a Stretching Wall in Porous Media: Exact Solutions

In this note, heat transfer over a stretching sheet with mass transfer in a porous medium is revisited. Analytical solutions are presented for two cases including a prescribed power-law wall temperature case and a prescribed power-law wall heat flux case. The solutions are expressed by the Kummer’s function. Closed-form solutions are found and presented for some special parameters. The solutions might offer more insights of the heat transfer characteristics compared with the numerical solutions.
Prototype Development of a Novel Radial Flow Gas Turbine

A prototype of a novel gas turbine concept is being developed to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a gas turbine design based on a straight radial flow with no axial flow turning. The prototype gas turbine consists of only two structural elements — a rotor disk and a stator shroud. The rotor consists of a centrifugal compressor and high impulse radial outward-flow turbine connected to an electric generator. The stator shroud contains the combustor and nozzles. The difference between this novel design and conventional radial gas turbine is that the compressor and turbine section are installed on the same side of the rotating wheel, while the combustor and nozzle are mounted on the stationary shroud. Thus, the entire assembly consists of two components. Technical advantages are: • Single Rotating Disk; • Compact Two-Piece Construction; • Ease of Repair and Maintenance; • High Power to Weight Ratio. This paper discusses the test set-up, instrumentation, and initial mechanical testing of the radial gas turbine. Performance predictions, rotordynamics analysis, and aerodynamic component verification are also discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The HOPE Family Project: A Family-Based Group Intervention to Reduce the Impact of Homelessness on HIV/STI and Drug Risk Behaviors

The HOPE Family Project (HIV Prevention for Parents and Early Adolescents) is an eight- session, family-based group intervention modeled on three evidence-based curricula targeting HIV/AIDS and alcohol and drug abuse prevention. The design and implementation of the HOPE Family Project was carried out by an established community collaborative board. The project aims to educate and provide tailored support to families and their youth (ages 11–14), residing in homeless shelters, regarding HIV and alcohol abuse prevention. The group model proved successful in offering an informal social support network for families living in homeless shelters and improving family functioning and youth mental health outcomes.
How to Improve Accuracy by Combining Independent Forecasts

Abstract It is shown that the ensemble mean-square error of forecasts constructed from a particular linear combination of independent and imperfectly correlated predictions is less than that of any of the individual predictions. The weights to be attached to each prediction are determined by the Gaussian method of least squares and depend on the covariances between independent predictions and between prediction and verification. At the present stage of development of numerical prediction methods, it appears possible to reduce the error variance by about 20%, simply by the optimum combination of two independent predictions.
Linearly constrained direct-sequence spread-spectrum interference rejection

A constrained least-squares technique is presented that utilizes a modified optimality criterion which enhances the detection capabilities of direct sequence spread spectrum systems. The standard least-squares rejection filter adds distortion to the decision variable at the output of the despreading operation. Constraints are introduced into the least-squares solution of the rejection filter which reduce the self-noise of the filter while simultaneously retaining its interference rejection properties. Two types of constraint conditions are considered. The first is a correlation matching property for the rejection filter output. This constraint induces the filter to pass the chip sequence undistorted. The second type of constraint is energy reduction, which induces the filter to achieve minimal energy. Both constraint types are successful at increasing the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation results are presented which demonstrate the output SNR improvement by using the constrained rejection filter. >
Trypanosoma catostomi n. sp. from the White Sucker Catostomus c. commersoni (Lacépède)

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma catostomi n. sp. is described from the blood of the white sucker Catostomus c. commersoni (Lacepede) from southeastern Michigan. Two methods of fixation, wet and dry, are compared for their effect on body measurements. The type of fixation used affects the length of the free flagellum. Significance of this finding is discussed.
Sputum Elastin Fibers and the Diagnosis of Necrotizing Pneumonia

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations for elastin fibers on sputum obtained from 80 patients seen over a four-month period at two Cleveland hospitals were performed. The results were compared with roentgenographic evidence of necrosis and case diagnosis. Sixty-one patients had neither elastin in sputum nor roentgenographic evidence of cavitation; 11 had positive results using both methods. Two patients had no elastin fibers in sputum but had parenchymal pulmonary cavities on chest x-ray film. Six patients had elastin observed in KOH preparations of sputum, but no cavitation roentgenographically. The presence of elastin in sputum was strongly correlated with roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary necrosis (p=5.7 X 10−8). Including patients seen before, after, and during the prospective study, we have observed a total of nine with positive sputum preparations for elastin and no cavitation on chest x-ray film for whom tissue was available for study. All had pulmonary necrosis histologically. Our observations suggest that the KOH preparation of sputum for elastin fibers may be more sensitive than the chest roentgenogram in the detection of pulmonary necrosis and may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of necrotizing disease.
Etomidate inhibits prolactin release but not through a dopaminergic mechanism.

Abstract A short-acting non-barbiturate intravenous general anaesthetic, etomidate, when administered i.v. lowered serum prolactin levels in the rat. The effect was evident at rest, after surgical stress or after injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinaemia was not modified. Administered via the intracerebroventricular route, etomidate strongly reduced serum prolactin levels in unaesthetized rats. Studies performed on superfused synaptosomes from brain areas rich in dopaminergic nerve endings did not show any influence of the etomidate, 10 −7 M-10 −6 M, on [ 3 H]dopamine release. A peculiar GABA-like mechanism and/or possible interplay with serotonergic control of the prolactin release may be postulated in order to explain the suppressive effects of the drug on secretion of lactotrophs.
Rearrangement of some chlorosubstituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyrils in hydrogen halide acids

The general conditions and results of rearrangement studies of the 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-chloro-substituted 3-amino-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbostyrils in concentrated hydrochloric and hydro-bromic acids to the corresponding dihalosubstituted 3-amino-3,4-dihydrocarbostyrils have been described. The 5-, 7- and 8-chlorocarbostyrilhydroxamic acids undergo nucleophilic displacement by either chloride or bromide ion preferentially at the 6-position to form the respective 5,6-, 6,7- and 6,8-dihalolactams. However, with the 3-amino-6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbo-styril where the 6-position is blocked, nucleophilic displacement by halide ions occurs at the 8-position to afford the 6,8-dihalolactams. The 6,8-dichloro- and 6,8-dibromolactams were also prepared by alternative halogenation procedures for purposes of comparison with the rearrangement products.
Achieving meaningful motor skills : Conceptual and empirical bases of a neurobehavioral intervention approach

The goals of motor intervention for children with cerebral palsy have shifted over the past decade from an emphasis on isolated components of movement and developmental milestones to a focus on demonstrating functional skills as a part of meaningful activities. Recent theoretical development and research focused on understanding the development of motor skills in very young children support the position that function and repetition facilitate the acquisition and expression of early motor skills. These advances suggest that learning, social interaction, and experience are integrally involved in the process of motor development in both typically and atypically developing children. Taken together, these issues support the need for developing interventions that combine the strengths of multiple approaches. This article describes the evolution of an intervention approach termed neurobehavioral. A brief review of the literature that forms the foundation of the approach is provided. This is followed by a description of the intervention and a summary of empirical work to date. MRDD Research Reviews 3:138-144, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-performance liquid chromatographic-amperometric determination of naloxone hydrochloride injection

Naloxone hydrochloride has been measured in the injectable dosage form at 0.4 and 0.02 mg/ml using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. This method was contrasted with an ultraviolet detection method at 229 nm and found to provide comparable recovery and linearity results. At the electrochemical detection limit of 0.1 ng injected a signal-to-noise ratio of 10.4 was found.
Polypropylene in the human eye.

Scanning electron microscopy of 10-0 polypropylene sutures removed from eyes at intervals from 2 months to 5.5 years shows a very slow surface degradation with linear and circumferential surface cracks, and flaking. The clinical significance of these findings in intraocular sutures is speculative, but the changes are much more pronounced, and of obvious significance, in sutures that have been buried in actively metabolizing tissue such as the limbus.
Protecting workers who clean up hazardous waste sites.

On April 21,1980, an explosion and fire among the 40 000 drums of unlabeled chemical wastes at the former site of Chemical Control Corporation in Elizabeth, New Jersey, attracted national attention and raised serious concern about the health and safety of workers who would be called upon to clean up the disaster site. Evaluation of workers' exposure during clean up operations and an assessment of the level of respiratory protection needed were necessary. NIOSH conducted 8 days of air monitoring. The chemicals of concern were organic vapors, metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, cyanide compounds, and dioxins (TCDD). No excessive exposure to chemical substances by inhalation was found. However, continuous use of respiratory protective equipment and other personal protective devices was necessary because of frequent drum ruptures.
Kinetics of Dust Removal from Cotton by Repetitive Mechanical Cleaning Part II: Experiments

In Part I of this series, the underlying mechanism and kinetics of the process of removing dust from cotton by repetitive mechanical cleaning were proposed to fit a theoretical mathematical model defined as the decreasing-force model [12]. This paper describes the successful testing of the model against a kinetic data base produced by repetitive cleaning of cotton with a fiber blender. The fiber blender allowed for a low rate of dust removal from cotton, and so meaningful experimental data (fiber-frictional force and airborne dust concentration in the fiber matrix and in the external environ ment) were taken over a wide range of processing stages. The premise that the logarithm of the fiber-frictional force is proportional to the reciprocal of the pass number is shown experimentally (correlation coefficient r = 0.9329). Also, the premise that the logarithm of the airborne dust concentration, in the fiber matrix and in the external environment, is proportional to the logarithm of the pass number is shown e...
A First Look at Colocation Demand Response

Large data centers can participate in demand response programs\ and receive financial benefits by reducing energy consumption upon utility's request. However, the existing research has only considered demand response by owner-operated data centers (e.g., Google), leaving out another distinctly different yet integral part of the data center industry --- multi-tenant colocation data centers (a.k.a., colocation or "colo"), where the space is shared by multiple tenants for housing self-owned servers. A major hurdle hindering colocation demand response is "split incentive": the colocation operator may desire demand response, but lacks control over the tenants' servers; the tenants, on the other hand, can reduce server energy consumption but may not desire demand response unless they are properly incentivized. In this paper, we present a first-of-its-kind study on colocation demand response and propose an incentive mechanism, called iCODE (incentivizing COlocation tenants for DEmand response), which breaks the split-incentive barrier for colocation demand response. iCODE allows the tenants to voluntarily bid for energy reduction when demand response is needed and receive monetary rewards if their bids are accepted. We formally model tenants' bids and how the colocation operator decides the winning bids to maximize total energy reduction without profit loss. We demonstrate the potential of colocation demand response by using a trace-based simulation to show that iCODE can significantly reduce energy consumption (e.g., up to over 50%) during demand response periods.
Landscape restoration of a forest with a historically mixed-severity fire regime: What was the historical landscape pattern of forest and openings?

Forest management of dry forests in the western US that historically experienced mixed-severity fire regimes is increasingly focused on landscape-scale restoration. However, this restoration effort is constrained by historic range of variation (HRV) reference conditions that lack information concerning the spatial configuration of these forests at intermediate scales (approximately 0.01–100 ha). I used reconstruction methods to map historical (1860) pattern of ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests along twenty 1 km long transects on Colorado’s Front Range and compared pre-settlement opening and forest patch lengths to current forest configurations to inform restoration reference conditions. Historically, openings were prevalent on south-and east-facing aspects, at lower elevations, and on gentler slopes. Generally, mean forest cover rose from 57% prior to settlement to 83% currently, and the current condition of any one location is 3.7 times more likely to be forested now than prior to settlement. In addition, the mean forest patch length increased from 35 to 118 m long. However, the mean opening length has changed little, increasing from 26 to 27 m long. Changes in the distribution of forest opening lengths suggest that there has been a loss of small openings ( 50 m) across the landscape has been relatively stable. In addition, there has been an increase in large forest patches (>50 m) at the expense of small forest patches (<50 m). Results from this study suggest that forest restoration treatments should focus on recreating small openings (<50 m long) by breaking up large contiguous forest canopy patches within the context of local site conditions.
Monoamine oxidase-catalyzed metabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine in the dopaminergic synaptosomes from rat corpus striatum.

: This communication describes conditions under which the monoamine oxidase-catalyzed metabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine can be assayed in dopaminergic synaptosomes from the rat striatum. In contrast to the activity of the isolated enzyme or that of free mitochondria, the synaptosomal reaction exhibits sigmoidal kinetics with respect to substrate concentration. This is consistent with a kinetic mechanism in which intrasynaptosomal substrate partitions between reaction and saturable storage in synaptic vesicles. The reaction is inhibited at moderately decreased oxygen tension, where catecholamine uptake is unaffected. The specificity of this effect suggests that it reflects limited availability of oxygen as an enzyme substrate.
Phospholipase C from human melanoma: purification and characterization of a phosphatidylinositol-selective enzyme.

Abstract Phospholipase C was purified from human melanoma grown as solid tumors in nude mice. The specific activity of the pure enzyme was approx. 100 μmol/min per mg; its apparent molecular mass was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 150 kDa. The enzyme required calcium for activity and was activated by deoxycholate in the presence of the substrate phosphatidylinositol. The melanoma phospholipase C has a distinctly different substrate preference than those identified from normal tissues; it prefers phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate. The tumor enzyme was approx. 4–5-fold more active using phosphatidylinositol than phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate as the substrate.
Advancing Human Rights Through Science

The launch of the AAAS Science and Human Rights Coalition, held in Washington, DC, on 14 to 16 January, offered an opportunity for AAAS-affiliated scientific organizations to participate in bridging communities of scientists and human rights organizations. A shared goal of this coalition is to articulate the right to “share in scientific advancement and its benefits” ([1][1]). I believe that this launch offers a rare opportunity in higher education to enhance partnerships between academicians in the sciences and the arts and humanities to engage student learning at all levels. Mary Robinson, a human rights advocate and former president of Ireland, pointed out an example: Physicians for Human Rights investigated an outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe and found that it was due to the centralization of the water system by the Zimbabwean government and the subsequent degradation due to lack of proper maintenance ([2][2]). ![Figure][3] The AAAS Science and Human Rights Program.CREDIT: AAAS SCIENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAM, SHR.AAAS.ORG AAAS has established a “scientists on call” program ([3][4]) to contribute to humanitarian efforts such as this. Imagine the engagement of an undergraduate student in a science teaching laboratory analyzing data from sub-Saharan Africa that could provide critical insight for a human rights effort, ranging from analysis of contaminated water to biological samples from a suspected incident of genocide. With appropriate regulatory compliance and faculty supervision, a grassroots “students on call” effort could ensue. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction or water analysis that are commonplace in the developed world may not be feasible or attainable in regions in crisis in the developing world. Incorporation of human rights into both science and general education curricula could have a profound effect on higher education and, importantly, on K-12 education by engagement of future teachers. 1. 1.[↵][5]United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 27. 2. 2.[↵][6]1. C. Beyrer, 2. F. Donaghue , The Washington Post A15 (8 January 2009). 3. 3.[↵][7]AAAS Science and Human Rights Program, “On-Call” Scientists ( ). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: pending:yes [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3. in text"
On the applicability of the southwell plot to plastic buckling

A completely forgotten paper by C.T. Wang on the extension of the Southwell plot to inelastic buckling of columns is revived, rederived and amplified. A theoretical justification is presented for the application of the Southwell method to plastic buckling of columns made of a strain-hardening material, showing that it predicts the double (or reduced) modulus buckling load. Typical experimental verifications are recapitulated. This puts practical applications of the Southwell method in the plastic region on firmer ground.
From “Veshyas” to “Entertainment Workers”: Evolving Discourses of Bodies, Rights, and Prostitution in India

The discursive terrain of prostitution has undergone several changes with modernity/postmodernity. Various groups of feminists hold contentious, often conflicting, ideologies on this issue. Two broad groups emerge from these debates: One takes a clear abolitionist perspective, while the other takes a sex work position. Both these groups actively lobby and join forces with individuals and institutions to influence global and national policy-making. There is a great degree of variation and overlap within and across each camp. Among those taking a sex work position, some argue that selling sex is equal to using any other part of the body for making a living. This article examines the discursive terrain of prostitution in India, focusing on what it means to treat sex as any other use of the body in commerce. It concludes that prohibition is a prejudice that India must overcome to develop sound public health policies.
Ambulatory thyroidectomy: a multistate study of revisits and complications.

ObjectiveDetermine rates and reasons for revisits after ambulatory adult thyroidectomy.Study DesignCross-sectional analysis of multistate ambulatory surgery and hospital databases.SettingAmbulatory...
Justice and Peace? How the International Criminal Tribunal Affects Societal Peace in Bosnia

The reconstruction and maintenance of peaceful communities in the aftermath of conflicts is one of the most critical areas of concern for both policymakers and scholars. This article examines explanations of the level of societal peace - the degree of conflict and/or cooperation in a society - and the extent to which internationally provided justice contributes to the maintenance of peaceful societies. In particular, it investigates the efforts of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to provide justice for the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina by analyzing the impact of the arrests and judgments of war criminals on societal peace in Bosnia. Some research suggests that internationally provided justice is critical to peace and reconciliation; some scholars argue that such attempts can do more harm than good by inflaming ethnic violence; while still other research contends that its effects are limited at best. Using event data from the Kansas Event Data System, it is found that the arrests and judgments of war criminals had only a limited effect on improving relations among Bosnia's ethnic groups. Mostly, the apprehension and judgments of suspected war criminals had no statistically significant effect.
ULTRASHORT PULSE PROPAGATION AT THE PHOTONIC BAND EDGE : LARGE TUNABLE GROUP DELAY WITH MINIMAL DISTORTION AND LOSS

We examine optical pulse propagation through a 30-period, GaAs/AlAs, one-dimensional, periodic structure at the photonic band-edge transmission resonance. We predict theoretically---and demonstrate experimentally---an approximate energy, momentum, and form invariance of the transmitted pulse, as well as large group index (up to 13.5). The group index is tunable and many orders of magnitude more sensitive to variation in material refractive index than for bulk material. We interpret this observation in terms of time-dependent electromagnetic states of the pulse-crystal system.
Myoglobin-CO conformational substate dynamics: 2D vibrational echoes and MD simulations.

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) infrared vibrational echoes were performed on horse heart carbonmonoxymyoglobin (MbCO) in water over a range of temperatures. The A 1 and A 3 conformational substates of MbCO are found to have different dephasing rates with different temperature dependences. A frequency–frequency correlation function derived from molecular dynamics simulations on MbCO at 298K is used to calculate the vibrational echo decay. The calculated decay shows substantial agreement with the experimentally measured decays. The 2D vibrational echo probes protein dynamics and provides an observable that can be used to test structural assignments for the MbCO conformational substates.
Romiplostim-induced myelofibrosis

![Figure][1] A 55-year-old woman with chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) presented with gum bleeding for 1 day. Over the course of several years, she had failed, or became resistant to, multiple treatments including glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin,
Ultrafast Laser Textured Silicon Solar Cells

A novel ultrafast laser texturing method has been developed to produce arrays of nano/micro surface textures in silicon. Laser processing conditions have been optimized for achieving appropriate optical and electronic properties for photovoltaic applications. The textured silicon surfaces absorb greater than 99% of incident light over the entire solar spectrum and the material appears complete black to bare eye. Textured silicon surfaces are characterized for surface morphology and optical properties. Chemical etching and thermal annealing steps have been performed to remove laser slag and induced defects. Finally, we report the total and external quantum efficiency results on photovoltaic devices fabricated on the textured silicon wafers, which can be further improved.
Phase I clinical trial of interleukin 2 and alpha-interferon: toxicity and immunologic effects.

Because recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) and recombinant alpha-interferon (rIFN-alpha) exhibit synergistic antitumor activity in C3HMT1820 T-cell lymphoma and B16 melanoma tumor systems, we have performed a Phase I study of this combination in 55 patients with advanced malignancies for whom no standard therapy exists. Successive groups of greater than or equal to 4 patients have been entered into 12 dose levels (1A-3D), with dose levels 1-3 referring to doses of rIL-2 of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.0 x 10(6) units/m2, respectively, and dose levels A-D referring to doses of recombinant human alpha 2a-interferon (rHuIFN-alpha 2a) of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 x 10(6) units/m2. Both agents were given on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with rIL-2 being given as i.v. bolus injections and rHuIFN-alpha 2a being given intramuscularly. Myelosuppression was dose-limiting and was related primarily to the dose of rHuIFN-alpha 2a. The maximum-tolerated dose level was reached at a dose of rIL-2 of 2.0 x 10(6) units/m2 and of rHuIFN-alpha 2a of 10.0 x 10(6) units/m2 (dose level 3D). At this dose level, 3/6 patients developed grade 3 neutropenia (absolute granulocyte count less than 1 x 10(9)/liter). Myelosuppression was transient, with no documented infections being associated with neutropenia. Hypotension was mild; a single patient was treated with a vasopressor, but all other cases of hypotension responded to fluid administration. No significant pulmonary toxicity was produced. Fever, chills, and malaise were universal but not dose-limiting. Three partial responses and one minor response were observed in patients with malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer. Immunological studies suggested that natural killer activity was related to both the dose of rIL-2 and the dose of rHuIFN-alpha 2a, with natural killer activity being positively related to the dose of rIL-2 and maximal at the lowest dose of rHuIFN-alpha 2a of 0.1 x 10(6) units/m2.
Characterization of ion channel modulator effects on ABA- and malate-induced stomatal movements: strong regulation by kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, and relative insensitivity to mastoparans

In the present study abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing, and malate effects on stomatal apertures were analysed in the presence of guard cell ion channel regulators. A recent study has suggested that abscisic acid (ABA) activation of protein kinases and/or inhibition of protein phosphatases may be central to activation of guard cell slow anion channels and mediation of stomatal closing in Vicia faba (Schmidt et al., 1995). These findings were confirmed and extended in the present study showing that both in Vicia faba and in Commelina communis ABA-induced stomatal closings were abolished by kinase inhibitors and enhanced by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Further detailed studies demonstrate that very high 40 mM extracellular malate concentrations are required to close stomata only partially and that okadaic acid also enhances malate-induced stomatal closing. In addition, when stomata are widely opened, even at 40 mM malate concentrations, no malate effect on stomatal apertures was observed. This finding may be explained by a complete inactivation of guard cell anion channels when stomatal apertures are opened very widely and suggests that extracellular malate cannot function as a primary CO 2 signal in stomatal regulation. The G-protein regulators mastoparan and mas7 as well as neomycin showed no significant effects on light-induced stomatal opening and ABA-induced stomatal closing. Findings reported here correlate closely to recent findings on slow anion channel regulation in guard cells and support the hypothesis that activation of these anion channels by phosphorylation events and complete inactivation by dephosphorylation events is a rate-limiting component in guard cell signal transduction. Furthermore, the presented data support a model in which ABA-activation of protein kinases and/or inhibition of okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatases is central to ABA regulation of stomatal movements in Vicia faba and Commelina communis.
Evaluation and Management of Stroke in the Neonate

Ischemic perinatal stroke (IPS) occurs in 1 of 2300 to 5000 live births. It is an under-recognized cause of significant long-term disabilities, including hemiplegic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, cognitive delays, and behavioral impairments. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial, involving maternal, fetal, placental, and neonatal factors. Knowledge and interventions are emerging to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of IPS. Early treatment may translate into improved long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Technetium and Molybdenum in Oxide Spent Nuclear Fuel: Impact on Release Estimates

Technetium-99 (99Tc) is an important radionuclide in repository models owing to its relatively long half-life and the high aqueous solubility of compounds where it is in the heptavalent state. The vast majority of the 99Tc inventory presently slated for disposal is contained in oxide commercial spent nuclear fuel (CSNF), where it is divided (along with its cohort, molybdenum) between exsolved, intermetallic “epsilon” particles and isolated, likely oxidized, atoms distributed in the uranium dioxide matrix. We present recent evidence from synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and fuel dissolution testing on the likely oxidation state, coordination environment, and physical disposition of technetium and molybdenum in CSNF. Effects of the relative proportioning of technetium and molybdenum among the metallic and oxidized states in CSNF, and their distribution in or near grain boundaries and gaps on release during CSNF corrosion testing are discussed.
Potential Trace Metal Co-Limitation Controls on N2 Fixation and NO3- Uptake in Lakes with Varying Trophic Status

The response of N2 fixation and NO3- uptake to environmental conditions and nutrient enrichment experiments in three western U.S. lake systems was studied (eutrophic Clear Lake; mesotrophic Walker Lake; oligotrophic Lake Tahoe). We tested the effect of additions of bioactive trace metals iron (Fe) and molybdenum as Mo(V)), as well as phosphate (P), on these two processes, and carbon fixation, Chl a and bacterial cell counts under both natural conditions and in mesocosm experiments. We found distinct background N2 fixation and NO3- uptake rates: highest at Clear Lake (N2 fixation: 44.7 ± 1.8 nmol N L-1 h-1), intermediate at Walker Lake (N2 fixation: 1.7 ± 1.1 nmol N L-1 h-1; NO3- uptake: 113 ± 37 nmol N L-1 h-1), and lowest at Lake Tahoe (N2 fixation: 0.1 ± 0.07 nmol N L-1 h-1; NO3- uptake: 37.2 ± 10.0 nmol N L-1 h-1). N2 fixation was stimulated above control values with the addition of P and Fe in Clear Lake (up to 63% and 50%, respectively); with Mo(V), Fe, and P in Walker Lake (up to 121%, 990% and 85%, respectively); and with Mo(V) and P in Lake Tahoe (up to 475% and 21%, respectively). NO3- uptake showed the highest stimulation in Lake Tahoe during September 2010, with the addition of P and Mo(V) (~84% for both). High responses to Mo (V) additions were also observed at some sites for carbon fixation (Lake Tahoe: 141%), Chl a (Walker Lake: 54% and Clear Lake: 102%) and bacterial cell counts (Lake Tahoe: 61%). Overall our results suggest that co-limitation of nutrients is probably a common feature in lakes, and that some trace metals may play a crucial role in limiting N2 fixation and NO3- uptake activity, though primarily in non-eutrophic lakes.
Functional coupling of ryanodine receptors to KCa channels in smooth muscle cells from rat cerebral arteries.

The relationship between Ca2+ release ("Ca2+ sparks") through ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and KCa channels was examined in smooth muscle cells from rat cerebral arteries. Whole cell potassium currents at physiological membrane potentials (-40 mV) and intracellular Ca2+ were measured simultaneously, using the perforated patch clamp technique and a laser two-dimensional (x-y) scanning confocal microscope and the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fluo-3. Virtually all (96%) detectable Ca2+ sparks were associated with the activation of a spontaneous transient outward current (STOC) through KCa channels. A small number of sparks (5 of 128) were associated with currents smaller than 6 pA (mean amplitude, 4.7 pA, at -40 mV). Approximately 41% of STOCs occurred without a detectable Ca2+ spark. The amplitudes of the Ca2+ sparks correlated with the amplitudes of the STOCs (regression coefficient 0.8; P 10(4)-fold) during a Ca2+ spark is consistent with local Ca2+ during a spark being in the order of 1-100 microM. Therefore, the increase in fractional fluorescence (F/Fo) measured during a Ca2+ spark (mean 2.04 F/Fo or approximately 310 nM Ca2+) appears to significantly underestimate the local Ca2+ that activates KCa channels. These results indicate that the majority of ryanodine receptors that cause Ca2+ sparks are functionally coupled to KCa channels in the surface membrane, providing direct support for the idea that Ca2+ sparks cause STOCs.
Mapping hematopoiesis in a fully regenerative vertebrate: the axolotl

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived cells are involved in wound healing responses throughout the body. Unfortunately for mammals, wound repair typically results in scarring and nonfunctional reparation. Among vertebrates, none display such an extensive ability for adult regeneration as urodele amphibians, including 1 of the more popular models: the axolotl. However, a lack of knowledge of axolotl hematopoiesis hinders the use of this animal for the study of hematopoietic cells in scar-free wound healing and tissue regeneration. We used white and cytomegalovirus:green fluorescent protein+ transgenic white axolotl strains to map sites of hematopoiesis and develop hematopoietic cell transplant methodology. We also established a fluorescence-activated cell sorter enrichment technique for major blood lineages and colony-forming unit assays for hematopoietic progenitors. The liver and spleen are both active sites of hematopoiesis in adult axolotls and contain transplantable HSCs capable of long-term multilineage blood reconstitution. As in zebrafish, use of the white axolotl mutant allows direct visualization of homing, engraftment, and hematopoiesis in real time. Donor-derived hematopoiesis occurred for >2 years in recipients generating stable hematopoietic chimeras. Organ segregation, made possible by embryonic microsurgeries wherein halves of 2 differently colored embryos were joined, indicate that the spleen is the definitive site of adult hematopoiesis.
Using n-trees for scalable event ordering in peer-to-peer games

We are concerned with the fundamental problem of event ordering in multiplayer peer-to-peer games. Event ordering, even without faults, requires all-to-all message passing with at least two rounds of communication \cite{keidar01}. Multiplayer games add real-time constraints to this scenario. To meet this challenge, we develop an event scoping mechanism that uses N-Trees for event propagation. Unlike traditional application-layer multicast, N-Trees organize peers by their application-level scope of interest, instead of by their delay-based shortest-path tree. This organization allows peers which are close by in the virtual world to order events without needing to communicate with other peers that are farther away. We show the asymptotic analysis of N-Trees indicates that they will perform well for scalable peer-to-peer event ordering. We also provide an analysis of N-Trees in comparison to other distributed architectures for peer-to-peer games.
Rhynchotherium falconeri (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from 111 Ranch, southeastern Arizona with a discussion of the genus

A mandible and partial skeleton of Rhynchotherium falconeri is described from late Pliocene deposits of the 111 Ranch Locality in southeastern Arizona. The morphology of the mandible and m3 of the 111 Ranch individual is consistent with other specimens of Rhynchotherium and compares closely with previously reported R. falconeri from Arizona, as well as R. simpsoni from Florida. The 111 Ranch specimen is the basis for only the second description of postcranial material for the genus Rhynchotherium, and adds important morphological and ontogenetic attributes to this taxon. A morphometric analysis of specimens including the genotype indicates several junior synonyms are represented and the type specimen for the genus is no longer valid. A suggestion is made to raise F:AM 18225 to type status.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY SIZE AND GROWTH TO EGG PRODUCTION IN THE HERMAPHRODITIC FRESHWATER SNAIL, HELISOMA TRIVOLVIS

Among several other factors, body size has been found to influence egg production in several species of hermaphroditic snail. We tested whether this relationship between body size and egg production exists in Helisoma trivolvis, a freshwater hermaphroditic species. We isolated 50 H. trivolvis from a laboratory population, measured shell diameter, and monitored egg production for seven weeks. We found a positive relationship between body size and total number of eggs produced, as well as body size and number of eggs per egg mass. When body size and egg production are linked, it should be adaptive for larger individuals to act as females and smaller individuals as males. Since body size is related to female fecundity in this species, the relative size of snails should determine, at least in part, which individual acts as male and which as female during copulation. However, the relationship between body size and egg production is not nearly as strong as it is in other snail genera. Other factors such as age, genotype and previous experience may be important in determining egg-laying capacity and therefore gender choice in this species. In addition, we found a negative relationship between growth during this period and egg production. This relationship has been found in other pulmonates, and is evidence of resource allocation tradeoffs.
Comparison of mixed cell culture containing genetically engineered BGMK and CaCo-2 cells (Super E-Mix) with RT-PCR and conventional cell culture for the diagnosis of enterovirus meningitis.

Background: Enteroviral meningitis has traditionally been diagnosed by cell culture. More recently, molecular techniques and shell vials with a mixture of human colon carcinoma and genetically engineered buffalo green monkey kidney cells (BGMK cells) (Super E-Mix) have been described. Objective: We compared the results of this new cell culture technique with two reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques and conventional cell culture to assess the accuracy of these various methods. Study design: 2 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 72 patients with suspected viral meningitis. 600 μl was used for conventional cell culture and 200 μl was inoculated to each of two Super E-Mix vials. One vial was incubated for 24 h, then stained with pan-enterovirus antibody, and the other was examined for CPE daily for 5 days and stained when positive or at the end of incubation. The final aliquot (500 μl) was centrifuged at 25,000g, and the pellet in 140 μl of supernatant was used for ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction and tested by commercial single-step (Chemicon, Temecula, CA) and two-step (Argene, Varilhes, France) RT-PCR methods. Results: Conventional culture was 51% sensitive and 100% specific. The Super E-Mix was slightly higher (sensitivity 76%, specificity 100%). The Chemicon and Argene PCR methods had a sensitivity of 93% and 88% and specificity of 90% and 97%, respectively. Conclusion: The Super E-Mix procedure had greater sensitivity than conventional cell culture, but RT-PCR was the most sensitive technique with this type of specimen. The RT-PCR methods performed equally.
Compaction of ATPG-generated test sequences for sequential circuits

Currently available automatic test pattern generators (ATPGs) generate test sets that are nonoptimal in length. The authors describe novel heuristic techniques to reduce the length of the test set for a sequential circuit by compaction of the automatically generated patterns. Based on these techniques, a program has been written in C that achieved a 56%-73% reduction in the test length of a highly sequential circuit obtained from industry. >
Levels of Information and Contributions to Public Goods

The provision of public goods is a social dilemma in which individuals must decide whether to contribute to the group or not to contribute and therefore free ride. We posit that if individuals have information about how each of the other group members has contributed, free riding will occur less frequently than if they do not have this information. If individuals know how others have contributed, they are able to employ trigger strategies. Three experimental treatments are used to test our predictions: (1) no information about other members' contributions, (2) aggregated information about other members' contributions, and (3) individualized information about each member's contribution. We find that contributions to a public good in the individualized information condition are greater than contributions in the other two conditions. However, contribution levels for no information and aggregated information do not differ. A social dilemma is any social situation in which an individual's short-term incentives for not cooperating exceed those for cooperating. However, if individuals do not cooperate, payoffs are lower in the long run (sometimes catastrophically lower) than if all had cooperated (see Dawes 1980). One type of social dilemma involves the provisioning of a public good. A public good is characterized by nonexcludability in consumption so that regardless of whether or not one contributes to it, one shares in its consumption. Examples of public goods include community parks, public radio, television, and national defense. Based upon this characteristic of nonexcludability, most economists have
Robust pattern recognition using non-iteratively learned perceptron

Whenever the input training patterns applied to a one layered, hard limited perceptron (OHP) satisfy a certain positive linear independency (PLI) condition, the learning of these standard patterns by the neural network can be done non iteratively in a few algebraic steps and the recognition of the untrained test patterns can reach an "optimal robustness" if a special learning scheme is adopted in the learning mode. We report the theoretical foundation, the analysis (design) of this pattern recognition system, and the experiments we carried out with this novel system. The experimental result shows that the learning of four digitized training patterns is close to real time, and the recognition of the untrained patterns is above 90% correct. The ultra fast learning speed we achieved here is due to the non iterative nature of the novel learning scheme. The high robustness in recognition here is due to the optimal robustness analysis (including a special feature extraction process) we used in the neural network design.
Glycated collagen alters endothelial cell actin alignment and nitric oxide release in response to fluid shear stress

People with diabetes suffer from early accelerated atherosclerosis, which contributes to morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis is thought to initiate at sites of endothelial cell injury. Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, leads to non-enzymatic glycosylation (or glycation) of extracellular matrix proteins. Glycated collagen alters endothelial cell function and could be an important factor in atherosclerotic plaque development. This study examined the effect of collagen glycation on endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress. Porcine aortic endothelial cells were grown on native or glycated collagen and exposed to shear stress using an in vitro parallel plate system. Cells on native collagen elongated and aligned in the flow direction after 24 h of 20 dynes/cm(2) shear stress, as indicated by a 13% decrease in actin fiber angle distribution standard deviation. However, cells on glycated collagen did not align. Shear stress-mediated nitric oxide release by cells on glycated collagen was half that of cells on native collagen, which correlated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation. Glycated collagen likely inhibited cell shear stress response through altered cell-matrix interactions, since glycated collagen attenuated focal adhesion kinase activation with shear stress. When focal adhesion kinase was pharmacologically blocked in cells on native collagen, eNOS phosphorylation with flow was reduced in a manner similar to that of glycated collagen. These detrimental effects of glycated collagen on endothelial cell response to shear stress may be an important contributor to accelerated atherosclerosis in people with diabetes.
Towards a web-based simulation experiment description repository

Modellers are producing more and more complex models. Unless these models are sufficiently characterised and made available to the research community their reuse will be minimal, and reproducing simulation experiments incorporating them will prove problematic. Consensus on the content and form of experiment recipes that combine models and simulations will encourage model sharing and facilitate reuse.A set of guidelines specifying the 'Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment'(MIASE) proposes a common set of information necessary to reproduce simulation experiments that incorporate quantitative models.We have instantiated these guidelines in a web-based content management system. With our system you can create Simulation and Experiment Descriptions, enrich them with experimental data and annotate them with domain meta-information to facilitate classification, searching and cross referencing - all with the goal of reusing your models and reproducing your experimental results.
A class of optimal multilevel inverters based on sectionalized PWM (S-PWM) modulation strategy

The paper extends previous work on a novel multilevel PWM strategy to design and implement an optimal inverter for a stand-alone PV application. This modulation strategy produces a much higher fundamental output compared to conventional SPWM without any pulse dropping. Phase-shifted carriers have been used to produce a harmonically superior SPWM signal. A higher fundamental coupled with harmonic elimination through phase shifted carriers reduces THD and improves conversion efficiency. The simulation results have been validated through an experimental prototype.