cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy: Weight Gain

Over the past 40 years there have been dramatic changes in the recommendations for optimal maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Current recommendations in the United States are based on weight changes in pregnancy that have been taken from records and are known to be compatible with a healthy pregnancy outcome, i.e., low risk of cesarian or preterm delivery, low or high birth weight, excessive postpartum weight retention, and subsequent childhood obesity. The US recommendations have been widely accepted by many other Western countries. Because several maternal factors influence the amount of weight gained in pregnancy, especially maternal body mass index (fatness) at conception, which is inversely related to weight gain, these have been taken into consideration in the current recommendations, which are based on actual weight gain in healthy pregnancies. Maternal energy intake is likely a relatively small contributor to variability in weight gain among women.
After-Sight (with Longchenpa)

ABSTRACTLongchen Rabjam or Longchenpa (1308–1364) was a Buddhist practitioner, teacher, and spiritual leader in the Nyingma lineage in Tibet. He is a prominent figure associated with Dzogchen and i...
A Photochemical Route to Optically Active Hexahydro-4H-furopyranol, a High-Affinity P2 Ligand for HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors.

We describe here the syntheses of optically pure (3aS,4S,7aR)-hexahydro-4H-furo[2,3-b]pyran-4-ol and (3aR,4R,7aS)-hexahydro-4H-furo[2,3-b]pyran-4-ol. These stereochemically defined heterocycles are important high-affinity P2 ligands for a variety of highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The key steps involve an efficient Paterno-Buchi [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, catalytic hydrogenation, acid-catalyzed cyclization to form the racemic ligand alcohol, and an enzymatic resolution with immobilized Amano Lipase PS-30. Optically active ligands (-)-6 and (+)-6 were obtained with high enantiomeric purity. Enantiomer (-)-6 has been converted to potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor 3.
Probable Cause with Teeth

The killing of George Floyd, along with other high-profile cases of police officers using fatal force against Black Americans, has led to widespread protests and prompted calls for legal reform. One criticism of the legal system is that police officers often stop, interrogate, and arrest Black Americans for activities that would rarely lead to intervention if engaged in by white individuals. This disparity calls into question whether police officers have been arresting individuals with the quantum of suspicion of wrongdoing that should be required by law. The Fourth Amendment requires police to have probable cause that a crime has been committed prior to conducting an arrest. The United States Supreme Court, however, has provided little guidance on exactly how much certainty of guilt is required to establish probable cause, stating only that probable cause is more than a mere suspicion of wrongdoing, but less than the level of proof needed to convict. This very broad standard was significantly narrowed and lowered in 1983 when Justice Rehnquist, speaking for the plurality in Texas v. Brown, opined that probable cause “does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more likely true than false.” Many lower courts have repeated Justice Rehnquist’s comment on probable cause as if it were settled law. In Probable Cause with Teeth, Professor Cynthia Lee argues that lower courts should stop embracing this understanding of probable cause for several reasons. First, Justice Rehnquist was only able to get three other Justices to sign onto his opinion, therefore, his statement is not binding law. Moreover, a majority of the Court has never held that the standard for probable cause was as low as Justice Rehnquist claimed it to be. Second, Professor Lee argues that Justice Rehnquist’s view of probable cause is misguided as a matter of history, precedent, and logic. Third, Justice Rehnquist’s view of probable cause allows for, and perhaps even fosters, racial disparity in arrests because implicit or explicit bias can impact whether officers stop, arrest, or simply warn an individual. She concludes that a more robust showing should be required for probable cause.
An "Infodemic": Leveraging high-volume twitter data to understand early public sentiment for the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak

Background Twitter has been used to track trends and disseminate health information during viral epidemics. On January 21, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention activated its Emergency Operations Center and the World Health Organization released its first situation report about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sparking significant media attention. How Twitter content and sentiment evolved in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic has not been described. Methods We extracted tweets matching hashtags related to COVID-19 from January 14 to 28, 2020 using Twitter's application programming interface. We measured themes and frequency of keywords related to infection prevention practices. We performed a sentiment analysis to identify the sentiment polarity and predominant emotions in tweets and conducted topic modeling to identify and explore discussion topics over time. We compared sentiment, emotion, and topics among the most popular tweets, defined by the number of retweets. Results We evaluated 126 049 tweets from 53 196 unique users. The hourly number of COVID-19-related tweets starkly increased from January 21, 2020 onward. Approximately half (49.5%) of all tweets expressed fear and approximately 30% expressed surprise. In the full cohort, the economic and political impact of COVID-19 was the most commonly discussed topic. When focusing on the most retweeted tweets, the incidence of fear decreased and topics focused on quarantine efforts, the outbreak and its transmission, as well as prevention. Conclusions Twitter is a rich medium that can be leveraged to understand public sentiment in real-time and potentially target individualized public health messages based on user interest and emotion.
The political economy of the nation form

This is an edited transcript of a lecture to the Vega Symposium on Resurgent Nationalisms and Populist Politics in the Neoliberal Age, held at the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, in April 2...
Una Búsqueda de la Equidad y la Justicia: District Leaders Attempt to Expand Dual Language Bilingual Education for Equity.

This case examines one district’s attempts to enhance and rework its approach to dual language bilingual education (DLBE). Upon her hire at “Triton Public Schools,” the new coordinator for language...
Theoretical Foundations of Multilevel Selection Among Humans

The content of the previous two chapters described mathematical models and presented relevant empirical data pertaining to multilevel selection as a proposed biological universal within the general framework of evolutionary theory. The present chapter turns to phenomena that are believed to apply more specifically to humans. Consistent with the Darwinian principle of continuity, we are not claiming that humans stand alone as somehow separate from the rest of animal nature, given that the differences between human and nonhuman animals are most often differences in degree and not in kind. Nevertheless, there is also a case to be made that all species are to some extent unique and distinguishable from each other based on species-typical characteristics. Following from the principle of continuity, humans are not excepted from the forces of multilevel selection. Nevertheless, humans are unique by virtue of our species-typical characteristics, and so have a unique relationship to multilevel selection deriving from our unique evolutionary history. If we infer correctly, Wilson (2015) concurs with this assessment, figuring among those few authors who recognize the human species as having been particularly susceptible to multilevel selection throughout our evolutionary history. As an explanatory framework, multilevel selection might therefore be most interesting, elaborate, and probable among human populations precisely for the many complex qualities that qualify as human. This section, and all the sections that follow within this chapter, can then be understood to explore the unique properties of humans, both as they were shaped by multilevel selection and as they allowed multilevel selection to assume unprecedented effects and directions. In sum, when simultaneously considering the aforementioned principle of continuity alongside species-typical human universals, one finds certain principles of multilevel selection uniquely applicable to our species and not many others. To fulfill this mandate, we provide prerequisite knowledge of cultural evolution theories, gene-culture coevolution, and cultural group selection before closing with an integrated section embedding group selection within the larger framework of multilevel selection theory.
Engaging 4th and 5th Grade Students with Cultural Pedagogy in Introductory Programming

The computing education community has explored multiple strategies to address the problem of underrepresentation of African American and Latino students. Recently, the community has started to explore culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) to increase the effectiveness of curricula and programs designed to increase participation in underrepresented groups. CRP suggests that the use of culture can benefit students by providing them with opportunities to bring their culture into learning. In this poster paper, we explore the use of CRP to introduce 4th and 5th grade African American students to computer science in an 8-week summer camp through the context of social justice.
Crystal symmetry based selection rules for anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering from a group theory formalism

Anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering serves a critical role in heat conduction in solids. Previous studies have identified many selection rules for possible phonon-phonon scattering channels imposed by phonon energy and momentum conservation conditions and crystal symmetry. However, the crystal-symmetry-based selection rules have mostly been ad hoc so far in selected materials, and a general formalism that can summarize known selection rules and lead to new ones in any given crystal is still lacking. In this work, we apply a general formalism for symmetry-based scattering selection rules based on the group theory to anharmonic phonon-phonon scatterings, which can reproduce known selection rules and guide the discovery of new selection rules between phonon branches imposed by the crystal symmetry. We apply this formalism to analyze the phonon-phonon scattering selection rules imposed by the in-plane symmetry of graphene, and demonstrate the significant impact of symmetry-breaking strain on the lattice thermal conductivity. Our work quantifies the critical influence of the crystal symmetry on the lattice thermal conductivity in solids and suggests routes to engineer heat conduction by tuning the crystal symmetry.
Evaluation of non-invasive bioforensic techniques for determining the age of hot-iron brand burn scars in cattle.

Hot-iron branding is a traditional form of permanent cattle identification in the United States. There is a need for science-based determination of cattle brand age. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to obtain information about animal tissues and healing processes. Height-width allometry and NIRS were applied to hot-iron cattle brand scars to determine if either or both of these methods can be used to non-invasively establish the interval sincethe application of hot-iron cattle brands. Length and width of a brand routinely applied to calves (~30-60 d old) were established and then the same measurements were recorded on 378 calfhood branded cattle of known age ranging from 0.5 to > 6.5 yr-of-age. Brand width and height increased over the original measurements by > 100% between calfhood application and 2.5 yr-of-age (P 6.5 yr, however, both width and height were (P < 0.05) greater at maturity than at weaning. Near infrared spectra were collected from a) branded skin b) non-clipped (hair), non-branded skin, and c) hair clipped, non-branded skin on Bos taurus cross calves. Individual trial calibrations yielded high R 2 and low SE of calibration values as well as similar cross validation performance (P < 0.001). Numerically lower but still strong performance (P < 0.001) resulted from combined data set calibrations. Cross-trial prediction of brand age was unsuccessful. One single year calibration underpredicted (P < 0.001) brand age of an independent validation set by 2.83 d, and another single year calibration underpredicted (P < 0.001) the same validation set by 9.91 d. When combined, these two datasets resulted in a calibration that overpredicted brand age in the validation set by 6.9 d (P < 0.02). Discriminant analyses for identification of skin surface type yielded success rates of 90% for branded, 99% for non-clipped, non-branded, and 96% for clipped, non-branded (P < 0.01). Discriminant analyses were also performed on samples grouped into a) less than 33 d, b) 141-153 d, and c) 169 d categories. All group membership identifications were successful at greater than 90% (P < 0.01). Preliminary results indicate that brand size could be used to indicate brand age and that NIRS can predict brand age as well as discriminate between broad brand age groups in cattle. More work will need to be done before these techniques can be used in real-world forensic applications.
Survival after orthotopic heart transplantation in patients with BMI > = 35 with and without diabetes.

BACKGROUND Orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients with a body mass index (BMI) > = 35 have worse survival than those with a BMI 35. METHODS Patients > 18 years who underwent OHT 2008-2017 with a BMI > = 35 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Recipient and donor characteristics were compared. A Kaplan Meier analysis was performed. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model examined the relationship between diabetes and survival. The equivalence of survival outcomes was examined by an unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model and the two one-sided test procedure, using a pre-specified equivalence region. RESULTS Patients with diabetes were older, had a higher creatinine, lower bilirubin, fewer months on the waitlist, and the donor was less likely to be on inotropes. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference in patient survival. Recipient factors associated with an increased risk of death were increasing bilirubin and machine ventilation. Increasing ischemic time resulted in an increased hazard of death. Long-term survival outcomes were equivalent. CONCLUSIONS In OHT recipients with a BMI > 35, there is no statistical difference in longterm survival in recipients with or without diabetes. These results encourage continued consideration for OHT in patients BMI > 35 with coexisting diabetes.
In decompensated cirrhosis, targeted albumin infusions did not improve an in-hospital composite outcome at 15 d.

SOURCE CITATION China L, Freemantle N, Forrest E, et al. A randomized trial of albumin infusions in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:808-17. 33657293.
Remediation of reduced sulfur species effects on gold and silver recovery during cyanide leaching

Abstract Cyanidation circuits that treat sulfidic ores may contain one or more of the following reduced sulfur species: sulfide (HS−), polysulfides (Sn2−), thiocyanate (SCN−), thiosulfate (S2O32−), trithionate (S3O62−), tetrathionate (S4O62−), pentathionate (S5O62−), hexathionate (S6O62−). The actual speciation of the reduced sulfur species in the circuits will primarily depend on the redox potential, pH, cyanide levels and existing sulfur species in recycled process water, as well as the presence of other reactive metal species. Higher polythionates (i.e. tetra-, penta- and hexathionate) present in leach solutions react with cyanide ions rapidly and consume the available cyanide causing lower metal recoveries at cyanide leaching plants. When higher polythionate ions are degraded to trithionate, cyanide consumption by these ions could be lowered, and metal recoveries would increase. This study presents the sulfur species formed and a practical polythionate degradation method that can be applied within the cyanidation circuits. The possibility of increased gold and silver recoveries and decreased cyanide consumptions by controlling the higher polythionates (SnO62−, n = 3,4,5,6) with the addition of sulfite salts to the cyanide leach slurries was studied. Experimental results showed that average gold and silver recoveries increased by 13.3% and 28.8%, respectively at 500 ppm (mg/L) NaCN and 300 ppm (mg/L) sulfite (SO32−) concentration levels compared to the control experiments where no sulfite was added to the leach slurries. Additionally, higher sulfite concentrations in the leach slurries resulted in lower tetrathionate and higher thiosulfate, trithionate and available cyanide concentrations.
Rescuing the map from the nation

Tania Rossetto and Laura Lo Presti seek to rescue the national map from nationalism. Or at least from that nationalism characterized by reactionary, tradition-bound, and exclusionary practices and ...
Children are suboptimal in adapting motor exploration to task dimensionality during motor learning.

Abstract Motor learning in novel tasks requires exploration to find the appropriate coordination patterns to perform the task. Prior work has shown that compared to adults, children show limited exploration when learning a task that required using upper body movements to control a 2D cursor on a screen. Here, by changing the task dimensionality to 1D, we examined two competing hypotheses: whether children show limited exploration as a general strategy, or whether children are suboptimal in adapting their exploration to task dimensionality. Two groups of children (9- and 12-year olds), and one group of adults learned a virtual task that involved learning to control a cursor on the screen using movements of the upper body. Participants practiced the task for a single session with a total of 232 reaching movements. Results showed that 9-year olds show worse task performance relative to adults, as indicated by higher movement times and path lengths. Analysis of the coordination strategies indicated that both groups of children showed lower variance along the first principal component, suggesting that they had greater exploration than adults which was suboptimal for the 1D task. These results suggest that motor learning in children is characterized not by limited exploration per se, but by a limited adaptability in matching motor exploration to task dimensionality.
Towards an Urban Design Paradigm

Definit ions and paradigms for urban design are studied in Principles of Urban Design, a seminar at the graduate program, and Anne Wyatt o bserves that good urban designs are like romances: although they can just happen by chance, both of them have to be well nurtured.
TU-EF-303-01: Altered Mechanical Poperties of Cells and Nuclei in Cancer

Many medical physics diagnostic and therapeutic developments have significant overlap with biophysical approaches to measuring and modeling molecular and cellular systems. Although these methods may differ dramatically in terms of temporal and spatial scales, many of the underlying concepts are identical, suggesting potential synergies across the scales. For example, while clinical imaging is typically in the (sub)millimeter and second regime, biophysical imaging technologies reach sub-nanometer and sub-picosecond scales. Despite these scale differences, the use of molecular labeling, resulting large datasets, and need for quantitative analysis methods are similar, and solutions developed for one application are easily translated to others. Similarly, mathematical models used to understand clinical responses are often based on molecular and cellular networks that have been elucidated by biophysical studies. In turn, such models are directly useful for guiding on-going biophysical and biomedical research. Relevant biophysical applications are found in the cancer, neuroscience, and cardiac fields, which are also research focus areas for many AAPM members. Presentations by physicists working in biophysics will explore potential synergies with diagnostic and therapeutic medical physics, as well as help identify areas of common interest that would be ripe for novel collaborations. Learning Objectives: 1. 1.To learn about differences in temporal and spatial scales of medical physics and biophysics 2. To learn about common methods used in medical physics and biophysics 3. To learn about synergistic opportunities between medical physics and biophysics
Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis to the Penis

Secondary cancers of the penis are extremely uncommon with less than 300 cases reported in the past 100 years. These cancers are most frequently a result of an aggressive or poorly managed primary prostate or bladder cancer and rarely a metastasis from a primary kidney tumor. Currently, there is no published literature which describes the spread of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC) to the penis. In this report, we present a 55-year-old-man who presented with a large right-sided SRCC which metastasized to the base of his penis within 1 month of symptom onset. We also discuss the possible route of metastasis based on primary tumor size and location within the retroperitoneum.
Repeating Decimals, II

In this chapter we examine the orders of elements of ℤ t , for any number t, and complete our study of repeating decimals. These subjects are closely related, for we showed in Chapter I-12 that the base a expansion of u/t, \({u\over t}=(.a_1a_2\ldots a_da_1a_2\ldots a_da_1\ldots)_a\ =(.a_1a_2\ldots a_d)_a, \) is repeating: $$ {u\over t}=(.a_1a_2\ldots a_da_1a_2\ldots a_da_1\ldots)_a\ =(.\overline{a_1a_2\ldots a_d})_a, $$ where d, the length of the period of repetition or, as we shall say for short, the period, is the smallest number n such that a n ≡ 1 (mod t). That is, the period of u/t in base a is the order of a mod t.
Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical Systems (RF MEMS)

Radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) devices are microscale devices that achieve superior performance relative to other technologies by taking advantage of the accuracy, precision, materials, and miniaturization available through microfabrication. These devices use their mechanical and electrical properties to perform a specific RF electrical function such as switching, transmission, or filtering. RF MEMS has been a popular area of research since the early 1990s, and within the last several years, the technology has matured sufficiently for commercialization and use in commercial market systems. Keywords: radio frequency microelectromechanical systems; micromachining; acoustic filters; microwave switches
Properties of the enterotoxic component in Escherichia coli enteropathogenic for swine.

The enterotoxic component in sterile syncase broth filtrates of Escherichia coli strains 340 (O9:K·:NM) and P307 (O8:K87,88a,b:H19) was studied. The enterotoxic activity in both strains was retained by an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight retention of 100,000 (XM-100A) and eluted from a Sephadex G-200 column in the void volume. The enterotoxic activity in strain 340 was resistant to heating at 75 C for 30 min, but the activity in strain P307 was destroyed by heating at 60 C for 30 min. The P307 Sephadex G-200 column eluate possessing the enterotoxic activity, when desalted, contained 45.8% carbohydrate and 9.3% protein, and had an ED50 of 2.2 mg/rabbit ileal loop. Immunodiffusion studies showed that this material contained both endotoxin and acid-polysaccharide capsular material. The enterotoxic activity was acidlabile and was destroyed by Pronase, but was resistant to trypsin and eluted as a single peak in the void volume of a 4% agarose column. The enterotoxic component could not be separated from the endotoxin; in fact, the data indicated that the two components are closely associated and that the enterotoxic activity resides in material of a protein nature.
Some Assembly Required: Work, Community, and Politics in China's Rural Enterprises – By Calvin Chen

Township and village enterprises (TVEs) have been an important part of the story of rapid economic growth in China over the past three decades. In this book, the author follows the case study appro...
Feasibility of Four-Year Crop Rotations in the Central High Plains

In the central Great Plains, there has been an increase in summer crops, such as grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] or corn (Zea mays L.), grown in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer crop-fallow rotation. This field study quantified the effects of increasing cropping intensity beyond a 3-yr rotation on soil water dynamics and wheat and grain sorghum production and profitability and determined the grain yields necessary to ensure greater profitability over 3-yr rotations. Cropping systems evaluated were wheat-wheat-sorghum-fallow (WWSF), wheat-sorghum-sorghum-fallow (WSSF), and continuous wheat (WW). Available soil water (ASW) at wheat planting was 82 mm greater following sorghum than following wheat; however, fallow efficiency decreased from 50% following wheat to 20% following sorghum. At sorghum planting, ASW was 22 to 32 mm greater following wheat than sorghum. Before sorghum, soil water accumulation during fallow was much greater following wheat than sorghum (168 vs. 60 mm). Fallow efficiency was also greater (34 vs. 23%). Wheat yields were 43% (1.2 Mg ha -1 ) greater following sorghum than wheat. Grain sorghum yields were 36% (1.5 Mg ha -1 ) greater following wheat than sorghum. Production costs were similar for all rotations. The WSSF rotation had the highest net returns, about $95 ha -1 compared with $92 ha -1 for a simulated WSF rotation, $76 ha -1 for WWSF, and $49 ha -1 for WW. In this study, grain yields required to make 4-yr rotations more profitable than a 3-yr WSF rotation were recrop sorghum yields of 3.5 to 4.0 Mg ha -1 and recrop wheat yields of 2.5 to 3.0 Mg ha -1 .
Pyocolpos: Diagnosis and treatment

Pyocolpos is a rare complication of hydrocolpos. Hydrocolpos usually presents during adolescence and is associated with an imperforate hymen. The following is a case of a 3-month-old girl with pyocolpos. Her history was significant for a urinary tract infection (UTI) at 7 weeks of age. The authors believe that her UTI was caused by urinary retention secondary to hydrocolpos. A complete evaluation may have prevented the complication of pyocolpos.
Endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid for complex cases of vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: The surgical correction of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is highly successful. This success decreases in more complex cases and often involves reoperation and increased morbidity. We present our experience with the use of subureteral injection of dextranomer/ hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) in complex cases of vesicoureteral reflux in which open surgery would have been indicated. Materials and Methods: Between October 2001 and July 2003, 72 patients 9 months to 31 years old (mean age 5.6 years) underwent subureteral injection of Dx/HA for complex VUR at our institutions. Dx/HA was injected submucosally within the intramural ureter (modified STING) in most cases. A guidewire was used to manipulate the ureteral orifice and a retrograde ureterogram was used to delineate the anatomy in selected cases. The average volume of injected material was measured for each ureter. Renal sonography was performed to determine if hydronephrosis was present. At 3 months fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrograms were used to evaluate for the presence of VUR. Results: A total of 93 ureters were treated in 55 girls and 17 boys. All cases were considered to be complex as 17 had persistent reflux after open surgery (7 megaureters repairs, 2 extravesical repairs, 7 intravesical reimplants and 1 blind ureter), 11 had persistent reflux and neurogenic bladder, 7 had ectopic ureters to bladder neck, 6 had bilateral Hutch diverticulum, 6 had persistent stump reflux, 5 had ureterocele after puncture or incision, 15 had duplications, 1 had the prune belly syndrome, 2 had posterior urethral valve following resection, 1 had epispadias and 1 had urogenital sinus. The average maximum reflux grade was IV. An average of 1.1 cc (range 0.4 to 2) was injected per ureter. Of the patients 69 had 3-month followup results. The overall success rate was 68% after 1 implantation (47 of 69). Conclusions: Submucosal intraureteral implantation with Dx/HA corrected complex vesicoureteral reflux in 68% of patients. In all of these patients open surgery would have potentially been difficult. The use of fluoroscopy and/or guidewires is a useful adjunct in these cases. We believe that this minimally invasive approach is warranted as an initial step in the management of complex cases of VUR before resorting to more difficult open surgical procedures.
Alterations in T, B, and null cells in children with autoimmune diseases.

Abstract The numbers and proportions of circulating T, B, and null cells were determined in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), dermatomyositis (DM), acute rheumatic fever (ARF), Sjogren's syndrome, and chronic active hepatitis (CH). A decreased proportion of T cells was found in eight patients with JRA, three patients with DM, and two patients with CH; a corresponding increase in the proportion of B cells and/or null cells was observed in these children. One patient with JRA and one patient with Sjogren's syndrome, both of whom had high rheumatoid factor titers, exhibited normal T and B cell levels. Longitudinal studies of three of six patients showed that increases in T cell percentages correlated with the lessening of disease activity. All six patients examined for lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) showed decreased reactivity but purified T cells in five of these patients reacted normally to this mitogen.
Subjective and psychomotor effects of bolus doses of nitrous oxide in humans

Nitrous oxide, commonly used in medical settings for its anxiolytic, analgesic, and anesthetic effects, is also used recreationally. One method of using this agent recreationally is to inhale a pure bolus of nitrous oxide (N2 O) one or more times in succession. The effects of such an inhalation mode (i.e. brief inhalation of higher concentrations of N2 O) have not been adequately characterized. The present experiment examined the subjective and psychomotor effects of short duration (or bolus) administrations of a range of concentrations of N2O in healthy volunteers. We used a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design in which N2O was administered to subjects for 45 s in concentrations of O (oxygen-placebo), 20, 40, and 80 per cent. A number2 of subjective effects, including increased VAS ratings of ‘high,’ ‘tingling,’ ‘stimulated,’ and ‘confused’ and increased ‘euphoria’ and ‘psychedelic effects’ scores on an Inhalant Drug Effects post-session questionnaire were found with higher concentrations of N2O (i.e. 40 per cent and 80 per cent). Subjective effects were short-lived and had usually dissipated within several minutes of inhalation. Psychomotor performance did not differ between the first time that we measured it postinhalation (2.5 min) and pre-inhalation (baseline), but the self-reported time course of effects of N2O suggested that we tested post-inhalation psychomotor performance when effects were subsiding (i.e. not when they were at their peak). We conclude that bolus concentrations of N2O produce a range of subjective effects which is consistent with its recreational use (abuse).
Epinephrine in oil: Its effect in the symptomatic treatment of hay fever

Abstract 1.1. The symptomatic effect of epinephrine in oil was studied on 35 patients with seasonal or perennial hay fever or both. All were having typical symptoms of hay fever at the time of treatment. Thirty-one were and had been receiving specific desensitization therapy. Four patients had never received specific therapy. 2.2. The dose of epinephrine in oil varied from 0.2 c.c. to 0.5 c.c., but 0.3 c.c. was the customary dose. The injections were made subcutaneously in the upper arm. Only two patients complained of slight soreness at the site of injection. Small doses were employed because side reactions to the epinephrine, in such doses as are used with impunity in asthmatic patients, were frequent in the patients with hay fever, who for the most part had never received before an injection of epinephrine in any form. 3.3. Thirty patients received prolonged relief from symptoms following each injection. Three patients evaluated the degree of relief as 25 per cent, 10 as 50 per cent, 12 as 75 per cent, and 5 as 100 per cent. Five patients received no relief from symptoms. The duration of relief from symptoms following each treatment ranged from twelve to thirty-six hours. 4.4. Nine patients complained of nervousness for one to three hours after treatment. Subsequently when the dose was reduced no side reactions to the epinephrine were experienced. 5.5. Because of the many incontrollable factors which influence the symptoms of patients with hay fever from day to day, it is difficult to evaluate the true effectiveness of any symptomatic therapy. Therefore, the results obtained with epinephrine in oil must be accepted conservatively.
Influenza vaccine coverage and missed opportunities among inner-city children aged 6 to 23 months: 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVE. In 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended universal influenza vaccination of 6- to 23-month-olds. Little is known about coverage and missed opportunities for influenza vaccination at inner-city practices. The objective of this study was to assess the 2000–2001 to 2004–2005 coverage and the prevalence of missed opportunities for influenza vaccination among inner-city children. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review for the 2000–2001 to 2004–2005 influenza seasons at a practice network in New York City. The study population included 5 annual cohorts of 6- to 29-month olds as of March 31 of each year with ≥1 visit to the network in the previous 12 months (n = 7063). Immunization data were obtained from the network registry and the New York Citywide Immunization Registry. Coverage levels were estimated for 1 dose (partial) and 2 doses (full). Missed opportunities were assessed for visits within each influenza season. RESULTS. Coverage rose steadily throughout the 5 years (full: 1.6% to 23.7%; partial: 1.5% to 18.1%). The relationship between year and coverage was linear. Missed opportunities occurred in 82% of visits and were more common for first (89%) than for repeat doses (38%). Missed opportunities per child per season decreased from 2.9 to 2.0 during the study period. CONCLUSIONS. Influenza vaccine coverage among 6- to 23-month-olds at inner-city practices increased steadily from 2000–2001 through 2004–2005, and the prevalence of missed opportunities per child decreased. However, coverage remained suboptimal, with most of children not vaccinated or undervaccinated. Missed opportunities were major contributors to low coverage.
Changes in biologic and/or immunologic parameters induced by intratracheal instillation of pregnant mice with benzo(α)pyrene are potentially confounded by anesthesia

Benzo(α)pyrene (B(α)P) is a potent multiorgan carcinogen released into the atmosphere from commercial, domestic, and industrial sources. Studies using animal models have shown that giving B(α)P parenterally to pregnant animals (i.e., dams) led to increased tumor frequency and sensitivity to tumorigenesis in their progeny. The authors’ studies also showed that the progeny of the B(α)P-exposed dams displayed increased deficiencies in cell-mediated and humoral immune functions, changes among T-cell subsets in developing lymphoid tissues, and significant expression of B(α)P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts in thymic, splenic, and (fetal) liver tissues. The authors evaluated whether similar biologic/immunologic effects of B(α)P seen earlier in parenterally exposed mouse dams (and offspring) occurred if dams were exposed to B(α)P via the lungs. Pregnant dams were subjected to intratracheal instillation of B(α)P (at 1 mg/ml corn oil, 0.1 ml/instillate) beginning on day 11 of pregnancy (GD 11) and ...
OPTIMAL CONSUMPTION AND PORTFOLIO DECISIONS WITH PARTIALLY OBSERVED REAL PRICES

We consider optimal consumption and portfolio investment problems of an investor who is interested in maximizing his utilities from consumption and terminal wealth subject to a random inflation in the consumption basket price over time. We consider two cases: (i) when the investor observes the basket price and (ii) when he receives only noisy observations on the basket price. We derive the optimal policies and show that a modified Mutual Fund Theorem consisting of three funds holds in both cases. The compositions of the funds in the two cases are the same, but in general the investor's allocations of his wealth into these funds will differ. However, in the particular case when the investor has constant relative risk-aversion (CRRA) utility, his optimal investment allocations into these funds are also the same in both cases.
Mechanical properties of metaphyseal bone in the proximal femur

We used a three-point bending test to investigate the structural behavior of 123 rectangular flat plate specimens harvested from the metaphyseal shell of the cervical and intertrochanteric regions of five fresh/frozen human proximal femora. For comparison purposes, 36 specimens of similar geometry were also fabricated from bone of the femoral diaphysis. All specimens were oriented in either the local longitudinal or transverse directions. The mean longitudinal elastic modulus was 9650 +/- 2410 (SD) MPa and demonstrated a 24% decrease from that measured for the diaphysis (12500 +/- 2140 MPa) using the same testing technique. However, the transverse elastic moduli did not differ significantly between the proximal (5470 +/- 1720 MPa) and diaphyseal (5990 +/- 1520 MPa) specimens. The globally averaged values for the ultimate tensile strengths of the metaphyseal shell were 101 +/- 26 MPa in the longitudinal and 50 +/- 12 MPa in the transverse directions. These compared with diaphyseal values of 128 +/- 16 MPa and 47 +/- 12 MPa, respectively. While these differences were largely due to the reduced density of the proximal specimens, a slight decrease in transverse anisotropy for the proximal specimens was also noted by comparing the ratio of longitudinal to transverse moduli (1.76) and tensile strength (2.02) to the diaphyseal values (2.09 and 2.71, respectively). Use of these data should lead to improved performance of analytical models for the proximal femur, and thus help focus increased attention on the structural contribution of trabecular bone to the strength and rigidity of the proximal femur.
Estimating Unit Cost in a Cogeneration Plant Using Least Squares

A method for establishing unit costs of delivered steam and electrical energy is presented. This method employs the use of least squares, based on a linear model of electrical energy generation and delivered steam as functions of generated boiler steam. The model is based on a plant design that allows steam to be extracted from between stages of the generating turbines at a reduced pressure to be used to serve heating loads. Alternatively, the steam can be run through lower pressure stages in the turbine to generate additional electrical power, and be exhausted at a vacuum, as dictated by external steam and electrical demand. A discussion of the accuracy of the method is presented as well as an example of the use of the method using two years of actual plant production.
Alternative haematopoietic stem cell sources for transplantation: place of umbilical cord blood

Umbilical cord blood has rapidly become a valuable alternative stem cell source for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Extensive research over the last 20 years has established the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood transplantation in both children and adults with a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. This research has clearly shown that this stem cell source has several unique characteristics resulting in distinct advantages and disadvantages when compared to transplantation with unrelated bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells. This article reviews the most recent literature comparing the outcomes after umbilical cord blood transplantation with other alternative stem cell sources.
IFT25 Links the Signal-Dependent Movement of Hedgehog Components to Intraflagellar Transport

The intraflagellar transport (IFT) system is required for building primary cilia, sensory organelles that cells use to respond to their environment. IFT particles are composed of about 20 proteins, and these proteins are highly conserved across ciliated species. IFT25, however, is absent from some ciliated organisms, suggesting that it may have a unique role distinct from ciliogenesis. Here, we generate an Ift25 null mouse and show that IFT25 is not required for ciliary assembly but is required for proper Hedgehog signaling, which in mammals occurs within cilia. Mutant mice die at birth with multiple phenotypes, indicative of Hedgehog signaling dysfunction. Cilia lacking IFT25 have defects in the signal-dependent transport of multiple Hedgehog components including Patched-1, Smoothened, and Gli2, and fail to activate the pathway upon stimulation. Thus, IFT function is not restricted to building cilia where signaling occurs, but also plays a separable role in signal transduction events.
Characterizing the Mathematics Anxiety Literature Using Confidence Intervals as a Literature Review Mechanism

ABSTRACT The authors report the contextualization of effect sizes within mathematics anxiety research, and more specifically within research using the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) and the MARS for Adolescents (MARS-A). The effect sizes from 45 studies were characterized by graphing confidence intervals (CIs) across studies involving (a) adults not participating in studies focusing on remedial or entry-level mathematics students or teachers, (b) remedial mathematics and entry-level college mathematics students, (c) preservice and inservice teachers, and (d) 7–12th-grade students and rising college students. The results also illustrate how CIs can be useful in research syntheses, because CIs (a) encourage meta-analytic thinking, (b) provide information about the research precision of a literature, and (c) provide plausible estimates for parameter values even if initial research expectations are wildly wrong.
A Note on the Height of Transitive Depth-One Graded Lie Algebras Generated by Their Local Parts

For a transitive depth-one graded Lie algebra over a field of characteristic greater than two, a limit on the degree of the highest gradation space is determined.
Physician medical direction of ems education programs: Policy resource and education paper

(1998). Physician medical direction of ems education programs: Policy resource and education paper. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 158-159.
Geology and environmental significance of sediment distributions in an area of the submerged Niagara escarpment, Georgian Bay

The study site covers a spur of the submerged Niagara escarpment and part of the Flowerpot basin of Georgian Bay. Bedrock outcrops occur on islands and shoals but much of the area is covered by glacial till (10–20 m thick). Glaciolacustrine clay occurs in thin patches on the spur; in the deepest parts of the area, however, it is nearly 70 m thick. The distributions of Recent sediments which comprise lag-gravels, sands and silty clays, reflect major postglacial lake level changes in the Huron — Georgian Bay basin.
Living Carbocationic Polymerization. XXXIX. Isobutylene Polymerization in the Presence of Pyridine and Various Other Electron Donors

Abstract Aspects of the living polymerization of isobutylene (IB) initiated by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4 combination have been investigated in the presence and absence of di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) and various electron donors (ED), such as pyridine, tri-n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, urea, nitromethane, acetonitrile, acetone, acetyl chloride, tetrahydrofuran, tri-n-butyl phosphine, triethylphosphite, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethylsulfoxide. All these EDs, commonly regarded as “poisons” of cationic polymerizations, exert, in fact, beneficial effects; for example, they cause the narrowing of molecular weight distributions (MWD). The active agents are TiCl4-ED complexes which in some systems may be partially insoluble and precipitate from the charges. A detailed series of experiments with the TMPCl/TiCl4/IB/pyridine system demonstrates the living nature of these polymerizations.
Modulation of brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression by jumonji domain-containing proteins ELF6 and REF6 in Arabidopsis

Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), are of great importance for plant growth and development. BRs signal through a cell surface receptor kinase, BRI1, and a GSK3-like kinase, BIN2, to regulate the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors, which directly bind to target gene promoters to activate or repress gene expression and mediate BR responses. To understand how BES1 regulates target gene expression, we identified two BES1-interacting proteins, ELF6 (early flowering 6) and its homolog REF6 (relative of early flowering 6), both of which are Jumonji N/C (JmjN/C) domain-containing proteins and were previously found to regulate flowering time. The interactions between BES1 and ELF6/REF6 were confirmed by GST pull-down and BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) experiments. Mutations in ELF6 or REF6 genes in Arabidopsis lead to BR-related phenotypes, including impaired cell elongation and reduced expression of BR target genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation status was changed in elf6 and ref6 mutants, consistent with recent findings that many Jmj proteins are histone demethylases. Our results demonstrate that BES1 recruits other transcriptional regulators such as ELF6 and REF6 to regulate target gene expression and coordinate BR responses with other developmental processes such as control of flowering time. Jmj domain-containing histone demethylases are involved in gene expression in many developmental processes and diseases, but how these proteins affect specific pathways is not well understood. Thus, our study establishes an important mechanism by which Jmj domain proteins modulate specific gene expression by interacting with pathway-specific transcription factors such as BES1.