cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rooting dynamics of Medicago sativa seedlings growing in association with Bothriochloa caucasica.

Medicago sativa was seeded into an established sward of Bothriochloa caucasica. Two frequencies of sward defoliation were compared to a nondefoliated control. Although 84 to 92% of the root mass at 0–20 cm belonged to B. caucasica during the spring and summer samplings, defoliation generally reduced the root mass of B. caucasica. During the summer, aboverground mass of B. caucasica ranged from 735 to 1220 g m-2 and 295 to 410 g m-2 for control and defoliation treatments, respectively. Defoliation apparently reduced the competitive effects of B. caucasica on M. sativa, as taproot and lateral root mass of M. sativa was much higher in defoliated than in control plots by the end of the growing season. Predawn xylem potential of M. sativa was 0.4 to 0.8 MPa more negative in control than in defoliated plots from mid-summer to fall. Thus, we suggest that the transpirational demand of undefoliated B. caucasica reduced soil moisture available to M. sativa, thereby reducing its growth and survival during late summer and fall, compared to defoliated treatments.
Changing the Subject: Conversation in Supermax

-From a poem by a long-term supermax prisoner Supermaximum prisons are designed to produce a profound social exclusion, both within prison systems and in relation to the outside world. Prisoners in these facilities are held in single, sometimes windowless cells for 23 or more hours a day. They are fed through a hole in the door and taken out, under guard, only for showers or brief exercise in solitary yards. Sophisticated technologies of control, including intensive panoptical surveillance, keep human contact to the barest minimum. This form of confinement is generally considered to be "solitary" and is widely criticized for its deleterious effects on the mental condition of prisoners. In this article, I explore a paradoxical effect of supermax confinement: in many of these prisons inmates can talk with their immediate neighbors and even hold shouted discussions with others held nearby. Using the work of the social
G2(MP2) characterization of conformational preferences in 2-substituted ethanols (XCH2CH2OH) and related systems

The preferred conformation of species of the general form XCH2−CH2Y can be gauche (X = Y = F or X = F, Y = Me) or trans (X = F, Y = Cl or Br, and [X, Y] = [Cl, Br]). If either or both of X or Y = OH, then new degrees of freedom open, and the possibility of H ···X interaction complicates the picture. We present G2MP2 calculations on the series, which represent the preferences faithfully. NBO analyses of DFT densities help us to understand the patterns of conformational preferences. We address the question of whether hydrogen bonding as generally understood plays a central role in establishing preferences in the alcohols and diols. A consistent account of conformational preferences can be founded on simple notions of electrostatic attraction.
Use of CT dose notification and alert values in routine clinical practice.

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact on workflow of the use of notification and alert values in our practice and to provide baseline data for quality improvement initiatives. Methods and Materials Five diagnostic clinical CT scanners were programmed with the notification and alert values recommended by the American Association of Physics in Medicine. Retrospective analysis was performed on log files to assess the frequency of and reason for notification and alert events. Results Between February and September of 2012, 11,384 patients were scanned on the 5 systems. One alert occurred because of the use of bolus tracking in a morbidly obese patient, where the prescan cumulative volume CT dose index for the exam exceeded the recommended alert value of 1,000 mGy. Only 1.2 ± 0.6% of patient scans triggered a notification. Notifications were mainly triggered because of bolus tracking and/or large patient size. Protocols triggering notifications most often included CT angiography of the chest for pulmonary emboli. Conclusion Because only a small percentage of performed patient examinations triggered a notification or alert event, the impact on workflow of adopting these features was negligible. Evaluation of the logs identified trends in reasons for which notification events were triggered; these primarily included large patient size and bolus tracking. Additionally, specific protocols were identified where adjustment of notification values was deemed necessary.
Prevention of reperfusion injury in ischemic‐reperfused hearts by oxypurinol and allopurinol

We investigated the effects of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol on isolated rabbit hearts. To assess the potential role of these drugs in preventing reperfusion injury, hearts were perfused using Langendorff techniques, held globally ischemic for 3 h at 15°C, and then reperfused. During perfusion, hearts received Krebs-Henseleit solution maintained at 37°C. Aortic perfusion pressure was held constant at 80 cm H2O. Prior to ischemia, hearts were arrested with a constant volume of KCl cardioplegia. Using a left ventricular (LV) balloon, developed pressures were measured prior to and following global ischemia. In addition, coronary circulation (CC) was measured before and after ischemia. All hearts were paced at 260 beats/min. We studied four groups: group 1 received 1 mM allopurinol, group 2 received 1 mM oxypurinol, group 3 received 90 IU/ml superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus 8085 IU/ml catalase (CAT), and group 4 received no treatment and served as a control. Each group consisted of 8 animals. Hearts receiving drug treatment did so during the first 5 min of reperfusion. Displaying all data as a function of LV volume, postischemic values were compared to preischemic values. Multivariate analysis and Tukey tests were used to detect significant differences between groups. When compared to the control group, all drug-treated groups significantly recovered end-diastolic function. Peak systolic pressure decreased significantly in the SOD/CAT group as compared to all other groups. LV isovolumetric work decreased significantly more in the SOD/CAT and control groups than in the oxypurinol group. Coronary circulation decreased significantly in the SOD/CAT and control groups as compared to the allopurinol and oxypurinol groups. Our results demonstrate an enhanced recovery of function when oxypurinol and allopurinol are given at the time of reperfusion. Recent evidence has supported the view that rabbit myocardium, as well as human myocardium, lacks xanthine oxidase. The beneficial effects seen with these drugs may therefore be unrelated to the presence of xanthine oxidase.
Influence of N-glycan chain length on chaperone association and intracellular transport of major histocompatibility complex class I proteins.

Recent studies demonstrate that processing of N-linked glycans plays an important role in the quality control of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex and beyond. Here, we investigated the importance of oligosaccharide chain length on the association of MHC class I proteins with molecular chaperones and their intracellular transport from the ER to the Golgi. These data show that calnexin interaction with class I proteins having truncated N-glycans was reduced compared to normal class I molecules, whereas the assembly of class I with calreticulin and TAP was unperturbed by N-glycan chain length. Additionally, these results demonstrate that class I proteins containing truncated N-glycans showed decreased detachment from calreticulin and TAP relative to class I proteins bearing typical oligosaccharides. Taken together, these studies show that N-glycan chain length is an important determinant for the quality control of newly synthesized MHC class I proteins in the ER.
The detection and interpretation of Alaskan fire-disturbed boreal forest ecosystems using ERS-1 SAR imagery

AVHRR data have been used to determine area and location of Alaskan fire scars in the 1990 and 1991 fire seasons. The detectability of fire scars as well as the estimates of area burned using AVHRR data are limited by the coarse resolution of the sensor (1 km). While such coarse resolution data are necessary for large area analysis, finer resolution sensors are preferable for more detailed studies of smaller regions. Initial observations of the European ERS-1 C-VV SAR satellite imagery have resulted in detection of recent (1-5 year old) Alaskan fire scars. These recently burned areas have a brighter radar return in the ERS-1 SAR imagery (3-6 dB brighter) than adjacent unburned forests. The enhanced radar return from fire scars has been found to vary spatially across a fire scar as well as temporally throughout a season. The purpose of this study is to analyze this variability and to determine the best season in which to detect fire scars and to estimate the area burned. Since the ERS-1 SAR has much finer resolution (30 m) than the AVHRR sensor, area estimates of burn should be substantially more accurate. This study focuses on several fire scars throughout the interior of Alaska from the 1980s and 90s. Seasonal ERS-1 data of these fire scars were obtained from 1991 to 1994. Area estimates of the burned regions in the ERS-1 imagery are calculated through the use of a GIS database. This GIS database also contains burn boundaries mapped by the Alaska Fire Service (AFS). An evaluation of the ERS-1 area estimates is made through comparisons with AFS records and estimates obtained using the AVHRR sensor.
Repetition Blindness and Aging: Evidence for a Binding Deficit Involving a Single, Theoretically Specified Connection

This study tested 2 main hypotheses for explaining repetition blindness (RB), a difficulty in encoding and recalling rapidly presented repeated words in sentences. Under 1 hypothesis, RB reflects an inhibitory process and should be more pronounced in young than in older Ss, who typically exhibit diminished inhibitory processes. Under the second hypothesis, RB reflects a failure to bind a specific connection: The second connection from the single node for encoding a repeated word is difficult to form under time pressure. Under this binding hypothesis, young adults should exhibit less RB than older adults, who typically require more time to form new connections. Results supported a version of the binding hypothesis but contradicted the inhibition hypothesis, and did not support hypotheses whereby RB reflects either a refractory effect or perceptual fusion of the repeated words.
ASSET: A simulation test bed for data association algorithms

Abstract Data association is an information processing procedure typically associated with surveillance and monitoring activities. Because of the importance of data association in a variety of areas from military operations to meteorology and medicine, there are a number of algorithms that purport to effectively automate it. Evaluation of these algorithms on realistic problems is difficult because until recently there was no accepted measure for algorithm performance. This paper describes ASSET, a test bed for data association algorithms, that evaluates the effectiveness of these algorithms from a user's perspective. The test bed produces performance measures for the algorithms, which allow for easy comparisons over a range of design parameters. Applications of the test bed to the testing of current surveillance algorithms are also described.
Paired-pulse potentiation of α7-containing nAChRs in rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum interneurones

Diverse subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), including fast-desensitizing α7-containing receptors, are expressed in the CNS. While nAChRs appear to regulate cognitive processing and synaptic plasticity, little is known to date about how this regulation occurs, particularly in brain regions known to be important for cognition. By combining patch-clamp electrophysiology with local photolysis of caged carbachol to rapidly activate the α7-containing nAChRs in rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum interneurones in slices, we describe a novel transient up-regulation of channel function. The nAChRs were activated using a paired-pulse uncaging protocol, where the duration of the UV laser pulses (5–25 ms) and the interval between pulses (200 ms to 30 s) were varied. At relatively long interpulse intervals, we observed a strong (> 75%) decrease in the amplitude of the second response due to desensitization. However, when two pulses were applied at a 200 ms interval, a > 3-fold increase in the amplitude of the second response was observed, a phenomenon referred to here as paired-pulse potentiation. Interestingly, this potentiation appeared to be regulated by [Ca2+]i, and/or Ca2+-dependent processes, as it was significantly enhanced by dialysing cells with either the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, or with peptide inhibitors of either calcineurin or PKC, and was attenuated by dialysing cells with the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93. No potentiation was observed using caged GABA or glutamate, indicating some specificity for nAChRs. Thus, rat hippocampal α7-containing nAChRs possess a newly described phenomenon of paired-pulse potentiation that may be involved in regulating synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
Paraliparis adustus and Paraliparis bullacephalus : two new snailfish species (Teleostei: Liparidae) from Alaska

Paraliparis adustus sp. nov., a snailfish species from the Bering Sea near the Aleutian Island Archipelago, Alaska, is described based on a single mesopelagic specimen. This new species is clearly distinguished by a combination of several morphological features and meristic counts, including long pointed gill rakers with 0–3 spinules at or near the tip, anus positioned forward near the pectoral symphysis, and color uniform brown. Paraliparis bullacephalus sp. nov. from Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska, is also described. This new species is very similar in meristic characters and general body shape and size to P. holomelas Gilbert, but differs primarily in morphological features of the head, particularly in the shape of the dorsal contour of the head, snout, and opercular flap, mouth size, and eye position.
Same-Sex Marriage in a Welcoming World: Rights Consciousness of Heterosexuals in Liberal Religious Institutions

Previous research suggests that gays and lesbians not only look to the law as an important site of social recognition but also pursue strategies to legitimate their relationships outside of the law, such as having commitment ceremonies in religious institutions. While previous research suggests that homosexuality is a divisive issue within religious communities, we know little about how heterosexual religious people understand same-sex marriage. I aim to fill this gap and analyze the rights consciousness of heterosexual members in liberal religious denominations. Drawing on in-depth interviews, I examine how people make sense of the relationship between law and social change. While all interviewees support same-sex marriage, they express a contradictory understanding of how it should become legal in the USA. I analyze how they reconcile this contradiction within the context of their religious institutions.
Emergency department process improvement

The University Medical Center's Emergency Department (ED) in Tucson, Arizona, has faced continually increasing patient numbers and mounting costs while resources have remained fairly static. This phenomenon, termed "crowding" has been observed as a growing problem nationwide. The purpose of this project is to decrease overall patient throughput time by identifying potential bottlenecks and proposing strategies to alleviate them. A simulation model of the University Medical Center's ED patient process has been created using ARENA software. The model reflects data obtained from the department as well as from in-house time studies and interviews. Following validation of the model with department personnel alternative solutions were tested by altering various stages of the model and analyzed according to department requirements and preferences. The analysis results and proposed alternative solutions will be presented to ED administrators who are tasked with making the final decision.
The myocardial signature: Absolute backscatter, cyclical variation, frequency variation, and statistics

This paper studies the absolute myocardial backscatter as a function of the frequency and phase of the cardiac cycle. This was achieved by calibration of the ultrasonic instrumentation and the random diffraction process. We have discovered a first-order model in which the scattering from the myocardium is Rayleigh scattering with a cardiac cycle variation in the scattering cross section. Furthermore, the statistics are approximately those of a radio frequency waveform with two independent Gaussian components (Rayleigh envelope). Deviations from the first-order model suggest measurable fine structure related to myocardial ultrastructure. This model has profound effects on the choice of optimal radiation patterns and signal processing schemes for preparing diagnostic parameters (e.g., integrated backscatter).
Relationship Between Fall-Related Efficacy and Activity Engagement in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

OBJECTIVE. Fear of falling can lead to restricted activity, but little is known about how this fear affects different aspects of people's lives. This study examined the relationship between fall-related efficacy (i.e., confidence or belief in one's ability to perform activities without losing balance or falling) and activity and participation. METHOD. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing community-dwelling older adults' fall-related efficacy to measures of activity or participation. RESULTS. An examination of 20 cross-sectional and prospective studies found a strong positive relationship between fall-related efficacy and activity (r = .53; 95% CI [.47, .58]). An insufficient number of studies examining fall-related efficacy and participation were available for analysis. CONCLUSION. Low fall-related efficacy may be an important barrier to occupational engagement for many older adults and warrants careful consideration by occupational therapists. Future research should explore interventions that target fall-related efficacy and examine their effects on activity performance and engagement. Language: en
Is Transition of Internationally Educated Nurses a Regulatory Issue

Based on a review of initial evidence, this article suggests that transition of internationally educated nurses (IENs) is a regulatory issue. Given the absence of global nurse regulation, the questionable credibility in many areas where national regulation does operate, and more important, the commercialization of nurse training in some countries to meet international demand, the quality and competence of IENs are likely to be varied in both quantitative and qualitative terms. This variability in quality and competence affect their ability and readiness to practice with direct implications for patient safety and quality of care. After description of a transition program as a proposed regulatory mechanism modeled after the National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s Transition Initiatives, this article calls for comparative outcomes research on IENs and U.S. educated nurses to definitively determine if transition of IENs is a regulatory issue.
Protein deficiency and carbohydrate tolerance of the infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

In order to investigate a syndrome of glucosuria, hyperglycemia, coma and death found in infant squirrel monkeys fed protein-deficient diets, 48 infants were studied in four experiments related to carbohydrate metabolism. In 12 infants fed a diet containing 2.3% of the calories as protein for a 12-day period, glucosuria and hyperglycemia appeared within 6 days. Animals prefed a commercial milk-based diet were more severely affected than those prefed a lab oratory diet containing sucrose and dextrin as the carbohydrate source. Another 16 infants were given oral glucose tolerance tests following 3-week dietary periods during which three levels of dietary protein (2.3, 4.6, and 12.9% of calories) were fed. It was shown that glucose intolerance appeared when ani mals were fed the diet containing 2.3% of the calories as protein but not 4.6 or 12.9% . Glucose tolerance did not vary with the two levels of fat fed. In two additional experiments utilizing 21 and 6 infants, it was demonstrated that the caloric intake of malnourished infants was comparable to the control intakes and that a decrease in food consumption was not the cause of the observed symp toms. J. Nutr. 102: 1519-1528, 1972. KEY INDEXING WORDS squirrel monkey â€¢protein deficiency â€¢carbo hydrate metabolism â€¢ hyperglycemia â€¢ glucosuria
Potent and selective MC-4 receptor agonists based on a novel disulfide scaffold

Abstract Extensive structure–activity relationship studies utilizing a β-MSH-derived cyclic nonapeptide, Ac-Tyr-Arg-[Cys-Glu-His- d -Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH 2 ( 3 ), led to identification of a series of novel MC-4R selective disulfide-constrained hexapeptide analogs including Ac-[hCys-His- d -Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH 2 ( 12 ). The structural modifications associated with profound influence on MC-4R potency and selectivity were ring size, ring conformation, and the aromatic substitution of the d -Phe7. These cyclic peptide analogs provide novel and enhanced reagents for use in the elucidation of melanocortin-4 receptor-related physiology, and may additionally find application in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
A Multi-Agent System for Automatically Resolving Network Interoperability Problems

In this paper we present the Thistle multi-agent system Help Desk application for helping an end user solve network interoperability problems on their own.
Spatial distributions of zooplankton during coastal upwelling in western Lake Superior

Zooplankton distributions during coastal upwelling in western Lake Superior were mapped with a high-frequency (192~kHz) sonar system that consists of an echosounder and a navigation receiver connected to a microcomputer. An acoustic transect after a September storm revealed a sloping sound-scattering layer, traceable more than 5 km offshore, in the thermocline between an upwelling water mass and a returning front of surface water. Interfacial shear produced short internal waves on the scattering layer, and regularly spaced plumes of high backscattering in the surface layer were attributed to stream lines of eddies that were transporting sound scatterers from aggregations in the thermocline to the lake surface. The sloping sound-scattering layer was due to high concentrations (up to lo5 ind. m-3) of copepods, chiefly Leptodiuptomus sicilis. Backscattered sound (volume-scattering strength) was highly correlated with concentrations of microcrustacea in samples collected with nets, consistent with Rayleigh scattering theory for ideal elastic spheres the size of adult L. sicilis (target strength = - 123 dB). Acoustic sampling revealed a skewed frequency distribution; low animal concentrations ( 105 m-3) with concentrations several orders of magnitude larger than the median, Infrequent patches of very high densities are probably a general feature of zooplankton populations, because the patchiness inferred from sound backscattering is similar statistically to distribution patterns in lakes and oceans sampled with conventional methods, The densest aggregations are likely to be the most important for foraging fishes but are so infrequent they are unlikely to be detected with conventional sampling methods.
Three distinct actin-attached structural states of myosin in muscle fibers.

We have used thiol cross-linking and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to resolve structural transitions of myosin's light chain domain (LCD) and catalytic domain (CD) that are associated with force generation. Spin labels were incorporated into the LCD of muscle fibers by exchanging spin-labeled regulatory light chain for endogenous regulatory light chain, with full retention of function. To trap myosin in a structural state analogous to the elusive posthydrolysis ternary complex A.M′.D.P, we used pPDM to cross-link SH1 (Cys707) to SH2 (Cys697) on the CD. LCD orientation and dynamics were measured in three biochemical states: relaxation (A.M.T), SH1-SH2 cross-linked (A.M′.D.P analog), and rigor (A.M.D). EPR showed that the LCD of cross-linked fibers has an orientational distribution intermediate between relaxation and rigor, and saturation transfer EPR revealed slow rotational dynamics indistinguishable from that of rigor. Similar results were obtained for the CD using a bifunctional spin label to cross-link SH1-SH2, but the CD was more disordered than the LCD. We conclude that SH1-SH2 cross-linking traps a state in which both the CD and LCD are intermediate between relaxation (highly disordered and microsecond dynamics) and rigor (highly ordered and rigid), supporting the hypothesis that the cross-linked state is an A.M′D.P analog on the force generation pathway.
Stress analysis of welded gusseted frames

v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Background 5 Chapter 3: Problem Formulation and Solution 9 Chapter 4: Experimental Results and Discussion 26 Chapter 5: Stress Analysis 28 Chapter 6: Design Application 36 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Work 42 References 44 Acknowledgements 48
Gas sensor test chip

A new test chip has been developed to characterize conducting polymers used in gas sensors. The chip, a seven layer cofired alumina substrate with gold electrodes, contains 11 comb and U-bend test structures. The structures are designed to measure the sheet resistance, conduction anisotropy, and peripheral conduction of spin coated films that are not subsequently patterned. The resistance of the polypyrrole films change by a few percent in response to various alcohols. Results from the test chip revealed that the vapor response depends on electrode geometry.
“City Girl”: A Portrait of a Successful White Urban Teacher:

Race is a salient part of American life, and the field of education is not exempt. Race and class shape the nationwide crisis in urban education and unfortunately, racism continues to affect the schooling of children of color in negative ways. Demographic trends suggest that much of the nation’s teaching is a cross-racial activity. White females made up more than 85% of the teaching force in 2000, whereas student populations grew increasingly racially and ethnically diverse, leading to a “cultural mismatch” between student and teacher that negatively affects classroom relationships. Using themethod of portraiture, this article explores how one White teacher, identified as successful by her principal, articulates her motivations and goals for teaching students of color as well as how her racial identity and her understanding of race inform her pedagogy and practice with students of color.
Fast Online/Offline Netlist Compilation of Hierarchical Schematics

We present fast techniques for creating the netlist underlying a hierarchical schematic design. The methods can be used either for creating the netlist as a data structure for further online processing or for creating the netlist as a file for use with other offline design tools that are downstream from the compilation process. The methods we present have been used successfully in the implementation of a hierarchical schematic capture system that supports both netlist compilation and switch-level logic simulation.
Contact Location Display for Haptic Perception of Curvature and Object Motion

We present a new tactile display for use in dexterous telemanipulation and virtual reality. Our system renders the location of the contact centroid moving on the user's fingertip. Constructed in a thimble-sized package and mounted on a haptic force-feedback device, it provides the user with concurrent feedback of contact location and interaction forces. We believe such a design will enable more versatile object manipulation and richer haptic interactions. To evaluate this display concept, we conducted two perceptual experiments. First, human subjects judged object curvature using both direct manipulation of physical models and virtual manipulation via the device. Results show similar levels of discrimination in real and virtual interactions, indicating the device can effectively portray contact information. Secondly, we investigated virtual interactions with rolling and anchored objects and demonstrated that users are able to distinguish the interaction type using our device. These experiments give insight into the sensitivity of human perception and suggest that even a simple display of the contact centroid location may significantly enhance telerobotic or virtual grasping tasks.
Development of low-ash, planar peat swamps in an alluvial-plain setting; the No. 5 block beds (Westphalian D) of southern West Virginia

ABSTRACT Coals from the No. 5 Block coal beds (Westphalian D) of the central Appalachian basin are noted for their blocky, dull character and their low ash and low sulfur content. The beds are multiple benched, with rock partings separating benches. Individual benches have limited lateral extent and, where thick, are dominated by bright, high-ash coal at the base and dull, low-ash coal in the upper parts. The duller coals contain more exinite-group and inertinite-group macerals than the brighter coals. These coal beds are encased in sandstone units dominated by fining-upward sequences. The overall depositional setting is an alluvial-plain environment with northwest-flowing channels spaced approximately 20 km apart. The channels were flanked by clastic swamps about 7 km wide. Low-ash peat accum lated in areas of the flood plain most distant from the channels. These peat-accumulating swamps were about 8 km across. In a few instances low-frequency flood events introduced fine siliciclastic sediment into the peat swamps, depositing a thin layer of sediment on top of the peat. This sediment layer is thicker where the underlying coal is the thickest. These thick coal areas are topographically lower than surrounding coal areas. This relationship between coal thickness, parting thickness, and topography indicates that these peat swamps were planar at the time of deposition. Individual coal benches contain abundant preserved cellular tissue (telocollinite, semifusinite, and fusinite) at most locations, suggesting that robust vegetation was widespread in the swamps and that the morpholo y was planar. The high concentrations of exinite-group an inertinite-group macerals in the upper parts of benches resulted from selective decomposition and oxidation of the peat in subaerial and aquatic planar-swamp environments.
Robust Dynamic Node Low Voltage Swing Domino Logic with Multiple Threshold Voltages

A new low voltage swing circuit technique based on a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology is presented in this paper for simultaneously reducing active and standby mode power consumption and enhancing evaluation speed and noise immunity in domino logic circuits. The proposed circuit technique modifies both the upper and lower boundaries of the voltage swing at the dynamic node. Meanwhile, full voltage swing signals are maintained at inputs and outputs for robust and high speed operation. Power supply, ground, and threshold voltages are simultaneously optimized to minimize the power-delay product (PDP). The proposed technique reduces the PDP by up to 51.9% as compared to the standard full-swing circuits in a 45nm CMOS technology. The active mode power consumption is reduced by up to 40.4% due to the lower switching power required to charge/discharge the dynamic node. Furthermore, the evaluation speed and noise immunity are enhanced by up to 19.4% and 39.1%, respectively, as compared to the standard full-swing circuits. The proposed low swing technique also reduces the idle mode leakage power consumption of high fan-in domino gates by up to 84.2%.
Management of CNS germinoma

SUMMARY The following is a general overview of the management of CNS germinomas. Over the last 35 years, CNS germinomas have become one of the pediatric brain tumors with the best outcomes with a greater than 85% overall survival over 5 years. This is in part due to the fact that germinomas are very responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Some of the major challenges going forward will be to find ways to minimize the adverse effects of our treatments particularly with regard to radiation and to improve the quality of life of patients who develop neurologic, neurocognitive and/or endocrine deficiencies.
Type I interferon and pattern recognition receptor signaling following particulate matter inhalation

Welding, a process that generates an aerosol containing gases and metal-rich particulates, induces adverse physiological effects including inflammation, immunosuppression and cardiovascular dysfunction. This study utilized microarray technology and subsequent pathway analysis as an exploratory search for markers/mechanisms of in vivo systemic effects following inhalation. Mice were exposed by inhalation to gas metal arc – stainless steel (GMA-SS) welding fume at 40 mg/m3 for 3 hr/d for 10 d and sacrificed 4 hr, 14 d and 28 d post-exposure. Whole blood cells, aorta and lung were harvested for global gene expression analysis with subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and confirmatory qRT-PCR. Serum was collected for protein profiling. The novel finding was a dominant type I interferon signaling network with the transcription factor Irf7 as a central component maintained through 28 d. Remarkably, these effects showed consistency across all tissues indicating a systemic type I interferon response that was complemented by changes in serum proteins (decreased MMP-9, CRP and increased VCAM1, oncostatin M, IP-10). In addition, pulmonary expression of interferon α and β and Irf7 specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and signaling molecules (Ddx58, Ifih1, Dhx58, ISGF3) were induced, an effect that showed specificity when compared to other inflammatory exposures. Also, a canonical pathway indicated a coordinated response of multiple PRR and associated signaling molecules (Tlr7, Tlr2, Clec7a, Nlrp3, Myd88) to inhalation of GMA-SS. This methodological approach has the potential to identify consistent, prominent and/or novel pathways and provides insight into mechanisms that contribute to pulmonary and systemic effects following toxicant exposure.
Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography

Digital interference holography (DIH) is being developed as a novel method of microscopic 3-D imaging. A number of holo- graphic fields are numerically calculated from optically recorded ho- lograms using a range of wavelengths. Numerical superposition of these fields results in a tomographic representation of the object with narrow axial resolution. We demonstrate the practicality of DIH in microscopic imaging with a set of preliminary experiments, yield- ing approximately 3 mm of lateral resolution and 10 mm of axial resolution, using a simple optical setup and straightforward numeri- cal algorithms. © 2003 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1604784)
The Impact Of Course Length On Online Numeric-Based Course Grades

When offering online classes, it is necessary to ensure that all course material and objectives will be covered and learners will be successful in the course. This becomes especially important when the same class material and objectives are offered in a three-, five-, and fourteen-week format. This paper outlines the difficulty of delivering online classes such as algebra, accounting, and other courses that involve mathematical calculations over varying time frames. The author of this paper has served on the Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) University Wide Distance Education Committee that has investigated and studied their online course offerings in detail. While the author does not teach numeric-based classes, he teaches within the Eberly College of Business where many of these numeric-based courses are offered. The intent of this paper is to identify if there is a difference between letter grades based on the course length within numeric-based classes.
Adaptivity and self‐knowledge

In this paper the view is presented that self‐knowledge has no special status; its varieties constitute distinctive classes, differing from one another more sharply than each does from analogous knowledge of others. Most cases of self‐knowledge are best understood contextually, subsumed under such other activities as decision‐making and socializing. First person, present tense ‘reports’ of sensations, intentions, and thoughts are primarily adaptively expressive, only secondarily truth‐functional. The last section sketches some of the disadvantages, as well as some of the advantages, of being the sort of animal that is capable of treating itself as an object, to be known as others are known.
“That line’s got personality!” – The Big 5 as a Model of Personality Perception

Personality – enduring traits describing how people tend to think and behave – often is described by the Big 5 model. Everything people do and think can be described as representing 1 of 5 more general traits. Though the Big 5 model has been posited to describe actual thought and behavior, the current work tested the hypothesis that personality ratings would fit the Big 5 model even when the target being rated does not have a personality in any meaningful sense. Supporting this hypothesis, the Big 5 model showed acceptable fit for describing a person (consistent with past work), but also a straight line drawn on paper, something that should not have personality in any meaningful sense. The Big 5 model thus does not necessarily describe actual thought and behavior but instead the structure of personality perception.
Distribution of ions in intestinal smooth muscle.

SummaryCat intestinal smooth muscle had an inulin space of 101 ± 17 cc/kg wet weight. Total water, potassium, sodium and chloride were determined and intracellular concentrations of potassium, sodium and chloride were calculated to be 108 ± 6, 65 ± 5, and 77 ± 5 meq/kg cell H2O; respectively.
Introduction: The Story of Property Stories

In this introductory chapter to the second edition of Property Stories (forthcoming 2009, Foundation Press), we provide our readers with a framework for our contributors' fifteen chapters on leading cases in Property law. The initial three chapters (by A.W. Brian Simpson, Maxwell J. Mehlman, and R.H. Helmholz) help to define our understanding of the nature of property and ownership. These chapters focus on the social policy underlying property regimes, the types of things that can be subject to ownership, and how ownership can be acquired and lost without the formal consent of the losing party. The next seven chapters (by Susan F. French, Patricia A. Cain, Richard H. Chused, James C. Smith, Carol M. Rose, Peter W. Salsich, Jr., and Gerald Korngold) explore the private ordering of property interests. They illustrate the extent of property rights and how "the bundle of sticks" may be shared among parties, and describe how consensual arrangements may be created to share, acquire, and transfer property rights. The final five chapters (by Jeffrey E. Stake, Vicki L. Been, Andrew P. Morriss, Stewart E. Sterk, and David L. Callies) deal with the interaction of the individual property owner and the community. Society's interaction with private property may be manifested by government, quasi-governmental entities such as homeowners associations, or application by courts of a broad and relatively undefined concept of the "public interest."
'The Trouble is They're Growing, the Trouble is They're Grown': Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Adolescents' Participation in Mental Health Care Decisions, Symposium on the Law of Mental Health

This article explores the individual and family interests and values involved in (1) identifying the need for mental health evaluation of an adolescent and (2) giving or withholding consent to mental health care for an adolescent. Both decisions involve individual and family beliefs about mental illness, personal and family privacy, and individual self-control and responsibility. What if the adolescent has a mental health problem which the family identifies but the adolescent denies? What if the adolescent identifies her problem as one of mental health, but the family sees it as a moral or character deficiency? Frequently, the adolescent's "conduct" triggers an initial mental health inquiry. But the adolescent and family members disagree as to whether mental illness causes or contributes to the conduct, or whether mental health treatment is necessary. When there is such a conflict, how can or should it be resolved? Using two hypothetical cases, this article explores the strengths and weaknesses of existing law under which parents generally have power to give or withhold consent to mental health care for their children. This power has, in recent years, been limited by statutes and case law establishing due process rights for minors hospitalized against their will, "medical emancipation" laws enabling adolescents to consent to some types of mental health care, and state child abuse and neglect laws requiring parents to provide necessary mental health care. The article next draws on the emerging field of therapeutic jurisprudence, and concludes that existing law in some respects is counter-therapeutic. It does not assist the teen to accomplish these essential therapeutic tasks: (1) achieving an accurate understanding of his or her mental illness, learning disability or other problems; (2) understanding the range of available inpatient and outpatient treatment modalities and services and their risks and benefits; (3) learning how to maintain stability at home and in the community by using the appropriate treatment and services; and (4) maximizing his or her opportunities for the most constructive and satisfying life possible in the least restrictive available setting, during adolescence and adulthood. The article concludes with suggested changes in law that would assist an adolescent to better understand his or her mental disability, to choose among treatment approaches and service options, and to make the transition to adulthood.
Nosocomial infections in 15 rural Wisconsin hospitals--results and conclusions from 6 months of comprehensive surveillance.

Fifteen rural Wisconsin acute care community hospitals with an average approved bed size of 55 and an average daily census of 28 patients participated in a nosocomial infection control project. Each hospital Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) was trained and conducted prospective nosocomial infection surveillance on all patients admitted to the hospital for 6 consecutive months between May 1,1984 and April 30, 1985. Two hundred twenty nosocomial infections were reported among 13,420 discharged patients for an incidence rate of 1.64 infections per 100 discharged patients. One hundred sixty-four patients had one nosocomial infection. Twenty-three patients had two or more. Infection rates were highest among gynecology— 4.9% and general surgery patients— 4.0%, and lowest among newborns—0.3% and pediatric patients—0%. 39.7% of the infections were of the urinary tract, 27.9% of surgical wounds, 16% pneumonia, and 1.4% primary bacteremia. The other infections were in seven additional sites. Risk factors associated with acquisition of infections included old age, urinary catheterization, and/or a surgical procedure. The overall nosocomial surgical wound infection incidence for inpatient procedures was 1.9%, with incidences of 0.4% for hernia repair, 1.3% for cholecystectomy, 3.3% for appendectomy, 4.0% for total abdominal hysterectomy, and 3.9% for cesarean sections; The incidence of nosocomial infections was 2.7 infections per 100 discharged patients age 65 years or over and 0.9 infections per 100 discharged patients less than 65 years. Two hundred thirty-six microorganisms were cultured from 175 of the infections. Staphylococcus aureus , coagulase-negative Staphylococcus , and Enterococcus were the most common gram-positive organisms. E. coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus , and Klebsiella were the most common gram-negative organisms cultured. The overall nosocomial infection incidence was much lower than reported rates for other groups of hospitals. These data have implications for the review and potential modification of complex guidelines and requirements for infection control in smaller rural hospitals.
Research on Anaerobic Digestion: Optimization and Scalability of Mixed High-strength Food Processing Wastes for Renewable Biogas Energy

This research project developed and improved anaerobic digestion technologies, created a comprehensive Inventory of Ohio Biomass and a database of microorganisms of anaerobic digesters, and advanced knowledge and understanding of the underpinning microbiology of the anaerobic digestion process. The results and finding of this research project may be useful for future development and implementation of anaerobic digesters, especially at livestock farms. Policy makers and investors may also find the information on the biomass availability in Ohio and valuation of energy projects useful in policy making and making of investment decisions. The public may benefit from the information on biogas as an energy source and the potential impact of anaerobic digester projects on their neighborhoods.
Competitive Sorption of Methane/Ethane Mixtures on Shale: Measurements and Modeling

As the primary mechanism of gas storage in shale, sorption phenomena of CH4 and other hydrocarbons in the micropores and mesopores are critical to estimates of gas-in-place and of the long-term productivity from a given shale play. Since C2H6 is another important component of shale gas, besides CH4, knowledge of CH4–C2H6 binary mixture sorption on shale is of fundamental significance and plays a central role in understanding the physical mechanisms that control fluid storage, transport, and subsequent shale-gas production. In this work, measurements of pure component sorption isotherms for CH4 and C2H6 for pressures up to 114 and 35 bar, respectively, have been performed using a thermogravimetric method in the temperature range (40–60 °C), typical of storage formation conditions. Sorption experiments of binary (CH4–C2H6) gas mixtures containing up to 10% (mole fraction) of C2H6, typical of shale-gas compositions, for pressures up to 125 bar under the aforementioned temperature conditions have also been co...
Measures of consolidating the achievements of schistosomiasis prevention in Jiande

Objective To explore the measures of consolidating the achievements of schistosomiasis prevetion in the rural areas of Jiande after the schistosomiasis has been eliminated.Method By launching the "3 three" actions,we consolidated the achievements in the countryside schistosomiasis prevention.Firstly,the cadres participated in snail survey once every year.Secondly,the anti-schistosomiasis personnel visited to send some useful materials three times.Finally,the elementary and middle school students studied the "3 one" knowledge.Results The annual average work load on snail survey increased 76.99%.The annual average area on the snail survey increased 201.46%.The average of work load on area increased 70.83%.The awareness rate about schistosomiasis among the elementary and middle school students amounted to above 90%.The countryside took the initiative to avoid epidemic water and searched for the snail.The result of the clinic doctors' test on the schistosomiasis prevention knowledge were all excellent.Conclusion The leaders of the epidemic area attached importance to schistosomiasis prevention.The elementary and middle school students knew about schistosomiasis prevention.The residents knew and searched for snail actively,and handed them in.Thirty five snails had been found in the first year.Then in the snail area of 45 000m2 a low density of snails had been found three times and we eliminated them in time so as to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis prevention.