cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Above-Normal Precipitation Reduce the Impact of Mountain Cattle Grazing on Watershed Algae and Bacteria?

Cattle grazing is believed to have a harmful impact on high elevation Sierra Nevada mountain (Sierra) watersheds. During normal precipitation years, the prevalence of suspended stream and small lake aquatic coliforms and E. coli is significantly increased in cattle-grazed areas, and periphytic algae biomass is amplified. In addition, large numbers of E. coli are found attached to algae only in cattle-grazed areas. During 2011 the Sierra experienced 200 % above-normal precipitation, mostly as snow. Delayed snowmelt and higher volume stream flows provided a unique opportunity to determine if cattle grazing remained harmful to the aquatic environment. A total of 45 remote sites, including both lakes and streams, were sampled during the summer of 2011. Risk determinants for non-point pollution were divided into four categories: (1) cattle grazing areas (C), (2) recreation areas with predominant impact from pack animals (PA), (3) recreation areas used only by humans (H), and (4) remote wildlife areas (W). Algal biomass was accessed, and samples collected for taxonomy and analysis of microbes suspended or attached to algae. Ten species of algae were identified including Cladophora, Chlorella, Spirogyra, Zygnema, Ulothrix, and mixed Diatoms. Mean benthic coverage area of algae was 30 % at C sites compared to only 2 % at W sites (P 100 CFU/100 mL): C=7 (70 %), and none at PA, H, and W sites (P<0.0001). Conclusions: The fecal indicator E. coli was detected suspended in water only in C areas. Significantly higher periphytic algal biomass and uniform presence of algae-attached E. coli was detected in C watersheds. The 200 % above-normal precipitation year did not decrease the impact of non-point pollution by cattle in the Sierra watershed.
Stock price reactions to increases in loan-loss reserves: A broader perspective

Loan loss reserves (LLR) provide a cushion to absorb operating losses. Several studies have focused on the market's reaction to increases in LLR in response to a specific event related to the international debt crisis. This study takes a broader view of LLR by examining, over a six year period, the market's reaction to announcements of increases to LLR that are above the expected annual reserve and that are a result of factors other than the international debt crisis. We find a negative reaction in the market, indicating that the negative signal from identifying unanticipated risk in the loan portfolio appears to dominate the positive cash flow effects.
Contrasting effects of the GABA transaminase inhibitors γ-vinylGABA and aminooxyacetic acid on arterial pressure following injection into nucleus tractus solitarius

Abstract The effect of injection of inhibitors of GABA-transaminase into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) on arterial pressure was examined in anesthetized rats. Two typical GABA-transaminase inhibitors, γ-vinylGABA (GVG) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), increased arterial pressure when injected into the NTS, a response similar to that elicited by direct stimulation of GABA receptors in the NTS. However, with neither drug was the response consistent with the action of inhibiting GABA-T. The response elicited by GVG, despite GVG acting as an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-T, could be reproduced with subsequent injections. Still, the pressor response to GVG could be reversed by blockade of GABA b receptors with CGP-35348, suggesting that GVG injection did increase GABA-mediated neural transmission. In contrast, the pressor response to AOAA could not be antagonized by blockade of either GABA a or GABA b receptors. These results suggest that acute inhibition of GABA-T does not necessarily result in an increase in GABA-mediated neural transmission.
High-resolution decoding of multianode microchannel array detectors

The Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) is a photon counting detector which utilizes a photocathode for photon to electron conversion, a microchannel plate (MCP) for signal amplification and a proximity focused anode array for position sensitivity. The detector electronics decode the position of an event through coincidence discrimination. The decoding algorithm which associates a given event with the appropriate pixel is determined by the geometry of the array. A new algorithm incorporated into a CMOS Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) decoder which improves the pixel spatial resolution is described. The new algorithm does not degrade the detector throughput and does not require any modifications to the detector tube. The standard MAMA detector has a pixel size of 25 x 25 square microns, but with the new decoder circuit the pixel size is reduced to 12.5 x 12.5 square microns. We have built the first set of decode electronics utilizing the new ASIC chips and report here on the first imaging tests of this system.
FORTRAN M - A Language for Modular Parallel Programming

FORTRAN M is a small set of extensions to FORTRAN 77 that supports a modular approach to the design of message-passing programs. It has the following features. (1) Modularity. Programs are constructed by using explicitly declared communication channels to plug together program modules called processes. A process can encapsulate common data, subprocesses, and internal communication. (2) Safety. Operations on channels are restricted so as to guarantee deterministic execution, even in dynamic computations that create and delete processes and channels. Channels are typed, so a compiler can check for correct usage. (3) Architecture Independence. The mapping of processes to processors can be specified with respect to a virtual computer with size and shape different from that of the target computer. Mapping is specified by annotations that influence performance but not correctness. (4) Efficiency. FORTRAN M can be compiled efficiently for uniprocessors, shared-memory computers, distributed-memory computers, and networks of workstations. Because message passing is incorporated into the language, a compiler can optimize communication as well as computation.
Brownian Dynamics Simulation of the Growth of Metal Nanocrystal Ensembles on Electrode Surfaces from Solution. I. Instantaneous Nucleation and Diffusion-Controlled Growth

The diffusion-controlled growth of ensembles of metal nanoparticles on a planar surface from solution is modeled using Brownian Dynamics (BD) simulation method. Both random and hexagonal 2D ensembl...
Role of cytology in the diagnosis of cystic and intradcutal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

Cytology plays a central role in the evaluation of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Most often cytologists are asked to differentiate between inflammatory cysts and neoplastic cysts using material from fine needle aspiration. A careful cytologic examination can diagnose neoplastic lesions and can often provide evidence for the type of cyst, particularly mucinous cysts. The cytologic material from the fluid of mucinous cystadenomas contains columnar epithelial cells with mucin present within the cytoplasm. These types of cells are also seen in other mucinous cystic lesions, such as intraductal papillary mucinous tumors. The cytologic features of other cystic lesions such as serous, islet, and solid pseudopapillary neoplasms are discussed in this review. The interpretation of fine needle aspirates from pancreatic cysts presents a unique challenge to the pathologist. The list of entities in the differential diagnoses is extensive (see box), but the core problem is usually in distinguishing pseudocysts or inflammatory cysts from cystic neoplasms, as the management for each of these is different. Particularly important is the recognition of the mucin producing cystic neoplasms, mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, because each of these needs to be resected because of their potential for malignant transformation. This article focuses on presenting the key cytologic features of the pseudocysts and cystic neoplasms. Pitfalls and the differential diagnoses are discussed. Cytology of pseudocysts
C-testability and C-configurability of reconfigurable processor array interconnection networks

The author presents a general-purpose reconfigurable switch which allows for all possible combinations of two line interconnections of any of its bidirectional lines. This switch can be used to implement a global interconnection network for systolic arrays, wavefront arrays, or any topology with similar regular structures such as programmable logic devices. The reconfigurable switch has the desirable properties that it is both scalable and C-testable. Furthermore, the switch is shown to be C-configurable; that is, the number of configurations required to test a network of switches is independent of the size of the network. >
Development of clinical guidelines for inborn errors of metabolism: Commentary

This is one of an occasional series of articles commenting on trends, advances, and challenges in understanding and treating inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Previously, we have called attention to the critical lack of a clinical trial infrastructure to routinely evaluate new therapies for IEMs and the adverse effect of this deficit (Vockley and Vockley, 2010 [1]). In this article, we highlight the role of therapeutic guidelines in implementing best practice for IEMs and the processes used to generate them. Current conventions for evidence-based guidelines are best applied to studies involving significantly more subjects than is feasible for IEMs, and can lead to relative weak-appearing recommendations when applied to rare disorders. We propose a guideline development process that maintains the use of conventional methodologies but adapts to unique features and inherent difficulties dealing with rare conditions such as IEMs. Such guidelines will consist of a hybrid between evidence and consensus based processes. Implementation of these recommendations and subsequent therapeutic guidelines for IEMs provides an opportunity to define current knowledge as well as starting points for future clinical trials.
Rapid protein structure classification using one-dimensional structure profiles on the BioSCAN parallel computer

Abstract Rapid growth of protein structures database in recent years requires an effective approach for objective comparison and classification of deposited protein structures. We describe a novel method for structure comparison and classification based on the alignment of one-dimensional structure profiles. These profiles are obtained by calculating the OCCO pseudodihedral angles (formed by O-C-C-O atoms of carbonyl groups of consecutive amino acid residues) from protein three-dimensional coordinates. These angle measurements are then converted into a 24 letter alphabet, and the protein structures are represented by sequences of letter from this alphabet. The BioSCAN parallel computer, designed for primary sequence alignment, is used to rapidly align and classify these one-dimensional structure profiles. We have developed and implemented weighted scoring matrix to identify structural classes based on commonly found structural motifs. The results of our experiments are in good agreement with the traditional protein structure classification schemes. One-dimensional structure profiles significantly improve efficiency of structure comparison and classification.
An actin-associated protein present in the microtubule organizing center and the growth cones of PC-12 cells

The pathfinding ability of the growth cone depends upon the integrity of a dynamic actin filament network. However, although a number of actin-binding proteins have been found in growth cones, it is not known how these proteins come to be concentrated there or how they might interact to produce these important actin filaments. In this report, an actin-associated protein recognized by the monoclonal antibody 2E4 is demonstrated to be present in PC-12 cells. In undifferentiated cells, this protein is present in an apparently inactive state in a perinuclear location that corresponds to that of the microtubule organizing center and not of the Golgi apparatus. Conversely, after NGF- induced differentiation, the antigen is found enriched in the neurite and growth cone and disappears from the perinuclear position. This disappearance is directly proportional to the length of the neurite. The antigen-antibody complex binds the ends of actin filaments in vitro in an ATP-sensitive manner, and the antibody stains the outermost edge of the actin filament ruffle in the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. Hence, it is possibly involved in the membrane-associated polymerization of actin filaments such as that observed in growth cones.
Translation of Stem Cell Research: Points to Consider in Designing Preclinical Animal Studies

Stem cell-based therapies hold tremendous promise for the treatment of serious diseases and injuries. Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is routinely used as part of the treatment regime for some malignancies and genetic diseases, most stem cell-based therapeutic products are investigational and still require preclinical and clinical studies to support their many novel therapeutic uses. Because of the multiple sources of stem cells, the plethora of potential applications, and the novel mechanism of action of stem cell-based therapies, there is no single set of universal guidance documents that can be used to inform the preclinical development path for these therapeutics. Specific technical issues relating to the transplantation of human cells in animals, new delivery procedures, and laborious methods to characterize transplanted cells can present further challenges in the design and execution of preclinical animal studies for stem cell-based therapeutic products. In this article, we outline important parameters to guide the design of preclinical studies for stem cell-based therapeutics. In addition, we review the types of preclinical studies that should be considered depending on the nature and specific use of the intended stem cell therapeutic product. Finally, we describe important considerations in the design and execution of specific studies to monitor the efficacy, toxicity, biodistribution, and tumorigenicity of stem cell-based therapeutics.
Metabolic programming effects initiated in the suckling period predisposing for adult-onset obesity cannot be reversed by calorie restriction

Neonatal rats reared on high-carbohydrate (HC) milk formula developed chronic hyperinsulinemia and adult-onset obesity due to programming of islets and the hypothalamic energy circuitry. In this st...
The Persian Woman’s Face: A Photogrammetric Analysis

Background The aim of this study was to establish normative quantitative anthropometric measurements of the Persian woman’s face and assess differences from established North American White women’s measurements.
Reconsidering the Antiquity of Trade on Madeline Island: A View from the Cadotte Site in Northern Wisconsin

AbstractThe Cadotte site, excavated in 1961, is often cited in archaeological and ethnohistorical literature as an example of a short term, mid-seventeenth century refugee encampment of the Huron and/or Odawa circa 1660–1670. A closer examination of the site assemblage has resulted in a reassessment of the general assumptions regarding the site and its use by Huron and Odawa during the mid-seventeenth century. The ceramic assemblage indicates that the site was occupied much earlier and for a longer period than previously understood, circa 1620–1670. This is supported by the European trade goods assemblage. It is also argued that the site served a specialized function, as a place of seasonal rendezvous for the Ontario Odawa and their central Algonquin trading partners. Further, the character of the pottery suggests that a portion of the sample may reflect Algonquin mimicry of Ontario Wendat traditions. The revised understanding of the time depth and function of the site, as well as the character of its ass...
Volume or Vesicant: The Unique Complication of Extravasation in Radiology

relationship that develops between these departments and radiology can be beneficial, or toxic. This presentation will address the relationship between the interventional radiology department of a large teaching institution, and the ten dialysis centers that send their patients for treatment. Discussion topics include the explanation of the creation of a nurse liaison role, the incredible changes this has made both in improved patient care and outcomes, the improved staff satisfaction on both ends, and the keys for the creation of a successful relationship. Objectives are to describe the role of nurse liaison; discuss how a nurse liaison can facilitate changes in practice, policy, and procedure to improve daily practice; explain how a nurse liaison can improve patient outcomes within the radiology department; and to describe different tools that can be used to increase communication between departments.
The TCN/AACN 2010 Salary Survey : Professional Practices, Beliefs, and Incomes of U.S. Neuropsychologists

Doctoral-level members of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology) of the American Psychological Association, and the National Academy of Neuropsychology, and other neuropsychologists, were invited to participate in a web-based survey in early 2010. The sample of respondents was 56% larger than a prior related income and practice survey in 2005. The substantial proportional change in gender taking place in the field has continued, with 7 of 10 post-doctoral residents being women and, for the first time ever, more than half of the total sample of respondents being women. Whereas the median age of APA members has been over 50 since the early 1990s, the current median age of clinical neuropsychologists remains at 47 and has remained essentially unchanged since 1989, indicating substantial entrance of young psychologists into the field. The Houston Conference training model has influenced the vast majority of residency training sites, and is endorsed as compatible with prior training by two-thirds of all respondents. Testing assistant usage remains commonplace, and is much more common in institutions. The "flexible battery" approach has again increased in popularity and predominates, whereas endorsement of the "fixed/standardized battery" approach has continued to decline. The vast majority of clinical neuropsychologists work full time. Average length of time reported for evaluations increased significantly from 2005, which does not appear to be explained by changes in common referral sources or common diagnostic conditions being evaluated. The most common factors affecting evaluation length were identified, with the top three being goal of evaluation, stamina/health of examinee, and age of examinee. Pediatric specialists are more likely than others to work part time, more likely to be women, more likely to work in institutions, and report lower incomes than respondents whose professional identity is purely adult or a combination of adult and pediatric. Incomes once again vary considerably by years of clinical practice, work setting, amount of forensic practice, state, and region of country. Job satisfaction has little relationship to income and is comparable across most variables (e.g., work setting, professional identity, amount of forensic activity), whereas income satisfaction has a stronger relationship to actual income, and income satisfaction and job satisfaction are moderately correlated. Job satisfaction of neuropsychologists in general is higher than reported for other US jobs. Fewer than 5% of respondents are considering changing job position. As was true in the 2005 survey, a substantial majority of respondents reported increased incomes over the last 5 years. Actual reported income values were meaningfully higher than in 2005 across general work settings and professional identities, and were also higher for entry-level positions. Numerous breakdowns related to income and professional activities are provided.
The Role of Operational Interdependence and Supervisory Experience on Management Assessments of Resource Planning Systems

Greater interdependence among workers and activities not only increases the need for internal communication, but it also imposes complications and barriers to effective information exchange. Intraorganizational communication capabilities of certain information systems can help overcome these barriers. However, the extent to which certain systems are promoted as communication tools depends largely on management's interpretation of their usefulness, which in turn may be largely dependent on operational context and managerial experience. We use a controlled experimental approach to study how these issues interact to impact managerial assessments of resource planning systems. Results show that managers value the communication capabilities of resource planning systems more so in highly task-interdependent contexts and that these assessments are still more positive among managers with greater supervisory experience. As a result, these findings pose direct implications regarding the management support of technology use.
Genomic and genetic control of phosphate stress in legumes.

Phosphorus (P), an essential element for growth and development, is taken up by plants as phosphate (Pi), but Pi is unevenly distributed and relatively immobile in soils. As a result, more than 30% of the world's arable land requires the application of P fertilizers for cropping ([Vance et al., 2003
Environmental implications of a beetle assemblage from the Gervais Formation (early Wisconsinan?), Minnesota

The Gervais Formation of northwestern Minnesota is the oldest known Quaternary stratigraphic unit in the Red River Valley. Wood from the fossiliferous silt and peat member is > 46,900 yr old. The age of the unit is uncertain but may be early Wisconsinan. A well-preserved beetle assemblage consisting of extant species is described from the fossiliferous horizon. Presently, most of the species are widely distributed and occur in Minnesota. The remainder have restricted northern distributions. Included in this group is the weevil Vitavitus thulius, known only from two localities in Northwest Territories. The sedimentary environment indicated by the beetles was a small lake, rich in aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. The margins were characterized by open areas and spruce woodland. Species with arctic-alpine distributions indicate a cold environment, but whether it was regional or local in extent could not be determined. If regional, a climate similar to that of the tundra-forest transition zone is postulated with mean July temperatures in the range 11° to 14°C. If the cold environment was restricted, however, the climate may have been similar to that of the Lake Superior region with a mean July temperature of 17°C.
Effects of Genic Base Composition on Growth Rate in G+C-Rich Genomes

The source and significance of the wide variation in the genomic base composition of bacteria have been a matter of continued debate. Although the variation was originally attributed to a strictly neutral process, i.e., species-specific differences in mutational patterns, recent genomic comparisons have shown that bacteria with G+C-rich genomes experience a mutational bias toward A+T. This difference between the mutational input to a genome and its overall base composition suggests the action of natural selection. Here, we examine if selection acts on G+C contents in Caulobacter crescentus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which both have very G+C-rich genomes, by testing whether the expression of gene variants that differ only in their base compositions at synonymous sites affects cellular growth rates. In C. crescentus, expression of the more A+T-rich gene variants decelerated growth, indicating that selection on genic base composition is, in part, responsible for the high G+C content of this genome. In contrast, no comparable effect was observed in P. aeruginosa, which has similarly high genome G+C contents. Selection for increased genic G+C-contents in C. crescentus acts independently of the species-specific codon usage pattern and represents an additional selective force operating in bacterial genomes.
A Rare Case of Vanishing Lung Syndrome

We describe here a rare case of Idiopathic Bullous Emphysema/Vanishing Lung Syndrome (VLS) in a 33-year-old male patient with a history of marijuana abuse who presents to the hospital with pleuritic chest pain thought to be due to pneumothorax based on the chest radiograph. This case emphasizes the need to obtain chest computed tomography in a relatively stable patient suspected of VLS to reduce the potential risk of overseeing a bronchopleural fistula.
Induction and Utilization of an ATM Signaling Pathway by Polyomavirus

Progression from G(1) to S is essential for polyomavirus DNA replication and depends on the interaction of large T with the retinoblastoma gene product pRb. This virus-induced replication pathway is accompanied by p53 activation resembling a DNA damage response (12). We sought to determine whether this pathway depends in part on activation of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) kinase and whether the virus gains advantages from this pathway beyond that of entry into S. We show that polyomavirus infection activates the S- and G(2)-phase checkpoints in primary as well as established mouse cells. Infected cells undergo a prolonged S phase compared to uninfected serum-stimulated cells and show no evidence of a G(2)-->M transition before lytic death ensues. Infection is accompanied by increases in ATM activity in vitro and in the level of ATM-S1981-P in vivo. The incubation of infected cells with caffeine, a known ATM inhibitor, did not block entry into S but reduced the rate of viral compared to cellular DNA synthesis. Importantly, caffeine lowered the yields of viral DNA an average of 3- to 6-fold and those of infectious virus by as much as 10-fold. Virus yields were 10-fold lower in ATM (-/-) p53(-/-) than in ATM(+/+) p53(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts, indicating a p53-independent role of ATM in productive infection. Replacement of the normal SMC1 (structural maintenance of chromosomes, or cohesin) protein, a critical ATM substrate in the DNA repair pathway, with its phosphorylation mutant SMC1(S957AS966A) also lowered virus yields by roughly 90%. We suggest that polyomavirus activates and utilizes a component(s) of an ATM pathway of DNA repair to prolong S phase and aid its own replication.
Observations on the Stark Effect in Hydrogen and Helium

Stark effect measurements for hydrogen and helium lines in fields 1 to 38 kv/cm.---The Lo Surdo method was improved by using a rotating cathode to minimize pitting. A three prism glass spectrograph, and a Hilger quartz spectrograph ${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$ were used. Enlargements of the spectrograms for $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and for six He lines are given. (1) Hydrogen Balmer lines. At fields below 3 kv/cm, the red side of each line is more diffuse than the violet side, in agreement with Kramers' theory of the connection between the Stark effect components and the fine structure components. For fields above 5 kv/cm ten $p$ components of $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are symmetrically arranged, the ratios of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ to field coming out \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(.230,.191,.153,.065,.026) A/kv/cm. Changes in the relative intensities of components of $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and of $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\delta}$ with increasing field are noted and the observed relative intensities of $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ are found to agree fairly well with Kramers' theoretical predictions. (2) Parhelium lines. Measurements at five field strengths are given for the groups near the D lines 4388, 4144, 4009, and near $\ensuremath{\lambda}3614$, including some new components. The number of lines in each group increases with the order. Combination series of the type $2P\ensuremath{-}mQ$, $2S\ensuremath{-}mQ (Q=S,P,B,E,F,\dots{};M=4,5,6,\dots{})$ are suggested which include these lines and also the components of Stark's "diffuse principal" series and which fit into the scheme proposed by Tschulanowsky. The variable behavior of lines near $\ensuremath{\lambda}4388$ in low fields is noted and observations are given for the $\ensuremath{\lambda}3927$ group. As a rule the Stark effect pattern is constant for the members of each series but varies with the series. Many components vanish with increasing field. (3) Orthohelium lines. Measurements are given for groups $\ensuremath{\lambda}3820$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}3705$ and observations for $\ensuremath{\lambda}4026$.
RECLAIMING THE LOCAL IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PRACTICE

RECLAIMING THE LOCAL IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PRACTICE. A. Suresh Canagarajah (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xxx + 297. $32.50 paper.This volume is a collection of 12 articles that examine the place of local knowledge within the context of globalization as it relates to language policy and practice. The introductory chapter begins by problematizing the concept of globalization and illustrating how some fields in the humanities and social sciences are redefining their approaches to it. The chapter then summarizes the main ideas of the 12 articles that follow, which are divided into four sections.
Gut microbial colonisation in premature neonates predicts neonatal sepsis

Background Neonatal sepsis due to intestinal bacterial translocation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Understanding microbial colonisation of the gut in prematurity may predict risk of sepsis to guide future strategies to manipulate the microbiome. Methods Prospective longitudinal study of premature infants. Stool samples were obtained weekly. DNA was extracted and the V6 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA was amplified followed by high throughput pyrosequencing, comparing subjects with and without sepsis. Results Six neonates were 24–27 weeks gestation at birth and had 18 samples analysed. Two subjects had no sepsis during the study period, two developed late-onset culture-positive sepsis and two had culture-negative systemic inflammation. 324 350 sequences were obtained. The meconium was not sterile and had predominance of Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriales. Overall, infants who developed sepsis began life with low microbial diversity, and acquired a predominance of Staphylococcus , while healthy infants had more diversity and predominance of Clostridium, Klebsiella and Veillonella . Conclusions In very low birth weight infants, the authors found that meconium is not sterile and is less diverse from birth in infants who will develop late-onset sepsis. Empiric, prolonged antibiotics profoundly decrease microbial diversity and promote a microbiota that is associated not only with neonatal sepsis, but the predominant pathogen previously identified in the microbiome. Our data suggest that there may be a ‘healthy microbiome’ present in extremely premature neonates that may ameliorate risk of sepsis. More research is needed to determine whether altered antibiotics, probiotics or other novel therapies can re-establish a healthy microbiome in neonates.
Meeting the challenge of science literacy: project 2061 efforts to improve science education.

A modern understanding of the cell and its functions has been translated into learning goals for K-12 students by Project 2061's Benchmarks for Science Literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1993 ) and by the National Research Council's National Science Education Standards (NSES) (National Research Council [NRC], 1996 ). Nearly every state has used these national documents to develop their own science standards, so that there is now a fairly broad consensus on what it is that students need to know and be able to do in science generally and in biology more specifically. While this consensus represents an important first step toward improving science education, without curriculum, instruction, and assessments that are well aligned with these goals, teachers will find it extremely difficult to help their students achieve them. Here, we first highlight a few of the key findings regarding cell biology from Project 2061's study of high school textbooks and their alignment with standards. We then describe Project 2061's current efforts to develop new knowledge and tools that educators, researchers, and practitioners can use to help all students become literate in science, mathematics, and technology. Project 2061 is a long-term K–12 education initiative of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Preparation and HPLC applications of rigid macroporous organic polymer monoliths

Rigid porous polymer monoliths are a new class of materials that emerged in the early 1990s. These monolithic materials are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a closed mold. For example, polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, free-radical initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials with large through-pores that enable applications in a rapid flow-through mode. The versatility of the preparation technique is demonstrated by its use with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, and zwitterionic monomers. Several system variables can be used to control the porous properties of the monolith over a broad range and to mediate the hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic devices. A variety of methods such as direct copolymerization of functional monomers, chemical modification of reactive groups, and grafting of pore surface with selected polymer chains is available for the control of surface chemistry. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the molded material, and the monolithic devices perform well, even at very high flow rates. The applications of polymeric monolithic materials are demonstrated mostly on the separations in the HPLC mode, although CEC, gas chromatography, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, advanced detection systems, and microfluidic devices are also mentioned.
Dispositional motivations and message framing: A test of the congruency hypothesis in college students

The authors examined the congruency hypothesis that health messages framed to be concordant with dispositional motivations will be most effective in promoting health behaviors. Undergraduate students (N 63) completed a measure of approach/avoidance orientation (behavioral activation/inhibition system) and read a gain- or loss-framed message promoting flossing. Results support the congruency hypothesis: When given a loss-framed message, avoidance-oriented people reported flossing more than approach-oriented people, and when given a gain-framed message, approach-oriented people reported flossing more than avoidance-oriented people. Discussion centers on implications for health interventions and the route by which dispositional motivations affect health behaviors through message framing. Providing people with persuasive health messages is often the first step taken in efforts to promote healthy behavior. When persuasive communications are used, two central factors are the type of message and the characteristics of the message recipient. Research in health psychology often looks at these two factors in isolation. The present article explores the interaction between these two factors in predicting health behavior change. We examine the congruency hypothesis that health messages framed to be concordant with individual motivational dispositions will be most effective in promoting positive health behaviors. When there is a health message that needs to be conveyed, there are many ways in which that material can be framed. In particular, the features of a health behavior can be framed in terms of the benefits of engaging in the behavior (called a gain frame )o r in terms of the costs of failing to engage in the behavior (a loss frame). Although these frames refer to objectively equivalent situations, research has shown that they have different effects on individuals’ judgments, decisions, and behaviors (Rothman & Salovey, 1997).
A Spatial Decomposition of County Population Growth in the United States: Population Redistribution in the Rural-to-Urban Continuum, 1980–2010

A significant theme in demographic studies has been the population redistribution patterns among metropolitan centers, non-metropolitan areas surrounding them, and the so-called hinterlands beyond. Virtually all of this research has used the traditional metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan classification scheme. However, this classification system has a number of inherent flaws concerning the identification of rural and urban areas. Our previous research, for instance, has shown that metro areas are highly heterogeneous in terms of characteristics typifying “rural” and “urban” (Porter and Howell 2009). This study aims to partially alleviate the problem through the implementation of a new sub-county geography, the Non-Place Territory (NPT) combined with a spatial decomposition method for combining county and place-level data. The NPT is simply the balance of the county not designated as a census place or, in other words, the local expression of “out in the county”. Through the use of this geography and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we spatially decompose population growth in the U.S at the sub-county level using 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 census population data applied to a unified place vs. non-place territory GIS coverage. Through the application of exploratory spatial data analysis procedures, we identify sub-county patterns of population distribution and redistribution over the three decades of interest. The results identify statistically significant pockets of growth, stability, and decline within counties across metropolitan and non-metropolitan localities. This approach and these results pave the way for a more contextual understanding of population redistribution in the U.S.
Postharvest Degradation of Guayule Rubber

Abstract Most guayule genotypes lose considerable amounts of rubber after harvest. The time that the harvested shrub stays in storage is an important factor controlling the amount of degradation. This study identifies genotypes which are more stable with respect to postharvest degradation of rubber quality and quantity. Genotypes carrying such an economically valuable trait provide for the development of high-rubber-yielding cultivars that prevent substantial losses between harvest and processing. Further studies are expected to throw light on the mechanisms of postharvest rubber degradation, in general, and on the genetic nature of this variation in particular. More genotypes must be exposed to more storage conditions in order to identify genotypes that may withstand the adverse effects of long storage. The observation that some genotypes continue to synthesize rubber after harvest, at least for a short period of time, is also encouraging. Such genotypes make it possible to handle the shrub between field...
Embracing Fragility in Our Data: A Cautionary Example from Research on the FCPA and Voluntary Disclosure

Various agencies have acknowledged that they would take voluntary disclosure of FCPA misconduct into account in assessing the fine of a transgressing company. However, several scholars questioned whether companies would actually receive that benefit. Previous research set out to answer this question with the use of statistical analysis and found that voluntarily disclosing companies actually face stiffer penalties. While statistical analysis has not traditionally been used in the legal field, it can be a very powerful and beneficial tool. However, this tool must be utilized responsibly. The current study critiques the methods of previous research and finds several flaws which impact findings.
The ups and downs of levees: GPS–based change detection, Middle Mississippi River, USA

Changes in levee-crest elevations were measured along 328 km of Mississippi River levees between St. Louis, Missouri, and Cairo, Illinois, in 1998 and 2007. We also compared 1998 and 2007 survey data with 50 yr fl ood elevation profi les to assess levels of levee protection. Levee heights, stability, and safety are nationwide concerns, especially since Hurricane Katrina and fl oodwall failures in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2005. The majority of surveyed levees were stable at the centimeter to decimeter level during the 9 yr measurement interval. Change was measured in other areas, including increases of as much as 1.49 m and decreases of as much as 1.26 m between 1998 and 2007. The increases corresponded to local crevasse repairs, smallscale road maintenance, and larger levee-raising projects. Decreases in levee elevations are interpreted as small-scale surface erosion and larger compaction or subsidence of levee and/or foundation materials. Levee crests in 2007 were locally as much as 2.0 m below the 50 yr fl oodgrade elevations. Levee degradation reduces protection levels for fl oodplain residents, often without easily visible symptoms. Intentional levee raising without necessary studies, engineering, or permitting has a range of potential negative impacts including both a false sense of security and the potential for exporting fl ood risk to neighboring levee communities. Regional surveying of levee elevations and change over time can provide a preliminary tool for assessing levee conditions, stability, and compliance with levee regulations.
INFECTED INTRA-ABDOMINAL HEMATOMA ASSOCIATED WITH AN INDWELLING TENCKHOFF CATHETER

Two months after cessation of continous cycling peritoneal dialysis a pa tient developed an infected intra abdominal hematoma while a Tenck hoff catheter was still present in the abdomen. The hemat...
Promoting Justice in the Classroom: Looking Beyond the Label to See the Individual

ABSTRACTChristian educators are faced with the task of promoting and encouraging justice from the viewpoint of Christ as they encounter the broad strokes of diversity within their classrooms and schools. Following Christ means that the Christian educator must look beyond the labels that have been applied by the religious and secular to see each student as made in the image of God. This article presents a paradigm that recognizes the worth of each individual within the context of the student’s background knowledge, language abilities, academic achievement, and behavior (BLAB) instead of the singularly focused labels that marginalize students.
Research note: religious doctrine and its influence on the choice to gamble as a leisure pastime among African American Methodists

This research note examines the relationship between adherence to religious doctrine and participation in gambling as a leisure pastime. In the United States, recreational gambling is a common leis...
Comment on “Are polynuclear superhalogens without halogen atoms probable? A high-level ab initio case study on triple-bridged binuclear anions with cyanide ligands” [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 094301 (2014)]

For the vertical electron detachment energies of triply-bridged Mg2(CN)5− superhalides, the Outer Valence Green Function (OVGF) yields results similar to those of the coupled-cluster singles and doubles plus approximate triples, or CCSD(T), method. Invalid comparisons between states with different symmetry or localization properties underlie the assertion of Yin et al that OVGF produces large discrepancies with respect to CCSD(T) for several isomers of Mg2(CN)5−.
Letter by Ng and Efimov Regarding Article, "Electrophysiological Effects of Selective Atrial Coronary Artery Occlusion in Humans".

We read with great interest the article by Alvarez-Garcia and colleagues1 on the electrophysiological effects of atrial coronary occlusion in humans. The authors report an association between selective atrial coronary artery occlusion during elective percutaneous coronary intervention with increased atrial arrhythmias and intra-atrial conduction delay. We previously studied the electrophysiological effects of acute myocardial ischemia in explanted human hearts by using high-resolution optical mapping,2,3 and reported progressive slowing of local conduction velocities with …
A robust 12T SRAM cell with improved write margin for ultra-low power applications in 40 nm CMOS

Abstract Near-threshold operation is garnering growing attention for ultra-low power applications despite the fact the reliability of the near-threshold digital systems warrants unprecedented scrutiny of robustness measures to ensure correct functionality under stringent environmental and manufacturing scattering specifications. In this paper, an ideal theoretical read and write static noise margins (RSNM/WSNM) are discussed. In addition, a 12T SRAM bit cell is proposed in order to reach the theoretical WSNM limit. This could be achieved by eliminating a feedback of back-to-back inverters by means of data-dependent supply cutoff during write operation. This allows the proposed bit cell to enlarge write margin dramatically. Many previous works also attempt to cutoff the supply, but many of them were not data dependent. Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation results show the proposed 12T SRAM bit cell is more robust in static and dynamic noise margin than the conventional 6T and 8T SRAM bit cells as well as a 10T bit cell. The area overhead of the proposed bit cell is 1.96 times and 1.74 times greater than the 6T and 8T bit cells, respectively. Analytical models of WSNM for the 12T bit cell in the super-threshold region and the sub-threshold region are also proposed.
The Law and Repeated Risktaking

Publisher Summary P.A. Samuelson (1963) pointed out a widespread fallacy concerning how insurance works: It is not by adding independent risks that risk exposure is eased but by subdividing through pooling the added risks. Insuring 100 independent ships increases risk 10-fold over insuring one ship; by pooling risk coverage of the 100 over 100 insurers, one reduces the risk on each to effectively one-tenth. Riskiness does not cancel out for the long-term investor in a random-walk course but rather grows like . These law-of-large-number and central-limit-law truths do not justify the belief that when a favorable bet is repeatable a large enough number of times, it must end one up ahead.
Anisotropic full-waveform inversion with tilt-angle recovery

ABSTRACTBy allowing spatial variations in the direction of the anisotropic fast axis, tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) helps to image complex or steeply dipping structures. Without a priori geologic constraints, however, recovery of all the anisotropic parameters can be nontrivial and nonunique. We adopt two methods for TTI inversion with tilt-angle recovery: one based on the familiar Voigt parameters, and another based on the so-called Chen and Tromp parameters known from regional and global seismology. These parameterizations arise naturally in seismic wave propagation and facilitate straightforward recovery of the tilt angle and anisotropic strength. In numerical experiments with vertical transversely isotropic starting models and TTI target models, we find that the Voigt as well as the Chen and Tromp parameters allow quick and robust recovery of steeply dipping anticlinal structures.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Wireless Communications

This chapter focuses on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless communication. OFDMA is the latest technology, and it has been used in the wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) long-term evolution (LTE) and WiMAX systems. LTE is also known as 4G. OFDMA provides optimal spectral efficiency as well as variable bandwidth and provision for many independent channels. This is achieved in a remarkably simple method, using the fast Fourier transform and inverse fast Fourier transform. OFDMA signals are commonly 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz, which allows wireless carriers to efficiently occupy whatever frequency bands they are licensed to use. Digital predistortion for power amplifier linearization is also introduced.