cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sense of community on an urban, commuter campus

As youth make the transition into adulthood, many are choosing to extend their education and delay the stereotypical institutions of adult life. At the same time, in the United States an increasing number of college students reside in off-campus housing. Research suggests that these students may be less likely to persist in their education and more likely to suffer from a lack of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, self-efficacy). One explanation for these challenges is the difficulty that commuter students may have to build relationships and access services on traditional college campuses. Collegiate sense of community (CSOC) has been proposed as a key metric for predicting student persistence and well-being. This mixed-methods study identifies how students on an urban, commuter campus develop CSOC, describes barriers to connecting on campus, and demonstrates significant relationships between CSOC, student affect, life satisfaction, and educational expectations. The results have broad implica...
A comprehensive, computer-model-based approach for diagnosis and treatment of complex acid-base disorders in critically-ill patients.

We have developed a computer-model-based approach to quantitatively diagnose the causes of metabolic acid–base disorders in critically-ill patients. We use an interstitial-plasma-erythrocyte (IPE) model that is sufficiently detailed to accurately calculate steady-state changes from normal in fluid volumes and electrolyte concentrations in a given patient due to a number of causes of acid–base disorders. Normal fluid volumes for each patient are determined from their sex, height and weight using regression equations derived from measured data in humans. The model inputs (electrolyte masses and volumes) are altered to simulate the laboratory chemistry of each critically-ill patient. In this process, the model calculates changes in body-fluid volumes, osmolality and yields the individual values of IPE base excess (BEIPE) attributed to changes due to: (1) fluid dilution/contraction, (2) gain or loss of Cl−, (3) hyper- or hypoalbuminemia, (4) presence of unmeasured ions, (5) gain of lactate, (6) gain or loss of phosphate, (7) gain or loss of calcium and magnesium, (8) gain or loss of potassium and (9) gain or loss of sodium. We use critically-ill patient data to show how our new approach is more informative and much simpler to interpret as compared to the approaches of Siggaard-Andersen or Stewart. We demonstrate how the model can be used at the bedside to diagnose acid–base disorders and suggest appropriate treatment. Hence, this new approach gives clinicians a new tool for diagnosing disorders and specifying fluid-therapy options for critically-ill patients.
Trench Film Cooling: Effect of Trench Downstream Edge and Hole Spacing

The present study is a continuation of an experimental investigation of film cooling from cylindrical holes embedded in transverse trenches. In this study, focus is on varying the downstream edge of the trench by angling it along the flow. Different edge angles are studied for the same trench depth. Also, the effect of hole spacing is considered for one of the standard trenches from previous studies to understand the effect of trenching on overall coolant usage. Detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness measurements are obtained simultaneously using a single test transient IR thermography technique. The study is performed at a single mainstream Reynolds number based on free-stream velocity and film hole diameter of 11000 at four different coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The results show that film effectiveness is greatly enhanced by the trenching due to improved two dimensional nature of the film and lateral spreading. The detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness contours provide a clear understanding of the jet-mainstream interactions for different hole orientations. The effect of edge angling is minimal on the overall cooling effectiveness but may have an impact on jet-mainstream interaction aerodynamic losses.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Internalism empowered: how to bolster a theory of justification with a direct realist theory of awareness

The debate in the philosophy of perception between direct realists and representationalists should influence the debate in epistemology between internalists and externalists about justification. If direct realists are correct, there are more consciously accessible justifiers for internalists to exploit than externalists think. Internalists can retain their distinctive internalist identity while accepting this widened conception of internalistic justification: even if they welcome the possibility of cognitive access to external facts, their position is still quite distinct from the typical externalist position. To demonstrate this, Alvin Goldman’s critique of internalism is shown to ignore important lessons from the case for direct realism about perception. In particular, it unjustifiably assumes that internalism entails that only facts simultaneous with the justification of a belief can justify the belief. Goldman’s definition of a “justifier” is also inconsistent with the overall guidance conception of epistemology he takes for granted in his critique of internalism.
A Reflection on Our Freedom

Imagine a deterministic world with plane-symmetry. Beings near this plane might well mistake it for a mirror. When they realize their error, they might be apt to relinquish even stronglyheld commitments to views about the compatibility of freedom and determinism. The following account reports such reflections.
Identification of a human liver cytochrome P-450 exhibiting catalytic and immunochemical similarities to cytochrome P-450 3a of rabbit liver

Immunoblot analysis of liver microsomes from nine patients demonstrated that each contained a cytochrome P-450 that reacted with an antibody directed against the ethanol-inducible rabbit liver cytochrome, P-450 3a. Two of the liver specimens exhibited high concentrations of the immunoreactive protein, high rates of aniline hydroxylation and N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylation, and extensive inhibition of activity in the presence of antibody to P-450 3a. One other liver specimen exhibited a very low rate of aniline hydroxylation with significantly less antibody inhibition. The variability witnessed was independent of the alcohol history of the individual patients, suggesting that the human cytochrome may be under some other environmental, dietary or genetic regulation. Its inducibility by ethanol was not directly studied in this investigation. However, we conclude that there is a cytochrome P-450 present in human liver which is immunochemically and catalytically similar to the ethanol-inducible P-450 of rabbit liver.
Harvesting All Electrogenerated Excitons through Metal Assisted Delayed Fluorescent Materials

Highly efficient and stable palladium complexes that exhibit both phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence are developed. It is demonstrated that the emission from the two processes can be separately tuned through rational ligand modification. External quantum efficiencies over 20% are achieved and stable devices demonstrate an operational lifetime to 90% initial luminance estimated at over 20 000 h at 100 cd m(-2) .
Molecular dynamics on a distributed-memory multiprocessor

Dynamics simulations of molecular systems are notoriously computationally intensive. Using parallel computers for these simulations is important for reducing their turnaround time. In this article we describe a parallelization of the simulation program CHARMM for the Intel iPSC/860, a distributed memory multiprocessor. In the parallelization, the computational work is partitioned among the processors for core calculations including the calculation of forces, the integration of equations of motion, the correction of atomic coordinates by constraint, and the generation and update of data structures used to compute nonbonded interactions. Processors coordinate their activity using synchronous communication to exchange data values. Key data structures used are partitioned among the processors in nearly equal pieces, reducing the memory requirement per node and making it possible to simulate larger molecular systems. We examine the effectiveness of the parallelization in the context of a case study of a realistic molecular system. While effective speedup was achieved for many of the dynamics calculations, other calculations fared less well due to growing communication costs for exchanging data among processors. The strategies we used are applicable to parallelization of similar molecular mechanics and dynamics programs for distributed memory multiprocessors. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The organization of cerebellar afferent projections to the paramedian lobule in neonatal cats.

Abstract This study sought to determine whether cerebellar afferent pathways, that are topographically organized in adult cats, are similarly ordered during the postnatal development and maturation of the cortex, or whether the projections are first distributed randomly in the cortex before becoming organized. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into dorsal (dPML) or ventral (vPML) divisions of the paramedian lobule (PML) in neonatal (0- to 21-days-old) and adult cats and the ensuing distributions of retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral reticular nuclei, the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei were compared. Magnocellular and parvicellular neurons in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral parts of the ipsilateral lateral reticular nuclei project respectively to dPML and vPML in all neonatal and adult cats. Olivocerebellar projections were entirely crossed, in most cases, with neurons projecting to the dPML more rostral and medial in the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei and in the principal olive than neurons which project to the vPML. A parasagittal zonal organization of olivocerebellar projections was present in newborn cats. Neurons were labeled in the ipsilateral inferior olive following dPML injections in 1- to 4-day-old kittens, but not in older kittens or in adult cats. Pontocerebellar projections were bilateral with a contralateral predominance. In adult and neonatal cats, labeled neurons were clustered together and formed rostral-caudal oriented columns dorsomedial and ventromedial to the pyramidal tract after injections in the contralateral dPML and vPML and bilaterally in the dorsolateral ports after dPML injections. These results show that lateral reticulo-, olivo- and pontocerebellar projections to the PML which are topographically organized in adult cats are organized similarly in newborn cats. Studies in prenatal cats are required in order to determine whether these cerebellar afferents are ever randomly distributed in the cerebellar anlage or whether these projections are ordered as they grow into the cerebellum.
A Kinetic Study of the Dehydroxylation of Kaolinite1

When dehydroxylation of kaolinite powder is carried out in the usual way, the linear relations anticipated for first-order kinetics and for the Arrhenius plot of log k versus 1/T are satisfied only very approximately. Factors relating to the form of the specimen, (shape, size, compaction, container, etc.) are shown to be very important. A method is developed for obtaining data for a specimen in the form of an infinitely thin disc. The first-order kinetic relation and the Arrhenius relation are then linear, and the latter gives an activation energy of 65 K cal./mol. The dehydroxylation process is shown by x-ray analysis to proceed crystal by crystal and this leads to an interpretation of the first-order kinetics. The x-ray method is used to study the distribution of reacted and unreacted material throughout a disc of material. Although isothermal conditions are employed, large differences are found between the interior and exterior of a partially dehydroxylated disc. These effects are attributed to the influence of a water vapor atmosphere within the heated disc.
Biochemical Diagnosis and Management of Corticosterone Methyl Oxidase Type II Deficiency

Corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type II (CMO type II deficiency) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a defect in the terminal step of aldosterone biosynthesis. Previous reports emphasized the diagnostic utility of elevated urinary ratios of 18-hydroxytetrahydro-compound A to tetrahydro-aldosterone, which are primary metabolites of 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and aldosterone, respectively. Limited data suggest that plasma ratios of 18-OHB to aldosterone are also abnormal in affected individuals. We report serum steroid profiles in two siblings with CMO type II deficiency. Serum levels of aldosterone precursors were elevated in both patients before treatment. In particular, the serum ratios of 18-OHB to aldosterone were greatly elevated and declined to normal levels during mineralocorticoid replacement. The possibility of heterozygote detection using this ratio is suggested. We also confirm previous reports of a detrimental effect on linear growth rate after cessation of mineralocorticoid therapy despite maintenance of normal serum electrolytes. This effect is associated with biochemical evidence of chronic salt depletion. Based on our observations, we recommend that serum 18-OHB to aldosterone ratios be routinely measured for the diagnosis and management of patients with CMO type II deficiency.
Outer membrane vesicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibit IFN-γ-mediated MHC class II expression by human vascular endothelial cells

Porphyromonas gingivalis is thought to be one of the major pathogenic organisms of adult periodontitis. Of the several virulence factors associated with the pathology it causes, evidence is now presented suggesting that outer membrane vesicles, which form from blebbing of the outer membrane, may also contribute to the pathogenesis of this bacterium. To evaluate this possibility, outer membrane vesicles were isolated from cultures of P. gingivalis and tested for their ability to promote inflammation and for their effects on the biosynthesis of E-selectin and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules and MHC class II glycoproteins. The results indicate that these vesicles are capable of inducing acute inflammation characterized by the accumulation of a large number of neutrophils in the connective tissue. This cellular response corresponds to the vesicle-mediated biosynthesis and surface membrane expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 by vascular endothelial cells. In contrast, IFN-gamma-dependent synthesis of MHC class II molecules was found to be inhibited by vesicles. Inhibition of HLA-DR expression occurred regardless of whether vesicles were added at the same time as, 24 h before, or 24 h after IFN-gamma stimulation of endothelial cells, suggesting that the inhibitory effects occur at both the membrane and intracellular level. These findings, taken together, indicate that P. gingivalis membrane vesicles are capable of inducing and regulating cellular responses involved in inflammation and initiation of acquired immunity. Membrane vesicles are composed of muramyl peptides, periplasmic proteins and outer membrane constituents. The combination of these components probably contribute to the immune regulatory functions reported herein.
Department of accounting advisory board: A method of communicating with the business and professional community

Abstract This paper reports the results of a survey of 195 AACSB-accredited schools to determine whether their accounting departments had established advisory boards. Boards typically had sixteen members and were concerned primarily with fund raising and public relations. The boards' greatest success was with public relations and fund raising. Most of the schools without advisory boards never had had one. These schools said that opposition from the business schools was the major reason why one did not exist at their institutions. Other aspects of the study also are discussed.
Biochemical Characterization of the Wilson Disease Protein and Functional Expression in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Wilson disease is a disorder of copper metabolism characterized by hepatic cirrhosis and neuronal degeneration due to inherited mutations in a gene encoding a putative copper-transporting P-type ATPase. Polyclonal antisera generated against the amino terminus of the Wilson protein detected a specific 165-kDa protein in HepG2 and CaCo cell lysates. Further analysis revealed that this protein is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide and localized to thetrans-Golgi network under steady state conditions. An increase in the copper concentration resulted in the rapid movement of this protein to a cytoplasmic vesicular compartment. This copper-specific cellular redistribution of the Wilson protein is a reversible process that occurs independent of a new protein synthesis. Expression of the wild-type but not mutant Wilson protein in theccc2Δ strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiaerestored copper incorporation into the multicopper oxidase Fet3p, providing direct evidence of copper transport by the Wilson protein. Taken together these data reveal a remarkable evolutionary conservation in the cellular mechanisms of copper metabolism and provide a unique model for the regulation of copper transport into the secretory pathway of eucaryotic cells.
Aeroacoustic Study of a High-Fidelity Aircraft Model. Part 2; Unsteady Surface Pressures

In this paper, we present unsteady surface pressure measurements for an 18%-scale, semi-span Gulfstream aircraft model. This high-fidelity model is being used to perform detailed studies of airframe noise associated with main landing gear, flap components, and gear–flap interaction noise, as well as to evaluate novel noise reduction concepts. The aerodynamic segment of the tests, conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel, was completed in November 2010. To discern the characteristics of the surface pressure fluctuations in the vicinity of the prominent noise sources, unsteady sensors were installed on the inboard and outboard flap edges, and on the main gear wheels, struts, and door. Various configurations were tested, including flap deflections of 0o, 20o, and 39o, with and without the main landing gear. The majority of unsteady surface pressure measurements were acquired for the nominal landing configuration where the main gear was deployed and the flap was deflected 39o. To assess the Mach number variation of the surface pressure amplitudes, measurements were obtained at Mach numbers of 0.16, 0.20, and 0.24. Comparison of the unsteady surface pressures with the main gear on and off shows significant interaction between the gear wake and the inboard flap edge, resulting in higher amplitude fluctuations when the gear is present.
Dispersal, philopatry, and genetic relatedness in a social carnivore: comparing males and females

A balance must be maintained between the proportion of individuals dispersing and the proportion remaining philopatric such that inbreeding and resource competition are minimized. Yet the relative importance of dispersal and philopatric behaviour is uncertain, especially for species with complex social systems. We examine the influence of dispersal on genetic relationships of a white-nosed coati (Nasua narica: Procyonidae) population from Panama. Field studies of the coati indicate a social system in which all females are highly philopatric and live in bands while all adult males become solitary at maturity, but do not disperse from the home range of their natal band. Based on analyses of multilocus DNA fingerprints, we confirm that female philopatry is the rule, long-distance dispersal is rare, and that relatedness between most bands is low. However, some new bands result from fission events and these bands retain relatively high relatedness to one another for several years. Adult males inhabiting the home range of a band are closely related to band members. In contrast, males and band members whose ranges do not overlap are unrelated or only slightly related. Adult males are also more closely related to other males whose home ranges they overlap extensively than to males whose home ranges they overlap only slightly. These results indicate that males initially disperse from their natal bands to reduce resource competition and not to avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding avoidance, if it occurs, results from more extensive range movements by males during the mating season.
Partial insulin resistance in the mouse BC3H-1 cell line: absent hexose-independent actions of insulin.

We have studied the regulation of glycogen metabolism by insulin in the insulin-sensitive nonfusing muscle cell line BC3H-I. The basal percentage of glycogen synthase / activity was not altered by insulin alone at any concentration, time of exposure, or age of cells tested. The addition of glucose or 2-deoxyglucose to the glucose- and serum-free incubation medium caused a 2-fold increase in glycogen synthase / activity over basal levels, and the effect was enhanced to 3-fold if insulin was added to the medium. Glycogen phosphorylase a activity was not altered by incubation in the presence of insulin, but was lowered by the addition of 2-deoxyglucose. This effect was also enhanced in the presence of insulin. The effect of exogenously added sugar occurred only if a 6- phosphorylatable hexose was used. The effect seen with 2- deoxyglucose was stable to Sephadex G-25 desalting, suggesting that activation of glycogen synthase was the result of a stable (covalent) modification of the enzyme. We were also able t...
Helix-Sheet Packing in Proteins

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is organized around the packing of its secondary structure elements. While much is known about the packing geometry observed between α-helices and between β-sheets, there has been little progress on characterizing helix-sheet interactions. We present an analysis of the conformation of αβ2 motifs in proteins, corresponding to all occurrences of helices in contact with two strands that are hydrogen-bonded. The geometry of the αβ2 motif is characterized by the azimuthal angle θ between the helix axis and an average vector representing the two strands, the elevation angle ψ between the helix axis and the plane containing the two strands, and the distance D between the helix and the strands. We observe that the helix tends to align to the two strands, with a preference for an antiparallel orientation if the two strands are parallel; this preference is diminished for other topologies of the β-sheet. Sidechain packing at the interface between the helix and the strands is mostly hydrophobic, with a preference for aliphatic amino acids in the strand and aromatic amino acids in the helix. From the knowledge of the geometry and amino acid propensities of αβ2 motifs in proteins, we have derived different statistical potentials that are shown to be efficient in picking native-like conformations among a set of non-native conformations in well-known decoy datasets. The information on the geometry of αβ2 motifs as well as the related statistical potentials has applications in the field of protein structure prediction.
Partial Thrombosis of a Bileaflet Mitral Prosthetic Valve: Diagnosis by Transesophageal Echocardiography

We describe the contribution of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of acute thrombosis of a bileaflet mechanical prosthetic valve in the mitral position. The thrombus had immobilized one hemidisc without affecting the function of the other. These findings were confirmed at surgery.
Diazoxide promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in neonatal brain in normoxia and chronic sublethal hypoxia

Periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants. It is believed that loss of late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and disrupted maturation of oligodendrocytes contributes to defective myelination in PWMI. At present, no clinically approved drugs are available for treating PWMI. Previously, we found that diazoxide promotes myelination and attenuates brain injury in the chronic sublethal hypoxia model of PWMI. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which diazoxide promotes myelination. We observed that diazoxide increases the ratio of differentiated oligodendrocytes in the cerebral white matter, promotes the expression of differentiation-associated transcriptional factors Nkx2.2 and Sox10, and increases the expression of myelin genes CNP and MBP. These results show that diazoxide promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in the developing brain.
Increased expression of the 5-HT6 receptor by viral mediated gene transfer into posterior but not anterior dorsomedial striatum interferes with acquisition of a discrete action-outcome task.

Serotonin plays a role in reinforcement learning; however, it is not known which serotonin receptors mediate these effects. Serotonin 6 (5-HT6) receptors are abundant in the striatum, a brain area ...
Non-local radiation transport via coupling constants for the radially inhomogeneous Hg-Ar positive column

A model is presented for the radially inhomogeneous Hg–Ar positive column discharge with properties similar to the standard fluorescent lamp. The model combines the electron excitation reactions and radiation trapping to self-consistently solve the spatially dependent species rate equations. Collision rates are evaluated from the electron distribution function determined from the inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation with the gradient term. Radiation processes are evaluated through frequency dependent cell-to-cell coupling constants. This general radiation transport method accounts for non-local photo-pumping, line overlap within the isotopic structure of the Hg resonance lines, and an emission line profile subject to partial frequency redistribution. The coupling constants agree with a more computationally intensive Monte Carlo code. The emission line profile provides an effective decay rate for the 185 nm line, which follows trends in measurements. In contrast, the use of a uniform constant escape factor for radiation trapping leads to centrally constricted profiles for the Hg excited states. Model results for the mean electron energy, distribution function and density distribution of Hg triplet levels are found to agree with existing spatially resolved data. Predicted and measured broad profiles for the Hg triplet levels are attributed to photo-pumping of the outer plasma regions by inner ones.
Balloon atrial septostomy under two-dimensional echocardiographic control

We report our experience with balloon atrial septostomy under two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance only in 44 newborn patients (39 patients with transposition of the great arteries) who needed creation of an interatrial communication. Using standard echocardiographic projections septostomy with creation of large atrial septal defects was easy in 41 newborns. In 3 patients insertion of a large Eustachian valve at the interatrial septum prevented adequate pull-throughs with larger balloon sizes. No serious complications due to the procedure were noted. Balloon atrial septostomy under two-dimensional echocardiographic control is a quick, effective and safe method which can be performed on the intensive care unit.
Local Wind Climate within and Downwind of Large Offshore Wind Turbine Clusters

This Note review s presentations made at a meeting for experts, held at the Riso Laboratory, concerning possible approaches to improving understanding of local wind climates within large offshore wind farms and particularly their impact on downwind wind farms. Such effects are detectable both within and beyond the boundaries of each windfarm, which typically has 10 to 100 large turbines of rotor diameter up to 80 m and hub-heights between 60 and 80 m.
The neurobiology of visual attention: finding sources

The profusion of progress during the past twenty years in identifying neural correlates of selective attention within the visual system has left open the question of how visual representations are biased to favor target stimuli. Studies aimed at specifying the mechanisms that can be causally implicated in the control of visual selective attention have only recently begun in earnest. Employing both the psychophysical and the neuroanatomical data, recent neurophysiological experiments in monkeys and neuroimaging studies in humans are converging on the neural circuits that provide the source of at least some forms of attentional control signals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF RED CELL HEMOLYZATES ANALYZED IN CACODYLATE BUFFERS.

Abstract Electrophoretic analyses of human red cell hemolyzates in cacodylate, Veronal, and phosphate buffer media at different ionic strengths and pH values yield a variety of patterns. After dialysis against these media and subsequent dialysis against a standard 0.05 M cacodylic acid buffer (Γ/2 = 0.033, pH 6.5), the electrophoretic patterns are of a uniform type. The concentration of a slow-moving component (B) in these patterns is related to the concentration of organic phosphate. The electrophoretic patterns for (a) crystalline hemoglobin, (b) a hemolyzate dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase, and (c) a hemolyzate dialyzed against a Veronal buffer at pH 8.6 are almost identical and are characterized by the presence of small concentrations of Component B. Trace amounts of organic phosphates are present in these solutions. The addition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, tri-, or dinucleotides to crystalline hemoglobin solutions or to hemolyzates of aged red cells increases the Component B concentration. It is concluded that a hemoglobin-organic phosphate complex is responsible for Component B in the electrophoretic patterns of red cell hemolyzates analyzed in cacodylate buffers.
Allylisopropylacetamide induces rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase

In rat liver, allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) treatment strongly induced (25-fold) the activity of rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). By either the oral or the subcutaneous route, AIA produced a long-lasting induction (30 to 40 hours) of hepatic ODC activity. Three analogs of AIA, propylisopropylacetamide (PIA), allobarbital, and allylbenzene, were active ODC inducers while a fourth, allylacetate, was not. Although induction of hepatic aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase activity and the accumulation of hepatic porphyrins depend on the allyl moiety of AIA, this is not the case with hepatic ODC induction. Allylisopropylacetamide did not elevate serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) nor did it cause DNA damage, as measured by the alkaline elution assay. Thus, hepatic cell death is not a likely explanation of AIA's long-lasting induction of ODC. As AIA does not belong to any of the common categories of ODC inducers, it may be the chemical prototype of a new class of hepatic ODC inducers.
Memory for tastes in an operant delayed discrimination

The longevity of taste memory was assessed using a simple delayed discrimination procedure. Memory for taste exhibits long-lived properties in conditioned taste aversions, in which delays of up to 12 h between taste presentation and toxicosis are commonly reported. Although the discrimination procedure utilized here was designed to approximate the parametric features of taste aversion learning (one trial per day, a long period of exposure to the taste, and a salient reinforcer), obtained delays were under 1 min. The differences in taste memory within different procedures are discussed in the context of a retrospective retrieval process for ingestion-related stimuli.
A direct binding assay for the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) interaction with alpha 4 integrins

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily which interacts with the alpha 4 integrins alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen 4: VLA4) and alpha 4 beta 7, which are constitutively expressed on many leukocyte subsets and play a key role in cell trafficking and activation. Using a recombinant VCAM-IgG fusion protein (VCAM-Ig) as a soluble ligand for alpha 4 beta 1 we directly demonstrated by fluorescence analysis that the alpha 4 beta 1 receptor can exist in different affinity states on the cell surface, and that a high affinity state is induced by manganese ions or certain activating anti-beta 1 monoclonal antibodies (Jakubowski et al., 1995b). Here we have extended these observations by developing a rapid and reproducible assay using alkaline phosphatase (AP)-coupled VCAM-Ig (VCAM-Ig-AP) which measures the interaction between VCAM1 and alpha 4 integrins in a microtiter plate format. This assay has allowed us to evaluate directly the effects of metal ions, anti-beta 1 mAbs, and different cell types and species on the VCAM1/alpha 4 integrin interaction. Most importantly, the assay system provides a means to rapidly evaluate alpha 4 integrin-directed inhibitors without the complication of post-ligand binding events inherent in adhesion assays.
Analysis on Quantization Error Propagation for Motion-Compensated Lifted Wavelet Video Coding

In wavelet video coding, the quantization error in the temporal sub-bands propagates through temporal wavelet synthesis to the reconstructed frames. We analyze this propagation by considering the impact of the spatial interpolation in motion compensation on the statistics of the quantization error. Based on the analysis, a distortion model that can be derived from the motion fields is introduced and incorporated into a rate allocation method aiming at reducing the quality fluctuation over frames. Comparing to the conventional allocation method that ignores the effect of motion compensation, significant reduction in quality fluctuation is observed while incurring minimal loss in the average quality
The effects of phenobarbital and gonadal steroids on periovulatory serum levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the hamster.

The occurrence of ovulation and serum levels of LH and FSH (measured by radioimmunoas- say) were determined in periovulatory hamsters injected with an ovulation-blocking dose of phenobarbital (Phen) combined with progesterone (P), estradiol-17β(E2), or testosterone (T). Proestroush amsters were treated at 1300 h with Phen plus oil, P, P plus E2, E2, T, or a second injection of Phen at 2000 h. Each treatment group was divided into 3 subgroups, each of which was serially bled 4 times at 6 h intervals beginning at 1200, 1400, and 1600h on proestrus. Phen blocked ovulation on the next morning in all animals, while treatments that included P (1 mg) restored the normal complement of ova in 65–75% of the animals. Neither E2 (1, 10 or 50 μg) nor T (0.1 or 1 mg) overcame the Phen block of ovulation. Control hamsters had peak levels of LH between 1400 and 1800 h and a biphasic release ofFSH consisting of a peak at 1600 h on proestrus, a return to basal levels at 2200 h, and a second more sustained surge between 240...
Learning with interactive computer graphics in the undergraduate neuroscience classroom

Instruction of neuroanatomy depends on graphical representation and extended self-study. As a consequence, computer-based learning environments that incorporate interactive graphics should facilitate instruction in this area. The present study evaluated such a system in the undergraduate neuroscience classroom. The system used the method of adaptive exploration, in which exploration in a high fidelity graphical environment is integrated with immediate testing and feedback in repeated cycles of learning. The results of this study were that students considered the graphical learning environment to be superior to typical classroom materials used for learning neuroanatomy. Students managed the frequency and duration of study, test, and feedback in an efficient and adaptive manner. For example, the number of tests taken before reaching a minimum test performance of 90 % correct closely approximated the values seen in more regimented experimental studies. There was a wide range of student opinion regarding the choice between a simpler and a more graphically compelling program for learning sectional anatomy. Course outcomes were predicted by individual differences in the use of the software that reflected general work habits of the students, such as the amount of time committed to testing. The results of this introduction into the classroom are highly encouraging for development of computer-based instruction in biomedical disciplines.
Electron Transfer by Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase Is Regulated by Concerted Interaction of Calmodulin and Two Intrinsic Regulatory Elements

The nitric-oxide synthases (NOSs) are modular, cofactor-containing enzymes, divided into a heme-containing oxygenase domain and an FMN- and FAD-containing reductase domain. The domains are connected by a calmodulin (CaM)-binding sequence, occupancy of which is required for nitric oxide (NO) production. Two additional CaM-modulated regulatory elements are present in the reductase domains of the constitutive isoforms, the autoregulatory region (AR) and the C-terminal tail region. Deletion of the AR reduces CaM stimulation of electron flow through the reductase domain from 10-fold in wild-type nNOS to 2-fold in the mutant. Deletion of the C terminus yields an enzyme with greatly enhanced reductase activity in the absence of CaM but with activity equivalent to that of wild-type enzyme in its presence. A mutant in which both the AR and C terminus were deleted completely loses CaM modulation through the reductase domain. Thus, transduction of the CaM effect through the reductase domain of nNOS is dependent on these elements. Formation of nitric oxide is, however, still stimulated by CaM in all three mutants. A CaM molecule in which the N-terminal lobe was replaced by the C-terminal lobe (CaM-CC) supported NO synthesis by the deletion mutants but not by wild-type nNOS. We propose a model in which the AR, the C-terminal tail, and CaM interact directly to regulate the conformational state of the reductase domain of nNOS.
Perspectives on teaching nuclear and radiochemistry at the Pennsylvania State University

I present some perspectives on teaching the subject of nuclear and radiochemistry in the form of a historical narrative. In addition, I briefly review a program, which we developed approximately seven years ago, to enchance learning in a specific course on the subject. This program involved developing illustrations, course notes, and video tutorials evaluating their effectiveness. After having used these aids extensively, I comment on their efficacy. Also, I briefly discuss the role of a nuclear science course in a nuclear engineering curriculum.
Gas percolation in upper-crustal silicic crystal mushes as a mechanism for upward heat advection and rejuvenation of near-solidus magma bodies

Several crystal-rich, intermediate to silicic magmas erupted at arc volcanoes record a reheating event shortly prior to eruption: they provide evidence for remobilization of crystal mushes by mafic magmas. As hybridization between the mush and the mafic magma is often limited, bulk mixing could not be the dominant process in transferring heat. Conductive heating from a basaltic underplate plays a role, but a few characteristics of these rejuvenated mushes suggest that reheating occurs faster than predicted by conduction. In the upper crust, a process that can transport heat faster than conduction, and still remain chemically nearly imperceptible, is the upward migration of a hot volatile phase (bgas spargingQ) that originates in underplated mafic magmas. Using numerical simulations, we quantified the thermal effects of two-phase flow (a silicic melt phase and a H2O–CO2 fluid phase) in the pore space of shallow silicic mushes that have reached their rheological lock-up point (i.e., rigid porous medium, crystallinity z50 vol.%). Results show that the reheating rates are significantly faster than conduction for volatile fluxes N0.1 m 3 /m 2 yr. Considering that volatiles can be rapidly exsolved from the underplated mafic magma, these high fluxes can be promptly
Reproductive development and induced estrus in the prepubertal hamster

Abstract During puberty ovarian, hypothalamic, and behavioral processes become coordinated to foster reproductive success. The present study investigated the lordosis capability as a possible limiting factor in the initiation of puberty. Intact and castrate female golden hamsters at 18 to 28 days of age were found capable of demonstrating an adult-like lordosis response when primed with estrogen and progesterone. This is before ovulation or hypothalamic cyclicity is usual. In the hamster, then, estrous behavior is one of the first reproductive capabilities to mature. Early ovariectomy seems to delay the development of the tissues mediating lordosis. Ovarian maturation is probably the crucial limiting factor for puberty in the hamster.
Observations On Molting in Species of Cylindrocorpus

Molting in species of Cylindrocorpus is a stepwise process involving separation of the old lip regions from the rest of the stomal components accompanied by differentiation of the new lip regions, loss of refractivity in the stomal and esophageal regions, further retraction of the head region accompanied by resclerotization of the stomal and esophageal regions and rupturing and casting of the old cuticle with subsequent release of the next developmental stage. The vaginal lining is initially laid down in the pre-adult stage and is not shed with the body cuticle. The cuticular linings of the corpus are defecated.
Solvent stress cracking and failure mechanisms in polyetherimide composites

Solvent stress cracking studies have been carried out in o-xylene and other solvents on polyetherimide (PEI) based materials including neat resin, woven fabric composites, and adhesively bonded systems. The results show crack growth in solvents at very low GI levels as compared with tests in air. The composite and adhesively bonded systems have sufficiently high residual thermal stresses to drive an array of intersecting matrix/adhesive cracks even without mechanical loading. The matrix/adhesive residual stress driven crack patterns in these systems are shown to retard main delamination crack growth relative to that in the neat resin, and to raise the applied threshold G1 level for main crack growth by about a factor of ten, as predicted by an approximate model.
Prediction, Bayesian Deliberation and Correlated Equilibrium

In a pair of controversy provoking papers1, Kadane and Larkey argued that the normative or prescriptive understanding of expected utility theory recommended that participants in a game maximize expected utility given their assessments of the probabilities of the moves that other players would make. They observed that no prescription, norm or standard of Bayesian rationality recommends how they should come to make probability judgments about the choices of other players. For any given player, it is an empirical question as to whether other players are Bayes rational, judge him to be Bayes rational, etc., just as it is an empirical question as to what the other players’ goals and beliefs are. Participants in the game should, of course, use all empirical information available to them about how other players have behaved and how they are likely to behave in the given context of choice. Kadane and Larkey pointed out that rational players could participate in a game meeting these requirements without the game’s terminating with a Nash equilibrium or a result satisfying any other particular solution concept.
Myelin Basic Protein Is an Endogenous Inhibitor of the High‐Affinity Cannabinoid Binding Site in Brain

Radioligand binding studies with the water-soluble cannabinoid [3H]5'-trimethylammonium delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol ([3H]TMA) have revealed a saturable high-affinity site in brain that is specific for cannabinoids. To determine whether endogenous compounds of brain might act upon the site physiologically, we sought inhibitors in extracts of brain. An endogenous inhibitor has been purified to homogeneity by acid extraction of rat brain followed by adsorption to a reverse-phase matrix and gel filtration chromatography. The purified inhibitor has a subunit molecular mass of 14,500 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Inhibition of [3H]TMA binding by the purified inhibitor occurs with a Ki of about 4 nM in a noncompetitive manner. The molecular weight, abundance, and extraction properties are the same as a species of myelin basic protein (MBP). The MBPs of rat, rabbit, pig, and cow also inhibit [3H]TMA binding noncompetitively with similar potencies. The purified inhibitor comigrates with rat MBP-small form on SDS-PAGE, has a similar amino acid composition, and is recognized by antibody directed against MBP. Studies of fragments of rabbit MBP suggest that the determinants of affinity for the [3H]TMA site are contained primarily within the C-terminal half of the rabbit MBP. Synthetic polycationic peptides such as polylysine and polyarginine mimic the effects of MBP, suggesting that the high-affinity cannabinoid binding site recognizes large polycations. The identification of the endogenous inhibitor of [3H]TMA binding as MBP suggests that MBP interacts physiologically with the high-affinity cannabinoid site.
The Distribution and Determinants of Socially Supplied Political Expertise

Recent work on social influence has highlighted the importance of socially supplied political expertise, crediting it with strengthening attitudes, resolving ambivalence, and encouraging political participation. However, in focusing on the consequences of socially supplied political expertise, scholars have made the implicit assumption that citizens have equal access to this resource and have largely ignored its distribution. Given that individuals are constrained by their social contexts, we are particularly troubled by this oversight, and thus use two nationally representative data sources to explore the distribution of expertise among and throughout the social networks of citizens. We find consistent evidence that existing resource inequalities reinforce the unequal distribution of expertise in social networks—a gender-moderated pattern that involvement in civil society may help remedy.