cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of ferrous ions by N, N -ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in microbiological assay of pyridoxine.

The application of a general microbiological method for the determination of pyridoxine was satisfactory for most preparations containing pyridoxine, but there were discrepancies in some multivitamin products. The chief cause of these discrepancies was shown to be Fe+2. A modification was made to the method by using N,N′-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to sequester Fe+2 before acid hydrolysis of the preparations. By using this modification, 100% of the pyridoxine can be detected compared with 75 or 77% for 20:1 or 12:1 ratios of Fe+2–pyridoxine, respectively.
Adaptive nonlinear discriminant analysis by regularized minimum squared errors

Kernelized nonlinear extensions of Fisher's discriminant analysis, discriminant analysis based on generalized singular value decomposition (LDA/GSVD), and discriminant analysis based on the minimum squared error formulation (MSE) have recently been widely utilized for handling undersampled high-dimensional problems and nonlinearly separable data sets. As the data sets are modified from incorporating new data points and deleting obsolete data points, there is a need to develop efficient updating and downdating algorithms for these methods to avoid expensive recomputation of the solution from scratch. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for adaptive linear and nonlinear kernel discriminant analysis based on regularized MSE, called adaptive KDA/RMSE, is proposed. In adaptive KDA/RMSE, updating and downdating of the computationally expensive eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) or singular value decomposition (SVD) is approximated by updating and downdating of the QR decomposition achieving an order of magnitude speed up. This fast algorithm for adaptive kernelized discriminant analysis is designed by utilizing regularization techniques and the relationship between linear and nonlinear discriminant analysis and the MSE. In addition, an efficient algorithm to compute leave-one-out cross validation is also introduced by utilizing downdating of KDA/RMSE.
"Some Effects of Trainers on Their T Groups" Reconsidered

The identity of T-Group trainer effectiveness indicators in Bolman's studies (1971a & 1973) was pursued through comprehensive analyses of intermeasure correlations. Labeled the Acceptance versus Rejection of Others (ARO), a powerful undergirding dimension was found more potent than the Congruence-empathy indicator stressed by Bolman. ARO closely resembles the Love/Hostility dimension salient in much independent research, including the Caring factor found important to the encounter group leader's effectiveness by Lieberman, Yalom, and Miles (1973) and the Consideration factor of the Ohio State leadership scales. Perhaps due to limitations of his measures, Bolman's data yielded surprisingly weak traces of the second principal interpersonal dimension, Dominance/Submission. It seemed well represented by Meaning Attribution in Lieberman et al.'s research and by Initiating Structure in the Ohio State work.
Young children separate multiple pretend worlds

Each fictional world that adults create has its own distinct properties, separating it from other fictional worlds. Here we explore whether this separation also exists for young children's pretend game worlds. Studies 1 and 1A set up two simultaneous games and encouraged children to create appropriate pretend identities for coloured blocks. When prompted with a situation that required the use of a Game 1 object in Game 2, 3- and 4-year-olds were reluctant to move pretend objects between games, even when the alternative-world object was explicitly highlighted as a possible choice. Study 2 found the same effect when the two game worlds were presented sequentially. This suggests that, even for young children, multiple pretend game worlds are kept psychologically separate.
Keeping children safe: the Haemophilus influenzae type b immunization.

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children 5 years of age and under. The systemic diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b are becoming more ampicillin resistant and difficult to treat. Primary care necessitates the use of the new vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration to help prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases.
Identification and Mutational Analysis of the Glycosylation Sites of Human Keratin 18

Keratin polypeptides 8 and 18 (K8/18) are intermediate filament phosphoglycoproteins that are expressed preferentially in glandular epithelia. We previously showed that K8/18 phosphorylation occurs on serine residues and that K8/18 glycosylation consists of O-linked single N-acetylglucosamines (O-GlcNAc) that are linked to Ser/Thr. Since the function of these modifications is unknown, we sought as a first step to identify the precise modification sites and asked if they play a role in keratin filament assembly. For this, we generated a panel of K18 Ser and Thr → Ala mutants at potential glycosylation sites followed by expression in a baculovirus-insect cell system. We identified the major glycosylation sites of K18 by comparing the tryptic 3H-glycopeptide pattern of the panel of mutant and wild type K18 expressed in the insect cells with the glycopeptides of K18 in human colonic cells. The identified sites occur on three serines in the head domain of K18. The precise modified residues in human cells were verified using Edman degradation and confirmed further by the lack of glycosylation of a K18 construct that was mutated at the molecularly identified sites then transfected into NIH-3T3 cells. Partial or total K18 glycosylation mutants transfected into mammalian cells manifested nondistinguishable filament assembly to cells transfected with wild type K8/18. Our results show that K18 glycosylation sites share some features with other already identified O-GlcNAc sites and may together help predict glycosylation sites of other intermediate filament proteins.
MICROWAVE‐VACUUM DRYING OF CRANBERRIES: PART II. QUALITY EVALUATION

Color, texture and water activity of microwave-vacuum dried cranberries were evaluated and compared with the corresponding properties of hot-air dried and store-bought cranberries. The microwave drying was done both in the pulsed and continuous modes. The microwave-vacuum dried cranberries were redder and had a softer texture than those dried by the conventional hot-air method. The storage stability of the product dried by microwave-vacuum method was comparable to that of conventionally-dried cranberries. The microwave operating conditions have an effect on the quality of the dried cranberries.
Dynamics of Lithium Dendrite Growth and Inhibition: Pulse Charging Experiments and Monte Carlo Calculations

Short-circuiting via dendrites compromises the reliability of Li-metal batteries. Dendrites ensue from instabilities inherent to electrodeposition that should be amenable to dynamic control. Here, we report that by charging a scaled coin-cell prototype with 1 ms pulses followed by 3 ms rest periods the average dendrite length is shortened ∼2.5 times relative to those grown under continuous charging. Monte Carlo simulations dealing with Li(+) diffusion and electromigration reveal that experiments involving 20 ms pulses were ineffective because Li(+) migration in the strong electric fields converging to dendrite tips generates extended depleted layers that cannot be replenished by diffusion during rest periods. Because the application of pulses much shorter than the characteristic time τc ∼ O(∼1 ms) for polarizing electric double layers in our system would approach DC charging, we suggest that dendrite propagation can be inhibited (albeit not suppressed) by pulse charging within appropriate frequency ranges.
Constrictive Pericarditis Following Aortocoronary Bypass Surgery

A 61-year-old man had progressive dys pnea along with signs and symptoms sug gesting severe right heart failure following aortocoronary bypass surgery. He was ini tially treated with indomethacin, digoxin, and furosemide, but with no major change in his condition. Four months after opera tion the patient presented with clinical find ings compatible with the postpericardiotomy syndrome and hemodynamic evidence of constriction. Pericardiectomy resulted in a marked improvement in his functional ca pacity. The possible mechanism for peri cardial constriction following open heart surgery is discussed.
The Utilization of Spin Polarized Photoelectron Spectroscopy as a Probe of Electron Correlation with an Ultimate Goal of Pu

We are developing the technique of spin-polarized photoelectron spectroscopy as a probe of electron correlation with the ultimate goal of resolving the Pu electronic structure controversy. Over the last several years, we have demonstrated the utility of spin polarized photoelectron spectroscopy for determining the fine details of the electronic structure in complex systems such as those shown in this report.
21 Tesla MRI Microimaging of Rat Heart by Superparamagnetic Antimyoglobin Bound Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron-oxide bound antimyoglobin (SPIOM) characteristics were analyzed at different pH. After injecting SPIOM in heart, ex vivo magnetic resonance microimaging (MRM) technique was used to visualize microvasculature of rat heart including cardiac arteries, veins, cordate tendons attached with valves. The measurement accuracy of ventricles, aorta, vasculature and dimensions of cordate tendons were close to coregistered histology measurements.
Vegetation Effects on Soil Organic Matter Chemistry of Aggregate Fractions in a Hawaiian Forest

We examined chemical changes from leaf tissue to soil organic matter (SOM) to determine the persistence of plant chemistry into soil aggregate fractions. We characterized a slow (Dicranopteris linearis) and fast-decomposing species (Cheirodendron trigynum) and surface (O), and subsurface (A-horizon) SOM beneath each species using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS), with and without derivatization. The live tissues of Dicranopteris had greater lignin content whereas Cheirodendron had a greater lipid, N-bearing, and polysaccharide component. Despite this difference in leaf chemistry, SOM chemistry was similar between soil aggregate fractions, but different between horizons. The O-horizon contained primarily lignin and polysaccharide biomarkers whereas the A-horizon contained polysaccharide, aromatic, and N-derived compounds, indicating considerable microbial processing of plant litter. The soils beneath Cheirodendron inherited a greater lipid signal composed of cutin and suberin biomarkers whereas the soils beneath Dicranopteris contained greater aromatic biomarker content, possibly derived from plant lignins. The soils beneath both species were more similar to root polysaccharides, lipids, and lignins than aboveground tissue. This study indicates that although plant-derived OM is processed vigorously, species-specific biomarkers and compound class differences persist into these soils and that differences in plant chemical properties may influence soil development even after considerable reworking of plant litter by microorganisms.
Dose-Response Relationship of Diethylnitrosamine-Initiated Tumors in Neonatal Balb/c Mice: Effect of Phenobarbital Promotion

The dose-response of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis was determined in infant Balb/c male mice with and without subsequent phenobarbital treatment. Male Balb/c mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of DENA (0, 2.5, 10.0, 25.0 or 50.0 micrograms/gbw) in saline on day 15 of age. Ninety mice were treated at each dose level. At weaning, mice received either deionized drinking water (45 mice per group) or deionized drinking water containing 500 mg/L sodium phenobarbital (PB) (45 mice per group). Mice from each group were sacrificed 12, 24, and 40 weeks post-weaning. Liver and lung tumors were found in DENA-only-treated and DENA + PB-treated mice. In DENA-only-treated mice, the incidence and number of hepatic adenomas were similar (not dose-dependent) at DENA doses of 10, 25, and 50 micrograms/gbw at each of the 3 sampling times. DENA-only-treated mice did display a time-related increase in hepatic adenoma incidence and number at each dose. In PB-treated mice, the hepatic adenoma number was dependent upon the dose of DENA between 2.5 and 50 micrograms/gbw. PB treatment following DENA administration resulted in a decrease in the time required for the detection of hepatic adenomas and increased the number of hepatic adenomas at most sampling times compared to the mice that received DENA only. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HPC) were detected in mice receiving the highest DENA doses (25 and 50 micrograms/gbw). PB treatment increased the number and incidence of HPC and decreased the time of first detection of HPC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Advances in substrate technology

Substrate materials play an essential role in microstrip antenna design, production and finished-product performance. Several aspects of materials must be considered in the design stage when substrates are selected. What may seem ideal from a design viewpoint must be balanced against production and final product requirements. Ability to measure and control critical properties, especially relative permittivity and dissipation factor, cannot be ignored. The possible adverse effects of necessary processing steps or environment in the final application must be taken into account. Successful antenna production will depend on the use of appropriate processing techniques. New substrate types and special substrate features are becoming increasingly available and often can offer significant advantages for designers and producers.
Patents and Payoffs, or How to Get Generics on the Market

This OpEd piece proposes a new approach to analyzing pay-for-delay settlements in pharmaceutical patent infringement cases, an approach that shows them to be prohibited agreements in restraint of competition. The piece explains why their proper antitrust analysis calls for adoption of the Supreme Court’s equity logic in the eBay (2006) decision regarding injunctions in patent infringement cases.
Wide tuning of the optical and structural properties of alternative plasmonic materials

Alternative plasmonic materials have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages compared to conventional metals, including compatibility with Si processing, tunability of optical properties, and reduced losses. In this work, we demonstrate that post-deposition annealing of materials fabricated by magnetron sputtering allows large tuning of the structural and the optical dispersion properties of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and Titanium Nitride (TiN) nano-layers. By measuring their optical bandgaps, we show that thermal annealing treatments can dramatically modulate the carrier concentration in these materials, thus providing tunability of the optical losses and enabling the engineering of Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) regime. Besides, we perform X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements to show that thermal annealing can also effectively tune the materials grain sizes. Eventually, the effect of different annealing gases on the free carrier concentration has also been investigated. The wide tunability and control of the optical and structural properties that we demonstrated in this work is important to engineer resonant optical responses across a wide frequency spectrum for device applications to plasmonics, metamaterials and transformation-optics.
An evaluation of the readability of drinking water quality reports: a national assessment

The United States Environmental Protection Agency mandates that community water systems (or water utilities) provide annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs)--water quality reports--to their consumers. These reports encapsulate information regarding sources of water, detected contaminants, regulatory compliance, and educational material. These reports have excellent potential for providing the public with accurate information on the safety of tap water, but there is a lack of research on the degree to which the information can be understood by a large proportion of the population. This study evaluated the readability of a nationally representative sample of 30 CCRs, released between 2011 and 2013. Readability (or 'comprehension difficulty') was evaluated using Flesch-Kincaid readability tests. The analysis revealed that CCRs were written at the 11th-14th grade level, which is well above the recommended 6th-7th grade level for public health communications. The CCR readability ease was found to be equivalent to that of the Harvard Law Review journal. These findings expose a wide chasm that exists between current water quality reports and their effectiveness toward being understandable to US residents. Suggestions for reorienting language and scientific information in CCRs to be easily comprehensible to the public are offered.
Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Cold-Shower Cooling After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia.

Context: Exercise conducted in hot, humid environments increases the risk for exertional heat stroke (EHS). The current recommended treatment of EHS is cold-water immersion; however, limitations ma...
Survival for Mathematics Students

(1973). Survival for Mathematics Students! The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 689-690.
Complement-fixing murine typhus antibodies in vitamin deficiency states. II. Pyridoxine, and nicotinic acid deficiencies.

SummaryThese studies indicate that nicotinic acid deficiency does not appreciably influence the production of circulating complement-fixing antibody when either relatively small or large amounts of antigenic stimulation were employed. Pyridoxine deficiency, however, influenced unfavorably the antibody response when either small or large amounts of the antigen were injected. The single immunizing injection (0.0073 mg N) did not bring forth circulating antibodies that were demonstrable by complement-fixation.
High-Throughput Measurement of the Seebeck Coefficient and the Electrical Conductivity of Lithographically Patterned Polycrystalline PbTe Nanowires

A high-throughput method for measuring the Seebeck coefficient, S, and the electrical conductivity, σ, of lithographically patterned nanowire arrays is described. Our method involves the microfabrication of two heaters and two Ag/Ni thermocouples, literally on top of an array of polycrystalline PbTe nanowires synthesized on a Si3N4 wafer using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) method. This strategy eliminates the transfer and manipulation of nanowires as a prerequisite for carrying out measurements on these wires of thermoelectric metrics. With these devices, we have measured the influence of the thermal annealing temperature on the thermoelectric properties of nine arrays of 60 nm ×200 nm × 200 μm PbTe nanowires, and we find that at an optimum annealing temperature of 453 K, the S at 300 K is increased from −41 μV/K for unannealed wires to −479 μV/K, 80% larger in magnitude than the S (−260 μV/K) of bulk PbTe.
Abstract NS10: Development of a Comprehensive Stroke Center Electronic Medical Records Navigator: Experience in one Academic Stroke Center

Electronic medical records (EMR) have become the standard of care for documentation in today’s health care settings. The EMR system allows for standardization of care and widespread access to infor...
Technological Gaps,the Trap of Backwardness and Incentives for Innovation:A Model of Vertical Differentiation

This paper analyzes quality choices and innovative incentives in a duopoly model of vertical product differentiation.We find that the final outcome depends not only on the technological gap but also on the order of actions as well.Interestingly,the technological follower faces a "trap of backwardness" in which his profit does not increase with technological upgrading while the leader always has stronger local and global incentives to enhance her technological capacity.Our analysis also implies that "market-for-technology" strategy for attracting FDI may have an implementation dilemma because attracting higher-level FDI will reduce,rather than increase,local firms' incentives for innovation.
Examining the landscape of teacher learning for data use: The case of Illinois

AbstractThe use of data to inform instructional and educational decisions is an increasingly important facet of teachers’ professional practice. However, little is presently known about the best teacher learning mechanisms by which to promote data use. This study (N = 329) examined the nature and distribution of both Illinois public teacher data use practices and teacher learning for data use and how learning opportunities and other factors previously identified in the literature (e.g., leadership and teacher beliefs) relate to data use practices. Our study replicates the importance of specific teacher beliefs for data use practices, and contributes new evidence for the role of course-based learning opportunities.
Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Niches

Abstract Stem cells have the unique properties of self-renewal and multipotency, and the ability to use stem cells for therapeutic purposes holds tremendous appeal. Therefore, the regulatory mechanisms governing stem cell function is an area of great scientific and public interest. Cues extrinsic to stem cells, emanating from the surrounding microenvironment or niche, are important in the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation capacity. The existence of a stem cell niche has been demonstrated for a variety of stem cell populations in diverse organisms. The idea that specific microenvironments control the balance between self-renewal and multipotency has several consequences: (1) the act of leaving or staying in such an environment itself can be an important regulatory step, and (2) the identification of a specific niche helps focus hypotheses about cellular sources of regulatory molecules.
Ethical, Epistemic, and Political Issues in Equity-Oriented Collaborative Community-Based Research

Equity-Oriented Collaborative Community-Based Research is an umbrella term for research methodologies, like action research, that engage communities in research processes linked to social justice struggles. The relational character and equity orientation distinguish it from traditional research methodologies, giving rise to complex ethical and epistemic quandaries that are further complicated by the various subject positions and social formations among community and university partners. In this chapter, we especially draw from feminist and critical scholars who have long grappled with the kinds of ethical and epistemological questions that emerge from research rooted in social justice commitments. Our discussion focuses on three interconnected ethical spheres: (1) power and knowledge production, (2) advocacy and research, and (3) the foundations of research ethics—informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity.
The "Food for Thought" Taste-Off: Getting Elementary School Students to Try New Fruits and Vegetables.

The purpose of this article is to describe a tested teaching idea that can be implemented in elementary schools to introduce young children to fruits and vegetables that they may not be familiar with.
Is there a place in Bayesian confirmation theory for the Reverse Matthew Effect

Bayesian confirmation theory is rife with confirmation measures. Many of them differ from each other in important respects. It turns out, though, that all the standard confirmation measures in the literature run counter to the so-called “Reverse Matthew Effect” (“RME” for short). Suppose, to illustrate, that \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\) are equally successful in predicting E in that \(p\left( {E\,|\,H_1 } \right) /p\left( E \right) =p\left( {E\,|\,H_2 } \right) /p\left( E \right) >1\). Suppose, further, that initially \(H_{1}\) is less probable than \(H_{2}\) in that \(p(H_{1}) < p(H_{2})\). Then by RME it follows that the degree to which E confirms \(H_{1}\) is greater than the degree to which it confirms \(H_{2}\). But by all the standard confirmation measures in the literature, in contrast, it follows that the degree to which E confirms \(H_{1}\) is less than or equal to the degree to which it confirms \(H_{2}\). It might seem, then, that RME should be rejected as implausible. Festa (Synthese 184:89–100, 2012), however, argues that there are scientific contexts in which RME holds. If Festa’s argument is sound, it follows that there are scientific contexts in which none of the standard confirmation measures in the literature is adequate. Festa’s argument is thus interesting, important, and deserving of careful examination. I consider five distinct respects in which E can be related to H, use them to construct five distinct ways of understanding confirmation measures, which I call “Increase in Probability”, “Partial Dependence”, “Partial Entailment”, “Partial Discrimination”, and “Popper Corroboration”, and argue that each such way runs counter to RME. The result is that it is not at all clear that there is a place in Bayesian confirmation theory for RME.
Portable nuclear magnetic resonance biosensor and assay for a highly sensitive and rapid detection of foodborne bacteria in complex matrices

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is a powerful analytical tool in determining the presence of bacterial contaminants in complex biological samples. In this paper, a portable NMR-based (pNMR) biosensor and assay to detect the foodborne bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 is reported. It uses antibody-functionalized polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles as proximity biomarker of the bacteria which accelerates NMR resonance signal decay. The pNMR biosensor operates at 0.47 Tesla of magnetic strength and consists of a high-power pulsed RF transmitter and an ultra-low noise sensing circuitry capable of detecting weak NMR signal at 0.1 μV. The pNMR biosensor assay and sensing mechanism is used in detecting E. coli O157:H7 bacteria in drinking water and milk samples. Experimental results demonstrate that by adding a filtration step in the assay, the pNMR biosensor is able to detect E. coli O157:H7 as low as 76 CFU/mL in water samples and as low as 92 CFU/mL in milk samples in about one min. The pNMR biosensor assay and sensing system is innovative for foodborne bacterial detection in food matrices. The lowest detection level for E. coli O157:H7 in water and milk samples is essentially 101 CFU/mL. Although the linear range of detection is only from 101 to 104 CFU/mL, the wider detection range spans from 101 CFU/mL to 107 CFU/mL. Existing pNMR biosensors have detection limits at 103-104 CFU/mL only. The detection technique can be extended to other microbial or viral organisms by merely changing the specificity of the antibodies. Besides food safety, the pNMR biosensor described in this paper has potential to be applied as a rapid detection device in biodefense and healthcare diagnostic applications.
Positron emission particle tracking in pulsatile flow

Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is increasingly used to understand the flow characteristics in complex systems. This research utilizes PEPT to measure pulsatile flow of frequency 2.1 Hz in an elastic Masterkleer PVC tube of 19 mm inner diameter and 3.2 mm wall thickness. Anion exchange resin beads are labeled with 18F and delivered to a pump driven flow loop with motorized ball valve used to develop the pulsatile flow. Data are collected in the tube with circular cross section, and measurements are also collected with a section of the tube pinched. Nominal flow velocities are near 1 m/s and Reynolds numbers near 20,000. Many thousand PEPT particle traces are collected and synchronized with the flow pulsation. These Lagrangian data are presented as a series of 20 still frames depicting the 3-D velocity field present during each phase of the flow pulsation. Pressure data are also collected to resolve the pressure wave front moving through the open elastic tube at velocity 15.2 m/s.
Convergence or Borrowing: Standing in The Indonesian Constitutional Court

This Article addresses the constitutional convergence theory by examining the standing rule in the Indonesian Constitutional Court. The central investigation of this paper is whether the application of standing doctrine in the Indonesian Constitutional Court is evidence of constitutional convergence or of borrowing? This paper argues that the Constitutional Court jurisprudence on standing indicates that constitutional convergence has never taken place but rather the Court has engaged in constitutional borrowing. Legal borrowing on standing is limited to the carbon copy of the five-prong standing tests of the U.S. model, but in reality standing doctrine in the Indonesian Constitutional Court is not based on the private rights model of adjudication. Although the Court allows individuals to bring cases before the Court, it is rather a quasi-public model of standing, in which claimants no longer have standing only to vindicate their own private rights but can also sue to vindicate public interests. Standing requirements also allow the judges to review many highly sensitive political cases, and to some extent it enables the Court to second guess the decisions of the different branches of government.
Presentation of Groups

In this chapter we give a firm foundation to the concept of defining a group by generators and relations. This is an important step; for example, if one is not careful to distinguish between the elements of a group and the words that describe these elements, utter confusion is likely to ensue.
Impact of posture choice on one-handed pull strength variations at low, waist, and overhead pulling heights

Abstract Manual exertions with one hand are commonly performed; however, current one-handed normative strength databases note large strength variations not explained by participant demographics, e.g., age and gender. This study models how the postures that participants choose impact their one-handed pull strength. Lower-extremity posture, defined as distance from handle, were measured for 31 participants performing two maximum one-handed frontal pull exertions at three handle heights, resulting in a strength-posture dataset of 186 maximal exertions. Regression models with anthropometric and lower extremity positions were created for each handle height. Smaller distances between the front-foot and handle were associated with higher strength. Larger back-foot distance to handle was positively associated with strength for low and waist-level handle heights. Larger hip distances from the handle increased pull strengths and interacted with feet positions. This study quantifies the relationship between one-handed pull strength with anthropometry and postures and provides practitioners posture-based equations that can be used to estimate safe pull strengths given workplace posture constraints. Relevance to industry Maximum one-handed pull strength models are presented that can assist practitioners in: 1) assessing whether strength demands are within worker's capability in the workplace, 2) designing workplaces that better accommodate the range of postures chosen during maximum exertion, and 3) identify workplace layout constraints that adversely impact strength capabilities.
The Different Worlds of Science and Mass Communication: Implications for Information flow from the Former to the Latter

This paper presents a perspective on a problem. While research observations are used to support my argument, there is no systematic setting forth of findings or summaries of studies on the topic. Instead, I mostly indicate the implications of my view.
Relationships between autism spectrum disorder and intolerance of uncertainty.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a dispositional risk factor involving maladaptive responding under conditions of uncertainty. Recent data indicate that IU is likely elevated in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is positively correlated with anxiety. This study examined whether IU may be associated with ASD independent of anxiety. Relationships between anxiety, ASD, and IU were examined in 57 children with ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability and 32 control participants, ages 7-16 years. Hierarchal linear regressions were run to examine whether ASD variables, including emotion dysregulation, were predictive of IU when controlling for anxiety. Severity of social communication deficits, repetitive behaviors, and emotion dysregulation were each related to IU when controlling for the effects of anxiety. When these variables were entered into the regression model together, emotion dysregulation was the only significant predictor of IU. These findings suggest that IU is directly related to features of ASD possibly due to shared genetic, neurological, or psychological underpinnings. Autism Res 2018, 11: 636-644. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary Youth with ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability experience high levels of intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which is related to anxiety. This study found that IU may also have a relationship with certain aspects of ASD, particularly emotion dysregulation.
Clinical Aspects of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries

Injuries to the spine range in severity from muscle strains and ligament sprains to fracture of the vertebral bodies, fractures of the dorsal elements, dislocation of the facets, and complex combination fracture dislocations. The spinal cord and nerve roots traversing the spinal canal and neural foramina may be injured by any encroachment into the spinal canal. Patients with stable compression fractures may suffer concomitant injury to the spinal cord, and patients with grossly unstable comminuted fractures may escape neurological injury. Both of these situations, however, are relatively rare. In general, the more comminuted, displaced, and unstable the spinal fracture, the greater the likelihood of severe cord damage.
Crime Rates, Crime Spikes and Cardiovascular Health in an Urban Population

We draw on theories of neighborhood social organization and environmental stress in an effort to explain variation in cardiovascular risk in a large urban population. We focus on the role of rapid increases in the crime rate (“crime spikes”) in influencing an indicator of inflammatory processes related to cardiovascular health – C-reactive protein (CRP). Employing data from the Dallas Heart Study (2000–2002), a large-scale probability study of adults aged 18–65 years old, we examine the association between measures of census tract level burglary rates and CRP. Neighborhood fixed effects models reveal that both changes in the overall prior-year burglary rate and short-term change in the burglary rate between the first and last 6 months of the prior year are positively associated with CRP. Above a threshold of four burglaries per 1,000 population, a one burglary increase in the short-term burglary rate change measure is associated with a 9% increase in CRP, net of individual controls, time-invariant neighborhood characteristics, and calendar month. These findings offer additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that contextual stressors have implications for cardiovascular health and suggest that short-term changes in environmental stressors may independently shape health risk outcomes.
RESOLUTION WITH EQUALITY

This chapter discusses the incorporation of the meaning of equality relation into the inference system rather than require the equality axioms to be explicitly presented in the given set of clauses. The use of the paramodulation inference rule removes the need for the substitutivity axioms; the less troublesome reflexivity axiom remains, and for almost all variants, function reflexivity axioms are also needed. The special relation of equality is so common an occurrence in interpretations of (first-order) theories that special attention is given to this relation in mathematical logic. For much the same reasons, it is desirable to give the equality relation special treatment in mechanical theorem proving procedures. Identity is a binary relation in a structure or real world environment, which is true precisely when the two objects being related are indeed the same object. A theory with equality has a special predicate symbol whose intended interpretation is the identity relation. The only way to restrict the possible interpretations a predicate symbol may have in a theory is to state axioms involving the symbol. There are two concepts involving the use of paramodulation that were first applied to unit preference systems but also have value alone or coupled with other refinements of resolution. One concept is that of demodulation where paramodulation rule application must replace the paramodulated clause by a simpler clause. The second concept involves both control over the direction in which paramodulation is done and insistence that all paramodulation sequences be linear.
Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is primarily formed from plant inputs, but the relative carbon (C) contributions from living root inputs (i.e. rhizodeposits) vs litter inputs (i.e. root + shoot litter) are poorly understood. Recent theory suggests that living root inputs exert a disproportionate influence on SOC formation, but few field studies have explicitly tested this by separately tracking living root vs litter inputs as they move through the soil food web and into distinct SOC pools. We used a manipulative field experiment with an annual C₄ grass in a forest understory to differentially track its living root vs litter inputs into the soil and to assess net SOC formation over multiple years. We show that living root inputs are 2–13 times more efficient than litter inputs in forming both slow‐cycling, mineral‐associated SOC as well as fast‐cycling, particulate organic C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that living root inputs are more efficiently anabolized by the soil microbial community en route to the mineral‐associated SOC pool (dubbed ‘the in vivo microbial turnover pathway’). Overall, our findings provide support for the primacy of living root inputs in forming SOC. However, we also highlight the possibility of nonadditive effects of living root and litter inputs, which may deplete SOC pools despite greater SOC formation rates.
Lobectomy Versus Total Thyroidectomy for Follicular Microcarcinomas

The diagnosis of follicular thyroid cancer <1 cm is most likely to occur after initial thyroid lobectomy. High risk features include widely invasive, extensive angioinvasion (≥4 foci), or presence of distant metastasis and are the primary predictors of poor prognosis. In the absence of these features, thyroid lobectomy is likely adequate for treatment.
Oral Vancomycin for Secondary Prophylaxis of Clostridium difficile Infection.

Objective: To summarize and critically appraise the evidence regarding oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) to prevent recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (RCDIs), identify potential consequenc...
Mast Cells Contribute to Brain Microvascular Permeability in Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Mast cells are in close proximity to the vasculature and cause endothelial activation, plasma extravasation, and vascular dysfunction (Gupta & Harvima, Immunol Rev 2018). Vascular dysfunction in sickle cell disease (SCD) is accompanied by increased expression of P-selectin. Treatment with Crizanlizumab, an antibody against P-selectin, led to significantly less sickle cell-related pain crises (Ataga et al., NEJM 2017) highlighting the role of endothelial P-selectin in vasoocclusive crises (VOC). Earlier studies demonstrated that mast cell activation with morphine or ischemia/reperfusion stimulates endothelial E- and/or P-selectin expression. However, it is unknown how mast cells stimulate endothelial selectin expression in SCD. Endothelial dysfunction contributes significantly to the pathobiology of SCD including VOC and may play a critical role in increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which may contribute to stroke, another major comorbidity of SCD. One of the known triggers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesize that in a sickle microenvironment, mediators derived from activated mast cells stimulate endothelial P-selectin expression via ER stress leading to increased BBB permeability. We examined the ability of mast cells to stimulate P-selectin expression and BBB permeability via ER stress in a sickle microenvironment. We isolated MCs from HbAA-BERK and HbSS-BERK, control and sickle mice, respectively; incubated them in vitro and collected mast cell conditioned media (MCCM) from HbAA MCs and HbSS MCs. Normal mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (mBMECs) were treated with unconditioned MCCM, HbAA MCCM, or HbSS MCCM to examine the effect of mast cell activation on endothelium. We observed increased mast cell activity in HbSS mice evinced by significantlyhigher plasma and skin histamine levels, compared to HbAA mice (p We next examined mast cell activity on endothelial permeability in vitro on mBMEC monolayers and in vivo in the brain of HbSS mice. mBMECs incubated with HbSS MCCM showed a significant increase in Evans blue leakage compared to unconditioned or HbAA MCCM (p Disclosures Gupta: Novartis: Honoraria; Tau tona: Consultancy.
Back Pain and Radiculopathy from Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-induced Dorsal Epidural Haematoma.

We present a case of a previously healthy 29-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of low back pain and a sudden onset of right lateral leg pain with radiation to the dorsum of the foot and the big toe, consistent with L5 radiculopathy. On examination, he had
Phylogeography and species limits in the red‐shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus): Characterization of the Northern Florida Suture Zone in birds

The North American red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus, is comprised of two widely allopatric eastern and western populations with an additional well-marked subspecies in the Florida peninsula. The two eastern populations meet in northern Florida, the location of a well-known suture zone in many nonavian organisms. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial ND2 gene and two nuclear introns to investigate its genetic population structure and species status. No mitochondrial haplotypes were shared between the eastern and western populations, and genetic variance among 14 populations was 0.42; almost all of this (0.40) was distributed among the three regions. A clade of haplotypes very common in the Florida peninsula decreased in frequency elsewhere and, when modeled as a hybrid zone, had an estimated width of 1,158 km with a center near Ocala, FL. Ecological niche modeling suggests the western, eastern, and Florida peninsula populations were geographically isolated during the last glacial maximum. We consider these to represent three phylogenetic species. A coalescent analysis incorporating incomplete lineage sorting and gene tree uncertainty also suggested the divergence between the western and eastern populations is consistent with species-level divergence. With the addition of this hawk, four avian species are now known to hybridize along the Gulf Coast of the United States in or near the Northern Florida Suture Zone. The widths of these avian zones vary substantially (176-1,158 km) and appear to reflect magnitude of gene flow, rather than extent of genetic differentiation. None of these birds was suggested as possible exemplars in the original description of the suture zone. Of the six species that were so identified, three have been surveyed to date, but none of those was found to be genetically differentiated.
Intelligent Tutoring System for Negotiation Skills Training.

Intelligent tutoring systems have proven very effective at teaching hard skills such as math and science, but less research has examined how to teach “soft” skills such as negotiation. In this paper, we introduce an effective approach to teaching negotiation tactics. Prior work showed that students can improve through practice with intelligent negotiation agents. We extend this work by proposing general methods of assessment and feedback that could be applied to a variety of such agents. We evaluate these techniques through a human subject study. Our study demonstrates that personalized feedback improves students’ use of several foundational tactics.
Smoke inhalation injury.

PREVIEWPulmonary injury due to smoke inhalation is a significant cause of death in fire victims. Singed nasal hair and carbonaceous sputum are easily recognized warning signs, but other subtle clues should prompt thorough evaluation and aggressive treatment. Dr Lee-Chiong describes the basic mechanisms of injury and discusses how to assess and manage complications caused by smoke inhalation.
Barns of Wisconsin

Review of: "Barns of Wisconsin," by Jerry Apps, with photographs by Steve Apps, a part of the "Places along the Way Series."
'Til Death Do Us Part: The Relative Merits of Founder CEOs

This paper addresses a question faced by every firm in the economy, namely is it optimal for a firm’s founder to lead the company as CEO? To identify the treatment effect of founder CEOs on corporate policy and firm value, I exploit a natural experiment involving exogenous founder-to-professional CEO turnovers that arise from a founder’s death or illness. I find that, relative to comparable firms that retain their founder CEO, firms that must switch to a professional CEO experience a 10% reduction in their internally generated innovation. However, professional CEOs counteract this reduced internal R&D productivity by acquiring external technologies through greater M&A activity, increasing firm leverage and nurturing larger, more stable top management teams. These combined policy changes have offsetting firm value implications, implying a “horses for courses” approach to choosing between a founder CEO and a professional CEO.