cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary clinical diagnostic criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A case report and literature review

Abstract The association between chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and repetitive head injury (RHI), acquired through participation in contact sports, has captured the attention of researchers and the general public. Early CTE research in American football players raised questions regarding the risk of American football participation on long-term neurological morbidity. A host of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms appear to manifest from CTE. Many of these symptoms are non-specific and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. At present, CTE is only definitively diagnosed with postmortem neuropathological examination. Although the pathognomonic signature of CTE has been well-studied, clinical criteria for CTE diagnosis in a living person remains in the early stages. Identifying disease-specific features and developing in vivo biomarkers are current research priorities. Here, we present a case of young onset dementia in a former professional American football player. His exposure to RHI from contact sport participation is a salient dementia risk factor. The clinical and imaging findings in this case were consistent with a diagnosis of mixed dementia and probable CTE. Our findings highlight current clinical challenges of diagnosing CTE in a living person.
Arizona State University: A Learning Enterprise Supporting P-12 Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Although no one was fully prepared for a pandemic in 2020, Arizona State University was ready and able to respond. As the COVID-19 virus began to spread across the world, ASU began moving university students to remote learning environments. As K-12 schools began to close across the nation, ASU disseminated elementary- and secondary-level educational resources and created hybrid learning opportunities for students of all ages.
Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests

The objectives of an aquifer test are to identify the performance of a well (to estimate the yield capability) and to estimate aquifer properties. Accurate estimates of the hydraulic characteristics of aquifers depend on reliable aquifer test data. The tests are done on existing wells or a well drilled specifically for that purpose. An aquifer test is a controlled, field site experiment to determine hydraulic conductivity and aquifer storage. The test consists of measuring groundwater discharge and observing water level changes in the pumped well. Keywords: aquifertest; slugtest; specific capacity theis equations
Suits with Negative Expected Value

This essay focuses on negative-expected-value suits (NEV suits) -- suits in which the plaintiff would obtain a negative expected return from pursuing the suit all the way to judgment. The essay surveys the existing theories as to why, and when, plaintiffs with NEV suits can extract a positive settlement amount.
Meniscal repair compared with meniscectomy for bucket-handle medial meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees.

BackgroundRepair of meniscal tears is generally preferred over meniscectomy.HypothesisRepair of unstable bucket-handle tears of the medial meniscus leads to better outcomes than partial meniscectomy.Study DesignRetrospective review of prospectively collected data.MethodsWe reviewed the records of 155 patients who had isolated bucket-handle medial meniscal tears and anterior cruciate ligament tears. Fifty-six menisci were repaired; 99 that were degenerative and crushed beyond repair were removed. Patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 6 to 8 years after surgery with the International Knee Documentation Committee examination and a modified Noyes questionnaire.ResultsThe mean subjective scores were similar for patients in both the repair (N = 51) and meniscectomy (N = 87) groups. However, in the repair group, the mean subjective score of 93.9 for nondegenerative menisci was significantly better than the 87.1 for degenerative menisci. Objective grades for 25 patients in the repair group were normal or...
Drosophila brachyenteron regulates gene activity and morphogenesis in the gut

Chromosomal region 68D/E is required for various aspects of Drosophila gut development; within this region maps the Brachyury homolog T-related gene (Trg), DNA of which rescues the hindgut defects of deficiency 68D/E. From a screen of 13,000 mutagenized chromosomes we identified six non-complementing alleles that are lethal over deficiencies of 68D/E and show a hindgut phenotype. These mutations constitute an allelic series and are all rescued to viability by a Trg transgene. We have named the mutant alleles and the genetic locus they define brachyenteron (byn); phenotypic characterization of the strongest alleles allows determination of the role of byn in embryogenesis. byn expression is activated by tailless, but byn does not regulate itself. byn expression in the hindgut and anal pad primordia is required for the regulation of genes encoding transcription factors (even-skipped, engrailed, caudal, AbdominalB and orthopedia) and cell signaling molecules (wingless and decapentaplegic). In byn mutant embryos, the defective program of gene activity in these primordia is followed by apoptosis (initiated by reaper expression and completed by macrophage engulfment), resulting in severely reduced hindgut and anal pads. Although byn is not expressed in the midgut or the Malpighian tubules, it is required for the formation of midgut constrictions and for the elongation of the Malpighian tubules.
The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods

A carotenoid database for individual and multicomponent foods has been compiled that contains values for the five most common carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein) in 2,458 fruits, vegetables, and multicomponent foods containing fruits and vegetables. The database was used to estimate intakes of specific carotenoids for 19- to 50-year-old women (n = 1,102), using food consumption data obtained from dietary recalls in the US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, 1986. The major contributors of alpha-carotene were carrots consumed as a single food or as an ingredient in multicomponent foods. Carrots, cantaloupe, and broccoli were the main sources of beta-carotene. Orange juices and blends, oranges, and tangerines were important contributors of beta-cryptoxanthin. Tomatoes and tomato products consumed as single foods or as ingredients in multicomponent foods provided most of the dietary lycopene. Contributors of lutein + zeaxanthin included collard, mustard, or turnip greens; spinach; and broccoli. The per capita consumption of total carotenoids (the sum of the five specific carotenoids) among these women was approximately 6 mg/day.
In vitro enhancement of erythropoiesis by steel factor in diamond‐blackfan anemia and treatment of other congenital cytopenias with recombinant interleukin 3/granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor

Recombinant cytokines were used to investigate the pathophysiology of Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) and to treat patients with Fanconi's anemia (FA) and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura (AMT). We compared the erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) colony growth of six DBA patients with four normal controls. BFU-E showed erythropoietin (Epo) dose dependence in all patients, although colony numbers were reduced in comparison with normals. The number and size of BFU-E were increased with the addition to Epo of interleukin 3 (IL-3) or Steel factor (SF), but IL-3 + SF was not synergistic. SF increased the nonadherent cell production in DBA long-term bone marrow cultures, and stromal cells from DBA patients showed normal SF mRNA transcripts. These data suggest that SF is not involved in the pathogenesis of DBA, although it may be useful in treatment. A small group of patients with FA and bone marrow failure were treated with daily s.c. granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Toxicity was minimal, and the majority of the patients responded with significant, sustained increase in neutrophils. Multilineage response was rare. GM-CSF may thus be palliative in patients with FA. Five patients with AMT were treated with IL-3 or IL-3 followed by GM-CSF in a phase I/II study. There was minimal toxicity, and IL-3, but not GM-CSF, resulted in improved platelet counts in two patients and decreased platelet transfusion requirements in the other three. Prolonged IL-3 treatment resulted in platelet increases in two of the latter patients. Thus, IL-3 may contribute to the treatment of patients with AMT.
The gifted girl: An anomaly?

Programs for gifted girls should not be reinforcing existing stereotypes. The academic, social and counseling approaches used for gifted girls must broaden values, needs and interests with programs that encourage and motivate.
Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a myeloma protein with anti-phosphocholine specificity

PHOSPHOCHOLINE-containing phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, have integral roles in the structure and function of mammalian cell membranes1. Enzymatic digestion of platelet choline phosphatides, particularly of phosphatidylcholine which is the most abundant of the platelet phospholipids2,3, has been shown to induce platelet release reactions4. We have demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant with binding specificities for phosphocholine, choline phosphatides and polycations generally5–8, can inhibit multiple platelet reactivities9,10. These considerations have raised the possibility that molecules generally with binding specificities for choline phosphatides can influence platelet responsiveness. We report here an investigation of the ability of the T-15 anti-phosphocholine mouse IgA myeloma protein to inhibit the aggregating response of human platelets.
Standardized burn model using a multiparametric histologic analysis of burn depth.

OBJECTIVE Burn depth and extent determine prognosis and therapy. The current classification into first-, second-, and third-degree burns is crude, making comparisons between studies difficult. The authors standardized a reproducible burn model and a precise histopathologic method for describing burn depth in swine. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional interventional animal study. Eighteen paired sets of burns were inflicted on the clipped flank skin of two anesthetized domestic pigs with a 2.5 cm by 2.5 cm by 7.5 cm aluminum bar preheated in water to 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, 70 degrees C, 80 degrees C, 90 degrees C, degrees C or 100 degrees C. The bar was applied for 10, 20, or 30 seconds. Full-thickness skin biopsies were obtained 30 minutes after injury for blinded histopathologic evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Two dermatopathologists made two sets of measurements and were masked to each other's evaluations. The depth of injury was measured with an ocular microtome for each of five dermal parameters: collagen discoloration, intercollagen basophilic material, endothelial cell necrosis, epithelial cell necrosis, and mesenchymal cell necrosis. The correlation between burn depths of the paired sets of experiments was calculated to assess the reliability of the model. Inter- and intraobserver correlations were calculated to assess the reliability of the scale. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the relation between temperature and exposure times on burn depth. RESULTS Depth of injury for all five dermal elements was related to temperature and exposure times (ANOVA, p < 0.001 for each). The depth of injury in the paired sets of burns was highly consistent (Pearson correlation, range = 0.88-0.95). Inter- and intraobserver correlations were excellent for all measured elements (range = 0.91-0.97 and 0.95-0.99, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The authors describe a simple and reproducible animal burn model and histopathologic scale for measuring burn depth that they believe will facilitate standardization and comparison within future burn studies.
Spheres of Spheres of Azafullerene in the Solid State

This work is concerned with the structural characterization of azafullerene, (C{sub 59}N){sub 2}. The material forms largely non-crystalline spheres approximately 1 {mu}m in diameter. The structure of these spheres was probed through X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. An oxidized version of the azafullerene, (C{sub 59}N){sub 2}O, was studied as well.
Modeling reward functions for incomplete state representations via echo state networks

This paper investigates an echo state network (ESN) (Jaeger, 2001 and Maass and Markram, 2002) architecture as the approximation of the Q-function for temporally dependent rewards embedded in a linear dynamical system, the mass-spring-damper (MSD). This problem has been solved utilizing feed-forward neural networks (FNN) when all state information necessary to specify the dynamics is provided as input (Kretchmar, 2000). Time-delayed neural networks (TDNN) solve this problem with finite-size windows of incomplete state information. Our research demonstrates that the ESN architecture represents the Q-function of the MSD system given incomplete state information as well as current feed forward neural networks given either perfect state or a temporally-windowed, incomplete state vector. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. We introduce basic concepts of reinforcement learning and the echo state network architecture. The MSD system simulation is defined in section IV. Experimental results for learning state quality given incomplete state information are presented in section V. Results for learning estimates of all future state qualities for incomplete state information is presented in section VI. Section VII discusses the potential of the ESN for use in reinforcement learning and provides current and future directions of research.
Immunohistochemical double-staining for Ah receptor and ARNT in human embryonic palatal shelves.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the AhR nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) are basic–helix–loop–helix-PAS (HLH) proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. Polycyclic aromatic halogenated chemicals, of which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent, bind to the AhR. In the cellular cytoplasm, the AhR exists as a complex with the heat shock protein HSP90 and other small peptides. This complex dissociates following ligand binding and then the ligand-bound AhR binds ARNT. The ligand–AhR–ARNT complex interacts with a specific, nuclear DNA sequence, the dioxin response elements (DRE), altering transcription of a regulated gene. Studies in hepatoma cell lines indicate that both proteins are required for regulation of transcription. In this study, AhR and ARNT were localized immunohistochemically in human embryonic palatal cells and specific patterns of expression were seen for each protein. A double-staining protocol revealed that epithelial cells expressed both AhR and ARNT, but in mesenchyme and nasal spine cartilege individual cells were identified which expressed either AhR or ARNT. This heterogeneous pattern may be a means of suppressing transcriptional regulation and also suggests the existence of other, unidentified basic–helix–loop–helix partner(s). The heterogeneous expression pattern may also reflect a complex role for these HLH proteins as transcriptional regulators of embryonic development. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Genealogy of Genocide in Francoist Spain

The extermination that was associated with the violence of the Spanish Civil War period and the early 1940s has been studied in depth in recent decades. Until now, however, the concept of genocide has not been discussed with an eye to understanding and interpreting this violence. The hermeneutical and comparative potential of the concept is, however, unquestionable. This article aims both to contextualize the origin and development of the debates about the concept of genocide, and to show what the concept could add to the debate in the case of Spain. In particular, this paper proposes to apply the concept of genocidal practice to the study of the Francoist violence, through analysis of the discourses, the reasons for the violence, and the memories of the events. From this point of view, an analysis will be made of the relationship between the practice of genocidal violence and the discourses of denial devoted to preserving the impunity of the perpetrators to this very day
The computer psychiatrist: How far have we come? Where are we heading? How far dare we go?

The use of computers in psychiatry and psychology is reviewed. It is noted that computers are already being used successfully for consultation, interviewing, and continuing education. Issues related to the usage of computers in mental health are discussed. Guidelines for future work in the area are suggested.
Lower Bounds on the Error of Query Sets Under the Differentially-Private Matrix Mechanism

A common goal of privacy research is to release synthetic data that satisfies a formal privacy guarantee and can be used by an analyst in place of the original data. To achieve reasonable accuracy, a synthetic data set must be tuned to support a specified set of queries accurately, sacrificing fidelity for other queries. This work considers methods for producing synthetic data under differential privacy and investigates what makes a set of queries "easy" or "hard" to answer. We consider this issue in the particular case of answering sets of linear counting queries using the matrix mechanism (Li et al. 2010), a recent differentially-private mechanism that can reduce error by adding complex correlated noise adapted to a specified workload. Our main result is a novel lower bound on the minimum total error required to simultaneously release answers to a set of workload queries when using the matrix mechanism. The bound reveals that the hardness of a query workload is related to the spectral properties of the workload when it is represented in matrix form. Under (??, ?)-differential privacy, we prove that this bound is tight for many common workloads such as the set of all predicate queries and the set of all k-way marginals. Our empirical study also indicates this bound is close-to-tight on workloads consisting of random interval queries or random marginals.
Comparison of the measured and the calculated total thermal neutron cross-section of Pb

Lead is one of the materials commonly used in the design of neutron sources. However, with the increased accuracy expectations of the predictions for these sources it is no longer prudent to represent the neutron cross-section of lead in the thermal regime by the free gas model. We have therefore generated a scattering kernel for lead for which we have replaced the ideal gas approximation by a generalized crystallographic model, which includes the crystal structure of lead and the inelastic scattering in terms of the phonon spectrum of the material. These theoretical results then were compared to measurements.
A WAW Model of P2P-based Anti-worm

With more and more worms plunge into the Internet, worm-anti-worm (WAW) becomes a new active countermeasure. In this paper, a new P2P-based anti-worm is proposed. To illustrate the propagation of worms and anti-worms, TF-SEI (two-factor-SEI) model is given. By comparing our model with the traditional anti-worm model, we observe that the worm-infected hosts can approach to zero with shorter time in our model. We also find that P2P-based anti- worm performs better in controlling worm propagation, even if the delay time is longer.
Cooperative interactions of nucleotide ligands are linked to oligomerization and DNA binding in bacteriophage T7 gene 4 helicases.

The equilibrium nucleotide binding and oligomerization of bacteriophage T7 gene 4 helicases have been investigated using thymidine 5‘-triphosphate (dTTP), deoxythymidine 5‘-(β,γ-methylenetriphosphate) (dTMP-PCP), thymidine 5‘-diphosphate (dTDP), adenosine 5‘-triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine 5‘-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS). In the presence of nucleotide ligands, T7 helicases self-assemble into hexamers with six potential nucleotide binding sites that are nonequivalent both in the absence and in the presence of single-stranded DNA. All nucleotides tested bind with high affinity to three sites (Kd = 5 × 10-6 M, dTTP; 6 × 10-7 M, dTMP-PCP; 4 × 10-6 M, dTDP; 3 × 10-5 M, ATP; 2 × 10-6 M, ATPγS), while binding to the remaining sites is undetectable. Interestingly, nucleotide binding to the high-affinity sites exhibits positive cooperativity which is sensitive to protein concentration. This effect is a result of ligand binding-linked oligomerization wherein helicase oligomer equilibrium changes as a function o...
Unusual complication of pacemaker implantation/revision: secondary endocarditis due to fracture and embolization of an introducer sheath.

We report a 48-year-old male with a rare complication of pacemaker revision—fracture, migration, and secondary endocarditis due to a venous introducer sheath. We illustrate the possible mechanism of injury and discuss approaches to management. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic compilation of biographical dictionaries

Abstract By exploiting existing processing tools, it is sometimes possible to perform complicated computer processing that could not be justified de novo . Using an existing parsing program and dictionaries as a starting point, a set of programs for building a bibliographic dictionary automatically from text was generated and then tested on a newswire text. In general, the error rate of output records is less than 10 per cent. Whether this quality of output is useful can only be judged in the context of a definite application.
Diamide model for the optical activity of collagen and polyproline I and II

A diamide, N-acetyl-L-proline-N,N-dimethylamide (AcProDMA), in water solution has optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra very similar to those of poly-L-proline II and the fibrous protein collagen. In contrast, AcProDMA in cyclohexane solution has optical activity resembling that of poly-L-proline I. Conformational analysis shows that AcProDMA is confined by steric constraints to either of two narrow regions of conformational space. The trans isomer of AcProDMA assumes conformations near those of polyproline II and collagen nearest neighbors, while cis-AcProDMA assumes conformations near that of polyproline I nearest neighbors. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments show that an equilibrium mixture of the cis and trans isomers of AcProDMA is present in solution. The trans isomer predominates in aqueous solution, but the equilibrium shifts to favor the cis isomer in nonpolar organic solvents such as cyclohexane. Analysis of the ORD spectra in terms of two basic spectra reveals a solvent dependent isomerization which parallels that observed by NMR. The optical activity of the pure isomers of AcProDMA can be derived from the ORD, CD and NMR data. A comparison of component cotton effects confirms the similarity in optical activity of trans-AcProDMA, polyproline II, and collagen on the one hand, and of cis-AcProDMA and Polyproline I on the other.
Increasing use and understanding of evidence-based practice in a chiropractic college setting: an overview

Keywords: Complementary and alternative medicine; chiropractic; evidence-based medicine; medical education
Synthesis and Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Single-Crystal Two-Dimensional CuInSe2 Nanosheets.

We report, for the first time, the synthesis of single-crystal two-dimensional (2D) CuInSe2 nanosheets and the studies of ultrafast carrier dynamics and transport in this 2D material. Particularly, single-crystal 2D CuInSe2 with various thicknesses in the nanometer regime were fabricated by a solid-state chemical reaction between Cu and single-crystal exfoliated In2Se3 nanosheets. Characteristics of transient optical reflectivity, obtained from femtosecond optical pump–probe measurements on single CuInSe2 nanosheets, suggest that the hot carrier cooling process dominates the carrier dynamics within a few picoseconds following the optical excitation. Spatially resolved pump–probe measurements, coupled to simple model calculations, were used to obtain the ambipolar hot carrier diffusion coefficient in single nanosheets. The dependence of the hot carrier diffusion coefficient on the nanosheet thickness provides insight into the limiting mechanisms of hot carrier transport and can be used to gauge the possibi...
The Importance of Teacher-Student Relationships for Adolescents with High Incidence Disabilities

In this article the authors examine the theoretical and empirical basis of teacher-student relationships. They focus specifically on the importance of supportive teacher-student relationships in the lives of adolescents with high-incidence disabilities. Students receiving special education services in these categories are at a heightened risk of experiencing social, emotional, and mental health problems. School-based programs and practices designed to promote supportive relationships between teachers and students with disabilities have the potential to provide these students with much needed support within the contexts of schools. A number of factors that can enhance teacher-student relationships including school and classroom structures, teacher beliefs and practices, and social-emotional curricula are presented and discussed.
A Comparison of Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Reliability for Mexican-Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites:

Reliability estimates were calculated for the Mexican-American and non-Hispanic White standardization samples at eleven age levels on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children using computed variance components. These estimates were compared as ratios of error variances and evaluated using F distributions. Ratios for the two groups at all age levels proved to be nonsignificant, indicative of statistically equivalent reliabilities for the two groups. Coefficients were, with two exceptions, similar in magnitude. Although nota proof of nonbias, this demonstration supports the notion that error in this instance is a function that is constant across groups.
Formation and Cleavage of a DNA Network during in Vitro Bacteriophage T7 DNA Packaging: Light Microscopy of DNA Metabolism †

To understand in vivo DNA metabolism, in vitro systems are developed that perform DNA metabolism, while maintaining in vivo (physiological) character. To determine the state of DNA during in vitro physiological metabolism, the present study develops procedures of fluorescence light microscopy for observation of stained DNA molecules during in vitro physiological metabolism in a crude extract of bacteriophage T7-infected cells. The extract inhibits illumination-induced breakage of DNA. The following DNA metabolism remains active for 2-3 min during microscopy: exonuclease-dependent end-to-end joining (concatemerization) of T7 DNA and subsequent cleavage of concatemers. When the T7 gene 3-encoded DNA debranching endonuclease is absent during in vitro T7 DNA concatemerization, DNA progressively partitions to form a continuous, mostly immobile (i.e., no detected Brownian motion) fibrous network that encloses the DNA-depleted solution; presumably because of reduced branching, a less extensive network forms when the gene 3-encoded debranching endonuclease is present. Most strands of the network consist of multiple DNA segments. After a time interval of 5-10 min, the DNA network undergoes cleavage that depends on the presence of both ATP, capsids, and the DNA packaging accessory proteins encoded by genes 18 and 19; multiple cleavages eventually disrupt the continuity of the DNA network. The dependence of the observed cleavage on these factors is explained by the hypothesis that this cleavage is the first of two cleavages known to occur during the packaging of T7 DNA concatemers both in vivo and in vitro. The first cleavage is also known to initiate entry of DNA into a T7 capsid. The cleavage observed here is usually preceded by an approximately 10 s burst of oscillatory motion of the DNA network near the point of eventual cleavage. If the in vivo presence of a similar concatemer-containing DNA network is assumed, requirement for DNA packaging-associated release of DNA from this network is a possible explanation for the evolution of a T7 DNA packaging pathway that is initiated by cleavage of a concatemer.
Relationship Differences in Aids Memorials

The purpose of this research was to describe AIDS memorials on the Web and to explore relationship differences among those who were grieving loved ones who had died with AIDS, through a thematic content analysis of the memorials the bereft posted on the Web. We identified an AIDS Web site that contained 900 memorials; the memorials often were emotionally intense and personal. We independently coded the memorials for characteristics of the authors, the deceased, and the memorials themselves. Slightly more men than women were memorial authors, and although memorials were authored by a wide variety of individuals, the vast majority of authors fell into seven broad categories: partners, spouses, children, parents, siblings, extended family, and friends. In the memorial content, we identified 2l themes; overall, content of the memorials was dissimilar to obituaries. Content of the memorials as described above were treated as dependent measures in a series of analyses, with relationship between the bereaved and...
Use of computers in hospitals: an analysis of intensive and nonintensive users

Differences between “Intensive” and non-intensive users of computers among hospitals are analyzed using step wise discriminant analysis. Hospitals are classified into “Intensive” and “Nonintensive” users of computers based on the total number of tasks computerized by each hospital. Results show that size, location, and competition from other hospitals in the area, are the significant differences between the two groups. Differences in the computer usage patterns are also examined. Possible reasons for the differences between the two groups are discussed.
Treatment of cadaveric renal transplant recipients with total lymphoid irradiation, antithymocyte globulin, and low-dose prednisone.

Abstract The ability of preoperative total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) to reduce the need for chronic immunosuppression after cadaveric renal transplantation was examined in 25 recipients who were given a brief course of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) postoperatively with daily low-dose prednisone (0·1-0·2 mg/kg) as the sole maintenance immunosuppressive drug. Patients were selected for the study on the basis of their low levels ofcytotoxic antibodies. Grafts were not HLA-matched, and the mean interval between completion of TLI and transplantation was 9 days. During an observation period of up to 25 months, 2 grafts were lost because of rejection. There were two deaths due to disseminated viral infections and two to late cardiovascular complications. At the last observation point, the mean serum creatinine of the 19 patients with functioning grafts was 1·5 mg/dl, and the mean dose of prednisone was 10·2 mg/day. 10 of these patients did not have a rejection episode. Comparison of patients given TLI with a group given cyclosporin at the same institution showed similar graft survival but better graft function in the TLI group.
Differential Responses to Being Ignored: The Effects of Architectural Design and Social Density on Interpersonal Behavior1

This study examines the experience of being ignored when social interaction is chronically at high or low levels. Subjects in these studies resided in either traditional corridor dormitories or in suite-type apartments. Previous research has shown that the corridor arrangement leads to an excess of unwanted contacts with other residents. Hence, corridor residents should desire less interaction with strangers than suite residents. It was hypothesized that corridor residents would be less adversely affected if they were ignored during a group discussion. The results of two experiments reported here support this hypothesis. They also demonstrate the generally negative effects of being ignored. Results are discussed in terms of Altman's (1975) model of contact regulation.
PERMUTATION MODELS FOR RELATIONAL DATA

A common problem in sociology, psychology, biology, geography, and management science is the comparison of dyadic relational structures (i.e., graphs). Where these structures are formed on a common set of elements, a natural question that arises is whether there is a tendency for elements that are strongly connected in one set of structures to be more—or less—strongly connected within another set. We may ask, for instance, whether there is a correspondence between golf games and business deals, trade and warfare, or spatial proximity and genetic similarity. In each case, the data for such comparisons may be continuous or discrete, and multiple relations may be involved simultaneously (e.g., when comparing multiple measures of international trade volume with multiple types of political interactions). We propose here an exponential family of permutation models that is suitable for inferring the direction and strength of association among dyadic relational structures. A linear-time algorithm is shown for MCMC simulation of model draws, as is the use of simulated draws for maximum likelihood estimation (MCMC-MLE) and/or estimation of Monte Carlo standard errors. We also provide an easily performed maximum pseudo-likelihood estimation procedure for the permutation model family, which provides a reasonable means of generating seed models for the MCMC-MLE procedure. Use of the modeling framework is demonstrated via an application involving relationships among managers in a high-tech firm.
The optoelectronic response of an MIS-type tunnel-emitter transistor

Abstract We investigate the frequency response of MIS-type tunnel-emitter transistors using both theoretical and experimental approaches. Our calculations of the electronic behavior of the device are based on an equilibrium model of the MIS surface and a standard model of the tunnel current through a conductor-insulator-conductor junction. We assume that the cutoff frequency of the transistor structure depends upon only the base-emitter capacitance and the transconductance of the tunnel junction. For practical materials and thicknesses, the electronic frequency response is found to be rather limited compared with conventional transistors However, the primary current generated by optoelectronic stimulation can produce wideband external response. The performance of an experimental device composed of aluminum emitter and collector electrodes, an SiO 2 tunnel barrier, and a low-doped p -type silicon base is reported. The optoelectronic device measurements are shown to be consistent with the electronic device model presented here if the primary carrier sweepout mechanism is taken into account.
Automatic gap detection in friction stir butt welding operations

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding technology that has been used successfully in many joining applications. A common problem that arises when welding two sheets is the presence of a gap between the sheets. Gaps may be due to improper fixturing, imprecision in the processes used to manufacture the sheets, etc. When the FSW tool encounters a gap, material can possibly escape from the processing zone and the welded part's effective cross-sectional area around the gap will decrease. Both of these effects can possibly cause an unsuitable weld. This paper develops a monitoring algorithm to detect gaps in friction stir butt welding operations in real time (i.e., during the operation). Experimental studies are conducted to determine how the process parameters (e.g., tool rotation rate and tool traverse speed) and the gap width affect the welding process; particularly, the plunge force (i.e., the force acting vertically down on the part). The proposed monitoring algorithm examines the filtered plunge force in the frequency domain to determine the presence of a gap. Several experimental studies are conducted for 2024 aluminum with a variety of process parameters and the monitoring algorithm is shown to be able to reliably detect the presence of gaps in friction stir butt welding operations for tool traverse speeds below 4.233 mm/s and gap sizes above 0.3048 mm.
Some memories of Juergen

I worked together with Juergen, off and on, for many years. But my most vivid recollections of him are of my Hamburg postdoc in 1960; he was a very valuable mentor. He was always for clarity and rigor. To me the most interesting part of his work was his systematic and highly useful clarification of general relativistic hydrodynamics and kinetic theory. It was a real revelation to see such standard concepts as fluid rotation reappear elegantly and rigorously in a fully relativistic setting. Based on his work in kinetic theory, Juergen, P. Geren and I were able to relate local isotropy observations on particles to spatial isotropy and homogeneity of space-time. Among the many useful lessons I learned from him by example was the importance of being accurate as regards the scope and previous history of a putatively new idea: don’t fool yourself that you own something which really belongs to a colleague or predecessor, and don’t try to sell more than you own. Not even inadvertently, or by implication, or by judicious silence. Nowadays I see lots of disagreements between groups resulting from all concerned failing to observe those straightforward rules— perhaps because the field, the time, the economic climate, and/or the country I now work in are different. To a bystander, the resulting squabbles supply an amusing spectator sport; but, entertainment aside, I like Ehlers’ way better. In this respect, and many others, I was lucky to have him as a role model. Later my respect for him, as a scientist and as a person, only grew. His work on gravitational lensing was very pleasant to study. He will be sorely missed. I hope that our younger replacements can and will emulate his scholarship, breadth, clarity, rigor, and integrity.
Robotic resistance treadmill training improves locomotor function in human spinal cord injury: A pilot study

Abstract Wu M, Landry JM, Schmit BD, Hornby TG, Yen S-C. Robotic resistance treadmill training improves locomotor function in human spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Objective To determine whether cable-driven robotic resistance treadmill training can improve locomotor function in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Repeated assessment of the same patients with crossover design. Setting Research units of rehabilitation hospitals in Chicago. Participants Patients with chronic incomplete SCI (N=10) were recruited to participate in this study. Interventions Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. One group received 4 weeks of assistance training followed by 4 weeks of resistance training, while the other group received 4 weeks of resistance training followed by 4 weeks of assistance training. Locomotor training was provided by using a cable-driven robotic locomotor training system, which is highly backdrivable and compliant, allowing patients the freedom to voluntarily move their legs in a natural gait pattern during body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT), while providing controlled assistance/resistance forces to the leg during the swing phase of gait. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome measures were evaluated for each participant before training and after 4 and 8 weeks of training. Primary measures were self-selected and fast overground walking velocity and 6-minute walking distance. Secondary measures included clinical assessments of balance, muscle tone, and strength. Results A significant improvement in walking speed and balance in humans with SCI was observed after robotic treadmill training using the cable-driven robotic locomotor trainer. There was no significant difference in walking functional gains after resistance versus assistance training, although resistance training was more effective for higher functioning patients. Conclusions Cable-driven robotic resistance training may be used as an adjunct to BWSTT for improving overground walking function in humans with incomplete SCI, particularly for those patients with relatively high function.
Decentralized control of an iner-connected electric energy system subject to information flow constraints

This paper considers the problem of designing a decentralized feedback controller for a class of interconnected linear dynamical systems. The structure of each local controller is constrained to be such that it can be defined via a constant output feedback matrix, and necessary conditions for the resulting parameter optimization problem are given in the form of simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations. Two methods for solving these equations are discussed and compared relative to computational efficiency. The design methodology is then illustrated via an application to an interconnected electric energy system.
Phase II trial of merbarone in patients with malignant brain tumors

The standard treatment for patients with primary malignant glioma includes surgical resection, radiotherapy, and nitrosourea. Despite this multimodality approach, adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and high-grade astrocytoma have a median survival duration of 50 weeks and 150 weeks respectively. Chemotherapy has had a limited impact on the survival of these patients. Merbarone (5-phenylcarboxamide-2-thiobarbituric acid) is a nonsedating derivative of barbituric acid that crosses the blood brain barrier. Antitumor activity of merbarone has been described against L1210, B16 melanoma cell line and the M5076 sarcoma cells in phase I studies. Merbarone inhibits DNA synthesis and tumor growth by inducing single strand breaks in DNA. It also inhibits RNA and protein synthesis. We evaluated merbarone in a phase II trial in patients (pts) with recurrent or refractory GBM (7 pts) and high grade anaplastic astrocytoma (7 pts). Fourteen patients (nine males, five females) were treated with merbarone at a dose of 1000 mg per m2 per day by continuous intravenous infusion for 5 days every 3 weeks. Every patient received at least two cycles of treatment No complete or partial responses were observed, although one patient had stable disease lasting 20 weeks. Our conclusion is that merbarone is ineffective against GBM and high-grade anaplastic astrocytoma at the dose and schedule in which it was administered in this trial.
JUVENILE COURTS AND DUE PROCESS OF LAW

The following remarks were delivered at the Northwest Regional Conference of the Child Welfare League of America on April 28, 1968 at Portland, Oregon.
Increasing product variety and rising prices

Rising average prices have been observed following establishment of new varieties of ready-to-eat cereals, and with entry in the physicians' services market. Most explanations require monopoly or collusion, and/or consumer ignorance. Prices can rise in a non-cooperative market setting with full consumer knowledge, however, given preferences for different varieties. Demand for a particular variety becomes less elastic with entry if a seller loses the most elastic individual demands for that variety to the new substitute while retaining the least elastic consumer demands. Thus, price rises. Total purchases of all varieties also increase.
Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Ethanol Sensitivity in BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice

Background: Genetic and environmental factors contribute to an individual's sensitivity to ethanol, although the exact genes underlying ethanol's effects are not known. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is one successful method for provisionally identifying genes participating in the mediation of a given behavior. QTL analyses seek to identify associations between a quantitative response and previously mapped marker genes across genetically diverse individuals. Many QTL analyses have been performed in BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice derived from a cross of C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) progenitor strains. Methods: We conducted a QTL analysis of ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex and ataxia using a panel of 25 BXD RI strains and the progenitors B6 and D2. We measured the duration of loss of righting reflex after injection and blood ethanol concentrations upon regaining of righting reflex. Ataxia was measured as the latency to fall from a vertical screen. Results: Genome-wide QTL analyses correlating strain means with allelic status at >1500 markers identified several associations (p≤ 0.01). These provisional QTLs were on all chromosomes except 2,5,12,13, and X, and several map near potential candidate genes. Conclusions: These results suggest that ethanol sensitivity is determined by the actions of multiple genes and further suggest their general chromosomal map locations. These provisional linkages will now be confirmed or rejected using additional genetically segregating populations.
Functional heterogeneity in somatotrophs isolated from the rat anterior pituitary.

Somatotrophs in suspensions of anterior pituitary cells from adult male rats can be separated into 2 fractions by density gradient centrifugation. In addition to their different densities, somatotrophs in these 2 fractions can be distinguished morphologically by their staining characteristics and ultrastructure. Somatotrophs of lesser density (type I; ∼ 1.068 g/cm3) have fewer secretory granules and a more extensive Golgi apparatus than the somatotrophs of greater density (type II; ∼ 1.073 g/cm3). Responsiveness of type I and type II cells to secretory agents (i.e., dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, somatostatin, thyroxine, and hydrocortisone) was evaluated by GH radioimmunoassay. Type I cells were consistently more responsive (% GH release) than type II cells. During 7 days in culture, type I cells produced more (∼200%) GH than they initially contained, whereas type II cells did not show evidence of increased GH production. Hydrocortisone significantly stimulated GH production in type I, but not ...
The return of history: Museum, heritage, and national identity in Imperial Russia

Abstract History plays a major role in the formation of nations. Museums of history, as they emerged during the long 19th century, are pivotal sites for the display of national heritage and identity. The present article considers the origins of the State Historical Museum in Moscow as a “festival of public activity” and discusses its unique civic character. Although the idea of a public museum was not new, in imperial Russia it had existed only as a figment for much of the nineteenth century, until Russian National Museum ( Russkii natsional’nyi muzei ) was founded in 1872. The press represented the museum as an institution that should cultivate in its visitors pride for the country and “lay a foundation for national consciousness.” The museum’s vast task—to visually represent the millennial history of the Russian state—qualified the Historical Museum as a national institution. The museum was “national” in another sense, too: it came to occupy a major place in public culture. Prepared by years of open discourse that problematized and prioritized issues of national identity in the course of which Russian society also learned the basic grammar of representation, the museum assumed a prominent place in society. Years before its opening, the Historical Museum had already become the talk of the nation. Paradoxically, unlike the popular discourse built around the museum, the institution itself did not fare well. When in 1883, eleven years after its founding, the museum finally opened its doors to the public in conjunction with Alexander III’s coronation, only a fraction of the overall design was implemented. Today the newly opened State Historical Museum returns to assume the role in society that was well articulated but never realized by its progenitor: to serve as an anchor of national identity, a link between the present and the past, and a monument to a revived national tradition.