cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-principles study of several hypothetical silica framework structures

Several hypothetical silica structures have been generated using a simulated-annealing strategy with an ab initio based covalent-bonding potential. First-principles total-energy pseudopotential methods have been used to examine several promising hypothetical structures and to compare their structural parameters, cohesive energies, and bulk moduli with those of low quartz, low cristobalite, silica sodalite, and stishovite. The cohesive energies of these hypothetical structure types are found to be equivalent to those of low quartz, low cristobalite, and silica sodalite, and significantly lower than that of stishovite.
The psychologist learns curriculum

Abstract If psychologists in the schools are to offer solutions to the broad problems confronting educators today, then constant re-evaluation of services is necessary and attempts for extended involvement in the educational enterprise must be made. The authors discuss a curriculum workshop designed to enable school psychology trainees to familiarize themselves with approaches and materials in the various subject matter areas and to explore the functioning of the psychologist as a vocal participant in curriculum innovation.
Blood flow in auxiliary canine liver homografts.

Abstract The blood flow in auxiliary liver homografts revascularized according to Welch's technique was investigated using a Xe133 washout technique. Flow measurements were taken within the first 3 days after transplantation to avoid the influence of rejection. Hemodynamic changes that could account for the atrophy occurring in this type of liver graft were not found.
Revision to an adjustable non-siphon control valve in low pressure hydrocephalus: therapeutic siphoning and a new perspective on NPH: series of 3 cases and review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction High intracranial compliance states requiring negative pressure drainage, otherwise known as low-pressure hydrocephalus syndromes, are rare conditions. The use of siphoning, enabled by revision to an adjustable shunt without an anti-siphon device, has been largely unexplored in low-pressure hydrocephalus. Methods Three patients with presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) presented with unresolved symptoms, including urinary incontinence, disturbed gait, and cognitive dysfunction. Each was inadequately treated despite confirmed functioning Strata II valves (with built-in siphon control device) calibrated to the lowest pressure setting for maximum drainage. Surgical revision to Strata non-siphon control (NSC) valves was performed to allow for additional drainage via siphoning. Results Following revision to a shunt with a “siphoning” device, each patient achieved improved neurological function. Each differential pressure valve was initially set to a higher setting than with the Strata II valve. One of our patients experienced the formation of a subdural hematoma after shunt revision; resolution following adjustment of the valve to a higher setting suggests that siphoning may be of less importance to overdrainage syndromes when compared with valve opening pressure. Conclusion Our findings indicate that intermittent intracranial hypotension achieved by siphoning is effective in the treatment of a subset of patients presenting clinically with NPH. Direct conversion to a shunt system without an anti-siphon device allows reduction of ventricular size without the risk associated with external ventricular drainage (EVD). With conversion to the Strata NSC valve, our patients had sustained clinical improvement, even at higher valve settings.
Discrete element simulation study of a Freeman powder rheometer

Abstract The powder rheometer is a commonly used device for assessing the bulk flow performance of pharmaceutical powders. Discrete element simulations were performed to determine the effects of particle properties such as size, shape, size distribution and friction on the force and torque on the impeller blade in a powder rheometer. DEM simulations are well suited for such a study as they can isolate the impact of each particle property on the bulk powder behavior. The results can then be used to guide the ‘particle engineering’ of pharmaceutical powders to meet specific performance targets. The operation of the FT4 Freeman powder rheometer system was simulated using the discrete element method (EDEM™ from DEM Solutions). The effects of various particle properties (size, shape, friction, etc.) were examined using the force and torque on the impeller blade as the key performance indicators. The effect of particle size (mean, distribution) on the mixing torque/force was small and the use of a pre-conditioning step also had minimal impact. As the particle aspect ratio was increased from 1.0 (perfect spheres) to 2.0, both the torque and force values also increased (max increase of ∼40%). Increasing the rolling friction of spherical particles produced similar results as the large aspect ratio particles. Increased particle–particle friction caused a larger increase in the measurements (max increase of ∼60%) in comparison with increased particle–vessel and particle–impeller friction (max increase of ∼20%). Experiments with glass beads were also performed and were used to validate the simulations.
Fuzzy expert systems vs. neural networks-truck backer-upper control revisited

It is pointed out that by merging the advantages of fuzzy expert systems and neural networks one can arrive at a more powerful yet more flexible system for inferencing and learning. The advantages of fuzzy expert systems are their ability to provide nonlinear mapping through the membership functions and fuzzy rules, and the ability to deal with fuzzy information and incomplete and/or imprecise data. The merger of these two concepts is explained using the truck backer-upper control problem. Novel network architectures obtained by merging these two concepts and simulation results for the truck backer-upper problem using the architecture are shown. >
Field evaluation of transgenic poplar expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis cry1A(a) d-endotoxin gene against forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) following winter dormancy.

Hybrid Populus plants (clone NC 5339) genetically engineered with a Bacillus thuringiensis cry1A (a) d -endotoxin gene were planted in the field in the summer of 1993 and evaluated for insect resistance 3 times during the 1994 growing season. Foliage of plants containing the gene encoding the d -endotoxin elicited reduced feeding in bioassays conducted during June, July, and August. Larvae of forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), feeding on transgenic leaves consumed significantly less foliage and experienced reduced wet-weight gains compared with larvae fed control foliage. Mortality of early 3rd-instar forest tent caterpillar and gypsy moth feeding on transgenic foliage was greater than for larvae feeding on foliage of controls. Mortality of late 3rd-instar gypsy moth feeding on transgenic foliage did not differ from control larvae.
Morphometric changes in subcortical structures of the central auditory pathway in mice with bilateral nodular heterotopia.

Abstract Malformations of cortical development (MCD) have been observed in human reading and language impaired populations. Injury-induced MCD in rodent models of reading disability show morphological changes in the auditory thalamic nucleus (medial geniculate nucleus; MGN) and auditory processing impairments, thus suggesting a link between MCD, MGN, and auditory processing behavior. Previous neuroanatomical examination of a BXD29 recombinant inbred strain (BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J) revealed MCD consisting of bilateral subcortical nodular heterotopia with partial callosal agenesis. Subsequent behavioral characterization showed a severe impairment in auditory processing—a deficient behavioral phenotype seen across both male and female BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J mice. In the present study we expanded upon the neuroanatomical findings in the BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J mutant mouse by investigating whether subcortical changes in cellular morphology are present in neural structures critical to central auditory processing (MGN, and the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus; VCN and DCN, respectively). Stereological assessment of brain tissue of male and female BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J mice previously tested on an auditory processing battery revealed overall smaller neurons in the MGN of BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J mutant mice in comparison to BXD29/Ty coisogenic controls, regardless of sex. Interestingly, examination of the VCN and DCN revealed sexually dimorphic changes in neuronal size, with a distribution shift toward larger neurons in female BXD29- Tlr4 lps−2J /J brains. These effects were not seen in males. Together, the combined data set supports and further expands the observed co-occurrence of MCD, auditory processing impairments, and changes in subcortical anatomy of the central auditory pathway. The current stereological findings also highlight sex differences in neuroanatomical presentation in the presence of a common auditory behavioral phenotype.
Abrin poisoning in an 18-month-old child

Background When discussing known poisons and their clinical consequences, few physicians are aware of the deadly poison abrin. The common symptoms of abrin toxicity include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with or without bloody stool. However, with an estimated fatal human dose of less than 1 microgram/kg, death due to complications such as liver failure, renal failure, and cerebral edema are possible. Case Report An 18-month-old male presented to the emergency department with an abrupt onset of fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. The parents had assumed the child was suffering from a severe gastroenteritis until they noticed 3 consecutive diapers containing colorful seeds that were identified by poison control as belonging to the Abrus precatorius plant. The child's gastrointestinal symptoms were consistent with reported cases of abrin poisoning, but the patient also had an isolated and significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase, with testing unable to reveal the responsible pathological process. CONCLUSIONS To reduce morbidity and possible mortality, parents and pediatricians alike should be conscious of the danger the Abrus precatorius seed poses to the pediatric population. Children are at a greater risk of ingesting these seeds due to their colorful appearance, and the consequences could be fatal. Through this case report we hope to raise public awareness regarding this toxin. This includes the management of known cases, as well as the possibility of encountering an isolated elevated alkaline phosphatase level as a laboratory finding if ingestion occurs. Language: en
Non-histone proteins and gene activation in regenerating rat liver

Abstract Chromatin of 6 h regenerating rat liver exhibits a 2-fold increase in template activity over normal liver chromatin in promoting RNA synthesis in vitro. The RNAs transcribed from the 6 h regenerating liver chromatin also contain new RNA species not detectable in normal transcript. Reconstitution of chromatin from its constituents of normal and 6 h regenerating rat liver shows that the non-histone proteins, but not DNA and histones, determine the specific transcription of chromatin, and are responsible for the derepressed genetic state of the regenerating liver.
The effects of scattering and mirror reflectivity on the performance of a ruby laser.

The output energy expected from a conventional ruby laser generator with plane parallel mirrors is calculated for a range of excitation energies, pulse lengths, mirror reflectivities and absorption, scattering and reflection losses. A linear dependence of output energy on excitation energy is expected only for a vanishingly small pulse length. The effects of localized losses such as those from reflections at the ends of the crystal are similar to scattering losses distributed through the crystal. The output mirror reflectivity giving maximum output energy falls as the excitation energy and scattering increase but is typically 50–60%. The reduction in output caused by scattering is less for lower reflectivities. The angular distribution of light scattered from the ruby when lasing is measured by varying the resonator length to assess the scattering. The predictions of output energy are in good agreement with experiment for all the excitation energies, introduced scattering losses, and mirror reflectivities tried, except that above 70% reflectivity the prediction is up to 60% low. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. It was also found experimentally that the resonances between the ends of the ruby are suppressed when lasing, probably due to the optical inhomogeneities produced by the refractive index changes associated with the population changes during a laser spike. The output energy is thus reduced when the ends are not aligned in the resonator. These dynamic inhomogeneities are thought to override any static inhomogeneities already present in the crystal and are a major source of resonator loss.
A Burkean analysis of China Is Not Happy: a rhetoric of nationalism

As a sequel to China Can Say No, China Is Not Happy is the bestseller of 2009 in China. The book praises China's post-80s generation for their act of patriotism, condemns the West, in general, and the United States, in particular, for exploiting the Chinese and for causing a global economic crisis. It also criticizes the Chinese liberal elite and overseas returnees for being Western-influenced mental slaves and traitors. The authors of the book call for an abandonment of “literary tone”, advocate a tough stand against Western countries, and envision China as the leader of the world through its economic and military power. This paper examines the major themes and belligerent rhetoric employed in the book through an application of Kenneth Burke's rhetorical concepts of identification, terministic screens, and representative anecdotes. The author of this paper contends that such use of rhetoric demonstrates the language habit of China's political discourse in its modern history, escalates blind nationalism, ...
Modeling the atmospheric concentrations of individual volatile organic compounds

An Eulerian photochemical air quality model is developed in which the transport and chemical reactions of 53 individual organic species are tracked explicitly. The model is applied to the Los Angeles, California area for the period 27–28 August 1987. An extensive set of speciated ambient concentration data for hydrocarbons and carbonyls is available for this period, which provides the basis for comparison between predicted and observed concentrations of individual organic compounds. Hot stabilized exhaust emissions of volatile organic compounds from motor vehicles were increased to three times the baseline (EMFAC 7E) values, consistent with measurements made in the Van Nuys tunnel during 1987. Results of the model performance analysis show that the ambient concentrations of most individual organic species are predicted to within a normalized bias of ± 50%, with better performance in many cases. Most of the aromatic hydrocarbons for which ambient concentration data are available are predicted with a bias of ± 20% or less. Acetylene and ethene concentration predictions are higher than ambient concentrations, consistent with previous findings that the southern California atmosphere contains more unburned gasoline and less of the combustion-derived species such as acetylene and ethene than are found in the present emission inventory. A comparison of model predictions and observed isoprene concentrations indicates that at most sites where measurements were made, the model is predicting the concentrations of this biogenic compound correctly. However, at Claremont, both ozone and isoprene concentrations are seriously underpredicted by the model. This suggests that isoprene emissions near Claremont may be higher than previously thought. Given the high reactivity of isoprene, further exploration of its possible role in creating the peak ozone levels near Claremont is warranted.
Use of similarity solutions for the problem of a wetting front — a question of unique representation

Abstract The use of similarity solutions for the problem of horizontal infiltration of water into a semi-infinite, dry and homogeneous porous medium is studied based upon some recent results of functional analysis. It is found that the so-called non-unique representation of reported experimental moisture profiles for this problem is not necessarily evidence against the validity of the extended Darcy's law for unsaturated flow through porous media.
Implementing and interpreting local‐scale invasive species distribution models

Aim Use of local-scale non-native plant species (NNS) distribution models has the potential to decrease survey effort and improve population prioritization for management. We developed and evaluated data collection methods and minimum sampling requirements to inform local-scale models of NNS distribution. We also evaluated overall model predictive performance for 16 species at two sites and determined how classes of variables contributed to model performance and suggest invasion drivers. Location Wyoming and Idaho, USA Methods A simulation study was used to test the efficiency of different sampling methods to predict imposed species distributions. Empirical distribution models of species occurrence data from two environmentally disparate sites were cross-validated at increasing sample sizes, and the asymptotic maximum predictive performance and relative contribution of classes of variables were determined for 16 NNS. Results Transect sampling was the most efficient method for maximizing model performance after accounting for logistics. Minimum sample sizes to reach model maximum predictive performance were similar for the simulation (< 0.5% of study area) and empirical studies (mean of 0.13% using transects). Maximum predictive performance tended to be greater at the site with steeper environmental gradients, and topo-climatic/biotic variables were most important to model improvement. Main conclusions Local-scale SDMs can be useful to NNS managers. Using transect methodology, enough data can be collected (ca. 0.13% of the management area) to fit models within logistical/budgetary constraints. These models are most predictive for well-established species as opposed to new invaders and in areas with steeper environmental gradients. Finally, topo-climatic/biotic predictors are the most important variables for predicting more established species, but disturbance and dispersal limitation should be considered and quantified to ensure variables associated with dominant processes are included in the SDM.
Synthesis and characterization of elastomer-modified polyimide films

Abstract A study has been conducted to determine the effects of added elastomers on the film properties of a linear aromatic polyimide. Polyamic acids have been prepared via reaction of BTDA (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride) with ODA (4,4′-oxydianiline) and various ATBN (aromatic amineterminated butadiene acrylonitrile) elastomers. Films were prepared and thermally converted to the corresponding polyimides. Optimum cure conditions for BTDA + ODA/ATBN films were evaluated. The effect of elastomer concentration on BTDA + ODA thermal properties, density, tensile properties, morphology and tear resistance were evaluated. Variation of the acrylonitrile content of the ATBN elastomer in BTDA + ODA was performed and properties evaluated. Incorporation of ATBN into BTDA + ODA caused a decrease in the glass transition temperature, thermal stability, tensile strength and modulus of films. Increases of film tear resistance were observed for several formulations of ATBN in the BTDA + ODA polyimide.
Quality management in the laboratory setting

Abstract Laboratory management teams are finding themselves immersed in a sea of competition. The need to recruit and retain excellent laboratory professionals is becoming a major task for laboratory leaders. Paying attention to the needs of internal organization customers rewards the laboratory by securing a better position within this competitive environment. Orientation and appraisal systems have been found to be two important quality processes that can be continuously improved. With this ongoing improvement, the laboratory team is then better prepared to meet the needs of their external customers. Attention to these issues of quality management enable a laboratory to meet the challenges it faces. Beyond just meeting the challenges, the laboratory should then be poised to flourish in today's changing health care envivonment.
An inversion formula in scattering theory

Abstract The inverse scattering problem at a fixed energy in the Born approximation consists in solving the equation ∫ exp[−i k 0 ( s − s ', y )] q ( y ) dy = −4 πf ( k 0 ( s − s ')), where the function f ( k 0 ( s − s ')) is the scattering amplitude (in the Born approximation) which is assumed known from experiments, s , s ' are unit vectors running through the unit sphere S 2 , ∫ = ∫ R 3 , and the potential q ( y ), ∫| q |d x q vanishes outside of a compact domain, is to be found from the first-mentioned equation. An explicit analytical formula is given for finding q ( y ) on any fixed compact, however large, with an arbitrarily small error.
Negative Feedback Loops Involving Small Regulatory RNAs Precisely Control the Vibrio harveyi Quorum-Sensing Response

��������� � �� ���������� Summary Quorum sensing (QS) bacteria assess population density through secretion and detection of molecules called autoinducers (AIs). We identify and characterize two Vibrio harveyi negative feedback loops that facilitate precise transitions between low-cell-density (LCD) and high-cell-density (HCD) states. The QS central regulator LuxO autorepresses its own transcription and the Qrr small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) posttranscriptionally repress luxO. Disrupting feedback increases the concentration of AIs required for cells to transit from LCD to HCD QS modes. Thus, the two cooperative negative feedback loops determine the point at which V. harveyi has reached a quorum and control the range of AIs over which the transition occurs. Negative feedback regulation also constrains the range of QS output – by preventing sRNA levels from becoming too high and preventing luxO mRNA levels from reaching zero. We suggest that sRNA-mediated feedback regulation is a network design feature that permits fine-tuning of gene regulation and maintenance of homeostasis.
Biosocial Model of Status in Face-to-Face Primate Groups

Abstract Status ranks are allocated among members of a group through face-to-face interaction in a process that is similar across primate species, including humans. In the proposed model, every member of a group signifies its rank through physical or vocal demeanor. For example, behavioral signs of dominant status include erect posture, glares, eye contact, strutting, and (in humans) assertive speech. Individuals whose behavior exhibit dominance show high or rising levels of testosterone compared to those who exhibit deference. Cooperative and competitive allocation of ranks, the form of dominance contests, individual responses to stress, and modes of communicating status are discussed. The model is proposed as a theory about both sexes, but with a cauti on that little is known about sex differences in the relation of hormones to dominance behavior.
Osteoporosis after cardiac transplantation

Abstract purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia and fractures and to describe the biochemical indices of mineral metabolism in patients who have undergone cardiac transplantation. patients and methods: Forty adult patients who had received a cardiac transplant between 1982 and 1990 and who were receiving immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and cyclosporine A were studied. Bone densitometric measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine were obtained for all patients. Routine serum and urine biochemical values as well as more specialized biochemical analyses (intact parathyroid hormone, metabolites of vitamin D, and osteocalcin) were obtained. results: Osteopenia was present in 28% of the patients at the lumbar spine and 20% of the patients at the femoral neck. Vertebral fractures were present in 35% of patients. In contrast to other patients receiving glucocorticoids, serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, was elevated in 60% of patients. conclusions: Osteopenia and vertebral fractures are common in patients after cardiac transplantation. The presence of elevated osteocalcin levels suggests that the pathogenesis of the osteoporosis in these patients differs from that of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
The Arabidopsis At1g45130 and At3g52840 genes encode β-galactosidases with activity toward cell wall polysaccharides

The Arabidopsis genes At1g45130 and At3g52840 encode the beta-galactosidase isozymes Gal-5 and Gal-2 that belong to Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 35 (GH 35). The two enzymes share 60% sequence identity with each other and 38-81% with other plant beta-galactosidases that are reported to be involved in cell wall modification. We studied organ-specific expression of the two isozymes. According to our western blot analysis using peptide-specific antibodies, Gal-5 and Gal-2 are most highly expressed in stem and rosette leaves. We show by dot-immunoblotting that Gal-5 and Gal-2 are associated with the cell wall in Arabidopsis. We also report expression of the recombinant enzymes in P. pastoris and describe their substrate specificities. Both enzymes hydrolyze the synthetic substrate para-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside and display optimal enzyme activity between pH 4.0 and 4.5, similar to the pH optimum reported for other well-characterized plant beta-galactosidases. Both Gal-5 and Gal-2 show a broad specificity for the aglycone moiety and a strict specificity for the glycone moiety in that they prefer galactose and its 6-deoxy analogue, fucose. Both enzymes cleave beta-(1,4) and beta-(1,3) linkages in galacto-oligosaccharides and hydrolyze the pectic fraction of Arabidopsis cell wall. These findings suggest that Gal-5 and Gal-2 could be involved in the modification of cell wall polysaccharides.
Corrosion behavior of a friction stir processed rare-earth added magnesium alloy

Abstract Effect of grain refinement and heat treatment on corrosion behavior of a friction stir processed Mg-Y-RE alloy was studied. The ennoblement of pitting potential by ∼250 mV vs. SCE of processed samples as compared to parent alloy was attributed to grain refinement and uniform second phase distribution as a result of friction stir processing. Lower currents and positive open circuit potentials were observed in friction stir processed samples under free corroding conditions. Friction stir processing prior to peak hardening resulted in improved pitting potential when compared to the peak aged and processed samples. Electrochemical testing and constant immersion testing showed differing trends.
Enzymatic sulfation of steroids by bovine tissues.

Abstract The synthesis of sulfate esters of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), estrone, testosterone, and p-nitrophenol by the supernatant fraction of various adult bovine tissue homogenates is reported. All tissues synthesized p-nitrophenyl sulfate. Synthesis of testosterone sulfate occurred only with liver. Estrone sulfate was formed by many tissues, but synthesis of DHA sulfate was limited to placenta, liver, adrenal gland, intestine, pituitary, kidney, and uterus. Bovine placenta was much more active than human placenta in the sulfation of these substrates.
Lineal eddy features under strong shear conditions

Abstract Large eddy simulation of a marine boundary layer (BL) with strong wind shear and weak buoyancy flux, over a relatively large horizontal domain (25×18 km) and long time period (16 h), produces lineal eddy structures with along-axis variations. These “rolls” are transient, their lifetime being roughly 8 h and their horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio increases with time. At all heights above the surface layer, even above the BL, temporally coherent features propogate with a speed slightly slower than the vertically averaged BL velocity. The length scale of along-roll variation is about four and one-half times the corresponding cross-roll length scale. To examine the importance of the roll circulations, fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor are partitioned into roll and non-roll contributions, and additionally separated into contributions from the ascending and descending roll regions, to reveal differences in advective roll transport and in roll modulation of smaller-scale transfer. The roll in...
Scaling of transconductance in ultra-submicron GaAs MESFETs and HEMTs

Ultra-submicron GaAs MESFETs have been fabricated with gate lengths ranging from 25 nm to 80 nm, using an electron-beam lithography process. The MESFETs were fabricated on vapor-phase grown wafers. The HEMT devices were fabricated on MBE grown wafers. Measurements of the transconductances of these devices, as a function of the effective gate length, exhibit transconductance degradation due to a diminishing aspect ratio. Velocity overshoot, saturation due to substrate current (MESFETs), real space transfer (HEMTs) and/or source dependent minimum acceleration lengths(both). In addition, the HEMTs with gate lengths less than 3Onm exhibit exponentially dependent current. This suggests that tunneling is the dominant current mechanism and the final limit to scaling of conventional FETs has been observed.
The History of Blood Transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa

The adequacy and safety of blood transfusion in sub-Saharan Africa is the subject of much concern, yet there have been very few studies of its history. An overview of that record finds that transfusions were first reported in Africa (sub-Saharan and excluding South Africa) in the early 1920s, and organized transfusion practices were established before the Second World War. Blood transfusion grew rapidly after 1945, along with the construction of new hospitals and expanded health services in Africa. Significant differences existed between colonial powers in the organization of transfusion services, but these converged after independence as their use continued to grow and decentralized and hospital-based practices were adopted. It was only after the oil crisis in the mid-1970s that health spending declined and the collection, testing, and transfusion of blood began to level off. Thus, when the AIDS crisis hit transfusion services, they were already struggling to meet the needs of patients. At this time, foreign assistance as well as the World Health Organization and the League of Red Cross Societies helped respond to both the immediate problem of testing blood, and for some countries, support existed for the broader reorganization of transfusion. Overall, the history shows that transfusion was adopted widely and quickly, limited mainly by the availability of knowledgeable doctors and hospital facilities. There was less resistance than expected by Africans to receive transfusions, and the record shows a remarkable flexibility in obtaining blood. The dangers of disease transmission were recognized from an early date but were balanced against the potential lifesaving benefits of transfusion.
Direct Signal Enhanced Semicodeless Processing of GNSS Surface-Reflected Signals

This paper presents an aircraft demonstration of direct-signal enhanced semicodeless processing of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals reflected from the Earth’s surface. Comparisons are made between this new method and an interferometric approach to GNSS reflectometry. Results show that this technique produces waveforms with greater signal-to-noise compared with the interferometric approach for all GNSS signals currently in use or planned for the near future. Alternatively, the semicodeless technique can have similar performance with smaller antennas for lower hardware costs. The semicodeless approach also has the advantage that different signals along with their different surface spatial resolutions are processed separately, each signal’s coherent integration time can be optimized, and ground/aircraft experiments and tests are free of spurious signals. The signal processing demands of the semicodeless approach are shown to be proportional to the number of signal components processed when integrated with a GNSS precise orbit determination (POD) receiver.
Stochastic CVP analysis as a gateway to decision-making under uncertainty

Abstract Although a substantial research literature on cost–volume–profit (CVP) analysis under uncertainty has accumulated since the seminal contribution of Jaedicke and Robichek [Accounting Review, 39 (1964), 917], this literature has been almost entirely ignored by authors of managerial and cost accounting textbooks. This is unfortunate because owing to the extreme simplicity of the basic deterministic CVP model, students are better able to understand the elements added by generalizing the model to an uncertainty situation. A CVP model that incorporated uncertainty would therefore provide a good entry point into the important but complicated topic of decision-making under uncertainty. This paper sets forth, analyzes and applies a CVP under uncertainty model specifically geared toward classroom instruction. It is a simpler model than many of those developed in the research literature, but it does incorporate one advanced component: an “economic” demand function relating the expected sales level to price. Price is neither a constant nor a random variable in this model but rather the firm's basic decision variable. The simplicity of the model permits analytical solutions for five “special prices”: (1) the highest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level; (2) the price which maximizes expected profits; (3) the price which maximizes a Cobb–Douglas utility function based on expected profits and breakeven probability; (4) the price which maximizes breakeven probability; and (5) the lowest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level. An example of application is presented in which the model is applied to pricing continuing education programs offered by Center for Management and Professional Development at the authors’ university.
An extension of the σt-scaling for light ion transport to heavy ion transport

Abstract In order to study generalized scaling rules of ion transport, we have done an extension of ion transport algorithm from the case of M 1 / M 2 ≪1 to the case of M 1 / M 2 ⩽1. M 1 is the atomic mass of incident ions and M 2 the atomic mass of the target atoms, respectively. We then have compared three existing scaling rules of ion transport. Each of them can be characterised by a relevant scaling parameter. These parameters are reduced energy e , scaled transport cross section σ t and modified scaled transport cross section σ t ∗ , respectively. By definition, σ t ∗ =σ t (1−γ) ν , γ =4 M 1 M 2 /( M 1 + M 2 ) 2 . In order to make such a comparison, a set of transport calculations consisting of 1200 ion–target–energy combinations has been completed by using generalized bipartition model of ion transport. Having studied the dependence of particle reflection coefficients R n and energy reflection coefficients R E on these scaling parameters, it has been found that σ t ∗ with ν =0.4 has best single parameter correlation with the above-mentioned transport quantities, R n and R E .
The Politics and Culture of Nonrecognition: The Carter Administration and Vietnam

finally came about is one of the more fitting and proper coincidences in recent American diplomatic history. Nearly twenty years ago, as deputy secretary of state, Christopher conveyed to Jimmy Carter the preliminary news coming from the five-member presidential commis sion sent to Vietnam in March 1977 to explore the outstanding issues separating the two countries. The initial report was favorable, and genuine progress actually seemed possible that spring—for the first time since the unification of Vietnam two years earlier. And yet, for many and various reasons, it all came to naught. Another eighteen years elapsed before the efforts begun during the Carter administration resulted in the establishment of full diplomatic relations between the United States and Vietnam. That this process took so long attests to the impact domestic politics and popular cul ture can have on American foreign policy, especially in the aftermath of the Vietnam War.1 The national bitterness and lingering animosity of having lost the war affected the parameters within which foreign policy ultimately operated, effectively excising Vietnam from Ameri can relations with Asia and, as a result, narrowing the range of op tions subsequently open to American foreign policy makers at critical junctures afterwards. From the outset of his overture, Jimmy Carter failed to see the limitations placed on his ability to maneuver with the Vietnamese, and when the sensitive issue of reconstruction assistance
Perceived weight status, overweight diagnosis, and weight control among US adults: the NHANES 2003–2008 Study

Perceived weight status, overweight diagnosis, and weight control among US adults: the NHANES 2003–2008 Study
Non-monotonic Random Schrödinger Operators: The Anderson Model

Abstract We prove exponential localization at all energies for one-dimensional continuous Anderson-type models with single site potentials of changing sign. A periodic background potential is allowed. The main problem arises from non-monotonicity; i.e., the operator does not depend monotonically in the form sense on the random parameters. We show that the method of “two-parameter spectral averaging,” recently devised by Buschmann and Stolz to prove localization for Poisson and random displacement models, can be modified to work for the type of Anderson model considered here.
A histological study of the early stages of cutaneous wound healing in lizards in vivo and in vitro.

The responses of the skin to wounding from six hours to ten days have been studied histologically in a variety of lizard species. Whatever the size of the initial wound, all aspects of cutaneous structure, i.e., general scale architecture, epidermal cell activity, and epidermal specializations, are disrupted by a sequence of cellular events quite distinct from those described in other vertebrates. The epidermis on either side of the incision dies along a variable length, and epithelial migration occurs along a prepared hypercellular path through the dermis where the normal collagen fibers are destroyed. A segment of apparently physically undamaged tissue is discarded from the body surface and the subjacent “wound epidermis” undergoes rapid cell proliferation and maturation leading to the formation of a hyperplastic cornified tissue whose cells resemble the normal α-layer, but which shows no indication of the typical epidermal generation structure.
The public health impact of global climate change

Accurate predictions of the public health impact of global climatic changes are hampered by the absence of a dose-response relationship between climate change and human health and imprecise, often conflicting, meteorological models of climate change. Public health officials are obligated to educate policy makers and the public about the significant threats posed to population health and quality of life by the inexorable progression of global climate change. Only an enlightened public consciousness can muster the political will required to press for policy changes and to support new technologies to conserve energy and to protect the environment from manmade agents of destruction.
NGF released from a polymer matrix prevents loss of ChAT expression in basal forebrain neurons following a fimbria-fornix lesion.

Following a unilateral fimbria-fornix lesion, the delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the ipsilateral lateral ventricle of the rat can prevent the lesion-induced loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression in the ipsilateral medial septum and vertical diagonal band region. In the present study, the ability of polymer rods to deliver NGF and to prevent a decrease in basal forebrain ChAT expression following a fimbria-fornix lesion was assessed. NGF was loaded into an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) rod, fabricated by a melt-extrusion process. NGF release was established by the ability of the rods to induce neurite extension from PC12 cells and chick E12 dorsal root ganglia. Unilateral aspirative lesions of the fimbria-fornix were performed in adult rats, followed by implantation of a polymer rod into the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. Five animals received EVAc rods containing only the carrier molecule bovine serum albumin (BSA), and six received EVAc rods containing both BSA and NGF. After 2 weeks, ChAT-positive cells were counted in the medial septum and vertical diagonal band regions. Rats with NGF-releasing rods displayed ChAT(+) cell counts ipsilateral to the lesion equal to 88% of those on the contralateral side. In contrast, ChAT(+) cell numbers were 42% in animals with rods releasing BSA only (P < 0.001). No undue reaction to implanted rods was noted. Following a fimbria-fornix lesion, NGF released from polymer matrices effectively prevents a lesion-induced reduction in ChAT expression in basal forebrain neurons.
How Neuromythologies Support Sex Role Stereotypes

Targeting conclusions that are closer to fiction than science, both Fine and Jordan-Young highlight exaggerations, unreplicated claims, and other silliness from research on neurological differences between the human sexes.
Correlates of 15-Year Maintenance of Physical Activity in Middle-Aged Women

Background Interventions to increase sustained physical activity are needed and should be based on proven theories.
The Effect of Vitamin E Succinate on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is, in part, related to the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated after reperfusion. Vitamin E has been shown to exert its biological effects as an antioxidant, inhibiting the ROS. In this report, the effect of Vitamin E succinate (VES) on ischemia/reperfusion injury and NF-κB expression was studied in a rat skeletal muscle model during reperfusion following a 4-h ischemic period. The study group consisted of muscle flaps infused with 150 mg/kg of VES given intraperitoneally 1 h post-initiation of ischemia. Muscle viability based on nitroblue tetrazolium staining, edema, and Doppler blood flow was measured in a control and a study group. Muscle samples were analyzed by standard gel shift assay. The VES experimental group showed an increase in muscle viability compared to controls (average of 44.675% versus 31.925%, respectively, p = 0.0415). Blood flow, measured by Doppler 24 h after reperfusion, was increased in the VES study group compared to controls (10.3 vs. 5.1 ml/g/s p = 0.00355). Additionally, the VES group showed a trend of decreasing edema compared with the control; however, not at a level that was statistically significant (p = 0.1267). The VES-treated group showed a decreased expression of NF-κB as compared to controls (p < 0.05). These results show that vitamin E succinate has a protective effect in preventing I/R injury as measured by increased muscle viability and reperfusion blood flow. Vitamin E can exert its efforts as an antioxidant as well as other biological roles, including inhibition of NF-κB.
THE STRUCTURE OF SOME SODIUM AND CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATES.

Two years ago it was pointed out(1) that the electrostatic valence rule requires that the aluminum ions in alkali aluminum silicates have the coordination number 4 rather than 6, oxygen ions in the crystal then being common to a silicon tetrahedron, an aluminum tetrahedron, and one or more alkali-ion polyhedra. Since that time examples of such structures have been found. Thus the cubic crystal sodalite,(2) Na4Al3Si3O12Cl, has a framework composed of tetrahedra, each of which shares its corners with four others, silicon and aluminum tetrahedra alternating. The three parameters determining the position of the oxygen atoms were evaluated from the x-ray data, and it was found that both the silicon and the aluminum tetrahedra are approximately regular, with the distances Si-O = 1.60 A and Al-O = 1.74 A. The sodium and chlorine ions are arranged in cavities in the tetrahedral framework.
Implementation of a new stability test for n-D filters

The implementation procedure for a new stability test for two-dimensional (2-D) digital filters, recently reported, has been extended to the n-D case. The procedure dwells on the generation of a sequence of polynomials in an increasing number (up to n - 1) of real variables, which need be tested for local positivity. Corresponding multidimensional continuous filter results can be routinely developed.
Mechanical Properties of Hydrogel Composites with Carbon Nanobrushes for Tissue Engineering Applications

Poloxamer gels have shown promise for repair and regeneration of tissues. Electrically conductive gels can be created by suspending carbon nanobrushes (CNB) in poloxamer gels. These biocompatible gels can support cell proliferation and have wound healing applications. The objective of this work is to optimize gels and mechanically characterize them using rheometry. Poloxamer gels were made using water and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Carbon nanobrushes were added in different concentrations. Temperature, frequency, and squeeze/pull-off tests were conducted on gels. Results indicate that the elastic and viscous properties of poloxamer gels change when carbon nanobrushes are added. Carbon nanobrushes impart conductivity, introduce nanostructure, and can be utilized to tune the macroscopic mechanical properties of poloxamer gels. Ongoing work will optimize poloxamer content and carbon nanobrush concentration for cell growth. This work is applicable for tissue engineering and regeneration in clinical medicine.
An Assessment of the Scientific Paradigm in No Child Left Behind: A Systems Look at a Limited Reform Model

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002, based on a scientific research approach, attempts to measure and track teacher and administrator performance to achieve accountability for student outcomes on standardized tests of basic competencies. Although the NCLB Act attempts to transform school systems through rigorous student testing, integration of parental choice, improvement of reading comprehension, and use of best practices, it lacks a comprehensive basis for complete change. This paper compares the scientific research basis for NCLB with an open systems model of school change and notes weaknesses in theoretical assumptions, variables, and components of NCLB as well as in attempts to implement the model. The current NCLB model cannot adapt to changes within the internal as well as external contexts that affect instructional processes and outcomes. The paper asserts that reform envisioned by the drafters of the NCLB Act is more completely achieved through a systems approach that incorporates multipl...
Parameterizing Scalar Transfer over Snow and Ice: A Review

Abstract Evaluating the profiles of wind speed, temperature, and humidity in the atmospheric surface layer or modeling the turbulent surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat over horizontally homogeneous surfaces of snow or ice requires five pieces of information. These are the roughness lengths for wind speed (z0), temperature (zT), and humidity (zQ) and the stratification corrections for the wind speed and scalar profiles ψm and ψh, respectively. Because over snow and ice the atmospheric surface layer is often stably stratified, the discussion here focuses first on which of the many suggested ψm and ψh functions to use over snow and ice. On the basis of four profile metrics—the critical Richardson number, the Deacon numbers for wind speed and temperature, and the turbulent Prandtl number—the manuscript recommends the Holtslag and de Bruin ψm and ψh functions because these have the best properties in very stable stratification. Next, a reanalysis of five previously published datasets confirms the valid...