cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre‐history of the Earth's magnetic field

In order to determine the origin and nature of the Earth's magnetic field and to test the various hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the field, it is desirable to determine the history of this field throughout geologic time and to investigate more carefully its spatial variations but inside and outside the Earth's surface. The research described was concerned with the determination of the history of the Earth's field as it can be reduced from the present polarization of crust material. Unconsolidated fresh- and salt-water sediments have been investigated.
Ontogenetic changes in erythrocyte morphology in larval mole salamanders, Ambystoma talpoideum , measured with image analysis

Knowledge of the erythrocyte morphology in an animal can provide information regarding its genome size, metabolic rate, exposure to pollutants and acclimatization to its environment. In amphibians, there are thought to be two morphological forms of erythrocytes, a larger, elongated larval type and a smaller, rounder adult form. I examined erythrocyte morphology in larval and paedomorphic adult mole salamanders, Ambystoma talpoideum using an image analysis approach to measure dimensions of 30,213 erythrocytes in 66 individuals captured from a single pond. The erythrocytes of this species averaged 590.3 μm2 in area, 34.7 μm in length, and 22.6 μm in width, which is comparable to values reported from related Ambystomatid species. There was a tendency for cells to decrease in length with increasing salamander size, and a stronger positive relationship between body size and erythrocyte width, so that cells were more rounded overall in larger individuals. There was also less variability in certain erythrocyte dimensions in larger individuals. However, cells did not decrease in area as salamanders grow, contrary to expectations. I conclude with comments on the image analysis approach used in this study, which proved especially useful in gathering this data, as it allowed for large sample sizes, direct measurement of surface areas (of one side of cells), and was nearly fully automated.
Study Of Multilayers Subjected To Intense Radiation

Many promising applications of multilayer x-ray optical elements subject them to intense radiation. In this paper we present simulations of multilayer performance under extreme heat loads and preliminary results of robust multilayer characterization experiments.
Direct Detection of Nuclear Acoustic Resonance of a Magnetic Nucleus in an Antiferromagnet: Mn 55 in RbMn F 3 .

An intense, frequency-dependent absorption of ultrasound in antiferromagnetic RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ has been observed and attributed to resonant phonon coupling to the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ magnetic nuclei. The angular dependence at 4.3 K and the temperature dependence between 4.3 and 38 K of the absorption are reported.
The influence of removable partial dentures on the level ofStreptococcus mutans in saliva

S everal clinical studies have investigated the incidence of caries and plaque accumulation in patients with removable partial dentures (RPDs). In two long-term studies, caries and plaque accumulation on abutment teeth were found to be high.‘,* In two other studies, plaque was noted particularly on tooth surfaces associated with a denture clasp or the denture base.3p4 Twice daily toothbrushing, reportedly, did not fully offset the increase in plaque accumulation.3 However, patients with RPDs, who received a program of intensive and reinforced oral hygiene instruction, were found to have low plaque scores and minimal caries incidence.5j6 Similarly, the placement of fixed orthodontic appliances has been associated with increased plaque retention.’ Several studies have also reported proliferation of Streptococcus mutans, the microorganism most associated with caries activity,&” in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. ‘*-I4 The increased proportion of S. mutans in such patients is perhaps because this microorganism colonizes retentive tooth sites more readily than nonretentive sites.15 Furthermore, S. mutans has been noted to colonize the acrylic resin of complete dentures.16 Given the association of S. nzutans with caries incidence, the present study was done to establish whether a change in the level of this microorganism also occurs in patients who receive RPDs. Thus salivary concentrations of S. mutans were analyzed in partially edentulous patients both before and after insertion of their dentures.
Network Development in Mixed Step-Chain Growth Thiol−Vinyl Photopolymerizations

In this study, we develop a modeling framework based on combined kinetic and statistical modeling approaches to describe pregelation and postgelation network properties of polymerization kinetics dependent mixed step-chain growth polymerizations. Specifically, we utilize this modeling framework to predict the evolution of weight-average molecular weight, gel point conversion, and cross-linking density of binary and ternary thiol - vinyl systems, with simultaneous step and chain growth polymerizations. Conversion dependent kinetics and directionality of network structures are addressed in this study. We first determine polymerization kinetics driven probability parameters that define the nearest neighbor pairs. These probability parameters are then employed in a recursive statistical modeling framework to develop relationships that describe the network structure. The modeling predictions indicate that both thiol -acrylate and thiol-ene-acrylate systems provide a facile means to control network properties such as the gel point conversion and cross-linking density, with changes in monomer functionalities and their initial stoichiometric compositions. Thus, these novel thiol -vinyl systems provide a facile route to expand upon the property ranges that are available through either pure step growth or pure chain growth polymerizations.
Pemphigus and pemphigoid in dog and man: comparative aspects.

A review of canine pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, and bullous pemphigoid shows them to share many clinicopathologic similarities with their human counterparts. Because of their numerous analogies in clinical presentations, histopathologic and immunopatliologic findings, and therapeutic results, canine and human pemphigus and pemphigoid may represent a valuable area for comparative dermatologic research.
Rotational cropping sequence affects yield of corn and soybean

(...) The objective of this study was to determine the impact of various corn and soybean cropping patterns on the yield of both crops. The 9-year field study conducted at two locations was managed for maximum production. Cropping sequences consisted of: continuous monoculture with the same cultivar; continuous monoculture with cultivars alternated; annual rotation of the two crops; and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 yr of monoculture following 5 yr of the other crop. annually rotated corn yielded 10% better, and first-year corn yielded 15% better than corn under monoculture (...)
Biosynthesis of candicidin by phosphate-limited resting cells ofStreptomyces griseus

A phosphate-limited resting cell system ofStreptomyces griseus in a synthetic medium has been developed in which biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide, candicidin, is linear for at least 36 h without cell growth. Glucose and to a lesser degree sucrose, but not lactose, support antibiotic synthesis. Glucose is utilized at a constant rate for antibiotic synthesis without affecting mycelial dry weight. Acetate and propionate, the building units of the macrolide aglycone, stimulate candicidin biosynthesis in cultures supplemented with glucose but do not support its synthesis in the absence of glucose. Maximal stimulation of candicidin biosynthesis was produced by 40 mM propionate or 250 mM acetate. The biosynthetic intermediate, methyl malonate, and the analog, 1-propanol, were more stimulatory than propionate at the same concentration.
An H II Region Associated with SN 1978K

A reanalysis of the radio data for the supernova (SN) 1978K from Ryder et al. clearly shows the expected early-time radio flux density evolution that is characteristic of normal Type II supernovae. However, for the first time ever seen in a radio supernova, the data indicate the need for a time-independent, free-free absorption component along the line of sight. We interpret this constant absorption term as indicative of the presence of an H II region along the line of sight to SN 1978K. More speculatively, this could represent a part of an region associated with the progenitor of SN 1978K. From the available optical and radio data, it is possible not only to describe the characteristics of the circumstellar medium around SN 1978K giving rise to its radio emission, but also to estimate the properties for this intervening H II region. It thus appears that low-frequency observations of radio supernovae at late times may aid in the detection of H II regions along the line of sight, possibly related to the presupernova star's formation environment.
A simple dog head holder for use with the Lab Tronics stereotaxic instrument.

Abstract A simple dog head holder for use with the Lab Tronics stereotaxic instrument has been described.
Messages Discriminated from the Media about Illicit Drugs

The electronic media have been an instrumental tool in the most recent efforts to address the issue of illicit drug abuse in the United States. Messages about illicit drugs appear in three places in the media: advertising content, news content, and entertainment content. Many studies have documented the amount and types of messages that appear on the electronic media, but few have asked the audience how they interpret these messages. The purpose of this study is to investigate how much and what type of information college students receive from the media about drugs. Interviews were conducted with 228 students using the message discrimination protocol. The messages were then content analyzed into theme areas. Results indicate the majority of messages discriminated from advertising content were fear appeals; that the majority of messages discriminated from news content documented the enforcement efforts in the war on drugs; and that messages about drugs in entertainment content were more likely to provide c...
ERL--A language for implementing evoked response and psychophysiological experiments

Evoked Response Language (ERL) is a high-level language for implementing psychophysiological experiments with emphasis on signal averaging techniques. It allows the E to specify, in English-like statements, a sequence of auditory and visual stimuli and to collect or average associated physiological data. The language can be learned quickly without the need for knowledge of machine language programming. Programs can be easily composed and promptly tested. ERL has been running in our laboratory on a classic LINC computer since the spring of 1970. Expanded versions of ERL are being planned for the PDP-12 and SEL 810B computers.
The Determination of the Elastodynamic Fields of an Ellipsoidal Inhomogeneity

The determination of the elastodynamic fields of an ellipsoidal inhomogeneity is studied in detail via the eigenstrain approach. A complete formulation and a treatment of both types of eigenstrains for equivalence between the inhomogeneity problem and the inclusion problem are given. This approach is shown to be mathematically identical to other approaches such as the direct volume integral formulation. Expanding the eigenstrains and applied strains in the polynomial form in the position vector and satisfying the equivalence conditions at every point, the governing simultaneous algebraic equations for the unknown coefficients in the eigenstrain expansion are derived. The elastodynamic field outside an ellipsoidal inhomogeneity in a linear elastic isotropic medium is given as an example. The angular and frequency dependence of the induced displacement field, as well as the differential and total cross sections are formally given in series expansion form for the case of uniformly distributed eigenstrains.
Accuracy Analysis and Validation of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Robotic Arm

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover is currently exploring the surface of Mars with a suite of tools and instruments mounted to the end of a five degree-of-freedom robotic arm. To verify and meet a set of end-to-end system level accuracy requirements, a detailed positioning uncertainty model of the arm was developed and exercised over the arm operational workspace. Error sources at each link in the arm kinematic chain were estimated and their effects propagated to the tool frames.A rigorous test and measurement program was developed and implemented to collect data to characterize and calibrate the kinematic and stiffness parameters of the arm. Numerous absolute and relative accuracy and repeatability requirements were validated with a combination of analysis and test data extrapolated to the Mars gravity and thermal environment. Initial results of arm accuracy and repeatability on Mars demonstrate the effectiveness of the modeling and test program as the rover continues to explore the foothills of Mount Sharp.
Metal-nitroxyl interactions. 43. Collision interactions between transition metals and nitroxyl radicals in organic solvents

Abstract Collision interactions between a series of Cr(Ill), Fe(III), Ru(III), and Mn(III) tris(β-diketonates) and the nitroxyl radical 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl (TEMPONE) were studied in fluid solution. The broadening of the nitroxyl EPR spectrum by the paramagnetic transition metal decreased as the viscosity of the solution increased, and was therefore attributed to exchange interaction during collisions. For a given metal the effectiveness of a complex in broadening the nitroxyl signal was dependent on the steric effects of the ligands and the extent of spin delocalization into the figand orbitals. The nitroxyl tumbling correlation time, determined from the relative widths of the three nitroxyl hyperfine lines, was a better indicator of collision frequency than the macroscopic viscosity, η. At low viscosity the effectiveness of metal complexes in broadening the nitroxyl signal decreased in the order Fe(III) > Cr(III) > Ru(lII) > Mn(III). This order is consistent with Salikhov's model of metal-nitroxyl collision interactions. The electronelectron exchange coupling constant, J , was about 1 × 10 11 s −1 and was not strongly dependent on the number of unpaired electrons on the metal.
Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to fuels and chemicals by formation and upgrading of mono-functional hydrocarbon intermediates

Abstract Aqueous solutions of sugars and polyols can be converted in a single catalytic process to produce a spontaneously separating organic phase consisting of hydrophobic mono-functional hydrocarbons. The process is shown to be stable for over 2 months time on stream at typical reaction conditions (e.g., 503 K and 18 bar total pressure). The composition and yield of this organic phase can be controlled by adjusting process variables, such as temperature, pressure and space velocity. This organic phase contains primarily mono-functional species such as ketones, alcohols, heterocycles, and organic acids. These oxygenated hydrocarbons can serve as an intermediate platform for the conversion of renewable biomass resources into chemicals and fuels. The organic phase can be separated into individual chemicals or can be upgraded to yield specific classes of chemicals. For example, heterocycles can be separated and used as solvents, additives or blending agents for transportation fuels, while aldol-condensation of the ketones and alcohols can produce long chains species for use as alkane fuels. Alternatively, this platform can be tuned to produce alcohols by reducing the ketone and acid groups. Dehydration of these alcohols produces olefins that have use in either the polymer industry, or as feeds for liquid fuels.
Heparin and heparinoids in stroke

Anticoagulation with heparin has a valuable place in prevention and management of deep venous thrombosis. However, the benefit of heparin in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack remains unclear despite its widespread use for these indications. Heparin also carries several risks, including unpredictable anticoagulation effects, bleeding, and thrombocytopenia. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and heparinoids have several advantages over heparin, such as higher bioavailability, more predictable anticoagulant effects, and less interaction with platelets. Heparin, LMWHs, and heparinoids have been studied in acute ischemic stroke with variable results. Of three recent, large, controlled clinical trials, only one documented a net benefit of treatment. Fewer patients treated with an LMWH within 48 hours of stroke were dead or disabled at 6 months compared with placebo-treated patients. The largest randomized clinical trial of heparin in acute stroke (the International Stroke Trial) showed that heparin was associated with a significant excess in bleeding complications but no clinical benefit at 6 months. Interim analysis of the TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) study also showed an excess number of bleeding complications in the treated group without a corresponding benefit on stroke outcome at 3 months. Therefore, although heparin, LMWHs, and heparinoids continue to be used in the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke, their value in recurrent stroke prevention and in the treatment of stroke-in-progress remains unsettled. Ongoing studies may help to clarify the use of LMWHs and heparinoids in these patients.
Alternate Site Atrial Pacing in the Young: Conventional Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Analysis of the Effects on Atrial Function and Ventricular Filling

Background:Although the right atrial appendage (RAA) is typically used for atrial pacing lead implant, recent studies have shown benefits of alternate site atrial pacing (ASAP) in the elderly. However, comparable studies in the young are lacking. Methods:To investigate effects of ASAP on cardiac function and atrioventricular mechanical interactions in the young, 26 subjects (ages 10 to 23 years) with normal cardiac anatomy, function, and atrioventricular node conduction underwent echocardiography during electrophysiology studies while in sinus rhythm (NSR), and with temporary pacing from high right atrium (HRA), RAA, mid septal right atrium approximating Bachmann's bundle (BB), and left atrium (LA) via the distal coronary sinus (CS). After a paced steady state of 10 minutes, left atrial total and systolic ejection fractions, color-guided mitral inflow, and annular tissue Doppler indices were obtained. Left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial performance indexes (MPI) were calculated. Results:The total and systolic LA ejection fractions were higher during the NSR compared to all ASAP. Mitral inflow velocities changed significantly with ASAP. The passive/active ventricular filling ratio (E/A) deteriorated from NSR to HRA to BB to CS. There were significant changes in late diastolic tissue Doppler velocities during ASAP compared to NSR. The MPI during ASAP differed from those during the NSR. HRA and Bachmann bundle pacing provided better MPIs than RAA or CS pacing. Conclusion:The location of atrial pacing leads has an acute impact on cardiac function and atrioventricular mechanical interaction. Pacing close to sinus node location may be beneficial in the young.
Dynamic factor analysis and the exercise sciences.

The genesis of human movement involves a complex series of events that depend on the integrated physiology of the neural, muscular, skeletal, metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Since each of us has a unique set of physical attributes, such as muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and skeletal structure, our movement patterns serve as another set of “fingerprints”. For instance, we can often tell that it is our friend in the distance by the characteristic way that they walk. Key to our ability to distinguish such movement patterns is the way in which the patterns evolve over time. If someone showed you a cine film depicting your friend’s walking silhouette, but first chopped up the film, shuffled the pieces around, and glued the film back together, one would likely fail to identify the person in the video as their friend because crucial temporal relationships would be lost.
Off-label use of transmucosal ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant: a retrospective chart review.

Objective This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of subanesthetic doses of ketamine using an off-label, transmucosal administration route in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Balanced and symmetric design of active composite right- / left-handed transmission line with gain

We present a balanced and symmetric design of microwave composite right- / left-handed active metamaterial transmission lines incorporating gain devices. Our results show that by inserting a Ge tunnel diode at the unit cell level, the negative phase constant (i.e., left-handedness) and gain (negative attenuation constant) can be obtained simultaneously. By considering the parasitic effects of the diode, balanced and symmetric responses are achieved over a significant bandwidth.
INITIAL RESULTS IN WIDE-FIELD 3D MR MICROSCOPY USING PARALLEL IMAGING

MR microscopy is becoming an increasingly valuable tool, particularly as medicine moves to the cellular level. Researchers have demonstrated exquisite resolution through technical advances in RF surface coil design. This entails the use of a microcoil and a corresponding small field-of-view, representing a limitation of the technique. This paper examines using parallel imaging techniques and large arrays of microcoils to increase the field-of-view at no expense to imaging time.
Vancomycin-Rifampin Combination Therapy Has Enhanced Efficacy against an Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection

Treatment of prosthetic joint infections often involves a two-stage exchange, with implant removal and antibiotic spacer placement followed by systemic antibiotic therapy and delayed reimplantation. However, if antibiotic therapy can be improved, one-stage exchange or implant retention may be more feasible, thereby decreasing morbidity and preserving function. In this study, a mouse model of prosthetic joint infection was used in which Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into a knee joint containing a surgically placed metallic implant extending from the femur. This model was used to evaluate whether combination therapy of vancomycin plus rifampin has increased efficacy compared with vancomycin alone against these infections. On postoperative day 7, vancomycin with or without rifampin was administered for 6 weeks with implant retention. In vivo bioluminescence imaging, ex vivo CFU enumeration, X-ray imaging, and histologic analysis were carried out. We found that there was a marked therapeutic benefit when vancomycin was combined with rifampin compared with vancomycin alone. Taken together, our results suggest that the mouse model used could serve as a valuable in vivo preclinical model system to evaluate and compare efficacies of antibiotics and combinatory therapy for prosthetic joint infections before more extensive studies are carried out in human subjects.
Molecules of Keystone Significance: Crucial Agents in Ecology and Resource Management

The keystone species concept provides a valuable framework for integrating findings across traditional disciplines that scale from the cellular level (chemical defense and chemosensory reception) and the organismal level (behavioral traits) to the community level (species interactions). Select bioactive compounds cause disproportionately large effects by connecting such seemingly disparate processes as microbial loop dynamics and apex predation. Outstanding examples of these “molecules of keystone significance” draw on four distinct compounds: dimethylsulfoniopropionate, saxitoxin, tetrodotoxin, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Through convergent evolution, they inform phylogenetically diverse species; initiate major trophic cascades; and structure respective communities within terrestrial, freshwater, coastal-ocean, and open-ocean environments. Their relevance to conservation biology involves the protection of threatened species or habitats in the face of natural- and human-induced disturbances.
Curvature elasticity of mixed amphiphilic bilayers

Elastic bending constants of mixed amphiphilic bilayers are calculated using a molecular approach. The free energy is expanded up to quadratic order in curvatures and compositions, choosing a flat symmetrical bilayer as the reference state. Bending constants are then calculated from the derivatives of the free energy evaluated at this reference state. Two-component bilayers are considered. As a novelty, the local compositions are allowed to fully relax upon bending so that the 2 monolayers are at chemical equilibrium with each other at every curvature. The compositional degree of freedom is shown to affect the bending constant k, but not the saddle-splay constant k. The influence on the membrane elastic properties of various chain structural features, such as length, volume, and stiffness, is investigated. This may prove useful to model mixed bilayers composed of hydrocarbon/hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon chains.
On Some Distributions and Their Pattern Entropies

We study the block entropy of patterns of sequences generated by uniform and monotonic memoryless source distributions. In the former case, the pattern entropy decreases the most from the memoryless entropy, and in the latter the least. General upper and lower bounds are presented and then applied to these distributions. Tighter bounds are derived for a uniform case. All bounds provide almost precise characterization of the pattern entropies of uniform distributions, distributions over the integers, and the geometric distribution. Of specific interest are distributions over the integers that have infinite entropy rates in the memoryless case but bounded pattern block entropies.
The hyperoxic switch: assessing respiratory water loss rates in tracheate arthropods with continuous gas exchange.

SUMMARY Partitioning the relative contributions of cuticular and respiratory water loss in a tracheate arthropod is relatively easy if it undergoes discontinuous gas exchange cycles or DGCs, leaving its rate of cuticular water loss in primary evidence while its spiracles are closed. Many arthropods are not so obliging and emit CO 2 continuously, making cuticular and respiratory water losses difficult or impossible to partition. We report here that by switching ambient air from 21 to 100% O 2 , marked spiracular constriction takes place, causing a transient but substantial – up to 90% – reduction in CO 2 output. A reduction in water loss rate occurs at the same time. Using this approach, we investigated respiratory water loss in Drosophila melanogaster and in two ant species, Forelius mccooki and Pogonomyrmex californicus . Our results– respiratory water loss estimates of 23%, 7.6% and 5.6% of total water loss rates, respectively – are reasonable in light of literature estimates, and suggest that the `hyperoxic switch9 may allow straightforward estimation of respiratory water loss rates in arthropods lacking discontinuous gas exchange. In P. californicus , which we were able to measure with and without a DGC, presence or absence of a DGC did not affect respiratory vs total water loss rates.
Revisiting interlibrary loan best practices: still viable?

Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of the Group Interlibrary Loan Best Practices instituted by the Greater Western Library Alliance (GWLA) Libraries in 2002 and to examine whether these best practices are still viable today. The authors aims to provide an updated discussion on current best practices in both GWLA and other highly effective library consortia. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a case study approach to identify areas where interlibrary loan best practices have improved service amongst the GWLA Libraries. In addition, the practices of other high performing consortia are included to further the discussion. Findings – The GWLA Libraries found that the best practices implemented in 2002 improved service by decreasing turnaround time and increasing patron access to alternate format types. Other library consortia are also using similar group best practices that improve resource sharing. Research limitations/implications – This article focuses mostly on the beneficial outc...
Exchange Rate Volatility and Democratization in Emerging Market Countries

We examine some of the consequences of financial globalization for democratization in emerging market economies by focusing on the currency markets of four Asian countries at different stages of democratic development. Using political data of various kinds—including a new events data series—and the Markov regime switching model from empirical macroeconomics, we show that in young and incipient democracies politics continuously causes changes in the probability of experiencing two different currency market equilibria: a high volatility “contagion” regime and a low volatility “fundamentals” regime. The kind of political events that affect currency market equilibration varies cross-nationally depending on the degree to which the polity of a country is democratic and its policymaking transparent. The results help us better gauge how and the extent to which democratization is compatible with financial globalization.
Parents' Discord and Divorce, Parent-Child Relationships and Subjective Well-Being in Early Adulthood: Is Feeling Close to Two Parents Always Better than Feeling Close to One?

We assessed the associations between parents' marital discord and divorce, patterns of parent-child relationships, and adult children's subjective well-being. Parental divorce and marital conflict appeared to increase the odds that children were close to neither parent in adulthood. Parental divorce (but not marital conflict) appeared to increase the odds that children were close to one parent only. Drawing on parental resources and balance perspectives, we tested competing hypotheses about parent-child relationships and offspring subjective well-being. Offspring had the highest level of well-being when they grew up in a low-conflict married family and were close to both parents. In cases of divorce and high levels of marital conflict, however, children were no better off if they were close to both parents than to one parent only.
Rhizobial Capsular and Lipopolysaccharides: Evidence for their Importance in Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis

The cell surface of rhizobia is comprised of a number of polysaccharides; extracellular (EPSs), capsular (KPSs), and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Each is important in forming an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Defective mutants are unable to invade the host root cortical cells in a normal manner, or the infection thread is aborted prior to cortical cell invasion (1,2).
Association between Internet use and decision-making preference in older adults.

Background Easy access to health-related information on the Internet has the potential to empower patients in making health-related decisions. However, little is known regarding the association between Internet use and decision-making preference in older adults. The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between Internet use and decision-making preference in older adults. Method The study analyzed cross-sectional data from 1,945 participants of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Results Older adults who used the Internet had greater odds of active decision-making preference (OR 1.75, 95%CI 1.22-2.52, p=0.002) compared to older adults who did not use the Internet. Similarly, older adults, who searched the Internet for health-related information, had higher odds of active decision-making preference (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.14-4.09, p=0.019) compared to their counterparts. Conclusion Internet use was found to be associated with active decision-making preference in older adults. Similarly, health-related Internet use was positively associated with decision-making involvement in older adults.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS DURING NERVE STIMULATION

Publisher Summary In vitro studies demonstrated that the enhanced synthesis of norepinephrine in peripheral nervous tissue, which occurs during nerve stimulation, is the result of increased activity of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in the intact tissue. Because this effect can be prevented by the addition of norepinephrine to the medium that bathes the stimulated tissue, it was presumed that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase is a consequence of reduced end-product feedback inhibition. Experiments suggest that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase during nerve stimulation might be mediated by a different process, because the addition to the incubation medium of the synthetic pterin cofactor, 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (Me2PtH4), which is able to antagonize competitively the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by norepinephrine, does not eliminate the enhanced synthesis of norepinephrine associated with nerve stimulation of the isolated, intact vas deferens preparation. Results suggested that tyrosine hydroxylase is activated during nerve stimulation by a mechanism that is unrelated to an altered affinity for either norepinephrine or pterin cofactor.
EEG Changes During Reading in ADHD Children

The relation between electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, behavioral, and continuous performance test indicators were examined in 23 boys, aged 9-11 years, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 23 matched controls in a study at the State University of New York, Cortland, NY, and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
AAC Modeling Intervention Research Review

A systematic review of research on the effects of interventions that include communication partner modeling of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) on the language acquisition of ...
Taming of a superbase for selective phenol desilylation and natural product isolation.

Hydroxyl moieties are highly prevalent in natural products. We previously reported a chemoselective strategy for enrichment of hydroxyl-functionalized molecules by formation of a silyl ether bond to a resin. To generate smaller pools of molecules for analysis, we developed cleavage conditions to promote stepwise release of phenolic silyl ethers followed by aliphatic silyl ethers with a “tamed” version of the superbase 1,1,3,3–tetramethylguanadine. We demonstrate this as a general strategy for selective deprotection of phenolic silyl ethers under neutral conditions at room temperature.
Subunit Orientation in the Escherichia coli Enterobactin Biosynthetic EntA-EntE Complex Revealed by a Two-Hybrid Approach

The siderophore enterobactin is synthesized by the enzymes EntA-F and EntH in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. We previously reported in vitro evidence of an interaction between tetrameric EntA and monomeric EntE. Here we used bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid (BACTH) assays to demonstrate that the E. coli EntA-EntE interaction occurs intracellularly. Furthermore, to obtain information on subunit orientation in the EntA-EntE complex, we fused BACTH reporter fragments T18 and T25 to EntA and EntE in both N-terminal and C-terminal orientations. To validate functionality of our fusion proteins, we performed Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assays using E. coli entE(-) and entA(-) knockout strains transformed with our BACTH constructs. We found that transformants expressing N-terminal and C-terminal T18/T25 fusions to EntE exhibited CAS signals, indicating that these constructs could rescue the entE(-) phenotype. While expression of EntA with N-terminal T18/T25 fusions exhibited CAS signals, C-terminal fusions did not, presumably due to disruption of the EntA tetramer in vivo. Bacterial growth assays supported our CAS findings. Co-transformation of functional T18/T25 fusions into cya(-)E. coli BTH101 cells resulted in positive BACTH signals only when T18/T25 fragments were fused to the N-termini of both EntA and EntE. Co-expression of N-terminally fused EntA with C-terminally fused EntE resulted in no detectable BACTH signal. Analysis of protein expression by Western blotting confirmed that the loss of BACTH signal was not due to impaired expression of fusion proteins. Based on our results, we propose that the N-termini of EntA and EntE are proximal in the intracellular complex, while the EntA N-terminus and EntE C-terminus are distal. A protein-protein docking simulation using SwarmDock was in agreement with our experimental observations.
Nitrogen metabolism of gravid and nongravid female swine fed every third day.

Crossbred gilts were adapted for 40 d to a 12% crude protein corn-soybean meal gestation diet fed either as a single 1.9-kg meal every day (ED) or as an accumulated 5.7 kg meal every third day (E3D). In the first experiment the effect of meal frequency on N balance was evaluated using eight gravid gilts in a 12-d balance trial. Average N retention was greater (P less than .08) for gilts fed ED (15.32 g/d) than for those fed E3D (12.64 g/d). Daily urinary N excretion showed a quadratic effect (P less than .01) with the greatest N output occurring during the second 24-h period after the meal for gilts fed E3D. The effect of physiological state on the N metabolism response to E3D feeding was measured in a second experiment using four nongravid and four gravid gilts in a 12-d N balance experiment. Average daily N retention was greater (P less than .04) for gravid gilts fed E3D (15.04 g) than for nongravid gilts fed E3D (11.82 g). Digestibility of N and energy was not affected (P greater than .10) by feeding regimen.
Donor Pretreatment With IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Inflammation and Improves Functional Potency in Islets From Brain-Dead Nonhuman Primates.

Most pancreas and islet grafts are recovered from brain-dead (BD) donors. In this study we characterized the early inflammatory response induced by brain death in pancreata and islets from nonhuman...
The Impact of Nuclear Organization and Homolgous Recombination in Repair of DNA Damage Introduced By Aid during Class Switch Recombination

Abstract Class Switch Recombination (CSR) involves the introduction of double stranded breaks (DSBs) at the switch regions of the immunoglulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by the enzyme Activation Cytidine Deaminse (AID). AID can also act as a general mutator targeting other loci in the genome which can then either be repaired faithfully or in an error-prone fashion introducing mutations and potentially initiating B cell lymphoma. The factors contributing to the choice of repair pathway are not fully understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that repair pathway choice is influenced by differential accessibility and expression levels of target loci across cell cycle. More specifically in the context of CSR we tested whether differential regulation of gene accessibility across cell cycle is an important determinant for AID binding and subsequent repair pathway choice as different repair pathways predominate at different stages of cell cycle. Using 3D-FISH in conjunction with Immunofluorescence we observed that AID target genes that are faithfully repaired are more accessible (found in euchromatic regions) in the G2 phase of the cell cycle then genes that are frequently mutated. In contrast, those genes which are repaired in an error prone fashion are more accessible in the G1 phase of cell cycle. Since Homologous Recombination mediated repair (HR), which is a faithful repair mechanism, occurs in G2 we speculate that accessibility of these genes at this stage of cell cycle facilitates action by this repair pathway. Conversely, genes that are more accessible during the G1 phase of cell cycle will be repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway and therefore are more likely to be mutated. Thus, HR could be the pathway by which faithful repair is accomplished and use of the NHEJ pathway on the other hand could contribute to the introduction of dangerous DNA mutations that might lead to B cell transformation and cancer. To connect differences in accessibility with repair pathway usage, we used a mouse model carrying a hypomorphic mutation in BRCA2, a protein involved in HR. This is the first mouse model impaired in HR that eludes embryonic lethality and allows inspection of the role of this pathway in maintaining genomic stability in splenocytes undergoing CSR. Our preliminary investigations indicate that in Brca2 mutant B cells not only is the integrity of fathfully repaired loci compromised, but the Igh locus is also damaged. Taken together these results support our hypothesis and further indicate that the HR pathway is involved in repairing Igh. Given that approximately 95% of lymphomas are of B cell origin and many of these are associated with AID mediated breaks, it is crucial for us to understand the factors that influence targeting and repair. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Dielectric breakdown of solids by electron avalanches

While the sequence of events leading to electric breakdown in gases is today fairly well understood, research in the case of solids asks still the basic question about the mechanisms causing the destruction of dielectrics under high field-strength. This lag in advance is partly inherent in the experimental difficulties of handling such fields, and partly-due to the complexities of the solid state. Solid insulation may suffer breakdown in various ways, by thermal activation of charge carriers or chemical decomposition, by dendrite formation or electron trapping, and finally, when these types of destruction are avoided, by electronic impact ionization. It is the purpose of the present paper to re-evaluate the mechanism of this last and limiting breakdown type in the light of new evidence.
Federal and State Income Tax Aspects in Forensic Economics

The chapter focuses on tax aspects involved in assessing money damages in cases involving personal injury or wrongful death on the one hand, and employment discrimination or wrongful termination on the other. In each realm, tax realities and jurisdictional legalities that impinge on assessing damages are first considered, followed by discussion of methods and examples of damages assessment addressed in the forensic economic literature. The chapter serves to provide forensic economists with a sense of the key legal and practical concerns at play in damages assessment in the specified areas, to pinpoint where additional detailed information is available, and to describe opportunities for future research where there are inadequacies in the extant literature.
Study of gelatin as an effective energy absorbing layer for laser bioprinting.

Laser-induced forward transfer printing, also commonly known as laser printing, has been widely implemented for three-dimensional bioprinting due to its unique orifice-free nature during printing. However, the printing quality has the potential to be further improved for various laser bioprinting applications. The objectives of this study are to investigate the feasibility of using gelatin as an energy absorbing layer (EAL) material for laser bioprinting and its effects on the quality of printed constructs, bioink printability, and post-printing cell viability and process-induced DNA damage. The gelatin EAL is applied between the quartz support and the coating of build material, which is to be printed. Printing quality can be improved by EAL-assisted laser printing when using various alginate solutions (1%, 2%, and 4%) and cell-laden bioinks (2% alginate and 5 × 106 cells ml−1 in cell culture medium). The required laser fluence is also reduced due to a higher absorption coefficient of gelatin gel, in particular when to achieve the best printing type/quality. The post-printing cell viability is improved by ~10% and DNA double-strand breaks are reduced by ~50%. For all the build materials investigated, the gelatin EAL helps reduce the droplet size and average jet velocity.
Possibilities of New System for LD/CD Measurements in Photosynthesis Research

A new system based on JASCO J-715 spectropolarimeter was built up for extended linear/circular dichroism (LD/CD) measurements in photosynthesis research. Our device with accessories makes possible the simultaneous measurement of fluorescence-detected LD/CD (FDCD), or light-scattering. We are able synchronously to detect the light-induced changes in LD/CD spectra. The system is equipped with liquid-helium cryostat for measurements down to 1.5 K.
Charge density wave behavior and order-disorder in the antiferromagnetic metallic series Eu (Ga 1 -x Al x ) 4

The solid solution $\mathrm{Eu}{({\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x})}_{4}$ was grown in single crystal form to reveal a rich variety of crystallographic, magnetic, and electronic properties that differ from the isostructural end compounds ${\mathrm{EuGa}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{EuAl}}_{4}$, despite the similar covalent radii and electronic configurations of Ga and Al. Here we report the onset of magnetic spin reorientation and metamagnetic transitions for $x=0--1$ evidenced by magnetization and temperature-dependent specific heat measurements. ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ changes nonmonotonously with $x$, and it reaches a maximum around 20 K for $x=0.50$, where the $a$ lattice parameter also shows an extreme (minimum) value. Anomalies in the temperature-dependent resistivity consistent with charge density wave behavior exist only for $x=0.50$ and 1. Density functional theory calculations show increased polarization between the Ga-Al covalent bonds in the $x=0.50$ structure compared to the end compounds, such that crystallographic order and chemical pressure are proposed as the causes of the charge density wave behavior.
Probabilistic green infrastructure cost calculations using a phased life cycle algorithm integrated with uncertainties

Green infrastructure (GI) is often considered a cost-effective approach to urban stormwater management. Though various models have been created to simulate the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Present Value (PV) of GI investments, decision-support tools are still few. This paper introduces a probabilistic GI cost estimation algorithm built into the Low Impact Development Rapid Assessment (LIDRA) model. This algorithm tracks annual and cumulative costs associated with the construction, operation and maintenance (O&M), and ultimate replacement of GI systems. In addition, the algorithm accounts for uncertainties in cost drivers, such as a GI9s useful life (until replacement), capital and annual O&M costs, inflation, and interest rates. Net Present Value (NPV) is used to normalize future money flows and cumulative costs of different GI investment scenarios into a comparable current year cost equivalent. Demonstrated at the block scale, the results of the LIDRA algorithm are compared to an MS excel-based computation of average costs. Variations of uncertainties are then integrated and further explored using an alternative implementation rate. This algorithm is a way to evaluate GI costs considering physical, socioeconomic and life cycle dimensions.