cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 – Temperature Distribution

This chapter provides an analysis of the temperature distribution in various weld zones. Results from both the experimental observations and numerical simulations are presented. The peak temperature at nugget and HAZ is tabulated at the end of the chapter. Location-specific peak temperature is critical for postweld heat treatment response and overall mechanical performance of the weld.
The influence of size and abiotic factors on cutaneous water loss.

The greatest physiological threat to terrestrial life is dehydration; however, examining the factors that influence water balance in a teaching setting can be problematic. The proposed exercise exa...
Finite element reconstruction of a vehicle-to-pedestrian impact.

This study aims to reconstruct a real-world Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network vehicle-to-pedestrian impact to supplement the determination of pedestrian kinematics and injury causation....
Long- and Short-Term Storage of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsies

Successful isolation of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies depends on the method of handling the biopsy prior to culture. Optimally, biopsies should be plated and placed in microaerobic conditions immediately, However, when appropriate facilities for culture are not immediately available, biopsies must be stored for several days or more, or transported over long distances. For research purposes, biopsies may be stored for long periods of time in order to permit future analysis. Many studies have evaluated survival of H. pylori cultures under various storage conditions,1, 5, 6, 8–10, 12, 13 but few have examined survival of H. pylori in gastric biopsies,2,4,7,11 and none have examined the survival of H. pylori in biopsies stored for long periods at -70° C. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of H. pylori in gastric biopsies under various storage conditions.
Ontogeny of the stress response in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha *

Whole body concentrations of cortisol were determined via radioimmunoassay in chinook salmon, Onchorynchus tshawytscha, during early development in both stressed and non-stressed fish to determine when the corticosteroidogenic stress response first appeared. Progeny from both pooled and individual females were examined to determine if differences existed in offspring from different females. Levels of cortisol were low in eyed eggs, increased at hatch, decreased 2 weeks later and then remained constant thereafter. Differences in cortisol between stressed and control fish were found 1 week after hatch and persisted for the remainder of the study. The magnitude of the stress response, or relative amount of cortisol produced, generally increased from the time when it was first detected, but a decrease in the ability to elicit cortisol was seen 4 weeks after hatching. Cortisol content of separate progeny from two individual females showed a similar pattern to that seen in pooled eggs. Our results indicate that chinook salmon are capable of producing cortisol following a stressful event approximately 1 week after the time of hatching. The decrease in endogenous cortisol content seen 2 weeks after hatching, and the decrease in the magnitude of the stress response seen 4 weeks after hatching may be comparable to developmental events documented in mammals where corticosteroid synthesis is inhibited to neutralize possible detrimental effects of these hormones during critical periods of development.
Morphologic Changes in Efferent Ductules and Epididymis in Estrogen Receptor‐α Knockout Mice

Estrogen has been shown to have an important role in fluid reabsorption in efferent ductules of the testis. Our previous study of the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mouse (ERKO) showed that the efferent ductules and rete testis were primary targets of estrogen receptor function. In the present study, a more comprehensive evaluation of the ERKO male reproductive tract was performed to determine the severity of effects in efferent ductules as well as the epididymis. The following observations were found in ERKO males: 1) blind-ending efferent ductules were more prevalent in ERKO than in wild type (WT) tissues; 2) glycogen-containing cells were observed at the rete testis-efferent ductule junction; 3) the tubular diameters of the efferent ductules and initial segment epididymides were dilated; 4) efferent ductules were dilated between 130 to 300% over wild type ductules; 5) efferent ductule epithelial height was reduced nearly 50%; 6) microvilli of nonciliated cells of efferent ductules were 64% shorter in length; 7) cilia were reduced in number; 8) initial segment epithelium was displaced into regions adjacent to the rete testis and in short segments of the common region of efferent ductule; 9) apical, narrow, and clear cells of the epididymis also were abnormal in some regions; 10) in the corpus and cauda regions, sperm granulomas were noted in one third of the ERKO males. In conclusion, the entire reproductive tract is affected in ERKO males. The cells showing the greatest effects were estrogen receptor-positive cells. It appears that in the ERKO mouse there are developmental anomalies that must be considered separately from adult dysfunctional changes in the male reproductive tract.
Planning for a high tech/biotech research park

This paper explores the use of scientific approaches when planning for the development of a new high tech/biotech research park. The emphasis is placed on those methods that can provide useful information to various stakeholders about potential economic impacts of a planned high tech/biotech research park in specific urban neighbourhoods. While considerable literature has addressed the overall role of high tech/biotech research parks for regional growth, the potential impacts on disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods are less known. We argue that the geographic scale of analysis is a critical factor. We use a new data set developed by IMPLAN which reports data at the zip code/postal code scale. Using this data set we can conduct input-output (I/O) analysis of research park impacts and contributions at the micro (one postal code) scale, at the metropolitan scale, at the state scale, and finally at the US scale. We also recognize that different I/O metrics ‘tell different stories’. In our analyses, we use employment, occupation, and wage data. Further, we report findings by the minimum required educational attainment for appropriate occupations. Resumen. Este articulo explora el uso de enfoques cientificos al planificar el proyecto de un nuevo parque de investigacion cientifica y tecnologica. Se pone enfasis en aquellos metodos que pueden proporcionar informacion util a varias partes interesadas sobre los posibles impactos economicos de un parque de investigacion tecnologica y biotecnologica en sectores urbanos especificos. A pesar de los numerosos estudios sobre el papel generico de los parques de investigacion cientifica y tecnologica en el crecimiento regional, no se conoce tanto sobre sus impactos potenciales en los distritos urbanos mas desfavorecidos.Aducimos que la escala geografica del analisis es un factor critico. Utilizamos un nuevo conjunto de datos desarrollado por IMPLAN que produce informes con datos a escala de codigo postal. Utilizando este conjunto de datos podemos realizar un analisis input-output (I/O) de los impactos y contribuciones a micro escala (un codigo postal), a escala metropolitana, a escala estatal y finalmente a escala de los EE.UU. Reconocemos asimismo que medir el I/O de manera distinta nos “cuenta historias diferentes”. En nuestros analisis utilizamos datos del empleo, la ocupacion y salariales. Ademas, mostramos los resultados respecto del nivel educativo minimo requerido para cada ocupacion.
On-line lectures: a strategy to liberate class time for active learning (618.25)

Increasing class size, demands on student time and the desire to implement “high impact practices” in the classroom have all brought about recent changes in the approach to teaching 300-level bioch...
Abstract CN03-01: Drug testing in genetically engineered murine models.

Traditional xenograft testing has a poor track record of predicting the efficacy in humans of a novel anticancer compound. Autochthonous tumors occurring in genetically engineered mice more faithfully recapitulate some aspects of human cancers, and therefore may have advantages for preclinical efficacy assessment. The UNC Lineberger Mouse Phase I Unit (MP1U) was founded to allow for medium-throughput testing of novel therapeutics in credentialed cancer GEMMs. The MP1U harnesses the power of murine genetics to produce multi-allelic cancer models featuring autochthonous tumors with physiological tumor-stroma interface and an intact immune response. Promising anticancer compounds are tested alone and in combination in these models, using cohort sizes comparable to human Phase II trials (15-50 subjects per treatment). Agents are considered "active" if they induce sustained and pronounced tumor regression, whereas tumor growth inhibition (TGI) is not considered predictive of human efficacy. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment is included in efficacy trials, as is serial tumor imaging if needed. The goal is to make testing in the MP1U as close to human Phase I/II anticancer trials as possible, while still taking advantage of the powerful experimental features of murine tumor models. Results of testing with a variety of novel agents will be presented to illustrate the promise and power of GEMM testing. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):CN03-01. Citation Format: Norman E. Sharpless. Drug testing in genetically engineered murine models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN03-01.
CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH NEUROPATHIES AND RELATED DISORDERS

As a group, the Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies represent the most common inherited peripheral nerve diseases. Estimates of the prevalence rate are 1 in 2500 but the exact numbers are difficult to ascertain because of the heterogeneity of the syndrome(s). The classification of CMT has undergone change coincident with chromosomal localization and gene identification. Table 1 summarizes the diseases and genetic defects discussed in this review.
Atomic Physics and Related Subjects.: Communications to Nature .: A Cosmological Conjecture

ACCORDING to quantum mechanics, a harmonic oscillator of frequency v has a lowest energy state the energy of which is ½hv. When the electromagnetic field is treated, after Rayleigh and Jeans, and Debye, as an assemblage of independent harmonic oscillators, one of which is associated with each of the normal modes of vibration of the ether, this leads to the result that there is present in all space an infinite positive energy density. It is infinite because there is supposed to be no upper limit to the frequencies of possible normal modes.
COLLISION INTEGRAL FOR A PLASMA IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD.

Starting from the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy of statistical mechanics, we derive the magnetic-field dependence of the collision integral to second order in field strength. The field is sufficiently strong to make the Larmor frequency of the same order as the plasma frequency. The calculation is carried out explicitly for a Landau plasma (small-momentum-transfer regime). The simplicity of the result makes it particularly suitable for calculating transport coefficients for a plasma.
Animal taxa named for Rollo H. Beck

Rollo Howard Beck (1870–1950) was a professional bird collector who spent most of his career on expeditions to the Channel Islands off southern California, the Galapagos Islands, South America, the South Pacific, and the Caribbean. Some of the expeditions lasted as long as ten years during which time he and his wife, Ida, were often working in primitive conditions on sailing vessels or camps set up on shore. Throughout these expeditions, Beck collected specimens for the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley (California), the American Museum of Natural History, and the Walter Rothschild Museum at Tring, England. Beck was one of the premier collectors of his time and his contributions were recognized by having 17 taxa named becki in his honor. Of these taxa, Beck collected 15 of the type specimens.
Laser diode lensless MSF-HOE correlator

Description of an optical pattern recognition system employing a laser-diode lensless MSF correlator based on the use of holographic optical elements (HOE). The system has size, cost, and weight advantages over conventional optical processors, and it is believed to be the first unification of MSF correlation, laser diode, and HOE technologies.
Specific measurement of DNA in nuclei and nucleic acids using diaminobenzoic acid.

The diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) reaction with DNA, first described by Kissane and Robbins (J. M. Kissane and E. Robbins, 1958, J. Biol. Chem.233, 184–188) and variously modified, was reinvestigated and applied to the measurement of submicrogram quantities of DNA in nuclear fractions and nucleic acid preparations. The reaction conditions were optimized using a small volume of DABA. This method measures 0.1 μg of DNA with a fluorescence twice that of background and is linear to 10 μg of DNA. DABA yeilds a 1000-fold higher fluorescence with DNA compared with RNA, protein, and polysaccharides, and 0.1 μg of DNA is detectable in the presence of 200 μg of RNA or protein. The method is useful for detecting contaminating DNA in RNA preparations prior to hybridization. A simple procedure using ethanol precipitation was developed for removal of common interfering reagents such as sucrose, glycerol, salts, and Triton X-100. Nuclei isolated using detergents and assayed by this method are also free of measurable interfering lipids.
Characteristics of auditory brainstem responses in ground squirrels.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were characterized at 37 °C in ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis) which were implanted with recording screws to record ABRs, and a thermistor to record brain temperature. After two weeks ground squirrels were reanesthetized and tone pips and clicks were delivered through a TDH-49 headphone.
Immigration and Selected Indicators of Health Status and Healthcare Utilization among the Chinese

We examined indicators of health status and healthcare utilization according to immigration status to assess the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ for Chinese adults. Data for Chinese in Taiwan (n = 15,549) were from the 2001 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Data for U.S.-born Chinese (n = 964) and Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. (n = 253) were from the 1998–2004 U.S. NHIS. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the adjusted odds of perceived poor health, having ever smoked, and past year emergency room visits according to immigration status. For Chinese immigrants, more years in the U.S. were associated with lower odds of reporting poor health (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2–0.8) and past-year emergency room use (OR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3–0.9). Compared with recent Chinese immigrants (<5 years in U.S.), Chinese in Taiwan had higher odds of reporting poor health (OR = 6.2; 95% CI = 3.2–12.1) and having ever smoked (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1–2.5). Our results suggest that those who migrate have better health profiles than those who do not migrate. However, recent Chinese immigrants were not significantly different than U.S.-born Chinese.
Atomic Radial Distribution Functions of As-Se Glasses

X-ray-diffraction data from a series of arsenic-selenium glasses with compositions in the range Se---50-at.% As have been used to obtain atomic radial distribution functions for these materials. The first-neighbor correlation peak shifts linearly from 2.34 \AA{} for Se to 2.41 \AA{} for 36-at.% As and remains constant at higher As concentrations. Peak areas increase linearly with arsenic concentration and the magnitude agrees well with a model which assumes twofold coordination of selenium and threefold coordination of arsenic. At 40-at.% As and at 50-at.% As the first-neighbor peak is very similar to that obtained from the crystals ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$. However, beginning with the second-neighbor peak at about 3.70 \AA{}, there are significant differences between the crystalline and amorphous distributions. There is a smaller second peak in the glasses, the third crystalline peak is completely absent, and there are shifts in the positions of higher-order shells. Consequently, structural models based on microcrystalline regions of ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ for 40-at.% As or ${\mathrm{As}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$ for 50-at.% As did not give satisfactory agreement with the experimental distributions. In particular, the results do not support the existence of ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ layers in the 40-at.% As structure.
Counterclockwise barber-pole sign on CT: SMA/SMV variance without midgut malrotation

We report on a 10-year-old girl who presented with worsening pain and anorexia after blunt trauma to the abdomen. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen was performed, and a counterclockwise rotation of the superior mesenteric vein around the superior mesenteric artery was seen. An upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series with small-bowel follow-through demonstrated a normally located duodenal-jejunal junction. This is the first case report of a counterclockwise barber-pole sign seen by CT with UGI that was negative for malrotation or volvulus.
Electronic spectra of 12-- conformationally locked retinals

Abstract The electronic absorption spectra of the four new 12- s - cis -locked retinals ( 1a–1d ) bearing 7- trans , 11- trans double bond geometries are described and compared with those of analogous 7- trans , 11- cis -geometries ( 1e–1h ) and parent retinals ( 2a-h ).
Reversibility of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats: recovery during continuous drug administration.

SummaryThe administration of gentamicin, 40 mg/kg per day in two divided doses for 14 days, to male Fischer 344 rats, predictably resulted in acute tubular necrosis and azotemia. Gentamicin administration, in the same dosage, was continued for a total of 42 days because morphologic evidence of regeneration was observed after only 10 days. Despite the continued drug exposure, the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations returned to, and remained in, the normal range by day 21. The ability of the treated rats to produce concentrated urine improved more gradually and was within the normal range by day 34. Renal morphology progressed from acute tubular necrosis on day 10 to near normal morphology on and after day 21. The renal concentration of gentamicin went through two cycles of large increases and decreases. Since the cyclic renal concentration did not correlate with toxicity, we postulated a relationship to the turnover time of injured regenerating rat proximal tubular cells. The mechanism ...
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the Earth's Free Oscillations, Knowing the Earthquake Source Mechanism

A new method for identification of normal modes of oscillation of the earth yielded unambiguous determinations of many overtones never before identified. This method consists of the superposition of spectra observed at many stations over the earth, after a correction for the phase determined from the known earthquake source mechanism.
Proton magnetic resonance in myelin deficient brains of mutant mice.

Abstract The role of myelin in determining the magnetic resonance (MR) characterization of the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated in unmyelinated brains of normal fetal mice, as well as myelin-deficient adult mutant mice ( shi, qk, mld ) and their age-matched controls. In vitro NMR relaxation time measurements at 10 MHz for whole brains showed consistently longer T 1 (range 558 ± 8 to 580 ± 27 msec) and T 2 (range 81 ± 3 to 89 ± 3 msec) values for the adult myelin-deficient animals than the age-matched controls ( T 1 = 496 ± 31, T 2 = 79 ± 4 msec). The fetal brains exhibited even more prolonged relaxation times ( T 1 = 976 ± 60, T 2 = 158 ± 7 msec). MR images obtained at 81 MHz using spin echo (SE) sequences, which unlike the in vitro approach allowed discrimination between white and gray matter areas, revealed an absence of gray-white matter contrast in the brains of mutant mice, consistent with longer than normal relaxation of the myelin-deficient white matter. While larger tissue water components such as those present in the immature brain and edematous white matter contribute a greater effect, myelin and its associated bound water may still play an important role in the MR characterization of normal gray and white matter.
The linear theory of micropolar thermoelasticity

Abstract In this paper is developed the linear theory of micropolar thermoelasticity. The constitutive equations are constructed and the displacement, micro-rotation and the stress, couple stress formulations are given. Uniqueness theorems are proved. The Duhamel-Neumann analogy is extended to micropolar materials and the thermoelastic problem is reduced to a corresponding isothermal one with zero body forces and couples.
NO2 uptake under practically relevant conditions on BaO/Pt(111)

The formation of nitrites and nitrates (Ba(NOx)2) under practically relevant conditions (PNO2 up to 1.0 Torr and T = 500 K) and their thermal decomposition on BaO (>20 monolayer equivalent (MLE))/Pt(1 1 1) were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), infrared reflection absorption (IRA), and Xray photoelectron (XP) spectroscopies. The exposure of BaO to 1.0 × 10-8 Torr NO2 at 500 K leads to the formation of a Ba(NOx)2 layer with small, disordered crystalline nitrate clusters. Under these conditions (PNO2 = 1.0 × 10-8 Torr and T = 500 K) only the top portion of the BaO layer converts to Ba(NOx)2 and the nitrites in this Ba(NOx)2 layer stay without converting completely to nitrates even after 100 min of NO2 exposure. In the thermal decomposition of Ba(NOx)2, first nitrites decompose, releasing NO and then the decomposition of nitrates occurs via two pathways releasing NO2 and NO + O2. At 500 K and PNO2 ≥ 1.0 × 10-7 Torr, first NO2 reacts with BaO to form small disordered crystalline Ba(NO3)2 particles and then these particles agglomerate to form large, well-ordered (bulk-like) crystalline nitrates as the NO2 exposure increases. The thermal decomposition of these well-ordered, bulk-like crystalline nitrate aggregates occurs in twomore » steps releasing NO2 and NO + O2 in each step in two different temperature regions. NO2 pressure ≥1.0 × 10-5 Torr is required for the complete oxidation of initially formed nitrites to nitrates and the full nitration of the BaO layer at 500 K sample temperature. We gratefully acknowledge the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences for the support of this work. The research described in this paper was performed at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract number DE-AC05-76RL01830.« less
Progesterone regulation of the mammalian ortholog of methylcitrate dehydratase (immune response gene 1) in the uterine epithelium during implantation through the protein kinase C pathway.

Implantation requires coordination between development of the blastocyst and the sex steroid hormone-regulated differentiation of the uterus. Under the influence of these hormones, the uterine luminal epithelium becomes receptive to attachment of the hatched blastocyst. In this study we sought to identify genes regulated by progesterone (P4) in the uterine epithelium. This resulted in the identification of one novel P4-regulated gene that had been previously found in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and called immune response gene-1 (Irg1) and which is the mammalian ortholog of the bacterial gene encoding methylcitrate dehydratase. In adult mice Irg1 expression was limited to the uterine luminal epithelium where it is expressed only during pregnancy with a peak coinciding with implantation. Irg1 mRNA expression is regulated synergistically by P4 and estradiol (E2) but not by E2 alone. In macrophages Irg1 is induced by lipopolysaccharide through a protein kinase C (PKC)-regulated pathway. Now we d...
An analytical multigroup benchmark for (n, γ) and (n, n′, γ) verification of diffusion theory algorithms

Abstract The angular flux for the “rod model” describing coupled neutron/gamma ( n , γ ) diffusion has a particularly straightforward analytical representation when viewed from the perspective of a one-group homogeneous medium. Cast in the form of matrix functions of a diagonalizable matrix, the solution to the multigroup equations in heterogeneous media is greatly simplified. We shall show exactly how the one-group homogeneous medium solution leads to the multigroup solution.
Design Considerations for an Implantable, Muscle Powered Piezoelectric System for Generating Electrical Power

A totally implantable piezoelectric generator system able to harness power from electrically activated muscle would augment the power systems of implanted functional electrical stimulation devices by reducing the number of battery replacement surgeries or by allowing periods of untethered functionality. The generator design contains no moving parts and uses a portion of the generated power for system operation. A software model of the system was developed and simulations performed to predict the output power as the system parameters were varied within their constraints. Mechanical forces that mimic muscle forces were experimentally applied to a piezoelectric generator to verify the accuracy of the simulations and to explore losses due to mechanical coupling. Depending on the selection of system parameters, software simulations predict that this generator concept can generate up to 690 μW of power, which is greater than the power necessary to drive the generator, conservatively estimated to be 46 μW. These results suggest that this concept has the potential to be an implantable, self-replenishing power source and warrants further investigation.
Sulfate Production and Deposition in Midlatitude Continental Cumulus Clouds. Part I: Cloud Model Formulation and Base Run Analysis

Abstract We have developed a 1.5 dimensional Eulerian cumulus cloud model which incorporates: (i) two in-cloud regions, (ii) a bulk water parameterization including the ice phase, (iii) an entrainment formulation based on the turbulent kinetic energy, (iv) a sustained subcloud forcing, and (v) a flux-corrected transport algorithm in the numerical advection scheme. This model formulation was chosen in order to provide a simple dynamic framework which permits simultaneous up- and downdrafts in-cloud. The model is compared against aircraft and radar data for clouds observed during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) held in south-central Montana during the summer of 1981. The overall dynamic, thermodynamic and microphysical agreement is good. Sensitivity analysis of adjustable parameters indicates that model response is not overly sensitive to the characteristic entrainment mixing length used, but fairly sensitive to parameters used in the ice phase microphysics.
Abdominal Injuries in the "Found Down": Is Imaging Indicated?

Background We sought to investigate the incidence of abdominal injuries in "found down" trauma patients to better understand the value of emergency department (ED) imaging. Found down patients are at high risk for injuries to the head or neck and low risk to the abdomen or pelvis, so imaging with CT of the abdomen/pelvis (AP) or Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) is of questionable value. Study Design The trauma registry was queried over a 10-year period ending December 2013 for found down patients. Demographics, CT AP, FAST scans, and injuries were abstracted from the trauma registry and then through a confirmatory chart review. The primary outcome was significant abdominal or pelvis injury, defined as abdomen/pelvis Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3 or an abdominal injury that required operative intervention. The secondary outcome was mortality due to abdominal injury. Results Of the 342 patients who met inclusion criteria, mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11.0, and 189 (60%) of those tested for alcohol were intoxicated. Abdominal imaging included: CT AP only, 88 (57%); FAST only, 37 (24%); and CT AP and FAST, 29 (19%). Neither CT AP nor FAST scan led to a change in treatment and no patient had abdomen/pelvis AIS ≥ 3. Overall mortality was 33 (10%).The 24 trauma deaths were attributed to serious head trauma (n = 16) or traumatic arrest in the ED (n = 8); the 9 medical deaths were due to cerebral vascular accident (n = 5) or sepsis (n = 4). Conclusions Although patients found down have a high mortality, abdominal injuries identified by imaging are highly unlikely. Efforts should focus on rapidly identifying and treating other causes of mortality, especially trauma to the head and neck, or medical diagnoses such as cerebral vascular accident or sepsis.
Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample.

Objective To describe adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a diverse community sample. Method ADHD screening of a school district sample of 1,615 students aged 5 to 11 years was followed by a case-control study 8 years later. High-risk youths meeting full (n = 94) and subthreshold (n = 75) DSM-IV ADHD criteria were matched with demographically similar low-risk peers (n = 163). Outcomes domains included symptom, functional impairment, quality of life, substance use, educational outcomes, and juvenile justice involvement. Results In all, 44% of youths with childhood ADHD had not experienced remission. Compared with unaffected peers, adolescents with childhood ADHD were more likely to display oppositional defiant disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 12.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6-30.0), anxiety/depression (OR = 10.3, 95% CI 2.7-39.3), significant functional impairment (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.9), reduced quality of life (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.7), and involvement with the juvenile justice system (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.0-9.1). Subthreshold ADHD, but not full ADHD, increased the risk of grade retention, whereas both conditions increased the risk of graduation failure. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), but not childhood ADHD, increased the risk of cannabis and alcohol use. None of the adolescent outcomes of childhood ADHD were moderated by gender, race or poverty. Conclusions ADHD heralds persistence of ADHD and comorbid symptoms into adolescence, as well as significant risks for functional impairment and juvenile justice involvement. Subthreshold ADHD symptoms typically do not qualify affected students for special educational interventions, yet increase the risk for adverse educational outcomes. Findings stress the importance of early ADHD recognition, especially its comorbid presentation with ODD, for prevention and intervention strategies.
A unique coannular plug nozzle jet noise prediction procedure

The work presents a method for predicting jet mixing and shock noise spectra from coannular plug nozzles operated in the inverted velocity profile mode. It is shown that the jet mixing noise prediction method is based on the physics of the flow and its noise radiating characteristics, modeling the source spectrum, eddy convection, and fluid shrouding in a simplistic fashion. Further, the shock noise prediction procedure is described, noting that it is an extension of the Fisher-Harper-Bourne method for conical nozzles. Finally, it is concluded that the method has the potential of being extended to suppressors of complex geometries.
Complementary 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' approaches to basal ganglia function

Abstract Recently, two quite different approaches exemplifying ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ philosophies have shed new light on basal ganglia function. In vitro work using organotypic co-cultures has implicated the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the external segment of the globus pallidus (GP e ) as pacemakers for low-frequency bursting that is reminiscent of the activity produced in Parkinsonian tremor. A circuit essential for avian song learning has been identified as part of the basal ganglia with surprisingly well conserved cellular details; investigation of this system may help to address general issues of basal ganglia function.
Coupled-cluster calculations of Raman intensities and their application to N4 and N5−

Abstract Raman intensities are evaluated by numerically differentiating the analytically calculated coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) polarizabilities with respect to small geometric perturbations. The CCSD Raman intensities are calibrated by comparison to several molecules with experimentally known Raman Intensities. The CCSD Raman intensities agree well with experiment. Predictions for tetrahedral N 4 , and the pentazole anion N 5 − are reported.
A bond graph model of an electromagnetic launcher

An electromagnetic launcher (EML), also known as a railgun, is a complex, dynamically coupled system with interacting electric, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal subsystems. Presented is a bond graph model of the EML forward propulsion, including electrical systems (power supply, rails, armature, skin effect in rails, and electrical contacts between armature and rails), magnetic effects (Lorentz forces and response of magnetic containment system for magnetic flux), mechanical systems (motions of armature and launch package) and interactions between armature motion and magnetic field (i.e., velocity skin effect). The bond graph model will be constructed, from which governing state equations will be extracted, and simulation results presented.
Renal cell carcinoma in children: a report of four cases and a review of the literature.

Abstract Tumors of the kidney account for approximately 25% of all (solid) neoplasms in infants and children. 1 Renal cell carcinoma had been considered so rare that Gross, in 1953, noted that there had not been a case at Children's Hospital in Boston in 30 yr. 2 In the last few years, however, renal cell carcinoma in children has been reported with increasing frequency. A recent case of renal cell carcinoma in a 9-yr-old girl prompted us to review our own past experience with this tumor in children. Three additional cases of hypernephroma were discovered in a review of the records of the past 11 yr. They were previously alluded to by Poole and Viamonte, in their excellent article "Unusual Renal Masses in the Pediatric Age Group." 3
Those Confounded Moderators in Meta-Analysis: Good, Bad, and Ugly:

One of the more revealing aspects of meta-analysis is the relationship between effect sizes and moderator variables representing differences among studies in their methods, samples, and interventions. However, interesting moderator variables are generally related to each other as well as to effect sizes. This confounding among moderator variables can make the results of any analysis focusing on a single moderator variable misleading. Despite the ambiguity of such results, this form of analysis is common in meta-analytic studies of intervention. The hazards and complexities of investigating and interpreting confounded moderator variables are illustrated in this article by the author's examining the difference in effect sizes associated with randomized versus nonrandomized designs in a large meta-analytic database of delinquency intervention studies.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization collision-induced dissociation of linear single oligomers of nylon-6.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, collision induced-dissociation (MALDI-CID) has been used to obtain structural information for linear single oligomers of nylon-6. The effects of matrix and cationization agent in MALDI-CID analysis have been investigated. Fragmentation mechanisms are proposed for the series of ions that are observed in the MALDI-CID spectra of the hexamer, octamer and dodecamer. Fragmentation processes observed in the MALDI-CID spectra include cleavage of the end groups followed by dissociation of the m/z 113 unit. Cleavage of the oligamide chain occurs at the amide linkage, as well as at adjacent bonds. For the four matrices and three cationization agents investigated, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and sodium chloride showed the best performance for MALDI-CID analysis of the dodecamer. In addition, yields of the fragment ions in MALDI-CID spectra were found to be dependent on the chain length distribution.
Models for electronic processes in SiO2

Abstract A brief review of theoretical models which have been proposed to describe electronic processes in pure SiO 2 is presented. The models include the valence bond model which allows bond breaking and changes in local environment after an electronic transition, as well as more traditional molecular orbital models. The models are critically compared with experimental data for the pure and glassy materials in order to determine their degree of applicability to the properties involved. Data for the ultraviolet spectrum, the oxygen X-ray emission spectrum as well as that for the intrinsic E ′ 1 defect center are included in the discussion. Further experiments are suggested which may determine in greater detail the range of applicability of the various models.
Gene isolation with cDNA probes from identified aplysia neurons: Neuropeptide modulators of cardiovascular physiology

Abstract The Aplysia abdominal ganglion neurons, R3-R14, modulate cardiovascular activity. In vitro translations of poly(A) + RNA from these cells suggest that they contain a prevalent mRNA encoding a 14 kd protein. Utilizing differential screening techniques with 32 P-labeled cDNA synthesized from the poly(A) + RNA of identified neurons, we isolated the corresponding gene. The Aplysia haploid genome contains a single copy of this sequence, which is interrupted by two large introns and spans ∼7 kb of genomic DNA. The R3-R14 neurons specifically express this gene, resulting in the synthesis of a 1.25 kb mRNA not found in other abdominal ganglion cells or in the head ganglia. The gene was shown to encode a 13.5 kd precursor, which is proteolytically cleaved into at least three peptides with molecular weights of 5.0, 3.3, and 1.3 kd. These peptides and glycine are thought to act as chemical messengers in the central nervous system and peripherally.
Reproducibility of diabetic macular edema estimates from SD-OCT is affected by the choice of image analysis algorithm.

Purpose To evaluate the intersession repeatability of retinal thickness measurements in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using the Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) algorithm and a publicly available, three-dimensional graph search-based multilayer OCT segmentation algorithm, the Iowa Reference Algorithm. Methods Thirty eyes from 21 patients diagnosed with clinically significant DME were included and underwent consecutive, registered macula-centered spectral-domain optical coherence scans (Heidelberg Spectralis). The OCT scans were segmented into separate surfaces, and the average thickness between internal limiting membrane and outer retinal pigment epithelium complex surfaces was determined using the Iowa Reference Algorithm. Variability between paired scans was analyzed and compared with the retinal thickness obtained from the manufacturer-supplied Spectralis software. Results The coefficient of repeatability (variation) for central macular thickness using the Iowa Reference Algorithm was 5.26 μm (0.62% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.71]), while for the Spectralis algorithm this was 6.84 μm (0.81% [95% CI, 0.55-0.92]). When the central 3 mm was analyzed, the coefficient of repeatability (variation) was 2.46 μm (0.31% [95% CI, 0.23-0.38]) for the Iowa Reference Algorithm and 4.23 μm (0.53% [95% CI, 0.39-0.65]) for the Spectralis software. Conclusions The Iowa Reference Algorithm and the Spectralis software provide excellent reproducibility between serial scans in patients with clinically significant DME. The publicly available Iowa Reference Algorithm may have lower between-measurement variation than the manufacturer-supplied Spectralis software for the central 3 mm subfield. These findings have significant implications for the management of patients with DME.
Relationship of seizure frequency to hippocampus volume and metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary: Purpose: To examine the relationship between frequency of complex partial (CPS) and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (sGTCS) on hippocampal volume (HV) and temporal lobe metabolism. Methods: We performed volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with 18fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG-PET) in 32 patients with epilepsy. Temporal lobe foci were localized by ictal video-EEG. Results: We did not find any association between CPS frequency or lifetime number of sGTCS and HV or metabolism ipsilateral to electroencephalographic focus. Conclusion: The progress of metabolic or pathologic abnormalities of temporal lobe epilepsy may not be altered by adequate seizure control. The presence of an epileptic focus might be associated with progressive neuronal injury even in clinically well-controlled patients.
The UV index: a weather report for skin

Skin cancer incidence has risen 4% each year between 1986 and 1996.1 There were over one million new cases of all forms of skin cancer expected in 1997. There were about 500,000 cases a decade ago. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is now the most prevalent cancer among whites in the United States.2 If these trends continue, a white male born in 1977 will have a greater than 33% lifetime risk of developing basal cell carcinoma, and a greater than 9% chance of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is currently about 25 times more common than melanoma. The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing faster than any other cancer in the United States and worldwide.3 The death rate from malignant melanoma is increasing, and melanoma is affecting people at a younger age. It is estimated that at least 40,000 cases of melanoma will be diagnosed in the United States this year, and 7,300 deaths will result from it. The lifetime risk of developing melanoma in the United States is just over 1 in 80, but this is only half the rate found in Australia.4 In Australia, the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer rose 19% from 1985 to 1990 and an additional 8% from 1990 to 1995.4 Two out of every three Australians will require treatment of at least one skin cancer in their lifetime. Childhood sun exposure is critical in the later development of malignant melanoma.5 In Australia, melanoma ranks fifth among all cancers and tenth as a cause of death at any age. For Australian immigrants from the British Isles, the earlier the age of immigration, the greater the risk of death from melanoma. Immigrants arriving before age 15 had an estimated risk nearly the same as native Australians. This suggests that it is crucial to educate parents, who can ensure that their children use sun protection. Cumulative, long-term exposure can also result in melanoma, particularly in the elderly.6 An increased incidence is also seen in “weekend warriors.” These are typically affluent office workers who get intense weekend sunburns.7 This rising incidence of skin cancer is not only cause for concern, but also borders on a public health emergency.
Whither cyclostratigraphy? Testing the Gamma Method on Upper Pleistocene deep‐sea sediments, North Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 609

1 Abstract. Gamma analysis, a procedure for tuning cyclic sediments in which gamma is defined as 1/sedimentation rate, was applied to the upper Pleistocene gray scale record of Deep Sea Drilling Project site 609 from the North Atlantic. The spectrum of the gamma-tuned time series produces eccentricity, obliquity, and precession index signals when the primary periodicity is tuned to the precessional beat frequency. However, the timescales are significantly too long, suggesting that some of the primary cycles used in the gamma tuning procedure have higher frequency than the precessional beat. By filtering the SPECMAP-calibrated time series at I 0-12 kyr the spurious cy­ cles are removed from the tuning procedure. In this case, the resulting gamma-corrected spectra look much more like that of the SPECMAP-tuned time series. However, the time series remains slightly too long. Forward modeling is consistent with the results from modeling the core. That is, the gamma method is quite robust at revealing orbital periodicity in an orbitally controlled re­ cord for which sedimentation rates are facies dependent. However, the method does not produce an accurate time series. Criteria for complete rejection of gamma results are clarified as either (1) least squares results include negative gamma values or (2) the resulting spectrum does not show an or­ bital signature. Variation on sedimentation rates greater than ±5% result in incorrect time series. However, variations on sedimentation rates as high as ±15% generally reproduce strong orbital spectra, and occasionally, the method can also generate an orbital spectrum with up to ±25% noise. The method is not as robust in predicting gamma values or sedimentation rates. Although it generally distinguishes facies with relatively high sedimentation rates from facies with relatively low sedimentation rates, the values predicted may be incorrect by a factor of2. Thus while gamma tuning of the time series is an improvement over observed thicknesses, the resulting timescale is not correct. The implications of these results for cyclostratigraphy are significant. The generation of an orbital spectrum from a time series that is demonstrably incorrect casts doubt on cyclicity as a dating tool.
Coping with data deluge: a data system for the Megacam

ABSTRACT Megacam is a wide-field optical imager for the converted MMT that uses thirty-six 2048 by 4608 pixel CCDs to cover a 24' x 24' format. We describe a computer architecture designed to accommodate the expected data volume andshow benchmark results from prototype implementations that demonstrate the performance attained by each of the design decisions. We show that our time budget allotments can be met using a modular, scalable architecture design that exploits the natural parallelization of multiple, identical detector components.Keywords: MMT, pipeline, computer architecture, mosaic, visualization 1. INTRODUCTION At the converted Multiple Mirror Telescope we are developing several new CCD-based instruments to exploit thewide-field capability: Hectospec,1 Hectochelle,2 Binospec,3 and Minicam and Megacam.4 These instruments willshare a common data acquisition and analysis system. Of these, Megacam4 has the largest data volume and thus drives most of the hardware and software requirements.