cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Variations in Rehabilitation Outcomes of Adult Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation Investigation.

Abstract Objectives To examine regional differences in rehabilitation outcomes among adult patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who received care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF). Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a large, multi-center dataset from the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation. Setting More than 70% of all IRFs in the United States. Participants Adult TBI patients (N=175,358) aged 18 years or older who were admitted and discharged from an IRF in the United States between 2004 and 2014. Qualifying etiology included traumatic brain dysfunction Impairment Group codes 02.21 (traumatic, open injury) and 02.22 (traumatic, closed injury). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Discharge functional status (total, cognitive, motor), length of stay, and discharge to home. Results Patient and clinical characteristics varied significantly by geographic location, as did median functional status, length of stay, and percentage of patients discharged home. The region where IRF care was received, race and ethnicity, age, occurrence of 1 or more falls during the IRF stay, case mix group, and insurance status were associated with discharge functional status, length of stay, and discharge to home. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of geographic differences in outcomes and potential disparities in care of TBI patients who received IRF care. More research is needed to identify TBI patients at risk for poor discharge outcomes to inform development and testing of interventions to reduce disparities in outcomes for these patients.
Sleep disorders and osteoporosis

Abstract An adequate amount of sleep timed appropriately at night is important for many biological systems and growing evidence suggests sleep is also important for optimal bone health. Sleep is regulated by a complex interaction between our endogenous circadian (~24 hour) rhythms (generated by the central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and sleep/wake cycles. Sleep and/or circadian disruptions are associated with alterations in bone health. This chapter will review bone turnover marker rhythmicity, alterations in bone phenotype with clock gene knockout animal models, the associations between various sleep and circadian disruptions with bone turnover, bone mass and risk of falls/fracture, and the animal/human intervention studies that have demonstrated changes in bone metabolism with exposure to sleep restriction and circadian disruption.
Reducing Unplanned Extubations in the Neonatal ICU Through Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles and Quality Improvement Methods

Background: Unplanned extubation (UE) is the unintended dislodgement or removal of an ET tube not ordered by the medical team. UE is the fourth most common adverse event in NICUs and has become a quality indicator for patient safety. UE is associated with hypoxia, ventilator associated pneumonia, intraventricular hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary arrest, risk of multiple intubations and increased number of ventilator days. The aim of this quality improvement (QI) project is to reduce the UE rate in NICU patients from 1.5 UE events/100 ventilator days in the year 2015 to Methods: A key driver diagram was created with the following primary drivers: 1. Standardized security of the ET tube by trialing various taping methods, review of chest radiograph and ET tube placement and established RT competency training and review; 2. Standardized care of the intubated infant requiring two clinicians to reposition, standardized infant position for chest radiograph and review sedation with the medical team; 3. Reviewed UE events by completed safety report, completed audit tool, debriefed in real time and reviewed events at multidisciplinary unit council and division meetings; 4. Extubation readiness assessment through an RT driven ventilator protocol and reviewed ventilator parameters prior to UE if infant did not require re-intubation. The process measures are compliance with the completion of an audit sheet for every UE. The outcome measure is the rate of UE/100 ventilator days. Our team reports the date of the last UE at the NICU9s daily safety huddle. Plan-Do-Study- Act (PDSA) cycles were performed during this effort. Results: The outlier data point January 2015 is a special cause variation, which required re-education on how to evaluate if an infant is intubated during a hypoxic event prior to removal of the ET tube. The U chart shows an unstable process in the UE rate during 2016. Standardization and trials of different taping methods led to a lower UE rate until February 2017 when an alternative tape was erroneously stocked in the NICU and removed. The UE has improved to Conclusions: PDSA cycles enable rapid test of change and troubleshooting on the frontline. Due to our short interval data review process, we were able to detect special cause variations and act quickly with interventions. Using QI methods enabled the improvement of UE.
Abstract P350: The Link Between Cognitive Function and Cause-specific Mortality in US Adults

Introduction: Multiple studies demonstrated an independent and inverse association between cognitive function and mortality but little is known about the cause of death. Hypothesis: We hypothesized...
“At Home Camping on Shifting Sands”: Lessons in Humility from Between Worlds

This personal narrative analyzes how the practice of intellectual humility can push the boundaries placed around the categories of home and field. I contend that scholars can conduct fieldwork in religion meaningfully by practicing intellectual humility with ourselves, with our interlocutors, and within the academy. Humility with ourselves consists of practicing self-reflexivity and understanding our positionality and its connection to the field. Humility with our interlocutors requires listening to their voices and accepting that fieldwork is dictated by things that happen on the ground and not our neatly conceived plans. Humility in the academy entails an open-mindedness to theorize about the field from within the field and not necessarily from within the confines of the academy. By practicing intellectual humility, one can begin to bridge the boundaries of home and field, self and other, and become attentive to new directions in academic research.
Fractional order models for the homogenization and wave propagation analysis in periodic elastic beams

The advancement of manufacturing techniques has led to a rapid increase in the design and fabrication of periodic and architectured materials for a variety of dynamics and wave manipulation applications. Classical low-frequency homogenization techniques have been popular and invaluable tools to facilitate the numerical simulation of these systems, although their application is naturally limited to the long-wavelength regime. As a result, scattering dominated features, such as the occurrence of frequency band-gaps, cannot be captured by these models. Indeed, the first band-gap typically marks the approximate limit of validity of low-frequency homogenization approaches. Abandoning the use of this approach allows recovering the detailed dynamic behavior due to the geometric features of the periodic units, but it also comes at a significant increase in computational cost. In this study, we leverage the use of fractional operators to revisit the classical low-frequency homogenization approaches and explore their possible extension beyond the initial band-pass (low-frequency) regime. Remarkably, the resulting fractional-order homogenization approach is capable of representing the dynamic behavior of periodic structures within the first few frequency band-gaps. In particular, we apply the fractional approach to model elastic wave propagation in a bi-material periodic beam which serves as an idealization of a one-dimensional elastic metamaterial. The use of the fractional operator formalism allows casting the classical integer-order wave equation with spatially-variable coefficients, typical of an inhomogeneous beam, into a fractional-order differential equation with constant coefficients. Thus, the spatial heterogeneity of the periodic system is accounted for via the order of the fractional derivative. The fractional-order governing equation is obtained via variational principles, starting from fractional-order kinematic relations. It is found that the resulting fractional differential model of the heterogeneous system has, in its most general form, a complex valued and frequency-dependent order. The results from the fractional order model are compared with those obtained from the classical wave equation in order to assess the validity of the approach and its performance. The dynamic analysis is carried out at both band-gap and band-pass regimes showing a good agreement with results from traditional methodologies.
An Analytical Model of eMMC Key Performance Indicators

Embedded Multi Media Card (eMMC) has become the mainstream embedded storage system for mobile devices like Smartphones and Tablets and it is gaining traction in other products (e.g. Wearables) and segments (e.g. Automotive). eMMC devices are complex embedded systems that include one or more Flash NAND chips and a microcontroller with a specific Firmware (FW). Estimating eMMC key performance indicators (KPIs) since the early stage of the product definition is paramount to identify potential gaps, and give prompt feedbacks to development teams. In this paper a sound theoretical framework for estimating eMMC system metrics is introduced. The mathematical model takes into account the most relevant architectural parameters of NANDs, microcontroller and FW.
West Virginia State Board of Education V. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)

This entry in the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States (David S. Tanenbaus, Editor-in-Chief) discusses the landmark decision in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).Barnette held that students have a constitutional right to refuse to salute the flag or recite the pledge of allegiance. The case marks an important moment in free speech jurisprudence and in the Supreme Court's treatment of the relationship between individual conscience and the state. It is particularly famous for its rhetorical flourishes, both in Justice Jackson's majority opinion and in Justice Frankfurter's vehement and unusually autobiographical dissent. It also figures importantly in the history of American minority religions and in the continuing struggle to define the fundamental kernel of American identity.My short essay discusses, among other things, Barnette's relationship to Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940), which it overruled; the decision's major doctrinal import for establishing that the guarantee of free speech embraces, not just the right to speak, but the right to refrain from enforced speech; its much lesser significance to the law of free exercise of religion; the role the case played in the jurisprudential and often personal tension on the Court over questions of judicial restraint and constitutional method; and the different views represented in the majority and dissenting opinions, and very much alive in a continuing American debate, over the nature and central themes of American patriotism and the ability of the American community to move beyond a purely "proceduralist" conception of itself and its deepest values.
Estimating the Proportion of Essential Tremor and Parkinson's Disease Patients Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: Five-Year Data From Columbia University Medical Center (2009-2014).

Objective The aim of this study was to estimate, at a tertiary referral center, the proportion of essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who underwent DBS surgery. Background DBS surgery is an important treatment for ET and PD. Surprisingly, there are no published data on the precise proportion of such patients who are referred for this procedure. Methods Using the computerized billing database at the Center for Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders, Columbia University Medical Center, we searched for patients who received the diagnostic codes 333.1 (tremor) and 332.0 (PD) and who were followed by a doctor at the center during the 5-year period from 2009 to 2014. The number of patients who underwent DBS surgery for these diagnoses during this time period was also determined. Results Seventy-seven patients with these diagnoses (52 PD, 14 ET, and 11 ET + PD) who were followed at the center underwent DBS surgery during this time period. The proportion of ET patients who underwent DBS surgery was 2.90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78–4.02), and for PD this was 1.38% (95% CI: 1.04–1.72). The difference was significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions At a tertiary-referral center, 1 in 34 ET patients and 1 in 72 PD patients underwent DBS surgery. Similar studies from other major centers would be of additional value. These data are likely to have utility when planning health care services for patients with these diagnoses.
Acousto‐optical Devices

The sections in this article are 1 Bulk-Wave Acousto-Optic Interactions 2 Guided-Wave Noncollinear Acousto-Optic Interactions 3 Guided-Wave Collinear Acousto-Optic Interactions
Streptococcus pneumoniae detection by polymerase chain reaction aiding diagnosis in hemolytic uremic syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae is the second most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome. This case report details a child who was diagnosed with pneumococcal induced hemolytic uremic syndrome on a polymerase chain reaction sample only. No pathogens were isolated from any other medium. The isolation of S. pneumoniae made a significant impact on the clinical management of the child. This report emphasizes the importance of polymerase chain reaction as a molecular biological technique for the detection of streptococcal infection.
An Alternative to Scan Design Methods for Sequential Machines

The problem of testing sequential machines using a checking experiment is investigated. An algorithm is given to augment sequential machines by adding extra input(s) to make them testable. We also present a circuit modification method, similar to scan methods, such that the augmented machine can be tested by the checking experiment. A justification of our method for a VLSI environment is given by determining the overheads.
The RF telecommunications system for the New Horizons mission to Pluto

This work describes the design and development of the RF telecommunications system for the New Horizons mission, NASA's planned mission to Pluto. The system includes an advanced, low-power digital receiver, and a card-based transceiver implemented within an integrated electronics module. An ultrastable oscillator (USO) provides the precision frequency reference necessary for the uplink radio science experiment. The 2.1 meter high gain antenna is the primary communications antenna, with medium gain and low gain antennas used for wider beamwidths during early operations, cruise-phase and sun-pointing mission phases. The paper will discuss the salient aspects of the system design, including design drivers from mission operations, science, and spacecraft considerations. It will also detail individual subsystems1 performance, operational modes (including beacon mode operation), and navigation technology, including the first deep-space flight implementation of regenerative ranging.
Using Transference-Focused Psychotherapy Principles in the Pharmacotherapy of Patients with Severe Personality Disorders

Abstract Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) is an evidence-based, manualized treatment for severe personality disorders. TFP provides clinicians with a comprehensive diagnostic approach, overarching theoretical orientation, and specific clinical techniques. While TFP was developed as a long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders, the approach, orientation, and techniques used in psychotherapy treatment may be of use in pharmacotherapy with the same patients. Patients with borderline personality disorder, in particular, are high utilizers of all subtypes of psychotropic medication despite limited evidence for their effectiveness, creating multiple challenges for the prescribing clinician. The author suggests specific ways the TFP model can assist prescribers, including those who do not practice TFP psychotherapy.
Cryoprobe Transbronchial Lung Biopsy in Patients After Lung Transplantation: A Pilot Safety Study

Background Transbronchial biopsies using standard forceps (FTBBxs) are often limited by crush artifact and their small size. To date, there have been no studies aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of cryoprobe biopsies (CPBxs) in the population of patients who have undergone lung transplants. We present the safety profile and biopsy results from the first 21 procedures in a pilot study comparing CPBx to FTBBx in patients after lung transplantation. Methods Patients who had undergone lung transplant and who were scheduled for bronchoscopy were sequentially enrolled between November 2011 and September 2012. Inclusion criteria included age > 18 years and bilateral, orthotopic lung transplant. Exclusion criteria were coagulopathy, FEV1 O 2 O 2 Results Twenty-one procedures in 17 patients (median age: 52 years; 12 male patients) were performed. Specimen area and percent open alveoli were significantly greater using CPBx compared with FTBBx (P Conclusions The use of the cryoprobe is a safe, alternative technique to FTBBx during post-lung transplant bronchoscopy. Further studies are needed to determine if larger samples obtained with CPBx translate to an increased diagnostic yield. Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov ; No.: NA_00052081; URL: clinicaltrials.gov
Full-length structure of a monomeric histidine kinase reveals basis for sensory regulation.

Although histidine kinases (HKs) are critical sensors of external stimuli in prokaryotes, the mechanisms by which their sensor domains control enzymatic activity remain unclear. Here, we report the full-length structure of a blue light-activated HK from Erythrobacter litoralis HTCC2594 (EL346) and the results of biochemical and biophysical studies that explain how it is activated by light. Contrary to the standard view that signaling occurs within HK dimers, EL346 functions as a monomer. Its structure reveals that the light–oxygen–voltage (LOV) sensor domain both controls kinase activity and prevents dimerization by binding one side of a dimerization/histidine phosphotransfer-like (DHpL) domain. The DHpL domain also contacts the catalytic/ATP-binding (CA) domain, keeping EL346 in an inhibited conformation in the dark. Upon light stimulation, interdomain interactions weaken to facilitate activation. Our data suggest that the LOV domain controls kinase activity by affecting the stability of the DHpL/CA interface, releasing the CA domain from an inhibited conformation upon photoactivation. We suggest parallels between EL346 and dimeric HKs, with sensor-induced movements in the DHp similarly remodeling the DHp/CA interface as part of activation.
Heart imaging from computerized tomography

Abstract In vitro and in vivo animal experiments have demonstrated the potential for using compul tomography in heart imaging. This paper summarizes some of the work done in our laboratory related to heart imaging of dogs, of cadavers, and of live subjects using the CT approach. We have also pro examples demonstrating a method for computing the heart volume from serial CT images.
Northern Baja California Indian women's concepts of illness and healing: Implications for public health and clinical practitioners

Abstract Lay health care workers (promotores) interviewed 313 female members of remote Indian groups in northern Baja California, Mexico regarding: (1) common childhood and adult illnesses and endorsement of ‘traditional’ and modern therapies; (2) illness causation beliefs and knowledge of biomedical principles; and (3) the relation of ethnic identity with concepts of effective biomedical and non-biomedical therapy. The most common illnesses/symptoms reported in adults were diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cold/flu, diarrhoea, low/variable blood pressure and arthritis; and in children, cold/flu, diarrhoea, bronchitis, cough, fever, empacho and dehydration. Of 285 informants, more reported at least one childhood disorder than who reported at least one adult disorder was most helped by traditional therapy [83 (29.1%) versus 44 (15.4%); P<0.0001] and both therapies [81 (28.4%) versus 42 (14.7%); P<0.001]. They reported eight naturalistic and two personalistic illness causes and manifested variable b...
CW laser oscillation at 8096 Å in Cu II in a hollow cathode discharge

Abstract CW laser oscillation at 8096 A in a He-Cu hollow cathode discharge is reported. Lower thresholds have also been observed for nine previously reported transitions.
The effect of aging on cell-free protein synthesis in the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti

The age-related reduction in cell-free synthesis in the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti is due to a defect in the ribosomes. Addition of young ribosomal wash or use of young medium does not improve the activity of old, run-off ribosomes in the presence of phenylalanine and poly(U). It appears that some of the old ribosomes are incapable of binding the EF-1-GTP-aminoacyl-tRNA complex. These ineffective ribosomes are present in the 80 S (monosomal) fraction. Old ribosomes obtained from polysomes appear to bind normally.
Synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine by a noradrenergic pheochromocytoma cell line

DEVELOPING neural crest tissues show a certain degree of plasticity with respect to neurotransmitter synthesis. For example, heterotopic transplants of presumptive noradrenergic tissue may develop cholinergic properties and vice versa1,2. Also, monolayer cultures of rat sympathetic neurones which synthesise catecholamines may be influenced to synthesise acetylcholine by exposure to ganglionic non-neuronal cells or to medium conditioned by such cells3,4. Recently, a clonal cell line (designated PC12) was established5 from a transplantable rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma6. This line expresses many characteristic properties of neural-crest-derived noradernergic adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurones, including synthesis, storage, uptake and specific release of catecholamines5,7,8. In addition, within several days after their exposure to nerve growth factor (or NGF, a protein which influences the growth and development of normal sympathetic neurones9), PC12 cells cease mitotic activity and extend long, neuronal processes5. We show here that noradrenergic cultures of PC12 cells can also synthesise, store and release acetylcholine.
Wandering About: Analogy, Ambiguity and Humanistic Mathematics

Synopsis This article concerns the relationship between mathematics and language, emphasizing the role of analogy both as an expression of a mathematical property and as a source of productive ambiguity in mathematics. An historical discussion is given of the interplay between the notions of logos, litotes, and limit that has implications for our understanding and teaching of Dedekind cuts and, more generally, for a humanistic notion of the role of mathematics within liberal education. Mathematics and language have interacted in many ways over the ages. Examples range from the eect of prehistoric “counting tokens” upon written symbols to today’s strong presence of mathematics in linguistics and cryptography. We tend to overlook, however, the large role that ordinary rhetoric plays in this connection. Consider, for example, Mark Twain’s insight into the writer’s craft:
The infrared spectrum of 15N-labeled peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) in an oxygen matrix

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 15N-labeled peroxyacetylnitrate in an oxygen matrix at 20°K has been recorded. The intense feature at 1835 cm−1 shows no isotopic shift, which definitively connects this absorption to the carbonyl stretching motion. Isotopic shifts in the unlabelled PAN bands at 1735, 1300, and 791 cm−1 show that these features can be assigned to an NO2 group. These shifts dispel some of the ambiguity in the vibrational assignment and remaining uncertainty about the molecular structure of PAN.
Dioxin: exposure-response analyses and risk assessment.

Low-levels of dioxin cause cancer in animals. In 1997 dioxin was found to be a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based largely on four studies of industrial workers exposed to high levels. Recently there has been interest in estimating human cancer risk at low level environmental exposures. Here we review quantitative exposure-response analyses and risk assessment for low environmental levels based on the largest existing cohort of workers exposed to dioxin (the U.S. NIOSH cohort). We estimate that doubling background levels of exposure, which may occur for example by eating a lot of fish which have accumulated dioxin, will increase lifetime risk of cancer death by 0.1 to 1.0%. In the US the background risk of cancer death by age 75 is 12%, so doubling background levels of dioxin exposure would increase this lifetime risk to somewhere between 12.1 and 13.0%. Our results agree broadly with results from a German cohort, which is the only other cohort for which a quantitative risk assessment has been conducted.
Spatial elections with endorsements and uninformed voters: Some laboratory experiments

This paper presents a laboratory experiment designed to examine voting behavior, within a spatial election framework, when subjects are only endowed with endorsement information. In the experiment, subjects are assigned ideal points on a single-issue dimension. With the aid of an endorsement, their task is to vote for the candidate whose position is closer to them. The results show that under these conditions, subjects are in fact playing a lottery, where the odds of being correct is a function of spatial location. The study points out that researchers should be aware of an “information bias” in models that use this particular information source.
Women in Movement Transformations in African Political Landscapes

Since the mid-1980s and especially after the early 1990s, women's organizations have increased exponentially throughout Africa as have the arenas in which women have been able to assert their varied concerns. Women are organizing locally and nationally and are networking across the continent on an unprecedented scale. They have in many countries been aggressively using the media to demand their rights in a way not evident in the early 1980s. In some countries they are taking their claims to land, inheritance and associational autonomy to court in ways not seen in the past. Women are challenging laws and constitutions that do not uphold gender equality. In addition, they are increasingly moving into government, legislative, party, NGO and other leadership positions previously the nearly exclusive domain of men. In these and other ways women have taken advantage of the new political openings that occurred in the 1990s, even if the openings were limited and precarious. This second generation of activism is m...
Ultra pseudo-Stokes shift near infrared dyes based on energy transfer

Novel fluorescent dyes with ultra pseudo-Stokes Shift were prepared based on intramolecular energy transfer between a fluorescent donor and a Cyanine-7 acceptor. The prepared dyes could be excited at ~ 320 nm and emit fluorescence at ~ 780 nm. The energy transfer efficiencies of the system are found to be > 94 %.
Evaluation of water sorption property and in vitro blood compatibility of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) based semi interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs)

pH responsive smart biomaterials of gelatin and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) were synthesized by redox polymerization and characterized by FTIR, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The prepared environmental responsive biomaterials containing polyelectrolyte segments were assessed for their water sorption potential under varying experimental conditions. The diffusion mechanism of transport of water molecules arising due to solvent-polymer interaction was also analysed to predict the behaviour of continuously relaxing macromolecular chains. The in vitro blood compatibility of the prepared polymeric hydrophilic materials was evaluated by methods such as blood clot formation, platelet adhesion, percent haemolysis and protein-adsorption study on the surface of the prepared biomaterials.
A PDES/STEP-based product data preparation procedure for computer-aided process planning

Abstract This paper is focused on a procedure for preparation of product data for computer-aided process planning. The foundation of the project is a set of emerging standards, known as PDES / STEP . It is realized that, in order to develop a procedure for consistent, unambiguous data abstraction from a generic data structure, the foundation on which the procedure is based is crucial. It is believed that PDES / STEP , although not fully developed, will be able to meet those requirements. The product data preparation procedure is built upon a concept called application protocol. An application protocol is specific to an engineering application, in this case computer-aided process planning. The reason for adopting such a concept is explained in the paper. Other important elements to this project include EXPRESS , C ++ and R OSE database, which all are explained in the paper with examples. The paper is concluded with plans for further research.
DERMATITIS‐PRODUCING ALGA LYNGBY A MAJUSCULA GOMONT IN HAWAII. II. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TOXIC FACTOR1,2

SUMMARY The course of the reaction produced by intracutaneous injection of the toxin of Lyngbya majuscula Gomont is that of a severe acute inflammatory reaction. No protective or sensitizing effect is induced by a previous exposure. The response from intravenous injection into a rat indicates that the toxin acts as a general cell toxin. The protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and rabbit erythrocytes are lysed by the toxic principle, which also possesses antibacterial activity. Of the organisms tested, Mycobacterium species are markedly inhibited, while Bacillus cereus, Gaffkya tetragena, and Sarcina lutea are slightly to moderately inhibited. Other components of the alga, which are steam distillable, have been found to have antibacterial activity but are not involved in the skin reaction.
Conduction mechanisms in the off-state of thin ZnTe films

Abstract Memory switching in ZnTe layers was observed. The electrical conduction in the non-ohmic off-state is analysed. D.c. and a.c. measurements demonstrated the existence of thin (50 A) contact barriers at the Al-ZnTe interface. For voltages lower than 1V conduction is governed by Schottky emission over that barrier. For higher fields the most probable mechanism is a modified Poole-Frenkel mechanism which is equivalent with field-assisted hopping of holes from traps with a density of 5×1018 to 1020cm−3. No evidence was found for space-charge injection.
Inability of Penicillin to Neutralize Dick and Schick Toxins

Summary and Conclusions1. When mixtures of penicillin and Dick toxin were injected intracutaneously into normal subjects along with parallel mixtures of Dick toxin and isotonic salt solution, no significant difference was observed in the number of positive Dick tests in the 2 series. Incubation of the mixtures, previous to testing, did not influence the outcome.2. Similar results were obtained with Schick toxin.3. Penicillin injected into an area of rash of patients with scarlet fever did not cause blanching.4. Dick positive patients receiving penicillin for an unrelated disease did not become Dick negative after a week of penicillin therapy.5. It is concluded that penicillin has no neutralizing effect upon Dick or Schick toxin.We wish to thank Dr. John H. Hanks for his interest and advice.
HOW DO PLACES MATTER? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINESE ETHNIC ECONOMIES IN LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK CITY

Through a comparative study of Chinese ethnic economies in the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, this paper examines the role of place in shaping the trajectories of immigrant communities. Substantial differences are identified among immigrant populations and development of ethnic economies between Chinese communities in New York City and Los Angeles, despite their comparable sizes. Rather than attributing the differences to the makeup of subgroups, namely Mainland Chinese versus Taiwanese, the paper pays particular attention to the interactive nature of local context and the dynamics of ethnic population and economies. I analyze the impact of historical origins of the communities, geographical locations, labor markets, urban infrastructure, and social infrastructures on the characteristics of immigrant population. The development of entrepreneurship, ethnic networks, and ethnic capital markets is also discussed as factors perpetuating differences in ethnic economies. Finally, the different lev...
The effect of tray material and surface condition on the shear bond strength of impression materials

This study compared the adhesive shear bond strength of three selected impression materials with that of thermoplastic and acrylic resin tray materials as a function of surface preparation. Polyether (Impregum), polyvinylsiloxane (Reprosil), and polysulfide (Permlastic) impression materials were evaluated on smooth, rough, and contaminated tray surfaces. Smooth surface samples were formed against glass and served as the control groups. Experimental groups consisted of samples contaminated with artificial saliva and rough surface samples that were abraded with 110 μm of Al 2 O 3 . A total of 126 samples were subdivided into 18 groups of seven specimens each. Each sample consisted of a 1 inch square, 3 mm thick mass of an impression material sandwiched between the prepared surfaces of a pair of resin plates. Each specimen was tested in a universal testing machine for adhesive shear bond strength. Data were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's test. The results indicated that the thermoplastic resin material had better adhesive properties than the acrylic resin. For both tray materials mean adhesive shear bond strengths for Impregum and Reprosil were significantly greater than those of Permlastic. Tray surface contaminated with saliva decreased the adhesive shear strength at the tray adhesive impression interface.
Lou Pondy and the Organizational Funny Bone

Humor and laughter as a therapeutic force can be utilized to alleviate pain and despair as well as having far‐reaching consequences for both personal and organizational development. The various reasons why people laugh and what makes something funny are very complex, and can be measured to a certain extent by the maturity of social systems.
The effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on monoaminergic systems in the rat brain

The effects of two amphetamine-like designer drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the rat brain were investigated and compared to those of methamphetamine (METH). Like METH, single or multiple 10 mg/kg doses of either drug caused marked reductions in both tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in several serotonergic nerve terminal regions. In all regions examined, the reduction in 5-HT content corresponded to the depression of TPH activity. Unlike multiple METH administrations, which induced pronounced deficits in dopaminergic neuronal markers, repeated doses of MDA or MDMA did not alter striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities or reduce striatal dopamine concentrations. A single dose of MDA or MDMA significantly elevated striatal dopamine content; however, after repeated drug administrations dopamine concentrations were comparable to control values. At this time, striatal levels of homovanillic acid were significantly elevated suggesting that both drugs influence dopamine turnover. The effects of MDA or MDMA administration in the rat brain are reminiscent of those elicited by p-chloroamphetamine, a presumed serotonergic neurotoxin.
Modeling environmental controls on the transport and fate of early life stages of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) on the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf

Abstract A one-dimensional, temperature-dependent model was used to simulate the descent–ascent cycle of the embryos and early larval stages of Antarctic krill to determine which regions of the western Antarctic Peninsula (wAP) continental shelf support successful completion of this cycle under present environmental conditions and those projected to occur as a result of climate change. The transport and fate of the embryo and larva under present and modified conditions was investigated with Lagrangian particle tracking simulations. The two modeling studies were implemented using temperature and density (embryo–larva model) and circulation distributions (Lagrangian particle tracking) obtained from a high resolution version of the Regional Ocean Modeling System configured for the wAP shelf region. Additional simulations used temperature and circulation distributions obtained from simulations that were forced with increased wind speed and increased transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), both projected to possibly occur with climate change in the wAP region. Simulations using present conditions showed that successful completion of the descent–ascent cycle occurred along the outer shelf and on the shelf in regions with bottom depths of 600–700 m. Estimated residence times for the shelf regions that support success of the embryo and larva were 20–30 days. Thus, krill spawned in the mid and inner shelf regions can be retained in these regions through development to the first feeding stage (calyptopis 1). Increased winds and ACC transport resulted in more onshelf transport of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which increased the volume of warm (1–1.5 °C) water at depth. These conditions supported a moderate increase in success of the krill embryo and larva, but only for limited areas of the shelf where hatching depths decreased by 10–30 m (
A mathematical method for ergonomic-based design: placement

A rigorous mathematical formulation for ergonomic design based on obtaining and visualizing the workspace of human limbs is herein presented. The methodology and formulation presented in this paper are aimed at placing the human with respect to specified targets, whereby optimizing a given human performance measure. These measures are developed as mathematical cost functions that can be maximized or minimized. For example, as a result of this analysis, a method for placing the human operator relative to the controls in an assembly line while minimizing the person's stress at each joint can be achieved. Other cost functions such as maximizing reachability or maximizing dexterity are considered. The method is characterized by two steps: (1) determine the boundary envelope (also called reach envelope) of a human limb in closed form as, and, (2) move the workspace envelope towards optimizing the cost function while satisfying all constraints. By defining a new position and orientation of the limb's workspace with respect to the target points, it is possible to establish an ergonomic design that satisfies the given constraints. The strengths of this method are in its ability to visualize the placement-reach design problem and in its broadly applicable mathematical formulation well suited for computer implementation. Furthermore, because the ergonomic design problem is indeed an optimization process, the use of optimization techniques in this work lends itself to addressing other standing problems. The formulation and code are demonstrated using a number of examples.
Isolation from Cottonseed Oil of a Halphen-negative Fraction which causes Pink-‘White’ Discoloration in Stored Eggs

STERCULIC acid, isolated from Sterculia fœtida seed oil by Nunn1 and from cottonseed oil by Shenstone and Vickery2, and malvalic acid, isolated from cottonseed oil by Shenstone and Vickery3,4, contain the cyclo-propene ring5, give positive Halphen colour reactions4,6, and cause pink-‘white’ discoloration in stored eggs from hens fed these compounds2,7. That cottonseed oil may contain a substance, other than malvalic and sterculic acids, which causes pink-‘white’ discoloration in stored eggs was indicated by our observation that crude cottonseed oil that had been heated at 150° for 4 h or at 200° for 1 h and no longer gave a positive Halphen colour reaction still produced discoloration8.
Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes.

Published and additional data for polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG), formerly PEG 6000, solution water potentials (Ψ) are compared. Actual bars Ψ over the concentration range of 0 to 0.8 gram PEG per gram H2O and temperature (T) range of 5 to 40°C are best predicted (probably within ± 5%) by this equation: Ψ = 1.29[PEG]2T − 140[PEG]2 − 4.0[PEG]. Although transformable through division by [PEG] to virial equation form, results indicate that the coefficients are not virial. Mannitol (MAN) interacts with PEG to produce Ψ significantly lower than additive. Vapor pressure osmometer (VPO) data for MAN-PEG synergism compared favorably with those from thermocouple hygrometry; and VPO data showing the interactions between PEG and four salts are presented. The synergism of MAN-PEG and of NaCl-PEG are related linearly to the concentration of solute added with PEG.
A professor realizes the potential poison of Ivy

This clinical treatise discusses this author's concept of “professorial melancholia,” a progressive emotional process characterized by the negating of a university professor's professional motivation, positive attitudinal focus, and adequate personal self-esteem.
The Effect of Adhesive Layers on the Fracture of Laminated Structures

The effect of the thickness and the elastic properties of the adhesive layers in laminated structures is considered. The structure is assumed to consist of two sets of periodically arranged dissimilar layers which may contain cracks perpendicular to the interfaces. The crack problem is solved under the assumption of plane strain or generalized plane stress and by using two different models for the adhesive layers. In the first model the adhesive layer is approximated by a combination of tensile and shear springs. In the second the adhesive layer is considered to be an elastic continuum, hence involving no approximating assumptions. The results regarding the stress intensity and stress concentration factors obtained from these two models and that found by ignoring the adhesive layers are presented and some comparisons are made.
Live Cells as Dynamic Laboratories: Time Lapse Raman Spectral Microscopy of Nanoparticles with Both IgE Targeting and pH-Sensing Functions

This review captures the use of live cells as dynamic microlaboratories through implementation of labeled nanoparticles (nanosensors) that have both sensing and targeting functions. The addition of 2,4-e-dinitrophenol-L-lysine (DNP) as a FceRI targeting ligand and 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPy) as a pH-sensing ligand enables spatial and temporal monitoring of FceRI receptors and their pH environment within the endocytic pathway. To ensure reliability, the sensor is calibrated in vivo using the ionophore nigericin and standard buffer solutions to equilibrate the external [H(+)] concentration with that of the cell compartments. This review highlights the nanosensors, ability to traffic and respond to pH of receptor-bound nanosensors (1) at physiological temperature (37°C) versus room temperature (25°C), (2) after pharmacological treatment with bafilomycin, an H(+) ATPase pump inhibitor, or amiloride, an inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+) exchange, and (3) in response to both temperature and pharmacological treatment. Whole-cell, time lapse images are demonstrated to show the ability to transform live cells into dynamic laboratories to monitor temporal and spatial endosomal pH. The versatility of these probes shows promise for future applications relevant to intracellular trafficking and intelligent drug design.
Problem-Solving Ability as a Factor in Selection of Major in College Study: Comparison of the Processes of “Idea-Getting” and “Making Essential Distinctions” in Males and Females

This study attempted to relate problem solving and academic major among 331 male and 281 female college students through the use of 5 insight problems measuring 2 problem-solving processes: (1) generating the necessary idea for solution (“idea-getting”) and (2) making a distinction which prevents accepting a wrong answer as correct (“making essential distinctions”). Ss were divided into “subject matter groups” of related fields of study. Men's total scores were significantly higher than women's total scores over-all, and in 4 of 9 subject matter groups. For both sexes, the mean for the Physical Science group was significantly higher than for the remaining groups (except the male Biological Science group). The Fine Arts majors were also among the higher-scoring groups for both sexes. The high scores of the Physical Science group were due to significantly higher total scores on both types of problems. In comparing sex differences it was found that female Physical Science majors had a higher mean on the 3 “i...
Overground walking speed changes when subjected to body weight support conditions for nonimpaired and post stroke individuals

Background Previous research has shown that body weight support (BWS) has the potential to improve gait speed for individuals post-stroke. However, body weight support also reduces the optimal walking speed at which energy use is minimized over the gait cycle indicating that BWS should reduce walking speed capability.
Physical victimization in prison: The role of mental illness

This study compares prison physical victimization rates (inmate-on-inmate and staff-on-inmate) for people with mental disorder to those without mental disorder in a state prison system. Inmate subjects were drawn from 14 adult prisons operated by a single mid-Atlantic State. A sample of 7,528 subjects aged 18 or older (7,221 men and 564 women) completed an audio-computer administered survey instrument. Mental disorder was based on self-reported mental health treatment ever for particular mental disorders. Approximately one-quarter of the sample reported some prior treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, PTSD, or anxiety disorder. Rates of physical victimization for males with any mental disorder were 1.6 times (inmate-on-inmate) and 1.2 times (staff-on-inmate) higher than that of males with no mental disorder. Female inmates with mental disorder were 1.7 times more likely to report being physically victimized by another inmate than did their counterparts with no mental disorder. Overall, both males and females with mental disorder are disproportionately represented among victims of physical violence inside prison.
Type systems directed programming language evolution: overview and research trends

The popularity of untyped languages witnessed in the last decade compelled us to evaluate them against modern typed languages and programming methods. We analyze their differences seeking to bridge the gap. We conclude with an analysis of trends in language design that seeks a language having the strengths from both camps.