cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ru, Os, Rh mixed-metal complexes are a potential novel class of oxygen independent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes coupling Ru and Os light absorber units to a central, reactive Rh site have been designed of the type [{(bpy)2M(dpp)}2RhCl2]5+. These complexes possess intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions when excited at 500-700 nm making them good light absorbers. The presence of the Rh site introduces low lying metal-to-metal charge transfer states that are capable of visible light induced photocleavage of DNA via an oxygen independent pathway.1 We report here a study of the photodynamic action of supramolecular mixed-metal complexes showing that these systems inhibit cell replication after exposure to light while displaying no impact on cell replication in the dark. This photodynamic action has been studied using cultured Vero cells with a pre-incubation with the complexes, rinsing to remove complex from the media, followed by photo-activation and cell growth assay. The photodynamic action of this new series of complexes can be tuned as a function of components of the supramolecular assembly and complexes capable of coupling to targeting proteins and fluorescent reporter groups have been synthesized.
Dengue: translating scientific progress into workable solutions

An infusion of funding, talent and new scientific techniques in virology and immunology has recently yielded major gains in the field of dengue research, with promising developments in the basic un...
A POLLEN SELECTION SYSTEM FOR ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE-NEGATIVE MUTANTS IN PLANTS

Exposure of freshly shed maize pollen to allyl alcohol vapors allows selective fertilization by mutant alcohol-dehydrogenase-negative grains. Wild-type pollen grains are killed by the enzymatic conversion of allyl alcohol to the highly toxic acrylaldehyde.
Unique double-stranded RNAs associated with the Trichomonas vaginalis virus are synthesized by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Abstract Most Trichomonas vaginalis isolates are carriers of the multisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus. In vitro polymerase assays were performed to demonstrate the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) activity of purified particles. Transcripts which comigrated with the dsRNAs of the virus were readily detected as synthesized products, indicating viral RDRP activity. In addition, smaller-sized dsRNA species, possibly two of approximately 700 bp (s1) and one of 500 bp (s2), were synthesized by purified virus particles of the CsCl gradient surrounding the virus peak. No cross-hybridization with either s1 or s2 and the dsRNA segments occurred, suggesting that s1 and s2 were synthesized from different templates. An RNase A protection assay revealed that the synthesized s1 and s2 polymerase products were double stranded. Furthermore, hybridization of products with strand-specific RNA of s1 generated from cDNA indicated that only one strand was synthesized in vitro. s1 and s2 were not visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels of dsRNA of infected trichomonads grown in batch cultures. However, dsRNA profiles of the same infected organisms cultivated under defined continuous-flow conditions contained readily detectable levels of s1 and s2, indicating that amplification of s1 and s2 occurred under specific environmental conditions. These newly discovered dsRNAs were not detected in all of the virus-carrying isolates. Finally, it is noteworthy that the s1 and s2 dsRNAs and the RDRP activity were not detected in trichomonal isolates without virus or in virus-negative progeny derived from virus-positive parental isolates. These data indicate the possibility of variations in the number of dsRNAs and/or of the presence of satellites in trichomonads infected with the multisegmented virus.
Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in baboons: tissue distribution, catalytic properties, and variant phenotypes in liver, kidney, stomach, and testis

Isoelectric focusing and cellulose acetate electrophoresis were used to examine the multiplicity, tissue distribution, and variability of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) among baboons, a primate species used as a model for research on alcohol metabolism and alcohol-induced liver pathology. Five major ADH isozymes were resolved and distinguished on the basis of their isoelectric points, tissue distributions, relative activities with alcohol substrates, and sensitivities to inhibition with 4-methyl pyrazole. ADH-1 and ADH-2 exhibited class I kinetic properties and were observed in high activity in kidney and liver extracts, respectively. ADH-3 showed class II kinetic properties, exhibiting high activity in stomach extracts, and was widely distributed in extracts of other baboon tissues, including kidney, esophagus, heart, testis, brain, and male sex accessory tissues. ADH-4 also showed class II ADH properties but was found only in liver (similar to human "pi-ADH"). ADH-5 exhibited class III ADH kinetic properties, being inactive with ethanol up to 0.5 M (similar to human "chi-ADH") and was distributed widely in baboon tissue extracts. Major activity variation was observed for liver ADH-4 between different animals. An electrophoretic variant for ADH-3 was observed for the enzyme in stomach, kidney, and testis extracts, and activity variation existed for this isozyme in kidney extracts. It is apparent that baboon ADH shares a number of features with the human ADH phenotype; however, several species-specific differences were observed, particularly for the liver and kidney class I isozymes and for stomach ADH.
Software-As-A-Service Economics

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) has been defined as software deployed as a hosted service and accessed over the Internet. This paper covers the democratization and monetization of software services and uses cloud computing as the primary delivery vehicle. Cloud computing represents a contextual shift in how computers are provisioned and accessed. Opportunity and value exists in software-as-a-service for providers and clients, and the economic and technical essentials are reviewed in this paper.
A role for the cerebellum in learning movement coordination.

Abstract We have examined several different paradigms of adaptation and of “acquisition of skill”—skill defined as a movement specialized to meet a certain goal and gained through practice. In each paradigm, change occurs through trial-and-error performance. In some of the tasks, damage of cerebellar cortex impairs adaptation and not performance. The deficits in performance cannot explain the deficits in adaptation. In some of the tasks, the discharge of Purkinje cells and, by inference, the discharge of inferior olive cells and mossy fibers have occurred in a manner consistent with the Marr-Albus theory of motor learning. We extend the theory to show how parallel fibers could implement both the coordination of complex movements and the learning of new movements. The size of the response combinations would be proportionate to the length of parallel fibers. The mechanism proposed here would permit optimized complex movement behaviors to respond to specific behavioral contexts rapidly, stereotypically, and automatically. The mechanism would permit storage of many context–response couplings and many complex responses. The mechanism would permit privacy, individuality, and a large number of behavioral responses.
Superconducting Cavities for High Energy Accelerators Progress and Prospects

Real progress in applications of radio frequency superconductivity to high energy electron storage rings has been registered recently. It is clear now that this technology will make a significant contribution to the advancement of particle physics in the 10's to 100's of GeV-CM energy range. This progress and its foundation are reviewed briefly. While considerable work remains in consolidating present accomplishments into reliable engineering technology, long lead times for significant technological developments make it appropriate to inquire now about the future prospects for this technology. Does this technology have a potential for being useful in a generation of accelerators that can take us into the TeV domain? This question and its associated R/D questions are addressed.
Patient and Family Impact of Pediatric Genitourinary Diagnostic Imaging Tests

Purpose: The impact of diagnostic genitourinary imaging on patients and families is poorly understood. We measured patient and family reaction to commonly performed genitourinary imaging studies using a standardized measurement tool.Materials and Methods: We surveyed families undergoing genitourinary imaging (renal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, radionuclide cystogram, static renal scintigraphy and diuretic renal scintigraphy) using a Likert scaled 11-item survey to assess impact across 4 domains (pain, anxiety, time, satisfaction). Survey scores were analyzed using ANOVA and linear regression.Results: A total of 263 families were surveyed (61 renal ultrasound, 52 voiding cystourethrogram, 55 radionuclide cystogram, 47 mercaptoacetyltriglycine dynamic renal scintigraphy, 48 dimercaptosuccinic acid static renal scintigraphy). Mean patient age was 2.1 years old. Of the patients 45% were male and 77% were white. Patient age, gender and prior genitourinary imaging experience varied by study type. Stu...
Program Behavior Discovery and Verification: A Graph Grammar Approach

Discovering program behaviors and functionalities can ease program comprehension and verification. Existing program analysis approaches have used text mining algorithms to infer behavior patterns or formal models from program execution. When one tries to identify the hierarchical composition of a program behavior at different abstraction levels, textual descriptions are not informative and expressive enough. To address this, we present a semi-automatic graph grammar approach to retrieving the hierarchical structure of the program behavior. The hierarchical structure is built on recurring substructures in a bottom-up fashion. We formulate the behavior discovery and verification problem as a graph grammar induction and parsing problem, i.e., automatically iteratively mining qualified patterns and then constructing graph rewriting rules. Furthermore, using the induced grammar to parse the behavioral structure of a new program could verify if the program has the same behavioral properties specified by the grammar.
Glass transition, crystallinity, resin stiffness, and branch distribution in metallocene and Ziegler-Natta ethylene 1-olefins

The physical properties of commercially obtained metallocene and Ziegler-Natta (ZN) polyethylenes (PEs) were correlated to their backbone structure (i.e., the composition, ethylene sequence distribution, and short-chain branch length) using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermal fractionation. The uniformity or heterogeneity of the 1-olefin branch distribution on the ethylene backbone profoundly controls the mean crystalline ethylene segment lengths, the degree of crystallinity, the beta transition temperature and intensity, the plateau modulus, and the presence or absence of the alpha transition.
The rise and fall of the Eugenics empire: recent perspectives on the impact of biomedical thought in modern society

In the last decade or so scholars have begun to develop a series of new strategies for understanding and explaining the creation and popularity of biomedical modes of thinking in modern European societies. In a certain sense these strategies are designed to supplement, if not replace, an older form of intellectual history that was content to trace the spread of racist ideas and theories of biological determinism from the founding fathers (Count Arthur de Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain, and Paul de Lagarde among many others) to the anti-semitic or racist movements they inspired, culminating in the holocaust and the genocide of the I930S and I940s.1 There was a kind of cosmopolitan quality to this history of ideas approach that treated racial ideas as so many interchangeable parts and racists as fanatical but politically effective propagandists. Because their focus was fixed on the pseudoscientific and ideological aspects of their subject, few of these older histories tried to assess mainstream science and medicine for evidence of collusion or resistance to racist ideas; if they did discuss the science of their day it was to document support for aryanism or anti-Semitism in one or another of their nationalist manifestations in pre-war and wartime Europe. Though echoes of the murderous racism of the World War II era are not absent from the work under review, genocide no longer dominates the research agenda of the history of biomedical thought. Historians are now more willing to explore aspects of biological and racial thought that did not end in holocaust, to follow the variations biomedical concepts have taken in different national settings, and to consider the relationship of mainstream science and scientists with pseudoscience and with the zealots who have until recently received the lion's share of attention. As some of these authors wish to demonstrate, a passionate concern with race hygiene and the identification of dangerous human pathologies did not, accordingly, end in I945, but has been subsumed into the logic and practices of the modern welfare state, though in forms more compatible with contemporary sensibility on these matters. Despite the fact that these books are mostly concerned with Great Britain and France in the period I880-I945, there is enough discussion of the United States and Italy to illustrate fully the point that biomedical thinking about the human population and its pathologies flowed in channels dictated by the situation of particular nationstates. There was wide medical and scientific agreement, for instance, about the threat of an inheritable and worsening biological degeneration, but this notion was interpreted uniquely in each national setting, so that, depending on local conditions, experts
Shuffled iterative decoding

Shuffled versions of iterative decoding of low-density parity-check codes and turbo codes are presented. The proposed schemes have about the same computational complexity as the standard versions, and converge faster. Simulations show that the new schedules offer better performance/complexity tradeoffs, especially when the maximum number of iterations has to remain small.
The testis-specific double bromodomain-containing protein BRDT forms a complex with multiple spliceosome components and is required for mRNA splicing and 3′-UTR truncation in round spermatids

Members of the BET (bromodomain and extra terminal motif) family of proteins have been shown to be chromatin-interacting regulators of transcription. We previously generated a mutation in the testis-specific mammalian BET gene Brdt (bromodomain, testis-specific) that yields protein lacking the first bromodomain (BRDT(ΔBD1)) and observed disrupted spermiogenesis and male sterility. To determine whether BRDT(ΔBD1) protein results in altered transcription, we analyzed the transcriptomes of control versus Brdt(ΔBD1/ΔBD1) round spermatids. Over 400 genes showed statistically significant differential expression, and among the up-regulated genes, there was an enrichment of RNA splicing genes. Over 60% of these splicing genes had transcripts that lacked truncation of their 3'-untranslated region (UTR) typical of round spermatids. We selected four of these genes to characterize: Srsf2, Ddx5, Hnrnpk and Tardbp. The 3'-UTRs of Srsf2, Ddx5 and Hnrnpk mRNAs were longer in mutant round spermatids and resulted in reduced protein levels. Tardbp was transcriptionally up-regulated and a splicing shift toward the longer variant was observed. All four splicing proteins were found to complex with BRDT in control and mutant testes. We thus suggest that, along with modulating transcription, BRDT modulates gene expression as part of the splicing machinery. These modulations alter 3'-UTR processing in round spermatids; importantly, the BD1 is essential for these functions.
Diagnostic Efficacy of PET-FDG Imaging in Solitary Pulmonary Nodules* Potential Role in Evaluation and Management

Background Positron emission tomography (PET), a new noninvasive imaging modality, utilizing 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDC), has demonstrated increased FDC uptake in lung tumors. Objective To determine the diagnostic efficacy of PET-FDG imaging in differentiating benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. Patient selection A prospective study of 30 patients who presented with indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in size based on chest radiograph and computed tomographic (CT) scan. Setting Two tertiary care medical centers in Omaha, Neb: Creighton University Medical Center and the Omaha Veterans Administration Medical Center. Measurements Positron emission tomographic imaging of the lung was performed 1 h after intravenous injection of 10 mCi of F-18-FDG. Qualitative analysis of the images was performed independently by two observers by visual identification of the areas of increased FDC uptake in the lung nodules. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using computation of differential uptake ratio (DUR). Histologic specimens were obtained in 29 patients (thoracotomy 20, transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy 8, bronchoscopy1). Results Positron emission tomographic imaging correctly identified 27 of 30 pulmonary nodules. Diagnostic accuracy was high with sensitivity of 95 percent and specificity of 80 percent. The positive and negative predictive value of PET imaging for solitary pulmonary nodules was 90 percent and 89 percent, respectively. The DUR values were significantly higher for malignant nodules (mean± SD, 5.55 ±2.79) than benign nodules (mean±SD, 0.95 ±0.99) (p Conclusion PET-FDC imaging of the lung, a new noninvasive diagnostic test, has a high degree of accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. PET-FDC imaging could complement CT scanning in the evaluation and treatment of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules.
Effects of chemical and physical conditions on hatching success of Bythotrephes longimanus resting eggs

Dormant eggs of zooplankton are considered to be tolerant of harsh environmental conditions, yet lethal thresholds of exposure have rarely been determined. We describe 3 yr of dose–response experiments that evaluate hatching success of the resting egg of Bythotrephes longimanus (Cladocera: Cercopagidae) in response to salinity, chlorination, heat, desiccation, and freezing. There was no decline in hatching success in response to salinity (up to 4 weeks at 35 g L21 salt) or chlorination (including up to 5 min at 3400 mg L21 chlorine). In response to heat there was an interaction between time and temperature; hatching occurred after exposure to 40uC for 1 min, 5 min, or 10 min but declined with the two longer exposures. Hatching also occurred after exposure to 50uC for 1 min, but no hatching followed exposure to 50uC for 5 min or to higher temperatures for 1 min. In response to desiccation at 17uC, exposure for # 4 h had no effect on hatching but $ 6 h resulted in no hatching. When frozen, hatching success depended on whether eggs were frozen in water or without water. Collectively, the results are congruent with an evolutionary origin of B. longimanus in permanent, euryhaline basins. The results advance our understanding of dispersal limits of B. longimanus, including vector potential, and may inform management practices for reducing range expansion of B. longimanus by humans.
Potential flow solution for a yawed surface-piercing plate

This paper presents the results of an analytical investigation of the steady translation of a vertical surface-piercing plate at a small angle of attack. This problem is the antisymmetric equivalent of the symmetric thin-ship problem solved by Michell. The linearized boundary-value problem is transformed into an integral equation of the first kind by the method of Green functions. The Kelvin–Havelock Green function is used to satisfy the linearized free-surface boundary condition and radiation condition. A pressure Kutta condition is imposed at the trailing edge. Effective algorithms are developed to evaluate the hypersingular kernel without recourse to numerical integration. The resulting integral equation is solved by a collocation method with a refined scheme of discretization. After establishing the convergence of the present algorithm, computations are carried out for a surface-piercing rectangular plate of aspect ratio 0.5. The integrated lateral-force and yaw-moment coefficients show good agreement with experimental data. Other parameters of the flow such as pressure distributions, drag, strength of leading-edge singularity and free-surface profiles on the plate are also presented. The incompatibility between the pressure Kutta condition and the linearized free-surface condition does not affect the global solution.
Traveling Waves on Three-Dimensional Periodic Arrays of Two Different Magnetodielectric Spheres Arbitrarily Arranged on a Simple Tetragonal Lattice

Based on Shore and Yaghjian's work (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3077-3091, Oct. 2009), a general theory has been developed to describe traveling waves on three-dimensional (3-D) periodic arrays of two sets of magnetodielectric spheres arbitrarily arranged on a simple tetragonal lattice. This theory is eventually in the form of k-β (dispersion) equations. To improve the computational efficiency, rapidly converging expressions and their double summation form are derived for slowly converging summations in the k-β equations. The dispersion diagrams of seven different arrangements of the spheres are analyzed for three combinations of sphere types: 1) dielectric spheres with equal permittivity but different radius; 2) dielectric spheres with equal radius but different permittivity; and 3) one set of spheres is purely dielectric while the other set is magnetic. Results show that the maximum bandwidths of the double-negative (DNG) region provided by different spheres arrangements for spheres combinations 1-3 are, respectively, 0.21%, 0.069%, and 7.403%. Compared to results reported in previous literature, analysis of these possible arrangements of the spheres shows similar narrow DNG bandwidths for spheres combinations 1 and 2, and wider DNG bandwidths for spheres combination 3. Although purely dielectric materials with relative permittivity much greater than one are readily available, the usefulness of purely dielectric DNG metamaterials still depends on whether the narrow bandwidths achievable are acceptable for the particular applications. Since purely magnetic materials with relative permeability much greater than one above 1 GHz are not currently available, the practicality of fabricating DNG metamaterials using arrays with spheres combination 3 is questionable for radio frequency (RF) applications, at least at present, despite the fact that this combination yields much wider DNG bandwidths than those of spheres combinations 1 and 2.
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF IMIDAZOLIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE IONIC LIQUIDS

Abstract The Raman and infrared spectra of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids ([C2-4MIM][BF4]) are reported and analyzed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and RHF methods at the 6-311+G(2d,p) computational level. The B3LYP (DFT) and RHF calculations reproduce the vibrational spectra of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [EMIM][BF4], 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [PMIM][BF4] and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] using correction factors of 0.963–0.967 (DFT) and 0.913–0.916 (RHF) with correlation coefficients R2 of 0.999 using the fully optimized structures. Theoretical (DFT) alkyl side chain conformational changes in the 1-alkyl-3-methyl tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids have only a limited effect on the theoretical gas phase vibrations. The gas phase molecular structures of the [C2–4MIM][BF4] ion pairs suggest hydrogen bonding interactions between the fluorine atoms of the BF4− anion and the C2 hydrogen on the imidazolium ring. Additional interactions are observed between [BF4] and H atoms on the adjacent alkyl side chains in all polymorphic structures.
Comparison of Propofol With Pentobarbital/Midazolam/Fentanyl Sedation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Children

OBJECTIVE.Propofol and pentobarbital, alone or combined with other agents, are frequently used to induce deep sedation in children for MRI. However, we are unaware of a previous comparison of these 2 agents as part of a randomized, controlled trial. We compared the recovery time of children after deep sedation with single-agent propofol with a pentobarbital-based regimen for MRI and considered additional variables of safety and efficacy. METHODS.This prospective, randomized trial at a tertiary children’s hospital enrolled 60 patients 1 to 17 years old who required intravenous sedation for elective cranial MRI. Patients were assigned randomly to receive a loading dose of propofol followed by continuous intravenous infusion of propofol or to receive sequential doses of midazolam, pentobarbital, and fentanyl until a modified Ramsay score of 4 was attained. A nurse who was blind to group assignment assessed discharge readiness (Aldrete score 8) and administered a follow-up questionnaire. We compared recovery time, time to induction of sedation, total sedation time, quality of imaging, number of repeat-image sequences, adverse events, caregiver satisfaction, and time to return to presedation functional status. RESULTS.The groups were similar in age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status class, and frequency of cognitive impairment. No sedation failure or significant adverse events were observed. Propofol offered significantly shorter sedation induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, and time to return to baseline functional status. Caregiver satisfaction scores were also significantly higher in the patients in the propofol group. CONCLUSIONS.Propofol permits faster onset and recovery than, and comparable efficacy to, a pentobarbital/midazolam/fentanyl regimen for sedation of children for MRI.
Abstract 387: Utility of Glycated Hemoglobin for Assessment of Glucose Metabolism in Patients with ST segment elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: The performance of glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with STEMI results in the new recognition of diabetes mellitus (DM) in over 25% of subjects. However, due to presence of stress hyperglycemia and critical patient condition, diagnosis of DM using traditional tests (fasting glucose and OGTT) during initial hospital stay is challenging. The ADA definition now enables use of HbA1c for diagnosis of DM. We sought to evaluate the incidence and trends in newly diagnosed DM utilizing HbA1c in patients with STEMI. Methods: Consecutive patients (N=1,812) undergoing primary PCI for STEMI at the Cleveland Clinic between Jan 05-Dec 12 were included. Medical charts were queried to identify patients with an established history of DM. Admission HbA1c was used to identify patients with previously undiagnosed DM (HbA1c ≥ 6.5) and pre DM (HbA1c ≥ 5.7 and < 6.5). Results: Mean age was 60 years with 68% males. Overall, 428 patients (23.6%) had an established history of DM. Of the remainder, only 118 (8.5%) were diagnosed with DM while 593 patients (42.9%) had pre-DM based on admission HbA1c (Figure 1). There was no significant increase in mean body mass index (BMI) and incidence of DM over time (p=0.5). Conclusions: Utilization of admission HBA1c in patients with STEMI enables cardiologists to establish a new diagnosis of DM in a significant minority of subjects. Although convenient, HbA1c appears to under diagnose DM when compared to historical data with OGTT. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and DM in overall US population, we did not observe differences in mean BMI and prevalence of DM over time. The manifest cardiovascular consequences of DM may yet represent the exposed tip of the iceberg. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Safety Performance of the Full Harness in Various Falling Postures of Wearer

Abstract Fundamental safety measure for falling is to prepare flat and effective wide workplace with guardrails. However, their countermeasures may be difficult to apply for short-duration works and disaster relief works. In such cases, the fall arrest system has been applied to the height workplaces. This study focuses on fundamental characteristics of full body harness in various postures of wearer during falling. Three kinds of situation, such as (1) leg first fall, (2) head first fall, and (3) stop falling when the wearer body in parallel to the ground, were considered to recognize the performance. Experiments were carried out using 735N of human dummy, called HybridIII pedestrian 50%tile model in the automobile industry. The shock-absorber of the Lanyards used in this study were designed about 4 kN. Impact force acting on hook, head accelerations, and a chest displacement were measured during falling. From the results, not only the vertical acceleration of the human dummy but also horizontal were measured. Due to the horizontal acceleration, a huge bending moment acting on the dummy's neck observed in several situations. It indicates that the wearer may have risks of whiplash or more serious injuries such as dislocation of cervical vertebrae or spinal injuries. Chest deformations measured in this study were not also small for aged workers. It indicates that there are some risks of rid fractures or related chest injuries. The back of the head crashed aggressively to the D-ring of the full harness when the dummy rebounded due to stop falling by lanyard. Therefore, special helmet to resist the impact force due to D-ring, and the design force of shock-absorber should be reconsidered.
Precise Patterning of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells on Glass Cover Slips for High-Throughput Analysis Using Laser Direct-Write

Engineering a microenvironment where the growth substrate and distance between cells are controlled is highly desirable to understand how cellular interactions affect stem cell differentiation. Laser direct-write (LDW) allows rapid and precise placement of living cells via computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) control. Application of this technique to study the effects of various stem cell microenvironments on differentiation requires a high-throughput experimental setup [1]. Recently, our lab has developed a gelatin-based LDW method for the precise patterning of sensitive cell types, such as mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), at a resolution of about 5 μm [2]. Although viable mESCs were successfully printed with maintained pluripotency, this technique required cells to be patterned onto polystyrene Petri dishes [2,3], which may limit high-throughput efficiency. Moreover, the use of polystyrene Petri dishes requires large quantities of culture medium and is not convenient for biological analysis of mESC differentiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to adapt the LDW method, without altering its prior success, to transfer patterns of viable mESCs to glass cover slips. However, this adaptation to cover slips could not be achieved through simple downscaling due to the unique challenges of providing sufficient moisture for viable cell transfer while maintaining pattern registry on a cover slip. Once cells have been laser patterned, cover slips can then be moved to a 24-well plate so that separate sets of laser patterned cells can be analyzed in parallel for higher experimental throughput utilizing fewer resources to maintain the cells.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Review of Peter Ubel, Critical Decisions: How You and Your Doctor Can Make the Right Medical Choices Together

The ethical issues inherent in medical decisions have always been fraught and are no less so today. “Yes,” you might think, “that's obvious, because the patient is not able to participate in medica...
Mobile Web Site Ease of Use: An Analysis of Orbis Cascade Alliance Member Web Sites

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes 37 Orbis Cascade Alliance members' Web sites to determine ease of use across mobile devices. Based on that analysis and a literature review, guidance is provided on how libraries' mobile Web sites may be improved. Web sites were examined to determine ease of locating frequently accessed resources on mobile devices that were identified in the literature: contact information, hours, databases, library accounts, and search boxes. Scalability of Web sites on mobile devices was also evaluated and was found to be non-existent in nearly a quarter of examined libraries. Areas for consideration and improvement are presented across Orbis Cascade Alliance libraries that can easily be applied globally.
Effect of heat shocking to polyphenoloxidase and polyphenol compounds in production of blueberry juice

Blueberry is a kind of juice material with sorts of polyphenol compounds which has antioxidation and anti-inflammatory effect.The hot shocking technology would hurt antioxidation of blueberry juice.Two heat treatment methods of steaming heating and stack heating were studied.The results showed that steaming heating was better that stack heating.The polyphenoloxidase was inactivation in 2 min by steaming heating,meanwhile the polyphenols antioxidant was kept.
Realism, Non-Realism and Atheism: Why Believe in an Objectively Real God?

The transcendent God has for many become an unavailable God. As Jean-Paul Sartre proclaims in his play The Devil and the Good Lord: I supplicated, I demanded a sign, I sent messages to Heaven, no reply. Heaven ignored my very name. Each minute I wondered what I could be in the eyes of God. Now I know the answer: nothing. God does not see me, God does not hear me, God does not know me … I am going to tell you a colossal joke: God doesn’t exist.1
Apples and Oranges: Methodological Requirements for Testing a Possible Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Judgments from Facial Expressions

Author's Note I thank Marija Drezgic, Shannon Pacaoa, Janice Cheng, Aaron Estrada, and Victoriya Tebeleva for their assistance in the general laboratory program. Correspondence concerning this chapter should be addressed to David Matsumoto, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132; telephone (415) 338-1114, fax (510) 217-9608, or e-mail at dm@sfsu.edu.b. Introduction The ability to recognize certain facial expressions of emotion is universal. Studies reported more than thirty years ago provided the first systematic and reliable evidence of this (Ekman, 1972; Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969; Izard, 1971), and those studies have been replicated time and again by different researchers using different methodologies (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002b; Matsumoto, 2001). A recent meta-analysis including 168 data sets involving judgments of emotion in different cultures summarized this area and indicated that the core components of emotion recognition are pancultural and likely biological (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002b). However, there are also cultural differences in emotion judgments. One of the first studies that documented cultural differences reported correlations between Hofstede's cultural dimension data (Hofstede, 1980, 1984) with accuracy rates of judgments of universal facial expressions of emotion across cultures in an ecological analysis (Matsumoto, 1988). Subsequent studies showed that cultural differences existed between Americans and Japanese (Matsumoto, 1992), and then across a broader range of cultures (Biehl et al., 1997) and ethnic groups (Matsumoto, 1993), and in bilinguals depending on the language in which they are tested (Matsumoto & Assar, 1992).
SuperSwiki - bringing collaboration to the class room

SuperSwiki is not yet a well defined term. Its origins go back to Ward Cunningham's Wiki and its Squeak variant, the Swiki. It provides a place to share and edit Web pages, files, and, in case of the SuperSwiki, Squeak projects. The concept of a (Super)Swiki lends itself very well to facilitate collaboration in the classroom, on a campus or even across the Internet. It is easy to set up and all that is needed on the client side is a Web browser (and Squeak). This paper illustrates some of the key ideas behind SuperSwikis, how to run and use them, and considers some existing installations.
Mapping Human Cognition: Thinking, Numerical Abilities, Theory of Mind, Consciousness

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mapping the brain activity associated with complex cognitive functions—problem solving, reasoning, numerical processing, and consciousness. One of the most widely used tasks in brain mapping studies of problem solving is the Raven's progressive matrices. The role of frontoparietal circuits in numerical cognition has been confirmed by a positron emission tomography (PET) investigation of number multiplication and number comparison, in which bilateral frontoparietal networks are activated during both tasks. Various other regions are also found activated in this investigation, in which an exploratory, hypotheses-generating approach determined relatively “liberal” statistical thresholds. The consciousness of action is an important component of consciousness. However, the most common approach to the study of consciousness and its neural counterpart in cognitive neuroscience is via perception and visual awareness. A variety of brain mapping techniques, from PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging to electrical scalp recording, have been already used in investigations directly addressing visual awareness in normal subjects and patients with neurological disorders. A paradigm that is extremely suitable for the examination of conscious perception is binocular rivalry. A different mapping approach to the study of conscious perception is the mapping of temporal neural events.
The Contemporary Postcolonial Historical Novel: Beyond Anti-Realism

History has always been something to fight over, but for the novelists of the postcolonial world, stepping into this contested domain can be especially risky. In societies founded on colonial occupation, the extermination of indigenous populations, anti-imperial violence, or bloody intra-national conflict, fictionalised narratives of the past can never avoid being politically fraught. In the past 15 years, there have been a number of cases in which postcolonial historical novelists have published work exploring contested histories. While some of those texts have been feted as important contributions to national literary traditions, others have been excoriated as opportunistic, aesthetically flawed, or even dishonest in their blending of history and fiction. In 2005–6, for example, Kate Grenville’s Commonwealth-Writers’-Prize-winning The Secret River (2005), which depicts frontier violence in nineteenth-century Australia, was attacked by historians, cultural critics, and political commentators, who described it variously as racist, unpatriotic, implausible (yet predictable), and anachronistic. Likewise, in 2009 the New Zealand writer Witi Ihimaera was accused of plagiarism for interpolating direct quotations from documentary sources and historical texts into his epic of colonial settlement, The Trowenna Sea — a work subsequently withdrawn by its publisher.
Family Geographies: Global Care Chains, Transnational Parenthood, and New Legal Challenges in an Era of Labour Globalization

Various production and services sectors which entail intensive use of labour and relatively low wages are already being undermined and downgraded to a migrant workforce by large-scale flows of migration and the fast development and expansion of globalization. Because of the various changes observed throughout the patterns of migration, the traditional conceptions and arrangements within the home and the family, along with the conventional notions of parenthood, membership, and identity, have been challenged. This chapter attempts to look into such circumstances through examining the connections between family organization and how they entail privatized care, a certain domestic setting, and the upsurge of modern and modified parenting arrangements in dealing with cross-border situations. The chapter explores how labor migration can be viewed as an intrinsic dimension of globalization and how a global care system is being formulated.
Cuffed endotracheal tubes in children: the effect of the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube on intracuff pressure.

SummaryBackground In children, the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube is based on various age-based formulas. However, such formulas may over or underestimate the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube. There are no data on the impact of different-sized cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETT) on the intracuff pressure in children. Aim The current study measures intracuff pressure with different-sized cuffed ETT. Method The study was conducted in an in vitro and in vivo phase. For the in vitro phase, 10 cuffed ETT of size 4.0, 4.5, and 5 mm internal diameter (ID) each were randomly placed inside a 1.0 cm ID plastic tube (mimicking the trachea), which was in turn connected to a 1 l test lung. After inflation of the cuff using the air leak test at a continuous positive airway pressure of 20 cmH2O, the intracuff pressure was measured. The in vivo phase was conducted in 100 children (4–8 years) and were randomly divided into two groups to receive either a cuffed endotracheal tube based on the Khine formula (Group R) or a cuffed endotracheal tube that was a half-size (0.5 mm ID) smaller (Group S). Following the inflation of the cuff to seal the trachea, the intracuff pressure was measured. Results In the in vitro phase, the intracuff pressure was 45 ± 6, 23 ± 1, and 14 ± 6 cmH2O with size 4.0, 4.5, and 5 mm ID cuffed ETT, respectively (F-test P < 0.001 for difference among three groups). In the in vivo phase, the mean intracuff pressure in Group R was 25 ± 19 cmH2O vs 37 ± 35 cmH2O in Group S (95% CI of difference: 1, 23; P = 0.039). Conclusion If the cuffed endotracheal tube is too small, the trachea can still be sealed by inflating the cuff with additional air. However, this transforms the cuff from the intended high-volume, low-pressure cuff to an undesirable high-volume, high-pressure cuff.
A Reconceptualized Framework for ‘Opportunity to Learn’ in School Mathematics

We present a reconceptualized framework for opportunity to learn (OTL) in school mathematics that builds on previous conceptualizations of OTL and includes features related to both quantity (i.e., time) and quality. Our framework draws on existing literature and on our own observational research of mathematics teaching practices. Through the presentation of two teaching vignettes, we highlight key features of mathematics instruction that seem to differentiate students’ OTL. These features are nested under four key dimensions in our OTL framework: the teacher’s mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT), how time is utilized in the lesson, the mathematical tasks implemented with students, and the nature of the mathematical talk in which students engage. We discuss implications for the use of the framework as well as its shortcomings.
Neuroprotective effects of estrogen in CNS injuries: insights from animal models

Among the estrogens that are biosynthesized in the human body, 17β-estradiol (estradiol or E2) is the most common and the best estrogen for neuroprotection in animal models of the central nervous system (CNS) injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and ischemic brain injury (IBI). These CNS injuries are not only serious health problems, but also enormous economic burden on the patients, their families, and the society at large. Studies from animal models of these CNS injuries provide insights into the multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of E2 and also suggest the possibility of translating the therapeutic efficacy of E2 in the treatment SCI, TBI, and IBI in humans in the near future. The pathophysiology of these injuries includes loss of motor function in the limbs, arms and their extremities, cognitive deficit, and many other serious consequences including life-threatening paralysis, infection, and even death. The potential application of E2 therapy to treat the CNS injuries may become a trend as the results are showing significant therapeutic benefits of E2 for neuroprotection when administered into the animal models of SCI, TBI, and IBI. This article describes the plausible mechanisms how E2 works with or without the involvement of estrogen receptors and provides an overview of the known neuroprotective effects of E2 in these three CNS injuries in different animal models. Because activation of estrogen receptors has profound implications in maintaining and also affecting normal physiology, there are notable impediments in translating E2 therapy to the clinics for neuroprotection in CNS injuries in humans. While E2 may not yet be the sole molecule for the treatment of CNS injuries due to the controversies surrounding it, the neuroprotective effects of its metabolite and derivative or combination of E2 with another therapeutic agent are showing significant impacts in animal models that can potentially shape the new treatment strategies for these CNS injuries in humans.
Water mass analysis of the 2013 US GEOTRACES eastern Pacific zonal transect (GP16)

Abstract The 2013 US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16) extended from the Peruvian coast to Tahiti, along a line that fell between 10 and 15°S. This transect sampled the Peruvian oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) and the hydrothermal plume extending from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) for a variety of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). Here we report nutrient and hydrographic measurements collected on this cruise, as well as results from an Optimum Multiparameter Analysis (OMPA) to quantify the fractional contributions of endmember water masses in each sample. The primary goals of this study were to better understand the distribution of water masses in the eastern tropical Pacific, and to help interpret TEI measurements collected on this cruise, as well as related studies carried out in the region. In the thermocline, Equatorial Subsurface Water (ESSW) dominated the low oxygen waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific, blending into Eastern South Pacific Intermediate Water (ESPIW) and South Pacific Central Water (SPCW) further west. Below the thermocline, distributions of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Equatorial Pacific Intermediate Water (EqPIW) were relatively homogenous along the section between 800 and 1200 m depth. Deeper in the water column, distinct water mass signatures were found on opposite sides of the EPR: southward flowing Pacific Deep Water (PDW) dominated the basin east of the EPR, while the northward flowing Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) had the strongest contributions on the western side of the EPR. These findings support previous studies that indicate the Peruvian ODZ is largely contained within ESSW and that the EPR plays an important role in steering water mass distributions in the deep waters of the tropical Pacific. Overall, these results agree well with previous water mass analyses in this region and are consistent with the general circulation patterns in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Quasi-static properties of a photoviscoelastic material

This paper describes the results of mechanical and optical measurements in plasticized polyvinyl chloride under conditions of creep and relaxation at room temperature. It covers one task of a broader investigation aimed at developing experimental methods for viscoelastic stress analysis.