cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal cooperative CubeSat maneuvers obtained through parallel computing

Abstract CubeSats, the class of small standardized satellites, are quickly becoming a prevalent scientific research tool. The desire to perform ambitious missions using multiple CubeSats will lead to innovations in thruster technology and will require new tools for the development of cooperative trajectory planning. To meet this need, a new software tool was created to compute propellant-minimizing maneuvers for two or more CubeSats. By including parallelization techniques, this tool is shown to run significantly faster than its serial counterpart.
Cool-Climate or Warm-Spike Lateritic Bauxites at High Latitudes?

AbstractLaterites and bauxites and their associated Ultisols and Oxisols are widespread in warm-wet climates today, and their spread to high latitudes has been attributed to episodes of past global warming. Bauxitic paleosols from the Early Eocene Monaro Volcanics of southeastern Australia have been claimed as exceptions formed in a cool-wet climate. Reexamination and chemical analysis of a sequence of intrabasaltic paleosols in the Bega no. 7 core of radiometrically dated Monaro Volcanics now show highly variable paleotemperature and precipitation. The core includes 53 successive paleosols, mostly nonbauxitic, but bauxitic paleosols reveal local spikes in warmth and precipitation coincident with early Eocene (55-, 52-, 51-, and 48-Ma) global spikes of warmth, precipitation, and high atmospheric CO2. These bauxitic paleosols thus formed in warm-wet, not cool-dry, climates, and their poleward spread coincided with global greenhouse spikes.
Thrombolysis medication errors: benefits of bolus thrombolytic agents.

A recent report has highlighted the high incidence of medical errors in clinical practice and the important fact that errors are associated with increased mortality. This issue is now being examined closely in the field of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Numerous trials have found that the dose of the thrombolytic agent is closely related to outcome, with too low a dose associated with lower rates of infarct-related artery patency and higher doses associated with increased bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage. Thus, the "therapeutic window" for thrombolytic therapy is small, and the potential for adverse outcome from dosing errors is high. In the Global Use of Strategies To Open occluded arteries (GUSTO)-I trial, 13.5% of patients treated with streptokinase and 11.5% of patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) were subjected to a medication error (e.g., incorrect dose or infusion length). Most importantly, 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with medication errors: For t-PA dosing errors, mortality was 7.7% versus 5.5% for patients who received the correct t-PA dose (p<0.001); findings were similar for streptokinase. More recent data from the Intravenous n-PA for Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early (InTIME)-II trial and other studies showed that use of a bolus thrombolytic agent reduced the rate of medication errors. Thus, use of the simpler bolus thrombolytic agents may improve overall clinical outcome.
Case-only exome sequencing and complex disease susceptibility gene discovery: study design considerations

Whole exome sequencing (WES) provides an unprecedented opportunity to identify the potential aetiological role of rare functional variants in human complex diseases. Large-scale collaborations have generated germline WES data on patients with a number of diseases, especially cancer, but less often on healthy controls under the same sequencing procedures. These data can be a valuable resource for identifying new disease susceptibility loci if study designs are appropriately applied. This review describes suggested strategies and technical considerations when focusing on case-only study designs that use WES data in complex disease scenarios. These include variant filtering based on frequency and functionality, gene prioritisation, interrogation of different data types and targeted sequencing validation. We propose that if case-only WES designs were applied in an appropriate manner, new susceptibility genes containing rare variants for human complex diseases can be detected.
The effects of product digitalization and price dispersion on search intentions in offline versus online settings: the mediating effects of perceived risks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how a product‐related variable like digitalization and a market‐related variable like price dispersion might differentially influence consumer search intentions across offline versus online shopping interfaces, and how this relationship might be mediated by consumers' perceived risks. Prior research findings are extended and examines how the perceived risk – search intention relationship might be different in online contexts. The distinction is drawn between perceived performance risk versus perceived transaction risk and examines how each of these risks would differentially influence search intentions across the two shopping interfaces (offline versus online).Design/methodology/approach – Two experimental studies are conducted.Findings – Study 1 shows that under conditions when perceived performance risks are enhanced, such as for non‐digitalized (versus digitalized) products, consumers' search intentions are enhanced, with the effects getting magnified i...
The intelligence of emotional intelligence

Abstract Emotional intelligence is a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). We discuss (a) whether intelligence is an appropriate metaphor for the construct, and (b) the abilities and mechanisms that may underlie emotional intelligence.
Stability properties of mean flows with turning

The linear properties of eddies evolving in a mean flow that has backing or veering with height are analyzed. Several rates of turning are considered; the results for a 45° difference between the surface and upper level wind directions are illustrative and discussed in detail. The net compass orientation of the wind speed is also varied yielding results cognate with a previous article. Though the root mean square wind speed is unchanged, turning can significantly increase the growth rates since the sum of the two components of the vertical shear may be increased. The fastest growing wave has its wavefront aligned approximately perpendicular to the direction of the upper level flow. The wave properties are most easily influenced by the mean flow that is orthogonal to its wavefront. Thus waves moving parallel to the slow low-level flow propagate slower and are more bottom trapped than the waves moving with the faster upper flow. When there is turning, the relative importance of the variable Coriolis parameter is diminished. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01790.x
Characterization of Dimeric and Tetrameric μ‐Hydroxide Ytterbium(III) Binaphtholate Complexes

Shibasaki's heterobimetallic Lewis acids, M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln (M=Li, Na, K and Ln= lanthanide), are an exceptionally useful class of asymmetric catalysts that exhibit high levels of enantioselectivity across a wide range of reactions. In many instances, it is necessary to add water (and base) to achieve maximum enantioselectivity. We have investigated the reaction of water with M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Yb (M=Li, K) complexes and observed formation of a novel hydroxide-bridged dimer (M=Li) and tetramer (M=K). These compounds have been characterized, including X-ray structure analysis. Under anhydrous conditions, only 6-coordinate monomeric Li3(THF) n -(BINOLate) 3 Yb and K 3 (THF)n(BINOLate)3Yb complexes were isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Isolation of the dimer Li4(THF)7(BINOLate) 4 Yb 2 (μ-OH)2 and tetramer K4(THF)9(BINOLate) 6 Yb 4 (μ3-OH)4 indicates that added water can react with this important class of bifunctional catalyst to give new products.
Bulb-type onion introgressants posessing Allium fistulosum L. genes recovered from interspecific hybrid backcrosses between A. cepa L. and A. fistulosum L.

Allium fistulosum possesses a number of traits which would be desirable in A. cepa. Thus far, no commercial A. cepa cultivars have been released which harbor Allium fistulosum traits. F1BC3 populations were generated for this study by backcrossing A. cepa to A. cepa×A. fistulosum hybrids. The F1BC3 plants were evaluated for plant morphology, floral characters, male- sterile cytoplasm, soluble solids and pungency, and isozymes. Overall growth habit and floral characters of the F1BC3 plants were much like A. cepa. We report here the recovery of recombinant, bulbing, and fertile A. cepa-type onions that exhibit A. fistulosum isozyme alleles and morphological markers. Recombination between A. cepa and A. fistulosum genomes was achieved using the introgression strategy of backcrossing A. fistulosum into A. cepa, thereby ameliorating the nuclear cytoplasmic barriers that occurred in previous less successful introgression attempts when plants were not in A. cepa cytoplasm. We believe this report to be the first demonstration of onion introgressants that are like A. cepa in appearance, are male- and female-fertile, and possess A. fistulosum genes.
Bright light therapy decreases winter binge frequency in women with bulimia nervosa: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study

The study objective was to determine the effect of winter bright light therapy on binge and purge frequencies and depressive symptoms in subjects with bulimia nervosa. Thirty-four female bulimic outpatients were treated with either 10,000 lux bright white light or 50 lux dim red light (placebo control) during the winter months. In this double-blind study, the placebo group (n = 18) and the bright light group (n = 16) were matched for age, degree of seasonality (measured by the Seasonal Patterns Assessment Questionnaire [SPAQ]), and concurrent depression (measured by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [SCID]). Three weeks of baseline data collection were followed by 3 weeks of half-hour daily morning light treatment and 2 weeks of follow-up evaluation. There was a significant light-treatment by time interaction (Wilks' lambda = .81, F(2,28) = 3.31, P = .05). The mean binge frequency decreased significantly more from baseline to the end of treatment for the bright light group (F(1,29) = 6.41, P = .017) than for the placebo group. The level of depression (measured by daily Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] scores) did not significantly differ between the groups during any phase, and neither depression nor seasonality affected the response to light treatment. In this double-blind study, bulimic women who received 3 weeks of winter bright light treatment reported a reduced binge frequency between baseline and the active treatment period in comparison to subjects receiving dim red light.
Self-steepening of the density profile of a CO/sub 2/-laser-produced plasma

Interferometric measurements of plasmas produced by C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-laser pulses at intensities of ${10}^{14}$ W ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ provide direct evidence for density-profile modification due to radiation pressure.
Predation on Recently Released Larval American Shad in the Susquehanna River Basin

Abstract The release of 18-d-old larvae of American shad Alosa sapidissima is a major component of a program to restore shad in the Susquehanna River. At stocking sites we documented predation by the resident fish community on recently released American shad. Fish collections were made on three occasions 30–60 min after release of 0.38, 0.67, and 1.5 million larval American shad. All 15 species captured at the stocking sites had consumed larval shad. American shad larvae were in the stomachs of nearly 90% of the 1,163 examined fish and represented over 90% of stomach contents by weight. The predation rate was greatest for juvenile smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu (mean, 345 larvae/fish from 15 specimens) at the site of the highest-level shad stocking. The release of larval shad apparently triggered a feeding response in some cyprinids, and consumption of larvae increased with the number of shad released for numerically dominant spotfin shiners Cyprinella spiloptera and mimic shiners Notropis volucellu...
Successful implementation of a pediatric sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of a nursing-driven sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated pediatric patients on duration of use of analgesic and sedative medications. We hypothesized that a protocol would decrease length of sedation use and decrease days of mechanical ventilation and length
Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition in the Blue Potassium Molybdenum Bronze, K 0.30 Mo O 3 ; Example of a Possible Excitonic Insulator

The electrical conductivity of the blue-phase potassium molybdenum bronze ${\mathrm{K}}_{0.30}$Mo${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been extended down to 4 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Below 10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is weakly metallic. Above 10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, there is an activation energy for conduction of 0. 025 eV. Above 180 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ becomes metallic again with a discontinuity only in the slope. Several models are suggested to account for the semiconductor-to-metal transition in the absence of an antiferromagnetic N\'eel point or heat effect at 180 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Included are the Mott-Hubbard model with a short-range electron-hole attraction proposed by Ramirez, Falicov and Kimball, and the excitonic-insulator model on the semimetallic side. The latter, although semiquantitatively consistent with the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the weak temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, cannot be distinguished from a correlation-free model involving only a simple lattice distortion on the semimetallic side. The exciton binding energy is calculated to be 0.021 eV in satisfactory agreement with the low-temperature-conductivity activation energy (0.025 eV).
Medications at school: disposing of pharmaceutical waste.

BACKGROUND This project quantified and categorized medications left unclaimed by students at the end of the school year. It determined the feasibility of a model medication disposal program and assessed school nurses' perceptions of environmentally responsible medication disposal. METHODS At a large urban school district all unclaimed medications were collected at the end of a school year to determine the extent and nature of this problem. Nurses documented unclaimed medications and transported them to a central district location. An environmentally responsible medication disposal program, consisting of sealed containers bound for a local hospital's disposal system, was implemented. RESULTS In a school district of approximately 133,000 students, there were 926 different medications abandoned at the end of a school year brought to a central disposal area. Nurses complied with the newly implemented protocol. Information collected from nurses indicates acceptance of the program. Disposal of unclaimed medications at a central location, use of secured containers, and transportation to a hospital for environmentally responsible disposal proved to be feasible and acceptable to the staff. CONCLUSIONS Unclaimed medications at school each year pose a potentially huge environmental risk when disposed of improperly. It is feasible to implement an environmentally responsible medication disposal protocol at schools.
Weigle reactivation of the single-stranded DNA phage f1

The survival of ultraviolet light (UV) damaged single-stranded DNA bacteriophage f1 is increased when the Escherichia coli host is irradiated with UV prior to infection. This repair, called Weigle reactivation, is multiplicity independent and is absent in recA and in lexA mutants. The function of the recA-lexA repair system needed is repair and not recombination, as demonstrated by the absence of Weigle reactivation in mutants that are recombination proficient but defective in repair of double-stranded DNA. Weigle reactivation of f1 requires high levels of the recA protein, and in addition activation of recA or another protein. This activation can be produced by UV irradiation, or by the tif-1 allele of recA together with the spr allele of lexA. Mutagenesis of f1 has the same requirements as W-reactivation, and in addition requires UV irradiation of the phage.
CEA levels in patients with colorectal polyps

Preoperative plasma CEA levels were measured in 93 selected patients with histologically defined colorectal adenomata removed at fibroptic colonoscopy in order to determine whether CEA levels are elevated in patients with colonic polyps, or vary with different histologic patterns. None of the patients had inflammatory bowel disease, previous history of carcinoma, or evidence of liver disease. Fifteen percent of the patients had elevated CEA levels (greater than or equal to 2.5 ng/ml; Hansen method), and two-thirds of these were between 2.5 and 4.0 ng/ml. Increased association of elevated CEA levels was noted with old age, villous adenomas (2- to 4-fold), and increased tumor size (greater than 2.3-cm diameter; 2-fold), but not with foci of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as such. One-half (7/14) of the patients with elevated CEA levels showed the following: two patients had villous tumors with carcinoma in situ, one had a villous adenoma, two had mixed villous and tubular adenomas (with a high proportion of villous pattern), and two were subsequently shown to have carcinoma elsewhere in the colon. It is uncertain that the polyps were the source of the elevated circulating CEA levels; other factors including smoking and patient selection need to be considered. This preliminary study suggests that patients with colorectal adenomata and elevated circulating CEA may be at higher risk for the development of carcinoma. Further follow-up studies of the malignant potential of the polyp-bearing colon are essential.
Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown in the Abelian Higgs Model

For the abelian Higgs model we introduce a new gauge invariant observable which in Landau gauge is $$\phi (x)\bar \phi (y)$$ . In three or more dimensions this observable is used to show that the global gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken in the lattice theory for a suitable range of parameters. This observable also provides a gauge invariant order parameter for the phase transition in this model.
Appraising the Character of a College

The effectiveness of college and university consultants depends on whether or not they understand and appreciate the institutional context in which they are working. Using examples from different types of colleges and universities, the author of this article describes how three clusters of institutional properties (mission, philosophy, culture) work together to influence the behavior of students, faculty, and administrators. Four suggestions are offered for consultants who wish to incorporate appraisals of institutional character in their work.
Automation in the design of asynchronous sequential circuits

Sequential switching circuits are commonly classified as being either synchronous or asynchronous. Clock pulses synchronize the operations of the synchronous circuit. The operation of an asynchronous circuit is usually assumed to be independent of such clocks. The operating speed of an asynchronous circuit is thus limited only by basic device speed. One disadvantage of asynchronous circuit design has been the complexity of the synthesis procedures for large circuits.
Real-Time Condition Monitoring of the Electrolytic Capacitors for Power Electronics Applications

The objective of this paper is to propose a new low cost method to detect the changes in equivalent series resistor (ESR) and the capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor in order to realize the real-time condition monitoring of an electrolytic capacitor. Experimental and simulation results are discussed to illustrate the proposed condition monitoring technique. In addition, it is shown that the proposed method can be used for a non-stationary system where waveforms are continuously varying in amplitude, frequency, and phase. The proposed on-line failure prediction method has the merits of low cost and circuit simplicity.
Notes on the Biology of Trypanosoma ambystomae Lehmann 1954. I. The Cultivation of T. ambystomae

SUMMARY. Trypanosoma ambystomae has been cultivated in NNN agar for a period of 45 days. The flagellates can be subcultured in NNN agar and in dried beef-blood nutrient agar; growth in the latter medium is not as prolific as in NNN agar. No growth was obtained by attempted subcultures in dried beef-blood glucose broth.
A study of the antiarrhythmic action of certain beta-blocking agents☆☆☆

Abstract The effects of the beta-blocking agents, MJ-1999 (sotalol) and practolol, against ouabain and digoxin-induced ventricular rhythm disturbances were studied to evaluate the nature of the action which is involved in the antiarrhythmic action of these beta-blocking agents. Sotalol and practolol, in doses that have been reported to have little effect on cardiac excitability, protected against digoxin-induced arrhythmias. Practolol, but not the low dose of sotalol, protected against ouabain-induced cardiotoxicity. The dose of sotalol necessary to protect against ouabain-induced arrhythmias was five times greater than that necessary to protect against digoxin-induced arrhythmia and has been reported to directly depress cardiac excitability. The maximum rate of ventricular tachycardia produced by ouabain or digoxin was slower in the animals pretreated with practolol but not in those pretreated with sotalol. The slowing in heart rate produced by beta-blocking agents could not be correlated with the protection afforded against either digoxin or ouabain-induced arrhythmia. The data suggest that the capacity of beta-receptor blocking agents to reduce cardiac excitability may not be the only mechanism responsible for their antiarrhythmic action. Both practolol and sotalol protected against digoxin-induced arrhythmias and the only action common to both agents is beta blockade. Therefore, it is suggested that the beta blocking action is responsible for the antiarrhythmic action against digoxin-induced arrhythmias. However, since only practolol protected against ouabain-induced rhythm disturbances in doses which do not depress cardiac excitability and since it differs from sotalol in that it has the capacity to depress adrenergic nervous activity in these doses, it is suggested that the neural depressant action of practolol is responsible, at least in part, for its antiarrhythmic action against ouabain-induced cardiotoxicity.
Numerical simulation of the semi-classical limit of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract We present a series of careful numerical experiments on the semi-classical limit of the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We observe the emergence of an ordered train of solitons, which was originally predicted by one of the authors botseed on a numerical and analytical study of the Zakharov-Shabat eigenvalue problem. The velocity and amplitude of the salitonsion in the train are in extremely good agreement with the predictions of the previous work. We also observe a difference in behavior between analytic and non-analytic initial data which suggests that, at least for certain initial data, the elliptic modulation equations are correct.
Mechanistic steps in the photoreduction of mercury in natural waters

Abstract Elemental mercury accounts for 10–50% of the dissolved mercury in lakes but plays a vital role in the cycling of this element in lacustrine environments. The view is advanced that a large fraction of the Hg(0) is generated by photochemical reactions in the surface waters. Possible mechanisms for the Hg(0) production are discussed including homogeneous photolysis of dissolved Hg species and photoreduction processes involving organic molecules and inorganic particulates in water.
Influence of ion mixing, ion beam‐induced roughness and temperature on the depth resolution of sputter depth profiling of metallic bilayer interfaces

To study the factors limiting the depth resolution of sputter depth profiling, we have examined the influence of ion mixing, ion beam-induced roughness and temperature on the interface resolution of metallic bilayers consisting of Pt on top of Ni or Ti. We studied Pt/Ni and Pt/Ti interfaces because Ni and Ti have similar ballistic properties, including atomic mass and number, but the heat of mixing, ΔHm of Pt/Ni and Pt/Ti are significantly different, -7 and -122 kJ g-1 at.-1, respectively. We observed that the measured interface width for Pt/Ti is ∼2.5 nm wider than that of Pt/Ni under identical experimental conditions, indicating the importance of the heat of mixing during ion mixing. Furthermore, for the given sputtering geometry we found that the interface widths were proportional to the square root of the Pt layer thickness. This thickness dependence was absent when the sample was rotated during sputtering, suggesting that the thickness dependence was largely due to roughness caused by unidirectional sputtering. We also investigated the influence of substrate temperature and found a small (0.7 nm) decrease in interface width at 150 K relative to that at 300 K, which may be due to reduced preferential sputtering and a smoother surface. Our studies show the importance of thermodynamic parameters in low-energy ion mixing and support our earlier conclusion that diffusion in a thermal spike is a dominant mechanism in low-energy ion mixing, just as it is at high energies in these systems.
Practice variation in Aspergillus prophylaxis and treatment among lung transplant centers: a national survey.

Background Fungal infections remain a substantial cause of mortality in lung transplant (LTx) recipients, yet no comprehensive consensus guidelines have been established for antifungal prophylaxis and treatment of Aspergillus infection in these patients. Methods A cross-sectional study surveyed the directors from 27 of 64 (45.5%) active LTx centers in the United States to examine clinical practice variations in Aspergillus prophylaxis and treatment of colonization and invasive aspergillosis (IA) in LTx recipients. Results Antifungal prophylaxis increased from 52.3% in 2011 to 77.8% in 2013, with the most common agent being inhaled amphotericin B (61.9%), followed by oral voriconazole (51.9%). A total of 74.1% of centers treat Aspergillus airway colonization, with 80.0% of centers using oral voriconazole. All centers treat IA, with 92.6% using oral voriconazole. The duration of Aspergillus prophylaxis and treatment of colonization or IA varied widely across centers from 3 months to >1 year. A total of 51.9% of centers reported internal practice variations in the treatment of IA. Factors guiding treatment decisions included microbiologic culture and sensitivity (74.1%), ease of administration (59.3%), interaction with other medications (55.5%), side effect profile (51.8%), and center guidelines (48.1%). Although 85.2% of LTx centers recommended routine skin cancer screening for LTx recipients, only 44.4% of LTx centers reported having a dedicated transplant dermatologist. Conclusion Most active US LTx centers currently employ antifungal prophylaxis and treat Aspergillus colonization and IA, although choice of agent, route of administration, and duration of therapy across and within centers continue to differ substantially. The number of transplant dermatologists available among US LTx centers is limited. Overall, a strong need exists for more comprehensive consensus guidelines to direct antifungal prophylaxis and treatment of Aspergillus infection in LTx recipients.
Linear systems of free groups

Basic definitions are given for an input/ output theory and transform calculus for stationary, discrete-time linear systems on a time set isomorphic to a free group. Relationships with free ideal rings are pointed out, and an algorithm for computing minimal realizations is conjectured.
MASS ESTIMATES FOR GALACTIC DARK MATTER OBJECTS AS A TEST OF A FRACTAL COSMOLOGICAL PARADIGM

Empirical mass estimates for the enigmatic galactic dark matter objects (GDMOs), which account for most of the mass of the universe, but remain unidentified, are compared with the definitive predictions of a discrete fractal model of the cosmos. Trends in the reported mass estimates are identified and uncertainties are discussed. Intriguing similarities among various stellar and dark matter mass functions are noted, and a possible identification of the galactic dark matter objects is suggested.
The influence of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate upon the activity of the membrane-associated (Ca2++Mg2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of the human erythrocyte

The phosphohydrolase activity of the membrane-associated (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of the human erythrocyte can be inhibited by micromolar of nanomolar concentrations of cyclic AMP. Millimolar concentrations of cyclic AMP are less effective. The inhibitory effect of cyclic AMP is potentiated in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline.
Two-way model with random cell sizes.

Abstract We consider inference for row effects in the presence of possible interactions in a two-way fixed effects model when the numbers of observations are themselves random variables. Let Nij be the number of observations in the ( i , j ) cell, π ij be the probability that a particular observation is in that cell and μ ij be the expected value of an observation in that cell. We assume that the { N ij } have a joint multinomial distribution with parameters n and { π ij } . Then μ ¯ i . = ∑ j π ij μ ij / ∑ j π ij is the expected value of a randomly chosen observation in the ith row. Hence, we consider testing that the μ ¯ i . are equal. With the { π ij } unknown, there is no obvious sum of squares and F-ratio computed by the widely available statistical packages for testing this hypothesis. Let Y ¯ i ‥ be the sample mean of the observations in the ith row. We show that Y ¯ i ‥ is an MLE of μ ¯ i . , is consistent and is conditionally unbiased. We then find the asymptotic joint distribution of the Y ¯ i ‥ and use it to construct a sensible asymptotic size α test of the equality of the μ ¯ i . and asymptotic simultaneous ( 1 − α ) confidence intervals for contrasts in the μ ¯ i . .
High-frequency time-ratio control with insulated and isolated inputs

Fast-responding amplifiers are needed in many industrial and defense systems. Systems using power amplifiers with one to 1000 watts of output dc power require high performance. The requirements often include high efficiency, light weight, compactness, high reliability, economy, and simplicity, along with fast response and insulated multiple inputs. These performances are required in applications such as controls for high-power inverters and converters, motors, generators, light, heat, dc-to-ac inverters, power supplies, servo systems, etc. This paper presents a transistor-magnetic power amplifier with multiple insulated and isolated inputs (Fig. 1) with characteristics in Fig. 2. The technique of time-ratio control [1] is used to provide light weight, compactness, high efficiency, and high reliability. High-speed power transistors (0.1 μs) combined with a tunnel diode circuit permit high chopping frequency (50 kc). The base current of the power transistor is switched in-less than 0.02 μs. Insulated and isolated inputs are provided by a small saturable transformer the size of a TO-5 transistor case. Transistor inputs are used on the saturable transformer. Germanium power transistors (such as 2N1907) are used to provide economy, but silicon transistors can be used for applications at high ambient temperature. The circuit of Fig. 1 is used to fire controlled rectifiers for inverters and converters. A pulse transformer in series with a resistor replaces the load of Fig. 1 when needed in firing circuits. A simple time-ratio control (TRC) circuit is presented that controls the output [Fig. 2(a)] by varying the chopping frequency from 50 kc to 5 kc. The multiple inputs are illustrated. A constant frequency (50 kc) TRC is presented that controls load voltage from zero to the supply voltage [Fig. 2(b)]. The output responds to the control signal in 40 μs. The tunnel diode switching circuit is also presented.
Bench-scale recovery of phosphorus from flushed dairy manure wastewater

Recovery of phosphorus (P) from flushed dairy manure in an easily-dewatered form would enable farmers to manage P as a resource rather than land-apply it in excess at environmental risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate (i) the feasibility of P recovery and (ii) the form of recovered P from flushed dairy manure wastewater using crystallization in a fluidized-bed reactor. Wastewater was pumped directly from a dairy farm reservoir and continuously fed in parallel through four bench-scale fluidized-bed reactors deployed on-site. Chemical additives (NaOH and MgSO4) required for recovery were injected directly into the zone of fluidization. Recovered P forms were assessed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and micro-elemental analysis. Recovery of P as poorly-crystalline hydroxylapatite (HAP) was documented in coatings ultrasonically removed from quartz seed grains following fluidization at elevated pH in conjunction with MgSO4 injection. Addition of MgSO4 was required to prevent CaCO3 precipitation upon pH elevation and hence enable calcium phosphate precipitation. It is likely that MgSO4 inhibited CaCO3 via formation of MgCO3 (aq). Periclase (MgO), which also served as an effective seed material, generated sufficient alkalinity at grain surfaces to precipitate abundant CaCO3 and in some cases detectable Ca phosphate even without NaOH addition to elevate pH of bulk solution.
Energy minimizing shapes of partially inflated large scientific balloons

A large scientific balloon is constructed from long tapered sheets of polyethylene called gores that are sealed edge to edge with a load tape attached along each seal. Usually the film is assumed to be inextensible and fully deployed at float. In reality, the film is elastic and some straining is present in the film. Because the balloon film cannot support a compressive stress, a small internal contiguous fold of excess material can form along the center of each gore when excess material is present. The complete shape is cyclic and can be generated from a single half-gore. To model these configurations, we utilize a variational principle based on the gravitational potentials of the lifting gas and balloon film and strain energy. The balloon system includes external caps, load tapes, payload, and top fitting. The balloon is modeled as a faceted surface and a constant strain model is used to describe the state of strain within each facet. An isotropic plane-stress constitutive model is used to estimate the stress distribution. We will use the volume ν as a parameter and compute a family of strained balloon shapes for 0.91νd ≤ ν ≤ νd.
Light scattering by an optically active sphere

Abstract The scattering of light by a sphere with intrinsic optical activity is calculated exactly from electromagnetic theory using the constitutive equations appropriate for an optically active, isotropic medium. The resulting scattering matrix is different from that obtained by previous investigators.
Identity-Based Internet Protocol Networking

The Identity-Based Internet Protocol (IBIP) Network project is experimenting with a new enterprise oriented network architecture using standard Internet Protocol to encode identity (ID) information into the IP packet by a new edge security device referred to as the IBIP policy enforcement point (PEP). This is a variant of a network admission control process that establishes user and host identities as well as provides optional information on host visibility, organizational affiliation, current role, and trust metric (associated with the user and host endpoints). Our motivation is to increase our security posture by leveraging identity, reducing our threat exposure, enhancing situational understanding of our environment, and simplifying network operations. In addition to authentication, we leverage strong anti-spoofing technology to improve accountability. We reduce our threat surface by “hiding” our client hosts and making all infrastructure devices inaccessible. Any attempt to access a hidden host or infrastructure device results in a policy violation attributable to the user/host that caused the violation and provides enhanced situational awareness of such activities. Our servers can also have a “permissible use” policy that ensures that the server only operates across the network per that policy. Finally, as users log in and servers are added to the network all dynamic configurations for access control initiated by such changes are automatically carried out without manual intervention, thereby reducing potential vulnerabilities caused by human errors.
The quasibinary system SnTeSn4As3

Abstract The SnTeSn 4 As 3 isopleth of the ternary system SnTeAs has been investigated by thermal analysis, and micrographic and X-ray techniques. The diagram is of the simple eutectic type with no intermediate compound formation. The eutectic melts at 576.5 °C and contains 12.5 wt.% SnTe, 87.5 wt.% Sn 4 As 3 . The mutual solid-solubilities of SnTe and Sn 4 As 3 are less than 1 wt.% at 550 °C.
The Burden of Pulmonary Hypertension in Resource-Limited Settings

Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) is a significant global health problem and accounts for a substantial portion of cardiovascular disease in the developing world. Although there have been considerable advances in therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension, over 97% of the disease burden lies within the developing world where there is limited access to health care and pharmaceuticals. The causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension differ between industrialized and developing nations. Infectious diseases-including schistosomiasis human immunodeficiency virus, and rheumatic fever-are common causes of PVD, as are hemoglobinopathies, and untreated congenital heart disease. High altitude and exposure to household air pollutants also contribute to a significant portion of PVD cases. Although diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension requires the use of imaging and invasive hemodynamics, access to equipment may be limited. PVD therapies may be prohibitively expensive and limited to a select few. Prevention is therefore important in limiting the global PVD burden.
Regulatory oversight in transplantation: are the patients really better off?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article conveys early findings with respect to changes in patient and graft survival since Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations for Medicare coverage of solid organ transplantation became effective on 28 June 2007. RECENT FINDINGS Programmes cited by CMS for subpar outcomes have strong incentives to improve performance and have risen to the challenge. Adult kidney programmes that entered into System Improvement Agreements or were approved for mitigating factors by CMS, for which there is a 2-year postsurvey tracking period (N = 15), improved their standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for 1-year posttransplant patient survival from 2.05 to 1.17 on average. Volume in some of those programmes tended to decline, whereas national volume increased. Nationally, average donor risk across U.S. adult kidney transplant programmes increased approximately 6% from CY2001 through CY2010. Average recipient risk also increased. Despite increased risk profiles, national survival rates for all organ types continued to increase from 2007 through 2010. SUMMARY People who receive transplants from programmes cited by CMS for subpar outcomes tend to have much improved prospects for posttransplant survival. Individuals waitlisted in those programmes may face lower odds of receiving a transplant, at least temporarily, due to the tendency of such programmes to reduce volume as they regroup to improve their outcomes.
Women Vietnam Veterans: Do PTSD Symptoms Mediate Effects of Warzone Service on Health?

We used regression models to assess the impact of warzone stress on physical and mental health of 975 female Vietnam veteran nurses, and whether current PTSD symptoms mediated these relations. Women's Vietnam Memorial Project members were surveyed in 1998, with analyses adjusted for age, length of military service, and current health symptoms. Findings suggest that among women nurses deployed to Vietnam, the effects of warzone stress many years earlier on current health are both direct and indirect, mediated by PTSD symptoms. The legacy of wartime deployment remains, although muted in its expression, in military nurses nearly 30 years after their return.
Composition Dependent Model for the Prediction of Syngas Ash Deposition With Application to a Leading Edge Turbine Vane

An improved physical model to predict flyash deposition is developed and discussed in this paper. This model differs from its predecessor [1, 2] by accounting for deposition of syngas ash particles below the ash softening temperature. The modified deposition model is based on the critical viscosity approach. To test this model, deposition of ash particles impacted on a flat, 45° wedge shape geometry is computed and the results obtained from the numerical model are compared to Crosby et al. [3]. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to model the flow field and flyash particles are modeled using a discrete Lagrangian framework. Results quantify deposition for 4 pm particles of various ash composition samples. Most of the deposition occurs at the stagnation region of the target plate. At 1456K, out of all the ash samples considered in this study, ND ash sample shows the highest capture efficiency (8.84%) and HNP01 ash sample exhibits the lowest capture efficiency (3.61%). In general, capture efficiencies for all ash samples followed an exponential trend with temperature. Additionally, this model is also compared to results obtained from the flat plate deposition experiments conducted here at Virginia Tech using PVC particles [4]. In the case of PVC particles, the sticking probability in the deposition model assumed an exponential increase in deposition rate with temperature and was calibrated with one experimental data point. The results obtained from this model for PVC particles showed excellent agreement with the experimental measurements over a range of temperatures.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Manifesto for Sociologists: Institution Formation—A New Sociology

Almost all of American sociology has abdicated the responsibility for finding solutions to the most urgent problems facing our society. What sociologists usually do is merely observe and ask questions as "objective" outsiders. They come to the people who are actually doing things in the world when they have a few moments to spare from doing laboratory-manipulated studies of students paid for by foundations and government and then use various techniques to find out what these people are doing in their groups or institutions, always looking in from the position of a neutral non-involved observer. We are nauseous over the continual
Transmural ventricular activation during consecutive cycles of sustained ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Although computerized mapping has enabled the intraoperative delineation of global ventricular activation from a single complex of ventricular tachycardia (VT), beat-to-beat reproducibility of isochronic maps has not been defined. To determine the reliability of single-beat analysis, epicardial and transmural ventricular electrograms during 6 consecutive VT cycles were analyzed in 10 patients during intraoperative mapping of sustained monomorphic VT. Bipolar electrograms were recorded simultaneously using sock and needle electrodes from up to 96 epicardial and 156 transmural sites. In each patient, at each electrode site, local activation time, electrogram duration and morphology were compared over 6 consecutive beats. A total of 9,816 electrograms were analyzed. For each patient, the isochronic activation map during VT was reproducible. Mean beat-to-beat variations in local epicardial and transmural activation times were only 1.7 ± 1.7 and 2.04 ± 1.9 ms, respectively (difference not significant). Moreover, electrogram duration did not vary significantly. Mean variations in epicardial and transmural electrogram durations were 2.1 ± 1.8 and 1.4 ± 1.9 ms, respectively (difference not significant). There were only 2 instances of 2:1 conduction failure; both occurred intramurally and adjacent to a site of VT origin. Thus, transmural ventricular activation during sustained monomorphic VT is reproducible regardless of electrode site or electrogram duration. These results demonstrate that analysis of a single beat of VT is a reliable and expedient method to delineate ventricular activation during intraoperative computerized mapping for the purpose of clinical decision-making in patients with sustained monomorphic VT.
Satellite DNA in differentiating chick tissues

Embryonic chick DNA from different tissues was examined for differences which might indicate specific DNA amplification in somatic cells. The problem was approached by determining the DNA compositional heterogeneity and searching for possible variation in different tissues of the 12-day chick. Neural retina, muscle, and whole decapitated (general) chick DNA were analyzed in CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradients. While overloaded CsCl gradients showed a main band (rho = 1.701 g/cm3) and a heavy shoulder (rho = 1.716 g/cm3), overloaded Cs2SO4 gradients displayed a main band (rho = 1.426 g/cm3) and a discrete heavy satellite (rho = 1.447 g/cm3). This satellite, comprising approximately 1% of the whole cell DNA, appeared to be of nuclear origin and not related to mitochondrial DNA, which was found to have a density of 1.426 g/cm3 in Cs2SO4. No differences were found in the densities of the main band or the satellite DNA in the DNA samples isolated from the different tissues. However, the method of DNA isolation was found to be of crucial importance when comparing satellite DNA's among different tissues.
Clergy’s Views of the Relationship between Science and Religious Faith and the Implications for Science Education

Since many teachers and students recognize other kinds of knowledge (faith) based on other ways of knowing, consideration of these realities is appropriate for the science education community. Understanding the multitude of ways that clergy view relationships between science and faith (i.e. alternative ways of knowing) would assist in understanding various ways that people address complex issues arising from ideas about science and faith. We administered a questionnaire composed of multiple-choice and short answer items to 63 United Methodist ministers. Findings included (1) that formal, organized faith contexts (e.g. church services) serve as informal science education opportunities, (2) participants demonstrated considerable diversity regarding the types of relationships developed between science and faith, and (3) participants recognized a need exists for better understandings of science and its relationship to faith for them, their colleagues, and their congregations.
Near infrared spectroscopy of SL-9 impacts

We provide a preliminary description of the campaign of infrared spectroscopy of the SL-9 impacts carried out at the Steward Observatory 2.3m telescope. The data include high resolution (R = 3500) measurements of the impact sites, monitoring of auroral emissions, and spectra of two impact fireballs.