cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Diagnosis and Intervention in Older and Younger Patients in a Primary Care Clinic: Effect of a Screening and Diagnostic Instrument

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patient age is associated with psychiatric diagnosis or provider intervention in a busy primary care clinic, and, if so, whether a screening and diagnostic tool, the PRIME-MD, modifies age-related differences. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: PRIME-MD use, psychiatric diagnosis, and provider interventions for psychiatric conditions were recorded for eligible patients attending a Veterans Affairs Medical Center primary care clinic. Data from 952 younger ( 65 years) were analyzed to determine whether there were age-related differences in diagnosis/intervention and if use of the PRIME-MD modified these differences. INTERVENTION: Implementation of the PRIME-MD, a two-step instrument consisting of a self-administered patient questionnaire and a provider-administered structured diagnostic interview. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures were rates of (1) PRIME-MD use, (2) overall psychiatric diagnosis, (3) new psychiatric diagnosis, and (4) provider intervention for psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: There was no association between patient age and PRIME-MD use. Older patients were less likely to receive a psychiatric diagnosis in analyses that adjusted for “highly positive” screening questionnaires (OR =. 45; P < .001). Older patients were also less likely to receive an intervention for a psychiatric condition in analyses that adjusted for whether a psychiatric diagnosis (OR = .62, P = .015) or a new psychiatric diagnosis (OR = .36, P < .001) was made during the study visit. The PRIME-MD increased rates of diagnosis and intervention but did not alter age-related disparities. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased rates of psychiatric diagnosis and intervention in older primary care patients are of concern. Implementing the PRIME-MD will likely increase rates of diagnosis and intervention but will need to be accompanied by additional measures to eliminate age-related disparities. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:1499–1505, 1998.
Clarification of Juice by Thermolabile Valencia Pectinmethylesterase Is Accelerated by Cations

Pectinmethylesterase (PME) was isolated from Valencia orange pulp and added to reconstituted juice at 1.2 units/mL of juice in the presence or absence of cations at 4.2 or 16.7 mM. The percent transmittance (%T) of control juices with no added PME or cation did not clarify. The %T of juices with added PME and added cation was 45-55% by the second day. Increases in the average particle size was observed with PME- or cation-added juices and preceded increases in %T. Most likely, cations displaced PME from an inactive pectin substrate complex and increased clarification. PME, in the absence of cations, increased particle size but did not affect %T, suggesting a direct interaction of PME with cloud particles.
MR assessment of left ventricular function: quantitative comparison of fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) with fast gradient echo cine technique.

We compared the quantitative measurement of ventricular function obtained with Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition (FIESTA) cine technique and Fast GRE (gradient echo) cine technique. FIESTA cine images consistently resulted in higher end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), but lower myocardial mass of left ventricle (LV) than Fast GRE cine images. The ejection fraction (EF) was calculated from measured EDV and ESV. The average EF value determined by FIESTA was about 9.4% smaller than that on Fast GRE. For over a decade, cardiac MR cine imaging has been used as a non- invasive method for the assessment of ventricular function. Recently, FIESTA (also known as balanced FFE, True FISP, and SSFP) MR cine imaging has been applied in many sites for assessment of ventricular function. Some studies have reported that this newer technique resulted in higher blood pool volume and lower mass measurements compared to breath-hold gradient echo technique (l-31. However, it has remained uncertain if the FIESTA technique can consistently produce different results, especially EF measurements, than those obtained by the fast gradient echo technique. Answering this question would be clinically useful for better assessment of cardiac function. For this purpose, we compared the quantitative measurements of ventricular function obtained from FIESTA cine and Fast GRE (gradient echo) cine techniques. Five parameters including EDV, ESV, stroke volume (SV), EF, and myocardial mass of LV were analyzed in this study.
Developmental regulation of the alpha 1B-adrenoceptor in the sheep kidney.

ABSTRACT: The expression of renal α1B-adrenoceptor (α1B-AR) mRNA was studied and contrasted with the expression of renal renin mRNA in fetal and newborn sheep. Fetal sheep between 90 and 91, 116 and 118, and 139 and 141 d gestation (term is 145 d gestation) as well as newborn lambs between 1 and 2 d old and 8 and 10 d old were studied (n = 3 for each age range). The role of the renal nerves in regulating changes in α1B-AR gene expression was also investigated by measuring renal cortical α1B-AR mRNA levels and receptor kd and maximum number of binding sites in 24-h-old lambs that were either denervated (n = 6) or sham-operated (n = 5) 3 d before birth. During development, renal α1B-AR mRNA levels show a marked increase in term fetuses; this increase persists into the first 2 d of life and is distinct from the developmental pattern seen for renal renin mRNA levels. Denervation of term fetuses does not alter the expression of renal α1B-AR mRNA in newborn lambs when compared with sham-operated controls but decreases significantly the expression of the renin gene (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the α1B-AR gene is developmentally regulated in the kidney in a pattern distinct from that seen for renin. Furthermore, the renal nerves, which play an important role in the regulation of renin gene expression at the time of birth, do not appear to be an important factor in the regulation of the α1B-AR during the maturation from fetal to newborn life.
Five hundred years of hydrological drought in the upper Colorado River Basin

Abstract: This article evaluates drought scenarios of the Upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) considering multiple drought variables for the past 500 years and positions the current drought in terms of the magnitude and frequency. Drought characteristics were developed considering water-year data of UCRB’s streamflow, and basin-wide averages of the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) and the Palmer Z Index. Streamflow and drought indices were reconstructed for the last 500 years using a principal component regression model based on tree-ring data. The reconstructed streamflow showed higher variability as compared with reconstructed PHDI and reconstructed Palmer Z Index. The magnitude and severity of all droughts were obtained for the last 500 years for historical and reconstructed drought variables and ranked accordingly. The frequency of the current drought was obtained by considering two different drought frequency statistical approaches and three different methods of determining the beginning and end of the drought period (annual, 5-year moving, and ten year moving average). It was concluded that the current drought is the worst in the observed record period (1923-2004), but 6th to 14th largest in terms of magnitude and 1st to 12th considering severity in the past 500 years. Similarly, the current drought has a return period ranging from 37 to 103 years based on how the drought period was determined. It was concluded that if the 10-year moving average is used for defining the drought period, the current drought appears less severe in terms of magnitude and severity in the last 500 years compared with the results using 1- and 5-year averages.
Improving Extended-Range Seasonal Predictions of Intense Atlantic Hurricane Activity

Abstract This study shows that hindcasts of seasonal numbers of intense Atlantic hurricanes made using a nonlinear statistical model are superior to those made by linear statistical models previously described in the literature. A fully cross-validated Poisson model achieves an increase of nearly 40% in hindcast skill when compared to a fully cross-validated linear model. Improvements are most evident for years with relatively large numbers of intense hurricanes. It is suggested that a significant improvement in forecast skill is possible with the Poisson model. A prediction for the 1993 season is made, and calls for two intense hurricanes to visit the Atlantic basin.
Surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations.

Abstract Background The contemporary neurosurgeon is often confronted by cavernous malformations. Those located in the brainstem are particularly challenging Methods This article reviews published series on the natural history and surgical outcomes of these lesions and discusses the surgical approaches used at our institution for their resection. Results Despite their challenging location in the brainstem, appropriately selected lesions can be resected surgically with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality. Conclusions Our institutional philosophy on the surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations reflects the substantial surgical experience of the senior author.
Control, Resistance, and Empowerment in Raced, Gendered, and Classed Work Contexts: The Case of African American Women

This chapter uses feminist and critical organizational communication perspectives to examine control, resistance, and empowerment as revealed in the literature on African American women’s work experiences. Acker’s (1991) model of gendered organizations is extended to include race and class, and to frame an understanding of African American women’s subordination (control) and resistance (empowerment) in work situations. This chapter presents evidence of African American women’s subordination in three aspects of raced, gendered, and classed work contexts: (a) organizational divisions (e.g., divisions of labor, allowed behaviors, and work spaces), (b) symbolic constructions, and (c) workplace interactions. African American women’s empowerment in these work contexts are revealed in five themes that are informed by a Black feminist perspective and that are expressed somewhat differently by working-class or working-poor women as compared to middle-and upper-class women in the professions. Implications for theor...
Der A2+-Mechanismus der säurekatalytischen Hydrolyse von Epoxiden und anderen cyklischen Oxa- Verbindungen

It is suggested that the acid catalyzed hydrolyses of isobutene oxide and propene oxide proceed via rate-determining bimolecular reaction between a carbonium ion and solvent water (A2+ mechanism). The carbonium ion is formed by ring opening of the protonated epoxide, in a relatively fast preceding step. This mechanism is in agreement with all experimental facts known today. There is evidence for a similar mechanism in the acid catalyzed hydrolyses of cyclic acetals.
Structural properties of CdTe and ZnTe thin films deposited on flexible foil substrates

A common feature of the most efficient laboratory scale CdS/CdTe solar cells has been the use of close-spaced sublimation (CSS) for the deposition of CdTe [1]. In this study, the growth of CdTe and ZnTe thin films deposited on flexible foil substrates by CSS has been investigated in order to study their structural properties for solar cell applications. Thin films of CdTe were deposited by CSS onto substrates held at temperatures in the range of 400–550°C. The effect of the substrate-source temperature and the growth rate on the structure and surface morphology of CdTe films were analyzed. The structural and surface morphology of the CdTe films were determined by XRD and SEM. Similar studies have been done on the growth characteristics of ZnTe which is often used as a back contact interlayer.
General attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An evaluation of a causal model

Abstract General constructs of work attitudes and organizational withdrawal were examined. Retirement intentions and desires to retire were included in a conceptualization and measurement of organizational withdrawal because of recent legislation removing mandatory retirement for virtually all employees. Based on the findings from an earlier study (Hanisch & Hulin, 1990) , a causal model of work attitudes, work withdrawal, and job withdrawal was developed and tested on a sample of 348 academic and nonacademic employees at a large state university. Health satisfaction, health condition, retirement valence, and biographical information were also included in the hypothesized causal model. Two-stage LISREL VI maximum likelihood estimation procedures were used to test the fit of the measurement and structural model. Several indices indicated that the measurement and structural models fit the data modestly well. The usefulness of studying organizational withdrawal as a general construct and its relation to general attitudinal measures are discussed. Implications of retirement as a voluntary withdrawal behavior are also described.
A generalized method for Lagrangian modeling of power conversion circuit with integrated magnetic components

A generalized Lagrangian is proposed to enable systematic analysis of integrated magnetic components. Although a few conventional theories are known that handle magnetic circuit, they cause difficulties in modeling or analysis, especially when applied to a highly integrated core. These difficulties are avoided in the proposed theory, as its Lagrangian is configurable directly from the physical core structure. As an example, the Lagrangian of the trans-linked three-phase boost converter is presented. Along with the Lagrangian, two types of circuit analysis are also presented: one is to obtain the state-space model of the converter; the other is to translate the integrated magnetic component into an equivalent circuit of basic components such as transformers and inductors. The analyses show the usefulness of the proposed method in practical applications. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neutron Resonance Averaging with Filtered Beams

Neutron resonance averaging using filtered beams from a reactor source has proven to be an effective nuclear structure tool within certain limitations. These limitations are imposed by the nature of the averaging process, which produces fluctuations in radiative intensities. The fluctuations have been studied quantitatively. Resonance averaging also gives us information about initial or capture state parameters, in particular the photon strength function. Suitable modifications of the filtered beams are suggested for the enhancement of non-resonant processes.
How tight an embrace? Choosing the optimal degree of partner interaction in alliances based on risk, technology characteristics, and agreement provisions

This study examines a key question one asks when negotiating an alliance: ‘how tight or loose a relationship do we wish to have with our partner?’ Interaction with one's partner is necessary in order to coordinate operations, effectively transfer tacit knowledge, monitor for opportunism, maximize joint synergistic value, and make sure that an appropriate share of the net benefit created by the alliance is appropriated by the technology provider. However, too tight an ‘embrace’ or too high a degree of interaction between the allies can increase coordination costs and increase the chance of unintended technology leakage. The sample, comprising 95 international alliances involving technology transfers, is grouped into four clusters with rising levels of interaction between allies. The optimal degree of interaction between the partners is explained by variables drawn from (1) technology characteristics and future technology policy, (2) coordination costs and risks, (3) agreement provisions, and (4) firm and sector characteristics that existed during the negotiation of the alliance. Using a proportional odds model, variables in the ‘coordination costs and risks’ and ‘agreement provisions’ categories found the most support in the results.
Solution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance determination of the distal pocket structure of cyanomet complexes of genetically engineered sperm whale myoglobin His64 (E7)-->Val, Thr67 (E10)-->Arg. The role of distal hydrogen bonding by Arg67 (E10) in modulating ligand tilt.

Sequence-specific 2D methodology has been used to assign the 1H NMR signals for all active site residues in the paramagnetic cyano-met complexes of sperm whale synthetic double mutant His64[E7]-->Val/Thr67[E10]-->Arg (VR-met-MbCN) and triple mutant His64[E7]-->Val/Thr67[E10]-->Arg/Arg45[CD3]-->Asn (VRN-metMbCN). The resulting dipolar shifts for noncoordinated proximal side residues were used to quantitatively determine the orientation of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor in the molecular framework for the two mutants, which were found indistinguishable but distinct from those of both wild-type and the His64[E7]-->Val single point mutant (V-metMbCN). The observed dipolar shifts for the E helix backbone protons and Phe43[CD1], together with steady-state nuclear Overhauser effect between the E helix and the heme, were analyzed to show that both the E helix and Phe43[CD1] move slightly closer to the iron to minimize the vacancy resulting from the His64[E7]-->Val substitution, as found in V-metMbCN (Rajarathnam, K., J. Qin, G.N. LaMar, M. L. Chiu, and S. G. Sligar. 1993. Biochemistry. 32:5670–5680). The dipolar shifts of the mutated Val64[E7] and Arg67[E10] allow the determination of their orientations relative to the heme, and the latter residue is shown to insert into the pocket and provide a hydrogen bond to the coordinated ligand, as found in the naturally occurring ValE7/ArgE10 genetic variant, Aplysia limacina Mb. The oxy-complex of both A. limacina Mb and VR-Mb, VRN-Mb have been proposed to be stabilized by this hydrogen bonding interaction (Travaglini Allocatelli, C. et al. 1993. Biochemistry. 32:6041–6049). The magnitude of the tilt of the major magnetic axes from the heme normal in VR-metMbCN and VRN-metMbCN, which is related to the tilt of the ligand, is the same as in wild-type or V-metMbCN, but the direction of tilt is altered from that in V-metMbCN. It is concluded that the change in the direction of the ligand tilt in both the double and triple mutants, as compared to WT metMbCN and V-metMbCN single mutant, is due to the attractive hydrogen-bonding between ArgE10 and the bound cyanide.
Response of background fauna to disturbance and enrichment in the deep sea: a sediment tray experiment

Abstract Free-vehicle sediment trays were deployed on the floor of the Santa Catalina Basin (1300 m) to study the response of deep-sea infauna to defaunation and algal enrichment. We recovered three trays that had been filled with frozen basin sediment: one otherwise untreated, one enriched with 20 g of powdered Macrocystis pyrifera (kelp) and containing oxidized sediment, and one kelp-enriched and anoxic. After 4.7 months on the basin floor, macrofaunal density in the unenriched tray was 10% ( x = 3.8 individuals per 100 cm 2 ) of that in the surrounding sea floor. Most colonists belonged to species dominant in the background basin community. Juveniles and mature individuals were present, suggesting short maturation times or post-larval dispersal ability in some species. The kelp-enriched (oxidized) tray contained a single macrofaunal mite (Arachnida:Acarina), suggesting avoidance of kelp-enriched sediment by available colonists. The anoxic, kelp-enriched tray contained two dorvilleid polychaetes apparently adapted to high sulphide environments. As in other deep-sea studies, we obtained slower colonization of sediment trays than in shallow water experiments. The primary tray respondents, however, were dominants of the background community, in contrast to previous deep-sea experiments. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbance is important to the ecology of the dominant species in the Santa Catalina Basin.
Auditory frequency selectivity in normal and presbycusic subjects.

Auditory frequency selectivity was inferred from measurements of the detectability of tonal signals as a function of the cutoff frequency of a low-pass computer-generated noise masker. In Experimen...
Catecholamines in cardiac arrest: role of alpha agonists, beta-adrenergic blockers and high-dose epinephrine.

Once initial defibrillation has failed, the advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) recommend periodic intravenous administration of epinephrine to increase coronary artery perfusion pressure (CPP) via arterial vasoconstriction to [1]. During prolonged cardiac arrest coronary perfusion pressure and forward blood flow are the major determinants of successful resuscitation, for when CPP is too low, successful resuscitation is unlikely. When the CPP is marginal, resuscitation may be possible; however, 24-h survival is unlikely [2]. When CPR is able to generate CPP above 30 mmHg associated with adequate forward blood flow as reflected in an adequate end-tidal CO2 the 24-h survival rate is greatly improved [2]. The American Heart Association ACLS guidelines recommend epinephrine as the pressor agent of choice during prolonged CPR [1]. These recommendations are based on now classic works [2–8]. Yet, studies have accumulated over the years that have raised concern that epinephrine’s beta-adrenergic effect may increase the myocardial oxygen consumption of the fibrillating heart and predispose to post-defibrillation dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias [9–16]. Added to this concern was the finding that endogenous catecholamine concentrations are high during ventricular fibrillation even in the absence of epinephrine administration [11]. Ditchey and associates found, in a canine ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest model, that the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand was improved by the administration of propranolol and phenylephrine, an exogenous selective alpha-agonist [9]. The limitations of these studies, however, is that high-dose epinephrine was used and survival was not evaluated. High-dose epinephrine administered during resuscitation initially appeared to be useful, producing higher perfusion pressures, but high-dose epinephrine has not been shown in clinical trials [17,18] nor in some experimental trials [12,13] to improve survival. Studies from our laboratory found that high-dose epinephrine resulted in postresuscitative tachycardia, systemic hypertension and greater early mortality relative to the standard dose [12]. Other laboratories have also documented adverse effects of high-dose epinephrine when given during CPR, including post-resuscitation hyperadrenergic state [14], myocardial necrosis [15], and worsened post-arrest cardiomyopathy [16]. Although pure alpha-agonists have not been shown to be superior to epinephrine [19–22], one could speculate that a combination of an alpha-adrenergic agonist and a beta-blocker might improve hemodynamics during CPR and thus improve long-term survival while avoiding the post resuscitation problem of excessive beta stimulation. * Correspnding author. Tel.: +1-520-626-7383.
The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

Climate trends over the past few decades have been fairly rapid in many agricultural regions around the world, and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) levels have also been ubiquitous. The virtual certainty that climate and CO2 will continue to trend in the future raises
Tannic acid coated gold nanorods demonstrate a distinctive form of endosomal uptake and unique distribution within cells.

One of the primary challenges associated with nanoparticle-dependent biological applications is that endosomal entrapment in a physiological environment severely limits the desired targeting and functionality of the nanoconstructs. This study sought to overcome that challenge through a systematic approach of gold nanorod (GNR) functionalization: evaluating the influence of both aspect ratio and surface chemistry on targeted cellular internalization rates and preservation of particle integrity. Owing to their unique spectral properties and enhanced surface area, GNRs possess great potential for the advancement of nanobased delivery and imaging applications. However, their ability for efficient intracellular delivery while maintaining their specific physiochemical parameters has yet to be satisfactorily explored. This study identified that longer and positively charged GNRs demonstrated a higher degree of internalization compared to their shorter and negative counterparts. Notably, of the four surface chemi...
Risk factors for peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis: The Network 9 peritonitis and catheter survival studies

To determine factors involved in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis and catheter loss, all point prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients in Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Network 9 were followed throughout 1991 for peritonitis events and throughout 1991 to 1992 for catheter survival. Data were collected by questionnaires compiled by the dialysis facility and validated by network staff. Peritonitis was reported 1,168 times in 729 of the 1,930 patients. By gamma-Poisson regression, a significantly increased risk for peritonitis was observed for patients with previous peritonitis, black race, and those dialyzing with standard connectors or cyclers compared with disconnect systems. Decreased risks were observed for patients with longer ESRD experience and when prophylactic antibiotics were administered before catheter insertion. Postinsertion leakage, diabetes, visual problems, previous or current immunosuppression, and physical activity were not risk factors. Infection of any kind caused the removal of 68% of the 414 catheters lost. Patients with downward-directed tunnels were less likely to experience concomitant exit site/tunnel infections associated with peritonitis. Peritonitis episodes with Staphylococcus epidermidis-like organisms were more likely to resolve with a single course of antibiotics. Perhaps because of their higher infection rate, blacks were more likely than whites to use a disconnect system. In general, the outcome of peritonitis in blacks was similar to that in whites, except that blacks were less likely to be hospitalized and were less likely to die.
A thoracic surgeon-directed tobacco cessation intervention.

Background Thoracic surgeons receive little training in promoting tobacco cessation despite the impact of tobacco use on their patients. There are only a few prospective reports of tobacco cessation efforts involving thoracic surgeons in the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate a brief tobacco cessation intervention offered by surgeons in an outpatient thoracic surgery clinic. Methods Adult smokers from a single-institution thoracic surgery clinic were enrolled in a single-arm prospective pilot trial between January and December 2008. Patients received a 10-minute intervention including discussing their motivation for quitting, offering tobacco cessation medication, and promoting a free telephone quitline. The primary outcome was abstinence at 3 months. Univariate logistic regression identified factors associated with tobacco cessation. Results Forty of 60 eligible smokers enrolled in the study. The mean age and standard deviation of participants was 52.1 ± 12.6 years with a 39.9 ± 11.2 pack-year smoking history. The 3-month quit rate was 35% (14 of 40). Fifty percent (20 of 40) of participants used at least one tobacco cessation medication. Only 7.5% (3 of 40) of patients called the quitline, but each of these participants quit smoking. Successful tobacco cessation was associated with a malignant diagnosis and being the only tobacco user in the home (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 17.2; and odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 26.3, respectively). Conclusions Thoracic surgeons can successfully implement a tobacco cessation program with an excellent rate of abstinence compared with reported cessation rates at 3 months from the literature. Further investigation with a larger sample size, longer follow-up, and improved utilization of the quitline is warranted.
Epigenomic profiling in visceral white adipose tissue of offspring of mice exposed to late gestational sleep fragmentation

Epigenomic profiling in visceral white adipose tissue of offspring of mice exposed to late gestational sleep fragmentation
Fast computation of equispaced Pareto manifolds and Pareto fronts for multiobjective optimization problems

In this paper, we consider the problem of generating a well sampled discrete representation of the Pareto manifold or the Pareto front corresponding to the equilibrium points of a multi-objective optimization problem. We show how the introduction of simple additional constraints into a continuation procedure produces equispaced points in either of those two sets. Moreover, we describe in detail a novel algorithm for global continuation that requires two orders of magnitude less function evaluations than evolutionary algorithms commonly used to solve this problem. The performance of the methods is demonstrated on problems from the current literature.
The Impact of Organizational Level and Affiliation on Corporate Mission Priorities

Abstract This study assessed the congruence of corporate mission priorities between the vice president and the 152-member management team within a division of a large technological firm. Potential predictor variables included management team members' departmental affiliations and organizational levels within the firm. The study also showed that logit analysis, a tool for detecting relationships among sets of variables, is useful in corporate mission research.
Editorial: 1990 Rudolph Kingslake Medal and Prize

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: 1990 Rudolph Kingslake Medal and Prize” for OE Vol. 30 Issue 08
An overview of intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) activities in North America

It is argued that in spite of its strengths in the relevant modular technologies for IVHS, North America is behind Europe and Japan in putting these technologies together in large IVHS demonstrations. Recent North American activities are reviewed, and four basic research projects at the University of Michigan in the areas of traffic modeling, human factors, system architecture, and collision prevention are reviewed. It is shown how the system considerations of diversion advice and recommendation technology (DART) have been used as a practical means for the integration of these four projects. >
All optically driven MEMS deformable mirrors via direct cascading with wafer bonded GaAs/GaP PIN photodetectors

Significant progress has been made to realize optically controlled phase correction micro-mirror arrays. The devices consist of silicon nitride spring plate mirrors optically actuated by integrated GaAs P-I-N photodetectors wafer bonded on a GaP platform.
Growth and production inLaminaria solidungula: relation to continuous underwater light levels in the Alaskan High Arctic

The growth relations of the kelpLaminaria solidungula were examined in the summers of 1984 and from 1986 to 1989 in relation to continuous year-round measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at several sites in the Stefansson Sound Boulder Patch, Alaskan Beaufort Sea. PAR showed large seasonal differences, ranging from a maximum of 5µmol m−2 s−1 during the ice-covered months to 200µmol m−2 s−1 during the open-water season. In most years, the light received during the 9 mo ice-covered period represented < 10% of the total PAR reaching the plants. Annual variations in PAR ranged from 45 to over 89 mol m−2 yr−1 over the 4 yr period among sites. In 1988, annual quantum budgets forL. solidungula varied from 45 to 50 mol m−2 yr−1, close to that reported in the previous year, and near the annual minimum light requirement reported in other studies for the lower limit ofLaminaria spp. However, the duration of time that the plants were exposed to saturating levels of PAR in 1988 was considerably less than in other years. This was correlated with significant reductions in thallus tissue-density and carbon content during the summer open-water period in 1988. Percentage of dry to wet weight (tissue density) dropped from about 16 to 10%; carbon content from 35 to 28%. The drop in both indices indicated that 1988 summer open-water (ice-free) PAR was insufficient for maintaining maximum photosynthetic carbon fixation. The decreased storage of carbohydrate reserves, which are used for tissue expansion during the dark ice-covered period, resulted in significantly reduced linear growth in all plants the following year (1989). These results provide evidence that in low-light environments, plant production is more a function of exposure to saturating levels of PAR than to the total amount of photons received over the course of a growing season. Under these conditions, under-ice photosynthetic production at very low light levels becomes increasingly important forL. solidungula if it is to meet the metabolic demands imposed by winter growth and respiration.
Detection of the Sn(III) intermediate and the mechanism of the Sn(IV)/Sn(II) electroreduction reaction in bromide media by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) were used to investigate the reduction of Sn(IV) as the hexabromo complex ion in a 2 M HBr–4 M NaBr medium. CV at scan rates to 100 V/s and SECM indicated the reaction pathway involves ligand-coupled electron transfer via an ECEC-DISP process: (1) one-electron reduction of SnIVBr62– to SnIIIBr63–; (2) bromide dissociation of the reduced SnIIIBr63– to SnIIIBr52–; (3) disproportionation of the reduced 2SnIIIBr52– to SnIVBr5– and SnIIBr53–; (4) one-electron reduction of SnIIIBr52– to SnIIBr53–; (5) bromide dissociation from SnIIBr5 to SnIIBr42–. The intermediate Sn(III) species was confirmed by SECM3–, where the Sn(III) generated at the Au tip was collected on a Au substrate in the tip generation/substrate collection mode when the distance between the tip and substrate was a few hundred nanometers.
Ethnic groups and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade model

In this paper, we report a mode of the Harris-Todaro variety in which the labor force is composed of distinct and easily identifiable ethnic groups and in which capital is intersectorally mobile. We extend the central theorems of Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade theory to our model and also relate our results to other work.
Stokes flow past a sphere coated with a thin fluid film

The present study examines the steady, axisymmetric Stokes flow past a sphere coated with a thin, immiscible fluid layer. Inertial effects are neglected for both the outer fluid and the fluid film, and surface tension forces are assumed large compared with the viscous forces which deform the fluid film. Furthermore, the present analysis assumes that the mechanism driving the fluid circulation within the film is not too large. From force equilibrium on the film we find that a steady fluid film can only partially cover the sphere, i.e. the film must be held to the sphere by surface tension forces at the contact line. The extent of the sphere covered by the film is specified, in terms of the solid–fluid contact angle, by the condition of global force equilibrium on the fluid film.Using a perturbation scheme based on the thinness of the fluid layer the solution to the flow field is obtained analytically, except for the fluid-film profile (i.e. the fluid–fluid interface) which requires numerical calculations. One of the principal results is an expression for the drag force on the fluid-coated particle. In particular, we find that the drag on a sphere is reduced by the presence of a fluid coating when the ratio of the film fluid viscosity to the surrounding fluid viscosity is less than ¼. Detailed numerical computations are conducted for a few typical cases. The calculations show that a film of prescribed areal extent, i.e. specified contact angle, is only possible when the magnitude of the driving force on the film is below some maximum value. A simple experiment was also performed, and photographs, which qualitatively illustrate the fundamental fluid-film configurations predicted by the theory, are presented.
Operation of Large Cryogenic Systems

This report is based on the past 12 years of experiments on R and D and operation of the 27 kW Fermilab Tevatron Cryogenic System. In general the comments are applicable for all helium plants larger than 1000W (400 l/hr) and non mass-produced nitrogen plants larger than 50 tons per day. 14 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Controlled batch fabrication of crystalline silicon nanobeam-based resonant structures

This work presents a self-controlled nano-precision top-down fabrication technique for batch fabrication of single crystalline silicon nanobeams and incorporation of such in electromechanical devices and systems. The fabrication technique takes advantage of the crystalline structure of silicon for the ultimate self-alignment and self-control leading to extremely smooth sidewalls, sharp corners, and controllable feature size reduction. Nanobeams with well uniform width as small as ∼250nm are fabricated on thin SOI substrates utilizing only conventional optical lithography with 2µm resolution and anisotropic wet etching of silicon. Thermally actuated resonators using such nanobeams as thermal actuators/piezoresistive sensors have been successfully fabricated and characterized.
Novel role of Acinetobacter baumannii RND efflux transporters in mediating decreased susceptibility to biocides

Objectives Biocides and dyes are commonly employed in hospital and laboratory settings. We investigated the biocide susceptibilities of a rapidly emerging pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, with a primary focus on resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux systems. Methods Biocide susceptibilities, efflux and in vitro inactivation profiles were monitored in the presence/absence of efflux pump inhibitors. The RND transporters encoded by adeB and adeJ were detected by PCR; null mutants were constructed in the native host. Expression of adeB and adeJ in clinical isolates was assayed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results Susceptibility testing and phenotypic assays demonstrated the role of active efflux in mediating decreased susceptibility to biocides. Inactivation of either the adeB or adeJ transporter gene led to increased susceptibility to biocides. RT-PCR analysis exhibited increased adeB and adeJ expression in clinical isolates. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating the role of efflux pumps in mediating decreased susceptibility to disinfectants and other chemical substrates in A. baumannii.
Beyond Approval: What Is the Most Appropriate Way to Use the Expanding Armamentarium in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and How Do We Move Forward?

MDV3100 in Patients with Progressive Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Previously Treated with Docetaxel-based Chemotherapy trial [AFFIRM]) that resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of these two compounds for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) were conducted in patients who demonstrated evidence of disease progression after docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Based on COU-AA-302, abiraterone has received FDA approval for chemotherapy-naive patients, and it is likely that the same will happen with enzalutamide based on the PREVAIL data. The assumption that chemotherapy will be offered primarily to patients with evidence of disease progression after androgen-receptor (AR)-targeted compounds appears to be quite logical based on the four pivotal trials conducted with the two compounds. However, the recently released results of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 3805 trial (a randomized study of androgen-deprivation treatment [ADT] with or without docetaxel [the CHAARTED trial]) highlight the fact that the optimal sequence of systemic treatments in men with metastatic prostate cancer needs to be more carefully evaluated. In the CHAARTED trial, men with hormone-naive metastatic disease were treated either with ADT or ADT plus six cycles of standard dose docetaxel [3]. Patients with highvolume disease, manifested by at least four bone lesions or any extranodal visceral metastases, demonstrated 3-yr overall survival of 63.4% in the docetaxel and ADT group versus 43.9% for ADT alone. Although full publication of the results from this trial will be more informative, the preliminary data released indicate that the practice of
Atom probe tomographic study of a friction-stir-processed Al–Mg–Sc alloy

Abstract The microstructure of a twin-roll-cast Al–4.5Mg–0.28Sc at.% alloy after friction-stir processing, performed at two tool rotational rates, was investigated by atom probe tomography. Outside the stir zone, the peak-aged alloy contains a high number density (∼8.0 × 1023 m−3) of ∼1.5 nm radius Al3Sc (L12) precipitates with a minor Mg content, providing an increase of ∼600 MPa in the Vickers microhardness. In the stir zone of the sample processed at 400 rpm rotational rate, the microhardness increase is mainly due to grain refinement, rather than precipitate strengthening, because the Al3Sc precipitates, with spherical lobed cuboids and platelet-like morphology, grow and coarsen to a 10–20 nm radius. The Sc supersaturation across the stir-processed zone has a concentration gradient, which is higher on the retreating side and lower on the advancing side of the friction-stir tool. Hence, after aging at 290 °C for 22 h, the microhardness increase within the stir zone also displays a gradient due to precipitate strengthening with varying precipitate volume fractions. In the stir zone for the sample processed at 325 rpm rotational rate, the microhardness increase is also predominantly due to grain refinement, as coarse Al3Sc precipitates form heterogeneously at grain boundaries with a platelet-like morphology. The hardness remains unchanged after a 290 °C aging treatment. This is because the Al3Sc precipitates are highly heterogeneously distributed due to a combination of a small Sc supersaturation (0.05 at.%) in the matrix, the existence of dislocations, and a large area per unit volume of grain boundaries (∼4–6 × 106 m−1).
Interval orders and dimension

Abstract We show that for every interval order X , there exists an integer t so that if Y is any interval order with dimension at least t, then Y contains a subposet isomorphic to X .
A detailed investigation of non-iterative methods for 3D SPECT image reconstruction

The authors present an alternative approach for derivation of relationships between the ideal and modified sinograms in 3D SPECT with uniform attenuation and distance-dependent spatial resolution, and they investigate systematically the implication of the spatial resolution function on these relationships as well as on the ideal-sinogram estimation methods that are developed from these relationships. In the authors' theory, the optical transfer function (OTF) of the resolution function is required to have a specific form. In this work, they develop a formula for converting a general OTF into this form so that their theory can be applied.
“Paper Abuse”: When All Else Fails, Batterers Use Procedural Stalking

Using data from in-depth interviews with women who have exited violent relationships, attorneys, and practitioners/policy specialists, this research note explores the continuation of control as women encounter "paper abuse." The barrage of men's frivolous lawsuits, false reports of child abuse, and other system-related manipulations exerts power, forces contact, and financially burdens their ex-partners. Although these acts are not new, the significance of this continuing abuse has not been fully explored by researchers. Yet attorneys and practitioners recognize the need for better documentation to strengthen protections for women still forced to contend with their former batterers.
212: Ultrasound cardiac output monitor measurements in pediatric cardiac transplant patients

Purpose: The ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) is an FDA approved non-invasive device that can quickly determine cardiac output based on outflow tract velocity measured by continuous doppler and outflow valvular surface area deduced by patients’ height and weight. This investigation examines USCOM measurements in pediatric cardiac transplant patients. Methods and Materials: Following IRB approval and informed consent, USCOM readings were obtained during routine outpatient visits from June to August 2006. Measurements included cardiac index (CI), aortic valve diameter (AVD) and velocity through the aortic valve (VAV). Aortic valve velocities were compared to readings obtained by echocardiogram (ECHO) performed using the paired t-test with statistical significance at p-value 0.05. Results: 16 boys and 15 girls met study entry criteria. Mean age was 11.5 years and mean weight was 42.2 kg (range 12.3 to 146 kg). A single USCOM reading was obtained on each patient. Each USCOM measurement took less than 10 minutes to perform. USCOM derived mean CI was 4.42 L/min/m( /1.74). Mean USCOM VAV (1.13 /0.36 m/sec) was no different than that measured by ECHO (1.14 /0.16 m/sec), p 0.46. However, mean USCOM derived AVD (1.69 cm) was smaller than that measured by ECHO (2.32 cm). This is attributable to fact that the cardiac grafts are typically larger than the recipients’ expected AVD calculated using height and weight. All children appeared healthy and active on discharge from clinic. One child later requiring ICU admission for sepsis had a 50% decrement in CI from his USCOM baseline which also correlated with moderate to severe decrease in graft function on ECHO. Conclusions: VAV in children undergoing heart transplantation obtained by the USCOM device appeared no different from that measured by ECHO, though measured and calculated AVD may vary. USCOM derived CI appears to reasonably portray these patients’ clinical condition. USCOM may be a useful rapid screening tool to assess deviations from the baseline in pediatric heart transplant recipients.
Remembering and forgetting.

AJR:195, September 2010 like rainy days. As a result, many of us do not grasp the true complexity of memory and the many ways it can fail. In his 2002 book, The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers, Harvard University psychologist Daniel Schacter [1] discusses seven stereotypical ways in which memory can fail us. The discussion is premised on the view that if we better understand how memory can let us down, we can better protect against such lapses and thereby reduce the frequency and severity of the attendant adverse consequences. As a highly cognitive field requiring a high level of mnemonic performance, we in radiology need to understand these patterns of failure and the steps we can take to counteract them. None of us, even people with so-called photographic memories, is perfect, and developing a better understanding of what can go wrong with memory and how to prevent it offers an important opportunity to enhance our professional performance. The point of briefly reviewing each of Schacter’s categories of memory failure is not to suggest that they provide us with a final and infallible list of all mnemonic errors but simply to begin to trace the true complexity of the subject. Schacter is one of our foremost contemporary experts in the field of memory, but his word is not the last. Individual readers may wish to add or subtract categories, and an impulse to do so would be a sign of this article’s success, inasmuch as it would indicate that we are seriously examining the topic. Before reviewing each of the seven ways memory can fail us, it is important to highlight some categorical differences among them. The first group of three includes what we commonly call forgetting, the different ways in which we can fail to recall something. Remembering and Forgetting