cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driver route choice behavior: Experiences, perceptions, and choices

Within the context of transportation modeling, driver route choice is typically captured using mathematical programming approaches, which assume that drivers, in attempting to minimize some objective function, have full knowledge of the transportation network state. Typically, drivers are assumed to either minimize their travel time (user equilibrium) or minimize the total system travel time (system optimum). Given the dynamic and stochastic nature of the transportation system, the assumption of a driver's perfect knowledge is at best questionable. While it is well documented in psychological sciences that humans tend to minimize their cognitive efforts and follow simple heuristics to reach their decisions, especially under uncertainty and time constraints, current models assume that drivers have perfect or close to perfect knowledge of their choice set, as well as the travel characteristics associated with each of the choice elements. Only a few of the many route choice models that are described in the literature are based on observed human behavior. With this in mind the research presented in this paper monitors and analyzes actual human route choice behavior. It compares actual drivers experiences, perceptions and choices, and demonstrates that (a) drivers perceptions are significantly different from their actual experiences, and that drivers' choices are better explained by their perceptions than their experiences; (b) drivers perceive travel speeds better than travel times (c) perceived travel speeds seem to influence route choice more than perceived travel times, and (d) drivers' route choice behavior differs across different driver groups.
Range Extension of the North American Estuarine Isopod Crustacean, Cyathura Polita (Stimpson, 1855) 1)

noctialis (Lund) in the laboratory, with a revision of the larval characters of the genus. Journ. Deep Sea Res. Saisho, T., 1962. Notes on the early development of a scyllarid lobster, Parribacus antarcticus (Lund). Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ., 11 (2): 174-178. Thomson, G. M., 1907. Note on the development of Palinurus edwardsi. Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., 39: 484-485. Von Bonde, C, 1936. The reproduction, embryology and metamorphosis of the Cape Crawfish (Jasus lalandii) (Milne Edwards) Ortmann. Invest. Rep. Fish. mar. Biol. Surv. S. Afr., 6: 1-2*5.
A bridge too far: examining the impact of facilitators on information transfer in global virtual project networks

As the architecture, engineering and construction industry globalizes and the use of virtual environments to connect this workforce becomes more common, it becomes increasingly important to understand how to best support efficient systems of information transfer in technologically mediated workspaces. Previous research has demonstrated that global project networks face technological challenges that can interfere with collaboration, and it has been argued that facilitators are an effective means to help networks overcome these challenges. We conducted a study to determine how facilitators impact the transfer of information through a global project network in a modally robust virtual workspace by examining the centrality of facilitators and actors from different knowledge domains. We used task conflict duration as an outcome variable in comparing the performance of two facilitated and two non-facilitated networks of student teams engaged in complex design and planning projects. Our findings indicate that wh...
Amyloid β‐abrogated TrkA ubiquitination in PC12 cells analogous to Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid beta (Aβ) protein is the primary proteinaceous deposit found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence suggests that Aβ plays a central role in the development of AD pathology. Here, we show in PC12 cells, Aβ impairs tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and its association with p75(NTR), p62, and TRAF6 induced by nerve growth factor. The ubiquitination and tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA was also found to be impaired in postmortem human AD hippocampus compared to control. Interestingly, the nitrotyrosylation of TrkA was increased in AD hippocampus and this explains why the phosphotyrosylation and ubiquitination of TrkA was impaired. In AD brain, the production of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), which cleaves proNGF, was reduced, thereby leading to the accumulation of pro-NGF and a decrease in the level of active NGF. TrkA signaling events, including Ras/MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, are deactivated with Aβ and in the human AD hippocampus. Findings show that Aβ blocks the TrkA ubiquitination and downstream signaling similar to AD hippocampus. Cell survival and differentiation are essential for living organisms. We propose that under normal conditions, nerve growth factor (NGF) leads to Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) phosphorylation, ubiquitination and its association with p75(NTR), p62 and TRAF6, thereby promoting cell survival and differentiation. In diseased conditions such as Alzheimer's, proNGF leads to nitrotyrosylation of TrkA, thereby impairing its ubiquitination and downstream signaling which results in apoptosis. TRAF6 = tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; Ub = ubiquitin.
Changes in Rhythmic Swallow Patterns and Swallow-Breath Interactions during Suckle Feeding in Term Infants during the First Month of Life

Changes in Rhythmic Swallow Patterns and Swallow-Breath Interactions during Suckle Feeding in Term Infants during the First Month of Life
Inductive effects on the structure of proline residues

4(S)-Hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues constitute about 10% of most forms of collagen, the most abundant protein in vertebrates. X-Ray diffraction analysis was used to ascertain how the structure of proline residues is affected by the inductive effect elicited by the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues. N-Acetylproline methylester (1), N-acetyl-4(S)-hydroxyproline methylester (2) and N-acetyl-4(S)- fluoroproline methylester (3) were synthesized, and their crystalline structures were determined at high resolution. The amide bond of crystalline 1 was in the cis conformation, which is the minor isomer in solution, and the pyrrolidine ring of 1 had C gamma-endo pucker. In crystalline 2 and 3 the amide bonds were in the trans conformation, and the pyrrolidine rings had C-exo pucker. The lengths of the bonds between sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in the pyrrolidine ring were significantly shorter in 2 and 3 than in 1, as was predicted by ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the RHF/3-21G level of theory. No significant change in bond length was observed in the other bonds of 1,2 or 3. The pyramidylization of the nitrogen atom increased dramatically in the order: 1 < 2 < 3. Together, these results indicate that electron-withdrawing substituents in the 4-position of proline residues can have a significant influence on the structure of these residues. In particular, the change in pyramidylization suggests that such substituents increase the sp3-character of the prolyl nitrogen atom and could thereby alter the rate of prolyl peptide bond isomerization.
Science Signaling Podcast: 22 May 2012

This Podcast features an interview with Mari Shinohara, senior author of a Research Article published in the 22 May 2012 issue of Science Signaling . Interferon-β (IFN-β) treatment can slow the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) by reducing inflammation in the nervous system, but it is not effective in all patients. Mari Shinohara’s group studies the effects of IFN-β therapy in a mouse model of MS to understand how this protein can inhibit the inflammation that leads to neurological dysfuntion in human patients. They found that IFN-β therapy is only effective in treating symptoms in the mouse model when development of the disease depends upon the NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting the possibility that this might also be the reason for the failure of IFN-β therapy in some human MS patients.
Assessing the Influence of Adult Day Care on Client Satisfaction

Using data collected from 74 adult day care centers, this study measured various program characteristics from four different categories of respondents--clients, caregivers, staff members, and administrators. The perceptions of these respondents were examined for their associations with each other and with client satisfaction. Three program characteristics, as perceived by clients, were significantly associated with client satisfaction (staff caring, general morale, and interior environment). The caregivers', staff members' and administrators' perceptions were not significantly associated with client satisfaction. In addition, most of these program component ratings were not significantly associated among clients, caregivers, staff members, and administrators.
The Challenges to Connectivist Learning on Open Online Networks: Learning Experiences during a Massive Open Online Course

Self-directed learning on open online networks is now a possibility as communication and resources can be combined to create learning environments. But is it really? There are some challenges that might prevent learners from having a quality learning experience. This paper raises questions on levels of learner autonomy, presence, and critical literacies required in active connectivist learning.
Time accurate unsteady simulation of the stall inception process in the compression system of a US army helicopter gas turbine engine

The operational envelope of gas turbine engines employed in the Army Blackhawk helicopter is constrained by the stability limit of the compression system. Technologies developed to improve the stable operating range of gas turbine compressors lack fundamental understanding beneficial to design guidance. Improved understanding of the stall inception process and how stall control technologies mitigate such will provide compressors with increased tolerance to stall, thereby expanding the operational envelope of military gas turbine engines. Compressors which consist of multiple stages of stationary and rotating blade rows can include shocks, vortices, separations, secondary flows, shock/boundary layer interactions, and turbulent wakes, all of which grow in severity as a compressor approaches stall. As a compressor nears stall the flow field is no longer periodic from passage to passage so all blade passages must be computed. For a typical multistage compressor this becomes a formidable computational challenge requiring access to massively parallel machines in order to meet the computational and memory demands of the problem. We are using a time-accurate CFD code to simulate the unsteady stall inception process, both with and without stall control technology, in the compression system of an army gas turbine engine. We will provide the first-ever 3-dimensional viscous time-accurate simulation of the stall inception process in a multistage compressor, providing insight into the causal link between compressor blade design parameters and the stable operating limit, which will be used to guide new design practices leading to compressor designs with increased tolerance to stall. We present progress to date on this challenge project.
Structural characterization and expression analysis of the Neurospora conidiation gene con-6.

Abstract The gene con-6 of Neurospora crassa is expressed during the formation of asexual spores (conidia), but it is not expressed in mycelium. con-6 mRNA appears upon induction of conidiation and reaches high levels at the late stages of conidiation, and in mature conidia. The CON6 polypeptide and a CON6-βGal fusion protein were present at high levels only in free conidia. Shortly after spore germination con-6 mRNA disappears and the CON6 polypeptide is degraded. CON6 is a small, hydrophilic polypeptide containing a repeat sequence; it not homologous to any known protein but has features resembling the late embryogenesis abundant proteins of maize. Inactivation of con-6 by the repeat-induced point mutation process had no demonstrable effect on formation or germination of conidia. Upstream sequence comparisons for con-6 and other con genes identified a common potential regulatory sequence, designated CRS-B. DNA mobility shift analyses with cell extracts identified a factor that bound to synthetic DNA fragments containing this sequence. This binding factor was present in mycelium but not in conidiating cultures. Experiments with independent integrated con-6′-'lacZ translational fusions revealed substantial variability of expression among transformants carrying identical fusion constructs. This variability may be due to the differential methylation of transformant DNA noted by others.
Enhancing random access scan for soft error tolerance

Recent work on random access scan (RAS) has shown its advantages in reducing test application time, test data volume and test power over those of the conventional serial scan (SS). This paper is first to examine the soft error tolerance of RAS. The RAS structure not only improves error tolerance ability during test, it also provides capability to efficiently enhance the circuits error tolerance during normal function mode. A single event upset (SEU) induced error in a flip-flop of SS propagates to other flip-flops via scan while the error for RAS remains localized to the affected flip-flop. We enhance the error tolerance by applying the built-in soft error resilience (BISER) and triple modular redundancy (TMR) techniques to RAS and serial scan (SS). Results show that the BISER implementation for RAS can save on average 20.51% hardware over BISER applied to SS. TMR-RAS saves on average 179.28% over TMR-SS for ISCAS89 benchmarks.
Closed-Loop Decoder Adaptation on Intermediate Time-Scales Facilitates Rapid BMI Performance Improvements Independent of Decoder Initialization Conditions

Closed-loop decoder adaptation (CLDA) shows great promise to improve closed-loop brain-machine interface (BMI) performance. Developing adaptation algorithms capable of rapidly improving performance, independent of initial performance, may be crucial for clinical applications where patients have limited movement and sensory abilities due to motor deficits. Given the subject-decoder interactions inherent in closed-loop BMIs, the decoder adaptation time-scale may be of particular importance when initial performance is limited. Here, we present SmoothBatch, a CLDA algorithm which updates decoder parameters on a 1-2 min time-scale using an exponentially weighted sliding average. The algorithm was experimentally tested with one nonhuman primate performing a center-out reaching BMI task. SmoothBatch was seeded four ways with varying offline decoding power: 1) visual observation of a cursor (n = 20), 2) ipsilateral arm movements (n = 8), 3) baseline neural activity ( n = 17), and 4) arbitrary weights (n = 11). SmoothBatch rapidly improved performance regardless of seeding, with performance improvements from 0.018 0.133 successes/min to >;8 successes/min within 13.1 5.5 min (n = 56). After decoder adaptation ceased, the subject maintained high performance. Moreover, performance improvements were paralleled by SmoothBatch convergence, suggesting that CLDA involves a co-adaptation process between the subject and the decoder.
Self-Organizing Perceptual and Temporal Abstraction for Robot Reinforcement Learning

A major current challenge in reinforcement learning research is to extend methods that work well on discrete, short-range, low-dimensional problems to continuous, highdiameter, high-dimensional problems, such as robot navigation using high-resolution sensors. We present a method whereby an robot in a continuous world can, with little prior knowledge of its sensorimotor system, environment, and task, improve task learning by first using a self-organizing feature map to develop a set of higher-level perceptual features while exploring using primitive, local actions. Then using those features, the agent can build a set of high-level actions that carry it between perceptually distinctive states in the environment. This method combines a perceptual abstraction of the agent’s sensory input into useful perceptual features, and a temporal abstraction of the agent’s motor output into extended, high-level actions, thus reducing both the dimensionality and the diameter of the task. An experiment on a simulated robot navigation task shows that the agent using this method can learn to perform a task requiring 300 small-scale, local actions using as few as 7 temporally-extended, abstract actions, significantly improving learning time.
Superresolution techniques in the range domain

The continuation of an investigation in which high-resolution optimal estimation, techniques are applied to the radar imaging problem area is described. A primary objective of the author's previous study (see IEEE National Radar Conference Digest, p.48, 1989) was to show that one could obtain either higher-resolution images from the same data samples or equal-quality images from significantly fewer data samples. The investigation is extended into the range domain and the Doppler domain, and three-dimensional superresolution images in both range and Doppler have been processed from simulation model radar data. The achievement of superresolution in the range domain is the primary subject addressed. >
Biomechanical Evaluation of an All-Inside Suture-Based Device for Repairing Longitudinal Meniscal Tears

Purpose A device for all-inside suture-based meniscal repairs has been introduced (NovoStitch; Ceterix, Menlo Park, CA) that passes the suture vertically through the meniscus, thereby encircling the tear, and does not require an additional incision or extra-capsular anchors. Our aim was to compare this all-inside suture-based repair with an inside-out suture repair and an all-inside anchor-based repair (FasT-Fix 360°; Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA). Methods Longitudinal tears were created in 36 fresh-frozen porcine menisci. Repairs were performed using an all-inside suture-based meniscal repair device, an all-inside anchor-based repair, and an inside-out suture repair. They were tested with cyclic loading and load-to-failure testing. The displacement, response to cyclic loading (100, 300, and 500 cycles), and mode of failure were recorded. The stiffness of the constructs was calculated as well. Results The all-inside suture-based repairs and the inside-out repairs showed significantly higher loads to failure than the all-inside anchor-based repairs. The stiffness values for the 3 repairs were not different. There were no differences in initial displacement. After 100, 300, and 500 cycles, the inside-out repair had higher gap formation (displacement) than the other 2 groups. Suture failure was the predominant mode of failure across all repair techniques. Conclusions The all-inside suture-based repairs and inside-out repairs did not exhibit different load-to-failure values. In addition, the all-inside suture-based repairs and the all-inside anchor-based repairs did not exhibit different displacement values during cyclic loading. Clinical Relevance When addressing a longitudinal meniscal tear, surgeons should consider biomechanical data of various repair devices and techniques in their decision-making process to maximize the mechanical strength and healing probability of the repair.
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Invoking an Anti-Angiogenic Program in Tumor-Educated Macrophages

Tumor-educated macrophages facilitate tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We discovered that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) blocked macrophages vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity by producing soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and determined the effect on tumor-associated macrophage behavior and tumor growth. We show GM-CSF treatment of murine mammary tumors slowed tumor growth and slowed metastasis. These tumors had more macrophages, fewer blood vessels, and lower oxygen concentrations. This effect was sVEGFR-1 dependent. In situ hybridization and flow cytometry identified macrophages as the primary source of sVEGFR-1. These data suggest that GM-CSF can re-educate macrophages to reduce angiogenesis and metastases in murine breast cancer.
X chromosomes, retrogenes and their role in male reproduction

Retrogenes originate from their progenitor genes by retroposition. Several retrogenes reported in recent studies are autosomal, originating from X-linked progenitor genes, and have evolved a testis-specific expression pattern. During male meiosis, sex chromosomes are segregated into a so-called 'XY' body and are silenced transcriptionally. It has been widely hypothesized that the silencing of the X chromosome during male meiosis is the driving force behind the retroposition of X-linked genes to autosomes during evolution. With the advent of sequenced genomes of many species, many retrogenes can be identified and characterized. The testis-specific retrogenes might be associated with human male infertility. My goal here is to integrate recent findings, highlight controversies in the field and identify areas for further study.
Asymmetric aging effects on semantic and phonological processes: naming in the picture-word interference task.

In 2 experiments, participants named pictures while ignoring auditory word distractors. For pictures with homophone names (e.g., ball), distractors semantically related to the nondepicted meaning (e.g., prom) facilitated naming by top-down phonological connections for young but not for older adults. Slowing from unrelated distractors and facilitation from phonologically related distractors were age invariant except in distractors that were both semantically and phonologically related. Only distractors semantically related to the picture interfered more for older than younger adults. These results ar einconsistent with age-linked deficits in inhibition of irrelevant information from either internal or external sources. Rather, aging affects priming transmission in a connectionist network with asymmetric effects on semantic and phonological connections involved in comprehension and production, respectively.
β2 glycoprotein-1 autoantibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome are sufficient to potentiate arterial thrombus formation in a mouse model

Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and the presence of the lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, or anti–β2-glycoprotein-1 (anti–β2-GP1) antibodies. Although anti–β2-GP1 antibodies have been documented as a biomarker for diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome, their direct role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis is unknown. We have demonstrated using intravital microscopy that anti–β2-GP1 autoantibodies purified from the sera of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome complicated by thrombosis greatly amplify thrombus size after laser-induced vessel wall injury in live mice. Anti–β2-GP1 autoantibodies from 3 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome were affinity-purified using human β2-GP1 bound to agarose. The effects of purified anti–β2-GP1 IgG autoantibodies, of anti–β2-GP1–depleted IgG, and of IgG from normal human sera on thrombus formation were measured in mice after arterial injury in the cremaster muscle. Before injury, purified anti–β2-GP1 IgG autoantibodies, anti–β2-GP1 antibody–depleted IgG, or IgG from normal human sera were infused. Increasing amounts of purified anti–β2-GP1 autoantibodies increased thrombus size in a dose-dependent manner, whereas neither anti–β2-GP1 antibody-depleted IgG nor IgG from normal serum affected thrombus size. These results indicate that anti–β2-GP1 IgG autoantibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome patient sera are not only a marker of antiphospholipid syndrome but are directly involved in the pathogenesis of thrombosis.
Role of the Haemophilus ducreyi Ton System in Internalization of Heme from Hemoglobin

By cloning into Escherichia coli and construction of isogenic mutants of Haemophilus ducreyi, we showed that the hemoglobin receptor (HgbA) is TonB dependent. An E. coli hemA tonB mutant expressing H. ducreyi hgbA grew on low levels of hemoglobin as a source of heme only when an intact H. ducreyi Ton system plasmid was present. In contrast, growth on heme by the E. coli hemA tonB mutant expressing hgbA was observed only at high concentrations of heme, was TonB independent, and demonstrated that H. ducreyi HgbA was not sufficient to function as a typical TonB-dependent heme receptor in E. coli. Allelic replacement of the wild-type H. ducreyi exbB, exbD, and tonB loci with the exbB, exbD, and tonB deletion resulted in an H. ducreyi isogenic mutant unable to utilize hemoglobin but able to utilize hemin at the same levels as the parent strain to fulfill its heme requirement. This finding confirms the TonB dependence of HgbA-mediated hemoglobin utilization and suggests that uptake of hemin in H. ducreyi is TonB independent. Additionally, the H. ducreyi Ton system mutant synthesized increased amounts of HgbA and other heme-regulated outer membrane proteins, consistent with derepression of these proteins due to lower intracellular heme and/or iron concentrations in the mutant. Sequencing of the Ton system genes revealed that the arrangement of the genes was exbB exbD tonB. The proximity and structure of these genes suggested that they are transcribed as an operon. This arrangement, as well as the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of these H. ducreyi genes, was most similar to those from other pasteurellae.
Postzygotic Maternal Influences and the Maternal-Embryonic Relationship of Viviparous Fishes 1

SYNOPSIS. Viviparous reproduction in fishes provides opportunities for maternal phenotypic modifications to influence offspring phenotype following fertilization. Various physiological adaptations associated with the maintenance and control of prenatal embryonic development may provide the means by which postnatal phenotype is impacted by maternal phenotype. It is widely recognized that postzygotic maternal influences may be mediated through the maternal-embryonic trophic relationship in matrotrophic species. I propose that 1) postzygotic maternal influences in viviparous fishes may also be mediated through immunological, respiratory, osmoregulatory/excretory, endocrinological, and thermoregulatory aspects of the maternal-embryonic relationship, and 2) any modification of embryonic and/or postnatal physiology through influence of the maternal physiological state should be regarded as a maternal effect that has potential ecological and evolutionary significance. This approach should help to identify trends and provide a framework, for comparing the evolution of adaptations for viviparity and their ecological impact across the vertebrate classes as well as to facilitate identification of selective factors contributing to evolution of various forms of viviparous reproduction.
Perpetual Licensing vs. Subscription of Software: A Theoretical Evaluation

Software vendors have been using the subscription (leasing) model to replace or supplement the traditional perpetual licensing (selling) model. Durable goods theories generally support such a model. This paper looks at a software vendor who can sell (at a posted price) or lease his product and guarantee that subscribers will always have the latest version of the software. We discuss the optimal way of licensing software: perpetual licensing, subscription, or a hybrid approach that involves both. By addressing such specific issues in the packaged software market as network effects, upgrade compatibility, and the vendor’s ability to commit to future prices in a dynamic environment, we demonstrate how a software vendor can manage the trade-offs of perpetual licensing and subscription to achieve a higher profit, as well as the corresponding welfare effect on consumers.
Interaction of Intermediate Filaments with the Cell Surface

The molecular architecture of the cytoskeleton-cell membrane complex has been a subject of intense investigation for more than a decade (for reviews see Weatherbee, 1981; Geiger, 1983; Jacobson, 1983; Bennett et. al., 1986). In general, the ultimate goal of these studies has been to understand how cytoskeletal proteins and membrane constituents act together in the formation and maintenance of cell shape, in directed cell movement, and in the transduction of signals across the plasma membrane. Although we are far from understanding these basic cellular functions, we have made some progress in identifying molecules that comprise the cytoskeleton-cell membrane complex. This is particularly so with respect to the actin-containing cytoskeleton, where several systems [the red blood cell (e.g., Bennett, 1985; Marchesi, 1985; Beaven et. al., 1985; Byers and Branton, 1985; Shen et. al., 1986), intestinal microvillus (e.g., Matsudaira and Burgess, 1979; Glenney et. al., 1982; Mooseker et. al., 1984), and focal contacts/adherens junctions (e.g., Burridge et. al., 1987; Geiger et. al., 1987)] have provided information regarding molecules involved in linking actin and actin-containing microfilaments (MF) with the cell membrane. Microtubule (MT)-membrane interactions have also been studied, although not as extensively as the MF system (see Dentier, 1981; Murray, 1984; Horst et. al., 1987). Until recently, less has been reported regarding interactions between intermediate filaments (IF) and the cell surface; with the exception of IF-desmosome interactions, this topic is often omitted in cytoskeleton-cell surface reviews. However, within the last several years a growing body of literature addressing an IF-cell surface association has developed.
Ascensão e queda de uma cidade tecnológica

Silicon Valley, connue pour sa vitalite intellectuelle et son dynamisme economique, a ete partout acclamee comme un modele de succes de ce qu'un environnement urbain avance peut offrir: entreprises dynamiques, emploi, salaires eleves et stimulation intellectuelle. Bien que les lauriers soient en general attribues a la hardiesse des entreprises pour ce qui est de l'origine magique de cette vallee, le fait est que les bases de ce qu'on appellerait plus tard des initiatives privees de succes ont ete lancees grâce a plusieurs decennies de depense publique en matiere de technologie et education. Au bout du compte, ni cet engagement gouvernemental, ni cette creativite des entreprises de pointe ne sont parvenus a produire un environnement urbain bien constitue. Les habitants de la «Super Region de Silicon Valley» doivent aujourd'hui faire face a une reseau chaotique de routes, endurer de longues heures dans un trafic engorge et suivre des modeles de vie sociale pleins de stress.
Science Is Helpful for Engineering Applications: A Theoretical Explanation of an Empirical Observation

Empirical evidence shows that when engineering design uses scientific analysis, we usually get a much better performance that for the system designed by using a trial-and-error engineering approach. In this paper, we provide a quantitative explanation for this empirical observation. 1 An Empirical Observation Observation. At a recent annual conference of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, one of the plenary talks was given by Dr. Hai Wang from Stanford University [4]. In his talk, Dr. Wang emphasized that scientific research is important for engineering practice. His argument was that without such a research, engineers tend to concentrate on one or few parameters of the system, and experience shows that much better performance can be achieved in a scientific approach, when all the parameters of the science can changed. A similar idea was emphasized by Dr. Delbert Tesar from the University of Texas at Austin in his plenary talk at the same conference [3]. Specifically, Dr. Tesar emphasized that engineers tend to follow one – most “fashionable” – direction, i.e., modify the values of only one (or few) parameters of the systems, and this severely limits their ability to reach the most efficient solutions to practical problems. What we do in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to come up with a quantitative explanation of why the traditional trial-and-error engineering approach indeed leads to a drastic decrease in efficiency – as compared to allvariables optimization corresponding to the scientific approach.
Obtaining and maintaining ABET accreditation: an experience-based review of the ABET criteria for computer science programs

Accreditation is an important method for higher education institutions to meet accountability and quality assurance requirements. In this article, we share our experience of obtaining and maintaining ABET accreditation for our Computer Science (CS) major. Our discussion covers the ABET criteria for CS programs with an emphasis on areas in which we had difficulties and our approaches to solving them. This article will be helpful for programs that are seeking or have just obtained ABET accreditation.
She doesn’t even act Mexican: smartness trespassing in the new south

AbstractHistorically, Latin@s have experienced deficit thinking as it relates to their perceived academic abilities. In North Carolina’s emerging Latin@ population, the first waves of K-12 students are writing a new chapter in the state’s history. Yet, there is a dearth of research that focuses on the identities of academically successful Latin@ students in the state. This qualitative study examines the politics and discrimination associated with claiming a ‘smart identity’ in the new south by documenting the experiences of a high-achieving Latina high school student. We introduce and use the term, ‘smartness trespassing,’ to capture this tension.
Beziehungen zwischen phagozytierenden, virusinfizierten Myeloblasten des Huhnes in vitro und den «gray bodies»

The so-called ‘gray bodies’ in chicken myeloblasts infected with the myeloblastose virus are phagocytized cell debris. Some difficultues concerning this virus-cell-system are pointed out.
A Leu-Thr-Trp-Lys “Lock” Stabilizes the N-Terminus of the Kinesin Neck Coiled-Coil

Conventional kinesin is a dimeric motor protein that transports intracellular vesicles along microtubules. Conventional kinesin is unique in that a single motor molecule can move for several micrometers along a microtubule without dissociating. The ability of kinesin to move processively is thought to arise from a “hand-over-hand” stepping mechanism in which the rear motor domain head is moved forward through a large conformational change within its neck linker region. Recently, studies investigating the molecular details of motility have advanced two models to account for this large structural change; 1) an unzipping/rezipping of the beta-sheet region of the neck linker against the motor domain head [1], and 2) an unwinding/rewinding of the neck coiled-coil [2]. In this study we investigate what unique structural features exist within the neck region coiled-coil that are likely to be important for triggering the coiled-coil to either unwind and/or re-wind during motility.
Data Sharing and Access

Data sharing and access are venerable problems embedded in a rapidly changing milieu. Pressure points include the increasingly data-driven nature of science, the volume, complexity, and distributed nature of data, new concerns regarding privacy and confidentiality, and rising attention to reproducibility of research. In the context of research data, this review surveys extant technologies, articulates a number of identified and emerging issues, and outlines one path for the future. Recognizing that data availability is a public good, research data archives can provide economic and scientific value to both data generators and data consumers in a way that engenders trust. The overall framework is statistical—the use of data for inference.
Free Vascularized Fibular Graft for Distal Tibial and Ankle Arthrodesis

Background The use of free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) for proximal and mid-shaft tibial reconstruction is well documented in the literature. However, literature documenting distal tibial and proximal ankle reconstruction using this technique is lacking. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the osteocutaneous fibular free flap as a viable limb-sparing option to patients who previously required amputation in similar circumstances. Methods The patient is a 39-year-old man who sustained a traumatic distal tibial pilon fracture. He underwent open reduction and internal fixation, which was complicated by osteomyelitis requiring multiple debridements and ultimately, resection of necrotic tissue. The resulting distal tibial defect measured 12 cm, including the talus. In an attempt to salvage the extremity, an FVFG was performed using the contralateral fibula. The harvested fibula was inserted proximally into the intramedullary canal of the tibia and impacted distally into the talar dome. Results To date, the patient's postoperative course was notable for minor wound healing issues which resolved. Postoperative computed tomography confirmed fusion, allowing for weight-bearing and removal of the external fixator. Conclusion Reconstruction of distal tibial defects with ankle involvement is a challenging operation for orthopedic and plastic surgeons. We describe a case in which a 12 cm tibial defect in conjunction with a talar defect was successfully reconstructed with a free vascularized fibular graft. We believe that this is a safe and viable option for those wishing to avoid amputation.
Signal structure and strategic information acquisition: deliberative auctions with interdependent values

The ability to gather information can affect outcomes in auctions and other games of incomplete information. We investigate situations where agents have a choice about which information, or signals, to observe, and are informed about the signal choices of others. Our models cover common-value games where agents decide whether to coordinate on observed information, and games mixing private- and common-value components. We find that the dependence structure among available signals can produce qualitatively distinct behaviors in equilibrium, including some cases where strategic agents implicitly collude to acquire less than maximally informative signal combinations.
An Observational Study of Children’s Involvement in Informed Consent for Exome Sequencing Research:

The goal of this study was to examine children’s involvement in consent sessions for exome sequencing research and associations of involvement with provider and parent communication. Participants included 44 children (8-17 years) from five cohorts who were offered participation in an exome sequencing study. The consent sessions were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded. Providers attempted to facilitate the child’s involvement in the majority (73%) of sessions, and most (75%) children also verbally participated. Provider facilitation was strongly associated with likelihood of child participation. These findings underscore that strategies such as asking for children’s opinions and soliciting their questions show respect for children and may increase the likelihood that they are engaged and involved in decisions about research participation.
Correlates of Caregiver Participation in a Brief, Community-Based Dementia Care Management Program.

Purpose of the Study The evidence base for dementia care management interventions for informal caregivers (CGs) is strong, yet enrollment and sustained engagement in academic and community-based research trials is low. This study sought to examine rates and correlates of participation in a community-based, telephone-delivered dementia care management program designed to address logistic and practical barriers to participation in CG trials and services. Design and Methods Participants included 290 CGs of older, community-dwelling, low-income care recipients (CRs) who met criteria for enrollment in a collaborative dementia care management program that provides assessment, psychosocial support and education, and connection to community resources via telephone. Cross-sectional analyses examined the association between CG-related (e.g., financial status, relationship to CR, caregiving burden) and CR-related (e.g., functional limitations, symptom severity) factors and CG enrollment and engagement. Results The majority of CGs were non-Hispanic White, female, financially stable, and adult children of the CRs. Over half of CGs lived with the CR and provided 20 or more hours of care per week. Roughly half of CGs refused care management services. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed that perceived caregiving burden and financial status were related to initial enrollment and engagement in services once enrolled, respectively. Implications A significant proportion of CGs refuse free, convenient, evidence-based dementia care management services, underscoring the need for further examination of correlates of program acceptance. Nonetheless, community-based programs that address barriers may improve enrollment and engagement rates among CGs, including those who are especially vulnerable to negative CG and CR outcomes.
Expressive Suppression Depletes Executive Functioning in Older Adulthood.

Objectives Accurate detection of executive dysfunction in neuropsychological assessments is complicated by the fact that executive functioning (EF) is vulnerable to temporary disruption (i.e., lapses), with more frequent lapses in older adulthood. Effortful regulation of affect (i.e., expressive suppression) is a well-known source of executive lapses in younger adults, but the generalizability of this depleting effect to older adults is unknown. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine whether EF is subject to depletion via expressive suppression and (2) to examine whether this effect is unique to EF, or whether it also applies to lower-order component processes in older adults. Methods Ninety-seven non-demented, community-dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to either an expressive suppression group or control group. We compared performance of the groups on a battery of tests measuring EF and component processes both before and after exposure to emotionally evocative stimuli. Results Consistent with the hypothesized depletion effect, suppressing participants showed an attenuated practice effect on post-manipulation EF relative to controls, while performance on lower-order component processes was unaffected by suppression. Conclusions These results suggest that depletion contributes to executive lapses in older adulthood. (JINS, 2017, 23, 341-351).
Endocytic Trafficking of HIV gp120 is Mediated by Dynamin and Plays a Role in gp120 Neurotoxicity

Neurons that endocytose the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) protein gp120 exhibit neurite retraction and activation of caspase-3, suggesting that the endocytic process may be crucial for gp120-mediated neuronal injury. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that internalization and accumulation of gp120 play a role in its neurotoxic effects. In mammalian cells, endocytosis is primarily a dynamin-dependent process. To establish whether gp120 is endocytosed in a dynamin-dependent manner, we used fibroblasts in which deletion of dynamins was induced by tamoxifen. We observed a robust reduction of intracellular gp120 immunoreactivity in tamoxifen-treated cells. To examine whether endocytosis of gp120 is crucial for its neurotoxic effect, we blocked gp120 internalization into primary rat cortical neurons by dynasore, an inhibitor of the dynamin GTP-ase activity. We found that dynasore blocks both gp120 internalization and neurotoxicity. We then utilized gp120-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles to deliver gp120 intracellularly. We established that once internalized, gp120 is neurotoxic regardless of chemokine receptor activation. Our data suggest that dynamin-dependent endocytosis of gp120 is critical for its neurotoxicity.
Gas phase infiltration of carbon nanotubes in Ni Nanofoam via liquid injection chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We demonstrate a new approach for improving the specific surface area of Ni nanofoam (NiNF) by exploiting its high void fraction for gas-phase infiltration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) process. To address the poor thermal stability of NiNF at CNT growth temperatures and low CNT nucleation density, a two-step pretreatment approach is implemented. First, a thin graphitic coating is deposited to stabilize NiNF via CH 4 CVD at 550 °C. Second, Fe catalyst is activated by depositing a thin layer of Al x O y (~ 2 nm) on the graphite-coated NiNF. The infiltration of CNTs at 750 °C increases the BET specific surface area of the resulting hybrid NiNF by a factor of over 20. A major appeal of this approach is that it can be utilized for tuning the structural properties of other nanostructures with relatively low temperature tolerance.
Adolescent Online Safety: Moving Beyond Formative Evaluations to Designing Solutions for the Future

We present a comprehensive and structured review of 132 peer-reviewed publications between the years of 2008 and 2015 to inform Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers and interaction designers about the current and multi-disciplinary knowledge on the topic of adolescent online safety and risks. Overall, we found that the existing literature has deeply studied the phenomena around adolescent online safety through an in-depth examination of the prevalence, perceptions, behaviors, characteristics, and outcomes associated with various online risk experiences. However, very few studies have moved beyond formative evaluations that inform design to novel design interventions or summative evaluations of new designs that serve to effectively change the status quo.
Development of fine motor skills is associated with expressive language outcomes in infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder.

A growing body of research suggests that fine motor abilities are associated with skills in a variety of domains in both typical and atypical development. In this study, we investigated developmental trajectories of fine motor skills between 6 and 24 months in relation to expressive language outcomes at 36 months in infants at high and low familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants included 71 high-risk infants without ASD diagnoses, 30 high-risk infants later diagnosed with ASD, and 69 low-risk infants without ASD diagnoses. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, fine motor skills were assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age and expressive language outcomes at 36 months using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Diagnosis of ASD was determined at the infant’s last visit to the lab (18, 24, or 36 months) using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that high-risk infants who later developed ASD showed significantly slower growth in fine motor skills between 6 and 24 months, compared to their typically developing peers. In contrast to group differences in growth from age 6 months, cross-sectional group differences emerged only in the second year of life. Also, fine motor skills at 6 months predicted expressive language outcomes at 3 years of age. These results highlight the importance of utilizing longitudinal approaches in measuring early fine motor skills to reveal subtle group differences in infancy between ASD high-risk and low-risk infant populations and to predict their subsequent language outcomes.