cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color component cross-talk pixel SNR correction method for color imagers

A simple multi-channel imager restoration method is presented in this paper. A method is developed to correct channel dependent cross-talk of a Bayer color filter array sensor with signal-dependent additive noise. We develop separate cost functions (weakened optimization) for each color channel-to-color channel component. Regularization is applied to each color component, instead of the standard per color channel basis. This separation of color components allows us to calculate regularization parameters that take advantage of the differing magnitudes of each color component cross-talk blurring. Due to a large variation in the amount of blurring for each color component, this separation can result in an improved trade-off between inverse filtering and noise smoothing. The restoration solution has its regularization parameters determined by maximizing the developed local pixel SNR estimations (HVS detection constraint). Local pixel adaptivity is applied. The total error in the corrected signal estimate (from bias error and amplified noise variance) is used in the local pixel SNR estimates. Sensor characterization a priori information is utilized. The method is geared towards implementation into the on-chip digital logic of low-cost CMOS sensors. Performance data of the proposed correction method is presented using color images captured from low cost embedded imaging CMOS sensors.
The Need for a Performance Map Based Decision Process

This paper presents a mathematical framework to create a unique decision process based on multiple performance maps of varying functional value and volatility to aid in complex decisions for highly nonlinear and coupled systems by involving human visualization and direct algebraic computations. This map-based process is intended to extend other decision tools, such as fuzzy logic and classical optimization (through cost functions) by embedding in-depth measurement certification, lessons learned, and data uncertainty in geometric map representations. As systems become ever more complex with more human intervention, reliable decisions must be made in less and less time (i.e., a few milliseconds). This decision framework is best carried out with selected maps combined into envelopes as functional/proven decision surfaces. Its potential for data-driven decisions of broad applicability is illustrated in several unique domains ranging from an intelligent actuator, a sensored soldier, health care provider management, a venture capital firm, and in human guided design/synthesis processes for parametrically dense systems. We also show that there is a geometrical structure (serial, parallel, or hybrid) to these decision processes which guides the efficient formulation of the most useful forward or inverse computation.
CHORDOMA. THIRTY-FIVE-YEAR STUDY AT MEMORIAL HOSPITAL.

The clinical histories of 46 cases of chordoma seen and treated at Memorial Hospital from 1930 to 1965 are reviewed, including 30 cases of sacral origin, ten cases of vertebral origin, five sphenoidal and one extranotochordal, with an age range from 2 1/2 years to 71 and a male sex predominance of 32 to 14. Only three patients in this series are alive and free of disease 5, 13 and 16 years after diagnosis and treatment and the absolute 5-year survival rate with freedom from disease is only 8.7%. Complete surgical excision can result in a cure in a few selected sacrococcygeal or sphenoidal cases but incomplete removal or tumor spillage in the wound are certain to lead to recurrence and probable metastasis and death. When radiation therapy is employed, either alone or preoperatively, symptomatic relief can be expected and some regression in the tumor at least for a time. In those tumors that show some radioresponsiveness repeat x-ray dosages may prove of extended benefit. The authors conclude that distant metastasis and local recurrence are more common than ordinarily considered and therapeutic doses of supervoltage irradiation pre- or postoperatively could be of subtantial benefit in the management of this uncommon disease.
Evaluation of models for somatic cell score lactation patterns in Holsteins.

Abstract Milk somatic cell score (SCS) typically reaches a minimum early in lactation and then rises. Nonlinear mixed effects models were used to describe this trajectory while accounting for between and within-cow variation. A total of 2387 SCS records from 217 Holsteins were analyzed. Four nonlinear and two linear functions were studied. Approximate maximum likelihood estimates indicated that cows free of intramammary infection had sharper SCS decreases after calving, and lower overall levels. Lactations starting between October and December had the highest fall of SCS levels at the beginning of lactation, and the smallest increases thereafter. In general, there was significant variation between cows’ individual trajectories. For some parameters and models, however, this variation was small. A four-parameter model suggested by Morant and Gnanasakthy was supported better by the data than the other five functional forms.
A Factor Analytic Investigation of Career Decision-Making Styles.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the decision-making style scales of the Assessment of Career Decision Making (ACDM-DMS). These scales are designed to measure rational, intuitive, and dependent decision-making styles. The responses of 819 undergraduate students were subjected to an exploratory iterative principal components factor analysis. Three factors were retained as the most clearly defined, interpretable solution. After orthogonal rotation, the factor structure that emerged corresponded closely to the three rationally constructed scales of the ACDM-DMS. Although gender differences were observed at the item and scale levels, the factor pattern was substantially similar for both sexes.
A Uniquely Simplified TV Tuning System Incorporating an Equally Unique Digital Automatic and Manual Fine Tuning Scheme

This paper presents a phase-locked loop tuning scheme for television that uniquely simplifies the phase-locked loop design by manipulation of the dividers to take advantage of the 6 MHz channel spacing. The system also incorporates a unique digital AFT scheme that utilizes the phase-locked-loop components and provides a means for manually offsetting the IF from its precise tuning of 45.75 MHz. The accuracy of tuning (worst case) occurs on channel 83 with an error of less than ±30 kHz, while the AFT has an error of less than ±1.5 kHz independent of channel. The following list summarizes the system capabilities.
What you see is not always what you get in atrophic macular disease.

PURPOSE To show that the area of atrophy seen on ophthalmoscopy may not correspond with the area of scotoma in some macular diseases. METHODS Three cases are presented, one with geographic atrophy (GA) from age-related macular degeneration, one with Stargardt disease, and one with a macular dystrophy. Nidek MP-1 microperimetry was performed and the correspondence of the dense scotoma to the visible atrophy is reported. RESULTS In the GA patient, the dense scotoma corresponds with the atrophy. In the patient with Stargardt disease, the dense scotoma is larger than the area of visible atrophy. In the patient with a macular dystrophy, the dense scotoma is smaller than the area of visible atrophy. CONCLUSIONS In GA from age-related macular degeneration, the dense scotoma generally corresponds with the atrophy, so that measurement of the enlargement rate of the atrophy is a direct measure of enlargement of the scotoma. This may not be true of other macular diseases.
The effects of anti-inflammatory drugs upon the chemistry and enzymology of rat skin.

Abstract Normal rats contain in the extracellular extrafibrillar compartment of their skin no proteolytic or “free” collagenolytic activities. Within 26 hr after administration of Cortisol, prednisolone, indomethacin, or oxyphenylbutazone, this cutaneous compartment demonstrated both a proteolytic and a free collagenolytic activity. Salicylate administration to rats did not produce these results. Associated with the appearance of these two enzymatic activities in the extracellular compartment of the skin were supernormal amounts of RNA and normal or subnormal amounts of β-glucuronidase activity. For these and other reasons it was felt that neither the proteolytic activity (maximal at pH 7.5) nor the collagneolytic activity (maximal at pH 5.5) was derived from the breakdown of intracellular lysosomes. Finally, paralleling the appearance of cutaneous, extracellular, free, collagenolytic activity was the loss of as much as 25–30 per cent of the insoluble collagen from the skin of these drug-treated rats. The extracellular, cutaneous proteolytic activity described above could digest hemoglobin and fibrin clots at pH 7.5 and convert fibrinogen to fibrin at the same pH. This enzyme activity could not attack the synthetic substrate appropriate to trypsin or thrombin but was active upon the substrate for chymotrypsin. Both the proteolytic and clotting activities were inhibited equally by p -chloromercurobeozoate, salicylate, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Therefore this clotting activity was not due to thrombin but represents a hitherto unknown clotting activity found only in the skin of drugtreated rats. The free collagenolytic activity found extracellularly in the skin of drug-treated rats had properties identical with those demonstrated by trypsin-activated extracts from normal rat skin. Apparently this collagenolytic activity is also released from cells by drug administration into the extracellular compartment of the skin where it effects the enzymatic digestion of cutaneous collagen until it complexes with an inhibitor pre-existing in this compartment.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A study of the fine structure of the kidney in a seven-month-old male.

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus A Study of the Fine Structure of the Kidney in a Seven-Month-Old Male
How Solvents Affect Acetaminophen Etching Pattern Formation: Interaction between Solvent and Acetaminophen at the Solid/Liquid Interface

The objective of this work was to further elucidate the dissolution process of acetaminophen crystals at the molecular level. The differences in the etching patterns from different solvents were used to study the interactions between solvent and acetaminophen molecules at the solid−liquid interface, such as solubilizing ability and potential solvent adsorption. The predicted etching patterns, based on the projections of attachment energies on the corresponding faces together with the solubilizing ability of the solvents, fit the observed etching patterns well. On the (001) face, the etching patterns were predominantly in the direction of the a-axis, which was also the direction of the dominant attachment energy. On the (110) face, the etching patterns were consistently in the direction of the c-axis irrespective of solvent used, and they were variable in other directions. These were well fit by the predicted etching patterns accounting for the different solubilizing ability of solvents. Both the most sign...
London's defense of the slave trade, 1787–1807

(1993). London's defense of the slave trade, 1787–1807. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 48-69.
Alzheimer disease: AD pathology--emerging subtypes or age-of-onset spectrum?

A new cross-sectional study proposes three subtypes of Alzheimer disease: hippocampal-sparing, typical and limbic-predominant, associated with average lifespans of 72, 79 and 86 years, respectively. A longitudinal view suggests that age might be a major neuropathological determinant, with typical cases having younger onset and limbic-predominant cases having older onset.
Power-counting theorem for infrared logarithms in non-Abelian gauge theories

We have developed a general diagrammatic method for precisely determining the power of infrared logarithms for diagrams of arbitrary order in non-Abelian gauge theories. It is applied specifically to the study of the infrared structure of the gauge-group singlet quark form factor for fixed momentum transfer and nonvanishing quark mass. All leading infrared logarithms of the form factor are found to arise from a class of planar quantum-electrodynamic-type diagrams in which, however, the gluon propagators are fully dressed by gluon and ghost loops. Thus the infrared behavior of the massive-quark sector reflects strongly that of the massless-gluon sector, which in turn is controlled by the ultraviolet structure of the gluon self-interaction.
Quantitative autoradiography of TRH receptors in discrete brain regions of different mammalian species.

The results clearly show marked heterogeneity and ubiquity of the CNS distribution of TRH receptors across several mammalian species including man. The use of high resolution autoradiography coupled with image analysis has permitted the visualization and quantification of TRH receptor density in even very small regions and nuclei of the CNS. This technique will undoubtedly help elucidate the other areas of TRH receptor localization that have thus far escaped detection in mammals and that are yet to be studied in lower vertebrates. Although an attempt has been made to correlate the presence of the peptide, its receptors, and its possible physiological functions, only further detailed physiological/behavioral investigations will ultimately unravel and support the diverse neurotransmitter and trophic roles of TRH in CNS and endocrine function. 130 references.
Action principles for extended magnetohydrodynamic models

The general, non-dissipative, two-fluid model in plasma physics is Hamiltonian, but this property is sometimes lost or obscured in the process of deriving simplified (or reduced) two-fluid or one-fluid models from the two-fluid equations of motion. To ensure that the reduced models are Hamiltonian, we start with the general two-fluid action functional, and make all the approximations, changes of variables, and expansions directly within the action context. The resulting equations are then mapped to the Eulerian fluid variables using a novel nonlocal Lagrange-Euler map. Using this method, we recover Lust's general two-fluid model, extended magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Hall MHD, and electron MHD from a unified framework. The variational formulation allows us to use Noether's theorem to derive conserved quantities for each symmetry of the action.
Surgical necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants below 1000 g

Abstract Background/Purpose Infants with very low birth weight are at increased risk for both intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). IVH often progresses in severity after initial diagnosis and causes severe neurological morbidity and mortality. The authors examined the role of NEC in the progression of IVH in these infants. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective case-control study using data from the University of Maryland neonatal intensive care unit database between 1991 and 2003. From a cohort of 957 infants with very low birth weight, 53 pairs of infants labeled as IVH progression versus controls were selected and closely matched in respect to their gestational age and birth weight. Charts from these infants were reviewed to identify risk factors contributing to IVH progression. Results Infants with IVH progression were significantly more likely to suffer from NEC (odds ratio, 3.6), whereas infants with surgical NEC showed a greater association with IVH progression (odds ratio, 5.33). Association with thrombocytopenia was also seen (odds ratio, 3.33). Sepsis showed trend toward significance (odds ratio, 1.9; P = .095) for progression of IVH. Conclusion Surgical NEC showed the greatest risk for IVH progression. NEC and thrombocytopenia also appear to be risk factors for IVH progression.
Mediation of neurogenic ion transport by acetylcholine, prostanoids and 5-hydroxytryptamine in porcine ileum.

Abstract Enteric neural activity modulates active transepithelial ion transport in the intestine. We investigated the neural circuits mediating neurogenic secretion in mucosal explants from porcine ileum. Transmural electrical stimulation increased short-circuit current, a measure of active ion transport, by 35 ± 2 μA/cm 2 . The neuronal Na + channel blocker saxitoxin, the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist tropisetron, and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibited this response. In addition, tropisetron inhibited the atropine-resistant portion of the response, and both atropine and indomethacin attenuated the saxitoxin-resistant component. Neurogenic secretion in porcine ileum appears to be mediated by tryptaminergic and prostanoid-sensitive cholinergic pathways.
Pseudocolor engraving prints using signal processing methods

ABSTRACTIn this contribution we propose an application for pseudo-color engraving-prints. Usually, the prints that are made w ith r elief a nd i ntaglio t echniques, are b lack a nd w hite i mages c omposite by a group o f binary lines. S everaltexture and gray levels are obtained changing direction and density of lines in the print. We propose an application basedsignal processing methods to pseudo-color black and white prints. The proposed method can be done in real time using a white light optical correlator. The different color channels R, Gand B could be encode simultaneously using a color film for filter representation. In this way the pseudo-color processing can be done in one cycle ofthe optical processor. 1. Introduction A print is a mark, or drawing, made in or upon a plate, stone, woodblock or other material which is cover with inkand then is press usually into a paper reproducing the image on the paper. Prints usually are image composite by a groupofbinary lines; specifically those are made with relief and intaglio techniques. Varying the number and the orientation of
Producibility of (Hg,Cd)Te by dipping liquid phase epitaxy

Liquid phase epitaxy(LPE) of (Hg,Cd)Te thick films from large tellurium-rich solutions was used to produce very large quantities of high quality films used for the fabrication of focal plane arrays. The composition uniformity is found to be ix=±O.OO1 for x=O.223 over an area ranging from 43cm2 to 54cm2. The reproducibility for 2OO growth runs, <8000cm2, is x=0.226±0.0033 or equivalently Xco9.8Si44Pm. The electrical quality of the material for diodes is evaluated by growing n-type films with an indium back-doping of —5x1014cm3. The carrier concentratio:ri is reproducible and in good agreement with the indium doping level. The average carrier concentration at 77K is 5.3±2.4x10'4cm3 with a mobility of 13 1±0.31x105cm2/V sec. Th.e minority carrier lifetime for the n-type films is Auger limited with an average value of 68±2.0isec.
Economies of scale, strategic advertising and fully credible entry deterrence

Recent work on entry deterrence has emphasized the distinction between a monopolist’s reversible and irreversible preentry strategic moves (e.g., limit pricing) will not credible deter a rational potential entrant. Dixit (1980) and other have demonstrated, however, that irreversible preentry capacity investments can result in credible deterrence. In this paper, we examine preentry advertising investments which irreversibly alter postentry demand conditions. Using an infinite horizon model, we show that preentry investments in advertising may result in credible deterrence even for the extreme case where an entrant expects a collusive postentry price, and the monopolist ceases all advertising at the moment of entry.
Sequence specificity in aflatoxin B1--DNA interactions.

Abstract The activated form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes covalent modification primarily of guanine residues, leading to alkali-labile sites in DNA. A simple extension of the Maxam-Gilbert procedure for sequence analysis permits the identification of alkali-labile sites induced by AFB1 and determination of the frequency of alkali-labile AFB1 modifications at particular sites on a DNA fragment of known sequence. Using this strategy, we have investigated the influence of flanking nucleotide sequences on AFB1 modification in a number of DNA fragments of known sequence. Our results show that certain guanine residues in double-stranded DNA are preferentially attacked by AFB1 over others in a manner predictable from a knowledge of vicinal nucleotide sequences. The observed in vitro sequence specificity is independent of a number of tested parameters and is likely to occur in vivo.
Rapid degradation of neurotensin by stimulated rat mast cells.

Abstract A RIA towards neurotensin (NT) using C-terminal- and N-terminal-specific antisera was used to study degradation of this tridecapeptide by isolated rat mast cells. Incubation of NT (10 μM) with peritoneal or pleural mast cells resulted in a rapid loss of NT immunoreactivity (iNT), as measured by C-terminal-directed antiserum, with little effect on N-terminal iNT. The rate of the reaction was faster with pleural cells ( T 1 2 , 30 s) than with peritoneal cells ( T 1 2 , 180 s) and was > 10-fold slower in the presence of metabolic poisons. The enzyme(s) involved is most likely released from the cells during secretion, as NT was degraded by media conditioned by compound 48 80 - stimulated mast cells 40–60 times faster than by media from unstimulated cells. This degradation by conditioned media was concentration dependent, pH dependent, and temperature sensitive. HPLC analyses indicated a near stoichiometric conversion of NT to NT(1–12) (66%) and NT(1–11) (34%) after incubation for 10–30 s with conditioned media. By 30 min only NT(1–11) and NT(1–10) were present. Phenanthroline (1 mM), an inhibitor of carboxypeptidase, prevented the loss of C-terminal iNT and the generation of NT(1–12) and NT(1–11). While NT(1–12) was effective in releasing histamine from mast cells in vitro and increasing vascular permeability in vivo, NT(1–11) was not. These results suggest that carboxypeptidase-like enzyme(s) could modulate the level and form of NT-related peptides in various states involving activation of mast cells.
Infectious RNA transcripts from cloned cDNAs of cucumber mosaic viral satellites.

Abstract Complete cDNA copies of two variants of CARNA 5, the satellite of cucumber mosaic virus, have been cloned in the transcription vector pPM1. These two naturally-occurring CARNA 5s are capable and incapable, respectively, of inducing a lethal necrotic disease of tomato upon coinoculation with the genomic RNAs 1, 2, and 3 of cucumber mosaic virus. Uncapped transcripts synthesized in , vitro from the two linearized, recombinant plasmids are infectious and each induces the appropriate symptomatology upon coinfection with cucumber mosaic viral RNAs on tomato plants. Progeny CARNA 5s isolated from such infected plants correspond to their natural CARNA 5 counterparts.
Yeast Oscillations, Belousov-Zhabotinsky Waves, and the Non-retraction Theorem

When you think of scientific applications of topology, you usually think of physics: fiber bundles [1], solitons [2], and instantons in particle physics, for example. But more and more, topology is beginning to play an important role in chemistry and biology. When biochemists discuss the three-dimensional coiling of DNA, differential topology is the language of choice [3, 4, 5, 6]. The widespread occurrence of closed rings of DNA leads to complex topologies: knots or even networks of inter-locked rings (as in the Trypanosome parasite that causes sleeping sickness) [7, 8]. Amazing enzymes called “topoisomerases” can break DNA rings and rejoin them with altered topology [9, 10]. These feats have only recently been mimicked by man-made technology—after decades of effort, organic chemists [11,12] have synthesized the first molecular Mobius strip.
Fixed point theorems in generalized Hilbert spaces

Abstract Some fundamental fixed point theorems are proved for locally convex spaces whose generating family of seminorms satisfies the parallelogram law.
Blends of Pegylated Polyoctahedralsilsesquioxanes (POSS-PEG) and Methyl Cellulose as Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

Abstract Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were prepared by blending LiClO 4 , methyl cellulose (MC) and an oligometric dendritic polyethylene glycol (PEG), formed from polyoctahedralsilsesquioxane functionalized with ∼ 8 PEG side chains (POSS-PEG) on the SiO 1.5 core. Compositions with 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40 POSS-PEG/MC, and LiClO 4 (O/Li = 16/1) were investigated for their electrochemical, mechanical and morphological properties, where O/Li indicates the molar ratio of ether oxygens from POSS-PEG to Li + ions. Since compatible blends can be made over a range of compositions, ranging from “tacky” with low amounts of MC, to “hard” with high percentages of MC, this system is a paradigm for preparing batteries with continuous interfaces from the electrodes to the SPE. SEM and TEM images indicate that POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 (O/Li = 16/1)/MC form microporous structures in which the pore walls are microphase separated. In these microphase separated blends, the LiClO 4 partitions into the POSS-PEG phase and is amorphous between −100 °C and its decomposition temperature, T d ∼ 300 °C, as evidenced by an increased glass transition temperature (T g ) for the POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 phase, while the MC phase is semicrystalline, as evidenced by x-ray diffraction data, showing the persistance of crystalline regions of MC in the blends. At temperatures below the glass transition temperature (T g ) of POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 (O/Li = 16/1) the moduli of the blends increase with increasing POSS-PEG content, indicating that the POSS-PEG component behaves like high molar mass polyethylene oxide (PEO) reinforced with SiO 1.5 . At temperatures T > T g (POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 ), where POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 is highly viscous (does not flow under its own weight) but not a true solid, the moduli of the blends increase with MC content, consistent with the high modulus MC forming cross-link sites to the dominant POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 phase. It is proposed that these crosslink sites are due to residual primary OH groups from MC that form hydrogen bonds with ether oxygens of POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 and result in a rubbery morphology (32 - 156 MPa) at room temperature, with the Li + ions preferentially binding to the ether oxygens in the interior of the microphase separated regions. Conductivities of 1.6 × 10 −5 and 1.1 × 10 −6 S/cm were measured at 30 °C and 0 °C, respectively, for the 80/20 POSS-PEG/LiClO 4 (O/Li = 16/1)/MC blend. Stability and reversibility of the blends at 50 °C were observed in the range 1.5 to 4.2 V.
Bladder Outlet Obstruction and BPH

It is well known that age is the major risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A histologic diagnosis of BPH will develop in approximately half of men over 40. Of these men, approximately 50 % will develop notable lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which increase in prevalence between age 40 and 80 [1]. The degree of prostatic enlargement, which impacts the severity of symptoms experienced, is highly variable. The presence of lower urinary tract symptoms is often indicative of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH, especially in the elderly. The treatment of BPH, which includes medical, minimally invasive, and surgical therapies, aims to improve subjective symptoms and quality of life. This review focuses on novel therapies for BOO secondary to BPH in the elderly.
Higher order topological derivatives in elasticity

The topological derivative provides the variation of a response functional when an infinitesimal hole of a particular shape is introduced into the domain. In this work, we compute higher order topological derivatives for elasticity problems, so that we are able to obtain better estimates of the response when holes of finite sizes are introduced in the domain. A critical element of our algorithm involves the asymptotic approximation for the stress on the hole boundary when the hole size approaches zero; it consists of a composite expansion that is based on the responses of elasticity problems on the domain without the hole and on a domain consisting of a hole in an infinite space. We present a simple example in which the higher order topological derivatives of the total potential energy are obtained analytically and by using the proposed asymptotic expansion. We also use the finite element method to verify the topological asymptotic expansion when the analytical solution is unknown.
Local legislation ‐ the future for local authorities

(1989). Local legislation ‐ the future for local authorities. Local Government Studies: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 1-6.
Optical Character Recognition and Parsing of Typeset Mathematics1

Abstract There is a wealth of mathematical knowledge that could be potentially very useful in many computational applications, but is not available in electronic form. This knowledge comes in the form of mechanically typeset books and journals going back more than 100 years. Besides these older sources, there are a great many current publications, filled with useful mathematical information, which are difficult if not impossible to obtain in electronic form. Our work intends to encode, for use by computer algebra systems, integral tables and other documents currently available in hardcopy only. Our strategy is to extract character information from these documents, which is then passed to higher-level parsing routines for further extraction of mathematical content (or any other useful two-dimensional semantic content). This information can then be output as, for example, a Lisp or TEX expression. We have also developed routines for rapid access to this information, specifically for finding matches with formulas in a table of integrals. This paper reviews our current efforts and summarizes our results and the problems we have encountered.
Terrorism and 11 September 2001: does the “behavioral response to disaster” model fit?

A recent question from the research literature is addressed: to what extent does the behavioral response to the natural and technological disaster model apply to terrorist events involving a weapon of mass destruction (WMD)? Earlier work argued that the literature is applicable. Anecdotal evidence and preliminary content analysis findings from the aftermath of the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 demonstrate the salience of the model to terrorism.
Seismotectonics and Fault Structure of the California Central Coast

Abstract I present and interpret new earthquake relocations and focal mechanisms for the California Central Coast. The relocations improve upon catalog locations by using 3D seismic velocity models to account for lateral variations in structure and by using relative arrival times from waveform cross-correlation and double-difference methods to image seismicity features more sharply. Focal mechanisms are computed using ray tracing in the 3D velocity models. Seismicity alignments on the Hosgri fault confirm that it is vertical down to at least 12 km depth, and the focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral strike-slip motion on a vertical fault. A prominent, newly observed feature is an ∼25 km long linear trend of seismicity running just offshore and parallel to the coastline in the region of Point Buchon, informally named the Shoreline fault. This seismicity trend is accompanied by a linear magnetic anomaly, and both the seismicity and the magnetic anomaly end where they obliquely meet the Hosgri fault. Focal mechanisms indicate that the Shoreline fault is a vertical strike-slip fault. Several seismicity lineations with vertical strike-slip mechanisms are observed in Estero Bay. Events greater than about 10 km depth in Estero Bay, however, exhibit reverse-faulting mechanisms, perhaps reflecting slip at the top of the remnant subducted slab. Strike-slip mechanisms are observed offshore along the Hosgri–San Simeon fault system and onshore along the West Huasna and Rinconada faults, while reverse mechanisms are generally confined to the region between these two systems. This suggests a model in which the reverse faulting is primarily due to restraining left-transfer of right-lateral slip.
Chronic fissural cheilitis: a manifestation of anterior crowding.

Abstract A 48-year-old man, otherwise in good health, was seen with a chronic painful fissure of the upper lip mucosa. For at least 2 years it had failed to respond to a variety of topical agents. Though not previously reported, the primary etiologic factor was thought to be irritation from contact with his misaligned anterior teeth. Eight months into orthodontic treatment, the lesion healed and did not return. Orthodontics included preadusted edgewise mechanics. However, the right maxillary lateral incisor was not bracketed but instead guided into position by direct contact with the archwire. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:71-5)
Gas-dependent bandgap and electrical conductivity of Cu2O thin films

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a promising earth-abundant semiconductor for photovoltaic applications. Developing an understanding of the p-type conduction mechanism is vital to optimize the material. We have used a reactive magnetron sputtering system to fabricate Cu2O thin films. The bandgap, refractive index, mobility, density of hole, and electrical conductivity in the films have also been investigated. Our work shows that the films fabricated under nitrogen-rich condition exhibit wide bandgaps and low electrical conductivities while the films deposited under oxygen-rich condition have narrow bandgaps and high electrical conductivities. The results from the density functional theory are introduced to explain the gas dependence of the bandgap. A developed theoretical model based on Fermi-Dirac statistics shows that the high electrical conductivities originate from the acceptor levels located below Feimi level in the film.
The design of a robotic multichannel platform for photodynamic therapy

A compact robotic platform is designed for simultaneous multichannel motion control for light delivery and dosimetry during interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT). Movements of light sources and isotropic detectors are controlled by individual motors along different catheters for interstitial PDT. The robotic multichannel platform adds feedback control of positioning for up to 16 channels compared to the existing dual-motor system, which did not have positioning encoders. A 16-channel servo motion controller and micro DC motors, each with high resolution optical encoder, are adopted to control the motions of up to 16 channels independently. Each channel has a resolution of 0.1mm and a speed of 5cm/s. The robotic platform can perform light delivery and dosimetry independently, allowing arbitrary positioning of light sources and detectors in each catheter. Up to 16 compact translational channels can be combined according to different operational scheme with real-time optimal motion planning. The characteristic of high speed and coordinating motion will make it possible to use short linear sources (e.g., 1- cm) to deliver uniform PDT treatment to a bulk tumor within reasonable time by source stepping optimization of multiple sources simultaneously. Advanced robotic control algorithm handles the various unexpected circumstance in clinical procedure, e.g., positiontorque/current control will be applied to prevent excessive force in the case of resistance in the fiber or motorized mechanism. The robotic platform is fully compatible with operation room (OR) environment and improves the light delivery and dosimetry in PDT. It can be adopted for diffusing optical tomography (DOT), spectroscopic DOT and fluorescent spectroscopy.
Electronic switchable bandpass filter using PIN diodes for wireless low cost system-on-a-package applications

A reconfigurable band-pass filter for wireless applications has been designed and demonstrated. The topology has been designed on Duroid, a low cost organic substrate intended for system-on-a-package (SOP) applications. The design achieves discrete bandwidth tuning by direct manipulation of its geometry and implements PIN diodes as switching elements. The filter was designed with a centre frequency of 5.8 GHz and a passband tunablity ratio of 2:1. Several tests such as one-tone power handling and two-tone intermodulation measurements were conducted to investigate the filter's response to different power signal levels as well as the level of signal distortion. The filter produced third-order intermodulation intercept points (IIP3s) greater than 46 dBm around the centre frequency for tones separated by 1 MHz. The resulting circuit presented here does not produce significant distortion and it is capable of handling signals with power levels greater than 2 W. The two distinct bandwidths produced by the filter were 10.12% with an insertion loss of 3.95 dB and 5.43% with an insertion loss of 4.73 dB. The physical size of the fabricated filter layout including the realisation of bias circuitry is comparable to the size of a conventional filter.
Cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicles in echovirus 12-infected cells.

Abstract LLC-MK2 continuous line of rhesus monkey kidney cells infected with echovirus 12 were incubated with or without the inhibitor of viral RNA synthesis, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (HBB) and were examined by light and electron microscopy at intervals during a single cycle of viral replication. In the absence of HBB, cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicles were first seen by electron microscopy in cells 4–5 hours after infection and increased in number with time after infection. Cytopathologic changes, observed by phase microscopy, developed 5–6 hours after infection. The addition of HBB to cultures at the time of infection of 1–2 hours later prevented the development of cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicles and cytopathogenesis over a 7-hour period, but did not prevent the virus-induced disaggregation of cellular polyribosomes. However, if HBB was not added until 3 or 4 hours after infection, the development of membrane-bound vesicles was not prevented. No viral hemagglutinating particles were produced during a period of time equal to three cycles of viral replication when HBB was added to cells at 3 hours or less after infection and only 10% of maximal viral yields were produced when the compound was added 4 hours after infection. Since cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicles (seen by electron microscopy) and viral cytopathogenesis (seen by light microscopy) (1) develop at closely parallel times after infection, (2) are both probably not direct consequences of virus-induced disaggregation of host-cell polyribosomes, and (3) both require for development the initiation of active viral biosynthesis, it is concluded that the formation of membrane-bound vesicles is a major ultrastructural reflection of viral cytopathogenesis.
Recognition of genes in DNA sequence with ambiguities

The search for genes in a newly sequenced DNA is a well known problem. Among other factors, the gene-searching process is hampered by a number of ambiguities which may remain unresolved experimentally for a long time. A computer method that is able to predict genes in a DNA sequence containing ambiguities has been developed, based on the non-homogeneous Markov chain technique. The reliability of the method has been tested using a set of sequences generated by a Monte-Carlo procedure and a set of 425 E. coli sequences with ambiguities introduced artificially.
Ecuador’s Efforts to Raise Its Research Profile: The Prometeo Program Case Study

Ecuador’s government understands that capable research universities can help in solving the country’s pressing socio-economic problems. However, research capabilities and research productivity in its national universities have historically been low, as professors primarily teach and often do not have the inclination, the ability, or the time to do research. Through several initiatives, which have been both praised and scorned, the government is attempting to instigate a new research culture among its institutions of higher education. This article describes these initiatives and focuses on the “Prometeo–Viejos Sabios” grant program from the perspective of a recent participant. The program was created to attract international scholars to assist Ecuador’s universities in their research and development efforts.
The inaccuracy of duplex ultrasonography in predicting patency of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts

Abstract Background & Aims: A prospective double-blinded study with preset sonographic criteria has not been performed to assess the accuracy of duplex ultrasonography in determining the patency of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of duplex ultrasonography in predicting shunt malfunction using accepted preset sonographic criteria. Methods: Sixty ultrasonographic and venographic follow-up comparisons were made on 38 cirrhotic patients who had undergone TIPS placement for variceal bleeding (n = 28) or intractable ascites (n = 10). Ultrasonographic results were analyzed by one of two board-certified ultrasonographers without knowledge of venographic findings. Results: Of the 31 occluded (n = 8) and stenotic (n = 23) shunts, ultrasonography accurately predicted a shunt malfunction (occlusion or stenosis) in only 11 studies and incorrectly predicted patency in 20. Compared with venography, ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 35% and a specificity of 83% in predicting TIPS stenosis or occlusion. Conclusions: These results suggest that duplex sonography is not a sensitive test in predicting the presence of a hemodynamically significant stenosis and that shunt status should be assessed by venography and direct portal pressure measurements until a more reliable and proven noninvasive ultrasonographic criterion is devised. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;114:975-980
Taro: Composition and food uses

Abstract The history, nomenclature, and compositional properties, emphasizing the nutritional and antinutritional components, associated with taro are reviewed based on the scientific literature. In addition, the use of taro in both traditional and nontraditional foods is discussed as well as compositional changes as influenced by processing.
The Technology Boom A New Era in Obesity Management

As technology continues to develop rapidly, the incidence of obesity also continues to climb at an alarming rate. The increase in available technology is thought to be a contributor in the obesogenic environment, yet at the same time technology can also be used to intervene and improve health and health behaviors. This article reviews the components of effective weight management programs and the novel role that technology, such as SMS, websites, and smartphone apps, is playing to improve the success of such programs. Use of these modern technologies can now allow for individualized treatment recommendations to be delivered to individuals remotely, increased self-monitoring/tracking of health-related data, broader and more rapid dissemination of health information/recommendations, and increased patient–dietician/physician contact. The use of technology in weight management programs results in improved long-term weight management, and in most cases improved cost-effectiveness. Rather than blaming increased food intake and sedentary lifestyle on technology, rapidly developing and innovative technologies should be used to our advantage and deployed to combat the obesity epidemic.
Effects of scapular dyskinesis and scapular assistance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation.

Background Scapular dyskinesis is an abnormal scapular motion or position during active arm elevation. Dyskinesis is theorized to contribute to impingement syndrome by decreasing the subacromial space. A corrective maneuver of the scapular assistance test (SAT) proposes to increase scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt to increase the subacromial space. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence that 1) scapular dyskinesis and 2) passive manual correction with the SAT have on subacromial space and 3-dimensional (3-D) scapular kinematics. Materials and methods Forty asymptomatic participants were classified with either obvious dyskinesis (n = 20) or normal motion (n = 20) using the scapular dyskinesis test. The anterior outlet of the subacromial space was measured via the acromiohumeral distance using ultrasound imaging and 3-D scapular orientation was assessed with electromagnetic motion analysis, with the arm at rest 45° and 90° of active elevation with and without the SAT, respectively. Results There were no differences in acromiohumeral distance or scapular kinematics with static active arm elevation between groups. The SAT increased scapular upward rotation, posterior tilt, and acromiohumeral distance in both groups. Participants with dyskinesis demonstrated greater scapular mobility in upward rotation with the SAT, but no additional increase in acromiohumeral distance. Conclusion Scapular dyskinesis identified during active motion did not result in different 3-D scapular orientation or acromiohumeral distance during active arm elevation in static positions; however, the SAT altered scapular kinematics and increased acromiohumeral distance. The SAT may be helpful to identify individuals where subacromial compression is producing symptoms, regardless of dyskinesis.
A Cluster Structure as an Interconnection Network for Large Multimicrocomputer Systems

This paper presents a cluster structure, characterized by a set of structure parameters and a set of interconnection functions, as a conceptual interconnection scheme for large multimicrocomputer systems. It is shown that three popular interconnection structures (hypercube, hierarchy, and tree structures) are examples of the cluster structure. Two communication problems (traffic congestion and message delay), which may result in interconnection limitation to a particular structure, are analyzed. The analysis provides a way to understand structural properties such as complexity, capacity, and limitation. Through the use of the cluster structure and the analytical model, topological optimization is presented to show how interconnection limitation can be minimized.
Twelve Choices: A Framework For Interpersonal Process And Strategy

The Twelve Choices framework integrates theories by William Schutz and W.R. Bion to offer a way to visualize our choices of emotive overtones in relating to others. Every interpersonal behavior can have one or both of a task component and an emotive component. The emotive overtones in interpersonal behavior can be categorized on four dimensions, with two extremes and a midpoint on each dimension resulting in twelve major labels for emotive overtones. The four emotive dimensions are Control, Affection, Aggression, and Flight. Control dimension has “Pre-emptive (or controlling)” behaviors at one extreme, “Interdependence” in the middle, and “Dependence (or submissive / compliant)”at the other extreme. Affection dimension has “Love” at one extreme, “Empathy” in the middle, and “Apathy” at the other extreme. Aggression dimension has “Aggression towards the other” at one extreme, “Confrontation” in the middle, and “Self-flagellation” at the other extreme. Flight dimension has “Escape” at one extreme, “Humor” in the middle, and “Withdrawal” at the other extreme. Managers may utilize this framework to understand their own and others’ patterns of emotive responses, and to learn about the impact of individual and interpersonal behaviors on group dynamics, and to visualize their options for interpersonal behavior.