cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abundance and Size Distribution of Ocean-Type Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Upper Sacramento River Margin before and after Hatchery Releases

Abstract If hatchery-reared salmon delay emigration after release, they may compete with wild salmon in freshwater rearing habitat. We measured the densities and size distributions of ocean-type juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in two rearing areas downstream of a hatchery in the Sacramento River, California, before, during, and after two large releases in both 2001 and 2002. Densities of juvenile salmon followed a unimodal trend through time, peaking at about 0.5–1.5 fish/m2 during late March or early April but declining by the time hatchery fish were released in mid to late April. Hatchery releases did not increase densities above the underlying trend, except after one release at one site. Density increased by 0.83 fish/m2 (SE, 0.30 fish/m2) after this release but returned to the baseline level within 3 d. Although hatchery fish were much larger than most wild fish, the mean size of fish captured did not increase appreciably after hatchery releases, even after the release when density in...
Antigen-antibody binding kinetics for biosensors: the fractal dimension and the binding rate coefficient.

The diffusion-limited binding kinetics of antigen (or antibody or substrate) in solution to antibody (or antigen or enzyme) immobilized on a biosensor surface is analyzed within a fractal framework. The change in the fractal dimension, D f , is in the same direction as that in the forward binding rate coefficient, k 1 . An increase or decrease in the fractal dimension, D f leads to an increase or decrease in the forward binding rate coefficient, k 1 respectively, irrespective of whether the antigen or the antibody is immobilized on the biosensor surface. For example, an increase in the concentration of IgG (MRC OX-19) (antigen) in solution from 1 to 10 μg/mL bound to polyclonal sheep anti-mouse IgG (antibody) immobilized on immunomagnetic beads leads to decreases in D f from 1.93 to 0.517 and in k 1 from 2.72 to 0.064, respectively. The different examples analyzed and presented together indicate one means by which the forward binding rate coefficient, k 1 , may be controlled, that is, by changing the fractal dimension or the disorder on the surface. The versatility of the analysis is indicated by applying it to different examples for both types of systems, wherein either the antigen or antibody is immobilized on the surface. The analysis should assist in improving the stability, sensitivity, and response time of biosensors.
The CHART system: a high-performance, fair transport architecture based on explicit-rate signaling

TCP/IP is known to have poor performance under conditions of moderate to high packet loss (5%-20%) and end-to-end latency (20-200 ms). The CHART system, under development by HP and its partners under contract to the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is a careful re-engineering of Internet Layer 3 and Layer 4 protocols to improve TCP/IP performance in these cases. The CHART system has just completed the second phase of a three-phase, 42-month development cycle. The goal for the 42-month program was a 10x improvement in the performance of TCP/IP under conditions of loss and delay. In independent tests for DARPA at Science Applications In-ternational Corporation, the CHART System demonstrated a 20x performance improvement over TCP/IP, exceeding the goals for the program by a factor of two. Fairness to legacy TCP and UDP ows was further demonstrated in DARPA testing. We describe the CHART System as a set of five interacting services and protocol improvements which act together to make TCP/IP robust under conditions of loss and latency, and we describe and detail the test regime and performance results.
Virtual Fabrication of Small Ga-As/P and In-As/P Clusters with Pre-Designed Electronic Pattern Structure

Quantum statistical physics methods [1] relate charge transport properties of small atomic clusters (or small quantum dots, QDs) to their equilibrium electronic energy level spectra. Thus, electronic energy level computations for such systems provide a foundation for realization of a virtual (i.e., fundamental theory- based, computational) approach [2] to synthesis of sub-nanoscale materials with pre-designed charge transport properties. In this publication the Hartee-Fock (HF) electronic energy level spectra of several pre-designed small clusters of Ga, As, In and P atoms are studied and compared to those of the corresponding clusters grown at spatially unrestricted conditions. Influence of clusters' growth conditions on formation and structure of their valence and conduction bands is discussed.
Promoting the acquisition and generalization of conversational skills by individuals with severe disabilities

This paper examines various issues related to the problems of acquisition and generalization experienced by people with severe disabilities who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Many of these individuals experience difficulties using newly acquired communication skills in settings, and with conversational partners, that differ from those introduced in the instructional context. Methods of promoting functional communication skills are addressed, with particular emphasis placed on the need to incorporate environmental variables into the instructional process. Implications for future clinical-educational and research endeavors are discussed.
Geometry of domains and domain boundaries in monolayers and bilayers

Domains in lipid bilayers may exist when two or more phases are allowed. However, the geometry of domains are governed by additional constraints. The most direct way to study the geometry of domains is by microscopy. Electron diffraction patterns that are characteristic of particular molecular packings are used to enhance the contrast of domains by electron microscopy. Surface features associated with lipid phases are utilized in freeze-fracture electron microscopy to define domains. X-ray microanalysis helps to identify the composition of lipids in domains. Phase-specific fluorescence dyes such as merocyanine 540 (MC540) are useful in delineating domains in monolayers and bilayers. MC540 is also sensitive in detecting molecular packing stress below the onset of the bilayer-hexagonal phase transition. Domains in monolayers and bilayers, mapped by different microscopic techniques, are compared.
Single-stage correction of imperforate anus with a rectourethral or a rectovestibula fistula by semi-posterior sagittal anorectoplasty.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical advantages of a single-stage correction of imperforate anus with a rectourethral or a rectovestibula fistula in neonates by a semi-posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP). The medical records of 38 neonates (5 females and 33 males) who had imperforate anus with a rectourethral or a rectovestibula fistula were reviewed and analyzed in Children's Hospital of Fudan University between January 2004 and July 2007. All patients had an anorectal malformation but without obvious sacral dysplasia. The first group had a single-stage PSARP without a colostomy. All neonates were full-term without severe cardiac, renal anomalies or severe abdominal distension. The second group had a staged Pena procedure; the neonates were not suitable for a single-stage PSARP because of severe abdominal distention or cardiac, renal anomalies. A transverse colostomy was performed, followed 3-6 months later by the Pena procedure, and colostomy closure 2 months thereafter. The congenital anomalies, fetal age, birth weight, time and age of the definitive operation, complications, length of hospital stay, cost, and postoperative bowel movements were analyzed between these two groups. Among the 38 patients, 22 had a single-stage definitive operation and 16 had a staged pull-through procedure. There were significant differences in congenital anomalies between the two groups (P = 0.0314), but no statistically significant differences between the fetal ages, weight at birth, and time and age at the time of the definitive operation (P > 0.05). One patient in the first group had intestinal obstruction and intestinal perforation. For the second group, early complications were related to the colostomy. At after 3 years postoperatively, 9 patients in the first group and 12 patients in the second group were followed-up and all had positive voluntary bowel movements. There were no statistically significant differences in soiling and constipation grades between the two groups. The total length of hospital stay was 12.06 +/- 0.85 and 33.85 +/- 0.94 days and the cost was 10,681.1 +/- 1,759.5 and 27,355.9 +/- 1,952.0 RMB for the first and second groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the total length of hospital stay and cost between the two groups (P 0.05). This retrospective study shows that it is feasible for correction of imperforate anus with a rectourethral or a rectovestibula fistula in neonates using a modified PSARP without a colostomy.
Computational Investigation of FeS2 Surfaces and Prediction of Effects of Sulfur Environment on Stabilities

Density functional theory calculations were employed to investigate the (001), (210), (III), and (110) surfaces of, F~S2' The surface free ene:gies were calculated in equilibrium with a sulfur environment using firstpnnclples based thermodynamics approach. Surfaces that feature metal atoms in their outermost layer are predicted to be higher m energy. Wlthm the studied subset of (I x I) terminations, the stoichiometric (001) surface termmated by a layer of sulfur atoms is the most stable for sulfur-lean condition. For increasingly sulfur-nch enVIronment, two structures were found to have notably lower surface energies compared to others. They have (210) and (Ill) orientation, both terminated by layers of sulfur. Interestingly, these surfaces are nonstoichiometric exhibiting an excess of sulfur atoms.
Notions of Gentile Impurity in Ancient Judaism

This study investigates the history and nature of Gentile impurity in ancient Judaism. It is deceptively simple to assume that Gentiles, who did not observe purity laws, would have been considered ritually impure as a matter of course. Indeed, a number of scholars maintain this position. In fact, however, the situation is a bit more complex. Ancient Jewish sources reflect two conflicting tensions. On the one hand, both biblical and rabbinic law(considered Gentiles to be exempt from the laws of ritual purity. On the other hand, Gentiles ate impure foods, came into regular contact with impure substances, and–what is worse–committed idolatry and defiling sexual acts. Ultimately, some rabbinic sources do state that Gentiles are, in fact, ritually impure (e.g., T. Zabim 2:1). The goal of this paper is to analyze, distinguish, and trace the history of these tensions and developments in ancient Judaism.
Segmental intelligibility of four currently used text-to-speech synthesis methods.

The study investigated the segmental intelligibility of four currently available text-to-speech (TTS) products under 0-dB and 5-dB signal-to-noise ratios. The products were IBM ViaVoice™ version 5.1, which uses formant coding, Festival version 1.4.2, a diphone-based LPC TTS product, AT&T Next-Gen™, a half-phone-based TTS product that uses harmonic-plus-noise method for synthesis, and FlexVoice™2, a hybrid TTS product that combines concatenative and formant coding techniques. Overall, concatenative techniques were more intelligible than formant or hybrid techniques, with formant coding slightly better at modeling vowels and concatenative techniques marginally better at synthesizing consonants. No TTS product was better at resisting noise interference than others, although all were more intelligible at 5 dB than at 0-dB SNR. The better TTS products in this study were, on the average, 22% less intelligible and had about 3 times more phoneme errors than human voice under comparable listening conditions. The hybrid TTS technology of FlexVoice had the lowest intelligibility and highest error rates. There were discernible patterns of errors for stops, fricatives, and nasals. Unrestricted TTS output—e-mail messages, news reports, and so on—under high noise conditions prevalent in automobiles, airports, etc. will likely challenge the listeners.
BMP-2/-4 and Wnt-8 cooperatively pattern the Xenopus mesoderm

Establishment of the dorsoventral axis is central to animal embryonic organization. In Xenopus two different classes of signaling molecules function in the dorsoventral patterning of the mesoderm. Both the TGF-beta-related products of the BMP-2 and BMP-4 genes and the Wnt molecule encoded by Xenopus Wnt-8 specify ventral fate and appear to inhibit dorsal mesodermal development. The similar functions of these molecularly very different classes of signaling molecules prompted us to study their mutual regulation and to closely compare their roles in mesoderm patterning. We find that Wnt-8 and BMP-4 are indistinguishable in their abilities to induce expression of ventral genes. Although BMP-2/-4 signaling regulates Wnt-8 expression, these genes do not function in a linear pathway because Wnt-8 overexpression cannot compensate for an inhibition of BMP-2/-4 function, but rather BMP-4 overexpression rescues ventral gene expression in embryos with inhibited Wnt-8 function. We further find that Wnt-8 and BMP-2/-4 differ in their abilities to regulate dorsal gene expression. While BMP-4 appears to generally inhibit the expression of dorsal genes, XenopusWnt-8 only inhibits the expression of the notochord marker Xnot. Whereas the inhibitory effect of BMP-2/-4 localizes dorsal mesodermal fate, our results suggest that Xenopus Wnt-8 functions in the further patterning of the dorsal mesoderm into the most dorsal sector from which the notochord develops and the dorsolateral sector from where the somites differentiate.
Organ culture of pancreases of fetuses from normal and diabetic rats: effect of glucose on the insulin content of the media.

Abstract Explants of fetal pancreases were grown by the watch-glass method of organ culture. Cultures were incubated in media containing varying levels of glucose ( 160, 500, 1000 mg. 100 ml. ) During the first two days of incubation, high levels of glucose stimulated the release of insulin from cultures derived from normal mothers but not from those derived from diabetic mothers. This effect was not observed after four days of incubation.
A propeller model for studying trace velocity effects on interior noise

There is concern that advanced turboprop (ATP) engines currently being developed as an alternative to turbofan engines may produce excessive aircraft cabin noise levels. This concern has stimulated renewed interest in developing aircraft interior noise reduction methods that do not significantly increase takeoff weight. Both syncrophasing and active control of interior noise have been proposed as solutions, but neither has been perfected, mostly from lack of physical understanding of the sound transmission mechanism. This paper exploits an existing analytical model for noise transmission into aircraft cabins to investigate the behavior of an improved propeller source model for use in aircraft interior noise studies. The new source model, a virtually rotating dipole, is shown to adequately match measured fuselage sound pressure distributions, including the correct phase relationships, for published data. As an example of its application, the virtually rotating dipole is used to study the sensitivity of synchrophasing effectiveness to the fuselage sound pressure trace velocity distribution. Results of calculations reveal the importance of correctly modeling the surface pressure phase relations in synchrophasing and other aircraft interior noise studies.
Polygenic inheritance of variation in scale pattern of the abdominal sterna of Eretmapodites quinquevittatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Eretmapodites quinquevittatus adults possess gold and black scales on their abdominal sterna. The genitalia (sterna X, IX) are black-scaled and black scales, in addition to gold, may also be found on sterna VIII, VII, and VI. Six different patterns formed by the scales are readily identifiable. The results obtained in the present study support the hypothesis that the major part of the variation observed in the abdominal sternum scale patterns of Er. quinquevittatus is controlled by 3 pairs of polygenes assorting independently with similar and cumulative effects. The data suggest that the scale pattern may be sexinfluenced and that genes may be present that modify the effectiveness of certain alleles.
Characteristics of a white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) population inhabiting a polychlorinated biphenyls contaminated site

Demographic characteristics of a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) population inhabiting a woodland containing a low level of PCBs contamination were compared to an uncontaminated reference site. Although population density was higher on the PCBs-contaminated grid, the population exhibited greater temporal variability among years and had a higher number of transient animals. These population trends are consistent with those observed in structurally suboptimal habitats, indicating that the PCBs-contaminated grid is functioning as a suboptimal habitat. However, the data are not compelling enough to firmly conclude that the differences are due to contamination rather than to undetected environmental variation between sites. If demographic differences due to contamination are slight, they will be difficult to detect against a background of demographic variation resulting from subtle environmental differences. We conclude that animals at this site experienced a level of contamination that was below threshold for unequivocal detection of demographic effects.
Immigrant Asian Indian Women and Postpartum Depression

Objective To determine the incidence of postpartum depressive symptomatology in a sample of immigrant Asian Indian women and to establish whether cultural factors such as arranged marriage or gender of the newborn are associated with differences in depression scores. Design Quantitative, descriptive study. Setting Ten private obstetric and pediatric offices in Northern California. Participants A convenience sample of 58 self‐selected immigrant Asian Indian women between 2 weeks and 12 months postpartum. Main outcome measure Depressive symptomatology as measured by the 35‐item self‐report Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Results There was a minor depressive symptomatology rate of 28% and an additional major depressive symptomatology rate of 24%. No differences in depression scores were found with regard to arranged marriage or the gender of the newborn. Conclusions Findings suggest that Asian Indian women living in the United States are just as likely to experience postpartum depressive symptomatology as White women. Therefore, it is critical to identify and refer women at risk for postpartum depression to ensure they do not become part of the 50% who remain undiagnosed. Health care providers need to become cognizant of the potential for postpartum depression and become skilled in the detection of this mood disorder. JOGNN , 35, 98‐104; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00007.x
β3 Integrin Expression in Melanoma Predicts Subsequent Metastasis

Previous studies have suggested that differential expression and/or activation of integrins facilitates metastatic progression in murine and human melanoma. While recent data show that the integrin alphavbeta3 is involved in tumor angiogenesis and that tumor growth may be abrogated by alphavbeta3 inhibitors in vitro, the clinical significance of beta3 integrin expression in human malignant melanoma is not known. To assess the prognostic value of beta3 integrin expression, we examined primary cutaneous melanomas from 160 patients followed for a mean of 98 months or until death. We quantified the percentage of tumor area stained with beta3 integrin Ab CD-61 using an image analyzer. beta3 integrin expression was detected in 107/160 primary melanomas (69%). beta3-integrin-positive (beta3+) tumors were thicker (mean 2.98 +/- 0.3 mm) than beta3-integrin-negative (beta3-) melanomas (mean 1.64 +/- 0.2 mm) (P = 0.002). Patients with beta3+ melanomas were more likely to relapse (57/107, 53%) and to die from disease (45/107, 42%) than those with beta3- tumors (6/53, 11%; and 4/53, 8%, respectively) (P < 0.001). Overall survival was greater for beta3- than for beta3+ patients (mean 102 +/- 9 vs 69 +/- 6 months) (P = 0.001). These data show that beta3 integrin expression in primary cutaneous melanoma predicts subsequent metastatic progression. Further study of beta3 integrins in the development of melanoma metastases may yield new therapeutic strategies, as well as prognostic information, for the treatment of this cancer.
Internship training: Do models really matter?

uring the past 50 years, a number of models of training (scientist-practitioner, practitioner-scholar, inical scientist) have been developed. This study examined how these models are conceptualized and iplemented at internship and postdoctoral training programs. Surveying 248 internship programs (42% ponse rate), the authors found that the model name (i.e., scientist-practitioner) was not related to how grams were conceptualized or how their training was implemented, raising questions about accredion requirements. Implications for training sites and the American Psychological Association Comee on Accreditation are explored.
The crystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like peptide with a biologically relevant sequence

A detailed description of the 2.0 A structure of the triple-helical peptide, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(3)-Ile-Thr-Gly-Ala-Arg-Gly-Leu-Ala-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-(Pro-Hyp-Gly)(3), denoted as T3-785, is presented. This peptide contains a biologically relevant sequence and was designed to model the imino acid-poor 785-796 region of human type III collagen just C-terminal to the matrix metalloproteinase cleavage site. The crystal structure of the T3-785 peptide demonstrates that sequence can influence local conformational changes in triple-helical structure, in terms of superhelical pitch, hydrogen bonding pattern, and hydration patterns. The novel packing arrangement displayed by the T3-785 structure, compared with those of collagen-like peptides with more imino acid-rich sequences indicates the sequence dependence of intermolecular assemblies in collagen as well. The observed synergy between the packing arrangements and the extended hydration network indicates that hydration of the triple helix is directly related to its association with other molecules.
Potential role of H2O2 in chemoreception in the cat carotid body.

Abstract The hypothesis that H 2 O 2 plays a critical role in hypoxic chemoreception in the cat carotid body (CB) was tested using a perfused–superfused preparation in vitro, measuring chemosensory discharge and CB tissue P O 2 ( P tiO 2 ). According to the hypothesis NADPH mediated, P O 2 dependant increase in H 2 O 2 production would hyperpolarize the glomus cell, decreasing the chemosensory discharge. Thus, lactate and aminotriazole which would increase H 2 O 2 concentration, would decrease the chemosensory discharge during hypoxia. However, 2.5–5.0 mM lactate and 25 mM aminotriazole did not diminish the hypoxic response. But, 2.5 mM lactate decreased the chemosensory discharge during normoxia which can be explained by an increase of CB P tiO 2 . Diethyldithiocarbamic acid (5 mM), which blocks the conversion of superoxide to H 2 O 2 , also diminished the chemosensory discharge, presumably due to an increased CB P tiO 2 . Menadione (increasing H 2 O 2 ) and t -butyl hydroperoxide irreversibly decreased the chemosensory discharge, and the data are not useful. H 2 O 2 increased the P O 2 of the perfusate, and therefore could not be tested against P O 2 . Thus, perturbation of endogenous or exogenous H 2 O 2 did not provide any evidence for its critical role in O 2 chemoreception.
Resolution and Diels−Alder Catalysis with Planar Chiral Arene-Tethered Ruthenium Complexes

Planar chiral arene-tethered ruthenium complexes were applied to the Diels−Alder reaction of methacrolein and cyclopentadiene, with enantiomeric excesses up to 70%. The influence of a chiral phosphoramidite ligand on the catalytic selectivity was examined, along with counterion effects. The potential of asymmetric activation using the mixture of diastereomers formed from a racemic tethered complex and an enantiopure phosphine directly in the catalysis was investigated.
A TLC-HPLC Method for Determination of Tiazofurin (NSC 286193) in Serum

Abstract The nucleoside compound 2-β-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (NSC 286193; tiazofurin; see Fig. 1) has recently been shown to possess significant antitumor activity against L1210 and P388 murine leukemias (1,2). Its demonstrated antitumor efficacy in treating mice with Lewis lung carcinoma (2), a tumor refractory to many chemotherapeutic drugs, is of considerable potential significance. Anabolism of the compound is required for its antitumor activity and involves the production of a state of guanine nucleotide depletion secondary to inhibition of inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase (3). Thiazolecarboxamide adenine dinucleotide is formed in the metabolism of tiazofurin and appears to be responsible for the inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase (4, 5).
Oncogenic pathway utilizes mitochondrial fusion machinery to support growth.

Mitochondria are cellular organelles with dynamic structure and function that respond to and synchronize with cellular signaling pathways. Reduced mitochondrial function results in cell cycle arres...
The stress-corrosion of Ti and Ti8Al1Mo1V in methanol vapour

Abstract An investigation into the scc of Ti 8Al 1Mo 1V in methanol has shown that failurewill occur in the methanol vapour phase with times to failure being at least an order of magnitude shorter than previously reported. Those effects which significantly altered time to failure were system volume, metal surface condition, and environment composition.
Internal consistency in aqueous geochemical data revisited: Applications to the aluminum system

Abstract Internal consistency of thermodynamic data has long been considered vital for confident calculations of aqueous geochemical processes. However, an internally consistent mineral thermodynamic data set is not necessarily consistent with calculations of aqueous species thermodynamic properties due, potentially, to improper or inconsistent constraints used in the derivation process. In this study, we attempt to accommodate the need for a mineral thermodynamic data set that is internally consistent with respect to aqueous species thermodynamic properties by adapting the least squares optimization methods of Powell and Holland (1985). This adapted method allows for both the derivation of mineral thermodynamic properties from fluid chemistry measurements of solutions in equilibrium with mineral assemblages, as well as estimates of the uncertainty on the derived results. Using a large number of phase equilibria, solubility, and calorimetric measurements, we have developed a thermodynamic data set of 12 key aluminum-bearing mineral phases. These data are derived to be consistent with Na+ and K+ speciation data presented by Shock and Helgeson (1988), H4SiO4(aq) data presented by Stefansson (2001), and the Al speciation data set presented by Tagirov and Schott (2001). Many of the constraining phase equilibrium measurements are exactly the same as those used to develop other thermodynamic data, yet our derived values tend to be quite different than some of the others’ due to our choices of reference data. The differing values of mineral thermodynamic properties have implications for calculations of Al mineral solubilities; specifically, kaolinite solubilities calculated with the developed data set are as much as 6.75 times lower and 73% greater than those calculated with Helgeson et al. (1978) and Holland and Powell (2011) data, respectively. Where possible, calculations and experimental data are compared at low T, and the disagreement between the two sources reiterates the common assertion that low-T measurements of phase equilibria and mineral solubilities in the aluminum system rarely represent equilibrium between water and well-crystallized, aluminum-bearing minerals. As an ancillary benefit of the derived data, we show that it may be combined with high precision measurements of aqueous complex association constants to derive neutral species activity coefficients in supercritical fluids. Although this contribution is specific to the aluminum system, the methods and concepts developed here can help to improve the calculation of water–rock interactions in a broad range of earth systems.
New Progestin Oral Contraceptives and the Female Condom

Recent advances in contraceptive technology offer US adolescent females the potential to reduce their risk of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) without unacceptable side effects. Newly developed oral contraceptives that contain the progestins desogestrel or norgestimate (Desogen Ortho-Cept Ortho-Cyclen and Ortho Tri-Cyclen) have fewer metabolic and androgen-related side effects yet maintain the progestational suppression of ovulation and the endometrium. The failure rate for these progestin pills is under 1%. A Sunday start regimen may be most appropriate for adolescents who have intercourse on weekends. To avoid discontinuation adolescents should be counseled that breakthrough bleeding may occur for the first three cycles. Also recommended for use by adolescents is the new female condom--the only female-controlled method that confers protection against both pregnancy and STDs. With careful consistent use the female condom has a failure rate of 2.6% in the first six months.
Optic Nerve Meningioma

An obese white woman presented with a 10-month history of progressive loss of vision in the right eye associated with a moderate proptosis. Examination of the fundus revealed marked congestion of the retinal vasculature with dilation of both the arteries and the veins. Numerous blot hemorrhages were scattered throughout the retina. The retina was elevated and appeared to be displaced anteriorly by solid tissue, but B-scan ultrasonography demonstrated only a serous detachment of a thickened, markedly convoluted retina. A diagnosis of optic nerve meningioma was considered, but definitive treatment was deferred because of medical problems. One month later the patient returned with a blind, painful right eye associated with neovascular glaucoma. High resolution CT coronal sections of the orbit showed generalized thickening of the optic nerve. The blind eye was enucleated facilitating exposure of the optic nerve which was found to be diffusely thickened by meningioma. The orbital portion of the optic nerve was subsequently removed and meningioma was demonstrated along its entire length to the bony optic canal. A transfrontal craniotomy was later performed to rid the patient of residual tumor.
Hyperplasia of pancreatic islets associated with extrapancreatic lymphoma and sarcoma.

Abstract A preliminary study revealed pancreatic hyperplasia to be present in 29 per cent of 100 consecutive necropsies. Malignant neoplasms coexisted with hyperplasia of islets in 14 (48.3 per cent) of the 29 cases. On the basis of the results of this study, the islets of Langerhans in microscopic sections of pancreas from 20 cases of accidental death (normal controls), 10 cases of extrapancreatic lymphoma, and 12 cases of extrapancreatic sarcoma were quantitatively studied. Significant hyperplasia of the islets was present in both categories of neoplastic disease when compared with the islets in the control group. The assessment of hyperplasia of pancreatic islets was neither difficult nor complex when the observer assigned the proper significance to the presence of an increased percentage of large islets. The method for determining hyperplasia of islets and the significance of its presence are discussed.
Life after parental death monitoring a child's self-concept before and after family violence

Abstract In a case study, the self-esteem of a first-grade child was monitored over an eight-month period, before and after she witnessed the death of her mother, who was shot by her father's female friend. Through a series of telephone interviews with the child's aunt, in whose care she was entrusted, it was suggested that the rapid rebound in the child's self-evaluation was attributable to personal and social controls deriving from her initially high self-esteem and the readily available social support system of the aunt and the extended family, which provided an immediate induction of hope. The study serves as a model for monitoring the personal impact of other critical life events.
The effects of time constraints on the prechoice screening of decision options

The purpose of this research was to see if the effects of time constraints on screening are similar to those that have been reported for choice: switching to simpler decision strategies and/or speeding up strategy execution. The first of two studies found that under time constraints, subjects did not switch strategies but that some subjects increased the speed of execution of their existing strategy while others became more inconsistent in executing their existing strategy. The second study found that instructions that stressed the importance of the task led more subjects to speed up and reduced the number who were inconsistent. Again, there was no evidence of use of a simpler version of the strategy. The results show that, like choice, screening under time constraints can lead to speeding up of execution, particularly if the screening decision is important. However, switching to a simpler strategy, which occurs in choice, does not appear to occur in screening. Instead, subjects appear to become less exacting in the execution of their existing screening strategy, which results in inconsistencies in acceptance and rejection of options.
COST OF CONGESTION, OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

Abstract In this paper, we examine the conflicts that arise when multiple users share a common facility. The conflicts could arise at three levels: (a) between the individual users and the division manager, (b) among the divisions (or different classes) that use the facility, and (c) between the divisions and the headquarters in the presence of private information. We analyze these conflicts and outline the role of cost allocation mechanisms and thereby account for congestion in each of these situations. The results of this paper demonstrate the usefulness of resolving these conflicts in an organization, and hence has direct managerial accounting implications.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase of mice inhibited by thiocarbamate herbicides.

Abstract The herbicide S -ethyl N,N -dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and three of its candidate metabolites (the sulfoxide, N -depropyl and S -methyl derivatives) inhibit mitochondrial low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in liver by 56 to 82% 2 hr after these thiocarbamates are administered intraperitoneally (ip) to mice at 8 mg/kg. They also greatly elevate the acetaldehyde level (determined as the O -benzyloxime ether) in blood (up to 500 μM) and brain (up to 3 ppm) 30 min after two ip treatments, the first with the thiocarbamate at 40 mg/kg and 2 hr later with ethanol at 1000 mg/kg. EPTC at 4 mg/kg inhibits liver ALDH activity by 50% and at 8 and 18 mg/kg gives half of the maximum ethanol-dependent elevation of acetaldehyde levels in blood and brain, respectively. The in vivo effects of other thiocarbamate herbicides at 8 mg/kg on ALDH activity and 40 mg/kg on acetaldehyde levels decrease in the order of thiobencarb, pebulate, vernolate and molinate > butylate and triallate >> cycloate. The percentage inhibition of liver ALDH activity generally correlates with the elevation in blood and brain acetaldehyde under these treatment protocols. B.W. Hart and M.D. Faiman ( Biochem. Pharmacol. 43 403–406, 1992) have shown that the alcohol-aversion drug disulfiram is metabolized to S -methyl N,N -diethylthiocarbamate and its sulfoxide as the penultimate and ultimate metabolites inhibiting ALDH. Thus, the thiocarbamate herbicides and their metabolites are similar to the disulfiram metabolites not only in homologous structure but also in their potency range as ALDH inhibitors in vivo . On this basis some of the thiocarbamate herbicides may sensitize agricultural workers to ethanol intoxication.
Case Study- Web-Based Education Diffusion

Web-based education is diffusing across universities, disciplines, globes and educational levels. Many institutions are at the crossroad whether or not to adopt web-based education (WBE). In many cases their survival may depend on how successfully they can adopt WBE. In this regard, they can learn from the early adopters of WBE and, from their experiences, both good and bad without reinventing the wheel. This paper has two specific purposes: the first, describe WBE diffusion at a upper level university in the U.S., and, the second, is to discuss its diffusion experiences so that other universities can benefit from it. This paper relates diffusion of innovation theory and the 4 â€œPâ€™sâ€ of marketing to discuss Web education diffusion. We feel this is a first attempt in this direction. This paper should be useful worldwide for universities planning to start WBE and are looking for some guidance on â€œhowâ€ , â€œwhereâ€ and â€œwhatâ€ to follow to initiate the process.
Endovascular treatment of a blunt aortic injury in Iraq: extension of innovative endovascular capabilities to the modern battlefield.

Background The management of blunt descending thoracic aortic injury remains controversial. Despite emerging evidence touting the advantage of endovascular repair in civilian trauma, there have been no reports on the application of this management strategy in the austere environment of war. We provide a case report from the 332nd EMDG/Air Force Theater Hospital, Balad Air Base, Iraq. Methods An Iraqi policeman presented with traumatic aortic disruption following blunt trauma. The patient arrived with hemoperitoneum, a Le Fort III facial fracture, a left humerus fracture, and a thoracic aortic disruption. Following facial packing, fracture stabilization, and damage control laparotomy, aortography was performed, confirming aortic disruption beyond the left subclavian artery. The injury was treated with three aortic cuffs (Gore Excluder® AAA Aortic Extender Endoprostheses) placed in sequence from the origin of the left subclavian across the disruption. A type III endoleak was successfully managed with placement of one additional aortic cuff. Results The patient was discharged after 1 month following the successful treatment of his other injuries. Computed tomography angiography at 10 and 30 days following the procedure revealed no endoleak and a resolved periaortic hematoma. Conclusion This report details the first endovascular treatment of blunt aortic injury in wartime and represents a sustained commitment to advance innovative endovascular capability closer to the time of injury. Although controversial, this less invasive approach is appealing in patients with high injury severity scores, making its availability in wartime especially germane.
DNA nanotechnology technique for monodisperse synthesis

I consider the synthesis of high molecular weight, monodisperse polymers starting from small, monodisperse chains end-labeled with DNA ligands. When these ligands are appropriately designed, a two-stage mixing protocol results in a solution of chains of twice the original molecular weight. The process can be repeated to produce larger and larger chains, of essentially biologically precise molecular weights. The design of precision branched, di-, tri-, and multiblock copolymers is possible under a slight generalization of protocol.
An Optimal Illumination Method For Surface Reconstruction

Abstract. We solve the shape from narrow light beam projections problem, a new approachto surface reconstruction. In this approach a surface is recovered f Dm sparse depth dataobtained from the projection of a narrow light beam on this surface. This projection willyield a small light spot whose location can be easily measured in the camera image. Fromthe (x, y)- position of this spot and from the location of the light source we can obtain thesurface depth at the point (x, y). Furthermore, a method for the placement of the light sources is proposed, and it is shownthat the proposed positioning is optimal or, in other words, it will result in the smallest erroramong all other possible placements of the lights. The spline algorithm that will recover the surface from the obtained data is constructed and it is shown to yield the smallest possibleerror among all algorithms that can be used to solve the problem. The spline algorithm is linear, and can be constructed easily and with a low cost.
Endocarditis Caused by Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcus in an Infant: Case Report and Review

Acute bacterial endocarditis in the absence of underlying heart disease is rare. We report the occurrence of endocarditis caused by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), following varicella, in a 5-month-old child without heart disease. In addition to this child, seven other children with endocarditis caused by GABHS have been reported since 1966, six of whom did not have preexisting heart disease. In one of these children, GABHS endocarditis was preceded by varicella. These cases indicate that GABHS is capable of causing endocarditis in the absence of heart disease, and they provide further evidence that varicella is an important risk factor for invasive GABHS infections.
Modified complex Robert–Bonamy formalism calculations for strong to weak interacting systems

In 1979 Robert and Bonamy published a complex formalism (CRB) for the calculations of the pressure broadened half-width and collision-induced line shifts [J. Phys. Paris 40, 923 (1979)]. Application of the linked cluster theorem produced expressions that no longer needed the cut-off procedure that plagued earlier line shape theories. Recently, Ma, Tipping and Boulet (MTB) suggested that the application of the linked cluster theorem in their derivation of Robert and Bonamy was based on an invalid assumption. In their work MTB gave the modified expressions and state that the effect of the modification is more important for strong interaction systems. Here the effect of the MTB modification on the formalism of Robert and Bonamy is studied for systems which range in interaction strength from strong to weak. In particular, complex Robert–Bonamy calculations and calculations based on the modified formalism are made in the mean-relative thermal velocity approximation for the systems H2O–H2O, H2O–N2, H2O–O2, O3–N...
Focal adhesion size uniquely predicts cell migration

Focal adhesions are large protein complexes organized at the basal surface of cells, which physically connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton and have long been speculated to mediate cell migration. However, whether clustering of these molecular components into focal adhesions is actually required for these proteins to regulate cell motility is unclear. Here we use quantitative microscopy to characterize descriptors of focal adhesion and cell motility for mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human fibrosarcoma cells, across a wide range of matrix compliance and following genetic manipulations of focal adhesion proteins (vinculin, talin, zyxin, FAK, and paxilin). This analysis reveals a tight, biphasic gaussian relationship between mean size of focal adhesions (not their number, surface density, or shape) and cell speed. The predictive power of this relationship is comprehensively validated by disrupting nonfocal adhesion proteins (α-actinin, F-actin, and myosin II) and subcellular organelles (mitochondria, nuclear DNA, etc.) not known to affect either focal adhesions or cell migration. This study suggests that the mean size of focal adhesions robustly and precisely predicts cell speed independently of focal adhesion surface density and molecular composition.
Vaginal estrogen supplementation during Depo-Provera initiation: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Irregular bleeding is often cited as the reason for discontinuation of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) after the first injection. Estrogen supplementation during DMPA initiation may decrease bleeding and improve continuation. Study Design This prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluated estrogen supplementation during DMPA initiation. Women initiating DMPA were randomized to receive an estradiol vaginal ring for 3 months versus DMPA alone. Bleeding diaries and questionnaires at three and 6 months assessed bleeding, continuation and ring acceptability. Results Seventy-one participants enrolled; 49 completed the first follow-up period. The median number of bleeding or spotting days was 16 in the estrogen ring group ( n =26) versus 28 in the DMPA alone group ( n =23) (p=.19). Seventy-seven percent of the intervention group received a second injection compared with 70% in the DMPA alone group (p=.56). For each additional day of bleeding and/or spotting reported, women were 3% less likely to receive a second injection (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94���0.99). Acceptability of the vaginal ring was high among those in the intervention group. Conclusions Vaginal estrogen supplementation during DMPA initiation is acceptable to women and may decrease total bleeding.
A fast spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar imaging system

The author reformulates the standard spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) problem as a (/spl tau/,p) Radon transform. This results in a new algorithm for SAR that uses a linear chirp FM source signal that is a function of the geometry between the source and the object. While the close relation between computer-aided-tomography (CAT) and SAR has been understood for over a decade, no accompanying computational advantages could be realized. Recently, Kelley and Madisetti (1991), have proposed a new approach to image reconstruction from projections using the so-called fast Radon transform (FRT). He derives, in the (/spl tau/,p) domain, a FRT-based solution to the SAR problem. The FRT offers implicit interpolation and parallel processing advantages not found in conventional back projection operations. He proposes its efficient application in the computationally intensive problems in telecommunications and remote sensing, especially in military applications. >