cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological modulation of photically evoked afterdischarge patterns in hooded Long-Evans rats

The pharmacological modulation of photically evoked afterdischarge (AD) patterns within a short-term habituation paradigm were examined in the hooded Long-Evans rat. Pharmacological arousal by amphetamine, pilocarpine, and physostigmine or induced thalamic suppression by trimethadione (Tridione) attenuated AD development. AD development was unaffected by saline, methyl atropine, and atropine. Pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) was used as an AD potentiator and, as such, enhanced AD development following all drug conditions except within the physostigmine and methyl atropine sessions. It was determined that in the hooded rat AD varies only as a function of drug injected; time (habituation) was not a factor. The role of the reticulocortical projection system and the limbic system was incorporated in the explanation of the results. Significant differences were also noted between the pharmacology of AD parameters in hooded vs albino rats.
Effects of anesthetics and dichlorodifluoromethane on the activities of glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and pectin methylesterase.

Abstract Solutions of glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and pectin methylesterase (PME) were exposed to various anesthetics and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) to determine the abilities of these chemicals to inhibit enzyme activity. An aqeuous solution of PME was exposed to saturation levels of the test chemicals for 30 min at 21°. All test chemicals were inhibitory (measured after release of the test chemical) with propane being most inhibitory followed in order by F-12, cyclopropane, Ethrane (F 2 HCOF 2 CCHClF) and halothane (CF 3 CHClBr). GPD was exposed to various concentrations of F-12 and halothane for various times at 0° and 33°. Halothane at 33° and a saturation concentration reduced the initial reaction velocity of GPD to zero after a 10-min exposure period. F-12 was somewhat less inhibitory than halothane, but inhibition in all instances was irreversible. Halothane was found to affect the circular dichroism and optical rotary dispersion spectra of GPD, with the magnitude of the changes generally increasing with treatment time. The observed changes were believed to arise from side-chain transitions of GPD.
Nutrition in advanced cancer: anorexia as an outcome variable and target of therapy.

The endpoints used as outcome variables in clinical cancer treatment trials, including nutrition intervention studies, should contain items that are meaningful to the patient. Variables to consider are appetite, food intake, physical performance, psychological and social functioning, response to cancer therapies, survival time, nutrition status, associated morbidity, and costs
The physical environment of the Peruvian upwelling system

Abstract Knowledge of the characteristics of the physical environment of the Peru coastal upwelling zone has increased greatly during the past decade. Observations made during 1976 and 1977, many made as part of the Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis JOINT-II expedition, provide the basis for an interpretative description of the physical processes and phenomena occurring in Peru coastal waters. Four important phenomena are discussed: wind-driven upwelling, the poleward undercurrent, surface mixed layer deepening, and low-frequency coastal-trapped waves. The coastal winds were invariably favorable for coastal upwelling, even during the 1976 El Nino. The agreement between the offshore transport in the relatively shallow (30 m) surface layer and the Ekman transport, deduced from the local wind, was good for both the mean and variable state. The agreement with the deeper onshore transport was less good, consistent with the marked three-dimensionally and spatial variability of the upwelling. The poleward undercurrent was apparently continuous from 5°S to at least 15°S, flowing just below the surface layer over the continental shelf and slope, and supplying the upwelling water. The variability in the alongshore velocity field was dominated by baroclinic free coastal-trapped waves with periods of 5–20 days. Although there is appreciable temporal and spatial variability in the Peru coastal upwelling system, the upwelling, the undercurrent, and the low-frequency coastal-trapped waves were ubiquitous.
Helping nephrologists become lifelong learners.

Throughout their academic experience and professional careers, nephrologists learn within the context of an educational continuum for internal medicine. This nearly 50-yr continuum includes four distinct phases. First, in U.S. medical schools, the average third-year internal medicine clerkship lasts 10.5 wk. Given the breadth and depth of internal medicine, it is not surprising that the exposure of medical students to career options in nephrology is limited. During the second phase, internal medicine residency programs are required to include a “clinical experience in each of the subspecialties of internal medicine”; however, “it is not necessary that each resident be assigned to a dedicated rotation in every subspecialty” (1). It is only during the third phase of learning, the 2- to 3-yr nephrology fellowship, an in-depth understanding of the broad discipline of the kidney in health and disease unfolds. The fourth phase is by far the longest and, historically, least structured part of the continuum. Postgraduate education (PGE) or continuing medical education (CME), terms used interchangeably, refer to the educational experiences of a nephrologist during the rest of their 30- to 40-yr careers. One may estimate approximately 80% of a nephrologist's learning occurs after 9 to 10 yr of formal training. The American Society of Nephrology (ASN) has a responsibility, therefore, to make every aspect of PGE/CME as high quality as possible for all nephrologists, regardless of career focus, level of experience, or learning style. The centerpiece of the ASN educational enterprise always has been, and always will be, its prestigious national meeting. In the early 1990s, ASN enhanced the learning opportunities for practicing clinicians during what is now called “Renal Week.” The initial step in turning the ASN meeting into Renal Week was the brainchild of former ASN President C. Craig Tisher, MD, who developed “the short courses.” Enter Robert G. …
Anality and Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.

The extent of overlap between the descriptively similar Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and the psychoanalytic anal character was investigated empirically. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed on the scores of three samples of male introductory psychology, students on the Kline Ai3 anality scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey. As predicted three positive correlations resulted, two significant and the third a trend with an overall combined significant probability for the three samples (p < .005). The implications of these findings for the Type A literature are discussed.
The Anthropology of Power-Wielding Bureaucracies

Bureaucracies, from NGOs through government agencies to corporations, are crucial to applied and engaged anthropologists and are an important but neglected topic for anthropology as a whole. Central to their study is the topic of power and, in turn, a crucial step in inferring the marks of power is the ethnographic study of ordinary practices within organizations, beyond formal policy and administrative studies. For this reason, the article lays out a toolkit for “rapid organizational analyses” (Mascarenhas-Keyes 2001), the diagnosis of bureaucracies that face anthropologists, or even encompass them. The toolkit begins with broad brush approaches that attribute basic characteristics to all bureaucracies and then turns to particularistic angles meant to reveal the behaviors and ideas of specific organizations, branches, workers, and interfaces of bureaucrat and nonbureaucrat. Careful attention to how bureaucracies shape political agency leads us to ask how these entities affect applied and engaged anthropo...
Dendritically targeted Bdnf mRNA is essential for energy balance and response to leptin

Mutations in the Bdnf gene, which produces transcripts with either short or long 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs), cause human obesity; however, the precise role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the regulation of energy balance is unknown. Here we show the relationship between Bdnf mRNA with a long 3' UTR (long 3' UTR Bdnf mRNA), leptin, neuronal activation and body weight. We found that long 3' UTR Bdnf mRNA was enriched in the dendrites of hypothalamic neurons and that insulin and leptin could stimulate its translation in dendrites. Furthermore, mice harboring a truncated long Bdnf 3' UTR developed severe hyperphagic obesity, which was completely reversed by viral expression of long 3' UTR Bdnf mRNA in the hypothalamus. In these mice, the ability of leptin to activate hypothalamic neurons and inhibit food intake was compromised despite normal activation of leptin receptors. These results reveal a novel mechanism linking leptin action to BDNF expression during hypothalamic-mediated regulation of body weight, while also implicating dendritic protein synthesis in this process.
Inadvertent intraoperative myelography with hypaque: Case report and discussion

BACKGROUND Myelography is routinely performed safely using nonionic water-soluble radiographic contrast media. However, inadvertent introduction of ionic contrast media into the thecal space can result in a syndrome of spasms and convulsions, which can lead to death if not recognized and dealt with in a timely manner. METHODS We report a case of inadvertent use of the ionic diatrizoate meglumine, an ionic contrast agent, instead of a nonionic contrast agent during intraoperative myelography. RESULTS The patient developed a sterotypical syndrome of ascending myoclonic spasms, resulting in rhabdomyolysis. Treatment included elevation of the head, removal of cerebrospinal fluid, administration of anticonvulsants, diuresis and sedation, and neuromuscular blockade. The patient recovered well, and there were no long-term sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal introduction of ionic contrast media and the resultant syndrome must be recognized promptly and treated with aggressive medical management to address rhabdomyolysis and seizures. Ionic contrast media should be stored and marked in such a way as to avoid inadvertent use in myelography.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis Phytochrome B Inhibits Phytochrome A Function in the Presence of Sucrose

Overexpression of phytochrome B (phyB) in Arabidopsis has previously been demonstrated to result in dominant negative interference of phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition in far-red (FR) light. This phenomenon has been examined further in this study and has been found to be dependent on the FR fluence rate and on the availability of metabolizable sugars in the growth medium. Poorly metabolized sugars capable of activating the putative hexokinase sensory function were not effective in eliciting the phytochrome interference response. Overexpressed phyB lacking the chromophore-binding site was also effective at inhibiting the phyA response, especially at higher fluence rates of FR. Overexpressed phyB produces the dominant negative phenotype without any apparent effect on phyA abundance or degradation. It is possible that phyA and phyB interact with a common reaction partner but that either the energy state of the cell or a separate sugar-signaling mechanism modulates the phytochrome-signaling interactions.
Subspace Methods for Data Attack on State Estimation: A Data Driven Approach

Data attacks on state estimation modify part of system measurements such that the tempered measurements cause incorrect system state estimates. Attack techniques proposed in the literature often require detailed knowledge of system parameters. Such information is difficult to acquire in practice. The subspace methods presented in this paper, on the other hand, learn the system operating subspace from measurements and launch attacks accordingly. Conditions for the existence of an unobservable subspace attack are obtained under the full and partial measurement models. Using the estimated system subspace, two attack strategies are presented. The first strategy aims to affect the system state directly by hiding the attack vector in the system subspace. The second strategy misleads the bad data detection mechanism so that data not under attack are removed. Performance of these attacks are evaluated using the IEEE 14-bus network and the IEEE 118-bus network.
Separation of primitive and definitive erythroid cells of the chick embryo.

Abstract The primitive and definitive erythroid cells of the chick embryo are separated preparatively by means of velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in BSA gradients. Analyses of the hemoglobins contained by the fractionated cells show a segregation of different hemoglobins between the primitive and definitive cells. Studies of the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine show that the fractionated cells are normal with respect to their protein synthetic activities and that their relative rates of incorporation are markedly different.
Testing the distribution of error components in panel data models

Abstract We propose tests for normality of the error components in panel data models, using estimates of skewness and kurtosis in the components.
Utility of dipstick urinalysis in peri- and postmenopausal women with irritative bladder symptoms

Previous studies of dipstick urinalysis (UA) in asymptomatic peri- and postmenopausal women demonstrate poor sensitivity to detect a urinary tract infection (UTI). We hypothesized that sensitivity of this test would be improved in symptomatic peri- and postmenopausal women. This was a cross-sectional study of 76 women seeking urogynecology care for irritative bladder symptoms. Subjects with a positive clean-catch (CC) dipstick UA for leukocyte esterase (LE) or nitrites (NIT) were offered enrollment. Dipstick UA was performed on CC and catheterized specimens, followed by microbiologic culture. Test characteristics were calculated for CC and catheterized UA. CC culture was compared with catheterized culture (gold standard) using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Data was available for analysis in 75/76 (98.7 %) enrolled subjects. Mean age was 68 ± 11 years. Most subjects were postmenopausal (98.7 %) and Caucasian (97.3 %). Dipstick sensitivity ranged from 48 % to 87 % and 35 % to 57 % in CC and catheterized specimens, respectively. Dipstick UA from a CC specimen positive for NIT had the highest sensitivity (60.9), specificity (100), negative predictive value (85.2), and positive predictive value (100) in this population. Dipstick UA from CC and catheterized specimens had similar sensitivity for detecting UTIs. When culture results of 103 colony-forming units were considered positive, CC and catheterized specimens were moderately correlated (ρ = 0.470). Dipstick UA in this study had improved sensitivity compared with previously published results in both CC and catheterized samples. Initiation of empiric antibiotic treatment in women with irritative bladder symptoms and NIT-positive CC dipstick UA prior to obtaining urine culture results is a reasonable option.
The influence of depression on the attribution of responsibility for an accident

The role of depression in the attribution of responsibility for an accident was examined. Mildly depressed, slightly depressed, and nondepressed college students were presented with accident descriptions in which the victims suffered either nonsevere or severe consequences. Nondepressed subjects attributed more responsibility for the accident to uncontrollable factors in the nonsevere than in the severe accident condition, thus replicating the defensive attribution effect. Slightly depressed subjects showed no difference in attributions across severity conditions. Mildly depressed subjects showed a nonsignificant tendency (p < .10) to attribute more responsibility to uncontrollable factors in the severe than in the nonsevere condition. The findings are consistent with earlier research suggesting that depressed and nondepressed individuals differ in their tendencies to distort attributions.
The central nervous system of Bulla gouldiana: Peptide localization

In the present study, we describe the structure of the central nervous system (CNS) of the marine gastropod Bulla gouldiana, and compare it with the structure of the CNS of the related mollusc, Aplysia californica. In addition, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of a series of peptides, and the synaptic vesicle protein, synapsin I, in the central nervous system of B. gouldiana. The most common peptide in the B. gouldiana nervous system is the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRFamide), which is present in a significant proportion of B. gouldiana neurons. A smaller number of neurons exhibit immunoreactivity to antisera raised against the calcitonin gene related peptide, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, galanin and enkephalin. In some instances there is colocalization of two or more peptides. Very few neurons or axons exhibit synapsin I-like immunoreactivity. The patterns of immunoreactivity to these antisera is quite similar to the patterns that have been described in other gastropods, including Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica. These observations emphasize the importance of FMRFamide-like compounds in phylogenetically old nervous systems and indicate that compounds similar to mammalian peptides are present in the gastropod. Thus, the production of a wide variety of peptide molecules and their use in neuronal function appears to be a highly conserved phylogenetic process.
Affirmative Action in Postsecondary Educational Settings: The Historic Nexus of Meritocracy and Access in US Higher Education

Access to American colleges and universities remains one of the most important issues in education. Current research and policy address the concepts of diversity, participation, and achievement in postsecondary settings. Affirmative action has become a flashpoint in this context and investigations. This article examines the intersection of this policy/practice with educational attainment based on meritorious achievement. The article also highlights the confluence of affirmative action and educational mobility for graduating high school students. The aims of this article is three-fold: (1) to frame conceptions of diversity from a historical perspective; (2) to address diversity in relation to educational, social, and economic mobility of a multi-ethnic student populace; and (3) to determine the relation between how students transition from high school to college.
Designer path independent choice functions

This paper provides an algorithm for the construction of all PICFs on a finite set of alternatives, V, designed by an a priori given set I of initial choices as well as the determination of whether the initial set I is consistent with path independence. The algorithm is based on a new characterization result for path independent choice functions (PICF) on finite domains and uses that characterization as the basis of the algorithm. The characterization result identifies two properties of a partition of the Boolean algebra as necessary and sufficient for a choice function C to be a PICF: (i): For every subset A of V the set ${\rm arc}(A) = {\{}B: C (B) = C(A){\}}$ is an interval in the Boolean algebra 2 V . (ii): If A/B is an interval in the Boolean algebra such that C(A) = C(B) and if M/N is an upper transpose of A/B then C(M) = C(N). The algorithm proceeds by expanding on the implications of these two properties.
Comparison of the longevity of motility of stallion spermatozoa incubated at 38°C in different capacitating media and containers

This study was designed to compare the effects of different media and containers on longevity of motility of spermatozoa during in vitro incubation at 38°C in either air or 5% CO2 atmosphere. Three ejaculates were collected from each of 4 stallions. The media tested were skim milk-glucose, modified Krebs/Ringer and Hank's salts solution for incubation in an air atmosphere, and modified Krebs/Ringer and Brackett and Oliphant (BO) defined medium for incubation in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. All samples were incubated in 5-mL borosilicate glass tubes filled with 3 mL of extended spermatozoa, 5-mL borosilicate tubes filled with 6 mL (topped) of extended spermatozoa, 35-mm Petri dishes filled with 3 mL of extended spermatozoa, and 35-mm Petri dishes with 200-μL microdroplets of extended spermatozoa under sterile mineral oil. For all treatments, individual samples were removed at 2, 4, 6 and 12 h of incubation to determine the percentage of motile cells. Overall, spermatozoa incubated in Petri dishes in both 3-mL and microdroplet treatments had significantly higher motility than those incubated in glass tubes (P<0.01). At 6 and 12 h of incubation in Petri dishes, progressive motility was significantly higher for spermatozoa extended in the Hank's salts solution than in the other media. Both the medium and container used significantly affected the longevity of motility of spermatozoa incubated at 38°C.
WE-C-224C-07: Cervical Cancer Treatment: 3D Dose Determination Based On Low Energy and High Energy CT Image

Purpose: To employ megavoltage CT (MVCT) to (a) generate an artifact‐free image and compared with the kilovoltage CT (kVCT) image set in presence of Fletcher‐Suit applicators, and (b) calculate precise three‐dimensional anatomical dose distribution for low dose rate (LDR) treatment which can be combined with external treatment (based on kVCT) planning. Method and Materials: Consented patients undergoing radiotherapytreatment for cervical cancer were simulated using orthogonal films and kVCT for external treatment planning and low dose rate brachytherapy. Fletcher‐Suit applicators with shielding were used for pretreatment image scans. Additionally, MVCT images were acquired using the Tomotherapy machine. These image sets (kVCT and MVCT) were fused in a Brachyvision planning system using a pixel registration method. MVCT images were then used for volumetric dose calculations using TG43 model. The MVCT image set and orthogonal film were then used to explore Monte Carlo‐based 3D dose calculations. Results: Artifact‐free images were obtained from MVCT scans using the Fletcher‐Suit applicators. kVCT images were not useful for LDR treatment planning due to the presence of substantial artifacts. The MVCT image set was used in delineating the rectal and bladder tissue margins. However, soft tissue visualization was sub‐optimal for clinical purposes. The MVCT image‐baseddose calculation generated three‐dimensional dose distribution for rectum (max. dose of 56 cGy) and bladder (max. dose of 25 cGy) for single fraction prescribed dose of 600 cGy. Maximum rectum and bladder dose calculated using the MVCT image and orthogonal film based plan were very similar. Conclusions: We have showed that the artifact‐free MVCT image offers accurate three‐dimensional LDR treatment planning. In addition, the impact of dose heterogeneity will be calculated using image based Monte Carlo simulation technique. Ideally, truly individualized external beam and intracavitary radiotherapy may lead to higher cure rates and lower complication probabilities.
Functional Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Encoding a Partial Truncation

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), belongs to genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, causes high rates of abortion and fetal malformation in infected ruminants as well as causing neurological disorders, blindness, or lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. RVFV is classified as a category A priority pathogen and a select agent in the U.S., and currently there are no therapeutics available for RVF patients. NSs protein, a major virulence factor of RVFV, inhibits host transcription including interferon (IFN)-β mRNA synthesis and promotes degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). NSs self-associates at the C-terminus 17 aa., while NSs at aa.210-230 binds to Sin3A-associated protein (SAP30) to inhibit the activation of IFN-β promoter. Thus, we hypothesize that NSs function(s) can be abolished by truncation of specific domains, and co-expression of nonfunctional NSs with intact NSs will result in the attenuation of NSs function by dominant-negative effect. Unexpectedly, we found that RVFV NSs truncated at aa. 6-30, 31-55, 56-80, 81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230, 231-248 or 249-265 lack functions of IFN-β mRNA synthesis inhibition and degradation of PKR. Truncated NSs were less stable in infected cells, while nuclear localization was inhibited in NSs lacking either of aa.81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230 or 231-248. Furthermore, none of truncated NSs had exhibited significant dominant-negative functions for NSs-mediated IFN-β suppression or PKR degradation upon co-expression in cells infected with RVFV. We also found that any of truncated NSs except for intact NSs does not interact with RVFV NSs even in the presence of intact C-terminus self-association domain. Our results suggest that conformational integrity of NSs is important for the stability, cellular localization and biological functions of RVFV NSs, and the co-expression of truncated NSs does not exhibit dominant-negative phenotype.
Endoscopic carbon dioxide laser cordotomy and partial arytenoidectomy for the treatment of bilateral vocal fold paralysis

Bilateral vocal fold immobility frequently results in severe glottic airway compromise requiring surgical intervention to manage the airway. Reconstruction of the larynx to establish an adequate airway should preserve functional voice and swallow. Traditional open and endoscopic cold instrument techniques resulted in excessive bleeding and/or associated morbidities. The introduction of the carbon dioxide laser limited bleeding and allowed for greater visualization, thereby becoming the preferred method of endoscopic cordotomy and partial arytenoidectomy for bilateral vocal fold immobility.
The growth of Korean immigrant entrepreneurship in Chicago

Abstract The growth of Korean immigrant entrepreneurship in Chicago is a product of three interacting factors: employment opportunities in the general labour market, resource mobilization, and business opportunity structures. Because of their language barrier and less transferable education and occupational skills in the American labour market, many Korean immigrants could not find white‐collar occupations for which they had been trained. Disadvantaged, but still strongly motivated for upward economic mobility in the United States, many of them became self‐employed business owners. Korean immigrants’ middle‐class backgrounds and their stable family structures and strong family ties helped them to realize their goal of business ownership. In addition, social networks based on kinship, friendship, church membership, and school ties provided prospective business owners with financial assistance, training, business advice, and information about business opportunities. The first business opportunities for Kore...
Studies on the interactions of tobacco leaf and tobacco smoke constituents and monoamine oxidase.

Studies have demonstrated that smokers have lower levels of brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity and lower MAO-B platelet activity than non-smokers. Recent speculations suggest that in addition to nicotine, tobacco components which are MAO inhibitors, may contribute to some tobacco related psychopharmacological effects. Furthermore, epidemiological evidence indicates a lower incidence of Parkinson’s disease in smokers than in non-smokers. This relationship also might be linked to MAO inhibition. There intriguing observations prompted studies on the effects of tobacco leaf and tobacco smoke constituents on MAO activity. Studies reported here demonstrate that crude hexane tobacco leaf and hexane and aqueous leaf extracts have MAO inhibitory properties. Rat brain mitochondrial MAO-A and MAO-B activity are not altered following continuous 28 day exposure (osmotic minipump) to two tobacco alkaloids, (S)-nicotine or (R,S)-N-methylanatabine. However, earlier studies in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated parkinsonian C57BL/6 mouse model have provided indirect evidence that the tobacco derived 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (an MAO-A and B inhibitor) is effective in inhibiting MAO-B in vivo and is neuroprotective. Results reported here from more extensive tobacco leaf extractions provide evidence for three additional compounds with MAO-B inhibitory properties. One contains a chromone system, another a polyunsaturated macrocycle and the third we have identified as farnesylacetone. These findings provide support to the thesis that components of tobacco smoke may be responsible for the inhibition of brain MAO-A and brain and platelet MAO-B in human smokers.
Human herpesvirus 8 envelope-associated glycoprotein B interacts with heparan sulfate-like moieties.

Cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS) serves as an initial attachment receptor for several herpesviruses. The gamma2-human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus DNA and transcripts have been detected in B cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells. HHV-8 infects a variety of human and animal cell lines leading to latent or abortive infection. Our studies showed that this broad cellular tropism may be in part due to HHV-8's interaction with the ubiquitous host cell-surface HS-like molecules. HHV-8 binding to the target cells and the infection were inhibited by soluble heparan, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) closely related to HS. Since HHV-8 gB possess a putative heparan-binding domain (HBD) in the extracellular domain, the interaction of gB with HS-like moieties was examined. Unlike gB of gamma1-Epstein-Barr virus and gamma2-murine herpesvirus 68, HHV-8 gB was expressed on the surface of the infected cell membranes and virion envelopes. Envelope-associated gB was made up of 75 and 54 kDa polypeptides forming disulfide-linked heterodimers and multimers. Rabbit anti-gB antibodies neutralized HHV-8 infection. Virion envelope-associated gB specifically bound to heparan-agarose, which was eluted by high concentration of soluble heparan, but not by chondroitin sulfates. In vitro transcribed and translated products of gB gene specifically bound to heparan-agarose beads, which was blocked by HS and heparan, but not by other GAGs such as chondroitin sulfates (A, B, and C), N-acetyl heparan, and de-N-sulfated heparan. Biotinylated gB peptide corresponding to the putative HBD also bound to heparan. These results suggest that gB plays an important role in the infectious process of HHV-8 and virus interaction with cell-surface HS-like moieties could be in part mediated by the envelope-associated gB.
Adolescent beliefs about infertility

Abstract Purpose Explore adolescents' definition of fertility and range of beliefs regarding causes of infertility. Methods Qualitative study involving five focus groups that met between April 2001 and December 2001 at a hospital-based adolescent health center. All groups were led by one experienced moderator and observed by two investigators. Audiotapes of the group discussions were transcribed and reviewed independently by three investigators who met and reached consensus on underlying themes. Results Most adolescents generally understood fertility as the ability to become pregnant. Ten themes emerged as causes of infertility. Anatomic/gynecologic causes generated the most responses and most detailed discussion (e.g., "The coating on the egg is too hard and the sperm can't get in to fertilize the egg."). Other commonly mentioned causes were male factors (e.g., "He cannot produce sperm."), sexually transmitted infections (e.g., "like chlamydia caused scarring in the fallopian tubes"), genetics (e.g.,"a birth defect") and substance use (e.g., "if a man smoke weed all day, the egg may not develop because of problems with his sperm"). Less commonly mentioned themes were stress , contraception , environmental toxins , violence and injury . Conclusions Most adolescents defined fertility as the ability to become pregnant and reported an extensive range of beliefs about the causes of infertility. Providers should consider eliciting adolescents' definitions of fertility and also exploring beliefs about causes of infertility with their patients when counseling about sexuality and contraception to determine if an adolescent has inaccurate beliefs about their fertility.
Dynamic shear bands: an investigation using high speed optical and infrared diagnostics

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the initiation and propagation characteristics of dynamic shear bands in C300 maraging steel. Pre-fatigued single edge notched specimens were impacted on the edge under the notch to produce shear dominated mixed mode stress fields. The optical technique of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) was employed to study the evolution of the mixed mode stress intensity factors. Simultaneously, a newly developed two-dimensional high speed infrared (IR) camera was employed to observe the temperature field evolution during the initiation and propagation of the shear bands. Possible criteria for failure mode selection are discussed. The IR images, for the first time, revealed the transition of crack tip plastic zone into a shear band and also captured the structure of the tip of a propagating shear band. These thermographs support the notion of a diffuse shear band tip and reveal “hot spots” distributed along the length of a well-developed shear band.
A zinc site in the C-terminal domain of RAG1 is essential for DNA cleavage activity.

Abstract The recombination-activating protein, RAG1, a key component of the V(D)J recombinase, binds multiple Zn2+ ions in its catalytically required core region. However, the role of zinc in the DNA cleavage activity of RAG1 is not well resolved. To address this issue, we determined the stoichiometry of Zn2+ ions bound to the catalytically active core region of RAG1 under various conditions. Using metal quantitation methods, we determined that core RAG1 can bind up to four Zn2+ ions. Stripping the full complement of bound Zn2+ ions to produce apoprotein abrogated DNA cleavage activity. Moreover, even partial removal of zinc-binding equivalents resulted in a significant diminishment of DNA cleavage activity, as compared to holo-Zn2+ core RAG1. Mutants of the intact core RAG1 and the isolated core RAG1 domains were studied to identify the location of zinc-binding sites. Significantly, the C-terminal domain in core RAG1 binds at least two Zn2+ ions, with one zinc-binding site containing C902 and C907 as ligands (termed the CC zinc site) and H937 and H942 coordinating a Zn2+ ion in a separate site (HH zinc site). The latter zinc-binding site is essential for DNA cleavage activity, given that the H937A and H942A mutants were defective in both in vitro DNA cleavage assays and cellular recombination assays. Furthermore, as mutation of the active-site residue E962 reduces Zn2+ coordination, we propose that the HH zinc site is located in close proximity to the DDE active site. Overall, these results demonstrate that Zn2+ serves an important auxiliary role for RAG1 DNA cleavage activity. Furthermore, we propose that one of the zinc-binding sites is linked to the active site of core RAG1 directly or indirectly by E962.
The production of megakaryocytic macrocytosis by systemic factors in S1/S1d mice.

SummaryBone marrow tissue was cross-transplanted subcutaneously between S1/ Sld mice and their normal +/+ littermates. Megakaryocyte size was evaluated in bone marrow from donors, hosts, and regenerated implants. Macromegakaryocytosis was found in Sl/Sld marrow in situ and in all implants in Sl/Sld hosts. Megakaryocytes were of normal size in +/+ marrow and in all implants in +/+ hosts. The macrocytosis of megakaryocytes in Sl/Sld mice appeared to be due to systemic factors or host elements that were incorporated into the regenerated implants rather than to a stromal abnormality that persisted with graft regeneration after transplantation.
Further Characterization on the Transport Property of Plasmalemma NADH Oxidation System in Isolated Corn Root Protoplasts.

Recent experiments show that exogenous NADH increases the O2 consumption and uptake of inorganic ions into isolated corn (Zea mays L. Pioneer Hybrid 3320) root protoplasts (Lin 1982, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 3773-3776). A mild treatment of protoplasts with trypsin released most of the NADH oxidation system from the plasmalemma (Lin 1982 Plant Physiol 70: 326-328). Further studies on this system showed that exogenous NADH (1.5 millimolar) tripled the proton efflux from the protoplasts thus generating a greater electrochemical proton gradient across the plasmalemma. Trypsin also released ubiquinone (11.95 nanomoles per milligrams protein) but not flavin or cytochrome from the system. Kinetic analyses showed that 1.5 millimolar NADH quadrupled Vmax of the mechanism I (saturable) component of K+ uptake, while Km was not affected. Diethylstibestrol and vanadate inhibited basal (ATPase-mediated) K+ influx and H+ efflux, while NADH-stimulated K+ uptake was not or only slightly inhibited. p-Chloromercuribenzene-sulfonic acid, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ethidium bromide, and oligomycin inhibited both ATPase- and NADH-mediated H+ and K+ fluxes. A combination of 10 millimolar fusicoccin and 1.5 millimolar NADH gave an 11-fold increase of K+ influx and a more than 3-fold increase of H+ efflux. It is concluded that a plasmalemma ATPase is not involved in the NADH-mediated ion transport mechanism. NADH oxidase is a -SH containing enzyme (protein) and the proton channel is an important element in this transport system. Fusicoccin synergistically stimulates the effect of NADH on K+ uptake.
Assessment of Pesticide Use in The U.S. Potato Industry

Pesticide use in US fall crop potato production was surveyed for the years 1990 to 1994. The purpose of the study was to provide information about the relative importance of each pesticide and potential alternatives. The objectives were to: (1) inventory pesticides used on potatoes, (2) rank the target pests and (3) estimate the economic value of the major pesticides. Extension specialists working on potatoes in twelve states provided the main source of survey data. The most commonly used pesticides in four categories were: fungicide —chlorothalonil, insecticide —methamidophos, herbicide —metribuzin, and “other” -diquat. The most frequent target pests were: early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), aphids (primarily Myzuspersicae), Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), and pigweed (Amaranthus spp.). The pesticides that provided the most annual value to potato growers were methamidophos ($281 million), diquat ($86 million), metribuzin ($81 million), CIPC ($56 million) and esfenvalerate ($52 million).
Adaptive Lagrangian modelling of ballistic penetration of metallic targets

A Lagrangian finite element model of ductile penetration is developed. Adaptive meshing is accorded a key role in following the large deformations which develop during penetration. An explicit contact/friction algorithm is used to treat the multi-body dynamics. Rate-dependent plasticity, heat conduction and thermal coupling are also accounted for in the calculations. The properties and predictive ability of the model are exhibited in several applications: copper rod impact, perforation of aluminum plates by conical-nosed projectiles and penetration of high-strength steel targets by WHA long rods. The simulations show close agreement with experimental observations and prior numerical results.
Sex–specific response of a mosquito to parasites and crowding

Host-parasite interactions are significantly influenced by the sex of the host and the environment in which the host is found. Sex-specific responses to parasite infection, however, may change according to the host environment. I examine the combined effect of parasite infection and crowding on males and females of the mosquito Aedes albopictus. At a high larval density, infected males experienced a greater relative reduction in body size than did infected females, whereas the pattern was reversed at low density. This experiment demonstrates the importance of the environment on sex-specific responses to parasites and contributes to a growing body of work examining sources of variation in host-parasite interactions.
Perseveration in attention: Inhibitory feature-based attentional sets automatically carry over to novel task contexts

The question of how subjects manage to ignore irrelevant information has recently been a topic of keen interest. Previous research examined whether display-wide feature-based attention is accomplished by the enhancement of relevant features or the inhibition of irrelevant features. ERP data indicated that inhibition of irrelevant distractor features is the main component of the observed attentional effect. In the present study behavioral data confirms that the effect is inhibitory, and that such inhibition can carryover from one task to another.
Identifying past agricultural activity through soil phytolith analysis: a case study from the Hawaiian islands

Abstract Soil samples from documented archaeological sites and adjacent fields were analyzed for phytolith assemblage in an effort to identify and reconstruct prehistoric and early historic agricultural systems on the Island of Hawaii. The removal of indigenous tree and shrub vegetation, subsequent agricultural activity, and eventual abandonment of the fields can be identified in the areas tested. The applicability of phytolith analysis to archaeological problems is advanced and areas of strength and weakness identified.
1166 EFFECTS OF LABOR AND TYPE OF DELIVERY ON DRAINAGE OF FETAL LUNG LIQUID IN RABBITS

Published reports suggest that drainage of fetal lung liquid begins immediately at birth, usually is complete in 4-6 h, but is delayed by cesarean section (CS). To re-examine this process, we measured pulmonary blood volume (PBV), extravascular lung water (EVLW), and size of perivascular fluid cuffs in frozen lung sections of 152 full-term rabbits born vaginally or by CS. We killed the rabbits before they breathed or at varying intervals, up to 24 h, postnatally by immersion in liquid N2 after intraperitoneal barbiturate. Ten additional rabbits, killed before breathing, had CS after labor. CS rabbits (n=83) weighed 50 ± 7 g, vaginally-born (n=69) weighed 51 ± 8 g. Results: (1) a comparable increase in PBV after breathing in both groups; (2) EVLW significantly less (by 17%) in fetuses born vaginally, compared to those born by CS without labor, but no difference in EVLW for fetuses born either vaginally or by CS after labor; (3) no postnatal decrease in EVLW until 30-60 min of age irrespective of type of delivery; thereafter, decrease in EVLW over 24 h was similar for the 2 groups; (4) maximal perivascular cuffing at 30 min of age, virtually absent by 2-4 h after birth for both groups. Our results suggest that lung liquid content of fetal rabbits decreases during labor, but does not diminish further until 30-60 min after birth; a compliant perivascular tissue space accomodates excess fetal lung liquid until its later removal; and type of delivery has no effect on the pattern of postnatal lung liquid drainage.
Liability issues affecting probation and parole supervision

Abstract Courts are making probation and parole officers more accountable for the supervision and control of their clients. This article addresses the civil liability that probation and parole officers can incur in the performance of their duties. They may be held liable for injuries to the client or for injuries caused by their client to a third party if it can be shown that the injuries resulted from negligent supervision. There are three purposes of the article: (1) to examine officer liability for injury to a third party caused by the client under supervision; (2) to examine the approaches used to determine officer liability; and (3) to identify circumstances under which the officer has immunity from civil liability.
Foraging Ecology of Long-Legged Myotis (Myotis volans) in North-Central Idaho

Abstract Limited information exists on the foraging ecology of the long-legged myotis (Myotis volans), especially with regard to use of available foraging habitats in large, relatively contiguous forested landscapes. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, we radiotagged adult long-legged myotis (n = 70) in north-central Idaho to estimate the size of home ranges and to evaluate use of available foraging habitats. Size of home range and core areas was measured for individuals with ≥31 locations (n = 30) using the adaptive kernel method, and selection among available foraging habitats was evaluated using Euclidean distance analysis. Home-range estimates did not differ among males, pregnant females, and lactating females (P = 0.52). Core-area estimates also did not differ among males, pregnant females, and lactating females (P = 0.62). Second-order habitat analysis, based on vegetation, showed that home ranges of males (P = 0.01), pregnant females (P = 0.001), and lactating females (P = 0.001) all were closest ...
Implementing proximal point methods for linear programming

We describe the application of proximal point methods to the linear programming problem. Two basic methods are discussed. The first, which has been investigated by Mangasarian and others, is essentially the well-known method of multipliers. This approach gives rise at each iteration to a weakly convex quadratic program which may be solved inexactly using a point-SOR technique. The second approach is based on the proximal method of multipliers, originally proposed by Rockafellar, for which the quadratic program at each iteration is strongly convex. A number of techniques are used to solve this subproblem, the most promising of which appears to be a two-metric gradient-projection approach. Convergence results are given, and some numerical experience is reported.
Correcting Calibrated Infrared Sky Imagery for the Effect of an Infrared Window

A method is demonstrated for deriving a correction for the effects of an infrared window when used to weatherproof a radiometrically calibrated thermal infrared imager. The technique relies on initial calibration of two identical imagers without windows and subsequently operating the imagers side by side: one with a window and one without. An equation is presented that expresses the scene radiance in terms of throughwindow radiance and the transmittance, reflectance, and emissivity of the window. The window’s optical properties are determined as a function of angle over the imager’s field of view through a matrix inversion using images observed simultaneously with and without a window. The technique is applied to calibrated sky images from infrared cloud imager systems. Application of this window correction algorithm to data obtained months before or after the algorithm was derived leads to an improvement from 0.46 to 0.91 for the correlation coefficient between data obtained simultaneously from imagers with and without a window. Once the window correction has been determined, the windowed imager can operate independently and provide accurate measurements of sky radiance.