cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotions, Partisanship, and Misperceptions: How Anger and Anxiety Moderate the Effect of Partisan Bias on Susceptibility to Political Misinformation

Citizens are frequently misinformed about political issues and candidates but the circumstances under which inaccurate beliefs emerge are not fully understood. This experimental study demonstrates that the independent experience of two emotions, anger and anxiety, in part determines whether citizens consider misinformation in a partisan or open-minded fashion. Anger encourages partisan, motivated evaluation of uncorrected misinformation that results in beliefs consistent with the supported political party, while anxiety at times promotes initial beliefs based less on partisanship and more on the information environment. However, exposure to corrections improves belief accuracy, regardless of emotion or partisanship. The results indicate that the unique experience of anger and anxiety can affect the accuracy of political beliefs by strengthening or attenuating the influence of partisanship
Impact of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Varieties on Reproduction of the Northern Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne hapla)

One of the most commonly encountered plant-parasitic nematodes in eastern Washington Vitis vinifera vineyards is Meloidogyne hapla; however, limited research exists on the impact of this nematode on V. vinifera. The objectives of this research were to determine the impact of M. hapla on Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vine establishment and to determine the host status of V. vinifera varieties/clones predominantly grown in Washington to M. hapla. In a microplot experiment, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vines were planted into soil inoculated with different densities of M. hapla; population dynamics of M. hapla and vine performance were monitored over 3 yr. In greenhouse experiments, several clones representing five V. vinifera varieties, Chardonnay, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah, were evaluated as hosts for M. hapla. In both microplot and greenhouse experi- ments, white varieties were significantly betterhosts than red varieties. In the greenhouse experiments, Chardonnay and Riesling had 40% higher reproduction factor values than Syrah and Merlot, however, all varieties/clones screened were good hosts for M. hapla (reproduction factors . 3). In the microplot experiment, M. hapla eggs/g root were 4.5 times greater in Chardonnay compared to
c-Jun: A Complex Tale of a Simple Transcription Factor

Since the discovery of its first member more than two decades ago, the AP-1 transcription complex has evolved into a paradigm for the transcription factors. The AP-1 regulate many aspects of cell physiology in response to growth factor signals and environmental insults, acting as master regulators of cell activities. c-Jun, the most extensively studied AP-1 protein, is involved in numerous cell functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, survival, tumorigenesis, and tissue morphogenesis. Most of these activities rely on c-Jun function as a transcription factor, but its specificity in target gene selection and the intensity of its activity appear to be decided in a cell type or context-dependent manner. This article will focus on the mechanisms involved in c-Jun regulation, target gene expression and physiological functions, and will address the complex nature of this transcription factor.
Kinetics of thermally induced swelling of hydrogels

Abstract We present a continuum model for thermally induced volume transitions in stimulus–responsive hydrogels (SRHs). The framework views the transition as proceeding via the motion of a sharp interface separating swollen and collapsed phases of the underlying polymer network. In addition to bulk and interfacial force and energy balances, our model imposes an interfacial normal configurational force balance. To account for the large volume changes exhibited by SRHs during actuation, the governing equations are developed in the setting of finite-strain kinematics. The numerical approximations to the coupled thermomechanical equations are obtained with an extended finite element/level-set method. The solution strategy involves a non-standard operator split and a simplified version of the level-set update. A number of representative problems are considered to investigate the model and compare its predictions to experimental observations. In particular, we consider the thermally induced swelling of spherical and cylindrical specimens. The stability of the interface evolution is also examined.
Instability of plane parallel shear flow (toward a mechanistic picture of how it works)

This paper reviews work done over the last twelve years on wave overreflection in shear flows, and on the development of a mechanical picture of how overreflection and instability work. It is argued that the wave geometry of a flow configuration is the primary determinant of its stability. It is also argued that the primary mechanism for wave amplification is the Orr mechanism.
Improved Synthesis of 6-epi-Dictyostatin and Antitumor Efficacy in Mice Bearing MDA-MB231 Human Breast Cancer Xenografts.

Structure−activity studies centered on the naturally occurring antitumor agent dictyostatin have recently identified several highly active epimers and analogues. From these compounds, 6-epi-dictyostatin was selected for scaleup preparation and evaluation in animals. Here we describe a new total synthesis that produced more than 30 mg of 6-epi-dictyostatin. The compound was found to have potent antitumor activity in SCID mice bearing MDA-MB231 human breast cancer xenografts.
Refinable maps on ANR's

Abstract The map F : X → Y is refinable if for each e>0 there is an e-map f from X onto Y that is e-close to F . The closed set A in X is N - elementary if each neighborhood U of A contains a neighborhood V such that the natural homomorphism Ȟ N ( U ) → Ȟ N ( V ) has finitely generated image. If X is a compact ANR, then every closed subset is N -elementary for every N . Suppose F : X → Y is a refinable map between compacta. Then: If B is a compactum in Y such that F -1 B is N -elementary in X then F induces an isomorphism from Ȟ N ( B ) to Ȟ N ( F -1 B ). In particular, if X is an ANR, then F induces isomorphisms Ȟ N ( B )≅ Ȟ N ( F -1 B ) and Ȟ N ( F -1 B )≅ Ȟ N ( B ). If X = S 3 and Y = S 3 / A , then A is cellular. If X is a finite-dimensional ANR, then Y is an ANR if one of the following is true: (1) Y is LC 1 , (2) F -1 ( y ) is locally connected for each y ∈ Y , (3) F -1 ( y ) is approximately 1-connected for each y ∈ Y or (4) for each e>0 the f in the above definition can be chosen to be monotone. Applications are also made to generalized manifolds and ANR's in 2-dimensional manifolds.
THE LOCATION CHOICES OF PUBLIC HOUSING RESIDENTS DISPLACED BY REDEVELOPMENT: MARKET CONSTRAINTS, PERSONAL PREFERENCES, OR SOCIAL INFORMATION?

ABSTRACT:Since the early 1990s, federal housing policy in the U.S. has become increasingly concerned with the confluence of the neighborhood quality and location of assisted housing residents, and the HOPE VI program is one within this family of programs. Yet a lack of dispersal has characterized HOPE VI and other efforts to relocate public housing residents. Using one HOPE VI site in Seattle, Washington, as a case study, this article fits a conditional multinomial logit model to examine how ethnically diverse relocatees make relocation decisions. The postrelocation neighborhood’s minority composition, poverty concentration, and distance from the original public housing site interact with market characteristics, personal preferences, individual characteristics, language proficiency and information based in social networks to influence eventual location outcomes. Results suggest that personal preferences and information available through close social relationships may play an important role in determining ...
DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY OF GRAIN DEPENDENT SHORT LINE RAILROADS

Abstract This paper is the first empirical analysis of U.S. short line railroad profitability using primary cost and revenue data. Models of short line profitability are developed using Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) as the profitability measure. The sample includes 34 short lines operating in 17 states in the midwest region of the U.S. for the fiscal years 1986–1995. The models are estimated by OLS regression and explain up to 75% of the variation in short line profitability. Nearly all the explanatory variables have the theoretically expected sign and are statistically significant. The variable DENS (number of carloads per mile of main-line track) is the most important influence on EBIT. However, several other variables are identified as important including management ability to control expenses, type of short line ownership, size and ownership of the short line’s network, composition of traffic, and length of haul. The empirical results of the study indicate that a short line operating at the mean values of the explanatory variables is likely to only break even. About 25% of the sample short lines have a high probability of requiring government assistance to continue operating.
Cracks on bimaterial interfaces: elasticity and plasticity aspects

Substantial progress has been made on the mechanics of interface fracture. An engineering program has emerged which allows the fracture resistance of interfaces to be measured and utilized. This recent development, assessed in an Acta-Scripta Metallurgica Proceedings, is discussed. Several results have been obtained on the plasticity aspects of interface cracks in which one (or both) of the constituent materials can deform plastically. The crack tip fields are members of a family parametrized by plastic mode mixity parameter ξ. The J integral scales each member field. Analyses of finite width crack geometries loaded by remote tension show that the effects of load, ligament plasticity and geometry on the near-tip fields are adequately accounted for by the J integral. The progress is summarized.
The Distribution of Calcium in Normal and Tetracycline-Modified Bones of Developing Chick Embryos

The presence of calcium (GBHA technique) in the periosteal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and chondrocytes of developing chick embryo bone confirms the findings ofKashiwa (1966) in the rat. Modification of bone development by tetracycline administration indicates that there is a direct correlation between the amount of calcium within these cells and the degree of mineralization of the adjacent matrices. The calcium of the calcification front of bone and the abnormally calcified cartilage matrix resulting from tetracycline treatment appears to differ from that of the older bone and normally calcifying cartilage matrix in its ability to chelate with GBHA. The distribution of the GBHA positive material appears to correspond to that of a pyridine-resistant bound lipid previously reported.
On the difference between consecutive zeros of the Riemann zeta function

Abstract Let 0 λ = lim n (γ n − γ n − 1 )( log γ n 2π ) and μ = lim n (γ n − γ n − 1 )( log γ n 2π ) . Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, it is known that μ ≤ 0.68 and λ > 1. One suspects that μ = 0 and λ = +∞. The object of this note is to show that λ ≥ 1.9.
Linear solvation energy relationship of the solubility of very polar gases: Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and ammonia

A linear free energy relationship was found for the log (mole fraction) of solutes in a wide variety of organic solvents with the solvatochromic parameters and the Hildebrand solubility parameter. The solutes were the highly dipolar gases sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and ammonia at 25°C and 1 atm. partial pressure of the solute. It was found that correlations were greatly improved if solvatochromic parameters for the solvent as a monomer were used rather than the values for the bulk solvent. In solutions with these very dipolar gases, the mole ratio of solute to solvents approaches unity in many of the solutions, so a molecule of solute is interacting primarily with a particular molecule of the solvent. Therefore, the use of the solvatochromic parameters for the solvent as monomer is physically reasonable.
On the foundations of game theory: The case of non-Archimedean utilities

Contrary to what appears to have become an accepted part of the folklore of game theory, a finite two-person zero-sum game with non-Archimedean utilities may have no equilibrium-point solution, and either one or both players may have no “minimax” strategy. Even when both players have “minimax” strategies, such a game may lack an equilibrium point.
Particle Groups from the Alpha-Particle Bombardment of Boron

Targets of natural boron and targets of 96 percent boron 10 have been bombarded by 7.45 Mev and 6.64 Mev cyclotron alphas. Seven charged particle groups have been observed. The $Q$-values calculated from the energy of the various groups have been assigned as follows: ${Q}_{1}=4.07$ Mev to the ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(a,p){\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ reaction; ${Q}_{2}=0.85$ Mev to the ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}(a,p){\mathrm{C}}^{14}$ reaction; ${Q}_{3}=0.31$ Mev to the first excited state of carbon 13 at 3.76 Mev. Other values are: ${Q}_{4}=0.07$ Mev; ${Q}_{5}=\ensuremath{-}0.31$ Mev; ${Q}_{6}=\ensuremath{-}1.57$ Mev; ${Q}_{7}=\ensuremath{-}1.76$ Mev with assignments discussed. The assignments were checked with boron 10 targets and proton-gamma-coincidence technique. Gammas were detected by coincident counts from two photo-multiplier tubes observing the same naphthalene crystal. Excited states of carbon 13 were searched for, but not observed, at 0.8 Mev and 3.12 Mev.
Depending on my mood: Mood-driven influences on text comprehension.

Reading comprehension is a critical component of success in educational settings. To date, research on text processing in educational and cognitive psychological domains has focused predominantly on cognitive influences on comprehension and, in particular, those influences that might be derived from particular tasks or strategies. However, there is growing interest in documenting the influences of emotional factors on the processes and products of text comprehension, because these factors are less likely to be associated with explicit reading strategies. The present study examines this issue by evaluating the degree to which mood can influence readers' processing of text. Participants in control, happy-induced, or sad-induced groups thought aloud while reading expository texts. Happy, sad, and neutral moods influenced the degree to which readers engaged in particular types of coherence-building processes in the service of comprehension. Although reading strategies clearly influence processing, understudied factors that are less explicitly goal-driven, such as mood, can similarly impact comprehension activity. These findings have important implications for the role of mood on reading instruction and evaluation
The ionization structure of the Ring Nebula. II - Ultraviolet observations

Good agreement is found for O and N abundances, and the importance of charge-transfer reactions to the ionization of Ne is confirmed, in UV observations of emission line intensities for four positions in the Ring Nebula that have been previously studied optically. It is noted that the C(2+) abundance inferred from the optical 4267 A recombination line is as much as 10 times brighter than that measured from the UV lines, and that this discrepancy is greatest near the central star. The most attractive explanation for this phenomenon is the resonance fluorescence due to light from the central star. Both Ne/O and C/H abundances are in good agreement with previously measured average values for planetary nebulae.
A multi-scale stochastic drug release model for polymer-coated targeted drug delivery systems.

Abstract A multi-scale mathematical model for drug release of oral targeted drug delivery systems was developed and applied to a commercially available delayed release tablet (Asacol®) that delivers 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) to the colon. Underlying physical and biochemical principles governing the involved processes (diffusion and dissolution) were employed to develop the mathematical description. Finite element formulation was used to numerically solve the model equations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to predict macro-scale transport properties of the drug and the biologic fluid. The effect of pH variability in the gastrointestinal tract environment on the dissolution of the polymeric enteric coating was investigated using the Monte Carlo method. The direct coupling method employed (MD) predicted a sufficiently accurate diffusion coefficient (5.7 × 10− 6 cm2 s− 1) of the drug molecules in reasonable (3 h) computation times. The model was validated using experimental data from in vitro dissolution experiments and provided accurate prediction of the drug release from the delivery system (root mean square error of 5%). The amount of drug entering the systemic circulation, computed from the predicted drug release in varying pH environments in the small bowel, was 15–24%. This range was in good agreement with clinical in vivo data (13–36%) obtained from literature. This research shows that in silico experiments using mechanistic models and stochastic approaches can be used for drug design and optimization and as a decision making tool for physicians.
Patent ductus arteriosus in identical twins

Abstract Cases are reported in which identical twins each had a patent ductus arteriosus confirmed by surgery. Hemodynamic data and evidence of monozygosity are presented.
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and guanine metabolism of adenocarcinoma 755 cells

Abstract Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), purified 60- to 160-fold from an acetone powder of Adenocarcinoma 755 cells, catalyzes the production of nucleotides from several purine bases and base analogs. Michaelis constants for hypoxanthine, guanine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine are 4.0, 2.7, 10 and 10 μM respectively. The Michaelis constant for 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate varies with the purine base used as substrate. Some purine base analogs inhibit the isolated enzyme, but nucleotides and nucleotide analogs are more potent, as judged by inhibition constant/Michaelis constant ratios. This indicates strong endproduct control of enzyme activity. 6-Thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine and 1-benzyl-6-mercaptopurine inhibit the incorporation of guanine and hypoxanthine, but not of adenine, into the nucleic acids of intact cells. 6-Methylthiopurine ribonucleoside, an inhibitor of de novo purine biosynthesis, reduces the incorporation of all three bases. Identification of the metabolites of labeled guanine, hypoxanthine and adenine leads to the conclusion that a major site of inhibition of purine base metabolism by the nucleotides of 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine is at hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.
Ultrasound-Induced Dissolution of Lipid-Coated and Uncoated Gas Bubbles

The 1.1 MHz ultrasound response of micrometer-scale perfluorobutane gas bubbles, coated with a mixture of 90 mol % saturated phospholipid (disteroylphosphatidylcholine, DSPC) or unsaturated phospholipid (dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, DOPC) and 10 mol % PEG-lipid, was studied by optical microscopy. Uncoated bubbles were also studied. Bubbles, resting buoyantly against the wall of a polystyrene cuvette, were exposed to brief pulses of ultrasound (∼200 kPa amplitude) at a repetition rate of 25 Hz; images of the bubbles were taken after every other pulse. The coating had little effect on the initial response: large (>10 μm diameter) bubbles showed no size change, while smaller bubbles rapidly shrank (or fragmented) to reach a stable or metastable diameter-ca. 2 μm for coated bubbles and 4 μm for uncoated bubbles. The coating had a significant effect on further bubble evolution: after reaching a metastable size, uncoated bubbles and DOPC-coated bubbles continued to shrink slowly and ultimately vanished entirely, while DSPC-coated bubbles did not change perceptibly during the duration of the exposure. Numerical modeling using the modified Herring equation showed that the size range in which DSPC bubbles responded does correspond well with the bubble resonance; the long-term stability of these bubbles may be related to the ability of the DSPC to form a two-dimensional solid at ambient temperature or to phase separate from the PEG-lipid.
Solutions to the Research-Practice Gap in Domestic Violence: A Modified Delphi Study With Domestic Violence Coalition Leaders

The gap between research and practice in domestic violence (DV) has the potential to hinder advancements in both areas. This study used modified Delphi methodology to seek potential solutions for integrating DV research and practice. Expert panel members were representatives of DV coalitions who hold primary responsibility for determining the content of the training program and materials provided by coalitions to service providers. Through three rounds of questionnaires, potential solutions were identified in six areas: access to research, the practical application of research, DV coalitions' needs and usage of research, perceptions of research and researchers, researcher-practitioner collaborations, and the goals of DV. The findings of the study are integrated into recommendations for researchers and DV organizations.
The involvement of calcium in epinephrine or ADP potentiation of human platelet aggregation.

Abstract The mechanism by which low doses of epinephrine or ADP potentiate primary platelet aggregation was investigated. Aspirin (lmg/ml)-treated human blood platelets were isolated by albumin density gradient centrifugation. Platelet 45Ca uptake associated with epinephrine or ADP addition was determined over a 240 sec time course. Pretreatment of the platelets with ADP (0.5μM) significantly increased aggregation in response to epinephrine (0.1μM). This increased aggregation was associated with a substantially greater 45Ca uptake than that which occurred in the presence of epinephrine (0.1μM) alone. The potentiated epinephrine response was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist verapamil (25μM). This inhibition could in turn be reduced by Ca2+ (1mM) addition. Pretreatment of platelets with epinephrine (0.1μM) also increased aggregation in response to ADP (0.5μM). Although this potentiated response was not associated with measurable 45Ca uptake, it was nevertheless completely abolished by verapamil (25μM) treatment. These findings suggest that low doses of ADP promote the ability of epinephrine to stimulate an increase in membrane permeability to Ca2+.
House Majority Party Leaders' Uses of Public Opinion Information

Using archival and interview evidence, this article demonstrates that, in the 1980s and 1990s, House Democratic leaders made frequent and sophisticated use of polls to monitor trends in public opinion, to construct party images and "craft talk," and to strategically deploy favorable poll results to aid in legislative coalition building. Comparing this recovered history of Democratic Party leaders' poll use to House Republican leaders' poll use, this article suggests the value of relaxing principal-agent theory to better account for: 1) the multiple contextual factors that explain leadership behavior; and 2) leaders' efforts to shape the institutional contexts within which they act and the conditions that empower them.
In indirect flight muscles Drosophila projectin has a short PEVK domain, and its NH2-terminus is embedded at the Z-band

Insect indirect flight muscles (IFM) contain a third filament system made up of elastic connecting or C-filaments. The giant protein projectin is the main, if not the only, component of these structures. In this study we found that projectin is oriented within the IFM sarcomere with its NH2-terminus embedded in the Z-bands. We demonstrate that this protein has an elastic region that can be detected by the movement of specific epitopes following stretch. One possible elastic region is the PEVK-like domain located close to the NH2-terminus. The amino acid length of this region is short, and 52% of its residues are P, E, V or K. We propose a model in which projectin extends from the Z-band to the lateral borders of the A-band. The PEVK-like domain and a series of Ig domains spanning the intervening I-band may provide the elastic properties of projectin.
Progress on the two-dimensional filter diagonalization method. An efficient doubling scheme for two-dimensional constant-time NMR

An efficient way to treat two-dimensional (2D) constant-time (CT) NMR data using the filter diagonalization method (FDM) is presented. In this scheme a pair of N- and P-type data sets from a 2D CT NMR experiment are processed jointly by FDM as a single data set, twice as large, in which the signal effectively evolves in time for twice as long. This scheme is related to "mirror-image" linear prediction, but with the distinction that the data are directly used, without any preprocessing such as Fourier transformation along one dimension, or point-by-point reflection. As the signal has nearly perfect Lorentzian line shape in the CT dimension, it can be efficiently handled by the FDM approach. Applied to model and experimental signals, the scheme shows significant resolution improvement, and appears to tolerate noise reasonably well. Other complex aspects of multidimensional FDM are discussed and illustrated.
Randomized trial of sterile water by gavage drip in the fluid management of extremely low birth weight infants.

To determine whether extremely low birth weight infants who receive enteral sterile water have a reduction in treated patent ductus arteriosus or death by 28 days compared to infants with routine management. A total of 214 infants were enrolled and randomized by 36 h of age to receive up to 50 ml kg−1 per day of enteral sterile water (n=109) for 7 days or routine fluid management (n=104). Patent ductus arteriosus treatment was defined as either indomethacin treatment or surgical ligation. The proportion of infants with a treated patent ductus arteriosus or death at <28 days of age was 63% in the sterile water group vs 64% in the control group (relative risk 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.22). There were no differences in the proportion of infants in the sterile water group vs control group with a treated patent ductus arteriosus (55 vs 48%), death (21 vs 28%), necrotizing enterocolitis or death (24 vs 32%), or bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death at <28 days (80 vs 77%). Daily mean glucose levels were significantly higher (P=0.04) in control infants than sterile water infants. The use of sterile water did not decrease the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus or other adverse clinical outcomes. The role of enteral sterile water in the fluid management of extremely low birth weight infants remains uncertain.
Flurbiprofen enhances growth and cancellous and cortical bone accumulation in rapidly growing long bones.

Abstract The effects of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on bone growth was studied by static and dynamic histomorphometry in immature (28 days old) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Flurbiprofen at 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/d doses was given subcutaneously daily for 21 days. The 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg/d doses were most effective in stimulating longitudinal and radial bone growth and enhancing the accumulation of cancellous and cortical bone. Proximal tibial longitudinal bone growth rate, growth plate thickness, and periosteal bone formation rate were increased 30–40%, while cortical bone (tibial shaft) and cancellous bone (proximal tibial metaphysis) accumulated 12% and 90% more, bone than controls, respectively. Enhanced accumulation of cortical bone was attributed to stimulated periosteal bone formation without accompanying marrow cavity enlargement. Enhanced accumulation of cancellous hard tissue was postulated to be due to reduced trabecular bone resorption and no effect on bone formation. The cell counts support these conclusions. There was a decrease in osteoclast numbers (−62 to −70%), an insignificant decrease in osteoblast numbers (−5 to −30%) per mm of bone surface and a decrease in osteoclast to osteoblast ratio (-35 to-56%). The findings presented are compatible with the conclusion that flurbiprofen, induced changes in rapidly growing long bones by reducing osteoclast activity and recruitment, stimulating longitudinal and radial growth, increasing the cortical bone mass by stimulated periosteal bone growth and depressed endosteal resorption, and increasing cancellous bone mass by depressed trabecular bone resorption without affecting bone formation.
Airline equipment planning.

Planning in the airline industry now faces one of its severest challenges in terms of economic, technical, and financial considerations. This paper discusses the variety of planning problems now facing the airlines and deals with various new techniques and developments being designed to cope with them more effectively. The three basic types of aircraft selection problems faced by airline planners are defined and specific aircraft procurement studies within each category are described. In the course of this discussion the application of computer technology to schedule simulation, aircraft routing, and fleet planning is explored. Techniques employed in recent equipment planning analyses relative to the 747 and the SST are outlined. Attention is focused on the need for airlines to play a more significant role in aircraft development, particularly in terms of mission designation and sizing and the current sponsorship by American of air bus development is highlighted. The paper concludes with an item by item discussion of the nine basic equipment selection factors given most weight by airline planners. Each of these nine factors is discussed and attention is focused on areas of difference between manufacturers and airlines.
Heat transfer investigations in a bubble column with immersed probes of different diameters

Abstract Heat transfer and hydrodynamic data have been taken in a 0.108m internal diameter bubble column with simulated axial heat transfer probes of three different external diameters, viz. 19·0, 31·8 and 50·8 mm. The air-water-glass bead system is investigated at ambient conditions for 0 and 10 weight percent of glass beds of average diameters 50, 119, and 143μm in the slurry for a range of air velocities covering different regimes. Air holdup is found to be almost independent of solids concentration, slurry particle size, and probe diameter except when the bubble coalescence is predominant in the column. On the other hand, the heat transfer coefficient while found to be independent of slurry concentration and particle diameter, is dependent on probe diameter. A correlation for heat transfer coefficient involving hydraulic diameter and air velocity is proposed.
Convergence of visual sensory capabilities in a pair of Batesian mimics

Abstract Evidence is given for convergence of visual sensory capabilities of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera and a Batesian mimic of the honeybee, the dronefly Eristalis tenax .
Early activation and properties of slag cement

Abstract Early age activation of granulated blast-furnace slag (BFS) and blends of slag and portland cement (OPC) has been studied. Activators include sodium-hydroxide, sodium sulfate, alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), superplasticizer, and calcium aluminate cement. Heat of hydration, x-ray phase characterization, compressive strength, viscometry, pore size distribution and related characterization studies have been made. Activated BFS-cement mortars having equivalent strengths at 1 day to OPC have been prepared, which also have 28- and 90-day strengths exceeding those of the OPC. Mechanisms of activation are discussed.
An exploratory study of preparation for future care among older Latinos in Utah

Preparation for future care by 62 Latino elders was examined and compared to an Anglo sample of 288 elders residing in Utah. Latino older adults preferred relatives for help and assistance, but 91% of them (versus 41% for the Anglo sample) did not have any concrete plans for either short-term or long-term care. Logistic analyses show that age and knowledge of services are significantly related to planning for care, but education and filial obligations are not. Furthermore, ethnicity significantly predicted long-term care planning when its interactions with age and knowledge of services are accounted for. Knowledge of services and age played a greater role in facilitating preparation for future care for Latinos than for Anglos.
The transient electromagnetic field of a pulsed line source located above a dispersively reflecting surface

An exact representation for the transient field of a pulsed line source above a plane reflecting surface is obtained as a finite integral over the transient plane-wave solution for complex angles of incidence. When applied to the reflection from a conducting half-space, a solution for the transient field is obtained as a finite double integral, which permits accurate calculations in a minimum of computer time. Comparison with early-time and late-time approximations available in the literature shows that there is a wide range of times for which neither is accurate.
The Influence of Recombinant DNA-Derived Human and Murine Gamma Interferons on Mouse Hepatic Drug Metabolism

Abstract Human gamma interferon given for up to 5 days by subcutaneous infusion or intraperitoneal injection did not significantly alter mouse hepatic microsomal oxidative drugmetabolizing enzyme activities. In contrast, murine gamma interferon and human alpha interferon given for 5 days at the same dose (10 7 units/kg) caused 25 and 50% decreases, respectively, in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -450 concentrations. The human alpha interferon-induced decline in cytochrome P -450 was accompanied by a significant drop in p -nitroanisole demethylase activity and significant elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase and cytosolic glutathione S -transferase activities. An elevation in glutathione- S -transferase was the only significant change found following human gamma interferon administration. Microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was unaffected by any interferon.
Intermacromolecular complexes by in situ polymerization

Abstract Hydrogen-bonded complexes of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(ethyl oxazoline) (PEOx) were prepared by photopolymerization of acrylic acid in which PEOx was dissolved. The glass transition temperatures ( T g ) of the complexes are not only higher than those of the blends but also higher than the T g value of either component polymer. The complexes dissolve in strong proton-accepting solvents like dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), are swollen to various degrees in water and methanol, but are resistant to swelling by dioxane. When the density of hydrogen bond donor groups in the chain is reduced by 50% with the use of a copolymer of acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, intermolecular association still takes place, although the affinity of complexation is reduced to some extent. When interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs) are prepared by this method, about half of the PEOx can be extracted by DMSO after 4 days. The incomplete removal is probably a result of topographical constraints against diffusion.
The Influence of Transient Flow Distortion on Turbulence in Stable Weak-Wind Conditions

Transport by very weak turbulence near the surface, particularly with strong stratification, often violates existing similarity theory due partly to transient distortion of the wind profile by nonstationary mesoscale motions. This problem is examined with 4 months of flux data at seven levels on a 30-m tower. Difficulties with calculation of fluxes and shear with weak winds and weak turbulence are examined. The distortion of the wind profile assumes a wide variety of forms, but sometimes occurs with a transient wind maximum in the lowest 10 m. Though the vertical mixing of momentum is weak for weak-wind nonstationary conditions, it is often more efficient than predicted by existing similarity theory. In fact for weak-wind stable conditions, the flux-gradient relationship depends more on the curvature of the wind profile than the value of the stability parameter. This statistical study suggests a new direction for future work, but does not unravel the physics of the complex and varied structure for stratified weak-wind conditions.
Effect of Task on Mother-Child Interaction Results.

The influence of task on behavior in mother-child interaction was studied. Five tasks varying in degree of structure and difficulty were used in mothers' interactions with their children at 24 and 36 months of age. Child competence was assessed through several tests. Families that had participated in an extensive parent-education program were compared with randomly assigned controls. Interactions were videotaped and rated on scales. Results indicated that there were no task differences in ability to discriminate groups and tasks seldom were found to be differentially related to child competence. Task stability over time yielded some differences.
The Effect of Religious Short‐Term Mission Trips on Youth Civic Engagement

Religious short-term mission trips are an increasingly popular form of American religious practice, especially among young people. Both organizers and participants often emphasize their transformative nature. However, scholarly efforts to evaluate systematically the social consequences of religious short-term mission trips are lacking. To address this neglect, our article investigates whether going on a religious short-term mission trip significantly differentiates youth who engage in civic actions from those who do not. Based on quantitative analysis of Wave I of the National Survey of Youth Religion (NSYR), we find that, controlling for other important factors, taking a mission trip significantly increases the likelihood of adolescents participating in various forms of civic activity, particularly religious-based volunteer work. Drawing on prior scholarship on religious short-term mission and similarly focused trips and in-depth interview data from trip participants, we outline several theoretical mechanisms that likely explain the link between taking a mission trip and civic engagement.
Effective rate constants and general isotope effect equations for steady state enzymatic reactions with multiple isotope-sensitive steps☆

Abstract In the theoretical treatment of apparent isotope effects corresponding to one-step perturbations, the nonisotopic rate constants are commonly collected as commitments. Such a collection is not possible where a multistep perturbation occurs. However, the multistep perturbations can be treated if the nonisotopic rate constants are collected as effective rate constants, each of which is defined as the rate constant of a kinetic step times the overall equilibrium constant of the steps preceding that kinetic step. If all of the steps are isotope-sensitive, the isotopic equation, written as a ratio of the apparent isotope effect to the overall rate, will be simply a sum of the ratios of intrinsic isotope effect to effective rate constant from all of the steps. Isotopic equations for reactions in which not all of the steps are isotope-sensitive are then obtained by setting the intrinsic kinetic isotope effects and the equilibrium isotope effects of the isotope-insensitive steps to equal one. Designed for treatment of isotope effects derived from single isotopic labelings, the method can also be extended to isotope effects from multiple isotopic labelings. Perturbation of kinetic barriers by equilibrium isotope effects is also discussed.
Mythic Rhetoric and Rectification in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Israelis and Palestinians are engaged in a civil war, and their mythic systems will need to change before a pragmatic peace can break out. In this study, we examine Palestinian and Israeli myths, which consist of narratives both people use to define their identity, land, and the “other.” Drawing from the literature on rhetoric and myth, we explain how Israeli Revisionist and Palestinian Islamic fundamentalist discourse set forth stories to counter threats to identity. After describing the features of these stories, we place them in historical context and track how they change in and over time.
Every Little Girl Can Grow Up to Be Queen: the Coronation and The Virgin in the Garden.

A. S. Byatt's The Virgin in the Garden is a bildungsroman that explores its heroine, Frederica Potter's, complicated coming of age during 1953, the year of the Coronation of Elizabeth II. Likewise,...
Reduction of job loss in persons with rheumatic diseases receiving vocational rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective. Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss. Methods. A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n 122) or the control group (n 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis. Results. Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group (P 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95% confidence interval 0.34–0.99], P 0.05 by pooled logistic regression). Conclusion. Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases. Health-related job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases. In the most recent analyses (1), costs stemming from lost wages, so-called indirect costs, for all forms of arthritis were 74% of the total costs, while the direct costs of medical care were 26% of the total. This burden can be expected to increase because the portion of the US work force that is 55 years of age and older is increasing (by 2020, it will account for one-fifth of the work force) (2) and because the incidence and prevalence of many rheumatic diseases rise substantially after age 50 years. Health-related job loss also exacts a substantial toll on the quality of life of individuals, being associated with lower levels of self-esteem, life satisfaction, adaptation, perceived health status, and in those with rheumatoid arthritis, higher levels of depression and pain (3–5).
The clamping stress in a cold-driven rivet

Abstract An analysis of a model of the process of cold-driving a rivet is carried out with the primary aim of identifying the origin and magnitude of the resulting clamping force exerted by the rivet on the lapped sheets. The development of high hydrostatic pressure in the rivet shank in the first stages of the driving process, and its subsequent release as the rivet head is squashed, is the key to understanding the origin of the clamping force. The average clamping stress in the rivet shank is on the order of σ Y 4 , where σY is the yield stress of the rivet. The model is used to explore the role of some riveting variables, including differing yield stresses in the rivet and sheet materials, strain hardening, and head size.
Frequency of intron 8 CFTR polythymidine sequence variant in neonatal blood specimens

2 analysis. The genotype (ac/ac) was found to be significantly associated with AD. The other heterozygous genotypes (ac/at) and (ac/gc) were not associated with AD. Therefore, the influence of the homozygous genotype (ac/ac) would be recessively inherited, whereas the other responsible or risk genes are dominantly inherited. The genotypes were examined in the context of the presence or absence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele, 3
High-power optical coatings for a megajoule-class ICF laser

As a consequence of advancements in inertial confinement fusion research, LLNL is developing plans for a new 1.5 to 2 mega-joule solid-state Nd:glass laser designed to achieve fusion ignition. The new design is possible in part due to advances in optical coatings suitable for high-power laser systems. High damage threshold mirrors and polarizers are comprised of electron-beam deposited dielectric multilayers. Subthreshold illumination, or laser conditioning, of the multilayer coatings results in an increase in the damage thresholds by factors of 2 to 3 at 1.06 micrometers , thus meeting the fluence requirements of the advanced architecture. For anti-reflective coatings, protective organic coatings for non-linear crystals and phase plates for beam smoothing, sol-gel films provide high damage thresholds coatings at low cost.
PPARδ Functions as a Prostacyclin Receptor in Blastocyst Implantation

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear hormone superfamily, are the target of extensive investigation because of their role in various pathophysiological processes. Recently, a novel biological function of PPARδ, a less studied member of the family, was observed in the mouse. Evidence suggests that cyclooxygenase 2-derived prostacyclin mediates blastocyst implantation via this receptor. In this review, this new function of PPARδ in implantation is highlighted, and future directions to investigate its mechanism of action are discussed.
Certification of a new NIST fly ash standard reference material

In June 1993 the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released the third version of “Constituent Elements in Coal Fly Ash” Standard Reference Material (SRM 1633b). This material is intended for quality assurance purposes in evaluating the analytical methods used for the determination of constituent elements in coal fly ash or in materials with similar matrices. It has been certified for 23 major, minor and trace elements using ten different analytical techniques. For an element to be certified in a NIST SRM, its concentration is usually determined by at least two independent analytical techniques. The concentrations of additional 24 elements are provided for “information only” purposes in the new fly ash. Current plans are to certify the concentrations of a number of rare earths upon completion of additional analytical work now in progress. Homogeneity testing was accomplished using instrumental neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence. This presentation summarizes the preparation of this new material and the analytical results used for certification.
Electrophysiologic properties of nitroprusside in man.

The effects of nitroprusside on His bundle electrograms, when given intra venously for 10 minutes, were studied in 14 patients with heart disease. Record ings were made at varied heart rates using atrial and ventricular pacing. Nitro prusside significantly reduced the AH interval, but it had no effect on the HV interval. Functional and effective refractory periods were measured by the ex trastimulus technique. The functional refractory period of the AV node as well as the effective refractory period of the ventriculoatrial conduction system sig nificantly decreased after nitroprusside infusion. This improvement in con duction can probably be explained by the systemic hypotension produced by nitroprusside, which reflexly will increase sympathetic drive to the heart and decrease vagal tone.