cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of BMI on cognition following acute physical activity in preadolescent children.

Abstract Background There is an increasing prevalence of physical inactivity during childhood, concurrent with a rise in obesity rates, which is associated with a variety of health problems. However, the extent to which increased body mass index (BMI) influences acute physical activity (PA) benefits on cognition in childhood remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether BMI influences the effects of acute PA on inhibitory control task performance. Methods In a sample of 116 children pooled from four prior studies (ages 8-11; 51 females), demographic measures of age, sex, IQ, socioeconomic status, and aerobic fitness were considered along with BMI. Children participated in a counterbalanced, randomized crossover study, whereby they completed two different interventions; 20 minutes of treadmill walking (60-70% heart rate max) and restful reading (non-exercise control). Following each intervention, children performed a modified flanker task that manipulates inhibitory control demands. Correlations were conducted to determine the influence of demographic variables, fitness, and BMI on inhibitory control following each intervention. Subsequent hierarchical regression analyses were performed with significant demographic factors in the first step, aerobic fitness in the second step when significant, and BMI in the final step. Results Analyses indicated that children exhibited improved task performance (p's ≤ 0.001) and decreased interference (p = 0.04) following the walking intervention compared to the restful reading control condition, indicating greater benefits following acute PA across task condition, with selectively greater benefits for the task condition requiring greater inhibitory control. Regression analyses revealed that greater BMI was related to decreased performance following acute PA (p = 0.001); an association not observed following restful reading (p's ≥ 0.11). These results suggest that BMI negatively influences the effect of acute exercise on performance. Conclusion Confirming previous studies, these findings indicate beneficial effects of acute PA on a flanker task that modulates inhibitory control requirements, but the effects are significantly greater for task conditions requiring greater amounts of inhibitory control. Further, these beneficial effects of PA appear to be blunted in children with higher BMI. These findings suggest that the acute benefits of PA on cognition may not be fully realized in children with higher BMI.
Comparative Access to and Use of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Screening by Women's Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status.

Importance Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has reduced recall and increased cancer detection compared with digital mammography (DM), depending on women’s age and breast density. Whether DBT screening access and use are equitable across groups of women based on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics is uncertain. Objective To determine women’s access to and use of DBT screening based on race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and income. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included 92 geographically diverse imaging facilities across 5 US states, at which a total of 2 313 118 screening examinations were performed among women aged 40 to 89 years from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from June 13, 2019, to August 18, 2020. Exposures Women’s race/ethnicity, educational level, and community-level household income. Main Outcomes and Measures Access to DBT (on-site access) at time of screening by examination year and actual use of DBT vs DM screening by years since facility-level DBT adoption (≤5 years). Results Among the 2 313 118 screening examinations included in the analysis, the proportion of women who had DBT access at the time of their screening appointment increased from 11 558 of 354 107 (3.3%) in 2011 to 194 842 of 235 972 (82.6%) in 2017. In 2012, compared with White women, Black (relative risk [RR], 0.05; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11), Asian American (RR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75), and Hispanic (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.80) women had significantly less DBT access, and women with less than a high school education had lower DBT access compared with college graduates (RR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.10-0.32). Among women attending facilities with both DM and DBT available at the time of screening, Black women experienced lower DBT use compared with White women attending the same facility (RRs, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.82-0.85] to 0.98 [95% CI, 0.97-0.99]); women with lower educational level experienced lower DBT use (RRs, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.74-0.84] to 0.88 [95% CI, 0.85-0.91] for non–high school graduates and 0.90 [95% CI, 0.89-0.92] to 0.96 [95% CI, 0.93-0.99] for high school graduates vs college graduates); and women within the lowest income quartile experienced lower DBT use vs women in the highest income quartile (RRs, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.87-0.91] to 0.99 [95% CI, 0.98-1.00]) regardless of the number of years after facility-level DBT adoption. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, women of minority race/ethnicity and lower socioeconomic status experienced lower DBT access during the early adoption period and persistently lower DBT use when available over time. Future efforts should address racial/ethnic, educational, and financial barriers to DBT screening.
Late-medieval plagioclase-titanaugite-bearing Iron Slags of the Yaprakli Area (Çankiri), Turkey

A mineralogical, mineral-geochemical and 14 C geochronological study of slags, previously identifi ed as copper slags, in the Yaprakli area (Cankiri Province) of central Ana tolia, has demonstrated that these are late-medieval iron slags consisting mainly of fayalite, glass, plagioclase, tita naugite, ulvospinel and metallic iron. Because of the high lime content, relative to other medieval and Roman slags, these slags are quite anomalous in their lack of both modal and normative wustite. Further study of these sites could shed light on the mining history and smelting methods of central Anatolia during a relatively obscure period of major socio-ethnic transition.
Resisting Management Influence: Auditor Characteristics that Inhibit Motivated Reasoning

We examine the nature of motivated reasoning and the characteristics of auditors who successfully inhibit it. We find that most auditors initially inhibit motivated reasoning, identifying an unreasonable management preference, but many do not persistently inhibit motivated reasoning, judging that same preference’s recording as acceptable, suggesting most auditors are initially uninfluenced by management’s preferences—as auditors insist—but ultimately influenced—as skeptics allege. Auditors with higher cognitive ability more persistently inhibit motivated reasoning, but only when deploying targeted cognitive effort to do so. Generally, higher emotional stability and extroversion (agreeableness) levels also positively (negatively) correlate with persistently inhibiting motivated reasoning, as does dispositional fear of negative evaluation. Neither auditors’ conscientiousness nor indecisiveness affect motivated reasoning inhibition and, counterintuitively, professional identification negatively correlates with it. Given audit practitioners’ and regulators’ stated concern for management’s influence over auditors’ judgments, our study offers insights about the auditors better able to guard against it.
With Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy, Thoracic Surgeons Must Avoid Falling into the Same Trap Again!

See related article on pages 205–215. The current study by Spector et al has made it clear that in experienced centers, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) can be performed safely after induction chemoradiation. These results are in agreement with other recently published studies, showing similar low morbidity and mortality rates. A major focus of this manuscript by Spector et al involves comparing patients undergoing MIE after induction chemoradiation vs patients undergoing MIE alone. The authors found no difference in complications and mortality rates. However, this comparison was limited by the lack of complication grading and demographics differences between the 2 groups, making it difficult to draw any firm conclusions. The reported 5-year overall survival for the induction chemoradiation MIE group of 49% is also limited by the small numbers and short followup time (median 32 months). Despite these limitations, this study by Spector et al continues to be important as it adds to the growing body of evidence that demonstrates MIE to be feasible and safe. However, the level of evidence supporting MIE cannot stop here. Properly conducted randomized trials continue to be of critical importance for guiding best practice in medicine and surgery. To date, only 1 randomized trial has been published comparing MIE with open esophagectomy. This randomized study by Biere et al showed the primary endpoint of “pulmonary infections” to be significantly less after MIE. Rate of recurrent nerve injury, length of hospital stay, quality of life scores, and blood loss also favored MIE. There was no difference in 30-day or in-hospital mortality. The study limitations however were many, including small number of patients, lack of blinding, lack of definition regarding pulmonary complications, missing demographic data important to the primary endpoint, different ventilation strategies for each group, unusually high pulmonary infection and recurrent nerve injury rates in the open group, and the absence of long-term survival data. No less than 5 letters were subsequently published, challenging the results of this randomized trial, citing the limitations listed above.
Using Optimally Selected Drill Practice to Train Basic Facts

How to best sequence instruction in a collection of basic facts is a problem often faced by intelligent tutoring systems. To solve this problem, the following work details two tests of a system to provide drill practice (test trials with feedback) for foreign language vocabulary learning using a practice schedule determined to be optimal according to a cognitive model. In the first test, students chose between an optimized version and a version that merely cycled the vocabulary items. Examination of the time on task data revealed a preference for practice based on the decisions of the cognitive model. In the second test, the system was used to train the component parts of Chinese characters and measure the transfer of knowledge to subsequent learning of Chinese characters. Chinese character learning was improved for students with the relevant optimized training.
An Extensible Information Grid for Risk Management

This paper describes recent work on developing an extensible information grid for risk management at NASA - a RISK INFORMATION GRID. This grid is being developed by integrating information grid technology with risk management processes for a variety of risk related applications. To date, RISK GRID applications are being developed for three main NASA processes: risk management - a closed-loop iterative process for explicit risk management, program/project management - a proactive process that includes risk management, and mishap management - a feedback loop for learning from historical risks that escaped other processes. This is enabled through an architecture involving an extensible database, structuring information with XML, schemaless mapping of XML, and secure server-mediated communication using standard protocols.
Superplasticity in metals and ceramics: Internal-stress superplasticity (ISS)

In addition to the fine-structure superplasticity (FSS) described in the previous chapters, there is another type of superplasticity known as internal-stress superplasticity (ISS). In these materials, in which internal stresses can be developed, considerable tensile plasticity can take place under the application of a low, externally applied stress. This is because internal-stress superplastic materials can have a strain-rate-sensitivity exponent as high as unity; i.e., they can exhibit ideal Newtonian viscous behavior. Such superplastic materials are believed to be deformed by a slip-creep mechanism. There are many ways in which internal stresses can be generated. These include thermal cycling of composite materials, such as whisker- and particulate-reinforced composites, in which the constituents have different thermal expansion coefficients; thermal cycling of polycrystalline pure metals or single-phase alloys that have anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients; and thermal cycling through a phase change. In addition, pressureinduced phase changes have been cited as a possible source of superplastic flow in geological materials. For example, there is a phase transformation in the earth's upper mantle, because of pressure, from orthorhombic olivine to a spinel phase at a depth of about 400 km below the earth's surface. And it is believed that internal-stress superplasticity, arising from the transformation stresses through pressure cycling (analogous to temperature cycling), leads to a mixed-phase region of low effective viscosity.
Gd3Cu2Te7 and U2Cu0.78Te6: Two Examples of Linear Te Chains

Abstract The compounds Gd 3 Cu 2 Te 7 and U 2 Cu 0.78 Te 6 have been synthesized by reactions of the elements at 1123 K in a KI flux. Gd 3 Cu 2 Te 7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a =11.4994(8), b =19.170(1), and c =6.1251(4) A at T =153 K. Gd 3 Cu 2 Te 7 can be considered to consist of one-dimensional isolated Te chains and two-dimensional 2 ∞ [Cu 2 Te 5 ] layers separated by Gd atoms along the b axis. U 2 Cu 0.78 Te 6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / m with one formula unit in a cell of dimensions a =6.100(1), b =4.2150(7), c =10.365(2) A, and β =98.978(3)° at T =153 K. U 2 Cu 0.78 Te 6 contains two-dimensional 2 ∞ [UTe 3 ] layers joined by Cu atoms along the c axis. In both structures the Gd and U atoms are coordinated to bicapped trigonal prisms of eight Te atoms, and the Cu atoms are coordinated to tetrahedra of four Te atoms. Both structures contain linear Te chains.
Myosin Light Chain Kinase Signaling in Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction

Microvascular barrier dysfunction is a serious problem that occurs in many inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barrier dysfunction permits extravasation of serum components into the surrounding tissue, leading to edema formation and organ failure. The basis for microvascular barrier dysfunction is hyperpermeability at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Endothelial hyperpermeability is increased by actomyosin contractile activity in response to phosphorylation of myosin light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MLCK-dependent endothelial hyperpermeability occurs in response to inflammatory mediators (e.g., activated neutrophils, thrombin, histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.), through multiple cell signaling pathways and signaling molecules (e.g., Ca(++) , protein kinase C, Src kinase, nitric oxide synthase, etc.). Other signaling molecules protect against MLCK-dependent hyperpermeability (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate or cAMP). In addition, individual MLCK isoforms play specific roles in endothelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting that isoform-specific inhibitors could be useful for treating inflammatory disorders and preventing multiple organ failure. Because endothelial barrier dysfunction depends upon signaling through MLCK in many instances, MLCK-dependent signaling comprises multiple potential therapeutic targets for preventing edema formation and multiple organ failure. The following review is a discussion of MLCK-dependent mechanisms and cell signaling events that mediate endothelial hyperpermeability.
Modelling the user interaction methods imposed by designs

Abstract We report our experience in the use of “approximate modelling” to compare segments of two existing interactive systems. This work is part of a project investigating how the theoretical framework of Kieras and Poison for modelling complexity in human-computer interaction might be adapted and used effectively in an industrial system development environment. The process of conducting the task analysis necessary for modelling led to qualitative insights well beyond the quantitative predictions provided by applying the theory. Though the methodology can provide a useful focus for task analysis in the design process, the quality of the resulting insights was highly dependent on the set of tasks selected for analysis.
Subcapsular Hemorrhage of the Liver in the Newborn

Infants with large subcapsular hemorrhages of the liver may have signs that mimic hypovolemic shock commonly seen with intraventricular hemorrhage. A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 783 neonates spanning ten years disclosed an incidence of 15% for subcapsular hemorrhage of the liver. Infants at risk were not clearly distinguishable clinically from control cohorts, but tended to be premature male infants with chronic problems during gestation and more complications during labor and delivery. Physical manipulations including umbilical venous catheter placement, tracheal intubation, and chest tube placement were typically seen in the affected neonates.
Effects of Hospitalization on Early Child Development

Improved understanding of the psychological effects of pediatric hospitalizations requires a developmental perspective. Empirical studies suggest that children between 6 months and 4 years of age are at greater risk than older children for both short-term (Schaffer & Callender, 1959; Prugh, Straub, Sands, Kirschbaum, & Lenihan, 1953) and long-term negative consequences of hospitalization (Douglas, 1975; Quinton & Rutter, 1976). By the time most children reach 6 years of age they appear to be able to manage the experience of being admitted to the hospital with less difficulty, although some variability exists during the transitional period of 4 to 6 years. In fact, there is some evidence that children older than 6 years of age can learn to cope more effectively with the stresses related to physical illness and its treatment as a result of a sensitive and therapeutic hospital experience. This change in coping ability, which may reflect a shift in the child’s ability to process the experience of hospitalization, will be a primary focus of this chapter. In some sense, this shift reflects a discontinuity in development that can be conceptualized as the ending of an early period of heightened vulnerability.
Content Volatility of Scientific Topics in Wikipedia: A Cautionary Tale.

Wikipedia has quickly become one of the most frequently accessed encyclopedic references, despite the ease with which content can be changed and the potential for ‘edit wars’ surrounding controversial topics. Little is known about how this potential for controversy affects the accuracy and stability of information on scientific topics, especially those with associated political controversy. Here we present an analysis of the Wikipedia edit histories for seven scientific articles and show that topics we consider politically but not scientifically “controversial” (such as evolution and global warming) experience more frequent edits with more words changed per day than pages we consider “noncontroversial” (such as the standard model in physics or heliocentrism). For example, over the period we analyzed, the global warming page was edited on average (geometric mean ±SD) 1.9±2.7 times resulting in 110.9±10.3 words changed per day, while the standard model in physics was only edited 0.2±1.4 times resulting in 9.4±5.0 words changed per day. The high rate of change observed in these pages makes it difficult for experts to monitor accuracy and contribute time-consuming corrections, to the possible detriment of scientific accuracy. As our society turns to Wikipedia as a primary source of scientific information, it is vital we read it critically and with the understanding that the content is dynamic and vulnerable to vandalism and other shenanigans.
Twitter Visualization Using Spirographs

Abstract This paper explores the use of Spirographs to display data from Twitter feeds. The authors first identified particularly interesting Spirograph patterns and gave them flower names reminiscent of their visual features. They then further investigated one particular scenario using customized Spirograph patterns: the visualization of Twitter data during an academic conference. The resulting visualization is appealing and efficiently shows the distribution of tweet data over time, including trends over both shorter and longer time spans. These early results show that Spirographs have an effective attractiveness and structural features that make them a perfect candidate for the ambient display of temporal data.
Hemagglutinin inhibition with ether-treated antigen as a more sensitive method to measure the immunological response to an Asian influenza virus vaccine.

The appearance of antibodies in the sera of 31 adults receiving a monovalent formalin-inactivated Asian influenza virus vaccine, in August-September 1957, has been studied by complement fixation (CF) and hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) tests.
From Where We Stand: Exploring Christian Listeners’ Social Location and Christian Music Listening

Drawing from social location and the uses and gratification approach, the purpose of this study is to examine the reasons Christian music listeners engage with different types of Christian music. Specifically, we examine how social location influences listeners' relationship with racialized Christian music, namely Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) and gospel music. While both genres share a common focus—that is faith—they differ in musical styles and marketability. The gospel genre primarily targets the African American community, while the contemporary Christian genre casts a wider net, which includes primarily White listeners. Findings reveal that there are connections between focus group participants' background and needs. We explore the ways in which focus group participants experience, perceive and come to understand the gratifications they seek and gain when listening to CCM or gospel music.
Rtr1 Is a CTD Phosphatase that Regulates RNA Polymerase II during the Transition from Serine 5 to Serine 2 Phosphorylation

Messenger RNA processing is coupled to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription through coordinated recruitment of accessory proteins to the Rpb1 C-terminal domain (CTD). Dynamic changes in CTD phosphorylation during transcription elongation are responsible for their recruitment, with serine 5 phosphorylation (S5-P) occurring toward the 5' end of genes and serine 2 phosphorylation (S2-P) occurring toward the 3' end. The proteins responsible for regulation of the transition state between S5-P and S2-P CTD remain elusive. We show that a conserved protein of unknown function, Rtr1, localizes within coding regions, with maximum levels of enrichment occurring between the peaks of S5-P and S2-P RNAPII. Upon deletion of Rtr1, the S5-P form of RNAPII accumulates in both whole-cell extracts and throughout coding regions; additionally, RNAPII transcription is decreased, and termination defects are observed. Functional characterization of Rtr1 reveals its role as a CTD phosphatase essential for the S5-to-S2-P transition.
The role of service providers in establishing networked regional business accelerators in Utah

Whereas business incubator facilities focus resources on "hatching" new technology-based businesses, the equally substantial need for maturing existing businesses in their formative years has received less attention. Many economic regions are recognising the importance of providing continued business development support after a new company is established. Business accelerators have been conceived as a means to support businesses as they meet the challenges of sustaining growth and realising market potential. Recently, one such accelerator known as Technology to Management, or T2M, has been established in the Intermountain West of the USA. T2M provides content knowledge, access to financing and networking support to maturing companies. Whilst T2M is composed of representatives from business, government and academe, the catalysts for the program are the service provider organisations, including investment banks, insurance providers, accountants and law firms. Recently, T2M has begun an aggressive expansion program through which it will coordinate a regional network of accelerators.
Efficient Integrated 3D and Multi-Color Single Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging

PALM, STORM, and related super-resolution localization microscopies were initially limited to a 2D resolution improvement in a single color. Since then a number of methods for both 3D localization and multi-color imaging have become well established. A particularly promising approach to multi-color is ratiometric imaging, which allows spectrally similar fluorophores to be distinguished and imaged simultaneously, minimizing the acquisition time as well as artifacts due to drift, sample motion, and chromatic aberration. By splitting each single molecule signal across 2 channels, however, ratiometric multi-color incurs a small penalty in signal to noise (SNR) and contrast. 3D methods either work by aberating the PSF or by splitting the image, also incurring an SNR penalty. Added to this are insertion losses from the imperfect optical systems used.To date, the combination of 3D and multi-color has typically relied on ‘chaining’ a 3D method and a color method - e.g. using an image splitter for ratiometric color together with an astigmatic lens for 3D. This incurs an SNR ‘double-hit’, making it challenging to routinely obtain high quality multi-color 3D images. By devising a system from scratch to estimate both color and 3D position, much of the redundancy in the ‘chaining’ approach can be eliminated and the SNR hit minimized.In this presentation we discuss our experience with two such integrated approaches - the use of a focal offset within a spectral splitting device to allow simultaneous biplane 3D and ratiometric color with only two images on the camera, and the adaptation of the phase-ramp 3D method to encode fluorophore color in the relative intensity of the two PSF lobes.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Head and Neck Cancer

Tumor angiogenesis is a hallmark of advanced cancers and an attractive treatment target in multiple solid tumors. In the past 5 years anti-angiogenic therapies have seen a rapid ascent into mainstream clinical practice. For head and neck cancer (HNC), definitive evidence in the form of a pivotal trial is still pending. Nevertheless, preclinical and early clinical data support a central role of angiogenesis for HNC: up to 90% of HNCs express angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the respective receptors (VEGFR1-3), and multiple studies support the prognostic implications of angiogenic markers for this tumor. Contrary to concerns that anti-angiogenic therapies could increase hypoxia and thereby treatment resistance, anti-angiogenic therapies in preclinical models appear to overcome resistance and preclinically synergize with traditional therapies, eg, radiation. Clinical use of anti-angiogenic agents for HNC, including bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, and others, is currently limited to clinical trials, and several larger trials are still ongoing. Single-agent anti-angiogenic drugs so far have not shown activity in unselected HNC patients, with a response rate of less than 4% for the small molecule anti-angiogenics sorafenib and the investigational agent SU5416. On the other hand, combinations of anti-angiogenic drugs with other treatments (analogous to other solid tumors) appear promising; for example, the combination of bevacizumab with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib showed a response rate of 14.6%. Studies of bevacizumab with chemotherapy (phase III Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] trial) and in combination with chemoradiation are currently ongoing. The side effect profile is comparable to what has been observed in other tumor types and include hypertension, proteinuria, and thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. With the intense research effort preclinically and clinically, and some encouraging early results, anti-angiogenic therapies and biomarkers appear to be poised to play an important role in the treatment of HNC in the near future.
Theory of intersubband cyclotron combined resonances in the silicon space-charge layer

The subband structure and the intersubband optical-absorption spectrum are calculated in $n$-channel inversion and accumulation layers on the Si (100) surface in magnetic fields tilted from the direction normal to the surface. An approximation scheme based on the local-density-functional theory is employed. Effects of magnetic fields on the exchange-correlation potential are completely neglected. Combined intersubband-cyclotron transitions between different Landau levels associated with the ground and excited subbands are allowed in addition to the main transition between the same Landau levels. When the amplitudes of the combined resonances are sufficiently small, they are not affected by the depolarization effect, while the main transition is fully influenced and its position is shifted from the corresponding subband energy separation. This is shown to be also true of accumulation layers, where the subband structure is very complicated because higher quasicontinuum subbands lie close to the ground and the first excited subband. The agreement between the theory and recent experiments of Beinvogl and Koch is satisfactory concerning relative positions of the main and combined transitions in accumulation layers. This indicates that our calculations of both the depolarization effect and the subband energy separations are essentially correct. There remain disagreements especially concerning amplitudes of the combined resonances.
Comparison of the physical properties and assembly pathways of the related bacteriophages T7, T3 and II

To understand constraints on the evolution of bacteriophage assembly, the structures, electrophoretic mobilities (μ) and assembly pathways of the related double-stranded DNA bacteriophages T7, T3 and II, have been compared. The characteristics of the following T7, T3 and II capsids in these assembly pathways have also been compared: (1) a DNA-free procapsid (capsid I) that packages DNA during assembly; (b) a DNA packaging-associated conversion product of capsid I (capsid II). The molecular weights of the T3 and II genomes were 25·2 × 10 6 and 25·9(±0·2) × 10 6 (26·44 × 10 6 for T7, as previously determined), as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis of intact genomes. The radii of T7, T3 and II bacteriophages were indistinguishable by sieving during agarose gel electrophoresis (±4%) and measurement of the bacteriophage hydration (±2%) (30·1 nm for T7, as previously determined). Assuming a T = 7 icosahedral lattice for the arrangement of the major capsid subunits (p10A) of T7, T3 and II best explains these data and data previously obtained for T7. At pH 7·4 and an ionic strength of 1·2, the solid-support-free μ values (μ 0 values) of T7, T3 and II bacteriophages, obtained by extrapolation of μ during agarose gel electrophoresis to an agarose concentration of 0 and correction for electro-osmosis, were −0·71, −0·91 and −1·17(× 10 −4 ) cm 2 V −1 s −1 . The μ 0 values of T7, T3 and II capsids I were −1·51, −1·58 and −2·07(× 10 −4 )cm 2 V −1 s −1 . For the capsids II, these μ 0 values were −0·82, −1·07 and −1·37(× 10 −4 )cm 2 V −1 s −1 . The tails of all three bacteriophages were positively charged and the capsid envelopes (heads) were negatively charged. In all cases the procapsid had a negative μ 0 value larger in magnitude than the negative μ 0 value for bacteriophage or capsid II. A trypsinsensitive region in capsid I-associated, but not capsid II-associated, T3 p10A was observed (previously observed for T7). The largest fragment of trypsinized capsid I-associated p10A had the same molecular weight in T7 and T3, although the T3 p10A is 18% more massive than the T7 p10A. It is suggested that the trypsin-resistant region of capsid I-associated p10A determines the radius of the bacteriophage capsid.
New species of Central American Rhopalothrix Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).

The ant genus Rhopalothrix is a rare inhabitant of wet forest leaf litter and soil. We propose a monophyletic R. isthmica clade that is restricted to the Neotropics, contains most of the species in the genus, and has its center of abundance and diversity in Central America. Thirteen species are recognized in the R. isthmica clade, of which eight are described as new and three are redescribed. A key to species in the R. isthmica clade is provided, and the following eight new species are described: R. andersoni Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. apertor Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. atitlanica Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. megisthmica Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. nubilosa Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. sub-spatulata Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , R. therion Longino & Boudinot, sp. nov. , and R. triumphalis Longino & Boud-inot, sp. nov. . Queens are newly associated with workers for three Central American species. New synonymy is proposed for Rhopalothrix plaumanni Brown & Kempf, 1960 = R. acutipilis Kempf, 1962, syn. nov.
Interactions among nickel, copper, and iron in rats

In two fully-crossed, three-way, two-by-three-by-three, factorially arranged experiments, female weanling rats were fed a basal diet supplemented with iron at 15 and 45 μg/g, nickel at 0, 5, and 50 μg/g, and copper at either 0, 0.5, and 5 μ/g (Expt. 1) or 0, 0.25, and 12 μg/g (Expt. 2) A gram of basal diet contained in Expt. 1 approximately 16 ng of nickel, 2.3 μg of iron, and 0.47 μg of copper; and in Expt. 2, 20 ng of nickel, 1.3 μg of iron, and 0.39 μg of copper. Expt. 1 was terminated at 11 weeks, and Expt. 2 at 8 weeks because, at those times, some rats fed no supplemental copper and the high level of nickel began to lose weight, or die from heart rupture. The findings demonstrated that relationships are complex among nickel, copper, and iron. Nickel interacted with copper and this interaction was influenced by dietary iron. Signs of copper deficiency were more severe when nickel was supplemented to the diet provided that copper deprivation was neither very severe nor mild. Iron deprivation apparently enhanced the antagonism by exacerbating copper deficiency. Signs of copper deficiency that were made more severe by nickel supplementation were depressed weight gain (Expt. 2), hematocrit (Expt. 1), hemoglobin, and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity; and elevated ratios of heart wt/body wt, kidney wt/body wt, and liver wt/body wt. Because nickel and copper have similar physical and chemical properties, the interactions between those two elements were probably the result, of isomorphous replacement of copper by nickel at various functional sites that interfered with some biological processes.
On differentiating syntactic and semantic features in emerging grammars: Evidence from empty form usage

Recent emphasis on underlying semantic relations in the child's acquisition of grammar has left ignored those cases where syntactic operations can be observed relatively independent of semantic relations. Such operations may reveal optional processes in the child's transition from single-word utterances to grammatical usage that may be related to specific linguistic rather than general cognitive abilities.
Olympics Everywhere: Predictors of Multiplatform Media Uses During the 2012 London Olympics

The 2012 London Olympics was the most-watched TV event in U.S. history and represented a vast expansion to online and mobile environments. This study examined audience's multiplatform media uses during the 2012 London Games. Results indicate that significant positive relationships existed between and among Olympics viewing on television, on the web, and via mobile. Motivations, preferences, audience availability, and media use routine significantly predicted Olympics viewing on various platforms. Findings highlight the interplay between active choice, habit, and structure in determining viewing of big sporting events through both traditional and newer media.
Caribbean Acroporid Coral Hybrids are Viable Across Life History Stages

The Caribbean corals, Acropora palmata (elkhorn) and A. cervicornis (staghorn), are abundant in fossil records but recent disease outbreaks have led to unprecedented losses. Fused staghorn coral, A. prolifera, is an F1 hybrid with an intermediate morphology to the parental spe- cies. The hybrid is absent in the fossil record and has generally been documented as rarer than the parental species. Currently, however, hybrid abundance varies across geographic locations with some sites having equivalent or higher hybrid densities than at least one of the parental species. This apparent change in hybrid abundance may be a result of increased absolute hybrid abun- dance (i.e. hybrid embryo formation), increased relative abundance from increased asexual repro- duction (i.e. fragmentation), or hybrids recently suffering less mortality than the parental species (i.e. hybrids lack the postzygotic barrier of inviability). Other studies have shown that prezygotic barriers are weak and many sampled hybrids have unique genotypes suggesting multiple distinct hybrid ization events. Here, postzygotic barriers of intrinsic and extrinsic inviability were exam- ined across life history stages. Hybrids were not found to be inferior to the parental species at any examined life history stage, and in a few cases hybrid viability exceeded the parental species. Current evidence of weak reproductive isolation, an increase in the hybrid's relative abundance, and hybrid expansion into reef zones typically occupied by the parental species suggest that recent ecological changes in this system (i.e. dramatic declines in the parental species coupled with changes in the environment) may be affecting the frequency of hybridization.
Neurotrophic effects of sciatic nerve extracts on muscle development in culture

Abstract A soluble extract of adult chick sciatic nerve was added to cultures of dissociated embryonic chick muscle cells in order to determine possible neurotrophic influences of the extract on the differentiation and maintenance of cell structure, synthesis of macromolecules, and acetylcholinesterase activity of the muscle cells. The rate and degree of morphological differentiation and maturation, synthesis of dexoyribonucleic acid and protein, and acetylcholinesterase activity were all enhanced by the extract. Also, fully matured muscle fibers survived for longer periods of time in cultures with the nerve extract than in control cultures. Furthermore, muscle degeneration was reversed by addition of the extract to the culture medium of degenerating muscles. The chemical nature and molecular size of the neurotrophic principle in the extract was further analyzed by enzymatic digestion or Diaflo membrane filtration of the extract. The active substance appears to be a molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000 and is probably glycoprotein. It is concluded that a neurotrophic factor capable of substituting for innervation can be extracted from nerve tissue.
Growth of hemolytic streptococci in vitamin free medium.

Es wird gezeigt, dass diel-Form verschiedener Streptokokken auf einfachem vitaminfreiem Nahrboden wachsen kann, dessen genaue Zusammensetzung und Herstellung beschrieben wird. Auf das morphologische Wachstumsverhalten der Streptokokkenkolonnen bei Benutzung der synthetischen Nahrboden wird ausfuhrlich eingegangen.
Movement and propagation of multicellular convective storms

Migration velocities of convective storms are summarized for six situations, with different environmental wind fields. Small-and medium-sized storms generally moved to left of the direction of, and at speeds somewhat less than, the vector mean wind in the troposphere. Large-diameter (ca. 20–30 km) storms generally deviated to the right, in proportion to their sizes and to the veering of wind with height. This behavior, and the tendency for large storms to move appreciably slower than the mean wind, are even more pronounced when giant clusters of thunderstorms are considered. An example is analyzed in which a multicellular storm, 80 km wide, moved 55° to right of the mean wind and with half its speed. This behavior results from a characteristic pattern of propagation, in which new cells tend to form on the general upwind side of the cluster, with the larger and more intense cells developing on its right flank. The individual cells move through the cluster, dissipating on approach to its advancing and left flanks. Preferential formation of cells toward the rear side of the cluster is shown to be compatible with the probable origin and trajectories (relative to the moving storm) of air ascending from the lower part of the subcloud layer. The sometimes-observed rapid movement of large multicellular storms to left of the mean wind is partly accounted for by an opposite (left forward flank) pattern of propagation.
On strictness and its analysis

We study the strictness problem for the untyped lambda-calculus and for an ML-like typed calculus. We establish that strictness is a necessary and sufficient condition for the “eager” evaluation of function arguments. For the untyped calculus, we show that the strictness problem is elementary and describe a complete algorithm for strictness analysis of convergent terms. We show that typed terms possess a much richer set of strictness properties. A type-theoretic characterization of strictness is developed and it is shown that the strictness properties of a term can be represented as a collection of types related to the standard term type. A set of type inference rules that support reasoning about strictness related types is given. The inference rules are shown to be invariant under type change by substitution. This provides a sound basis for reasoning about strictness properties of terms by considering only their principal type. For our final result, we describe a practical system that carries out type checking and strictness analysis simultaneously in a unified framework. Our main result is thus the discovery that the problem of strictness analysis is a particular case of type inference.
The luminescence and structure of novel transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics

Abstract New transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics can provide a low phonon energy fluoride environment for active rare earth ions while maintaining the formability and physical properties of an oxide glass. Transparent glass-ceramics were made by casting crucible melted glass onto a steel plate and subsequently heating the resultant glass patty above the glass transition temperature to nucleate and grow LaF3 crystals. Eu3+ doped glasses emit only red luminescence from the 5D0 level but after heat treatment emit blue, green, and red luminescence indicative of a low phonon energy rare earth environment. TEM micrographs and XRD show no features in the base glass, but do show extensive LaF3 crystallites after heat treatment that are responsible for the novel optical properties of these hybrid materials.
Brainstem Nutrient Sensing in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Inhibits Feeding

Summary Direct detection of circulating nutrients by the central nervous system has been implicated in the regulation of energy balance, and the mediobasal hypothalamus is considered as the primary sensing site mediating these effects. Neurons sensitive to energy-related signals have also been identified outside the hypothalamus, particularly within the caudomedial nucleus of the solitary tract (cmNTS) in brainstem, but the consequences of direct cmNTS nutrient detection on energy balance remain poorly characterized. Here we determined the behavioral and metabolic consequences of direct L-leucine detection by the cmNTS and investigated the intracellular signaling and neurochemical pathways implicated in cmNTS L-leucine sensing in rats. Our results support the distributed nature of central nutrient detection, evidence a role for the cmNTS S6K1 pathway in the regulation of meal size and body weight, and suggest that the cmNTS integrates direct cmNTS nutrient detection with gut-derived, descending forebrain, and adiposity signals of energy availability to regulate food intake.
Serum and skin IgA concentrations in normal and atopic dogs.

Objective To compare serum and skin surface IgA concentrations from atopic and normal dogs. Procedure IgA concentrations in sera and skin washings of 20 clinically normal dogs that had no history of pruritus or skin disease were compared to those obtained in 20 dogs with a diagnosis of atopy determined by history, clinical examination and positive intradermal skin test. Results There was no significant difference in the mean serum IgA concentration in normal dogs (252 ± 187 mg/L) versus atopic animals (314 ± 327). When skin washings from all sites in both groups were compared, atopic dogs had significantly greater concentrations of IgA in their skin washings than normal dogs as evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the individual sites of the skin washings of atopic and normal dogs. Conclusion IgA concentrations of skin washings in atopic dogs were greater than in normal dogs. Further investigations need to determine if the greater concentrations were caused by nonspecific inflammation or by secretion of allergen-specific IgA onto the skin surface.
Efficient Processing of Primary microRNA Hairpins by Drosha Requires Flanking Nonstructured RNA Sequences

Drosha is a member of the ribonuclease (RNase) III family that selectively processes RNAs with prominent double-stranded features. Drosha plays a key role in the generation of precursor microRNAs from primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts in animal cells, yet how Drosha recognizes its RNA substrates remains incompletely understood. Previous studies have indicated that, within the context of a larger pri-miRNA, an ∼80-nucleotide-long RNA hairpin structure is necessary for processing by Drosha. Here, by performing in vitro Drosha processing reactions with RNA substrates of various sizes and structures, we show that Drosha function also requires single-stranded RNA extensions located outside the pri-miRNA hairpin. The sequence of these RNA extensions was largely unimportant, but a strong secondary structure within the extension or a blunt-ended pri-miRNA hairpin blocked Drosha cleavage. The requirement for single-stranded extensions on the pri-miRNA hairpin substrate for Drosha processing is currently unique among the RNase III enzymes.
A block variant of the GMRES method on massively parallel processors

Abstract This paper presents a block variant of the GMRES method for solving general unsymmetric linear systems. This algorithm generates a transformed Hessenberg matrix by solely using block matrix operations and block data communications. It is shown that this algorithm with block size s , denoted by BVGMRES( s, m ), is theoretically equivalent to the GMRES( s, m ) method. The numerical results demonstrate that this algorithm can be more efficient than the standard GMRES method on a cache based single CPU computer with optimized BLAS kernels. Furthermore, the gain in efficiency is more significant on MPPs due to both efficient block operations and efficient block data communications. Preliminary numerical results on some real-world problems also show that this algorithm may be stable up to some reasonable block size.