cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Ethanol Use and Selective Fetal Malnutrition

Maternal ethanol ingestion may cause fetal injury, particularly impaired somatic and brain growth, by at least two mechanisms: (1) directly, by fetotoxicity from ethanol and/or acetaldehyde; (2) indirectly, by ethanol-induced placental injury and selective fetal malnutrition. There is ample evidence that ethanol and/or acetaldehyde is fetotoxic. In addition, alcoholics are frequently in a state of poor nutrition. However, regardless of maternal nutritional status, ethanol can be placentotoxic, impairing the normal transfer of essential fetal nutrients. Ethanol and/or acetaldehyde has been shown to inhibit placental uptake and/or transfer of amino acids, zinc, and glucose. These effects have been evaluated in animal models and in human tissue. Recent use of the isolated perfused human placental cotyledon has begun to delineate the pathophysiology of ethanol-induced placental injury.
The Problem of the Uniqueness of Essentially Distinct Representations

In 1948 D. H. Lehmer raised an interesting question [156] and answered it almost completely. The remaining gap has only been filled partially during the more than 30 years that have since passed [20].
Estriol Reduces Pulmonary Immune Cell Recruitment and Inflammation to Protect Female Mice From Severe Influenza

Estriol (E3) is an endogenous estrogen in females with broad biological activity within diverse tissue types. In the context of certain T-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory diseases, E3 can ameliorate disease severity through immunomodulatory mechanisms that decrease tissue inflammation. Severe disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is also characterized by aberrant inflammation and immunopathology. How E3 might affect the pathogenesis of IAV infection, however, has not been explored. Gonadally intact female C57BL/6 mice that were treated with exogenous E3 during infection with mouse-adapted 2009 H1N1 had reduced total pulmonary inflammation and improved disease outcomes compared with females that received no hormone. Furthermore, compared with no hormone treatment, E3 treatment reduced the induction of genes associated with proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in the lungs, which preceded clinical disease, reductions in innate immune cell recruitment, altered pulmonary T-cell skewing, and reduced antibody titers during IAV infection. Although E3 treatment was associated with reduced local and systemic anti-influenza adaptive immune responses, there was no effect of E3 on viral replication or clearance. Together, these data suggest that exogenous E3 confers protection during IAV infection through immunomodulatory mechanisms and that E3 may have broad therapeutic potential in the context of both infectious and noninfectious inflammatory diseases.
Introduction: The Intersection of War and Performance

The introduction establishes the long historical relation between performance and war and articulates the ways in which performance operates as both a mode and an object of analysis. After offering historical background on the Persian Gulf War in Iraq (1991), the chapter describes the 2003 Iraq War and the subsequent conflict with the so-called Islamic State or Daesh. These conflicts in Iraq involve conventional weapons and well-rehearsed public performances; political theatricality is both a tool for war and an aesthetic approach to resistance. The final section of this chapter introduces subsequent chapters, which are organized by performance genre and includes protest performance, adaptations of Greek tragedies, theater of the real, satirical news programs, and post-apocalyptic narratives in popular culture.
Does Substandard Performance Encourage Innovation Adoption

What makes an organization innovative? This is an enduring question in literature with a variety of models explaining innovation adoption in public organizations. The study presented here contribut...
Difficult Adjustments: Older Workers and the Contemporary Labor Market

Older Americans are living and working longer and making up a growing segment of the workforce. Many have little or no retirement savings and need to work for financial reasons; others choose to work for social and personal reasons. Many older workers will end up in part-time employment, either by choice or involuntarily because they were unable to find a full-time job. This chapter examines data from a Rutgers University Heldrich Center for Workforce Development nationally representative Work Trends survey on the experiences of older, part-time workers, both voluntary and involuntary. It also reviews lessons learned from the New Start Career Network, a program to help older, long-term unemployed New Jersey job seekers, many of whom are facing challenges including age discrimination and the stigma of long-term unemployment, a contemporary job search process drastically different from the one they used the last time they looked for work, and limited access to reemployment supports from the public workforce system. They also face the challenge of the labor market’s growing reliance on alternative work arrangements, including temporary, contract, gig, freelance, and project-based assignments which, similar to the survey findings for involuntary part-time workers, often leave workers underemployed and without access to desired workplace benefits such as health care, sick leave, and retirement accounts. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations to address these shortcomings.
Spinal Arterial Blood Supply Does Not Arise from the Bronchial Arteries: A Detailed Analysis of Angiographic Studies Performed for Hemoptysis.

Abstract Purpose To determine the angiographic prevalence of spinal arteries originating directly from the bronchial arteries in the setting of embolization for hemoptysis. Materials and Methods Over a 14-year interval, 205 patients underwent angiography for hemoptysis. Twenty-five patients were excluded because their bronchial arteries were not visualized. The remaining 180 patients underwent a total of 254 angiographic procedures (range, 1–8 per patient). Images were reviewed jointly by 2 interventional radiologists with formal fellowship training in both peripheral and neurological interventional radiology. All catheterized arteries were evaluated for arterial contribution to the spinal cord. For patients with multiple studies, each unique artery was reported only once. Embolization was performed during at least 1 procedure in 158 patients (88%). Electronic record review was used to assess neurological sequelae after the procedure. Results One or 2 bronchial arteries originating from the aorta were identified in 57 patients (32%) on the right and in 75 patients (42%) on the left. Conjoined bronchial arteries were found in 76 patients (42%). Spinal arterial supply was absent in all. A total of 102 patients (57%) had at least 1 right and 11 patients (6%) at least 1 left intercostobronchial artery. Spinal arterial supply from the intercostal portion of an intercostobronchial artery was found in 6 patients (5 right, 1 left). Medical record review revealed no postprocedure symptoms referable to spinal cord injury in any patient. Conclusions Spinal arterial supply does not originate directly from the bronchial artery but can originate from the intercostal portion of an intercostobronchial artery.
Trauma-induced primary hypoparathyroidism following severe bite wound injury to the neck in a dog

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and outcome of a dog with primary hypoparathyroidism secondary to cervical bite wounds. CASE SUMMARY: A 3‐year‐old male intact Chihuahua presented after being attacked by a large breed dog. The dog sustained severe cervical lacerations, exposing the trachea and jugular veins. A portion of the right thyroid gland was missing. The dog was stabilized before wound debridement and closure. Ionized calcium concentrations were within reference range at the time of presentation. Forty‐eight hours after the initial trauma, the dog was presented in lateral recumbency with signs of hypovolemic shock, muscle tremors, and hyperthermia. Bloodwork showed severe ionized hypocalcemia with low normal parathyroid hormone concentration consistent with acute primary hypoparathyroidism. The dog was managed initially with IV calcium gluconate and calcitriol, then long‐term oral calcium carbonate and vitamin D3. After 6 months, the dog was successfully weaned off calcium supplementation. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: This is the first described case of traumatic primary hypoparathyroidism after a bite injury to the neck in a dog.
Defining Risk of Postoperative Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With 22q11.2DS Undergoing Pharyngeal Flap Surgery for Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Using Polysomnographic Evaluation

Objective:To determine pre- and postoperative prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) undergoing wide posterior pharyngeal flap (PPF) surgery for...
Acute high‐dose titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure alters gastrointestinal homeostasis in mice

Human exposure to a wide variety of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) is on the rise and use in common food additives increases gastrointestinal (GI) exposure. Host health is intricately linked to the GI microbiome and immune response. Perturbations in the microbiota can affect energy harvest, trigger inflammation and alter the mucosal barrier leading to various disease states such as obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases. We hypothesized that single high-dose titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) NP exposure in mice would lead to dysbiosis and stimulate mucus production and local immune populations. Juvenile mice (9-10 weeks) were gavaged with 1 g/kg TiO2 NPs and examined for changes in mucosa-associated bacteria abundance, inflammatory cytokines, mucin expression and body mass. Our data provide support that TiO2 NP ingestion alters the GI microbiota and host defenses promoting metabolic disruption and subsequently weight gain in mice.
Prescription Opioid Analgesics Increase Risk of Major Depression: New Evidence, Plausible Neurobiological Mechanisms and Management to Achieve Depression Prophylaxis.

More than 200 million prescriptions are written annually for opioid analgesics despite limited evidence of their long-term efficacy. These medications currently are prescribed to 10% - 15% of Americans with use of long-acting opioids projected to double in the next three to four years. Despite this widespread use, little is known about the risks of opioids, particularly with chronic use. New data from our research group published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine provides clear evidence that prescription opioid used for non-cancer, non-HIV pain increases significantly the risk of development of major depressive disorder in opioid naive individuals with no recent history of depression and substance used disorders. The risk of depression increased as the dose and/or the duration of opioid use increased. The purpose of the present paper is to elucidate the details of this study, to examine potential neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the depressogenic effect of opioid analgesics, and to discuss management options that emphasize depression prophylaxis.
Prediction of entropy stabilized incommensurate phases in the system MoS2−MoTe2

A first principles phase diagram calculation, that included van der Waals interactions, was performed for the 3D bulk system (1−X)·MoS2−(X)·MoTe2. Surprisingly, the predicted phase diagram has at least two ordered phases, at X≈0.46, even though all calculated formation energies are positive; in a ground-state analysis that examined all configurations with 16 or fewer anion sites. The lower-temperature I-phase is predicted to transform to a higher-temperature I′-phase at T≈500 K, and I′ disorders at T≈730 K. Both these transitions are predicted to be first-order, and there are broad two-phase fields on both sides of the ordered regions. Both the I- and I′-phases are predicted to be incommensurate, i.e., aperiodic: I-phase in three dimensions; and I′-phase in two dimensions.
Structure and regulation of the NK-lysin (1-4) and NK-lysin like (a and b) antimicrobial genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Nk-lysin (Nkl), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) product of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells in mammals, has recently been characterized in a number of finfish species. In this study, we identified six genes with sequence homology to Nkl and characterized their patterns of mRNA expression and abundances in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The cDNA sequences for the six Nkls encoded precursor peptides of 128–133 aa in length, and mature peptides of 109–111 aa in length. Genomic DNA of the nkl1-4 genes consisted of five exons and four introns, whereas the nkl-like a & b genes consisted of four exons and three introns. Chromosomal locations of these peptides show that nkl1 was located on chromosome arm 25q, whereas the other five nkl genes were clustered on chromosome arm 19q. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a conserved structure of Nkls among the teleosts and further protein sequence analyses suggests that all six nkl genes fall within the Nkl sub-family of the Saposin family of proteins. Patterns of tissue-specific mRNA expression were asymmetric among the six trout Nkl homologues, with nkl1, nkl3, and nkl-like a & b occurring in immune competent organs such as spleen, gill, intestine and kidney, as well as pineal gland, brain and oocytes. However, nkl2 and nkl4, showed primary abundances in brain, pineal gland and oocyte tissues. Using mRNA sequencing, in whole-body pools of juvenile trout fry (1 g bw) exposed to Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection, we observed modest up-regulation (2–3 fold) of five (nkl 2–4 and nkl-like a & b) of the six nkl mRNAs over the five-day post-challenge time-course. However, no upregulation could be recorded in spleen tissue measured by qPCR in juvenile trout (270 g bw). Using mRNA sequencing again, mRNA abundances were determined in gill of juvenile trout (~57.7 g bw) exposed to various aquaculture stressors. The results indicated that all six nkls (nkl1-4 and nkl-like a and nkl-like b) were downregulated when exposed to high temperature, and that nkl1 was significantly downregulated following salinity challenge. Overall, these newly characterized AMPs may contribute to host innate immunity as they are modulated following pathogen challenge and by physiological stressors.
Uneven milking intervals are adequate to achieve the benefits of increased milking frequency in early lactation.

ABSTRACT Increasing milking frequency (MF) increases milk yield (MY) and farm profit, and optimal milking intervals (MI) prevent milk production decline. The objective of this experiment was to compare the MY effect of even and uneven 4 times daily (4×) MI in early lactation under increased MF. Fourteen multiparous and 6 primiparous cows were milked using unilateral frequent milking, with right udder halves milked 4× and left udder halves milked 2 times daily (2×) for 20 d in early lactation starting on d 5 postpartum. Ten (7 multiparous and 3 primiparous) cows were allocated evenly based on parity and assigned to either the even or the uneven MI groups distinguished by intervals of 9:3:9:3 h or 6:6:6:6 h. The left and right udder halves were milked at 0100 and 1300 h. The right udder glands were additionally milked at 0400 and 1600 h for the uneven MI group and at 0700 and 1900 h for the even MI group. Milk from each udder half was weighed and sampled for components on the final day of treatment and at 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 d in milk. The overall effect of 4× milking on the right udder halves was a 5.96 ± 0.70 kg/d increase in MY on d 21 of unilateral frequent milking compared with the 2× udder halves. This elevated MY continued through 300 d in milk and averaged 1.56 ± 0.70 kg/d. Increased MF in early lactation increased the udder half difference in total yield throughout a 300-d lactation by 508 kg for milk, 25 kg for milk fat, and 15 kg for milk protein. Increased MF in early lactation increased milk component yields, but there were no differences between MI groups. The lack of treatment difference may be beneficial to farmers. The ability to achieve the same increased MY effect with uneven MI may optimize labor efficiency because early-lactation cows could be milked at the beginning and end of milking sessions. Farmers would not have to add additional milking sessions to achieve the enhanced MY response regardless of normal milking session length.
How Islamic is an Islamic State:A Theoretical Debate on Islamic Political Order

The Muslim world is at the bottom rung of participatory democracy, representative governance, and political stability in comparison to the rest of the world. Prevalent and perpetual social disintegration, economic stagnation, and resistance to modernity are all problems in search of answers whose validity and relevance are constantly questioned. Some have vested hopes in the ideal of an ‘Islamic state,’ but very few have defined such a loosely defined state, and even fewer have critically analyzed or offered its theoretical parameters. In this regard, Islamist political activism suffers from a theoretical disconnect with the present political reality. They pursue two divergent paths: regression to a largely irrelevant political past or digression from historical models that the reformists claim to champion. Meanwhile, the crisis persists. In this writing, we delineate the inconsistencies between these arguments.
Chapter XI The Electronic Specific Heats in Metals

Publisher Summary For metals that become superconducting, it is possible in principle to evaluate the electronic specific heat in the normally conducting state from magnetic measurements only. If the metal can be obtained sufficiently pure both physically and chemically, the transition normal: super state in a magnetic field should be thermodynamically reversible, as was first shown by Meissner and Ochsenfeld. Indeed in the transition metals the latter contribution is predominant, since due to their tighter binding the d-electrons show a much narrower band than the s-electrons and so have a greater number of energy levels per unit energy range. Measurements of ce and hence of N(E*) for each series of transition metals is of interest, therefore, in order to obtain some estimate of the filling of the d bands. It is of interest to note that when similar corrections are made to the free electron evaluation of the electronic paramagnetic susceptibility, it is found by Pines that there is not a similar cancelation.
From Silence to Voice: What Nurses Know and Must Communicate to the Public

Bernice Buresh and Suzanne Gordon published the first edition of this text in 2000. It was, and remains in this second edition, a unique work in nursing literature. The authors passionately embrace...
Gradient-based algorithms for finding Nash equilibria in extensive form games

We present a computational approach to the saddle-point formulation for the Nash equilibria of two-person, zero-sum sequential games of imperfect information. The algorithm is a first-order gradient method based on modern smoothing techniques for non-smooth convex optimization. The algorithm requires O(1/Ɛ) iterations to compute an Ɛ-equilibrium, and the work per iteration is extremely low. These features enable us to find approximate Nash equilibria for sequential games with a tree representation of about 1010 nodes. This is three orders of magnitude larger than what previous algorithms can handle. We present two heuristic improvements to the basic algorithm and demonstrate their efficacy on a range of real-world games. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the algorithm can be customized to a specific class of problems with enormous memory savings.
Diabetic microangiopathy in KK mice: III. Effect of prolonged glyburide treatment on glomerulosclerosis

Abstract KK mice with spontaneous hereditary diabetes and human diabetic-like glomerulosclerosis were treated with either 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg of glyburide, a sulfonylurea compound, from 2 months of age. Both, saline and glyburide-treated mice were sacrificed at 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, and their kidneys were examined by light microscopy. The data indicate that early glyburide treatment is effective in ameliorating or delaying the progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. This effect seems to be related to the early control of hyperglycemia in KK mice.
Protocols for loosely synchronous networks

This paper overviews a novel transfer mode for B-ISDN: Loosely-synchronous Transfer Mode (LTM). LTM operates by signaling periphery nodes when destinations become available. No frame structure is imposed by LTM, thus avoiding adaptation layers. Additionally, LTM can deliver a spectrum of guaranteed quality of services. New Synchronous Protocol Stacks (SPSs) build on LTM by synchronizing their activities to LTM signals. Such signals can be delivered directly to applications that may synchronize its operations to transmissions, thus minimizing buffering due to synchronization mismatches. SPSs can use current transport protocols unchanged and, potentially, enhance them with the real-time capabilities made possible through LTM.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Cretaceous frog Beelzebufo from Madagascar and the placement of fossil constraints based on temporal and phylogenetic evidence

The placement of fossil calibrations is ideally based on the phylogenetic analysis of extinct taxa. Another source of information is the temporal variance for a given clade implied by a particular constraint when combined with other, well-supported calibrations. For example, the frog Beelzebufo ampinga from the Cretaceous of Madagascar has been hypothesized to be a crown-group member of the New World subfamily Ceratophryinae, which would support a Late Cretaceous connection with South America. However, phylogenetic analyses and molecular divergence time estimates based on other fossils do not support this placement. We derive a metric, Δt, to quantify temporal divergence among chronograms and find that errors resulting from mis-specified calibrations are localized when additional nodes throughout the tree are properly calibrated. The use of temporal information from molecular data can further assist in testing phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the placement of extinct taxa.
Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue reactivity: A quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review

A comprehensive understanding of the neurobiology of alcohol cue reactivity is critical in identifying the neuropathology of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and developing treatments that may attenuate alcohol craving and reduce relapse risk. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified many brain areas in which alcohol cues elicit activation. However, extant studies have included relatively small numbers of cases, with AUD of varying severity, and have employed many different cue paradigms. We used activation likelihood estimation, a quantitative, coordinate-based meta-analytic method, to analyze the brain areas activated by alcohol-related cues across studies, and to examine whether these areas were differentially activated between cases and controls. Secondarily, we reviewed correlations between behavioral measures and cue-elicited activation, as well as treatment effects on such activation. Data analyzed were from 28 studies of 679 cases and 174 controls. Among cases, alcohol cues elicited robust activation of limbic and prefrontal regions, including ventral striatum, anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. As compared to controls, cases demonstrated greater activation of parietal and temporal regions, including posterior cingulate, precuneus and superior temporal gyrus. Cue-elicited activation of ventral striatum was most frequently correlated with behavioral measures and most frequently reduced by treatment, but these results were often derived from region-of-interest analyses that interrogated only limbic regions. These findings support long-standing theories of mesolimbic involvement in alcohol cue processing, but suggest that cue-elicited activation of other brain areas may more clearly differentiate cases from controls. Prevention and treatment for AUD should consider interventions that may reduce cue-elicited activation of these areas.
Overview of Geostatistics

Geostatistics is the statistics of spatially or temporally correlated data. Thickness of a stratigraphic unit is spatially correlated; at a particular locale, the thickness is probably constant, but the similarity in thickness varies with distance. In the subsurface, thickness can be estimated from that observed in nearby wells. The assumption that a variable like thickness is correlated with itself in space—i.e., autocorrelated—lies at the heart of contour mapping, whether by computer or by hand.
Hybrid thermochemical/biological processing

The conventional view of biorefineries is that lignocellulosic plant material will be fractionated into cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and terpenes before these components are biochemically converted into market products. Occasionally, these plants include a thermochemical step at the end of the process to convert recalcitrant plant components or mixed waste streams into heat to meet thermal energy demands elsewhere in the facility. However, another possibility for converting high-fiber plant materials is to start by thermochemically processing it into a uniform intermediate product that can be biologically converted into a bio-based product. This alternative route to bio-based products is known as hybrid thermochemical/biological processing. There are two distinct approaches to hybrid processing: (a) gasification followed by fermentation of the resulting gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) and (b) fast pyrolysis followed by hydrolysis and/or fermentation of the anhydrosugars found in the resulting bio-oil. This article explores this “cart before the horse” approach to biorefineries.
Use of speech technology in real life environment

This paper reports results from two six-month field studies investigating the use of speech-based interactions in real world environments. The first study focused on the use of speech-based dictation/word processing tasks that allow users to generate text such as reports or emails. The second study took a broader view and examined two types of interactions: speech-based dictation for word processing and speech-based command and control supporting interactions with the graphical user interface. The results suggest that user requirements for speech-based interactions have evolved as the technology matured to include better support for formatting text documents as well as more effective support for other applications. While significant research has focused on the use of speech recognition to generate text, our participants spent substantially more time using speech recognition for other, often unexpected tasks such as instant messaging and web browsing. The use of speech recognition to support informal communication is particularly interesting as accuracy may be less critical in this context. Further research is needed to address these emerging requirements for speech technologies.
Language Ideology and the Plain-Language Movement: How Straight-Talkers Sell Linguistic Myths

The Plain Language movement wants to save us from the tyranny of legalese. The movement argues that plain style offers a solution, effectively freeing legal texts with specific language features. But, beneath its lessons, the Plain Language movement perpetuates its own myths. This article examines the ideologies of the Plain Language movement under sociolinguistic theories, arguing that these ideologies perpetuate three harmful myths about language use — prescriptivism, standardness, and moral superiority — that challenge the movement’s very aims and ideals. Plain style is neither linguistically, politically, nor morally superior. A singular style cannot free legal discourse from tyranny; if anything, it merely alters the composition of tyrants. This article therefore encourages all users and creators of legal texts to reexamine their beliefs about legal discourse and the current approach of the Plain Language movement.
Oral ingestion of Microbacterium nematophilum leads to anal-region infection in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Microbacterium nematophilum is a gram positive bacterium that colonizes the Caenorhabditis elegans rectal region causing swelling and constipation. This interaction has been exploited as a model system to identify and study genes important in host–pathogen interactions and innate immunity. During attempts to inhibit the host–pathogen interaction, it became important to clarify the route of infection. Using bacteria labeled with the fluorescent dye Cy3, we show that infection is via the oral route only and that infection follows a clear pattern of ingestion, plug formation, and bump development that can be quantitatively tracked over time.
Simultaneous stripping detection of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) using a bimetallic Hg–Bi/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite electrode

Abstract A new, sensitive platform for the simultaneous electrochemical assay of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in aqueous solution has been developed. The platform is based on a new bimetallic Hg–Bi/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), demonstrating remarkably improved performance for the anodic stripping assay of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II). The synergistic effect of Hg and Bi as well as the enlarged, activated surface and good electrical conductivity of SWNTs on GCE contribute to the enhanced activity of the proposed electrode. The analytical curves for Zn(II), Cd(II) an Pb(II) cover two linear ranges varying from 0.5 to 11 μg L −1 and 10 to 130 μg L −1 with correlation coefficients higher than 0.992. The limits of detection for Zn(II) and Cd(II) are lower than 2 μg L −1 ( S / N = 3). For Pb(II), moreover, there is another lower, linear range from 5 to 1100 ng L −1 with a coefficient of 0.987 and a detection limit of 0.12 ng L −1 . By using the standard addition method, Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions in river samples were successfully determined. These results suggest that the proposed method can be applied as a simple, efficient alternative for the simultaneous monitoring of heavy metals in water samples. In addition, this method demonstrates the powerful application of carbon nanotubes in electrochemical analysis of heavy metals.
Motivations of contributors to Wikipedia

This paper aims to explain why people are motivated to contribute to the Wikipedia project. A comprehensive analysis of the motivations of Wikipedians is conducted using the iterative methodology developed by Batya Friedman and Peter Kahn in Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems and co-developed by Nissenbaum and Friedman in Bias in Computer Systems. The Value Sensitive Design (VSD) approach consists of three stages: Empirical Investigation, Conceptual Investigation, and Technical Investigation. During the empirical phase, motivations of the contributors to Wikipedia are identified through analysis of data from two published surveys and a pilot survey conducted at New York University. The underlying values behind these motivations are then defined in the conceptual phase of the study. Finally, a technical investigation is conducted in order to determine how features of the Wiki technology support and facilitate these values.
Effect of Dimple’s Internal Structure on Hydrodynamic Lubrication

An experimental and numerical study of the lubrication effectiveness of textured surfaces with dimples possessing an internal structure is presented. A fabrication method to create dimples with different profiles is described. Thrust bearing-like specimens are textured with dimples of three different internal structural shapes: rectangle (R), oblique triangle (T1) and isosceles triangle (T2). The load-carrying capacity test results show that the dimple internal structure has a profound influence on the load-carrying capacity. Specifically, cylindrical dimples with rectangular cross-sectional shape produce more load-carrying capacity than those with triangular profile. Also, presented are the results of a mass-conservative algorithm that predicts the performances of dimples with different internal structural shapes. The simulation results indicate that the higher load-carrying capacity produced by the cylindrical dimple is due to the better pressure building capacity as a result of the converging step shape.
Additional evidence that the hemin-controlled translational repressor from rabbit reticulocytes is a protein kinase

Abstract Recent reports have suggested that the hemin-controlled translational repressor (HCR) which mediates the hemin control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates, acts as a specific protein kinase, phosphorylating a subunit of the Met-tRNA f binding factor (IF-1). We have found that crude and highly purified HCR can phosphorylate a 38,000 molecular weight component of IF-1, but that crude prorepressor (the precursor of HCR), which is not inhibitory, does not phosphorylate this component. Prolonged warming of the prorepressor induces the formation of the inhibitor and the protein kinase that phosphorylates the 38,000 molecular weight protein, and the formation of both is blocked by hemin. In addition, a brief incubation of the prorepressor with N-ethylmaleimide, which produces maximal inhibitory activity within 5 minutes, also induces formation of the protein kinase. These findings suggest that HCR and the protein kinase are the same protein and provide additional support for the concept that HCR controls protein synthesis by phosphorylating the Met-tRNA f binding factor.
Response Bias in Needs Assessment Studies

Agency awareness estimates provided in the typical needs assessment study are probably inflated by a response set labeled "agency awareness acquiescence. " More specifically, respondents who said that they were aware of one or more fictitious agencies (acquiescers) were more likely to report being aware ofmore "real" agencies than nonacquiescers. Although agency awareness acquiescence was related to the impression management component of social desirability, it was not related to the self-deception component of social desirability or to two acquiescence measures. Women exhibited slightly more agency awareness acquiescence than men. Age, ethnic background, and knowledge of the aging process had no impact on agency awareness acquiescence.
Engineering Selectivity in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Ag Nanowires as Selective Ethylene Epoxidation Catalysts

Controlling selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis is critical for the design of environmentally friendly catalytic processes that minimize the production of undesired byproducts and operate with high energy efficiency. We show that the Ag nanowire catalysts exhibit higher selectivity in the ethylene epoxidation reaction than conventional spherical particle catalysts. The higher selectivity of the nanowire catalysts was attributed to a higher concentration of the Ag(100) surface facets in the nanowire catalysts compared to the particle catalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that the transformation of the surface oxametallacycle intermediate to form the selective product, EO, is more favorable on the Ag(100) than on Ag(111). The studies show that recent advances in the controlled synthesis of uniform nanostructures with well-defined surface facets might provide an important platform for the design of highly selective heterogeneous catalysts.
Possible clinical applications for direct molecular charge determination by equilibrium electrophoresis

Charge is a fundamental property of macromolecules. However, new instruments and new methods have been needed to explore the role of charge in determining the structure, stability, and interactions of macromolecules. An apparatus is described here that is capable of performing equilibrium electrophoresis, electrophoretic mobility or diffusion measurements. This instrument acquires absorbance data from up to 512 positions along a quartz cell. The cell permits the establishment of an electric field along its length, while retaining macroions in the field of view. The prospects and limitations of using equilibrium electrophoresis for clinical applications are explored, particularly for characterizing macromolecular reagents. Applications are described for detecting charge heterogeneity, monitoring sample stability, and for determining the role of charge in molecular structure, stability and interactions. Because equilibrium electrophoresis provides little sample fractionation, the analysis of complex fluids requires the use of specific optical labels for discriminating components.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hardness behavior of binary and ternary niobium alloys at 77 and 300 K

The effects of alloy additions of zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and iridium on the hardness of niobium was determined. Both binary and ternary alloys were investigated by means of hardness tests at 77 K and 300 K. Results showed that atomic size misfit plays a dominant role in controlling hardness of binary niobium alloys. Alloy softening, which occurred at dilute solute additions, is most likely due to an extrinsic mechanism involving interaction between solute elements and interstitial impurities.
Asymmetric total reflection of polarized neutrons and the neutron as a surface probe

Total reflection of neutrons which are polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence is invariant to beam reversal in the usual formalism of the index of refraction for neutrons. A modified formalism which includes the spin-orbit interaction of the neutrons in the electric field present at the surface of the reflecting medium is developed in this paper. The asymmetry predicted is proportional to the surface dipole potential of the mirror and provides a method of direct measurement of the surface dipole.
Habitat selection in a variable environment

Abstract A Monte Carlo simulation scheme was utilized to determine optimal strategies of habitat utilization in a variable environment. The model allows for differences in quality among habitats at any one time and for varying levels of environmental variance and autocorrelation. When habitats are on the average equal in quality, tracking of temporal fluctuations in environment through variable habitat selection is universally advantageous with the gain in fitness limited by environmental variance, autocorrelation, and number of available habitats. Average differences in quality among habitats will restrict the advantage of variable habitat utilization (over complete usage of the average better habitat) to cases of high environmental autocorrelation or high ratios of enviromental variance to mean habitat separation. Extending an earlier prediction of Levins (1965), the average heterozygosity per individual in a natural population should increase with increasing environmental variance.
Multivariate analysis applied to the conservation of monuments: Lichens on the Roman aqueduct Anio Vetus in S. Gregorio

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on the lichen vegetation of the Roman aqueduct, Anio Vetus, located in S. Gregorio near Rome. The study is based on 12 surveys. The data obtained have been submitted to numerical classification and ordination. Different lichen communities can be distinguished on the basis of the results. The ecology of each community and the damage caused to the monuments are discussed on the basis of the ecological indices proposed by Wirth. The intensity of solar radiation seems to be the main facotr leading to decay on the Anio Vetus aqueduct.
A note on the nature and origin of life

Some relational aspects of the property of self-reproduction of biological systems are studied. If in addition to the requirement of the property of self-reproduction we add also the requirement of adaptability of the organism to changing environment, this imposes certain conditions on the topology of the graphs which represent such systems. A further study of the relational properties of such systems seems to offer the possibility of deriving the principle of biological mapping from the requirement of self-reproduction and adaptability.
Protein radioiodination in a radioassay laboratory: evaluation of commercial Na125I reagents and related biohazards.

Three commercial Na/sup 125/I solutions (Amersham, New England Nuclear, and Union Carbide) have been examined with respect to multiple parameters affecting their use in the radioiodination of three representative peptides (insulin, growth hormone, and gastrin): % of radioiodine incorporation in protein; immunoreactivity and non-specific binding properties of the radiolabeled proteins; pH, volatility, and radionuclidic purity of radioiodine solutions; and vial construction with respect to multidose use. All three commercial Na/sup 125/I produced radioiodinated proteins of good quality for use in radioligand assays. The radioiodines differed with respect to the amount of iodine released during initial vial opening as a consequence of different pH levels. Two of the three products were shipped in vials with poor construction with respect to multidose use. Selection of a radioiodine was therefore reduced to the secondary considerations of iodine volatility and vial construction. The volatilized radioiodine observed during the spill of millicuries quantities of unbuffered pH 7.5 Na/sup 125/I was 14 microcuries per millicurie within the first 30 minutes. One thickness of rubber gloves reduced potential skin contamination from an accidental spill to insignificant levels: 20-30 picocuries per microcurie. Common good housekeeping procedures: i.e. rubber gloves, laboratory coat and a fume hood were found tomore » be sufficient protection to eliminate most radioiodine volatility and contamination hazards associated with protein radiolabeling procedures.« less
Regulation of the Cyclin D3 Promoter by E2F1

We have previously demonstrated that ectopic expression of E2F1 is sufficient to drive quiescent cells into S phase and that E2F1 expression can contribute to oncogenic transformation. Key target genes in this process include master regulators of the cell cycle, such as cyclin E, which regulates G1progression, and cyclin A, which is required for the initiation of DNA synthesis. In the present work, we present novel evidence that a second G1 cyclin, cyclin D3, is also potently activated by E2F1. First, an estrogen receptor-E2F1 fusion protein (ER-E2F1) potently activates the endogenous cyclin D3 mRNA upon treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen, which induces nuclear accumulation of the otherwise cytosolic fusion protein. Furthermore, trans-activation of cyclin D3 by ER-E2F1 occurs even in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and thus appears direct. Second, all of the growth-stimulatory members of the E2F family (E2F1, -2, and -3A) potently activate a cyclin D3 promoter reporter, whereas growth-restraining members of the family (E2F4, -5, and -6) have little effect. Third, recombinant E2F1 binds with high affinity to the cyclin D3 promoter in vitro. Fourth, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that endogenous E2F1 is associated with the cyclin D3 promoter in vivo. Finally, mapping experiments localize the essential E2F regulatory element of the cyclin D3 promoter to a noncanonical E2F site in the promoter between nucleotides −143 and −135 relative to the initiating methionine codon. We conclude that in addition to cyclins E and A, E2F family members can also activate one member of the D-type cyclins, further contributing to the ability of the stimulatory E2F family members to drive cellular proliferation.
Medicare Beneficiaries and Free Prescription Drug Samples: A National Survey

Background New policies regulating physician/pharmaceutical company relationships propose to eliminate access to free prescription drug samples. Little is known about the prevalence of patient activity in requesting or receiving free prescription drug samples, or the characteristics of patients who access drug samples.
Functioning and well-being of patients in a consultation-liaison psychiatry clinic

Outpatient consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry clinics are valuable settings for research and teaching endeavors. However, little is known about psychiatric symptoms and health status of persons treated in such settings. In this study, 80 persons seen in an outpatient C-L psychiatry clinic were compared with 100 persons seen in a mood disorder clinic on a variety of self-report instruments. Outpatient C-L clinic patients were found to have significantly poorer health status than mood clinic patients on the following domains as measured by the RAND instrument: general health perception, pain, physical functioning, and role functioning due to physical problems. Both groups had poor role functioning due to emotional problems and poor social functioning. The groups did not differ in depressive symptoms but C-L patients were significantly less anxious. Thus, it appears that patients in an outpatient C-L setting not only have significant medical comorbidity, as expected, but have levels of psychiatric distress comparable to that seen in a traditional psychiatry outpatient setting. These findings indicate that such a clinic is a fertile area for research and training in the diagnosis and treatment of persons with comorbid physical and mental disorders.
Spatial and Temporal Control of Cofilin Activity Is Required for Directional Sensing during Chemotaxis

Summary Background Previous work has led to the hypothesis that cofilin severing, as regulated by PLC, is involved in chemotactic sensing. We have tested this hypothesis by investigating whether activation of endogenous cofilin is spatially and temporally linked to sensing an EGF point source in carcinoma cells. Results We demonstrate that inhibition of endogenous cofilin activity with either siRNA or overexpression of LIMK suppresses directional sensing in carcinoma cells. LIMK siRNA knockdown, which suppresses cofilin phosphorylation, and microinjection of S3C cofilin, a cofilin mutant that is constitutively active and not phosphorylated by LIMK, also inhibits directional sensing and chemotaxis. These results indicate that phosphorylation of cofilin by LIMK, in addition to cofilin activity, is required for chemotaxis. Cofilin activity concentrates rapidly at the newly formed leading edge facing the gradient, whereas cofilin phosphorylation increases throughout the cell. Quantification of these results indicates that the amplification of asymmetric actin polymerization required for protrusion toward the EGF gradient occurs at the level of cofilin but not at the level of PLC activation by EGFR. Conclusions These results indicate that local activation of cofilin by PLC and its global inactivation by LIMK phosphorylation combine to generate the local asymmetry of actin polymerization required for chemotaxis.
Reactive Aggression Among Maltreated Children: The Contributions of Attention and Emotion Dysregulation

Examined the complex interplay among emotion, attention, and aggression in a sample of 141 maltreated and 87 non-maltreated impoverished, inner-city children. Data were collected during a summer day camp, which provided an ecologically valid setting for studying children's behavior in social contexts. Maltreated children were more likely than non-maltreated children to be aggressive, with findings suggesting that physically abused children were at heightened risk for reactive aggression. Maltreated children also evidenced attention deficits, and subclinical or nonpathological dissociation was more likely among children who had experienced physical or sexual abuse. A history of abuse also predicted emotion dysregulation, affective lability/negativity, and socially inappropriate emotion expressions. This emotion dysregulation, fostered by poor attention modulation, was a mechanism of the effects of maltreatment on reactive aggression.