cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
It grows on you: Perceptions of sales/service personnel with facial hair

Abstract Service and sales personnel researchers have long been interested in the effects of physical appearance on sales and service outcomes. In the current work, we examine a specific physical feature—facial hair. Interestingly, evolutionary psychologists have found that facial hair does not consistently increase perceived attractiveness ( Dixson and Vasey, 2012 , Dixson et al., 2013 ), but it does serve as an indicator of masculine traits. The present research examines how males with beards are perceived in a sales/service specific context. We present five studies, in which the power of the beard (versus other facial hair styles or no hair) is evident. Sales personnel with a beard are perceived as having more expertise across various industries; furthermore, increased perceptions of expertise predict higher ratings of trustworthiness and, subsequently, increase consumers’ purchase likelihood.
Bi-Modal Hemispherical Sensors for Dynamic Locomotion and Manipulation

The ability to measure multi-axis contact forces and contact surface normals in real time is critical to allow robots to improve their dexterous manipulation and locomotion abilities. This paper presents a new fingertip sensor for 3axis contact force and contact location detection, as well as improvements on an existing footpad sensor through use of a new artificial neural network estimator. The fingertip sensor is intended for use in manipulation, while the footpad sensor is intended for high force use in locomotion. Both sensors consist of pressure sensing elements embedded within a rubber hemisphere, and utilize an artificial neural network to estimate the applied forces (f x , f y , and f z ), and contact angles (θ and φ) from the individual sensor element readings. The sensors are inherently robust, and the hemispherical shape allows for easy integration into point feet and fingertips. Both the fingertip and footpad sensors demonstrate the ability to track forces and angles accurately over the surface of the hemisphere (θ=±45° and φ=±45°) and can experience up to 25N and 450N normal force, respectively, without saturating. The performance of the sensor is demonstrated with experimental results of dynamic control of a robotic arm with real-time sensor feedback.
A new generation takes on the cosmological constant

The long-standing problem of the cosmological constant, described both as "the worst prediction in the history of physics" and by Einstein as his "biggest blunder", is being tackled with renewed vigour by today's cosmologists. Rob Lea investigates
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pregnancy and Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Commonly Used in Personal Care Products

Endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure during pregnancy is linked to adverse maternal and child health outcomes that are racially/ethnically disparate. Personal care products (PCP) are one source of EDCs where differences in racial/ethnic patterns of use exist. We assessed the literature for racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy and prenatal PCP chemical exposures. Only 3 studies explicitly examined racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy and prenatal exposure to PCP-associated EDCs. Fifty-three articles from 12 cohorts presented EDC concentrations stratified by race/ethnicity or among homogenous US minority populations. Studies reported on phthalates and phenols. Higher phthalate metabolites and paraben concentrations were observed for pregnant non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women. Higher concentrations of benzophenone-3 were observed in non-Hispanic White women; results were inconsistent for triclosan. This review highlights need for future research examining pregnancy and prenatal PCP-associated EDCs disparities to understand and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in maternal and child health.
Perceived barriers, relationship quality, and informal mentors: Adolescents' preference for disclosing about dating violence

This study examined associations among adolescents' likelihood of disclosure about dating violence, perceptions of barriers to disclosure, and quality of the relationship with various sources of support. Data were gathered from 152 students in a southern high school. Results indicated youth perceived fewer barriers to disclosing to mentors compared with friends and parents, and youth reported highest relationships quality with informal mentors. However, youth indicated highest likelihood of disclosure to friends, followed by informal mentors and parents. Both relationship quality and perceived barriers to disclosure about dating violence were associated with likelihood of disclosure to friends and parents, but only relationship quality was related to likelihood of disclosure to informal mentors. Current findings (a) suggest adolescents' preferences for disclosing about dating violence are influenced by perceived barriers and relationship quality with sources of support and (b) highlight the promise of informal mentors as an additional resource for adolescents.
On calibration of piezoelectric sensors with laser doppler vibrometer.

We present a method for calibrating piezoelectric sensors using a laser Doppler vibrometer. Our method uses an average of Fourier transform terms of the recorded signal from the piezoelectric sensor, which is compared with the laser probe measurement in the overlapping frequency range. We use our method to calibrate the response of miniature needle sensors employed in acoustic emission testing to several different excitation sources of stress waves in the frequency range of 20–300 kHz. We demonstrate that the output of the piezoelectric sensors can be accurately scaled with particle velocity.
The Use of Paraprofessionals in Electronic Resources Management: Results of a Survey

Abstract The authors surveyed 121 paraprofessionals employed in the management of electronic resources to gather information related to their institutions, education, and position descriptions. The authors sought not only to describe the kinds of work being performed by paraprofessionals in electronic resources, but also to explore correlations between institutional and educational variables and the kinds of duties being performed by electronic resources paraprofessionals. The authors discovered paraprofessionals performing a sizeable number of advanced duties and many holding advanced degrees but could find few predictive variables within our data correlating with the types of duties an electronic resources paraprofessional may be performing. In particular, holding an advanced degree seemed to yield little additional predictive power for ascertaining the level of an electronic resources paraprofessional's possible job duties.
Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors: Definition of PDT Dose and Response

The PDT dose at any point in tissue can be generally defined as the integral of the Photofrin II concentration over the time integrated space irradiance at that point. We know the dependence of Photofrin II concentration (i.e. photobleaching) as a function of the incident Joules/cm2 for a thin superficial layer of tissue. If the space irradiance is also available as a function of the incident light for this geometry we can express the photobleaching of the Photofrin II as a function of the time integrated space irradiance in this layer (we assume that the space irradiance is constant in this thin layer). At this point knowledge of the space irradiance as a function of the incident flux for other simple geometries allows us to determine the PDT dose within the tissue for the clinically interesting cases of an implanted cylindrical source, a water filled bladder with a spherically isotropic source at the center, an implanted spherical source and the case of a uniform surface illumination.
Managing Image in a Core-Stigmatized Organization Concealment and Revelation in Nevada’s Legal Brothels

This study examines the nature of the revelation–concealment dialectic faced by Nevada’s legal brothels as these organizations work to strategically build visibility despite external pressures to k...
Formula-Dependent Equivalence for Compositional CTL Model Checking

We present a state equivalence that is defined with respect to a given CTL formula. Since it does not attempt to preserve all CTL formulas, like bisimulation does, we can expect to compute coarser equivalences. We use this equivalence to manage the size of the transition relations encountered when model checking a system of interacting FSMs. Specifically, the equivalence is used to reduce the size of each component FSM, so that their product will be smaller. We show how to apply the method, whether an explicit representation is used for the FSMs, or BDDs are used. Also, we show that in some cases our approach can detect if a formula passes or fails, without composing all the component machines. The method is exact and fully automatic, and handles full CTL.
Review of Pavement Design and Analysis by Yang H. Huang

It is a challenging task to cover all major functional areas of pavement systems engineering in a single text. The author acknowledges these constraints and focuses on his intended subject matter: design and analysis of pavements, while coverage is kept limited on the other functional areas of performance, evaluation, maintenance and rehabilitation, and management. In Chapter 1, the author provides an introduction to the text by presenting an interesting historical evolution of pavement systems and discusses various pavement types, road tests, and design factors. Chapters 2 and 4 contain analytical techniques for analyzing stresses and strains/deflections in flexible and rigid pavements, respectively, while Chapters 3 and 5 discuss the KENLAYER and KENSLABS computer programs that could be used for such analysis. As a prelude to the chapters on pavement design, chapters 6–10 discuss the vital topics of traffic estimation, materials characterization, drainage design, pavement performance, and reliability. Within these sections, the author shows how to estimate expected traffic volume and loading on pavements. Also, various ways of characterizing subgrades and pavement materials for design purposes are discussed. A good job is made of presenting and interpreting laboratory test results, but the text could give more coverage to field tests such as the dynamic cone penetrometer test for investigating subgrade quality. The author also provides a clear treatment of the issues involved in drainage design, but gives a rather limited discussion of pavement condition assessment. Statistical reliability concepts and probabilistic methods, which are very appropriate given the highly stochastic nature of
Identification and Control of NOx Emissions Using Neural Networks.

We investigate the application of two classes of artificial neural networks for the identification and control of discrete-time nonlinear dynamical systems. A fully connected recurrent network is used for process identification, and a multilayer feedforward network is used for process control. The two neural networks are arranged in series for closed-loop control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a simplified representation of a dynamical system. Plant data from one of Commonwealth Edison's coal-fired power plants are used for testing the approach, with initial results indicating that the method is feasible. However, further work is required to determine whether the method remains feasible as the number of state variables and control variables are increased.
Large‐Scale and Decentralized Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Decentralized Control: An Example 2 Interconnected Plants and Controllers 3 Decentralized Feedback Structures 4 Stabilization 5 Adaptive Control 6 Overlapping Decentralized Control 7 Optimization
Comprehensive assessment of precursors, diagenesis, and reactivity to water treatment of dissolved and colloidal organic matter

A comprehensive isolation, fractionation, and characterization research approach was developed for dissolved and colloidal organic matter (DOM) in water, and it was applied to various surface- and groundwaters to assess DOM precursors, DOM diagenesis, and DOM reactivity to water treatment processes. Major precursors for natural DOM are amino sugars, condensed tannins, and terpenoids. Amino sugar colloids derived from bacterial cell walls are incompletely removed by drinking water treatment and foul reverse osmosis membranes, but are nearly quantitatively removed by soil/aquifer treatment. When chlorinated, amino sugars produce low yields of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) but they produce significant chlorine demand that is likely caused by chlorination of free amino groups. Condensed tannins are major precursors for ,blackwater- DOM such as that found in the Suwannee River. This DOM produces high yields of DBPs upon chorination, and is efficiently removed by coagulation/flocculation treatment. Terpenoid-derived DOM appears to be biologically refractory, infiltrates readily into groundwater with little removal by soil/aquifer treatment, gives low DBP-yields upon chlorination and is poorly removed by coagulation/flocculation treatments. Peptides derived from proteins are major components of the base DOM fraction (10% or less of the mass of DOM), and this fraction produces large yields of haloacetonitriles upon chorination.
Human rights and AIDS: the future of the pandemic.

Today, the central challenge facing HIV prevention efforts is to understand, and learn how to act—directly and concretely—on the societal determinants of vulnerability to HIV. Awareness of this need to address directly the societal dimensions of HIV/AIDS has evolved gradually. As with biomedical research, progress in understanding human behavior in the context of HIV prevention has involved a continuous, often frustrating, occasionally exhilarating process of discovery. Today, we can identify three periods in this history of conceptualization of behavior. How we define a problem determines what we do about it; and thus, at each stage available knowledge and experience was projected into somewhat different HIV prevention strategies.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFANTILISM : II. THE RELATION OF ENDOGENOUS TO EXOGENOUS METABOLISM: NITROGEN AND SULPHUR DISTRIBUTION, AND CALORIMETER EXPERIMENTS.

In three cases of intestinal infantilism, the excretion of nitrogen in the urine per square meter of body surface was low. The heat radiation was normal. In spite of the fact that the absolute quantity of nitrogen was low, the distribution of nitrogen and sulphur among the various nitrogen and sulphur constituents of the urine was in the normal ratio. The ammonia excretion was normal. The ethereal sulphates were slightly increased. The respiratory coefficient showed that the supply of glycogen had not been used up after eighteen hours' starvation.
Relative ontogeny of opioid and catecholaminergic regulation of thyrotropin secretion in the rat.

In order to study the ontogeny of TSH regulation in the rat, we have compared TSH secretion in neonatal and adult rats after treatment with morphine, TRH and apomorphine, clonidine, and exposure to cold. Apomorphine attenuated exogenous TRH-induced TSH release in both neonatal and adult rats. Morphine suppressed TSH levels at every age tested. Although clonidine and cold exposure elicited TSH secretion in adults, neonatal rats did not respond to either treatment. These findings suggest that opioid and dopaminergic controls of TSH release mature before central noradrenergic regulation in developing rats. This lack of noradrenergic control may account for the absence of the response to cold exposure in the neonate. (Endocrinology 123: 567–571, 1988)
Material implication in CMOS: a new kind of logic

For more than seventy years, all the development in digital electronics have been founded on Shannon's work based on the fact that Boolean logic operators, OR, AND and NOT, can form a computationally complete logic framework. We propose a new paradigm in logic circuit design using material implication logic operators, different from the traditional logic gates in implementation and operation. In this paper we present early evidences, with experimental silicon results, showing that this new logic framework significantly improves performance, power and speed, over an equivalent conventional-logic framework in CMOS. This new computing paradigm would enable the continuance of increasing computing functionality and performance with decreasing cost in silicon technologies.
Language is Powerful

As Wierzbicka suggests in her recent review, language is powerful in emotion. Wierzbicka's solution is to remove the linguistically relative aspects of emotion concepts, like icing from a cake, to ...
Simplified 2D modeling of power and energy transduction of piezoelectric wafer active sensors for structural health monitoring

This paper presents an investigation of 2-D power and energy transduction in piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) for structural health monitoring (SHM). After a literature review of the state of the art, we developed a model of 2-D power and energy transduction of PWAS attached to structure. The model is an extension of our previously presented 1-D model. It allows examination of power and energy flow for a circular crested wave pattern. The model assumptions include: (a) 2-D axial and flexural wave propagation; (b) ideal bonding (line-force) connection between PWAS and structure; (c) ideal excitation source at the transmitter PWAS and fully-resistive external load at the receiver PWAS (d) crested wave energy spread out. Wave propagation method for an infinite boundary plate, electromechanical energy transformation of PWAS and structure, and wave propagation energy spread out in 2-D plate were considered. The parametric study of PWAS size, impedance match gives the PWAS design guideline for PWAS sensing and power harvesting applications. In pitch-catch PWAS application, the frequency response functions of a circular PWAS are developed for voltage in consideration with the receiver capacitance and external resistive loads.
Advances in Computed Tomography Evaluation of Skull Base Diseases

Introduction Computed tomography (CT) is a key component in the evaluation of skull base diseases. With its ability to clearly delineate the osseous anatomy, CT can provide not only important tips to diagnosis but also key information for surgical planning. Objectives The purpose of this article is to describe some of the main CT imaging features that contribute to the diagnosis of skull base tumors, review recent knowledge related to bony manifestations of these conditions, and summarize recent technological advances in CT that contribute to image quality and improved diagnosis. Data Synthesis Recent advances in CT technology allow fine-detailed evaluation of the bony anatomy using submillimetric sections. Dual-energy CT material decomposition capabilities allow clear separation between contrast material, bone, and soft tissues with many clinical applications in the skull base. Dual-energy technology has also the ability to decrease image degradation from metallic hardwares using some techniques that can result in similar or even decreased radiation to patients. Conclusions CT is very useful in the evaluation of skull base diseases, and recent technological advances can increase disease conspicuity resulting in improved diagnostic capabilities and enhanced surgical planning.
High temperature CSS processed CdTe solar cells on commercial SnO 2 :F/SnO 2 coated soda-lime glass substrates

We report on the realization of CdS/CdTe solar cells grown on commercial SnO2:F/SnO2-coated soda-lime glass substrates with conversion efficiencies >16 % by careful optimization of fabrication processes, which consist of sequential deposition of magnetron sputtered CdS window layer and high temperature close-space sublimation of CdTe absorber, CdCl2 activation, and thermal evaporation of elemental Cu/Au bilayer back contacts. The optimization of CdS and CdTe depositions include the incorporation of small fraction of oxygen during the growth. In our fabrication, the optimal amount of O in the deposition ambient is 5 % for CdS deposition and 0.5 % for CdTe depositions. The incorporation of small amounts of O is found to enhance the short circuit current (JSC) and open circuit voltage (VOC) of CdTe solar cells. We further identified that the flow rate of the ambient gas during the CdS sputtering can also affect the performance of the CdTe solar cells. The optimal flow rate is 40 sccm for our fabrication process. With careful optimization of our synthesis steps, the best small-area cell has shown an efficiency of 16.4 % with a VOC of 858 mV, a JSC of 26.5 mA/cm2, and a fill-factor of 72.0 % measured under AM1.5G illumination. This cell was coated with a 100 nm thick magnesium fluoride anti-reflection coating layer on the glass side.
The impact of initial spread calibration on the RELO ensemble and its application to Lagrangian dynamics

Abstract. A number of real-time ocean model forecasts were carried out successfully at Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to provide modeling support and numerical guidance to the CARTHE GLAD at-sea experiment during summer 2012. Two RELO ensembles and three single models using NCOM and HYCOM with different resolutions were carried out. A calibrated ensemble system with enhanced spread and reliability was developed to better support this experiment. The calibrated ensemble is found to outperform the un-calibrated ensemble in forecasting accuracy, skill, and reliability for all the variables and observation spaces evaluated. The metrics used in this paper include RMS error, anomaly correlation, PECA, Brier score, spread reliability, and Talagrand rank histogram. It is also found that even the un-calibrated ensemble outperforms the single forecast from the model with the same resolution. The advantages of the ensembles are further extended to the Lagrangian framework. In contrast to a single model forecast, the RELO ensemble provides not only the most likely Lagrangian trajectory for a particle in the ocean, but also an uncertainty estimate that directly reflects the complicated ocean dynamics, which is valuable for decision makers. The examples show that the calibrated ensemble with more reliability can capture trajectories in different, even opposite, directions, which would be missed by the un-calibrated ensemble. The ensembles are applied to compute the repelling and attracting Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), and the uncertainties of the LCSs, which are hard to obtain from a single model forecast, are estimated. It is found that the spatial scales of the LCSs depend on the model resolution. The model with the highest resolution produces the finest, small-scale, LCS structures, while the model with lowest resolution generates only large-scale LCSs. The repelling and attracting LCSs are found to intersect at many locations and create complex mesoscale eddies. The fluid particles and drifters in the middle of these tangles are subject to attraction and repulsion simultaneously from these two kinds of LCSs. As a result, the movements of particles near the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) location are severely limited. This is also confirmed by the Lagrangian trajectories predicted by the ensembles.
Phase microscopy and 3D imaging with partially coherent light

This talk will describe new methods for achieving 3D and high-resolution brightfield, darkfield and phase images with partially coherent illumination. Such computational approaches add new capabilities to commercial microscopes without much cost or hardware modification. Article not available.
Do Intergovernmental Organizations Promote Peace

A basic debate in world politics involves the impact of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) on international conflict. Liberals, functionalists, and others see IGOs as capable of transforming global anarchy, while realists emphasize the essential irrelevance of IGOs in managing such fundamental processes as war and peace. Recent quantitative studies also yield disparate conclusions depending on particular econometric assumptions, implying variously that IGOs foster pacific relations among states, have no impact on dispute behavior, or even increase dispute propensity. At least part of the problem is a lack of theoretical and empirical specificity. The authors apply bargaining theory to develop a "middle path" between the realist and liberal perspectives. Only some IGOs, those with security mandates and the most sophisticated institutional structures, are likely to influence dispute behavior. The authors combine the theory with two improvements in research design. First, IGOs vary in capability, mandate, and cohesion. The authors construct a dataset of IGO institutional heterogeneity and member cohesiveness. Second, states join IGOs for reasons that are not unrelated to why states fight. The authors control for the level of international involvement among countries and find support for their arguments in initial tests.
Influence of superimposed alternating current on capacity and cycle life for lead−acid batteries

Capacity and cycle life have been measured for commercially available lead-acid batteries by superimposing an a.c. upon the charge and discharge d.c. to clarify the influence of an a.c. invasion into the d.c. system on battery performance in an electric power storage system. The current was controlled to beI=I 0(1+sinωt) in all the experiments. The value ofI 0 corresponded to 5 or 8 HR and the frequency range was 0.1 to 4000 Hz. No capacity change was observed for the a.c. superimposition on the charge current in this frequency range. When an a.c. was superimposed upon the discharge current the capacity of the battery increased by less than 1%. No effect on the cycle life caused by the a.c. superimposition on the charge and the discharge current was observed, as the inherent distribution of the cycle life of the batteries used was much greater than the change caused by the a.c. superimposition. Thus, it was clarified that the influence of the a.c. superimposition on battery capacity and cycle life is practically negligible for lead-acid batteries.
Regulation of hormone-induced Ca2+ mobilization in the human platelets.

alpha-Thrombin, gamma-thrombin, and platelet-activating factor each stimulated the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores in aspirin-treated human platelets. This was followed by desensitization...
Genetic ablation of 12/15-lipoxygenase but not 5-lipoxygenase protects against denervation-induced muscle atrophy

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating outcome of a number of chronic diseases and conditions associated with loss of muscle innervation by motor neurons, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that denervation-induced loss of muscle mass is associated with activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), the rate-limiting step for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, which then acts as a substrate for metabolic pathways that generate bioactive lipid mediators. In this study, we asked whether 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO) lipid metabolic pathways downstream of cPLA2 mediate denervation-induced muscle atrophy in mice. Both 5- and 12/15-LO were activated in response to surgical denervation; however, 12/15-LO activity was increased ~2.5-fold versus an ~1.5-fold increase in activity of 5-LO. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of 12/15-LO (but not 5-LO) significantly protected against denervation-induced muscle atrophy, suggesting a selective role for the 12/15-LO pathway in neurogenic muscle atrophy. The activation of the 12/15-LO pathway (but not 5-LO) during muscle atrophy increased NADPH oxidase activity, protein ubiquitination, and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolytic degradation. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel pathway for neurogenic muscle atrophy and suggests that 12/15-LO may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases associated with loss of innervation and muscle atrophy.
A Macrocyclic β-Iodoallenolate Intermediate Is Key: Synthesis of the ABD Core of Phomactin A

An enantioselective strategy for the synthesis of phomactin natural products is described. The Lewis acid triggered cyclization of a β-iodoallenolate embedded in a 12-membered macrocycle was used to obtain a highly functionalized bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane in good yield and high diastereoselectivity. This iodoenone contains the substituents of the AD ring system of the phomactin family of natural products, appropriate for further functionalization. Synthesis of the oxadecalin core of phomactin A from the AD iodoenone intermediate was achieved. In this unusual strategy, rings A and B are both fashioned within a macrocyclic precursor.
The processing of social information by mildly and moderately dysphoric college students

Two experiments are reported in which dysphoric and nondysphoric subjects were presented (in an acquaintanceship paradigm) with a standardized social communication that contained positive, negative, and neutral information about the speaker, and positive and negative impressions that the speaker had presumably formed about the subject. Groups differed in their recall of evaluative information about themselves, with moderately dysphoric subjects displaying poorer recall. Groups did not differ in their recall of information about the speaker. Moderately dysphoric subjects also displayed relatively negative appraisals of how they thought the speaker perceived them. The results are discussed as being partially inconsistent with cognitive theories of depression, and paradigmatic differences with prior studies are reviewed.
QR -like algorithms for eigenvalue problems

In the year 2000 the dominant method for solving matrix eigenvalue problems is still the QR algorithm. This paper discusses the family of GR algorithms, with emphasis on the QR algorithm. Included are historical remarks, an outline of what GR algorithms are and why they work, and descriptions of the latest, highly parallelizable, versions of the QR algorithm. Now that we know how to parallelize it, the QR algorithm seems likely to retain its dominance for many years to come.
From “Happiness Pills” to “National Nightmare”: Changing Cultural Assessment of Minor Tranquilizers in America, 1955–1980

Afin de reduire l'utilisation anarchique des tranquillisants qui entrainent des effets secondaires toxiques, une legislation a ete elaboree aux Etats-Unis pour leur prescription
A History of Jewish Philosophy in the middle ages

(1987). A History of Jewish Philosophy in the middle ages. History of European Ideas: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 243-243.
Accurate control of As and Sb incorporation ratio during solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy

Abstract This paper reports an accurate method for controlling the As/Sb ratio in group-V alloys such as AlAs x Sb 1− x by modulating As 2 and Sb 2 beams during molecular beam epitaxy (MMBE). Experimental results show that the AlAs mole fraction is linearly proportional to the As-shutter duty-cycle, which is easy to control and extremely reproducible. Compared with conventional MBE the MMBE technique dramatically reduces the degree of dependence of AlAs mole fraction on the As 2 flux about an order of magnitude, providing a very straightforward means to obtain group-V alloys with required composition without changing group-V effusion-cell temperatures. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the typical lattice mismatch for thick AlAs x Sb 1− x cladding layers in laser structures grown on InAs is less than 6.5 × 10 −4 . In addition, MMBE dramatically improves the surface morphology and crystalline quality. Based on these improvements, room temperature photoluminescence from GaAs 0.08 Sb 0.92 /AlAs 0.16 Sb 0.84 single quantum well structures and cw operation of InAs/AlAs 0.16 Sb 0.84 lasers up to 95 K are also observed for the first time. It is expected that this method can also be applied to the MBE growth of other group-V alloys.
Attitudes Toward Role Conflict and Disciplinary Action: A Comparison of Black and White Supervisors

Summary An examination was made of the attitudes of 77 white and black supervisors to determine whether there were any differences in (a) the manner in which they viewed role conflict resolution and (b) the administration of discipline. It was concluded that the organizational setting apparently sufficiently socializes individuals in the organization so as to minimize any attitudinal differences that might exist.
Absence of screening in certain lattice gauge and plasma models

We discuss some Abelian lattice gauge models of the noncompact variety, including models of relativistic and nonrelativistic plasmas. For all these models we show absence of exponential clustering for some observables in some domains in parameter space. We comment on the physical meaning of these results, in particular with respect to Debye screening of static electric charges.
Monitoring patients taking methotrexate for hepatotoxicity. Does the standard of care match published guidelines

Background : Controversy persists regarding the validity of published guidelines for the monitoring of methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity. Objective : The purpose of our study was to assess the standard of care by gastroenterologists in the monitoring of methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity and to compare this standard of care with guidelines in the medical literature. Methods : Gastroenterologists in Connecticut and Massachusetts were surveyed by a mail-in questionnaire that inquired about their protocol for the monitoring of hepatotoxicity in patients taking methotrexate. Results : Gastroenterologists in Connecticut and Massachusetts generally follow the guidelines in the medical literature. Variation in recommendations from the rheumatologic and the dermatologic literature is reflected in the practice habits of gastroenterologists whose patients are restricted to one particular population. Conclusion : Long-term follow-up studies should be continued to obtain further data from which to make future recommendations, especially with regard to the effects of large cumulative doses of methotrexate.
Multiscale systems engineering with applications to chemical reaction processes

New applications in materials, medicine, and computers are being discovered where the control of events at the molecular and nanoscopic scales is critical to product quality, although the primary manipulation of these events during processing occurs at macroscopic length scales. This motivates the creation of tools for the engineering of multiscale reacting systems that have length scales ranging from the atomistic to the macroscopic. This paper describes a systematic approach that consists of stochastic parameter sensitivity analysis, Bayesian parameter estimation applied to ab initio calculations and experimental data, model-based experimental design, hypothesis mechanism selection, and multistep optimization.
Primates from Later Eocene Rocks of Southern California

Newly discovered later Eocene (Uintan) primates (adapids, omomyids, and microsyopids) from San Diego Co., California are described and compared with those of other Eocene faunas in Ventura Co. (Sespe Formation) and the North American western interior. The 11 species of primates from San Diego Co. lived in coastal lowland riparian and deltaic environments; their remains are preserved in the Friars and Mission Valley formations (early Uintan, greater San Diego area) and Santiago Formation (later Uintan, northwestern San Diego Co.). Genera previously known from the western interior but recorded for the first time from the west coast include Pelycodus, Notharctus, Hemiacodon , and ? Macrotarsius ; to these is added Omomys , as I consider Stockia powayensis a species of Omomys . Range extensions into the early Uintan include Pelycodus, Notharctus , and Hemiacodon . The southerly climes of the Californian later Eocene coastal areas may have served as temporary havens for species that became extirpated earlier in the western interior. All nine primate species recorded from the early Uintan of the west coast had close relatives in the western interior, a faunal similarity shared by other vertebrates. Late in the Uintan, west coastal endemism increased as barriers to faunal interchange developed between the two areas.
Adnexal displacement and regression in association with histiocytoma (dermatofibroma)

The literature about the changes occurring in histiocytomas mentions only the possibility of induction of primitive pilosebaceous structures and basal cell epithelioma-like lesions by the histiofibrocytic growth. We suggest here that the histopathologic findings arc indicative of regressive changes of the pre-existing cutaneous adnexa resulting in the formation of basal cell epithelioma-like structures.
Probabilistic ship collision risk and sustainability assessment considering risk attitudes

Abstract The disastrous consequences of ship collision necessitate the development of a collision risk-informed assessment procedure that ensures safety and functionality of maritime transportation systems. In this paper, an approach to assess the risk and sustainability associated with ship collision accidents is presented. The probability of ship collision is computed by taking into account traffic data and operational conditions. In this paper, sustainability is quantified considering the detrimental economic, social, and environmental consequences associated with ship collision. The economic, social and environmental metrics are evaluated separately and then social and environmental metrics are converted into an economic metric considering their associated monetary values. Epistemic and aleatory uncertainties associated with damage conditions of ships and consequences are incorporated in this methodology in order to provide a rational assessment of risk and sustainability. Risk attitudes are incorporated within risk analysis by utilizing utility functions. The approach is illustrated on a maritime transportation system in the Delaware River area considering the properties of damaged ships and maritime traffic in this specific region. Ultimately, this approach can aid the decision maker to make informed choices based on risk and sustainability considering risk attitudes.
Radar cross section reduction of a flat plate by ram coating

The problem of reduction of radar cross section (RCS) of a flat plate coated with a radar absorbing material has been examined using the uniform asymptotic theory of diffraction. The variation and reduction of RCS with different parameters have been studied and theoretical results have been compared with the experiment and the spectral Galerkin method.
Data compression using word encoding with Huffman code

A technique for compressing large databases is presented. The method replaces frequent variable-length byte strings (words or word fragments) in the database by minimum-redundancy codes—Huffman codes. An essential part of the technique is the construction of the dictionary to yield high compression ratios. A heuristic is used to count frequencies of word fragments. A detailed analysis is provided of our implementaton in support of high compression ratios and efficient encoding and decoding under the constraint of a fixed amount of main memory. In each phase of our implementation, we explain why certain data structures or techniques are employed. Experimental results show that our compression scheme is very effective for compressing large databases of library records. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Violence of Moral Binaries: Response to Leigh Binford

I agree with so many of the analytical and empirical points in Leigh Binford’s response to my article on violence in El Salvador that at first I was not sure why he framed it as a critique rather than as a complement and extension. The mediating concepts that he introduces are compatible with – sometimes redundant to – my analysis. To sum up, we concur that: (1) the peace agreement in El Salvador preserved the unequal and unjust structures that spawned the conflict in the first place; (2) ‘some forms of everyday violence decline[d] in incidence’ in territories controlled by the guerrilla of the FLMN (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front); (3) structural violence is central to the operation of power relations under the reign of neoliberalism; and (4) political-economic analyses of violence must not be reductionist or mechanical. Binford and I are cultural anthropologists trained in the US who have worked on similar topics in Central America. We are both heavily influenced by a flexible version of Marxism.1 We both blame much of the suffering in the social worlds that we observe on the workings of structural forces that disproportionately benefit the powerful and harm the dominated even as we pay considerable attention to the ways in which historical and cultural processes shape structures of power. Finally, perhaps most importantly, we both think that anthropology, or ethnographically informed scholarship more generally, should exercise a ‘preferential option for the poor’ (Binford, 1996: 192). I emphasize our substantive points of theoretical, political, and personal agreement because I esteem Binford’s work on revolutionary peasants. I am also wary of entering a spirited debate that is located so far out on the left-leaning sector of US academe that it renders the political stakes of our disagreement minor compared to our convergences. graphy
INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI B BY PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE.

Abstract 1. 1. In the context of studies on the biochemical effects of puromycin aminonucleoside in the rat, Escherichia coli B was employed as a model biological system for the study of the effects of aminonucleoside on protein and nucleic acid synthesis. 2. 2. Puromycin at a concentration of 1 mM severely inhibited growth as well as incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of log-phase cultures. With aminonucleoside significant inhibition in growth rate occured only at relatively high concentration (10 mM). This growth inhibition could be overcome by the addition of adenine to the medium. 3. 3. Studies with [14C]aminonucleoside revealed the existence of a permeation barrier to the compound in log-phase cells. Consequently, osmotically active spheroplasts of E. coli B were employed. In this system, aminonucleoside interfered with utilization by the cells of several purine precursors. The pattern of inhibition suggests that aminonucleoside behaves as a feedback inhibitor of purine biosynthesis. No inhibitory effect on protein biosynthesis was found. 4. 4. This aminonucleoside-induced inhibition in nucleic acid synthesis in E. coli B spheroplasts is considered to reflect adjustments in the rate of this process to a limitation in the availability of purines by synthesis de novo.
Crossed-beam investigations of state-resolved collision dynamics of simple radicals

Abstract A critical survey is given of new developments in the study of collision dynamics of diatomic radicals. The impetus for this survey comes from new experimental results on near state-to-state scattering dynamics of radicals with simple collision partners that have been obtained using the crossed-beam technique. These results, on both inelastic and reactive scattering, provide a unique opportunity to compare experimental observations with formal quantum scattering theory. Photodissociation is also briefly discussed because of its relevance to our fundamental understanding of fine-structure effects associated with radicals arising in all three processes. A few basic concepts pertaining to the dynamics of open-shell systems are outlined. The emphasis is on the underlying physical principles rather than on detailed theoretical treatments. To illustrate the strong interaction between theory and experiment a few case studies of systems investigated under crossed-beam conditions are highlighted. These ne...
Population growth in U.S. counties, 1840–1990

Abstract We examine the location and growth of the U.S. population using county-level census data from 1840 and 1990. Natural characteristics (e.g., access to water transportation) heavily influenced where populations located in 1840, and produced characteristics in existence in 1840 (e.g., educational infrastructure) had a significant influence on subsequent growth. Evidence of population convergence appears only when the most-heavily-populated counties in 1840 are excluded from the sample. Moreover, when counties located on the western frontier are excluded from the full sample, on the assumption that they were relatively far from their steady-state populations, there is evidence of population divergence.
Observations on microstructurally sensitive fatigue crack growth in a widmanstätten Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Fatigue crack growth rates in commercial purity Ti-6A1-4V can be substantially reduced with a beta anneal from levels associated with the mill anneal, owing primarily to crystallographic crack bifurcation in the Widmanstatten packets. This microstructurally sensitive fatigue crack growth occurs when the reversed plastic zone is less than the packet size and results in a fracture surface with a faceted morphology. It appears from replica and scanning electron microscopic examination that the facets are comprised of three superposed features,viz cleavage-like river-line patterns, very fine striations and traces of slip lines (and slip-band cracks). Limited X-ray evidence suggests a facet orientation some 8 to 10 degrees off the basal plane.
Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription signaling mechanisms.

Abstract The diverse effects of progesterone on female reproductive tissues are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Thus, PR is an important therapeutic target in female reproduction and in certain endocrine dependent cancers. This paper reviews our understanding of the mechanism of action of the most widely used PR antagonist RU486. Although RU486 is a competitive steroidal antagonist that can displace the natural hormone for PR, it’s potency derives from additional “active antagonism” that involves inhibiting the activity of PR hormone agonist complexes in trans through heterodimerization and competition for binding to progesterone response elements on target DNA, and by recruitment of corepressors that have the potential to actively repress gene transcription. An additional functional role for PR has recently been defined whereby a subpopulation of PR in the cytoplasm or cell membrane is capable of mediating rapid progesterone induced activation of certain signal transduction pathways in the absence of gene transcription. This paper also reviews recent results on the mechanism of the extra-nuclear action of PR and the potential biological roles and implications of this novel PR signaling pathway.
Preparation and characterization of 4-amino-2-anilinopyridine and its chlorodiruthenium(III,II) complex

A new bridging agent, 4-amino-2-anilinopyridine (aap), was synthesized and used as an equatorial ligand in the preparation of a diruthenium complex (4,0) Ru2(aap)4Cl. Both the ligand and the diruthenium complex were characterized by thermal analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The structural analysis revealed that the complex existed as a (4,0) isomer, in which the amino group on the pyridyl moiety was not involved in chemical bonding.