cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Esophageal duplication cyst with esophageal web and tracheoesophageal fistula

The authors report the case of lower cervical/upper thoracic esophageal duplication associated with an obstructing esophageal web. This presented in the newborn period as an esophageal atresia. Initial resection of the web and closure of the fistula were performed. The duplication was excised electively at 2 months of age. Persistent symptomatic tracheomalacia required aortopexy, after which the child recovered uneventfully. There are only three other reports (four cases) in the literature of esophageal atresia (or variants) associated with esophageal duplication.
Technology shocks, capital utilization and sticky prices

Abstract We quantitatively evaluate a business-cycle environment featuring endogenous capital utilization and nominal price rigidity that illustrates a negative relationship between labor hours and technology (TFP) shocks and a positive relationship between hours and investment (MEI) shocks. Sticky prices induce firms to suppress changes in output due to TFP shocks through changes in the utilization rate of the existing capital stock and labor demand. MEI shocks have an indirect impact on output via their link with capital utilization, and are shown to be the dominant driver of post-1979 US business cycles.
Stratospheric ozone loss, ulraviolet effects and action spectroscopy

Abstract The major effect of stratospheric ozone loss will be an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This increase will be entirely contained within the UV-B (290–320nm). How this will impact life on Earth will be determined by the UV-B photobiology of exposed organisms, including humans. One of the analytical methods useful in estimating these effects is Action Spectroscopy (biological effect as a function of wavelength). Carefully constructed action spectra will allow us to partially predict the increase in bio-effect due to additional UV exposure. What effect this has on the organism and the system in which the organism resides is of paramount importance. Suitable action spectra already exist for human skin cancer, human cell mutation and killing, and for one immune response. Comprehensive and widely applicable action spectra for terrestrial and aquatic plant responses are being generated but are not yet suitable for extensive analysis. There is little data available for animals, other than those experiments completed in the laboratory as model systems for human studies. Some polychromatic action spectra have proven useful in determining the possible impact of ozone loss on biological systems. The pitfalls and limits of this approach will be addressed.
Origins of polyatomic ions in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: An examination of metal oxide ions and effects of nitrogen and helium in the aerosol gas flow

Abstract Differences in the origins of polyatomic ions in wet plasma conditions, as exist in solution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), versus dry plasma conditions, found in laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS, are investigated. Silicate and metal samples are ablated and gas kinetic temperature (T gas ) is measured to establish the origins of metal oxide (MO + ) ions. MO + ion abundances observed from both the ablation of silicate samples and metallic samples are found to correspond to formation of the polyatomic ion in the ICP. The same strategy is applied to oxide ratios measured when additional gases (N 2 and He) are introduced into the aerosol gas flow. N 2 is found to decrease the MO + /M + signal ratio by maximizing atomic sensitivity at lower total gas loads. The addition of He reduces polyatomic ions throughout the plasma. Use of both N 2 and He produces the lowest MO + /M + signal ratio and highest T gas values at the position sampled in the ICP. By gaining a better understanding of the origin of polyatomic ions in LA-ICP-MS and their behavior in mixed gas plasmas, perhaps strategies can be developed to minimize polyatomic interferences in the mass spectrum.
The no-scar lip-lift: Upper lip suspension technique

Background Addressing the long upper lip has been a complex problem for some time. Methods such as the subnasal skin excision and the vermillion advancement technique have been described, but both leave a visible scar. A no-scar lip-lift technique is necessary for a subset of patients who have a long upper lip and will not accept a visible scar.
Micro-computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive, live-mouse cholangiography

The cholangiopathies are a diverse group of biliary tract disorders, many of which lack effective treatment. Murine models are an important tool for studying their pathogenesis, but existing noninvasive methods for assessing biliary disease in vivo are not optimal. Here we report our experience with using micro-computed tomography (microCT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to develop a technique for live-mouse cholangiography. Using mdr2 knockout (mdr2KO, a model for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)), bile duct-ligated (BDL), and normal mice, we performed in vivo: (1) microCT on a Siemens Inveon PET/CT scanner and (2) MR on a Bruker Avance 16.4 T spectrometer, using Turbo Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement, IntraGate Fast Low Angle Shot, and Half-Fourier Acquisition Single-shot Turbo Spin Echo methods. Anesthesia was with 1.5–2.5% isoflurane. Scans were performed with and without contrast agents (iodipamide meglumine (microCT), gadoxetate disodium (MR)). Dissection and liver histology were performed for validation. With microCT, only the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts were visualized despite attempts to optimize timing, route, and dose of contrast. With MR, the gallbladder, extra-, and intrahepatic bile ducts were well-visualized in mdr2KO mice; the cholangiographic appearance was similar to that of PSC (eg, multifocal strictures) and could be improved with contrast administration. In BDL mice, MR revealed cholangiographically distinct progressive dilation of the biliary tree without ductal irregularity. In normal mice, MR allowed visualization of the gallbladder and extrahepatic ducts, but only marginal visualization of the diminutive intrahepatic ducts. One mouse died during microCT and MR imaging, respectively. Both microCT and MR scans could be obtained in ≤20 min. We, therefore, demonstrate that MR cholangiography can be a useful tool for longitudinal studies of the biliary tree in live mice, whereas microCT yields suboptimal duct visualization despite requiring contrast administration. These findings support further development and application of MR cholangiography to the study of mouse models of PSC and other cholangiopathies.
Trellis display for modeling data from designed experiments

Visualizing data by graphing a response against certain factors, and conditioning on other factors, has arisen independently in many contexts. One is the interaction plots used in the analysis of data from designed experiments; these plots show conditional dependence based on the output of methods and models applied to the data. Trellis display, a framework for the visualization of multivariable data, allows conditioning to be readily carried out in a general way. It was developed initially in the context of data sets with a moderate or large number of observations to support the conditioning. This article demonstrates through examples that trellis display is also a highly useful visualization framework for designed experiments with a small number of runs. Trellis allows the visualization of conditional dependence, not only based on the output of models and methods, but also based on the raw data directly, which greatly aids the model building process. Trellis can even succeed for highly fractionated designs. The reason appears to be that for success, such designs require an engineering practice that keeps error variability small, which allows interpretable patterns to emerge on conditioning displays with a limited number of plotted points. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 133–145 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BENEFIT TRANSFERS: ARE THEY A SATISFACTORY INPUT TO BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS? AN AIRPORT NOISE NUISANCE CASE STUDY

Abstract Benefit cost analysis in a variety of guises has established itself as a useful tool in public policy-making. It is an approach widely adopted in appraising a wide range of infrastructure investments and has been regularly used in legal proceedings. In the context of this study, it forms a common procedure for assisting in the assessment of the social benefits and costs of airport investment. It is not, however, a technique without its limitations. Beside a range of technical concerns, conducting a comprehensive benefit cost analysis can be resource-intensive and time-consuming. Recently, there have been efforts to make its application more efficient by adopting benefit transfer procedures. This involves making use of findings from one study as inputs into other policy-making activities. While applying secondary data to a new policy issue has a long pedigree, new areas of application involve taking non-market valuations of externalities from one study and transferring them to a different policy site. This paper looks at some of the limitations of employing benefit transfers and uses noise nuisance aspect of airport investment policy appraisal as an illustrative case. Based upon a meta-regression assessment of hedonic price models, the findings suggest that caution should be exercised in conduction benefit transfers.
Synthesis of layout engines from relational constraints

We present an algorithm for synthesizing efficient document layout engines from compact relational specifications. These specifications are compact in that a single specification can produce multiple engines, each for a distinct layout situation, i.e., a different combination of known vs. unknown attributes. Technically, our specifications are relational attribute grammars, while our engines are functional attribute grammars. By synthesizing functions from relational constraints, we obviate the need for constraint solving at runtime, because functional attribute grammars can be easily evaluated according to a fixed schedule, sidestepping the backtracking search performed by constraint solvers. Our experiments show that we can generate layout engines for non-trivial data visualizations, and that our synthesized engines are between 39- and 200-times faster than general-purpose constraint solvers. Relational specifications of layout give rise to synthesis problems that have previously proved intractable. Our algorithm exploits the hierarchical, grammar-based structure of the specification, decomposing the specification into smaller subproblems, which can be tackled with off-the-shelf synthesis procedures. The new synthesis problem then becomes the composition of the functions thus generated into a correct attribute grammar, which might be recursive. We show how to solve this problem by efficient reduction to an SMT problem.
Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary vasoconstriction

Acute pulmonary vasoconstriction occurs in a variety of clinical settings relevant for the cardiac intensivist, postoperative pulmonary hypertension being perhaps the most common. Although we know that significant postoperative pulmonary vasoconstriction generally occurs in patients with a pathologically remodeled pulmonary circulation, we know little of its pathophysiology. The following review describes the biochemistry of smooth muscle contractile activation and examines the possible role that endothelin-1 may play in postoperative pulmonary hypertension.
Don't define nanomaterials

Basing regulations on a term with no scientific justification will do more harm than good, argues Andrew D. Maynard.
Synthesis and characterization of 2,3-dialkyl-1,4-butanediols and copolyesters containing these moieties

Reaction of the 2,3-dimethylene-1,3-butadiene dianion (made using Lochmann's base) with a series of primary alkyl halides yielded 2,3-dialkyl-1,3-butadienes, which were converted to the corresponding 2,3-dialkyl-1,4-butanediols via hydroboration/oxidation. Along with ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate these disubstituted butanediols were incorporated into copolyesters using melt condensation polymerization. The resultant copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, inherent viscosity, and DSC. From this data the effects of varying the length and amount of alkyl side groups on the copolyester syntheses and properties were studied.
Response to Pattison: Whose Responsibility to Protect?

Abstract James Pattison's argument for the assignment of a duty of humanitarian intervention is interesting and offers a new perspective in the humanitarian intervention debate. However, Pattison's argument suffers from three main problems, each increasingly serious: his definition of success is vague and raises questions about the content of a duty of humanitarian intervention; his consequentialist foundation raises problems of prospective and retrospective judgment; and his intentional omission of the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties leads to conceptual difficulties.
Curricula for teaching clinical practice guidelines in US psychiatry residency and child and adolescent fellowship programs: a survey study.

To determine the characteristics of curricula for teaching the content of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in psychiatric residency and child and adolescent fellowship programs as well as to determine if and how the learning of CPG content is applied in clinical care settings. We conducted a national online survey of directors of general psychiatry residency and child and adolescent fellowship programs in the USA. The survey questionnaire included 13 brief questions about the characteristics used to teach CPGs in the programs, as well as two demographic questions about each program and director. Descriptive statistics were reported for each questionnaire item by program classification (i.e., child and adolescent vs. general psychiatry). The survey response rate was 49.8 % (146 out of 293). Just 23 % of programs reported having written goals and objectives related to teaching CPGs. The most frequently taught aspect of CPGs was their content (72 % of programs). Didactic sessions were the most frequently employed teaching strategy (79 % of programs). Regarding the application of CPG learning in treatment care settings, just 16 % of programs applied algorithms in care settings, and 15 % performed evaluations to determine consistency between CPG recommendations and care delivery. Only 8 % of programs utilized audit and feedback to residents about their adherence to CPGs. Faculty time constraints and insufficient interest were the leading barriers (39 % and 33 % of programs, respectively) to CPG teaching, although 38 % reported no barriers. However, child and adolescent programs less commonly identified insufficient interest among faculty as a barrier to teaching CPGs compared to general programs (20 % vs. 43 %). Moreover, compared to general programs, child and adolescent fellowship programs taught more aspects of CPGs, used more educational activities to teach the content of specific CPGs, and used more methods to evaluate the teaching of CPGs. Although the majority of programs provided some teaching of CPGs, the rigorousness of the teaching approaches was limited, especially attempts to evaluate the extent and effectiveness of their use in clinical care. Child and adolescent fellowship programs provided more extensive teaching and evaluation related to CPGs.
C-Reactive Protein and Parental History Improve Global Cardiovascular Risk Prediction The Reynolds Risk Score for Men

Background— High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and family history are independently associated with future cardiovascular events and have been incorporated into risk prediction models for women (the Reynolds Risk Score for women); however, no cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm incorporating these variables currently exists for men. Methods and Results— Among 10 724 initially healthy American nondiabetic men who were followed up prospectively over a median period of 10.8 years, we compared the test characteristics of global model fit, discrimination, calibration, and reclassification in 2 prediction models for incident cardiovascular events, one based on age, blood pressure, smoking status, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (traditional model) and the other based on these risk factors plus high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 years (Reynolds Risk Score for men). A total of 1294 cardiovascular events accrued during s...
Fluid Genetic Analyses Predict the Biological Behavior of Pancreatic Cysts: Three-year Experience

Context EUS with fine-needle aspiration and cyst fluid analysis is routinely used to evaluate pancreatic cysts; however, the clinical course of these lesions is often not well defined. Objective Our study evaluated whether EUS imaging, cyst fluid CEA, and cytology combined with cyst fluid genetic analyses for allelic imbalance and genetic mutations can be used to better predict the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts. Patients Seventy-two patients underwent EUS-FNA for evaluation of pancreatic cysts from 2010 to 2013. Design In addition to routine cytology and fluid CEA, the aspirated cyst fluid was analyzed for the presence of KRAS mutations, GNAS mutations, and allelic imbalance (loss of heterozygosity). Patients were followed up to 3 years. Setting Tertiary care center. Results EUS revealed 39 IPMNs, 17 mucinous cystic neoplasms, and 16 serous cystadenomas. Twenty two of 56 patients with IPMNs or mucinous cystic neoplasms had pancreatic cysts with abnormal genetic fluid analysis. Of those 22 patients, 18 contained a non-benign clinical diagnosis. This is consistent with cyst fluid genetic analysis carrying a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 88%, respectively, and a positive predictive value of 82%.There was also a significant negative predictive value of 81%. For mucinous cystic neoplasms the negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusion Genetic mutations and allelic imbalance detected in pancreatic mucinous cysts are associated with progression to malignancy and could be helpful as predictors of biological behavior of pancreatic cysts. In our experience, genetic analyses when used in combination with EUS imaging, cytology, and fluid CEA could serve as a guide to clinical decisions regarding cyst surgical resection and follow up. Image: Pancreatic cysts: flow chart.
The direct renal vascular effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine before and after adrenergic blockade.

By use of a noncannulating electromagnetic flowmeter the direct vasoconstrictor response of the dog renal vasculature to intra-arterial epinephrine was found to bebut slightly greater, weight for weight, than that of norepinephrine. No dilation phase to their reactions was found before or after Ilidar, and this adrenergic blocking drug failed to dilate the renal vasculature in four out of five dogs in the anesthetized and operated state.
Myocardial necrosis due to intraperitoneal administration of phenylpropanolamine in rats.

Overdose with the sympathomimetic agent phenylpropanolamine (PPA) may cause arrhythmias and myocardial injury in humans. To study the mechanism of these toxic effects, unanesthetized rats (6 animals per group) were given single intraperitoneal doses of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg PPA. Increases in blood pressure, measured by tail cuff, were dose related and comparable to increases reported in patients with PPA toxicity. Animals were killed at 24 hr and light microscopic examination showed diffuse, dose-related myocardial necrosis. Histology scores (a measure of severity of necrosis) in groups receiving 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg PPA were 1.4 ± 0.5, 1.8 ± 1.0, and 2.3 ± 0.4, respectively, and were all significantly greater than the histology score of control animals (0.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.01). The observed lesion was similar in appearance to the myocardial necrosis produced by large doses of catecholamines or sympathomimetic agents in rats. In summary, single doses of PPA caused myocardial necrosis in rats at doses comparable to those causing toxicity in humans. Myocardial necrosis may contribute to the cardiac toxicity of PPA overdose.
A developmental shift in processes underlying successful belief‐desire reasoning

Young children's failures in reasoning about beliefs and desires, and especially about false beliefs, have been much studied. However, there are few accounts of successful belief-desire reasoning in older children or adults. An exception to this is a model in which belief attribution is treated as a process wherein an inhibitory system selects the most likely content for the belief to be attributed from amongst several competing contents [Leslie, A. M., & Polizzi, P. (1998). Developmental Science, 1, 247–254]. We tested this model with an ‘avoidance false belief task’ in which subjects predict the behavior of a character, who wants to avoid an object but who is mistaken about which of three locations it is in. The task has two equally correct answers—in seeking to avoid the location where she mistakenly believes the object to be, the character might equally go to the location where the object actually is, or to the remaining empty location. However, the model predicts that subjects will prefer one of these answers, selecting the object's actual location over the empty location. This bias was confirmed in a series of five experiments with children aged between 4 and 8 years of age. A sixth experiment ruled out two rival explanations for children's biased responding. Two further experiments found the opposite bias in adults. These findings support one selection model as an account of belief-desire reasoning in children, and suggest that a different model is needed for adults. The process of selecting contents for mental state attributions shows a developmental shift between 8 years of age and adulthood.
The synergistic effect of a hybrid graphene oxide–chitosan system and biomimetic mineralization on osteoblast functions

Graphene oxide and chitosan are promising materials for tissue regeneration. The present study explores a novel biomimetic mineralization route employing a graphene oxide (GO)-chitosan (CS) conjugate as a template material for the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAP). Structural and morphological studies involving X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscopy indicated that extensive mineralization occurred in the CS-GO conjugate system because of strong electrostatic interactions between the functional groups (carboxyl groups of GO and amino groups of CS) and calcium ions in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The combination of chitosan-graphene oxide conjugate and biomineralization was advantageous in favorably modulating cellular activity (osteoblast functions: cell attachment, proliferation, actin, vinculin and fibronectin expression). It is concluded that biomineralized hydroxyapatite in the HAP-CS-GO system induced homogeneous spatial osteoblastic cell growth and quantitatively (e.g. area) and qualitatively (e.g. mineral-to-matrix ratio) increased mineralization in relation to the HAP-GO system. The data underscore that covalent linkage of HAP to chitosan influences osteoblastic cell differentiation, mineralization, and cell growth. The proposed system and the revelation of fundamental insights merit consideration in tissue engineering.
Ronald Reagan. A Bibliography

This is a comprehensive list of books, some pamphlets, and a few sound recordings about or by Ronald (and Nancy) Reagan. Collections of photographs and cartoons as well as biographies, political commentary, speeches, quotations and even recipes are represented. Omitted are books in which there is only brief mention of him. The bibliography was compiled in connection with a major exhibit on Ronald Reagan at the Colorado State University Library. It is the author's intention to continue to collect Reagan materials.
Structure of Hsp15 reveals a novel RNA‐binding motif

We have solved the crystal structure of the heat shock protein Hsp15, a newly isolated and very highly inducible heat shock protein that binds the ribosome. Comparison of its structure with those of two RNA-binding proteins, ribosomal protein S4 and threonyl-tRNA synthetase, reveals a novel RNA-binding motif. This newly recognized motif is remarkably common, present in at least eight different protein families that bind RNA. The motif's surface is populated by conserved, charged residues that define a likely RNA-binding site. An intriguing pattern emerges: stress proteins, ribosomal proteins and tRNA synthetases repeatedly share a conserved motif. This may imply a hitherto unrecognized functional similarity between these three protein classes.
Time Discounting in Strategic Contests

In many contests, such as political campaigns or R&D expenditures, there is at least some trade-off between immediate money outlay and potential future benefits. This timing aspect has mostly been ignored by the contest literature. If contestants exhibit a strong present bias, such as that shown by past individual choice experiments, then benefits that are deferred to the future will lead to a significant drop in investment. This paper uses controlled laboratory experiments to explore how the timing of prize payment impacts behavior in a contest with a unique Nash equilibrium strategy. We find no evidence that people significantly discount future prizes in our contests, despite the fact that we do replicate present bias in a separate individual choice experiment.
Structure of Self-Assembled Fe and FePt Nanoparticle Arrays

Arrays were self-assembled by evaporating suspensions of 4 nm FePt or 8 nm Fe nanoparticles. The monolayers had a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure, but the multilayer structure varied. To identify the multilayer structures, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were compared with phase contrast image simulations. The results showed that Fe could be grown as both hcp and face-centered cubic (fcc), or fcc-like, structures. The results of image analysis of the FePt arrays were consistent with fcc structures.
Rossby Wave–Coastal Kelvin Wave Interaction in the Extratropics. Part I: Low-Frequency Adjustment in a Closed Basin

Abstract The interaction of open and coastal oceans in a midlatitude ocean basin is investigated in light of Rossby and coastal Kelvin waves. The basinwide pressure adjustment to an initial Rossby wave packet is studied both analytically and numerically, with the focus on the low-frequency modulation of the resulting coastal Kelvin wave. It is shown that the incoming mass is redistributed by coastal Kelvin waves as well as eastern boundary planetary waves, while the incoming energy is lost mostly to short Rossby waves at the western boundary. The amplitude of the Kelvin wave is determined by two mass redistribution processes: a fast process due to the coastal Kelvin wave along the ocean boundary and a slow process due to the eastern boundary planetary wave in the interior ocean. The amplitude of the Kelvin wave is smaller than that of the incident planetary wave because the initial mass of the Rossby wave is spread to the entire basin. In a midlatitude ocean basin, the slow eastern boundary planetary wave...
Defining nodes in complex brain networks.

Network science holds great promise for expanding our understanding of the human brain in health, disease, development, and aging. Network analyses are quickly becoming the method of choice for analyzing functional MRI data. However, many technical issues have yet to be confronted in order to optimize results. One particular issue that remains controversial in functional brain network analyses is the definition of a network node. In functional brain networks a node represents some predefined collection of brain tissue, and an edge measures the functional connectivity between pairs of nodes. The characteristics of a node, chosen by the researcher, vary considerably in the literature. This manuscript reviews the current state of the art based on published manuscripts and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of three main methods for defining nodes. Voxel-wise networks are constructed by assigning a node to each, equally sized brain area (voxel). The fMRI time-series recorded from each voxel is then used to create the functional network. Anatomical methods utilize atlases to define the nodes based on brain structure. The fMRI time-series from all voxels within the anatomical area are averaged and subsequently used to generate the network. Functional activation methods rely on data from traditional fMRI activation studies, often from databases, to identify network nodes. Such methods identify the peaks or centers of mass from activation maps to determine the location of the nodes. Small (~10-20 millimeter diameter) spheres located at the coordinates of the activation foci are then applied to the data being used in the network analysis. The fMRI time-series from all voxels in the sphere are then averaged, and the resultant time series is used to generate the network. We attempt to clarify the discussion and move the study of complex brain networks forward. While the “correct” method to be used remains an open, possibly unsolvable question that deserves extensive debat
A variable frequency link for a power-aware network-on-chip (NoC)

Although the technology scaling has enabled designers to integrate a large number of processors onto a single chip realizing chip multi-processor (CMP), problems arising from technology scaling have made power reduction an important design issue. Since interconnection networks dissipate a significant portion of the total system power budget, it is desirable to consider interconnection network's power efficiency when designing CMP. In this paper, we present a variable frequency link for a power-aware interconnection network using the clock boosting mechanism, and apply a dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) policy, that judiciously adjusts link frequency based on link utilization parameter. Experimental result shows that history-based DFS successfully adjusts link frequency to track actual link utilization over time, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed link as a power-aware interconnection network for system-on-chip (SoC).
Hazardous waste containment

ABSTRACT Containment systems that have been developed to isolate wastes from the soil and water that surround them in the ground include compacted clay barriers, slurry trench cutoff walls, geomembrane walls, concrete diaphragm walls, sheetpile walls, grout curtains, hydraulic barriers, compacted clay liners, and geomembrane liners. The choice in any case is dictated by whether waste from an existing facility or spill or from a new disposal site is to be contained and by the geological setting. Properly compacted clays have properties that are well-suited for waste containment, as do flexible membrane liners. Compatibility between these materials and the waste must be considered in any case. Evidence is accumulating that the hydraulic conductivity of properly compacted clay is not significantly affected by exposure to most organic solvents and inorganic chemical wastes in dilute solution. Double liner designs that incorporate both compacted clay and flexible membrane liners as well as leachate collection systems have been proposed to satisfy the requirements of recent legislation in the USA. The higher temperatures and long times associated with nuclear waste isolation by deep burial pose special problems of barrier stability. It appears that smectite clay has adequate stability to be used for repository buffer and seal material.
Detection of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Lower Deschutes River Basin, Oregon

Abstract The Deschutes River, located in central Oregon, is a tributary of the Columbia River. The migration of anadromous fish into the upper Deschutes River basin was blocked in the late 1960s by a series of dams constituting the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB). Plans to reintroduce anadromous fish runs above the PRB are complicated by concerns over the introduction of Myxobolus cerebralis (the agent of whirling disease), which is carried into the lower Deschutes River by adult salmon that stray on their return to enzootic regions of the upper Columbia River basin. To develop a fish passage strategy that minimizes the risk of parasite introduction into the upper Deschutes River basin, it is important to determine whether establishment of the M. cerebralis life cycle in waters below the PRB has occurred. Fry of susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) were exposed as sentinel fish at various locations in the Deschutes River and its tributaries ...
SYNERGETIC EFFECT OF SUCROSE AND ETHANOL ON FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDE MICROEMULSIONS

ABSTRACT The phase behavior of soybean oil, a nonionic surfactant (ethoxylated monodiglycerides) and an aqueous phase of water containing ethanol, and sucrose was investigated at 35 and 40°C. A minimum concentration of 20 wt% ethanol was required for the formation of isotropic solutions. Addition of sucrose to the aqueous phase decreased the amount of ethanol required to form these solutions. The solubilization mechanism of the oil was investigated by small angle x-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. A stable lamellar liquid crystalline phase was formed for a mixture of 75/25 surfactant/sucrose solution (2.5 wt% sucrose). This phase was destabilized with increased concentrations of sucrose and liquid crystalline phases having hexagonal structures were favored at 8.75 wt% sucrose. At a ratio of 55/45 wt% of surfactant/sucrose solution (9 wt% sucrose) hexagonal structures were formed and could be destabilized or destroyed by addition of ethanol. The concept of stabilization and destabilization o...
Contact metamorphism of the White Mountain Peak metavolcanic complex, eastern California

The NNW-trending White-Inyo Range represents the eastern continuation of the Sierran volcanic-plutonic arc along the central California-Nevada state line. South of White Mountain Peak, the NE-trending, steeply SE-dipping Barcroft structural break transects the orogenic belt. This high-angle reverse fault downdropped deformed, weakly recrystallized, mid-Mesozoic, mildly alkaline, White Mountain Peak mafic and felsic metavolcanic flows, interlayered volcanogenic metasedimentary strata, and minor subvolcanic plugs against a folded Neoproterozoic-lower Paleozoic quartzite and carbonate metasedimentary section on the south. The Middle Jurassic Barcroft granodioritic pluton later intruded the Barcroft break; the Middle Jurassic Cottonwood, and Late Cretaceous McAfee Creek + Pellisier Flat granitoids also invaded the superjacent section on the NE. Heating of the White Mountain Peak metavolcanic complex by the Barcroft and nearby plutons caused a southeastward progressive increase in metamorphic grade, producing neoblastic biotite, epidote, and hornblende in mafic volcanic rocks + minor hypabyssal stocks, and biotite + epidote ± andalusite in felsic volcanic rocks + volcaniclastic strata. Gradual increases in biotite Ti and plagioclase An contents reflect this SE metamorphic zonation. Utilizing hornblende-actinolite, muscovite-celadonite, and biotite solid solutions, thermobarometry indicates lithostatic pressures of 2–3 kbar during recrystallization, with temperatures ranging from a background value of ~350 °C far from the Barcroft pluton, to >500 °C along the intrusive contact. Physical conditions were similar to those developed in the Neoproterozoic-lower Paleozoic platform strata directly south of the Barcroft granodiorite. The region constitutes a typical example of the P-T evolution of the late Mesozoic Californian crustal margin, where episodic magma emplacement caused widespread contact metamorphism.
Effects of Dimple Depth on Nusselt Numbers and Friction Factors for Internal Cooling in a Channel

Experimental results, measured on dimpled test surfaces placed on one wall of different channels, are given for a ratio of air inlet stagnation temperature to surface temperature of approximately 0.94, and Reynolds numbers based on channel height from 9,940 to 74,800. The data presented include friction factors, local Nusselt numbers, spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers, and globally-averaged Nusselt numbers. The ratios of dimple depth to dimple print diameter δ/D are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 to provide information on the influences of dimple depth. The ratio of channel height to dimple print diameter is 1.00. At all Reynolds numbers considered, local and spatially-resolved Nusselt number augmentations increase as dimple depth increases (and all other experimental and geometric parameters are held approximately constant). These are attributed to: (i) increases in the strengths and intensity of vortices and associated secondary flows ejected from the dimples, as well as (ii) increases in the magnitudes of three-dimensional turbulence production and turbulence transport. The effects of these phenomena are especially apparent in local Nusselt number ratio distributions measured just inside of the dimples, and just downstream of the downstream edges of the dimples. Data are also presented to illustrate the effects of Reynolds number, and streamwise development for δ/D = 0.1 dimples. Significant local Nusselt number ratio variations are observed at different streamwise locations, whereas variations with Reynolds number are mostly apparent on flat surfaces just downstream of individual dimples.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Are Restrictiveness of Care Decisions Based on Youth Level of Need? A Multilevel Model Analysis of Placement Levels Using the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths Assessment

Youth entering into the foster care system face many challenges, not the least of which is finding an appropriate placement in which their behavioral and emotional needs can be addressed. This secondary data analysis of foster youth placed in residential care and treatment foster care will study the connection between youths’ scores on a functional assessment and level of placement in the child welfare system using a multilevel model analysis. Data were obtained from an online case management system operated by a state child serving system. The dataset included information for 9,893 youth within 295 residential and foster care provider agencies, with 23,853 functional assessments at multiple time points. Initial findings show a linear relationship between scores on a functional assessment and a placement’s level of restrictiveness; all of the level 2 program variables were significantly associated with the total CANS score for a youth at intake. These findings support prior literature and least restrictiv...
Caenorhabditis briggsae Methods

Copyright: © 2006 Scott E. Baird and Helen M. Chamberlin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: scott.baird@wright.edu or chamberlin.27@osu.edu Caenorhabditis briggsae methods* Scott E. Baird, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435-0001 USA Helen M. Chamberlin, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1292 USA
Future Research Directions for Ship Propulsion Materials

High temperature applications demand materials that have a variety of properties such as high strength, toughness, creep resistance, fatigue resistance, as well as resistance to degradation by their interaction with the environment. All potential metallic materials are unstable in many high temperatures environments without the presence of a protective coating on the component surface. High temperature alloys derive their resistance to degradation by forming and maintaining a continuous protective oxide surface layer that is slow-growing, very stable, and adherent. In aggressive environments, the superalloy oxidation and corrosion resistance needs to be augmented by coatings. Propulsion materials for Naval shipboard gas turbine engines are subjected to the corrosive environment of the sea to differing degrees. Increasing fuel efficiency and platform capabilities require higher operating temperatures that may lead to new degradation modes of coatings and materials. Fuel contaminants or the lack of contaminants from alternative synthetic fuels may also strongly influence coating and/or materials performance which, in turn, can adversely affect the life in these propulsion or auxiliary gas turbine engines. This paper will dwell on some past results of materials testing and offer some views on future directions into materials research in high temperature materials in aggressive environments that will lead to new advanced propulsion materials for shipboard applications.© 2009 ASME
Oxidation of Ascorbate Anion by Electron Transfer to Phenoxyl Radicals

Most phenoxyl radicals rapidly oxidize ascorbate anion (rate constants from 4 to 20 x 10/sup 8/ M/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/) by a simple electron transfer process. The product radical anion is relatively unreactive and has a well-characterized absorption at 360 nm where it has an extinction coefficient of 3300 M/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/. In the case of a phenoxyl radical produced by OH attack on phenol, oxidation appears to be quantitative. Ascorbate is oxidized only slowly or not at all by less reactive radicals, such as the alcohol radicals, para-semiquinones, or the phenyl radical. Ascorbate can, therefore, be used to selectively remove phenoxyl radicals from many mixed radical systems. Because ascorbate radical anion absorbs only weakly above 390 nm, where phenoxyl and para-semiquinone radicals absorb more strongly, ascorbate can be used to examine the oxidation of substrates in cases where phenoxyl and semiquinone radicals are produced simultaneously. This application is illustrated by a study of the attack of OH at the fluorine position of para-fluorophenol. A second illustrative example is provided by a study of the tertiary oxidation of ascorbate following reduction of the bromophenols by e/sub aq//sup -/. It is shown, in agreement with previous optical and ESR studies,more » that phenoxyl radicals are produced by rapid protonation of the hydroxyphenyl radical anion in the case of the ortho- and para-isomers but not in the case of the meta-isomer.« less
Subjective Health Complaints in Registered Nurses: Associations With Select Individual and Organizational Factors

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Subjective health complaints (SHCs)—complaints without objective pathological symptoms—such as headaches and heartburn, have become one of the major reasons for short- and long-term sickness absence from work. Unlike musculoskeletal disorders, existing injury/illness surveillance systems do not capture the degree to which nursing personnel experience specific SHCs. Research has mainly focused on musculoskeletal disorders or combined SHCs under “stress outcomes” or “psychosomatic outcomes” without examining these complaints specifically. This study confirms that the occurrence of substantial SHCs is relatively high and that effective strategies are needed to address these conditions in conjunction with musculoskeletal disorders. Although select individual characteristics examined here may only play a minor role in the onset of SHCs, studies including other lifestyle factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, and activity) may provide further insight to their impact on SH...
Human Rights in Play, Transnational Solidarity at Work: Creative Playfulness and Subversive Storytelling among the Coalition of Immokalee Workers

The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) employs creative playfulness and subversive storytelling in their human rights campaigns and solidarity-building practices. The article focuses on three par...
Integrating population-based patterns with personal routine to re-engage fitbit use

In this paper, we explore user reactions to prototypes that integrate population fitness data with personal practice to bolster motivation and help decrease pragmatic barriers to incorporating exercise in daily life. We conducted a study in a major United States based company that makes wearable devices available to their employees through its wellness program. We interviewed each of 26 employees to understand their exercise and tracking habits. Each expressed an interest in improving or maintaining his or her fitness level but was frustrated by not getting appropriate support from the current Fitbit application. Based on the interview findings, we designed four use cases and two prototypes to address the main problems revealed through analyses of the participants' interviews and their Fitbit data. In a second interview probing reactions to they prototype, the same group of users reported a desire for Fitbit to support their daily, dynamic routines and to help them make adaptive, weekly plans. In addition, the participants perceived benefits to leveraging at least one of three different types of personalized reference groups (self, friends, or a population of similar individuals) to increase their motivation and to help incorporate activities into their daily or weekly plans. We discuss design consideration for researchers and designers of personal informatics tools and organizational wellness plans.
Synthesis and dopamine transporter binding affinity of 2,6-dioxopiperazine analogues of GBR 12909

A series of GBR 12909 analogues containing a 2,6-dioxopiperazine ring system were prepared and evaluated as ligands for the dopamine transporter. These less lipophilic analogues of GBR 12909 exhibited diminished in vitro binding affinities (K i ) at the dopamine transporter relative to GBR 12909.
Endpoint Assessment for Cell Therapy in Patients with Intermittent Claudication and Critical Limb Ischemia

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects over eight million Americans and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality as it is a marker of subclinical heart disease and systemic atherosclerosis (Rooke TW et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2020–2045). Patients with PAD are at increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and death (Rooke TW et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2020–2045; European Stroke O et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32: 2851–2906; Jaff MR, Cahill KE, Yu AP, Birnbaum HG, Engelhart LM. Ann Vasc Surg 2010;24:577–587). PAD can be silent, however when symptomatic it is associated with a significant reduction in quality of life and, in its most sobering form, limb amputation (Rooke TW et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2020–2045; European Stroke O et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32: 2851–2906). Given its substantial health burden, PAD has become the focus of many therapeutic developments including drugs, surgical revascularization, endovascular devices, and emerging gene and cellular therapies discussed in this book.
A Case Study: Washington State University Pierce County Extension Master Gardener Program: Volunteer Educators in Home Gardening and Environmental Stewardship

Experienced and novice home gardeners alike often find themselves overwhelmed by gardening questions. What should I plant? Where should I plant it? What is wrong with my plant? Many gardeners around the country bring these questions to their local Extension Master Gardener Volunteers, who are trained and available to answer home gardening questions. The Washington State University (WSU) Extension Master Gardener Program prepares volunteers to be effective community educators and leaders in home gardening and environmental stewardship. Master Gardeners (MG) bring information generated from research at WSU and other university systems into the community though many educational outlets, including plant clinics, demonstration gardens, presentations and community garden outreach.