cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genes encoding the 7S RNA and tRNASer are linked to one of the two rRNA operons in the genome of the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus

Analysis of gene structure in the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium, Methanothermus fervidus, has revealed the presence of a cluster of stable RNA-encoding genes arranged 5'-7S RNA-tRNA(Ser)-16S rRNA-tRNA(Ala)-23S rRNA-5S rRNA. The genome of M. fervidus contains two rRNA operons but only one operon has the closely linked 7S RNA-encoding gene. The sequences upstream from the two rRNA operons are identical for 206 bp but diverge at the 3' base of the tRNA(Ser) gene. The secondary structures predicted for the M. fervidus 7S, 16S rRNA, tRNA(Ala) and tRNA(Ser) have been compared with those of functionally homologous molecules from moderately thermophilic and mesophilic archaebacteria. A consensus secondary structure for archaebacterial 7S RNAs has been developed which incorporates bases and structural features also conserved in eukaryotic signal-recognition-particle RNAs and eubacterial 4.5S RNAs.
Characterization of poly(3-octylthiophene). II: Melt rheological characterization

The poly(3-alkythiophenes) are electrically conducting polymers which are of particular interest due to their melt-processibility. We have studied the melt properties of poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) by dynamic rheological measurements at temperatures between 180 and 250°C. The samples investigated have molecular weights in the range Mw = 30,000 to 400,000 and have been carefully characterized by dilute solution techniques, Residual iron chloride, a reagent used in the polymerization of these materials, was found to cause a high degree of crosslinking in the polymer melt. By contrast, samples which had been carefully purified demonstrated a negligible rate of crosslinking in a nitrogen atmosphere; however, the presence of air and higher temperatures were found to increase the rate of crosslinking substantially. The temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties was characterized according to the principles of time-temperature superposition, and the influence of molecular weight was also evaluated. Overall, the rheological behavior was determined to be similar to that commonly observed for linear flexible polymers, which is in agreement with the results of our solution characterization of these materials.
Superfluid Density of He II in the Critical Region

The superfluid density of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point has been measured using the oscillating-disk-pile technique. From accurate measurements of the period of oscillation as a function of the temperature difference ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{-}T$, the superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$ is found to obey the power-law expression ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}=1.43\ensuremath{\rho}{({T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}}$ with $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0.666\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$. This power-law dependence closely resembles that found in other systems near a symmetry-breaking higher-order phase transition. In particular, Josephson has shown for He II that the value $\ensuremath{\zeta}=\frac{2}{3}$ is a direct consequence of a logarithmically divergent specific heat ($\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{ln}|{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{-}T|$). Thermodynamic and scaling arguments suggest that the coherence length in He II varies as ${({T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\zeta}}$. Our result for the superfluid critical exponent $\ensuremath{\zeta}$, together with the superfluid-specific-heat data of Kellers, Fairbank, and Buckingham, are consistent with the validity of the Widom-Kadanoff-Josephson scaling laws.
Self-imposed length limits in recreational fisheries

a b s t r a c t A primary motivating factor on the decision to harvest a fish among consumptive-orientated anglers is the size of the fish. There is likely a cost-benefit trade-off for harvest of individual fish that is size and species dependent, which should produce a logistic-type response of fish fate (release or harvest) as a function of fish size and species. We define the self-imposed length limit as the length at which a captured fish had a 50% probability of being harvested, which was selected because it marks the length of the fish where the probability of harvest becomes greater than the probability of release. We assessed the influences of fish size, catch per unit effort, size distribution of caught fish, and creel limit on the self- imposed length limits for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white crappie Pomoxis annularis combined, white bass Morone chrysops, and yellow perch Perca flavescens at six lakes in Nebraska, USA. As we predicted, the probability of harvest increased with increasing size for all species harvested, which supported the concept of a size-dependent trade-off in costs and benefits of harvesting individual fish. It was also clear that probability of harvest was not simply defined by fish length, but rather was likely influenced to various degrees by interactions between species, catch rate, size distribution, creel-limit regulation and fish size. A greater understanding of harvest decisions within the context of perceived likelihood that a creel limit will be realized by a given angler party, which is a function of fish availability, harvest regulation and angler skill and orientation, is needed to predict the influence that anglers have on fish communities and to allow managers to
The impact of perioperative blood transfusion on cancer recurrence and survival following radical cystectomy.

Abstract Background While the receipt of a perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) has been associated with an increased risk of mortality for a number of malignancies, the relationship between PBT and survival following radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BCa) has not been well established. Objective To evaluate the association of PBT with disease recurrence and mortality following RC. Design, setting, and participants We identified 2060 patients who underwent RC at the Mayo Clinic between 1980 and 2005. PBT was defined as transfusion of allogenic red blood cells during RC or postoperative hospitalization. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and was compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the association of PBT with outcome, controlling for clinicopathologic variables. Results and limitations A total of 1279 patients (62%) received PBT. The median number of units transfused was 2 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2–4). Patients receiving PBT were significantly older (median: 69 yr vs 66 yr; p p p =0.004). Median postoperative follow-up was 10.9 yr (IQR: 7.9–15.7). Receipt of PBT was associated with significantly worse 5-yr recurrence-free survival (58% vs 64%; p =0.01), cancer-specific survival (59% vs 72%; p p p =0.04), death from BCa (HR: 1.31; p =0.003), and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.27; p =0.0002). Among patients who received PBT, an increasing number of units transfused was independently associated with increased cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.07; p p Conclusions We found that PBT is associated with significantly increased risks of cancer recurrence and mortality following RC. While external validation is required, continued efforts to reduce the use of blood products in these patients are warranted.
Analyzing the rate at which languages lose the influence of a common ancestor

Analyzing the rate at which languages change can clarify whether similarities across languages are solely the result of cognitive biases or might be partially due to descent from a common ancestor. To demonstrate this approach, we use a simple model of language evolution to mathematically determine how long it should take for the distribution over languages to lose the influence of a common ancestor and converge to a form that is determined by constraints on language learning. We show that modeling language learning as Bayesian inference of n binary parameters or the ordering of n constraints results in convergence in a number of generations that is on the order of n log n. We relax some of the simplifying assumptions of this model to explore how different assumptions about language evolution affect predictions about the time to convergence; in general, convergence time increases as the model becomes more realistic. This allows us to characterize the assumptions about language learning (given the models that we consider) that are sufficient for convergence to have taken place on a timescale that is consistent with the origin of human languages. These results clearly identify the consequences of a set of simple models of language evolution and show how analysis of convergence rates provides a tool that can be used to explore questions about the relationship between accounts of language learning and the origins of similarities across languages.
Structure‐based classification of 45 FK506‐binding proteins

The FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are a unique group of chaperones found in a wide variety of organisms. They perform a number of cellular functions including protein folding, regulation of cytokines, transport of steroid receptor complexes, nucleic acid binding, histone assembly, and modulation of apoptosis. These functions are mediated by specific domains that adopt distinct tertiary conformations. Using the Threading/ASSEmbly/Refinement (TASSER) approach, tertiary structures were predicted for a total of 45 FKBPs in 23 species. These models were compared with previously characterized FKBP solution structures and the predicted structures were employed to identify groups of homologous proteins. The resulting classification may be utilized to infer functional roles of newly discovered FKBPs. The three-dimensional conformations revealed that this family may have undergone several modifications throughout evolution, including loss of N- and C-terminal regions, duplication of FKBP domains as well as insertions of entire functional motifs. Docking simulations suggest that additional sequence segments outside FKBP domains may modulate the binding affinity of FKBPs to immunosuppressive drugs. The docking models also indicate the presence of a helix-loop-helix (HLH) region within a subset of FKBPs, which may be responsible for the interaction between this group of proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PACE2: an improved parallel VLSI extractor with parameter extraction

An algorithm, PACE2, is described which is targeted to the second phase of extraction, called the parameter extraction phase. The authors have interfaced two models for resistance and capacitance. They propose a different partitioning scheme, namely, by equal number of rectangles, so as to balance the load. The parallel algorithm has been implemented on the Intel iPSC2/D4-MX hypercube. >
An EM algorithm for training wideband acoustic models from mixed-bandwidth training data

One serious difficulty in the deployment of wideband speech recognition systems for new tasks is the expense in both time and cost of obtaining sufficient training data. A more economical approach is to collect telephone speech and then restrict the application to operate at the telephone bandwidth. However, this generally results in suboptimal performance compared to a wideband recognition system. In this paper, we propose a novel EM algorithm in which wideband acoustic models are trained using a small amount of wideband speech augmented by a larger amount of narrowband speech. Experiments performed using wideband speech and telephone speech demonstrate that the proposed mixed-bandwidth training algorithm results in significant improvements in recognition accuracy over conventional training strategies when the amount of wideband data is limited
Regiospecific synthesis of alpha-lithiated alkoxysilanes

Abstract α-Lithioalkoxysilanes, [(RO)R 2 ′Si]CH(Li)(R″) (R=Me, Et; R′=Me, Ph; R″=H, SiMe 3 ), can be prepared by treating the appropriate alkoxysilane with tert -butyllithium in hydrocarbon solvents. For R=Me or Et, R′=Me, and R″=H or SiMe 3 , the α-lithioalkoxysilanes are produced in high yield. Similar treatment of alkoxysilane 12 , EtOPh 2 SiCH 3 , afforded the corresponding α-lithioalkoxysilane 13 (R=Et, R′=Ph and R″=H), in moderate yield, along with substitution product 14 , tert- BuPh 2 SiCH 3 . Analogous reactions with n -butyl- and sec -butyllithium in hydrocarbon solvent produced significant or exclusive substitution at silicon, rather than α-lithiation.
A dual-camera cinematographic PIV measurement system at kilohertz frame rate for high-speed, unsteady flows

A digital dual-camera cinematographic particle image velocimetry (CPIV) system has been developed to provide time-resolved, high resolution flow measurements in high-Reynolds number, turbulent flows. Two high-speed CMOS cameras were optically combined to acquire double-pulsed CPIV images at kilohertz frame rates. Bias and random errors due to camera misalignment, camera vibration, and lens aberration were corrected or estimated. Systematic errors due to the camera misalignment were reduced to less than 2 pixels throughout the image plane using mechanical alignment, resulting in 3.1% positional uncertainty of velocity measurements. Frame-to-frame uncertainties caused by mechanical vibration were eliminated with the aid of digital image calibration and frame-to-frame camera registration. This dual-camera CPIV system is capable of resolving high speed, unsteady flows with high temporal and spatial resolutions. It also allows time intervals between the two exposures down to 4 μs, enabling the measurements of speed flows 5–10 times higher than possible with frame-straddling using similar cameras. A turbulent shallow cavity was then chosen as the experimental object investigated by this dual-camera CPIV technique.
Multiple solution harvest scheduling

Application of the Metropolis algorithm for forest harvest scheduling is extended by automating the relative weighting of objective function components. Previous applications of the Metropolis algorithm require the user to specify these weights, which demands substantial trial and error in practice. This modification allows for general incorporation of objective function components that are either periodic or spatial in nature. A generic set of objective function components is developed to facilitate harvest scheduling for a wide range of problems. The resulting algorithm generates multiple feasible solutions rather than a single optimal solution.
A fish oil diet inhibits colon cancer in mice.

Abstract High‐fat, high‐cholesterol diets have been linked to colon cancer in both epidemiological and animal studies. Saturated and N‐6 polyunsaturated fats have both been implicated as playing causative roles. Epidemiological studies have shown a reduced colon cancer incidence in populations consuming a large quantity of N‐3 polyunsaturated fat. This study asked whether N‐3 polyunsaturated fat found in fish oil would also be associated with reduced colon cancer in animal studies. 1,2‐Dimethylhydrazine was used to induce colon cancer in mice fed three high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diets (beef tallow, safflower oil, and fish oil) and one low‐fat, cholesterol‐free diet (soybean oil). Colon adenocarcinomas developed in 55% of mice fed tallow, 48% of those fed low‐fat diets, 33% of those fed safflower oil, and 18% of those fed fish oil (p < 0.05). Tumors per animal were also greatest in mice fed tallow and fewest in those fed fish oil (p < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly higher in mice fed t...
Circadian thermosensitive characteristics of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro

The circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) affects several regulatory systems, including body temperature. To study circadian changes in the firing rate and thermosensitivity of SCN neurons, single-unit activity was recorded from the dorsomedial and ventrolateral SCN in frontal slices of rat hypothalamus during changes in tissue temperature. When analyzed according to circadian time (CT), 305 neurons were characterized by firing rate and 208 neurons were characterized by thermosensitivity. Circadian firing-rate changes were evident only in the dorsomedial SCN, with peak firing rates occurring during the subjective day. Circadian changes in SCN neuronal thermosensitivity also were observed, but the greatest thermosensitivity occurred during the subjective night. Increased thermosensitivity was most dramatic in the ventrolateral SCN, where > 40% of the neurons were warm sensitive in the CT 16- to 20-h period. These changes in neuronal thermosensitivity may reflect interactions between body temperature and circadian rhythms.
Hypoglycemia from a look-alike, sound-alike medication error

Abstract Objective: To describe the effects of a look-alike, sound-alike medication error on the glycemic control and psychiatric well-being of a 23-year-old man. Case Summary: A 23-year-old man presented to the university-based Integrated Multidisciplinary Program of Assertive Community Treatment (IMPACT) team with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, most recent episode manic, and hypertension. The patient was prescribed chlorpromazine 100 mg daily to treat symptoms of psychosis and anxiety. The anxiety, however, persisted and escalated over the following 2 weeks. Upon physical examination of the patient's medications, it was discovered that the patient was inadvertently given chlorpropamide in place of the chlorpromazine. Evaluations, clinical presentation, the medication list, and criteria for an adverse drug event indicated a probable relationship (7 of 12) between the use of chlorpropamide and a hypoglycemic episode. The medication error was noted and corrective actions were taken. Within 1 week...
Serum transaminase levels in experimental pericardial injury.

Conclusions1. Acute pericarditis was experimentally produced in dogs using sand, talc and cultures of alpha streptococci. 2. The peak levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were found to be proportional to the severity of sub-epicardial myocardial damage rather than to the severity of peri-cardial injury. 3. The serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels help to distinguish between acute pericarditis and acute myocardial infarction only when the levels remain normal.We wish to thank the following for their interest and cooperation: Udo Reinach, Jack Feldman, Phillip E. Lyon, and Dr. William G. Clark.
Nonlinear Gompertz curve models of achievement gaps in mathematics and reading

This study examined achievement trajectories in mathematics and reading from school entry through the end of middle school with linear and nonlinear growth curves in 2 large longitudinal data sets (National Longitudinal Study of Youth—Children and Young Adults and Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort [ECLS-K]). The S-shaped Gompertz model showed best fit in both data sets and decomposed individual changes in terms of 3 interindividual difference parameters that represented total growth, rate of approach (instantaneous approach to total growth), and timing of accelerated growth. The fastest rates of approach were observed for both mathematics and reading before 3rd grade. In ECLS-K, demographic predictors of the 3 parameters of change were consistent with prior work showing socioeconomic status and race/ethnic gaps that widen over time in both subjects and a female advantage in reading and a male advantage in mathematics. Results indicate a new shape of development for both domains, with implications for research, policy, and practice to understand and support students especially in the early years of schooling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Isolating Attitudinal and Normative Influences in Behavioral Intentions Models

Behavioral intentions often have been used as a surrogate for actual behavior in choice models and to reflect the impact of marketing variables. The Fishbein behavioral intentions model posits two ...
Development and validation of a most-probable-number-immunomagnetic separation methodology of enumerating Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces

A method to validate enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in fecal samples from feedlot cattle was developed in these studies. Due to background flora, bovine fecal sample enumeration cannot be performed by simple direct plating techniques. Known quantities of E. coli O157:H7 were inoculated into feces, and populations were determined by direct plating of the cocktail (studies 1, 2, and 3) and manure and cocktail (studies 4 and 5) mixtures and compared with a most-probable-number (MPN)–immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method. The three-tube MPN combined preenrichment in gram-negative broth with confirmation using IMS. Five separate enumeration studies (study 1, sterile feces inoculated with 102 E. coli O157:H7 per g; study 2, nonsterile feces inoculated with 103 E. coli O157:H7 per g; study 3, nonsterile feces inoculated with 101 E. coli O157:H7 per g; study 4, sterile feces inoculated with 104 streptomycin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 per g; and study 5, sterile feces inoculated with 102 streptomycin-resista...
À La Recherche De L’Espace Perdu: Architecture, Urban Fabric, and French Travelers to Antioch (1784–1914)

Ottoman Antioch, a marginalized outpost by the late 18th century, attracted French travelers thanks to its illustrious Roman, Early Christian, and crusader histories. To make sense of the city, these travelers relied either on previous travelogues or on their own observations of the built environment. This article sheds light on the inter-textual relationship among travelogues, and on how both the built environment of Ottoman Antioch and representations of the pre-Islamic city and its monuments shaped the travelers’ narratives. The dramatic contrast between the insignificance of Ottoman Antioch and the grandeur of the pre-Islamic city prompted the travelers to reflect on the glories of Greco-Roman antiquity and the ‘decadence of the Oriental civilizations’. I focus on four French travelers who visited Antioch between 1780 and 1914, and argue that they turned the state of the city’s architecture and urban fabric into a critical tool to imagine their historical connections to the region, reproduce the Orientalist stereotypes in circulation in Europe at the time, and, thereby setting the tone for the colonization of the region.
Modification of Polymer Membrane Permeability by Graft Copolymerization

The dependence of polymer membrane permeation properties on the nature of grafted polymer chain length, conformation, and domain formation have been elucidated using several membrane materials subjected to controlled graft copolymerization procedures. Improved permeation barrier characteristics of poly(isoprene-gmethylmethacrylate) to inert gas penetrants were found for short chain or densified graft domains as compared with long chain or extended domains. The permselectivity and degradation resistance of polyethylene-g-poly(potassium acrylate) membranes to ionic penetrants were considerably enhanced by surface plus internal grafting of polystyrene. The chemical nature, molecular weight, spatial distribution, and domain conformation of grafted copolymer are factors affecting membrane permeability which can be controlled by feasible variations in polymerization procedures.
What is Your Data Silhouette?: Raising Teen Awareness of their Data Traces in Social Media

The paper reports on a series of data literacy workshops for young people ages 11 to 17, held in three Pittsburgh-area public libraries during Fall 2016. The workshops, called Data Silhouettes, served two purposes. First, as a mechanism for examining young peoples' understandings of their data worlds and secondly, to pilot test a library-based learning experience designed to reveal the relationship between social media behaviour and the data traces left behind.
Incidence of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” in a Florida population of Asian citrus psyllid

The incidence of a bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” was assessed in a Florida population of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. The bacterium is the presumed causal agent of Asiatic huanglongbing, a serious citrus disease. Adult D. citri were periodically collected between May 2010 and September 2012 in a block of diseased trees located in east-central Florida. The psyllids were individually subjected to molecular analyses (quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays using HLBaspr primers) to determine whether the bacterium was present and, if so, the population level of the pathogen based on qPCR cycle threshold (CT) values. Significantly greater percentages of females tested positive for the pathogen than males, but there were no significant differences between females and males with respect to population levels of the pathogen within the psyllids. No significant differences were found among the three D. citri colour morphs with respect to percentages of adults testing positive for the pathogen. Among 47 sample dates, a mean of 17.5% of adults per sample date tested positive (CT < 36) for the pathogen with a mean CT value of 31.1. The incidence of the pathogen was generally higher during late fall or early winter and often lower during mid- to late summer. There was a significant negative correlation between percentages of D. citri testing positive and air temperature. Increases in the incidence of the pathogen may not necessarily correspond to increases in transmission, as a number of factors both internal and external to D. citri can influence transmission. Transmission rates may be highest during periods when D. citri infestation levels are large, a high percentage of adults carry a high population of the pathogen in their salivary glands, and citrus flush is abundant.
Angiotensin II--nitric oxide interactions in the control of sympathetic outflow in heart failure.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is a compensatory mechanism which initially provides support for the circulation in the face of a falling cardiac output. It has been recognized for some time that chronic elevation of sympathetic outflow with the consequent increase in plasma norepinephrine, is counterproductive to improving cardiac function. Indeed, therapeutic targeting to block excessive sympathetic activation in heart failure is becoming a more accepted modality. The mechanism(s) by which sympathetic excitation occurs in the heart failure state are not completely understood. Components of abnormal cardiovascular reflex regulation most likely contribute to this sympatho-excitation. However, central mechanisms which relate to the elaboration of angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) may also play an important role. Ang II has been shown to be a sympatho-excitatory peptide in the central nervous system while NO is sympatho-inhibitory. Recent studies have demonstrated that blockade of Ang II receptors of the AT1 subtype augments arterial baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in the heart failure state, thereby predisposing to a reduction in sympathetic tone. Ang II and NO interact to regulate sympathetic outflow. Blockade of NO production in normal conscious rabbits was only capable of increasing sympathetic outflow when accompanied by a background infusion of Ang II. Conversely, providing a source of NO to rabbits with heart failure reduced sympathetic nerve activity when accompanied by blockade of AT1 receptors. Chronic heart failure is also associated with a decrease in NO synthesis in the brain as indicated by a reduction in the mRNA for the neuronal isoform (nNOS). Chronic blockade of Ang II receptors can up regulate nNOS expression. In addition, exercise training of rabbits with developing heart failure has been shown to reduce sympathetic tone, decrease plasma Ang II, improve arterial baroreflex function and increase nNOS expression in the central nervous system. This review summarizes a large number of studies which have concentrated on the mechanisms of sympatho-excitation in heart failure. It now seems clear that one mechanism which is important in regulating sympathetic outflow in this disease state depends upon a central interaction between Ang II and NO at the cellular and nuclear levels.
Simple Pathways to Health and Wellness

Simple Pathways are user-friendly intervention strategies that can be delivered with relatively little training by the professional, and without the use of expensive instrumentation. In many cases the provider can acquire the techniques from written materials or brief instruction, and can teach clients to use the strategies for self-care. Other self-management techniques can be learned and utilized by lay persons on their own for enhancement of physical and psychological well-being. This chapter introduces the following interventions: Autogenic Training, thermal biofeedback, emotional journaling, heart rate variability biofeedback, audio-visual entrainment, mindfulness, and expressive dance. Psychoeducation is described as a component of Simple Pathways, aiding clients’ understanding of the rationale and procedure for the interventions. Each of these techniques is research based and has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits for medical and emotional disorders. The self-regulation strategies that are discussed can be utilized to enhance self-efficacy and to reinforce the individual’s active role in maintaining wellness.
Divergent roles for kidney proximal tubule and granulocyte PAD4 in ischemic AKI.

We previously demonstrated that kidney peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) plays a critical role in ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by promoting renal tubular inflammation and neutrophil...
Sc3+ (or HClO4) Activation of a Nonheme FeIII–OOH Intermediate for the Rapid Hydroxylation of Cyclohexane and Benzene

[Fe(β-BPMCN)(CH3CN)2]2+ (1, BPMCN = N,N′-bis(pyridyl-2-methyl)-N,N′-dimethyl-trans-1,2-diaminocyclo-hexane) is a relatively poor catalyst for cyclohexane oxidation by H2O2 and cannot perform benzene hydroxylation. However, addition of Sc3+ activates the 1/H2O2 reaction mixture to be able to hydroxylate cyclohexane and benzene within seconds at −40 °C. A metastable S = 1/2 FeIII–(η1-OOH) intermediate 2 is trapped at −40 °C, which undergoes rapid decay upon addition of Sc3+ at rates independent of [substrate] but linearly dependent on [Sc3+]. HClO4 elicits comparable reactivity as Sc3+ at the same concentration. We thus postulate that these additives both facilitate O–O bond heterolysis of 2 to form a common highly electrophilic FeV═O oxidant that is comparably reactive to the fastest nonheme high-valent iron-oxo oxidants found to date.
The Occurrence of Bacillus botulinus in Nature.

Van Ermengem, who was the first to isolate B. botulinus from poisonous food and who proved that it was the organism which produced the toxin causing the type of food poisoning known as botulism, made repeated efforts to isolate B. botulinus from nature. He made cultures of garden soil, dirt from the streets, mud from ponds and rivers, manure from stables, cow manure, horse manure, duck excreta and the intestinal contents of various species of fish. He was never able, however, to find the bacillus except in two specimens of ham which had caused outbreaks of poisoning (Van Ermengem, 1912). The work of Kemper and Pollack (1897) who recovered a strain from the intestinal contents of a "normal" hog, is the only recorded case of the isolation of B. botulinus from nature. This finding, together with the fact that botulism was at that time chiefly connected with poisoning from sausages and ham, led to the belief that B. botulinus was a normal inhabitant of the hog intestine. In 1917 Dr. E. C. Dickson2 of Stanford Medical School, San Francisco, undertook to check up the work of Kemper and Pollack. Dr. Dickson examined the intestinal contents of 250 grain-fed hogs which were slaughtered for market in South San Francisco. The contents of the colon and ilium were the portions chosen for examination. No trace of B. botulinus was
Income and employment of people living with combined HIV/AIDS, chronic mental illness, and substance abuse disorders.

Background This paper examines the labor market outcomes of HIV triply-diagnosed adults having a combination of HIV, mental illness and substance abuse problems. Aims of the study We sought to determine the sources of money income for HIV triply diagnosed adults (public or private), receipt of transfer income (e.g., welfare) and financial support from others. We further sought to ascertain their employment status and analyze the characteristics associated with full- and part-time employment. Methods We use self-reported money income during the past 30 days and self-reported employment status. We calculate earnings losses due to illness by subtracting self-reported earnings from average earnings for all U.S. workers based on 5-year age and gender categories. We provide descriptive statistics to show how income and employment vary by patient characteristics and logistic regression analysis to examine correlates of income and employment. Results Average income is below the poverty level for single individuals, with more than two-thirds coming from public income sources. The likelihood of receiving disability/retirement income was lower among those with the worst mental health (RR=0.80; 95% CI=0.64, 0.97). Blacks were more likely than others to rely on public assistance (RR=1.24; 95% CI=1.02, 1.55) and married individuals were less likely (RR=0.60; 95% CI=0.41, 0.79). While most private income comes from employment, less than 15 percent of this population is employed full- or part-time. On a monthly basis, the average individual in our sample lost $2,726 in income when compared to the earnings of individuals of the same age and sex in the general population. The relative probability of current full-time/part-time employment was lower among females (RR=0.56; 95% CI=0.34, 0.83); such employment also was lower among those in the worst physical health (RR=0.39; 95% CI=0.26, 0.65) and those in moderate physical health (RR=0.55; 95% CI=0.34, 0.81) relative to those in the best physical health. Implications for health care provision and use This population represents an important opportunity for better health and labor market outcomes through prevention and improved treatment adherence. Implications for health policies Despite its relatively small size (at least 100,000), this population merits closer attention due to a combination of their high medical and companion social costs (e.g., income transfers) and the large potential for improving their ability to earn income. Implications for further research Future research should determine the marginal contribution of mental health conditions or substance abuse on income or labor market outcomes relative to individuals having only HIV/AIDS. This would allow policymakers to better understand how much of income and employment can be attributed to HIV/AIDS, mental health or substance abuse. Future work also should examine the impact of integrated treatment services on income and employment for this population.
Cryogenic Heat Transfer a Survey of Recent Developments

Although heat transfer in general and cryogenic heat transfer in particular are mature fields with decades of history behind them, new developments and new applications require a fresh look and new understanding of the various phenomena influencing the transfer of thermal energy. This review is intended to highlight these new areas as reflected in the most recent technical literature. The emphasis will be on new basic concepts rather than applications of existing techniques to new equipment.
Ballistic Impact Experiments and Quantitative Assessments of Mesoscale Damage Modes in a Single-Layer Woven Composite

In this work, we investigated the mesoscale impact and perforation damage of a single layer, woven composite target transversely impacted below and above the ballistic limit by a rigid projectile sized on the order of a tow width. To visualize mesoscale impact damage in woven composites, a thin translucent composite target was used, which provided access to both impact and back-face surfaces. High-resolution photography was used to visualize mesoscale damage, and impact and residual velocity data relative to the location of projectile impact on weaving architecture were quantified. It was found that impact on a tow-tow crossover requires more energy to perforate than impact on a matrix-rich interstitial site or on adjacent, parallel tows. Mesoscale damage in thin, woven composites was characterized for impact velocities below and above the ballistic limit. Four mesoscale damage modes were identified: transverse tow cracks, tow-tow delamination, 45° matrix cracks, and punch- shear. These damage modes were observed both on the surface and inside the composites. High-resolution images of these damage modes were quantified in digital damage maps whereby the output of color intensity correlated with the quantity and type of material damage. Digital maps generated for select specimens revealed characteristic damage patterns in woven fabric composites including a diamond pattern in matrix cracking and a cross pattern in tow–tow delamination. It was found that the greatest extent and quantity of mesoscale damage occurs for impact velocity just below the ballistic limit.
Experimental Constraints on Abiotic Formation of Tubules and Other Proposed Biological Structures in Subsurface Volcanic Glass.

Abstract Formation of microtubules in volcanic glass from subsurface environments has been widely attributed to in situ activity of micro-organisms, but evidence directly linking those structures t...
Incidental neuroendocrine tumor of the esophagus: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract Neuroendocrine tumors are rarely found in the esophagus. We present a case of a 71 year old female with a history of Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia that on screening endoscopy was found to have a squamous patch proximal to the gastroesophageal junction and underwent an endoscopic mucosal resection. Within the resection, there was a small tumor with a monomorphic population with speckled nuclear chromatin located within the lamina propria extending into the muscularis mucosae. The tumor measured 1 mm in greatest dimension and the overlying epithelium showed no evidence of the presence of Barrett's esophagus. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor was consistent with carcinoid tumor: positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, and pan-cytokeratin. The Ki-67 index was
The effect of race on adherence to NCCN Guidelines for patients with biliary tract cancers (BTC) after surgery.

e15686Background: BTC has a limited prognosis even for localized cancers (15-30% 5-year survival) emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary management. NCCN guidelines recommend adjuvant chem...
53. DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRESS NOTE ASSESSMENT AND PLAN EVALUATION (PNAPE) TOOL

Background Daily progress notes are vital cross disciplinary communication tools. The electronic medical record has influenced progress note content and length. Previously developed note assessment tools, such as the Physician Documentation Quality Instrument (PDQI-9), have not focused on the assessment and plan of the note, which are often most informative. Objective Develop a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the assessment and plan of resident daily progress notes. Methods A committee of pediatric resident, hospitalist and critical care physicians generated a list of common pitfalls associated with daily progress notes. A standardized ideal progress note assessment and plan was developed using a cause and effect diagram, literature review, consultation with billing expert and institutional documentation best practice guidelines. From this ideal state, a progress note evaluation tool PNAPE was developed using Modified Delphi technique. Four faculty experts used PNAPE and PDQI-9 to independently review resident progress notes identified from a convenience sample from each intern on the hospitalist service in fall 2017. Inter-rater reliability of the PNAPE was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). External validity was assessed by correlation between mean PNAPE and PDQI-9 scores using Pearson's coefficient. Results PNAPE is shown in figure 1. In all, 13 Notes were assessed with an ICC of 0.85. Pearson's r is 0.63 between mean PNAPE and PDQI-9 scores. Conclusion These findings suggest that the PNAPE is a reliable and valid tool for evaluation of resident progress note assessment and plan by expert assessors. Next steps will include use of PNAPE to track note quality over time, provide feedback and to assess notes in other inpatient settings and specialties.
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial for Aerobic and Strengthening Exercises on Physical Function and Pain for Hip Osteoarthritis.

Background Hip osteoarthritis (OA) limits lower extremity physical function. Exercise therapy may improve physical function and reduce pain in patients with hip OA. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to measure the effect of a structured hip-specific resistance and aerobic exercise program on physical function and self-reported pain in adults with hip OA. Design Pilot RCT. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Thirty one adults with radiographic hip OA. Interventions Participants were randomly allocated in a 2:1 ratio to a 3-month structured exercise intervention (n = 21) or a 3-month waitlist control (n = 10). Main outcome measures The 6-minute walk test was the primary outcome measure. Self-reported physical function was assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) physical function subscale and pain visual analog scale (VAS). Measures of feasibility were assessed as secondary outcomes. Results From baseline to 3 months, the median change from baseline in distance covered during the 6-minute walk test in the intervention group (49 m) was double that of the control group (22 m), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .13). Likewise, the WOMAC physical function subscale score median changes in the intervention group (5 points) were double that of the controls (2 points), although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .06). Median change in pain scores was slightly reduced in each group but not significantly different between groups (P = .53). Conclusion Although no statistically significant between-group differences were found in this pilot RCT, improvements were seen in measures of physical function compared to controls. A larger RCT of this structured exercise program may be warranted.
Determining Levers of Cost-effectiveness for Screening Infants at High Risk for Peanut Sensitization Before Early Peanut Introduction.

Importance Early peanut introduction reduces the risk of developing peanut allergy, especially in high-risk infants. Current US recommendations endorse screening but are not cost-effective relative to other international strategies. Objective To identify scenarios in which current early peanut introduction guidelines would be cost-effective. Design, Setting, and Participants This simulation/cohort economic evaluation used microsimulations and cohort analyses in a Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of early peanut introduction with and without peanut skin prick test (SPT) screening in high-risk infants during an 80-year horizon from a societal perspective. Data were analyzed from April to May 2019. Exposures High-risk infants with early-onset eczema and/or egg allergy underwent early peanut introduction with and without peanut SPT screening (100 000 infants per treatment strategy) using a dichotomous 8-mm SPT cutoff value (stipulated in the current US guideline). Main Outcomes and Measures Cost, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), net monetary benefit, peanut allergic reactions, severe allergic reactions, and deaths due to peanut allergy. Results In the simulated cohort of 200 000 infants and using the base case during the model horizon, a no-screening approach had lower mean (SD) costs ($13 449 [$38 163] vs $15 279 [$38 995]) and higher mean (SD) gain in QALYs (29.25 [3.28] vs 29.23 [3.30]) vs screening but resulted in more allergic reactions (mean [SD], 1.07 [3.15] vs 1.01 [3.02]), severe allergic reactions (mean [SD], 0.53 [1.66] vs 0.52 [1.62]), and anaphylaxis involving cardiorespiratory compromise (mean [SD], 0.50 [1.59] vs 0.49 [1.47]) per individual. In deterministic SPT sensitivity analyses at base-case sensitivity and specificity rates, screening could be cost-effective at a high disutility rate (the negative effect of a food allergic reaction) (76-148 days of life traded) for an at-home vs in-clinic reaction in combination with high baseline peanut allergy prevalence among infants at high risk for peanut allergy and not yet exposed to peanuts. If an equivalent rate and disutility of accidental and index anaphylaxis was assumed and the 8-mm SPT cutoff had 0.85 sensitivity and 0.98 specificity, screening was cost-effective at a peanut allergy prevalence of 36%. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study suggest that the current screening approach to early peanut introduction could be cost-effective at a particular health utility for an in-clinic reaction, SPT sensitivity and specificity, and high baseline peanut allergy prevalence among high-risk infants. However, such conditions are unlikely to be plausible to realistically achieve. Further research is needed to define the health state utility associated with reaction location.
Use of Mycorrhiza to Reduce Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivation

Intensive use of mineral fertilizers in soilless growing systems can have adverse effects on the environment and human health and could be economically expensive. Aim of this study was whether it can be reduced mineral nutrients in soilless grown melon by using mycorrhizae inoculation. The experiment has been carried out in the early spring growing period in a greenhouse in the Mediterranean climate. The eight treatments have been applied: (1) 100% Full nutrition (control), (2) 100% Full nutrition+mycorrhiza, (3) 80% nutrition, (4) 80% nutrition+mycorrhiza (5) 60% nutrition (6) 60% nutrition+mycorrhiza (7) 40% nutrition, (8) 40% nutrition+mycorrhiza. Effects of mycorrhiza on melon plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and leaf nutrient concentrations were investigated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization is accompanied by plant growth increases in reduced nutrient levels. The mycorrhiza inoculation had a significant enhancing effect on total yield in soilless grown melon plants. The highest increasing effect on melon yield was observed in the “80% nutrient+mycorrhiza”, and AM- inoculated plants produced 49.5% higher melon yield (12.4 kg m-2) than that of control plants without mycorrhizae (8.3 k gm-2). AM-inoculation was also able to establish an improvement in Brix and EC of melon fruit. In the nutrient contents of leaves, there were slight increases in AM-inoculated plants, except P. The P content was significantly increased in AM-inoculated 80% nutrient plants as comparison to that of its control.
Recent developments in self-resistance gene directed natural product discovery

Covering: 2000 to 2019Natural products (NPs) are important sources of human therapeutic agents and pesticides. To prevent self-harm from bioactive NPs, some microbial producers employ self-resistance genes to protect themselves. One effective strategy is to employ a self-resistance enzyme (SRE), which is a slightly mutated version of the original metabolic enzyme, and is resistant to the toxic NP but is still functional. The presence of a SRE in a gene cluster can serve as a predictive window to the biological activity of the NPs synthesized by the pathway. In this highlight, we summarize representative examples of NP biosynthetic pathways that utilize self-resistance genes for protection. Recent discoveries based on self-resistance gene identification have helped in bridging the gap between activity-guided and genome-driven approaches for NP discovery and functional assignment.