cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New assessment of the prognostic significance of histopathology in Hodgkin's disease for laparotomy-negative stage I and stage II patients

This paper describes preliminary radiotherapy results in 90 patients with Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease who were evaluated by laparotomy, including splenectomy, and liver and bone marrow biopsies. As a result of selection by laparotomy, the estimated five-year survival rate for these patients was 96%. No statistically significant differences were detected in the disease-free survival for patients with mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, and lymphocytic predominance disease. Since only one patient with lymphocytic depletion was in this series, no statement can be made regarding this rare histopathology. Patterns of new disease differed for Stage I and II patients. The major difference was that patients with nodular sclerosing Stage II presentations involving the mediastinum were at considerable risk of developing subsequent disease in the pulmonary parenchyma or the pleura. This finding, together with the demonstration that a histologic diagnosis of mixed cellularity did not carry an inferior prognosis, indicates the need for reassessment of the appropriateness of applying treatment programs based on results of lymphangiographically staged patients to Stage I and II patients evaluated by laparotomy.
Hydrogen atom abstraction and addition reactions of charged phenyl radicals with aromatic substrates in the gas phase

Abstract In order to investigate competition between radical substitution and addition reactions, the gas-phase reactivity of phenyl radicals bearing a chemically inert, positively charged group and a neutral substituent (CH3, Cl, or Br), both at a meta position with respect to the radical site, was examined toward several aromatic substrates in a dual-cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The radicals undergo hydrogen atom abstraction from the substituent and/or addition to the phenyl ring of benzeneselenol, thiophenol, benzaldehyde, toluene, aniline, and phenol. The presence of an electron-withdrawing substituent Cl or Br on the phenyl ring of the radical slightly increases the rates for both hydrogen atom abstraction and addition due to favorable polarization of the reactions’ transition states. The observation of a stable ion-molecule addition product in most reactions was unexpected since in a low-pressure gas-phase environment, adducts are typically unable to release their excess energy before dissociation to products or back to reactants. However, the addition products discussed here are low in energy [addition is exothermic by 24–30 kcal/mol; B3LYP/6-31Gd+ZPVE] and hence are long lived enough to become stabilized by infrared emission. The extent to which the charged radicals are able to abstract a hydrogen atom from the aromatic substrate and form stable products via addition to the aromatic ring was found to vary greatly. The outcome of this competition can be rationalized by reaction exothermicities only in extreme cases, i.e. for benzeneselenol and thiophenol, that predominantly react by hydrogen atom abstraction due to their especially weak heteroatom-hydrogen bonds and aniline that undergoes almost exclusive addition due to particularly stable resonance-stabilized addition products. For the other substrates, competition between the two reaction pathways is controlled by a complex interplay of polar effects that affects the energies of both transition states but to different extents.
Exploring the Feasibility of Electrostatic Shielding for Spacecrafts

NASA is moving forward towards the agency's new vision for space exploration in the 21st Century encompassing a broad range of human and robotic missions including missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. Exposure from the hazards of severe space radiation in deep space long duration missions is the show stopper. Langley has developed state-of-the-art radiation protection and shielding technology for space missions. The payload penalty demands a very stringent requirement on the design of the spacecrafts for human deep space missions. The exploration beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) to enable routine access to more interesting regions of space will require protection from the hazards of the accumulated exposures of space radiation, Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and Solar Particle Events (SPE), and minimizing the production of secondary radiation is a great advantage. There is a need to look to new horizons for newer technologies. The present investigation explores the feasibility of using electrostatic shielding in concert with innovative materials shielding and protection technologies. The asymmetries of the radiation shielding problem would be exploited in the electrostatics shielding process. The goal is to repel enough positive charge ions so that they miss the spacecraft without attracting thermal electrons. Conclusions are drawn about the advantages the electrostatic shielding, should it be successful, would bring to the radiation protection design process.
Polymorph-specific kinetics and thermodynamics of β-amyloid fibril growth

Amyloid fibrils formed by the 40-residue β-amyloid peptide (Aβ1–40) are highly polymorphic, with molecular structures that depend on the details of growth conditions. Underlying differences in physical properties are not well understood. Here, we investigate differences in growth kinetics and thermodynamic stabilities of two Aβ1–40 fibril polymorphs for which detailed structural models are available from solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. Rates of seeded fibril elongation in the presence of excess soluble Aβ1–40 and shrinkage in the absence of soluble Aβ1–40 are determined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). From these rates, we derive polymorph-specific values for the soluble Aβ1–40 concentration at quasi-equilibrium, from which relative stabilities can be derived. The AFM results are supported by direct measurements by ultraviolet absorbance, using a novel dialysis system to establish quasi-equilibrium. At 24 °C, the two polymorphs have significantly different elongation and shrinkage...
Demonstration of a Tunable Narrowband-Pumped Ring Alkali Laser for Superluminal Applications

We have experimentally demonstrated a tunable ring DPAL (Diode-Pumped Alkali Laser) which can ultimately be used as a superluminal laser when a narrowband gain dip is inserted into the cavity.
Nonword repetition and phoneme elision in adults who do and do not stutter: Vocal versus nonvocal performance differences.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the present study was to enhance our understanding of phonological working memory in adults who stutter through the comparison of nonvocal versus vocal nonword repetition and phoneme elision task performance differences. Method For the vocal nonword repetition condition, participants repeated sets of 4- and 7-syllable nonwords ( n = 12 per set). For the nonvocal nonword repetition condition, participants silently identified each target nonword from a subsequent set of three nonwords. For the vocal phoneme elision condition, participants repeated nonwords with a target phoneme eliminated. For the nonvocal phoneme elision condition, participants silently identified the nonword with the designated target phoneme eliminated from a subsequent set of three nonwords. Results Adults who stutter produced significantly fewer accurate initial productions of 7-syllable nonwords compared to adults who do not stutter. There were no talker group differences for the silent identification of nonwords, but both talker groups required significantly more mean number of attempts to accurately silently identify 7-syllable as compared to 4-syllable nonwords. For the vocal phoneme elision condition, adults who stutter were significantly less accurate than adults who do not stutter in their initial production and required a significantly higher mean number of attempts to accurately produce 7-syllable nonwords with a phoneme eliminated. This talker group difference was also significant for the nonvocal phoneme elision condition for both 4- and 7-syllable nonwords. Conclusion Present findings suggest phonological working memory may contribute to the difficulties persons who stutter have establishing and/or maintaining fluent speech. Educational Objectives : (a) Readers can describe the role of phonological working memory in planning for and execution of speech; (b) readers can describe two experimental tasks for exploring the phonological working memory: nonword repetition and phoneme elision; (c) readers can describe how the nonword repetition and phoneme elision skills of adults who stutter differ from their typically fluent peers.
Correction for non-spectroscopic matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy by internal standardization using spectral lines of the same analyte

Abstract The common analyte internal standardization (CAIS) technique was extended to correct for non-spectroscopic matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) measurements. The technique is based on simultaneous measurement of two different spectral lines of the same analyte. A matrix correction factor is then estimated from its linear correlation with the ratio of intensities of these two measured lines. Experimental tests with four elements (Ba, La, Mg, and Mn) in three matrices (NaCl, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 ) demonstrate a significant decrease (from 3 to 22 times) of the matrix effect after correction.
Theory of equilibrium binding of a bivalent ligand to cell surface antibody: the effect of antibody heterogeneity on cross-linking.

We investigate the equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent ligands to a heterogeneous population of symmetric bivalent cell surface receptors. The receptors are heterogeneous in their binding affinities (equilibrium binding constants) for the ligand. For any distribution of receptor binding affinities we show how to calculate the total concentration of receptors that are cross-linked by the ligand, i.e., the concentration of cell surface aggregates composed of two or more receptors, as well as the concentration of any given aggregate. We show that certain qualitative properties of cross-linking which hold for homogeneous antibody populations fail to hold in the heterogeneous case. We use our results to interpret certain in vitro experiments in which synthetic bivalent haptens are used to trigger histamine release from basophils which have on their surface antibody specific for the hapten.
Exploring the pain “neuromatrix”

A considerable number of functional imaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of multiple central regions during the experience of pain. These regions process information in circuits that can broadly be assumed to process the affective, sensory, cognitive, motor, inhibitory, and autonomic responses stimulated by a noxious event. The concept of a "neuromatrix" for pain processing is, therefore, well supported. There is, however, scant evidence for any particular regional or circuit dysfunction during clinical pain. To be clinically useful, functional imaging may have to step beyond the generalities of the neuromatrix.
Zoonotic aspects of giardiasis: a review.

Several studies suggested that some water-borne epidemics of giardiasis in the U.S.A. were of zoonotic origin. Also, cats and dogs were suspected of being sources of giardiasis for man. These observations have been partly supported by experimental cross-transmissions. However, there are also some indications that zoonotic giardiasis may not be common. The host-specificity of Giardia spp. is still controversial. To date, morphological characteristics can only differentiate three very basic types of Giardia: G. intestinalis, G. muris and G. agilis. Host-specific and morphometric criteria resulted in the description of more than 40 species of Giardia; many of them probably invalid. Only a few subtle antigenic differences among G. intestinalis (lamblia) strains have been observed. The comparison of isoenzymes and DNA banding patterns revealed 3 basic groups, not necessarily related to host origin. Further biochemical, immunological, genetic and cross-transmission studies in host and parasite populations are needed to better understand host-specificity of various Giardia isolates. At the present time one may only conclude that although mammals and man do not seem to possess their own unique species of Giardia, in reality the major methods of transmission of giardiasis probably remain basically host-specific.
Analysis of Geminivirus AL2 and L2 Proteins Reveals a Novel AL2 Silencing Suppressor Activity

Both posttranscriptional and transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS and TGS, respectively) participate in defense against the DNA-containing geminiviruses. As a countermeasure, members of the genus Begomovirus (e.g., Cabbage leaf curl virus) encode an AL2 protein that is both a transcriptional activator and a silencing suppressor. The related L2 protein of Beet curly top virus (genus Curtovirus) lacks transcription activation activity. Previous studies showed that both AL2 and L2 suppress silencing by a mechanism that correlates with adenosine kinase (ADK) inhibition, while AL2 in addition activates transcription of cellular genes that negatively regulate silencing pathways. The goal of this study was to clarify the general means by which these viral proteins inhibit various aspects of silencing. We confirmed that AL2 inhibits systemic silencing spread by a mechanism that requires transcription activation activity. Surprisingly, we also found that reversal of PTGS and TGS by ADK inactivation depended on whether experiments were conducted in vegetative or reproductive Nicotiana benthamiana plants (i.e., before or after the vegetative-to-reproductive transition). While AL2 was able to reverse silencing in both vegetative and reproductive plants, L2 and ADK inhibition were effective only in vegetative plants. This suggests that silencing maintenance mechanisms can change during development or in response to stress. Remarkably, we also observed that AL2 lacking its transcription activation domain could reverse TGS in reproductive plants, revealing a third, previously unsuspected AL2 suppression mechanism that depends on neither ADK inactivation nor transcription activation. IMPORTANCE RNA silencing in plants is a multivalent antiviral defense, and viruses respond by elaborating multiple and sometimes multifunctional proteins that inhibit various aspects of silencing. The studies described here add an additional layer of complexity to this interplay. By examining geminivirus AL2 and L2 suppressor activities, we show that L2 is unable to suppress silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana plants that have undergone the vegetative-to-reproductive transition. As L2 was previously shown to be effective in mature Arabidopsis plants, these results illustrate that silencing mechanisms can change during development or in response to stress in ways that may be species specific. The AL2 and L2 proteins are known to share a suppression mechanism that correlates with the ability of both proteins to inhibit ADK, while AL2 in addition can inhibit silencing by transcriptionally activating cellular genes. Here, we also provide evidence for a third AL2 suppression mechanism that depends on neither transcription activation nor ADK inactivation. In addition to revealing the remarkable versatility of AL2, this work highlights the utility of viral suppressors as probes for the analysis of silencing pathways.
Removing the Ego: Need Fulfillment, Self-Image Goals, and Self-Presentation

Self-determination theory suggests that fulfillment of basic psychological needs creates a sense of self-worth that is not contingent upon maintaining a particular self-image. Lower ego-involvement is theorized, in turn, to lead to more authentic interactions with others. The present research tests this assertion across two types of close relationships. In Study 1, participants reported how much a close friendship fulfills their basic psychological needs, their levels of self-image goals, and the extent to which they engage in self-presentation with their friend. In Study 2, participants answered the same questions about a romantic partner. Results suggest that need fulfillment is associated with less desire to maintain a specific self-image, and that this predicts lower levels of self-presentation.
Preventing pre-eclampsia.

In developed countries preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality and a major factor in perinatal mortality. The ability to predict clinical preeclampsia would enable increased surveillance of high-risk pregnant women and treatment in the early stages before preeclampsia leads to irreversible pathophysiological changes. In one study a ratio of the urinary excretion of kallikrein to that of creatinine at 16-20 weeks gestation of 170 or less identified 83% of women with preeclampsia with a positive predictive value of 91%. The same ratio predicted gestational hypertension without proteinuria with a sensitivity of 70% and a positive predictive value of 40%. The problem is that preeclampsia represents diverse pathogenetic processes only some of which may be relevant to a particular predictive measure. Also problematic are the variable recurrence rates and clinical presentations in diverse population groups.
An Investigation of Lord's Procedure for the Detection of Differential Item Functioning

Type I error rates of Lord's χ 2 test for differential item functioning were investigated using monte carlo simulations. Two- and three-parameter item response theory (IRT) models were used to gene...
From ‘no’ to ‘yes’: postcolonial perspectives on resistance to neoliberal higher education

Various scholars have suggested ways to resist neoliberal conditions in higher education (HE). In analysing current neoliberal policies and practices in HE, I suggest that postcolonial theories of resistance can enhance our ability as faculty and administrators to understand and ‘resist’ these policies and practices. In this article, I review four modes of postcolonial resistance as described by David Jeffress (2008), mobilizing a critique of resistance as writing and cultural practice and challenging the reactionary nature of subversion and opposition. I argue that we need to place emphasis on transformational resistance, or the creation of new ways of being, knowing and doing in HE in order to transform the academy.
Three-dimensional representation of air defense intercept zones and defended areas

The ground area protected from attack by an Air Defense System and the volume in space where intercepts are feasible are critical measures of system effectiveness. Representation of these regions in three dimensions enables policy makers and mission planners to readily compare and contrast air defense systems and asset deployment options. This paper presents an innovative and efficient algorithm to create a data structure which permits the defended area and the intercept region to be represented as closed, color-coded, surfaces in three dimensions. The algorithm has been developed to be used within the MATLAB programming environment, and does not require data to be input on a uniform spatial grid. The resulting closed surfaces are complex and are not required to be symmetric or convex.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hepatitis B "immune" globulin: effectiveness in prevention of dialysis-associated hepatitis.

Abstract A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of hepatitis prevention by immune serum globulin with high anti-HBS titer ("hepatitis B immune globulin") was carried out among 318 new patients and 296 staff members of renal dialysis units. Three milliliters of high titer globulin, repeated at four months, was compared with equal doses of intermediate or normal titer globulin. Among staff members, the cumulative percentages developing hepatitis or HBS Ag, or both, within eight months were 6.9, 11.7, and 11.1 in the high, intermediate, and normal titer groups respectively. The lower incidence associated with high titer globulin was not significant (P > 0.05). However, among the patients the respective percentages were 7.9, 21.3, and 23.1 and the lower incidence in the high titer globulin group was significant (P < 0.01). (N Engl J Med 293:1063–1067, 1975)
Fecal peritonitis: microbial adherence to serosal mesothelium and resistance to peritoneal lavage.

Fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity is a serious and potentially life-threatening event. While numerous models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of intraabdominal infection, to date, most investigations have failed to focus on the adherence of the contaminants to the serosal mesothelium. In the present investigation, the cecal ligation and puncture technique (CLP) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats to study the following: (a) the kinetics of microbial adherence to the serosal mesothelium, (b) the stability of the aerobic and anaerobic intraperitoneal/mesothelial populations, following extended saline lavage, and (c) the impact of antimicrobial lavage on the stability of the mesothelial microbial populations. The Enterobacteriaceae rapidly colonized the serosal mesothelium and were the predominant flora up to 4 hours post-CLP. After 8 hours, theBacteroides fragilisgroup represented the predominant peritoneal wash and mesothelial-associated microorganisms. Extended saline lavage failed to significantly reduce the mesothelial microbial populations. While antimicrobial lavage produced an immediate decrease in mesothelial microbial recovery, the results were transitory and the microbial populations achieved or exceeded prelavage levels at 24 hours postlavage. Microbial colonization of the peritoneal mesothelial surface is a rapid and stable phenomena following penetrating injury to the distal bowel. The results further suggest that the mesothelial populations are resistant to intraperitoneal lavage.
Adaptation of resistance vessels to chronic local hypotension in the dog.

Abstract The left hind limbs of seven dogs were made hypotensive by ligation of the superficial and deep femoral arteries. Following 6 wk exposure to the decreased pressure, the right and left popliteal pressures were equalized by partial occlusion of the right femoral artery and resting popliteal bed resistance, resting venous blood gases and minimal resistance of the popliteal bed were compared in acutely and chronically occluded extremities. Vessels were fixed in situ in the maximally dilated state and vessel dimensions were evaluated histometrically. Resting resistances were lower on the chronically occluded side than on the acutely occluded side, but P O 2 and P CO 2 levels did not support the possibility of a metabolic autoregulatory vasodilation. After removal of all vascular smooth muscle reactivity, resistances were still lower on the occluded side, suggesting an anatomic alteration in vessels in response to the persistently low pressure. Histomeric analysis of vessels supported the hemodynamic findings at maximal dilation in that, at a given mean diameter, the walls of vessels that had been exposed to a low pressure for 6 wk were thinner than the walls of the normal extremity.
From Dialup to Digital Inclusion: Leading the Way in Library Data

Over the past twenty years, public libraries in the United States have been undergoing some of the most extensive changes in their identity, services, and programs since assuming their modern form. The introduction of digital services as part of the mission and purpose of the library’s contract with their communities has impacted the physical structures, the technical infrastructure, the funding models, and the training and education of library staff—virtually the entire library/community system. Throughout this transformation, we have been fortunate to have the work of John Carlo Bertot as a reference point—the data and analysis that have come from his research have provided ðand will continue to provideÞ us with insights and direction to help guide the infusion of technology into our library systems and communities. His research trajectory has grown in parallel with the issues that emerged as libraries and our communities moved from print to digital in their services and offerings, and it offers both a historical record of those changes and a reference point for those who have been working to understand and communicate the changes both to the library community and the broader policy arena. It is also instructive to see what a tremendous collaborator and colleague John has been with the researchers, policy makers, funders, libraries, and library organizations he has worked with since the start of his career. The breadth and reach of John’s work is remarkable, and he has provided us with an important foundation both through the research he has done and by the collaborations he has facilitated in the library community and beyond. Three major areas of John’s work with libraries have been instrumental in the work of those interested in the effect of technology on libraries and our communities: ð1Þ documentation of the changing technology landscape and its impact on libraries, librarians, and their communities; ð2Þ the development of suitable methodologies and the analysis of the data collected through those methods, which is the underpinning of the documentation; and ð3Þ exploration of the changes in store for professional library education necessary to produce leaders who will shape the future of libraries in this new landscape.
Low Earth orbit assessment of proton anisotropy using AP8 and AP9 trapped proton models

Abstract The completion of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2011 has provided the space research community with an ideal evaluation and testing facility for future long duration human activities in space. Ionized and secondary neutral particles radiation measurements inside ISS form the ideal tool for validation of radiation environmental models, nuclear reaction cross sections and transport codes. Studies using thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), tissue equivalent proportional counter (TPEC), and computer aided design (CAD) models of early ISS configurations confirmed that, as input, computational dosimetry at low Earth orbit (LEO) requires an environmental model with directional (anisotropic) capability to properly describe the exposure of trapped protons within ISS. At LEO, ISS encounters exposure from trapped electrons, protons and geomagnetically attenuated galactic cosmic rays (GCR). For short duration studies at LEO, one can ignore trapped electrons and ever present GCR exposure contributions during quiet times. However, within the trapped proton field, a challenge arises from properly estimating the amount of proton exposure acquired. There exist a number of models to define the intensity of trapped particles. Among the established trapped models are the historic AE8/AP8, dating back to the 1980s and the recently released AE9/AP9/SPM. Since at LEO electrons have minimal exposure contribution to ISS, this work ignores the AE8 and AE9 components of the models and couples a measurement derived anisotropic trapped proton formalism to omnidirectional output from the AP8 and AP9 models, allowing the assessment of the differences between the two proton models. The assessment is done at a target point within the ISS-11A configuration (circa 2003) crew quarter (CQ) of Russian Zvezda service module (SM), during its ascending and descending nodes passes through the south Atlantic anomaly (SAA). The anisotropic formalism incorporates the contributions of proton narrow pitch angle (PA) and east–west (EW) effects. Within SAA, the EW anisotropy results in different level of exposure to each side of the ISS Zvezda SM, allowing angular evaluation of the anisotropic proton spectrum. While the combined magnitude of PA and EW effects at LEO depends on a multitude of factors such as trapped proton energy, orientation and altitude of the spacecraft along the velocity vector, this paper draws quantitative conclusions on the combined anisotropic magnitude differences within ISS SM target point between AP8 and AP9 models.
Airborne and surface residues of parathion and its conversion products in a treated plum orchard environment

Airborne pesticide residues were collected both within and downwind from a parathion-treated plum orchard by high volume sampling through XAD-4 macroreticular resin. Levels of paraoxon in excess of 100 ng/m3 were found in orchard air, along with parathion, during the early days of two 21-day sampling studies. Paraoxon:parathion ratios in the orchard air were relatively constant, averagingca. 0.5 for days 1 to 21 following treatment. Likely sources of airborne paraoxon include vaporization and dislodgement from soil and leaf surfaces, and chemical conversion of parathion in the air. Support for the latter came from observation of an increased paraoxon:parathion ratio in air samples collected downwind from the orchard. Atmospheric conversion of parathion to paraoxon, accelerated by sunlight, was indicated by both field and laboratory studies. Overall dissipation of parathion from the orchard air, soil, and leaf tissue proceeded to a considerable extent through breakdown to paraoxon under the dry climatic conditions of these studies. Eventual conversion to the relatively stable breakdown product,p-nitrophenol, was indicated from analysis of air in the orchard vicinity.
Validation of the Multiscale Thermohydrologic Model used for analysis of a proposed repository at Yucca Mountain

Performance assessment and design evaluation of the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain are facilitated by a thermohydrologic modeling tool that simultaneously accounts for processes occurring at a scale of a few tens of centimeters around individual waste packages and emplacement drifts, and accounts for processes at the multi-kilometer scale of the mountain. The most straightforward approach is to account for the 3-D drift- and mountain-scale dimensionality all within a single monolithic thermohydrologic model. This approach is too computationally expensive to be a viable simulation tool capable of addressing all waste-package locations in the repository. The Multiscale Thermohydrologic Model (MSTHM) is a computationally efficient alternative to addressing these modeling issues. In this paper, we describe the principal calculation stages to predict temperature, relative humidity, and liquid-saturation, as well as other thermohydrologic variables, in the drifts and in the host rock. Using a three-drift repository example (which is a scaled-down version of the proposed repository), we demonstrate the validity of the MSTHM approach against a nested monolithic thermohydrologic model.
Recruiting Faculty: Complementary Tales from Two Campuses.

This paper—a complement to “Retaining Faculty: A Tale of Two Campuses” (Matier, 1990)—examines the factors influencing individuals with firm offers to join the faculty at two research universities. Particular attention is paid to the relative weight and importance placed on the tangible, intangible, and non-work-related benefits in the decision-making process. Comparisons are drawn to previous faculty recruitment studies and to the complementary retention study, as well as between the urban and rural subject universities. Given that faculty are an institution's most valuable asset, and that in some fields they are either already in short supply or will be soon, the methods and findings of this research should interest those concerned with developing and maintaining a quality faculty.
Shape resonance and cooper minimum in high harmonic generation from strongly aligned nitrogen

High harmonic generation from strongly aligned nitrogen molecules is shown to directly reveal angle-dependent features in the XUV photoionization cross section of the highest occupied molecular orbital both in pump-probe delay and angle scans.
Democratic Opposition to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Reply to Seltzer

Andrew J. Seltzer raises an interesting question: How large was the net effect of southern political institutions on congressional support for the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)? Although Seltzer claims to use my econometric results to show that those institutions had little effect, his interpretation of my results depends entirely on two assumptions that I did not make and that he does not justify. The first assumption is that two variables—the Turnout-Manufacturing Correlation and Turnout —somehow “defined the southern political system.” The second is that southern political institutions caused higher values of Turnout-Manufacturing Correlation . Seltzer's assumptions are theoretically baseless and empirically indefensible, and they lead him to the wrong conclusion. I will explain why.
Development of a cardiopulmonary bypass system for eliminating brain movement.

Abstract A non-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (C-P) system for the cat was developed to eliminate normal physiological brain movement caused by venous pressure-induced pulsations from each respiratory cycle and arterial-induced pulsations from each cardiac systole. The C-P system utilizes a centrifugal pump, which sustains a steady-state flow, and a membrane oxygenator. A heat exchanger maintains brain temperature at 37°C. This C-P system effectively eliminates brain movement creating a stable in vivo preparation for intracellular recordings.
Modeling long-term degradation due to moisture and oxygen in polymeric matrix composites

Abstract Exposure to elements, such as moisture, oxygen and nitrogen, in the environment is deleterious to the constituents of a polymeric matrix composite. This environmental degradation is accelerated under high stress conditions and at high temperatures and humidity. Modeling the long-term degradation of a polymeric composite requires consideration of the constituent phase (fiber and matrix) degradation, interphase properties and damage evolution kinetics. The fundamental physical mechanisms controlling the environmental degradation are small molecule (particularly moisture and oxygen) diffusion behavior in the matrix, fiber and fiber–matrix interphase, the damage evolution kinetics and its interaction with the diffusion behavior, and the mechanical and chemical stability (reactivity) of the fiber and matrix phases with the gaseous penetrant. A model that enables long-term simulation of gaseous element diffusion and determine the role of fiber-matrix interphase on the effective diffusivity in the composite is presented in this paper. Three-dimensional finite element methods are used to model representative volume elements and consider anisotropic material behavior in all the phases. Particular attention is paid to the fiber–matrix interphase region and its influence on the moisture diffusion behavior in composites. Numerical simulations and selected correlations with experimental results are presented. Most results pertain to composites with the PMR-15 matrix.
Diagnostic tools for nearest neighbors techniques when used with satellite imagery

Nearest neighbors techniques are non-parametric approaches to multivariate prediction that are useful for predicting both continuous and categorical forest attribute variables. Although some assumptions underlying nearest neighbor techniques are common to other prediction techniques such as regression, other assumptions are unique to nearest neighbor techniques. Graphical diagnostic tools are proposed to evaluate the assumptions and to address issues of bias, homoscedasticity, influential observations, outliers, and extrapolations. The tools are illustrated using results obtained from applying the k-Nearest Neighbors technique with Landsat imagery and forest inventory ground observations.
Liquid crystal polymers. 20. Poly(1,4-cycloalkylhydroquinone terephthalates) with flexible hexamethylene spacers in the main chain†

A series of cycloalkylhydroquinone terephthalate copolyesters containing varying amounts of 1,6-hexanediol flexible spacers were prepared by a two-step reaction procedure and characterized for their liquid crystalline properties. Included in the series were hydroquinone monomers containing norbornyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl substituents. The norbornylhydroquinone series formed nematic melts at 1,6-hexanediol contents of 30 mol-% or less, but not at 40 mol-%. The glass temperatures and melting points were higher than expected in the norbornylhydroquinone series, but analysis of dyad contents by 13C-NMR indicated that the comonomers were randomly distributed. Nach einem 2-Stufen-Verfahren wurden Poly-1,4-(2-cycloalkyl)phenylenterephthalate mit verschiedenen Gehalten an 1,6-Hexandiol als flexible Spacer hergestellt. Die Grose des Substituenten (Norbornyl, Cyclohexyl, Cycloheptyl und Cyclooctyl) sowie der Gehalt an 1,6-Hexandiol wurden variiert und das flussig-kristalline Verhalten der entsprechenden Produkte untersucht. Die Norbornyl-substituierten Polyester bildeten bis zu einer maximalen Hexandiol-Konzentration von 30 mol-% nematische Schmelzen. Die Glastemperaturen und Schmelzpunkte der Produkte waren hoher als erwartet, durch 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, das die Monomereinheiten in den Copolyestern statistisch verteilt sind.
A Unified Framework for Performance Evaluation of 3-D Reconstruction Techniques

In this paper we consider the problem of performance evaluation of 3-D reconstruction techniques from calibrated sequence of images. We propose a unified framework for the evaluation process assuming the existence of ground truth data collected by a 3-D laser scanner. Firstly, we propose a new pre-evaluation technique for 3-D data registration based on silhouettes alignment. The performance of this technique is independent of the output quality of the 3-D reconstruction technique under test. This is a major advantage of our technique since the quality issue, which is not guarantee under the evaluation topic, is a challenge for any 3-D registration technique. Secondly, we propose a geometrically based evaluation methodology. The method is based on the geometrical matching of uniformly distributed patches of both ground truth and under-test data sets. The method is insensitive to the relative density of data sets. In addition, it provides a method for localizing errors which is a crucial step for diagnosis and data fusion post-evaluation techniques. Finally, we provide experimental results on the evaluation of stereo and space carving techniques.
Electrical Properties of Cu Nanowires

Copper nanowires were patterned with e-beam lithography and fabricated with an e-beam evaporated Cu film. Electrical properties, including resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance, were characterized for Cu nanowires with a width range of 90 nm to 330 nm. It was experimentally found that the surface and size have apparent influence on the electrical properties. The measured resistivity of the Cu nanowires was found to be size dependent, which was in good agreement with the theoretical models. In addition, smaller values of the temperature coefficient of resistance were experimentally found as the wire width decreases for the Cu nanowires. The size dependent nature of the temperature coefficient of resistance was attributed to the surface and size effects based on the further demonstrative analysis.
Human Flourishing Versus Desire Satisfaction

What is the good for human persons? If I am trying to lead the best possible life I could lead, not the morally best life, but the life that is best for me, what exactly am I seeking?This phrasing of the question I will be pursuing may sound tendentious, so some explanation is needed. What is good for one person, we ordinarily suppose, can conflict with what is good for other persons and with what is required by morality. A prudent person seeks her own good efficiently; she selects the best available means to her good. If we call the value that a person seeks when she is being prudent “prudential value,” then an alternative rendering of the question to be addressed in this essay is “What is prudential value?” We can also say that an individual flourishes or has a life high in well-being when her life is high in prudential value. Of course, these common-sense appearances that the good for an individual, the good for other persons, and the requirements of morality often are in conflict might be deceiving. For all that I have said here, the correct theory of individual good might yield the result that sacrificing oneself for the sake of other people or for the sake of a morally worthy cause can never occur, because helping others and being moral always maximize one's own good. But this would be the surprising result of a theory, not something we should presuppose at the start of inquiry. When a friend has a baby and I express a conventional wish that the child have a good life, I mean a life that is good for the child, not a life that merely helps others or merely respects the constraints of morality. After all, a life that is altruistic and perfectly moral, we suppose, could be a life that is pure hell for the person who lives it—a succession of horrible headaches marked by no achievements or attainments of anything worthwhile and ending in agonizing death at a young age. So the question remains, what constitutes a life that is good for the person who is living it?
Role of intracellular Ca2+and pH in positive inotropic response of cardiomyocytes to diacylglycerol

Diacylglycerol has been hypothesized to mediate the positive inotropic response of myocardium to the α-adrenergic agonists angiotensin II and endothelin. The mechanism of action of diacylglycerol w...
The Application of the Current Comparator in Instrumentation for High Voltage Power Measurements at Very Low Power Factors

A current-comparator technique is applied to several auxiliary instruments which enables accurate high voltage power measurements to be made at very low power factors using precision wattmeters and precision bridges. The instruments include a high-voltage active-divider with a nominal output voltage of 100 V, a high-voltage inductive-quadrature-current reference source with current output ranges of 1 mA, 2 mA, and 10 mA, and a high-voltage high-capacitive-quadrature-current reference source with current output ranges of 0.1 A, 0.5 A, and 1 A. The current comparator is used in a feedback loop to correct the magnitude and phase of the associated outputs of these instruments to an accuracy of better than ±10 ppm (parts per million) and ±10 ?rad respectively.
Immunotherapy with virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes after organ transplantation.

: Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can favorably impact the outcome of serious herpesvirus infections in organ transplant recipients. Current challenges in this field include the determination of which patients are at highest risk, and the development of protocols that permit more rapid expansion of virus specific effector cells.
Error estimation and control in O.D.E. integration

The global error at any point in the step by step numerical solution of an initial value problem is the sum of local errors introduced at every step, each multiplied by an amplification factor due to the stability or instability of the differential equation. If these factors were unity (as, for example, in a quadrature problem) it is possible to keep the global error e(t) over the interval [a, b] less than Δ by keeping the local error in a step of length h less than hΔ/(b-a). This is called error per unit step. Unfortunately, theory shows that the error strategy which minimizes the amount of work for a given global error Δ is to make the local error equal to g(Δ) where, for a pth order method, g(Δ) = q(t)Δ(p+1)/P+ higher terms, and q(t) depends on the differential equation.The talk will present experimental evidence of the increased efficiency of error per step versus the smoother dependence of the global error on the error control parameter for error per unit step. The existing theory will be summarized, and the question of how the local error estimate can be justified theoretically will be examined.
Plumage color as a dynamic trait: carotenoid pigmentation of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) fades during the breeding season

Evolutionary biologists studying sexually selected bird plumage generally consider this trait to be static throughout a breeding season and assign trait values to individuals on the basis of single measurements. We investi - gated the propensity for carotenoid-based color of feather patches in male house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller, 1776)) to change during the breeding period. We recaptured and rescored 63 males and found that the hue of feathers faded significantly over the season. The degree of hue change was a direct function of the amount of time be- tween plumage scores; feathers faded more as the interval between measurements increased. The magnitude of hue change was not, however, related to an individual's age or initial plumage redness, which suggests that certain birds are not more or less prone to fading. Collectively, these findings imply that researchers should more carefully track plum - age color expression during the course of a year, as seasonal color shifts may have important consequences for late- season male-male competitive interactions and flexible female mating tactics (e.g., social mate switching, choice of extra-pair partners). Potential mechanisms for this seasonal plumage color shift are discussed. Resume : Les biologistes specialistes de l'evolution qui etudient le plumage des oiseaux, un caractere soumis a la se - lection sexuelle, estiment generalement qu'il s'agit d'une caracteristique statique au cours de la saison de reproduction et se contentent d'une seule mesure pour assigner une valeur au plumage de chaque individu. Nous avons examine la tendance des taches de couleur a base de carotenoides sur les plumes des roselins familiers (Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller, 1776)) mâles a changer au cours de la saison de reproduction. Nous avons capture une seconde fois et reeva- lue 63 mâles: leurs plumes changent significativement de teinte au cours de la saison de reproduction. L'importance du changement de teinte est fonction directe du temps entre les deux evaluations du plumage: les plumes pâlissent d'autant plus que l'intervalle entre les evaluations est long. Cependant, l'importance du changement de teinte n'est pas reliee a l'âge de l'individu ni a l'intensite initiale de la couleur rouge du plumage, ce qui indique qu'il n'y a pas d'oiseaux dont le plumage est plus ou moins enclin a pâlir. Dans leur ensemble, ces resultats indiquent que les scienti- fiques devraient suivre plus attentivement l'expression de la couleur du plumage au cours de l'annee, car les change- ments saisonniers peuvent avoir d'importantes consequences pour les interactions de competition entre mâles en fin de saison et les tactiques flexibles d'accouplement des femelles (e.g., changement de partenaire social, choix d'un parte - naire hors du couple). Les mecanismes possibles qui expliquent ce changement saisonnier de couleur du plumage font l'objet d'une discussion. (Traduit par la Redaction) McGraw and Hill 738
The electoral college, political parties, and elections Sites to help you through the voting process

L'article presente une selection commentee de sites Web et autres ressources de l'internet fournissant des informations sur les colleges electoraux americains, les partis politiques et les elections federales de 2004.