cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of opisthosomal chaetae in Vestimentifera (Pogonophora, Obturata) and implications for phylogeny

Schulze, A. 2000. Ultrastructure of opisthosomal chaetae in Vestimentifera (Pogonophora, Obturata) and implications for phylogeny. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 82: 127–135 The posterior segmented body region of Vestimentifera bears rows of uncini that function to anchor the animal within its tube. SEM studies of five vestimentiferan species reveal intraspecific and interspecific variation in the number of chaetigerous segments and the arrangement of uncini within a given segment. The portion of an uncinus that extends beyond the epidermis comprises two opposing groups of teeth that probably correspond to the capitium and subrostral process of polychaete uncini, and a distinct protuberance between them, interpreted as a rostrum. In Ridgeia piscesae, the uncini are formed by chaetal follicles, consisting of a chaetoblast, a follicle cell and an epidermis cell. The chaetal shaft is elongate and composed of up to 40 hollow cylinders that are invaded at their base by microvilli from the apical part of the chaetoblast. Opisthosomal chaetae in perviate Pogonophora are usually restricted to four per segment and are of a rod-shaped type. It is hypothesized that the rod-shaped chaetae represent reduced hooked chaetae probably derived from a condition such as found in Monilifera. Uncini of Pogonophora, Sabellida, Terebellida and Oweniida are considered homologous but details of chaetal design may be due to functional adaptations and thus do not represent reliable characters for phylogenetic studies on higher taxonomic levels than genera or potentially families.
Sensory characteristics of soymilk and tofu made from lipoxygenase-free and normal soybeans

Soymilk made from lipoxygenase-free soybeans had less cooked beany aroma, less cooked beany flavor and less astringency and was rated darker and more yellow than that made from soybeans with normal lipoxygenase. Sensory descriptive panelists noted no differences between lipoxygenase-free and normal soybeans for milky flavor, wheat flavor, thickness, chalkiness or aftertaste. Tofu made from lipoxygenase-free soybeans had less cooked beany flavor than that made from normal soybeans. There were no differences in cooked beany aroma, raw beany aroma, raw beany flavor, wheat flavor, astringency, hardness, darkness or yellowness. Native-born Japanese, Chinese and U.S. descriptive panelists differed in responses to flavor, texture and color of soymilk and tofu.
Classification of daily and near-daily headaches: Field trial of revised IHS criteria

Primary chronic daily headache can be subdivided into transformed migraine, chronic tension-type headache, hemicrania continua, and new daily persistent headache. We proposed and tested criteria in 150 consecutive outpatients with chronic daily headache. Based on preliminary analysis, we revised the criteria for transformed migraine. Using the International Headache Society criteria, 43% of the patients could not be classified; using our old criteria, 25% could not be classified; however, using our new criteria, we were able to classify 100%. Seventy-eight percent had transformed migraine, 15.3% had chronic tension-type headache, and 6.7% had other headache disorders.
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “A Broader View of Justice”

My target article calls attention to the narrow view of justice that dominates the bioethics literature, and urges a broader view. As bioethicists, we often conceive of justice using a medical mode...
Abortion & the 'Middle' View

If Edward A. Langerak's proposals ("Abortion: Listening to the Middle," Hastings Center Report, October 1979, pp. 24-28) were enacted into law, the result would be an improvement on the present situation; in that sense, he and I are allies. But Langerak fails to meet a necessary condition for an intellectually acceptable moderate position on the abortion issue-he fails to provide principled arguments correlating stages of pregnancy with justifying grounds, for he lacks any principle assigning relative weight to potential personhood and the social sequence of denying the fetus's claim to live.
Novel highly scalable and very high torque micromotor for MEMS and MOEMS applications using the mechanical rectification of oscillatory motion

A new micromotor that is powered by the mechanical rectification of oscillatory motion is conceived, designed and fabricated. Its operational characteristic is quite rich and exhibits various modes of excitations. The idea explored in the design of this novel device is completely different than other micromotors reported in the literature. It consists of a rotor with elastic fins and linear actuators located on its perimeter and it operates as follows. When the actuators move toward the fins, the friction between the actuator edge and the tip of the fins causes them to deform. This deformation applies a force to the rotor that has both tangential and normal components. The tangential components results in a twisting action on the rotor, setting it into rotation. When actuators move away from the fins, the fins are released and allowed to move back to their original position. Continuous rotation is achieved by matching the oscillations of the actuators with the movement of the adjacent fins. The torque of this device is quite large (mN.m for 0.5 micrometers rotor radius) and can be adjusted by the radius of the actuator, the length and elastic properties of the fins, the tilt angle of the fins with respect to the rotor, the force exerted by the actuators, the vibration frequency and the number of fins, and by adjusting the friction between actuators and the fins. Experimental data using a prototype micrometer will be given and various application of the micromotor in optical MEMS and fluidics will be discussed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Note: A note on list-coloring powers of graphs

Recently, Kim and Park have found an infinite family of graphs whose squares are not chromatic-choosable. Xuding Zhu asked whether there is some k such that all kth power graphs are chromatic-choosable. We answer this question in the negative: we show that there is a positive constant c such that for any k there is a family of graphs G with @g(G^k) unbounded and @g"@?(G^k)>[email protected](G^k)[email protected](G^k). We also provide an upper bound, @g"@?(G^k) 1.
First Known Feeding Trace of the Eocene Bottom-Dwelling Fish Notogoneus osculus and Its Paleontological Significance

Background The Green River Formation (early Eocene, about 42–53 Ma) at and near Fossil Butte National Monument in Wyoming, USA, is world famous for its exquisitely preserved freshwater teleost fish in the former Fossil Lake. Nonetheless, trace fossils attributed to fish interacting with the lake bottom are apparently rare, and have not been associated directly with any fish species. Here we interpret the first known feeding and swimming trace fossil of the teleost Notogoneus osculus Cope (Teleostei: Gonorynchidae), which is also represented as a body fossil in the same stratum.
Limits on replenishment of the resting CD4+ T cell reservoir for HIV in patients on HAART.

Whereas cells productively infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) decay rapidly in the setting of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), latently infected resting CD4+ T cells decay very slowly, persisting for the lifetime of the patient and thus forming a stable reservoir for HIV-1. It has been suggested that the stability of the latent reservoir is due to low-level viral replication that continuously replenishes the reservoir despite HAART. Here, we offer the first quantitative study to our knowledge of inflow of newly infected cells into the latent reservoir due to viral replication in the setting of HAART. We make use of a previous observation that in some patients on HAART, the residual viremia is dominated by a predominant plasma clone (PPC) of HIV-1 not found in the latent reservoir. The unique sequence of the PPC serves as a functional label for new entries into the reservoir. We employ a simple mathematical model for the dynamics of the latent reservoir to constrain the inflow rate to between 0 and as few as 70 cells per day. The magnitude of the maximum daily inflow rate is small compared to the size of the latent reservoir, and therefore any inflow that occurs in patients on HAART is unlikely to significantly influence the decay rate of the reservoir. These results suggest that the stability of the latent reservoir is unlikely to arise from ongoing replication during HAART. Thus, intensification of standard HAART regimens should have minimal effects on the decay of the latent reservoir.
Certain compact spaces and their homeomorphism groups

We assign to each compact metric spaceE a structure groupH of permutations of the natural numbers. It is then established that two spacesE 1 andE 2 are homeomorphic iff the associated structure groupsH 1 andH 2 are isomorphic. Furthermore the group of homeomorphisms ofE is a factor group of the group of automorphisms ofH.
Progress in the theory and interpretation of XANES

There has been substantial progress in recent years, both in the theory and in ab initio codes for calculations of X-ray absorption spectra (XAS), and in particular, the near edge structure (XANES). This progress is a sequel to the successful development of the theory and interpretation of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Here, we review the progress in this field leading up to the current state. We focus on the real-space multiple scattering (RSMS) approach which gives a unified treatment of both EXAFS and XANES, as well as many other spectroscopies. We also discuss the close connection between RSMS theory and excited state electronic structure, and in particular, corrections to the independent particle approximation which are essential in a quantitative theory. These developments have led to a number ab initio codes for the calculation and interpretation of XAS in terms of the electronic structure and coordination chemistry of materials.
Effects of excited state-excited state configurational mixing on emission bandshape variations in ruthenium-bipyridine complexes.

The 77 K emission spectra of 21 [Ru(L)4bpy]m+ complexes for which the Ru/bpy metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (3MLCT) excited-state energies vary from 12 500 to 18 500 cm−1 have vibronic contributions to their bandshapes that implicate excited-state distortions in low frequency (lf; hνlf 1000 cm−1), largely bipyridine (bpy) vibrational modes, and for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+ complexes they are consistent with previously reported resonance-Raman (rR) parameters. However, far smaller lf vibronic amplitudes in the rR parameters have been reported for [Os(bpy)3 ]2+, and this leads to a group frequency approach for interpreting the 77 K emission bandshapes of [Ru(L)4bpy]m+ complexes with ...
Design optimization of layered periodic composites for desired elastodynamic response

In this work, we present a systematic method to design layered periodic composites (PCs) for a prescribed elastodynamic response. Our focus is on optimization problems with equality and/or inequality constraints. Constrained optimization problems are reduced to unconstrained problems, and a genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal design. Symmetric 3-phase layered PCs are considered and the thickness of each phase is chosen as a design parameter. Three cases are presented for illustration purposes: (1) the design of an acoustic filter for maximum bandwidth, (2) the design of an acoustic filter for maximum attenuation, and (3) the design of a PC for maximum attenuation and minimum reflection of acoustic waves.
A matrix-based methodology for determining a part family's learning rate

Learning is a decrease in the time to perform an operation due to repetition and is an important consideration when forecasting process times or product costs. This paper presents a new method for calculating the learning rate for a family of parts using a matrix-based approach to organize historical data on production times. By calculating a single learning rate for the entire family, the data on individual parts is pooled, creating a larger sample size and reducing the variance of the estimate. Applying this method to forecasting costs of a family of jet engine parts shows that it provides much more accurate estimates than the previously available method of taking a weighted average of individual parts' learning rates. The matrix-based method also allows for calculation of first-unit costs more reliably (since the estimates are less affected by outliers in a larger sample) and for calculation of confidence limits on the estimates, to provide users with information on the reliability of the estimates.
Morphological feature detection for cervical cancer screening

An optoelectronic system has been designed to pre-screen pap-smear slides and detect the suspicious cells using the hit/miss transform. Computer simulation of the algorithm tested on 184 pap-smear images detected 95% of the suspicious region as suspect while tagging just 5% of the normal regions as suspect. An optoelectronic implementation of the hit/miss transform using a 4f Vander-Lugt correlator architecture is proposed and demonstrated with experimental results.
The Nurse-Community Health Advocate Team for Urban Immigrant Primary Health Care

Purpose: To describe: (a) development and implementation of an urban outreach health program for Latino immigrants; (b) nurse-community-health advocate (CHA) partnership roles in primary health care delivery, and (c) lessons learned from these activities over 7 years in urban community settings. Methods: Descriptive study of a community-based health project in a large Midwestern American city. Information was gathered from participants and staff, from observing staff, and from a variety of sources to describe the program and its individual, family, and community effects. Findings: Major findings pertain to the project team's ability to address the health promotion needs of Latino immigrant families and to successfully incorporate CHAs in planning and implementing the program. CHAs were a “bridge” between health programs and the community, promoting cultural sensitivity. CHAs and nurses provided a range of services including health education and promotion, outreach through home visits, assessment of family needs for referrals to appropriate resources, and follow-up support. Conclusions: The nurse-CHA team was an effective strategy for promoting Latino immigrant families' access to needed health care. This framework allowed for flexibility in assisting clients of different cultural backgrounds to obtain appropriate health care.
Enhanced Product Stability in the Hammerhead Ribozyme

The rate of dissociation of P1, the 5′ product of hammerhead cleavage, is 100−300-fold slower in full-length hammerheads than in hammerheads that either lack or have disrupting mutations in the loop−loop tertiary interaction. The added stability requires the presence of residue 17 at the 3′ terminus of P1 but not the 2′, 3′ terminal phosphate. Since residue 17 is buried within the catalytic core of the hammerhead in the X-ray structure, we propose that the enhanced P1 stability is a result of the cooperative folding of the hammerhead around this residue. However, since P1 is fully stabilized at >2.5 mM MgCl2 while hammerhead activity continues to increase with an increase in MgCl2 concentration, it is clear that the hammerhead structure in the transition state must differ from that of the product complex. The product stabilization assay is used to test our earlier proposal that different tertiary interactions modulate the cleavage rate by differentially stabilizing the core.
Nf1 Regulates Alcohol Dependence-Associated Excessive Drinking and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Release in the Central Amygdala in Mice and Is Associated with Alcohol Dependence in Humans

BACKGROUND: The neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) gene encodes a GTPase activating protein that negatively regulates small GTPases of the Ras family. METHODS: We assessed alcohol-related behaviors including alcohol sensitivity, dependent and nondependent drinking, and basal and alcohol-induced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in Nf1 heterozygous null mice (Nf1 1/2 ). We also investigated the associations of NF1 polymorphisms with alcohol dependence risk and severity in humans. RESULTS: Nf1 1/2 mice do not differ from wild-type mice in nondependent drinking, such as 24-hour, 2-bottle choice drinking in the dark binge drinking or limited access 2-bottle choice. However, Nf1 1/2 mice failed to escalate alcohol drinking following chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE) to induce dependence. Alcohol acutely increases GABA release in the CeA and alcohol dependence is characterized by increased baseline GABA release in CeA. Interestingly, GABA release in Nf1 1/2 mice is greater at baseline than wild-type mice, is not elevated by induction of dependence by CIE, and failed to show alcohol-induced facilitation both before and after CIE. Additionally, we observed that multiple variants in the human NF1 gene are associated with a quantitative measure of alcohol dependence in both African Americans and European Americans. CONCLUSIONS: In this translational investigation, we found that Nf1 activity regulates excessive drinking and basal and ethanol-stimulated GABA release in the mouse central amygdala. We also found that genetic variation in NF1 may confer an inherent susceptibility to the transition from nondependent to dependent drinking in humans.
Reflections on 25 years of library instruction: have we made progress?

Hardesty reviews 25 years of library instruction and his experiences with integrating library instruction into the liberal arts curriculum. There has been resistance and lack of attention from both teaching faculty and administrators. Recently accrediting agencies have begun to encourage library competency as a requirement, but this is only in the beginning stages. Librarians must take primary responsibility for seeing that this educational goal is achieved.
Sensitivity of Radiative–Convective Equilibrium Simulations to Horizontal Resolution

Abstract This paper investigates the impacts of horizontal resolution on the statistical behavior of convection. An idealized radiative–convective equilibrium is simulated for model resolutions ranging between 2 and 50 km. The simulations are compared based upon the analysis of the mean state, the energy and water vapor transport, and the probability distribution functions for various quantities. It is shown that, at a coarse resolution, the model is unable to capture the mixing associated with shallow clouds. This results in a dry bias in the lower troposphere, and in an excessive amount of water clouds. Despite this deficiency, the coarse resolution simulations are able to reproduce reasonably well the statistical properties of deep convective towers. This is particularly apparent in the cloud ice and vertical velocity distributions that exhibit a very robust behavior. A theoretical scaling for the vertical velocity as function of the grid resolution is derived based upon the behavior of an idealized ai...
The equivalent potential for relativistic confined systems

Abstract In previous papers a method of obtaining bound states and wavefunctions for confined relativistic systems was presented. The input is the asymptotic expansion of the two-point functions. Confinement is imposed by systematic removal of the two-particle cut. We extend this method by developing an equivalent (angular momentum dependent) potential, which gives the correct wavefunction to a given order of R , the infrared scale parameter. We prove the uniqueness of the wavefunction by requiring that there are no CDD poles and by the connection of our moment conditions to the requirement that the residues of the bound-state poles must be positive. Finally we test the bound-state approximation for a system defined by an equivalent potential V(r) = λ 2 tanh 2 ( g 2 r λ ) . Although in this case there is a threshold we still find excellent results when λ 2 g 2 is large, i.c., when there are many bound states.
PROCESSES HAVING ORTHOGONAL INCREMENTS AND STOCHASTIC INTEGRATORS

Weak martingales having an independent decomposition into the sum of i-martingales which have independent increments are shown to satisfy the Generalized Bochner Boundedness Principle, hence are stochastic integrators. An explicit example of a one-martingale having orthogonal increments is constructed.
Comparison of shear-lag theory and continuum fracture mechanics for modeling fiber and matrix stresses in an elastic cracked composite lamina

Abstract This study analyzes fiber tensile and matrix shear stresses near the crack tip in a transversely cracked, unidirectional, fiber-reinforced lamina under a remote tensile stress applied in the fiber direction. The two-dimensional lamina consists of parallel, equally-spaced elastic fibers with elastic matrix in-between, and contains a row of up to a few hundred contiguous fiber breaks aligned transverse to the fiber direction forming a central transverse crack. Using the break-influence superposition (BIS) technique, a recently developed method for analyzing a shear-lag model first introduced by Hedgepeth, we calculate the tensile and shear stress concentrations in the fibers and matrix, respectively. These are compared to tensile and shear stresses calculated using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and the complete elasticity solution both for the continuum limit of a homogeneous, orthotropic elastic material with a transverse central crack loaded in Mode I. For the shear-lag model a critical scaling parameter for examining the stress behavior away from the crack tip along the fiber direction is √E∗/G∗, where E∗ and G∗ are composite in-plane stiffness constants along the fiber direction and in shear, respectively. In addition to these parameters, the LEFM and complete elasticity solutions also involve the effective transverse stiffness and Poisson's ratio. For a sizable crack (consisting of 100 or more fiber breaks), the fiber tensile stresses ahead of the crack tip along the crack plane calculated from the BIS approach achieve excellent agreement with the LEFM solution down to the scale of one fiber diameter and even better agreement with the complete solution both in the near crack tip field and far field, regardless of the composite stiffness constants. The profiles of the fiber tensile and matrix shear stresses along the fiber direction show generally good agreement, with the agreement improving as the composite stiffness transverse to the fiber direction grows.
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IN THE ELDERLY : A RISK-BENEFIT ASSESSMENT

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most valuable groups of available medications because of their effectiveness in relieving pain, particularly that associated with rheumatoid arthritis. They are also among the most commonly prescribed drugs and, because of their availability over-the-counter, they are among the most widely consumed agents, especially by elderly people. Older individuals are more predisposed to the renal adverse effects of NSAIDs, because of: (i) age-associated changes in renal function; (ii) the prevalence of comorbid conditions (congestive heart failure, hypertension, hepatic cirrhosis, renal insufficiency); and (iii) the pervasive use of concomitant drugs that affect kidney function (diuretics, antihypertensives). However, because the incidence of NSAID-induced acute renal failure (ARF) is relatively low, and because it occurs in an identifiable and therefore preventable setting, the benefits of limited NSAID use outweigh the risks of this adverse effect. Using NSAIDs for a restricted period of time at the lowest effective dosage, and informing patients of the conditions in which ARF can occur, should minimise the risk of this effect. If the use of an NSAID in a patient at potential risk of ARF is necessary, close monitoring of renal function should further reduce the already low risk:benefit ratio for this adverse effect.
A comparison of bag mask and mouth mask ventilation in anaesthetised patients.

Anaesthetic residents used bag valve mask (BVM) or mouth mask (MM) ventilation, both with an O2 flow of 15 l min-1 to ventilate 30 ASA I or II anaesthetised patients for 4 min prior to endotracheal intubation. Mean nasopharyngeal O2 was higher with BVM (BVM 95% (S.D. 3%) MM 54% (S.D. 12%)). End tidal CO2 (ETCO2) was similar in both groups (ETCO2% at 4 min: BVM 4.65 (S.D. 0.84) MM 4.53 (S.D. 0.54)) but respiratory rate was faster with BVM (BVM 17 min-1 (S.D. 5) MM 12 min-1 (S.D. 4)). Peak (Paw) and mean (Paw) airway pressures were higher with MM and MM produced significant expiratory pressure [cmH2O: BVM Paw 16.7 (S.D. 5.3) Paw 4.2 (S.D. 2.1) MM: Paw 20.9 (S.D. 5.2) Paw 7.8 (S.D. 2.1)) minimum expiratory pressure: MM 2.4 (S.D. 1.1) BVM 0.2 (S.D. 0.4). Gastric insufflation was detected in two MM and two BVM patients. This tended to be more severe with MM ventilation. Although MM ventilation has some important disadvantages it can be used effectively by resuscitators with little or no experience in its use.
Calculating the Return on Training Investment.

Abstract Calculating the return on training investment is easy to do. Training departments can show their value to the company's bottom-line by reporting the dollars spent and balancing the scale with the value returned.
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS OF BIVARIATE POINT PATTERNS

Second-order methods of point pattern analysis have only recently received attention from geographers. This paper demonstrates the use of these methods in a spatial analysis of two interrelated categories of objects in a finite region. Two contrasting methods of analyzing the spatial structure of bivariate point data provide insight into the potential of second-order methods. The first is the conventional “within” group analysis that compares a spatial pattern of points to a Poisson random pattern. The second, a “between” groups analysis, allows a distribution-free investigation of locational interdependencies between two categories of points. The map pattern of a sample of commercial investments in Cincinnati illustrates the utility of this approach.
Modeling the Big Sky Theory

This work examines the mathematical assumptions underlying the so-called “Big Sky Theory” (BST). Given stated assumptions about airspace geometry, the number of aircraft, and the flight parameters of each, Monte Carlo simulations are used to parameterize closed-solution probability estimates for both operational errors and metal-on-metal collisions. This methodology either confirms or disconfirms the BST as a functional separation maintenance “safety net” for air traffic control (ATC), depending on one's assumptions about the airspace and standards for separation.
Gastrointestinal secretory, motor and circulatory effects of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).

Abstract This study was designed to determined the effects of CRF on the gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility and circulation in dogs. CRF was found to inhibit dose-dependently gastric acid response to pentagastrin but not to histamine. CRF stimulated pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion under basal conditions and in response to secretin or cholecystokinin (CCK). This stimulation was accompanied by an increase in plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), but not of secretin or gastrin. CRF caused a partial inhibition of the migrating motor complexes in fasted dogs and increased spike activity of the small bowel. These motor effects of CRF probably resulted from the action of the released PP on the intestinal smooth muscle. CRF is also a potent and selective stimulant of the mesenteric blood flow. This effect may be secondary to the stimulation of intestinal motility and metabolism.
Micromechanical Analysis of Dentin/Adhesive Interface by the Finite Element Method

The interfacial microstructure and spatial distribution of the modulus of elasticity have a profound effect on load transfer at the dentin/adhesive (d/a) interface. The microstructure is influenced by the varying degree of demineralization of intertubular and peritubular dentin during etching as well as the depth of adhesive penetration into the hybrid layer. These factors lead not only to a unique microstructure in the vicinity of the dentinal tubules, but also to a mechanically graded hybrid layer. This article investigates the micromechanical stress distribution at a d/a interface with the use of finite element analysis (FEA). Such analysis is now feasible given the newly measured moduli of elasticity at micro- and nanoscales. The results indicate that the morphological and micromechanical properties of the d/a interface affects the stress field such that the fracture/failure is likely to initiate in the stress-concentration zone of peritubular dentin next to the hybrid/exposed-collagen layer. The results suggest that devising a full-depth high modulus hybrid layer may considerably reduce the stress concentration zone and the magnitude of stress concentration in the peritubular dentin next to the hybrid/exposed-collagen layer.
Interrelationships between body weight, food consumption and plasma thyroid hormone concentration cycles in the woodchuck, Marmota monax

Abstract 1. 1. The interrelationships between body weight, food consumption and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were studied during the spring, summer and fall in two groups of woodchucks: those allowed to eat ad libitum and those kept at their March weight by food restriction. 2. 2. The food consumption of the ad libitum fed control animals was greatest in April and May and then declined. Body weight in these animals peaked in July and then slowly declined during the rest of the study. 3. 3. When the restricted animals were allowed to eat ad libitum in August they rapidly increased their food consumption and brought their body weight up to that of the controls in less than six weeks. 4. 4. Plasma thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) concentrations decreased during the summer in the control animals and then rose again in the fall. The T 4 changes were blunted in the restricted animals. 5. 5. T 3 concentrations decreased during the summer in the restricted animals and remained low until one month after they were allowed to eat ad libitum . 6. 6. The low plasma concentrations T 3 during the summer in the woodchuck may facilitate weight gain in preparation for hibernation.
Who Complains About Alligators? Cognitive and Situational Factors Influence Behavior Toward Wildlife

Understanding perceptual and situational factors underlying nuisance complaints can help managers maintain carnivore populations while mitigating conflicts with people. Our study uses data from a mail survey (n = 467 complainants about nuisance alligators, and n = 669 random Florida residents) and a three-step binary logistic regression analysis to examine how general attitudes, specific beliefs, and situational factors influence the behavior of reporting nuisance alligators. Residence adjacent to fresh water, the presence of outdoor pets, higher risk belief scores, higher nuisance belief scores, higher education, and older age were all related to complaining about an alligator, whereas general attitude toward alligators was not. Results are consistent with the “specificity principle” for attitude–behavior correspondence and emphasize the importance of situational factors as behavioral determinants. Targeted harvest areas can help to manage complaints in marginal habitats where risk from alligators is per...
Recognition of oral sensory satisfaction and regulation of the volume of intake in humans.

AbstractSensory awareness contributes to the enjoyment of eating and drinking. This study tested the hypothesis that changes in the intensity of oral sensations could be used to regulate the volume of intake. Forty women ( p p
In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates.

Purpose To determine the antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ocular surface isolates. Design Retrospective review. Methods MRSA isolates were obtained from 21 patients. The MIC50 (mean inhibitory concentration)(μg/ml) values of 31 MRSA ocular surface isolates were determined for gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, vancomycin, and gentamicin using the Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) or the VITEK system (bioMerieux, Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA). Susceptibility data were interpreted based on criteria specified by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). main outcome measures : MIC50 values in μg/ml and interpretation of susceptibility or resistance. Results In vitro resistance rates and median MIC50 in μg/ml for the MRSA isolates were: gatifloxacin (71%, 8.0), moxifloxacin (68%, 8.0), ciprofloxacin (94%, 8.0), ofloxacin (94%, 8.0), vancomycin (0%, 1.0), and gentamicin (3%, 0.5). Conclusions MRSA ocular isolates exhibited a relatively high rate of in vitro resistance to all fluoroquinolones tested, including the fourth generation. In contrast, MRSA isolates were found to be highly sensitive to vancomycin and gentamicin.
Primitive nervous systems: Peripheral habituation in decerebrate polyclad flatworms

The response to a vibration stimulus recorded from the cords of the ventral submuscular plexus of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola, consists of a burst of action potentials. The response can be abolished by the application of MgCl2 to the sea water bathing the preparation. With repeated application of the stimulus, decreasing numbers of action potentials can be measured. This waning responsiveness can be dishabituated by applying a more intense vibration stimulus or with electrical shocks applied directly to the ventral nerve plexus. With electrical stimuli a number of shocks have to be applied before the response can be dishabituated. Changes in responsiveness can be measured simultaneously in a number of sites in the plexus even after the nerves between recording sites have been severed. With different interstimulus intervals the extent of habituation changes. As interstimulus intervals increase from 1 to 5 sec, there appears to be a decrease in responsiveness which recovers when interstimulus intervals become longer than 5 sec.
Polarized Absorption in Oriented 'New' (CH)x

Abstract We have measured the temperature and polarization dependence of the infrared absorption in ∼500%-stretched highly-conducting trans -(CH) χ , doped chemically with iodine to levels up to 6% (I 3 − ). The dc conductivity for the 6%-doped sample was ∼ 10 000 Ω −1 cm −1 at 300 K. These samples have highly anisotropic infrared conductivity, with substantially greater σ 1 ( ω ) for polarization parallel to the chain direction. The 300 K frequency-dependent conductivity has a narrow Drude-like peak at zero frequency above which is a broad “midgap” band with the usual doping-induced vibrational modes superimposed. When the temperature was lowered, the far-ir conductivity decreased (in accord with dc measurements). The Drude-like peak was not seen below ∼ 200 K.
Undead Spaces: Fear, Globalisation, and the Popular Geopolitics of Zombiism

In recent years, zombies have enjoyed a dramatic renaissance in various forms of popular culture. This essay argues that the current obsession with the walking dead, and particularly the looming threat of human-zombie conflicts, is a reflection of the dangers of invasive alterity associated with uncontrolled spaces in a globalised world. This shift is especially prevalent in the United States following 9/11, as zombies have become phantasmal stand-ins for Islamist terrorists, illegal immigrants, carriers of foreign contagions, and other ‘dangerous’ border crossers. Through three case studies which examine zombie ‘outbreaks’ on the local, national, and global levels, respectively, I discuss the importance of borders and geopolitical spaces in recent fictional depictions of human-zombie conflicts. As metaphors for illicit globalisation, zombies have emerged as a key pop-culture referent of the porous nature of socio-cultural, political, and physical boundaries in a global age defined by an emotional geopoli...
Passive Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of chemical plumes: an algorithm for quantitative interpretation and real-time background removal

We present a ratioing algorithm for quantitative analysis of the passive Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of a chemical plume. We show that the transmission of a near-field plume is given by τplume = (Lobsd − Lbb-plume)/(Lbkgd − Lbb-plume), where τplume is the frequency-dependent transmission of the plume, Lobsd is the spectral radiance of the scene that contains the plume, Lbkgd is the spectral radiance of the same scene without the plume, and Lbb-plume is the spectral radiance of a blackbody at the plume temperature. The algorithm simultaneously achieves background removal, elimination of the spectrometer internal signature, and quantification of the plume spectral transmission. It has applications to both real-time processing for plume visualization and quantitative measurements of plume column densities. The plume temperature (Lbb-plume), which is not always precisely known, can have a profound effect on the quantitative interpretation of the algorithm and is discussed in detail. Finally, we provide an illustrative example of the use of the algorithm on a trichloroethylene and acetone plume.
Evaluation of walking in place on a Wii balance board to explore a virtual environment

In this work, we present a method of “Walking In Place” (WIP) on the Nintendo Wii Fit Balance Board to explore a virtual environment. We directly compare our method to joystick locomotion and normal walking. The joystick proves inferior to physically walking and to WIP on the Wii Balance Board (WIP--Wii). Interestingly, we find that physically exploring an environment on foot is equivalent in terms of spatial orientation to exploring an environment using our WIP--Wii method. This implies that the WIP--Wii is a good inexpensive alternative to exploring a virtual environment and it may be well--suited for exploring large virtual environments.
Stratospheric chlorine injection by volcanic eruptions - HCl scavenging and implications for ozone

Because the output of volatile chlorine during a major volcanic event can greatly exceed the annual anthropogenic emissions of chlorine to the atmosphere, the fate of volcanic chlorine must be known. Although numerous observations have shown that volcanoes do not significantly contribute to the stratospheric chlorine burden, no quantitative explanation has been published. Hydrogen chloride (HCI) scavenging processes during the early phases of a volcanic eruption are discussed. A plume dynamics and thermodynamics model is used to show that HCI removal in condensed supercooled water can reduce HCI vapor concentrations by up to four orders of magnitude, preventing substantial stratospheric chlorine injection.
VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration coefficient performance using imagery and moderate band intercomparisons

A primary sensor on-board the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) spacecraft, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has 22 bands: 7 thermal emissive bands (TEBs), 14 reflective solar bands (RSBs) and a Day Night Band (DNB). The RSBs cover the spectral wavelengths between 0.412 to 2.25 μm and have three (I1-I3) 371m and eleven (M1-M11) 742m spatial resolution bands. A VIIRS Key Performance Parameter (KPP) is the Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (OCC) which uses moderate bands M1 (0.412μm) through M7’s (0.865 μm) calibrated Science Data Records (SDRs). The RSB SDRs rely on prelaunch calibration coefficients which use a quadratic algorithm to convert the detector’s response to calibrated radiance. This paper will evaluate the performance of these prelaunch calibration coefficients using SDR comparisons between bands with the same spectral characteristics: I2 with M7 (0.865 μm) and I3 with M10 (1.610 μm). Changes to the prelaunch calibration coefficient’s offset term c0 to improve the SDR’s performance at low radiance levels will also be discussed.
Haptic seat for automated driving: preparing the driver to take control effectively

Drivers' situation awareness is known to be remarkably low in the automated driving mode, which can result in a delayed and inefficient response when requested to resume control of the vehicle. The present study examined the usefulness of a haptic seat that projects spatial information on approaching vehicles to facilitate drivers' preparedness to take control of the vehicle. The results of a simulator study on 26 participants using behavioral and eye tracking techniques showed that when required to regain control, having haptic seat led to faster reactions in scenarios requiring lane changing. The haptic seat also reduced the probability that the participants would slow down below acceptable speeds on a freeway. Eye tracking showed that drivers had a more systematic scan of the environment in the first two seconds following the transition of control with a haptic seat. Overall, these findings suggest that the haptic seat can play a significant role in keeping drivers aware of surrounding traffic during automated driving, and consequently facilitate the control transitions between the vehicle and the driver.
A Bold Perspective on Counseling with Couples and Families: An Interview with Arnold A. Lazarus

This article illuminates a collaborative effort between the author and Dr. Arnold A. Lazarus, an internationally known presenter, author, and therapist. Many consider Lazarus to be a pioneer of behavior therapy and brief psychotherapy. Details about his unique perspective regarding therapy with couples and families will be presented. Boundary issues, marital myths, and divorce were a few of the topics that surfaced in conversations. Incorporated throughout discussions of each of these topics, Lazarus provided several case examples that illustrate his dynamic and innovative approach to working with clients.
Federal financing of child care: Alternative approaches and economic implications

This paper surveys alternative approaches to financing child care at the federal level and discusses their economic implications with respect to female labor force participation, fertility, child care demand and supply, and poverty. The current system of federal support for child care is seen to consist of a series of overlapping programs that tend to create inefficiencies and inequities in the distribution of child care benefits. Four basic principles of an ideal child care system are outlined, and a general two-tiered system of support is proposed that would satisfy these four principles. The two-tiered system is centered on a refundable tax credit considerably more progressive than the current child care tax credit. A simulation analysis indicates that the proposed refundable tax credit would not cost much more than many of the more popular child care bills currently being debated in Congress.
Efficiencies of tests and estimators forp-order autoregressive processes when the error distribution is nonnormal

We considerpth order autoregressive time series where the shocks need not be normal. By employing the concept of contiguity, we obtain the sysmptotic power for tests of hypothesis concerning the autoregressive parameters. Our approach allows consideration of the double exponential and other thicker-tailed distributions for the shocks. We derive a new result in the contiguity framework that leads directly to an expression for the Pitman efficiencies of tests as well as estimators.
Optimal parallel randomized algorithms for the Voronoi diagram of line segments in the plane and related problems

In this paper, we present an optimal parallel randomized algorithm for the Voronoi diagram of a set of n non-intersecting (except possibly at endpoints) line segments in the plane. Our algorithm runs in O(logn) time with very high probability and uses O(n) processors on a CRCW PRAM. This algorithm is optimal in terms of P.T bounds since the sequential time bound for this problem is O(nlogn). Our algorithm improves by an O(logn) factor the previously best known deterministic parallel algorithm which runs in O(log2n) time using O(n) processors. We obtain this result by using random sampling at “two stages” of our algorithm and using efficient randomized search techniques. This technique gives a direct optimal algorithm for the Voronoi diagram of points as well (all other optimal parallel algorithms for this problem use reduction from the 3-d convex hull construction).
Toxicity of Benzoylphenyl Ureas and Thuringiensin to Trioxys pallidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Walnut Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The benzoylphenyl ureas (BPU’s) diflubenzuron, alsystin, CGA 112913 (2,6-difluoro-N-[[[4-[3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyloxy]-3-5-dichlorophenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamide), and thuringiensin were tested on adult and late third-instar, Trioxys pallidus (Haliday), and first-instar, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) (walnut aphid). The organophosphates phosalone and azinphosmethyl were used as broadly toxic controls. The BPU’s and thuringiensin were not acutely toxic to adult and larval T. pallidus when contact, topical, and ingestion methods of application were used. These chemicals had no contact effects on first-instar aphids. Azinphosmethyl and phosalone were highly toxic to both parasite and aphid. However, phosalone, when topically applied to mummified aphids, did not reduce emergence of adult parasites. No detrimental effects on reproduction were detected for either T. pallidus or aphids.
Emotional and Behavior Problems in Urban and Rural Adjudicated Males: Differences in Risk and Protective Factors

Abstract Emotional and behavior problems in rural adjudicated youth have received scant research attention. The association of risk and protective factors with emotional and behavioral problems were examined in samples of urban and rural adjudicated youth. Urban youth had higher levels of personal and peer risk. For both samples, family and community risk were strong risk factors. The effects of family and school variables on emotional and behavioral problems were stronger for rural youth. The closer social ties of rural communities provide protective effects. Programs that facilitate more supportive family and community networks are consistent with the results of this study.
The large N limit of the O(N) Heisenberg spin system in two dimensions

Abstract The large N limit of the O( N ) Heisenberg spin system in two dimensions (a lattice version of the non-linear σ-model) is analysed by the collective field technique. A compact expression for the mass gap and the β-function is obtained for arbitrary but fixed gN . The strong and weak coupling limits of this expression correctly reproduce the known results.
INTENSIFICATION OF FRUIT-FLAVORS BY ASPARTAME

Orange-, cherry-, and strawberry-flavored noncarbonated beverages containing 0.065% Aspartame were equivalent in sweetness to beverages containing 9.52% sucrose. The same flavors in gelatin desserts sweetened with 15% sucrose were equivalent to those sweetened with 0.070% Aspartame. Sensory scores indicated that both orange-and cherry-flavored beverages had a significantly higher intensity of fruit-flavor than their counterparts sweetened with sucrose. However, in the strawberry-flavored beverages or in the three flavored gelatins, no such differences in intensity of fruit-flavors were found between products sweetened with Aspartame or sucrose.
A Fixation Device for Enucleated Eyes

Summary We have constructed an ophthalmic fixation device that stabilizes an enucleated eye, and helps both in the pathologic examination of the eye and in ophthalmic practice surgery.
Observation of the Phase Shift of a Neutron Due to Precession in a Magnetic Field

We have directly observed the sign reversal of the wave function of a fermion produced by its precession of 2π radians in a magnetic field using a neutron interferometer.