cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hsp70 in the Regulation of Autophagy in Gametogenesis, Pregnancy, and Parturition

Induction of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) and autophagy are two major mechanisms that promote cell homeostasis during the rapid cell growth and differentiation characteristic of reproduction. Hsp70 insures proper assembly, conformation, and intracellular transport of nascent proteins. Autophagy removes from the cytoplasm proteins, other macromolecules, and organelles that are no longer functional or needed and recycles their components for synthesis of new products under nutritionally limiting conditions. Hsp70 inhibits autophagy and so a proper balance between these two processes is essential for optimal germ cell production and survival and pregnancy progression. A marked inhibition in autophagy and a concomitant increase in hsp70 at term is a trigger for parturition. Excessive external or endogenous stress that induces a high level of hsp70 production can lead to a non-physiological inhibition of autophagy, resulting in altered spermatogenesis, premature ovarian failure, and complications of pregnancy including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth.
Four Principles of Political Correctness

This paper takes a psychoanalytic view of political correctness. PC is a consequence of a deep cultural transformation. Because of the necessity for the infant of maternal love, the mother is the most powerful force in the psyche. In traditional culture, the father is seen as having earned mother’s love, which makes him worthy of emulation. In the new culture, he Is seen as having stolen mother’s love, and is to be hated for his theft. Those from who he is seen as having stolen her love, called the marginalized, such as racial and sexual minorities, are to be loved in compensation. This whole project is based on the fiction that the father gained his love through theft, and therefore cannot be renewed by contact with reality. It must therefore be dramatized continuously. All this can be represented as four principles of political correctness: (1) Hate the father, (2) Love those from whom he has stolen love, (3) Keep the drama moving, and (4) Invoke the love and power of mother.
Exploring the intervention effect moderators of a cardiovascular health promotion study among rural African-Americans.

Objective The purpose of this analysis was to examine the participant characteristics that served as intervention effect moderators of a cardiovascular health promotion intervention study. Design and sample This exploratory study was a secondary analysis of data collected during a cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants (n = 229) of the study were African-American adults recruited from 12 rural churches that were randomized to intervention (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. There were 115 individual participants in the intervention group, and 114 in the control group. Measures Cardiovascular health intentions, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy for produce consumption, dietary fat intake, and exercise were measured to test the effect of the intervention. Linear mixed model was used to detect intervention effect moderators. Results Personal heart disease status was a moderator of intervention effects for intentions, norms, and self-efficacy regarding dietary fat intake and attitudes about produce consumption. Lacking a family heart disease history was a moderator for dietary fat intake self-efficacy, and age was a dietary fat norms moderator. Conclusions Knowledge about the moderators that influenced intervention outcomes can assist public health nurses in tailoring health promotion programs for underserved populations that can be implemented in community settings.
Double the Fun with Two-Person, One-Rope Jump Rope.

One popular activity within physical education curricula today is jump rope. Jump rope is recognized as an excellent activity for developing motor skills and the affective domain, and it aligns with several recommended outcomes for physical education listed by the SHAPE America – Society of Health and Physical Educators. This article describes two-person, one-rope jump rope activities and tricks, and provides step-by-step progressions and verbal cues for developing a unit.
The water dimer II: Theoretical investigations

Abstract As the archetype of aqueous hydrogen bonding, the water dimer has been extensively studied by both theory and experiment for nearly seven decades. In this article, we present a detailed chronological review of the theoretical advances made using electronic structure methods to address the structure, hydrogen bonding and vibrational spectroscopy of the water dimer, as well as the role of its potential energy surface in the development of classical force fields to describe intermolecular interactions in clusters and the condensed phases of water.
Automatic Generation of Precise and Useful Commutativity Conditions

Reasoning about commutativity between data-structure operations is an important problem with applications including parallelizing compilers, optimistic parallelization and, more recently, Ethereum smart contracts. There have been research results on automatic generation of commutativity conditions, yet we are unaware of any fully automated technique to generate conditions that are both sound and effective.
Research on Teacher Identity: Introduction to Mapping Challenges and Innovations

In this chapter, we introduce the book, authors, and issues related to research on teacher identity. Our goal is to lay the groundwork for the organization of the content and issues to be discussed in the book.
Terminology and Definitions

Normally, a glossary is found at the end of educational materials. This chapter, however, will start with a review (or an introduction!) to key terms that we will use throughout the rest of the text. Understanding the definition of each term now will assist in appreciating its use in context later.
A safety and security architecture for reducing accidents in intelligent transportation systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is transforming the world into Smart Cities, which have a huge impact on future societal lifestyle, economy and business. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), especially IoT-enabled Electric Vehicles (EVs), are anticipated to be an integral part of future Smart Cities. Assuring ITS safety and security is critical to the success of Smart Cities because human lives are at stake. The state-of-the-art understanding of this matter is very superficial because there are many new problems that have yet to be investigated. For example, the cyber-physical nature of ITS requires considering human-in-the-loop (i.e., drivers and pedestrians) and imposes many new challenges. In this paper, we systematically explore the threat model against ITS safety and security (e.g., malfunctions of connected EVs/transportation infrastructures, driver misbehavior and unexpected medical conditions, and cyber attacks). Then, we present a novel and systematic ITS safety and security architecture, which aims to reduce accidents caused or amplified by a range of threats. The architecture has appealing features: (i) it is centered at proactive cyber-physical-human defense; (ii) it facilitates the detection of early-warning signals of accidents; (iii) it automates effective defense against a range of threats.
PERFORMING ARTS IN THE BASIC SCHOOLS CULTURAL FESTIVALS: EDUCATING THE GHANAIAN STUDENT

In the days gone by, the Ghanaian child acquired knowledge and skills in the performing arts through a direct involvement and participation in the culture in which he or she belongs. This learning process has been interrupted due to economic and social changes taking place. The school has now become the social institution to provide such learning experiences for children in the society. However, it not fulfilling this task effectively. This paper therefore re-emphasise the role of the schools cultural festivals in educating the Ghanaian basic school student in the performing arts. Article visualizations:
The Degradation Chemistry of Prasugrel Hydrochloride: Part 1-Drug Substance.

Prasugrel hydrochloride is the active ingredient in Effient™, a thienopyridine platelet inhibitor. An extensive study of the degradation chemistry of prasugrel hydrochloride (LY640315 hydrochloride) has been carried out on the drug substance (part I) and on the drug product (part II, future article) using a multidimensional approach including hydrolytic, oxidative, and photolytic stressing, computational chemistry, HPLC analysis, and structure elucidation by various spectroscopic techniques. The major degradation products formed from the drug substance under the various stress conditions have been isolated and structures unambiguously determined, and the pathways leading to these products have been proposed. Fourteen new (not previously disclosed) products were discovered and characterized, in addition to 4 degradation products that had been previously identified in the literature. The pathways indicate that prasugrel is susceptible to hydrolysis, autoxidation (both radical-initiated and single-electron mediated), and peroxide-mediated oxidation; in solution, prasugrel is susceptible to photodegradation.
HPV status in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States: A SEER database study.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the etiologic and prognostic role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). Materials and methods Patients diagnosed with NPC were identified with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of clinicopathologic predictors on HPV positivity in NPC. Survival analyses were performed with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models. Results 180/517 patients (34.8%) with known HPV testing were positive for HPV-associated NPC. East Asians and individuals over 25 were less likely to have HPV-associated NPC, while controlling for AJCC-7 stage and AJCC-7 M stage. According to the survival analysis, cause-specific survival (CSS) did not differ significantly by HPV status throughout the study period, but did differ significantly by HPV ethnicity group. Conclusions The clinical implications of HPV in NPC are further elucidated but require more investigation. Level of evidence IV.
Nonspecific membrane interactions can modulate BK channel activation

Large-conductance potassium (BK) channels are transmembrane (TM) proteins that can be synergistically and independently activated by membrane voltage and intracellular Ca2+. The only covalent connection between the cytosolic Ca2+ sensing domain and the TM pore and voltage sensing domains is a 15-residue "C-linker". To determine the linker9s role in BK activation, we designed a series of linker sequence scrambling mutants to suppress potential complex interplay of specific interactions with the rest of the protein. The results revealed a surprising sensitivity of BK activation to the linker sequence. Combing atomistic simulations and further mutagenesis experiments, we demonstrated that nonspecific interactions of the linker with membrane alone could directly modulate BK activation. The C-linker thus plays more direct roles in mediating allosteric coupling between BK domains than previously assumed. Our results also suggest that covalent linkers could directly modulate TM protein function and should be considered an integral component of the sensing apparatus.
Impact Temperature Determination for GPHS Safety Testing

Impact testing of general purpose heat sources (GPHSs) and their component GPHS clads is done to benchmark extensive safety calculations quantifying launch safety. Impact testing is done in the Iso...
Solid-state NMR studies of solvent-mediated, acid-catalyzed woody biomass pre-treatment for enzymatic conversion of residual cellulose.

Enzymes selectively hydrolyze the carbohydrate fractions of lignocellulosic biomass into corresponding sugars, but these processes are limited by low yields and slow catalytic turnovers. Under cert...
Design Comparison and Survivability of Epitaxially Encapsulated MEMS Disc Resonating Gyroscopes at High Shock (>27,000g)

In this work, we compared the survivability of epitaxially encapsulated (EPI) MEMS disc resonating gyroscopes (DRGs) with ten different designs up to shocks near 50,000g. Though most DRGs survived, there are clear differences in the performance of devices post shock. Devices are clustered into their respective shock groups, but some devices maintain their superior performance even in the face of extreme shock. This work expands on the previous work of understanding shock resistance in gyroscopes and which devices may maintain performance under various conditions.
Association Between Number of In-Person Health Care Visits and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obstetrical Patients.

This case-control study estimates the risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among pregnant women making antenatal visits to 4 Boston, Massachusetts, area hospitals during April-June 2020 vs uninfected controls matched on gestational age.
Occurrence and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pharmaceuticals in a Temperate-region Wastewater Effluent-dominated Stream: Variable Inputs and Differential Attenuation Yield Evolving Complex Exposure Mixtures

Effluent-dominated streams are becoming increasingly common in temperate regions and generate complex pharmaceutical mixture exposure conditions that may impact aquatic organisms via drug-drug inte...
Continuous inter-limb coordination deficits in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy

Abstract Background Continuous inter-limb coordination and the ability to offset perturbations to a movement pattern (i.e., stability) are important factors in efficient motor performance. Patients with movement disorders often show deficits in coordination and stability, although little is known about these features in children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to identify the continuous inter-limb coordination and stability deficits in children with cerebral palsy and determine if improvement occurs with upper extremity intervention. Methods Children with cerebral palsy participated in bimanual or unimanual intensive therapy. Continuous inter-limb coordination between the arms and between the more-affected arm and leg was evaluated using relative phase analysis during four gross motor tasks, including in-place marching and standing with asymmetric and symmetric arm swing. A control group of children with cerebral palsy and a group of typically developing children were also evaluated. Findings Children with cerebral palsy displayed coordination deficits compared to typically developing children (p 0.05 for all cases). Interpretation Relative phase analysis successfully provided a sensitive measurement of coordination and stability in pathologic and non-pathologic populations. Findings indicate that all children have difficulty producing consistent movement patterns and suggest that both bimanual and unimanual interventions can improve continuous coordination in children with cerebral palsy.
Neural stem cells reversed disease symptoms in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is a debilitating disease, which affects millions of people and causes a great economic and societal burden. There is no cure for MS. In the current study, a novel approach of transplanting neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human primitive mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS reversed disease symptoms and resulted in near complete recovery. Post-transplantation analyses of CNS tissues validated the neurobehavioral analyses of EAE animals treated with NSCs. NSCs also showed greater histological improvements in the CNS than MSCs by inducing anti-inflammatory responses, neuroprotection and endogenous regeneration. Cell therapy was more effective at an early stage (EAE stage 1) than stage 2. These results provide basis for clinical studies to treat MS using our novel cell therapy approach.
Testing the attention-distractibility trait

Forster and Lavie (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40[1], 251–260, 2014; Psychological Science, 27[2], 203–212, 2016) found that task-irrelevant distraction correlated positively with a measure of mind-wandering and a report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomology. Based primarily on these results, Forster and Lavie claimed to establish an attention-distractibility trait. Here, I tested whether these associations could be distinguished from associations with working memory capacity and task-relevant distraction (measured with an antisaccade task). With data collected from 226 subjects (ns differ among analyses), the results from the current study suggest that the measures of task-irrelevant distraction and working memory capacity were not (or only very weakly) associated with measures of mind wandering (measured both with a stand-alone questionnaire and in-task thought probes) and ADHD symptomology. Task-relevant interference (i.e., antisaccade accuracy) was associated with mind-wandering reports from in-task thought probes (presented in a separate task), but not the stand-alone mind wandering questionnaire or ADHD symptomology. Additionally, the measure of irrelevant-distraction exhibited low internal consistency suggesting that (as measured) it may not be a suitable individual difference measure. [Preregistration, data, analysis scripts and output are available via the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bhs24/ ].
Non-cardiac Findings of Cardiac CT

Cardiac imaging plays a key role in the accurate diagnosis of pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD). Pediatric cardiac CT does not only accurately demonstrate the intracardiac anatomy in complex CHD, and vascular anomalies, but also allows evaluation of lungs, airways, soft tissues, and osseous structures. Prevalence of clinically significant extracardiac finding is common; hence, physician reading CT angiography studies of pediatric congenital heart disease patients should be aware of possible significant findings that occur outside the heart and, therefore, should follow a systematic approach in the reading of such studies. This will help to ensure that important findings are not missed, necessary clinical management is implemented, and unnecessary follow-up examinations are avoided.
The Elderly and Health Care Rationing

This Monograph derives from research undertaken during my appointment as a Visiting Scholar at The Poynter Center for The Study of Ethics and American Institutions, Indiana University, Bloomington in July-August, 2000. The thesis of this Monograph is that before contemporary society can confront the issue of health care rationing for the elderly, it must seek to integrate the disciplines of moral and ethical reasoning with the qualitative formulations of needs and resources. Until such a point is reached, however, the greatest danger to avoid is the perpetuation of non-decisions regarding health care treatment. Such "decisions" all too frequently result in the non-treatment of elderly patients and institutional residents because of an inability to assess effectively the equitable and efficient allocation of the scarce health care resources which are available. The real moral question raised from this debate is not whether too much treatment or too little is offered. Rather, it is how to optimize the appropriateness of the treatment; and therein lies the moral obligation of health care as well. However difficult or tragic the allocative decisions are to make, taking no action is perhaps the most pernicious conduct of all. Society must realize that aging is not a disease, but an inherent part of human life.
Developing beliefs about literacy instruction: A cross‐case analysis of preservice teachers in traditional and field based settings

Abstract This paper reports the results of three similar case studies of preservice teachers enrolled in literacy methods courses. In each study, preservice teachers beliefs about literacy were described through the use of multiple data sources before, during, and after the course. The settings of the studies included: a university based course with no field experience, a university‐based course with unsupervised field experience, and a field‐based course. Preservice teachers in each program experienced change. Factors contributing to the changes common to all programs were instructor modeling, course assignments/readings, cognitive dissonance, and reflection. Only students participating in the field‐based program, however, described a greater variety of dissonance factors impacting their beliefs about literacy instruction. Factors unique to the field‐based course include: cultural dissonance, emotional dissonance, experiential dissonance, and political dissonance. Implications support a field‐based model...
Triangular Stimulation Method Utilizing Combination Spinal Cord Stimulation With Peripheral Subcutaneous Field Stimulation for Chronic Pain Patients: A Retrospective Study

Objectives: This retrospective data collection study aims to evaluate the responses of patients who have been implanted with a neuromodulation system using a combination of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation (PSFS) leads for chronic intractable pain. Materials and Methods: Forty patients with chronic, intractable pain implanted with both SCS and PSFS leads were enrolled in a retrospective data collection study. Pre-implant data (demographics, pain levels, pain location, and medication use) and post-implant data (pain levels, medication use, and device programming reports) were compared to measure short- and long-term improvements in pain for a period of approximately six months. Device system use and parameter data were collected. Results: The majority of patients experienced immediate and short-term pain relief and reduction in oral pain medications as a result of combination SCS/PSFS therapy. The improvements were maintained for some, but not all patients by six months. Patients cycled through multiple programs over follow-up; the use of triangular stimulation was consistent over time, and by six months, patients preferred this program over others. Limitations of the retrospective chart review included missing data and variable follow-up times, and may have made determinations of long-term efficacy difficult. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that combination SCS and PSFS therapy is potentially a beneficial treatment option for reducing pain levels and oral pain medication compared with baseline in previously resistive chronic pain patients. There is a need for further study of this therapy in a greater number of subjects and in a prospective, controlled setting. In the author's general experience, triangular stimulation is very effective for treating isolated low back pain, because it covers larger topographic areas of the lower back than flow or field stimulation. An investigational device exemption study will be necessary for subcutaneous field stimulation indicated for focal isolated pain to be adequately investigated and utilized by physicians in the future.
PGE2 glycerol ester, a COX-2 oxidative metabolite of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, modulates inhibitory synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal neurons

The oxygenation of endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamide by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) produces novel types of prostanoids: prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) and prostaglandin ethanolamides (PG-EAs). However, the physiological function of COX-2 oxidative metabolites of eCBs is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that PGE2-G, a COX-2 oxidative metabolite of 2-AG, induced a concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons, an effect opposite to that of 2-AG. This increase was not inhibited by SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, but was attenuated by an IP3 or MAPK inhibitor. In addition, we also examined the effects of other prostanoids derived from COX-2 oxygenation of eCBs on mIPSCs. PGD2-G, PGF2α-G and PGD2-EA, but not PGE2-EA or PGF2α-EA, also increased the frequency of mIPSCs. The eCB-derived prostanoid-induced responses appeared to be different from those of corresponding arachidonic acid-derived prostanoids, implying that these effects are not mediated via known prostanoid receptors. We further discovered that the inhibition of COX-2 activity reduced inhibitory synaptic activity and augmented depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), whereas the enhancement of COX-2 augmented the synaptic transmission and abolished DSI. Our results, which show that COX-2 oxidative metabolites of eCBs exert opposite effects to their parent molecules on inhibitory synaptic transmission, suggest that alterations in COX-2 activity will have significant impact on endocannabinoid signalling in hippocampal synaptic activity.
U.S. Wind Turbine Manufacturing: Federal Support for an Emerging Industry

This report looks at how U.S. energy supply can be increased by wind power, which is a secure, environmentally-friendly, and economical source of power. Specific topics addressed are the components and manufacturing of wind turbines, and legislation mandating production of turbines and production of wind power.
The Keys to Superior Teaching

What superior teachers say about their own success usually sounds banal or inscrutable, hardly the stuff from which novices can take much direction. I think there is a good reason for this, which holds important implications for your own development as a teacher. This column summarizes a provocative article and offers insights into key attributes of superior teachers.
Zamolodchikov metric and effective Lagrangians in string theory.

Using the (1,0) superspace formalism, we calculate the Zamolodchikov metrics for moduli and 27,2/bold /bar 7// matter scalars in the untwisted sector of (2,2)-symmetric /ital Z//sub /ital N// orbifolds. These metrics are found to be the same as the metrics in the effective Lagrangians of untwisted moduli and matter scalars obtained previously by different methods. This result is strong evidence that the Zamolodchikov metric and the metric on the manifold of scalars in the effective Lagrangian are identical for all string theories.
Crossing High-Voltage Inerfaces with Large Bandwidth Signals

In connection with a 50-kV modulator development, three methods of crossing the high-voltage interfaces at a 1-MHz bandwidth are being developed. The first system uses a pulse transformer driven from ground by solid-state electronics. The transformer requires special design to obtain a very short (? 500 ns) risetime combined with the ability to maintain a 1000-?s, 200-V pulse with negligible droop. The second system is an amplitude-modulated rf carrier operating at 5 MHz. The interface is crossed with an untuned toroidal rf transformer. Increased bandwidth is obtained by placing the carrier at the lower edge of the passband and operating in the single sideband full carrier mode. The signal is demodulated with a balanced diode detector having a peak output of +200 V and good linearity. The third method uses a Hewlett-Packard HPA-4309 electro-optical isolator with solid-state amplifier on the high-voltage side. The intrinsic bandwidth of the isolator unit is ~10 MHz. With suitable amplifiers to bring the pulse up to +200-V peak, the bandwidth is ~2 MHz. Because the interface is crossed at a very low level reaching an adequate signal-to-noise ratio has presented special problems. All three systems should be useful on a wide variety of high-voltage laboratory machines; each has special advantages depending on the particular application.
A perspective of the advancement of robotic systems during the past 15 years

Abstract In 1983 a panel, which included the author, was assembled by the Untied States National Research Council. The goal of the panel was to assess the state-of-the-art in robotics technology, predict its capabilities in five years (1988), and speculate on the state of robot technology in ten years (1993). This paper briefly reviews the council's findings. It also attempts to compare the robotics technology used in industry today to the technology available in today's research laboratories, and to the predictions made by the panel 15 years ago. The objective of this paper is to stimulate discussion of how the robotics research community can enhance its contributions to the future development of robotics.
Reorganization of somato-urethral reflexes following spinal cord injury in the rat.

ABSTRACTPurpose: It is known that reflex activity of the urinary bladder can be inhibited or facilitated by perineal cutaneous stimulation. This study was undertaken to examine the urethral striated (EUS) and smooth muscle responses evoked by perineal cutaneous stimulation in the rat.Materials and Methods: Urethral perfusion pressure and EUS-EMG were monitored in urethane-anesthetized normal and chronic spinal rats (4-5 weeks after T8-9 spinalization) of either sex. Somatic perineal stimulation was performed by tactile or pinch stimulation to the perineum.Results: In both normal and chronic spinal rats, perineal stimulation elicited a transient increase in EUS-EMG activity which was abolished following neuromuscular blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin i.v. In normal rats treated with alpha-bungarotoxin perineal stimulation did not elicit a detectable urethral smooth muscle response. However, in chronic spinal rats perineal stimulation increased urethral pressure by smooth muscle contraction in males and decr...
Historical surface faulting in the Basin and Range province, western North America: implications for fault segmentation

The distribution of surface ruptures caused by 11 historical earthquakes in the Basin and Range province of western North America provides a basis for evaluating earthquake segmentation behavior of faults in extensional tectonic settings. Two of the three moderate magnitude (5.5 < M < 7) events appear to be confined to individual geometric or structural segments. The remaining nine events, eight of which had large magnitudes (M ≥ 7), ruptured multiple geometric or structural segments. Several of these events had widely distributed surface-rupture patterns, ruptured in complex manners, and extended beyond distinct fault-zone discontinuities. Some of the surface ruptures associated with these events may have resulted from sympathetic or secondary surface faulting. Approximately one-half of the surface rupture end points coincided with distinct fault-zone discontinuities. This study indicates that earthquake ruptures in extensional tectonic settings may not be confined to individual geometric or structural segments. Some rupture-controlling discontinuities may be difficult to identify and significant faulting may occur beyond postulated rupture end points. Rupture of multiple geometric or structural segments should be considered in the evaluation of large earthquakes. Several lines of evidence, particularly timing information, are needed to delineate potential earthquake segments in the Basin and Range province.
Contributions by Individual Lungs to the Surfactant Status in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Laboratory evidence has recently confirmed clinical reports suggesting that the surfactant system is abnormal in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Autopsy series show that, although both lungs are affected by the maldevelopment, the ipsilateral lung is more severely affected. The aim of this study was to examine the surfactant status in each lung in a lamb model of CDH. The lamb CDH model was created on the left side at 80 d of gestation and delivered near term. Subsequently, the lungs were removed and separated from each other. Bronchoalveolar lavage and type II pneumocyte isolations were performed on each side separately. Lavage analyses showed decreased phospholipid (0.12 versus 0.42 mg/g), per cent phosphatidylcholine (51% versus 79%) surfactant-associated protein A (0.20 versus 2.68 mg/g), and surfactant-associated protein-B (0.35 versus 2.21 mg/g) in CDH lungs compared with control lungs. However, no differences were seen between the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs of either CDH or control groups. This was in contrast to the phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic abilities of type II cells isolated from CDH lungs, which were not only lower than those from control lungs (0.15 versus 0.40 nmol/10(6) cells/h), but were also significantly worse in the ipsilateral CDH lung compared with the contralateral CDH lung (0.10 versus 0.20 nmol/10(6) cells/h). Further studies utilizing radiolabeled exogenous surfactant injected in the lower contralateral lung indicate that discrepancies between the presence of type II cell function differences between lungs, and the lack of biochemical differences between the two lungs in CDH, may be due to in utero mixing of lung fluid.
Secondary atmospheric tau neutrino production

We evaluate the flux of tau neutrinos produced from the decay of pair produced taus from incident muons using a cascade equation analysis. To solve the cascade equations, our numerical result for the tau production Z moment is given. Our results for the flux of tau neutrinos produced from incident muons are compared to the flux of tau neutrinos produced via oscillations and the direct prompt atmospheric tau neutrino flux. Results are given for both downward and upward going neutrinos fluxes and higher zenith angles are discussed. We conclude that the direct prompt atmospheric tau neutrino flux dominates these other atmospheric sources of tau neutrinos for neutrino energies larger than a few TeV for upward fluxes, and over a wider range of energy for downward fluxes.
Polychlorinated Naphthalenes and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fishes from Michigan Waters Including the Great Lakes

Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in whole body and fillet of fishes collected from Michigan waters, including the Great Lakes, during 1996−1997. PCNs were found in all the fishes analyzed including those from Siskiwit Lake, a remote lake located near the southern shoreline of Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior. Concentrations of total PCNs in fishes ranged from 19 to 31 400 pg/g, wet wt, and varied depending on sampling location and species. Fishes from the Detroit River contained the greatest concentrations of both PCNs and PCBs. Concentrations of total PCNs in fishes from Michigan waters were significantly correlated with the concentrations of PCBs. As with total PCN concentrations, the profiles of PCN isomer/congener distribution in fishes varied among sampling locations and species. Fishes from the Detroit River contained PCN profile similar to that of Halowax 1014, whereas those from Siskiwit Lake and Lake Superior contained greater ...
Real-time estimation of BER & SNR in optical communication channels (Invited Paper)

In optical communications the transportable bandwidth has exceeded Tbps per fiber, as a result of a dense grid of optical channels in the fiber, known as dense wavelength division multiplexing and which does not come without a price. Degradations and interactions due to non-linear and linear effects degrade the signal thus decreasing signal integrity and channel performance. Channel performance is greatly improved with error detecting and correcting codes that detect up to sixteen errors and correct up to eight within a block of information. However, estimation is limited to BER after monitoring many blocks, which takes valuable time particularly when the traffic per channel is huge. As a consequence, there is a need for fast estimation of the signal integrity and channel performance to ensure that the expected performance metrics are maintained. In this paper, we describe a statistical sampling methodology for the estimation of performance parameters such as BER, SNR, and Q-factor in a very short interval and for all-practical purposes in real-time.
Psychotherapy with troubled spirits: A qualitative investigation

Abstract A consensual qualitative research strategy was used to examine data from interviews with 12 psychotherapists. Therapists were asked to discuss their experiences working with their clients’ spiritual problems. Analyses revealed 4 domains relevant to psychotherapy with spiritual problems: therapist approach/philosophy, assessment of spiritual problems, therapy process, and therapy outcomes. Numerous categories within these domains were identified leading to a several predominant themes for approaching, assessing, and treating spiritual problems. Implications for practice, training, and continued research are discussed.
Coupled heat and mass transfer in multicomponent systems: Solution of the Maxwell-Stefan equations

Abstract The general problem of coupled heat and mass transfer in n component mixtures is formulated using a generalization of the Maxwell-Stefan equations. Approximate and rigorous methods for obtaining the mass and energy fluxes are developed under the assumptions of steady one dimensional transfer. Numerical examples demonstrate the often excellent agreement between the exact solution and the analytical solution of the linearized equations.
MONOCYTE CELL RECEPTORS FOR INSULIN: QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY

Insulin resistance has been found to correlate well with binding to target tissues, and circulating monocyte receptors present an accurate mirror of receptors in other tissues such as liver, muscle and adipocytes. Studies on children are severely limited by the amount of blood necessary for each assay, between 80 and 150 ml, and virtually no information is available regarding insulin receptors in children. We have developed an auto-radiographic method which requires only a few ml blood for a complete assay. Our method consists of incubation of leukocytes with insulin labeled to high specific activity with 1-125. An aliquot of the reaction mixture is transferred to microscope slides which are coated with a photosensitive emulsion. After staining, the silver grains associated with 15 to 25 monocytes are counted. A good parallelism was found between the autoradiographic and standard methods. Binding in the presence of 5 nanograms 1-125 insulin, S.A. 100-150 uCi/ug, averaged 4.32% ± SE 0.55 in 7 experiments. Following addition of 1, 10 and 100 ng insulin per ml the values were 3.3 ± 0.68, 1.96 ± 0.42 and 1.06 ± 0.36. Grain counts per monocyte at these four concentrations of insulin were 3.48 ± 0.48, 1.77 ± 0.37 and 1.46 ± 0.26. The method appears to be a valid method for estimation of binding of insulin to circulating monocytes. It should now be possible to determine insulin binding in normal and abnormal states in infancy and childhood.
Optimizing the Level of Wet Corn Gluten Feed in the Diet of Lactating Dairy Cows

Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows averaging 566 +/- 43 kg of body weight and 83 +/- 49 d in lactation were assigned to treatments stratified by age, days in milk, and milk yield to evaluate the effects of feeding increasing levels of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) on lactational performance and milk composition. Complete diets containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% of the total ration dry matter (DM) as WCGF were formulated to be 17.2% crude protein and 1.72 Mcal of NE(L) per kilogram of DM, and fed twice daily to individual cows in Calan gates for 15 wk. All diets had a positive metabolizable protein balance. WCGF did not alter DM intake, but feed intake variance tended to be more consistent among cows fed 15 and 30% WCGF (DM basis). Weight gain was numerically greatest for those cows receiving 45% WCGF. Efficiency of energy and protein utilization was not different among treatments. Milk components of fat, protein, and casein were not different among treatments. Milk urea nitrogen was greater for cows on WCGF. Serum urea nitrogen was greatest in cows fed diets containing 15 and 45% WCGF. Serum insulin was lowest in the groups receiving 30 and 45% WCGF, but serum glucose and total protein were unaffected. The concentration of the ruminal volatile fatty acid, valerate, was greater in cows on the WCGF diet and highest in cows fed 30% WCGF. Ruminal ammonia was greatest in cows receiving 30% WCGF. It was estimated that 18.6% of the dietary DM fed as WCGF as a replacement for both portions of the concentrate and the forage in similar diets would have maximized milk yield without negatively affecting milk composition or feed efficiency.
The role of autoionization in molecular photoelectron spectra

Relative intensities of resolved vibrational peaks in molecular photoelectron spectra are usually assumed to be proportional to the Franck-Condon factors connecting the molecular ground state with the molecular ion final state. Recent experiments have shown, however, that the photoionization of 02 with radiation whose energy lies close to autoionizing states (either the neon resonance lines (Price I968; Natalis & Collin I968) or monochromatic excitation right at a strong autoionizing peak in the absorption spectrum Blake et al., this volume, p. 159) produces 0+ (X2JIg) with vibrational populations departing strongly from those expected from calculated Franck-Condon factors (Nicholls I968) for the ionizing transition. These anomalous vibrational intensities also occur in the photoelectron spectra of other molecules (Collin & Natalis I968 a) and complicate attempts to identify electronic energy states of the respective molecular ions (Collin & Natalis I968 b; Huber I968). In this paper the effect of autoionization on photoelectron spectra is explored by applying Fano's configuration interaction theory (Fano I96I; Fano & Cooper I965, I968) to molecular photoionization. Using the recent extensioni of the theory by Mies (I968) an expression is derived for the intensity of a vibrational peak in the photoelectron spectrum when there are one or more autoionizing Rydberg states in the vicinity of the excitation energy. The theory is more general than that developed by Bardsley (I968) for the analysis of molecular resonances but reduces to his results in the limit of a single autoionizing state. As an example (illustrative, not quantitative), the photoelectron spectra of 02 (to 02 (X2Ig)) is calculated as the excitation energy sweeps through autoionizing Rydberg states leading to O+(A2YLU).
The temperature dependence of yield stress and work hardening in spinodally decomposed Cu10Ni6Sn alloy

Abstract The temperature dependence of yield stress and the activation volume during plastic deformation of Cu−10 wt.% Ni−6 wt.% Sn alloy were measured. The incremental yield stress of an aged alloy compared with an as-quenched alloy showed little temperature dependence and the activation volume showed no marked difference between aged and as-quenched specimens. The work-hardening rate up to 10% plastic strain was essentially independent of the heat treatment of the alloy. These results confirm that the internal stress barrier caused by decomposition is too large for glide dislocations to overcome thermally. The observed activation volume is interpreted as a consequence of solid solution hardening.
Upscaling from discrete to continuous mathematical models of two interacting populations

Populations interact in a wide variety of ways: through cooperation, competition, or predation. In this work we consider two interacting populations, individuals and a stimulus. Individuals move in response to the stimulus population while the stimulus only diffuses. Both populations grow while the stimulus population is being depleted by the individuals. In order to account for the random nature of the system, an individual-based model (IBM) is first developed and then upscaled into a continuous partial differential equation (PDE) model by considering transition probabilities of the individuals at each site. Finally, a set of numerical experiments is presented showing very good agreement between the IBM and the PDE model.
Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry and apparent heating duration in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field

Abstract Vitrinite reflectance measured in immersion oil ( R o ) on kerogen extracted from hydrothermally altered mudstones in borehole M-84 at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field exhibit an increase in mean reflectance ( R o ) from 0.12 per cent at 0.24 km depth to 4.1 per cent at 1.7 km depth. Downhole temperatures measured over this interval increase from about 60° to 340°C. These R o data plotted against temperature fall along an exponential curve with a coefficient of determination of about 0.8. Other boreholes sampled in the field show similar relationships. A regression curve calculated for temperature and R o in borehole M-105 correctly predicts temperatures in other boreholes within the central portion of the geothermal system. The correlation between the reflectance values and logged temperature, together with consistent temperature estimates from fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope geothermometry, indicates that changes in R o are an accurate and sensitive recorder of the maximum temperature attained. Therefore, vitrinite reflectance can be used in this geothermal system to predict the undisturbed temperature in a geothermal borehole during drilling before it regains thermal equilibrium. Although existing theoretical functions which relate R o to temperature and duration of heating are inaccurate, empirical temperature- R o curves are still useful for geothermometry. A comparison of temperature- R o regression curves derived from nine boreholes within the Cerro Prieto system suggests that heating across the central portion of the field occurred penecontemporaneously, but varies near margins. Boreholes M-93 and M-94 appear to have cooled from their maximum temperatures, whereas M-3 and Prian-1 have only recently been heated. Comparison of the temperature- R o data from the Salton Sea, California, geothermal system indicates that the duration of heating has been longer there than at the Cerro Prieto field.
Cost and length of hospitalization in Hispanic patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States

The cost and length of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in the US are significantly higher for the Hispanic population. However, differences in comorbidities and procedure utilization do not fully explain this disparity. Additional process measures are needed to better describe these differences.
Rapid enlargement of pilomatricoma.

We describe six patients who sought medical attention because of the sudden appearance or rapid enlargement of a tumor located on the head. Each had a unilocular, cystic pilomatricoma in which a hematoma had recently developed. Rapid enlargement and simple cystic structure can be features of some pilomatricomas.
Optimal periodic control of variable time-delay systems

Periodic control of a general class of dynamic systems involving state and control dependent time delays is considered. Variational analyses yield a necessary condition for optimality and a sufficient condition for proper periodicity. The latter result is applied to analyse a single input-single output example.
Mechanism of activation and selectivity in a ligand-gated ion channel: structural and functional studies of GluR2 and quisqualate.

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole)propionic acid (AMPA)-subtype glutamate receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, mediates most of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Here we present electrophysiological, biochemical, and crystallographic data on the interactions between quisqualate and the GluR2 receptor ion channel and its corresponding ligand binding core. Quisqualate is a high-affinity, full agonist which like AMPA and glutamate elicits maximum peak current responses, and stabilizes the ligand binding core in a fully closed conformation, reinforcing the concept that full agonists produce similar conformational changes [Armstrong, N., and Gouaux, E. (2000) Neuron 28, 165−181]. Nevertheless, the mechanism of quisqualate binding is different from that of AMPA but similar to that of glutamate, illustrating that quisqualate is a faithful glutamate analogue. A detailed comp...