cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drop-Size Distributions in Thunderstorms Measured by Optical Disdrometers during VORTEX2

AbstractWhen studying the influence of microphysics on the near-surface buoyancy tendency in convective thunderstorms, in situ measurements of microphysics near the surface are essential and those are currently not provided by most weather radars. In this study, the deployment of mobile microphysical probes in convective thunderstorms during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) is examined. Microphysical probes consist of an optical Ott Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer that measures particle size and fall velocity distributions and a surface observation station that measures wind, temperature, and humidity. The mobile probe deployment allows for targeted observations within various areas of the storm and coordinated observations with ground-based mobile radars. Quality control schemes necessary for providing reliable observations in severe environments with strong winds and high rainfall rates and particle discrimination schemes for distingu...
Large deployable reflector thermal characteristics in low earth orbits

Preliminary results are presented from the development of a thermal analytical tool capable of analyzing the orbital thermal characteristics of a Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) spaceborne astronomical instrument for observations in the 30-micron to 1-mm range. This LDR thermal analytical tool is a 9X6-node reflector thermal model to be used in conjunction with the thermal analyzer program SINDA, as well as the orbital heat flux program TRASYS for the computation of solar and IR radiation and orbit-related input data.
IBM scale out file services: reinventing network-attached storage

This paper focuses on the challenges of creating a scalable network-attached storage (NAS) filer with hundreds of nodes on top of the IBM General Parallel File System™ (GPFS™). The filer is created as a multiheaded data exporter over Ethernet and uses the Common Internet File System (CIFS) as implemented by the Samba open-source project and a Network File System (NFS) protocol server. Special focus is given to ensure the consistency of data in an efficient manner for applications that have complex access patterns from a large number of nodes. Also considered are the challenges of providing an extremely high-performance facility for exporting data in parallel and the demands of storing very large amounts of data. Introducing new aspects of storage management--such as storage pools and fle sets as they are implemented in current file systems--into NAS appliances enables the management of large amounts of data in a single namespace.
Resonant Raman scattering in metals at the interband absorption threshold.

A resonance in the cross section for Raman scattering of the incident photon accompanied by the emission of an intralayer phonon is observed in a series of p-type, quasi-two-dimensional metals formed by the electrochemical intercalation of graphite in sulfuric acid. The resonance in the cross section is observed to coincide with the inter-\ensuremath{\pi}-band absorption threshold, consistent with our theoretical calculations. The Raman matrix elements are calculated using the standard three-step scattering process. A rigid-band model is used for the carbon \ensuremath{\pi} states within a few eV of the Fermi level, and the electron-phonon interaction ${V}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ph}}$ is calculated in the deformation-potential approximation. The theory shows that the resonance is a general phenomenon which should be observable in all metals.
Race and baseball memorabilia revisited

Abstract This paper extends previous research on customer racial discrimination in the market for baseball memorabilia. Specifically, it investigates if there is evidence that differential prices for baseball cards can be explained at least in part by race. First, it analyzes 2008 prices for cards of recently retired players and compares these results to a previously published study. Then it re-examines the 1994 price differentials found in the previous study by analyzing the 2008 prices for those cards. In particular, changes in the effect of race on card prices motivate a discussion about how attitudes toward race have varied over time.
Autoimmune disorders and malignant lymphoma.

Autoimmune disorders of the Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) types were found in 11 (2.1%) of 515 patients with the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Four additional patients with Hodgkin's disease and similar disorders were included for analysis. In only two instances did the autoimmune disorder precede the lymphoma. AIHA was frequently associated with splenomegaly, constitutional symptoms, and, in eight of nine instances, far-advanced lymphomas of the diffuse histiocytic and diffuse histiocytic-lymphocytic types. In contrast, three of four patients who developed ITP had no evidence of active lymphoma at the onset of thrombocytopenia. The hemolysis of AIHA was most often controlled by splenectomy or corticosteroids with concurrent chemotherapy, but in all instances of either AIHA or ITP the prognosis clearly related to the underlying lymphoma and not the autoimmune disorder. No patient died of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or complications thereof. Based on this review, therapeutic guidelines for the management of these patients are proposed.
The effect of inorganic phosphate infusion upon digitalis-induced arrhythmias in dogs.

Abstract Digitalis tolerance was significantly increased and digoxin mortality markedly decreased by infusion of 0.1 M disodium monopotassium phosphate in dogs. The possible mechanism of phosphate protection is discussed.
Studies on the primary structure of chicken apolipoprotein A‐I using HPLC technique

The complete amino acid sequence of chicken plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I was determined by sequencing overlapping peptide fragments produced by trypsin, S. aureus V8 protease, and cyanogen bromide cleavage respectively. All of the peptide fragments were purified on a Waters or on a Beckman HPLC system with a Vydac C18 column using 0.1% TFA in water as buffer A, and 0.08% TFA in 95% acetonitrile and 5% water as buffer B. Most of the peaks separated by these systems were pure. The partially purified fractions were subjected to rechromatography with a Hypersil ODS column using 0.005M sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, as buffer A, and 90% acetonitrile and 10% water as buffer B. The N-terminus of chicken apo A-I was determined to be aspartic acid by directly sequencing the intact protein up to 30 residues, while the C-terminus was identified as alanine by carboxypeptidase Y cleavage. There are 240 amino acid residues in mature chicken apo A-I. By direct analysis of cyanogen bromide peptide, we also determined the sequence of a 6 amino acid prosegment, which is present at approximately 10% of the molar amount of the mature protein in chicken plasma.
Optimization Device for Grinding Media Performance Parameters

The investment casting industry relies heavily on the use of grinding media during manufacturing. Typically, grinding media, when used in this application, have very short effective lifetimes. Determining the optimum life of grinding media is a key cost-containment and manufacturing-efficiency issue. However, current methods for determining optimum life as well as evaluating new grinding media products and optimum operating parameters are highly subjective and often is a matter of operator opinion. This subjectivity can lead to the premature retirement or overuse of grinding media, increasing cost and decreasing efficiency. A means of objectively and efficiently evaluating grinding media for optimum life and operating conditions, as well as evaluating new grinding-media products is needed. The approach taken in this work is to create a relatively low-cost test apparatus that uses grinding equipment, media, and specimens typically seen in the casting industry and measures key parameters. Also, the apparatus produces the fundamental motions and application forces typical of human operators. The resulting apparatus simultaneously moves a specimen in three orthogonal directions while applying a user-defined grinding force. Applied force, electric power input, grinding-motor rotational speed, test-specimen surface temperature and material removal are recorded. All operations of the device are autonomously performed through LabVIEW. The apparatus was constructed using standard commercial products for less than $15,000. Data comparing applied load versus material removal rate, surface temperature, and total material removed can be collected for different materials and grinding media. The device has been used to grind inconel specimens subjected to 10 to 70 pounds (45–312 N) of contact force corresponding to material removal rates of 0.26 to 5.26 grams/s at temperature changes of 90 to 210 degrees Fahrenheit (32.2–98.9 degrees Celsius). This data was used to determine a correlation between changes in performance parameters and a drop in material removal rate, total material removed, and belt life. No significant difference was found between the material removal rate of saw-cut and flame-cut Inconel specimens, dispelling a commonly held belief. Knowing key parameters that identify the effective lifetime of grinding media is significant to the casting industry. Methods described in this paper can be used to optimize grinding media life and determine optimum operating parameters.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Abstract LB-232: Tumor clonality detection using next generation sequencing data.

A tumor9s somatic variants, regardless of their significance in disease etiology, serve as genetic markers that capture the evolutionary history of clones and thus may be used for identifying them. We have previously identified steps along this evolutionary trajectory by discovering a broad range of variants, including exonic, intronic, and intergenic mutations, using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and by obtaining deep read counts of those variants using capture-based, targeted re-sequencing. Most of these variants, in most of the tumors analyzed, form clusters. This has revealed that most tumors are multi-clonal in composition with cellular sub-populations having distinct genomes harboring diverse somatic variants. Understanding the clonal diversity and composition of a tumor sample may have implications for clinical treatment, while the clonal evolution across tumor and relapse samples provides insight into disease progression. Here we describe our approach for inferring clones using standard single nucleotide variant (SNV) and copy number alteration (CNA) data obtained from next-generation sequencing of a normal sample and one or more diseased (e.g., tumor or relapse) samples. Variants are clustered according to their deep-read-count-derived frequencies using a variational Bayesian approach to Beta mixture modeling, through which outliers and the number of clusters are identified automatically. The method9s probabilistic interpretation provides a quantifiable measure of confidence in a resulting cluster, for example, through a standard error of the mean. We show that amplifications and deletions may induce artifactual clones, thus highlighting the importance of accounting for copy number events in interpreting SNV data for inferring clones. We demonstrate the performance of our approach using published acute myeloid leukemia tumor and relapse pairs as well as unpublished multiple myeloma WGS data sets. However, the approach is applicable to solid tumors as well and has been used to cluster six-dimensional variant data from a breast tumor and five relapses originating from the same patient. Citation Format: Nathan D. Dees, Christopher A. Miller, Brian S. White, William Schierding, Ravi Vij, Michael H. Tomasson, John S. Welch, Timothy A. Graubert, Matthew J. Walter, Timothy J. Ley, John F. DiPersio, Elaine R. Mardis, Richard K. Wilson, Li Ding. Tumor clonality detection using next generation sequencing data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-232. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-232
Typical atrial flutter as a risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation in patients without otherwise demonstrable atrial tachyarrhythmias.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of atrial fibrillation after successful radiofrequency ablation for typical atrial flutter (AFL) and to compare its incidence with that of a reference population from the Framingham Heart Study to determine whether atrial flutter is an independent predictor for development of atrial fibrillation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medical records of 234 patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation for AFL between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2006, were reviewed. Patients were excluded if they had a history of atrial fibrillation or sustained atrial arrhythmia other than AFL or if they had atrial tachyarrhythmias other than AFL that could be induced during electrophysiology study (133 total patients excluded). The remaining 101 patients who underwent successful radiofrequency ablation for AFL were monitored for new-onset atrial fibrillation. RESULTS During the mean ± SD follow-up period of 574±315 days, atrial fibrillation developed in 13 (12.9%) of 101 patients. Atrial fibrillation developed in 12 of these patients within 6 months of ablation. The cumulative event-free rates (95% confidence intervals) were 97% (94%-100%) at 1 month, 91% (87%-97%) at 3 months, and 86% (81%-94%) at 6 months. Compared with the general population, patients aged 50 to 79 years who had ablation had a significantly higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (50-59 years, P =.01; 60-69 years, P =.001; 70-79 years, P =.007). CONCLUSION Our finding of atrial fibrillation in 12.9% of patients whose atrial flutter was successfully eradicated suggests that patients with atrial flutter are at increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation, especially within the first 6 months after ablation.
Electronic states and structure of D2 C76

Abstract We have examined by high-level calculations the electronic structure of the recently isolated chiral fullerene molecule C76 (R. Ettl, I. Chao, F. Diederich and R.L. Whetten, Nature 353 (1991) 149. The relaxed structure maintains D2 symmetry and has near-ideal bonding angles and lengths for fullerene structures. The electronic density-of-states is dominated by pπ orbitals near the Fermi energy, where it closely resembles the naive tight-binding (Huckel) pattern. The calculated low-energy optical spectrum, and the small HOMO—LUMO gap (1.1 eV) in particular, are in agreement with experiment, and allow for a detailed interpretation of observed near-infrared spectral bands, in terms of four allowed transitions. The vertical ionization potential (8.1 eV) and electron affinity (2.9 eV) are also predicted.
Procurement commodity structures: issues, lessons and contributions

Abstract Little attention has been given in the literature on how to involve suppliers in technological development, especially from the purchasing organisation perspective. In researching how to involve the suppliers, we explore the purchasing structure, particularly the role-played by the “commodity managers”. The data for this exploratory study was collected through in-depth interviews and observations made in the case study Company (a global automotive OEM located in Europe) and two of its critical suppliers also located in Europe. The end result of this study is the development of a conceptual model for the organisation and management of purchasing projects in outsourced product development through commodity managers.
Testing Hypotheses of Functional Structure: Some Rules for Determining Flexibility of Restricted Production Models

Rules are proposed to help determine whether a production function maintains flexibility under parametric restrictions required to impose homogeneity, homotheticity, and forms of separability. After imposing restrictions and applying the rules, many second-order "flexible" forms are found to be more inflexible than formerly believed.
Soluble complement receptor type 1 inhibits complement activation induced by hemodialysis membranes in vitro

Soluble complement receptor type 1 inhibits complement activation induced by hemodialysis membranes in vitro . A variety of bioincompatible events that occur during hemodialysis have been attributed to complement activation. However, cause-effect relationships have been based primarily on indirect evidence and the results of in vitro studies, because an acceptable method for inhibiting complement activation during clinical hemodialysis has been unavailable. Methods for inactivating complement in vitro are available, but the most commonly used of these techniques (heat inactivation and chelation of divalent cations) lack specificity. A recombinant, soluble form of human complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) has been developed recently and shown to inhibit complement activation in vivo . Here, we report studies aimed at determining the effects of sCR1 on dialysis-induced complement activation and neutrophil degranulation. In a concentration dependent fashion, sCR1 inhibited plasma complement activation by cuprophan membrane in vitro . Using a maximally inhibitory concentration (30 µg/ml), sCR1 blocked generation of C3a (desArg) by cuprophan, cellulose acetate, and polymethylmethacrylate membranes by 90%, 84%, and 84%, respectively. In contrast, elastase release (a measure of neutrophil degranulation) was inhibited by 70%, 70%, and 44%, respectively, suggesting that dialysis-induced neutrophil activation is mediated in part by noncomplement dependent mechanisms. Both heat- and EDTA-treatment of plasma abolished dialysis membrane-induced complement activation, but these treatments also affected noncomplement dependent components of the degranulation process. These observations show that, compared with other commonly used methods for inhibiting dialysis induced complement activation, sCR1 is more specific. An additional advantage of sCR1 is its potential for use in the clinical setting.
Doubly lopsided mass matrices from unitary unification

It is shown that the stratified or "doubly lopsided" mass matrix structure that is known to reproduce well the qualitative features of the quark and lepton masses and mixings can arise quite naturally in the context of grand unification based on the groups SU(N) with N >5. An SU(8) example is constructed with the minimal anomaly free, three-family set of fermions, in which a realistic flavor structure results without flavor symmetry.
Neighborhood naming as an index of attachment to place

One aspect of attachment to place may relate to neighborhood naming. That is, recent investigations have found that in many communities large numbers of residents can supply locality labels. The most recent studies, however, have failed to confirm the importance of local social involvement as a predictor of naming. Following the earlier suggestion of Shumaker and Taylor (1983) that attachment dynamics can operate at the group level, we focus on small, local groups by analyzing street blocks. Results support our hypothesis that groups with more shared local ties are more able to supply a neighborhood name. This relationship was also obtained when we examined purely individual-level covariation. Results underscore the multilevel nature of attachment processes and how they are both social and psychological in nature. Links between cognitive and affective components of attachment and practical outcomes such as local problem solving are discussed.
Entubulation repair with protein additives increases the maximum nerve gap distance successfully bridged with tubular prostheses.

Abstract The major objective of the experiments reported in this paper was to test the hypothesis that the maximum distance that peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons can regenerate through a tubular prosthesis may be increased by specific modifications to the internal environment of the prosthesis. The sciatic nerve of adult male rats was transected and proximal and distal nerve stumps were sutured into a silicone tube 20–25 mm in length. The silicone tubes were implanted empty, or the lumen was filled with collagen or a laminin-containing gel. Following 4–16 weeks survival time animals were sacrificed and the contents of the silicone tubes were processed for histological identification of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. All of the tubes with additives, but one of the initially empty tubes, displayed a regenerated nerve cable within the tube. Retrograde labeling studies were carried out to prove that some of the axons present in the regenerated nerve cables arose from primary motor and sensory neurons. These results show that specific modifications to the microenvironment of regenerating PNS axons can affect the success or failure of tubular prostheses for nerve repair.
Modification of cellular proliferation of the reticuloendothelial system in the rabbit

Abstract The intravenous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant results in a proliferation of RE cells, particularly in the liver, spleen and lungs. If saccharated iron oxide is administered prior to or with the adjuvant the proliferation of RE cells in the liver and spleen is impaired. This impairment persists despite repeated doses of adjuvant. Some of the cells which have phagocytized SIO respond to the adjuvant by proliferation. As the cells divide the iron is distributed to daughter cells. In the lung where there is no evidence of SIO in the RE cells, there is no alteration of the cellular reaction to the subsequent injection of adjuvant. The absence of iron in the newly proliferated histiocytes and macrophages of the lungs fails to support the concept that these cells are derived from the liver and spleen.
Social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations: impact on self-care behaviors and glycemic control in Caucasian and African American adults with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of psychosocial variables (social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations) to diabetes self-care behaviors and glycemic control in Caucasian and African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods Study participants were scheduled for outpatient visits at 1 of 3 clinical sites in the southeastern United States. All 91 participants completed 4 self-report measures: Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ), Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire (OEQ), and The Diabetes Activities Questionnaire (TDAQ) at the time of the clinic visit. Long-term glycemic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin analyses at the time of the clinic visit. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine whether significant relationships existed between scores on the SSQ, SEQ, OEQ, and TDAQ and glycosylated hemoglobin values. Two-sample t tests were used to detect differences in scores on the self-report measures and glycosylated hemoglobin values between the 2 racial groups. Results In all participants, no significant relationships were found between (1) social support and self-care behaviors and (2) self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Self-care behaviors were significantly, positively correlated with outcome expectancy scores for the total group and for African Americans. No significant relationships were found between (1) social support and glycemic control, (2) self-efficacy and glycemic control, and (3) outcome expectations and glycemic control. African Americans reported less social support satisfaction than Caucasians did. Conclusions Psychosocial variables investigated in this study were not related to health outcomes of type 2 diabetes. Caucasians and African Americans were similar in these variables. It is important to investigate the relationships between other variables (eg, age, duration of diabetes, education) and self-care behaviors and glycemic control. Although African Americans experience higher rates of diabetes-related complications than Caucasians do, this may possibly be due to other factors (eg, heredity, financial barriers, inadequate health care). Additional investigations to study the relationships of these variables to diabetes control are warranted.
Relative effect of age, diet, and feeding rate on the body composition of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Rainbow trout with an initial weight of 2.1 g were fed two experimental diets at three feeding rates for 308 days, or starved for 140 days. Previous nutritional history (diet and feeding rate) and fish size (individual weight) were observed to be the primary determinants of percent protein, fat, ash, or moisture in the carcasses of nonstarving fish. Age could not be identified as a primary factor in determing body composition. Both protein and fat were catabolized for energy by starving fish but the depletion of body fat was much more rapid and severe. Increasing the rate of feeding increased protein and fat (%) and decreased moisture and ash (%) in fish carcasses. Diet affected the percent of fat and moisture but not protein or ash in fish carcasses. An increase in dietary fat and protein (%) resulted in a decrease in moisture (%) and an increase in fat (%) in fish carcasses.
Asthenospheric viscosity inferred from correlated land–sea earthquakes in north-east Japan

The viscosity of the Earth's mantle has been estimated from studies of post-glacial rebound1,2, post-seismic deformations of the ground following large earthquakes3,4, and aftershock sequences5–7. Here we derive a value for the viscosity of the asthenosphere from a correlation found in the historical catalogue of subduction-induced seismicity between the intraplate (land) and interplate (sea) earthquakes in north-east Japan. The correlation persists since the time of reliably reported earthquakes in AD 1600; land events precede sea events by ∼36 yr, with a mean distance between land–sea pairs of ∼200 km. Because of the visocoelastic coupling of the lithosphere to the asthenosphere, a plausible mechanism to explain the correlation is stress migration, governed by the viscosity of the asthenosphere. Large land shocks generate diffuse-like stress pulses which sweep past, and unlock, the thrust fault in the subduction zone, thus triggering the sea events. The correlation time and distance provide a measure of the speed of diffusion (5.6 km yr−1) and hence an estimate of the viscosity (7 × 1018 Pa s).
Mapping the urban wireless landscape with Argos

Passive monitoring is an important tool for measuring, troubleshooting, and protecting modern wireless networks. To date, WiFi monitoring has focused primarily on indoor settings or ephemeral outdoor studies though wardriving. We present Argos, the first urban-scale wireless sensor network designed explicitly to support measurement of ambient WiFi traffic across an entire city. Urban-scale wireless monitoring presents unique challenges due to limited packet-capture ability, heterogeneous traffic loads, and limited backhaul capacity between sensor nodes. Argos addresses these through in-network traffic merging and processing, plus an intelligent approach to coordinated channel sampling by multiple sniffers. Argos provides a rich query interface allowing users to study the complex dynamics of ambient wireless traffic.We present a detailed evaluation of a 26-node Argos network deployed on streetlights and rooftops around a city, demonstrating its ability to detect and classify wireless access points and clients; monitor Web page usage; detect malicious traffic; track the mobility of WiFi-equipped public transport vehicles; and fingerprint individual users through 802.11 probe request packets.
Monitoring damage initiation and evolution in a filled polymeric material using nondestructive testing techniques

Abstract This paper reviews the efforts expanded in evaluation of damage characteristics in a highly filled polymeric material under various loading conditions. Several different nondestructive testing techniques, including ultrasonic, acoustic imaging, and real-time radiography, have been used to monitor damage initiation and evolution processes. The nondestructive testing data were analyzed and the results are discussed.
Strategic decisions on technology selections for facilitating a network/systems laboratory using real options & total cost of ownership theories

This paper addresses the selection of technologies that provide each student group a dedicated environment on a non-dedicated host machine. The authors investigated different combinations of enabling technologies and approaches, such as virtual machine technology, storage technology, and host operating system. Performance tests were developed and executed to profile the performance of the technologies. The results of this work provide an evaluation of the studied technologies and a selection guide for institutions to assist in technology selection to facilitate a system and networking laboratory.
Towards the healthy nutritional dietary patterns

Association rule mining is a popular technique in data mining and it has an extremely wide application area. In this paper, we study the association rule mining problem and propose a cascaded approach to extract the interesting healthy nutritional dietary patterns. Our approach is mainly based on the Apri-ori algorithm and rule deduction techniques. To test the feasibility and effectiveness of the new approach, we conduct series of experiments with the data obtained from the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 3.0. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can successfully extract many interesting healthy nutritional dietary patterns. Also some important patterns are unknown before.
Critical Pragmatism and the Appropriation of Ethnography by Philosophy of Education.

In this essay I explore the potential that ethnographic methods hold for philosophy of education as a form of critical pragmatism. An aim of critical pragmatism is to help to analyze the roadblocks to fruitful communication, coordination and liberation. It does so by identifying their sources and opportunities for repair. As I have argued elsewhere (Feinberg in Eur J Pragmatism Am Philos 4(1):222–240, 2012) an important aim of critical pragmatism is to redirect expert knowledge so it takes seriously local understanding. In this essay I do two things. First I look at the other side of critical pragmatism showing how, by adopting ethnographic methods, critical pragmatism can be used to refine and expand local, common sense understanding. Second I show how philosophers can draw on ethnography to understand the ways in which normative issues are felt, defined and creatively resolved on the local level, and how they can in turn use that understanding to provide some general guidelines for addressing educational problems. I show how critical pragmatism can aid education by displaying and thematizing the innovative solutions that people, caught between different normative imperatives, devise to maintain an inclusive, educationally meaningful environment. In this part I draw on my work in a Catholic school to illustrate how ethnography can be used by philosophy to capture innovative resolutions to conflicts of value and I show how philosophy can then serve to thematize these resolutions by appropriating more general categories for addressing similar educational concerns.
Extracellular matrix-associated cytokines regulate CD4+ effector T-cell responses in the human intestinal mucosa

Extracellular matrix (stroma) regulation of mucosal T-cell function is incompletely understood. In this study, we uncovered a role for intestinal stromal products in the innate regulation of effector T cells. Stroma-conditioned media (S-CM) derived from the normal human intestinal stroma (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)(hi)/interleukin (IL)-6(lo)/IL-1β(lo)) significantly downregulated T-cell proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production compared with S-CM derived from the inflamed Crohn's mucosa (TGF-β(hi)/IL-6(hi)/IL-1β(hi)). Antibody neutralization studies showed that TGF-β in normal S-CM inhibited T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, whereas IL-6 plus IL-1β in Crohn's S-CM promoted T-cell proliferation, and IL-1β alone promoted IFN-γ and IL-17 release. Importantly, normal S-CM inhibited T-bet expression, whereas Crohn's S-CM activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, suggesting that discordant T-cell responses are regulated at the transcription factor and signaling levels. These findings implicate stromal TGF-β in the downregulation of T-cell 2 responses in the normal intestinal mucosa, and stromal IL-6 and IL-1β in the promotion of Th1 and Th17 responses in the inflamed Crohn's mucosa, suggesting an innate regulatory function for the intestinal extracellular matrix.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic White Children The Corpus Christi Child Heart Study

Background Information concerning differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors between Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children is limited. We conducted a study to determine if there were ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and whether such differences were explained by differences in body mass index. Methods and Results Fasting glucose, insulin, and blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, weight, and height were measured in a cross-sectional survey among 403 third-grade children in Corpus Christi, Tex. We found significantly higher fasting insulin and glucose concentrations among Mexican-American than among non-Hispanic white children. Mexican-American boys had slightly lower levels of HDL cholesterol and higher systolic blood pressure than non-Hispanic white boys. Ethnic differences in insulin and glucose were not explained by body mass index. Conclusions These results provide preliminary evidence that ethnic differences in insulin, glucose, body mass index, and other risk factors occur as early as age 8 to 10 years. Additional research is warranted on differences in risk factors in Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children and the potential importance of insulin in influencing the natural history of these characteristics.
Influence of rhenium speciation on the stability and activity of Re/Pd bimetal catalysts used for perchlorate reduction.

Recent work demonstrates reduction of aqueous perchlorate by hydrogen at ambient temperatures and pressures using a novel rhenium−palladium bimetal catalyst immobilized on activated carbon (Re/Pd-AC). This study examines the influence of Re speciation on catalyst activity and stability. Rates of perchlorate reduction are linearly dependent on Re content from 0−6 wt %, but no further increases are observed at higher Re contents. Surface-immobilized Re shows varying stability and speciation both in oxic versus H2-reducing environments and as a function of Re content. In oxic solutions, Re immobilization is dictated by sorption of the Re(VII) precursor, perrhenate (ReO4−), to activated carbon via electrostatic interactions. Under H2-reducing conditions, Re immobilization is significantly improved and leaching is minimized by ReO4− reduction to more reduced species on the catalyst surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows two different Re binding energy states under H2-reducing conditions that correspon...
The Archives and Libraries of Postwar Germany

THE title of this paper has been chosen not without some thought, and therefore not without purpose. Under it one may essay many things, and that I have attempted to do. One may assume that historians will want to know the physical fate of German archives and libraries, because these archives and libraries provide the raw materials for research in many fields. One also may assume that certain specialists will want to know more; they will want to know what has taken place in addition to the physical manifestations. Those who are concerned with the history of institutions will want to know what has taken place with respect to archival and library schools, what developments have occurred in points of view, what new arrangements have appeared. All will want to know how the postwar position of archives and libraries is related to the postwar position of German intellectual life. The German archives, which came into being in the sixteenth century, have always been agencies of the administration, and have always been staffed with archivists who regarded themselves primarily as servants of the state. In time they recognized their responsibilities to the research scholar but never have they thought of the papers in their custody as the treasure-trove of the people, as something which should be used to bring back the past and to contribute to the cultural enjoyment of the general public. Not only were the archives bureaucratic in concept, but by nature they were nationalistic. Whereas libraries and museums by their very nature are storehouses of the cultural heritage of all the world, an archive which went beyond the bounds of its own territory would be an anomaly. On the other hand, the German libraries, which spring largely from royal and princely endowments, were created first for the enjoyment of those who founded them, and subsequently passed into the hands of the state and so became accessible at least to certain strata of the people. The university libraries developed pari passu with the institutions which they served. It would be a mistake, however, not to realize the strong elements of nationalism in German libraries evidenced by the content of their collections, by their organization, by their attitude toward the reader. The librarians, like the archivists, were also bureaucratic. The Volksbiichereien, the libraries of the people, which were developed fully only in the
Gecko-inspired fibril nanostructures for reversible adhesion in biomedical applications

Abstract Biomedical applications such as removable prosthetics require a robust reversible adhesion. This requirement is addressed in this study with the fabrication of polyethylene nanofiber surfaces that exhibit the “gecko effect,” the reversible adhesion phenomenon found in nature. The fabricated single-level and hierarchical-structured surfaces were highly hydrophobic and have superior nanoscale adhesion relative to a flat surface, indicating gecko effect behavior. Individual fibers exhibited buckling upon deformation with an atomic force microscope tip. This study shows that by selecting a material with a low melting temperature such as polyethylene, the number of fibers per unit area, and hence, the desired reversible adhesion behavior, can both be optimized.
Pollen Production in the Androdioecious Datisca glomerata (Datiscaceae) : Implications for Breeding System Equilibrium

Androdioecy (the presence of males and hermaphrodites in a breeding population) is a rare reproductive system in plants, with Datisca glomerata (Datiscaceae) representing the only well-documented example. Recent reports of high outcrossing rates, inbreeding depression, and high male pollen production satisfy theoretical predictions for the continued maintenance of androdioecy in populations of this species. However, in prior studies pollen production was measured indirectly in terms of numbers of anthers per flower—based on the assumption that male and hermaphroditic plant have equal numbers of flowers and that anthers from the two sexual morphs produce equivalent amounts of pollen. Herein, we demonstrate that male and hermaphrodite plants do not differ significantly in terms of flower number, but that pollen production in anthers from hermaphroditic plants is 12.6% higher than in anthers from male plants, thus refining the estimate of relative pollen fecundity of male versus hermaphrodite plants. The differential lowers the frequency of males predicted by theory, but is still consistent with the maintenance of androdioecy in this species.
The incidence and effects of hybridization between cultivated rice and its related weed red rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine if hybridization occurs naturally between cultivated rice and a closely related weed, red rice (both Oryza sativa L.) and (2) to determine the incidence of hybridization and possible convergence of red rice with cultivated rice. Both morphological and electrophoretic characters were used to confirm the existence of hybrids. A total of 12,000 seeds were collected from red rice plants from fields of six different rice cultivars and sown in a common garden. Hybrids were generally taller and had longer, wider flag leaves than either red rice or cultivated rice. In addition, hybrids produced more tillers than red rice. Overall, hybrids were vegetatively robust plants, demonstrating heterosis and expressing morphological characteristics of both parents. That these plants were hybrids was confirmed by the existence of electrophoretic banding patterns common to both synthetic and natural hybrids. The incidence of hybridization was estimated as the percentage of hybrids found in red rice populations while morphological characteristics were used to test for convergence. Percentage hybridization ranged from 1% in the Lemont cultivar to 52% in the Nortai variety. The greater number of hybrids found in the Nortai variety was attributed to a later flowering time of this variety and the overlap of its flowering time with that of the F1 hybrids. F1 hybrids were observed to flower later than either red rice or the early season varieties of cultivated rice. Thus, early season varieties have a temporal separation in flowering time from the F1 hybrids that prevents back crossing. Unlike the other hybrids that were vegetatively robust, Nortai hybrids were less robust and more similar to the cultivar. These results suggest that later season cultivars may have a higher incidence of hybridization and introgression with red rice and that this may lead to morphological convergence of the weed toward the crop. Convergents were observed in the Nortai variety. Hybridization between cultivated and red rice has the potential to increase the adaptability of red rice populations by promoting genetic diversity.
Time-of-flight analysis of dissociation products from collisions of 40 MeV Ar13+ with molecular oxygen

Abstract The time-of-flight spectrum of low energy ions produced in collisions of 40 MeV Ar 13+ with molecular oxygen contains peaks for O 2+ , O 3+ , and O 4+ which are split into doublets. This double-peak structure is presumed to reflect the flight time separation between ions with initial velocity vectors in opposite directions relative to the accelerating electric field. This paper presents the results of an analytical investigation of the time-of-flight distributions predicted for O 2+ and O 3+ ions using several different source geometries.
Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is common in most industrialised countries and childhood IBD accounts for nearly 30% of total cases. Various studies, mostly from Europe and USA have reported epidemiological characteristics of childhood IBD. The incidence figures vary greatly from region to region and within a region over time. Almost all reported studies have documented an increase in the incidence, mainly of Crohn's disease over the last few decades. The reasons for the increase are not clear but epidemiological observations have led to many postulates. Incidence in developing countries is perceived to be low, but limited data suggest that it may not be as uncommon as previously thought. IBD can occur at any age but is rare in infancy. Among childhood IBD, early onset IBD appears to be different epidemiologically and is characterised by predominance of colonic involvement and high positive family history. It has become apparent that only about 25% of childhood Crohn's disease presents with classical triad of abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss. Pediatricians should be aware of atypical manifestations and should maintain high index of suspicion. Though epidemiological studies of childhood IBD done so far have contributed towards understanding of IBD, they have differed in study design, population, time period, age group and case definitions. Unfortunately there are no uniform, clear diagnostic criteria which are evidence based. To address this problem, recently the IBD working group of European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has published "The Porto Criteria" which details a consensus based diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of childhood IBD. This should bring uniformity in ascertainment of newly diagnosed IBD cases. An European multicentre prospective database has also been established to facilitate future epidemiological studies.
A SEMI‐ASCENDING PAIRED DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR DETERMINING SENSORY THRESHOLDS OF ADDED SUBSTANCES TO BACKGROUND MEDIA

A testing procedure was developed to determine the concentration range including an absolute or difference threshold for a compound added to a background medium. Samples were arranged into three groups, each containing a labeled control and three randomly arranged samples. Random samples in each group included an unlabeled control and two samples containing adjacent concentration levels from a series of six increasing concentrations of the added substance. Groups were presented in ascending order by concentration of the added substance. Within each group, panelists rated each sample on a nine-point intensity scale of difference from the labeled control. Group specific psychological errors in judgement were reduced by subtracting the unlabeled controls from the sample scores. Analysis of variance was applied to these data yielding separate estimates of variance for sample scores within groups. Sets of t-tests from paired comparisons were used to construct a confidence statement regarding a threshold interval.
Advanced carotid disease in patients requiring aortic reconstruction

Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication of abdominal aortic operations. Patients requiring aortic reconstruction with advanced carotid occlusive disease pose a particularly challenging management problem regarding timing of operations. All patients (n=121) undergoing both carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) and abdominal aortic reconstruction (AAR) within 1 year of each other between 1979 and 1989 were reviewed. The sequence of operation was analyzed to determine its effect on early and late outcome. CEA was the first operation in 99 patients (group I); AAR was performed first in 22 patients (group II). Age, gender, number, types of risk factors, and associated medical problems were similar in both groups. Indications for CEA were: transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), recent ipsilateral stroke, or high-grade asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis exceeding 80%. Indications for aortic operation included: abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortoiliac occlusive disease, and combined aortic and renovascular disease. There were five perioperative strokes, two in group I (2%) and three in group II (14%) (p
Cloning and heterologous expression of the spectinabilin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces spectabilis

Spectinabilin is a rare nitrophenyl-substituted polyketidemetabolite. Here we report the cloning and heterologous expression of the spectinabilin gene cluster from Streptomyces spectabilis. Unexpectedly, this gene cluster is evolutionarily closer to the aureothin gene cluster than to the spectinabilin gene cluster from Streptomyces orinoci. Moreover, the two nearly identical spectinabilin gene clusters use a distinctly different regulation mechanism.
Characterization of Virion RNAs of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus by Electron Microscopy

Electron microscopy of denatured RNA of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) shows two principal linear components, 0.31 ± 0.08 μm (subgenomic RNAs, MW 0.51 × 106) and 0.80 ± 0.17 μm (genomic RNA, MW 1.3 × 106 25S). Nondenatured RNA (∼ 32S) from heat-inactivated virions measure 1.0 ± 0.20 μm (MW 1.64 × 106) but is poorly-infectious. Upon denaturation the 325 RNA disaggregates into components of lengths typical of the genomic and subgenornic RNAs and infectivity is restored.