cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and metabolism of phospholipids in bovine epididymal spermatozoa.

Lipid analysis of bovine epididymal spermatozoa showed relatively large amounts of alkylacyl- and alk-1-enylacylglycerols in their choline and ethanol-amine phospholipids and alkylacylglycerol as the major constituent of a glycolipid tentatively identified as a monogalactosyl sulfate. The ether lipids exhibited remarkably simple molecular structures, i.e., the phospholipids had only 16:0 as alkyl and alk-1-enyl groups and their constituent fatty acids were almost exclusively 22:5 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-3). The glycolipid had mainly 16:0 as both alkyl and acyl moieties. In contrast, the diacyl choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides exhibited a much more complex fatty acid composition. 1,2-Diacylglycerols were the major nonpolar glycerolipid class and their acyl groups consisted almost exclusively of 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0. Labeled glycerol and dihydroxyacetone added to the incubation medium were readily incorporated into sperm lipids under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In each case, diacylcholine phosphoglycerides, diacylglycerols and phosphatidic acid were the major labeled lipids. Distribution of label among the molecular species of diacylglycerols and choline phosphoglycerides resembled somewhat their natural abundance. No radioactivity was found in alkylacyl or alk-1-enylacyl glycerolipids. The ether lipids may provide stable structural components of sperm membrane while the diacyl analogs undergo degradation and resynthesis.
Geographic‐based ecological correlation studies using supplemental case–control data

It is well known that the ecological study design suffers from a variety of biases that render the interpretation of its results difficult. Despite its limitations, however, the ecological study design is still widely used in a range of disciplines. The only solution to the ecological inference problem is to supplement the aggregate data with individual-level data and, to this end, Haneuse and Wakefield (Biometrics 2007; 63:128–136) recently proposed a hybrid study design in which an ecological study is supplemented with a sample of case–control data. The latter provides the basis for the control of bias, while the former may provide efficiency gains. Building on that work, we illustrate the use of the hybrid design in the context of a geographical correlation study of lung cancer mortality from the state of Ohio. Focusing on epidemiological applications, we initially provide an overview of the use of ecological studies in scientific research, highlighting the breadth of current application as well as advantages and drawbacks of the design. We consider the interplay between the two sources of information in the design: ecological and case–control, and then provide details on a Bayesian spatial random effects model in the setting of the hybrid design. Issues of specification are addressed, as well as sensitivity to modeling assumptions. Further, an interesting feature of these data is that they provide an example of how the proposed design may be used to resolve the ecological fallacy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin film core-annular flow of upper-convected maxwell liquids

Abstract Pressure-driven pipe flow of two upper-convected Maxwell liquids in a vertical core-annular arrangement is studied. The annulus and core liquids have different relaxation times and viscosities. Weakly nonlinear evolution equations which describe the interface shape are derived. Lubrication theory is used in the annulus but not in the core. Motions periodic in the streamwise direction are addressed, with the aim of describing short-time behavior driven by capillary forces. Numerical and analytical results for the spatio-temporal dynamics are given for two subcases. In the first case, the liquids have the same viscosity. White noise non-axisymmetric initial data are found to evolve into axisymmetric motion. When axisymmetry is assumed, the evolution equation is a Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation; the bifurcation parameter depends on the fluid elasticities, interfacial tension, Reynolds number and Weissenberg number. The second case concerns axisymmetric motions with wavelengths in the axial direction that are long compared with the annulus thickness. This asymptotic analysis places a restriction on the size of the Weissenberg number. A jump in the viscosities introduces dispersion, which may be enhanced by fluid elasticity; this can lead to a transition from an unstable regime or a chaotic regime to one in which organized traveling wave pulses move in the axial direction.
Opioid receptors localize to the external granular cell layer of the developing human cerebellum

Abstract The distribution of opioid receptors in the developing human cerebellum was determined by tissue autoradiography using [ 3 H]naloxone. In infants, opioid receptors were heavily concentrated in the external granular layer, a matrix of germinal cells, and were substantially less concentrated in the internal granular layer, differentiating progeny of external granular cells. In the mature internal granular layer of the child and adult, opioid receptors were negligible. Thus, in the human cerebellum, opioid receptors localize to a population of germinal cells and are negligible in their mature progeny. These data support the idea that endogenous opioids play a role in human brain development and may function as receptor-mediated growth factors. The cerebellum provides a model site to examine abnormal opioid effects upon human brain development, particularly in infants exposed to narcotics in utero .
Tangible computer programming for informal science learning

The goal of this project is to develop a tangible programming language for use in informal science learning and to evaluate its effectiveness. As part of this effort, we will explore the relative strengths and weaknesses of tangible and graphical interaction for this task in the context of an exhibit on robotics on display at the Boston Museum of Science. We hypothesize that a tangible programming language will be practical for use in informal science settings and will offer significant advantages in terms of learning and quality of interaction.
The effect of hydrogen bubbles on the thymol blue velocity measurement technique

Abstract This note describes an experimental study of the damaging effect of hydrogen bubbles on the effectiveness of the thymol blue velocity measurement method. Specifically, we document the effect of flow velocity, cathode voltage, and cathode diameter on bubble formation and the quality of the thymol blue pattern. The time of bubble damage, i.e., the interval preceding the destruction of the blue pattern, was measured and reported as a function of flow velocity, cathode voltage, and cathode diameter.
Orthogonality Criteria for Compactly Supported Scaling Functions

Abstract We give a new simple proof of several criteria for the orthogonality of the integer translates of a scaling function.
Microstructural based models for bcc and fcc metals with temperature and strain rate dependency

Abstract Microstructural physical based constitutive models are developed in this work in order to characterize the deformation behavior of body centered cubic (bcc) and face centered cubic (fcc) metals under different strain rates and temperatures. The concept of thermal activation energy as well as the dislocations interaction mechanisms is used in the derivation procedure taking into consideration the effect of the mobile dislocation density evolution on the flow stress of the deformed material. The derivation of the Zerilli–Armstrong (Z–A) physical based model for both (bcc) and (fcc) metals is investigated and a number of modifications are incorporated such as the evolution of mobile dislocation density. The authors conclude that in spite of the physical basis used in the derivation of the Z–A model, its parameters can not be interpreted physically since the approximation ln(1 + x ) ≈ x is used in the final step of the derivation. This expansion, however, is valid only for values x ≪ 1.0 which is not the case at high strain rates and temperatures. New bcc and fcc relations for the flow stress are therefore suggested and derived using the exact results of the expansion of ln(1 + x ). Several experimental data obtained by different authors for tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), molybdenum, (Mo), vanadium (V) (bcc metals) and Oxygen Free High Conductivity (OFHC) Copper (Cu) (an fcc metal) are used in evaluating the proposed models. A good agreement between the experimental results and the proposed models are obtained. Moreover, the predicted results show that the assumption of ignoring the generation of dislocation density during the plastic deformation is not appropriate particularly in the case of high strain rates and temperatures. This causes the values of the thermal stresses to be overestimated. Numerical identification for the physical quantities used in the definition of the model parameters is also presented.
Impedance plethysmography as a screening procedure for asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis in a rehabilitation hospital

Abstract Objective: Patients admitted for an inpatient rehabilitation treatment program almost uniformly have an elevated risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). We assessed the value of impedance plethysmography (IPG) as a screening procedure for asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis in a series of patients admitted to our institution. Design: Using a prospective observational study design, consecutive admissions to our facility for a period of almost one year were subjected to IPG within several days of admission. Setting: The study site was a 60-bed hospital-based rehabilitation center. Patients: Four hundred eighty-three consecutive patients were studied prospectively within several days of admission. Diagnoses included a variety of neurological disorders that resulted in significant weakness, intracranial surgery, orthopedic surgical procedures and fractures, joint replacements, and nonorthopedic postsurgical deconditioning. Three hundred eighteen patients were available for three-month follow-up. Interventions: IPG was successfully completed in 301 patients. If IPG was positive, DVT was further assessed by duplex ultrasound (DU). When IPG and DU confirmed the presence of a DVT, administration of heparin and Coumadin was begun. Main Outcome Measures: Thirteen of 416 attempted IPG studies were positive for DVT, whereas DU confirmed the diagnosis in only 3 patients. Results: Follow-up found that six patients developed DVT or PE before discharge from our institution; five patients developed DVT or PE after discharge. Conclusions: IPG has a poor yield as a screening tool for asymptomatic DVT on admission to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of IPG was too low to advocate its routine use in this setting.
Energy bands in TX2 compounds with pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite structures

Abstract From symmetry arguments and the conceptual phase diagrams previously developed, it is shown that the gross features of the energy bands can be rationalized for compounds crystallizing in the pyrite, marcasite and arsenopyrite structures. The structure-determining interactions are argued to be cation-anion interactions, not cation-cation interactions. With the exception of the MnX2 chalcogenides and CrSb2, the 3d electrons appear to be itinerant, not localized; and the crystallographic determinant is not the conventional Jahn-Teller mechanism. Even the arsenopyrite structure, which would appear to reflect cation-cation homopolar bonding, may have a larger electron density in the larger cation-cation separations because the cation-anion interactions are dominant. Finally, the measured physical properties are shown to satisfy not only the requirements of the band schemes for these structures, but also the constraints of the periodic table in comparison with other transition-metal compounds.
Photoelectron and Auger electron asymmetries: Alignment of Xe+2D52 by photoionization

Angular distributions of photoelectrons from the $\mathrm{Xe}4d$ subshell, and ${N}_{4,5}\mathrm{OO}$ Auger electrons, have been measured using synchrotron radiation. The $4d$ asymmetry parameter exhibits strong oscillations with energy, in agreement with several theoretical calculations. The Auger electrons show large asymmetries due to alignment of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ by photoionization.
Conductivity and electric field variations with altitude in the stratosphere

Data regarding electric field, derived current density, and conductivity are presented for two balloons from the Electrodynamics of the Middle Atmosphere experiment which underwent the longest period of daily altitude variation. The magnetic L values range from 4.3 to 9.5 for the 18 days of Southern Hemisphere statistics, and the average conductivity and vertical electric fields are given. Simultaneous measurements of the average conductivity scale height and the vertical electric-field scale height indicate that vertical current density does not vary with altitude in the 10-28-km range. The measured conductivity varies significantly at a given altitude on a particular day, and some conductivity data sets are similar to other measurements between 10 and 30 km. Comparisons of the measured data to predictions from models of stratospheric conductivity demonstrate significant discrepancies.
Simplifying group actions

Abstract The equivariant blow-up construction can simplify the orbit structure of a G -manifold. For abelian G the action can be simplified to an action in which all isotropy subgroups are Z 2 -vector spaces and the codimension of the set of points having any isotropy subgroup is just the dimension of that subgroup as a Z 2 -vector space. Such actions are called nonsingular. Nonsingular actions have smooth quotient spaces (with corners). Moreover, the tangent bundle of a nonsingular action of an abelian group G on M can be written as a direct sum of the tangent bundle of the quotient manifold plus a sum of line bundles which are the extensions (to the whole of M ) of the normal bundles of the various fixed point sets.
Acoustic emission and wave propagation monitoring at the spent fuel test: Climax, Nevada

Abstract For more than 3 1 2 years, transient acoustic emission events together with P- and S-wave velocities and amplitudes were monitored by a 15-station 1–10 kHz bandwith seismographic network in a heated underground test repository. Automated seismic processing analyzed the transient events for location and source properties, while daily pulsing of a piezoelectric reference source provided precise measurement of changes in velocity and amplitude. The site was a spent fuel repository test facility 420 m below ground in the Climax Stock quartz monzonite in Nevada, where spent fuel assemlies and heaters simulated repository conditions. Temperatures in the rock reached only 80°C, but produced abundant acoustic emission events and large changes in S-wave amplitudes. P-wave velocities and amplitudes were not affected by the heating or cool-down process. The effects seen are postulated to be due to crack closure and dewatering of the rock mass.
Endocrine disruption in the context of life cycles: Perception and transduction of environmental cues

Environmental and social stresses have major impacts on the life cycles of organisms. Furthermore, habitat disturbance/destruction, global climate change, and existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to human activities are increasingly likely to pose additive and synergistic stresses that could have potential deleterious effects on physiological function in vertebrates. Central to an organism’s life cycle is the ability to respond to environmental cues, physical and social. Environmental signals may act directly on endocrine tissues, but most act through neural pathways, and neuroendocrine and endocrine secretions that affect changes in morphology, physiology and behavior. While most investigations focus on endocrine secretions and their effects, we know much less about perception and transduction of environmental signals. Additionally, some populations of vertebrates, from fish to mammals, temporarily resist environmental and social stresses, and breed successfully. However, many show varying degrees of failure, sometimes resulting in marked population decline. There is potential for EDCs to act at all levels of the response systems to environmental cues. Because animals live in diverse habitats, there is variation in susceptibility to disruption of response systems to environmental cues. Although this may be partly due to genetic differences at a level of receptors and/or metabolism, fundamental differences in how species perceive environmental cues and respond to them may also be major factors. Here we discuss how EDCs may interact with the perception and transduction of environmental cues that are important for all organisms in their natural world. This may introduce a new perspective on the effects of environmental endocrine disruptors.
Illusions of parental control: Parenting and smoking onset in Swedish and Dutch adolescents

This research investigated how individuals classify and distinguish among stigmatized groups. In Study 1, participants sorted 54 stigmas based on perceived similarity and then provided evaluations. Cluster analysis revealed 7 stigma clusters, including physical disability, mental disability, economically disadvantaged, social deviants, physical appearance, sexual identity, and racial identity. Multidimensional scaling showed that the stigmas differed on dimensions of social undesirability, controllability, and general pity. In Study 2, participants provided evaluation ratings of stigmas across 6 situations. Results confirmed the validity of the 7-cluster solution.
Molecular genetics of solid tumours: translating research into clinical practice. What we could do now: breast cancer

Breast cancer is a common solid malignancy in women. Over the past decade, much progress has been made in understanding the biology of breast cancer. The use of molecular and immunohistochemical techniques is providing insights that will allow us to tailor the management of patients with breast cancer. In this review, progress in the understanding of lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical ductal hyperplasia, the use of the molecular marker CerbB2, and information gained from the morphological analysis of tumours arising in patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is discussed. J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol(J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 2001;54:281–284)
Apoptosis Repressor Genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-x-long are Expressed in the Rat Brain Following Global Ischemia

The proto-oncogenes bcl-2 and bcl-x-long have been shown to suppress apoptotic cell death in a variety of in vitro systems and cell lines, including neurons. An alternatively spliced from of bcl-x, bcl-x-short, is a promoter of apoptotic death. Whether these genes are induced after ischemia or play any role in determining the fate of ischemic neurons is unknown. To begin to address this issue, we studied the expression of bcl-2, and bcl-x mRNA and protein after global ischemia in the rat. Ischemia was induced in isoflurane-anesthetized rats by the four-vessel occlusion method. mRNA expression was studied by Northern blot analysis at 24 h after ischemia and by in situ hybridization at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 72 h after 15 min of global ischemia. Protein expression was studied using both immunocytochemistry at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 72 h after ischemia and Western blot analysis from tissue harvested at 16, 24, and 72 h after ischemia. Western blots showed that bcl-x-long is the predominant form of bcl-x protein expressed in both normal and ischemic brain. Both bcl-2 and bcl-x-long mRNA were expressed in CA1, CA3, and the molecular layer of the dentate after ischemia. However, bcl-2 and bcl-x protein were expressed only in CA3 and dentate. Thus, while bcl-2 and bcl-x-long mRNA were expressed in both surviving and dying neurons, their proteins were expressed in neurons destined to survive. These results support potential roles for these two apoptosis suppressor proteins in promoting survival after cerebral ischemia.
The Spectral Radius of Submatrices of Laplacian Matrices for Graphs with Cut Vertices

Abstract In [J. Molitierno, The spectral radius of submatrices of Laplacian matrices for trees and its comparison to the Fiedler vector, Linear Algebra Appl. 406 (2005) 253–271], we observed the effects on the spectral radius of submatrices of the Laplacian matrix L for a tree by deleting a row and column of L corresponding to a vertex of the tree. This enabled us to classify trees as either of Type A or Type B. In this paper, we extend these results to graphs which are not trees and offer a similar classification. Additionally, we show counterexamples to theorems that are true for trees, but not so for general graphs.
THE EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY ON THE THYROID GLAND IN THE GUINEA PIG1

It has been found by a number of investigators that ovaries and testes give off substances which inhibit the function of the anterior pituitary gland in the maintenance of normal growth and function of ovary and testicle. Conversely,extirpation of ovaries and testes stimulates these functions of the anterior pituitary as evidenced by the effect of this organ on a transplanted ovary or on the ovaries of a parabiotic partner. Gonadectomy in the rat leads to an increase in the basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary. In the case of the ovary it is the follicular hormone (oestrin, theelin) which exerts this effect on the anterior pituitary gland. In the testicle it seems to be a substance prepared by the tubular epithelium. In view of the close relation which exists between anterior pituitary and thyroid gland, it was of interest to determine whether extirpation of the sex glands would have a stimulating effect also on the thyroid. Furuya (1) found that the thyroid during the process of compensatory hypert...
Effect of allergist intervention on patient-centered and societal outcomes: Allergists as leaders, innovators, and educators

Abstract Atopic disorders, which afflict millions of Americans and hundreds of millions worldwide, are at epidemic levels with concomitant increases in morbidity and mortality. Environmental and lifestyle changes over the past three to five decades are proposed causes for this pandemic and as such present major burdens to reverse. The scope of allergy practice bridges directly on this challenge. Allergy as a specialty is a major leader in developing effective strategies to confront this epidemic. Allergists have made major contributions to the understanding of the risk factors, immunology, pathophysiology, immunomodulation, and prevention of atopic and immunologic disorders. Allergist epidemiologists and clinicians have helped develop and implement national and international guidelines in the recognition, management, and prevention of asthma and rhinitis. Allergist clinical researchers are active in (1) outcomes research that demonstrates convincingly the value of allergy as a specialty in asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, drug and food allergy, and other atopic disorders, (2) National Institutes of Health clinical trials that will form the basis for the future treatment of asthma and allergic disease, and (3) pharmaceutical trials that evaluate new, effective, and safe medication to treat atopic disease. Allergist educators, comprising academic and practicing allergists, supported by allied health professionals, national associations, and affiliated lay organizations, provide comprehensive education to fellows, residents, colleague physicians, media, the public, and patients. Documentation of the value of allergists in improving patient-centered and societal outcomes in their core domain, allergy, is the appropriate final topic contribution in the important series "New millennium: The conquest of allergy." (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:995-1018.)
A hidden Markov model for downscaling synoptic atmospheric patterns to precipitation amounts

Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models (NHMMs) provide a relatively simple frame- work for simulating precipitation at multiple rain gauge stations conditional on synoptic atmospheric patterns. Building on existing NHMMs for precipitation occurrences, we propose an extension to in- clude precipitation amounts. The model we describe assumes the existence of unobserved (or hidden) weather patterns, the weather states, which follow a Markov chain. The weather states depend on observable synoptic information and therefore serve as a link between the synoptic-scale atmospheric patterns and the local-scale precipitation. The presence of the hidden states simplifies the spatio-tem- poral structure of the precipitation process. We assume the temporal dependence of precipitation is completely accounted for by the Markov evolution of the weather state. The spatial dependence of pre- cipitation can also be partially or completely accounted for by the existence of a common weather state. In the proposed model, occurrences are assumed to be conditionally spatially independent given the current weather state and, conditional on occurrences, precipitation amounts are modeled indepen- dently at each rain gauge as gamma deviates with gauge-specific parameters. We apply these methods to model precipitation at a network of 24 rain gauge stations in Washington state over the course of 17 winters. The first 12 yr are used for model fitting purposes, while the last 5 serve to evaluate the model performance. The analysis of the model results for the reserved years suggests that the characteristics of the data are captured fairly well and points to possible directions for future improvements.
Sex differences in how social networks and relationship quality influence experimental pain sensitivity.

This is the first study to examine how both structural and functional components of individuals’ social networks may moderate the association between biological sex and experimental pain sensitivity. One hundred and fifty-two healthy adults (mean age = 22yrs., 53% males) were measured for cold pressor task (CPT) pain sensitivity (i.e., intensity ratings) and core aspects of social networks (e.g., proportion of friends vs. family, affection, affirmation, and aid). Results showed consistent sex differences in how social network structures and intimate relationship functioning modulated pain sensitivity. Females showed higher pain sensitivity when their social networks consisted of a higher proportion of intimate types of relationship partners (e.g., kin vs. non kin), when they had known their network partners for a longer period of time, and when they reported higher levels of logistical support from their significant other (e.g., romantic partner). Conversely, males showed distinct patterns in the opposite direction, including an association between higher levels of logistical support from one’s significant other and lower CPT pain intensity. These findings show for the first time that the direction of sex differences in exogenous pain sensitivity is likely dependent on fundamental components of the individual’s social environment. The utility of a social-signaling perspective of pain behaviors for examining, comparing, and interpreting individual and group differences in experimental and clinical pain reports is discussed.
Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction is a key component of the burden of cardiovascular disease. The assessment of the incidence and case fatality of myocardial infarction are important determinants of the decline in coronary disease mortality. The change in biomarkers used to diagnose myocardial infarction raises several methodologic, clinical, and public health challenges, which are discussed herein.
High‐resolution crosswell imaging of a west Texas carbonate reservoir: Part 1—Project summary and interpretation

A carbon dioxide flood pilot is being conducted in a section of Chevron's McElroy field in Crane County, west Texas. Prior to CO 2 injection, two high-frequency crosswell seismic profiles were recorded to investigate the use of seismic profiling for high-resolution reservoir delineation and CO 2 monitoring. These preinjection profiles provide the baseline for time-lapse monitoring. Profile was recorded between an injector well and an offset observation well at a nominal well-to-well distance of 184 ft (56 m). Profile was recorded between a producing well and the observation well at a nominal distance of 600 ft (183 m). The combination of traveltime tomography and stacked CDP reflection amplitudes demonstrates how high-frequency crosswell seismic data can be used to image both large and small scale heterogeneity between wells: Transmission traveltime tomography is used to image the large scale velocity variations; CDP reflection imaging is then used to image smaller scale impedance heterogeneities. The resolution capability of crosswell data is clearly illustrated by an image of the Grayburg-San Andres angular unconformity, seen in both the P-wave and S-wave velocity tomograms and the reflection images. In addition to the imaging study, cores from an observation well were analyzed to support interpretation of the crosswell images and assess the feasibility of monitoring changes in CO 2 saturation. The results of this integrated study demonstrate (1) the use of crosswell seismic profiling to produce a high-resolution reservoir delineation and (2) the possibility for successful monitoring of CO 2 in carbonate reservoirs. The crosswell data were acquired with a piezoelectric source and a multilevel hydrophone array. Both profiles, nearly 80 000 seismic traces, were recorded in approximately 80 hours using a new acquisition technique of shooting on-the-fly. This paper presents the overall project summary and interpretation of the results from the near-offset profile.
Day laborers' life satisfaction: the role of familismo, spirituality, work, health, and discrimination.

Limited research exists on day laborers’ mental health. This study identifies relevant factors that influence the life satisfaction of 143 predominantly undocumented Latino male day laborers. Findings demonstrated the importance of familismo, spirituality, work satisfaction, perceived health, and perceived discrimination on life satisfaction. Given the deleterious impact discrimination can have on mental health, we examined whether perceived discrimination’s role on life satisfaction would be buffered by familismo, spirituality, work satisfaction, and perceived health. Among these variable, spirituality and perceived health were identified as protective factors against the role of perceived discrimination on life satisfaction. Implications for research and practice with Latino male day laborers are discussed.
An incremental method for finding multivariate splits for decision trees

Decision trees that are limited to testing a single variable at a node are potentially much larger than trees that allow testing multiple variables at a node. This limitation reduces the ability to express concepts succinctly, which renders many classes of concepts difficult or impossible to express. This paper presents the PT2 algorithm, which searches for a multivariate split at each node. Because a univariate test is a special case of a multivariate test, the expressive power of such decision trees is strictly increased. The algorithm is incremental, handles ordered and unordered variables, and estimates missing values.
Can a single model explain both breast cancer and prostate cancer

The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) showed how the interaction of hormones with specific hormone receptors affected apoptosis. The same hormone can produce different effects, depending on which hormone receptor it interacts with. This model proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol (E2). A sufficiently high enough local level of E2 results in telomerase activity. The telomerase activity allows cell division and may lead to BC or PC, which will proliferate if the rate of cell division is greater than the rate of cell death. The effect of hormones on their hormone receptors will affect the rate of cell death and determine whether or not the cancer proliferates. By minimizing bcl-2 and maximizing apoptotic proteins, new systemic treatments for BC and PC can be developed that may be more effective than existing treatments.
Evolution of geminiviruses and their satellites

Geminiviruses and their satellites have circular single stranded DNA genomes, infecting many crops and weeds across the globe. To successfully invade new hosts, break host resistance, move virus particles within and between plants, geminiviruses and their satellites have evolved a coordinated network of protein interactions, showing a possible evolutionary path. Humans have played an important role in the last century to promote the emergence of many geminivirus diseases, thereby impacting their evolution. The greatest molecular diversity of geminiviruses and their satellites resides in Southeast Asia revealing a possible center of origin. This minireview leads us to a possible general grand scheme of their evolution.
Divergence and Power Variations in Mobile Free-Space Optical Communications

Free-space optical (FSO) communications links are envisioned as a viable option for the provision of temporary high-bandwidth communications links between mobile platforms. The introduction of mobility to a technology originally intended for fixed communications links introduces several interesting challenges. Two of those challenges are the variation in receiver beam profile of the FSO link and variation in received optical power due to the constantly changing transmitter-receiver separation. This paper investigates how the provision of mobile communications using FSO technology is challenged by beam divergence and optical power levels. An analytical model of the receiver beam profile of a mobile FSO link is presented, along with simulation results of both beam profile and optical power levels for a temporary mobile FSO communications link.
Biofeedback Method for Locating the Most Controlled Responses of EEG Alpha to Visual Stimulation

This paper demonstrates a new scientific method for testing hypotheses that “links” or a causal chain exists between a stimulus (independent variable) and an EEG response (dependent variable). The uniqueness of the method lies in the way feedback is used to reduce the “noisy” variation of the response compared to its average value.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of tear prealbumin from human ocular mucus.

Tear prealbumin was purified from crude tear prealbumin previously isolated from the saline soluble human ocular mucus. Purification was achieved by further column chromatographies on DEAE Sephadex A-25 and Sephadex G-75. Preliminary characterization included amino acid analysis, gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. Unlike serum prealbumin, the purified tear prealbumin showed a predominance of acidic residues and a trace amount of tryptophan. It exhibited polymorphic nature, with pi values of 4.8 and 4.9. The possibility of a tear prealbumin/retinol complex was also examined. The protein was found to incorporate with 3H retinol. The % retinol-incorporated tear prealbumin did not exhibit the characteristic UV spectrum of retinol; however, it did display emission and excitation fluorescence spectra at high concentrations similar to serum retinol-binding protein.
Creating self-healing service compositions with feature models and microrebooting

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) provide loose coupling and software reuse in enterprise applications. SOAs enable applications to heal themselves by failing over to alternate services when a critical application component or service reference fails. The numerous intricate details of identifying errors and planning a recovery strategy make it hard to develop applications that can heal by swapping services. Model-driven engineering (MDE) offers a potential solution to handling the complexity of building applications that can heal by swapping services. This paper presents an MDE technique called Refresh that is based on microrebooting and uses 1) feature models to derive a new and correct service composition when a failure occurs, 2) an application's component container to shutdown the reference to the failed service, 3) the application container to reboot the subsystem. We also present the results from a case study that shows Refresh significantly reduces both modelling and healing implementation effort.
Global Warming: A Consequence of Human Activities Rivaling Earth's Biogeochemical Processes

ABSTRACT The planet is growing warmer because of a massive disruption in global biogeochemical cycles. We are burning our reserves of fossil fuels, which formed over a period of 300 million years, in the blink of an eye in geologic time. One manifestation of our addiction to fossil fuels is a dramatic change in the composition of the atmosphere and its radiative properties. Evidence is discussed in this commentary that human-induced global warming has already occurred, that powerful inertia is in place to cause future warming, and that humans and ecosystems are currently being affected. Stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at 550 ppm within the next century will require a 70% cutback in emissions. Thus, a whole new system of powering our global economy is necessary.
Healthy high-hostiles evidence low-alpha power (7.5–9.5 Hz) changes during negative affective learning

Abstract The present experiment was designed to better understand the impact of positive and negative emotional processing among low- and high-hostile individuals. Based on previous research which found increased sympathovagal balance among low-hostiles to the negative version of the Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AAVL), it was hypothesized that low-hostiles would experience increased cortical arousal to this stimulus whereas their high-hostile counterparts would not. As expected, low-hostiles experienced significantly reduced low-alpha power (7.5–9.5 Hz) relative to high-hostiles during the presentation of the negative AAVL. In a replication of prior research, significant primacy and recency effects were noted for the negative and positive word lists, respectively. Results are discussed in terms of cerebral activation theory and the potential impact of emotional processing among high-hostile individuals and their likelihood to develop coronary heart disease.
Rows Adjusted for Columns versus Simple Row Means in Two-Way ANOVA: When are the Two Hypotheses Equivalent?

Abstract In an unbalanced, fixed-effects, two-way analysis of variance there are three distinct, frequently encountered hypotheses, each of which can be described as a hypothesis of “no row effects.” This article derives necessary and sufficient conditions on the cell sizes for the “rows adjusted for columns” hypothesis to be identical to the “simple row means” hypothesis. The results in this article, together with previous results, complete the characterizations in terms of cell sizes for pairwise equivalence of the three hypotheses. Geometric methods are used in the proofs.
The capacity of sparse networks under controlled mobility

Controlled mobility was recently shown to be an effective approach to support routing in sparse ad hoc or sensor networks. We propose a scheme utilizing mobile elements that cooperate in collecting and delivering the data. We analyze its performance and establish bounds on the average and worst-case delay. We establish that under the proposed scheme, constant per-node throughput is achievable within constant maximum (worst-case) delay as the network size grows. Using simulation, we compare our scheme with an alternative proposed earlier in the literature. The results show that our scheme dominates the alternative.
Magnetic and microstructural characterization of FeTaN high saturation materials for recording heads

Magnetically soft FeTaN high saturation materials have been deposited on both sloping and planar surfaces by RF reactive sputtering with an appropriate high substrate bias. A perpendicular anisotropy component accompanying degrading soft magnetic properties is observed under low substrate bias. This undesirable perpendicular anisotropy in the FeTaN films arises from the magnetoelastic anisotropy due to in-plane compressive stress and positive magnetostriction constant and from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to out-of-plane [200] easy axes. This is supported by X-ray pole figures, temperature-dependent VSM measurements, and synchrotron radiation X-ray stress measurements. The absence of microshape perpendicular anisotropy is supported by SQUID measurements and high resolution TEM images. This work has identified the processing parameters and microstructures that are critical for successfully incorporating high saturation magnetic materials in recording heads.
Structural analysis of cores and cuttings from the Toa Baja (Puerto Rico) Borehole

Deformation structures in core samples and well cuttings from the Toa Baja borehole in Puerto Rico, obtained from depths of 580 to 2700 meters, can be divided into two major categories: (1) structures resulting from compression and shear and (2) structures formed by extension. Generally, the first ones are older and they are somewhat more abundant at horizons where fault zones occur as deduced from dipmeter readings and televiewer log. These structures may have formed during an Eocene thrusting event, recognized regionally in Puerto Rico. The extensional structures which almost always crosscut the compressional ones are filled with zeolite, calcite, prehnite, or quartz. There is poor correspondence between the abundance of these fractures and the position of the major fault zones. The largest abundance of veins occurs between 1700 and 2100 meters depth. They may be related to a phase of regional extension during the Late Paleogene.
A new Miocene Yabepecten (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from the Hongô Formation in northeast Japan

Abstract Yabepecten ogasawarai sp. nov. is proposed from the Hongo Formation in Yamagata Prefecture, northeastern Honshu, Japan. Its occurrence is inferred to be of early late to middle late Miocene age, which makes Y. ogasawarai sp. nov. the oldest Yabepecten in the northwestern Pacific. Yabepecten was derived from Patinopecten in the northeastern Pacific, and migrated into the northwestern Pacific by the early late Miocene. From the early late Miocene onward, Yabepecten followed different evolutionary histories on both sides of the North Pacific. Yabepecten became extinct in the northeastern Pacific by the end of the early late Miocene. However, Yabepecten flourished in the northwestern Pacific from the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, only becoming extinct at the beginning of the middle Pleistocene, along with many other species of the Omma-Manganji Fauna.
Evaluating an Academic Scholarship Program For Engineering and Computer Science Transfer Students

An academic scholarship program for engineering and computer science transfer students, primarily from the community college, began in 2003. The CIRC/METS project - Collaborative Interdisciplinary Research Community/Maricopa Engineering Transition Scholars - is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to retain transfer students in engineering and computer science degree programs and further, to have them choose to attend graduate school right after completion of the Bachelor's degree or within a few years of working in industry. The program targets women and underrepresented minority students. This program works in cooperation with the Maricopa Engineering Transition Scholars (METS) program, also funded by NSF, which informs and encourages community college students to choose engineering or computer science as a career. The CIRC/METS program, with six meetings per semester, helps the transfer student not only with a scholarship, but also with adjusting socially, academically, and making use of valuable resources. This paper will report on the results of four years of transfer students, since some transfer students were similarly supported for one year before the CIRC/METS funding began. To date nearly 50 students have participated in this successful program.
Error Correction Models of MSA Housing "Supply" Elasticities: Implications for Price Recovery

The authors are indebted to the MIT Center for Real Estate, and CBRE. They remain respnosible for all results and conclusions derived there from.
Instructional Case: Java & Holes

The primary subject matter of this case concerns a review of earnings per share, ratio analysis, and cost of capital concepts. A secondary issue includes evaluation of alternative strategies within the constraints of debt covenants. The case was designed to use as a review of financial accounting concepts in a MBA managerial accounting course. However, the case has a difficulty level appropriate for seniors or first or second year graduate students. The case is designed as a review and should be completed entirely outside of class. Depending on financial background, students will require approximately ten to fifteen hours to complete the case.
Thyroid status and response to endothelin-1 in rat arterial vessels.

We have previously reported that changes in thyroid status are associated with significant alterations in skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise and that changes in endothelium-dependent vasodi...
Subset selection in hierarchical recursive pattern assemblies and relief feature instancing for modeling geometric patterns

This thesis is concerned with modeling geometric patterns. Specifically, a clear and practical definition for regular patterns is proposed. Based on this definition, this thesis proposes the following modeling setting to describe the semantic transfer of a model between various forms of pattern regularity: (1) recognition or identification of patterns in digital models of 3D assemblies and scenes, (2) pattern regularization, (3) pattern modification and editing by varying the repetition parameters, and (4) establishing exceptions (designed irregularities) in regular patterns. In line with this setting, this thesis describes a representation and approach for designing and editing hierarchical assemblies based on grouped, nested, and recursively nested patterns. Based on this representation, this thesis presents the OCTOR approach for specifying, recording, and producing exceptions in regular patterns. To support editing of free-form shape patterns on surfaces, this thesis also presents the imprint-mapping approach which can be used to identify, extract, process, and apply relief features on surfaces. Pattern regularization, modification, and exceptions are addressed for the case of relief features on surfaces.