cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The connection between radiation pressure and dispersion in dielectric waveguides

Through use of the response theory of optical forces, we show that radiation pressure generated within step index waveguides can be computed exactly and simply from the waveguide dispersion. In the absence of electrostrictive effects, we show that optical forces are only manifest on the boundaries of a dielectric waveguide. As a consequence, the principle of virtual work can be used to express the total optical force (or mean radiation pressure) acting on the boundaries of the waveguide in terms of the modal effective index. Through use of this relationship, exact agreement is found between the optical forces computed using waveguide dispersion and with the Maxwell stress tensor.
Seventy-five Years of The Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries

Will the Journal last another twenty-five years to its one hundredth anniversary? That is difficult to say. While many bibliographic library journals have ceased in the last few decades, I feel there is still a place for the Journal. As Tom Fulton notes in his article in this volume, â€œOne of the most exciting developments in the study of reading over the past twenty years has been a return to books themselves as evidence for the way in which people read.â€ Along with a reinvigorated interest in the history of the book at Rutgers and elsewhere, the Journal offers an important venue for articles reflecting these trends. But with the rapid transformation in technology, who knows what will happen to the genre of the academic journal itself? We at least have taken steps that have brought us strongly into the digital age.Â
Left Ventricular Volumes by Angiocardiography: Comparison of Methods and Simplification of Techniques

Left ventricular volumes were measured by angiocardiography in 66 patients using different biplane and single plane methods. Regression formulae were calculated so that single plane equipment might be better utilized for volume measurements. A modification of the area-length method is described that simplifies considerably the calculations without altering the final result. A simple method of calculating LV mass is also presented.
A cost-benefit model for production vehicle testing

In 1995 a record 17.8 million vehicles were recalled in the USA. In addition to these recalls, warranty costs for non-recallable defects, and the cost of lost future sales due to dissatisfied customers, contribute to the cost associated with poor quality. Although pre-production testing has more leverage, post-launch vehicle testing may provide valuable information in an economical fashion. By field testing the first production vehicles off the line, automotive manufacturers may detect manufacturing-related and component-interaction defects that would not be discovered by pre-production testing. We present a cost-benefit model for production vehicle field testing. Using data on defects and warranty costs for past vehicle programs, we can estimate the average warranty cost, the likelihood of a recall, the number of vehicles recalled, failure rates, and severity of defects for future vehicle programs, as well as the warranty costs avoided by a particular production vehicle test program. This cost-benefit analysis allows us to determine if a post-production vehicle test program is worthwhile, and if so, it allows us to choose the best such program.
Simultaneous measurement of Ca2+, contraction, and potential in cardiac myocytes

A system is described that can simultaneously record cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), cell length, and either membrane potential or current in single cardiac myocytes loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator indo-1. Fluorescence is excited by epi-illumination with 3.8-microsecond flashes of 350 +/- 5 nm light from a xenon arc. Indo-1 fluoresence is measured simultaneously in spectral windows of 391-434 nm and 457-507 nm, and the ratio of indo-1 emission in the two bands is computed as a measure of [Ca2+]i for each flash. With cells loaded with the permeant acetoxymethyl ester of indo-1, quantitation of [Ca2+]i is not precise, owing to subcellular compartmentation of indo-1; however, the instrument would allow full quantitation if indo-1 free acid was introduced by microinjection. Simultaneously, cell length is measured on-line from the bright-field image of the cell. Because fluorescence collection is time gated during the brief flash, and red light (650-750 nm) is used for the bright-field image, cell length and [Ca2+]i measurements are obtained simultaneously without cross talk. Membrane potential or current can be recorded simultaneously with indo-1 fluorescence and cell length via standard patch-clamping techniques.
Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents

Seven species of bacterial select agents were tested for susceptibility to free available chlorine (FAC). Under test conditions, the FAC routinely maintained in potable water would be sufficient to reduce six species by 2 orders of magnitude within 10 min. Water contaminated with spores of Bacillus anthracis spores would require further treatment.
Identifying Non-Explicit Citing Sentences for Citation-Based Summarization.

Identifying background (context) information in scientific articles can help scholars understand major contributions in their research area more easily. In this paper, we propose a general framework based on probabilistic inference to extract such context information from scientific papers. We model the sentences in an article and their lexical similarities as a Markov Random Field tuned to detect the patterns that context data create, and employ a Belief Propagation mechanism to detect likely context sentences. We also address the problem of generating surveys of scientific papers. Our experiments show greater pyramid scores for surveys generated using such context information rather than citation sentences alone.
Photoelectrocyclization as an activation mechanism for organelle-specific live-cell imaging probes.

Photoactivatable fluorophores are useful tools in live-cell imaging owing to their potential for precise spatial and temporal control. In this report, a new photoactivatable organelle-specific live-cell imaging probe based on a 6π electrocyclization/oxidation mechanism is described. It is shown that this new probe is water-soluble, non-cytotoxic, cell-permeable, and useful for mitochondrial imaging. The probe displays large Stokes shifts in both pre-activated and activated forms, allowing simultaneous use with common dyes and fluorescent proteins. Sequential single-cell activation experiments in dense cellular environments demonstrate high spatial precision and utility in single- or multi-cell labeling experiments.
Germicidal Efficiency of Egg Washing Compounds on Eggs Artificially Contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium

Abstract SINCE the work of Pomeroy and Fenstermacher (1939), a number of workers (Pomeroy and Fenstermacher, 1941; Buxton and Gordon, 1947; Gregory, 1948) have found that Salmonella typhimurium and other paratyphoids can survive on chicken and turkey egg shells much longer than the normal incubation periods of 21 days for chickens and 28 days for turkeys. While numerous individuals have reported egg shell isolations of Salmonella species, Williams (1959) has summarized that reports of isolations of paratyphoids from egg contents or ovarian tissue are relatively uncommon. It is thus quite evident that one approach to any Salmonella control program, especially with reference to paratyphoids, would be an egg shell washing program designed to kill or remove Salmonella contamination. One standard practice already in effect is the routine formaldehyde fumigation practices of hatcherymen. Because of the fact, however, that such eggs may be several days to several weeks old before they are …
Feminist thought and economics; or, what do the Visigoths know?

Many economists have expressed concern that approaches borrowed from the humanities or from the "softer" social sciences will detract from the rigor and objectivity of economic science and give voice to those without proper training-and in so doing reduce the discipline to a science no more defensible than alchemy. Since much feminist thought in economics draws heavily from intellectual traditions alien to mainstream economists (e.g. critical interpretive theory, cultural studies, and feminist theory), some economists may wonder what such modes of inquiry have to offer economics.' Further, they may ask, are there no pitfalls in modes of inquiry not disciplined by accepted economic methodologies? In short, what do those Visigoths know? My purpose is to address issues in method and theory underlying recent feminist work in economics, and to explain how economics may gain by opening its disciplinary gates. From the perspective of traditional mainstream practice in economics, two prominent issues emerge in considering modes of inquiry and theory drawn from other disciplines. The first has to do with what counts as theory and the role of critique in theorizing. The second has to do with the need to sort out better theories from worse and the perceived dangers of rampant relativism. I will address these in turn.
Industry trends in business process management: getting ready for prime time

Business and technology trends are profoundly affecting the world of business process management, providing new challenges and opening new opportunities. This paper describes these trends and their implications from a business process management perspective, before presenting an approach, partially developed at HP, to address the novel challenges and capitalize on the opportunities.
Hemangiopericytoma: A light microscopic and ultrastructural study

An ultrastructural study of three cases of hemangiopericytoma showed cells partially or completely enveloped by well-formed basement membrane and basement membrane-like material. The cells exhibited prominent cytoplasmic filaments, some showing dense body formation, interdigitating cytoplasmic processes, and pinocytotic vesicles. A review of the literature revealed only 19 other cases of hemangiopericytoma studied by electron microscopy, and these included seven cases of meningeal origin (“angioblastic meningioma”). The most consistent feature seen in all but two cases was the presence of a basal lamina or basal lamina-like material either partially or completely surrounding tumor cells and separating endothelial cells from pericytes. The light microscopic diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma is difficult, and there is a tendency to append the diagnosis to a variety of other tumors with a prominent vascular pattern in which other specific diagnoses are not immediately evident. The presence, ultrastructurally, of well-developed basement membrane, myogenic type filaments, and pinocytotic vesicles in a tumor with light microscopic features suggestive of hemangiopericytoma would consolidate the diagnosis and usually eliminate diagnostic uncertainty. Cancer 47:906–914, 1981.
Effects of Prescribed Fire on the Reproductive Ecology of Northern Blazing Star Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae

Abstract I studied several factors that affected rates of seedling establishment for northern blazing star (Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae) at Kennebunk, Maine. Fire stimulated blazing star fecundity in four ways: (1) There was a four-fold increase in the number of flowering plants in recently burned units (10.6%) compared to plants in units that had not been burned for 4 y (2.4%). (2) The number of seeds per flower head was greater in recently burned units. (3) Among flower heads that had been infested with predacious moth larvae, the percentage of depredated seeds (40–50%) was lower in recently burned units than in units that had not been burned for two or more years (78–93%). (4) Under natural conditions, seedling establishment was much greater in management units that had been burned 20 mo previously than in management units that had been burned either within the past 8 mo, or units that had not been burned for more than 4 y. These results suggest that northern blazing star benefits from fire and...
Activity Based Costing With Reciprocal Dollar Value Allocation

The general model of Activity Based Costing (ABC) allocates indirect costs to products using a two-state procedure which first assigns overhead costs to homogeneous cost pools and then assigns those costs directly to products based on the products use of activities. This procedure does not consider cross-servicing between service departments or activity centers, but rather uses the direct method of cost allocation. This paper presents Activity Based Costing with Reciprocal Dollar Value Allocation (ABC-RDVA) as one approach to using ABC in an environment where production service departments experience ea substantial level of cross-servicing, and use of the direct method would distort product costs.
UAS imaging-based decision tools for arid winter wheat and irrigated potato production management

Small unmanned aerial systems UAS are gaining global attention for rapid image-based decision making in agricultural production. In this study, the aim was to evaluate UAS-based imagery for rapid assessment of wheat winter survival and spring stand in winter wheat production and crop necrosis in potato production. Both are critical aspects of field arid and row irrigated crop farming practices. Aerial images from 97 hard and 352 soft single nucleotide polymorphism winter wheat plots, and 32 potato field plots with 1 and 2 years of green manure applications were acquired using a multi-band imaging sensor integrated with UAS. The UAS-based imagery was useful in evaluating winter wheat plant winter survival and spring stand, with Pearson correlation coefficient r in the range 0.60–0.82 between imagery and ground reference data. Similarly, the image-based potato field necrosis assessment showed a strong relationship with ground reference data r = 0.93 and 0.88 for 1 and 2 years of green manure application, respectively. Overall, UAS imagery provided quantifiable, timely, and unbiased field data with high spatial resolution about 2.3 cm/pixel for images acquired at 100 m altitude that can aid in field and row crop production decision making.
Effect of mebendazole on melanoma xenograft growth through targeting of bcl-2

9075 Background: Defects in apoptosis are thought to contribute to melanoma chemoresistance, making the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 an attractive therapeutic target. We identified mebendazole (MBZ...
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE MEXICAN PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS OF THE GENUS LINEATRITON, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES

We describe two new species of salamanders of the genus Lineatriton, which occur as allopatric populations in the Sierra de Juarez, Oaxaca, and the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. The name Lineatriton lineolus (Cope) is restricted to populations in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Veracruz. The population in the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, previously allocated to L. lineolus, is here described as Lineatriton orchimelas. The population from the Sierra de Juarez is reported here for the first time and is described as yet another new species of Lineatriton. These new species differ from L. lineolus in aspects of body size, body proportions, and pigmentation of the male reproductive organs.
Innovation, Price Dispersion, and Emergent Increasing Returns to Scale

We present a model in which price dispersion allows long run increasing returns to scale to emerge from a competitive short run. The model hinges upon turnover in the productive technology-leading firm, price dispersion resultant of Stigler's logic of rational search and limited excludability of knowledge. Bankruptcy occurs in a form similar to the gambler's ruin, delayed by cash buffer stocks. The model requires no entry or replacement of failed firms. The number of active firms in a market reaches a stationarity increasing with, and contingent on, search costs.
Gastrointestinal safety, chemotherapeutic potential, and classic pharmacological profile of NOSH‐naproxen (AVT‐219) a dual NO‐ and H2S‐releasing hybrid

Naproxen (NAP) is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a favorable cardiovascular profile. However, its long-term use may lead to serious gastrointestinal and renal side effects. NOSH- (nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide) releasing naproxen (NOSH-NAP, AVT-219) belongs to a new class of anti-inflammatory agents designed to overcome these limitations. We compared the gastrointestinal safety, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antiplatelet properties of AVT-219 to that of NAP in preclinical animal models. We also evaluated its anticancer effects in 11 human cancer cell (HCC) lines of six different tissue origins and in a chemotherapeutic xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. AVT-219: (1) was orders of magnitude more potent than NAP in inhibiting the growth of cultured HCC; (2) was safe to the stomach, whereas NAP caused significant ulceration; (3) showed strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antiplatelet properties comparable to NAP; and (4) NAP caused a significant rise in plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), whereas in the AVT-219-treated rats this rise was significantly less. Mechanistically, AVT-219 was a strong antioxidant, inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, thus reducing prostaglandin (PG) E2. In xenografts, AVT-219 significantly reduced tumor growth and tumor mass with no sign of GI toxicity, whereas NAP-treated mice died due to GI bleeding. AVT-219 displayed considerable safety and potency in inhibiting HCC growth; was an effective analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory; and was significantly more efficacious than NAP in reducing the growth of established tumors in a xenograft mouse model.
Functional Requirements for Onboard Intelligent Automation in Single Pilot Operations

There is growing interest in the concept of Single Pilot Operations (SPO) within commercial flight operations due to the potential economic benefits. Prior research has focused on architectures and safety concerns related to SPO, but has not examined what functionalities automation would need to fulfill in the replacement of a co-pilot. Through guided interviews conducted with experienced commercial airline pilots, this effort demonstrates what functionalities would need to be replicated by an on-board intelligent system. These interviews revealed both desired and potentially deficient qualities of co-pilots, providing some guidance into how automated systems could be designed to best replace current human co-pilots. The interviews also provided perspectives about the issues of pilot selection and training, and the social implications of the use of an automated system in the cockpit rather than a human co-pilot. Given the results from the interviews, we developed a list of a dozen functionalities and capabilities that an onboard intelligent system should be able to replicate in order for a single human pilot to be able to manage the workload in piloting an aircraft in transport missions.
Limitation of Multinucleation by Dibutyryl Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Tumor Cells Treated With Cytochalasin B

Hamster BHK21 tumor cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells responded to cytochalasin B (CB) by becoming highly multinucleated. Nearly 80% of the BHK cells contained four or more nuclei after 7 days of exposure to CB, and 35% of these had at least seven nuclei. Similar frequencies of multinucleation were obtained with RD cells. Administration of 10(-3) M theophylline and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Bu2cAMP) at 5X10(-4) M or 10(-3) M to CB-treated RD or BHK cells greatly reduced the frequency of cells with five or more nuclei. The frequency of cells with seven or more nuclei was reduced to less than 5%. Along with this reduction in highly multinucleated cells was an increase in the incidence of binucleated cells. Bu2cAMP was toxic and caused many CB-treated BHK cells to detach from the culture surface, but not all cells were killed. Bu2cAMP had little toxic effect on CB-treated RD cells. These observations indicated that the inhibition of high degrees of multinucleation were not the result of nonspecific toxic effects of Bu2cAMP but that nuclear division was limited by it. The effect of Bu2cAMP on density-dependent inhibition of growth was also studied. Addition of only theophylline and Bu2cAMP to either BHK or RD cells resulted in growth to significantly lower saturation densities. The toxicity of Bu2cAMP on cells in crowded cultures apparently caused the limited propagation. Bu2cAMP resulted in significant cell killing or detachment but, once the lower saturation densities were reached, cell death was minimized. Thus Bu2cAMP did not restore contact inhibition per se. It was also found that untreated RD cells grew to lower concentration densities than expected from the microscopic inspection of cells in situ. Microscopic inspection revealed high concentration densities and numerous mitoses. This apparent contradiction was due to the ability of RD cells to fuse upon the attainment of confluence and to produce multinucleated cells without the aid of CB.
Atomic-Layer Electroless Deposition: A Scalable Approach to Surface-Modified Metal Powders

Palladium has a number of important applications in energy and catalysis in which there is evidence that surface modification leads to enhanced properties. A strategy for preparing such materials is needed that combines the properties of (i) scalability (especially on high-surface-area substrates, e.g. powders); (ii) uniform deposition, even on substrates with complex, three-dimensional features; and (iii) low-temperature processing conditions that preserve nanopores and other nanostructures. Presented herein is a method that exhibits these properties and makes use of benign reagents without the use of specialized equipment. By exposing Pd powder to dilute hydrogen in nitrogen gas, sacrificial surface PdH is formed along with a controlled amount of dilute interstitial hydride. The lattice expansion that occurs in Pd under higher H2 partial pressures is avoided. Once the flow of reagent gas is terminated, addition of metal salts facilitates controlled, electroless deposition of an overlayer of subnanometer...
THE CASE OF TARSIER HEMOGLOBIN

by other methods of ancestral reconstruction. Critics also argue that it is not possible to determine which of several alternative topologies, differing by a small number of NR's, most closely reflects cladogeny since the statistical significance of the NR score differences is unknown. A careful investigation of the method of these critics reveals that their method is nonrigorous, nonreplicable and produces erroneous results. The need for rigorous, automated systems of data analysis in studies of molecular evolution is made apparent, particularly in light of the voluminous nature of the data. We here describe a series of parsimony tests conducted with globin amino acid sequence data, focusing on the position of Tarsius within Primates, in order to illustrate the importance of interpreting NR score differences within a context which includes the number of lineages represented in a data set, the density of the lineages in particular regions of a dendrogram and the exact nature of the changes attributed to specific NR savings. Analyzed within the context of these changing parameters, small NR score differences between alternative topologies can be meaningful and do produce results with significant confidence. The phylogenetic relationship of Tarsius to Anthropoidea, as well as other important issues in primate systematics, are expected to be greatly clarified with the gathering and rigorous analysis of nucleotide sequence data which can resolve the difficulties presented by convergent evolution and paralogous gene lines. [Tarsier phylogeny; maximum parsimony methodology; molecular evolution; primate evolution; molecular anthropology; hemoglobin phylogeny.]
The blue carpenter bees: a synopsis of the “Cyaneoderes group” of genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

AbstractA review is presented of the species included within the “Cyaneoderes group” of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802, subgenus Koptortosoma Gribodo, 1894. The 14 names applied to members of this group by previous authors represent six valid species. Females of five species in this group have bright blue and black pubescence on the dorsal surface: X. abbotti (Cockerell, 1909); X. bangkaensis Friese, 1903; X. caerulea (Fabricius, 1804); X. insularis Smith, 1857; and X. tumida, Friese, 1903. A key, diagnostic table, and set of illustrations is presented to facilitate the identification of females of all five species. The known males of species in this group (X. caerulea and X. insularis) are illustrated. Xylocopa dormeyeri Enderlein, 1909, is placed as a synonym of X. insularis Smith, while X. meade-waldoi Hurd, 1959, is placed as a synonym of X. caerulea (Fabricius), New Synonymies. Diagnostic notes are presented for X. incompleta Ritsema, 1880, a species with bright orange (rather than blue) pubescen...
Temperature Detection of Plasma by Technology of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In this paper,the technology of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)is discussed in the application area of plasma's temperature detection.The principle of LIBS is interpreted,and the experiment using LIBS to detect the plasma's temperature is implemented also.When the plasma reaches local thermal balance,the purpose of plasma's temperature detection by LIBS can be achieved using the method of the relative intensity detection of the plasma's characteristic spectrum.The experiment result shows that it is a very convenient and quick method to use LIBS in the temperature detection of plasma,and it is also very useful in practice.
The Ethics of Hiring a Gestational Carrier

The debate regarding the ethical appropriateness of hiring a gestational carrier is contentious, and areas of concern include reproductive autonomy, commodifying women and their reproductive functions, baby selling, coercion, exploitation of women of lower socioeconomic classes, lack of informed consent, and impact on the family. After each of these arguments against using a gestational carrier is analyzed, it is apparent that hiring a gestational carrier is ethically appropriate, provided there are safeguards. The gestational carrier must previously have borne a healthy child; been properly screened psychologically; received education regarding the risks of pregnancy, her rights in the gestational carrier agreement, and options other than being a gestational carrier for employment; receive fiscal compensation that is not coercive based on her individual life circumstances; and be represented by a physician and lawyer independent of the contracting person/couple and gestational carrier agency. With these precautions in place, the hiring of gestational carriers is both an ethical and needed treatment for infertility.
Integration of Clinical Genetic Testing in Cardiovascular Care

Knowledge of genetic etiologies for inherited cardiovascular disease has expanded in recent years giving providers the potential to tailor medical management and family screening based on a patient’s genotype for some conditions. This paper highlights recent advances in Mendelian inherited cardiovascular disease such as Marfan syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and familial hypercholesterolemia. Genetic testing has gone through a rapid evolution thanks to technological advancements in sequencing technology. The combination of increased utility and decreased cost is lowering the barriers for testing. Development of next-generation panels and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing allows for broader testing and, in some cases, gene discoveries. Genetics is fueling growth in pharmacogenetics and complex disease research and has even led to novel therapeutics and new indications for old therapeutics. The integration of clinical genetic testing into patient care is becoming increasingly common as the field expands and more institutions adopt the practice. The interpretation of genetic testing results can be complicated as there are a wide range of tools to determine the pathogenicity of a DNA variant identified in a patient. The psychological impact of genetic counseling necessitates pre- and post-test genetic counseling.
Stigma and Persons with Substance Use Disorders

A 42-year-old man with a history of injection heroin use now in sustained remission on buprenorphine/naloxone presents to an emergency room with an injury sustained at a construction site. He fell one story off a ladder and landed on his back. He reports 9/10 pain on arrival and he reveals his history of opioid use disorder and medication-assisted treatment. He agrees to accept opiate analgesia while his work-up is ongoing given his significant pain. Trauma evaluation including CT scan does not reveal any significant traumatic injuries such as fractures or hemorrhage. He is diagnosed with a lumbar strain and shoulder contusion. He is able to ambulate and is ready for discharge. He continues to report 8/10 pain in his lumbar region following administration of a one-time dose of intravenous morphine. The ER physician explains the results of his imaging and his recommendation for analgesia with acetaminophen and ibuprofen only. The patient worries out loud that this will not be sufficient, and the physician responds, “Right, well, that may be all you will get because of your problem with these medications, but let me see what I can do,” leaving the room rather abruptly. The nurse returns to discharge the patient with a prescription for 7 days of oxycodone-acetaminophen 5/325 mg tabs, and nothing further is discussed. The patient leaves feeling he has done something wrong and wondering if adherence to his medication (buprenorphine/naloxone) is worth the reactions it generates from others.
Oxygen consumption testing and self-reported outcomes following limb salvage with tibiocalcaneal or tibio-talo-calcaneal fusion

Context: Little is known about the energy expenditure following limb salvage with tibiocalcaneal (TC) or tibio-talo-calcaneal (TTC) fusions and optimization of leg lengths. Studies have quantified the energy expenditures of amputees and tibiotalar fusion patients by measuring oxygen (O 2 ) consumption, but a similar study has yet to be performed on TC or TTC fusion patients. Since limb salvage with TC or TTC fusion is often considered an alternative treatment to a below the knee amputation (BKA), it will be useful to understand the relative energy expenditures of the two treatment groups. Aims: To assess the energy expenditure and self-reported outcomes of patients who have undergone limb salvage with TC or TTC fusions, and to compare the O 2 consumption of TC and TTC fusion patients to those reported in the literature for patients who underwent BKAs. Subjects and Methods: We gathered data on 12 TC and TTC fusion patients' O 2 consumptions at rest, their self-selected usual daily walking speed (UDWS), 80% of UDWS, 120% of UDWS, and a fixed speed of 2 miles/h (mph). Short form-36 (SF-36) and visual analog scores were also obtained. Statistical Analysis: We calculated the averages and standard deviations of the O 2 consumption levels for our cohort of TC and TTC fusion patients. Results: The TTC and TC patients overall averaged 10.4 mL O 2 /min/kg at an average UDWS of 1.9 mph. This O 2 consumption rate was 22% higher than normal. The outcome SF-36 scores were 57 and 45 for the mental and physical components, respectively. The visual analog scale was 1.1. Conclusion: Patients after TC and TTC fusions have minimal pain. SF-36 mental component scores were better than those of normal population, and physical component scores were minimally lower than the normal population. While O 2 consumptions was 22% above normal population, it was less than what has been reported in the literature for BKA patients.
In-Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy of Meissner’s Corpuscles as an Objective Measure of Diabetic Polyneuropathy (P5.046)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate non-invasive, in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) of Meissner9s Corpuscles (MCs) as a measure of diabetic polyneuropathy. BACKGROUND: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) affects over 50[percnt] of patients with diabetes. There are no FDA approved disease-modifying therapies available for DPN. This may, in part, be due to suboptimal surrogate markers of early DPN. RCM of the skin is a painless way to quantitate MC touch-pressure mechanoreceptors and has recently been studied as a measure of HIV-associated and hereditary neuropathies. DESIGN/METHODS: Forty-three adults with diabetes (type I and II) and 21 control subjects underwent RCM of MC densities at the arch of the foot, fingertip of the fifth digit, and thenar eminence (TE), ankle skin biopsy for epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), electrophysiological studies, monofilament threshold testing, and timed vibration sensation at the great toe. In addition, the Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS) was assessed. RESULTS: MC densities were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than in controls at the TE (p=0.008) and fingertip (p=0.009), but not the arch (p=0.2). Arch MC densities correlated with ENFD, medial plantar amplitudes, and timed vibration sensation and inversely with monofilament thresholds at the toe. TE MC densities were associated with monofilament thresholds at the TE and ulnar sensory amplitudes. Fingertip MC densities also correlated inversely with monofilament thresholds at the fingertip and with ulnar motor and sensory conduction parameters. The MDNS correlated with MC densities, only at the fingertip. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that RCM of MC density complements other measures of DPN, as an objective measure of cutaneous denervation. Assessment of MC density at the fingertip and hand appears preferable to the sole, due to effects of aging in healthy adults. Further studies are needed to determine whether RCM of MCs can identify quantitative changes in DPN associated with disease progression or treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Creigh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sowden has nothing to disclose. Dr. Herrman has received personal compensation for activities with Medpace as Clinical Trial Adjudication Committee member.
Association Between Physician Burnout and Identification With Medicine as a Calling.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between degree of professional burnout and physicians' sense of calling. Participants and Methods US physicians across all specialties were surveyed between October 24, 2014, and May 29, 2015. Professional burnout was assessed using a validated single-item measure. Sense of calling, defined as committing one's life to personally meaningful work that serves a prosocial purpose, was assessed using 6 validated true-false items. Associations between burnout and identification with calling items were assessed using multivariable logistic regressions. Results A total of 2263 physicians completed surveys (63.1% response rate). Among respondents, 28.5% (n=639) reported experiencing some degree of burnout. Compared with physicians who reported no burnout symptoms, those who were completely burned out had lower odds of finding their work rewarding (odds ratio [OR], 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.10; P Conclusion Physicians who experience more burnout are less likely to identify with medicine as a calling. Erosion of the sense that medicine is a calling may have adverse consequences for physicians as well as those for whom they care.
Institutional constraints and the inefficiency in public investments

Abstract This paper studies limits on executive authority by identifying a dynamic channel through which they interact with policy-making. The model features two agents, one of which becomes the incumbent in each of the two periods and unilaterally decides on investment in a common-interest public good, targeted pork spending and the future executive constraint. While a weak constraint permits an incumbent to enact his desired policies in case of re-election, the same applies to his opponent in the opposite scenario. However, this trade-off changes with the level of the public good, because the agents' shared investment interest dominates their conflict over pork spending to a lesser extent as the efficiency gains from investing get exhausted. In equilibrium, more efficient states of the public good are associated with tighter executive constraints. Despite the fact that agents share the same preferences over public good consumption, equilibrium public good provision is inefficient. Moreover, this inefficiency worsens as the incumbent's re-election chances deteriorate. These findings shed light on why incumbents facing similar electoral environments make different institutional choices.
Electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state using AC electric fields

The formation of a vapor layer at the solid-liquid interface at high temperatures (Leidenfrost phenomenon) degrades heat transfer substantially. Application of an electric field in this vapor layer can fundamentally eliminate the Leidenfrost state by electrostatically attracting liquid towards the surface. This study analyzes the influence of AC electric fields on electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state; previous studies have only utilized DC electric fields. In particular, the influence of the frequency of the AC waveform on Leidenfrost state suppression is analyzed using high speed visualization of liquid-vapor instabilities and heat transfer measurements of evaporating droplets. It is seen that the extent of suppression is reduced with increasing AC frequency. At sufficiently high frequencies, the influence of an applied voltage is completely negated, and electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state can be completely eliminated. A first-order electromechanical model is used to explain ...
School Nurses on the Front Lines of Medicine: Take a BREATH: The Approach to a Student With Respiratory Distress:

Students presenting with varying degrees of respiratory symptoms and distress occur commonly in the school setting. It is important to develop a differential diagnosis for respiratory distress, to ...
Developments in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm.

Purpose of reviewTo review new developments in the medical and surgical treatment options for benign essential blepharospasm (BEB).Recent findingsBotulinum toxin injections remain the mainstay treatment for BEB with several formulations currently commercially available. Reports in the medical litera
Deformable liquid metal polymer composites with tunable electronic and mechanical properties

Room-temperature liquid metals, such as eutectic gallium–indium–tin (galinstan), dispersed in a polymer matrix present unique potential as conductors that may have minimal influence on the host polymer mechanical performance while providing enhanced electrical performance. Work described herein systematically evaluates the influence of uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) viscosity and galinstan loading on final dispersion viscosity and cured modulus. Dispersions of up to 80 vol% galinstan were obtained with relative permittivity values up to 170 that otherwise exhibited similar uncured rheological changes to a solid filler. Cured galinstan-in-PDMS dispersions, however, exhibited a reduced stiffness increase with respect to the host polymer relative to a solid filler. At a critical PDMS viscosity and metal, loading phase inversion to a conductive PDMS-in-metal dispersion was observed. It is anticipated that this work will enable the development of liquid metal polymer composites with independently controlled mechanical and electrical properties for a wide variety of stretchable electronic applications.
Designed peptides that assemble into cross-alpha amyloid-like structures.

Amyloids adopt ‘cross-β’ structures composed of long, twisted fibrils with β-strands running perpendicular to the fibril axis. Recently, a toxic peptide was proposed to form amyloid-like cross-α structures in solution, with a planar bilayer-like assembly observed in the crystal structure. Here we crystallographically characterize designed peptides that assemble into spiraling cross-α amyloid-like structures, which resemble twisted β-amyloid fibrils. The peptides form helical dimers, stabilized by packing of small and apolar residues, and the dimers further assemble into cross-α amyloid-like fibrils with superhelical pitches ranging from 170 A to 200 A. When a small residue that appeared critical for packing was converted to leucine, it resulted in structural rearrangement to a helical polymer. Fluorescently tagged versions of the designed peptides form puncta in mammalian cells, which recover from photobleaching with markedly different kinetics. These structural folds could be potentially useful for directing in vivo protein assemblies with predetermined spacing and stabilities. Structural analysis reveals how certain designed peptides adopt unusual spiraling cross-α amyloid-like structures and also rearrange to helical polymers upon mutation of small nonpolar residues that are critical for packing and stabilization.
Quantitative Assessment of In-Stent Stenosis After Pipeline Embolization Device Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Single-Institution Series and Systematic Review.

Background Very little is known about the incidence of in-stent stenosis after flow diverter treatment of intracranial aneurysms. We sought to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of in-stent stenosis at angiographic follow-up after Pipeline embolization device (PED) placement using quantitative measures. Methods The clinical and radiological records from all patients undergoing PED treatment of intracranial aneurysms at a major U.S. academic center from March 2013 to July 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. A modified version of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy criteria was used to quantify the degree of stenosis on the most recent postprocedural angiogram. The percentage of stenosis was calculated as 1 − (narrowest vessel diameter/maximal midstent diameter within the artery) at the first follow-up angiogram. The PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were additionally searched from inception until April 2018 for the rates of in-stent stenosis after flow diversion. Results A total of 155 patients (mean age, 58.3 years; 30 males) with 162 aneurysms underwent treatment with the PED at our institution. In-stent stenosis was detected in 12 patients (7.1%) at 6 months. The mean percentage of stenosis was 39.7%. All 12 patients remained asymptomatic, except for 1 who developed hemiplegia secondary to an unrelated ischemic stroke. The aneurysm occlusion rates at 6 months were comparable between the stenosis and nonstenosis cohorts (76.9% and 71.6%, respectively). Within the stenosis cohort, further follow-up angiograms after 6 months were available for 6 patients, of whom 3 (50%) had either complete resolution or improvement. Of the 43 included studies, 28 reported on the use of the PED, with 2448 patients. The mean reported rate of in-stent stenosis after PED placement was 8.8% (range, 0%–39%). Conclusions In-stent stenosis remains a rare complication of PED placement for intracranial aneurysms. When occurring, it appears to largely be self-limiting, with a benign clinical course.
Does Clearance of Positive Margins Improve Local Control in Oral Cavity Cancer? A Meta-analysis.

ObjectivesTo compare local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) in early oral cavity cancer (OCC) patients with positive/close frozen section (FS) cleared with further resection (R1 to R0) or positive F...
Plagiarize This Paper

Plagiarism is the ultimate academic crime. But why? This essay reflects on academic plagiarism norms and concludes that they are not only unjustified, but also pernicious. It argues that attribution should be voluntary, not mandatory.
Comparison of the Spreading Resistance Probe with other Silicon Characterization Techniques

Range and precision of doping concentration data in silicon materials gained by the spreading resistance technique are compared to values obtained by other characterization methods. They include junction and MOS capacitance-voltage techniques, mercury probe, four-point probe, incremental sheet resistance technique, ion microprobe, and optical methods. The comparison considers precision and resolution of each technique, range of silicon resistivities and layer thicknesses, experimental effort, analytical interpretation, and time and cost of data acquistion and evaluation. Examples are presented which demonstrate the range of applicability of each technique and how they can supplement each other so that they cover the total doping range of silicon devices.
Preliminary examination of insulin and amylin levels in women with purging disorder.

Objective This preliminary study explored whether differences in meal-stimulated insulin or amylin release are linked to altered ingestive behaviors in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) or purging disorder (PD). Method Women with BN (n = 15), PD (n = 16), or no eating disorder (n = 18) underwent structured clinical interviews and assessments of gut hormone and subjective responses to a fixed test meal. Multilevel model analyses were used to explore whether gut hormone responses contribute to subjective responses to the test meal and whether these associations differed by group. Results Insulin and amylin levels significantly increased following the test meal. Women with PD showed greater insulin release compared to those with BN, but not controls. Multilevel models support significant group X insulin interactions predicting subjective ratings of nausea and urge to vomit, with a stronger association between higher insulin responses and higher nausea and urge to vomit in women with PD and BN. Amylin responses did not differ by group. Conclusion Increased sensitivity to the effects of insulin on nausea and urge to vomit may be linked to purging in both PD and BN. Differences in postprandial insulin levels may be linked to purging behavior in the absence versus presence of binge eating.
Comparative Safety and Health Care Expenditures Among Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Initiating First-Line Imatinib, Dasatinib, or Nilotinib.

PURPOSE:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically improved survival for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). No overall survival differences were observed between patients initia...
Resection of a Recurrent Cervicomedullary Junction Fibromyxoid Sarcoma through a Far Lateral Approach.

Objectives This study describes a far lateral approach for the resection of a recurrent fibromyxoid sarcoma involving the ventrolateral brainstem, with emphasis on the microsurgical anatomy and technique. Design A far lateral craniotomy is performed in the lateral decubitus position and the transverse and sigmoid sinuses exposed. After opening the dura, sutures are placed to allow gentle mobilization of the sinuses. The recurrent tumor is immediately visible. The involved dura is resected and aggressive internal debulking is performed. Subarachnoid dissection gives access to the lower cranial nerves. The tumor is dissected off the affected portions of the brainstem. A dural graft is used to reconstitute the dura. Photographs of the region are borrowed from Dr. Rhoton's laboratory to illustrate the microsurgical anatomy. Participants The senior author performed the surgery. The video was edited by Dr. V.N. chart review, and literature review were performed by Drs. W.M. and J.B. Outcome measures Outcome was assessed with the extent of resection and postoperative neurological function. Results A near gross total resection of the lesion was achieved. The patient developed a left vocal cord paresis, but her voice was improving at 3-month follow-up. Conclusion Understanding the microsurgical anatomy of the craniocervical junction and ventrolateral brainstem and meticulous microneurosurgical technique are necessary to achieve adequate resection of lesions involving the ventrolateral brainstem. The far lateral approach provides an adequate corridor to this region. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtube/uYEhgPbgrTs .