cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A practical guide to the hypernetted chain method applied to Fermi and Bose systems

Abstract We assume a Jastrow form for the wavefunction of a Fermi or Bose system at zero temperature. We derive an expression for the energy which allows for non-uniform density (which occurs in finite systems, solids or in excited states) and for complex correlation factors and single particle wavefunctions (so as to allow for currents). The expression for the energy involves local correlation functions for which we derive graphical expansions. The graphical expansions are used to derive the hypernetted chain equations which yield an approximate two-particle correlation function and an approximate single particle density. The energy is then calculated in the hypernetted chain approximation using a convolution-type approximation for the 3-point function which appears in the kinetic energy of Fermi systems. The equilibrium energy and correlation functions are determined variationally, by making the energy stationary with respect to variations of the Jastrow correlation factor or of the correlation functions. The liquid structure functions of 3He and 4He are compared to experiment. We discuss the physical processes included in the hypernetted chain approximation. We show that the long range part of the radial distribution function is dominated by phonon exchange which ensures healing of the radial distribution function. The text is self-contained and it is accessible to a beginner in the field.
Crafting Institutional Reforms for International Development

Contemporary scholarship on institutional reforms can be classified into two distinct perspectives. The first of these concentrates on the attributes of political context that shape the incentives and imperatives of political leaders, and a second perspective emphasizes institutional design and its effects on development outcomes. Following a simplistic version of the second perspective, international agencies have often promoted a pre-set toolkit of ‘best practices’ or blueprints of institutional reforms. In the book under review, Matt Andrews criticizes the best-practices approach, recognizes that context matters and argues for a pragmatic approach to institutional reforms that relies on broad-based engagement between sub-national, national and international actors.
Relationship Between Feeding Difficulties, Medical Complexity, and Gestational Age

Background: This study examined feeding skills differences in medically complex children born prematurely and full term and sought to determine whether later feeding difficulties within this medically complicated sample were related to medical factors or factors related to preterm status. Methods: A total of 143 pediatric patients referred to an outpatient clinic for feeding, nutrition, or growth problems were compared by their gestational age at birth across a variety of dependent variables related to feeding development and behaviors. Results: Full-term and preterm children did not demonstrate significant differences in feeding difficulties at first oral feeding. By the time of introduction to solid (cereal) feeding, however, preterm children more often continued to demonstrate difficulty than full-term children. Regression analyses indicated that medical factors, primarily the need for breathing assistance, accounted for more of the variance than prematurity alone. Conclusions: Medically complex childr...
MEDIAN VOTERS OR BUDGET MAXIMIZERS: EVIDENCE FROM SCHOOL EXPENDITURE REFERENDA

Some readers may have found these results of greater interest were we able to confirm the directional hypotheses of the certainty setter model in addition to finding that spending is “related” to the reversion – the much weaker prediction of the uncertainty model. Yet the failure of the certainty When base elections were optional, their infrequent occurrence might be expected under either a median voter or a setter model. For those districts that did hold base elections, the observations appear consistent with a setter model, but are either inexplicable by or inconsistent with a median voter model. Finally, both (a) the relationship between the number of budget elections and the presence of base elections, and (b) the outcome of mandatory base elections in 1978 provide a set of observations that are challenging to either model. A similar challenge was posed by our investigation of budget elections when we called attention to the inadequacy of static, full information models. Rather than resolving the question of the simple setter model against the simple median voter model, our results indicate that both may be inappropriate and that endeavors dealing with complexities omitted here are warranted.
Mercury's internal magnetic field: Constraints on large- and small-scale fields of crustal origin

Abstract MESSENGER and Mariner 10 observations of Mercury's magnetic field suggest that small-scale crustal magnetic fields, if they exist, are at the limit of resolution. Large-scale crustal magnetic fields have also been suggested to exist at Mercury, originating from a relic of an internal dipole whose symmetry has been broken by latitudinal and longitudinal variations in surface temperature. If this large-scale magnetization is confined to a layer averaging 50 km in thickness, it must be magnetized with an intensity of at least 2.9 A/m. Fits to models constrained by such large-scale insolation variations do not reveal the predicted signal, and the absence of small-scale features attributable to remanence further weakens the case for large-scale magnetization. Our tests are hindered by the limited coverage to date and difficulty in isolating the internal magnetic field. We conclude that the case for large- and small-scale remanence on Mercury is weak, but further measurements by MESSENGER can decide the issue unequivocally. Across the terrestrial planets and the Moon, magnetization contrast and iron abundance in the crust show a positive correlation. This correlation suggests that crustal iron content plays a determining role in the strength of crustal magnetization.
Trust and ecological rationality in a computing context

In this paper, I examine a key issue affecting trust in the context of a computing environment, as it affects human agents and artificial agents. Specifically, the paper focuses on the role that "resource conservation" plays in an analysis of moral trust and epistemic trust involving agents. I will argue that resource conservation is a necessary condition in the definition of a moral trust relation, that there is a conceptual relationship between a moral trust relation and epistemic trust---that epistemic trust is a necessary condition for moral trust---, and that a moral trust relation might provide a basic mechanism for the realization of ecological rationality in human agents.
The acid rain debate in North America “Where you stand depends on where you sit”

An analysis of the recent acid rain debate in North America reveals that the policies and priorities of the various interested bodies with regard to this issue directly reflect their vested interests and in many instances their geographical location.
Longitudinal assessment of stereotypic, proto-injurious, and self-injurious behavior exhibited by young children with developmental delays.

Abstract Twelve children (CA, 12 to 32 months) with developmental delay were observed in their homes during monthly analogue functional analysis probes to document patterns of emerging self-injurio...
Presidential and parliamentary elections in Rwanda, 2003

The 2003 presidential and parliamentary elections in Rwanda marked the end of the transition from the 1994 genocide, and followed electoral changes introduced by the interim government. The parliamentary elections were notable for being the first time that members of parliament were chosen by direct, universal suffrage since Rwanda gained its independence from Belgium in 1962. This note reflects on the political economy of voting, and the relationship between electoral outcomes and democratic outcomes. It considers whether the 2003 elections represented the origins of democracy or dictatorship in Rwanda.
A statistical analysis of interdependence in character sequences

Abstract This paper presents and demonstrates a methodology for analyzing interdependence in character sequences. Each character is assumed to be dependent on characters separated from it by an arbitrary number, ( m − 1), of spaces. Corresponding to each postulated dependence for different m , a conditional entropy reflecting the statistical significance is calculated for the sequence. Then the conditional self-information of each character with respect to the postulated dependence is determined. A statistical test is made to select from various dependencies those that are significant. The sum of self-information weighted according to various conditional entropies is used as a measure to reflect the syntactic significance of each character. When this methodology is applied to an English text, it is found that dependence on immediate neighbor is dominant, decreases monotonically with increasing separation, and becomes statistically insignificant in cases of separation greater than about 5 spaces. It is also observed that a character with high syntactic significance, as defined in the paper, is more informative for the recognition of the word of which it is a part.
On non-transferable utility games with coalition structure

We introduce a solution function for Non-transferable Utility (NTU) games when prior coalition structure is given. This solution function generalizes both the Harsanyi solution function forNTU games and the Owen solution forTU games with coalition structure.
"A spinach with a V on it": what 3-year-olds see in standard and enhanced Blissymbols.

To aid young children in learning and using Blissymbols, the characters are often enhanced by the drawing of additional components. Thirty standard or 30 enhanced Blissymbols, designed to represent...
The long‐term impacts of predators on prey: inducible defenses, population dynamics, and indirect effects

Despite the amount of research on the inducible defenses of prey against predators, our understanding of the long-term significance of non-lethal predators on prey phenotypes, prey population dynamics, and community structure has rarely been explored. Our objectives were to assess the effects of predators on prey defenses, prey population dynamics, and the relative magnitude of density- versus trait-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs and TMIIs) over multiple prey generations. Using a freshwater snail and three common snail predators, we constructed a series of community treatments with pond mesocosms that manipulated trophic structure, the identity of the top predator, and whether predators were caged or uncaged. We quantified snail phenotypes, snail population size, and resource abundance over multiple snail generations. We found that snails were expressing inducible defenses in our system although the magnitude of the responses varied over time and across predator species. Despite the expression of inducible defenses, caged predators did not reduce snail population size. There also was no evidence of TMIIs throughout the experiment suggesting that TMIIs have a minimal role in the long-term structure of our communities. The absence of TMIIs was largely driven by the lack of predatorinduced reductions in resource consumption and the lack of consistent reductions in population size with predator cues. In contrast, we detected strong DMIIs associated with lethal predators suggesting that DMIIs are the dominant long-term mechanism influencing community structure. Our results demonstrate that although predators can have significant effects on prey phenotypes and sometimes cause short-term TMIIs, there may be few long-term consequences of these responses on population dynamics and indirect interactions, at least within simple food webs. Research directed towards addressing the long-term consequences of predator–prey interactions within communities will help to reveal whether the conclusions and predictions generated from short-term experiments are applicable over ecological and evolutionary timescales.
Differentiation of Intercalated Cells in the Kidney

This review discusses recent work that shows that the α form of the intercalated cell of collecting ducts of the kidney is derived from the the β form and that the pathway is mediated by an extrace...
Implementation and Performance Evaluation of a Complete, Accurate, Versatile and Realistic Simulation Model for Mobile WiMAX in NS-2

IEEE 802.16e-based Mobile WiMAX has gained considerable popularity recently. However, there is no current simulation model that provides feature completeness and performance accuracy. In this paper we propose the design and implementation methodology of a complete, accurate, realistic and versatile simulation model to support Mobile WiMAX for the NS-2 simulation platform. In the proposed simulation model design, all major mandatory as well as many optional features in the IEEE 802.16e standard are implemented based on the enhancement of an open-source WiMAX model published by NIST. The major contributions of this work are: 1) the additional features integrated to the NIST model including OFDMA physical layer, 2) periodical ranging and Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) for robust link adaptation, 3) multi-hop support for large-scale test-bed simulation, as well as 4) the simulation model validation using WiMAX Forum certified devices. Versatile simulation scenarios are also designed to validate the implemented features.
Chemical modification of chalcogenide glasses by lithium

Abstract Samples of the amorphous chalcogenide alloy, Se59Te40As1, modified by up to 8% Li have been prepared and characterized. It was found that Li concentrations in excess of 0.1% induce a p → n transition. Still higher concentrations of Li then monotonically increase the Fermi energy towards the conduction-band mobility edge. A quantitative analysis of the data suggests that the VAP concentration in these alloys is of the order of 1019 cm−3 and that the Li impurity level is located about 0.4 eV above the position of the Fermi energy in the unmodified glass. It was also found that the introduction of Li increases the crystallization temperature of the glass.
Manufacturing of Dies and Molds

Abstract The design and manufacturing of dies and molds represent a significant link in the entire production chain because nearly all mass produced discrete parts are formed using production processes that employ dies and molds. Thus, the quality, cost and lead times of dies and molds affect the economics of producing a very large number of components, subassemblies and assemblies, especially in the automotive industry. Therefore, die and mold makers are forced to develop and implement the latest technology in: part and process design including process modeling, rapid prototyping, rapid tooling, optimized tool path generation for high speed cutting and hard machining, machinery and cutting tools, surface coating and repair as well as in EDM and ECM. This paper, prepared with input from many CIRP colleagues, attempts to review the significant advances and practical applications in this field.
Revised predictions of the effect on stratospheric ozone of increasing atmospheric N2O and chlorofluoromethanes - A two-dimensional model study

Abstract The perturbation of stratospheric ozone caused by a doubling of atmospheric N 2 O and by an increase of stratospheric chlorine of about 0.9 ppbv due to continued release of chlorofluoromethanes is simulated with the aid of a two-dimensional photochemical model and new measurements of OH reaction rate coefficients. The global mean O 3 decrease is revised upward from about 8.5% to about 14% for N 2 O doubling, but is reduced from about 1.6% to about 0.8% for 0.9 ppbv chlorine increase. The latitude variation of the O 3 perturbations as well as predictions of stratospheric OH abundance are also discussed.
Beyond a Broken Heart: Circulatory Dysfunction in the Failing Fontan

The role of ventricular dysfunction in late morbidity and mortality of univentricular hearts has been described previously. However, a significant proportion of adult Fontan patients who die or require heart transplantation do so with preserved ventricular function. The clinical deterioration in patients who have undergone Fontan palliation requires a broader view of circulatory dysfunction, one that takes into account the complex interaction of regulatory systems affecting hepatic, renal, and pulmonary blood flow, in addition to cardiac function. This review focuses primarily on the pathophysiology of multiple organ involvement in this circulatory dysfunction, with particular focus on the consequences of hepatic dysfunction and portal hypertension. The authors discuss hepatic perfusion, both in health and disease, and review the current understanding of liver histopathology and liver disease in adult Fontan patients and similar clinicopathologic states. They compare and contrast features of postsinusoidal portal hypertension with more typical adult cirrhotic disease. Finally, they delineate the related effects of portal hypertensive physiology on the systemic and pulmonary vasculature, the kidney, and the heart itself and discuss how these changes affect the care of the adult Fontan patient.
TU‐FF‐A3‐01: Automating Data Processing for Image‐Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: To facilitate the adaptive radiotherapy process by automating the flow and processing of data required to accurately transfer, integrate and accumulate information such as tissue boundaries and computed doses between serial 3D and 4D patient imaging studies. Method and Materials: Specific tasks in the data flow for adaptive radiotherapy have been implemented as independent software components that can be instantiated on a single computer or across a network. These components include data access, rigid and deformable image registration, data mapping, and dose accumulation. The data access component retrieves and pushes information to and from a variety of data stores and the other components. The image registration component supports various transformation models (affine, thin‐plate spline and B‐splines) and intensity‐based similarity metrics (sum of squared differences and mutual information) and can handle both global and limited field of view registrations. Required initialization steps are handled using site specific protocols and data‐driven image processing. A generalized transformation representation was developed to ensure interoperability with other processing components. The data mapping component operates on geometry and voxel‐based information such as tissue boundaries, computed doses and image volumes. The dose accumulation component accommodates different re‐sampling and summing schemes. The flow of data from one step is sequenced using simple top‐down data flow or a script‐based sequencer. Results: A flexible system that automates many of the steps involved in adaptive radiotherapy has been implemented. This system has been used to map and integrate dose and geometric information from a variety of image studies (serial and 4D CT, multimodality data) and clinical sites (brain, lung, liver, prostate). Conclusion: Automation of data processing to support the adaptive radiotherapy process is possible for a wide variety of clinical sites and imaging situations. This automation should make more widespread adoption of adaptive radiotherapy possible. Supported by NIH P01‐CA59827
CD40 regulates human dendritic cell-derived IL-7 production that, in turn, contributes to CD8+ T-cell antigen-specific expansion

CD40L (CD154) expressed on activated CD4(+) T cells has been shown to provide CD40(+) dendritic cells (DCs), a critical signal for establishing CD8(+) T-cell immunity. CD40L-CD40 interaction leads to DC maturation with IL-12 production and upregulation of various costimulatory molecules. In this study, we show that CD40 engagement provides a unique maturation signal for human monocyte-derived DCs to upregulate IL-7 production. Other inducers of DC maturation, such as TLR 4 and TLR 7/8 agonist, fail to induce IL-7 upregulation. Neutralization of IL-7 activity in human CD8(+) T-cell cultures stimulated with CMV pp65-NLV peptide-pulsed mature DCs (mDCs) leads to a reduction in antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell yields suggesting a role for mDC-derived IL-7 during T-cell receptor (TCR) activation. Furthermore, IL-7 signaling requires a temporal coordination with TCR activation for maximal antigen-specific T-cell yields. These results show that CD40 signals regulate DC-derived IL-7 production that, in turn, may instruct CD8(+) T cells at the time of TCR engagement for survival leading to an increased expansion of antigen-specific T cells.
Generalized Skew Coefficients for Flood Frequency Analysis

: In order to promote a uniform and consistent approach for floodflow frequency studies, the U.S. Water Resources Council has recommended the use of the log-Pearson type III distribution with a generalized skew coefficient. This paper investigates various methods of determining generalized skew coefficients. A new method is introduced that determines generalized skew coefficients using a weighting procedure based upon the variance of regional (map) skew coefficients and the variance of sample skew coefficients. The variance of skew derived from sample data is determined using either of two non-parametric methods called the jackknife or bootstrap. Applications of the new weighting procedure are presented along with an experimental study to test various weighting procedures to derive generalized skew coefficients.
Marginal Fracture of Amalgam: Effect of Type of Tooth and Restoration Class and Size

In this study of the marginal fracture of clinical amalgam restorations, it was found that restoration class or size did not influence fracture behavior, and a contralateral pair design was not found to be necessary. However, a slight effect was found for tooth type.
Adaptive image reconstruction for sparse arrays using single-cycle terahertz pulses

We demonstrate a noniterative adaptive reconstruction technique to significantly improve the imaging performance of sparse terahertz arrays employing single-cycle pulses. Grating lobe artifacts are suppressed by an adaptive weighting factor derived from the temporal coherence of signals from neighboring array elements. Image quality is further improved by a second weighting factor based on the spatial coherence of signals across the entire array. Experiments are performed with a synthetic aperture two-dimensional sparse array of 56×56 elements. Our reconstruction technique suppresses artifacts by 30 dB.
Parametric Density Estimation Using EM Algorithm for Collaborative Spectrum Sensing

Collaborative sensing of spectral occupancy can increase accuracy and relax the required sensitivity of individual sensing units. Collaborative sensing requires knowledge about the densities of collected sensing statistics to form the correct decision statistics for the optimum likelihood ratio test. In this paper, a parametric density estimation scheme using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of densities that are drawn from a given family. When the log-likelihood function for the EM algorithm satisfies a certain condition, the maximization procedure is shown to require only a weighted sum of the collected sensing statistics. Numerical examples show that in various scenarios the proposed EM algorithm produces more accurate estimates than the sample average does.
The common randomness capacity of a pair of independent discrete memoryless channels

We study the following problem: two agents Alice and Bob are connected to each other by independent discrete memoryless channels. They wish to generate common randomness, i.e. agree on a common random variable, by communicating interactively over the two channels. Assuming that Alice and Bob are allowed access to independent external random sources at rates (in bits per step of communication) of H/sub A/ and H/sub B/, respectively, we show that they can generate common randomness at a rate of max{min[H/sub A/+H(W|Q),I(P;V)]+min[H/sub B/+H(V|P), I(Q;W)]} bits per step, by exploiting the noise on the two channels. Here, V is the channel from Alice to Bob, and W is the channel from Bob to Alice. The maximum is over all probability distributions P and Q on the input alphabets of V and W, respectively. We also prove a strong converse which establishes the above rate as the highest attainable in this situation.
Variation in allelic expression associated with a recombination hotspot in Zea mays

Summary Gene expression is a complex process, requiring precise spatial and temporal regulation of transcription factor activity; however, modifications of individual cis- and trans-acting modules can be molded by natural selection to create a sizeable number of novel phenotypes. Results from decades of research indicate that developmental and phenotypic divergence among eukaryotic organisms is driven primarily by variation in levels of gene expression that are dictated by mutations, either in structural or regulatory regions, of genes. The relative contributions and interplay of cis- and trans-acting regulatory factors to this evolutionary process, however, remain poorly understood. Analysis of eight genes in the Bz1–Sh1 interval of Zea mays (maize) indicates significant allele-specific expression biases in at least one tissue for all genes, ranging from 1.3-fold to 36-fold. All detected effects were cis-regulatory in nature, although genetic background may also influence the level of expression bias and tissue specificity for some allelic combinations. Most allelic pairs exhibited the same direction and approximate intensity of bias across all four tissues; however, a subset of allelic pairs show alternating dominance across different tissue types or variation in the degree of bias in different tissues. In addition, the genes showing the most striking levels of allelic bias co-localize with a previously described recombination hotspot in this region, suggesting a naturally occurring genetic mechanism for creating regulatory variability for a subset of plant genes that may ultimately lead to evolutionary diversification.
A low-cost non-intercepting beam current and phase monitor for heavy ions

A low cost ion beam measurement system has been developed for use at ATLAS. The system provides nondestructive phase and intensity measurement of passing ion beam bunches by sensing their electric fields. Bunches traverse a short tubular electrode thereby inducing displacement currents. These currents are brought outside the vacuum jacket where a lumped inductance resonates electrode capacitance at one of the bunching harmonic frequencies. This configuration yields a basic sensitivity of a few hundred millivolts signal per microampere of beam current. Beam induced radiofrequency signals are summed against an offset frequency generated by the master oscillator. The resulting difference frequency conveys beam intensity and bunch phase information which is sent to separate processing channels. One channel utilizes a phase locked loop to stabilize phase readings during microsecond beam dropouts. The other channel uses a linear full-wave active rectifier circuit which converts sine wave signal amplitude to a DC voltage representing beam current. Plans are in progress to install this new diagnostic at several locations in ATLAS which should help shorten the tuning cycle of new ion species.
Capacity of multichannel wireless networks under the protocol model

This paper studies the capacity of n a node static wireless network with c channels and m radio interfaces per node under the protocol model of interference. In their seminal work, Gupta and Kumar have determined the capacity of a single channel network (c = 1, m = 1). Their results are also applicable to multichannel networks provided each node has one interface per channel (m = c). However, in practice, it is often infeasible to equip each node with one interface per channel. Motivated by this observation, we establish the capacity of general multichannel networks (m ≤ c). Equipping each node with fewer interfaces than channels in general reduces network capacity. However, we show that one important exception is a random network with up to O(log n) channels, where there is no capacity degradation even if each node has only one interface. Our initial analysis assumes that the interfaces are capable of switching channels instantaneously, but we later extend our analysis to account for interface switching delays seen in practice. Furthermore, some multichannel protocols proposed so far rarely require interfaces to switch, and therefore, we briefly study the capacity with fixed interfaces as well.
Women With Disabilities' Experiences in Long-Term Care: A Case for Social Justice

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to explore women with disabilities� perceptions of their lived experiences in nursing homes. METHOD. This 16-month ethnography used multiple qualitative methods, including participant observations, thematic qualitative interviews, and focus groups, to examine the perceptions of life in nursing home for 6 women with disabilities who had returned to community living and their significant others (n = 13). RESULTS. Nursing homes were living situations of last resort for women with disabilities. Life in the nursing home was characterized by lost choice, control, and occupational engagement; social isolation; social control; the political economy of the nursing home; and active resistance. DISCUSSION. Occupational therapy practitioners practicing from a social justice paradigm have a responsibility to ensure that client goals to live in the least restrictive environments possible are realized. Implications for long-term-care referral practices, advocacy-based interventions, and partnership with the disability community are discussed
Role of proP and proU in Betaine Uptake by Yersinia enterocolitica under Cold and Osmotic Stress Conditions

Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne pathogen with the ability to grow at cold temperatures and tolerate high osmolarity. The bacterium tolerates osmotic stress by intracellular accumulation of osmolytes, such as betaine. The proP gene and proU operon of Y. enterocolitica were sequenced, and single (ProP(-) ProU(+) and ProP(+) ProU(-)) and double (ProP(-) ProU(-)) mutants were generated. Upon exposure to osmotic or chill stress, the single and double mutants demonstrated a reduction in betaine uptake compared to that in the wild type, suggesting that proP and proU play a role in betaine uptake during osmotic and chill stress responses of Y. enterocolitica.
Diagnosis of Integrated Circuits With Multiple Defects of Arbitrary Characteristics

This paper describes a multiple-defect diagnosis methodology that is flexible in handling various defect behaviors and arbitrary failing pattern characteristics. Unlike some other approaches, the search space of the diagnosis method does not grow exponentially with the number of defects. Results from extensive simulation experiments and real failing integrated circuits show that this method can effectively diagnose circuits that are affected by a large (>20) or small number of defects of various types. Moreover, this method is capable of accurately estimating the number of defective sites in the failing circuit.
Associative Memory Formation Increases the Observation of Dendritic Spines in the Hippocampus

Dendritic spines are sources of synaptic contact that can be altered by experience and, as such, may be involved in memories for that experience. Here we tested whether the acquisition of new memories is associated with changes in the density of dendritic spines. Adult male rats were trained using the trace eyeblink conditioning paradigm, an associative learning task that requires the hippocampus for acquisition. Additional groups were exposed to the same number of stimuli presented in an explicitly unpaired manner or were naive. Twenty-four hours later, the density of dendritic spines was measured using Golgi impregnation. Trace conditioning was associated with an increase in the density of dendritic spines on the pyramidal cells of area CA1 of the hippocampus, an effect that was prevented by blocking acquisition of the learned response with a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Training with delay conditioning, a similar task that does not require the hippocampus, also produced an increase in spine density. The learning-induced increase in dendritic spine density was specific to basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Changes did not occur on their apical dendrites or on cells in the dentate gyrus or somatosensory cortex. These results suggest that the formation and expression of associative memories increase the availability of dendritic spines and the potential for synaptic contact.
Lightweight predication support for out of order processors

The benefits of Out of Order (OOO) processing are well known, as is the effectiveness of predicated execution for unpredictable control flow. However, as previous research has demonstrated, these techniques are at odds with one another. One common approach to reconciling their differences is to simplify the form of predication supported by the architecture. For instance, the only form of predication supported by modern OOO processors is a simple conditional move. We argue that it is the simplicity of conditional move that has allowed its widespread adoption, but we also show that this simplicity compromises its effectiveness as a compilation target. In this paper, we introduce a generalized form of hammock predication - called predicated mutually exclusive groups - that requires few modifications to an existing processor pipeline, yet presents the compiler with abundant predication opportunities. In comparison to non-predicated code running on an aggressively clocked baseline system, our technique achieves an 8% speedup averaged across three important benchmark suites.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Impact on Mental Health Services Demand and Provider Availability

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will greatly increase the demand for mental health (MH) services, as 62.5 million Americans from relatively high-need populations will be newly eligible for MH benefits. Consequently, the supply of MH care provider services is expected to proportionately decrease by 18% to 21% in 2014. ACA funding does not demonstrate the ability to increase turnout of psychiatrists sufficiently to meet the need. Available data indicate that the numbers of advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APPNs) continue to increase at a much greater rate, but information from either a clinical perspective or a market perspective is complicated by the weak distinctions that are made between nurse practitioners (NPs) and other nonphysician care professionals. The following recommendations are made: (a) some of the ACA funding for research into efficient and effective care delivery systems should be allocated to acquiring data on APPNs in leadership roles or clinical settings in which they are ultimately responsible for management of MH care, as differentiated from settings in which they provide support for psychiatrists; and (b) since the available data indicate nurse practitioners achieve good outcomes and are more economically viable than psychiatrists, placement of psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners in community settings should be recognized as a realistic solution to the shortfall of MH services.
Nonhealing Infection despite Th1 Polarization Produced by a Strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental Leishmania major infection in mice has been of immense interest because it was among the first models to demonstrate the importance of the Th1/Th2 balance to infection outcome in vivo. However, the Th2 polarization that promotes the development of nonhealing cutaneous lesions in BALB/c mice has failed to adequately explain the mechanisms underlying nonhealing forms of leishmaniasis in humans. We have studied a L. major strain from a patient with nonhealing lesions that also produces nonhealing lesions with ulcerations and high parasite burden in conventionally resistant C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, these mice develop a strong, polarized, and sustained Th1 response, as evidenced by high levels of IFN-γ produced by Leishmania -specific cells in the draining lymph node and in the ear lesion, and an absence of IL-4 or IL-13. The parasites fail to be effectively cleared despite high level induction of inducible NO synthase in the lesion, and despite their sensitivity to killing by IFN-γ-activated macrophages in vitro . Infection of IL-10 −/− mice, blockade of the IL-10R, or depletion of CD25 + cells during the chronic phase promotes parasite killing, indicating that IL-10 and regulatory T cells play a role in rendering the Th1 responses ineffective at controlling infection in the skin. Mice with nonhealing primary lesions are nonetheless resistant to reinfection in the other ear. We suggest that nonhealing infections in animal models that are explained not by aberrant Th2 development, but by overactivation of homeostatic pathways designed to control inflammation, provide better models to understand nonhealing or reactivation forms of leishmaniasis in humans.
Novel dental composites reinforced with zirconia-silica ceramic nanofibers.

Abstract Objective To fabricate and characterize dental composites reinforced with various amounts of zirconia–silica (ZS) or zirconia–yttria–silica (ZYS) ceramic nanofibers. Methods Control composites (70 wt% glass particle filler, no nanofibers) and experimental composites (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 wt% ZS or ZYS nanofibers replacing glass particle filler) were prepared by blending 29 wt% dental resin monomers, 70 wt% filler, and 1.0 wt% initiator, and polymerized by either heat or dental curing light. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), energy at break (EAB), and fracture toughness (FT) were tested after the specimens were stored in 37 °C deionized water for 24 h, 3 months, or 6 months. Degree of conversion (DC) of monomers in composites was measured using Fourier transformed near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Fractured surfaces were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey's Honestly Significant Differences test used for post hoc analysis. Results Reinforcement of dental composites with ZS or ZYS nanofibers (2.5% or 5.0%) can significantly increase the FS, FM and EAB of dental composites over the control. Further increase the content of ZS nanofiber (7.5%), however, decreases these properties (although they are still higher than those of the control). Addition of nanofibers did not decrease the long-term mechanical properties of these composites. All ZS reinforced composites (containing 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% ZS nanofibers) exhibit significantly higher fracture toughness than the control. The DC of the composites decreases with ZS nanofiber content. Significance Incorporation of ceramic nanofibers in dental composites can significantly improve their mechanical properties and fracture toughness and thus may extend their service life.
The role of KiSS-1 in the regulation of puberty in higher primates

Puberty in higher primates is triggered by resurgence in the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic GnRH after a hiatus in the robust release of this hypophysiotropic signal during childhood and juvenile development. Interestingly, the prepubertal decline in GnRH release is not associated with a marked reduction in the expression of either the gene that codes for GnRH (GnRH-1) or the decapeptide itself, and the network of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus of the juvenile may by activated prematurely and with surprising ease by intermittent neurochemical stimulation with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), a glutamate receptor agonist. KiSS-1, a gene that encodes for kisspeptin-121, which is proteolytically cleaved to a 54 amino acid peptide, metastin, was initially studied in the context of tumor suppression. In 2003, however, inactivating mutations in the metastin receptor, GPR54, were reported to be associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and absent puberty in man. Subsequent studies in the rhesus monkey have shown that GPR54 and KiSS-1 are expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), KiSS-1 expression in the MBH increases at the time of the pubertal resurgence in GnRH release and pulsatile, but not continuous, i.v. administration of metastin 45-54 in the juvenile male monkey elicits sustained GnRH release precociously. The significance of these findings in the context of the initiation of the onset of puberty is discussed.
Supply and demand processes as controls over needle monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]

We measured the relative control that resource availability (as a supply-side control) and wounding (as a demand-side control) exert on patterns of monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needles. While supply-side controls should alter monoterpene production due to changes in the availability of substrate (carbohydrates), demand-side controls alter the need for a defensive product. We examined these relationships by measuring constitutive (preformed) and wound-induced rates of monoterpene synthesis and pool sizes in trees grown under ambient and elevated (ambient +200 µmol mol–1) CO2, ambient and elevated (ambient +4°C) temperature, and in trees grown under four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 200 µg g–1 N by weight). Monoterpene pool size decreased at elevated CO2, increased at elevated temperature and did not change in response to nitrogen fertilization. Overall, we did not find that foliar nitrogen, carbon balance, or rate of monoterpene synthesis alone were consistent predictors of monoterpene concentration in current-year Douglas fir needles. In addition, despite a wound-induced decrease in monoterpene pool size, we found no evidence for induction of monoterpene synthesis in response to wounding. The influence of either resource availability or wounding on rates of monoterpene synthesis or accumulation cannot be explained by traditional supply-side or demand-side controls. We conclude that monoterpene synthesis in first-year Douglas fir needles is controlled by fairly conservative genetic mechanisms and is influenced more by past selection than by current resource state.
New spin-valve magnetic field sensors combined with strain sensing and strain compensation

In thin film magnetic field sensors, strains adversely affect the gain and bias conditions. A new linear field sensor combining two matched spin valve elements is described. The difference signal from these two elements measures the strain at the field sensor and the sum signal, with the difference as input, gives a strain-compensated measure of the field. >
Colorblind Ideology Expressed Through Children’s Picture Books: A Social Justice Issue

This paper investigates the presence of people of color and white people as protagonists in a sample of recently published children’s picture books. The author proposes that the relative lack of books about people of color in the sample is reflective of colorblind ideology, denies children of color the opportunity to find themselves in books, and may support the development of racist attitudes in white children. The need for children of color and white children to be exposed to a variety of titles in which contemporary children of color are protagonists is presented as a social justice issue, related to the Jesuit values of cura personalis and magis . Recommendations are made for teachers, educators of teachers, and parents for locating quality picture book titles featuring diverse protagonists.
Mental Health Professionals’ Attitudes, Perceptions, and Stereotypes Toward Latino Undocumented Immigrants

We assessed the attitudes, perceptions, and stereotypes toward Latino immigrants among 247 mental health professionals across 32 U.S. states. We also randomly presented two versions of an attitude measure that varied in their references to immigrants (“illegal aliens” or “undocumented immigrants”). Participants reported that they did not agree with the anti-immigration law Arizona SB 1070 and other similar bills. Also, greater multicultural awareness was related to positive attitudes and fewer stereotypes toward immigrants. Furthermore, participants who were asked to think about “undocumented immigrants” viewed Latino immigrants more positively than those who were asked think about “illegal aliens.” Findings show the continued need for multicultural awareness and competence training for mental health professionals, which align with the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (i.e., Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity and Standard 3.01: ...
INTERACTION OF 2-D AND AXISYMMETRIC ENTROPY SPOTS WITH A SHOCK

This paper addresses the problem of a shock wave interacting with an entropy or temperature spot. It studies the problem within the framework of Eu- ler equations which are solved by a sixth-order ac- curate shock-fitting algorithm. The enstrophy and dilatation budgets are discussed. The quantita- tive differences between the hot and cold spot cases are brought out as well as those between the two- dimensional and the three-dimensional cases. The emphasis is on the nonlinear aspects of the interac- tion process.
Selective depression of sympathetic transmission by intravenous administration of iproniazid and harmine.

SummaryLarge doses of iproniazid and harmine administered intravenously to the anesthetised cat and dog inhibit transmission through sympathetic ganglia without depressing the function of parasympathetic ganglia.
Sexual performance of rams in serving capacity tests predicts success in pen breeding.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which sexual performance (serving capacity) tests can be used to predict the sexual behavior and reproductive success of rams in the context of pen mating. Standard serving capacity tests were used to select four low (LP) and four high-performing (HP) rams from a population of 94 yearling males. Each selected ram was then exposed to approximately 30 estrus-synchronized ewes for a 9-d period. Ejaculations observed and mounting marks left on ewes confirmed the greater (P less than .001) sexual activity of the HP rams in the field. In addition, ewes exposed to HP rams had a higher lambing percentage, more lambs born, and more live lambs born per ewe. Ram classification was not related (P greater than .60) to the number of lambs born per ewe lambing (prolificacy). It was concluded that serving capacity tests, properly conducted, can be used to predict ram mating performance and thus aid in establishing more efficient ram-to-ewe stocking rates.