cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Validation of Resin Flow During Manufacturing of Composite Panels Containing Embedded Impermeable Inserts With the VARTM Process

Modern composite materials are becoming more and more advanced as engineers are better able to take advantage of their properties. In addition to their lighter weight and net-shape manufacturing, current interest is to make these materials multifunctional. This may require one to insert various objects into the composite to achieve a variety of different goals. It is important to understand how these embedded objects will affect both the manufacturing and the structural integrity of the component. In this work, the effects of impermeable embedded inserts on the infusion stage of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) will be explored. In VARTM, one places a distribution media on top of the preform to aid the filling as the resin will first fill the face of the preform in contact with the distribution media and will then infuse the preform in the thickness direction. However, if one has an embedded impermeable insert in the thickness direction, it will obstruct the flow in the region below the embedded object. Several case studies are conducted to understand the effect of the geometry and placement of the embedded insert and the distribution media lay out and properties on the impregnation of the resin into the fiber preform. Finally, an approach is outlined to modify the layout of the distribution media in order to ensure a complete saturation of the preform under all but the most extreme conditions. The approach is validated with experiments. POLYM. COMPOS., 28: 442– 450, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enzymatic digestion of presynaptic structures in electroreceptors of elasmobranchs.

Sites of synaptic transmission between receptor cells and afferent nerves in electroreceptors of elasmobranchs are distinguished by a dense presynaptic ribbon surrounded by synaptic vesicles. Digestion by pronase or protease of thin sections of Epon embedded tissue selectively removes the presynaptic ribbon without affecting other synaptic structures. Presynaptic ribbons are composed in part of protein which differs significantly from other components of the synaptic complex.
Unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis

We report two cases of unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis. One patient had an enlarging perineal mass as the only clinical evidence of genitourinary tract involvement. The second had a testicular mass difficult to distinguish clinically from testicular tumor. There was no evidence of upper tract disease.
Analysis of user needs and information features in natural language queries seeking music information

Our limited understanding of real-life queries is an obstacle in developing music information retrieval (MIR) systems that meet the needs of real users. This study aimed, by an empirical investigation of real-life queries, to contribute to developing a theorized understanding of how users seek music information. This is crucial for informing the design of future MIR systems, especially the selection of potential access points, as well as establishing a set of test queries that reflect real-life music information-seeking behavior. Natural language music queries were collected from an online reference Website and coded using content analysis. A taxonomy of user needs expressed and information features used in queries were established by an iterative coding process. This study found that most of the queries analyzed were known-item searches, and most contained a wide variety of kinds of information, although a few features were used much more heavily than the others. In addition to advancing our understanding of real-life user queries by establishing an improved taxonomy of needs and features, three recommendations were made for improving the evaluation of MIR systems: (i) incorporating user context in test queries, (ii) employing terms familiar to users in evaluation tasks, and (iii) combining multiple task results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFFICACY OF TRICLABENDAZOLE AGAINST FASCIOLOIDIASIS (FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA) IN NATURALLY INFECTED WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

The efficacy of triclabendazole was evaluated in the treatment of naturally acquired Fascioloides magna infections in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Twenty white-tailed deer were captured on the Welder Wildlife Refuge (Sinton, San Patricio County, Texas, USA) and maintained in a 64 × 64 m deer enclosure. Ten deer were given a 5% suspension of triclabendazole orally at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight and 10 deer were given a placebo. Three wk later the deer were euthanized and examined for parasites. At necropsy 19 deer were infected. All specimens of F. magna from the tissues of the triclabendazole treated deer were dead or severely affected by the drug as indicated by changes in their size, color, movement and texture relative to those from control deer. The drug was considered 100% effective against this parasite. Adverse reactions of the deer to the drug were not observed.
Current Concepts in Imaging Evaluation of Penetrating Transmediastinal Injury

Evaluation of penetrating transmediastinal injury is discussed in terms of management algorithms, CT protocols, imaging findings, and diagnostic pitfalls.
Q-ball formation in Affleck–Dine baryogenesis with gravity-mediated SUSY breaking

Abstract To date, the properties of Q-balls arising from an Affleck–Dine condensate in gravity-mediated SUSY breaking have been obtained primarily through numerical simulations. In this work, we will derive the expected charge of the Q-balls formed in such a scenario through an analytical treatment. We will also examine the numerically observed difference between Q-ball formation in weakly charged condensates and formation in strongly charged condensates.
D decays: Do theory and experiment agree?

We study the hadronic and radiative decays of ${D}^{*+}$ and ${D}^{*0}$. Using SU(4) symmetry for the hadronic decays, we convert the branching ratios into total rates for ${D}^{*+}$ and ${D}^{*0}$. We point out a potential problem with the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({D}^{*+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({D}^{*+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}$. Finally, using the measured branching ratios for radiative decays, we extract the "experimental" radiative rates. We find these radiative rates puzzling as they are difficult to understand in an SU(4) or broken-SU(4) scheme.
Transient viral-mediated overexpression of α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the nucleus accumbens shell leads to long-lasting functional upregulation of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors: dopamine type-1 receptor and protein kinase A dependence

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity is necessary for the long-lasting expression of locomotor sensitization and enhanced drug-taking observed in rats previously exposed to psychostimulants. Exposure to these drugs also transiently increases αCaMKII levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an effect that, when mimicked by transient viral-mediated overexpression of αCaMKII in NAcc shell neurons, leads to long-lasting enhancement in locomotor responding to amphetamine and NAcc α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA). The present experiments characterized the dopamine (DA) dependence of the functional AMPA receptor upregulation observed long after transient overexpression of αCaMKII. Rats infected with herpes simplex virus-αCaMKII in the NAcc shell showed a transient increase in αCaMKII levels that peaked at 4 days post-infection and returned to baseline 8 days later. When challenged with AMPA (0.8 nmol/side) in the NAcc shell at 20 days post-infection, these rats showed enhanced locomotion compared with controls. This sensitized locomotor response was blocked when AMPA was coinfused with either the DA type-1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.8 nmol/side) or the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cAMPS (80 nmol/side). Neither SCH23390 nor Rp-cAMPS produced locomotor effects when infused by itself into the NAcc shell. Furthermore, these antagonists did not block the acute non-sensitized locomotor response to AMPA observed in control rats. These findings show that transient viral-mediated overexpression of αCaMKII in neurons of the NAcc shell leads to long-lasting functional upregulation of AMPA receptors that is DA type-1 receptor and protein kinase A dependent. Thus, transient increases in levels of αCaMKII in the NAcc shell produce long-lasting changes in the way that DA and glutamate interact in this site to generate locomotor behavior.
Calibrating a Residential Location Model for Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia:

The Disaggregated Residential Allocation Model (DRAM) is a modified Lowry derivative model which follows the Wilson entropy formulation. The model is a component of the Integrated Transportation and Land Use Package—ITLUP. As a part of ongoing work with DRAM, it has been calibrated for several US cities by use of conventional late twentieth-century data sets. Because of the work of the Philadelphia Social History Project a nineteenth-century data set for Philadelphia became available for use. This provided a unique opportunity to try calibrations of DRAM on this century-old data and thus attempt to validate the general structure of the model. The results of these calibrations suggest a rather high degree of descriptive validity and consistency with macro-behavioral theories of spatial allocation.
A note on short-term core-mantle coupling, geomagnetic secular variation impulses, and potential magnetic field invariants as Lagrangian tracers of core motions

Abstract This note summarizes recent studies of atmospheric excitation of short-term changes in the length of the day and polar motion which set useful limits on the timescales associated with angular momentum transfer between the Earth's core and mantle. It also speculates about the nature of the recently-discovered phenomenon of “impulses” or “jerks” in the geomagnetic secular variation, proposing that they might be manifestations of “loop” instability of the magnetic field within the core. Finally, it outlines novel properties of high magnetic Reynolds number flows that bear on the inverse problem of deducing core motions from geomagnetic secular variation data.
The affinity and phosphorylation constants of the optical isomers of O,O-diethyl malaoxon and the geometric isomers of phosdrin with acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract The affinity constant ( K a ) of the d -isomer of O , O -diethyl malaoxon with acetylcholinesterase at 5° was 2·3(± 0·23) × 10 −3 M and for the l -isomer 4·9(± 0·51) × 10 −3 M. The phosphorylation rate ( k p ) of the d -isomer (63.0 ± 3.2 min −1 ) was twice that of the l -isomer. Overall, the inhibitory power ( k i ) was four times greater for the d -isomer than for the l -isomer. With the geometric isomers of Phosdrin, the cis -isomer had a K a of 1·7 (± 0·06) × 10 −3 M and the trans -isomer had a K a of 3·2 (± 0·65) × 10 −3 M. The k p of the cis -Phosdrin (59·0 ± 1·20 min −1 ) was ten times that of the trans -isomer. The 20-fold difference in the inhibitory power of the cis -isomer was largely attributed to the difference in the phosphorylation rate.
Analysis of magnetic drug carrier particle capture by a magnetizable intravascular stent—2: Parametric study with multi-wire two-dimensional model

A 2-D mathematical model was developed and used to examine the capture of magnetic drug carrier particles (MDCPs) by a magnetizable intravascular stent (MIS). The roles of both non-stent system parameters, i.e., the blood flow rate, magnetic field strength and direction and MDCP properties, and stent design parameters, i.e., the MIS radius, its wire radius, number of MIS loops, interwire loop spacing and MIS ferromagnetic material were evaluated over a wide range of plausible conditions. The results showed that the MIS could be a very effective magnetic drug targeting tool with many possible applications.
MODELING INDIRECT STATISTICS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Quarter-car model-based indirect statistics of road surface roughness are analyzed in this paper. The stochastic process theory is used to establish the relationship between the international roughness index (IRI) statistic of a quarter-car response and the power spectral density (PSD) of road random excitation. Under the circumstance of a linear vehicle model and homogeneous roughness with a zero-mean Gaussian distribution, we prove that the average of the absolute response of the quarter-car model is directly proportional to the standard deviation of that response quantity. This result enables us to further correlate the indirect statistics with PSD roughness. A theoretical relation between the IRI and the PSD roughness is established. Based on the road classification proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO), it is found that a linear correlation exists between the IRI and the standard deviation of roughness. Furthermore, corresponding to the ISO PSD-based road classification, an IRI-based road classification is provided to categorize pavement into five classes, ranging from very good surface condition to very poor surface condition.
Protein melts: A new phase for protein chemistry.

Proteins are most at home in water, although it has been known for some time that they can remain functional in non-aqueous environments. Researchers have now shown that in solvent-free melts, the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin adopts a near-native structure and retains its biological activity.
Global temperatures using satellite and numerical model assimilated data

Abstract The Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) aboard the NOAA series of polar orbiting satellites (TIROS-N to NOAA-11) have provided stable, precise measurements of vertically integrated, atmospheric temperature since December 1978. In this study, comparisons are made between the MSU channel measurements and those derived from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) over the period 1979 to 1990. Land areas rich in Radiosonde Observations (RAOBS) showed similar magnitudes of spatial variability between the NMC GDAS and the MSU temperatures. Excessive spatial variability can be noted in the GDAS over land areas where conventional data is poor. Over the ocean, however, the assimilation of satellite data into the model improves the spatial variability detected by the GDAS.
Alumina-Doped Silica Gradient-Index (GRIN) Lenses by Slurry-Based Three-Dimensional Printing (S-3DP™)

The traditional Slurry-based Three-dimensional Printing (S-3DP™) process has been used to fabricate complex structure materials by printing organic binders in selected positions on each printing layer. This process is modified to fabricate functional graded materials, such as gradient index (GRIN) lenses, by depositing different concentrations of dopant at different positions. The modified S-3DP™ process offers advantages over conventional GRIN lens processes, including reduced processing time, improved compositional flexibility, and increased index profile dimensionality. Two different approximately parabolic dopant concentration profiles, which have maximum alumina concentrations of 1.63 mol% and 2.50 mol%, are printed into silica powder beds using S-3DP™. The samples with maximum alumina concentration of 1.63 mol% have been sintered into optical transparency at 1650 0 C for 30 minutes in a vacuum furnace (5×10 -6 torr) while an additional dehydration process before sintering was required for the samples with maximum alumina concentration of 2.50 mol%. The magnifying effects of GRIN lenses with profiles of 1.63 mol% and 2.50 mol% alumina were observed, yielding effective focal lengths of 10 cm and 6.1 cm, respectively. Light diffraction, which results from the locally inhomogeneous dopant distribution and reduces the optical quality of GRIN lenses, was also observed.
Coexisting domains in the plasma membranes of live cells characterized by spin-label ESR spectroscopy.

The importance of membrane-based compartmentalization in eukaryotic cell function has become broadly appreciated, and a number of studies indicate that these eukaryotic cell membranes contain coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) lipid domains. However, the current evidence for such phase separation is indirect, and so far there has been no direct demonstration of differences in the ordering and dynamics for the lipids in these two types of regions or their relative amounts in the plasma membranes of live cells. In this study, we provide direct evidence for the presence of two different types of lipid populations in the plasma membranes of live cells from four different cell lines by electron spin resonance. Analysis of the electron spin resonance spectra recorded over a range of temperatures, from 5 to 37°C, shows that the spin-labeled phospholipids incorporated experience two types of environments, Lo and Ld, with distinct order parameters and rotational diffusion coefficients but with some differences among the four cell lines. These results suggest that coexistence of lipid domains that differ significantly in their dynamic order in the plasma membrane is a general phenomenon. The Lo region is found to be a major component in contrast to a model in which small liquid-ordered lipid rafts exist in a ‘sea’ of disordered lipids. The results on ordering and dynamics for the live cells are also compared with those from model membranes exhibiting coexisting Lo and Ld phases.
Designing Assessment Procedures for Educationally At-Risk Southeast Asian-American Students

This article discusses unique conditions of educational risk in the Southeast Asian-American student population. It points out the need to help traumatized refugee students deal with emotional difficulties before they can benefit from instruction. It includes a framework for assessing Southeast Asian-American students in which a shift in current assessment goals and practices is proposed. The article also addresses the issue of identifying skills previously developed in a different environment and explores an approach to help refugee children make the transition into the academic context.
Approximate fluid substitution in weakly anisotropic VTI rocks

Summary A practical problem with application of Gassmann’s anisotropic fluid substitution equation is that we seldom measure enough parameters to completely characterize the stiffness tensor of a rock. Under the assumption of weak anisotropy, we derive an approximate form of the anisotropic equation for seismic waves propagating along the symmetry axis of a transversely isotropic medium. The approximation takes the form of the usual isotropic calculation, with a simple first-order correction proportional to Thomsen’s anisotropic parameter �, thus requiring only three elastic constants. Since in a VTI medium, � can be either greater than or less than zero, we can now explain why isotropic fluid substitution sometimes over-predicts and sometimes under-predicts the full anisotropic result. Numerical modeling shows that the approximate equation is valid for anisotropic medium with
Botanical dietary supplements gone bad.

The use of botanical dietary supplements has increased exponentially in the past decade. As outlined in the previous reports, they are often perceived to be safe due to their “natural” origin, long-standing ethnomedical use, and over-the-counter availability. However, unlike pharmaceuticals that must undergo extensive clinical trials prior to FDA approval, dietary supplements have little regulation of either efficacy or safety in the USA (1). There is also growing interest in food products with ‘functional health’ properties, which have only a few regulations worldwide (2). In addition, several of these botanicals are currently extracted using different procedures than they were originally, and over-the-counter availability often leads to over dosing and to severe interactions when taken together with other medications (3-6). In particular, a significant number of these herbal products have been associated with hepatotoxicity (4,7). The ultimate toxin is usually a reactive electrophile or free radical formed by oxidative metabolism. Several examples of botanicals which form reactive intermediates will be discussed in this review.
AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF MCCONNELL'S SIGN

McConnell's sign has typically been described as diagnostic of acute PE. We present here, an unusual cause of McConnell's sign, which prompted further diagnostic testing. A 21 year old man presented with dyspnea. Echo showed a large pericardial effusion with tamponade. Emergent pericardiocentesis
A comparison between intratracheal and inhalation delivery of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in the development of fungal allergic asthma in C57BL/6 mice.

Allergic asthma is a debilitating disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia with associated mucus hypersecretion, and airway wall remodelling events, particularly subepithelial fibrosis and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. Animal models that accurately mimic these hallmarks of allergic airways disease are critical for studying mechanisms associated with the cellular and structural changes that lead to disease pathogenesis. Aspergillus fumigatus, is a common aeroallergen of human asthmatics. The intratracheal (IT) delivery of A. fumigatus conidia into the airways of sensitized mice has been described as a model of allergic disease. Here, we compared the IT model with a newly developed inhalation (IH) challenge model. The IH model allowed multiple fungal exposures, which resulted in an exacerbation to the allergic asthma phenotype. Increased recruitment of eosinophils and lymphocytes, the hallmark leukocytes of asthma, was noted with the IH model as compared to the IT model in which macrophages and neutrophils were more prominent. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production was significantly greater after IH challenge, while that of IgG(2a) was higher after IT challenge. Airway wall remodelling was pronounced in IH-treated mice, particularly after multiple allergen challenges. Although the IT model may be appropriate for the examination of the played by innate cells in the acute response to fungus, it fails to consistently reproduce the chronic remodelling hallmarks of allergic asthma. The ability of the IH challenge to mimic these characteristics recommends it as a model suited to study these important events.
Cassiar platform, north-central British Columbia: A miogeoclinal fragment from Idaho

The allochthonous Cassiar platform, in north-central British Columbia, is a cratonal fragment of ancestral North America juxtaposed against autochthonous North American crust along the Tintina–Northern Rocky Mountain trench fault. The Cassiar platform records a Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic rift to passive-margin history that includes Lower Cambrian archeocyathan-bearing limestones of the Rosella Formation in the Cassiar Mountains. This study indicates that an extensive oolitic shoal developed toward the western edge of this carbonate platform during the deposition of the Nevadella zone, parallel to the western limit of thick continental crust (initial-Sr 0.706 isopleth). Paleogeographic studies from other archeocyathan-bearing units in the Cordillera indicate that a semicontinuous oolitic shoal was along the western margin of the continental shelf from Alaska to Mexico. There is a distinctive gap in the passive-margin record from southeastern Washington to southern Idaho. Paleogeographic constraints from the Rosella Formation and published paleomagnetic data from the overlying Sylvester allochthon suggest that this miogeoclinal slice was originally deposited near present-day Idaho and was transported northward, along poorly constrained dextral strike-slip faults.
Immunodiffusion as a screening test for coccidioidomycosis serology

Serum specimens were obtained on a routine basis from cases admitted to this hospital. These were tested for positive reactions in the complement fixation, precipitin, and immunodiffusion procedures using as antigen a toluene lysate preparation from pooled growth of strains of Coccidioides immitis.After completion of the tests, the results were compared and analyzed in conjunction with a review of the clinical records of the patients. Positive complement fixation results were obtained with specimens from 31 patients but a diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was clinically valid in only 24 of these patients. Of the 24 significant positive complement fixation cases, 23 were also positive in the immunodiffusion test. The correlation between these two tests was demonstrated also in multiple specimens from each of 10 patients, since there was perfect agreement between the results of the two tests. In addition, of 402 cases with negative complement fixation, 401 were also negative in the immunodiffusion test.There ...
Dual-mode microwave cavity for measurements of harmonic power.

A method of studying relaxation effects in conductors by harmonic power measurements is discussed. A dual‐mode microwave cavity, with resonances at 11 and 33 GHz, is described which is suitable for such measurements.
Toward Real-Time Computational-Fluid-Dynamics-Based Aeroelastic Computations Using a Database of Reduced-Order Information

This paper describes a computational-fluid-dynamics-based computational methodology for fast on-demand aeroelastic predictions of the behavior of a full aircraft configuration at variable flight conditions and demonstrates its feasibility. The methodology relies on the offline precomputation of a database of reduced-order bases and models associated with a discrete set of flight parameters, and its training for an interpolation method suitable for reduced-order information. The potential of this near-real-time computational methodology for assisting flutter flight testing is highlighted with the aeroelastic identification of an F-16 configuration in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic regimes.
Use of a continuation method for analyzing startup circuits

It is shown how a continuation method can be used to verify the effectiveness of startup circuitry used in bootstrapped circuits to avoid the zero current state. In particular, the curve generated by such a continuation method can be used to assess the robustness of the startup circuitry.
Modulation of Prosurvival Signaling in Fibroblasts by a Protein Kinase Inhibitor Protects against Fibrotic Tissue Injury

Progressive fibrotic diseases involving diverse organ systems are associated with the persistence of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in injured tissues. Activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) by transforming growth factor-β1 mediate stable induction of myofibroblast differentiation and survival. In this report, we demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β1-induced activation of both PKB/Akt and FAK are dose dependently inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor, AG1879, in cultured human lung fibroblasts. In a murine model of intratracheal bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, regions of active fibrogenesis demonstrate elevated expression of PKB/Akt and FAK phosphorylation in vivo, effects that are attenuated in mice receiving daily intraperitoneal injections of AG1879 (bleomycin-AG1879) versus a chemically inactive analog (bleomycin-control). PKB/Akt and FAK phosphorylation are elevated in fibroblasts isolated from lungs of bleomycin-injured mice, effects that are inhibited in bleomycin-AG1879 mice. Accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts is markedly reduced in lungs of bleomycin-AG1879 mice. The numbers of recruited inflammatory cells were not significantly different between these groups. Bleomycin-AG1879 mice are protected from lung fibrosis as evidenced by histopathology, trichrome staining, and biochemical analysis for collagen. Thus, targeting of prosurvival signaling pathways in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts may provide a novel and effective strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy of treatment-unresponsive fibrotic disorders.
The Role of Hospitality Education in Women's Career Advancement: Responses From Students, Educators, and Industry Recruiters

The purpose of the study was to explore the roles of hospitality education programs in preparing women for leadership roles in the industry and in reducing industry barriers to women's advancement. Literature reviews suggested both educators and industry leaders should take responsibility for preparing women for success as well as preparing education programs to create a more equitable environment for women. Data were collected through an online survey from a convenience sample of 226 hospitality students, educators, and industry recruiters. The sample groups were selected to represent the views of future leaders of the industry, the educators who prepare and mentor them, and those individuals who serve as industry gatekeepers. Major themes were identified through a content analysis of narrative responses to open-ended questions from the three groups. Themes identified for preparing women for leadership included: “focus on leadership skills,” “mentoring,” and “provide female role models.” Themes identifie...
Image classification based on focus

The performance of most image classification algorithms deteriorates in the presence of out-of-focus blur. Thus, it is essential to either correct the focus of the input images or leave them out of the training set. There exist many focus metrics for auto-focusing, but they generally give a relative focus value. Our technique combines some of the best performing focus metrics to obtain a new focus measure using which we can separate in-focus images from out-of-focus ones. We also compare our technique with the existing ones and show that it performs better. The classifier was tested on a dataset of ovarian images obtained using confocal microendoscopy.
Turbulent convection in a horizontal layer of water

Overall heat transfer and mean temperature distribution measurements have been made of turbulent thermal convection in horizontal water layers heated from below. The Nusselt number is found to be proportional to Ra0·278 in the range 2·76 × 105 < Ra < 1·05 × 108. Eight discrete heat flux transitions are found in this Rayleigh number range. An interferometric method is used to measure the mean temperature distribution for Rayleigh numbers between 3·11 × 105 and 1·86 × 107. Direct visual and photographic observations of the fluctuating interferogram patterns show that the main heat transfer mechanism is the release of thermals from the boundary layers. For relatively low Rayleigh numbers (up to 5 × 105) many of the thermals reach the opposite surface and coalesce to form large masses of relatively warm fluid near the cold surface and masses of cold fluid near the warm surface, resulting in a temperature-gradient reversal. With increasing Rayleigh numbers, fewer and fewer thermals reach the opposite bounding surface and the thermals show persistent horizontal movements near the bounding surfaces. The central region of the layer becomes an isothermal core. The mean temperature distributions for the high Rayleigh number range are found to follow a Z−2 power law over a considerable range, where Z is the distance from the bounding surface. A very limited agreement with the theoretically predicted Z−1 power law is also found.
Emotional Skills-Building Curriculum

Current anger management programs use a cognitive behavior perspective; however, research also links anger control to developmental deficits such as attachment insecurity and emotional regulation. This article previews the Emotional Skills-Building Curriculum, a treatment model using a developmental framework.
A model of legged locomotion gaits

In this paper, the use of central pattern generators (CPGs) is examined for legged locomotion. In doing so, a mathematical model that has the ability to emulate arbitrary locomotion gaits is developed. A simple algorithm for encoding the characteristic gaits of bipeds, quadrupeds and hexapeds is presented.
Transactions for Software Model Checking

This paper presents a software model checking algorithm that combats state explosion by decomposing each thread’s execution into a sequence of transactions that execute atomically. Our algorithm infers transactions using the theory of reduction, and supports both left and right movers, thus yielding larger transactions and fewer context switches than previous methods. Our approach uses access predicates to support a wide variety of synchronization mechanisms. In addition, we automatically infer these predicates for programs that use lock-based synchronization.
Which States Have the Best (and Worst) High Courts

This paper ranks the high courts of the fifty states, based on their performance during the years 1998-2000, along three dimensions: opinion quality (or influence as measured by out-of-state citations), independence (or non-partisanship), and productivity (opinions written). We also discuss ways of aggregating these measures. California and Delaware had the most influential courts; Georgia and Mississippi had the most productive courts; and Rhode Island and New York had the most independent courts. If equal weight is given to each measure, then the top five states were: California, Arkansas, North Dakota, Montana, and Ohio. We compare our approach and results with those of other scholars and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, whose influential rankings are based on surveys of lawyers at big corporations.
Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube Membrane-Supported Gold Nanoparticles for Rapid Catalytic Reduction of p‑Nitrophenol

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted increasing attention as catalysts for pollutant degradation because of their unique reactivity. Direct use of gold nanoparticles in water treatment faces prohibitive challenges from nanoparticle aggregation and post-treatment separation. To prevent nanoparticles from aggregating and eliminate the need for separation, we affixed AuNPs on hierarchical carbon nanotube membrane (HCNM) that was approximately 50 μm thin with 10 μm × 10 μm openings as pores for water passage. HCNM was fabricated by growing vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays on stainless steel mesh. Using p-nitrophenol (PNP) as model pollutant, we showed that in batch experiments HCNM-supported AuNPs retained 78% of their catalytic capability compared to suspended AuNPs. The slight reduction in reactivity was attributed to the blockage of part of the gold surface at the AuNP–CNT juncture. When the membrane was used in continuous flow-through operation, HCNM-supported AuNPs achieved 71% of the...
Distributed data-parallel computing using a high-level programming language

The Dryad and DryadLINQ systems offer a new programming model for large scale data-parallel computing. They generalize previous execution environments such as SQL and MapReduce in three ways: by providing a general-purpose distributed execution engine for data-parallel applications; by adopting an expressive data model of strongly typed .NET objects; and by supporting general-purpose imperative and declarative operations on datasets within a traditional high-level programming language. A DryadLINQ program is a sequential program composed of LINQ expressions performing arbitrary side-effect-free operations on datasets, and can be written and debugged using standard .NET development tools. The DryadLINQ system automatically and transparently translates the data-parallel portions of the program into a distributed execution plan which is passed to the Dryad execution platform. Dryad, which has been in continuous operation for several years on production clusters made up of thousands of computers, ensures efficient, reliable execution of this plan on a large compute cluster. This paper describes the programming model, provides a high-level overview of the design and implementation of the Dryad and DryadLINQ systems, and discusses the tradeoffs and connections to parallel and distributed databases.
A Mathematical Model for Chemical Vapor Infiltration with Volume Heating

A detailed mathematical model is presented to investigate the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites with a volume-heating source. Volume heating may be achieved by using microwave power or radio frequency (RF) induction in the case of conductive substrates. The analysis includes a set of constitutive equations describing the space and time dependence of species concentration, temperature, pressure, and porosity. The infiltration of carbon-fiber preforms with carbon resulting from methane decomposition is selected as a model system for analysis.
Regulation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in 3T3-F442A adipocytes : effects of differentiation, insulin, and dexamethasone

Insulin rapidly stimulates tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor resulting in phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-l), which in turn associates with and activates the enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). In the present study we have examined these three initial steps in insulin action during the differentiation of 3T3-F442A adipocytes and after treatment with dexamethasone or insulin. The differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells was characterized by a 13-fold increase in insulin receptor protein, a O-fold increase in IRS-l, and a lo- and 4.5-fold increase in their insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, respectively. The mRNA expression of these two proteins showed a similar 8-fold increase during differentiation. In addition there was a 3.5 fold increase in PI 3-kinase protein [85 kilodalton (kDa) subunit] and a 16-fold increase in IRS-l-associated PI 3-kinase activity between day 0 and day 8 of differentiation. Dexamethasone (1 ELM) treatment of differentiated cells induced a further 48% (P e 0.05) increase in insulin receptor level, but the autophosphorylation of the receptor was decreased by 31 + 1% (P c 0.02). At the same time there was a decrease by 56 + 4% (P e 0.005) in IRS-1 protein and by 31 + 1% (P c 0.001) in IRS-1 phosphorylation. The expression of insulin receptor mRNA was unchanged, but the expression of IRS-1 mRNA was decreased by -75% after dexamethasone. By contrast, dexamethasone induced a 69% increase in the level of PI 3-kinase as determined by immunoblotting. The combined effect of decreased IRS-1 phosphorylation and increased PI 3-kinase protein was a minimal change
The level probabilities for a simple loop ordering

Bartholomew's statistics for testing homogeneity of normal means with ordered alternatives have null distributions which are mixtures of chisquared or beta distributions depending on whether the variances are known or not. The mixing coefficients depend on the sample sizes and the order restriction. If a researcher knows which mean is smallest and which is largest, but does not know how the other means are ordered, then a loop ordering is appropriate. Exact expressions for the mixing coefficients for a loop ordering and arbitrary sample sizes are given for five or fewer populations and approximations are developed for more than five populations. Also, the mixing coefficients for a loop ordering with equal sample sizes are computed. These mixing coefficients also arise in testing the ordering as the null hypothesis, in testing order restrictions in exponential families and in testing order restrictions nonparametrically.
Ankle fractures after slipping on pea gravel at Rally Australia

Accident injury is prevalent at large public events. Two cases of significant ankle fractures which occurred from slipping on a pea gravel surface at the 1994 Rally Australia in Perth are discussed. This paper addresses the patient morbidity and offers suggestions to prevent recurrence of such accidents for similar public events.
1‐Trimethylsilyl‐1‐methoxyallene

X = H) [77129-88-5] C7H14OSi (MW 142.30) InChI = 1S/C7H14OSi/c1-6-7(8-2)9(3,4)5/h1H2,2-5H3 InChIKey = KXBFNKYGTOEYOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (X = Li) [82200-98-4] C7H13LiOSi (MW 148.23) InChI = 1S/C7H13OSi.Li/c1-6-7(8-2)9(3,4)5;/h1H,2-5H3; InChIKey = JOQKHAYPRNCRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (precursor to acylsilanes, 2-trimethylsilylfurans, and dihydrofurans) Physical Data: bp 40–43 °C/28 mmHg.2 Solubility: sol THF, ether. Preparative Method: from methoxyallene by deprotonation with n-Butyllithium and quenching the allenyl anion with Chlorotrimethylsilane.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best stored at −20 °C or below, over anhydrous K2CO3. Hydrolysis, desilylation, or polymerization take place in the presence of acid.
Risk of Rash Associated With Lenalidomide in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-analysis

Abstract Background Lenalidomide is indicated for treatment of multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone and as a single agent in myelodysplastic syndromes. The incidence and risk of rash has been inconsistently reported. Materials and Methods We conducted a systematic review and metaanalysis of the literature to determine the incidence and risk of developing rash. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed and abstracts presented at American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meetings. Incidence, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Ten trials were available for analysis, and the overall incidence of all-grade and high-grade rash was 27.2% and 3.6%, respectively. Lenalidomide was associated with increased risk of all-grade rash ( P Conclusion Further studies for prevention and treatment of this toxicity are needed to minimize effect on quality of life and dose intensity.
Intuitive diffraction model for multistaged optical systems

A simplified framework is motivated in which many diffraction effects can be treated, especially in multistaged optical systems. The results should be especially helpful for short wavelengths and broadband sources, for which numerical calculations can be most difficult.
Evaporative water loss of a small xerophilous finch, Lonchura malabarica

Abstract 1. 1. Individuals of the small, xerophilous seed-eating finch Lonchura malabarica which were allowed to drink water only once every 5–8 days had significantly lower pulmocutaneous evaporation rates at ambient temperatures up to 44°C than did birds that drank water ad lib. 2. 2. The birds with restricted water intake evaporated less than 12 per cent of body weight per day at TA 32 and 37°C, while watered birds evaporated about 17 per cent of body weight daily at 25 and 35°C. 3. 3. Individuals could survicve without drinking for several days with little weight loss, although they ate only air-dried seed. 4. 4. This bird's low evaporation rate, high upper critical temperature (above 42°C) and ability to survive long periods of water deprivation reflect physiological adaptation to its desert environment.
Estimating heritability using family and unrelated individuals data

For the family data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 17, we obtained heritability estimates of quantitative traits Q1 and Q4 using the ASSOC program in the S.A.G.E. software package. ASSOC is a family-based method that estimates heritability through the estimation of variance components. The covariate-adjusted mean heritability was 0.650 for Q1 and 0.745 for Q4. For the unrelated individuals data, we estimated the heritability of Q1 as the proportion of total variance that can be accounted for by all single-nucleotide polymorphisms under an additive model. We examined a novel ordinary least-squares method, a naive restricted maximum-likelihood method, and a calibrated restricted maximum-likelihood method. We applied the different methods to all 200 replicates for Q1. We observed that the ordinary least-squares method yielded many estimates outside the interval [0, 1]. The restricted maximum-likelihood estimates were more stable than the ordinary least-squares estimates. The naive restricted maximum-likelihood method yielded an average estimate of 0.462 ± 0.1, and the calibrated restricted maximum-likelihood method yielded an average of 0.535 ± 0.121. Our results demonstrate discrepancies in heritability estimates using the family data and the unrelated individuals data.
Diagnosis and management of cyanotic congenital heart disease: Part I

Most commonly encountered cyanotic cardiac lesions in children, namely, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries and tricuspid atresia are reviewed. Pathology, pathophysiology, clinical features, non-invasive and invasive laboratory studies and management are discussed. The clinical and non-invasive laboratory features are sufficiently characteristic for making the diagnosis and invasive cardiac catheterization and angiographic studies are not routinely required and are needed either to define features, not clearly defined by non-invasive studies or as a part of catheter-based intervention. Surgical correction or effective palliation can be undertaken with relatively low risk. However, residual defects, some requiring repeat catheter or surgical intervention, are present in a significant percentage of patients and therefore, continued follow-up after surgery is mandatory.
Compact Reduced Order Modeling for Multiple-Port Interconnects

In this paper, we propose an efficient model order reduction (MOR) algorithm, called MTermMOR, for modeling interconnect circuits with large number of external ports. The proposed method overcomes the difficulty associated with Krylov subspace based projection MOR methods for reducing circuits with many ports. The novelty of the proposed method lies on the fact that we separately compute the poles and residues of each transfer function in the reduced admittance matrices. Specifically we apply traditional subspace projection method for computing poles and use hierarchical symbolic analysis for computing frequency responses of admittances to determine the residues of transfer functions. In this way, we only use necessary poles (smaller number of poles) to archive the same accuracy than subspace projection based methods. Finally convex programming based optimization is used to enforce the passivity of the reduced models. The new method can lead to much smaller reduced models for a given frequency range or much higher accuracy given the same model sizes than subspace projection based methods for multi-port interconnect circuits. Experimental results on several industry interconnect circuits demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over the subspace projection based methods.
Color recovery: true-color 8-bit interactive graphics

For many years, the only practical way to display high-quality true-color images was on a computer having a graphics subsystem with at least 24 color planes. The high cost of color graphics devices with 24 planes led many users to choose 8-, 12-, or 16-plane systems. Unfortunately, using a system with fewer color planes sacrifices some color capabilities to save money. The paper discusses an innovation called color recovery that provides a method for displaying millions of colors within the cost constraints of an eight-plane system. One of the primary design goals for color recovery was to supply the additional color capabilities without giving up interactive performance. Another goal was to be able to work with all types of applications running in a windowed environment. An implementation of color recovery described in this article meets these goals.