cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of optical pulsed-plane-wave-shaping by chiral sculptured thin films

The durations and average speeds of ultrashort optical pulses transmitted through chiral sculptured thin films (STFs) were calculated using a finite-difference time-domain algorithm. Chiral STFs are a class of nanoengineered materials whose microstructure comprises parallel helicoidal nanowires grown normal to a substrate. The nanowires are ∼10–300 nm in diameter and ∼1–10 µm in length. Durations of transmitted pulses tend to increase with decreasing (free-space) wavelength of the carrier plane wave, while average speeds tend to increase with increasing wavelength. An increase in nonlinearity, as manifested by an intensity-dependent refractive index in the frequency domain, tends to increase durations of transmitted pulses and decrease average speeds. The circular Bragg phenomenon exhibited by a chiral STF manifests itself in the frequency domain as high reflectivity for normally incident carrier plane waves whose circular polarization state is matched to the structural handedness of the film and whose wa...
A TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFRARED MAP OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HD 189733b

We derive the first secondary eclipse map of an exoplanet, HD 189733b, based on Spitzer IRAC 8 ?m data. We develop two complementary techniques for deriving the two-dimensional planet intensity: regularized slice mapping and spherical harmonic mapping. Both techniques give similar derived intensity maps for the infrared dayside flux of the planet, while the spherical harmonic method can be extended to include phase variation data which better constrain the map. The longitudinal offset of the dayside hot spot is consistent with that found in prior studies, strengthening the claim of super-rotating winds, and eliminating the possibility of phase variations being caused by stellar variability. The latitude of the hot spot is within 125 (68% confidence) of the planet's equator, confirming the predictions of general circulation models for hot Jupiters and indicative of a small planet obliquity.
Production Acceleration and Injectivity Enhancement Using Steam-Propane Injection for Hamaca Extra-Heavy Oil

The largest known hydrocarbon deposit in the world, the Orinoco Belt in Venezuela, contains oil with a gravity ranging from 9 to 14° API. The Hamaca project encompasses more than 400 square miles of the Orinoco Belt and is believed to contain more than 30 billion barrels of extra-heavy oil (9° API). Production of the project started in November 2001 and the target is to produce some 30,000 m 3 (190,000 barrels) a day over a life span of more than 35 years. This study found that using propane as a steam additive can accelerate oil production and improve the effect of steam injectivity in the Hamaca field. In our laboratory study, steam-propane injection accelerated the start of oil production by 21% compared to that with pure steam injection. In the field, this could translate into significant gains in discounted revenues and a reduction in steam injection costs. Second, steam injectivity with propane as an additive was up to three times higher than that for pure steam injection. Third, accelerated oil production and increased injectivity were practically the same for all of the runs using propane as a steam additive (irrespective of the propane-steam mass ratios). Propane appears to be a viable steam additive at propane-steam mass ratios as low as 2.5:100.
Tubular cross talk in acute kidney injury: a story of sense and sensibility.

The mammalian kidney is an organ composed of numerous functional units or nephrons. Beyond the filtering glomerulus of each nephron, various tubular segments with distinct populations of epithelial...
On Shift Dynamics for Cyclically Presented Groups

Abstract A group defined by a finite presentation with cyclic symmetry admits a shift automorphism that is periodic and word-length preserving. It is shown that if the presentation is combinatorially aspherical and orientable, in the sense that no relator is a cyclic permutation of the inverse of any of its shifts, then the shift acts freely on the non-identity elements of the group presented. For cyclic presentations defined by positive words of length at most three, the shift defines a free action if and only if the presentation is combinatorially aspherical and the shift itself is fixed point free if and only if the group presented is infinite.
ON THE CONVERGENCE OF FICTITIOUS PLAY

We study the Brown-Robinson fictitious play process for non-zero sum games. We show that, in general, fictitious play cannot converge cyclically to a mixed strategy equilibrium in which both players use more than two pure strategies.
Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent

Abstract India was a major player in the world export market for textiles in the early 18th century, but by the middle of the 19th century it had lost all of its export market and much of its domestic market, primarily to Britain. The ensuing deindustrialization was greatest c1750–c1860. We ask how much of India’s deindustrialization was due to local supply-side forces—such as political fragmentation and a rising incidence of drought, and how much to world price shocks. An open, three-sector neo-Ricardian model organizes our thinking and a new relative price database implements the empirical analysis. We find local supply side forces were important from as early as 1700. We then assess the size of Indian deindustrialization in comparison with other parts of the periphery.
The K-armed dueling bandits problem

We study a partial-information online-learning problem where actions are restricted to noisy comparisons between pairs of strategies (also known as bandits). In contrast to conventional approaches that require the absolute reward of the chosen strategy to be quantifiable and observable, our setting assumes only that (noisy) binary feedback about the relative reward of two chosen strategies is available. This type of relative feedback is particularly appropriate in applications where absolute rewards have no natural scale or are difficult to measure (e.g., user-perceived quality of a set of retrieval results, taste of food, product attractiveness), but where pairwise comparisons are easy to make. We propose a novel regret formulation in this setting, as well as present an algorithm that achieves information-theoretically optimal regret bounds (up to a constant factor).
Possible "Impossible" Turn

Turning back after engine failure during the takeoff phase of flight in a single engine aircraft is examined using a simplified analytical model. The important parameters are identified. The analysis shows that the optimum flight path is teardrop-shaped with a 45-deg bank angle at stall velocity during the turn. The effects of engine failure altitude, wind direction and velocity, climbout velocity, bank angle, and velocity in the turn on the required runway length are examined. The results show that the typical recommendations for general aviation single engine aircraft are not optimum. Nomenclature CD = drag coefficient Cf)(} = zero lift drag coefficient C, = lift coefficient Ci-max = maximum lift coefficient D = drag d = propeller diameter g = acceleration of gravity h — altitude / = advance ratio L = lift LID = lift-to-drag ratio n = propeller rpm R = turn radius RIC = rate of climb S = wing area t = time V = velocity Kruise = cruise velocity
Effects of Variational Particle Restitution Characteristics on Turbomachinery Erosion

This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine the effects of variational particle rebounding models on surface impacts and blade erosion patterns in gas turbines. The variance in the particle velocities after the surface impacts are modeled based on the experimental measurements using Laser-Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) under varying flow conditions. The probabilistic particle trajectory computations simulate the experimental variance in the particle restitution characteristics using cumulative distribution functions and random sampling techniques. The results are presented for the particle dynamics through a gas turbine flow field and are compared to those obtained with deterministic rebound models based on experimental mean values.
Yoga and social support reduce prenatal depression, anxiety and cortisol

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of yoga (physical activity) versus social support (verbal activity) on prenatal and postpartum depression. Ninety-two prenatally depressed women were randomly assigned to a yoga or a social support control group at 22 weeks gestation. The yoga group participated in a 20-min group session (only physical poses) once per week for 12 weeks. The social support group (a leaderless discussion group) met on the same schedule. At the end of the first and last sessions the yoga group reported less depression, anxiety, anger, back and leg pain as compared to the social support group. At the end of the last session the yoga group and the support group did not differ. They both had lower depression (CES-D), anxiety (STAI), and anger (STAXI) scores and improved relationship scores. In addition, cortisol levels decreased for both groups following each session. Estriol and progesterone levels decreased after the last session. At the postpartum follow-up assessment depression and anxiety levels were lower for both groups.
A cohomological interpretation of Bogomolov's instability

We give a new proof of Bogomolov's instability theorem. Furthermore we prove that it is equivalent to a statement which characterizes when the first cohomology group of a suitable divisor does not vanish.
The Depiction of Coronal Structure in White-Light Images

The very steep decrease in density with heliocentric distance makes imaging of coronal density structures out to a few solar radii challenging. The radial gradient in brightness can be reduced using numerous image processing techniques, thus quantitative data are manipulated to provide qualitative images. We introduce a new normalizing-radial-graded filter (NRGF): a simple filter for removing the radial gradient to reveal coronal structure. Applied to polarized brightness observations of the corona, the NRGF produces images which are striking in their detail. Total-brightness, white-light images include contributions from the F corona, stray light, and other instrumental contributions which need to be removed as effectively as possible to properly reveal the electron corona structure. A new procedure for subtracting this background from LASCO C2 white-light, total-brightness images is introduced. The background is created from the unpolarized component of total-brightness images and is found to be remarkably time-invariant, remaining virtually unchanged over the solar cycle. By direct comparison with polarized-brightness data, we show that the new background-subtracting procedure is superior in depicting coronal structure accurately, particularly when used in conjunction with the NRGF. The effectiveness of the procedures is demonstrated on a series of LASCO C2 observations of a coronal mass ejection (CME).
Strategies for Innovation in Multicomponent Reaction Design

By generating structural complexity in a single step from three or more reactants, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) make it possible to synthesize target compounds with greater efficiency and atom economy. The history of such reactions can be traced to the mid-19th century when Strecker first produced α-aminonitriles from the condensation of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. Recently, academic chemists have renewed their interest in MCRs. In part, the pharmaceutical industry has fueled this resurgence because of the growing need to assemble libraries of structurally complex substances for evaluation as lead compounds in drug discovery and development programs. The application of MCRs to that increasingly important objective remains limited by the relatively small number of such reactions that can be broadly applied to prepare biologically relevant or natural-product-like molecular frameworks. We were interested in applying logic-based approaches, such as our single reactant replacement (SRR) app...
A CMOS Compatible Microring-Based On-Chip Isolator with 18db Optical Isolation

We demonstrate strong optical nonreciprocity in microring add-drop filters with asymmetric input and output coupling coefficients. Up to 18dB isolation was achieved with a silicon-on-insulator high-Q microring of 5 micrometer radius.
FIRM PATENT STRATEGIES IN US TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT

The focus of this article is on exploring the business competitive consequences of firm patent strategies in the United States de jure technology standard development processes. An analytic framework ("Firm Patent Strategies Matrix") is created which formally identifies a set of firm patent strategies applicable in the de jure technology standard development process. This Firm Patent Strategies Matrix is predicated on two key variables relevant to the standard development process: first, firms are either active participants in standard-setting committees, or they are non-participants, and second, firms are either disclosing appropriate information on potentially relevant patented technology (or patent pending applications on such technology), or they are not disclosing such potentially relevant patented information on technology (or patent pending applications on such technology), in the standard development process. The Firm Patent Strategies Matrix identifies the following four generic strategic choices for a technology-driven firm to choose among concerning the disposition of its patents: (1) Disclosure/Participation, (2) Disclosure/Non-Participation, (3) Non-Disclosure/Participation, and (4) Non-Disclosure/Non-Participation. Public policy issues, relevant to these Firm Patent Strategies, are identified (e.g., RAND licencing terms, patent ambush and submarine patents) and recommended policy solutions are offered (e.g., instituting Ex Ante royalty discussions, vigorous federal antitrust enforcement against patent ambush and the wider use of firm patent liability insurance, respectively).
Radio Continuum and Star Formation in CO-rich Early-Type Galaxies

In this paper we present new high-resolution Very Large Array 1.4 GHz radio continuum observations of five FIR-bright CO-rich early-type galaxies and two dwarf early-type galaxies. The position on the radio-FIR correlation combined with striking agreements in morphology between high-resolution CO and radio maps show that the radio continuum is associated with star formation in at least four of the eight galaxies. The average star formation rate for the sample galaxies detected in radio is ~2 M⊙ yr-1. There is no evidence of a luminous active galactic nucleus in any of our sample galaxies. We estimate Toomre Q-values and find that the gas disks may well be gravitationally unstable, consistent with the above evidence for star formation activity. The radio continuum emission thus corroborates other recent suggestions that star formation in early-type galaxies may not be uncommon.
Improving the quality of expert witness testimony

Although various groups in our society have bemoaned the increasing frequency of negligence litigation and its concomitant costs, there has been an absence of any coordinated approach to solve this serious economic and social problem. Many physician groups, including our own American Academy of Pediatrics,1 have made attempts at tort reform. In my own earlier writings I suggested numerous alterations in the present system of tort law that I believed would improve the overall fairness of the system and decrease the excessive number of nonmeritorius law suits, not only in the medicolegal arena but in the whole area of negligence litigation.2,3
Markets and Famines

This is a study in the economics of famine. Famines have often presented a challenge to economic thought. Past debates have concerned the importance of aggregate food availability and the role of markets and governments in allocating limited food. This book applies some modern methods of economic investigation to these issues. A theory is presented which shows how the sharp increases in mortality observed during famines can arise without a decline in aggregate food availability. Much of the book is devoted to a detailed empirical study of the causes of the adverse changes of food distribution which led to high mortality during the 1974 famine in Bangladesh. The results throw new light on the way markets work during famines and on the effects of policies aimed at famine relief or prevention.
ChaMPlane Discovery of Candidate Symbiotic Binaries in Baade's and Stanek's Windows

We have searched the OGLE-II archive for candidate counterparts of X-ray sources detected in two low-extinction windows included in our Galactic bulge Chandra-HST survey. We find that a significant number—that is, in excess of the expected level of random associations—can be matched with probable M giants. Their X-ray properties can be understood if these sources are symbiotic binaries in which the X-rays are typically, either directly or indirectly, the result of a white dwarf accreting from the wind of a cool giant. Optical and near-infrared properties of selected sources are consistent with a symbiotic nature, although none of the spectra collected for eight out of 13 candidate counterparts show the high-ionization nebular emission lines observed for many symbiotics. The hard X-ray emission for several sources (power-law photon indices -1.5 Γ 1.5) suggests that our sample includes systems similar to the symbiotics recently detected with INTEGRAL and Swift.
A versatile stepping motor controller for systems with many motors

A versatile system for controlling beamlines or complex experimental setups is described. The system as currently configured can control up to 32 motors, with all motors capable of full speed operation concurrently. There are 2 limit switch inputs for each motor, and a further input to accept a reference position marker. The motors can be controlled via a front panel keyboard with display, or by a host computer over an IEEE-488 interface. Both methods can be used together if required. There is an emergency stop'' key on the front panel keyboard to stop the motion of all motors without losing track of the motors' position. 3 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Role of intravenous nitroglycerin in the treatment of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by pulmonary edema

Intravenous nitroglycerin would appear to be an ideal agent for the treatment of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Nitroglycerin infusion effectively reduces preload by venous dilatation and, at higher doses, results in arterial vasodilatation. Because of these pharmacologic properties, the effects of intravenous nitroglycerin were studied in three patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by pulmonary edema. The major cardiovascular effects of nitroglycerin were to reduce the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 27 +/- 4 to 14 +/- 6 mm Hg, which result in a change in the colloid osmotic pressure to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure gradient from -10 to 2 mm Hg. No significant changes occurred in heart rate, central venous pressure, or cardiac index. Analysis of oxygen-related parameters revealed a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in oxygen delivery and extraction accompanied by a 53% increase in oxygen consumption. The changes in oxygen-related variables appeared to be secondary to a fall in mixed venous oxygen tension from 39 +/- 4 to 33 +/- 1 torr. These changes occurred without any significant improvement in arterial oxygen tension. We conclude that while intravenous nitroglycerin expeditiously corrects the hydrostatic derangements of pulmonary edema seen in pregnancy-induced hypertension, a rapid improvement in arterial oxygenation does not occur.
Capital Gains Taxation in an Economy with an "Austrian Sector"

Abstract This paper examines the effects of a proportional capital gains in an economy with an Austrian sector (with wine and trees) and an ordinary sector. We analyze the effect of capital gains taxation (on both an accrual and a realization basis) on the efficiency with which resources are used within the Austrian sector. Since time is the only input which can be varied in the Austrian sector, this amounts to looking at the effect of capital gains taxation on the harvesting time or selling time of assets. Accrual taxation decreases the selling time of Austrian assets. Realization taxation decreases the selling time of some Austrian assets and leaves it unchanged for others. Inflation further reduces the selling time of assets taxed on an accrual basis; often, but not always, inflation increases the selling time of Austrian assets taxed on a realization basis. We also examine the effect of the special tax treatment of capital gains at death and find that the current U.S. tax system, under which capital gains taxes are waived at death, encourages investors to hold assets longer. In contrast to these results — which suggest that the capital gains tax can reduce the holding period of an asset — we show that there is a sense in which such taxes (at least when levied on a realization basis) discourage transactions and increase holding periods. It is never profitable to change the ownership of an Austrian asset between the time of the original constraint and the ultimate harvesting of the asset for final use. Capital gains taxation diverts resources from the Austrian sector to the ordinary sector. The effects on the efficiency of the allocation of investment between sectors are complicated and not easy to summarize.
Non-commutative extensions of the MacMahon Master Theorem

We present several non-commutative extensions of the MacMahon Master Theorem, further extending the results of Cartier?Foata and Garoufalidis?Le?Zeilberger. The proofs are combinatorial and new even in the classical cases. We also give applications to the s-extension and Krattenthaler?Schlosser's q-analogue.
The Microeconomics of North–South Korean Cross-border Integration

Economic integration between North and South Korea occurs through three modalities: traditional arm's-length trade and investment, processing on commission (POC) trade, and operations within the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC). In order, these three modalities are characterized by decreasing exposure of South Korean firms to North Korean policy and infrastructure. Through a survey of 200 South Korean firms operating in North Korea we find that these modalities of exchange matter greatly in terms of implied risk. For example, firms operating in the KIC are able to transact on significantly looser financial terms than those outside it. We find that direct and indirect South Korean public policy interventions influence these different modalities of exchange and thus impact entry, profitability, and sustainability of South Korean business activities in the North. In effect, the South Korean government has substituted relatively strong South Korean institutions for the relatively weak Northern ones in the KIC...
Genesis of sun photometry

This paper reviews the science of sun photometry, tracing its origins back to research by Newton. Modern sun photometry originated through the works of the Angstrom family in Sweden and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's program started by Langley and energized over many years by Abbott. In the case of the Smithsonian's program, the objective was to search for evidence between fluctuations in climate and solar radiation. Multiwavelength sun photometry as a science came about primarily by turning this nuisance factor of atmospheric corrections into useful scientific information. Modern sun photometry uses solar radiometers calibrated to accuracies of one part in a thousand and routinely assess atmospheric spectral optical depths to high accuracy. There is presently a global network of sun photometers providing information about the spectral variation of aerosol optical depth and information mapping atmospheric trace constituents.
Integrable supersymmetric fluid mechanics from superstrings

Abstract Following the construction of a model for the planar supersymmetric Chaplygin gas, supersymmetric fluid mechanics in (1+1) dimensions is obtained from the light-cone parametrized Nambu–Goto superstring in (2+1) dimensions. The lineal model is completely integrable and can be formulated neatly using Riemann coordinates. Infinite towers of conserved charges and supercharges are exhibited. They form irreducible representations of a dynamical (hidden) SO (2,1) symmetry group.
Locally Dense Codes

The Minimum Distance Problem (MDP), i.e., the computational task of evaluating (exactly or approximately) the minimum distance of a linear code, is a well known NP-hard problem in coding theory. A key element in essentially all known proofs that MDP is NP-hard is the construction of a combinatorial object that we may call a locally dense code. This is a linear code with large minimum distance d that admits a ball of smaller radius rid containing an exponential number of codewords, together with some auxiliary information used to map these codewords. In this paper we provide a generic method to explicitly construct locally dense binary codes, starting from an arbitrary linear code with sufficiently large minimum distance. Instantiating our construction with well known linear codes (e.g., Reed-Solomon codes concatenated with Hadamard codes) yields a simple proof that MDP is NPhard to approximate within any constant factor under deterministic polynomial time reductions, simplifying and explaining recent results of Cheng and Wan (STOC 2009 / IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 2012) and Austrin and Khot (ICALP 2011). Our work is motivated by the construction of analogous combinatorial objects over integer lattices, which are used in NP-hardness proofs for the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). We show that for the max norm, locally dense lattices can also be easily constructed. However, all currently known constructions of locally dense lattices in the standard Euclidean norm are probabilistic. Finding a deterministic construction of locally dense Euclidean lattices, analogous to the results presented in this paper, would prove the NP-hardness of approximating SVP under deterministic polynomial time reductions, a long standing open problem in the computational complexity of integer lattices.
Direct measurements of neutron capture on radioactive isotopes

Abstract We simulated the response of a 4π calorimetric γ-detector array to decays of radioactive isotopes on the s-process path. The GEANT 3.21 simulation package was used. The main table contains estimates on the maximum sample size and required neutron flux based on the latest available neutron capture cross-section at 30 keV. The results are intended to be used to estimate the feasibility of neutron capture measurements with 4π arrays using the time-of-flight technique.
Tractable Bayesian Social Learning on Trees

We study agents in a social network who learn by observing the actions of their neighbors. The agents iteratively estimate an unknown "state of the world" s from initial private signals, and the past actions of their neighbors in the social network. First, we consider a set of Bayesian agents, and investigate the computational problem the agents face in implementing the (myopic) Bayesian decision rule. When private signals are independent conditioned on s, and when the social network graph is a tree, we provide a new `dynamic cavity algorithm' for the agents' calculations, with computational effort that is exponentially lower than what is currently known. We use our algorithm to perform the first numerical simulations of interacting Bayesian agents on networks with hundreds of nodes. Second, we investigate a different model of social learning, with naive agents who practice "majority dynamics", i.e., at each round adopt the majority opinion of their neighbors. Under mild conditions, we show that under majority dynamics, agents learn s with probability 1-ϵ in O(log log (1/ϵ)) rounds. We conjecture that on d-regular trees, myopic Bayesian agents learn s as quickly as agents who practice majority dynamics. Using our algorithm for Bayesian agents, the conjecture implies that the computational effort required of Bayesian agents to learn s is only polylogarithmic in 1/ϵ on d-regular trees. Thus, our results challenge the belief that iterative Bayesian learning is computationally intractable.
Integration of structural health monitoring and fatigue damage prognosis

Abstract This paper presents a Bayesian probabilistic methodology to integrate model-based fatigue damage prognosis (FDP) with online and offline structural health monitoring (SHM) data. The prognosis uses fracture mechanics-based fatigue crack growth modeling, along with quantification of various sources of uncertainty, including natural variability, data uncertainty and model errors. These uncertainty sources are connected using a Bayesian network and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the uncertainty contributions from these sources. The cycle-by-cycle simulation of fatigue crack growth is expedited via the use of a surrogate modeling technique (Gaussian process model) to replace computationally expensive finite element analysis. Real-time monitoring data of external variable amplitude loading history is used to construct a Bayesian autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict and update the loading. On-ground crack inspection data is used to quantify the uncertainty in the initial and current size of an existing crack, using the Bayesian approach. Three possible cases of inspection results are considered: (1) crack is not detected; (2) crack is detected but not measured; (3) crack is detected and measured. Different scenarios of data availability (load monitoring data and inspection data) are considered for the prognosis of an individual component in a fleet. A numerical example, surface cracking in a rotorcraft mast under service loading, is implemented to illustrate the proposed methodology. The results of prognosis are validated using Bayesian hypothesis testing.
HOD in natural models of AD

Abstract The goal of this paper is to compute the full HOD of models of AD + of the form L ( ℘ ( R ) ) below “ AD R + Θ is regular”. As part of this computation, we give a computation of HOD | Θ left open in [3] for Θ a successor in the Solovay sequence. Our work, when combined with [3] , shows that in AD + models of the form L ( ℘ ( R ) ) below “ AD R + Θ is regular”, HOD satisfies GCH .
Deformations of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces arising from deformations of toric varieties

One can deform the complex structure of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces in toric varieties by changing the coefficients of the defining polynomial. However, there must also exist non-polynomial deformations of the Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces which cannot be realized inside the ambient toric variety. In this paper, we have constructed the missing non-polynomial deformations, which are induced by an automorphism on the open part of the ambient toric variety.
IMM tracking of a theater ballistic missile during boost phase

Since the SCUD launches in the Gulf War, theater ballistic missile (TBM) systems have become a growing concern for the US military. Detection, tracking and engagement during boost phase or shortly after booster cutoff are goals that grow in importance with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This paper addresses the performance of tracking algorithms for TBMs during boost phase and across the transition to ballistic flight. Three families of tracking algorithms are examined: alpha-beta-gamma trackers, Kalman-based trackers, and the interactive multiple model (IMM) tracker. In addition, a variation on the IMM to include prior knowledge of a booster cutoff parameter is examined. Simulated data is used to compare algorithms. Also, the IMM tracker is run on an actual ballistic missile trajectory. Results indicate that IMM trackers show significant advantage in tracking through the model transition represented by booster cutoff.
ARYLBORONIC ACID-FACILITATED SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES BY TRIBUTYLTIN HYDRIDE

Aldehydes were selectively reduced in the presence of a ketone with tributyltin hydride (n-Bu3SnH) and arylboronic acids. The double bond of an α,β-unsaturated system was not affected under the reaction conditions.
Lieb-Thirring Inequalities for Jacobi Matrices

For a Jacobi matrix J on ?2(Z+) with Ju(n)=an?1u(n?1)+bnu(n)+anu(n+1), we prove that??E?>2(E2?4)1/2??n?bn?+4?n?an?1?. We also prove bounds on higher moments and some related results in higher dimension.
An almost sure invariance principle for additive functionals of Markov chains

We prove an invariance principle for a vector-valued additive functional of a Markov chain for almost every starting point with respect to an ergodic equilibrium distribution. The hypothesis is a moment bound on the resolvent.
Milnor and finite type invariants of plat-closures

We show that for an $n$-component, $n$-bridge link and a positive integer $m$, the following is true: If the longitudes of $L$ lie in the $(m+2)$-th term of the lower central series of the link group then all the finite type invariants of orders $\leq m$ for $L$ are the same as these of the $n$-component unlink.
Liquid-phase oxidation of isobutane—a reanalysis of the data

Data on the liquid-phase oxidation of isobutane at 50 and 100°C have been reexamined, using a modified mechanism to take into account the termination by isobutylperoxy radicals. Algebraic expressions are derived from steady-state methods. Using Arrhenius parameters fitted by transition-state A factors and activation energies derived from observed “best” rate constants, new sets of parameters are derived for the rate constants for propagation by tBuO2 + tBuH t-BuO2H + tBu⋅: where θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mol. This, together with new values for the termination parameters and rates of i-butyl production by k4B, is shown to give good agreement with the published data. An important reaction: is shown to quench the possible contributions to termination of adventitious radicals such as CH3O⋅2.
Lagunapyrones A-C: Cytotoxic acetogenins of a new skeletal class from a marine sediment bacterium

Abstract The structures of the lagunapyrones A-C ( 1–3 ), novel, cytotoxic α-pyrones, produced in fermentation by a marine bacterium, have been assigned on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Transformation of lagunapyrone B ( 2 ) to its [1′, 3′- 13 C 2 ]-labelled acetonide allowed the relative stereochemistry of the flexible 1,3-diol moiety to be determined.
Overtwisted open books from sobering arcs

We study open books on three manifolds which are compat- ible with an overtwisted contact structure. We show that the existence of certain arcs, called sobering arcs, is a sufficient condition for an open book to be overtwisted, and is necessary up to stabilization by positive Hopf-bands. Using these techniques we prove that some open books arising as the boundary of symplectic configurations are overtwisted, answering a question of Gay in (9). AMS Classification 57R17; 57M99
The Competitive Implications of Top-of-the-Market and Related Contract-Pricing Clauses

This article examines the competitive implications of contract pricing arrangements, which link the contract price to the subsequent cash price. We focus on so-called “top-of-the-market pricing” (TOMP) in cattle procurement. The TOMP clause is shown to have anticompetitive consequences when the same buyers who purchase contract cattle with the TOMP clause also compete to procure cattle in the subsequent spot market. The TOMP clause reduces packers' incentives to compete aggressively in the spot market. Although TOMP pricing is not in producers' collective interest, rational sellers may nonetheless sign these contracts with little or no financial inducement.
Streamlining office procedures: an analysis using the information control net model

The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with a model for office procedures, the Information Control Net model, and a particular type of transformation that can be performed on an Information Control Net (ICN) model, streamlining. The ICN formalism is intended to aid office managers and office analysts in describing and evaluating procedures. Streamlining is a technique for reducing the ICN model of a procedure to a model of the necessary information flow and elementary information-processing of the procedure. Streamlining highlights the origin and destination of information in a procedure and allows the modeler to vary the route the information takes. Streamlining an ICN model of a procedure illuminates information-processing needs, activity by activity, in a way that may be useful for evaluating or changing the original procedure.
Self-Gravitating Eccentric Disk Models for the Double Nucleus of M31

We present new dynamical models of weakly self-gravitating, finite dispersion eccentric stellar disks around central black holes for the double nucleus of M31. The disk is fixed in a frame rotating at constant precession speed and is populated by stars on quasi-periodic orbits whose parents are numerically integrated periodic orbits in the total potential. A distribution of quasi-periodic orbits about a given parent is approximated by a distribution of Kepler orbits dispersed in eccentricity and orientation, using an approximate phase-space distribution function written in terms of the integrals of motion in the Kepler problem. We use these models, along with an optimization routine, to fit available published kinematics and photometry in the inner 2'' of the nucleus. A grid of 24 best-fit models is computed to accurately constrain the mass of the central black hole and nuclear disk parameters. We find that the supermassive black hole in M31 has mass MBH = 5.62 ± 0.66 × 107 M☉, which is consistent with the observed correlation between the central black hole mass and the velocity dispersion of its host spheroid. Our models precess rapidly, at Ω = 36.5 ± 4.2 km s-1 pc-1, and possess a characteristic radial eccentricity distribution, which gives rise to multimodal line-of-sight velocity distributions along lines of sight near the black hole. These features can be used as sensitive discriminants of disk structure.
Intramolecular Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: The Use of a Nitrogen Trapping Group

Anodic olefin coupling reactions using a tosylamine trapping group have been studied. The cyclizations are favored by the use of a less-polar radical cation and more basic reaction conditions. The most significant factor for obtaining good yields of cyclic product is the use of the more basic reaction conditions. The cyclizations allow for the rapid synthesis of substituted proline derivatives.
Permeability in the thin section

Numerical simulations of fluid flow through 3D pore space can provide accurate estimations for permeability. A digital volume required for these numerical experiments may be obtained directly by microtomography or statistically reconstructed from 2D thin sections. Such a digital pore volume has to be statistically representative of the original rock. However, only small rock fragments, such as drill cuttings, and only 2D images of those may be available in the field. To address this practical constraint, we investigate how permeability can be estimated from small 2D images. We select a number of natural and artificial medium-to-high porosity well-sorted sandstones. 3D microtomography volumes are obtained from each of these physical samples. Then, analogous to making thin sections of drill cuttings, we select a large number of small 2D slices from a 3D scan. As a result, a single physical sample is used to produce hundreds of virtual-drill-cutting 2D images. Corresponding 3D pore space realizations are statistically generated from these 2D images, fluid flow is simulated in 3D, and the absolute permeability is computed. As expected, this permeability does not match the measured permeability of a physical sample, which is due to inherent variations of pore-space geometry among the small images. However, for all the physical samples, a single and clear trend is formed by cross-plotting the simulated permeability versus porosity. This trend is typical for clean sandstone. The simulated permeability of under-representative sandstone fragments does not match the physically measured data. Instead it provides a valid permeability-porosity transform which can be used to estimate permeability if porosity is independently known from well log or seismic measurement.
The Welfare Implications of Costly Monitoring in the Credit Market: a Note

unconventional policy prescriptions, it is worthwhile to check its robustness in a more general setting. In this note, we extend the HW model to allow for endogenous determination of monitoring costs and show that the HW result can be reversed. The general equilibrium model developed in this note provides a better foundation for policy analysis in the costly monitoring situation. 1. The Model This section extends the HW model to allow for endogenous determination of monitoring costs. Consider an economy with a capitalists and (1 - a) entre
Automated Text Analysis: Cautionary Tales

Dans cet article l'A. considere les pieges et les tentations de l'analyse automatique des grands corpus: taille de l'echantillon, probleme du rappel, analyse de ce qui est facile a trouver... Il suggere que les outils de traitement automatique des textes doivent etre utilises en prenant conscience de leurs limites et de ne pas hesiter a avoir recours aux methodes manuelles
Preparation and synthetic utility of 3-(benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)areno- and -hetareno[b]thiophenes

3-(Functionalized-methyl)- and 3-alkenylareno(hetareno)[b]thiophenes 13–16 are prepared via the side chain elaboration of 3-(benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)thiophenes 10d–f,h, readily available from the condensation of 1-benzotriazolyl-3-chloroacetone 7 with aromatic or heteroaromatic thiols followed by dehydrative cyclization of 1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-3-[aryl(hetaryl)thio]acetones 9d–f,h.
Origins of Mass

Newtonian mechanics posited mass as a primary quality of matter, incapable of further elucidation. We now see Newtonian mass as an emergent property. That mass-concept is tremendously useful in the approximate description of baryon-dominated matter at low energy — that is, the standard “matter” of everyday life, and of most of science and engineering — but it originates in a highly contingent and non-trivial way from more basic concepts. Most of the mass of standard matter, by far, arises dynamically, from back-reaction of the color gluon fields of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Additional quantitatively small, though physically crucial, contributions come from the intrinsic masses of elementary quanta (electrons and quarks). The equations for massless particles support extra symmetries — specifically scale, chiral, and gauge symmetries. The consistency of the standard model relies on a high degree of underlying gauge and chiral symmetry, so the observed non-zero masses of many elementary particles (W and Z bosons, quarks, and leptons) requires spontaneous symmetry breaking. Superconductivity is a prototype for spontaneous symmetry breaking and for mass-generation, since photons acquire mass inside superconductors. A conceptually similar but more intricate form of all-pervasive (i.e. cosmic) superconductivity, in the context of the electroweak standard model, gives us a successful, economical account of W and Z boson masses. It also allows a phenomenologically successful, though profligate, accommodation of quark and lepton masses. The new cosmic superconductivity, when implemented in a straightforward, minimal way, suggests the existence of a remarkable new particle, the so-called Higgs particle. The mass of the Higgs particle itself is not explained in the theory, but appears as a free parameter. Earlier results suggested, and recent observations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may indicate, the actual existence of the Higgs particle, with mass m H ≈ 125 GeV. In addition to consolidating our understanding of the origin of mass, a Higgs particle with m H ≈ 125 GeV could provide an important clue to the future, as it is consistent with expectations from supersymmetry.
Sintering of Ultra-High-Purity Alumina Doped Simultaneously with MgO and FeO

The use of ultra-high-purity powder processing and multiple solid-solution additive doping has been evaluated as an effective approach for the fabrication of alumina ceramics. MgO was found to inhibit grain growth more strongly in very pure powders because of its stronger solute drag effect. The degree of inhibition was severe enough to render grain growth insensitive to porosity. By diminishing the dragging influence of pores on grain-boundary motion, MgO guards against abnormal grain growth due to inhomogeneous densification. FeO acted singly in alumina to promote grain growth more than densification. FeO was not, therefore, an effective sintering additive for undoped alumina. FeO did, however, Ceramic benefit the sintering of MgO-doped alumina.
Intel iAPX 432: VLSI building blocks for a fault-tolerant computer

Early in 1983 two new VLSI components were added to the iAPX 432 family of components. The 43204 Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the 43205 Memory Control Unit (MCU) extend the logical flexibility and robustness of the 432 processors into the physical implementation of 432 systems. The BIU and MCU provide a range of fault-tolerant system options. The components provide comprehensive detection facilities for processor operations as well as for the operation of buses and memories. Recovery is possible from permanent as well as transient errors. Detection and recovery are done totally in the VLSI components; there is no need for additional TTL logic or diagnostic software. This range of fault-tolerant capabilities is achieved by replication of VLSI components. VLSI replication provides software transparent migration over the full range of fault-tolerant options without any penalties for unused fault-tolerant facilities in low-end systems.
Curvature Effects in Gamma-Ray Burst Colliding Shells

An elementary kinematic model for emission produced by relativistic spherical colliding shells is studied. The case of a uniform blast-wave shell with jet opening angle θj 1/Γ is considered, where Γ is the Lorentz factor of the emitting shell. The shell, with comoving width Δr', is assumed to be illuminated for a comoving time Δt' and to radiate a broken-power-law νLν spectrum peaking at comoving photon energy . Synthetic gamma-ray burst (GRB) pulses are calculated, and the relation between energy flux and internal comoving energy density is quantified. Curvature effects dictate that the measured νFν flux at the measured peak photon energy pk be proportional to in the declining phase of a GRB pulse. Possible reasons for discrepancies with observations are discussed, including adiabatic and radiative cooling processes that extend the decay timescale, a nonuniform jet, and the formation of pulses by external shock processes. A prediction of a correlation between prompt emission properties and times of the optical afterglow beaming breaks is made for a cooling model, which can be tested with Swift.
The overlap is not a waveguide

Abstract Golterman and Shamir [Phys. Lett. B 353 (1995) 84] falsely claim that a waveguide model modified by adding many charged bosonic spinors, in the limit of an infinite number of matter fields, becomes identical to the overlap if in the target theory every fermion appears in four copies. Their modified model would give wrong results even in the vectorial four flavor massless Schwinger model, while a dynamical simulation of this model with the overlap works correctly. In this note we pinpoint the error in the derivation of Golterman and Shamir.