cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage

Cross-cultural variation in type of marriage appears to be largely explicable in terms of specified patterns of socioeconomic organization. A study of preferred type of marriage for some 500 societies shows that whether a society is characterized by a cultural value of monogamy or one of polygyny is related to such structural traits as subsistence economy, social stratification, political integration, settlement pattern, and community size; but only indirectly related to such normative traits as religion and sex taboos. In general, monogamy is found to be favored by societies with more complex attributes of socioeconomic structure, while polygynous societies are more prevalent at the intermediate or simple range of a societal complexity scale. A vigorously debated issue among social scientists a few generations ago was the significance and origins of the various marriage types. As commonly phrased, the question was: which is most natural, one husband and one wife? one husband and several wives? or one wife and several husbands? Despite the early and continuing interest in this question, there has been, and is today, a dearth of empirical research on the subject of type of marriage. In anthropological family research, the subject of kinship has occupied the most prominent position. In sociological family research, the American family has been the primary subject of study; monogamous marriage has been taken as the rule with comparatively brief, if any, mention of other types of marriage. The challenging point here is that the generalizations that are set forth concerning type of marriage, with few exceptions, are based upon refinements of old theories and not upon a statistical analysis of an adequate sample of societies having different types of marriage. These generalizations also tend to be eclectic in nature. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors are frequently given equal weight as determinants of marriage type with little regard as to a differentiation of these variables or to an assessment of their relative influence. Such factors as differential sex impulses, masculine jealousy, individual morality, female status, romantic love, masculine dominance, etc., may appeal to the imagination but without empirical validation cannot constitute definitive reasons for the cross-cultural variations in type of marriage.
Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention

Reducing the incidence of HIV remains one of our greatest public health challenges. However, there is growing optimism that preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could have a major impact on preventing incident HIV infection. Recently presented data on the use of oral PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) have provided proof-of-principle for this strategy. Additional clinical trials are evaluating whether PrEP provides similar protection to risk groups other than MSM, such as heterosexual persons and injection drug users. Still unanswered questions include optimal dosing strategies, long-term safety, maximizing adherence and minimizing costs, addressing drug resistance in the face of PrEP failure, optimizing access, and assessing effects on risk behavior. Future implementation will be guided by the results of clinical trials in progress. This article provides a review of the data on the potential strengths and limitations of PrEP as an HIV prevention strategy, identifies challenges to implementation of this approach, and outlines knowledge gaps.
Basalt and olivine dissolution under cold, salty, and acidic conditions: What can we learn about recent aqueous weathering on Mars?

[1] To test which variables may be important for weathering on Mars, the effects of temperature (22°C, 6°C, and −19°C), high ionic strength, and oxygen concentrations were investigated in batch dissolution experiments containing forsterite, fayalite, and basalt glass. CaCl2-NaCl-H2O brine can remain liquid to temperatures of −55°C and thus may be liquid in the cold, dry climate that currently characterizes Mars. To understand weathering under such conditions, dissolution rates were measured in experiments in distilled water with and without CaCl2 and NaCl. As observed by others, dissolution rates increased with temperature, and only fayalite dissolution was significantly affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. Enhanced fayalite dissolution under anoxic conditions suggests that Fe-rich olivine would dissolve more rapidly than Mg-rich olivine on Mars. Dissolution in the two most dilute experimental solutions (deionized water and CaCl2-NaCl-H2O solution of ionic strength = 0.7 m) were the same within uncertainty, but apparent dissolution rate constants in CaCl2-NaCl-H2O brines were significantly slower. Steady silica concentrations are decreased in the brines, consistent with other work, and precipitation rates of silica decrease with decreasing temperatures. These results suggest that enhanced silica precipitation could be an indicator of high ionic strength solutions on Mars. Consistent with these observations, weathering of basalt has been observed to sometimes be accompanied by precipitated layers of silica in cold, dry environments on Earth. If dissolution on Mars occurs or occurred under conditions similar to our experiments, cation leaching would be expected to be accompanied by silica precipitates on weathering surfaces.
Mass-Ratio Method Applied to the Measurement of L-Meson Masses and the Energy Balance in Pion Decay

We report a comprehensive series of measurements made on the masses of L-mesons produced by the 184-inch cyclotron. A general ratio principle of measurement is employed which largely eliminates systematic errors. The particular method that we have developed is described in detail. The theory of nonequilibrium particle orbits in the cyclotron field is worked out to provide formulas from which momenta may be calculated, and to obtain the momentum distribution functions determined by the target and detector dimensions. The energy-loss processes in nuclear track emulsion, which is used as a stopping material and detector, are studied and the range-momentum exponent q is found. Several small corrections to the mean range are made. A number of range straggling effects are evaluated. The theoretical distribution of the quantity Rp−q (R being the range and p the momentum) is studied, and the first three moments of the distribution are calculated explicitly. The distribution is found to be closely gaussian. From the theory of the distribution of Rp−q, the best estimate and the statistical uncertainty of the mass ratio (e.g., of meson to proton) are evaluated. A number of effects influencing the ratio are studied, but all the corrections found are very small. The measurement of the momentum acquired by the muon when a pion decays has also been treated. Several important relations connecting this quantity with the particle masses are then introduced. Apparatus developed for the application of the ratio principle is described. A number of experiments in which mesons and protons of similar velocities were detected in the same nuclear track plate are reported. Each experiment was repeated a number of times. The measurements of particle ranges and orbit parameters, the magnetic field measurements, the dimensional tolerances, the calculations, and other important details are discussed. The following mass ratios are reported: π+proton=0.14887±0.00011, π−π+=0.998±0.002, π+μ+=1.321±0.002. The center-of-mass momentum acquired by the muon in positive pion decay was measured as 29.80±0.04 Mev/c and its energy, 4.12±0.02 Mev. All the results are consistent if the rest mass of the neutral particle in the pion decay is zero. With this assumption, the measurements further imply that the positive pion-muon mass difference is 66.41±0.07 electron masses. The derived masses, in units of the electron mass, are: π+=273.3±0.2, π−=272.8±0.3, μ+=206.9±0.2.
Fast electromagnetic modeling of massively coupled vias in 3-D interconnects

For 25 Gbps (clock frequency exceeding ∼10 GHz) on-board signals, where the channel link becomes significantly noisy, active-circuit compensation techniques (e.g., pre-emphasis, adaptive equalization, etc.) are used to flatten the roll-off of the channel's insertion loss, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Due to the fact that these active circuits usually need the response of the channel ahead of time, it is critical to build accurate models for the via interconnects.
Auxilin-Dynamin Interactions Link the Uncoating ATPase Chaperone Machinery with Vesicle Formation

The large GTPase dynamin is required for budding of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane, after which the clathrin coat is removed by the chaperone Hsc70 and its cochaperone auxilin. Recent evidence suggests that the GTP-bound form of dynamin may recruit factors that execute the fission reaction. Here, we show that dynamin:GTP binds to Hsc70 and auxilin. We mapped two domains within auxilin that interact with dynamin, and these domains inhibit endocytosis when overexpressed in HeLa cells or when added in a permeable cell assay. The inhibition is not due to impairment of clathrin uncoating or to altered clathrin distribution in cells. Thus, in addition to its requirement for clathrin uncoating, our results show that auxilin also acts during the early steps of clathrin-coated vesicle formation. The data suggest that dynamin regulates the action of molecular chaperones in vesicle budding during endocytosis.
Excess infrared radiation from a white dwarf—an orbiting brown dwarf?

We have discovered that the white dwarf star Giclas 29 – 38 appears to emit substantial radiation at wavelengths between 2 and 5 μm, far in excess of that expected from an extrapolation of the visual and near-infrared spectrum of the star. The infrared colour temperature of the excess radiation is 1,200±200 K and, at the distance of G29 – 38, corresponds to a total luminosity of 5 × 10−5 solar luminosities (L⊙). If the excess 3.5-μm radiation is emitted by a single spherical body at 1,200 K, then its radius is 0.15 solar radii (R⊙). These characteristics are similar to those that have been calculated for substellar objects called brown dwarfs. The most natural interpretation of our observations is that there is a substellar, somewhat Jupiter-like brown dwarf in orbit around G29–38.
Primary afferent projections to the sacral secondary visceral gray: A quantitative electron microscopic examination in the cat

Afferent input to the sacral secondary visceral gray matter was studied by quantitatively assessing synaptic degeneration that follows ipsilateral sacral dorsal rhizotomy. Five days after the lesions, slightly more than 25% of the synaptic contacts showed degenerative changes. The majority of the reactive synapses contained clear spherical vesicles (S type). Boutons containing dense core vesicles (GS type) also showed degenerative changes, and together with S boutons constituted more than 96% of the reactive terminals. Degenerating S type synapses were found only on dendrites whereas GS boutons were observed on both cell bodies and dendrites. Further examination revealed that although there were more S than GS synapses in the nucleus, the percentage of GS terminals affected was greater than that for S type boutons. These results demonstrate a direct primary afferent input to the sacral secondary visceral gray matter utilizing chiefly two different synaptic types.
Tool Point Frequency Response Prediction for High-Speed Machining by RCSA

The implementation of high-speed machining for the manufacture of discrete parts requires accurate knowledge of the system dynamics. We describe the application of receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) to the analytic prediction of the tool point dynamic response by combining frequency response measurements of individual components through appropriate connections. Experimental verification of the receptance coupling method for various tool geometries (e.g., diameter and length) and holders (HSK 63A collet and shrink fit) is given. Several experimental results are presented to demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed method for chatter stability prediction in milling. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1392994#
Stereochemistry in the cyclization of o-azidophenylalkenes to indoles

Abstract Cis - and trans - o -azidostilbene, o -azido-β-methylstilbene, and ( Z )- o -azidoβ-deuteriostyrene give indoles on thermolysis by a mechanism involving attack by a nitrene directly on the β carbon atom, and not by insertion.
Modeling pulmonary perfusion and gas exchange during acceleration stress in humans

In order to understand changes in the ventilation/perfusion ratio encountered by pilots of high performance aircraft, we developed an n-zone hemodynamic model of the pulmonary circulation to be associated with a compartmental model of the respiratory system. The results of our studies are intended to improve our understanding of pilots' tolerance to sustained high acceleration stress.
Characterizing intramural stress and inflammation in hypertensive arterial bifurcations

A histology-based methodology was developed and used to determine whether intramural stress and combined monocyte/macrophage density positively correlate within hypertensive bifurcations. Hypertension was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats using Angiotensin II pumps. Analysis focused on mesenteric bifurcations harvested 7 days (n = 4) post implant, but also included normotensive (n = 2) and 21-day hypertensive (n = 1) samples. Mesentery was processed in a manner that preserves morphology, corrects for histology-related distortions and results in reconstructions suitable for finite element analysis. Peaks in intramural stress and monocyte/macrophage density occurred near bifurcations after the onset of hypertension. Cell density peaks occurred in regions where surface curvature is complex and tends to heighten intramural stress. Also, a strong positive correlation between mean stress and mean cell density suggests that they are related phenomena. A point-by-point comparison of stress and cell density throughout each bifurcation did not exhibit a consistent pattern. We offer reasons why this most stringent test did not corroborate our other findings that high intramural stress is correlated with increased inflammation near the center of the bifurcation.
Polymethylmethacrylate particles inhibit osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells.

Orthopedic wear debris has been implicated as a significant inhibitory factor of osteoblast differentiation. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles have been previously shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoprogenitors in heterogeneous murine marrow stromal cell cultures, but the effect of PMMA particles on pure osteoprogenitor populations remains unknown. In this study, we challenged murine MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells with PMMA particles during their initial differentiation in osteogenic medium. MC3T3-E1 cultures challenged with PMMA particles showed a gradual dose-dependent decrease in mineralization, cell number, and alkaline phosphatase activity at low particle doses (0.038–0.150% v/v) and complete reduction of these outcome parameters at high particle doses (≥0.300% v/v). MC3T3-E1 cultures challenged with a high particle dose (0.300% v/v) showed no rise in these outcome parameters over time, whereas cultures challenged with a low particle dose (0.075% v/v) showed a normal or reduced rate of increase compared to controls. Osteocalcin production was not significantly affected by particles at all doses tested. MC3T3-E1 cells grown in conditioned medium from particle-treated MC3T3-E1 cultures showed a significant reduction in mineralization only. These results indicate that direct exposure of MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitors to PMMA particles results in suppression of osteogenic proliferation and differentiation. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:932–936, 2008
The Speed of Adoption of Technology and Time Punctuality: The Case of Internet Usage

While various researchers have considered economic, demographic, regulatory, infrastructure, and other factors as potential determinants of diffusion, less attention has been given to the potential role that culture plays. This is unfortunate, because cultural factors may not just represent proximate causes for differences in technological diffusion across countries, but they may also be the deep-seeded underlying structural powers that ultimately determine the technological adoption behavior of countries. This paper uses cross country regression analysis to see whether the cultural trait of time punctuality is consequential for the rate of internet diffusion over the period 1990 to 2010. The results are consistent with the notion that time punctuality is important and favorable for the diffusion of Internet usage.
Effects of primary recoil energy on the production rate of mobile defects during elevated temperature irradiation

Abstract Radiation-induced segregation rates in a Ni-12.7 at% Si alloy have been measured as a function of temperature using ions of various masses and energies. An analysis of the segregation kinetics using a simple analytical model yielded the relative efficiency of each of the ions for producing mobile defects directly from ratios of their measured segregation rates. In this paper, we also show that the relative efficiencies can also be determined from measured shifts in the peak segregation temperature. Both methods yield a strong decrease in efficiency with increasing ion mass. The reduction in efficiency for the heavier ions was found to be significantly larger than that measured at very low temperatures by resistivity techniques. The latter are often used as a basis for correlating damage structures produced at elevated temperatures. Differences between the low and high temperature measurements indicate that relative efficiencies determined from segregation measurements are more reliable for correlating microstructural changes that are produced in different irradiation environments at high temperatures.
Personality correlates with contextual plasticity in a free-living, long-lived seabird

Despite a rapid increase in animal personality research, critical gaps remain. We have little knowledge of the long-term (as opposed to short-term) consistency of personality and the relationships between personality and behavioural flexibility in wild, free-living animals. This study investigates personality (i.e., consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour) and contextual plasticity (i.e., plasticity in behaviour between contexts) of these traits in the Nazca booby (Sula granti), a long-lived, free-living seabird. We tested birds for personality in the field, during incubation, using a human intruder test, two novel object tests, and a social stimulus test (mirror), and determined repeatability of behavioural traits both within-season (short-term) and between several years (long-term). We found high short- and long-term repeatability of aggressive and anxiety-related behaviours when confronted with a nest intruder and novel objects, but lower repeatability during social stimulation. Contextual plasticity was highly repeatable across years for aggressive behaviours, and low for anxiety-related behaviours. Plasticity did not correlate across behaviours into a ‘meta-personality’ trait. Contextual plasticity in behavioural traits was highly correlated with the expression of those traits, suggesting that individuals are able to both react strongly and modify their behaviour depending on context, perhaps due to consistent differences in individual quality. Model selection exercises using structural equation models evaluated the relationships between personality factors, indicating a behavioural syndrome in which anxiety- or agitation-related behaviours covary strongly and positively, and both covary weakly and negatively with aggression.
Organizational Power and the Institutional Review Board

In this essay, we respond to the narratives and essays in this issue by examining organizational power issues related to researchers and institutional research boards (IRBs). Rather than taking a singular perspective on power, we use multiple perspectives and suggest that the cumulative analyses provide the best understanding of IRBs and organizational power.
Comparison of Cholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Phase Separated Phospholipid Monolayers

Experimental studies of the phase separation of coexisting liquid phases in mixed phospholipid/sterol monolayer systems have contributed significantly to our understanding of the unique role that cholesterol plays within lipid membranes. Cholesterol is not unique in its ability to promote phase separation in these model systems. Several cholesterol analogs display similar liquid-liquid phase coexistence in monolayer and bilayer systems. One particularly interesting example of this is 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OH), which has been previously noted to have a kink in its monolayer pressure-area isotherm corresponding to the miscibility phase transition as well as for its pathological effect on the plasma cell membrane. We present the results of experiments using traditional Langmuir film-balance techniques (pressure-area isotherms) and surface potential measurements to identify changes in molecular orientation during monolayer compression. Fluorescence microscopy experiments complement these studies with comparisons of domain size distributions, area fraction, and line tension measurements. From our preliminary work it is clear that there are many similarities between the phase behavior of these two systems as well as many significant differences.
Comparison of Location of “Culprit Lesions” in Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Among Patients With Anterior Wall ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Having Ramus Intermedius Coronary Arteries Versus Patients Not Having Such Arteries

Disturbed, nonlaminar flow distal to arterial bifurcations contributes to atherosclerosis development and progression. We hypothesized that the presence of a ramus intermedius (RI) amplifies the flow disturbances in the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery causing more proximal LAD lesions and larger ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Emory University's contribution to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry was queried for STEMIs from January 2006 to July 2008. The distance from the LAD ostium to the lesion was measured in patients with angiographically visible culprit lesions. The peak troponin-I, creatinine kinase-MB, and left ventricular ejection fraction were used as markers for infarct size. Of the 386 patients with STEMI, 150 had LAD culprit lesions. The mean lesion distance from the LAD ostium was 15.2 ± 11.0 mm in the patients with RI (n = 44) and 29 ± 19 mm in those without RI (n = 106; p
Influenza B virus infection associated with non-bacterial septic shock-like illness

Summary We report the details of four children aged between 6 months and 5·5 years who had underlying chronic disease and who developed life-threatening illness in association with influenza virus B infection. Influenza has received relatively little attention, yet its morbidity and mortality in children can be considerable. This report emphasises the need to vaccinate the population groups at high risk, such as children with cardiovascular disorders, chronic bronchopulmonary, metabolic and renal disease and chronic neurological disorders.
Use Of Simulation Data Sets For Assessing Interlaboratory Pattern Recognition Accuracy

Interlaboratory comparisons using common (reference) materials of known composition are an established means for assessing overall measurement precision and accuracy. Intercomparisons based on common data sets are equally important and revealing when one is dealing with complex chemical patterns or spectra requiring significant numerical modeling and manipulation for component identification and quantification. Two case studies of "chemo-metric intercomparison" using simulation test data (STD) are presented, one comprising STD vectors as applied to nuclear spectrometry and the other STD data matrices as applied to aerosol source apportionment. Generic information gained from these two exercises included (a) the requisites for a successful STD intercomparison (including the nature and preparation of the simulation test patterns); (b) surprising degrees of bias and imprecision associated with the data evaluation process per se; (c) the need for increased attention to implicit assumptions and adequate statements of uncertainty; and (d) the importance of STD beyond the intercomparison, i.e., their value as a research tool for improv-ing the state of the pattern recognition art.
Balloon material characterization

Experimental data are reviewed to study the state of stress and strain in a typical balloon fabricated from thin polyethylene film. Relaxation tests are conducted over a temperature range of -60 C to 140 C for a constant strain of 1%, and loads measured with the load cell are converted to values of the relaxation modulus. A log-log plot is made of the modulus as a function of time, and the maximum stress is found to occur at times of the order of one-half second. The film behaves as a nonlinear viscoelastic material, and by examining various theoretical relationships of stress and strain with temperature and time histories, a material testing program is developed which yields the necessary data to characterize the film.
Population dynamics and production of the pelagic amphipod Hyalella montezuma in a thermally constant system

SUMMARY. 1. The population dynamics and annual production of the multivoltine. pelagic amphipod Hyalella montezuma were studied over a 3-year period in the thermally constant environment of Montezuma Well. Arizona. 2. H. montezuma showed two maxima which coincided with spring and autumn phytoplankton maxima. Juveniles comprised over 85% of the population in the pelagic zone compared to 37% in the littoral vegetation and there were significantly more females in the littoral vegetation. It appears that juvenile and adult H. montezuma show different habitat preferences. 3. Total annual mean production for H. montezuma calculated by the size frequency method and adjusted for multiple generations, was 357 kg ha−1 yr−1, which is higher than single-species production estimates reported for most zoobenthic amphipods and multivoltine planktonic crustaceans. Average energy production for H. montezuma was 4640 kJ ha−1 yr−1 in the pelagic zone and 1072 kJ ha−1 yr−1 in the littoral vegetation. 4. Average cohort P/B ratios for H. montezuma were higher in the pelagic zone (5.5) than in the litttoral vegetation (3.7). Juveniles had higher cohort PB ratios than adults in the pelagic zone, while the reverse relationship was true in the littoral vegetation. We propose that different size-selective predators may contribute to the differences in PB ratios for juveniles and adults in these two habitats.
Measurement of Serum Bilirubin in Newborn Infants: Common Clinical Laboratory Methods Versus High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Measurement of Serum Bilirubin in Newborn Infants: Common Clinical Laboratory Methods versus High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)† 1522
Political bias and nonpolitical news: A content analysis of an Armenian and Iranian earthquake in the New York Times and the Washington Post

This study examines whether politico‐economic theory holds true in the reportage of nonpolitical events such as natural disasters. According to this theory, news reporting is politically biased in that it reflects the political‐economic interests of the country that produces the news. Two leading national newspapers were examined for their coverage of two earthquakes, one which took place in Armenia, then a republic in the Soviet Union, on December 7, 1988, and another in northwest Iran on June 21, 1990. The Soviet Union and Iran had dramatically contrasting relationships with the United States at the time of these incidents. Results of this study strongly support politico‐economic theory: The newspapers’ reportage tended to be more sympathetic toward Armenia/Soviet Union with whom the United States had friendly relations. Difference in the newspapers’ treatment of these two similar events is apparent both in the layout and the language of the news reports.
Effects of traditional coronary risk factors on rates of incident coronary events in a low-risk population. The Adventist Health Study.

BACKGROUNDCalifornia Seventh-Day Adventists have lower mortality rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) than other Californians. Associations between traditional risk factor and CHD events have not been reported previously for Adventists.METHODS AND RESULTSA cohort study allowed 6 years of follow-up of 27,658 male and female California Seventh-Day Adventists. Data collected included age, sex, physician-diagnosed hypertension and diabetes mellitus, body height, weight, previous and current cigarette smoking habits, and current exercise habits. Incident cases of definite myocardial infarction (MI) and definite fatal CHD were diagnosed according to recognized criteria. Both stratified and proportional hazards analyses demonstrated that in this low-risk population, the above traditional coronary risk factors exhibit their usual associations with risk of CHD events. It was noted that exercise had a strong negative association with fatal CHD events (relative risks [RR], 1.0, 0.66, and 0.50 with increasing exer...
Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (jOCD) of the knee is a focal stress reaction to the subchondral bone that occurs in skeletally immature adolescent athletes. It is thought to be related to overuse and classically occurs at the posterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle. It presents with aching, activity-related knee pain, occurring bilaterally in 25% of cases. jOCD of the knee is best seen on intercondylar notch view (“tunnel”) radiographs, whereas magnetic resonance imaging is useful for determining lesion stability. Small, stable jOCD lesions are treated conservatively with activity modification possibly combined with immobilization and/or limitation of weight bearing. Operative intervention is reserved for stable lesions that do not heal after 6 to 9 months of conservative management, for large stable lesions in children approaching skeletal maturity, and for most unstable lesions. Arthroscopic retrograde transarticular drilling is our preferred treatment for stable lesions. Internal fixation is added for larger or unstable lesions. Damaged and unsalvageable jOCD lesions or displaced jOCD lesions devoid of subchondral bone are generally treated initially with debridement and abrasion arthroplasty (microfracture). Other cartilage repair techniques may be used for failures of the previously described treatment. Excellent short-term results have been reported with these techniques, although long-term data are lacking regarding the future development of osteoarthritis in this young patient population.
The history of physical medicine and rehabilitation as recorded in the diary of Dr. Frank Krusen : Part 2. Forging ahead (1943-1947)

Presented here is a continuation of the story--as drawn from the diary entries of Frank. H. Krusen. MD--of the struggle to gain recognition for, and acceptance of, physical medicine as a medical specialty in its own right. It details the events, as described by physical medicine's strongest protagonist, between 1943 and 1947 that led finally to the establishment of the American Board of Physical Medicine. The millionaire philanthropist Bernard Baruch provided the financial resources that were required to establish academic and clinical programs in the field of physical medicine. Dr. Krusen was a key member of the Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine, which provided over sight for the newly created programs. His thoughts and sentiments concerning his role in the struggle, as he recorded them in his diary, are reported here.
Role of convection in winter mixed layer formation in the Gulf of Maine, February 1987

[1] Moored hourly observations of temperature and salinity from the Wilkinson Basin in the western Gulf of Maine, augmented with gulf-wide hydrography surveys, document the winter mixed layer evolution between 4 and 18 February, 1987. Wind stresses and air-sea heat fluxes were estimated from the Gulf of Maine (44005) National Data Buoy Center buoy winds and temperatures using bulk formulae. During the study period, a pair of strong cooling episodes due to offshore (southeastward) winds bracketed an even stronger cooling event due to a strong northeasterly storm. The 0–165 m water column cooled during the study period. Heat budgets based on the observations show that local air-sea heat loss could only explain cooling in the upper 35–60 m of the Wilkinson water column. Lateral advection must have caused the deeper cooling. The Price, Weller and Pinkel [PWP] one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model [Price et al., 1986], forced with observed surface fluxes, exhibited a mixed layer that deepened from about 60 m to 120 m during the initial stages of the nor'easter in general accordance with observation. Diagnostic PWP model experiments showed that convective overturning was required to produce the observed mixed layer depth of 120 m. Direct wind mixing alone could deepen the model mixed layer to only about 80 m. However, the model property profiles produced by a 10-day PWP model run differed significantly from observations, which reflected advection effects. Observed hydrographic property distributions combined with horizontal velocity estimates from a Dartmouth linear, three-dimensional, finite-element circulation model of the Gulf (FUNDY5) help to explain differences between the PWP model and observations in terms of lateral advection in the upper 65 m. The observed cooling between 65 m and 165 m must be related to advection.
Food access and food deserts: the diverse methods that residents of a neighborhood in Duluth, Minnesota use to provision themselves

Using data from a survey of residents living in a United States Department of Agriculture defined food desert in Duluth, Minnesota, this article examines the diverse ways that people living in a neighborhood without a grocery store feed themselves. We found that there is no singular experience of living in a food desert. Many neighborhood residents were highly mobile and shopped at a wide variety of local grocery stores, and a small group of neighborhood residents without cars relied on public transit, neighborhood convenience stores, and borrowing vehicles in order to provision themselves. These coping strategies were expensive and time-consuming, especially for the most vulnerable members of the community such as single parents and those without cars. We use the variety of experiences of people living in a food desert to propose interventions that would help improve food access in the community.
An Interview with Joseph Miller

Joseph Miller discusses his career as a librarian and editor of the Sears List. Topics include his education, work with the Sears List, as well as trends in cataloging, the future of cataloging, and the teaching of cataloging in library schools.
Background Problems in Fluorometric Dye Measurement in Natural Water

Recent evidence points to a reduced effectiveness in dye tracer techniques in certain areas of the Chesapeake Bay system due to spacial and temporal variations in background fluorescence. The problem arises from one or both of two sources: scattering of the primary light in the fluorometer, or the fluorescence of naturally occurring pigments in the water. This background variation corresponds to an equivalent dye concentration of 0.01 ppb for low activity up to 0.30 ppb for high activity. Results of experiments which provide evidence as to the nature of the material causing the variations in background are described. Several possible solutions to the problem are presented.
Local–global overlap in diversity informs mechanisms of bacterial biogeography

Spatial variation in environmental conditions and barriers to organism movement are thought to be important factors for generating endemic species, thus enhancing global diversity. Recent microbial ecology research suggested that the entire diversity of bacteria in the global oceans could be recovered at a single site, thus inferring a lack of bacterial endemism. We argue this is not the case in the global ocean, but might be in other bacterial ecosystems with higher dispersal rates and lower global diversity, like the human gut. We quantified the degree to which local and global bacterial diversity overlap in a diverse set of ecosystems. Upon comparison of observed local–global diversity overlap with predictions from a neutral biogeography model, human-associated microbiomes (gut, skin, mouth) behaved much closer to neutral expectations whereas soil, lake and marine communities deviated strongly from the neutral expectations. This is likely a result of differences in dispersal rate among ‘patches’, global diversity of these systems, and local densities of bacterial cells. It appears that overlap of local and global bacterial diversity is surprisingly large (but likely not one-hundred percent), and most importantly this overlap appears to be predictable based upon traditional biogeographic parameters like community size, global diversity, inter-patch environmental heterogeneity and patch connectivity.
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and risk of ovarian cancer in Caucasian and African American women

Abstract Objective Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been shown in some studies to be associated with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in Caucasian women. There are no published reports among African Americans. Methods Case–control data from the North Carolina Ovarian Cancer Study were analyzed using logistic regression to determine the association between seven VDR polymorphisms and EOC in both Caucasians (513 cases, 532 controls) and African Americans (74 cases, 79 controls). In a larger sample of African–Americans (125 cases, 155 controls), we assessed associations between six SNPs in proximity of rs7975232. Results African American women who carried at least one minor allele of rs7975232 were at higher risk for invasive EOC controlling for age and admixture with an odds ratio (OR) for association under the log-additive model of 2.08 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.19, 3.63, p=0.010). No association was observed between any of the VDR variants and EOC among Caucasians. A larger sample of African Americans revealed a nearly two-fold increased risk of invasive EOC associated with rs7305032, a SNP in proximity to rs7975232 (R 2 =0.369) with a log-additive OR of 1.87 (95% CI=1.20, 2.93, p=0.006). Conclusions This is the first report showing VDR variants associated with ovarian cancer risk in African American women. A larger study of African American women is needed to confirm these findings. These results imply that vitamin D exposure is a possible modifiable risk factor of ovarian cancer among African Americans.
An inter-battery method of factor analysis

The inter-battery method of factor analysis was devised to provide information relevant to the stability of factors over different selections of tests. Two batteries of tests, postulated to depend on the same common factors, but not parallel tests, are given to one sample of individuals. Factors are determined from the correlation of the tests in one battery with the tests in the other battery. These factors are only those that are common to the two batteries. No communality estimates are required. A statistical test is provided for judging the minimum number of factors involved. Rotation of axes is carried out independently for the two batteries. A final step provides the correlation between factors determined by scores on the tests in the two batteries. The correlations between corresponding factors are taken as factor reliability coefficients.
Comparison of disaturated phosphatidylcholine and fetal lung maturity surfactant/albumin ratio in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies.

We studied fetal lung maturity (FLM) by the amniotic fluid surfactant/albumin (FLM S/A) ratio and the disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) amniotic fluid levels at different gestational ages in diabetic (179 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus antedating pregnancy; infants delivered within 72 hours after amniotic fluid testing for DSPC level and FLM S/A ratio) and nondiabetic pregnancies (2 independent nondiabetic groups, 300 for FLM S/A ratio and 1,231 for DSPC level). The degree of maternal glycemia during gestation was estimated by serial measurements of hemoglobin A 1 . Multiple regression analyses, including gestational age (GAs) and diabetic status as independent variables and FLM S/A ratio and DSPC level as dependent variables, revealed significant effect from diabetic status and GA for FLM S/A ratio and a significant effect from GA but not from diabetic status for DSPC level. Glucose levels were controlled adequately throughout gestation as reflected by mean total glycated hemoglobin levels. Amniotic fluid levels of DSPC, the major surface tension–lowering component of pulmonary surfactant, are not significantly different between diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies at different GAs.
Neonatal novelty exposure ameliorates anoxia-induced hyperactivity in the open field.

We investigated in an animal model of neonatal anoxia whether effects of oxygen deprivation on emotional reactivity can be reversed by neonatal novelty exposure, a behavioral method, involving daily 3 min away from the home cage for the first 3 weeks of life. Male neonates were exposed to either 100% N2 gas (Anoxia) or room air (Control) for 25 min on postnatal day 1. Within each of the two treatment conditions, one-half of the neonates were further individually exposed to relatively novel non-home cages for 3 min daily during postnatal days 2–21 (Novel: NAnoxia = 20; NControl = 16), while the other half remained in the home cage (Home: NAnoxia = 19; NControl = 19). Emotional reactivity to an open field was evaluated on postnatal day 25 during four 20-s trials. Among home rats, temporal patterns of open-field activity across multiple trials and initial-trial activity significantly differed between the Anoxia and Control rats. In contrast, these differences were eliminated among the Novel rats. These results show that neonatal novelty exposure, an early-stimulation method that has recently been shown to enhance spatial and social memory, adaptive control of stress response, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, can also eliminate neonatal anoxia-induced changes in emotional reactivity. These findings suggest that brief and repeated, but mild, changes in the postnatal environment may serve to counteract some of the aversive effects induced by neonatal trauma associated with oxygen deprivation.
Investigation of filter sets for supervised pixel classification of cephalometric landmarks by spatial spectroscopy.

Abstract The diagnostic process of orthodontics requires the analysis of a cephalometric radiograph. Image landmarks on this two-dimensional lateral projection image of the patient's head are manually identified and spatial relationships are evaluated. This method is very time consuming. A reliable method for automatic computer landmark identification does not exist. Spatial Spectroscopy is a proposed method of automatic landmark identification on cephalometric radiographs, that decomposes an image by convolving it with a set of filters followed by a statistical decision process. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and test appropriate filter sets for the application of Spatial Spectroscopy for automatic identification of cephalometric radiographic landmarks. This study evaluated two different filter sets with 15 landmarks on fourteen images. Spatial Spectroscopy was able to consistently locate landmarks on all 14 cephalometric radiographs tested. The mean landmark identification error of 0.841±1.253 pixels for a Multiscale Derivative filter set and 0.912±1.364 pixels for an Offset Gaussian filter set was not significantly different. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between identification of individual landmarks for the Multiscale Derivative and the Offset Gaussian filter set ( P >0.05). These results suggest that Spatial Spectroscopy may be useful in landmark identification tasks.
Experimental synthesis of phase-diffusing optical fields

Techniques are described for synthesizing a statistically well-characterized radio-frequency noise spectrum and imposing this noise spectrum on a well-stabilized laser beam by means of extracavity phase and frequency modulation. The basis of the noise spectrum is the Gaussian noise-voltage spectrum derived from shot noise. The Gaussian property is carefully preserved at every step, ensuring that correlation functions to all orders can be represented in terms of the lowest-order correlation function, which, in turn, is the Fourier transform of the power spectrum, according to the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. The power spectrum can be measured and controlled, in a range that has Lorentzian and Gaussian forms as limiting cases, by controlling the bandwidth and amplitude of the noise voltage at the source. The objective of this methodology is the definitive experimental study of nonlinear-optical absorption processes, all such processes requiring knowledge of higher-order correlation functions for complete definition.
Combined adverse effect of African American race and deep stromal invasion on survival following radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer

Objective The objective of the study was to explore the effect of African American race on survival following radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Study Design We reviewed all cases of stage IA-IIA cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy at our institution (1987-2001). Characteristics between races were compared using Mann Whitney U and χ 2 tests. Hazard ratios (HR) of survival were calculated using Cox regression. Results We identified 134 Caucasian and 66 African American patients. There was a trend toward worse survival among African Americans (81.8% vs 88.8%, P = .165). An interaction effect between race and depth of stromal invasion was observed ( P = .005), and the combination of African American race and deep stromal invasion had a powerful, independent effect on survival (HR of death 7.04 [95% confidence interval 2.48 to 19.94]). Conclusion The combination of African American race and deep stromal invasion has an adverse effect on survival following radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer and may warrant use of adjuvant therapy.
Benthic "weather" current meter array

An array of deep ocean current meters capable of resolving Reynolds stress, deployed on 10 km grid spacing over an area 100 km/spl times/100 km, can resolve benthic storms responsible for eroding and transporting sediment. The requirement for such an array is that the current meters be inexpensive yet capable of obtaining stress measurements. A design for both instrument and array must include power, logging, and noise considerations; recovery of instruments and/or data; and economics and logistics of deployment. A version of the Modular Acoustic Velocity Sensor, MAVS, is to be adapted to this task.
Large deviations for coding Markov chains and Gibbs random fields

Fixed block coding schemes for Gibbs random fields are proposed in which the empirical expectations of the local interactions of the Gibbs measure is compared to its expectation with respect to all Gibbs measures having those interactions. The exponential decay of the error probabilities is proven and it is shown that the code rates equal the entropy of the random field. In addition, it is shown that any coding scheme based on regarding the field as a 1-D sequence of symbols has rate greater than the entropy of the field. The theory of fixed length coding is approached from the point of view of large deviations, both for the calculation of the error exponents or error probabilities and for the calculation of the encoding rates or the asymptotic combinatorics of the coding schemes. This approach is also applied to fixed length coding schemes of Markov sources for which estimates on the error exponents and on the rates are derived. >