cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GSK-3 modulates cellular responses to a broad spectrum of kinase inhibitors

A fundamental challenge in treating disease is identifying molecular states that affect cellular responses to drugs. Here, we focus on glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), a key regulator for many of the hallmark behaviors of cancer cells. We alter GSK-3 activity in colon epithelial cells to test its role in modulating drug response. We find that GSK-3 activity broadly affects the cellular sensitivities to a panel of oncology drugs and kinase inhibitors. Specifically, inhibition of GSK-3 activity can strongly desensitize or sensitize cells to kinase inhibitors (for example, mTOR or PLK1 inhibitors, respectively). Additionally, colorectal cancer cell lines, in which GSK-3 function is commonly suppressed, are resistant to mTOR inhibitors and yet highly sensitive to PLK1 inhibitors, and this is further exacerbated by additional GSK-3 inhibition. Finally, by conducting a kinome-wide RNAi screen, we find that GSK-3 modulates the cell proliferative phenotype of a large fraction (∼35%) of the kinome, which includes ∼50% of current, clinically relevant kinase-targeted drugs. Our results highlight an underappreciated interplay of GSK-3 with therapeutically important kinases and suggest strategies for identifying disease-specific molecular profiles that can guide optimal selection of drug treatment.
On the mechanism of Newcastle disease virus neutralization by immune serum

Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is shown to be neutralized by immune serum in an exponential manner, which implies that only one antibody molecule is required for inactivation of an infectious particle. A very small fraction of the neutralized particles can be reactivated upon dilution of the serum virus mixture. Experiments using virus labeled with radioactive phosphorus indicate that while a single antibody molecule can inactivate the virus as far as its ability to produce infective progeny is concerned, the attachment of several such molecules is required to prevent adsorption of the virus to the host cell. However, those inactivated particles which successfully adsorb can be removed with receptor destroying enzyme. It is suggested that the basic mechanism of neutralization is to prevent penetration of the host cell. The implications of this work for the first steps of infection by active virus are discussed.
The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248

Abstract A Bk 247 sample was prepared by intensive helium ion bombardment of a curium sample containing Cm 246 . The alpha half-life was determined by a mass-spectrometric isotopic dilution method, using Bk 249 as the diluent. The value obtained was 1380±250 y, considerably shorter than previous estimates. The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk 248 with a half-life greater than 9 y. No growth of Cf 248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β − half-life can be set at about 10 4 y. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 y.
Reverse-engineering transcription control networks

Microarray technologies, which enable the simultaneous measurement of all RNA transcripts in a cell, have spawned the development of algorithms for reverse-engineering transcription control networks. In this article, we classify the algorithms into two general strategies: physical modeling and influence modeling. We discuss the biological and computational principles underlying each strategy, and provide leading examples of each. We also discuss the practical considerations for developing and applying the various methods.
A direct microscopic ratio-method using polystyrene beads to determine microbial numbers in soil

Abstract A counting procedure, using polystyrene beads as ratio particles, was evaluated for determining microbial numbers in soil. Smears prepared from various dilutions of soil were stained with rose bengal. As many as 500 random fields were observed and counted per smear. Consistent estimates of microbial numbers were obtained by counting 20 fields per smear. Bead-ratio and agar-film counting procedures provide similar estimates of microbial numbers in soil. Bead-ratio estimates of soil micro-organisms were 2–35 times greater than numbers obtained by plate counts. Microbial size was estimated in conjunction with bead-ratio counts and microbial biomass calculated. Consistent microbial biomass estimates required counting 45–50 fields per smear. Microbial biomass estimates are comparable to those reported by other investigators. The bead-ratio procedure is a simple, rapid and inexpensive approach to obtain estimates of microbial numbers and biomass in soil.
A comparison of arthropod abundance and arthropod mediated predation services in urban green spaces

The need to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban landscapes is widely recognised, yet specific planning and design strategies that promote conservation in urban areas are limited. Little is known about the abil- ity of different types of urban green spaces to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. 2. In this study, we compared the abundance of beneficial arthropods (preda- tors and bees) and measured predation services in two different types of green space, areas of turf and prairies. Beneficial arthropods and predation services were measured three times during the 2011 field season in six Chicago (IL, USA) parks that contained both turf and prairie. 3. Using a repeated measures analysis, we found bee abundance was signifi- cantly higher in the prairie compared to turf by August, and predator abun- dance was higher in the prairie throughout the summer. While predation services were not significantly different between the turf and prairie in June, predation steadily increased in the prairie over the course of the summer with significantly higher rates of predation by August. 4. Of the predators measured, spiders were positively correlated with prairie habitat and negatively correlated with the survival of pest insects. 5. We found turf and prairie differentially supported beneficial arthropod abundance and ecosystem services, suggesting the type of green space incorpo- rated into urban areas may be an integral component to expanding the conser- vation potential of urban landscapes.
Envisioning Ethical Nanotechnology: The Rhetorical Role of Visions in Postponing Societal and Ethical Implications Research

Visions of the future are often used to promote new technologies, including nanotechnology. They are also used in discussions of the social and ethical issues (SEI) of nanotechnology, yet their roles in these discussions are unclear. These roles, however, are important because stakeholders and government funding agencies rely on the discourses in which visions appear to understand what SEI are and how they should be addressed. Rhetorical analysis of three common future visions found in arguments supporting US funding of nanotechnology SEI research in a 2003 US House of Representatives hearing shows how anticipations are used to help constitute discussions about SEI research and programs. The effects of the deployment of these visions are to emphasize postponement of SEI research, frame a vague role for SEI dependent on technological development, and contribute to a vision of a vaguely defined, yet ethical future nanotechnology that helps halt concerns about nanotechnology while also directing attention aw...
FN18-CRM9 immunotoxin promotes tolerance in primate renal allografts.

Background Transplant tolerance, rather than immunity, may be favored in the setting of a lower mature lymphoid mass in the recipient induced by anti-T cell agents. A novel immunosuppressive agent, FN18-CRM9, known to specifically kill T cells with great potency, was evaluated in a transplant model. Methods In order to ablate recipient T cells, the immunotoxin FN18-CRM9 was administered to rhesus monkey recipients of MHC-mismatched renal allografts. Donor lymphocytes were injected intrathymically into some animals. Results All monkeys with T-cell depletion by immunotoxin had prolonged allograft survival, and tolerance confirmed by skin grafting has been confirmed in five of six long-surviving recipients. Conclusions In this clinically relevant model, profound but transient T-cell depletion by a single agent substantially promotes tolerance.
A rule-based system for automatic seismic discrimination

Abstract This paper proposes a rule-based system for automatic seismic discrimination, i.e. classification of earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions. It incorporates rule-based deduction, pattern recognition and signal processing for an effective identification. The seismological knowledge and heuristics are represented by a set of production rules. Facts and assertions of the production rules are derived from seismic signals using signal processing and pattern recognition methods. Due to the uncertainty nature of this problem there are certainly factors associated with both antecedents and the rules. The control strategy is data-driven, i.e. forward-chaining for better efficiency. This approach can be applied to other signal and image interpretation problems.
PM-14A PIGGYBAC TOOLKIT FOR RAPID TESTING OF PUTATIVE PEDIATRIC GBM DRIVER GENES WITH EXTENSIONS FOR INVESTIGATING CELLS OF RECURRENCE

We have created a novel method for studying glioma initiation, progression, and recurrence with in vivo-postnatal electroporation combined with piggyBac transposition. Electroporation allows for rapid addition of transgenes, simply by the inclusion of plasmid DNA in the initial injection. Thus, we have created a toolkit for interrogating the resulting tumor cells in vivo. Specifically, we have created piggyBac plasmids expressing a spectrum of transgenes or elements for modeling recently discovered and previously identified pediatric driver mutations, including H3.3, Atrx, Trp53, Nf1, and Pdgfra . Here we detail the use of these elements with additional transgenes for non-invasive imaging and inducible cell ablation. Further, we are investigating the use of novel methods for genetically labeling quiescent and recurrent cells, including inducible and reversible transgenic systems. Here we discuss these methodologies and their use in the context of our novel pediatric glioma models with a focus on emergent properties from different driver gene combinations.
A UbcH5/Ubiquitin Noncovalent Complex Is Required for Processive BRCA1-Directed Ubiquitination

Protein ubiquitination is a powerful regulatory modification that influences nearly every aspect of eukaryotic cell biology. The general pathway for ubiquitin (Ub) modification requires the sequential activities of a Ub-activating enzyme (E1), a Ub transfer enzyme (E2), and a Ub ligase (E3). The E2 must recognize both the E1 and a cognate E3 in addition to carrying activated Ub. These central functions are performed by a topologically conserved alpha/beta-fold core domain of approximately 150 residues shared by all E2s. However, as presented herein, the UbcH5 family of E2s can also bind Ub noncovalently on a surface well removed from the E2 active site. We present the solution structure of the UbcH5c/Ub noncovalent complex and demonstrate that this noncovalent interaction permits self-assembly of activated UbcH5c approximately Ub molecules. Self-assembly has profound consequences for the processive formation of polyubiquitin (poly-Ub) chains in ubiquitination reactions directed by the breast and ovarian cancer tumor susceptibility protein BRCA1.
THE ROLE OF SELF-CONSTRUAL ON PREFERRED COMMUNICATION STYLES WITH HUMANOID ROBOTS

Research on human–human communication has identified that people apply different constraints in communication with each other. Application of such constraints as social concerns over feeling, imposition, and disapproval and task concerns over clarity and effectiveness has also been found to be influenced by people's self-construal, being independent or interdependent. Do these constraints and individual difference in self-construal matter in communication with humanoid robots? This study uses the theoretical framework of communication constraints to compare whether or not people of different self-construals apply social-oriented and task-oriented constraints differently to humanoid social robot targets. A total of 161 students from the University of Hawaii at Manoa participated in the study. The participants completed a questionnaire that determined their concern for the five communication constraints (feelings, nonimposition, disapproval, clarity, and effectiveness) in situations involving robots, as well as scales measuring self-construal. The results show interdependent self-construal related significantly with the concerns over avoiding hurting the humanoid's feelings, avoiding inconveniencing the humanoid robot, and avoiding being disliked by the humanoid robot. On the other hand, independent self-construal related significantly with the concern over clarity in communicating with the humanoid robot. However, self-construal did not influence one's concern of effectiveness (a task-oriented constraint) in interaction with humanoid robots. The results of the research offer new insight into the linkage between self-construal, a cultural concept at the individual level, and how human–robot communication is psychologically structured and constrained.
Computer Modeling of Gas Composition and Color Development of Tomatoes Stored in Polymeric Film

A computer model was developed to predict changes in the gaseous environment (O2 and CO2 concentration) of ripening tomatoes packaged in polymeric bags for a long period of storage. The gas model was then combined with the color development model derived by the authors in a separate study to yield an integrated model. The integrated model was validated for two different weights of tomatoes at the “turning” color stage and stored in two types of films.
The microcosm: A new tool for reef research

A microcosm has been developed at the Smithsonian Institution which closely simulates the functions of the shallow water Caribbean coral reef. Physical and chemical parameters, as well as the structure of the biological community, are briefly described and compared to a natural reef. The possibilities of the microcosm as a tool angmenting in situ research are briefly discussed.
Bonds or not bonds? Pancake bonding in 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl and 1,2,3,5-diselenadiazolyl radical dimers and their derivatives

Unusually long bonds or short intermolecular contacts occur in the title compounds reminiscent of pancake bonding. Pancake bonding interactions seem analogous to π-stacking interactions, but they display much shorter contact distances than normally seen in van der Waals (vdW) dimers. The interpretation of these SN and SeN containing structures has been an outstanding challenge for some time. The antibonding (π*) singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the radical is the source of two-electron multicenter bonding (2e/mc). Preferred conformations thus can be traced back to SOMO–SOMO overlap. We used several computational methods to understand the nature of pancake bonding in the title compounds including four wave function methods (WFT) and a dozen density functional theories (DFT) including empirical dispersion corrections. We used experimental data and high level CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) and MRPT2/6-311++G(d,p) calculations for comparison. The analysis provided the interpretation a wealth of experimental data including conformational preferences of these SN and SeN containing radical dimers leading to a better overall understanding of pancake bonding. Analysis of the various components of the inter-radical interactions showed that SOMO–SOMO bonding interaction and dispersion interaction contribute to the binding energy and neither of these interactions alone is sufficient to bind the dimer. The dimer is predicted to show weak diradical character.
0.18-μm gate length CMOS devices with N+ polycide gate for 2.5-V application

Single N+ polycide gate CMOS process has been scaled to the sub-0.2 micrometer gate-length regime. Estimated worst-case hot-carrier effect was 7% degradation in N-IDSAT for 10 years of continuous operation at 2.8 V. Being a buried channel device, P-MOSFETs presents a trade-off between VT adjustment and CD margin. It was manifested by the gate-to-drain overlap which increases as VT becomes less negative with more channel implant doses. We found that the relationship between gate-to- drain overlap and PMOS VT was almost independent of the n-well doping and source/drain junction depth. This indicates that the buried channel of P-MOSFETs acts as an extension to the source/drain. For VT equals 0.5 V, gate-to-drain overlap was 0.04 micrometer, and the n-well doping was twice of p-well doping for the same gate length, in order to account for the shorter effective channel length.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on the presentation and outcomes of Fournier's gangrene.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate, in a population of patients with very high risk of diabetes, the natural history of Fournier’s gangrene (FG) and to characterize the differences in presentation and outcome. Methods Patients with FG were identified during a 6-year period at two tertiary care institutions in San Antonio, Texas. The impact of diabetes on presentation and outcome were evaluated and compared with previous series. Results We identified 26 patients with FG, of whom 20 (76.9%) had diabetes. Diabetes was the most common risk factor identified and was associated with a younger age. The average hospital stay was not affected by the diagnosis of diabetes. Of 26 patients treated for FG, 3 (11%) died, 1 of whom had diabetes. Although the extent of debridement required was greater among diabetics, the average number of debridements required was not increased (2.55 in diabetic and 2.4 in nondiabetic patients). Conclusions Although diabetes is a risk factor for FG, the outcome is not affected by this diagnosis.
UTILITY OF CELLS EXFOLIATED ONTO THE ESOPHAGOSCOPE AS AN AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA.

A study has been made of the value of esophagoscope wash, a method of collecting exfoliated cells for the diagnosis of esophageal malignancy. Material for cytologic analysis is washed directly from the distal internal and external surfaces of the esophagoscope immediately after completion of esophagoscopy performed in the usual fashion. Esophagoscope wash is of definite value in the diagnosis of esophageal lesions. Fourteen of 21 neoplastic lesions of the esophagus were correctly diagnosed cytologically by this method. Positive cytologic diagnoses have been obtained when X-ray and endoscopy were equivocal, and when esophagoscopic biopsy yielded only benign tissue. A positive esophagoscope wash obviates the need for further cytologic study. Esophagoscope wash yields material which is inferior in many respects to that obtained by conventional esophageal lavage. However, the method consumes less time than esophageal lavage by Levin tube and can be performed concurrently with esophagoscopy. It enhances the diagnostic value of the endoscopic examination.
EXPLORATIONS IN MACRO COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR: THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL FEEDBACK ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS [1]

Organizational feedback is identified as an attribute of organizations and as a form of macroscopic communication behaviour. Previous organizational theory is used to generate propositions linking organizational feedback (horizontal and vertical) to organizational effectiveness in order to evaluate the construct validity of feedback. Reliable measures of feedback are devised and the posited relationships are empirically examined using federated nonprofit organizations. Horizontal feedback is observed to be positively related to three forms of organizational effectiveness (goal attainment, superordinate approval and lateral approval). Vertical feedback is found to be positively related only to goal attainment. Organizational feedback is concluded to be a viable concept worthy of further investigation and additional research on communication as a property of organizational collectivities is recommended.
Towards single-spot multianalyte molecular beacon biosensors

Abstract The separate developments of microarray patterning of DNA oligonucleotides, and of DNA hairpins as sensitive probes for oligonucleotide identification in solution, have had a tremendous impact on basic biological research and clinical applications. Herein, we will discuss several successful efforts to develop oligonucleotide sensors based on the surface immobilization of functionalized DNA hairpins. We also will discuss the development of prototypical single-spot multianalyte “Molecular Beacon” biosensors. Importantly, we show that organic fluorophores will likely be inadequate in moving this technology forward and new approaches, such as the use of nanotechnology, will be needed.
Recent Trends In State Nursing Home Payment Policies

ABSTRACT: State Medicaid programs pay for a sizable portion of overall nursing home expenditures. The repeal of the Boren amendment in 1997 gave states greater freedom to set Medicaid nursing home ...
The Forgotten Indwelling Ureteral Stent: A Urological Dilemma

AbstractUreteral stents are an integral part of urological practice. However, stents that migrate, fragment or are forgotten pose a management and legal dilemma. Our series consists of 31 patients, 22 with forgotten stents that were left indwelling for more than 6 months (mean 22.7) and 9 migrated stents. Of the forgotten stents 15 (68 percent) were calcified, 10 (45 percent) were fragmented, and 3 (14 percent) were calcified and fragmented. Procedures to render the patient stent-free were ureteroscopy in 16 (52 percent), percutaneous nephroscopy in 8 (26 percent), cystoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 6 (19 percent), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in 10 (32 percent), open cysto-litholapaxy in 1 (3 percent) and simple nephrectomy in 1 (3 percent). Multiple procedures were required in 6 patients (19 percent). Management of such complicated ureteral stents requires a multimodal therapeutic approach incorporating the latest in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endourological techniques. ...
Investigation of the altered layer on ancient Chinese bronze mirrors and model high-tin bronzes

Many ancient Chinese bronze mirrors have a smooth patina. An ingress of corrosion to a depth of approximately 100 {mu}m is found beneath the patina. The corrosion selectively replaces the Cu-rich {alpha} phase leaving the Sn-rich {delta} phase intact. Previous work by x-ray diffraction has shown that the {alpha}-phase replacement product is poorly crystallized or nanocrystalline SnO{sub 2}. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to further characterize the replacement product in both ancient mirror and replication samples. Nanocrystalline SnO{sub 2} in the form of small spheroids has been found. Remnants of an original alloy phase appear to be interspersed with the tin oxide.
Fingernail image registration using Active Appearance Models

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of registering fingernail images using Active Appearance Models (AAM). A shape model is formed using two contours, one to trace the edge of the fingernail and a second to outline the edge of the finger. This model is used to create an AAM, which is then used to register several hundred images. Using the images and associated force measurements, three different models relating pixel intensity to finger contact force are formed. This process is repeated for eight subjects. These image-force models could then be used to measure the finger contact force without obstructing the haptic sense or instrumenting the object being touched, allowing for more natural interaction between human and robot. Two of the models are found to predict force with an RMS error of 0.3N normal force (4% of the full range) and 0.23N shear force (3% of the full range). These two models are also shown to be nearly independent of image resolution, with no significant difference in the results for resolutions between 10-by-10 and 50-by-50. The simpler of the two models relies on the Texture Parameters generated by the AAM. Since these parameters are already calculated as part of the registration process, this removes an additional calculation step and could lead to improved real-time processing.
Response Characteristics Of Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzers: Optical Sample Volume Extent And Lens Effects

The response characteristics of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments were studied theoretically and experimentally. In particular, the extent of optical sample volume and the effects of receiving lens properties were investigated in detail. The experimental work was performed with a particle size analyzer using a calibration reticle containing a two-dimensional array of opaque circular disks on a glass substrate. The calibration slide simulated the forward-scattering characteristics of a Rosin-Rammler droplet size distribution. The reticle was analyzed with collection lenses of 63 mm, 100 mm, and 300 mm focal lengths using scattering inversion software that determined best-fit Rosin-Rammler size distribution parameters. The data differed from the predicted response for the reticle by about 10 percent. A set of calibration factor for the detector elements was determined that corrected for the nonideal response of the instrument. The response of the instrument was also measured as a function of reticle position, and the results confirmed a theoretical optical sample volume model presented here.
Double or nothing on cancer immunotherapy.

Engineered T cells expressing two receptors distinguish malignant cells from healthy cells even in the absence of a tumor-specific antigen.
Conversion of Androgen to Estrogen and Other Steroids in the Vertebrate Brain

Aromatase activity has been detected in the central nervous system (CNS) of representatives of each major vertebrate group with the exception of the Agnatha. 5a-reductase and 17/3-oxidoreductase are also present in brain tissues of many vertebrates and in the cerebral ganglion of the lobster. These comparative studies together with autoradiographic, physiological, and behavioral data in mammals and selected nonmammalian species support the view that metabolism in situ is an important component of androgen action and a general characteristic of the vertebrate brain.
Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition and shell microstructure of the bivalve Laternula elliptica from Antarctica

Oxygen and carbon isotopic measurements were obtained from microsamples of an adult Laternula elliptica, an infaunal, aragonitic, Antarctic bivalve. The δ 18 O values of samples from the exterior surface are, on average (∼ 4.5‰), similar to calculated values inferred to represent precipitation in equilibrium with ambient environmental conditions. This indicates that bulk samples as well as many microsamples from the exterior surface would provide reliable isotopic estimates of paleotemperatures and paleosalinities. Nevertheless, both oxygen and carbon isotopic values from discrete shell areas may be influenced by vital effects
470 THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) ADMINISTRATION TO PREGNANT WOMEN STIMULATES FETAL T 3 PRODUCTION

470 THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) ADMINISTRATION TO PREGNANT WOMEN STIMULATES FETAL T 3 PRODUCTION
STEREOSPECIFIC NUCLEOPHILIC TRAPPING OF ENCOUNTER COMPLEXES BETWEEN PHOTOEXCITED 1-CYANONAPHTHALENE AND NORBORNADIENE

Photo-induced electron donor–acceptor reactions between 1-cyanonaphthalene (CNN) and norbornadiene (N) generate products of several structure types. Methanol adducts (1–3) formed in polar solvents are rationalized via the radical cation, N+·, and stereospecific (exo-) nucleophilic attack by methanol. In less polar solvents, CNN and N form [2 + 2]-cycloadducts, exclusively on the exo-face of N. In non-polar solvents containing methanol, CNN, N and methanol combine to form 1:1:1 adducts, containing the sensitizer on the endo- and the methoxy groups on the exo-face. The formation of these products is rationalized via the trapping of encounter complexes of different geometries. Any rearrangement of the norbornenyl system can be eliminated, since neither tricyclyl nor 7-methoxynorbornenyl structures are formed. Apparently, the alcohol captures an endo-encounter complex of CNN and N by attack from the exo-face, similar to the attack of methanol on N+·. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of refractive indices of Mie scatterers from Kramers–Kronig analysis of spectral extinction data

Kramers–Kronig relations for semiconducting particles are established for a set of functions related to the scattering amplitude function in the forward direction. It is shown that some of these relationships allow subtractive Kramers–Kronig relations to be formed that are independent of any material constants. As a consequence, the refractive-index spectra can be determined without requiring the value of the index to be known at any frequency a priori. The approach is to use the optical theorem to establish the spectrum of one part of a complex function from the measured data. Its Kramers–Kronig counterpart is then computed, thereby establishing the values of two functions at each frequency. Since the dependence of each of the functions on the refractive index is known from the Mie theory, the real and imaginary parts of the index are then determined by simultaneous solution of the two functions at each frequency. Calculations are presented based on simulated data for combustion-generated hydrocarbon soot particles, and the influence of various types of experimental error on data inversion is investigated.
Prevention of Intraoperative Extensor Mechanism Injury in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Avoiding intraoperative injuries to the extensor mechanism during total knee arthroplasty is paramount to obtaining good clinical outcomes. Knowledge of the anatomy and blood supply of the extensor mechanism, in addition to identification of risk factors to sustain these injuries, provides the basic principles to prevent them. A summary of different techniques to prevent injuries of each anatomical component of the extensor mechanism during total knee arthroplasty is provided.
A nonparametric allocation scheme for classification based on transvariation probabilities

In this paper, a nonparametric discriminant analysis procedure that is less sensitive than traditional procedures to deviations from the usual assumptions is proposed. The procedure uses the projection pursuit methodology where the projection index is the two-group transvariation probability. Montanari [A. Montanari, Linear discriminant analysis and transvariation, J. Classification 21 (2004), pp. 71–88] proposed and used this projection index to measure group separation but allocated the new observation using distances. Our procedure employs a method of allocation based on group–group transvariation probability to classify the new observation. A simulation study shows that the procedure proposed in this paper provides lower misclassification error rates than classical procedures like linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis and recent procedures like maximum depth and Montanari's transvariation-based classifiers, when the underlying distributions are skewed and/or the prior probab...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Carbon Nanotube Interactions in Water/Surfactant Systems

The properties of nanocomposite materials depend on the dispersion of the nanoparticles/ nanofibers within the matrix. The addition of surfactants and varied processing techniques are used to increase the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the final composite. A method for the quantitative prediction of the interactions between nanoparticles in solution would aid in the design of processing schedules. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used to compute for the potential of mean force as a function of the distance and orientation between a pair of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water. An adaptive biasing force method is used to speed up the calculations. Simulation results show that CNT orientation and the addition of surfactant can significantly affect CNT interactions and inturn dispersion.
Combinations of Biomechanical Metrics Involving Single and Multi Level Lumbar Posterior Dynamic Spinal Treatments

The subtle effects of motion preservation devices are comparatively more difficult to detect based wholly on the range of motion (RoM) parameter, despite the historical success in characterizing fixation devices. Additional approaches such as descriptive facet techniques, i.e., facet translations analysis, and newly defined metrics, i.e., interpedicular displacement (ID) must first be established, verified and standardized. Ideally, more complete biomechanical parameters would facilitate clinical understanding of specific new devices. The recent focus in our lab has been to measure the RoM in conjunction with other parameters, including ID, to more completely characterize a lumbar spine treated with a posterior dynamic systems (PDS). Furthermore, understanding the construct and which components dominate overall tissue response is important for PDS systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effects of foaming variables on density and morphology of expanded ethylene–propylene terpolymers

An experimental study of the relationships between foaming variables and foamed structures of expanded ethylene–propylene terpolymer (EPDM) is reported. The study was carried out using EPDM composition containing azobisformamide blowing agent. The compositions were expanded and cured in hot air into a foamed structure consisting of dense skin and foamed core. The results showed that the foam density, skin thickness, average cell size, and number of cells of the expanded rubbers can be controlled closely by the foaming variables such as residence time, foaming temperature, and blowing agent concentration.
Role of residues 143 and 278 of the human nuclear Vitamin D receptor in the full-length and Δ165-215 deletion mutant☆

Abstract Most of the actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] are mediated by binding to the Vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR). The crystal structure of a deletion mutant (Δ165-215) of the VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD) bound to 1,25(OH)2D3 indicates that amino acid residues tyrosine-143 and serine-278 form hydrogen bonding interactions with the 3-hydroxyl group of 1,25(OH)2D3. Studies of VDR and three mutants (Y143F, S278A, and Y143F/S278A) did not indicate any differences in the binding affinity between the variant receptors and the wild-type receptor. This might indicate that the 3-hydroxyl group binds differently to the full-length VDR than the to deletion mutant. To further investigate, four deletion VDR mutants were constructed: VDRΔ165-215, VDRΔ165-215 (Y143F), VDRΔ165-215 (S278A), VDRΔ165-215 (Y143F/S278A). There were no significant differences in binding affinity between the wild-type receptor and the deletion mutants except for VDRΔ165-215 (Y143F/S278A). In gene activation assays, VDR constructs with the single mutation Y143F and the double mutation Y143F/S278A, but not the single mutation S278A required higher doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 for half-maximal response. This suggests that there are some minor structural and functional differences between the wild-type VDR and the Δ165-215 deletion mutant and that Y143 residue is more important for receptor function than residue S278.
An analysis of sources of competitiveness and performance of Chinese manufacturers

An exploratory model of competence and performance is presented and tested in the study. Competence in marketing, product innovation, manufacturing, and human resource development across a list of 42 items have been analyzed. Marketing competence was ranked high by Chinese managers. Elements contributed to manufacturing competence regarding process reengineering have not been emphasized as much by Chinese managers. Human resource competence, on the other hand, has been found to be significantly correlated with performance. The results clearly show a trend moving from the state‐planned economy to the market economy.
Review: Functional dyspepsia:

Dyspepsia is a common term used for a heterogeneous group of abdominal symptoms. Functional dyspepsia (FD) is the focus of this review. The 2006 Rome III criteria defined FD and its subgroups, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). FD is a very common condition with a high prevalence throughout the world, adversely affecting the quality of life of patients. The pathophysiology of FD has been under investigation during the past two decades. Multiple mechanisms such as abnormal gastric emptying, visceral hypersensitivity, impaired gastric accommodation, and central nervous system factors are likely involved. Several tests are available for the assessment of various physiologic functions possibly involved in the pathogenesis of FD, and some of these could be used in clinical practice, helping to understand the abnormalities underlining patients’ complaints. Currently, the possibilities of pharmacological therapy for FD are still limited, however, experience of using prokinet...
Pressure‐induced crystalline‐to‐noncrystalline transformations of barium fluorozirconates: A probe of the medium range order of noncrystalline solids

The reversible pressure‐induced transformation of crystalline barium fluorozirconates to noncrystalline solids is reported. The transformation is observed by in situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy. Since the reported crystal‐to‐noncrystalline transformations occur reversibly, the medium range order (MRO) of the noncrystalline solid formed can be determined; there are very few experimental methods for determining the MRO of amorphous materials. Specifically, it is reported that crystalline β‐BaZr2F10 becomes noncrystalline at 35–45 kb, α‐BaZrF6 at 65–75 kb, and β‐BaZrF6 at 100–120 kb. The medium range order for the noncrystalline phases formed at high pressures is as follows: those formed from β‐BaZrF6 crystals consist of kinked chains of zirconium fluoride; noncrystalline materials formed from crystals of α‐BaZrF6 contain chains which are connected in many directions forming a ‘‘net’’ of zirconium fluoride polyhedra; and crystals of β‐BaZr2F10 form a solid composed of distorted layers of zirconium fluor...
Longitudinal neuropsychological report of aphasia following left-subcortical hemorrhage

Abstract The neuropsychological assessments of a patient with language disturbance following left thalamic-putaminal hemorrhage over a 2 1 2 - year period are presented together with premorbid measures of performance. Findings indicate that behavioral deficits which are both linguistic and nonlinguistic in nature differ from cortical aphasic syndromes in symptomatology and recovery course. The deficit pattern is also unlike that in other reported cases of left-subcortical lesions. Persistent dysarthria with fluent speech, limitation of verbal span and repetition, agraphia and anomia, and disturbances in self-regulation of behavior were noted, in addition to recovery of an initially severe auditory comprehension deficit. A distinguishing feature of this case was the relative preservation of reading comprehension in all four assessments.
The Complete Blood Count: Physiologic Basis and Clinical Usage

The complete blood count is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory tests in medicine. The components are the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell indices (including the mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width), reticulocyte count, white blood cell count and differential, and platelet count. To aid in understanding the multiple uses of the complete blood count, the article discusses the function, life cycle, and physiology of the various cell components. In addition, the characteristics of the various tests, including their strengths and limitations, are presented. This information can be helpful in difficult diagnoses and in monitoring treatments for hematologic disorders and other medical problems.
Localized Photoelectrochemical Measurements of Passive Films on Titanium

Using a focused laser and a digitally controlled x-y stage, localized photoelectrochemical measurements have been made on 100A thick passive films on polycrystalline titanium. The photocurrent dependence on potential is semiquantitatively explained by a model considering trap dominated electronic charge transport in the passive film. Variations in the measured electronic properties are observed which correlate with the underlying metal grain structure. The data suggest extremely high trap densities in the passivating film.
An application of game theory to shape e-tailing strategies

Game theory has been applied to a variety of retail business decisions (e.g., positioning of retail store brands, retail promotion, and retail channel management); however, few retailers have applied game theory for strategic decision-making. This study presents e-tailing issues (i.e., pricing strategy, privacy and security in e-commerce, and investment web-based channel) that can be approached with three well-known strategic games: 1) Prisoner's dilemma; 2) Tragedy of the common; 3) Boxed pigs. The main idea and the framework of this study are adopted from Mudambi's study, which applied game theory to retail issues in 1996. Since then, however, the retail landscape has changed dramatically and e-commerce has emerged to play an important role in the market. To this end, it is necessary to examine the e-commerce market using game theory. This study developed propositions that help e-tailers' strategic decisions that can be explained by different games.
Dynamic supersymmetries of differential equations with applications to nuclear spectroscopy

Dynamic supersymmetries of differential equations are defined. The case of a liquid drop with quadrupole deformation coupled to a particle with $j=3/2$ is shown as an example of a situation where the dynamic supersymmetry $OSp(5/4)$ may occur. A special solution, called $E(5/4)$, of interest in the spectroscopy of odd-even nuclei in the transitional region between spherical and gamma unstable is explicitly worked out.
Determining spatial variability in PM2.5 source impacts across Detroit, MI

Abstract Intra-urban variability in air pollution source impacts was investigated using receptor modeling of daily speciated PM2.5 measurements collected at residential outdoor locations across Detroit, MI (Wayne County) as part of the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) during summer and winter from 2004 to 2006. Six areas were selected for the residential monitoring in the DEARS to capture impacts from different sources including local industry, motor vehicles, and upwind regional sources. PM2.5 measurements were also collected at the Allen Park, MI Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) site for comparison with the residential outdoor sites. Sources impacting PM2.5 were quantified using the EPA Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB 8.2). Published source profiles were used as input to CMB along with a mixed industrial profile and a steel manufacturing profile obtained by applying the EPA Positive Matrix Factorization Model (PMF 4.0) to CSN data from a Midwestern U.S. site with industrial sources similar to Detroit. Major PM2.5 sources impacting the Allen Park and residential monitoring areas during DEARS included motor vehicles (24–36% by mass), secondary sulfate/coal combustion (17–35%), secondary nitrate (16–37%) and organic matter (17–21%). Road dust, steel manufacturing, and mixed industrial sources contributed less than 11% by mass. CMB source contribution estimates for Allen Park during the DEARS generally compared well to CMB estimates from the collocated year-long CSN measurements using the same source profiles. CMB source contributions during DEARS showed similar contributions across the residential monitoring areas for secondary sulfate/coal combustion and secondary nitrate consistent with regional impacts for these sources. Contributions from motor vehicles, steel manufacturing, and mixed industrial sources varied across the DEARS monitoring areas, indicating impacts from local sources within the Detroit airshed that may not be well characterized by the Allen Park monitoring location.
Microstructure, toughness and stress corrosion cracking behavior of aluminum alloy 2020

Abstract The effects of precipitation heat treatment on the microstructure, toughness and stress corrosion crack propagation resistance of aluminum alloy 2020 were investigated. Precipitation strengthening was found to be due to extensive coprecipitation of the ϑ′ (Al2Cu) and T1 (Al2CuLi) phases, confirming the results of several previous studies. Although some evidence of δ′ precipitation was also found, no significant contribution to strengthening was attributed to this phase. The fracture toughness was found to decrease markedly with aging to peak strength as a result of an increasing tendency toward strain localization by the concentration of deformation into intense planar bands and the concomitant decrease in strain-hardening capacity. The strength versus toughness relationship for several high strength underaged tempers of alloy 2020 was found to be superior to that for the peak strength temper and for standard tempers of other 2XXXX alloys not containing lithium. One underaged temper with a yield strength of 12% lower than the peak-aged temper had an 80% higher plane strain fracture toughness and a 300% higher crack propagation resistance. The toughness of overaged tempers was found to be much lower than that of underaged tempers having the same yield strength. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of alloy 2020 in the peak strength temper and several high strength underaged tempers was found to be excellent. Poor SCC resistance was observed for a very underaged temper. A model is proposed in which the variation in the stress corrosion resistance of alloy 2020 with precipitation heat treatment is controlled by the electrochemical potential difference between grain boundary T1 precipitates and the interior of grains, which provides a driving force for the preferential dissolution of these precipitates. The SCC resistance of high strength underaged tempers is very high because this potential difference is minimized at a relatively early stage of aging.
Ethics and international research

A recent commentary in the New England Journal of Medicine by Lurie and Wolfe criticised placebo controlled trials designed to identify simple and effective interventions to prevent maternal-infant HIV transmission in developing countries.1 Their commentary reflects a lack of understanding of the realities of health care in developing countries and ethical principles of research. The commentary and an accompanying editorial by Angell2 take a position that would prevent developed countries from collaborating with developing countries to identify practical and affordable health interventions. Lurie and Wolfe propose that studies supported by the United States government should provide all participants with the same level of care that is available to Americans. This is a misinterpretation of the Council for International Organisation of Medical Sciences guidelines, which call for universal principles of ethical research, not universal standards of medical care.3 Under the guidelines, interventions must be appropriate for the country where the research is conducted and no research subjects may be denied care that would otherwise be available for them. The studies …