cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical constants of copper and nickel as a function of temperature

The optical constants were determined for copper and nickel from reflection and transmission measurements on vacuum-evaporated thin films, in the spectral range 0.5-6.5 eV and at temperatures of 78, 293, and 423 K. The imaginary part of the dielectric constant was nearly independent of temperature for nickel, but for copper it increased with temperature in the intraband region below 2 eV and decreased above 4 eV in the interband region. Interpretation of the increase below 2 eV according to the Drude free-electron expression suggests a temperature and frequency dependence of the relaxation time, which is not completely explained. The thermal behavior in the interband region can be largely understood, however, if the zero-temperature theory of Williams, Janak, and Moruzzi is modified by including a Debye-Waller factor in transitions between nearly-free-electron-like bands.
Estimating the distribution of probable age‐at‐death from dental remains of immature human fossils

In two historic longitudinal growth studies, Moorrees et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963) 99-108; J Dent Res 42 (1963) 1490-1502) presented the “mean attainment age” for stages of tooth development for 10 permanent tooth types and three deciduous tooth types. These findings were presented graphically to assess the rate of tooth formation in living children and to age immature skeletal remains. Despite being widely cited, these graphical data are difficult to implement because there are no accompanying numerical values for the parameters underlying the growth data. This analysis generates numerical parameters from the data reported by Moorrees et al. by digitizing 358 points from these tooth formation graphs using DataThief III, version 1.5. Following the original methods, the digitized points for each age transition were conception-corrected and converted to the logarithmic scale to determine a median attainment age for each dental formation stage. These values are subsequently used to estimate age-at-death distributions for immature individuals using a single tooth or multiple teeth, including estimates for 41 immature early modern humans and 25 immature Neandertals. Within-tooth variance is calculated for each age estimate based on a single tooth, and a between-tooth component of variance is calculated for age estimates based on two or more teeth to account for the increase in precision that comes from using additional teeth. Finally, we calculate the relative probability of observing a particular dental formation sequence given known-age reference information and demonstrate its value in estimating age for immature fossil specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:227–253, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does the Bananaquit Benefit Commensally from Parrot Frugivory? An Assessment Using Habitat Quality

How strong-beaked frugivores such as parrots affect other frugivores is poorly understood. This study quantitated six indices of habitat quality for the facultatively frugivorous Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) using two habitat types and three treatments of habitat quality, namely old growth forest versus citrus orchards in Dominica, the latter habitat type with and without parrot frugivory. The study also controlled for elevation, rainfall and citrus fruit maturity. The results indicate that both the quantity of parrot frugivory and fruit maturity at the time of frugivory influenced the habitat quality for Bananaquits. Their abundance was higher, individuals stored more fat, and parasite loads were lower on farms with more parrot frugivory. Fruit quality mediated the influence of the quantity of parrot frugivory insofar as Bananaquit body condition was tightly correlated with the fruit chemistry at the time of frugivory or harvest. This study provides empirical evidence of a commensal association and underscores the important ecological role of Neotropical psittacines as mediators of habitat quality for other animal. The findings further suggest that loss of these apex consumers may have triggered previously unappreciated trophic cascades, particularly in island ecosystems lacking large mammalian canopy frugivores.
Forgiveness as a Mediator Between Post Divorce Cognitive Processes and Coparenting Quality

Abstract This study investigated the mediating role of forgiveness between the predictor variables of causal attributions and offense severity judgments and the outcome variable, quality coparenting post divorce. A mailed survey sent to a sample of 585 separated/divorced parents with minor aged children who had attended a brief educational seminar resulted in a final sample of 135 respondents. The significant negative relationship between cause attributed to the former partner (r = -.28, p < .01) and quality coparenting became nonsignificant (Beta = -.06, p = .50) when forgiveness was introduced. The results also indicated that greater forgiveness was negatively related to cause attributed to the former partner (r = -.34, p < .001) and less severe offense judgments (r = -.22, p < .01). A strong positive relationship was found between forgiveness and quality coparenting (r = .53, p < .001). The results have implications for practice, advocacy, and education. Forgiveness represents one potentially useful fo...
A note on population growth under random dispersal

An approximation method using a sine function is used to solve the second degree growth equation for the case in which an organism may simultaneously become dispersed throughout a uniform region. The resulting expression for a special case is compared with the expression obtained by R. Barakat (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 141–51), giving the first two terms, by an iterative, procedure. The agreement is satisfactory.
Characterization of Factors Affecting Attainment of Glycemic Control in Asian Americans With Diabetes in a Culturally Specific Program

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a culturally specific pilot clinic for Asian Americans (AA) in reaching glycemic target and to characterize factors affecting the attainment of glycemic control in comparison with white counterparts.MethodsThis electronic health record review included all new AA patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 109) in a culturally specific program and a randomly selected sample of new white patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 218) in the adult clinic within the same time period and diabetes center.ResultsAA and whites had a comparable proportion of patients with A1C ≤7% (32.1%, 34.9%; P = .621) at baseline and after 12 months of care (48.6%, 56.0%; P = .210), with a similar A1C decline (–0.9% ± 1.6%, –0.8% ± 1.7%, P = .710) by 12 months. Factors associated with the lack of success in reaching target in AA but not in whites included older age, lower educational attainment, less likelihood of having health insurance, and a need for more educational visits...
The Maintenance of Low-Frequency Atmospheric Anomalies

A linear diagnostic analysis of four prominent low-frequency atmospheric perturbation patterns in a GCM is carried out to determine the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of these patterns. Results indicate that interactions between the low-frequency patterns and the time-mean zonal asymmetries of the model climate are crucial to the maintenance of the patterns. Of equal importance are anomalous fluxes from transients. Vorticity fluxes due to bandpass (1-7 days) fluctuations ranging over broad sectors of the globe were found to be the most important components of the maintenance of flux anomalies. The nonlinear interactions of the low-frequency deviations with themselves were only of secondary importance.
Accessible Transportation and the Built Environment on College Campuses

University transportation facilities might still not be accessible for people with impairments even 20 years after enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), although everyone benefits, regardless of abilities, from a safe and equitable learning environment. This paper examines modern conceptions of disabilities and transportation provisions to accommodate them. To test the accessibility of transportation facilities as defined by ADA guidelines, the bus stops situated around the campus of Clemson University in South Carolina were evaluated in the context of ADA and the more modern concept of universal design. The results showed accessible accommodation of transit riders is still a concept that falls short of implementation.
Multiplex haplotype-specific PCR: a new approach for species identification of the early life stages of rockfishes of the species-rich genus Sebastes Cuvier

Rockfishes of the species-rich genus Sebastes Cuvier are marine teleosts showing a range of morphological adaptations that allow them to exploit diverse ecological niches. In the California Current region they represent a large fraction of the ichthyofaunal assemblage and constitute an important link in the trophic web. A major obstacle in studying rockfish ecology has been the identification of their larvae and juveniles. The early developmental stages of many closely related species, such as those of the subgenus Sebastomus Gill, cannot be distinguished morphologically. In this paper we present a method to identify larval rockfishes with molecular markers. The method relies on multiplex haplotype-specific PCR to yield group- or species-specific amplification products, allowing identification of larval and juvenile stages of the members of the subgenus Sebastomus. The method could be applied to any species-complex for which diagnostic mutations are known.
The logic of unification in grammar

By unification, we understand a family of algorithms employed by compu tational versions of certain grammar formalisms to combine information in feature structures. The use of these formalisms has become widespread, and several extensions to the basic notion of feature structure have been proposed. Although algorithms for unification of these extended feature structures have been written, they are complicated, and a precise model of feature structures is desirable to give an adequate specification of what the algorithms do. We have developed a model in which descriptions of feature structures can be regarded as logical formulas, and interpreted by sets of directed graphs which satisfy them. We identify a feature structure with such a directed graph, but our mathematical work is facilitated by considering the graphs to be transition graphs for a special type of deter ministic finite automaton. This semantics for feature structures extends the ideas of Pereira and Shieber [11], by providing a way to model feature values which are speci fied by disjunctions and non-local path values embedded within disjunc tions. Our interpretation differs from that of Pereira and Shieber by using a logical model in place of a denotational semantics. The model yields a calculus of equivalences between formulas, which can be used to simplify them. A similar use of logic to describe feature structures was first pro posed in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)[3], in order to describe feature co-occurrence restrictions. Our formulation, which was developed independently, is for the purpose of understanding the proper ties of unification. Recently Gazdar et al. [2] have extended their logic in order to give uniform descriptions of linguistic categories. The two logics have much in common when presented formally, and it should be possible to combine them in a uniform way. This, however, will be left for future work.
Bovine bronchial epithelial cells metabolize L-arginine to L-citrulline: Possible role of nitric oxide synthase

The conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline is catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and results in the release of nitric oxide (NO). We hypothesized that bronchial epithelial cells metabolize L-arginine to L-citrulline. We found that cell lysates obtained from unstimulated, cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs) converted L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline. This conversion was attenuated by three competitive NOS inhibitors and modulated by lipopolysaccharide and cigarette smoke extract (p<0.01, all comparisons). These data demonstrate that BBECs metabolize L-arginine to L-citrulline and implicate a role for the L-arginine:NOS biosynthetic pathway in modulating airway responses.
Microrheology of the Endothelial Glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix

Our lab is constructing photonic systems to seek correlates between cell signaling and laser-induced mechanical stresses as well as laser-based measurements of deformation and mechanical properties in engineered tissues.
Police organisation and deadly force: an examination of variation across large and small cities

The use of deadly force is the most extreme form of coercive behaviour available to police officers. In this study, we examine organisational and structural predictors of police use of deadly force for large and small cities in the USA. Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports, the 2000 American Census and Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey, we use regression models to evaluate the relationship between deadly force incidents and organisational variables. Results indicate that organisational characteristics are more salient for large cities than small ones. Our findings also highlight the importance of studying small city departments.
An experimental method for impulsively loading ring structures

An experimental method for impulsively loading structural rings with a simultaneously applied, short-duration pressure pulse is presented. The loading is produced by magnetic pressure between two parallel current-carrying conductors. A fast discharge capacitor bank and a current pulse shaping technique are utilized to provide a pressure pulse with a duration of about 2 μsec, a duration sufficiently short that loading can be considered impulsive for most structural ring experiments. Applicability of the method was demonstrated with an experiment where the impulse was cosinusoidally distributed over half the circumference of a thin aluminum ring. Measured strain-time histories were in close agreement with theoretical predictions.
Non-cardiac chest pain: an update

Non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) is very common, affecting up to a quarter of the USA adult population. Recent studies have shown that the disorder has a profound impact on patient's quality of life and is associated with marked increase in utilization of healthcare resources. Non-cardiac chest pain is a heterogeneous disorder with gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal causes. After excluding a cardiac cause, most NCCP patients are treated by cardiologists or primary care physicians and only the minority are referred to a gastroenterologist for further work-up. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is the most common cause for NCCP. The role of oesophageal dysmotility in NCCP has been discounted in recent years. However, visceral hyperalgesia has been shown to play an important role in symptom generation of non-GORD-related NCCP. The main therapeutic interventions in GORD-related NCCP patients are potent antireflux modalities and pain modulators in those with non-GORD-related NCCP.
Photoionization by blackbody radiation

We have measured the blackbody photoionization rate from the $17d$ state of sodium as a function of temperature from 90 to 300 K. The experimental rates, which vary by a factor greater than one hundred over this temperature range, are in good agreement with our theoretical values.
Genetic hemochromatosis and Wilson'S disease: Role for oxidant stress?

Hereditary haemochromatosis is characterised by iron overload that may lead to tissue damage. Free iron is a potent promoter of hydroxyl radical formation that can cause increased lipid peroxidation and depletion of chain-breaking antioxidants. We have therefore assessed lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 15 subjects with hereditary haemochromatosis and age/sex matched controls. Subjects with haemochromatosis had increased serum iron (24.8 (19.1–30.5) vs. 17.8 (16.1–19.5) μmol/L, P = 0.021) and % saturation (51.8 (42.0–61.6) vs. 38.1 (32.8–44.0), P = 0.025). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a marker of lipid peroxidation, were increased in haemochromatosis (0.59 (0.48–0.70) vs. 0.46 (0.21–0.71) μmol/l, P = 0.045), and there were decreased levels of the chain-breaking antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (5.91 (5.17–6.60) vs. 7.24 (6.49–7.80) μmol/mmol cholesterol, P = 0.001), ascorbate (51.3 (33.7–69.0) vs. 89.1 (65.3–112.9), P = 0.013), and retinol (1.78 (1.46–2.10) vs. 2.46 (2.22–2.70) μmol/l, P - 0.001). Patients with hereditary haemochromatosis have reduced levels of antioxidant vitamins, and nutritional antioxidant supplementation may represent a novel approach to preventing tissue damage. However, the use of vitamin C may be deleterious in this setting as ascorbate can have prooxidant effects in the presence of iron overload. The RRR-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) content in plasma from 46 patients with liver diseases and 23 healthy controls was determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Patients were divided into three groups: alcoholic liver diseases (n = 17; group A), hemochromatosis (n 17;group B) and Wilson's disease (n 12;group C). Lipidstandardized alpha-tocopherol levels were determined to neutralize differences due to hyperlipemia. The ratio of serum vitamin E to serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids) was highest in healthy controls and in patients in group A with cirrhosis and normal transaminases and bilirubin. Patients in group A with acute or chronic ethanol intoxication and high bilirubin levels had a 37% lower lipid-standardized vitamin E level than controls. Patients in group B with hemochromatosis, showing high serum iron (>180 μg/dl), a low free iron binding capacity ( 450 μg/l), had a 34% lower vitamin E/lipid ratio than healthy controls. No significant lowering of the vitamin E/lipid ratio was observed in the other patients in group B. A significant decrease (37%) in the vitamin E/lipid ratio was only detectable in patients with Wilson's disease (group C) showing high free serum copper (>10 μg/dl). The data support a role for free radicals in the pathogenesis of active liver diseases. © Journal of Hepatology.
Classification, cognition and context: The case of the World Bank

Abstract A growing literature in sociology examines external classification systems, usually implemented in the context of industries. Classification systems are analogous to the structure of individual cognition, though the specific nature of the link between these external classification systems and individual cognition is usually unexplored. This paper uses the example of the World Bank's lending classifications to examine the relationship between rules and classification and to argue that the organizational context of classification is central to assessing the cognitive impact of classification. The paper adds these results to existing work on external classification systems to provide a framework for understanding the range of possible relationships between external classification systems and the cognition of individuals.
Cardiovascular effects of discrete intrahypothalamic and preoptic injections of bradykinin.

Abstract Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during discrete injections of bradykinin (5 nmol; 100–300 nl) in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of halothane anesthetized rats. In the paraventricular nucleus, bradykinin produced bradycardia without effecting blood pressure. The decrease in heart rate was abolished by pretreatment with methylatropine (IP), suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system mediates this response. In contrast, in the dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, bradykinin increased both heart rate and blood pressure; methylatropine pretreatment (but not adrenalectomy) blocked these responses, suggesting that inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the actions of bradykinin in these nuclei. In the preoptic suprachiasmatic nucleus, bradykinin produced an increase in heart rate only, which was attenuated by either methylatropine or adrenalectomy, indicating that both inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system and adrenal catecholamine release contribute to the actions of bradykinin at this site. The increase in heart rate observed with bradykinin in the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic (A6400-6001 region) nuclei was not effected by either methylatropine or adrenalectomy, therefore activation of the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in responses in these regions. Finally, a 5 nmol dose of bradykinin potentiating factor (converting enzyme inhibititor; CEI) had effects similar to bradykinin when injected into the posterior hypothalamus, but no effect at any other brain site. CEI administration into brain sites 15 min prior to bradykinin injections failed to alter the bradykinin response. In summary, the central cardiovascular responses to bradykinin depend upon the specific site of injection and these sites correspond with the localization of bradykinin-like immunoreactivity previously reported by others.
The politics of denial: the use of funding penalties as an implementation device for social policy

The standard literature on implementation offers a number of variables usually associated with successful policy-making.50 Roughly, the variables can be sorted into three broad categories: the nature of the problem to be solved, the causal theory for problem solution embodied in the statute, and the execution of that statutory solution in practice. These categories will supply a framework helpful in highlighting the empirical similarities across the cases of oblique funding denial discussed above and also for revealing important differences. The similarities will show both the conditions which lead to the use of this particular policy device and the manner of its use; the differences will show the conditions under which it can be used most effectively. Discussion will then turn somewhat more theoretical, inquiring into the legitimacy of funding denial as a political means and the capacity of the state apparatus that employs it.
Tribological characteristics of polyelectrolyte multilayers

Abstract Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), formed by the sequential adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) possess architectures that can be tuned as a function of polyelectrolyte solution pH. PEMs are easy to fabricate, requiring little or no substrate pretreatment, and provide conformal nanocoatings that are resistant to scotch-tape peel tests on metallic, plastic, and glass substrates. Their tribological behavior has received little or no attention. We have studied the friction and wear behavior of PEM-coated materials primarily using a meso/micro-scale flexure-based apparatus; a 1 or 2 mm diameter flat pin was made to articulate against a larger sliding surface. The friction coefficient of film-coated steel substrates against glass was higher than that exhibited by the bare substrates at all stresses; the average value decreased with an increase in the applied normal load, a trend predicted for polymeric materials. PEM constructs prevented wear of steel substrates in the dry state, and also in the presence of water and bovine calf serum, used to simulate synovial fluid in human joints. At these higher stresses, the delaminated film fragments prevent contact between the mating surfaces, thus eliminating substrate wear. The adhesion, deformation, and dragging of the fragments causes the friction force to be higher than the bare substrates (prior to the onset of their wear). Wear can be prevented without a substantial increase in friction force by using thinner films on the larger slider surface or coating the smaller pin counterface. The capacity for PEM-induced wear reduction was confirmed at larger scales of testing in the dry state using a pin-on-disk tester.
Symposium on Harrison's “Lean and Mean”: A technological perspective

is beautiful" hypothesis. Increasingly, he sees industrial activity as being performed within international networks of organizations led by large firms. Some of these networks involve simple vertical relationships in which large firms subcontract less advanced technological functions to smaller firms. The "Lean" part of the title reflects the recent tendency of many large firms to pare down by subcontracting to smaller firms functions they previously performed themselves. Other networks Harrison considers, such as Silicon Valley and the Italian industrial districts, involve horizontal as well as vertical relations among innovative small firms. Harrison sees these networks as increasingly being coordinated by large firms through various types of alliances and ownership relations. In Harrison's world, the large firms are the key drivers of technological change. The "Mean" part of the title reflects Harrison's portrayal of small firms. He depicts them as increasingly the repository of society's economic dregs the low-skilled, poorly paid, and transiently employed. Advocates of small firms, on the other hand, perceive small firms as an important source of vitality in developed countries. They argue that in many industries, small firms are more efficient at innovation than large firms. Consistent with this, they contend that in recent years the preponderance of new jobs in developed economies have
Visualization of a cell surface glycoprotein, the retina cognin, on embryonic cells by immuno-latex labeling and scanning electron microscopy.

Abstract Antiserum prepared against the retina cell-aggregating glycoprotein (referred to as the retina cognin) was used for immunolabeling the antigen on the surface of chick embryo cells and its detection by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cognin was isolated from membranes of neural retina cells of 10-day chick embryos and was highly purified prior to its use as antigen in rabbits. Cells dissociated from embryonic neural retina and from other neural and nonneural tissues (of 10-day chick embryos) were surveyed in vitro for the presence on their surface of binding sites specific for antibodies to retina cognin. Cells were treated with the antiserum (or with control nonimmune serum), and then labeled with latex-GAR (polystyrene latex microbeads coated with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins) to visualize the binding sites for detection by SEM. Retina cells freshly dissociated with trypsin showed no labeling because of disruption of the antigen sites by the protease; however, if the cells were first incubated at 37°C to allow recovery of their surface and of their capacity for morphogenetic cell reaggregation, then virtually all the cells labeled with the cognin antiserum-latex GAR. Similarly tested cells from several nonneural tissues showed no labeling with this antiserum, which indicates that the retina cognin is not present on their surface. However, neural tissues (particularly optic tectum) were found to contain a proportion of cells which labeled with the retina cognin antiserum after recovery from dissociation; it remains to be determined whether the labeling of these cells is due to the presence of retina cognin, or of other surface molecules which share partial antigenic similarity with this cognin.
IL-10 deficiency does not inhibit insulitis and accelerates cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse.

IL-10 exterts profound immunostimulatory and immunoinhibitory effects. To explore the role of IL-10 in autoimmune diabetes of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we generated IL-10-deficient NOD mice. In contrast to our previous results with neutralizing antibodies to IL-10, IL-10-deficient NOD mice developed insulitis and their splenocytes readily responded to islet antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65. IL-10-deficient NOD mice did not develop accelerated spontaneous diabetes. On the other hand, IL-10-deficient NOD mice developed accelerated disease following cyclophosphamide (CYP) injection. These findings demonstrate that IL-10 is dispensable for autoimmune diabetes. IL-10's absence fails to accelerate endogenous diabetes but potentiates CYP-induced diabetes.
Resonant Sum Frequency Generation with Time-Energy Entangled Photons

We describe a technique for enhancing the efficiency of sum frequency generation using entangled signal and idler photons. By resonating the sum frequency field, we observe that the generated power varies linearly with input power and is increased by a factor of 12.
High density plasma etching of NiFe, NiFeCo and NiMnSb-based multilayers for magnetic storage elements

Abstract Magnetic multilayer thin films based on the Giant Magnetoresistive effect are the basis of extremely high density (>10 Gbit in. −2 ) data storage systems. A challenge to continue the rapid growth in bit density is the ability to pattern sub-micron features in materials such as Ni 0.8 Fe 0.2 , NiFeCo alloys and NiMnSb. Conventional reactive ion etching methods are generally unable to successfully etch these materials because of low volatility of the etch products. We have found that Inductively Coupled Plasma sources operating with ion densities several orders of magnitude higher than RIE provide etch rates of 700 A min −1 for NiFe and NiFeCo in Cl 2 /Ar discharges, and >10,000 A min −1 for NiMnSb in SF 6 /Ar. Sub-micron features with smooth, vertical sidewalls are obtained using SiO 2 or SiN X masks. Photoresist is generally found to be an unsuitable mask under high density plasma conditions.
Burning mouth syndrome in Parkinson's disease: dopamine as cure or cause?

Burning mouth syndrome has been reported as being more common in Parkinson’s disease patients than the general population. While the pathophysiology is unclear, decreased dopamine levels and dopamine dysregulation are hypothesized to play a role. We report a patient with Parkinson’s disease who developed burning mouth syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Our patient had resolution of burning mouth symptoms when carbidopa/levodopa was replaced with a dopamine agonist. Based on our patient’s clinical course, in conjunction with earlier studies assessing the relationship between burning mouth syndrome and Parkinson’s disease, we discuss a potential role for dopamine in burning mouth syndrome in Parkinson’s disease.
Three-dimensional spectral element simulations of variable density and viscosity, miscible displacements in a capillary tube

Abstract A high-accuracy numerical approach is introduced for three-dimensional, time-dependent simulations of variable density and viscosity, miscible flows in a circular tube. Towards this end, the conservation equations are treated in cylindrical coordinates. The spatial discretization is based on a mixed spectral element/Fourier spectral scheme, with careful treatment of the singularity at the axis. For the temporal discretization, an efficient semi-implicit method is applied to the variable viscosity momentum equation. This approach results in a constant coefficient Helmholtz equation, which is solved by a fast diagonalization method. Numerical validation data are presented, and simulations are conducted for the three-dimensionally evolving instability resulting from an unstable density stratification in a vertical tube. Some preliminary comparisons with corresponding experiments are undertaken.
Selective induction of mucin-3 by hypoxia in intestinal epithelia

Epithelial cells line mucosal surfaces (e.g., lung, intestine) and critically function as a semipermeable barrier to the outside world. Mucosal organs are highly vascular with extensive metabolic demands, and for this reason, are particularly susceptible to diminished blood flow and resultant tissue hypoxia. Here, we pursue the hypothesis that intestinal barrier function is regulated in a protective manner by hypoxia responsive genes. We demonstrate by PCR confirmation of microarray data and by avidin blotting of immunoprecipitated human Mucin 3 (MUC3), that surface MUC3 expression is induced in T84 intestinal epithelial cells following exposure to hypoxia. MUC3 RNA is minimally detectable while surface protein expression is absent under baseline normoxic conditions. There is a robust induction in both the mRNA (first evident by 8 h) and protein expression, first observed and maximally expressed following 24 h hypoxia. This is followed by a subsequent decline in protein expression, which remains well above baseline at 48 h of hypoxia. Further, we demonstrate that this induction of MUC3 protein is associated with a transient increase in the barrier restorative peptide, intestinal trefoil factor (ITF). ITF not only colocalizes with MUC3, by confocal microscopy, to the apical surface of T84 cells following exposure to hypoxia, but is also found, by co-immunoprecipitation, to be physically associated with MUC3, following 24 h of hypoxia. In exploration of the mechanism of hypoxic regulation of mucin 3 expression, we demonstrated by luciferase assay that the full-length promoter for mouse Mucin 3 (Muc3) is hypoxia-responsive with a 5.08 +/- 1.76-fold induction following 24 h of hypoxia. Furthermore, analysis of both the human (MUC3A) and mouse (Muc3) promoters revealed potential HIF-1 binding sites which were shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation to bind the pivotal hypoxia-regulating transcription factor HIF-1alpha. Taken together, these studies implicate the HIF-1alpha mediated hypoxic induced expression of mucin 3 and associated ITF in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function under hypoxic conditions.
Microwave spectral study of cyclopentyl acetylene

Abstract The microwave spectrum of cyclopentyl acetylene has been observed and analyzed in the 26.5–40 GHz frequency range. Rotational constants have been obtained for the axial and equatorial conformers as follows (in MHz): A = 4264.820 ± 0.429, B = 2168.762 ± 0.009, C = 2032.080 ± 0.009 for the axial; A = 6349.374 ± 0.399, B = 1765.183 ± 0.012, C = 1480.549 ± 0.013 for the equatorial. Relative intensity measurements showed the equatorial conformer to be more stable by 270 ± 70 cal/mole. A low-frequency ring mode having a fundamental frequency of 40 ± 20 cm −1 was observed up to v = 6. The conformational parameters and pseudorotational potential energy surfaces for various monosubstituted cyclopentanes have been compared and discussed.
Bilateral infant transfer and adoption in olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

The objective of this paper is to discuss an occurrence of self-initiated exchange of newborns and the infants' subsequent adoption by female baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) at the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education in San Antonio, Texas. Observations were collected using focal animal samples on a captive social group composed of 16 adults (15 females and one male) and three infants (one female and two males). Infants were born into the social group during the study period between October and February. The possible influences of parity, infant sex, previous rearing experience of the mother and the dominance rank of the mother were assessed. Mother's rank was associated with acceptance of and adoption of the exchanged infants. Parity, infant sex, and previous rearing experience of the mother show no association with mother's rank or with the exchange and adoption of the infants. Both females involved in the transfer were of low rank in the overall hierarchy; however, the more dominant of the two females demonstrated rejection of the infant while the more subordinate female demonstrated complete acceptance of the infant. The infant rejection by the more dominant female included physical abuse to the point where the infant's life was endangered. It is suggested that a lack of individual specific discrimination abilities by the mothers and infants facilitated this exchange and adoption.
Technology and public policy: The failure of giant power

Interconnections of utilities, stimulated by shortages of power during World War I, and the availability of high-voltage transmission technology encouraged projects for regional electrification years before the TVA was established. Morris Llewellyn Cooke, a progressive and controversial engineer, and Gifford Pinchot, the governor of Pennsylvania, proposed a regional electrification plan for Pennsylvania in 1923. The plan boldly called for mine mouth power plants, by-producting of bituminous coal before firing, rural electrification, and a statewide high-voltage transmission system as a common carrier. The plan, named Giant Power, embodied far more than recent technology-it expressed economic and political attitudes as well as advocated social change through electrification. Support for Giant Power was well organized, but opposition, eapecially of the utilities, ran strong. The nontechnological impact was seen as a radical challenge to existing trends and institutions in the electric power industry. The history of Giant Power is a reminder that technology is a social concern stimulating fervid debate and dramatic confrontation.
A competitive ELISA to detect brevetoxins from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish, and mammalian body fluid

We developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to analyze brevetoxins, using goat anti-brevetoxin antibodies obtained after immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-brevetoxin conjugates, in combination with a three-step signal amplification process. The procedure, which used secondary biotinylated antibodies, streptavidine-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, and chromogenic enzyme substrate, was useful in reducing nonspecific background signals commonly observed with complex matrices. This competitive ELISA detected brevetoxins in seawater, shellfish extract and homogenate, and mammalian body fluid such as urine and serum without pretreatment, dilution, or purification. We investigated the application of this technique for shellfish monitoring by spiking shellfish meat with brevetoxins and by analyzing oysters from two commercial shellfish beds in Florida that were exposed to a bloom of Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve). We performed brevetoxin analysis of shellfish extracts and homogenates by ELISA and compared it with the mouse bioassay and receptor binding assay. The detection limit for brevetoxins in spiked oysters was 2.5 microg/100 g shellfish meat. This assay appears to be a useful tool for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning monitoring in shellfish and seawater, and for mammalian exposure diagnostics, and significantly reduces the time required for analyses.
Recent Immigration to Canada and the United States: A Mixed Tale of Relative Selection†

Using large-scale census data and adjusting for sending-country fixed effect to account for changing composition of immigrants, we study relative immigrant selection to Canada and the U.S. during 1990-2006, a period characterized by diverging immigration policies in the two countries. Results show a gradual change in selection patterns in educational attainment and host country language proficiency in favor of Canada as its post-1990 immigration policy allocated more points to the human capital of new entrants. Specifically, in 1990, new immigrants in Canada were less likely to have a B.A. degree than those in the U.S.; they were also less likely to have a high-school or lower education. By 2006, Canada surpassed the U.S. in drawing highly-educated immigrants, while continuing to attract fewer low-educated immigrants. Canada also improved its edge over the U.S. in terms of host-country language proficiency of new immigrants. Entry-level earnings, however, do not reflect the same trend: recent immigrants to Canada have experienced a wage disadvantage compared to recent immigrants to the U.S., as well as Canadian natives. One plausible explanation is that, while the Canadian points system has successfully attracted more educated immigrants, it may not be effective in capturing productivity-related traits that are not easily measurable.
Interval Scheduling: Fine-Grained Code Scheduling for Embedded Systems

A central problem in embedded system co-synthesis is the generation of software for low-level I/O. Scheduling still remains a manual task because existing coarse-grained real-time scheduling algorithms are not applicable: they assume fixed delays even though the run times are often variable, and they incur too much overhead. To solve this problem, we present a new static ordering technique, called interval scheduling, for meeting general timing constraints on fine-grained, variable-delay operations without using a run-time executive.
Highly conductive group VI transition metal dichalcogenide films by solution-processed deposition

A new soluble synthetic route was developed to fabricate thin films of layered structure transition metal dichalcogendies, MoS2 and WS2. High-quality thin films of the dichalcogenides were prepared using new soluble precursors, (CH3NH3)2MS4 (M = Mo, W). The precursors were dissolved in organic solvents and spun onto substrates via both single- and multistep spin coating procedures. The thin films were formed by the thermal decomposition of the coatings under inert atmosphere. Structural, electrical, optical absorption, thermal, and transport properties of the thin films were characterized. Surface morphology of the films was analyzed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Highly conductive and textured n-type MoS2 films were obtained. The measured room temperature conductivity ≈50 Ω−1 cm−1 is substantially higher than the previously reported values. The n-type WS2 films were prepared for the first time using solution-processed deposition. WS2 displays a conductivity of ≈6.7 Ω−1 cm−1 at room temperature.
Internal textures of rhyolite flows as revealed by research drilling

Recent drilling of 550- and 140,000-yr-old rhyolite lava flows in the Inyo Dome chain, California, and Valles Caldera, New Mexico, and field inspection of 8 Ma flows in western Arizona reveal a more detailed vertical zonation of lava textures in glassy rhyolite flows than has previously been recognized. The upper vitrophyre of a flow can usually be subdivided into a surficial finely vesicular pumice underlain by obsidian, coarsely vesicular pumice, and a second obsidian layer. Beneath these layers is the crystalline center of the flow, which in turn is underlain by a basal obsidian layer (lower vitrophyre). Differences in lava vesicularity and crystallinity between zones in a flow result from primary effervescence, devitrification, lava rheology, and migration of water vapor.
Notes on the design of Eccles-Jordan flip-flops

The design of a prototype Eccles-Jordan flip-flop such as used in large-scale digital computers is discussed, with particular attention to the role played by component variability. A graphical design technique is described; the technique should prove useful in other switching-circuit design problems where a large number of identical direct-coupled circuits are employed.
MODELING BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: THE BELOUSOV-ZHABOTINSKY REACTION

In this essay I examine the ways in which the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is being used by biologists to model a variety of biological systems and processes. The BZ reaction is characterized as a functional model of biological phenomena. It is able to play this role because, though based on very different substrates, the model and system modeled are examples of the same type of excitable medium. Lessons are drawn from this case about the relationships between the sciences of chemistry and biology.
The origin of parasitophorous vacuole membrane lipids in malaria-infected erythrocytes

During invasion of an erythrocyte by a malaria merozoite, an indentation develops in the erythrocyte surface at the point of contact between the two cells. This indentation deepens as invasion progresses, until the merozoite is completely surrounded by a membrane known as the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). We incorporated fluorescent lipophilic probes and phospholipid analogs into the erythrocyte membrane, and followed the fate of these probes during PVM formation with low-light-level video fluorescence microscopy. The concentration of probe in the forming PVM was indistinguishable from the concentration of probe in the erythrocyte membrane, suggesting that the lipids of the PVM are continuous with and derived from the host cell membrane during invasion. In contrast, fluorescently labeled erythrocyte surface proteins were largely excluded from the forming PVM. These data are consistent with a model for PVM formation in which the merozoite induces a localized invagination in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer, concomitant with a localized restructuring of the host cell cytoskeleton.
The 94-GHz radar dim band: Relevance to ice cloud properties and CloudSat

[1] Details of the microphysics are shown to be responsible for a region of ice cloud which, when probed from above, has decreasing radar reflectivity (Ze) downwards at 94 GHz but increasing Ze at 9.7 GHz. This 94-GHz radar dim band is found to be due to the combination of ice particle aggregation and non-Rayleigh scattering effects. Observations and model calculations indicate that it occurs when the particle size distribution (PSD) broadens such that its slope, as derived from fitted PSD, decreases below about 15 cm−1, or equivalently, to a median volume diameter exceeding 0.25 cm. Dimming occurs at temperatures (T) primarily between −5 and 0°C but can occur at −30°C or below in convectively-generated ice clouds (anvils). The dimming effect may produce an appreciable low bias in the ice water content (IWC) retrieved from Ze measured by CloudSat's 94-GHz radar. Methods to estimate the IWC in the dim band are proposed.
Ocular Allergy Modulation to Hi-Dose Antigen Sensitization Is a Treg-Dependent Process

A reproducible method to inhibit allergic immune responses is accomplished with hi-dose Ag sensitization, via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. However, the role of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in this process is unknown, as is whether such modulation extends to ocular allergy. We therefore determined herein whether hi-dose sensitization modulates ocular allergy, and whether CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg are involved. C57BL/6 mice were IP sensitized via low-dose (100 µg) versus hi-dose (1000 µg) ovalbumin (OVA), in aluminum hydroxide (1 mg) and pertussis-toxin (300 ng). Other mice received anti-CD25 Ab (PC61) to ablate Treg during sensitization. In another experiment, Treg from hi-dose sensitized mice were adoptively transferred into low-dose sensitized mice. Once daily OVA challenges were administered. Clinical signs, IgE, T cell cytokines, and eosinophils were assessed. Data revealed that hi-dose, but not low-dose, sensitization led to allergy modulation, indicated by decreased clinical signs, serum IgE levels, Th2 recall responses, and eosinophil recruitment. T cells from hi-dose sensitized mice showed a robust increase in TGF-b production, and Treg from these mice were able to efficiently suppress effector T cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, in vivo Treg ablation in hi-dose sensitized mice revoked allergy modulation. Lastly, Treg from hi-dose sensitized mice were able to adoptively transfer allergy modulation to their low-dose sensitized counterparts. Collectively, these findings indicate that modulation to hi-dose sensitization, which is extended to ocular allergy, occurs in a Treg-dependent manner. In addition, our data suggest that hi-dose sensitization may henceforth facilitate the further examination of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg in allergic disease.