cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Assuming Administrative Responsibilities as an Untenured Assistant Professor

Louisiana State University. His research interests incivde international relations theory and method, as well as a substantive focus on interstate rivalry and state socialization. He has published articles in several journals including Comparative Political Studies, Political Psychology, and International Interoctions. In this short essay, I would like to share some of my experiences as an untenured assistant professor who took on an administrative position. I never imagined that I would be involved in administration, particularly as a junior faculty member, so I was not especially well prepared. However, after juggling the responsibilities of research, teaching, service, and administration for the past year and a half, I can offer some guidance to other assistant professors who may be considering an administrative post. My experiences are informed by working within a large, public research university, yet they should resonate with my colleagues at smaller universities and colleges, both public and private. Facing shrinking budgets, many schools find it more cost effective to augment the salaries of faculty rather than hire additional full-time personnel to serve in administrative positions. At many fouryear liberal arts colleges and junior colleges, new faculty may even be required to engage in administrative tasks as a matter of course without reduced teaching or additional compensation. According to the transcripts of a recent roundtable discussion, this phenomenon also occurs at community colleges. As Richard J. Daley College political science professor Constance Mixon warns potential job applicants, "Keep in mind and talk to others about . . . their committee work and administrative responsibilities and especially those requirements as they relate to the tenure
Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe

Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe. Hans-Rudolf Wicker. ed. Oxford: Berg, 1997. 332 pp.
Engineering education for a resilient society: A case study of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In this paper, we have compared the achievements of educational institutions in Saudi Arabia in terms of ABET accredited programs and world university rankings. In other words, a brief survey of all ABET accredited programs at the associate, bachelor's, and master's degree level in Saudi universities and colleges is presented. Moreover, we have also compared the global rankings of Saudi universities over the last 6 years from 2009 to 2014, according to some of the most widely recognized international university ranking systems. Finally, we hope that our paper will be helpful in motivating educational institutions in the Arab world to continue to improve their performance in terms of accreditation and rankings both regionally and globally.
Necrotising pyomyositis complicating intramuscular antipsychotic administration

A 26-year-old woman with paranoid schizophrenia was admitted to the medical intensive care unit with septic shock requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The source of septic shock was not identified despite obtaining CT of the chest/abdomen/pelvis, bronchoalveolar lavage and microbiological results for tracheal secretions, blood, urine and cervix. An indium-111 tagged white cell count scan was subsequently performed, revealing increased right anterior deltoid uptake. Owing to serial increases (up to 1310 U/L) in serum creatine kinase and a history of local intramuscular paliperidone injections for management of schizophrenia, surgical exploration was performed and identified necrotising skeletal muscle inflammation and extensive fat necrosis with an organising abscess, consistent with pyomyositis. A gram stain of purulent fluid revealed gram-positive cocci, but no organisms grew in culture. The patient recovered after 10 days of daptomycin and 7 weeks of wound care. Paliperidone injections were discontinued and oral risperidone was initiated.
Microscopic origins of effective charges in the shell model

We use a large-scale 6{h_bar}{Omega} calculation for {sup 6}Li with microscopically derived two-body interaction to construct the 0{h_bar}{Omega} 0p shell effective Hamiltonian, electric quadrupole, and magnetic dipole operators. While the {ital E2} and {ital M1} 6{h_bar}{Omega} operators are one-body operators with free nucleon charges, the effective operators are two-body operators with substantially different renormalization for the isoscalar and isovector matrix elements, especially for the {ital E2} operator. We show that these operators can be very well approximated by one-body operators provided that effective proton {ital and} neutron charges are used. The obtained effective charges are compatible with those used in phenomenological shell-model studies. The two-body part of the effective operators is estimated. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Health economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin-reduction strategies in Africa: case studies in biocontrol and post-harvest interventions

Advances in health economics have proven useful in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions, where the benefit usually takes the form of improved health outcomes rather than market outcomes. The paper performs health-based cost-effectiveness analyses of two potential aflatoxin control strategies in Africa: (1) pre-harvest biocontrol, using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus competitively to exclude toxigenic strains from colonizing maize in Nigeria; and (2) post-harvest interventions in a package to reduce aflatoxin accumulation in groundnuts in Guinea. It is described how health benefits gained from each intervention, in terms of fewer aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cases, can be compared with the costs of implementing the interventions. It is found that both interventions would be extremely cost-effective if applied widely in African agriculture. That is, the monetized value of lives saved and quality of life gained by reducing aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma far exceeds the cost of either biocontrol or the post-harvest intervention package to achieve those health benefits. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio (CER; gross domestic product multiplied by disability-adjusted life years saved per unit cost) for biocontrol in Nigerian maize ranged from 5.10 to 24.8; while the estimated CER for the post-harvest intervention package in Guinean groundnuts ranged from 0.21 to 2.08. Any intervention with a CER > 1 is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be 'very cost-effective', while an intervention with a CER > 0.33 is considered 'cost-effective'. Aside from cost-effectiveness, public health interventions must be readily accepted by the public, and must have financial and infrastructural support to be feasible in the parts of the world where they are most needed.
Separation numbers of trees

Let G be a graph on n vertices. Given a bijection f:V(G)->{1,2,...,n}, let |f|=min{|f(u)-f(v)|:uv@?E(G)}. The separation numbers(G) (also known as antibandwidth [T. Calamoneri, A. Massini, L. Torok, I. Vrt'o, Antibandwidth of Complete k-ary trees, Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics 24 (2006), 259-266; A. Raspaud, H. Schroder, O. Sykora, L. Torok, I. Vrt'o, Antibandwidth and cyclic antibandwidth of meshes and hypercubes, Discrete Mathematics 309 (2009) 3541-3552] of G is then max{|f|} over all such bijections f of G. We study the case when G is a forest, obtaining the following results. 1.Let F be a forest in which each component is a star. Then s(F)=n-@m2, where @m is the minimum value of @?X|-|Y@? over all bipartitions (X,Y) of F. 2.Let d be the maximum degree of a tree T on n vertices. Then (a)s(T)>=n2-c"1nd, and (b)s(T)>=n2-c"2d^2log"dn, where c"1 and c"2 are absolute constants. We give constructions showing that the bound (a) is asymptotically tight when d is in the range n^1^3=4 is an absolute constant. We also show that for h>=3 and odd d>=3, we have s(T"h^d)=n2-@Q(d^2+dh), where T"h^d is the symmetric d-ary tree of height h, improving the estimates obtained in the first of the above-mentioned references.
Issues In Advanced Focal Plane Manufacturing And Evaluation

The invention of the charged coupled device (CCD) almost ten years ago and the utility of the charge transfer device (Call) in general has made development of mosaic focal planes possible. The nature of the metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) manufacturing processes utilized in most Calls posed special requirements for material, process control, and device evaluation which have been and still are, the object of intensive technology development programs in the past several years. Achieving the long-standing goals of high-volume, low-cost production potential of the technology for mosaic focal planes is still in the future. The degree of achievement of these goals will depend a great deal upon adoption of some standardization of device architecture, operating conditions, test parameters, and evaluations techniques. Production of these devices will require capital investments for dedicated specialized facilities necessary to achieve volume production.
Interferon-α: Evolving Therapy for AIDS-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma

ABSTRACT This article reviews developments over nearly 15 years in the application of interferon-α (IFN-α) to the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndr...
Effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP on ethyl isocyanide binding to human hemoglobin

Abstract The binding of ethyl isocyanide to human hemoglobin has been studied spectrophotometrically at pH 7, 25°C, in the presence and absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP. Both organic phosphate compounds shift the ethyl isocyanide binding curve to the right, and cause a small decrease in the Hill parameter from about 2.0 to about 1.5–1.7. In the case of ATP, it is shown that this molecule binds to both deoxyhemoglobin and to ethyl isocyanide saturated hemoglobin but with a preference for deoxyhemoglobin.
Outcome measurement for patients receiving hearing aid services.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe a useful patient report outcome measure for a hearing aid program that can be completed annually, with limited staff resources, and can be used to document performance excellence. Study Design and Methods: The International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA) questionnaire was mailed to all patients receiving new hearing aids and rehabilitative services during a 1 year period at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). The data were analyzed to assess outcomes. Results: Overall, patients reported a high level of satisfaction and an improved quality of life. The results compared favorably with published norms and with the previous year's results. Conclusion: The IOI-HA was implemented easily with little incremental cost. An annual project such as the one described can be used to demonstrate to administrators, patients, and payers that the clinic's rehabilitative hearing aid services have positive outcomes and that program quality is being monitored.
Construction of male genitalia: the Stanford experience.

First, an historical perspective on surgical attempts to construct male genitalia will be presented. The major methods for reconstruction of the penis have been developed largely for the treatment of traumatic losses. Other causes of loss or absence of the penis have been cancer, infectious or metabolic derangements or congenital abnormalities, such as those seen in the pseudohermaphrodite. There have been two main methods of reconstructing a penis. The first has been with a tubed flap. The second has involved the use of scrotal skin. A third method has been used when a remnant of the penis was remaining, by deepening the existing structures and using local flaps. In the transsexual, enlargement of the clitoris by surgical or hormonal therapy has been attempted. The objective of these methods has been to construct a
Two-dimensional J spectra in solids

Various two-dimensional NMR techniques exploiting the scalar coupling between nuclear spins have been demonstrated in liquids (I). These methods have proved to be valuable tools in the application of NMR to various problems, such as structure determination, kinetics, molecular dynamics, etc. Such techniques, applied in conjunction with those that are rapidly developing for obtaining high resolution spectra of solids (2, 3), offer many new avenues for investigation of complex solids. Work recently published from this laboratory (4) and simultaneously from another (5) demonstrated that high resolution 13C spectra of certain solid materials can be obtained which exhibit the proton-carbon scalar coupling. An obvious extension of this work leads to 2D spectra similar to those referred to as heteronuclear .I spectra (1) in liquids. Chemical shifts are displayed along one frequency axis, and scalar couplings are displayed along a perpendicular axis. Such a spectrum of polycrystalline camphor is shown in Fig. 1. This spectrum was obtained using the pulse sequence shown in Fig. 2. The sample is spun at the magic angle. Carbon transverse magnetization is generated using the usual cross polarization technique (2). This is followed by multipulse decoupling using the MREV-8 pulse sequence (3) for a period t, /2 so that the carbon magnetization evolves with scalar coupling but dipolar interactions are suppressed. The carbon magnetization is then inverted by a ?r pulse and allowed to evolve for an additional time t,/2 under continuous proton decoupling. The isotropic part of the chemical shift refocuses during this period so that the amplitude of the echo is modulated only by scalar coupling. The second half of this echo is then digitized still under proton decoupling. A data matrix indexed by 2, and t2, the time variable of the FID, is then Fourier transformed with respect to t, and f2 to yield the spectrum shown. The combination of MREV-8 irradiation and magic-angle spinning removes the effects of dipolar interactions, both proton-proton and proton-carbon, as well as chemical shift anisotropy during the first half of the evolution period tl . During the second half of the evolution period switching to continuous proton irradiation removes the effect of scalar coupling as well. The overall effect is then very similar to carbonproton .I spectroscopy using the gated decoupler method (1). However, in contrast to the liquid experiment where the scalar coupling is reduced only by a factor of onehalf, the couplings are scaled by an additional factor of about 0.488 due to the MRFV8 pulse sequence (3). This scaling by almost a factor of one-fourth limits the usefulness
Relationship of body condition score and oxidant stress to tumor necrosis factor expression in dairy cattle.

Abstract The relationship between body condition score (BCS) with measures of oxidative status and TNF-α production was examined in 16 mid-lactation dairy cows. Cows were selected based on either a normal (2.5–2.7) or a high (≥3.5) BCS using the standard five-point scaling system. The metabolic status of all cows was determined by plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels (NEFA). Plasma samples or white blood cell lysates also were analyzed for indices of oxidant stress and for the expression of TNF-α. Cows with a high BCS had significantly lower NEFA levels when compared to normal BCS cows and the over-conditioned animals were not in a state of negative energy balance. No significant changes in lipid hydroperoxide levels, glutathione peroxidase activity, or the ratio of reduced (GSH) to oxidized (GSSG) glutathione was detected with respect to BCS. However, high BCS cows did have a significantly lower overall antioxidant potential and reduced TrxR activities when compared with the normal BCS cows. Changes in the oxidative state of over-conditioned cows were accompanied by a significantly higher expression of TNF-α. Results from this study suggest that cows with a high BCS can experience oxidant stress in the absence of altered energy status. Increased TNF-α expression may be related to the pro-oxidant state of over-conditioned cows and possibly be a contributing factor to the enhanced susceptibility to disease in high BCS dairy cattle.
Magnetic dipole localization using the gradient rate tensor measured by a five-axis magnetic gradiometer with known velocity

The use of the magnetic gradient tensor in the point-by-point localization of a magentic dipole was first demonstrated by Wynn in 1971, with a more explicit solution derived by Frahm in 1972. This algorithm maps the five independent components of the magnetic gradient tensor at a point into the dipole bearing vector and the dipole moment vector scaled by the inverse fourth power of the range to the dipole. This inversion produces four solutions, two of which are reflections through the origin of the bearing and scaled moment vectors of the other two. In the present paper, we describe an algorithm for mapping the time rate of change of the gradient tensor measured by a sensor of known velocity into the dipole bearing vector and the dipole moment vecot scaled by the inverse fifth power of the range. An extensive computer exercise with random position and moment vector geometries consistently produces at least one and at most four distinct solutions, with an equal number of additional solutions related to these by reflection of the bearing vector through the origin, for a total of at least two and at most eight solutions. In the same exercise, the solution common to this algorithm and the gradient equation iversion algorithm is consistently unique, and the two different moment vector scalings allow the range to be determined, resulting in a unique solution for dipole position and moment vectors. A general proof of uniqueness is not yet available.
Some effects and properties of Duvernoy's gland secretion from Hypsiglena torquata texana (Texas night snake)

Abstract D. K. Vest . Some effects and properties of Duvernoy's gland secretion from Hypsiglena torquata texana (Texas night snake). Toxicon 26, 417 – 419, 1988. — The Texas night snake ( Hypsiglena torquata texana ), a small opisthoglyphic colubrid snake, produces a Duvernoy's secretion which has a relatively low lethal toxicity for mice, but produces pain, hemorrhage, and oedema at the site of injection. The subcutaneous ld 50 of Hypsiglena torquata texana Duvernoy's secretion in Swiss - Webster mice was 26 mg/kg. Local hemorrhaging occurred at doses as low as 2.0 μg/mouse, while marked hemorrhage and oedema resulted at doses greater than 200 μg/mouse. The dry secretion contained 77% protein, and SDS - PAGE electrophoresis revealed the presence of seven major proteinaceous components.
Testing Energy Balance Climate Models

Abstract Adopting procedures often applied to model the earth's climate, we use zonal fields from the control run of a general circulation climate model (GCM) (Wetherald and Manabe, 1975) to construct parameterizations of the energy budget components for use in. a simple Budyko-Sellers energy balance climate model (EBM) (North, 1975). Comparing the results of the GCM and the EBM for changes in solar constant, we find that with these parameterizations changes in the surface temperature calculated with the EBM are substantially larger than those calculated with the GCM. Furthermore, when the meridional energy transport in the EBM is held constant so that it simulates the transport in the GCM, the results of the two models diverge hopelessly. On the other hand, with the parameterizations of the EBM modified to simulate the behavior of the GCM fields, the results of the two models agree fairly well. This exercise illustrates the weakness of current methods used to extract parameterizations for EBMs from obser...
Relative potency of amphetamine derivatives and N,N-dimethyltryptamines.

The relative potency of amphetamine derivatives and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) derivatives was evaluated in rats trained to swim through an underwater tube in order to escape at the other and of the tank. All of the compounds tested significantly increased the starting latency. The time of peak effect of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-amphetamine (DOET), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (DOM), and 6-hydroxy-DMT was estimated at 40 min after the intraperitoneal injection and that of DMT, 4-methoxy-DMT, and psilocybin was 20 min. Dose-response curves showed that the increase in the latency was dose-dependent. The descending rank order of potency of the compounds, according to the median effective dose (ED50), was: DOET, psilocybin, DOM, DMT, 4-methoxy-DMT, and 6-hydroxy-DMT.
Hanson lecture. Adrenal imaging: current status.

The development of cross-sectional imaging techniques has dramatically improved our ability to examine the adrenal glands. No longer requiring time-consuming or invasive procedures such as arteriography, venography, or venous sampling, the adrenal glands are readily imaged with CT, sonography, and MR imaging. The most common indication for adrenal imaging is the detection of metastatic disease. Although tumor metastases as small as 1 cm are easily detected by CT, they must be distinguished from benign adenomas. Furthermore, diseases of the adrenal glands may become manifest as a result of hormone excess or deficiency. Thus, adrenal diseases may be considered as hyperfunctional disorders, adrenal insufficiency, or diseases in which adrenal function is normal. As these hormones can readily be measured, there is seldom doubt in which category a patient belongs.
High-Potential C112D/M121X (X = M, E, H, L) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurins

Site-directed mutagenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin C112D at the M121 position has afforded a series of proteins with elevated CuII/I reduction potentials relative to the CuII aquo ion. The high potential and low axial hyperfine splitting (CuII electron paramagnetic resonance A∥) of the C112D/M121L protein are remarkably similar to features normally associated with type 1 copper centers.
Challenges in Modeling the Fate of Nitrogen Applied to Forests: Development of a Comprehensive Forest Nutrient Cycle and Export Modeling Package; Cordesville, South Carolina, 6–7 March 2008

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly applied to increase productivity of forest plantations, and the extent and intensity of forest fertilizer use could increase in the future as a way of enhancing forest productivity to meet demands for both traditional products and emerging markets for energy and biomaterials. While much of the applied N remains in the soilplant system, there are concerns about leaching losses and effects on surface water quality. However, understanding the fate of fertilizer N and its potential environmental impacts is particularly complex due to a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors affecting its forms and movement. There have been many N cycling studies in pine plantations, but relatively few have comprehensively addressed links between terrestrial processes and the ultimate fate of fertilizer N. While a variety of hydrologic and nutrient cycling models have been applied to simulate N fate and transport at different spatial and temporal scales in agricultural and forested ecosystems, available field studies are generally inadequate to validate those model predictions. Experiments are needed to validate model predictions on the transport and fate of N through the soil and water network. Once validated, models can be used in the development of general fertilizer guidelines for resource managers and can help document how fertilizer can be safely and effectively used at stand and landscape scales.
Identification of Benzethonium Chloride in Commercial Grapefruit Seed Extracts

Commercial grapefruit seed extracts (GSE) were extracted with chloroform. The solvent was evaporated, and the resulting solid was subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (by proton-induced X-ray emission [PIXE] analysis). The main constituent was identified as benzethonium chloride, a synthetic antimicrobial agent commonly used in cosmetics and other topical applications. This compound comprised 8.03% (n = 2) of the liquid GSE sample. Higher amounts of benzethonium chloride were found in powder GSE samples. Keywords: Benzethonium chloride; grapefruit seed extract; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; PIXE analysis; antimicrobial activity
Surface plasmons in solids

Abstract Some of the properties of surface plasmons in nearly-free-electron solids are reviewed. Experiment and theory bearing on the dispersion and damping of such excitations in some simple geometries will be discussed. Coupling with the radiation field may modify both of these properties. The surface plasmon may be regarded as the source of the image force at an external charge and of dispersion forces between solids. Some consequences of coupling between plasmon modes through spatial nonuniformities or spatial deviations in the linear response function of a solid are considered briefly.
Longitudinal observation of pediatric hand and wrist ganglia

The purpose of this study was to examine the behavior of ganglia of the hand and wrist in young children treated without surgery. Fourteen consecutive children, less than 10 years of age, who presented with cysts of the hand and wrist were followed up by a single surgeon. The average age of the patient at the time of diagnosis was 38 months (range, 2 months to 9 years 3 months). The masses included 7 retinacular cysts, 5 volar wrist ganglia, and 2 dorsal wrist ganglia. These cysts had been present for an average of 3.3 months (range, 1-12 months) before medical advice was sought. None of the cysts were painful. Follow-up averaged 33 months (range, 9-112 months), with 79% of all cysts spontaneously resolving, the majority within a year. We believe that a child presenting with a benign hand lesion characteristic of a ganglion cyst should initially be treated by observation.
The Use of Microdermabrasion for Acne: A Pilot Study

Background. Microdermabrasion is a superficial peeling modality that has become quite popular with our patients and the media. Objective. To evaluate the use of microdermabrasion in patients with acne. Methods. Twenty-five patients with grade II–III acne were enrolled into this pilot study. All patients were under dermatologic care and were maintained on their acne medications throughout the study. Patients received eight microdermabrasion treatments at weekly intervals. The results were documented with before and after photographs and evaluated for clinical improvement. Results. Twenty-four patients completed the study with 38% (9/24) having excellent results, 34% (8/24) with good results, 17% (4/24) with fair results, and 12% (3/24) with poor results. Ninety-six percent (23/24) of patients were pleased with their peel results and would recommend this procedure to others. Conclusion. The use of microdermabrasion in this pilot study appeared to produce a positive effect on the improvement of acne.
Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia

Wikipedia's brilliance and curse is that any user can edit any of the encyclopedia entries. We introduce the notion of the impact of an edit, measured by the number of times the edited version is viewed. Using several datasets, including recent logs of all article views, we show that an overwhelming majority of the viewed words were written by frequent editors and that this majority is increasing. Similarly, using the same impact measure, we show that the probability of a typical article view being damaged is small but increasing, and we present empirically grounded classes of damage. Finally, we make policy recommendations for Wikipedia and other wikis in light of these findings.
Activation of early enzyme production in small lymphocytes in response to high, nonmitogenic concentrations of concanavalin A

Abstract Lymphocyte mitogenesis is generally assessed by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. By this criterion, small lymphocytes, which are activated by relatively low doses of concanavalin A, are either unresponsive to or inhibited by higher concentrations. Because lymphocytes begin to synthesize DNA about 24 hr after addition of mitogen, the response is far removed temporally from the initial stimulus. We have chosen to use the induction of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.50) to assess early activation events in bovine lymphocytes. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase induction is bimodal, with an initial phase beginning 3 hr after addition of concanavalin A and a second wave coinciding with the onset of DNA synthesis. The initial accumulation of the decarboxylase (0-9 hr) in cultures treated with “nonmitogenic” levels of concanavalin A (108 μg/ml) was similar to that observed in cultures stimulated with optimally mitogenic doses (18 μg/ml). The early induction of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) was also similar under these two culture conditions. However, the second phase of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase accumulation, the induction of thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21), and DNA replication were blocked at the higher concentrations of concanavalin A. The inhibition of late events by high doses of concanavalin A was reversible. Cells treated with α-methyl-D-mannopyranoside 25 hr after addition of a high dose of lectin responded with a second period of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase accumulation, induction of thymidine kinase, and progression through S phase. These results suggest that initial lymphocyte activation occurs normally at high doses of concanavalin A, but that the cells are reversibly blocked prior to induction of “late” enzymes and progression through S phase.
Brodie, Wohlstetter and American nuclear strategy

Bernard Brodie and the Foundations of American Nuclear Strategy, by Barry H. Steiner. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1991. 367pp. $40.00; On Not Confusing Ourselves: Essays on National Security Strategy in Honour of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter, by Andrew W. Marshall, J.J. Martin and Henry S. Rowen. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991. 330pp. £33.00.
Direct dynamin–actin interactions regulate the actin cytoskeleton

The large GTPase dynamin assembles into higher order structures that are thought to promote endocytosis. Dynamin also regulates the actin cytoskeleton through an unknown, GTPase-dependent mechanism. Here, we identify a highly conserved site in dynamin that binds directly to actin filaments and aligns them into bundles. Point mutations in the actin-binding domain cause aberrant membrane ruffling and defective actin stress fibre formation in cells. Short actin filaments promote dynamin assembly into higher order structures, which in turn efficiently release the actin-capping protein (CP) gelsolin from barbed actin ends in vitro, allowing for elongation of actin filaments. Together, our results support a model in which assembled dynamin, generated through interactions with short actin filaments, promotes actin polymerization via displacement of actin-CPs.
A Human Homologue of the Drosophila Polarity Gene frizzled Has Been Identified and Mapped to 17q21.1

The frizzled (fz) locus in Drosophila is required for the transmission of polarity signals across the plasma membrane in epidermal cells, as well as to their neighboring cells in the developing wing. The identification of a tissue polarity gene from the fz locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been reported. The fz gene encodes a protein (Fz) with seven putative transmembrane domains, which was suggested to function as a G-protein-coupled receptor. Here we report the identification of a human homologue for the fz gene (FZD2). The FZD2 gene was isolated from a human ovarian cDNA library and mapped to 17q21.1 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a corresponding cosmid. The full-length cDNA of human FZD2 encodes a protein (FZD-2) of 565 amino acids that shares 56% sequence identity with Drosophila Fz. The expression of the FZD2 gene seems to be developmentally regulated, with high levels of expression in fetal kidney and lung and in adult colon and ovary. The structure of FZD-2 suggests that it has a role in transmembrane signal transmission, although its precise physiological function and associated pathways are yet to be determined.
MicroRNA-1258 Suppresses Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis by Targeting Heparanase

Heparanase (HPSE) is a potent protumorigenic, proangiogenic, and prometastatic enzyme that is overexpressed in brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC). However, little is known about the regulation of this potential therapeutic target in BMBC, which remains very poorly managed in the clinic. We hypothesized that HPSE gene expression might be regulated by micro RNA that might be exploited therapeutically. Using miRanda and RNAhybrid, we identified miR-1258 as a candidate micro RNA that may directly target HPSE and suppress BMBC. In support of our hypothesis, we found that miR-1258 levels inversely correlated with heparanase expression, enzymatic activity, and cancer cell metastatic propensities, being lowest in highly aggressive BMBC cell variants compared with either nontumorigenic or nonmetastatic human mammary epithelial cells. These findings were validated by analyses of miR-1258 and heparanase content in paired clinical specimens of normal mammary gland versus invasive ductal carcinoma, and primary breast cancer versus BMBC. In regulatory experiments, miR-1258 inhibited the expression and activity of heparanase in BMBC cells, whereas modulating heparanase blocked the phenotypic effects of miR-1258. In functional experiments, stable expression of miR-1258 in BMBC cells inhibited heparanase in vitro cell invasion and experimental brain metastasis. Together, our findings illustrate how micro RNA mechanisms are linked to brain metastatic breast cancer through heparanase control, and they offer a strong rationale to develop heparanase-based therapeutics for treatment of cancer patients with brain metastases, BMBC in particular.
Naïve T cells, unconventional NK and NKT cells, and highly responsive monocyte-derived macrophages characterize human cord blood.

This study compares the human immune systems of neonates and adults. Flow cytometric analysis was used to study the cellular phenotypes of cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (APB). Luminex analysis was used to determine the levels of cytokines in cell culture supernatants. Our findings indicate that T cells in CB were mainly naive and thus less responsive to PMA/ionomycin with the synthesis of cytokines. The percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(high) and of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(dim) cells expressing chemokine receptors were different between CB and APB. TLR1, TLR6 and TLR9 expressions on NK and NKT cells also differed between CB and APB. CB monocyte-derived macrophages responded better than APB macrophages to TLR ligands with increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6. The high levels of the inflammatory cytokines in cell culture supernatants of CB were mainly due to higher numbers of responsive macrophages, since dendritic cell numbers were lower in CB than APB.
Neutral thermospheric dynamics observed with two scanning Doppler imagers: 2. Vertical winds

[1] This article is the second in a series of three papers reporting on observations of the 630.0 nm thermospheric airglow emission by two spatially separated scanning Doppler imagers (SDI’s) in Alaska. In this article, line-of-sight wind measurements from these instruments in four common-volume regions lying along the great circle joining the two observatories have been used to derive estimates of the vertical wind in those common-volumes. These estimates are combined with the vertical winds measured directly in each of the station zeniths to resolve both the spatial and temporal variations of the vertical wind field. Data from four nights are presented as examples of the wave-like oscillations and frequently high spatial correlations that are observed. A statistical study of data from the full 19-night data set showed that the frequency of observing statistically significant correlation between vertical winds measured at separate locations decreased linearly with increasing separation. A linear fit to this trend indicated that for this particular location and orientation the largest separation over which statistically significant correlation would be expected to occur is approximately 540 km.
Experimental and analytical evaluation of dynamic load vibration of a 2240-kW (3000-hp) rotorcraft transmission

A dynamic analysis of a 2240-kW (3000-hp) helicopter planetary system is presented. Results from both analytical and experimental studies show good correlation in gear-tooth loads. A parametric study indicates that the mesh damping ratio has a significant effect on maximum gear tooth load, stress, and vibration. Correlation with experimental results indicates that the Sun-planet mesh damping ratio can significantly differ from the planet ring mesh damping ratio. A numerical fast Fourier transform (FFT) procedure was applied to examine the mesh load components in the frequency domain and the magnitudes of multiple tooth pass frequencies excited by nonsynchronous meshing of the planets. Effects of tooth-spacing errors and tooth-profile modifications with tip relief are examined. A general discussion of results and correlation with the experimental study are also presented.
Ab initio electron propagators in molecules with strong electron-phonon interaction: II. Electron Green's function

Ab initio electron propagator methods are developed to study electronic properties of molecular systems with strong electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. For the calculation of electron Green’s functions we apply a canonical small polaron transformation that intrinsically contains strong electron-phonon effects. In the transformed Hamiltonian, the energy levels for the noninteracting particles are shifted down by the relaxation (solvation) energies. The Coulomb integrals are also renormalized by the electron-phonon interaction. For certain values of the electron-phonon coupling constants, the renormalized Coulomb integrals can be negative which implies the attraction between two electrons. Within the small polaron transformation we develop a diagrammatic technique for the calculation of electron Green’s function in which the electron-phonon interaction is already included into the multiple phonon correlation functions. Since the decoupling of the phonon correlation functions is impossible, a...
Surface Charge and Lanthanum Block of Calcium Current in Bullfrog Sympathetic Neurons

Abstract The density of surface charge associated with the calcium channel pore was estimated from the effect of extracellular ionic strength on block by La 3+ . Currents carried by 2mM Ba 2+ were recorded from isolated frog sympathetic neurons by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. In normal ionic strength (120mM N -methyl-d-glucamine, NMG), La 3+ blocked the current with high affinity (IC 50 =22nM at 0mV). La 3+ block was relieved by strong depolarization in a time- and voltage-dependent manner. After unblocking, open channels reblocked rapidly at 0mV, allowing estimation of association and dissociation rates for La 3+ : k on =(7.2±0.7)×10 8 M −1 s −1 , k off =10.0±0.5s −1 . To assess surface charge effects, La 3+ block was also measured in low ionic strength (12.5mM NMG) and high ionic strength (250mM NMG). La 3+ block was higher affinity and faster by two- to threefold in 12.5mM NMG, with little effect of 250mM NMG. The data could be described by Gouy-Chapman theory with a surface charge density of ∼1 e − /3000–4000A 2 . These results indicate that there is a small but detectable surface charge associated with the pore of voltage-dependent calcium channels.
“Fill ‘Er Up!” in the pharmacy of last resort: predictors of refill-seeking behavior in the emergency department

Study objectives: We determine predictors of medication refill-seeking behavior in emergency department (ED) patients with chronic illness. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional ED survey of chronic medication use in a large public hospital ED (>140,000 visits/year) during a 6-week period. Adult ED patients (>18 years) taking chronic medications for congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension were included. Results: Of 1,168 patients approached, none refused participation; 344 (29%) presented to the ED after running out of medications. Significant univariate predictors of "being in the ED for a medication refill" include age younger than 50 years, non-Hispanic ethnicity, low income ( P Conclusion: Presenting for medication refills is common in ED patients with chronic illness; especially for those who are younger, uninsured, on a limited income, and unaware of common medication refill practices.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel in Chloride and Sulfate Solutions

Abstract The effects of stress, pH, and solution temperature on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of type 430 (UNS S43000) ferritic stainless steel have been investigated in 0.82 kmol/m3 acidic chloride and sulfate solutions using a constant load method. The steady-state elongation rate obtained from corrosion elongation curve (elongation vs time curve) shows a linear function of time to failure with a slope of −1.5 (as a function of stress) and with a slope of unity (as a function of pH and solution temperature under a constant stress condition). This implies that the steady-state elongation rate can be applied to type 430 as a parameter for prediction of time to failure as well as that of austenitic stainless steels already reported. Furthermore, the steady-state elongation rate becomes a parameter for the criterion on evaluation of SCC susceptibility. By using a linear equation and the criterion for evaluation of SCC susceptibility, critical values of pH and solution temperature on SCC under the present ...
Multiple Peripheral Aneurysms of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

Peripheral aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are rare. The authors describe a case in which five distinct peripheral aneurysms of the PICA were diagnosed and microsurgically clipped while preserving the parent vessel. One of the aneurysmal sacs was excised and examined pathologically, and no evidence of an infectious etiology was found. The surgical approach to peripheral PICA aneurysms is discussed and the literature concerning these unusual aneurysms is reviewed.
Analytic Review: Disorders of Temperature Control: Part I. Hyperthermia:

After a review of the normal physiology of temperature regulation, one of the three hyperthermic syndromes— heat stroke—is discussed in detail with respect to its pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The other syndromes— malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome—are discussed in Part II. Heat stroke is a syndrome of acute thermoregulatory failure in warm environments; malignant hyperthermia is a drug or stress-induced hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by vigorous muscular contractions; and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome results primarily from an imbalance of central neurotransmitters, usually due to neuroleptic drug use and characterized by muscular rigidity. Knowledge of the normal physiology of temperature regulation and the causes and pathophysiology of heat stroke are keys to understanding the other two syndromes.
Magnetic mechanism of quasiparticle pairing in hole-doped cuprate superconductors

We have computed ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}F$'s for the hole-doped cuprates within the framework of the one-band Hubbard model, where the full magnetic response of the system is treated properly. The $d$-wave pairing weight ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{F}_{d}$ is found not only to contain a low-energy peak due to excitations near $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$ expected from neutron-scattering data but also to display substantial spectral weight at higher energies due to contributions from other parts of the Brillouin zone as well as pair-breaking ferromagnetic excitations at low energies. The resulting solutions of the Eliashberg equations yield transition temperatures and gaps comparable to the experimentally observed values, suggesting that magnetic excitations of both high and low energies play an important role in providing the pairing glue in the cuprates.
Differences in growth and foraging behavior of native and introduced populations of an invasive crayfish

The competitive displacement of native by introduced species has often been attributed to differences in growth and behavior of the invader with its competitors. However, is the contribution of these traits to invasion success due to different competitor species between the native and introduced ranges or to differences among populations of the invader? Here we compared the growth and foraging behavior of the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) from its native and introduced ranges when competing with congeners from both ranges (O. cristavarius and O. propinquus, respectively). Our results indicated that O. rusticus from the introduced range grew significantly more than native O. rusticus and that there was no effect of competitor species on the growth of O. rusticus. Thus, the contribution of higher growth rates to the invasion success of O. rusticus was a result of population differences of O. rusticus in contrast to differences between congeners across both ranges. Foraging activity and recruitment to bait were higher in introduced versus native populations of O. rusticus when competing with O. cristavarius, but, not when competing with O. propinquus. Rather, O. propinquus significantly recruited to bait first when competing with either population of O. rusticus. However, 57% of the time that O. propinquus was first to find the bait, introduced O. rusticus aggressively pirated the bait from O. propinquus. In contrast, native O. rusticus were never observed pirating bait from O. propinquus. We suggest that this behavior may, in part, explain the higher growth observed in introduced populations of O. rusticus. The differences in behavior between O. rusticus populations depending on the competitor species may be due to behavioral flexibility that may drive higher growth rates in introduced populations of this species.
Radiologist Detection of Microcalcifications With and Without Computer-Aided Detection: A Comparative Study

Abstract AIM: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of microcalcification detection by radiologists alone and assisted by a computer-aided detection (CAD) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Films of 106 patients were masked, randomized, digitized and analysed by the CAD-system. Five readers interpreted the original mammograms and were blinded to demographics, medical history and earlier films. Forty-two mammograms with malignant microcalcifications, 40 with benign microcalcifications and 24 normal mammograms were included. Results were recorded on a standardized image interpretation form. The mammograms with suspicious areas flagged by the CAD-system were displayed on mini-monitors and immediately re-reviewed. The interpretation was again recorded on a new copy of the standard form and classified according to six groups. RESULTS: Forty-one out of 42 (98%) malignant microcalcifications and 32 of 40 (80%) benign microcalcifications were flagged by the CAD-system. There was an average of 1.2 markers per image. The sensitivity for malignant microcalcifications detection by mammographers without and with the CAD-system ranged from 81% to 98% and from 88% to 98%, respectively. The mean difference without and with CAD-system was 2.2% (range 0–7%). CONCLUSION: No statistically significant changes in sensitivity were found when experienced mammographers were assisted by the CAD-system, with no significant compromise in specificity.Brem, R. F., Schoonjans, J. M. (2001). Clinical Radiology 56 , 150–154.