cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Similar Crack Expansion Method for Three-Dimensional Crack Analysis

The self-similar crack expansion method is developed to calculate stress intensity factors for three-dimensional cracks in an infinite medium or semi-infinite medium by the boundary integral element technique. With this method, the stress intensity factors at crack tips are determined by calculating the crack-opening displacements over the crack surface, and the crack expansion rate, which is related to the crack energy release rate, is estimated by using a technique based on self-similar (virtual) crack extension. For elements on the crack surface, regular integrals and singular integrals are evaluated based on closed-form expressions, which improves the accuracy. Examples show that this method yields very accurate results for stress intensity factors of penny-shaped cracks and elliptical cracks in the full space, with errors of less than one percent as compared with exact solutions. The stress intensity factors of subsurface cracks are in good agreement with other numerical solutions.
The polarographic reduction of perbromate and its use as a probe of double layer structure

Summary o 1. The reduction of perbromate has been studied in dilute (1, 10 and 100 mM) aqueous alkali halide solutions, in which they exhibit a polarographic minimum and an associated negative faradaic admittance. 2. In electrolytes which exhibit only weak specific ion adsorption (e.g., 0.1 M NaF), the perbromate reduction is characterized by a low and apparently potential-dependent transfer coefficient. 3. The marked effects of the adsorbable ions Cl−, Br− and I− can be accounted for quantitatively by the Frumkin correction, using classical double layer theory and assuming that the intrinsic perbromate reduction rate is not affected by specific halide adsorption. 4. The 1 mM electrolyte solutions, the charge density due to specifically adsorbed Cl− and F− almost equals the electronic charge density, but the double layer potentials do not vanish. 5. Specific advantages of the use of anions as quantitative probes of double layer structure have been outlined.
Surgical Outcomes of Gastrointestinal Sarcoma Including Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Population-based Examination

Introduction The surgical approaches and outcomes for gastrointestinal sarcoma are determined largely from single institutional series.
The effect of dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate on the synthesis of glycolipids by normal and transformed Nil cells.

Abstract The synthesis of complex glycolipids was examined in two clones (Nil 1Cl and Nil 2Cl) of the Nil 2 line and their hamster sarcoma virus-transformed derivatives. Nil 2Cl contains three neutral glycolipids which increase in concentration as cells become confluent. However, the kinetics of increase differs for each of the three. The Forssman glycolipid increases in parallel with cell growth and reaches a maximal level just before cells reach their saturation density. Synthesis of globoside increases significantly only after the culture reaches saturation density. These “density-dependent” glycolipids are lost or decreased in concentration after transformation by hamster sarcoma virus. The growth of both normal and transformed cells is inhibited by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The density at which they stop growth is dependent upon the inoculum density. The glycolipid patterns of normal and transformed cells has been examined in the presence or absence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. In the presence of the nucleotide transformed cells did not regain the glycolipids or density-dependent synthesis of glycolipids which they lost as a result of transformation.
Assessment of submarine groundwater discharge by handheld aerial infrared imagery: case study of Kaloko fishpond and bay, Hawai'i

Handheld aerial infrared imagery was used to infer submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to a Hawaiian fishpond and adjacent bay at Kaloko, Hawai'i, using heat as a tracer for the relatively cooler groundwater. Use of a handheld infrared camera aboard readily available, unmodified aircraft is a convenient and less expensive alternative to use of a camera mounted in the belly of a customized aircraft, although it favors taking images with an oblique view instead of the preferable nadir view. Pond-wide patterns of SGD were readily apparent in oblique images and were typically more apparent in infrared imagery than in ground truth data, due to the formation of thin (order of cm) surface strata of groundwater which could easily fail to be observed with conventional temperature probes. Absolute temperature measurement is affected by the variation of surface emissivity and reflectivity with angle of camera view; corrections based on use of Fresnel's equation were of the order of several degrees centigrade at convenient oblique aerial viewing angles. Other factors that may affect apparent water temperature include sky temperature and camera error. Surface waves may also account for variations in average surface emissivity and reflectance that were not accounted for by the aforementioned corrections. Under suitable conditions, handheld aerial infrared imagery revealed spatial patterns of groundwater inflow, detected differences in water temperature at the meter scale, and measured absolute water temperature with accuracy on the order of 2 to 3 °C.
A numerically scalable dual-primal substructuring method for the solution of contact problems––part I: the frictionless case

Abstract We present a dual-primal non-linear domain decomposition method with Lagrange multipliers for solving iteratively frictionless contact problems. This method, which is based on the feti -DP substructuring algorithm, features a non-linear Krylov-type acceleration scheme. It addresses both cases of restrained and unrestrained bodies. When the bodies in contact behave linearly, it does not perform any Newton-like iteration to solve the non-linear contact problem. We present performance results for several numerical simulations which suggest that the proposed method is numerically scalable with respect to both the problem size and the number of subdomains. We also illustrate the parallel scalability of this method on a cluster of Silicon Graphics systems for a three-million degree of freedom static contact problem.
Sources of Substances which Elicit a Behavioural Response from the Insect Parasitoid, Campoletis perdistinctus

THERE are many reports of the competition among larval parasitoid Hymenoptera which arises when two or more eggs of the same species or of different species are deposited in the same host1. But it may be advantageous to avoid competition, especially for those Hymenoptera which require the entire host for development. Indeed, Salt1 has suggested that there is an advantage in a reduction of the number of progeny lost in competition within their host, for insect parasitoids can then maintain their populations with a relatively low fecundity.
Aberrant Learning and Memory in Addiction

Over the past several years, drug addiction has increasingly been accepted to be a disease of the brain as opposed to simply being due to a lack of willpower or personality flaw. Exposure to addictive substances has been shown to create enduring changes in brain structure and function that are thought to underlie the transition to addiction. Specific genetic and environmental vulnerability factors also influence the impact of drugs of abuse on the brain and can enhance the likelihood of becoming an addict. Long-lasting alterations in brain function have been found in neural circuits that are known to be responsible for normal appetitive learning and memory processes and it has been hypothesized that drugs of abuse enhance positive learning and memory about the drug while inhibiting learning about the negative consequences of drug use. Therefore, the addict's behavior becomes increasingly directed towards obtaining and using drugs of abuse, while at the same time developing a poorer ability to stop using, even when the drug is less rewarding or interferes with functioning in other facets of life. In this review we will discuss the clinical evidence that addicted individuals have altered learning and memory and describe the possible neural substrates of this dysfunction. In addition, we will explore the preclinical evidence that drugs of abuse cause a progressive disorder of learning and memory, review the molecular and neurobiological changes that may underlie this disorder, determine the genetic and environmental factors that may increase vulnerability to addiction, and suggest potential strategies for treating addiction through manipulations of learning and memory.
Active materials for automotive adaptive forward lighting Part 1: system requirements vs. material properties

Adaptive Frontlighting Systems (AFS in GM usage) improve visibility by automatically optimizing the beam pattern to accommodate road, driving and environmental conditions. By moving, modifying, and/or adding light during nighttime, inclement weather, or in sharp turns, the driver is presented with dynamic illumination not possible with static lighting systems The objective of this GM-HRL collaborative research project was to assess the potential of active materials to decrease the cost, mass, and packaging volume of current electric stepper-motor AFS designs. Solid-state active material actuators, if proved suitable for this application, could be less expensive than electric motors and have lower part count, reduced size and weight, and lower acoustic and EMF noise1. This paper documents Part 1 of the collaborative study, assessing technically mature, commercially available active materials for use as actuators. Candidate materials should reduce cost and improve AFS capabilities, such as increased angular velocity on swivel. Additional benefits to AFS resulting from active materials actuators were to be identified as well such as lower part count. In addition, several notional approaches to AFS were documented to illustrate the potential function, which is developed more fully in Part 2. Part 1 was successful in verifying the feasibility of using two active materials for AFS: shape memory alloys, and piezoelectrics. In particular, this demonstration showed that all application requirements including those on actuation speed, force, and cyclic stability to effect manipulation of the filament assembly and/or the reflector could be met by piezoelectrics (as ultrasonic motors) and SMA wire actuators.
High power primary lithium ion microbatteries

Microbatteries are a critical component for powering autonomous and remote microdevices, but current microbatteries lack the power density and capacity required for high performance use. This paper reports primary microbatteries with high power density and capacity. The microbatteries are based on interdigitated three-dimensional nanoporous bicontinuous electrodes, which enable short ion diffusion lengths and high discharge power. The microbatteries utilize a high capacity manganese oxide cathode and lithium anode to achieve a capacity of up to 29.5 μAh/cm2μm, which is 10X the average capacity of the highest capacity rechargeable microbatteries reported.
Bortezomib is a rapid mobilizer of hematopoietic stem cells in mice via modulation of the VCAM-1/VLA-4 axis.

To the editor: Mobilized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) collected from peripheral blood (PB) is the most common source of HSPCs for stem cell transplantation, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most common agent used for stem cell mobilization. Unfortunately,
The Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides

A review of research on the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides is presented with emphasis on Tyr-MIF-1 and its structure, passage through the blood-brain barrier, and both opiate antagonist and agonist properties. Family members MIF-1, Tyr-W-MIF-1 and Tyr-K-MIF-1 are also included.
Computer simulation of the effects of shoe cushioning on internal and external loading during running impacts

Biomechanical aspects of running injuries are often inferred from external loading measurements. However, previous research has suggested that relationships between external loading and potential injury-inducing internal loads can be complex and nonintuitive. Further, the loading response to training interventions can vary widely between subjects. In this study, we use a subject-specific computer simulation approach to estimate internal and external loading of the distal tibia during the impact phase for two runners when running in shoes with different midsole cushioning parameters. The results suggest that: (1) changes in tibial loading induced by footwear are not reflected by changes in ground reaction force (GRF) magnitudes; (2) the GRF loading rate is a better surrogate measure of tibial loading and stress fracture risk than the GRF magnitude; and (3) averaging results across groups may potentially mask differential responses to training interventions between individuals.
Conceptualizing Guilt in the Consumer Decision‐making Process

Consumer purchase decisions can be influenced by many emotions, including guilt. Guilt which enters into the consumer purchase decision is identified as “consumer guilt” and may provide opportunities for marketers to influence the consumer decision process. A negative emotion which results from a consumer decision that violates one′s values or norms, explores the consumer guilt construct in a series of focus groups. The groups were composed of subjects representing various age, religious affiliation, occupation, and income groups. Four types of consumer guilt were identified: financial; health; moral; and financial responsibility. Consumer guilt is further classified in terms of anticipatory and reactive states, occurring in both decisions to purchase as well as not to purchase, and as it relates to focus on oneself or others.
Multiple judgments: Institutional context and part-time faculty

Part-time faculty are best understood as extensions of institutional identity. In the twenty-first century, the identity of community colleges makes part-time faculty central to the organization's goals.
Functional impact of nodules: A case-comparison study*

Summary Patients diagnosed with nodules (NO = 40) in a large university hospital clinic and an age-stratum matched nondiseased group (ND = 200) described adverse outcomes of vocal impairment on work and work-related communications. NOs were significantly more likely than NDs to report symptoms of hoarseness (73% vs. 26%), high-note difficulty (70% vs. 20%), difficulty speaking with a lower voice (53% vs. 13%) and a tired voice (50% vs. 10%), and their greatest source of physical discomfort was associated with scratchiness (61% vs. 3%). The average number of symptoms was four in NOs and less than one in NDs. Nodule patients were most concerned about the effects their voice problem would have on their future career (78% vs. 24%) and 49% of NOS reported their voice problem had an adverse work effect in the past compared with 4% of NDs. Having a voice condition limited current job performance in 39% of the NO group but only in 2% of the ND group. The results suggest that a diagnosis of nodules plays a major role in disrupting careers and work activities and that available educational programs and additional research are needed for improving their functional ability and preventing adverse outcomes in the lives of individuals with voice disorders.
Postpartum tubal ligation: timing and other anesthetic considerations.

Introduction Tubal sterilization has emerged as the most frequent form of birth control used by women in the United States. By 1990, more women had undergone tubal sterilization than were taking oral contraceptives or using any other single method of birth control. Tubal sterilization is often performed following vaginal or cesarean delivery. Several factors should be considered by the obstetrician and anesthesiologist before proceeding with postpartum tubal ligation. Although technically easier for obstetricians and more convenient for both patient and obstetrician, anesthetic considerations should influence the decision to proceed with postpartum tubal ligation. This article will review the timing and anesthesia-related concerns of postpartum tubal ligation. Interval Versus Postpartum Tubal Ligation Although the patient’s desire for permanent sterilization should be made known to the obstetrician well before labor and delivery, patients do request tubal ligation during that time period. The discussion is often limited to only the patient and her obstetrician, but anesthetic considerations often influence the timing of these procedures. The presence of a functional labor epidural may reduce the need for an additional anesthetic. Additional expense and time of interval sterilization may be avoided and maternal and infant separation minimized. Careful preoperative counseling by the obstetrician is important. The patient should understand that tubal sterilization is a permanent form of contraception. Although technically reversible, patients should not undergo the procedure if there is a reasonable chance that additional children will be desired. Because many factors affect the incidence of successful pregnancy after tubal Correspondence: Brenda A. Bucklin, MD Visiting Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology, Campus Box B113 University of Colorado Health Sciences Center 4200 E. Ninth Avenue Denver, CO 80262 CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Volume 46, Number 3, 657–666 © 2003, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
A dual doppler radar method for the determination of wind velocities within precipitating weather systems

Abstract A method of coordinated scanning which makes use of two Doppler radars and a procedure of data reduction are described. The two radar estimates of radial velocity of the precipitation particles are combined with the equation of mass continuity and an independent estimate of the mean particle-fall velocity. This results in a complete solution for the three components of vector air motion. Examples of air motion fields which illustrate the effectiveness of this new technique in revealing the detailed structure of the winds are shown.
Design of single-functional observers for linear time-varying multivariable systems

A method is presented for the design of an observer capable of reconstructing a single linear functional of the states of a linear time-varying system. The method is based on a canonical transformation of uniformly observable time-varying multi-variable system. It is shown that this canonical form, along with certain pre-specified structures of observer coefficient matrices, leads to a systematic and straightforward procedure for designing a functional observer of minimal order.
The measurement of thermal conductivity of solids with a transient linear heat source on the plane surface of a poorly conducting body

Abstract During the last ten years the transient hot-wire method for measuring thermal conductivity of ocean bottom muds and other soft materials has been adapted for measuring the conductivity of solid rocks because it is cheaper and quicker than the steady state methods such as the divided bar. This is done by embedding the hot wire in the form of a hypodermic needle or a ribbon flush into the surface of a block of a poorly conducting material. When a flat surface of a specimen is placed on the surface of such a sensor, the line source can be said to diffuse heat into an infinite half-space if one neglects the heat absorbed by the poorly conducting block into which the needle is embedded. The rate of the temperature rise of the line source with respect to the logarithm of time elapsed since turning on the heater is inversely proportional to the conductivity. In practice the rates of temperature rise are compared for the unknown and for a standard specimen, a fused silica plate in our case. The percentage of the total heat flowing into the sensor block is in general different for the standard and for the unknown, thus possibly creating an error when the conductivity of the sensor block is neglected. It was determined experimentally that the temperature rise for a silica plate is decreased only by 1.3% by the heat absorbed by the material of the sensor block. An empirical equation is proposed to correct errors arising from this source. This correction needs to be used only for materials of conductivity less than 2 mcal/cm °C s. The equation gives somewhat larger but still acceptable conductivity values for substances in the range of 0.208–3.25 mcal/cm°C s as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 2. For measurements on common rocks corrections for the heat diffused into the material of the sensor block can be neglected.
Treatment of Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinoma with Paclitaxel

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and toxicity of monthly treatment with intravenous paclitaxel for women with advanced or recurrent uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Methods. Consenting women with histologically confirmed advanced (FIGO stage III or IV) or recurrent UPSC were treated on an Institutional Review Board approved protocol of a 24-h intravenous infusion of 200 mg/m 2 of paclitaxel every 3 weeks. Both measurable and nonmeasurable disease cases were enrolled. Treatment was continued until disease progression, patient intolerance, or (in women with nonmeasurable disease) completion of six courses. Results. Twenty patients received from 1 to 11 cycles of therapy. Two women died of disease after 1 cycle of therapy and were not evaluable for response. Among 13 women with measurable tumor receiving 2 or more cycles of therapy, 4 had a complete clinical response and 6 had a partial response (objective response rate, 77%). The median time to progression was 7.3 months (range, 2–21 months). All 3 remaining patients with measurable disease had stable disease for a median of 6 months. The 5 patients without evaluable disease received 5 to 6 cycles of adjuvant paclitaxel. Three developed recurrence (range, 4–10 months; median, 7.2 months). Neutropenia was the major toxicity. Eleven of the 20 patients required G-CSF support, and 9 were hospitalized for neutropenic fever. One woman had reversible cardiac symptoms, which might have been related to paclitaxel treatment. At the time of analysis (mean follow-up, 23 months; range, 4.3–59.9 months), 13 women had died of disease, 4 were alive with disease, and 2 were disease free. All 3 disease-free patients had been treated for nonmeasurable advanced stage disease. Conclusion. Paclitaxel appears to have excellent activity in the treatment of advanced or recurrent UPSC, an uncommon but aggressive malignancy. Longer survival appears to be more common among women with small-volume disease.
A join algorithm for combining AND parallel solutions in AND/OR parallel systems

When two or more literals in the body of a Prolog clause are solved in (AND) parallel, their solutions need to bejoined to compute solutions for the clause. This is often a difficult problem in parallel Prolog systems that exploit OR and independent AND parallelism in Prolog programs. In several AND/OR parallel systems proposed recently, this problem is side-stepped at the cost of unexploited OR parallelism in the program, in part due to the complexity of the backtracking algorithm beneath AND parallel branches. In some cases, the data dependency graphs used by these systems cannot represent all the exploitable indenpendent AND parallelism known at compile time.
Diffuse waves in finite plates

The diffuse field assumption of room acoustics is shown to lead to a relationship between the total spectral energy density of a linear elastic wave disturbance in a finite plate and the power density as observed on the surface. For times long compared with acoustic transit times across the length of the plate, the diffuse field assumption allows the theorist to neglect the details of edge reflections under the assumption that an eventual steady state energy balance is maintained amongst the different branches of wave propagation. Application of these ideas to acoustic emission source characterization is discussed.
Optical fiber sensors for in-flight health monitoring

Optical fiber sensors, because of their small size, low weight, extremely high information carrying capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and large operational temperature range, provide numerous advantages over conventional electrical based sensors. Current and future aircraft designs require reduced sensor size and weight while maintaining resolution and accuracy in the extreme flight environment. Unmanned air vehicles also require more accurate sensor information to improve aircraft control systems. This paper presents preliminary results from optical fiber sensor designs for monitoring acceleration, pressure, and skin friction in-flight.
Effects of Phosphorylation on Emulsifying and Foaming Properties and Digestibility of Yeast Protein

Phosphorylated yeast protein (PYP) (73% protein, < 3% nucleic acid) was prepared from yeast nucleoprotein by chemical phosphorylation using phosphorus oxychloride. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) of PYP was low at pH 5 but exceeded that of BSA at pH 7.0. The emulsions were stable after heating to 90°C for 60 min. The stability of foams made with PYP increased from t1/2 1.5 to 13 min as pH was increased from 5 to 8. Foams made from PYP were weak but increased with protein from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/100 mL. The PYP were easily digested by pepsin and pancreatin indicating negligible inhibition by phosphorylation.
Climate modelling: Uncertainty in climate-sensitivity estimates

Arising from: G. C. Hegerl, T. J. Crowley, W. T. Hyde & D. J. Frame , 1029–1032 (2006)10.1038/nature04679 ; Hegerl et al. reply
Inflation Dynamics in Mongolia: Understanding the Roller Coaster

Inflation in Mongolia resembles a roller coaster ride with sharp rises and steep drops. Understanding why is critical for formulating and assessing monetary policy. Food prices are found to be a key driver of inflation, and, not surprising given Mongolia’s geography, are determined primarily by local supply conditions, highly seasonal, and subject to large but short-lived shocks (usually weather related). Nonetheless, demand factors are also found to be significant in explaining price movements and empirical evidence suggests that a 10 percent increase in government wages, for example, would push up underlying inflation by 1 percentage point. So, while inflation will remain volatile due to agricultural shocks, there is space for macroeconomic stabilization policy to help reduce inflation volatility.
Operative results after unsuccessful radiofrequency ablation for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract The therapies available for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have undergone an interesting development during the 20th century. The initial treatment for this syndrome included pharmacologic therapy together with vagal-stimulating maneuvers. Next was the surgical division of accessory pathways. 1 More recently, innovative transcatheter methods for ablating accessory pathway conduction were devised. 2–4 In many centers, radiofrequency (RF) ablation has changed the indications for surgery to include unsuccessful RF ablation or coexistent cardiac pathology that needs surgical intervention. This report documents our experience with endocardial dissection techniques after attempted RF ablation.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) does not requireacid compartments for entry into cells

The early events in the infection of unenveloped viruses are still rather unknown and puzzling. However, as in the case of enveloped viruses, the acid pH of endosomes can be important to trigger the virus entry into the cytosol. To test if the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), an unenveloped virus, requires acid endosomal pH to infect cells, we assayed the effect of Bafilomycin Aff1 on IPNV replication. Concentrations of the antibiotic which inhibited the endosomal acidification of the host cells were unable to affect IPNV replication in CHSE-214 cells; therefore, the acid pH of endosomes seems not to be a mandatory condition for the entry of IPNV into cells.
Orthodontic retreatment of a Class III patient with significant midline asymmetry and bilateral posterior crossbite

Posterior crossbite might cause serious long-term functional problems if not early treated. Nevertheless, in older patients, treatment might include palatal expansion in order to correct such malocclusion. In view of the above, this article aims at reporting late correction of bilateral posterior crossbite associated with Angle Class III malocclusion, right subdivision, with consequent midline shift (good skeletal pattern). The case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (BBO), with DI equal to or greater than 10, as a requirement for the title of certified by the BBO.
Role of myocardial ischemia in the genesis of stress-induced S-T segment elevation in previous anterior myocardial infarction

This study tests the hypothesis that myocardial ischemia is responsible for exercise-induced S-T segment elevation in patients with previous anterior myocardial infarction (MI). Exercise stress testing in conjunction with thallium imaging of the myocardium was performed in 28 patients with previously documented anterior MI. Thallium images were analyzed by computer for the presence of initial uptake defects and evidence of abnormal clearance of the isotope from the myocardium (that is, imaging evidence of ischemia). Total S-T segment elevation (∑ST) in precordial leads V1 to V6 at rest was subtracted from ∑ST at peak stress in order to quantitate the extent of S-T elevation induced by stress (ΔST). Two groups of patients were identified; 1 with stress-induced S-T elevation (Group I, ΔST ≥ 4.0 mm) and 1 without this abnormality (Group II, ΔST < 4.0 mm). Evidence of abnormal thallium washout from myocardial scan segments occurred in 12 of 15 Group I patients versus 9 of 13 Group II patients (difference not significant). In addition, abnormal tracer washout from anterolateral or septal scan segments occurred in 5 patients in each group. Likewise, abnormal thallium clearance from inferior or posterior scan segments occurred in 8 of 15 Group I patients versus 7 of 13 Group II patients (difference not significant). The patient with the greatest amount of stress-induced S-T elevation (S-T 11.5 mm) had no evidence of ischemia during the stress test. However, Group I patients did have larger anterolateral plus septal initial thallium uptake defect scores than did those of Group II (10 of 15 with defect score ≥ 350 in Group I versus 1 of 13 in Group II, p <0.002). Similarly, resting left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 30% was present in only 4 of 15 Group I patients versus 13 of 13 in Group II (p <0.001). Finally, multiple stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated that ΔST correlated best with the extent of initial anterolateral plus septal thallium uptake defect score (F = 17.3, p < 0.001) and to a lesser extent with resting ejection fraction (F = 5.2, p < 0.05) and change in heart rate from rest to peak stress (F = 8.1, p < 0.01; corrected multiple correlation coefficient = 0.76, p < 0.001). Thus, in patients with previous anterior MI (1) exercise-induced myocardial ischemia occurs as often with as without S-T segment elevation, (2) myocardial ischemia is not required for the production of stress-induced S-T segment elevation, and (3) stress-induced S-T elevation primarily reflects the extent of previous anterior wall damage and to a lesser extent an increase in heart rate between rest and peak stress.
Supercritical fluid extraction of sulfonylureas from aqueous matrices

Abstract Extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides (thermally labile and moderately polar compounds) from aqueous matrices using a dynamic SFE system and supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated. The results show the effect of varying typical SFE variable parameters such as co‐solvent choice and composition, as well as pressure on the extraction efficiency. In addition, comparison studies demonstrating a significant extraction efficiency enhancement using “salting‐out “ techniques with aqueous matrices are also presented along with a suggested theoretical mechanism. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection was used to determine extraction efficiency. The following optimum operating conditions: 10 % acetonitrile, 20 % sodium chloride, 4500 psi and 60 °C, provide extraction results of 90 (± 10) %.
NOAA's Response to the Jessica Oil Spill in the Galapagos Archipelago

ABSTRACT During the night of 16 January 2001, the 260-foot tanker, Jessica, grounded on a reef at the entrance to Wreak Bay on the island of San Cristobal. Ironically, the site of the grounding was...
A Stimulus-Response Analysis of Letter Reversals

Kindergarten, first, second, and third grade children (n = 36 per grade level) gave eight types of responses to five categories of letter stimuli, including high and low confusion capital and lower-case letters and frequently reversed letters. An error analysis of these normative data revealed that reversal letters produced more errors than other types of graphic stimuli only for kindergarten children. There was a similar pattern of errors in response to both reversal and other types of letter stimuli: Number of errors deceased as grade level increased; there were no sex differences; and the eight response types produced differing numbers of errors. It was suggested that letter reversals be remediated by first ascertaining the response modes in which letter reversals occur for each child.
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation: A Novel Approach to Postamputation Neuroma Pain

Background Postamputation neuroma pain can prevent comfortable prosthesis wear in patients with limb amputations, and currently available treatments are not consistently effective. Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a decade-old technique that employs a series of novel nerve transfers to permit intuitive control of upper-limb prostheses. Clinical experience suggests that it may also serve as an effective therapy for postamputation neuroma pain; however, this has not been explicitly studied.
A framework and strategies for advancing change and innovation in two‐year colleges

In this chapter we propose a framework to guide innovators and change agents in two-year colleges. Leaders of these efforts are encouraged to choose strategies based in part on the impetus and focus of the change effort, including regional alliance opportunities.
Posterior Segment Neovascularization Associated With Optic Nerve Aplasia

Purpose To report the presence of posterior segment neovascularization in eyes with optic nerve aplasia. Method Three eyes in two patients with clinical optic nerve aplasia were studied. Results Examination disclosed posterior segment neovascularization in one eye and progressive posterior segment neovascularization in two eyes. Conclusion Posterior segment neovascularization may occur in association with optic nerve aplasia. Retinal ischemia or retinochoroidal anatomic disorganization, or both, may provide the stimulus for neovascularization in such eyes.
COUP-TF gene: a structure unique for the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily

Two different genomic genes for the COUP-transcription factor, COUP-TF I and COUP-TF II, have been isolated from a human cosmid genomic library using a [32P]-labeled cDNA probe. Data obtained from Southern blot analysis of these cosmid clones indicated that two closely related genes exist in the human genome and have a similar genomic organization. The genes are similar in the hormone and DNA binding domains but diverge from one another in the N-terminal region. Using DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques we have determined that the structure of COUP-TF I consists only of three exons and two introns. Surprisingly, both zinc fingers (i.e., F1 and F2) are located in the first exon. Therefore, COUP-TF I is unique among the members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily which have been described to date.
Antibiotic use and preterm labor: attitudes and practice patterns of North Carolina obstetric providers.

Background: Despite the reported link between subclinical genital tract infection (GTI) and preterm labor (PTL), it is not certain that treating PTL empirically with antibiotics decreases neonatal ...
Some further remarks "on testing hypotheses concerning standardized mortality ratios".

Abstract In testing the equality of any k standardized mortality ratios from p (⩾ k ) populations, Kupper and Kleinbaum (1971) pointed out that different test procedures are required for the two situations where the standard population is chosen independently of the p populations and where the standard is formed by pooling all p populations. Unfortunately, the test they propose for the latter situation is applicable only when k = p . The purpose of this paper is to describe an alternative procedure based on the general theories of Wald (1943) and Neyman (1949) which can be used if the standard is a pooled one even when k p .
Immunization coverage of children in a semi-urban village panchayat in Nepal, 1985.

This research project, funded by the Yale International Committee and in cooperation with UNICEF, Nepal, used a questionnaire to survey and assess the immunization status of children 3 years or younger in a semi-urban panchayat. Mothers of children ranging in age from less than 1 month to 3 years were questioned both about immunization status of their children and their own use of health care and specific sources of information. 54% (124/228) of the children had received at least one vaccine and only 4% (10/228) had full coverage with the recommended vaccines (3 doses of DPT and TOPV, one dose of measles and BCG). The mean number of vaccinations for males was significantly greater than that for females (2.12 vs 1.39, P = 0.007, t = 2.80). Male children were twice as likely to have received vaccines as females (76/122, 62% vs 48/106, 45%; Odds Ratio = 2.00). Children born at a hospital were more likely than those born at home to have been vaccinated (23/34, 68% vs 101/194, 52%; P = 0.05, chi 2 = 12.52, d.f. = 2). Most mothers obtained health information from neighbors (38%), radio (22%), or health workers (18%), and 85% of the children were born at home; the majority (164/228, 72%) of the women received assistance during childbirth, 28% of the total reported self delivery. More than 70% of the women felt that vaccinations were good preventive measures. The study results suggest that health education about immunization efforts should be focused on women and these efforts should be intensified.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy has poor predictive value for neoplasms proximal to the splenic flexure

Flexible sigmoidoscopy has poor predictive value for neoplasms proximal to the splenic flexure
Silence or Knowing in IT-Facilitated Face-to-Face Meetings

An increasing proportion of work in organizations has shifted from repetitive, structured, individually focused activities to what is now known as knowledge work. This has been accompanied by a stronger need for collaboration and coordination as well as new information technology (IT) tools. It has changed the nature of face-to-face meetings and the ways in which IT can support them. This study investigates how shared knowledge creation (SKC) operates and is supported by IT in face-to-face meetings. Two scenarios, “Silence” and “Knowing,” are used to illustrate the extremes of the types of collaboration that can take place. The article extends Wenger's theory of communities of practice to the domain of IT-facilitated face-to-face meetings. It develops and operationalizes the community-behavior constructs of participation and documentation reification in this context. The article develops a number of hypotheses around SKC effectiveness. The hypotheses are tested in the context of new product development pr...
Phonon dispersion and the thermodynamic properties of a Au-Ni alloy

Abstract Phonon dispersion for Au-40 at.% Ni has been measured above the miscibility gap (≈1023 K). The nearest-neighbor force constants are considerably reduced compared to those for the pure components, whereas those for more distant neighbors are enhanced, implying an increased long-range phonon-electron interaction in the alloy. The overall effect is a structural softening which accounts quantitatively for the measured excess entropy. For phonon modes near the Brillouin zone boundary there is an additional softening, which appears to be due to shielding by electrons (from the 3d band of Ni) in the vicinity of the Fermi surface. These effects are more difficult to detect after quenching, due to the decrease of phonon lifetimes resulting from distortions associated with solute clustering.
Spatial Choice of Auto Thefts in an Urban Environment

A series of exploratory analyses of auto thefts in the city of Buffalo are reported and discussed in this paper. With the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), the spatial clustering of auto thefts in Buffalo is evaluated, the distribution of auto thefts along the streets is examined, and the spatial choice of auto thefts as related to the patterns of socioeconomic activities in the study area is investigated. In addition to the patterns of auto theft hot spots, this study also examines the impact that the distribution of the available vehicles has on auto theft locations. Analyses reveal that locations along the major roads and the roads directly connected to the major roads are at high risk of being targeted by auto thieves. Furthermore, it is concluded that certain types of urban socioeconomic activities are more attractive to the potential auto thieves than others.
The exercise-induced biochemical milieu enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments

Exercise stimulates a dramatic change in the concentration of circulating hormones, such as growth hormone (GH), but the biological functions of this response are unclear. Pharmacological GH administration stimulates collagen synthesis; however, whether the post-exercise systemic milieu has a similar action is unknown. We aimed to determine whether the collagen content and tensile strength of tissue-engineered ligaments is enhanced by serum obtained post-exercise. Primary cells from a human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were used to engineer ligament constructs in vitro. Blood obtained from 12 healthy young men 15 min after resistance exercise contained GH concentrations that were ∼7-fold greater than resting serum (P < 0.001), whereas IGF-1 was not elevated at this time point (P = 0.21 vs. rest). Ligament constructs were treated for 7 days with medium supplemented with serum obtained at rest (RestTx) or 15 min post-exercise (ExTx), before tensile testing and collagen content analysis. Compared with RestTx, ExTx enhanced collagen content (+19%; 181 ± 33 vs. 215 ± 40 μg per construct P = 0.001) and ligament mechanical properties - maximal tensile load (+17%, P = 0.03 vs. RestTx) and ultimate tensile strength (+10%, P = 0.15 vs. RestTx). In a separate set of engineered ligaments, recombinant IGF-1, but not GH, enhanced collagen content and mechanics. Bioassays in 2D culture revealed that acute treatment with post-exercise serum activated mTORC1 and ERK1/2. In conclusion, the post-exercise biochemical milieu, but not recombinant GH, enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments, in association with mTORC1 and ERK1/2 activation.
Risky behaviors performed by the piglet 72 hours after parturition that can contribute to pre-weaning mortality when housed in farrowing huts

Abstract The objective was to compare the behavior of loose-housed outdoor litters that had one or more piglet mortalities (CR; n=4) compared to litters where no mortalities occurred (NC; n=4). The litter of piglets was observed using 10-min scan samples over 72 h from birth and individual piglets were continually observed 1 h prior to death. Postures, nursing, unknown, location within the hut, and vicinity to the sow were determined. There were no differences observed for any measures 1 h before a piglet's death. There were no differences for treatment or day by treatment over the 72 h for behaviors or vicinity to sow. There was a day effect with piglets becoming more inactive and nursing less often from d1 to d3. There was a day effect for vicinity to sow with piglets spending less time by the sow over the 3 d. Few behavioral differences were observed between treatments.
Intrusion Detection and Information Security Audits

The rapid expansion and dramatic advances in information technology in recent years have without question generated tremendous benefits to business and organizations. At the same time, this expansion has created significant, unprecedented risks to organization operations. Computer security has, in turn, become much more important as organizations utilize information systems and security measures to avoid data tampering, fraud, disruptions in critical operations, and inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information. Such use of computer security is essential in minimizing the risk of malicious attacks from individuals and groups. To be effective in ensuring accountability, management and information technology security personnel must be able to evaluate information systems security and offer recommendations for reducing security risks to an acceptable level. To do so, they must possess the appropriate resources, skills, and knowledge. With the growing perverseness of information systems and the technologies used to support such tools, the growing need to keep the integrity of both the data and the system used to manage that data will become a major priority. Therefore, it is important for security personnel and management to keep abreast of the issues and trends in information systems and security, and the tools and techniques used to secure systems and data. In order to keep information safe and systems secured from outside attacks from computer criminals, information systems security and network vulnerability assessment must be conducted on a regular and ongoing basis to insure system security integrity. The aim of this article is to introduce to the information technology community, the conceptual overview of information security audits. Not only will this article present an overview of information security audits, but also information on popular intrusion detection and security auditing software used in industry.
Methylcholanthrene-induced neoplasms in germ-free rfm mice.

Five- to six-week-old germ-free RFM mice treated orally three times a week with 0.1 ml of 0.8% solution of 20-methylcholanthrene in olive oil developed a high incidence of thymic lymphoma but no myeloid leukemia. On the other hand, 11% of males painted on the abdomen twice a week with a 5% solution of croton oil in benzene and receiving the same oral methylcholanthrene treatment developed myeloid leukemia. Methylcholanthrene with or without the croton oil in benzene treatment increased the incidence of pulmonary adenomas, but papillomas of the skin and stomach and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were seen only in mice treated with both methylcholanthrene and croton oil in benzene. The croton oil in benzene acted as a co-carcinogen for the induction of papillomas of the skin and stomach and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, but not for pulmonary adenomas or thymic lymphomas. Methylcholanthrene induction of myeloid leukemia in mice painted with croton oil in benzene gives further evidence of the relationship between granulocytopoiesis and induction of myeloid leukemia.
Generation of photon number states

The multi-photon counting capability of the visible light photon counter (VLPC), along with the process of parametric downconversion, is used to experimentally generate photon number states containing 1,2,3 and 4 photons with high fidelity