cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: The Promise and Reality of Reconciliation in Croatia

The international community is increasingly interested in promoting post-conflict reconciliation in a variety of forms, with trials and truth commissions featured most prominently. The contemporary academic discussion over transitional justice (and the practice of transitional justice itself) is largely focused on whether and how these types of large-scale national transitional justice mechanisms contribute to reconciliation. This article examines the promise and reality of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to contribute to national reconciliation. Ultimately, the ability of state-wide policies to contribute to reconciliation rests on the active participation of local level actors. This requires political backing at the state and local level beyond that of just the international community. More attention needs to be paid to domestic cultural factors in the initial decision to implement state-wide transitional justice procedures, and bottom-up mechanisms must be built into any large scale approach to reconciliation.
Adherence Syndrome Following Inferior Oblique Surgery

Parks hat uber 24 Falle eines „Adharenz-Syndroms“ berichtet, die nach schwachenden Eingriffen am Obliquus inferior (entweder Myektomie oder Abtrennung des Ansatzes vom Bulbus) auftraten. Nach seinen Erfahrungen fuhrten korrigierende Eingriffe kaum zu einer Besserung. Es wird uber einen erfolgreich behandelten Fall berichtet.
Comparative pulmonary surfactant-inducing effect of three corticosteroids in the near-term rat

Abstract Equivalent doses of dexamethasone, prednisolone, and betamethasone were given intraperitoneally to pregnant rats on day 20. Six dosage levels were selected: 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 mg/kg. Corticosteroids were diluted in saline solution containing 300 μCi of 3 hcholine. Twenty-four rats (18 experimental, six control) were killed on day 21, four viable fetuses were removed from each, and the four pairs of fetal lungs from each rat were pooled. Phospholipids were extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography. Incorporation of 3 hcholine represented amounts of newly induced pulmonary lecithin and sphingomyelin. Results were expressed in terms of percentage change from control. Betamethasone appeared to be the most potent, with a statistically significant greater effect at the 6.4 mg/kg dosage level (two-factor analysis of variance, p=0.03). There appeared to be a suppressive effect of all corticosteroids at the 12.8 mg/kg dosage level. If similar responses were observed in primates, the results would suggest that higher dosage levels of betamethasone (up to four times the presently recommended dose of ∼ 0.34 mg/kg) might be more efficacious.
Poverty, Culture of

The ‘culture of poverty’ is a concept popularized by the anthropologist Oscar Lewis during the 1960s in his best-selling ethnographic realist books on family life among the urban poor. Drawing from Freudian culture and personality theory, which dominated US anthropology in the post-World War II period, Lewis listed over 50 traits that he claimed were shared by approximately 20 percent of the poor, including ‘orality,’ ‘strong present-time orientation,’ and a ‘high tolerance for psychological pathology.’ These traits were said to be transmitted cross-generationally within families and prevented individuals from taking advantage of economic opportunities. Despite Lewis's social democratic politics, his culture of poverty concept resonated with the moralistic condemnation of the unworthy poor deeply ingrained in US popular ideology. It spawned a polemical response from social scientists who criticized its blame-the-victim and psychological reductionist implications. Lewis himself was not concerned with theory, and did not particularly believe that his ethnographic work documented the culture of poverty. The vituperative debates during the 1970s through to the 1990s over whether or not a culture of poverty really exists were not fruitful theoretically. They tend to degenerate into political name calling or into an empirical denial of the lived experience of social suffering among the persistently poor. The uses and misuses of the culture of poverty illustrate how research on social inequality reflects societal biases. They also demonstrate the inadequacy of the culture concept when it is used to explain hierarchy in an essentializing, atheoretical vacuum that ignores history and structural power dynamics.
A Linguistic Resource for Semantic Parsing of Motion Events.

This paper presents a corpus of annotated motion events and their event structure. We consider motion events triggered by a set of motion evoking words and contemplate both literal and figurative interpretations of them. Figurative motion events are extracted into the same event structure but are marked as figurative in the corpus. To represent the event structure of motion, we use the FrameNet annotation standard, which encodes motion in over 70 frames. In order to acquire a diverse set of texts that are different from FrameNet's, we crawled blog and news feeds for five different domains: sports, newswire, finance, military, and gossip. We then annotated these documents with an automatic FrameNet parser. Its output was manually corrected to account for missing and incorrect frames as well as missing and incorrect frame elements. The corpus, UTD-MotionEvent, may act as a resource for semantic parsing, detection of figurative language, spatial reasoning, and other tasks.
Some workshop topics

In addition to their substantial formal presentations, workshop participants were given opportunities for additional talks, and for brief ‘workshop’ presentations, comments, etc.. Here is a brief description of some of those topics discussed in which I -and others- were involved.
HTLV-1 Tax Stabilizes MCL-1 via TRAF6-Dependent K63-Linked Polyubiquitination to Promote Cell Survival and Transformation

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein hijacks the host ubiquitin machinery to activate IκB kinases (IKKs) and NF-κB and promote cell survival; however, the key ubiquitinated factors downstream of Tax involved in cell transformation are unknown. Using mass spectrometry, we undertook an unbiased proteome-wide quantitative survey of cellular proteins modified by ubiquitin in the presence of Tax or a Tax mutant impaired in IKK activation. Tax induced the ubiquitination of 22 cellular proteins, including the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1, in an IKK-dependent manner. Tax was found to promote the nondegradative lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of MCL-1 that was dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 and the IKK complex. Tax interacted with and activated TRAF6, and triggered its mitochondrial localization, where it conjugated four carboxyl-terminal lysine residues of MCL-1 with K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which stabilized and protected MCL-1 from genotoxic stress-induced degradation. TRAF6 and MCL-1 played essential roles in the survival of HTLV-1 transformed cells and the immortalization of primary T cells by HTLV-1. Therefore, K63-linked polyubiquitination represents a novel regulatory mechanism controlling MCL-1 stability that has been usurped by a viral oncogene to precipitate cell survival and transformation.
Thermoresponsiveness of the Preoptic Region of the Brain in House Sparrows

Heating the preoptic region of the house sparrow caused the bird to decrease its metabolism and to decrease its body temperature, whereas cooling that region caused an increase in metabolism and an increase in body temperature. These responses indicate that the preoptic region of birds, like that of other vertebrates, is an important center for thermoregulation.
Abnormal development of preimplantation rat eggs after three days of maternal dietary zinc deficiency.

DIETARY deficiency of zinc in pregnant rats causes congenital malformations of high incidence in multiple organ systems1,2. These teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency seem to be related to impairment of nucleic acid synthesis3–6. We now report that dietary zinc deficiency in the first few days of pregnancy results in abnormal cleavage and blastulation in preimplantation eggs, as early as day 3 of gestation in the rat.
Principals' Challenges to Adverse Employment Actions: An Empirical Analysis of the Case Law.

This article provides a tabular analysis of court rulings where public school principals challenged the adverse employment actions of involuntary transfer, suspension, demotion, nonrenewal, constru...
Time-resolved leaching of cadmium and manganese from lignite and incinerator fly ash

Abstract Fly ashes from a lignite fired power plant and a municipal incinerator were leached for 3 hours using 0.1N HC1. Leachate was analyzed for Cd and Mn and plots of concentration versus time for these elements show Cd, a surface adsorbed element in the combustion process, to be rapidly removed from the ash particles in the initial four or five minutes of leaching. Manganese, a fly ash matrix element, is leached at a more constant rate as the ash praticles are dissolved. Total Cd and Mn concentrations in the incinerator fly ash are greater than total concentrations of these elements in the lignite fly ash.
Dilopolipus, Panesthipolipus, Peripolipus and Stenopolipus, new genera of Podapolipidae (Acarina) from the Indo-Australian Region

Abstract Four new genera of Podapolipidae (Acarina) are described. They are all parasites of beetles and cockroaches in Southeast Asia and the East Indies: Panesthipolipus from Panesthia angustipennis (Blaberidae), Peripolipus from Periplaneta spp. (Blattidae), Dilopolipus from Dilochrosis sp. (Scarabaeidae) and Stenopolipus from Catharsius sp. (Scarabaeidae). Keys to the 19 genera of Podapolipidae are presented. Distribution of the following species are reported from the Indo-Australian Region: Archipolipus canthoni, Bakerpolipus serratus, Coccipolipus macfarlanei, Dilopolipus leei n. sp., Locustacarus trachealis, L. masoni, Panesthipolipus oudemansi n. comb., Peripolipus muraii n. sp., Podapolipoides spp., Stenopolipus langi n. comb., S. sinensis n. sp., Tetrapolipus batocerae, T. hunteri and T. lundi.
A real-time robot collision avoidance system (abstract)

A data structure and update algorithms are presented for a real-time collision avoidance system in a multi-robot environment. The data structure is a variant of the octree, which serves as the spatial index. An octree recursively decomposes 3 dimensional space into 8 equal cubic octants until each octant meets some decomposition criteria. Our octree stores cylinders and solid rectangles as primitives (other primitives can easily be added as required). These primitives make up the two seven-degree-of-freedom robot arms and environment modeled by the system. Octree nodes containing more than a pre-determined number n of primitives are decomposed (here, n=5). This rule keeps the octree small, as the entire environment for our application can be modeled using about a hundred primitives. As robot arms and grasped objects move, the octree is updated to reflect their changed positions. During most update cycles, any given primitive does not change which octree nodes it is in. Thus, modification to the octree is rarely required. Incidents in which a robot arm comes too close to another object are reported. Cycle time for receiving current joint angles, updating the octree, and detecting/reporting imminent collisions is about 25 milliseconds on an Intel 80386 processor running at 20 MHz. Our work will provide a real-time safety system for tele-operated robot arms on NASA's manned space station.
RHABDOXYLON AMERICANUM SP. N., A STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE FERN‐LIKE PLANT FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF ILLINOIS

A B S T R A C T A new species of the genus Rhabdoxylon Holden (1960), an anatomically simple plant of presumed fern or fern-like affinities, is described from a coal ball petrifaction found in the Upper Pennsylvanian of southern Illinois. The new species, R. americanum, is based upon five specimens consisting of stems bearing spirally arranged leaves and numerous randomly distributed adventitious roots. The haplostelic stems branch by equal dichotomies and bear foliar traces which arise as unequal dichotomies of the stele. Leaf traces possess a circular outline in cross section and one adaxial protoxylem strand. The characteristics of exclusively primary tissues, diarch adventitious roots, centrarch haplosteles with simple scalariform pitting, and the nature and arrangement of the leaf traces, suggest that Rhabdoxylon represents a fern or fern-like plant rather than a representative of the Rhyniophytina or Trimerophytina. At present it is not possible to determine whether the simple structure of Rhabdoxylon has come about through phyletic reduction or represents a primitively simple condition. THE PRESENT STUDY describes petrified axes from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Illinois which resemble European specimens of Rhabdoxylon dichotomumn Holden 1960. This is the first report of the genus Rhabdoxylon from North America. The material consists of portions of haplostelic stems which branch dichotomously and bear laterals, thought to be petiole bases and roots. The structure of the specimens is sufficiently distinct so as to require the establishment of a new species of Rhabdoxylon. GENUS Rhabdoxylon Holden, 1960 Rhabdoxylon americanum sp. n. Dennis
Growing up in Open Adoption: Young Adults' Perspectives:

Most adoption agencies today allow a child's biological and adoptive families to know one another and maintain contact. This move toward openness instead of secrecy presents opportunities and challenges. The study reported here explores young adult adoptees' reactions to growing up in open adoptions. Findings reveal their preferences for self-determination, facts, and access to their birth families. They view challenges in open adoption relationships as opportunities to develop identity, expand family, and process feelings. They see each open adoption as unique, needing occasional recalibration. Findings indicate agencies should offer education and services throughout the process.
Quantity Recognition Among Speakers of an Anumeric Language

Recent research has suggested that the Piraha, an Amazonian tribe with a number-less language, are able to match quantities > 3 if the matching task does not require recall or spatial transposition. This finding contravenes previous work among the Piraha. In this study, we re-tested the Pirahas' performance in the crucial one-to-one matching task utilized in the two previous studies on their numerical cognition, as well as in control tasks requiring recall and mental transposition. We also conducted a novel quantity recognition task. Speakers were unable to consistently match quantities > 3, even when no recall or transposition was involved. We provide a plausible motivation for the disparate results previously obtained among the Piraha. Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that the exact recognition of quantities > 3 requires number terminology.
Young Children's Use of Video as a Source of Socially Relevant Information

Although prior research clearly shows that toddlers have difficulty learning from video, the basis for their difficulty is unknown. In the 2 current experiments, the effect of social feedback on 2-year-olds' use of information from video was assessed. Children who were told "face to face" where to find a hidden toy typically found it, but children who were given the same information by a person on video did not. Children who engaged in a 5-min contingent interaction with a person (including social cues and personal references) through closed-circuit video before the hiding task used information provided to find the toy. These findings have important implications for educational television and use of video stimuli in laboratory-based research with young children.
Environment-Independent 14-Helix Formation in Short β-Peptides: Striking a Balance between Shape Control and Functional Diversity

We report a significant and unanticipated advance in the study of β-amino acid-based foldamers: a small proportion of highly preorganized residues can impart high stability to a specific helical secondary structure in water. Most of the residues in these β-peptides (2 and 3) are intrinsically flexible. Flexible β-amino acids can be readily and enantiospecifically prepared in functionally diverse forms, but preorganized residues with side chains are rare and challenging to synthesize. Our findings demonstrate that interspersing a few copies of an unfunctionalized but rigid residue among a larger number of flexible residues with diverse side chains is a viable strategy for creating β-peptides that adopt the 14-helix conformation and therefore display side chains in a predictable spatial arrangement. These results are significant because they enhance the prospects of developing β-peptides with useful activities.
Cellular Mechanisms Regulating Protein Phosphatase-1 A KEY FUNCTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN INHIBITOR-2 AND THE TYPE 1 PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT

Inhibitor-1 (I-1) and inhibitor-2 (I-2) selectively inhibit type 1 protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PP1). To define the molecular basis for PP1 inhibition by I-1 and I-2 charged-to-alanine substitutions in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PP1 catalytic subunit (GLC7), were analyzed. Two PP1 mutants, E53A/E55A and K165A/E166A/K167A, showed reduced sensitivity to I-2 when compared with wild-type PP1. Both mutants were effectively inhibited by I-1. Two-hybrid analysis and coprecipitation or pull-down assays established that wild-type and mutant PP1 catalytic subunits bound I-2 in an identical manner and suggested a role for the mutated amino acids in enzyme inhibition. Inhibition of wild-type and mutant PP1 enzymes by full-length I-2(1–204), I-2(1–114), and I-2(36–204) indicated that the mutant enzymes were impaired in their interaction with the N-terminal 35 amino acids of I-2. Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids near the N terminus of I-2 and competition for PP1 binding by a synthetic peptide encompassing an I-2 N-terminal sequence suggested that a PP1 domain composed of amino acids Glu-53, Glu-55, Asp-165, Glu-166, and Lys-167 interacts with the N terminus of I-2. This defined a novel regulatory interaction between I-2 and PP1 that determines I-2 potency and perhaps selectivity as a PP1 inhibitor.
Medical oncology: Optimizing chemotherapy and radiotherapy for anaplastic glioma.

The optimum approach for the treatment of rare anaplastic gliomas following surgical resection is uncertain. A recent study has now provided a greater understanding of the heterogeneous tumor biology of these tumors and has emphasized the prognostic importance of chromosome 1p19q deletion, IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation. The importance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for treating these heterogeneous tumors is being elucidated for subgroups of patients.
Substance misuse and substance-related disorders in forensic psychiatry.

Substance-related disorders, including addictive illnesses, are relevant in many forensic psychiatric situations. ‘‘Substance misuse’’ is a term that can be applied broadly to all forms of problematic use of substances, even absent a diagnosis of a substance use disorder, or narrowly and technically as that group of substance-related problems that does not warrant a diagnosis or constitute an illness. In either sense, substance misuse is the subject of many legal matters and may be found as a conclusion regarding the nature of substance use by an individual being psychiatrically evaluated in a forensic context. For instance, a motor vehicle driver cited for exceeding the legal blood alcohol limit, and who thus misused alcohol in broad sense terms, will be subject to legal consequences. An attorney cited under the same conditions, after forensic psychiatric evaluation aimed at helping the attorney licensing authority understand whether he suffers from a psychiatric condition that could impair his legal practice, may be found to have ‘‘only’’ misused alcohol, in the technical sense, rather than be suffering from an addictive disorder. As such, the term ‘‘substance misuse’’ may be used as in a basic, nonmedical context as referring to all conditions in which substances are used inappropriately, or it may be used in the medical context, in which it narrowly refers to a common but nonpathological kind of substance use. This article focuses primarily on addictive illness, addressing substance misuse, in the medical sense, only as it arises in specific contexts. As those who practice forensic psychiatry know, the law, with its dynamic and varied expression in the form of courts, cases, statutes, and regulations, has been evolving in its approach to issues that involve psychiatric illness, addictive illness, and substance misuse. That mental illness is often relevant to legal matters has been the subject of discussion for centuries, most notably in law regarding criminal responsibility. Addictive illness as a subset of mental illness has had a less favorable legal reception, historically, as only recently
First and second law analysis of a Stirling engine with imperfect regeneration and dead volume

AbstractThis article discusses the thermodynamic performance of an ideal Stirling cycle engine. This investigation uses the first law of thermodynamics to obtain trends of total heat addition, net work output, and thermal efficiency with varying dead volume percentage and regenerator effectiveness. Second law analysis is used to obtain trends for the total entropy generation of the cycle. In addition, the entropy generation of each component contributing to the Stirling cycle processes is considered. In particular, parametric studies of dead volume effects and regenerator effectiveness on Stirling engine performance are investigated. Finally, the thermodynamic availability of the system is assessed to determine theoretical second law efficiencies based on the useful exergy output of the cycle. Results indicate that a Stirling engine has high net work output and thermal efficiency for low dead volume percentages and high regenerator effectiveness. For example, compared to an engine with zero dead volume an...
A portable high-intensity focused ultrasound device for noninvasive venous ablation

Background Varicose veins and other vascular abnormalities are common clinical entities. Treatment options include vein stripping, sclerotherapy, and endovenous laser treatment, but all involve some degree of invasive intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine ex vivo the effectiveness of a novel hand-held, battery-operated, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) device for transcutaneous venous ablation. Methods The ultrasound device is 14 × 9 × 4 cm, weighs 650 g, and is powered by 4 lithium ion battery packs. An ex vivo testing platform consisting of two different models comprised of sequentially layered skin-muscle-vein or skin-fat-vein was developed, and specimens were treated with HIFU. The tissues were then disassembled, imaged, and processed for histology. The luminal cross-sectional area of vein that had been treated with HIFU and nontreated controls were measured, and the values presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). The values were compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and statistical significance was set at P Results On gross and histologic examination, veins that had been treated with HIFU showed evidence of coagulation necrosis. The surface of the muscle in direct contact with the vein had a pinpoint area of coagulation, whereas the adjacent fat appeared undisturbed; the skin, fat, and the surface of the muscle in contact with the transducer remained completely unaffected. The cross-sectional area was 3.79 mm 2 (IQR, 3.38-4.22) of the control vein lumen and 0.16 mm 2 (IQR, 0.04-0.39) in those that had been treated with HIFU ( P = .0304). Conclusion This inexpensive, portable HIFU device has the potential to allow clinicians to easily perform venous ablation in a manner that is entirely noninvasive and without the expense or inconvenience of large, complicated devices. This device represents a significant step forward in the development of new applications for HIFU technology.
Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients less than 55 years old: minimum of two years of follow-up.

Abstract Eighty-five fixed bearing medial unicompartmental arthroplasties were performed in 42 men and 33 women with a mean age of 49 years (range, thirty-three to fifty-five years old) at the time of surgery. At a mean of 4.0 years (range two to twelve years), the mean pre-operative Knee Society score improved from 49 to 95.1 points ( P
Characterization of pICln phosphorylation state and a pICln-associated protein kinase

Abstract pICln is a ubiquitous cellular protein that has been proposed to be a volume-sensitive Cl− channel or a channel regulator. Detailed biochemical, cellular and molecular characterization of pICln is required to understand its function. Our goal in the present investigation was to define further the biochemical properties of pICln and the proteins that associate with it. Immunoprecipitation of pICln from 32P-orthophosphoric acid-labeled C6 glioma cells revealed that the protein is phosphorylated constitutively, primarily on serine residues. Protein kinase activity was detected in pICln immunoprecipitates, revealing that a constitutively active protein kinase co-precipitates with pICln. A specific association between pICln and a protein kinase was also observed in affinity assays using a recombinant GST-pICln fusion protein. The pICln-associated kinase displayed broad substrate specificity and was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by heparin, zinc and 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenose (DRB). These characteristics resembled those of casein kinase I and II. The pICln-associated kinase was not recognized, however, by antibodies against these two enzymes. Association of the kinase with pICln was disrupted by increasing concentrations of NaCl in the washing buffer, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are involved in kinase binding. Mutagenesis experiments corroborated this observation. Truncation of pICln demonstrated that two highly charged clusters of acidic amino acid residues are both necessary and sufficient for kinase binding. Phosphopeptide mapping demonstrated that pICln contains at least two phosphorylated serine residues that are located on trypsin cleavage fragments rich in acidic amino acid residues. We propose that the kinase or a kinase binding protein binds to acidic amino acids located between D101 and Y156 and phosphorylates nearby serine residues.
The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease

Abstract Background: The role of mammography in the evaluation of male patients presenting with breast disease is controversial. This controversy is a function of the lack of specific data concerning the diagnostic accuracy of mammography when used in this clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to define the diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease. Methods: One hundred and four prebiopsy mammograms from 100 patients with tissue diagnoses were read blindly by two independent radiologists, and placed into one of five predetermined categories: definitely malignant, possibly malignant, gynecomastia, benign mass, and normal. Radiologic/pathologic correlation was performed and the sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive (Ppv) and negative predictive value (Npv), and accuracy (Ac) for each of the mammographic diagnostic category determined. Results: The pathologic diagnoses were 12 cancers, including 1 patient with bilateral breast cancer, 70 cases of gynecomastia, 16 benign masses, and 6 normals. The accuracy data for the mammographic diagnostic categories are as follows: malignant (combined definitely and possibly malignant), Sn 92%, Sp 90%, Ppv 55%, Npv 99%, Ac 90%; and overall benignity (combined gynecomastia, benign mass, and normal), Sn 90%, Sp 92%, Ppv 99%, Npv 55%, Ac 90%. Six cancers (50%) coexisted with gynecomastia. Conclusions: Mammography can accurately distinguish between malignant and benign male breast disease. Although not a replacement for clinical examination, its routine use could substantially reduce the need for biopsy in patients whose mammograms and clinical examination suggest benign disease.
Improved motor sequence retention by motionless listening

This study examined the effect of listening to a newly learned musical piece on subsequent motor retention of the piece. Thirty-six non-musicians were trained to play an unfamiliar melody on a piano keyboard. Next, they were randomly assigned to participate in three follow-up listening sessions over 1 week. Subjects who, during their listening sessions, listened to the same initial piece showed significant improvements in motor memory and retention of the piece despite the absence of physical practice. These improvements included increased pitch accuracy, time accuracy, and dynamic intensity of key pressing. Similar improvements, though to a lesser degree, were observed in subjects who, during their listening sessions, were distracted by another task. Control subjects, who after learning the piece had listened to nonmusical sounds, showed impaired motoric retention of the piece at 1 week from the initial acquisition day. These results imply that motor sequences can be established in motor memory without direct access to motor-related information. In addition, the study revealed that the listening-induced improvements did not generalize to the learning of a new musical piece composed of the same notes as the initial piece learned, limiting the effects to musical motor sequences that are already part of the individual’s motor repertoire.
Nanopatterned polymer structures for H-PDLCs

Holographically-formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs) are electro-optic devices containing alternating planar layers of polymer and liquid crystal droplets. Here, we investigate the effects of patterned polymer layers on the liquid crystal alignment. Three types of polymers were investigated: urethane resin, Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (PTFE) and Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA). Nanopatterns of the form of square grids were formed on the polymer using the MTS Nano-Indenter in the scratch mode. Liquid crystal deposition on these structures showed unique alignment effects at the polymer interface. The polymers were examined under the Atomic Force Microscope and alignment of the liquid crystals was observed by Polarizing Optical Microscopy.
Development of a remote coil magnetoelastic stress sensor for steel cables

Despite the increasing popularity of cable-stayed bridges there is no convenient and accurate means available to measure the forces in the cable stays. The measurement of the forces is important for monitoring excessive wind or traffic loadings, to gage the redistribution forces which may occur after seismic events, and for detecting corrosion via loss of the cross-section. Although magnetoelastic stress sensors have been extensively tested on many types of prestressing cables, and have demonstrated accuracies of < 1%, to-date they have been based upon a solenoid geometry, which is not practical for cable force measurements in existing bridges having hundreds of cables. In order to address this problem a magnetoelastic sensor for the direct measurement of stress in steel cables is currently under development. The sensor differs from previous magnetoelastic sensors in that the cable is magnetized by a removable C- shaped circuit, rather than by a solenoid. We report preliminary results on measurement of the initial permeability curve indicating adequate sensitivity to stress with this geometry, but further work is necessary to understand the influence of the more complicated field geometry on data reduction and calibration procedures.
Time, technology and groups: an integration

This paper summarizes main findings of the five empirical papers in this issue, and discusses certain themes that connect them.
Muscovite Arithmetic in Seventeenth-Century Russian Civilization: Is It Not Time to Discard the “Backwardness” Label?

Muscovite civilization utilized Byzantine-Greek alphanumerals for its mathematical symbols. Occasionally derided by historians for being retrograde in comparison to the Hindu-Arabic numerals sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe adopted, Muscovy’s alphanumerals were versatile and suitably contoured to perform a variety of computational tasks. Muscovite alphanumerals were an integral part of early Moderen Russia’s administrative culture, and played a prominent role in fostering the experiential knowledge underlying the educational achievements of the Imperial Period. Though they lacked the zero and the decimal, Muscovites still had a reasonable grasp of the base-ten system, and comprehended well basic arithmetical skills and relationship properties, less so equational ones. The Russians developed complex abaci well suited for commercial transactions, large-scale construction, military inventories and payrolls, and the land registry, to name a few. These instruments manipulated an extensive variety of weights, measures, linear distances, area dimensions, volume measurements, and currency. Muscovite arithmetic was a prominent factor assisting in the advancement of critical thinking skills in 1600’s Russia. Nonetheless, as the seventeenth century wore on, sociological, educational or pedagogical, military scientific, administrative, and cultural arguments or interactive phenomena came to bear and increasingly found the Muscovite algorithmic symbols wanting. In 1699 the government decreed that Hindu-Arabic numerals henceforth were to be used in official documents throughout the country. Directly and indirectly, the complex thought processes bound up when operating with Muscovite alphanumerals were one impetus for the further unfolding of Russian civilization after 1700.
Further studies on opioids and hibernation: delta opioid receptor ligand selectively induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels.

Abstract To examine the possible involvement of multiple opioid receptors in animal hibernation, we infused opioids selective for mu , kappa , and delta opioid receptors into summer-active ground squirrels ( Citellus tridecemlineatus ). The effects of those opioid treatments on the hibernation induced by HIT (Hibernation Induction Trigger) were also examined. Mu opioids morphine (1.50 mg/kg/day) and morphiceptin (0.82 mg/kg/day) and kappa opioid peptide dynorphin A (0.82 mg/kg/day) did not induce hibernation. On the contrary, morphine, morphiceptin and dynorphin A antagonized HIT-induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels. Infusion of delta opioid DADLE (D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin; 1.50 mg/kg/day), however, induced summer hibernation in a manner comparable to that induced by HIT. It is concluded therefore that delta opioid receptor and its ligand may be intimately involved in animal hibernation. In view of the fact that HIT was obtained from winter hibernating animals and might therefore be responsible for natural hibernation, our results also suggest that naturally occuring mu and kappa opioids may play an important role in the arousal state of hibernation.
Ultrasonic aortic valve decalcification: Serial Doppler echocardiographic follow-up

Abstract Serial two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography was performed on 61 patients who had surgical ultrasonic aortic valve decalcification for calcific aortic stenosis. The mean patient age at the time of operation was 77.4 ± 7.0 years; 93% had moderate to severe preoperative symptomatic limitation. Compared with preoperative studies, Doppler echocardsographic evaluation before hospital discharge revealed a significant reduction in the mean aortic valve pressure gradient (45.3 ± 16.2 to 14.4 ± 6.5 mm Hg, p Follow-up Doppler echocardiographic evaluation was passible in 43 patients alive at 9.3 ± 3.9 months. A small but statistically significant trend toward aortic restenosis was found; only one patient had severe restenosis. Severe aortic regurgitation had developed in 26% of patients and moderate aortic regurgitation in 37%. Aortic valve replacement was performed in six patients (14%) wiyh severe symptomatic aortic regurgitation. Significant deficiency in central coaptation as a result of cusp scarification and retraction appeared to be the mechanism of postdecalcification regurgitate. Attempted salvage of the native aortic valve in severe calcific stenosis by ultrasonic decalcification adequately relieves stenosis but leads to an unacceptable incidence of significant aortic regurgitation at follow-up study.
A novel TLCP blended with PET and PC matrices

This investigation focused on the potential of improving the performance of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polycarbonate (PC) fibers by incorporating a novel thermotropic liquid crystalline copolymer (TLCP). The degree of mechanical enhancement obtained in the fibers incorporating 20 wt % TLCP depended upon the chosen matrix material and the processing conditions. The PET matrix systems did not exhibit any modulus improvements until after posttreatment of the fibers. Following posttreatment, the blends exhibited a modulus of 24 GPa, an increase of 40% compared to the PET control fiber. The PC systems exhibited a 1 GPa modulus increase in the as-spun fiber blends, but improvement was negligible after fiber posttreatment. The morphologies of the as-spun and posttreated fibers suggest that different mechanisms of reinforcement are occurring depending upon the matrix material selected. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN SUBCOOLED FLOW BOILING- AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH

Multiphase Science and Technology article. The full article is published by Begell House Inc. and available at: http://www.begellhouse.com/ .
ECG Marker of Adverse Electrical Remodeling Post-Myocardial Infarction Predicts Outcomes in MADIT II Study

Background Post-myocardial infarction (MI) structural remodeling is characterized by left ventricular dilatation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy of the non-infarcted myocardium.
Improving I/O Forwarding Throughput with Data Compression

While network bandwidth is steadily increasing, it is doing so at a much slower rate than the corresponding increase in CPU performance. This trend has widened the gap between CPU and network speed. In this paper, we investigate improvements to I/O performance by exploiting this gap. We harness idle CPU resources to compress network traffic, reducing the amount of data transferred over the network and increasing effective network bandwidth. We created a set of compression services within the I/O Forwarding Scalability Layer. These services transparently compress and decompress data as it is transferred over the network. We studied the effect of the compression services on a variety of data sets and conducted experiments on a high-performance computing cluster.
Expert system for student advising using JESS

Student advising is one of the many critical service responsibilities that faculty have in academia. Often times, however, students have very similar questions about which courses to take, the sequence of courses, and deadlines. If programs have a striated system of student standings, this further confounds the students as they may not be eligible to take certain courses due to their current status in the program. Faculty also tend to be pressed for time with research, teaching and other committee responsibilities. This results in increased frustrations for both students and faculty alike. Expert systems are software applications that respond to use queries by analyzing data captured in knowledge systems. JESS is a Java-based rule engine and scripting environment that allows the development of such an expert system. In this work, we develop an expert system using JESS that allows students to seek quick responses to their queries regarding their plan of study and progress in the program. This expert system separates the rules from the execution thus enabling users to customize or extend the system by changing or updating the XML file that stores the rules.
Convergence and Congruency of Pictorial Destination Images in DMOs' Websites and Brochures

This study investigated the relationships between the interactions of web and brochure pictorial destination image and the clarity in the perceived destination image. The interactions between the web pictorial destination image and brochure pictorial destination image were specified as congruency and convergence. A theory is proposed that the congruency and convergence between the web and brochure pictorial marketing image leads to clarity in the perceived destination image. Its presentation emphasizes the sequential elements of its underlying theoretical structure, including constructs, laws of interaction, propositions, boundaries, variables, and hypotheses of interest. The methodology to test the theory is also proposed.
Isoprenoid Metabolism in Apicomplexan Parasites

Apicomplexan parasites include some of the most prevalent and deadly human pathogens. Novel antiparasitic drugs are urgently needed. Synthesis and metabolism of isoprenoids may present multiple targets for therapeutic intervention. The apicoplast-localized methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis is distinct from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway used by the mammalian host, and this pathway is apparently essential in most Apicomplexa. In this review, we discuss the current field of research on production and metabolic fates of isoprenoids in apicomplexan parasites, including the acquisition of host isoprenoid precursors and downstream products. We describe recent work identifying the first MEP pathway regulator in apicomplexan parasites, and introduce several promising areas for ongoing research into this well-validated antiparasitic target.
ANNA LIVIA , Pronoun envy: Literary uses of linguistic gender . Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. x, 237 (including index). Hb $49.95, pb $29.95.

In 1971, women students at the Harvard Divinity School began protesting the use in their classes of BOMFOG (“brotherhood of man, fatherhood of god”) talk, the equation of the universal with the masculine exemplified by apparently generic uses of forms like he and man. Responding to reports of these protests in the Harvard Crimson, Harvard's linguistics faculty wrote a letter to the editor explaining that English masculine forms were linguistically “unmarked” for gender and patronizingly assuring the protestors that “there is no need for anxiety or pronoun envy” (quoted in Livia, p. 3). Once launched, that phrase begged to be a title, and Anna Livia's enlightening book is a most suitable bearer. This is a volume from which linguists and others interested in the linguistic encoding of gender can learn much.
A Contrast Between Language Level Measures

Software science techniques have been used to provide a framework for evaluation of problem solving systems. In that effort, two methods for calculating the level of a language (L and L) were used, it was suspected that L, while adequate in that application, might be inferior to L. By using a set of hypothetical languagesj each with different intrinsic data structures and operators, it is shown here that when an inappropriate language is applied to some problems, L may reflect an inaccurately large value for language level, and can sometimes be made to yield an arbitrary value. Since L is often as easily applied as L, and does not exhibit this anomalous behavior, it is suggested that its general use is to be preferred.
SU-GG-J-104: Inclusion of Effects of Image Registration Errors in Accumulated Dose Distributions

Purpose: To consider the effects of image‐registration error in dose accumulation across different geometry instances and to display the resultant errors in a meaningful and useful way. Method and Materials: 4DCT phases acquired of a lungcancer patient were non‐rigidly registered by a B‐spline interpolation method (www.plastimatch.org) to the first phase chosen as a reference geometry. Dose was calculated on each phase and warped back to the reference phase by linear interpolation. The error in the deformation values at each voxel were assumed to be independent of that of neighboring voxels or of adjacent phases. This allows an error instance to be simulated by randomly perturbing the deformation used in dose accumulation by a value sampled from a Gaussian distribution for each voxel. The dose was accumulated for each instance and thirty instances were simulated to sample the total error distribution. Three methods of assigning the standard deviation of the error distribution to each voxel were considered: (i) fixed value of 3mm; (ii) intensity‐matching method: the local value is scaled by a distance to agreement metric calculated by comparing the registered phase image with the reference image; and (iii) vector‐discrepancy method: the local value is scaled by evaluating the invertability of the deformation maps. The effects of the simulated error were visualized by a spread of the accumulated isodose contours. Results: The vector‐discrepancy method resulted in the representation of reduced errors in the posterior region of the target where the extra image detail provided by the ribs and vertebrae increased the accuracy of the registration. Differences between the intensity‐matching method and fixed‐error method were less noticeable. Conclusion: A method of including image registration error in dose accumulation has been developed. Further work is required to compare results to a gold standard on a number of image datasets.
CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF FLY ASH-STABILIZED COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT IN WISCONSIN

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) is a common rehabilitation practice used in Wisconsin to improve the ride quality and structural capacity of deteriorated asphalt pavements. In recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on incorporating stabilizers into the CIR materials to improve the structural capacity of the CIR base layer. This improvement can serve to increase the performance life of the completed pavement or to allow for a reduced hot-mix asphalt (HMA) surface thickness. The city of Mequon, Wisconsin, included asphalt emulsion and fly ash CIR stabilization over a portion of its CIR projects in 1997. Presented are the findings relating to the constructability of the fly ash-stabilized CIR pavement as well as performance trends for the CIR pavements based on distress and deflection testing results. CIR is a common rehabilitation practice used in Wisconsin to improve the ride quality and structural capacity of deteriorated asphalt pavements. In one type of CIR application, existing HMA layers are p...
The Geography of S&P 500 Stock Returns

Investor bias in favor of geographically close firms has been documented in previous papers. An implication of this bias is that if local events cause nearby investors to trade together, then the correlation of stock returns of pairs of firms will increase as the distance between them decreases. We test this hypothesis using a sample of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 companies. After adjusting for industry effects and other factors, we find that the correlation coefficient between two stocks increases 12 basis points for every 100-mile reduction in distance. This result is consistent with local shocks affecting the returns of nearby firms by an average of approximately 43 basis points per month. We conclude these shocks are most likely the result of trading activity by local investors who own shares in nearby firms.