cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Lipoprotein Activators of Skim Milk Lipoprotein Lipase and the Relationship Between Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and Milk Fat Synthesis

Abstract Bovine plasma and lipoproteins isolated by gel filtration chromatography were examined for their ability to activate skim milk lipoprotein lipase. Addition of equal amounts of protein from either triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein or plasma to a lipoprotein lipase assay resulted in 6.0, 2.2, 2.5, or 1.1% hydrolysis of radiolabelled triglyceride emulsion. Lipoprotein lipase activity in skim milk was evaluated as an indicator of mammary lipid secretory capacity. Skim milk lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly lower immediately prepartum as compared with activity immediately postpartum (.2 vs. 5.4% of substrate hydrolyzed). Skim milk lipoprotein lipase was significantly higher during the final 12 d of lactation than in samples obtained 12 d after machine milking was terminated (5.6 vs.
Varieties of client experience in psychotherapy: An analysis of the literature

Abstract We propose that psychotherapy researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners can better understand the process and action of psychotherapy if they are acquainted with the types of experience clients have in therapy. To this end, we analyze the main themes in the research literature. We begin by describing the methodological options for measuring client therapy experiences. We then present nine domains of client experience that appear in the existing empirical literature. Five of these pertain to clients' experiences of their own psychological processes during therapy: intentions, feelings, style of self-relatedness, style of relating to therapist, and central concerns. Two domains refer to clients' experiences of the action and person of their therapists: therapists' intentions and characteristics. The final two domains concern clients' experiences of change in therapy — therapeutic impacts and helpful aspects of therapy. We analyze each domain for its content themes and summarize available measures. Three dimensions seem to underlie the domains and themes within each: evaluation/affiliation, interpersonal control/independence, and interpersonal/task factors. We conclude with some recommendations for future research and implications and suggestions for the practice of psychotherapy.
Cell differentiation of juvenile chicken testes. I. Androgen synthetic capabilities in vitro.

We have previously demonstrated his to chemically that monolayer cell cultures derived from normal immature fowl testes have 3²hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. We have now demonstrated that these same cell cultures actively convert radioactive progesterone3 to radioactive androstenedione for as long as 15 days in culture. Androstenedione, the predominant conversion product of progesterone, was isolated and identified by means of thin—layer chromatography and recrystallization to constant SA. Addition of 3′,5′–cyclic—AMP, hCG, NIH–FSH–S15 and NIHLH– B6 did not stimulate radioactive androstenedione formation. These data indicate that the testicular cell culture is capable of two carbon cleavage (C21 to C19 conversion) and suggest that the enzymes 17±hydroxylase and C17–20 lyase remain active in the system. (Endocrinology 92: 318, 1973)
A distraction task as an assessment of object permanence

Abstract Object permanence, as expressed on a task which involves distracting the infant, was tested with infants ranging between 8 and 16 months of age. For this task, the attention of an infant who was playing with one toy was diverted to another. While the infant examined the second toy, the first was covered. Finally, the second toy was removed and the infant was allowed to search for the first. A comparison with performance on multiple visible-displacement, single invisible-displacement, and multiple invisible-displacement tasks showed that the distraction task fell between the two invisible-displacement tasks in difficulty. This distraction task appears to have heuristic value, since it facilitates separation of search strategies from the infant's understanding of the adult's role as an active agent in an object's disappearance.
Computational Studies of the Mechanism for Proton and Hydride Transfer in Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

In this paper we present computational studies directed at elucidating the mechanism of the oxidation of benzyl alcohol by liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH). This enzyme reaction involves a hydride transfer from the alcohol substrate to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme and a proton relay that deprotonates the alcohol substrate. Electronic structure calculations at various levels of theory were performed on a 148-atom model of the active site, and classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the entire solvated LADH dimer. These calculations support the hypothesis that alcohol deprotonation occurs prior to the hydride transfer step and that the alcohol deprotonation facilitates the hydride transfer by lowering the barrier for hydride transfer. In this postulated mechanism, the alcohol deprotonation leads to a zinc-bound alkoxide ion, and the subsequent hydride transfer leads to the benzaldehyde product. The calculations indicate that the zinc-bound alkoxide forms a strong hydro...
Partition coefficients of mercury (203Hg) vapor between air and biological fluids

Ostwald partition coefficients for mercury (Hg203) vapor (ng Hg per ml fluid/ng Hg vapor per ml air) were determined for human whole blood, 10.50 (10 degrees C), 6.62 (22 degrees C); 4.20 (37 degrees C); for human plasma, 5.56 (10 degrees C), 3.63 (22 degrees C), 2.40 (37 degrees C); for 0.9% NaCl; 2.65 (22 degrees C); and for sunflower oil, 80.8 (22 degrees C). It was shown that the uptake of mercury vapor by whole blood can not be accounted for as the sum of the solubilities of the saline and lipid components, but that when the uptake by hemoglobin is included the agreement is satisfactory. Using the solubility of mercury vapor as determined in this paper, consideration was given to various mechanisms for mobilization of mercury vapor from the lung. The method used for these determinations is recommended for similar studies because of its simplicity and precision.
Symbolic pruning of concurrent program executions

We propose a new algorithm for verifying concurrent programs, which uses concrete executions to partition the program into a set of lean partitions called concurrent trace programs (CTPs), and symbolically verifies each CTP using a satisfiability solver. A CTP, derived from a concrete execution trace, implicitly captures all permutations of the trace that also respect the control flow of the program. We show that a CTP, viewed as a coarser equivalence class than the popular (Mazurkiewicz) trace equivalence in partial order reduction (POR) literature, leads to more effective pruning of the search space during model checking. While classic POR can prune away redundant interleavings within each trace equivalence class, the pruning in POR is not property driven. We use symbolic methods to achieve property-driven pruning. The effort of exploration is distributed between a symbolic component (verification of a particular CTP) and an enumerative component (exploration of the space of CTPs). We show that the proposed method facilitates more powerful pruning of the search space during the enumerative exploration.
Referring Physicians' Knowledge of Hand Surgery:

Hand surgeons rely on referrals from general providers. Appropriate referral is dependent upon referring physicians having an understanding of the problem and available treatments. This study evaluates the referring physicians’ knowledge and perceptions of basic hand problems and their treatment. This study also evaluates the impact of a brief lecture on our referring physicians’ understanding of hand issues. A survey instrument was administered to referring physicians. The instrument addressed general hand knowledge and perceptions toward hand surgery. The physicians also attended a lecture on general hand problems and their treatments. The survey was repeated 2 weeks post-lecture. Subjects had a pre-lecture knowledge score of 65% correct and post-lecture a score of 85%, p < 0.05. The participants were knowledgeable about common hand problems, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Knowledge gaps did exist, for example, only 37% recognized the symptoms of basilar thumb arthritis. Initially, the referring physicians had less positive views about surgical interventions, such as surgery to help the pain of basilar thumb arthritis. After the lecture, the responders had significantly more favorable attitudes toward surgery. This study found that referring physicians had variable knowledge about common hand problems, and they had doubts relating to the efficacy of some hand surgeries. This study also found that a directed lecture improved these providers’ knowledge and their perceptions of hand surgical interventions. Hand surgeons can improve their referring physicians understanding and perceptions of hand surgery through a directed grand rounds type lecture.
Processes and morphology of continental slope between Santa Monica and Dume Submarine Canyons, southern California

Abstract Three contrasting areas of slope morphology within the northwestern section of Santa Monica Bay, California, have been recognized using high-resolution 3.5 kHz seismic profiles. Steep basin slopes (6–12°) south of Santa Monica Submarine Canyon are stable, with sedimentary deposits increasing uniformly in thickness downslope. The area representing the headwall and bowl of Santa Monica Submarine Canyon is subject to mass wasting (and possible sand-flows) on a slope varying from 0.8 to 2.5°. These deposits are truncated by the canyon edge, below which rotational slides occur and infill the canyon. Further west, large slumps 10–35 m thick originating on slopes of from 3 to 5° have travelled 7–10 km across a gradient of 1.5°. The toes of these slumps terminate against a large ridge, and are slightly contorted. The morphology of these slopes can be correlated with areas of low and high sediment supply rates, and with effects of lower stands of sea level, and sediment transport dynamics. Continuous slow mass wasting is associated with areas where sediment at the base of the slope can be removed by movement down the adjacent canyon, while areas of static accumulation are associated with periodic slides. Major earthquakes may have initiated some sliding in these latter areas.
Noninvasive cardiac index monitoring in gunshot wound victims.

Objective: To evaluate a bioimpedance device for the noninvasive measurement of cardiac index (CI) against standard thermodilution measurements in patients with gunshot wounds. Methods: A prospective open-label performance evaluation was done using a convenience sample of gunshot wound victims initially treated in the resuscitation area of a high-volume, urban ED. After initial resuscitation, patients had a flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter placed for thermodilution cardiac output (CO) measurements. The CO measurements were made in triplicate and averaged. Estimates of body surface area were used to convert these measurements to CI estimates. Electrodes for bioimpedance measurements were placed as soon as practical after ED arrival. Simultaneous measurements of CI using the bioimpedance device were made as clinically indicated during each patient's hospital course. Results: There were 54 patients studied, with an overall mean (± SEM) age of 32 ± 3 years, Revised Trauma Score of 6.7 ± 0.4, and Injury Severity Scale score of 22 ± 3. There were 42 survivors and 12 nonsurvivors. The CI as estimated by bioimpedance correlated well with that measured by thermodilution (r = 0.79, ± 0.02). The precision of the invasive and noninvasive measurements was 1.1 L/min/m2; the bias was -0.011 L/min/m2. In 24 patients with thoracic injuries requiring tube thoracostomy or thoracic surgery, the correlation of the 2 devices was r = 0.71 with precision and bias of 1.4 L/min/m2 and -0.018 L/min/m2, respectively. Conclusions: Cardiac index can be noninvasively estimated in acutely injured patients with gunshot wounds using a bioimpedance device. Further study of bioimpedance measurements as a guide to volume therapy is warranted.
Steric course of the hydrolysis of α,α-trehalose and α-d-glucosyl fluoride catalyzed by pig kidney trehalase☆

We are unable to confirm the report of Labat et al.3 that pig kidney trehalase hydrolyzes alpha,alpha-trehalose to form solely alpha-D-glucose. Highly purified trehalase from pig renal cortex was found, in reactions monitored by 1H-n.m.r. spectra, to hydrolyze alpha,alpha-trehalose with the formation of both alpha- and beta-D-glucose. That the beta anomer constitutes the enzymically mobilized glucosyl residue is indicated by the further finding that beta-D-glucose is the product formed on hydrolysis of alpha-D-glucosyl fluoride by the enzyme. Present results show the stereochemical behavior of pig kidney trehalase in hydrolyzing alpha,alpha-trehalose to be indistinguishable from that reported by ourselves and others for trehalase preparations from a range of biological sources including rabbit renal cortex.
Timed test generation for crosstalk switch failures in domino CMOS

As technology scales into the deep submicron regime, capacitive coupling between signal lines becomes a dominant problem. Capacitive coupling is more acute for domino logic circuits since an irreversible, unwanted gate output transition can result. We present a timed test generation methodology for CMOS domino circuits that assigns the circuit inputs so that capacitively-coupled aggressors of a victim line transition in time proximity which creates a noise effect that is propagated within the clock-cycle constraint. Experiments for a multiplier reveal that a high level of accuracy is achieved without significant test generation time, resulting in a nearly 50% reduction in the number of sites earlier believed to be susceptible to crosstalk failure.
Differences in the Directions of Ejection of X-Ray Photo-Electrons from Various Atomic Levels

Very valuable studies of the directions in which photo-electrons are ejected by X-rays have been made recently by Williams, Auger, and Anderson. All of these observers, however, used the C. T. R. Wilson expansion-chamber method which, in spite of its power in working with the individual electron, suffers from the disadvantage that the particular energy level in the atom from which the electron is ejected in general cannot be determined. It is true that in the case of heavy atoms such as xenon and bromine, Auger and Anderson succeeded, through the use of X-rays of particular energies, in distinguishing the electrons thrown out of the K level from those thrown out of the L levels, but to go much further in this direction by the expansion-chamber method (and, for example, to distinguish the LI from the LII or LIII electrons) seems hopeless. Consequently, the magnetic spectrograph developed by one of us for studying the velocity of the X-ray electrons as a function of the angle of emission was applied to the problem with the results which it is the purpose of this paper to describe. We, as yet, have not succeeded in determining the actual directions of ejection with the precision which has been attained in the expansion-chamber method, but the resolving power of the apparatus for velocities is so large that the particular level in which each electron group originates is in general quite unambiguous. A description of the apparatus used and the procedure followed has been given in the paper referred to above and need not be repeated here. Ballast lamps of the sort developed at the General Electric Company and sold by the Radio Corporation of America (radiotron UV-886) have proved very useful in holding the current through the solenoid which produces the magnetic field constant during the long exposures (100-200 hours) which are necessary. Eastman X-ray plates were used throughout, as they have been found to be the most sensitive of any so far tried (except Schumann plates which are much too irregular for intensity measurements). The work has been seriously handicapped by the lack of sensibility of the photographic plates for slow electrons and by their rapid falling off in sensibility for electrons of velocities below about 12,000 volts. X-ray tubes with silver, molybdenum and copper anticathodes were used. The characteristic radiation from copper is, however, in spite of its intrinsic intensity, too soft to eject electrons with sufficient velocity to give photographic results in a reasonable length of time with the apparatus used. All the results shown below consequently were obtained with the characteristic rays of either silver or molybdenum.
The Alignment of Alternate Assessment Content with Academic and Functional Curricula

The 1997 amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act required states to provide access to the general curriculum and alternate assessments for students with disabilities who were unable to participate in statewide assessments. For this study, we examined the curricular focus of alternate assessments using performance indicators in math, language arts, and functional skills from 31 states. Experts in math education, language arts, and severe disabilities, along with a group of stakeholders (i.e., teachers and administrators), examined the performance indicators relative to their alignment to national standards and curricula. Experts and stakeholders identified states that had alternate assessment performance indicators that were clearly aligned to math or language arts and those that did not. A subgroup also considered the functionality of the indicators. Through a series of discussions, experts and stakeholders identified features of the performance indicators that exemplified alignment ...
Interannual variability of phytoplankton abundances in the North Atlantic

A framework is developed for examining spatial patterns of interannual variability in springtime chlorophyll concentrations as a response to physical changes. A simpli"ed, two-layer bio-physical model reveals regional responses to interannual variability of convective mixing. Vertical mixing can promote productivity in the surface waters through enhanced nutrient supply, but also can retard productivity due to the transport of phytoplankton below Sverdrup's critical depth. The balance of these processes determines the regimes of response in the two-layer model. The regimes may be identi"ed by the ratio of the thickness of Sverdrup's critical layer during spring and the end of winter mixed layer, h /h . The responses predicted by the simpli"ed model are found in a more sophisticated four-compartment, nitrogen-based ecosystem model, driven by a general circulation model of the North Atlantic. Anomalously strong convective mixing leads to enhanced chlorophyll concentrations in regions of shallow mixed layers (h /h &1), such as the subtropics. In contrast, in the subpolar regions, where mixed layers are deeper (h /h ;1), the sensitivity to convective mixing is weaker, and increased mixing can lead to lower phytoplankton abundances. The numerical model also reveals regions of more complex behavior, such as the inter-gyre boundary, where advective supply of nutrients plays a signi"cant role on interannual timescales. Preliminary analyses of in situ and remote
Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D

A simple, but comprehensive model of heat transfer and solidification of the continuous casting of steel slabs is described, including phenomena in the mold and spray regions. The model includes a one-dimensional (1-D) transient finite-difference calculation of heat conduction within the solidifying steel shell coupled with two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state heat conduction within the mold wall. The model features a detailed treatment of the interfacial gap between the shell and mold, including mass and momentum balances on the solid and liquid interfacial slag layers, and the effect of oscillation marks. The model predicts the shell thickness, temperature distributions in the mold and shell, thickness of the resolidified and liquid powder layers, heat-flux profiles down the wide and narrow faces, mold water temperature rise, ideal taper of the mold walls, and other related phenomena. The important effect of the nonuniform distribution of superheat is incorporated using the results from previous three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent fluid-flow calculations within the liquid pool. The FORTRAN program CONID has a user-friendly interface and executes in less than 1 minute on a personal computer. Calibration of the model with several different experimental measurements on operating slab casters is presented along with several example applications. In particular, the model demonstrates that the increase in heat flux throughout the mold at higher casting speeds is caused by two combined effects: a thinner interfacial gap near the top of the mold and a thinner shell toward the bottom. This modeling tool can be applied to a wide range of practical problems in continuous casters.
A novel design procedure for tunable low noise amplifiers

A novel design methodology for tunable low noise amplifiers with the associated circuit topology will be presented. The procedure steps based on low noise design essentials are given as the main results of their mathematical analysis using the circuit and noise theory. After the methodology is demonstrated at narrowband by the simulation graphs, the tunability aspect of the design using the series matching at the input and output will be verified. If a tunable capacitor is inserted to the base of the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) at the input, simulation outcomes reveal that for the range of 3.5– 6.5 GHz, input and output return ratios (S11 and S22) can be ensured to be below –10 dB and the difference between noise figure (NF) and minimum noise figure (NFMIN) to be below 0.5 dB.
Venous thromboembolism in patients with head and neck cancer after surgery.

Background. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with head and neck cancer after surgery. Methods. This was a single-institution, retrospective cohort: 134 patients underwent resection and simultaneous microvascular reconstruction. The primary endpoint was identification of confirmed or suspicious VTE within 30 days of surgery. Results. Two subjects (1.4%) with confirmed VTE (1 pulmonary embolism, 1 deep venous thrombosis) and 6 subjects (4.4%) with suspicious VTE (1 acute respiratory failure, 1 sudden cardiac arrest, and 4 cases of leg edema without imaging) were identified. The strongest predictors of possible VTE were prior VTE (p ¼ .004; odds ratio (OR), 25.11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-556.40), red cell transfusion (p ¼ .009; OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.16-2.80), high body mass index (p ¼ .015, OR, 1.29, 95% CI, 1.05-1.58), and older age (p ¼ .046; OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.19). Conclusion. The incidence of VTE in patients with head and neck cancer after resection and microvascular reconstruction ranged from 1.4% to 5.8%. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 4-9, 2013 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially life- threatening condition that includes both deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing a VTE. Cancer increases the risk of VTE by 4- to 6-fold. 1,2 A prothrombic state is also augmented in the surgical set- ting. Therefore, patients with cancer undergoing major surgery are considered particularly high risk for VTE. Patients with cancer undergoing surgery have a 2-fold risk of developing postoperative VTE compared with patients without cancer undergoing similar procedures. 1,3 The morbidity associated with VTE is substantial, ranging from chronic leg swelling to pulmonary embolism. In some cases, VTE can be fatal. In fact, VTE was recently reported to be the most common cause of death in the postoperative period among patients with cancer. 4 In accord with current criteria, most patients with head and neck cancer who have surgery are presumed to be high risk for developing VTE. 3,5 This is especially true for patients undergoing simultaneous microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction after resection. The majority of patients with head and neck cancer presenting for oncologic resection and free tissue transfer reconstruction have commonly identified risk factors for VTE, notably advanced cancer stage, older age, and prolonged surgery time. Surprisingly, there have been few data to quantify the risk of VTE among patients with head and neck cancer undergoing surgery. The primary purpose of our study was to report the incidence of VTE in patients with head and neck cancer after resection and microvascular recon- struction. In addition, we aimed to identify potential risk factors for developing VTE for patients with head and neck cancer and to explore the impact of VTE on survival.
The HMX/NKX homeodomain protein MLS-2 specifies the identity of the AWC sensory neuron type via regulation of the ceh-36 Otx gene in C. elegans

The differentiated features of postmitotic neurons are dictated by the expression of specific transcription factors. The mechanisms by which the precise spatiotemporal expression patterns of these factors are regulated are poorly understood. In C. elegans, the ceh-36 Otx homeobox gene is expressed in the AWC sensory neurons throughout postembryonic development, and regulates terminal differentiation of this neuronal subtype. Here, we show that the HMX/NKX homeodomain protein MLS-2 regulates ceh-36 expression specifically in the AWC neurons. Consequently, the AWC neurons fail to express neuron type-specific characteristics in mls-2 mutants. mls-2 is expressed transiently in postmitotic AWC neurons, and directly initiates ceh-36 expression. CEH-36 subsequently interacts with a distinct site in its cis-regulatory sequences to maintain its own expression, and also directly regulates the expression of AWC-specific terminal differentiation genes. We also show that MLS-2 acts in additional neuron types to regulate their development and differentiation. Our analysis describes a transcription factor cascade that defines the unique postmitotic characteristics of a sensory neuron subtype, and provides insights into the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms that generate functional diversity in the sensory nervous system.
α2 Integrin-Dependent Suppression of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Invasion Involves Ectodomain Regulation of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase-5

Previous reports demonstrate that the α2-integrin (α2) mediates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell interactions with collagens. We found that while well-differentiated cells use α2 exclusively to adhere and migrate on collagenI, poorly differentiated PDAC cells demonstrate reduced reliance on, or complete loss of, α2. Since well-differentiated PDAC lines exhibit reduced in vitro invasion and α2-blockade suppressed invasion of well-differentiated lines exclusively, we hypothesized that α2 may suppress the malignant phenotype in PDAC. Accordingly, ectopic expression of α2 retarded in vitro invasion and maintenance on collagenI exacerbated this effect. Affymetrix profiling revealed that kallikrein-related peptidase-5 (KLK5) was specifically upregulated by α2, and reduced α2 and KLK5 expression was observed in poorly differentiated PDAC cells in situ. Accordingly, well-differentiated PDAC lines express KLK5, and KLK5 blockade increased the invasion of KLK5-positive lines. The α2-cytoplasmic domain was dispensable for these effects, demonstrating that the α2-ectodomain and KLK5 coordinately regulate a less invasive phenotype in PDAC.
Interactivity in the electronic marketplace: An exposition of the concept and implications for research

It is widely recognized that a better understanding of interactivity and its implications is essential for facilitating research focused on the emerging electronic marketplace. However, deficiencies persist in our understanding of this important concept. Building on research in various fields of study (e.g., information systems, marketing, and computer-mediated communication), this article presents a conceptualization of interactivity from a marketplace perspective that is missing or inadequately articulated in the literature. Specifically, interactivity is conceptualized as a characteristic of computer-mediated communication in the marketplace that increases with the bidirectionality, timeliness, mutual controllability, and responsiveness of communication as perceived by consumers and firms. The article concludes with a research agenda focusing on issues relating to measurement, conceptual refinement, and management of interactivity in the electronic marketplace.
The Search for Brown Dwarfs

We know a lot about stars and planets. We know about stars because they are easy to detect and because we can observe them in the various stages of their life cycles. We know about planets because we live on a planet, because there are nearby planets that can be visited by spacecraft and observed in detail, and because the known planets and other solar system materials preserve some evidence of their history. However, the planets and stars we know about are separated in mass by about two orders of magnitude or more, and the history of astronomy suggests that we should adopt an Ecological Principle: All imaginable physical niches are probably occupied. The objects of intermediate mass, known by various names but here called brown dwarfs (Tarter 1975, 1986) fill this niche. The evidence for their existence is currently rather weak and confusing (Fienberg 1990): New discoveries seem scarcely more frequent than retractions or reinterpretations of old discoveries! From that point of view, this review might be premature by a few years. However, our theoretical understanding is rather well developed and there are enough tantalizing observations that an interim review and perspective seems worthwhile. Certainly, the observational situation is extremely dynamic and the interest level is very high in several parts of the astronomical and planetary communities.
Kinetics of nucleation from aqueous solution

Homogeneous nucleation is achieved in aqueous systems by creating adequately high levels of supersaturations. This process can be fully described by considering depletion of supersaturation due to simultaneous growth of nuclei. Nielsen (1964) formulated this by integrating the growth kinetics with classical nucleation theory. The paper uses this combined nucleation-growth approach, as well as more recently developed mechanisms of adding monomers to developping nuclei (Chiang et al., 1988).
Evidence for the fragmentation of clusters upon electron impact ionization from electric deflection experiments

Abstract A molecular beam electric deflection technique was employed to examine the polarity of the mixed cluster species (H2O)M(SO2)N. The results indicate that the mixed dimer (H2O). (SO2) is polar, as expected for a charge-transfer complex, and the higher species (N + M ⩾ 3) are non-polar. The dependence of focusing behavior upon stagnation conditions provides evidence that extensive fragmentation occurs during electron ionization of the neutral clusters (H2O)M(SO2)N.
Simultaneous multiwavelength laminar optical tomography

Spatially resolved reflectance measurements can be used to characterize the depth-resolved optical properties of superficial tissues. However, until now, rapid acquisition of multiwavelength data has been hindered by multiplexing problems. We report on a novel multiwavelength laminar optical tomography system capable of acquiring data from multiple source-detector separations at three wavelengths simultaneously. Such data can allow in vivo depth-resolved spectroscopic imaging of absorbers, such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, or of multiple fluorophores, that is unaffected by motion artifacts at frame rates exceeding 100 Hz. The system design and phantom validation studies are presented.
Metabolism of apical versus basolateral sn-2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids in rodent small intestine

The metabolic fates of radiolabeled sn-2-monoacylglycerol (MG) and oleate (FA) in rat and mouse intestine, added in vivo to the apical (AP) surface in bile salt micelles, or to the basolateral (BL) surface via albumin-bound solution, were examined. Mucosal lipid products were quantified, and the results demonstrate a dramatic difference in the esterification patterns for both MG and FA, depending upon their site of entry into the enterocyte. For both lipids, the ratio of triacylglycerol to phospholipid (TG:PL) formed was approximately 10-fold higher for delivery at the AP relative to the BL surface. Further, a 3-fold higher level of FA oxidation was found for BL compared with AP substrate delivery. Incorporation of FA into individual PL species was also significantly different, with >2-fold greater incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and a 3-fold decrease in the phosphatidylcholine:PE ratio for AP- compared with BL-added lipid. Overnight fasting increased the TG:PL incorporation ratio for both AP and BL lipid addition, suggesting that metabolic compartmentation is a physiologically regulated phenomenon. These results support the existence of separate pools of TG and glycerolipid intermediates in the intestinal epithelial cell, and underscore the importance of substrate trafficking in the regulation of enterocyte lipid metabolism.
Escherichia coli mechanisms of copper homeostasis in a changing environment

Escherichia coli is equipped with multiple systems to ensure safe copper handling under varying environmental conditions. The Cu(I)-translocating P-type ATPase CopA, the central component in copper homeostasis, is responsible for removing excess Cu(I) from the cytoplasm. The multi-copper oxidase CueO and the multi-component copper transport system CusCFBA appear to safeguard the periplasmic space from copper-induced toxicity. Some strains of E. coli can survive in copper-rich environments that would normally overwhelm the chromosomally encoded copper homeostatic systems. Such strains possess additional plasmid-encoded genes that confer copper resistance. The pco determinant encodes genes that detoxify copper in the periplasm, although the mechanism is still unknown. Genes involved in copper homeostasis are regulated by MerR-like activators responsive to cytoplasmic Cu(I) or two-component systems sensing periplasmic Cu(I). Pathways of copper uptake and intracellular copper handling are still not identified in E. coli.
Rapid Solidification of an Aluminum-Neodymium Alloy

A rationale for rapid solidification processing of aluminum-lanthanide alloys is given, and preliminary results of microstructural studies on an aluminum-neodymium alloy are presented. Three distinct types of microstructure are seen in the as-cast rapidly solidified material, which are still evident after heat treatment at 350°C for 1 hour. Microhardness measurements indicate each microstructure has a different response to isochronal heat treatments.
Relational Transitions: An Inquiry into their Structure and Function

Over the years there has been a persistent concern over the nature of relational transitions, the use of case study methods to investigate them, and a phenomenology of relationship partners. In this study, these three concerns were brought together and a structural analysis was performed on two spouses' narrative accounts of their near divorce. The analysis indicated (1) that the two accounts had a common underlying structure involving four types of episodes: Anticipation, Separation, Discovery and Reconciliation; (2) that the structure of the accounts was marked by three types of dialectical oppositions: affect, intimacy and time; and (3) that the period of relational transition was a time for the establishment of new meanings and new rules for relational practice. Further research was suggested on the role of crisis in relational regeneration.
Oxidative Stress and the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation

There is growing evidence that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Many known triggers of oxidative stress, such as age, diabetes, smoking, inflammation, and renin angiotensin system activation are linked with an increased risk of the arrhythmia. Blockers of angiotensin II signaling and other drugs with anti-oxidant properties can reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Now, studies in animal models and human tissue have shown di- rectly that atrial fibrillation is associated with increased atrial oxidative stress. We review the evidence for a role of oxida- tive stress in causing atrial fibrillation and propose a unifying hypothesis that multiple triggers elicit oxidative stress which acts to enhance the risk of atrial fibrillation through ion channel dysregulation.
Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance

Workplace spirituality is defined as a workplace that recognizes that employees have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community. This definition, based on three fundamental spiritual needs, has implications for how leaders can enhance work unit performance by nurturing the spirit at work. In an exploratory study of six work units in a large hospital system we used an instrument that measures workplace spirituality. The results led to propositions concerning the effect of work unit spirituality on work unit performance and the relationship between work unit spirituality and leadership. Among medical units within the same hospital system, work unit spirituality is greater in some than in others; work unit performance is associated with work unit spirituality; and work unit leaders likely have an impact on the degree to which work units acknowledge and encourage issues of the spirit.
Concurrent hardware Trojan detection in wireless cryptographic ICs

We introduce a Concurrent Hardware Trojan Detection (CHTD) methodology for wireless cryptographic integrated circuits (ICs), based on continuous extraction of a side-channel fingerprint and evaluation by a trained on-chip neural classifier. While similar statistical side-channel fingerprinting methods have been extensively studied in the past, they operate either before an IC is deployed or, periodically, during idle times, after an IC is deployed. Therefore, they can be easily evaded by a hardware Trojan which remains dormant at all times except during normal operation. In contrast, the proposed methodology operates concurrently with the normal functionality of the IC and is, therefore, much harder to evade. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a hybrid experimentation platform consisting of (i) a custom-designed wireless cryptographic IC, infested with hardware Trojans that are controllable to be either active or dormant, (ii) a Spice-level simulation model of the fingerprint extraction circuit, and (iii) a custom-designed programmable analog neural network IC. Experimental results corroborate that the proposed CHTD methodology effectively identifies hardware Trojans when they are active, while not incurring any false positives when they are absent or dormant.
Assessing the contribution of centaur impacts to ice giant luminosities

Abstract Voyager 2 observations revealed that Neptune’s internal luminosity is an order of magnitude higher than that of Uranus. If the two planets have similar interior structures and cooling histories, Neptune’s luminosity can only be explained by invoking some energy source beyond gravitational contraction. This paper investigates whether centaur impacts could provide the energy necessary to produce Neptune’s luminosity. The major findings are (1) that impacts on both Uranus and Neptune are too infrequent to provide luminosities of order Neptune’s observed value, even for optimistic impact-rate estimates and (2) that Uranus and Neptune rarely have significantly different impact-generated luminosities at any given time. Uranus and Neptune most likely have structural differences that force them to cool and contract at different rates.
Applying Lean Design Principles to a Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Program for Uninsured Patients Improves Health Care Utilization.

There is an emerging national consensus to increase colon and rectal cancer (CRC) screening rates to 80% by 2018. For us, as a nation (and GI specialty) to move from our current 60% to 80% we have to enhance screening among patient populations that are challenged to access our medical system. Those who are underinsured or uninsured pose a special challenge. In this month’s Practice Management column, gastroenterologists in Houston, Texas describe the impact of lean management strategies to enhance colon and rectal cancer screening among lowincome patients in the Harris Health System. Readers are encouraged to refer to a previous article, which focused on similar patients in Connecticut (Lagarde SP. No one left behind: the road to 80% by 2018. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:1212–1215).
Regulation of KCa-channel activity by cyclic ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose in coronary arterial smooth muscle.

The enzymatic pathway responsible for the production and metabolism of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADP-R) in small bovine coronary arteries was characterized, and the role of cADP-R and ADP-ribose (ADP-R) ...
Conantokin-G attenuates detrimental effects of NMDAR hyperactivity in an ischemic rat model of stroke

The neuroprotective activity of conantokin-G (con-G), a naturally occurring antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), was neurologically and histologically compared in the core and peri-infarct regions after ischemia/reperfusion brain injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The contralateral regions served as robust internal controls. Intrathecal injection of con-G, post-middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO), caused a dramatic decrease in brain infarct size and swelling at 4 hr, compared to 26 hr, and significant recovery of neurological deficits was observed at 26 hr. Administration of con-G facilitated neuronal recovery in the peri-infarct regions as observed by decreased neurodegeneration and diminished calcium microdeposits at 4 hr and 26 hr. Intact Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP2) staining and neuronal cytoarchitecture was observed in the peri-infarct regions of con-G treated rats at both timepoints. Con-G restored localization of GluN1 and GluN2B subunits in the neuronal soma, but not that of GluN2A, which was perinuclear in the peri-infarct regions at 4 hr and 26 hr. This suggests that molecular targeting of the GluN2B subunit has potential for reducing detrimental consequences of ischemia. Overall, the data demonstrated that stroke-induced NMDAR excitoxicity is ameliorated by con-G-mediated repair of neurological and neuroarchitectural deficits, as well as by reconstituting neuronal localization of GluN1 and GluN2B subunits in the peri-infarct region of the stroked brain.
Modeling Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Soybeans

A velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, population model was developed for use in a pest management program. The processes of oviposition, development, mortality, and immigration are modeled. Temperature effects on oviposition and development rates are included, as well as differences in individual response to temperature. Information in the literature and field data were used to set the parameters of the model, with simulated larval populations compared with field larval populations for 1 year. Early season population dynamics were well described by the model for an additional 2 years. Late-season population dynamics were well described in only 1 of the other 2 years, due to an outbreak 1 year of the entomogenous fungus Nomuraea rileyi Farlow (Sampson), which caused the VBC population to crash. A Nomuraea model is needed to improve predictions when weather conditions are favorable for the disease. Sensitivity analyses indicated that accurate estimates of adult influx into the field are important to predict population dynamics of VBC within the field.
Estimating Turbulent Wall Shear and Boundary Layer Thickness for Hydro-dynamically Rough Surfaces by Perturbing Known Smooth Results

[Abstract] It is not uncommon when utilizing hydrodynamically smooth experimental or computational results that one would like to estimate the additional effect of wall roughness without performing either new experiments or computations. Here we consider a simple analytical model based on inner law methods which extends smooth wall skin friction and boundary layer thickness to be valid for rough wall flows. The approach described here uses a formal perturbation model of the compressible (adiabatic) skin friction, the rough wall equivalent (Van-Driest) log-law boundary layer thickness. Though perturbation-based approaches provide a correction expression, they are not valid for many physically interesting problems where the roughness is more significant. For these flows we solve the appropriate roughness expressions using an approximate procedure that is valid for a wider range of roughness. Though useful to demonstrate behaviors associated with roughness and providing a connection to smooth expressions, this approximate method is of less value when one requires compressibility corrections, whereby it is perhaps more appropriate to dispense with approximation and simplly solve the full expression numerically. We also note that the empirically based expression described by Fang et. al. (2003) 1 is in excellent agreement with the inner law based model described here.
Unobserved heterogeneity and the statistical analysis of highway accident data

Abstract Highway accidents are complex events that involve a variety of human responses to external stimuli, as well as complex interactions between the vehicle, roadway features/condition, traffic-related factors, and environmental conditions. In addition, there are complexities involved in energy dissipation (once an accident has occurred) that relate to vehicle design, impact angles, the physiological characteristics of involved humans, and other factors. With such a complex process, it is impossible to have access to all of the data that could potentially determine the likelihood of a highway accident or its resulting injury severity. The absence of such important data can potentially present serious specification problems for traditional statistical analyses that can lead to biased and inconsistent parameter estimates, erroneous inferences and erroneous accident predictions. This paper presents a detailed discussion of this problem (typically referred to as unobserved heterogeneity) in the context of accident data and analysis. Various statistical approaches available to address this unobserved heterogeneity are presented along with their strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes with a summary of the fundamental issues and directions for future methodological work that addresses unobserved heterogeneity.
Quantifying the accuracy of FRI-based LIDAR waveform analysis

Third generation full-waveform (FW) LIDAR systems collect time-resolved 1D signals generated by laser pulses reflecting off of intercepted objects. From these signals, scene depth profiles along each pulse path can be readily constructed. Using the conventional sampling process, however, massive amounts of data are typically required in order to achieve acceptable depth and spatial resolutions, and this data must be stored, transmitted, and processed. We have previously shown that such signals can be sampled at sub-Nyquist rates by using a finite rate of innovations (FRI) model. That work, however, used LIDAR data for which ground-truth distances were not available and it was therefore not possible to fully evaluate the range precision of an FRI-based representation. Here, we apply the proposed methodology to carefully ground-truthed laboratory data in order to better characterize its capabilities and limitations.