cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African Americans' Implicit Racial Attitudes and the Depletion of Executive Function after Interracial Interactions.

Abstract Previous work has found that white individuals who harbor negative racial attitudes toward blacks are particularly likely to be depleted of executive attentional resources after interracial contact. The present study investigated whether engaging in interracial interactions also depletes the executive resources of black individuals as a function of their racial attitudes toward whites. Black participants completed an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes, engaged in either an interracial or same-race interaction, and then completed an inhibitory response task to assess executive functioning. Similar to previous research, results revealed that blacks' racial attitudes predicted the extent to which they were impaired on the inhibitory response task after an interracial, but not after a same-race, interaction. Specifically, the more ingroup favoritism individuals revealed on the attitude measure, the more depleted of attentional resources they were after the interracial interaction. Taken together...
Grounded symbols in the brain

What is the nature of symbols in human brain-mind? Is it amodal, like logical statements, like arithmetic, or is it grounded in perceptions? We describe a mathematical technique modeling grounded symbols, based on neural modeling fields (MFT) and dynamic logic (DL), which have overcome limitations of classical artificial intelligence and connectionist approaches. The paper relates these difficulties to classical logic, discusses why logic could not have overcome these difficulties, and how DL overcomes past limitations. We apply MFT-DL to one aspect of symbolic operations, learning higher-level sign-symbols from lower level ones. We relate MFT-DL to essential mechanisms of concepts and grounding. Experimental neuroimaging evidence for DL in brain imaging is discussed as well as future research directions.
Time dependence of a general class of quantum distribution functions

The authors derive an explicit analytic expression for the time development of a generalized class of quantum distribution functions, which include as special cases the Wigner, the normal, and the antinormal distributions. The authors find that the simplest result is obtained in the case of the Wigner distribution. 20 refs.
Restoring native plants to crested wheatgrass stands

Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) is a nonindigenous grass introduced to North America for improving degraded rangelands. It is often criticized for forming nearly monotypic stands. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of restoring native plant species to crested wheatgrass-dominated rangeland. We investigated methods for suppressing crested wheatgrass followed by revegetation with a mix of native species. We tested five suppression treatments: undisturbed, low rate of glyphosate (0.25× recommended rate), high rate of glyphosate (recommended rate), 1-pass mechanical (disked once), and 2-pass mechanical (disked twice). Procedures were repeated in two trials in separate years. We sampled density and canopy cover of crested wheatgrass and density of seeded species for three (trial 1) and two (trial 2) years. Mechanical treatments increased crested wheatgrass density by 30–50%, whereas most other treatments were similar to the undisturbed (6.8 plants/m2). Crested wheatgrass cover decreased in mechanical and full herbicide treatments in trial 1 and was variable across treatments in trial 2. Seeded species density in all treatments (29 plants/m2) was greater than in the undisturbed treatment (18 plants/m2) 1 year after seeding in trial 1 and was similar across treatments (26 plants/m2) in trial 2. By the end of the study, though, all treatments resulted in similar seeded species density (<5 plants/m2). Results suggest suppression treatments were not effective and therefore did not improve restoration of native species in crested wheatgrass stands. Native species establishment may require subsequent management to favor persistence of native species and retard crested wheatgrass.
Absorbent Polymers from Starch and Flour Through Graft Polymerization of Acrylonitrile and Comonomer Mixtures

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-containing graft copolymers of corn starch were prepared from monomer mixtures and then saponified, and dried. Incorporation of selected comonomers lead to shorter saponification times and higher yields of adsorbent products. Substitution of flour for starch gave products which had a higher absorbency than saponified starch-g-PAN. Absorptionspolymere aus Starke und Mehl durch Pfropfpolymerisation von Acrylnitril- und Co-Monomergemischen. Polyacrylnitril (PAN) enthaltende Pfropf-Copolymere von Maisstarke wurden aus Monomergemischen dargestellt, verseift und getrocknet. Die Mitverwendung bestimmter Co-Monomere fuhrte zu verkurzten Verseifungszeiten und hoheren Ausbeuten an adsorbierten Produkten. Die Substitution von Starke durch Mehl fuhrte zu Produkten mit hoherer Absorptionsfahigkeit als verseiftes Starke-g-PAN.
Laser and light-based treatment of Keloids – a review

Background Keloids are an overgrowth of fibrotic tissue outside the original boundaries of an injury and occur secondary to defective wound healing. Keloids often have a functional, aesthetic, or psychosocial impact on patients as highlighted by quality-of-life studies. Objectives Our goal is to provide clinicians and scientists an overview of the data available on laser and light-based therapies for treatment of keloids, and highlight emerging light-based therapeutic technologies and the evidence available to support their use. Methods We employed the following search strategy to identify the clinical evidence reported in the biomedical literature: in November 2012, we searched PubMed.gov, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Reviews (1980-present) for published randomized clinical trials, clinical studies, case series and case reports related to the treatment of keloids. The search terms we utilized were ‘keloid(s)’ AND ‘laser’ OR ‘light-emitting diode’ (LED) OR ‘photodynamic therapy’ (PDT) OR ‘intense pulsed light’ OR ‘low level light’ OR ‘phototherapy.’ Results Our search yielded 347 unique articles. Of these, 33 articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusion We qualitatively conclude that laser and light-based treatment modalities may achieve favourable patient outcomes. Clinical studies using CO2 laser are more prevalent in current literature and a combination regimen may be an adequate ablative approach. Adding light-based treatments, such as LED phototherapy or PDT, to laser treatment regimens may enhance patient outcomes. Lasers and other light-based technology have introduced new ways to manage keloids that may result in improved aesthetic and symptomatic outcomes and decreased keloid recurrence.
Review of Collected Works of J. D. Eshelby: The Mechanics of Defects and Inhomogeneities by Xanthippi Markenscoff and Anurag Gupta

This book presents a vast collection of all the published papers of John Douglas Eshelby. These papers provide a comprehensive treatment to the subjects of elasticity theory that Eshelby worked with—basically the physics of dislocations and defects in solids. The editors are congratulated for providing this collection of valuable papers in one unique volume that is accessible to researchers in this field. The book contains a total of 58 papers that Eshelby wrote on this subject in addition to a short biographical sketch and four forewords written by four eminent scientists in this field. Even though Eshelby wrote no books, some of the papers included are large reviews similar to monographs; in fact there are ten such monograph-like review papers included in this book. The collected papers in this volume cover four major areas that Eshelby investigated. These areas are elastic singularities and the energy momentum tensor, fracture mechanics, inclusions and inhomogeneities, and dislocations and point defects. There is also coverage of cracks and phase transformations. The availability of this large number of papers on these four topics provides a valuable resource for researchers in this field of study. The book is well-arranged, self-contained, and may well provide a graduate book for advanced students in this field of study. In a logical and
Spatial noise phenomena of longitudinal magnetic recording media

The authors have studied the spatial noise characteristics of uniformly magnetized media and implemented a synchronous magnetic pulse detection technique to measure waveforms from precise radial and azimuthal locations on a magnetically recorded disk. They introduce a correlation analysis which includes measuring noise waveforms from the same position on the disk under different remanent magnetic states. Results from this analysis demonstrate that at remanence only minor changes occur in the output waveform and its (presumed) corresponding magnetic structure from write to write, while at DC demagnetization large variations are seen for successive writes. This sensitive correlation technique is used to analyze the random and deterministic components of media and head noise. >
The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984—Seismological Aspects

Abstract On April 24, 1984, at 21:15 UTC, a moderate earthquake occurred on the Calaveras fault in the vicinity of Halls Valley, California (epicenter 37° 19.2'N, 121° 41.9'W). The earthquake had a mean local magnitude of 6.2 ± 0.20 and a maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity of VIII. It is probably a repeat of the 1911 Coyote earthquake. The rate of seismicity from historical catalogs, compiled at the U. C. Seismographic Stations yields an average recurrence time of 160±60 years for an ML≥6.2 event occurring in a 30 km segment of the Calaveras fault. Other evidence from the repeat times of earthquakes suggests a recurrence period of 75 years for a total magnitude of 6.0 or larger.. These estimates are in reasonable agreement. A seismic moment of 1.1×1025 dyne‐cm for the mainshock was estimated from broadband displacement seismograms recorded at Berkeley ( Δ ≈ 79 km). The moment and the rupture area inferred from the aftershocks suggest a mean fault displacement of 30 cm. The aftershock sequence through Dec...
Piagetian Theory and Cognitive Therapy

The Piagetian paradigm holds considerable promise for providing developmental depth to extant cognitive therapy models, as well as for generating clinical guidelines and strategies. It also offers theoretical and empirical support for much of what is already current practice (Rosen, 1985). The primary aim of this chapter is to provide a succinct exposition of Piaget’s theory and to examine a leading model of cognitive therapy from its perspective.
Risk Management at Apache

The purpose of this case is to explore the question of whether a non-financial firm, specifically Apache, should actively manage risk. The case requires students to determine the important risks facing the firm, and the specific sources of value that risk management might bring. Apache is a large independent oil company that explores, develops, and produces oil and gas both domestically and internationally. At the time of the case, Apache had completed a year of aggressively expanding, buying more than $1 billion in oil and gas properties. Apache had made a limited entry into hedging these acquisitions using derivatives, specifically collars (sell a call option, buy a put option). The primary issue is whether Apache should expand its hedging to encompass all of its operations (not just the new acquisitions), continue as is, or curtail the hedging program. This analysis includes identifying the major risks Apache faces, how they are currently managing risk (in an integrated sense), what the value of risk management might be, what the potential hazards are, and the potential ways for Apache to use an integrated risk management approach.
Retirement Withdrawals: The Historic Return Dilemma

Historic returns from 1926 to present are commonly used to predict future returns when planning retirement withdrawals. This paper examines the accuracy of historic returns for predicting future returns, implications of historic returns for setting withdrawal rates, and the ramifications for retirees following such advice.
Basenji-greyhound dog: increased m2 muscarinic receptor expression in trachealis muscle

Airway smooth muscle from asthmatic humans and from the Basenji-greyhound dog (BG) dog is hyporesponsive to beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation. Because adenylyl cyclase is under dual regulation in airway smooth muscle, we compared muscarinic receptor-coupled inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in airway smooth muscle from BG and mongrel dogs. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity by the muscarinic M2 agonist oxotremorine was greater in airway smooth muscle membranes from BG compared with mongrel controls. Quantitative immunoprecipitation studies showed increased numbers of m2 but not m3 muscarinic receptors in the BG airway smooth muscle. The enhanced ability of muscarinic agonists to inhibit adenylyl cyclase in BG airway smooth muscle may be due to the greater numbers of muscarinic m2 receptors, which may account in part for impaired airway smooth muscle relaxation in the BG model of airway hyperresponsiveness.
Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Versus Intensity Modulated Photon Radiation Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer: First Comparative Results of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Purpose We hypothesized that patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) would have lower symptom burdens, as measured by patient-reported outcome (PRO) surveys, than patients treated with intensity modulated photon therapy (IMRT). Methods and Materials Patients were treated for oropharyngeal cancer from 2006 to 2015 through prospective registries with concurrent chemotherapy and IMPT or chemotherapy and IMRT and completed the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for Head and Neck Cancer (MDASI-HN) module at various times before treatment (baseline), during treatment (acute phase), within the first 3 months after treatment (subacute phase), and afterward (chronic phase). Individual symptoms and the top 5 and top 11 most severe symptoms were summarized and compared between the radiation therapy modalities. Results PRO data were collected and analyzed from 35 patients treated with chemotherapy and IMPT and from 46 treated with chemotherapy and IMRT. The baseline symptom burdens were similar between both groups. The overall top 5 symptoms were food taste problems (mean score 4.91 on a 0-10 scale), dry mouth (4.49), swallowing/chewing difficulties (4.26), lack of appetite (4.08), and fatigue (4.00). Among the top 11 symptoms, changes in taste and appetite during the subacute and chronic phases favored IMPT (all P P =.013). Conclusions According to the MDASI-HN, symptom burden was lower among the IMPT patients than among the IMRT patients during the subacute recovery phase after treatment. A prospective randomized clinical trial is underway to define the value of IMPT for the management of head and neck tumors.
The use of depth-sensing submicron indentation testing to characterize the mechanical behavior of thin oxide scales

The ability of a metallic material to withstand aggressive oxidizing environments depends not only on the chemical stability and slow growth of a protective surface oxide, but also on the mechanical integrity of the scale. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanical nature of the most protective oxide scales is being sought based on the premise that properties such as hardness, modulus, and plasticity ultimately determine whether a chemically stable surface oxide will retain its integrity in corrosive, high-temperature environments. To this end, the possible advantages of using low-load, depth-sensing indentation to generate such data are being evaluated. The determination of various mechanical properties of high- temperature oxide scales has been of interest for many years. Methods include traditional microhardness testing frequency damping measurements of elastic properties, and acoustic emission detection of scale cracking. Recently, depth-sensing submicron indentation testing has been used to determine both plastic and elastic properties of oxide scales in an effort to demonstrate that such an approach can be generally applied to surface products that are too sparse or thin for more typical techniques. One particular concern in this case is the relevance of room-temperature measurements for scales whose performance is judged at elevated temperature. Woodmore » and Hodgkiess addressed many of these issues in an excellent manner and their arguments will not be repeated here. However, it is important to note that many of the advantages cited for hardness measurements of oxide scales are even more compelling in view of the recent availability of the means to conduct depth-sensing indentation testing on a micron scale.« less
Deal watch: Biopharma deal-making in 2015: changing the pharma landscape.

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 15, 78–79 (2016) The value of M&A deals in Q4 2015 was incorrectly stated as $689 billion. The correct value is $187 billion. The text and figure have been corrected accordingly.
Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi: State of the Art

Abstract The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the management of insect pests has been steadily gaining popularity over the last 50 years. Each year, more and more fungi are being commercialized all over the world for inundative applications (e.g. mycoinsecticides) and inoculative release. Appreciation for their human and environmental safety is increasing because of concerns about the adverse impacts of chemical insecticides. Inundative use requires the production of very large numbers of the infectious stages of these spores, including aerial conidia, blastospores, submerged (microcycle) conidia, marcescent mycelium, and microsclerotia. Considerable advances in mass production have occurred in response to the increasing popularity. This chapter examines the state of the art of fungus mass production, particularly during the past 30 years.
Sea Turtle Funding Dries Up

In December, as we celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act and all of its accomplishments, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) terminated support for the recovery of an icon: the Kemp's ridley sea turtle ( Lepidochelys kempii ). This sea turtle nearly slipped into
Dentate granule cell discharge during conditioning. Relation to movement and theta rhythm.

The activity of dentate granule cells (g-cells) was recorded in chronic rats during single-tone sensory discrimination performance. Attempts to correlate the discharge pattern of dentate g-cells with (1) the onset of the conditioned tone stimulus, (2) movements of the animal during the conditioning trials, (3) the occurrence of the reinforced response, and (4) the presence or absence of theta rhythm during the trial revealed several features of g-cell discharge during performance of operant sensory discrimination. The most consistent finding was that g-cells were driven at short latencies (40–60 ms) by the onset of the tone stimulus in the absence of detectable body movements. A subsequent, less intense sustained discharge of g-cells was shown to be unrelated to the onset of (1) conditioned movements during the trial, or (2) the execution of the conditioned response. Thus neither phase of g-cell discharge to the tone stimulus appeared to be a direct correlate of inadvertently or directly conditioned movements in this experimental paradigm. Theta rhythm, which accompanied certain movements prior to the execution of the operant response, did not correlate with the initial phase of g-cell discharge but appeared to modulate the subsequent phase of sustained g-cell activity.
An hypothesis for seasonal color change in the genus Sterna

In keeping with a recent and growing body of literature providing evidence for the functional significance of molt patterns in relation to other events in the annual cycle, I present and discuss an hypothesis for the adaptive significance of one aspect of seasonal color change in Sterna terns. After breeding, many adults molt a limited number of head feathers which results in a mottled aspect. I suggest that the post-breeding change in head color is a signal directed by nonbreeding species toward breeding congeners that may be encountered either during migration to winter range, or in the winter range. This advertisement of nonbreeding status should help members of migratory/wintering species to avoid costly courtship chases and aggression from breeding species.
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus

Abstract 1. 1. Sixteen cases of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus occurring in a thirty-year period at the Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, are reviewed. 2. 2. Histologic criteria are suggested for classifying these under two types, unequivocal leiomyosarcoma and low grade leiomyosarcoma. 3. 3. The unequivocal leiomyosarcomas tend to metastasize widely, as well as to implant locally. 4. 4. The low grade leiomyosarcomas may recur in contiguous structures after relatively long periods. 5. 5. Of 16 cases, 11 had adequate follow-up. Of these, six, or 54.5 per cent, died of metastases within two and three-fourths years. Three cases are living and well, without recurrence. Two cases have had further operative procedures for recurrences, but to date are living and well with no recurrences demonstrable. 6. 6. Autopsy findings in two cases of leiomyosarcoma are reported.
Molecular Orbital Consideration of Amino Acid Conformation

The shape of a polypeptide molecule in aqueous solution is generally recognized as being governed by the conformational preference of the individual amino acid residues, the interaction of side chains, inter-residue hydrogen bonds, and solvent-polypeptide interactions. It has been suggested that the short-range interactions, i.e., the individual residue conformations may dominate polypeptide conformational preference as a result of the balancing of the other effects [1].
Children’s Bodies and Corporeal Expectations of Schooling

This chapter foregrounds the central question of the text: how are children’s corporeal performances—shaped by their social class upbringing—interpreted by teachers and how might these (mis)interpretations influence the social reproductive effects of schooling? It asserts that important theoretical work of Pierre Bourdieu and Annette Lareau can help researchers understand the corporeal performances of children in different social class backgrounds. Self-control is explored as a central mechanism by which different corporeal performances become advantageous or detrimental in navigating the somatic expectations of school. This chapter concludes by arguing that neoliberal educational practices have detrimental consequences for children’s development of authentic forms of self-control.
Deformations of flexible and foldable electro-active composite structures

This paper presents numerical analyses of elastic and viscoelastic smart flexible and foldable composite structures under electric field actuation. The studied composites comprise of multiple distributed piezoelectric patches bonded to the surfaces of in-active thin planar structures (substrates). Upon applications of electric field input, the planar structures can undergo three-dimensional large rotational deformations while their strains and stretches remain relatively small. A nonlinear time-dependent electro-mechanical coupling relation for the piezoelectric patches is considered to simulate more precisely response of piezoelectric materials when subjected to large magnitude of electric field. Co-rotational Lagrangian finite element approach is used for solving the governing equations of the deformations of flexible and foldable electro-active composite structures. Various three-dimensional shape changes of originally planar structures are achieved with different arrangements of integrated patches and subjected to different magnitude of electric fields. The effect of viscoelastic substrates and time-dependent electro-mechanical coupling of piezoelectric materials on the deformed shapes is also studied. This analysis can help designers in simulating desired deformed shapes and determining external stimuli to be prescribed prior to fabricating smart and flexible composites.
Ecology, Economy, Equity: The Path to a Carbon-Neutral Library

Concern for the environment and its sustainability are topics on which organizations, scientists, journalists, and authors have written and published extensively. Through the lens of a librarian wh...
Localized melt-scan strategy for site specific control of grain size and primary dendrite arm spacing in electron beam additive manufacturing

Abstract In addition to design geometry, surface roughness, and solid-state phase transformation, solidification microstructure plays a crucial role in controlling the performance of additively manufactured components. Crystallographic texture, primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS), and grain size are directly correlated to local solidification conditions. We have developed a new melt-scan strategy for inducing site specific, on-demand control of solidification microstructure. We were able to induce variations in grain size (30 μm–150 μm) and PDAS (4 μm - 10 μm) in Inconel 718 parts produced by the electron beam additive manufacturing system (Arcam ® ). A conventional raster melt-scan resulted in a grain size of about 600 μm. The observed variations in grain size with different melt-scan strategies are rationalized using a numerical thermal and solidification model which accounts for the transient curvature of the melt pool and associated thermal gradients and liquid-solid interface velocities. The refinement in grain size at high cooling rates (>10 4 K/s) is also attributed to the potential heterogeneous nucleation of grains ahead of the epitaxially growing solidification front. The variation in PDAS is rationalized using a coupled numerical-theoretical model as a function of local solidification conditions (thermal gradient and liquid-solid interface velocity) of the melt pool.
Skepticism Regarding Vaccine and Gluten-Free Food Safety Among Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity.

There has been a marked increase in the adoption of the gluten-free (GF) diet. To query individuals with celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) on their beliefs toward the health effects of gluten, and safety of vaccines and GF food products. We distributed a Web-based survey to individuals with CD and NCGS on a CD center e-mail list. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to compare responses of respondents with CD and NCGS. The overall response rate was 27% (NCGS n = 217, CD n = 1291). Subjects with NCGS were more likely than those with CD to disagree with the statement that “vaccines are safe for people with celiac disease” (NCGS 41.3% vs. CD 26.4% (p < 0.0001), and were more likely to decline vaccination when offered (30.9 vs. 24.2%, p = 0.007). After adjusting for age and gender, NCGS subjects were more likely than CD subjects to avoid genetically modified (GMO) foods (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.71–3.10), eat only organic products (aOR 2.87; 95% CI 2.04–4.03), believe that the FDA is an unreliable source of information (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.26–2.64), and believe a GF diet improves energy and concentration (aOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.86–3.43). Subjects with NCGS were more likely than those with CD to have doubts about vaccine safety and believe in the value of non-GMO and organic foods. Our findings suggest that the lack of reliable information on gluten and its content in food and medications may reinforce beliefs that result in a detriment to public health.
Concussion Prevalence in Competitive Ultimate Frisbee Players.

Background:Ultimate Frisbee (ultimate) is a fast-growing, popular sport played nationally by over 4 million athletes. While several studies have examined injury rates in ultimate, no work has inves...
Experience and Practice of Batch Scheduling on Leadership Supercomputers at Argonne

The mission of the DOE Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) is to accelerate major scientific discoveries and engineering breakthroughs for humanity by designing and providing world-leading computing facilities in partnership with the computational science community. The ALCF operates supercomputers that are generally amongst the Top 5 fastest machines in the world. Specifically, ALCF is looking for the science that is either too big to run anywhere else, or it would take so long as to be impractical (i.e., “capability jobs”). At ALCF, batch scheduling plays a critical role for achieving a set of site goals within a set of constraints. While system utilization is an important goal at ALCF, its largest mission constraint is to enable extreme scale parallel jobs to take precedence. In this paper, we will describe the specific scheduling goals and constraints, analyze the workload traces collected in 2013–2017 from the 48-rack petascale supercomputer Mira, and discuss the upcoming scheduling challenges at ALCF.
An exoribonuclease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effect of modifications of 5' end groups on the hydrolysis of substrates to 5' mononucleotides.

Using poly(A) as a substrate, an exoribonuclease has been purified from the high-salt wash of ribosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The product of the reaction of the exoribonuclease is 5' AMP. Hydrolysis of (/sup 3/H)(pA)/sub 3/(/sup 14/C)(pA)/sub n/ shows that both labels are released at the same rate, suggesting that the enzyme acts in a processive manner. Removal of the terminal phosphate of poly(A) with alkaline phosphatase reduces the rate of hydrolysis by 80%. Treatment of the terminally dephosphorylated poly(A) with polynucleotide kinase restores the activity. Two 5' capped mRNA's have been tested and they are hydrolyzed slowly, if at all, by the enzyme. In contrast, phage T4 mRNA, ribosomal RNA, and encephalomyocarditis viral RNA are hydrolyzed at greater than 50% of the rate of poly(A).
Thermodynamic Implications for Nonrenewable Resource Extraction with Endogenous Technical Change

In the previous chapters I introduced the core concepts of economics, ecology and thermodynamics and drew conclusions as to the relevance of these concepts for the analysis of economy-environment interactions. Based on these conclusions, I present in this chapter a model of a single industry extracting a nonrenewable resource from a mine, and releasing waste materials into the environment. Additionally, the extraction process results in the dissipation of low-entropy energy. The model concentrates on thermodynamic implications for economically optimal extraction of a nonrenewable resource and is translated into a nonlinear dynamic computer simulation. The purpose of the computer simulation is to illustrate the theoretical findings.
A New Efficient Stochastic Energy Management Technique for Interconnected AC Microgrids

Cooperating interconnected microgrids with the Distribution System Operation (DSO) can lead to an improvement in terms of operation and reliability. This paper investigates the optimal operation and scheduling of interconnected microgrids highly penetrated by renewable energy resources (DERs). Moreover, an efficient stochastic framework based on the Unscented Transform (UT) method is proposed to model uncertainties associated with the hourly market price, hourly load demand and DERs output power. Prior to the energy management, a newly developed linearization technique is employed to linearize nodal equations extracted from the AC power flow. The proposed stochastic problem is formulated as a single-objective optimization problem minimizing the interconnected AC MGs cost function. In order to validate the proposed technique, a modified IEEE 69-bus network is studied as the test case.
The influence of the HEART Camp intervention on physical function, health-related quality of life, depression, anxiety and fatigue in patients with heart failure:

Background:Regular exercise training has beneficial effects on quality of life, physical function, depression and anxiety in individuals with heart failure. Unfortunately, individuals with heart fa...
Ardent realism without referential normativity

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses a central positive claim in Matti Eklund’s Choosing Normative Concepts: that a certain kind of metaphysically ambitious realist about normativity – the ardent realist –...
Uncovering low-dimensional structure in high-dimensional representations of long-term recordings in people with epilepsy

Effective representations of recordings of epileptic activity for seizure prediction are high-dimensional, which prevents their visualization. Here we introduce and evaluate methods to find low-dimensional (2D or 3D) descriptors of these high-dimensional representations, which are amenable for visualization. Once low-dimensional descriptors are found, it is useful to identify structure in them. We evaluate clustering algorithms to automatically identify this structure. In addition, typical recordings of epileptic activity are long, extending for several days or weeks. We present and assess extensions of the previous methods to handle large datasets.
Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case

Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework.
On a Class of Constant Weight Codes

For any odd prime power $q$ we first construct a certain non-linear binary code $C(q,2)$ having $(q^2-q)/2$ codewords of length $q$ and weight $(q-1)/2$ each, for which the Hamming distance between any two distinct codewords is in the range $[q/2-3\sqrt q/2,\ q/2+3\sqrt q/2]$ that is, 'almost constant'. Moreover, we prove that $C(q,2)$ is distance-invariant. Several variations and improvements on this theme are then pursued. Thus, we produce other classes of binary codes $C(q,n)$, $n\geq 3$, of length $q$ that have 'almost constant' weights and distances, and which, for fixed $n$ and big $q$, have asymptotically $q^n/n$ codewords. Then we prove the possibility of extending our codes by adding the complements of their codewords. Also, by using results on Artin $L-$series, it is shown that the distribution ofthe $0$'s and $1$'s in the codewords we constructed is quasi-random. Our construction uses character sums associated with the quadratic character $\chi$ of $F_{q^n}$ in which the range of summation is $F_q$. Relations with the duals of the double error correcting BCH codes and the duals of the Melas codes are also discussed.
Beyond the feedforward sweep: feedback computations in the visual cortex

Visual perception involves the rapid formation of a coarse image representation at the onset of visual processing, which is iteratively refined by late computational processes. These early versus late time windows approximately map onto feedforward and feedback processes, respectively. State-of-the-art convolutional neural networks, the main engine behind recent machine vision successes, are feedforward architectures. Their successes and limitations provide critical information regarding which visual tasks can be solved by purely feedforward processes and which require feedback mechanisms. We provide an overview of recent work in cognitive neuroscience and machine vision that highlights the possible role of feedback processes for both visual recognition and beyond. We conclude by discussing important open questions for future research.
Orally delivered dsRNA induces knockdown of target genes and mortality in the Asian long‐horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is a serious invasive forest pest in several countries, including the United States. Methods available to manage or eradicate this pest are extremely limited, but RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a potentially effective method to control ALB. In this study, we used sucrose feeding bioassay for oral delivery of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) to ALB larvae. 32 P-labeled dsRNA orally delivered to ALB larvae using the sucrose droplet feeding method was processed to small interfering RNA. Feeding neonate larvae with dsRNA targeting genes coding for the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), vacuolar sorting protein SNF7 (SNF7), and snakeskin (SSK) induced knockdown of target genes and mortality. Feeding 2 µg of dsRNA per day for 3 days did not induce a significant decrease in the expression of target genes or mortality. However, feeding 5 or 10 µg of dsRNA per day for 3 days induced a significant decrease in the expression of target genes and 50-90% mortality. Interestingly, feeding 2.5 µg each of dsIAP plus dsSNF7, dsIAP plus dsSSK, or dsSNF7 plus dsSSK per day for 3 days induced a significant decrease in the expression of both target genes and approximately 80% mortality. Our findings demonstrate that orally delivered dsRNA induces target gene knockdown and mortality in ALB neonate larvae and RNAi technology may have the potential for effective ALB control.
Alteration of Substrate-Induced Conformational Changes of Escherichia coli Melibiose Permease by Mutating Arg149

Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been used to obtain information about substrate-induced structural changes of the melibiose permease mutant R149C, compared with the Cys-less, which were reconstituted into liposomes. ATR-FTIR evidences show that Na+-induced difference spectra of R149C and Cys-less are similar. However, Na+ induces some new peaks for R149C mutant permease. This means that replacement of Arg-149 by Cys may affect the structure of MelB, and then affect the binding of Na+. Melibiose-induced difference spectra of R149C in the presence of Na+ show some peaks in the amide I region not seen in Cys-less, corresponding to turns, β-sheets, α-helix changes. This suggests that R149C mutant permease undergo some different secondary structure changes compared to Cys-less mutant permease, when binding melibiose. Comparison of the permease intrinsic fluorescence variations of R149C and Cys-less indicate that there are similar substrate binding properties between R149C and Cys-less. When analyzing the effects of different sugars it appears that the R149C mutant is more sensitive to the sugar. All these data indicate that replacement of Arg-149 by Cys will affect Na+ and sugar binding, and enhance the selectivity and sensitivity to sugars.
Data-driven fault detection and diagnosis for packaged rooftop units using statistical machine learning classification methods

Abstract This paper proposes and demonstrates a data-driven fault detection and diagnosis strategy for packaged rooftop units using statistical machine learning classification methods. The fault detection and diagnosis task is formulated as a multi-class classification problem. Seven typical rooftop unit faults are discriminated against one another as well as the normal condition. Since experimental data for rooftop units is rare and difficult to obtain, a simulated data library of model faults at steady state operation is used for training and validating the classifications models. Synthetic minority over-sampling technique is used to generate new artificial samples of minority class in order to balance the dataset. Nine well-known classification methods are applied to our dataset, and their performance is compared. The results show that support vector machine, with an overall accuracy rate of 96.2%, is the best classifier, and linear discriminant analysis, with an overall accuracy rate of 76.2%, is the worst classifier. The performance of the classification methods for individual faults is also characterized using true positive rate and false positive rate statistical measures. The relative importance of input variables is also discussed. The high accuracy of the classification methods shows the potential of a data-driven strategy in detecting and diagnosing the rooftop unit faults.
Tribological Interaction of Plasma-Functionalized CaCO3 Nanoparticles with Zinc and Ashless Dithiophosphate Additives

Surface-modified CaCO3 nanoparticles, synthesized through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), were employed to improve lubricant additive technology for internal combustion engines via reduction and/or replacement of additives, such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), in engine oil. Various oil formulations were prepared with functionalized CaCO3 nanoparticles, in combination with ashless dialkyl dithiophosphate (DDP) and ZDDP at low concentrations of phosphorus. Tribological test results indicate synergistic interaction of functionalized CaCO3 nanoparticles with ZDDP and DDP, providing enhanced friction and wear performance under boundary lubrication. A comparative study of the tribo-surfaces morphology and chemistry was assessed via atomic force microscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Improved wear protection by functionalized CaCO3BM (borate and methacrylate coated) nanoparticles under boundary lubrication was attributed to the formation of calcium and boron-rich 50–80 nm thick tribofilms on the worn surfaces. XANES results revealed that plasma-functionalized CaCO3 nanoparticles interact with ZDDP and DDP and participate in tribofilm formation through tribo-chemical reactions and metal cation supply to form stable and wear-resistant tribofilms. These results provide strong support for the potential application of plasma-functionalized CaCO3 nano-additives to reduce the concentration of harmful P-based additives in automotive lubricants.
Local Projections vs. VARs: Lessons From Thousands of DGPs

We conduct a simulation study of Local Projection (LP) and Vector Autoregression (VAR) estimators of structural impulse responses across thousands of data generating processes (DGPs), designed to mimic the properties of the universe of U.S. macroeconomic data. Our analysis considers various structural identification schemes and several variants of LP and VAR estimators, and we pay particular attention to the role of the researcher's loss function. A clear bias-variance trade-off emerges: Because our DGPs are not exactly finite-order VAR models, LPs have lower bias than VAR estimators; however, the variance of LPs is substantially higher than that of VARs at intermediate or long horizons. Unless researchers are overwhelmingly concerned with bias, shrinkage via Bayesian VARs or penalized LPs is attractive.
The Hoggar-Type SICs

We take a tour of a particularly special set of equiangular lines in eight-dimensional complex Hilbert space. In one language, this structure is an equiangular tight frame. In the jargon of another field, it defines an informationally complete measurement, that is, a way to represent all quantum states of three-qubit systems as probability distributions. Investigating the shape of this representation of state space yields a pattern of connections among a remarkable spread of mathematical constructions. In particular, studying the Shannon entropy of probabilistic representations of quantum states leads to an intriguing link between the questions of real and of complex equiangular lines. Furthermore, we will find relations between quantum information theory and mathematical topics like octonionic integers and the 28 bitangents to a quartic curve.
Trends in Number of Women Speakers at the American Head and Neck Society Meetings, 2007-2019.

Importance The number of female speakers at American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) conferences should ideally be consistent with the number of women entering head and neck surgery fellowships to ensure gender equity in the field. Yet the presence of women speakers at the annual AHNS meetings, which is specific to the field of head and neck cancer, endocrine and microvascular reconstructive surgery, has yet to be studied. Objective To determine whether the proportion of female speakers at the AHNS has increased in a manner consistent with the numbers of women entering fellowships since 2007. Design, setting, and participants This qualitative study assessed 13 final meeting programs from AHNS national/international conferences from 2007 to 2019. The number of male and female participants in different roles throughout the meeting were retrospectively tracked. Participants were male and female speakers at AHNS national/international conferences who took part in the roles of scientific session presenter, scientific session moderator, expert panelist, miscellaneous moderator, and named lecturers/keynote speaker. Gender of the speaker was determined by searching names on the internet and using available published pronouns. Main outcomes and measures Number of speaking opportunities for men and women in different roles from 2007 to 2019 as well as number of men and women entering AHNS fellowships since 2007 and new active AHNS members since 2012. Results In this qualitative study, from 2007 to 2019, 4059 speakers were identified. Of these speakers, 902 (22%) were women and 3157 (78%) were men. Overall, there was a strong correlation between increasing years and number of women speakers from 2007 to 2019 (ρ = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72-0.78). There were 2096 invited speaking roles that excluded research presentations, of which 400 were offered to female participants (19.1%) across the study period. There were 131 different women that made up all 400 of the opportunities that were offered to women in the years surveyed. There was a strong correlation in the proportion of women as presenters for oral abstracts, expert panelists, and miscellaneous moderators between the years but no correlation in scientific session moderators and named lecturers/keynote speakers. Of the 45 named lecturers/keynote speakers in the programs tracked, only 2 were women. Conclusions and relevance In this study, from 2007 to 2019, the presence of women at ANHS has increased overall, reflecting the changing demographic characteristics of those entering in head and neck oncology and microvascular surgery fellowships. However, a strong disparity continues to exist for preeminent speaking opportunities.