cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Desorption Mechanisms in Metastable β Ti-3 Al-8 V-6 Cr-4 Mo-4 Zr

The mechanisms by which hydrogen desorbs from Ti-3 Al-8 V-6 Cr-4 Mo-4 Zr in the presence of a native oxide film under vacuum were examined over a range of temperatures using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hydrogen release was extremely limited and not measured below 260°C due to the thermal stability of the surface oxide. XPS experiments indicate that hydrogen release is not observed in vacuum until after the oxide film is completely dissolved. However, in the temperature range 325-490°C, TDS measurements indicate that hydrogen desorption is bulk diffusion controlled with a high desorption activation energy (135-144 kJ/mol), XPS measurements in conjunction with H desorption measurements indicate a slow but measurable desorption rate following oxide dissolution, with the presence of a high relative O content (25-50 atom %) at the metallic surface. H desorption is rationalized to be diffusion-limited by an O-enriched Ti surface layer at these temperatures. Surface recombination controlled desorption was observed by TDS at temperatures exceeding 490°C, XPS results indicate that the transition from diffusion control to surface recombination control (and an increased desorption rate) is likely coincident with a reduction of the relative surface O content in the alloy to below 25 atom %. Qualitative desorption simulation results indicate agreement with a model that includes H egress by diffusion and surface recombination coupled in series. However, quantitative agreement cannot be obtained without accounting for the effect of the O-enriched surface layer on bulk H diffusion parameters.
Prognosis of Patients with Bilateral Macular Drusen

Abstract Of 71 patients with only bilateral macular drusen, 8 eyes in 7 patients (9.9%) developed exudative maculopathy over an average follow-up of 4.3 years (14.5% cumulative risk). Severe visual loss due to exudative maculopathy occurred in 7 eyes of 6 patients (8.5%) for a 5-year cumulative risk of 12.7%. Features of the drusen were analyzed, but only the association with focal hyperpigmentation ( P P
Assembly and integration activities moving toward commissioning of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) has completed its design phase and is currently in the construction phase. The first telescope will be deployed at the MROI site in 2011. Five different vendors are involved in the design and fabrication of a unit telescope, and a much larger number for the full observatory. This paper addresses the steps that the MRO Interferometry project will undertake to integrate subsystems developed by different parties, through commissioning into an operational optical interferometer. Finally we present the commissioning plan to bring the interferometer to an operational mode. We have developed "performance verification milestones" that successively increase the "science readiness" of the interferometer and transitions to an operational phase.
A new mitotic cycle marker.

Abstract The entry into metaphase of Physarum nuclei becomes insensitive to cycloheximide 10 min earlier than to γ-radiation, i.e., the “CH-marker” occurs earlier in prophase than the “γ-marker”. Gamma-irradiation of plasmodia wich have passed the CH marker and even the γ-marker leads to further sensitivity to CH. Thus, the data reveal a “γ-CH marker” in the mitotic cycle of this organism.
Oral analgesia compared with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether oral analgesia with oxycodone-acetaminophen or a patient-controlled analgesia device with morphine provides superior analgesia after cesarean delivery. Study design Ninety-three patients with scheduled cesarean delivery were assigned randomly to receive either oral analgesia with oxycodone-acetaminophen or a morphine patient-controlled analgesia device. At 6 and 24 hours after the procedure, pain was assessed on a visual analog pain scale of 0 to 10. Nausea, sedation, pruritus, ambulation, emesis, and oral fluid intake were also assessed. Results Patients who used oral analgesia without a patient-controlled analgesia device experienced less pain at 6 and 24 hours after cesarean delivery. They also had less nausea and drowsiness at 6 hours but slightly more nausea at 24 hours. Conclusion Oral analgesia with oxycodone-acetaminophen may offer superior pain control after cesarean delivery with fewer side-effects as compared with morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Consideration should be given to expanding the use of oral analgesia in patients immediately after cesarean delivery.
Crack interaction with 3-D dislocation loops

Abstract Cracks in a solid often interact with other crystal defects such as dislocation loops. The interaction effects are of 3-D character yet their analytical treatment has been mostly limited to the 2-D regime due to mathematical complications. This paper shows that distribution of the stress intensity factors along a crack front due to arbitrary dislocation loops may be expressed as simple line integrals along the loop contours. The method of analysis is based on the 3-D Bueckner-Rice weight function theory for elastic crack analysis. Our results have significantly simplified the calculations for 3-D dislocation loops produced in the plastic processes at the crack front due to highly concentrated crack tip stress fields. Examples for crack-tip 3-D loops and 2-D straight dislocations emerging from the crack tip are given to demonstrate applications of the derived formulae. The results are consistent with some previous analytical solutions existing in the literature. As further applications we also analyse straight dislocations that are parallel or perpendicular to the crack plane but are not parallel to the crack front.
Musculoskeletal pain in obese children and adolescents.

Aim: To determine whether bodyweight is associated with musculoskeletal pain within a population of obese children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of subjects evaluated at a tertiary care medical centre for the management of obesity. Analyses were conducted using both a person-specific model, and then again, using a joint site model in order to account for correlations between joints within children. Results: We evaluated 135 children and adolescents (68 girls, 67 boys) with a mean age of 12.3 years (range: 3–18). The study population was racially and ethnically diverse – Hispanic (51%), non-Hispanic white (26%), non-Hispanic black (13%), other (10%). The majority of subjects (61%) complained of at least one joint hurting more than once per month. Back pain was the most common complaint (39%), followed by foot (26%) and knee (24%) pain. After adjustment for age, pain in the knees and hips were associated with increased weight and/or body mass index (BMI). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional analysis of obese children and adolescents, musculoskeletal pain was common and, in the knee and hip joints, was positively associated with extra bodyweight. Clinicians may want to ask about musculoskeletal pain when recommending physical activity for weight management counselling.
The concept of secondary doping as applied to polyaniline

Phenomenologically, a primary dopant for a conducting polymer is a substance, a relatively small quantity of which drastically changes the electronic, optical, magnetic and/or structural properties of the polymer and is accompanied by a large increase in conductivity. De-doping results in a reversal of the newly induced properties. Phenomenologically, a secondary dopant is an apparently “inert” substance which, when applied to a primary-doped polymer, induces still further changes in the above properties including a further increase in conductivity. It differs froma primary dopant in that the newly enhanced properties may persist even upon complete removal of the secondary dopant. The concept will be illustrated using polyaniline and its derivatives. It will be shown that the effects of secondary doping are based primarily on a change in molecular conformation of the polyaniline from ‘compact coil’ to ‘expanded coil’ during the secondary doping process.
Behavioral comparisons of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane (BL-3912A) with R-DOM and S-amphetamine.

The behavioral effects of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane or BL-3912A were compared with those of S-Amphetamine and R-DOM. BL-3912A facilitated acquisition of shuttle box responding by rats without increasing noncontingent intertrial (ITI) activity, while S-Amphetamine increased both avoidance and ITI responding. R-DOM had a biphasic effect on avoidance responding, increasing it at low doses and disrupting at higher doses. At doses that facilitated shuttle box responding, BL-3912A had no effect on unacclimated motor activity of rats nor on the rate of continuous avoidance responding by rats. S-Amphetamine increased the frequency of both motor activity and operant avoidance responding, while R-DOM decreased motor activity and increased operant avoidance responding. By facilitating avoidance behavior without increasing other measures of psychomotor activity, BL-3912A represents a unique psychopharmacological agent clearly different from R-DOM and S-Amphetamine.
TGF-β combined with M-CSF and IL-4 induces generation of immune inhibitory cord blood dendritic cells capable of enhancing cytokine-induced ex vivo expansion of myeloid progenitors

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) may be valuable in transplantation for silencing immune reaction. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)/IL-4 induces differentiation of cord blood (CB) monocytes into DCs (M-DCs) with tolerogenic phenotype/function. We assessed whether factors produced by tolerogenic DCs could modulate hematopoiesis. TGF-β1 added to CB M-DC cultures induced bona fide DC morphology (TGF-M-DCs), similar to that of DCs generated with TGF-β and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)/IL-4 (TGF-GM-DCs). Of conditioned media (CM) produced from TGF-M-DCs, TGF-GM-DCs, M-DCs, and GM-DCs, TGF-M-DC CM was the only one that enhanced SCF, Flt3 ligand, and TPO expansion of myeloid progenitor cells ex vivo. This effect was blocked by neutralizing anti–M-CSF Ab, but protein analysis of CM suggested that M-CSF alone was not manifesting enhanced expansion of myeloid progenitors. LPS-stimulated TGF-M-DCs induced T-cell tolerance/anergy as effectively as M-DCs. TGF-M-DCs secreted significantly lower concentrations of progenitor cell inhibitory cytokines and were less potent in activating T cells than TGF-GM-DCs. Functional differences between TGF-M-DCs and TGF-GM-DCs included enhanced responses to LPS-induced ERK, JNK, and P38 activation in TGF-M-DCs and their immune suppressive–skewed cytokine release profiles. TGF-M-DCs appear unique among culture-generated DCs in their capability for silencing immunity while promoting expansion of myeloid progenitors, events that may be of therapeutic value.
A histological and biochemical study of hormone-dependent differentiation of mammary gland tissue in vitro.

Abstract Mammary gland tissue from pregnant mice undergoes specific changes in structure and function when incubated in vitro on synthetic medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. This combination of hormones increases the rate of synthesis of one group of phosphoproteins, casein, 300–550%, while the synthesis of other phosphoproteins is only slightly stimulated. This selective biosynthetic response is paralleled by specific histological changes in the alveolar epithelium of the gland. The combination of specific changes in cell and tissue structure and selective stimulation of one group of milk proteins constitutes an example of cellular differentiation under hormonal control.
Estimating Multistate Transition Hazards from Last-Move Data

Abstract Following United Nations recommendations, many countries collect or publish internal migration data in last-move form, despite continuing uncertainty among researchers about how to estimate transition rates and probabilities from such information. “Last-move” data are a form of retrospective event history in which the only available information for each observational unit are the state at the time of a survey (ω), the last previous state (ψ), and the time at which the ψ → ω transition occurred. The statistical literature has addressed special cases, but there is still no general method for estimating transition hazards from last-move data. In this article I propose such a method, analyze its performance in a Monte Carlo simulation study, and apply it to migration data from Brazil's 1980 census.
Improving query precision using semantic expansion

Query Expansion (QE) is one of the most important mechanisms in the information retrieval field. A typical short Internet query will go through a process of refinement to improve its retrieval power. Most of the existing QE techniques suffer from retrieval performance degradation due to imprecise choice of query's additive terms in the QE process. In this paper, we introduce a novel automated QE mechanism. The new expansion process is guided by the semantics relations between the original query and the expanding words, in the context of the utilized corpus. Experimental results of our ''controlled'' query expansion, using the Arabic TREC-10 data, show a significant enhancement of recall and precision over current existing mechanisms in the field.
DECREASED TOXICITY OF COPPER AND MANGANESE IONS TO SHRIMP NAUPLII (Penaeus stylirostris STIMPSON) IN THE PRESENCE OF EDTA

Although ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used routinely in the intensive culture of penaeid shrimp larvae to increase both the percentage of eggs that hatch and the survival of larvae, the mode of action is not known. To explain EDTA's beneficial effect this study compares the toxicities of copper and manganese divalent ions in the presence and absence of 10 mg EDTA/liter seawater. Toxicity was evaluated in terms of the percentage of Penaeus stylirostris nauplii surviving after 12 and 24 hours of exposure to either copper or manganese and in terms of the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to the protozoeal stage. In the absence of EDTA, copper and manganese ions were toxic to nauplii with copper causing 100% mortality at a much lower concentration (20 μM) than manganese (20,000 μM). In the presence of EDTA, survival of nauplii exposed to copper was increased but survival of nauplii exposed to manganese was not affected. At concentrations lower than the levels that reduce survival, copper ions (0.2 μM) and manganese ions (2 μM) reduce the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to protozoea. In the presence of EDTA, the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to protozoea is increased with both nauplii exposed to copper ions and nauplii exposed to manganese ions. The beneficial effects of EDTA are probably due to the chelation of copper and manganese ions by EDTA. Chelation lowers the free concentration of these ions and thus reduces their toxicities.
Structure of paracrystalline arrays on outer membranes of rat-liver and rat-heart mitochondria.

Abstract Crystalline arrays are induced in outer membranes of rat-liver and rat-heart mitochondria by phosphotungstate and silicotungstate. The basic structure of the arrays has been determined by correlation averaging of electron microscopic images of side views of tubular arrays and en face views of planar arrays. The arrays consist of rows of bilobed projecting subunits and are similar (in lattice parameters and projected subunit dimensions) to periodic arrays of ion transport ATPases, e.g., arrays of Ca 2+ -ATPase induced by vanadate in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Hexokinase-labeled colloidal gold particles do not specifically decorate the arrays, suggesting that the hexokinase receptor (VDAC channel) is not a component of the arrays.
An enzyme capture assay for analysis of active hyaluronan synthases

We describe a sensitive assay for detection of active hyaluronan synthases (HASs) capable of synthesizing hyaluronan (HA) without use of radioactive uridine 5'-diphosphate sugar precursors. The HAS capture assay is based on the binding of a biotinylated HA binding protein (bHABP) to HA chains that are associated with HAS and the subsequent capture of bHABP-HA-HAS complexes with streptavidin-agarose. Specific HAS proteins (e.g., HAS1, not HAS2 or HAS3) captured in this pull-down approach are readily immunodetected by Western blot analysis using appropriate antibodies. The assay was used to detect active HAS proteins in cell membranes, purified recombinant Streptococcus equisimilis HAS (SeHAS), and in vitro translated human HAS1 or SeHAS. The HAS capture assay was also used to assess the fraction of HAS molecules that were active, which cannot be done using standard assays for synthase activity. Assay sensitivity for detection of purified SeHAS is <1 pmol.
Observations of plasma formation during picosecond laser ablation of metals

We present experimental observations of plasma formation during single picosecond laser pulse (35 ps, 1064 nm) ablation of copper in air. We studied an early-stage air plasma which forms before the emergence of a material vapor plume. Using picosecond time-resolved shadowgraphs and interferograms, we measured the evolution of this air plasma that has an electron density on the order of 1020 cm-3. At post-pulse times, the longitudinal expansion of the plasma was found to be suppressed, while a power-law relation, r approximately t1/2, was obtained for the temporal lateral expansion of the plasma radius. The results indicate that a large amount of the overall energy from the picosecond laser pulse is absorbed by the early-stage air plasma.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Medicina personalizada: diagnóstico genético de cardiopatías/canalopatías hereditarias

Resumen Se han producido avances importantes en el campo de la genetica molecular que han ampliado nuestra capacidad de identificar sustratos geneticos subyacentes a la patogenia de diversos trastornos que siguen patrones de herencia mendeliana. Entre estos trastornos, se encuentran las canalopatias y miocardiopatias hereditarias y potencialmente mortales con base genetica subyacente identificada y que ahora se conoce mejor. La heterogeneidad clinica y genetica es una caracteristica distintiva de estos trastornos, con miles de mutaciones genicas involucradas en estas enfermedades cardiovasculares divergentes. Las pruebas geneticas en varias de estas canalopatias y miocardiopatias hereditarias han alcanzado ya la fase de madurez, tras evolucionar desde su descubrimiento a las pruebas geneticas para investigacion y las pruebas diagnosticas disponibles para uso clinico/comercial. El objetivo de esta revision es proporcionar al lector un conocimiento basico de la genetica medica humana y las pruebas geneticas existentes en el contexto de las enfermedades cardiovasculares que afectan al corazon. Revisamos el estado actual de las pruebas geneticas clinicas para las canalopatias y miocardiopatias mas frecuentes, tratamos asuntos pertinentes que surgen de utilizar pruebas geneticas y sobre el futuro de la medicina personalizada en las enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Macroinvertebrate Communities Associated with Three Aquatic Macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Vallisneria americana) in Lake Onalaska, Wisconsin

ABSTRACT The standing crop and species diversity of macroinvertebrates associated with wild celery (Vallisneria americana), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) were examined in Lake Onalaska, Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River, during summer 1983. Although Ceratophyllum generally supported the largest invertebrate standing crop (number per g plant dry weight), differences in invertebrate abundance among plant species were not consistent across time. However, the distribution of several taxa were significantly affected by plant species. Hyalella azteca (overall the most abundant species) and Enallagma spp. (the most abundant predator) were consistently most numerous in Ceratophyllum samples and least abundant in Vallisneria samples. Generally, invertebrate community composition differed significantly among plant species throughout the summer.
Recently recovered Kenyapithecus mandible and its implications for great ape and human origins.

Abstract We report here a Kenyapithecus africanus juvenile mandible recovered from middle Miocene (ca. 14-16 million years) deposits of Maboko Island (Lake Victoria), Kenya. Symphyseal and dental attributes of the mandible distinguish K. africanus, a species widely regarded as the earliest known member of the great ape and human clade, from other Miocene large-bodied hominoids. The Maboko Island mandible exhibits a markedly proclined symphyseal axis, massive inferior transverse torus, mesiodistally narrow, high-crowned, and strongly procumbent lateral incisor, and molars with cingula restricted to the median buccal cleft. Although the presence of some of these conditions in Kenyapithecus was suggested earlier, the fragmentary and ill-preserved nature of previously known specimens led certain authorities to doubt their validity. Our assessment of mandibular and dental morphology indicates that K. africanus diverged after Proconsul and Griphopithecus but prior to the last common ancestor of Sivapithecus, extant great apes, and humans. The robustly constructed mandibular symphysis and anterior dentition suggest that incisal biting played as important a role as thick molar enamel in the dietary adaptations of K. africanus.
Marketing's Evolving Identity: Defining Our Future

Abstract Marketing thought and practice has evolved over the past 100 years from a philosophy of taking things to market to a philosophy of market(ing) to customers and, increasingly today, to a philosophy of market(ing) with customers. The author discusses the evolution of these philosophies and their influence on how the American Marketing Association has defined marketing.
Torey Hayden's teacher lore: classroom behavior management of children with emotional and behavioral disorders

Torey Hayden’s portrayal of classroom behavior management in her teacher lore, autobiographical writings about teaching children with emotional and behavioral disorders, is examined. Five of her books were sampled: One child, Somebody else’s kids, Just another kid, Ghost girl and Beautiful child. Each of these books unfolds within the space of an elementary age, self‐contained classroom for children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Each technique Hayden used to respond to her students’ problem behaviors in the five books was categorized according to Fritz Redl’s theory on managing behavior problems. Redl identified five strategies educators can use to handle their students’ behavior problems: changing, managing, tolerating, preventing and accommodating. The methodology used to categorize Hayden’s techniques was analogous to constant comparative analysis of documents. Hayden is portrayed through Redl’s strategies as a teacher who relies on managing without consequences and changing techniques. Narr...
The developmental expression of neurofilament and glial filament proteins in the human pituitary gland: an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MA) specific for neurofilaments (NF) and glial filaments (GF) were used to study the development of the normal human pituitary gland in fetuses, premature infants and adults. A total of 16 serially sectioned pituitary glands was examined. The expression of both NF and GF proteins correlated with maturation of the pituitary gland. Axons, but not cell bodies, were observed to contain immunoreactive NF proteins and these labeled axons were restricted almost exclusively to the pars nervosa. However, in early stages of development, intra-axonal NF proteins were not detectable. Aggregates of NF material in ‘blobs’ were also observed in the pars nervosa of adults and a premature infant who survived 6 months following birth. They were never observed in more immature pituitary glands. Cells containing immunoreactive GF proteins were present in all subdivisions of the pituitary gland and they were more common in later stages of development. However, such cells represented only a minority of those present in the pituitary gland and cells in the pars distalis did not express GF protein until after birth. ‘Blobs’ comprised of immunoreactive GF proteins were also seen. They were restricted to the pars nervosa and appeared later in development.
A Meiotic Gene Regulatory Cascade Driven by Alternative Fates for Newly Synthesized Transcripts

To determine the relative importance of transcriptional regulation versus RNA processing and turnover during the transition from proliferation to meiotic differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we analyzed temporal profiles and effects of RNA surveillance factor mutants on expression of 32 meiotic genes. A comparison of nascent transcription with steady-state RNA accumulation reveals that the vast majority of these genes show a lag between maximal RNA synthesis and peak RNA accumulation. During meiosis, total RNA levels parallel 3' processing, which occurs in multiple, temporally distinct waves that peak from 3 to 6 h after meiotic induction. Most early genes and one middle gene, mei4, share a regulatory mechanism in which a specialized RNA surveillance factor targets newly synthesized transcripts for destruction. Mei4p, a member of the forkhead transcription factor family, in turn regulates a host of downstream genes. Remarkably, a spike in transcription is observed for less than one-third of the genes surveyed, and even these show evidence of RNA-level regulation. In aggregate, our findings lead us to propose that a regulatory cascade driven by changes in processing and stability of newly synthesized transcripts operates alongside the well-known transcriptional cascade as fission yeast cells enter meiosis.
Hyperclassical Logic (A.K.A. If Logic) and its Implications for Logical Theory

Let us assume that you are entrusted by UNESCO with an important task. You are asked to devise a universal logical language, a Begriffsschrift in Frege's sense, which is to serve the purposes of science, business and everyday life. What requirements should such a “conceptual notation” satisfy? There are undoubtedly many relevant desiderata, but here I am focusing on one unmistakable one. In order to be a viable lingua universalis, your language must in any case be capable of representing any possible configuration of dependence and independence between different variables. For if such a configuration is possible in principle, there is no guarantee that it might not one day show up among the natural, human or social phenomena we have to study. But how are dependencies and independencies between variables expressed in our familiar logical notation? Every logician worth his or her truth-table knows the answer. Dependencies between two variables are expressed by dependencies between the quantifiers to which they are bound. For instance, in the variable y depends on x, while in z depends on x but not on y, while u depends on both x and y. But how is the dependence of a quantifier on another one expressed in familiar logical languages? Obviously by occurring in its scope, indicated by the pair of parentheses following it (cf. here Hintikka [1997]). But the nesting of scopes is a transitive and antisymmetrical relation which allows branching only in one direction. Hence other kinds of structures of dependence and independence between variables are not representable in the received logical notation. Such previously inexpressible structures form the subject matter of what has been referred to as independence-friendly (IF) logic.
Mechanical Behavior of SiC(f)/SiC Composites and Correlation to in situ Fiber Strength at Room and Elevated Temperatures

Mechanical properties of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites were evaluated, in flexure, at various temperatures ranging from ambient to 1300°C. First matrix cracking stress ranged from 250 to 280 MPa and was relatively insensitive to test temperature. The measured ultimate strength showed a small increase from a room-temperature value of 370 to 460 MPa at 800°C. Beyond 800°C, however, strength dropped to as low as 280 MPa at 1300°C. This decrease in ultimate strength at elevated temperatures is believed to be partly due to degradation of in situ Nicalon fiber strength. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to evaluate the in situ Nicalon fiber strengths via fracture mirror size measurements. Degradation of Nicalon fiber strength is attributed to thermal damage and to structural changes to the fiber at elevated temperatures. Measured values of ultimate strength of the composites were compared with predictions made on the basis of in situ fiber strength characteristics and an available analytical model.
Ethics, Empathy, and the Education of Dentists

Professional education in dentistry exists to educate good dentists-dentists equipped and committed to helping society gain the benefits of oral health. In achieving this intention, dental educators acknowledge that student dentists must acquire the complex knowledge base and the sophisticated perceptual-motor skills of dentistry. The graduation of knowledgeable and skilled clinicians in dentistry is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for ensuring quality oral health care. The further requirement is the commitment of graduates to applying their abilities with moral integrity: providing appropriate and quality care in their patients' best interest. Ultimately, good dentistry depends on individuals committed to treating their patients and society fairly, that is, ethically. This essay describes the historical basis for thinking about ethics from the perspective of human nature; describes how evolutionary ethics seeks to ground moral behavior in human emotion rather than primarily human reason; discusses the roots of morality in the behavior of animals, behavior that observed in humans would be described as empathy; characterizes empathy, discussing its imperative in caring for patients; and suggests what implications an empathy-mediated understanding of morality has for dental education.
Evolutionary rates analysis of leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary

Tertiary macrofossils of the flowering plant family Leguminosae (legumes) were used as time constraints to estimate ages of the earliest branching clades identified in separate plastid matK and rbcL gene phylogenies. Penalized likelihood rate smoothing was performed on sets of Bayesian likelihood trees generated with the AIC-selected GTR+ Gamma +I substitution model. Unequivocal legume fossils dating from the Recent continuously back to about 56 million years ago were used to fix the family stem clade at 60 million years (Ma), and at 1-Ma intervals back to 70 Ma. Specific fossils that showed distinctive combinations of apomorphic traits were used to constrain the minimum age of 12 specific internal nodes. These constraints were placed on stem rather than respective crown clades in order to bias for younger age estimates. Regardless, the mean age of the legume crown clade differs by only 1.0 to 2.5 Ma from the fixed age of the legume stem clade. Additionally, the oldest caesalpinioid, mimosoid, and papilionoid crown clades show approximately the same age range of 39 to 59 Ma. These findings all point to a rapid family-wide diversification, and predict few if any legume fossils prior to the Cenozoic. The range of the matK substitution rate, 2.1-24.6 x 10(-10) substitutions per site per year, is higher than that of rbcL, 1.6- 8.6 x 10(-10), and is accompanied by more uniform rate variation among codon positions. The matK and rbcL substitution rates are highly correlated across the legume family. For example, both loci have the slowest substitution rates among the mimosoids and the fastest rates among the millettioid legumes. This explains why groups such as the millettioids are amenable to species-level phylogenetic analysis with these loci, whereas other legume groups are not.
The impact of smoking on surgical outcomes.

t m t w c c s d p b t b c v a u a i Smoking substantially increases a patient’s risk of surgical complications. Despite this, almost half of all surgeons do not routinely counsel their patients to stop smoking before an operation. Studies show that although up to 75% of smokers who undergo surgery would like to quit, only about 5% will stop smoking permanently around the time of elective surgery. The intent of this article is to raise surgeon awareness of the deleterious impact of smoking on surgical outcomes and emphasize the unique opportunity in the teachable moment of surgery to enable patients to succeed in their efforts to quit smoking.
The structure and function of the adenovirus major late promoter.

The adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) has played a preeminent role in the analysis of transcription initiation in mammalian cells, and is an outstanding example of the ways in which the study of adenovirus has led to fundamental insights into general cellular processes. The aim of this chapter is to give a comprehensive review of the structure and function of this model mammalian promoter. After a brief description of late transcription in the adenovirus replication cycle, the experimental evidence for the current consensus on the genetic structure of the MLP, including a consideration of non-primate adenovirus MLPs, will be reviewed. Next, the functions of the MLP in the viral life cycle will be examined, and some of the problems that remain to be resolved will be addressed. The review ends with some ideas on how the knowledge of the structure and function of the MLP can be used in designing virus vectors for specific experimental purposes.
A quantitative study of factors affecting in vivo bioluminescence imaging

In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has the advantages of high sensitivity and low background. By counting the number of photons emitted from a specimen, BLI can quantify biological events such as tumour growth, gene expression and drug response. The intensities and kinetics of the BL signal are affected by many factors and may confound the quantitative results acquired from consecutive imaging sessions or different specimens. We used three different mouse models of tumours to examine whether anaesthetics, positioning and tumour growth may affect the consistency of the BL signal. The results showed that BLI signal could be affected by different anaesthetics and repetitive positioning. Using the same anaesthetics produced consistent peak times, while other factors were held constant. However, as the tumours grew the peak times shifted and the time course of BL signals had different shapes, depending on the positioning of the mice. The data indicate that a carefully designed BLI experiment is required to generate optimal and consistent results.
Whither Fictive Kin? Or, What’s in a Name?:

Drawing on a survey of more than 600 articles that use the term fictive kin, I demonstrate that this term is used predominantly in reference to African Americans and a variety of marginal people and only rarely is used in conjunction with a mainstream White population. After presenting data on the use of the term, I discuss the implications of these findings. I explore as well two rhetorical shifts in language—the introduction of the notion of families of choice and the recent introduction of the concept of voluntary kin.
African American Paternal Grandmothers’ Satisfaction With the Fathering Practices of Their Teenage Sons

African American paternal grandmothers serve an important role in influencing teenage fathers’ involvement with their children in that grandmothers’ support of their sons’ fathering practices is associated with increased father involvement. We used qualitative data from 53 paternal grandmothers to compare satisfaction with teenage sons’ fathering practices with their expectations for ideal fathering and identify reasons for inconsistencies between the two. Paternal grandmothers characterized three practices (providing financial support, being attentive, and performing day-to-day care) that were key to their satisfaction with their sons’ fathering practices. These characterizations mostly overlapped with their expectations for ideal practice. When inconsistencies between expectations and satisfaction were noted, we identified three ways grandmothers interpreted satisfaction with fathering practices. These results have implications for research on teenage fatherhood and interventions meant to enhance teenag...
The Analysis of Misclassified Ordinal Data from Designed Experiments

Standard analyses of ordinal data from designed experiments assume that the data are not misclassified. This article considers the impact of ignoring misclassification and presents a Bayesian approach to account for it. Misclassification depends on the probabilities of misclassifying an item with a given true category to the other categories. Both the cases of known and estimated misclassification probabilities are considered. The analysis methodology is illustrated with data from a real experiment and is assessed using a simulation study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the Irreversible Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitor, α-Difluoromethylornithine, Aflatoxin B1, and Choline Deficiency on Hepatocarcinogenesis

liver carcinogenesis was induced in rats by aflatoxin Bl (AFBl) enhanced by a choline-deficient diet. In Experiment 1, the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, a-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), was administered by gavage to one group only during AFBl administration; another group received DFMO during AFBl administration and for 2 months after carcinogen administration. These two groups were compared to two control groups, one given AFBl and fed the choline-deficient diet and another fed the deficient diet only. In a second experiment, DFMO was administered at a concentration of 2% in the water for 3 weeks and then at 1% for the remainder of the study. Rats from each group in Experiment 1 were killed at 2, 8, and 10 months after AFBl administration and the development of tumors was followed by histology; autoradiography of ['Hlthymidine incorporation into DNA; enzyme histochemistry; and a-fetoprotein determination. The group given DFMO during AFBl administration was not significantly different from the AFB1-treated control group at 2 and 8 months after AFBl administration. However, at 10 months following AFBl and DFMO administration, the ['Hlthymidine-labeling index and glucose-6-phosphatase staining were significantly increased. This group had three animals bearing hepatocellular carcinomas as compared to none in the controls. The group given DFMO for 2 months after AFB, administration had a significantly depressed growth rate 2 months later, but this difference was not apparent after 8 months. After 10 months, there was a significantly increased ['HI thymidine-labeling index and increased volume fraction of yglutamyltranspeptidase in the AFB1-DFMO-treated group as compared to the controls. DFMO appeared to inhibit growth under some conditions, but if administration was discontinued after AFBl exposure, it appeared to enhance tumorigenesis. In Experiment 2, where a larger dose of AFBl was used and DFMO was administered in the water from start to finish of the experiment, DFMO inhibited tumor induction and depressed the appearance of markers examined during carcinogenesis. These data indicate that the regimen used for DFMO administration can markedly affect tumor induction.
Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands: Pustular vasculitis revisited

An entity termed "pustular vasculitis of the hands" was recently described. Patients with this condition presented with low-grade fevers and erythematous plaques, pustules, and bullae limited to the dorsal hands and fingers, which were characterized histologically by a dense neutrophilic infiltrate and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. We describe patients with a similar clinical presentation, but who lacked vasculitis on biopsy findings. We describe 3 otherwise asymptomatic patients with hemorrhagic bullae, plaques, and pustules solely on the dorsal hands. Biopsy specimens showed a neutrophilic infiltrate and leukocytoclasis, but no necrotizing vasculitis, and were reminiscent of Sweet's neutrophilic dermatoses. In our patients, corticosteroids or dapsone led to clearing of the lesions, and small maintenance doses of dapsone prevented their recurrence. Our 3 patients had clinical lesions similar to those termed pustular vasculitis of the hands, but which lacked leukocytoclastic vasculitis on biopsy findings. Because of histologic findings and a therapeutic response more characteristic of Sweet's syndrome, we propose the term neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands. In addition, low-dose dapsone is proposed as a possible first-line therapy in this condition, especially in those with recurrent disease.
Emergence of Diseases From Wildlife Reservoirs

Interest in the epidemiology of emerging diseases of humans and livestock as they relate to wildlife has increased greatly over the past several decades. Many factors, most anthropogenic, have facilitated the emergence of diseases from wildlife. Some livestock diseases have "spilled over" to wildlife and then "spilled back" to livestock. When a population is exposed to an infectious agent, depending on an interaction of factors involving the host, agent, and environment, the population may be resistant to infection or may become a dead-end host, a spillover host, or a maintenance host. Each exposure is unique; the same species of host and agent may respond differently in different situations. Management actions that affect the environment and behavior of a potential host animal may allow the emergence of a new or as yet undetected disease. There are many barriers in preventing, detecting, monitoring and managing wildlife diseases. These may include political and legal hurdles, lack of knowledge about many diseases of wildlife, the absence of basic data on wildlife populations, difficulties with surveillance, and logistical constraints. Increasing interaction between wildlife and humans or domestic animals may lead to disease emergence and require innovative methods and strategies for disease surveillance and management in wildlife.
Uninsured Children: How We Count Matters

Background. Because children uninsured for less than a full year are often reported as insured, they receive less attention in health policy debates than do the full-year uninsured and are underrecognized as potential users of public insurance programs. Objective. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact on estimates of how many US children are uninsured when alternatives to the full-year uninsured definition are used. Methods. Monthly health insurance coverage data collected from children through age 18 in the 1999 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were analyzed to estimate prevalence of health insurance gaps among children in terms of the size of part-year and full-year uninsured child population, duration of uninsured gaps, and aggregate uninsured spells. Results. Although 6.6 million ([M] 8.4%) children in the United States were uninsured throughout 1999, an additional 11.4M (14.4%) were uninsured for part of the year. Part-year uninsured gaps accounted for 41.7% of a total of 130M months of missing coverage experienced by all children. Conclusions. Different definitions and measures of who are uninsured can project radically different pictures of the magnitude of the problem. As this study shows, including the part-year uninsured more than doubled the estimated uninsured child population for 1999, and increased the estimated aggregate uninsured months by 71%. As potential users of public coverage, children who have no insurance for part of the year should be included when evaluating challenges to and accomplishments by the State Children’s Health Insurance Program and other public programs. Their significant numbers and the potential burden they place on the health care delivery system argue for them to be counted and for the causes and consequences of short-term uninsured spells to be better understood.
Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in transplant arteriosclerosis.

SUMMARY 1. Transplant arteriosclerosis is a major obstacle to long-term allograft survival. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a mediator in the development of this disease. 2. We and others have shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is up-regulated in allografts with transplant arteriosclerosis. Despite the acute cytotoxic effects produced by high levels of NO, a chronic increase in NO availability is protective against neointimal hyperplasia, mainly by suppressing the inflammatory cell recruitment and neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation. 3. Currently, we have the technology to directly transfer the iNOS gene to allografts. We have demonstrated that this exciting strategy is feasible and therapeutic and may improve the long-term survival and function of allografts. Future challenges include optimizing the methods and the vectors of gene delivery.
AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR COMBINED METHOXYFLURANE AND GENTAMICIN NEPHROTOXICITY

Fischer 344 rats receiving gentamicin 20 mg/kg/day prior to and following 0.5% methoxyflurane anaesthesia for 3½ hours had greater renal insufficiency than rats treated with either drug alone. Polyuria, progressively increasing BUN and decreasing urea nitrogen clearance were noted; a renal histological lesion with features of both drug treatments was seen with electron microscopy. Similar, atypically severe nephrotoxicity has been observed in patients treated with methoxyflurane and gentamicin, suggesting that toxic drug interaction also occurs in humans following combined administration of these drugs.
Firm Diversity Within Strategy Types: Substrategies And Performance Effects

Competitive strategy types are widely used to evaluate competitive advantage. The assumption is that member firms are extremely similar, even homogeneous. However, empirical evidence from group membership effects is mixed; it highlights a need for further refinement in strategy classification. This study relies on substrategies to group firms in the middle range between strategy types and individual firms. With data from 125 business units, we investigate variation in substrategies within strategy type and performance effects. Firms pursue different substrategies within competitive strategy types, but no individual substrategy produces superior performance.
A Standards-Based Technology Integration Path at Towson University

This article illustrates the path of the College of Education at Towson University to successfully integrate technology within coursework and thereby meet national technology standards. This discussion includes details about specific required instructional technology courses and a faculty development project that supports the ongoing use of technology throughout the teacher education program. A mentor/protege faculty development model has been employed to assist university and school faculty to gain needed skills and abilities to integrate technology in teaching. A majority of the full-time university faculty has participated in this faculty development with technology process. As an outcome, teacher education students are experiencing widespread use of technology throughout the curriculum, including their internships within partner schools.