cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Combination of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Non‐MHC Genes Influences Murine Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Pathogenesis

Resistance to the acute lethal disease caused by the docile strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus varies widely between different mouse strains. In order to study the inheritance of host influence on susceptibility to this strain of LCM virus, we crossed the F1 to the parent with the recessive disease phenotype. In all cases, susceptibility was dominant. In backcross progeny obtained from matings of parental strains differing in both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC (SWR; C3H), 90% of the challenged mice died, indicating that at least three loci controlled susceptibility to the disease. When the parental strains carried similar MHC haplotypes but dissimilar background genes (B10.BR; CBA), 78% of the backcross mice succumbed, indicating that at least two non-MHC loci influenced disease susceptibility. It is unlikely, however, that the same two non-MHC loci are critical in all genetic combinations, since F1 produced from two H-2 identical, resistant strains (B10.BR; C3H) were found to be fully susceptible. When congenic mice, differing only in the D-end of the MHC region, were analysed, 50% of the backcross animals died, indicating that one gene in the MHC region was important; segregation analysis comparing MHC serotype and disease outcome indicated the H-2D locus itself as the determining factor.
51V nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in V0.75-xGa0.25+x

Abstract Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation-time measurements of 51V in A-15-phase V0.75-xGa0.25+x have been made in both well-annealed and neutron-irradiated samples. A tight-binding analysis of the results indicates a strong correlation of Tc with the density of states at the Fermi level in the δ-subbands.
Cyclophosphamide, 2,2-dimethylaziridines and other alkylating agents as inhibitors of serum cholinesterase.

Abstract The effects of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and of alkylating agents containing aziridine or 2,2-dimethylaziridine moieties on the procaine esterase activity of horse serum cholinesterase were investigated. The results indicated that CTX is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme, while all the other agents studied caused irreversible inhibition. However, there was no over-all correlation between the cholinesterase inhibitory activities of these agents and their alkylating reactivities toward the model nucleophile 4-( p -nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP). The kinetics of inhibition were consistent with the formation of a reversible enzyme alkylating agent complex prior to the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. In the case of the ring-C-unsubstituted aziridines (TEM. TEPA and AB-100), the inactivation process could be described by the Main equation from which a dissociation constant ( K d ) and a reaction rate constant ( k 2 )wcre calculated. The 2,2-dimethylaziridines(AB-132. AB-163 and TEPA-132) readily hydrolyzed. with rapid loss of alkylating activity (vs NBP). Simultaneously, the cholinesterase inhibitory activities of AB-132 and AB-163 significantly increased, reached a maximum and then gradually decreased on further hydrolysis; in contrast, TEPA-132 showed progressive loss of inhibitory activity. These results indicate that both AB-132 and AB-163 (but not TEPA-132) hydrolyze with the formation of an unstable intermediate(s) having little or no alkylating activity but acting as a potent, irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor(s).
SU‐FF‐I‐121: Development of An Organ Surface Statistical Model for Uncertainty‐Weighted Deformable Image Registrations

Purpose: To develop an organsurfacestatistical model for uncertainty‐weighted probabilistic deformable registrations. Materials and Methods: The contours of the prostate, the bladder, and the rectum were manually delineated by five observers on fan beam CTimages of four prostate patients. The reliability of the organ boundary delineation was estimated by calculating the intra‐observer, the inter‐observer, and the inter‐modality variability (e.g., standard deviation) of the organ boundary surfaces. For each set of contours, an average surface was computed by first superimposing individual organ contours and generating a composite bitmap image. Then after smoothing, a matching tetrahedron algorithm was used to extract the average surface mesh. The distance map between each individual segmentation and the average surface mesh can be calculated based on the normal defined on 1) each vertex or 2) each triangle of the average mesh. A simple 3D visualization program was developed using OpenGL to interactively viewing 3D organsurfaces and standard deviation surface maps. Results: Population‐based organsurfacestatistical models of the prostate, the bladder, and the rectum were created by mapping the patient specific standard deviation surface maps to the population‐averaged surface. 3D visualization indicates that the boundary uncertainties are anatomical location dependent. Conclusions: We proposed a general method for objectively constructing surface maps of uncertainties derived from topologically complex organ boundary segmentations from multiple observers. The computed boundary uncertainties can be used as weighting factors for a surface‐based probabilistic deformable registration. Supported in part by NIH grant P01CA116602
MAC Layer admission control and priority re-allocation for handling QoS guarantees in non-cooperative wireless LANs

Providing QoS guarantee with appropriate service differentiation in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs is quite desirable. However, users may be selfish and thus rigorously try to maximize their performance by demanding high services even though the network has already saturated. On the other hand, user misbehaviors such as misuse of priority and over-rate transmission pose further harm to performance of existing flows. These application layer non-cooperation makes successful resource allocation very challenging with existing contention based CSMA/CA channel access. In this paper, we propose a MAC layer coordinated QoS framework of admission control and priority re-allocation for quality of services of real-time applications in wireless LANs. Our focus is on priority based MAC schedulers where each user can set its flow priority in order to receive appropriate level of services. With channel condition information such as available bandwidth and mean delay exchanged among neighboring stations, users can enforce admission control based on the perceived channel status and may re-allocate their priorities to accommodate existing flows as desired. User misbehaviors are identified by estimating the flow transmitting rate and matching priority setting, or even punished by assigning appropriate low priorities. Extensive simulations results show that the proposed framework can effectively coordinate wireless users on keeping reserved transmission rate, using appropriate MAC priority, and allocating sufficient resource.
Triangular defects in the low-temperature halo-carbon homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC

Abstract Generation of triangular defects (TDs) is a significant obstacle in the way of increasing the growth rate of the low-temperature halo-carbon homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC conducted at 1300 °C. In this work, the structure of the TDs and the factors influencing TD generation were investigated. It has been found that TD concentration at 1300 °C is primarily influenced by the growth rate. Higher concentrations of the TDs were typically observed at the upstream regions of the sample. With the help of KOH defect delineation technique it was established that the locations of the TDs did not coincide with any of the substrate defects. Nucleation of small polycrystalline Si islands is the main origin for the TDs nucleation during the low-temperature growth, especially at moderate-to-low values of the C/Si ratio, which have been previously shown to be favorable for avoiding generation of 3C inclusions and morphology degradation. At typical low-temperature growth conditions, small polycrystalline Si islands can form on SiC surface (predominantly at the upstream portion of the growth zone). Those islands serve as nucleation centers for TDs and subsequently get evaporated. TDs are bound by two or often multiple partial dislocations, which results in one or multiple stacking faults, respectively. When arrays of partial dislocations were present at each edge of a TD, 3C polytype inclusions were often revealed by the oxidation technique and micro-Raman spectroscopy.
Simplistic Geospatial Techniques in Analyzing Transportation Dynamics for Origin-Destination Container Movement Routes in the United States

Abstract Spatial analyses incorporating rudimentary techniques are essential to understand container transportation. Most transportation datasets are offered as raw disjoint data containing dissimilar attributes from different sources making them difficult to fathom any spatial linkages. Route optimization and market accessibility are increasingly becoming important and significant as newer container decongestion methods are put in place. Origin-Destination dichotomies can best be harnessed in the United States by optimizing routes based on available databases. In this study, the Public Use Waybill sample database from Surface Transporation Board were used as preliminary inputs for inland railway route optimization. The paper utilized an approach akin to one used in riverine management to optimize container routes. From the primer databases, in as much as most import containers originate from Asia and Europe and shipped to the U.S. through specific North American ports, a significant portion gets to inland markets through Pacific coast in the U.S. The main hub ports for import containers are Los Angeles/Long Beach and Seattle for transpacific trade and New York/New Jersey and Savannah for transatlantic trade. An anomalous and notably high volume flow can be observed between the Pacific coast and the Mississippi valley area including metropolitan areas like Minneapolis, Chicago, Kansas City, Memphis, Dallas, and Houston. Assessing movement in the Midwest to east U.S., most container traffic volume passes through New York/New Jersey and Norfolk to end in Chicago. It can thus be surmised that an in-depth preliminary assessment of container routing can provide a parametric basis for higher-level cost and multi-modal analyses.
Dark hypopyon in Streptococcus bovis endogenous endophthalmitis: clinicopathologic correlations.

Purpose The aim of this report is to present a previously unreported causative organism associated with brown-pigmented hypopyon in a patient with endophthalmitis.
Comparative study of polarized light propagation in biologic tissues.

We report the depolarization of light scattered by a variety of birefringent and nonbirefringent tissues. We used Stokes polarime- try to investigate how scatterer structures in each tissue contribute to the depolarization of linearly versus circularly polarized light propa- gating through that tissue. Experiments were performed on porcine blood, fat, tendon, artery, and myocardium. The results indicate that the two incident polarization states are depolarized differently de- pending on the structure of the sample. As seen in sphere suspensions, for tissues containing dilute Mie scatterers, circularly polarized light is maintained preferentially over linearly polarized light. For more dense tissues, however, the reverse is true. The results illustrate situations where polarized light will provide an improvement over unpolarized light imaging, information that is crucial to optimizing existing pola- rimetric imaging techniques. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation En-
Mice lacking the signaling molecule CalDAG-GEFI represent a model for leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III

Single gene mutations in beta integrins can account for functional defects of individual cells of the hematopoietic system. In humans, mutations in beta(2) integrin lead to leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome and mutations in beta(3) integrin cause the bleeding disorder Glanzmann thrombasthenia. However, multiple defects in blood cells involving various beta integrins (beta(1), beta(2), and beta(3)) occur simultaneously in patients with the recently described LAD type III (LAD-III). Here we show that the product of a single gene, Ca(2+) and diacylglycerol-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), controlled the activation of all 3 integrins in the hematopoietic system. Neutrophils from CalDAG-GEFI(-/-) mice exhibited strong defects in Rap1 and beta(1) and beta(2) integrin activation while maintaining normal calcium flux, degranulation, and ROS generation. Neutrophils from CalDAG-GEFI-deficient mice failed to adhere firmly to stimulated venules and to migrate into sites of inflammation. Furthermore, CalDAG-GEFI regulated the activation of beta(1) and beta(3) integrins in platelets, and CalDAG-GEFI deficiency caused complete inhibition of arterial thrombus formation in mice. Thus, mice engineered to lack CalDAG-GEFI have a combination of defects in leukocyte and platelet functions similar to that of LAD-III patients.
Control of A-V shunt and capillary circuits in the dog hindpaw.

SummaryThe effects of stimulation of the three nerves containing the sympathetic innervation of the vasculature of the dog hind-paw were studied during controlled pressure perfusion. Stimulation at increasing frequency of the superficial fibular nerve resulted in progressively greater edema formation, apparently due to progressively increasing venous resistance with little evidence of blood flow redistribution. Increasing frequency of stimulation of the deep fibular nerve caused constriction of the arteriovenous anastomoses resulting in blood flow redistribution to the capillary bed. Tibial nerve stimulation at all frequencies resulted in blood flow redistribution to the capillary circuit due to constriction of arteriovenous anastomoses.
The Unusual Anisotropic Solar Particle Event of November 18, 1968

The ground level event of November 18, 1968, was unusual in that pronounced anisotropy persisted essentially until the cessation of the arrival at the earth of relativistic protons. Real and significant differences were observed in the intensity profiles at different neutron monitor stations. By a method of successive approximations, the geographical coordinates of the axis of symmetry were determined as: latitude λ = - 25° ± 10° and longitude φ = -35° ± 10°. The exponent in a power law spectral representation over the narrow range covered by the nucleonic intensity measurements was υ ≈ 5.
Using distal revascularization with interval ligation as the primary treatment of hand ischemia after dialysis access creation

Background Arterial steal syndrome after angioaccess surgery can lead to potentially devastating complications. Past treatments either ensured loss of the newly created access through ligation or attempted salvage by increasing resistance within the fistula. None of these proved to be entirely satisfactory. In 1994, we began to employ distal revascularization with interval ligation (DRIL) as our primary method of relieving hand ischemia after dialysis access creation. Described here is our experience with this procedure. Methods After institutional review board approval, the charts of patients undergoing the DRIL procedure for relief of hand ischemia after dialysis access surgery were reviewed. Patient demographics, risk factors, types of fistulas, and indications for operation were recorded. The clinical results of DRIL surgery, as well as fistula and bypass graft patency, were noted. Results Between May 1994 and August 2011, 81 DRIL procedures were performed on 77 patients ranging from 37 to 94 (mean, 65) years of age. Forty-four were female and 33 were male, with diabetes present in 83.3%. DRIL procedures were performed for ischemic symptoms after 37 autogenous brachiocephalic, 30 prosthetic bridge, and 14 autogenous brachiobasilic fistulas. Thirty-eight DRIL procedures were performed for ischemic rest pain (46.9%), 21 for digital ulceration (25.9%), 16 for neurological deficits (19.7%), and six for digital gangrene (7.4%). Complete symptom resolution was seen in 31 patients with ischemic rest pain (81.6%), 19 patients with digital ulcerations (90.5%), nine patients with neurological deficits (56.3%), and five patients with digital gangrene (83.3%). Fistula and brachial-brachial bypass survival 60 months after the DRIL procedure was 56% and 96.9%, respectively. The overall complication rate was 17.2%, and no patients died within 30 days of operation. Conclusions The DRIL procedure is a very effective treatment for symptomatic steal syndrome and is associated with low morbidity and mortality. It is extremely effective in the treatment of ischemic hand pain and tissue loss, but less so for neurological sequelae. It can allow for prolonged fistula utilization.
THE INTERREGIONAL FLOW OF FUNDS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1955–58

GIVEN THE DEGREE OF regional autonomy awarded individual Reserve banks by the Federal Reserve Act, it was necessary to establish an explicit mechanism for clearing debts among these banks. This mechanism, known today as the "Interdistrict Settlement Fund" (or "ISF"), accomplishes this task merely by transferring gold-certificate credits among the twelve Reserve banks each day, as required by the pattern of interregional debits and credits. These movements of gold-certificate credits through the ISF are closely related to net interdistrict money flows. This thesis endeavors to take advantage of this nexus to construct an empirical study of the flow of funds in the United States, with particular attention to the years 1955-58. Data on ISF transactions have been recorded only in highly aggregate form, a form which does not correspond to any of the timehonored classifications of international payments accounting. Such important distinctions as those between capital and current transactions or between autonomous and accommodating items simply cannot be fashioned. Nevertheless, with only minor adjustment, the data can be used to segregate net movements of Treasury funds from all other (customarily termed "commercial and financial") fund flows. Hence both despite and because of limitations in data format, it proved possible to focus upon the interregional impact of the national Treasury. To establish a firm theoretical basis for the study, a Metzler-like multiregional income and expenditure model was constructed, with exchange rates fixed at unity and the Treasury afforded the role of a completely supra-regional transactor. By means of this model, the impact on regional incomes and regional payments positions of Treasury fiscal policies was able to receive systematic anlysis. With special reference to the celebrated question of the greater stability of interregional (as opposed to international) trade and payments, it proved possible to establish that federal monetary and fiscal policies could be expected to forestall realization of any potential interregional payments imbalance.
Good fish/bad fish: a composite benefit-risk by dose curve.

Abstract Balancing risks and benefits of fish consumption is now a high visibility public health topic. Many studies identify health benefits of eating fish, both for prenatal development and adult cardiovascular conditions, partly attributed to omega-3 ( n -3) polyunsaturated fatty acids or PUFAs). Many reports raise concerns about methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyl effects on the developing fetal brain (although adults, too, can manifest methylmercury effects). Most reports and advisories focus on recreational or subsistence fish, but the vast majority of people obtain most or all of their fish from commercial sources. Our analysis of the nine most common fish in New Jersey markets, yielded a weighted average methylmercury concentration of 0.23 ug/g (ppm wet weight). There are great disparities in the amount and distribution of both PUFAs and contaminants) in different fish species. Recognizing that both benefits and harm must be related to dose, we propose a compound dose–response curve, currently based on limited data, to identify a zone of benefit, above the benefit threshold and below the harm threshold. The duration of pregnancy and birth weight improve at a benefit threshold of about 8–15 g/day maternal fish intake. Meta-analyses reveal adult cardiovascular benefits around 7.5–22.5 g/day bracket (assuming an 8 ounce/227 g typical meal), yielding a midpoint also at 15 g/day, but this is an artifact of the intake stratification. Benefit asymptotes are harder to extract, but are above 45 g/day, and in some studies exceed 100 g/day. Using the EPA Reference Dose of 0.1 ug/kg day as a methylmercury threshold, The fish intake threshold for harm converts to 27 g/day (for a selection of common commercial fish averaging 0.23 ppm MeHg) to 65 g/day for someone choosing fish low in MeHg (0.1 ppm). However, these are worst case thresholds since the RfD includes uncertainty factors. Some people eat much more than 65 g/day. The shape of the dose–benefit and dose–harm curves require better data for estimating thresholds and asymptotes, which will impact the composite curve. We propose this approach clarifies the kinds of data needed to improve risk communication on “what should I eat”. Benefits from fish consumption are confounded by socioeconomic class and/or by the avoidance of more harmful foods that fish replaces, which may be as important a benefit mechanism as the PUFA content. Additional studies with better dose-reconstruction are needed and large scale intervention studies are desirable.
Post-ERCP pancreatitis rates do not differ between needle-knife and pull-type pancreatic sphincterotomy techniques: a multiendoscopist 13-year experience.

Background Pancreatic sphincterotomy is one of several factors associated with an increased risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). The needle-knife pancreatic sphincterotomy technique (NKS) is purported to result in less-frequent post-ERCP pancreatitis compared with a standard pull-type sphincterotomy (PTS). Objective Our purpose was to analyze the experience with both endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy (EPS) techniques with respect to post-ERCP pancreatitis at a single tertiary-level referral center. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Tertiary-care medical center (Charleston, South Carolina). Patients Patients without chronic pancreatitis and with normal retrograde pancreatogram who underwent EPS between 1994 and 2007 were identified. Patients were excluded for the following reasons: pancreatic stent not placed, both sphincterotomy techniques used, any balloon dilation of the ampullary orifice, precut or access papillotomy, pancreas divisum. Results A total of 481 patients were identified and underwent 510 ERCPs. Indications for ERCP were recurrent pancreatic-type pain (n = 353) or pancreatitis (n = 157). NKS was used for 395 of 510 (77.5%) cases versus 115 of 510 (22.5%) in which PTS was used. The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was no different between NKS (25/395, 6.4%) and PTS (9/115, 7.8%). Most cases were mild pancreatitis; a single episode of severe PEP occurred in each group. Conclusions The risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis does not differ between EPS techniques when performed at a high-volume pancreaticobiliary referral center when using routine prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement.
The role of hepatic artery lymph node in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: prognostic factor or a selection criterion for surgery.

Abstract Background Hepatic artery lymph node (HALN) metastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma reportedly confers a survival disadvantage. This has led some authors to propose it as an indicator against pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods Consecutive patients who underwent PD during 2002–2012 were identified from the University of Louisville prospective hepatopancreaticobiliary database. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier analysis. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression were used in further analyses. Results A total of 420 patients underwent PD during the period of study, of whom 197 had lymph node (LN) metastasis. Among these, 41 (20.8%) patients had disease-positive HALNs. The HALN was the only site of LN metastasis in only three of the 247 patients (1.2%). Median follow-up was 18.5 months (interquartile range: 4.1–28.2 months). Median OS and DFS were 22.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.0–26.3] and 12.6 months (95% CI 10.2–15.2). There was no significant difference in median OS between HALN-positive patients (18.4 months, 95% CI 12.3–24.0) and HALN-negative patients (19.7 months, 95% CI 16.7–22.6) ( P = 0.659). On multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) of death was highest among patients with an LN ratio of >0.2 (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.29; P = 0.012) followed by those with poorly differentiated histology (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.11; P = 0.029). Conclusions In pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with LN disease, survival after PD is comparable regardless of HALN status. Therefore, HALN-positive disease should not preclude the performance of PD.
A year of inaction on high-order multiple pregnancies due to ovulation induction.

In the January 2001 issue of Fertility & Sterility, Howard Jones Jr. and John Schnorr reprimanded a U.S. fertility organization for not developing and enforcing guidelines to reduce the incidence of high-order multiple pregnancies (birth of three or more babies) (1). They cited a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report stating that infertility treatment accounted for more than 225,000 excess multiple births between 1980 and 1997 (2). Ovulation induction exclusive of IVF was responsible for 38% of high-order multiple pregnancies.
Cesium-137 sediment depth profiles and inventories in Adirondack Lake sediments

Depth distributions and inventories of137Cs (mCi km2) were determined in sediment from several fresh water lakes in the New York State Adirondack Preserve. Included were Big Moose and Darts Lakes, part of the North Branch of the Moose River system, as well as North, Sagamore, South, and Woods Lakes and the ‘seepage pond’, Tamarack Lake. Comparisons were made between the137Cs inventories in these lakes and large inpoundments in the Adirondacks (Hinkley, Great Sacandaga, Stillwater and Cranberry Lake Reservoirs) and other large impoundments and lakes located in various regions of the U.S., especially Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, NY.
Perceptions of Light–Space Compositions: Is Light Like Language?

Referred to as “the prime animator of space,” light is a subject of broad application within the environmental design disciplines (Ching, 1987, p. 126). A scan of the literature demonstrates the diverse contexts in which light is studied. Recently, scholars posit that light is most often applied to an interior design solution as a functional additive rather than considered first as an essential design element along with form, color, texture, and others. This raises the question of how designers’, educators’, and students’ approaches to designing with light might be redefined to regard light as a significant contributor to spatial compositions. The purpose of this study was to test a new framework for understanding light as a design element. It did so by measuring whether light can be perceived through analogy to language. Suggesting that language and design are analogous in that they are both governed by rules of syntax—the orderly and systematic arrangement of parts—this study used language as a model for investigating the role of light in spatial compositions. Findings are presented from an exploratory study in which upper-level interior design students were asked to respond to a series of photographs of compositions of light. An instrument was designed to measure participants’ perception of light in four primary linguistic roles: noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Preliminary findings suggest that the linguistic model may be an effective analogy for exploring light’s role as a compositional element in interior space.
The cutaneous microcirculation of the forearm in young and old subjects.

Abstract Previous studies have shown a reduced cutaneous circulatory response to direct heat stress in the forearm circulations of older (60 to 80 year) subjects. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that this aging effect is due to a reduced ability of the cutaneous microvessels in the forearm to respond to direct heat. Two groups of male subjects consented to participate; a group of 15 young individuals (Y; 20–39 year) and a group of 11 older (O; 60–79 year) individuals. The subjects rested in a supine position with the right forearm situated on the stage of a Leitz epiilumination microscope which was used to view the superficial cutaneous microvessels. The width of the red cell column (WRC), an index of vascular diameter, and the blood cell velocity (BCV) within the microvessels were measured by videomicroscopy at the presenting skin temperature ( T s ) of 32°, and then again after T s had been elevated to 35° then 40°. At a T s of 32°, WRC and BCV for the Y group, respectively, averaged 6.6 μm and 0.22 mm/sec. Corresponding averages for the O subjects were 8.4 μm and 0.17 mm/sec. Between-group differences were not significant. At a skin temperature of 40°, BCV was significantly higher compared to that at 32° and 35° for both groups ( P
Quantum automaton in a 1-D box

Abstract A simple cellular automaton is conjectured based on the Dirac wave equation and a diffusion confinement which attempts to emulate quantum behaviour of a particle in a 1-D box. Some features of quantum behavior such as the collapse of the wave function upon measurement, the wave-like nature of particles, and the role of virtual and non-local interactions become evident after completing a series of computations and analyzing the results. A pronounced correspondence between an automaton and a quantum particle in a 1-D box is explicated and shows promise for explaining some of the cloudy conceptual difficulties enmeshed in present quantum space-time pictures of reality.
Normalization constraint for variational bounds on fluid permeability

A careful reexamination of the formulation of Prager’s original variational principle for viscous flow through porous media has uncovered a subtle error in the normalization constraint on the trial functions. Although a certain surface integral of the true pressure field over the internal surface area always vanishes for isotropic materials, the corresponding surface integral for a given trial pressure field does not necessarily vanish but has nevertheless been previously neglected in the normalization. When this error is corrected, the form of the variational estimate is actually simpler than before and furthermore the resulting bounds have been shown to improve when the constant trial functions are used in either the two‐point or three‐point bounds.
Effects of carbofuran and the corn rhizosphere on growth of soil microorganisms.

Biodegradation of carbamates and carbamothioates by microorganisms in soil has been widely reported; however, the ecology of pesticidedegrading microorganisms in soils and plant rhizospheres containing these pesticides has received less attention. Some bacteria capable of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methyl carbamate) biodegradation in soil have been isolated and identified (Felsot et al. 1981 ; Chaudhry and Ali 1988). Reed et a1.(1987) identified several fungi and bacteria from soils with histories of pesticide application and observed that bacteria were able to metabolize the pesticides in pure culture more efficiently than were fungi. Bacteria and actinomycetes from soils with histories of carbamothioate herbicide use were found to utilize carbamothioates more efficiently than were isolates from nonhistory soils (Mueller et al. 1989). Lee (1984) found that biodegradation of EPTC (Sethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) was significantly affected by soil fungi. Interestingly, after storage bacterial isolates lost the ability to degrade EPTC. He concluded that fungi able to degrade EPTC may retain this ability in soil longer than do bacteria. Recent studies demonstrated that fungi along with bacteria detoxify herbicide wastes during bioremediation of contaminated soils (Felsot and Dzantor 1990). Microbial communities composed of several to numerous species are more likely to be responsible for pesticide biodegradation in soil and rhizosphere environments than are single species. Pesticides applied to soil at planting should persist during the development of plant roots. Therefore, a portion of the pesticide likely interacts with microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Few previous studies have considered the effect of plant roots on the activity of microorganisms in the presence of pesticides. A five-member microbial community from a wheat rhizosphere was able to metabolize the herbicide mecoprop [2-(4-chloro2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid] in liquid culture even though individual members could not (Lappin et al. 1985). Biodegradation of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid by microorganisms was found to be several times higher in sugarcane rhizospheres than in surrounding soils (Sandmann and Loos 1984). Send reprint requests to R.J. Kremer, 144 Mumford Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
Subperiosteal Hematic Cyst of the Orbit

A subperiosteal hematic cyst of the orbit resulted from trauma in a young boy. Ultrasonography and computed tomography aided in the diagnosis, which led to successful surgical treatment.
Food and nutrient intakes according to income in korean men and women.

Abstract Objectives The present study investigated associations between income and intake of nutrients and food in adults (n = 11,063) from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2009. Methods To examine relationships between individual dietary intake and anthropometric measures and family income, multiple linear regression models were constructed for each outcome variable. All models were adjusted for age, education, energy intake, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity. Results For men, intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin C were lower in low-income compared to high-income groups. For women, intakes of protein and niacin were lower in low-income groups. Lowest income group ate less dairy products in men and less fruits and fishes or shellfishes in women. Conclusion Low-income groups had severe food insecurity and low diet quality compared to high-income groups. The study results will provide direction for public health efforts regarding dietary intakes according to economic status among Korean men and women.
Electrical characteristics and lifetimes of microdischarge devices having thin dielectric films of aluminum oxide,boron nitride, or barium titanate

The electrical (V-I) characteristics, radiative efficiencies, and lifetimes of Ni screen/dielectric/Ni microdischarge devices, having overall thicknesses as small as <100 µm and cylindrical microchannels 50–150 µm in diameter, are investigated for Al2O3, BN, and BaTiO3 dielectric films that are 120 or 200 µm, 30 µm, and 5 µm in thickness, respectively. Having dielectrics fabricated by sol–gel processes or colloidal deposition and operated with Ne gas pressures between 300 and 1200 Torr (300K), these devices operate at voltages as low as ∼93 V (100 µm dia. BaTiO3 device), and exhibit exceptional stability and lifetimes. After 100 h of continuous operation, a Ni screen/30 µm BN/Ni device operating in 700 Torr Ne (static gas fill) at 100 V produces ∼98% of its initial radiant output.
IONIC STRENGTH AND CHLORIDE SALT EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CARRAGEENANS IN A MODEL SYSTEM SAUSAGE1

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of ionic strength and type of chloride salt on the performance of carrageenans in a model system. Reducting the NaCl content from 2 to 1% caused excessive cooking losses and increased firmness of the meat mixtures. Increasing the NaCl level from 2 to 3% did not improve yields, but the addition of kappa- or iota-carrageenan reduced cooking losses at these salt levels. CaCl2 caused instability of the meat mixtures and poor water retention. Combinations of KCl with iota- or lambda-carrageenan resulted in low cooking losses. The presence of potassium ions but not sodium, resulted in improved water-binding by the lambda-carrageenan.
The choice of microcomputer software for infection control.

The major charge of hospital epidemiologists and infection control practitioners is to identify important nosocomial infections, apply relevant and timely infection control measures and subsequently evaluate the efficacy of the interventions. This routinely involves the collection and rapid, accurate analysis of large volumes of data in a repetitive fashion. Computers appear to be attractive aids to such tasks. However, the substantial initial costs of microcomputer systems and software, the limited "user friendliness" of the operating system and other software and perhaps a lingering element of uneasiness about "hands-on" computer use have limited application of computerbased resources in many hospitals. Currently, two prominent microcomputer-based packages available for hospital epidemiology are NOSO-3 (Epi Systematics, Inc., Ft. Meyers, Florida) and AICE (ICPA, Inc., Austin, Texas). In this issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, LaHaise has addressed the important practical issue of choosing between these packages for routine infection control functions involving a moderate-sized database. Program speed, user friendliness and accuracy were three key issues in preferring the AICE software package. A few additional points may provide further perspective. Any use of a computer system involves interaction between a person, a computer system (hardware) and a program (software). In general, the hardware must be capable of running the software efficiently, be reliable and be easy to use and
Interlaboratory quality assurance studies: Their use in certifying natural waters for major constituents and trace elements

Environmental programs throughout North America have demonstrated a strong awareness of the usefulness of interlaboratory studies for disclosing the quality of analytical results. The Ecosystem Interlaboratory Quality Assurance Program offered by the National Water Research Institute has a wide participation base of laboratories. Many of these laboratories are accredited and employ a number of recognized analytical methods. The interlaboratory study data archives contain a wealth of data for natural surface and rain waters from across the continent. These archives have proven to be a reliable means of characterizing a variety of constituents. Data assessments from these studies accurately identify the variability of data and the presence of any outliers. Repeated use of selected samples in a regular QA program confirms their stability. Time charts and statistical techniques are used to illustrate this stability and yield the precision of pooled analyses. The availability of archived data from interlaboratory studies has enabled the Institute to develop and certify natural water and trace element standards. The natural water CRM, ION-911, has been available for several years. Its historical aspects are discussed as well as the processes leading to the certification of TMRain-95, a soft water standard certifying 22 trace elements. This paper focuses on the use of select laboratories in round-robin evaluations to provide accurate values for constituent concentrations. Natural water and fortified trace element CRMs meet a recognized need in the generation of accurate data for environmental programs.
“Power” against Ideology: A Critique of Foucaultian Usage

Power, a term recently ubiquitous in the titles of academic writings, belongs to a genus of categories currently widely employed in academic and intellectual writing-a genus that also includes, for example, practices, habitus, discourses, and embodiment. Such terms are linked to attempts to transcend matter/symbol, body/mind, object/subject-so-called Cartesian-contrasts widely thought to pervade and diminish conventional social science and, more broadly, Western thought. The ambition to develop a conceptual apparatus capable of capturing the productive efficacy of culture, language, the symbolic, on the one hand, that does not also elevate representations, language, or discourse to the status of transcendent causes of social life, on the other, is one that I applaud and share.1 However, I believe that there exists a common pitfall in recent academic uses of such terminologies; dialectical transcendence (or, if one prefers, subversion) of Cartesian distinctions is not accomplished merely by employing terminologies that claim to do so. Power shall be my case in point. This article is mainly a critique of the notion of power epitomized by the extremely influential writings of Michel Foucault. Foucault's use of power and cognate categories such as power/knowledge and bio-power even informs, however indirectly, the productions of many scholars who do not invoke his work explicitly. Enthusiasts see Foucault's elaborations upon power as a shift of paradigmatic or "epistemic" proportions in the ways we do social and historical analysis.2 Obviously, such enthusiasm is far from unanimous. Yet the formidable arguments raised against Foucault's work have not prevented its widespread influence and emulation. Even in my own area of specialization, Chinese society, recent studies have participated in this shift with a timeliness uncharacteristic of the field.3
Estimation of Second-Order Effects for Pole-Type Structures

The design of pole-type structures for highway supports requires computation of second-order effects induced by the interaction of vertical gravitational and transverse wind loads. The 1994 Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals provides two methods to account for those second-order effects. The first method uses a simplified approach by introducing a factor, CA, into the combined stress ratio equation. The second method requires the computation of the exact bending stresses by means of a nonlinear analysis. Most structural design codes specify simplified methods for the evaluation of second-order effects to facilitate the design of structural members by using the forces obtained in a first-order static analysis. Therefore, simplified methods must be accurate to be considered an adequate alternative to a more sophisticated analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the simplified method by using the CA factor to estimate...
Fun in Slots

People play games for fun. Yet we are lacking a fundamental understanding of what fun is and how fun works in games and other media. For example, why do thousands of people spend millions of dollars playing slot machines, especially when most know they will lose money in the long run? To answer this question, The author presents an aesthetic analysis of slot play using a Bayesian-information approach. The finding is that fun in slots can be seen as arising from a difference in information gained from good versus bad outcomes. This difference is modeled by marginal entropies and the result is a measure of fun in slot play, showing for what range of payoff probabilities slots are fun and at what probability they are most fun. The approach is extended to games of skill and the same Bayesian-information theory is used to derive computational measures of fun in these games
Burr formation in drilling intersecting holes with Machinable Austempered Ductile Iron (MADI

This paper presents an investigation of the burr formation for a new material, machinable austempered ductile iron (MADI™), while drilling intersecting holes in the presence of tool wear. A factorial design is used to evaluate the effects of drill point angle and helix angle as well as feed rate and cutting speed on the burr width and height at both curved and flat hole exit conditions. The result indicates the presence of a complex interrelationship among these four variables, particularly the interaction between helix and point angle and its influence on drill corner wear and, hence, burr geometry. Burrs are considerably larger at the flat exit condition. Further experiments were conducted in a central composite design scheme to develop second-order polynomial models of the burr width and height. The result suggests that burr width and height can be reduced by using larger helix and smaller point angles. The result further demonstrates that the somewhat unique work-hardening characteristic of MADI™ during machining can lead to smaller burrs when smaller chiploads are used, regardless of the drill helix and point angles.
Digit tip regrowth and differential gene expression in MRL/Mpj, DBA/2, and C57BL/6 mice

MRL/Mpj mice are the only known strain of mouse that can regenerate cardiac lesions and completely heal ear punches without scarring. This study was undertaken to determine if MRL mice also have greater regrowth capabilities in amputated digit tips. Right paw digit tips of neonatal MRL mice were dissected, with the left front paws as uncut controls. Controls used for regrowth comparison were the DBA/2 and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains. Consecutive x-ray images were captured of front paws at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postamputation. MRL mouse digit tips were found to distally regrow more quickly and reform nails partially and completely to a greater degree in comparison with DBA and B6 mice (p<0.05). We next undertook microarray expression analysis to identify the genes involved in digit tip regrowth. Four hundred genes out of 15,000 were significantly differentially expressed (p<0.05) in MRL, DBA, and B6 mice at day 4 in comparison with day 0 control tissue. Multiple differences between MRL, DBA, and B6 strains were found in genes that are implicated in the WNT signaling pathway and transcription. We conclude that MRL mice regrow digits distally more rapidly and partially and completely regrow nails to a greater degree than B6 and DBA strains. This enhanced regrowth is likely due to strain-specific increased expression of genes involved in growth and development.
LACK OF PROTECTION OF ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM BY VERAPAMIL IN CONSCIOUS DOGS

To determine whether coronary dilatation and decreased myocardial oxygen requirements resulting from administration of verapamil, a calcium and slow current antagonist, protect ischemic myocardium in conscious dogs, we studied 15 treated and 15 control animals after coronary occlusion. Verapamil (0.2-0.7 mg/kg/h) was given by continuous infusion for 17 h beginning 5 h after the initial plasma creatine kinase (CK) elevation after coronary occlusion. Observed infarct size and infarct size predicted before verapamil were estimated from hourly plasma CK values and infarct size was estimated also from myocardial CK depletion measured directly, 24 h after occlusion. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and frequency of premature ventricular complexes (recorded every 30 min) after occlusion were similar in treated and control dogs. Coronary flow after verapamil, measured with radioactively labeled microspheres, did not increase in ischemic zones but increased by 90% in normal myocardium (p less than 0.05). The differences between observed and predicted infarct size estimated from plasma CK changes in treated and controls were similar (3.0 +/- 2.2 (S.E.) and 2.0 +/- 1.4 CK-g-eq), and myocardial CK depletion was also comparable in the two groups (25 +/- 2% and 23 +/- 2%). Thus although verapamil, administered five hours after the initial plasma CK elevation, increased coronary flow in normal myocardium, it did not augment flow in ischemic tissue or limit the extent of infarction.