cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast sulfur dioxide measurements correlated with cloud condensation nuclei spectra in the marine boundary layer

Abstract. During the Rain in (shallow) Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) project simultaneous high rate sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) measurements and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra were made for the first time. For research flight 14 (14 January 2005) the convective boundary layer was impacted by precipitation and ship plumes for much of the midday period but not in the late afternoon. Number densities of accumulation mode aerosols (0.14 to 0.2 μm diameter) were a factor of two greater in the later period while CCN were 35% to 80% greater for aerosols that activate at supersaturations >0.1%. Linear correlations of SO 2 and CCN were found for SO 2 concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 parts-per-trillion (pptv). The greatest sensitivities were for SO 2 and CCN that activate at supersaturations >0.1% for both clean and polluted air. In a region unaffected by pollution SO 2 was linearly correlated only with CCN at >0.2% supersaturation. These correlations imply that the smallest CCN may be activated by SO 2 through heterogeneous conversion. Evidence for entrainment of CCN from the cloud layer into the CBL was found.
Minimum-energy LDPC decoder for real-time mobile application

This paper presents a low-power real-time decoder that provides constant-time processing of each frame using dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. The design uses known capacity-approaching low-density parity-check (LDPC) code to contain data over fading channels. Real-time applications require guaranteed data rates. While conventional fixed-number of decoding-iteration schemes are not energy efficient for mobile devices, the proposed heuristic scheme pre-analyzes each received data frame to estimate the maximum number of necessary iterations for frame convergence. The results are then used to dynamically adjust decoder frequency. Energy use is then reduced appropriately by adjusting power supply voltage to minimum necessary for the given frequency. The resulting design provides a judicious trade-off between power consumption and error level
Characterization and device performance of (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers

The study of (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers is of interest in that Ag-chalcopyrites exhibit both wider bandgaps and lower melting points than their Cu counterparts. (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers were deposited over the composition range 0 ≪ Ag/(Ag+Cu) ≪ 1 and 0.3 ≪ Ga/(In+Ga) ≪ 1.0 using a variety of elemental co-evaporation processes. Films were found to be single-phase over the entire composition range, in contrast to prior studies. Devices with Ga content 0.3 ≪ Ga/(In+Ga) ≪ 0.5 tolerated Ag incorporation up to Ag/(Ag+Cu) = 0.5 without appreciable performance loss. Ag-containing films with Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.8 showed improved device characteristics over Cu-only control samples, in particular a 30–40% increase in short-circuit current. An absorber layer with composition Ag/(Ag+Cu) = 0.75 and Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.8 yielded a device with V OC = 890 mV, J SC = 20.5 mA/cm2, fill factor = 71.3%, and η = 13.0%.
Interdisciplinary curriculum: an abandoned concept?

Because present initiatives guiding educational decision-making place a high emphasis on accountability, there was a need to explore the educational value of the literacy and science education courses’ joint interdisciplinary focus for elementary education. With current research alluding to time constraints, scripted curriculum, and memorization dominating teachers’ decisions about instruction, it seemed important to gain insight into the practical nature of the interdisciplinary method with former students. Former pre-service teachers in their first years of teaching were surveyed. The goal was to find out how the interdisciplinary strategies influenced their instruction and students’ learning, and if they were continuing to meaningfully chunk their curriculum. Twenty-five of the forty former pre-service teachers returned the survey. These first-year teachers reported making cross-curricular connections and articulated a range of benefits for their students. However, they also discussed hindrances to the...
The influence of data selection and type of analysis on interpretations of temporal stability in Oligocene faunas of Mississippi

Fossiliferous shallowing-upward parasequences in the early Oligocene Byram Formation of Mississippi provide an ideal opportunity to explore the effects of differences in data preparation, format, and analysis in testing for faunal persistence. Ten replicate bulk samples collected from each of three lithologically similar horizons in successive parasequences yielded >13,000 molluscan individuals. Assemblages were first compared using more traditional descriptive statistics that examined aspects of taxonomy, abundance, and guild structure, and were then compared using multivariate techniques with similarity coefficients that employed both compositional and abundance data. Different procedures for identifying and excluding rare taxa prior to analysis were also investigated. Simple numerical methods emphasized similarities among assemblages; hierarchical clustering, nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS), and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed differences among the faunal horizons. Multivariate tests indicated stasis only when using presence-absence data with a large number of rare taxa excluded. When abundance data are utilized, however, faunal change through time is suggested, regardless of how rare taxa are treated. The choice of data format, rare taxon exclusion policy, and analytical approach all affect the interpretation of results and the outcome of hypothesis tests for stability, suggesting that differences in methodology partly contribute to disagreement among studies examining faunal persistence. Furthermore, various properties related to ecosystem structure are ascribed different degrees of importance depending on the study. Thus, comparisons of patterns should be made on equal footing to ensure that differences in methodology are not contributing to differences in interpretation.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Analysis of Bottlebrush Polymers Prepared via Grafting-Through Polymerization

Bottlebrush polymers are highly branched macromolecules with potential applications in antifouling coatings, rheological modifiers, and drug delivery systems. However, the solution conformation of bottlebrush polymers has been studied in only a limited set of materials made primarily by grafting-from polymerization. Here we present small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on a series of polystyrene bottlebrush polymers with varying side-chain and backbone lengths in d8-toluene to analyze their size, shape, and conformation. Bottlebrush polymers with 2–7 kg mol–1 polystyrene side chains (degree of polymerization DP = 14–54) and poly(oxanorbornene) backbones (DP = 10–264) were synthesized using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) followed by a ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) grafting-through synthesis scheme. Analysis by Guinier–Porod, rigid cylinder, and flexible cylinder models provided estimates of the bottlebrush polymer length, radius, and stiffness. The bott...
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Identifies Genetic Subgroups in Grade 4 Human Astrocytoma

Alterations of DNA copy number are believed to be important indicators of tumor progression in human astrocytoma. We used an array of bacterial artificial chromosomes to map relative DNA copy number in 50 primary glioblastoma multiforme tumors at ∼1.4-Mb resolution. We identified 33 candidate sites for amplification and homozygous deletion in these tumors. We identified three major genetic subgroups within these glioblastoma multiforme tumors: tumors with chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss, tumors with only chromosome 10 loss in the absence of chromosome 7 gain, and tumors without copy number change in chromosomes 7 or 10. The significance of these genetic groups to therapeutics needs further study.
Radioactive source detection by sensor networks

Detection limits of sensor networks for moving radioactive sources are characterized, using Bayesian methods in conjunction with computer simulation. These studies involve point sources moving at constant velocity, emulating vehicular conveyance on a straight road. For networks involving ten nodes, respective Bayesian methods are implementable in real time. We probe the increased computational requirements incurred by larger numbers of nodes and source trajectory parameters. The complexity appears quadratic in the number of nodes and, also, numerous trajectory parameters may be used. We investigate the consequences of different levels of background radiation. Simulations are shown to be useful for ranking candidate node layouts. We study the detection capabilities of individual sensors and the scalability of detection with sensor density; near the detection limit, increasing the number of sensors can accrue subproportional network sensitivity.
Localization of Viscous Behavior and Shear Energy Dissipation in Articular Cartilage Under Dynamic Shear Loading

Though remarkably robust, articular cartilage becomes susceptible to damage at high loading rates, particularly under shear. While several studies have measured the local static and steady-state shear properties of cartilage, it is the local viscoelastic properties that determine the tissue's ability to withstand physiological loading regimens. However, measuring local viscoelastic properties requires overcoming technical challenges that include resolving strain fields in both space and time and accurately calculating their phase offsets. This study combined recently developed high-speed confocal imaging techniques with three approaches for analyzing time- and location-dependent mechanical data to measure the depth-dependent dynamic modulus and phase angles of articular cartilage. For sinusoidal shear at frequencies f = 0.01 to 1 Hz with no strain offset, the dynamic shear modulus |G*| and phase angle δ reached their minimum and maximum values (respectively) approximately 100 μm below the articular surface, resulting in a profound focusing of energy dissipation in this narrow band of tissue that increased with frequency. This region, known as the transitional zone, was previously thought to simply connect surface and deeper tissue regions. Within 250 μm of the articular surface, |G*| increased from 0.32 ± 0.08 to 0.42 ± 0.08 MPa across the five frequencies tested, while δ decreased from 12 deg ± 1 deg to 9.1 deg ± 0.5 deg. Deeper into the tissue, |G*| increased from 1.5 ± 0.4 MPa to 2.1 ± 0.6 MPa and δ decreased from 13 deg ± 1 deg to 5.5 deg ± 0.2 deg. Viscoelastic properties were also strain-dependent, with localized energy dissipation suppressed at higher shear strain offsets. These results suggest a critical role for the transitional zone in dissipating energy, representing a possible shift in our understanding of cartilage mechanical function. Further, they give insight into how focal degeneration and mechanical trauma could lead to sustained damage in this tissue.
Phase I: Team Player

Phase I is a time of extraordinary excitement and satisfaction. You have completed a period of arduous training, and you are anxious to test and demonstrate your skills (to yourself as well as others). Indeed, you may have some degree of insecurity, as you are now effectively unsupervised on a day-to-day basis. Without question, you are personally responsible to a greater level than when in a training program.
Depth-augmented Deformable Parts Models for RGBD person detection on embedded GPUs

Accurate real-time person detection is an important capability for many robot tasks, such as indoor navigation and human-robot interaction. In this paper, we introduce a depth-augmented, GPU-accelerated version of Deformable Parts Models (DPM) that uses a joint RGB+Depth feature descriptor to perform high-accuracy person detection at 5Hz while requiring less than 10 Watts on a single 2014 consumer-grade embedded chip. We provide a detailed description of the algorithm and evaluate its speed/accuracy trade-offs on an indoor person detection dataset collected from a mobile platform, showing that our RGBD approach outperforms accuracy of RGB-only DPM, depth-only DPM, and RGB HOG SVM classifier cascades. We furthermore demonstrate how reductions in model complexity and feature space dimensionality can increase speed without significantly sacrificing detector accuracy.
Money as Relational Struggle: Communicatively Negotiating Cultural Discourses in Romantic Relationships

Using the lens of Relational Dialectics Theory, this study sought to uncover how competing U.S. cultural financial discourses are negotiated in people’s everyday conversations with their romantic partner. The investigation uncovered that in multiple and varied ways, participants understood money to be a major source of tension in their romantic relationships. One overarching discursive struggle animated participants’ financial talk with their partners: “money is everything” versus “money isn’t everything.” Within this struggle, participants communicatively negotiated the cultural value of money in an attempt to marginalize its power and potential negative influences on relational and economic well-being. Although money is critical in helping people meet their basic needs, this study suggests that deemphasizing the importance of money as all-consuming and omnipotent has the potential to alter couples’ financial and relational well-being.
Maximal n-generated subdirect products

For n a positive integer and K a finite set of finite algebras, let L(n,K) denote the largest n-generated subdirect product whose subdirect factors are algebras in K. When K is the set of all n-generated subdirectly irreducible algebras in a locally finite variety &#x1d4b1;, then L(n,K) is the free algebra F&#x1d4b1;(n) on n free generators for &#x1d4b1;. For a finite algebra A the algebra L(n,{A}) is the largest n-generated subdirect power of A. For every n and finite A we provide an upper bound on the cardinality of L(n,{A}). This upper bound depends only on n and these basic parameters: the cardinality of the automorphism group of A, the cardinalities of the subalgebras of A, and the cardinalities of the equivalence classes of certain equivalence relations arising from congruence relations of A. Using this upper bound on n-generated subdirect powers of A, as A ranges over the n-generated subdirectly irreducible algebras in &#x1d4b1;, we obtain an upper bound on |F&#x1d4b1;(n)|. And if all the n-generated subdirectly irreducible algebras in &#x1d4b1; have congruence lattices that are chains, then we characterize in several ways those &#x1d4b1; for which this upper bound is obtained.
Plot-level aboveground woody biomass modeling using canopy height and auxiliary remote sensing data in a heterogeneous savanna

Remote sensing studies aiming at assessing woody biomass have demonstrated a strong relationship between canopy height and plot-level aboveground biomass, but most of these studies focused on closed canopy forests. To date, a few studies have examined the strength and reliability of this relationship using large footprint lidar in savannas. Furthermore, there have been few studies of appropriate methods for the comparison of models that relate aboveground biomass to canopy height metrics without consideration of variation in species composition (generic models) to models developed for individual species composition or vegetation types. We developed generic models using the classical least-squares regression modeling approach to relate selected canopy height metrics to aboveground woody biomass in a savanna landscape. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA) was then used to explore the implications of using generic or composition-specific models. Our study used the estimates of aboveground biomass from field data, canopy height estimates from airborne discrete return lidar, and a proxy for canopy cover (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data, collected from the oak savannas of Tejon Ranch Conservancy in Kern County, California. Models were developed and analyzed using estimates of canopy height and aboveground biomass calculated at the level of 50-m diameter plots, comparable with footprint diameter of existing large footprint spaceborne lidar data. The two generic models that incorporated canopy cover proxies performed better than one model that did not use canopy cover information. From the HBA, we found out that for all models both the intercept and slope had interspecific variability. The valley oak dominated plots consistently had higher slopes and intercepts, whereas the plots dominated by blue oaks had the lowest. However, the intercept and slope values of the composition-specific models did not differ much from the generic (overall) values and their 95% credible intervals (CIs) overlapped the generic mean values. We conclude that the narrow range of the distribution and the overlap of the CIs of the composition-specific and generic parameters suggest that scaling rules do exist for savannas. The distribution of the posterior densities of the differences between composition-level and generic-level parameter values showed high support for the use of generic parameters, suggesting that all three models are applicable across the range of compositions in this study. Therefore, in this case, the choice of method depends more on secondary considerations such as data availability and scale of analyses.
Mechanism and regulation of vitamin B6 uptake by renal tubular epithelia: studies with cultured OK cells

The kidneys play an important role in regulating vitamin B6 body homeostasis, but limited information exists regarding the mechanism of pyridoxine uptake by renal epithelial cells, and no study exi...
Feasibility and Safety of Same‐Day Discharge after Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement for Primary Prevention

Background: In the current age of ever-increasing healthcare costs, it is of utmost importance to adopt strategies that reduce hospital stay and cost, while still maintaining patient safety. In this study we review our approach of same-day discharge following implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 415 consecutive patients who underwent ICD implantation for prevention of SCD between 2007 and 2010. Patients were divided into an outpatient group (Group A) and an inpatient group (Group B). We evaluated the patients’ demographics, comorbidities, and the rate of short-term surgical complications on or before the 2-week follow-up appointment. Results: Of 252 patients included in Group A, 198 (78.6%) were successfully discharged on the same day (Group A1). At the 2-week wound check appointment, four patients (2%) had minor surgical site bleeding, one patient had a hematoma, and one patient developed fever and swelling around the implantation site. Of the Group A patients, 54 (21.4%) were not discharged on the same day (Group A2). A total of 53 patients were included in Group B, four (7.5%) developed a hematoma at the 2-week follow-up wound check visit. Conclusions: Procedure-related complications after ICD placement are rare. Same-day discharge is safe and feasible following ICD placement for primary prevention of SCD and hence a reduction in healthcare costs can be achieved by decreasing the length of hospital stay. (PACE 2013; 00:1‐7)
Centimeter-Level Positioning of a U. S. Coast Guard Buoy Tender

With the availability of high-accuracy, differential global positioning system (GPS) results in real-time, there is a new opportunity to use GPS to accurately measure a marine vessel's dynamic draft (settlement and squat) and 3D attitude (roll, pitch, and heading). The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and the Coast Survey (CS), offices of the National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), propose to transfer this technology to the shipping industry. The overall goal of this project is to provide the position of a vessel's keel in real time to within 10 cm (about 4 inches) relative to the bottom of the shipping channel. In support of this phase of the project, there were three meetings hosted by the Port of Oakland, California and NOS to discuss the real-time positioning of vessels project. On December 3 and 4, 1996, CS, NGS, Trimble Navigation Ltd., and the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) performed GPS tests on a USCG buoy-tender ship. GPS data were used to compute the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. During the test, five receivers continually collected data; one receiver was located at a base station on the USCG pier on Yerba Buena Island, and four were on the ship: two on the stern and two on the bow. CS installed a TSS-335B vertical reference unit (to measure heave, pitch, and roll) in the engine room of the ship. NOS processed the GPS data and computed the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. The results indicate that the linear equivalent to the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude were accurate to the 10-cm level using GPS. It was also demonstrated how a ship can be used to measure local water-level changes and actual water-level values everywhere it travels. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A framework for generation, replay, and analysis of real-world attack variants

This paper presents a framework for (1) generating variants of known attacks, (2) replaying attack variants in an isolated environment and, (3) validating detection capabilities of attack detection techniques against the variants. Our framework facilitates reproducible security experiments. We generated 648 variants of three real-world attacks (observed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois). Our experiment showed the value of generating attack variants by quantifying the detection capabilities of three detection methods: a signature-based detection technique, an anomaly-based detection technique, and a probabilistic graphical model-based technique.
A web-based tool for compensation design of power converters using hybrid optimization

Power converter design and compensation design using numerical optimization techniques have been presented before in the literature. However, most of the work is limited to a particular topology and ideal component values. Also, prior works only focus on a proof of concept and do not demonstrate a full-fledged design tool aimed at the compensation design across multiple compensation types and converter topologies. This paper presents a web based, easy to use compensation design tool (Re-Comp), integrated into an industry leading online power design tool, WEBENCH Power Designer, used by thousands of power engineers worldwide. Re-Comp allows users to quickly design and optimize compensation networks to meet desired loop specifications. The proposed tool provides a robust design and ensures loop stability over the entire operating range of converter and perturbations in component parameters. Hybrid optimization algorithm used in the backend to design the compensation network combines the benefits of fast convergence of Conjugate Gradient method and robustness of Differential Evolution. Re-Comp also allows users to design with real components from a large database of passive components from all major vendors.
The effects of ryanodine on model systems derived from muscle—III: Reconstituted actomyosin

Abstract Actomyosin was reconstituted from highly purified myosin A and actin of varying purity. Its ATPase activity was enhanced by ryanodine as much as three-fold if the actin was extracted at room temperature; further purification of actin yielded actomyosin which was insensitive to ryanodine. The enhancement showed a characteristic time course, increasing progressively with time for 10–30 min after the addition of ryanodine. After preincubation of actomyosin with ryanodine in the absence of the ATP, the ATPase rate was greatly increased over a control system without ryanodine as soon as MgATP was added. Preincubation of either actin or myosin A with ryanodine had no effect on the ATPase rate measured after the other compounds were added. It is concluded that a factor extractable with actin at room temperature is required for the activating effect of ryanodine on actomysin ATPase, which probably depends upon its stabilizing effect upon an active contractile protein complex.
Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction on 3-D Protein Image Analysis

A new perspective to investigate protein structures was introduced by applying Isomap algorithm on the protein 3-D structures. Through representing the location of each amino acid in the protein by its Calpha atom, the protein 3D structure was described as a set of points in 3D space. The reasonable nearest neighbors were defined through statistical amino acids contacts information and protein structure analysis interests. The Isomap algorithm on the 3D protein structure generated the meaningful protein geodesic structure. The residual variance analysis demonstrated that the best dimensionality for representing protein geodesic structure is 3D, but the computational results also showed that there is a nearly linear relationship between the geodesic shortest distance in original 3D and the Euclidean distance in the 2D constructed by the first two of Isomap's coordinates. The 2D protein geodesic representations can be used to measure the protein similarity and the analysis of the 2D protein geodesic representation image reveals the different protein secondary structures having different patterns. The Isomap's global coordinates provided a new approach to analyze the protein structures.
Domestic politics and the WHO’s International Health Regulations: Explaining the use of trade and travel barriers during disease outbreaks

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO), acting under the authority of the International Health Regulations (IHR), recommended against the imposition of trade or travel restrictions because, according to WHO, these barriers would not prevent disease spread. Why did 47 states impose barriers anyway? This article argues that states use barriers as political cover to prevent a loss of domestic political support. This logic suggests that governments anticipating high domestic political benefits for imposing barriers during an outbreak will be likely to do so. Logistic regression and duration analysis of an original dataset coding state behavior during H1N1 provide support for this argument: democracies with weak health infrastructure—those that stand to gain the most from imposing barriers during an outbreak because they are particularly vulnerable to a negative public reaction—are more likely than others to impose barriers and to do so quickly.
A comparative outcomes analysis evaluating clinical effectiveness in two different human placental membrane products for wound management.

Advances in tissue preservation have led to the commercialization of human placental membranes for the purposes of wound management with each product being characterized by different compositions and properties. The a priori specification of the research question in this investigator-initiated study focused on the clinical outcomes in two nonrandomized, however statistically equal and homogenous patient cohorts receiving either a viable intact cryopreserved human placental membrane (vCPM) or a dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM), for the management of wounds at a single center. A total of 79 patients with 101 wounds were analyzed: 40 patients with 46 wounds received vCPM and 39 patients with 55 wounds received dHACM. The proportion of wounds achieving complete wound closure was 63.0% (29/46) for vCPM and 18.2% (10/55) for dHACM (p < 0.0001) for all treated wounds combined. This is the first comparative effectiveness study to report on the clinical outcomes associated with the use of different placental wound care products once broadly implemented in the clinical setting.
Geological Illustration and the Geo-Humane Science, 1811–1840

In the 1832 Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Charlotte Murchison published a lithograph of the “Valley of Gosau” (Figure 1) to accompany the essay “A Sketch of the Structure of the...
Early gesture provides a helping hand to spoken vocabulary development for children with autism, Down syndrome and typical development

Typically developing (TD) children refer to objects uniquely in gesture (e.g., point at cat) before they produce verbal labels for these objects ("cat"; Bates et al., 1979). The onset of such gestures predicts the onset of similar spoken words, showing a strong positive relation between early gestures and early words (Iverson & Goldin-Meadow, 2005). We ask whether gesture plays the same door-opening role in word learning for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down syndrome (DS), who show delayed vocabulary development and who differ in the strength of gesture production. To answer this question, we observed 23 18-month-old TD children, 23 30-month-old children with ASD and 23 30-month-old children with DS five times over a year during parent-child interactions. Children in all three groups initially expressed a greater proportion of referents uniquely in gesture than in speech. Many of these unique gestures subsequently entered children's spoken vocabularies within a year-a pattern that was slightly less robust for children with DS, whose word production was the most markedly delayed. These results indicate that gesture is as fundamental to vocabulary development for children with developmental disorders as it is for TD children.
Flexible weighting of diverse inputs makes hippocampal function malleable

Classic theories of hippocampal function have emphasized its role as a dedicated memory system, but recent research has shown that it contributes broadly to many aspects of cognition, including attention and perception. We propose that the reason the hippocampus plays such a broad role in cognition is that its function is particularly malleable. We argue that this malleability arises because the hippocampus receives diverse anatomical inputs and these inputs are flexibly weighted based on behavioral goals. We discuss examples of how hippocampal representations can be flexibly weighted, focusing on hippocampal modulation by attention. Finally, we suggest some general neural mechanisms and core hippocampal computations that may enable the hippocampus to support diverse cognitive functions, including attention, perception, and memory. Together, this work suggests that great progress can and has been made in understanding the hippocampus by considering how the domain-general computations it performs allow it to dynamically contribute to many different behaviors.
Reflector placement for providing near-continuous solar power to robots in Shackleton Crater

Motivated by a NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts study assessing the possibility of using solar reflectors to create a perpetual solar power-based energy oasis at the south pole of the Moon, this work identifies location combinations near Shack-leton Crater that provide near-continuous access to sunlight. Specifically, location combinations are found in which at least one location in the set has access to sunlight throughout 99% of the year 2020. Locations are identified and evaluated using a process involving two illumination simulation and analysis methods and a set-cover algorithm. Results are presented that demonstrate the trade-off between number of locations and height above surface level to achieve near-continuous access to sunlight near Shackleton Crater. Identified near-continuous solar power solutions span from three locations 25 meters above surface level to single locations 775 meters above surface level.
Minangkabau -i: A locative, transitivizing, iterative, adversative suffix

Minangkabau, a Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) language of Sumatra, displays a small but complicated system of verbal morphology resembling those of its near, better-described relatives Indonesian and Malay. In these languages, the verbal morphemes are multifunctional, and fully characterizing their meanings and uses has proven challenging. We present our findings on -i , which previous literature frequently characterizes as a type of applicative. We identify four distinct productive functions of -i , not all applicative: adding a locative object, transitivizing non-verbal roots, adding iterative/intensive aspects, and imputing adversative readings. Adversative -i has not previously been identified in the literature, and is unattested in Indonesian.
Innovation Through Market Pull and Technology Push in the Heavy Equipment Business: The Voith Case

Today more than ever before, the international competitiveness of a company depends on its ability to launch superior, innovative products in the global marketplace. For that reason, investments in research and development are not a luxury, but an absolute necessity. This is especially true in the B2B sector, where the customer is another company which must also maintain its competitiveness. As a result, the demands and importance placed on new developments in the B2B sector are high: The cost of investments must pay off, and a faster return on investments (ROI) is also required. In addition, through investments in new products and production processes, B2B customers hope to differentiate themselves from competitors and strengthen their overall market position as well as their products’ unique selling point (USP).
Multidimensional Item Responses: Multimethod-Multitrait Perspectives

In this paper we discuss complexities of measurement that can arise in a multidimensional situation. All of the complexities that can occur in a unidimensional situation, such as polytomous response formats, item dependence effects, and the modeling of rater effects such as harshness and variability, can occur, with a correspondingly greater degree of complexity, in the multidimensional case also. However, we will eschew these, and concentrate on issues that arise due to the inherent multidimensionality of the situation. First, we discuss the motivations for multidimensional measurement models, and illustrate them in the context of a state-wide science assessment involving both multiple choice items and performance tasks. We then describe the multidimensional measurement model (NMRCML). This multidimensional model is then applied to the science assessment data set to illustrate two issues that arise in multidimensional measurement. The first issue is the question of whether one should (or perhaps, can) design items that relate to multiple dimensions. The second issue arises when there is more than one form of multidimensionality present in the item design: should one use just one of these dimensionalities, or some, or all? We conclude by discussing further issues yet to be addressed in the area of multidimensional measurement.
High-Capacity Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Grafted PolyHIPE Foams for Efficient Plutonium Separation and Purification.

The use of anion-exchange resins to separate and purify plutonium from various sources represents a major bottleneck in the throughput that can be achieved when this step is part of a larger separation scheme. Slow sorption kinetics and broad elution profiles necessitate long contact times with the resin, and the recovered Pu is relatively dilute, requiring the handling of large volumes of hazardous material. In this work, high internal-phase emulsion (HIPE) foams were prepared with a comonomer containing a dormant nitroxide. Using surface-initiated nitroxide-mediated polymerization, the foam surface was decorated with a brush of poly(4-vinylpyridine), and the resulting materials were tested under controlled flow conditions as anion-exchange media for plutonium separations. It was found that the grafted foams demonstrated greater ion-exchange capacity per unit volume than a commercial resin commonly used for Pu separations and had narrower elution profiles. The ion-exchange sites (quaternized pyridine) we...
Economic Analysis of Batch and Continuous Biopharmaceutical Antibody Production: a Review

There is a growing interest in continuous biopharmaceutical processing due to the advantages of small footprint, increased productivity, consistent product quality, high process flexibility and robustness, facility cost-effectiveness, and reduced capital and operating cost. To support the decision making of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, comparisons between conventional batch and continuous processing are provided. Various process unit operations in different operating modes are summarized. Software implementation as well as computational methods used are analyzed pointing to the advantages and disadvantages that have been highlighted in the literature. Economic analysis methods and their applications in different parts of the processes are also discussed with examples from publications in the last decade. The results of the comparison between batch and continuous process operation alternatives are discussed. Possible improvements in process design and analysis are recommended. The methods used here do not reflect Lilly’s cost structures or economic evaluation methods. This paper provides a review of the work that has been published in the literature on computational process design and economic analysis methods on continuous biopharmaceutical antibody production and its comparison with a conventional batch process.
Hyperlocal Responses to the SALT Deduction Limitation

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted in December 2017, places a $10,000 limit on the federal deduction for payments of state and local taxes (“SALT”). Several states with high numbers of adversely affected taxpayers have proposed or enacted legislative workarounds to this new cap. Much has been said about these state-level responses, but there has been little analysis of local-level effects or of how local governments could similarly respond. This essay addresses that gap by (1) statistically modeling the number of taxpayers affected by the SALT deduction limitation at a ZIP-code-by-ZIP-code (rather than state-by-state) level, and (2) proposing locality-based strategies relevant to taxpayers throughout the U.S., and not just those living in highly affected states. A hyperlocal analysis provides several key insights. First, although blue states are generally more affected by the SALT deduction limitation, many solidly red states contain high concentrations of affected taxpayers. Focusing on statewide effects masks the extent to which large numbers of affected taxpayers exist in seemingly unaffected areas. Second, although recent SALT workarounds have focused on state income taxes, there is ample opportunity for mitigating the effects of the SALT deduction limitation by focusing instead on property taxes. This would allow cities or counties, rather than states, to implement SALT workarounds tailored to their residents. This is especially relevant for taxpayers in states without a personal income tax. Third, SALT workarounds focusing on property taxes recoup more lost SALT deductions (on a percentage basis) for middle class taxpayers than for the wealthy, possibly giving these workarounds some bipartisan appeal.
Non-negative Matrix Factorization Reveals Resting-State Cortical Alpha Network Abnormalities in the First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum.

Abstract Background Little is known about neural oscillatory dynamics in first-episode psychosis. Pathophysiology of functional connectivity can be measured through network activity of alpha oscillations, reflecting long-range communication between distal brain regions. Methods Resting magnetoencephalographic activity was collected from 31 individuals with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and 22 healthy control individuals. Activity was projected to the realistic cortical surface, based on structural magnetic resonance imaging. The first principal component of activity in 40 Brodmann areas per hemisphere was Hilbert transformed within the alpha range. Non-negative matrix factorization was applied to single-trial alpha phase-locking values from all subjects to determine alpha networks. Within networks, energy and entropy were compared. Results Four cortical alpha networks were pathological in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. The networks involved the bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate; left auditory, medial temporal, and cingulate cortex; right inferior frontal gyrus and widespread areas; and right posterior parietal cortex and widespread areas. Energy and entropy were associated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total and thought disorder factors for the first three networks. In addition, the left posterior temporal network was associated with positive and negative factors, and the right inferior frontal network was associated with the positive factor. Conclusions Machine learning network analysis of resting alpha-band neural activity identified several aberrant networks in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, including the left temporal, right inferior frontal, right posterior parietal, and bilateral cingulate cortices. Abnormal long-range alpha communication is evident at the first presentation for psychosis and may provide clues about mechanisms of dysconnectivity in psychosis and novel targets for noninvasive brain stimulation.
Heteromeric Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors with Mutant β Subunits Acquire Sensitivity to α7-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulators.

Homomeric α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have an intrinsically low probability of opening that can be overcome by α7-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), which bind at a site involving the second transmembrane domain (TM2). Mutation of a methionine that is unique to α7 at the 15′ position of TM2 to leucine, the residue in most other nAChR subunits, largely eliminates the activity of such PAMs. We tested the effect of the reverse mutation (L15′M) in heteromeric nAChR receptors containing α4 and β2, which are the nAChR subunits that are most abundant in the brain. Receptors containing these mutations were found to be strongly potentiated by the α7 PAM 3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-4-(1-naphthalenyl)-3H-cyclopentan[c]quinoline-8-sulfonamide (TQS) but insensitive to the alternative PAM 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-urea. The presence of the mutation in the β2 subunit was necessary and sufficient for TQS sensitivity. The primary effect of the mutation in the α4 subunit was to reduce responses to acetylcholine applied alone. Sensitivity to TQS required only a single mutant β subunit, regardless of the position of the mutant β subunit within the pentameric complex. Similar results were obtained when β2L15′M was coexpressed with α2 or α3 and when the L15′M mutation was placed in β4 and coexpressed with α2, α3, or α4. Functional receptors were not observed when β1L15′M subunits were coexpressed with other muscle nAChR subunits. The unique structure-activity relationship of PAMs and the α4β2L15′M receptor compared with α7 and the availability of high-resolution α4β2 structures may provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of nAChR allosteric potentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heteromeric neuronal nAChRs have a relatively high initial probability of channel activation compared to receptors that are homomers of α7 subunits but are insensitive to PAMs, which greatly increase the open probability of α7 receptors. These features of heteromeric nAChR can be reversed by mutation of a single residue present in all neuronal heteromeric nAChR subunits to the sequence found in α7. Specifically, the mutation of the TM2 15′ leucine to methionine in α subunits reduces heteromeric receptor channel activation, while the same mutation in neuronal β subunits allows heteromeric receptors to respond to select α7 PAMs. The results indicate a key role for this residue in the functional differences in the two main classes of neuronal nAChRs.
Interdisciplinary Management of Acute Leukemia Across the Continuum of Care.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the interdisciplinary management of acute leukemias across the continuum of care. Data Source Literature review and experiential knowledge. Conclusion Acute leukemia, including acute myelogenous leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, represent a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies with complex diagnostic requirements that drive risk-adapted treatment selection. Involvement of clinicians from a variety of specialties and disciplines is required to ensure safe and effective treatment, mitigate adverse events, and maintain or improve quality of life. Patient-centered communication, shared decision-making, and interdisciplinary communication are integral to patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology clinicians play a primary role in coordinating the interdisciplinary team and navigating the patient and caregiver experience across the acute leukemia continuum.
Functions and Equivalence Relations

Functions and relations are used throughout mathematics, but the focus in discrete mathematics is a bit different than it was in elementary algebra and calculus. Here we’re more interested in exploring their structural properties than in using them for some other purpose. The chapter opens by looking at properties of functions (one-to-one, onto), at composition of functions, and at identity and inverse functions. It then focuses on relations, particularly equivalence relations and their associated equivalence classes. The chapter ends by looking at how these ideas are used in number extensions—in the construction of \(\mathbb {Z}\) as a set of equivalence classes of \(\mathbb {N}\times \mathbb {N}\), and in the construction of \(\mathbb {Z}_n\), the integers modulo n. The next chapter continues the discussion of relations but considers other types that are also of importance to discrete mathematics and computer science.
Chapter 5 – Titrations

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the classical volumetric titrimetry. The concentration of an analyte in a solution is determined by measuring the volume of a reagent of known concentration that is needed to react with that analyte. In classical titrimetric analyses, the immediate goal is to find the endpoint volume of the reagent, R, as an estimate of the amount of R required to react completely with A. This allows an estimate of the amount of analyte, A, originally present in the sample, provided that the concentration of R is accurately known by a previous standardization. The chapter discusses that some of the requirements of classical volumetric titrimetry are relaxed when nonlinear regression is used to analyze the data. A discussion on nonlinear regression applied to the titration of a weak base with a strong acid is also presented. The stability constant is a fundamental characteristic of metal complexes. Titrations combined with nonlinear regression can be used to obtain stability constants of metal complexes. An excellent monograph on this subject is presented in the chapter.
Instructional design for single information literacy sessions

The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Understanding by Design instructional design framework can be applied to design high-quality single-session information literacy instruction. The au...
Parent Command Use and Child Compliance During Parent-Child Interactions Including Children With Down Syndrome.

Purpose This study investigated maternal and paternal command use and child compliance in children with Down syndrome during mother–child and father–child free-play interactions. We also examined c...