cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix

The histological structure of the eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix is described with reference to its comparative relationships. The eye is primarily mammalian in character but its choroid contains a definite cartilaginous plate and its retina is anangiotic.
Handling and Green Forming of Fine Powders

In its early stages of evolution, ceramic powder processing was entirely based on the use of natural minerals such as clay, flint and feldspar as starting materials. These materials were chosen not only because of their chemical compositions but also due to their physical characteristics. The introduction of synthetic starting powders such as alumina and the gradual evolution to materials made entirely of synthetic raw materials has required the development of a processing technology consistent with their physical characteristics. The technology for producing submicron, high purity oxide and nonoxide powders has been developing at a rapid pace in recent years and can be expected to continue. In order to take full advantage of these developments, processing science and technology for these advanced powders must also be developed. An important part of the required technology is the development of processing techniques for working with powders having bulk densities below 10 percent of theoretical without unacceptable chemical or tramp-particle contamination. Such techniques must be capable of producing materials with optimum microstructures that are free from singularities that limit mechanical and other properties.
Contribution Of Spray Irrigation Of Wastewater To Groundwater Contamination In The Karst Of Southeastern Minnesota, USA

A vegetable- and meat-canning facility located in the karst of southeastern Minnesota disposes ≈2.85×105 m3 yr−1 of wastewater by spray irrigation of an 83.7-ha field located atop the local groundwater divide. Cannery effluent contains high levels of chloride and nitrogen (organic and ammonia), in excess of 7000 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations are generally < 5 mg/l. Agricultural, domestic, and municipal sources of chloride and nitrate are common in the region, and water supplies frequently exceed the drinking-water limit for nitrate-nitrogen of 10 mg/l. Fifty-two area wells and thirteen surface-water locations were sampled and analyzed for five ionic species, including: chloride (Cl), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), sulfate (SO4), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), and phosphate (PO4). Two distinct chloride plumes flowing outward from the groundwater divide were identified, and 65% of the wells sampled had nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in excess of 10 mg/l. The data were divided into two groups: one group of samples from wells located near the canning facility and another group from outside that area. A correlation coefficient of R2= 0.004 for Cl vs. NO3-N in the vicinity of the irrigation fields indicates essentially no relationship between the source of Cl and NO3. In areas of agricultural and domestic activities located away from the cannery, an R2 of 0.54 suggests that Cl and NO3 have common sources in these areas.
Socialization of graduate teaching assistants: a case study in an American university

Although graduate teaching assistants [GTAS] play an important role on most American university campuses, and despite the fact that the GTA experience is often the only formal professional training that faculty receive, little is known about how GTAS are prepared for their role. One of the most enigmatic processes related to GTA role development is that of socialization. This paper reports the results of a study examining the types of messages that new GTAS receive about their role and the manner in which particular types of communication strategies are used to cope with inconsistencies and conflicts among those messages. It was found that GTAS are exposed to thematic messages about what it means to be a GTA, that they experienced difficulties when attempting to use those messages to guide behavior and decision‐making, and that information‐seeking strategies were used in response to the specific types of problems that were experienced.
Stochastic Approach to Waste Treatment Planning

A methodology for the sizing and staging of infrastructure in rural regions facing uncertainty is developed and applied to wastewater treatment planning in Utah’s Ashley Valley. The methodology involves the construction of a first-order Markov chain. The transition matrix of the Markov chain contains subjective probability estimates relating to the occurrence (or nonoccurrence) of future regional events. The subjective probability estimates are obtained using a series of questionnaires sent to knowledgeable government officials, industrial managers, and members of the academic community. The transition matrix is used to compute an expected population for the region. It is also employed to compute the necessary probability estimates for an expected loss function for a stochastic mixed-integer programming model. The model derives a least cost sequence of projects consistent with regional probabilistic population growth.
Improvements in Photogrammetry through a Century

There seems to be a rather widespread notion, even among some surveyors and mappers, that photogrammetry is newfangled, an infant prodigy that has yet to establish itself as a full-fledged science....
Exploring Impact Philanthropy, Altruistic, Hedonic, and Egoistic Motivations to Support Animal Causes

This study examines altruistic, hedonic, impact philanthropy, and egoistic motivational dimensions in regard to support for an animal sanctuary. A cross-sectional sample of animal-sanctuary supporters is obtained. The findings indicate that impact philanthropy motives are the most substantial motivational dimension, while egoistic motives are the least substantial. Respondents reported hedonic and altruistic motives as the second most influential dimension for supporting the animal sanctuary. Furthermore, hedonic and impact philanthropy motives are strongly associated with sanctuary visitation, while hedonic motives are associated with membership. Gender and age are also examined in this study; results indicate that women are more altruistic than men, a finding supported by past research. Implications of these findings are explored from both academic and managerial perspectives.
Anti-HIV Factors: Targeting Each Step of HIV's Replication Cycle.

Background: Similar to other animal viruses, HIV-1 relies on the contributions of the cellular machinery to ensure efficient virus propagation. However, human cells have evolved refined mechanisms to block key steps of the virus life-cycle, thereby suppressing viral replication. These cellular proteins are generally known as restriction factors, and they provide an early antiviral defense. So far, five potent restriction factors have been shown to effectively block HIV and/or SIV replication. These are TRIM5 proteins, SAMHD-1, members of the APOBEC3 (A3) family, Mx2 and Tetherin/BST-2. Results: Here, we review the antiviral mechanisms of these and other antiviral factors, their interaction with the innate immune responses, and how their functions might be exploited to clear and prevent HIV infection. Conclusion: Since the majority of vaccine approaches against HIV have failed so far, it is imperative to start looking at alternative strategies for vaccine and therapy development. By better understanding how HIV hijacks the cellular machinery for its own benefit in completing its life-cycle, and how the virus adapts to circumvent our intrinsic immunity, we will be better equipped to design compounds that specifically interrupt virus replication and spread.
Comparative studies of Hageman factor (factor XII) in mammalian plasmas by immunological techniques.

SummaryThe HF (factor XII) activity in plasmas of 18 mammalian species has been studied by immunological means and gel filtration. All HFs had the same approximate size as human HF. Primate HF activity was most susceptible to inhibition by antihuman HF serum, ungulate HF activity by antibovine HF serum, and rodent HF activity by anti-rat HF serum. Immunodiffusion studies were consistent with these inhibition studies. These data suggest that mammalian HFs in the same taxonomic order share common antigenic sites.
Self-aligned Cu etch mask for individually addressable metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes.

Two means to achieve high yield of individually addressable single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are developed and examined. The first approach matches the effective channel width and the density ...
ET-08DEMETHYLATING THERAPY INDUCES DIFFERENTATION AND THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IN IDH1 MUTANT MALIGNANT GLIOMAS.

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are frequent in progressive GBMs and the grade II and III gliomas from which they arise. The mutant IDH1 enzyme pathologically produces 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) that metabolically inhibits α-ketogluterate dependent histone and DNA demethylases. This results in abnormal hypermethylation of genomic DNA that subsequently suppress cellular differentiation. We have investigated the use of the FDA approved drug, 5-azacytidine, and have shown it to be an effective agent in two preclinical models of IDH1 mutant glioma. To accurately model the IDH1 mutation oncogenic process, we developed a patient derived IDH1 mutant anaplastic astrocytoma model which produces 2-HG and shows a hypermethylated genome. Using this genetically and molecularly accurate model we have demonstrated the preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of the FDA approved demethylating drug 5-azacytidine in vivo. Long term administration of 5-azacytidine resulted in reduction of DNA methylation of promoter loci, induction of glial differentiation, reduction of cell proliferation and significantly reduced tumor growth. Nearly complete tumor regression was observed by 14 weeks, resulting in a sustainable response and significant survival benefit. The sequence of events leading to a therapeutic response in IDH1 mutant gliomas appear to be first, inactivation of DNMT1, Loci specific genome demethylation, key alterations in the gene expression pattern, cellular differentiation followed by growth arrest. Overall, our goal is to find the most effective combination strategy for forcing differentiation in IDH1 mutant gliomas. It is based on targeting the epigenetic mechanism of transformation specific to the tumor, and xenograft models that have the native mutation. In is hoped that the results from this work will allow a better clinical trial design specific for IDH1 mutant glioma, as well as key biomarkers for therapeutic response.
Resistance of Sweet Corn Varieties to the Fall Armyworm, Laphygma frugiperda

Resistance of sweet corn varieties to the fall armyworm ( Laphygma frugiperda (.J. E. Smith)) was largely due to plant vigor or tolerance, both in relation to the insect and seasonal conditions. Some of the more tolerant varieties were the Asgrow Goldens, Golden Regent, Goldenyield, Golden Tighthusk, Golden Security, and Golden Sensation. Among the more susceptible varieities were Carmelcross, Ioana, Spancross, and Golden Cross Bantam. Some plant varieties were more antibiotic to the insect than others, but this was not correlated with resistance vigor. Fall armyworm larvae preferred succulent plant tissue which was in good physical condition and apparently made no distinction between different varieties in any other regard. Good cultural practices plus a careful selection of sweet corn varieties should lessen the effects of damage by the insect, but in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina it generally would be uneconomic to harvest sweet corn after the latter part or July.
Shape complementarity and hydrogen bond preferences in protein–protein interfaces: implications for antibody modeling and protein–protein docking

Motivations: Characterizing protein–protein interfaces and the hydrogen bonds is a first step to better understand proteins’ structures and functions toward high-resolution protein design. However, there are few large-scale surveys of hydrogen bonds of interfaces. In addition, previous work of shape complementarity of protein complexes suggested that lower shape complementarity in antibody–antigen interfaces is related to their evolutionary origin. Results: Using 6637 non-redundant protein–protein interfaces, we revealed peculiar features of various protein complex types. In contrast to previous findings, the shape complementarity of antibody–antigen interfaces resembles that of the other interface types. These results highlight the importance of hydrogen bonds during evolution of protein interfaces and rectify the prevailing belief that antibodies have lower shape complementarity. Contact: ude.uhj@yargj Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Properties of rigid polyvinyl chloride foam composites reinforced with different shape fillers

In this study, the effect of reinforcements’ shape and type on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam composites is investigated. For this purpose, t...
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF HOSPITAL WARD AIR POLLUTION BY VISITORS

Objective To investigate the effects of air pollution on the hospital ward visitors and to provide basis for developing prevention and control measures. Methods The air sampling and detection methods were used to monitor part of the ward air quality situation in 8 hospitals in Dongcheng District during visit. Results When environmental conditions was the same,during the winter visiting hours the number of bacteria in the air and carbon dioxide concentration of the ward was significantly higher than those in summer; during the summer and winter visiting hours the number of bacteria in the air and carbon dioxide concentrations of the ward were significantly higher than those during non- visiting hours. Conclusion The visitors are the main factors for air pollution in visitation time and the air pollution in hospital ward can be reduced by adjusting the visiting time and controlling the number of visitors.
Photosynthesis as a Basis for Life Support on Earth and in Space

E ach year, approximately 200 billion tons of carbon are removed from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and incorporated into organic compounds of plants in the process of photosynthesis (Rabinowitch 1945). The light-driven process, which transduces light energy into chemical forms in the chloroplasts of green plants and the chromatophores of photosynthesis bacteria, represents one of the world's most extensive biochemical activities. Photosynthesis provides the ultimate energetic basis for the activities of all human and animal life on Earth, because photosynthetically produced organic molecules, when oxidized in respiration, can release the energy of the photons trapped during the original reduction of carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is thus our major link with the energy of the sun. Scientists have known since the experiments of Joseph Priestley more than two centuries ago that illuminated plants can purify the air made "obnoxious" by the activities of animals (Priestley 1776). This process is now easily understood as involving the reciprocal exchange of gases in photosynthesis and respiration. In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are converted to organic compounds (especially carbohydrates) and oxygen, and in respiration the
Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Involvement

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in type I collagen. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease characterized by cartilage degradation and remodeling of the subchondral bone. There has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of and definition of OA, from being initially thought of as a disease affecting primarily the cartilage, to now knowing that it is a disease of the “whole joint.” Several authors have studied the musculoskeletal manifestations of OI. There have been preclinical studies describing the early and rapid development of OA in mice. There have also been population surveys as well as case reports in the literature demonstrating the association between the two. Recent studies have shown higher levels of biomarkers that are associated with bone turnover and rapidly progressing OA in patients with OI as compared to age-matched controls. Compared to the studies describing the relationship between OI and OA, there is a paucity of literature describing other joint manifestations of OI. In this chapter we will review the association between OI and OA as well as other forms of arthritis.
The Leidenfrost Effect at the Nanoscale

Nanotechnology has been presenting successful applications in several field, such as electronics, medicine, energy and new materials. However, the high cost of investment in facilities, equipment and materials as well as the lack of some experimental analysis at the nanoscale can restrain research in nanotechnology. The implementation of accurate computer models can alleviate this problem. This work investigates the Leidenfrost effect at the nanoscale using molecular dynamics simulation. Models of water droplets with diameters of 4nm and 10nm are simulated over gold and silicon substrates. To induce the Leidenfrost effect, droplets at 293K were deposited on the substrates at 373K. As a baseline, simulations were run with substrates at room temperature. Results show that for substrates at 293K, the 4nm droplet has higher position variability than the 10nm droplets. For substrates at 373K, the 4nm droplets have higher velocities than the 10nm droplets. The wettability of the substrate also influences the Leidenfrost. Droplets over the gold substrate which has hydrophobic characteristics have higher velocities as compared to droplets over silicon that has a hydrophilic behavior. Moreover, the Leidenfrost effect was observed at the boiling temperature of water (373K) which is a significantly lower temperature than reported in previous experiments at the microscale.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Services to Distance Learners: Planning for E-Reserves and Copyright

This paper focuses on the outreach to over 3,000 students taking classes at over 80 locations within the State of Maine, as well as students taking classes nationally via the Web through the University of Maine System Network (UNET). The discussion will briefly note the wide range of collections and services available through the University of Maine System's digital library and the Off-Campus Library Services Office. In particular, the discussion will center on reserve services for students at remote locations, using traditional paper copies and particularly electronic reserves, and the copyright issues that surround the electronic reserve service.
“The Best Means of Retaining Health”: Self-Determined Health and Social Discipline in Early America

“My name is Hygiea. I preside over the health of mankind. Discard all your medicines, and seek relief from temperance and exercise alone.
A return to the homeostat

W. Ross Ashby's Homeostat represents one of the oldest and simplest theories of self-organizing systems. Originally proposed as a model of the human nervous system, the Homeostat has seen limited application, due mainly to the extremely long times required to achieve adaptation. Recent work however, which is summarized here, has corrected a number of deficiencies of the Homeostat. The purpose of this paper is to try to renew interest in applications of Ashby's work.
Outcomes of Nonoperative Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nonoperative management (NOM) of uncomplicated pediatric appendicitis has promise but remains poorly studied. NOM may lead to an increase in resource utilization. Our objective was to investigate the trends in NOM for uncomplicated appendicitis and study the relevant clinical outcomes including subsequent appendectomy, complications, and resource utilization. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of administrative data from 45 US pediatric hospitals. Patients RESULTS: 99 001 children with appendicitis were identified, with a median age of 10.9 years. Sixty-six percent were diagnosed with nonperforated appendicitis, of which 4190 (6%) were managed nonoperatively. An increasing number of nonoperative cases were observed over 6 years (absolute difference, +20.4%). During the 12-month follow-up period, NOM patients were more likely to have the following: advanced imaging (+8.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.6% to 10.3%]), ED visits (+11.2% [95% CI 9.3% to 13.2%]), and hospitalizations (+43.7% [95% CI 41.7% to 45.8%]). Among patients managed nonoperatively, 46% had a subsequent appendectomy. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in NOM of nonperforated appendicitis was observed over 6 years. Patients with NOM had more subsequent ED visits and hospitalizations compared with those managed operatively at the index visit. A substantial proportion of patients initially managed nonoperatively eventually had an appendectomy.
Geodetic Imaging of Time-Dependent Three-Component Surface Deformation: Application to Tidal-Timescale Ice Flow of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica

We present a method for inferring time-dependent three-component surface deformation fields given a set of geodetic images of displacements collected from multiple viewing geometries. Displacements are parameterized in time with a dictionary of displacement functions. The algorithm extends an earlier single-component (i.e., single line of sight) framework for time-series analysis to three spatial dimensions using combinations of multitemporal, multigeometry interferometic synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and/or pixel offset (PO) maps. We demonstrate this method with a set of 101 pairs of azimuth and range PO maps generated for a portion of the Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, derived from data collected by the COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation. We compare our results with previously published InSAR mean velocity fields and selected GPS time series and show that our resulting three-component surface displacements resolve both secular motion and tidal variability.
INTERACTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: FEEDBACKDRIVEN FRAMEWORK FOR ANNOTATION AND ANALYSIS OF 3D POINT CLOUDS

Abstract. Digital documentation of cultural heritage structures is increasingly more common through the application of different imaging techniques. Many works have focused on the application of laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques for the acquisition of threedimensional (3D) geometry detailing cultural heritage sites and structures. With an abundance of these 3D data assets, there must be a digital environment where these data can be visualized and analyzed. Presented here is a feedback driven visualization framework that seamlessly enables interactive exploration and manipulation of massive point cloud data. The focus of this work is on the classification of different building materials with the goal of building more accurate as-built information models of historical structures. User defined functions have been tested within the interactive point cloud visualization framework to evaluate automated and semi-automated classification of 3D point data. These functions include decisions based on observed color, laser intensity, normal vector or local surface geometry. Multiple case studies are presented here to demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the presented point cloud visualization framework to achieve classification objectives.
Divergent trends in lung cancer incidence by gender, age and histological type in Estonia: a nationwide population-based study

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and the second most frequent cause of cancer deaths in women in Estonia. The study aimed to analyze time trends in LC incidence and mortality in Estonia over the 30-year period, which included major social, economic and health care transition. The results are discussed in the context of changes in tobacco control and smoking prevalence. Long-term predictions of incidence and mortality are provided. Data for calculating the incidence and mortality rates in 1985–2014 were obtained from the nationwide population-based Estonian Cancer Registry and the Causes of Death Registry. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends and estimate annual percentage change (APC) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Nordpred model was used to project future incidence and mortality trends for 2015–2034. Incidence peaked among men in 1991 and decreased thereafter (APC: -1.5, 95% CI: -1.8; −1.3). A decline was seen for all age groups, except age ≥ 75 years, and for all histological types, except adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Incidence among women increased overall (APC: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1; 2.0) and in all age groups and histological types, except small cell carcinoma. Age-standardized incidence rate (world) per 100,000 was 54.2 in men and 12.9 in women in 2014. Changes in mortality closely followed those in incidence. According to our predictions, the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates will continue to decrease in men and reach a plateau in women. The study revealed divergent LC trends by gender, age and histological type, which were generally consistent with main international findings. Growing public awareness and stricter tobacco control have stimulated overall favorable changes in men, but not yet in women. Large increase in incidence was observed for adenocarcinoma, which in men showed a trend opposite to the overall decline. LC will remain a serious public health issue in Estonia due to a high number of cases during the next decades, related to aging population, and previous and current smoking patterns. National tobacco control policy in Estonia should prioritize preventing smoking initiation and promoting smoking cessation, particularly among women.
Protein Biophosphors: Biodegradable, Multifunctional, Protein‐Based Hydrogel for White Emission, Sensing, and pH Detection

A highly efficient, multifunctional, bioderived white-emitting hydrogel (biophosphor) consisting of crosslinked bovine serum albumin and three fluorescent dyes, Coumarin 460, fluorescein, and 5(6)-carboxy-x-rhodamine, is reported here. White emission is obtained upon excitation of the biophosphor at 365 nm with appropriate mole ratios of the above dyes. The CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates of white emission with 365 nm excitation are (0.36, 0.37), and the correlated color temperature is 5300 K. Multifunctional nature of the biophosphor is also demonstrated. A UV-light-emitting-diode (361 nm) coated with this biophosphor, for example, indicates white emission (CIE 0.28, 0.31) with a half-life of 106 (±5) h. The white emission is also highly sensitive to pH over a broad range (pH 1–11). Incorporation of glucose oxidase and peroxidase in the biophosphor allows for the detection of glucose over a physiologically relevant range of 1.8–288 mg dL−1. This is a unique, advanced biophosphor with LED and sensing applications, and it is the first example of a multifunctional, proteinaceous white emitter.
Bayesian inference in group judgment formulation and decision making using qualitative controlled feedback

This paper considers the problem of making statistical inferences about group judgements and group decisions using Qualitative Controlled Feedback, from the Bayesian point of view. The qualitative controlled feedback procedure was first introduced by Press (1978), for a single question of interest. The procedure in first reviewed here including the extension of the model to the multiple question case. We develop a model for responses of the panel on each stage. Many questions are treated simultaneously and an autoregressive model is developed for explaining the responses of the group members as a function of the feedback. The errors are assumed to follow a matrix intraclass covariance structure. Marginal and conditional posterior distributions of the regression coefficient vector are found in both small and large samples. The broadly defined generic family of multidimensional Student-t distributions is found to play a major role in the results
The case against an early lunar dynamo powered by core convection

Paleomagnetic analyses of lunar samples indicate that the Moon had a dynamo-generated magnetic field with ~50-μT surface field intensities between 3.85 and 3.56 Ga followed by a period of much lower (≤~5-μT) intensities that persisted beyond 2.5 Ga. However, we determine herein that there is insufficient energy associated with core convection – the process commonly recognized to generate long-lived magnetic fields in planetary bodies – to sustain a lunar dynamo for the duration and intensities indicated. We find that a lunar surface field of ≤1.9 μT could have persisted until 200 Ma, but the ~50-μT paleointensities recorded by lunar samples between 3.85 and 3.56 Ga could not have been sustained by a convective dynamo for more than 28 Myr. Thus, for a continuously-operating, convective dynamo to be consistent with the early lunar paleomagnetic record, either an exotic mechanism or unknown energy source must be primarily responsible for the ancient lunar magnetic field.
The Effects of Replacing Pork Fat with Cold-Pressed Coconut Oil on the Properties of Fresh Sausage

The effects of substituting coconut oil on the chemical composition, microorganism, and sensory properties of fresh sausages were investigated. This experiment evaluated three (0, 10%, 20%) levels of cold-pressed coconut oil (CPCO) and pork fat stored at 3°C for 14 days. The following treatments: 1) control (20% pork fat: 0% CPCO), 2) 0% pork fat: 20% CPCO and 3) 10% pork fat: 10% CPCO were replicated three times. Treatments were analyzed for pH value, % moisture content, % drip loss, lipid stability (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances TBARS), aerobic plate counts, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and sensory analysis. The initial moisture content of fresh sausage in this experiment ranged from 63.44 to 65.67%. Fresh sausage with 20% CPCO inhibited the growth of aerobic bacteria and obtained the highest TBARS values (4.25 mg MDA/kg) compared to the control treatment. In addition, fresh sausage (10% pork fat and 10% CPCO) decreased the % drip loss, pH value and obtained the highest overall rating (6.45) of sensory testing (n = 75). No E. coli and S. aureus were found in this study for 14 d at 3°C.
Donald Trump, contempt, and the 2016 GOP Iowa Caucuses

ABSTRACTTheories of discrete emotions distinguish contempt from other negative emotions, and recent evidence shows that contempt toward candidates played a major role in two US Senate races in 2014...
Gender Differences in the Association of Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Values among College Students

ABSTRACTAlthough research has indicated that cognitions and situational factors play a role in relationship satisfaction and aggression, few studies have investigated the association between intima...
Homocysteine inhibits von Willebrand factor processing and secretion by preventing transport from the endoplasmic reticulum

Intracellular protein transport in endothelial cells is selectively inhibited by homocysteine, a thiol amino acid associated with both thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In a previous study, homocysteine decreased cell surface expression of the surface transmembrane glycoprotein thrombomodulin without decreasing secretion of another endothelial cell protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. To define further the effects of homocysteine on protein transport, we examined the processing and secretion of the multimeric glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (vWF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Incubation with 2 mmol/L homocysteine resulted in complete loss of vWF multimers and prevented asparagine-linked oligosaccharide maturation, propeptide cleavage, and secretion; these effects are consistent with impaired exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Dimerization was only partially inhibited, suggesting that homocysteine causes retention of provWF in the ER without preventing dimer formation. In pulse-chase incubations, intracellular provWF was degraded before exiting the ER in homocysteine-treated cells. Homocysteine also inhibited the processing and secretion of a carboxyl-terminal truncation mutant of human provWF expressed in rat insulinoma cells, indicating that retention in the endoplasmic reticulum can be mediated by regions of provWF apart from the carboxyl-terminal 20-Kd segment. These results suggest that retention of secretory proteins in the ER is regulated by redox mechanisms and imply that the intracellular transport of multiple endothelial cell proteins may be altered in patients with homocystinuria.
Simultaneous Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer in Porous Media: A Theory of Drying

Publisher Summary The well-known transport equations for continuous media are used to construct a rational theory of simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer in porous media. Several important assumptions regarding the structure of the gas–liquid system in a drying process are made that require theoretical or experimental confirmation. This chapter presents a general theory that provides a starting point for the construction of special theories so that various drying processes can be studied analytically without recourse to an enormous computational effort. It analyzes the motion of a liquid and its vapor through a rigid porous media. The development of the relevant volume averaged transport equations, which describe the drying process, is also focused. The transport of momentum in the gas phase and the laws of mechanics are applied to the drying process. The thermal energy equations are considered by forming the total thermal energy equation, and the problem of determining the mass average velocities in the gas and liquid phases are also discussed.
Collaboration in Research Involving Traumatic Brain Injury and Sleep Disorders: Response to Agrawal A. et al. Traumatic brain injury and sleep disturbances. J. Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:177.

In our recent paper published here,1 we reported on the prevalence and consequences of sleep disorders after traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on data collected in a multicenter project. In this study, we found a high prevalence of sleep disorders (obstructive sleep apnea [OSA], narcolepsy and post-traumatic hypersomnia [PTH]) in an unselected sample of TBI patients who underwent nocturnal polysomnography. We also found that TBI patients with a sleep disorder or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as determined by objective measurement through the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), had more difficulties with sustained attention. In a follow-up paper2 we documented that those patients with TBI and OSA have more impairment in sustained attention and memory than TBI patients without OSA. While these findings are intriguing in that they point to the potential impact of sleep disorders on TBI outcome and general quality of life, much more work is necessary to elucidate these relations and find effective treatments. As in all emerging areas, careful study will require much effort and many resources. These can best be brought to bear through collaborative efforts across multiple centers. Thus, we enthusiastically concur with Agrawal et al3 and hope that our investigations and those of others might spur on such collaborative efforts to elucidate the causes, foster early diagnosis, and develop optimal treatment for these problems. Perhaps an international conference bringing together diverse investigators involved in these fields might be helpful in promoting this goal.
Prediction of phase equilibria and Gibbs free energies of transfer using molecular exchange Monte Carlo in the Gibbs ensemble

Abstract The molecular exchange Monte Carlo (MEMC) method is extended to Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC). The utility of the MEMC method is demonstrated through the calculation of the free energies of transfer of n-alkanes from vapor into liquid 1-octanol, n-hexadecane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane using isobaric-isothermal GEMC simulations. Calculations are performed for both the Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria (TraPPE) and Mie potentials. For all solutes, the Mie potentials predict free energies of transfer that are within 0.1 kcal/mol of experiment for solvation in n-hexadecane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. For TraPPE, solutes shorter than n-butane show similar agreement with experiment, but free energies for n-octane in n-hexadencane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane are over-predicted by approximately 0.25 and 0.5 kcal/mol, respectively.
Effect of Neprilysin Inhibition on Various Natriuretic Peptide Assays

Abstract Background With sacubitril/valsartan treatment, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations increase; it remains unclear whether change in BNP concentrations is similar across all assays for its measurement. Effects of sacubitril/valsartan on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations in patients are unknown. Lastly, the impact of neprilysin inhibition on mid-regional pro-ANP (MR-proANP), N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), proBNP1-108, or C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is not well understood. Objectives This study sought to examine the effects of sacubitril/valsartan on results from different natriuretic peptide assays. Methods Twenty-three consecutive stable patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction were initiated and titrated on sacubitril/valsartan. Change in ANP, MR-proANP, BNP (using 5 assays), NT-proBNP (3 assays), proBNP1-108, and CNP were measured over 3 visits. Results Average time to 3 follow-up visits was 22, 46, and 84 days. ANP rapidly and substantially increased with initiation and titration of sacubitril/valsartan, more than doubling by the first follow-up visit (+105.8%). Magnitude of ANP increase was greatest in those with concentrations above the median at baseline (+188%) compared with those with lower baseline concentrations (+44%); ANP increases were sustained. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan led to inconsistent changes in BNP, which varied across methods assessed. Concentrations of MR-proANP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP1-108 variably declined after treatment; whereas CNP concentrations showed no consistent change. Conclusions Initiation and titration of sacubitril/valsartan led to variable changes in concentrations of multiple natriuretic peptides. These results provide important insights into the effects of sacubitril/valsartan treatment on individual patient results, and further suggest the benefit of neprilysin inhibition may be partially mediated by increased ANP concentrations.
Effectiveness of standardised preoperative assessment and patient instructions on admission blood glucose for patients with diabetes undergoing orthopaedic surgery at a tertiary referral hospital

Diabetes and hyperglycaemia affect a significant number of people and are associated with a variety of untoward effects, especially under physiological stress such as surgery. Due, in large part to limited evidence, clinical practice in monitoring blood glucose and treating hyperglycaemic conditions in the perioperative period is variable. We used Lean methodologies to implement a standardised approach to preoperative management of patients undergoing elective surgery in an effort to improve glycaemic control. Overall, we saw an appropriate increase in monitoring and a decrease in the rate of hyperglycaemia on presentation to the operating room. This approach may be useful in other care settings or patient populations, potentially contributing to improved glycaemic control and subsequent decrease in associated complications.
Low Tidal Volume Ventilation and Threshold Opening Pressures During Lung Injury: Implications for Managing Severe ARDS

Background: In ARDS recruitment requires a threshold opening pressure (the clinical correlate being plateau pressures or Pplat) that progressively increases from non-dependent to dependent lung over a range of 20-60 cm H2O. 1, 2 Three recruitment nodal points signifying these anatomic transitions (mid-to- dorsal lung) have been identified as 30, 35 and 45 cm H2O. 1 Because the ARDSNet ARMA protocol goal is Pplat Methods: Our ARDS quality assurance database contained 1, 287 subjects managed with the ARMA protocol with reference period ventilator data on the day following protocol initiation. Calculations included: 1) median and 75th percentile Pplat, 2) percentage of Pplat that met each recruitment nodal point, 3) percentage of subjects with severe ARDS (arterial oxygen tension-to- inspired oxygen fraction or PaO2/FIO2 0.7), 5) median and 75th percentile of tidal volume (VT) and 6) driving pressure (Pplat-PEEP). Results: At PEEP > 10 cm H2O, substantial and increasing numbers of subjects met severe ARDS criteria and required a toxic FIO2. Moreover, until PEEP reached 18 cm H2O, the majority of subjects did not cross any of the nodal points associated with alveolar recruitment; particularly those associated with dorsal lung recruitment (ie, Pplat > 35 cm H2O) (Table). Reasonable lung-protection (particularly at higher PEEP levels) was maintained as noted by median and 75th percentiles for both VT driving pressure. Conclusions: Increasing PEEP to stabilize oxygenation using the ARMA protocol often does not achieve sufficient Pplat to reverse dependent atelectasis. Depending upon PEEP and severity of hypoxemia, reasonable alternatives include increasing PEEP to increase Pplat, prone position (which increases dorsal transpulmonary pressure) or recruitment maneuvers. 1. Crotti S, et al. Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinical study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;164:131-140. 2. Borges JB, et al. Reversibility of lung collapse and hypoxemia in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:268-278.
Gaussian Fractional Integrals and Fractional Derivatives, and Their Boundedness on Gaussian Function Spaces

In this chapter, we study several important operators in Gaussian harmonic analysis. First, we consider Riesz and Bessel potentials with respect to the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator L, and then, Riesz and Bessel fractional derivatives. We study their regularity on Gaussian Lipschitz spaces, on Gaussian Besov–Lipschitz spaces, and on Gaussian Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. The results obtained are essentially similar to the classical results, as mentioned before, the methods of proofs are completely different. The boundedness results for Gaussian Besov–Lipschitz and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces were obtained by A. E. Gatto, E. Pineda, and W. Urbina, and appeared initially in [110] and [111]. These results can be extended to the case of Laguerre and Jacobi expansions by analogous arguments.
The Grain Boundary Grooving of Iron in Liouid Sodium

When a polycrystalline metal is annealed at a sufficiently high temperature, grain boundary grooves are produced at the intersection of the grain boundaries with the metal surface. The grooves are formed by surface-tension-driven mass transport and have a profile as indicated schematically in Fig. 1. With the development by Mullins(1,2) of a theory of grain boundary grooving, it has been possible to distinguish between the mass transport mechanisms of surface and volume diffusion and to determine the diffusion coefficient. In recent years many studies of surface self-diffusion of metals have been performed by measuring grooving kinetics in vacuum, hydrogen, or inert gas environments.(3) Relatively few such studies have been made in a liquid metal environment and none, to the authors’ knowledge, in liquid sodium. Because of the use of sodium as a reactor coolant and the interest in its behavior as a corrodent, a study of grain boundary groove development on α-iron (b.c.c.) surfaces exposed to liquid sodium is currently underway in this laboratory. The purpose is to determine the mass transport mechanism and diffusion coefficient for a-iron in a sodium environment and to compare these results with those of surface self-diffusion of iron in vacuum.(4) Interference microscopy is being used to determine surface topography. The experimental program is nearly complete, and preliminary results of the study are presented here. Open image in new window Fig. 1 Schematic cross section of a grain boundary groove.
Abstract 860: Solution structure of a dGMP fill-in G-quadruplex forms in PDGFR-b promoter

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) is an important cell-surface-receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in PDGF signaling pathways. The PDGFR-β signaling pathway has been demonstrated as an essential component in control of the cellular growth, proliferation, survival, motility and differentiation. Overexpression of PDGFR-β is associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and migration, making PDGFR-β an attractive target for anticancer therapeutics. In the PDGFR-β gene promoter, a highly GC-rich proximal promoter region -165 to -139 nt upstream of the transcriptional start site is crucial for basal promoter activity, which can form G-quadruplexes (G4s). These structures can be stabilized by the G4-interactive molecules to inhibit the PDGFR-β transcriptional activity. Our previous structure study showed that the G4 structures formed in the PDGFR-β gene promoter always contain a broken G-strand. The broken-strand structure suggests a possibility of the formation of a G-vacancy-bearing G-quadruplex (GVBQ) structure, which can be complemented and stabilized by guanine and guanine derivatives. Elevated levels of guanine and guanine derivatives/metabolites are found in tumor cells, suggesting that the GVBQs may play important regulatory roles in tumor cell pathological processes, such as PDGFR-β transcriptional regulation. Using NMR, CD, EMSA and DMS footprinting experiments, herein, we contributed the first atomic resolution structure of a dGMP fill-in G4 formed in PDGFR-β gene promoter in potassium solution. Surprisingly, our results showed that solution dGMP preferentially inserts from the 59 end tetrad instead of the G-22 position of the previously determined structure, and maybe in dynamic equilibrium with our previously reported G-quadruplex. The dGMP, like other intramolecular guanines, that forms four Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds with adjacent guanines and stabilizes by electronic coordination with potassium cation as well as the π-π stacking interaction with the middle tetrad guanine. Moreover, a series of guanine derivatives were investigated to fill in this GVBQ, and found that only these derivatives that keep the ability to form Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in G-tetrad can serve as the substrate, providing insights into designing new guanine derivatives anticancer drugs. Citation Format: Kaibo Wang, Jonathan Dickerhoff, Guanhui Wu, Clement Lin, Danzhou Yang. Solution structure of a dGMP fill-in G-quadruplex forms in PDGFR- b promoter [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 860.
Introducing Networks in Climate Studies

Advances in understanding coupling in complex networks offer new ways of studying the collective behavior of interactive systems and already have yielded new insights in many areas of science. Here we present a overview of the first uses of network in climate studies.
Utility in Patent Law: Cases and Materials

This forthcoming casebook chapter presents the law of patent utility, including the history of the usefulness requirement and the doctrine's modern treatment. Authored by David O. Taylor and edited by Mark D. Janis, it covers moral utility, operability, and practical utility, mixing foundational cases with helpful notes and problems.