cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and Reactivity of Trimethylsilylmethyl Complexes of Chromium, Including the 13-Electron Alkyl Cp*Cr(CH2SiMe3)2

Alkylation of Cp*Cr(THF)Cl2 with 1 or 2 equiv of LiCH2SiMe3 yielded the paramagnetic chromium alkyls [Cp*Cr(μ-Cl)(CH2SiMe3)]2 (1), Cp*Cr(CH2SiMe3)2 (2), and Cp*Cr(L)(CH2SiMe3)2 (3a, L = py; 3b, L = THF). Compound 2 is a coordinatively unsaturated, pseudo-five-coordinate CrIII complex with a 13-electron configuration, and it catalyzes the polymerization of ethylene. The thermal decomposition of 2 in noncoordinating solvents proceeded via an intermediate, namely the bis(μ-alkylidene) complex [Cp*Cr(μ-CHSi(CH3)3)]2 (4). Compound 4 suffered reductive elimination to yield the dinuclear CrII alkyl Cp*2Cr2(μ-CH2Si(CH3)2CH2-μ-CHSi(CH3)3) (5). In contrast, the decomposition of 2 in THF, i.e., 3b, yielded the metallacycles Cp*Cr(L)(CH2)2Si(CH3)3) (6a, L = py; 6b, L = THF). Compounds 1, 2, 3b, 4, and 5 have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The reactions of 2 are rationalized in terms of competing α- and γ-hydrogen elimination processes yielding terminal alkylidene and metallacyclobutane intermed...
Adaptive AMG with coarsening based on compatible weighted matching

We introduce a new composite adaptive Algebraic Multigrid (composite $$\alpha $$?AMG) method to solve systems of linear equations without a-priori knowledge or assumption on characteristics of near-null components of the AMG preconditioned problem referred to as algebraic smoothness. Our version of $$\alpha $$?AMG is a composite solver built through a bootstrap strategy aimed to obtain a desired convergence rate. The coarsening process employed to build each new solver component relies on a pairwise aggregation scheme based on weighted matching in a graph, successfully exploited for reordering algorithms in sparse direct methods to enhance diagonal dominance, and compatible relaxation. The proposed compatible matching process replaces the commonly used characterization of strength of connection in both the coarse space selection and in the interpolation scheme. The goal is to design a method leading to scalable AMG for a wide class of problems that go beyond the standard elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). In the present work, we introduce the method and demonstrate its potential when applied to symmetric positive definite linear systems arising from finite element discretization of highly anisotropic elliptic PDEs on structured and unstructured meshes. We also report on some preliminary tests for 2D and 3D elasticity problems as well as on problems from the University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection.
NOE-Derived Solution Structures of a Benzylborato−Azasilazirconacyclobutane Complex, {(Me3Si)2N}Zr(CH2SiMe2NSiMe3){η6-PhCH2B(C6F5)3}

The benzylborato-azasilazirconacyclobutane complex 1 was formed by ligand cyclometalation upon reaction of {l_brace}(Me{sub 3}Si){sub 2}N{r_brace}{sub 2}Zr(CH{sub 2}Ph){sub 2} with B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 3}. Quantitative analysis of the {sup 1}H NOESY time course of 1 using the conformer population analysis method demonstrates that the dominant conformers in solution are rapidly exchanging benzyl borate rotamers, closely bound to the asymmetric zirconium. The ring rotates such that the benzylic methylene eclipses the metallocyclobutylmethylene in the majority of the population and the free amide nitrogen in the minority of the population. A molecular dynamics approach was required to solve this solution structure because a mixture of static conformations does not satisfactorily explain the observed spectra.
GaAs Devices for Low Loss Power Rectification

High voltage GaAs Schottky rectifiers fabricated using vapor phase epitaxy have been observed to be an order of magnitude higher in switching speeds than silicon. Measured rectifier barrier heights deduced from the I-V and C-V plots were found to be in good agreement with previously reported values. Our experimental results show no correlation between the epilayer thickness and barrier height.
T c for trapped dilute Bose gases: A second-order result

For some time, the theoretical result for the transition temperature of a dilute three-dimensional Bose gas in an arbitrarily wide harmonic trap has been known to first order in the interaction strength. We extend that result to second order. The first-order result for a gas trapped in a harmonic potential can be computed in mean-field theory (in contrast to the first-order result for a uniform gas, which cannot). We show that, at second order, perturbation theory suffices for relating the transition temperature to the chemical potential at the transition, but the chemical potential is nonperturbative at the desired order. The necessary information about the chemical potential can be extracted, however, from recent lattice simulations of uniform Bose gases.
Phase transitions in a zirconia-nucleated MgO·Al2O3·3SiO2 glass-ceramic

The complexity of the phase transformations occurring in glass-ceramic materials as a result of the time and temperature of heat treatment complicates investigations of material properties. A method of correlating the phase transformations with the time and temperature of heat treatment is presented in graphical form. A MgO·Al2O3·3SiO2 composition nucleated with zirconia is used as a model.
Fundamental studies of the structure and growth of electrodeposited nickel

Abstract Nickel was electrodeposited from a Watts bath onto annealed, shock- loaded and cold-rolled polycrystalline copper substrates, at 50°C and using a range of current densities. The microstructures of the substrates and the nickel electrodeposits were examined by optical and electron microscopy techniques. It was observed that the nickel overgrowth structure showed similar trends on all three substrates, indicating that substrate dislocations did not influence the structure of the deposits. The grain size, the orientation and the deposit thickness were found to be the predominant factors influencing overgrowth structure. It was further observed that dislocations in the nickel electrodeposits do not show any relation to substrate dislocations in density, distribution or character. The nickel overgrowth was observed to undergo recrystallization dominated by nucleation and growth of twins. The formation of subgrain boundaries and dislocation cells during early growth of thinner overgrowths was also observed; their occurrenc, as well as related recrystallization phenomena, was controlled to a large extent by the substrate orientation. The possible role of dislocations in the recrystallization of the electrodeposits is also discussed with respect to changes in the overgrowth thickness.
Dichotic and monotic interactions between speech and nonspeech sounds at different stimulus onset asynchronies

Subjects’ identification of stop-vowel “targets” was obtained under monotic and dichotic, forward and backward, masking conditions. Masks, or “challenges,” were another stop-vowel or one of three nonspeech sounds similar to parts of a stop-vowel. Backward masking was greater than forward in dichotic conditions. Forward masking predominated monotically. Relative degree of masking for different challenges suggested that dichotic effects were predicated on interference with processing of a complex temporal array of auditory “features” of the targets, prior to phonetic decoding but subsequent to basic auditory analysis. Monotic effects seemed best interpreted as dependent on relative spectrum levels of nearly simultaneous portions of the two signals.
Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Nanotube Structures (nanoPaNTs) Based on Antenna Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) polarize readily in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) fields, enabling a variety of electrochemical reactions. Here, we study the reaction of transition metal ion salts in the presence of surfactant-stabilized SWNT individually suspended in water when activated by alternating EM fields in the radio frequency (RF), microwave (MW), and optical regimes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show formation of novel SWNT nanoparticle−nanotube structures (nanoPaNTs). The resulting nanoPaNTs include SWNT with metallic nanoparticles at one or both tips (“dumbbells”), SWNT toroids, and straight SWNT “threaded” through multiple SWNT rings to form shish-kebab structures. Mixtures of surfactants and polymer apparently modify the local environment of polarized SWNT in a manner that reduces the energy needed for ring formation. We also infer that electrodeposition reactions proceed on a significantly faster time scale than ring formation. These processes can potentially be used f...
Exchange rate pass-through and international pricing strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions

The extent to which exchange rate fluctuations affect international prices is called “exchange rate pass-through.” This paper develops a conceptual model in explaining how exchange rate fluctuations are channeled into international pricing strategy, and offers research propositions. Our model posits that the extent of exchange rate pass-through in international pricing is affected by the firm's pricing orientation, performance orientation, distribution policy, and brand equity, as well as by exchange rate uncertainty and competitive symmetry.
Effect of ultrasound on acidified brine leaching of double-kiln treated EAF dust

Abstract The U.S. steel industry produces approximately 500,000 tons/year of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, which is classified as a hazardous waste. Increasing disposal costs of these dusts have encouraged studies to investigate treatment processes to render the material non-hazardous, and to possibly recover metal values. This research project was designed to examine the hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc from EAF dusts that have been treated by a double-kiln fuming process. The test work consisted essentially of acidified brine leaching of the pelletized calcine to determine the influence of traditional conditions, such as acid concentration, temperature and agitation, plus the application of ultrasound, on the zinc dissolution efficiency and selectivity. Preliminary leaching tests using acidified calcium chloride indicated that selective leaching of zinc over iron could be attained if ultrasound was employed. The effect of air and nitrogen on the leaching process was investigated and it was established that selective leaching with ultrasound was not dependent upon external agitation or on the availability of oxygen. Without ultrasound, zinc dissolution was enhanced by the presence of oxygen, while iron dissolution was greatly retarded by the absence of oxygen. The role of surface area was examined by pellet grinding and it was demonstrated that selectivity was strongly time dependent and that zinc recovery and iron rejection were enhanced at finer particle sizes. The results of the test work permitted possible mechanisms to be established for the acidified brine leaching process, and it is apparent from the results that ultrasound leaching can significantly improve the selective leaching of zinc from double-kiln treated EAF calcine.
Improved Bone Structure and Strength After Long-Term Mechanical Loading Is Greatest if Loading Is Separated Into Short Bouts

Mechanical loading presents a potent osteogenic stimulus to bone cells, but bone cells desensitize rapidly to mechanical stimulation. Resensitization must occur before the cells can transduce future mechanical signals effectively. Previous experiments show that mechanical loading protocols are more osteogenic if the load cycles are divided into several discrete bouts, separated by several hours, than if the cycles are applied in a single uninterrupted bout. We investigated the effect of discrete mechanical loading bouts on structure and biomechanical properties of the rat ulna after 16 weeks of loading. The right ulnas of 26 adult female rats were subjected to 360 load cycles/day, delivered in a haversine waveform at 17 N peak force, 3 days/week for 16 weeks. One-half of the animals (n = 13) were administered all 360 daily cycles in a single uninterrupted bout (360 x 1); the other half were administered 90 cycles four times per day (90 x 4), with 3 h between bouts. A nonloaded baseline control (BLC) group and an age-matched control (AMC) group (n = 9/group) were included in the experiment. The following measurements were collected after death: in situ mechanical strain at the ulna midshaft; ulnar length; maximum and minimum second moments of area (I(MAx) and I(MIN)) along the entire length of the ulnas (1-mm increments); and ultimate force, energy to failure, and stiffness of whole ulnas. Qualitative observations of bone morphology were made from whole bone images reconstructed from microcomputed tomography (microCT) slices. Loading according to the 360 x 1 and 90 x 4 schedules improved ultimate force by 64% and 87%, energy to failure by 94% and 165%, I(MAX) by 13% and 26% (in the middistal diaphysis), I(MIN) by 69% and 96% (in the middistal diaphysis), and reduced peak mechanical strain by 40% and 36%, respectively. The large increases in biomechanical properties occurred despite very low 5-12% gains in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). Mechanical loading is more effective in enhancing bone biomechanical and structural properties if the loads are applied in discrete bouts, separated by recovery periods (90 x 4 schedule), than if the loads are applied in a single session (360 x 1). Modest increases in aBMD and BMC can improve biomechanical properties substantially if the new bone formation is localized to the most biomechanically relevant sites, as occurs during load-induced bone formation.
An integrated program for comprehensive HIV care

HIV-AIDS medical care systems that do not have full integration of mental health, alcohol, and substance use services--including the key components of prophylaxis, medication adherence, and outpatient symptom management--risk less-than-optimal outcomes. This chapter provides a model for integrated treatment.
High resolution applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for environmental and forensic applications

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used in the elemental analysis for a variety of environmental samples and as a proof of concept for a host of forensic applications. In the first application, LIBS was used for the rapid detection of carbon from a number of different soil types. In this application, a major breakthrough was achieved by using a multivariate analytical approach that has brought us closer towards a “universal calibration curve”. In a second application, it has been demonstrated that LIBS in combination with multivariate analysis can be employed to analyze the chemical composition of annual tree growth rings and correlate them to external parameters such as changes in climate, forest fires, and disturbances involving human activity. The objectives of using this technology in fire scar determinations are: 1) To determine the characteristic spectra of wood exposed to forest fires and 2) To examine the viability of this technique for detecting fire occurrences in stems that did not develop fire scars. These examples demonstrate that LIBS-based techniques are inherently well suited for diverse environmental applications. LIBS was also applied to a variety of proof of concept forensic applications such as the analysis of cremains (human cremation remains) and elemental composition analysis of prosthetic implants.
Notes and Communications RESOLVING CERTAIN DIFFICULTIES AND IMPROVING THE CLASSIFICATION POWER OF LP DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FORMULATIONS

In certain settings, difficulties arise that limit the effectiveness of LP formulations for the discriminant problem. Explanations and possible remedies have been offered, but these have had only limited success. We provide a simple way to overcome these problems based on an appropriate use and interpretation of normalizations. In addition, we demonstrate a normalization that is invariant under all translations of the problem data, providing a stability property not shared by previous approaches. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using more general models to improve discrimination.
Suppression of growth of a mouse plasmacytoma by the igg2 fraction of syngeneic antitumor globulin.

The effects of syngeneic antitumor antibody on transplanted plasmacytoma cells have been examined. Globulin was prepared from ascites fluids produced in Balb/c mice injected with MOPC 315 tumor cells and bearing the solid tumor. Normal Balb/c mice were given inoculations of tumor cells that had been incubated with the antitumor globulin obtained at various intervals after immunization, or with portions of such globulins. These materials were prepared to express the IgG2 class antibody by three procedures: precipitation with heterologous anti-mouse IgG1, passage through columns of Sepharose anti-IgG1, or adsorption to and elution from heat- and formalin-killed protein A-bearing staphylococci. The original antitumor globulins showed differences with time relative to the second injection of the immunizing tumor, in that a number of the earlier pools led to some suppression of tumor growth, and a number of the later pools led to some enhancement. Of the globulins obtained later, preparations expressing the IgG2 class of antibody by precipitation with anti-IgG1 serum caused some suppression of tumor growth. Pronounced suppression of growth was consistently obtained with anti-MOPC 315 globulin freed of IgG1 by passing it through an anti-IgG1 immunoadsorbent, and with IgG2a preparations obtained by elution from the protein A-bearing staphylococci. Of the anti-IgG1 column-treated preparations, the suppressive effect was maximal in globulin obtained 15–26 days after the second immunization. The suppressive effect of these preparations could be removed by absorption with MOPC 315 cells, but not by cells of another Balb/c tumor nor by two other plasmacytomas.
Neurotoxicity of adriamycin (doxorubicin) perfused through the cerebrospinal fluid spaces of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) was perfused through the ventriculo-cisternal (VC) and ventriculo-lumbar (VL) spaces of Rhesus monkeys at inflow concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 100 μg/ml at an average inflow rate of 128 μl/min for 190 min. Animals died or became moribund within 10 days following perfusion of Adriamycin within the range of inflow concentrations of 6.0 to 100 μg/ml. General neurotoxicity consisted of general body weakness, tremors, severe to slight hypokinesia (especially of the hindlimbs), and signs of excitation, nervousness, or depression after a perfusion. Other adverse responses were a significant decrease in water and food intake, mydriasis, and loss of the wink reflex in one or both eyes. With the exception of isolated instances, only trasient minor changes occurred in heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, body temperature, cortical EEG, opening ventricular pressure, CSF formation rate, and inulin clearance. Conditioned avoidance behavior was not significantly affected in otherwise normal animals; although, at times, motor deficits of the arms may have interfered with performance. In the brains of three monkeys perfused at 100, 12.5, or 6.0 μg/ml, there was a distinctive necrotizing angiopathy that was noninflammatory and for which it is difficult to find an exact parallel in human pathology. In view of the particular findings shown in this study, it is not recommended that this drug be administered intrathecally in man.
Attention deficits: current concepts, controversies, management, and approaches to classroom instruction

This article reviews the current criteria for diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Undifferentiated Attention-Deficit Disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association, and describes other typical presenting features of children with attentional disorders. The current theories of the biological basis of attentional disorders are reviewed. Treatments of attentional disorders are discussed, including medical treatments with stimulants and tricyclic antidepressants, and non-medical treatments, such as behavior modification, psychotherapy, diets, and specific educational modifications that are felt to be helpful. Finally, our current thinking about the long-term outlook for children with attentional disorders is summarized.
High-intensity multiphoton ionization of H2.

A tunable, high-intensity picosecond-dye-laser system has been employed with electron energy analysis to investigate the dynamics of (3+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization via various vibrational levels of the ${\mathit{B}}^{1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$ and ${\mathit{C}}^{1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{\mathit{u}}$ electronic states in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. At the intensities studied [(0.2--6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$], we find evidence for production of molecular ions in various vibrational levels; at the lower intensities the population distribution of final vibrational states varies with wavelength in a manner consistent with resonant enhancement at the three-photon level, followed by ionization into a vibrational level of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ roughly predictable by a Franck-Condon analysis of ionization out of the C state. At higher intensities, there is a shift to increased population of lower vibrational states of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, consistent with an ac Stark shift of the correspondingly lower vibrational levels of the C state into resonance with the three-photon energy of the laser. Clear evidence of direct dissociation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ followed by single-photon ionization of the excited H atom is observed as well. Above-threshold ionization of these two processes occurs readily. We also find that dissociative ionization is an increasingly important ionization pathway as the wavelength is increased. Finally, we see evidence of a fourth ionization pathway, which we tentatively assign to photoionization into a transient bound state created by the avoided crossing of the first repulsive electronic state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, \ensuremath{\Vert}2p${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}$,n〉, with the single-photon-dressed ground state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, \ensuremath{\Vert}1s${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{g}}$,n+1〉.
On the formation of higher carbon oxides in extreme environments

Due to the importance of higher carbon oxides of the general formula COx (x > 2) in atmospheric chemistry, isotopic enrichment processes, low-temperature ices in the interstellar medium and in the outer solar system, as well as potential implications to high-energy materials, an overview on higher carbon oxides COx (x = 3–6) is presented. This article reviews recent developments on these transient species. Future challenges and directions of this research field are highlighted.
A ventral prefrontal‐amygdala neural system in bipolar disorder: a view from neuroimaging research

In the past decade, neuroimaging research has identified key components in the neural system that underlies bipolar disorder (BD). The ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) and amygdala are highly interconnected structures that jointly play a central role in emotional regulation. Numerous research groups have reported prominent structural and functional abnormalities within the VPFC and amygdala supporting their essential role in a neural system underlying the emotional dysregulation that is a core feature of BD. Findings in BD also include those in brain regions interconnected with the VPFC and amygdala, including the ventral striatum, hippocampus and the cerebellum. Abnormalities in these regions may contribute to symptoms that reflect disruption in functions sub-served by these structures, including motivational, mnemonic and psychomotor functions. This article will first review leads from behavioural neurology that implicated these neural system abnormalities in BD. It will then review findings from structural and functional imaging studies to support the presence of abnormalities within these neural system components in BD. It will also review new findings from studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that provide increasing evidence of abnormalities in the connections between these neural system components in BD. Emerging data supporting differences in this neural system during adolescence, as well as potential beneficial effects of treatment on structure and function will also be presented. Finally, the article will discuss the implications for future investigations, including those for early identification and treatment of BD.
ISOLATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE LENS CRYSTALLINS

The soluble proteins from bovine lens homogenate were separated on Sepharose CL-6B (2 X 200 cm) in 0.05 M tris-NaHSO3 pH 8.2 buffer containing 20 mM EDTA. Five sharp and defined fractions (HM alpha, alpha, beta H, beta L, gamma) were obtained. Each crystallin fraction was further purified by rechromatography on the same column. Each protein fraction was pure as judged by ultracentrifugation and SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the five fractions were 3.04 x 10(6), 5.83 x 10(5), 1.58 x 10(5) , 4.59 x 10(4), 2.14 x 10(4) as determined from sedimentation coefficient and intrinsic viscosity data by Scheraga-Mandelkern equation, which was in close agreement with that obtained by gel filtration. The polypeptide composition of crystallins as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed one band for high molecular weight alpha (HM alpha) and alpha, three for beta H, two for beta L and one for gamma. The gross CD patterns of crystallins were about the same in the peptide region (200 nm similar to or approximately 250 nm) with a minimum centered at about 217 nm, indicative of a beta-sheet structure in all crystallins. The [theta] values at 217 nm ranged from --1700 to --3700 degrees cm2 per decimole. The CD spectra of these crystallins in the aromatic region (250 nm similar to or approximately 300 nm) were different, reflecting the different contributions of aromatic amino acids to the tertiary structure of crystallins.
Complementary and alternative medicine research initiatives in the Children's Oncology Group and the role of the pediatric oncology nurse.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has emerged as a new area of investigation in cancer research and treatment. CAM modalities are widely used, but little is known about their efficacy. T...
Investments in stochastic maximum flow networks

Each are (i, j) of the network has capacity ξ ij where ξ ij is a non-negative random variable. The capacity of any arc may be reduced increased by an amountu ij ≥0 at a cost ofc ij u ij . The objective is to maximizev−K∑c ij u ij wherev is the expected maximum flow. This problem is formulated as a two-stage linear program under uncertainty. Each feasible\(\bar u = ||\bar u_{ij} ||\) generates a constraint\( - \Sigma \pi _{ij} (\bar u)u_{ij} + \theta \leqslant \rho (\bar u)\) where\(\pi _{ij} (\bar u)\) is the probability arc (i, j) is in the minimum cut set and\(\rho (\bar u)\) the expected value of the maximum flow under\(u = (\bar u)\). The formulation is later generalized to include certain conditions under which the increase in capacity of an arc may be a non-deterministic function of the investmentc ij u ij .
Harnessing immunity for cancer marker discovery.

The display of a random peptide library on the surface of phage has been applied to the discovery of antigens specific to prostate cancer.
Criteria for constructing ice platforms in relation to meteorological variables

Abstract A criterion for controlling the construction of an ice platform has been proposed in terms of constant heat deficit at a position near the surface of the built-up ice. Based on this criterion for construction and the relation between meteorological variables and the heat flux released from the surface towards the atmosphere, a time period for a single flooding-and-freezing cycle has been estimated. A chart has been constructed for the time period in relation to meteorological variables.
Difficulties in establishing routine amniocentesis for preterm labor evaluation

After a recent practice change implementing amniocentesis into the evaluation of preterm labor (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), actual performance of the procedure was tracked. Fifty-nine patients were admitted with these diagnoses. Twenty-three patients (39%) were offered amniocentesis and 36 patients (61%) were not offered amniocentesis as part of the clinical protocol. Seven (30%) patients of those offered an amniocentesis underwent the procedure. The predominant reasons for not performing an amniocentesis were patient refusal and provider discomfort. In conclusion, implementation of amniocentesis to evaluate for subclinical infection/inflammation in the setting of PTL or PPROM proved difficult, as only 7 of 59 (11.9%) patients admitted with these diagnoses actually received an amniocentesis.
Research note: Effect of dissolved oxygen level on lactase production by Kluyveromyces fragilis

The influence of dissolved oxygen (% DO) on lactase production by Kluyveromyces fragilis (NRRL-Y-1109) in chemostat culture using a defined medium was studied. The aim was to determine conditions for both high specific enzyme activity and high volumetric enzyme productivity. Significant differences in the specific enzyme activity and specific and volumetric enzyme productivity were found at the corresponding steady states when the DO was varied between 0 and 90%. Maximum lactase production was attained at 10% DO. Under this condition the best results were an enzyme activity of 5910 IU g−1, specific production rate of 1810 IU g−1 h−1 and volumetric production rate of 1530 IU dm−3 h−1. This seem to be due to the fact that at low aeration conditions the yeast metabolism is more reductive and as a consequence it verifies both higher specific lactose consumption rate and higher enzyme expression than in full aeration conditions. The results of this investigation are also compared with those of other studies of lactase production by Kluyveromyces sp. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of Sentence-to-Sentence Relations Using a Textual Entailer

We show in this article how an approach developed for the task of recognizing textual entailment relations can be extended to identify paraphrase and elaboration relations. Entailment is a unidirectional relation between two sentences in which one sentence logically infers the other. There seems to be a close relation between entailment and two other sentence-to-sentence relations: elaboration and paraphrase. This close relation is discussed to theoretically justify the newly derived approaches. The proposed approaches use lexical, syntactic, and shallow negation handling. The proposed approaches offer significantly better results than several baselines. When compared to other paraphrase and elaboration approaches they produce similar or better results. We report results on several data sets: the Microsoft Research Paraphrase corpus, a benchmark for evaluating approaches to paraphrase identification, and a data set collected from high-school students' interactions with an intelligent tutoring system iSTART, which includes both paraphrase and elaboration utterances.
Planetary Wave Coupling between the Troposphere and the Middle Atmosphere as a Possible Sun-Weather Mechanism

The possibility of planetary wave coupling between the troposphere and solar-induced alterations in the upper atmosphere providing a viable mechanism for giving rise to sun-weather relationships is investigated. Some of the observational evidence for solar-activity-induced effects on levels of the upper atmosphere ranging from the thermosphere down to the lower stratosphere are reviewed. It is concluded that there is evidence for such effects extending down to the middle stratosphere and below. Evidence is also reviewed that these effects are due to changes in solar ultraviolet emission during disturbed solar conditions. A theoretical planetary wave model is then used to see at what levels in the upper atmosphere moderate changes in the mean zonal wind state would result in tropospheric changes. It is concluded that changes in the mean zonal flow of about 20% at levels in the vicinity of 35 km or below would give rise to changes in the tropospheric planetary wave pattern that are less than but on the same order as the observed interannual variability in the tropospheric wave pattern at middle and high latitudes.
Kritische Situationen bei der Bestimmung des Substitutionsgrades von Amyloseverbindungen über ihren Kohlenstoffgehalt

Der Substitutionsgrad (DS) von Amyloseverbindungen ist nicht immer uber ihren Kohlenstoffgehalt bestimmbar. Kritische Situationen treten fur Derivate mit einem Substituenten auf, wenn die Kohlenstoffwerte des letzteren und von reiner Amylose (4/9 = 0.444) gleich sind. In der Praxis trifft man dies kaum an. Disubstituierte Amyloseverbindungen weisen eine Vielzahl kritischer Situationen auf. Das hangt vom DS des bestimmten Subsitutenten ab und ist nur moglich, wenn der zu bestimmende Substituent der kleinere ist. Der kritische DS(1)(=DSkr kann jeden Wert von 0 bis 3 annehmen. Bei trisubstituierten Verbindungen treten kritische Situationen selten auf. Dafur ist es notwendig, das der zu bestimmende Substituent [DS(3)] seiner Grose nach zwischen den beiden bekannten Substituenten liegt. Die Summe DS = DS(1)+DS(2) der letzten ist offensichtlich immer groser als 2. Alle Paare DS(1) und DS(2) sind uber lineare Gleichungen verbunden. Es wurden spezielle und allgemeine Formeln fur die Voraussage von kritischen Situationen fur alle Amyloseverbindugen hergeleitet. Critical Situations at the Determination of the Degree of Substitution for Amylose Compounds via Their Carbon Content. The degree of substitution (DS) of amylose compounds is not always ascertainable via their carbon content. Critical situations arise for derivatives with one substitute, if the carbon contents in the latter and in pure amylose (4/9 = 0,444) are equal. In practice, one encounters that scarcely. Disubstituted amylose compounds exhibit a large number of critical situations. That depends on the DS of the determined substituent and is possible only, if the substitute that is to determine is the smaller one. the critical DS(1)=DSkr may become every value between 0 and 3. At trisubstituted compounds critical situations arise rarely. It is a size between the both known substituents. The sum DS=DS(1)+ DS(2) of the latter is, obviously, always greater than 2. All pairs DS(1) and DS(2) are connected by linear equations. Special and common formulae were derived for prediction of critical situations for all amylose compounds.
Use of Probiotics in the Management of Chemotherapy‐Induced Diarrhea: A Case Study

Gastrointestinal disturbances (particularly diarrhea) are often induced in response to cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. Oral chemotherapeutic agents can induce diarrhea by damaging the intestinal lining. Two common oral drugs used in cancer treatment that are known to have gastrointestinal side effects are capecitabine and lapatinib. In this brief communication, the authors discuss a case study of a stage IV breast cancer patient whose chemotherapy-induced diarrhea was treated successfully with a multispecies combination of probiotics. This is a unique study in which grade 3 chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (characterized by 7-9 stools per day and associated with incontinence and abdominal cramping) was treated with only a multispecies combination of probiotics. Probiotics have been used to treat diarrhea in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, pouchitis, and Crohn's disease. More recently, probiotics have been used to treat chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in colon cancer patients. This case study demonstrates that the probiotics can also be used to treat severe cases of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in breast cancer patients. The use of different probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases is an increasingly important area of study, and more research into this area is needed. This study demonstrates that probiotics should be considered for advanced breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced diarrhea.
Requirements for large‐sized high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs

A 22-in. prototype TFT-LCD with a resolution of 200 pixels per inch and wide-viewing-angle capability has been developed and its requirements in terms of screen quality and technology will be discussed. An in-plane-switching mode with dual-domain structure, post-spacers, and high-resolution process were implemented to achieve superior front-of-screen quality. And, also, in order to improve reliability and productivity, we developed a new injection method for liquid crystals which enabled us to eliminate injection holes.
Geological and Petrological Considerations Relevant to the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes by Hydraulic Fracturing: An Example at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory In Situ Composites Prepared by Solidification and Mechanical Techniques

At Oak Ridge National Laboratory the Pumpkin Valley Shale is used as a host formation for hydraulic fracturing waste disposal. Determination of the relationships between the distribution of different lithologies and porosity-permeability trends within this host formation allows these properties, important to hydraulic fracturing operations, to be related to measurable and mappable geological and petrological parameters. It also permits extrapolation of such patterns to little-studied portions of the Pumpkin Valley Shale. Such knowledge better allows for the satisfactory operation and assessment of the hydraulic fracturing at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Leader/return-stroke-like processes in the initial stage of rocket-triggered lightning

[1] Linear streak film, video, current, and electric field records from nine triggered-lightning flashes are analyzed to examine the process of cutoff and reestablishment of current during the initial stage of rocket-triggered lightning. All of the data were acquired at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida, in 2002 and 2003. It is shown that in some rocket-triggered lightning events, the process of current cutoff and reestablishment during the initial stage is similar to a leader/return-stroke sequence, although the currents in this process are typically an order of magnitude smaller (1 kA or so) than those in a triggered or natural lightning subsequent stroke (10–15 kA). The events were separated into two groups based on observed characteristics, with the duration of the current cutoff interval being the primary differentiating characteristic. In some cases, two or three failed attempts at current reestablishment prior to the successful resumption of current flow in the channel were observed. Currents associated with the unsuccessful attempts were typically an order of magnitude smaller (100 A or so) than in the process which finally reestablished the current.
Broad source fringe formation with a Fresnel biprism and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer

A biprism is used to combine identical spatially incoherent wavefronts that have been split by an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Mach-Zehnder. The performance of this composite interferometer is evaluated by tracing the chief ray through parallel optical systems using Snell's law and trigonometry. Fringes formed in spatially incoherent light with this optical system are compared with those formed using the Mach-Zehnder and grating interferometers. It is shown that the combination can exhibit extended source fringe formation capability greatly exceeding that of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Partial vs. whole breast irradiation in a community hospital: a retrospective cohort analysis of 200 patients.

Abstract Purpose We compared patients undergoing partial breast irradiation (PBI) with the MammoSite applicator (Cytyc Corp., Marlborough, MA) to a similar group of patients who underwent whole breast irradiation with external beam radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Stage 0–IIA breast cancer patients satisfying American Brachytherapy Society selection criteria and receiving accelerated PBI with the MammoSite system ( n = 100) were compared for toxicities with similarly staged patients receiving whole breast irradiation using tangential portals ( n = 100). The MammoSite applicator treatment was prescribed to a total dose of 34 Gy. External beam doses generally ranged from 60 to 66 Gy. Results Based on common toxicity criteria scores for acute toxicities, MammoSite patients experienced less cutaneous toxicity, fatigue, and breast pain and had higher Karnofsky performance status scores during the acute period than external beam patients but experienced more seroma pain during followup. These results were both statistically significant and clinically meaningful. Conclusions In our institutional experience, PBI using the MammoSite applicator produces less acute toxicity than external beam radiotherapy of the whole breast but is associated with an increased incidence of seroma pain. The rate of disease recurrence in both cohorts was low.
A comparison of the changes in the non-neuronal cell populations of the superior cervical ganglia following decentralization and axotomy.

Transecting the axons of neurons in the adult superior cervical ganglion (SCG; axotomy) results in the survival of most postganglionic neurons, the influx of circulating monocytes, proliferation of satellite cells, and changes in neuronal gene expression. In contrast, transecting the afferent input to the SCG (decentralization) results in nerve terminal degeneration and elicits a different pattern of gene expression. We examined the effects of decentralization on macrophages in the SCG and compared the results to those previously obtained after axotomy. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify infiltrating (ED1+) and resident (ED2+) macrophages, as well as macrophages expressing MHC class II molecules (OX6+). Normal ganglia contained ED2+ cells and OX6+ cells, but few infiltrating macrophages. After decentralization, the number of infiltrating ED1+ cells increased in the SCG to a density about twofold greater than that previously seen after axotomy. Both the densities of ED2+ and OX6+ cells were essentially unchanged after decentralization, though a large increase in OX6+ cells occurred after axotomy. Proliferation among the ganglion's total non-neuronal cell population was examined and found to increase about twofold after decentralization and about fourfold after axotomy. Double-labeling experiments indicated that some of these proliferating cells were macrophages. After both surgical procedures, the percentage of proliferating ED2+ macrophages increased, while neither procedure altered the proliferation of ED1+ macrophages. Axotomy, though not decentralization, increased the proliferation of OX6+ cells. Future studies must address what role(s) infiltrating and/or resident macrophages play in regions of decentralized and axotomized neurons and, if both are involved, whether they play distinct roles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 68–79, 2002
Macroegonomics: work system analysis and design.

Objective: Our goal was to briefly describe how macroergonomics was developed to fill a void in human factors and ergonomics. Background: A study commissioned by the Human Factors Society in 1978 resulted in the formalization of a new subdiscipline of human factors, called organizational design and management, which eventually was coined macroergonomics.Method: Differentiators of macroergonomics are presented along with methods adapted from other domains as well as unique methods. Results: Based on laboratory and field studies conducted at multiple universities, government facilities, and industries, work system factors can be manipulated in the laboratory and studied in the field successfully. Also, case studies in academia, industry, and government demonstrate 60% to 90% performance impact and positive qualitative changes such as culture change. Conclusion: Macroergonomics offers a perspective as well as methods and tools for more successful human factors and ergonomics design, development, intervention...
The implications of advances in research on motivation for cognitive models.

There has been an upsurge of research in psychology on the interface between motivation and cognition. Much of this work has focused on elucidating the structure of the motivational system, although this work has also begun to examine the influence of motivation on preference, choice and learning. The growing body of data provides an opportunity for computationally minded researchers to extend existing cognitive models to incorporate insights about the nature of the motivational system. This paper reviews some recent research and draws out the implications of this work for computational cognitive science.
Water in Skeletal Carbonates

ABSTRACT Studies of a wide variety of modern and fossil skeletal carbonates indicate they all contain water in amounts ranging from a few tenths of one percent to as much as three percent by weight. The word water is used as a general term to include all inorganic liquid and bound H2O and OH-. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and near infrared (0.60 to 2.55 µm) reveals major differences among skeletal carbonates in the amount of water present, phases in which it occurs, and relative proportions of these phases. Liquid H2O is present in all skeletal material studied in the form of fluid inclusions. In some cases, most notably the molluscs, H2O is also associated with an organic matrix. A hydrated CaCO3 phase occurs in so e biogenic low-Mg calcites (LMCs) and aragonites, and two hydrated MgCO3 phases with differing bond energies occur in high-Mg calcites (HMCs). Many HMCs contain Mg(OH)2 and H2O bound to CaCO3 as well, and some biogenic aragonites contain Ca(OH)2. Water content varies with skeletal mineralogy, taxonomic group, and, in the case of the molluscs, with skeletal structure. Alteration of aragonites and HMCs to LMCs is accompanied by order-of-magnitude changes in total water content. HMCs lose bound H2O and OH during alteration to LMCs. Ca(OH)2 and H2O bound to CaCO3may also be lost from biogenic aragonites, even in the absence of changes in bulk mineralogy. LMCs also lose H2O bound to CaCO3 during diagenesis. Fluid inclusions are lost during neomorphic alteration of aragonites and LMCs. However, skeletal material that retains its original bulk skeletal mineralogy and/or original microstructure as seen in thin section also retains the bulk of its original fluid inclusion content. Water content can be used as a criterion for monitoring diagenetic alteration in carbonates. Water present in fluid inclusions can serve as a medium for diagenetic reactions. Bound H2O lost on heating could take part in diagenetic reactions during deep burial as well.
The UCSC Interaction Browser: multidimensional data views in pathway context

High-throughput data sets such as genome-wide protein–protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions and gene expression data have been published for several model systems, especially for human cancer samples. The University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Interaction Browser (http://sysbio.soe.ucsc.edu/nets) is an online tool for biologists to view high-throughput data sets simultaneously for the analysis of functional relationships between biological entities. Users can access several public interaction networks and functional genomics data sets through the portal as well as upload their own networks and data sets for analysis. Users can navigate through correlative relationships for focused sets of genes belonging to biological pathways using a standard web browser. Using a new visual modality called the CircleMap, multiple ‘omics’ data sets can be viewed simultaneously within the context of curated, predicted, directed and undirected regulatory interactions. The Interaction Browser provides an integrative viewing of biological networks based on the consensus of many observations about genes and their products, which may provide new insights about normal and disease processes not obvious from any isolated data set.