cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and is also the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the USA. More people die from lung cancer than from colorectal, breast and prostate cancers combined. Patients with early-stage lung cancer are treated with surgery, which is followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II and IIIA patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage lung cancer has been evaluated in many clinical trials with variable results, and the current standard of care for early-stage lung cancer is surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with locally advanced lung cancer are treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this setting has been explored in many clinical trials. Two meta-analyses have demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy is beneficial in patients with locally advanced lung cancer; however, a large Phase III clinical trial failed to show survival advantage with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with chemoradiotherapy alone in locally advanced lung cancer. Therefore, there is no established role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage lung cancer and its role in locally advanced lung cancer is still being investigated.
MEASURING PRO-POORNESS: A UNIFYING APPROACH WITH NEW RESULTS

Recent economic literature on pro-poor growth measurement is drawn together, using a common analytical framework which lends itself to some significant extensions. First, a new class of pro-poorness measures is defined, to complement existing classes, with similarities and differences which are fully discussed. Second, all of these measures of pro-poorness can be decomposed across income sources or components of consumption expenditure (depending on the application). This permits the analyst to “unbundle” a pattern of growth, revealing the contributions to overall pro-poorness of constituent parts. Third, all of these pro-poorness measures can be modified to measure pro-poorness at percentiles. An application to consumption expenditures in Indonesia in the 1990s reveals that the poverty reduction achieved remains far below what would have been achieved under distributional neutrality. This can be tracked back to changes in expenditure components.
Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in donors

In this issue of Blood , Shim et al report that monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), an essential precursor to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), is a surprisingly common finding in healthy blood donors, thus raising concerns about the potential risk infusion of these blood products may present
Combustion of the noncondensible volatiles from various coals

In pulverized coal flames, the products of primary devolatilization are radically transformed by secondary chemistry after they escape into the gas phase, but before they burn. This laboratory study aims to clarify the macroscopic combustion characteristics of coal volatiles, especially the way that burning rates increase as tar is converted into soot during secondary pyrolysis. Mixtures of the noncondensible fuel compounds released under simulated pulverized fuel firing conditions are generated in a novel coal flow reactor that independently regulates the extent of secondary pyrolysis. After tars, soot, and char particles are filtered out, the fuel mixtures are blended with oxygen and ignited in a combustion bomb. Laminar burning velocities are assigned from transient pressure measurements during flame propagation. Burning velocities are reported for (fuel) equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.5 at two dilution ratios for noncondensible volatiles from four coals representing ranks from subbituminous through low volatile bituminous. For all coal types, burning velocities triple as the extent of tar conversion into soot increases from 50 to 100%. This tendency is consistent with conversion of all of the oxygen and hydrogen in tar into H2 and CO, and of all light hydrocarbons into acetylene. The burning velocities for volatiles from the bituminous coal are two-and-one-half times greater than those for the volatiles from the subbituminous coal, consistent with the abundance of oxygen in the subbituminous coal, and its correspondingly higher yield of CO and lower yields of H2 and hydrocarbons. A correlation for this database is developed from the thermal theory of premixed laminar flame propagation and a generic skeletal mechanism for hydrocarbon combustion. This scaling is also used to assign nominal burning rates from the measured burning velocities. The rates are up to an order of magnitude faster than burning rates of soot. Nominal burning rates also gauge the combined influences of coal loading, rank-dependent yields and heating values, and extent of secondary pyrolysis.
Trimethylsilyl iodide as a halide exchange reagent in inorganic chemistry: synthesis and structure of Cp2*ThI2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5)

Abstract The bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)thorium(IV) complex Cp2*ThI2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) was readily synthesized from the dibromo derivative Cp2*ThBr2 using a slight excess of trimethylsilyl iodide (Me3SiI). The thorium complex Cp2*ThI2 exhibits a ‘bent metallocene’ structure, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (monoclinic, space group P21/n; a = 8.572(2), b = 16.718(3), c = 15.881(2) A; β = 98.16(2)o; V = 2252.8(8) A3; Z = 4).
Measurements of W-value, mobility and gas gain in electronegative gaseous CS2 and CS2 gas mixtures

Abstract W-value, mobility and gas gain measurements have been carried out in electronegative gaseous CS2 and CS2 with a broad range of gas mixture additives at a pressure of 40 Torr making use of a single-electron proportional counter method. The experimental results have revealed that W-values obtained for CS2 (40 Torr), CS2–CF4 (30–10 Torr), CS2–CF4 (20–20 Torr), CS2–CF4 (10–30 Torr), CS2–Ne (35–5 Torr) and CS2–He (35–5 Torr) gas mixtures are 24.9±0.8, 25.2±0.6, 29.2±1.0, 33.0±1.0, 23.1±0.8 and 23.7±0.8 eV, respectively. The average mobility was measured in all CS2 gas mixtures and was found to be slightly greater than in pure CS2. The gas gain was found to be significantly greater in CS2 gas mixtures relatively to pure CS2.
Injection and stabilization of mesophase pitch in the fabrication of carbon-carbon composites. Part I. Injection process

Abstract In the fabrication of carbon–carbon composites by mesophase injection through a fiber preform, it is essential to stabilize the flow-induced microstructure in the flow channels and to prevent relaxation and exudation of the mesophase. Oxidation stabilization studies were conducted on preforms injected with the naphthalene-based AR mesophase pitch. Oxidation mass gain (OMG) curves at 170, 222, and 270 °C were generated for 60°-wedges cut from full size composite disks. The rates of OMG at 170 °C of first- and second-cycle injection wedges and full-size disks were comparable to those using as-spun filaments 30 μm in diameter, and particles sieved to 200 to 340 μm. The results suggest that oxygen is accessible deep into a mesophase matrix and the transport is facilitated by connected array of shrinkage cracks. Oxidation at 170 °C has strong advantage over higher oxidation temperatures by having a higher carbon yield and lower OMG threshold and thus oxidation time required for stabilization. The 60°-wedges could be stabilized at 170 °C after a 25 h oxidation with a 7.2% OMG and attaining a carbon yield above 85%.
Analysis of the Size Effect in Partial-Slip Contact Fatigue

A size effect has been observed in cylinder-on-flat partial slip contact fatigue experiments (Hills et al., 1988 and 1990). The size effect in this case is defined as a discontinuous drop in the fatigue life beyond some critical value of the width of the contact region. New analysis that directly accounts for the finite substrate thickness used in the original experiments shows that both the maximum local bulk stress and maximum local bulk cyclic stress range increased systematically with contact width in the original cylinder-on-flat experiments, rather than remaining approximately constant as intended in the original experimental design.
The Assembly of Human Fibrinogen THE ROLE OF THE AMINO-TERMINAL AND COILED-COIL REGIONS OF THE THREE CHAINS IN THE FORMATION OF THE αγ AND βγ HETERODIMERS AND αβγ HALF-MOLECULES

Fibrinogen is a plasma protein consisting of six polypeptide chains which are linked by disulfide bonds. During protein synthesis, assembly of the molecule proceeds through the formation of αγ and βγ heterodimers followed by the generation of αβγ half-molecules and dimerizing to generate the mature six-chain molecule. In the present study, sequences required for the formation of the αγ and βγ heterodimers were examined in stably transfected baby hamster kidney cells expressing combinations of normal as well as modified polypeptide chains. Deletion of the amino terminus and the proximal first half of the coiled-coil region of the three fibrinogen chains had little or no effect on heterodimer and half-molecule formation. These deletions, however, did prevent half-molecules from forming the six-chain molecule. Deletion of the distal second half of the coiled-coil region of each chain completely prevented the assembly process. Point mutations in the second half of the coiled-coil region also indicated that hydrophilic residues that form ion pairs between interacting chains were not critical in the formation of the heterodimeric complexes. These results suggest that the initial formation of the αγ and βγ complexes depends primarily on hydrophobic interactions of amino acids located in the second half of the coiled-coil region of the molecule. These interactions occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of various chaperones such as BiP.
Proper efficiency principles and duality models for a class of continuous-time multiobjective fractional programming problems with operator constraints

Abstract Necessary and sufficient saddle-point- and stationary-point-type proper efficiency conditions are established for a class of continuous-time multiobjective fractional programming problems with convex operator inequality and affine operator equality constraints. Subsequently, the form and contents of these proper efficiency results are utilized for constracting a Lagrangian-type, two parametric, and four semiparametric duality models, and for proving appropriate duality theorems. These proper efficiency and duality results contain, as special cases, similar results for continuous-time programming problems with nonfractional multiple, single fractional, and conventional objective functions, which are patricular cases of the principal problem studied in this paper.
The PPAR gamma agonist Pioglitazone improves anatomical and locomotor recovery after rodent spinal cord injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied by a dramatic inflammatory response, which escalates over the first week post-injury and is thought to contribute to secondary pathology after SCI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are widely expressed nuclear receptors whose activation has led to diminished pro-inflammatory cascades in several CNS disorders. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of the PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone in a rodent SCI model. Rats received a moderate mid-thoracic contusion and were randomly placed into groups receiving vehicle, low dose or high dose Pioglitazone. Drug or vehicle was injected i.p. at 15 min post-injury and then every 12h for the first 7d post-injury. Locomotor function was followed for 5 weeks using the BBB scale. BBB scores were greater in treated animals at 7d post-injury and significant improvements in BBB subscores were noted, including better toe clearance, earlier stepping and more parallel paw position. Stereological measurements throughout the lesion revealed a significant increase in rostral spared white matter in both Pioglitazone treatment groups. Spinal cords from the high dose group also had significantly more gray matter sparing and motor neurons rostral and caudal to epicenter. Thus, our results reveal that clinical treatment with Pioglitazone, an FDA-approved drug used currently for diabetes, may be a feasible and promising strategy for promoting anatomical and functional repair after SCI.
Temporal evolution of flame stretch due to turbulence and the hydrodynamic instability

Abstract The temporal evolution of the strain rate on a turbulent premixed flame was measured experimentally using cinema-stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. Turbulence strains a flame due to velocity gradients associated both directly with the turbulence and those caused by the hydrodynamic instability, which are initiated by the turbulence. The development of flame wrinkles caused by both of these mechanisms was observed. Wrinkles generated by the turbulence formed around vortical structures, which passed through the flame and were attenuated. After the turbulent structures had passed, the hydrodynamic instability flow pattern developed and caused additional strain. The hydrodynamic instability also caused the growth of small flame front perturbations into large wrinkles. In the moderately turbulent flame investigated, it was found that the evolution of the strain rate caused by turbulence–flame interactions followed a common pattern involving three temporal regimes. In the first, the turbulence exerted extensive (positive) strain on the flame, creating a wrinkle that had negative curvature (concave towards the reactants). This was followed by a transition period, leading into the third regime in which the flow pattern and strain rate were dominated by the hydrodynamic instability mechanism. It was also found that the magnitudes of the strain rate in the first and third regimes were similar. Hence, the hydrodynamic instability mechanism caused significant strain on a flame and should be included in turbulent combustion models.
Extracellular Transglutaminase 2 Is Catalytically Inactive, but Is Transiently Activated upon Tissue Injury

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional mammalian protein with transamidase and signaling properties. Using selective TG2 inhibitors and tagged nucleophilic amine substrates, we show that the majority of extracellular TG2 is inactive under normal physiological conditions in cell culture and in vivo. However, abundant TG2 activity was detected around the wound in a standard cultured fibroblast scratch assay. To demonstrate wounding-induced activation of TG2 in vivo, the toll-like receptor 3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), was injected in mice to trigger small intestinal injury. Although no TG2 activity was detected in vehicle-treated mice, acute poly(I:C) injury resulted in rapid TG2 activation in the small intestinal mucosa. Our findings provide a new basis for understanding the role of TG2 in physiology and disease.
Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia

Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia. The mechanisms underlying the abnormal insulin-mediated muscle glucose metabolism occurring in acute uremia (ARF) have not been identified. To characterize the defects, insulin dose-response curves for glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, glycolysis, and lactate release were measured in incubated rat epitrochlearis muscles. ARF did not affect insulin sensitivity, but decreased the responsiveness to insulin of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and glucose oxidation. Glycogen synthesis was subnormal at all levels of insulin and at the maximal insulin concentration; it was 54% lower in muscles of ARF compared to control rats. This inhibition of glycogen synthesis in ARF could be caused by a 23% decrease in the total activity of muscle glycogen synthase and the percentage of enzyme in the activated form. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was unchanged by ARF. ARF also increased the ratio of muscle lactate release to glucose uptake at concentrations of insulin from 10 to 10 4 µU/ml. In the absence and presence of insulin, muscle protein degradation was increased by ARF. In individual muscles incubated with insulin, the rate of proteolysis was correlated with the ratio of lactate release to glucose uptake (r = +0.82; P
Hormonal therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate

Although chronic hormonal treatment is the cornerstone of therapy in metastatic disease, questions are being raised regarding the need for continual ablation. With increasing cognizance on quality-of-life issues and cost of therapy, an intergroup trial is being planned to compare intermittent combined hormonal therapy versus continual therapy in patients with minimal metastatic disease and good performance status. Newly diagnosed patients with severe metastatic disease should soon be eligible for a trial to evaluate the addition of the chemotherapeutic agent suramin to standard combined therapy. During the past several years there has been a trend toward the use of hormonal ablation in earlier stages of prostate cancer. Hormonal therapy is being used with increasing frequency in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, and the use of prostate specific antigen is one prognostic factor that has shifted the focus in follow-up and treatment of all stages of the disease. To answer the challenges in the treatment of prostatic cancer, clinical trials are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Cancer 1995 ;75 : 1914-9.
Quality of protection for mobile multimedia applications

In traditional computer systems, security is typically provided in a one-or-nothing manner; the system is either secure or insecure. Such an approach is insufficient for pervasive environments that contain heterogenous devices with varying computing resources. The small, portable handheld devices are often left unsecured due to their limited computing power. The approach is also inadequate for multimedia applications that require security as a controllable service attribute to maintain performance quality of service to levels that are acceptable to the users. Hence, we need a tunable and differentiable security framework. In this paper, we present a quality of protection (QoP) framework that resolves the inadequacies of the one-or-nothing approach by providing differential security levels for different device, user and application security requirements and preferences. We show that our QoP framework is necessary for multimedia applications to achieve the best possible security and performance levels in pervasive environments.
Phenotype and function of protective, CD4-independent CD8 T cell memory

While the need for CD4 T cells in the generation of CD8 T cell memory has been well documented, the mechanism underlying their requirement remains unknown. Here, we detail an immunization method capable of generating CD8 memory T cells that are indifferent to CD4 T cell help. Using a subunit vaccination that combines polyIC and an agonistic CD40 antibody, we program protective CD4-independent CD8 T cell memory. When cells generated by combined polyIC/CD40 immunization are compared to cells produced following a CD4-dependent vaccination, Listeria monocytogenes, they display dramatic differences, both phenotypically and functionally. The memory cells generated in a CD4-deficient host by polyIC/CD40 immunization provide protection against secondary infectious challenge, whereas cells generated by LM immunization in the same environment do not. Interestingly, combined polyIC/CD40 immunization generates long-term memory cells with low Blimp-1 and elevated Eomes expression despite high expression of Blimp-1 during the primary response. The potency of combined polyIC/CD40 to elicit CD8+ T cell memory in the absence of CD4 T cells suggests that it could be considered as a vaccine adjuvant in clinical situations where CD4 responses/numbers are compromised.
Cutaneous manifestations of alcohol abuse

Abstract Alcohol consumption and abuse can have a variety of cutaneous manifestations. In addition to the well-recognized stigmata of the chronic alcoholic patient, even early abuse can result in distinctive skin changes or exacerbate existing cutaneous disorders. An accurate history of alcohol intake will facilitate recognition of these alcohol-induced cutaneous disorders and treatment resistance of dermatoses such as psoriasis as well as help decrease morbidity in surgical procedures. Familiarization with the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver disease can also allow for early detection and treatment in an attempt to minimize the medical consequences. We review the medical literature and discuss the spectrum of dermatologic disease associated with the use and abuse of alcohol. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1-16.) Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the cutaneous manifestations of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver disease.
The decline of religious holidays in old regime France (1642–1789)

Under the ancien regime individual bishops decided which official religious holidays, or fetes chomees, were observed in their dioceses. In the early seventeenth century there were on average 33 weekdays per year devoted to these holidays, but their number and choice varied widely across the country. From the mid-seventeenth century onwards French bishops began to eliminate many of these holidays, which were associated with drinking and idleness rather than with pious behaviour. These reforms initially encountered opposition from powerful interests in society, which limited their impact, but subsequently, and particularly after the mid-eighteenth century, the bishops' efforts were much more successful. By the end of the Old Regime the number of weekdays devoted to fetes chomees had declined to fewer than 20 in most of France. The process of reform also standardized religious practice as the same days were observed throughout the kingdom. Despite the royal government's lack of interest in the matter, a more uniform set of liturgical holidays replaced the regional diversity that had previously existed. The reformed ecclesiastical calendars were more closely geared to the seasonal pattern of agricultural labour and also reflected the Christocentrism of Tridentine Catholicism.
Disability rights, music and the case for inclusive education

Participation in music is both a human right and a disability right. Music is a human need in the Darwinian (not Social Darwinian) evolutionary sense. Similarly, inclusion is an evolved capacity, beneficial to human perpetuation. The policing of music resembles authoritarian regulation of other forms of allegedly pleasurable but actually vital human activities such as sexuality and gender expression, all related to disability in that the oppressed groups are also pathologised. The impact of denying musical rights to a pathologised population is demonstrated in the case of the New York City public schools, where Draconian cuts turned the entire city into a de facto, segregated special education programme, which gave birth to rap when students took music making into their own hands. By contrast, inclusive education is the appropriate response to material challenges, as illustrated with case studies from St. Paul, the USA, and the southern African nation of Lesotho.
MARISSA: MApReduce Implementation for Streaming Science Applications

MapReduce has since its inception been steadily gaining ground in various scientific disciplines ranging from space exploration to protein folding. The model poses a challenge for a wide range of current and legacy scientific applications for addressing their “Big Data” challenges. For example: MapRe-duce's best known implementation, Apache Hadoop, only offers native support for Java applications. While Hadoop streaming supports applications compiled in a variety of languages such as C, C++, Python and FORTRAN, streaming has shown to be a less efficient MapReduce alternative in terms of performance, and effectiveness. Additionally, Hadoop streaming offers lesser options than its native counterpart, and as such offers less flexibility along with a limited array of features for scientific software. The Hadoop File System (HDFS), a central pillar of Apache Hadoop is not a POSIX compliant file system. In this paper, we present an alternative framework to Hadoop streaming to address the needs of scientific applications: MARISSA (MApReduce Implementation for Streaming Science Applications). We describe MARISSA's design and explain how it expands the scientific applications that can benefit from the MapReduce model. We also compare and explain the performance gains of MARISSA over Hadoop streaming.
PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM IN KIDNEY. I. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LIPIDS OF RABBIT KIDNEY.

Abstract Separation and isolation of the individual neutral and phospholipids of rabbit kidney cortex and medulla were achieved by chromatographic means. Results of the detailed analysis of the lipid classes thus obtained are presented. The kidney was found to contain large amounts of cholesterol among the neutral lipids and chiefly phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the phospholipids. Considerable amounts of the vinyl-ether analogue of phosphatidyl ethanolamine were also identified. An unusual inositol phospholipid having a high ester to phosphorus ratio was found to be present. Studies of fatty acid composition were carried out on the lipid fractions. A certain degree of specificity was noted in the positioning of fatty acids in lecithin and triglyceride, and several differences were found between the lipids of cortex and medulla.
Lead in young herring gulls: paradoxical effects of exercise on tissue concentrations.

Exposure to lead prenatally and early in life affects physiological, behavioral, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. The movement and storage of lead within tissues and organs and its elimination from the body influence the amounts reaching sensitive target organs such as the developing brain. In this study, young herring gulls, Larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of mild exercise on the deposition of lead in bone, to clarify possible differences between free-ranging birds in nature and confined birds in the laboratory. Forty 2-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to one of four groups: lead treatment with and without exercise, and controls with and without exercise. Chicks in the lead treatment group received a single intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate solution (100 mg/kg); weight-matched control chicks were injected with an equal volume of isotonic saline at the same age. Chicks in the exercise groups were taken outside and encouraged to move about for 2.5 h/d...
Customized geospatial workflows for e-government services

The past decade has experienced a phenomenal growth in the electronic delivery of business services. This has led to an elevation in the expectations of citizens for fast and efficient delivery of governmental services. Recently, workflow systems have gained importance as an effective= infrastructure for automating the business processes within and across government agencies. Government services, such as permit processing for the development or preservation of land, can be modeled as workflow. They must consider geographic locations and the geodata that include location-specific data, documents and information. We call such workflows dependent upon locations and their geodata Geospatial workflows. We argue that geospatial workflows vary widely from one case to another, and therefore cannot be represented as a generic workflow. We demonstrate, with concrete examples, that there is a compelling need for customized geospatial workflows and propose a system that is capable of generating such customized workflows by capturing the user requirements and extracting the relevant governmental regulations. Our system also provides users with decision support functionalities comprising of various GIS layers, by which users can evaluate and identify a suitable workflow among various possible scenarios. Geospatial workflows can be used by government agencies to automate the delivery of their services. We present the features of a preliminary prototype.
Peculiar velocity surveys: optimal moments analysis.

: A new formalism to analyze peculiar velocity surveys is presented. Results from these surveys are shown to be dominated by small-scale noise, aliasing, and incomplete cancellations. The formalism allows us to filter out the signal from scales that are not of interest and thus provides us with a clean signal that probe large scales. We use maximum likelihood techniques to analyze the filtered data and compare it to the analysis of the full dataset. The filtered analysis gives a much better parameter estimation than the full analysis, leading us to conclude that, indeed, the large-scale signal is obscured by small-scale noise.
Pain-related fear and catastrophizing predict pain intensity and disability independently using an induced muscle injury model.

Abstract Timing of assessment of psychological construct is controversial and results differ based on the model of pain induction. Previous studies have not used an exercise-induced injury model to investigate timing of psychological assessment. Exercise-induced injury models may be appropriate for these investigations because they approximate clinical pain conditions better than other experimental stimuli. In this study we examined the changes of psychological constructs over time and determined whether timing of assessment affected the construct’s association with reports of pain intensity and disability. One-hundred twenty-six healthy volunteers completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) prior to inducing muscle injury to the shoulder. The PCS and TSK were measured again 48 and 96 hours postinjury induction. Pain intensity and disability were collected at 48 and 96 hours and served as dependent variables in separate regression models. Results indicated that the FPQ-III had the strongest prediction of pain intensity from baseline to 96 hours. After baseline the PCS and TSK were stronger predictors of pain intensity and disability, respectively. These data provide support for the use of psychological constructs in predicting outcomes from shoulder pain. However, they deviate from the current theoretical model indicating that fear of pain is a consequence of injury and instead suggests that fear of pain before injury may influence reports of pain intensity. Perspective The current study provides evidence that fear of pain can be assessed prior to injury. Furthermore, it supports that after injury pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia are independently associated with pain and disability. Overall these data suggest that timing of psychological assessment may be an important consideration in clinical environments.
Accuracy of the recursion method and basis non-orthogonality

Abstract The utility of resolvent calculations is reviewed for condensed matter systems where quantum mechanical equations of motion can be expressed in terms of large sparse matrices. The recursion method for calculating both diagonal and off-diagonal elements of resolvents is described and compared with other methods. In many recursion calculations there is a dramatic loss of basis orthogonality due to rounding error. An example is described, and it is argued that orthogonality is restored in the recursion method by projection of the resolvent. This is applied to the calculation of the density of states and the quantum mechanical transmittance.
Concentrating sunlight from an immobile primary mirror : ray-tracing results

Writing optimization code for commercially available ray-tracing software, we explore variations of concentrator geometry where sunlight is first incident onto a stationary primary mirror of circular cross section. The reflected light is incident onto a smaller, secondary moveable mirror which focuses the light onto a target. Simulations show concentrations on the order of 30 solar equivalents are possible.
Journey mapping: a brief overview

If you've been in the field of user experience design, usability testing, or marketing for anytime at all, you've almost certainly come across the use of personas to help members of a cross functional design team communicate with one another about the impacts that design decisions will have on a particular user demographic. As Adlin and Pruitt (2006) explain, personas are useful because they put an individual, human face on demographic and ethnographic data which would otherwise be difficult to explain to software engineers, project managers, information product developers, and other stakeholders in a way they can easily conceptualize and apply. Usually on one sheet of paper, a persona will provide a photo of the character for the persona; a memorable name for the persona; a short bio or background information about the persona; the persona's goals for using the product being developed; a short and memorable quote from the persona which usually conveys their ethos; and other information relevant to the use of the product being designed such as training; previous experience with similar products, or physical disabilities (such as arthritis or poor eye sight---see http://www.clemson.edu/caah/caah_mockups/persona_clemsongrad.html for an example of personas developed for the redesign of a College's website).
Dual Anti-de Sitter Superalgebras from Partial Supersymmetry Breaking

The partial breaking of supersymmetry in anti\char21{}de Sitter space can be accomplished using two of four dual representations for the massive $\mathrm{OSp}(1,4)$ spin-3/2 multiplet. The procedure gives rise to a set of dual $N=2$ supergravities and supersymmetry algebras.
WE‐E‐BRB‐06: An EPID Based Method for High Accuracy Calibration of an Optical External Marker Tracking Device with the LINAC Reference Frame

Purpose: The accuracy of an optical camerasystem used for patient motion monitoring is typically limited to 1–2 mm due to use of the light field crosshair and in‐room lasers for initial cameracalibration setup making it unsuitable for highly accurate patient monitoring procedures such as frameless SRS. To provide submillimeter accuracy in calibrating a 3D stereoscopic infrared optical camera with the treatment frame of a LINAC, a semi‐automated calibration method was developed based on simultaneous viewing of external markers with both the MV treatment beam and optical camerasystem. Methods: A phantom comprised of 9 steel BBs covered in highly IR reflective tape was placed on the LINAC treatment couch and imaged with both a 3D stereoscopic IR imager, and the on board MV EPIDimager at a variety of gantry angles. Using the relative 3D BB positions given by the camera ,simulated annealing was used to optimize 9 parameters including source‐to‐imager distance, detector tilt, and deviations from nominal isocenter. Singular value decomposition was then used to calculate the transformation between different reference frames. Additionally, a traditional method of calibration was used for comparison. Results: Using modeled data, the simulated annealing process was able to determine the locations of the BBs with .2 mm accuracy. Using projection images acquired with an MV imager, initial preliminary results show the ability to determine locations of BBs with a .2 mm planar standard deviation and a 1 mm axial standard deviation. Conclusions: The method can be used to provide a highly accurate spatial registration between an external 3D camera frame and the LINAC frame. The real MV imager results, while not as precise as the simulated results, exceed current standards and are expected to improve with continued refinement.
Fortune at the bottom of the innovation pyramid: The strategic logic of incremental innovations

Abstract It is not uncommon to come across appeals in business literature exhorting managers to devote greater effort to the pursuit of radical innovations, or to see comments admonishing managers for devoting too much energy to the search for incremental innovations. Over the years, successful radical innovations have undisputedly had a significant impact on the fortunes of a number of companies. At the same time, firms cannot afford to overlook the role of incremental innovations in enhancing and sustaining the revenue and profit streams of successful radical innovations. From the standpoint of survival, growth, and profitability, both home runs, meaning radical innovations, and singles, meaning incremental innovations, matter. The fact that home runs are generally infrequent underscores the importance of frequent singles. This article explores the various competitive strategy contexts in which incremental innovations can be leveraged effectively against that backdrop.
Platinum resistivity below 273.16 K: a tale of two reference functions

Four platinum resistance thermometer data sets of resistance ratio as a function of temperature from 13.8033 K to 273.16 K are fitted to two different functions. One has the form of the ITS-90 reference function (the “Kemp model”) while the second is the mathematically more complex model of Nicholas. Both are shown to fit the resistivity data well, though the residuals for the Kemp model are lower. Both models also cope well with adjustments to the input temperatures consistent with the most recent consensus estimates of T–T90. In particular, the refitting of the data on which the low-temperature reference function of the ITS-90 is based to the Kemp functional form provides updated coefficients that could be part of a revised International Temperature Scale, or incorporated into the Mise en pratique for the kelvin. The residuals of both the Kemp and Nicholas models have similar magnitudes whether fitting either the original (W, T90) data pairs or the (W, T) data pairs obtained by adjusting the temperatures to incorporate the recent estimates of (T–T90). On that basis, there appears to be no evidence to suggest that either of the models is useful as an arbiter of thermodynamic temperature data – a reduction in the magnitude of the residuals might have been expected after revising the temperatures of the data pairs for better accord with thermodynamic temperature if a discriminating model function had such predictive ability.
Global stability for infinite-delay, dispersive Lotka-Volterra systems: Weakly interacting populations in nearly identical patches

A Lotka-Volterra-like model ofm interacting species which can disperse amongn discrete habitats and where species interaction terms involve general unbounded delays is shown to possess a globally stable equilibrium when the undelayed intraspecific competition term dominates interspecific interactions as well as the delayed intraspecific competition effect and when then habitats are nearly identical.
Incidence, risk factors, and treatment of dysplasia in the anal transitional zone after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

Preservation of the anal transitional zone (ATZ) after restorative proctocolectomy and stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis is controversial. PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and treatment options for dysplasia and/or cancer after restorative proctocolectomy and stapled IPAA. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all 254 patients operated on for ulcerative colitis who had a restorative proctocolectomy, stapled IPAA, and annual postoperative biopsies of ATZ. Follow-up studies included an annual questionnaire and physical examination. RESULTS: During a follow-up of 2.3±1.4 (mean ± standard deviation) years, low-grade dysplasia was found in eight patients (3.1 percent), 16 (median: range, 6–56) months after surgery. Repeated biopsies revealed dysplasia in only two of eight patients, and completion mucosectomy was performed. Dysplasia in ATZ was associated with a preoperative (P=0.02) or postoperative (P=0.04) pathologic diagnosis of ulcerative colitis with concurrent dysplasia or cancer. No association (P>0.05) was found between dysplasia and the following: age, sex, preoperative length of disease, use of a double-stapledversus single-stapled technique, or anastomotic distance from the dentate line. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of low-grade dysplasia in ATZ was low. Restorative proctocolectomy with total mucosectomy of the anal canal and handsewn IPAA is recommended for patients with preoperative diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and concurrent cancer or dysplasia. Frequent follow-up with biopsies is recommended for patients with incidental finding of cancer or high-grade dysplasia after restorative proctocolectomy and stapled IPAA with preservation of ATZ. For persistent or recurrent low-grade dysplasia, we recommend a completion mucosectomy
Selective phonemic and semantic coding in short-term recall.

Probed recall of targets from six-word sequences containing either phonemically similar, semantically similar, or control (i.e., unrelated phonemically and semantically) stimuli was compared under two conditions of encoding. For the semantic encoding condition, in which all cues provided category information about targets to be recalled, semantic similarity interference effects and phonemic similarity facilitation effects were demonstrated. In the phonemic encoding condition, in which all targets were cued by words which rhymed with them, only phonemic similarity interference effects were found. These results were taken to provide further evidence contradictory to the coding-based dichotomization of primary and secondary memory, and to reflect the importance of selective coding strategies induced by task requirements as determinants of interference effects in short-term recall.
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease: a reappraisal based upon histological and immunophenotypical findings in relapsing cases.

The clinical, morphological and immunological findings in nine cases of relapsing lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (LPHD) are examined. Six patients had initial biopsies demonstrating nodular lymphocytic and/or histiocytic (L & H) LPHD; Leu-Mi was not expressed by any of the atypical cells in these cases. All six demonstrated one or more recurrences of nodular L & H LPHD; four are currently free of disease, one died of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and another died of leukaemia. Two patients had initial biopsies demonstrating diffuse LPHD, with only rare multilobated atypical cells (L & H variants). Both patients had recurrences interpreted as mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, 10 and 15 years after initial therapy and both died with lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin's disease. The atypical cells in the initial biopsies and in subsequent recurrences failed to express Leu-Ml, but did express leukocyte common antigen. The initial biopsy from the final patient was histologically interpreted as focal involvement by LPHD, but interfollicular Hodgkin's disease was considered after the Leu-Ml stain revealed additional atypical cells. The disease relapsed and the patient died with typical nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of the relapses supports the concept that the histological entity of LPHD may include several distinct clinicopathological subgroups.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

Abstract A laboratory study was conducted to examine formation of secondary organic aerosols. A smog chamber system was developed for studying gas–aerosol interactions in a dynamic flow reactor. These experiments were conducted to investigate the fate of gas and aerosol phase compounds generated from hydrocarbon–nitrogen oxide (HC/NOx) mixtures irradiated in the presence of fine (
Homoclinic jumping in the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We study the damped, periodically forced, focusing NLS equation with even, periodic boundary conditions. We prove the existence of complicated solutions that repeatedly leave and come back to the vicinity of a quasi-periodic plane wave with two time scales. For pure forcing, we prove the existence of a complicated, self-similar family of homoclinic bifurcations. For mode-independent damping, we construct “jumping” transients. For mode-dependent damping, we find generalized Silnikov-type solutions that connect a periodic plane wave to itself through repeated jumps. We also study the breakdown of the unstable manifold of plane waves through repeated jumping. Our results give a direct explanation for the numerical observations of Bishop et al. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Formation of linear three-iron clusters in Aquifex aeolicus two-iron ferredoxins: effect of protein-unfolding speed.

Abstract The presence of a linear [3Fe–4S] cluster in a protein was first observed in beef-heart aconitase. Here, we report the formation of linear [3Fe–4S] clusters upon guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl)-induced unfolding of Aquifex aeolicus [2Fe–2S] ferredoxins (Fd) ( Aae Fd1, Aae Fd4, and Aae Fd5) at alkaline conditions (pH 10, 20 °C). We find the mechanism of linear [3Fe–4S] cluster formation to depend critically on the speed of polypeptide unfolding. In similarity to seven-iron Fds, polypeptide unfolding determines the rate by which linear [3Fe–4S] clusters form in Aae Fd4 and Aae Fd5. In contrast, in a disulfide-lacking variant of Aae Fd1, which unfolds faster than Aae Fd4 and Aae Fd5, the polypeptides unfold first and the majority of clusters decompose. Next, unfolded polypeptides retaining intact clusters scavenge iron and sulfur to form linear [3Fe–4S] clusters in a bimolecular reaction. Wild-type Aae Fd1 unfolds slower than the speed of linear-cluster decomposition, and the linear species is never populated. Linear [3Fe–4S] clusters may be intermediates during folding of iron–sulfur proteins.
Fractionated endocardial electrograms are associated with slow conduction in humans: evidence from pace-mapping.

Abstract Fractionated ventricular electrograms recorded during catheter mapping may arise from areas of asynchronous depolarization associated with slow conduction, the substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia, but can also be a nonspecific abnormality or even artifact. To determine whether fractionated sinus rhythm electrograms are associated with slow conduction in humans, the results of endocardial catheter mapping and pacing at 133 endocardial sites in 13 patients were analyzed. Eleven patients had sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and two patients had old myocardial infarction without ventricular tachycardia. Functional evidence of slow conduction at the recording site was assessed by pacing at that site and measuring the interval between the stimulus artifact (S) and the onset of the QRS complex in the 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG). During pacing at 89 of 90 sites without fractionated sinus rhythm electrograms, the S-QRS interval was 40 ms (range 40 to 140), consistent with slow conduction at the pacing site (p In 9 of the 11 patients with ventricular tachycardia analysis of the paced QRS configuration, electrograms during induced ventricular tachycardia or programmed stimulation during tachycardia suggested that a site with a long S-QRS interval during pacing was located at or near a ventricular tachycardia circuit. Therefore, fractionated sinus rhythm electrograms are often associated with slow conduction, which may be the substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia. Endocardial pacing at these sites can be used to provide functional evidence of slow conduction in humans.