cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GreenRoute: A Generalizable Fuel-Saving Vehicular Navigation Service

This paper presents GreenRoute, a fuel-saving vehicular navigation system whose contribution is motivated by one of the key challenges in the design of autonomic services: namely, designing the service in a manner that reduces operating cost. GreenRoute achieves this end, in the specific context of fuel-saving vehicular navigation, by significantly improving the generalizability of fuel consumption models it learns (in order to recommend fuel-saving routes to drivers). By learning fuel consumption models that apply seamlessly across vehicles and routes, GreenRoute eliminates one of the key incremental costs unique to fuel-saving navigation: namely, the cost of upkeep with ever-changing fuel-consumption-specific route and vehicle parameters globally. Unlike shortest or fastest routes (that depend only on map topology and traffic), minimum-fuel routes depend additionally on the vehicle engine. This makes fuel-efficient routes harder to compute in a generic fashion, compared to shortest and fastest routes. The difficulty results in two additional costs. First, more route features need to be collected (and updated) for predicting fuel consumption, such as the nature of traffic regulators. Second, fuel prediction remains specific to the individual vehicle type, which requires continual upkeep with new car types and parameters. The contribution of this paper lies in deriving and implementing a fuel consumption model that avoids both of the above two sources of cost. To measure route recommendation quality, we test the system (using 21 vehicles and over 2400 miles driven in seven US cities) by comparing fuel consumption on our routes against both Google Maps' routes and the shortest routes. Results show that, on average, our routes save 10.8% fuel compared to Google Maps' routes and save 8.4% compared to the shortest routes. This is roughly comparable to services that maintain individualized vehicle models, suggesting that our low-cost models do not come at the expense of quality reduction.
Mid-infrared diffraction-free space-time wave packets

Joint structuring of the spatio-temporal spectrum of a pulsed optical beam can lead to a host of unusual properties, such as diffraction-free propagation and tunable group velocities in free space. Such ‘space-time’ wave packets have been synthesized exclusively in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Here we synthesize the first space-time wave packet in the mid-infrared exploiting a transmissive phase plate fabricated via gray-scale lithography. A mid-infrared wave packet having a bandwidth of ∼60 nm at a wavelength of 2.35 μm is synthesized such that its transverse width is ∼300 μm and is monitored for a propagation distance of 7 m, corresponding to 80 × the Rayleigh range of a Gaussian beam at the same wavelength and having the same initial transverse spatial width. The experimental methodology presented here and the reported results will help appropriate spatio-temporally structured light in the mid-infrared for a wide variety of applications including imaging, sensing, and metrology.
Learning with One-dimensional Inputs

This chapter deals with the case of a neural network whose input is bounded and one-dimensional, \(x\in [0,1]\). Besides its simplicity, this case is important from a few points of view: it can be treated elementary, without the arsenal of functional analysis (as shall we do in Chapter 9) and, due to its constructive nature, it provides an explicit algorithm for finding the network weights.
Relationship between molecular charge distribution and wettability reversal efficiency of cationic surfactants on calcite surfaces

Abstract Wettability reversal is a critical factor in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from predominantly oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. Cationic surfactants are able to efficiently reverse carbonate wettability due to their electrostatic interactions with the surface adsorbed carboxylate (acidic) components of the crude oil. However, details concerning the relationship between the surfactant molecular structures and their wettability alteration efficiency are lacking. In this study, we systematically probe the effect of the molecular charge distribution of quaternary ammonium type cationic surfactants on the wettability reversal efficiency. The local charges on the hydrophilic head group of the surfactants were varied by insertion of different functional groups and the charge distribution was calculated using quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) method. Ten modified surfactants as well as the reference octyltrimethylammonium molecule were tested using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results imply that the charge on the hydrogen atoms in the methylene group of a quaternary ammonium moiety has the most significant influence on the wettability reversal ability of the surfactants, with the Spearman rank coefficient (ρ) being as high as 0.782, while charges on the quaternary ammonium group as a whole do not pose any considerable effect, with ρ being −0.264. The calculations further suggest some feasible chemical modifications of the surfactants leading to the highest wettability alteration efficiency (i.e., insertion of a ketone group). Additionally, the effect of alkyl chain length was explored and an optimal length was identified that suggests the importance of establishing the structural compatibility between the surfactants and the oil phase. The correlations obtained in this study can facilitate the design of high-efficiency cationic surfactants for wettability reversal in carbonate reservoirs.
A path model of racial/ethnic discrimination and cardiovascular disease risk factors among college students of color.

Racial/ethnic minorities experience disproportionately greater risk to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study examined racial/ethnic discrimination—as a psychosocial stressor—in a path model an...
Soil microbial biomass and composition from urban landscapes in a semiarid climate

Abstract Soil microbial communities have been used as indicators of changes in soil health agroecosystems. However, few studies have evaluated soil health under turfgrass systems especially in semiarid climates. Our study determined whether microbial biomass and composition in residential soils were controlled by home age along a turfgrass chronosequence and evaluated effects of turfgrass management in structuring soil microbial communities. Soil samples were obtained from nine locations within each home age category: oldest (1950–1970), middle (1971–1990), newer (1991–2010), and newest (2011–present) in summer 2018 and 2019. Soil microbial biomass and composition were assessed using chloroform fumigation extraction method (CFEM) and ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) were 46–52% and 65–75% higher in oldest homes when compared to newest homes, respectively. Neither total FAMEs nor fungal FAME abundance differed for home age categories, but bacterial FAME abundance increased with home age. Non-parametric analysis determined no microbial abundance differences with management practices or turfgrass species. Pearson correlations indicated soil organic matter and silt content most consistently altered the microbial community. Soil microbial communities within semiarid, urban environments shifted from high fungal to bacterial dominated as landscapes matured, potentially due to long-term effects of irrigation, fertilization, and pesticide use. Our results indicate time after establishment was more important to development of soil microbial communities in semiarid, perennial turfgrass systems than subtle differences in management, suggesting soil health and resource conservation goals in this setting may be achievable with relatively low levels of management over time.
Managing healthcare costs by peer-group modeling

We describe statistical methods for managing healthcare costs using peer-group models and outlier detection. A peer group is a collection of similar entities such as patients, physicians, clinics, hospitals or pharmacies. In an empirical study of drug volumes prescribed by physicians, we examined the billing and prescription records for all patients covered by a major insurer over a 6 month period, encompassing over twenty million individual patient-physician encounters. During this period, 21,243 physicians prescribed a major pain-control medication which is frequently the subject of abuse - oxycodone. Profiles were computed for each physician based on their specialty and the clinical characteristics of their patients. For each physician, the average prescription volume within the corresponding peer group of similar physicians is an estimate of the expected volume of prescriptions for that physician. Strategies were developed to select outliers from the expected values as the ones that are candidates for potential cost reduction. Overall, the prediction of actual outcomes from peer profiles is significantly better than chance, with a reduction of average error of 45.5 %. For the 10 % of physicians that prescribed the most medications, there were extreme and highly significant differences found between their expected and predicted outcomes.
Implant Design and Manufacturing as Predictors of Implant Failure

Summary The design and manufacturing of implants can have a profound effect on the composition and structure of an implant. Certain design features such as interlocking of the bone and implant and uniform transfer of stress to the bone without causing bone loss are necessary for any dental implant to have predictable long-term success. Because specific design features have not been compared, it is impossible to recommend one particular implant design over another. All implants must be manufactured from biocompatible material, but it is not known if one material is better than another. The controversy concerning degradation of HA coatings and its effect on long-term implant survival remains a significant issue. More directed clinical trials are needed to answer the relevant clinical questions. Clinical studies that compare implant designs, manufacturing, and composition in randomized prospective clinical trials are needed to determine which factors contribute to implant failure. The best that a clinician can do to manage his or her patients appropriately is to use the available data and his or her clinical experience to select the most appropriate implant.
Causes, characteristics, and patterns of prolonged unplanned school closures prior to the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, 2011 - 2019

Introduction Outside of pandemics, there is little information about occurrence of prolonged unplanned K-12 school closures (PUSC). We describe here the reasons, characteristics, and patterns of PUSC in the United States during 8 consecutive inter-pandemic academic years, 2011–2019. Methods From August 1, 2011 through June 30, 2019, daily systematic online searches were conducted to collect data on publicly announced unplanned school closures lasting ≥1 school days in the United States. Closures were categorized as prolonged when schools were closed for ≥5 unplanned days (approximating one full workweek), excluding weekends and scheduled days off per school calendars. Results During the eight academic years, a total of 21,725 PUSCs were identified, affecting over 800,000 teachers and 13 million students that resulted in 89.9 million student-days lost. A median of 62.9% of students in PUSC-affected schools were eligible for subsidized school meals. Most affected schools were in cities (35%) and suburban areas (34%). Natural disasters (48%), adverse weather conditions (35%), and budget/teacher strikes (15%) were the most frequently cited reasons for PUSC; illness accounted for 1%, and building/facility issues, environmental issues and violence together accounted for the remaining 3%. The highest number of PUSCs occurred in Health and Human Services Regions 2, 3, 4, and 6 encompassing areas that are frequently in the path of hurricanes and tropical storms. The majority of PUSCs in these regions were attributed to a handful of hurricanes during the fall season, including hurricanes Sandy, Irma, Harvey, Florence, and Matthew. Conclusions PUSCs occur annually in the United States due to a variety of causes and are associated with a substantive loss of student-days for in-school learning. Both these prior experiences with PUSCs and those during the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrate a need for creating sustainable solutions for high-quality distance learning and innovative supplemental feeding programs nationwide, especially in disaster-prone areas.
Experience With Soil Taxonomy of the United States

Publisher Summary Response to international distribution of Soil Taxonomy has ranged from acceptance as an official system to absolute rejection. The scheme is used as the primary classification for national soils programs in 12 countries. It is commonly used by soil scientists of 19 other countries for international communication though the national programs of these countries depend on other systems. The system addresses the world-wide range of soils. The impact of Soil Taxonomy on soil classification world-wide has been far greater than that of any other development in the discipline during the past 50 years. In addition to its use as a primary system in 12 countries, elements of its principles, concepts, and devices have been incorporated to varying extent in both general and national schemes used in many countries. More importantly, it has prompted a changed perspective of soils and the beginnings of transformation from a qualitative to a quantitative approach to soil classification in many countries.
The inhibition of respiration and phosphorylation in kidney mitochondria by parathyroid hormone administered in vivo.

Abstract Parathyroid hormone administered in vivo to rabbits produced a metabolic alteration in kidney cortex mitochondria, evidenced by diminished respiratory rate, respiratory control, and P:O ratio with a series of substrates including pyruvate plus fumarate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, malate, citrate, and isocitrate. The adenosine triphosphate-inorganic phosphate exchange reaction rate was decreased and adenosine triphosphatase activity was increased compared to control mitochondria. These changes did not become apparent until about 12 hours after injection, were undiminished by 24 hours, and could be elicited with as little as 200 U.S.P. units of hormone. Under identical conditions liver mitochondria were unaffected. Diphospho- and triphosphopyridine nucleotides in combination frequently elevated the respiration in parathyroid-treated mitochondria close to or above control levels with citrate and isocitrate but not with the remaining substrates and had no effect no respiratory control with any of the substrates. The effects of the hormone could not be duplicated by elevating and maintaining in otherwise normal rabbits serum calcium concentrations at twice normal level for 6 hours. It is concluded that the effects produced by parathyroid hormone on kidney are multiple in nature and related to the Ca++-raising potency of the preparations.
Studies in the tetraarylborates: Part II. The preparation and reagent properties of sodium tetrakis(p-fluorophenyl)borate, a selective reagent for cesium

Abstract Sodium tetrakis(p-fluorophenyl)borate has been synthesized and found to be a very selective gravimetric reagent for the determination of cesium. It formed precipitates with cesium, silver, thallium(I) and rubidium but not with potassium and ammonium ions. The cesium tetrakis(p-fluorophenyl)borate separated as a white crystalline compound, which was easily filterable. It achieved constant weight rapidly at 110° and showed no signs of decomposition after 18 h of drying.
Women at the Beginning: Origin Myths from the Amazons to the Virgin Mary

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Patrick J. Geary Year: 2006 Pages: x + 128 Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 978-0-691-12409-4 (hard cover). Prices: $19.95 USD(hard cover).
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE AND THE LARGER ATTITUDE COMPLEX

Growing concern with the effect of negative public attitudes toward the police on police-community polarization and morale and effectiveness has led to numerous efforts to improve the image of the policeman and to facilitate more positive relationships with the community. It is proposed that the eflectiveness of such programs is hindered by their failure to consider that public attitudes toward the police do not exist in isolation, but are a part of a broader complex of attitudes toward the system of legal justice and its various representatives. Data from four different samples of residents of a western state provide some tentative support for this hypothesis. Implications of the data for programs designed to improve police-community relationships are discussed.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) Organization and Plans

A discussion of the current organization and Central Team functions will be given. A possible project organization at the stage where governance by government funding agencies becomes needed is given. Goals for the first year of the Global Design Effort will be presented together with a technically limited time line.
Innovations and Fundamental Insights of Advanced Field Emission Cathodes for High Power Microwave (HPM) Sources

One of the key remaining challenges for HPM (> 100 MW, 100 A/cm2 and negligible evidence of cathode plasma. Experimental I-V characteristics of monolithic-metal cathodes suggest anomalously high local surface electric field enhancements (> 100) combined with small fractions ( 0.01) of the cathode surface responsible for the emission. These collective observations raise fundamental questions about the mechanisms and limitations of the electron emission. This talk summarizes the findings on novel cathode performance, emission mechanisms, the role of surface nano-and micro-scale properties, and emission constraints posed bv the space-charge-limited Fowler Nordheim condition.
Remote sensing of row crop structure and component temperatures using directional radiometric temperatures and inversion techniques

A physically based sensor response model of a row crop was used as the mathematical framework from which several inversion strategies were tested for extracting row structure information and component temperatures using a series of sensor view angles. The technique was evaluated on ground-based radiometric thermal infrared data of a cotton row crop that covered 48 percent of the ground in the vertical projection. The results showed that the accuracies of the predicted row heights and widths, vegetation temperatures, and soil temperatures of the cotton row crop were on the order of 5 cm, 1 deg, and 2 deg C, respectively. The inversion techniques can be applied to directional sensor data from aircraft platforms and even space platforms if the effects of atmospheric absorption and emission can be corrected. In theory, such inversion techniques can be applied to a wide variety of vegetation types and thus can have significant implications for remote sensing research and applications in disciplines that deal with incomplete vegetation canopies.
Analysis of the chemical and physical factors affecting reactive adsorption of ammonia on graphene/nanoporous carbon composites

Abstract Adsorption of ammonia was studied on composites of graphene and nanoporous carbon (5 and 20 wt.% graphene). The breakthrough curves were measured in three consequent adsorption–desorption runs in either dry or wet conditions. The mechanism of ammonia retention was evaluated from the point of view of either reactive or physical adsorption. The important finding is the insensitivity of the ammonia adsorption on the composites on the water content in the challenge gas. An about 50% decrease in the surface area and volume of micropores compared to nanoporous carbons does not affect the amount of physically adsorbed ammonia. It is governed by the volume of ultramicropores (pore width
NMDA receptor and neonatal hypoxic brain injury.

The NMDA-type glutamate receptor is a predominant mediator of excitotoxicity in the immature brain due to overexpression of the receptor in the developing brain. Within the development period however, the extent of NMDA receptor mediated processes including hypoxia-induced excitotoxicity may depend on the ontogeny of the NMDA receptor recognition and modulation sites, and subunits leading to altered function of the ion-channel comples. The function of the receptor may be modified by intracellular mechanisms such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, nitration, and generation of free radicals including nitric oxide. The susceptibility of the developing brain to hypoxia depends on several factors: the lipid composition of the brain cell membrane; the rate of membrane lipid peroxidation and the status of anti-oxidant defenses; the development and modulation of the NMDA receptor sites; the intracellular Ca2+ influx mechanisms; expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic genes such as Bax and Bcl-2; and the activation of initiator caspases and caspase-3, the “executioner” of cell death. The developmental status of these cellular mechanisms and their response to hypoxia determine the fate of the hypoxic cell in the developing brain in the fetus and the newborn. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:249–253. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Pilgrimage to the Disneyland of Faith

As part of a course considering “American Democracy in Theory and Practice,” we took 36 students to Rick Warren's Saddleback Church in Lake Forest, California. During that visit, students observed a community that seeks self-sufficiency and yet proves to be simultaneously responsive to and reflective of American democracy more broadly. Specifically, in a few short hours, they were able to see the virtues of civic association, the difficulty of respecting individualism in large-scale polities, the influence of regional identity, and the two-way interaction between politics and culture—all themes that featured prominently in our course. We offer this reflection to suggest the pedagogical benefits of showing the tensions of American politics in action and to encourage colleagues to consider integrating similar ventures into their own courses.
Isolation of a glycoprotein fraction from human platelet membranes which inhibits viral haemagglutination.

THE function of the membrane-bound sialic acid of human blood platelets is unknown, but platelet aggregation occurs after in vitro treatment with neuraminidase1 or with myxoviruses2–5, and thrombocytopenia is a common finding in viral infections6. During a general study on the component glycoproteins of human platelets we have isolated a glycopeptide from platelet membranes after proteolytic digestion with trypsin and pronase7. We now report the isolation from human platelet membranes of a soluble glycoprotein fraction which inhibits virus-induced haemagglutination.
“We have to take these guys out”: Motivations for Assaulting Incarcerated Child Molesters

We know very little about how incarcerated men justify assaults against at-risk inmates such as child molesters. For this article, we fill this gap in the literature by examining how men describe these assaults as a way to align their own violent behavior with more conventional mores. We find that formerly incarcerated men justify violence as a way to raise their own social status and promote cultural norms against child abuse. When inmates attack someone convicted of child molestation, they do so to punish him and provide a “service” to their community. Furthermore, they elevate their own social status and distance themselves from these offenders. Theoretically, this work broadens our understanding of verbal justifications for violent action.
Sociopolitical Viewpoints as Narrated by Family and Educational Background.

Social and political views were obtained from over 5,000 high school and college graduates living in the continental United States who participated in the 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1994 collection years of the General Social Survey (GSS). Verbal descriptions of liberalism, trustfulness, helpfulness, family income, and confidence in organized labor and the U.S. government were obtained from coded GSS responses. From those responses, narratives were produced and sorted according to the groups of respondents they represented: (a) Whites with high school educations, (b) non-White minorities with high school educations, (c) Whites with college educations, and (d) non-White minorities with college educations. The verbal narratives were analyzed via Catpac, a neural network analysis program that seeks to mimic the conceptualization process of the human brain. Results support the premise that sociopolitical and prosocial views can be traced to educational and social status.
Induction of ouabain resistance in V-79 cells by four carbamate pesticides.

Abstract The effects of four carbamate pesticides, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and oxamyl, were tested for their ability to induce an increase in the frequency of ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Experiments with and without an exogenous activating system of irradiated Syrian hamster cells were utilized. The results indicate that three of the four carbamate pesticides did not affect the mutation frequency to ouabain resistance. Carbofuran induced a weak mutagenic response in V-79 cells without the activating system. However, in the presence of the activating system the mutation frequency was the same as that in the controls.
Expression of LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-3 in Xenopus development is limited to neural and neuroendocrine tissues

The Xenopus LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-3 was identified initially as a fragment isolated by polymerase chain reaction cloning with an embryonic cDNA library as template (Taira et al., 1992, Genes Dev. 6, 356-366). cDNA clones representing most of the Xlim-3 mRNA were isolated from an adult brain library. The predicted Xlim-3 protein contains two copies of the LIM domain, a homeodomain, and a C-terminal region rich in proline, glycine, and serine. RNA blot hybridization showed that Xlim-3 mRNA is detected in dorsal regions at neural tube and tailbud stages and in adults predominantly in the pituitary gland and weakly in the eye and brain. Whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that Xlim-3 mRNA is first detectable at the neural plate stage in the stomodeal-hypophyseal (pituitary) anlage and in the neural plate where labeled cells were found adjacent to the forming floor plate. In situ hybridization analysis on serial sections at later stages showed that embryonic Xlim-3 expression persists in the pituitary and pineal, as well as in some cells of the retina, hindbrain, and spinal cord. In the retina, Xlim-3 mRNA was only detected in a distinct sublamina of the inner nuclear layer, but not in dividing cells of ciliary margin. This discrete manner of Xlim-3 expression, especially persistent expression in the pituitary (before morphogenesis of the gland to adult), supports a role in the specification and maintenance of differentiation of distinct neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues.
Hypergraphs and sharpened sieve inequalities

Abstract We show that the alternating inequalities associated with Ch. Jordan's formulae for the probability that exactly m and at least m of n given events occur may be sharpened by the addition of a sum whose entries are determined by the edges of a hypergraph satisfying certain conditions. The results are given in the broader context of measures over finitely generated Boolean algebras.
Resolution effects of organic additives on the MEKC enantiomeric separations of tri aza aromatic ligand compounds of iron(II)

We have utilized micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium deoxycholate micelles to separate the enantiomers of bis(8-((pyridine-2-methylene)amino)quinoline)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PMAQ)2(PF6)2, bis(8-((pyridine-2-methylene)amino)lepidine iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PMAL)2(PF6)2, and bis(1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidine)-8-aminoquinoline iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PEAQ)2(PF6)2. The influence of 13 water miscible organic additives on the resolution of each pair of enantiomers was investigated. Significant changes in resolution are seen depending upon the particular organic additive used in the separation buffer. In addition, the effects of acetone concentration on the resolution of these enantiomers in bile salt solution was investigated. Resolution for all three pairs of enantiomers is maximized in a buffer solution containing 15% acetone. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Operational issues and network effects in vaccine markets

One of the most important concerns for managing public health is the prevention of infectious diseases. Although vaccines provide the most effective means for preventing infectious diseases, there are two main reasons why it is often difficult to reach a socially optimal level of vaccine coverage: (i) the emergence of operational issues (such as yield uncertainty) on the supply side, and (ii) the existence of negative network effects on the consumption side. In particular, uncertainties about production yield and vaccine imperfections often make manufacturing some vaccines a risky process and may lead the manufacturer to produce below the socially optimal level. At the same time, negative network effects provide incentives to potential consumers to free ride off the immunity of the vaccinated population. In this research, we consider how a central policy-maker can induce a socially optimal vaccine coverage through the use of incentives to both consumers and the vaccine manufacturer. We consider a monopoly market for an imperfect vaccine; we show that a fixed two-part subsidy is unable to coordinate the market, but derive a two-part menu of subsidies that leads to a socially efficient level of coverage.
A Feminist Appraisal of Augustine

Employing several major lines of argument, I claim that Augustine exhibits styles of thought, literary methods and modes of inquiry that are not only accessible to feminist scholarship, but that are genuinely feminist-friendly. I first examine the Confessions, and then proceed with analyses of Augustine's style, a comparison of his work to that of another major thinker in the Christian tradition, an analysis of his use of the notion of unity, and a final look at City of God. The work of commentators such as Chadwick, Clark, McMahon and Mallard is used in order to support the argument. Augustine's standing as one of the founding Church Fathers may make it difficult for us to mention him in the same breath as the concept of “feminism.”1 Yet in our attempts to try to come to grips with thinkers as diverse as Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Quine, we have frequently noticed that concepts useful to feminists are where one finds them.
Statistical tests of additional plate boundaries from plate motion inversions

We have investigated the application of the F-ratio test, a standard statistical technique, to the results of relative plate motion inversions. The method tests whether the improvement in fit of the model to the data resulting from the addition of another plate to the model is greater than that expected purely by chance. This approach appears to be useful in determining whether additional plate boundaries are justified. We confirm previous results favoring separate North American and South American plates with a boundary located between 30°N and the equator. Using Chase's global relative motion data, we show that in addition to separate West African and Somalian plates, separate West Indian and Australian plates, with a best-fitting boundary between 70°E and 90°E, can be resolved. These results are generally consistent with the observation that the Indian plate's internal deformation extends somewhat westward of the Ninetyeast Ridge. The relative motion pole is similar to Minster and Jordan's and predicts the NW-SE compression observed in earthquake mechanisms near the Ninetyeast Ridge.
A Rapid Ultraviolet Absorption Method for the Determination of Mercury in Urine

Abstract A procedure is described for the determination of submicrogram quantities of mercury in urine. The method is based on the absorption of the 253.7 nanometer mercury resonance line by mercury vapor. After decomposition of the sample with nitric acid, the mercury is reduced to the elemental state with stannous chloride. The vapor is driven into an atomic absorption spectrophotometer or a mercury vapor detector. Measurement of the absorption peak height is used to determine the quantity of mercury present. No more than 2 ml of sample is required and the entire determination can be completed in less than ten minutes.
A physical contribution to understanding information processing systems such as societies of complex particles, people or neurons

Abstract I add an additional thread to the web of physically inspired ideas (which we call homeokinetics), that my colleagues and I believe are required to describe complex systems. Such systems are to be found as the whole or part of nature, including life, man, mind, and society. The suggestion that our themes are relevant to understanding the chemical coordination of the living organism and its command-control system may motivate the reader to consider them. Physically, all complex systems are to be viewed as electrochemical, fluid mechanical, thermodynamic field systems. This makes them ‘soft’ systems rather than the ‘hard’ systems that we regard as characteristic of man-made machines. Such soft complex systems use language as catalytic elements that control their state or the evocation of microstates in the systems. The new idea that we add, which is completely general, is relevant to recognition processes in cells and to the characterization of the organism's mind and brain. That additional idea is that culture in the anthropologist's sense, but not restricted to human systems, is a necessary overview for a physical comprehension of complex systems—e.g., at every level, the elementary units are enculturated; process and material recognition is not de novo , but occurs in a field in which a culture already exists. In this paper, the startup problems of the origins of culture are not considered.
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the cat: Effects of long-term monocular deprivation

The effects of prolonged monocular deprivation (MD) on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) have been examined in cats subjected to unilateral or bilateral visual cortex lesions. Presurgically , OKN elicited through the deprived eye was substantially weaker than that through the non-deprived eye. This effect was most prominent for OKN in response to temporalward stimulation, which essentially was abolished in the deprived eye. In addition, OKN elicited by temporalward stimulation of the non-deprived eye tended to be weaker in comparison to nasalward stimulation of that eye. A bilateral cortical lesion severely disrupted OKN behavior through the non-deprived eye but left OKN through the deprived eye relatively unaffected, with the result that the marked interocular differences in OKN that were present presurgically disappeared. During the recovery period following this lesion, there was a small gradual improvement in OKN through both eyes, so that OKN performance through the deprived eye ultimately exceeded that observed presurgically . Unilateral cortical lesions had little effect on OKN through the deprived eye, but they produced substantial changes in OKN through the non-deprived eye. Both the immediate effects of cortical lesions, and the patterns of recovery observed following these lesions, in many ways resemble those observed when normally reared cats are subjected to similar lesions. These behavioral experiments indicate that while subcortical OKN pathways are spared from the effects of long-term monocular deprivation, cortical pathways mediating OKN through the deprived eye are severely disrupted.
Integrating forensic nursing into the undergraduate nursing curriculum: a solution for a disconnect.

Violence occurring in the home and community, and its resultant negative effects on public health, is of critical concern to health care professionals. The aim of this article is to underscore the importance of the role of nurse educators in preventing and reducing the consequences of domestic violence and abuse. A viable solution for the disconnect that exists between violence reduction strategies and their effective implementation is proposed, including an integration of forensic nursing concepts and skills into the undergraduate nursing curriculum. Doing so will enable nurse educators to prepare practitioners who can help break the cycle of violence and close the gap that exists in health care delivery for individuals affected by violence. Related issues and challenges are presented, including the need to prepare culturally competent health care professionals, to examine and revise overloaded curricula on the basis of empirical research and societal trends, and to address faculty competence. Language: en
Randomly trimmed l-statistics

Central limit theorems (CLT) and strong laws of large numbers (SLLN) are obtained for randomly trimmed L-statistics. When the fractions trimmed converge to a and 1−b with 0<a<b<1 there are no restrictions on the df's of the rv's, except for necessary continuity of F−1 at a and b; but the limiting rv has several contributing terms, making studentization complicated unless the random trimming fractions converge fast enough. When a=0 andb=1 the natural restriction on the rate of convergence of the trimming fractions that allows the ‘right’ conclusion is more severe. But, this is a most reasonable way to trim. The technique is honed enough to yield the classical CLT and SLLN as immediate corollaries, even with random trimming. This is the way data analysts should, and do, trim; they have tacitly assumed such a CLT and LLN for years.
On Fractional Paradigm and Intermediate Zones in Electromagnetism: I. Planar Observation

In this letter, the kernel of the integral transform that relates the field quantities over an observation flat plane to the corresponding quantities on another observation plane parallel to the first one is fractionalized for two-dimensional (2-D) monochromatic wave propagation. It is shown that such fractionalized kernels, with a fractionalization parameter ν between zero and unity, are the kernels of the integral transforms that provide the field quantities over the parallel planes between the two original planes. With a proper choice of the first two planes, these fractional kernels can provide us with a natural way of interpreting the fields in the intermediate zones (i.e., the region between the near and far zones) in certain electromagnetic problems. The evolution of these fractional kernels into the Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction kernels is addressed. The limit of these fractional kernels for the static case is also mentioned. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 22: 236–241, 1999.
Optimal gadolinium dose level for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement of U87-derived tumors in athymic nude rats for the assessment of photodynamic therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction : This study aims to determine the effect of varying gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) dose on Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) tracking of brain tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome. Methods : We injected 2.5 x 10 5 U87 cells (derived from human malignant glioma) into the brains of six athymic nude rats. After 9, 12, and 13 days DCE-MRI images were acquired on a 9.4 T micro-MRI scanner before and after administration of 100, 150, or 200 P L of Gd-DTPA. Results : Tumor region normalized DCE-MRI scan enhancement at peak was: 1.217 over baseline (0.018 Standard Error [SE]) at the 100 P L dose, 1.339 (0.013 SE) at the 150 P L dose, and 1.287 (0.014 SE) at the 200 P L dose. DCE-MRI peak tumor enhancement at the 150 P L dose was significantly greater than both the 100 P L dose ( p < 3.323E-08) and 200 P L dose ( p < 0.0007396). Discussion : In this preliminary study, the 150 P L Gd-DTPA dose provided the greatest T1 weighted contrast enhancement, while minimizing negative T2* effects, in DCE-MRI scans of U87-derived tumors. Maximizing Gd-DTPA enhancement in DCE-MRI scans may assist development of a clinically robust (i.e., unambiguous) technique for PDT outcome assessment. Keywords : brain, cancer, Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI), gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA), glioma, neurosurgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Angiotensin II Inhibits Human Trophoblast Invasion through AT1 Receptor Activation

Trophoblast implantation depends, in part, on the controlled production of plasmin from plasminogen, a process regulated by plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitors. We have determined that angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) synthesis and secretion in human trophoblasts in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Our results indicate that Ang II activates PAI-1gene expression through the AT1 receptor and involves the calcium-dependent activation of calcineurin and the nuclear translocation of NFAT. Increased PAI-1 synthesis and secretion is associated with reduced trophoblast invasion as judged by an in vitro invasion assay. These studies are the first to link the renin-angiotensin system with the fibrinolytic system to regulate trophoblast invasion.
Wanting Nothing and Getting Nothing: On Negative Results in Hypnosis Research

Abstract Many recent studies have suggested that hypnotic inductions are not necessary to obtain the phenomena traditionally linked to “hypnosis” and that the concept of hypnotic states is scientifically useless. The present paper argues, however, that when no differences are found between the efficacy of various forms of motivating instructions and of hypnotic inductions, it is essential to have some indication that the hypnotic induction was comparable to the procedures used by experienced clinical hypnotists. Otherwise the acceptance of the null hypothesis in these studies has no bearing on evaluating the latter procedures. The comparability of tape-recorded standard inductions is called into question. It is also suggested that experimenter bias may be responsible for negative findings regarding hypnosis as much as positive findings. The possibility is considered that a conception of state change along several dimensions may be more useful than the concept of a single hypnotic state.
The Importance of Identity Development, Principled Moral Reasoning, and Empathy as Predictors of Openness to Diversity in Emerging Adults

Programs that attempt to increase tolerance and openness to diverse cultures, religions, and ethnicities through education and exposure are popular and often successful in higher education, but at times backfire, leading instead to an increase in prejudice. The present study considered several intrapersonal and developmental factors that may be important to consider. Identity development (Measures of Psychosocial Development, based on Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development), moral reasoning (Defining Issues Test, based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development), and empathy (a subscale of the California Personality Inventory) were tested as predictors of openness to diversity (Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale) with entering first-year university students (n = 282) at a small, private comprehensive university. As hypothesized, identity development, principled moral reasoning, and empathy each significantly and positively predicted openness to diversity, and the combination of predictors accounted for a moderately large portion of the criterion’s variance. Implications are discussed for developing effective programs to facilitate openness to diversity in emerging adulthood.
NONEQUILIBRIUM DYNAMIC PHASE DIAGRAM FOR VORTEX LATTICES

The new dynamic phase diagram for driven vortices with varying lattice softness we present here indicates that, at high driving currents, at least two distinct dynamic phases of flux flow appear depending on the vortex-vortex interaction strength. When the flux lattice is soft, the vortices flow in independently moving channels with smectic structure. For stiff flux lattices, adjacent channels become locked together, producing crystallinelike order in a coupled channel phase. At the crossover lattice softness between these phases, the system produces a maximum amount of voltage noise. Our results relate spatial order with transport and are in agreement with experiments.
Microbursts as an aviation wind shear hazard

The downburst-related accidents or near-misses of jet aircraft have been occurring at the rate of once or twice a year since 1975. A microburst with its field comparable to the length of runways can induce a wind shear which endangers landing or liftoff aircraft; the latest near miss landing of a 727 aircraft at Atlanta, Ga. in 1979 indicated that some microbursts are too small to trigger the warning device of the anemometer network at major U.S. airports. The nature of microbursts and their possible detection by Doppler radar are discussed, along with proposed studies of small-scale microbursts.
Costs to Society of Family Caregiving for Patients with End-Stage Alzheimer's Disease

Recent estimates indicate that the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing at an alarming rate, and with that increase comes a dramatic upsurge in the cost of this disease to society. In 20...
Graphite particle model for NML Cygnus.

IR radiation of NML Cygnus with O/C ratio close to unity ascribed to circumstellar shell of graphite particles
Clinical trials review: Vasculitis

The assessment and treatment of vasculitis remains empirical because of the general absence of known etiologies and essential pathophysiology. The value of combining oral corticosteroid therapy with cyclophosphamide has stood the test of time in WG; however, relapse of disease and efforts to limit side effects spur the search for other therapies. Many alternatives for the treatment of vasculitis are available, but insufficient experience does not permit recommendation. Because many vasculitic syndromes are relatively rare, the possibility of accumulating sufficient numbers of patients for double-blind trials is low. Therefore, the clinician must weigh the risk and benefits of the various treatment options without the benefit of definitive trial data. This remains one of the major challenges in treating patients with vasculitis.
Managing design information: Issue-Based Information Systems and Fuzzy Reasoning System

Abstract Issue-Based Information System (IBIS) is an information representation system based on a structured database. It provides a hierarchically linked web structure to manage design related information around issues. In this paper, we explore the enhancement of IBIS with Fuzzy Reasoning System (FRS). The FRS details the links among issues to further objectify the logic of decision making and issue resolving. The combined system provides a general framework to represent design information and also its logic of reasoning and decision making. Such a system stimulates and assists rationalized design analysis and scrutinized decision making. It is particularly helpful in clarifying design related issues, requirements and evaluation. With its computational dynamic links, the FRS provides a foundation to machine assisted design and reasoning. We reexamine an architectural design experiment and represent the knowledge and reasoning of the architects with the system to demonstrate the system's potential use.
Content Analysis of Teenaged Interviews for Designing Drug Programs

The paper discusses the recommendations for drug educational-informational programs communicated by teenaged interviewees to teenaged and adult interviewers. The subjects were teenagers residing in...