cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity and Action

With the pursuit of ethnic idenitity as an example, we deduce some testable propositions on ethnic mobilization and polarization from a graphic analysis of a purposive action model. The method allows incorporation of identity in collective action models. In a village of two ethnic groups, people pursue two idenitities, their own ethnicity and a shared villager identity. Pursuit of their identities is constrained by the inter- and intra-ethnic organization of the village. We show that under fragile" inter-ethnic village organization, small changes in ethnocentrism can precipitate much change in the ethnic relations, whereas when inter-ethnic organization is "robust, " inter-ethnic relations change little, even when ethnocentrism changes a great deal. The effects of ethnic mobilization are studied, as when ethnic moderates close ranks with extremists to create polarization. The pursuit of political identity (dissidents, pragmatists) in repressive regimes can be similarly modeled and studied for predicting o...
Recovery of force during postcontractile depression in singleXenopus muscle fibers

This study examined the relationship between force and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) in different fiber types fromXenopus before, during, and after cells underwent postcontractile ...
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic lesions: A systematic review of technical and procedural variables

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition has emerged over the last decade as an invaluable diagnostic tool in approaching the different pancreatic lesions. Given the safety and minimal invasiveness of this approach combined with the high diagnostic yield, it became the standard of care when dealing with different pancreatic pathologies. However, some variables regarding this procedure remain not fully understood. These can influence the diagnostic yield of the procedure and include the presence of the on-site cytopathologist, the type and size of the needle used as well as obtaining aspiration versus core biopsy, the number of passes and the sampling technique, and the role of suction and stylet use among others. We performed a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase for studies that assessed these variables. Eligible studies were analyzed using several parameters such as technique and procedure, with the aim of reviewing results from an evidence-based standpoint.
Group Prenatal Care Results in Medicaid Savings with Better Outcomes: A Propensity Score Analysis of CenteringPregnancy Participation in South Carolina.

Objectives This study was undertaken to determine the cost savings of prevention of adverse birth outcomes for Medicaid women participating in the CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care program at a pilot program in South Carolina. Methods A retrospective five-year cohort study of Medicaid women was assessed for differences in birth outcomes among women involved in CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care (n = 1262) and those receiving individual prenatal care (n = 5066). The study outcomes examined were premature birth and the related outcomes of low birthweight (LBW) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) visits. Because women were not assigned to the CenteringPregnancy group, a propensity score analysis ensured that the inference of the estimated difference in birth outcomes between the treatment groups was adjusted for nonrandom assignment based on age, race, Clinical Risk Group, and plan type. A series of generalized linear models were run to estimate the difference between the proportions of individuals with adverse birth outcomes, or the risk differences, for CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care participation. Estimated risk differences, the coefficient on the CenteringPregnancy group indicator variable from identity-link binomial variance generalized linear models, were then used to calculate potential cost savings due to participation in the CenteringPregnancy group. Results This study estimated that CenteringPregnancy participation reduced the risk of premature birth (36 %, P < 0.05). For every premature birth prevented, there was an average savings of $22,667 in health expenditures. Participation in CenteringPregnancy reduced the incidence of delivering an infant that was LBW (44 %, P < 0.05, $29,627). Additionally, infants of CenteringPregnancy participants had a reduced risk of a NICU stay (28 %, P < 0.05, $27,249). After considering the state investment of $1.7 million, there was an estimated return on investment of nearly $2.3 million. Conclusions Cost savings were achieved with better outcomes due to the participation in CenteringPregnancy among low-risk Medicaid beneficiaries.
Variability and bias assessment in breast ADC measurement across multiple systems.

Purpose To assess the ability of a recent, anatomically designed breast phantom incorporating T1 and diffusion elements to serve as a quality control device for quantitative comparison of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements calculated from diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) within and across MRI systems. Materials and Methods A bilateral breast phantom incorporating multiple T1 and diffusion tissue mimics and a geometric distortion array was imaged with DWI on 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3.0T scanners from two different manufacturers, using three different breast coils (three configurations total). Multiple measurements were acquired to assess the bias and variability of different diffusion weighted single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences on the scanner-coil systems. Results The repeatability of ADC measurements was mixed: the standard deviation relative to baseline across scanner-coil-sequences ranged from low variability (0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–1.00) to high variability (1.69, 95% CI: 0.17–17.26), depending on material, with the lowest and highest variability from the same scanner-coil-sequence. Assessment of image distortion showed that right/left measurements of the geometric distortion array were 1 to 16% larger on the left coil side compared with the right coil side independent of scanner-coil systems, diffusion weighting, and phase-encoding direction. Conclusion This breast phantom can be used to measure scanner-coil-sequence bias and variability for DWI. When establishing a multisystem study, this breast phantom may be used to minimize protocol differences (e.g., due to available sequences or shimming technique), to correct for bias that cannot be minimized, and to weigh results from each system depending on respective variability. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:846–855.
Avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) levels in fasted-refed chickens: locus of postprandial trigger?

AbstractFasting and refeeding studies were carried out in young normal chickens (6-8 weeks old) in an effort to establish a correlation between movement of the digesta through the alimentary tract ...
Aspergillus Kanagawaensis and Related Species in Wisconsin Forest Soils

Nearly 400 isolates of Aspergillus which could not be identified with any species included in A Manual of the Aspergilli (14) were obtained in a recent survey of the soil microfungi in Wisconsin conifer-hardwood forests (1). All of these isolates exhibited pinkish tan-colored conidia, and vesicles with one series of sterigmata. They were initially sorted into three groups of which WSF 300, WSF 813, and WSF 445 were representative. Approximately 350 isolates of the type represented by WSF 300 were secured by the dilution plate method from A1 horizon soils in 11 of the forests studied. It was especially common in nearly pure stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) or hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), where a mor humus mat overlies acid sand. Approximately 20 cultures each of the entities represented by WSF 445 and WSF 813 were isolated from oak, jack pine, and hemlock forest soils. An additional group of more than 100 isolates agreeing with WSF 300 was isolated by one of the authors (M. P. B.), with the assistance of W. S. Kim, from a sample of northern Wisconsin jack pine forest soil collected and analyzed before the survey study. In an effort to identify the Wisconsin isolates, the following cultures of fawn-colored uniseriate Aspergilli were assembled and critically examined:
A High-p/Low-p Procedure to Improve Recall Memory in Elderly Patients with Mild to Moderate Cognitive Impairment

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of implementing two types of highprobability of naming/low-probability of naming procedures to improve object recall memory in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment. The procedures involved the use of directives for recall compliance with a demonstrated high rate of compliance followed by embedded directives with a demonstrated low rate of recall. Two elderly subjects in states of cognitive decline were used in this demonstration. Results indicated positive outcomes with both procedures. Recall-based interventions were more effective than recognition-based procedures.
Anaerobic loss of endogenous glycogen in rat heart slices.

SummaryAn anomalous situation has been encountered in a study of the endogenous carbohydrate metabolism of heart. It is believed that this anomaly, the failure of lactic acid to accumulate during anaerobic glycogen breakdown, my reflect the operation of an alternate pathway.
Physiological effects of short- and long-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide on a freshwater mussel, Fusconaia flava

Zones of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) have the potential to deter the movement of fishes. Should CO2 be used as a barrier, non-target organisms, such as freshwater mussels, have the potential to b...
On the Design and Manufacture of Magnetic Drivers

Applications of magnetic drivers are briefly described. And their key problems are proposed, Such as permanent magnetic material property, optimal design and manufacture of magnetic circuit, reliability of the production.
Christodemocratic Rhetoric Equates Political Leveling with Persecution

A hallmark of liberal democracies is that they evolve to accommodate increased pluralism over time. The expansion of the social contract threatens Christian privilege. Depending on one’s view of democracy, this privilege is either necessarily eliminated or preserved. In Christodemocracy, the loss of Christian privilege is equivalent to persecution and endangers the survival of the state.
Lessons learned from designing a displayless consumer wearable tech

This paper discusses challenges and lessons learned from designing and launching consumer-facing wearable technologies that Intel developed with other companies. The lessons are drawn from the perspective of a user experience team working in a traditionally hardware company.
2GETHER - The Dual Protection Project: Design and rationale of a randomized controlled trial to increase dual protection strategy selection and adherence among African American adolescent females.

Abstract Background African American adolescent females are at elevated risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Dual protection (DP) is defined as concurrent prevention of pregnancy and STIs. This can be achieved by abstinence, consistent condom use, or the dual methods of condoms plus an effective non-barrier contraceptive. Previous clinic-based interventions showed short-term effects on increasing dual method use, but evidence of sustained effects on dual method use and decreased incident pregnancies and STIs are lacking. Methods/design This manuscript describes the 2GETHER Project. 2GETHER is a randomized controlled trial of a multi-component intervention to increase dual protection use among sexually active African American females aged 14–19 years not desiring pregnancy at a Title X clinic in Atlanta, GA. The intervention is clinic-based and includes a culturally tailored interactive multimedia component and counseling sessions, both to assist in selection of a DP method and to reinforce use of the DP method. The participants are randomized to the study intervention or the standard of care, and followed for 12 months to evaluate how the intervention influences DP method selection and adherence, pregnancy and STI incidence, and participants' DP knowledge, intentions, and self-efficacy. Discussion The 2GETHER Project is a novel trial to reduce unintended pregnancies and STIs among African American adolescents. The intervention is unique in the comprehensive and complementary nature of its components and its individual tailoring of provider-patient interaction. If the trial interventions are shown to be effective, then it will be reasonable to assess their scalability and applicability in other populations.
Monuments, Kitsch, and the Sense of Nation in Imperial Germany

This article shows how the material culture of nationhood can reveal a different perspective on the problem of nationalism. Using simple time graphs and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the article considers temporal and spatial dimensions of “nation objects” in an effort to understand the allusive phenomenon of banal, everyday national identity. Specifically, it brings together quantitative evidence for the pervasiveness of veterans monuments, Kaiser Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck monuments, as well as monuments to Germany's great intellectuals, and then examines the world of objects, largely kitsch, that these monuments brought forth. The article argues that, especially in small-town Germany, objects signifying the nation point to a national sentiment governed less by the sharp logic of ideology than by the harmonizing tendencies of kitsch. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, wie die materielle Kultur der nationalen Einheit eine andere Perspektive auf das Problem des Nationalismus bieten kann. Durch die Verwendung einfacher Zeitgraphiken und Geographic Information Systems (GIS) werden die zeitlichen und raumlichen Dimensionen von “Nationalobjekten” betrachtet, um das anspielungsreiche Phanomen banaler, alltaglicher Nationalidentitat zu begreifen. Konkret werden quantitative Nachweise weit verbreiteter Kriegsdenkmaler, Denkmaler fur Kaiser Wilhelm I. und Otto von Bismarck sowie Denkmaler fur Deutschlands fuhrende Intellektuelle zusammengefuhrt und im Anschluss daran die Welt der Objekte – grostenteils Kitsch –, die diese Denkmaler hervorgebracht haben, untersucht. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass diese die Nation reprasentierenden Objekte vor allem im kleinstadtischen Deutschland auf ein Nationalgefuhl verweisen, das weniger durch klar definierte Ideologie als vielmehr durch die harmonisierenden Tendenzen von Kitsch bestimmt ist.
Evaluation of [14C] and [13C]Sucrose as Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Markers

Abstract Nonspecific quantitation of [ 14 C]sucrose in blood and brain has been routinely used as a quantitative measure of the in vivo blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, the reported apparent brain uptake clearance ( K in ) of the marker varies widely (∼100-fold). We investigated the accuracy of the use of the marker in comparison with a stable isotope of sucrose ([ 13 C]sucrose) measured by a specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. Rats received single doses of each marker, and the K in values were determined. Surprisingly, the K in value of [ 13 C]sucrose was 6- to 7-fold lower than that of [ 14 C]sucrose. Chromatographic fractionation after in vivo administration of [ 14 C]sucrose indicated that the majority of the brain content of radioactivity belonged to compounds other than the intact [ 14 C]sucrose. However, mechanistic studies failed to reveal any substantial metabolism of the marker. The octanol:water partition coefficient of [ 14 C]sucrose was >2-fold higher than that of [ 13 C]sucrose, indicating the presence of lipid-soluble impurities in the [ 14 C]sucrose solution. Our data indicate that [ 14 C]sucrose overestimates the true BBB permeability to sucrose. We suggest that specific quantitation of the stable isotope ( 13 C) of sucrose is a more accurate alternative to the current widespread use of the radioactive sucrose as a BBB marker.
Esophagogastric junction and esophageal body contraction metrics on high-resolution manometry predict esophageal acid burden.

BACKGROUND Distal contractile integral (DCI) and esophagogastric junction contractile integral (EGJ-CI) are high-resolution manometry (HRM) software metrics assessing esophageal motor function in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS Patients undergoing HRM and ambulatory pH monitoring off antisecretory therapy prospectively completed symptom questionnaires assessing symptom burden and a global symptom score (GSS) at baseline and after GERD therapy. DCI<450 mm Hg/cm/s in ≥5 swallows diagnosed ineffective esophageal motility (IEM); proportions of failed (DCI<100 mm Hg/cm/s) and weak (DCI 100-450 mm Hg/cm/s) sequences were separately assessed. EGJ-CI assessed vigor of the EGJ barrier. Univariate and multivariate analyses addressed performance of esophageal body and EGJ metrics in predicting abnormal esophageal reflux burden, and symptom outcome from antireflux therapy. KEY RESULTS Of 188 patients (55.2 ± 0.9 year, 64% F), 42.6% had low EGJ-CI, and 25.0% had IEM. While low EGJ-CI was associated with abnormal reflux burden (P = 0.003), IEM alone was not (P = 0.2). Increasing proportions of failed swallows predicted abnormal AET better than the current IEM definition. Combined low EGJ-CI and IEM segregated abnormal total and supine acid burden compared to patients with normal EGJ-CI and no IEM (P ≤ 0.007 for each comparison). Medical therapy and surgical antireflux therapy were similarly effective in improving symptom burden; surgery resulted in better outcomes with low EGJ-CI (P ≤ 0.04), especially with intact esophageal body motor function (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES While abnormal EGJ and esophageal body metrics are collectively associated with elevated esophageal reflux burden, increasing proportions of failed swallows are better predictors of reflux burden and outcome compared to the current IEM definition.
This Isn’t New: Gender, Publics, and the Internet

This chapter maps the historical relationship between gender, publics, and the Internet via a discursive and feminist analysis. Drawing from the author’s personal experience, it contextualizes online harassment within “networked publics” alongside a broader history of gender-based harassment in physical spaces. Historically, the public sphere was constructed as a patriarchal space that “belonged” to men; contestations of space continue and are extended to online publics. The harassment of women has gained increasing visibility within media, academia, popular culture, and feminism, yet early Internet research reveals that women have experienced and been concerned about harassment from the earliest days of Internet adoption. Through a review of academic scholarship and the press over the past two decades, this chapter briefly traces and analyzes the longer history of gender-based online harassment of women in order to map a trajectory of continuity and change.
Augmented convolutional feature maps for robust CNN-based camera model identification

Identifying the model of the camera that captured an image is an important forensic problem. While several algorithms have been proposed to accomplish this, their performance degrades significantly if the image is subject to post-processing. This is problematic since social media applications and photo-sharing websites typically resize and recompress images. In this paper, we propose a new convolutional neural network based approach to performing camera model identification that is robust to resampling and recompression. To accomplish this, we propose a new approach to low-level feature extraction that uses both a constrained convolutional layer and a nonlinear residual feature extractor in parallel. The feature maps produced by both of these layers are then concatenated and passed to subsequent convolutional layers for further feature extraction. Experimental results show that our proposed approach can significantly improve camera model identification performance in resampled and recompressed images.
On the promotional effect of Sn in Co-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for NO selective reduction

NO reduction with propylene over Co/Al2O3 and Co–Sn/Al2O3 catalysts has been investigated. For the Co/Al2O3 catalyst, a calcination temperature exceeding 800 °C led to a decrease of NO conversion. Calcination of the Co/Al2O3 catalyst at 1000 °C resulted in the formation of α-Al2O3 and Co3O4. The presence of 20% water vapor showed a significant shift for the maximum NO reduction temperature from 450 to 600 °C over Co/Al2O3. It has been found that modification of 6 wt% Co/Al2O3 with 2 wt% Sn significantly enhanced the catalyst thermal stability and improved the inhibitory effect of water on NO conversion and reaction temperature. The promotional effect of Sn on the catalyst thermal stability was attributed to the suppression of the phase transformation from highly dispersed Co2+ species on γ-Al2O3 to α-Al2O3 and Co3O4. The smaller influence of water vapor on NO reduction conversion and temperature over Co–Sn/Al2O3, compared to Co/Al2O3, was attributed to the dispersion effect of Sn species on Co2+ species as well as the involvement of Sn species in NO reduction at a relatively lower temperature. The synergetic effect between the octahedral Co2+ species and γ-alumina plays a significant role in the catalysis of NO selective reduction by C3H6.
A GENE FUNCTION OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS REQUIRED FOR EXPRESSION OF ALL EARLY VIRAL GENES

ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus mutant HSV-1 (HFEM) tsB7 fails to express any detectable viral polypeptides and fails to inhibit host cell protein synthesis in infected cells maintained at the non-permissive temperature. The mutant can complement the growth of other viruses and therefore can enter doubly infected cells. The mutation maps in the middle of the L component in or near genes coding for virion structural proteins and near a previously mapped function regulating inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. Abundant transcripts and mRNA from this region accumulate only after DNA synthesis and thus the gene appears to code for a late protein. All of our data are consistent with the lesion being a defect in a virion structural protein required for expression of all early viral gene products and possibly for inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. This mutation defines a new early stage of infection prior to expression of any viral gene products at which the replication of herpes simplex virus can be regulated.
Ultrafast Stimulated Emission Spectroscopy

We have discussed the application of stimulated-emission spectroscopy to solving chemical problems in three different chemical systems and for two photophysical processes: orientational relaxation dynamics and vibrational population relaxation. For the rotational diffusion measurements, it was the ability of the stimulated-emission measurements to provide a direct comparison to data from ground-state depletion measurements that allowed insight into intermolecular complex formation in polar H-bonding solvents. For measurements of vibrational population relaxation, ultrafast stimulated-emission measurements allowed the direct acquisition of T 1 times for individual vibrational resonances from ∼ 300 to ∼ 3000 cm-1. This broad tunability, high information content of the raw experimental data, and an excitation scheme that allows the direct examination of (v-v) relaxation in systems where Δv 0 cm-1 offers a significant opportunity in our ability to understand transient local organization in condensed phases. We expect that this type of measurement will find increasing use in time because of its combination of versatility, sensitivity, and the comparatively high information content of the signal.
Measuring Mechanical Properties on the Nanoscale with Contact Resonance Force Microscopy Methods

The superb spatial resolution and imaging capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) make it an attractive tool for investigating nanoscale mechanical properties. One AFM method that shows promise for quantitative property data is contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM). In this approach, the cantilever’s resonant frequencies are measured while the tip is in contact and are used to determine the local contact stiffness. Nanomechanical information is obtained from the contact stiffness with an appropriate contact mechanics model. Here, we describe our work to develop quantitative CR-FM metrology and apply it to material systems. We explain the basic theoretical and experimental concepts and show ways to implement them for accurate, reliable measurements in specific applications. New extensions of the original approach that enable measurements of viscoelastic and shear elastic properties are demonstrated. Work on quantitative CR-FM imaging is also discussed. Contact resonance frequency images enable maps of the spatial distribution in properties such as the elastic modulus of small-scale structures and the interfacial adhesion of buried interfaces. Such mapping capabilities facilitate new studies of nanoscale mechanical behavior in a variety of emerging applications.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in well differentiated small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NET).

e16164Background: Although patients with well differentiated SI-NET generally have good prognoses, those who develop PC fare worse [1]. PC is thought to be a rare occurrence in lower grade patients...
Inmates’ Narratives and Discursive Discipline in Prison: Rewriting personal histories through cognitive behavioral programs

The question of ‘what works’ in offender treatment has dominated the field of prisoner re-entry and recidivism research for the last thirty years. One of the primary ways the criminal justice system tries to reduce the rates of recidivism among offenders is through the use of cognitive behavioural programs (CBP) as in-prison intervention strategies. The emphasis for these programs is on the idea that inmates are in prison because they made poor choices and bad decisions. Inmates’ thinking is characterized as flawed and the purpose of the program is to teach them to think and act in socially appropriate ways so they will be less inclined to return to prison after their release.This book delves into the heart of one such cognitive behavioural programme, examines its inner workings, its effects on inmates’ narrated experience and considers what happens when a CBP of substandard quality and integrity is used as a gateway for inmates’ release. Based on original empirical research, this book provides realistic suggestions for improving policy, for reforming current in-prison programs engaging in problematic practices and for instituting alternatives that take the needs of the inmates into greater account. This book is essential reading for students and academics engaged in the study of sociology, criminal justice, prisons, social policy, sentencing and punishment.
Life Changes Matter More Than Satisfaction or Sanctions/Incentives: An Examination of Mental Health Court Experience Factors Associated with Arrest

AbstractWhile current evaluation studies have shown consistent and strong evidence of reducing recidivism for mental health court (MHC) programs, few studies have explored the potential factors tha...
Automatic Test Pattern Generation for timing verification and delay testing of RSFQ circuits

Rapid Single Quantum Flux (RSFQ) logic, based on Josephson Junctions (JJs), is seeing a resurgence as a way for providing high performance in the era beyond the end of physical scaling of CMOS. Since it uses fabrication processes with large feature sizes, the defect density for RSFQ is dramatically lower than its CMOS counterpart. Hence, process variations and other RSFQ-specific non-idealities become the major causes of chip failures. Because of the nature of its quantized pulse-based operation, even highly-distorted pulses are interpreted logically correctly by cells, but the timings is affected. Therefore, timing verification and delay testing increase in importance in RSFQ. In this paper, we address several radically new phenomena in RSFQ technology, especially the existence of single-pattern delay tests and the need to propagate delayed values via multiple pipeline stages. We then characterize cells under process variations and identify delay excitation conditions, sensitization conditions, and conditions for propagation of the logic errors caused by process variations. We then propose a completely new ATPG paradigm which utilizes these new phenomena to select target delay subpaths and generate test patterns that are guaranteed to excite the worst-case delay along each target delay sub-path. Finally, we present Monte Carlo simulation results for benchmark circuits with process variations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the vectors generated by our new ATPG.
Firearm-related behaviors following firearm injury: changes in ownership, carrying and storage

Individuals who sustain nonfatal gunshot wound (GSW) injuries are at substantially increased risk of subsequent firearm injury. There is a dearth of literature examining what, if any, firearm-related behavior changes occur among adults as a result of GSW injuries. Using survey data on firearm-related behaviors from an ongoing randomized controlled trial, we sought to describe changes in reported firearm-related behaviors among GSW patients following their injury. Our results suggest that patients with a GSW, especially firearm owners, may change their firearm-related behaviors following injury, some by increasing firearm-related safety and others by increasing frequency of behaviors that may place them at increased risk of subsequent injury. This study highlights the need for further examination of firearm-related behavior change among GSW patients and development of interventions to promote firearm safety among this population.
Room temperature oxidation of GaAs(110) using high translational kinetic energy molecular beams of O2 visualized by STM

Abstract This study examines the reactive surface dynamics of GaAs(110) oxidation with molecular oxygen at room temperature over a range of impinging kinetic energies. Visualization of the surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) after exposures to O2 with kinetic energies of 0.4–1.2 eV provides morphological and kinetic data that were obtained utilizing a novel instrument that combines a supersonic molecular beam with an in-line, in-situ STM. Oxidation was found to proceed by two morphologically distinct, competing mechanisms: a spatially homogeneous process with randomly distributed chemisorbed oxygen atoms leading to layer-by-layer oxide growth, and a spatially heterogeneous process with oxides nucleating on structural surface defects and growing vertically and laterally with continued exposure. Both oxidation mechanisms exhibit enhanced reactivity with increasing kinetic energy. Only trace oxidation was observed with O2 kinetic energies below 0.7 eV; a rapid increase in the rate of oxidation from 1.0 to 1.2 eV was found with homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation proceeding simultaneously until full surface coverage was reached. In addition, the relative rates of the two mechanisms appear to change with O2 kinetic energy: spatially homogeneous oxidation is expected to dominate at lower kinetic energies (
Can I Trust Your Findings? A Commentary

Academic journals in business and management are increasingly focused on the use and misuse of various empirical methods and transparency in data and methods more generally. In this commentary, I provide some additional perspectives on the viewpoints of Cuervo-Cazurra, Andersson, Brannen, Nielsen, and Reuber (Journal of International Business Studies 47 (8): 881–897, 2016) with regard to the specific issues raised in the article related to the trustworthiness of qualitative and quantitative findings and the broader implications of their contribution.
Quality, quantity, and measure: The outline and explanation of the categories of theLogic and their complementary structures inCapital

Once one is able to see the relations of simple exchange in terms of the phenomenological form of a 'desiring' consciousness, one may begin to unfold the relations that this expanded form of 'value exchange' has to the logical relations and categories of the Science of Logic. Our first task here is to understand the overall relationships of Marx's economic categories as set forth in Capital to the categories of dialectical logic in order to understand the context in which these logical relationships give his theory of value a structure that is not simply another ideological construction in the service of political economy. The 'idea' for Hegel is the unfolding of reality and 'thought' at the same time. The 'idea' is divided accordingly into three parts. The first is 'logic' which is the structure of thought and reality in its unfolding and constitutes the content of the Science of Logic. The second is the 'idea' as it is manifested externally as 'nature' and constitutes the content of the Philosophy of Nature.l Finally, the 'idea' is described as it appears as the unfolding of 'spirit' in the Phenomenology of Mind as the content of experience. One could deal with the phenomenological form of Geist in Hegel's examination of property relations under the rubric of the speculative and historical methods of Political Economy. One could also deal with the same relations as they appear in the political context under the rubric of objective Geist as found in the discussion in the Philosophy of Right. It is enough for us here to turn directly to the Science of Logic itself to examine the same relations under the category of the 'idea' as it develops according to the laws of dialectical logic. For the purposes of this discussion, we will limit our investigation to the section of'Objective Logic' on the 'Doctrine of Being', which includes the fundamental categories of quality, quantity, and measure. In Figure 1 (overleaf) we see the scope of our investigation. Quality, is to be examined in its threefold division as the basis of the 'idea' and 'value' and subsequently as the generation of use value as the critical category of Marx's analysis. From there we go on to examine quantity in its threefold division as the foundation
Strict Liability in Cycling Laws to Ready the Roads for Environmentally Friendly Commuting

Because automobiles cause harmful effects on the environment, the United States should encourage bicycling as an alternative means of transportation to automobiles. Many Americans elect not to cycle as a means of transportation out of fear of a collision with an automobile. Such collisions can be devastating physically and financially, and yet, after a bicycle-automobile collision, cyclists often bear the burden of proving negligence in a suit against the driver, and are often left without a remedy for their injuries. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, use a form of strict liability in lawsuits concerning bicycleautomobile collisions, which shifts the cost of such accidents to automobile drivers. U.S. courts should apply strict liability—as currently used in U.S. tort law—to collisions between cyclists and automobiles. Shifting the cost of bicycle-automobile accidents to automobile drivers will even out the consequences between cyclists and drivers, encouraging drivers to drive more safely, creating safer roads, and encouraging cycling—an environmentally friendly method of transportation—in place of driving a carbon emitting automobile.
10 – Of Mice and Men

Publisher Summary Sign systems are composed of signs of different types that can be combined following certain rules to obtain signs of other types. The most immediate example is that of written language, in which signs of type “character” can be combined to form signs of type “word,” which, in turn, can be combined to form signs of type “sentence.” The rules that create signs of a certain type from other signs are called constructors. Constructors can have priority, for example a first-order constructor has higher priority than a second-order constructor which, in turn, has higher priority than a third-order constructor. Priorities create a partial order of constructors. This chapter represents the database as a collection of spaces that send messages one to another using certain sign systems. The spaces are essentially explicative devices. Because their structure is inaccessible and, therefore, irrelevant, the only thing that matters is the “view” on the internal structure of the space that is afforded by the sign system with which the space communicates. Sign systems provide the tools necessary to study the process of communications between parts of a community.
Les crises de défusion chez les adultes avec TSA : clinique, diagnostic, traitement et pronostic

Les services de psychiatrie accueillent episodiquement pour des traitements longs, delicats et comportant un risque vital des adultes qui etaient etroitement etayes par un parent (le plus souvent leur mere) voire par leurs deux parents. Parfois ces adultes n’ont jamais ete en contact avec la psychiatrie, et l’on reconstitue qu’ils ont depuis leur naissance vecu essentiellement dans leur milieu familial. Certains beneficiaient d’accueil de jour, d’autres travaillaient en ESAT, quelques-uns avaient un travail en milieu ordinaire et des activites culturelles ou artistiques. A l’occasion du deces du parent etayant, ou de son vieillissement, les besoins de dependance de ces sujets pour lesquels un diagnostic de TSA a ete pose dans le passe ou pour lesquels ce diagnostic est fait retro-activement ne sont plus satisfaits et au terme d’une periode critique de duree variable, une hospitalisation psychiatrique est decide « a regret ». Parfois les familles s’etaient, la vie durant, mobilisees pour eviter tout contact de leurs enfants avec la psychiatrie. L’hospitalisation psychiatrique accueille alors un adulte qui n’a jamais ete separe de ses parents, qui est confronte aux circonstances parfois tragiques donnant lieu a cette rupture d’homeostasie, et qui va devoir, le plus souvent sans preparation particuliere construire les elements d’autonomie necessaires a la nouvelle vie qui l’attend. L’auteur propose d’appeler « crises de defusion » ces crises existentielles qui ont des aspects cliniques communs avec les avatars de la toute petite enfance (angoisse d’agonie primitive, angoisse abandonnique, angoisse d’effondrement), avec les decompensations psychotiques survenant a l’adolescence dans les situations exigeant davantage d’autonomie, et avec les deuils pathologiques. Leur traitement, eprouvant et difficile pour le malade comme pour l’equipe soignante, dure facilement deux ans, et doit tenir compte de la frequence de maladies psycho-somatiques catastrophiques potentiellement fatales. Le pronostic est favorable, ces crises s’averant a posteriori comme progredientes.
Wirtschaftswachstum und Nachhaltigkeit im Diskurs über die Digitalisierung im Bildungssystem

Der Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit der Digitalisierungsreform im deutschen Bildungssystem im Kontext von okonomischem Wachstum und okologischer Nachhaltigkeit. Zur Annaherung an das Thema werden die bisherige Entwicklung des Einsatzes digitaler Medien im Unterricht sowie zugrunde liegende bildungspolitische Zielsetzungen untersucht. Die Forschende greift dazu auf das Forschungsprogramm der Wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse zuruck. Nach einer sequenzanalytischen Auswertung von Texten und Interviews mithilfe der Grounded Theory konnten folgende Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden: Erstens, dass Wachstum ein zentrales Gesellschaftsziel darstellt und dies auch im Zuge der Digitalreform verfolgt wird und zweitens Nachhaltigkeit dem hingegen kein primares Ziel ist. Und schlieslich, dass die Machtmechanismen, die hinter dem Wachstumszwang stehen, eine Ausrichtung auf Nachhaltigkeit verhindern.
Cultivating sprouts of benevolence: a foundational principle for curriculum in civic and multicultural education

A central goal of civic and multicultural education is preparing young people to participate in deliberatively informed action on important social issues. In order to achieve this goal, educators n...
Genomic Characterization of de novo Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose: In contrast to recurrence after initial diagnosis of stage I–III breast cancer [recurrent metastatic breast cancer (rMBC)], de novo metastatic breast cancer (dnMBC) represents a unique setting to elucidate metastatic drivers in the absence of treatment selection. We present the genomic landscape of dnMBC and association with overall survival (OS). Experimental Design: Targeted DNA sequencing (OncoPanel) was prospectively performed on either primary or metastatic tumors from 926 patients (212 dnMBC and 714 rMBC). Single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variations, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in treatment-naive dnMBC primary tumors were compared with primary tumors in patients who ultimately developed rMBC, and correlated with OS across all dnMBC. Results: When comparing primary tumors by subtype, MYB amplification was enriched in triple-negative dnMBC versus rMBC (21.1% vs. 0%, P = 0.0005, q = 0.111). Mutations in KMTD2, SETD2, and PIK3CA were more prevalent, and TP53 and BRCA1 less prevalent, in primary HR+/HER2− tumors of dnMBC versus rMBC, though not significant after multiple comparison adjustment. Alterations associated with shorter OS in dnMBC included TP53 (wild-type: 79.7 months; altered: 44.2 months; P = 0.008, q = 0.107), MYC (79.7 vs. 23.3 months; P = 0.0003, q = 0.011), and cell-cycle (122.7 vs. 54.9 months; P = 0.034, q = 0.245) pathway genes. High TMB correlated with better OS in triple-negative dnMBC (P = 0.041). Conclusions: Genomic differences between treatment-naive dnMBC and primary tumors of patients who developed rMBC may provide insight into mechanisms underlying metastatic potential and differential therapeutic sensitivity in dnMBC. Alterations associated with poor OS in dnMBC highlight the need for novel approaches to overcome potential intrinsic resistance to current treatments.
Ionic liquid (IL) cation and anion structural effects on the extraction of metal ions into N-alkylpyridinium-based ILs by a macrocyclic polyether

Previous studies of the effect of IL cation/anion hydrophobicity and the nature of the aqueous phase anion on the partitioning of alkali and alkaline earth cations between an acidic aqueous phase a...
Contributing factors to diaper dermatitis and NICU length of stay

Abstract Objective Diaper dermatitis (DD) among NICU infants is preventable and under-recognized. The role of clinical characteristics (CC) on DD is also poorly described. This study examined the: 1) prevalence of DD in NICU; 2) relationship of factors including CC and DD; and 3) contribution of DD and CC factors on NICU Length of stay (LOS). Method Retrospective chart review data was collected on all infants admitted to the NICU. Analyses included bivariate and multivariable logistic regression for DD outcome and negative binomial regression model for predicting infants’ NICU LOS. Results DD prevalence in the NICU sample was 34% (n = 180), 70% White, 56% male, 72% infants born at higher gestational age, and 62.2% born vaginally. Logistic regression results showed that Black infants have lower AOR of DD, whereas, NICU LOS (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01, 1.03), number of skin injuries (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01–1.47), and older gestational age (OR 3.73; 95%CI 0.83–0.95) increased the odds of DD. Significant interaction of gestational age group and days to full feed was identified. Conclusion DD is common among NICU infants and several CC play an integral role as risk and moderating factors for DD. Routine collection of infant skin integrity data is currently lacking in large collaborative databases, which limits better understanding of DD in NICU. Improvements in preventative measures could benefit from continued study of the impact nutrition and LOS have on DD development. Better systems of collecting and analyzing DD data and its impact on NICU LOS are needed.
Human microphysiological models of airway and alveolar epithelia.

Human organ-on-a-chip models are powerful tools for pre-clinical research that can be used to study the mechanisms of disease and evaluate new targets for therapeutic intervention. Lung-on-a-chip m...
Lawyering the Indian Child Welfare Act

This Essay describes how the statutory structure of child welfare laws enables lawyers and courts to exploit deep-seated stereotypes about American Indian people rooted in systemic racism to undermine the enforcement of the rights of Indian families and tribes. Even where Indian custodians and tribes are able to protect their rights in court, their adversaries use those same advantages on appeal to attack the Constitutional validity of the law. The primary goal of this Essay is to help expose those structural issues and the ethically troublesome practices of adoption attorneys as the most important ICWA case in history, Brackeen v. Haaland, reaches the Supreme Court.
Groundwork and Overview of the Project

The problem to be explored here is that of mental representation and misrepresentation. There seems to be a fundamental premise of all theories of content that representation must include the possibility of misrepresentation, and that beliefs, if they are to have content at all, must be capable of being false. This book will challenge that premise, which seems sufficiently entrenched as to be called a dogma of meaning. This book has two main parts, one critical and one constructive. The first, critical, part will examine theories of content, and scrutinize their attempts to ground misrepresentation. The conclusion of the critical analysis will be that no naturalistic theory of the content of mental representations can consistently allow the possibility of misrepresentation or error. This leaves us with a very unenviable choice: follow the dogma, discard meaning, and support meaning nihilism, or try to retain the notion of mental content despite the impossibility of misrepresentation. I will investigate the possibility of holding on to meaning and representation while, reluctantly, giving up on the notions of misrepresentation, falsity, and error. I will propose a way of understanding representation without misrepresentation, by identifying content with conceptual role, and giving a pragmatic theory which will explain talk of (apparent) misrepresentation. The result will be a view of content according to which content is not explanatory of cognitive processing and behavior, but is merely descriptive of the cognitive processing of representations and the role they play in causing behavior. The result will be what can be called a valence theory of the content of mental representations, and I will refer to the resulting theory of content as Strict Conceptual Role Theory, or SCRT.
More on Operations on Sets

Most of what we did in the last two chapters was concerned with operations on two sets. In Exercise 6.14 we defined unions and intersections of three sets. In general, we may have two or three sets, as many sets as there are integers, or even more sets than that. We’ll need a new definition and special notation. In this chapter, we will introduce the notation that will allow us to keep track of these sets. Unfortunately, a rigorous definition will have to wait until Chapter 14.
Designing the ‘shapely city’: women, trees, and the city

By focusing on the role that North American women have played in the efforts of greening the city, in particular street tree planting, this article argues that female landscape architects, as well as social and environmental activists, embraced street trees as a means and symbol of empowerment, emancipation, and even resistance. The women transgressed the separation of private and public spheres, and the binary of male-coded architecture and female-coded nature by initiating and playing a role in the planting, management, maintenance, and care of street trees. The trees themselves were both living nature, and architectural, structural elements in the modern public urban landscape and, therefore, provided an ideal material for this transgression. Street trees were an aid for female designers and activists to embrace their own otherness and they were a means of empowerment to ‘conquer’, reimagine, and construct relationships with the city.