cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The high cycle fatigue strength of commercial stainless steel strip

Abstract Strip samples of annealed alloys 301, 304, 310, AM-355 and 430, as-cold rolled alloys 301 and 304, and as-oil quenched alloy 410 have been evaluated for high cycle fatigue strength in cantilever bending. The data have been compared on the basis of the relation σ a = σ f ′ (2 N f ) b . A transition to an intrinsic fatigue strength limit behavior seems indicated in essentially all cases. The deformation induced transformation of austenite to a body-centered phase is beneficial to high cycle fatigue strength. The high cycle fatigue strengths of the austenitic alloys show a consistent proportionality to tensile strength. Two modes of crack initiation are observed.
Muscle, reticuloendothelial, and late skin manifestations of Lyme disease

In addition to classic organ system involvement, Lyme disease may be characterized by myositis, liver and spleen involvement, and atypical cutaneous manifestations. Myositis is characteristically localized near an involved joint or localized neuropathy. Nuclear imaging with gallium-67 may be useful for detection. Myositis responds to treatment with intravenous or oral antibiotics. Patients with erythema migrans have been observed to have liver function test abnormalities in the absence of symptomatic hepatitis. Splenomegaly has been noted infrequently in patients with Lyme disease. Chronic cutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease—including erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and lymphadenosis benigna cutis—have been observed more frequently in Europe than in the United States. It appears that they are caused primarily by the Borrelia afzelii genomic group of Borrelia burgdorferi , which has been found exclusively in Europe.
Two-Way Current-Combining $W$ -Band Power Amplifier in 65-nm CMOS

This paper presents a two-way current-combining-based W-band power amplifier (PA) in 65-nm CMOS technology. An analytical model and design method for W-band power combiners are presented, which indicates current combining is preferred for millimeter-wave frequencies due to a good current handling capability, symmetrical design, and low sensitivity to parasitics. To demonstrate the concept, a two-way current-combining-based PA has been fabricated, where each channel utilizes compact and symmetrical transformer-based inter-stage coupling to realize a preferred fully differential implementation. This PA operates from 101 to 117 GHz with maximum power gain of 14.1 dB, saturated output power (Psat) of 14.8 dBm, and peak power-added efficiency of 9.4%. The core chip area without pads is 0.106 mm2.
Analysis of blood flow through side branches jailed by flow diverters in rabbit models

Since treatment of cerebral aneurysms with flow diverters (FD) has gained much attention in recent years, it is important to understand what is the effect of these devices on the flow through arteries jailed or crossed by these devices [1].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Neural processing of targets in visible, multispectral IR and SAR imagery

Abstract We have designed and implemented computational neural systems for target enhancement, detection, learning and recognition in visible, multispectral infrared (IR), and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The system architectures are motivated by designs of biological vision systems, drawing insights from retinal processing of contrast and color, occipital lobe processing of shading, color and contour, and temporal lobe processing of pattern and shape. Distinguishing among similar targets, and accumulation of evidence across image sequences is also described. Similar neurocomputational principles and modules are used across these various sensing domains. We show how 3D target learning and recognition from visible silhouettes and SAR return patterns are related. We show how models of contrast enhancement, contour, shading and color vision can be used to enhance targets in multispectral IR and SAR imagery, aiding in target detection.
Graph Database Design Challenges Using HPC Platforms

Graph Database Management Systems, also called graph databases, have recently gained popularity in the database research community due to a need to effectively manage large scale data with inherent graph-like properties. Graph databases are representation, storage and querying systems for naturally occurring graph structures. Graph databases are finding increasing applications in social networks, computational geometry, bioinformatics, drug discovery, semantic web applications and so on. The intent of this paper is to introduce the role of graph database management systems in the context of high-performance computing platforms and present the options for designing high-performance graph databases. We also present a set of potential research directions and list the challenges in combining the research in the two fields of graph databases and high-performance computing.
A Case Study of Resources Management Planning with Multiple Objectives and Projects

Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less. The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives. By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely with the staff’s management objectives for the park.
Effects of Wind on Aircraft Cruise Performance

Analytic expressions are developed that predict the improvements in range, flight time, and fuel consumption that can be achieved by appropriate corrections to the no-wind best-range airspeed. Input data required are type of power plant, no-wind best-range airspeed, and magnitude of the headwind or tailwind component. Application of these expressions to a series of typical aircraft, ranging from a wide-body turbofan to a single-engine piston-prop, shows that the possible fuel savings are such that the effects of wind on fuel consumption might warrant more consideration in flight planning.
Some notes on the Vértesszöllös occipital.

An examination of the Vertesszollos occipital bone indicates the need for takings its condition and preservation as well as certain aspects of its morphology into account prior to a metric assessment of its features. This analysis confirms the presence of extrasutural bones on the lambdoidal suture as well as some distortion in the sagittal curvature of this region. The advisability of using the endocranial sutures as well as other data for defining lambda in cases such as this is discussed, and a procedure for determining the position of opisthion is indicated. A metric and morphological analysis is used to support the claim that the specimen can be considered a large late representative of Homo erectus in Europe.
Miniature linear synchronous motor

A miniature linear synchronous motor was designed, fabricated and tested. Actuation was achieved through interaction of traveling magnetic wave, generated by linear array of microcoils on a stator, and permanent magnets on a rotor. Two configurations of the motor were investigated. One with a single, hand assembled permanent magnet on rotor and corresponding array of multiturn microcoils, the other, a fully microfabricated rotor with embedded array of screenplated permanent magnets and serpentine microcoils on stator. Motion of the rotor is constrained by silicon dovetail microjoints. A numerical model was developed for modeling and control. The motor was tested under various operating conditions with both open and closed loop control.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The weave of memory: Siemon Allen's screen in postapartheid South Africa

Approaching the recent work of South African artist Siemon Allen is like encountering an object of classic Minimalism. His shiny black behemoth entitled Screen (2000), for example, bears a close resemblance to Tony Smith's Die of 1962. And like Die, whose enormous size, heavy dark rolled steel, and name all suggest a lethal threat, Screen also appears to mean something beyond its mere physical presence.1 Perhaps its primary material, woven VHS videotape sectioned into twelve panels, contributes to this nonspecific sense of meaning. Or maybe its imposing size, the fact that most viewers cannot peer inside its six-foot walls, and the feeling that one can only guess at the recorded content of its constituent material, all contribute to this vague impression that Screen bears meaning of great significance. Indeed, die very fact that the work offers numerous levels of opacity may alone generate its greatest single message, its demonstrative unwillingness to reveal its contents.
Precision Feshbach Spectroscopy of Ultracold Cs-2

We have observed and located more than 60 magnetic field-induced Feshbach resonances in ultracold collisions of ground-state Cs-133 atoms. Multiple extremely weak Feshbach resonances associated with g-wave molecular states are detected through variations in the radiative collision cross sections. The Feshbach spectroscopy allows us to determine the interactions between ultracold cesium atoms and the molecular energy structure near the dissociation continuum with unprecedented precision. Our work not only represents a very successful collaboration of experimental and theoretical efforts, but also provides essential information for cesium Bose-Einstein condensation, Cs-2 molecules, and atomic clock experiments.
Coupling of exocytosis to depolarization in rat pancreatic islet β-cells: effects of Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+-containing extracellular solutions

Using rat β-cells we present evidence that Sr2+ and Ba2+, like Ca2+, support depolarization-induced increases in membrane capacitance which reflect insulin granule exocytosis. Even with identical total charge entry, Sr2+ and Ba2+ are 3–5 and 20-fold less effective than Ca2+ in supporting release. While exocytosis supported by Sr2+ is graded with cation entry and complete within 250ms of depolarization, exocytosis supported by Ba2+ begins abrupty after a threshold of charge entry and continues for many seconds. Ba2+-supported release continues in the presence of greatly enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ buffering, arguing against release of Ca2+ from stores as its principal action. These results suggest that Sr2+ and Ba2+ support exocytosis largely by binding to Ca2+-dependent release-activating sites, though with less affinity than Ca2+.
Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff tendon repair.

It is known that a histologically normal insertion site does not regenerate after rotator cuff tendon-to-bone repair. Cytokines play an important role in cell chemotaxis, proliferation, matrix synthesis, and cell differentiation and may thus improve rotator tendon-to-bone healing. We have used a sheep infraspinatus repair model to evaluate the effect of osteoinductive growth factors (bone morphogenetic protein [BMP] 2, BMP-7, transforming growth factor [TGF] β 1 , TGF-β 2 , TGF-β 3 , and fibroblast growth factor) and BMP-12 on tendon-to-bone healing. We have found that these molecules improve formation of new bone and fibrocartilage at the healing tendon attachment site, resulting in improved load to failure. Several other avenues have the potential to augment repair site biology. For example, because platelets are known to contain various cytokines, they may be isolated from autologous blood and could provide an effective method by which to deliver growth factors to a rotator cuff tendon repair site. Furthermore, modalities that improve local vascularity, such as low-intensity pulsed ultrasound or nitroglycerine, have the potential to augment rotator cuff repair healing. Finally, important information about the biology of tendon healing can be gained from studies of substances that inhibit healing, such as nicotine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.
Where does reproductive health fit into the lives of adolescent males

CONTEXT: To develop interventions to promote responsible sexual behaviors and design reproductive health services for adolescent males we need a better understanding of the context of reproductive health in adolescent males’ lives. METHODS: A total of 32 males (mean age 15.5 years) were recruited from two urban high schools. At each school three group sessions consisting of both individual free-listing activities and focus group discussions were conducted; each addressed issues related to one of three domains—masculinity responsibility and priorities. Data from the focus groups were examined through standard content analyses. RESULTS: Participants identified school family future career and sports as their current life priorities; health was not a top concern. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were not seen as interrelated health concepts. STIs were considered a health issue whereas pregnancy was perceived as a negative event that could prevent achievement of specific life goals. At times notions regarding how a male behaves reflected traditional masculine beliefs: that violence is justified as a way to protect oneself that having sex is part of a male’s role in a relationship and that males should handle health issues by themselves. CONCLUSIONS: To meet the reproductive health needs of adolescent males program developers should consider how other life priorities and traditional masculine beliefs may serve as barriers to care and how to ensure that services reflect the adolescent male’s perspective. (authors)
Algorithms for field-wise scatterometer wind estimation

Field-wise scatterometer wind estimation determines the vector wind at many resolution elements simultaneously by estimating the parameters of a wind field model from the scatterometer measurements. According to simulations, it results in more accurate estimates than traditional point- wise estimation, which estimates the vector wind one resolution element at a time. Further, field-wise estimation produces fewer ambiguities than point-wise estimation. Field-wise estimation necessitates locating the local minima of a high-dimensional objective function. Conventional optimization techniques can be employed if initial search points within the capture regions of the local minima can be found. We develop and evaluate two novel approaches that determine initial search points and locally optimize them to produce field-wise estimates. The utility of each algorithm is demonstrated using simulated NASA Scatterometer data.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypothyroidism selectively reduces the rate and amount of transport for specific SCb proteins in the hyt/hyt mouse optic nerve.

Thyroid hormone significantly affects molecular and neuroanatomical properties of the developing nervous system. Altered connectivity in hypothyroidism may reflect reductions in process growth, alterations in process maintenance, or changes in synaptogenesis or synaptic maintenance. These events are dependent on microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments, and associated molecular components. Reductions in delivery of microtubules and neurofilaments to the distal axon by slow component a (SCa) of axonal transport may contribute to the neuroanatomical abnormalities of hypothyroidism (Stein et al., J Neurosci Res 28:121-133, 1991). However, hypothyroidism might also affect the axon and synaptic connections by altering slow component b (SCb), which includes actin microfilaments and proteins that contribute to synaptic function, i.e., clathrin, HSC70 (clathrin uncoating ATPase), spectrin, and calmodulin. To determine the effect of hypothyroidism on SCb proteins, slow axonal transport was analyzed in optic nerves of hyt/hyt hypothyroid mice, which have severe primary hypothyroidism, and euthyroid control mice. Clathrin, spectrin, HSC70, and actin showed significant reductions in transport velocity in hyt/hyt optic nerves relative to euthyroid nerves, but the transport rate for calmodulin was less affected. However, the amount of calmodulin was significantly elevated in hyt/hyt nerve over euthyroid nerves. Hypothyroidism selectively reduces transport of SCb proteins, which are thought to play significant roles in synaptic function and in the growth cone. The effects of hypothyroidism on microtubules and neurofilaments combined with actions on SCb suggest that changes in neuronal function associated with reduced thyroid hormone during development and maturity (i.e., alterations in neuronal connectivity, nerve conduction, and synaptic function) may be mediated in part by effects on slow axonal transport.
Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonism improves cerebral recovery after circulatory arrest.

Abstract Background . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of antagonism of platelet-activating factor receptors on cerebral recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). Methods . Fourteen 1-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to either placebo (n = 7), or 10 mg/kg intravenous ginkgolide B (BN52021), a naturally occurring platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist. All piglets had cardiopulmonary bypass, cooling to 18°C, 60 minutes of circulatory arrest followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming. Global and regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen metabolism and renal blood flow were determined at baseline before DHCA and after 60 minutes of reperfusion. Results . Blood flow was significantly reduced in all regions of the brain ( p p = 0.02) after DHCA in control animals. Cerebral oxygen metabolism was also significantly reduced after DHCA to 59.2% ± 3.2% of the pre-DHCA value ( p = 0.0003). In the ginkgolide B group, recovery of global cerebral blood flow to 60.4% ± 2.8% of pre-DHCA level and of global cerebral oxygen metabolism to 77.1% ± 5.8% of pre-DHCA value were significantly higher than the recovery in the control group ( p p = 0.23). Conclusions . These results suggest that production of platelet-activating factor is increased in the brain after DHCA. Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonism with ginkgolide B before the circulatory arrest period can significantly improve recovery of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism and renal blood flow after DHCA.
Maternal obesity and metabolic risk to the offspring: why lifestyle interventions may have not achieved the desired outcomes.

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of short- and long-term metabolic dysfunction in the mother and her offspring. Both higher maternal pregravid body mass index (kg m−2) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and fetal adiposity. Multiple lifestyle intervention trials consisting of weight management using various diets, increased physical activity and behavioral modification techniques have been employed to avoid excessive GWG and improve perinatal outcomes. These randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have achieved modest success in decreasing excessive GWG, although the decrease in GWG was often not within the current Institute of Medicine guidelines. RCTs have generally not had any success with decreasing the risk of maternal gestational diabetes (GDM), preeclampsia or excessive fetal growth often referred to as macrosomia. Although the lack of success for these trials has been attributed to lack of statistical power and poor compliance with study protocols, our own research suggests that maternal pregravid and early pregnancy metabolic condition programs early placenta function and gene expression. These alterations in maternal/placental function occur in the first trimester of pregnancy prior to when most intervention trials are initiated. For example, maternal accrural of adipose tissue relies on prior activation of genes controlling lipogenesis and low-grade inflammation in early pregnancy. These metabolic alterations occur prior to any changes in maternal phenotype. Therefore, trials of lifestyle interventions before pregnancy are needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy for both the mother and her offspring.
dazed gene is necessary for late cell type development and retinal cell maintenance in the zebrafish retina

Several molecules, such as growth factors and neurotrophic factors, are required both for the differentiation of specific retinal cell types and the long-term cell survival of all retinal neurons. As diffusible factors, these molecules act non-cell-autonomously. Here, we describe the loss of function phenotype for dazed (dzd), a gene that acts cell-autonomously for retinal cell survival and affects the differentiation of rod photoreceptors and the Muller glia. By 3 days after fertilization, dazed mutant embryos have small eyes and slight heart edema. Acridine orange staining indicated a significant degree of retinal cell death occurring by 48 hr after fertilization, and histological analysis revealed that dying cells were found in the inner and outer nuclear layers and near the marginal zones. Although molecular and morphological differentiation of the inner retina and cone photoreceptors occurred, rod photoreceptors failed to differentiate beyond a small patch in the ventral retina and rod precursors failed to respond to exogenously added retinoic acid, which normally potentiated rod differentiation. Mosaic analysis indicated that the dazed gene acts cell-autonomously for rod production and cell survival, as dazed clones failed to produce rods outside the ventral patch and dazed cells were not maintained in wild-type hosts. Raising mutants under constant light resulted in severe retinal degeneration, whereas raising embryos under constant darkness did not provide any additional protection from cell death. Behavioral analysis showed that a subpopulation of adult fish that were heterozygous for the dazed mutation had elevated visual thresholds and were night blind, suggesting that dazed may also be required for long-term dim-light vision. Taken together, our studies suggest a role for the dazed gene in rod and Muller cell development and overall retinal cell survival and maintenance.
Alternating monocular exposure increases the spacing of ocularity domains in area 17 of cats

Goodhill (1993) has recently suggested that the spacing of ocularity domains in visual cortex is not solely an intrinsic property of cortex, but is determined, at least in part, by the degree of correlation in the activity of the two eyes. In support of this model, Lowel (1994) has shown that strabismus, which decorrelates the activity of the two eyes, increases the spacing of ocular dominance columns in area 17, but not area 18, of the cat. As a further test of Goodhill's model, in this paper we examine the effects of another rearing procedure that decorrelates the activity of the two eyes, namely alternating monocular exposure (AME). Cats were reared either normally (9 cats) or with AME (21 cats). We labeled their ocularity domains by one of three methods: ocular dominance columns by 2-deoxyglucose (14 cats), and ocular dominance patches by transneuronal transport (14 cats), or by injections of tracer into single layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; 2 cats). The spacing of ocular dominance was 11% greater in the AME cats than in the normal cats (0.976 vs. 0.877 mm). These results are similar to those previously reported for strabismic cats, although the effect is less striking. We thus confirm that decorrelating the activity of the two eyes increases the spacing of cortical ocularity domains. Our results further suggest that the degree of decorrelation affects the extent of that increase.
Formal verification of complex coherence protocols using symbolic state models

Directory-based coherence protocols in shared-memory multiprocessors are so complex that verification techniques based on automated procedures are required to establish their correctness. State enumeration approaches are well-suited to the verification of cache protocols but they face the problem of state space explosion, leading to unacceptable verification time and memory consumption even for small system configurations. One way to manage this complexity and make the verification feasible is to map the system model to verify onto a symbolic state model (SSM). Since the number of symbolic states is considerably less than the number of system states, an exhaustive state search becomes possible, even for large-scale sytems and complex protocols.In this paper, we develop the concepts and notations to verifiy some properties of a directory-based protocol designed for non-FIFO interconnection networks. We compare the verification of the protocol with SSM and with the Stanford Mur φ, a verification tool enumerating system states. We show that SSM is much more efficient in terms of verification time and memory consumption and therefore holds that promise of verifying much more complex protocols. A unique feature of SSM is that it verifies protocols for any system size and therefore provides reliable verification results in one run of the tool.
Pore space ownership issues for CO2 sequestration in the US

Previous assertions that the ownership of subsurface pore space in states in the US under common law are divided into a majority following the American Rule (surface rights owner owns pore space) and a minority following the English Rule (mineral rights owner owns the pore space) are shown to be inconsistent with case law precedents traced back to 1861. The mineral estate is not likely to “own” the pore space or to have the right to use the pore space for purposes other than extracting minerals. The exception will be where the original fee simple owner sells the surface rights but reserves the subsurface mineral rights. In all other circumstances it is likely that courts will find that the surface owner also owns the pore space under common law.
Agglutinability of sporeforming insect pathogens with antiglobulins to milky disease bacteria

Abstract Antiglobulins to vegetative cells and to intact spores of the bacteria Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus were used to study the antigenic relationship of milky disease bacteria with other sporeforming bacilli. Vegetative cells from 12-hr cultures were used as test antigens. The species of milky disease organisms were serologically distinct with neither vegetative cells nor spores exhibiting cross reactivity. However, B. popilliae was related to several other sporeforming insect pathogens, both those with swollen sporangia and those with crystalliferous inclusions. Bacillus larvae was serologically related to both organisms. Of the Bacillus species nonpathogenic for insects, no strain tested agglutinated with any of the antiglobulins to the milky disease bacteria.
A comparison of numerical solutions of convective and divergence forms of the Navier-Stokes equations for the driven cavity problem

Abstract The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations governing the steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid are usually written in the convective or the divergence form. There is a continuing controversy in the literature about the superiority of the divergence form over the convective form. The effect of central and upwind differencing is examined on each of these formulations and it is concluded that none of these formulations has absolute superiority over the other. The problem of the driven cavity is taken as a test model.
Algorithms for loading parallel grid files

The paper describes three fast loading algorithms for grid files on a parallel shared nothing architecture. The algorithms use dynamic programming and sampling to effectively partition the data file among the processors to achieve maximum parallelism in answering range queries. Each processor then constructs in parallel its own portion of the grid file. Analytical results and simulations are given for the three algorithms.
Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma

A patient with progressive renal failure due to multiple myeloma presented with a mixed acid-base disorder (non-anion gap acidosis and respiratory alkalosis) with persistent severe hyperkalemia. Studies revealed an intact ability to lower urine pH during acid loading, markedly decreased plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations despite volume depletion, and an inappropriately low fractional excretion of potassium. Renal biopsy demonstrated plasma cell infiltration of the renal interstitium and typical proteinaceous intratubular casts. Both proximal and distal renal tubular acidification defects have been described previously in patients with multiple myeloma, but this is the first report of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, hyperkalemia, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in association with renal involvement in multiple myeloma.
50 Years Ago in CORR: Postspinal Anesthesia Osteomyelitis of the Lumbar Spine P. L. Day MD and J. J. Hinchey MD CORR 1958;11:185–193

Infections following spinal anesthesia are rare. In a meta-analysis of 1.37 million women having epidural anesthesia for childbirth, Ruppen et al. [10], estimated a rate of deep infection of 1 in 145,000. Infections following spinal anesthesia have been well recognized for a long time. Day and Hinchey, in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, reported five patients with vertebral osteomyelitis following spinal anesthesia [3]. Four of the five patients had spinal anesthesia and one had multiple diagnostic lumbar punctures. All developed back symptoms within 1–8 weeks. The person performing the punctures did not use gloves in four of the five patients; presumably the extremely low incidence of infections led some to believe rigorous sterile procedures were unnecessary. Also in four of the five cases the symptoms seemingly resolved with nonoperative treatment (followup times were not given in several patients). Importantly, Day and Hinchey commented, “In each instance the diagnosis was delayed by failure to recognize the condition.” They also commented, “It is not our intention to discourage lumbar puncture for any purpose, whether diagnostic or therapeutic, but rather to call attention to the possibility of a serious major complication” [3]. Spinal and epidural anesthesia are widely used today owing to their remarkable safety and efficacy. These two forms of anesthesia are particularly considered and used for total hip and knee arthroplasty not only because they provide effective anesthesia, but also because of evidence they reduce the risk of pulmonary embolus and deep vein thrombosis [12, 13] and evidence some anticoagulants increase the overall death rate [8, 9, 11] even if they reduce the rates of deep vein thrombosis [1, 2, 4–6]. Given the frequency of such anesthetics, it is remarkable we see so few complications, particularly infection. However, isolated cases still do occur [7] and the orthopaedist should be aware of the problem in patients with back pain after surgery in which spinal anesthesia was used. As noted by Day and Hinchey [3], “A diagnosis of postspinal anesthesia osteomyelitis should be considered in any case of persistent pain at the site of a lumbar puncture soon after the puncture.”
An Accurate Measurement of the Crowd Out Effect, Income Effect and Price Effect for Charitable Contributions

In the past, empirical research on charitable contributions has focused on two issues: estimating the income and price elasticities of contributions and estimating the extent to which government funding crowded out private contributions. The two fundamental problems in all these studies are the differences in the underlying conceptual models and the use of imperfect data for empirical analysis. This paper addresses both of these problems.
Design of an ultra fast pipelined wavelength scheduler for optical burst switching

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is an emerging technology that allows variable size data bursts to be transported directly over DWDM links without encountering O/E/O conversion. In OBS, before the transmission of a data burst, a burst header is transmitted through an electronic control path, setting up and tearing down optical paths on-the-fly. Data bursts can remain in the optical domain and pass through the OBS network transparently. Unfortunately, system performance will be greatly degraded, if burst scheduling requests cannot be processed in time. This article quantitatively studied the negative impact of control path overloading on the performance of OBS networks. Results have shown that control path overloading greatly affects the performance of the OBS routers, especially for systems with large WDM channel counts. In order to remove this performance bottleneck, we have designed and implemented an ultra fast pipelined burst scheduler that is able to process a burst request every two clock cycles, regardless of the number of WDM channels per link. The design has been implemented in Verilog HDL and synthesized to FPGAs. Circuit level simulation results confirm the correctness of the design. The circuit has achieved 100 MHz in Altera Cyclone II devices, allowing the scheduler to process a burst request every 20 ns. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the fastest implementation of burst scheduling algorithms.
Mechanism of repair of lenticular wounds in Rana pipiens. I. Role of cell migration.

The earliest visible changes that occur in the normal organization of the lens epithelium after a penetrating wound in the lens suggest that passage of an injury stimulus outward from the wound occurs within the first half day after injury: changes in normal tissue architecture appear near the wound at six hours and move outward to involve the proliferative zone by 12 hours. This is followed by migration of cells toward the wound. There is a slight increase in cell number in the proliferative zone within the first day, followed at later intervals by a decrease there and a concomitant increase in cell number adjacent to the wound. After a pre-injury injection of H3-TdR (or I125-UdR), labeled cells that had incorporated the precursor in the normal proliferative zone were found progressively closer to the wound with increasing time. Only the cells which incorporated the radioactive tracer could be followed, but it is likely that cells in the central areas also migrated toward the wound since they showed spindling and superimposition. Migration of cells into the wound margins is an important phase of wound closure which begins long before the major productions of new cells by mitosis.
The origin of unusual dislocation structures observed in ion-thinned nickel oxide☆

Abstract Ion-thinned single crystals of nickel oxide were examined and found to contain some unusual dislocation configurations showing anomalous contrast under certain diffracting conditions. These configurations took the form of glissile dislocations threading the foil but leaving long trailing dislocations in the near surface region at both top and bottom surfaces. The Burgers vector of the dislocations was identified as (a/2)〈110〉 as expected for nickel oxide, and the contrast anomalies were ascribed to certain surface effects. The dislocations themselves were thought to have arisen as a result of cleavage processes in the crystal, and their retention in the foil is attributed to the formation of reduced surface layers during the ion thinning.
Acidic Aroma Constituents of Turkish Tobacco: Terpenoid Acids Related to Tobacco Thunberganoids

Acidic aroma constituents of Turkish tobacco have been studied. Three new compounds, 4-isopropyl-7-oxo-2E-octenoic acid (I), 6-isopropyl-3-methyl-9-oxo-2Z, 4E-decadienoic acid (II) and 6-isopropyl-3-methyl-9-oxo-2E, 7E-decadienoic acid (III) were isolated from cured Turkish tobacco and their structures were elucidated on the base of the spectroscopic properties. These new constituents are considered to be derived from tobacco thunberganoids.
Quantitative vibrational dynamics of the metal site in a tin porphyrin: an IR, NRVS, and DFT study.

We used a newer, synchrotron-based, spectroscopic technique (nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy, NRVS) in combination with a more traditional one (infrared absorption, IR) to obtain a complete, quantitative picture of the metal center vibrational dynamics in a six-coordinated tin porphyrin. From the NRVS 119Sn site-selectivity and the sensitivity of the IR signal to 112Sn/119Sn isotope substitution, we identified the frequency of the antisymmetric stretching of the axial bonds (290 cm–1) and all the other vibrations involving Sn. Experimentally authenticated density functional theory (DFT) calculations aid the data interpretation by providing detailed normal mode descriptions for each observed vibration. These results may represent a starting point toward the characterization of the local vibrational dynamics of the metallic site in tin porphyrins and compounds with related structures. The quantitative complementariness between IR, NRVS, and DFT is emphasized.
Validity criterion for compact and separate fuzzy partitions and its justification

This paper presents a new fuzzy validity function which is mathematically justified via its relationship to the separation index a well defmed hard clustering validity function. The condition for existence of a unique globally optimal fuzzy c-partition has been found. The performance of this function compares well with other validity measures.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mode conversion and large-angle transmission in symmetric multimode Y-junction couplers

Garcia-Valenzuela, and M. Tabib-AzarDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Applied PhysicsCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio, 44106.1. ABSTRACTA multimode symmetric Y-junction waveguide is investigated and the optical power transmission andconversion efficiency between the lower and higher modes was calculated. Overlap integrals of thefields of the incident and transmitted guided-wave modes at the Y-junction were used and it is shownthat there is a possibility of transmitting up to 29 percent of the incident optical power into the outputbranching waveguides at very large branching angles. Results show that an appropriate branchingangle of the Y-junction can be used to selectively transmit the waveguide modes into the outputbranches and this can be used advantageously in integrated optic devices. A very simple model usingray optics is developed to explain the results on physical basis. With this simple model we developeda simple framework to interpret the results of the overlap integrals.
Optimal observation schedule for identification of nonlinear distributed systems with applications

A system of quasi-variational inequalities (QVIs) of a novel type is obtained for the problem of optimizing the observation schedule for the problem of parameter identification for nonlinear parabolic and hyperbolic systems with pointwise observations. Results on the existence, uniqueness, and iterative approximation of solutions of the resulting QVI systems are presented. These solutions lead to the synthesis of an optimal observation schedule. The problems considered have applications to heat transfer, environmental problems, continuum mechanics, earthquake engineering, and processing of acoustic and seismic signals.
Mechanization of Livestock Production in the United States

Domesticated livestock have always been an important part of agricultural production. They have been utilized as scavengers to consume the production which could not otherwise be marketed at a better return. Livestock systems were typically very small holdings and were cared for in the odd time that the farmer would have from tending crops. This has been referred to as chores. The chores were done in the morning before field work and in the evening after return from the field. There was slow change in this system or in the pattern of production until after World War II. Since that time because of the shifts in population and the desire for better living conditions that could be afforded in urban areas livestock production has been systemized. Dairy production was one of the first livestock operations to be mechanized. Perhaps this is due to the milking operation being one of the most odious chores which had to be performed in livestock production. The milking machine was a very welcome addition to the farm industry.
BIC-seq: a fast algorithm for detection of copy number alterations based on high-throughput sequencing data

DNA copy number alterations (CNA), which are amplifications and deletions of certain regions in the genome, play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer and have been shown to be associated with other diseases such as autism, schizophrenia and obesity. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide an opportunity to identify CNA regions with unprecedented accuracy. We developed a CNA detection algorithm based on single-end whole-genome sequencing data for samples with matched controls. This algorithm, called BIC-seq, can accurately and efficiently identify the CNAs via minimizing the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). We applied BIC-seq on a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor genome from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and identified hundreds of CNVs, some were as small as 10 bp. We compared these CNAs with those detected using the array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) platforms and found that about one third were 'missed' by the array-CGH platforms, most of which were CNAs less than 10 kb. We selected 17 of the CNAs not detected by the array-based platforms for validation, ranging from 110 bp to 14 kb, and found that 15 of them are true CNAs. We further extended BIC-seq to the multi-sample case to identify recurrent CNAs in across multiple tumor genomes.
Early Childhood Education at the Cultural Interface.

The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia emphasises that children's own identity is constructed within their given context of family and community. This article presents the findings of a multiple case study project undertaken within five remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia. Community Elders were concerned that while their children had a positive sense of self during their prior-to-school years, on entry into formal schooling they experienced a disjuncture between those experiences and the expectations of a Western curriculum. The project involved partnering one university academic to work with each community, exploring ways of improving 4-year-old children's pre-reading and numeracy skills to enhance their capacity to engage with expectations on entry into formal schooling. Elders were determined to have the children be successful at school and saw success there as inextricably interwoven with their sense of efficacy to explore and to learn. Outcomes included positives such as children demonstrating increased pre-reading and numeracy skills and, importantly, the engagement of the whole community in the project. Foundational to the success was making Aboriginal ways of knowing, being and doing key components of learning opportunities provided to the children, supporting awareness of their social and cultural heritage.
Staphylococcal Meningitis Can Present as an Abscess of a Single Lateral Ventricle

Ventricular obstruction and hydrocephalus are recognized complications of neurosurgical procedures and meningitis that has been previously treated. The confinement of bacterial meningitis solely to a lateral ventricle in an otherwise healthy individual, however, is rare. I describe a case in which a ventricular abscess occurred as the presenting manifestation of staphylococcal meningitis in a man who had no history of head trauma or neurosurgery.
Diminished Cardiopulmonary Capacity During Post-Exertional Malaise

Reduced functional capacity and post-exertional malaise following physical activity are hallmark symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). That these symptoms are often delayed may explain the eq...
Static circumferential tangential modulus of human atherosclerotic tissue

The mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque may be of critical importance to the processes of plaque rupture, the most common antecedent of myocardial infarction. To investigate the effects of plaque structure and applied tensile stress on the static circumferential tangential modulus of atherosclerotic plaque, the stress-strain behavior of 26 human aortic intimal plaques was studied. Intimal plaques were collected during routine autopsies of 21 patients from the abdominal (n = 19) and thoracic (n = 2) aorta and were classified by histological analysis as cellular (n = 12), hypocellular (n = 9), and calcified (n = 5). At a physiologic applied circumferential tensile stress of 25 kPa, the tangential moduli of cellular, hypocellular, and calcified specimens were 927 +/- 468 kPa, 2312 +/- 2180 kPa, and 1466 +/- 1284 kPa, respectively. There was a nonsignificant difference in tangential modulus at 25 kPa stress between specimens classified as cellular and hypocellular (p = 0.098), cellular and calcified (p = 0.410), and hypocellular and calcified (p = 0.380). This is in marked contrast to the previously measured radial compressive behavior of plaque tissue, which showed that cellular, hypocellular, and calcified plaques were significantly different in their modulus. In tension, all 26 plaques tested demonstrated a statistically significant increase in tangential modulus with increasing applied circumferential stress. We conclude that the static circumferential tangential modulus of atherosclerotic plaque, unlike its radial compressive modulus, is not significantly affected by the degree of cellularity and calcification determined by histological characterization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Matrilineal Descent and Juvenile Offender Counseling

In societies with matrilineal descent traditions, natural fathers have little actual authority over discipline of their children. These responsibilities rest on the mother's brothers. It is suggested that in modern-day cultures rehabilitative counselors consider maternal uncles for supportive assistance.Implications for nonmatrilineal descent cultures in the United States are considered, with the observation that the majority of delinquent children live in homes exclusively ruled by mothers. Maternal kin might be of significant assistance with delinquent youth from single-parent families.In situations where "primitive" culture families have immigrated or migrated, assistance from role models from the new receiving culture might be employed.