cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vocal Communication in Primates

The living primates are social mammals that exhibit a variety of complex and subtle behavior patterns employing intricate communication systems. These patterns are expressions that have evolved during the long phylogenetic history of the various primate groups. The communication systems have utilized the auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory senses as essential modalities in the development, maintenance, and evolution of the social interactions in these primates. Attention in this discussion is directed to some recent findings, concepts, and speculations concerning the auditory aspects in the communication systems of several primates. These comprise (1) the auditory signal, including such aspects as vocalization repertoires, neural correlates, and ontogeny and (2) the perception of vocalization, including auditory sensitivity and the response properties of single neurons. The implications regarding the encoding of vocalizations by the nervous system are reviewed and discussed.
K'-Band Observations of Underlying Symmetric Structure in Flocculent Galaxies

Galaxies classified as flocculent have stochastic spiral structure in their stellar disks. Recent observations reveal that some optically flocculent galaxies have underlying, faint two-arm near-IR symmetric structure, which is indicative of a density wave. We present K'-band observations of 14 flocculent galaxies, of which half show some symmetry in their stellar disks and four have prominent near-IR structure. Their arm-interarm contrasts increase with radius as they do in grand-design galaxies, but the contrast is much smaller, indicating that the density waves are very weak.
Before It's Too Late--Addressing Fear of Genetic Information

The application of genetics to human health is poised for dramatic expansion in the next few decades. Public support for the Human Genome Project is based on its promise for improving the future of human health. However, this enthusiasm has been tempered by fear that genetic information will make us vulnerable to genetic discrimination and loss of privacy. In this Policy Forum, K. H. Rothenberg and S. F. Terry place this fear in context, raise reasons why we might not have seen more cases to date of genetic discrimination, speculate on the implications of waiting to see if the problem of genetic discrimination worsens, and outline the need for federal legislation.
Cloudy peritoneal dialysate: it's not always infection.

Background/Aims: Turbid peritoneal dialysate is most commonly due to bacterial peritonitis. However, not all instances of cloudy dialysate are due to infection. This paper will review the various no
Extended linear scan: an alternate foundation for global register allocation

In this paper, we extend past work on Linear Scan register allocation, and propose two Extended Linear Scan (ELS) algorithms that retain the compile-time efficiency of past Linear Scan algorithms while delivering performance that can match or surpass that of Graph Coloring. Specifically, this paper makes the following contributions: - We highlight three fundamental theoretical limitations in using Graph Coloring as a foundation for global register allocation, and introduce a basic Extended Linear Scan algorithm, ELS0, which addresses all three limitations for the problem of Spill-Free Register Allocation. - We introduce the ELS1 algorithm which extends ELS0 to obtain a greedy algorithm for the problem of Register Allocation with Total Spills. - Finally, we present experimental results to compare the Graph Coloring and Extended Linear Scan algorithms. Our results show that the compile-time speedups for ELS1 relative to GC were significant, and varied from 15× to 68×. In addition, the resulting execution time improved by up to 5.8%, with an average improvement of 2.3%. Together, these results show that Extended Linear Scan is promising as an alternate foundation for global register allocation, compared to Graph Coloring, due to its compile-time scalability without loss of execution time performance.
Solitons and Compactons

In 1834, John Scott Russell was the first to observe the solitary waves. He observed a large protrusion of water slowly traveling on the Edinburgh-Glasgow canal without change in shape. The bulge of water, that he observed and called “great wave of translation”, was traveling along the channel of water for a long period of time wile still retaining its shape. The remarkable discovery motivated Russell to conduct physical laboratory experiments to emphasize his observance and to study these solitary waves. He empirically derived the relation $$ c^2= g(h + a), $$ (11.1)
Immunoediting of tumors results in broad phenotypic changes including loss of immune recognition, altered response to therapy, and reduced differentiation

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5313 In recent years it has become clearer that the targeting of a single tumor antigen can lead to the generation of antigen-loss variants through immunoselection. It may be important to understand the resulting phenotype of the tumor since subsequent therapy would likely be impacted. In this study we investigated the phenotype of antigen-loss variants tumors that were generated by an immune response targeting a single antigen. A mouse mammary carcinoma line (MMC) was developed from a spontaneous tumor derived from the FVB-based neu-transgenic mouse. This cell line, when injected as a cell suspension into non-tumor bearing neu-transgenic animals forms tumors that grow stoichiometrically and predictably. The tumors are similar to human HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumors in that they are estrogen-receptor negative, doxorubicin-resistant, and resistant to low dose tamoxifen. The tumors that develop following injection retain HER-2/neu, MHC class I and class II, also similar to human breast cancer. When injected into FVB parental mice, which do not carry the transgene, tumors are rejected due to the development of a strong immune response against the foreign antigen, rat neu. However, after a long latency tumors can develop in the FVB parental strains. A cell line (ANV) was generated from a tumor derived from the FVB parental that was injected with MMC. It was observed that the tumor cells were rat neu-negative variants, indicating immunoselection in vivo . Tumors induced, in vivo , using ANV grew equally well in both the neu-transgenic and FVB mice. Unlike MMC, the ANV cells had increased tamoxifen sensitivity and did not respond to anti-neu monoclonal trastuzumab-like antibody treatment. Microscopic inspection of the cell lines revealed a change from an epithelial-like (MMC) to a spindle-like (ANV) morphology. RNA microarray analysis showed that the ANV were less differentiated and had either reduced or lost expression of many mammary gland epithelium-associated gene products such as TGF-beta, IGFBP-5, lactoferrin, and parathyroid hormone-like peptide. These results suggest that, in addition to loss of the antigen that was targeted in the immune response, tumors that arise as a result of immune escape can have a significantly altered phenotype and ultimately a different response to subsequent therapy.
Cytokine Production by Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cytokine production by retinal pigmented epithelial cells. The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) has many functions through which it assists the photoreceptors in visual transduction. In addition to the well-recognized day-to-day maintenance functions, the RPE also plays a very active role in normal and pathologic retinal-wound healing. RPE is normally mitotically inactive and undergoes cell division only when it is participating in wound healing. The adult human RPE does not readily achieve density-dependent growth arrest when cultured on plastic and even when serum is withdrawn, it continues to grow. These observations suggest that under certain conditions, cultured human RPE may simulate the wound healing phenotype of RPE in situ and provide a useful tool to study this aspect of RPE function. These observations also suggest that RPE cells may be able to stimulate their own growth. The RPE conditioned media is capable of stimulating the growth of RPE and several other cell types, indicating that cultured RPE may produce one or more cytokines and secrete them into their media. The growth-promoting activity in RPE-conditioned media is found to be trypsin-sensitive and a portion of it is heat-stable.
2-Keto-3-Deoxygluconate 6-Phosphate Aldolase Mutants of Escherichia coli

A new mutation in Escherichia coli, giving inability to grow on gluconic, glucuronic, or galacturonic acids, has been identified as complete deficiency of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate (KDGP) aldolase activity. The genetic map position of the locus, eda, is about 35 min. The inability to grow on the uronic acids was expected, because the aldolase is on the sole known pathway of their metabolism. However, inability to grow on gluconate was less expected, because the hexose monophosphate shunt might be used, as happens in mutants blocked in the previous step, edd, of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The likely explanation of gluconate negativity is inhibition by accumulated KDGP, because gluconate is inhibitory to growth on other substances, and one type of gluconate revertant is eda(-), edd(-). KDGP is probably the inducer of KDGP aldolase.
Applying "-omics" Data in Marine Microbial Oceanography

Due to biotechnological advances and the ever-decreasing cost of sequencing in recent years, there has been a major shift in microbial oceanography to include data on the sequences of genes, gene transcripts, and proteins from environmentally relevant organisms and naturally occurring mixed communities in studies of marine ecosystems. This research area is collectively called “-omics,” referring to genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of individual organisms and metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics of mixed communities. These data provide information about how organisms interact with their environment.
Adaptive Knowledge Encoding for Agile Cybersecurity Operations

An agile cybersecurity operation is the dynamic adaptability of security services and mechanisms including people, process, technology, and environment to ensure organizational efficacy. Two key roles in agile security operations are cybersecurity operators and cybersecurity analysts. Both are overwhelmed with data and information, but underwhelmed in knowledge and understanding. Adaptive knowledge encoding introduces cybersecurity decision patterns (CDPs) and a cybersecurity decision pattern language (CDPL) as formal knowledge representation and a formal knowledge repository to capture, codify, and share knowledge that supports cybersecurity operators and analysts ability to perform timely agile cybersecurity operations. The Knowledge Engineer applies CDPs and the CDPL to provide a cybersecurity cognitive schema that dynamically adapts by assimilating new CDPs in the CDPL structure and acclimating the CDPL structure to new knowledge. CDPs and the CDPL together with applied fundamentals of agile systems engineering help facilitate the design and sustainment of agile cybersecurity operations.
Effect of alpha adrenergic blockade on thermoregulation in adrenal demedullated burned rats

Abstract This study in burned rats studied at two ambient temperatures (22° and 28° C) and housed at 28° C was designed to investigate the role of catecholamines in the maintenance of thermal homeostasis following burn injury. Two weeks prior to burn or sham burn, animals underwent adrenal medullectomy or sham adrenal medullectomy. Between postburn days 9 and 13, simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry was performed following administration of 2mg/kg of phentolamine (alpha adrenergic blocking agent) via a carotid arterial line. Following administration of phentolamine, heat production and body temperature decreased and heat loss increased immediately. The cooling slopes for the burn groups were significantly sleeper than for the control groups, within ambient temperatures. Within ambient temperatures, the presence or absence of the adrenal medulla had no discernible effect on the cooling slope of the burns or the controls. The burned animals cooled 1.9 – 3.5 times faster at 22° than at 28° C, and controls cooled 2.0–3.9 times faster at 22° than at 28° C. Phentolamine produced a several-fold increase in serum concentrations of both norephinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), indicating a gross overlap in alpha and beta adrenergic receptor utilization for E and NE. The progressive cooling of the adrenal demedullated burn group at 22° C following phentolamine administration seems to indicate that norepinephrine is calorigenic for rats under these experimental circumstances. These experimental results indicate a relatively non-essential role for catecholamines in the maintenance of thermal homeostasis within the thermal neutral zone in the rat.
Maximum acceptable weights and maximum voluntary isometric strengths for asymmetric lifting

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of asymmetric lifting on psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and maximum voluntary isometric strengths. Thirteen male college students lifted three different boxes in the sagittal plane and at three different angles of asymmetry (30,60 and 90°) from floor to an 81-cm high table using a free-style lifting technique. For each lifting task, the maximum voluntary isometric strength was measured at the origin of lift. The maximum acceptable weights and the static strengths for asymmetric lifting were significantly lower than those for symmetric lifting in the sagittal plane for three box sizes (P<0·01). The decrease in maximum acceptable weight and static strength from the sagittal plane values increased with an increase in the angle of asymmetry (P < 0·01). Box size had no significant effect (P≥ 0·05) on the percentage decrease in maximum acceptable weight or voluntary isometric strength from the sagittal plane values. Correction fac...
Enhancing Hyrdological Simulation Program – FORTRAN Model Channel Hydraulic Representation

: The hydrological simulation program – FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive watershed model that employs depth-area-volume-flow relationships known as the hydraulic function table (FTABLE) to represent the hydraulic characteristics of stream channel cross-sections and reservoirs. An accurate FTABLE determination for a stream cross-section site requires an accurate determination of mean flow depth, mean flow width, roughness coefficient, longitudinal bed slope, and length of stream reach. A method that uses regional regression equations to estimate mean flow depth, mean flow width, and roughness coefficient is presented herein. FTABLES generated by the proposed method (Alternative Method) and FTABLES generated by Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) were compared. As a result, the Alternative Method was judged to be an enhancement over the BASINS method. First, the Alternative Method employs a spatially variable roughness coefficient, whereas BASINS employs an arbitrarily selected spatially uniform roughness coefficient. Second, the Alternative Method uses mean flow width and mean flow depth estimated from regional regression equations whereas BASINS uses mean flow width and depth extracted from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Third, the Alternative Method offers an option to use separate roughness coefficients for the in-channel and floodplain sections of compound channels. Fourth, the Alternative Method has higher resolution in the sense that area, volume, and flow data are calculated at smaller depth intervals than the BASINS method. To test whether the Alternative Method enhances channel hydraulic representation over the BASINS method, comparisons of observed and simulated streamflow, flow velocity, and suspended sediment were made for four test watersheds. These comparisons revealed that the method used to estimate the FTABLE has little influence on hydrologic calibration, but greatly influences hydraulic and suspended sediment calibration. The hydrologic calibration results showed that observed versus simulated daily streamflow comparisons had Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies ranging from 0.50 to 0.61 and monthly comparisons had efficiencies ranging from 0.61 to 0.84. Comparisons of observed and simulated suspended sediments concentrations had model efficiencies ranging from 0.48 to 0.56 for the daily, and 0.28 to 0.70 for the monthly comparisons. The overall results of the hydrological, hydraulic, and suspended sediment concentration comparisons show that the Alternative Method yielded a relatively more accurate FTABLE than the BASINS method. This study concludes that hydraulic calibration enhances suspended sediment simulation performance, but even greater improvement in suspended sediment calibration can be achieved when hydrological simulation performance is improved. Any improvements in hydrological simulation performance are subject to improvements in the temporal and spatial representation of the precipitation data.
Thermometer for the blind

Sometimes you might find it difficult to see the thread on a mercury-glass thermometer. How much more difficult it would be to read if you had poor sight or were even blind. As a project for a oneyear AS course in electronics, I set myself the task of building a thermometer which would work independently of sight.
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY IN AMERICA, 1965–1985: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT1

Twenty five years ago, I came to this country to seek the wisdom of the West in order to save the East. As you know, China has a long philosophical tradition, but this tradition has been impacted and challenged from outside. As a result, it has become a stronger and more fruitful tradition. This is because the tradition, just like a person, has a life of its own. In order to have its vitality enlarged and become fruitful, it has to be kept in health: well nourished, strengthened, and, in particular, communicated and put in exchange with the larger outside world. These are necessary and essential. Being born in this century, I find myself at the crossroads of the historical trends of conflict; the Chinese philosophical tradition is right in the middle of this conflict. Its life and vitality are threatened. It is found not to cope with the modem world of science and technology; it does not yield the values of the modern West such as democracy and individual rights. Yet it is a tradition which not only appears to me to be part of my growth, it is also a tradition which is a form of humanity and a form of reason. For Confucianism and Taoism, despite all their practicality still talk about things which use language with deep referential meaning. The crisis of the tradition in retrospect perhaps can be described as the crisis of the loss of the referential meaning of the tradition, whether Confucianistic, Taoistic, or even Chinese Buddhistic. A reference to the world is only seen to come from science, technology, and the Western world.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of ferrate by one-electron reductants

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the one-electron reduction of potassium ferrate were studied using ferrocyanide and pentacyanoaquaferrate(II). Each of the rate laws showed a first-order dependence with respect to the reductant concentration, iron(VI) and the hydrogen ion concentration. A mechanism was proposed that involves a rate determining step between protonated Fe(VI) and the reductant followed by two rapid reductions to produce Fe(III).
Some 4-alkyl s-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines†

A number of higher homologs of 4-alkyl 2-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines, some of which have a methyl or di-chloromethyl group at position 1, have been prepared and characterized.
The role of temperature increase rate in combinational hyperthermia chemotherapy treatment

Hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy has been widely used in cancer treatment. Our previous study has shown that rapid rate hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy can synergistically kill cancer cells whereas a sub-additive effect was found when a slow rate hyperthermia was applied. In this study, we explored the basis of this difference. For this purpose, in vitro cell culture experiments with a uterine cancer cell line (MES-SA) and its multidrug resistant (MDR) variant MES-SA/Dx5 were conducted. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, Caspase 3 activity, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) expression following the two different modes of heating were measured. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the chemotherapy drug. Indocyanine green (ICG), which absorbs near infrared light at 808nm (ideal for tissue penetration), was chosen for achieving rapid rate hyperthermia. Slow rate hyperthermia was provided by a cell culture incubator. Two sets of thermal doses were delivered by either slow rate or rapid rate hyperthermia. HSP70 expression was highly elevated under low dose slow rate incubator hyperthermia while maintained at the baseline level under the other three treatments. Caspase3 level slightly increased after low dose slow rate incubator hyperthermia while necrotic cell death was found in the other three types of heat treatment. In conclusion, when given at the same thermal dose, slow rate hyperthermia is more likely to induce thermotolerance. Meanwhile, hyperthermia showed a dose dependent capability in reversing P-gp mediated MDR; when MDR is reversed, the combinational treatment induced extensive necrotic cell death. During this process, the rate of heating also played a very important role; necrosis was more dramatic in rapid rate hyperthermia than in slow rate hyperthermia even though they were given at the same dose.
Can Counterproductive Work Behaviors Be Productive? CWB as Emotion-Focused Coping

The goal of our study was to determine whether some forms of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) may serve to benefit employees. Building on the stressor-strain framework and theories of coping, we investigated whether two forms of CWB, production deviance and withdrawal, serve as a means of coping to mitigate the impact of low distributive and procedural justice on emotional exhaustion. Results from a survey of 295 employed persons from around the United States suggest that production deviance and withdrawal may benefit employees by reducing emotional exhaustion in the face of low distributive justice but not necessarily low procedural justice.
An Hermetically Sealed Inert Atmosphere Cell for X-Ray Powder Diffraction

The construction and use of a captive inert atmosphere cell for the preservation of atmospherically sensitive samples during X-ray diffraction is described.
Some political aspects of pollution control

Abstract In this paper some principles of optimal control theory are applied to an examination of the possible differences that political and economic decisions making may have in the area of pollution control. The main points are that (1) Pollution Control Boards (PCB's) may behave as though they place weights on control and benefit functions that differ from market determined weights, (2) divergencies between political and market weights impose welfar; losses, and (3) given that PCB's may be succeeded by another board the current PCB may adapt its behavior to counteract or enforce the expected future behavior of the new PCB.
A NECKLACE OF FINS: MARINE GOODS TRADING IN MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1780–1860

This paper explores the ocean produce trade that connected maritime East and Southeast Asia between 1780 and 1860. The essay explicitly concentrates on two “arenas” of action where politics, commerce, and the trade in sea produce combined in powerful ways: the Straits of Melaka, and the waters of Northern Borneo. In both of these regions, the collection of marine goods became big business. More importantly, however, the organized funneling of these objects helped keep disparate political projects alive and running. This was the case in the Straits of Melaka, where the collection of such bounty supplied one rationale for British expansion in Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819), in the decades on either side of the turn of the nineteenth century. In Northern Borneo, the collection of these commodities from shallow local seas was also tied to empire-building, in this case via the Sultanate of Sulu. Sulu used North Borneo's waters as a vast collecting-ground for sea-produce to be shipped to China. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, North Borneo's coasts became a major source for these products geared toward international trade, linking East and Southeast Asia in increasingly vigorous ways.
Atomic quantum non-demolition measurements and squeezing

We show that the accuracy of atomic interferometry can be improved by using QND measurements of the atomic populations at the inputs to the interferometer. The accuracy of such a scheme surpasses the standard quantum limit of phase measurement δSQL = 1/√N and could reach the Heisenberg limit δ ~ 1/N. We propose to perform QND measurements of atomic populations with an off-resonant laser field. The conditions necessary for this kind of QND measurement could be fulfilled in a variety of ways with current experimental techniques, including magneto-optical traps and atomic cells.
Nonverbal cue context and episodic memory: On the availability and endurance of nonverbal behaviors as retrieval cues

Two investigations provide evidence that nonverbal cues (in this case, hand gestures) play a role as contextual cues in the retrieval of co‐occurring verbal messages. In the first study, type of hand gesture and processing strategies were investigated as possible determinants of message retrieval. Results indicated that the type of hand gesture was a major determinant of language recall. The second study investigated the durability and persistence of nonverbal cues in providing utterance retrieval. Results indicated that nonverbal cues provided retrieval of messages one week after exposure to conversational stimuli and that once again the type of gesture made a difference in the effectiveness of recall.
World Non-Oil Primary Commodity Markets: Comment on Chu and Morrison

A NTICIPATING FLUCTUATIONS in commodity prices must be of paramount concern when multilateral financial institutions such as the Fund establish programs and the conditions for them. Although some of these arrangements may provide short-term assistance to members experiencing temporary balance of payments difficulties, those nations whose primary exports are subject to a high degree of price variability require special consideration. To this end, many authors have attempted to explain the temporal behavior of commodity prices (Chu and Morrison (1986) and the references therein). Chu and Morrison have provided a structural model to identify what may be loosely termed the "microeconomic factors" behind fluctuations in commodity prices. In this note I illustrate that nonstationary commodity prices may be the result of an optimal monetary policy; in particular, that commodity prices will be stationary only if the nominal money stock exhibits similar behavior. This result may be of use in the empirical modeling of commodity prices, as well as in setting conditions for access to some forms of multilateral assistance.
Supersonic Retropropulsion Experimental Results from the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel

A new supersonic retropropulsion experimental effort, intended to provide code validation data, was recently completed in the Langley Research Center Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel Test Section 2 over the Mach number range from 2.4 to 4.6. The experimental model was designed using insights gained from pre-test computations, which were instrumental for sizing and refining the model to minimize tunnel wall interference and internal flow separation concerns. A 5-in diameter 70-deg sphere-cone forebody with a roughly 10-in long cylindrical aftbody was the baseline configuration selected for this study. The forebody was designed to accommodate up to four 4:1 area ratio supersonic nozzles. Primary measurements for this model were a large number of surface pressures on the forebody and aftbody. Supplemental data included high-speed Schlieren video and internal pressures and temperatures. The run matrix was developed to allow for the quantification of various sources of experimental uncertainty, such as random errors due to run-to-run variations and bias errors due to flow field or model misalignments. Preliminary results and observations from the test are presented, while detailed data and uncertainty analyses are ongoing.
Children's Self-Regulatory Behaviors During Teacher-Directed, Seat-Work, and Small-Group Instructional Contexts

The authors examined differences between children's self-regulatory behaviors in 3 instructional contexts: teacher directed, seat work, and small group. Fifty-one 3rd-grade students were observed throughout the school year during mathematics and science lessons. During teacher-directed instruction, students were less likely to attend to instructions, monitor their work, and ask for help than during seat work or small-group instruction. However, students were more likely to be disorganized during seat work or small-group instruction than during teacher-directed instruction. Students were more likely to talk about their thinking during small-group instruction than during teacher-directed instruction or seat work. Four types of students participated: students who were consistently self-regulated across all contexts, students who were consistently unregulated, students who excelled in small groups, and students who excelled during seat work.
Pilot-plant and laboratory studies on vapor permeation removal of VOCs from waste gas using silicone-coated hollow fibers

Abstract In a recent bench-scale study the vapor permeation-based removal of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g. methanol, toluene from an N 2 stream was studied using microporous polypropylene hollow fibers having a plasma polymerized silicone coating on the outside surface of the fiber. The novel vapor permeation process employed bore-side feed flow and vacuum on the shell-side. The observed separation behavior was described successfully by an analytical solution of a simpler model and by a numerical solution of a more extensive set of model equations based on experimentally-determined behavior of concentration-dependent VOC permeance. The remarkably high separation performance achieved in that study on a bench-scale has led to pilot-plant studies using a larger module. Results of pilot-plant studies using streams containing high concentrations of VOCs, (e.g. 1–8% of methanol, and 0.3–1.3% of toluene) as well as low concentrations of VOCs (e.g. 0.1% or less of methanol, toluene, ethanol, n -butanol, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride and acetone together) for a hollow fiber module containing 1000 fibers are reported here. The results for methanol removal from highly concentrated streams have been compared with the results obtained from simulations of theoretical models developed earlier. Model simulation results describe the observed pilot plant separation behavior well. These successes have prompted additional bench-scale laboratory studies with other VOCs (e.g. methylene chloride), results of which are also reported here; these results have also been compared with the predictions from the models developed earlier.
A theoretical framework for the studio as a learning environment

In this article we describe a holistic, ecological framework that takes into account the surface structures and pedagogical approaches in the studio and how these elements are connected to the construction of design knowledge: epistemology. In our development of this framework, we came to understand how disciplinary underpinnings and academic culture shape the ways that studio is enacted. Using practice theory, we illustrate our framework with two examples—one in Industrial Design and another in Human Computer Interaction—that demonstrate the ways in which the studio can act as a bridge between academic and professional communities. We came to see the studio as a unique practice community that connects academic and professional contexts. We argue that successful implementation of studio-based learning involves an awareness of disciplinary canons, ontological approaches to knowledge, and the academic constraints on studio-based approaches to learning.
Ice-Templating of Core/Shell Microgel Fibers through ‘Bricks-and-Mortar’ Assembly**

通讯作者地址: Stucky, GD (通讯作者), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA 地址: 1. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA 电子邮件地址: stucky@chem.ucsb.edu
Microreactor microfluidic systems with human microsomes and hepatocytes for use in metabolite studies.

In the area of drug discovery, high-speed synthesis has increased the number of drug candidates produced. These potential drugs need to be evaluated for their adsorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicology (ADMET) properties as early in the drug development stage as possible. Previously, a potential drug’s ADMET properties have been found out by using monolayer cell cultures and live animals. These methods can be costly, time-intensive, and impractical for screening the large amount of potential drugs created by combinatorial chemistry. A quick, small, inexpensive, and highly parallel device would be desirable to determine a drug candidate’s properties (i.e., metabolism of the drug). Here we fabricate a microfluidic device entrapping human microsomes within poly(ethylene) glycol hydrogels thereby generating an in situ microreactor to assess a drug candidate’s metabolic properties that can be coupled to analysis equipment. We show that microsomes can be entrapped without the loss of enzymatic activity during photopolymerization. Additionally, a microreactor utilizing hepatocytes was also created for comparison with the microsome microreactor.
Thick and thin models of the evolution of carbon dioxide on Mars

Abstract We present results from a new simulation code that accounts for the evolution of the reservoirs of carbon dioxide on Mars, from its early years to the present. We establish a baseline model parameter set that produces results compatible with the present (i.e., P atm ≃ 6.5 mbar with permanent CO2 ice cap) for a wide range of initial inventories. We find that the initial inventory of CO2 broadly determines the evolutionary course of the reservoirs of CO2. The reservoirs include the atmosphere, ice cap, adsorbed CO2 in the regolith, and carbonate rocks. We track the evolution of the free inventory: the atmosphere, ice cap and regolith. Simulations begin at 4.53 Gyr before present with a rapid loss of free inventory to space in the early Noachian. Models that assume a relatively small initial inventory (≲5 bar) have pronounced minima in the free inventory of CO2 toward the end of the Noachian. Under baseline parameters, initial inventories below ∼4.5 bar result in a catastrophic loss of the free inventory to space. The current free inventory would be then determined by the balance between outgassing, sputtering losses and chemical weathering following the end of the late bombardment. We call these “thin” models. They generically predict small current free inventories in line with expectations of a small present CO2 ice cap. For “thick” models, with initial inventories ≳5 bar, a surplus of 300–700 mbar of free CO2 remains during the late-Noachian. The histories of free inventory in time for thick models tend to converge within the last 3.5 Gyr toward a present with an ice cap plus atmospheric inventory of about 100 mbar. For thick models, the convergence is largely due to the effects of chemical weathering, which draws down higher free inventories more rapidly than the low. Thus, thick models have ≳450 mbar carbonate reservoirs, while thin models have ≲200 mbar. Though both thick and thin scenarios can reproduce the current atmospheric pressure, the thick models imply a relatively large current CO2 ice cap and thin models, little or none. While the sublimation of a massive cap at a high obliquity would create a climate swing of greenhouse warming for thick models, under the thin model, mean temperatures and pressures would be essentially unaffected by increases in obliquity.
Muscle plasticity in hibernating ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) is induced by seasonal, but not low-temperature, mechanisms.

During hibernation, ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) show unusually altered expression of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chains. Some muscle groups show transitions from fast to slower myosin isoforms despite atrophy, which are not predicted from other mammalian studies of inactivity. We measure myosin protein and mRNA expression, and the mRNA expression of genes important in atrophy and metabolism in a time-course of muscle plasticity prior to, and during extended hibernation. We also investigate the role of strictly low-temperature processes by comparing torpid individuals at 20 and 4°C. Shifts in myosin isoform expression happen at both temperatures, before the onset of torpor, or within the first month of torpor, in all muscles demonstrating isoform remodeling. Skeletal muscle atrophy is greatly attenuated in this hibernating species, and even may be absent in some muscles. When present, atrophy develops early in hibernation, and does not progress in the final 3 months of torpor. Myostatin mRNA is down-regulated 50–75% in the soleus and diaphragm, two important muscles that are spared of atrophy. The transcription factor FOXO1, which spurs proteolytic degradation of contractile proteins through regulation of the ubiquitin ligase MAFbx, is also generally down-regulated, and may contribute to reduced atrophy. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) mRNA expression was reduced 50% in some muscles, while elevated more than 300% in others. Our collective findings most strongly support early, seasonal, phenotype changes in skeletal muscles which are not uniquely confined to, or prompted by, torpor at 4°C. Such seasonal control of myosin would be a novel mechanism in mammalian skeletal muscle, which otherwise is most susceptible to mechanical loading and limb-activity patterns.
EXPLORING TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS ACROSS MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE THROUGH CONTENT-RICH LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SETTING

This paper examines upper elementary and middle school teachers’ learning of mathematics and science content, how their perceptions of their disciplines and learning of that discipline developed through content-rich learning experiences, and the differences and commonalities of the teachers’ learning experiences relative to content domain. This work was situated within a larger professional development (PD) program that had multiple, long-term components. Participants’ growth occurred in 4 primary areas: knowledge of content, perceptions of the discipline, perceptions about the learning of the discipline, and perceptions regarding how students learn content. Findings suggest that when embedded within an effective professional development context, content can be a critical vehicle through which change can be made in teachers’ understandings and perceptions of mathematics and science. When participants in our study were able to move beyond their internal conflicts and misunderstandings, they could expand their knowledge and perceptions of content and finally bridge to re-conceptualize how to teach that content. These findings further indicate that although teachers involved in both mathematics and science can benefit from similar overall PD structures, there are some unique challenges that need to be addressed for each particular discipline group. This study contributes to what we understand about teacher learning and change, as well as commonalities and differences between teachers’ learning of mathematics and science.
A 74-year-old woman with weakness, shortness of breath, head and neck pain, cloudy urine, and EKG with wide QRS complex

A 74-year-old patient was transported to our facility by ambulance from a local nursing home. She had weakness, shortness of breath, and head and neck pain with a sudden change in mental status. The patient had a medical history of hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and recent hospitalization for deep venous thromboses. Her medications included warfarin (Coumadin), albuterol, prednisone, levothyroxine (Synthroid), methyldopa (Aldomet), potassium (Micro K), hydrochlorothiaz ide (Maxzide), chlordiazepoxide (Librax), ranitidine (Zantac), iron supplement (Niferex), beclomethasone dipropionate (Beconase), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil). During transport the paramedics noticed a wide QRS complex with stable vital signs (Figure 1). On arrival in the emergency department the patient, an obese, white woman, was awake but had difficulty speaking and shortness of breath. The patient managed to report profound weakness with head and neck pain. Vital signs were as follows: blood pressure, 154/90 mm Hg; pulse, 78 beats/min; respirations, 36 breaths/min and shallow; and temperature, 97.5 ~ F rectally. Oxygen was administered at a rate of 6 L/min by mask; pulse oximetry revealed oxygen saturation of 98%. Breath sounds were clear bilaterally. Cardiac monitoring showed a regular heart rate, wide QRS complex, and tall T waves. Pulses were present and palpable. Heart tones were distant with normal first and second heart sounds, no third and fourth heart sounds, and no murmurs, gallops, or rubs. An IV infusion of lactated Ringer's solution was initiated at a keep-open
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Rural Residents in Western North Carolina

This analysis examines prevalence and identifies the predictors of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among adults living in a rural region and analyzes the general health concerns for which rural adults use CAM remedies. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 1,059 adults residing in 12 nonmetropolitan counties in Appalachian North Carolina conducted in 1999. “Home remedies” is the most extensively used CAM category in this population, with “honey-lemon-vinegar-whiskey and herbs” being the most widely used. The use of specific home remedies is associated with age, gender, and education. Chiropractors are the only widely used alternative therapist. Home remedies are differentially used to treat health conditions.
Symmetry of O-H-O and N-H-N hydrogen bonds in 6-hydroxy-2-formylfulvene and 6-aminofulvene-2-aldimines.

The symmetry of the hydrogen bonds in 6-hydroxy-2-formylfulvene and two N,N'-diaryl-6-aminofulvene-2-aldimines is probed by the NMR technique of isotopic perturbation. Observed deuterium-induced 13C NMR isotope shifts at several positions can be attributed to a combination of an intrinsic shift and the perturbation of a tautomeric equilibrium. The most dramatic are at the aldehydic or aldiminic carbon signals, where the observed isotope shift for the unlabeled carbon is +376 or +223 ppb. This large downfield shift is contrary to the small upfield shift expected for a four-bond intrinsic shift and can be attributed only to a perturbation shift. Therefore these intramolecular hydrogen bonds are asymmetric, the proton resides in a double-minimum potential surface, and each molecule exists as a pair of rapidly interconverting tautomers, regardless of solvent. The symmetry of the hydrogen bond is not governed only by the O-O or N-N distance. It is proposed that symmetric hydrogen bonds can be observed in crystalline phases but not as yet in solution because the disorder of the solvation environment induces an asymmetry of the hydrogen bond, whereas a crystal can guarantee a symmetric environment. These results provide no insight into the source of the stabilization attributed to low-barrier hydrogen bonds if they lack the special feature of symmetry.
A zoom maneuver for descent of roll modulated entry vehicles

Flight maneuver for roll modulated lifting reentry vehicle to reduce deployment dynamic pressure
Transcriptome profiling of a toxic dinoflagellate reveals a gene-rich protist and a potential impact on gene expression due to bacterial presence.

© The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 5 (2010): e9688, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009688.
Water data and services available from participants in the National Water Data Exchange.

: ABSTRACT: The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) was implemented in January 1976 as an interagency program managed and coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey. The program is directed at improving access to existing water and water-related data. Almost 150 organizations from the Federal, state-governmental, local-governmental, interstate, academic, private, and foreign sectors currently participate in the program. This article describes the NAWDEX program and contains descriptions of the types of data and services available from organizations participating in NAWDEX. A point of contact for obtaining data and services is provided for each organization.
EPIMap: using epimorphism to map applications on CGRAs

Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) are an attractive platform that promise simultaneous high-performance and high power-efficiency. One of the primary challenges in using CGRAs is to develop efficient compilers that can automatically and efficiently map applications to the CGRA. To this end, this paper makes several contributions: i) Using Re-computation for Resource Limitations: For the first time in CGRA compilers, we propose the use of re-computation as a solution for resource limitation problem. This extends the solutions space, and enables better mappings, ii) General Problem Formulation: A precise and general formulation of the application mapping problem on a CGRA is presented, and its computational complexity is established. iii) Extracting an Efficient Heuristic: Using the insights from the problem formulation, we design an effective global heuristic called EPIMap. EPIMap transforms the input specification (a directed graph) to an Epimorphic equivalent graph that satisfies the necessary conditions for mapping on to a CGRA, reducing the search space. Experimental results on 14 important kernels extracted from well known benchmark programs show that using EPIMap can improve the performance of the kernels on CGRA by more than 2.8X on average, as compared to one of the best existing mapping algorithm, EMS. EPIMap was able to achieve the theoretical best performance for 9 out of 14 benchmarks, while EMS could not achieve the theoretical best performance for any of the benchmarks. EPIMap achieves better mappings at acceptable increase in the compilation time.
Study of the water–methanol dimer with gaussian and complete basis set ab initio, and density functional theory methods

Abstract Structures, dimerization energies, and vibrational spectra of two isomeric water–methanol dimers were computed with a high level of ab initio and DFT methods. The computed dimerization energies are very similar (∼4 kcal mol −1 ), with slight energy preference for the HOH⋯O(H)CH 3 dimer over the CH 3 OH⋯OH 2 dimer. The fitting of the computed IR spectra for both isomers to the experimentally observed frequencies was used to unequivocally prove the existence of the HOH⋯O(H)CH 3 dimer in the gas phase.
Small-Angle Rotation in Individual Colloidal CdSe Quantum Rods

CdSe quantum rods (QRs) are very promising novel materials with unique electronic and optical properties. In this paper, we utilize a broad spectrum of techniques including high-resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope imaging, electron nanodiffraction, and computer simulations to study the internal structure of individual QRs. Random small-angle rotations are commonly found between various sections within individual QRs which can be resolved into twists around the c-axis and bends. The possible origins of these small-angle rotations are further studied. We propose that imperfect oriented attachment coupled with electrostatic interactions between smaller nanoparticles during the growth process results in such small-angle rotations. These small-angle rotations may significantly affect the electronic and mechanical properties of CdSe QRs.